bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSIII-4 Nutritional evaluation of yeast biomass from candida utilis as a protein source in cat diets
Authors: Holt Dalton A , Aldrich Charles G 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Yeast products have found much favor within companion animal nutrition. A recently developed proprietary process has introduced an enhanced yeast biomass from Candida utilis (merchandised as SylPro®) into the animal food marketplace. Candida utilis has been shown to be a valuable protein in canine, swine and aquaculture diets; however, no previous research has evaluated its use in feline diets. Therefore, the current objective was to determine the nutrient digestibility of diets containing SylPro® yeast biomass (SYL) as the primary protein source relative to soybean meal (SOY), pea protein concentrate (PEA), and chicken meal (CKN) fed to cats. Apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of diets were estimated using Titanium dioxide as an indigestible marker. The DM ATTD for SYL was lower (P &lt; 0.0001) than CKN (86.39 vs. 87.43%, respectively) but similar to both SOY (85.66%) and PEA (86.54%). The OM ATTD of SYL, SOY, and PEA were not different (P &lt; 0.0001) and were each lower than CKN (average of 89.60 vs. 91.16%, respectively). The CP ATTD for SYL (89.9%) was not different from the other three treatments (P = 0.0200). Crude fat ATTD of SYL was lower (92.52%; P &lt; 0.0001) than all treatments with PEA being greatest (94.82%) and CKN and SOY intermediate (average of 93.84%). The SYL and CKN had higher TDF ATTD (average of 66.20%; P &lt; 0.0001) relative to PEA and SOY (average of 49.79%). The GE ATTD of SYL was lower than CKN (90.18 vs. 90.97%, respectively; P = 0.0154) but similar to both SOY (90.18%) and PEA (90.30%). In conclusion, all diets were highly digestible but CKN preformed the best. The SYL diet was similar to CKN for ATTD of CP and TDF. The SYL diet was also similar to both SOY and PEA for ATTD of DM, OM, CP and GE.
PSIII-25 The effects of varying levels of trace mineral supplementation on mineral balance and antibody concentrations in feedlot cattle
Authors: Lippy Brittany A , Wilson Blake K , Robison Colton A 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Trace mineral (TM) supplementation is critical for optimal performance and health. The objective was to determine the effects of varying levels of TM supplementation on feedlot cattle TM status and antibody concentrations. Angus steers (n = 240; BW = 291 kg ± 27.4) were stratified by arrival BW and source and assigned to 1 of 4 treatments (12 pens/treatment; 5 steers/pen). Treatments included a negative control (CON) in which cattle received no TM supplementation, a requirement treatment (1X) in which cattle received added TM at 2016 Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle required levels, a 2 times requirements (2X), and a 4 times requirements (4X) treatment. Selenium was included at 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mg/kg for 1X, 2X, and 4X respectively. Treatments were chosen based on reported TM supplementation levels from the 2015 Feedlot Consulting Nutritionist Survey. One steer was chosen at random from each pen to be evaluated for serum and liver TM status and antibody concentrations to respiratory viruses. There was treatment × day interaction for serum Co, and liver Cu and Se (P &lt; 0.0001). Serum Co was greatest for the 4X treatment from d 28 through harvest. Liver Cu was greatest for the 2X and 4X treatments from d 56 through harvest. Liver Se was greatest for 2X and 4X from d 28 through harvest. There was an effect of day on liver Co, Fe, Mn, Mo, and Zn (P &lt; 0.0001) and serum Cu, Mn, Mo, Se, and Zn (P &lt; 0.0019). Concentrations for individual TM had different trends over time, however, all reported values were within normal ranges. Serum Zn was greater at harvest (P = .02). There was an effect of time on Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Type 1A, Bovine Herpesvirus Type 1, Bovine Parainfluenza 3 virus antibody titer concentrations (P &lt; 0.0001).
PSIII-16 Use of soybean hulls in diets for drylot beef cows
Authors: Moore Rebecca L , Pickinpaugh Wayde J , Caton Joel , Neville Bryan W 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
One-hundred twenty-one Red Angus beef cows were used to evaluate the effects of soybean hull inclusion in beef cow diets throughout gestation and lactation. Cows were stratified by age, body weight (BW), and body condition score (BCS), and were randomly assigned to treatment (n = 4 pens per treatment). Treatments included 1) control diet [CON; consisted of corn silage, modified distillers’ grains plus solubles (MDGS), and wheat straw], and 2) soybean hull diet [SBH; consisted of 26 to 27% soybean hulls (DM basis) replacing portions of corn silage, MDGS, and wheat straw]. Beef cow BW, BCS, average daily gain (ADG), and back fat (BF) measurements were evaluated. Colostrum samples were collected on a subset of randomly selected cows from each pen. Weigh-suckle-weigh technique was used to evaluate milk production. Calf birth weight, weaning weight, and ADG were evaluated. At weaning, calves were ultrasounded for BF, rump fat, and ribeye area. Dam BW, BCS, BF, and ADG were not affected (P ≥ 0.12) by treatment. Colostrum fat, somatic cell count, urea nitrogen, and other solids were not altered (P ≥ 0.13) by treatment; however, colostrum protein was greater (P ≥ 0.09) in CON cows. Milk production at d 60 was greater (P = 0.03) for SBH fed cows. Calf birth and weaning weights were unaffected by treatment (P = 0.30). Ribeye area measurements were greater (P = 0.05) in SBH calves (14.6 vs. 13.7 ± 0.76 cm2), but BF and rump fat were not different (P ≥ 0.58). The present study demonstrates that soybean hulls can be included in beef cow diets at 26 to 27 % of dietary DM. Our data and previous research indicate that soybean hulls can be fed to drylot beef cows during gestation and lactation without negative impacts on cow or calf outcomes.
PSIII-15 The interactions of change in nutrition after artificial insemination on plasma metabolites, steroid hormones, and uterine histotroph in beef heifers
Authors: Andrews Taylor , Walker Julie , Epperson Kaitlin M , Rich Jerica J , Kline Adalaide C , Quail Lacey , McCoski Sarah , Sanford Carla , Zezeski Abigail L , Geary Tom W , Perry George A 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The objective was to evaluate the impact of nutritional changes after artificial insemination (AI) on plasma metabolites, steroid hormones, and uterine histotroph. Beef heifers (n = 50) were randomly assigned to a post-AI dietary treatment (High=161.5% or Low=77.45% of maintenance energy) until uteri were flushed for embryo recovery (d14). Blood samples were collected on d -3, 0 (AI), 3, 6, 9, 12, and 14 for analysis of plasma non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), total protein (protein), glucose, cholesterol, and progesterone concentrations. Uterine flushes (UF) were analyzed for concentrations of Mg, P, S, K, Ca, Cu, Zn, Se, Mn, Co, B, Cr, and Fe. Plasma NEFA, protein, glucose, cholesterol, and progesterone concentrations were analyzed as repeated measures in SAS (PROC MIXED). Mineral concentrations in UF were analyzed using the MIXED procedures in SAS. Diet influenced plasma NEFA concentrations, with Low heifers having elevated concentrations (P &lt; 0.01); however, diet did not influence plasma protein, glucose, cholesterol, or progesterone concentrations (P &gt; 0.10). Plasma NEFA, glucose, and progesterone concentrations changed over time (P &lt; 0.05), but protein and cholesterol did not differ over time (P &gt; 0.10). Diet by time interactions influenced plasma NEFA, protein, and cholesterol concentrations (P &lt; 0.05), but glucose and progesterone concentrations were not different (P &gt; 0.10). Presence of a recovered embryo by time interaction influenced plasma protein concentrations (P &lt; 0.04), but NEFA, glucose, cholesterol, and progesterone concentrations were not affected by the interaction (P &gt; 0.10). Embryo recovery and diet by embryo recovery by time did not impact plasma NEFA, protein, glucose, cholesterol and progesterone concentrations (P &gt; 0.10). When an embryo was recovered, Mg (P = 0.02) and S (P = 0.02) were decreased in UF. Diet and diet by embryo recovery did not affect UF mineral concentrations (P&gt;0.10). In conclusion, post-AI nutrition influenced plasma NEFA, protein, glucose, cholesterol, and progesterone concentrations. Additionally, uterine histotroph mineral concentrations were affected by presence of an embryo.
PSIV-12 Effects of feeding a novel alfalfa leaf pellet product (ProLEAF MAX™) and alfalfa stems (ProFiber Plus™) on production of lactating dairy cows
Authors: Smith Laura A , Young Allen Y , Pratt Chris , Thornton Kara J 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Alfalfa is a commonly grown forage in the Intermountain west and is often included in lactating dairy cow rations. This study investigated the effects of including novel alfalfa products: ProLEAF MAX™ (PLM), an alfalfa leaf pellet; and ProFiber Plus™ (PFP), alfalfa stems, in the diet of lactating dairy cows on dry matter intake, milk yield, and milk components. Holstein cows were housed in a freestall barn and milked in a free-flow automatic milking system. All cows were fed each treatment for 21-days, then switched to the next treatment utilizing a crossover experimental design. The five treatments were: control (CON, typical diet including alfalfa hay; n = 65); low-quality alfalfa hay (LQ+PLM, a diet that replaced alfalfa hay with low-quality alfalfa hay and PLM; n = 62); PLM+PFP (a diet that replaced alfalfa hay with PLM and PFP; n = 65); PLM (a diet that replaced alfalfa hay with PLM; n = 62); and PFP (a diet that replaced alfalfa hay with PFP; n = 60). Cows were group fed a partial mixed ration balanced for 40.8 kg milk, 3.9% milk fat and 3.3% milk protein. Individual milk yield and milk components were recorded daily by the automatic milking system. Dry matter intake was also recorded daily. When fed the PFP diet, cows had decreased (P &lt; 0.01) dry matter intake compared to the other diets. Milk yield was increased (P &lt; 0.01) when cows received the PLM diet when compared to the other diets. When fed the PFP and PLM+PFP diets, milk fat was increased (P &lt; 0.01) when compared to the other diets. Milk protein was decreased (P &lt; 0.01) when cows were fed the PFP diet when compared to the other diets. These data indicate that inclusion of fractionated alfalfa products in the diet of lactating dairy cows has the potential to increase milk yield and milk components.
PSIV-17 Impacts of high forage crude protein concentrations on the equine fecal microbiome
Authors: Weinert Jennifer R , Biddle Amy S , Williams Carey A 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of forage crude protein (CP) concentrations on the equine fecal microbiome. Six mares were assigned to either a high-protein (HP; 24% CP) or normal-protein (NP; 15% CP) hay cube diet in a randomized cross-over design. Fecal samples were collected on the last day of each 35-d period. Branched-chain and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) were measured by GC-MS; data were analyzed by mixed model ANOVA in R. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis was conducted in Qiime2. Alpha and beta diversity were assessed by Kruskall-Wallis Tests and PERMANOVA. Taxonomy was assigned using SILVA. Metacyc pathways were predicted with PICRUSt2. Differential genus-level and pathway abundances were analyzed by LefSe (LDA &gt;2.0). Significance was set at p≤0.05. Species richness did not differ by diet, but evenness was greater in NP vs. HP. Beta diversity metrics including Weighted UniFrac also differed by diet. Genera including Methanocorpusculum, Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group, and Eubacterium coprostanoligenes group were more abundant in HP. Treponema and Fibrobacters were more abundant in NP. Twenty pathways related to amino acid synthesis were identified as markers of NP, while 10 pathways related to amino acid degradation and SCFA synthesis were markers of HP. Pathway predictions were supported by metabolite analyses, with acetate (HP: 751; LP: 632 ± 49 ug/g), propionate (HP: 565; NP: 421 ± 43 ug/g), butyrate (HP: 341; LP: 210 ± 34 ug/g), and valerate (HP: 80; NP: 42 ± 11 ug/g) greater in HP than NP. Isobutyrate (HP: 108; NP: 94 ± 7 ug/g; P = 0.09), and isovalerate (HP: 91; NP: 48 ± 10 ug/g) were also greater in HP. These results demonstrate that consuming higher-CP forages impacts equine hindgut microbiota structure and function, leading to increased rates of protein fermentation. Further research is needed to determine physiological significance in forage-fed horses.
PSIV-5 Definition of environmental variables and critical periods to evaluate heat tolerance in maternal-line pigs based on single-step genomic reaction norms
Authors: Freitas Pedro Henrique F , Johnson Jay S , Chen Shi-Yi , Lázaro Sirlene F , Huang Yijian , Gu Youping , Schinckel Allan P , Tiezzi Francesco , Brito Luiz F 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Heat stress (HS) is a major welfare and economic issue in the swine industry. However, it is not a trivial task to appropriately quantify the environmental HS. Therefore, this study aimed to 1) define the critical periods and environmental descriptors (based on public weather station information) to evaluate heat tolerance (HT); and 2) estimate genetic parameters for HT in Large White pigs. The traits included in this study were: weaning weight (WW; kg), off-test weight (OTW; kg), total number of piglets born (TNB), number of piglets born alive (NBA), and number of piglets weaned (WN). The number of phenotypic records ranged from 6,059 (WN) to 172,984 (TNB), and genotypes were available for 8,686 animals. Seven climatic variables (maximum, minimum and average temperatures, average relative humidity, dew point, discomfort index and temperature-humidity index) based on public weather station records were compared based on three criteria [GxE estimate as measured by the slope term; theoretical accuracy of the genomic estimated breeding values (GEBV); deviation of GEBV per environmental value]. Relative humidity (for WN and WW) and maximum temperature (for OTW, TNB, and NBA) are the recommended environmental gradients for the studied traits. The acute HS (average of 30 days before measurement date) was the critical period recommended for OTW. For WN and WW, a period of 34 days prior to farrowing up to weaning is recommended. For TNB and NBA, the critical period of 20 days prior breeding to 30 days into gestation is recommended. In general, WN and WW were largely affected by the environment, while the remaining traits showed moderate correlations (OTW, TNB, and NBA). Heritabilities estimated for HT ranged from 0.08 (WW) to 0.25 (OTW). In summary, these results suggest that there is genotype-by-environment interaction for all traits analyzed, and genetic progress can be achieved through genetic selection.
PSIV-4 Characterization of heat stress condition on productive performance and physiological indicators, milk composition, gene expression, and metabolomics in blood and milk of early lactating Holstein cows
Authors: Jo JangHoon , Nejad Jalil Ghassemi , Kim WonSeob , Kim Hyeran , Kim SnagHo , Lee HongGu 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
We aimed to characterize heat stress (HS) effects in early lactating Holstein cows using measures of productive performance, physiological and genetic indicators, blood and milk parameters, and metabolomics in blood and milk. Eight cows (milk yield = 29.27 ± 0.38 kg/d, days in milk = 40 ± 8 d) were equally housed in environmentally controlled chambers by providing temperature-humidity index (THI) at two levels of 70~71 (25°C, 35~50% humidity, threshold) and 86~87 (31°C, 80~95% humidity, severe). For each treatment, the environment inside the chamber was adjusted for 7 days of adaptation at 67~68 THI (22°C, 50~60% humidity, normal) level. After the adjustment period, cows were subjected to HS for 7 days. Feed and water intake and milk yield were measured daily, and blood was collected and physiological indicators were monitored on the 7th and 14th days. Data were analyzed using GLM procedure of SAS. Feed intake and milk yield were lower (P&lt; 0.05) and water intake was higher (P &lt; 0.05) in the severe than the threshold and normal. Lactose tended to be lower (P = 0.082) in the severe than the threshold and normal. Heart rate, rectal and skin temperature were higher (P &lt; 0.05) in the severe than the threshold and normal. Blood HSP90 and HSPB1 were higher (P &lt; 0.05) in the severe than threshold and normal. Alanine, proline, glutamic acid, tryptophan, lactic acid, and citric acid in milk and blood were lower (P &lt; 0.05) in the severe than threshold and normal. In conclusion, early lactating Holstein cows are characterized to receive higher HS by showing the changes in historical measures of productive performance, physiological and genetic indicators, and blood and milk parameters under severe HS condition whereas the new approach of metabolomics in blood and milk are recognized as sensitive and reliable indicators of severe HS.
PSIV-7 Effect of maternal infection and dietary supplementation of isoflavones on offspring postnatal immune function
Authors: Bryan Erin 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The objective was to determine the effect of maternal infection and dietary supplementation of isoflavones during gestation on offspring immune function. First parity gilts (n = 24) at gestational day (GD) 65 were allotted to one of three treatments: uninfected and fed a diet devoid of isoflavones (CON), infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and fed the control diet (POS), or infected with PRRSV and fed a diet supplemented with 1,500 ppm soy isoflavones (ISF). Gilts were inoculated intranasally with saline or 2.5×104 TCID50/mL of suspended live PRRSV (NADC20 strain) on GD 70. At farrowing, 4 offspring pigs weighing closest to the litter average were selected for postnatal immune challenges. Innate immunity was determined by serum TNF-α concentrations after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection (5 µg/kg BW) on postnatal d (PND) 52. Adaptive immunity was determined in the same pigs by peripheral T cell population shifts following vaccination against porcine circovirus-2 on PND 59. Whole blood was collected on days post-vaccination (DPV) 0, 7, and 14 for T cell phenotyping. In the innate immune challenge, all groups experienced increased TNF-α after LPS injection with peak response at 4 h, with ISF eliciting higher (P = 0.04) TNF-α concentrations than CON, and POS being intermediate. Also, ISF had higher (P &lt; 0.01) TNF-α concentrations at both 0- and 8-h post-challenge compared with CON and POS. Prior to vaccination, ISF had elevated memory T cells and reduced total and naïve T cells (P ≤ 0.02). At DPV 14, the reduced total and naïve T cells persisted in ISF pigs. Overall, these data indicate that maternal PRRSV infection alone does not predispose pigs to an exaggerated immune response. However, maternal isoflavone supplementation during PRRSV infection altered offspring innate and adaptive immune responses.
PSIV-16 Genome-wide association study of Rambouillet rams with angular limb deformities
Authors: Becker Gabrielle M , Stegemiller Morgan R , Schauer Christopher S S , Stewart Whit C C , Murdoch Brenda M 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Lameness and limb deformities can be detrimental to range and breeding sheep. Growing animals are at an increased risk of angular limb deformities (ALD) and lameness, which adversely affects their mobility, breeding soundness and ultimately longevity. Ram testing allows developing ram lambs from different farms to be evaluated together under a consistent nutritive and environment management system. The aim of this study is to investigate rams from four ram test cohorts (North Dakota State University and University of Wyoming in two consecutive years) for genetic associations with ALD occurrence. In total 131 Rambouillet rams, including 17 ALD-affected and 114 unaffected, were genotyped using AxiomTM Ovine Genotyping Array (50K). A genome-wide association study was conducted using a recessive chi-square model with correction by principal component analysis (eigenstrat). A marker on chromosome eight is significantly (unadjusted P-value= 1.74e-08) associated with the incidence of ALD. This marker is located within the gene; branched chain keto acid dehydrogenase E1 subunit beta (BCKDHB). BCKDHB is associated with mitochondrial membranes and metabolism which is required for effective bone (osteoblast and chondrocytes) formation. It is proposed that altered branched amino acid metabolism in rapidly growing sheep with this genotype may impart risk of limb deformities classified as ALD. Identifying genetic associations with ALD in sheep may help detect animals with a higher propensity for ALD, which would provide producers with additional tools to make informed management and breeding decisions.
Estimation of genetic parameters for superovulatory response traits in Japanese Black cows
Authors: Zoda Atsushi , Urakawa Manami , Oono Yoshio , Ogawa Shinichiro , Satoh Masahiro 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The aim of this study was to estimate genetic parameters for superovulatory response traits in order to explore the possibility of genetic improvement in Japanese Black cows. We analyzed 19 155 records of the total number of embryos and oocytes (TNE) and the number of good embryos (NGE) collected from 1532 donor cows between 2008 and 2018. A two-trait repeatability animal model analysis was performed for both. Because records of TNE and NGE did not follow a normal distribution, the records were analyzed following no, logarithmic, or Anscombe transformation. Without transformation, the heritability estimates were 0.26 for TNE and 0.17 for NGE. With logarithmic transformation, they were 0.22 for TNE and 0.18 for NGE. With Anscombe transformation, they were 0.26 for TNE and 0.18 for NGE. All analyses gave similar genetic correlations between TNE and NGE, ranging from 0.60 to 0.71. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient between breeding values of cows with more than 10 records was ≥0.95 with both transformations. Thus, the genetic improvement of TNE and NGE of donor cows could be possible in Japanese Black cattle.