bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neonatal Intracranial Hemorrhage in Premature Infants
Authors: Deonna Thierry , Payot Maurice , Probst Alphonse , Prod'hom Louis-Samuel 
Published: December 2021

Since the advent of modern methods of neonatal care, intracranial hemorrhage in premature infants, which is usually intraventricular, is probably not as uniformly fatal as generally admitted and the survivors are likely to develop post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus.
This paper is a retrospective study of 11 premature babies born between 1968 and 1972 and diagnosed as haying hydrocephalus secondary to neonatal intracranial hemorrhage. Nine of these are still alive and two have died, one at 3 and one at 17 months of age. Eight underwent permanant surgical drainage of hydrocephalus.
The perinatal history, laboratory data, clinical evolution, and neurological outcome were studied. Two groups of infants were identified: those with signs of acute neurological deterioration in the neonatal period who had the most severe neurological sequellae (in four cases, periventricular lesions in addition to hydrocephalus were seen on the air study and in one case confirmed at autopsy) and those showing no obvious neurological signs in the neonatal period. Of this latter group, two appear to be developing normally. The therapeutic implications of the findings are discussed.
Dr. Gerrard Replies
Authors: Gerrard J. W. 
Published: December 2021

I am very grateful to Dr. Call for drawing my attention to the work of Campbell1 and his colleagues, and for emphasizing that it is not enough to pay lip service to breast-feeding, but that action is needed.
I was aware of Campbell's work, but did not refer to it in my review, believing that some readers might feel that I was overstating the case. In this context it should be added that the breast provides an additional contribution to the immune status of the baby, for colostrum and breast milk contain white cells, mainly mononuclears, numbering from 1,500 to 4,000/cu mm.2
Temporary Aphasia as a Complication of Mycoplasma Infection
Authors: Guobrandsson Björn 
Published: December 2021

In late 1974, there were an increased number of Mycoplasma infections in Iceland. Usually these are mild and go undetected as atypical pneumonias, but occasionally they are severe, with prolonged fever and breathing difficulties, as shown in the following report.
T. M., a 5-year-old boy, was admitted to St. Joseph's Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland, on November 11, 1974. He had had high fever for two weeks, with pneumonia. In spite of ampicillin therapy, his fever stayed high, and on admission he was quite sick.
Relation Between Arterial Blood Pressure and Blood Volume and Effect of Infused Albumin in Sick Preterm Infants
Authors: Barr Peter A. , Bailey Penrhyn E. , Sumners James , Cassady George 
Published: December 2021

The relation between directly measured arterial blood pressure and blood volume was studied in 61 sick preterm infants. Mean blood volume (derived from plasma volume [T1824 ten-minute albumin space] and hematocrit value) of 26 hypotensive infants (89.1 ± 17.26 ml/kg) was not significantly different from that of 35 normotensive, but otherwise comparable, infants (91.4 ± 14.57 ml/kg). There was no relation between arterial mean blood pressure and blood volume.
Twenty-one infants with arterial mean blood pressure less than 30 mm Hg were given 1.0 g/kg of 10% salt-poor albumin. Significant increases in blood pressure occurred but were small in magnitude; more than one half of infants had arterial mean blood pressures persistently less than 30 mm Hg. Arterial/alveolar Po2 ratio decreased significantly with albumin infusion in six infants with hyaline membrane disease not receiving continuous distending-airway pressure, suggesting an association between infused albumin and impaired oxygen exchange.
Neurologic Sequelae after Childhood Near-Drowning: A Total Population Study from Hawaii
Authors: Pearn John H. , Bart Robert D. , Yamaoka Ronald 
Published: December 2021

Whether or not a resuscitated child will suffer brain damage is crucial to the management of drowning and near-drowning victims. The length of time one persists with attempted resuscitation, the intensity of supportive therapy, and the prognosis one can give to parents in the hours or days after rescue, all depend on this point. With the proliferation of childhood drowning accidents1 it is essential that the natural history of hypoxic brain damage after near-drowning be accurately documented.
Two recent large studies2,3 have attempted to shed light on this subject, but have given diametrically opposed results. One such report, a total population study from Queensland, Australia,1,4 has shown that the incidence of neurologic deficit after loss of consciousness in fresh water was only 5%,2 although 30% of such childhood cases had an abnormal subscale scatter in formal IQ assessments. It was concluded that from the neurologic point of view, "the prognosis of near-drowning in childhood is excellent."
By contrast, a large study from California3 (published almost simultaneously with the study from Australia) found that 21% of children (72 cases) who were admitted after near-drowning were severely brain damaged. So worrying were these figures that it was concluded that before intensive hospital-based life support was commenced, consideration should be given to the significant possibility that a permanently brain-damaged child would result. It was concluded that "it is a misconception that irreversible brain damage is an uncommon complication in near drowning."
It is unlikely that water temperature differences between these two centers would explain this diversity (ranges of water temperatures were not given in either report).
Infectious Mononucleosis and Encephalitis: Recovery of EB Virus from Spinal Fluid
Authors: Halsted Crystie C. , Chang R. Shihman 
Published: December 2021

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), the accepted cause of infectious mononucleosis (IM), has been associated with a variety of neurologic disorders including encephalitis, aseptic meningitis, transverse myelitis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, and Bell's Palsy.1,2 These neurologic syndromes may occur as the sole manifestation of EBV infection or together with the more typical clinical features of IM. It is unclear whether the central nervous manifestations of EBV result from direct invasion of the central nervous system by EBV or from a more indirect mechanism. This report describes the recovery of EBV from the spinal fluid of an 11-year-old boy with IM and encephalitis.
CASE REPORT
The Milk Mononuclear Phagocyte
Authors: Pitt Jane 
Published: December 2021

A large number of mononuclear phagocytes are present in human colostrum and milk and are transferred from mother to baby. Although one can only speculate on their role in vivo, there is a modest amount of information about their characteristics in vitro which will be reviewed in this paper.
About 80% of the one to two million leukocytes in colostrum and early human milk are mononuclear phagocytes1,2 as determined by esterase staining,3 latex ingestion, and glass adherence. While
See Table in the PDF Document
their concentration diminishes with longer lactation, the number of macrophages secreted daily is large (Table 1).
The milk mononuclear phagocyte spreads avidly onto glass surfaces extending long filamentous processes into the environment (Fig 1). Trypan blue is rapidly taken up into the lysozomes of living cells (Fig 2) as is acridine orange. These cells are lipid laden (Fig 3) and on ultrastructural analysis one sees that the lipid inclusions are not always membrane bound (Fig 4). Mitochondria, an indication of oxidative metabolism, and rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, suggesting active protein synthesis, are plentiful. Comparisons between milk and blood mononuclear phagocytes are listed in Table 2.
Lysozyme is one of the proteins synthesized and secreted by the milk mononuclear phagocyte. By competitive binding, radioimmunoassay milk macrophages can be shown to release 100 ± 8 ng lysozyme/ 5 x 105 cells into the supernatant; the level is reduced to 20 ± 4 ng when these cells are cultured in the presence of 10 µg/ml of cyclohexamide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis.
Moreover, it appears that these cells make C3 and C4.
Bilirubin and Brain Damage— A Real Mess
Authors: Lucey Jerold F. 
Published: December 2021

What to do for the low-birth-weight jaundiced neonate has been a subject of debate for 30 years.
It is generally agreed that the "20 mg/100 ml level" for an exchange transfusion in a full-term infant with hemolytic disease, has been effective in avoiding deaths due to kernicterus and brain damage due to bilirubin neurotoxicity. It's not perfect, but it has been effective. This is amazing because the original studies, judged by modern standards, would not be acceptable today.1
Trouble first began when this concept was extended to jaundiced low-birth-weight infants. It was assumed that "the level" should be lower in smaller infants.
Letters to the Editor
Authors: David Ronald , Ellis Demetrius 
Published: December 2021

We believe the evidence presented by Weir is insufficient to reject the hypothesis that the infants described in our report had inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH).
First, we reported the fluid intake for each of the patients in our series and noted that the volume ingested did not exceed the limits of renal excretory function. The maximum tolerable water intake is estimated to be 750 See Table in the PDF File ml/kg/day at 2 weeks of age and declines to 550 ml/kg/ day at 1 year of age.1
Letters to the Editor
Authors: Smyth John A. , Levison Henry 
Published: December 2021

While we agree with the hypothesis that techniques of ventilation may influence the development of broncho- pulmonary dysplasia (BPD), our study was not designed to answer this question. We selected children with unequivocal BPD and do not suggest that our findings represent the entire spectrum of the disease. Our findings of severe residual pulmonary changes are similar to those of Harrod et al.1
In the absence of comparable data on the long-term pulmonary function of infants with BPD whose treatment was managed by alternative techniques, we would not choose to incriminate a specific mode of ventilation in the pathogenesis of BPD.
Retrolental Fibroplasia Is Increasing in California
Authors: Akeson Nancy , Hatlen Philip 
Published: December 2021

It occurs to us that your readers would be interested in an up-date of our population figures for retrolental fibroplasia (RLF).
Preschool-aged blind children in northern California are served by six home counselors from the Variety Club Blind Babies Foundation. Our combined case loads (350 legally blind preschoolers) include 50 children with the diagnosis of RLF. These children are distributed by birthdate as follows:
See Table in the PDF File
In 1976, there were statistics for the entire state of California.1
Treatment Of Disseminated Histoplasmosis With Ethyl Vanillate
Authors: CHRISTIE AMOS , MIDDLETON JAMES G. , PETERSON J. CYRIL , MCVICKAR DAVID L. 
Published: December 2021

Some of the physical and pharmacologic properties of ethyl vanillate, a new fungistatic or fungicidal agent, have been briefly stated.
The records of 12 patients with progressive disseminated histoplasmosis treated with ethyl vanillate have been reviewed. Five of these patients are alive and apparently well following treatment, an experience not previously encountered or reported in the literature.
The use of the drug in the treatment of histoplasmosis has been outlined and the toxic manifestations of overdosage have been described.
ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS
Authors: COLLIER FRED C. , ROSAHN PAUL D. 
Published: December 2021

Eleven cases of fibroelastosis of the endocardium are reviewed and two new cases reported.
The microscopic evidence of hyperplasia of the fibrous and elastic tissue elements of the endocardium in the two new cases reported parallels the findings in the previously reported cases.
The pathogenesis of this lesion is at present not clear, although it is probable that the explanation lies in a developmental aberration in the fetus.
USE OF AUREOMYCIN AND PENICILLIN IN THE TREATMENT OF RUBEOLA IN THE PRE-ERUPTIVE AND EARLY ERUPTIVE PHASE
Authors: KARELITZ SAMUEL , KING HARRY , CURTIS BERNARD , WECHSEL M. 
Published: December 2021

Neither aureomycin nor penicillin given to children with pre-eruptive rubeola or begun on the first day of rash seems to have any definite therapeutic effect on the course of the primary disease.
The temperature dropped earlier in the patients treated with aureomycin or penicillin than in the untreated control group.
Aureomycin and penicillin were effective against otitis media and pneumonia present on admission and on the complications which developed during the disease.
Aureomycin and penicillin are useful in the prevention and cure of secondary infection in rubeola.
BROCK PROCEDURE FOR THE RELIEF OF PULMONARY STENOSIS IN THE TETRALOGY OF FALLOT
Authors: DOWNING DANIEL F. , BAILEY CHARLES P. , GLOVER ROBERT P. 
Published: December 2021

The surgical relief of pulmonary stenosis has been both direct and indirect. The indirect procedures have inherent dangers; the direct approach of Brock appears to be without these dangers and the circulation is allowed a more normal course. This approach entails an incision into the right ventricular chamber and the cutting of the stenosed pulmonary valve or the removal of obstructing tissue in the outflow tract of the right ventricle. Cyanosis is usually relieved immediately. The patient's exercise tolerance is significantly increased.
Eight cases are presented.
PUBLIC HEALTH, NURSING AND MEDICAL SOCIAL WORK
Authors: DUNHAM ETHEL C. 
Published: December 2021

IT IS well known that prematurity plays an important role in causing infant deaths. Moreover, it is generally recognized that, to lower the high mortality rate from prematurity, concerted efforts are needed to lower the incidence of premature birth as well as to render proper care to these infants after birth.
The Second World Health Assembly directed the convening of an expert group on care of the premature infant, which met in Geneva from April 17-21, 1950. This report reviews the results of their deliberations, illustrates their suggestions and recommendations from material made available to them by the WHO staff and adds some personal comments.
Definitions
First, the expert group on prematurity recognized the necessity for uniform terminology for international usage. The primary goal—to lower foetal and neonatal mortality—can best be achieved by providing specialized care for infants of low birth weight. They suggested that a premature infant be defined as one whose birth weight is 2,500 gm. or less but recognized the limitations of this criterion since birth weight will not always be available. Other criteria of prematurity must then be used, for example, gestation period. They therefore recommended the adoption by all countries, for purposes of vital statistics, of the international definition of the World Health Assembly 1948, which states:
GASTROINTESTINAL LESIONS IN ACUTE BULBAR POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: COOK CHARLES D. , HARTMANN JOHN R. , SARNOFF STANLEY J. , BERENBERG WILLIAM 
Published: December 2021

Five patients with severe bulbar poliomyelitis complicated by gastrointestinal perforation and/or hemorrhage are presented. A detailed case report is given in the one patient who recovered. The electrophrenic respirator was instrumental in maintaining this patient's respiration and massive blood transfusions in preventing shock from intestinal hemorrhage.
The gastrointestinal complications of bulbar poliomyelitis appear to be more frequent than previously realized. A relationship between midbrain damage and gastrointestinal lesions, as emphasized by Cushing, occurring during the course of acute bulbar poliomyelitis, is postulated.
EFFECT OF TETRAETHYLAMMONIUM CHLORIDE (ETAMON CHLORIDE) ON MUSCLE SPASM IN POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: WALCHER DWAIN N. , SCOTT JOHN R. , EKSTAM FRANCES C. 
Published: December 2021

A series of 232 muscle functions were carefully evaluated on 17 patients, comparing the results obtained in the reduction of spasm using the intravenous administration of tetraethylammonium chloride (etamon chloride) with frequent stretching as opposed to the conventional hot packs with frequent stretching.
The results were not statistically significant in showing the virtues of one form of therapy as opposed to the other. The subjective impression of the personnel involved and the preference of the patients for the medication make it seem reasonable to enlarge the series studied to determine its true place in the current poliomyelitis therapy.
PNEUMATOSIS INTESTINALIS
Authors: MACKENZIE ELLEN P. 
Published: December 2021

Thirteen cases of pneumatosis intestinalis are reported, 12 of them in infants between 12 days and 12 months of age, one in a boy of 6 years. Review of these cases and of 32 reported cases falling within the pediatric age range discloses that the disease occurs most frequently in patients whose general condition is poor, that it is very often associated with congenital or acquired disease of the intestine, and that respiratory disease, usually infectious, frequently co-exists. The presence of pneumatosis in pediatric patients has so far been discovered only at autopsy, but clinical diagnosis, with the aid of the typical roentgenologic findings, is feasible and may be accomplished when the disease is more widely known.
The clinical picture and roentgenographic findings in adults are reviewed. The most acceptable theories concerning the pathogenesis are discussed, with their possible relation to infantile diarrhea.
VOLUMETRIC AND MICROSCOPIC PATTERN OF BONE MARROW IN NORMAL INFANTS AND CHILDREN
Authors: STURGEON PHILLIP 
Published: December 2021

The volumetric technic described is technically practical for the study of bone marrow in infants and children.
Tibial aspirations show in general a progressive increase in fat and decrease in myeloid-erythroid layer with advancing age; after approximately 2½ years of age, many of the specimens reflect a relatively fatty and hypoplastic marrow.
Iliac aspirations from individuals 18 months through 11 years of age yield volumetric values comparable to the values obtained from sternal aspirations.
Sternal aspirations from 5 years through 11 years yield values similar to those reported in the older age ranges.
With use of the technics described, the iliac site is technically superior to the sternum for the study of bone marrow of children from 18 months through 11 years; for those individuals less than 18 months of age, the tibia offers a practical site.
GALACTOSEMIA IN INFANCY
Authors: DUSHANE JAMES W. , HARTMAN EVELYN E. 
Published: December 2021

GALACTOSEMIA is an uncommon disorder of carbohydrate metabolism characterized by the inability of the body to utilize ingested galactose. The symptoms and signs of this disease in infancy are: failure to gain weight, retardation of development, enlargement of the liver and spleen, melituria, excretion of albumin in the urine, often osteoporosis and cataract formation. Recognized instances of galactosemia are uncommon; only nine substantiated cases have been reported in medical literature. A review of these cases emphasizes the importance of accurate diagnosis, since proper treatment, that is, elimination of galactose from the diet, results in clinical improvement, gain of weight, decrease in the size of the liver and spleen, and elimination of albumin and reducing substance from the urine. Evidence indicates that this clinical improvement is not associated with any alteration in the intolerance to ingested galactose, although follow-up studies over a long period have not been reported.
An infant with galactose intolerance has recently been observed for 24 months after the diagnosis was established.
Report of Case
A white male infant aged 4½ mo. was admitted to the hospital with the complaints of poor gain of weight, retarded development, pallor, vomiting and diarrhea since birth.
He was the fifth child of apparently healthy parents. The oldest sibling was 9½ yr. old and in good health; the second child had died at the age of 2½ mo. with symptoms of diarrhea and a diagnosis of cystic fibrosis of the pancreas; the third child had died at the age of 3 wk. of unknown causes; the fourth child was 2½ yr. of age and had nephrosis.
NEPHROTIC SYNDROME IN RATS
Authors: HEYMANN WALTER , LUND HERBERT Z. 
Published: December 2021

1. Chronic renal disease was produced in 235 4 to 5 week-old rats of the Long-Evans strain by the intravenous injection of nephrotoxic sera obtained from rabbits.
2. Massive proteinuria, largely without hematuria, was noted without delay. Severe edema and ascites was observed in 35% of the animals within the first 2 to 3 weeks. Thirty-two per cent died within the first two weeks. A spontaneous cure of the disease occurred in 30% and chronic renal disease that lasted in some instances as long as 13 months, was observed in the remaining animals.
3. From 125 sick rats, 74% remained normotensive. A fluctuating and moderately severe hypertension was noted in the remaining 26%.
4. The blood chemistry revealed marked hypoproteinemia and hyperlipemia in the earliest phase. This subsided slowly as the disease progressed but did not reach normal values as long as the disease persisted. With a few exceptions the creatinine concentration remained normal during all phases of the disease. Marked azotemia was frequently obtained in severe disease at onset. It subsided regularly within the first two months and slight degrees of azotemia in late stages of the disease were noted in approximately 50% of the rats.
5. A histologic analysis was obtained in 119 sick, 12 recovered and 31 control rats. By correlating the chronologic order of clinical evidence with the pathologic picture, the following conclusions were drawn: (a) The nephrotoxin produces primarily a degenerative lesion with changes in glomeruli and tubules; (b) There may be recovery from the degenerative phase or it may be followed at variable intervals by a variable degree of fibrous proliferation in the glomerular tufts and capsules.
A New ‘Gravity-Flow’ Nipple for Feeding Infants with Congenital Cleft Palate
Authors: Martin Lester W. 
Published: December 2021

Infants with congenital cleft palate are generally unable to suck a regular nipple because the free flow of air through the cleft via the nose immediately decompresses the negative pressure of sucking. For many years, infants with cleft palate have usually been fed by depositing formula directly into the pharynx with a short rubber tube attached to the end of a bulb syringe, or with a medicine dropper, or with some makeshift modification of a nipple.
A nipple has been designed which when attached to a squeezable plastic bottle (Figure) uses the same "gravity-flow" principle as the bulb syringe method, yet is more aesthetically appealing, is more readily accepted by the mother, and is so similar in appearance to the usual nipple and bottle that the feeding technique is easily understood and mastered.