bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Waves in thermoelastic solid half‐space containing voids with liquid loadings
Authors: Pathania Vijayata , Joshi Pallvi 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe influence of the voids in the propagation of time‐harmonic plane waves in a semi‐infinite homogeneous isotropic thermoelastic medium in contact with inviscid liquid half‐space has been explored under the Lord‐Shulman theory of thermoelasticity. The incompressible and non‐viscous liquid is taken in the upper half‐space and the effect of gravity on the whole system is assumed to be negligible. The mathematical model is developed and the exact expressions for the considered variables are obtained by using the normal mode analysis method. The compact secular equation for the considered model is derived for thermally insulated and isothermal cases respectively. There exist four waves in the generalized thermoelastic porous solid half‐space and one wave exists in the liquid half‐space. In the solid half‐space, one is a transverse wave and the remaining three is the set of coupled dilatational waves. The coupling among these waves is because of the presence of voids and thermal effects, also the amplitude of oscillation of these waves decreases with time. The transverse wave in the solid half‐space is undamped in time and remains independent of the effects of voids and heat. The particle's motion is deduced for Rayleigh wave propagation and found to be elliptical in solid half‐space and circular in liquid half‐space. Also, the plane of particle motion is tilted due to the presence of void parameters in the medium. Magnesium crystal has been chosen for the numerical computation and the discussion of various graphs depicting the profiles are presented in the last section.
Time-dependent inhibition of covert shifts of attention
Authors: Buonocore Antimo , Dietze Niklas , McIntosh Robert D. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractVisual transients can interrupt overt orienting by abolishing the execution of a planned eye movement due about 90 ms later, a phenomenon known as saccadic inhibition (SI). It is not known if the same inhibitory process might influence covert orienting in the absence of saccades, and consequently alter visual perception. In Experiment 1 (n = 14), we measured orientation discrimination during a covert orienting task in which an uninformative exogenous visual cue preceded the onset of an oriented probe by 140–290 ms. In half of the trials, the onset of the probe was accompanied by a brief irrelevant flash, a visual transient that would normally induce SI. We report a time-dependent inhibition of covert orienting in which the irrelevant flash impaired orientation discrimination accuracy when the probe followed the cue by 190 and 240 ms. The interference was more pronounced when the cue was incongruent with the probe location, suggesting an impact on the reorienting component of the attentional shift. In Experiment 2 (n = 12), we tested whether the inhibitory effect of the flash could occur within an earlier time range, or only within the later, reorienting range. We presented probes at congruent cue locations in a time window between 50 and 200 ms. Similar to Experiment 1, discrimination performance was altered at 200 ms after the cue. We suggest that covert attention may be susceptible to similar inhibitory mechanisms that generate SI, especially in later stages of attentional shifting (> 200 ms after a cue), typically associated with reorienting.
Novel CYP11B-ligand [123/131I]IMAZA as promising theranostic tool for adrenocortical tumors: comprehensive preclinical characterization and first clinical experience
Authors: Heinze Britta , Schirbel Andreas , Nannen Lukas , Michelmann David , Hartrampf Philipp E. , Bluemel Christina , Schneider Magdalena , Herrmann Ken , Haenscheid Heribert , Fassnacht Martin , Buck Andreas K. , Hahner Stefanie 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Adrenal tumors represent a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Promising results have been obtained through targeting the cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 for molecular imaging, and [123/131I]iodometomidate ([123/131I]IMTO) has even been successfully introduced as a theranostic agent. As this radiopharmaceutical shows rapid metabolic inactivation, we aimed at developing new improved tracers.

Methods
Several IMTO derivatives were newly designed by replacing the unstable methyl ester by different carboxylic esters or amides. The inhibition of aldosterone and cortisol synthesis was tested in different adrenocortical cell lines. The corresponding radiolabeled compounds were assessed regarding their stability, in vitro cell uptake, in vivo biodistribution in mice, and their binding specificity to cryosections of human adrenocortical and non-adrenocortical tissue. Furthermore, a first investigation was performed in patients with known metastatic adrenal cancer using both [123I]IMTO and the most promising compound (R)-1-[1-(4-[123I]iodophenyl)ethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid azetidinylamide ([123I]IMAZA) for scintigraphy. Subsequently, a first endoradiotherapy with [131I]IMAZA in one of these patients was performed.

Results
We identified three analogues to IMTO with high-affinity binding to the target enzymes and comparable or higher metabolic stability and very high and specific accumulation in adrenocortical cells in vitro and in vivo. Labeled IMAZA exhibited superior pharmacokinetic and imaging properties compared to IMTO in mice and 3 patients, too. An endoradiotherapy with [131I]IMAZA induced a 21-month progression-free interval in a patient with rapidly progressing ACC prior this therapy.

Conclusion
We developed the new radiopharmaceutical [123/131I]IMAZA with superior properties compared to the reference compound IMTO and promising first experiences in humans.
First-in-human phase 1 study of budigalimab, an anti-PD-1 inhibitor, in patients with non-small cell lung cancer and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Italiano Antoine , Cassier Philippe A. , Lin Chia-Chi , Alanko Tuomo , Peltola Katriina J. , Gazzah Anas , Shiah Her-Shyong , Calvo Emiliano , Cervantes Andrés , Roda Desamparados , Tosi Diego , Gao Bo , Millward Michael , Warburton Lydia , Tanner Minna , Englert Stefan , Lambert Stacie , Parikh Apurvasena , Afar Daniel E. , Vosganian Gregory , Moreno Victor 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
Budigalimab is a humanized, recombinant immunoglobulin G1 monoclonal antibody targeting programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1). We present the safety, efficacy, pharmacokinetic (PK), and pharmacodynamic data from patients enrolled in the head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) expansion cohorts of the phase 1 first-in-human study of budigalimab monotherapy (NCT03000257; registered 15 December 2016).

Patients and methods
Patients with recurrent/metastatic HNSCC or locally advanced/metastatic NSCLC naive to PD-1/PD-1-ligand inhibitors were enrolled; patients were not selected on the basis of oncogene driver mutations or PD-L1 status. Budigalimab was administered at 250 mg intravenously Q2W or 500 mg intravenously Q4W until disease progression/unacceptable toxicity. The primary endpoints were safety and PK; the secondary endpoint was efficacy. Exploratory endpoints included biomarker assessments.

Results
In total, 81 patients were enrolled (HNSCC: N = 41 [PD-L1 positive: n = 19]; NSCLC: N = 40 [PD-L1 positive: n = 16]); median treatment duration was 72 days (range, 1–617) and 71 days (range, 1–490) for the HNSCC and NSCLC cohorts, respectively. The most frequent grade ≥ 3 treatment-emergent adverse event was anemia (HNSCC: n = 9, 22%; NSCLC: n = 5, 13%). Both dosing regimens had comparable drug exposure and increased interferon gamma-induced chemokines, monokine induced by gamma interferon, and interferon-gamma-inducible protein 10. Objective response rates were 13% (90% CI, 5.1–24.5) in the HNSCC cohort and 19% (90% CI, 9.2–32.6) in the NSCLC cohort. Median progression-free survival was 3.6 months (95% CI, 1.7–4.7) and 1.9 months (95% CI, 1.7–3.7) in the HNSCC and NSCLC cohorts.

Conclusions
The safety, efficacy and biomarker profiles of budigalimab are similar to other PD-1 inhibitors. Development of budigalimab in combination with novel anticancer agents is ongoing.
The Impact of Quality Improvement Interventions in Improving Surgical Infections and Mortality in Low and Middle‐Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Jin James , ′Akau′ola Salesi , Yip Cheng‐Har , Nthumba Peter , Ameh Emmanuel A. , de Jonge Stijn , Mehes Mira , Waiqanabete Hon. Iferemi , Henry Jaymie , Hill Andrew ,   The International Society of Surgery (ISS) and the G4 Alliance International Standards and Guidelines for Quality Safe Surgery and Anesthesia (ISG‐QSSA) Group
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundMorbidity and mortality in surgical systems in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs) remain high compared to high‐income countries. Quality improvement processes, interventions, and structure are essential in the effort to improve peri‐operative outcomes.MethodsA systematic review and meta‐analysis of interventional studies assessing quality improvement processes, interventions, and structure in developing country surgical systems was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Studies were included if they were conducted in an LMIC, occurred in a surgical setting, and measured the effect of an implementation and its impact. The primary outcome was mortality, and secondary outcomes were rates of rates of hospital‐acquired infection (HAI) and surgical site infections (SSI). Prospero Registration: CRD42020171542.ResultOf 38,273 search results, 31 studies were included in a qualitative synthesis, and 28 articles were included in a meta‐analysis. Implementation of multimodal bundled interventions reduced the incidence of HAI by a relative risk (RR) of 0.39 (95%CI 0.26 to 0.59), the effect of hand hygiene interventions on HAIs showed a non‐significant effect of RR of 0.69 (0.46–1.05). The WHO Safe Surgery Checklist reduced mortality by RR 0.68 (0.49 to 0.95) and SSI by RR 0.50 (0.33 to 0.63) and antimicrobial stewardship interventions reduced SSI by RR 0.67 (0.48–0.93).ConclusionThere is evidence that a number of quality improvement processes, interventions and structural changes can improve mortality, HAI and SSI outcomes in the peri‐operative setting in LMICs.
Grit in Surgeons
Authors: Betchen Simone , Sarode Anuja , Pories Susan , Stein Sharon L. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundWomen in surgery are often told that they are not “tough enough” to be surgeons. A Grit Score provides a validated measure of passion and perseverance, which are aspects of “toughness.”MethodsSurvey data were collected from residents and attendings in all surgical fields through multiple surgical societies. Grit and burnout were measured using validated measures.ResultsAmong surgeons, gender did not have an impact on Grit Score. Burnout had a statistically significant inverse relationship with Grit Score, and women were more likely to report burnout compared to men surgeons.ConclusionsWomen in surgery have just as much grit as their male counterparts. Grit should not be a factor in women pursuing a career in surgery.
Indirect identification of horizontal gene transfer
Authors: Schaller David , Lafond Manuel , Stadler Peter F. , Wieseke Nicolas , Hellmuth Marc 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSeveral implicit methods to infer horizontal gene transfer (HGT) focus on pairs of genes that have diverged only after the divergence of the two species in which the genes reside. This situation defines the edge set of a graph, the later-divergence-time (LDT) graph, whose vertices correspond to genes colored by their species. We investigate these graphs in the setting of relaxed scenarios, i.e., evolutionary scenarios that encompass all commonly used variants of duplication-transfer-loss scenarios in the literature. We characterize LDT graphs as a subclass of properly vertex-colored cographs, and provide a polynomial-time recognition algorithm as well as an algorithm to construct a relaxed scenario that explains a given LDT. An edge in an LDT graph implies that the two corresponding genes are separated by at least one HGT event. The converse is not true, however. We show that the complete xenology relation is described by an rs-Fitch graph, i.e., a complete multipartite graph satisfying constraints on the vertex coloring. This class of vertex-colored graphs is also recognizable in polynomial time. We finally address the question “how much information about all HGT events is contained in LDT graphs” with the help of simulations of evolutionary scenarios with a wide range of duplication, loss, and HGT events. In particular, we show that a simple greedy graph editing scheme can be used to efficiently detect HGT events that are implicitly contained in LDT graphs.
Influence of aging and gadolinium exposure on T1, T2, and T2*-relaxation in healthy women with an increased risk of breast cancer with and without prior exposure to gadoterate meglumine at 3.0-T brain MR imaging
Authors: Krug Kathrin Barbara , Burke Christina Jane , Weiss Kilian , Baltzer Pascal A. T. , Rhiem Kerstin , Maintz David , Schlamann Marc , Hellmich Martin 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Objectives
We examined the effects of aging and of gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA) exposure on MRI measurements in brain nuclei of healthy women.

Methods
This prospective, IRB-approved single-center case-control study enrolled 100 healthy participants of our high-risk screening center for hereditary breast cancer, who had received at least six doses of macrocyclic GBCA (exposed group) or were newly entering the program (GBCA-naïve group). The cutoff “at least six doses” was chosen to be able to include a sufficient number of highly exposed participants. All participants underwent unenhanced 3.0-T brain MRI including quantitative T1, T2, and R2* mapping and T1- and T2-weighted imaging. The relaxation times/signal intensities were derived from region of interest measurements in the brain nuclei performed by a radiologist and a neuroradiologist, both board certified. Statistical analysis was based on descriptive evaluations and uni-/multivariable analyses.

Results
The participants (exposed group: 49, control group: 51) were aged 42 ± 9 years. In a multivariable model, age had a clear impact on R2* (p < 0.001–0.012), T2 (p = 0.003–0.048), and T1 relaxation times/signal intensities (p < 0.004–0.046) for the majority of deep brain nuclei, mostly affecting the substantia nigra, globus pallidus (GP), nucleus ruber, thalamus, and dentate nucleus (DN). The effect of prior GBCA administration on T1 relaxation times was statistically significant for the DN, GP, and pons (p = 0.019–0.037).

Conclusions
In a homogeneous group of young to middle-aged healthy females aging had an effect on T2 and R2* relaxation times and former GBCA applications influenced the measured T1 relaxation times.

Key Points

The quantitative T1, T2, and R2* relaxation times measured in women at high risk of developing breast cancer showed characteristic bandwidth for all brain nuclei examined at 3.0-T MRI.

The effect of participant age had a comparatively strong impact on R2*, T2, and T1 relaxation times for the majority of brain nuclei examined.

The effect of prior GBCA administrations on T1 relaxation times rates was comparatively less pronounced, yielding statistically significant results for the dentate nucleus, globus pallidus, and pons.

Summary statement
Healthy women with and without previous GBCA-enhanced breast MRI exhibited age-related T2* and T2 relaxation alterations at 3.0 T-brain MRI. T1 relaxation alterations due to prior GBCA administration were comparatively less pronounced.
Intravitreal injection associated rhegmatogenous retinal detachment: outcomes of a European analysis
Authors: Vounotrypidis Efstathios , Freissinger Sigrid , Cereda Matteo , Monteduro Davide , Kortuem Karsten , Priglinger Siegfried , Mayer Benjamin , Wolf Armin 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Purpose
As the number of intravitreal injections (IVI) increases annually, this study aimed to assess the anatomical and functional outcomes following rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) surgery for IVI-associated RRD (IVARD).

Methods
All non-vitrectomized eyes developing IVARD since 2007 in two European vitreoretinal centers (Department of Ophthalmology, LMU Munich, Germany, and Eye Clinic Luigi Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy) were included. Main outcomes were primary and secondary retinal attachment rate after surgery, rate of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), and final functional result. Ten years of incidence rates per injection were calculated for one center.

Results
Fifty-two eyes of 52 patients comprised the study. Primary anatomic success rate was 83% (n = 43) and secondary 96% (n = 50). PVR was observed in all uveitic eyes (n = 3), in eyes with postoperative cystoid macular edema (n = 2), and in 8 of 9 eyes that received the dexamethasone implant (DEX). Age, number of prior injections, duration of symptoms, or time between last IVI and RRD did not show any statistically significant differences with regard to presence of PVR or not. Mean BCVA improved in 28 cases, remained stable in 16 cases, and worsened in 8 cases. The RRD incidence rate was statistically significant higher for DEX and ocriplasmin compared with that for anti-VEGF agents.

Conclusion
The anatomical result after one surgical intervention seems acceptable, but the final visual outcome remains rather poor, because of the underlying macular disease. In our population, injection with DEX is associated with higher IVARD rate, presence and development of PVR, and recurrent RRD in comparison with anti-VEGF agents.
Epic narratives of the Green Revolution in Brazil, China, and India
Authors: Cabral Lídia , Pandey Poonam , Xu Xiuli 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe Green Revolution is often seen as epitomising the dawn of scientific and technological advancement and modernity in the agricultural sector across developing countries, a process that unfolded from the 1940s through to the 1980s. Despite the time that has elapsed, this episode of the past continues to resonate today, and still shapes the institutions and practices of agricultural science and technology. In Brazil, China, and India, narratives of science-led agricultural transformations portray that period in glorifying terms—entailing pressing national imperatives, unprecedented achievements, and heroic individuals or organizations. These “epic narratives” draw on the past to produce meaning and empower the actors that deploy them. Epic narratives are reproduced over time and perpetuate a conviction about the heroic power of science and technology in agricultural development. By crafting history and cultivating a sense of scientific nationalism, exceptionalism, and heritage, these epic narratives sustain power-knowledge relations in agricultural science and technology, which are underpinned by a hegemonic modernization paradigm. Unravelling the processes of assemblage and reproduction of epic narratives helps us make sense of how science and technology actors draw on their subjective representations of the past to assert their position in the field at present. This includes making claims about their credentials to envision and deliver sustainable solutions for agriculture into the future.
Biodiversity of periphytic cyanobacteria and algae assemblages in polar region: a case study of the vicinity of Arctowski Polish Antarctic Station (King George Island, Antarctica)
Authors: Zębek Elżbieta , Napiórkowska-Krzebietke Agnieszka , Świątecki Aleksander , Górniak Dorota 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis study was carried out on periphytic cyanobacteria and algae assemblages of microbial mats in streams and small water bodies during the Antarctic summer of 2019 in the vicinity of Ecology Glacier (King George Island, Antarctica). The significantly diversified assemblages between the microbial mats of small water bodies and streams were observed. The higher biomass and proportion of periphytic cyanobacteria with Planktothix agardhii as dominant species were found in the streams at lower mean water temperature and higher nutrient content while diatoms generally dominated in the small water bodies (primarily Fragilaria capucina). Chlorophyta also reached a significant proportion in the total biomass of periphyton with dominant species of Prasiola crispa and Keratococcus mucicola. The growth of periphytic cyanobacteria and algae was determined mainly by type of substrate, water temperature and nutrient concentrations. The results also suggest the phenomenon of nutrient uptake by these assemblages from the waters, confirmed by the negative correlations between some species and nutrients (TN, TP, N-NH4, P-PO4). A large share of commonly occurring periphytic species and limitation of typically polar ones, suggest progressive changes in the eutrophication of Antarctic waters caused by the global climate change and increased pollution in the environment. Therefore, these areas should be subject to a special legal protection, preceded by detailed research of these ecosystems.
Dendrites of Neocortical Pyramidal Neurons: The Key to Understand Intellectual Disability
Authors: Granato Alberto , Merighi Adalberto 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPyramidal neurons (PNs) are the most abundant cells of the neocortex and display a vast dendritic tree, divided into basal and apical compartments. Morphological and functional anomalies of PN dendrites are at the basis of virtually all neurological and mental disorders, including intellectual disability. Here, we provide evidence that the cognitive deficits observed in different types of intellectual disability might be sustained by different parts of the PN dendritic tree, or by a dysregulation of their interaction.
Why Finance Needs Philosophy (and Vice Versa): Some Epistemic and Methodological Issues
Authors: Ippoliti Emiliano 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAs the world economy has for better or worse become more and more dependent on the financial markets, a rethinking of the role of finance in both theory and practice is necessary. I argue that such a rethinking requires a new look at the theories of finance that is philosophical in kind. In effect, as Martha Nussbaum claims, if the absence of philosophy in economics is arguably one of the main reasons for the flaws in certain economic theories, the absence of philosophy in finance is one the main reasons for the flaws in our theories on financial systems. In this paper I discuss the mutual relations and benefits between finance and philosophy. First, I examine the contribution that philosophy can offer to finance by analyzing a few critical issues in financial ontology (Section 2.1), financial methodology (Section 2.2) and financial mathematics (Section 2.3). I argue that philosophy is essential to enabling finance to achieve the goals for which it was designed, not only because it is a valuable external addition, but also internally, since philosophy is the proper tool for bringing about new theories and approaches. Then, I examine the contribution that finance can offer to philosophy by analyzing the relationship between theory and practice (Section 3.1), data and hypothesis (Section 3.2), and prediction, description and control (Section 3.3) in the context of financial systems. I argue that finance can help us to rethink some philosophical tenets on these issues.