bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why We Must Learn The Lessons Now: A call for a truly independent public inquiry by the UK Government
Authors: Chakravorty Indranil , Bamrah JS , Chand Kailash , Mehta Ramesh 
Published: June 2021

The BAPIO Think-tank recommends that the Independent Inquiry establishes;

If the scientists did get the advice right (best practice at the time on protection, prevention of spread, detection of new cases, restriction of movement internal/external), and timely.
Whether the government adhered to its own mantra of ‘following the science’ of acting on scientific evidence
If the policy effectively assessed the risk to and protected key workers, how should this be conducted in the future?
If the government had formed ‘a protective ring’ for Care Homes and if the early policy of encouraging NHS Trusts to discharge patients without repeat testing, compromised the care of other residents and care, home workers,
If the disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on ethnic minorities and deprived communities was recognised in policy actions, so those at enhanced risk were appropriately prioritised if there was active engagement and co-designed provision of culturally appropriate timely information; if disinformation was tackled, and if there was an enhanced drive to vaccinate those at higher risk.
If there was recognition by the government of public health expert advice that a blanket national policy is ineffective. More local intelligence, engagement, and leadership should tackle the outbreaks seen in different regions.
If there was transparency and efficiency in the financial investment in tackling the pandemic - potential wastage and duplication from unusable PPE and the Nightingale hospitals), and the cost of private firms supplying testing, tracing and other equipment.
Urgently, the health–social care priorities for recovery; whether segregation of facilities, protected allocation of resources in dealing with non-Covid conditions, how the NHS might continue to function optimally in the event of a third or subsequent waves
If there is action on pressures on the NHS workforce, the impact on their morale, wellbeing and actions that are required to manage these in the future.
True Masses of the Long-period Companions to HD 92987 and HD 221420 from Hipparcos–Gaia Astrometry
Authors: Venner Alexander , Vanderburg Andrew , Pearce Logan A. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The extensive time span of modern radial velocity surveys has made the discovery of long-period substellar companions more common in recent years; however, measuring the true masses of these objects remains challenging. Astrometry from the Gaia mission is expected to provide mass measurements for many of these long-period companions, but these data are not yet available. However, combining proper-motion data from Gaia DR2 and the earlier Hipparcos mission makes it possible to measure true masses of substellar companions in favorable cases. In this work, we combine radial velocities with Hipparcos–Gaia astrometry to measure the true masses of two recently discovered long-period substellar companion candidates, HD 92987 B and HD 221420 b. In both cases, we find that the true masses are significantly higher than implied by radial velocities alone. A 2087 ± 19 m s−1 astrometric signal reveals that HD 92987 B is not close to its 17 M
J minimum mass but is instead a 0.2562 ± 0.0045 M
⊙ star viewed at a near-polar orbital inclination, whereas the 22.9 ± 2.2 M
J HD 221420 b can be plausibly interpreted as a high-mass “superplanet” or a low-mass brown dwarf. With semimajor axes of ∼10 au, both companions are interesting targets for direct imaging, and HD 221420 b in particular would be a benchmark metal-rich substellar object if it proves possible to directly detect. Our results demonstrate the power of Hipparcos–Gaia astrometry for studying long-period planet and brown dwarf candidates discovered from radial velocity surveys.
EDEN: Flare Activity of the Nearby Exoplanet-hosting M Dwarf Wolf 359 Based on K2 and EDEN Light Curves
Authors: Lin Chia-Lung , Chen Wen-Ping , Ip Wing-Huen , Apai Dániel , Bixel Alex , Boyle Richard , Chavez Jose Perez , Espinoza Nestor , Gibbs Aidan , Gabor Paul , Henning Thomas , Mancini Luigi , Rackham Benjamin V. , Schlecker Martin , Dietrich Jeremy , Socia Quentin Jay , Keppler Miriam , Bhandare Asmita , Häberle Maximilian 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
We report the flare activity of Wolf 359, the fifth closest star to the Sun and a candidate exoplanet-hosting M dwarf. The star was a target of the Kepler/K2 mission and was observed by the EDEN project, a global network of 1–2 m class telescopes for detection and characterization of rocky exoplanets in the habitable zones of late-M dwarfs within 50 light year from the solar system. In the combination of the archived K2 data and our EDEN observations, a total of 872 flares have been detected, 861 with the K2 (860 in the short-cadence and 18 in the long-cadence data, with 17 long-cadence events having short-cadence counterparts) and 11 with EDEN. Wolf 359 has relatively strong flare activity even among flaring M dwarfs, in terms of the flare activity indicator (FA) defined as the integrated flare energy relative to the total stellar bolometric energy, where FA = ∑E

f
/∫L
bol
dt ∼ 8.93 × 10−5 for the long-cadence flares, whereas for K2 short cadence and EDEN flares, the FA values are somewhat larger, FA ≈ 6.67 × 10−4 and FA ≈ 5.25 × 10−4, respectively. Such a level of activity, in accordance with the rotation period (P
rot), suggests the star to be in the saturation phase. The size of the starspots is estimated to be at least 1.87% ± 0.59% of the projected disk area of Wolf 359. We find no correlation of FA with the stellar rotational phase. Our analysis indicates a flare frequency distribution in a power-law form of

dN

/

dE
∝

E

−
α

with α = 2.13 ± 0.14, equivalent to an occurrence rate of flares E

f
≥ 1031 erg about once per day and of superflares with E

f
≥ 1033 erg approximately 10 times per year. These superflares may impact the habitability of system in multiple ways, the details of which are topics for future investigations.
High-resolution Laboratory Measurements of K-shell X-Ray Line Polarization and Excitation Cross Sections in Helium-like S XV Ions
Authors: Shah Chintan , Hell Natalie , Hubbard Antonia , Gu Ming Feng , MacDonald Michael J. , Eckart Megan E. , Kelley Richard L. , Kilbourne Caroline A. , Leutenegger Maurice A. , Porter F. Scott , Brown Gregory V. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
We report measurements of electron-impact excitation cross sections for the strong K-shell n = 2 → 1 transitions in S xv, using the LLNL EBIT-I electron beam ion trap, two crystal spectrometers, and the EBIT Calorimeter Spectrometer. The cross sections are determined by direct normalization to the well-known cross sections of radiative electron capture, measured simultaneously. Using contemporaneous polarization measurements with the two crystal spectrometers, whose dispersion planes are oriented parallel and perpendicular to the electron beam direction, the polarization of the direct excitation line emission is determined, and in turn the isotropic total cross sections are extracted. We further experimentally investigate various line-formation mechanisms, finding that radiative cascades and collisional inner-shell ionization dominate the degree of linear polarization and total line-emission cross sections of the forbidden line, z.
Perception of risk for hypertension and overweight/obesity in Cape Coast, Ghana
Authors: Tuoyire Derek A. , McNair Sarah , Debrah Samuel A. , Duda Rosemary B. 
Published: June 2021

Background: This study examined the association between perception of risk for hypertension and overweight/obesity.Design: Cross-sectional questionnaire-based surveySetting: Out-patient department of the Central Regional Hospital in Cape Coast, Ghana Participants: Adult men and women at least 18 years oldInterventions: NoneMain outcome measures: Perception of risk for hypertension, overweight/obesityResults: About 39% of the participants (N=400) were found to be overweight/obese, with disproportionally higher rates among women (50%) than men (28%). Results of the binary logistic regression models revealed a strong positive association (OR = 2.21, 95% CI =1.23, 3.96) between perception of risk for hypertension and overweight/obesity. Increasing age, high television exposure, female gender and being in a relationship were also noted to be associated with overweight/obesity. Conclusions: These findings highlight the need for the design of programmes to help individuals appreciate the reality of weight-related health risks, as well as the need to embrace lifestyles that promote healthy weight outcomes. Funding: Harvard Medical School Travelling Fellowship, Scholars in Medicine Office, Harvard Medical SchoolKeywords: overweight, obesity, risk, perception, hypertension, Cape Coast, Ghana
Fluoroscopic-guided sacroiliac joint injections for treatment of chronic axial low back pain in a tertiary Hospital in Nigeria: a preliminary study
Authors: Suleiman Zakari A. , Kolawole Israel K. , Okeyemi Ajibade 
Published: June 2021

Background: The injection of mixture of plain bupivacaine and triamcinolone acetonide into the sacroiliac joint (SIJ) to relieve chronic low back pain is uncommon in the West African sub-region. The objective of this study was to demonstrate the efficacy or otherwise of fluoroscopic-guided SI joint injection in the management of chronic axial low back pain in Nigeria.Design: This was a prospective observational interventional studySetting: The study was carried out at a tertiary hospital in NigeriaParticipants: Twenty-six patients with SI joint pain, based on IASP diagnostic criteria, who presented to our unit over 36 months from March 2012 to March 2015 and.Interventions: Fluoroscopic-guided injections of 5mls mixture of bupivacaine and triamcinolone acetonide into the sacro-iliac (SI) joints of 26 patients with SI joint pain out of 116 patients who were offered different interventions for chronic low back pain. The patients were followed up for year and pain intensity and functional status were assessed at 3-, 6- and 12 months post-intervention.Main outcome measures: Pain relief and functional improvement were the main outcome measures.Results: The mean numeric rating score (NRS) and Oswestry Disability index (ODI) score in 14 (53.9%) patients at 12 months post-interventions were significantly lower compared with baseline values; 3.19 ± 1.10 vs 8.54 ±1.14 p=0.000 and 25.35 ± 5.40 vs 37.54 ±8.41, p=0.000 respectively.Conclusion: Fluoroscopic-guided steroid injection into the SI joint resulted into reduction in pain intensity and improved physical function in the majority of patients with SI joint pain. Funding: Not declaredKeywords: Axial low back pain, sacroiliac joint, steroid injection, fluoroscopy, pain relief
Inteligencia artificial en bibliotecas: oportunidades como usuarios, y posibles contribuciones
Authors: Eito Brun Ricardo 
Published: June 2021

Breve descripción de la historia, evolución y progresos del uso de la Inteligencia Artificial en las bibliotecas. Se exponen las posibilidades que existen actualmente para el uso de lA, algunas de las cuales no tienen un reflejo en las estrategias de las bibliotecas. Se analizan las pautas que establece la IFLA Statement on Libraries and Artificial Intelligence que considera la IA como medio de mejorar la recuperación de recursos, automatizar y crear servicios accesibles. Se revisan las iniciativas que se encuadran dentro de las dos grandes líneas de trabajo que recomienda la IFLA: trabajar conjuntamente con los desarrolladores e incluir en las competencias digitales del usuario.
Capital Market and Economic Growth in Nigeria: An Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Bounds Testing Approach
Authors: Gwaison Panan Danladi , Maimako Livinus Nkuri , Mwolchet Pokyes Shekara 
Published: June 2021

The role of the capital market in the growth and development of any economy need not be over-emphasized. The capital market is a complex institution and mechanisms through which economic units desirous to invest their surplus fund, interact directly or through financial intermediaries with those who wish to procure funds for their businesses. The Nigerian capital market started operations in mid-1961 with eight stocks and equities; with about seven United Kingdom (UK) firms quoted on the Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE) which had, at the same time, dual quotations on the London Stock Exchange. This study examined the impact of the capital market on economic growth in Nigeria from 1981 to 2018. The expo facto research design was adopted for this study. The time-series data for the study were sourced from CBN statistical bulletin. Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) was used with the aid of e-view 10 software. The ARDL Bounds test revealed the existence of a long-run relationship among the variables. The result revealed that market capitalization has positive and insignificant effects on economic growth both in the short and long run. There is unidirectional causality among the variables. The study recommended that regulatory authorities should restore confidence in the market by ensuring transparency and fair trading dealings and transactions in the market to enhance economic growth. There should be an improvement in the moribund market capitalization, by encouraging more foreign investors to participate in the market, maintain a state of the art technology like automated trading and settlement practices, electronic fund clearance, and eliminate physical transfer of shares.
Grafinscripties
Authors: van Nijf Onno 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This article offers a brief introduction to the most frequent type of inscription: funerary inscriptions or epitaphs. The article offers a chronological overview from the Archaic period to late Antiquity, with an emphasis on Athens. It opens with a brief discussion of the archaeological and ritual contexts in which funerary inscriptions were set up, followed by a discussion of archaic epigrams and the social strategies that lay behind them. This is followed by a discussion of public and private graves that shows how epigraphic habits changed over time. The article continues with a discussion of funerary epigraphic habits outside Athens and closes with a few examples of Christian epitaphs.
De ethiek van het onderwijzersberoep rond 1900
Authors: van Oenen Saskia 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

The ethics of the teaching profession around 1900

Around 1900, lively discussions arose on the teaching profession and its ethics, in remarkable simularity to actual discussions on this subject. Was the best education to be seen as moral education, whether and how in combination with the cognitive basics; and on the outcome of that, what kind of teacher qualities were to be required, and how to be developed? Disputes hereon were mixed with the pressing question: must pedagogical quality be defined and prescribed by scientific reasoning, or by teachers themselves on their own terms and insights?
This article compares three positions in these discussions, traced in then influential pedagogical journals: Herbart-followers, as defenders of science based teacher quality; their fierce adversaries in the upcoming teacher union, led by Theo Thijssen; and educational reformers striving for nuanced or deliberatly doubting viewpoints on all this. This third position was favoured by Jan Ligthart and other authors in the journal he drifted.
Interestingly, all parties declared the teachers personality of the uppermost importance for educational quality. In Thijssens circle however, this personality was depicted as a real male, autonomously leading his classroom without ethical fuss. While around Ligthart, good teachership sprang from the capacity to empathize with pupils – including their unwillingness to be educated – but enriched by self-insight in ones own personal development, with the inevitable conflicts and doubts thereabouts. This perspective, gradually growing in Ligtharts writings, was otherwise mostly expressed by female authors. The article leads to persistently awkward discussion points, including gender questions, regarding the teaching profession.
Politieke pedagogiek
Authors: van IJzendoorn Marinus 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Political pedagogy: In search for predictors of susceptibility to antidemocratic orientations

The traditional movement toward educational reform at the beginning of the last century emphasized the individual child and his or her experiential world. The current paper addresses the question why reform schools such as Rudolf Steiner’s Waldorf schools could easily be incorporated in the National-Socialist political movement in the thirties of the last century. After the Second World War the crucial issue for pedagogues and educators was how children could be guided to become less susceptible to the ideological temptations of Nazism and of totalitarianism in general. The initiators of the Frankfurter Schule (Horkheimer, Adorno) focussed on psychoanalytic determinants of vulnerability for this totalitarian seduction and introduced the concept of ‘the authoritarian personality’.
Instead of psychoanalysis we use here Piaget’s and Kohlberg’s theory and research on moral development to address this same question of susceptibility to anti-democratic racist, sexist, militarist and nationalist movements, following pathfinding work of the second generation Frankfurters Habermas and Lempert. Social-psychological experiments and cultural anthropological studies are consulted to examine what role social-cultural context plays. In most social settings people can be easily nudged into conformism and thus triggered into uncritical acceptance of authoritarian leadership. Individuals with some resilience against such pressures might be characterised with a high level of moral reasoning. Some studies linking moral argumentation to political orientation suggest ways in which a ‘political pedagogy’ might contribute to harnessing such findings for anti-fascist educational applications.
Basisvorming voor iedereen?
Authors: Terwel Jan 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Individual differences and the common curriculum

This article deals with the issue of individual differences and the common curriculum for 12-16 year old pupils. The central question is: is it possible to maintain high standards for all without reducing opportunities for brighter pupils to achieve educational results according to their individual potential? To answer this question, three research traditions are examined: research about the West-German comprehensive schools; research about class composition; research about effective teaching and Aptitude Treatment Interaction. The conclusion from this examination is that it is difficult to combine high standards for all and excellence for a few.
Delfland in 1200. Een gereconstrueerde hoogtekaart
Authors: Nonhof Cor 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Delfland in 1200. A reconstructed elevation map

In this study, a proxy is presented for the height of the land above sea level in the past. The height is calculated for the area of the Hoogheemraadschap (water board) of Delfland in the year 1200, based on the changes in the water table in the polders over time. Since 1865, this water table is presented in the Waterschapskaart of the Netherlands, which has seen f ive updates and is now replaced by maps of the individual water boards. These six measurements over a period of 155 years are used to calculate the rate of subsidence of the soil. Together with the present height of the water table above sea level, it is possible to extrapolate back in time to the year 1200. Such an extrapolation well outside the measurement area must be regarded with caution and the quantitative results are compared with expectations based on known geophysical processes in peat and clay soils and the history of the area. The calculated relief in 1200 matches with the expectancies based on the geographical survey of the area. As expected, the f irst dykes along the estuary were merely ment to ward off extreme high water in the summertime when wheat had to be protected against salt water. The clay soils are calculated to lay extremely f lat from the river to 20 kilometre inland. This allows for the observed linear flow of the rivers. According to the calculation, the height of the land above sea level is such that storm surges are expected to reach inland on only rare occasions. This is substantiated by the observation that farms are built on platforms of only a few decimetres in height.
The method has proved its worth for an area the size of Delfland, where statistically significant results may be obtained due to the number of measurements. However, for results on a smaller scale the method is not sensitive enough.
Drugs and their impact on the individual and society
Authors:   أ.م انتصار زين العابدين شهباز	م. م. انتصار معاني الساعدي, SHAHBAZ INTISAR 
Published: June 2021

Abstract The problem of drug addiction for individuals, especially young people, is one of the most dangerous pests that cause many problems in various health, social and psychological aspects facing every society, but rather the whole world. The phenomenon of drug addiction often leaves individuals with dangerous negative effects on their behavior, whether towards themselves or towards others, and this requires the relevant institutions to strive for important and constructive solutions to reform such individuals, and then rid them of their negative behaviors, rehabilitate them and integrate them into society, to become active and effective individuals through their adoption of positive behaviors that are acceptable in line with the values, customs and traditions of their societies to which they belong. Therefore, our current study came to shed light on the most important effects resulting from the phenomenon of drug addiction among individuals through achieving the two research objectives which seek to know: 1-	Causes of addiction to drug use among individuals 2-	The effect of drug abuse on society. Upon verifying the two research objectives by relying on the analytical method of literature and previous studies, the two researchers reached the following results: First - The most important causes of youth addiction to drugs are poverty, begging, loss of one or both parents, the presence of a criminal in his family, invalid education and other various phenomena and deviations. Second - The symptoms of drug addiction push the addicted person to adopt deviant behaviors, as well as afflicting the addicted individual to psychological and mental pressures, and then afflicting his family with chronic diseases, in addition to the family breakdown occurring in the homes of drug addicts. Key words: drugs; Drug effect; The individual and society.