bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Successive Reactions of Trimethylgermanium Chloride to Achieve > 26% Efficiency MA‐Free Perovskite Solar Cell With 3000‐Hour Unattenuated Operation
Authors: Li Yong , Xie Zhuang , Duan Yuwei , Li Yongzhe , Sun Yiqiao , Su Chunbo , Li Hongxiang , Sun Rui , Cheng Minghui , Wang Hanye , Xu Dongfang , Zhang Ke , Wang Yifan , Lei Hongjie , Peng Qiang , Guo Kunpeng , Liu Shengzhong , Liu Zhike 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe rapidly increased efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) indicates their broad commercial prospects, but the commercialization of perovskite faces complex optimization processes and stability issues. In this work, a simple optimized strategy is developed by the addition of trimethylgermanium chloride (TGC) into FACsPbI3 precursor solution. TGC triggers the successive interactions in perovskite solution and film, involving the hydrolysis of vulnerable Ge─Cl bond forming Ge─OH group, then forming the hydrogen bonds (O─H···N and O─H···I) with FAI. These successive interactions effectively safeguard FA+ from decomposition, accelerate crystallization, restrict ion migration, and passivate film defects. Thus, a high‐quality perovskite is obtained with the super‐hydrophobic surface, maintaining the light‐active phase (α‐phase) even after exposure to high‐humidity air (RH: 85%) for 10 days. Consequently, the TGC‐treated conventional (n‐i‐p) and inverted (p‐i‐n) FACsPbI3 PSCs achieve 26.03%‐ and 26.38%‐ efficiencies, respectively, retaining unattenuated operation initial efficiency after tracking at the maximum power point (MPP) under illumination for 3000 h.
Light‐Directed Self‐Powered Metal‐Organic Framework Based Nanorobots for Deep Tumor Penetration
Authors: Zhang Xiuping , Wu Lihua , Chen Xianheng , Liu Chunyu , Wang Yuanbo , Liu Rong , Wang Bo 
Published: December 2024

AbstractEffective intratumoral distribution of anticancer agents with good tumor penetration is of great practical importance for oncotherapy. How to break the limitation of traditional passive drug delivery relying on blood circulatory system into solid tumors remains a challenge. Herein, a light‐directed self‐powered nanorobot based on zirconium‐based porphyrin metal‐organic framework (MOF) is reported for smart delivery of chemodrug and photosensitizer for deep tumor penetration. The MOF‐based carrier transporting the therapeutics is able to responsively generate hydrogen sulfide as propulsion gas and uniquely exhibits negative phototaxis in acidic tumor microenvironment. Under red light irradiation, the nanorobots are accordingly propelled from the tumor surface toward deep tumor far away from the exterior light source in a specific deep‐into‐tumor direction, greatly enhancing tumor penetration. Along with tumor‐responsive release and activation of the delivered therapeutics inside tumor tissues, photo‐chemotherapy with significantly improved efficacy is achieved.
Probing Out‐Of‐Plane Charge Transport in Organic Semiconductors Using Conductive Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Gicevičius Mindaugas , Gong Haoxin , Turetta Nicholas , Wood William , Volpi Martina , Geerts Yves , Samorì Paolo , Sirringhaus Henning 
Published: December 2024

AbstractHigh contact resistance remains the primary obstacle that hinders further advancements of organic semiconductors (OSCs) in electronic circuits. While significant effort has been directed toward lowering the energy barrier at OSC/metal contact interfaces, approaches toward reducing another major contributor to overall contact resistance – the bulk resistance – have been limited to minimizing the thickness of OSC films. However, the out‐of‐plane conductivity of OSCs, a critical aspect of bulk resistance, has largely remained unaddressed. In this study, multi‐layered 2D crystalline, solution‐processed films of the high‐mobility molecular semiconductor 2,9‐dioctylnaphtho[2,3‐b] naphtha[2′,3′:4,5]thieno[2,3‐d]thiophene (C8‐DNTT‐C8) are investigated using conductive‐probe atomic force microscopy (C‐AFM) to evaluate out‐of‐plane charge transport. The findings reveal a linear increase in out‐of‐plane resistance with the number of molecular layers in the film, which is modeled using an equivalent circuit model with multiple tunneling barriers connected in series. Building upon these results, a vertical transfer length method (V‐TLM) is developed, allowing one to determine the out‐of‐plane resistivity of OSC and providing insights into charge transport properties at a single molecule length scale. The V‐TLM approach highlights the potential of C‐AFM for investigating out‐of‐plane charge transport in OSC thin films and holds promise for accelerating the screening of molecules for high‐performance electronic devices.
Virtual versus in‐person didactic modalities: A national survey of emergency medicine residencies
Authors: Jameyfield Emily L. , Kropf Charles W. , Lewis Jason J. , Reisig Christopher , Thomas Jenna 
Published: December 2024

AbstractBackgroundFollowing the widespread shift from in‐person to virtual delivery of didactics during the COVID‐19 pandemic, some emergency medicine (EM) residency programs have retained virtual didactic time while others have returned exclusively to in‐person didactics. In this national survey of EM residency programs, we explored the current national distribution of virtual versus in‐person didactic time and the circumstances and motivators for use of each.MethodsA cross‐sectional survey with branched logic was designed via Qualtrics. Distribution was via a Council of Residency Directors in Emergency Medicine (CORD) listserv; nonresponding programs were emailed directly with subsequent reminders. Analysis and descriptive statistics were calculated via Microsoft Excel. All authors performed thematic analysis of narrative comments.ResultsWe received responses from 174 of 281 programs (61.9%). “Hybrid” programs utilizing both in‐person and virtual time represented 51.7% of respondents, and the remaining 49.3% used in‐person didactics only. Among hybrid programs, 77.3% utilized in‐person conferences greater than 75% of the time. Simulation (100%) and procedural teaching (99%) were most strongly preferred in person, and oral boards practice (30.2%) was supported virtually. The most common motivations for in‐person delivery were perceived impact on resident and/or faculty learning (86.8%), perception of resident engagement (79.3%), community building (74.7%), type of learning sessions (70.1%), and perceived impact on resident and/or faculty wellness (59.8%). Top reasons for choosing virtual didactics were perceived convenience for residents (75.6%) or faculty (60.0%) and perceived impact on resident and/or faculty wellness (43.3%).ConclusionsNationwide, EM residency programs spend most didactic time in person. Modality choice is influenced by didactic content as well as sociocultural considerations. Future investigation into the validity of perceptions that participants are more engaged and learn better with in‐person didactics is warranted.
The overall‐process dynamic mass transfer research of surfactant at the three‐phase emulsions interface
Authors: Ge Xue‐hui , Jia Bo , Shan Zhiwei , Lin Xiaocheng , Wang Xiaoda 
Published: December 2024

AbstractSurfactant‐stabilized multiphase emulsions are widely used. However, current studies on the dynamic adsorption of emulsions during flow are mainly focused on the droplet formation stage rather than the flow stage. In this study, the mass transfer of surfactants in microchannels during the droplet formation and flow phases (the overall process) was investigated and a mass transfer diffusion model and an adsorption kinetic model for emulsions were developed, which explained the mass transfer process in microchannels for low and high surfactant concentrations, respectively. Subsequently, dynamic interfacial tension values between the two phases were calculated using two surfactants (SDS and DTAB) to validate these models and the results were in good agreement with the experimental values. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of how surfactants diffuse throughout three‐phase emulsions, thus shedding light on the mass transfer mechanisms inherent in these complex systems.
Late‐life social activity and subsequent risk of dementia and mild cognitive impairment
Authors: Chen Yi , Grodstein Francine , Capuano Ana W. , Wang Tianhao , Bennett David A. , James Bryan D. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractINTRODUCTIONSocial activity is associated with better cognitive health in old age. To better translate epidemiological research for public health communication, we estimated relations of levels of social activity to average age at dementia onset.METHODSIn the Rush Memory and Aging Project (MAP), we followed 1923 dementia‐free older adults and conducted annual clinical evaluations of dementia/mild cognitive impairment (MCI).RESULTSDuring a mean follow‐up of 6.7 (SD = 4.7) years, 545 participants developed dementia, and 695 developed MCI. Using Accelerated Failure Time models adjusted for age, sex, education, race/ethnicity, and marital status, we found predicted mean age of dementia onset for the least socially active was 87.7 years, approximately 5 years earlier than the most socially active (mean age = 92.2, p < .01); we found a similar 5‐year difference in age at MCI onset by social activity.DISCUSSIONOur findings highlight the value of social activity as a possible community‐level intervention for reducing dementia.Highlights
Accelerated failure time models estimated age at dementia onset by social activity level to aid interpretation.
Higher social activity was associated with a 5‐year older age at dementia onset.
Economic research shows a 5‐year delay translates to US$500,000 of healthcare savings per capita.
Our findings help understand the public health significance of social activity.
DNA Interactions, Antimicrobial, In Vitro Cytotoxicity, Molecular Docking, Cell Cycle Analysis, and Apoptosis Assay Efficiency of Newly Nano‐Sized Tridentate Cu(II), Ni(II), Pd(II), and Pt(II) Chelates of (E)‐5‐Fluoro‐2‐(((5‐(2‐fluorophenyl)‐furan‐2‐yl)methylene)amino)benzenethiol
Authors: Siddiq Hind Ahmed , Mousa Ibtisam , Alenazy Deemah Mizher , Alaghaz Abdel‐Nasser M. A. 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTNano‐sized tridentate transition metal(II) chelates, specifically [M(FONS)Cl] with H‐FONS = ligand and M = Cu(II) (C1), Ni(II) (C2), Pd(II) (C3), and Pt(II) (C4), underwent synthesis and subsequent characterization. The HOMO–LUMO energy gaps (ΔE) were used to create theoretical models for the structure and confirmation barriers in molecular systems for the ligand (H‐FONS) and metal chelates. It was found that the Cu(II), Ni(II), Pd(II), and Pt(II) chelates have lower values for HOMO–LUMO energy gaps (ΔE), indicating that they are more stable than the H‐FONS 1igand.The metal formed four coordinated with the tridentate NOS donor Schiff base to form square‐planar geometry chelates. The results of TEM, EDX, AFM, and x‐ray diffraction calculations for the bivalent metal chelates indicated sharp and intense diffraction peaks, confirming their crystalline nature and nanoscale particle size. The interaction between calf thymus DNA (CT‐DNA) and the chelates was examined utilizing the UV–Vis spectroscopic method, revealing their capacity to bind with CT‐DNA via intercalation mode. Nano‐sized metal(II) chelates show a higher viscous nature than H‐FONS. The cytotoxicity of H‐FONS and its metal(II) chelates in nano form against the liver cancer cell line (HepG2) was evaluated by studying in vitro cell proliferation using the MTT assay. The findings demonstrated that all compounds exhibited anticancer properties, displaying a dose‐dependent response. Our flow cytometry data indicate significant levels of cell cycle arrest in the liver cancer cell line. By molecular docking study, it was found that the Cu(II) chelate (C1) showed the highest and better binding affinity (−8.2 and −8.7 kcal/mol) than other 1igand (H‐FONS) and comp1exes (C2–C4) for the BCL2 and PBP3 proteins central activities.
Highly Selective, Catalyst‐Free, and Low Temperature Depolymerizable Styrene Copolymer With Incorporated α‐Methylstyrene Structural Units
Authors: Zi Yucheng , Chen Dong , Wang Guochen , Ma Yuhong , Yang Wantai 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTA simple strategy is proposed to offer styrene (St) copolymer with intrinsic and catalyst‐free upcycling capability by incorporating α‐methylstyrene (AMS) units into the copolymer poly(AMS‐co‐St) (PAS). Compared to polystyrene (PS), the PAS is more susceptible to depolymerizing into St and AMS monomers with higher yields at relatively lower temperature. The yield of liquid chemicals of PAS‐4 (26.1 mol% AMS) is up to 93 wt% at 380°C, whereas that PS as control is 78 wt%. The reclaimed liquid chemicals of PAS‐4 contain 58.4 wt% St and 37.7 wt% AMS, while the chemicals of PS contain 81.8 wt% St and 4.1 wt% AMS. The introduction of AMS units in PAS leads to a reduction in the liquid chemicals other than St and AMS monomers. The blends of PS and PAMS do not demonstrate the synergistic effect regarding facilitating the PS depolymerization. In addition, the properties of the new PASs prepared with the reclaimed monomers are comparable with those of the virgin PASs. This work proves the concept that recycling efficiency could be boosted by incorporating liable structural units into the copolymer chains and demonstrates a closed‐loop of PS up‐cycling.
Investigation of the Relationship Between Sensory Processing Skills and Language Development in Children With Developmental Language Disorders
Authors: Barmak Elife , Baş Banu 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe aim was to compare the sensory processing skills of children diagnosed with developmental language disorder (DLD) with those of typically developing children and to investigate the relationship between language development and sensory processing skills.MethodsThe investigation comprised 60 children, all of whom were typically developing and diagnosed with DLD. The “Early Language Development‐Third: Turkish (ELD: Turkish)” and the “Sensory Profile (Caregiver Questionnaire)” were utilized to assess the language and sensory processing skills of the children, respectively, within the scope of the study.ResultsIn our study, the four‐factor scores of children with DLD were considerably lower than those of their typically developing peers (p < 0.05). These factors are sensory seeking, inattention/distractibility, fine motor/perceptual, and emotionally reactive. In addition, the children with DLD had statistically significant lower scores in three quadrants except for sensory sensitivity (p < 0.05). In three quadrants (sensation seeking, low registration, and sensory avoiding) and three factors (sensory seeking, inattention/distractibility, and fine motor/perceptual), a substantial correlation was observed between the sensory processing skills and the language skills.ConclusionsIt has been observed that there are differences in the sensory processing skills of children with DLD. In addition to evaluating the language skills of these children, it will also contribute to the evaluation of the effectiveness of their sensory processing skills and the development of more effective strategies in the intervention processes of these children.
Harnessing the Power of Marine Biomass‐Derived Carbon for Electrochemical Energy Storage
Authors: Saha Protity , Islam Md. Zahidul , Shah Syed Shaheen , Shaikh M. Nasiruzzaman , Maiyalagan T. , Aziz Md. Abdul , Ahammad A. J. Saleh 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTMarine biomass presents a promising and sustainable pathway for advancing electrochemical energy storage (EES) technologies. This review provides a comprehensive, state‐of‐the‐art examination of marine biomass‐derived carbon as a high‐performance electrode material for EES devices. The global abundance and distribution of marine biomass are discussed, followed by a detailed investigation into the chemical composition of various aquatic organisms. Key conventional synthesis methods for converting marine biomass into carbon are critically analyzed, emphasizing strategies to enhance electrochemical performance. Diverse applications of marine biomass‐derived carbon in EES are explored, offering an in‐depth evaluation of its electrochemical activity and mechanical properties in relation to structural variations. A dedicated section addresses the “Technology to Market” transition, presenting a strategic overview of the commercial potential of this material. Lastly, the review identifies current challenges and future opportunities, emphasizing the need for continued research into both structural innovations and scalable solutions to advance sustainable energy storage systems, addressing critical environmental and economic issues.
Activin A promoted the anti‐tumor effect of ActRIIA high CD8+ T cells in mouse hepatoma
Authors: Hu Liangchang , Zhao Yu , Zhang Xuguang , Ma Chunhui 
Published: December 2024

AbstractBackgroundActivin A, a noteworthy member of the TGF‐β superfamily. Activin A can regulate the biological functions of various immune cells, such as macrophages, neutrophils, NK cells, etc. The purpose of this study is to investigate the regulatory effect and related mechanisms of activin A on CD8+ T cells.MethodsThis study established a mouse subcutaneous transplantation model of hepatoma to explore whether activin A has a regulatory effect of CD8+ T cells. And reveal the biological characteristics of ActRIIA high CD8+ T cells.ResultsWe discovered that CD8+ T cells express ActRIIA, ActRIIB, and Smad2,3,4. Unlike high‐dose activin A, low‐dose activin A increased the content of CD8+ T cells while also suppressing tumor growth. In addition, low‐dose activin A promoted expression of perforin, granzyme B, CD69, CD11c, CD49b, Ki67 and ActRIIA in CD8+ T cells. And the results indicated that high‐dose activin A promotes the expression of PPM1A in T cells, while low‐dose activin A has no effect on these cells. The tumor contained more ActRIIA high CD8+ T cells compared to the peripheral blood and spleen. ActRIIA high CD8+ T cells highly express cytotoxic molecules and cytokines. And ActRIIA high CD8+ T cells not only expressed high levels of activation/co‐stimulatory markers CD69, CD278, and CD28, but also high levels of inhibitory markers CD366 and KLRG1. Different chemokine receptors displayed varying levels of expression in ActRIIA high CD8+ T cells. Additionally, these cells have a high proliferative potential. Finally, overexpression of Mettl3 inhibited the expression of ActRIIA in CD8+ T cells.ConclusionsThis study demonstrated that low‐dose activin A enhanced the anti‐tumor effect of CD8+ T cells, and ActRIIA high CD8+ T cells actively contribute to tumor immunity.
CD4+ T Cells Mediate Dendritic Cell Licensing to Promote Multi‐Antigen Anti‐Leukemic Immune Response
Authors: Gil‐de‐Gómez Luis , Mattei Joseph J. , Lee Jessica H. , Grupp Stephan A. , Reid Gregor S. D. , Seif Alix E. 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTBackgroundSingle antigen (Ag)‐targeted immunotherapies for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are highly effective; however, up to 50% of patients relapse after these treatments. Most of these relapses lack target Ag expression, suggesting targeting multiple Ags would be advantageous.Materials & MethodsThe multi‐Ag immune responses to ALL induced by transducing cell lines with xenoAgs green fluorescent protein and firefly luciferase was elucidated using flow cytometry, ELISA, and ELISpot assays.ResultsIn our model, leukemia responsiveness correlates with in vivo CD4+ T cell activation and DC maturation, supporting a role for DC licensing. In contrast, tolerance is characterized by in vivo increased expression of negative immune checkpoints (IC) which may suppress rather than license DC. In vitro assays confirm the ability of CD4+ T cells from leukemia‐responsive mice to promote robust maturation of naïve bone marrow DC in the presence of non‐immunogenic leukemia antigens.ConclusionTogether these findings support a CD4+ T cell‐mediated mechanism of DC licensing to promote multi‐Ag immune responses that may augment current targeted immunotherapies and avoid relapses in treated children with ALL.
Chemical Profiling, Insecticidal and Enzyme Inhibition Activities of Rosmarinus officinalis and Ocimum sanctum Against Aphid, Mealy Bug and Diamondback Moth
Authors: Urvashi  , Reddy S. G. Eswara 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTAphis craccivora Koch (Hemiptera: Aphididae), Planococcus lilacinus Cockrell (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) and Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) are key pests of agricultural and horticultural crops. Indiscriminate use of insecticides led to resistance, harmful to beneficial insects and environment. Essential oils (EOs) are plant‐derived secondary metabolites that can be used to combat insect pests. In this work, chemical composition and insecticidal activities of EOs were screened against target pests for identification of lead(s). GC and GC–mass spectra (MS) analysis of EOs revealed that ocimene (36.4%) in Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) and β‐caryophyllene (58.77%) in Ocimum sanctum L. (Lamiaceae) were major constituents. Combination of R. officinalis + O. sanctum (RO + OS) at 1:1, 3:1 and 1:3 ratios comprised eugenol (36.95%, 42.02% and 19.01%, respectively) as the main constituent. R. officinalis is most effective against A. craccivora and P. lilacinus (LD50 = 0.97 and 2.02 µL/insect, respectively) after 96 h. O. sanctum was more effective against P. xylostella (LD50 = 3.92 µL/insect). All the combinations of EOs displayed toxicity (LD50 = 0.11–0.14 µL/insect), synergistic activity for A. craccivora and P. lilacinus, whereas P. xylostella showed antagonistic activity. Further RO + OS at 1:3 and 3:1 ratios also displayed high toxicity to P. lilacinus (LD50 = 0.36–0.40 µL/insect) and P. xylostella (LD50 = 1.36–1.49 µL/insect). EO of R. officinalis showed repellent (RC50 = 2366.62 µL/L) against P. xylostella, deterrent activity of O. sanctum against A. craccivora (88%) and synergistic action against A. craccivora (Cotoxicity coefficient (CTC) = 640.67–1366.67) and P. lilacinus (CTC = 404–561.11). Both EOs showed inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione‐S‐transferase (GST), CES1 and mixed‐function oxidase (MFO) in test insects. The EO of RO and OS alone or in combination may be recommended for the control of target pests based on field bio‐efficacy studies.
Alkaloids and Iridoids From Phlogacanthus curviflorus
Authors: Wu Qian , Ma Ren‐Fen , Wei Quan‐Hao , Zhuang Xin‐Cheng , Zhang Hua 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTFour unreported pyridine alkaloids, curviflorines A–D (1–4), two undescribed iridoids, curviridoids A and B (5 and 6), and one known iridoid glycoside (7), were isolated from the twigs and leaves of Phlogacanthus curviflorus. The structures of these compounds were established by detailed interpretation of MS and NMR data, with the absolute configurations being assigned via comparison of experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism spectra. Notably, it is the first report of alkaloidal constituents (1–4) from the genus Phlogacanthus. Compounds 1–7 did not show obvious inhibitory activities against α‐glucosidase and NO production (in RAW264.7 macrophages), nor did they exhibit anti‐oxidant activity and cytotoxicity towards MDA‐MB231, A549 and HeLa cancer cell lines. Nevertheless, alkaloids 1–4 did exert a significant suppressing effect on TGF‐β1‐induced upregulation of the fibrotic marker protein fibronectin in HK‐2 cells, indicating their antifibrotic potential.
A Distinctive Encounter With Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage in Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis and Pneumonia
Authors: Shrestha Shrijan , Rai Pragya , Kayastha Gyan 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTThis article highlights the critical importance of identifying the classic triad of hemoptysis, anemia, and diffuse pulmonary infiltrates, offering clinicians a structured approach for the timely diagnosis and management of the diffuse alveolar hemorrhage in setting of GPA. Post‐intubation HRCT findings revealed diffuse patchy ground glass opacities in both lungs, along with right lobar consolidation showing liquefaction and an air‐fluid level.