bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Climate Extremes and Variability Surrounding Chesapeake Bay: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: St.Laurent Kari A. , Coles Victoria J. , Hood Raleigh R. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMeasures of extreme climate variability around Chesapeake Bay have changed over the past century (1895–2014), resulting in the need to establish new baselines for understanding future change. Here, observed climate variability is compared with Coupled Model Intercomparison Project fifth assessment climate models to evaluate ensemble model skill in this region. Observed trends include annual and seasonal declines in the percentage of cold days. Similarly, increases in the annual and seasonal percentages of warm days occurred in all seasons of the North Chesapeake (>38.2°N) but were only significant in spring and summer in the South (<38.2°N) demonstrating regional differences even at local scales. Precipitation intensity increased over the past century. Models using emissions scenarios RCP4.5 and 8.5 project these trends will continue, though they have little skill in precipitation extremes. Pacific and Atlantic climate modes are generally more correlated with climate extremes than mean temperature and precipitation suggesting potential predictability in the synoptic patterns underlying the extremes. However, they also drive the need for time series at least 60‐years long for establishing climate trends. This local analysis differs from regional, state level, and local 2.5° × 3.75° grid analyses, highlighting the importance of local climate assessments that consider topographic and regional weather patterns.
Prevalence and risk factors of systemic sclerosis‐associated interstitial lung disease in East Asia: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Qiu Meihua , Nian Xueyuan , Pang Lingling , Yu Pengfei , Zou Shenchun 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectiveInterstitial lung disease (ILD) is a common and potentially life‐threatening complication for individuals with systemic sclerosis (SSc). The purpose of this study was to complete a systematic review and meta‐analysis on prevalence and risk factors of SSc‐ILD in East Asia.MethodsMedline, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library were searched up to January 22, 2021. The Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement was applied to access the methodological quality of the eligible studies. Study characteristics and magnitude of effect sizes were extracted. Then, we calculated the pooled prevalence, weighted mean differences (WMDs), pooled odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and performed subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis, and publication bias with Egger's test.ResultsTwenty‐seven of 1584 articles were eligible and a total of 5250 patients with SSc were selected in the meta‐analysis. The pooled prevalence of SSc‐ILD in East Asia was 56% (95% CI 49%‐63%). The SSc‐ILD prevalence was higher in China (72%) than in Japan (46%) and Korea (51%). Longer disease duration (WMD = 1.97, 95% CI 0.55‐3.38), diffuse SSc (OR = 2.84, 95% CI 1.91‐4.21), positive anti‐topoisomerase I antibody (ATA) (OR = 4.92, 95% CI 2.74‐8.84), positive anti‐centromere body antibody (ACA) (OR = 0.14, 95% CI 0.08‐0.25), positive anti‐U3 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) antibody (OR = 0.17, 95% CI 0.04‐0.66), and higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (WMD = 6.62, 95% CI 1.19‐12.05) were associated with SSc‐ILD in East Asia.ConclusionThrough this systematic review and meta‐analysis, we found that ILD occurs in up to approximately 56% of patients with SSc in East Asia. Longer disease duration, diffuse SSc, positive ATA, negative ACA, negative anti‐U3 RNP antibody, and higher ESR were risk factors for SSc‐ILD.
Incidence of RNA viruses infecting taro and tannia in East Africa and molecular characterisation of dasheen mosaic virus isolates
Authors: Kidanemariam Dawit B. , Sukal Amit C. , Abraham Adane D. , Njuguna Joyce N. , Stomeo Francesca , Dale James L. , James Anthony P. , Harding Robert M. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractTaro (Colocasia esculenta) and tannia (Xanthosoma sp.) plants growing in 25 districts across Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda were surveyed for four RNA viruses. Leaf samples from 392 plants were tested for cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), dasheen mosaic virus (DsMV), taro vein chlorosis virus (TaVCV) and Colocasia bobone disease‐associated virus (CBDaV) by RT‐PCR. No samples tested positive for TaVCV or CBDaV, while CMV was only detected in three tannia samples with mosaic symptoms from Uganda. DsMV was detected in 40 samples, including 36 out of 171 from Ethiopia, one out of 94 from Uganda and three out of 41 from Tanzania, while none of the 86 samples from Kenya tested positive for any of the four viruses. The complete genomes of nine DsMV isolates from East Africa were cloned and sequenced. Phylogenetic analyses based on the amino acid sequence of the DsMV CP‐coding region revealed two distinct clades. Isolates from Ethiopia were distributed in both clades, while samples from Uganda and Tanzania belong to different clades. Seven possible recombination events were identified from the analysis carried out on the available 15 full‐length DsMV isolates. Nucleotide substitution ratio analysis revealed that all the DsMV genes are under strong negative selection pressure.
The effect of members on charities’ annual reporting: evidence from companies limited by guarantee in Australia
Authors: Johansson Elka , Carey Peter , Tanewski George , Yusoff Iliyas 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn contrast to membership organisations that serve the interest of members, members of charities operating as companies limited by guarantee are responsible by law for ensuring the charity serves its broader charitable purpose. This study examines how members of these large charitable companies discharge accountability through annual report disclosure. We analyse data on 630 company‐year observations for a sample of 153 Australian charitable companies limited by guarantee that lodged annual reports with regulators. Results show that members encourage the disclosure of financial and non‐financial information in the annual report and this in turn influences charities’ future donations and grants revenue.
Mineral trioxide aggregate apexification: a 20‐year case review
Authors: Bogen George , Ricucci Domenico 
Published: August 2021

AbstractApexification strategies in traumatised non‐vital immature permanent teeth can promote root‐end closure and continued root development. However, traumatic injuries may compromise the integrity of generative cells of the apical papilla responsible for root maturation. This report describes the long‐term treatment outcome of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) apexification managed with late‐term surgical intervention. A seven‐year‐old male reported with swelling and suppuration associated with a traumatised maxillary left central incisor (#21). After palliative treatment and MTA apexification procedures, the incisor demonstrated normal function during a 14.5‐year period with radiographic evidence of atypical radicular elongation. Seventeen years after initial treatment, the patient presented with mid‐plate buccal swelling and surgical treatment was completed involving root resection, biopsy of a spherical mineralised tissue specimen and placement of MTA root‐end filling. Periapical healing and normal tooth function was evident at the 20‐year review.
The Value of Forensic Anthropology in Undergraduate Anthropology Programs
Authors: Passalacqua Nicholas V. , Mulholland Sean , Pilloud Marin A. , Klales Alexandra R. 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACTAnecdotally, it has been suggested that undergraduate anthropology students are more interested in forensic anthropology than any other specialty but that forensic anthropologists are less desired as colleagues in academia due to the nature of their work. The goal of this project was to examine two related questions: Does having a forensic anthropologist, or an undergraduate concentration in forensic anthropology, increase the number of majors in anthropology programs? And are forensic anthropologists less likely to be hired for relevant biological anthropology academic positions? To address these questions, data from a number of sources were analyzed. Results found that academic programs with a forensic anthropology concentration had large increases in the overall number of anthropology majors and that programs with forensic anthropologists as faculty produced significantly more anthropology bachelor's degrees. These data are counter to the current national trend of declining anthropology degrees. For jobs in academia specifically desiring a forensic anthropologist, forensic anthropologists were hired in only 58 percent of postings. This study shows a reluctance to hire forensic anthropologists in academia despite their positive impact on the growth of anthropology programs; it also has implications for the education of future forensic anthropologists. [forensic anthropology, academia, enrollment, career, hiring]
Pharmacokinetics of 2 oral paracetamol formulations in hospitalized octogenarians
Authors: Hias Julie , Van der Linden Lorenz , Walgraeve Karolien , Gijsen Matthias , Mian Paola , Koch Birgit C. P. , Allegaert Karel , Annaert Pieter , Tournoy Jos , Spriet Isabel 
Published: August 2021

AimsIt is currently unclear how paracetamol should be dosed in order to increase its efficacy while warranting safety in very old adults. The objective was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of 2 oral paracetamol formulations and its metabolites in hospitalized octogenarians.MethodsGeriatric inpatients aged 80 years and older received a 1000‐mg paracetamol tablet or granulate at 08.00, 14.00 and 20.00. After at least 4 consecutive gifts, plasma samples were collected around the 08.00 dose (trough, +0.5, +1, +2, +4, +5 and +6 h). Plasma concentrations of paracetamol and its metabolites were determined and individual pharmacokinetic parameters were derived. The Edmonton Frail Scale was used to assess frailty. An analgesic plasma target was defined as an average plasma concentration (Cavg) of 10 mg/L.ResultsThe mean (±standard deviation) age was 86.78 (±4.20) years. The majority (n = 26/36, 72%) received the tablet, 10 (28%) the granulate. Thirty patients (85%) were classified with moderate to severe frailty. Seven (21%) patients had a Cavg above 10 mg/L. The median [interquartile range] time to reach the peak concentration was 50.5 [31.50–92.50] and 42.50 [33.75–106.75] min for the tablet and granulate, respectively. The coefficient of variation was 95% for time to reach the peak concentration and 30% for Cavg of paracetamol. A correlation of Cavg of paracetamol was observed with female sex and total serum bilirubin.ConclusionLarge interindividual differences were found for pharmacokinetic parameters of oral paracetamol in frail inpatients after multiple dosing. Female sex and higher total serum bilirubin concentrations were associated with paracetamol exposure. No significant differences were observed between the tablet and granulate.
Whether verbal and visuospatial working memory play different roles in pupil’s mathematical abilities
Authors: Liang Zhanhong , Dong Peiqi , Zhou Yanlin , Feng Shanshan , Zhang Qiong 
Published: August 2021

BackgroundPrevious research showed a significant association between mathematics and working memory (WM). However, evidence regarding the different effects of verbal and visuospatial WM on mathematical abilities was very limited.AimsThe current research aims to explore the relationship between verbal and visuospatial WM with mathematical abilities, and how this relationship is moderated by age and math domains. We also wonder whether the results would change when we use several tests for each component and use a latent variable approach for more reliable measurement.Sample131 first graders and 144 fifth graders from a primary school in Hangzhou, Zhejiang province, China, participated our research.MethodsAll participants completed three verbal and three visuospatial WM tasks, mathematics tests, and fluid intelligence test. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was used to examine the pattern of relations among these constructs.ResultsThe results of hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed that verbal WM significantly predicted mathematics achievement for fifth graders, while failed for first graders. However, visuospatial WM played a substantive role in both graders’ mathematical performance. The different role of the two WM components also depend on various fields of mathematics.ConclusionOur results indicated the distinct influence of verbal and visuospatial WM on primary school students’ mathematical abilities and highlighted the developmental and domain‐specific effects of WM on mathematics.
Diploendozoochory in Neotropical fish makes seed germination unlikely
Authors: Kreutzer Brito Andresa , Covich Alan P. , Severo‐Neto Francisco , Junior Heriberto Gimênes , Laps Rudi Ricardo , Sabino José , Roque Fabio de Oliveira 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDiploendozoochory is the seeds’ dispersion ingested by two or more animal species in sequence. This mechanism does not occur among the fish species we studied relative to dispersal of seeds because they were destroyed when passing through the predator fish. Our study is the first about diploendozoochory among tropical fishes.Abstract in Spanish is available with online material.
Role of B cells in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Ochi Hirofumi 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex immune‐mediated disease of the central nervous system. Traditionally, it has been considered to be mediated primarily by T cells, and the contribution of B cells in the pathogenesis of MS has long been debated. However, clinical success of B‐cell depletion therapies targeting CD20 has established the essential role of B cells in the pathogenesis of MS. Because CD20‐targeting B‐cell depletion therapies primarily have their effect on non‐antibody secreting cells, emerging studies have dedicated intense focus on B‐cell functions beyond antibody production, which include cytokine production, antigen presentation and ectopic lymphoid follicle‐like structure formation. However, the failure of atacicept, which targets the B‐cell survival factors and a proliferation‐inducing ligand, suggests that B cells potentially have a dual role in the pathogenesis of MS and the role of B cells in MS is highly complex. This review will discuss the B‐cell involvement in the pathogenesis of MS.
Ideal proportion of the population to be patch tested: How many should we be doing?
Authors: Mughal Avad A. , Lowe Ashima , Hadjieconomou Sofia , Bhoyrul Bevin , Chu Anthony , Cooper Sue M. , Divekar Preshita , Hill Glenda , Holden Catherine R. , Johnston Graham A. , Sabroe Ruth A. , Scharrer Krisztina , Stone Natalie , Usmani Naila , Wilkinson Stephen M. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundHow many patients should we be patch testing? A previous study suggested that the minimum proportion of a population to be patch tested for allergic contact dermatitis was 1:700 annually.ObjectivesTo evaluate if the current minimum rate for patch testing has changed over the 20 years since the previous study in order to maximize the value.MethodsIn cooperation with the British Society for Cutaneous Allergy, a proforma for collation of retrospective data between January 2015 and December 2017 was sent to patch‐test centers in the United Kingdom (UK) and the Republic of Ireland (ROI). The number of positive tests was analyzed against the proportion of population tested to see what proportion of the population would yield the greatest number of positive results.ResultsResponses from 11 centers showed that the minimum number needed to patch test had increased to 1:550 per head of population per year using the current criteria.ConclusionsIn agreement with previous studies, we should be patch testing more people than we are. We could reduce the threshold for referral of patients we patch test to derive the most benefit from this investigation.
Technetium‐99m‐MAG3 and technetium‐99m‐DTPA: Renal clearance measured by the constant infusion technique – Old news?
Authors: Østergaard Ann Mai , Langaa Stine S. , Vrist Marie H. , Mose Frank H. , Bech Jesper N. , Fynbo Claire A. , Theil Jørn , Ejlersen June A. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundAccurate, precise and straightforward methods for measuring glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and/or renal plasma flow (RPF) are still in demand today. The time‐consuming constant infusion technique (CIT) is the gold standard and preferred for research, whereas the simple, but less precise, single injection technique (SIT) is used in clinical settings.This study investigated the use of 99mTc‐DTPA and 99mTc‐MAG3 by CIT as a measure of renal function. We developed and evaluated a model to balance the primer dose and infusion rate in an attempt to obtain plasma steady state as quickly as possible.Methods14 healthy subjects received 99mTc‐DTPA and 6 hypertensive patients received 99mTc‐MAG3 in a standardized protocol. All participants had an eGFR above 60 ml/min and none had fluid retention. An intravenous primer injection of the relevant tracer was followed by a sustained infusion over 4.5 h with the same radiopharmaceutical. Blood and urine samples were collected at fixed intervals.Results99mTc‐DTPA clearance reached steady state after 210 min (plasma clearance 78 ± 18 ml/min, urine clearance 110 ± 28 ml/min), whereas 99mTc‐MAG3 clearance achieved steady state after 150 min (plasma clearance 212 ± 56 ml/min, urine clearance 233 ± 59 ml/min).ConclusionConstant infusion technique with fixed primer and infusion rate using 99mTc‐MAG3 is feasible for research purposes. The longer time for reaching plasma steady state using 99mTc‐DTPA makes CIT with this tracer less optimal. If the primer/sustained balance can be optimized, for example using a priori SIT information, 99mTc‐DTPA as tracer for CIT may also be feasible.
Postoperative acute kidney injury and renal replacement therapy after DCD lung transplantation
Authors: Verzelloni Sef Alessandra , Sef Davorin , Trkulja Vladimir , Raj Binu , Lees Nicholas James , Walker Christopher , McGovern Ian , Mitchell Jerry , De Robertis Fabio , Stock Ulrich 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAcute kidney injury (AKI) after lung transplantation (LTx) is a common complication. We aimed to assess whether donation after circulatory death (DCD) is associated with an increased risk of AKI and renal replacement therapy (RRT) in the early postoperative period compared to the donation after brain death (DBD). Retrospective data on a cohort (N = 95) of LTx patients (DCD n = 17, DBD n = 78) characterized by no use of ex‐vivo lung perfusion were analyzed for the incidence of AKI within 30 postoperative days and incidence of RRT within 7 and 30 days. After optimal full matching, an imbalance remained between the DCD and DBD patients in respect to intraoperative use of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Therefore, a further subset (n = 77) was defined that excluded CPB patients, and matching was repeated (DCD n = 13 vs. DBD n = 63) resulting in a fair balance on a range of preoperative characteristics and intraoperative use of ECMO. In both matched subsets, DCD was associated with around twice higher risk of AKI and RRT within 7 and 30 postoperative days. In conclusion, data suggest that DCD could be associated with worse early renal outcomes in a subset of LTx patients and justify further studies on the topic in order to refine further renal care pathways perioperatively.
Megafires attract avian scavenging but carcasses still persist
Authors: Newsome Thomas M. , Spencer Emma E. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAimThe effects of fires on vertebrate scavengers have not been characterized despite the importance of scavenging in shaping food web dynamics. We assessed whether the 2019/2020 megafires in Australia shifted the species richness, carcass detection and feeding times of vertebrate scavengers, and whether the fire affected carcasses persistence times.LocationBlue Mountains, south‐eastern Australia.MethodWe monitored vertebrate scavengers via remote cameras on a total of 60 experimentally placed kangaroo carcasses for 30 days in two periods before the megafire (January 2018 and 2019) and one period after the megafire (March 2020) in both open and closed canopy habitats. We compared vertebrate species richness, carcass discovery and scavenging activity before and after the fire and between the two habitats. We also assessed carcass persistence (time to carcass removal) before and after the fire and between the two habitats.ResultsWe collected more than 689,000 images of nine vertebrate scavengers including six avian, two mammal and one reptile species. We detected no decline in scavenger species richness following the fire, and rates of carcass detection for mammals and reptiles did not differ across pre‐ and post‐fire periods. On the other hand, avian scavengers detected carcasses faster in the post‐fire period and in open compared to closed canopy habitats. Overall, scavengers increased their feeding times in the post‐fire period, especially avian scavengers, but carcasses persisted longer in the post‐fire period when compared to the second pre‐fire period.Main conclusionOur study identified that a widespread fire could influence avian scavenging dynamics, but that other factors such as habitat and possibly apex scavenger presence affected carcass persistence times over the study period in addition to fire. Future monitoring of carcasses following fires should focus on the responses by both vertebrate and insect scavengers to fully elucidate the effects of these major disturbance events on critical ecosystem processes linked to decomposition.
Bilingualism alters infants’ cortical organization for attentional orienting mechanisms
Authors: Arredondo Maria M. , Aslin Richard N. , Werker Janet F. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractA bilingual environment is associated with changes in the brain's structure and function. Some suggest that bilingualism also improves higher‐cognitive functions in infants as young as 6‐months, yet whether this effect is associated with changes in the infant brain remains unknown. In the present study, we measured brain activity using functional near‐infrared spectroscopy in monolingual‐ and bilingual‐raised 6‐ and 10‐month‐old infants. Infants completed an orienting attention task, in which a cue was presented prior to an object appearing on the same (Valid) or opposite (Invalid) side of a display. Task performance did not differ between the groups but neural activity did. At 6‐months, both groups showed greater activity for Valid (> Invalid) trials in frontal regions (left hemisphere for bilinguals, right hemisphere for monolinguals). At 10‐months, bilinguals showed greater activity for Invalid (> Valid) trials in bilateral frontal regions, while monolinguals showed greater brain activity for Valid (> Invalid) trials in left frontal regions. Bilinguals’ brain activity trended with their parents’ reporting of dual‐language mixing when speaking to their child. These findings are the first to indicate how early (dual) language experience can alter the cortical organization underlying broader, non‐linguistic cognitive functions during the first year of life.