bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Learning from learning: detecting account takeovers by identifying forgetful users
Authors: McElroy Sean A 
Published: June 2021

Credential-stuffing attacks are increasing in frequency, allowing threat actors to use data breaches from one source to perpetrate another. While multi-factor authentication remains a crucial preventative measure to protect against credential stuffing, the availability of credential data sets with contact information and the correlation with demographic data can allow threat actors to overcome it through interactive social engineering. Concurrently, alternative defence mechanisms such as network source profiling and device fingerprinting lose effectiveness as privacy-protecting technologies reduce the observable variability between legitimate and fraudulent user sessions. Sean A McElroy of Lumin Digital presents original research which suggests that by measuring a user's increasing familiarity with a web application over time, outliers in use may indicate account takeover fraud. Credential-stuffing attacks are increasing in frequency, allowing threat actors to use data breaches from one source to perpetrate another. While multi-factor authentication remains a crucial preventative measure to protect against credential stuffing, the availability of credential data sets with contact information and the correlation with demographic data can allow threat actors to overcome it through interactive social engineering. Concurrently, alternative defence mechanisms such as network source profiling and device fingerprinting lose effectiveness as privacy-protecting technologies reduce the observable variability between legitimate and fraudulent user sessions.
Exploring the effects of workplace deviance on perpetrators’ own work outcomes: the role of benevolent leadership in regulating fear activation and implication
Authors: Li Shao-Long , Chen Zhen Xiong (George) , Zhang Guanglei 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe prevalence of workplace deviance has become an urgent issue for managers. Although increasing research has investigated the detriments of workplace deviance on other employees and organizations, limited research has studied the harm of workplace deviance on perpetrators themselves. This research drew from appraisal theories of emotion and sought to understand perpetrators' affective and behavioral consequences of engaging in deviance. Using a diary method, a survey consisting of 92 employees with 918 observations was conducted. The results reveal that employees' deviance is positively related to their feeling of fear and that fear overrides feelings of guilt, ultimately decreasing work engagement and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Importantly, perceived benevolent leadership weakens the effects of deviance on perpetrators themselves by relieving fear associated with past deviance and mitigating the negative influences of fear on OCB.
Groove in Cuban Son and Salsa Performance
Authors: POOLE ADRIAN 
Published: June 2021

AbstractUsing a combination of ethnography, empirical measures of microtiming between rhythm-section musicians and ethno/musicological analyses, this article examines and measures groove in three real-world performances of the popular dance tradition of Cuban son and salsa. The findings paint a complex picture of groove that is shaped by rhythmic-harmonic structure, shared concepts of timing, individual preferences, group dynamics and rhythmic interactions between musicians as they work together to negotiate a groove with the ‘correct’ feel. Microtiming analyses produce a snapshot of how rhythmic timing relationships are ‘played out’ between musicians in live performances and provide quantitative measures of the level of synchrony and separation within the rhythm section. They also suggest that microtiming is influenced by certain metric locations within the rhythmic-harmonic structure, particularly those locations that anticipate harmonic changes and mark the beginning of repeated rhythmic-harmonic sequences.
Biological control of Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis using a self-sustaining granular fungal treatment
Authors: Davari Agrin , Parker Bruce L. , Sullivan Cheryl Frank , Ghalehgolabbehbahani Arash , Skinner Margaret 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWestern flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis, is one of the most destructive pests of vegetables, fruits and ornamental crops worldwide, causing extensive damage by direct feeding of the crop and transmitting economically important viruses. Despite the successes of biocontrol agents to control WFT, more efficient and cost-effective ways must be found to encourage grower adoption of integrated pest management. A sustainable fungal treatment was developed to preserve fungal inoculum in potting soil and reduce thrips populations. Combining cooked, oven-dried millet with BotaniGard® (a commercial form of Beauveria bassiana strain GHA) to potting soil increased spore production and persistence of the fungus in the soil. In treated pots with millet, spore concentrations were 3–4 times greater after 30 days compared with spore yields at 10 days. The number of WFT adults was significantly lower in the marigold pots treated with GHA mix + millet than untreated controls, 12% and 10% in treated pots and 70% and 68% in untreated pots in sterile and non-sterile soil, respectively. Incorporation of millet in the potting mix enhanced the effect of the fungal treatments by providing a nutritive substrate on which the fungus could become established. This method is relatively inexpensive and easy for growers to use in greenhouses because granular formulations of B. bassiana are not commercially available.
Two Pessimisms in Mill
Authors: Fox Joshua Isaac 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMill defines utilitarianism as the combination of a “theory of life” and a moral claim: only pleasure and freedom from pain are desirable as ends, and the promotion of happiness is the sole goal of moral action. So defined, utilitarianism is open toad hominempessimistic objection: a “theory of life” which entails the impossibility of happiness fits poorly with a morality centered on its promotion. The first two challenges Mill confronts inUtilitarianismshare this pessimistic structure. Interestingly, however, these challenges paint inverted pictures of the best utilitarian life: one suggests this life is satisfying but ignoble, the other that it is noble but unsatisfying. I explain Mill's treatment of both challenges as genuinely pessimistic interpretations of utilitarianism's “theory of life.” Read through the lens of Mill's engagement with pessimism, these challenges point to distinctive conceptions of dignity and satisfaction that play a significant role in Mill's ethics.
Automatic question generation based on sentence structure analysis using machine learning approach
Authors: Blšták Miroslav , Rozinajová Viera 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAutomatic question generation is one of the most challenging tasks of Natural Language Processing. It requires “bidirectional” language processing: first, the system has to understand the input text (Natural Language Understanding), and it then has to generate questions also in the form of text (Natural Language Generation). In this article, we introduce our framework for generating the factual questions from unstructured text in the English language. It uses a combination of traditional linguistic approaches based on sentence patterns with several machine learning methods. We first obtain lexical, syntactic and semantic information from an input text, and we then construct a hierarchical set of patterns for each sentence. The set of features is extracted from the patterns, and it is then used for automated learning of new transformation rules. Our learning process is totally data-driven because the transformation rules are obtained from a set of initial sentence–question pairs. The advantages of this approach lie in a simple expansion of new transformation rules which allows us to generate various types of questions and also in the continuous improvement of the system by reinforcement learning. The framework also includes a question evaluation module which estimates the quality of generated questions. It serves as a filter for selecting the best questions and eliminating incorrect ones or duplicates. We have performed several experiments to evaluate the correctness of generated questions, and we have also compared our system with several state-of-the-art systems. Our results indicate that the quality of generated questions outperforms the state-of-the-art systems and our questions are also comparable to questions created by humans. We have also created and published an interface with all created data sets and evaluated questions, so it is possible to follow up on our work.
Who is welcome? South Korean public opinion on North Koreans and other refugees
Authors: Rich Timothy S. , Bison Kaitlyn , Kozovic Aleksandra 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWhat explains South Korean public opposition for refugees and does the public differentiate among groups? Although a sizable literature addresses perceptions of North Korean arrivals, few studies directly compare sentiment for this group to others. Using an original web survey with an embedded experimental design, we find clear greater support for accepting North Korean arrivals compared to both non-ethnic Korean refugees and Muslim refugees. Additional analysis finds clear majorities view Islam as incompatible with Korean values. Our results suggest the challenge of encouraging multiculturalism in the largely homogeneous country.
Possible Deep Structure and Composition of Venus With Respect to the Current Knowledge From Geodetic Data
Authors: Xiao Chi , Li Fei , Yan Jianguo , Gregoire Michel , Hao Weifeng , Harada Yuji , Ye Mao , Barriot Jean‐Pierre 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAlmost no in situ seismic data are available for Venus; therefore, we can constrain the deep structure of this planet only from the geodetic data obtained by spacecraft. Of particular interest is Venus’s core‐mantle boundary, which holds clues about the origin and evolution of this celestial body. In this study, we build a series of different mantle/core models of Venus based on several mantle composition models and compare their associated Love numbersk2with the observed values. Due to the large uncertainty in the observed values ofk2, the state of Venus’s core cannot be reliably constrained. However, the expected precision ofk2obtained by the EnVision mission will sufficiently reduce the acceptable model space and contribute to estimating the mantle viscosity structure. Based on current geodetic data, we find that the bottom of Venus’s mantle may not feature a phase transition from perovskite to post‐perovskite if the FeO content of the mantle is less than 8.1 wt%; this region may be different from Earth’s D” layer. Furthermore, we find that the combination of observedk2andQcan be used to distinguish whether the lowermost part of Venus’s mantle is a high‐temperature basalt layer or a thin thermal boundary layer if observations ofQcan be obtained.
Effect of Porosity and Permeability Evolution on Injection‐Induced Aseismic Slip
Authors: Yang Yuyun , Dunham Eric M. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIt is widely recognized that fluid injection can trigger aseismic fault slip. However, the processes by which the fluid‐rock interactions facilitate or inhibit slip are poorly understood and some are oversimplified in most models of injection‐induced slip. In this study, we perform a 2D anti‐plane shear investigation of aseismic slip that occurs in response to fluid injection into a permeable fault governed by rate‐and‐state friction. We account for porosity and permeability changes that accompany slip, including dilatancy, and quantify how these processes affect pore pressure diffusion, which couples to aseismic slip. Fault response to injection has two phases. In the first phase, slip is negligible and pore pressure closely follows the standard linear diffusion model. Pressurization eventually triggers aseismic slip close to the injection site. In the second phase, aseismic slip front expands outward and dilatancy causes pore pressure to depart from the linear diffusion model. We quantify how prestress, injection rate, permeability and other fluid transport properties affect the slip front migration rate, finding rates ranging from 10 to 1,000 m/day for typical parameters. The migration rate is strongly influenced by the fault's closeness to failure and injection rate. The total slip on the fault, on the other hand, is primarily determined by the injected volume, with minimal sensitivity to injection rate. Additionally, we show that when dilatancy is neglected, slip front migration rate and total slip can be several times higher. Our modeling demonstrates that porosity and permeability evolution, especially dilatancy, fundamentally alters how faults respond to fluid injection.
Temperature and Precipitation Diversely Control Seasonal and Annual Dynamics of Litterfall in a Temperate Mixed Mature Forest, Revealed by Long‐Term Data Analysis
Authors: Wang C. G. , Zheng X. B. , Wang A. Z. , Dai G. H. , Zhu B. K. , Zhao Y. M. , Dong S. J. , Zu W. Z. , Wang W. , Zheng Y. G. , Li J. G. , Li M.‐H. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractLitterfall is a good indicator of overall forest functions in forest ecosystems. Globally, forest litterfall has been extensively investigated, however, there is a lack of long‐term data analysis to show the various litterfall components in relation to environmental factors on the monthly and yearly scales. Here, monthly (May–October) and annual (1981–2018) litterfall including leaves, twigs, bark, reproductive, and miscellaneous fractions were collected in a mixed mature Pinus koraiensis forest on Changbai Mountain in Northeast, China, across 30 years. Based on these long‐term litterfall data, we analyzed the seasonal and annual variations in different litterfall fractions and the internal/external drivers. We observed that both the leaf and total litterfall exhibited a strong, similar seasonal pattern, with the highest levels between September and October, and the annual litterfall had an “S‐shaped” increasing pattern from 1981 to 2018. The other litterfall fractions showed distinct monthly and yearly fluctuations across the 30 years. Mean monthly evapotranspiration and temperature (minimum and maximum) were the best predictors for monthly litterfall. By contrast, the models that best predicted the annual litterfall production included mean annual precipitation and mean monthly precipitation and temperature in May and October. Our study, using a unique dataset of detailed long‐term litterfall dynamics, has potentially major significance for enhancing our understanding of the role of climatic factors controlling forest litterfall amount and seasonality in temperate mixed mature forests. This insight is of paramount importance for modeling and estimating soil carbon sequestration and nutrient cycling of temperate forests under climate change.
Holocene Depositional History Inferred From Single‐Grain Luminescence Ages in Southern California, North America
Authors: Saha Sourav , Moon Seulgi , Brown Nathan D. , Rhodes Edward J. , Scharer Katherine M. , McPhillips Devin , McGill Sally F. , Castillo Bryan A. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSignificant sediment flux and deposition in a sedimentary system are influenced by climate changes, tectonics, lithology, and the sedimentary system's internal dynamics. Identifying the timing of depositional periods from stratigraphic records is a first step to critically evaluate the controls of sediment flux and deposition. Here, we show that ages of single‐grain K‐feldspar luminescence subpopulations may provide information on the timing of previous major depositional periods. We analyzed 754 K‐feldspar single‐grains from 17 samples from the surface to ∼9 m‐depth in a trench located downstream of the Mission Creek catchment. Single‐grain luminescence subpopulation ages significantly overlap at least eight times since ∼12.0 ka indicating a common depositional history. These depositional periods correspond reasonably well with the Holocene intervals of wetter than average climate conditions based on hydroclimatic proxies from nearby locations. Our findings imply a first‐order climatic control on sediment depositional history in southern California on a millennial timescale.
When Wyoming Became Superior: Oblique Convergence Along the Southern Trans‐Hudson Orogen
Authors: Bedrosian Paul A. , Finn Carol A. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe Trans‐Hudson orogen (THO) is one of the best‐preserved Proterozoic orogens on Earth, largely unaffected by subsequent tectonism, yet its southern extent lies concealed beneath the North American Central Plains. A new 3D resistivity model over the southern orogen is developed and interpreted alongside borehole, potential field, and seismic reflection data. We present the first synoptic crustal view of the southern THO and a new tectonic model of the orogen. Our model reveals high‐conductivity belts marking paleo‐subduction zones while the orogen center consists of deeply exhumed relatively dense and mostly magnetic juvenile crust preserved between the deformed margins of the Wyoming and Superior cratons. Complex structure along the western margin suggests convergence began with oblique subduction and the northward transport of severed fragments of the Wyoming Province. High‐conductivity belts are in places offset from upper‐crustal geophysical boundaries, consistent with the thrusting of accreted arcs over the Archean margins during terminal closure.
Anomalous Behavior of Viscosity and Electrical Conductivity of MgSiO3 Melt at Mantle Conditions
Authors: Luo Haiyang , Karki Bijaya B. , Ghosh Dipta B. , Bao Huiming 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSilicate melts have served as transport agents in the chemical and thermal evolution of Earth. Molecular dynamics simulations based on a deep neural network potential trained by ab initio data show that the viscosity of MgSiO3 melt decreases with increasing pressure at low pressures (up to ∼6 GPa) before it starts to increase with further compression. The melt electrical conductivity also behaves anomalously; first increasing and then decreasing with pressure. The melt accumulation implied by the viscosity turnover at ∼23 GPa along mantle liquidus offers an explanation for the low‐velocity zone at the 660‐km discontinuity. The increase in electrical conductivity up to ∼50 GPa may contribute to the steep rise of Earth's electrical conductivity profiles derived from magnetotelluric observations. Our results also suggest that small fraction of melts could give rise to detectable bulk conductivity in deeper parts of the mantle.
Teleseismic Attenuation, Temperature, and Melt of the Upper Mantle in the Alaska Subduction Zone
Authors: Soto Castaneda R. A. , Abers G. A. , Eilon Z. C. , Christensen D. H. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSeismic deployments in the Alaska subduction zone provide dense sampling of the seismic wavefield that constrains thermal structure and subduction geometry. We measure P and S attenuation from pairwise amplitude and phase spectral ratios for teleseismic body waves at 206 stations from regional and short‐term arrays. Parallel teleseismic travel‐time measurements provide information on seismic velocities at the same scale. These data show consistently low attenuation over the forearc of subduction systems and high attenuation over the arc and backarc, similar to local‐earthquake attenuation studies but at 10× lower frequencies. The pattern is seen both across the area of normal Pacific subduction in Cook Inlet, and across the Wrangell Volcanic Field where subduction has been debated. These observations confirm subduction‐dominated thermal regime beneath the latter. Travel times show evidence for subducting lithosphere much deeper than seismicity, while attenuation measurements appear mostly reflective of mantle temperature less than 150 km deep, depths where the mantle is closest to its solidus and where subduction‐related melting may take place. Travel times show strong delays over thick sedimentary basins. Attenuation signals show no evidence of absorption by basins, although some basins show signals anomalously rich in high‐frequency energy, with consequent negative apparent attenuation. Outside of basins, these data are consistent with mantle attenuation in the upper 220 km that is quantitatively similar to observations from surface waves and local‐earthquake body waves. Differences between P and S attenuation suggest primarily shear‐modulus relaxation. Overall the attenuation measurements show consistent, coherent subduction‐related structure, complementary to travel times.
A Multiphysics Approach to Constrain the Dynamics of the Altiplano‐Puna Magmatic System
Authors: Spang A. , Baumann T. S. , Kaus B. J. P. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractContinuous Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) monitoring (>25 years) has revealed a concentric surface deformation pattern above the Altiplano‐Puna magma body (APMB) in the central Andes. Here, we use a joint interpretation of seismic imaging, gravity anomalies, and InSAR data to constrain location, 3D geometry, and density of the magma body. By combining gravity modeling, thermomechanical modeling, scaling law analysis, and Bayesian inference, we are able to create a relationship between the geometry of a mid‐crustal magma body and surface observations. Furthermore, we can estimate the uncertainties associated with the geometry of the APMB and identify the most important parameters that control the dynamics of the system. We constrain the density contrast between the APMB and the surrounding host rock to 90–130 kg m−3 (2σ) and the associated melt fraction to 15%–22%. Our visco‐elasto‐plastic 3D thermomechanical model reproduces the observed surface deformation self‐consistently by buoyancy driven magma transport without the need for additional pressure sources. The flow pattern is controlled by a central rise at the top of the APMB whose geometry can be constrained with the help of InSAR observations while Bouguer anomalies constrain the deeper parts of the APMB. Automated scaling law analysis shows that the rheology of the upper crust and the magma mush as well as the density contrast between the two are the most important parameters in the system and need to be constrained for a better understanding of the subsurface processes.