bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modern approaches to the application of photoimmunomodulating technologies in the treatment of HPV-associated cervicitis
Authors: Moseshvili Gulnara G. , Dugieva Madina Z. , Korchazhkina Natalya B. , Mikhailova Anna A. 
Published: April 2021

We aimed to investigate the effects of the combined use of polychromatic visible and infrared polarized light with topical application of Imiquimod 5% cream on the macrophage link of immunity in patients with chronic human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated cervicitis.
Materials and methods. The study included 90 patients aged 2035 years, who had a history of HPV-associated cervicitis for at least 1 year. Patients were distributed into three groups by random sampling. The main group included 30 patients who were exposed to blue monochromatic polarized incoherent light on the projection of the carotid arteries and polychromatic visible and infrared polarized light on the uterine cervix in combination with topical application of Imiquimod 5% cream (complex one). The comparison group included 30 patients who were exposed to polychromatic visible and infrared polarized light on the uterine cervix in combination with Imiquimod 5% cream (complex 2), and the control group included 30 patients who received local exposure to the uterine cervix with Imiquimod 5% cream. Examination data of 20 healthy women of the same age were taken as normal values. The macrophage link activity was assessed using the nitroblue tetrazolium test.
Results. Under the influence of the developed complexes 1 and 2, the percentage of phagocytic cells of the macrophage link increased significantly to normal values (by 36% and 31%, respectively; p 0.01), the phagocytic number and index of phagocytosis completeness increased to near-normal values (p 0.001). In addition, the percentage of spontaneous (excessive) redox processes of neutrophils decreased from 21.1% 1.3% to 11.8 1.01% in the main group (p 0.001) and to 14.4 1.5% in the comparison group (p 0.01). Less significant results were obtained in the control group where the patients received topical application of Imiquimod 5% cream on the uterine cervix, and the studied parameters were 26%51.7% lower than that in the main group.
Conclusion. The complex application of blue monochromatic polarized incoherent light on the projection of the carotid arteries in combination with polychromatic visible and infrared polarized light and external application of Imiquimod 5% cream on the cervix of patients with chronic HPV-associated cervicitis has a pronounced immunocorrecting effect on the immunity macrophage link. This is confirmed by an improvement in the indicators of the functional activity of neutrophils, in the form of a decrease in the percentage of excessive redox reactions and an increase in the index of phagocytosis completeness, and indicates an increase in the productivity of the macrophage link functioning.
Quaternary Deposits Affect Coseismic Offset on Thrust Faults: Evidence from the 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan, China, Earthquake
Authors: Wang Hu , Zhang Zhihou , Ran Yongkang , Chen Lichun , Yao Yu , Liu Pengfei , Shi Zeyu , Li Kaijin , Deng Lin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCoseismic offset is an important parameter to determine the characteristics of surface ruptures produced by large earthquakes and has significant implications for understanding fault-zone mechanics. To date, most studies have focused on broad-wavelength variations in coseismic offset and their related mechanisms. However, high-frequency variations in coseismic offset have been less commonly reported due to difficulty in field identification. Here, we show that three sites have typical abrupt changes in coseismic offset within short distances along surface ruptures produced by the 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake. The Bailu, Qingping, and Xiaoyudong sites on different segments of the seismogenic faults show that coseismic vertical offsets can vary from ∼0.6 to ∼1.7  m at neighboring locations. Moreover, the offset gradients at the three sites are estimated from ∼2.5 to ∼30.9  m/km. Based on geologic and geophysical investigations at the three sites, we suggest that Quaternary deposits are the primary factor affecting coseismic offset. Specifically, thick and loosely packed deposits are more likely to yield smaller coseismic offsets than thin and densely packed deposits. Finally, through a compilation of recent thrust-type earthquakes, we suggest that the coseismic vertical offset gradient for thrust faults can vary greatly, which requires caution in seismic hazard assessments when designing linear infrastructure projects and constraining slip rates at specific sites.
Monitoring Human Activity at a Very Local Scale with Ground-Motion Records: The Early Stage of COVID-19 Pandemic in California, U.S.A., New York City, U.S.A., and Mexicali, Mexico
Authors: Wu Baoning , Douilly Roby , Ford Heather A. , Funning Gareth , Lee Hsin-Yu , Niyogi Shankho , Mendoza Manuel , Kyriakopoulos Christodoulos , Oglesby David 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this article, we analyze the change in anthropogenic seismic noise level within a frequency range of 4–14 Hz, through a survey of seismic stations in California, United States, New York City, United States, and Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico from early December 2019 to late April 2020. Our analysis shows that some stations recorded a drop in anthropogenic seismic noise during the COVID-19 pandemic, and the timing of the anthropogenic noise decrease typically correlates with the timing of a strict curtailment of personal and economic activity issued by the local government. In other locations, the drop in the anthropogenic seismic noise appears not to follow the lockdown timing perfectly. During our analysis, we observed that many stations did not record a drop during the early stage of COVID-19 pandemic. Of the 19 stations of the Southern California Seismic Network that were surveyed, we found that only five show a similar extent of drop in anthropogenic seismic noise comparable to the Christmas holiday break in 2019. This suggests that the human activity that caused seismic noise did not significantly reduce during the COVID-19 pandemic near most surveyed stations in southern California. A further analysis implies that the primary seismic noise source in southern California might be traffic, and the continuation of industrial traffic, such as cargo transportation, during the COVID-19 pandemic may be the reason why many stations did not record a noise drop. Our results show that the anthropogenic seismic noise recorded by seismic stations is capable of indicating human activity, and that this metric is, particularly, powerful in measuring how localized communities initially responded to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Complex Fault Geometry of the 2020 Mww 6.5 Monte Cristo Range, Nevada, Earthquake Sequence
Authors: Ruhl Christine J. , Morton Emily A. , Bormann Jayne M. , Hatch-Ibarra Rachel , Ichinose Gene , Smith Kenneth D. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractOn 15 May 2020 an Mww 6.5 earthquake occurred beneath the Monte Cristo Range in the Mina Deflection region of western Nevada. Rapid deployment of eight temporary seismic stations enabled detailed analysis of its productive and slowly decaying aftershock sequence (p=0.8), which included ∼18,000 autodetected events in 3.5 months. Double-difference, waveform-based relative relocation of 16,714 earthquakes reveals a complex network of faults, many of which cross the inferred 35-km-long east–northeast-striking, left-lateral mainshock rupture. Seismicity aligns with left-lateral, right-lateral, and normal mechanism moment tensors of 128 of the largest earthquakes. The mainshock occurred near the middle of the aftershock zone at the intersection of two distinct zones of seismicity. In the western section, numerous subparallel, shallow, north-northeast-striking faults form a broad flower-structure-like fault mesh that coalesces at depth into a near-vertical, left-lateral fault. We infer the near-vertical fault to be a region of significant slip in the mainshock and an eastward extension of the left-lateral Candelaria fault. Near the mainshock hypocenter, seismicity occurs on a northeast-striking, west-dipping structure that extends north from the eastern Columbus Salt Marsh normal fault. Together, these two intersecting structures bound the Columbus Salt Marsh tectonic basin. East of this intersection and the mainshock hypocenter, seismicity occurs in a narrow, near-vertical, east-northeast-striking fault zone through to its eastern terminus. At the eastern end, the aftershock zone broadens and extends northwest toward the southern extension of the northwest-striking, right-lateral Petrified Springs fault system. The eastern section hosts significantly fewer aftershocks than the western section, but has more moment release. We infer that shallow aftershocks throughout the system highlight fault-fracture meshes that connect mapped fault systems at depth. Comparing earthquake data with surface ruptures and a simple geodetic fault model sheds light on the complexity of this recent M 6.5 Walker Lane earthquake.
Demographic study of congenital talipes equinovarus deformity in central India
Authors: Ahirwar Rahul , Upadhyay Sachin , Varma H. S. 
Published: April 2021

Background: Congenital idiopathic clubfoot is the most common birth defect of the musculoskeletal system affecting 1 in every 1000 live births each year. Aim of our study was to determine the demographic variables, risk factors associated with CTEV in central India.Methods: A retrospective study was conducted from January 2019 to August 2020 using data of 200 patients with CTEV registered at department of orthopaedics, Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose medical college, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India were included in our study.Results; Out of total of 200 patients, 167 patients belong to age group <1 year (83.5%) with range from 10 days -7 years. Males were twice (65%) likely affected and (53.5%) clubfoot cases had both feet affected. Right side was more affected in unilateral cases. 189 patients (94.5%) were idiopathic, whereas 11 patients (5.5%) were non-idiopathic. there were 58 (29%) children out of 200, born of consanguineous marriage of parents. Risk factors like anemia, jaundice, asphyxia, obstructed labor, history of miscarriage had positive correlation with clubfoot. CTEV patients of low birth weight <2.5 kg associated with maternal risk factors like smoking, alcohol, anemia.Conclusions: Demographic study is useful tool for determining birth prevalence and risk factors associated with CTEV. There are significantly higher proportion of consanguinity in clubfoot patients. Cultural differences may lead to differences in our findings with respect to the previous studies. These preliminary findings will help in the future for similar studies in central India as well as in the general Indian population.
Alfombras de Guano: salvando nuestra herencia cultural
Authors: Paz Suárez María Isabel , Zaldumbide Chiriboga Mónica Gabriela 
Published: April 2021

El tejido de la alfombra anudada ha representado, por siglos, la identidad del cantón Guano, en Ecuador. Sin embargo, en la actualidad, la incapacidad de monetizar esta técnica artesanal ha estancado el desarrollo de su comunidad. La caída en ventas de las alfombras ha llevado a que el cantón entero comience a diversificar sus oficios, lo cual ha llevado a una pérdida de la herencia textil acumulada por siglos. Además, muchos de los artesanos, ante el golpe de la falta de demanda por sus actividades, han sufrido la explotación de intermediarios abusivos, la apropiación de sus oficios, remuneraciones injustas, entre otros problemas que alejan a las nuevas generaciones de aprender de estas tradiciones. Adicionalmente, la falta de formación adecuada para defender y adaptar sus oficios a un contexto contemporáneo enfrenta a las alfombras de Guano a una inminente extinción artesanal.
Este ensayo es parte de una iniciativa de investigación y aplicación llamada “Alfombras de Guano: El Proyecto”, que surgió en 2017 del Colegio de Arquitectura y Diseño Interior (CADI), de la Universidad San Francisco de Quito. Desde entonces, se ha trabajado en conjunto con los artesanos en crear un plan a futuro basado en el cuarto de los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible de la ONU. Rediseñar las alfombras, capacitar a los artesanos y crear plataformas de exposición son los canales que se han implementado para revitalizar al cantón de Guano en el mediano y largo plazo. La aplicación exitosa de este plan tiene el potencial de convertirse en un caso de estudio para otras comunidades artesanales de la región, y contesta a la pregunta: ¿cómo se puede proteger el conocimiento artesanal y potencializarlo a través de la educación, para que sea un canal de desarrollo económico de pequeñas comunidades en la actualidad?
Surface Expressions: Gamma Ray Observation of Shallow Air-Sands Enables Early-Detection and Monitoring of Fluid Breakthrough
Authors: O'Sullivan Terence P. , Skinner Tom , Wright Jacob 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Surface expressions occur when hot oil, water and vapor associated with steam injection in heavy oil reservoirs flows uncontrollably to surface, creating safety and environmental hazards. A new method for early-time identification of these events and monitoring of remediation efforts is proposed. Transient high gamma ray (THG) is a high-resolution, high-amplitude measurement that samples a large volume of rock when vapor containing radon condenses at a cooled well and gamma ray increases by a factor of 10 to 200. The effect is transient because gamma ray returns to normal when this transport process is reversed, as wellbore temperature equilibrates. Absence of this high-amplitude, high-resolution signal through shallow air sands above a heavy oil reservoir is confirmation that vapor breakthrough has not occurred. For wells located in an area where surface expressions have occurred, the method identified contaminated sands and detected flow-behind-casing in an uncemented well. Gamma ray transects in an area of surface expressions identified hot spots, caused by plumes of vapor that condense just below the surface. In at-risk areas, observation wells can provide assurance that injected steam is contained. When surface expressions occur, the method can be used to optimize and confirm the effectiveness of mitigation efforts.
Successful in the Lab, Not as Effective in the Field? Uncertainties in the Field Observations of Low Salinity Water Flooding in Sandstone and Carbonate Reservoirs-A Critical Analysis
Authors: Singh Navpreet , Sarma Hemanta Kumar 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Low salinity waterflooding has been an area of great interest for researchers for almost over three decades for its perceived "simplicity," cost-effectiveness, and the potential benefits it offers over the other enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques. There have been numerous laboratory studies to study the effect of injection water salinity on oil recovery, but there are only a few cases reported worldwide where low salinity water flooding (LSW) has been implemented on a field scale. In this paper, we have summarized the results of our analyses for some of those successful field cases for both sandstone and carbonate reservoirs.
Most field cases of LSW worldwide are in sandstone reservoirs. Although there have been a lot of experimental studies on the effect of water salinity on recovery in carbonate reservoirs, only a few cases of field-scale implementation have been reported for the LSW in carbonate reservoirs. The incremental improvement expected from the LSW depends on various factors like the brine composition (injection and formation water), oil composition, pressure, temperature, and rock mineralogy. Therefore, all these factors should be considered, together with some specially designed fit-for-purpose experimental studies need to be performed before implementing the LSW on a field scale. The evidence of the positive effect of LSW at the field scale has mostly been observed from near well-bore well tests and inter-well tests. However, there are a few cases such Powder River Basin in the USA and Bastrykskoye field in Russia, where the operators had unintentionally injected less saline water in the past and were pleasantly surprised when the analyses of the historical data seemed to attribute the enhanced oil recovery due to the lower salinity of the injected water.
We have critically analyzed all the major field cases of LSW. Our paper highlights some of the key factors that worked well in the field, which showed a positive impact of LSW and a comparative assessment of the incremental recovery realized from the reservoir visa-a-vis the expectations generated from the laboratory-based experimental studies. It is envisaged that such a comparison could be more meaningful and reliable. Also, it identifies the likely uncertainties (and their sources) associated during the field implementation of LSW.
Geochemical Modeling on Effect of Active Species, Ca2+, Mg2+ and SO2-4 on the Carbonate Rock Surface, in Connection to Wettability Alteration of the Rock
Authors: Mohamed Mohamed Ibrahim , Alvarado Vladimir 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A large percentage of petroleum reserves are located in carbonate reservoirs, which can be divided into limestone, chalk and dolomite. Roughly the oil recovery from carbonates is below the 30% due to the strong oil wetness, low permeability, abundance of natural fractures, and inhomogeneous rock properties Austad (2013). Injection of adjusted brine chemistry into carbonate reservoirs has been reported to increase oil recovery by 5-30% of the original oil in place in field tests and core flooding experiments. Previous studies have shown that adjusted waterflooding recovery in carbonate reservoirs is dependent on the composition and ionic strength of the injection brine (Morrow et al. 1998; Zhang 2005). Many research works have focused on the role of the brine composition in altering the initial wettability state of carbonate rock, which is usually intermediate- to oil-wet.
Crude oils contain carboxyl group, -COOH, that can be found in the resin and asphaltenes fractions. The negatively charged carboxyl group, -COOH bond very strongly with the positively charged, sites on the carbonate surface. The carbonate surface, which is positively charged is believed to adsorb the SO42− that is negatively charged. On the other side cations Ca2+ and Mg2+ bind to the negatively charged carboxylic group and release it from the surface.
In this study we use a closed system geochemical model to study the effect of the surface-charge dominant species; Ca2+, Mg2+ and SO42− on the carbonate surfaces at 80 °C. The proposed geochemical interactions can possibly lead to a change in the surface charge, altering wettability of the rock by exchanging ions/cations. Brines with various concentrations of Mg2+ and SO42− were prepared in the lab and contact angle between carbonate substrate and crude oil was measured using a rising/captive bubble tensiometer at 80 °C. The composition of the carbonate system was collected from previous literature review and the composition of adjusted brines was used to build a surface sorption database to develop a geochemical model. This model is focused on identifying the reaction paths and the surface behavior that may represent the real system.
Changes in carbonate surface wettability were further evaluated using a series of contact angle experiments. Experimental observations and modeling results are concordant and imply that SO42− ions may alter the wettability of carbonate surface at high temperature.
Data-Driven Characterization of Shale Reservoirs Towards Facilitation of Production Performance Evaluation
Authors: Salahshoor Shadi 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Leveraging publicly available data is a crucial stepfor decision making around investing in the development of any new unconventional asset.Published reports of production performance along with accurate petrophysical and geological characterization of the areashelp operators to evaluate the economics and risk profiles of the new opportunities. A data-driven workflow can facilitate this process and make it less biased by enabling the agnostic analysis of the data as the first step.
In this work, several machine learning algorithms are briefly explained and compared in terms of their application in the development of a production evaluation tool for a targetreservoir. Random forest, selected after evaluating several models, is deployed as a predictive model thatincorporates geological characterization and petrophysical data along with production metricsinto the production performance assessment workflow. Considering the influence of the completion design parameters on the well production performance, this workflow also facilitates evaluation of several completion strategies toimprove decision making around the best-performing completion size.
Data used in this study include petrophysical parameters collected from publicly available core data, completion and production metrics, and the geological characteristics of theNiobrara formation in the Powder River Basin. Historical periodic production data are used as indicators of the productivity in a certain area in the data-driven model. This model, after training and evaluation, is deployed to predict the productivity of non-producing regions within the area of interest to help with selecting the most prolific sections for drilling the future wells. Tornado plots are provided to demonstrate the key performance driversin each focused area.
A supervised fuzzy clustering model is also utilized to automate the rock quality analyses for identifying the "sweet spots" in a reservoir. The output of this model is a sweet-spot map that is generated through evaluating multiple reservoir rock properties spatially. This map assists with combining all different reservoir rock properties into a single exhibition that indicates the average "reservoir quality"of the formation in different areas.
Niobrara shale is used as a case study in this work to demonstrate how the proposed workflow is applied on a selected reservoir formation whit enough historical production data available.