bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Comic
Authors: Cochrane Tom 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
An account of comic value is presented in this chapter that refines the traditional ‘incongruity’ theory of comedy. It is argued that humorous objects are regarded as norm-violating (by failing, exceeding, or deliberately breaking a norm). In addition, these violations are regarded as ‘non-serious’ in the sense that we discern no pragmatic pull to correct, avoid, or imitate the norm-violation. These conditions are further refined by a consideration of timing in comedy and the humour of persona-based stand-up. The reward of comedy is then analysed as a kind of pleasurable release or relief from demands to uphold norms. Finally the chapter considers whether comic value can reconcile us with the absurdity of our lives.
In Defence of Aestheticism
Authors: Cochrane Tom 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter draws together the various sources of aesthetic value presented in earlier chapters of the book and articulates how together they allow us to experience the entire world as aesthetically valuable. This chapter is intended as a consolidated defence of the core aestheticist position, and can be read relatively independently of the rest of the book. Comparisons are made to historical defences of Aestheticism from Saint Augustine and Nietzsche. Various criticisms of Aestheticism that have come up over the course of the book are addressed, including the ethical objection that we ought not to aesthetically appreciate certain things; the objection that some things are ugly; and the objection that aesthetic value is too subjective. In addition to the intrinsic benefits of Aestheticism, it is then noted that the pursuit of aesthetic value has practical benefits. Most of all, it motivates us to understand the world better. In this way, Aestheticism is an important stimulus to science and philosophy.
a plea for new international laws
Authors: Simpson Gerry 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter sets out the preoccupations of the book and is organised around a series of questions. Are we at the point where enunciating our collective tragedy in the language of international law risks a degree of bathos or absurdity? Is international law—as a prescription for a good life—no longer compatible with living well, or has it become/has it always been a cluster of promises that obscure and inhibit the conditions for flourishing? After offering up a series of definitions of international law, the chapter then goes on to sketch the dangers of relevance and the prospects for a playfully serious way of thinking about international law through literature, through civility and through sentimentality.
an uncertain style: after method in international legal history
Authors: Simpson Gerry 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter reflects on an encounter between two disciplines: (global) history and (international) law. The chapter takes stock of this encounter and suggests that the methodological stakes have been overstated. Instead, it argues that something more instinctive—perhaps inexpressible—is happening when we read a piece of historical or legal-historical work and that this instinctive response is entangled with our experience of this reading as literary rather than methodological. So, this chapter is a very indirect intervention into the continuing debates about how to conduct oneself in the field of global legal history and especially how to think about doing history in the aftermath of these debates. It argues, too, that this moment of self-consciousness offers an opportunity for international lawyers to maintain or consolidate a sensibility about the world that the chapter considers literary rather than technical.
a declaration on friendly relations
Authors: Simpson Gerry 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter reconstructs, in a descriptive and aspirational mode, lawful friendship through an encounter between the literary figure of ‘the friend’ and an international law of friendly and unfriendly relations. It begins with a gesture of elegiac friendship before locating friendship in an international law of enemies, criminals, pirates and neutrals. It finishes by elaborating a politics of international legal friendship and makes a plea for a tentative, careful friendliness suggested by friendships found in Montaigne, Nietzsche and Derrida, and in three moments of friendship set in the Cold War: one literary (the depiction of friendship in John Adams’ opera, Nixon in China), one an unlikely performance of anti-imperial friendly relations (the friendship between Nehru and Tito, begun in Belgrade) and one epistolary (a letter sent by Nikita Khrushchev to Fidel Castro in the aftermath of the Cuban Missile Crisis). Each represents in its rudimentary way a ‘lawful friendship’, a declaration on friendly relations.
gardening, instead, or, of pastoral international law
Authors: Simpson Gerry 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This final substantive chapter proposes gardening as a sentimental—and not entirely allegorical—response to the badgering calls for normativity or reform in international law. It approaches the subject of gardening via a more general plea for an international legal imagination, prior to offering some vignettes that seek to illustrate the possibilities of a pastoral international law of defiant, world-weary worldliness (Voltaire) of ironic, hopeful disengagement (Woolf), of indignant, recuperative, celebratory engagement (West) and of meandering, subtle legal diplomacy (Khrushchev); an international law of sardonic lightness and nuance, not oppressive solemnity, and one that renounces the dead hand of relevance while keeping at bay the cynicism that sometimes threatens to engulf our best selves.
Introduction
Authors: Wiedemann Benedict 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Relationships between popes and kings have often been seen, first, as feudo-vassalic, and secondly as part of a general attempt by medieval popes to elevate themselves to world rulership. This introduction outlines the historiographical background and the broader implications of this book’s argument. In general, the emphasis on petitions as the driver of papal government—a central part of this book—has much in common with recent approaches to pre-modern government more generally. The interest now is in what subjects are able to get out of central governments, why and how subjects approach governments, and what effect this has on the authority of the ruler.
Investiture
Authors: Wiedemann Benedict 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In the eleventh century, the language and forms of papal–royal relationships were not abstractly theorized, nor were the consequences and implications of the language considered. As arguments about royal investiture of bishops became more important in the later eleventh century, papal investiture of secular rulers—hitherto unproblematic—fell out of fashion. If kings should not invest bishops, then why should popes invest princes? Kings who had been invested in the eleventh century, such as the Norman rulers of Sicily and southern Italy, would instead, in the twelfth century, be crowned by an archbishop. Rulers who received their realms ‘from the pope’s hand’, such as the kings of Aragon, would not do so after 1122.
Wardship
Authors: Wiedemann Benedict 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In the first decades of the thirteenth century, Popes Innocent III and Honorius III found themselves bound to support the succession of three young kings—Henry III of England, James I of Aragon, and Frederick II of Sicily. Although a supposed feudal right of wardship has often been supposed to have motivated the popes, actually, papal letters changed and altered their justifications for papal solicitude depending on the circumstances of the time. In practice, papal involvement in these royal minorities was reactive: the pope replied to petitions he received. Consequently, papal mandates and instructions were often variable and even contradictory. Papal instructions—rather than being a medium for a centralized papal will to be expressed—were more often the means through which local power struggles were fought.
Confiscation
Authors: Wiedemann Benedict 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Alongside the new terminology of fiefs and vassals, the thirteenth century saw the arrival of a new idea: that the pope might be able to depose vassal-kings by virtue of his authority as the kings’ temporal lord. Such an idea lurked behind the arras during the disputes between Emperor Frederick II and Popes Gregory IX and Innocent IV, and was then formalized when the kingdom of Sicily was given to Charles of Anjou. This right of confiscation was, however, never exercised, indicating the unwillingness of the papacy to use the coercive power supposedly given to it through feudal relationships with secular rulers.
Epilogue
Authors: Wiedemann Benedict 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Papal overlordship of rulers continued to have importance in the later thirteenth and fourteenth centuries and even up to the eighteenth century. Papal authority, papal lordship, was always most useful as a tool; as a tool to legitimize the conquest of the New World in the fifteenth century; as a tool to legitimize the conquest of the Canary Islands in the fourteenth century. Throughout this book, the recurring theme has been that petitioners—especially kings—got the most out of papal lordship because, through such lordship, they were able to instrumentalize and weaponize papal authority. The relationships between popes and kings were built and constructed mutually, not imposed by an over-mighty papal monarchy.
Prologue
Authors: Clements Ashley 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The prologue issues a challenge to all interested in the Classics to address the questions ‘Why does Classics matter now?’ and ‘What should it hope to contribute to the vital issues of our present?’ by exploring how the Classics have always been embroiled in anthropological conversations about our place in relation to others. The aim of the book they frame, they assert, is to highlight—ultimately in positive terms—the contingency of the Classics’ most profound (and often disastrous) conceptual heritage to us. The historical story of the place of the Classical tradition and Classics in anthropology, it claims, enlivens us to the real contribution the Classics might make now beyond the history of Classical reception and enjoins direct engagement with the question of why we need Classics now. This book’s story of the history of anthropology, it argues, tells us this: we need to do it in order to think beyond it.
Moral Conscientiousness and the Subjectivism/Objectivism Debate about Moral Wrongness
Authors: Graham Peter A. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The Subjectivism/Objectivism debate is a debate about the facts the an action’s moral status is grounded in. Subjectivists maintain that an action’s moral status is grounded in the subjective circumstances of the agent at the time of its performance. Objectivists deny this. This chapter defends the Objectivist view against a recent argument against it by championing a picture of moral conscientiousness which is at odds with a central premise of that argument. The picture of moral conscientiousness defended is one that crucially sees the morally conscientious person’s concern not to act wrongly as degreed and sensitive to the degrees of wrongness of the options facing the morally conscientious agent. After motivating this particular conception of moral conscientiousness and defending Objectivism against the argument against it, the chapter further develops the Objectivist picture of the moral status of actions and explains the Objectivist’s conception of the relation between moral wrongness and what a morally conscientious person ought to do in her choice situation.
Defence, Doubt, and Gracelessness (1904–9)
Authors: Shearn Samuel Andrew 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In this chapter, sources from Tillich’s student days (1904–9) are compared with Tillich’s later autobiographical narratives. Tillich’s father Johannes defended the conservative stance in church-political debates in Wilhelmine Prussia concerning the doctrinal orthodoxy of its pastors. Student Tillich’s determination to defend confessional standards at the national Wingolf conference 1906 shows his commitment to the same cause. Yet privately, Tillich was struggling with doubt about historical revelation, brought on by historical criticism, but chiefly his philosophical studies. Despite Tillich’s later insistence that Martin Kähler (1835–1912) taught him the centrality of justification, there was no grace in Tillich’s uncompromising stance as Wingolf leader, of which Kähler may have been quite critical. Furthermore, Tillich’s Monismusschrift (1908), influenced by his study of Fichte and others under Fritz Medicus (1876–1956), offers criticism of Kähler’s anti-metaphysical stance. Justification is merely a subordinated locus of his attempt to express Christianity in terms of idealist philosophy.
The Prodigal Doubter (Nauen 1911–12)
Authors: Shearn Samuel Andrew 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores sermons from Tillich’s curacy in Nauen (1911–12). In Tillich’s adaptation the parable of the Prodigal Son, the pious of the day do not come with empty hands but grasping rags of love, faith, zeal, and orthodoxy. By characterizing the creedal assent of the pious as a self-righteous ‘work’, Tillich echoes Wilhelm Herrmann’s defence against ‘positive’ detractors. Tillich will speak sharply against provocatively liberal figures but distances himself from conservative Christians he deems self-righteous. Tillich attempts thereby a levelling of the distinction between the believer and the unbeliever through a law-gospel dialectic emphasizing human inability. Reimagining piety as piety in godforsakenness, he insists that even in an age of doubt, all share in the predicament from which all are saved. Those who now protest against the church do in that protest exhibit forms of faith: they are of the truth and will come to the truth.
Tillich at War (1914–18)
Authors: Shearn Samuel Andrew 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter studies Tillich’s war sermons, lecture on theodicy, and correspondence with Emanuel Hirsch. Tillich’s sermons exhibit at times a crass war theology; the war must be undoubtable. But religious doubt is given a voice and a pastoral response. Perhaps most strikingly in his Christmas sermons, Tillich speaks about the loss of faith among the soldiers. He also offers an unfinished theodicy with three moments, increasingly emphasizing the weakness and suffering of God. Tillich’s sermon from late October 1917 to mark the 400th anniversary of the Reformation is a clear expression of the justification of the doubter. Tillich subsequently explains and develops this new understanding of ‘faith without God’ in correspondence with Hirsch.
Concluding Thoughts
Authors: Levy Neil 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This brief concluding chapter draws the threads of the previous chapters together. Previous work on human decision-making has tended to conclude that rationality is a scarce resource and most cognition is arational or irrational. Pushback against this view has come from proponents of ecological rationality. They concede, in effect, that our decision-making is irrational, inasmuch as it fails to respond to good information, but argue that it is rational in a broader sense: we better achieve our epistemic goals by believing arationally. This chapter argues that the evidence surveyed in the previous chapters shows that this is false: we respond rationally to the higher-order evidence we’re presented with, and there’s therefore no need to appeal to ecological rationality to defend our self-image as rational agents. Once we recognize the pervasiveness of higher-order evidence, we can vindicate something very like the Enlightenment picture of ourselves as rational animals.
Life in a rotating world
Authors: Steane Andrew M. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We imagine a group of people living on the inner surface of a huge rotating cylinder in flat spacetime. Their experiences are described and calculated. Thus we introduce gravimagnetic effects and the connection between gravitational time dilation and gravitational acceleration. Gravimagnetic effects such as the force on moving particles and the precession of gyroscopes are derived. The Thomas precession is obtained. These observations illustrate GR ideas that are applicable more generally. Some properties of the general stationary metric are introduced.
Slow stationary sources
Authors: Steane Andrew M. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The linearized theory is applied to sources such as ordinary stars whose speed is small compared to the speed of light. This yields the “gravitoelectromagnetic” theory. The gravitoelectromagnetic field equations are obtained, along with their general solution via scalar and vector potentials. It is shown how to calculate the metric perturbation, and hence the field, due to a rotating ring or a ball, and thus how to calculate orbits, timing, and the Lense-Thirring precession.
Gravitational waves
Authors: Steane Andrew M. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The theory of weak gravitational waves is discussed at length. The transverse traceless gauge is described, and the behaviour of plane wave solutions obtained. The impact of a wave on physical objects, and hence methods for their detection, are calculated. The laser interferometric gravitational wave detector is described. Sources such as binary stars are considered. The compact source approximation is employed, and the quadrupole formula relating the wave amplitude to the quadrupole of the source is obtained. Energy flux in gravitational waves is calculated by two methods, one more general, the other giving further physical insight. The total emitted power is obtained. These are lengthy calculations but they are presented in full. Finally they are applied in detail to a binary star with elliptical orbtis (the Hulse Taylor binary) and to a black hole merger detected by the LIGO interferometers.
Vectors on manifolds
Authors: Steane Andrew M. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The vector, the dual vector (one-form), components and inner products are defined and discussed. The difference between a vector and a one-form is carefully drawn out, with examples and diagrams. Contravariant and covariant components are described, and the way in which the metric can relate them is carefully explained. The transformation of vector components under a change of coordinate basis is derived.
Humor, Empathy, and Community in Twentieth-Century American Poetry
Authors: Trousdale Rachel 
Published: December 2021

AbstractHumor, Empathy, and Community in Twentieth-Century American Poetry argues that American poets of the last hundred years use laughter to promote recognition of shared humanity across difference. Freud and Bergson argue that laughter patrols the boundary between in-group and out-group, but laughter can also help us cross or re-draw that boundary, creating a more democratic understanding of shared experience. Poets’ uses of humor reveal and reinforce deep-seated beliefs about the possibility of empathic mutual understanding among unlike interlocutors. These beliefs also shape poets’ senses of audience and their attitudes toward the notion that poets are somehow exceptional. When poets use humor to promote empathy, they make a claim about the basic ethical function of poetry, because humor and poetry share fundamental structures: both combine disparate subjects into newly meaningful wholes. Taking W. H. Auden and Marianne Moore on one side and Ezra Pound and T. S. Eliot on the other as competing models of how humor can embrace, exclude, and transform, the book charts a developing poetics of laughter in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries through the work of Sterling Brown, Elizabeth Bishop, Stephanie Burt, Cathy Park Hong, and Lucille Clifton, among others. Poets whose race, gender, sexual orientation, or experimentalism place them outside the American mainstream are especially interested in humor’s potential to transcend the very differences it demarcates. Such writers increasingly replace mockery, satire, and other humorous attacks with comic forms that heighten readers’ understanding of and empathy with individuals, while revealing the failures of dominant hierarchical moral and logical systems.
“Tell me the Truth”
Authors: Trousdale Rachel 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAuden’s late-thirties light verse and serious poetry use humor to construct a community of readers and fellow-poets. His humor and his poetics are programmatically anti-Fascist, rejecting the notion of the poet as “exceptional person” and treating literary tradition as potentially malleable and inclusive. For Auden, humor is both individuating and a way to identify like-minded people; more unusually, when it is based on potentially accessible literary knowledge, it also invites outsiders to join the poet’s community. Humor and laughter turn out to provide ways to extend the profound, life-changing intersubjectivity of love—the empathy we feel for our beloved—to a community beyond the dyad of lovers.
“Humor Saves Steps”
Authors: Trousdale Rachel 
Published: December 2021

AbstractMarianne Moore treats humor as a way to recognize what we have in common with others and to create understanding across difference. In her early work, Moore experiments with combinations of satire and empathy. In “A Prize Bird” and “The Wood-Weasel,” she uses humor as a test of friendship, and suggests that sympathetic laughter constitutes a distinctively American approach to collaborative artistic creation. Humor in “The Pangolin,” like the artists’ tools Moore discusses in the poem, is an end in itself and a way to discover new possibilities: it marks shared humanity and unites the human with the divine. Moore’s laughter occurs when we understand intuitively what it is like to be someone else; the more apparently unlike us the other, the more satisfying the laughter. Throughout Moore’s work, humor can be read as an ars poetica, modeling the synthesis of diverse components that she performs in her poetry.
The Framework for Coastal State Jurisdiction over Fishing in the EEZ
Authors: Goodman Camille 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This Chapter outlines the legal framework for the regulation of living resources in the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) as established in the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC) and other relevant international instruments. It demonstrates how the LOSC seeks to balance the competing interests of coastal and flag States and argues that while the ‘non-specific’ standards established in the LOSC have subsequently been strengthened by the recognition of additional conservation and management concepts, the basic rights and obligations of coastal States remain ambiguous, open-ended, and highly qualified. In order to clarify this ambiguity, it looks beyond the basic list of rights and duties set out on the face of the LOSC to establish what coastal States must, may, and must not do in exercising their sovereign rights over living resources in the EEZ. It examines the approaches taken by international courts and tribunals in reviewing the innovations and interpretations offered by coastal States in their implementation of the LOSC, and identifies the broader, normative principles that constrain and enable coastal State jurisdiction in the EEZ. This includes discussion of the rules of due regard and due diligence, the role of the margin of appreciation doctrine, and the extent to which a coastal State may act to protect—or prevent interference with—its sovereign rights. The Chapter concludes by drawing these concepts together to outline the basic framework that governs the continuum of jurisdiction over living resources in the EEZ.