bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perceived number is not abstract
Authors: Aulet Lauren S. , Lourenco Stella F. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
To support the claim that the approximate number system (ANS) represents rational numbers, Clarke and Beck (C&B) argue that number perception is abstract and characterized by a second-order character. However, converging evidence from visual illusions and psychophysics suggests that perceived number is not abstract, but rather, is perceptually interdependent with other magnitudes. Moreover, number, as a concept, is second-order, but number, as a percept, is not.
Numerical cognition needs more and better distinctions, not fewer
Authors: Barth Hilary , Shusterman Anna 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We agree that the approximate number system (ANS) truly represents number. We endorse the authors' conclusions on the arguments from confounds, congruency, and imprecision, although we disagree with many claims along the way. Here, we discuss some complications with the meanings that undergird theories in numerical cognition, and with the language we use to communicate those theories.
Non-symbolic and symbolic number and the approximate number system
Authors: Gómez David Maximiliano 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The distinction between non-symbolic and symbolic number is poorly addressed by the authors despite being relevant in numerical cognition, and even more important in light of the proposal that the approximate number system (ANS) represents rational numbers. Although evidence on non-symbolic number and ratios fits with ANS representations, the case for symbolic number and rational numbers is still open.
Tuning as convex optimisation: a polynomial tuner for multi-parametric combinatorial samplers
Authors: Bendkowski Maciej , Bodini Olivier , Dovgal Sergey 
Published: December 2021

AbstractCombinatorial samplers are algorithmic schemes devised for the approximate- and exact-size generation of large random combinatorial structures, such as context-free words, various tree-like data structures, maps, tilings, RNA molecules. They can be adapted to combinatorial specifications with additional parameters, allowing for a more flexible control over the output profile of parametrised combinatorial patterns. One can control, for instance, the number of leaves, profile of node degrees in trees or the number of certain sub-patterns in generated strings. However, such a flexible control requires an additional and nontrivial tuning procedure. Using techniques of convex optimisation, we present an efficient tuning algorithm for multi-parametric combinatorial specifications. Our algorithm works in polynomial time in the system description length, the number of tuning parameters, the number of combinatorial classes in the specification, and the logarithm of the total target size. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method on a series of practical examples, including rational, algebraic, and so-called Pólya specifications. We show how our method can be adapted to a broad range of less typical combinatorial constructions, including symmetric polynomials, labelled sets and cycles with cardinality lower bounds, simple increasing trees or substitutions. Finally, we discuss some practical aspects of our prototype tuner implementation and provide its benchmark results.
The Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Competence Scale (CCS): initial development and validation
Authors: Rodriguez-Quintana Natalie , Choi Seo Youn , Bilek Emily , Koschmann Elizabeth , Albrecht Jeffrey , Prisbe Michael , Smith Shawna 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Background:
Nearly one-third of youth are affected by a mental health disorder, and the majority do not receive adequate care. To improve clinical outcomes among youth, efforts have been made to train providers in evidence-based mental health practices, such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Such efforts call for valid assessment measures that can inform and evaluate training activities.

Aims:
This study presents the development and validation of the CBT Competence Scale (CCS), a brief self-report measure to assess provider competence for CBT delivery.

Method:
Participants were 387 school mental health professionals (SMHPs) working with students in Michigan, USA. Initial items (n=59) were developed to evaluate competence in delivering common elements of CBT, with competence conceptualized as covering domains of knowledge, perception, and use of CBT techniques. CCS validation proceeded in three steps: using item response theory to select the most important items for assessing knowledge, evaluating the factor structure using exploratory and then confirmatory factor analyses, and examining reliability and validity of the resultant measure.

Results:
The validated CCS measure consists of four dimensions of CBT competence across 33 items: Non-behavioral skills, Behavioral skills, Perceptions, and Knowledge. The CCS demonstrated excellent internal consistency and good construct-based validity.

Conclusions:
The CCS holds promise as a valid, informative measure of CBT competence appropriate for the school setting, with potential for application in other environments such as mental health clinics.

Key learning aims

(1)
To provide an overview of the importance of measuring CBT competency.

(2)
To recognize the challenges entailed in measuring CBT competency in under-resourced settings.

(3)
To understand the development and validation of the CCS measure.
Of Promises and Discontents: Mapping India's Response to Guaranteeing the Right to Mental Health during the Covid-19 Pandemic
Authors: SANGHI Sanskriti , JASWAL Raushan Tara 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAs of 2020, close to 1 billion people are living with mental disorders. The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed and intensified the shortcomings in guaranteeing the right to mental health, particularly of the marginalized. The article discusses the international human rights framework with the endeavour of highlighting the non-derogability of the right and the obligations imposed on States in pursuance of it. By discussing the Indian experience the article exemplifies that, despite greater normative clarity, practice has not been brought into conformity in most States, resulting in pre-existing lacunae being amplified during the pandemic. The article proceeds to outline recommendations for States to consider by treating India as a global reference. The overarching conclusion is that while the pandemic has made it even more apparent that the implementation of the rights-framework is deficient, it has also provided an opportunity to advance which can only be availed by operationalizing this framework.
Tectonic Control on Drainage Evolution in Broken Forelands: Examples From NW Argentina
Authors: Seagren Erin G. , McMillan Mitchell , Schoenbohm Lindsay M. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPlanform drainage patterns in orogens reflect the initial control of local structures, resulting in strike‐parallel longitudinal drainage, and the subsequent influence of regional slopes that result from crustal thickening and reorganizing rivers into strike‐perpendicular transverse drainage. However, in broken forelands, out‐of‐sequence range uplift along steep faults results in significant basin‐range relief, suggesting that such regions may not follow the transition from strike‐parallel to strike‐perpendicular drainage and require a distinct model of drainage evolution. Using the broken foreland of NW Argentina as an example, we describe modern and paleo‐topography, planform drainage patterns, and drainage evolution using geomorphic observations and a synthesis of existing thermochronologic, structural, and sedimentologic data. We find three distinct drainage patterns in NW Argentina: (a) major long‐lived, strike‐parallel longitudinal rivers, (b) outlets localized between along‐strike faults, and (c) sharp changes in flow direction that developed as rivers passively deflected around growing structures and top‐down drainage reorganization (e.g., divide overtopping). These drainage patterns formed during Oligocene‐Miocene basin fragmentation and reflect a strong tectonic control. Rivers, unable to incise into rapidly uplifting bedrock, instead deflected and formed major longitudinal rivers that flow along ranges and through structural gaps, and frequently reorganized through top‐down processes. Sustained high relief between basins and ranges suggest that longitudinal drainages are entrenched and unlikely to reorganize into transverse rivers. These drainage patterns and their evolution are distinct from the expected longitudinal‐transverse progression in thin‐skinned and thick‐skinned tectonic wedges. We therefore suggest the fluvial evolution of broken forelands may be more comparable to extensional landscapes.
Empirical Low‐Frequency Earthquakes Synthesized From Tectonic Tremor Records
Authors: Ide Satoshi 
Published: December 2021

AbstractTectonic tremor and low‐frequency earthquakes (LFEs) are two different representations of the high‐frequency (>1 Hz) components of broadband slow earthquakes, which have been discovered in various tectonic regions. Although LFEs are considered building blocks of tremor, it is difficult to find constituent LFEs for some long‐duration tremor sequences. Here we introduce a new scheme to synthesize an impulsive response from a tremor source, or empirical LFE (eLFE), from complex tremor sequences. The eLFE is constructed by maximizing the absolute amplitude (L∞ norm) of the normalized and stacked waveforms of many tremor sequences at many stations. This problem includes a highly multimodal objective function, which is maximized via a combined optimization method that incorporates a genetic algorithm and iterative improvements. We first apply this method to several validation tests using synthetic tremor waveforms and real LFEs, and then tremor activities where few nearby LFEs have been detected. One example is the Okayama tremor, which has been known to be extraordinarily sensitive to tidal stress. The eLFE is helpful in determining the accurate hypocentral location and recovering the long‐term comprehensive tremor activity via a matched‐filter analysis. The well‐constrained depth of the Okayama tremor sources is less than 30 km, which suggests that the subducting Philippine Sea Plate is very shallow at this distant location from the trench axis. This eLFE scheme highlights the fact that tremor sequences may be composed of random fluctuations that are not necessarily impulsive and emphasizes the importance of characterizing such randomness to better understand slow earthquake behavior.
Landfast Ice Controls on Turbulence in Antarctic Coastal Seas
Authors: Inall Mark E. , Brearley J. Alexander , Henley Sian F. , Fraser Alexander D. , Reed Sarah 
Published: December 2021

AbstractKnowledge of the ocean surface layer beneath Antarctic landfast ice is sparse. In this article surface layer turbulent and fine structure are quantified with and without landfast ice at the same West Antarctic Peninsula location. Landfast ice reduced turbulence levels locally to an order of magnitude less than ice‐free values, and near‐inertial energy and sub‐inertial tidal energy levels to less than half their ice‐free values. Vertical turbulent heat and nutrient fluxes were, respectively, 6 and 10 times greater than previously estimated. Under‐ice tidal energy dissipation over the entire Antarctic continental shelf due to seasonal landfast ice cover is estimated to be between 788 MW to ∼6 GW. The total rate of wind‐generated turbulence in the surface ocean is greatly reduced by the presence of seasonal landfast ice to an average of 14% of the ice‐free value, but with large sectoral variations. Counter‐intuitively, however, tides and wind contribute approximately equally to the turbulent kinetic energy budget of the upper ocean between the Antarctic coastline and the maximal landfast ice extent, with large sectoral variations, attributed to geographic variations in the strength of the barotropic tide.
Evaluation of Temperature‐Dependent Complex Refractive Indices of Supercooled Liquid Water Using Downwelling Radiance and In‐Situ Cloud Measurements at South Pole
Authors: Rowe Penny M. , Walden Von P. , Brandt Richard E. , Town Michael S. , Hudson Stephen R. , Neshyba Steven 
Published: December 2021

AbstractClouds have a large effect on the radiation budget and represent a major source of uncertainty in climate models. Supercooled liquid clouds can exist at temperatures as low as 235 K, and the radiative effect of these clouds depends on the complex refractive index (CRI) of liquid water. Laboratory measurements have demonstrated that the liquid‐water CRI is temperature‐dependent, but corroboration with field measurements is difficult. Here we present measurements of the downwelling infrared radiance and in‐situ measurements of supercooled liquid water in a cloud at temperatures as low as 240 K, made at South Pole Station in 2001. These results demonstrate that including the temperature dependence of the liquid‐water CRI is essential for accurate calculations of radiative transfer through supercooled liquid clouds. Furthermore, we show that when cloud properties are retrieved from infrared radiances (using the spectral range 500–1,200 cm−1) spurious ice may be retrieved if the 300 K CRI is used for cold liquid clouds (∼240 K). These results have implications for radiative transfer in climate models as well as for retrievals of cloud properties from infrared radiance spectra.
Gut bacterial tyrosine decarboxylase associates with clinical variables in a longitudinal cohort study of Parkinsons disease
Authors: van Kessel Sebastiaan P. , Auvinen Petri , Scheperjans Filip , El Aidy Sahar 
Published: December 2021

AbstractGut microbiota influences the clinical response of a wide variety of orally administered drugs. However, the underlying mechanisms through which drug–microbiota interactions occur are still obscure. Previously, we reported that tyrosine decarboxylating (TDC) bacteria may restrict the levels of levodopa reaching circulation in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). We observed a significant positive association between disease duration and the abundance of the bacterial tdc-gene. The question arises whether increased exposure to anti-PD medication could affect the abundance of bacterial TDC, to ultimately impact drug efficacy. To this end, we investigated the potential association between anti-PD drug exposure and bacterial tdc-gene abundance over a period of 2 years in a longitudinal cohort of PD patients and healthy controls. Our data reveal significant associations between tdc-gene abundance, several anti-PD medications, including entacapone, rasagiline, pramipexole, and ropinirole but not levodopa, and gastrointestinal symptoms, warranting further research on the effect of anti-PD medication on microbial changes and gastrointestinal function.
Proteomic analysis of extracellular vesicles enriched serum associated with future ischemic stroke
Authors: Mitaki Shingo , Wada Yasuko , Sheikh Abdullah Md. , Yamaguchi Shuhei , Nagai Atsushi 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIdentifying new biomarkers beyond the established risk factors that make it possible to predict and prevent ischemic stroke has great significance. Extracellular vesicles are powerful cell‒cell messengers, containing disease-specific biomolecules, which makes them powerful diagnostic candidates. Therefore, this study aimed to identify proteins derived from extracellular vesicles enriched serum related to future ischemic stroke events, using a proteomic method. Of Japanese subjects who voluntarily participated in health checkups at our institute a number of times, 10 subjects (6 males and 4 females, age: 64.2 ± 3.9 years) who developed symptomatic ischemic stroke (7.3 ± 4.4 years’ follow-up) and 10 age‒sex matched controls without brain lesions (6.7 ± 2.8 years’ follow-up) were investigated. Extracellular vesicles enriched fractions were derived from serum collected at the baseline visit. Differentially expressed proteins were evaluated using isobaric tagging for relative and absolute protein quantification (iTRAQ)-based proteomic analysis. Of the 29 proteins identified, alpha-2-macroglobulin, complement C1q subcomponent subunit B, complement C1r subcomponent, and histidine-rich glycoprotein were significantly upregulated (2.21-, 2.15-, 2.24-, and 2.16-fold, respectively) in subjects with future ischemic stroke, as compared with controls. Our study supports the concept of serum-derived extracellular vesicles enriched fractions as biomarkers for new-onset stroke. These proteins may be useful for prediction or for targeted therapy.
MicroSEC filters sequence errors for formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded samples
Authors: Ikegami Masachika , Kohsaka Shinji , Hirose Takeshi , Ueno Toshihide , Inoue Satoshi , Kanomata Naoki , Yamauchi Hideko , Mori Taisuke , Sekine Shigeki , Inamoto Yoshihiro , Yatabe Yasushi , Kobayashi Hiroshi , Tanaka Sakae , Mano Hiroyuki 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe clinical sequencing of tumors is usually performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples and results in many sequencing errors. We identified that most of these errors are detected in chimeric reads caused by single-strand DNA molecules with microhomology. During the end-repair step of library preparation, mutations are introduced by the mis-annealing of two single-strand DNA molecules comprising homologous sequences. The mutated bases are distributed unevenly near the ends in the individual reads. Our filtering pipeline, MicroSEC, focuses on the uneven distribution of mutations in each read and removes the sequencing errors in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples without over-eliminating the mutations detected also in fresh frozen samples. Amplicon-based sequencing using 97 mutations confirmed that the sensitivity and specificity of MicroSEC were 97% (95% confidence interval: 82–100%) and 96% (95% confidence interval: 88–99%), respectively. Our pipeline will increase the reliability of the clinical sequencing and advance the cancer research using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples.
Scaling advantage of chaotic amplitude control for high-performance combinatorial optimization
Authors: Leleu Timothée , Khoyratee Farad , Levi Timothée , Hamerly Ryan , Kohno Takashi , Aihara Kazuyuki 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe development of physical simulators, called Ising machines, that sample from low energy states of the Ising Hamiltonian has the potential to transform our ability to understand and control complex systems. However, most of the physical implementations of such machines have been based on a similar concept that is closely related to relaxational dynamics such as in simulated, mean-field, chaotic, and quantum annealing. Here we show that dynamics that includes a nonrelaxational component and is associated with a finite positive Gibbs entropy production rate can accelerate the sampling of low energy states compared to that of conventional methods. By implementing such dynamics on field programmable gate array, we show that the addition of nonrelaxational dynamics that we propose, called chaotic amplitude control, exhibits exponents of the scaling with problem size of the time to find optimal solutions and its variance that are smaller than those of relaxational schemes recently implemented on Ising machines.
Advancing COVID-19 diagnosis with privacy-preserving collaboration in artificial intelligence
Authors: Bai Xiang , Wang Hanchen , Ma Liya , Xu Yongchao , Gan Jiefeng , Fan Ziwei , Yang Fan , Ma Ke , Yang Jiehua , Bai Song , Shu Chang , Zou Xinyu , Huang Renhao , Zhang Changzheng , Liu Xiaowu , Tu Dandan , Xu Chuou , Zhang Wenqing , Wang Xi , Chen Anguo , Zeng Yu , Yang Dehua , Wang Ming-Wei , Holalkere Nagaraj , Halin Neil J. , Kamel Ihab R. , Wu Jia , Peng Xuehua , Wang Xiang , Shao Jianbo , Mongkolwat Pattanasak , Zhang Jianjun , Liu Weiyang , Roberts Michael , Teng Zhongzhao , Beer Lucian , Sanchez Lorena E. , Sala Evis , Rubin Daniel L. , Weller Adrian , Lasenby Joan , Zheng Chuansheng , Wang Jianming , Li Zhen , Schönlieb Carola , Xia Tian 
Published: December 2021

AbstractArtificial intelligence provides a promising solution for streamlining COVID-19 diagnoses; however, concerns surrounding security and trustworthiness impede the collection of large-scale representative medical data, posing a considerable challenge for training a well-generalized model in clinical practices. To address this, we launch the Unified CT-COVID AI Diagnostic Initiative (UCADI), where the artificial intelligence (AI) model can be distributedly trained and independently executed at each host institution under a federated learning framework without data sharing. Here we show that our federated learning framework model considerably outperformed all of the local models (with a test sensitivity/specificity of 0.973/0.951 in China and 0.730/0.942 in the United Kingdom), achieving comparable performance with a panel of professional radiologists. We further evaluated the model on the hold-out (collected from another two hospitals without the federated learning framework) and heterogeneous (acquired with contrast materials) data, provided visual explanations for decisions made by the model, and analysed the trade-offs between the model performance and the communication costs in the federated training process. Our study is based on 9,573 chest computed tomography scans from 3,336 patients collected from 23 hospitals located in China and the United Kingdom. Collectively, our work advanced the prospects of utilizing federated learning for privacy-preserving AI in digital health.
COS-triggered oxygen/sulfur exchange of isatins: chemoselective synthesis of functionalized isoindigos and spirothiopyrans via self-condensation and the thio-Diels–Alder reaction
Authors: Chen Wei , Zhou Hui , Ren Bai-Hao , Ren Wei-Min , Lu Xiao-Bing 
Published: December 2021

An efficient organocatalyzed oxygen/sulfur exchange of isatins in the presence of COS has been achieved. Notably, in situ generated 3-thioisatins could be chemoselectively transformed into functionalized isoindigos and spirothiopyrans.