bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Existence of minimizers for non-quasiconvex functionals arising in optimal design
Authors: Allaire Grégoire , Francfort Gilles 
Published: July 2002

This paper investigates the existence of minimizers for the so-called Kohn–Strang functional with affine boundary conditions. Such a functional, which arises in optimal shape design problems in electrostatics, is not quasi-convex, and therefore existence of minimizers is, in general, guaranteed only for its quasi-convex envelope. Such a quasi-convexification has been computed in two space dimensions in [11]. Recently, necessary and sufficient conditions on the affine boundary conditions for existence of minimizers for the Kohn–Strang functional have been derived in two space dimensions in [7]. We generalize these previous results for arbitrary space dimensions. Our method relies on the homogenization approach for relaxing optimal design problems. We also generalize our results to some variants of the Kohn–Strang functional.

Résumé
Dans cet article nous étudions l’existence de minima pour la fonctionnelle dite de Kohn–Strang avec des conditions aux limites affines. Une telle fonctionnelle, issue de problèmes d’optimisation de formes en électrostatique, n’est pas quasiconvexe, et de ce fait l’existence de minima n’est en général garantie que pour son enveloppe quasiconvexe. Sa quasiconvexification a été calculée en dimension deux d’espace par Kohn et Strang. Récemment, une condition nécessaire et suffisante sur la condition aux limites affine pour l’existence d’un minimum de la fonctionnelle de Kohn et Strang a été trouvée par Dacorogna et Marcellini. Nous généralisons ces résultats en toute dimension d’espace. Notre méthode repose sur la méthode d’homogénéisation pour relaxer des problèmes d’optimisation de formes. Nous donnons aussi quelques généralisations à des variantes de la fonctionnelle de Kohn et Strang.
Global minimizers for the Ginzburg–Landau functional below the first critical magnetic field
Authors: Sandier Etienne , Serfaty Sylvia 
Published: July 2002

We prove that the global minimizer of the Ginzburg–Landau functional of superconductors in an external magnetic field is, below the first critical field, the vortex-less solution found in (S. Serfaty, to appear).

Résumé
On montre que le minimiseur global de la fonctionelle de Ginzburg–Landau en supraconductivité, avec champ magnétique extérieur inférieur au premier champ critique est la solution sans vortex trouvée dans (S. Serfaty, à paraitre).
A remark on multiplicity of solutions for the Ginzburg–Landau equation
Authors: Zhou Feng , Zhou Qing 
Published: July 2002

In this paper we study the structure of certain level set of the Ginzburg-Landau functional which has similar topology with the configuration space. As an application, we generalize Almeida–Bethuel's result on multiplicity of solutions for the Ginzburg–Landau equation.

Résumé
On étudie la structure de certains ensembles de niveau de la fonctionnelle du type Ginzburg–Landau qui ont des topologies similaires à celles de l’espace de configuration. Comme application, on généralise le résultat d’Almeida–Bethuel sur la multiplicité des solutions des équations de G–L.
On a free boundary barotropic model
Authors: Lions P.-L. , Masmoudi N. 
Published: July 2002

We prove stability (or compactness) and existence results for a free boundary model of a barotropic compressible fluid. Then, we construct weak solutions as asymptotic limits of the isentropic compressible Navier–Stokes equations as

γ

goes to

∞

.

Résumé
Nous montrons l'existence de solutions faibles globales pour un modèle de fluide compressible barotrope. Ces solutions sont construites à partir d'une limite asymptotique des solutions de Navier–Stokes isentropique compressible.
Psychotic depression in private practice outpatients
Authors: Benazzi F 
Published: July 2002

SummaryPrevalence of psychotic depression, and comparison between psychotic and nonpsychotic depression, were studied in 203 consecutive unipolar and bipolar outpatients presenting for treatment of depression in a private practice. Prevalence was 14%. Of the variables investigated (unipolar/bipolar diagnosis, age at baseline/onset, gender, recurrences, atypical features, comorbidity, chronicity, duration of illness, baseline severity) bipolar I diagnosis was significantly more common, and severity of depression was significantly greater in psychotic vs nonpsychotic depression. Discordant findings in the literature may be related to the different samples studied.
Disorders of left ventricular structure and function in chronic uremia: how often, why and what to do with it?
Authors: Dyadyk O.I. , Bagriy A.E. , Yarovaya N.F. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractLeft ventricular (LV) structure and function abnormalities are frequent in individuals with chronic uraemia; these disorders are at increased risk of cardiovascular and overall morbidity and mortality in the pre‐dialyzed population, during dialysis treatment and in renal transplant recipients. This review will attempt to summarize current knowledge of the prevalence, pathophysiological mechanisms of LV disease in chronic uraemia and to discuss useful medical strategies in this population.
The Midwife As First Assistant for Cesarean Section*
Authors: Moes Carolyn B. , Thacher Frances 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTAcross the United States, midwives have expanded their role to include serving as first assistants at cesarean sections. An American College of Nurse‐Midwives (ACNM) Position Statement adopted in 1998 recognizes the practice as a “frequently‐performed advanced midwifery practice skill.” Workshops have been offered nationally in 1997, 1998, 2000, and 2001 as well as locally in some states to educate and guide the midwife in completing the didactic and clinical preparation. Yet, there is a dearth of published literature on the subject. This article reviews the evolution of the role from its origins in perioperative nursing, including the requirements for the Registered Nurse First Assistant as established by the Association of peri‐Operative Registered Nurses that are referenced in the regulations of several states in regard to the practice of midwives as surgical assistants. The authors report the results of a survey of state regulatory agencies that reveals a wide variation in laws, regulations, and interpretations ranging from statutory acceptance to prohibition with suggestions on how to effect needed change. This article also includes a process for credentialing that is consistent with the ACNM “Guidelines for the Incorporation of New Procedures into Midwifery Practice.” The importance of documentation of the educational and credentialing process from a medico‐legal perspective is stressed.
Vaginal Delivery After Cesarean Section: Is The Risk Acceptable?
Authors: Waldman Richard , Mielcarski Elaine 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTRecent studies and commentary have questioned the safety of vaginal births after cesarean sections (VBACs). The history of VBACs is reviewed and a framework to continue the safe practice of trials of labor in women with a prior uterine scar is presented.
Perspectives of Persons With Arthritis on the Use of Wearable Technology to Self Monitor Physical Activity: A Qualitative Evidence Synthesis
Authors: Leese Jenny , Geldman Jasmina , Zhu Siyi , Macdonald Graham G. , Pourrahmat Mir‐Masoud , Townsend Anne F. , Backman Catherine L. , Nimmon Laura , Li Linda C. 
Published: March 2021

ObjectiveWe aimed to broaden understanding of the perspectives of persons with arthritis on their use of wearables to self‐monitor physical activity, through a synthesis of evidence from qualitative studies.MethodsWe conducted a systematic search of 5 databases (including Medline, CINAHL, and Embase) from inception to 2018. Eligible studies qualitatively examined the use of wearables from the perspectives of persons with arthritis. All relevant data were extracted and coded inductively in a thematic synthesis.ResultsOf 4,358 records retrieved, 7 articles were included. Participants used a wearable during research participation in 3 studies and as part of usual self‐management in 2 studies. In remaining studies, participants were shown a prototype they did not use. Themes identified were: 1) the potential to change dynamics in patient–health professional communication: articles reported a common opinion that sharing wearable data could possibly enable patients to improve communication with health professionals; 2) wearable‐enabled self‐awareness, whether a benefit or downside: there was agreement that wearables could increase self‐awareness of physical activity levels, but perspectives were mixed on whether this increased self‐awareness motivated more physical activity; 3) designing a wearable for everyday life: participants generally felt that the technology was not obtrusive in their everyday lives, but certain prototypes may possibly embarrass or stigmatize persons with arthritis.ConclusionThemes hint toward an ethical dimension, as participants perceive that their use of wearables may positively or negatively influence their capacity to shape their everyday self‐management. We suggest ethical questions pertinent to the use of wearables in arthritis self‐management for further exploration.
Dual Evolution in Defect and Morphology of Single‐Atom Dispersed Carbon Based Oxygen Electrocatalyst
Authors: Ban Jinjin , Wen Xiaohan , Xu Hongjie , Wang Zhuo , Liu Xinhong , Cao Guoqin , Shao Guosheng , Hu Junhua 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe structure design and atomic modulation of catalysts are two sides of the same coin, both of which are deemed critical factors to regulate the intrinsic electrocatalytic activity. Herein, cobalt single‐atom anchored on nitrogen‐doped graphene‐sheet@tube (CoSAs‐NGST) is derived from a novel Co, Zn‐coordinated zeolitic imidazolate framework (CoZn‐ZIF) in the presence of dicyandiamide. CoSAs‐NGST exhibited a hybrid structure with a bamboo‐like graphene tube and sheet. The atomic configuration of intrinsic defects is characterized by electron energy loss spectroscopy. The morphology differentiation from cake‐shape structure to low‐dimension hybrid not only enhances the dispersity of single atoms but also induces defect state evolution, which results in the formation of a CoN4‐rich graphene tube. Density functional theory (DFT) modeling revealed that the coupling effect on oxygen reduction reaction and oxygen evolution reaction (ORR/OER) pathways of Co‐N4‐tube and Co‐N4‐sheet is responsible for the enhanced activity of CoSAs‐NGST. In addition to the superb ORR/OER bifunctional catalytic performance, CoSAs‐NGST also demonstrates a notably small charge–discharge voltage drop of 0.93 V when applied in the rechargeable zinc–air battery outperforming Pt/C + RuO2 catalyst. The present study provides an insight into the relationship between the structure design and atomic modulation of the carbon based catalysts.
Optimum Particle Size in Silicon Electrodes Dictated by Chemomechanical Deformation of the SEI
Authors: Jin Mok Yun , Guo Kai , Xiao Xingcheng , Verbrugge Mark W. , Gao Huajian , Sheldon Brian W. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractNanostructured alloy‐forming anode materials can resist fracture that is caused by extreme volume changes during cycling. However, the higher surface area per unit mass in nanomaterials increases exposure to the electrolyte reduction reactions that form a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), which implies that capacity loss will increase as particle size decreases. This hypothesis is investigated with composite electrodes using different silicon nanoparticle sizes, and the expected particle size effect is not observed. Instead, there is an optimum particle size where capacity loss per volume is minimized. Finite element modeling demonstrates that the mechanical deformation of the SEI varies significantly with the silicon particle size. Smaller particles lead to the decrease of the tensile hoop strains in the outer portion of the SEI and simultaneously make the overall elastic strains in the inner portion more compressive. These results suggest that the SEI on smaller particles is more resistant to mechanical degradation, even though the higher specific surface areas increase initial SEI formation. The trade‐off between these effects leads to the observed optimum particle size.
Plasmonic Charge Transfers in Large‐Scale Metallic and Colloidal Photonic Crystal Slabs
Authors: Sarkar Swagato , Gupta Vaibhav , Tsuda Takuya , Gour Jeetendra , Singh Arvind , Aftenieva Olha , Steiner Anja M. , Hoffmann Marisa , Kumar Sunil , Fery Andreas , Joseph Joby , König Tobias A.F. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe challenges in plasmonic charge transfer on a large‐scale and low losses are systematically investigated by optical designs using 1D‐plasmonic lattice structures. These plasmonic lattices are used as couplers to guide the energy in an underneath sub‐wavelength titanium dioxide layer, resulting in the photonic crystal slabs. So far, photodetection is possible at energy levels close to the semiconductor bandgap; however, with the observed hybrid plasmonic–photonic modes, other wavelengths over the broad solar spectrum can be easily accessed for energy harvesting. The photo‐enhanced current is measured locally with simple two‐point contact on the centimeter‐squared nanostructure by applying a bias voltage. As lattice couplers, interference lithographically fabricated conventional gold grating provides an advantage in fabrication; this optical concept is extended for the first time toward colloidal self‐assembled nanoparticle chains to make the charge injection accessible for large‐scale at reasonable costs with possibilities of photodetection by electric field vectors both along and perpendicular to the grating lines. To discuss the bottleneck of unavoidable isolating ligand shell of nanoparticles in contrast to the directly contacted nanobars, polarization‐dependent ultrafast characterizations are carried out to study the charge injection processes in femtosecond resolution.
The Blanket Effect: How Turning the World Upside Down Reveals the Nature of Graphene Oxide Cytocompatibility
Authors: Holt Brian D. , Arnold Anne M. , Sydlik Stefanie A. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractExtensive cytocompatibility testing of 2D nanocarbon materials including graphene oxide (GO) has been performed, but results remain contradictory. Literature has yet to account for settling—although sedimentation is visible to the eye and physics suggests that even individual graphenic flakes will settle. To investigate settling, a series of functional graphenic materials (FGMs) with differing oxidation levels, functionalities, and physical dimensions are synthesized. Though zeta potential indicates colloidal stability, significant gravitational settling of the FGMs is theoretically and experimentally demonstrated. By creating a setup to culture cells in traditional and inverted orientations in the same well, a “blanket effect” is demonstrated in which FGMs settle out of solution and cover cells at the bottom of the well, ultimately reducing viability. Inverted cells protected from the blanket effect are unaffected. Therefore, these results demonstrate that settling is a crucial factor that must be considered for FGM cytocompatibility experiments.
Responsive Degradable Theranostic Agents Enable Controlled Selenium Delivery to Enhance Photothermal Radiotherapy and Reduce Side Effects
Authors: Zheng Nannan , Wang Qi , Li Chunlin , Wang Xiang , Liu Xijian , Wang Xingyan , Deng Guoying , Wang Jinxia , Zhao Linjing , Lu Jie 
Published: March 2021

AbstractRadiotherapy (RT) is a popular clinical therapy method for extending cancer patient survival, but is hampered by severe side effects and the weak therapy effect. Herein, responsive degradable selenium (Se) theranostic agents (Se@SiO2@Bi nanocomposites (NCs)) are fabricated, which combine computed tomography (CT) imaging and simultaneously enhance the therapeutic effects of photothermal therapy (PTT) and RT, while reducing the side effects of radiation. The Se@SiO2@Bi theranostic agents can accumulate at the tumor site, and responsively decompose to releease Se, avoiding systemic toxicity by the element. Se enhances the effect of PTT/RT, simultaneously reducing the side effects of RT. The Se@SiO2@Bi NCs as CT agents also exhibit significantly enhanced contrast imaging performance due to the high atomic number of Bi. More importantly, the Se@SiO2@Bi NCs can be rapidly excreted without long‐term toxicity, owing to responsive degradation into ultrasmall particles (<5 nm) at the tumor site. In vitro and in vivo results show that the Se@SiO2@Bi NCs can remarkably inhibit tumor cells, without causing appreciable toxicity during the treatment. This study opens a new perspective in rationally designing responsive degradable theranostic agents for future tumor therapy with enhanced therapeutic efficacy and lesser side effects.
Lab under the Skin: Microneedle Based Wearable Devices
Authors: Teymourian Hazhir , Tehrani Farshad , Mahato Kuldeep , Wang Joseph 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWhile the current smartwatches and cellphones can readily track mobility and vital signs, a new generation of wearable devices is rapidly developing to enable users to monitor their health parameters at the molecular level. Within this emerging class of wearables, microneedle‐based transdermal sensors are in a prime position to play a key role in synergizing the significant advantages of dermal interstitial fluid (ISF) as a rich source of clinical indicators and painless skin pricking to allow the collection of real‐time diagnostic information. While initial efforts of microneedle sensing focused on ISF extraction coupled with either on‐chip analysis or off‐chip instrumentation, the latest trend has been oriented toward assembling electrochemical biosensors on the tip of microneedles to allow direct continuous chemical measurements. In this context, significant advances have recently been made in exploiting microneedle‐based devices for real‐time monitoring of various metabolites, electrolytes, and therapeutics and toward the simultaneous multiplexed detection of key chemical markers; yet, there are several grand challenges that still exist. In this review, we outline current progress, recent trends, and new capabilities of microneedle‐empowered sensors, along with the current unmet challenges and a future roadmap toward transforming the latest innovations in the field to commercial products.
2D Homojunctions for Electronics and Optoelectronics
Authors: Wang Fakun , Pei Ke , Li Yuan , Li Huiqiao , Zhai Tianyou 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn the post‐Moore era, 2D materials with rich physical properties have attracted widespread attention from the scientific and industrial communities. Among 2D materials, the 2D homojunctions are of great promise in designing novel electronic and optoelectronic devices due to their unique geometries and properties such as homogeneous components, perfect lattice matching, and efficient charge transfer at the interface. In this article, a pioneering review focusing on the structural design and device application of 2D homojunctions such as p–n homojunctions, heterophase homojunctions, and layer‐engineered homojunctions is provided. The preparation strategies to construct 2D homojunctions including vapor‐phase deposition, lithium intercalation, laser irradiation, chemical doping, electrostatic doping, and photodoping are summarized in detail. Specifically, a careful review on the applications of the 2D homojunctions in electronics (e.g., field‐effect transistors, rectifiers, and inverters) and optoelectronics (e.g., light‐emitting diodes, photovoltaics, and photodetectors) is provided. Eventually, the current challenges and future perspectives are commented for promoting the rapid development of 2D homojunctions.
Room Temperature Light‐Mediated Long‐Range Coupling of Excitons in Perovskites
Authors: Krisnanda Tanjung , Zhang Qiannan , Dini Kevin , Giovanni David , Liew Timothy C. H. , Sum Tze Chien 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPerovskites have been the focus of attention due to their multitude of outstanding optoelectronic properties and structural versatility. 2D halide perovskites such as (C6H5C2H4NH3)2PbI4, or simply PEPI, form natural multiple quantum wells with enhanced light–matter interactions, making them attractive systems for further investigation. This work reports tunable splitting of exciton modes in PEPI resulting from strong light–matter interactions, manifested as multiple dips (modes) in the reflection spectra. While the origin of the redder mode is well understood, that for the bluer dip at room temperature is still lacking. Here, it is revealed that the presence of the multiple modes originates from an indirect coupling between excitons in different quantum wells. The long‐range characteristic of the mediated coupling between excitons in distant quantum wells is also demonstrated in a structure design along with its tunability. Moreover, a device architecture involving an end silver layer enhances the two excitonic modes and provides further tunability. Importantly, this work will motivate the possibility of coupling of the excitonic modes with a confined light mode in a microcavity to produce multiple exciton‐polariton modes.
Operando Study of Thermal Oxidation of Monolayer MoS2
Authors: Park Sangwook , Garcia‐Esparza Angel T. , Abroshan Hadi , Abraham Baxter , Vinson John , Gallo Alessandro , Nordlund Dennis , Park Joonsuk , Kim Taeho Roy , Vallez Lauren , Alonso‐Mori Roberto , Sokaras Dimosthenis , Zheng Xiaolin 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMonolayer MoS2 is a promising semiconductor to overcome the physical dimension limits of microelectronic devices. Understanding the thermochemical stability of MoS2 is essential since these devices generate heat and are susceptible to oxidative environments. Herein, the promoting effect of molybdenum oxides (MoOx) particles on the thermal oxidation of MoS2 monolayers is shown by employing operando X‐ray absorption spectroscopy, ex situ scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The study demonstrates that chemical vapor deposition‐grown MoS2 monolayers contain intrinsic MoOx and are quickly oxidized at 100 °C (3 vol% O2/He), in contrast to previously reported oxidation thresholds (e.g., 250 °C, t ≤ 1 h in the air). Otherwise, removing MoOx increases the thermal oxidation onset temperature of monolayer MoS2 to 300 °C. These results indicate that MoOx promote oxidation. An oxide‐free lattice is critical to the long‐term stability of monolayer MoS2 in state‐of‐the‐art 2D electronic, optical, and catalytic applications.
Consumer valuation of blockchain traceability for beef in the United States
Authors: Shew Aaron M. , Snell Heather A. , Nayga Rodolfo M. , Lacity Mary C. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBlockchain (BC) technology, defined as a shared information system to validate, secure, and permanently store transactions among multiple parties on a distributed ledger, presents many applications in agricultural and food industries. This study examines the application of BC in food traceability for beef in the United States using a choice experiment. Findings indicate that consumers value USDA certifications over BC traceability to guide their meat preferences. Our study suggests a number of industry implications, the most important of which suggests focusing business and consumer education on the value of product data, rather than on the value of the technologies that manage data.