bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FETUS ABUSE
Authors: L. J. F. 
Published: December 2021

ROCKFORD, Ill., May 3 (AP)—A woman who was found to have used cocaine during her pregnancy, even hours before giving birth, has been convicted by a Juvenile Court judge here of prenatal child abuse and neglect.
The verdict. . .placed the child, now 3 months old, in the care of social workers pending a hearing. . .to determine whether custody should eventually be restored to the mother, who has been participating in a drug treatment program.
Drug Screening
Authors: MILMAN DORIS H. 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor.—
The Committee on Adolescence and its adjunctive committees' recently published statement (Pediatrics 1989;84:396-398) concerning drug screening, of signal importance in its subject and obviously earnest in its intent, is somewhat disappointing in its content. With respect to the points made as recommendations, only the first is unexceptionable; the rest appear to be illogical, or self-contradictory, or poorly stated, or aimed at reconciling irreconcilable differences among the various participants, or all of the above.
A Belated Randomized Control Trial
Authors: CHALMERS THOMAS C. 
Published: December 2021

When medical scientists and/or practitioners are asked to comment on an article that may have already created a controversy of both a scientific and ethical nature in the public press, the temptation is irresistible to abandon the language of scientific articles and to call a spade a spade. I bow to that irresistible temptation. A plague on all houses except those who reported and conducted the study in this issue of Pediatrics.1
When the study in question was designed and executed (1985 to 1988), an extremely difficult situation had been created by others. An elaborate, expensive, and potentially both effective and dangerous new technology had been allowed to proliferate without the gathering of reliable information about its relative efficacy and safety.
The Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Debate
Authors: CLARK REESE H. , KINSELLA JOHN P. , MCCURNIN DONALD C. , NULL DONALD M. , DELEMOS ROBERT A. 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor.—
We read with interest the recent article by Dworetz et al.1 We agree with the authors' conclusions that controlled studies to assess the merits of alternative strategies for the management of critically ill neonates are necessary.
The authors have carefully presented the limitations of their report including the retrospective nature of the study, the restrictive selection criteria used, and the small number of patients. However, the authors did not include the number of inborn vs outborn infants, the age of patients at the time of entry into the "study," and the specific diagnoses of the patients meeting ECMO criteria.
Infants and Children With Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: Placement in Adoption and Foster Care
Authors: PLOTKIN STANLEY A. , WENDER ESTHER B. 
Published: December 2021

In Reply.—
In fact, the AIDS Task Force recommends that adoptive and foster parents have the right, if they so wish, to obtain the result of an human immunodeficiency virus test on a prospective adopted child. If Dr Dix will reread the statement, he will find the following.
"In response to the legitimate need for preplacement HIV testing of the infant or child in areas of high prevalence of HIV infection in childbearing women, procedures should be established by foster care and adoption agencies in collaboration with health care facilities, to accomplish the following.
Assessment of Temperament in the Toddler Age Group
Authors: Oberklaid Frank , Prior Margot , Sanson Ann , Sewell Jill , Kyrios Michael 
Published: December 2021

We used the Toddler Temperament Scale with large representative samples of younger (mean age = 20.5 months; N = 1188) and older (mean age = 35.4 months; N = 1360) Australian toddlers. There were significant sex differences on 6 of the temperament dimensions for the young group, and on 5 of the 9 dimensions for the older group. Older boys were also more likely to be categorized clinically as having a "difficult" temperament and less likely to have an "easy" temperament.
Each group was divided into quartiles according to socioeconomic status. For the younger toddlers there were significant differences in 3 of 9 temperament dimensions, and for the older group there were significant differences in 7 of 9 dimensions. Groups with higher socioeconomic status had temperament ratings which were more likely to make them easier to manage, and to be categorized clinically as having an easy temperament, but toddlers with low socioeconomic status were more likely to have a difficult temperament. There were significant differences in temperament dimension scores between Australian toddlers and those studied in an American setting.
These results indicate that toddler temperament ratings differ according to age, sex, social class, and cultural context. Great caution needs to be taken in interpreting individual temperament profiles utilizing comparison data obtained from different sociocultural settings. Future temperament "norms" may need to specify characteristics of the group of children from which they were derived to allow more valid comparisons.
Ceftriaxone vs Cefotaxime for Treatment of Haemophilus influenzae Meningitis
Authors: MADSON LINDA , GROSE CHARLES 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor.—
In a case report, Arditi et al1 d cefuroxime treatment failure in a child with Haemophilus influenzae meningitis. They substituted ceftriaxone for cefuroxime, but they did not mention that ceftniaxone treatment regimens have been associated with two problems. The first is the basis of a case report which described delayed sterilization of H influenzae type B meningitis under management with ceftriaxone.2 The infant had a positive cerebrospinal fluid culture after 3 days (six doses) of ceftriaxone.
Rickets and Metabolic Disorders
Authors: ÖZSOYLU SINASI , BESIM AYTEKIN 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor.—
The short report of Morrison and Kerr1 entitled "Growth Plate: Roentgenologic Findings in a Case of Tyrosinosis" deserves some comments.
In addition to phenylketonuria and homocystinuria which were mentioned by the authors, roentgenologic bony changes were shown recently in a 5-month-old boy with mucolipidosis II (I-cell disease).2
Alkaline phosphatase was found to be elevated, and calcium and phosphorus levels were somewhat decreased in most of these cases. With the addition of roentgenologic findings one can be sure that all of these patients had rickets.
Intensive Care Management of Acute Asthma in Children
Authors: KROHN JACQUELINE 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor.—
In the article by Stein et al1 it was stated that three deaths occurred. The death of the 17-year-old boy working in the restaurant was reported as due to the acute onset of respiratory distress followed by respiratory arrest. Asthma usually occurs gradually, with prodromal symptoms 24 to 48 hours before an attack. In a few patients, the prodrome can occur less than 6 hours before the respiratory symptoms.2 The time course of the asthma in the 17-year-old boy is more consistent with an acute anaphylactic reaction, most likely from food ingestion.
Parental Presence in the Emergency Department
Authors: CONNOLLY NEVILLE K. 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor.—
The article by Baucher et al1 is of interest to me because I have taken care of children in emergency departments where parents were not allowed. In my experience throughout the years the advisability of having a parent in the room when a procedure is being done depends entirely on the character of the parent and the relationship between the parent and the child. In my personal experience, I have had a 2 1/2-year-old child with a severe laceration of the forehead which I sewed up under local anesthesia without restraining the him because the mother, who had a superb rapport with the child, was present.
Epidemiology of Haemophilus influenzae Type b Infections
Authors: Wilfert Catherine M. 
Published: December 2021

In summary, H influenzae type b is recognized as the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in the United States. Documentation of the frequency of other associated invasive infections has increased the importance of prevention of infection with this organism. Although all children younger than the age of 5 years are at greatest risk of invasive disease due to this pathogen, the peak occurrence of illness in those infants younger than 1 year of age means that a preventive measure must be effective in children younger than the age of 6 months. There would appear to be increased risk for some specific populations such as native Alaskans, American Indians, blacks, and Hispanics, but environmental and socioeconomic variables may be responsible for this increased risk. Attendance at a day-care center or nursery, the presence of a school-age sibling, and crowding in the home may be factors contributing to primary invasive disease.
An ideal immunogen would be administered to children within the framework of other routinely administered childhood immunizations as early as 6 weeks to 2 months of age. As it is not possible to predict accurately which individual children are at risk, it is important to work toward effective universal immunization of all young infants.
Molecular Epidemiology of Haemophilus influenzae Type b
Authors: van Alphen Loek , Bijlmer Henk A. 
Published: December 2021

Ninety-five percent of systemic Haemophilus influenzae infections in childhood are caused by serotype b organisms.1 The high risk for mortality and serious sequelae2 and the increase in antibiotic resistance of H influenzae type b3 are strong arguments for vaccination.
Incidences and age distribution of disease caused by H influenzae type b vary considerably among countries. Compiled data for meningitis (Table 1) show the highest incidences to be among Alaskan Eskimos,4 Navajo5 and White Mountain Indians,6 and aboriginals in Australia.7 High incidences coincide with a peak incidence in a younger age group. This differs from Finland, where 95% of the cases of disease caused by H influenzae type b occur in children older than 7 months of age.8
In general, incidences are low in industrial and high in nonindustrial areas. For example, in Gambia the highest age-specific incidence is at 4 to 5 months after birth (H.A.B., unpublished data, 1988). This implies that a vaccine and regimen similar to that used in Finland would not be as efficacious if used in Gambia because of differences in demographics and incidence.
Vaccines that confer protection at 3 to 4 months of age are, therefore, strongly desired. Outer membrane proteins and lipopolysaccharides of H influenzae type b have been suggested as alternative vaccine candidates in conjugation with the capsular polysaccharide because they apparently can contribute to the virulence of H influenzae type b.15-19 The occurrence and immunogenicity of various outer membrane proteins and lipopolysaccharides among H influenzae type b in industrial and nonindustrial countries and their significance as epidemiologic markers for the spread of disease, the type of disease, the age of acquisition, and their association with antibiotic resistance will be reviewed in this article.
Passive Immunization for Infection With Haemophilus influenzae Type b
Authors: Santosham Mathuram , Reid Ray , Letson G. William , Wolff Mark C. , Siber George 
Published: December 2021

Haemophilus influenzae type b is the leading cause of meningitis in children younger than 5 years of age in the United States.1 The incidence of infection with H influenzae type b in certain populations, such as Apache and Navajo Indians and Alaskan Eskimos, is 10 to 20 times higher than in the general US population.2-4 Another important feature of H influenzae type b infections in these populations is that more than 80% of the cases occur during the first year of life, with 35% to 45% occurring during the first 6 months.
One of the currently licensed vaccines that contains the capsular polysaccharide of the H influenzae type b organism is not reliably immunogenic in infants younger than 18 months of age.5,6 A number of new H influenzae type b vaccines prepared by covalently coupling the H influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide with a protein carrier antigen are undergoing clinical evaluation.7-13 One of these conjugate vaccines was shown to be efficacious in preventing disease caused by H influenzae type b in Finnish infants when they were immunized at 3, 4, and 6 months of age.14 Unfortunately, in a recently concluded trial, the same vaccine was not found to be efficacious in preventing such disease in infants younger than 1 year of age among the Alaskan Eskimo population.15
We have evaluated an alternative approach for protecting high-risk infants. A human hyperimmune globulin called bacterial polysaccharide immune globulin (BPIG) was prepared from the pooled plasma of adult blood donors immunized with H influenzae type b, pneumococcal, and meningococcal capsular polysaccharide.16
Continuous Hemodiafiltration in Children
Authors: Bishof Nancy A. , Welch Thomas R. , Strife C. Frederic , Ryckman Frederick C. 
Published: December 2021

Continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration is a form of renal replacement therapy whereby small molecular weight solutes and water are removed from the blood via convection, alleviating fluid overload and, to a degree, azotemia. It has been used in many adults and several children. However, in patients with multisystem organ dysfunction and acute renal failure, continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration alone may not be sufficient for control of azotemia; intermittent hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis may be undesirable in such unstable patients. Recently, the technique of continuous arteriovenous hemodiafiltration has been used in many severely ill adults. We have used continuous arteriovenous hemodiafiltration in four patients at Children's Hospital Medical Center.
Patient 1 suffered perinatal asphyxia and oliguria while on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Patients 2 and 4 both had Burkitt lymphoma and tumor lysis syndrome. Patient 3 had septic shock several months after a bone marrow transplant. All had acute renal failure and contraindications to hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. A blood pump was used in three of the four patients, while spontaneous arterial flow was adequate in one. Continuous arteriovenous hemodiafiltration was performed for varying lengths of time, from 11 hours to 7 days. No patient had worsening of cardiovascular status or required increased pressor support during continuous arteriovenous hemodiafiltration. The two survivors (patients 2 and 4) eventually recovered normal renal function.
Continuous arteriovenous hemodiafiltration is a safe and effective means of renal replacement therapy in the critically ill child. It may be ideal for control of the metabolic and electrolyte abnormalities of the tumor lysis syndrome.
Sterilization of Women Who Are Mentally Handicapped
Authors:   Committee on Bioethics
Published: December 2021

The recent statement of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists on the sterilization of mentally handicapped women (REF) is comprehensive and is endorsed in principle and substance by this Committee. As pediatricians, we reinforce and reiterate the following:
1. With rare exception, there is no indication for sterilization of a child before menarche. An example is when sterilization is not intended, but is an unavoidable consequence of other surgery, such as surgery for a malignancy.
2. The primary or contributing indications for sterilization (particularly surgical sterilization) based on presumed or anticipated hardships to others must be viewed with great reservation and in light of acceptable alternate care arrangements which might be made for the mentally retarded individual. The judgment of "hardship" is extremely subjective and must not be simply a matter of inconvenience or a preference for the easier of two alternatives.
3. When sterilization or pharmacological control of menses is chosen after the appropriate informed deliberations and attempts at obtaining consent, the pediatrician should always advocate the least permanent and intrusive methodology consistent with lowest risk for the patient. Present and future research and clinical trials may very well make newer forms of chemical contraception or pharmacologic amenorrhea preferable to surgical sterilization.
4. Even if satisfactory informed consent cannot be provided by the patient, all efforts must be made to communicate the procedure and intent of the planned intervention to the patient; estimations of the patient's ability to comprehend and participate in the decision-making process should be done by personnel who are familiar with the individual patient and who are experienced in communication with persons with diminished mental capacity.
Summary of Annual Meeting of Section on Pediatric Urology
Authors: Kramer Stephen A. 
Published: December 2021

The Section on Urology of the American Academy of Pediatrics met for 2½ days in conjunction with the 58th Annual Meeting of the Academy in Chicago, IL, October 21 to October 23, 1989. The papers presented at this meeting that were thought to be of interest to the practicing pediatrician are summarized here according to topic. The recipient of this year's Pediatric Urology Medal is Jack Lapides. Dr Lapides is recognized for his numerous academic achievements and his excellence in teaching as Professor and Chairman of the Department of Urology at the University of Michigan. His introduction and popularization of intermittent self-catheterization has revolutionized the treatment of neurogenic bladder dysfunction and is clearly one of the most significant contributions to urology during the past few decades.
GENITOURINARY TUMORS
Those of us involved in the care of patients with Wilms tumor continue to search for prognostic indicators which will allow identification of patients at low risk or high risk for the development of metastatic disease. The accumulated data from National Wilms' Tumor Studies II and III showed that decreasing amounts of chemotherapy can be administered to patients with favorable prognostic factors, whereas patients with poor prognostic factors require more aggressive chemotherapy and radiation therapy. While favorable histology and the absence of nodal metastatic disease have clearly been shown to be associated with enhanced survival, Gearhart and coworkers have used nuclear morphometry to predict response to treatment in patients with Wilms tumor. In a retrospective analysis of 29 patients with Wilms tumor, morphometric nuclear analysis (using several shape descriptors) was very useful in identifying responders vs nonresponders to chemotherapy.
Pediatric Emergencies
Authors:   American Medical Association Commission on Emergency Medical Services
Published: December 2021

PREAMBLE
The purpose of these guidelines for the classification of pediatric emergency services is (a) to allow any given community to identify the level of care available for the critically injured or ill pediatric patient, and (b) provide guidance to hospitals and EMS systems as to the resources necessary to provide optimal care to these children. This is a necessary step in the development of EMS systems that meet the needs of the pediatric patient.
These systems require (1) patient and parent recognition of when to access the system and knowledge of how to access the system; (2) prehospital care providers with appropriate expertise in the assessment and treatment of infants, children, and adolescents; (3) regional networking of hospitals at varying levels of pediatric sophistication with transport systems to ensure that the critically ill or injured child is promptly identified, stabilized, and brought to the tertiary pediatric center; (4) primary and secondary centers that have the level of expertise to care for the bulk of pediatric patients; (5) the development of pediatric tertiary care facilities with pediatric subspecialist availability for the complex patients; (6) pediatric rehabilitation and long term care programs; and (7) audit and quality assurance programs to review the care rendered.
This document only addresses one part of a system, the classification of hospital capabilities. The systems implementation process involves a triphasic approach:
1. The identification of the capabilities of an institution by that institution which will provide information on its compliance with the guidelines.
2. Verification of a given hospital's compliance or noncompliance with the guidelines by outside, noninvolved individuals, the verification site review.
Circumcision
Authors: WISWELL THOMAS E. 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor.—
The recent Report of the Task Force on Circumcision1 represents a substantial change from the previous (1975) statement.2 There are several points regarding the latest report which I would like to address. The seemingly low risk for developing cancer of the penis among American men (1 in 600)3 does not reflect the magnitude of the problem. Of the almost 60 000 men with this malignancy diagnosed in the United States since 1930, fewer than 10 are known to have been circumcised.4-6
Inadequate Breast Feeding and Jaundice
Authors: AUERBACH KATHLEEN G. 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor.—
The article by Kemper et al1 is thought-provoking and timely.
One method of avoiding interruption of breast-feeding when a neonate is jaundiced holds promise for reducing the frequency of untimely termination of lactation. As reported in an earlier publication,2 a series of 20 mothers whose infants had bilirubin levels greater than 12 mg/dL used a Medela Supplemental Nutrition System (SNS) to provide additional milk to the infant before discharge from the hospital.
SECTION ON ALLERGY AND IMMUNOLOGY
Authors:   American Academy of Pediatrics
Published: December 2021

The Section on Allergy and Immunology was one of the first sections formed (1948) within the American Academy of Pediatrics. It now has almost 600 members. Its objective is to improve the care of children with asthma, allergies, and immunologic disorders.
The Section aims to serve as a major informational and educational resource for the 34 000 members of the American Academy of Pediatrics. The Section sponsors a 2-day scientific program and symposium at each Anual Meeting of the Academy; and, for the past several years, it has also presented a symposium at the Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Allergy and Immunology, as well as the annual "Synopsis Book." Other educational activities by the Section include publishing position papers (most recently, "Exercise and the Asthmatic Child"), assisting the National Asthma Education Task Force of the National Institutes of Health, and developing informational pamphlets for patients. In addition, the Section sponsors visiting professorship programs to medical schools which do not have a division of pediatric allergy and immunology.
The membership of the Section on Allergy and Immunology consists of Fellows of the American Academy of Pediatrics who have been certified by the American Board of Pediatrics and by the American Board of Allergy and Immunology. Any and all qualified American Academy of Pediatrics Fellows are invited to apply for membership in the Section. If interested, please write to:
DIRECTOR, DIVISION OF SECTIONS
American Academy of Pediatrics
141 Northwest Point Blvd
PO Box 927
Elk Grove Village, IL 60009-0927
The reviews contained in this 1988 to 1989 synopsis were written by 28 Fellows of the American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Allergy and Immunology and by 5 senior fellows in allergy and immunology who contributed reviews under the aegis of their mentors.