bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seroprevalence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Among Skilled Nursing Facility Residents and Staff Members—Los Angeles County, August–September 2020
Authors: Malenfant Jason H , Eslami Michelle , Dao Bonnie L , Moore Leo , Green Nicole , Silver David , OYong Kelsey , Ruparelia Ashutosh , Fisher Rebecca , Wood Julia S , Faisal Mohammad , Washburn Faith , Shvartsblat Steve , Jewell Mirna P , Romo Tiffany , Foo Chelsea , Salazar Angela , Aguirre Suzette , Balter Sharon , Bhaurla Sandeep , Buenrrostro Sandra , Bui Kim , Cho Karen Young , Chun Katie , Civen Rachel , Clarke Anthony , Danza Phoebe , Fernandes Priyanka , Fountas Nicole , Gambon Marie , Gragnani Candace M , Griffin Amber , Guerra Lidia , Guerrero Annette , Hooshmand Kay , Claire Jarashow M , Knight Wendy , Kuo Alice A , Ngo Thoa , Nunez Denise M , Obara Aya , Rawson Katherine , Terashita Dawn , Rajagopalan Shobita , Rubin Zachary A , Gounder Prabhu 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Background
The prevalence of current or past coronavirus disease 2019 in skilled nursing facility (SNF) residents is unknown because of asymptomatic infection and constrained testing capacity early in the pandemic. We conducted a seroprevalence survey to determine a more comprehensive prevalence of past coronavirus disease 2019 in Los Angeles County SNF residents and staff members.

Methods
We recruited participants from 24 facilities; participants were requested to submit a nasopharyngeal swab sample for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing and a serum sample for detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. All participants were cross-referenced with our surveillance database to identify persons with prior positive SARS-CoV-2 results.

Results
From 18 August to 24 September 2020, we enrolled 3305 participants (1340 residents and 1965 staff members). Among 856 residents providing serum samples, 362 (42%) had current or past SARS-CoV-2 infection. Of the 346 serology-positive residents, 199 (58%) did not have a documented prior positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR result. Among 1806 staff members providing serum, 454 (25%) had current or past SARS-CoV-2 infection. Of the 447 serology-positive staff members, 353 (79%) did not have a documented prior positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR result.

Conclusions
Past testing practices and policies missed a substantial number of SARS-CoV-2 infections in SNF residents and staff members.
Prevalence of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli in adults with and without HIV presenting with urinary tract infections to primary care clinics in Zimbabwe
Authors: Olaru Ioana D , Ferrand Rashida A , Chisenga Mutsawashe , Yeung Shunmay , Macrae Bruce , Chonzi Prosper , Stabler Richard A , Hopkins Heidi , Mabey David , Masunda Kudzai P E , Kranzer Katharina 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Background
People living with HIV may be at increased risk for infections with resistant organisms. Infections with ESBL-producing organisms are of particular concern because they limit treatment options for severe Gram-negative infections in low-resource settings.

Objectives
To investigate the association between HIV status and urinary tract infections (UTIs) with ESBL-producing Escherichia coli.

Patients and methods
Cross-sectional study enrolling adults presenting with UTI symptoms to primary care clinics in Harare, Zimbabwe. Demographic and clinical data were collected during interviews and a urine sample was collected for culture from each participant. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed according to EUCAST recommendations.

Results
Of the 1164 who were enrolled into the study, 783 (64%) were female and 387 (33%) were HIV infected. The median age was 35.8 years. Urine cultures were positive in 338 (29.0%) participants, and the majority of bacterial isolates were E. coli (n = 254, 75.2%). The presence of ESBL was confirmed in 49/254 (19.3%) E. coli. Participants with HIV had a 2.13 (95% CI 1.05–4.32) higher odds of infection with ESBL-producing E. coli than individuals without HIV. Also, the prevalence of resistance to most antimicrobials was higher among participants with HIV.

Conclusions
This study found an association between HIV and ESBL-producing E. coli in patients presenting with symptoms suggestive of UTI to primary care in Harare. HIV status should be considered when prescribing empirical antimicrobial treatment.
Effect of feeding acidified or fermented barley using Limosilactobacillus reuteri with or without supplemental phytase on diet nutrient digestibility in growing pigs
Authors: Heyer Charlotte M E , Wang Li F , Beltranena Eduardo , Gänzle Michael G , Zijlstra Ruurd T 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Fermentation of cereal grains may degrade myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakis (dihydrogen phosphate) (InsP6) thereby increasing nutrient digestibility. Effects of chemical acidification or fermentation with Limosilactobacillus (L.) reuteri with or without phytase of high β-glucan hull-less barley grain on apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients and gross energy (GE), standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AAs), and standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P were assessed in growing pigs. Pigs were fed four mash barley-based diets balanced for water content: 1) unfermented barley (Control); 2) chemically acidified barley (ACD) with lactic acid and acidic acid (0.019 L/kg barley grain at a ratio of 4:1 [vol/vol]); 3) barley fermented with L. reuteri TMW 1.656 (Fermented without phytase); and 4) barley fermented with L. reuteri TMW 1.656 and phytase (Fermented with phytase; 500 FYT/kg barley grain). The acidification and fermentation treatments occurred for 24 h at 37 °C in a water bath. The four diets were fed to eight ileal-cannulated barrows (initial body weight [BW], 17.4 kg) for four 11-d periods in a double 4 × 4 Latin square. Barley grain InsP6 content of Control, ACD, Fermented without phytase, or Fermented with phytase was 1.12%, 0.59%, 0.52% dry matter (DM), or not detectable, respectively. Diet ATTD of DM, CP, Ca, and GE, digestible energy (DE), predicted net energy (NE) value, and urinary excretion of P were greater (P &lt; 0.05) for ACD than Control. Diet ATTD of DM, CP, Ca, GE, DE and predicted NE value, urinary excretion of P was greater (P &lt; 0.05), and diet AID of Ca and ATTD and STTD of P tended to be greater (P &lt; 0.10) for Fermented without phytase than Control. Diet ATTD of GE was lower (P &lt; 0.05) and diet ATTD and STTD of P, AID and ATTD of Ca was greater (P &lt; 0.05) for Fermented with phytase than Fermented without phytase. Acidification or fermentation with/without phytase did not affect diet SID of CP and AA. In conclusion, ACD or Fermented without phytase partially degraded InsP6 in barley grain and increased diet ATTD of DM, CP, and GE, but not SID of CP and most AA in growing pigs. Fermentation with phytase entirely degraded InsP6 in barley grain and maximized P and Ca digestibility, thereby reducing the need to provide inorganic dietary P to meet P requirements of growing pigs.
Plant ontogenetic changes in vein and stomatal traits and their relationship with economic traits in leaves of three Mediterranean oaks
Authors: Mediavilla Sonia , Martín Ignacio , Escudero Alfonso 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Aims
We compared vein and stomatal traits of seedlings and adults of three Mediterranean Quercus species. Previous work suggests that gas-exchange rates tend to be higher at the seedling stage than in adults. Our objective was to determine whether vein and stomatal traits vary throughout whole-plant ontogeny in parallel with the changes in gas-exchange rates. We addressed the following alternative hypotheses: hypothesis 1—seedlings show higher vein and stomatal densities than adults; and hypothesis 2—seedlings have lower investments in vascular tissues to reduce construction costs.

Methods
Ten specimens from each growth stage were randomly sampled for each species in a location in central-western Spain. We measured mean stomatal and vein traits (size and number of stomata per unit of leaf area, vein density, vein volume, vein to epidermis distance), leaf mass per area and lamina thickness.

Important Findings
Minor vein density and vein volume per area increased with tree age, which seems inconsistent with the ontogenetic trends in gas-exchange rates. This discrepancy is in support of our hypothesis 2, and it suggests that, at the seedling stage, reducing investments in vascular tissues in benefit of maximizing growth rates is a priority. Larger interveinal distances in seedlings were compensated by smaller vein to epidermis distances. The thin leaves of the seedlings may thus constitute as a necessary trait for achieving shorter path length distances for the transport of water to evaporation sites without the need for a strong investment in costly vascular tissues.
Grazing-induced legacy effects enhance plant adaption to drought by larger root allocation plasticity
Authors: Guo Feng-Hui , Li Xi-Liang , Yin Jing-Jing , Jimoh Saheed Olaide , Hou Xiang-Yang 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Aims
To explore whether grazing-induced legacy effects on plants could benefit plants adaptation to drought.

Methods
A water-controlled experiment was conducted in the greenhouse, which with Agropyron cristatum and Carex korshinskyi collected from free-grazing and enclosed plots on a typical grassland in Inner Mongolia.

Important Findings
We found that A. cristatum and C. korshinskyi collected from the free-grazing plot were less affected by drought in terms of ramet biomass, ramet number and total biomass than those collected from the enclosed plot. The enhanced adaptation to drought for plants collected from the free-grazing plot should partly be ascribed to the larger root biomass allocation plasticity under drought treatment. Our findings suggest that grazing management can be used to improve the adaptation of grassland plants to climate change.
Underreporting of Purchases in the US Consumer Expenditure Survey
Authors: Eckman Stephanie 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Motivated misreporting occurs when respondents give incorrect responses to survey questions to shorten the interview; studies have detected this behavior across many modes, topics, and countries. This paper tests whether motivated misreporting affects responses in a large survey of household purchases, the US Consumer Expenditure Interview Survey. The data from this survey inform the calculation of the official measure of inflation, among other uses. Using a parallel web survey and multiple imputation, this article estimates the size of the misreporting effect without experimentally manipulating questions in the survey itself. Results suggest that household purchases are underreported by approximately five percentage points in three sections of the first wave of the survey. The approach used here, involving a web survey built to mimic the expenditure survey, could be applied in other large surveys where budget or logistical constraints prevent experimentation.
From Cosmicflows distance moduli to unbiased distances and peculiar velocities
Authors: Hoffman Yehuda , Nusser Adi , Valade Aurélien , Libeskind Noam I , Tully R Brent 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTSurveys of galaxy distances and radial peculiar velocities can be used to reconstruct the large-scale structure. Other than systematic errors in the zero-point calibration of the galaxy distances the main source of uncertainties of such data is errors on the distance moduli, assumed here to be Gaussian and thus turning into lognormal errors on distances and velocities. Naively treated, this leads to spurious nearby outflow and strong infall at larger distances. The lognormal bias is corrected here and tested against mock data extracted from a ΛCDM simulation, designed to statistically follow the grouped Cosmicflows-3 (CF3) data. Considering a subsample of data points, all of which have the same true distances or the same redshifts, the lognormal bias arises because the means of the distributions of observed distances and velocities are skewed off the means of the true distances and velocities. However, the medians are invariant under the lognormal transformation. This invariance allows the Gaussianization of the distances and velocities and the removal of the lognormal bias. This bias Gaussianization correction (BGc) algorithm is tested against mock CF3 catalogues. The test consists of a comparison of the BGc estimated with the simulated distances and velocities and of an examination of the Wiener filter reconstruction from the BGc data. Indeed, the BGc eliminates the lognormal bias. The estimation of Hubble’s constant (H0) is also tested. The residual of the BGc-estimated H0 from the simulated values is $-0.6\pm 0.7{\, \rm km \ s^{-1}\, Mpc^{-1}}$, and is dominated by the cosmic variance. The BGc correction of the actual CF3 data yields $H_0=75.8\pm 1.1{\, \rm km \ s^{-1}\, Mpc^{-1}}$.
The varying kinematics of multiple ejecta from the black hole X-ray binary MAXI J1820 + 070
Authors: Wood C M , Miller-Jones J C A , Homan J , Bright J S , Motta S E , Fender R P , Markoff S , Belloni T M , Körding E G , Maitra D , Migliari S , Russell D M , Russell T D , Sarazin C L , Soria R , Tetarenko A J , Tudose V 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
During a 2018 outburst, the black hole X-ray binary MAXI J1820 + 070 was comprehensively monitored at multiple wavelengths as it underwent a hard to soft state transition. During this transition, a rapid evolution in X-ray timing properties and a short-lived radio flare were observed, both of which were linked to the launching of bi-polar, long-lived relativistic ejecta. We provide a detailed analysis of two Very Long Baseline Array observations, using both time binning and a new dynamic phase centre tracking technique to mitigate the effects of smearing when observing fast-moving ejecta at high angular resolution. We identify a second, earlier ejection, with a lower proper motion of 18.0 ± 1.1 mas d−1. This new jet knot was ejected 4 ± 1 h before the beginning of the rise of the radio flare, and 2 ± 1 h before a switch from type-C to type-B X-ray quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs). We show that this jet was ejected over a period of ∼6 h and thus its ejection was contemporaneous with the QPO transition. Our new technique locates the original, faster ejection in an observation in which it was previously undetected. With this detection, we revised the fits to the proper motions of the ejecta and calculated a jet inclination angle of (64 ± 5)°, and jet velocities of $0.97_{-0.09}^{+0.03}c$ for the fast-moving ejecta (Γ &gt; 2.1) and (0.30 ± 0.05)c for the newly identified slow-moving ejection (Γ = 1.05 ± 0.02). We show that the approaching slow-moving component is predominantly responsible for the radio flare, and is likely linked to the switch from type-C to type-B QPOs, while no definitive signature of ejection was identified for the fast-moving ejecta.
The Earth-like Galactic cosmic ray intensity in the habitable zone of the M dwarf GJ 436
Authors: Mesquita A L , Rodgers-Lee D , Vidotto A A 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
Galactic cosmic rays are energetic particles important in the context of life. Many works have investigated the propagation of Galactic cosmic rays through the Sun’s heliosphere. However, the cosmic ray fluxes in M dwarf systems are still poorly known. Studying the propagation of Galactic cosmic rays through the astrospheres of M dwarfs is important to understand the effect on their orbiting planets. Here, we focus on the planetary system GJ 436. We perform simulations using a combined 1D cosmic ray transport model and 1D Alfvén-wave-driven stellar wind model. We use two stellar wind set-ups: one more magnetically dominated and the other more thermally dominated. Although our stellar winds have similar magnetic field and velocity profiles, they have mass-loss rates two orders of magnitude different. Because of this, they give rise to two different astrosphere sizes, one 10 times larger than the other. The magnetically dominated wind modulates the Galactic cosmic rays more at distances $\lt 0.2\,$ au than the thermally dominated wind due to a higher local wind velocity. Between 0.2 and 1 au the fluxes for both cases start to converge. However, for distances $\gt 10\,$ au, spatial diffusion dominates, and the flux of GeV cosmic rays is almost unmodulated. We find, irrespective of the wind regime, that the flux of Galactic cosmic rays in the habitable zone of GJ 436 (0.2–0.4 au) is comparable with intensities observed at Earth. On the other hand, around GJ 436 b (0.028 au), both wind regimes predict Galactic cosmic ray fluxes that are approximately 104 times smaller than the values observed at Earth.
The Investment Network, Sectoral Comovement, and the Changing U.S. Business Cycle
Authors: vom Lehn Christian , Winberry Thomas 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We argue that the network of investment production and purchases across sectors is an important propagation mechanism for understanding business cycles. Empirically, we show that the majority of investment goods are produced by a few “investment hubs,” which are more cyclical than other sectors. We embed this investment network into a multisector business cycle model and show that sector-specific shocks to the investment hubs and their key suppliers have large effects on aggregate employment and drive down labor productivity. Quantitatively, we find that sector-specific shocks to hubs and their suppliers account for an increasing share of aggregate fluctuations over time, generating the declining cyclicality of labor productivity and other changes in business cycle patterns since the 1980s.
IMPROVED AGE- AND GENDER-SPECIFIC RADIATION RISK MODELS APPLIED ON COHORTS OF SWEDISH PATIENTS
Authors: Andersson Martin , Eckerman Keith , Pawel David , Almén Anja , Mattsson Sören 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The aim of this study is to implement lifetime attributable risk (LAR) predictions for radiation induced cancers for Swedish cohorts of patients of various age and sex, undergoing diagnostic investigations by nuclear medicine methods. Methods: Calculations are performed on Swedish groups of patients with Paget's disease and with bone metastases from prostatic cancer and diagnosed with bone scintigraphy with an administration of 500 MBq 99mTc-phosphonate. Results: The inclusion of patient survival rates into the calculations lowers the induced radiation cancer risk, as it takes into account that cohorts of patients have shorter predicted survival times than the general population. Conclusion: LAR estimations could be valuable for referring physicians, nuclear medicine physicians, nurses, medical physicists, radiologists, and oncologists and as well as ethical committees for risk estimates for specific subgroups of patients. Caution is however advised with respect to application of LAR predictions to individuals (because of individual sensitivities, circumstances, etc.).
Biofoundries are a nucleating hub for industrial translation
Authors: Farzaneh Tabasum , Freemont Paul S 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Contemporary synthetic biology embraces the entire innovation pipeline; it is a transformative technology platform impacting new applications and improving existing industrial products and processes. However, challenges still emerge at the interface of upstream and downstream processes, integral to the value chain. It is now clear that biofoundries have a key role to play in addressing this; they provide unique and accessible infrastructure to drive the standardization necessary to deliver systematic design and engineering of biological systems and workflows. As for other biofoundries, the success of the London Biofoundry has been in part due to its expertise in establishing channels for industrial translation through its extensive strategic collaborations. It has also become cemented as a key component of various consortia and partnerships that serve the broader bioeconomy and industrial strategies. Adopting a networked approach enables links to be made between infrastructure, researchers, industrialists and policy makers to de-risk the economic challenges of scale-up, as well as contribute to the growing bioeconomy.
Risk Factors for Shivering During Caesarean Section Under Spinal Anesthesia. A Prospective Observational Study
Authors: Wódarski B. , Chutkowski R. , Banasiewicz J. , Moorthi K. , Wójtowicz S. , Malec-Milewska M. , Iohom G. 
Published: May 2021

(Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2020;64:112–116)
Shivering is common in surgery and with spinal anesthesia, and its occurrence can negatively affect patients undergoing cesarean delivery. Shivering not only increases oxygen consumption up to three-fold, but it can be unpleasant and distracting to a new mother. The patho-mechanism of shivering is not clearly understood and prevention strategies vary widely.
Minimizing Surgical Blood Loss at Cesarean Hysterectomy for Placenta Previa With Evidence of Placenta Increta or Placenta Percreta: The State of Play in 2020
Authors: Kingdom J.C. , Hobson S.R. , Murji A. , Allen L. , Windrim R.C. , Lockhart E. , Collins S.L. , Soleymani Majd H. , Alazzam M. , Naaisa F. , Shamshirsaz A.A. , Belfort M.A. , Fox K.A. 
Published: May 2021

(Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;223:322–329)
Placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) is associated with notable surgical risks, especially in cases of placenta previa-percreta. Surgical blood loss is the key cause of morbidity or mortality in surgery for PAS. Multidisciplinary management of PAS has developed and improved, leading clinicians to reexamine the use of interventional radiology techniques and ligation of the anterior divisions of the internal iliac arteries. This article reports on developments in the care of patients with PAS, specifically those undergoing elective cesarean hysterectomy for placenta previa-percreta.
Perioperative Prophylactic Internal Iliac Artery Balloon Occlusion in the Prevention of Postpartum Hemorrhage in Placenta Previa: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Yu S.C.H. , Cheng Y.K.Y. , Tse W.T. , Sahota D.S. , Chung M.Y. , Wong S.S.M. , Chan O.K. , Leung T.Y. 
Published: May 2021

(Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;223:117.e1–13)
Placenta previa is a major cause of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) and maternal death worldwide. As cesarean delivery rates have increased, so has the prevalence of placenta previa. Internal iliac artery balloon occlusion has been suggested as a preventive measure to reduce blood loss during cesarean delivery in these cases. This approach has been investigated in only one randomized controlled trial (RCT) for placenta accreta spectrum. This RCT found no benefit from this approach but observed adverse effects due to the procedure in 15.4% of cases. No RCTs have investigated prophylactic internal iliac artery balloon occlusion for placenta previa. The aim of this study was to determine whether this approach for placenta previa reduces postpartum hemorrhage and demonstrates greater clinical benefit over the risks.
Risk Factors for Severe Postpartum Haemorrhage: A Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Davey M.-A. , Flood M. , Pollock W. , Cullinane F. , McDonald S. 
Published: May 2021

(Aust N Z J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;60:522–532)
Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is a leading cause of maternal mortality and is associated with substantial morbidity and hospital utilization. While there has been extensive research on the risk factors for any PPH, there is less data on the risk factors for severe PPH. The aim of this study was to identify the characteristics associated with an increased risk for severe PPH.