bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identifying crystallographic faces of the fluorites urania and thoria with rotational polarized Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Morgan Phyllis K. , Prusnick Timothy A. , Velez Michael A. , Rickert Karl , Turner David B. , Mann James Matthew 
Published: September 2021

AbstractCrystallite orientation identification is invaluable, but is often limited to small area identification or requires a large area sample. Nondestructive optical methods such as polarized Raman spectroscopy, in contrast, can be used to completely map a variety of sample sizes, but their potential is not yet fully realized. Here, we report a systematic study of polarized Raman scattering of high‐quality, hydrothermally grown, single crystals of urania and thoria. The peak intensity variations for as‐grown major crystal planes, post‐growth polished crystal planes, and a post‐growth polished non‐crystallographic plane are directly linked to crystallographic orientation and crystal rotation, and agree with computed models. In particular, the parallel polarized peak intensity results are directly correlated with metal–oxygen–metal chains in the fluorite structure and can be used to determine both orientation and rotational alignment of a given crystal face if sufficiently small rotational steps are applied. These results are structure based, being applicable to the larger fluorite phase space, which is useful for optical, semiconductor, nuclear, and solid oxide fuel cell industries. Further, these results suggest that Raman spectroscopy can identify non‐crystallographic orientations that are not discernable by traditional means.
Melt Electrowriting of Amphiphilic Physically Crosslinked Segmented Copolymers
Authors: Bakirci Ezgi , Frank Andreas , Gumbel Simon , Otto Paul F. , Fürsattel Eva , Tessmer Ingrid , Schmidt Hans‐Werner , Dalton Paul D. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractVarious (AB)n and (ABAC)n segmented copolymers with hydrophilic and hydrophobic segments are processed via melt electrowriting (MEW). Two different (AB)n segmented copolymers composed of bisurea segments and hydrophobic poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) or hydrophilic poly(propylene oxide)‐poly(ethylene oxide)‐poly(propylene oxide) (PPO‐PEG‐PPO) segments, while the amphiphilic (ABAC)n segmented copolymers consist of bisurea segments in the combination of hydrophobic PDMS segments and hydrophilic PPO‐PEG‐PPO segments with different ratios, are explored. All copolymer compositions are processed using the same conditions, including nozzle temperature, applied voltage, and collector distance, while changes in applied pressure and collector speed altered the fiber diameter in the range of 7 and 60 µm. All copolymers showed excellent processability with MEW, well‐controlled fiber stacking, and inter‐layer bonding. Notably, the surfaces of all four copolymer fibers are very smooth when visualized using scanning electron microscopy. However, the fibers show different roughness demonstrated with atomic force microscopy. The non‐cytotoxic copolymers increased L929 fibroblast attachment with increasing PDMS content while the different copolymer compositions result in a spectrum of physical properties.
Consistent depiction of the acidic ischemic lesion with APT MRI—Dual RF power evaluation of pH‐sensitive image in acute stroke
Authors: Sun Phillip Zhe 
Published: September 2021

PurposeAmide proton transfer‐weighted (APTw) MRI provides a non‐invasive pH‐sensitive image, complementing perfusion and diffusion imaging for refined stratification of ischemic tissue. Although the commonly used magnetization transfer (MT) asymmetry (MTRasym) calculation reasonably corrects the direct RF saturation effect, it is susceptible to the concomitant semisolid macromolecular MT contribution. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the performance of MTRasym and magnetization transfer and relaxation‐normalized APT (MRAPT) analyses under 2 representative experimental conditions.MethodsMultiparametric MRI scans were performed in a rodent model of acute stroke, including relaxation, diffusion, and Z spectral images under 2 representative RF levels of 0.75 and 1.5 µT. Both MTRasym and MRAPT values in the ischemic diffusion lesion and the contralateral normal areas were compared using correlation and Bland‐Altman tests. In addition, the acidic lesion volumes were compared.ResultsMRAPT measurements from the diffusion lesion under the 2 conditions were highly correlated (R2 = 0.97) versus MTRasym measures (R2 = 0.58). The pH lesion sizes determined from MRAPT analysis were in good agreement (178 ± 43 mm3 vs. 186 ± 55 mm3 for B1 of 0.75 and 1.5 µT, respectively).ConclusionsThe study demonstrated that MRAPT analysis could be generalized to moderately different RF amplitudes, providing a more consistent depiction of acidic lesions than the MTRasym analysis.
Clinical translational neuroimaging of the antioxidant effect of N‐acetylcysteine on neural microstructure
Authors: Yi Sue Y. , Barnett Brian R. , Poetzel McKenzie J. , Stowe Nicholas A. , Yu John‐Paul J. 
Published: September 2021

PurposeOxidative stress and downstream effectors have emerged as important pathological processes that drive psychiatric illness, suggesting that antioxidants may have a therapeutic role in psychiatric disease. However, no imaging biomarkers are currently available to track therapeutic response. The purpose of this study was to examine whether advanced DWI techniques are able to sensitively detect the potential therapeutic effects of the antioxidant N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) in a Disc1 svΔ2 preclinical rat model of psychiatric illness.MethodsMale and female Disc1 svΔ2 rats and age‐matched, sex‐matched Sprague‐Dawley wild‐type controls were treated with a saline vehicle or NAC before ex vivo MRI acquisition at P50. Imaging data were fit to DTI and neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging models and analyzed for region‐specific changes in quantitative diffusion metrics. Brains were further processed for cellular quantification of microglial density and morphology. All experiments were repeated for Disc1 svΔ2 rats exposed to chronic early‐life stress to test how gene‐environment interactions might alter effectiveness of NAC therapy.ResultsThe DTI and neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging analyses demonstrated amelioration of early‐life, sex‐specific neural microstructural deficits with concomitant differences in microglial morphology across multiple brain regions relevant to neuropsychiatric illness with NAC treatment, but only in male Disc1 svΔ2 rats. Addition of chronic early‐life stress reduced the ability of NAC to restore microstructural deficits.ConclusionThese findings provide evidence for a treatment pathway targeting endogenous antioxidant capacity, and the clinical translational utility of neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging microstructural imaging to sensitively detect microstructural alterations resulting from antioxidant treatment.
Leben im Untergrund
Authors: Groß Michael 
Published: September 2021

AbstractDie Gesteinsschichten unterhalb des Bodens, den Pflanzen und Tiere nutzen, galten lange als unbelebt. Erst in den letzten zehn Jahren fand die Wissenschaft heraus, dass die Biosphäre der Erde sich unerwartet weit in die Tiefe ausdehnt. Manche Arten leben sogar von Kernenergie.
Transaktionen: Raus aus der Pandemiesenke
Authors: Schneider Bernd , Kellermeyer Florian 
Published: September 2021

AbstractGünstige Finanzierungen, hohe Unternehmensbewertungen und die zunehmende Stabilisierung der Wirtschaft treiben Käufe und Verkäufe an. Investoren gründen sogar Erwerbsgesellschaften, die nur dazu da sind, junge Firmen schnell an die Börse zu bringen.
Chemiedidaktik: Wie reduktive Spaltung einen Wirkstoff freisetzt
Authors: Ducci Matthias 
Published: September 2021

AbstractDer menschliche Organismus spaltet Azofarbstoffe und bildet dabei aromatische Amine. Die Pharmakologie macht sich dies zunutze: mit dem Prodrug‐Konzept. Was dabei chemisch passiert, können Schüler:innen in Experimenten am Beispiel eines Medikaments gegen eine chronisch‐ entzündliche Darmerkrankung herausfinden.
Quantifying the Spatial Structure of Invasive Lake Trout in Yellowstone Lake to Improve Suppression Efficacy
Authors: Williams Jacob R. , Guy Christopher S. , Bigelow Patricia E. , Koel Todd M. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Invasive Lake Trout Salvelinus namaycush have altered the once-pristine Yellowstone Lake ecosystem through top-down effects by consuming Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvieri. To conserve Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout and restore the ecosystem, a Lake Trout gillnetting program was implemented to suppress the invasive population. We evaluated the spatial structure of Lake Trout in Yellowstone Lake with the intent of increasing suppression efficiency. Specifically, we addressed questions related to adult Lake Trout aggregation and movement during summer and autumn (spawning) periods and how Lake Trout used locations in the context of suppression efforts. We tracked 373 Lake Trout (&gt;500 mm TL) during the summer and autumn of 2016 and 2017. Based on kernel density estimates, Lake Trout were highly aggregated at 9 locations during summer and 22 locations during the spawning period. Using a novel metric, individual days (product of mean individuals per survey and mean length of stay), five summer locations and five spawning locations had at least 30 individual days. These locations are suggested as priority areas for targeting Lake Trout suppression. Lake Trout were less aggregated and moved less during the summer, making them less vulnerable to a passive gear in the summer than during the autumn spawning period. Lake Trout exhibited low spawning site fidelity compared to populations elsewhere, possibly due to decades of intensive gill netting at spawning locations. Given the aggregation and movement patterns observed in Yellowstone Lake, continuing to target adult Lake Trout during the spawning period is the most cost-effective approach to Lake Trout suppression.
Perinatal burials at pre‐Hispanic noncemetery sites in Gran Canaria: Tophet, infanticide, or natural mortality?
Authors: Alberto‐Barroso Verónica , Delgado‐Darias Teresa , Ordóñez Alejandra C. , Serrano Javier G. , Fregel Rosa , Velasco‐Vázquez Javier 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we perform the first multidisciplinary study of perinatal burials at a pre‐Hispanic domestic site in Gran Canaria. For that, we carried out bioanthropological analyses, the genetic determination of the molecular sex of the individuals, and the contextualization of their chronological and cultural affiliations. To date, these remains had been associated to a local re‐interpretation of a Phoenician‐Punic tophet or as evidence of female infanticide within the mechanisms of demographic control of the ancient Canarians. However, these proposals did not take into account the recurrence of this type of human remains outside the normative cemeteries of the indigenous population or considered the demographic profile of coetaneous necropolises. In the light of the age of death and the molecular sex of the individuals, and the results obtained from the taphonomic and chronological analyses, we propose an alternative historical scenario, directly linked to high perinatal mortality rates and the development of specific burial practices for those individuals that died around the time of birth.
Multiplex fluorescence imaging‐guided programmed delivery of doxorubicin and curcumin from a nanoparticles/hydrogel system for synergistic chemotherapy
Authors: Sheng Shupei , Wei Chang , Ma Teng , Zhang Yan , Zhu Dunwan , Dong Xia , Lv Feng 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSynergistic chemotherapy of doxorubicin and curcumin (CUR) is an important strategy for cancer therapy to compensate for the single drug chemotherapy. Programmed and precise delivery of drugs plays a crucial role for optimizing the mode of administration and revealing the mechanism of synergistic chemotherapy. Herein, multiplex fluorescence imaging‐guided programmed delivery of doxorubicin and CUR was achieved by a nanoparticles/hydrogel system for synergistic chemotherapy. CUR‐loaded nanoparticles and doxorubicin were co‐loaded into hydrogel to construct a synergistic chemotherapy drug delivery system. The hydrogel‐nanoparticles combined system can effectively achieve the programmed delivery of hydrophilic drug and hydrophobic drug for the synergistic chemotherapy. They exerted the on‐demand spatiotemporal delivery of doxorubicin and CUR. The combined chemotherapy system significantly inhibited the tumor growth compared to single therapy. Moreover, the programmed delivery of doxorubicin and CUR was visualized precisely based on their self‐fluorescence instead of extra fluorescent tags at the cellular level and in vivo lever using multiplex fluorescence imaging technology. It afforded an imaging guidance for the controllable synergistic chemotherapy based on programmed delivery.
Structure‐based design of a photoswitchable affibody scaffold
Authors: Woloschuk Ryan M. , Reed P. Maximilian M. , Jaikaran Anna S. I. , Demmans Karl Z. , Youn Jeffrey , Kanelis Voula , Uppalapati Maruti , Woolley G. Andrew 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPhoto‐control of affinity reagents offers a general approach for high‐resolution spatiotemporal control of diverse molecular processes. In an effort to develop general design principles for a photo‐controlled affinity reagent, we took a structure‐based approach to the design of a photoswitchable Z‐domain, among the simplest of affinity reagent scaffolds. A chimera, designated Z‐PYP, of photoactive yellow protein (PYP) and the Z‐domain, was designed based on the concept of mutually exclusive folding. NMR analysis indicated that, in the dark, the PYP domain of the chimera was folded, and the Z‐domain was unfolded. Blue light caused loss of structure in PYP and a two‐ to sixfold change in the apparent affinity of Z‐PYP for its target as determined using size exclusion chromatography, UV‐Vis based assays, and enyzme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A thermodynamic model indicated that mutations to decrease Z‐domain folding energy would alter target affinity without loss of switching. This prediction was confirmed experimentally with a double alanine mutant in helix 3 of the Z‐domain of the chimera (Z‐PYP‐AA) showing >30‐fold lower dark‐state binding and no loss in switching. The effect of decreased dark‐state binding affinity was tested in a two‐hybrid transcriptional control format and enabled pronounced light/dark differences in yeast growth in vivo. Finally, the design was transferable to the αZ‐Taq affibody enabling tunable light‐dependent binding both in vitro and in vivo to the Z‐Taq target. This system thus provides a framework for the focused development of light switchable affibodies for a range of targets.
The Weak Gravity Conjecture and BPS Particles
Authors: Alim Murad , Heidenreich Ben , Rudelius Tom 
Published: September 2021

AbstractMotivated by the Weak Gravity Conjecture, we uncover an intricate interplay between black holes, BPS particle counting, and Calabi‐Yau geometry in five dimensions. In particular, we point out that extremal BPS black holes exist only in certain directions in the charge lattice, and we argue that these directions fill out a cone that is dual to the cone of effective divisors of the Calabi‐Yau threefold. The tower and sublattice versions of the Weak Gravity Conjecture require an infinite tower of BPS particles in these directions, and therefore imply purely geometric conjectures requiring the existence of infinite towers of holomorphic curves in every direction within the dual of the cone of effective divisors. We verify these geometric conjectures in a number of examples by computing Gopakumar‐Vafa invariants.
Identification of the metabolic signatures of prostate cancer by mass spectrometry‐based plasma and urine metabolomics analysis
Authors: Yu Chaowen , Niu Lingfang , Li Luo , Li Ting , Duan Limei , He Zhenting , Zhao Yan , Zou Lin , Wu Xiaohou , Luo Chunli 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectiveProstate cancer (PCa) is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers among men which is associated with profound metabolic changes. Systematic analysis of the metabolic alterations and identification of new biomarkers may benefit PCa diagnosis and a deep understanding of the pathological mechanism. The purpose of this study was to determine the metabolic features of PCa.MethodsPlasma and urine metabolites from 89 prostate cancer (PCa) patients, 84 benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) patients, and 70 healthy males were analyzed using LC‐MS/MS and GC‐MS. The Orthogonalised Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (OPLS‐DA) was used to find the significantly changed metabolites. The clinical value of the candidate markers was examined by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis and compared with prostate‐specific antigen (PSA).ResultsMultivariate statistical analyses found a series of altered metabolites, which related to the urea cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), fatty acid metabolism, and the glycine cleavage system. Plasma Glu/Gln showed the highest predictive value (AUC = 0.984) when differentiating PCa patients from healthy controls, with a higher sensitivity than PSA (96.6% vs. 94.4%). Both Glu/Gln and PSA displayed a low specificity when differentiating PCa patients from BPH patients (<53.2%), while the combination of Glu/Gln and PSA can further increase the diagnostic specificity to 66.9%.ConclusionsThe present study showed the metabolic features of PCa, provided strong evidence that the amide nitrogen and the energy metabolic pathways could be a valuable source of markers for PCa. Several candidate markers identified in this study were clinically valuable for further assessment.
The remarkable stability of fertility desires during the Colombian armed conflict 2000–2016
Authors: Svallfors Signe 
Published: September 2021

AbstractLimited attention has been paid so far to the impacts of war on proximate determinants of fertility, including childbearing preferences. This study explores the relationship between exposure to local conflict violence and fertility desires in Colombia. I combined nationally representative micro‐level data on the timing, frequency and decisiveness of reproductive preferences from the Demographic and Health Surveys, with geospatial information about local violence from the Uppsala Conflict Data Program from 2000 to 2016. The results show a remarkable stability in women's childbearing desires in relation to conflict during the observation period, robust to multiple respecifications of the study sample, statistical model and conflict measurements. The study indicates that previously reported increases to fertility behaviour cannot be explained by altered preferences, suggesting a surge in unwanted pregnancies. This highlights the need for policy programs to support women in realising their fertility preferences, whatever they may be.
Clinical outcome of intrauterine infusion of platelet‐rich plasma in patients with recurrent implantation failure
Authors: Enatsu Yihsien , Enatsu Noritoshi , Kishi Kanako , Otsuki Junko , Iwasaki Toshiroh , Okamoto Eri , Kokeguchi Shoji , Shiotani Masahide 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPurposeThis study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of intrauterine infusion of platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) before embryo transfer (ET) in recurrent implantation failure (RIF) cases.MethodsThe authors retrospectively analyzed 54 ET cycles involving frozen and thawed high‐quality blastocysts after intrauterine PRP infusion between September 2019 and November 2020. All patients had a history of at least two times of implantation failure on ET. A total of 54 patients were categorized into two groups: thin endometrium (39 patients) and unexplained implantation failure (15 patients). In the thin‐endometrium group, the endometrial thickness (EMT) was <8.0 mm at cycle days 12–14 in the prior ET cycle.ResultsAmong the 54 ET cycles after PRP infusion, 31 (57.4%) were positive for human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and 27 (50%) achieved clinical pregnancy, which was significantly better than that in prior ET cycles without PRP infusion (27.2% and 9.6%, respectively). The EMT was not increased at ET date on the PRP cycle compared with that in the prior ET cycle in both patient groups. Moreover, EMT was not different between the hCG‐positive and hCG‐negative groups.ConclusionAlthough intrauterine PRP infusion had no superior effect on increasing the EMT than conventional therapeutic agents, it resulted in high pregnancy rates in patients experiencing RIF with or without thin endometrium.
Rethinking Nordic Courts: An Introduction
Authors: Nylund Anna 
Published: September 2021

AbstractEuropeanisation, globalisation, privatisation, diversification and digitisation are trends that all exert an influence on courts and the justice system. Still, our understanding of the interrelationship between these currents in the legal landscape and national court culture is limited, which in turn impedes our comprehension of the on-going, potentially transformational processes related to courts. Nordic courts and court proceedings are, naturally, influenced by these trends both directly and indirectly, and their reactions to the developments are contingent on the underlying legal culture.
The Public Policy-Implementing Role of Nordic Courts in Civil Dispute Resolution
Authors: Petersen Clement Salung 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis chapter explores the role of Nordic courts in safeguarding certain public values and interests, whether substantial or procedural, in the three types of civil dispute resolution that can potentially lead to state enforcement, namely civil litigation, arbitration and mediation. First, it shows how Nordic courts in civil litigation may take on an’active role’ vis-à-vis the parties but that the legal contours of this role remain unclear and controversial. Secondly, it shows how current and proposed statutory frameworks governing arbitration and mediation give national courts an important role in safeguarding public values and interests which raises important questions in law concerning the role of courts as gatekeepers of access to court and state enforcement for private actors. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the need for developing a clearer and more coherent approach to defining this public policy-implementing role of courts across all three types of civil dispute resolution. It is argued that such a coherent approach is needed and that it will be valuable to analyse the public policy-implementing role of courts in a Nordic context, since the Nordic countries generally share many of these relevant public values and interests.
Nordic and European Judicial Cooperation in Criminal Matters
Authors: Helenius Dan 
Published: September 2021

AbstractJudicial cooperation in criminal matters between the Nordic states has traditionally been extensive. This cooperation has included matters of extradition, legal assistance in regard to evidence, transfer of the enforcement of punishments and transfer of criminal proceedings and criminal jurisdiction. Since the late twentieth century and the early twenty-first century, the Nordic cooperation agreements have to a rather significant degree been replaced or complemented by EU legislation. Nevertheless, the Nordic agreements continue to be of relevance in many aspects, which gives rise to a rather complicated system of interwoven legal frameworks. This contribution aims to point out legal similarities and differences as well as overlaps between these frameworks, but also to elaborate on the characteristics of the Nordic cooperation as compared to the EU regulated cooperation system. It is specifically argued that the reason for the success of the Nordic cooperation is the mutual trust that the Nordic states share. However, this trust differs somewhat from the trust that is presumed to exist also between the EU Member States.