bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Like For Like” Reconstruction of Heel Pad with Medial Plantar Artery Flap—Functional and Aesthetic Outcomes in A Series of 19 Cases
Authors: Sundaramurthy Narayanamurthy , Venkata Mahipathi Surya Rao , Durairaj Alagar Raja , Jayachandiran Anand Prasath , Selvaa Shalini Ranipet 
Published: September 2021

AbstractHeel pad loss can cause serious problems in weight-bearing and locomotion. The medial plantar artery (MPA) flap is a suitable “like for like” replacement. Nineteen patients whose heels were reconstructed with MPA flap between July 2015 and February 2020 were studied. All patients were assessed based on flap survival, functionality, and patient satisfaction. Loss of heel pad was due to diabetic ulcer (11), trauma (6), tumor (1), and unstable scar (1). The largest flap measured 9 × 7 cm. Sixteen flaps were done as fasciocutaneous flaps and three in combination with abductor hallucis muscle (AbdH). All the flaps survived. The average functional scores at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months were 86.86, 89.62, 89.38 and 97.33 based on AOSAS-AH score. Average patients' satisfaction was 8.7/10. To conclude, the MPA system is a versatile vascular axis providing “like for like” tissue for heel pad reconstruction which is reliable and durable.
Hip Instability Leading to Metallosis, Polyethylene Wear, and Failure of an Oxinium Femoral Head: A Case Report and Review of Literature
Authors: Mahmoud Ahmed Nageeb , El-Husseini Timour F. , Osman Wael S. , Maziad Ali M. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractOxinium is a zirconium metal alloy with an oxidized (ceramicized) surface that aims to mimic the superior wear properties of a ceramic femoral head while maintaining the high strength of metal-bearing surfaces. There are several reports that illustrate the wear and/or failure of Oxinium femoral heads following abnormal head contact with metal cup, with only a few studies reporting on the occurrence of metallosis. We present a case of metallosis and failure of Oxinium femoral head following two incidents of hip instability and one closed reduction. Successful revision was performed with cemented cup and metal femoral head, with 68 months of follow-up. We aimed to highlight the importance of achieving stable and well-oriented hip components when using Oxinium-bearing surfaces and to present a short literature review regarding the wear of oxidized zirconium-bearing surfaces in hip arthroplasty.
10.24 Product Class 24: Pyrido[1,2-a]indoles and Azapyrido[1,2-a]indoles
Authors: Harris P. A. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis introductory chapter describes the various pyrido[1,2-a]indole and azapyrido[1,2-a]indole ring systems that will be covered in subsequent chapters. Biologically active indole alkaloids containing these structural motifs are also detailed, the most well-known of which is the toxic alkaloid strychnine.
10.24.5 Product Subclass 5: Pyridazino[1,6-a]indoles and Related Benzo-Fused Ring Systems
Authors: Harris P. A. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe synthesis of pyridazino[1,6-a]indoles, as well as the related indolo[1,2-b]cinnolines and indolo[2,1-a]phthalazines, are reviewed in this chapter. The most utilized methods to access pyridazino[1,6-a]indoles involve annulation of 1H-indol-1-amine derivatives.
Haplotype divergence supports long-term asexuality in the oribatid miteOppiella nova
Authors: Brandt Alexander , Tran Van Patrick , Bluhm Christian , Anselmetti Yoann , Dumas Zoé , Figuet Emeric , François Clémentine M. , Galtier Nicolas , Heimburger Bastian , Jaron Kamil S. , Labédan Marjorie , Maraun Mark , Parker Darren J. , Robinson-Rechavi Marc , Schaefer Ina , Simion Paul , Scheu Stefan , Schwander Tanja , Bast Jens 
Published: September 2021

SignificancePutatively ancient asexual species pose a challenge to theory because they appear to escape the predicted negative long-term consequences of asexuality. Although long-term asexuality is difficult to demonstrate, specific signatures of haplotype divergence, called the “Meselson effect,” are regarded as strong support for long-term asexuality. Here, we provide evidence for the Meselson effect in an asexual oribatid mite species,Oppiella nova, and we show that the effect is not caused by hybridization or polyploidization. Our findings provide conclusive evidence for the long-term absence of sex inO. novaand suggest that asexual oribatid mites can escape the dead-end fate usually associated with asexual reproduction.
Integrated farming with intercropping increases food production while reducing environmental footprint
Authors: Chai Qiang , Nemecek Thomas , Liang Chang , Zhao Cai , Yu Aizhong , Coulter Jeffrey A. , Wang Yifan , Hu Falong , Wang Li , Siddique Kadambot H. M. , Gan Yantai 
Published: September 2021

Significance
The world has been struggling to find sustainable ways to increase crop production to satisfy the needs for food, feed, fiber, and industrial uses while reducing negative environmental impacts. This challenge is magnified in countries/regions where the availability of farmable land for agriculture is limited. We developed an integrated cropping system that incorporates key farming tactics. Tested in 16 field experiments over 12 consecutive years (2006 to 2017), the integrated system increased crop yields while decreasing the environmental footprint. The integration enables significant synergies in biophysical processes to occur under a wide range of crop inputs, suggesting that system integration can be adopted globally for a range of smallholder farming.
Machine learning potentials for complex aqueous systems made simple
Authors: Schran Christoph , Thiemann Fabian L. , Rowe Patrick , Müller Erich A. , Marsalek Ondrej , Michaelides Angelos 
Published: September 2021

Significance
Understanding complex materials, in particular those with solid–liquid interfaces, such as water on surfaces or under confinement, is a key challenge for technological and scientific progress. Although established simulation approaches have been able to provide important atomistic insight, ab initio techniques struggle with the required time and length scales, while force field methods can often be limited in terms of their accuracy. Here we show how these limitations can be overcome in a simple and automated machine learning procedure to provide accurate models of interactions at the ab initio level, as illustrated for a variety of complex aqueous systems. These developments open up the prospect of the straightforward exploration of many technologically relevant systems by molecular simulations.
Robust, self-adhesive, reinforced polymeric nanofilms enabling gas-permeable dry electrodes for long-term application
Authors: Wang Yan , Lee Sunghoon , Wang Haoyang , Jiang Zhi , Jimbo Yasutoshi , Wang Chunya , Wang Binghao , Kim Jae Joon , Koizumi Mari , Yokota Tomoyuki , Someya Takao 
Published: September 2021

Significance
We have succeeded in fabricating a highly robust, adhesive, gas-permeable free-standing polymeric nanofilm with a thickness of less than 100 nm. A gas-permeable dry electrode comprising of a nanofilm and an Au layer can adhere to the human skin by van der Waals forces alone for 1 wk for high-fidelity electrocardiogram recording. Our method has overcome the major bottleneck in continuously monitoring biosignals for a long period of time with high precision under daily life conditions, opening up new opportunities in a wide range of applications in fields such as medicine, healthcare, sports, fitness, virtual reality, and entertainment.
The variance of the CMB temperature gradient: a new signature of a multiply connected Universe
Authors: Aurich Ralf , Buchert Thomas , France Martin J , Steiner Frank 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In this work we investigate the standard deviation of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature gradient field as a signature for a multiply connected nature of the Universe. CMB simulations of a spatially infinite Universe model within the paradigm of the standard cosmological model present non-zero two-point correlations at any angular scale. This is in contradiction with the extreme suppression of correlations at scales above 60° in the observed CMB maps. Universe models with spatially multiply connected topology contain typically a discrete spectrum of the Laplacian with a specific wave-length cut-off and thus lead to a suppression of the correlations at large angular scales, as observed in the CMB (in general there can be also an additional continuous spectrum). Among the simplest examples are three-dimensional tori which possess only a discrete spectrum. To date, the Universe models with non-trivial topology such as the toroidal space are the only models that possess a two-point correlation function showing a similar behaviour as the one derived from the observed Planck CMB maps. In this work it is shown that the normalized standard deviation of the CMB temperature gradient field does hierarchically detect the change in size of the cubic three-torus, if the volume of the Universe is smaller than ≃2.5 × 103 Gpc3. It is also shown that the variance of the temperature gradient of the Planck maps is consistent with the median value of simulations within the standard cosmological model. All flat tori are globally homogeneous, but are globally anisotropic. However, this study also presents a test showing a level of homogeneity and isotropy of all the CMB map ensembles for the different torus sizes considered that are nearly at the same weak level of anisotropy revealed by the CMB in the standard cosmological model.
Estimating confidence intervals for cerebral autoregulation: a parametric bootstrap approach
Authors: Bryant Jack E D , Birch Anthony A , Panerai Ronney B , Nikolic Dragana , Bulters Diederik , Simpson David M 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Cerebral autoregulation (CA) refers to the ability of the brain vasculature to control blood flow in the face of changing blood pressure. One of the methods commonly used to assess cerebral autoregulation, especially in participants at rest, is the analysis of phase derived from transfer function analysis (TFA), relating arterial blood pressure (ABP) to cerebral blood flow (CBF). This and other indexes of CA can provide consistent results when comparing groups of subjects (e.g. patients and healthy controls or normocapnia and hypercapnia) but can be quite variable within and between individuals. The objective of this paper is to present a novel parametric bootstrap method, used to estimate the sampling distribution and hence confidence intervals (CIs) of the mean phase estimate in the low-frequency band, in order to optimise estimation of measures of CA function and allow more robust inferences on the status of CA from individual recordings. A set of simulations was used to verify the proposed method under controlled conditions. In 20 healthy adult volunteers (age 25.53.5 years), ABP and CBF velocity (CBFV) were measured at rest, using a Finometer device and Transcranial Doppler (applied to the middle cerebral artery), respectively. For each volunteer, five individual recordings were taken on different days, each approximately 18 min long. Phase was estimated using TFA. Analysis of recorded data showed widely changing CIs over the duration of recordings, which could be reduced when noisy data and frequencies with low coherence were excluded from the analysis (Wilcoxon signed rank test p = 0.0065). The TFA window-lengths of 50s gave smaller CIs than lengths of 100s (p < 0.001) or 20s (p < 0.001), challenging the usual recommendation of 100s. The method adds a much needed flexible statistical tool for CA analysis in individual recordings.
Germicidal ultraviolet LEDs: a review of applications and semiconductor technologies
Authors: Zollner Christian J , DenBaars S P , Speck J S , Nakamura S 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Ultraviolet light emitting diodes (UV LEDs) are one of the most promising technologies for preventing future pandemics, improving health outcomes, and disinfecting water sources. Currently available UV LEDs emitting in the conventional germicidal wavelength range (254–285 nm) have efficiencies below 5% and cost about 100 times more (per watt) than mercury vapor lamps. On the other hand, germicidal UV LEDs provide many advantages over vapor lamps including instant-on and dimmable functionality, wavelength tunability, miniaturization, and durability, and are already in widespread use for certain applications. It is expected that III-nitride based UV LEDs will soon have similar cost and efficiency to white LEDs and will become the dominant germicidal light source within this decade. Unlike vapor discharge lamps, LEDs have theoretical efficiency limits approaching 100%; the challenges to improving UV LED efficiency are not fundamental, but technological. Improvements in material quality, chemical purity, electrical conductivity, optical transparency, and fabrication technologies are needed. In this review, we outline the major challenges in each of these areas and summarize the recent advances that have enabled rapid improvements in UV LED efficiency within the past 5 years. We discuss the physical principles underlying the mechanisms of improved efficiency, and comment on likely future trends in UV LED design and commercialization.
Conduction and stability performance of CsH2PO4 with NaH2PO4/ZrO2 for fuel cell
Authors: Veer Dharm , Kumar Pawan , Singh Deshraj , Kumar Devendra , Katiyar Ram S 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Solid acid composites of CsH2PO4/NaH2PO4/ZrO2 with different weight ratios of CsH2PO4 (CDP), NaH2PO4 (SDP), and ZrO2 were synthesized and characterized. The characterizations of the solid acid composite were carried out for determining structure, thermal stability, and conductivity, utilizing x-ray Diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Thermogravimetric analysis, Differential Thermal Analysis, and conductivity measurements. The composite powders were in the form of pellets of 4 mm thickness for conductivity measurement. SDP in the composites has a large effect on the conductivity measurement and this material increased the low-temperature conductivity of CDP by up to 1.5 orders of magnitude. The superprotonic transition was identified at temperatures from 220 to 270 °C in CDP/SDP/ZrO2 composites under atmospheric pressure. The thermal stability of the solid acid composites for dehydration, melting, and decomposition was investigated in the temperature range of 50 to 300 °C under environments with atmospheric humidification.
Nationwide Prevalence and Genotype Distribution of High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Infection in China
Authors: Zeng Zhengyu , Austin R Marshall , Wang Lin , Guo Xiaolei , Zeng Qiuqiong , Zheng Baowen , Zhao Chengquan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Extended high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) genotype testing has recently been introduced in routine cervical cancer screening. Changes in national and regional hrHPV genotype prevalence offer an objective baseline indicator of the future impact of mass HPV vaccination and HPV-based cervical screening.

Methods
This retrospective study reports nationwide hrHPV genotyping results from July 2018 to June 2019 in 29 KingMed Diagnostics laboratories throughout China.

Results
In total, 2,458,227 hrHPV genotyping results were documented from KingMed’s nationwide laboratory database during the study period. The overall prevalence of hrHPV-positive results was 19.1%, with twin peaks for highest hrHPV infection rates in women younger than 30 years of age (22.0%) and 50 years of age and older (21.8%). The most frequently detected hrHPV genotypes were HPV-52 (4.7%), HPV-16 (3.4%), HPV-53 (2.5%), HPV-58 (2.4%), HPV-51 (2.0%), and HPV-68 (1.6%). Overall, hrHPV-positive results varied regionally from 15.3% to 24.4%.

Conclusions
Nationwide hrHPV genotyping results from KingMed laboratories offer a baseline for measuring the future impact of large-scale HPV vaccination. High hrHPV infection rates in older (≥50 years) Chinese women likely reflect the limited extent of cervical screening in China. High rates of hrHPV infection and variable regional hrHPV genotype distribution may represent limiting factors for cost-effective implementation of hrHPV-based cervical screening in China.
An evolutionary model of sensitive periods when the reliability of cues varies across ontogeny
Authors: Walasek Nicole , Frankenhuis Willem E , Panchanathan Karthik 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSensitive periods are widespread in nature, but their evolution is not well understood. Recent mathematical modeling has illuminated the conditions favoring the evolution of sensitive periods early in ontogeny. However, sensitive periods also exist at later stages of ontogeny, such as adolescence. Here, we present a mathematical model that explores the conditions that favor sensitive periods at later developmental stages. In our model, organisms use environmental cues to incrementally construct a phenotype that matches their environment. Unlike in previous models, the reliability of cues varies across ontogeny. We use stochastic dynamic programming to compute optimal policies for a range of evolutionary ecologies and then simulate developmental trajectories to obtain mature phenotypes. We measure changes in plasticity across ontogeny using study paradigms inspired by empirical research: adoption and cross-fostering. Our results show that sensitive periods only evolve later in ontogeny if the reliability of cues increases across ontogeny. The onset, duration, and offset of sensitive periods—and the magnitude of plasticity—depend on the specific parameter settings. If the reliability of cues decreases across ontogeny, sensitive periods are favored only early in ontogeny. These results are robust across different paradigms suggesting that empirical findings might be comparable despite different experimental designs.
Approaches to oocyte meiotic arrest in vitro and impact on oocyte developmental competence
Authors: Richani Dulama , Gilchrist Robert B 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Oocytes are maintained in a state of meiotic arrest following the first meiotic division until ovulation is triggered. Within the antral follicle, meiotic arrest is actively suppressed in a process facilitated by the cyclic nucleotides cGMP and cAMP. If removed from this inhibitory follicular environment and cultured in vitro, mammalian oocytes undergo spontaneous meiotic resumption in the absence of the usual stimulatory follicular stimuli, leading to asynchronicity with oocyte cytoplasmic maturation and lower developmental competence. For more than 50 years, pharmacological agents have been used to attenuate oocyte germinal vesicle (GV) breakdown in vitro. Agents that increase intra-oocyte cAMP or prevent its degradation have been predominantly used; however, agents such as kinase and protein synthesis inhibitors have also been trialed. Twenty years of research demonstrates that maintaining GV arrest for a period before in vitro maturation (IVM) improves oocyte developmental competence, and is likely attributed to maintenance of bidirectional communication with cumulus cells leading to improved oocyte metabolic function. However, outcomes are influenced by various factors including the mode of action of the modulators, dose, treatment duration, species, and the degree of hormonal priming of the oocyte donor. Cyclic GMP and/or cAMP modulation in a prematuration step (called pre-IVM) prior to IVM has shown the greatest consistency in improving oocyte developmental competence, whereas kinase and protein synthesis inhibitors have proven less effective at improving IVM outcomes. Such pre-IVM approaches have shown potential to alter current use of artificial reproductive technologies in medical and veterinary practice.
Cerebrospinal fluid is a significant fluid source for anoxic cerebral oedema
Authors: Du Ting , Mestre Humberto , Kress Benjamin T , Liu Guojun , Sweeney Amanda M , Samson Andrew J , Rasmussen Martin Kaag , Mortensen Kristian Nygaard , Bork Peter A R , Peng Weiguo , Olveda Genaro E , Bashford Logan , Toro Edna R , Tithof Jeffrey , Kelley Douglas H , Thomas John H , Hjorth Poul G , Martens Erik A , Mehta Rupal I , Hirase Hajime , Mori Yuki , Nedergaard Maiken 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Cerebral oedema develops after anoxic brain injury. In two models of asphyxial and asystolic cardiac arrest without resuscitation, we found that oedema develops shortly after anoxia secondary to terminal depolarizations and the abnormal entry of CSF. Oedema severity correlated with the availability of CSF with the age-dependent increase in CSF volume worsening the severity of oedema. Oedema was identified primarily in brain regions bordering CSF compartments in mice and humans. The degree of ex vivo tissue swelling was predicted by an osmotic model suggesting that anoxic brain tissue possesses a high intrinsic osmotic potential. This osmotic process was temperature-dependent, proposing an additional mechanism for the beneficial effect of therapeutic hypothermia. These observations show that CSF is a primary source of oedema fluid in anoxic brain. This novel insight offers a mechanistic basis for the future development of alternative strategies to prevent cerebral oedema formation after cardiac arrest.