bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Banks of the Tiber: Opportunity and Transformation in Early Rome
Authors: Brock Andrea L. , Motta Laura , Terrenato Nicola 
Published: May 2021

AbstractA geoarchaeological coring survey of the Forum Boarium has shed considerable light on Rome's archaic landscape. We present the first empirical evidence that substantiates ancient and modern assumptions about the existence of a river harbour and ford in early Rome. Prior to the growth of the city, the riverbank — reconstructed as a high ledge at the base of the Capitoline Hill and a low-lying shore north of the Aventine — was particularly advantageous for river-related activities. However, the river valley changed significantly in the sixth centuryb.c.e., as a result of complex fluvial processes that were arguably spurred by urbanisation. Around the beginning of the Republic, Rome's original harbour silted up, and a high, wide riverbank emerged in its place. The siltation continued until the Forum Boarium was urbanised in the mid-Republic. In order to build their city and maintain river harbour operations, the Romans therefore had to adapt to dynamic ecological conditions.
Takayasu’s arteritis presenting as acute myocardial infarction: case series and review of literature
Authors: Wilson Laura , Chandran Arun , Fudge James C. , Moguillansky Diego , Thatayatikom Akaluck , Philip Joseph , Jacobs Jeffrey P. , Bleiweis Mark , Elder Melissa , Gupta Dipankar 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis series describes three adolescent females who presented with chest pain and ventricular dysfunction related to acute coronary ischemia secondary to Takayasu’s arteritis with varied courses of disease progression leading to a diverse range of therapies including cardiac transplantation. While Takayasu’s arteritis is rare in childhood, it should be strongly considered in any adolescent female presenting with systemic inflammation and chest pain consistent with myocardial infarction. A high index of suspicion can lead to early detection and aggressive management of the underlying vasculitis reducing associated morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this report is to describe the challenges in the clinical diagnosis and management of Takayasu’s arteritis with myocardial infarction. We also seek to enhance awareness about unique presentations of Takayasu’s arteritis within the paediatric community.
Lexicon or grammar? Using memory-based learning to investigate the syntactic relationship between Belgian and Netherlandic Dutch
Authors: De Troij Robbert , Grondelaers Stefan , Speelman Dirk , van den Bosch Antal 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis article builds on computational tools to investigate the syntactic relationship between the highly related European national varieties of Dutch, viz. Belgian Dutch (BD) and Netherlandic Dutch (ND). It reports on a series of memory-based learning analyses of the post-verbal distribution ofer“there” in adjunct-initial existential constructions likeOp het dak staat (er) een schoorsteen“On the roof (there) is a chimney,’, which has been claimed to be among the most notoriously difficult variables in Dutch. On the basis of balanced datasets extracted from Flemish and Dutch newspaper corpora, it is shown thater’s distribution in both national varieties can be learned to a considerable extent from bare lexical input which is not assigned to higher-level categories. However, whereas this yields good results for ND, BD scores are consistently lower, suggesting that BD cannot do with lexical features alone to attain accuracy scores comparable to ND. This ties in with earlier findings that the more advanced standardization of ND materializes in a higher lexical collocability, whereas Flemish speakers need additional higher-level linguistic information to inserter.
Developing sugar-sweetened beverage warning labels for young adults
Authors: Falbe Jennifer , Montuclard Astrid , Engelman Alina , Adler Sabrina , Roesler Athena 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjective:There is a lack of qualitative research developing sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) warning labels with their intended end users. We sought to identify promising SSB warning elements for improving label effectiveness and for future testing in policy and institutional settings.Design:Mixed methods design using ten focus groups, a design task and a survey. The design task was used to generate ideas for an icon that would dissuade SSB consumption. The survey and focus group guide assessed participant perceptions of SSB warning label mock-ups of text (loss frame, gain frame and loss frame with attribution), colour and icon options.Setting:Three large public universities in California from February to March 2018.Participants:Young adult SSB consumers (n 86) enrolled in one of three diverse California public universities.Results:Participants perceived the following elements as most effective for reducing SSB consumption: loss-frame text with attribution to a credible source, yellow and red colour for label background and an image or icon to accompany the text. Preferred images included sugar near or inside of an SSB, intuitive shapes like a triangle with exclamation mark or octagon and a visual indicator of SSB sugar content compared with recommended limits. Support was high for using SSB warning labels in university cafeterias and on bottles/cans.Conclusions:Loss-frame text with a credible source, yellow or red label colour and icons could potentially enhance effectiveness of SSB warning labels and warrant further testing.
Die Erfassung allgemeiner Wirkfaktoren in der Psychotherapie
Authors: Bräscher Anne-Kathrin , Witthöft Michael 
Published: May 2021

Zusammenfassung: Theoretischer Hintergrund. Stundenbögen dienen einer standardisierten Prozessdiagnostik und Verlaufsdokumentation. Bislang vorliegende Instrumente werden in der Praxis häufig nicht eingesetzt, haben einen eingeschränkten Geltungsraum oder weisen psychometrische Schwächen auf. Der Mainzer Stundenbeurteilungsbogen (MSB) versucht allgemeine Wirkfaktoren ökonomisch zu erfassen. Ziel der Studie ist die Untersuchung des MSB in der Patienten- und Therapeutenversion hinsichtlich Faktorenstruktur, Itemstatistiken und Gütekriterien. Methoden: Der MSB wurde zu zwei Zeitpunkten (5. und 20. therapeutische Sitzung) in einer Stichprobe ambulanter Psychotherapiepatienten ( N = 4.608, N = 3.909) und deren Therapeuten ( N = 4.650 und N = 3.980 Bögen) untersucht. Die Faktorenstruktur wurde mittels explorativer und konfirmatorischer Faktorenanalysen untersucht und es wurden Reliabilitäts- und Validitätsanalysen vorgenommen. Ergebnisse: Ein Bifaktorenmodell mit drei Faktoren spiegelte weitgehend die theoretisch postulierte Struktur mit den Subskalen Therapiebeziehung, Problemaktualisierung und Problembewältigung wider, bei moderatem Modellfit. Maße der diskriminanten, konvergenten und prädiktiven Validität fielen zufriedenstellend aus. Diskussion: Der MSB ist ein reliables, valides und ökonomisches Instrument zu Erfassung der allgemeinen Wirkfaktoren Therapiebeziehung, Problembewältigung und Problemaktualisierung aus Patienten- und Therapeutensicht.
Assessing Reduced‐Dynamic Parametrizations for GRAIL Orbit Determination and the Recovery of Independent Lunar Gravity Field Solutions
Authors: Bertone S. , Arnold D. , Girardin V. , Lasser M. , Meyer U. , Jäggi A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractOrbit determination of probes visiting Solar System bodies is currently the main source of our knowledge about their internal structure, inferred from the estimate of their gravity field and rotational state. Nongravitational forces acting on the spacecraft need to be accurately included in the dynamical modeling (either explicitly or in the form of empirical parameters) not to degrade the solution and its geophysical interpretation. In this study, we present our recovery of NASA GRAIL orbits and our lunar gravity field solutions up to degree and order 350. We propose a systematic approach to select an optimal parametrization with empirical accelerations and pseudo‐stochastic pulses, by checking their impact against orbit overlaps or, in the case of GRAIL, the very precise inter‐satellite link. We discuss how parametrization choices may differ depending on whether the goal is limited to orbit reconstruction or if it also includes the solution of gravity field coefficients. We validate our setup for planetary geodesy by iterating extended lunar gravity field solutions from pre‐GRAIL gravity fields, and we discuss the impact of empirical parametrization on the interpretation of gravity solutions and of their error bars.
The Late Great Unconformity of the Central Canadian Shield
Authors: Sturrock C. P. , Flowers R. M. , Macdonald F. A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe Great Unconformity is a widely distributed surface separating Precambrian rocks from overlying Phanerozoic sedimentary sequences. The causes and implications of this feature, and whether it represents a singular global event, are much debated. Here, we present new apatite (U‐Th)/He (AHe) thermochronologic data from the central Canadian Shield that constrain when the Precambrian basement last cooled to near‐surface temperatures, likely via exhumation, before deposition of overlying early Paleozoic sedimentary sequences that mark the Great Unconformity. AHe data from 11 samples (n = 57) across a broad region define a similar date‐eU pattern, implying a common thermal history. Higher eU (>25 ppm) apatite form distinct flat profiles of reproducible dates at ∼510 ± 49 Ma (mean and 1σstandard deviation), while lower eU (<25 ppm) apatite define a positive date‐eU trend with younger dates. The data patterns, geologic context, and thermal history modeling point toward >3 km of erosion across the entire ∼450,000 km2study area between 650 and 440 Ma, followed by modest reheating during later burial. Plume activity associated with intracratonic basin formation or continental rifting/breakup may have caused this erosion event. The post‐650 Ma timing of the last major sub‐Great Unconformity exhumation phase in this region implies a late Great Unconformity that is younger than inferred elsewhere in North America. This suggests that this feature is likely the result of multiple temporally distinct erosion events with differing footprints and mechanisms.
Stress Controls Rupture Extent and Maximum Magnitude of Induced Earthquakes
Authors: Kroll Kayla A. , Cochran Elizabeth S. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSeismic hazard forecasts of induced seismicity often require estimates of the maximum possible magnitude (Mmax). Empirical models suggest that maximum magnitudes, or expected number of earthquakes, are related to the volume of injected fluid. We perform a suite of 3D physics‐based earthquake simulations with rate‐ and state‐dependent friction, systematically varying the area of the pressurized region and the amplitude of the initial homogeneous or heterogeneous shear stress. Using the resulting catalog we explore the conditions that result in pressure‐controlled versus runaway ruptures that extend outside the pressurized zone. We find that proposed empirical scaling laws correctly predictMmaxwhen shear stresses are further from failure (≤90% of maximum shear stress) and for high amplitude stress fields. Runaway ruptures are observed for higher initial shear stresses and smoother stress fields. In these cases, runaway ruptures occur early after the onset of injection and rarely preceded by foreshock activity.
Impulsive Volcanic Plumes Generate Volcanic Lightning and Vent Discharges: A Statistical Analysis of Sakurajima Volcano in 2015
Authors: Smith Cassandra M. , Gaudin Damien , Van Eaton Alexa R. , Behnke Sonja A. , Reader Steven , Thomas Ronald J. , Edens Harald , McNutt Stephen R. , Cimarelli Corrado 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe origin of electrical activity accompanying volcanic ash plumes is an area of heightened interest in volcanology. However, it is unclear how intense an eruption needs to be to produce lightning flashes as opposed to “vent discharges,” which represent the smallest scale of electrical activity. This study targets 97 carefully monitored plumes <3 km high from Sakurajima volcano in Japan, from June 1 to 7, 2015. We use multiparametric measurements from sensors including a nine‐station lightning mapping array and an infrared camera to characterize plume ascent. Findings demonstrate that the impulsive, high velocity plumes (>55 m/s) were most likely to create vent discharges, whereas lightning flashes occurred in plumes with high volume flux. We identified conditions where volcanic lightning occurred without detectable vent discharges, highlighting their independent source mechanisms. Our results imply that plume dynamics govern the charging for volcanic lightning, while the characteristics of the source explosion control vent discharges.
GNSS TEC‐Based Detection and Analysis of Acoustic‐Gravity Waves From the 2012 Sumatra Double Earthquake Sequence
Authors: Srivastava Sarthak , Chandran Amal , Manta Fabio , Taisne Benoit 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe Wharton Basin earthquake sequence on April 11, 2012, offshore Sumatra, represents the two largest (Mw > 8.0) strike‐slip earthquakes ever recorded. Ground fault displacements generated a spectrum of acoustic‐gravity waves due to solid Earth–atmosphere coupling. Wave‐like perturbations in Total Electron Content (TEC) were therefore observed in ground‐based Global Positioning System data. The waves arrive about 10 min after each earthquake and their spectral analysis reveals the presence of acoustic resonance frequencies of 3.8 and 4.4 mHz. The acoustic wave speeds of 0.9–1.2 km/s suggest coseismic ground movement as the primary wave generating mechanism instead of seismic Rayleigh waves. Gravity waves with frequencies below 2 mHz traveling with lower speeds of 0.21 km/s are also detected. Ray tracing using a simple numerical model traced the source of observed ionospheric perturbations to within 150 km distance of the epicenters. Large amplitude ionospheric disturbances were found to travel mostly in a north‐south direction, an observation explained by the orientation of Earth’s geomagnetic field.
Assessing the Spatiotemporal Variability of Leaf Functional Traits and Their Drivers Across Multiple Amazon Evergreen Forest Sites: A Stochastic Parameterization Approach With Land‐Surface Modeling
Authors: Liu Shaoqing , Ng Gene‐Hua Crystal 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMost earth system models fail to capture the seasonality of carbon fluxes in radiation‐limited tropical evergreen forests (TEF) in the Amazon. Kim et al. (2012, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02629.x) first statistically incorporated a light‐controlled phenology module into an ecosystem model to improve carbon flux simulations at one TEF site. However, it is not clear how their approach can be extended to other TEF sites with different climatic conditions. Here we evaluated temporal variability in plant functional traits at three different TEF sites using a data‐conditioned stochastic parameterization method. We showed that previously studied links—between seasonal photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and the traits Vcmax25 and leaf longevity—occur across sites. We further determined that seasonal PAR could similarly drive variations in the stomatal conductance slope parameter. Differences found in temporal trait estimates among sites indicate that dynamic trait parameters cannot be applied uniformly over space, but it may be possible to extrapolate them based on climatic factors. Motivated by recent observations that physiological capacity develops as leaves mature, we built new regression models for predicting traits that not only include PAR but also an autoregressive lag term to capture observed physiological delays behind PAR‐driven phenology shifts. With our stochastic parameterization, we predicted the three sites to be carbon neutral or carbon sinks under the RCP 8.5 future climate scenario. In contrast, projections using standard static trait parameters show most of the Amazonian TEF region becoming a carbon source. We further approximated that variable traits may allow at least a third of the radiation‐limited TEF region in the Amazon to serve as a future net carbon sink.
Caldera Collapse as the Trigger of Chaos and Fractured Craters on the Moon and Mars
Authors: Luzzi Erica , Rossi Angelo Pio , Massironi Matteo , Pozzobon Riccardo , Corti Giacomo , Maestrelli Daniele 
Published: May 2021

AbstractChaotic terrains are broad regions on Mars characterized by the disruption of the basaltic bedrock into polygonal blocks separated by deep fractures. To date, the proposed genetic scenarios often involve the occurrence of subsurface ice or liquid H2O. Nevertheless, similar features also occur within some craters on the Moon, namely floor‐fractured craters (FFCs), where water ice reservoirs are not present. We propose a new formation mechanism for Martian chaotic terrains as well as for lunar and Martian FFCs. The proposed mechanism does not require a major role of water but multiple cycles of inflation and deflation of a buried magma chamber. This process results in a particular type of caldera collapse, called the piecemeal (or chaotic) caldera collapse. A series of analog experiments show both geometrical and quantitative correspondence with natural case studies: Arsinoes Chaos (Mars), an unnamed FFC (Mars), and Komarov crater (FFC on the Moon).
Global Importance of Secondary Ice Production
Authors: Zhao Xi , Liu Xiaohong 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMeasured ice crystal number concentrations are often orders of magnitude higher than the number concentrations of ice nucleating particles, indicating the existence of secondary ice production (SIP) in clouds. Here, we present the first study to examine the global importance of SIP through the droplet shattering during freezing of rain, ice‐ice collision fragmentation, and rime splintering, using a global climate model. Our results show that SIP happens quite uniformly in the two hemispheres and dominates the ice formation in the moderately cold clouds with temperatures warmer than −15°C. SIP decreases the global annual average liquid water path by −14.6 g m−2 (−22%), increases the ice water path by 8.7 g m−2 (23%), improving the model agreement with observations. SIP changes the global annual average shortwave, longwave, and net cloud forcing by 2.1, −1.0, and 1.1 W m−2, respectively, highlighting the importance of SIP on cloud properties on the global scale.
Imaging the Hydrothermal System of Kirishima Volcanic Complex With L‐Band InSAR Time Series
Authors: Yunjun Zhang , Amelung Falk , Aoki Yosuke 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe present deformation measurements of the Kirishima volcanic complex from ALOS and ALOS‐2 Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) time series during 2006–2019. Shinmoe‐dake deflated ∼6 cm during the 2008–2010 phreatic eruptions and inflated ∼5 cm prior to the 2017 magmatic eruption. Iwo‐yama inflated ∼19 cm within the crater since January 2015 and ∼7 cm around the southern and western vents since 4 months before the 2018 eruption. These deformations can be modeled as ellipsoids at ∼700 m depth beneath Shinmoe‐dake and as a sphere on top of an ellipsoid at ∼130 and ∼340 m depths beneath Iwo‐yama. Combining geodetic, geoelectric, geochemical, and petrological analysis, we interpret the hydrothermal origin of the deflation at Shinmoe‐dake and inflation at Iwo‐yama; the hydrothermal–magmatic transition during the 2011 Shinmoe‐dake eruption; and water‐boiling and bottom‐up pressurization as driving mechanisms of the inflation at Iwo‐yama. The study highlights the imaging potential of InSAR time series on complex hydrothermal systems.
The Three‐Dimensional Light Field Within Sea Ice Ridges
Authors: Katlein Christian , Langelier Jean‐Philippe , Ouellet Alexandre , Lévesque‐Desrosiers Félix , Hisette Quentin , Lange Benjamin A. , Lambert‐Girard Simon , Babin Marcel , Thibault Simon 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSea ice pressure ridges have been recognized as important locations for both physical and biological processes. Thus, understanding the associated light‐field is crucial, but their complex structure and internal geometry render them hard to study by field methods. To calculate the in‐ and under‐ridge light field, we combined output from an ice mechanical model with a Monte‐Carlo ray tracing simulation. This results in realistic light fields showing that light levels within the ridge itself are significantly higher than under the surrounding level ice. Light guided through ridge cavities and scattering in between ridge blocks also results in a more isotropic ridge‐internal light field. While the true variability of light transmittance through a ridge can only be represented in ray tracing models, we show that simple parameterizations based on ice thickness and macro‐porosity allow accurate estimation of mean light levels available for photosynthesis underneath ridges in field studies and large‐scale models.
How Frequent Are Antarctic Sudden Stratospheric Warmings in Present and Future Climate?
Authors: Jucker M. , Reichler T. , Waugh D. W. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSouthern Hemisphere (SH) stratospheric sudden warmings (SSWs) result in smaller Antarctic ozone holes and are linked to extreme midlatitude weather on subseasonal to seasonal timescales. Therefore, it is of interest how often such events occur and whether we should expect more events in the future. Here, we use a pair of novel multimillennial simulations with a stratosphere‐resolving coupled ocean‐atmosphere climate model to show that the frequency of SSWs, such as observed 2002 and 2019, is about one in 22 years for 1990 conditions. In addition, we show that we should expect the frequency of SSWs, and that of more moderate vortex weakening events, to strongly decrease by the end of this century.
Natural Variability and Warming Signals in Global Ocean Wave Climates
Authors: Odériz I. , Silva R. , Mortlock T.R. , Mori N. , Shimura T. , Webb A. , Padilla‐Hernández R. , Villers S. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis paper presents a multivariate classification of the global wave climate into types driven by atmospheric circulation patterns. The primary source of the net long‐term variability is evaluated based on historical wave simulations. Results show that the monsoon, extratropical, subtropical, and polar wave climate types of the Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans are dominated by natural variability, whereas the extratropical and subtropical wave climate types in the Indian Ocean, and the tropical wave climate types of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans exhibit a global warming signal. In the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean, strong natural variability may mask a global warming signal that is yet to emerge as being statistically significant. In addition, wave climate teleconnections were found across the world that can provide a framework for joint strategies to achieve the goals of climate adaption for resilient coastal communities and environments.