bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Renal cell carcinoma sharply captured by imaging technology at an early stage in a hemodialysis patient: Usefulness of noninvasive monochrome superb microvascular imaging
Authors: Ohsawa Rie , Kadoya Hiroyuki , Obata Atsushi , Obata Takahiro , Tokuyama Atsuyuki , Sasaki Tamaki , Kashihara Naoki , Kaneto Hideaki 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIt has been drawing much attention that type 2 diabetes mellitus is closely associated with increased incidence of numerous cancers and their poor prognosis. Consequently, malignancy has been recently recognized as one of diabetic complications in addition to various conventional complications. Furthermore, it is well known that the prevalence of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is drastically increased in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Therefore, screening of RCCs in HD patients is a very important and urgent issue as there are no highly sensitive tumor markers for RCCs. Monochrome superb microvascular imaging (mSMI) is a relatively new Doppler ultrasound technique and is useful especially when evaluating very slow blood flow state, because this allows for imaging microvessels with low velocity in the absence of a contrast agent. Thus, mSMI might be also useful when contrast enhancement is not obvious on CT and/or contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography using perflubutane or contrast agents are contraindicated. Moreover, it has been reported that mSMI could effectively detect vascularity of renal malignant tumor than benign renal mass in nondialysis patients. We propose that mSMI of ultrasonography could become one of the very useful methods for detecting RCCs at an early stage with high sensitivity in HD patients.
Effect of sintering regimes and thickness on optical properties of zirconia ceramics for dental applications
Authors: Pekkan Keriman 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn dentistry, monolithic zirconia restorations have been preferred over all‐ceramic restorations in recent years. Translucency is an aesthetic demand in dental restorations, and it can be identified with translucency parameter (TP). Zirconia thickness, Y2O3 content, and sintering conditions are important parameters that influence the translucency of the restorations. It is crucial to investigate monolithic zirconia ceramics under different sintering regimes and reveal the critical parameters for dental restorations. The aim of this study was to determine the optical and microstructural behaviors of monolithic zirconia ceramics containing different amounts of yttria depending on various sintering regimes and thicknesses. Therefore, a conventional zirconia CopranZri (CZI) and two monolithic zirconia materials, CopraSupreme (CSP), CopraSmile (CSM) were used. Slow, normal, speed, and translucency sintering regimes with thicknesses of 0.7, 1.0, 1.3 mm were selected. TP of the specimens was calculated, and statistical analyses were performed by using one‐way ANOVA and Tukey‐Kramer post hoc tests. Characterization of the specimens was performed by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX) techniques. The results showed that the effect of different sintering programs is more critical for CSP and CSM in terms of translucency variations and translucency program led to the most grain growth.
Effect of dispersion states (electrostatic/electrosteric stabilization) on particles arrangement in the yttria‐stabilized zirconia sediments
Authors: Zerafati Shoja Fariba , Majidian Hudsa , Nikzad Leila 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn the present work, particle arrangement and their packing in the sediment layer of zirconia suspension were studied. To evaluate the particle settling, aqueous suspensions of zirconia nanoparticles were prepared in different dispersion states. In one state, Dolapix CE64 was used as a dispersant to provide electrosteric mechanism. In another state, pH of the suspension was adjusted at 4 to provide electrostatic mechanism. The other state was the combination of dispersant and pH adjustment which resulted in the most stable suspension. First of all, the stability of all dispersion states was evaluated by zeta potential, sediment volume (SV) and height, viscosity, and packing density (PD). Then, the sediment layers of all suspensions were characterized. Incorporation of electrostatic mechanism was resulted in a main decrease in viscosity with high surface charges, while electrosteric mechanism caused lower sedimentation of particles. Fall velocities of particles/agglomerates were estimated, and the influences of dispersion states on the particles fall velocities were characterized. The microstructural observation revealed homogeneous packing of particles in the sediment layer of the stable suspension demonstrating the proper dispersion of particles. Dolapix CE64 and pH adjustment resulted in a uniform arrangement of particles without agglomeration and spherical and regular granules with a uniform shape.
Prosocial rule breaking on health information security at healthcare organisations in South Korea
Authors: Kim Jongwoo , Park Eun Hee , Park Young Soon , Chun Kyung Hee , Wiles Lynn L. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractRegulations, such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), establish standards to protect patients' medical records from security breaches. Insiders' prosocial misbehaviour within healthcare organisations can cause significant damage to relevant stakeholders. Such behaviour without malicious intention needs to be better understood and carefully managed from the perspective of prosocial behaviour. For this study, a research model was developed that includes the factors influencing student nurses' intention to disclose patient health information. The model was empirically tested with nursing students in South Korea with a scenario‐based experiment. We find that both altruistic (impact on others) and egoistic (impact on the self) motivations are significantly important in raising situational empathy. On the other hand, an egoistic motivation (impact on the self) significantly affects people's perception of their responsibility, which mediates the relationship between situational empathy and prosocial intention to disclose. The implications of our findings are discussed.
Mediotrusive Occlusal Contacts: Best Evidence Consensus Statement
Authors: Walton Terry R , Layton Danielle M 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPurposeThe impact of mediotrusive (MT) occlusal contacts has been a topic of controversy and confusion in both clinical practice and in the dental literature. The purpose of this Best Evidence Consensus Statement was to explore whether MT interferences are harmful in the natural or therapeutic occlusion directed by 4 focus questions relating to prevalence, jaw function, jaw dysfunction and biomechanical models.Materials and MethodsAn electronic search in October 2020 sought evidence in MEDLINE (Ovid) using (mediotrus* OR nonworking side OR nonworking contact OR balancing side OR interfer* side OR premature contact) in the multipurpose (.mp) search field; and in Google Scholar using permutations of the above. Supplementary articles were sourced from the associated reference lists. There was no language restriction. The search yield was reviewed in duplicate.ResultsThe electronic search identified 420 articles. Following screening, 164 were selected for eligibility assessments. Of these, 47 were included in the current paper.ConclusionsNon‐standardized nomenclature and methodology is used to identify MT interferences in patient populations, with resultant prevalence varying from 0% to 77%, (median = 16%). MT interferences may alter the biomechanics of mandibular function. Together with the presence of repeated high loads resultant strain can manifest as pathophysiology of the temporomandibular joint and associated muscle structures. MT interferences should be avoided in any therapeutic occlusal scheme to minimize pulpal, periodontal, structural and mechanical complications or exacerbation of temporomandibular disorders (TMDs). Naturally occurring molar MT interferences should be eliminated only if signs and symptoms of TMDs are present. Literature supports there being a biomechanical basis which can explain how MT interferences may affect temporomandibular joint morphology and jaw function.
Evaluation of Serum 25‐Hydroxyvitamin D3 and Bone Mineral Density in 268 Patients with Hip Fractures
Authors: Yu Shu‐jun , Yang Yang , Zang Jia‐cheng , Li Chen , Wang Yu‐min , Wang Jing‐bo 
Published: March 2021

ObjectiveThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship among vitamin D nutritional status, bone mineral density, and other factors in elderly patients with brittle hip fractures.MethodsThe present study was a retrospective analysis of 268 patients, 102 men (38.06%) and 166 women (61.94%), with brittle hip fractures admitted to the Hip Joint Center of Tianjin Hospital from February 2016 to June 2018. The median age of the patients was 74 years (range, 50–93 years). The patients were divided into three groups based on age: ≤69 years, 70–79 years, and ≥80 years. Serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH) D3), parathyroid hormone (PTH), body mass index (BMI), and bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine, femoral neck, and hip were measured and statistically analyzed.ResultsThe median serum 25(OH)D3 level of patients was 9.90 (range, 2.60–42.70) ng/mL; the proportion of deficiency was 89.18% and the deficiency was severe in 136 cases (49.25%). The proportion of vitamin D deficiency was significantly lower in men than in women (P = 0.013). With the increase of age, 25(OH)D3 levels gradually decreased (P = 0.044) and PTH levels gradually increased (P < 0.001). There was significantly negative correlation (P < 0.001) between the levels of serum 25(OH)D3 and PTH. There were 200 cases (74.63%) in which T‐values of BMD were less than −2.5 in any part of the lumbar vertebrae, femoral neck, and hip. T‐values in 74 cases (27.61%) were less than −2.5 in all three parts. The T‐values of BMD in men were significantly higher than those in men (P < 0.001). With the increase of age, the femoral neck BMD in men gradually decreased (P = 0.016), and the femoral neck and hip BMD in female gradually decreased (P‐value was 0.001 and 0.003, respectively). Multivariate analysis suggested that gender and BMI were independent risk factors for BMD, and vitamin D deficiency affected BMD.ConclusionVitamin D deficiency is common in patients with brittle hip fractures, especially in women. With the increase of age, vitamin D continues to decrease and PTH increases. The decrease of BMD in patients with hip fractures is the result of a combination of age, gender, BMI, and vitamin D content.
Coronavirus infection: An immunologists' perspective
Authors: De Sanctis Juan Bautista , García Alexis Hipólito , Moreno Dolores , Hajduch Marián 
Published: March 2021

AbstractCoronavirus infections are frequent viral infections in several species. As soon as the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) appeared in the early 2000s, most of the research focused on pulmonary disease. However, disorders in immune response and organ dysfunctions have been documented. Elderly individuals with comorbidities exhibit worse outcomes in all the coronavirus that cause SARS. Disease severity in SARS‐CoV‐2 infection is related to severe inflammation and tissue injury, and effective immune response against the virus is still under analysis. ACE2 receptor expression and polymorphism, age, gender and immune genetics are factors that also play an essential role in patients' clinical features and immune responses and have been partially discussed. The present report aims to review the physiopathology of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and propose new research topics to understand the complex mechanisms of viral infection and viral clearance.
Investigation on the Rolling Contact Fatigue Behaviors of Different Laser Cladding Materials on the Damaged Rail
Authors: Xie Tianxing , Zhou Liang , Ding Haohao , Zhu Yi , Yang Wenbin , Xiao Qian , Wang Wenjian , Guo Jun , Liu Qiyue 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Surface damages on rail became severe with the increase in the axle load and speed. Laser cladding was used to repair the local damages on rail surfaces to ensure the service performance and prolong the life of rails. In the present study, five types of cladding materials (304, 314, 2Cr13, 316L, and 434L) were clad at a small part (trapezoidal shape) of the rail disc to simulate the defected rail in the field. Vickers hardness tester, optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electron-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were employed to investigate the service properties of the repaired rail discs. Results indicated that all these five clad rail discs had lower wear-rates than the unclad rail disc. The wear-rates decreased with the increase in the initial hardness of the clad layer. Cracks with large angles mainly propagated along the boundary at the front edge, while at the rear edge, the crack morphology was closely related to the hardness of clad layer. 434L would induce the minimum wear loss and the modest rolling contact fatigue (RCF) of the repaired rail disc, which could be the potential cladding material for repairing the damaged rail.
Continuum Modeling and Vibration Analysis of Cable-Harnessed Plate Structures of Periodic Patterns
Authors: Agrawal Pranav , Salehian Armaghan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Over the past decade, modeling of cable-harnessed space structures has received special attention due to the need for better accuracies than the existing models. As these structures become more lightweight upon the advancements in the materials science, it is imperative to further consider accurate models in which the dynamic effects of the added cables are better accounted for. Researchers have heavily focused on creating models for cable-harnessed beam-like structures, while very few studies have considered plate-like structures. The proposed research aims at the development of an analytical model for cable-harnessed plate-like structures. Cables are assumed to be periodic in geometry to allow for the application of an energy-equivalent homogenization technique. To begin with, a linear displacement field and a second-order Green-Lagrange strain tensor for strain–displacement relationships are considered. The strain and kinetic energies of the fundamental element are found using these relations. The repeated pattern of the fundamental element over the area of the plate structure allows for the employment of the homogenization approach in which the kinetic and strain energies per area of the fundamental element are found and assumed to remain the same as an equivalent homogenized solid plate-like element. The governing dynamic partial differential equations (PDEs) are found using the Hamilton's principle. The results are validated using the finite element analysis. A detailed parametric analysis is also performed to investigate the effects of various cable parameters and wrapping patterns on the dynamics of the host structure.
Normal-tension glaucoma is associated with cognitive impairment
Authors: Mullany Sean , Xiao Lewis , Qassim Ayub , Marshall Henry , Gharahkhani Puya , MacGregor Stuart , Hassall Mark M , Siggs Owen M , Souzeau Emmanuelle , Craig Jamie E 
Published: March 2021

Background/aimsRecent research suggests an association between normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) and dementia. This study investigated whether cognitive impairment is more strongly associated with NTG than high tension glaucoma (HTG) using cognitive screening within an Australiasian Glaucoma Disease Registry.MethodsThe authors completed a case–control cross-sectional cognitive screening involving 290 age-matched and sex-matched NTG participants and HTG controls aged ≥65 randomly sampled from the Australian and New Zealand Registry of Advanced Glaucoma. Cognitive screening was performed using the Telephone Version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (T-MoCA). The T-MoCA omits points requiring visual interpretation, accounting for confounding factors related to vision loss in visually impaired participants. Cognitive impairment was defined by a T-MoCA score of <11/22. Cognition was compared between NTG and HTG participants using predetermined thresholds and absolute screening scores.ResultsA total of 290 participants completed cognitive assessment. There were no differences in NTG (n=144) and HTG (n=146) cohort demographics or ocular parameters at baseline. Cognitive impairment was more prevalent in the NTG cohort than the HTG cohort (OR=2.2; 95% CI 1.1 to 6.7, p=0.030). Though a linear trend was also observed between lower absolute T-MoCA scores in the NTG cohort when compared with the HTG cohort, this association was not statistically significant (p=0.108).ConclusionThis study demonstrated an association between NTG status and poor cognition, supporting the hypothesis that there exists a disease association and shared pathoaetiological features between NTG and dementia.
Physical inactivity and non-communicable disease burden in low-income, middle-income and high-income countries
Authors: Katzmarzyk Peter T , Friedenreich Christine , Shiroma Eric J , Lee I-Min 
Published: March 2021

ObjectivesPhysical inactivity is a risk factor for premature mortality and several non-communicable diseases. The purpose of this study was to estimate the global burden associated with physical inactivity, and to examine differences by country income and region.MethodsPopulation-level, prevalence-based population attributable risks (PAR) were calculated for 168 countries to estimate how much disease could be averted if physical inactivity were eliminated. We calculated PARs (percentage of cases attributable to inactivity) for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease mortality and non-communicable diseases including coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, dementia, depression and cancers of the bladder, breast, colon, endometrium, oesophagus, stomach and kidney.ResultsGlobally, 7.2% and 7.6% of all-cause and cardiovascular disease deaths, respectively, are attributable to physical inactivity. The proportions of non-communicable diseases attributable to physical inactivity range from 1.6% for hypertension to 8.1% for dementia. There was an increasing gradient across income groups; PARs were more than double in high-income compared with low-income countries. However, 69% of total deaths and 74% of cardiovascular disease deaths associated with physical inactivity are occurring in middle-income countries, given their population size. Regional differences were also observed, with the PARs occurring in Latin America/Caribbean and high-income Western and Asia-Pacific countries, and the lowest burden occurring in Oceania and East/Southeast Asia.ConclusionThe global burden associated with physical inactivity is substantial. The relative burden is greatest in high-income countries; however, the greatest number of people (absolute burden) affected by physical inactivity are living in middle-income countries given the size of their populations.
Artificial intelligence in percutaneous coronary intervention: improved risk prediction of PCI-related complications using an artificial neural network
Authors: Kulkarni Hemant , Amin Amit P 
Published: March 2021

ObjectivesComplications after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) are common and costly. Risk models for predicting the likelihood of acute kidney injury (AKI), bleeding, stroke and death are limited by accuracy and inability to use non-linear relationships among predictors. Our objective was to develop and validate a set of artificial neural networks (ANN) models to predict five adverse outcomes after PCI—AKI, bleeding, stroke, death and any adverse outcome.MethodsWe conducted a study of 28 005 patients (training and test cohorts of 21 004 and 7001 patients, respectively) undergoing PCI at five hospitals in the Barnes-Jewish Hospital system. We used an ANN multi-layer perceptron (MLP) architecture based on a set of 278 preprocessed variables. Model accuracy was tested using area under the receiver operating-characteristic curve (AUC). Improved prediction by the MLP model was assessed using integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) and Brier score.ResultsThe fully trained MLP model achieved convergence quickly (<10 epochs) and could accurately predict AKI (77.9%), bleeding (86.5%), death (90.3%) and any adverse outcome (80.6%) in the independent test set. Prediction of stroke was not satisfactory (69.9%). Compared with the currently used models for AKI, bleeding and death prediction, our models showed a significantly higher AUC, IDI and Brier score.ConclusionsUsing neural network-based models, we accurately predict major adverse events after PCI. Larger studies for replicability and longitudinal studies for evidence of impact are needed to establish these artificial intelligence methods in current PCI practice.
National database study of trends in bacteraemia aetiology among children and adults in Japan: a longitudinal observational study
Authors: Kusama Yoshiki , Ito Kenta , Fukuda Haruhisa , Matsunaga Nobuaki , Ohmagari Norio 
Published: March 2021

ObjectivesDomestic epidemiological studies are needed to ascertain the disease burden of bacteraemia in individual countries. This study aimed to evaluate the domestic trends in paediatric and adult bacteraemia in Japan.SettingLaboratory-based surveillance was used to obtain data from 592 hospitals located throughout Japan.ParticipantsThe study was conducted using the results of 827 780 and 3 512 524 blood culture tests obtained from children and adults, respectively, between January 2010 and December 2016.Outcome measuresWe analysed the temporal trends in specific bacterial species (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella enterica, Haemophilus influenzae, Listeria monocytogenes and Neisseria meningitidis) detected from the blood cultures of children and adults. For children aged ≤2 years, the data were analysed for each year of age. The proportions of bacteraemia-positive results among the patients were also evaluated.ResultsThe number of bacteraemia-positive samples over the study period was 47,125/827,855 (5.7%) in children and 959,765/3,513,885 (27.3%) in adults. S. pneumoniae was the most frequent cause of bacteraemia in children in 2010. However, after 2011, S. aureus bacteraemia was the most frequent, followed by S. pneumoniae and E. coli. E. coli bacteraemia showed significant increases in both children and adults. In children, S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae bacteraemia decreased from 2010 to 2013. However, S. pneumoniae bacteraemia case numbers stabilised from 2013, whereas H. influenzae bacteraemia cases continued to decrease until 2016.ConclusionThe results suggest that the introduction of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine did not substantially affect disease occurrence. In contrast to the decreasing trends in H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae bacteraemia, S. aureus, E. coli and S. agalactiae bacteraemia showed increasing trends. These findings shed light on recent temporal trends in bacteraemia in both children and adults in Japan.