bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) monitoring made simple: Colorimetric indicators to assess delivery of UV-C light by room decontamination devices
Authors: Cadnum Jennifer L. , Pearlmutter Basya S. , Redmond Sarah N. , Jencson Annette L. , Benner Kevin J. , Donskey Curtis J. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjective:To evaluate the use of colorimetric indicators for monitoring ultraviolet-C (UV-C) light delivery to sites in patient rooms.Methods:In laboratory testing, we examined the correlation between changes in color of 2 commercial colorimetric indicators and log10 reductions in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Clostridioides difficile spores with exposure to increasing doses of UV-C from a low-pressure mercury room decontamination device. In patient rooms, 1 of the colorimetric indicators was used to assess UV-C dose delivery to 27 sites in the room.Results:In laboratory testing, the manufacturer’s reference colors for MRSA and C. difficile reduction corresponded with doses of ∼10,000 and 46,000 µJ/cm2; these doses resulted in >3 log10 reductions in MRSA and C. difficile spores, respectively. In patient rooms, the colorimetric indicators demonstrated suboptimal delivery of UV-C dosing to shadowed areas, which was improved by providing cycles on each side of the patient bed rather than in a single position and altering device placement. Increasing duration of exposure increased the number of sites achieving adequate dosing to kill C. difficile spores.Conclusions:Commercial colorimetric indicators provide rapid and easy-to-interpret information on the UV-C dose delivered to sites in patient rooms. The indicators may be useful for training environmental services personnel and optimizing the effectiveness of UV-C room decontamination devices.
The use of a herbicide as a tool to increase livestock consumption of medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae)
Authors: Stonecipher Clinton A. , Spackman Casey , Panter Kip E. , Villalba Juan J. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMedusahead [Taeniatherum caput-medusae (L.) Nevski] is an invasive annual grass spreading into rangelands throughout the western United States. We tested cattle (Bos taurus L.) utilization of T. caput-medusae following treatment with glyphosate in two forms of its salt (potassium salt and isopropylamine salt) at three different rates of application; low (236 g ae ha−1), medium (394 g ae ha−1), and high rates (788 g ae ha−1) in eastern Washington. The herbicide was applied on April 26, 2016. A second location, northern Utah, was treated with glyphosate in the form of its isopropylamine salt at the high rate. The herbicide was applied on June 5, 2019. Cattle were allowed to start grazing T. caput-medusae 15 d after glyphosate treatment and had unlimited access to the glyphosate-treated plots for more than 85 d. The greatest utilization of T. caput-medusae occurred at the highest glyphosate application rate (P < 0.05), in Washington, with no difference between forms of glyphosate salt. Cattle also consumed T. caput-medusae at the Utah site (P < 0.05). Glyphosate treatment preserved the water-soluble carbohydrate content of T. caput-medusae at levels greater than the nontreated controls (P < 0.05) at both locations. The glyphosate treatment assisted in the increased utilization of T. caput-medusae by cattle and is a viable option for the reduction of T. caput-medusae while increasing the forage value of the weed.
Comorbidity and COVID-19: investigating the relationship between medical and psychological well-being
Authors: Stafford Owen , Berry Anna , Taylor Laura K , Wearen Sinead , Prendergast Cian , Murphy Eddie , Shevlin Mark , McHugh Louise , Carr Alan , Burke Tom 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjective:The unprecedented occurrence of a global pandemic is accompanied by both physical and psychological burdens that may impair quality of life. Research relating to COVID-19 aims to determine the effects of the pandemic on vulnerable populations who are at high risk of developing negative health or psychosocial outcomes. Having an ongoing medical condition during a pandemic may lead to greater psychological distress. Increased psychological distress may be due to preventative public health measures (e.g. lockdown), having an ongoing medical condition, or a combination of these factors.Methods:This study analyses data from an online cross-sectional national survey of adults in Ireland and investigates the relationship between comorbidity and psychological distress. Those with a medical condition (n = 128) were compared to a control group without a medical condition (n = 128) and matched according to age, gender, annual income, education, and work status during COVID-19. Participants and data were obtained during the first public lockdown in Ireland (27 March 2020–8 June 2020).Results:Individuals with existing medical conditions reported significantly higher levels of anxiety (p < .01) and felt less gratitude (p ≤ .001). Exploratory analysis indicated that anxiety levels were significantly associated with illness perceptions specific to COVID-19. Post hoc analysis revealed that psychological well-being was not significantly related to condition type (e.g. respiratory disorders).Conclusion:This research supports individualised supports for people with ongoing medical conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic, and has implications for the consideration of follow-up care specifically for mental health. Findings may also inform future public health policies and post-vaccine support strategies for vulnerable populations.
Solicitors’ rights of audience, competence and regulation: a responsibility rights approach
Authors: Ching Jane 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis paper takes as its context the decision of the Solicitors Regulation Authority in England and Wales to abandon before the event regulation of lower court trial advocacy. Although solicitors will continue to acquire rights of audience on qualification, they will no longer be required to undertake training or assessment in witness examination, by contrast with other, competing, legal professions. Their opportunities to acquire competence outside the classroom will remain limited. The paper first explores this context and its implications for the three key factors of rights to perform, competence and regulatory accountability. The current regulatory system is then displayed as a Hohfeldian network of rights and duties held in tension between stakeholders intended to inhibit the incompetent exercise of rights to conduct trial advocacy. The SRA's proposal weakens this tension field and threatens the competitive position of solicitors. The paper therefore finally offers a radical alternative reconceptualisation of rights of audience in terms of Waldron's ‘responsibility rights’ as a solution, albeit one with significant implications for the individual advocate. This model, applicable globally, is closer to notions of societal good and professionalism than to those of the competitive market, whilst inhibiting incompetent performance and remediating the SRA's approach.
Timing of fluorite mineralization and exhumation events in the east Central Alborz Mountains, northern Iran: constraints from fluorite (U–Th)/He thermochronometry
Authors: Shafiei Bafti Behnam , Dunkl István , Madanipour Saeed 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe recently developed fluorite (U–Th)/He thermochronology (FHe) technique was applied to date fluorite mineralization and elucidate the exhumation history of the Mazandaran Fluorspar Mining District (MFMD) located in the east Central Alborz Mountains, Iran. A total of 32 fluorite single-crystal samples from four Middle Triassic carbonate-hosted fluorite deposits were dated. The presented FHe ages range between c. 85 Ma (age of fluorite mineralization) and c. 20 Ma (erosional cooling during the exhumation of the Alborz Mountains). The Late Cretaceous FHe ages (i.e. 84.5 ± 3.6, 78.8 ± 4.4 and 72.3 ± 3.5 Ma) are interpreted as the age of mineralization and confirm an epigenetic origin for ore mineralization in the MFMD, likely a result of prolonged hydrothermal circulation of basinal brines through potential source rocks. Most FHe ages scatter around the Eocene Epoch (55.4 ± 3.9 to 33.1 ± 1.7 Ma), recording an important cooling event after heating by regional magmatism in an extensional tectonic regime. Cooling of the heated fluorites, as a result of thermal relaxation in response to geothermal gradient re-equilibration after the end of magmatism, or exhumation cooling during extensional tectonics characterized by lower amount of erosion are most probably the causes of the recorded Eocene FHe cooling ages. Oligocene–Miocene FHe ages (i.e. 27.6 ± 1.4 to 19.5 ± 1.1 Ma) are related to the accelerated uplift of the whole Alborz Mountains, possibly as a result of the initial collision between the Afro-Arabian and Eurasian plates further to the south.
The ‘Recusancy Revolt’ of 1603 Revisited, Popular Politics, and Civic Catholicism in Early Modern Ireland
Authors: Walter John 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis article contributes to a body of work exploring the possibilities of a popular politics in Ireland before the rising of 1641. It does so by revisiting the ‘recusancy revolt’ of 1603 in which, in the interregnum created by Elizabeth I's death, churches and civic space in towns in the south and west of Ireland were reoccupied for Catholic worship. Reading for meaning in the shaping and timing of the crowd rituals at the heart of the protest, the article argues that Old English elites and people physically acted out the recovery of these spaces for the public performance of a civic Catholicism, in which corporate worship was integral both to the maintenance of the civic order and to the defence of ancient liberties and freedoms against the encroachments of an anglicizing and Protestant regime. Analysing the dynamics of these confessional protests, the article assesses the potential for an active citizenry represented by popular political mobilization in 1603 and contrasts this with later popular mobilization in the 1641 rising. It explores the paradox at the heart of a protest in which it was believed that the restoration of public Catholic worship could co-exist with continuing civic loyalty to an English and Protestant monarchy.
Adolescent undernutrition in South Asia: a scoping review
Authors: Estecha Querol Sara , Gill Paramjit , Iqbal Romaina , Kletter Maartje , Ozdemir Neslihan , Al-Khudairy Lena 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTUndernutrition is a growing public health challenge affecting growth and development during adolescence in many low- and middle-income countries. This scoping review maps the evidence on adolescent undernutrition (stunting, thinness and micronutrient deficiencies) in South Asia and highlights gaps in knowledge. Using Arksey and O’Malley’s framework and the Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewers’ Manual, the search included electronic bibliographic databases (Medline (OVID), Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CINAHL, PsycInfo, and Scopus) as well as various grey literature sources published up to March 2019. In total, 131 publications met the inclusion criteria of this review. All the included evidence used quantitative data and 115 publications used a cross-sectional design. Nearly 70% (n= 86) of the included publications were conducted in India. Prevalence of undernutrition was reported based on different growth references and cut-offs. Evidence is divided into publications that included an intervention component (n= 12) and publications that did not include an intervention component (n= 116), and presented in a narrative synthesis. This scoping review provides a wide range of publications on adolescent undernutrition in South Asia and identifies future research priorities in the field.
Central Nervous System Manifestations of COVID-19: A Critical Review and Proposed Research Agenda
Authors: Hewitt Kelsey C. , Marra David E. , Block Cady , Cysique Lucette A. , Drane Daniel L. , Haddad Michelle M. , Łojek Emilia , McDonald Carrie R. , Reyes Anny , Eversole Kara , Bowers Dawn 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjective:On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared an outbreak of a new viral entity, coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), to be a worldwide pandemic. The characteristics of this virus, as well as its short- and long-term implications, are not yet well understood. The objective of the current paper was to provide a critical review of the emerging literature on COVID-19 and its implications for neurological, neuropsychiatric, and cognitive functioning.Method:A critical review of recently published empirical research, case studies, and reviews pertaining to central nervous system (CNS) complications of COVID-19 was conducted by searching PubMed, PubMed Central, Google Scholar, and bioRxiv.Results:After considering the available literature, areas thought to be most pertinent to clinical and research neuropsychologists, including CNS manifestations, neurologic symptoms/syndromes, neuroimaging, and potential long-term implications of COVID-19 infection, were reviewed.Conclusion:Once thought to be merely a respiratory virus, the scientific and medical communities have realized COVID-19 to have broader effects on renal, vascular, and neurological body systems. The question of cognitive deficits is not yet well studied, but neuropsychologists will undoubtedly play an important role in the years to come.
Adolescent vegetable consumption: the role of socioemotional family characteristics
Authors: Melbye Elisabeth L , Hausken-Sutter Solveig E , Lien Nanna , Bjelland Mona 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjective:To describe associations between adolescents’ frequency of vegetable consumption, food parenting practices and socioemotional family characteristics, and to explore potential mediated relationships that may contribute to an understanding of the family processes involved.Design:Cross-sectional survey among adolescents aged 13–15 years.Setting:A survey questionnaire including self-report measures on adolescents’ frequency of vegetable consumption, perceived food parenting practices (i.e. family dinner frequency, maternal/paternal healthy eating guidance (HEG), maternal/paternal social support for vegetable consumption) and socioemotional family characteristics (i.e. general family functioning and level of cohesion and conflict within the family) was distributed in a convenience sample of secondary school students.Participants:Four hundred forty students from five secondary schools in eastern Norway completed the questionnaire.Results:Results from multiple linear regression analysis revealed positive and statistically significant associations between adolescents’ frequency of vegetable consumption, maternal HEG and family cohesion. A partial indirect (mediated) association between family cohesion and adolescents’ frequency of vegetable consumption, working through maternal HEG, was also found.Conclusions:Results from the present study suggest that perceived family cohesion may influence adolescents’ frequency of vegetable consumption both directly and indirectly. However, there is a need for continued investigation of family-related factors influencing adolescent eating. In particular, the role of socioemotional family characteristics should be further scrutinised in future studies.
HUME AND THE ‘SECRET CONNEXION’: WHY CAUSATION IS A SINGULAR AFFAIR
Authors: Le Poidevin Robin 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTThe great Scottish Enlightenment man of letters David Hume (1711–76) offered an account of causation in terms of regularities: repeated pairings of certain kinds of events. Anything more than this, a supposed ‘secret connexion’ binding individual causes and effects, is not something we could ever experience. This, at least, is the view traditionally ascribed to him. Here the account, and its empiricist motivation, is outlined, and a fundamental problem identified: his account of causation is in tension with his account of the way in which we acquire the concept of a distinctive connection between causes and effects. To explain both our experience of causation, and causation's intimate connection with time, we need to appeal to singular causation: the connection between individual events which Hume found so elusive.
CRITIQUE OF BRIAN EARP'S WRITING TIPS FOR PHILOSOPHERS
Authors: Frederick Danny 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTI criticize Brian Earp's ‘Some Writing Tips for Philosophy’. Earp's article is useful for someone who wishes to do well in analytic philosophy as currently practised but it also casts doubt on why such analytic philosophy would be of interest to someone who wants to learn something new. In addition to its good tips, Earp's article contains two bad tips which, if followed, will tend to produce a paper that says next to nothing. I list the two faulty tips, show how the practices of great philosophers and scientists contradict them, then set out some contrary good tips for philosophers who aim to write a paper that makes a contribution to our knowledge.
Upper Limit of Proton Anisotropy and Its Relation to Electromagnetic Ion Cyclotron Waves in the Inner Magnetosphere
Authors: Noh Sung‐Jun , Lee Dae‐Young , Kim Hyomin , Lanzerotti Louis J. , Gerrard Andrew , Skoug Ruth M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractProton anisotropy in velocity space has been generally accepted as a major parameter for exciting electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves. In this study, we estimate the proton anisotropy parameter as defined by the linear resonance theory using data from the Van Allen Probes mission. Our investigation uses the measurements of the inner magnetosphere (L < 6) from January 2013 to February 2018. We find that the proton anisotropy is always clearly limited by an upper bound and it well follows an inverse relationship with the parallel proton β (the ratio of the plasma pressure to the magnetic pressure) within a certain range. This upper bound exists over wide spatial regions, AE conditions, and resonance energies regardless of the presence of EMIC waves. EMIC waves occur when the anisotropy lies below but close to this upper bound within a narrow plasma β range: The lower cutoff β is due to an excessively high anisotropy threshold and the upper cutoff β is possibly due to the predominant role of a faster‐growing mirror mode instability. We also find that the anisotropy during the observed EMIC waves is unstable, leading to the linear ion cyclotron instability. This result implies that the upper bound of the anisotropy is due to nonlinear processes.
GRACE Follow‐On Accelerometer Data Recovery
Authors: Behzadpour Saniya , Mayer‐Gürr Torsten , Krauss Sandro 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) Follow‐on (GRACE‐FO) mission, similar to its predecessor GRACE, the twin satellites are equipped with three‐axis accelerometers, measuring the non‐gravitational forces. After 1 month in orbit, during the in‐orbit‐checkout phase, the noise on GRACE‐D accelerometer measurements elevated and resulted in systematical degradation of the data. For this reason, the GRACE‐D data need to be replaced by synthetic data, the so‐called transplant data, officially generated by the GRACE‐FO Science Data System (SDS). The SDS transplant data are derived from the GRACE‐C accelerometer measurements, by applying time and attitude corrections. Furthermore, model‐based residual accelerations due to thruster firings on GRACE‐D were added, proven to improve the data quality in gravity field recovery. However, preliminary studies of GRACE‐FO data during the single accelerometer months show that the low degree zonal harmonics, in particular C20 and C30, are sensitive to the current transplant approach. In this work, we present a novel approach to recover the GRACE‐D ACT1B data by incorporating non‐gravitational force models and analyze its impact on monthly gravity field solutions. The results show the improved ACT1B data not only contributed to a noise reduction but also improved the estimates of the C20 and C30 coefficients. The application of this new approach demonstrates that the offset between Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) and GRACE‐FO derived C30 time series can be reduced by the use of the alternative accelerometer product.
Aftershocks and Background Seismicity in Tangshan and the Rest of North China
Authors: Chen Yuxuan , Liu Mian , Wang Hui 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe 1976 Great Tangshan earthquake (Ms 7.8) in North China was the deadliest earthquake in the past century. Understandably, a sequence of moderate (M ≥ 4.5) earthquakes in recent years in the Tangshan region, including the Ms 5.1 earthquake on July 12, 2020, raised much social concern and scientific debate about the seismic risk near Tangshan and in North China, a region of active intraplate seismicity. Are these recent events aftershocks of the 1976 Great Tangshan earthquake or are they background earthquakes? Here, we separated clustered events (i.e., aftershocks) from background earthquakes in Tangshan and the entire North China using the nearest‐neighbor (NN) method, and estimated the duration of the 1976 Tangshan aftershock sequence by fitting the decay of seismicity with respect to the background seismicity. Our results suggest that the recent moderate earthquakes are likely aftershocks. This is consistent with their occurrences in places of increased Coulomb failure stress due to the 1976 Great Tangshan earthquake. The estimated aftershock duration is around 65–100 years for the 1976 Great Tangshan earthquake. The background seismicity in North China, obtained by removing aftershocks identified by the NN method, is relatively stationary in space but varies in time, decreasing slightly in recent years. Major active tectonic zones, including the Shanxi Rift and the Zhangjiakou‐Penglai fault system, show correlation between relatively high background seismicity, high geodetic strain rates, and large historic earthquakes. Such correlation, however, is poor within the North China Plain, highlighting the complexity of intraplate earthquakes.
Extreme Aerosol Events Over Eastern North America: 1. Characterizing and Simulating Historical Events
Authors: Guo Yafang , Crippa Paola , Thota Abhinav , Pryor Sara C. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractImproved characterization of the spatiotemporal extent, intensity, and causes of extreme aerosol optical depth events is critical to quantifying their regional climate forcing and the link to near‐surface air quality. An analysis of regional‐scale extreme aerosol events over the eastern United States is undertaken using output from the Modern‐Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 (MERRA‐2) reanalysis and observations from the MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometers (MODIS). Six extreme aerosol optical depth (AOD) events during 2003–2007, dominated by anthropogenic emissions and characterized by a regional scale extent, are identified and simulated using the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF‐Chem) applied at 12 km resolution. Statistical analyses show output from WRF‐Chem during these events is generally negatively biased in terms of the mean AOD and PM2.5, but WRF‐Chem exhibits skill in capturing the peak AOD. WRF‐Chem also exhibits fidelity in reproducing the spatiotemporal characteristics of the extreme AOD events in intensity, location of centroid, propagation, duration, and their spatial extension. Considerable event‐to‐event variability in model skill in simulating spatial patterns of extreme events is observed, with the highest spatial correlation with MERRA‐2 AOD noted for events centered in the Midwest. Mean fractional bias in modeled peak AOD is minimized for the most intense events and for events centered over the southeastern USA. WRF‐Chem output is also negatively biased in downwelling shortwave radiation at the ground and specific humidity consistent with a positive bias in simulated precipitation relative to MERRA‐2.