bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Le projet Unesco des « Routes de la Soie » (1988-1997). Entre science, tourisme culturel et politique
Authors: Maurel Chloé 
Published: August 2021

En 1988, à l’approche de la fin de la Guerre froide, l’Unesco a lancé un vaste projet culturel décennal, intitulé « Étude intégrale des Routes de la soie – routes de dialogue » (1988-1997). Associant des scientifiques de différentes disciplines et de nombreux pays européens et asiatiques, le projet a permis des échanges de connaissances (colloques et conférences), des expéditions le long de ces anciennes routes de la soie, et des reportages culturels et touristiques sur les lieux-clés du patrimoine de cette région du monde, à la charnière entre Orient et Occident. Il a contribué à la promotion de la paix et de la compréhension internationale. Braquant le projecteur sur l’Asie centrale, il a préfiguré l’autre projet – plus économique et géostratégique celui-là – des « Nouvelles Routes de la Soie » lancé en 2013 par la République populaire de Chine dans cette région.
Association of digital media exposure and addiction with child development and behavior
Authors: Anitha Fatima Shirly , Narasimhan Udayakumar , Janakiraman Abhinayaa , Janakarajan Nivetha , Tamilselvan Priyadharshini 
Published: August 2021

Background:
Media exposure which was traditionally restricted only to television has now broadened to include various handheld devices and constant internet access. Although high quality educational and interactive screen time is beneficial, excessive addiction and early introduction of such media use has various deleterious consequences.

Aim:
To estimate the exposure of media among Indian children and its influence on early child development and behaviour.

Settings and Design:
A tertiary care hospital based cross-sectional study.

Materials and Methods:
We included 613 children between 18 months and 12 years who visited the paediatric out-patient department for a well or a sick visit. Their media exposure was extensively analysed along with Problematic Media Use Measure Short Form (PMUM-SF). They were screened for behaviour problems using the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) accordingly. Those under five years were also subjected to a screening using Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ3).

Results:
The most common gadget used was television followed immediately by smartphones. The average daily screen time was 2.11 hours, Mean+SD=2.11+1.53, 95% CI 2.11+ 0.12, found in (40.1%) of the study population. The prevalence of screen addiction was 28.1%, majority being boys. Increased screen time and media addiction were significantly associated with concerns in communication, problem-solving and personal-social domains, as well as conduct, hyperactivity and pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) problems.

Conclusion:
We conclude that media exposure among children should be enquired as a routine. This helps to curtail unhealthy digital media practices at the earliest to ensure a digital safe environment for children.
Parental experiences of telerehabilitation for children with special needs
Authors: Hameed Noufal Thadathukunnel , Satheesan Sisira Chalapurath , Santhamma Jameela Padmalayam 
Published: August 2021

Context:
The COVID-19 pandemic's emergence necessitated that clinic/hospital-based rehabilitation is replaced or substituted by other modes. Using telecommunication devices was found a convenient alternative.

Aims:
Present study explored the telerehabilitation experiences of the parents of children with developmental disabilities (CDD).

Settings and Design:
The study was conducted among the service users of a not-for-profit NGO located in Kerala. Parents of children with one or more developmental disabilities formed the population of the present study. The present study was a cross-sectional exploratory survey.

Subjects and Methods:
A total of 205 parents took part in the study using a brief open-ended survey. The majority of the participants were females (65%).

Statistical Analysis Used:
The sociodemographic data were analyzed using frequency and percentage. The qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis.

Results:
Overall, the study found that parents experienced more challenges in telerehabilitation compared to face-to-face interventions. Perceived challenges included externalizing problems, reduced effectiveness, logistical issues, multiple disabilities, and the child's lack of interest in gadgets. Perceived advantages included the child's liking for the device and increased availability of time.

Conclusion:
In short, the study throws light on the various challenges experienced by parents in implementing telerehabilitation for their CDD. The findings strongly recommend fine-tuning telerehabilitation programs to meet these challenges to provide optimal care to our children with special needs.
Reason for improper simple hysterectomy in invasive cervical cancer in Northeast India
Authors: Liegise Haelom , Barmon Debabrata , Baruah Upasana , Begum Dimpy , Kataki Amal Chandra , Chhangte Zirsangliana 
Published: August 2021

Objective:
The objective of the study was to determine the reasons for improper simple hysterectomy in the presence of invasive cervical cancer in Northeast India.

Materials and Methods:
The medical records of 52 patients who had undergone improper simple hysterectomy in the presence of invasive cervical cancer and were referred to a tertiary regional cancer Institute at Guwahati, Assam, between January 2015 and December 2019 were reviewed.

Results:
Most of the patients presented with abnormal vaginal bleeding (40.4%). The failure to perform cervical cytology before the operation was quite high at 48.1% (25 patients). Interestingly, normal cytologic smear could still be found in 15.4% (8 patients) despite the presence of invasive cervical cancer. Failure to perform preoperative Papanicolaou smear, incomplete evaluation of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) on cervical biopsy, and negative Papanicolaou smear accounted for 75% of the patients undergoing inappropriate simple hysterectomy. The most common indications for inappropriate operation were abnormal vaginal bleeding (40.4%) and CIN (19.2%). The reasons for inappropriate simple hysterectomy included lack of preoperative cervical cytology (48.1%), false-negative cervical cytology (15.4%), incomplete evaluation of cervical dysplasia or microinvasion on biopsy (11.5%). failure to perform indicated conization(5.8%), emergency hysterectomy (3.8%), errors in colposcopic examination (3.8%), incomplete evaluation of an abnormal cervical cytology (3.8%), failure to review slide (3.8%) and failure to biopsy a gross cervica lesion (3.8%).

Conclusion:
Most improper simple hysterectomy resulted from deviation from guideline for cervical cancer detection protocols. Improper simple hysterectomy in the presence of invasive cervical cancer can be avoided if one sticks to the diagnostic guideline for patients with an abnormal cervical cytology.
Evaluation of cytotoxic effects of fungal origin nanosilver particles on oral cancer cell lines
Authors: Halkai Kiran R. , Halkai Rahul , Patil Supriya , Alawadi Jameela , Alawadhi Wafa Saeed , Marukala Narender Reddy , Mohammad Albar Nassreen Hassan , Indi Shreeshail 
Published: August 2021

Background:
Oral cancer is often associated with poor prognosis and it is found that conventional treatment options cause severe side effects, adjacent tissue disfigurement, and loss of function. Recently, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) paved their path for cancer treatment.

Aim:
This study aimed to investigate cytotoxic effects of fungal procured AgNPs on oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC-9) cell line using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay.

Methodology:
The silver nanoparticles were biosynthesized using the fungi Fusarium semitectum. Cell lines were cultured in a 1:1 ratio of Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's medium and Ham's F12 medium and subcultured in a T-75 cm2 flask. Cell count was adjusted to 1 × 105 cells/ml; 50,000 cells/well were seeded into a 96 well plate and incubated at 37°C, for 24 h in 5% CO2 humidified conditions. AgNPs (1.75–50 μl/ml) were added to the plates and further incubated at 37°C for another 24 h. Medium containing cells without AgNPs were used as a control group. Later, 20 μl of MTT was added to each well and incubated for 6 h at above-mentioned conditions. About 0.1 mL of Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium solution was added to each well to solubilize formazan. The absorbance was measured using a Tecan reader at 540 nm. The experiment was repeated thrice independently. The percentage (%) inhibition of growth and the AgNP's concentration that prevents the cell growth by 50% (IC50) were determined.

Results:
Significant dose-dependent inhibition of the growth of SCC-9 cell lines was seen and IC50 was found at 12 μl/ml concentration of AgNPs.

Conclusion:
Biosynthesized AgNPs of fungal origin exhibit effective anticancer properties against the SCC-9 cell line.
Immunoexpression of claudin-4 and correlation with estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-neu in breast cancer
Authors: Kumar Niranjan , Tandon Megha , Chintamani CM , Saxena Sunita 
Published: August 2021

Background:
Claudins are important transmembrane proteins in tight junction. The role of intercellular tight junctions in breast epithelial cells is traditionally thought to be in maintaining polarity and barrier function. However, claudin-4, a tight junction protein, is overexpressed in breast tumor cells compared to normal epithelial cells, which generally corresponds to loss in polarity and can provide valuable information about biology of the tumor. A prospective clinical study was conducted to assess the expression claudin-4 in patients with breast cancer and its correlation with hormone receptors – estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-neu.

Materials and Methods:
The study included 102 biopsy-proven breast carcinoma patients. The biopsy samples were evaluated immunohistochemistry for expression of ER, PR, HER2-neu, and claudin-4. The expression of claudin-4 was correlated with ER, PR, and HER2-neu.

Results:
In the study, we found that out of 26 cases of high claudin-4, 25 cases (96.15%) were ER negative and P < 0.001, which was significant. Similar results were found with PR-negative cases. Whereas, out of 76 cases with low claudin-4, 54 cases (71.05%) were HER2-neu negative and P = 0.022, which was significant.

Conclusions:
Claqudin-4 expression has a negative correlation with ER and PR and has a positive correlation with HER2-neu. Hence, it can be effectively utilized as a prognostic and therapeutic marker in breast cancer in the future.
Single step “See and Treat” strategy might be replacing the “conventional three step strategy” in management of preinvasive cervical lesions at tertiary center
Authors: Sachan Rekha , Shukla Ayushi , Patel Munna Lal , Sachan Pushplata , Verma Manjulata , Singh Uma 
Published: August 2021

Introduction:
The aim of this study was to compare overtreatment rates of see and treat colposcopy-based single step protocol with cytology and colposcopy-guided biopsy-based conventional three-step protocol using loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) for treatment of preinvasive lesions of cervix.

Materials and Methods:
Prospective interventional study was carried out over a period of 1 year. Recruitment of cases was done from the 664 diagnostic colposcopies performed for various gynecological indications. Among 496 colposcopies performed exclusively for unhealthy cervix on per speculum examination, 74 women had high-grade colposcopy (Swede score ≥5). Subsequently, 50 women were enrolled under the see and treat arm, arm 1 and underwent LEEP. In study arm 2, conventional three-step strategy, concurrently 22 women with abnormal cytology. ≥ Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance and unhealthy cervix were enrolled for colposcopy and if indicated, guided biopsy was obtained and tissue was sent for histopathology. Only 12 such women having HPE reports of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2 or 3 were subjected to LEEP. Overtreatment was defined as CIN 1 or less on final LEEP tissue histopathology.

Results:
The overtreatment rate in See and Treat protocol was 44% when colposcopy Swede score cutoff was considered 5, which fell down to 0% when Swede score cutoff was taken 7. Conventional three step protocol had an overtreatment rate of 8.3%. Incidentally diagnosed high-grade CIN or invasive cancer was found in 24%. Discrepancy between biopsy tissue and LEEP tissue histopathology was 50% in conventional arm.

Conclusion:
Women with unhealthy cervix having high-grade colposcopy (Swede score ≥7) can be directly subjected to LEEP without waiting for results of any initial screening modality. Advantages include minimal over treatment coupled with reduced patient visits and interventions.
Association between Cholera Outbreak and Traditional Gold Mining in Northern State, Sudan 2017
Authors: Alzain Mohamed Ali , Haruwn Mogahid Hassan , Abdelaziz Mohamed Osman , Elsheikh Mohamed , Asweto Collins Otieno , Algahtani Fahad D. , Adeboye Adeniyi Abolaji , Elhassan Najm Eldinn Elsser , Itumalla Ramaiah 
Published: August 2021

Introduction:
Cholera is one of the health problems causing considerable morbidity and mortality. The Northern State of Sudan experienced a recent cholera outbreak, however, there are limited data on the outbreak.

Methods:
The objective of this study was to assess the magnitude and risk factors associated with the cholera outbreak in the Northern State of Sudan. A retrospective case series study was conducted in the Northern State of Sudan, which involved tracing cases of cholera outbreak of 2017. Data were collected through reports and interviews. A geographical information system was used to map all cases during the outbreak. Chi-square test and logistic regression were used to identify associated factors.

Results:
There were 957 cholera cases reported in the state with an attack rate of 14.2/10,000 persons. Dalgo locality had the highest number (415) of cases reported with an attack rate of 167.2/10,000 persons. About 78% of cases were adult males, while 56.2% of cases were immigrants from other states. Immigrants in Halfa and Dalgo localities were four times (odds ratio [OR] = 4.031, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.482–6.547) and eight times (OR = 8.318, 95% CI: 5.674–12.193), respectively, at risk of cholera infection compared to immigrants in Dongola locality. The overall case-fatality rate was 1.9%. This was significantly higher in younger (5.8%) and older (22.7%) age groups (P < 0.05).

Conclusions:
The study revealed that the cholera outbreak spread highly along with traditional gold mining areas due to poor sanitation. Therefore, improving sanitation services and establishing an effective surveillance system in these areas are essential to prevent future occurrence of outbreaks.
Information-Seeking Behavior on Coronavirus Disease-19 Vaccine on the Internet
Authors: Mondal Shaikat , Mondal Himel , Samantaray Ritushri 
Published: August 2021

Background:
A significant portion of the global population seeks health-related information on the Internet. The world is searching for an effective vaccine to control the coronavirus disease-19. Knowing the information-seeking behavior of the population helps in designing an awareness program.

Aim:
This study aimed to explore the information-seeking behavior of the global and Indian population by analyzing Internet search trends.

Materials and Methods:
This cross-sectional study was conducted from April to November 2020. We used fully anonymous data available in the public domain (https://trends.google.com/trends). The phrase “COVID vaccine” was searched with “schedule,” “when,” “cost,” “where,” and “side effect” to compare the trends. The global and Indian data were categorized month-wise and statistically tested by the Chi-square test.

Results:
Global Internet users seek information on “when” the COVID vaccine would be available followed by “where” to get the vaccine. The “schedule,” “cost,” and “side effect” come later. Indian search trend is similar for “when” and “where.” However, the third query was the “cost” followed by “schedule” and “side effect.”

Conclusion:
The Internet search trend showed that people around the world want to know when they would get a vaccine and where to get it. The least search volume was about the side effects of the vaccine. Primary care physicians, government, and nongovernment stakeholders may use this finding for optimum dissemination of information both online and offline.
Rekreatif amaçlı dağcılık ve doğa sporları yapan bireylerin COVID-19 fobilerine yönelik tutumları
Authors: Karaca Yasin , Can Kalaycı Metin 
Published: August 2021

Amaç: Bu araştırmada, rekreatif amaçlı dağcılık ve doğa sporu yapan bireylerin COVID-19 fobilerinin cinsiyet, medeni durum, maske takma durumu, yakınlarına COVID-19 tanısı konulması ve COVID-19'a ilişkin bilgilendirme ve haberleri izleme durumlarına göre incelenmesi amaçlandı.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Araştırmada genel tarama modeli kullanıldı. Veri grubunu X kentinde yaşayan, uygun örnekleme yöntemine göre seçilmiş gönüllü 123 rekreatif amaçlı dağcılık ve doğa sporu yapan bireyler oluşturdu. Araştırmada "COVID-19 Fobisi ölçeği" kullanıldı. Araştırmanın veri analizinde, betimsel istatistik için frekans ve yüzde analizi; ilişkisiz ölçümlerde ortalama puanların karşılaştırılması için Varyans analizi (One-way ANOVA, bağımsız örneklem t-testi), anlamlı farklılığın hangi gruplar arasında olduğunu belirlemek için Tukey testi kullanıldı.
Bulgular: Araştırma sonucunda rekreatif amaçlı dağcılık ve doğa sporu yapan bireylerin COVID-19 fobilerinin cinsiyet, medeni durum, maske takma, yakınlarına COVID-19 teşhisi konulması, COVID-19'a ilişkin bilgilendirmeler ve haberleri takip etme durumlarına göre anlamlı farklılıklar gösterdiği saptandı.
Sonuç: COVID-19 kaynaklı stres, korku ve tedirginliğin araştırmaya katılan bireylerde çeşitli fobilere neden olduğu belirlendi.
Mobile Phone Influence on Sexual Behaviour of Undergraduate Students: A Case Study of Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya
Authors: Machuki Ondicho , Mutua Joan 
Published: August 2021

Purpose: The study sought to examine the influence of mobile phone use on sexual behaviour of university students: a case study of Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya. The study specifically, sought to examine the effect of characteristics of mobile phones users, uses and gratification of mobile phones and the frequency of using mobile phones on sexual behaviour of university students in Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya.
Methodology: The research design that was adopted was descriptive in nature. The study also used both quantitative and qualitative data obtained from the respondents using questionnaires and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) guides. Quantitative data was collected using questionnaires while qualitative data was collected using Focus Group Discussions. The study adopted a stratified random sampling technique to select the sample size from the three strata, which are the various Faculties in JKUAT. The study then used Fisher’s formula to arrive at an adequate scientific sample size of 384 students who were targeted using convenient sampling, that is those that are ready to respond to the questionnaires and the Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). The quantitative data in this research was analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics using SPSS v22.0.
Results: It was concluded that male students are more likely to use protection consistently compared to female students. In addition, the findings imply that consistency in condom use is a factor that is dependent on the age of the individual. In addition, relationship status is a contributor to the behaviour of the students sexually. For those that are in serious relationships, their use of protection declines due to the build-up of emotional and intimate trust towards each other. The findings likewise indicate that the student’s usage of mobile phones correlates significantly with the consistent use of protection for safe sex. Those students who have had their phones since they joined Campus are more likely to practice safe sex. In addition, heavy users of mobile phones are likely to practice safe sex including those who browse the internet for news updates.
Unique contribution to theory, policy and practice: The study recommends the media practitioners need to step up the production of morally acceptable media content and offer a platform for advertising and campaigning for sexual conduct by encouraging and stressing the use of protection. The Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education should actively involve the undergraduate students in reproductive information awareness campaigns for ensuring positive attitudes towards responsible sexual behaviour and promoting best sexual practices.
The structural spectra of high dilutions and their unconventional application
Authors: Arora Saurav 
Published: August 2021

Until few years, the so-called implausible science, homeopathy, was on the verge of being rejected on conventional physicochemical grounds. The mere selection of ultrahigh dilutions (UHD) (homeopathic potencies) for experimentation by mainstream scientists seemed impossible, but the curiosity to explore the science behind homeopathy kept igniting intellectual alma mater who subjected homeopathy to laboratories and test tubes, to know beyond its clinical application.
Still, there exist a huge gap and a challenge to convince a conventional scientist to go beyond his domains and look for something which is apparently invisible (beyond Avogadro). But gradually we are overcoming this dogma and exploring the finer aspects and applications of UHDs. Much research has been undertaken, at least, to protect the identity of UHDs, and we are now verge of proving the plausibility of homeopathy from every aspect.
This issue of International Journal of High Dilution Research features two interesting articles on nature of UHDs and their unconventional application.
The first article by NC Sukul et al aimed to decipher the nature of the water structure of UHDs of two commonly used homeopathic drugs Natrum muriaticum and Sulphur by Laser Raman Spectroscopy. This work is in the series undertaken by the group, who earlier experimented using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance; Electronic, Vibrational and Raman spectroscopy to shown differences in UHDs of various drugs. The present experiment could differentiate the intensities (potencies) of Nat-m and Sulph when compared to their controls, on the basis of hydrogen bond strength and free OH groups.
The second article by Nandy et al proposes a new dimension to the application of UHD. In an interesting manner, the author used UHDs of Ferrum metallicum and Zincum oxidatum to improve the electrical properties of the electroactive Poly (vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP). The PVDF-HFP composite films were synthesized in their usual way, but an incorporation of Ferrum and Zinc-o could make the film as homeo-PVDF-composite. This enhancement of the electrical properties and are possibly due to the presence of nanoparticle, as hypothesized by the group.
The nature and application of UHDs are promising but challenging areas, which can only be validated through extensive research and validation. The realm of UHDs is expanding, and the day is not far when plausibility of homeopathy would be proved from every aspect, but at the same time we should also keep the momentum of research at pace in clinical research too!