bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cost-effectiveness of two screening strategies forChlamydia trachomatisandNeisseria gonorrhoeaeas part of the PrEP programme in the Netherlands: a modelling study
Authors: van Wifferen Francine , Hoornenborg Elske , Schim van der Loeff Maarten F , Heijne Janneke , van Hoek Albert Jan 
Published: January 2021

ObjectivesPre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) users are routinely tested four times a year (3 monthly) for asymptomaticChlamydia trachomatis(CT) andNeisseria gonorrhoeae(NG) infections on three anatomical locations. Given the high costs of this testing to the PrEP programme, we assessed the impact of 3 monthly screening(current practice), compared with 6 monthly on the disease burden. We quantified the difference in impact of these two testing frequencies on the prevalence of CT and NG among all men who have sex with men (MSM) who are at risk of an STI, and explored the cost-effectiveness of 3-monthly screening compared with a baseline scenario of 6-monthly screening.MethodsA dynamic infection model was developed to simulate the transmission of CT and NG among sexually active MSM (6500 MSM on PrEP and 29 531 MSM not on PrEP), and the impact of two different test frequencies over a 10-year period. The difference in number of averted infections was used to calculate incremental costs and quality-adjusted life-years (QALY) as well as an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) from a societal perspective.ResultsCompared with 6-monthly screening, 3-monthly screening of PrEP users for CT and NG cost an additional €46.8 million over a period of 10 years. Both screening frequencies would significantly reduce the prevalence of CT and NG, but 3-monthly screening would avert and extra ~18 250 CT and NG infections compared with 6-monthly screening, resulting in a gain of ~81 QALYs. The corresponding ICER was ~€430 000 per QALY gained, which exceeded the cost-effectiveness threshold of €20 000 per QALY.ConclusionsThree-monthly screening for CT and NG among MSM on PrEP is not cost-effective compared with 6-monthly screening. The ICER becomes more favourable when a smaller fraction of all MSM at risk for an STI are screened. Reducing the screening frequency could be considered when the PrEP programme is established and the prevalence of CT and NG decline.
Subsidence et évolution thermique des bassins de la marge atlantique camerounaise : premiers résultats à partir des puits en mer du sous-bassin de Kribi-Campo (Marge passive Ouest Africaine, Golfe de Guinée)
Authors: Iboum Kissaaka Joseph Bertrand , Mvondo Owono François , Fowe Kwetche Paul Gustave , Ngo Elogan Ntem Jeannette , Angoua Biouele Serge Edouard , Ntamak-Nida Marie Joseph 
Published: January 2021

L’histoire de la subsidence et de l’évolution thermique du sous-bassin de Kribi-Campo situé dans le Golfe de Guinée a été contrainte à l’aide de 10 puits en mer en utilisant la technique de délestage après décompaction. Quatre principales phases de subsidence ont été discriminées : la première, du Barrémien à l’Aptien (130–112 Ma); la deuxième, de l’Albien au Sénonien (112–65 Ma); la troisième, s'étendant du Paléocène au Miocène (65–5 Ma); et la quatrième du Pliocène au Pléistocène (5–2 Ma). Les cartes de quantité et de vitesse de subsidence et de sédimentation montrent une grande zone subsidente dans la partie ouest du bassin autour de Kribi. Le facteur d’extension β pour le modèle d’extension uniforme correspond à des valeurs allant de 1,04 à 1,06. Graphiquement, les courbes de subsidence tectonique apparaissent encadrées par les courbes correspondant à β = 1,03 et β = 1,09. Les pentes des courbes linéaires de la subsidence tectonique par rapport à la racine carrée du temps, t, ont permis d’avoir des paléotempératures des sédiments ainsi que des gradients géothermiques en parfait accord avec les valeurs observées dans les puits. Par exemple, un gradient de température de 35,316 °C·km−1 a été calculé avec les températures maximales tandis que celui obtenu à partir des puits est de 35,554 °C·km−1. La comparaison des valeurs calculées de la réflectance de la vitrinite Ro avec les valeurs mesurées montre une bonne correspondance. Ces valeurs de la vitrinite indiquent que les roches-mères d’âge Crétacé et Tertiaire inférieur ont probablement atteint la maturité thermique.
[38]Octaphyrin bis-Sn(IV) complexes with unique coordination geometries
Authors: Izawa Mondo , Nakai Akito , Suito Taisuke , Tanaka Takayuki , Osuka Atsuhiro 
Published: January 2021

Metal complexation of octaphyrin(1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1) triggers unique ring-fixation aptitudes or unexpected rearrangement (cleavage) reactions. In this paper, a unique complexation behavior of [38]octaphyrin upon tin(IV) metalation is showcased. Two new [38]octaphyrin bis-Sn(IV) complexes 2Sn and 3Sn were isolated and characterized as weakly aromatic molecules. While 2Sn with the [Formula: see text] molecular symmetry displayed a similar characteristic to octaphyrin bis-Si(IV) and bis-Ge(IV) complexes reported previously, 3Sn showed a different coordination mode that is fixed by intramolecular hydrogen bondings between pyrrolic NH and axially ligated OH on the tin ion as revealed by X-ray diffraction analysis. An unexpected dimeric structure was also observed during an attempt to grow crystals of 2Sn. These characteristic behaviors indicate that the ring-fixation aptitude of octaphyrin is quite sensitive to the nature of metal ions even for the same group 14 elements.
A Retrospective Chart Review of Children in Neurocutaneous Clinic Who May Benefit from Further Evaluation Beyond Neurofibromatosis Type I
Authors: Hicks Stephanie R. , Cozart Amanda K. , Bellus Gary A. , Schneider Kami W. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

While most individuals with a clinical diagnosis of Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) have a detectable pathogenic variant in the NF1 gene, other conditions have phenotypic features overlapping with NF1. Without molecular confirmation, individuals may be misdiagnosed and have a different underlying condition. Namely, if a child has constitutional mismatch repair deficiency (CMMRD), early detection and prevention strategies for cancer risk would include surveillance recommendations not typically recommended for children with NF1. This study aimed to explore phenotypes of individuals with a clinical diagnosis of NF1 to identify subpopulations who may benefit from further genetic counseling or testing for an alternate diagnosis. Retrospective review of 240 medical records of children who attended a neurocutaneous clinic identified 135 children with a molecularly confirmed pathogenic variant in NF1 or autosomal dominant pattern of clinical NF1 (“controls”) and 102 children deemed “at-risk” for another condition like CMMRD. Clinical presentation, family history of NF1, personal history of cancer, and family history of cancer were compared. When comparing clinical presentation, family history, and cancer history, minimal statistical differences were found, indicating that the at-risk population appears clinically indistinguishable from those with a clear diagnosis of NF1. Given the lack of distinguishable features between the at-risk and control population, this study suggests that tiered genetic testing for all individuals being evaluated for NF1 may be beneficial for identifying patients who may be misdiagnosed with NF1 and subsequently mismanaged. This study suggests that at-risk population with a suspected NF1 diagnosis may benefit from further evaluation. Correct diagnosis of constitutional mismatch repair deficiency is crucial to diagnose cancer at an early stage or prevent cancer from occurring.

Prevention relevance:
This study suggests that at-risk population with a suspected NF1 diagnosis may benefit from further evaluation. Correct diagnosis of constitutional mismatch repair deficiency is crucial to diagnose cancer at an early stage or prevent cancer from occurring.
Epigenomic Profiles of African-American
Transthyretin
Val122Ile Carriers Reveals Putatively Dysregulated Amyloid Mechanisms
Authors: Pathak Gita A. , Wendt Frank R. , De Lillo Antonella , Nunez Yaira Z. , Goswami Aranyak , De Angelis Flavio , Fuciarelli Maria , Kranzler Henry R. , Gelernter Joel , Polimanti Renato 
Published: January 2021

Background:

The Val122Ile mutation in
Transthyretin
(
TTR
) gene causes a rare, difficult to diagnose hereditary form of cardiac amyloidosis. This mutation is most common in the United States and mainly present in people of African descent. The carriers have an increased risk of congestive heart failure, peripheral edema, and several other noncardiac phenotypes such as carpal tunnel syndrome, and arthroplasty which are top reasons for ambulatory/outpatient surgeries (OSs) in the country.

Methods:
We conducted first-ever epigenome-wide association study using the Illumina’s EPIC array, in Val122Ile carriers of African descent for heart disease and multiple OSs—an early disease indicator. Differential methylation across genome wide cytosine-phosphate guanine (CpG) sites was tested between carriers with and without heart disease and OS. Significant CpG sites were investigated for cis-mQTLs loci, followed by gene ontology and protein-protein interaction network. We also investigated the significant CpG sites in a secondary cohort of carriers for replication.

Results:

Five differentially methylated sites (
P
≤2.1×10
−8
) in genes—
FAM129B
,
SKI
,
WDR27
,
GLS
, and an intergenic site near RP11-550A5.2, and one differentially methylated region containing
KCNA6
and
GALNT3
(
P
=1.1×10
−12
) were associated with heart disease. For OS, we observe 4 sites—2 sites in
UBE2E3
and
SEC14L5
, and other 2 in intergenic regions (
P
≤1.8×10
−7
) and 3 regions overlapping
SH3D21
,
EVA1B
,
LTB4R2
, and
CIDEB
(
P
≤3.9×10
−7
). Functional protein-interaction module analysis identified
ABCA1
(
P
=0.001) for heart disease. Six cis-mQTLs were associated with one of the significant CpG sites (
FAM129B
;
P
=4.1×10
−24
). We replicated 2 CpG sites (cg18546846 and cg06641417;
P
<0.05) in an external cohort of biopsy-confirmed cases of TTR (transthyretin) amyloidosis. The genes identified are involved in transport and clearance of amyloid deposits (
GLS
,
ABCA1
,
FAM129B
); cardiac fibrosis (
SKI
); and muscle tissue regulation (
SKI
,
FAM129B
).

Conclusions:
These findings highlight the link between a complex amyloid circuit and diverse symptoms of Val122Ile.
Association Between ECG Abnormalities and Fatal Cardiovascular Disease Among Patients With and Without Severe Mental Illness
Authors: Polcwiartek Christoffer , Atwater Brett D. , Kragholm Kristian , Friedman Daniel J. , Barcella Carlo A. , Attar Rubina , Graff Claus , Nielsen Jonas B. , Pietersen Adrian , Søgaard Peter , Torp‐Pedersen Christian , Jensen Svend E. 
Published: January 2021

Background
ECG abnormalities are associated with adverse outcomes in the general population, but their prognostic significance in severe mental illness (SMI) remains unexplored. We investigated associations between no, minor, and major ECG abnormalities and fatal cardiovascular disease (CVD) among patients with SMI compared with controls without mental illness.

Methods and Results

We cross‐linked data from Danish nationwide registries and included primary care patients with digital ECGs from 2001 to 2015. Patients had SMI if they were diagnosed with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or severe depression before ECG recording. Controls were required to be without any prior mental illness or psychotropic medication use. Fatal CVD was assessed using hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CIs and standardized 10‐year absolute risks. Of 346 552 patients, 10 028 had SMI (3%; median age, 54 years; male, 45%), and 336 524 were controls (97%; median age, 56 years; male, 48%). We observed an interaction between SMI and ECG abnormalities on fatal CVD (
P
<0.001). Severe mental illness was associated with fatal CVD across no (HR, 2.17; 95% CI, 1.95–2.43), minor (HR, 1.90; 95% CI, 1.49–2.42), and major (HR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.26–1.55) ECG abnormalities compared with controls. Across age‐ and sex‐specific subgroups, SMI patients with ECG abnormalities but no CVD at baseline had highest standardized 10‐year absolute risks of fatal CVD.

Conclusions
ECG abnormalities conferred a poorer prognosis among patients with SMI compared with controls without mental illness. SMI patients with ECG abnormalities but no CVD represent a high‐risk population that may benefit from greater surveillance and risk management.
Noncontrast Computed Tomography e-Stroke Infarct Volume Is Similar to RAPID Computed Tomography Perfusion in Estimating Postreperfusion Infarct Volumes
Authors: Bouslama Mehdi , Ravindran Krishnan , Harston George , Rodrigues Gabriel M. , Pisani Leonardo , Haussen Diogo C. , Frankel Michael R. , Nogueira Raul G. 
Published: January 2021

Background and Purpose:
The e-Stroke Suite software (Brainomix, Oxford, United Kingdom) is a tool designed for the automated quantification of The Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score and ischemic core volumes on noncontrast computed tomography (NCCT). We sought to compare the prediction of postreperfusion infarct volumes and the clinical outcomes across NCCT e-Stroke software versus RAPID (IschemaView, Menlo Park, CA) computed tomography perfusion measurements.

Methods:
All consecutive patients with anterior circulation large vessel occlusion stroke presenting at a tertiary care center between September 2010 and November 2018 who had available baseline infarct volumes on both NCCT e-Stroke Suite software and RAPID CTP as well as final infarct volume (FIV) measurements and achieved complete reperfusion (modified Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction scale 2c-3) post-thrombectomy were included. The associations between estimated baseline ischemic core volumes and FIV as well as 90-day functional outcomes were assessed.

Results:

Four hundred seventy-nine patients met inclusion criteria. Median age was 64 years (55–75), median e-Stroke and computed tomography perfusion ischemic core volumes were 38.4 (21.8–58) and 5 (0–17.7) mL, respectively, whereas median FIV was 22.2 (9.1–56.2) mL. The correlation between e-Stroke and CTP ischemic core volumes was moderate (R=0.44;
P
<0.001). Similarly, moderate correlations were observed between e-Stroke software ischemic core and FIV (R=0.52;
P
<0.001) and CTP core and FIV (R=0.43;
P
<0.001). Subgroup analysis showed that e-Stroke software and CTP performance was similar in the early and late (>6 hours) treatment windows. Multivariate analysis showed that both e-Stroke software NCCT baseline ischemic core volume (adjusted odds ratio, 0.98 [95% CI, 0.97–0.99]) and RAPID CTP ischemic core volume (adjusted odds ratio, 0.98 [95% CI, 0.97–0.99]) were independently and comparably associated with good outcome (modified Rankin Scale score of 0–2) at 90 days.

Conclusions:
NCCT e-Stroke Suite software performed similarly to RAPID CTP in assessing postreperfusion FIV and functional outcomes for both early- and late-presenting patients. NCCT e-Stroke volumes seems to represent a viable alternative in centers where access to advanced imaging is limited. Moreover, the future development of fusion maps of NCCT and CTP ischemic core estimates may improve upon the current performance of these tools as applied in isolation.
Excess Cerebrovascular Mortality in the United States During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Sharma Richa , Kuohn Lindsey R. , Weinberger Daniel M. , Warren Joshua L. , Sansing Lauren H. , Jasne Adam , Falcone Guido , Dhand Amar , Sheth Kevin N. 
Published: January 2021

Background and Purpose:
The magnitude and drivers of excess cerebrovascular-specific mortality during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic are unknown. We aim to quantify excess stroke-related deaths and characterize its association with social distancing behavior and COVID-19–related vascular pathology.

Methods:
United States and state-level excess cerebrovascular deaths from January to May 2020 were quantified using National Center for Health Statistic data and Poisson regression models. Excess cerebrovascular deaths were analyzed as a function of time-varying stroke-related emergency medical service (EMS) calls and cumulative COVID-19 deaths using linear regression. A state-level regression analysis was performed to determine the association between excess cerebrovascular deaths and time spent in residences, measured by Google Community Mobility Reports, during the height of the pandemic after the first COVID-19 death (February 29).

Results:
Forty states and New York City were included. Excess cerebrovascular mortality occurred nationally from the weeks ending March 28 to May 2, 2020, up to a 7.8% increase above expected levels during the week of April 18. Decreased stroke-related EMS calls were associated with excess stroke deaths one (70 deaths per 1000 fewer EMS calls [95% CI, 20–118]) and 2 weeks (85 deaths per 1000 fewer EMS calls [95% CI, 37–133]) later. Twenty-three states and New York City experienced excess cerebrovascular mortality during the pandemic height. A 10% increase in time spent at home was associated with a 4.3% increase in stroke deaths (incidence rate ratio, 1.043 [95% CI, 1.001–1.085]) after adjusting for COVID-19 deaths.

Conclusions:
Excess US cerebrovascular deaths during the COVID-19 pandemic were observed and associated with decreases in stroke-related EMS calls nationally and mobility at the state level. Public health measures are needed to identify and counter the reticence to seeking medical care for acute stroke during the COVID-19 pandemic.
United Kingdom/Norway
Authors: Barnes Richard 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
On 30 September 2020, the United Kingdom and Norway signed the Framework Agreement on Fisheries that will provide the basis for future cooperation in the sustainable management of their fisheries. The Agreement is the first such agreement adopted by the UK following its decision to the leave the European Union. This note provides some background to the Agreement and examines its key features. Whilst the content of the Agreement appears to be rather basic, this is broadly consistent with other framework agreements, and it does provide some insight into the direction and focus of fisheries management in the North Sea, and how cooperation may develop between coastal States and the European Union.
Legitimate Political Demands? How Young Russians of Different Political Orientation Assess Protests
Authors: Krawatzek Félix 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Popular unrest is a source of worry also for seemingly stable authoritarian regimes. Young faces have become the image of protest in Russia over the last two years, and they convey the importance of protests that may emerge in any authoritarian regime. Nevertheless, it remains unclear what kind of young people are taking to the street and how their mobilisation is judged by their peers. This paper draws on survey data from 2018 and 2019 on the political attitudes of young Russians alongside focus group interviews generated in 2019 in Yekaterinburg and St. Petersburg. The combination of these two sources allows us to explore the shifting assessments of political and environmental protests and young people’s participation therein. It is argued that young Russians of different political orientation agree that Putin has been in power for too long and that also regime supporters do not, in principle, oppose regime critical protests. Rather, supporters insist on the importance for protests to be officially approved but question the genuine political nature of oppositional mobilisation. Friendship networks and institutional trust emerge as the key variables for understanding assessment of protests.
Their Spirits are High and Willing but That is Not Enough: Profiling the Cameroon Separatist Anglophone Radical Militia (Amba Boys)
Authors: Ngam Confidence Chia 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
If spiritual and determined engagements plus commitment were sufficient to ensure victory in any War adventure, the present armed conflict (war) between the Cameroon government and the Separatist Radical Militia (Amba Boys) could have long secured the independence of the country yearned for by separatist Anglophone Militita. Indeed, for close to four years running the armed Separatist militia of the English speaking regions of Cameroon known as Amba boys have been passionately engaged in an armed confrontation replete with varied forms of violence and extremism which constitute a serious impediment to peace and development within this area. The Amba boys in context are constituted by groups of brainwashed and radicalized boys and to some limited extent girls men and women. This scheme of constant radicalization has pushed them to believe that war and violence remains the only option left to erect, create or resurrect a state corresponding specifically to the Southern British-administered Cameroon passionately referred to as Ambazonia.
This article premises its discourse on evidence gathered on the narratives in praise of war as a solution to the Anglophone problem in Cameroon from primary and secondary sources to weigh the ‘invincibility’ of Amba Boys and all those on their support network. It examines the relevance or sustainability of engaging a majority of ill-prepared, ill-equipped, ill-trained, poorly fed and brainwashed youths in a war with hope of quick victory against an organized and well-equipped army. By profiling the different set of people involved in the militia plus the war strategies and radicalization schemes by those in the leadership of armed groups, this paper asserts that high spirits and determination like that of the Amba Boys are necessary war ingredients but not enough to guarantee success and the separation in focus.
Assimilation of Radial Velocity from Coastal NEXRAD into HWRF for Improved Forecasts of Landfalling Hurricanes
Authors: Wang Ying , Pu Zhaoxia 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe benefits of assimilating Next Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD) radial velocity data for convective systems have been demonstrated in previous studies. However, impacts of assimilation of such high spatial and temporal resolution observations on hurricane forecasts have not been demonstrated with the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Hurricane Weather and Research Forecasting (HWRF) system. This study investigates impacts of NEXRAD radial velocity data on forecasts of the evolution of landfalling hurricanes with different configurations of data assimilation. The sensitivity of data assimilation results to influencing parameters within the data assimilation system, such as the maximum range of the radar data, superobservations, horizontal and vertical localization correlation length scale, and weight of background error covariances, are examined. Two hurricane cases, Florence and Michael, which occurred in the summer of 2018 are chosen to conduct a series of experiments. Results show that hurricane intensity, asymmetric structure of inland wind and precipitation, and quantitative precipitation forecasting are improved. Suggestions for implementation of operational configurations are provided.