bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FORMULATION, OPTIMIZATION AND IN VITRO EVALUATION OF 5-FLUOROURACIL LOADED LIQUORICE CRUDE PROTEIN NANOPARTICLES FOR SUSTAINED DRUG DELIVERY USING BOX-BEHNKEN DESIGN
Authors: V. S. GEETHA , VELRAJ MALARKODI 
Published: January 2021

Objective: To formulate, optimize and evaluate 5-fluorouracil loaded liquorice crude protein nanoparticles for sustained drug delivery using Box-Behnken design.
Methods: 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) loaded liquorice crude protein (LCP) nanoparticles were prepared by desolvation method using ethanol-water (1:2 ratio), Tween-80 (2%v/v) as stabilizing agent and gluteraldehyde (8% v/v) as cross linking agent. The optimization of prepared nanoparticles was carried out using Box-Behnken design with 3 factors 2 levels and 3 responses. The independent variables were A)5-FU concentration B)LCP concentration and C) sonication time while the responses were R1) Drug entrapment efficiency R2) Drug loading efficiency and R3) Particle size. The correlation between factors and responses were studied through response surface plots and mathematical equations. The nanoparticles were evaluated for FTIR, physicochemical properties like particle size and zeta potential by Photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) and surface morphology by TEM. The entrapment efficiency, drug loading efficiency and in vitro drug release studies in PBS pH 7.4 (24 h) were carried out. The observed values were found to be in close agreement with the predicted value obtained from the optimization process.
Results: 5-fluorouracil loaded LCP nanoparticles were prepared by desolvation method, the optimization was carried out by Box-Behnken design and the final formulation was evaluated for particle size (301.1 nm), zeta-potential (-25.8mV), PDI(0.226), with entrapment efficiency (64.07%), drug loading efficiency (28.54%), in vitro drug release (65.2% in 24 h) respectively. The formulated nanoparticles show Higuchi model drug release kinetics with sustained drug delivery for 24 h in pH7.4 buffer.
Conclusion: The results were proved to be the most valuable for the sustained delivery of 5-Fluorouracil using liquorice crude protein as carrier. 5-FU–LCP nanoparticles were prepared using Tween-80 as stabilizing agent and gluteraldehyde as cross-linking agent to possess ideal sustained drug release characteristics.
Editorial
Authors: Dias Marcelo Pires , Moura Gustavo G. M 
Published: January 2021

O volume 6, nº 1 da Revista Ethnoscientia, periódico ligado à Sociedade Brasileira de Etnobiologia e Etnoecologia (SBEE) traz artigos de fluxo contínuo com temáticas <span>etnobiológica e etnoecológica.</span>
Factors influencing the migration intention of health professionals in low and middle income countries: Critical review with a theoretical model
Authors: Hajian Sara , Yazdani Shahram , Jadidfard MohammadPooyan , Khoshnevisan Mohammad Hossein 
Published: January 2021

Objective
Migration of healthcare workers could result in shortage of human resources and rising inequalities in service provision in resource poor countries. The aim of this review was to determine the factors influencing the migration decisions of medical and dental graduates migrating from low- and middle-income countries as well as introducing a practical model for health professionalâ€™s migration.
Methods
Google Scholar and PubMed were searched together with relevant journals for English studies from January 2005 to January 2020. The original studies which evaluated the motivational factors of dental and medical graduates migrating from low or middle income countries were included. The migration model was developed by investigating the factors and frameworks of selected studies.
Results
Twenty-five articles were met the inclusion criteria. Push and pull theory was the most popular way to describe the driving factors of migration. These factors were classified into three macro-, meso- and micro-level with eight key domains. Poor income, unfavorable socio-economic situation, political instability, lack of professional and educational opportunities together with family and personal concerns found as strong common reasons perpetuating migration.
Conclusion
Despite the fact that health workers migrate for different reasons, they follow a same route for decision to stay or leave their home countries. Un-fulfillment of expectations in mother land in addition to media reconstructed reality of life in foreign land can develop a positive attitude for better quality of life improvement after migration. Once individuals could overpass their national identity and barriers of migration, the final decision toward migration would be more feasible.
Analisis Produksi Dan Pendapatan Usahatani Kakao Menggunakan Metode Sarungisasi Di Desa Sidondo I Kecamatan Sigi Biromaru Kabupaten Sigi
Authors: Evayulitasari Evayulitasari , Lamusa Arifuddin , Christoporus Christoporus 
Published: January 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: Mengetahui faktor-faktor produksi usahatani tanaman kakao menggunakan metode sarungisasi di Desa Sidondo I Kecamtan Sigi Biromaru dan Mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan sarungisasi pada buah kakao terhadap produksi di Desa Sidondo I Kecamatan Sigi Biromaru. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu Metode sampel jenuh atau sensus untuk memperoleh data primer dan observasi lapangan setelah itu dilakukan pengambilan data sekunder. Jumlah sampel dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 70 KK. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan: probabilitas p = 0,000 < 0,05 (α = 5 %) uji dua arah, membuktikan menolak hipotesis nol, artinya variabel bebas jumlah tanaman produktif, pupuk NPK, jumlah tenaga kerja, teknologi sarungisasi secara simultan (bersama-sama) mempengaruhi produksi biji kakao di Desa Sidondo I. Koefisien determinan (R2) yang disesuaikan sebesar 0,555 menunjukkan bahwa variasi produksi usahatani kakao dipengaruhi oleh variabel bebas jumlah tanaman produktif, pupuk NPK, jumlah tenaga kerja, dan teknologi sarungisasi sedangkan sisanya 44,5% disebabkan oleh variabel lain yang tidak dimasukkan dalam model misalnya faktor iklim, kesuburan tanah, dan lain-lain. Variabel jumlah tanaman produktif, Pupuk NPK, Jumlah Tenaga Kerja, dan Teknologi Sarungisasi berpengaruh nyata terhadap produksi kakao di Desa Sidondo I pada taraf kepercayaan 95% uji dua arah, dan Penerimaan rata-rata usahatani kakao yaitu Rp. 23.383.771/ 1,11 ha / tahun atau Rp. 21.066.461/ ha/tahun dan biaya total rata-rata usahatani kakao adalah Rp. 6.046.544/ 1,11 ha / tahun atau Rp. 5.447.337/ ha / tahun, pendapatan rata-rata usaha kakao adalah Rp. 17.337.227/ 1,11 ha / tahun atau Rp. 15.619.123/ha /tahun.
Abnormal Pap Smear
Authors: Farid Huma 
Published: January 2021

Since the Papanicolaou (Pap) smear became implemented as a screening tool for cervical cancer, the mortality from cervical cancer has sharply declined in the United States. The discovery of the human papillomavirus (HPV) as the causative agent in the progression from dysplasia of the cervix to cervical cancer has changed the types of screening offered to women and the management of abnormal Pap smears. The management of abnormal Pap smears has changed depending on the age of the woman, with women under the age of 24 years being managed more conservatively given the low rates of cervical cancer in this age group and the high rates of regression of HPV and cytologic abnormalities. Colposcopy remains the first line in evaluation of an abnormal Pap smear, with excisional treatment reserved for high-grade dysplasias with a high risk of progression to cervical cancer. Treatment for cervical dysplasia is highly effective, but even after treatment, there is an increased risk of recurrence or progression to cervical cancer for up to 25 years, and these women should be followed closely.
This review contains 18 figures, 3 tables, and 43 references.
Key words: cervical cancer screening, high-grade cervical dysplasia, human papillomavirus, low-grade cervical dysplasia, management of abnormal Pap smears, Pap smear, recurrence of cervical dysplasia, treatment of dysplasia
Menopausal Treatment
Authors: Gilbert Sara Babcock , Santoro Nanette 
Published: January 2021

The objective of this chapter is to review the current body of knowledge in the treatment of menopausal symptoms and provide succinct conclusions and recommendations that can serve as the primary source of literature for clinicians, medical professionals, and students. The following includes in-depth evaluations of multiple studies including Cochrane Database reviews, systematic reviews, large randomized clinical studies, retrospective and prospective cohort studies, and animal studies. This chapter contains two large tables reviewing the current medications on the market for the treatment of menopausal symptoms. These tables include the brand and generic names, dosing, route of administration, side effects, FDA status, and literature supporting the medication’s use. This is designed to provide readers with an easy and accurate reference. In addition, this chapter contains information and links to online and downloadable references and guides for both patients and providers to assist in ease of starting, changing, or discontinuing treatment of menopause.

This review contains 1 highly rendered figure, 9 tables, and 45 references

Key Words: Menopausal treatment; hot flashes; vaginal dryness; genitourinary syndrome of menopause; hormone replacement therapy; HRT or HT; non-hormonal therapy
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in the Adolescent
Authors: Singh Tara A. , Harney Kathleen F. 
Published: January 2021

The typical PCOS phenotype of anovulation, androgen excess, and polycystic ovarian morphology can overlap with normal adolescence, thus making the diagnosis more difficult. Early recognition of adolescents at a risk for PCOS allows for earlier intervention with the potential for improved cardiovascular and metabolic health. Mental health issues and poor quality of life are frequently associated with PCOS in adolescent women and, therefore, should be identified and addressed. As with many issues confronting the adolescent, peer and family support should be encouraged. Lifestyle changes and weight loss should be thought of as first-line therapy for young women with PCOS. Combined hormonal contraceptives remain the medical therapy of choice for the treatment of menstrual irregularity, hirsutism, acne, and contraception. Metformin and spironolactone may be considered, with metformin particularly beneficial in young women with metabolic abnormalities.
This review contains 2 tables and 50 references.
Key Words: antiandrogens, antimüllerian hormone, hirsutism, hyperandrogenism, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, menstrual irregularity, obesity, oral contraceptive pills, polycystic ovary
Cervical Dysplasia and Human Papillomavirus
Authors: Frey Melissa K , Matrai Cathleen E 
Published: January 2021

Human papillomavirus (HPV) affects the majority of sexually active individuals and accounts for approximately 5% of human cancers and nearly 100% of cervical cancer cases. The progression from persistent HPV infection to invasive cervical cancer takes at least 10 years and is preceded by epithelial dysplastic changes. Cytologic screening programs, which rely on disease detection during this precancerous interval, have successfully decreased the incidence of cervical cancer. The HPV vaccine, approved since 2006, effectively decreases cervical disease but remains underused in the United States and abroad, with the incidence of HPV-related cancers still on the rise. In this review, we discuss the epidemiology and molecular pathogenesis of HPV infections and cervical cancer development, cervical cancer screening and screening terminology, management of abnormal screening results, and HPV vaccination.

This review contains 4 figures, 8 tables and 49 references
Key words: atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance, cervical cancer, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, colposcopy, high-grade cervical dysplasia, human papillomavirus, human papillomavirus vaccine, low-grade cervical dysplasia, Papanicolaou test, papillomaviruses
Incidence of Rod Shaped Gramnegative Hospital Acquired Bacterial Infection and Antibiotic Resistance: A Retrospective Based Population Study
Authors: Jalal Rashid Kamal 
Published: January 2021

The gram-negative, especially rod shapes vary in the frequencies that they cause the most frequent types of hospital-acquired infection: pneumonia, surgical site infection, urinary tract infection, diabetic infection, burn and bloodstream infection. The presented study determined the microbial spectrum and antimicrobial susceptibility of gram-negative bacteria isolated from various infection sites in hospitalized patients in Sulaimani city. This study included 735 patients who underwent surgical and wound treatment admitted to the hospital. A microbiological standard technique was used for Identification, isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility. The data in this job were scaled into excel sheets and transferred to SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) version 24.0 software. The significance of associations between variables and predictor done by Chi-square (?2). P-value of <0.05 was regarded significant. Male was the most common cases 52.5%. Patients less than 18 years-old were the most frequently affected 54.3%. Gram negative infection is the most common and most serious complication of burn injuries and it is the majority suspected clinical finding nearly to 60%. The most common bacteria separatedd from wound and sepsis were Pseudomonas aeruginosa 91.91%. Individual pathogens’ incidence differ significantly between location of infection p<0.001. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, only resistant stabled at the lowest rates for Colistine and Imepenim (0.1% and 7.8%) and significant finding was confirmed p<0.001. But highly resistance to Ticarcillin/Clavulanic Acid, Cefepime, Tobramycin, and Gentamicin (85.6%, 80.8%, 79.3%, 79.2%) .In conclusion, these population-based study gram-negative infections predominate in burn wounds. Microbial resistance to the confirmed drugs leads to repeated antimicrobial treatment modifications and long-time of treatments.
The Process of Inquiry-Based Teaching Practices from the Perspective of Prospective Mathematics Teachers
Authors: Sarıca Rabia , Çetin Bayram 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Introduction:
Inquiry-based teaching is a constructivist-based method that has become popular in recent years. In this method, students work in a systematic way like a scientist during the research process, actively participate in the learning process, solve problems and learn in practice. The aim of this study is to reveal the opinions of prospective teachers about inquiry based teaching practices.

Methods:
The study was designed in a qualitative research design. The participants of the study are primary mathematics teacher candidates. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews conducted face-to-face with the students. The data were analyzed using content analysis. The findings obtained from the analysis of the prospective teachers’ views were presented with the relevant themes and codes under the titles.

Results:
Some of the findings of the prospective teachers’ opinions about the process in which inquiry-based teaching method is applied are as follows. It provides permanent learning, is suitable for real life, develops skills such as research, problem solving, leadership, motivates and gives experience to the profession, is learned actively by doing and experiencing in the process, unexpected difficulties are encountered, the traditional method is easier, not suitable for every course, the lecturer should give more feedback and guidance, communication and coordination in group work is required.

Discussion:
Prospective teachers stated many positive opinions about the process in which the course content was taught using inquiry-based method. It can be said that the application process positively influences the practical knowledge and skills of teacher candidates. However, it is seen that some prospective teachers find the process tiring and time consuming. It is understood that teacher candidates have intense concerns about Public Personnel Selection Examination (KPSS) and this affects the process. KPSS is a test in Turkey for prospective teachers where they should get enough points to be appointed as teachers after graduation. Although the participants of this study are 3rd grade prospective teachers and they take the KPSS exam after graduation; it is understood that KPSS affects them and their motivation.

Limitations:
This research is limited to the measurement and evaluation course and to the 3rd grade mathematics teacher candidates who are the participants of this study.

Conclusions:
Prospective teachers mostly have positive opinions about the inquiry-based teaching process. It can be said that it would be beneficial to use this method in teacher education.
Investigation of School Administrators’ Humour Styles and School Climate according to Teacher Perceptions
Authors: Şahin Fatih , Tabak Hasan 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Introduction:
This research aims to determine the humour behaviours of school administrators according to teacher perception and to reveal the relationship between humour behaviours and school climate.

Methods:
The research was carried out in a survey model. The data of the study were obtained from 221 primary school teachers working in Ankara and Aksaray provinces via a questionnaire created online. Regression analysis technique was used to determine the relationship between variables.

Results:
According to the results of the research, school administrators showed relatively more positive humour (producer-social humour and affirmative humour) behaviours. In terms of climate, it is seen that the perception of a positive school climate (supportive and intimacy based school climate) is higher than the negative ones. When the relationships between the variables were examined, it was seen that there was a definite increase in the school climate with the school administrator using humour positively. With the rise in the use of refusing or sarcastic humour, there was an adverse increase in school climate.

Discussion:
According to these results, it can be argued that humour behaviours of school administrators are an essential determinant in the context of creating a positive school climate in schools.

Limitations:
Data from the sample of the study were collected through online questionnaires. Therefore, this research has no claim of generalisability.

Conclusions:
Therefore, it is necessary to increase the knowledge and sensitivity of school administrators on how to use and manage humour.
An Anthropocentric Evaluation of the New English Language Teaching Program for Lower Secondary School in Turkey
Authors: Yastıbaş Ahmet Erdost 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Introduction:
The earth has entered a new geological epoch: the Anthropocene. The Anthropocene demonstrates how human activities have changed the world negatively by causing several environmental issues such as global warming. Therefore, it has become an important problem for people. Education should be reconsidered according to the new epoch to deal with it. There is a trans-disciplinary call for this issue. In relation to this call, the present study has aimed to evaluate the new English language teaching program (ELTP) for lower secondary school (5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th grades) in terms of the Anthropocene in Turkey.

Methods:
The present study was designed as a qualitative study. The data collection tools were the new ELTP for lower secondary school and the 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th-grade English language course books prepared according to the new program. The data were analyzed through documentation analysis. Triangulation and thick descriptions were used to make the study trustworthy.

Results:
The documentation analysis of the data has showed that there are six themes related to the nature in the new ELTP for lower secondary school: theme 9 (the animal shelter) in the 5th grade; themes 4 (weather and emotions) and 9 (saving the planet) in the 6th grade; themes 4 (wild animals) and 9 (environment) in the 7th grade; theme 10 (natural forces) in the 8th grade. The learning outcomes and language skills of each theme were prepared according to the contents of the themes. Theme 9 in the 5th grade shows how human activities can affect the environment positively. Theme 4 in the 6th grade indicates how the environment can affect people. The rest demonstrate how human activities have affected the nature negatively and how people can save the nature.

Discussion:
Theme 9 (saving the planet) in the 6th grade, themes 4 (wild animals) and 9 (environment) in the 7th grade, and theme 10 (natural forces) in the 8th grade explain how several environmental issues have occurred owing to human activities, how these issues have affected the nature and human lives negatively, and how people can deal with these issues. Theme 9 (the animal shelter) in the 5th grade informs students about how human activities can affect the nature positively, and theme 4 (weather and emotions) in the 6th grade about how the environment can affect people. Through these themes, the new ELTP for lower secondary school can enable English language students to understand that people are a part of the nature, have the power to change the environment, and can live with the environment in balance.

Limitations:
The curriculum evaluation is only related to the new ELTP for lower secondary school (5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th grades) in Turkey.

Conclusion:
The Anthropocentric evaluation of the new ELTP for lower secondary school has shown that it can raise English language students’ awareness of the relationship between people and the nature and their effects on each other.
Exploring the Quality of Pupils’ Financial Literacy
Authors: Lukáč Jozef , Danková Lenka , Stašková Slavomíra , Meheš Marek , Kudlová Zuzana 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Introduction:
Education is an important tool for improving many aspects of life, including socio-economic status or well-being. The paper is aimed at monitoring the financial literacy of pupils in Eastern Slovakia.

Methods:
The contribution will contain the results of the survey. We analyse in detail the theoretical definition of financial literacy, strategy and measures of the state administration bodies in the field of improving financial literacy of more than 2000 pupils.

Results:
The result of the research paper is an analysis of the achieved data and their characteristics.

Discussion:
This part of the research paper deals with the areas of financial literacy of pupils in Slovakia. Education is an important tool for improving many aspects of life, including socio-economic status or well-being.

Limitations:
Participants of the electronic questionnaire participated in the answers according to the activities and projects prepared by a particular elementary school.

Conclusion:
Higher life expectancy, pension reforms, the availability of a more comprehensive range of financial products and services mean that the ability to make well-informed financial decisions is increasingly considered an important life skill. If a school fails at certain points during a child’s study, it is assumed that this will have a negative long-term impact on the child’s life in the future, as ending a school without sufficient qualifications can lead to difficulties in ensuring equal participation in the financial, civil and social aspects of modern society. Education is an important tool for improving many aspects of life, including socio-economic status or well-being.
Existence and stability of solutions for a system of quadratic integral equations in Banach algebras
Authors: Baghdad Said 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to prove the existence and stability of solutions of a system of quadratic integral equations in the Banach algebra of continuous and bounded functions on unbounded rectangle. The main tool used in our considerations is the multiple fixed point theorem which is a consequence of Darbo’s fixed point theorem and the technique associated with measures of noncompactness. We also present an illustrative example.