bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of increased greenhouse gas concentration on mean, extreme, and timing of precipitation over Arizona (USA)
Authors: Georgescu Matei , Broadbent Ashley Mark , Balling Robert C. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWe use a combination of a regional climate model (RCM) and a global climate model (GCM) to explore potential changes to the complex precipitation regime in the semi‐arid and arid state of Arizona in the American Southwest. The RCM output for the contemporary period (2000–2009) compares well with a gridded precipitation dataset with respect to seasonality, amount, intensity, and diurnal patterns. Output from the GCM forced by the continued buildup of greenhouse gases was dynamically downscaled by the RCM for the period 2090–2099. Results indicate an increase in winter precipitation of 1–2 mm day−1 in the mountainous areas of the state with somewhat smaller increases for the summer and fall seasons; negligible changes were projected for spring precipitation. Extreme precipitation is projected to increase across much of the state in winter (10–30 mm day−1) and to a lesser extent in spring. Our results indicate an increase in the 99th percentile of winter season precipitation. However, we note there is substantial seasonal dependency: statewide‐averaged winter season precipitation is projected to undergo greater frequency of wet than dry extreme events, whereas the statewide‐averaged summer, fall, and spring seasons, broadly demonstrate an equal likelihood of increased and decreased extreme precipitation. While the RCM captured the unusual observed night‐time maximum in summer rainfall in the centre of the state, our results do not indicate any change in the diurnal character or sub‐diurnal duration (6–18 hr) of precipitation over the next 100 years.
Impact of snow‐albedo feedback termination on terrestrial surface climate at midhigh latitudes: Sensitivity experiments with an atmospheric general circulation model
Authors: Abe Manabu 
Published: November 2021

AbstractTo examine the effect of the snow‐albedo feedback (SAF) on the current surface climate across terrestrial regions at mid–high latitudes, we perform a series of idealized sensitivity experiments using an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM), in which the snow albedo is assumed to be considerably smaller than that in the control experiment. When the snow albedo is reduced, the fall and spring surface air temperatures (SATs) in northern Eurasia are considerably higher than those in the control experiment. Particularly, the spring SAT at terrestrial high latitudes rises by more than 10°C, due to low snow albedo. Despite the small surface snow albedo during both fall and spring, the fall temperature difference between the two experiments is smaller than that during spring. The feedback with the hydrological effect, which accelerates snowmelt, is either nonexistent or weak during periods of seasonally low air temperatures. This result indicates that the hydrological effect significantly influences the SAF, and different magnitudes of the hydrological effect including cloud differences are a possible source of SAF uncertainty between models. The radiative albedo effect also impacts the evolution of the snow area in central Asia and eastern Europe through changes in lateral water vapour transport. Furthermore, the experiments indicate that the cooling effect of snow on land is necessary for the strength of the Siberian High and the pattern of Arctic Oscillation, suggesting that snow cover may also significantly extend the duration of Arctic Oscillation effects.
Deficit irrigation and leaf removal modulate anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin repartitioning of Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) grape and resulting wine profile
Authors: Duan Bingbing , Mei Yuan , Chen Guoqiao , Su‐Zhou Chenxing , Li Yashan , Merkeryan Hasmik , Cui Ping , Liu Wei , Liu Xu 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDIn monsoonal climates, grape anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin (PA) accumulations are unsatisfactory for producing optimal wine. Agronomical practices are often considered to be effective means for regulating fruit components. However, there is a lack of quantitative information on the effects of deficit irrigation (DI), basal leaf removal (LR) or their combination of deficit irrigation and leaf removal (DILR) on the characteristics of anthocyanin and PA compositions and their implications on the resulting wine quality. In this study, the dynamics of grape anthocyanin and PA accumulation were investigated in DI, LR and DILR during grape ripening, and the resulting wine profile was assessed.RESULTSThe contents of reducing sugar and total anthocyanins in Cabernet Sauvignon berries were significantly increased by DI, LR and DILR, while titratable acidity, total flavan‐3‐ols and tannins levels were generally decreased. Notably, the levels of 3′5′‐substituted anthocyanins, such as malvidin and its derivatives significantly increased, and 3′‐substituted anthocyanins decreased in both grape and wine under DI and DILR strategies. Skin PAs were sensitive to water deficits, whereas they were insensitive to LR. In resulting wine, PAs content and the proportion of 3′‐hydroxylated PAs, such as (+)‐catechin, (−)‐epicatechin and (−)‐epicatechin‐3‐O‐gallate units were significantly decreased under DI and DILR, while molecular mass and the proportion of 3′5′‐hydroxylated units of PAs were increased in response to DILR.CONCLUSIONThe DILR was the most favorable for the repartitioning of anthocyanin and PA metabolites, and promoted the accumulation of tri‐substituted forms contributing a higher color intensity, mouthfeel persistence, structure, and astringency of wine. This information provides an important strategy for modulating the anthocyanin and PA compositions by agricultural practices and achieving the desired quality of grapes and wines in monsoonal climates. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Mathematical model of postharvest variation in tomato color based on optimized response surface methodology
Authors: Han Jia‐Wei , Ren Qing‐Shan , Ji Zeng‐Tao , Yang Xin‐Ting 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDManual inspection and instrumentation form the traditional approach to determining tomato color but these methods only determine tomato color at a given moment and cannot predict dynamically how tomato color varies during storage and transportation. Such methods thus cannot help suppliers and retailers establish good management practices for the flexible control of tomato maturity, accurate judgment of market positioning in the industry, or during distribution and marketing. To address this shortcoming, this work first investigates how tomato color parameters (a* and h°) evolve through the various stages of maturity (green, turn, and light red) under different storage conditions. Based on experimental results, it develops an optimized response‐surface model (RSM) by using differential evolution to predict how tomato color varies during storage.RESULTSTomatoes are more likely to change color at high temperatures and under conditions of high humidity. Temperature affects tomato color more strongly than humidity. The accuracy of the RSM was confirmed by a good agreement with experiments. All determination coefficients R2 of the RSMs for a* and h° are greater than 0.91. The mean absolute errors for a* and h° are 3.8112 and 5.6500, respectively. The root mean square errors for a* and h° are 4.6840 and 6.9198, respectively.CONCLUSIONThis research reveals how storage temperature and humidity affect the postharvest variations in tomato color and thus establishes a dynamic model for predicting tomato color. The proposed RSM provides a reliable theoretical foundation for dynamic, nondestructive monitoring of tomato ripeness in the cold chain. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Giant Nonlinear Response of Monolayer MoS2 Induced by Optimal Field‐Enhancement Gain Mode on the Surface of Hyperbolic Metamaterials
Authors: Zhou Zhang‐Kai , Xu Hao‐Fei , Yu Ying , Lin Limin , Wang Xue‐Hua 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe electric field (EF) enhancements of resonant modes in metamaterials have been widely utilized to amplify optical response of 2D materials for advanced applications. However, for the vast majority of metamaterials, enhancing optical response of 2D materials by resonant modes seriously suffer from high loss, narrowband, and inside hot‐spot (i.e., the region with strong EF enhancements). Here, the periodic hyperbolic metamaterials (PHMM) are proposed, which can provide intensive and broadband EF enhancement on top surface with low absorption, due to theirs specific hyperbolic dispersion and geometry characteristics. Moreover, it is revealed that there exists a broadband range (defined as the high field‐enhancement gain (FEG) region), where nonlinear optical responses are stronger than those caused by the resonant mode. By integrating monolayer MoS2 with the PHMM, it is demonstrated that the largest enhancement of second harmonic generation occurs at wavelength of the optimal FEG mode, being as high as 22 145‐times with its conversion efficiency up to 1.1 × 10−6 W−1. The findings demonstrate giant nonlinear response of monolayer 2D materials, and establish an ideal platform for surface enhancement of light‐matter interactions, opening a new way for metaoptics applications.
Efficient Second Harmonic Generation in a Reverse‐Polarization Dual‐Layer Crystalline Thin Film Nanophotonic Waveguide
Authors: Wang Lei , Zhang Xiuquan , Chen Feng 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSecond harmonic generation (SHG), one of the most significant χ(2) nonlinear optical processes, plays a crucial role in a wide variety of optical and photonic applications. Designing various delicate schemes to achieve highly efficient SHG has become a long‐standing and challenging topic in nonlinear optics. Despite numerous success on SHG based on birefringent phase‐matching and quasi‐phase‐matching, so far, modal phase‐matching (MPM) for SHG in tightly light‐confined structures has still in its infancy. Here, a new scheme is proposed to realize efficient SHG via MPM by using a nanophotonic LiNbO3 thin‐film waveguide consists of two bonded layers with internally reversed polarizations. In such a dual‐layer ridge waveguide based on lithium niobate on insulator (LNOI), upon optical excitation at 1574.6 nm, SHG is observed at 787.3 nm with a high conversion efficiency of 5540% W−1 cm−2 experimentally. This work advances the understanding on modal phase‐matched SHG and other quadratic optical nonlinear processes, offering additional strategies for developing high‐performance nonlinear photonic devices in on‐chip platforms.
A Lightweight, Abrasion‐Resistant Polybutadiene Rubber/Styrene Butadiene Rubber Foam Prepared by Three‐Step Process for Footwear Outsole Applications
Authors: Wang Yiming , Yu Zhen , Phule Ajit Dattatray , Zhao Yongxian , Wen Shibao , Zhang Zhen Xiu 
Published: November 2021

AbstractHerein, a developed microcellular foam from polybutadiene rubber (BR) and styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), which is prepared by prevulcanization, supercritical foaming, and secondary vulcanization processes is reported. It has excellent abrasion resistance and with low density. The foaming process is successfully achieved with the assistance of eco‐friendly supercritical nitrogen (sc‐N2). The microstructural analysis of BR/SBR foams indicates that the cell structure of BR/SBR foams has an obvious effect with the increased prevulcanization time. The thickness of solid skin on the foam surface is observed using scanning electron microscope, which revealed that the prevulcanization time is also a direct factor influencing the thickness of solid skin, where the fundamental cause is explained from two aspects, i.e., gas escape and rubber vulcanization. The prevulcanization time to meet the abrasion resistance characteristics has determined based on the cell structure and abrasion solid skin thickness of BR/SBR foams at different time zone of prevulcanizations. As a result, BR/SBR foams prepared by this process have a low relative volume loss (62.6–117.1 mm3) and a desirable density (0.50–0.71 g cm−3) at a prevulcanization time of 15–17 min.
The next “sweet” spot for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Glycoprotein for early detection
Authors: Xu Yuanwei , Wang Yuefan , Höti Naseruddin , Clark David J. , Chen Shao‐Yung , Zhang Hui 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the most common neoplastic disease of the pancreas, accounting for more than 90% of all pancreatic malignancies. As a highly lethal malignancy, PDAC is the fourth leading cause of cancer‐related deaths worldwide with a 5‐year overall survival of less than 8%. The efficacy and outcome of PDAC treatment largely depend on the stage of disease at the time of diagnosis. Surgical resection followed by adjuvant chemotherapy remains the only possibly curative therapy, yet 80%–90% of PDAC patients present with nonresectable PDAC stages at the time of clinical presentation. Despite our advancing knowledge of PDAC, the prognosis remains strikingly poor, which is primarily due to the difficulty of diagnosing PDAC at the early stages. Recent advances in glycoproteomics and glycomics based on mass spectrometry have shown that aberrations in protein glycosylation plays a critical role in carcinogenesis, tumor progression, metastasis, chemoresistance, and immuno‐response of PDAC and other types of cancers. A growing interest has thus been placed upon protein glycosylation as a potential early detection biomarker for PDAC. We herein take stock of the advancements in the early detection of PDAC that were carried out with mass spectrometry, with special focus on protein glycosylation.
Influence of interface‐related parameters on some heat stable salts in the corrosion studies of carbon steel for post‐combustion CO2 capture
Authors: Emori W. , Jiang S.L. , Zheng Y.G. , Okonkwo P. C. , Obike A. I. , Okafor P. C. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe effect of flow and temperature on the corrosion behavior of carbon steel in an aqueous methyldiethanolamine solution containing different heat stable salts, such as sodium sulfate, sodium sulfite and sodium thiosulfate, has been studied. The introduction of flow and increase in temperature generally caused an increase in the corrosion rate of carbon steel but the presence of the heat stable salts affected the corrosion behavior to different extents. Sulfate increased the corrosivity of the aqueous methyldiethanolamine solution, thus showed accelerated corrosion behavior in the presence of flow and with increase in temperature when compared with the solution without heat stable salts. The presence of sulfite reduced the corrosivity of the methyldiethanolamine solution due to its oxygen scavenging ability. Although flow and temperature stimulated an increase in the corrosion rate of carbon steel, the corrosion inhibiting effects of sulfite ions increased with the salt concentration. Also, the presence of sodium thiosulfate caused a reduction in carbon steel corrosion. Its inhibition ability is largely the result of the formation of FeS product layer resulting from its disproportionation reaction. This layer offered a slight resistance to the influence of flow and increase in temperature when compared with the system without heat stable salts.
Fatigue life analysis of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) components in hybrid adhesive joints
Authors: Wacker J.‐D. , Tittmann K. , Koch I. , Laveuve D. , Gude M. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractHybrid adhesive joints of metal and composite parts are increasingly common features of lightweight structures. Efficient design of these joints requires computational methods for estimating the fatigue life of the adhesive as well as of the parts being joined – i. e. the adherends. The paper focuses on computational fatigue life prediction for carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) adherends in hybrid adhesive joints. After a brief description of the composite material considered, two modeling approaches for the fatigue life are presented. Subsequently, the experimental determination of the model parameters is discussed and the relevant values are presented. For validation, the models are applied to predict the fatigue lives of a multidirectional laminate as well as of the composite adherend in a hybrid single‐lap joint. Finally, the results for both models are compared and discussed with respect to the experimental results. Both models yield reasonable predictions for the cases considered here. For almost uniaxial stress states, the predictions of both models are very similar while for multiaxial stress states the difference is more pronounced.
Microstructural and chemical surface and rim zone changes of ferrite‐perlite 42CrMo4 steel after electrochemical machining
Authors: Ehle L.C. , Harst S. , Meyer H. , Schupp A. , Beyss O. , Rommes B. , Klink A. , Schwedt A. , Zander D. , Weirich T.E. , Mayer J. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractElectrochemical machining is based on the anodic dissolution of most metals and generates high quality polished surfaces. However, ferrite‐perlite 42CrMo4 steel reveals local optical changes at the surface after electrochemical finishing, such as a widely variable surface finish from shiny (reflective) to rough (dark) surfaces even after one processing step. The optical different surface areas of ferrite‐perlite 42CrMo4 steel (AISI 4140) are studied by different electron microscopy techniques, x‐ray diffraction and x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy to gain information about the local chemistry of the reaction layers and residual stresses of the rim zone. The results show that the rim zone for the different surface areas are about 50 nm–100 nm thick and contain oxygen. Selected area diffraction reveals the formation of iron(II/III) oxide (Fe3O4) and x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirms the formation of a mixed iron oxide (Fe3‐xO4) with a variation of the oxidation state for both near‐surface rim zones. Furthermore, the reflective surfaces reveal a homogeneous dissolution of ferrite and cementite lamellae whereas the rough surfaces show a preferred dissolution of cementite and an inhomogeneous dissolution of ferrite within the rim zone. X‐ray diffraction measurements do not show any introduced residual stresses in the rim zone.
Adsorption and separation of carbon dioxide and methane on carbonaceous adsorbents
Authors: Song X. , Gong J. , Zeng Y. , Zhan X. , Wang L. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAdsorption and separation of carbon dioxide and methane on different carbonaceous adsorbents were analyzed and compared. Coconut shell‐based activated carbon has the highest adsorption capacity for two gases. Sips model describes the adsorption isotherms best. The separation factor on coconut shell‐based activated carbon is the highest under various conditions, reaching about 3.8. The adsorption capacity of the two gases is closely related to the specific surface area and micropore volume of the adsorbent. The adsorbed amount of each component in the mixture is less than that of the pure component under the same condition, indicating that there is a competition in the adsorption process. The total adsorbed amount of the two gases decreases as the proportion of carbon dioxide decreases, implying that the adsorption process is dominated by carbon dioxide adsorption. Additionally, the separation factor decreases with increasing temperature. Understanding the adsorption behaviors of pure and binary carbon dioxide and methane is important in treating biomass gas using carbonaceous adsorbents.
Energy Condition of Subsistence-Harvested Fishes in Arctic Coastal Lagoons
Authors: Fraley Kevin M. , Robards Martin D. , Vollenweider Johanna , Whiting Alex , Jones Tahzay , Rogers Matthew C. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In Arctic Alaska, Indigenous and rural residents depend on wild-harvested foods for sustenance and the subsistence lifestyle is integral to their culture. Marine and diadromous fishes, which often occupy coastal lagoon habitats, are relied upon for subsistence harvest, particularly Pacific salmon, whitefishes (Coregoninae), cods (Gadidae), and flounder species (Pleuronectidae). However, little research has been conducted that assesses the energetic condition of these fishes, which are harvested by the tens of thousands annually. The effects of accelerating climate change and human development on the metabolic rates, diet, body condition, and energy density of fish is of great concern because these effects will, in turn, affect the people who depend on these species for food security. Consequently, we characterized energy density and percentage of lipid, water, and protein content of 10 fish species in four coastal lagoons within Cape Krusenstern National Monument, Alaska. We found that whitefishes, particularly Bering Cisco Coregonus laurettae and Least Cisco C. sardinella exhibited the highest energy density, percentage of lipid, and percentage of protein content, significantly greater than that of marine cod and flounder species, Fourhourn Sculpin Myoxocephalus quadricornis, freshwater Pond Smelt Hypomesus olidus, and values from other regional species that have been in published literature. Additionally, when the relative mean abundance and body weight of each species was taken into account, total energy value by availability in the lagoons was highest for whitefishes when compared with marine taxa and the freshwater Pond Smelt. Given the impending effects of climate change and coastal construction in the region, it will be important to monitor the energy condition of lagoon fishes to ensure their quality and availability for subsistence harvesters.