bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of programmatic interventions to improve the management of latent tuberculosis: a follow up study up to five months after implementation.
Authors: Lane Mercedes Yanes , Trajman Anete , Bastos Mayara Lisboa , Oxlade Olivia , Valiquette Chantal , Rufino Nathalia , Fregonese Federica , Menzies Dick 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
BACKGROUND: Less than 19% of those needing tuberculosis (TB) preventive treatment complete it, due to losses in several steps of the cascade of care for latent TB infection. A cluster randomized trial of a programmatic public health intervention to improve management of latent TB infection in household contacts was conducted in Rio de Janeiro. Interventions included contact registry, initial and in-service training, and a TB booklet. We conducted a follow-up study starting one month after the conclusion of this trial, to measure the effect of interventions implemented, and to identify remaining barriers and facilitators to latent TB infection treatment, from different perspectives.METHODS: In two health clinics in Rio de Janeiro that received the interventions in the trial, data for the latent TB infection cascade of care for household contacts was collected over a five-month period. The number of household contacts initiating treatment per 100 index-TB patients was compared with the cascade of care data obtained before and during the intervention trial. Semi-structured open-ended questionnaires were administered to healthcare workers, household contacts and index-TB patients regarding knowledge and perceptions about TB and study interventions. RESULTS: In this follow-up study, 184 household contacts per 100 index-TB patients were identified. When compared to the intervention period, there were 65 fewer household contacts per 100 index-TB patients, (95% CI -115, -15) but the number starting latent TB infection treatment was sustained (difference 2, 95% CI -8,5). A total of 31 index-TB patients, 22 household contacts and 19 health care workers were interviewed. Among index-TB patients, 61% said all their household contacts had been tested for latent TB infection. All health care workers said it was very important to test household contacts, and 95% mentioned that possessing correct knowledge on the benefits of latent TB infection treatment was the main facilitator to enable them to recommend this treatment.CONCLUSION: In this follow-up study, we observed a sustained effect of interventions to strengthen the latent TB infection cascade of care on increasing the number of household contacts starting latent TB infection treatment.
Developmental Delay and its Predictors among Under-Five Uncomplicated Severe Acute Malnourished Children: A Cross-Sectional Study in Rural Areas of Pakistan
Authors: Saleem Javeria , Zakaar Rubeena , Bukhari Gul Mehar Javaid , Fatima Aneela , Fischer Florian 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: In developing countries, malnutrition in children and developmental delays are two major challenges for public health. To achieve the vision of the Sustainable Development Goals in the broader perspective of child health, an early identification of developmental delays and timely intervention is crucial. The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of suspected developmental delay and their predictors in under-five uncomplicated severe acute malnourished children in rural areas of Pakistan.Methods: A multicenter cross-sectional study has been conducted among 185 uncomplicated severe acute malnourished children. We screened 6–59 months aged children for their nutritional status and clinical complications. Children fulfilling the inclusion criteria underwent the Denver Development Screening Tool II (DDSTII). The global developmental profile of children was calculated according to established protocols of DDSTII based on four important domains of development: personal and social behaviour, language, gross motor adaptive and fine motor adaptive skills. A pretested structured questionnaire on socio-demographic and nutritional factors was used for assessing predictors of developmental delay, which were analysed in a multivariate logistic regression model.Results: Out of 177 severe acute malnourished children, 69 (38.9%) had normal global development and 108 (61.1%) had delayed global development. Significant associations with global development delay were found for lower aged children (6-24 months vs. 25-59 month; AOR=4.53, 95% CI: 1.56–13.10, p<0.01), not exclusively breastfeed children (AOR=3.07, 95% CI: 1.24–7.56, p=0.01), and a history of contact with tuberculosis smear positive adult (AOR=2.67, 95% CI: 1.30–5.49, p<0.01).Conclusion: With about two thirds of study participants showing delayed or unstable global development, there is a high prevalence of suspected developmental delay among under-five uncomplicated severe acute malnourished children in rural areas Pakistan. Particularly children in their first two years of life with insufficient breastfeeding are at high risk. This emphasizes the need for providing adequate infrastructure and information to parents in remote areas.
Insufficient physical activity level among Sahrawi adults living in a protracted refugee setting
Authors: Andersen Eivind , Kjellså Ida , Hjellset Victoria Telle , Henjum Sigrun 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background The Sahrawi people fled their homes in 1975 as the conflict in Western Sahara escalated and settled down near Tindouf, Algeria, where they still live. High prevalence of overweight and obesity and type 2 diabetes had been found in this protracted refugee setting. Scaling up national policy efforts to promote physical activity (PA) is critical to reducing the prevalence of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in the near future. One possible barrier to the inclusion of PA in NCD prevention strategies is the lack of research on PA level, which may reduce political support and policy development for PA. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the PA level among adults living in Sahrawi refugee camps and socioeconomic factors associated with PA. Methods A cross-sectional survey was carried out in 2014 in five refugee camps near Tindouf, Algeria. A total of 180 women and 175 men were included. PA was measured using the international physical activity questionnaire short form (IPAQ-SF). Results There was a large amount of variance in reported PA for both genders, ranging from 10 min of total PA per week to above 40 hours. Forty-three percent of the participants had a low PA level (defined as not meeting the PA recommendations of 150 min of moderate to vigorous PA per day). The chi-square test of independence showed that males, those aged ≥ 60 years and people with higher education were more likely to be in the low PA level category. No significant relationship was found between PA level and BMI status. Most of the participants thought that engaging in PA would be wise, valuable, right and good but thought to a lesser degree that PA would be easy, comfortable and interesting. Conclusions Almost half of the participants were categorised as insufficiently physically active, however, most of the Sahrawi refugees express a positive attitude towards PA. PA is a low-cost approach to reducing deaths and NCDs, government initiatives to increase PA levels in refugee camps are advised.
Peripherally inserted central venous catheter in upper extremities leads to an increase in D-dimer and deep vein thrombosis in lower extremities
Authors: Liu Wanli , He Lianxiang , Zeng Wenjing , Yue Liqing , Wei Jie , Zeng Shuangshuang , Wang Xiang , Gong Zhicheng 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: The purpose of this study is to elucidate the association between peripherally inserted central venous catheter (PICC) in upper extremities and lower extremity deep venous thrombosis (LEDVT) by observing the changes in D-dimer.Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study of 3452 patients (104 inserted with PICCs and 3348 without PICC) enrolled at the neurology department from April 1, 2017 to April 1, 2020. The patients underwent color Doppler ultrasound (CDU) and D-dimer examinations. LEDVT-related factors and the D-dimer value were analyzed before and after PICC insertion. The predictive value of D-dimer for LEDVT was also evaluated. Results: Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that PICC insertion increased the risk of LEDVT by 9 times and promoted the increase of D-dimer by 5 times. After risk adjustment, multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that PICC insertion tripled the risk of LEDVT and doubled the risk of D-dimer increase. The concentration of D-dimer was significantly increased after PICC insertion. D-dimer was unsuitable for excluding venous thrombosis in patients inserted with PICCs.Conclusion: PICC insertion increases the level of D-dimer and the risk of LEDVT. The risks of venous thrombosis need to be assessed in patients inserted with PICCs to ensure the expected clinical outcomes.
Gelingensbedingungen für den Einsatz digitaler Medien
Authors: Koppel Ilka 
Published: January 2021

Ausgehend von einer tiefgreifenden Mediatisierung der Gesellschaft (vgl. z. B. Couldry und Hepp 2016) werden für die Teilhabe an der Gesellschaft neben der literalen und der mathematischen Grundbildung nun auch eine digitale Grundbildung notwendig (BMBF und KMK 2016; Tröster und Schrader 2016). Entsprechend wird eine stärkere Einbindung digitaler Technologien in der Erwachsenenbildung (European Comission 2015; Helbig und Hofhues 2018; Pietraß 2015) sowie eine Weiterbildungsoffensive gefordert und auch umgesetzt (vgl. z. B. Staatsministerium Baden-Württemberg). Auch wenn der Bedarf an digitaler Grundbildung hoch ist, wird der Erwachsenenbildung gegenüber computerbasierten Lernprozessen und deren konzeptionelle Einbindung eine distanzierte Einstellung (Arnold 2014, 157; Hartung-Griemberg 2017) postuliert. Insbesondere ist dies im Bereich der Alphabetisierung der Fall (Helbig und Hofhues 2018, 12). Aber gerade diese Zielgruppe kann besonders von dem Einsatz digitaler Medien profitieren (vgl. z. B. Koppel 2017; Wolf und Koppel 2017). Im Bereich der Alphabetisierung und Grundbildung existieren allerdings bisher kaum Erkenntnisse darüber, welche Faktoren zu einem gelingenden Einsatz digitaler Medien beitragen. Ziel des hier vorgestellten Projektes «Geco» ist es daher, mittels leitfadengestützter Interviews Gelingensbedingungen für den Einsatz computerbasierter Lernprogramme in der Alphabetisierung und Grundbildung zu identifizieren. Die Ergebnisse der Studie/des Projekts werden im Folgenden vorgestellt.
Tablet-Based Apps for Phonics and Phonological Awareness: Protocol for Evidence-Based Appraisal of Content, Quality, and Usability
Authors: Furlong Lisa , Serry Tanya , Erickson Shane , Morris Meg E 
Published: January 2021

Background
The use of mobile apps to manage and promote health is becoming increasingly popular. Mobile apps are gaining popularity particularly in educational and interventional settings owing to their perceived advantages including support for and engagement of individuals with reading difficulties. In the context of COVID-19, the need for technology-based tools has increased. For practitioners and educators who wish to use apps in their practice or recommend apps to individuals with reading difficulties, it is challenging to identify high-quality apps in app stores.

Objective
This protocol describes a systematic search, selection, and appraisal process for tablet apps targeting phonics knowledge and phonological awareness skills. This protocol aimed to (1) provide a systematic method for identifying tablet apps targeting phonics knowledge and phonological awareness skills in the Google Play Store and Apple’s App Store and (2) describe an evidence-based approach for quality appraisal of these apps by using structured tools.

Methods
This protocol describes an evidence-based method guided by the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) framework to systematically search, select, and appraise apps targeting phonics knowledge and phonological awareness skills, present in Google Play and the App Store. We intend to perform a systematic and comprehensive search and a 2-step process for screening: (1) broad screening (app titles) and (2) narrow screening (marketing descriptions). Quality appraisal of the included apps will involve two structured appraisal tools: (1) the Mobile Application Rating Scale and (2) the Appraising Apps for Reading Checklist.

Results
This method will help determine the number of apps targeting phonics knowledge and phonological awareness, present on the Android and iOS platforms. The content, quality, and usability of these apps will be determined using structured appraisal tools. We have planned to conduct searches on Google Play and the App Store in January-March 2021; broad and focused screening, from April 2021; and data extraction and quality appraisal in October 2021.

Conclusions
This protocol provides a basis for locating and evaluating apps targeting phonics knowledge and phonological awareness skills. This protocol will support practitioners, educators, and families to make informed decisions when purchasing apps for instructional use.

International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)
PRR1-10.2196/23921
Upaya meminimalisasi kecemasan siswa saat berbicara di depan umum dengan metode expressive writing therapy
Authors: Amali Balawan Aliman 
Published: January 2021

Objektif: Expressive writing therapy adalah terapi yang menggunakan aktivitas menulis sebagai sarana untuk merefleksikan pikiran dan perasaan terdalam terhadap peristiwa yang dapat menimbulkan trauma. Pada penelitian ini expressive writing therapy dilakukan secara berkelompok dan merupakan terapi utama untuk membantu subjek mengembangkan mental yang lebih kuat tentang diri dan situasi di depan umum. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat kecemasan siswa saat berbicara di depan umum dan mengetahui upaya meminimalisasi kecemasan saat berbicara di depan umum.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian tindakan kelas dengan instrumen pengambilan data menggunakan angket. Analisa menggunakan editing dan scoring. Jumlah subjek dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 32 orang.Temuan: Dengan menggunakan expressive writing therapy terlihat perbedaan yang signifikan antara tingkat kecemasan saat berbicara di depan umum sebelum expressive writing therapy dan sesudahnya.Kesimpulan: Expressive writing therapy efektif untuk siswa, karena memiliki keunggulan untuk mengatasi kecemasan berbicara di depan umum.
A Reforma Trabalhista de 2017 à luz institucionalismo socioeconômico: evidências para uma análise isomórfica.
Authors: Dias Hamdan Tarik , Lemos Walmrath Lucas 
Published: January 2021

Este trabalho discute a reforma trabalhista brasileira de 2017 à luz da teoria institucionalista na Sociologia Econômica. A discussão teórica mobiliza os conceitos de isomorfismo coercitivoe mimético (DIMAGGIO; POWELL, 2005) para entender a aprovação da reforma e problematizar a relação da mesma com a noção de eficiência econômica. Metodologicamente, conduzimos uma análise dos discursos promovidos por alguns dos principais agentes envolvidos na aprovação da reforma trabalhista a partir de fontes secundárias. Concluímos que esta análise evidencia a importância de pressões políticas e da instabilidade para impulsionar mudanças nas relações de capital-trabalho.
Pharmacologic Management for Cancer Pain
Authors: Murphy Casey A. , Roig Randolph , Faciane Jr. John , Gould, III Harry J. 
Published: January 2021

Chronic pain is a major factor that impairs functionality and compromises quality of life. Unfortunately, this type of pain is often under-treated due to lack of education about the use and range of effective non-pharmacologic modalities, about how to use and monitor pharmacologic modalities, and the fear about real and imagined adverse effects that are associated with its management. Cancer is diagnosed in approximately 40% of the population with up to 89% experiencing some form of pain in the later stages of the disease. Unfortunately, a significant portion of this population receives inadequate treatment for their pain. Here we provide a review of the evidence-base for determining the best approach for managing the pain of malignancy in the hope of providing a basic framework for the physician to better utilize the pharmacological options that comprise an important component of comprehensive pain care for the cancer patient.
This review contains 2 figures, 7 tables, and 106 references.
Keywords: Cancer pain, malignant pain, opioids, chronic pain, analgesic options, adjuvant options, cancer pharmacology, evidence-based pain treatment
Laparoscopic Right Hepatectomy
Authors: Salehi Omid , Vega Eduardo A. , Conrad Claudius 
Published: January 2021

Laparoscopic right hepatectomy (LRH) is an important technique in a modern hepatobiliary surgeon’s arsenal. It’s application extends to many different disease processes including both malignant and benign tumors as well as infections and in trauma. The procedure involves using minimally invasive methods to remove Couinaud segments 5-8 delineated by the portion of the liver right and lateral to Cantlie’s line. In this chapter, we explain the approach to performing this operation by delving into preoperative considerations with a focus on high quality imaging, 3D reconstruction, and virtual hepatectomy, optimizing the future liver remnant (FLR) with PVE and use of parenchymal sparing methods, and detailed intraoperative steps emphasizing caudal view, Glissonian approach, MHV roadmap, and communication with anesthesia. We also give context to LRH by discussing the two most common diseases addressed by it, namely colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), as well as historical perspectives and how LRH use has evolved. We also address complication management such as post-operative liver failure and intra-operative bleeding accidents, variants on exposure with hand assist and transthoracic view, and comparing the advantages and disadvantages between open and laparoscopic right hepatectomy.
This review contains 12 figures, 4 tables, and 111 references.
Keywords: augmented reality, laparoscopic right hepatectomy, laparoscopic PVE and ALPPS, low CVP anesthesia, MHV roadmap, minimally invasive liver resection, parenchymal sparing right hepatectomy, Takasaki caudal approach, virtual hepatectomy,
Type I Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Wolfsdorf Joseph I. , Garvey Katharine 
Published: January 2021

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is characterized by severe insulin deficiency, making patients dependent on exogenous insulin replacement for survival. These patients can experience life-threatening events when their glucose levels are significantly abnormal. Type 1 diabetes accounts for 5 to 10% of all diabetes cases, with type 2 accounting for most of the remainder. This review details the pathophysiology, stabilization and assessment, diagnosis and treatment, disposition and outcomes of patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Figures show the opposing actions of insulin and glucagon on substrate flow and plasma levels; plasma glucose, insulin and C-peptide levels throughout the day; the structure of human proinsulin; current view of the pathogenesis of Type 1 autoimmune diabetes mellitus; pathways that lead from insulin deficiency to the major clinical manifestations of Type 1 diabetes mellitus; relationship between hemoglobin A1c values at the end of a 3-month period and calculated average glucose levels during the 3-month period; different combinations of various insulin preparations used to establish glycemic control; and basal-bolus and insulin pump regimens. Tables list the etiologic classification of Type 1 diabetes mellitus, typical laboratory findings and monitoring in diabetic ketoacidosis, criteria for the diagnosis of Type 1 diabetes, clinical goals of Type 1 diabetes treatment, and insulin preparations.
This review contains 10 figures, 9 tables, and 40 references.
Keywords: Type 1 diabetes mellitus, optimal glycemic control, hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, HbA1c, medical nutrition therapy, Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Aortic Dissection
Authors: Lee Christine E , Naraghi Leily , Hoffmann Beatrice 
Published: January 2021

Aortic dissections are associated with high morbidity and mortality and thus are important diagnoses to consider, as delaying diagnosis can have drastic consequences. Emergency physicians should consider dissection in patients with the classic presentation of tearing chest and/or back pain but should also be aware that its presentation can be varied based on the location of the dissection. This review summarizes the pathophysiology, presentation, stabilization and assessment, diagnosis, treatment, disposition, and outcomes for patients with aortic dissection.

This review contains 6 figures, 2 tables, 1 video, and 78 references.
Key Words: aortic dissection, ascending aortic dissection, descending aortic dissection, intimal tear, intramural hematoma
The Natural History Of Chronic Liver Disease
Authors: Schaefer Esperance A K 
Published: January 2021

The natural history of chronic liver disease is that of a slowly progressive course, in most cases evolving over the course of years to decades. The rate of progression varies by disease state and comorbid conditions, but fibrosis advances on average by one stage every 7 to 10 years. While the development of fibrosis is reversible when the underlying etiology is successfully treated, a large number of patients present to medical attention once advanced fibrosis has already developed. The ultimate clinical and pathological manifestation of chronic liver disease is cirrhosis. Cirrhosis has long been clinically divided into “compensated” and “decompensated” disease, with an estimated 12-year survival in compensated disease and 2-year survival in decompensated disease. Additional clinical stratifications have been proposed, including a five-stage model progressing from cirrhosis without portal hypertension (hepatic venous pressure gradient below 10 mm Hg) to cirrhosis with portal hypertension, and then cirrhosis complicated by bleeding or other decompensating events. These clinical stages correspond to a step-wise increase in mortality and, with the presence of more than one decompensating event, the five-year mortality approaches 90%. The major complications of cirrhosis include varices with or without hemorrhage, ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, immune dysfunction, renal impairment, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver transplantation has provided an avenue to alter the course and outcomes in chronic liver disease, with graft survival rates that reach 80% at 5 years.
This review contains 4 figures, 6 tables and 51 references
Key Words: natural history, cirrhosis, mortality, hepatocellular carcinoma, acute-on-chronic liver failure
Sexually Transmitted Infections
Authors: Farid Huma , Brown Elinor , Golen Toni Huebscher 
Published: January 2021

Sexually transmitted infections (STI’s) are relatively common. Their presentations range from symptom-free to highly painful, debilitating and life-threatening. The approach to each type of infection varies, and depends on the ability to screen, the availability and effectiveness of treatment, and the likelihood of long-term sequelae. For many infections, prophylaxis is possible; other infections are more challenging to prevent. Unless sexual partners are also treated, re-infection is a concern, as is the further spread of disease to subsequent sexual contacts. Some infections, once effectively treated, lead to an asymptomatic carrier state that may or may not re-emerge as an active problem and/or cause sexual contacts to become ill.
This review contains 10 tables, and 44 references.
Key Words: sexually transmitted infections, chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, HIV, herpes simplex, granuloma inguinale, lymphogranuloma venereum, chancroid, trichomoniasis