bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adolescents in various contexts during the COVID‐19 pandemic: A commentary
Authors: Ventura Elizabeth R. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThis commentary provides a reflection on the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on adolescents in the context of family dynamics, school environments, peer relationships, and civic engagement. Drawing from four systematic literature reviews, the commentary highlights key findings, such as the long‐term effects of COVID‐19 on adolescent development, mental health, and academic well‐being. The need for future research is emphasized to assess how these cohort effects will evolve over time. Cultural context and socioeconomic disparities emerge as crucial considerations, with the pandemic exacerbating existing inequalities, especially in access to education and digital resources. This commentary also underscores the importance of adopting a socio‐ecological perspective to understand the multifaceted impact of COVID‐19 on adolescents globally. In conclusion, it calls for targeted policies to support adolescents' mental health and academic recovery post‐pandemic, particularly in underserved communities. Governments, educators, and civic organizations are encouraged to create inclusive policies that address these disparities while fostering resilience and well‐being among young people. These reviews may also inform translational research that could aid in the development of evidence‐based interventions and policies aimed at helping adolescents thrive in a post‐pandemic world.
Medical sovereignty in Eritrea: Reducing maternal mortality and challenging global health humanitarianism in Africa
Authors: Asfaha Dina Michael 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThis article examines how Eritrea's realization of Millennium Development Goal 5 (the reduction of maternal mortality) reveals the complex workings of medical sovereignty in sub‐Saharan Africa. Through the case study of Eritrea, I demonstrate how postcolonial African countries might approach structuring their healthcare systems to navigate—and challenge—the neoliberal contours of global health humanitarianism. By analyzing both Eritrea's colonial history and the liberation‐era history of medicine alongside contemporary healthcare policymaking, I trace how racial and gender dynamics shape the reduction of maternal mortality and the pursuit of medical sovereignty more broadly. To engage in this pursuit, African states must negotiate the tensions between autonomous healthcare development and the political constraints of global health humanitarianism.
Association between elementary and middle school children with mixed/foreign parents and influenza vaccination in Japan
Authors: Khin Yu Par , Nawa Nobutoshi , Yamaoka Yui , Owusu Floret Maame , Abe Aya , Fujiwara Takeo 
Published: December 2024

AbstractBackgroundThe number of children with foreign parents is increasing in Japan; however, the percentage of these children receiving the recommended annual influenza vaccination, which must be paid for voluntarily, may be quite low. Socioeconomic status may influence voluntary vaccination decisions. This study explored the association between elementary and middle school children with mixed (either of the parents was non‐Japanese) /foreign parents (both parents were non‐Japanese) and influenza vaccination in Japan, stratified by household income and maternal education.MethodsWe used combined data from eight cities in the Greater Tokyo area for the period from 2016 to 2019, which included 16,368 elementary and middle school students and their caregivers. Caregivers responded to questions about whether their children received influenza vaccination in the previous year and their foreign‐born status. Multilevel Poisson regression was applied and further stratified by income status and maternal education.ResultsThree hundred ninety‐one children (2.4%) had mixed parents, and 91 (0.6%) had foreign parents. When compared with Japanese children, children with mixed (incidence risk ratio, IRR: 0.80, confidence Interval, CI: 0.71, 0.90) and foreign parents (IRR: 0.70, CI: 0.56, 0.88) were less likely to receive influenza vaccination. After stratification, children with mixed/foreign parents were less likely to receive influenza vaccination than Japanese children only in households with high income and maternal education.ConclusionsChildren with mixed and foreign parents, especially in households with high socioeconomic status, had lower influenza vaccine coverage than Japanese children.
Solving a Singular Limit Problem Arising With Euler–Korteweg Dispersive Waves
Authors: Didierlaurent Quentin , Favrie Nicolas , Lombard Bruno 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTPhase transition in compressible flows involves capillarity effects, described by the Euler–Korteweg (EK) equations with nonconvex equation of state. Far from phase transition, that is, in the two convex parts of the equation of state, the dispersion terms vanish and one should recover the hyperbolic Euler equations of fluid dynamics. However, the solution of EK equations does not converge toward the solution of Euler equations when dispersion tends toward zero while being nonnull: it is a singular limit problem. To avoid this issue in the case of convex equation of state, a Navier–Stokes–Korteweg (NSK) model is considered, whose viscosity is chosen to counterbalance exactly the dispersive terms. In the limit of small viscosity and small dispersion, the Euler model is recovered. Numerically, an extended Lagrangian method is used to integrate the NSK equations so obtained. Doing so allows to use classical numerical schemes of Godunov type with source term. Numerical results for a Riemann problem illustrate the convergence properties with vanishing dispersion.
Electrophoretic fractionations of lipoproteins in dogs: Intra‐ and inter‐assay imprecision and effects of different storage conditions
Authors: Paltrinieri Saverio , Rossi Gabriele , Giordano Alessia 
Published: December 2024

AbstractBackgroundLipoprotein fractions are reported to be unstable in stored human samples, and there is a paucity of information on the analytical precision of electrophoretic separation of lipoproteins in canine serum samples.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to assess the effects of intra‐ and inter‐assay imprecision and of storage conditions on the electrophoretic separation of canine lipoproteins.MethodsImprecision was assessed by calculating the coefficient of variation (CV) of five replicates of six serum samples run in two sequential runs of agarose gel lipoprotein electrophoresis. The effect of storage was assessed with a Friedmann test by comparing the results of samples analyzed after sampling (T0) and after 24 and 48 h at room temperature or stored at 4°C and after 7, 14, 21 days, 1, 2, and 3 months at −20°C or at −80°C. Moreover, electrophoretograms obtained after storage were visually analyzed by two observers in a blind manner to assess whether storage alters the electrophoretic profile.ResultsThe imprecision of high‐density lipoproteins (HDL), low‐density lipoproteins (LDL), very low‐density lipoprotein (VLDL), and chylomicrons were respectively 0.8%–11.5%, 2.4%–22.7%, 2.3%–11.5%, and 12.5%–105.2%. Compared with T0, HDL significantly decreased, and LDL significantly increased over time in all the storage conditions, whereas VLDL significantly increased only in frozen samples, and chylomicrons did not significantly differ. In frozen samples, deviations from baseline values were lower than the imprecision of the method, and visual misclassifications of electrophoretograms were rare.ConclusionsDespite minimal variation in the percentage of some fractions, freezing does not influence the interpretation of canine lipidograms.
Linear Fresnel Reflector Power Plants in Algeria: Energy, Economic, and Environmental Analysis
Authors: Ghodbane Mokhtar , Boumeddane Boussad , Hussain Fayaz , El-Amarty Naima , Lahrech Khadija , Barbón Arsenio 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The Algerian government seeks to provide all the resources available to it to exploit every available energy source in all Algerian provinces. Accordingly, this paper aims to present an energy, economic, and environmental study of linear Fresnel reflector solar power plants using the system advisor model in four strategic Algerian regions (Ain Aménas, Gassi-Touil, Hassi R’mel, and El-Oued). The studied solar power plants can produce between 318.75 GWe and 379.29 GWe annually at a levelized cost of electricity ranging between 0.093 $/kWh and 0.11 $/kWh. In addition, the annual avoided CO2 emissions are between 143.41 kt and 170.87 kt, equivalent to 0.473 kg CO2/1 kWh of electricity, meaning that environmental tax savings will range between 2.08 and 2.48 million dollars annually. The results obtained are very encouraging for decision-makers and investors, as the net capital investment (between 642.67 and 642.82 million dollars) can be recovered in less than 10.2 years, with the power plant capable of operating for 25 consecutive years.
Trajectories of breast density change over time and subsequent breast cancer risk: longitudinal study
Authors: Park Boyoung , Chang Yoosoo , Ryu Seungho , Tran Thi Xuan Mai 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Objective
To identify clusters of women with similar trajectories of breast density change over four longitudinal assessments and to examine the association between these trajectories and the subsequent risk of breast cancer.

Design
Retrospective cohort study.

Setting
Data from the national breast cancer screening programme, which is embedded in the National Health Insurance Service database in Korea. Breast density was assessed using the four category Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) classification. Group based trajectory modelling was performed to identify the trajectories of breast density.

Participants
Women aged ≥40 years who underwent four biennial mammographic screenings between 2009 and 2016.

Main outcome measures
Breast cancer development was determined to 31 December 2021. Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess the associations between trajectories and breast cancer outcomes after adjusting for covariates.

Results
Among a cohort of 1 747 507 women (mean age 61.4 years), five breast density trajectory groups were identified. Group 1 included women with persistently fatty breast tissue, group 2 included women with fatty breast tissue at baseline but increased breast density over time, and groups 3-5 included women with denser breasts, with a slight decrease in density over time. Women in group 2 had a 1.60-fold (95% confidence interval 1.49 to 1.72) increased risk of breast cancer compared with those in group 1. Women in groups 3-5 had higher risks compared with those in group 1, with adjusted hazard ratios of 1.86 (1.74 to 1.98), 2.49 (2.33 to 2.65), and 3.07 (2.87 to 3.28), respectively. Similar results were observed across different age groups, regardless of changes in menopausal status or body mass index.

Conclusions
This study identified five distinct groups of women with similar trajectories of breast density change over time. Future risk of breast cancer was found to vary in these groups. Increasingly dense or persistently dense breasts were associated with a higher risk. Changes in breast density over time should be carefully considered during breast cancer risk stratification and incorporated into future risk models.
Pulse oximetry and oxygen services for under-five children with community-acquired pneumonia attending primary and secondary level health facilities in Lagos, Nigeria (INSPIRING-Lagos): a pre-implementation and post implementation study
Authors: Colbourn Tim , Falade Adegoke G , Graham Hamish R , Olojede Omotayo Emmanuel , Bakare Ayobami Adebayo , Beard James , McCollum Eric D , Iuliano Agnese , Isah Adamu , Osebi Adams , Seriki Ibrahim , Haruna Ibrahim , Ahmed Tahlil , Ahmar Samy , Valentine Paula , Olowookere Temitayo Folorunso , Uchendu Obioma C , Burgess Rochelle Ann , King Carina 
Published: December 2024

IntroductionChildhood pneumonia is a leading cause of child mortality in Nigeria and poor quality of care is a persistent issue. We aimed to understand whether introducing primary care stabilisation rooms equipped with pulse oximetry and oxygen systems alongside healthcare worker (HCW) training improved the quality of care for children with pneumonia in Lagos State.MethodsSetting: Ikorodu local government area, Lagos.Population: children aged 0–59 months with clinically diagnosed pneumonia.Intervention: establishment of ‘stabilisation rooms’ within government (n=7) and private (n=7) primary care facilities, designed for short-term oxygen delivery for hypoxaemic children prior to hospital transfer, alongside HCW training on integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI), pulse oximetry and oxygen therapy. Two secondary facilities with inpatient oxygen systems received training and pulse oximeters.Primary outcome: composite ‘correct management’ of hypoxaemic pneumonia including oxygen therapy administration, referral and admission to hospital.Analysis: mixed-effects logistic regression comparing baseline (September 2020–August 2021) and implementation (September 2021–November 2022) periods, adjusted for clustering by facility.ResultsWe screened 20 158 children, of which 160 children with hypoxaemic pneumonia (SpO2<90%) were recruited. The proportion of hypoxaemic children with ‘correct management’ remained low and unchanged: 9/98 (9%) with data on referral and admission at baseline, and 6/52 (12%) during implementation (mixed effects logistic regression adjusted OR (aOR): 1.17 (95% CI 0.30, 4.52), p=0.822). Oxygen use for children with hypoxaemia increased from baseline 10/105 (10%) to 13/55 (24%) during implementation (aOR 3.01 (95% CI 1.05, 8.65), p=0.040). But subsequent referral and hospital admission remained low. Low pulse oximetry use by health workers in children with clinical pneumonia persisted through baseline (73/798, 9%) and implementation (122/1125, 11%).ConclusionEquipping primary care stabilisation rooms with pulse oximetry and oxygen increased oxygen use for children with hypoxaemia but did not improve referral or hospital admission rates. Persistent failure to assess children with pulse oximetry likely contributed to under-recognition of hypoxaemia and therefore failure to initiate correct care. Further work to improve initial triage, assessment and treatment of children with severe pneumonia in Lagos is urgently needed.Trial registration numberACTRN12621001071819.
Understanding pulse oximetry adoption in primary healthcare facilities in Nigeria: a realist process evaluation of the INSPIRING-Lagos stabilisation room project
Authors: Olojede Omotayo Emmanuel , Falade Adegoke G , Bakare Ayobami Adebayo , McCollum Eric D , Iuliano Agnese , Isah Adamu , Osebi Adams , Ahmar Samy , Valentine Paula , Olowookere Temitayo Folorunso , MacCalla Matt , Burgess Rochelle Anne , Colbourn Tim , King Carina , Graham Hamish R 
Published: December 2024

IntroductionThe Integrated Sustainable Childhood Pneumonia and Infectious diseases Reduction in Nigeria-Lagos project introduced pulse oximetry and oxygen as part of a ‘stabilisation room’ intervention in primary healthcare facilities (PHCs) in Lagos state, Nigeria. However, impact evaluation found minimal effects on treatment and referral practices for children with pneumonia, largely attributed to persistently low pulse oximetry use. We aimed to understand how the stabilisation room intervention worked (or did not work) to improve pulse oximetry practices, for whom, and in what contexts.MethodsWe conducted a preplanned mixed-methods realist evaluation. We used an initial programme theory to guide data collection and analysis, focusing on pulse oximetry adoption. We described oximetry adoption using quantitative data from the impact evaluation, then used training observations, monitoring data, quarterly site reports and qualitative interviews with purposefully selected healthcare workers (HCWs) to explore how pulse oximetry was perceived and adopted. We used inductive content analysis, iteratively triangulating emerging themes with process data to generate and test theories.ResultsWe identified four inter-related themes explaining low adoption of pulse oximetry for children in this setting: (1) In contexts of frequent staff turnover and competing demands, oximetry training was desired, appreciated and may have increased HCW knowledge and skills, but largely failed to reach frontline HCWs. (2) Pulse oximetry was not perceived as a usual part of PHC practice. HCWs relied on external motivation to adopt a fundamentally new practice, seeing it as extra work and getting easily discouraged without external supervision or strong local leadership. (3) Without institutional norms and expectations regarding pulse oximetry, HCWs needed to be convinced they were capable (self-efficacy) and would typically only use pulse oximetry selectively. (4) Technical challenges and faulty equipment, in the absence of confident and accessible troubleshooters, were demotivating and discouraging to users.ConclusionImplementation of pulse oximetry for children in primary care facilities requires clarity on the intended role of oximetry in primary care, clear normative guidance and close support and supervision during the early adoption phase.
Real-world multicentre cohort study on choices and effectiveness of immunotherapies in NMOSD and MOGAD
Authors: Häußler Vivien , Trebst Corinna , Engels Daniel , Pellkofer Hanna , Havla Joachim , Duchow Ankelien , Schindler Patrick , Schwake Carolin , Pakeerathan Thivya , Fischer Katinka , Ringelstein Marius , Lindenblatt Gero , Hümmert Martin W , Tkachenko Daria , Bütow Franziska , Giglhuber Katrin , Flaskamp Martina , Schiffmann Insa , Korporal-Kuhnke Mirjam , Jarius Sven , Dawin Eva , Revie Lisa , Senel Makbule , Herfurth Mariella , Walter Annette , Pompsch Mosche , Kleiter Ingo , Angstwurm Klemens , Kaste Matthias , Grothe Matthias , Wickel Jonathan , Rommer Paulus Stefan , Sieb Jörn Peter , Krämer Markus , Then Bergh Florian , Tumani Hayrettin , Klotz Luisa , Wildemann Brigitte , Aktas Orhan , Ayzenberg Ilya , Bellmann-Strobl Judith , Paul Friedemann , Kümpfel Tania , Friede Tim , Berthele Achim , Stellmann Jan-Patrick 
Published: December 2024

BackgroundRecurrent attacks in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSDs) or myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) can lead to severe disability. We aimed to analyse the real-world use of immunotherapies in patients with NMOSD and MOGAD, focusing on changes in treatment strategies, effects on attack rates (ARR) and risk factors for attacks.MethodsThis longitudinal registry-based cohort study included 493 patients (320 with aquaporin-4 immunoglobulin G (AQP4-IgG) seropositive NMOSD (65%), 44 with AQP4-IgG seronegative NMOSD (9%) and 129 MOGAD (26%)) with 1247 treatments from 19 German and one Austrian centre from the registry of the neuromyelitis optica study group (NEMOS). We analysed unadjusted ARR and implemented survival analyses and Cox proportional hazard regression to assess efficiency and risk factors for subsequent attacks over time.ResultsRituximab and azathioprine are the most widely used immunotherapies in NMOSD as well as in MOGAD, with changes in distribution over the last decade. Immunotherapy demonstrated significant therapeutic effects in NMOSD but less pronounced effects in MOGAD. Risk factors for attacks included younger age and prior attacks under the same therapy. Efficacy varied among the different immunotherapies, with azathioprine, rituximab and eculizumab showing significant risk reductions in AQP4-IgG seropositive NMOSD.ConclusionsThis study provides insights into the evolving treatment landscape and effectiveness of immunotherapies in NMOSD and MOGAD. Established off-label therapies continue to play an important role, especially for patients with stable disease, with emerging evidence supporting newly approved therapies. Future studies are needed to refine treatment algorithms and address the ongoing uncertainties in MOGAD management.
Eradication of commercial tobacco related disease and death
Authors: Maddox Raglan , Telford Rohan M , Waa Andrew , Diaz Abbey , Bradbrook Shane Kawenata , Calma Tom , Whop Lisa J 
Published: December 2024

The eradication of the commercial tobacco industry is a crucial goal for health and well-being, particularly from a public health and health justice perspective. The term ‘eradication’ is applied in epidemiology to mean the process and outcome of elimination of the—commercial tobacco industry as a human-made—agent of disease and death. In this commentary, we outline why the eradication of the tobacco industry is necessary, urgent and realistic.The potential impact of eradication of the industry is substantial. Without the industry and the commercial tobacco that it produces, it is expected that globally over 22 000 lives will be saved daily (over 8 million annually), and life expectancy will increase. The human right to health underscores the need for tobacco industry accountability for the harms it causes and given the enormous human and financial costs, it is time for action towards eradication of the industry.The tobacco industry’s opposition to tobacco control, particularly strategies focused on market supply and industry reform, has been fierce. Their strategies have involved circumventing, attacking and undermining public health measures to preserve profits. However, with insights learnt from over 70 years of incremental successes in reducing commercial tobacco use, we know that through comprehensive and locally tailored eradication strategies involving legislation, regulation and public health initiatives across multiple levels of governments, we can overcome the resistance from the tobacco industry and their affiliates. Given the cost of commercial tobacco and the ever-growing global consensus on its harms, the time to act is now.
Effect of a minimum floor price law for tobacco products on tobacco sales in Oakland, California, USA: a synthetic difference-in-differences analysis
Authors: White Justin S , Atherwood Serge , Apollonio Dorie E 
Published: December 2024

BackgroundIn May 2020, Oakland became the most populous city in California to implement a minimum floor price law (MFPL), requiring tobacco retailers to sell cigarettes and cigars at $8 or more per pack/package. Policy enforcement began in August 2020.MethodsWe estimated changes in cigarette and cigar prices and unit sales for Oakland versus a matched comparator during the first 20 months following MFPL implementation using a synthetic difference-in-differences approach. We estimated outcome changes overall and by lower-priced (<$8) versus higher-priced (≥$8) segments based on pre-MFPL prices. We also assessed retailer compliance with the MFPL. We further estimated cross-border shopping as a means of price increase avoidance and substitution to electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) products as alternative consumer responses to the MFPL.ResultsRetailer compliance was high for cigarettes (97.5%) but extremely low for cigars (7.4%). Lower-priced cigarettes in Oakland exhibited: increased median price per pack of 9.0%, a decline in mean monthly sales of 25.2%, and no evidence of significant cross-border shopping (−1.2%) following MFPL enforcement. Lower-priced cigars in Oakland experienced no price change, yet a large sales decline post-enforcement (−58.8%), with a partially-offsetting increase in cross-border shopping (11.0%) post-enforcement. We observed no significant product substitution to higher-priced cigarettes or cigars nor to ENDS or NRT products.ConclusionsOakland’s MFPL produced an aggregate decline in cigarette sales of 15%. MFPLs hold promise as a complement to tobacco taxation for reducing tobacco use, especially in localities that pre-empt local tobacco taxation.