bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Toward Robust and Routine Determination of Mw for Small Earthquakes: Application to the 2020 Mw 5.7 Magna, Utah, Seismic Sequence
Authors: Holt James , Whidden Katherine M. , Koper Keith D. , Pankow Kristine L. , Mayeda Kevin , Pechmann James C. , Edwards Benjamin , Gök Rengin , Walter William R. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractTo better characterize seismic hazard, particularly, for induced seismicity, there is an increasing interest in methods to estimate moment magnitude (Mw) for small earthquakes. Mw is generally preferred over other magnitude types, but, it is difficult to estimate Mw for earthquakes with local magnitude (ML) &lt;3–3.5, using conventional moment tensor (MT) inversion. The 2020 Mww 5.7 Magna, Utah, seismic sequence provides an opportunity to illustrate and evaluate the value of spectral methods for this purpose. Starting with a high-quality seismic catalog of 2103 earthquakes (ML&lt;5.6), we estimate Mw using two independent spectral methods—one based on direct waves, yielding Mw,direct, and the other based on coda waves, yielding Mw,coda. For the direct-wave method, we present a non-parametric (NP) inversion scheme that solves for apparent geometrical spreading, G(R), and site effects (S), similar to other NP procedures that have been used to calibrate regional ML scales. The NP inversion is constrained using Mws derived from MTs for nine events in the Magna sequence. We recover statistically robust and physically reasonable G(R) and S and compute Mw,direct for 635 Magna earthquakes down to ML 0.7. For the coda-wave method, we consider two separate calibration schemes involving previous MT solutions and compute Mw,coda for 311 earthquakes down to ML 1.0. For 280 of the events that were processed with both methods—Mw,direct and Mw,coda—are strongly correlated (r = 0.98), with a mean difference of only 0.05. We compare Mw,direct and Mw,coda with ML and find reasonably good agreement for ML&lt;3.6 with the theoretically predicted relationship of Mw=(2/3)ML+C, in which C is a regional constant. Our results imply that seismic network operators can use spectral-based Mw estimates to replace ML estimates for events with ML≥1.0, and possibly smaller. The main requirement is the existence of a small number of MT solutions for calibration purposes.
Which Earthquake Accounts Matter?
Authors: Hough Susan E. , Martin Stacey S. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractEarthquake observations contributed by human observers provide an invaluable source of information to investigate both historical and modern earthquakes. Commonly, the observers whose eyewitness accounts are available to scientists are a self-selected minority of those who experience a given earthquake. As such these may not be representative of the overall population that experienced shaking from the event. Eyewitness accounts can contribute to modern science only if they are recorded in the first place and archived in an accessible repository. In this study, we explore the extent to which geopolitics and socioeconomic disparities can limit the number of earthquake observers whose observations can contribute to science. We first revisit a late nineteenth-century earthquake in the central United States in 1882 that provides an illustrative example of an event that has been poorly characterized due to a reliance on English-language archival materials. For modern earthquakes, we analyze data collected for recent earthquakes in California and India via the online “Did You Feel It?” (DYFI) system. In California, online data-collection systems appear to be effective in gathering eyewitness accounts from a broad range of socioeconomic groups. In India, however, responses to the DYFI system reveal a strong bias toward responses from urban areas as opposed to rural settlements, as well a bias with literacy rate. The dissimilarity of our results from modern earthquakes in the United States and India provides a caution that, in some parts of the world, contributed felt reports can still potentially provide an unrepresentative view of earthquake effects, especially if online data collection systems are not designed to be broadly accessible. This limitation can in turn potentially shape our understanding of an earthquake’s impact and the characterization of seismic hazard.
Applications of Small Molecules in Muscle Tissue Engineering
Authors: Mirza Ahmadi Behnaz , Talkhabi Mahmood , Rajabi Sarah 
Published: January 2021

Introduction: Skeletal muscles account for about 40% of the total body weight. Every year, hundreds of people lose at least part of their muscle tissue due to illness, war, and accidents. This can lead to disruption of activities such as breathing, movement, and social life. To this end, various therapeutic strategies such as medication therapy, cell therapy and tissue transplantation have been used or studied in muscle regeneration. However, there is no effective and well-defined clinical approach for treatment of muscle injuries and the severity of muscle injuries increase with age in most cases. Therefore, investigation for finding new and effective clinical approach for muscle regeneration is one of the most important issues in basic and clinical researches. Tissue engineering is considered as one of the promising and newest approach for skeletal muscle tissue regeneration and provides an appropriate model for personalized medicine and basic researches that can be used in personalized medicine and basic research. Besides biomaterials and cells, inducing factors are another element of tissue engineering. These factors influence epigenetic mechanisms and signaling pathway, thereby inducing proliferation, differentiation, and migration of cells used in muscle tissue engineering, and accelerates muscle formation in vitro. Recently, small molecules have been used as alternatives to growth factors or along with other inducing factors in muscle tissue engineering. Since they do not induce an immune reaction, penetrate easily to the cells and have a specific molecular target, therefore they have attracted much attention as the cost-effective inducing factors in tissue engineering.
Conclusion: Taken together, the effective small molecules in muscle tissue engineering can be used with different biomaterial conditions (e.g. hydrogel, decellularized tissue, and synthetic scaffolds) in both in vivo and in vitro, resulting to production of cost effective and highly efficient engineered muscle tissues that help to achieve therapeutical goals of muscle tissue engineering. Herein, we describe tissue engineering and review the small molecules used in skeletal muscle tissue engineering.
Comparison of Postural Control and Functional Balance in Individuals People with Intellectual Disabilities with and Without Developmental Coordination Disorder
Authors: Balayi Esmail , Sedaghati Parisa 
Published: January 2021

Introduction: Balance in individual with intellectual disability has a great importance due to the failure to perform motor tasks. The purpose of the present study was to compare postural control and balance function in two groups of individual with intellectually disabled with and without developmental coordination disorder.
Methods: The present study was a cross-sectional and causal-comparative. The statistical population of this study included all students with intellectually disabilities studying in an exceptional school in Rasht in 2019. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 52 people, including 32 students with intellectual disabilities with developmental coordination disorder and 20 students with intellectual disabilities without developmental coordination disorder were purposefully selected. BESS test, Y balance test, Timed Up and Go (TUG) test were used to evaluate postural control, dynamic balance and functional balance, respectively. For statistical analysis, SPSS version 16 software, independent t-test and Mann-Whitney U tests at a significance level of P <0.05 was used.
Results: Based on the results of the present study, a significant difference was observed in functional balance (p = 0.001), and overall score of postural control (p = 0.003), but no significant difference in dynamic balance (p <0.05) was observed between the two groups.
Conclusion: Developmental coordination disorder is highly prevalent among the individual with intellectual disabilities. At the same time, they have poorer postural control and functional balance compared to their peers without developmental coordination disorder. Due to the importance of controlling posture and maintaining proper balance in order to prevent injury of these people who are less physically fit than their peers, it is recommended to sports coaches, occupational therapists, physiotherapists and other related fields to take a variety of balance programs to emphasize on improving their balance.
Remdesivir and Favipiravir Changes Hepato-Renal Profile in COVID-19 patients: A Cross Sectional Observation in Bangladesh
Authors: Ara Perveen Rawshan , Nasir Morshed , Murshed M Mohammad , Naznin Rumana , Ahmed Sonia Nasreen 
Published: January 2021

Background: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is the current global public health concern. Till date no specific, effective, and approved treatment available. With the rapid increase in rate of infection, repurposing use of anti- viral like remdesivir and favipiravir were considered as an option to find the promising anti-COVID therapeutics. In this study, we aim to observe hepato-renal safety concerns related to these drugs.
Method: A retrospective study done from May 17 to September 9, 2020 on total 1348 hospital records. 182 patients were included in the study, devided into two groups who recieved remdesivir only (RO) and favipiravir only (FO).
Result: Mean age of respective groups are 59.42 (RO) and 54.64 (FO). Average duration of hospital stay was 11 to 12 days. Mortality rate (28.39%) was higher in RO group. Mean± SD of both ALT (70.65± 50.25) and AST (62.25± 25.46) level was increased in RO group than FO group. On the other hand, Blood urea (56.67± 38.40) and serum creatinine (01.70± 02.41) level was higher in FO group. Hematuria was absent in both group, proteinuria was also unremarkable.
Conclusion: In patients with Covid-19 receive remdesivir and favipiravir, showed elevation in the level of hepato- renal markers.
Enhanced Gas and Condensate Recovery: Review of Published Pilot and Commercial Projects
Authors:   Department of Oil and Gas Recovery Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas, Burachok Oleksandr 
Published: January 2021

The majority of the Ukrainian gas condensate fields are in the final stage of development. The high level of reservoir energy depletion has caused significant in situ losses of condensed hydrocarbons. Improving and increasing hydrocarbon production is of great importance to the energy independence of Ukraine. In this paper, a review of the pilot and commercial enhanced gas and condensate recovery (EGR) projects was performed, based on published papers and literature sources, in order to identify those projects which could potentially be applied to the reservoir conditions of Ukrainian gas condensate fields. The EGR methods included the injection of dry gas (methane), hydrocarbon solvents (gas enriched with C2–C4 components), or nitrogen and carbon dioxide. The most commonly used and proven method is dry gas injection, which can be applied at any stage of the field’s development. Dry gas and intra-well cycling was done on five Ukrainian reservoirs, but because of the need to block significant volumes of sales gas they are not being considered for commercial application. Nitrogen has a number of significant advantages, but the fact that it increases the dew point pressure makes it applicable only at the early stage, when the reservoir pressure is above or near the dew point. Carbon dioxide is actively used for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) or for geological storage in depleted gas reservoirs. In light of the growing need to reduce carbon footprints, CO2 capture and sequestration is becoming very favourable, especially due to the low multi-contact miscibility pressure, the high density under reservoir conditions, and the good miscibility with formation water. All of these factors make it a good candidate for depleted gas condensate reservoirs.
Wpływ magnesów neodymowych na pomiar paliwa gazowego gazomierzami miechowymi
Authors:   Instytut Nafty i Gazu – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy, Gacek Zbigniew 
Published: January 2021

The article deals with the problem of illegal fuel gas consumption among individual consumers in households, especially with regard to gas theft using neodymium magnets attached to diaphragm gas meters. First, the author presents a historical outline of the use of neodymium magnets for the purpose of illegal consumption of fuel gas. The current legal status regarding the requirements for gas meters resistance to tampering and the activities of the Oil and Gas Institute – National Research Institute (INiG – PIB) and Distribution System Operators aimed at eliminating the possibility of illegal gas consumption with the use of neodymium magnets were discussed. Currently possible methods of confirming gas theft using gas meters exposed to the magnetic field of neodymium magnets were presented. Next, the methods of performing at the INiG – PIB laboratory expert examinations of gas meters suspected to be used for illegal gas consumption after their removal from the distribution network were described, and the criteria for assessing these gas meters were given. Based on the expert examinations of gas meters carried out at the Laboratory of Flow Metrology INiG – PIB in the years 2006–2020, a summary of the share of gas meters tampered with the use of neodymium magnets and gas meters with an increased remanence level was presented in relation to performed in a given year expert examinations of gas meters suspected to be used for illegal gas consumption. The methods of counteracting the theft of fuel gas with diaphragm gas meters tampered with the use of neodymium magnets were shown. It has been proved that at present the EC type examination certificate (MID Directive) and the certificate of compliance with the requirements of EN 1359 or OIML R 137-1 & 2 specification do not confirm gas meters resistance to gas theft involving the use of a strong magnetic field. Requirements for new diaphragm gas meters in terms of their resistance to neodymium magnets were presented, and updated criteria for the evaluation of the test results of gas meters exposed to these magnets were given. Finally, a conclusion was proposed regarding the necessity to include provisions on the resistance of diaphragm gas meters to magnetic field in the relevant normative documents for gas meters in order to provide a systemic safeguard for the parties to fuel gas supply contracts.
The CARDE-B Scoring System Predicts 30-Day Mortality After Revision Total Joint Arthroplasty
Authors: Raad Micheal , Amin Raj , Puvanesarajah Varun , Musharbash Farah , Rao Sandesh , Best Matthew J. , Amanatullah Derek F. 
Published: January 2021

Background:
There exists a substantial risk of having a perioperative complication after revision total joint arthroplasty (TJA). The complex shared decision-making between surgeon and patient would benefit from a high-fidelity tool to identify patients at risk for mortality after revision TJA. Therefore, we developed the CARDE-B score. CARDE-B is an acronym for congestive heart failure, albumin or malnutrition (<3.5 mg/dL), renal failure on dialysis, dependence for daily living, elderly (>65 years of age), and body mass index <25 kg/m2. We developed and validated the CARDE-B score to determine the risk of death within 30 days of a revision TJA.

Methods:
A total of 13,118 revision TJAs (40% hip and 60% knee) from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database were analyzed. A simple 1-point scoring system, CARDE-B, was created for predicting 30-day mortality after revision TJA, based on a logistic regression model. The CARDE-B scoring system assigns 1 point to each criterion in the acronym: congestive heart failure, albumin (<3.5 mg/dL), renal failure on dialysis, dependence for daily living, elderly (>65 years of age), and body mass index of <25 kg/m2. The CARDE-B scoring system was compared with 2 commonly utilized scores: American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status classification and the 5-factor modified frailty index (mFI-5). The area under the curve (AUC) was used to assess the accuracy of each model. The Hosmer-Lemeshow test was used to assess goodness of fit. Finally, the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) was used for external validation of the CARDE-B score in 19,153 patients who underwent revision TJA in 2017.

Results:
Eighty-eight patients (0.7%) did not survive 30 days after revision TJA. The AUC for the logistic regression model was 0.88 in both the derivation and internal validation samples using NSQIP. The predicted probability of 30-day mortality after revision TJA increased stepwise from <0.01% for a CARDE-B score of 0 points to 39% for a CARDE-B score of 5 points. The AUC for the CARDE-B score predicting 30-day mortality after revision TJA was 0.85. This was more accurate (p < 0.001) than the ASA physical status classification (AUC, 0.77) and the mFI-5 (AUC, 0.67). The AUC for the CARDE-B score in the NIS external validation set was 0.75. The Hosmer-Lemeshow p value for goodness of fit was 0.34, indicating goodness of fit in the external validation sample.

Conclusions:
The CARDE-B score is a simple system that predicts the risk of death within 30 days of a revision TJA, offering surgeons and patients a valuable and validated risk-stratification tool.

Level of Evidence:
Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Selective Ultrasound Guided Nerve Blocks to Diagnose Anteromedial Neuropathic Knee Pain
Authors: Popp Sabine , Pivec Christopher , Drlicek Gregor , Gellen Janos , Riegler Georg 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Purpose: Chronic neuropathic pain, due to injury to the cutaneous nerve branches after knee surgery, is a common postoperative problem. Therefore, the aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the ability of High-resolution Ultrasound (HRUS) to correctly diagnose the cause and origin of neuropathic pain using selective ultrasound-guided diagnostic blocks. Methods: Data were obtained retrospectively (time frame 2011-2019) from a consecutive cohort of patients through a review of electronical medical records. Patients with postoperative neuropathic knee pain and consecutive HRUS-guided selective nerve block were included. The main outcome measure was pain intensity changes (baseline and post-blockade). A block was rated positive if there was ≥50% pain relief. Further, ultrasound findings suggesting nerve damage or involvement were assessed. Results: In 80/116 (69%) performed examinations, the diagnostic block was positive. Sonomorphologic changes were detected in 64/116 cases (55.2%), including neuromas 21/116 (18.1%), nerve thickening 12/116 (10.3%), scar tissue 26/116 (22.4%), and involvement by other structures, e.g., ganglia 5/116 (4.3%).Conclusion: HRUS and selective ultrasound-guided nerve blocks are valuable tools for the diagnosis of neuropathic pain due to cutaneous nerve injury at the anteromedial knee after surgery.
BEMD-3DCNN-Based Method for COVID-19 Detection
Authors: Riahi Ali , Elharrouss Omar , Almaadeed Noor , Al-Maadeed Somaya 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Coronavirus outbreak continues to spread around the world and none knows when it will stop. Therefore, from the first day of the virus detection in Wuhan, scientists have launched numerous research projects to understand the nature of the virus, how to detect it, and search for the right medicine to help and protect patients. A fast diagnostic and detection system is a priority and should be found to stop COVID-19 from expanding. The purpose of the study is to combine the bi-dimensional empirical mode decomposition (BEMD) technique with 3DCNN to detect COVID-19. BEMD is used to decompose the original images into IMFs and from there built a video then apply the 3DCNN to classify and detect COVID-19 virus. In our experiment we used 6484 X-Ray images, 1802 of them were COVID-19 positive cases, 1910 normal cases, and 2772 pneumonia cases. The experiment results showed that our proposed techniques achieved the desired results on the selected dataset. It reached the accuracy of 100%.
Bacterial Community in Saline Farmland Soil on the Tibetan Plateau: Responding to Salinization While Resisting Extreme Environments
Authors: Li Yiqiang , Wang XUsheng , Chai Yinghui , Huang Liying , Luo Ximing , Qiu Cheng , Liu Qinghai , Guan Xiangyu 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: Soil salinization caused by irrigation will reduce soil health and crop yields. Soil salinization has become one of the world's soil degradation problems. There are few studies on the response of microbial communities to soil salinization in plateau environments. Here, we applied metagenomics technology to make an exploration on the salinized soil microorganisms of the Tibetan Plateau.Results: The metagenomic data results show that the microbial species diversity and genome diversity of saline soil and non-saline soil have changed significantly. we found that the abundances of chemoautotrophic and acidophilic bacteria comprising Rhodanobacter, Acidobacterium, Candidatus Nitrosotalea, and Candidatus Koribacter were significantly higher in saline soil. and the potential degradation of organic carbon in saline soil. The potential degradation of organic carbon in the saline soil, as well as the production of NO and N2O via denitrification, and the production of sulfate by sulfur oxidation were significantly higher compared with the non-saline soil. Both types of soils were rich in genes encoding resistance to environmental stresses (i.e., cold, ultraviolet light, and hypoxia). The resistance of the soil microbial communities to the saline environment on the Tibetan Plateau is based on the absorption of K+ as the main mechanism, with cross-protection proteins and absorption buffer molecules as auxiliary mechanisms. Network analysis showed that functional group comprising chemoautotrophic and acidophilic bacteria had significant positive correlations with electrical conductivity and total sulfur, and significant negative correlations with the total organic carbon, pH, and available nitrogen. The soil moisture, pH, and electrical conductivity are likely to affect the bacterial carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycles.Conclusions: These results indicate that the specific environment of the Tibetan Plateau and salinization jointly shape the structure and function of the soil bacterial community, and that the bacterial communities respond to complex and harsh living conditions. In addition, environmental feedback probably exacerbates greenhouse gas emissions and accelerates the reduction in the soil pH. This study will provide insights into the microbial response to soil salinization and the potential ecological risks for the special plateau environment.