bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Peronospora trifoliorum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Francis S. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Peronospora trifoliorum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Medicago sativa
subsp.
saliva, M. sativa subsp. falcata
. DISEASE: Downy mildew of lucerne (alfalfa). Infected leaflets, which tend to be near the top of the stem, are light green or yellow. The affected areas can vary from small localized spots to larger areas of infected leaf or a systemic infection where the entire shoot may become yellow, stunted and swollen. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide, wherever lucerne is grown. CMI Map No. 343 includes records on clover and other hosts. TRANSMISSION: Mycelium is reported to overwinter in the crown bud (42, 617). Conidia are produced the following spring and in damp and humid conditions soon spread the disease. Oospores occur but reports on their frequency under field conditions are so few that it is difficult to assess their importance in overwintering the disease. Seed transmission, though suspected by Eriksson (1930) and also reported from Italy in a sample of seed from Argentina (Campbell, 1922), is thought to be unimportant (Richardson, 1979).
Lirula nervisequia
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W. , Millar C. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Lirula nervisequia
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Abies alba, A. cephalonica, A. pectinata
. DISEASE: Needle cast of fir.
Lirula nervisequia
is locally serious in Europe (but not in Great Britain) as a cause of defoliation of
A. alba
. Discoloration does not appear until the leaves are two years old, i.e. at the beginning of their third year. On
A. cephalonica
the fungus seems to be purely saprophytic. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Austria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Rumania, Sweden, Switzerland). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in wet or humid conditions.
Ploioderma hedgcockii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F. , Minter D. W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Ploioderma hedgcockii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Recorded from
Pinus caribaea, P. clausa, P. echinata, P. palustris, P. rigida, P. tueda
and
P. virginiana
. DISEASE: Causes needle blight of pines. The anamorph develops on green needles, and may be responsible for premature shedding (30, 131). This is substantiated in a later report (38, 629), which states that ascomata occur on green needles which turn yellowish throughout their length and are shed prematurely.
Ploioderma hedgecockii
was implicated in a severe outbreak of needle blight of
Pinus caribaea
(syn.
P. elliottii
) and
P. tueda
in the southern USA in 1970-1 (51, 1989), but was thought to be secondary in importance, the damage principally being caused by
Ploioderma lethale
(Dearness) Darker and
Lophodermella cerina
(Darker) Darker. The symptoms described in this report were different, distal portions of the leaves dying, and later becoming brown over their whole length and falling from the tree. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: USA: reported from Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Tennessee, Texas and Virginia. TRANSMISSION: Unknown. Needles are probably directly infected by the air-dispersed ascospores.
Soleella striiformis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F. , Minter D. W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Soleella striiformis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus pinaster, P. sabiniana, P. torreyana
. DISEASE: Needle cast of
Pinus torreyana
(Darker, 1932). No further information is available: the lack of subsequent reports of the disease suggests that it is not economically significant. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: USA: California. Only reported from the San Francisco and Monterey areas. TRANSMISSION: Unknown. Related fungi almost exclusively have air-dispersed spores, which directly infect the host needles.
Aschersonia aleyrodis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brady B. L. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Aschersonia aleyrodis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Scale insects (Coccidae) and whitefly (Aleyrodidae). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Costa Rica, Cuba, India, Jamaica, Santo Domingo, Solomon Islands, USA. According to Mains (1959)
A. aleyrodis
is very common in the Western hemisphere whereas
A. placenta
is common in the Eastern hemisphere. DISEASE: When the genus
Aschersonia
Montagne was described in 1848 the species were regarded as parasites of the leaves of the plants on which the insect hosts were located and it was only in 1894 that Webber recognized
A. aleyrodis
as entomogenous. Early work and the relationship with the ascomycete genus
Hypocrella
is extensively treated and illustrated in colour by Petch (1921). Sutton (1980) states that approximately 50 taxa have been described in the genus which is wholly entomogenous. Infection is mainly of young larvae, but mature larvae and pupae are also attacked. Larvae in the early stages of infection become swollen and by the time that hyphae emerge around the edge of the infected host the latter is already dead.
Cordyceps gracilis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brady B. L. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cordyceps gracilis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Larvae of
Lepidoptera
and rarely of
Coleoptera
; frequently confused with
C. entomorrhiza
which occurs on beetle larvae (Mains, 1958). Kobayasi (1980) reports that the type specimen in Herb. Jard. Plant, Paris, is on a coleopterous larva. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe, China, Japan, N. America, S. America, N. Africa. One of the few species of
Cordyceps
which occurs in temperate regions, most having a tropical distribution. In the UK the fertile stromata are not uncommon in April to June in open grassy areas.
Zoophthora phalloides
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Wilding N. , Brady B. L. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Zoophthora phalloides
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae), many species, but in France, where most records have been made, particularly
Myzus ascalonicus
and
Tubaphis ranunculinus
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Probably worldwide. Recorded from Europe (including U.K.), Asia, N. America, Australasia. DISEASE: This fungus, like all the Entomophthorales, invades its host by the penetration of the cuticle by the germ tube from an adherent conidium. In France this species appears to be inhibited by temperatures above 20°C and occurs most frequently in early spring.
Phytophthora megakarya
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Stamps D. J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phytophthora megakarya
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Cacao. DISEASE: Black pod of cacao. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: West Africa including Nigeria. TRANSMISSION: By rain splash from soil (an important source of infection) and diseased pods. By ants (60, 5356).
Phytophthora arecae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Stamps D. J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phytophthora arecae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: arecanut (
Areca catechu
), coconut (
Cocos nucifera
). DISEASE: Mahli or koleroga disease of
Areca catechu
; nut fall of coconut. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India, Sri Lanka). TRANSMISSION: From green areca nuts to the inflorescence stalk and leaf bases. Infection perpetuated by common weed hosts (5, 361).
Phytophthora katsurae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Stamps D. J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phytophthora katsurae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Chestnut, coconut. DISEASE: Trunk rot of chestnut. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Japan, Taiwan), Oceania (Hawaii), Africa (Ivory Coast), Australasia (Australia (Queensland), Papua New Guinea). TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne, isolated from forest soils in Taiwan (59, 2349), Queensland and Papua New Guinea and from chestnut orchard soils in Japan (58, 2951).
Phytophthora drechsleri
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Stamps D. Jean 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phytophthora drechsleri
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: A wide range including potato, tomato, lucerne, members of the Cucurbitaceae, safflower, ornamentals and trees. DISEASE: Tuber rot of potato, various root rots, damping-off, soft rots, bark canker of
Albizzia
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Egypt, Madagascar, Zimbabwe), Asia (Iran, Japan, Lebanon, Malaysia), Australasia (Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea), Europe (France, Greece, UK), North America (Canada, Mexico, USA), South America (Argentina, Brazil, Colombia) (CMI Map 281, ed. 3, 1979). TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne, affected by irrigation (47, 592). Survival of the safflower pathogen on weed hosts (53, 1907).
Phaeoramularia angolensis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kirk P. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phaeoramularia angolensis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Species of
Citrus
including
C. aurantium
and
C. sinensis
. DISEASE: Leaf and fruit spot. In young leaves and fruit a generalized necrosis sometimes forms resulting in defoliation and fruit drop. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Angola, Cameroon, Gabon, Nigeria, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe), Asia (Yemen). TRANSMISSION: Possibly from air borne conidia, survival mechanisms unknown.
Phaeoisariopsis glochidii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kirk P. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phaeoisariopsis glochidii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Species of
Glochidion
including
G. coriaceum, G. ferdinandi, G. Ianceolarium, G. multiloculare, G. philippinense
,
G. velutinum
. DISEASE: Leaf spot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Hong Kong, India (Uttar Pradesh), Sri Lanka), Australasia & Oceania (Australia (Qd), Papua New Guinea). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by air borne conidia. Survival mechanisms unknown.
Ramularia decipiens
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Wilson S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Ramularia decipiens
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Rumex aquaticus, R. crispus, R. dentatus, R. nepalensis, R. orientalis, R. patientia, R. persicarioides, R
.
venosus
. DISEASE: Leaf spot of
Rumex
spp. Lesions irregular, angular, rust-brown or buff with dark brown border. Size varies from 2-8 mm (mostly 5-6 mm) diam. Sporulation occurs on the underside of leaves and gives a frosted appearance to lesion. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION:
North America
: USA (Dakota, Montana, Wyoming);
Asia
: China, India, Taiwan, Pakistan;
Africa
: Kenya;
Europe
: Sweden, Turkey. TRANSMISSION: Probably wind-dispersal by air-borne spores.
Ramularia rufomaculans
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Wilson S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Ramularia rufomaculans
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Polygonum amphibium, P. aviculare, P. coccineum, P. erectum, P. hydropiper, P. persicaria
. DISEASE: Leaf spot of
Polygonum
spp., lesions on both sides, irregular, rust-brown becoming grey-black, size varies from 2-23 mm (usually 8-10 mm) diam. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION:
North America
: USA (Washington), Canada (Saskatchewan). TRANSMISSION: Not known, probably wind dispersal by air-borne spores.
Ramularia polygoni
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Wilson S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Ramularia polygoni
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Polygonum amplexicaule
. DISEASE: Leaf spot of
P. amplexicaule
, lesions on both sides, irregular or angular, brown often with thin dark border, coalescent. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION:
Asia
: India (Kashmir). TRANSMISSION: Not known, probably wind dispersal by air-borne spores.
Ramularia alba
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ingham J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Ramularia alba
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Lathyrus odoratus
, the sweet pea. DISEASE: White blight of sweet pea, also called white mould or
Cladosporium
blight. Leaf spots vary from yellow flecks to buff coloured dead areas, which may be circular or irregular in shape merging gradually into healthy leaf tissue. Leaf spots may merge together affecting most of the leaf and in such cases defoliation may result (30, 41). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Denmark, England, Sweden). North America (Canada: British Columbia, Ontario; USA: California, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Texas). TRANSMISSION: By wind dispersal of air-borne conidia.
Candida kefyr
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Davis C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Candida kefyr
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE:
Candida kefyr
is an uncommon cause of superficial and systemic candidosis in humans and animals. In a compilation of 318 cases of septicaemia attributable to species of
Candida
, Odds (1979) includes only one in which
C. kefyr
was implicated. Hurley lists 3 out of 32 cases of disseminated candidosis due to
Candida kefyr
(in Winner & Hurley (eds),
Symposium on Candida Infections
, pp. 13-25, London: Livingstone, 1966). Meunier-Carpenter lists 1 from 110 isolates from blood cultures from cancer patients (
Am. J. Med
. 71: 363-370, 1981) and Kures
et al.
found 1 from 141 yeast positive blood cultures (
Bull. Soc. Fr. Myc. Med
. 8: 153-155, 1979). It has been reported regularly but not frequently from patients with vaginitis and urinary tract infections and has also been isolated from sputum, gastric ulcers and ear infections. Several experiments with laboratory animals have been carried out to determine the pathogenicity of
Candida kefyr
with varying results. Hurley & Winner found that mice inoculated intravenously with suspensions of
C. kefyr
died producing lesions similar to those when injected with
C. albicans (Mycopathologia
24: 337-346, 1964). More recent work by Kennedy
et al.
showed that
Candida kefyr
will colonize the gut and infect visceral organs of antibiotic treated mice but not untreated mice (
Sabouraudia
21: 27-33, 1983). Other workers have induced mastitis in cows by inoculation with
C. kefyr
. Klotz
et al.
studied the adherence of various members of the genus to porcine blood vessels
in vitro
and found
C. kefyr
to adhere much less strongly than
C. albicans
or
C. tropicalis (Inf. & Imm
. 42: 374-378, 1983). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Algeria, Ivory Coast, South Africa, Uganda); Asia (Hong Kong, Iran, Iraq, India, Japan, Nepal, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam); Australasia and Oceania (Tahiti); Europe (many countries); North America (Canada, Mexico); South America (Brazil, Venezuela).
Cochliobolus australiensis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cochliobolus australiensis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Chloris, Cymbopogon, Cynodon, Hordeum, Lolium, Oryza, Panicum, Pennisetum, Saccharum, Triticum, Zea
, on or isolated from a wide variety of dicotyledons, air, soil and plant debris. DISEASE: Leaf blight of citronella grass (61: 2332), leaf spot of bajra (pearl millet 47: 1862, 48: 1229) and seed-borne (55: 1788). The disease is associated with the anamorph. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, Egypt, India, Iraq, Japan, Kenya, Libya, New Zealand, Pakistan, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Zimbabwe. TRANSMISSION: By infected seeds, and air-borne conidia.
Setosphaeria holmii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Setosphaeria holmii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Cymbopogon, Dactyloctenium, Oryza, Triticum
. Also isolated from
Coffea, Gossypium, Musa, Solanum, Psidium
, air, soil etc. DISEASE: The anamorph is associated with the leaf blight of
Dacryloctenium aegyptium
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Egypt, Kenya, India, Nigeria, USA. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne conidia.
Setosphaeria pedicellata
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Setosphaeria pedicellata
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Echinocloa, Oryza, Triticum, Zea
. It can also infect
Paspalum dilatum, Setaria lutescens
and
Sorghum halepense
(46: 2000). DISEASE: The anamorph is associated with dark brown lesions on wheat roots and root rot of maize (46: 2000; 48: 1671) but is only weakly parasitic. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Egypt, India, Pakistan, USA, South Africa. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne conidia.
Drechslera nobleae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Drechslera nobleae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Lolium
and certain interspecific hybrids of
Lolium
. DISEASE: Leaf spots, yellowing and die-back of rye grass. Also seed-borne. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, Great Britain, New Zealand, USA. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne conidia.
Xanthomonas campestris pv. corylina
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Xanthomonas campestris pv. corylina
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Corylus avellana, C. maxima
and
C. rostrata
(syn.
C. californica
). On inoculation
C. colurna
is also infected. DISEASE: Bacterial blight or bacteriosis of filbert or hazel nut trees. Leaf spots, bud and twig necroses and stem cankers are produced. The cankers may girdle branches or even trunks of young trees and cause death above. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Turkey (Black Sea area 54, 578), Australia (Vict. 60, 6677), England (59, 3913), France (56, 86), Italy (64, 4520), Yugoslavia (37: 125), USA (OR, WA), Chile (culture received at CMI), and apparently USSR (58, 4044). TRANSMISSION: Bacteria overwinter in cankers on branches and in buds, and spread to other parts of the tree in wet weather. Limited spread from tree to tree takes place by water splash. Man is an important vector especially during pruning activities on young trees. He is also responsible for the introduction of the disease into new areas.
Xanthomonas campestris pv. poae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Xanthomonas campestris pv. poae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Naturally infects
Poa trivialis
. By artificial inoculation
Poafertilis
and
P. nemoralis
are both moderately susceptible,
P. annua
rather less susceptible, and
P. pratensis
and
P. compressa
little or not at all affected. DISEASE: Bacterial wilt of rough stalked meadow grass (
Poa trivialis
). The symptoms are the same as those produced
by X. campestris
pv.
graminis
on other forage grasses. At the heading stage young leaves are seen to curl and wither, and shoots remain stunted or die. Some plants produce small, distorted inflorescences. Chlorotic and necrotic areas form along the vascular bundles of older leaves and often extend into their sheaths. Bacterial streaming is usually visible under the microscope. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Switzerland. Probably present but unrecognised in some other european countries. TRANSMISSION: Within the crop the main means of transmission is probably mowing machinery.
Phyllachora afzeliae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phyllachora afzeliae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Recorded
from Afzelia africana, A. bijuga, A. bracteata, A. quanzensis and A. zenkeri
. DISEASE: Causes a leaf spot of
Afzelia
species. As with most or all species of
Phyllachora
, the presence of the fungus appears to have no significant effect on the vitality of the host. The seasonality of the fungus has not been studied, but it evidently matures at different times of the year, no doubt dependent on the climate. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Guinea, Kenya, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania. Asia: Philippines. TRANSMISSION: This has not been studied, but it almost certainly occurs by air dispersal of ascospores which directly infect the leaves.
Phyllachora lactea
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phyllachora lactea
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Material has been seen on
Dalbergia lactea, D. rufa
and D.
saxatilis
. DISEASE: Causes a leaf spot of
Dalbergia
species. Little is known about the biology and development of this fungus, but in common with other
Phyllachora
species, it appears not to inflict serious damage on the host. It must, however, have a general debilitating effect on the growth of the host tree. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Ghana, Sierra Leone, Tanzania. A record from Costa Rica has not been confirmed. TRANSMISSION: This has not been studied, but probably occurs through air dispersal of ascospores, which directly infect other leaves, the ascospores germinating on the leaf surface to produce appressoria and infection pegs.