bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Akut symptomatische Anfälle vs. beginnende Epilepsie nach Schlaganfall bei Erwachsenen und Kindern
Authors: Serles Wolfgang 
Published: September 2021

ZusammenfassungMehr als ein Drittel der neu diagnostizierten Epilepsien bei Patienten über 60 Jahren haben einen abgelaufenen Schlaganfall als Ursache. Bei epileptischen Anfällen nach Schlaganfall müssen akut symptomatische Anfälle innerhalb 1 Woche nach Schlaganfall von unprovozierten epileptischen Anfällen ab 1 Woche nach Schlaganfall unterschieden werden. Erstere haben ein niedriges Rezidivrisiko, Zweitere hingegen führen in 70 % zu einem neuerlichen Anfall. Gemäß der Internationalen Liga gegen Epilepsie (ILAE) erfüllt letztere Konstellation bereits die Kriterien einer beginnenden Epilepsie, wofür nach früheren Definitionen zumindest 2 unprovozierte Anfälle notwendig waren. Akut symptomatische Anfälle stellen allerdings sowohl im Kindesalter als auch beim Erwachsenen einen Risikofaktor für die Entwicklung einer Epilepsie dar. Weitere Risikofaktoren sind die Größe des Infarktes und eine Lokalisation im Bereich der Hirnrinde. Die Studienlage zeigt weder ausreichende Evidenz für eine prophylaktische Gabe der Anfallsmedikation nach Schlaganfall noch für eine Therapie nach akut symptomatischem Anfall, obwohl dies häufig klinische Praxis ist. Daher sollte die medikamentöse Therapie nach der Akutphase des Schlaganfalls beendet werden. Bei Schlaganfallpatienten nach einem unprovozierten Anfall beim Erwachsenen wird eine lebenslange Therapie empfohlen. In der Regel stellt sich durch die Gabe eines Medikamentes ein zufriedenstellender Therapieerfolg ein. Bevorzugt werden sollten neuere Anfallsmedikamente, die besser verträglich sind und ein geringeres Interaktionspotenzial im Rahmen der Polypharmazie bei älteren Patienten haben.
The Weirdness Theorem and the Origin of Quantum Paradoxes
Authors: Benavoli Alessio , Facchini Alessandro , Zaffalon Marco 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe argue that there is a simple, unique, reason for all quantum paradoxes, and that such a reason is not uniquely related to quantum theory. It is rather a mathematical question that arises at the intersection of logic, probability, and computation. We give our ‘weirdness theorem’ that characterises the conditions under which the weirdness will show up. It shows that whenever logic has bounds due to the algorithmic nature of its tasks, then weirdness arises in the special form of negative probabilities or non-classical evaluation functionals. Weirdness is not logical inconsistency, however. It is only the expression of the clash between an unbounded and a bounded view of computation in logic. We discuss the implication of these results for quantum mechanics, arguing in particular that its interpretation should ultimately be computational rather than exclusively physical. We develop in addition a probabilistic theory in the real numbers that exhibits the phenomenon of entanglement, thus concretely showing that the latter is not specific to quantum mechanics.
Longitudinal Analysis of Inflammatory Response to SARS-CoV-2 in the Upper Respiratory Tract Reveals an Association with Viral Load, Independent of Symptoms
Authors: Vu Diem-Lan , Martinez-Murillo Paola , Pigny Fiona , Vono Maria , Meyer Benjamin , Eberhardt Christiane S. , Lemeille Sylvain , Von Dach Elodie , Blanchard-Rohner Géraldine , Eckerle Isabella , Huttner Angela , Siegrist Claire-Anne , Kaiser Laurent , Didierlaurent Arnaud M. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Background
SARS-CoV-2 infection leads to high viral loads in the upper respiratory tract that may be determinant in virus dissemination. The extent of intranasal antiviral response in relation to symptoms is unknown. Understanding how local innate responses control virus is key in the development of therapeutic approaches.

Methods
SARS-CoV-2-infected patients were enrolled in an observational study conducted at the Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland, investigating virological and immunological characteristics. Nasal wash and serum specimens from a subset of patients were collected to measure viral load, IgA specific for the S1 domain of the spike protein, and a cytokine panel at different time points after infection; cytokine levels were analyzed in relation to symptoms.

Results
Samples from 13 SARS-CoV-2-infected patients and six controls were analyzed. We found an increase in CXCL10 and IL-6, whose levels remained elevated for up to 3 weeks after symptom onset. SARS-CoV-2 infection also induced CCL2 and GM-CSF, suggesting local recruitment and activation of myeloid cells. Local cytokine levels correlated with viral load but not with serum cytokine levels, nor with specific symptoms, including anosmia. Some patients had S1-specific IgA in the nasal cavity while almost none had IgG.

Conclusion
The nasal epithelium is an active site of cytokine response against SARS-CoV-2 that can last more than 2 weeks; in this mild COVID-19 cohort, anosmia was not associated with increases in any locally produced cytokines.
Inferring pulmonary exposure based on clinical PK data: accuracy and precision of model-based deconvolution methods
Authors: Himstedt Anneke , Borghardt Jens Markus , Wicha Sebastian Georg 
Published: September 2021

AbstractDetermining and understanding the target-site exposure in clinical studies remains challenging. This is especially true for oral drug inhalation for local treatment, where the target-site is identical to the site of drug absorption, i.e., the lungs. Modeling and simulation based on clinical pharmacokinetic (PK) data may be a valid approach to infer the pulmonary fate of orally inhaled drugs, even without local measurements. In this work, a simulation-estimation study was systematically applied to investigate five published model structures for pulmonary drug absorption. First, these models were compared for structural identifiability and how choosing an inadequate model impacts the inference on pulmonary exposure. Second, in the context of the population approach both sequential and simultaneous parameter estimation methods after intravenous administration and oral inhalation were evaluated with typically applied models. With an adequate model structure and a well-characterized systemic PK after intravenous dosing, the error in inferring pulmonary exposure and retention times was less than twofold in the majority of evaluations. Whether a sequential or simultaneous parameter estimation was applied did not affect the inferred pulmonary PK to a relevant degree. One scenario in the population PK analysis demonstrated biased pulmonary exposure metrics caused by inadequate estimation of systemic PK parameters. Overall, it was demonstrated that empirical modeling of intravenous and inhalation PK datasets provided robust estimates regarding accuracy and bias for the pulmonary exposure and pulmonary retention, even in presence of the high variability after drug inhalation.
Work, motherhood and women’s affective well-being
Authors: Keldenich Carina 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis paper analyzes how motherhood and labor market status interact in their relationship to women’s affective well-being using Day Reconstruction Method data from the United Kingdom Time Use Survey 2014–2015. The dataset contains information on how much time respondents spent on their various daily activities as well as how much they enjoyed each episode. This information is aggregated into a measure of an individual’s affective well-being on a given day by calculating the mean of the reported enjoyments weighted by the duration of the respective episode. Results indicate a positive and significant correlation between motherhood and affective well-being. However, this relationship decreases in magnitude and even becomes insignificant in some specifications when controlling for labor market status. This could indicate that an increase in the likelihood of being in a labor market status associated with higher affective well-being mediates the positive relationship between motherhood and affective well-being. Women working part-time, self-employed women, homemakers and women on maternity leave are shown to have higher affective well-being than full-time employees. Furthermore, the time spent on and enjoyment experienced in employment related activities appears to be a key driver of many results in this study. Contrasting results in specifications using a measure of life satisfaction highlight the importance of considering affective as well as cognitive well-being.
Analysis of Damage and Failure in Anisotropic Ductile Metals Based on Biaxial Experiments with the H-Specimen
Authors: Brünig M. , Koirala S. , Gerke S. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Background
Dependence of strength and failure behavior of anisotropic ductile metals on loading direction and on stress state has been indicated by many experiments. To realistically predict safety and lifetime of structures these effects must be taken into account in material models and numerical analysis.

Objective
The influence of stress state and loading direction on damage and failure behavior of the anisotropic aluminum alloy EN AW-2017A is investigated.

Methods
New biaxial experiments and numerical simulations have been performed with the H-specimen under different load ratios. Digital image correlation shows evolution of strain fields and scanning electron microscopy is used to visualize failure modes on fracture surfaces. Corresponding numerical studies predict stress states to explain damage and fracture processes on the micro-scale.

Results
The stress state, the load ratio and the loading direction with respect to the principal axes of anisotropy affect the width and orientation of localized strain fields and the formation of damage mechanisms and fracture modes at the micro-level.

Conclusions
The enhanced experimental program with biaxial tests considering different loading directions and load ratios is suggested for characterization of anisotropic metals.
Blood pressure variability and medial temporal atrophy in apolipoprotein ϵ4 carriers
Authors: Sible Isabel J. , Nation Daniel A. ,   for the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: September 2021

AbstractBlood pressure variability is an emerging risk factor for dementia but relationships with markers of neurodegeneration and Alzheimer’s disease risk are understudied. We investigated blood pressure variability over one year and follow-up medial temporal brain volume change in apolipoprotein ϵ4 carriers and non-carriers, and in those with and without Alzheimer’s disease biomarker abnormality. 1051 Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative participants without history of dementia or stroke underwent 3–4 blood pressure measurements over 12 months and ≥ 1 MRI thereafter. A subset (n = 252) underwent lumbar puncture to determine Alzheimer’s disease cerebral spinal fluid amyloid-beta and phosphorylated tau biomarker abnormality. Blood pressure variability over 12 months was calculated as variability independent of mean. Longitudinal hippocampal and entorhinal cortex volume data were extracted from serial brain MRI scans obtained after the final blood pressure measurement. Apolipoprotein ϵ4 carrier status was defined as at least one ϵ4 allele. Bayesian growth modelling revealed a significant interaction of blood pressure variability by ϵ4 by time on hippocampal (ß: -2.61 [95% credible interval -3.02, -2.12]) and entorhinal cortex (ß: -1.47 [95% credible interval -1.71, -1.17]) volume decline. A similar pattern emerged in subsets with Alzheimer’s disease pathophysiology (i.e., abnormal levels of both amyloid-beta and phosphorylated tau). Findings suggest that elevated blood pressure variability is related to medial temporal volume loss specifically in ϵ4 carriers, and in those with Alzheimer’s disease biomarker abnormality. Findings could implicate blood pressure variability in medial temporal neurodegeneration observed in older ϵ4 carriers and those with prodromal Alzheimer’s disease.
Current Understanding of Microstructure and Properties of Micro-Alloyed Low Carbon Steels Strengthened by Interphase Precipitation of Nano-Sized Alloy Carbides: A Review
Authors: Zhang Y.-J. , Chandiran E. , Dong H.-K. , Kamikawa N. , Miyamoto G. , Furuhara T. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe current understanding of the microstructural features and mechanical properties of micro-alloyed low carbon steels strengthened by interphase precipitation of nano-sized alloy carbides are critically reviewed in this paper. The experimental results obtained via advanced quantitative characterization have revealed that interphase precipitation is promoted at the ferrite/austenite interface with a relatively lower degree of coherency caused by the deviation from the exact Kurdjumov–Sachs orientation relationship. Its dispersion becomes refined by enlarging the driving force for its precipitation, as adjusted by changing the transformation condition and chemical composition. The occurrence of interphase precipitation can significantly increase the strength of steels due to its large precipitation strengthening, and maintain good ductility as a result of enhanced work-hardening and dynamic recovery in different stages of tensile deformation. Finally, the application of interphase precipitation to ferrite/martensite dual-phase steels, together with our outlook on the challenging points in future research, are briefly explained.
Melatonin Reduces Neuroinflammation and Improves Axonal Hypomyelination by Modulating M1/M2 Microglia Polarization via JAK2-STAT3-Telomerase Pathway in Postnatal Rats Exposed to Lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Zhou Qiuping , Lin Lanfen , Li Haiyan , Wang Huifang , Jiang Shuqi , Huang Peixian , Lin Qiongyu , Chen Xuan , Deng Yiyu 
Published: September 2021

AbstractMicroglia activation and associated inflammation are implicated in the periventricular white matter damage (PWMD) in septic postnatal rats. This study investigated whether melatonin would mitigate inflammation and alleviate the axonal hypomyelination in the corpus callosum in septic postnatal rats. We further explored if this might be related to the modulation of microglial polarization from M1 phenotype to M2 through the JAK2/STAT3/telomerase pathway. We reported here that indeed melatonin not only can it reduce the neurobehavioral disturbances in LPS-injected rats, but it can also dampen microglia-mediated inflammation. Thus, in LPS + melatonin group, the expression of proinflammatory mediators in M1 phenotype microglia was downregulated. As opposed to this, M2 microglia were increased which was accompanied by upregulated expression of anti-inflammatory mediators along with telomerase reverse transcriptase or melatonin receptor 1(MT1). In parallel to this was decreased NG2 expression but increased expression of myelin and neurofilament proteins. Melatonin can improve hypomyelination which was confirmed by electron microscopy. In vitro in primary microglia stimulated by LPS, melatonin decreased the expression of proinflammatory mediators significantly; but it increased the expression of anti-inflammatory mediators. Additionally, the expression levels of p-JAK2 and p-STAT3 were significantly elevated in microglia after melatonin treatment. Remarkably, the effect of melatonin on LPS-treated microglia was blocked by melatonin receptor, JAK2, STAT3 and telomerase reverse transcriptase inhibitors, respectively. Taken together, it is concluded that melatonin can attenuate PWMD through shifting M1 microglia towards M2 via MT1/JAK2/STAT3/telomerase pathway. The results suggest a new therapeutic strategy whereby melatonin may be adopted to convert microglial polarization from M1 to M2 phenotype that would ultimately contribute to the attenuation of PWMD.
Socio-emotional strengths against psychopathology and suicidal ideation in fear of COVID-19
Authors: Soto-Sanz Victoria , Falcó Raquel , Marzo Juan C. , Piqueras José A. ,   PSICO-RECURSOS COVID-19 study group, Lopez-Nuñez Alfonso , Martínez-González Agustín E. , Mateu Ornela , Moreno-Amador Beatriz , Pineda David , Rivera-Riquelme Maria , Rodríguez-Jiménez Tíscar , Vidal-Arenas Verónica 
Published: September 2021

AbstractCoronavirus disease (COVID-19) has caused a global health crisis. It also leads to different types of psychosocial problems in society as a result of preventive health measures and the disease itself. Among others, psychopathological symptoms and suicide behaviors have increased. The PsicorecurSOS COVID-19 online protocol was designed. At baseline, 1020 Spanish adults were assessed, during confinement, for sociodemographics, fear of COVID-19, anxious-depressive symptoms, covitality, and suicidal ideation. Reliability, descriptive, and frequency analyses were carried out, and the computer tool SPSS PROCESS was used to carry out a conditional process analysis (model 59). A total of 595 participants were included (58.30% response rate from baseline; mean age = 37.18 [SD = 13.30]; 72.44% female). Regarding suicidal ideation, 12% responded differently to “never,” 19.3% exceeded the cutoff point on the anxiety scale, and 24% on the depression scale. Moderate mediation analysis explained 27% of the variance in suicidal ideation. In addition, the indirect effect of moderate mediation was significant (b = −.004, SE = .002 with the presence of covitality; and b = .01, SE = .003 absence of covitality). Sex and age did not influence the overall outcome of the model. The data from this study can serve as a starting point for generating social and health treatment initiatives based on self-examination of anxiety-depressive symptoms and increasing socio-emotional skills in order to prevent and alleviate the psychosocial effects of the pandemic.
Soziale Eingebundenheit von Lehramtsstudierenden: Die Rolle impliziter Theorien bei der Veränderung des Erlebens sozialer Eingebundenheit von Erstsemestern
Authors: Marksteiner Tamara , Hettler Ingo S. 
Published: September 2021

ZusammenfassungImplizite Theorien, i.e. subjektive Überzeugungen, über die Veränderbarkeit von Eigenschaften spielen im Unterrichtsgeschehen eine entscheidende Rolle, da sie Motivation und Lernerfolg sowie Wohlbefinden von Schüler:innen beeinflussen. Bisherige Forschung hat insbesondere implizite Theorien über die Veränderbarkeit von Intelligenz und Fähigkeiten in den Blick genommen. Wenig Beachtung fanden bislang implizite Theorien über emotionales Erleben wie Gefühle sozialer Eingebundenheit.Die vorliegende Studie untersucht erstmals implizite Theorien über soziale Eingebundenheit bei Lehramtsstudierenden. In zahlreichen Studien konnte bereits die Bedeutung von Gefühlen sozialer Eingebundenheit von Studierenden für deren akademische Leistung, Motivation und Wohlbefinden nachgewiesen werden. Der Untersuchungsbedarf im Lehramtsstudium kann insbesondere vor dem Hintergrund der mit dem Lehramtsstudium verbundenen spezifischen Herausforderungen begründet werden.Ausgehend von bisherigen Befunden wurde angenommen, dass das soziale Eingebundenheitserleben durch die subjektive Überzeugung, dass man selbst beeinflussen kann, wie sehr man akzeptiert und wertgeschätzt wird, gesteigert wird. In einem längsschnittlich angelegten Design wurdenN = 68 Lehramtsstudierende während ihres ersten Studienjahrs befragt. Zu vier Messzeitpunkten machten die Proband:innen Angaben zu ihren impliziten Theorien sozialer Eingebundenheit sowie ihrem Eingebundenheitserleben. Entgegen der Annahmen deuten die Befunde manifester autoregressiver Modellanalysen an, dass das Eingebundenheitserleben die impliziten Überzeugungen über soziale Eingebundenheit beeinflussen – wobei die Richtung des Einflusses situationsabhängig ist. Die Befunde werden im Hinblick auf theoretische und praktische Implikationen diskutiert.
Barriers and opportunities for refugee mental health services: clinician recommendations from Jordan
Authors: Al-Soleiti Majd , Abu Adi Mahmoud , Nashwan Ayat , Rafla-Yuan Eric 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Jordan has received more than three million refugees from bordering countries during times of conflict, including over 600 000 Syrian refugees between 2011 and 2021. Amidst this humanitarian crisis, a new mental health system for Syrian refugees has developed in Jordan, with most clinical services administered through non-governmental organizations. Prior studies have identified increased risk of psychiatric disorders in refugee populations and significant barriers for Syrian refugees seeking mental health treatment, but few have reviewed the organization or ability of local systems to meet the needs of this refugee population.

Methods
Qualitative interviews of mental health professionals working with refugees in Jordan were conducted and thematically analyzed to assess efficacy and organizational dynamics.

Results
Interviewees described barriers to care inherent in many refugee settings, including financial limitations, shortages of mental health professionals, disparate geographic accessibility, stigma, and limited or absent screening protocols. Additional barriers not previously described in Jordan were identified, including clinician burnout, organizational metrics restricting services, insufficient visibility of services, and security restrictions. Advantages of the Jordanian system were also identified, including a receptive sociopolitical response fostering coordination and collaboration, open-door policies for accessing care, the presence of community and grassroots approaches, and improvements to health care infrastructure benefiting the local populace.

Conclusions
These findings highlight opportunities and pitfalls for program development in Jordan and other middle- and low-income countries. Leveraging clinician input can promote health system efficacy and improve mental health outcomes for refugee patients.
When Does She Rebel? How Gender Affects Deviating Legislative Behaviour
Authors: Dingler Sarah C. , Ramstetter Lena 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIt is common wisdom that the increase in the number of women in parliament brought along a new diversity of perspectives presented in legislatures. So far, however, we know little about the implications of women's presence on party cohesion. Moving towards a more complete understanding of how women affect political processes, this article addresses the question, does gender affect vote defection from party lines, and if so, under what circumstances? We argue that the actual and perceived risk associated with vote defection in roll-call votes is gendered and that this is constraining the leeway of women to rebel. Analysing roll-call vote data of the German Bundestag (1953–2013) provided by Bergmann et al. (2018), we show that gender exerts a consistent effect only if electoral safety and policy content are considered: it is in feminine policy areas and at high levels of electoral security that women are more likely than men to rebel. This finding implies that taking different incentive structures into account is key if we want to understand gendered legislative behaviour.