bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resonant effect of the ultrarelativistic electron–positron pair production by gamma quanta in the field of a nucleus and a pulsed light wave
Authors: Roshchupkin Sergei P , Larin Nikita R , Dubov Victor V 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Resonant electron–positron pair production by a high-energy gamma quantum

ω
i

≳

10

2

GeV

in the field of a nucleus and a quasi-monochromatic laser wave with the intensities

I
≲

10

16

–

10

17

W

c
m

−
2

was theoretically studied. Under the resonant condition, an intermediate virtual electron (positron) in the laser field becomes a real particle. Due to this fact, the initial process of the second order in the fine structure constant of a laser field effectively reduces into the two successive processes of the first order: the laser-stimulated Breit–Wheeler process and the laser-assisted process of an intermediate electron (positron) scattering by a nucleus. It is shown that there is a threshold energy for the initial gamma quantum, which significantly depends on the number of absorbed wave photons. At the resonance, the electron–positron pair energies are determined by the outgoing angle between the momenta of the initial gamma quantum and the positron (for the channel A) or the electron (for the channel B). The differential cross-sections for the first few resonances with simultaneous registration of the energy and the outgoing angle of the positron or the electron were obtained. For the initial gamma quantum energy

ω
i

=
125

G
e
V

the resonant electron–positron pair energies for the case of the first three resonances can be measured with a very high magnitude of the differential cross-section: from ∼1013 for the first resonance to ∼108 (in the units of

α

Z
2

r
e
2

) for the third resonance.
Preparation of Nano-Porous Silver by Electroless Plating
Authors: Ban Bo , Li Mingyu , Zeng Qingxuan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A preparation method of nanoporous silver was introduced. First, polystyrene (PS) was pretreated. Then silver was deposited on the surface of PS. And finally, PS was removed to obtain porous silver by extraction. The effects of different reaction conditions on the reaction rate and silver deposits were studied. The reaction conditions include silver nitrate concentration, sodium hydroxide concentration, glucose concentration and temperature. The best reaction condition is 0.074 mol·L−1 AgNO3, 0.22 mol·L−1 glucose, 0.05mol·L−1 NaOH and the reaction temperature is 20°C.
Experience in Fire Protection Design of Building External Insulation Material System
Authors: Cao Ruji 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
With the development of building energy conservation for many years, the use of thermal insulation materials has been vigorously promoted, which forms a pattern of coexistence of various structural forms. Building energy conservation, as a national development plan, has achieved good results, but it has also exposed many social problems. The most prominent of which is the fire resistance of thermal insulation materials. From the point of view of designers, this paper discusses the structural characteristics of the main parts of the enclosure structure, the unity of thermal insulation performance and fire prevention performance, and the application points of thermal insulation materials.
A Method of Trace Gases Detection Based on Non-resonance Photoacoustic Spectroscopy
Authors: Zhu Zhizhen , Liu Jiaxiang , Fang Yonghua 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
It is significantly important for public health protection and environmental monitoring to complete accurate measurement of concentration information of hazardous gases and greenhouse gases. Based on the thermal effect of gas infrared absorption and the acoustic theory of photoacoustic (PA) cell, non-resonant photoacoustic spectroscopy(PAS) is an effective method to monitor gases. The basic principle of PAS is introduced, and the instrumental structure is addressed. The experiment is taken with ammonia as example and water vapor as interference. The responding coefficient of ammonia is calculated, and the output concentration is corrected with water vapor filter by correction method.
Optimization of Seismic Performance for Spatially Shaped Cable-Stayed Bridges Based on Dynamic Performance
Authors: Feng Yang , Zhang He , Hao Xueli 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Due to complexity, the use of conventional single-mass point vibration model to estimate the seismic effect of space shaped bridge towers is relatively effective roughly. In this paper, based on the calculation of the stiffness and mass balance of the cable-stayed bridge of the semi-floating system, and based on the analysis of the single-mass vibration pattern, the two-mass points are refined. The analysis model and the simplified calculation formula of the basic cycle are used to carry out targeted analysis and structural optimization of the structural system. The numerical analysis results show that the optimized structure can effectively improve the seismic capacity of the structure. To provide a more accurate calculation method for the seismic estimation of spatially shaped cable-stayed bridges. The results of the study are presented in the long-span semi-floating system cable-stayed bridge. Seismic concept design has been applied.
Failure Analysis of One Main Landing Gear (MLG) Sliding Tube of A320 Aircraft
Authors: Feng Yanpeng , Ma Xiaoming , Tang Haijun 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Landing gear system is one of the critical systems of an aircraft and is configured along with the aircraft structure because of its substantial influence on the aircraft structural configuration itself. Landing gear and its attachments are one of the principal structural elements and are useful for aircraft during taxiing, take-off and landing. In this research, A MLG sliding tube from one airline operated A320 aircraft, was returned by user, after a crack indication was discovered at one end of the axle arm. The part had completed about 25,000 cycles since new and 8,000 cycles since overhaul. The mode of crack propagation was intergranular, the crack surface was heavily corroded. A region on the outer diameter encompassing the crack had been blended prior to the receipt. No specific initiation site could be found, it was suspected based on the shape of the crack that initiation occurred from the outer diameter. Deformation was observed on the unblended inner diameter, suggesting that this location suffered a significant impact which imparted residual stress into the component. The Barkhausen noise inspection results support this.
Precision modeling of the IBA Universal Nozzle double scattering mode at the University Proton Therapy Dresden for Monte Carlo simulation
Authors: Lutz B. , Eulitz J. , Haneke-Swanson R. , Enghardt W. , Lühr A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Monte Carlo (MC) simulations are indispensable for many research and advanced clinical questions in proton therapy (PT). However, the necessary site-specific modeling of a double scattering (DS) PT system is extensive and challenging and requires a clear strategy. This work describes a comprehensive method for precise and accurate modeling of a DS nozzle that minimizes additional measurement effort.
A detailed model of the IBA universal nozzle is created within the TOPAS simulation framework. This model is subsequently fine-tuned using a step by step procedure to match the same dose profiles used for the commissioning of the treatment planning system. In the proposed bottom-up approach, the geometry of beam-shaping elements is first adjusted to measured quantities and then the beam and model properties are optimized using iterative methods. The resulting dose distributions are validated with a set of independent measurement data to estimate the achieved quality. The resulting simulated dose distributions agree well with the data and show residual range differences of maximum 0.6 mm. The shape of the SOBP plateau regions is accurately reproduced with a spread of the residuals below 1% (i.e., near to the statistical limit) over a large part of the machine settings. The simulated lateral dose profiles, although not directly included in the optimization, match the shape of the validation data better than 0.14 mm. The minimal measurement effort and high-precision proton field modeling make this method attractive, in particular, for retrospective beam modeling needed in clinical outcome or relative biological effectiveness studies after DS treatment.
The rise of electric vehicles—2020 status and future expectations
Authors: Muratori Matteo , Alexander Marcus , Arent Doug , Bazilian Morgan , Cazzola Pierpaolo , Dede Ercan M , Farrell John , Gearhart Chris , Greene David , Jenn Alan , Keyser Matthew , Lipman Timothy , Narumanchi Sreekant , Pesaran Ahmad , Sioshansi Ramteen , Suomalainen Emilia , Tal Gil , Walkowicz Kevin , Ward Jacob 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Electric vehicles (EVs) are experiencing a rise in popularity over the past few years as the technology has matured and costs have declined, and support for clean transportation has promoted awareness, increased charging opportunities, and facilitated EV adoption. Suitably, a vast body of literature has been produced exploring various facets of EVs and their role in transportation and energy systems. This paper provides a timely and comprehensive review of scientific studies looking at various aspects of EVs, including: (a) an overview of the status of the light-duty-EV market and current projections for future adoption; (b) insights on market opportunities beyond light-duty EVs; (c) a review of cost and performance evolution for batteries, power electronics, and electric machines that are key components of EV success; (d) charging-infrastructure status with a focus on modeling and studies that are used to project charging-infrastructure requirements and the economics of public charging; (e) an overview of the impact of EV charging on power systems at multiple scales, ranging from bulk power systems to distribution networks; (f) insights into life-cycle cost and emissions studies focusing on EVs; and (g) future expectations and synergies between EVs and other emerging trends and technologies. The goal of this paper is to provide readers with a snapshot of the current state of the art and help navigate this vast literature by comparing studies critically and comprehensively and synthesizing general insights. This detailed review paints a positive picture for the future of EVs for on-road transportation, and the authors remain hopeful that remaining technology, regulatory, societal, behavioral, and business-model barriers can be addressed over time to support a transition toward cleaner, more efficient, and affordable transportation solutions for all.
Property and Affairs Aspects of the International Protection of Adults
Authors: van Overdijk Claire 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The same broad questions of Private International Law arise in the context of the protection of the property of the adult as they do in relation to their person. In other words, in any case with a cross-border element, it will be necessary to consider questions such as which court has jurisdiction over the person, which state’s laws will be applied, and whether orders made in one state will be recognized by the authorities (whether they be administrative or judicial) of a different state. It will also be necessary to consider whether any form of Private Mandate granted by the adult intended to survive (or take effect) upon incapacity will be effective in another state.
Hague 35
Authors: Keene Alex Ruck 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In many ways, Hague 35 was—and to some extent remains—a treaty ahead of its time. Whilst the cross-border protection of children has been recognized as a social, political and legal problem for well over a generation, the cross-border protection of adults has only slowly been rising up the agenda, notwithstanding the very real problems that are already experienced upon the ground. The framers of the Convention, therefore, had a real opportunity to set in place frameworks that could promote best practice between Contracting States which would, in turn, have the potential to bring about changes to the domestic law of those states. A practical example of the benefits of this can already been seen in relation to Ireland where a significant driver in the passage of the Assisted Decision-Making (Capacity) Bill has been the perceived need radically to modernize the treatment of those with impaired capacity in that state so as to be able to ratify the Convention.
Switzerland
Authors: Aebi-Müller Regina , Magliana Melissa , Ward Adrian 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Switzerland (Swiss Confederation, Confoederatio Helveticae, CH) is a federal state organized on three political levels: the communes, the cantons, and the federal government. Originally established as a confederation, the Swiss federation was formed in 1848 with the adoption of the federal constitution. The division of powers between the federal government and the cantons—individual states with autonomous legislative, executive, and judicial branches and a high degree of independence—is constitutionally defined. Switzerland is not a member of the European Union but is related to it through many bilateral treaties. It has a population of almost 8 million, of which 23% are foreign nationals.
Canada—Nova Scotia
Authors: Keene Alex Ruck , Alison Scott Butler QC 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Canada is a federation composed of ten provinces, including Nova Scotia (‘NS’), and three territories. The common law applies in Canada, with the exception of the province of Quebec, which uses a civil law system. There is a federal government; as a province, NS also exercises constitutional powers in its own right. Federal legislation includes provisions relating to adults within the scope of this work. The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms also guarantees certain political rights to Canadians and civil rights to everyone in Canada, and contains rights that impact upon capacity law.
Canada—Saskatchewan
Authors: Ward Adrian , Ron Kruzeniski 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Canada is a federation composed of ten provinces, including Saskatchewan, and three territories. The common law applies in Canada, with the exception of the province of Quebec, which uses a civil law system. There is a federal government; as a province, Saskatchewan also exercises constitutional powers in its own right. Federal legislation includes provisions relating to adults within the scope of this work. The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms also guarantees certain political rights to Canadians and civil rights to everyone in Canada and contains rights that impact upon capacity law.
Norway
Authors: Keene Alex Ruck , Fredwall Katrine Kjærheim 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Norway is a unitary state.It has a hybrid legal system, but is predominantly civil in nature. There are sixty-six district courts (tingretter) at the lowest level. Above them are six Courts of Appeal (lagmannsretter); the highest appellate court is the High Court of Justice (høyesterett).
Definition of Development 2: Material Change of Use
Authors: Bowes Ashley 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The term ‘material change of use’ is not defined in the 1990 Act. Its meaning has to be ascertained, therefore, by reference to the many cases in which the courts have had to consider its significance. In Parkes v Secretary of State for the Environment [1978] 1 WLR 1308 (CA), Lord Denning MR said that ‘operations’ comprised activities which resulted in some physical alteration to the land, which had some degree of permanence to the land itself; whereas ‘use’ comprised activities which are done in, alongside, or on the land but which did not interfere with the actual physical characteristics of the land. Accordingly, he held that, for the purposes of serving a discontinuance order under what is now s 102 of the 1990 Act, the sorting, processing, and disposal of scrap materials was a ‘use’ of land.
Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas
Authors: Bowes Ashley 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
PPS5 ‘Planning for the Historic Environment’ introduced a new administrative approach to the historic environment by creating the concept of ‘heritage assets’. The National Planning Policy Framework (‘NPPF’) defines a ‘heritage asset’ as follows: A building, monument, site, place, area or landscape identified as having a degree of significance meriting consideration in planning decisions, because of its heritage interest. It includes designated heritage assets and assets identified by the local planning authority (including local listing).
Mitigating the horrors of war
Authors: Mitchell Jolyon , Rey Joshua 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
‘Mitigating the horrors of war’ situations in which religion, rather than motivating or assisting war, has sought to be a force making warfare less barbarous and catastrophic. Many religions have a distinctive ethical code with regard to war. The Western Christian tradition has developed a concept of ‘just war’, and the Islamic notion of jihad also places limits on war. But perhaps the oldest body of ideas and teachings on this topic arose on the Indian sub-continent. This thought receives a subtle treatment in the Mahabharata epic. The Mahabharata presents an understanding of the ethics of warfare in which compromise is unavoidable.
Invoking peace
Authors: Mitchell Jolyon , Rey Joshua 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
‘Invoking peace’ describes religious pacifism, which is a spectrum. Some will take the religious imperative to peace as a simple prohibition on fighting, while some will take it as a command to active peace-building. Likewise, there are different ways in which religious pacifism is lived out and has an impact. Buddhist pacifism, Jainism, and Christian pacifism are worth considering, particularly the figures of Mahatma Gandhi and Bacha Khan. There are issues with contemporary Muslim peace-building and the limits of liberal peace-building and this can be seen through the example of an initiative to promote interfaith dialogue and understanding: the Interfaith Mediation Centre based in Kaduna, in Northern Nigeria.
Scedosporium and Lomentospora Infections Are Infrequent, Difficult to Diagnose by Histology, and Highly Virulent
Authors: DeSimone Mia S , Crothers Jessica W , Solomon Isaac H , Laga Alvaro C 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Objective
To further characterize the histomorphology and clinicopathologic features of colonization and invasive disease by Scedosporium and Lomentospora.

Methods
We conducted a 20-year retrospective study. Patients with at least 1 histopathology specimen and concurrent culture were included. Clinical features, histopathology, microbiology, and outcomes were analyzed.

Results
Eighteen patients were identified, and all were immunocompromised. Eight patients had colonization, while 10 had invasive disease (pneumonia [n = 3], skin and soft-tissue infections [n = 3], disseminated disease [n = 4]). Scedosporium apiospermum was identified in 15 patients, Lomentospora prolificans in 2 patients, and Scedosporium ellipsoideum in 1 patient. Fungal elements were identified histologically in 11 patients. Granulomatous, suppurative, and necrotizing inflammation with irregular branching hyphae and characteristic microconidia were observed in 9 cases; conidiogenous cells were identified in 4 cases. Seven patients died of invasive disease despite therapy, and 3 recovered after treatment. No deaths were observed in patients with colonization.

Conclusions
Scedosporium and Lomentospora are rare, virulent opportunistic fungal pathogens. Fungal morphology may overlap with other hyaline molds, but identification of obovoid conidia should allow a diagnosis of non-Aspergillus hyalohyphomycosis and consideration of Scedosporium and Lomentospora. Histopathologic correlation with culture and polymerase chain reaction is critical for diagnosis and treatment.
European Hernia Society guidelines on management of rectus diastasis
Authors: Hernández-Granados P , Henriksen N A , Berrevoet F , Cuccurullo D , López-Cano M , Nienhuijs S , Ross D , Montgomery A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
The definition, classification and management of rectus diastasis (RD) are controversial in the literature and a variety of different surgical treatments have been described. This article reports on the European Hernia Society (EHS) Clinical Practice Guideline for RD.

Method
The Guideline group consisted of eight surgeons. The Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach and the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE) instrument were used. A systematic literature search was done in November 2018 and updated in November 2019 and October 2020. Nine Key Questions (KQs) were formulated.

Results
Literature reporting on the definition, classification, symptoms, outcomes and treatments was limited in quality, leading to weak recommendations for the majority of the KQs. The main recommendation is to define RD as a separation between rectus muscles wider than 2 cm. A new classification system is suggested based on the width of muscle separation, postpregnancy status and whether or not there is a concomitant hernia. Impaired body image and core instability appear to be the most relevant symptoms. Physiotherapy may be considered before surgical management. It is suggested to use linea alba plication in patients without concomitant hernia and a mesh-based repair of RD with concomitant midline hernias.

Conclusion
RD should be defined as a separation of rectus muscles wider than 2 cm and a new classification system is suggested.