bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are systematic reviews addressing nutrition for cancer prevention trustworthy? A systematic survey of quality and risk of bias
Authors: Zajac Joanna F , Storman Dawid , Swierz Mateusz J , Koperny Magdalena , Weglarz Paulina , Staskiewicz Wojciech , Gorecka Magdalena , Skuza Anna , Wach Adam , Kaluzinska Klaudia , Bochenek-Cibor Justyna , Johnston Bradley C , Bala Malgorzata M 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Context
The last 30 years have yielded a vast number of systematic reviews and/or meta-analyses addressing the link between nutrition and cancer risk.

Objective
The aim of this survey was to assess overall quality and potential for risk of bias in systematic reviews and meta-analyses (SRMAs) that examined the role of nutrition in cancer prevention.

Data Sources
MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Library databases were searched (last search performed November 2018).

Study Selection
Studies identified as SRMAs that investigated a nutritional or dietary intervention or exposure for cancer prevention in the general population or in people at risk of cancer and in which primary studies had a comparison group were eligible for inclusion. Screening, data extraction, and quality assessment were conducted independently by 2 reviewers.

Data Extraction
Altogether, 101 studies were randomly selected for analysis. The methodological quality and risk of bias were evaluated using the AMSTAR-2 and ROBIS tools, respectively.

Results
Most SRMAs included observational studies. Less than 10% of SRMAs reported a study protocol, and only 51% of SRMAs assessed the risk of bias in primary studies. Most studies conducted subgroup analyses, but only a few reported tests of interaction or specified subgroups of interest a priori. Overall, according to AMSTAR-2, only 1% of SRMAs were of high quality, while 97% were of critically low quality. Only 3% had a low risk of bias, according to ROBIS.

Conclusions
This systematic survey revealed substantial limitations with respect to quality and risk of bias of SRMAs. SRMAs examining nutrition and cancer prevention cannot be considered trustworthy, and results should be interpreted with caution. Peer reviewers as well as users of SRMAs should be advised to use the AMSTAR-2 and/or ROBIS instruments to help to determine the overall quality and risk of bias of SRMAs.

Systematic Review Registration
PROSPERO registration number CRD42019121116.
Rapid Changes in Nasopharyngeal Antibiotic Resistance Gene Profiles After Short Courses of Antibiotics in a Pilot Study of Ambulatory Young Children
Authors: Howard Leigh M , Dantuluri Keerti L , Soper Nicole , Thomsen Isaac P , Grijalva Carlos G 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
We quantified antibiotic resistance genes before and after short antibiotic courses in nasopharyngeal specimens from ambulatory children. Carriage of certain bacteria and resistance genes was common before antibiotics. After antibiotics, we observed substantial reductions in pneumococcal and Staphylococcus aureus carriage and rapid expansion in the abundance of certain resistance genes.
Where’s Swimmy?: Mining unique color features buried in galaxies by deep anomaly detection using Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam data
Authors: Tanaka Takumi S , Shimakawa Rhythm , Shimasaku Kazuhiro , Toba Yoshiki , Kashikawa Nobunari , Tanaka Masayuki , Inoue Akio K 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
We present the Swimmy (Subaru WIde-field Machine-learning anoMalY) survey program, a deep-learning-based search for unique sources using multicolored (grizy) imaging data from the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program (HSC-SSP). This program aims to detect unexpected, novel, and rare populations and phenomena, by utilizing the deep imaging data acquired from the wide-field coverage of the HSC-SSP. This article, as the first paper in the Swimmy series, describes an anomaly detection technique to select unique populations as “outliers” from the data-set. The model was tested with known extreme emission-line galaxies (XELGs) and quasars, which consequently confirmed that the proposed method successfully selected $\sim\!\! 60\%$–$70\%$ of the quasars and $60\%$ of the XELGs without labeled training data. In reference to the spectral information of local galaxies at z = 0.05–0.2 obtained from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, we investigated the physical properties of the selected anomalies and compared them based on the significance of their outlier values. The results revealed that XELGs constitute notable fractions of the most anomalous galaxies, and certain galaxies manifest unique morphological features. In summary, deep anomaly detection is an effective tool that can search rare objects, and, ultimately, unknown unknowns with large data-sets. Further development of the proposed model and selection process can promote the practical applications required to achieve specific scientific goals.
Origin and adaptive evolution of UV RESISTANCE LOCUS 8-mediated signaling during plant terrestrialization
Authors: Zhang Zhenhua , Xu Chenjie , Zhang Shiyu , Shi Chen , Cheng Hong , Liu Hongtao , Zhong Bojian 
Published: October 2021

AbstractUV RESISTANCE LOCUS 8 (UVR8) mediates photomorphogenic responses and acclimation to UV-B radiation by regulating the transcription of a series of transcription factors (TFs). However, the origin and evolution of UVR8-mediated signaling pathways remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the origin and evolution of the major components of the UVR8-mediated signaling pathway (UVR8, REPRESSOR OF UV-B PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS [RUP], BRI1-EMS-SUPPRESSOR1 [BES1], BES1-INTERACTING MYC-LIKE 1 (BIM1), WRKY DNA-BINDING PROTEIN 36 (WRKY36), MYB DOMAIN PROTEIN 73/77/13 [MYB73/MYB77/MYB13], and PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 4/5 [PIF4 and PIF5]) using comparative genomics and phylogenetic approaches. We showed that the central regulator UVR8 presented a conservative evolutionary route during plant evolution, and the evolutionary history of downstream negative regulators and TFs was different from that of green plant phylogeny. The canonical UVR8-CONSTITUTIVELY PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1(COP1)/SUPPRESSOR OF PHYA-105 (SPA)-ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5)-RUP signaling pathway originated in chlorophytes and conferred green algae the additional ability to cope with UV-B radiation. Moreover, the emergence of multiple UVR8-mediated signaling pathways in charophytes laid the foundations for the cross-talk between UV-B signals and endogenous hormone responses. Importantly, we observed signatures that reflect plant adaptations to high UV-B irradiance in subaerial/terrestrial environments, including positive selection in UVR8 and RUPs and increased copy number of some vital TFs. These results revealed that green plants not only experienced adaptive modifications in the canonical UVR8-COP1/SPA-HY5-RUP signaling pathway, but also diversified their UV-B signal transduction mechanisms through increasing cross-talk with other pathways, such as those associated with brassinosteroids and auxin. This study greatly expands our understanding of molecular evolution and adaptive mechanisms underlying plant UV-B acclimation.
Pain-Related Post-Exertional Malaise in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis / Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) and Fibromyalgia: A Systematic Review and Three-Level Meta-Analysis
Authors: Barhorst Ellen E , Boruch Alexander E , Cook Dane B , Lindheimer Jacob B 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Objective
Myalgic encephalomyelitis / chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) and fibromyalgia (FM) are two debilitating, moderately comorbid illnesses in which chronic musculoskeletal pain symptoms are prevalent. These individuals can experience post-exertional malaise (PEM), a phenomenon in which symptom severity is worsened for 24 hours or longer after physical stress, but the pain-related component of PEM is not well characterized.

Design
Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Methods
Case–control studies involving adults with ME/CFS or FM and measuring pain symptoms before and after exposure to a standardized aerobic exercise test were included. Hedges’ d effect sizes were aggregated with random-effects models, and potential moderators were explored with meta-regression analysis. Results were adjusted for nesting effects with three-level modeling.

Results
Forty-five effects were extracted from 15 studies involving 306 patients and 292 healthy controls. After adjusting for nesting effects, we observed a small to moderate effect indicating higher post-exercise pain in patients than in controls (Hedges’ d = 0.42; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.16–0.67). The mean effect was significantly moderated by pain measurement time point (b = –0.19, z = –2.57, P = 0.01), such that studies measuring pain 8–72 hours after exercise showed larger effects (d = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.28–1.14) than did those measuring pain 0–2 hours after exercise (d = 0.32, 95% CI = 0.10–0.53).

Conclusions
People with ME/CFS and FM experience small to moderate increases in pain severity after exercise, which confirms pain as a component of PEM and emphasizes its debilitating impact in ME/CFS and FM. Future directions include determining mechanisms of pain-related PEM and developing exercise prescriptions that minimize symptom exacerbation in these illnesses.
Precise measurement of the scintillation decay constant of the ZnWO4 crystal
Authors: Shibata M , Sekiya H , Ichimura K 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The scintillation decay time constant of a ZnWO4 crystal irradiated with α-particles from 241Am was precisely investigated, and was found to depend on the incident direction of the α-particles on the crystal. The longest decay time constant (24.3 ± 0.6 μs) was obtained on the surface perpendicular to the b-axis of the crystal (surface B). On surfaces A and C, the decay constants were 20.0 and 21.3 ± 0.2 μs, respectively. The scintillation yield of ZnWO4 was also anisotropic and depended on the incident direction of the heavy particles. The maximum yield was achieved on surface B, suggesting a correlation between the light yield and the scintillation decay time constant of ZnWO4 crystals.
Embedding Population Health in Physical Therapist Professional Education
Authors: Dunleavy Kim , Mejia-Downs Anne , Guerrero Hadiya Green , Wentzell Erin , Rucker-Bussie Valerie M , Davenport Todd E , Magnusson Dawn M 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

The future of health care professional education is moving from a focus on the individual to embrace the health of the larger society. The COVID-19 pandemic has further highlighted the connection between social determinants and the health of populations. There are frameworks and competencies to support the delivery of population health content in the entry-level Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) curriculum. Three options for integrating population health content into the DPT curriculum are presented: (1) threading the content throughout the curriculum, (2) concentrating the content in 1 or 2 identified courses, and (3) offering elective courses. Each of these strategies has benefits and challenges, but threading the content throughout the curriculum provides the best opportunity to reinforce population health competencies across populations and practice settings. Experiential learning using authentic scenarios provides an ideal opportunity for students to understand population health concepts in a real-world context. Activities that incorporate interaction with other health professions broaden students’ perspectives of the role of different professions for achieving population health goals. Examples of learning activities are included in 3 competency areas, Foundations of Population Health, Prevention and Health Promotion, and Health Policy. Current societal issues provide an opportunity to enhance population health education from a meaningful perspective for students. The topic of health equity presents an opportunity to tie social and political factors of population health to social justice and health outcomes. Similarly, the COVID-19 pandemic puts issues of mental health, health disparities, and health systems front and center in our understanding of population health.

Impact
Health care practitioners are looking at health through the lens of health equity and acknowledging the impact of social and political determinants on health to address health disparities, decrease health care expenditures, and respond to changes necessitated by pandemics such as COVID-19. As health care systems and practices are rethought and reconstructed, the intentional integration of population health principles woven into the fabric of professional education is a critical component of preparing future providers. This article describes how population health concepts can be meaningfully embedded into the DPT curriculum along with providing realistic examples and activities.
Barriers and facilitators to pharmacists’ engagement in response to domestic violence: a qualitative interview study informed by the capability-opportunity-motivation-behaviour model
Authors: Lewis Natalia V , Stone Tracey , Feder Gene S , Horwood Jeremy 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundDomestic and sexual violence and abuse (DSVA) is a global public health problem resulting in health inequalities. Community pharmacies are uniquely placed to help people affected by DSVA. We examined factors that impact pharmacists’ engagement in response to DSVA when providing public health services.MethodsSemi-structured qualitative interviews with community pharmacists (n = 20) were analyzed thematically, with inductive themes mapped to the Capability–Opportunity–Motivation Behaviour (COM-B) model.ResultsPharmacists were confident in providing public health services, but a lack of DSVA training meant there is a need to support their ‘Capability’ to respond to DSVA. Pharmacies were perceived as highly accessible healthcare providers on the high street, with sexual health consultations offering an ideal ‘Opportunity’ to enquire about DSVA in a private consultation room. Pharmacist’s ‘Motivation’ to enquire about DSVA was driven by potential positive client outcomes and a desire to be more involved in public heath interventions, but organisation- and system-level support and remuneration is needed.ConclusionsCommunity pharmacy offers opportunities for integrating DSVA work in existing public health services. Pharmacists need training on DSVA, ongoing support, allocated funding for DSVA work, and awareness raising campaign for the public on their extended public health role.
Subjective Bond Returns and Belief Aggregation
Authors: Buraschi Andrea , Piatti Ilaria , Whelan Paul 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis paper proposes an aggregation scheme of subjective bond return expectations based on the historical accuracy of professional interest rate forecasters. We use disaggregated survey data on bond returns and document large disagreement in the cross-sectional distribution and persistence in forecast accuracy. Our aggregate subjective belief proxy outperforms equal weighting schemes, and its dynamics are significantly different from statistical forecasting models. With this measure in hand, we study the relationship between quantities of risk and subjective expectations of excess returns and demonstrate a strong link between the two, even if such a relationship is difficult to detect using realized returns.Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
A review of JAK–STAT signalling in the pathogenesis of spondyloarthritis and the role of JAK inhibition
Authors: McInnes Iain B , Szekanecz Zoltán , McGonagle Dennis , Maksymowych Walter P , Pfeil Alexander , Lippe Ralph , Song In-Ho , Lertratanakul Apinya , Sornasse Thierry , Biljan Ana , Deodhar Atul 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSpondyloarthritis (SpA) comprises a group of chronic inflammatory diseases with overlapping clinical, genetic and pathophysiological features including back pain, peripheral arthritis, psoriasis, enthesitis and dactylitis. Several cytokines are involved in the pathogenesis of SpA, variously contributing to each clinical manifestation. Many SpA-associated cytokines, including IL-23, IL-17, IL-6, type I/II interferon and tumour necrosis factor signal directly or indirectly via the Janus kinase (JAK)–signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway. JAK signalling also regulates development and maturation of cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Accordingly, disruption of this signalling pathway by small molecule oral JAK inhibitors can inhibit signalling implicated in SpA pathogenesis. Herein we discuss the role of JAK signalling in the pathogenesis of SpA and summarize the safety and efficacy of JAK inhibition by reference to relevant SpA clinical trials.
The Impact of Undernutrition on Cognition in Children with Severe Malaria and Community Children: A Prospective 2-Year Cohort Study
Authors: Mburu Waruiru , Conroy Andrea L , Cusick Sarah E , Bangirana Paul , Bond Caitlin , Zhao Yi , Opoka Robert O , John Chandy C 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Background
The frequency of recovery from undernutrition after an episode of severe malaria, and the relationship between undernutrition during severe malaria and clinical and cognitive outcomes are not well characterized.

Methods
We evaluated undernutrition and cognition in children in Kampala, Uganda 18 months to 5 years of age with cerebral malaria (CM), severe malarial anemia (SMA) or community children (CC). The Mullen Scales of Early Learning was used to measure cognition. Undernutrition, defined as 2 SDs below median for weight-for-age (underweight), height-for-age (stunting) or weight-for-height (wasting), was compared with mortality, hospital readmission and cognition over 24-month follow-up.

Results
At enrollment, wasting was more common in CM (16.7%) or SMA (15.9%) than CC (4.7%) (both p &lt; 0.0001), and being underweight was more common in SMA (27.0%) than CC (12.8%; p = 0.001), while prevalence of stunting was similar in all three groups. By 6-month follow-up, prevalence of wasting or being underweight did not differ significantly between children with severe malaria and CC. Undernutrition at enrollment was not associated with mortality or hospital readmission, but children who were underweight or stunted at baseline had lower cognitive z-scores than those who were not {underweight, mean difference [95% confidence interval (CI)] −0.98 (−1.66, −0.31), −0.72 (−1.16, −0.27) and −0.61 (−1.08, −0.13); and stunted, −0.70 (−1.25, −0.15), −0.73 (−1.16, −0.31) and −0.61 (−0.96, −0.27), for CM, SMA and CC, respectively}.

Conclusion
In children with severe malaria, wasting and being underweight return to population levels after treatment. However, being stunted or underweight at enrollment was associated with worse long-term cognition in both CC and children with severe malaria.
Unobserved Observers: Nurses’ Perspectives About Sharing Feedback on the Performance of Resident Physicians
Authors: Bhat Chirag , LaDonna Kori A. , Dewhirst Sebastian , Halman Samantha , Scowcroft Katherine , Bhat Silke , Cheung Warren J. 
Published: October 2021

Purpose
Postgraduate training programs are incorporating feedback from registered nurses (RNs) to facilitate holistic assessments of resident performance. RNs are a potentially rich source of feedback because they often observe trainees during clinical encounters when physician supervisors are not present. However, RN perspectives about sharing feedback have not been deeply explored. This study investigated RN perspectives about providing feedback and explored the facilitators and barriers influencing their engagement.

Method
Constructivist grounded theory methodology was used in interviewing 11 emergency medicine and 8 internal medicine RNs at 2 campuses of a tertiary care academic medical center in Ontario, Canada, between July 2019 and March 2020. Interviews explored RN experiences working with and observing residents in clinical practice. Data collection and analysis were conducted iteratively. Themes were identified using constant comparative analysis.

Results
RNs felt they could observe authentic day-to-day behaviors of residents often unwitnessed by supervising physicians and offer unique feedback related to patient advocacy, communication, leadership, collaboration, and professionalism. Despite a strong desire to contribute to resident education, RNs were apprehensive about sharing feedback and reported barriers related to hierarchy, power differentials, and a fear of overstepping professional boundaries. Although infrequent, a key stimulus that enabled RNs to feel safe in sharing feedback was an invitation from the supervising physician to provide input.

Conclusions
Perceived hierarchy in academic medicine is a critical barrier to engaging RNs in feedback for residents. Accessing RN feedback on authentic resident behaviors requires dismantling the negative effects of hierarchy and fostering a collaborative interprofessional working environment. A critical step toward this goal may require supervising physicians to model feedback-seeking behavior by inviting RNs to share feedback. Until a workplace culture is established that validates nurses’ input and creates safe opportunities for them to contribute to resident education, the voices of nurses will remain unheard.
The conquest of lung cancer in Central Europe
Authors: Klastersky Jean A. 
Published: October 2021

Purpose of review
Discussed the main approaches for lung control and point out differences among Central Europe and other countries.

Recent findings
Three main approaches exist: smoking ban, early computed tomography screening and access to novel therapies; major differences exist between Central Europe and some other countries.

Summary
A major effort will be needed from Central Europe countries in all three approaches; it will require strong involvement from the political authorities.