bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of bile acids feeding on atherosclerosis in ApoE−/− mice
Authors: Escher Geneviève , Zurkinden Line , Vogt Bruno 
Published: June 2021

Bile acids (BAs) account for lipids absorption in the small intestine and are key regulators of cholesterol homeostasis as they clear cholesterol excess in the liver. Therefore, we hypothesize that long term BAs feeding could prevent the development of atherosclerosis.To prove this, we took ApoE−/− mice and fed them for 8 weeks with a western diet (WD) or a WD containing 0.1% cholic acid (CA) (WD‐CA) or 0.1% chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) (WD‐CDCA) and assessed their plasma lipoprotein and hepatic lipid content, intestinal cholesterol absorption and atherosclerosis.WD‐CA increased plasma LDL‐C by ~75%, HDL‐C by ~30%, hepatic cholesterol by ~40% and cholesterol ester by ~300%. WD‐CA additionally increased cholesterol absorption by 25%. All these changes led to a 100% increase of the atherosclerotic lesions. In contrary, WD‐CDCA had no effect on plasma lipoproteins and hepatic cholesterol but massively increased hepatic cholesterol ester. WD‐CDCA additionally decreased cholesterol absorption by 25%, but atherosclerotic lesions were of the same magnitude as in ApoE−/− mice fed with WD.Long term administration of CA and CDCA enhanced cholesterol accumulation in the liver and had no benefit towards atherosclerosis development in ApoE−/− mice. Even more, CA was atherogenic, mainly because of increased plasma lipids and intestinal cholesterol absorption. Despite improved intestinal cholesterol elimination, CDCA treatment did not reduce atherosclerosis. Other strategies are required to reduce atherosclerosis without causing liver damage in mice.Support or Funding InformationNoneThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Hemodynamic Responses to Ventricular Pacing in the Fish Heart Depend on Repolarization Duration at the Paced Regions
Authors: Azarov Jan E , Vityazev Vladimir , Vaykshnorayte Marina 
Published: June 2021

IntroductionSpatiotemporal distribution of myocardial action potential durations is heterogeneous but a role of these heterogeneities is largely unknown. Heart ventricular contraction needs muscle mechanical heterogeneity, namely activation spread from “slow” to “fast” muscle elements, which are expected to have longer and shorter action potentials, respectively. We hypothesized that the longer repolarization duration at the primary activation area provides the better pump function. The objective of the present study was to evaluate an association between the repolarization duration in the area of initial activation and aortic blood flow under electrical pacing of different ventricular regions. Having a single ventricle and primitive, if any, conduction system, a fish heart presents a useful model for assessing the functional significance of electrophysiological nonuniformities.MethodsExperiments were performed in wild caught Atlantic cod (n = 18). Ventricular unipolar electrograms were led from an epicardial sock and intramural plunge electrodes (24–64 leads simultaneously) connected to a custom‐made mapping system. In each lead, activation times (ATs) and repolarization times (RTs) were determined as dV/dt min during QRS complex and dV/dt max during T wave, respectively. Activation‐repolarization intervals (ARIs, surrogate for action potential durations) were calculated as ARI = RT‐AT. Aortic blood flow was measured with transit time flow meter.ResultsIn sinus rhythm, the posterior wall near the atrioventricular junction was earliest to be activated (median ATs 9 [IQR 3–15] ms) and had the longest median ARIs (516 [IQR 430–580] ms). The most remote from this area regions had expectedly longer ATs (heart apex: 33 [IQR 29–44] ms; anterior base 33 [IQR 25–43] ms; both p<0.05 vs posterior wall) and also demonstrated shorter ARIs (heart apex: 482 [IQR 427–544] ms; anterior base 416 [IQR 390–497]; both p<0.05 vs posterior wall). Posterior wall pacing yielded a highest median aortic flow 47.3 [IQR 40.4–74.4] mL/min/kg. Apical and anterior basal pacing gave lower median aortic flow values (40.7 [IQR 29.0–49.2] and 29.7 [29.3–39.1] mL/min/kg, respectively; both p<0.05 vs posterior wall pacing).ConclusionPump function of the Atlantic cod heart ventricle is associated with activation‐to‐repolarization relationship: the longer repolarization at the site of activation origin provides the higher cardiac output.Support or Funding InformationThe study was supported by by the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Project AAAA‐A18‐118012290365‐2) and the Program for Fundamental Research of RAS (AAAA‐A17‐117012310154‐6).This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Differences in plasma membrane integrity may explain collapse of cardiac function in Antarctic notothenioids varying in thermal tolerance limits
Authors: Evans Elizabeth R , Farnoud Amir M , Crockett Elizabeth L 
Published: June 2021

Antarctic fishes of the suborder Notothenioidei are noted for their narrow temperature tolerance, yet the physiological factors underlying their limited capacity to endure elevated temperatures are unknown. Previous work by our group indicates that cardiac function may, in fact, delineate thermal tolerance. For example, the hemoglobinless (i.e., icefish) Chaenocephalus aceratus experiences persistent ventricular asystole at 14.1°C while the red‐blooded Notothenia coriiceps experiences asystole at 16.7°C, corresponding with established CTmax (associated with loss of right response) temperatures of 13.9°C and 17.1°C, respectively. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that failure of membrane integrity is associated with collapse of cardiac function. Plasma membranes were isolated from ventricle tissue in both fish species and liposomes were prepared by rehydrating extracted lipids with the self‐quenching fluorophore 5(6)‐carboxyfluorescein (CF). Membrane structural integrity was assessed by quantifying percent of CF leakage from liposomes warmed in 1°C increments over a range of 0°C to 20°C, compared with CF leakage upon complete liposome dissolution. At physiological temperature (0°C), liposomes prepared from membranes of C. aceratus were significantly more permeable with initial leakage of 31% extending to 42% at 20°C, while membrane leakage was 1.5‐times less in N. coriiceps, beginning at 21% and increasing to only 27% over the same temperature range (P = 0.015). Liposomes prepared from membranes of the icefish also demonstrated increased thermal sensitivity compared with liposomes prepared from the red‐blooded species. Membrane leak increased most significantly between 0°C and 5°C in the icefish (P < 0.001), while liposomes from the red‐blooded species experienced the greatest change between 0°C and 9°C (P < 0.001), reflecting a reduced resilience to thermal change for the membrane integrity of C. aceratus compared to N. coriiceps (P < 0.001). Our data indicate that physical properties of the ventricular plasma membranes may indeed play a role in setting thermal tolerance limits in Antarctic notothenioid fishes.Support or Funding InformationSupported by NSF ANT 1341602.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Biochemical verification of smoking cessation and the role of endothelin‐1: Impact on cardiovascular disease risk
Authors: Tingen Martha S , Sojourner Samantha J , Tucker Matthew A , Derella Cassandra C , Harris Ryan A 
Published: June 2021

IntroductionSmoking is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Endothelin‐1 (ET‐1), a potent vasoconstrictor peptide that also increases CVD risk, is transiently elevated following smoke exposure and is associated with self‐reported smoking status. Whether biochemical verification (i.e. serum cotinine) of smoking cessation over time is associated with changes in circulating ET‐1 has yet to be determined.PurposeTo examine the impact of smoking cessation on the relationship between cotinine and ET‐1 over time.Methods35 individuals (aged 36 ± 10 yr., BMI 28.0 ± 5.7 kg/m2), participated in a 3‐month smoking cessation program. Measurements of resting systolic and diastolic blood pressures (SBP and DBP), serum cotinine, and plasma ET‐1 were determined at baseline, and immediately (3 months) and long‐term (12 months) following the smoking cessation program. Serum cotinine, a prominent metabolite of nicotine, was measured using liquid chromatography with mass‐spectrometric detection and plasma ET‐1 via microfluidic colorimetric assay.ResultsA significant reduction was observed in serum cotinine from baseline to immediately (3 months) following smoking cessation (176.1 ± 122.5 ng/ml vs. 53.0 ± 91.2 ng/ml, p<0.001) and persisted out to 12 months (84.8 ± 96.9 ng/ml, p<0.001). Similarly, plasma ET‐1 was significantly lower at 3 months (1.84 ± 0.60 pg/ml, p = 0.003) and at 12 months (1.93 ± 0.80 pg/ml, p = 0.018) following smoking cessation compared with baseline (2.18 ± 0.66 pg/ml). A significant association was observed between baseline levels of cotinine and ET‐1 (r = 0.369, p = 0.029). Additionally, the change in cotinine at 12 months following smoking cessation was associated (r = 0.402, p = 0.034) with the change in ET‐1 at 12 months. Although not statistically significant, clinically meaningful reductions in SBP (−2.0 ± 2.4 mm Hg, p = 0.406) and DBP (−3.6 ± 1.9 mm Hg, p = 0.062) were observed at 3 months following smoking cessation.ConclusionUsing biochemical verification of smoking status in smokers, the present study identified a relationship between serum cotinine and circulating ET‐1. The 3‐month smoking cessation program not only lowered serum cotinine, but also reduced circulating concentrations of ET‐1 and blood pressure. In fact, at 12 months following smoking cessation, the change in serum cotinine was significantly associated with the change in ET‐1. The long‐term improvement of CVD risk with smoking cessation may be in part through a reduction in circulating ET‐1; however, future studies are warranted to test this hypothesis.Support or Funding InformationFunding Provided by the Georgia Cancer CenterThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
The Effect of Cardiorespiratory Fitness on Lipoprotein Particles in Midlife Women
Authors: Serviente Corinna , Chalvin Melody , Witkowski Sarah 
Published: June 2021

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk accelerates in midlife women. Although lipoprotein cholesterol is a risk factor for CVD, increasing evidence suggests that lipoprotein particles may be more related to cardiovascular health. High cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with better lipoprotein particle profiles in men; however, little research has evaluated the effects of cardiorespiratory fitness on lipoprotein particles in midlife women.PURPOSETo evaluate the influence of cardiorespiratory fitness on lipoprotein particle profiles in healthy midlife women.METHODSThe concentration, size, and subtype of high‐density (HDL), low‐density (LDL), very‐low density (VLDL), and intermediate density (IDL) lipoprotein particles was evaluated, along with the number of chylomicrons and triglycerides using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (LabCorp) in healthy high (n = 25, VO2peak = 46.4 ± 1.6 ml/kg/min, age = 55.8 ± 1.2 yr) and low‐fit (n = 13, VO2peak = 29.1 ± 1.0 ml/kg/min, age = 54.8 ± 1.8 yr) perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. A standard lipoprotein cholesterol profile was also assessed. Differences between high and low‐fit women were evaluated with independent t‐tests or Mann‐Whitney tests. Data are presented as mean ± SEM.RESULTSHigh‐density lipoprotein cholesterol was higher in high compared to low‐fit women (88.6 ± 2.9 vs. 74.7 ± 5.1 mg/dl, p = 0.015), while triglycerides and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration did not differ based on fitness (p>0.05). Compared to low‐fit women, high fit women had larger HDL particles (10.1 ± 0.1 vs. 9.7 ± 0.1 nm, p = 0.005), and a greater concentration of large (14.8 ± 0.7 vs. 11.0 ± 0.9 mmol/L, p = 0.002), and medium (12.9 ± 0.8 vs. 8.4 ± 0.8 mmol/L, p = 0.002) HDL particles. High‐fit women had larger LDL particles (21.7 ± 0.1 vs. 21.3 ± 0.1 nm, p = 0.005), and a greater concentration of large LDL particles (623.1 ± 32.8 vs. 500.2 ± 52.6 nmol/L, p = 0.045) and medium VLDL particles (10.6 ± 1.2 vs. 6.5 ± 1.6 nmol/L, p = 0.044) compared to low‐fit women. Conversely, low‐fit women had more small VLDL (29.9 ± 2.8 vs. 18.2 ± 2.5 nmol/L, p = 0.007), small HDL (15.4 ± 1.6 vs. 10.2 ± 1.1 mmol/L, p = 0.002), and small LDL particles (311.5 ± 44.7 vs. 145.5 ± 31.4 nmol/L, p = 0.001) compared to high‐fit women.CONCLUSIONThese data indicate that in healthy midlife women, high cardiorespiratory fitness may positively influence lipoprotein particle sizes and concentrations, and that many of these differences are not apparent from a standard lipid profile.Support or Funding InformationAmerican College of Sports Medicine Foundation Doctoral Student Research Grant (Serviente), National Institute on Aging Grant T32‐AG049676 (Pennsylvania State University), University of Massachusetts Amherst Provost's Undergraduate Research Fellowship (Chalvin).This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
The modified method of preparation of teaser stallion for the detection of the estrus in mare in horse herd farming
Authors: Anipchenko Polina , Korochkina Elena , Kramskaya Mary , Stekol'nikov Anatolij , Nikitkina Elena , Bazhenova Nataliya , Nikitin Georgiy 
Published: June 2021

The purpose of the study was a modification of the method of preparation of teaser stallion by plastic surgery on the movement of the penis to the perineum of stallion for detection of the estrus in mare in horse herd farming. The study subject was a six‐year stallion with a balanced type of nervous system, the method was an operation in the area of the external genitalia of stallion. The preoperative preparation of the stallion consisted of analgesia and sedation, felling and fixing of the stallion, sanitization of the external genitalia and the preparation of the surgical field. The operation was as follows: in the preputial sheath injected a modified two‐part crutch (Russian patent №123660) caudally toward the perineum. The end of the caudal part of crutch was bandaged. Skin, fascia and connective tissue incision in perinea region were discissed. One end of the bandage was tied to the head of the penis, it was taken out to the crotch by the caudal part of crutch, behind the scrotum. Another part of crutch was taken in the cranial direction. bead joints were put in a wound to close the surgical wound, and then the wound was treated with liniment of synthomycin. The removal of sutures was performed in 10–14 days after the surgery. Two weeks later, the stallion was used to detect estrus in mares. There was developed a technique of modified, aseptic, less labor‐consuming method of preparation of a teaser stallion for estrus detection in mares in horse farming.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
EXERCISE AND SEX IMPACT HEPATIC BILE ACID METABOLISM AND FECAL EXCRETION
Authors: Franczak Edward , Maurer Adrianna , Thyfault John 
Published: June 2021

Exercise can improve metabolic outcomes associated with obesity including hepatic steatosis, however, precise mechanisms are not fully established, nor is the impact of sex. In this study we tested the hypothesis that exercise (via voluntary wheel running (VWR)) would increase expression of hepatic genes controlling cholesterol (Chol) and bile acid (BA) synthesis, and increase fecal BA excretion in male and female C57BL/6 mice providing a mechanism for diverting hepatic acetyl‐CoA away from de novo lipogenesis and towards fecal excretion. A time restricted feeding paradigm was also examined because nutrient availability (fed vs. fasting) impacts the Chol/BA pathway and may impact the capacity for VWR to modulate liver metabolism. Male and female, eight‐week old mice were randomly assigned to one of the following treatment groups (n = 8/group) while consuming a chow diet: sedentary plus ad libitum access to food (SED‐AL), sedentary plus overnight food restricted (SED‐OFR), voluntary wheel running ad libitum access to food (VWR‐AL), and voluntary wheel running plus overnight food restricted (VWR‐OFR) for a period of 4 weeks. Additionally, half of the mice in each group were either fed or fasted immediately prior to tissue collection. Females displayed across the board higher fecal bile acid concentration and higher hepatic gene expression for ACLY, CYP7A1, HMGCR, and FXR compared to males regardless of treatment condition. VWR only increased fecal BA concentration in fed females (VWR‐AL) while the effects of VWR and feeding status on hepatic expression of ACLY, CYP7a1, and HMGCR were mixed and largely insignificant compared to the male vs. female differences. Females had lower serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Exercise reduces susceptibility for hepatic steatosis, and female rodents are known to be protected against steatosis and these results suggest that these effects are associated with increased fecal BA excretion and/or an upregulation of Chol/BA synthesis gene expression.Support or Funding InformationVA Merit Review grant (1I01BX002567‐01) (JPT)This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Total Expired Non‐Metabolic VCO2 and VCO2 Recovery Kinetics as Predictors of Performance Fatigability During Exercise
Authors: Wooten Liana C , Aldhahi Monira I , Keyser Randall E 
Published: June 2021

PurposeThe severity of performance fatigability (PF) and the capacity to recover from activity are each profoundly influenced by skeletal muscle energetics, specifically the ability to buffer fatigue‐inducing ions produced as a result of anaerobic metabolism. The mechanisms responsible for buffering these ions results in the production of non‐metabolic carbon dioxide (CO2) that can be measured as expired CO2 (VCO2) during cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). Yet, the relationships between PF and both total expired non‐metabolic (NMVCO2) and the capacity to recover from activity have yet to be investigated.Methods7 healthy subjects (30.71 ± 5.12 years) completed both a maximal and submaximal CPET on separate days, each followed by a 10‐minute recovery and 10‐minute walk test. Oxygen consumption (VO2) and VCO2 on and off‐kinetics (transition constant‐Kt and oxidative response index‐ORI), NMVCO2, and PF severity scores were measured. Data were analyzed using Pearson's correlations and regression analyses. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05.ResultsNMVCO2 accumulation and VCO2 off‐kinetic ORI accounted for 93% of the variance of PF severity scores (r2 = 0.932; p = 0.012). Measures of VCO2 off‐kinetics following both maximal (ORI r2 = 0.932, p < 0.001; Kt r2 = 0.919, p < 0.001) and submaximal (ORI r2 = 0.928, p < 0.001; Kt r2 = 0.955, p < 0.001 ) CPET and NMVCO2 (r2 = 0.614, p = 0.0371) were better predictors of PF than traditional measures of VO2 (VO2 peak r2 = 0.388, p = 0.135; AT‐VO2 r2 = 0.297, p = 0.206).ConclusionPrevious studies investigating relationships between cardiopulmonary variables and PF have traditionally utilized measures of VO2. The current study demonstrates that measures of VCO2 may be more predictive of PF and its clinical manifestations. Furthermore, these measures were able to better predict PF even following submaximal testing presenting a less strenuous clinical measure of PF for those populations in which maximal exercise testing may be contraindicated.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Effect of All‐extremity High‐Intensity Interval Training vs. Moderate‐Intensity Continuous Training on Arterial Stiffness and Wave Reflection in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Lim Jisok , Hwang Chueh‐Lung , Kim Han‐Kyul , Yoo Jeung‐Ki , Handberg Eileen M , Hwang Moon‐Hyon , Nichols Wilmer W , Petersen John W , Holmer Brady J , Lapierre Stephanie S , Sakarya Yasemin , Leey Casella Julio W , Cusi Kenneth W , Christou Demetra D 
Published: June 2021

Aging and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are associated with arterial stiffening and altered wave reflection, which increase the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Aerobic exercise training is known to reduce CVD risk but the most effective exercise regimen for improving arterial stiffness and wave reflection in middle‐aged and older adults with T2D has not been established. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of all‐extremity high‐intensity interval training (HIIT) vs. moderate‐intensity continuous training (MICT) on arterial stiffness and wave reflection in middle‐aged and older adults with T2D. Forty‐nine sedentary middle‐aged and older adults with T2D (46 to 78 yrs; 63 ± 1 yrs; mean ± SE), free of CVD, were randomized to HIIT (n = 18), MICT (n = 16), or non‐exercise control group (CONT; n = 15). Isocaloric HIIT and MICT were performed on a non‐weight‐bearing all‐extremity ergometer (Airdyne, Schwinn), 4 days/week for 8 weeks, under supervision. HIIT consisted of alternating intervals of 4 × 4 mins at 90% peak heart rate (HRpeak) and 3 × 3 mins at 70% HRpeak, while MICT consisted of 32 mins of continuous exercise at 70% HRpeak. Both HIIT and MICT were preceded by a 10‐min warm‐up and followed by a 5‐min cool down at 70% HRpeak. Applanation tonometry (SphygmoCor, Atcor) was used to measure at pre‐ and post‐intervention arterial stiffness (carotid‐femoral pulse wave velocity; cfPWV) and aortic wave reflection characteristics including augmentation index normalized at heart rate of 75 beats/min (AIx@75). Following the 8‐week intervention, cfPWV remained unchanged (HIIT: 10.2 ± 0.5 vs. 9.8 ± 0.4 m/s; MICT: 10.7 ± 0.7 vs. 10.3 ± 0.6 m/s; CONT: 10.3 ± 0.8 vs. 10.3 ± 0.9 m/s; pre‐ vs. post‐intervention; P = 0.5 for group × time interaction). AIx@75 decreased in response to HIIT but did not change in response to MICT and CONT (HIIT: 24.8 ± 1.6 vs. 21.8 ± 2 %, P = 0.008; MICT: 24.3 ± 2.5 vs. 23.4 ± 2.6 %, P = 0.4; CONT: 25 ± 1.8 vs. 26.9 ± 1.6 %, P = 0.1; pre‐ vs. post‐intervention; P = 0.013 for group × time interaction). In conclusion, 8 weeks of all‐extremity HIIT, but not MICT, improved wave reflection but not arterial stiffness in middle‐aged and older adults with T2D. Whether performing all‐extremity HIIT and MICT over a longer duration than 8 weeks may result in arterial destiffening in middle‐aged and older diabetic patients remains to be investigated.Support or Funding InformationThis work was supported by National Institute of Aging grant AG050203 to DDC.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.