bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High-dose-rate plesiotherapy with customized molds in non-melanoma skin cancer: efficacy and safety at 10 years—single institution experience
Authors: Membrive Conejo I. , Pera Cegarra O. , Foro Arnalot P. , Reig Castillejo A. , Rodríguez de Dios N. , Sanz Latiesas X. , Deza G. , Quera Jordana J. , Fernandez-Velilla Cepria E. , Martínez Moñino A. , Liu Cheng F. , Algara López M. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Our center adopted high-dose-rate brachytherapy with surface applicators (plesiotherapy) in 2008, creating custom molds to treat irregular areas. This study describes the efficacy and safety outcomes after extensive follow-up in the patients.

Methods/patients
We planned the treatment using two computed tomography (CT) scans: the first to delineate the lesion and the second after placing the thermoplastic mold. Fusing the two CT images enables planning of the target volume and pinpointing, where the catheters are in the mold.

Results
Seventy patients received plesiotherapy, either exclusively or following excision in patients with risk factors for recurrence. Those receiving plesiotherapy alone showed a complete response rate of 95.8%, and recurrences occurred in 5.7% at a mean follow-up of 96.2 months. Chronic toxicity appeared in 26.6% of patients, but severity was limited to grade 1 or 2.

Conclusions
High-dose-rate brachytherapy with customized molds yields a high rate of complete response, with long-term recurrence rates in line with similar studies and an acceptable toxicity rate.
Stochastic analysis of a SIRI epidemic model with double saturated rates and relapse
Authors: Zhang Yan , Gao Shujing , Chen Shihua 
Published: October 2021

AbstractInfectious diseases have for centuries been the leading causes of death and disability worldwide and the environmental fluctuation is a crucial part of an ecosystem in the natural world. In this paper, we proposed and discussed a stochastic SIRI epidemic model incorporating double saturated incidence rates and relapse. The dynamical properties of the model were analyzed. The existence and uniqueness of a global positive solution were proven. Sufficient conditions were derived to guarantee the extinction and persistence in mean of the epidemic model. Additionally, ergodic stationary distribution of the stochastic SIRI model was discussed. Our results indicated that the intensity of relapse and stochastic perturbations greatly affected the dynamics of epidemic systems and if the random fluctuations were large enough, the disease could be accelerated to extinction while the stronger relapse rate were detrimental to the control of the disease.
Optimal location of cutoff walls for seawater intrusion
Authors: Zheng Han , Wenxi Lu , Yue Fan , Tiansheng Miao , Jin Lin , Jiuhui Li 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn this paper, the simulation–optimization method is used to study the optimal location of cutoff walls for seawater intrusion. The optimization model is based on minimizing the chlorine concentration of two water sources after 50 years. In order to reduce the computational complexity, a Kriging surrogate model simulation is coupled with the optimization model. Finally, a hypothetical case is used to evaluate the accuracy of the surrogate model and the performance of the optimization model. The results show that the outputs of the Kriging surrogate model and the variable density groundwater simulation model for the same cutoff wall design fit well, and the average relative error of the two outputs is only 2.2% which proves that it is feasible to apply the Kriging surrogate model to this problem. By solving the optimization model, the location of the cutoff wall which minimizes the sum of chlorine concentration of the two water sources after 50 years is obtained. This provides a stable and reliable method for the site selection of cutoff walls for future projects intended to prevent and control seawater intrusion.
Role of thermal spray in combating climate change
Authors: Viswanathan V. , Katiyar Nirmal Kumar , Goel Gaurav , Matthews Allan , Goel Saurav 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThermal spraying is a scalable surface engineering technique used to add or to restore functionality of a solid surface by applying a coating. Examples of this include protection against wear, erosion, abrasion, and heat. In a specific sense, thermal spraying is particularly used to deposit thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) which finds use in transportation, power generation and automotive sector. As being a surface technique, thermal spraying much like other surface coating techniques can avoid the use of excessive bulk materials and in turn offers longevity to the life of the component, so it already contributes to the reduction of global warming by virtue of avoiding the use of excessive scarce materials and improving fuel efficiency. In terms of its contribution to the cause of global warming, thermal spraying stands in sharp contrast to the energy-intensive processes such as melting, casting, extrusion and welding. With the rise of additive manufacturing, it is possible to use thermal spray to complement that process in many ways and “cold spray additive manufacturing” (CSAM) is already gaining popularity. The thermal spraying technique relies on using selective types of gases—hydrogen being one of them and few types of metals/alloys which are now classed as critical raw materials due to them being on the supply risk register. Efforts to consider recycling and reuse and to find alternatives to these are very timely to continue drawing the advantage of thermal spraying being a relatively green technique. In particular, the green energy initiatives and the drive to develop energy storage and battery technologies could challenge the supply of raw materials such as hydrogen gas and rare earth elements. This underlines the research and development need for alternate materials and processes to address the issue of climate change which is the major focal point of the COP 26 Summit at Glasgow in 2021. The combination of digital technologies and thermal spray coatings will reduce gas, powder and power consumption, which will make this manufacturing process even greener.
Conceptualization and management of disasters and climate change events in Africa: a review
Authors: Ihinegbu Christopher 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe concepts of disasters, hazards and climatic events are well established, showing disciplinary-based perspectives. Globally, efforts have been made to come to a common understanding of these concepts; however, there remains a gap in the conceptualizations of these concepts in Africa, the hub of climate change impacts. This paper identified and characterized the understanding, management practices and limitations of disasters/climate change studies in Africa. This study employed a multi-level review process that resulted in the selection of 170 peer-reviewed articles for study. Findings revealed that the majority of the studies were tied to case studies both in the southern region of Africa and the country of South Africa. Findings also revealed that the 'natural disaster' narrative, which excludes the influence of humans in triggering these events, dominated the studies. This was complemented by the dominance of single-hazard narrative and disaster/hazard management measures that promote the prediction and modeling of nature and disasters. Further, it identified limitations in disaster and hazard studies in Africa such as the lack of synthesis of case studies, lack of adaptive planning, lack of state capacities, research-policy gaps among others. It was recommended that research on climate hazards should explore multi-hazards/disasters, demand driven, give more attention to underrepresented disciplines and capture future dynamics in the employed methodologies.
Production of bioethanol from wheat straw via optimization of co-culture conditions of Bacillus licheniformis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Sharma Shweta , Jha Paras Kumar , Panwar Amit 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBioethanol production has been a challenge for the researchers with respect to enhancing the bioethanol yield. In this study, we are reporting an efficient novel method to produce bioethanol. The process comprises co-culture technique to produce bioethanol from wheat straw, by co-culturingBacillus licheniformisandSaccharomyces cerevisiae.Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation allows wheat straw hydrolysis by cellulase enzyme produced byBacillus licheniformisand conversion of produced reducing sugar into ethanol bySaccharomyces cerevisiae. Pre-treatment of wheat straw and optimization of co-culturing parameters like, time, pH, substrate concentrations and nitrogen source concentrations gave a net yield of ⁓ 4.11 g/l bioethanol. Scale up of optimised media to fermenter has resulted in a significant enhancement of bioethanol production to ⁓ 14.70 g/l.
Objets captifs: Les artefacts catholiques en Méditerranée au début de l’époque moderne
Authors: Hershenzon Daniel 
Published: October 2021

Objets captifs: Les artefacts catholiques en Méditerranée au début de l’époque moderneLes objets de dévotion catholique – images et effigies du Christ, de la Vierge et des saints, missels, rosaires, crucifix et objets liturgiques – ont circulé par milliers dans la Méditerranée occidentale à l’époque moderne. Pour une large part, cette mobilité a été une conséquence indirecte de la piraterie et de la traite d’êtres humains qui interconnectaient les territoires méditerranéens de l’Espagne, du Maroc et de la régence ottomane d’Alger. Le moment de rupture que constitue la captivité a conféré à ces objets aux caractéristiques très différentes une trajectoire commune, rendant ainsi pertinent leur regroupement sous une même catégorie. L’article soutient que les artefacts catholiques ont joué un rôle prépondérant dans l’expérience des captifs catholiques, des renégats et de leurs maîtres musulmans tout autant que dans l’économie de la rançon qui a permis le rachat des captifs. À contre-pied des intentions de leurs concepteurs initiaux, ces objets ont fourni aux captifs, aux convertis et aux maîtres des ressources inattendues participant à brouiller la frontière religieuse et ont créé de nouveaux enchevêtrements entre les membres de ces trois groupes et la matérialité catholique. L’argument est développé en trois étapes. Tout d’abord, l’article affirme que l’augmentation du nombre de captifs après la trêve hispano-ottomane de 1581 a entraîné une augmentation du nombre d’objets de dévotion envoyés depuis l’Espagne aux catholiques retenus en captivité au Maghreb. Il affirme ensuite que certains de ces objets ont fini par bénéficier aux convertis à l’islam, tandis que les dirigeants algériens et marocains en ont pillé d’autres. Enfin, l’article souligne que le pillage et la réutilisation de ces objets ont conféré aux captifs la capacité de racheter un emblème de leur dieu, ont offert aux Trinitaires et aux Mercédaires l’opportunité de parfaire leur réputation en rançonnant des objets sacrés et ont permis aux dirigeants maghrébins de garantir les privilèges religieux de leurs propres sujets asservis en Espagne. L’accent mis sur la mobilité de ces objets montre à quel point les objets de dévotion catholique ont continué à articuler les relations sociales, politiques et économiques en Méditerranée occidentale au cours du long xviie siècle.
A theory of glacier dynamics and instabilities Part 2: Flatbed ice streams
Authors: Ou Hsien-Wang 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn Part 1, we have considered the dynamics of topographically confined glaciers, which may undergo surge cycles when the bed becomes temperate. In this Part 2, we consider the ice discharge over a flatbed, which would self-organize into alternating stream/ridge pairs of wet/frozen beds. The meltwater drainage, no longer curbed by the bed trough, would counter the conductive cooling to render a minimum bed strength at some intermediate width, toward which the stream would evolve over centennial timescale. At this stationary state, the stream width is roughly twice the geometric mean of the stream height and length, which is commensurate with its observed width. Over a flatbed, streams invariably interact, and we deduce that the neighboring ones would exhibit compensating cycles of maximum velocity and stagnation over the centennial timescale. This deduction is consistent with observed time variation of Ross ice streams B and C (ISB/C), which is thus a manifestation of the natural cycle. Moreover, the model uncovers an overlooked mechanism of the ISC stagnation: as ISB widens following its reactivation, it narrows ISC to augment the loss of the meltwater, leading to its stagnation. This stagnation is preceded by ice thickening hence opposite to the thinning-induced surge termination.
Improving the Usability of Galileo and Voyager Images of Jupiter's Moon Europa
Authors: Bland Michael T. , Weller Lynn A. , Archinal Brent A. , Smith Ethan , Wheeler Benjamin H. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractNASA's Voyager 1, Voyager 2, and Galileo spacecraft acquired hundreds of images of Jupiter's moon Europa. These images provide the only moderate‐ to high‐resolution views of the moon's surface and are therefore a critical resource for scientific analysis and future mission planning. Unfortunately, uncertain knowledge of the spacecraft's position and pointing during image acquisition resulted in significant errors in the location of the images on the surface. The result is that adjacent images are poorly aligned, with some images displaced by more than 100 km from their correct location. These errors severely degrade the usability of the Voyager and Galileo imaging data sets. To improve the usability of these data sets, we used the U.S. Geological Survey Integrated Software for Imagers and Spectrometers to build a nearly global image tie‐point network with more than 50,000 tie points and 135,000 image measurements on 481 Galileo and 221 Voyager images. A global least‐squares bundle adjustment of our final Europa tie‐point network calculated latitude, longitude, and radius values for each point by minimizing residuals globally, and resulted in root mean square (RMS) uncertainties of 246.6 m, 307.0 m, and 70.5 m in latitude, longitude, and radius, respectively. The total RMS uncertainty was 0.32 pixels. This work enables direct use of nearly the entire Galileo and Voyager image data sets for Europa. We are providing the community with updated NASA Navigation and Ancillary Information Facility Spacecraft, Planet, Instrument, C‐matrix (pointing), and Events kernels, mosaics of Galileo images acquired during each observation sequence, and individual processed and projected level 2 images.
Focusing Fluids in Faults: Evidence From Stable Isotopic Studies of Dated Clay‐Rich Fault Gouge of the Alberta Rockies
Authors: Lynch E. A. , Pană D. , van der Pluijm B. A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIsotopic studies of Canadian Rocky Mountain thrust faults preserve the timing and identity of orogenic fluids and their fault zone pathways. Using previously dated samples, we measure the O‐ and H‐isotopic compositions of fault gouge. These nearly 100% neomineralized gouges and their associated damage zones act as primary orogenic fluid pathways. As such, they provide a specific and local look into the nature of the Late Jurassic to Early Eocene orogenic plumbing system in the Alberta Rockies. Considering clay polytype stability and regional temperature conditions, we obtain a range of geofluid isotopic compositions during Jurassic‐Eocene thrust faulting: δ18Ofluid ranged from ∼−3.3 to 9.2 ± 3.2‰; δDfluid ranged from −119 to −46 ± 13‰ VSMOW. The range of O‐ and H‐isotopic compositions reflects mixing of fluid sources, including the pervasive presence of surface‐sourced fluids (up to ∼90%). The interpreted prevalence of a surface fluid source in fault rocks is in agreement with regional isotopic trends previously observed in undated veins of fractured host rock. Our results confirm that thrust faults of the Alberta Rocky Mountains acted as major fluid‐focusing conduits during orogenic activity. We further show that these faults incorporated both deeply sourced and surface‐sourced fluids into zones of enhanced and dynamic permeability, heterogeneously distributing fluids along fault planes across the fold‐thrust belt, promoting the growth of fault‐zone weakening clay minerals.
Testing Homes for Potential Sources of Lead Exposure as a High‐School Science Project
Authors: Sefchick Evan M. , Dusevic Daniel , Dougherty Jack R. , Terraciano Andrew , Ellis Tyler , van Geen Alexander 
Published: October 2021

AbstractHigh‐school students tested soil, paint, and water for lead (Pb) in a total of 80 houses in their town of Pelham, New York, where blood‐Pb data indicate relatively high levels of child exposure. All the samples were tested in the laboratory using established procedures but this was preceded by testing of soil and paint in the field with a kit by the students. The total Pb concentration in 32 of the 159 soil samples that were collected exceeded 400 ppm, the EPA standard for bare soil in residential areas where children play. Only 4 of the 118 tap water samples that were collected contained over 15 ppb Pb, with the data showing that flushing for 2 min clearly lowered Pb concentration further across the board. The highest risk of child exposure may be posed by old Pb‐based paint, however, which was detected in 9 of the 48 samples that were tested. Residents were also the least willing to let the students test or sample their paint. High‐school students could help reduce exposure in the many towns where child blood‐Pb levels remain high today by identifying sources and, while doing so, learn about environmental science and measurement from this hands‐on experience.
Evaluation of Rainfall‐Snowfall Separation Performance in Remote Sensing Datasets
Authors: You Yalei , Peters‐Lidard Christa , Ringerud Sarah , Haynes John M. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe first step to accurately measure global snowfall is to separate rainfall from snowfall correctly (i.e., precipitation phase discrimination). This study first evaluates the phase discrimination performance in four remote sensing datasets, including observations from ground radar, spaceborne radars, and spaceborne radiometer, relative to ground observations. Results show that the snowfall discrimination accuracy varies greatly among these datasets ranging from 42% to 96%, dependent on whether and how the temperature information are considered. For example, over half of the snowfall from the Global Precipitation Measurement Mission (GPM) spaceborne radar is actually rainfall at the surface since it detects snowfall in the air without considering the temperature information close to the surface. Second, we evaluate the discrimination performance using the temperature information from four reanalysis datasets. It is found that MERRA2 temperature close to the surface is colder than the other three datasets, leading to more rainfall being misclassified as snowfall.
A Global Bottom‐Up Approach to Estimate Fuel Consumed by Fires Using Above Ground Biomass Observations
Authors: Di Giuseppe F. , Benedetti A. , Coughlan R. , Vitolo C. , Vuckovic M. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractReal‐time estimates of the fuel consumed during a fire (dry‐matter) relies on indirect estimate from remotely sensed released energy combined with biome dependent conversion coefficients. The uncertainties in the conversions lead to the use of inflation factors to avoid large underestimations in the prediction of aerosol load during fires. In this study, adopting two different fire inventories for burned areas, we apply above ground biomass (AGB) observations [from Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) L‐band vegetation optical depth] as proxy for fuel load in deriving estimates of dry‐matter. These new estimates are then converted into biomass burning aerosols and validated against independent aerosol optical depth observations from the AERONETin situglobal network. Results showed that use of AGB as a proxy observation of fuel load improves fire emission estimates and substituting the need for indirect dry‐matter estimates from remotely sensed fire activity or for the use of inflation factors.
An Investigation of the Impact of Different Turbulence Schemes on the Tropical Cyclone Boundary Layer at Turbulent Gray‐Zone Resolution
Authors: Xu Hongxiong , Wang Hui , Duan Yihong 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAccurately resolving turbulence in the tropical‐cyclone boundary layer (TCBL) is crucial for realistic simulations of tropical cyclones (TCs), but how well the fine‐scale structure of the simulated TCBL can be reproduced at gray‐zone resolutions by state‐of‐the‐art planetary boundary layer (PBL) parameterization schemes, and why the simulated fine‐scale structure is so sensitive to the PBL scheme, are yet to be evaluated and understood. To address these issues, a series of numerical experiments under idealized conditions were conducted using the advanced research weather research and forecasting (WRF‐ARW) model at 500 and 166 m grid spacing. An 18‐hr WRF‐ARW large‐eddy simulation (LES) with a 55‐m grid spacing based on the nonlinear backscatter and anisotropy subfilter‐scale (NBA‐SFS) stress scheme was used as reference (RLES). Results from experiments using five different PBL schemes, that is, two conventional schemes—the Yonsei University (YSU) and the original MYNN (termed MYNN1)—two scale‐aware schemes—the Shin‐Hong (S‐H) and the revised MYNN (termed MYNN2)—and the coarse‐resolution LES (CLES), were subsequently compared with the RLES. The YSU and S‐H not only produced better simulations of TC intensity and structure than the other three PBL schemes, but also produced a fine‐scale turbulent structure reasonably well compared with the RLES. Discrepancies in the simulated fine‐scale structure among the PBL schemes result primarily from the different strength of vertical mixing, which could be reduced by the scale‐aware option. Results from a series of sensitivity experiments with a 166‐m grid spacing demonstrate that the scale‐aware S‐H can significantly improve the finer resolution simulations than the conventional YSU at relatively finer grid spacing at gray zone.