bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A thematic analysis of teachers' perspectives on supporting victims of childhood bereavement in British primary schools
Authors: Abraham‐Steele Maya , Edmonds Casey 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThere is a distinct lack of literature considering childhood bereavement within the United Kingdom. There is particularly a lack of age‐specific research into childhood bereavement and the types of support schools are providing for this group of children. In light of this lack of research, the aim of this study was to explore the experiences, perspectives and views of teachers on supporting children in British primary schools. Interviews were analysed using thematic analysis (TA). Analysis revealed four major themes relating to bereavement support: ‘support available is inconsistent’, ‘systemic limitations’, ‘lack of policy and guidance’ and ‘speaking to children about death’. The research showed that bereavement support in British primary schools is varied and inconsistent, with examples of good practice and areas for improvement. At the same time, both childhood bereavement and the support available to bereaved children are socially biased, with those in socioeconomically deprived areas more likely to experience a bereavement and receive lower quality support. This study indicates that government policy or guidance with regards to childhood bereavement would be advantageous, for staff and children alike.Context and implicationsRationale for this studyThis study was undertaken due to the distinct lack of research into childhood bereavement in the UK. One in 29 children in the UK will be bereaved of a parent or sibling before their 16th birthday (McLaughlin et al., 2019) and evidence suggests schools are well placed to support bereaved children in the aftermath of loss.Why the new findings matterThe research investigates the perspectives and experiences of teachers supporting bereaved children in British primary schools, highlighting what support currently exists, that teachers do not feel confident supporting bereaved children, and the systemic limitations which hinder the support they can provide.Implications for policymakers and education professionalsThe study has implications for policy makers, particularly the Department for Education (DfE), who may consider devising a national bereavement policy akin to those available abroad. Education professionals, including teachers and educational psychologists, might consider the findings in light of their own practice and develop local authority level bereavement protocols to support children. There are implications for teacher training providers who might consider the lack of bereavement training available at present (both in initial teacher training and continued professional development) and address this. Other researchers may consider the gaps in research found in our study and conduct further research to deepen the knowledge base.
A Scalable System for Generation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived from Induced Pluripotent Cells Employing Bioreactors and Degradable Microcarriers
Authors: Rogers Robert E. , Haskell Andrew , White Berkley P. , Dalal Sujata , Lopez Megan , Tahan Daniel , Pan Simin , Kaur Gagandeep , Kim Hyemee , Barreda Heather , Woodard Susan L. , Benavides Oscar R. , Dai Jing , Zhao Qingguo , Maitland Kristen C. , Han Arum , Nikolov Zivko L. , Liu Fei , Lee Ryang Hwa , Gregory Carl A. , Kaunas Roland 
Published: September 2021

AbstractHuman mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are effective in treating disorders resulting from an inflammatory or heightened immune response. The hMSCs derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (ihMSCs) share the characteristics of tissue derived hMSCs but lack challenges associated with limited tissue sources and donor variation. To meet the expected future demand for ihMSCs, there is a need to develop scalable methods for their production at clinical yields while retaining immunomodulatory efficacy. Herein, we describe a platform for the scalable expansion and rapid harvest of ihMSCs with robust immunomodulatory activity using degradable gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) microcarriers. GelMA microcarriers were rapidly and reproducibly fabricated using a custom microfluidic step emulsification device at relatively low cost. Using vertical wheel bioreactors, 8.8 to 16.3-fold expansion of ihMSCs was achieved over 8 days. Complete recovery by 5-minute digestion of the microcarriers with standard cell dissociation reagents resulted in &gt;95% viability. The ihMSCs matched or exceeded immunomodulatory potential in vitro when compared with ihMSCs expanded on monolayers. This is the first description of a robust, scalable, and cost-effective method for generation of immunomodulatory ihMSCs, representing a significant contribution to their translational potential.
The dynamic history of gymnosperm plastomes: Insights from structural characterization, comparative analysis, phylogenomics, and time divergence
Authors: Lubna  , Asaf Sajjad , Khan Abdul Latif , Jan Rahmatullah , Khan Arif , Khan Adil , Kim Kyung‐Min , Lee In‐Jung 
Published: September 2021

AbstractGymnosperms are among the most endangered groups of plant species; they include ginkgo, pines (Conifers I), cupressophytes (Conifers II), cycads, and gnetophytes. The relationships among the five extant gymnosperm groups remain equivocal. We analyzed 167 available gymnosperm plastomes and investigated their diversity and phylogeny. We found that plastome size, structure, and gene order were highly variable in the five gymnosperm groups, of which Parasitaxus usta (Vieill.) de Laub. and Macrozamia mountperriensis F.M.Bailey had the smallest and largest plastomes, respectively. The inverted repeats (IRs) of the five groups were shown to have evolved through distinctive evolutionary scenarios. The IRs have been lost in all conifers but retained in cycads and gnetophytes. A positive association between simple sequence repeat (SSR) abundance and plastome size was observed, and the SSRs with the most variation were found in Pinaceae. Furthermore, the number of repeats was negatively correlated with IR length; thus, the highest number of repeats was detected in Conifers I and II, in which the IRs had been lost. We constructed a phylogeny based on 29 shared genes from 167 plastomes. With the plastome tree and 13 calibrations, we estimated the tree height between present‐day angiosperms and gymnosperms to be ∼380 million years ago (mya). The placement of Gnetales in the tree agreed with the Gnetales–other gymnosperms hypothesis. The divergence between Ginkgo and cycads was estimated as ∼284 mya; the crown age of the cycads was 251 mya. Our time‐calibrated plastid‐based phylogenomic tree provides a framework for comparative studies of gymnosperm evolution.
Precision blade deflection measurement system using wireless inertial sensor nodes
Authors: Grundkötter Eike , Melbert Joachim 
Published: September 2021

AbstractStructural health monitoring on wind turbine blades is a great enhancement for operational safety and failure avoidance. Blade deflection is a key parameter, which is a function of blade geometry and material properties. The absolute blade deflection is affected by wind load, gravitational, and centrifugal forces and must exceed neither material stress limits nor tower clearance. In this paper, we introduce a novel method for real time reconstruction of blade movement using inertial measurement units (IMUs) located at defined positions along the blade. An algorithm is introduced that combines IMU measurements and a priori information of the fundamental blade mode shapes to accurately reconstruct the blade movement. A low‐power wireless sensor node for blade deflection monitoring is presented. The autonomous sensor node is equipped with an IMU together with a low‐power wireless transceiver and powered by a compact translational electromagnetic energy harvester. Sufficient energy is harvested each rotor revolution for continuous measurement data streaming within the wind turbine's operating range. A data stream of six‐axis IMU measurements enables real time, three‐dimensional reconstruction of the entire blade movement in the back end positioned in the tower. The reconstruction of blade tip deflection is possible even under high wind turbulences with a minimum accuracy of 0.22 m for an onshore 5 MW and 0.58 m for an offshore 15‐MW reference turbine. The complete system has been tested thoroughly under conditions similiar to a real wind turbine. Realistic stimulation of the reconstruction algorithm is performed by means of OpenFAST simulations.
End of Life, Food, and Water: Ethical Standards of Care
Authors: Eleuteri Stefano , Caruso Arianna , Pulle Ranjeev C. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractEnd-of-life care constitutes an important situation of extreme nutritional vulnerability for older adults. Feeding decisions in late-stage dementia often provoke moral and ethical questions for family members regarding whether or not to continue hand-feeding or opt for tube-feeding placement. Despite the knowledge that starvation and dehydration do not contribute to patient suffering at the end of life and in fact may contribute to a comfortable passage from life, the ethics of not providing artificial nutrition and hydration (ANH) continue to be hotly debated. However, in the past two decades, voluntary stopping of eating and drinking (VSED) has moved from a palliative option of last resort to being increasingly recognized as a valid means to intentionally hasten death for cognitively intact persons dealing with a serious illness. Across many settings globally, when oral intake is deemed unsafe, decisions to withhold oral feeding and to forgo artificial means of providing nutrition are deemed to be ethically and legally sanctioned when the decision is made by a capable patient or their legally recognized substitute decision-maker. Decision-making at the end of life involves knowledge of and consideration of the legal, ethical, cultural, religious, and personal values involved in the issue at hand. This chapter attempted to illustrate the unique complexities when considering nutrition therapy (by oral and artificial means) at the end of life.
The Goal of the Universal Design for Learning: Development of All to Expert Learners
Authors: Navaitienė Julita , Stasiūnaitienė Eglė 
Published: September 2021

AbstractOver the past 10 years, every learner’s ability to achieve the highest level of learning success has become quite an important topic. The Universal Design for Learning (UDL) sets a goal to allow all learners to achieve their optimal learning experience that matches inclusive education. Learners who can assess their own learning needs set their personal learning goals, and monitor their progress are termed the expert learners (McDowell. Developing expert learners: a roadmap for growing confident and competent students. Corwin, 2019). This chapter focuses on theoretical backgrounds for expert learners’ paradigm. It starts from fundamental constructivist theories and moves towards the theory of self-regulation and cognitive neuroscience approach. It concentrates on the theory of self-determination, which, in our opinion, validates in the best way the nature of the expert learners’ development. Implementation of the Universal Design for Learning allows all learners to access, participate in, and progress in the general-education curriculum. This chapter presents the specific profile of the expert learners covering their main characteristics and qualities and revealing the essence of the UDL framework. Educators could use the profile as the educational guidelines conductive to understand how the process of becoming the expert learner proceeds.
Traditional Teaching–Learning Process in the Class of Polish School Through Lens of UDL Approach
Authors: Baran Jolanta , Cierpiałowska Tamara , Dyduch Ewa 
Published: September 2021

AbstractEducation researchers have long advocated modifications to the teaching–learning process in order to make the school a more inclusive space and conducive to individual and group development of students with diverse (including special) educational needs. This is to develop competences, skills and values that will allow students to better prepare for adult life in a rapidly changing world. This demand is not new and is not only a demand but refers to reforming the education process. In Poland, for many years the schools have been undergoing dynamic changes in many different dimensions, partly because of facilitating students with special needs. In the considerations of education researchers, as well as in the daily educational practice of teachers, the question arises as to what should be done to optimise the teaching–learning process and how. One possible idea for such optimisation is to implement the Universal Design for Learning (UDL) approach. The purpose of this chapter is to seek an answer to the question of to what extent the reality of the Polish schools corresponds to the principles of the UDL. An analysis of the traditional learning process through the UDL lens has identified those areas in which UDL approach solutions are provided and also where it is worthwhile to implement them.
Transformations of the Teaching–Learning Process Towards Inclusive Education as a Result of the UDL Approach Implementation
Authors: Baran Jolanta , Cierpiałowska Tamara , Dyduch Ewa 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis chapter discusses the assumptions, implementation and deliverables of an action research project in a selected Polish class of integrated form. The main objective of the project was to trigger changes in the learning–teaching process based on the Universal Design for Learning (UDL) approach and thus promote inclusive education. The action research lasted one school semester. The empirical data, mainly qualitative, triangulating various sources of information and synthesising perspectives, were used to identify specific topics and threads identified in the gathered inputs, to present it in an orchestrated manner and to interpret it. It has been indicated that UDL approach implementation has a positive impact on the course of the teaching–learning process and optimises it to enhance the activity, commitment, self-reliance and responsibility of students and develops their cooperation, which breeds inclusion in education. Meanwhile, it stimulates teachers to change their mindset with a view to the essence of success in education and supports their daily practice.
The Use of the UDL Approach as a Factor in the Success of Inclusive Education Despite the Pandemic Period
Authors: Baran Jolanta , Cierpiałowska Tamara , Dyduch Ewa 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe action research reported in this chapter lasted for one semester. This was a novel time because schools, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, suspended their in-person activities and implemented online learning. This has necessitated the formulation of research purposes and problems appropriate to the dynamically changing educational reality (and beyond). This chapter provides a theoretical background to the risks to education during a pandemic. The assumptions, implementation and results of the research project implemented by the action research method in the selected Polish class are also discussed. The empirical data, mainly qualitative, triangulated by various sources of information, reconciled perspectives that were used to identify specific topics and threads appearing in the gathered inputs, to present it in an orchestrated manner and to interpret it. The analyses carried out lead to the conclusion that the application of the UDL approach promotes the success of inclusive education, despite the difficult experiences of the pandemic period. It has been proven that UDL approach implementation has a positive impact on the course of the teaching-learning process, optimises it to enhance the activity, commitment, self-reliance and responsibility of students and develops their cooperation, which breeds inclusion in education. The extraordinary situation faced by teachers and pupils due to the need to switch to online learning, contrary to temporary concerns, has reinforced the changes brought about by the implementation of the UDL approach in the learning process.
A Strategic and Goal-Directed Student: Expectations vs. Reality
Authors: Nedzinskaitė-Mačiūnienė Rasa , Šimienė Gerda 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe characteristic of an expert learner has recently been widely discussed in the research literature. The expert learner is a learner who is self-directed, self-governed, motivated, resourceful, knowledgeable, able to learn effectively and efficiently, approaches academic tasks with diligence and confidence and employs appropriate strategies to reach the desired academic goals. The act of goal setting is often associated with students’ learning-to-learn skills and deeper engagement in their learning process, whereas the choice of appropriate learning strategies increases their capacity to manage their learning. In this respect, the latter aspect – strategic and goal-directed learning of an expert learner – necessitates deeper investigation and analysis. Hence, this chapter presents how we can guide students to become strategic and goal-directed in their learning while striving for the attainment of knowledge and skills, as well as incorporating and applying a variety of learning strategies to optimise their academic performance.
A MCDA/GIS-Based Approach for Evaluating Accessibility to Health Facilities
Authors: Lopes D. F. , Marques J. L. , Castro E. A. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAccess to health care services is a key concept in the formulation of health policies to improve the population’s health status and to mitigate inequities in health. Previous studies have significantly enhanced our understanding and knowledge of the role played by spatial distribution of health facilities in sustaining population health, with extensive research being devoted to the place-based accessibility theory, with special focus on the gravity-based methods. Although they represent a good starting point to analyse disparities across different regions, the results are not intelligible for policy-making purposes. Given the weaknesses of these methods and the multidimensional nature of the topic, this study intends to: (i) highlight the main measurements of access and their major challenges; and (ii) propose a framework based on multiple criteria decision analysis methods and GIS to appraise the population’s accessibility to health facilities. In particular, this framework is based on a new variant of the UTASTAR method, which requires decision makers and/or experts preference information, in the form of an ordinal ranking, similarly to the UTASTAR method, but to which cardinal information is also added. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the application of the proposed methodology.
Impact of background effects on the inclusive Vcb determination
Authors: Mannel Thomas , Rahimi Muslem , Keri Vos K. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The determination of the CKM element Vcb from inclusive semileptonic b → cℓ$$ \overline{\nu} $$

ν
¯

decays has reached a high precision thanks to a combination of theoretical and experimental efforts. Aiming towards even higher precision, we discuss two processes that contaminate the inclusive Vcb determination; the b → u background and the contribution of the tauonic mode: b → c(τ → μν$$ \overline{\nu} $$

ν
¯

)$$ \overline{\nu} $$

ν
¯

. Both of these contributions are dealt with at the experimental side, using Monte-Carlo methods and momentum cuts. However, these contributions can be calculated with high precision within the Heavy-Quark Expansion. In this note, we calculate the theoretical predictions for these two processes. We compare our b → u results qualitatively with generator-level Monte-Carlo data used at Belle and Belle II. Finally, we suggest to change the strategy for the extraction of Vcb by comparing the data on B → Xℓ directly with the theoretical expressions, to which our paper facilitates.
Generalised holonomies and K(E9)
Authors: Kleinschmidt Axel , Nicolai Hermann 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The involutory subalgebra K($$ \mathfrak{e} $$
e
9) of the affine Kac-Moody algebra $$ \mathfrak{e} $$
e
9 was recently shown to admit an infinite sequence of unfaithful representations of ever increasing dimensions [1]. We revisit these representations and describe their associated ideals in more detail, with particular emphasis on two chiral versions that can be constructed for each such representation. For every such unfaithful representation we show that the action of K($$ \mathfrak{e} $$
e
9) decomposes into a direct sum of two mutually commuting (‘chiral’ and ‘anti-chiral’) parabolic algebras with Levi subalgebra $$ \mathfrak{so} $$
so
(16)+ ⊕ $$ \mathfrak{so} $$
so
(16)−. We also spell out the consistency conditions for uplifting such representations to unfaithful representations of K($$ \mathfrak{e} $$
e
10). From these results it is evident that the holonomy groups so far discussed in the literature are mere shadows (in a Platonic sense) of a much larger structure.
4d Chern-Simons theory as a 3d Toda theory, and a 3d-2d correspondence
Authors: Ashwinkumar Meer , Png Kee-Seng , Tan Meng-Chwan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
We show that the four-dimensional Chern-Simons theory studied by Costello, Witten and Yamazaki, is, with Nahm pole-type boundary conditions, dual to a boundary theory that is a three-dimensional analogue of Toda theory with a novel 3d W-algebra symmetry. By embedding four-dimensional Chern-Simons theory in a partial twist of the five-dimensional maximally supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory on a manifold with corners, we argue that this three-dimensional Toda theory is dual to a two-dimensional topological sigma model with A-branes on the moduli space of solutions to the Bogomolny equations. This furnishes a novel 3d-2d correspondence, which, among other mathematical implications, also reveals that modules of the 3d W-algebra are modules for the quantized algebra of certain holomorphic functions on the Bogomolny moduli space.
Parameter inference from event ensembles and the top-quark mass
Authors: Flesher Forrest , Fraser Katherine , Hutchison Charles , Ostdiek Bryan , Schwartz Matthew D. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
One of the key tasks of any particle collider is measurement. In practice, this is often done by fitting data to a simulation, which depends on many parameters. Sometimes, when the effects of varying different parameters are highly correlated, a large ensemble of data may be needed to resolve parameter-space degeneracies. An important example is measuring the top-quark mass, where other physical and unphysical parameters in the simulation must be profiled when fitting the top-quark mass parameter. We compare four different methodologies for top-quark mass measurement: a classical histogram fit similar to one commonly used in experiment augmented by soft-drop jet grooming; a 2D profile likelihood fit with a nuisance parameter; a machine-learning method called DCTR; and a linear regression approach, either using a least-squares fit or with a dense linearly-activated neural network. Despite the fact that individual events are totally uncorrelated, we find that the linear regression methods work most effectively when we input an ensemble of events sorted by mass, rather than training them on individual events. Although all methods provide robust extraction of the top-quark mass parameter, the linear network does marginally best and is remarkably simple. For the top study, we conclude that the Monte-Carlo-based uncertainty on current extractions of the top-quark mass from LHC data can be reduced significantly (by perhaps a factor of 2) using networks trained on sorted event ensembles. More generally, machine learning from ensembles for parameter estimation has broad potential for collider physics measurements.