bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination, Isolation, and Identification of Related Impurities in Erdosteine Bulk Drug
Authors: Liu Heying , Xiong Xin , Wang Jie , Pei Kun , Zhong Zhenhua , Zhou Zhiqiang , Cheng Qizhen 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Background
Erdosteine is a mucolytic drug and has antioxidant activity.

Objective
The study aimed to develop an HPLC method for determination of erdosteine and its impurities in erdosteine bulk drug and to identify the main impurities to help improve the quality of erdosteine bulk drug.

Method
The chromatographic separations were performed on a CAPCELL PAK C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm id, 5 μm). Acetonitrile–0.01 mol/L citric acid solution (13 + 87, by volume) pumped at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min was used as the mobile phase. The detection wavelength was 254 nm. Two main impurities in erdosteine bulk drug were enriched by an ODS column chromatography and oxidative degradation, respectively, and then both were purified by semipreparative HPLC. Finally, their structures were identified by a variety of spectral data (MS, 1H NMR and 13C NMR).

Results
Good separations of erdosteine and its related impurities were observed. A new impurity was confirmed as ethyl ({2-oxo-2-[(2-oxotetrahydro-3-thiophenyl) amino] ethyl} sulfanyl)acetate, which was erdosteine ethyl ester, and was produced in the refining process of erdosteine bulk drug when using ethanol as a refining solvent. Another impurity was confirmed as ({2-oxo-2-[(2-oxotetrahydro-3-thiophenyl)amino]ethyl}sulfinyl) acetic acid, which was an erdosteine oxide.

Conclusions
An HPLC method for determination of erdosteine and its related impurities was developed and validated. Two main impurities in erdosteine bulk drug were isolated and identified. Avoiding ethanol as the refining solvent can improve the purity of erdosteine bulk drug.

Highlights
A new process-related impurity and an oxidative degradation impurity in erdosteine bulk drug were isolated and identified.
Mid- to late-gestational maternal nutrient restriction followed by realimentation alters development and lipid composition of liver and skeletal muscles in ovine fetuses
Authors: Smith Brandon I , Liefeld Amanda , Vásquez-Hidalgo Manuel A , Vonnahme Kimberly A , Grazul-Bilska Anna T , Swanson Kendall C , Mishra Neha , Reed Sarah A , Zinn Steven A , Govoni Kristen E 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMaternal nutrient restriction during gestation adversely affects offspring growth and development of liver and skeletal muscle tissues. Realimentation following nutrient restriction may alleviate these negative impacts on development but may alter metabolism and tissue composition. Forty-eight ewes, pregnant with singletons, were fed to meet 100% National Research Council (NRC) recommendations starting at the beginning of gestation. On day 50 of gestation, seven ewes were euthanized (BASE), and fetal liver, skeletal muscles, and blood samples were collected. The remaining animals were fed either 100% of NRC recommendations (CON) or 60% NRC recommendations (RES), a subset were euthanized at day 90 of gestation (n = 7/treatment), and fetal samples were collected. Remaining ewes were maintained on the current diet (CON-CON, n = 6; RES-RES, n = 7) or switched to the alternate diet (CON-RES, RES-CON; n = 7/treatment). On day 130 of gestation, the remaining ewes were euthanized, and fetal samples were collected. At day 130 of gestation, maternal nutrient restriction during late-gestation (RES-RES and CON-RES) decreased fetal liver weight (P &lt; 0.01) and cross-sectional area in triceps brachii (P = 0.01; TB), longissimus dorsi (P = 0.02; LM), and semitendinosus (P = 0.05; STN) muscles. Maternal nutrient restriction during mid-gestation increased hepatocyte vacuole size at day 130 of gestation. Late-gestational maternal nutrient restriction increased mRNA expression of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein-1 (P &lt; 0.01), glycogen synthase 2 (P = 0.01; GYS2), and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (P &lt; 0.01; PDHK1) in the liver and IGF receptor 1 (P = 0.05) in the LM. Lipid concentration in the LM was decreased by late-gestational nutrient restriction (P = 0.01) and increased by mid-gestational nutrient restriction in STN (P = 0.03) and TB (P &lt; 0.01). Principal component analysis of lipidomics data demonstrated clustering of principal components by day of gestation and elastic net regression identified 50, 44, and 29 lipids that classified the treatments in the fetal liver, LM, and blood, respectively. In conclusion, restricting maternal nutrition impacts fetal liver and muscle morphology, gene expression, and lipid metabolism, whereas realimentation attenuated some of these effects. Therefore, realimentation may be a viable strategy to reduce the impacts of nutrient restriction, but can lead to alterations in lipid metabolism in sheep.
Pediatric Burns Unique Characteristics Among Ultra-Orthodox Jewish Minority—Retrospective Study
Authors: Yahal Orr , Eshel Ron , Manor Uri , Lennon Joshua M , Stern Michal , Geller Dan , Pessach Itai M 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Burn injuries are a significant cause of morbidity among children. Ultra-Orthodox Jewish children are at higher risk for burn injuries. The goal of this study was to examine the clinical characteristics of moderate to severe burns in this population in comparison to the general population in Israel. This retrospective cohort study included all pediatric patients 0 to 18 years of age admitted with burn injuries from January 1, 2015 through December 31, 2018. Data were collected regarding demography, etiology, and clinical characteristics. Of 778 burns injuries presented to our tertiary center, 385 (49.5%) were hospitalized. Of those 212 (55%) were non-ultra-Orthodox Jews, 135 (35%) were ultra-Orthodox Jews, and 38 (10%) were non-Jewish patients. The total body surface area percentage (TBSA%) of scald-type burns was larger in ultra-Orthodox compared to non-ultra-Orthodox children (median TBSA% of 7% vs 5%, respectively, P &lt; .05). Among the ultra-Orthodox group, the median TBSA% during weekdays was 6%, and for weekends, the TBSA% was 7.5% (P &lt; .05). Females demonstrated the greatest diversity between subgroups. On weekends, ultra-Orthodox female’s median TBSA% was 10%, and non-ultra-Orthodox female’s TBSA% was 4.5% (P &lt; .05). Ultra-Orthodox children and especially girls had a significantly higher median TBSA% than non-ultra-Orthodox children for burns occurring during weekends. This may be the result of the unique cultural norms of the ultra-Orthodox Jewish community, in particular, their lifestyle and observation of the Sabbath. These findings provide a focus for better intervention and prevention of pediatric burns among this unique population.
Addition of Ammonium Acetate to Protein-Borax Baited Traps Does Not Improve Attraction ofAnastrepha obliquaorAnastrepha serpentina(Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: Lasa Rodrigo , Williams Trevor 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAmmonia is considered a key component in the attraction of tephritid flies to protein-based lures. The addition of ammonium acetate to improve hydrolyzed protein-borax mixtures used to monitor tephritids has not been evaluated, although it has improved attraction to toxic baits. The presence of ammonium acetate crystals in a ventilated tube inside a trap containing hydrolyzed protein + borax, did not improve the capture of Anastrepha obliqua or Anastrepha serpentina flies in field experiments when compared with hydrolyzed protein + borax alone. In contrast, the addition of 1% ammonium acetate into the drowning solution of a hydrolyzed protein + borax mixture resulted in significantly reduced captures of both pests. Laboratory tests indicated that the emission of ammonia gas was increased 1.6–4.5-fold from traps that included ammonium acetate. These results confirm the hypothesis that a higher release of ammonia does not improve the attraction of tephritids when protein-derived odors are also present.
A New Tail-Based Correlation Measure and Its Application in Global Equity Markets
Authors: Liu Jinjing 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Many studies have found that large negative returns tend to occur together. This article develops a correlation measure focusing on tails using the expected shortfall (ES), referred to as the ES-implied correlation. The new correlation measure provides closer estimates to the true correlation than does the existing value at risk-implied correlation measure in the simulations. In addition, the new correlation measure performs as well as the linear correlation measure when correlation is constant but captures changes in correlations when correlations are not constant. A series of test statistics are developed to measure and test correlation asymmetries. The empirical analysis shows that correlations among international equity markets increase significantly when returns are low.
Task Discretion, Labor-market Frictions, and Entrepreneurship
Authors: Canidio Andrea , Legros Patrick 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
An agent can perform a job in several ways, which we call tasks. Choosing agents’ tasks is the prerogative of management within firms, and of agents themselves if they are entrepreneurs. While agents’ comparative advantage at different tasks is unknown, it can be learned by observing their performance. However, tasks that generate more information could lead to lower short-term profits. Hence, firms will allocate workers to more informative tasks only if agents cannot easily move to other firms. When, instead, workers can easily move to other firms, agents may prefer to become entrepreneurs and acquire task discretion, even if their short-term payoff is lower than employees. Our model generates novel predictions with respect to, for example, how the wage dynamics of agents who switch between entrepreneurship and employment are affected by labor and contracting frictions. (JEL D83, J24, J62, J63, L26, M13).
High Prevalence of Rickettsia bellii in Mosquitoes From Eastern China
Authors: Li Feng , Tian Junhua , Wang Lin , Yang Zhengpei , Lu Miao , Qin Xincheng , Zhao Hongqing , Chen Jintao , Li Kun 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Mosquitoes are the most important vectors carrying significant numbers of human pathogens. Recent studies implicated that mosquitoes play an important role in circulation and transmission of multiple Rickettsia species. In this study, Rickettsia bellii was identified in four mosquito species (Culex pipiens, C. tritaeniorhynchus, Aedes albopictus, and Anopheles sinensis) collected from three Eastern China provinces during 2019–2020. Rickettsia bellii was detected in 37.50 and 26.32% of the C. pipiens pools from Beijing and Jiangsu province, respectively. In C. tritaeniorhynchus and An. sinensis from Shandong, the infection rate is 20.00 and 6.25%, respectively. Additionally, three Ae. albopictus pools (3/42, 7.14%) from Beijing were also detected positive for R. bellii. Genetic and phylogenetic analysis on 16S, gltA, and groEL genes indicates that sequences from all these strains are highly homologous and closely related to other R. bellii strains. This is the first report that Ae. albopictus and C. tritaeniorhynchus harbor R. bellii. The wide host range and high infection rate in certain areas may dramatically increase the exposure of R. bellii to human and other vertebrates. The role of mosquitoes in transmission of rickettsiosis and its potential risk to public health should be further considered.
Reconciling Regulation with Scientific Autonomy in Dual-Use Research
Authors: Evans Nicholas G , Selgelid Michael J , Simpson Robert Mark 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In debates over the regulation of communication related to dual-use research, the risks that such communication creates must be weighed against against the value of scientific autonomy. The censorship of such communication seems justifiable in certain cases, given the potentially catastrophic applications of some dual-use research. This conclusion however, gives rise to another kind of danger: that regulators will use overly simplistic cost-benefit analysis to rationalize excessive regulation of scientific research. In response to this, we show how institutional design principles and normative frameworks from free speech theory can be used to help extend the argument for regulating dangerous dual-use research beyond overly simplistic cost-benefit reasoning, but without reverting to an implausibly absolutist view of scientific autonomy.
Thermally driven winds in ultraluminous X-ray sources
Authors: Middleton Matthew J , Higginbottom Nick , Knigge Christian , Khan Norman , Wiktorowicz Grzegorz 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
The presence of radiatively driven outflows is well established in ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs). These outflows are optically thick and can reprocess a significant fraction of the accretion luminosity. Assuming isotropic emission, escaping radiation from the outflow’s photosphere has the potential to irradiate the outer disc. Here, we explore how the atmosphere of the outer disc would respond to such irradiation, and specifically whether unstable heating may lead to significant mass loss via thermally driven winds. We find that, for a range of physically relevant system parameters, this mass loss may actually switch off the inflow entirely and potentially drive limit-cycle behaviour (likely modulated on the time-scale of the outer disc). In ULXs harbouring neutron stars, magnetic fields tend to have a slight destabilizing effect; for the strongest magnetic fields and highest accretion rates, this can push otherwise stable systems into the unstable regime. We explore the prevalence of the instability in a simulated sample of ULXs obtained from a binary population synthesis calculation. We find that almost all neutron star and black hole ULXs with Eddington-scaled accretion rates of $\dot{m}_0 \lt 100$ should be able to drive powerful outflows from their outer discs. Several known ULXs are expected to lie in this regime; the persistence of accretion in these sources implies the irradiation may be anisotropic which can be reconciled with the inferred reprocessed (optical) emission if some of this originates in the wind photosphere or irradiation of the secondary star.
On the intrinsic AGN emission in the far-infrared/sub-mm
Authors: Symeonidis M 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
Far-infrared (far-IR)/sub-mm emission linked to AGN-heated dust has been a topic of contention for many years. Results have been diverse and various views have been presented. The empirical AGN SED derived by Symeonidis et al. (2016, hereafter S16) has more far-IR/sub-mm emission than other SEDs in the literature, and thus it is contested by other works which argue that its luminosity in that part of the spectrum is overestimated. Here, I investigate this topic and the concerns raised over the S16 AGN SED. I also examine the differences between the S16 AGN SED and other commonly used empirical AGN SEDs. My findings show that the reasons proposed by other works as to why the S16 AGN SED is not a reasonable representation of AGN emission in the far-IR/sub-mm, do not hold.
The impact of stellar clustering on the observed multiplicity of super-earth systems: outside–in cascade of orbital misalignments initiated by stellar flybys
Authors: Rodet Laetitia , Lai Dong 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
A recent study suggests that the observed multiplicity of super-Earth (SE) systems is correlated with stellar overdensities: field stars in high phase-space density environments have an excess of single-planet systems compared to stars in low-density fields. This correlation is puzzling as stellar clustering is expected to influence mostly the outer part of planetary systems. Here, we examine the possibility that stellar flybys indirectly excite the mutual inclinations of initially coplanar SEs, breaking their co-transiting geometry. We propose that flybys excite the inclinations of exterior substellar companions, which then propagate the perturbation to the inner SEs. Using analytical calculations of the secular coupling between SEs and companions, together with numerical simulations of stellar encounters, we estimate the expected number of ‘effective’ flybys per planetary system that lead to the destruction of the SE co-transiting geometry. Our analytical results can be rescaled easily for various SE and companion properties (masses and semimajor axes) and stellar cluster parameters (density, velocity dispersion, and lifetime). We show that for a given SE system, there exists an optimal companion architecture that leads to the maximum number of effective flybys; this results from the trade-off between the flyby cross-section and the companion’s impact on the inner system. Subject to uncertainties in the cluster parameters, we conclude that this mechanism is inefficient if the SE system has a single exterior companion, but may play an important role in ‘SE + two companions’ systems that were born in dense stellar clusters. Whether this effect causes the observed correlation between planet multiplicity and stellar overdensities remains to be confirmed.
Constraints on magnetic field and particle content in blazar jets through optical circular polarization
Authors: Liodakis I , Blinov D , Potter S B , Rieger F M 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
Polarization offers a unique view in the physical processes of astrophysical jets. We report on optical circular polarization (CP) observations of two famous blazars, namely 3C 279 and PKS 1510−089, at high linearly polarized states. This is the first time PKS 1510−089 is observed in optical CP. While only upper limits can be extracted from our observing campaign, the non-detection of optical CP allows us to provide meaningful constraints on their magnetic field strength and jet composition. We find that high-energy emission models requiring high magnetic field strength and a low positron fraction can be excluded.
Dead-End Hybridization in Walnut Trees Revealed by Large-Scale Genomic Sequence Data
Authors: Zhang Wei-Ping , Cao Lei , Lin Xin-Rui , Ding Ya-Mei , Liang Yu , Zhang Da-Yong , Pang Er-Li , Renner Susanne S , Bai Wei-Ning 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAlthough hybridization plays a large role in speciation, some unknown fraction of hybrid individuals never reproduces, instead remaining as genetic dead-ends. We investigated a morphologically distinct and culturally important Chinese walnut, Juglans hopeiensis, suspected to have arisen from hybridization of Persian walnut (J. regia) with Asian butternuts (J. cathayensis, J. mandshurica, and hybrids between J. cathayensis and J. mandshurica). Based on 151 whole-genome sequences of the relevant taxa, we discovered that all J. hopeiensis individuals are first-generation hybrids, with the time for the onset of gene flow estimated as 370,000 years, implying both strong postzygotic barriers and the presence of J. regia in China by that time. Six inversion regions enriched for genes associated with pollen germination and pollen tube growth may be involved in the postzygotic barriers that prevent sexual reproduction in the hybrids. Despite its long-recurrent origination and distinct traits, J. hopeiensis does not appear on the way to speciation.
Role of dietary patterns and factors in determining the risk of knee osteoarthritis: A meta-analysis
Authors: Xu Chao , Wang Shun , Ti Weiye , Yang Jun , Yasen Yalikun , Memetsidiq Miryaqup , Shi Song-qing 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT

Objectives
To evaluates the role of diet in determining knee osteoarthritis risk.

Methods
Literature search was conducted in Ovid, PubMed, Science Direct, and Springer. To estimate knee osteoarthritis risk with high use of vegetarian, prudent, and omnivorous diets, dairy products, vitamin C/E, and carotenoids, the odds ratios (ORs) or relative risks (RRs) reported by included studies were pooled.

Results
Fifteen studies (97,157 individuals) were included. High use of vegetarian diet {OR 0.71 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.45, 0.97]}, prudent diet [OR 0.87 (95% CI: 0.76, 0.98)/RR 0.89 (95% CI: 0.82, 0.97)], and dairy [OR 0.66 (95% CI: –0.08, 1.39)/RR 0.58 (95% CI: 0.41, 0.75)] were associated with lower risk of knee osteoarthritis but risk was relatively higher with high use of omnivorous diet [OR 1.13 (95% CI: 0.95, 1.30)/RR 1.06 (95% CI: 0.84, 1.29) and 1.05 (0.78, 1.33)]. High intake of vitamin C [OR 0.92 (0.29, 1.56)] or E [OR 0.93 (0.64, 1.21)] did not reduce knee osteoarthritis risk, but high use of carotenoids was associated with the lower risk [OR 0.66 (0.37, 0.96)].

Conclusions
Knee osteoarthritis risk is low with high use of vegetarian diet, prudent diet, and dairy, but cannt be reduced by high intakes of vitamin C/E.
Usefulness of the severity classification for predicting drug-free remission in Japanese patients with adult-onset Still’s disease
Authors: Maruyama Akihito , Kokuzawa Ayako , Yamauchi Yusuke , Kirino Yohei , Nagai Hideto , Inoue Yasushi , Ota Toshiyuki , Chifu Yutaka , Inokuchi Satomi , Mitoma Hiroki , Akahoshi Mitsuteru , Sakai Mariko , Ohta Akihide , Iwamoto Masahiro , Tada Yoshifumi 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT

Objectives
To investigate the usefulness of severity classification for predicting outcomes in patients with adult-onset Still’s disease (AOSD).

Methods
This was a multi-centre retrospective cohort study. AOSD patients were classified into mild, moderate, and severe groups based on severity classification (Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare) during the initial treatment, and clinical features were compared among these groups. The primary endpoints were the AOSD-related mortality and drug-free remission rate. For comparison, the same analysis was performed in parallel for patient groups stratified by the modified Pouchot systemic score.

Results
According to severity classification, 49 (35%), 37 (26%), and 56 patients (39%) were classified into mild, moderate, and severe groups, respectively. Patients in the severe group showed higher frequency of severe complications and the use of biological agents. Although AOSD-related survival was not significantly different (p = .0776), four of the five fatal cases were classified into the severe group. The severe group showed a reduced rate of drug-free remission (p = .0125). Patient groups classified by systemic score did not correlate with survival or drug-free remission.

Conclusions
Severity classification is useful for predicting outcomes in patients with AOSD.
A new RNA–DNA interaction required for integration of group II intron retrotransposons into DNA targets
Authors: Monachello Dario , Lauraine Marc , Gillot Sandra , Michel François , Costa Maria 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Mobile group II introns are site-specific retrotransposable elements abundant in bacterial and organellar genomes. They are composed of a large and highly structured ribozyme and an intron-encoded reverse transcriptase that binds tightly to its intron to yield a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) particle. During the first stage of the mobility pathway, the intron RNA catalyses its own insertion directly into the DNA target site. Recognition of the proper target rests primarily on multiple base-pairing interactions between the intron RNA and the target DNA, while the protein makes contacts with only a few target positions by yet-unidentified mechanisms. Using a combination of comparative sequence analyses and in vivo mobility assays we demonstrate the existence of a new base-pairing interaction named EBS2a–IBS2a between the intron RNA and its DNA target site. This pairing adopts a Watson–Crick geometry and is essential for intron mobility, most probably by driving unwinding of the DNA duplex. Importantly, formation of EBS2a–IBS2a also requires the reverse transcriptase enzyme which stabilizes the pairing in a non-sequence-specific manner. In addition to bringing to light a new structural device that allows subgroup IIB1 and IIB2 introns to invade their targets with high efficiency and specificity our work has important implications for the biotechnological applications of group II introns in bacterial gene targeting.