bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Nanoporous Gold by Chemical Dealloying of Co-Sputtered Gold-Silver Thin Films and Study of Its Variability
Authors: Niauzorau Stanislau , Sharstniou Aliaksandr , Kublik Natalya , Sampath Venkata Krishnan , Azeredo Bruno 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In the past two decades, nanoporous metals have attracted wide attention in the areas of energy storage, biomedicine and catalysis. Compared to other metals, nanoporous gold exhibits superior chemical stability, high catalytic activity, and its synthesis is facile and well documented. While many studies elaborate on the dealloying kinetics to understand process-structure relationships, its process variability is known to be large and yet not well documented. In this study, nanoporous gold was synthesized by chemical dealloying of co-sputtered gold-silver thin film. By controlling temperature and time during dealloying, its porosity characteristics, such as ligament diameter and solid area fraction, were controlled. Further, the time evolution of structural and elemental characteristics of nanoporous gold were examined including its correlation to silver residual content. It is found that mean diameters grow as a function of etch time from 25 to 60 nm. The large standard deviation (18.6 nm) of multiple dealloying attempts at any given temperature and dealloying time points to the lack of control in the kinetics of the dealloying reaction and variability in its substrate preparation and processing protocols. A comprehensive analysis of these parameters might provoke a better understanding of nanoporous gold synthesis in terms of the structure evolution kinetics.
A Novel Packing Hollow Dodecahedron Model to Study the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Stocastic Metallic Foams
Authors: Dai Rui , Kwon Beomjin , Nian Qiong 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Stochastic foam with hierarchy order pore structure possesses distinguished physical properties such as high strength to weight ratio, super lightweight, and extremely large specific area. These exceptional properties make stochastic foam as a competitive material for versatile applications e.g., heat exchangers, battery electrodes, automotive components, magnetic shielding, catalyst devices and etc. Recently, the more advanced hollow cellular (shellular) architectures with well-developed structure connections are studied and expected to surpass the solid micro/nanolattices. However, in terms of theoretical predicting and studying of the cellular foam architecture, currently no systematic model can be utilized to accurately capture both of its mechanical and thermal properties especially with hollow struts due to complexity induced by its stochastic and highly reticulate nature. Herein, for the first time, a novel packing three-dimensional (3D) hollow dodecahedron (HPD) model is proposed to simulate the cellular architecture. An electrochemical deposition process is utilized to manufacture the metallic foam with hollow struts. Mechanical and thermal testing of the as-manufactured foams are carried out to compare with the HPD model. HPD model is proved to accurately capture both the topology and the physical properties of stochastic foam at the similar relative density. Particularly, the proposed model makes it possible to readily access and track the physical behavior of stochastic foam architecture. Accordingly, this work will also offer inspiration for designing an efficient foam for specific applications.
Time Domain Simulation of Dynamic Corner Milling Process Considering Chatter Vibration With Finite Amplitude
Authors: Suzuki Norikazu , Hayashi Hiroki , Shamoto Eiji , Irino Naruhiro , Imabeppu Yasuhiro 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
A number of analysis methods for the process with chatter vibration have been proposed so far. These methods can be used to improve processes stability resulting in better production efficiency. However, the poor estimation accuracy of the phenomenon severely limits the performance of process optimization using the simulation-assisted approach. One of the causes of accuracy deterioration is the modeling error of the phenomenon accompanied by chatter vibration with finite amplitude. In this study, we developed a model that can consider the non-linear uncut chip thickness fluctuation caused by the influence of finite amplitude and the process damping due to the contact of the tool flank face against the finished workpiece surface. Furthermore, we developed a time domain simulator that implements the proposed model, and estimated the finished surface profile of the workpiece based on the results of the time domain simulation. To verify the proposed method, corner machining experiments with an end mill were conducted. Corner machining is frequently used in industrial, but it is known that chatter vibration is likely to occur. In corner machining, machine tools generate motions that accompany acceleration and deceleration. The motion of this feed drive system strongly depends on the dynamic characteristics of the machine tool and the trajectory generation algorithm, which greatly affects the emersion angle of the cutter. Therefore, we simulated the dynamic corner machining process considering the measured data of the motion trajectory of the feed drive system. The estimation result of chatter vibration in corner machining is in good agreement with the measurement result of the machining process. In addition, high-precision estimation of the machined surface profile with chatter mark has been realized.
Computational Study of Reinforcement Mechanisms of Cuttlefish Bone Inspired Structure for 3D Printing
Authors: Bethers Brandon , Yang Yang 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Cuttlebone, the internal shell structure of a cuttlefish, presents a unique labyrinthian wall-septa design that promotes high energy absorption, porosity, and damage tolerance. This structure offers us an inspiration for the design of lightweight and strong structures for potential applications in mechanical, aerospace and biomedical engineering. However, the complexity of the cuttlebones structural design makes its fabrication by traditional manufacturing techniques not feasible. The advances in additive manufacturing (3D printing) make highly complex structures like cuttlebone possible to manufacture. In this work, the authors sought to establish comparative data between cuttlebone structures and some common support structures used in additive manufacturing. The structures compared to cuttlebone in this work include the cubic, honeycomb and triangular support structures. This was accomplished by using CAD modeling and simulation software. This study found that the cuttlefish structures had higher average stress values than the others but similar average strain values. This leads to a higher modulus of elasticity for the cuttlebone structures. The data suggests that further research into cuttlebone structures could produce future designs that improve upon the current well-established additive manufacturing support structures. Further study will be performed for the 3D printing of cuttlebone inspired structures by using various types of materials, such as soft and rigid polymers, functional ceramics, composites, and metals.
Magnetic Field Assisted 3D Printing of Limpet Teeth Inspired Polymer Matrix Composite With Compression Reinforcement
Authors: Joralmon Dylan , Amonoo Evangeline , Zhu Yizhen , Li Xiangjia 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Lightweight and cost-effective polymer matrix composites (PMCs) with extraordinary mechanical performance will be a key to the next generation of diverse industrial applications such as aerospace, electric automobile, and biomedical devices. Limpet teeth made of mineral-polymer composites have been proved as nature’s strongest material due to the unique hierarchical architectures of mineral fiber alignment. Here, we present an approach to build limpet teeth inspired structural materials with precise control of geometric morphologies of microstructures by magnetic field-assisted 3D printing (MF-3DP). α-Iron (III) oxide-hydroxide nanoparticles (α-FeOOHs) are aligned by the magnetic field during 3D printing and aligned α-FeOOHs bundles are further grown to aligned goethite-based bundles (aGBs) by rapid thermal treatment after printing. The mechanical reinforcement of goethite-based fillers in PMCs can be modulated by adjusting the geometric morphology and alignment of mineral particles encapsulated inside the 3D printed PMCs. In order to identify the mechanical enhancement mechanism, physics-based modeling, simulation, and tests were conducted and the results further guided the design of bioinspired goethite-based PMCs. The correlation of the geometric morphology of self-assembled α-FeOOHs, curing characteristics of α-FeOOHs/polymer composite, and process parameters were identified to establish the optimal design of goethite-based PMCs. The 3D-printed PMCs with aGBs show promising mechanical reinforcement. This study opens intriguing perspectives for designing high strength 3D printed PMCs on the basis of bioinspired architectures with customized configurations.
Chipping Reduction Using Thermally-Assisted Friction Element Welding
Authors: Deshpande Amit B. , Grimm Tyler J. , Mears Laine 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The use of multiple material in the structural components of a vehicle allows for significant weight reduction. Friction element welding (FEW) is a novel method that allows the joining of two or more dissimilar material sheets. A limitation of this process is the chip formation in high strength aluminum alloys, which is observed as the protrusion of thin aluminum segments from under the head of the fastener. Chipping can degrade the joint’s strength over time due to accelerated crevice corrosion.
A novel method is proposed to eliminate chip formation using thermal assistance. A grading scheme is developed to quantify the severity of chip formation. The effect of thermal assistance on chipping is analyzed. An investigation is also carried out to validate that the thermal assistance does not negatively affect the process time, energy, and joint strength. Thermal assistance is proposed to be a novel method of overcoming this limitation to allow more widespread use of the FEW process for higher-strength aluminum alloys. Future work will include the development of feasible, rapid methods of heating and measurement of energy utilization for implementation in the industrial environment.
A Flexible Similarity Based Algorithm for Tool Condition Monitoring
Authors: Stuhr Ben , Liu Rui 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
To realize smart manufacturing in various machining processes, tool condition monitoring (TCM) systems are employed to detect the state of the tool in optimizing tool conditions and preventing catastrophic failures. Common types of TCM systems include part-specific methods and generic methods. However, many developed TCM systems lack flexibility and require extensive set-up. To address these issues, the proposed algorithm takes advantage of repetitive machining operations in manufacturing settings and adopts similarity analysis to realize tool condition monitoring by comparing the signals collected from the tool with known conditions against the signals generated by the tool to be monitored. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed TCM system, a case study was performed in which the power signal was collected and used in the similarity analysis. According to this case study, it has been proven that the proposed TCM algorithm is able to accurately predict the state of the tool, i.e. tool wear, with a very simple and flexible solution. Furthermore, several tool condition induced machining parameters have been evaluated to satisfy various monitoring requirements. Nearly all evaluated machining parameters validated the performance and flexibility of the TCM algorithm.
Swedish Manufacturing Practices Towards a Sustainability Transition in Industry 4.0: A Resilience Perspective
Authors: Chari Arpita , Duberg Johan Vogt , Lindahl Emma , Stahre Johan , Despeisse Mélanie , Sundin Erik , Johansson Björn , Wiktorsson Magnus 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The Swedish strategic innovation programme, Produktion2030, is a national long-term effort towards global industrial competitiveness addressing Swedish industry’s transition towards climate goals of the European Green Deal while simultaneously realising smart manufacturing and Industry 4.0 (I4.0). This paper investigated the extent of sustainability implementation and implications of I4.0 technologies through a nation-wide quantitative survey in Produktion2030’s 113 collaborative research projects. The analysis showed that 71% of the assessed projects included environmental aspects, 60% social aspects, and 45% Circular Economy (CE) aspects. Further, 65% of the projects implemented I4.0 technologies to increase overall sustainability. The survey results were compared with literature to understand how I4.0 opportunities helped derive sustainability and CE benefits. This detailed mapping of the results along with eight semi-structured interviews revealed that a majority of the projects implemented I4.0 technologies to improve resource efficiency, reduce waste in operations and incorporate CE practices in business models. The results also showed that Swedish manufacturing is progressing in the right direction of sustainability transition by deriving key resilience capabilities from I4.0-based enablers. Industries should actively adopt these capabilities to address the increasingly challenging and unpredictable sustainability issues arising in the world and for a successful transition towards sustainable manufacturing in a digital future.
An Augmented-Reality Based Human-Robot Interface for Robotics Programming in the Complex Environment
Authors: Yang Wenhao , Xiao Qinqin , Zhang Yunbo 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
To solve the problems of complex robot programming tasks, we propose an Augmented Reality (AR) based human-robot interface for planning a collision-free path in a complex environment. Current robot programming methods usually require a high level of experience in robot programming (online programming), the time-consuming 3D modeling of the working environment for collision detection (offline programming), and a tedious and inefficient re-planing to adapt environment or task changes (both online and offline programming). In order to address these problems, an end-to-end AR human-robot interface is proposed, which provides a new affordance to users by enabling them to plan the path in the AR environment. A set of user-interactive tools allow users to define and edit waypoints as the high-level guidance and the direct inputs for the toolpath planning package, Kinematics and Dynamics Library (KDL). With the fast sensing of the workspace and accurate rendering, an in-situ simulation module is utilized for collision check and verification by the users’ perception. Users will repeat the process of 1) waypoints definition and editing, and 2) the collision checking and path feasibility verification, until a satisfactory path is obtained. A preliminary testing is conducted in a use case with complex obstacles to verified the effectiveness and the efficiency of the proposed interface.
A Friction Fluctuation Model of Rolling Guideways
Authors: Kono Daisuke , Osumi Tomoyuki 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Linear ball guideways are widely employed in machine tool drive systems. Friction fluctuation of linear ball guideways cause the fluctuation of feed rate which results in the contour error in synchronous motions using several feed drives. A model-based systematic methodology to design the raceway profile is demanded to reduce the friction fluctuation of rolling guideways. In this study, a model to estimate the rolling resistance fluctuation of a ball sandwiched by two raceways was proposed. The rolling resistance fluctuation was estimated from the contact angle between the ball and raceways. The contact angle was obtained from the surface profile of the raceway. The estimation accuracy of the proposed model was verified by comparing measured and estimated rolling resistances. The raceway that was finished by face milling with a R-bite was used in the experiment to have rolling resistance fluctuation due to a periodic surface profile. The experimental results showed that the rolling resistance fluctuation could be estimated by the proposed model with 30% amplitude error at maximum. The variation of the rolling resistance was influenced by the phase difference between the upper and lower raceway profiles. The rolling resistance variation could be decreased to 1/3 when the phase difference was 1/2 period of the periodic profile component.
Effect of Laser Forming on the Energy Absorbing Behavior of Metal Foams
Authors: Zhang Tom , Liu Yubin , Yao Y. Lawrence 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Metal foam is light in weight and exhibits an excellent impact absorbing capability. Laser forming has emerged as a promising process in shaping metal foam plates into desired geometry. While the feasibility and shaping mechanism has been studied, the effect of the laser forming process on the mechanical properties and the energy absorbing behavior in particular of the formed foam parts has not been well understood. This study comparatively investigated such effect on as-received and laser formed closed-cell aluminum alloy foam. In quasi-static compression tests, attention was paid to the changes in the elastic region. Imperfections near the laser irradiated surface were closely examined and used to help elucidate the similarities and differences in as-received and laser formed specimens. Similarly, from the impact tests, the dynamically induced deformation and crush band formation were investigated with a modified Charpy impact test scheme. Differences in specific energy absorption were studied and were related to the defects formed during laser forming process. The relative density distribution and evolution of foam specimens were numerically investigated. Laser induced imperfections lead to very minor decrease in the energy absorbing ability of the metal foam, and laser forming still remain as a viable shaping process for metal foams.
Discrete-Element Simulation of Powder Spreading Process in Binder Jetting, and the Effects of Powder Size
Authors: Clares Ana Paula , Manogharan Guha 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Binder Jetting has gained particular interest amongst Additive Manufacturing (AM) techniques because of its wide range of applications, broader feasible material systems, and absence of rapid melting-solidification issues present in other AM processes. Understanding and optimizing printing parameters during the powder spreading process is essential to improve the quality of the final part. In this study, a Discrete Element Method (DEM) simulation is employed to evaluate the powder packing density, flowability, and porosity during powder spreading process utilizing three different powder groups. Two groups are formed with monoidal size distributions (75–84 μm and 100–109 μm), and the third one consisting of a bimodal distribution (50 μm + 100 μm).
A thorough investigation into the effects of powder size distribution during the powder spreading step in a binder jetting process is conducted using ceramic foundry sand. It was observed that coarser particles result in higher flowability (62% decrease in repose angle) than finer ones due to the cohesion effect present in the latter. A bimodal size distribution yields the highest packing density (8% increase) and lowest porosity (∼12% reduction) in the powder bed, as the finer particles fill in the voids created between the coarser ones. Findings from this study are directly applicable to binder-jetting AM process, and also offer new insights for AM powder manufacturers.
Electrically Assisted Wire Drawing Polarity Effects
Authors: Grimm Tyler J. , Mears Laine 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Electrically assisted manufacturing is the direct application of an electric current or field to a workpiece during a manufacturing operation. In addition to resistive heating, various anomalous effects have been observed experimentally. Since its conception in the 1950s, scientists continue to debate the existence of these so called electroplastic effects (EPEs) due to conflicted results shown throughout literature. A popular theory of electroplasticity is the electron wind, which postulates that there is a transfer of momentum between electrons and dislocations, which assists their motion during deformation. Though refuted both mathematically and experimentally in other types of tests, the electron wind theory, and therefore the existence of electroplasticity, is interestingly supported by the existence of polarity effects in wire drawing.
A detailed review of the literature that has shown polarity effects in wire drawing is conducted. While the authors of these publications failed to fully disclose all test parameters, requiring several assumptions to be made, it appears that no mathematical/logical trends could be established. It is hypothesized herein that the velocity of the wire in a wire drawing application can influence the drift velocity of electrons, thereby increasing or decreasing current flow explicitly through the moving section of the wire. In order to test this hypothesis, a fixture was constructed which is capable of passing a current through a moving wire at common wire drawing speeds. Modern sensing equipment was used to measure various electrical parameters during testing. The wire speed effect hypothesis was refuted by experimental testing. While the results of experimental testing thus far indicate the existence of electroplasticity, further testing that includes drawing and force measurements must be conducted in order to fully conclude its existence in the wire drawing application.
Designing an Interchangeable Multi-Material Nozzle System for 3D Bioprinting Process
Authors: Nelson Cartwright , Tuladhar Slesha , Habib Md Ahasan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Three-dimensional bioprinting is a rapidly growing field attempting to recreate functional tissues for medical and pharmaceutical purposes. Development of functional tissue requires deposition of multiple biomaterials encapsulating multiple cell types i.e. bio-ink necessitating switching ability between bio-inks. Existing systems use more than one print head to achieve this complex interchangeable deposition, which decreases efficiency, structural integrity, and accuracy. In this research, we developed a nozzle system capable of switching between multiple bio-inks with continuous deposition ensuring the minimum transition distance so that precise deposition transitioning can be achieved. Finally, the effect of rheological properties of different bio-material compositions on the transition distance is investigated by fabricating the sample scaffolds.