bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physicochemical properties and film formation of the chitin hydrocolloid fabricated by a novel green process
Authors: Chi Hsuan‐Lun , Yeh An‐I , Pan Min‐Hsiung , Chen Shih‐Hsin 
Published: March 2021

AbstractChitin is a valuable natural material, but its applications are limited because of its insolubility in water. Size reduction of natural materials has been found to offer certain benefits, including enhancing dispersibility. We employed media milling to produce a chitin micro‐suspension with water as the sole solvent, and to fabricate the chitin film. The particle size and molecular weight were decreased from 96.86 to 21.95 μm and 173 to 75 kDa (Mn), respectively, post milling; however, the degree of deacetylation slightly increased (from 21.26 to 24.31) with milling time. Moreover, limited water‐soluble fractions were generated, the quantity (1.5–2.0% d.b.) and molecular weight (Mn 15–34 kDa) of which were characterized. These fractions enabled the formation of a chitin film through the induction of hydrogen bonds. The particle size affected the morphology and mechanical properties of the film. The fabricated chitin film had tunable thickness (61.3–80.7 μm), tensile strength (38.95–64.61 MPa), elongation (0.93%–2.16%), Young's modulus (2994–4246 MPa), WVP (12.04–17.79 g mm/m2 day kPa), swelling ratio and surface smoothness. This novel method for fabricating chitin films through aqueous suspension can improve applications of chitin in packaging and particularly fulfill environmentally friendly requirements.
Anatomy, technique, and results of robotic retroauricular approach to neck dissection
Authors: Kowalski Luiz P. , Lira Renan B. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn the attempt to improve the cosmetic and functional outcomes in head and neck surgeries, robotic or video‐assisted neck dissection using remote access has gained ground in recent years. Retroauricular approach emerged as the most versatile option, allowing proper dissection at all neck levels. In this technique, after retroauricular incision, a skin flap is elevated and a self‐retaining retractor is placed, creating working space for the robotic, or endoscopic neck dissection. Numerous published series have shown the safety and favorable outcomes of retroauricular robotic neck dissections, without any major complications or surgery‐related deaths. The only consistently reported disadvantage is a longer operative time. Our group has an experience of 190 retroauricular neck dissections performed over the last 5 years, without any major setbacks. The oncologic and safety outcomes have been comparable to the conventional technique, with clearly superior aesthetic results. In the process of expansion of Robotic Surgery in Brazil, our center is currently providing training and proctoring to capacitate other head and neck surgeons, and enable other centers to offer this surgical modality.
Early postnatal lung development in the eastern quoll (Dasyurus viverrinus)
Authors: Ferner Kirsten 
Published: March 2021

AbstractEarly postnatal lung development (1–25 days) in the eastern quoll (Dasyurus viverrinus) was investigated to assess the morphofunctional status of one of the most immature marsupial neonates. Lung volume, surface density, surface area, and parenchymal and nonparenchymal volume proportions were determined using light microscopic morphometry. The lungs of the neonate were at the canalicular stage and consisted of two “balloon‐like” airways with few septal ridges. The absolute volume of the lung was only 0.0009 cm3 with an air space surface density of 108.83 cm−1 and a surface area of 0.082 cm2. The increase in lung volume in the first three postnatal days was mainly due to airspace expansion. The rapid postnatal development of the lung was indicated by an increase in the septal proportion of the parenchyma around day 4, which was reflected by an increase in the airspace surface density and surface area. By day 5, the lung entered the saccular stage of development with a reduction in septal thickness, expansion of the tubules into saccules and development of a double capillary system. The subsequent saccular period was characterized by repetitive septation steps, which increased the number of airway generations. The lungs of the newborn Dasyurus viverrinus must be considered as structurally and quantitatively insufficient to meet the respiratory requirements at birth. Hence, cutaneous gas exchange might be crucial for the first three postnatal days. The lung has to mature rapidly in the early postnatal period to support the increased metabolic requirements of the developing young.
Morphology‐based diagnostics of “protodogs.” A commentary to Galeta et al., 2021, Anatomical Record, 304, 42–62, doi: 10.1002/ar.24500
Authors: Janssens Luc A. A. , Boudadi‐Maligne Myriam , Lawler Dennis F. , O'Keefe F. Robin , van Dongen Stefan 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn a recent article in this journal, Galeta et al., (2020) discussed eight Pleistocene “protodogs” and seven Pleistocene wolves. Those “protodogs” had been diagnosed in earlier publications, based on skull morphology. We re‐examined the Galeta et al. paper to offer comments on their observed outcomes, and the conclusion of presumed domestication. Of seven metrics that the authors used, five differed statistically between their two groups. However, from more elaborate studies, some of those same metrics had been rejected previously as not valid species‐distinguishing traits. In this respect, we do accept cranium size and wider palate as species‐distinguishing metrics. The physical size of their specimens was much larger than other archaeological specimens that have been accepted as dogs. Additionally, their sample size was small, compared to the number of available specimens, as shown from previous publications by the same group. Thus, we considered statistical differences that were found between groups in their study, and assessed whether the outcomes could have resulted from natural morphological variation. We examined a group of 73 dire wolves ((Aenocyon [Canis] dirus; Perri et al., 2021), using the same methods as used by Galeta et al., (2020). We could segregate two distinct morphological groups in our study, one having outcomes that were identical to the “protodogs” in Galeta et al. (2020). For the specimens of extinct dire wolves to segregate in the same way as the subjects from Galeta et al. indicates that natural variation probably was the driver of their observed outcomes, domestication being an unlikely assumption.
The role of biofactors in the prevention and treatment of age‐related diseases
Authors: Frank Jan , Kisters Klaus , Stirban Ovidiu Alin , Obeid Rima , Lorkowski Stefan , Wallert Maria , Egert Sarah , Podszun Maren C. , Eckert Gunter P. , Pettersen Jacqueline A. , Venturelli Sascha , Classen Hans‐Georg , Golombek Jana 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe present demographic changes toward an aging society caused a rise in the number of senior citizens and the incidence and burden of age‐related diseases (such as cardiovascular diseases [CVD], cancer, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease [NAFLD], diabetes mellitus, and dementia), of which nearly half is attributable to the population ≥60 years of age. Deficiencies in individual nutrients have been associated with increased risks for age‐related diseases and high intakes and/or blood concentrations with risk reduction. Nutrition in general and the dietary intake of essential and nonessential biofactors is a major determinant of human health, the risk to develop age‐related diseases, and ultimately of mortality in the older population. These biofactors can be a cost‐effective strategy to prevent or, in some cases, even treat age‐related diseases. Examples reviewed herein include omega‐3 fatty acids and dietary fiber for the prevention of CVD, α‐tocopherol (vitamin E) for the treatment of biopsy‐proven nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, vitamin D for the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases, thiamine and α‐lipoic acid for the treatment of diabetic neuropathy, and the role of folate in cancer epigenetics. This list of potentially helpful biofactors in the prevention and treatment of age‐related diseases, however, is not exhaustive and many more examples exist. Furthermore, since there is currently no generally accepted definition of the term biofactors, we here propose a definition that, when adopted by scientists, will enable a harmonization and consistent use of the term in the scientific literature.
Complete or periodic continuity in continuous manufacturing platforms for production of monoclonal antibodies?
Authors: Kateja Nikhil , Tiwari Anamika , Thakur Garima , Rathore Anurag S. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundMonoclonal antibodies (mAbs) currently dominate the biotherapeutic market. This has resulted in significant efforts towards the development of a continuous integrated platform for the manufacturing of mAbs.Main Methods and Major ResultsIn this study, a continuous mAb platform has been developed consisting of an Acoustic Wave Separator, a Cadence BioSMB PD system, a customized coiled flow reactor, a modular single‐pass TFF kit, an in‐line diafiltration module, and a continuous dead‐end filtration skid. A three‐step chromatographic purification was performed in the platform consisting of Protein A capture chromatography followed by an anion exchange membrane directly coupled to a cation exchange chromatography. Two operational case studies have been executed on the platform, namely complete continuous (“CC”) and periodic continuous (“PC”) modes of operation. The CC mode was designed to ensure that each unit operation had completely continuous inflow and outflow by increasing the number of columns, filtration modules and tanks, while the PC mode operated in periodic pulses with scheduled flow and hold steps. Both modes were designed to handle the same flow rate and titers from the upstream bioreactor or fed‐batch harvest tank, and were compared in terms of productivity and operational complexity. Both modes offer viable options for continuous processing of mAbs and result in achievement of target critical quality attribute profiles of the final drug product over 24 h of operation.Conclusions and ImplicationsIt was found that the CC mode was superior in terms of specific productivity (20–50% higher) and consumable utilization (20% lower resin utilization), while the PC mode was operationally simpler and had lower facility costs due to significant reductions in the number of auxiliary equipment (pumps, columns, tanks, and valves). The work successfully highlighted the pros and cons of both approaches, and demonstrates that while several groups have amply shown the superiority of continuous processing over batch mode, there are intermediate variants which may be optimal in a given situation.
Does the absence of SARS‐CoV‐2 specific genes always exclude the infection? How to interpret RT‐PCR results?—The scenario of interactive online workshop
Authors: Kocemba‐Pilarczyk Kinga A. , Bentke‐Imiolek Anna , Dudzik Paulina 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe aim of this online workshop is to familiarize biomedical faculties students with the principle of RT‐PCR method. The following assumption is made, students participating in the workshop:
are already familiar with the principle of PCR reaction,
can distinguish PCR from RT‐PCR,
know the basic possibilities of using the above techniques.
During the online workshop participants are supposed to learn the interpretation of PCR and RT‐PCR results and to understand the crucial importance of controlling the reaction conditions. The workshop involves active students' learning, critical analysis of the data, group discussion, brainstorming method, involvement of e‐tools such as pool everywhere or e‐learning platforms, as well as interpreting the real‐life example results that allows putting the topic in the proper future work‐related tasks. The final part of the workshop focuses on the analysis of the RT‐PCR results performed in order to confirm or exclude the presence of the SARS‐CoV‐2 genome in potentially infected individuals. The students are expected to see the practical/work‐related part of the knowledge gained during the workshop.
Does social influence turn pessimistic consumers green?
Authors: Sadiq Mohd , Adil Mohd , Paul Justin 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe current research investigates the role of social influence on pessimistic consumers' approach toward organic food consumption using the self‐focused regulations theoretical framework. It also examines the mediating and moderating role of environmental concern and social influence on the proposed relationships, respectively. An e‐survey was conducted on 300 Indian consumers. The findings reveal that pessimistic consumers do not typically consume organic food. However, they have a strong concern for the environment, which, in turn, is likely to change them into optimistic consumers who begin to consume organic foods. Further, social influence significantly motivates pessimistic consumers to adopt organic foods and reduces the concern‐behavior gap. The study provides significant implications for organic food marketers and retailers.
“Periimplant Mucositis” Secondary to Infection of Residual Bone Allograft Embedded in the Periimplant Sulcus of a Patient With Diabetes: A Case Report
Authors: Do Jonathan H. 
Published: March 2021

IntroductionCurrently, inflammation of tissue around implants is diagnosed as either periimplant mucositis or periimplantitis, and the etiology is bacterial biofilm colonization of the implant and its transmucosal component. The purpose of this manuscript is to report a case of “periimplant mucositis” secondary to infection of a residual bone allograft embedded in the periimplant sulcus of a patient with diabetes.Case PresentationA #8 implant was placed and provisionalized in a 46‐year‐old male patient. During implant placement, facial contour augmentation with an allograft (1000‐2000 μm), a collagen membrane, and a connective tissue graft was performed. Healing was uneventful. The crown was removed 9 months after implant placement; a graft particulate was observed in the periimplant sulcus and left undisturbed. The subgingival contour of the crown was adjusted, and the crown was reseated. The patient subsequently developed soreness and foul smell at #8. The crown was removed, and the previously observed graft particulate was more exposed and contaminated. It was removed and the crown was reseated. A month later, symptoms persisted. Palpation produced suppuration. A facial flap was reflected, and residual graft particulates embedded in the facial flap were removed. The site was grafted with a connective tissue graft. Subsequently, symptoms resolved, and the implant was restored.Conclusion(s)Within the limitation of this case report, it appears residual graft materials can get infected once exposed to the oral cavity and subsequently induce an inflammatory response in the surrounding tissue, especially in a patient with hyperglycemia.
Essential Oils of Polyalthia suberosa Leaf and Twig and Their Cytotoxic and Antimicrobial Activities
Authors: The Son Ninh , Le Tuan Anh , Thu Thuy Dinh Thi , Dinh Luyen Nguyen , Thi Tuyen Tran 
Published: March 2021

AbstractEssential oils from the leaf and twig of Polyalthia suberosa (Roxb.) Thwaites were analyzed using GC/MS/FID. A total of sixty‐three constituents were namely identified accounting for 96.03 and 94.12 % in the hydrodistilled oils of the leaf and twig, respectively. Monoterpenes, monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenes, and sesquiterpenoids were characteristic derivatives of P. suberosa essential oils. Sesquiterpenes bicyclogermacrene (26.26 %) and (E)‐caryophyllene (7.79 %), and monoterpene β‐pinene (12.71 %) were the major constituents of the leaf oil. Sesquiterpenes (E)‐caryophyllene (17.17 %) and α‐humulene (9.55 %), sesquiterpenoid caryophyllene oxide (9.41 %), and monoterpenes camphene (8.16 %) and tricyclene (6.35 %) were to be main components in the twig oil. The leaf oil indicated cytotoxic activity against three cancer cell lines HepG2, MCF7 and A549 with the IC50 values of 60.96–69.93 μg/mL, while the twig oil inhibited MCF7 with the IC50 value of 66.70 μg/mL. Additionally, the twig oil successfully suppressed the growth of the negative Gram bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa, fungus Aspergillus niger, and yeast Candida albicans with the same MIC value of 50 μg/mL, whereas the leaf oil had the same result on the negative Gram bacterium Escherichia coli.
Transition of maternal serum concentration of digoxin and flecainide in the third trimester—A case report of fetal supraventricular tachycardia with hydrops
Authors: Takatsuka Hirokazu , Wakabayashi Kayo , Yamazaki Shingo , Tanaka Hirokazu , Omoto Akiko , Suzuki Takaaki , Shozu Makio , Ishii Itsuko 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWhen transplacental therapy is conducted, the maternal serum concentrations of digoxin and flecainide may fluctuate throughout third trimester. Therefore, TDM may be effective in improving the efficacy and safety of treatment.
Reducing N2O Formation over CO‐SCR Systems with CuCe Mixed Metal Oxides
Authors: Sun Ruobing , Yu Feng , Wan Yinji , Pan Keke , Li Wenjian , Zhao Huanhuan , Dan Jianming , Dai Bin 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn the CO‐SCR reaction, reducing by‐product N2O formation helps to convert more NO into clean N2, which has a great significance to environmental governance. In this study, the CuCe mixed metal oxides with different molar ratios of Cu to Ce were prepared, characterized and evaluated to study the effect on the products of NO reduction by CO. The experimental results showed that the CuCe‐1 : 3 catalyst showed superior NO conversion with over 90 % N2 selectivity in the operating temperature window, and there were no amounts of N2O by‐product at 50–200 °C. The higher oxygen vacancy concentration and appearance of (NO)2 dimer inhibited N2O formation at low temperature. Finally, the reaction paths for the CuCe catalysts generating different products (N2, N2O) were proposed in the CO‐SCR reaction based on in‐situ DRIFTS results.
Photochemical Activation of Aromatic Aldehydes: Synthesis of Amides, Hydroxamic Acids and Esters
Authors: Nikitas Nikolaos F. , Apostolopoulou Mary K. , Skolia Elpida , Tsoukaki Anna , Kokotos Christoforos G. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA cheap, facile and metal‐free photochemical protocol for the activation of aromatic aldehydes has been developed. Utilizing thioxanthen‐9‐one as the photocatalyst and cheap household lamps as the light source, a variety of aromatic aldehydes have been activated and subsequently converted in a one‐pot reaction into amides, hydroxamic acids and esters in good to high yields. The applicability of this method was highlighted in the synthesis of Moclobemide, a drug against depression and social anxiety. Extended and detailed mechanistic studies have been conducted, in order to determine a plausible mechanism for the reaction.
A comparative mechanical study of two types of femur bone implant using the finite element method
Authors: Hamidi Saeideh , Khosravifard Amir , Hematiyan Mohammad Rahim , Dehghani Javad 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe femoral bone fracture is one of the most common fractures that orthopedic surgeons deal with. These fractures are associated with a significant percentage of death due to non‐orthopedic complications. For this reason, it is necessary that the surgeon be well‐aware of the condition of the patient and also of the biomechanical conditions of the bone and implant before surgery, in order to use the best surgical technique. Nowadays, the use of implants is a popular technique among the available methods for the treatment of femoral fractures. In the present study, two patients with different ages, three types of femoral bone fractures, that is, oblique, reverse oblique, and neck fracture, and two types of implants, namely, the dynamic hip screw (DHS) and the Gamma nail have been investigated. The behavior of the implants has been investigated at the two stages of treatment, that is, before and after bone union. The analysis of implants was based on the amount of stress and displacement induced in different parts of the bone and the implant. From the viewpoint of the stresses induced in the bone, all models are quite similar and in terms of the implant stresses, the Gamma nail is more reliable than the DHS. Additionally, the relative displacement of the fractured bone segments at the fracture planes was calculated. According to the obtained results, it can be concluded that the relative displacement of the fracture planes with the use of Gamma nail is somewhat less than the DHS, but this difference is not significant.
A method for the automatic detection of myopia in Optos fundus images based on deep learning
Authors: Shi Zhengjin , Wang Tianyu , Huang Zheng , Xie Feng , Song Guoli 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMyopia detection is significant for preventing irreversible visual impairment and diagnosing myopic retinopathy. To improve the detection efficiency and accuracy, a Myopia Detection Network (MDNet) that combines the advantages of dense connection and Residual Squeeze‐and‐Excitation attention is proposed in this paper to automatically detect myopia in Optos fundus images. First, an automatic optic disc recognition method is applied to extract the Regions of Interest and remove the noise disturbances; then, data augmentation techniques are implemented to enlarge the data set and prevent overfitting; moreover, an MDNet composed of Attention Dense blocks is constructed to detect myopia in Optos fundus images. The results show that the Mean Absolute Error of the Spherical Equivalent detected by this network can reach 1.1150 D (diopter), which verifies the feasibility and applicability of this method for the automatic detection of myopia in Optos fundus images.
Estimating agronomically relevant symbiotic nitrogen fixation in green manure breeding programs
Authors: Muller Katherine E. , Guinness Joseph , Hecking Matthew , Drinkwater Laurie E. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWidespread use of legume green manures is limited by a lack of reliable varieties that meet the needs of farmers. Improving symbiotic N fixation (SNF) in open‐pollinated legume species poses a challenge because normal methods used for assessing SNF conflict with breeding practices such as seed production and removing low‐quality sires. We investigated methods for measuring symbiotic N fixation that are compatible with breeding practice for two major legume cover crops: hairy vetch (Vicia villosaRoth) and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatumL.). We collected two nondestructive samples at the early‐flowering stage (Meristem and Wedge) and a sample at seed harvest (Seed). Our objective was to determine which combination of measurements best predicted symbiotic N fixation (% N derived from atmosphere [Ndfa]) and total N content at 50% flowering. Our statistical approach accommodated the problem that target traits and seed measurements cannot be measured in the same individuals. Overall, the Wedge sample provided the best prediction for Ndfa at 50% flowering. The best predictions for total N plant–1came from combining vigor ratings with aboveground biomass at seed harvest. In addition to specific recommendations for legume cover crop breeding programs, we provide a flexible statistical method for studying relationships between traits that cannot be measured jointly.