bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diversion or Inclusion? Alternative Routes to Higher Education Eligibility and Inequality in Educational Attainment in Germany
Authors: Schindler Steffen , Bittmann Felix 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn the 1960s, educational reforms have been initiated in Germany to make the rigid stratified school system more permeable. While maintaining between-school tracking in secondary education, several second-chance options have been introduced that established alternative routes to higher education. This study aims to evaluate whether these alternative routes were successful in reducing the levels of social inequality in both higher education eligibility and higher education attainment. We draw on life-course data from the German National Educational Panel Study and conduct simulation analyses. We conclude that it is very unlikely that the reforms had any substantive influence on the level of inequality in both outcome variables.
Evaluating the Positive Experience of Caregiving: A Systematic Review of the Positive Aspects of Caregiving Scale
Authors: Lee Yeonjung , Li Lun 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background and Objectives
As attention to positive caregiving experience increases, there is growing evidence concerning how the identification of the positive aspects of caregiving can be beneficial in supporting caregivers. The purpose of the current study is to review the literature where the Positive Aspects of Caregiving Scale (PACS) was used, identify the ways studies have used the PACS, and summarize the relationship between PACS and the contextual factors as well as outcomes of caregiving.

Research Design and Methods
A systematic literature review was conducted. Electronic databases were searched, and empirical research studies written in English that were published in a peer-reviewed journal after 2004 were identified. After a careful review of the 194 abstracts yielded from the databases and the reference lists of the associated articles, 52 eligible studies were identified, and relevant findings were extracted.

Results
Some commonality in terms of how studies have used the PACS emerged. The literature reviewed was further grouped into 3 categories depending on whether the study tested the PACS as a valid and reliable measurement, examined the PACS as outcomes of caregiving, or as a predictor of certain outcomes.

Discussion and Implications
This review suggests that PACS is utilized for multiple purposes and yields considerable evidence supporting the importance of understanding the positive experience of caregiving. However, there is limited adaptation of the PACS in a large survey, and studies were heavily focused in the United States with little evidence from other countries. Further studies to address these limitations will be needed.
Sensitivity kernels for body tides on laterally heterogeneous planets based on adjoint methods
Authors: Lau Harriet C P , Al-Attar David 
Published: July 2021

SUMMARY
We apply the adjoint method to efficiently calculate the linearized sensitivity of body tide observations to perturbations in density, elastic/anelastic moduli and boundary topography. This theory is implemented practically within the context of normal mode coupling calculations, with an advantage of this approach being that much of the necessary technical machinery is present in existing coupling codes. A range of example sensitivity kernels are calculated relative to both spherically symmetric and laterally heterogeneous background models. These results reaffirm the conclusions of earlier studies that the M2 body tide is strongly sensitive to spherical harmonic degree-2 density variations at the base of the mantle. Moreover, it is found that the sensitivity kernels are only weakly dependent on the background model, and hence linearized methods are likely to be effective within inversions of body tide observations.
Relocating microseismicity from downhole monitoring of the Decatur CCS site using a modified double-difference algorithm
Authors: Dando B D E , Goertz-Allmann B P , Kühn D , Langet N , Dichiarante A M , Oye V 
Published: July 2021

SUMMARYThe injection of CO2 at the Decatur carbon capture and storage site has generated significant microseismic activity, which occurs in distinct spatial clusters up to approximately 2.2 km from the primary injection well. Accurate and precise event locations are vital for the characterization of the microseismicity to help understand the reservoir response to the CO2 injection, whilst enabling the identification of minor faults and fractures below the resolution of conventional active seismic imaging. However, microseismic monitoring of fluid injection sites, such as Decatur, is often performed using a network of borehole sensors often from a single well. While these downhole sensors have excellent detection capabilities, their poor azimuthal coverage limits the ability to precisely determine event locations. We have developed a modified double-difference relocation algorithm suitable for both 1-D and 3-D velocity models, and which incorporates differential back azimuth observations to allow the benefits of the original double-difference algorithm to be applicable to a downhole microseismic monitoring setting. Applying the modified double-difference algorithm to the microseismicity at Decatur, we have successfully relocated 4293 events. The relocation included over 59 million observations for 757 285 event pairs, split across seven geographic regions. Despite the majority of observations being recorded in only two boreholes, with an almost identical azimuthal coverage, the results have shown to be reliable with significantly reduced residuals and low uncertainties associated with the final locations. We have analysed the residuals in terms of their association with each geographic region, data type, station and individual events, to fully appreciate their influence in the inversion and the fit of the data to the final set of event locations. For each region, the relocated seismicity has become less diffuse with improved clustering, and with newly visible linear features often orientated in a NE–SW direction. These results show the potential improvements that can be made to microseismic event locations recorded by a borehole network with a limited and variable azimuthal distribution.
Redefining the PTEN promoter: identification of novel upstream transcription start regions
Authors: Grencewicz Dennis J , Romigh Todd , Thacker Stetson , Abbas Ata , Jaini Ritika , Luse Donal , Eng Charis 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Germline mutation of PTEN is causally observed in Cowden syndrome (CS) and is one of the most common, penetrant risk genes for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, the majority of individuals who present with CS-like clinical features are PTEN-mutation negative. Reassessment of PTEN promoter regulation may help explain abnormal PTEN dosage, as only the minimal promoter and coding regions are currently included in diagnostic PTEN mutation analysis. Therefore, we reanalyzed the architecture of the PTEN promoter using next-generation sequencing datasets. Specifically, run-on sequencing assays identified two additional transcription start regions (TSRs) at −2053 and −1906 basepairs from the canonical start of PTEN, thus extending the PTEN 5'UTR and redefining the PTEN promoter. We show that these novel upstream TSRs are active in cancer cell lines, human cancer and normal tissue. Furthermore, these TSRs can produce novel PTEN transcripts due to the introduction of new splice donors at −2041, −1826 and −1355, which may allow for splicing out of the PTEN 5'UTR or the first and second exon in upstream-initiated transcripts. Combining ENCODE ChIP-seq and pertinent literature, we also compile and analyze all transcription factors (TFs) binding at the redefined PTEN locus. Enrichment analyses suggest that TFs bind specifically to the upstream TSRs may be implicated in inflammatory processes. Altogether, these data redefine the architecture of the PTEN promoter, an important step toward a comprehensive model of PTEN transcription regulation, a basis for future investigations into the new promoters’ role in disease pathogenesis.
More flexibility in favor of constitutional stability? What breaking amendment rules in Ecuador can teach us
Authors: Fröhlich Johanna 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Latin America has provided a fertile ground for constitutional experimentation. The Ecuadorean Constitution of 2008 purported to change the entire liberal constitutional model and replace it with one in which indigenous concepts from the Andean region are central. At the same time, the constitutionalization of the legal order was not repudiated, and a reinforced procedure for constitutional amendments was still included. It seems, however, that even an extended rights catalogue and reinforced amendment procedures could fail to induce a real paradigm change if the commitment to protect the constitution as higher law is missing. The present article seeks to show that more flexible amendment rules might foster the rule of law and stability better than those that are unrealistic or bluntly ideological, especially where the value of constitution-as-higher-law is not authentically reflected in the governed society. In these cases, flexible amendment rules could help restore trust in law’s authority and constitutional institutions, and they could also assist in guiding political actions under the guise of law, instead of surrendering them to a mere political power struggle. Building on the experience of a series of constitutional substitutions from Ecuador’s three main constitutional phases, the article strives to enrich our understanding of issues related to amendment difficulty, institutional design, and constitutional culture.
Revision of the spider crab genusLibiniaLeach, 1815 (Decapoda: Brachyura: Epialtidae: Pisinae)
Authors: Tamburus Ana F , Mantelatto Fernando L 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe majoid genus LibiniaLeach, 1815 currently contains 10 valid species, all inhabiting mostly tropical waters in the Western Hemisphere. Three occur in the Eastern Pacific (L. mexicanaRathbun, 1892, L. peruanaGarth & Méndez, 1983, L. setosaLockington, 1877) and seven in the Western Atlantic (L. cavirostrisChace, 1942, L. dubia H. Milne Edwards, 1834, L. emarginataLeach, 1815, L. erinacea (A. Milne-Edwards, 1878), L. ferreiraeBrito Capello, 1871, L. rhomboideaStreets, 1870, L. spinosa Guérin, 1832). The genus is revised using morphological data and the examination of the type series. Sister taxa from the Eastern Pacific are morphologically distinguishable from their Western Atlantic congeners. The present revision recognizes the 10 species, adding new diagnoses and a key to their identification.
Regenerated claws of the virile crayfishFaxonius virilis(Hagen, 1870) (Decapoda: Astacidea: Cambaridae) generate weaker pinching forces compared to original claws
Authors: Graham Zackary A , Vargas Cindy , Angilletta Michael J , Palaoro Alexandre V 
Published: July 2021

AbstractCrustaceans are known for their ability to autotomize and regenerate their appendages. The appendages that are most often autotomized are their chela, often specialized as claws, which serve essential functions including foraging, fighting, mating, and predator defense. Crustaceans with autotomized or regenerated chelae may suffer decreases in their ability to perform these functions compared to individuals with intact or original claws. It is noteworthy that although regenerated claws can grow back to the expected size of an original claw, regenerated claws often differ from original claws in external morphology and internal musculature. Both male and female crayfishes wield a pair of enlarged claws. It surprisingly remains unknown how the regeneration of crayfish claws influences the claws’ ability to generate pinching forces, which has previously been shown to influence the outcome of territorial contests. We investigated the relationship between claw regeneration and claw strength among male and female virile crayfish, Faxonius virilis (Hagen 1870). We found that maximal pinching forces of regenerated claws were weaker than the maximal pinching forces of original claws in both sexes (36% and 40% weaker in males and females, respectively). Further, regenerated claws had proportionally less muscle mass compared to original claws of equivalent size. These results present evidence of how claw regeneration influences pinching strength in crayfishes and suggest that such regeneration may be the functional mechanism that produces dishonest (large but weak) claws in crayfishes, but behavioral observations are required to support this hypothesis.
Reproductive and Morphological Quality of Commercial Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Drones in the United States
Authors: Metz Bradley N , Tarpy David R 
Published: July 2021

AbstractExploration into reproductive quality in honey bees (Apis mellifera Linneaus (Hymenoptera: Apidae) largely focuses on factors that affect queens, with drones primarily being considered insofar as they pass on effects of environmental stressors to the queen and subsequent offspring. In those studies that consider drone quality explicitly, a primary focus has been on the dimorphic nature of drones laid in worker cells (either through rare queen error or worker reproduction) as compared to drones laid by the queen in the slightly larger drone cells. The implication from these studies is that that there exists a bimodality of drone morphological quality that is related to reproductive quality and competitive ability during mating. Our study quantifies the presence of such small drones in commercial populations, finding that rates of ‘low-quality’ drones are far higher than theoretically predicted under optimum conditions. Observations from commercial colonies also show significant inter-colony variation among the size and fecundity of drones produced, prompting speculation as to the mechanisms inducing such variation and the potential use of drone-quality variation for the colony- or apiary-level exposure to nutrition, agrichemical, or parasitic stressors.
Multiple Genetic Mutations Related to Insecticide Resistance are Detected in Field Kazakhstani House Flies (Muscidae: Diptera)
Authors: Qu Ruina , Zhu Jiang , Li Mei , Jashenko Roman , Qiu Xinghui 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The house fly (Musca domestica Linnaeus) is an important disease vector. Insecticide resistance is an obstacle to effective house fly control. Previous studies have demonstrated that point mutations in acetylcholinesterase (Ace), carboxylesterase (MdαE7) and voltage-sensitive sodium channel (Vssc), and over-expression of CYP6D1v1 confer insecticide resistance in the house fly. However, information about the status and underlying mechanisms of insecticide resistance in Kazakhstani house flies is lacking. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of genetic mutations associated with insecticide resistance in field house flies collected at six different locations in southern Kazakhstan. Four mutations (V260L, G342A/V, and F407Y) in Ace and three mutations (G137D and W251L/S) in MdαE7 were detected with appreciable frequencies. Notably, haplotypes carrying triple-loci mutations in Ace and double mutations in MdαE7 were found in Kazakhstan. The L1014H and L1014F mutations in Vssc, and CYP6D1v1 resistance allele were detected at a low frequency in some of the six investigated house fly populations. Phylogenetic analyses of haplotypes supported multiple origins of resistance mutations in Ace and MdαE7. These observations suggest that house flies in southern Kazakhstan may exhibit significant resistance to organophosphates and carbamates. Regular monitoring of insecticide resistance is recommended to achieve effective house fly control by chemical agents in southern Kazakhstan.
Internal Passports, Counterfeiting, and Subversive Practices in Early Postcolonial Peru
Authors: Ragas José 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Counterfeit identity papers have accompanied many Peruvians over the past two centuries as they moved within their own country. Through these documents, they have embraced numerous personalities and eluded strict controls to the dismay of policymakers and experts who envisioned building a robust surveillance system based on identity cards. This article analyzes counterfeiting as a set of objects, practices, and knowledge that emerged in the aftermath of the Wars of Independence during the transition to an autonomous Republic. Committed to establishing social and political order in this chaotic scenario, Peruvian authorities relied on low-tech devices known as internal passports to regulate mobility within the convoluted territory. Nonetheless, internal passports proved more fragile and less effective than expected. Peruvians rapidly learned to produce their own internal passports or to adulterate their information, developing a particular expertise that enabled them to navigate the nascent biometric system. Forged internal passports thus illustrate the enduring tensions between governments, citizens, and technology, as well as early efforts of individuals to regain control of their personal data.
Phenomenal Knowledge and Martyrdom: Endō’s Silence
Authors: Pagan Nicholas O 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This article examines Endō Shūsaku’s Silence from the perspective of ‘phenomenal knowledge’, which can only be derived from experience. First turning to philosopher Michel Henry’s discussion of phenomenologies of Christ, the article traces Endō’s protagonist Sebastian Rodrigues’ initial failure to access the phenomenology of Jesus-as-the-Christ. While the all-important fumie tests in Silence appear to offer the possibility of martyrdom and an opportunity to demonstrate faith, the article contends that Endō’s novel implies that among other factors that make up the discourse of martyrdom, a special place should be reserved for phenomenal knowledge.
Buddhist Reception in Pulp Science Fiction
Authors: Clarke Jim 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Science fiction has a lengthy history of irreligion. In part, this relates to its titular association with science itself, which, as both methodology and ontological basis, veers away from revelatory forms of knowledge in order to formulate hypotheses of reality based upon experimental praxis. However, during science fiction’s long antipathy to faith, Buddhism has occupied a unique and sustained position within the genre. This article charts the origins of that interaction, in the pulp science fiction magazines of the late 1920s and early 1930s, in which depictions of Buddhism quickly evolve from ‘Yellow Peril’ paranoia towards something much more intriguing and accommodating, and in so doing, provide a genre foundation for the environmental concerns of much 21st-century science fiction.
The distribution of mutual inclinations arising from the stellar quadrupole moment
Authors: Schultz Kathleen , Spalding Christopher , Batygin Konstantin 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
A large proportion of transiting planetary systems appear to possess only a single planet as opposed to multiple transiting planets. This excess of singles is indicative of significant mutual inclinations existing within a large number of planetary systems, but the origin of these misalignments is unclear. Moreover, recent observational characterization reveals that mutual inclinations tend to increase with proximity to the host star. These trends are both consistent with the dynamical influence of a strong quadrupolar potential arising from the host star during its early phase of rapid rotation, coupled with a non-zero stellar obliquity. Here, we simulate a population of planetary systems subject to the secular perturbation arising from a tilted, oblate host star as it contracts and spins down subsequent to planet formation. We demonstrate that this mechanism can reproduce the general increase in planet-planet mutual inclinations with proximity to the host star, and delineate a parameter space wherein the host star can drive dynamical instabilities. We suggest that approximately 5–10 per cent of low-mass Kepler systems are susceptible to this instability mechanism, suggesting that a significant number of single-transiting planets may truly be intrinsically single. We also report a novel connection between instability and stellar obliquity reduction and make predictions that can be tested within upcoming TESS observations.
RNAi and Ino80 complex control rate limiting translocation step that moves rDNA to eroding telomeres
Authors: Apte Manasi S , Masuda Hirohisa , Wheeler David Lee , Cooper Julia Promisel 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The discovery of HAATIrDNA, a telomerase-negative survival mode in which canonical telomeres are replaced with ribosomal DNA (rDNA) repeats that acquire chromosome end-protection capability, raised crucial questions as to how rDNA tracts ‘jump’ to eroding chromosome ends. Here, we show that HAATIrDNA formation is initiated and limited by a single translocation that juxtaposes rDNA from Chromosome (Chr) III onto subtelomeric elements (STE) on Chr I or II; this rare reaction requires RNAi and the Ino80 nucleosome remodeling complex (Ino80C), thus defining an unforeseen relationship between these two machineries. The unique STE-rDNA junction created by this initial translocation is efficiently copied to the remaining STE chromosome ends, independently of RNAi or Ino80C. Intriguingly, both RNAi and Ino80C machineries contain a component that plays dual roles in HAATI subtype choice. Dcr1 of the RNAi pathway and Iec1 of Ino80C both promote HAATIrDNA formation as part of their respective canonical machineries, but both also inhibit formation of the exceedingly rare HAATISTE (where STE sequences mobilize throughout the genome and assume chromosome end protection capacity) in non-canonical, pathway-independent manners. This work provides a glimpse into a previously unrecognized crosstalk between RNAi and Ino80C in controlling unusual translocation reactions that establish telomere-free linear chromosome ends.
Percutaneous Full-Endoscopic C2 Ganglionectomy for the Treatment of Intractable Occipital Neuralgia: Technical Note
Authors: Yu Yong , Jiang Ye , Xu Fulin , Mao Yuhang , Yuan Lutao , Li Chen 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

BACKGROUND
The C-2 dorsal root ganglionectomy procedure can provide effective treatment for intractable occipital neuralgia (ON). However, the traditional microsurgery of C2 ganglionectomy needs a wide incision and significant paraspinous muscle dissection for adequate visualization. The indications of endoscopic spine surgery are ever expanding, with the development of endoscopic armamentaria and technological innovations.

OBJECTIVE
To validate the feasibility of the approach and describe several operative nuances based on the authors’ experience. In this paper, the authors describe a patient with intractable ON who was successfully treated with a percutaneous full-endoscopic C2 ganglionectomy.

METHODS
We describe the case of an 83-yr-old female with a 2-yr history of left ON who did not respond to a series of treatments, including physical therapy, drug therapy, injection therapy, and radiofrequency therapy. After careful examination, we performed a percutaneous, full-endoscopic left C2 ganglionectomy.

RESULTS
The patient was successfully treated with a percutaneous full-endoscopic ganglionectomy. Afterwards, her intractable and constant pain was relieved. There was no cerebrospinal fluid leakage, incision infection, neck deformity, or other complications.

CONCLUSION
C2 ganglionectomy can be accomplished successfully using a full-endoscopic uniportal surgical technique under continuous irrigation, which has the advantages of excellent illumination and visualization, reduced surgery-related trauma, and reduced bleeding.