bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Athlete and Medication
Authors: Yaffe Sumner J. , Bierman C. Warren , Cann Howard M. , Gold Arnold P. , Kenny Frederic M. , Riley Harris D. , Schafer Irwin , Soyka Lester F. , Stern Leo , Weiss Charles F. , Chudzik Gregory , Shirkey Harry C. , Ballin John C. , Done Alan K. , Farchione Louis , Scott C. P. , Lockhart Jean D. , Sawchuk Steven , Simopoulos Artemis P. 
Published: December 2021

The Committee on Drugs unites with the Joint Committee on Physical Fitness, Recreation, and Sports Medicine in condemning the use of drugs to improve athletic performance, However, the Committee on Drugs would like to clearly distinguish between the promiscuous use of drugs and their pharmacologic use to control a specific disease state enabling the adolescent to participate in sports, for example, the use of insulin for diabetes, anticonvulsants for epilepsy, digitalis for heart disease, or bronchodilators for asthma.
Children and adolescents with handicaps should be given the same advantages as other children, including participation in athletic activities. Athletes with medical conditions controlled by drugs should not be placed in the same category as youths taking drugs for other purposes, and there should be minimal, if any, restrictions imposed on them. One recent example of the type of restrictions which should not be imposed is the athlete with exercise-induced bronchoconstriction who was disqualified in the 1972 Olympics in Munich because he used a bronchodilator prescribed by his physician. Exercise-induced bronchospasm is a common handicap of allergic youth, and may occur in between 60% and 80% of individuals with allergic respiratory distress.1 Such bronchoconstriction can be modified by the administration of theopylline, theophylline epherdrine combinations,3 or cromolyn sodium,4, 5 The Committee on Children with Handicaps also recommends that children with asthma participate in sports and physical education and that every effort be made to minimize restrictions.6
At the annual meeting of the American Academy of Allergy in Washington, D.C., February 14, 1973, the following resolution was approved unanimously: "Participants in competitive athletics with asthma and other allergic conditions should not be disqualified because of the use, with medical supervision, of therapeutic doses of ephednine before and during athletic competition."7
Growth Standards for Infants and Children: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Robson J. R. K. , Larkin F. A. , Bursick J. H. , Perri K. P. 
Published: December 2021

Measurements of height and weight were collected on 1,233 Black and white infants and children attending a Child Health Clinic in Washtenaw County, Michigan. Polynomial curves were fitted to each race and sex group and, from these, estimates were made of the 3rd, 50th, and 97th percentiles for height and weight. Blacks tended to be lighter and shorter than whites in early infancy. In the second year of life, Blacks tended to exceed whites in height and weight achievement. For infants and children in the 97th percentile this change in status occurred earlier. The differences in weight and height achievement were statistically significant in the two race groups, but not between sexes.
The percentile estimates differed significantly from the percentiles of local as well as the "Iowa," "Harvard," and "Tanner" (United Kingdom) standards. Differences in the racial and environmental background of the clinic population and the samples used in the development of the national standards probably accounts for the variations in the percentile estimates. It is concluded that race- and sex-specific standards are required before growth achievements in infants and children can be properly evaluated.
Nasoduodenal Versus Nasogastric Feeding in the Very Low Birthweight Infant
Authors: Van Caillie Micheline , Powell Geraldine K. 
Published: December 2021

The practicality, effectiveness, and safety of feeding very low birthweight infants (less than 1,300 gm) by continuous nasoduodenal infusion was assessed by comparison with continuous nasogastric feeding. The nasoduodenal group appeared to have a clear advantage over the nasogastric group for the overall period in terms of caloric intake (131 cal/kg/day vs. 106 cal/kg/day), average weight gain (16 gm/day vs. 10 gm/day), and safety. This advantage was even more striking in the first two weeks of life. A caloric intake of 120 cal/kg/day could be reached within 48 to 72 hours after tube placement in the nasoduodenal group but only after a week in the nasogastric group.
Nasoduodenal feeding resulted in faster weight gain than comparable published data on conventional feeding, peripheral intravenous alimentation, and parenteral alimentation.
There were no cases of aspiration associated with tubes placed in the duodenum whereas two cases of aspiration pneumonia were associated with tubes placed in the stomach. With the tip of the catheter in the duodenum, none of the complications reported with nasojejunal tubes (intussusception, perforation, or necrotizing enterocolitis) were seen, either in the initial pilot study reported here or in 50 additional infants.
Abdominal Pain in Children Caused by Linea Alba Hernias
Authors: Bugenstein Robert H. , Phibbs Clifford M. 
Published: December 2021

Children with chronic recurrent abdominal pain present a frequently encountered and often perplexing problem in differential diagnosis. Apley states that the incidence of this condition, based on his investigation of 1,000 unselected schoolchildren, was calculated to be 10.8% of all children; and in a large outpatient clinic, Conway found this condition in an estimated 10% of all pediatric patients. Organic causes of chronic recurrent abdominal pain occur with an estimated frequency varying from 5% to 20% of these afflicted children.
Since the great majority of children with this complaint seem to demonstrate no primary underlying organic cause, the assumptions can be made that either the examination failed to expose the somatic abnormality responsible for the pain or that these children's symptoms are from what is referred to as "functional," "idiopathic," or "emotional" origins.
Neonatal Diagnosis of Familial Type II Hyperlipoproteinemia
Authors: Andersen Gunnar E. , Friis-Hansen Bent 
Published: December 2021

Cord serum prebeta-β-lipoprotein concentrations, was measured in a radial immunodiffusion assay in 303 randomly selected, full-term infants whose parental phenotypes were unknown. Six infants had elevated concentrations, that is above a cut-off limit of 197 mg/100 ml (97.5th percentile). Three of these infants suffered from classic type II hyperlipoproteinemia, and this diagnosis was confirmed by family studies at follow-up. The three other infants and their parents were shown to be normolipemic at follow-up. The elevated cord serum prebeta-α-lipoprotein in these three infants could be explained by highly elevated cord serum triglyceride and/or cholesterol.
The 297 infants with normal cord serum prebeta-β-lipoprotein and their parents were all shown to be normolipemic at follow-up
It is concluded that the measurement of prebeta-β-lipoprotein in cord serum allows the identification of children with familial type II hyperlipoproteinemia, if infants with transient neonatal hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia are excluded.
Methodology Questioned
Authors: Hook Ernest B. 
Published: December 2021

The article by Quinn and Rapoport1 raises a great number of questions about the methodology of the study.
(1) In Table II data on 21 controls are compared with those on 81 in the total sample diagnosed as "hyperactive." But nowhere is there a description of this control group or the way in which they were comparable to the hyperactive group. They could hardly be a "matched" sample since they are only one quarter of the total number of hyperactive children.
The Use of Xanthines in Treating Apnea of Prematurity
Authors: Kuzemko J. A. 
Published: December 2021

Your correspondents' comments about aminophylline suppositories1-4 are interesting but largely theoretical since all the evidence quoted was derived from older children. In fact, rectally administered aminophylline is well absorbed in the premature baby.
In a consecutive series of 12 babies (birthweights, 900 to 1,500 gm) given 5-mg aminophylline suppositories, peak levels (mean, 12µg ± 3.2µg of plasma) were obtained at 32 to 36 minutes. No immediate side effects were noted and there were none after 22 months of foolow-up.
Changing of Umbilical Artery Catheters
Authors: Fomufod Antoine K. , Risenberg Herman M. , Nishinda Hiroshi 
Published: December 2021

Two recent reports on umbilical artery catheter replacement in Pediatrics1,2 prompt us to record our experience with this procedure.
The major indications for changing the umbilical artery catheter in our nursery over the past several years have been failure to withdraw blood, usually for blood gas determination, and radiological demonstration of catheter tip at a point just below the diaphragm. Recently, we adopted a position at or just above the aortic bifurcation (L4-L5), thus eliminating the latter indication.
Departments of Pediatrics
Authors: Haggerty Robert J. 
Published: December 2021

Petersdorf has recently described "Departments of Medicine 1973."1 What are the similarities and differences in Pediatrics? More important, which facets should we be trying to change? It seems useful to make a personal assessment looking back over ten years as a Pediatric Department chairman. The view is therefore very myopic. My hope is to stimulate debate and change where appropriate.
In Medicine Petersdorf's opinion is that teaching "load" is heavy. The senior faculty are away or in the laboratory, electives are of poor quality, and the scattering of students to many sites makes more structure necessary. In Pediatrics these points are also generally true but not to the same degree.
A Systematic Review of the Literature on Evaluative Studies of Tonsillectomy and Adenoidectomy
Authors: Shaikh W. , Vayda E. , Feldman W. 
Published: December 2021

Although tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (T and A) is frequently performed (indeed, it is the commonest surgical procedure done in North America1,2) considerable controversy persists regarding its effectiveness.
In 1971, 161,301 T and A's were performed in Canada at an estimated cost of close to 25.6 million dollars.3 In the United States in 1968 more than 1 million T and A's were performed.4 Assuming the cost per T and A to be similar to the costs in Canada, around $150 million were spent on this procedure in the United States in that year.
The purpose of this study is to review the English language literature pertaining to evaluation of T and A with particular emphasis on an assessment of the scientific merit of studies which have attempted to determine the efficacy of this procedure.
See Table in the PDF File
METHOD
Studies evaluating the results of T and A in the English language literature for the past 50 years5-33 were evaluated according to the following parameters: study design, sampling, completeness of description of illness and therapy, and precision of follow-up. Those studies which were most objective were awarded the highest points in each parameter. Conversely, studies which were purely descriptive or poorly documented received the fewest points.
The maximum number of points which a randomized, prospective, well-documented study could obtain was 34 points.
Table I shows the distribution of maximum scores in the various categories.
For the parameter of study design, points were awarded as shown in Table II. The highest score was given to a randomized study and the lowest to a descriptive one.
Transplacental Melanoma–One-Year Survival
Authors: Cavell Bertil 
Published: December 2021

I would like to add another case of transplacental metastatic malignant melanoma to those reported in the article by Dr. Trozak et al.1
The details of the case were reported in 1963.2 The patient, who was born six weeks before term after an uneventful pregnancy, is now 14 years old. Her mother died of widespread malignant melanoma four days after delivery of the girl who seemed well during the neonatal period. At 2 months of age, however, the baby displayed soft tissue tumors in her legs and pulmonary metastatic lesions.
Pneumothorax in the Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Incidence and Effect on Vital Signs, Blood Gases, and pH
Authors: Ogata Edward S. , Gregory George A. , Kitterman Joseph A. , Phibbs Roderic H. , Tooley William H. 
Published: December 2021

We determined the incidence of pneumothorax in 295 infants (mean birthweight, 1,917 gm) with the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) treated according to the same protocol. Fifty-five infants (mean birthweight, 1,594 gm) developed pneumothorax (incidence, 19%); incidence varied with severity of RDS and intensity of respiratory assistance. Pneumothorax occurred in 3.5% (2 of 58) of infants who received no assisted ventilation and in 11% (14 of 124) of infants who received continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) as the only form of assisted ventilation; the difference between these two groups is not significant. Forty-nine infants initially treated with CPAP later required mechanical ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). Pneumothorax occurred in 12 of the 49 (24%) and in 21 of 64 (33%) of those infants initially treated with PEEP; the incidence of pneumothorax for both these groups was significantly higher than for those treated with no assisted ventilation or CPAP only.
To assess the value of frequent measurement of vital signs, blood gas tensions, and pH in the recognition of pneumothorax, we analyzed these variables by the cumulative sum statistical technique. We noted the following significant changes associated with pneumothorax: arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate decreased in 77% of cases; pulse pressure narrowed in 51% of cases; Po2 decreased in 17 of 20 cases in which ventilatory settings were constant for at least three hours prior to pneumothorax. However, pH and PCO2 showed no consistent changes. Frequent measurements of vital signs and Po2 aid in the early diagnosis of pneumothorax.
Gastrin Concentration in Plasma of the Neonate at Birth and After the First Feeding
Authors: von Berger Ludwig , Henrichs Ivo , Raptis Sotirios , Heinze Eberhard , Jonatha Wolfdieter , Teller Walter M. , Pfeiffer Ernst F. 
Published: December 2021

Plasma gastrin was determined simultaneously in 19 newborn infants and their respective mothers shortly after birth and in ten neonates before and after the first feeding.
The gastrin concentrations in the umbilical vein plasma of the newborn infants were significantly higher than in the peripheral vein plasma of their mothers. The values were statistically not different from those obtained in the neonates before the first feeding. There was an increase in gastrin concentrations after the first feeding. From these results it is suggested that gastrin is produced in the neonate independently from the mother. It is already secreted after the first feeding. Experiments in rats showed that 125I-gastrin is not transported through the placenta. From these findings we assume that most likely the gastrin measured in plasma of newborn infants is of neonatal origin.
Isoniazid Hepatotoxicity in Childhood
Authors: Brasfield Dana M. , Goodloe Travis B. , Tiller Ralph E. 
Published: December 2021

A case of isoniazid-associated hepatitis has been encountered in a pediatric patient. Only two previous such patients have been reported in the pediatric literature.1,2 Both of those children had more cutaneous manifestations than liver involvement. For this reason the following patient is presented.
CASE REPORT
V.R. is a black girl who was admitted to The Children's Hospital at 12 years of age for evaluation of pericarditis. The tuberculin skin test (PPD-5 T.U.) was positive with 20 mm of induration. Further studies, including cultures of pericardial fluid, eventually failed to prove a tuberculous etiology for the pericarditis. However, antituberculous therapy for at least one year was considered desirable.
The Meaning of Crying
Authors: Eisenberg Nancy , Main Mary 
Published: December 2021

In the February 1975 issue Kearsley et al.1 make the point that, beginning at about 9 months of age, infants cry when left alone and that this is true regardless of rearing circumstance (day-care vs. home-rearing). We agree with their second interpretation of these results–that this response to "isolated" separation represents cognitive growth ("psychological processes").
We are concerned, however, that this phenomenon is alternately referred to as "separation protest" and that it is discussed as bearing on the effects of day-care on the quality of the mother-child relation.
Are the Results Worth the Price?
Authors: Brown Richard E. 
Published: December 2021

After reading the informative two-part article by Wray on "Child Care in the People's Republic of China,"1 I felt compelled to make the following observation.
One can only marvel at the accomplishments in health care described in the article, but one also wonders what the human cost might have been to accomplish those ends. The statement, for instance, that "It appeared, in all our conversations, that there is a remarkable coherence in the basic value system prevalent in China today," brings to mind previous reports on how such "coherence" has been accomplished.
PNP Speaks Up
Authors: Jefferson Ann 
Published: December 2021

In regard to the AAP statement "Academy Policy in Relation to the Pediatric Nurse Associate,"1 I feel there are some important aspects that need to be addressed.
(1) The emphasis of PNP education is aimed at well-child/parent teaching, counseling, and health maintenance. The "traditional domain of medicine," i.e., physical examination, is a learned tool by which wellness can be assessed.
(2) Nurses as health care professionals are interdependent and independent practitioners (Darling vs. Charleston Community Memorial Hospital, 33 Ill. 2d 326, 211 N.E. 2d 253 [1966]).
Pathophysiologic Basis for Symptomatic Treatment of Fever
Authors: Stern Robert C. 
Published: December 2021

Fever is one of the most obvious clues which allow one person to determine that another is sick. In pediatrics, it accounts for many telephone calls and upwards of 30% of all visits.1,2
Fever was long thought to require treatment as a disease in its own right. Sanctorius3 introduced the thermometer into clinical medicine shortly after its invention by Galileo4 early in the 17th century. Almost 200 years later, Wunderlich began his classic studies on medical thermometry.5 This ended fever's masquerade as a disease and relegated it to its proper role as a sign. The patient's anxiety and demand for treatment and the physician's desire to render antipyretic therapy have not been greatly affected by our rapidly increasing understanding of the regulation of central body temperature and the pathogenesis of fever. In fact, our present information already suggests that some common therapy directed at this symptom is unnecessarily uncomfortable, ineffective, or even dangerous.
Nowhere in medical education is there greater disparity between the frequency of a clinical problem and the amount of formal teaching devoted to its pathophysiology and management. The major pediatric texts6,7 scarcely take any note of the symptom, fever, at all and offer virtually no information on its treatment.
Rational treatment requires an understanding of temperature regulation, heat production and conservation, an appreciation of the pathophysiology of different febrile states, and knowledge of the mechanisms by which various therapeutic measures lower body temperature. Finally, some thought should be given to the possibility that fever is in some way a useful defense mechanism and should not be treated at all.
Chronic Pulmonary Disease in Neonates After Artificial Ventilation: Distribution of Ventilation and Pulmonary Interstitial Emphysema
Authors: Watts John L. , Ariagno Ronald L. , Brady June P. 
Published: December 2021

To determine pulmonary function abnormalities in patients with neonatal bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), we measured distribution of ventilation by nitrogen washout, minute and tidal volume, and arterial and alveolar gases in three groups of ten preterm infants with similar birth weights (mean = 1,340 g) and gestational ages (mean = 30.3 weeks). Infants in group A were never artificially ventilated, those in group B were ventilated but had no subsequent BPD, and those in group C were ventilated and developed BPD. Infants with BPD had severe maldistribution of ventilation (pulmonary clearance delay 223% versus 47% and 60% for groups A and B). They had decreased tidal volumes (5.3 ml versus 7.0 and 6.2 ml) and higher respiratory rates (60/min versus 47 and 48) but similar minute volumes. They also had increased Paco2 (53.6 torr versus 41.9 and 43.4 torr) and increased arterial-alveolar carbon dioxide gradients (6.8 torr versus 3.1 and 1.8 torr).
There was no statistically significant difference between groups B and C for the time spent in fractional inspired oxygen &gt; 0.40 and &gt; 0.60, or the time ventilated or intubated, or the incidence of patent ductus arteriosus. Early pulmonary interstitial emphysema was much more common in the infants who subsequently developed BPD (eight of ten versus two of ten, P &lt; .01).
Adrenocortical Insufficiency and Relapsing in the Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome of Childhood
Authors: Leisti Seppo , Vilska Jussi , Hallman Niilo 
Published: December 2021

Twenty-five children with "minimal change" idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) were given ACTH tests before, during, and after prednisone medication (total of 55 medication episodes). Most had insulin tests, too. Continuous medication caused a significant decrease in the responses of all children. A significant recovery was universally evident already at the end of intermittent medication. No further consistent change was observed during remission six months later. Both before and at the end of the medication, one third of the children had subnormal responses.
The children were grouped according to the length of the ensuing remission: group I, &lt; 0.5 year; group II, 0.5 to 1.0 year; group III, &gt; 1.0 year. Both before and after medication the basal plasma cortisol concentration and the responses to ACTH and insulin were significantly higher in group III than in group I. At the end of the medication the responses were also significantly higher in group II than in group I.
A normal response predicted a &gt; 0.5-year remission and a subnormal response a &lt; 0.5-year remission. This was true for 20 of 27 responses to ACTH before medication, and for 23 of 27 responses at the end of the medication. For the insulin test, only the response at the end of the medication was significantly predictive (16 of 18).
An analysis with the ACTH test of two to six consecutive relapses in 14 children confirmed the value of the adrenocortical state in predicting the length of remission. The postmedication tests were superior to the premedication tests in predictive value.
Children with postmedication adrenocortical suppression should be detected and given an appropriate cortisol substitution until their adrenocortical function has normalized. Other schedules of glucocorticoid medication of INS should be evaluated for lesser adrenocortical suppression.
Varieties of Varicella Gangrenosa
Authors: John T. Jacob 
Published: December 2021

Gangrene of the skin and deeper tissues, a rare complication of varicella, has been reported several times during the last 20 years.1-7 A review of these and older reports has led me to believe that varicella gangrenosa is a descriptive term for a variety of conditions. This is not a new concept, but one propounded in 1959,1 or possibly even earlier.
One of these conditions is moist gangrene, believed to be an infectious complication of varicella caused mostly by hemolytic Streptococcus or Staphylococcus aureus.1,2,6