bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes of cerebral oxygenation indices measured by near infrared time‐resolved spectroscopy during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: Simultaneous measurement with cerebral blood flow
Authors: Itosu Yusuke , Kubo Yasunori , Morikawa Mamoru , Watari Hidemichi , Morimoto Yuji 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAimTo measure the changes in cerebral oxygenation indices by near infrared time‐resolved spectroscopy and the cerebral blood flow simultaneously after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section.MethodsThis prospective observational study was conducted for 25 pregnant women scheduled for elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. During a period of 15 min after spinal anesthesia, cerebral oxygenation (ScO2), and the total cerebral hemoglobin concentration (tHb) were measured using near infrared time‐resolved spectroscopy and mean cerebral blood flow velocity (Vm) was measured using transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. Next, in the women who had nausea during the observed period, we compared these values when nausea was detected with those when it was not.ResultsMean arterial pressure (MAP) decreased to around 60 mmHg (by 25% compared to the control) 6 min after spinal anesthesia. Compared to the control, ScO2 decreased by about 3% after 6 min and then gradually increased. The tHb, which reflects cerebral blood volume started to decrease just after spinal anesthesia and this continued until 12 min (the decrease was about 12%). Vm decreased by about 7%. In the 14 women who had nausea, MAP, Vm, and ScO2 values when nausea was detected were significantly lower than when it was not.ConclusionThe changes in cerebral hemodynamics may be small after spinal anesthesia in ordinary cesarean section compared to the reduction of systemic arterial blood pressure. There might be greater decreases in cerebral blood flow and oxygenation when nausea occurred in the pregnant women who experienced it after spinal anesthesia.
Sleep structure and electroencephalographic spectral power of middle‐aged or older adults: Normative values by age and sex in the Korean population
Authors: Yoon Jee‐Eun , Oh Dana , Hwang Inha , Park Jung Ah , Im Hee‐Jin , Lee Seung Ku , Jung Ki‐Young , Park Seong‐Ho , Thomas Robert J. , Shin Chol , Yun Chang‐Ho 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe fine structure of sleep electrocortical activity reflects health and disease. The current study provides normative data for sleep structure and electroencephalography (EEG) spectral power measures derived from overnight polysomnography (PSG) and examines the effect of age and sex among Korean middle‐aged and older adults with or without obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). We analysed home PSG data from 1,153 adult participants of an ongoing population‐based cohort study, the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. Sleep stages were visually scored and spectral power was measured on a single‐channel EEG (C4‐A1). We computed spectral power for five frequency ranges. The EEG power was reported in relative (%) and log‐transformed absolute values (µV2). With ageing, the proportion of N1 sleep increased, whereas N3 decreased, which is more noticeable in men than in women. The amount of N3 was relatively low in this cohort. With ageing, relative delta power decreased and alpha and sigma power increased for the whole sleep period, which was more pronounced during REM sleep in non‐OSA. For men compared with women, relative theta power was lower during REM and sigma and beta were higher during N1 sleep. The differences of relative powers by age and sex in OSA were comparable to those in non‐OSA. In a community‐based Korean population, we present normative data of sleep structure and spectral power for middle‐aged or older adults of a non‐Caucasian ethnicity. The values varied with age and sex and were not influenced by sleep apnea.
Plasma amino acid profiles in dogs with closed extrahepatic portosystemic shunts are only partially improved 3 months after successful gradual attenuation
Authors: Devriendt Nausikaa , Paepe Dominique , Serrano Gonçalo , Vandenabeele Sophie , Stock Emmelie , Van Acker Lisa , de Rooster Hilde 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundDogs with portosystemic shunts have an altered blood amino acid profile, with an abnormal branched‐chained amino acid (BCAA)‐to‐aromatic amino acid (AAA) ratio being the most common abnormality. Different liver diseases have distinctive amino acid profiles.ObjectivesDetermine the changes in plasma amino acid profiles in dogs with extrahepatic portosystemic shunts (EHPSS) from diagnosis to complete closure.AnimalsTen client‐owned dogs with EHPSS closed after surgical attenuation.MethodsProspective cohort study. Medical treatment was instituted in dogs diagnosed with EHPSS. At least 4 weeks later, gradual surgical attenuation was performed. Three months postoperatively, EHPSS closure was confirmed by transsplenic portal scintigraphy. Clinical signs were scored and blood was taken before institution of medical treatment, at time of surgery, and 3 months postoperatively. At the end of the study, the plasma amino acid profiles were analyzed in batch.ResultsThe median BCAA‐to‐AAA ratio was extremely low (0.6) at time of diagnosis and remained low (0.5) at time of surgery, despite the fact that median neurological score significantly improved from 22 to 2 after starting medical treatment (P = .04). Three months after surgical attenuation, a significantly higher BCAA‐to‐AAA ratio (1.5) was observed (P < .001).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceMedical treatment does not improve the BCAA‐to‐AAA ratio in dogs with EHPSS, despite substantial clinical improvement. Although the ratio significantly increased after EHPSS closure, it was still indicative of moderate to severe hepatic dysfunction in all dogs.
The identification of a transposon affecting the asexual reproduction of the wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici
Authors: Wang Chen , Milgate Andrew W. , Solomon Peter S. , McDonald Megan C. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractZymoseptoria tritici, the causal agent of Septoria tritici blotch, is a fungal wheat pathogen that causes significant global yield losses. Within Z. tritici populations, quantitative differences in virulence among different isolates are commonly observed; however, the genetic components that underpin these differences remain elusive. In this study, intraspecific comparative transcriptomic analysis was used to identify candidate genes that contribute to differences in virulence on the wheat cultivar WW2449. This led to the identification of a multicopy gene that was not expressed in the high‐virulence isolate when compared to the medium‐ and low‐virulence isolates. Further investigation suggested this gene resides in a 7.9‐kb transposon. Subsequent long‐read sequencing of the isolates used in the transcriptomic analysis confirmed that this gene did reside in an active Class II transposon, which is composed of four genes named REP9‐1 to ‐4. Silencing and overexpression of REP9‐1 in two distinct genetic backgrounds demonstrated that its expression alone reduces the number of pycnidia produced by Z. tritici during infection. The REP9‐1 gene identified within a Class II transposon is the first discovery of a gene in a transposable element that influences the virulence of Z. tritici. This discovery adds further complexity to genetic loci that contribute to quantitative virulence in this important pathogen.
Why should nurses care if Heidegger was a Nazi? Pragmatics, politics and philosophy in nursing
Authors: Randall Duncan C. , Richardson Andrew 
Published: May 2021

AbstractNursing and nurses have become reliant on qualitative methods to understand the meaning of nursing care, and many nurse researchers use Heideggerian Interpretivist phenomenology approaches. Often these nurses are unaware of Martin Heidegger's role in the German National Socialist Party of the 1930s and his allegiance to fascist ideology. We ask: can a bad person have good ideas? In line with pragmatic thinkers such as Richard Rorty, we argue that instead of value judgements on people and their ideas, nurses should consider ideas as a product of a historical/social and political time and space. In urging a critical political engagement, we argue for a Husserlian approach. In opposition to Heidegger's interpretivist phenomenology approach, in which the hegemony of the day is integral to the phenomena being studied, we propose that a more expressive, collaborative engagement using Husserlian descriptive phenomenology approach would serve better in encouraging a more critical engagement with how ideas are used by groups of people, how some groups might be advantaged and others disadvantaged. Our conclusion is that the separation of ideas from political and social context is dangerous, and nurses, including nurse researchers, must understand how their research ideas and methods influence and are influenced by political agendas.
Work disability and the Northern Irish Troubles*
Authors: French Declan , Cruise Sharon 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we examine the labour market implications of permanent illness or injury from conflict among civilians. From 1969 to 1998, Northern Ireland experienced a violent ethnopolitical conflict characterized by terrorist bombing campaigns, sectarian killings and armed forces patrolling the streets. The consequences of this period for current high work disability rates are disputed by the main political parties. We address this question using a new high‐quality dataset. Potential endogeneity and reverse causation issues are addressed using the intensity of conflict‐related deaths as instruments. We find clear evidence that conflict has increased work disability by 28% points. The main doctor‐diagnosed medical condition mediating this effect is mental ill health.
“Judgment without standards”: Arendt's Lectures on Kant's Political Philosophy
Authors: Blumenthal‐Barby Martin 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis article considers Hannah Arendt's posthumously published Lectures on Kant's Political Philosophy, lectures delivered at the New School for Social Research in the fall semester of 1970. By taking Arendt's highly provocative reading of Kant as a point of departure, the essay probes Arendt's own theory of judgment. Arendt frequently draws distinctions that prove untenable. If the faculty of judgment, in Arendt's words, has to do with one's “ability to make distinctions,” and yet her own distinctions continually falter, and that in a text about judgment, then it seems that she thwarts her own discourse. More specifically, she complicates her assertions by staging something that she, in Kantian terms, describes as “enlarged thought”; she explores the subject of judgment from different perspectives and allows for perspectival plurality, thereby “wooing,” as it were, our consent. In so doing, Arendt, in thoroughly Kantian fashion, establishes judgment as a performative category that defies being taught and instead remains a matter of practice.
Examining the Left‐Right Divide Through the Lens of a Global Crisis: Ideological Differences and Their Implications for Responses to the COVID‐19 Pandemic
Authors: Ruisch Benjamin Coe , Moore Courtney , Granados Samayoa Javier , Boggs Shelby , Ladanyi Jesse , Fazio Russell 
Published: May 2021

The COVID‐19 disease pandemic is one of the most pressing global health issues of our time. Nevertheless, responses to the pandemic exhibit a stark ideological divide, with political conservatives (versus liberals/progressives) expressing less concern about the virus and less behavioral compliance with efforts to combat it. Drawing from decades of research on the psychological underpinnings of ideology, in four studies (total N = 4441) we examine the factors that contribute to the ideological gap in pandemic response—across domains including personality (e.g., empathic concern), attitudes (e.g., trust in science), information (e.g., COVID‐19 knowledge), vulnerability (e.g., preexisting medical conditions), demographics (e.g., education, income) and environment (e.g., local COVID‐19 infection rates). This work provides insight into the most proximal drivers of this ideological divide and also helps fill a long‐standing theoretical and empirical gap regarding how these various ideological differences shape responses to complex real‐world sociopolitical events. Among our key findings are the central role of attitude‐ and belief‐related factors (e.g., trust in science and trust in Trump)—and the relatively weaker influence of several domain‐general personality factors (empathic concern, disgust sensitivity, conspiratorial ideation). We conclude by considering possible explanations for these findings and their broader implications for our understanding of political ideology.
Highlights

Stark ideological differences exist across a wide range of attitudinal and behavioral indices of pandemic response, with more conservative individuals reliably exhibiting less concern about the virus. These findings illustrate the extent to which the pandemic has become politicized.

A range of factors contribute to this ideological gap in pandemic response, but some are substantially more important than others.

Several factors that have received attention in public and academic discourse about the pandemic appear to contribute little, if at all, to the ideological divide. These include news following, scientific literacy, perceived social norms, and knowledge about the virus.

The most critical factors appear to be trust in scientists and trust in Trump, which further highlights the politicization of COVID‐19 and, importantly, the antagonistic nature of these two beliefs. Efforts to change and, especially, disentangle these two attitudes have the potential to be effective interventions.
Impact of the preparation method of red cell concentrates on transfusion indices in thalassemia patients: A randomized crossover clinical trial
Authors: Gamberini Maria Rita , Fortini Monica , Stievano Alice , Calori Eleonora , Riontino Maria Vittoria , Ceccherelli Giovanni , Venturelli Donatella , Chicchi Roberta , Biguzzi Rino , Fagnoni Francesco , Portararo Giuseppina Angela , Lasagni Daniela , Borotti Elena , Buonocore Ruggero , Govoni Maurizio , Reverberi Roberto 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe average hemoglobin content of red cell concentrates (RCC) varies depending on the method of preparation. Surprisingly less data are available concerning the clinical impact of those differences.Study Design and MethodsThe effects of two types of RCC (RCC‐A, RCC‐B) on transfusion regime were compared in a non‐blinded, prospective, randomized, two‐period, and crossover clinical trial. RCC‐A was obtained by whole blood leukoreduction and subsequent plasma removal, RCC‐B removing plasma and buffy coat first, followed by leukoreduction. Eligible patients were adult, with transfusion‐dependent thalassemia (TDT).ResultsRCC‐A contained 63.9 (60.3–67.8) grams of hemoglobin per unit (median with 1st and 3rd quartile), RCC‐B 54.5 (51.0–58.2) g/unit. Fifty‐one patients completed the study. With RCC‐B, the average pre‐transfusion hemoglobin concentration was 9.3 ± 0.5 g/dl (mean ± SD), the average transfusion interval 14.2 (13.7–16.3) days, the number of RCC units transfused per year 39.3 (35.4–47.3), and the transfusion power index (a composite index) 258 ± 49. With RCC‐A, the average pre‐transfusion hemoglobin concentration was 9.6 ± 0.5 g/dl (+2.7%, effect size 0.792), the average transfusion interval 14.8 (14.0–18.5) days (+4.1%, effect size 0.800), the number of RCC units transfused per year 34.8 (32.1–42.5) (−11.4%, effect size −1.609), and the transfusion power index 272 ± 61 (+14.1%, effect size 0.997). All differences were statistically highly significant (p < .00001). The frequency of transfusion reactions was 0.59% with RCC‐A and 0.56% with RCC‐B (p = 1.000).ConclusionTo reduce the number of RCC units consumed per year and the number of transfusion episodes, TDT patients should receive RCC with the highest average hemoglobin content.
English in higher education in the Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan
Authors: Bezborodova Anastasiya , Radjabzade Saida 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn Central Asia, English is not only considered a language of intercultural communication, but it is also by far the most studied foreign language at schools and universities. The globalization and internationalization of education resulted in English becoming a medium of instruction in all levels of schooling. English functions as the language of research and academia. This article focuses on comparative research conducted on the role(s) of English in higher education institutions (HEIs) in three Central Asian republics – the Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. The main objective of this study was to explore the role(s) of English at HEIs to have a better evidence‐based understanding of the benefits and drawbacks of English medium instruction (EMI) in these countries.
What Parental Correlates Predict Children’s Active Transportation to School in the Southeast United States?
Authors: Fitzhugh Eugene C. , Everett Jerry , Daugherty Linda 
Published: May 2021

Background: School-aged children in the Southeast, compared with other United States of America (US) regions, have significantly lower levels of active transportation to school (ATS). The purpose of this study was to contrast the parental correlates of ATS choice specific to the Southeast with other areas of the US. Methods: This study utilized national data from 2952 households with school-aged children located within a 20-minute walk to a school. Parents reported their children’s ATS behavior and their own ATS beliefs and perceptions. Logistic regression contrasted correlates of parents from the Southeast with other regions. Results: Parents in the Southeast, compared with parents across the US, were significantly less likely to allow their child to take ATS (12.9% vs 33.3%, respectively) (odds ratio [OR] = 0.46; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.36–0.59). Specific to the Southeast, parental correlates linked to increases in ATS were Black race/ethnicity (OR = 1.68; 95% CI, 1.31–2.60), being single, (OR = 1.71; 95% CI, 1.15–2.54), and any parental physical activity (P value for trend = .0053). The only correlate associated with a decrease in ATS in the Southeast was heightened safety concerns (eg, traffic speed, safe crossings) (OR = 0.44; 95% CI, 0.23–0.84). Conclusions: Among households with children in the Southeast, ATS interventions that allay parental safety concerns and that promote physical activity among parents might lead to increases in ATS.
Chronic disaster impact: the long-term psychological and physical health consequences of housing damage due to induced earthquakes
Authors: Stroebe Katherine , Kanis Babet , Richardson Justin , Oldersma Frans , Broer Jan , Greven Frans , Postmes Tom 
Published: May 2021

ObjectivesTo evaluate the long-term (psychosomatic) health consequences of man-made earthquakes compared with a non-exposure control group. Exposure was hypothesised to have an increasingly negative impact on health outcomes over time.SettingLarge-scale gas extraction in the Netherlands causing earthquakes and considerable damage.ParticipantsA representative sample of inhabitants randomly selected from municipal population records; contacted 5 times during 21 months (T1: N=3934; T5: N=2150; mean age: 56.54; 50% men; at T5, N=846 (39.3%) had no, 459 (21.3%) once and 736 (34.2%) repeated damages).Main measures(Psychosomatic) health outcomes: self-rated health and Mental Health Inventory (both: validated; Short Form Health Survey); stress related health symptoms (shortened version of previously validated symptoms list). Independent variable: exposure to the consequences of earthquakes assessed via physical (peak ground acceleration) and personal exposure (damage to housing: none, once, repeated).ResultsExposure to induced earthquakes has negative health consequences especially for those whose homes were damaged repeatedly. Compared with a no-damage control group, repeated damage was associated with lower self-rated health (OR:1.64), mental health (OR:1.83) and more stress-related health symptoms (OR:2.52). Effects increased over time: in terms of relative risk, by T5, those whose homes had repeated damage were respectively 1.60 and 2.11 times more likely to report poor health and negative mental health and 2.84 times more at risk of elevated stress related health symptoms. Results for physical exposure were comparable.ConclusionThis is the first study to provide evidence that induced earthquakes can have negative health consequences for inhabitants over time. It identifies the subpopulation particularly at risk: people with repeated damages who have experienced many earthquakes. Findings can have important implications for the prevention of negative health consequences of induced earthquakes.
Epidemiological characteristics of hypertension, impaired fasting capillary glucose and their comorbidity: a retrospective cross-sectional population-based study of rural adolescents in Southeast Nigeria
Authors: Ayogu Rufina N B , Nwodo Chinenye Juliet 
Published: May 2021

ObjectiveTo assess the prevalence of hypertension, impaired fasting capillary glucose (IFCG) and coexistence of both as well as determinants of these conditions among rural adolescents.DesignA retrospective cross-sectional population-based study.SettingThree rural communities in southeast Nigeria.ParticipantsA total of 401 adolescents (10 – 19 years) selected through a five-stage sampling technique completed the study. Sick adolescents, pregnant and nursing adolescent mothers were excluded.Primary outcome measuresPrevalence and determinants of hypertension, IFCG and comorbidity of both were assessed through weight, height, blood pressure, fasting capillary glucose measurements and statistical analysis.ResultsPrehypertension (10.7%), hypertension alone (12.7%), IFCG alone (11.0%), diabetes (0.2%) and hypertension with IFCG (6.2%) were prevalent among the adolescents. The adolescents aged 15 – 19 years were less likely to be affected by hypertension alone (adjusted OR (AOR)=0.36, 95% CI 0.18 to 0.74, p<0.01). The likelihood of having hypertension alone was three times higher among those who smoked any substance (AOR=3.43, 95% CI 1.34 to 8.78, p<0.05) and 2.85 times higher among those who consumed alcohol (AOR=2.85, 95% CI 1.33 to 6.10, p<0.01). Meal skipping (AOR=2.69, 95% CI 1.16 to 6.25, p<0.05), consumption of fried/baked snacks (AOR=15.46, 95% CI 1.62 to 147.37, p<0.05) and vegetables (AOR=2.27, 95% CI 1.11 to 4.66, p<0.05) were also significant risk factors of hypertension alone. Skipping meals (AOR=2.15, 95% CI 0. 93 to 4.99, p>0.05) and longer than 7 hours of night sleep (AOR=1.88, 95% CI 0.94 TO 3.73, p>0.05) increased the risk of IFCG alone by twofold. Female adolescents (AOR=0.29, 95% CI 0.10 to 0.78, p<0.05) and those who consumed fried/baked snacks (AOR=0.09, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.37, p<0.01) were less likely to have hypertension with IFPG than males and those who consumed non-fried/baked snacks, respectively.ConclusionThis study reported relatively low prevalence of hypertension alone, IFCG alone, hypertension with IFCG and epidemiological characteristics that can become focus of interventions to curtail the emergence of cardiovascular events at an early age. Awareness creation through health and nutrition education is emphasised.