bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early-Age Deck Cracking from Asymmetric Thermal Behavior in Skewed Adjacent Box Beam Bridges
Authors: Mutashar Rana , Sargand Shad M. , Khoury Issam , AlRikabi Fouad T. , Chorzepa Mi G. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This study investigates the causes of early-age deck cracking for skewed composite adjacent box beam bridges with integral abutments. It hypothesizes that cracking is attributed to (1) asymmetric thermal movements in a skewed deck and (2) thermal restraints from an integral abutment design, as well as box beams and post-tensioned tie rods. To verify this hypothesis, a bridge in Ohio was instrumented for measuring temperature and strain. The field investigation aimed at observing thermal movements of the deck for about five days immediately after placing the concrete deck. No visible cracks were found after completing the deck and abutments; however, 10 months later, visible cracks were observed. These cracks were mainly observed near the edges of the deck where it adjoins with an abutment, as well as at acute corners. Also, it was observed that a temperature gradient of 8°C developed through the deck depth. The rotation and expansion (or contraction) from the temperature gradient are partially restrained by the presence of box beams and post-tensioned tie rods, resulting in the effective tensile strain at the bottom surface. It is concluded that the skewed deck geometry causes an asymmetric thermal expansion, contraction, or both, leading to increased tensile strains. They exceeded the threshold cracking strain at the acute corner and at mid-width along the deck edges where they adjoin with asphalt roadways. It is also concluded that thermal restraints applied after completing the bridge is another factor for cracking. They are imposed by design features, including soil backfills and asphalt pavements, which are inherent to integral abutment bridges.
Evaluation of the Effects of Engineered Crumb Rubber (ECR) on Asphalt Mixture Characteristics
Authors: Rath Punyaslok , Meister J. , Jahangiri B. , Buttlar W. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This study examined the effects of modification of dense-grade asphalt mixtures with chemically engineered crumb rubber (ECR) via the dry process. The ECR mixtures were compared to unmodified and polymer-modified mixtures in various criteria. The study mainly had three objectives: (1) comparison of mixture performance, (2) investigation of warm mix equivalence, i.e., to determine if the chemical coating on the ECR resulted in benefits similar to warm mix additives, and (3) to determine the effects of ECR on mixture draindown. For the first objective, the disk-shaped compact tension test was conducted to determine resistance to thermal cracking, and the Hamburg wheel tracking test was performed to determine resistance to permanent deformation (rutting) and moisture damage. To fulfill the second objective, the mixtures were prepared with warm mix asphalt (WMA) additives wherever necessary, and for the third objective, a stone mastic asphalt (SMA) was employed instead of the dense-grade mixture that was used for the rest of the study. Findings showed that modification with ECR greatly improved resistance to rutting and cracking, indicating that ECR pavements will exhibit longer service life. In terms of warm mix equivalence, a comparison of volumetrics data showed that ECR without WMA additive compacted in a similar manner as a polymer (PG 76-22) mixture containing WMA additive. Additional mix cost savings may be realized with ECR modification because of the ability to avoid the cost of WMA additive for the goal of achieving mix workability and compaction at lower temperatures. Finally, an ECR-SMA mix was used for draindown assessment and was found to pass the draindown test without the need for fibers, nearly matching the draindown resistance of the polymer-WMA mix containing cellulose fibers, thereby presenting another cost-saving avenue for contractors. The study also includes details of three field projects that used ECR and reported excellent field performance.
Long-Term Swelling Characteristics of Montmorillonite Clay with and without Fly Ash: Wetting–Drying Cycle Influence in 1D Oedometer Condition
Authors: Johnson Singh Moirangthem , Borana Lalit , Weiqiang Feng , Xu Dong-Sheng 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The utilization of fly ash (FA) produced from various thermal power plants and other industrial sources is a big challenge and an opportunity for material and civil engineers. This study aims to utilize FA for improving the engineering characteristics of Montmorillonitic Indian clay (BC) soil. A rigorous testing plan is designed and performed using different proportions of FA (5, 15, 25, and 35 %) to investigate the time-dependent deformation behavior of expansive BC soil and also to examine the influence of the wetting–drying cycle on the time-dependent swelling behavior of reconstituted soils in Oedometric free swell condition. It is proposed to evaluate the time-dependent parameters of the FA-BC matrix under wetting–drying cycles using the elastoviscoplastic considering swelling (EVPS) model. The mineralogical characteristics of both natural and reconstituted samples were investigated using the scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction. From the experimental result, it is observed that the time-dependent swelling coefficient decreases with the percentage of FA content increase. The FA used in the study results in decreasing not only the swelling potential of BC soil samples but also the swelling–shrinkage behavior of the soil. It is observed that the reconstituted soils are influenced by both the degree of FA content and the wetting–drying cycles. The swelling strain limit decreases exponentially with the increase of the FA content. The EVPS model works very well in predicting the long-term consolidation and swelling behavior of the FA-BC matrix under different stress states.
PEMBIAYAAN MUDHARABAH DAN PEMBIAYAAN MUSYARAKAH DI PERBANKAN SYARIAH
Authors: Latif Chefi Abdul 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRAK Mudharabah adalah akad kerja sama pemilik modal dan pengelola modal dimana keuntungan dan kerugian dibagi berdasarkan kesepakatan oleh beberapa pihak yang terlibat. Musyarakah adalah akad kerjasama dua pihak atau lebih untuk berserikat dalam modal serta keuntungan dan kerugian yang diperoleh dibagi berdasarkan kesepakatan secara proporsional. Dasar hukum pembiayaan mudharabah dan pembiayaan musyarakah ada dalam al-Quran, Hadist, dan Ijma‟. Produk hukum yang mengatur kedua pembiayaan tersebut yaitu Perundang-undangan, Peraturan Bank Indonesia, Fatwa DSN MUI. Sebelum melaksanakan akad pembiayaan mudharabah dan musyarakah perlu diketahui dan diaktualisasikannya syarat dan rukun daripada kedua pembiayaan tersebut. Pembiayaan mudharabah terbagi menjadi dua bagian yaitu mudharabah muthlaqah dan mudharabah muqayyadah sedangkan Pembiayaan musyarakah terbagi kepada dua bagian, yaitu syirkah al-amlak dan syirkah al-„uqud. Syirkah al-amlak terdiri dari, yaitu syirkah al-jabr dan syirkah al-ikhtiyar. Sedangkan syirkah al-„uqud terdiri dari empat jenis, yaitu syirkah al-mufawadhah, syirkah al-„inan, syirkah al-wujuh, syirkah al-„amal, dan syirkah mudharabah. Impelementasi pembiayaan mudharabah dan pembiayaan musyarakah diperbankan syariah sudah berkembang dan lengkap sesuai dengan peraturan perbankan syariah. Kata kunci: Mudharabah, Musyarakah, Dasar Hukum, Produk Hukum, Rukun Dan Syarat, Pembagian Mudharabah Dan Musyarakah, Implementasi Mudharabah Dan Musyarakah Diperbankan Syariah.
KONSUMSI DI MASA PANDEMI COVID-19 DITINJAU DARI EKONOMI MIKRO ISLAM
Authors: Tripalupi Ramadhani Irma 
Published: September 2021

Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji konsumsi di masa pandemi Covid-19 ditinjau dari Ekonomi Mikro Islam. Terdapat dua fokus pembahasan pada artikel ini yakni: (1) Teori konsumsi pada Ekonomi Mikro, dan (2) Konsumsi di masa pandemi Covid-19 ditinjau dari Ekonomi Mikro Islam. Pendekatan menggunakan kualitatif, metode diskriptif dan analisis eksplorasi dengan studi dokumentasi/teks berupa data-data yang terkait dan studi berbagai literatur. Simpulan artikel ini adalah bahwa konsumsi menurut Islam dapat dijelaskan melalui pendekatan-pendekatan teori konsumsi pada ekonomi mikro konvensional, perbedaannya konsumsi menurut Islam terdapat prinsip-prinsip dan batasan-batasan syariah. Konsep efisiensi dalam ekonomi konvensional adalah memaksimumkan kepuasan keinginan (want), sedangkan dalam kerangka Islam adalah memaksimumkan pemenuhan kebutuhan (need). Konsumen Muslim yang terdampak pandemi Covid-19, akan menghadapinya dengan relatif baik. Segera menyesuaikan ketika permintaannya bergeser atau berubah akibat kondisi tersebut. Karena perilaku konsumsinya telah terlatih dan terbiasa berpedoman pada tuntunan agar tidak ishraf, tidak tabdzir serta halal sehingga diridhoi Allah SWT. Sebagian konsumen tetap dapat menjalankan infaq, ditunjukkan dengan adanya ta’awun selama pandemi Covid-19, sehingga dalam kegiatan kosumsinya teraih tujuan yakni maslahah, dalam rangka mencapai tujuan yang lebih tinggi yakni kemenangan di dunia dan akhirat.
É possível falar de vocação quando se fala de ateísmo organizado? Reflexões sobre a iniciativa ateísta no Brasil
Authors: Testa Sabrina F. 
Published: September 2021

Diversos agrupamentos ateístas emergiram no Brasil nos últimos anos. Trata-se de pequenas associações que surgem a partir de e são mantidas graças à iniciativa de atores individuais que investem uma quantidade considerável de tempo, esforço e, inclusive, dinheiro para sustentar uma causa que, nem se define facilmente além da negação da ideia de deus, nem oferece recompensas materiais ou simbólicas aparentes. Este artigo procura explorar os sentidos que estes líderes ateístas atribuem à atividade militante, a partir de uma discussão sobre a categoria weberiana de vocação. Argumenta-se que a articulação de um movimento de descrentes, tal como se configura no Brasil, constitui uma empreitada intrinsecamente ambígua, na medida em queresiste toda formalização e definição para além do mínimo necessário para existir como tal. Sob o risco constante de devir “religião” o ateísmo não seorganiza se não de forma embrionária, e dos seus articuladores exige um engajamento considerável que, no entanto, se evita definir em termos de liderança. A abordagem, de corte interpretativo, tem por base empírica um trabalho de campo etnográfico levado adiante entre setembro de 2016 e fevereiro de 2018 junto aos setores ateístas do Brasil.
Local hemostasis disorders underlying endometric pathology
Authors: Iupatov E. Iu. , Mustafin I. G. , Kurmanbaev T. E. , Nabiullina R. M. , Atayants K. M. , Shmidt A. A. , Frederiks E. V. 
Published: September 2021

Introduction. Hemostasis is an equilibrium system that performs 2 bidirectional tasks: on the one hand, it prevents bleeding development, whereas on the other hand, it counters thrombogenesis. Shifting the balance leads to development of various complications, and also serves as a key link in the pathogenesis of a number of diseases. Currently, the issue of changing the state of local endometrial hemostasis in various pathologies is of high priority. Unfortunately, publications available on this problem are limited.Aim: to conduct a literature search and systematize the data analysis to expand understanding regarding a role of local hemostasis disorders in formation of endometrial pathology.Materials and Methods. There has been performed a systematic analysis of full-text scientific reviews and original articles published in English and Russian in the modern literature. The review includes the 1995-2020 data published in the international abstract and bibliographic databases eLibrary, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus and PubMed/MEDLINE.Results. Hemostatic changes in the endometrium that occur under the influence of estrogens and progesterone, and create a local hemostatic environment, which disturbance contributes to emergence of various endometrial pathologies, are described. It was found that for the physiological course of pregnancy, complex changes in the local hemostasis are necessary, which are aimed at facilitating the processes of chorionic invasion and maintaining metabolic processes in the mother-fetus interface, whereas alteration of the aforementioned processes contributes to development of abnormal chorionic invasion as the basis for development of insufficient placental function, preeclampsia (PE), and pregnancy termination. Moreover, there have been summarized the data on key changes in the state of local endometrial hemostasis that play a role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis, as well as underlying abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB).Conclusion. Current research publications provide sparse evidence that the state of the local hemostasis in the endometrium is an important aspect of the physiological course of the menstrual cycle, as well as formation of endometrial pathology. In this review, it is shown that local hemostasis is inextricably linked with the state of the systemic hemostasis, but at the same time, its functioning depends on the level of hormones estrogens and progesterone. Impaired function of local endometrial hemostasis is an important aspect of the pathogenesis of miscarriage, as well as conditions such as PE, endometriosis, AUB.
The untrustworthiness of personal impressions of direction of vibrations in earthquakes
Authors: Branner John Casper 
Published: September 2021

Resum矯f Conclusions
1. There is no clear or uniform idea of what is meant by the direction of vibration as determined by non-instrumental observations; some persons regard it as the direction of transmission of a wave-like movement along the surface of the earth; others regard it as a to-and-fro movement like the gentle balancing of a rocking-chair.
2. The sensation at the time of an earthquake is commonly a confused tremulous one produced by jar rather than by wave-like motion having direction recognizable through personal sensations alone.
3. The overthrow of objects shows that the disturbance of equilibrium has very little regularity, and that it bears no definite relation to the direction of movement as indicated by instrumental obsrvation and by other evidences.
4. In many cases where the epicenter is known and the individuals over the area affected have stated their impressions of direction, these impressions are found to be quite useless for purposes of locating the epicenter or for any other purpose, so far as I can see at present.
5. Instrumental records show that the directions are many and the movements complex. Out of such entangled movements it seems quite impossible for our uncertain impressions to gather trustworthy conclusions regarding the location of epicenters.
Application of a vertical strain seismograph to the enhancement of P waves
Authors: Shopland Robert C. , Kirklin Richard H. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
Enhancement of P waves is obtained by the suppression of microseisms with a combination of vertical linear strain seismograph and vertical inertial seismograph outputs. Significant suppression is observed at sites where the predominant microseisms consist of essentially single-mode Rayleigh waves in contrast to that observed at a site where the microseismic noise is compositionally more complex. A description is given of the vertical linear strain seismograph used in these investigations. Consideration is given to the use of a vertical transverse strain seismograph at sites where the microseismic noise field is complex.
The intermediate earthquake source near Bucaramanga, Colombia
Authors: Tryggvason Eysteinn , Lawson James Edwards 
Published: September 2021

abstract
An intensive source of intermediate depth earthquakes has been located in northern Colombia. The activity of this source increased significantly between 1956 and 1966, but appears to be decreasing after 1966. The frequency-magnitude relation of the Bucaramanga earthquakes is anomalous, with fewer large earthquakes than expected. The distribution of determined hypocenters is the same as would be observed if all earthquakes originated in the same point source. Therefore it is concluded that the Bucaramanga seismic source consists of a volume, less than 10 km in radius, centered at 6.8°N, 73.1°W., and 150 km depth.
A note on an azimuthal correction for dT/dΔ for a single dipping plane interface
Authors: Zengeni Teddy G. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
A relation is derived for correcting dT/dΔ for a single dipping interface under a seismic array: ( d T d Δ ) = ( δ T δ Δ ) ′ sin ⁡ ( Ω − ω ′ ) sin ⁡ ( Ω − ω ) . The formula depends only on the azimuth angles: ω is the computed azimuth, ω′ is the observed azimuth, Ω is the azimuth of the normal to the tilted interface, and (δT/δΔ)′ is the observed quantity. The relation is explicitly independent of the dip and the velocities of the media on either side of the interface.
Inversion of the spherical layer-matrix
Authors: Teng Ta-liang 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In their formulation of wave problems in a spherically layered medium, Phinney and Alexander have arrived at a layer-matrix M which forms the fundamental building block of their solution. In actual application of the theory, the inversion of M is needed for each assumed spherical shell. Since numerical inversion of the matrix M may introduce undesired accumulation of errors, an analytical inverse matrix M−1 is obtained. Using Wronskians and recurrence relations of the spherical Bessel functions, it is shown that the inverse matrix M−1 can be simplified enough to insure an improvement in economy and accuracy in machine computations. Some useful properties of the inverse matrix M−1 are discussed which reduce the amount of machine time even further.
Surface waves in layered media
Authors: Sun C. T. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
A continuum model with micro-structures is introduced to replace the layered media which consist of alternating laminae of two materials in the analysis of their mechanical behaviors. The continuum theory is employed to study surface-wave propagations in layered media. Dispersion equations according to the continuum theory are obtained and dispersion curves are computed. For a relatively simple laminated medium, exact dispersion curves are also worked out for comparison. It is found that the continuum theory reduces substantially the computational work and yields good agreement with the exact analysis. Rayleigh-wave dispersion on a laminated half-space for which exact dispersion equation cannot be obtained is also discussed by employing the continuum theory.
Analysis of the Station No. 2 seismoscope record—1966, Parkfield, California, earthquake
Authors: Trifunac M. D. , Hudson D. E. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
During the 1966 Parkfield, California, earthquake a strong motion accelerograph and an adjacent seismoscope were located essentially at the causative fault. The accelerograph component parallel to the fault malfunctioned and left no recorded trace. The seismoscope record and the component of the ground motion perpendicular to the fault are used to reconstruct the acceleration component in the direction parallel to the fault. The details of the derived acceleration parallel to the fault differ from the past recorded strong ground motions in that higher frequency components are present. The peak ground accelerations transverse and along the fault are found to be of the same order of magnitude.
A note on the steady-state response of an elastic half-space
Authors: Tsai N. C. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
With reference to the influence of local geology on earthquake ground motions, a more complete analytical formulation is made of the well-known problem of a horizontally stratified, linearly-elastic half-space subjected to vertically traveling, sinusoidal, plane waves. A more general interpretation of a result of Kanai is given, and a recursion formula is derived for computing amplification spectra. Some special properties of the system are pointed out and numerical examples are given.
A two-dimensional source function for a dynamic brittle bilateral tensile crack
Authors: Hanson Merle E. , Sanford Allan R. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
A numerical technic is used to simulate the two-dimensional elastic dynamic characteristics of a bilateral tensile fracture that accelerates, propagates and stops in an elastic continuum. The fracture-velocity function is specified for the calculation. Particle motion in the near field about the final fracture geometry is the result. Motion parallel to the fracture amounts to as much as 50 per cent of the perpendicular motion near the crack. The relaxation begins to occur after the fracture stops and the dynamic elastic radiation from both tips crosses the material.
A wide-band digital seismograph system
Authors: Burke M. D. , Kanasewich E. R. , Malinsky J. D. , Montalbetti J. F. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractA three-component, broad-band seismic system which records directly onto seven-track digital tape is described. A novel approach of synthesizing a desired response by a differential filtering and summing technic using low-noise operational amplifiers is demonstrated. As an example, the usable velocity sensitivity of a Willmore Mark II seismometer having a natural period of 1.5 sec is extended out to about 40 sec under normal operating conditions. Seismic energy over a wide spectrum may thus be recorded.
The effect of focal depth on the spectra of P waves II. Observational studies
Authors: Guha Shyamal K. , Stauder William 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Using the theoretical development of Part I, properties of transfer functions (radiation patterns) for P waves are investigated for different point sources as functions of depth of burial and orientation of the source in a layered crust. The calculated transfer functions, in general, exhibit two or more minima. These minima shift to longer periods as the source depth increases. The position and relative development of the minima are also functions of depth, of azimuth about the source, and of orientation of the source. In order to investigate whether the predicted effect of focal depth is identifiable in the amplitude spectra of recorded P waves, seismograms of four earthquakes are analyzed. It is found that some of the minima of the observed spectra are due to focal depth, and that for foci in the middle or lower crust, it is possible to determine the depth of focus of an earthquake from the positions of the minima in the spectra.