bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of irradiated and non-irradiated acellular dermal matrices in breast reconstruction under radiotherapy
Authors: Woo Soo Jin , Ha Jeong Hyun , Jin Ung Sik 
Published: January 2021

Background Acellular dermal matrices (ADMs) have become an essential material for implant-based breast reconstruction. No previous studies have evaluated the effects of sterility of ADM under conditions of radiation. This study compared sterile (irradiated) and aseptic (non-irradiated) ADMs to determine which would better endure radiotherapy.
Methods Eighteen male Balb/C mice were assigned to the control group with no irradiation (group 1) or one of two other groups with a radiation intensity of 10 Gy (group 2) or 20 Gy (group 3). Both sterile and aseptic ADMs were inserted into the back of each mouse. The residual volume of the ADM (measured using three-dimensional photography), cell incorporation, α-smooth muscle actin expression, and connective tissue growth factor expression were evaluated. The thickness and CD3 expression of the skin were measured 4 and 8 weeks after radiation.
Results In groups 2 and 3, irradiated ADMs had a significantly larger residual volume than the non-irradiated ADMs after 8 weeks (P<0.05). No significant differences were found in cell incorporation and the amount of fibrosis between irradiated and non-irradiated ADMs. The skin was significantly thicker in the non-irradiated ADMs than in the irradiated ADMs in group 3 (P<0.05). CD3 staining showed significantly fewer inflammatory cells in the skin of irradiated ADMs than in non-irradiated ADMs in all three groups after 4 and 8 weeks (P<0.05).
Conclusions Under radiation exposure, irradiated ADMs were more durable, with less volume decrease and less deposition of collagen fibers and inflammatory reactions in the skin than in non-irradiated ADMs.
Anterolateral thigh free flaps and radial forearm free flaps in head and neck reconstruction: A 20-year analysis from a single institution
Authors: Yang Simon , Hong Jong Won , Yoon In Sik , Lew Dae Hyun , Roh Tai Suk , Lee Won Jai 
Published: January 2021

Background Reconstruction after removal of a malignant tumor in the head and neck region is crucial for restoring tissue integrity, function, and aesthetics. We retrospectively analyzed patients who underwent intraoral reconstruction surgery using radial forearm free flaps (RFFF) and anterolateral thigh free flaps (ALT) at a single institution to provide more information supporting the choice of a reconstruction method after removal of head and neck cancer.
Methods The charts of 708 patients who underwent head and neck reconstruction between 1998 and 2018 at the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery at our institution were retrospectively reviewed. Patients’ age, sex, and history of radiation therapy, diabetes mellitus, and smoking were retrieved. The primary cancer site, types of defects, and complications were investigated.
Results Overall, 473 and 95 patients underwent reconstruction surgery with RFFF and ALT, respectively. RFFF was more often used in patients with cancers of the pharynx, larynx, esophagus, or tonsil, while ALT was more frequently used in patients with cancers of the mouth floor with tonsil or tongue involvement. The proportion of patients undergoing ALT increased gradually. Flap failure and donor site morbidities did not show significant differences between the two groups.
Conclusions RFFF and ALT flaps resulted in similar outcomes in terms of flap survival and donor site morbidity. ALT can be an option for head and neck reconstruction surgery in patients with large and complex defects or for young patients who want to hide their donor site scars.
Suitability of denervated muscle flaps as recipient sites for pancreatic islet cell transplantation
Authors: Park Jong-Lim , Kim Taewoon , Kim Baek-Kyu 
Published: January 2021

Background Extensive research has been conducted on islet transplantation as a possible cure for diabetes. Islet transplantation in the liver via the portal vein has shown remarkable results, but numerous other recipient sites are currently being investigated. We aimed to show the effectiveness of using a muscle flap as a recipient site for islet transplantation.
Methods Islet cells were harvested from 12 isogenic Lewis rats, and then diabetes was induced in another 12 isogenic Lewis rats by streptozotocin injection. In six rats, 3,000 islets were transplanted into gastrocnemius muscle flaps, and in the other six rats, the same number of islets were transplanted into the gastrocnemius muscle. The transplanted islet cell function between the two groups was compared by means of blood glucose tests, glucose tolerance tests, immunohistochemistry, and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.
Results In the muscle flap group, blood glucose levels significantly decreased after islet transplantation. Blood glucose levels were significantly different between the two groups at 3 weeks after transplantation. The muscle flap group showed nearly normoglycemic results upon the glucose tolerance test, whereas the muscle group was hyperglycemic. Immunohistochemical evaluation showed positive results against insulin and glucagon in biopsies of both groups, and the islet cell density was higher in the muscle flap group. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction results.
Conclusions Our results suggest that muscle flaps are promising candidates for islet cell transplantation.
Necessary Suffering? - Investigating Existential Suffering in Youth through Everyday Experiences of Bad Conscience
Authors: Meier Joachim 
Published: January 2021

The purpose of this article is to develop an account of existential suffering in youth. According to recent studies, a growing amount of young Westerners has come to suffer from mental disorders, stress, and a general lack of well-being. It is suggested however that the massive concern for young people's mental health might risk contributing to an increased pathologization of all kinds of suffering in youth. In continuation hereof the article aims at disclosing a suffering that is not pathological in kind but quite the contrary clings to existence. Based on interviews with three Danish high school students, regarding their experiences of bad conscience in their everyday lives, it is revealed how they suffer from matters conceivable as normative implications of fundamental conditions of existence such as freedom, finitude and the Other. In the end, critical concerns are raised regarding the normative evaluation of existential suffering as a necessity. That is, should we not always be against suffering?
Elsbeth In Taxland, or Through the Change Purse: An Appreciation
Authors: Bryden P. E. 
Published: January 2021

This reflection on E. A. Heaman’s Tax, Order, and Good Government: A New Political History of Canada, 1867-1917 suggests that the innovative “taxationist” interpretation of Canada the author offers bears some striking similarities to other upside-down worlds. Like Alice’s Wonderland, Bryden shows that this new view of Canada has all manner of interesting characters, new ways of looking at old subjects, and new vantage points from which to observe the familiar.
COVID-19 mortality in cancer patients: a report from a tertiary cancer centre in India
Authors: Mehta Anurag , Vasudevan Smreti , Parkash Anuj , Sharma Anurag , Vashist Tanu , Krishna Vidya 
Published: January 2021

Background
Cancer patients, especially those receiving cytotoxic therapy, are assumed to have a higher probability of death from COVID-19. We have conducted this study to identify the Case Fatality Rate (CFR) in cancer patients with COVID-19 and have explored the relationship of various clinical factors to mortality in our patient cohort.

Methods
All confirmed cancer cases presented to the hospital from June 8 to August 20, 2020, and developed symptoms/radiological features suspicious of COVID-19 were tested by Real-time polymerase chain reaction assay and/or cartridge-based nucleic acid amplification test from a combination of naso-oropharyngeal swab for SARS-CoV-2. Clinical data, treatment details, and outcomes were assessed from the medical records.

Results
Of the total 3,101 cancer patients admitted to the hospital, 1,088 patients were tested and 186 patients were positive for SARS-CoV-2. The CFR in the cohort was 27/186 (14.52%). Univariate analysis showed that the risk of death was significantly associated with the presence of any comorbidity (OR: 2.68; (95% CI [1.13–6.32]); P = 0.025), multiple comorbidities (OR: 3.01; (95% CI [1.02–9.07]); P = 0.047 for multiple vs. single), and the severity of COVID-19 presentation (OR: 27.48; (95% CI [5.34–141.49]); P < 0.001 for severe vs. not severe symptoms). Among all comorbidities, diabetes (OR: 3.31; (95% CI [1.35–8.09]); P = 0.009) and cardiovascular diseases (OR: 3.77; (95% CI [1.02–13.91]); P = 0.046) were significant risk factors for death. Anticancer treatments including chemotherapy, surgery, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy administered within a month before the onset of COVID-19 symptoms had no significant effect on mortality.

Conclusion
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study from India reporting the CFR, clinical associations, and risk factors for mortality in SARS-CoV-2 infected cancer patients. Our study shows that the frequency of COVID-19 in cancer patients is high. Recent anticancer therapies are not associated with mortality. Pre-existing comorbidities, especially diabetes, multiple comorbidities, and severe symptoms at presentation are significantly linked with COVID-19 related death in the cohort.
Evaluation of two fluorescence immunoassays for the rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 antigen—new tool to detect infective COVID-19 patients
Authors: Porte Lorena , Legarraga Paulette , Iruretagoyena Mirentxu , Vollrath Valeska , Pizarro Gabriel , Munita Jose , Araos Rafael , Weitzel Thomas 
Published: January 2021

Background
Real-Time Reverse-Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) is currently the only recommended diagnostic method for SARS-CoV-2. However, rapid immunoassays for SARS-CoV-2 antigen could significantly reduce the COVID-19 burden currently weighing on laboratories around the world.

Methods
We evaluated the performance of two rapid fluorescence immunoassays (FIAs), SOFIA SARS Antigen FIA (Quidel Corporation, San Diego, CA, USA) and STANDARD F COVID-19 Ag FIA (SD Biosensor Inc., Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea), which use an automated reader. The study used 64 RT-PCR characterized clinical samples (32 positive; 32 negative), which consisted of nasopharyngeal swabs in universal transport medium.

Results
Of the 32 positive specimens, all from patients within 5 days of symptom onset, the Quidel and SD Biosensor assays detected 30 (93.8%) and 29 (90.6%) samples, respectively. Among the 27 samples with high viral loads (Ct ≤ 25), the two tests had a sensitivity of 100%. Specificity was 96.9% for both kits.

Conclusion
The high performance of the evaluated FIAs indicates a potential use as rapid and PCR-independent tools for COVID-19 diagnosis in early stages of infection. The excellent sensitivity to detect cases with viral loads above ~106 copies/mL (Ct values ≤ 25), the estimated threshold of contagiousness, suggests that the assays might serve to rapidly identify infective individuals.
Adenomyoepithelioma With Myoepithelial Carcinoma of the Breast With Axillary Lymph Node Metastasis: Two Case Reports and Review of the Literature
Authors: Lee Hye Yoon , Lee Jeong Hyun , Jung Seung Pil , Kim Insun , Bae Jeoung Won 
Published: January 2021

ObjectivesAdenomyoepithelioma (AME) of the breast exhibits characteristic proliferation of the epithelial and myoepithelial cells. Most AMEs are benign, but the 2 inherent cell types can become malignant. The present study reports 2 cases of AME with myoepithelial carcinoma of the breast, one with axillary lymph node metastasis.MethodsA modified radical mastectomy was performed in a 67-year-old woman, because a sentinel lymph node biopsy revealed one metastatic lymph node composed of a myoepithelial carcinoma component. Despite receiving radiotherapy and chemotherapy, the patient died from lung and brain metastases 21 months later. In the second case, breast-conserving surgery with sentinel lymph node biopsy was performed in a 55-year-old woman. Following additional treatment with radiotherapy and chemotherapy, there were no signs of recurrence or metastasis.ResultsThe tumors of the 2 patients were diagnosed as malignant, based on their high mitotic rate and severe nuclear atypia.ConclusionsBased on previously reported cases with distant metastases, the prognosis of myoepithelial carcinoma is poor. Myoepithelial carcinoma should be followed up with careful screening and treated aggressively.
Restoration thinning permits stems to capitalize on high‐rainfall years in a regenerating endangered forest ecosystem
Authors: Towers Isaac R. , Dwyer John M. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract1. Passively regenerating native vegetation presents a cost‐effective opportunity to sequester carbon and reinstate habitat in heavily cleared agricultural landscapes.2. However, in some cases a few woody species recolonize in dense, low‐diversity stands that are slow to self‐thin.3. Restoration thinning of over‐dominant species has been proposed to accelerate ecosystem recovery, but its longer term efficacy remains uncertain, and is likely to depend strongly on rainfall.4. This study focuses on a restoration thinning experiment established in 2007 in dense brigalow (Acacia harpophylla) regrowth in Queensland, Australia. Using variation in rainfall between 2007 and 2017, we examined the interactive effects of neighbourhood density and moisture availability on the growth and survival of A. harpophylla.5. We also compared the strength of A. harpophylla density effects on itself to its effects on a sparsely distributed co‐occurring tree species (Casuarina cristata) that was codominant in the original forest.6. Our results provide clear evidence that thinning permits A. harpophylla to grow rapidly during periods of high rainfall, and that interspecific competition betweenA. harpophylla and C. cristata is relatively weak. As such, thinning of dense A. harpophylla could be combined with seeding or planting of co‐occurring tree species with complementary niches to further accelerate forest recovery in this extensive regrowth ecosystem.
Epilepsy inMT‐ATP6‐ related mils/NARP: correlation of elettroclinical features with heteroplasmy
Authors: Licchetta Laura , Ferri Lorenzo , La Morgia Chiara , Zenesini Corrado , Caporali Leonardo , Lucia Valentino Maria , Minardi Raffaella , Fulitano Daniela , Di Vito Lidia , Mostacci Barbara , Alvisi Lara , Avoni Patrizia , Liguori Rocco , Tinuper Paolo , Bisulli Francesca , Carelli Valerio 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe study aims to characterize the epilepsy phenotype ofmaternallyinheritedLeigh'ssyndrome (MILS) andneuropathy,ataxia,retinitispigmentosa (NARP) due to mutations in the mitochondrialATP6gene and to correlate electroclinical features with mutant heteroplasmy load (HL). We investigated 17 individuals with different phenotype, from asymptomatic carriers to MILS: 11 carried the m.8993T> G mutation, 5 the m.8993T> C and one the novel,de novom.8858G> A mutation. Seizures occurred in 37.5% of patients, EEG abnormalities in 73%. We ranked clinical and EEG abnormalities severity and performed quantitative EEG to estimate Abnormality Ratio (AR) and Spectral Relative Power (SRP). Spearman’s rho and Kruskal–Wallis test were used for correlation with heteroplasmy load (HL). HL correlated with disease severity (Rho = 0.63,P = 0.012) and was significantly higher in patients with seizures or EEG abnormalities (P = 0.014). HL correlated with EEG severity score only for the m.8993T> G (Rho = 0.73,P = 0.040), showing a trend toward a positive correlation with AR and delta SPR, irrespective of the mutation.
Degradable and Excretable Ultrasmall Transition Metal Selenide Nanodots for High‐Performance Computed Tomography Bioimaging‐Guided Photonic Tumor Nanomedicine in NIR‐II Biowindow
Authors: Dong Lile , Sun Lining , Li Wenjuan , Jiang Yunping , Zhan Yingying , Yu Luodan , Chen Yu , Hong Guobin 
Published: January 2021

AbstractTransition metal selenide nanodots (NDs) represent distinctive antitumor agents for cancer treatment, but their non‐biodegradability may bring serious adverse effects and potential long‐term toxicity to internal tissues/organs, which substantially hinder their further clinical translations. In this work, the construction of a multifunctional theranostic nanosystem based on degradable and excretable ultrasmall Rh3Se8 NDs by a general bovine serum albumin‐templated strategy is reported. The constructed Rh3Se8 NDs exhibit distinctively high photothermal‐conversion efficiency (57.5%) in the second near‐infrared biowindow, making them highly applicable for photoacoustic imaging and photonic hyperthermia at the desired wavelength. Rh3Se8 NDs exhibit a high tumor growth inhibition rate (98.1%) on 4T1 breast tumor‐bearing mice due to the desirable photonic hyperthermia performances. Especially, the fabricated Rh3Se8 NDs feature the large X‐ray attenuation coefficients of the Rh component for contrast‐enhanced X‐ray computed tomography imaging. Importantly, the prominent biodegradability of Rh3Se8 NDs enables their quick excretion out of the body for potentially avoiding inflammation and mitigating long‐term toxicity. Therefore, this work highlights the construction of proof‐of‐concept biodegradable and excretable ultrasmall inorganic theranostic nanosystems for multiple bioimaging‐guided cancer nanotherapeutics, guaranteeing the further clinical translations of inorganic nanoparticles in biomedicine.
Ultrathin and Conformable Lead Halide Perovskite Photodetector Arrays for Potential Application in Retina‐Like Vision Sensing
Authors: Wu Wenqiang , Han Xun , Li Jing , Wang Xiandi , Zhang Yufei , Huo Zhihao , Chen Qiushuo , Sun Xidi , Xu Zhangsheng , Tan Yongwen , Pan Caofeng , Pan Anlian 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSolution‐processed lead halide perovskites are considered one of the promising materials for flexible optoelectronics. However, the array integration of ultrathin flexible perovskite photodetectors (PDs) remains a significant challenge limited by the incompatibility of perovskite materials with manufacturing techniques involving polar liquids. Here, an ultrathin (2.4 µm) and conformable perovskite‐based PD array (10 × 10 pixels) with ultralight weight (3.12 g m−2) and excellent flexibility, is reported. Patterned all‐inorganic CsPbBr3 perovskite films with precise pixel position, controllable morphology, and homogenous dimension, are synthesized by a vacuum‐assisted drop‐casting patterning process as the active layer. The use of waterproof parylene‐C film as substrate and encapsulation layer effectively protects the perovskite films against penetration of polar liquids during the peeling‐off process. Benefitting from the encapsulation and ultrathin property, the device exhibits long‐term stability in the ambient environment, and robust mechanical stability under bending or 50% compressive strain. More importantly, the ultrathin flexible PD arrays conforming to hemispherical support realize imaging of light distribution, indicating the potential applications in retina‐like vision sensing.
Triple‐Cation and Mixed‐Halide Perovskite Single Crystal for High‐Performance X‐ray Imaging
Authors: Liu Yucheng , Zhang Yunxia , Zhu Xuejie , Feng Jiangshan , Spanopoulos Ioannis , Ke Weijun , He Yihui , Ren Xiaodong , Yang Zhou , Xiao Fengwei , Zhao Kui , Kanatzidis Mercouri , Liu Shengzhong (Frank) 
Published: January 2021

AbstractLow ionic migration is required for a semiconductor material to realize stable high‐performance X‐ray detection. In this work, successful controlled incorporation of not only methylammonium (MA+) and cesium (Cs+) cations, but also bromine (Br–) anions into the FAPbI3 lattice to grow inch‐sized stable perovskite single crystal (FAMACs SC) is reported. The smaller cations and anions, comparing to the original FA+ and I– help release lattice stress so that the FAMACs SC shows lower ion migration, enhanced hardness, lower trap density, longer carrier lifetime and diffusion length, higher charge mobility and thermal stability, and better uniformity. Therefore, X‐ray detectors made of the superior FAMACs SCs show the highest sensitivity of (3.5 ± 0.2) × 106 μC Gyair−1 cm−2, about 29 times higher than the latest record of 1.22 × 105 μC Gyair−1 cm−2 for polycrystalline MAPbI3 wafer under the same 40 keV X‐ray radiation. Furthermore, the FAMACs SC X‐ray detector shows a low detection limit of 42 nGy s−1, stable dark current, and photocurrent response. Finally, it is demonstrated that high contrast X‐ray imaging is realized using the FAMACs SC detector. The effective triple‐cation mixed halide strategy and the high crystalline quality make the present FAMACs SCs promising for next‐generation X‐ray imaging systems.
3D Synthetic Microstructures Fabricated by Two‐Photon Polymerization Promote Homogeneous Expression of NANOG and ESRRB in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Bakhtina Natalia A. , Müller Madlen , Wischnewski Harry , Arora Rajika , Ciaudo Constance 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe development of in vitro models, which accurately recapitulate early embryonic development, is one of the fundamental challenges in stem cell research. Most of the currently employed approaches involve the culture of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) on 2D surfaces. However, the monolayer nature of these cultures does not permit cells to grow and proliferate in realistic 3D microenvironments, as in an early embryo. In this paper, novel 3D synthetic microstructure arrays, fabricated by two‐photon polymerization photolithography, are utilized to mimic tissue‐specific architecture, enabling cell‐to‐matrix interaction and cell‐to‐cell communication in vitro. Mouse ESCs (mESCs) are able to grow and proliferate on these structures and maintain their pluripotent state. Furthermore, the 3D microstructure arrays are integrated into a microscopy slide allowing the evaluation of the expression of key pluripotency factors at the single cell level. Comparing 2D and 3D surfaces, mESCs grown in serum + leukemia inhibitory factor on 3D microstructures exhibit a stronger signal intensity of three pluripotency markers—homeobox protein NANOG, octamer‐binding transcription factor 4, and estrogen‐related receptor beta (ESRRB)—and more homogenous expression of NANOG and ESRRB, than cells cultivated in 2i medium, demonstrating that 3D microstructures capture naïve pluripotency in vitro. Thus, the slide affords a novel and unique tool to model and study early development.