bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metaphysics
Authors: Heil John 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A discussion of the inevitability of metaphysics centered on the question, how are the appearances related to reality? The universe as we encounter it in our everyday and scientific pursuits, what Wilfrid Sellars called the ‘manifest image’, presents itself as strikingly at odds with the ‘scientific image’, the universe as revealed by physics. Every reflective agent must eventually confront the problem of how the manifest and scientific images are related, how the appearances stand to reality. Three responses to the problem are discussed, and a fourth is introduced. A holistic conception of metaphysics—a ‘package deal’—is endorsed, two competing worldviews, ‘Aristotelianism’ and ‘Humeanism’ are set out, followed by brief chapter-by-chapter summaries of the book’s contents.
Causation
Authors: Heil John 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Ordinary efficient causation is characterized as the cooperative manifesting of powers. Thus regarded, instances of causation could be seen as bringings about. Given that the identity of a power hinges on what it is a power for (in concert with various reciprocal powers), causal relations would turn out to be ‘internal’, fully deterministic relations: if you have the powers distributed as they are, if you have this dispositional array, this ‘dispositional matrix’, you have the manifestations. Spontaneity would enter the picture if some manifestations were unilateral, as is apparently so in the case of the decay of an unstable element. A conception of this kind—an Aristotelian conception—could be contrasted with a competing Humean conception of causation that appeals to laws, contingent external factors taken to underlie causal sequences. Such laws would in no sense govern objects’ behavior.
Brute Fact
Authors: Heil John 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Concerns about contingency are explored further by way of a consideration of brute facts. Facts (ways the universe is) that are explanatorily brute are distinguished from those that are ontologically brute. Explanation, being a product of finite minds, must end somewhere, it would seem, but this leaves open the question whether the universe, or its nature, is in any respect ontologically brute. The difficulty of answering this question is registered and the suggestion advanced that reality, being itself, determines what could or must be the case. This leads to an ontological argument of the form, if there is something, if there is anything at all, there could not have been nothing: nothing comes from nothing. The upshot is something like a metaphysical counterpart to the principle of sufficient reason.
Fundamentals of Electrochemistry
Authors: Oriakhi Christopher O. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Fundamentals of Electrochemistry build on basic oxidation-reduction reactions and present an overview of their use in electrochemical cells. The construction and operation of a galvanic cell is described with cell diagrams including the function of the electrodes (cathode and anode). Also covered are the standard electrode potential and its applications, including calculations involving the standard electrode potential, the Gibbs free energy and the equilibrium constant, determination of the spontaneity in redox reactions and the dependence of cell potential on concentration (the Nernst equation). Finally a qualitative and quantitative overview of electrolysis is presented with a focus on predicting the products of electrolysis and the stoichiometry of electrolysis, which relates the charge flowing through an electrolytic cell to the amount of products formed at the electrodes.
Cannabis Vapor Exposure Alters Neural Circuit Oscillatory Activity in a Neurodevelopmental Model of Schizophrenia: Exploring the Differential Impact of Cannabis Constituents
Authors: Jenkins Bryan W , Buckhalter Shoshana , Perreault Melissa L , Khokhar Jibran Y 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Cannabis use is highly prevalent in patients with schizophrenia and worsens the course of the disorder. To understand how exposure to cannabis changes schizophrenia-related oscillatory disruptions, we investigated the impact of administering cannabis vapor containing either Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) or balanced THC/cannabidiol (CBD) on oscillatory activity in the neonatal ventral hippocampal lesion (NVHL) rat model of schizophrenia. Male Sprague Dawley rats underwent lesion or sham surgeries on postnatal day 7. In adulthood, electrodes were implanted targeting the cingulate cortex (Cg), the prelimbic cortex (PrLC), the hippocampus (HIP), and the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Local field potential recordings were obtained after rats were administered either the “THC-only” cannabis vapor (8–18% THC/0% CBD) or the “Balanced THC:CBD” cannabis vapor (4–11% THC/8.5–15.5% CBD) in a cross-over design with a 2-week wash-out period between exposures. Compared to controls, NVHL rats had reduced baseline gamma power in the Cg, HIP, and NAc, and reduced HIP-Cg high-gamma coherence. THC-only vapor exposure broadly suppressed oscillatory power and coherence, even beyond the baseline reductions observed in NHVL rats. Balanced THC:CBD vapor, however, did not suppress oscillatory power and coherence, and in some instances enhanced power. For NVHL rats, THC-only vapor normalized the baseline HIP-Cg high-gamma coherence deficits. NHVL rats demonstrated a 20 ms delay in HIP theta to high-gamma phase coupling, which was not apparent in the PrLC and NAc after both exposures. In conclusion, cannabis vapor exposure has varying impacts on oscillatory activity in NVHL rats, and the relative composition of naturally occurring cannabinoids may contribute to this variability.
I Know How It Feels: Empathy and Reluctance to Mobilize Legal Authorities
Authors: Fong Kelley 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Why do people hesitate to summon state authorities to address concerns? Previous research has focused on cultural orientations about law enforcement, such as legal cynicism. In addition, people are often in a position to turn others in, requiring attention to how potential reporters understand the meaning and consequences of implicating others. This article identifies empathy as an underexamined lens through which marginalized groups view state intervention. I argue that amid shared social roles with those potentially reported to authorities, individuals invoke empathy in disavowing reporting. I advance this argument using the case of child abuse and neglect reporting, analyzing in-depth interviews with 74 low-income mothers in Rhode Island. Respondents disavowed or expressed ambivalence about reporting other families to child protection authorities, often justifying their non-reporting by empathizing with mothers they might report. Drawing on their own experiences of scrutinized and precarious motherhood, respondents imagined how they would feel if reported and balked at calling on child protective services, understanding reporting as an act of judging and jeopardizing another’s motherhood. The findings challenge conceptions of non-reporting as necessarily indicating social disorganization. Rather, hesitation to mobilize authorities can constitute an expression of care, kinship, and solidarity.
Whole-Genome Phylogenetic Reconstruction as a Powerful Tool to Reveal Homoplasy and Ancient Rapid Radiation in Waterflea Evolution
Authors: Van Damme Kay , Cornetti Luca , Fields Peter D , Ebert Dieter 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAlthough phylogeny estimation is notoriously difficult in radiations that occurred several hundred million years ago, phylogenomic approaches offer new ways to examine relationships among ancient lineages and evaluate hypotheses that are key to evolutionary biology. Here, we reconstruct the deep-rooted relationships of one of the oldest living arthropod clades, the branchiopod crustaceans, using a kaleidoscopic approach. We use concatenation and coalescent tree-building methods to analyze a large multigene data set at the nucleotide and amino acid level and examine gene tree versus species tree discordance. We unequivocally resolve long-debated relationships among extant orders of the Cladocera, the waterfleas, an ecologically relevant zooplankton group in global aquatic and marine ecosystems that is famous for its model systems in ecology and evolution. To build the data set, we assembled eight de novo genomes of key taxa including representatives of all extant cladoceran orders and suborders. Our phylogenetic analysis focused on a BUSCO-based set of 823 conserved single-copy orthologs shared among 23 representative taxa spanning all living branchiopod orders, including 11 cladoceran families. Our analysis supports the monophyly of the Cladocera and reveals remarkable homoplasy in their body plans. We found large phylogenetic distances between lineages with similar ecological specializations, indicating independent evolution in major body plans, such as in the pelagic predatory orders Haplopoda and Onychopoda (the “Gymnomera”). In addition, we assessed rapid cladogenesis by estimating relative timings of divergence in major lineages using reliable fossil-calibrated priors on eight nodes in the branchiopod tree, suggesting a Paleozoic origin around 325 Ma for the cladoceran ancestor and an ancient rapid radiation around 252 Ma at the Perm/Triassic boundary. These findings raise new questions about the roles of homoplasy and rapid radiation in the diversification of the cladocerans and help examine trait evolution from a genomic perspective in a functionally well understood, ancient arthropod group. [Cladocera; Daphnia; evolution; homoplasy; molecular clock; phylogenomics; systematics; waterfleas.]
Water levels primarily drive variation in photosynthesis and nutrient use of scrub Red Mangroves in the southeastern Florida Everglades
Authors: Hogan J Aaron , Castañeda-Moya Edward , Lamb-Wotton Lukas , Troxler Tiffany , Baraloto Christopher 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We investigated how mangrove-island micro-elevation (i.e., habitat: center vs edge) affects tree physiology in a scrub mangrove forest of the southeastern Everglades. We measured leaf gas exchange rates of scrub Rhizophora mangle L. trees monthly during 2019, hypothesizing that CO2 assimilation (Anet) and stomatal conductance (gsw) would decline with increasing water levels and salinity, expecting more considerable differences at mangrove-island edges than centers, where physiological stress is greatest. Water levels varied between 0 and 60 cm from the soil surface, rising during the wet season (May–October) relative to the dry season (November–April). Porewater salinity ranged from 15 to 30 p.p.t., being higher at mangrove-island edges than centers. Anet maximized at 15.1 μmol m−2 s−1, and gsw was typically &lt;0.2 mol m−2 s−1, both of which were greater in the dry than the wet season and greater at island centers than edges, with seasonal variability being roughly equal to variation between habitats. After accounting for season and habitat, water level positively affected Anet in both seasons but did not affect gsw. Our findings suggest that inundation stress (i.e., water level) is the primary driver of variation in leaf gas exchange rates of scrub mangroves in the Florida Everglades, while also constraining Anet more than gsw. The interaction between inundation stress due to permanent flooding and habitat varies with season as physiological stress is alleviated at higher-elevation mangrove-island center habitats during the dry season. Freshwater inflows during the wet season increase water levels and inundation stress at higher-elevation mangrove-island centers, but also potentially alleviate salt and sulfide stress in soils. Thus, habitat heterogeneity leads to differences in nutrient and water acquisition and use between trees growing in island centers versus edges, creating distinct physiological controls on photosynthesis, which likely affect carbon flux dynamics of scrub mangroves in the Everglades.
Channel opening duration in adult muscle nAChRs determined by activated external ACh binding site
Authors: Ljaschenko Dmitrij , Mrestani Achmed , Pauli Martin , Dudel Josef , Heckmann Manfred 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACTWe recorded currents through the cell membrane at single nAChR molecules, held at ACh or Epibatidine (Ebd) concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 or 100 µM. The measured current amplitudes had an absolutely fixed value of 15 pA. This was valid for different agonists at all concentrations. Binding an agonist at one or both sites in the ring of subunits allowed to open the channel, the site that initiated the opening determined the duration of the final opening of the channel. In addition, the current flow was continuously interrupted by < 3 µs shut times. The resolution of our records was optimized to reach 5 µs, but was insufficient to resolve an unknown proportion of shorter shut times. Therefore, measured durations of openings are overestimated, and cited in brackets: τo1 (3 µs) elicited by agonist-binding at the δ-site, τo2 and τo3 (40 and 183 µs) by binding at the ε-site, and τo4 (752 µs) by binding at the ε- and δ-site. Mono-liganded nAChRs trigger short bursts of 0.6 ms duration. Bi-liganded nAChRs generate long bursts that at low agonist concentrations last 12 ms. Above 10 µM ACh, long bursts are shortened, with 100 µM ACh, to 5 ms, and further at higher concentrations. While ACh was the main agonist, Ebd bound more effectively than ACh to the ε-site.SIGNIFICANCETransmembrane currents were recorded from single nAChR molecules. Binding ACh at one of the external receptor sites opens the central current channel repeatedly for a period selected by the activated receptor site, and transmembrane current can flow with fixed 15 pA amplitude (same at various agonists and range of concentrations, unaffected by desensitization). Current flow is interrupted by fixed < 3 µs blocks of the central channel that border each opening. Sets of current block and opening can be repeated for receptor-determined periods of time and form bursts of channel openings. The results may help to interpret the structural reactions in the center of the molecule that are addressed in the introduction.
Structural and biochemical analyses of the tetrameric carboxypeptidase S9Cfn from Fusobacterium nucleatum
Authors: Wang Xin , Cheng Meng-Ting , Chen Zhi-Peng , Jiang Yong-Liang , Ge Yu-Shu , Xia Rong , Hou Wen-Tao 
Published: November 2021

As one of the most abundant bacteria in the human oral cavity, Fusobacterium nucleatum is closely involved in various oral diseases and is also a risk factor for other diseases. The peptidases of F. nucleatum can digest exogenous peptides into amino acids to satisfy its nutrient requirements. Here, a putative F. nucleatum peptidase, termed S9Cfn, which belongs to the S9C peptidase family was identified. Enzymatic activity assays combined with mass-spectrometric analysis revealed that S9Cfn is a carboxypeptidase, but not an aminopeptidase as previously annotated. The crystal structure of the S9Cfn tetramer was solved at 2.6 Å resolution and was found to contain a pair of oligomeric pores in the center. Structural analysis, together with site-directed mutagenesis and enzymatic activity assays, revealed a substrate-entrance tunnel that extends from each oligomeric pore to the catalytic triad, adjacent to which three conserved arginine residues are responsible for substrate binding. Moreover, comparison with other S9 peptidase structures indicated drastic conformational changes of the oligomeric pores during the catalytic cycle. Together, these findings increase the knowledge of this unique type of tetrameric carboxypeptidase and provide insight into the homeostatic control of microbiota in the human oral cavity.
Mental health of undergraduate distance learners: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Gamage Gayani P. , Herath H.M.Chulani J. 
Published: November 2021

PurposeMental health is as important as physical health and new university entrants report high prevalence of depression. In open and distance learning (ODL), students must manage both work and studies. Those who are unable to effectively balance these aspects may experience negative outcomes such as dropping out, distress and physical health problems. Therefore, the study aims to investigate psychological distress amongst distance-learning undergraduate students to gather evidence for recommending necessary interventions.Design/methodology/approachA cross-sectional study was conducted using depression, anxiety, stress scale (DASS-21). Participants were undergraduate students from the Open University of Sri Lanka (OUSL). The students' socio-demographic details, history of physical and mental illnesses were also recorded.FindingsAccording to scoring, 51% of the sample was categorised as “psychologically distressed” relating to the anxiety levels they reported whilst depression (35%) and stress remained (20%) at low levels. The three-factor structure of DASS-21 was also confirmed with reliability scores of 0.8 obtained for all three sub-scales.Research limitations/implicationsThe limitations were low-response rate (less than 50%) and inability to provide causal explanations for psychological distress. Further research could address these.Practical implicationsThe current research identified anxiety as a psychologically distressing factor for ODL students with the use of a reliable screening tool. Therefore, exploring reasons and interventions to help reduce anxiety could be developed.Social implicationsMajority of distance learners are contributing to a country's economy whilst learning to improve their current socio-economic status. Therefore, addressing these negative impacts is important.Originality/valueThe study explored ODL students' psychological distress and highlighted the need to identify causes and development of support systems to enhance mental well-being.
Development of an aeroelastic model based on system identification using boundary elements method
Authors: Firouz-Abadi Rohollah Dehghani , Borhan Panah Mohammad Reza 
Published: November 2021

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the stability of aeroelastic systems using a novel reduced order aeroelastic model.

Design/methodology/approach
The proposed aeroelastic model is a reduced-order model constructed based on the aerodynamic model identification using the generalized aerodynamic force response and the unsteady boundary element method in various excitation frequency values. Due to the low computational cost and acceptable accuracy of the boundary element method, this method is selected to determine the unsteady time response of the aerodynamic model. Regarding the structural model, the elastic mode shapes of the shell are used.

Findings
Three case studies are investigated by the proposed model. In the first place, a typical two-dimensional section is introduced as a means of verification by approximating the Theodorsen function. As the second test case, the flutter speed of Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development 445.6 wing with 45° sweep angle is determined and compared with the experimental test results in the literature. Finally, a complete aircraft is considered to demonstrate the capability of the proposed model in handling complex configurations.

Originality/value
The paper introduces an algorithm to construct an aeroelastic model applicable to any unsteady aerodynamic model including experimental models and modal structural models in the implicit and reduced order form. In other words, the main advantage of the proposed method, further to its simplicity and low computational effort, which can be used as a means of real-time aeroelastic simulation, is its ability to provide aerodynamic and structural models in implicit and reduced order forms.
Blockchain for smart manufacturing systems: a survey
Authors: Song Zhiting , Zhu Jianhua 
Published: November 2021

Purpose
Smart manufacturing is the prime gripper for the transformation and upgrading of the manufacturing industry. Smart manufacturing systems (SMSs) largely determine how smart manufacturing evolves in technical and organizational dimensions and how it realizes values in products, production or services. SMSs are growing rapidly and receiving tons of attention from academic research and industrial practice. However, the development of SMSs is still in its fancy, and many issues wait to be identified and solved, such as single point failures, low transparency and ineffective resource sharing. Blockchain, an emerging technology deriving from Bitcoin, is competent to aid SMSs to conquer troubles due to its decentralization, traceability, trackability, disintermediation, auditability and etc. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the blockchain applications in SMSs, seek out the challenges faced by blockchain-enabled SMSs (BSMSs) and provide referable research directions and ideas.

Design/methodology/approach
A comprehensive literature review as a survey is conducted in this paper. The survey starts by introducing blockchain concepts, followed by the descriptions of a literature review method and the blockchain applications throughout the product life cycle in SMSs. Then, the key issues and challenges confronting BSMSs are discussed and some possible research directions are also proposed. It finally presents qualitative and quantitative descriptions of BSMSs, along with some conclusions and implications.

Findings
The findings of this paper present a deep understanding about the current status and challenges of blockchain adoption in SMSs. Furthermore, this paper provides a brand new thinking for future research.

Originality/value
This paper minutely analyzes the impacts that blockchain exerts on SMSs in view of the product life cycle, and proposes using the complexity science thinking to deal with BSMSs qualitatively and quantitatively, including tackling the current major problems BSMSs face. This research can serve as a foundation for future theoretical studies and enterprise practice.