bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phomopsis tersa
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phomopsis tersa
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Passiflora edulis, P. edulis
cv.
Flavicarpa
and
Passilqora
sp. (
Passifloraceae
). DISEASE: Post-harvest stem end rot of passion fruit. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Mauritius); Europe (Malta, Portugal); America (South America: Brazil); Asia (Malaysia, Sarawak, Sri Lanka); Australasia & Oceania (Australia: Queensland; Fiji). TRANSMISSION: Most probably by water-borne conidia during wet or humid conditions. It is also possible that conidia could be disseminated by contaminated knives during harvesting.
Cylindrocladiella elegans
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Crous P. W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cylindrocladiella elegans
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Arachis hypogaea, Eucalyptus
leaf litter. DISEASE: Found on peanut roots, leaf litter and in soil. South African isolates have been found to be pathogenic to
Medicago truncatula
(alfalfa),
Arachis hypogaea
(peanut),
Glycine max
(soyabean) and
Pisum sativum
(pea). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: South Africa. TRANSMISSION: Probably occurs by wind and splash dispersal.
Cylindrocladiella lageniformis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Crous P. W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cylindrocladiella lageniformis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Eucalyptus
sp. DISEASE: Isolated from stems of dying
Eucalyptus
cuttings. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Brazil. TRANSMISSION: Splash dispersal in
Eucalyptus
cutting nurseries.
Cylindrocladiella novae-zelandiae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Crous P. W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cylindrocladiella novae-zelandiae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Rhododendron indicum
. DISEASE: Isolated from roots of
R. indicum
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: New Zealand. TRANSMISSION: Probably wind and splash dispersed.
Pseudocercospora catappae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sutton B. C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Pseudocercospora catappae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Terminalia catappa
L.,
T. tomentosa
W. & D.,
T. arunja
Wight. & Arn. (
Combretaceae
). DISEASE: Leaf spot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: India, Taiwan. TRANSMISSION: Presumably by conidia dispersed by wind, less so by water.
Pseudocercospora chebulae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sutton B. C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Pseudocercospora chebulae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Terminalia chebula
Retz. (
Combretaceae
). DISEASE: Leaf spot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: India. TRANSMISSION: Presumably by conidia dispersed by wind, less so by water.
Pseudocercospora hedyotidis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sutton B. C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Pseudocercospora hedyotidis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Hedyotis hispida
Retz. (
Rubiaceae
). DISEASE: Leaf blight. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: India, Nepal. TRANSMISSION: Presumably by conidia dispersed by wind, less so by water.
Peronospora knautiae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hall G. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Peronospora knautiae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Cephalaria transylvanica, Knautia arvensis, K. carpatica, K. caucasica, K. drymeia
subsp.
drymeia, K
.
integrifolia, K. godeti, K. montana, K. silvatica, Pterocephalus plumosus, Scabiosa columbaria, S. lucida, S
.
ochroleuca, Succisa pratensis
. DISEASE: Downy mildew of
Knautia
and
Scabiosa
species. Leaf spots are violet or brown and sparse. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia-Temperate: Azerbaijan, Stavropol, Turkmenistan. Europe: Austria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia (Novgorod, Pskov, St. Petersburg, Yaroslavl), Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine. TRANSMISSION: By conidia which are dispersed by wind or rain-splash.
Peronospora oerteliana
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hall G. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Peronospora oerteliana
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Primula acaulis, P. algida, P. elatior, P. juliae, P. officinalis, P. veris, P. vulgaris
. DISEASE: Downy mildew of
Primula
species. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia-Temperate: Kazakhstan. Europe: Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Eire, France, Germany, Poland, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland, Yugoslavia, UK (England, Scotland). TRANSMISSION: By conidia which are dispersed by wind or rain-splash. The role of oospores in disease transmission is unknown, but they may have a perennating function.
Peronospora pulveracea
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hall G. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Peronospora pulveracea
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Helleborus caucasicus, H. corsicus
(=
H. argutifolius
),
H. foetidus, H. niger, H. purpurascens, H. viridis
. DISEASE: Downy mildew of
Helleborus
species. May develop to cover the entire plant, aborting flowering and leaving the foliage, small, crisped and uniformly grey-brown. The fungus has been reported to destroy whole stands of plants. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia-Temperate: Azerbaijan, Republic of Georgia. Europe: Austria, Denmark, Eire, France, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Switzerland, UK (England), Yugoslavia. TRANSMISSION: By conidia which are dispersed by wind or rain-splash, and by perennation as mycelium in the rhizome.
Peronospora rumicis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hall G. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Peronospora rumicis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Emex spinosa, Polygonum convolvulus, Rumex acetosa, R. acetosella, R. alpestris
(=
R. arifolius
),
R. auriculatus, R. aviculare, R. hastatus, R. lunaria, R. longifolius, R. montanus, R. patienta, R. polyanthemus, R. repens, R. scutatus, R. thyrsifolius, R. tuberosus, R. vesicarius
. DISEASE: Downy mildew of
Rumex
. Both leaves and flowers are infected. On
R. acetosella
, the plant remains upright following infection and the upper leaves crumple. In other
Rumex
species, infected leaves become covered in a very dense layer of violet-coloured felt on their undersurface, whereas a grey felt layer develops on flowers. Leaves become yellowish and their margins roll back (39, 159). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Libya, Morocco, South Africa. Asia-Temperate: Azerbaijan, Republic of Georgia, Israel, Kazakhstan, Kirghizistan, Stavropol. Asia-Tropical: India. Australasia: New Zealand. Europe: Austria, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Eire, Estonia, Faeroes, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia (Novgorod, St. Petersburg, Smolensk, Yaroslavl), Serbia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK (England, Scotland), Yugoslavia. TRANSMISSION: By conidia which are dispersed by wind or rain-splash. Mycelium perennates in the root.
Scolecobasidium humicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kirk P. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Scolecobasidium humicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Borassus, Ceroplastes
(on
Citrus
),
Clerodendrum, Coccothrinax, Hevea, Mangifera, Musa, Periconia
(on
Thuja
),
Psidium, Triticum
. Also from grain, paint, roots, seawater and soil. DISEASE: None as a primary pathogen of plants; encountered as a secondary invader or as a saprobe. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Nigeria. Asia: Hong Kong, India, Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia), Sri Lanka. Australasia & Oceania: Papua New Guinea. Europe: UK. North America: Canada, USA. Central America & West Indies: Cuba, Dominican Republic, Trinidad. South America: Venezuela. TRANSMISSION: Presumably via conidia dispersed by air or water, or movement of infected soil or plant debris.
Scolecobasidium variabile
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kirk P. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Scolecobasidium variabile
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Areca, Oryza, Raphanus, Trigonella, Triticum
. Also from decaying leaves, latex, lentils, salt marsh and soil; kidney of trout. DISEASE: None as a primary pathogen of plants; encountered as a saprobe. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Congo, Egypt, Libya. Asia: India, Kuwait. Europe: Denmark. Australasia & Oceania: Australia, Western Samoa. North America: Canada. TRANSMISSION: Presumably via conidia dispersed by air or water, or movement of infected soil or plant debris.
Monodictys castaneae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kirk P. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Monodictys castaneae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Abies, Acer, Arundinaria, Corchorus, Gossypium
(roots),
Quercus, Sambucus
. Also from dead stems, rotten wood, damp linoleum, paper, sacking. DISEASE: None as a primary pathogen of plants; encountered as a saprobe. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: India. Europe: Eire, France, Germany, UK. North America: USA. TRANSMISSION: Presumably via conidia dispersed by air or water, or movement of infected soil or plant debris.
Stachybotrys parvispora
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kirk P. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Stachybotrys parvispora
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Agave, Ananas, Cajanus, Coffea, Ficus, Hevea
(roots),
Scaphocalyx, Setaria
. Also from soil. DISEASE: None as a primary pathogen of plants; frequently encountered as a secondary invader or as a saprobe. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Congo, Ghana, Sierra Leone. Asia: Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia). North America: USA. TRANSMISSION: Presumably via conidia dispersed by air or water, or movement of infected soil or plant debris.
Stachybotrys theobromae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kirk P. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Stachybotrys theobromae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Chlorophora, Hura, Persea, Theobroma
. Also from dead branches. DISEASE: None as a primary pathogen of plants; frequently encountered as a secondary invader or as a saprobe. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Ghana, Nigeria, Sierra Leone. Asia: India, Malaysia (Sabah), Papua New Guinea. Central America and West Indies: Trinidad TRANSMISSION: Presumably via conidia dispersed by air or water, or movement of infected soil or plant debris.
Acidovorax avenae subsp. cattleyae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Saddler G. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Acidovorax avenae subsp. cattleyae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Cattleya
spp.,
Phalaenopsis
spp., and hybrids. The following have been reported:
Catasetum
Ecuador,
Cattleya harrisoniana, C. warneri, C
. Margaret Stewart ×
Schomburgkia thomsoniana, Cypripedium
sp.,
Dendrobium
sp.,
D
. Joan Krishima,
D
. Sue Cornell,
Doritaenopsis
Clarelen, ×
Epidendrum obrienianum, E. pamplonense
var.
variegatum, Epiphronites veitchii
, ×
Ionopsis utricularioides, Miltonia
sp.,
Oncidium ampliatum, O. lanceanum, O. luridum, O. warscewiczii, Ornithocephalus bicornis, Phalaenopsis amabilis, Renanthera
Brookie Chandler ×
Phalaenopsis
Dos Pueblos, ×
Rodricidium
Tahiti,
Rodriguezia secunda, Rhynchostylis gigantea, R. gigantea alba, R. retusa, Sophronitis carnus, Trichocentrum tigrinum
×
Oncidium lanceanum, Vanda
Alexander Bowman ×
Vanda
Jennie Hashimoto,
Vanda
Bill Sutton,
Vanda coerulescens, Vanda parishii
×
Phalaenopsis lueddemanniana
and
Vanilla
sp. DISEASE: Leaf spots. The bacteria are thought to enter the plant through the stomata; lesions initially appear water-soaked and will blacken with age; a considerable amount of exudate may also be observed. Lesions can occur on any part of the leaf, older spots may be surrounded by a light green or yellow halo. The disease can kill seedlings and, with certain varieties, mature plants, should the infection reach the growing point. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Philippines, Taiwan, Italy, USA (Florida, CA), possibly Portugal (61, 284). TRANSMISSION: Bacterial exudate from heavily infected plants may act as source of inoculum.
Acidovorax konjaci
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Saddler G. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Acidovorax konjaci
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Amorphophallus konjac
(konjac or konnyaku). DISEASE: Bacterial leaf blight of the konjac plant; leaf spot and leaf blight. Under severe conditions petioles are infected and wilting of plants and rotting of roots may ensue. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Japan. TRANSMISSION: The bacteria can survive on infected plant material for more than a year and the corm can harbour infection for six months. Plant debris or previously infected corms are the most likely infection sources (Hayashi, 1989). Secondary dissemination occurs through the action of wind and rain (Hayashi, 1991).
Burkholderia gladioli pv. alliicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Saddler G. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Burkholderia gladioli pv. alliicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Allium cepa, Tulipa
spp. (72, 7970). DISEASE: Mainly a storage rot of onion, usually of the inner scales of the bulbs. The outsides may appear healthy at first, but later the whole bulb may soften and large numbers of bacteria are then to be seen. Dry necrotic spots of leaves may also occur (55, 5445). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Egypt, India (UP), Indonesia, Japan, Thailand, Australia, New Zealand, Bulgaria, England, Hungary, Spain, USSR, USA (IA, Maine, New York, Washington and possibly Idaho, Indiana, MD, Ohio). TRANSMISSION: Soil borne, has been isolated from rice seed, although the significance of this finding is unclear (72, 6712).
Burkholderia gladioli pv. gladioli
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Saddler G. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Burkholderia gladioli pv. gladioli
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Crocus
spp.,
Freesia hybrida, F. refracta, Gladiolus colvillei, G. hortulanus, Iris
spp.,
Ixia maculata
and
Tigridia pavonia
. In addition the same organism has been reported to infect various ferns, including
Asplenium nidus, Platycerium bifurcatum, Pteris cretica, P. ensiformis, Adiantum
sp.,
Cyrtomium falcatum, Davallia fejeensis, Pelleae rotundifolia
(63, 3386; 64, 216). Orchids of the genus
Dendrobium
are also thought to be susceptible (63, 5459). DISEASE: Rot of stem bases and corms of gladioli; leaf spots and blight of ferns. Leaves begin dying at the tip, initially spots are reddish in colour becoming enlarged and circular and darkening to dark brown to black. Yellow or orange sunken spots develop on the corm. Severity of the disease may be enhanced by the actions of the root knot nematode,
Meloidogyne javanica
(53, 3055), bulb mites and possibly grub and wireworm injury. Young tissue appears to be the most susceptible. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: South Africa, Zimbabwe, China, Japan, Thailand, Australia (NT, NSW, Qd., S. Aust., Tas., WA, Vict.), New Caledonia, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Finland, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Romania, USA (widespread), Canada (Ontario, British Columbia), Argentina. TRANSMISSION: By the movement of infected corms.
Burkholderia solanacearum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Saddler G. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Burkholderia solanacearum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: The host range is one of the widest of all the phytopathogenic bacteria. The most susceptible plant family, in terms of numbers of species affected is the
Solanaceae
; over fifty other plant families contain susceptible species. The most economically significant hosts are listed here. For a more complete listing see Kelman (1953), Bradbury (1986) and Hayward & Hartman (1994).
Arachis hypogaea, Capsicum
spp.,
Gossypium hirsutum, Ipomoea batatus, Lycopersicon esculentum, Manihot esculenta, Musa
spp.,
Nicotiana
spp.,
Solanum melongena, Solanum tuberosum & Zingiber officinale
. DISEASE: Bacterial wilt. Infection is systemic, producing a wilt of parts or the whole plant. Vascular system may become discoloured, bacterial ooze can be produced and plants may be stunted and chlorotic. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions of the world (see data sheets on quarantine pests). TRANSMISSION: A variety of modes of transmission exist which are host dependant. Infected planting material and true seed is responsible for the spread of bacterial wilt of banana, ginger, groundnut, potato and tomato, whilst transport of latently infected in seedlings (stawberry) and the actions of insect (Moko disease of banana) and weather (tobacco) have all been implicated. For a review see Kelman
et al.
(1994).
Alternaria limicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , David J. C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Alternaria limicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Citrus aurantifolia
. DISEASE: Citrus leaf spot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: N. America: Mexico. TRANSMISSION: By wind dispersal of airborne conidia.
Mycosphaerella heimii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Crous P. W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Mycosphaerella heimii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Eucalyptus obliqua, Eucalyptus
sp. (27, 79). DISEASE: Leaf spot and withering of
Eucalyptus
(27, 79). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Madagascar (27, 79; 63, 5141). TRANSMISSION: Spores are wind-borne.
Mycosphaerella marksii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Crous P. W. , Carnegie A. J. , Keane P. J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Mycosphaerella marksii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Eucalyptus botryoides, E. fraxinoides, E. globulus, E. grandis, E. nitens, E. quadrangulata, E. saligna
. DISEASE: Leaf spot of
Eucalyptus
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia. TRANSMISSION: Spores are wind-borne.
Mycosphaerella molleriana
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Crous P. W. , Carnegie A. J. , Keane P. J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Mycosphaerella molleriana
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Eucalyptus bicostata, E. bridgesiana, E. botryoides, E. cladocalyx, E. cypellocarpa, E. dalrympleana, E. gigantea, E. globulus, E. grandis, E. gunnii, E. macarthurii, E. maidenii, E. melliodora, E. nitens, E. nova-anglica, E. polybracteata, E. quadrangulata, E. saligna, E. smithii, E. stjohnii, E. stuartiana, E. tereticornis, E. viminalis
. DISEASE: Leaf spot disease on juvenile and intermediate foliage of
Eucalyptus
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Portugal and Spain. Unconfirmed records include California USA, and Brazil (Carnegie & Keane, 1994). TRANSMISSION: Spores are wind-borne.
Cintractia peribebuyensis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cintractia peribebuyensis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Cyperus rotundus
and other
Cyperus
spp. including
C. compressus, C. corymbosus, C. cyperoides, C. digitatus, C. distans, C. dubius, C. esculentus, C. grayii, C. ligularis, C. longus, C. macrocarpus, C. malaccensis, C. ornans, C. polystachyus, C. sphacelatus, C. tuberosus, C. zollingeri
. DISEASE: Inflorescence smut of
Cyperus
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zaire; Asia: Burma, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan; Australasia and Oceania: Papua New Guinea, Tahiti; North America: Mexico, USA (Alabama, Delaware, MD, New Jersey, New York; 69, 2765); Central America and West Indies: Cuba, Dominica, Jamaica, Puerto Rico; South America: Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela. TRANSMISSION: No detailed studies have been reported.