bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermal Performance Analysis of Hydronic Ceiling Radiant Panel Heaters Under Different Parameters
Authors: Dikmen Tahir , Calisir Tamer , Baskaya Senol 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A numerical analysis of a ceiling-type radiant panel heater system was performed to examine the heating performance under different parameters, using the FloEFD code. Three-dimensional models of the room and radiant panel heater were created, and the effects of the Reynolds number, water inlet temperature, pipe diameter and pipe runs on the heating performance of the system were examined in detail. The effects of these parameters on the total heat load, the net radiation rate, and the average surface temperature on the sheet and insulation material have been presented. The total heat load and net radiation rate obtained from the system increase with the increase in the Reynolds number. In addition, a rise in the water inlet temperature increases the heat output of the system. An increase of approximately 500 W was observed in the total heat output as the pipe diameter increased. It was observed, too, that the heat output increased with an increase in pipe runs, although above a certain value the heat output became almost constant. The results of this study could offer information to engineers and manufacturers on the design and use of hydronic radiant systems.
Nonlinear Stability of Circular Cylindrical Shells in Axially Flowing Fluid
Authors: Amabili M. , Païdoussis M. P. , Pellicano F. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The stability of supported, circular cylindrical shells in compressible, inviscid axial flow is investigated. Nonlinearities due to large amplitude shell motion are considered by using the nonlinear Donnell shallow shell theory and the effect of viscous structural damping is taken into account. Two different in-plane constraints are applied to the shell edges: zero axial force and zero axial displacement; the other boundary conditions are those for simply supported shells. Linear potential flow theory is applied to describe the fluid-structure interaction. Both annular and unbounded external flow are considered by using two different sets of boundary conditions for the flow beyond the shell length: (i) a flexible wall of infinite extent in the longitudinal direction, and (ii) rigid extensions of the shell (baffles). The system is discretised by Galerkin projections and is investigated by using a model involving seven degrees of freedom, allowing for travelling wave response of the shell and shell axisymmetric contraction. Results for both annular and unbounded external flow show that the system loses stability by divergence through strongly subcritical bifurcations. Jumps to bifurcated positions can happen much before the onset of instability predicted by linear theories, showing the necessity of a nonlinear study.
Influence of the Demand Rate and Repair Rate on the Hazard Rate of a Plant Equipped With a Two-Channel Protective System
Authors: Kara-Zaitri Chakib 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In this paper, a Markovian model is developed to compute the Hazard Rate of a system equipped with two protective channels. The paper presents a generalised methodology properly accounting for the influence of high and low values of Failure and Demand Rates and Proof Test Intervals on the Hazard Rate of a system equipped with two protective channels. Numerical results for on-line and off-line repair options are presented, discussed and the differences existing between them analysed. Models 1 and 2 are presented and analysed depending on whether the failure of a single protective channel is or is not revealed by a demand. In Model 2, it is shown that the Hazard Rate increases as the Demand Rate increases, it reaches a maximum and then actually decreases with an increasing Demand Rate.
Navigation System Improvement Decision Making for Ohio River Locks and Dams
Authors: Schaaf David M. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The Ohio River is one of the busiest inland waterways in the world with over 250 million tons of cargo being carried on the system annually. The river is kept navigable year round by a series of locks and dams along its 981-mile length. Each of the locks and dams process a large number of commercial and recreational vessels through their locks.
The U. S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) is presently conducting the Ohio River Mainstem Systems Study (ORMSS), to address future major investment needs for the Ohio River Navigation System (ORNS) in order to get the most out of limited, available funding. The study is investigating alternative investments for the years 2000 through 2060. Investment options must be weighed considering items such as major maintenance, major rehabilitation of lock chambers/dams, and large-scale improvements. Examples of large-scale improvements are new lock chambers and extensions of shorter, auxiliary lock chambers.
Population Densities Allowed Around Dutch SEVESO Establishments
Authors: Laheij G. M. H. , Ale B. J. M. , Post J. G. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In the Netherlands, the individual risk and societal risk are used in efforts to reduce the number of people exposed to the effect of an accident at an establishment with dangerous substances.
To facilitate the societal risk planning policy an investigation was carried out for the Dutch SEVESO establishments to investigate the possibility of determining a generic uniform population density for the zone between the individual risk contours of 10−5 and 10−6 per year. The indicative limit for the societal risk at this density was not to be exceeded. Also there was to be enough space left for a significantly higher population density outside the individual risk contour of 10−6 per year.
The RORISC methodology and the actual data for the 124 Dutch SEVESO establishments were used to determine the generic uniform population density.
Based on the data available it can be concluded that the maximum allowed uniform population density in the zone between the individual risk contours of 10−5 and 10−6 per year is lower than one person per hectare. At this density there is no space left for a higher population density outside the individual risk contour of 10−6 per year. For uniform population densities the relative contribution to the societal risk has been found significant up to the individual risk contour of 10−7 per year.
Investment, Risk and Safety Opportunities of RBI
Authors: Valbuena Ricardo R. , Long David N. , Geisenhoff Mark S. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Two case studies are presented to show how the Risk Based Inspection (RBI) methodology can be used to evaluate the risk and increased maintenance and inspection costs associated with refining opportunity crudes, and demonstrate the investment, risk, and safety benefits of implementing RBI on an entire refinery complex.
Concepts in Machine Guarding and Safeguarding
Authors: Tudor Andrew H. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper explores general concepts of machine guarding with emphasis on practical examples. Power transmission motions and their associated hazards are discussed, as is the safeguarding of hazards during machine operation and servicing.
The mechanical power press is used as an example of a hazardous machine for which various methods of guarding have been developed. This paper examines current safeguards and safeguarding requirements for the power press.
A survey of some common safeguarding devices is presented, with explanations on their application in various situations. Guarding methods for robotic equipment are reviewed. Finally, a risk assessment model is presented with an example of its application in ameliorating the hazards of industrial robots.
Force Flow Analysis: Opportunities for Creative Component Combination
Authors: Jensen Daniel D. , Greer James L. , Wood Kristin L. , Nowack Mark L. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Part count reduction through part combination is a recognized goal of Design For Assembly (DFA). Some of the many benefits of part count reduction are: a reduced number of assembly operations, reduced procurement costs, cycle time reduction, supply chain reduction, and higher potential profits. In previous work, force flow analysis, a new technique to map forces as they flow across interfaces in a product, was shown to be successful at systematically providing creative insights for part combination. These insights arise by highlighting components having no relative motion between them. This paper presents a novel concept that extends the theoretical basis of force flow analysis to address component combinations having varying degrees of relative motion. A systematic method for classifying these sets of components is given, and compliant mechanisms are presented as an example of combining parts with relative motion. Examples are provided for the redesign of a “Quick Grip™ Clamp” and a staple remover, both of which highlight a specific class of relative motion components.
Conceptual Product Design Using BTIPS: Theory, Applications, Effectiveness and Software
Authors: Bzymek Zbigniew M. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Brief Theory of Inventive Problems Solving (BTIPS) is a compact and somewhat simplified and changed version of TIPS (Theory of Inventive Problems Solving). BTIPS is as effective as TIPS, but easier to learn and apply. Designed to support the most uncontrollable phase of design “creative design synthesis” [12], it provides a handy tool for industry. The purpose of this presentation, which includes explanations, notes and examples, is to provide a stepping stone toward making the method more commonly available to industry and academia. Brief TIPS (BTIPS) is based on Altshuller’s TRIZ (Teoria Reshenia Izobretatielnyh Zadatch), Invention Machine’s research team contributions and the author’s experience in practical design, design research, consulting and teaching of engineering design. The basic algorithm in BTIPS is shorter than in TRIZ; the list of Principles is somewhat changed; some Effects are added - some skipped; and, Prediction of systems interactions is simplified. BTIPS may be used with or without a computer. If used with a computer, Invention Machine v.2.1 for Windows or TechOptimizer would be very useful packages. This presentation should be treated as a companion paper to reference [3].
Quasi-Static and Fatigue Fracture Strength of Microsized Silicon Film Measured by On-Chip Test Method
Authors: Ando Taeko , Yoshioka Tetsuo , Shikida Mitsuhiro , Sato Kazuo 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Quasi-static and fatigue tests under uniaxial tensile loading condition were carried out for single-crystal-silicon in a direction of &lt;110&gt; by using on-chip testing method. A film specimen and tensile testing system were integrated on a silicon chip. A measurement system allowing both quasi-static and dynamic loading was newly introduced. In quasi-static loading measured fracture strain of silicon thin-film was 3.4%. Fatigue fractures were observed during 103∼106 cycles when the maximum strains of sinusoidal wave were higher than the average fracture strain of tensile tests.
Design and Realization of a Miniature Capacitive Silicon Force Sensor for Loads up to 500 KG
Authors: Zwijze R. A. F. , Wiegerink R. J. , Krijnen G. J. M. , Hien T. , Elwenspoek M. C. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In this paper, a micromachined silicon load cell (force sensor) is presented for measuring loads up to 500 kg. The load cell has been realized and tested. Measurement results show a hysteresis error of ±0.02% of the full-scale output (fso). Creep at 500 kg after 30 minutes is within 0.01% of the fso. These measurements show that the performance has improved by a factor of 10 compared to the previous design.
Micromachined Planar Coil Tactile Sensor Implantable in Soft Structure
Authors: Futai Nobuyuki , Yasuda Takashi , Inaba Masayuki , Shimoyama Isao , Inoue Hirochika 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper describes design and fabrication of a small, thin and deformable tactile sensing unit including micromachined LC trap circuitry. One tactile sensing element consists of a capacitor and a planar spiral coil. Each element has own resonance frequency, and small deformation of the coil in the element is detected by measuring its frequency deviation. Only three wires are necessary to obtain signals from multiple sensing elements. Since the sensing elements do not need any substrate, they can be implanted in soft material.
A prototype array of the sensing elements has been fabricated and tested. Seven-turn coils 1.5 mm in diameter have been obtained. Range of the resonance frequencies of the fabricated elements is 50 MHz – 170 MHz. Using a silicone rubber body in which a sensing element is embedded, push-in depth values are detected by resonance frequency deviations when a wax ball (3 mm in diameter) touches the silicone rubber body.
On condition that the sensing element is embedded in standard silicone rubber, its frequency sensitivity is 0.15%/mm. In the frequency band 50 – 400 MHz, the experiment shows that a simultaneous measurement of not less than 20 elements can be done.
Electrostatically Coupled MEM Oscillators
Authors: Baskaran Rajashree , Turner Kimberly L. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
MicroElectroMechanical (MEM) Oscillators have a wide range of potential applications and understanding the underlying system dynamics thoroughly is essential. In this paper, we present the design, modeling and characterization of a pair of electrostatically coupled torsional oscillators fabricated with the SCREAM(1) process. The dynamic and electrostatic characteristics of the new design lead to various applications and also serve as an interesting ground for understanding the electromechanical interaction and non-linearities in MEM devices.
Switching of a Double-Comb Microactuator by Time-Lag Modulation and Electrical-Damping Control
Authors: Chen Yijian , Shroff Yashesh , Oldham William G. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A switching and control scheme for a novel double-comb microactuator is proposed in this paper. The device is actuated by a time-lag modulation voltage and its transient behavior is controlled by the time lag and a resistor. Numerical simulation is applied to analyze the nonlinear transient dynamics of an example system. A transient optimization to reduce the settling time and overshoot of the time response to a time-lag modulation is carried out using the OCS performance index. The optimal control parameters are obtained including the optimal resistance and time lag to balance the performance tradeoff.
The Improvement of the Micro Torsional Mirror by a Reinforced Folded Frame
Authors: Lin Hung-Yi , Fang Weileun 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Stiffness of micromachined structures is limited by thin film thickness. Hence, static loads such as thin film residual stresses, or dynamic loads such as the inertia force could significantly deform the thinness micromachined torsional mirror. This work aims to stiffen the thin film micromachinined torsional mirror. The proposed torsional mirror exploits a reinforced frame to improve the stiffness of the mirror plate. Consequently, the mirror plate has less deformation no matter subject to the residual stresses or to the dynamic inertia force. In addition the reinforced frame stiffen the mirror without increasing the mass significantly. In application of this technique, the micro torsional mirror was fabricated through the integration of DRIE, conventional bulk and surface micromachining processes. The experimental results demonstrated that the proposed design significantly improves the flatness of the mirror plate in both static and dynamic conditions. Consequently, the optical performance of the micro torsional mirror was improved.
Partially Etched Holes for Residual Stress Release in Diaphragm-Based Pressure Sensors
Authors: Niu Meng-Nian , von Preissig Fred J. , Kim Eun Sok 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We have designed and fabricated various diaphragm-based piezoelectric microphones with film-layer structure SiN1/poly-Si/SiN2/ZnO/parylene/Al/parylene (from bottom to top) that contain various square “holes” uniformly distributed over the whole diaphragm with various hole ratios (defined to be the ratio between the total area of the holes and the whole diaphragm area). The holes (which are formed by etching out all the layers except SiN2 and top parylene in the diaphragm) are to release the residual stress in the diaphragm. We have fabricated and analyzed various microphones with and without the holes, and have observed that the microphones with the holes have significantly larger acoustic sensitivities and diaphragm displacements than those without any hole. The best microphone sensitivity of the hole-array microphones has been over 12 times greater than that of the no-hole microphones. Also, we have observed that the center displacement of the diaphragm is dependent on the hole ratio but not on the hole size. We have corroborated the experimental results with FEM analysis.
Meso-Scale Electromagnetic Pumps Fabricated With Low-Temperature Co-Fired Ceramic Tapes and Kapton Polyimide Films
Authors: Kim Moon , Ananthasuresh G. K. , Bau Haim H. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Meso-scale electromagnetically actuated reciprocating diaphragm pumps were fabricated with low-temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) tapes and Kapton polyimide film. One design of the pump consisted of a chamber machined in LTCC substrate layers. The chamber was covered on one side with a Kapton diaphragm on which copper coils were shaped. The diaphragm was electromagnetically actuated in the presence of a permanent magnet. Passive Kapton flap valves were used to direct fluid flow into and out of the chamber. In the second pump design, the chamber was covered on both sides with Kapton diaphragms. Coils were formed on both diaphragms and current was transmitted through these coils in opposite directions and in the presence of a permanent magnet. Data for flow rate as a function of actuation frequency is presented for the first pump design. Although the pump was not optimized, flow rates on the order of a few mL per minute were recorded.
Mechanical Properties of Different Polysilicons
Authors: Sharpe W. N. , Jackson K. , Coles G. , LaVan D. A. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Polysilicon materials from three different suppliers were tested in tension to determine their Young’s modulus and strength. The modulus of polysilicon from Cronos was 158 ± 8 GPa and its strength 1.56 ± 0.25 GPa, and the material from Sandia National Laboratories showed 157 ± 6.5 GPa and 3.09 ± 0.18 GPa. Two polysilicons from Standard MEMS Inc. showed 164 ± 11.2 GPa and 152 ± 10.0 GPa for modulus values and 2.08 ± 0.35 GPa and 2.00 ± 0.25 GPa for strengths. Polysilicon is therefore similar to most structural materials in that its modulus is essentially constant, but its strength can depend on processing.
Transient Optimization of an Electrically-Damped Cantilever-Supported Microactuator and the Pull-In Analysis
Authors: Chen Yijian , Shroff Yashesh , Oldham William G. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Analytic modeling of the transient behavior of an electrically-damped cantilever-supported microactuator using the perturbation method and linear control theory is presented. Five control parameters are identified and the transient optimization of the dynamic system to reduce the overshoot and settling time is carried out. With the ITAE performance index minimized, the optimal control parameters are obtained and the resultant optimized transient behavior is shown. We apply the Routh-Hurwitz criterion to analyze the stability of the dynamic system and three inequality relations for a stable system are derived. The pull-in phenomenon for a short-cantilever actuator is investigated with this simple model.
Parasitic-Capacitance-Induced Degradation of the Transient Behavior of Electrically-Damped Microactuators
Authors: Chen Yijian , Shroff Yashesh , Oldham William G. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The influence of the parasitic capacitance on the transient behavior of two electrically-damped microactuators is investigated. Analytic modeling of the parasitic-capacitance effect is performed using the perturbation method and linear control theory. We show that the optimal control parameters are changed by the parasitic capacitance. The resultant degradation of the optimal transient behavior of two actuators is observed.
A Peristaltic Meso-Scale Mixer
Authors: Yi Mingqiang , Bau Haim H. , Hu Howard 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We consider incompressible, viscous fluid confined in a rectangular cavity. One or more of the cavity walls are made of a thin membrane. Traveling waves are transmitted in a cavity’s wall and induce peristaltic motion. The induced velocity profiles are determined analytically for small amplitude waves (ε) and numerically for waves of arbitrary amplitude. The analysis consists of a perturbation expansion in terms of the wave amplitude (ε). Solutions for large amplitude oscillations are obtained through the use of a finite element code that employs a moving grid. The effect of the peristaltic motion on the stretching and deformation of material lines is discussed. The study is relevant to the analysis and design of micro and meso-scale mixers and stirrers.
Microfluidic Level Sensors
Authors: Sesterhenn M. , Strobelt T. , Ashauer H. , Raffa G. , Sandmaier H. , Schmitt M. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In this paper a new sensor detecting fluidic levels of electrolytes in capillary microfluidic systems is presented. The sensor shown in figure 2 uses two different and independent working principles, that complement one another. On the one hand an array of microelectrodes is used to measure the change in conductance at discrete points during priming. On the other hand a capacitive sensor similar to an electrolytic capacitor measures the analog, continuous position of the meniscus. On account of the difference between and the transient behavior of the two signals, the sensor is also able to detect not simply connected surfaces like liquids afflicted with gaseous bubbles. Due to the special design there is no need to calibrate any of the two working principles for detecting diverse electrolytes and the relative signal deviation is greater than two orders of magnitude for each principle. This high relative signal deviation leads to an outstanding resolution, so that positions of menisci can be resolved with submicron accuracy and in suitable reservoirs the stored volume can be resolved in the subnanoliter range. The appearing capacitances and resistances can easily be evaluated, so that by giving up a part of the high resolution simple and energy optimized drive electronics can be used to read out the sensor. Furthermore it is shown that the sensor can withstand harsh environments (pH 1 to pH 9, particles up to 10μm) for at least ten years.