bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Capitalism, British Grand Strategy, and the Peace Treaty of Utrecht: Towards a Historical Sociology of War- and Peace-making in the Construction of International Order
Authors: Teschke Benno 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Benno Teschke offers a specific focus on the historical sociology of normative change in the transition from early modernity to modernity in Europe. How can we explain international diplomacy and peace accords from within critical International Relations (IR) Theory? Teschke addresses this question by focusing on the Peace of Utrecht (1713) that concluded the War of the Spanish Succession. It tracks the relations between the domestic sources of the rise of Britain as a great power, the revolutionary transformations of its post-1688 foreign policy institutions, the formulation of a new British grand strategy—the blue water policy—in the context of the War of the Spanish Succession, and its strategic ability to impose through coercive and secret diplomacy a new pro-British ‘normative’ set of rules for post-Utrecht early modern international relations during the ‘long eighteenth Century’ (1688–1815). This British-led reorganization of early modern international order cannot be captured through prevailing IR concepts, including automatic power-balancing, off-shore balancing, hegemony, international society, formal or informal imperialism, or collective security.
The Influence of Large Investment Funds
Authors: Pickford Helen Campbell 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The adoption of the Economics of Mutuality will depend on institutional investors promoting it through active engaged investing. Chapter 18 describes how some investment funds are taking an active role in managing the companies in which they are invested. It involves them acquiring significant blocks of shares that are held for extended periods of time and managed directly by asset owners themselves instead of by intermediary asset managers. Critical to this is the way in which the performance of their investments is monitored and measured. Alongside measuring financial performance over longer periods of time than is conventionally the case, performance needs to be assessed in relation to other indicators of performance related to human, social, and natural capital.
Protection of and Access to Data under European Law
Authors: Leistner Matthias 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on (1) keeping data exchange infrastructures freely accessible and (2) accommodating different existing or proposed access regimes with EU copyright law, in particular with sui generis protection of databases. Accordingly, the chapter mainly focuses on access issues rather than protection. Academic contributions with regard to the latter and also on necessary limitations to protection exist in abundance. By contrast, there is comparatively little literature on the different, recently proposed sector-specific access regimes and the consistent accommodation of such future access regimes with existing IP-protection. This even concerns sectors where overlap and possible contradictions are already imminent, such as the relation of EU sui generis protection for databases with the co-existing EU regime on access to public sector information. The chapter will focus on three aspects of the recent access discussion. First, free accessibility and availability of the infrastructural framework for data access, exchange, and trade in data will be discussed. Secondly, existing copyright protection of computer programs and compilations will be analysed to further identify specific access problems and hold-up potential. Thirdly, the chapter deals with EU sui generis protection for databases which, in this author’s view, is in need of imminent reform. This section also focuses on different areas and case groups, where access rights already exist or are discussed, and will categorize these access rights from an IP perspective as a sound basis for making specific reform proposals on the contextual accommodation of such future access rights with sui generis protection for databases.
Reading the Talmud in Prison
Authors: Grosby Steven 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A corollary of Hebraism’s orientation to this world is law as the vehicle by which to organize this world. This chapter examines the Hebraic understanding of law, its relation to tradition, and its national jurisdiction in contrast to the universal jurisdiction of Roman law and canon law. Regarding this contrast, the Lex Salica, François Hotman’s Francogallia, and Hugo Grotius’ Antiquity of the Batavian Republic are discussed briefly. The contrast does not mean that universal principles of justice are absent in national law, but the relation between those principles and a national jurisdiction presents a problem, as Edward Coke saw. Within the Christian tradition, the prototype of national law is the law of ancient Israel and subsequently Jewish law. In his examination of Jewish law, especially the Noahide laws of the Talmud, John Selden recognized an affinity between Jewish and English common law that supports Hebraism as a cultural category.
Law, Virtue, and Public Health Powers
Authors: Ip Eric C 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis article contributes to philosophical reflections on public health law by drawing on virtue jurisprudence, which rests on the straightforward observation that a political community and its laws will inevitably shape the character of its officials and subjects, and that an excellent character is indispensable to fulfilment. Thus, the law is properly set to encourage virtue and discourage vice. This opens a new perspective onto the ultimate purpose of public health law that is human flourishing. The means of pursuing this end is to entrust public health powers to officials to virtuously serve the common good, of which population health is one of its most important constituents, within the bounds of the law of the land. This article calls for the adoption of a Prudent Public Health Official standard into the law, in order to cultivate prudent, just, courageous and temperate characters in officialdom. Interestingly, this standard already chimes with certain pre-existing core principles of public health judicial doctrine in the USA, the European Union and the UK.
Acyl-CoA desaturase ADS4.2 is involved in the formation of characteristic wax alkenes in young Arabidopsis leaves
Authors: Sun Yulin , Hegebarth Daniela , Jetter Reinhard 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Monounsaturated alkenes are present in the cuticular waxes of diverse plants and are thought to play important roles in their interactions with abiotic and biotic factors. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaf wax has been reported to contain alkenes; however, their biosynthesis has not been investigated to date. Here, we found that these alkenes have mainly ω-7 and ω-9 double bonds in characteristically long hydrocarbon chains ranging from C33 to C37. A screening of desaturase-deficient mutants showed that a single desaturase belonging to the acyl-CoA desaturase (ADS) family, previously reported as ADS4.2, was responsible for introducing double bonds en route to the wax alkenes. ADS4.2 was highly expressed in young leaves, especially in trichomes, where the alkenes are known to accumulate. The enzyme showed strong activity on acyl substrates longer than C32 and ω-7 product regio-specificity when expressed in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Its endoplasmic reticulum localization further confirmed that ADS4.2 has access to very-long-chain fatty acyl-CoA substrates. The upstream biosynthesis pathways providing substrates to ADS4.2 and the downstream reactions forming the alkene products in Arabidopsis were further clarified by alkene analysis of mutants deficient in other wax biosynthesis genes. Overall, our results show that Arabidopsis produces wax alkenes through a unique elongation–desaturation pathway, which requires the participation of ADS4.2.
Exploring the Roles and Function of Police Search and Rescue Teams in Canadian Agencies
Authors: Ferguson Lorna , Gaub Janne E , Huey Laura 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPolice search and rescue (SAR) teams play a vital part in the successful location of lost and missing persons; however, they remain an understudied policing component. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to improve and deepen scholarly knowledge of the police SAR aspects of missing persons cases. Specifically, this article aims to provide first insights into the roles and function of SAR teams in Canadian police services. With this research, we can begin to formulate a better understanding of their utility in police missing persons work. Through a thematic analysis of 34 in-depth, qualitative interviews with police SAR team members from 13 police services across Canada, we explore how SAR teams operate within police services and outline the varying roles police personnel comprise in these teams. Results reveal that police SAR teams operate with several distinct roles that have different functions within the larger police hierarchy. Furthermore, findings show that police SAR personnel are fulfilling a host of responsibilities in these teams while operating as a secondary duty, yet are called upon at any time and are required to respond immediately. These findings and their implications for police missing persons work are then discussed.
The Limits of Partial Doxasticism
Authors: Alonso Facundo M 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDoxasticism is the thesis that intention is or involves belief in the forthcoming action (Velleman, Harman). Supporters claim that it is only by accepting that thesis that we can explain a wide array of important phenomena, including the special knowledge we have of intentional action, the roles intention plays in facilitating coordination, and the norms of rationality for intention. Others argue that the thesis is subject to counterexample (Davidson, Bratman). Yet some others contend that the thesis can be reformulated in a way that avoids such counterexamples and preserves its explanatory significance (Pears, Setiya). Their suggestion is that we view intention as involving partial—rather than full—belief. I argue that while the move from full to partial doxasticism helps to accommodate such counterexamples, it does so in a way that undermines the ability of the resulting view to explain the coordinating roles of and rationality norms for intention.
Canonical Nambu mechanics: Relevance to string/M-theory and approaches to quantization
Authors: Yoneya Tamiaki 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We review some aspects of Nambu mechanics on the basis of works previously published separately by the present author. The main focuses are on three themes: the various symmetry structures, their possible relevance to string/M-theory, and a Hamilton–Jacobi-like reformulation. We try to elucidate the basic ideas, most of which were rooted in more or less the same ground, and to explain the motivations behind these works from a unified and vantage viewpoint. Various unsolved questions are mentioned. We also include a historical account of the genesis of Nambu mechanics, and discuss (in the appendix) some parallelism of various ideas behind Nambu’s paper with Dirac’s old works which are related to the description of vortical flows in terms of gauge potentials.
Self-actualization towards positive well-being: combating despair during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: del Castillo Fides A 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The pandemic has brought great distress to the majority of the population in the world. Some adverse effects of the pandemic are depression and other mental illnesses. To attain positive well-being, self-actualization in the social determinants of health plays a crucial role. This paper hopes to contribute to the fight against despair during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Migration and Informal Insurance: Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Trial and a Structural Model
Authors: Meghir Costas , Mobarak A Mushfiq , Mommaerts Corina , Morten Melanie 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We document that an experimental intervention offering transport subsidies for poor rural households to migrate seasonally in Bangladesh improved risk sharing. A theoretical model of endogenous migration and risk sharing shows that the effect of subsidizing migration depends on the underlying economic environment. If migration is risky, a temporary subsidy can induce an improvement in risk sharing and enable profitable migration. We estimate the model and find that the migration experiment increased welfare by 12.9%. Counterfactual analysis suggests that a permanent, rather than temporary, decline in migration costs in the same environment would result in a reduction in risk sharing.
Disrupting Monolithic Thinking about Black Women and Their Mental Health: Does Stress Exposure Explain Intersectional Ethnic, Nativity, and Socioeconomic Differences?
Authors: Erving Christy L , Smith Monisola Vaughan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractGuided by the intersectionality framework and social stress theory, this study provides a sociological analysis of Black women’s psychological health. Using data from the National Survey of American Life (N=2972), we first examine U.S. Black women’s psychological health through the intersections of their ethnicity, nativity, and socioeconomic status. Next, we assess the extent to which stress exposure (e.g., discrimination, financial strain, and negative interactions with family members) explains any discovered status differences in psychological health among Black women. Results reveal that foreign-born Afro-Caribbean women living in the United States experience a mental health advantage vis-à-vis their U.S.-born African American female counterparts. In addition, college-educated African American women experience fewer depressive symptoms but similar rates of lifetime PTSD relative to African American women without a college education. Last, though stress exposure was associated with poor mental health, it did not explain status differences in mental health. Overall, this study reveals that Black women, despite shared gendered and racialized oppression, are not a monolithic group, varying along other dimensions of stratification. The results suggest that other stress exposures and psychological resources should be explored in future work examining status differences in mental health among Black women.
How we assess mathematics degrees: the summative assessment diet a decade on
Authors: Iannone Paola , Simpson Adrian 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Two previous studies mapping university mathematics students’ summative assessment diet in the UK revealed a clear picture. In general, there was a dominance of closed book examinations with a strong relationship to departmental league table position. The decade since then has seen many changes in higher education in the UK, particularly in the strength of the student voice. The study we report here replicated the earlier work to see if there has been an impact on the assessment diet. While the analysis shows a very small decrease in the use of closed book examinations, this may be accounted for by the addition of adjunct modules, rather than a broadening of the assessment diet across mainstream mathematics topics.
Changes in leaf functional traits with leaf age: when do leaves decrease their photosynthetic capacity in Amazonian trees?
Authors: Menezes Juliane , Garcia Sabrina , Grandis Adriana , Nascimento Henrique , Domingues Tomas F , Guedes Alacimar V , Aleixo Izabela , Camargo Plínio , Campos Jéssica , Damasceno Amanda , Dias-Silva Renann , Fleischer Katrin , Kruijt Bart , Cordeiro Amanda L , Martins Nathielly P , Meir Patrick , Norby Richard J , Pereira Iokanam , Portela Bruno , Rammig Anja , Ribeiro Ana Gracy , Lapola David M , Quesada Carlos A 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Most leaf functional trait studies in the Amazon basin do not consider ontogenetic variations (leaf age), which may influence ecosystem productivity throughout the year. When leaf age is taken into account, it is generally considered discontinuous, and leaves are classified into age categories based on qualitative observations. Here, we quantified age-dependent changes in leaf functional traits such as the maximum carboxylation rate of ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) (Vcmax), stomatal control (Cgs%), leaf dry mass per area and leaf macronutrient concentrations for nine naturally growing Amazon tropical trees with variable phenological strategies. Leaf ages were assessed by monthly censuses of branch-level leaf demography; we also performed leaf trait measurements accounting for leaf chronological age based on days elapsed since the first inclusion in the leaf demography, not predetermined age classes. At the tree community scale, a nonlinear relationship between Vcmax and leaf age existed: young, developing leaves showed the lowest mean photosynthetic capacity, increasing to a maximum at 45 days and then decreasing gradually with age in both continuous and categorical age group analyses. Maturation times among species and phenological habits differed substantially, from 8 ± 30 to 238 ± 30 days, and the rate of decline of Vcmax varied from −0.003 to −0.065 μmol CO2 m−2 s−1 day−1. Stomatal control increased significantly in young leaves but remained constant after peaking. Mass-based phosphorus and potassium concentrations displayed negative relationships with leaf age, whereas nitrogen did not vary temporally. Differences in life strategies, leaf nutrient concentrations and phenological types, not the leaf age effect alone, may thus be important factors for understanding observed photosynthesis seasonality in Amazonian forests. Furthermore, assigning leaf age categories in diverse tree communities may not be the recommended method for studying carbon uptake seasonality in the Amazon, since the relationship between Vcmax and leaf age could not be confirmed for all trees.
Predicting Hearing Aid Satisfaction in Adults: A Systematic Review of Speech-in-noise Tests and Other Behavioral Measures
Authors: Davidson Alyssa , Marrone Nicole , Wong Bryan , Musiek Frank 
Published: April 2021

Objectives:
Adults with hearing loss report a wide range of hearing aid satisfaction that does not significantly correlate to degree of hearing loss. It is not clear which auditory behavioral factors do contribute to hearing aid satisfaction. While poor speech understanding in noise is known to contribute to dissatisfaction, there are many categories of this type of assessment. The purpose of this systematic review is to answer the question, “Are behavioral pre-fitting measures using speech and nonspeech materials related to hearing aid satisfaction among adults?”

Design:
Six electronic databases were searched to find peer-reviewed studies published before June 2020. The included studies reported on the relationship between auditory behavioral measures and hearing aid satisfaction alone or globally with other outcome domains among adults with hearing loss. Six types of behavioral prefitting measures were evaluated: speech recognition in quiet (% correct), speech recognition in noise (% correct), reception thresholds for speech-in-noise, speech-based subjective ratings, dichotic speech tests, and tests using nonspeech material. Each relevant study was independently reviewed by two reviewers. Methodological quality was evaluated in each included study using the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association’s level of evidence ratings.

Results:
There were 1342 articles identified in the systematic review process. After duplicates were removed and specific inclusion criteria were applied, 21 studies were included. All studies included had a 0 to 4 methodological quality rating indicating weak to moderate internal validity. The tests that showed potential for clinical application due to significant correlations with satisfaction were the QuickSIN, the synthetic sentence identification, the hearing in noise test, and the acceptable noise level test. Audibility, as measured by degree of hearing loss, was not significantly correlated to hearing aid satisfaction in the 13 studies that reported on this measure.

Conclusions:
Based on this review, results indicated that speech-in-noise tests had the highest associations to hearing aid satisfaction, suggesting a greater role for assessment of speech-in-noise perception in auditory rehabilitation. This is an important finding for clinical practice, given that audibility was not a significant factor in predicting satisfaction. Overall, the results from this review show a need for well-designed, high-quality, prospective studies assessing the predictive value of prefitting measures on hearing aid satisfaction with current hearing aid models.
Gene Expression–Based Diagnosis of Infections in Critically Ill Patients—Prospective Validation of the SepsisMetaScore in a Longitudinal Severe Trauma Cohort
Authors: Thair Simone , Mewes Caspar , Hinz José , Bergmann Ingo , Büttner Benedikt , Sehmisch Stephan , Meissner Konrad , Quintel Michael , Sweeney Timothy E. , Khatri Purvesh , Mansur Ashham 
Published: April 2021

OBJECTIVES:
Early diagnosis of infections is pivotal in critically ill patients. Innovative gene expression–based approaches promise to deliver precise, fast, and clinically practicable diagnostic tools to bedside. This study aimed to validate the SepsisMetaScore, an 11-gene signature previously reported by our study group, in a representative longitudinal cohort of trauma patients.

DESIGN:
Prospective observational cohort study.

SETTING:
Surgical ICUs of the University Medical Center Goettingen, Germany.

PATIENTS:
Critically ill patients with severe traumatic injuries.

INTERVENTIONS:
None.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
Paired box gene (PAXgene) RNA blood tubes were drawn at predefined time points over the course of disease. The performance of the SepsisMetaScore was tested using targeted polymerase chain reaction and compared with Procalcitonin using area under the receiver operating characteristics analyses. The SepsisMetaScore showed significant differences between infected and noninfected patients (n = 52). It was able to accurately discriminate infectious from noninfectious acute inflammation with an area under the receiver operating characteristics of 0.92 (95% CI, 0.85–0.99) and significantly outperformed Procalcitonin (area under the receiver operating characteristics curve = 0.53; 95% CI, 0.42–0.64) early in the course of infection (p = 0.014).

CONCLUSIONS:
We demonstrated the clinical utility for diagnosis of infections with higher accuracy using the SepsisMetaScore compared with Procalcitonin in a prospective cohort of severe trauma patients. Future studies should assess whether the SepsisMetaScore may substantially improve clinical practice by accurate differentiation of infections from sterile inflammation and identification of patients at risk for sepsis. Our results support further investigation of the SepsisMetaScore for the development of tailored precision treatment of critically ill patients.