bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Availability, affordability, and quality of essential anti‐seizure medication in Cambodia
Authors: Sengxeu Noudy , Aon Chanraksmey , Dufat Hanh , Boumediene Farid , Chan Samleng , Ros Sina , Preux Pierre‐Marie , Ratsimbazafy Voa , Jost Jeremy 
Published: June 2021

AbstractObjectiveEpilepsy is a major neurological disorder that requires long‐term medical treatment. Once epilepsy is diagnosed, people with epilepsy face many difficulties in accessing treatment (treatment gap). Our objective was to assess the situation regarding the availability, price, affordability, and quality of anti‐seizure medication (ASM), which are major determinants of access to treatment.MethodA cross‐sectional study was performed in provincial/district hospitals and private pharmacies in urban and rural areas in Cambodia. Data on ASM availability and price were obtained through drug suppliers. Affordability was estimated as the number of day wages the lowest‐paid government employee must work to purchase a monthly treatment. Samples of ASM were collected, and the quality of ASM was assessed through Medicine Quality Assessment Reporting Guidelines.ResultsOut of 138 outlets visited, only 72 outlets (52.2% [95% CI 43.5‐60.7]) had at least one ASM available. Phenobarbital 100 mg was the most available (35.5%), followed by carbamazepine 200 mg (21.7%), phenobarbital 50 mg (11.6%), sodium valproate 500 mg (9.4%), and phenytoin 100 mg (9.4%). In provincial/district hospitals, ASM was provided free of charge. In private pharmacies, affordability for phenobarbital 50 mg and 100 mg was the best, with 0.6 and 0.5 days, respectively, compared to phenytoin 100 mg (1.8 days), and other ASM. No counterfeit ASM was found in this study. Phenytoin sample presented the worst quality (33.0%) compared to carbamazepine (27.8%), and other ASM.SignificanceA lack of access to affordable and effective ASM due to low availability and poor quality of ASM was identified. Our research highlights the need for future policy efforts to ensure the quality of ASM and improve their availability. This can be achieved by involving the calculation of their annual needs for these drugs and increasing the national production of ASM.
Prenatal ultrasound measurements of mild congenital pulmonary airway malformation and long‐term prognosis: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: An Ping , Xiao Xirong , Zhao Ying , Zhou Jizi , Li Xiaotian , Xiong Yu 
Published: June 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the relationship between mild congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM) and its long‐term prognosis in childhood and to explore whether surgery is necessary.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort of fetuses with mild CPAM diagnosed prenatally with available long‐term outcomes in childhood from 2004 to 2016. The patients were divided into two groups according to the fetal CPAM‐to‐volume ratio (CVR) of less than 1.0 and 1.0–1.6. The primary outcome was a postnatal composite outcome including CPAM‐associated respiratory symptoms and surgical resection of the lesion. The secondary outcomes included neonatal asphyxia, perinatal morbidity and mortality.ResultsForty‐two fetuses were identified as having CVR <1.0 or CVR‐1.0–1.6 respectively (n = 37 vs n = 5; 88.1% vs 11.9%), with the median duration of follow up 2.15 years (0.3–10.8 years). Of 42 patients, 32 (76%) remained asymptomatic without recurrent respiratory symptoms or surgical resection; the other 10 with CVR <1.0 had respiratory symptoms. Of 10 symptomatic cases, five recovered after expectant treatment, and five underwent resection, for an increase in lesion size and recurrent respiratory infection.ConclusionPatients with CVR <1.0 still need to be closely observed after birth. Conservative management is a reasonable option in asymptomatic cases, but surgery might be necessary in some.
Understanding context: A qualitative analysis of the roles of family caregivers of people living with cancer in Vietnam and the implications for service development in low‐income settings
Authors: Ho Hien Thi , Jenkins Chris , Nghiem Hoa Le Phuong , Hoang Minh Van , Santin Olinda 
Published: June 2021

AbstractObjectivesResearch on the needs of family caregivers of people living with cancer remains disproportionately focused in high income contexts. This research gap adds to the critical challenge on global equitable delivery of cancer care. This study describes the roles of family caregivers of people living with cancer in Vietnam and possible implications for intervention development.MethodsSemi‐structured interviews and focus groups with family caregivers (n = 20) and health care providers (n = 22) were conducted in two national oncology hospitals. Findings were verified via workshops with carers (n = 11) and health care professionals (n = 28) in five oncology hospitals representing different regions of Vietnam. Data was analyzed collaboratively by an international team of researchers according to thematic analysis.ResultsFamily caregivers in Vietnam provide an integral role in the delivery of inpatient cancer care. In the hospital environment families are responsible for multiple roles including feeding, hydration, changing, washing, moving, wound care and security of personal belongings. Central to this role is primary decision making in terms of treatment and end‐of‐life care; relaying information, providing nutritional, emotional and financial support. Families are forced to manage severe complications and health care needs with minimal health literacy and limited health care professional input.ConclusionsUnderstanding context and the unique roles of family caregivers of people living with cancer is critical in the development of supportive services. As psycho‐oncology develops in low and middle income contexts, it is essential that family caregiver roles are of significant importance.
Transport equations with nonlocal diffusion and applications to Hamilton–Jacobi equations
Authors: Goffi Alessandro 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe investigate regularity and a priori estimates for Fokker–Planck and Hamilton–Jacobi equations with unbounded ingredients driven by the fractional Laplacian of order$$s\in (1/2,1)$$s∈(1/2,1). As for Fokker–Planck equations, we establish integrability estimates under a fractional version of the Aronson–Serrin interpolated condition on the velocity field and Bessel regularity when the drift has low Lebesgue integrability with respect to the solution itself. Using these estimates, through the Evans’ nonlinear adjoint method we prove new integral, sup-norm and Hölder estimates for weak and strong solutions to fractional Hamilton–Jacobi equations with unbounded right-hand side and polynomial growth in the gradient. Finally, by means of these latter results, exploiting Calderón–Zygmund-type regularity for linear nonlocal PDEs and fractional Gagliardo–Nirenberg inequalities, we deduce optimal$$L^q$$Lq-regularity for fractional Hamilton–Jacobi equations.
Mundgesundheit bei Menschen mit Behinderung in Deutschland – eine Literaturübersicht
Authors: Schulte Andreas G. , Schmidt Peter 
Published: June 2021

ZusammenfassungZur Frage der Mundgesundheit bei Menschen mit Behinderung in Deutschland wurde die letzte Übersichtsarbeit im Jahr 2012 veröffentlicht. Dafür konnten lediglich 3 Feldstudien zur Kariesprävalenz bei Kindern, Jugendlichen oder Erwachsenen mit Behinderung identifiziert werden, die zwischen den Jahren 2000 und 2012 publiziert worden waren. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Übersichtsarbeit ist es, einen Überblick zum aktuellen Stand der Daten zur Mundgesundheit bei Menschen mit Behinderung in Deutschland zu geben und auf die Konsequenzen aufmerksam zu machen, die sich daraus ergeben. Es wurden sämtliche Publikationen und Abstracts eingeschlossen, die zwischen dem 01.01.2000 und dem 31.01.2021 publiziert bzw. zur Publikation angenommen worden waren.In Deutschland wurden im eingeschlossenen Zeitraum 6 regionale Studien und 1 überregionale Studie bei Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Behinderung sowie 3 regionale Studien und 1 überregionale Studie bei Erwachsenen mit Behinderung in 4 Bundesländern durchgeführt. Darin wurde die Karieserfahrung mithilfe des dmft- bzw. DMFT-Index bestimmt. Es zeigte sich, dass Kinder mit Behinderung im Grundschulalter im Mittel eine deutlich höhere Karieserfahrung hatten als Kinder ohne Behinderung. Im Jugendalter trifft dies nur für Personen mit geistiger Behinderung zu. Bei Erwachsenen mit geistiger Behinderung wirkte sich die höhere Karieserfahrung so aus, dass insgesamt mehr Zähne extrahiert wurden als in der Allgemeinbevölkerung.Daraus wird die Schlussfolgerung gezogen, dass die zahnärztliche und präventive Betreuung von Personen mit Behinderung weiter intensiviert werden muss. Dies kann u. a. durch die Berücksichtigung der zahnmedizinischen Versorgung von Menschen mit Behinderung in der Approbationsordnung Zahnmedizin und in den Curricula für das Fach Zahnmedizin an den einzelnen Universitätsstandorten erreicht werden.
Increased TIM-3+PD-1+ NK cells are associated with the disease activity and severity of systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Luo Qing , Kong Yunyuan , Fu Biqi , Li Xue , Huang Qingshui , Huang Zikun , Li Junming 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIt is well established that natural killer (NK) cells are dysregulated in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. However, the functions of NK cells and the mechanisms regulated by them in SLE remain incompletely understood. Patients with SLE were recruited from The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, and their clinical characteristics and treatments were recorded. The expression levels of T cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 (TIM-3) and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) on NK cells were examined using flow cytometry. The correlations between the increase in TIM-3+PD-1+ NK cells in the SLE patients and clinical traits, including inflammatory markers, auto-antibodies, disease activity and severity of SLE, were examined. The TIM-3+NK cells, PD-1+NK cells and TIM-3+PD-1+ NK cells were significantly increased in the SLE patients. The increase in TIM-3+PD-1+ NK cells in the patients with SLE was associated with erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, anti-double stranded DNA, anti-ribosomal P, SLE disease activity index and clinical features. The frequency of TIM-3+PD-1+NK cells in SLE patients with a cardiovascular disease (CVD) was significantly lower than that in SLE patients without a CVD. Moreover, the increased TIM-3+PD-1+ NK cells were significantly decreased in SLE patients following treatment. The present study suggested that the increased TIM-3+PD-1+ NK cells were associated with the disease activity and severity of SLE and may play a role in SLE pathogenesis.
A new concept of reliability system and applications in finance
Authors: Cerqueti Roy 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis paper proposes and explores an extension of the usual k-out-of-n systems, where the components of the system are assumed to play different roles in determining its failure and with not necessarily i.i.d. components lifetimes. The theoretical reliability framework is compared with the standard weighted k-out-of-n systems, and it is actually adopted for the development of a financial derivative model whose outcome depends on the crossing of some predefined barriers of a set of assets. More precisely, such a derivative is presented as a coherent system whose components are the assets of the basket.
Effective instructional strategies and technology use in blended learning: A case study
Authors: Zhu Meina , Berri Sarah , Zhang Ke 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis case study explored effective instructional strategies and technology use in blended learning (BL) in a graduate course in the USA. Varied forms of data were collected, including (1) semi-structured interviews with students, (2) mid-term and final course evaluations, (3) two rounds of online debates, (4) four weeks of online reflection journals, and (5) the instructor’s reflections. Thematical analysis and descriptive statistics were conducted to analyze qualitative and quantitative data respectively. Multiple methods were employed to establish trustworthiness of the study. Effective and ineffective instructional strategies and technology uses were identified in BL. The findings indicated that students valued real-time interactions with peers and the instructor. However, inappropriate asynchronous discussions were considered less effective in BL. In addition, immediate feedback from peers and the instructor motivated learners and improved the quality of their work. Learning technologies played a critical role in BL, but the use of learning technologies should be simplified and streamlined. Technical support was essential to reduce learners’ cognitive load.
Venus: key to understanding the evolution of terrestrial planets
Authors: Wilson Colin F. , Widemann Thomas , Ghail Richard 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn this paper, originally submitted in answer to ESA’s “Voyage 2050” call to shape the agency’s space science missions in the 2035–2050 timeframe, we emphasize the importance of a Venus exploration programme for the wider goal of understanding the diversity and evolution of habitable planets. Comparing the interior, surface, and atmosphere evolution of Earth, Mars, and Venus is essential to understanding what processes determined habitability of our own planet and Earth-like planets everywhere. This is particularly true in an era where we expect thousands, and then millions, of terrestrial exoplanets to be discovered. Earth and Mars have already dedicated exploration programmes, but our understanding of Venus, particularly of its geology and its history, lags behind. Multiple exploration vehicles will be needed to characterize Venus’ richly varied interior, surface, atmosphere and magnetosphere environments. Between now and 2050 we recommend that ESA launch at least two M-class missions to Venus (in order of priority): a geophysics-focussed orbiter (the currently proposed M5 EnVision orbiter – [1] – or equivalent); and an in situ atmospheric mission (such as the M3 EVE balloon mission – [2]). An in situ and orbital mission could be combined in a single L-class mission, as was argued in responses to the call for L2/L3 themes [3–5]. After these two missions, further priorities include a surface lander demonstrating the high-temperature technologies needed for extended surface missions; and/or a further orbiter with follow-up high-resolution surface radar imaging, and atmospheric and/or ionospheric investigations.
Optimal data collection design in machine learning: the case of the fixed effects generalized least squares panel data model
Authors: Gnecco Giorgio , Nutarelli Federico , Selvi Daniela 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis work belongs to the strand of literature that combines machine learning, optimization, and econometrics. The aim is to optimize the data collection process in a specific statistical model, commonly used in econometrics, employing an optimization criterion inspired by machine learning, namely, the generalization error conditioned on the training input data. More specifically, the paper is focused on the analysis of the conditional generalization error of the Fixed Effects Generalized Least Squares (FEGLS) panel data model, i.e., a linear regression model with applications in several fields, able to represent unobserved heterogeneity in the data associated with different units, for which distinct observations related to the same unit are corrupted by correlated measurement errors. The framework considered in this work differs from the classical FEGLS model for the additional possibility of controlling the conditional variance of the output variable given the associated unit and input variables, by changing the cost per supervision of each training example. Assuming an upper bound on the total supervision cost, i.e., the cost associated with the whole training set, the trade-off between the training set size and the precision of supervision (i.e., the reciprocal of the conditional variance of the output variable) is analyzed and optimized. This is achieved by formulating and solving in closed form suitable optimization problems, based on large-sample approximations of the generalization error associated with the FEGLS estimates of the model parameters, conditioned on the training input data. The results of the analysis extend to the FEGLS case and to various large-sample approximations of its conditional generalization error the ones obtained by the authors in recent works for simpler linear regression models. They highlight the importance of how the precision of supervision scales with respect to the cost per training example in determining the optimal trade-off between training set size and precision. Numerical results confirm the validity of the theoretical findings.
Screening off generalized: Reichenbach’s legacy
Authors: Atkinson David , Peijnenburg Jeanne 
Published: June 2021

AbstractEells and Sober proved in 1983 that screening off is a sufficient condition for the transitivity of probabilistic causality, and in 2003 Shogenji noted that the same goes for probabilistic support. We start this paper by conjecturing that Hans Reichenbach may have been aware of this fact. Then we consider the work of Suppes and Roche, who demonstrated in 1986 and 2012 respectively that screening off can be generalized, while still being sufficient for transitivity. We point out an interesting difference between Reichenbach’s screening off and the generalized version, which we illustrate with an example about haemophilia among the descendants of Queen Victoria. Finally, we embark on a further generalization: we develop a still weaker condition, one that can be made as weak as one wishes.
Life-LCA: the first case study of the life cycle impacts of a human being
Authors: Bossek David , Goermer Marcel , Bach Vanessa , Lehmann Annekatrin , Finkbeiner Matthias 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Besides politics and the private sector, changes in the consumption pattern of individuals can significantly contribute to sustainable development. The recently published Life-LCA method adapts life cycle assessment to analyse human beings and quantifies their impacts. This method is applied for the first time in this case study to provide insights and remaining challenges.

Methods
The environmental impacts caused by the life cycle of a middle-aged German man (“Dirk”) were determined by the Life-LCA method from his birth until his current age (0–49 years). To determine and quantify reduction options, a current 1-year period was analysed in detail by a baseline scenario of his current consumption and an optimized scenario after changing his consumption patterns. The environmental impact assessment included global warming (GWP), acidification (AP), eutrophication (EP), and photochemical ozone creation potentials (POCP).

Results and discussion
Dirk has emitted 1,140 t CO2-eq., 4.48 t SO2-eq., 1.69 t PO4-eq., and 0.537 t C2H4-eq. emissions over his current lifetime. Transportation dominated all considered impact categories (40 up to 55%). Energy and water consumption is the second most significant product category for GWP (39%). Food products, with 10%, are the third biggest contributor to GWP, but contribute rather significantly to the impact categories AP (34%), EP (42%), and POCP (20%). The optimized scenario analysis revealed significant reductions for all studied impacts in the range of 60–65%. CO2-eq. emissions were reduced from 28 to 10 t/a. The remaining challenges include data collection for childhood, gaps and inconsistencies of existing data for consumer goods, the allocation between product users, and depreciation of long-living products.

Conclusion
The first Life-LCA case study confirmed the applicability of the Life-LCA method. It showed that the Life-LCA approach allows for tracking individual consumption patterns of a human being. The impacts of behavioural changes were quantified, and significant reduction potentials of the environmental impacts were revealed. Additional case studies on people of different age, region, culture, and lifestyle are needed for further insights and methodological refinements.
Computational Resources for Bioscience Education
Authors: Kar Rajiv K. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWith the ongoing laboratory restrictions, it is often challenging for bioscience students to make satisfactory progress in their projects. A long-standing practice in multi-disciplinary research is to use computational and theoretical method to corroborate with experiment findings. In line with the lack of opportunity to access laboratory instruments, the pandemic situation is a win-win scenario for scholars to focus on computational methods. This communication outline some of the standalone tools and webservers that bioscience students can successfully learn and adopt to obtain in-depth insights into biochemistry, biophysics, biotechnology, and bioengineering research work.
Reviewing Challenges of Predicting Protein Melting Temperature Change Upon Mutation Through the Full Analysis of a Highly Detailed Dataset with High-Resolution Structures
Authors: Louis Benjamin B. V. , Abriata Luciano A. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPredicting the effects of mutations on protein stability is a key problem in fundamental and applied biology, still unsolved even for the relatively simple case of small, soluble, globular, monomeric, two-state-folder proteins. Many articles discuss the limitations of prediction methods and of the datasets used to train them, which result in low reliability for actual applications despite globally capturing trends. Here, we review these and other issues by analyzing one of the most detailed, carefully curated datasets of melting temperature change (ΔTm) upon mutation for proteins with high-resolution structures. After examining the composition of this dataset to discuss imbalances and biases, we inspect several of its entries assisted by an online app for data navigation and structure display and aided by a neural network that predicts ΔTm with accuracy close to that of programs available to this end. We pose that the ΔTm predictions of our network, and also likely those of other programs, account only for a baseline-like general effect of each type of amino acid substitution which then requires substantial corrections to reproduce the actual stability changes. The corrections are very different for each specific case and arise from fine structural details which are not well represented in the dataset and which, despite appearing reasonable upon visual inspection of the structures, are hard to encode and parametrize. Based on these observations, additional analyses, and a review of recent literature, we propose recommendations for developers of stability prediction methods and for efforts aimed at improving the datasets used for training. We leave our interactive interface for analysis available online athttp://lucianoabriata.altervista.org/papersdata/proteinstability2021/s1626navigation.htmlso that users can further explore the dataset and baseline predictions, possibly serving as a tool useful in the context of structural biology and protein biotechnology research and as material for education in protein biophysics.