bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Herbicide resistance across the Australian continent
Authors: Busi Roberto , Beckie Hugh J , Bates Andy , Boyes Tim , Davey Chris , Haskins Barry , Mock Simon , Newman Peter , Porri Aimone , Onofri Andrea 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDLolium rigidum is the weed of greatest economic impact in Australia due to its formidable capacity to evolve herbicide resistance. In this study, 579 field‐sampled L. rigidum populations were tested for resistance to 21 herbicides applied at the recommended rate. Nine herbicide treatments were binary mixtures.RESULTSA total of 15 876 individual resistance tests were conducted by screening two million seeds at the recommended label rate. The overall frequency of resistant populations was 31%, 14%, 71%, 6% and 0% in response to the post‐emergence herbicide treatments clethodim, clethodim + butroxydim, imazamox + imazapyr, glyphosate and paraquat, respectively. The resistance frequency to stand‐alone pre‐emergence wheat‐selective herbicides ranged from 10% to 34%. Conversely, the levels of resistance to pre‐emergence mixtures or stand‐alone propyzamide were significantly lower, ranging from 6% to 0%. In winter, the responses to glyphosate, paraquat, cinmethylin, prosulfocarb, pyroxasulfone and trifluralin were reassessed, with 7%, 0%, 0%, 21%, 21% and 28% as the respective resistance frequencies. South Australia and Victoria are identified as epicenters for L. rigidum population resistance to pyroxasulfone, whereas populations in New South Wales have the greatest resistance to glyphosate and in Western Australia to clethodim.CONCLUSIONSFor the first time, resistance levels to stand‐alone herbicides and binary mixtures are geographically ranked across the Australian continent by benchmark statistical analysis of resistance frequencies and distribution. The extension of these results will raise awareness of rapidly emerging patterns of herbicide resistance, encouraging the adoption of cost‐effective modes of action and integration of diverse strategies for weed resistance management.
Event‐triggered feedback control for delayed singular jump systems based on sampled observer and exponential detector
Authors: Zhuang Guangming , Xia Jianwei , Ma Qian , Sun Wei , Wang Yanqian 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis paper is intended to investigate the problem of event‐triggered feedback control for time‐varying delays singular jump systems based on sampled observer and exponential detector. By virtue of the designed event‐triggered control strategies, the state estimate signals are transmitted to the controller under the networked communication environment and aperiodic sampling scheme. The driving threshold is devised by exponentially decreasing function, which is used to guarantee not only the validity of event‐triggered strategy but also the admissibility of the delayed singular jump systems. Neoteric stochastic admissibility, stabilization and performance conditions are obtained in terms of linear matrix inequalities. Simulation examples including an oil catalytic cracking process are utilized to illustrate the validity and superiority of the proposed event‐triggered feedback control technique.
A Highly Enantioselective Approach to Hydrocarbazole Derivatives Catalyzed by Diphenylmethylidene Bis(oxazoline)‐Ni(II) Complexes
Authors: Luo Jia‐yu , Chenzhang Peng‐fei , Lan Wenjie , Li Jia‐qi , Qin Zhaohai , Fu Bin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe first Ni(II)‐catalyzed asymmetric [4+2] cycloaddition of silyloxyvinylindoles with 2‐enoyl pyridines was successfully accomplished by using a diphenylmethylidene‐tethered bis(oxazoline). A series of optically active hydrocarbazole derivatives with three contiguous stereocenters were achieved in good yield with both high diastereo‐(>20 : 1) and enantioeselectivities (up to 97 % ee) under mild conditions. Moreover, various 2‐enoyl azaarenes were compatible with the reaction. A proposed mechanism was deducted.
Ultrathin Co(OH)2 Nanosheets@Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Nanoflake Arrays as Efficient Air Cathodes for Rechargeable Zn–Air Batteries
Authors: Wang Yijie , Li Aoshuang , Cheng Chuanwei 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDeveloping highly active, cost‐effective, and durable bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts is an important step for the advancement of rechargeable Zn–air batteries (ZABs). Herein, an efficient bifunctional oxygen electrocatalyst of ultrathin Co(OH)2 nanosheets supported on nitrogen‐doped carbon nanoflake arrays (named as Co(OH)2@NC), is reported, which yields excellent bifunctional activity, i.e., a low overpotential of 285 mV to reach 10 mA cm−2 for oxygen evolution reaction (OER), a high half‐wave potential (0.83 V) for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), and a low potential gap (ΔE) of 0.69 V. The excellent bifunctional catalytic performance can be ascribed to the concerted efforts of cobalt hydroxide toward OER and nitrogen‐doped carbon for ORR. The Co(OH)2@NC nanoflake arrays is further used as binder‐free air cathodes for rechargeable Zn–air batteries, exhibiting a high specific capacity of 798.3 mAh gZn−1, improved stability (a working life of >70 h at 5 mA cm−2), as well as a reduced long‐term charging voltage, which outperforms the counterparts of NC nanoflake arrays and Pt/C‐based air cathodes. One step further, the Co(OH)2@NC nanoflake arrays on carbon cloth are directly used as binder‐free air cathodes for flexible, solid‐state ZABs, showing excellent performance under deformation as well.
Self‐Propelled Asymmetrical Nanomotor for Self‐Reported Gas Therapy
Authors: Yue Ludan , Yang Kuikun , Li Junyan , Cheng Qian , Wang Ruibing 
Published: July 2021

AbstractGas therapy has emerged as a new therapeutic strategy in combating cancer owing to its high therapeutic efficacy and biosafety. However, the clinical translation of gas therapy remains challenging due to the rapid diffusion and limited tissue penetration of therapeutic gases. Herein, a self‐propelled, asymmetrical Au@MnO2 nanomotor for efficient delivery of therapeutic gas to deep‐seated cancer tissue for enhanced efficacy of gas therapy, is reported. The Au@MnO2 nanoparticles (NPs) catalyze endogenous H2O2 into O2 that propels NPs into deep solid tumors, where SO2 prodrug is released from the hollow NPs owing to the degradation of MnO2 shells. Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) is conjugated onto the surface of Au via caspase‐3 responsive peptide (DEVD) and the therapeutic process of gas therapy can be optically self‐reported by the fluorescence of FITC that is turned on in the presence of overexpressed caspase‐3 as an apoptosis indicator. Au@MnO2 nanomotors show self‐reported therapeutic efficacy and high biocompatibility both in vitro and in vivo, offering important new insights to the design and development of novel nanomotors for efficient payload delivery into deep tumor tissue and in situ monitoring of the therapeutic process.
The Influence of Size, Shape, and Twin Boundaries on Heat‐Induced Alloying in Individual Au@Ag Core–Shell Nanoparticles
Authors: Mychinko Mikhail , Skorikov Alexander , Albrecht Wiebke , Sánchez‐Iglesias Ana , Zhuo Xiaolu , Kumar Vished , Liz‐Marzán Luis M. , Bals Sara 
Published: July 2021

AbstractEnvironmental conditions during real‐world application of bimetallic core–shell nanoparticles (NPs) often include the use of elevated temperatures, which are known to cause elemental redistribution, in turn significantly altering the properties of these nanomaterials. Therefore, a thorough understanding of such processes is of great importance. The recently developed combination of fast electron tomography with in situ heating holders is a powerful approach to investigate heat‐induced processes at the single NP level, with high spatial resolution in 3D. In combination with 3D finite‐difference diffusion simulations, this method can be used to disclose the influence of various NP parameters on the diffusion dynamics in Au@Ag core–shell systems. A detailed study of the influence of heating on atomic diffusion and alloying for Au@Ag NPs with varying core morphology and crystallographic details is carried out. Whereas the core shape and aspect ratio of the NPs play a minor role, twin boundaries are found to have a strong influence on the elemental diffusion.
Compressive behavior of RC members with rectangular continuous transverse reinforcement
Authors: Zakerinejad Mohammad , Soltani Masoud 
Published: July 2021

AbstractRectangular Continuous Transverse Reinforcement (RCTR), as a replacement for conventional ties, is a relatively new form of reinforcement that can accelerate and facilitate the construction of reinforcement for RC members. In this study, the compressive behavior of concrete members with this kind of reinforcement is experimentally and theoretically investigated. Twenty‐eight RC short column specimens with multiple arrangements for bar size and spacing of transverse reinforcement; including RCTR and conventional ties are examined under monotonic and half‐cyclic loadings. The results imply that RCTR is a valid substitute for traditional ties and to a certain extent can improve the compressive strength of RC members. Based on Elasto‐Plastic and Fracture (EPF) concrete model, a theoretical method is proposed in order to predict the behavior of such members, which conforms well with the experimental results. Furthermore, the validity of existing design provisions in the compressive design of these members is investigated.
Extraction and analytical approaches in the forensic evaluation of anabolic androgenic steroid formulations
Authors: Berneira Lucas Moraes , Poletti Tais , de Freitas Samantha Coelho , da Silva Caroline Carapina , Ortiz Rafael Scorsatto , de Pereira Claudio Martin Pereira 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAnabolic androgenic steroids are controlled or prohibited substances worldwide since their abusive usage can lead to extensive side effects. For forensic purposes, apprehended formulations of anabolic agents have to be analyzed to determine their components as well as possible adulterants and contaminants. Nevertheless, there are no comprehensive reviews in the field in order to compile the methods and analytical techniques that have been described so far. Therefore, the aim of this work was to review the analytical techniques and methods of extraction available for the analysis of formulations of anabolic agents. In this sense, 76 research works that analyzed formulations of anabolic agents from 1979 to 2021 were reviewed and distributed under the extraction methods and the analytical techniques employed by the authors. Generally, ultrasonic‐assisted extraction associated with methanol as extractor solvent is the procedure of choice with little contribution of solid or liquid–liquid extraction. According to the literature, there are several analytical tools available for the analysis of these substances, although gas and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry as well as spectroscopic techniques are frequently employed. Nonetheless, novel techniques have been developed in order to decrease analysis time, cost, and sample preparation, which are important features in the expressive numbers of anabolic agents apprehended yearly. Therefore, the application of adequate methods of extraction coupled to suitable analytical techniques can be efficient forensic tools in order to contest the illicit supply of anabolic androgenic steroids providing consistent evidence to legal courts.This article is categorized under:Forensic Chemistry and Trace Evidence > Emerging Technologies and MethodsToxicology > Drug AnalysisToxicology > Analytical Toxicology
Medium-induced fragmentation and equilibration of highly energetic partons
Authors: Schlichting Soeren , Soudi Ismail 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
We investigate the energy loss and equilibration of highly energetic particles/jets inside a QCD medium. Based on an effective kinetic description of QCD, including 2 ↔ 2 elastic processes, radiative 1 ↔ 2 processes, as well as the back-reaction of jet constituents onto the thermal medium, we describe the in-medium evolution of jets from the energy scale of the jet ∼ E all the way to the medium scale ∼ T. While elastic processes and back-reaction are important to describe the equilibration of soft fragments of the jet, we find that the energy loss is dominated by an inverse turbulent cascade due to successive radiative branchings, which has interesting implications for the energy spectra and chemistry of jet fragments.
A novel partitioning scheme for the application of the distortion/interaction - activation strain model to intramolecular reactions
Authors: Velasco-Juárez Elena , Arpa Enrique M. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe distortion/interaction or activation strain model, developed by Houk and Bickelhaupt, relates chemical reactivity to the reagents deformations and reciprocal electronic influences. However, in its original formulation, it struggles to elucidate the mechanistic insights of intramolecular reactions, those unimolecular processes in which two parts of a molecule, the reaction centers, linked by a connector, are brought together to yield a different chemical species. Here we present a modification of the distortion/interaction procedure for its application on intramolecular reactions. This new procedure allows the calculation of the influence exerted by the connector over the reaction pathway in an indirect way, from the distortions of the two reaction centers and their interaction energy. This procedure does not include additional, undesired interactions and offers the possibility of calculating very large connectors in a computationally inexpensive way. We applied this methodology in the normal electron-demand Diels–Alder reaction of 1,3,8-nonatriene derivatives, with different functionalizations and connector lengths. In-depth analysis of the IRC showed that the reaction pathway can be subdivided in three main regions, what we called the oncoming, conversion and relaxation phases, each of them characterized by different evolutions of the distortion and interaction energies, and with clear geometry changes. We suggest that this new formulation can provide additional information for intramolecular reactions, especially to those processes for which the connector is said to play a crucial role in the observed reaction rates.
The effect of geometry and illumination on appearance perception of different material categories
Authors: Chen Bin , Wang Chao , Piovarči Michal , Seidel Hans-Peter , Didyk Piotr , Myszkowski Karol , Serrano Ana 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe understanding of material appearance perception is a complex problem due to interactions between material reflectance, surface geometry, and illumination. Recently, Serrano et al. collected the largest dataset to date with subjective ratings of material appearance attributes, including glossiness, metallicness, sharpness and contrast of reflections. In this work, we make use of their dataset to investigate for the first time the impact of the interactions between illumination, geometry, and eight different material categories in perceived appearance attributes. After an initial analysis, we select for further analysis the four material categories that cover the largest range for all perceptual attributes: fabric, plastic, ceramic, and metal. Using a cumulative link mixed model (CLMM) for robust regression, we discover interactions between these material categories and four representative illuminations and object geometries. We believe that our findings contribute to expanding the knowledge on material appearance perception and can be useful for many applications, such as scene design, where any particular material in a given shape can be aligned with dominant classes of illumination, so that a desired strength of appearance attributes can be achieved.
Gene expression analyses on multi-target mode of action of black cohosh in menopausal complaints – a pilot study in rodents
Authors: Stute Petra , Ehrentraut Stefan , Henneicke-von Zepelin Hans-Heinrich , Nicken Petra 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Purpose
This study aimed at assessing gene expression profiles in hippocampus and hypothalamus of ovariectomized (OVX) rats with or without treatment with an isopropanolic extract of Cimicifuga racemosa rhizomes (iCR) in comparison to intact rats.

Methods
Exploration of hippocampal (Hi) and hypothalamic (Hy) tissue from Sprague Dawley rats: without OVX (NHi = NHy = 4), tissues 3 months after OVX (NHi = 4, NHy = 3), or tissues of rats after their treatment with iCR for 3 months after OVX (NHi = NHy = 2). Gene expression profiles in these tissues were investigated by RNA-microarray-analysis and subsequent verification by qPCR.

Results
4812 genes were differentially regulated when comparing the three groups in hippocampus and hypothalamus. iCR compensated the effects of OVX in 518 genes. This compensatory effect was most prominent in hippocampal signalling pathways, thereof genes (GAL, CALCA, HCRT, AVPR1A, PNOC, etc.) involved in thermoregulation, regulation of sleep and arousal, blood pressure regulation, metabolism, nociception, hormonal regulation, homeostasis, learning and cognition, mood regulation, neuroendocrine modulation, etc.. In the hypothalamus, iCR compensated OVX-effects at TAC3 and OPRM1 but not at KISS1. These genes are involved in the pathophysiology of hot flashes.

Conclusions
Our pilot study findings support a multifaceted mode of action of iCR in menopausal complaints on a tissue-specific brain gene expression level.
Association between formal thought disorders, neurocognition and functioning in the early stages of psychosis: a systematic review of the last half-century studies
Authors: Oeztuerk Oemer Faruk , Pigoni Alessandro , Antonucci Linda A. , Koutsouleris Nikolaos 
Published: July 2021

AbstractRecent review articles provided an extensive collection of studies covering many aspects of format thought disorders (FTD) among their epidemiology and phenomenology, their neurobiological underpinnings, genetics as well as their transdiagnostic prevalence. However, less attention has been paid to the association of FTD with neurocognitive and functioning deficits in the early stages of evolving psychosis. Therefore, this systematic review aims to investigate the state of the art regarding the association between FTD, neurocognition and functioning in the early stages of evolving psychotic disorders in adolescents and young adults, by following the PRISMA flowchart. A total of 106 studies were screened. We included 8 studies due to their reports of associations between FTD measures and functioning outcomes measured with different scales and 7 studies due to their reports of associations between FTD measures and neurocognition. In summary, the main findings of the included studies for functioning outcomes showed that FTD severity predicted poor social functioning, unemployment, relapses, re-hospitalisations, whereas the main findings of the included studies for neurocognition showed correlations between attentional deficits, executive functions and FTD, and highlighted the predictive potential of executive dysfunctions for sustained FTD. Further studies in upcoming years taking advantage of the acceleration in computational psychiatry would allow researchers to re-investigate the clinical importance of FTD and their role in the transition from at-risk to full-blown psychosis conditions. Employing automated computer-assisted diagnostic tools in the early stages of psychosis might open new avenues to develop targeted neuropsychotherapeutics specific to FTD.
Bilateral vestibulopathy decreases self-motion perception
Authors: van Stiphout Lisa , Lucieer Florence , Pleshkov Maksim , Van Rompaey Vincent , Widdershoven Josine , Guinand Nils , Pérez Fornos Angélica , Kingma Herman , van de Berg Raymond 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Objective
Current diagnostic criteria for bilateral vestibulopathy (BV) primarily involve measurements of vestibular reflexes. Perceptual self-motion thresholds however, are not routinely measured and their clinical value in this specific population is not yet fully determined. Objectives of this study were (1) to compare perceptual self-motion thresholds between BV patients and control subjects, and (2) to explore patterns of self-motion perception performance and vestibular function in BV patients.

Methods
Thirty-seven BV patients and 34 control subjects were included in this study. Perceptual self-motion thresholds were measured in both groups using a CAREN platform (Motek Medical BV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands). Vestibular function was evaluated (only in BV patients) by the caloric test, torsion swing test, video head impulse test of all semicircular canals, and cervical- and ocular vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials. Differences in thresholds between both groups were analyzed. Hierarchical cluster analysis was performed to visualize patterns between self-motion perception and vestibular function within the group of BV patients.

Results
Perceptual self-motion thresholds were significantly higher in BV patients compared to control subjects, regarding nearly all rotations and translations (depending on the age group) (p ≤ 0.001). Cluster analysis showed that within the group of BV patients, higher perceptual self-motion thresholds were generally associated with lower vestibular test results (significant for yaw rotation, caloric test, torsion swing test, and video head impulse test (p ≤ 0.001)).

Conclusion
Self-motion perception is significantly decreased in BV patients compared to control subjects regarding nearly all rotations and translations. Furthermore, decreased self-motion perception is generally associated with lower residual vestibular function in BV patients.

Trial registration
Trial registration number NL52768.068.15/METC
Cannabinoids in the landscape of cancer
Authors: Mangal Nagina , Erridge Simon , Habib Nagy , Sadanandam Anguraj , Reebye Vikash , Sodergren Mikael Hans 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Introduction
Cannabinoids are a group of terpenophenolic compounds derived from the Cannabis sativa L. plant. There is a growing body of evidence from cell culture and animal studies in support of cannabinoids possessing anticancer properties.

Method
A database search of peer reviewed articles published in English as full texts between January 1970 and April 2021 in Google Scholar, MEDLINE, PubMed and Web of Science was undertaken. References of relevant literature were searched to identify additional studies to construct a narrative literature review of oncological effects of cannabinoids in pre-clinical and clinical studies in various cancer types.

Results
Phyto-, endogenous and synthetic cannabinoids demonstrated antitumour effects both in vitro and in vivo. However, these effects are dependent on cancer type, the concentration and preparation of the cannabinoid and the abundance of receptor targets. The mechanism of action of synthetic cannabinoids, (−)-trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) has mainly been described via the traditional cannabinoid receptors; CB1 and CB2, but reports have also indicated evidence of activity through GPR55, TRPM8 and other ion channels including TRPA1, TRPV1 and TRPV2.

Conclusion
Cannabinoids have shown to be efficacious both as a single agent and in combination with antineoplastic drugs. These effects have occurred through various receptors and ligands and modulation of signalling pathways involved in hallmarks of cancer pathology. There is a need for further studies to characterise its mode of action at the molecular level and to delineate efficacious dosage and route of administration in addition to synergistic regimes.