bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nutrient and energy contribution of ultra-processed foods in the diet of nations: a meta-analysis
Authors: Micek A , Godos J , Grosso G 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Background
Existing scientific literature indicates that dietary nutritional imbalance is an essential risk factor of many non-communicable diseases. The rapid changes in global food systems worldwide and accompanying it a growth in consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) raised a concern and strengthened the importance of investigating of the extent in which the dietary contribution of these foods determines the overall nutritional quality. A method of production and processing may have detrimental effect on food properties and may disturb a nutritional content of a diet. Moreover, a growing body of literature suggests that the healthy dietary patterns are grossly displaced by UPFs leading to poor nutritional profile. We designed a systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the nutrient profile of the overall diet according to dietary share of UPFs.

Methods
From articles included, the content of individual products (as % of energy) and ingredients in a diet across quintiles of UPFs was extracted; the slopes and intercepts of separately regressed for each food item on the dietary share of UPFs were calculated and pooled in a bivariate meta-analysis.

Results
Out of 13 articles, the mean contribution of UPFs to total energy consumption was 37.22% (95% CI: 27.40, 47.04), with great variation across studies. UPFs consumption was linearly inversely associated with less processed ones (containing fruits, vegetables, eggs, seafood, beans and legumes), whereas positively related to excess in calories from free sugars and unhealthy saturated fats as well as to diet poor in fiber and various micronutrients (potassium, magnesium, vitamin D, zinc, phosphorus, vitamin B12, niacin).

Conclusions
Our results suggests that the UPFs are major drivers of poor nutritional content in the diet, while consumed alternatively to unprocessed or minimally processed foods.

Key messages
Higher intake of ultra-processed foods is associated with unbalanced calories and nutrient intake. There is a need for further evidence to support future policy action on ultra-processed foods in order to inform the consumers or regulate their distribution in the market.
The role of trust in risk communication: the Norwegian experience
Authors: Lyshol H , Rolfheim-Bye C 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Communication concerns giving and receiving information and ideas. In a public health context, risk communication also includes encouraging people to change their behaviour. During the COVID-19 epidemic, there has been a constant flow of information, but evidence has shown that not all forms of communication have the same effects on the general population.
Risk communication only works well when the communication is based on trust between
Those with the expertise Those with responsibility Those affected

Listening to and understanding people's thoughts, worries and experiences is just as important as offering facts and advice. Transparency about what is known and about the unknowns, is essential, as is allowing for interim advice following new knowledge. In the Scandinavian countries, where the cultural context is fairly similar, research has shown the positive effect on trust, when displaying scientific disagreement and being transparent about discussions and debates among health authorities - and between health authorities and other professionals. Inviting the public to know when science does not as yet have an answer, has led to higher confidence in the authorities and higher likelihood of compliance with advice. Showing people why advice has changed and illustrating the scientific processes behind the advice given, make people understand the authorities' reasoning and increases trustworthiness, although it may be argued that this depends on a previous high level of trust in authorities. We draw from the experience of Norway, one of the most successful countries in continental Europe in containing COVID-19 impacts, to outline the importance of trust in developing a successful risk communication strategy.
Pandemic response credit-claiming and blame-avoidance in France
Authors: Rozenblum S 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Credit claiming led in France during the first wave to centralization and during the summer to decentralization. During the second wave, blame-avoidance led again to centralization. First wave: In the spring, the French government attempted to take credit by centralizing the crisis governance but soon faced mounting criticism from the population, health care professionals and members of the political opposition. These initial missteps prompted legislators to set up two parliamentary inquiry commissions. Complaints were filed against several members of government, including former Prime Minister Edouard Philippe and former Health Minister Agnès Buzyn. In July, Phillipe was replaced by Jean Castex, who was tasked with designing France's reopening strategy with greater attention to regional needs. Summer: The government's response to Covid-19 significantly changed during the summer. The government's failure to put in place a critical triptych of testing, tracing and isolation and to contain the spread of the virus led to a recentralization of the crisis governance and a second national lockdown in late October. Second wave: Although the first lockdown was deemed “necessary” by most French people, implementation of stringent measures was less accepted by the population after a resurgence of cases at the end of the summer. As France entered a third lockdown in late March 2021, Macron's popularity rate fell 4 percentage point from a month earlier. According to an IFOP poll, 37% people said they were satisfied with the president's management of the pandemic.
Citizen initiative: www.covid19data.no
Authors: Hansen T 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Norway confirmed its first case of Coronavirus on the 26th of February 2020. As the number of infections continued to increase, the Norwegian Institute of Public Health started releasing daily reports on the 9th of March 2020. Public interest peaked with Norway locking down on the 12th of March. Local transmissions and outbreaks generated a growing demand for more granular data than the county-based level reported released by public health officials. The absence of detailed data created a market for some media outlets to release district-level situation reports behind paywalls (Aftenposten). Others implemented daily Corona-trackers on their front page by sourcing information from Norway's 358 municipalities (VG). While public authorities were tracking local infections and media published their results, none of the actors released detailed information in a complete, timely and accessible manner. Covid19data.no was launched as a citizen initiative on the 16th of April 2020 to provide historic and daily updated data for all municipalities and districts in Norway. The launch included daily updated dashboards and the release of all data in a cleaned, granular and machine-readable format. Soon, other citizens began contributing to the project, adding to the already existing list of data sources. The citizen initiative was launched 2 months before the Norwegian Institute of Public Health began releasing similar detailed data.
Citizen dashboards can represent a valuable addition to public reporting, but also represent new challenges:
How can you trust data and dashboards from a non-official actor?
How do you keep data updated when running the dashboard on a voluntary basis?
How are metrics and visualizations decided when creators have no experience with public health and epidemics?
How do multiple collaborators effectively work together when they have never met before?
This presentation will focus on the role of citizen initiatives, their challenges and opportunities.
The city of proximity as an Urban Health strategy for the post pandemic neighborhood’s needs
Authors: Capolongo S , Rebecchi A 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The lockdown due to the pandemic has prevented travels, forcing many people to work at home and reducing the possibility of accessing services in the territory. This condition has further highlighted the importance of urban living areas capable of satisfying basic needs within a reasonably easy range of accessibility. The concept of the “15 minutes city” is a useful vision to represent the city of proximity, where it is possible to meet the needs for sustainable, fair, quality, and healthy living. However, even if the objectives represented are fundamental, the model it proposes - accessibility within 15 minutes - is not always applicable in all urban contexts, mostly peripheral, peri-urban, or low-density ones. This dimension of proximity - to be defined from time to time according to urban contexts - can be central to formulating strategies to improve the quality of urban life. Still, it can also play a role in constructing forms of intervention to improve public health and in ordinary conditions, both in extraordinary and emergency conditions. From this point of view, a proximity area can be an area to be defined with a variety of tools typical of urban analysis but fed by overlapping layers that also refer to the health dimension. A place of proximity, therefore not only defined based on the physical characteristics and people's uses, but also based on the data collected from a public health perspective in which it is also possible to try to test different types of information and build the conditions to suggest suitable policies and projects. Aim of the authors is to illustrate a survey about several case studies considered virtuous at the international level, analyzed in detail to highlight the main urban and architectural features of those healthy experiences and the related health outcomes, such as sedentary lifestyle reduction, increase of the attractiveness of places, reduction of air and noise pollution.
The European Health Literacy Survey 2019 of M-POHL: a summary of its main results
Authors: Pelikan J , Link T , Straßmayr C 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Background
The HLS-EU study in 2011 demonstrated that there exists limited comprehensive health literacy (HL) for considerable proportions of the general population, that there is a social gradient for HL and that limited HL has problematic consequences for healthy lifestyles, self-reported health and utilization of health care services. But distributions and associations of HL differed considerably between the 8 included EU-countries. WHO-Europe initiated the Acton Network on Measuring Population and Organizational Health Literacy (M-POHL) to measure HL regularly, starting with the Health Literacy Survey 2019 (HLS19).

Methods
Based on the design and instrument of the HLS-EU, an improved core questionnaire was developed for HLS19 to measure comprehensive HL and its relevant correlates. Optional packages introduced specific instruments and measured digital, communication, navigation and vaccination HL and its most relevant correlates. Cross-sectional data were collected by probability samples of at least 1.000 respondents per country for the general population 18+, in 17 member states of the WHO-Europe region, by personal interviews, telephone interviews, or internet surveys.

Results
Considerable proportions of resident adult populations in participating countries have limited HL and there is a social gradient for HL. HL also has, but to a differing degree, consequences for selected life-style indicators, indicators for self-reported health and use of professional health care services. General trends were found, but also considerable variation by country.

Conclusions
Results demonstrated that main trends of the HLS-EU study concerning HL hold still true for HLS19 and that there are even more pronounced differences between participating countries. Since HL is relevant for health policy in all countries, policy recommendations for improving HL in the European region were drafted by the HLS19 consortium and will be presented in the second presentation.
Adherence to non-pharmaceutical interventions for COVID-19: a national survey
Authors: Kearney PM , Spillane M , Humphreys R , Gannon A , Hoevel P , O’Riordan M , Khashan A , Buckley C , O’Connor L , Perry IJ 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Background
The global Covid-19 pandemic response depends heavily on non-pharmaceutical interventions to protect population health. This aim of this study was to provide insights into levels and determinants of adherence to travel restrictions and wearing of face coverings during the early phase of the pandemic response in Ireland.

Methods
A series of four cross-sectional surveys were administered through random digit dialling of mobile and landline numbers during May-June 2020. Questions were asked about compliance with local travel restrictions and where relevant, the reasons for travel. A question on mask use was added to the final wave of data collection.

Results
Overall, across the four waves, 73.4% reported adhering to the travel restrictions and these levels were maintained over time (wave 1: 72.1%, wave 2: 73.7%, wave 3: 67.3%, wave 4: 79.7%) and were broadly similar across different socioeconomic groups. Higher proportions reported travelling for non-exempt reasons over time particularly in the final wave of data collection including exercise (from 3% in wave 1, 5% in wave 2 up to 8% in waves 3 and 4) and recreational or social activities (2% in waves 1 and 2, 4% in wave 3, up to 15% by wave 4). Overall, over two-thirds of respondents reported use of masks in the final wave, (72% of women, 65% of men) with shops or supermarkets the most common place of use. Among primary respondents, older age (Age 70+ vs. 18k-44, OR 3.2 [2.4-4.3]), attending higher education (attending vs. completed third level OR 2.2 [ 1.6-3.0]) and female gender (OR 1.2 [1.1-1.4]) were independently associated with compliance with travel restrictions.

Conclusions
The findings demonstrate high levels of adherence to travel restrictions during the early stages of the emerging COVID-19 pandemic, albeit with a modest trend towards reduced compliance over time. There was a high uptake of mask use in advance of relevant national guidance.
Patient journey as tool for measuring effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of community health interventions
Authors: van der Schans J , Stein C 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Myanmar, Vietnam, and Indonesia aim for a stronger interlinkage between primary and secondary health care as well as between health facilities and communities. The possibility to combine community-based facilities with primary health care will help to reduce costs and provide synergistic effects to interventions that are currently functioning on a standalone level. However, the evidence on (cost-) effectiveness of prevention and treatment targeted at NCDs, such as diabetes and hypertension, is scarce in Southeast Asia. Outside Southeast Asia multiple studies have shown the (cost-) effectiveness and efficiency in LMICs of service delivery of healthcare interventions (e.g., shifting the point of care), improvement of the health workforce (e.g., capacity building of healthcare workers), improvement of health information (e.g., monitoring of patients and people at risk), and health financing (e.g., community-based insurance system). This indicates the potential of adjusting existing interventions or tailoring new interventions to its local context within the field of NCD related supply of prevention and treatment. Matching the chronic care pathway (patient journey) of the country specific demand with possible improvements of the supply side of the health care system in place could help improve the (cost-) effectiveness and efficiency. To get more insight into the demand, services and outcomes of NCDs in Southeast Asia we identified the patient journeys and related methodology to evaluate (cost-)effective interventions for identifying individuals with high risks for developing NCDs, early treatment and lifestyle interventions, which fit in local cultures and health systems.
Media coverage of evidence outputs during the COVID-19 pandemic: findings from one national agency
Authors: Sharp M , Forde Z , McGeown C , O'Murchu E , Smith SM , O'Neill M , Ryan M , Clyne B 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Background
The COVID-19 Evidence Synthesis Team within the Health Information and Quality Authority (HIQA) in Ireland produced a range of evidence-based reports on a broad range of public health topics related to COVID-19. These evidence outputs (EO) arose directly from questions posed by policy makers and clinicians supporting Ireland's National Public Health Emergency Team (NPHET). Findings from these EOs informed the national response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Ireland and influenced international public health guidance. How research findings are presented through domestic news can influence behaviour and risk perceptions.

Methods
We investigated traditional media coverage of nine COVID-19 EOs and associated press releases, published (April to July 2020) by HIQA. NVivo was used for conceptual content analysis of manifest content. ‘Core messages' from each evidence output were proposed and 488 sources from national and regional broadcast, print, and online media were coded at the phrase level. The presence of political and public health actors in coverage were also coded.

Results
Coverage largely did not distort or misrepresent the results of the EOs, however, there was variability in terms of what content was reported on and to what extent different stakeholders were involved in the contextualization of the findings of the EOs. Coverage appeared to focus more on ‘human-interest' stories as opposed to more technical reports (e.g. focusing on viral load, antibodies, testing, etc.). Selective reporting and the variability in the use of quotes from governmental and public health stakeholders changed and contextualized results in different manners than perhaps originally intended in the press release.

Conclusions
Our findings provide a case-study of European media coverage of evidence reports produced by a national agency. Results highlighted several strengths and weaknesses of current communication efforts.
Prevalence of autism in Europe, North America and Oceania, 2000-2020: A systematic review
Authors: Anorson N , Male I , Farr W , Memon A 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Background
Since the first study of the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in 1966, several studies from across the world have reported increasing prevalence of ASD in children. This has led to a debate whether childhood ASD cases are increasing in real time or the increase is essentially due to improved accessibility/referral to health services or changes in diagnostic criteria and accuracy.

Methods
MEDLINE and PSYCINFO databases were searched for studies of ASD prevalence estimates in Europe, North America and Oceania published during 2000-2020 (including prevalence data for 1993-2019). Data including age at diagnosis, gender, ethnicity, diagnostic criteria/tools, method(s) of case detection and prevalence per 10,000 population were extracted.

Results
75 studies, reporting a wide range of prevalence estimates, were included in the review. Overall, there was a steady and substantial increase in the prevalence of ASD in Europe, North America and Oceania during the last three decades. For Europe, the median prevalence was 59 per 10,000 population (range, 8 to 420; mean, 80). For North America, the median prevalence was 86 per 10,000 population (range, 11 to 247; mean, 95). For Oceania, the median prevalence was 47 per 10,000 population (range, 10 to 390; mean, 112). Overall, the prevalence was higher in White children compared to other ethnic groups.

Conclusions
It appears that several factors can be attributed to increasing prevalence of ASD in Europe, North America and Oceania. Some of the increase is likely due to increased case ascertainment, but other factors need further investigation to determine the reason(s) for increasing prevalence of ASD.

Key messages
There is a wide variation in the prevalence of ASD in populations of Europe, North America and Oceania. This is partly explained by differences in case ascertainment and sociodemographic factors. The differences in prevalence between ethnic groups need further investigation.
Corporate political activity of the baby food industry in France
Authors: Cossez E , Mialon M 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Background
There is growing evidence that the ‘corporate political activity' (CPA) of the food industry is a major barrier to the development and implementation of public health policies to promote healthy food environments. The CPA, by targeting the public and health professionals, amongst others, could also promote the consumption of industrial foods, including ultra-processed ones, which is known to lead to ill-health. The purpose of the present study was to map the actors, history and the CPA of the baby food industry in France.

Methods
The study consisted of an analysis of publicly available information for data published between May 2019 and April 2021. Interviews with key informants from academia, civil society and the government served to triangulate that information. For both parts of the study, a qualitative thematic analysis was conducted, using an existing classification of the CPA.

Results
During the study period, Danone and Nestlé used action-based ‘instrumental strategies'. The most prominent strategy was ‘information strategy', used to fund, produce, and disseminate industry-preferred information. Danone and Nestlé were further found to ‘establish relationships with key opinion leaders and health organisations', such as pediatric societies, ‘seek involvement in community', especially during the Covid-19 crisis and used voluntary commitments, a practice that may help avoid the mandatory regulation of their harmful products and practices. The companies also employed argument-based ‘discursive strategies' to frame the debate on diet- and public health-related issues.

Conclusions
These findings can be used to recognize, anticipate, and address CPA practices that may negatively influence infant, child and maternal health, by ensuring that the commercial interests of the industry do not prevail over public health goals.

Key messages
The baby food industry uses a range of political practices in France, which may negatively influence infant, child and maternal health. This study seeks to uncover and describe these practices. This research will serve us both for the political environment, an advocacy work, but also to broaden scientific knowledge on the subject, in France and internationally.
Quantifying uncertainty: the socioeconomic impact of DCCs from an EU and a global health perspective
Authors: Czypionka Thomas 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The third panelist will provide a brief overview of key scientific issues and discuss how uncertainty is quantified for different parameters, incl. factoring in socioeconomic dimensions and considerations for the European and global economy contributing to decision-making related to the proposal of the Digital COVID Certificate (DCC). The broader macroeconomic perspective given its implementation, as well as potential mitigating measures to assert implementation will not further contribute to exacerbating socioeconomic inequalities will be presented. Special mention will be made to the role of various determinants and on how potential inequities stemming from this measure can be further addressed.