bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Myrothecium roridum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Fitton M. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Myrothecium roridum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Plurivorous. On
Antirrhinum, Coffea, Cucurbitaceae, Cyamopsis psoraloides, Gardenia, Gloxinia, Gossypium, Hibiscus esculentus, Hypocyrta, Lycopersicon esculentum, Molucella, Sesamum indicum, Solanum melongena, Trifolium pratense, Vigna unguiculata, Vinca, Viola
. DISEASE: Commonly causing necrotic lesions or shot holes on leaves but can also occur on petioles, stems and fruit. Small, sometimes water-soaked, lesions increase to about 2.5 cm diam. ; they may be zonate and coalesce, defoliating the plant. On many hosts infection is most serious under nursery or glasshouse contitions. Infection leads to stem lesions, dieback of the crown and decay at soil level; this may resemble typical damping-off symptoms. Stem cankers have been reported on cotton and sunken lesions on the fruit of cantaloupe. On tomato fruit a firm, black rot develops, with a sharply delimited border between healthy and diseased tissue; the rotted part can be removed readily in one piece (25: 345; 35: 19; 36: 528; 41: 199; 44: 1586, 3367; 49: 503). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread (CMI Map 458, ed. 1, 1969); possibly more serious in warmer regions. TRANSMISSION: Probably a common soil saprophyte, with the capacity to become actively parasitic under conditions not yet clearly definable. Infection of cotton bolls and carpel walls is reported (43, 3382b). Seed of
C. psoraloides
when inoculated gave only 16% germination compared with 93% for the uninoculated seed.
Verticillium theobromae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hawksworth D. L. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Verticillium theobromae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Musa
; less frequently on
Bambusa, Heliconia bihai
and
H. brasiliensis
. DISEASE: 'Cigar end' of banana. On fruit
in situ
, necrosis begins at the pistillate end, the skin becoming folded and shrunk; the dead floral parts tend to become persistent. The powdery, greyish conidia form on the shrivelled black end of the fruit giving rise to the appearance from which the disease gets its name (11: 312). The fungus is also one of the members of a pathogenic complex which cause a rot of the crowns in the shipment of boxed bananas (42: 622; 45, 160, 2482). The internal rot on the fruit in the field is a dry one in contrast to the wet rot of
Trachysphaera fructigena
(CMI Descript. 229).
Verticillium theobromae
may also be associated with black pitting and spotting of the fruit. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in the tropics (CMI Map 146, ed. 2, 1966). TRANSMISSION: No specific studies reported, presumably air-dispersed. The fungus is a common inhabitant on plant debris in banana fields.
Verticillium tricorpus
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hawksworth D. L. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Verticillium tricorpus
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Lycopersicon esculentum
. Also reported on
Antirrhinum
. DISEASE: Wilt of tomato. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Britain, especially in the south; India TRANSMISSION: Little appreciable spread by root contact between infected plants (Isaac, 1953).
Puccinia antirrhini
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Puccinia antirrhini
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Antirrhinum majus, Antirrhinum
spp. and
Cordylanthus
spp. DISEASE: Rust of antirrhinum. On leaves, calyces and capsules, destroying ovaries, reducing seed production and often killing the host. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Algeria, Canary Islands, Kenya, Malawi, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Rhodesia, South Africa, Tanzania, Tunisia, United Arab Republic; Asia (Iran, Iraq, Israel, Turkey, U.S.S.R.), Australasia and Oceania (Australia, Hawaii, New Zealand), Europe (Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Channel Islands, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Faroe Islands, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Rep. of Ireland, Italy, Madeira, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Rumania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, U.K., U.S.S.R., Yugoslavia), North America (Bermuda, Canada, U.S.A.); Central America (Guatemala). (CMI Map 40, ed. 4, 1965.) TRANSMISSION: Probably seed-borne (Noble & Richardson, 1968) but this remains to be definitely established. Earwigs (
Forficula auricularid
) prefer to eat rust pustules of
Antirrhinum
rather than healthy host material but spores in the faeces are non-viable (43, 2624).
Septoria passerinii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. , Waterston J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Septoria passerinii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Hordeum brachyantherum, Hordeum distichon, Hordeum jubatum, Hordeum secalinum, Hordeum vulgare, Hystrix patula, Lolium multiflorum, L. perenne, L. temulentum, Poa pratensis
and
Sitanion hystrix
. DISEASE: Speckled leaf blotch of barley. Forming linear lesions with indefinite margins on leaves with very small, dark brown pycnidia embedded in tissues developing on straw-coloured blotches and causing defoliation, low yields and formation of light kernels. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ethiopia, Libya); Australasia & Oceania (Australia); Europe (Bulgaria, Cyprus, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Rumania, Spain, U.K.); North America (Canada, U.S.A.). TRANSMISSION: The pathogen overwinters as mycelium or as pycnidia in crop residues, producing macrospores and microspores the following summer. High humidity (>93% R.H.) is required for the release of spores which are formed abundantly on infected material after rain. Spores may be spread by insects or splashing raindrops (44, 1528; 46, 106; 40: 530). Dissemination of the pathogen on barley straw residues has also been attributed to the use of combine harvester-threshers in Western Canada (35: 418) and to high winds in Minnesota, U.S.A. (40: 530).
Ustilago avenae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. , Waterston J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Ustilago avenae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On species of
Arrhenatherum, Avena, Hordeum
. Also on
Trisetum flavescens
on inoculation (44, 3328). DISEASE: Loose smut of oats, tall oat grass and barley. Characterized by abortion of the panicles which remain stunted, erect, compact, with the transformation of the ovary and glumes into a dark greenish-brown powdery spore mass. Seedlings may show necrotic lesions developing on the coleoptile and first leaf and may die at an early stage (15: 346). Lesions may also develop on the blade of the flag leaf producing spore masses (15: 358). Symptoms vary according to the pathogenic race and host cv. Sterile white spikelets known as 'blast' have been experimentally produced in glasshouse inoculations under low light intensity (45, 1362). Abnormally dwarfed oats have been induced by inoculation with the F1 generation of a smut hybrid
U. avenae
×
U. hordei
(45, 428). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World wide (CMI Map 238, ed. 2, 1967). TRANSMISSION: By wind-borne spores from smutted panicles which emerge shortly before healthy panicles begin to flower. Spores lodge within and on open flower parts which serve as infection courts. Max. dispersal occurs when there is an increase in wind accompanying rain (47, 143). Seedborne spores lodged between the caryopsis and the glumes (37: 717; 17: 309; 15: 790) and resting mycelium produced from spores which germinate at anthmis in the outer part of the seed enable the pathogen to over-winter and develop in seedlings in the following spring (12: 431; 19: 83).
Uredo ficina
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. F. , Rainbow A. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Uredo ficina
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Ficus
spp., including
Ficus aurea, Ficus brevifolia, Ficus ibapohy, Ficus involuta, Ficus laevigata, padifolia
,
Ficus radula
; some of which yield edible fruit or useful timber. Apparently not recorded on
Ficus carica
(fig). DISEASE: Rust of
Ficus
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: America (Brazil, Guatemala, Paraguay, Puerto Rico, Trinidad, USA (Florida and Mich.)).
Puccinia cynodontis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mulder J. L. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Puccinia cynodontis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Aecial stage on species of
Plantago
. Uredial and telial stages on species of
Cynodon
, particularly
C. dactylon
. DISEASE: Leaf rust of Bermuda grass (
Cynodon dactylon
). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread. Africa: Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Libya, Malawi, Mauritius Morocco, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tunisia and Zambia. Americas: Argentina, Barbados, Bermuda, Colombia, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rieo, Salvador, Trinidad, USA (South) and Venezuela. Asia: Cambodia, Ceylon, China, India, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey and USSR. Australasia & Oceania: Australia, Hawaii, New Caledonia, New Zealand and Papua & New Guinea. Europe: Cyprus, France, Malta and Rumania. TRANSMISSION: No studies appear to have been reported. Since the aecial stage has not been found in USA the urediospores presumably survive during the dormant periods of the tdial host.
Gloeocercospora sorghi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mulder J. L. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Gloeocercospora sorghi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Sorghum vulgare
[Sorghum bicolor]
; besides the main host it has been reported from
Agrostis canina
(bent grass),
Agrostis palustris, Agrostis tenuis, Cynodon dactylon, Pennisetum glaucum, Pennisetum purpureum, Pennisetum typhoides, Saccharum officinarum, Sorghum halapensis, Sorghum sudanense, Vetiveria zizanioides, Zea mays
. DISEASE: Zonate leaf spot was first reported from
Sorghum vulgare
[Sorghum bicolor]
in 1943 from Louisiana; on turf grasses it is known as copper spot. On sorghum the initial lesions are red-brown, water-soaked and sometimes with a narrow, pale green halo. The lesions enlarge, become dark-red (on some vars. dark brown) and elongate parallel to the veins. Possibly by coalescence, semi-circular, irregular lesions (several cm diam.) are formed. Smaller spots have a light brown centre surrounded by a reddish border, but larger ones may have alternate light and dark zones, and the whole leaf can be covered. Often younger, red lesions are so numerous as to form red blotches. The pinkish, gelatinous, conidial fructifications (over the stomata) are easily visible. Spherical sclerotia (0.1-0.2 mm diam.) form within the tissue, in a somewhat linear fashion. On bent grass small, irregular, copper tinted spots become coalescent. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in tropical Africa, also in south west USA, parts of C. & S. America, India, Japan and N.E. Australia, (CMI Map 339, ed. 2, 1969). TRANSMISSION: Probably soil-borne in crop residue and also seed-borne (29: 556). Infected seed may have caused an outbreak in Venezuela (29: 97).
Khuskia oryzae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Khuskia oryzae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Plurivorous, especially on monocotyledons and particularly on
Oryza sativa, Saccharum officinarum, Zea mays
and
Musa
spp. DISEASE: Causes cob and stalk rot of maize (11: 711; 12: 20; 13: 299, 571; 43, 3205; 44, 2123) and on sorghum as stem and grain infection (43, 727); it is common on banana debris in the western hemisphere and can cause discolouration in rice irain. On maize, symptoms develop towards maturity mostly on the shanks, husks and ears but also on the stems and stalks, where blackish, shallow lesions can occur. Ears may snap off at harvest; the cob becomes shredded and rotten through disintegration of the parenchyma, sparse mycelium and sporulation develop in the furrows between kernels and on the seed itself. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread, principally as a member of the saprophytic flora on plant debris in warmer areas. TRANSMISSION: Infection of seed reduces its quality rather than causing the fungus to be really seed-borne. A diurnal periodicity has been reported for
Nigrospora sphaerica
and K.
oryzae
, with a peak at 0800-1000 hr, in the tropics (35: 383; 41: 242). Violent spore discharge, a rare phenomenon in the hyphomycetes, has been described for
N
.
sphaerica
(31: 56).
Elsinoe canavaliae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Elsinoe canavaliae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Canavalia gladiata
and
C. ensiformis
. DISEASE: Scab of sword and jack beans. Leaf lesions circular or oblong, light brown, darker at the margin, up to 2 cm long and 6 mm wide, forming shot-holes. Stem lesions numerous, circular elliptical or occasionally elongated up to 2 cm long, cinnamon brown and enveloping half the shoot circumference. The larger pod lesions, up to 3 mm diam., are circular, generally flat but sometimes raised or depressed. Galls occur due to an increase in size and number of cells of the spongy parenchyma. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: After the original description, based on Indonesian material from Java,
E. canavaliae
has only been reported from Ceylon, Philippines, Singapore, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia. TRANSMISSION: No studies reported.
Colletotrichum lindemuthianum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Colletotrichum lindemuthianum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On French, runner and broad beans,
Phaseolus aborigineus, P. acutifolius, P. aurecus, P. lunatus
var.
macrocarpus, P. mungo, P. radiatus
, cowpea,
Dolichos biflorus, Lablab niger
and occasionally on other
Leguminosae
. DISEASE: Leaf, stem and pod anthracnose. Lesions on stems and pods more clearly defined than those on leaves, grey or brown, slightly sunken with raised dark brown or reddish edge, frequently bearing conspicuous light salmon pink spore masses. All vegetative parts, except pulvini, are susceptible during early stages of development; invasion of the tap root of a young plant can lead to death. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widely distributed, present in almost all areas where beans are grown (I.M.I. Map 177, ed. 3, 1966). TRANSMISSION: Overwinters in seed and on buried infected crop residues. Survives for at least 2 yr on seed (32: 114) and is capable of withstanding temperatures of-15°C to -20°C for a limited period (6: 322). Dispersal within the crop by water, air currents and contact; no extensive growth in soil has been reported.
Colletotrichum capsici
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Colletotrichum capsici
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Capsicum annuum, C. frutescens, Aristolochia, Cicer
, cotton, Eggplant, jute, tomato, turmeric and many others from a wide range of families. DISEASE: Dieback, stem break, anthracnose, leaf spot, seedling blight, fruit rot (dieback of young fruits and ripe rot). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Tropics and subtropics of Africa, Asia, America and Australasia; has been recorded occasionally in Southern Europe. TRANSMISSION: Seed-borne; persists in decayed fruits and other plant debris from which conidia are dispersed locally by water and air currents. No extensive growth in soil reported.
Phomopsis theae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. , Gibson I. A. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phomopsis theae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Camellia sinensis
. DISEASE: Collar and branch canker of tea. The symptoms are visible at a distance and appear at first as a yellowing and browning of part or the whole of a bush. The gradual killing of the bark around the infection site produces canker in the course of time. The disease was formerly attributed to
Leptothyrium theae
Petch. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania, Uganda); Asia (India, Ceylon) TRANSMISSION: By splash dispersal of conidia from infected tissues.
Diaporthe phaseolorum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Diaporthe phaseolorum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Phaseolus, Phaseolus lunatus, Ipomoea, Glycine, Allium, Arachis, Capsicum, Hibiscus esculentus, Lupinus, Lespedeza, Strophostyles
and
Vigna
. DISEASE: Stem canker, pod and stem blight of soyabean (
Glycine max
) and other legumes; dry rot of sweet potato (
Ipomoea batatas
); and pod blight of Lima bean (
Phaseolus lunatus
). The most serious diseases are those on soyabean. Infected seedlings may be weak and stunted. In older plants lesions form on the petiole and stem, where they may become girdling cankers (characteristically red-brown in
Diaporthe phaseolorum
var.
caulivora
in the early stages). Infected seed is discoloured and reduced in size. In the field perithecia predominate in var.
caulivora
and pycnidia likewise in var.
sojae
. On Lima bean leaf lesions are up to 3 cm diam. with concentrically arranged pycnidia. Shot-holing may occur and infection of young pods leads to destruction of the seed. In sweet potato, tubers shrink and become mummified in storage; dry rot and necrosis of sprouts occur in the plant bed; pycnidia form on tubers and sprouts. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Probably widespread in the form frequently referred to as var.
sojae
. Reported from: Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, Cuba, Egypt, Guyana, India, Israel, Japan, Korea, Malawi, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, USA; var.
batatisis
is probably more widespread than has been reported (New Zealand, USA, Zaire Republic); var.
phaseolorum
has been reported from Cuba, Bermuda, South Africa, Tanzania, USA. The severest form of the disease (var.
caulivora
) appears to be restricted to N. America (CMI Map 360, ed. 1, 1958). TRANSMISSION: Through seed, tubers, crop debris and probably soil (34: 425; 42: 352, 353, 425; 44, 2003). Viable in soyabean seed for 2 yr.
Drechslera heveae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Drechslera heveae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Hevea brasiliensis
. DISEASE: Bird's eye spot of rubber (
Hevea brasiliensis
). Symptoms are most conspicuous on the leaves (varying with leaf age at the time of infection) but also occur on green stems. On very young leaves the dark brown spots coalesce and sporulate heavily; there is leaf distortion and shedding. The upper part of a defoliated stem becomes swollen. On older leaves the initially chlorotic spots develop a straw-coloured, papery centre with a distinct, red-brown to black margin (up to 3-4 mm diam.) and a chlorotic halo; shot-holes form. Conidia may be conspicuous on the under surface of the leaf in the centre of the lesion. Petioles develop dark, elongated flecks. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in S.E. Asia, central and W. Africa, and central and S. America where rubber is grown (CMI Map 270, ed. 3, 1972). TRANSMISSION: Presumably air dispersed.
Alternaria radicina
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Alternaria radicina
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Daucus carota, Apium graveolens, Petroselinum crispum, Pastinaca sativa, Anethum graveolens
. DISEASE: Black rot of carrot (
Daucus carota
); also attacks celery (
Apium graveolens
), parsley (
Petroselinum crispum
), parsnip (
Pastinaca sativa
) and dill (
Anethum graveolens
) (15: 275; 30: 140). Causes pre- emergence and post-emergence damping-off; primary lesions of older plants begin at the base of the petiole from where a dark, usually shallow, lesion spreads into the crown and sides of the root. Secondary lesions develop below ground and are often coincident with cracks and splits. A dry, mealy rot may develop in storage. Necrotic lesions occur on the inflorescence and occasionally on the older leaves but the leaf blight is probably not as severe as that caused by
A. dauci
(Kuhn) Groves & Skolko. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Nigeria), Americas (Argentina, Canada, USA), Asia (India, Israel, Japan), Australia and Europe (Britain, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Rumania, Sweden, USSR). TRANSMISSION: Seed-borne and soil-borne (12: 72; 22: 339; 26: 405; 44, 948; 46, 1160); persists in the soil for up to 6 yr (47, 3299i; 49, 3555d).