bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Upstream Film Cooling on the Contoured Endwall of a Transonic Turbine Vane in an Annular Cascade
Authors: Salinas Daniel A. , Ullah Izhar , Wright Lesley M. , Han Je-Chin , McClintic John W. , Crites Daniel C. , Riahi Ardeshir 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The effects of mainstream flow velocity, density ratio (DR), and coolant-to-mainstream mass flow ratio (MFR) on a vane endwall in a transonic, annular cascade were investigated. A blow down facility consisting of five vanes was used. The film cooling effectiveness was measured using binary pressure-sensitive paint (BPSP). The mainstream flow was set using isentropic exit Mach numbers of 0.7 and 0.9. The coolant-to-mainstream density ratio varied from 1.0 to 2.0. The coolant-to- mainstream MFR varied from 0.75% to 1.25%. The endwall was cooled by 18 discrete holes located upstream of the vane passage to provide cooling to the upstream half of the endwall. Due to the curvature of the vane endwall, the upstream holes provided uniform coverage entering the endwall passage. The coverage was effective leading to the throat of the passage, where the downstream holes could provide additional protection. Increasing the coolant flowrate increased the effectiveness provided by the film cooling holes. Increasing the density of the coolant increases the effectiveness on the endwall while enhancing the lateral spread of the coolant. Finally, increasing the velocity of the mainstream while holding the MFR constant also yields increased protection on the endwall. Over the range of flow conditions considered in this study, the binary pressure-sensitive paint proved to be a valuable tool for obtaining detailed pressure and film effectiveness distributions.
Immediate effects of variable durations of pressure release technique on latent myofascial trigger points of the levator scapulae: a double-blinded randomised clinical trial
Authors: Pecos-Martin Daniel , Ponce-Castro Manuel José , Jiménez-Rejano José Jesús , Nunez-Nagy Susana , Calvo-Lobo César , Gallego-Izquierdo Tomás 
Published: March 2021

Objective: Latent myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) of the levator scapulae have a high prevalence and may influenceconditions of the neck and shoulder. The pressure release technique is one of the most recommended manual therapy techniques. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of varying durations of the pressure release technique application on latent MTrPs of the levator scapulae. Methods: In a three-arm (1:1:1 ratio), double-blinded, parallel, randomised clinical trial, 60 healthy university students (23 men, 37 women) with a mean±SD age of 20.0±2.67 years were recruited. Subjects were assigned to receive pressure release in one latent MTrP of the levator scapulae lasting 30s (T30s; n=17), 60s (T60s; n=22) or 90s (T90s; n=21). Active cervical range of movement (CROM), strength, pressure pain threshold (PPT) and neck pain intensity at full stretch were measured immediately before and after treatment. Results: Mixed-model analyses of variance showed statistically significant differences for PPT (P=0.045; partial Eta2=0.103), comparing T60s versus T30s (P=0.009; Cohen’s d=1.044) and T90s versus T30s groups (P=0.001; Cohen’s d=1.253), and for left side bending strength (P=0.043; partial Eta2=0.105), comparing T90s versus T30s (P=0.023; Cohen’s d=0.907). The rest of the comparisons did not present any significant differences (P⩾0.05). Conclusions: The 60 s and 90 s applications of the pressure release technique may be recommended to increase PPT and strength, respectively, in latent MTrPs of the levator scapulae in the short term. Trial registration number: NCT03006822.
Assessing the costs and outcomes of control programmes for sexually transmitted infections: a systematic review of economic evaluations
Authors: Bloch Sonja C M , Jackson Louise J , Frew Emma , Ross Jonathan D C 
Published: March 2021

ObjectiveTo identify economic evaluations of interventions to control STIs and HIV targeting young people, and to assess how costs and outcomes are measured in these studies.DesignSystematic review.Data sourcesSeven databases were searched (Medline (Ovid), EMBASE (Ovid), Web of Science, PsycINFO, NHS Economic Evaluation Database, NHS Health Technology Assessment and Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects) from January 1999 to April 2019. Key search terms were STIs (chlamydia, gonorrhoea, syphilis) and HIV, cost benefit, cost utility, economic evaluation, public health, screening, testing and control.Review methodsStudies were included that measured costs and outcomes to inform an economic evaluation of any programme to control STIs and HIV targeting individuals predominantly below 30 years of age at risk of, or affected by, one or multiple STIs and/or HIV in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries. Data were extracted and tabulated and included study results and characteristics of economic evaluations. Study quality was assessed using the Philips and BMJ checklists. Results were synthesised narratively.Results9530 records were screened and categorised. Of these, 31 were included for data extraction and critical appraisal. The majority of studies assessed the cost-effectiveness or cost-utility of screening interventions for chlamydia from a provider perspective. The main outcome measures were major outcomes averted and quality-adjusted life years. Studies evaluated direct medical costs, for example, programme costs and 11 included indirect costs, such as productivity losses. The study designs were predominantly model-based with significant heterogeneity between the models.Discussion/ConclusionNone of the economic evaluations encompassed aspects of equity or context, which are highly relevant to sexual health decision-makers. The review demonstrated heterogeneity in approaches to evaluate costs and outcomes for STI/HIV control programmes. The low quality of available studies along with the limited focus, that is, almost all studies relate to chlamydia, highlight the need for high-quality economic evaluations to inform the commissioning of sexual health services.
Decreased energy availability during training overload is associated with non-functional overreaching and suppressed ovarian function in female runners
Authors: Schaal Karine , VanLoan Marta D. , Hausswirth Christophe , Casazza Gretchen A. 
Published: March 2021

Low energy availability (EA) suppresses many physiological processes, including ovarian function in female athletes. Low EA could also predispose athletes to develop a state of overreaching. This study compared the changes in ad libitum energy intake (EI), exercise energy expenditure (ExEE), and EA among runners completing a training overload (TO) phase. We tested the hypothesis that runners becoming overreached would show decreased EA, suppressed ovarian function and plasma leptin, compared with well-adapted (WA) runners. After 1 menstrual cycle (baseline), 16 eumenorrheic runners performed 4 weeks of TO followed by a 2-week recovery (131 ± 3% and 63 ± 6% of baseline running volume, respectively). Seven-day ExEE, EI, running performance (RUNperf) and plasma leptin concentration were assessed for each phase. Salivary estradiol concentration was measured daily. Urinary luteinizing hormone concentration tests confirmed ovulation. Nine runners adapted positively to TO (WA, ΔRUNperf: +4 ± 2%); 7 were non-functionally overreached (NFOR; ΔRUNperf: −9 ± 2%) as RUNperfremained suppressed after the recovery period. WA increased EI during TO, maintaining their baseline EA despite a large increase in ExEE (ΔEA = +1.9 ± 1.3 kcal·kg fat free mass (FFM)−1·d−1, P = 0.17). By contrast, NFOR showed no change in EI, leading to decreased EA (ΔEA = −5.6 ± 2.1 kcal·kg FFM−1·d−1, P = 0.04). Plasma leptin concentration mid-cycle and luteal salivary estradiol concentration decreased in NFOR only. Contrasting with WA, NFOR failed to maintain baseline EA during TO, resulting in poor performance outcomes and suppressed ovarian function. ClinicalTrials.gov no. NCT02224976.Novelty: Runners adapting positively to training overload (TO) increased ad libitum energy intake, maintaining baseline EA and ovarian function through TO. By contrast, NFOR runners failed to increase energy intake, showing suppressed EA and ovarian function during TO.
Effects of dynamic and isometric resistance training protocols on metabolic profile in hemodialysis patients: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Rosa Thiago Santos , Corrêa Hugo Luca , Deus Lysleine Alves , Stone Whitley , Reis Andrea Lucena , Gadelha André Bonadias , de Araújo Thaís Branquinho , Silva Junior Paulo Roberto , Moraes Milton Rocha , Silva José Adeirton Bezerra , Tzanno-Martins Carmen , Simões Herbert Gustavo , Prestes Jonato , Neves Rodrigo Vanerson Passos 
Published: March 2021

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of dynamic (DRT) and isometric (IRT) resistance training on glycemic homeostasis, lipid profile, and nitric oxide (NO) in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Patients were randomly distributed into 3 groups: control (n = 65), DRT (n = 65), and IRT (n = 67). Patients assessed before and after the intervention period were tested for fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, oral glucose tolerance test, insulin resistance, lipid profile, leptin, insulin, adiponectin, C-reactive protein, and NO . Patients underwent to strength and body composition assessments. Subjects allocated in both DRT and IRT groups took part in a 24-week resistance training program, 3 times per week. Each training session was approximately 1 hour before dialysis and consisted of 3 sets of 8–12 repetitions at low intensity. Total workload was higher in the DRT as compared with the IRT. This heightened workload related to better glycemic homeostasis in HD patients as measured by regulation of insulin, adiponectin, and leptin, while improveing triglycerides, free-fat mass, and muscle strength. Additionally, NO levels were increased in the DRT group. NO was significantly correlated with glucose intolerance (r = −0.42, p = 0.0155) and workload (r = 0.46, p = 0.0022). The IRT group only improved strength (p < 0.05). Twenty-four weeks of DRT improved glycemic homeostasis, lipid profile, and NO in HD patients. Although IRT seems to play an important role in increasing strength, DRT might be a better choice to promote metabolic adjustments in HD patients. Clinical trial: http://www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-3gpg5w . Novelty: DRT might be a better choice for metabolic improvements in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Exercise-training might treat metabolic imbalance in CKD patients.
Seismic performance of concrete walls reinforced by high-strength bars: cyclic loading test and numerical simulation
Authors: Ni Xiangyong , Cao Shuangyin , Aoude Hassan 
Published: March 2021

This study examines the influence of cross-section shape on the seismic behaviour of high-strength steel reinforced concrete shear walls (HSS-RC) designed with Grade HRB 600 MPa reinforcement. As part of the study, two flexure-dominant walls with rectangular and T-shaped cross-sections, are tested under reversed cyclic loading. Seismic performance is evaluated by studying the failure characteristics, hysteretic curves, energy dissipation, ductility, and reinforcing bar strains in the two walls. As part of the numerical study, two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) finite element modelling (FEM) are used to predict the seismic response of the rectangular and T-shaped walls, respectively. The test results show that compared to the rectangular wall, the flange in the T-shaped HSS-RC wall increased strength, energy dissipation and stiffness, but decreased ductility. The analytical hysteretic curves calculated using 2D and 3D FEM analyses show good agreement with the experimental test results.
Casimir effect in space-times of rotating wormholes
Authors: Muniz C. R , Bezerra V. B. , Toledo J. M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe investigate the Casimir effect between parallel plates placed along a circular trajectory around the rotating Damour–Solodkhin (D–S) and Teo wormholes. This is made through the calculation of the renormalized quantum vacuum energy density of a massless scalar field obeying the Dirichlet boundary conditions, initially at zero temperature. We use the zero tidal approximation inside the cavity. Then, we compare our results with those ones previously obtained in the literature with respect to the Kerr black hole. We also compare the computed Casimir energy density in a static D–S wormhole spacetime with that one recently found for a static Ellis wormhole. In what follows, we investigate the effect around the rotating Teo wormhole by calculating the Casimir energy density between the plates, and compare it with the same quantities obtained previously. Finally, we investigate the phenomenon at finite temperature, obtaining some Casimir thermodynamic quantities in the rotating D–S wormhole spacetime, comparing them with the ones valid in the Kerr black hole spacetime. With this, the ways as gravito-inertial and frame dragging effects influence the vacuum quantum fluctuations inside the Casimir apparatus allows to distinct among the different types of rotating wormholes and black holes.
Ramsauer–Townsend minimum in electron scattering from CF$$_4$$: modified effective range analysis
Authors: Fedus Kamil , Karwasz Grzegorz P. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Elastic cross sections for electron scattering on tetrafluoromethane (CF$$_4$$

4

) from 0 up to 5 eV energy are analyzed using semi-analytical approach to the modified effective range theory (MERT). It is shown that energy and angular variations of differential, integral and momentum transfer cross sections can be parameterized accurately by six MERT coefficients up to the energy region of the resonant scattering. In particular, the model is used to determine the depth and the position of the Ramsauer–Townsend minimum as well as the s-wave scattering length. Moreover, we investigate the influence of the dipole polarizability value on the predictions of present model. To further validate our approach, the elastic data are combined with the Born-dipole cross sections for vibrational excitations as the input data for Monte Carlo simulation of electron swarm coefficients.

Graphic Abstract
Hepatitis B–Induced IL8 Promotes Hepatocellular Carcinoma Venous Metastasis and Intrahepatic Treg Accumulation
Authors: Zhang Changlu , Gao Yanan , Du Chengzhi , Markowitz Geoffrey J. , Fu Jing , Zhang Zhenxing , Liu Chunliang , Qin Wenhao , Wang Hongyang , Wang Fan , Yang Pengyuan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Hepatitis B–associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is often accompanied by severe vascular invasion and portal vein tumor thrombus, leading to a poor prognosis. However, the underlying mechanism of this disease remains obscure. In this study, we demonstrate that the hepatitis B virus (HBV)–encoded gene HBx induces high IL8 production through MEK–ERK signal activation, leading to enhanced endothelial permeability to facilitate tumor vascular invasion. In a vascular metastatic model using a tail vein injection in a transgenic mouse with selective expression of human CXCR1 in the endothelium, activation of the IL8–CXCR1 cascade by overexpression of IL8 in tumor cells dramatically enhanced liver metastasis. Mechanistically, IL8 selectively induced GARP-latent-TGFβ in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and subsequently provoked preferential regulatory T-cell polarization to suppress antitumor immunity. Collectively, these findings reveal a hepatitis B–associated IL8–CXCR1 signaling axis that mediates vascular invasion and local microenvironmental immune escape of HCC to induce intrahepatic metastasis, which may serve as potential therapeutic targets for HBV-associated HCC.

Significance:
This study identifies a hepatitis B–induced IL8/CXCR1/TGFβ signaling cascade that suppresses antitumor immunity and enhances metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma, providing new potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
Pediatric Brain Tumors: Descriptive Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Future Directions
Authors: Adel Fahmideh Maral , Scheurer Michael E. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Brain tumors are the most common solid tumors in children and remain a significant contributor to death by disease in this population. Pediatric brain tumors (PBT) are broadly classified into two major categories: glial and neuronal tumors. Various factors, including tumor histology, tumor location, and demographics, influence the incidence and prognosis of this heterogeneous group of neoplasms. Numerous epidemiologic studies have been conducted to identify genetic and environmental risk factors for these malignancies. Thus far, the only established risk factors for PBTs are exposure to ionizing radiation and some rare genetic syndromes. However, relatively consistent evidence of positive associations for birth defects, markers of fetal growth, advanced parental age, maternal dietary N-nitroso compounds, and exposure to pesticides have been reported. The genetic variants associated with susceptibility to PBTs were predominantly identified by a candidate-gene approach. The identified genetic variants belong to four main pathways, including xenobiotic detoxification, inflammation, DNA repair, and cell-cycle regulation. Conducting large and multi-institutional studies is warranted to systematically detect genetic and environmental risk factors for different histologic subtypes of PBTs. This, in turn, might lead to a better understanding of etiology of PBTs and eventually developing risk prediction models to prevent these clinically significate malignancies.
ABO Blood Group and Risk of Pancreatic Carcinogenesis in Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms
Authors: Hamada Tsuyoshi , Oyama Hiroki , Nakai Yousuke , Tada Minoru , Koh Hideo , Tateishi Keisuke , Arita Junichi , Hakuta Ryunosuke , Ijichi Hideaki , Ishigaki Kazunaga , Kawaguchi Yoshikuni , Kogure Hirofumi , Mizuno Suguru , Morikawa Teppei , Saito Kei , Saito Tomotaka , Sato Tatsuya , Takagi Kaoru , Takahara Naminatsu , Takahashi Ryota , Tanaka Atsushi , Tanaka Mariko , Ushiku Tetsuo , Hasegawa Kiyoshi , Koike Kazuhiko 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background:
ABO blood group has been associated with risks of various malignancies, including pancreatic cancer. No study has evaluated the association of ABO blood group with incidence of pancreatic carcinogenesis during follow-up of patients with intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN).

Methods:
Among 3,164 patients diagnosed with pancreatic cysts at the University of Tokyo (Tokyo, Japan) from 1994 through 2019, we identified 1,815 patients with IPMN with available data on ABO blood group. We studied the association of ABO blood group with incidence of pancreatic carcinoma, overall and by carcinoma types [IPMN-derived carcinoma or concomitant pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC)]. Utilizing competing-risks proportional hazards models, we estimated subdistribution hazard ratios (SHR) for incidence of pancreatic carcinoma with adjustment for potential confounders, including cyst characteristics.

Results:
During 11,518 person-years of follow-up, we identified 97 patients diagnosed with pancreatic carcinoma (53 with IPMN-derived carcinoma and 44 with concomitant PDAC). Compared with patients with blood group O, patients with blood groups A, B, and AB had multivariable SHRs (95% confidence intervals) for pancreatic carcinoma of 2.25 (1.25–4.07; P = 0.007), 2.09 (1.08–4.05; P = 0.028), and 1.17 (0.43–3.19; P = 0.76), respectively. We observed no differential association of ABO blood group with pancreatic carcinoma incidence by carcinoma types.

Conclusions:
In this large long-term study, patients with IPMN with blood group A or B appeared to be at higher risk of pancreatic carcinoma compared with those with blood group O.

Impact:
ABO blood group can be a biomarker for pancreatic cancer risk among patients with IPMNs.
Prospective Analyses of Lifestyle Factors Related to Energy Balance and Ovarian Cancer Risk by Infiltration of Tumor-Associated Macrophages
Authors: Sasamoto Naoko , Wang Tianyi , Townsend Mary K. , Hecht Jonathan L. , Eliassen A. Heather , Song Mingyang , Terry Kathryn L. , Tworoger Shelley S. , Harris Holly R. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background:
Lifestyle factors related to energy balance have been associated with ovarian cancer risk and influence the tumor immune microenvironment, including tumor-associated macrophages (TAM). However, no studies have assessed whether these factors differentially impact ovarian cancer risk by TAM densities.

Methods:
We conducted a prospective analysis in the Nurses' Health Studies to examine the associations of physical activity, sitting time, and a food-based empirical dietary inflammatory pattern (EDIP) score with invasive epithelial ovarian cancer risk by TAM density assessed by immunohistochemistry. We considered density of CD68 (marker of total TAMs) and CD163 (marker of pro-carcinogenic M2-type TAMs), and their ratios. We used multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression to calculate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of exposures with risk of ovarian tumors with high versus low TAMs, including analyses stratified by body mass index.

Results:
Analyses included 312 incident ovarian cancer cases with TAM measurements. Physical activity, sitting time, and EDIP score were not differentially associated with ovarian cancer risk by TAM densities (Pheterogeneity &gt; 0.05). Among overweight and obese women, higher EDIP score was associated with increased risk of CD163 low-density tumors (HR comparing extreme tertiles, 1.57; 95% CI, 0.88–2.80; Ptrend = 0.01), but not CD163 high-density tumors (comparable HR, 1.16; 95% CI, 0.73–1.86; Ptrend = 0.24), though this difference was not statistically significant (Pheterogeneity = 0.22).

Conclusions:
We did not observe differential associations between lifestyle factors and ovarian cancer risk by TAM densities.

Impact:
Future investigations examining the interplay between other ovarian cancer risk factors and the tumor immune microenvironment may help provide insight into ovarian cancer etiology.