bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Flavobacterium psychrophilum‐associated mortality in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)
Authors: Bruce Timothy J. , Ma Jie , Jones Evan M. , Vuglar Brent M. , Oliver Luke P. , Knupp Christopher , Loch Thomas P. , Cain Kenneth D. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSalmonid diseases caused by infections of Flavobacterium psychrophilum, the causative agent of bacterial coldwater disease, remain difficult to manage as novel, pathogenic strains continue to emerge in aquaculture settings globally. To date, much of the research regarding treatment options and vaccine development has focused on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), but other inland‐reared salmonids are also impacted by this Gram‐negative bacterium. As such, Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were injection‐challenged with a variety of previously reported F. psychrophilum strains isolated from disease diagnostic cases in salmonids, as well as a standard and well‐studied F. psychrophilum strain (CSF 259–93) known to be virulent in rainbow trout. In three separate virulence assessments (Trials A, B and C), strains US063 (isolated from lake trout; Salvelinus namaycush) and US149 (isolated from Atlantic salmon) caused a significantly higher cumulative per cent mortality (CPM) relative to other strains in Atlantic salmon (p <.001 for all trials), with US149 causing significantly greater mortality than US063 in Trials A (CPM 97% vs. 65%, p =.008) and B (CPM 96% ± 2.3% vs. 81.33% ± 4.8%, p =.014). Trial C used a lower dose (1.86 × 108 CFU/mL) for US149, resulting in a lower mortality (78.67% ± 9.33%) relative to Trials A and B. CSF259‐93 did not cause significant mortality in any trials. In brook trout, the strain 03–179 (originally isolated from steelhead trout; Oncorhynchus mykiss) was significantly more virulent than any other (CPM 100% ± 0%, p <.001), followed by US063 (73% ± 3.8%) and US149 (40% ± 6.1%,) respectively. Again, CSF259‐93 did not cause significant mortality relative to a mock challenge treatment. Results provide information about the applicability of strain selection in F. psychrophilum virulence testing in Atlantic salmon and brook trout, demonstrating the high virulence of US063 and US149 for these salmonid species. This information is applicable for the development of therapeutics and vaccines against F. psychrophilum infections and demonstrates the reproducibility of the experimental challenge model.
Fire‐Sale Spillovers and Systemic Risk
Authors: DUARTE FERNANDO , EISENBACH THOMAS M. 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACTWe identify and track over time the factors that make the financial system vulnerable to fire sales by constructing an index of aggregate vulnerability. The index starts increasing quickly in 2004, before most other major systemic risk measures, and triples by 2008. The fire‐sale‐specific factors of delevering speed and concentration of illiquid assets account for the majority of this increase. Individual banks' contributions to aggregate vulnerability predict other firm‐specific measures of systemic risk, including SRISK and CoVaR. The balance‐sheet‐based measures we propose are therefore useful early indicators of when and where vulnerabilities are building up.
Left ventricular assist device in pregnancy: Case report and review of the literature
Authors: Malik Alexa , Winchester Mae‐Lan , Gorman Kelly , Parrott Jessica , Parrish Marc 
Published: February 2021

AbstractLeft ventricular assist devices have emerged as a safe and effective therapy for end‐stage heart failure patients. However, little is known about the safety of these devices during pregnancy. We describe a 23‐year‐old woman who received a left ventricular device for nonischemic cardiomyopathy of uncertain origin. She became pregnant approximately 1 year later. With close monitoring of her hemodynamic parameters, she was able to achieve a gestational age of 34 weeks, at which time she delivered a healthy male infant by cesarean delivery. Pregnancies in women with left ventricular assist devices may be successful, but remain medically challenging and complex pregnancies. Close multidisciplinary involvement and frequent assessment of device parameters during pregnancy is warranted.
Impaired Distal Perfusion Predicts Length of Hospital Stay in Patients with Symptomatic Middle Cerebral Artery Stenosis
Authors: Yaghi Shadi , Havenon Adam de , Honda Tristan , Hinman Jason D. , Raychev Radoslav , Sharma Latisha K. , Kim Song , Feldmann Edward , Romano Jose G. , Prabhakaran Shyam , Liebeskind David S. 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSEPerfusion imaging can risk stratify patients with symptomatic intracranial stenosis. We aim to determine the association between perfusion delay and length of hospital stay (LOS) in symptomatic middle cerebral artery (MCA) stenosis patients.METHODSThis is a retrospective study of consecutive patients admitted to a comprehensive stroke center over 5 years with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) within 7 days of symptom onset due to MCA stenosis (50‐99%) and underwent perfusion imaging. Patients were divided into three groups: mismatch volume ≥ 15 cc based on T max > 6 second delay, T max 4‐6 second delay, and <4 second delay. The outcome was LOS, both as a continuous variable and categorical (≥7 days [prolonged LOS] vs. <7 days). We used adjusted regression analyses to determine the association between perfusion categories and LOS.RESULTSOne hundred and seventy eight of 194 patients met the inclusion criteria. After adjusting for age and NIHSS, T max >6 second mismatch was associated with prolonged LOS (OR 2.94 95% CI 1.06‐8.18; P = .039), but T max 4‐6 second was not (OR 1.45 95% CI .46‐4.58, P = .528). We found similar associations when LOS was a continuous variable for T max > 6 second (β coefficient = 2.01, 95% CI .05‐3.97, P = .044) and T max 4‐6 second (β coefficient = 1.24, 95% CI –.85 to 3.34, P = .244).CONCLUSIONIn patients with symptomatic MCA stenosis, T max > 6 second perfusion delay is associated with prolonged LOS. Prospective studies are needed to validate our findings.
Using an online photo based questionnaire to predict tasted liking and amount sampled of familiar and unfamiliar foods by female nutrition students
Authors: Colla Kathryn , Keast Russell , Hartley Isabella , Liem Djin Gie 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe present study investigated the relationship between online questionnaire and laboratory taste tests. Participants (n = 111 females, mean age; 24.0 ± 4.5 years) rated familiarity (5‐point Likert scale), predicted liking (9‐point hedonic scale) and prospective consumption (9‐point category scale) of 23 snacks using an online photo questionnaire. One week later participants rated liking and prospective consumption of five of those snacks in the laboratory (in‐lab). Predicted liking explained 19.2 and 34.5% of the variation in in‐lab liking of familiar and unfamiliar snacks, respectively. Prospective consumption (online) explained 11.2 and 5.4% of the variation in in‐lab prospective consumption of familiar and unfamiliar snacks, respectively. Differences in snack familiarity did not influence the strength of the relationships between online and in‐lab measures (p > .05). Compared to predicted liking, tasted liking was more predictive of prospective consumption, even if foods were familiar, highlighting the importance of experiencing all sensory properties.Practical applicationsThe present research aimed to determine if an online photo based questionnaire could provide results on liking and prospective consumption, were related to perceptual, hedonic, and behavioral (i.e., consumption) results obtained within a sensory laboratory. Specifically, do consumers need to taste food to rate liking and prospective consumption, or can they simply look at a photograph? Moreover, is such a questionnaire only appropriate for foods that are highly familiar, or can they be used for unfamiliar foods? This investigation may be relevant for researchers and professionals who wish to overcome the limitations of traditional sensory testing within a laboratory, such as time constraints, satiation, fatigue, location, and other logistical considerations. The present research confirms that liking and prospective consumption measured using online photo based questionnaires is poorly correlated with the gold standard of tasted measures of liking and prospective consumption. These findings make an important contribution to the field of consumer science, which is continuously aiming to optimize testing procedures.
“From schoolboy to counsellor: An autoethnography of deconstructions and reconstructions of the self as a learner”
Authors: Summers Neil 
Published: February 2021

Accessible summaryWhat is known on the subject

Autoethnographic methods can explore key learning experiences and significant occurrences over a particular lifespan.

In this paper, the author has explored and employed these methods to examine the constructs of the self and how such learning may enrich the lifespan of a trainee counsellor.

What the paper adds to existing knowledge

These findings will add to the research literature in the field that is limited in relation to identity formation, impact of education on learners and men becoming therapists.

Key themes emerged, “He's a sensitive boy”—learning to hide, help through others—I can learn and re‐construction—restoration and healing.

What are the implications for practice

Despite the introspective nature of autoethnography, findings from this narrative have a bearing on the importance of inter‐dependant relationships and support and how they can impact on learning and how people are viewed and labelled by communities and societies.

These findings also illuminate the understanding of the construction and re‐construction of the self and inform how a person, in therapy, can rebuild their lives by considering more than the negative narratives about themselves?
A methodology for measuring the total displacements of structures using a laser–camera system
Authors: Nasimi Roya , Moreu Fernando 
Published: February 2021

AbstractRailroad bridge inspection manuals recommend measuring bridge displacements under train crossing events. Traditional displacement measurement methods require humans climbing the infrastructure for sensor installation, which is unsafe. Therefore, bridge inspectors are interested in noncontact methods. The authors of this paper developed a methodology that measures the noncontact, reference‐free total transverse displacement of structures using a laser and a camera. Total displacement refers to both dynamic and pseudostatic components of displacement. The developed method can be implemented with off‐the‐shelf hardware components that are lightweight, and simple enough, so researchers can build their own system and test it in the field. First, the paper presents the methodology and tests it with a 1 degree of freedom (DOF) estimation with neither rotation nor elevation change. Subsequently, authors developed a new algorithm combining both laser and camera under arbitrary 6 DOF motion. The results of this research support noncontact reference‐free total displacement measurements of railroad bridges.
Interaction between transforming Theileria parasites and their host bovine leukocytes
Authors: Tajeri Shahin , Haidar Malak , Sakura Takaya , Langsley Gordon 
Published: February 2021

AbstractTheileria are tick‐transmitted parasites that cause often fatal leuko‐proliferative diseases in cattle called tropical theileriosis (T. annulata) and East Coast fever (T. parva). However, upon treatment with anti‐theilerial drug‐transformed leukocytes die of apoptosis indicating that Theileria‐induced transformation is reversible making infected leukocytes a powerful example of how intracellular parasites interact with their hosts. Theileria‐transformed leukocytes disseminate throughout infected cattle causing a cancer‐like disease and here, we discuss how cytokines, noncoding RNAs and oncometabolites can contribute to the transformed phenotype and disease pathology.
Chitosan inhibits septin‐mediated plant infection by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae in a protein kinase C and Nox1 NADPH oxidase‐dependent manner
Authors: Lopez‐Moya Federico , Martin‐Urdiroz Magdalena , Oses‐Ruiz Miriam , Were Vincent M. , Fricker Mark D. , Littlejohn George , Lopez‐Llorca Luis V. , Talbot Nicholas J. 
Published: February 2021

Summary

Chitosan is a partially deacetylated linear polysaccharide composed of β‐1,4‐linked units of d‐glucosamine and N‐acetyl glucosamine. As well as a structural component of fungal cell walls, chitosan is a potent antifungal agent. However, the mode of action of chitosan is poorly understood.

Here, we report that chitosan is effective for control of rice blast disease. Chitosan application impairs growth of the blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae and has a pronounced effect on appressorium‐mediated plant infection. Chitosan inhibits septin‐mediated F‐actin remodelling at the appressorium pore, thereby preventing repolarization of the infection cell.

Chitosan causes plasma membrane permeabilization of M. oryzae and affects NADPH oxidase‐dependent synthesis of reactive oxygen species, essential for septin ring formation and fungal pathogenicity. We further show that toxicity of chitosan to M. oryzae requires the protein kinase C‐dependent cell wall integrity pathway, the Mps1 mitogen‐activated protein kinase and the Nox1 NADPH oxidase. A conditionally lethal, analogue (PP1)‐sensitive mutant of Pkc1 is partially remediated for growth in the presence of chitosan, while ∆nox1 mutants increase their glucan : chitin cell wall ratio, rendering them resistant to chitosan.

Taken together, our data show that chitosan is a potent fungicide which requires the cell integrity pathway, disrupts plasma membrane function and inhibits septin‐mediated plant infection.
Morality is in the eye of the beholder: the neurocognitive basis of the “anomalous‐is‐bad” stereotype
Authors: Workman Clifford I. , Humphries Stacey , Hartung Franziska , Aguirre Geoffrey K. , Kable Joseph W. , Chatterjee Anjan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAre people with flawed faces regarded as having flawed moral characters? An “anomalous‐is‐bad” stereotype is hypothesized to facilitate negative biases against people with facial anomalies (e.g., scars), but whether and how these biases affect behavior and brain functioning remain open questions. We examined responses to anomalous faces in the brain (using a visual oddball paradigm), behavior (in economic games), and attitudes. At the level of the brain, the amygdala demonstrated a specific neural response to anomalous faces—sensitive to disgust and a lack of beauty but independent of responses to salience or arousal. At the level of behavior, people with anomalous faces were subjected to less prosociality from participants highest in socioeconomic status. At the level of attitudes, we replicated previously reported negative character evaluations made about individuals with facial anomalies, and further identified explicit biases directed against them as a group. Across these levels of organization, the specific amygdala response to facial anomalies correlated with stronger just‐world beliefs (i.e., people get what they deserve), less dispositional empathic concern, and less prosociality toward people with facial anomalies. Characterizing the “anomalous‐is‐bad” stereotype at multiple levels of organization can reveal underappreciated psychological burdens shouldered by people who look different.
Understanding data use and preference of data visualization for public health professionals: A qualitative study
Authors: Park Seungeun , Bekemeier Betty , Flaxman Abraham D. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectiveThis study aimed to assess public health professionals’ use of data, information, and evidence and to understand perceptions and preferences regarding data visualization to inform future design of data visualization tools.DesignWe conducted qualitative interviews with public health professionals who use data for decision making as part of community health assessment and program planning from state and local health departments across six states.ResultsWe identified four themes: 1) collection of data, information, and evidence; 2) management and analysis of data and information to inform decisions; 3) use of data to support public health practice; and 4) preferences for data visualization and how visualization is being used. Public health professionals use data, information, and evidence from various resources for communicating with co‐workers, stakeholders, and the public, and decision making regarding their programs and services.ConclusionData visualization tools can help public health professionals improve their understanding and communication, their education of stakeholders, and their decision making using data, information, and evidence. Public health professionals believe in the value of using data, information, and evidence. Opportunities exist in ways to support public health professionals’ data use by adopting data visualization tools and by mitigating systematic challenges in public health information systems.
Estimating the statistical power to detect set‐size effects in contralateral delay activity
Authors: Ngiam William X. Q. , Adam Kirsten C. S. , Quirk Colin , Vogel Edward K. , Awh Edward 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe contralateral delay activity (CDA) is an event‐related potential component commonly used to examine the online processes of visual working memory. Here, we provide a robust analysis of the statistical power that is needed to achieve reliable and reproducible results with the CDA. Using two very large EEG datasets that examined the contrast between CDA amplitude with set sizes 2 and 6 items and set sizes 2 and 4 items, we present a subsampling analysis that estimates the statistical power achieved with varying numbers of subjects and trials based on the proportion of significant tests in 10,000 iterations. We also generated simulated data using Bayesian multilevel modeling to estimate power beyond the bounds of the original datasets. The number of trials and subjects required depends critically on the effect size. Detecting the presence of the CDA—a reliable difference between contralateral and ipsilateral electrodes during the memory period—required only 30–50 clean trials with a sample of 25 subjects to achieve approximately 80% statistical power. However, for detecting a difference in CDA amplitude between two set sizes, a substantially larger number of trials and subjects were required; approximately 400 clean trials with 25 subjects to achieve 80% power. Thus, to achieve robust tests of how CDA activity differs across conditions, it is essential to be mindful of the estimated effect size. We recommend researchers designing experiments to detect set‐size differences in the CDA collect substantially more trials per subject.
Risk Analysis Approaches to Evaluating Health Impacts from Land‐Based Pollution in Low‐ and Middle‐Income Countries
Authors: Williams Pamela R. D. , von Stackelberg Katherine , Guerra Lopez Mayra Gabriela , Sanchez‐Triana Ernesto 
Published: February 2021

AbstractRisk analysis offers a useful framework for evaluating and managing environmental health risks across different settings. In this Perspective, we question whether the principles and practice of risk analysis could be beneficial in the context of land‐based pollution in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs) to better support risk‐based decision making. Specifically, potential health and economic impacts from land‐based pollution in LMICs has become an increasing issue of concern due to widespread environmental contamination from active and legacy operations, particularly informal activities that are becoming increasingly dispersed throughout communities, such as used lead acid battery recycling, artisanal and small‐scale gold mining, and small‐scale tanneries. However, the overall magnitude and scale of the public health problem arising from these sources remains highly uncertain and poorly characterized and cannot be compared to land‐based pollution in high‐income countries due to unique factors. This lack of knowledge has negatively affected the political priority and level of funding for risk mitigation actions targeting land‐based pollution in these countries. Our primary objective is to raise further awareness of this emerging issue among risk analysts and decisionmakers and to advocate for more robust and focused research. Here, we highlight the types of industries and activities contributing to land‐based pollution in LMICs and describe key findings and knowledge and data gaps that have hindered a fuller understanding of this issue. We also discuss how several risk assessment and risk management approaches might be useful in this resource‐constrained context. We conclude that a combination of risk analysis approaches may be worthwhile, but more work is needed to determine which methods or tools will be most informative, technically feasible, and cost‐effective for identifying, prioritizing, and mitigating land‐based pollution in LMICs. Affected researchers, funding agencies, and local or national governments will need to work together to develop improved study designs and risk mitigation strategies.
Categoricity, External and Internal: An Excerpt from a Conversation with Saharon Shelah
Authors: Villaveces Andrés 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA long series of conversations interweaving mathematical, historical and philosophical aspects of categoricity in model theory took place between the author and Saharon Shelah in 2016 and 2017. In this excerpt of that long conversation, we explore the relationship between explicit and implicit aspects of categoricity. We also discuss the connection with definability issues.
Comparative transcriptome profiling identifies maize line specificity of fungal effectors in the maize–Ustilago maydis interaction
Authors: Schurack Selma , Depotter Jasper R.L. , Gupta Deepak , Thines Marco , Doehlemann Gunther 
Published: February 2021

SUMMARYThe biotrophic pathogen Ustilago maydis causes smut disease on maize (Zea mays) and induces the formation of tumours on all aerial parts of the plant. Unlike in other biotrophic interactions, no gene‐for‐gene interactions have been identified in the maize–U. maydis pathosystem. Thus, maize resistance to U. maydis is considered a polygenic, quantitative trait. Here, we study the molecular mechanisms of quantitative disease resistance (QDR) in maize, and how U. maydis interferes with its components. Based on quantitative scoring of disease symptoms in 26 maize lines, we performed an RNA sequencing (RNA‐Seq) analysis of six U. maydis‐infected maize lines of highly distinct resistance levels. The different maize lines showed specific responses of diverse cellular processes to U. maydis infection. For U. maydis, our analysis identified 406 genes being differentially expressed between maize lines, of which 102 encode predicted effector proteins. Based on this analysis, we generated U. maydis CRISPR/Cas9 knock‐out mutants for selected candidate effector sets. After infections of different maize lines with the fungal mutants, RNA‐Seq analysis identified effectors with quantitative, maize line‐specific virulence functions, and revealed auxin‐related processes as a possible target for one of them. Thus, we show that both transcriptional activity and virulence function of fungal effector genes are modified according to the infected maize line, providing insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying QDR in the maize–U. maydis interaction.