bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of electric field on decomposition of CL‐20/HMX cocrystal: A reactive molecular dynamics study
Authors: Zhang Jidong , Guo Wei 
Published: September 2021

AbstractElectric field can initiate decomposition or detonation of explosives, but underlying mechanism is unclear. Here, we performed ReaxFF molecular dynamics simulation for decomposition of a cocrystal, formed by 2,4,6,8,10,12‐hexanitro‐2,4,6,8,10,12‐hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL‐20) and 1,3,5,7‐tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetrazacyclooctane (HMX), solely induced by electric field. A new analytical method was proposed to obtain detailed decomposition mechanism. Results show that electric fields play important roles in decomposition of CL‐20/HMX cocrystal, such as heating the system and causing the explosive to decompose. Strong constant field makes CL‐20 molecules in the cocrystal decompose at significantly lower temperature, which greatly increases sensitivity. This is ascribed to the distinct decomposition mechanism that CN bond rupture dominates the initial step of CL‐20's decomposition. Contrarily, oscillating field has a stronger heating effect but weaker influence on sensitivity. Moreover, HMX exhibits desensitizing effect in CL‐20/HMX cocrystal under electric field. These results enhance our understanding of sensitivity mechanism beyond mechanical stimuli in explosives.
Deep Learning‐Enabled Identification of Autoimmune Encephalitis on 3D Multi‐Sequence MRI
Authors: Xiang Yayun , Zeng Chun , Liu Baiyun , Tan Weixiong , Wu Jiangfen , Hu Xiaofei , Han Yongliang , Luo Qi , Gong Junwei , Liu Junhang , Li Yongmei 
Published: September 2021

BackgroundAutoimmune encephalitis (AE) is a noninfectious emergency with severe clinical attacks. It is difficult for the earlier diagnosis of acute AE due to the lack of antibody detection resources.PurposeTo construct a deep learning (DL) algorithm using multi‐sequence magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the identification of acute AE.Study TypeRetrospective.PopulationOne hundred and sixty AE patients (90 women; median age 36), 177 herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSVE) (89 women; median age 39), and 184 healthy controls (HC) (95 women; median age 39) were included. Fifty‐two patients from another site were enrolled for external validation.Field Strength/Sequence3.0 T; fast spin‐echo (T1WI, T2WI, fluid attenuated inversion recovery imaging) and spin‐echo echo‐planar diffusion weighted imaging.AssessmentFive DL models based on individual or combined four MRI sequences to classify the datasets as AE, HSVE, or HC. Reader experiment was further carried out by radiologists.Statistical TestsThe discriminative performance of different models was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). The optimal threshold cut‐off was identified when sensitivity and specificity were maximized (sensitivity + specificity − 1) in the validation set. Classification performance using confusion matrices was reported to evaluate the diagnostic value of the models and the radiologists' assessments before being assessed by the paired t‐test (P < 0.05 was considered significant).ResultsIn the internal test set, the fusion model achieved the significantly greatest diagnostic performance than single‐sequence DL models with AUCs of 0.828, 0.884, and 0.899 for AE, HSVE, and HC, respectively. The model demonstrated a consistently high performance in the external validation set with AUCs of 0.831 (AE), 0.882 (HSVE), and 0.892 (HC). The fusion model also demonstrated significantly higher performance than all radiologists in identifying AE (accuracy between the fuse model vs. average radiologist: 83% vs. 72%).Data ConclusionThe proposed DL algorithm derived from multi‐sequence MRI provided desirable identification and classification of acute AE.Level of Evidence3Technical EfficacyStage 2
A scoping review of patient selection methods for proton therapy
Authors: Zientara Nicole , Giles Eileen , Le Hien , Short Michala 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe aim was to explore various national and international clinical decision‐making tools and dose comparison methods used for selecting cancer patients for proton versus X‐ray radiation therapy. To address this aim, a literature search using defined scoping review methods was performed in Medline and Embase databases as well as grey literature. Articles published between 1 January 2015 and 4 August 2020 and those that clearly stated methods of proton versus X‐ray therapy patient selection and those published in English were eligible for inclusion. In total, 321 studies were identified of which 49 articles met the study’s inclusion criteria representing 13 countries. Six different clinical decision‐making tools and 14 dose comparison methods were identified, demonstrating variability within countries and internationally. Proton therapy was indicated for all paediatric patients except those with lymphoma and re‐irradiation where individualised model‐based selection was required. The most commonly reported patient selection tools included the Normal Tissue Complication Probability model, followed by cost‐effectiveness modelling and dosimetry comparison. Model‐based selection methods were most commonly applied for head and neck clinical indications in adult cohorts (48% of studies). While no ‘Gold Standard’ currently exists for proton therapy patient selection with variations evidenced globally, some of the patient selection methods identified in this review can be used to inform future practice in Australia. As literature was not identified from all countries where proton therapy centres are available, further research is needed to evaluate patient selection methods in these jurisdictions for a comprehensive overview.
Trouble with the Outlaws: Bandits, the State, and Political Legitimacy in Greece over the Longue Durée
Authors: Xenakis Sappho 
Published: September 2021

AbstractUsing the case of modern Greece, this article examines the long historical resonance and embattled legacy of state relations with bandits. Whilst there have been enduring debates about the motivations of bandits in the armed struggle for Greek liberation from Ottoman rule in the nineteenth century, their central role within that struggle is nevertheless widely acknowledged. After independence in 1832, bandit histories eventually became a core part of nationalist myths on which the modern Greek state staked its legitimacy. As this article contends, however, this stake was not unproblematic, and was not to go unchallenged. At notable junctures over the course of the twentieth and twenty‐first centuries, the Greek state faced counter‐claims to these cherished tropes, when outlawed groups sought to present themselves as the authentic inheritors of the nationalist bandit mantle. This article thus draws attention to the potential for extended political reverberations over the ascription of bandit tropes and their significance in claims of legitimacy by political actors. In so doing, the paper offers a conceptual bridge over a divide commonly found between, on the one hand, studies of banditry, and, on the other, research on groups of outlaws that emerge over successive periods within the same geographic space.
Growth of Greater White‐Fronted Goose Goslings Relates to Population Dynamics at Multiple Scales
Authors: Fondell Thomas F. , Meixell Brandt W. , Flint Paul L. 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACTThe abundance of greater white‐fronted geese (Anser albifrons frontalis) on the Arctic Coastal Plain (ACP) of northern Alaska, USA, has more than tripled since the late 1990s; however, recent rate of annual population growth has declined as population size increased, which may indicate white‐fronted geese on the ACP are approaching carrying capacity. We examined rates of gosling growth in greater white‐fronted geese at 3 sites on the ACP during 2012–2014 to assist with predictions of future population trends and assess evidence for density‐dependent constraints on recruitment. We marked goslings at hatch with individually coded webtags and conducted brood drives during early August to capture, measure, and weigh goslings. Annual estimates of gosling mass at 32 days old (range = 1,190–1,685) indicate that goslings had obtained >60% of asymptotic size. This rate of growth corresponds with that of other goose species and populations with access to high‐quality forage and no limitations on forage availability, and is consistent with the overall increase in abundance of white‐fronted geese at the ACP scale. Contrary to most previous investigations, age‐adjusted mass of goslings did not decline with hatch date. Goslings grew faster in coastal areas than at inland freshwater sites. Taken together, these findings suggest forage was not limiting gosling growth rates in either ecosystem, but forage was of greater quality in coastal areas where goose foraging habitat is expanding because of permafrost subsidence. Spatial patterns of gosling growth corresponded with local‐scale patterns of population density and population change; the areas with greatest rates of gosling growth were those with the greatest population density and rates of population increase. We found little evidence to suggest forage during brood rearing was limiting population increase of white‐fronted geese on the ACP. Factors responsible for the apparent slowing of ACP‐wide population growth are likely those that occur in stages of the annual cycle outside of the breeding grounds. Published 2021. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Landscape Features Fail to Explain Spatial Genetic Structure in White‐Tailed Deer Across Ohio, USA
Authors: Bauder Javan M. , Anderson Christine S. , Gibbs H. Lisle , Tonkovich Michael J. , Walter W. David 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACTLandscape features influence wildlife movements across spatial scales and have the potential to influence the spread of disease. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a fatal prion disease affecting members of the family Cervidae, particularly white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), and the first positive CWD case in a wild deer in Ohio, USA, was recorded in 2020. Landscape genetics approaches are increasingly used to better understand potential pathways for CWD spread in white‐tailed deer, but little is known about genetic structure of white‐tailed deer in Ohio. The objectives of our study were to evaluate spatial genetic structure in white‐tailed deer across Ohio and compare the support for isolation by distance (IBD) and isolation by landscape resistance (IBR) models in explaining this structure. We collected genetic data from 619 individual deer from 24 counties across Ohio during 2007–2009. We used microsatellite genotypes from 619 individuals genotyped at 11 loci and haplotypes from a 547‐base pair fragment of the mitochondrial DNA control region. We used spatial and non‐spatial genetic clustering tests to evaluate genetic structure in both types of genetic data and empirically optimized landscape resistance surfaces to compare IBD and IBR using microsatellite data. Non‐spatial genetic clustering tests failed to detect spatial genetic structure, whereas spatial genetic clustering tests indicated subtle spatial genetic structure. The IBD model consistently outperformed IBR models that included land cover, traffic volume, and streams. Our results indicated widespread genetic connectivity of white‐tailed deer across Ohio and negligible effects of landscape features. These patterns likely reflect some combination of minimal resistive effects of landscape features on white‐tail deer movement in Ohio and the effects of regional recolonization or translocation. We encourage continued CWD surveillance in Ohio, particularly in the proximity of confirmed cases. © 2021 The Wildlife Society. This article has been contributed to by US Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
Monitoring of early‐stage water uptake by hyperspectral imaging and evaluation of nutritional and technological functionality of germinated faba bean (Vicia faba L.) var. minor and var. major as food ingredients
Authors: Holopainen‐Mantila Ulla , Sarlin Tuija , Mäkinen Outi , Laitila Arja , Sozer Nesli 
Published: September 2021

AbstractFaba bean (Vicia faba L.) is a potential, sustainable protein alternative. Germination behavior of Vicia faba L. var. minor and Vicia faba L. var. major needs further studies in order to enable larger scale bioprocessing. In this study, early‐stage water uptake of two distinct faba bean varieties was assessed by hyperspectral imaging. Nutritional and technological functionality of germinated faba bean ingredients as such and in combination with fermentation were evaluated. Hyperspectral imaging revealed that early‐stage water uptake in faba beans occurred evenly from the different sides of the beans. Germination on petri dishes and in pilot‐scale showed that smaller faba beans moistened and germinated significantly (p < 0.05) faster and retained water better through germination than larger faba beans. Germinated faba flour of minor‐type variety resulted in 72% higher dextran production in Weissella confusa VTT E‐143403 fermentation than respective native faba flour. With both types of faba bean varieties, germination as such, and with minor‐type variety, germination as combined with fermentation decreased notably the content of raffinose family oligosaccharides. These bioprocessing methods also improved functionality of faba bean ingredients by increasing protein separation efficiency in air classification, protein solubility, foaming capacity, and foam stability. Based on this study, minor‐ and major‐type or small‐ and large‐seeded faba bean varieties set different requirements to the germination process. In addition, germination alone or as combined with fermentation was proved to improve the nutritional and technological quality of faba bean material promoting its use in several food applications including also gluten‐free products.
Interdigitated photoconductive terahertz antenna for future wireless communications
Authors: Rathinasamy Vaisshale , Thipparaju Rama Rao , Edwin Nisha Flora Boby , Mondal Shyamal 
Published: September 2021

AbstractRecently, the technology buzz on utilization of terahertz (THz) technology in beyond 5G and 6G communication is growing due to the demands for large network capacity, bandwidth, and ultrahigh data rates. The THz frequencies are prudent for short‐range future wireless communication systems as they provide extraordinary channel capacity with data rates from few Gb/s to Tb/s due to its ultra‐wide spectrum bandwidth. However, there exists many challenges in designing devices that operate under THz frequencies. The photo‐conductive antenna (PCA) is one of the crucial components that support realization of ultrafast wireless THz communications. In this paper, investigations on photoconductive antennas with interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) have been presented for THz communications with an equivalent circuit model for IPCA with corresponding solved expressions. The results show that the maximum THz field strength of 4.41 × 105 V/m is achievable by a 10 μm interdigitated teeth length IPCA with larger spectrum bandwidth of about ~8 THz. The antenna module makes the possibility of miniaturization of the THz sources and detectors for the emerging variety of wireless THz applications.
A radially interleaved sodium and proton coil array for brain MRI at 7 T
Authors: Wang Bili , Zhang Bei , Yu Zidan , Ianniello Carlotta , Lakshmanan Karthik , Paska Jan , Madelin Guillaume , Cloos Martijn , Brown Ryan 
Published: September 2021

The objective of the current study was to design and build a dual‐tuned coil array for simultaneous 23Na/1H MRI of the human brain at 7 T. Quality factor, experimental B1+ measurements, and electromagnetic simulations in prototypes showed that setups consisting of geometrically interleaved 1H and 23Na loops performed better than or similar to 1H or 23Na loops in isolation. Based on these preliminary findings, we built a transmit/receive eight‐channel 23Na loop array that was geometrically interleaved with a transmit/receive eight‐channel 1H loop array. We assessed the performance of the manufactured array with mononuclear signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) and B1+ measurements, along with multinuclear magnetic resonance fingerprinting maps and images. The 23Na array within the developed dual‐tuned device provided more than 50% gain in peripheral SNR and similar B1+ uniformity and coverage as a reference birdcage coil of similar size. The 1H array provided good B1+ uniformity in the brain, excluding the cerebellum and brain stem. The integrated 23Na and 1H arrays were used to demonstrate truly simultaneous quantitative 1H mapping and 23Na imaging.
Military supply, everyday demand, and reindeer: Zooarchaeology of Nazi German Second World War military presence in Finnish Lapland, Northernmost Europe
Authors: Seitsonen Oula , Broderick Lee G. , Banks Iain , Lundemo Mari Olafson , Seitsonen Sanna , Herva Vesa‐Pekka 
Published: September 2021

AbstractDuring the Second World War, in 1941–1944, Nazi German troops held the frontal responsibility of the Arctic front in Finnish Lapland. In this paper, we present the first zooarchaeological study of the wartime faunal remains from German military camps in Lapland. This illustrates the supply situation of both the German soldiers and their multinational prisoners. The official military supply was substantially supplemented with local food sources, namely, with the local semi‐domesticated reindeer that dominates the bone assemblage. Bones of cattle, ovicaprines, and pig occur in lower numbers and appear to represent the German long‐distance supply chain stretching from the Mediterranean to the Arctic Ocean. The remains of reindeer and wild species remind of the close interactions with locals and of the prisoners' hunting activities to supplement their meager diet. Even if the reindeer bones dominate both the soldiers' and prisoners' faunal assemblages, there are notable differences in the body parts, with bones from meatier portions always found in the soldiers' food waste. Besides highlighting a tension between the military supply and everyday demands, the faunal remains can draw attention to wider anthropological questions that reach beyond the information available in historical documents, such as adaptations into an alien northern environment. This emphasizes the importance of zooarchaeological analyses of recent past faunal materials from superficially familiar contexts.
Participants’ perspectives on perceived usefulness of digital and in‐person diabetes prevention programs: A qualitative study to inform decisions related to program participation
Authors: Gruß Inga , Mayhew Meghan , Firemark Alison , Fitzpatrick Stephanie L. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectiveGiven the effectiveness of both in‐person and digital diabetes prevention programs (DPPs), participants have an opportunity to select a delivery mode based on their needs and preferences. The objective of this study was to understand and compare participants’ experiences with digital and in‐person DPPs to identify factors that affected how useful participants perceived these two program delivery modes.MethodsSemi‐structured interviews with participants who were enrolled in DPPs as either a digital (n = 23) or in‐person (n = 20) program within one health care system were conducted. Data were analyzed following the template method using the qualitative software NVivo 12.ResultsFindings from the interviews indicated that creating accountability for weight loss was crucial for all program participants. In the digital program, weight and food tracking played a central role in creating accountability, while in the in‐person program, group interactions fostered accountability. The digital program was perceived to encourage self‐monitoring, oftentimes resulting in participants’ reflection on their habits. The in‐person program provided a platform for group support and mutual encouragement.ConclusionsParticipants perceived both programs as similarly useful. Yet program characteristics such as the ability to engage with other participants in‐person or to seamlessly track weight on a daily basis appealed to different participants. It may be beneficial to align participants’ preferences with programs’ characteristics and strengths.
Effect of a biomass based waterborne fire retardant coating on the flame retardancy for wood
Authors: Li Sheng , Wang Xiaohui , Xu Miaojun , Liu Lubin , Wang Wenbo , Gao Suliang , Li Bin 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe biomass based flame retardant additive was prepared derived from renewable chitosan, melamine formaldehyde resin coated ammonium polyphosphate and organic montmorillonite and then incorporated into waterborne epoxy resin (WBEP) to produce waterborne fire‐retardant coatings. Finally, the coating was used to prepare flame retardant wood composites by spraying the mixture on wood surface. The coated wood composites passed UL‐94 V‐0 rating during vertical burning tests and its limiting oxygen index value reached 31.8% when the loading amount of flame retardant additive was 18 wt% in coating and the coating thickness was 3 mm. After water resistance tests, the wood composites remained excellent flame retarded performance. The introduction of biomass based flame retardant enhanced the carbonization capability of coating, and the residual char reached 23.9 wt% at 800°C. The cone calorimeter tests revealed that the release of heat and smoke of the coated wood composites were obviously decreased and the expanded, integrated and sealed char layer was generated at the end of combustion. The formed char layer exhibited excellent isolation effect and the wood substrate was effectively protected from combustion, and the flame retardant performance of the coated wood composites was enhanced. Thus, the prepared flame retardant WBEP coating possessed good water resistance and flame retardant efficiency for wood substrate, and it had excellent application aspect for preparing flame retardant wood composites with good comprehensive performance.
Registration of Tx3489 and Tx3490 sorghum germplasm with enhanced popping attributes
Authors: Kent Mitchell A. , Boerman Nicholas A. , Rooney William L. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] germplasm lines Tx3489 (Reg. no. GP‐943, PI 698649) and Tx3490 (Reg. no GP‐944, PI 698650) with yellow seed, favorable agronomics, and popping attributes in hybrid combinations were developed by the Texas A&M AgriLife Research sorghum breeding and genetics program in 2020. Compared with a grain sorghum hybrid check, these lines produced hybrids with similar agronomic performance and superior popping performance. In hybrid combinations, the two lines produced hybrids comparable to the agronomic productivity of standard grain sorghum hybrids. Additionally, these two lines produced hybrids with 84 and 78% popping efficiency, 9:1 and 7.4:1 expansion ratios and 0.35‐ and 0.34‐cm3 flake sizes. In contrast, the check hybrid produced grain with 74% popping efficiency, 6.3:1 expansion ratio and a 0.25‐cm3 flake. Ultimately these two lines produce grain sorghum hybrids with comparable agronomic productivity and superior popping performance. While these lines can be used as pollinator parents to produce grain sorghum hybrids for popping, they may also be a parent for the development of new pop sorghum parental lines.