bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A systematic review and meta-analysis of the use of succinylcholine to facilitate tracheal intubation in neonates
Authors: Gupta Bhavna , Mishra Priyanka 
Published: October 2021

AbstractUse of succinylcholine in neonates is surrounded by many controversies. The need to review this topic stems from the fact that though there is an abundance of information, but there are divergent views regarding its use in neonates. We have analyzed the incidence of intubation attempts, bradycardia, and hemodynamic changes in clinical settings.The authors conducted a meta-analysis and systematic literature search to ascertain the risks and benefits of using succinylcholine in neonatal intubation by conducting a review in the online databases of PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus, Embase, Elsevier, and Google scholar. The combination of keywords used for the search included “Succinylcholine,” “succinylcholine” AND “neonates,” “neonates” AND “difficult airway,” “neuromuscular blockers” AND “neonates,” and “non-depolarizing neuromuscular blockers” AND “neonates”. The severe adverse reactions associated with use of succinylcholine include bradycardia, asystole, hyperkalemia, and apnea. The number of attempts required for intubation was significantly lower in the patients receiving succinylcholine as compared to those who did not receive succinylcholine. Evidence suggests that conscious awake intubation leads to adverse physiological responses in neonates. The main recommended indications for using succinylcholine include emergency intubation in laryngospasm, full stomach, difficult airway, absent intravenous access, and controlled endotracheal intubation in the neonatal intensive care unit. Hence, the use of succinylcholine can be rationally accepted after considerations of the pre-operative clinical status of the neonate and risk-benefit ratio with more research further to build up strong evidence for the most appropriate agents for use in neonatal patients.
Critical review of the Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal: ethnobotany, pharmacological efficacy, and commercialization significance in Africa
Authors: Afewerky Henok Kessete , Ayodeji Ayeni Emmanuel , Tiamiyu Bashir Bolaji , Orege Joshua Iseoluwa , Okeke Emmanuel Sunday , Oyejobi Aanuoluwapo Opeyemi , Bate Petuel Ndip Ndip , Adeyemi Sherif Babatunde 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (W. somnifera) is a herb commonly known by its English name as Winter Cherry. Africa is indigenous to many medicinal plants and natural products. However, there is inadequate documentation of medicinal plants, including W. somnifera, in Africa. There is, therefore, a need for a comprehensive compilation of research outcomes of this reviewed plant as used in traditional medicine in different regions of Africa.

Methodology
Scientific articles and publications were scooped and sourced from high-impact factor journals and filtered with relevant keywords on W. somnifera. Scientific databases, including GBIF, PubMed, NCBI, Google Scholar, Research Gate, Science Direct, SciFinder, and Web of Science, were accessed to identify the most influential articles and recent breakthroughs published on the contexts of ethnography, ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and commercialization of W. somnifera.

Results
This critical review covers the W. somnifera ethnography, phytochemistry, and ethnomedicinal usage to demonstrate the use of the plant in Africa and elsewhere to prevent or alleviate several pathophysiological conditions, including cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, reproductive impotence, as well as other chronic diseases.

Conclusion
W. somnifera is reportedly safe for administration in ethnomedicine as several research outcomes confirmed its safety status. The significance of commercializing this plant in Africa for drug development is herein thoroughly covered to provide the much-needed highlights towards its cultivations economic benefit to Africa.
Adenosine: a partially discovered medicinal agent
Authors: Batra Rohit , Jain Vinay , Sharma Pankaj 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background
A plethora of chemicals exists in human body which can alter physiology in one way or other. Scientists have always been astounded by such abilities of chemicals but as the technology advances, even the chemical which was once expected to be well known changes its status to not really well known. Adenosine is one of the chemicals which is in consonance with the aforementioned statements, although previous articles have covered vast information on role of adenosine in cardiovascular physiology, bacterial pathophysiology and inflammatory diseases. In this review we have discussed adenosine and its congeners as potential promising agents in the treatment of Huntington’s disease, post-traumatic stress disorder, erectile dysfunction, viral infections (SARS-CoV) and anxiety.

Main text
Adenosine is a unique metabolite of ATP; which serves in signalling as well. It is made up of adenine (a nitrogenous base) and ribo-furanose (pentose) sugar linked by β-N9-glycosidic bond. Adenosine on two successive phosphorylation forms ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) which is involved in several active processes of cell. It is also one of the building blocks (nucleotides) involved in DNA (Deoxy-ribonucleic Acid) and RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) synthesis. It is also a component of an enzyme called S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) and cyano-cobalamin (vitamin B-12). Adenosine acts by binding to G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR: A1, A2A, A2B and A3) carries out various responses some of which are anti-platelet function, hyperaemic response, bone remodelling, involvement in penile erection and suppression of inflammation. On the other hand, certain microorganisms belonging to genus Candida, Staphylococcus and Bacillus utilize adenosine in order to escape host immune response (phagocytic clearance). These microbes evade host immune response by synthesizing and releasing adenosine (with the help of an enzyme: adenosine synthase-A), at the site of infection.

Conclusion
With the recent advancement in attribution of adenosine in physiology and pathological states, adenosine and its congeners are being looked forward to bringing a revolution in treatment of inflammation, viral infections, psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders.
Solitons in curved spacetime
Authors: Mandal Susobhan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Derrick's theorem is an important result that decides the existence of soliton configurations in field theories in different dimensions. It is proved using the extremization of finite energy of configurations under the scaling transformation. According to this theorem, the

dimension is the critical dimension for the existence of solitons in scalar field theories without the gauge fields. In the present article, Derrick's theorem is extended in a generic curved spacetime in a covariant manner. Moreover, the existence of solitons in conformally flat spacetimes and spherically symmetric spacetimes is also shown using the approach presented in this article. Further, the approach shown in the present article in order to derive the soliton configurations is not restricted to a particular form of the field potential or curved spacetime.
Induced spontaneous symmetry breaking chain
Authors: Boos Eduard 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The article discusses a scenario based on the idea of induced spontaneous symmetry breaking. In this type of scenario, spontaneous symmetry breaking is assumed at some higher energy level, which leads to a chain of several subsequent induced symmetry violations at lower levels caused by small mixtures between the levels. We present a simple model in which the idea is realized by small mixing between the levels using scalar portals. In this approach, the large difference between energy scales, for example the Planck scale and the electroweak scale, occurs due to the product of several small factors proportional to the mixing coefficients. Dark matter fields can be formed in this scenario from matter fields on one or possibly several intermediate levels between the highest one and lowest one.
Comparison of the Conventional Downward and Modified Upward Laryngeal Handshake Techniques to Identify the Cricothyroid Membrane: A Randomized, Comparative Study
Authors: Chang Jee-Eun , Kim Hyerim , Won Dongwook , Lee Jung-Man , Kim Tae Kyong , Min Seong-Won , Hwang Jin-Young 
Published: October 2021

BACKGROUND:
Accurate identification of the cricothyroid membrane is crucial for successful cricothyroidotomy. The aim of this study was to compare the conventional downward and modified upward laryngeal handshake techniques in terms of accuracy to identify the cricothyroid membrane in nonobese female patients.

METHODS:
In 198 anesthetized female patients, the cricothyroid membrane was identified by either the conventional downward laryngeal handshake technique (n = 99) or the modified upward laryngeal handshake technique (n = 99). According to the conventional downward laryngeal handshake technique, the cricothyroid membrane was identified by palpating the neck downward from the greater cornu of the hyoid bone, thyroid laminae, and cricoid cartilage. According to the modified upward laryngeal handshake technique, the cricothyroid membrane was located by moving up from the sternal notch. The primary outcome was the accuracy of identifying the cricothyroid membrane. Secondary outcomes included the accuracy of midline identification and time taken to locate what participants believed to be the cricothyroid membrane. The primary and secondary outcomes according to the technique were analyzed using generalized estimating equations.

RESULTS:
The cricothyroid membrane could be identified more accurately by the modified upward laryngeal handshake technique than by the conventional downward technique (84% vs 56%, respectively; odds ratio [OR], 4.36; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.13−8.93; P < .001). Identification of the midline was also more accurate by the modified laryngeal handshake than by the conventional technique (96% vs 83%, respectively; OR, 4.98; 95% CI, 1.65−15.01; P = .004). The time taken to identify the cricothyroid membrane was not different between the conventional and modified techniques (20.2 [16.2−26.6] seconds vs 19.0 [14.5−26.4] seconds, respectively; P = .83).

CONCLUSIONS:
The modified upward laryngeal handshake technique that involved tracing the trachea and laryngeal structures upward from the sternal notch was more accurate in identifying the cricothyroid membrane than the conventional downward technique in anesthetized female patients.
Digital twins for well-being: an overview
Authors: Ferdousi Rahatara , Laamarti Fedwa , Hossain M. Anwar , Yang Chunsheng , El Saddik Abdulmotaleb 
Published: October 2021

Digital twin (DT) has gained success in various industries, and it is now getting attention in the healthcare industry in the form of well-being digital twin (WDT). In this paper, we present an overview of WDT to understand its potential scope, architecture and impact. We then discuss the definition and the benefits of WDT. After that, we present the evolution of DT frameworks. Subsequently we discuss the challenges, the different types, the drawbacks, and potential application areas of WDT. Finally we present the requirements for a WDT framework extracted from the literature.
The minimum wage in the national economy: reasons and changes in Poland
Authors: Rosiński Rafał 
Published: October 2021

Motivation: The minimum wage protect employees from excessively low wages. It helps ensure fair participation in economic development for the general public. The minimum wage in the economy is an essential element in a country’s economic policy. Decisions concerning the implementation and changes in the minimum wage are part of the socio-economic policy of the state. Research on minimum wage relate to its overall impact on the level and structure of wages, employment, productivity at work, the size of the gray economy, the level of poverty and public finances. Factors affecting changes in the minimum wage are formal and non-formal. The question therefore arises which factors are decisive in the Polish economy.
Aim: The aim of this paper is to present the essence and causes of changes in the minimum wage in Poland in 2003–2020 with particular regard to formal and non-formal aspects.
Results: On the basis of research carried out in Poland, a link between minimum wage and inflation was observed. There is also a fundamental relationship between the minimum wage and average wages in the economy. It has been shown that the minimum wage is not without significance for the impact on public finance sector in Poland.
SRPT Scheduling Discipline in Many-Server Queues with Impatient Customers
Authors: Dong Jing , Ibrahim Rouba 
Published: October 2021

The shortest-remaining-processing-time (SRPT) scheduling policy has been extensively studied, for more than 50 years, in single-server queues with infinitely patient jobs. Yet, much less is known about its performance in multiserver queues. In this paper, we present the first theoretical analysis of SRPT in multiserver queues with abandonment. In particular, we consider the [Formula: see text] queue and demonstrate that, in the many-sever overloaded regime, performance in the SRPT queue is equivalent, asymptotically in steady state, to a preemptive two-class priority queue where customers with short service times (below a threshold) are served without wait, and customers with long service times (above a threshold) eventually abandon without service. We prove that the SRPT discipline maximizes, asymptotically, the system throughput, among all scheduling disciplines. We also compare the performance of the SRPT policy to blind policies and study the effects of the patience-time and service-time distributions. This paper was accepted by Baris Ata, stochastic models & simulation.
The Sound of Silence: What Do We Know When Insiders Do Not Trade?
Authors: Gao George P. , Ma Qingzhong , Ng David T. , Wu Ying 
Published: October 2021

This paper examines the information content of insider silence, periods of no insider trading. We hypothesize that, to avoid litigation risk, rational insiders do not sell own-company shares when they anticipate bad news; neither would they buy, given unfavorable prospects. Thus, they keep silent. By contrast, insiders sell shares when they do not anticipate significant bad news. Future stock returns are significantly lower following insider silence than following insider net selling, especially among firms with higher litigation risk. We examine two quasinatural experiments where new laws result in changes in shareholder litigation risks for insiders. In both cases, with higher shareholder litigation risks, stocks where insiders stay silent earn significantly lower returns than other stocks.This paper was accepted by Karl Diether, finance.
Compact dark-field confocal microscopy based on an annular beam with orbital angular momentum
Authors: Liu Jian , Hua Zijie , Liu Chenguang 
Published: October 2021

This study proposes a dark-field confocal microscopy (DFCM) based on fiber-mode excitation-assisted orbital angular momentum annular beam generation with a two-mode fiber to avoid diffraction distortion. The application of optical fibers compresses the DFCM volume, providing new ideas for system miniaturization. System adjustment difficulty is reduced and feasibility is verified by imaging 2D and 3D samples. High imaging contrast is achieved by fully blocking the reflected light and annular illumination with a steady central dark-spot within a propagation distance of 3 m. The application of our scheme can be further extended to detect subsurface defects in optical components and high-contrast biological imaging.
120  mJ, 1  kHz, picosecond laser at 515  nm
Authors: Hubka Zbyněk , Antipenkov Roman , Boge Robert , Erdman Emily , Greco Michael , Green Jonathan T. , Horáček Martin , Majer Karel , Mazanec Tomáš , Mazůrek Petr , Naylon Jack A. , Novák Jakub , Šobr Václav , Strkula Petr , Torun Murat , Tykalewicz Boguslaw , Bakule Pavel , Rus Bedřich 
Published: October 2021

We report on a 1 kHz, 515 nm laser system, based on a commercially available 230 W average power Yb:YAG thin-disk regenerative amplifier, developed for pumping one of the last optical parametric chirped pulse amplification (OPCPA) stages of the Allegra laser system at ELI Beamlines. To avoid problems with self-focusing of picosecond pulses, the 1030 nm output pulses are compressed and frequency doubled with an LBO crystal in vacuum. Additionally, development of a thermal management system was needed to ensure stable phase matching conditions at high average power. The resulting 515 nm pulses have an energy of more than 120 mJ with SHG efficiency of 60% and an average RMS stability of 1.1% for more than 8 h.
Raman-scattering-assistant large energy dissipative soliton and multicolor coherent noise-like pulse complex in an Yb-doped fiber laser
Authors: Chang Shuo , Zheng Yameng , Wang Zhaokun , Shen Changyu 
Published: October 2021

In this Letter, we have demonstrated the generation of dissipative solitons (DSs) or multi-wavelength noise-like pulses (NLPs) directly from a common linear Yb-doped fiber laser in the presence of stimulated Raman scattering (SRS). For the DSs, the pulse energy of the solitons with a pulse width of 74.2 ps reaches 21.2 nJ. For the NLPs, the generation of the main NLP (1032 nm) together with the first-order Raman NLP (1080 nm) is realized. The narrow peak of the double-scale autocorrelation trace is characterized by quasi-periodic beat pulses with a pulse beating of 40.6 fs and a pulse separation of 79 fs, indicating that the generated solitons at dual wavelengths are mutually coherent. Furthermore, a three-color stable NLP complex with a broader spectrum is also obtained. The results contribute to an in-depth understanding of nonlinear dynamics and ultrafast physics.
Region-aggregated attention CNN for disease detection in fruit images
Authors: Han Chang Hee , Kim Eal , Doan Tan Nhu Nhat , Han Dongil , Yoo Seong Joon , Kwak Jin Tae 
Published: October 2021

Background
Diseases and pests have a profound effect on a yearly harvest and productivity in agriculture. A precise and accurate detection of the diseases and pests could facilitate timely treatment and management of the diseases and pests and lessen the resultant loss in economy and health. Herein, we propose an improved design of the disease detection system for plant images.

Methods
Built upon the two-stage framework of object detection neural networks such as Mask R-CNN, the proposed network involves three types of extensions, including the addition of additional level of feature pyramids to improve the exploration and proposal of candidate regions, the aggregation of feature maps from all levels of feature pyramids per candidate region to fully exploit the information from feature pyramids, and the introduction of a squeeze-and-excitation block to the construction of feature pyramids and the aggregated feature maps to improve the representation of feature maps.

Results
The proposed network was evaluated using 74 images of infected apple fruits. In 3-fold cross-validation, the proposed network achieved averaged precision (AP) of 72.26, AP at 0.5 threshold of 88.51 and AP at 0.75 threshold of 82.30. In the comparative experiments, the proposed network outperformed the other competing networks. The utility of the three extensions was also demonstrated in comparison to Mask R-CNN.

Conclusions
The experimental results suggest that the proposed network could identify and localize the symptom of the disease with high accuracy, leading to an early diagnosis and treatment of the disease, and thus holding the potential for improving crop yield and quality.
Epidemiology of measles cases, vaccine effectiveness, and performance towards measles elimination in The Gambia
Authors: Sowe Alieu , Njie Mbye , Sowe Dawda , Fofana Sidat , Ceesay Lamin , Camara Yaya , Tesfaye Brook , Bah Samba , Bah Alieu K. , Baldeh Abdoulie K. , Dampha Bakary D. , Baldeh Samba N. , Touray Alagie 
Published: October 2021

Introduction
In 2011, member states of the World Health Organization (WHO) Africa Regional Office (AFRO) resolved to eliminate Measles by 2020. Our study aims to assess The Gambia’s progress towards the set AFRO measles elimination target and highlight surveillance and immunisation gaps to better inform future measles prevention strategies.

Material and methods
A retrospective review of measles surveillance data for the period 2011–2019, was extracted from The Gambia case-based measles surveillance database. WHO—UNICEF national coverage estimates were used for estimating national level MCV coverage. Measles post campaign coverage survey coverage estimates were used to estimate national measles campaign coverage.

Results
One hundred and twenty-five of the 863 reported suspected cases were laboratory confirmed as measles cases. More than half (53.6%) of the confirmed cases have unknown vaccination status, 24% of cases were vaccinated, 52.8% of cases occurred among males, and 72.8% cases were among urban residents. The incidence of measles cases per million population was lowest (0) in 2011–2012 and highest in 2015 and 2016 (31 and 23 respectively). The indicator for surveillance sensitivity was met in all years except in 2016 and 2019. Children aged 5–9 years (Incidence Rate Ratio—IRR = 0.6) and residents of Central River region (IRR = 0.21) had lower measles risk whilst unvaccinated (Adjusted IRR = 5.95) and those with unknown vaccination status (IRR 2.21) had higher measles risk. Vaccine effectiveness was 89.5%.

Conclusion
The Gambia’s quest to attain measles elimination status by 2020 has registered significant success but it is unlikely that all target indicators will be met. Vaccination has been very effective in preventing cases. There is variation in measles risk by health region, and it will be important to take it into account when designing prevention and control strategies. The quality of case investigations should be improved to enhance the quality of surveillance for decision making.
Clinical characteristics and viral load dynamics of COVID-19 in a mildly or moderately symptomatic outpatient sample
Authors: Caplan Amanda , Bates Kelly W. , Brioni Carla , Santos Aileen , Sabatini Linda M. , Kaul Karen L. , Carnethon Mercedes R. , Khandekar Janardan D. , Greenland Philip 
Published: October 2021

Background
Studies of outpatients with mild or moderate COVID-19 are uncommon. We studied: 1) association of symptoms with reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test results; and 2) association of initial RT-PCR cycle threshold (Ct) in relation to duration of RT-PCR positivity in outpatients with mild or moderate COVID-19.

Methods
This was a cohort study of outpatients with confirmed COVID-19 and at least one symptom. Participants had repeat nasopharyngeal swabs and symptom checklists every 3–5 days until two consecutive RT-PCR tests were negative. RT-PCR tests were used to assess viral load. Antibody tests for COVID-19 were performed at 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks after symptom onset.

Results
Twenty-five patients (nine females) were enrolled, ranging in age from 19–58 (median age 28 years). All patients reported at least one symptom, with a median of six symptoms per patient. Symptoms persisted for 6–67 days (median duration 18 days). In all 25 patients, blood samples collected a median of 13 days after symptom onset were positive for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in 15 (60%). After a median of 28 days following symptom onset, 23/23 patients with available samples tested positive for antibodies. The longest duration of positive RT-PCR test was 49 days from first positive PCR test (Mean = 27.4, SD = 12.5, Median = 24). Initial Ct was significantly associated with longer duration (β = -1.3, SE = 0.3, p<0.01 per 1 cycle higher) of RT-PCR positivity.

Conclusions
In mildly or moderately ill COVID-19 outpatients, RT-PCT tests remained positive for as long as 49 days and test positivity and symptom duration correlated with initial viral load.