bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms of muscle atrophy and hypertrophy: implications in health and disease
Authors: Sartori Roberta , Romanello Vanina , Sandri Marco 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSkeletal muscle is the protein reservoir of our body and an important regulator of glucose and lipid homeostasis. Consequently, the growth or the loss of muscle mass can influence general metabolism, locomotion, eating and respiration. Therefore, it is not surprising that excessive muscle loss is a bad prognostic index of a variety of diseases ranging from cancer, organ failure, infections and unhealthy ageing. Muscle function is influenced by different quality systems that regulate the function of contractile proteins and organelles. These systems are controlled by transcriptional dependent programs that adapt muscle cells to environmental and nutritional clues. Mechanical, oxidative, nutritional and energy stresses, as well as growth factors or cytokines modulate signaling pathways that, ultimately, converge on protein and organelle turnover. Novel insights that control and orchestrate such complex network are continuously emerging and will be summarized in this review. Understanding the mechanisms that control muscle mass will provide therapeutic targets for the treatment of muscle loss in inherited and non-hereditary diseases and for the improvement of the quality of life during ageing.
Estimating internationally imported cases during the early COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Menkir Tigist F. , Chin Taylor , Hay James A. , Surface Erik D. , De Salazar Pablo M. , Buckee Caroline O. , Watts Alexander , Khan Kamran , Sherbo Ryan , Yan Ada W. C. , Mina Michael J. , Lipsitch Marc , Niehus Rene 
Published: January 2021

AbstractEarly in the COVID-19 pandemic, predictions of international outbreaks were largely based on imported cases from Wuhan, China, potentially missing imports from other cities. We provide a method, combining daily COVID-19 prevalence and flight passenger volume, to estimate importations from 18 Chinese cities to 43 international destinations, including 26 in Africa. Global case importations from China in early January came primarily from Wuhan, but the inferred source shifted to other cities in mid-February, especially for importations to African destinations. We estimate that 10.4 (6.2 – 27.1) COVID-19 cases were imported to these African destinations, which exhibited marked variation in their magnitude and main sources of importation. We estimate that 90% of imported cases arrived between 17 January and 7 February, prior to the first case detections. Our results highlight the dynamic role of source locations, which can help focus surveillance and response efforts.
Genome-wide analyses of behavioural traits are subject to bias by misreports and longitudinal changes
Authors: Xue Angli , Jiang Longda , Zhu Zhihong , Wray Naomi R. , Visscher Peter M. , Zeng Jian , Yang Jian 
Published: January 2021

AbstractGenome-wide association studies (GWAS) have discovered numerous genetic variants associated with human behavioural traits. However, behavioural traits are subject to misreports and longitudinal changes (MLC) which can cause biases in GWAS and follow-up analyses. Here, we demonstrate that individuals with higher disease burden in the UK Biobank (n = 455,607) are more likely to misreport or reduce their alcohol consumption levels, and propose a correction procedure to mitigate the MLC-induced biases. The alcohol consumption GWAS signals removed by the MLC corrections are enriched in metabolic/cardiovascular traits. Almost all the previously reported negative estimates of genetic correlations between alcohol consumption and common diseases become positive/non-significant after the MLC corrections. We also observe MLC biases for smoking and physical activities in the UK Biobank. Our findings provide a plausible explanation of the controversy about the effects of alcohol consumption on health outcomes and a caution for future analyses of self-reported behavioural traits in biobank data.
Capsid-like particles decorated with the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain elicit strong virus neutralization activity
Authors: Fougeroux Cyrielle , Goksøyr Louise , Idorn Manja , Soroka Vladislav , Myeni Sebenzile K. , Dagil Robert , Janitzek Christoph M. , Søgaard Max , Aves Kara-Lee , Horsted Emma W. , Erdoğan Sayit Mahmut , Gustavsson Tobias , Dorosz Jerzy , Clemmensen Stine , Fredsgaard Laurits , Thrane Susan , Vidal-Calvo Elena E. , Khalifé Paul , Hulen Thomas M. , Choudhary Swati , Theisen Michael , Singh Susheel K. , Garcia-Senosiain Asier , Van Oosten Linda , Pijlman Gorben , Hierzberger Bettina , Domeyer Tanja , Nalewajek Blanka W. , Strøbæk Anette , Skrzypczak Magdalena , Andersson Laura F. , Buus Søren , Buus Anette Stryhn , Christensen Jan Pravsgaard , Dalebout Tim J. , Iversen Kasper , Harritshøj Lene H. , Mordmüller Benjamin , Ullum Henrik , Reinert Line S. , de Jongh Willem Adriaan , Kikkert Marjolein , Paludan Søren R. , Theander Thor G. , Nielsen Morten A. , Salanti Ali , Sander Adam F. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe rapid development of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine is a global priority. Here, we develop two capsid-like particle (CLP)-based vaccines displaying the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. RBD antigens are displayed on AP205 CLPs through a split-protein Tag/Catcher, ensuring unidirectional and high-density display of RBD. Both soluble recombinant RBD and RBD displayed on CLPs bind the ACE2 receptor with nanomolar affinity. Mice are vaccinated with soluble RBD or CLP-displayed RBD, formulated in Squalene-Water-Emulsion. The RBD-CLP vaccines induce higher levels of serum anti-spike antibodies than the soluble RBD vaccines. Remarkably, one injection with our lead RBD-CLP vaccine in mice elicits virus neutralization antibody titers comparable to those found in patients that had recovered from COVID-19. Following booster vaccinations, the virus neutralization titers exceed those measured after natural infection, at serum dilutions above 1:10,000. Thus, the RBD-CLP vaccine is a highly promising candidate for preventing COVID-19.
Observations of pressure anisotropy effects within semi-collisional magnetized plasma bubbles
Authors: Tubman E. R. , Joglekar A. S. , Bott A. F. A. , Borghesi M. , Coleman B. , Cooper G. , Danson C. N. , Durey P. , Foster J. M. , Graham P. , Gregori G. , Gumbrell E. T. , Hill M. P. , Hodge T. , Kar S. , Kingham R. J. , Read M. , Ridgers C. P. , Skidmore J. , Spindloe C. , Thomas A. G. R. , Treadwell P. , Wilson S. , Willingale L. , Woolsey N. C. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMagnetized plasma interactions are ubiquitous in astrophysical and laboratory plasmas. Various physical effects have been shown to be important within colliding plasma flows influenced by opposing magnetic fields, however, experimental verification of the mechanisms within the interaction region has remained elusive. Here we discuss a laser-plasma experiment whereby experimental results verify that Biermann battery generated magnetic fields are advected by Nernst flows and anisotropic pressure effects dominate these flows in a reconnection region. These fields are mapped using time-resolved proton probing in multiple directions. Various experimental, modelling and analytical techniques demonstrate the importance of anisotropic pressure in semi-collisional, high-β plasmas, causing a reduction in the magnitude of the reconnecting fields when compared to resistive processes. Anisotropic pressure dynamics are crucial in collisionless plasmas, but are often neglected in collisional plasmas. We show pressure anisotropy to be essential in maintaining the interaction layer, redistributing magnetic fields even for semi-collisional, high energy density physics (HEDP) regimes.
A logical network-based drug-screening platform for Alzheimer’s disease representing pathological features of human brain organoids
Authors: Park Jong-Chan , Jang So-Yeong , Lee Dongjoon , Lee Jeongha , Kang Uiryong , Chang Hongjun , Kim Haeng Jun , Han Sun-Ho , Seo Jinsoo , Choi Murim , Lee Dong Young , Byun Min Soo , Yi Dahyun , Cho Kwang-Hyun , Mook-Jung Inhee 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDeveloping effective drugs for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia, has been difficult because of complicated pathogenesis. Here, we report an efficient, network-based drug-screening platform developed by integrating mathematical modeling and the pathological features of AD with human iPSC-derived cerebral organoids (iCOs), including CRISPR-Cas9-edited isogenic lines. We use 1300 organoids from 11 participants to build a high-content screening (HCS) system and test blood–brain barrier-permeable FDA-approved drugs. Our study provides a strategy for precision medicine through the convergence of mathematical modeling and a miniature pathological brain model using iCOs.
Nanoparticle delivery of microRNA-146a regulates mechanotransduction in lung macrophages and mitigates injury during mechanical ventilation
Authors: Bobba Christopher M. , Fei Qinqin , Shukla Vasudha , Lee Hyunwook , Patel Pragi , Putman Rachel K. , Spitzer Carleen , Tsai MuChun , Wewers Mark D. , Lee Robert J. , Christman John W. , Ballinger Megan N. , Ghadiali Samir N. , Englert Joshua A. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMechanical ventilation generates injurious forces that exacerbate lung injury. These forces disrupt lung barrier integrity, trigger proinflammatory mediator release, and differentially regulate genes and non-coding oligonucleotides including microRNAs. In this study, we identify miR-146a as a mechanosensitive microRNA in alveolar macrophages that has therapeutic potential to mitigate lung injury during mechanical ventilation. We use humanized in-vitro systems, mouse models, and biospecimens from patients to elucidate the expression dynamics of miR-146a needed to decrease lung injury during mechanical ventilation. We find that the endogenous increase in miR-146a following injurious ventilation is not sufficient to prevent lung injury. However, when miR-146a is highly overexpressed using a nanoparticle delivery platform it is sufficient to prevent injury. These data indicate that the endogenous increase in microRNA-146a during mechanical ventilation is a compensatory response that partially limits injury and that nanoparticle delivery of miR-146a is an effective strategy for mitigating lung injury during mechanical ventilation.
isoCirc catalogs full-length circular RNA isoforms in human transcriptomes
Authors: Xin Ruijiao , Gao Yan , Gao Yuan , Wang Robert , Kadash-Edmondson Kathryn E. , Liu Bo , Wang Yadong , Lin Lan , Xing Yi 
Published: January 2021

AbstractCircular RNAs (circRNAs) have emerged as an important class of functional RNA molecules. Short-read RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) is a widely used strategy to identify circRNAs. However, an inherent limitation of short-read RNA-seq is that it does not experimentally determine the full-length sequences and exact exonic compositions of circRNAs. Here, we report isoCirc, a strategy for sequencing full-length circRNA isoforms, using rolling circle amplification followed by nanopore long-read sequencing. We describe an integrated computational pipeline to reliably characterize full-length circRNA isoforms using isoCirc data. Using isoCirc, we generate a comprehensive catalog of 107,147 full-length circRNA isoforms across 12 human tissues and one human cell line (HEK293), including 40,628 isoforms ≥500 nt in length. We identify widespread alternative splicing events within the internal part of circRNAs, including 720 retained intron events corresponding to a class of exon-intron circRNAs (EIciRNAs). Collectively, isoCirc and the companion dataset provide a useful strategy and resource for studying circRNAs in human transcriptomes.
Biomass burning aerosols in most climate models are too absorbing
Authors: Brown Hunter , Liu Xiaohong , Pokhrel Rudra , Murphy Shane , Lu Zheng , Saleh Rawad , Mielonen Tero , Kokkola Harri , Bergman Tommi , Myhre Gunnar , Skeie Ragnhild B. , Watson-Paris Duncan , Stier Philip , Johnson Ben , Bellouin Nicolas , Schulz Michael , Vakkari Ville , Beukes Johan Paul , van Zyl Pieter Gideon , Liu Shang , Chand Duli 
Published: January 2021

AbstractUncertainty in the representation of biomass burning (BB) aerosol composition and optical properties in climate models contributes to a range in modeled aerosol effects on incoming solar radiation. Depending on the model, the top-of-the-atmosphere BB aerosol effect can range from cooling to warming. By relating aerosol absorption relative to extinction and carbonaceous aerosol composition from 12 observational datasets to nine state-of-the-art Earth system models/chemical transport models, we identify varying degrees of overestimation in BB aerosol absorptivity by these models. Modifications to BB aerosol refractive index, size, and mixing state improve the Community Atmosphere Model version 5 (CAM5) agreement with observations, leading to a global change in BB direct radiative effect of −0.07 W m−2, and regional changes of −2 W m−2 (Africa) and −0.5 W m−2 (South America/Temperate). Our findings suggest that current modeled BB contributes less to warming than previously thought, largely due to treatments of aerosol mixing state.
Widespread reworking of Hadean-to-Eoarchean continents during Earth’s thermal peak
Authors: Kirkland C. L. , Hartnady M. I. H. , Barham M. , Olierook H. K. H. , Steenfelt A. , Hollis J. A. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe nature and evolution of Earth’s crust during the Hadean and Eoarchean is largely unknown owing to a paucity of material preserved from this period. However, clues may be found in the chemical composition of refractory minerals that initially grew in primordial material but were subsequently incorporated into younger rocks and sediment during lithospheric reworking. Here we report Hf isotopic data in 3.9 to 1.8 billion year old detrital zircon from modern stream sediment samples from West Greenland, which document successive reworking of felsic Hadean-to-Eoarchean crust during subsequent periods of magmatism. Combined with global zircon Hf data, we show a planetary shift towards, on average, more juvenile Hf values 3.2 to 3.0 billion years ago. This crustal rejuvenation was coincident with peak mantle potential temperatures that imply greater degrees of mantle melting and injection of hot mafic-ultramafic magmas into older Hadean-to-Eoarchean felsic crust at this time. Given the repeated recognition of felsic Hadean-to-Eoarchean diluted signatures, ancient crust appears to have acted as buoyant life-rafts with enhanced preservation-potential that facilitated later rapid crustal growth during the Meso-and-Neoarchean.
The coupling and competition of crystallization and phase separation, correlating thermodynamics and kinetics in OPV morphology and performances
Authors: Wang Zaiyu , Gao Ke , Kan Yuanyuan , Zhang Ming , Qiu Chaoqun , Zhu Lei , Zhao Zhe , Peng Xiaobin , Feng Wei , Qian Zhiyuan , Gu Xiaodan , Jen Alex K.-Y. , Tang Ben Zhong , Cao Yong , Zhang Yongming , Liu Feng 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe active layer morphology transition of organic photovoltaics under non-equilibrium conditions are of vital importance in determining the device power conversion efficiency and stability; however, a general and unified picture on this issue has not been well addressed. Using combined in situ and ex situ morphology characterizations, morphological parameters relating to kinetics and thermodynamics of morphology evolution are extracted and studied in model systems under thermal annealing. The coupling and competition of crystallization and demixing are found to be critical in morphology evolution, phase purification and interfacial orientation. A unified model summarizing different phase diagrams and all possible kinetic routes is proposed. The current observations address the fundamental issues underlying the formation of the complex multi-length scale morphology in bulk heterojunction blends and provide useful morphology optimization guidelines for processing devices with higher efficiency and stability.
Spontaneous sparse learning for PCM-based memristor neural networks
Authors: Lim Dong-Hyeok , Wu Shuang , Zhao Rong , Lee Jung-Hoon , Jeong Hongsik , Shi Luping 
Published: January 2021

AbstractNeural networks trained by backpropagation have achieved tremendous successes on numerous intelligent tasks. However, naïve gradient-based training and updating methods on memristors impede applications due to intrinsic material properties. Here, we built a 39 nm 1 Gb phase change memory (PCM) memristor array and quantified the unique resistance drift effect. On this basis, spontaneous sparse learning (SSL) scheme that leverages the resistance drift to improve PCM-based memristor network training is developed. During training, SSL regards the drift effect as spontaneous consistency-based distillation process that reinforces the array weights at the high-resistance state continuously unless the gradient-based method switches them to low resistance. Experiments show that the SSL not only helps the convergence of network with better performance and sparsity controllability without additional computation in handwritten digit classification. This work promotes the learning algorithms with the intrinsic properties of memristor devices, opening a new direction for development of neuromorphic computing chips.
Unraveling fundamental active units in carbon nitride for photocatalytic oxidation reactions
Authors: Huang Chaofeng , Wen Yaping , Ma Jin , Dong Dandan , Shen Yanfei , Liu Songqin , Ma Haibo , Zhang Yuanjian 
Published: January 2021

AbstractCovalently bonded carbon nitride (CN) has stimulated extensive attention as a metal-free semiconductor. However, because of the complexity of polymeric structures, the acquisition of critical roles of each molecular constituent in CN for photocatalysis remains elusive. Herein, we clarify the fundamental active units of CN in photocatalysis by synthesizing CN with more detailed molecular structures. Enabled by microwave synthesis, the as-prepared CN consists of distinguishable melem (M1) and its incomplete condensed form (M2). We disclose rather than the traditional opinion of being involved in the whole photocatalytic processes, M1 and M2 make primary contributions in light absorption and charge separation, respectively. Meanwhile, oxygen molecules are unusually observed to be activated by participating in the photoexcited processes via electronic coupling mainly to M2. As a result, such CN has a higher activity, which was up to 8 times that of traditional bulk CN for photocatalytic oxidation of tetracycline in water.
The molecular make up of smoldering myeloma highlights the evolutionary pathways leading to multiple myeloma
Authors: Boyle Eileen M. , Deshpande Shayu , Tytarenko Ruslana , Ashby Cody , Wang Yan , Bauer Michael A. , Johnson Sarah K. , Wardell Christopher P. , Thanendrarajan Sharmilan , Zangari Maurizio , Facon Thierry , Dumontet Charles , Barlogie Bart , Arbini Arnaldo , Rustad Even H. , Maura Francesco , Landgren Ola , Zhan Fenghuang , van Rhee Frits , Schinke Carolina , Davies Faith E. , Morgan Gareth J. , Walker Brian A. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSmoldering myeloma (SMM) is associated with a high-risk of progression to myeloma (MM). We report the results of a study of 82 patients with both targeted sequencing that included a capture of the immunoglobulin and MYC regions. By comparing these results to newly diagnosed myeloma (MM) we show fewer NRAS and FAM46C mutations together with fewer adverse translocations, del(1p), del(14q), del(16q), and del(17p) in SMM consistent with their role as drivers of the transition to MM. KRAS mutations are associated with a shorter time to progression (HR 3.5 (1.5–8.1), p = 0.001). In an analysis of change in clonal structure over time we studied 53 samples from nine patients at multiple time points. Branching evolutionary patterns, novel mutations, biallelic hits in crucial tumour suppressor genes, and segmental copy number changes are key mechanisms underlying the transition to MM, which can precede progression and be used to guide early intervention strategies.
Nickel isotopic evidence for late-stage accretion of Mercury-like differentiated planetary embryos
Authors: Wang Shui-Jiong , Wang Wenzhong , Zhu Jian-Ming , Wu Zhongqing , Liu Jingao , Han Guilin , Teng Fang-Zhen , Huang Shichun , Wu Hongjie , Wang Yujian , Wu Guangliang , Li Weihan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractEarth’s habitability is closely tied to its late-stage accretion, during which impactors delivered the majority of life-essential volatiles. However, the nature of these final building blocks remains poorly constrained. Nickel (Ni) can be a useful tracer in characterizing this accretion as most Ni in the bulk silicate Earth (BSE) comes from the late-stage impactors. Here, we apply Ni stable isotope analysis to a large number of meteorites and terrestrial rocks, and find that the BSE has a lighter Ni isotopic composition compared to chondrites. Using first-principles calculations based on density functional theory, we show that core-mantle differentiation cannot produce the observed light Ni isotopic composition of the BSE. Rather, the sub-chondritic Ni isotopic signature was established during Earth’s late-stage accretion, probably through the Moon-forming giant impact. We propose that a highly reduced sulfide-rich, Mercury-like body, whose mantle is characterized by light Ni isotopic composition, collided with and merged into the proto-Earth during the Moon-forming giant impact, producing the sub-chondritic Ni isotopic signature of the BSE, while delivering sulfur and probably other volatiles to the Earth.
Electric-field control of skyrmions in multiferroic heterostructure via magnetoelectric coupling
Authors: Ba You , Zhuang Shihao , Zhang Yike , Wang Yutong , Gao Yang , Zhou Hengan , Chen Mingfeng , Sun Weideng , Liu Quan , Chai Guozhi , Ma Jing , Zhang Ying , Tian Huanfang , Du Haifeng , Jiang Wanjun , Nan Cewen , Hu Jia-Mian , Zhao Yonggang 
Published: January 2021

AbstractRoom-temperature skyrmions in magnetic multilayers are considered to be promising candidates for the next-generation spintronic devices. Several approaches have been developed to control skyrmions, but they either cause significant heat dissipation or require ultrahigh electric fields near the breakdown threshold. Here, we demonstrate electric-field control of skyrmions through strain-mediated magnetoelectric coupling in ferromagnetic/ferroelectric multiferroic heterostructures. We show the process of non-volatile creation of multiple skyrmions, reversible deformation and annihilation of a single skyrmion by performing magnetic force microscopy with in situ electric fields. Strain-induced changes in perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and interfacial Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction strength are characterized experimentally. These experimental results, together with micromagnetic simulations, demonstrate that strain-mediated magnetoelectric coupling (via strain-induced changes in both the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and interfacial Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction is responsible for the observed electric-field control of skyrmions. Our work provides a platform to investigate electric-field control of skyrmions in multiferroic heterostructures and paves the way towards more energy-efficient skyrmion-based spintronics.