bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reprogramming signal transduction through a designer receptor tyrosine kinase
Authors: Kongkrongtong Tatphon , Sumigama Yuka , Nagamune Teruyuki , Kawahara Masahiro 
Published: June 2021

AbstractControlling signal transduction with artificial designer receptors is a promising approach to realize future medicine for intractable diseases. Although several functional artificial receptors have been reported by domain engineering, more sophisticated engineering within domains has yet to be thoroughly investigated. Here we demonstrate motif-based engineering of a receptor tyrosine kinase for reprogramming signal transduction. We design a scaffold-less tyrosine kinase domain that does not recruit any signal transducers but retains its kinase function. The resultant scaffold-less tyrosine kinase domain is linked to a tyrosine motif that recruits a target signaling molecule upon its phosphorylation. The engineered tyrosine motif–kinase fusion protein is further connected to a small molecule- or light-dependent dimerizing domain that can switch on the kinase activity in response to an external stimulus. The resultant designer receptors attain specific chemical- or photo-activation of signaling molecules of interest in mammalian cells. Thus, our designer receptor tyrosine kinase proves the possibility of rationally reprogramming intracellular signal transduction on a motif basis. The motif-based receptor engineering may realize tailor-made functional receptors useful in the fields of biology and medicine.
Dominance of γ-γ electron-positron pair creation in a plasma driven by high-intensity lasers
Authors: He Yutong , Blackburn Thomas G. , Toncian Toma , Arefiev Alexey V. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractCreation of electrons and positrons from light alone is a basic prediction of quantum electrodynamics, but yet to be observed. Our simulations show that the required conditions are achievable using a high-intensity two-beam laser facility and an advanced target design. Dual laser irradiation of a structured target produces high-density γ rays that then create > 108 positrons at intensities of 2 × 1022 Wcm−2. The unique feature of this setup is that the pair creation is primarily driven by the linear Breit-Wheeler process (γγ → e+e−), which dominates over the nonlinear Breit-Wheeler and Bethe-Heitler processes. The favorable scaling with laser intensity of the linear process prompts reconsideration of its neglect in simulation studies and also permits positron jet formation at experimentally feasible intensities. Simulations show that the positrons, confined by a quasistatic plasma magnetic field, may be accelerated by the lasers to energies >200 MeV.
Programmable pattern formation in cellular systems with local signaling
Authors: Ramalho Tiago , Kremser Stephan , Wu Hao , Gerland Ulrich 
Published: June 2021

AbstractComplex systems, ranging from developing embryos to systems of locally communicating agents, display an apparent capability of “programmable” pattern formation: They reproducibly form target patterns, but those targets can be readily changed. A distinguishing feature of such systems is that their subunits are capable of information processing. Here, we explore schemes for programmable pattern formation within a theoretical framework, in which subunits process local signals to update their discrete state following logical rules. We study systems with different update rules, topologies, and control schemes, assessing their capability of programmable pattern formation and their susceptibility to errors. Only a fraction permits local organizers to dictate any target pattern, by transcribing temporal patterns into spatial patterns, reminiscent of the principle underlying vertebrate somitogenesis. An alternative scheme employing variable rules cannot reach all patterns but is insensitive to the timing of organizer inputs. Our results establish a basis for designing synthetic systems and models of programmable pattern formation closer to real systems.
Stripe skyrmions and skyrmion crystals
Authors: Wang X. R. , Hu X. C. , Wu H. T. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSkyrmions are important in quantum field theory and information technology for being topological solitons and for their attractive applications. Magnetic skyrmions are believed to be circular and stripy spin textures accompanied skyrmion crystals (SkXs) termed spiral/helical/cycloid orders have zero skyrmion number. Here we show that those stripy spin textures are skyrmions, siblings of circular skyrmions in SkXs and cousins of isolated circular skyrmions. Various irregular morphologies are the nature structures of skyrmions in the ground states. At the extreme of one skyrmion in the whole sample, the skyrmion is a ramified stripe. As the skyrmion number density increases, skyrmion shapes gradually change from ramified stripes to rectangular stripes, and eventually to circular objects. At a high skyrmion number density, SkXs are the preferred states. Our findings reveal the nature and properties of stripy spin texture, and open an avenue for manipulating skyrmions.
Cleaner burning aviation fuels can reduce contrail cloudiness
Authors: Voigt Christiane , Kleine Jonas , Sauer Daniel , Moore Richard H. , Bräuer Tiziana , Le Clercq Patrick , Kaufmann Stefan , Scheibe Monika , Jurkat-Witschas Tina , Aigner Manfred , Bauder Uwe , Boose Yvonne , Borrmann Stephan , Crosbie Ewan , Diskin Glenn S. , DiGangi Joshua , Hahn Valerian , Heckl Christopher , Huber Felix , Nowak John B. , Rapp Markus , Rauch Bastian , Robinson Claire , Schripp Tobias , Shook Michael , Winstead Edward , Ziemba Luke , Schlager Hans , Anderson Bruce E. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractContrail cirrus account for the major share of aviation’s climate impact. Yet, the links between jet fuel composition, contrail microphysics and climate impact remain unresolved. Here we present unique observations from two DLR-NASA aircraft campaigns that measured exhaust and contrail characteristics of an Airbus A320 burning either standard jet fuels or low aromatic sustainable aviation fuel blends. Our results show that soot particles can regulate the number of contrail cirrus ice crystals for current emission levels. We provide experimental evidence that burning low aromatic sustainable aviation fuel can result in a 50 to 70% reduction in soot and ice number concentrations and an increase in ice crystal size. Reduced contrail ice numbers cause less energy deposition in the atmosphere and less warming. Meaningful reductions in aviation’s climate impact could therefore be obtained from the widespread adoptation of low aromatic fuels, and from regulations to lower the maximum aromatic fuel content.
Process-oriented analysis of aircraft soot-cirrus interactions constrains the climate impact of aviation
Authors: Kärcher Bernd , Mahrt Fabian , Marcolli Claudia 
Published: June 2021

AbstractFully accounting for the climate impact of aviation requires a process-level understanding of the impact of aircraft soot particle emissions on the formation of ice clouds. Assessing this impact with the help of global climate models remains elusive and direct observations are lacking. Here we use a high-resolution cirrus column model to investigate how aircraft-emitted soot particles, released after ice crystals sublimate at the end of the lifetime of contrails and contrail cirrus, perturb the formation of cirrus. By allying cloud simulations with a measurement-based description of soot-induced ice formation, we find that only a small fraction (<1%) of the soot particles succeeds in forming cloud ice alongside homogeneous freezing of liquid aerosol droplets. Thus, soot-perturbed and homogeneously-formed cirrus fundamentally do not differ in optical depth. Our results imply that climate model estimates of global radiative forcing from interactions between aircraft soot and large-scale cirrus may be overestimates. The improved scientific understanding reported here provides a process-based underpinning for improved climate model parametrizations and targeted field observations.
Do Acoustic Environment Characteristics Affect the Lexical Development of Children With Cochlear Implants? A Longitudinal Study Before and After Cochlear Implant Activation
Authors: Majorano Marinella , Brondino Margherita , Guerzoni Letizia , Murri Alessandra , Ferrari Rachele , Lavelli Manuela , Cuda Domenico , Yoshinaga-Itano Christine , Morelli Marika , Persici Valentina 
Published: June 2021

Purpose
This study investigates the acoustic environment of children with cochlear implants (CIs) and the relationship between exposure to speech, in noise and in quiet, and the children's lexical production up to 1 year after CI activation, while controlling for the effect of early individual differences in receptive vocabulary growth.

Method
Eighteen children with CIs were observed at 3, 6, and 12 months after CI activation. Children's spontaneous word production during interaction with their mothers (types and tokens) and their expressive and receptive vocabulary size were considered. The characteristics of the acoustic environments in terms of acoustic scenes (speech in noise or in quiet, quiet, noise, music, and other) and of loudness ranges were assessed using data logging of the children's devices.

Results
Data analysis showed that both the number of tokens and the number of types produced 1 year after CI activation were affected by the children's exposure to speech in quiet with a loudness range between 40 and 69 dB. Expressive vocabulary size and types were affected by the receptive vocabulary knowledge that the children achieved over the first 3 months after CI activation.

Conclusions
Our data support the role of speech environment and individual differences in early comprehension on lexical production. The importance of exposure to speech with particular characteristics for the lexical development of children with CIs and the implications for clinical practice are discussed.
A Framework for a Sociological Description of the Communicative Interaction in Adults Who Stutter
Authors: Mancinelli James M. 
Published: June 2021

Purpose
The author presents a descriptive sociological framework for the communicative interaction between an adult who stutters (AWS) and other communication partners. The author shows that the communicative interaction between an AWS and another interactant is a sociological object that can be evaluated by both parties in real-time, and is impacted by settings, participants, identity, stigmatization, and the type of talk. These elements are consistent with Hymes' SPEAKING model, which was developed to describe speech communication in a social context and can lay the foundation for the development of an ethnography of stuttering. The clinical applications and implications of a sociological framework are discussed and future directions for research are suggested.

Method
This work is a refinement and enhancement of Mancinelli (2018) and Mancinelli (2019) and the research associated with that work. This is a tutorial with a clinical focus designed to introduce the readership to a sociological perspective on communicative interactions in AWS.

Conclusions
Stuttering is an emergent phenomenon embedded within a social interaction, necessitating a deeper understanding of the processes at work during those interactions. A sociological framework can provide a more comprehensive description of the communicative interactions as well as the sociocommunicative lives of people who stutter. The information obtained can inform the formulation of realistic, functional goals based on the daily life of the client. Implications for the development of an ethnography of stuttering are discussed.
Effect of Working Memory Load and Typicality on Semantic Processing in Aphasia
Authors: Obermeyer Jessica , Reinert Laura , Kamen Rachel , Pritchard Danielle , Park Hyejin , Martin Nadine 
Published: June 2021

Purpose:
This study evaluated the effects of a linguistic characteristic, typicality, and a processing variable, working memory on the abilities of people with aphasia (PWA) and neurologically intact adults to process semantic representations. This was accomplished using a newly developed assessment task, the Category Typicality Test, which was created for the Temple Assessment of Language and Short-Term Memory in Aphasia.

Method:
A post hoc quasi-experimental design was used. Participants included 27 PWA and 14 neurologically intact adults who completed the picture and word versions of the Category Typicality Test, which required them to determine if two items are in the same category. Memory load was altered by increasing the number of items to be compared, and the typicality of items was altered to increase linguistic complexity.

Results:
A four-way mixed analysis of covariance was conducted. There was a significant interaction between working memory load and category typicality with performance accuracy decreasing as working memory load increased and category typicality decreased. There was also a significant interaction for typicality and stimuli with better performance in the picture condition and a significant interaction for working memory and group with lower performance accuracy for PWA. Post hoc pairwise comparisons revealed differences between memory load, typicality, stimuli conditions, and group. PWA also showed greater magnitude of change than neurologically intact adults when comparing high and low working memory load conditions, but not typicality conditions.

Discussion:
Increasing working memory load had the most substantial impact on the accuracy of category judgments in PWA, but the interaction between increased working memory load and decreased category typicality of items to be compared resulted in reduced accuracy in both groups. These findings suggest that manipulation of processing and linguistic variables in assessment will provide insight into the nature of linguistic breakdown in aphasia.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.14781996
Distance and extinction to the Milky Way spiral arms along the Galactic centre line of sight
Authors: Nogueras-Lara F. , Schödel R. , Neumayer N. 
Published: June 2021

Context. The position of the Sun inside the disc of the Milky Way significantly hampers the study of the spiral arm structure given the high amount of dust and gas along the line of sight, and the overall structure of this disc has therefore not yet been fully characterised.
Aims. We aim to analyse the spiral arms in the line of sight towards the Galactic centre (GC) in order to determine their distance, extinction, and stellar population.
Methods. We use the GALACTICNUCLEUS survey, a JHKs high-angular-resolution photometric catalogue (0.2″) for the innermost regions of the Galaxy. We fitted simple synthetic colour-magnitude models to our data via χ2 minimisation. We computed the distance and extinction to the detected spiral arms. We also analysed the extinction curve and the relative extinction between the detected features. Finally, we studied extinction-corrected Ks luminosity functions (KLFs) to study the stellar populations present in the second and third spiral arm features.
Results. We determined the mean distances to the spiral arms: d1 = 1.6 ± 0.2 kpc, d2 = 2.6 ± 0.2 kpc, d3 = 3.9 ± 0.3 kpc, and d4 = 4.5 ± 0.2 kpc, and the mean extinctions: AH1 = 0.35 ± 0.08 mag, AH2 = 0.77 ± 0.08 mag, AH3 = 1.68 ± 0.08 mag, and AH4 = 2.30 ± 0.08 mag. We analysed the extinction curve in the near-infrared for the stars in the spiral arms and find mean values of AJ/AH = 1.89 ± 0.11 and AH/AKs = 1.86 ± 0.11, in agreement with the results obtained for the GC. This implies that the shape of the extinction curve does not depend on distance or absolute extinction. We also built extinction maps for each spiral arm and find them to be homogeneous and that they might correspond to independent extinction layers. Finally, analysing the KLFs from the second and third spiral arms, we find that they have similar stellar populations. We obtain two main episodes of star formation: > 6 Gyr (∼60 − 70% of the stellar mass), and 1.5 − 4 Gyr (∼20 − 30% of the stellar mass), compatible with previous work. We also detect recent star formation at a lower level (∼10%) for the third spiral arm.
Jupiter’s “cold” formation in the protosolar disk shadow
Authors: Ohno Kazumasa , Ueda Takahiro 
Published: June 2021

Context.Atmospheric compositions offer valuable clues to planetary formation and evolution. Jupiter has been the most well-studied giant planet in terms of its atmosphere; however, the origin of the Jovian atmospheric composition remains a puzzle as the abundances of nitrogen and noble gases as high as those of other elements could only originate from extremely cold environments.Aims.We propose a novel idea for explaining the Jovian atmospheric composition: dust pileup at the H2O snow line casts a shadow and cools the Jupiter orbit so that N2and noble gases can freeze. Planetesimals or a core formed in the shadowed region can enrich nitrogen and noble gases as much as other elements through their dissolution in the envelope.Methods.We compute the temperature structure of a shadowed protosolar disk with radiative transfer calculations. Then, we investigate the radial volatile distributions and predict the atmospheric composition of Jupiter with condensation calculations.Results.We find that the vicinity of the current Jupiter orbit, approximately 3 − 7 AU, could be as cold as ≲30 K if the small-dust surface density varies by a factor of ≳30 across the H2O snow line. According to previous grain growth simulations, this condition could be achieved by weak disk turbulence if silicate grains are more fragile than icy grains. The shadow can cause the condensation of most volatile substances, namely N2and Ar. We demonstrate that the dissolution of shadowed solids can explain the elemental abundance patterns of the Jovian atmosphere even if proto-Jupiter was formed near Jupiter’s current orbit.Conclusions.The disk shadow may play a vital role in controlling atmospheric compositions. The effect of the shadow also impacts the interpretation of upcoming observations of exoplanetary atmospheres by JWST.
Simple feedback of colonoscopy performance improved the number of adenomas per colonoscopy and serrated polyp detection rate
Authors: Toyoshima Osamu , Yoshida Shuntaro , Nishizawa Toshihiro , Yamakawa Tadahiro , Arano Toru , Isomura Yoshihiro , Kanazawa Takamitsu , Ando Hidehiko , Tsuji Yosuke , Koike Kazuhiko 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Background and study aims High-quality endoscopy requires improvement of not only the adenoma detection rate (ADR) but also the serrated polyp (SP) detection rate and the mean number of adenomas per positive procedure (MAP +). We evaluated whether a simple feedback of colonoscopy performance improves those quality indicators using propensity-score matching.
Patients and methods Eleven endoscopists were evaluated regarding colonoscopy performance including ADRs, SP detection rates, mean numbers of adenomas per procedure (MAPs), and MAPs + with their ranking in the clinic. Endoscopic performance was compared before and after the feedback.
Results Colonoscopies were performed for 874 patients before the feedback and 1,272 patients after the feedback. Using propensity-score matching, 803 patients before the feedback and 803 patients after the feedback were matched. ADR after the feedback was significantly higher than that before the feedback (50.8 % and 40.8 %, respectively). MAP after feedback was significantly larger than that before the feedback (0.92 and 0.69, respectively), as well as MAP + (1.96 and 1.69, respectively). Clinically significant SP detection rate was also improved from 10.0 % to 14.9 %.
Conclusions Feedback including ADR, MAP, MAP +, and clinically significant SR detection rate could improve on those quality indicators. Further studies are needed to effectively prevent colorectal cancer in colonoscopy practice.
Pleuraempyem
Authors: Wachowiak Robin , Mayer Steffi , Lacher Martin 
Published: June 2021

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDas Pleuraempyem bei Kindern ist meist Folge einer Pneumonie. Aus einem anfänglich klaren Exsudat können sich ein fibropurulentes Stadium mit Fibrinpräzipitaten und Septierungen sowie im organisierten Stadium eine dicke fibröse Membran auf der Lunge entwickeln. Husten, Fieber und Dyspnoe prägen die klinische Symptomatik.Die Therapie des Pleuraempyems ist abhängig vom Stadium und wird kontrovers diskutiert. Im Stadium I sollte das Empyem bei symptomatischen Kindern und/oder einem Erguss > 2 cm drainiert werden. In fortgeschrittenen Stadien werden über die Thoraxdrainage zusätzlich Fibrinolytika appliziert. Obwohl gegenwärtig keine Studien existieren, die eine Überlegenheit dieses Verfahrens gegenüber einer chirurgischen Therapie zeigen konnten, sind operative Strategien wie die videoassistierte thorakoskopische Chirurgie (VATS) oder die offene Dekortikation in den Hintergrund getreten. Sie kommen nur noch bei Versagen der Fibrinolysetherapie und damit selten zum Einsatz. Eine antibiotische Behandlung ist immer indiziert.
Outcomes of colonoscopy with non-anesthesiologist-administered propofol (NAAP): an equivalence trial
Authors: Alburquerque Marco , Smarrelli Antonella , Montesinos Julio Chevarria , Carreño Sergi Ortega , Fernandez Ana Zaragoza , García Alba Vargas , Frontado Cesar Ledezma , Vidal Lluís , Francesch Montserrat Figa , Lladó Ferrán González-Huix 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Background and study aims Efficacy and safety of NAAP for gastrointestinal endoscopy have been widely documented, although there is no information about the outcomes of colonoscopy when the endoscopist supervises the sedation. In this context, the aim of this trial was to determine the equivalence of adenoma detection rate (ADR) in colorectal cancer (CRC) screening colonoscopies performed with non-anesthesiologist-administered propofol (NAAP) and performed with monitored anesthesia care (MAC).
Patients and methods This was a single-blind, non-randomized controlled equivalence trial that enrolled adults from a national CRC screening program (CRCSP). Patients were blindly assigned to undergo either colonoscopy with NAAP or MAC. The main outcome measure was the ADR in CRCSP colonoscopies performed with NAAP.
Results We included 315 patients per group. The median age was 59.76 ± 5.81 years; 40.5 % of patients were women. The cecal intubation rate was 97 %, 81.8 % of patients had adequate bowel preparation, withdrawal time was > 6 minutes in 98.7 %, and the median global exploration time was 24.25 ± 8.86 minutes (range, 8–70 minutes). The ADR was 62.9 % and the complication rate (CR) was 0.6 %. Analysis by intention-to-treat showed an ADR in the NAAP group of 64.13 % compared with 61.59 % in the MAC group, a difference (δADR) of 2.54 %, 95 %CI: −0.10 to 0.05. Analysis by per-protocol showed an ADR in the NAAP group of 62.98 %, compared with 61.94 % in the MAC group, δADR: 1.04 %, 95 %CI: −0.09 to 0.07. There was no difference in CR (NAAP: 0,63 vs. MAC: 0.63); P = 1.0.
Conclusions ADR in colorectal cancer screening colonoscopies performed with NAAP was equivalent to that in those performed with MAC. Similarly, there was no difference in complication rates.
Rowell Syndrome Triggered by Pregnancy
Authors: Yuce Inel Tuba , Demirci Yildirim Tuba , Erez Yesim , Can Gercek 
Published: June 2021

AbstractRowell syndrome (RS) is a rare disorder associated with lupus erythematosus
and erythema multiforme (EM)-like cutaneous lesions. This article presents a
21-year-old female patient who had been followed up for two years with a
diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and developed RS in the
second trimester of pregnancy. Our patient, whose disease exacerbated with
skin findings during pregnancy, recovered on cyclosporine treatment without
systemic involvement and delivered a healthy baby at term.