bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
At the Games
Authors: Cassibry Kimberly 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Hundreds of fragmentary glass cups preserve labeled representations of the empire’s leading sports stars, especially charioteers and gladiators. This mold-blown glassware illustrates how imagery common on popular terracotta plaques and lamps was adapted for upright translucent vessel walls. Comparing scenes reveals an important difference: whereas chariots are shown racing around the track’s monument-filled dividing line, gladiators compete without any indication of setting. When the cups are glimpsed at a utilitarian angle (45 degrees), they represent the events as they appeared from inclined stands and conjure the visual experience of spectacular entertainment. Most examples have been documented in the northwest provinces; in funerary, religious, and domestic contexts; and in places that did necessarily possess sports venues. Previously considered tools of Romanization or mementoes brought home from games, they were more likely commodities that found success in a competitive market for tableware by offering virtual experiences of the games in miniature.
Introduction
Authors: Hanhimäki Jussi M. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The Introduction outlines the basic paradox addressed in this book. On the one hand, transatlantic relations appear to be in a constant state of crisis; the “death” of the transatlantic partnership has been declared with confidence many times over. On the other hand, the links that bind the United States and Europe together—institutional, cultural, political, military—have so far prevailed. In short, the Introduction asks whether the transatlantic partnership of liberal democracies has become more fragile in the three decades since 1990? The Introduction foreshadows the major argument of the book: that the transatlantic relationship draws its long-term strength from the constant disagreements. Last, the Introduction outlines the book’s structure and defines the conceptual framework used.
Victory and the West
Authors: Hanhimäki Jussi M. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the state of transatlantic relations at the end of the Cold War. It takes particular issue with the notion that the Cold War had been a golden age of transatlantic cooperation. The Cold War had witnessed the emergence of a transatlantic community. But that community had been in a perpetual state of inner conflict and disagreement. NATO had almost fallen apart in the 1960s when France exited the alliance’s unified military command. Conflicts over burden-sharing and out-of-area engagements, over national subsidies and trade rules had been frequent. Before the Berlin Wall came down, the alliance had already survived, even thrived, through many internal crises. Paradoxically, when the Cold War in Europe ended, the “West” was at the same time more diverse and more united than at any time in the past.
Guardian of Pax Transatlantica
Authors: Hanhimäki Jussi M. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on NATO, the institutional core of Pax Transatlantica. Since the end of the Cold War, NATO has enlarged its membership and ventured beyond its immediate neighborhood. Its significance as a security actor has been enhanced, not least because of the actions of the Russian Federation in Georgia, Ukraine, and Syria. By 2020, NATO was bigger and more engaged than ever before, with military capacities that dwarfed those of any of its real or potential adversaries. Yet, the success story was hampered by widespread pessimism about NATO’s future on both sides of the Atlantic. In fact, the post–Cold War era had seen numerous inter-alliance crises: the Iraq War of 2003 being the most obvious example. Nevertheless, three decades after the collapse of the Berlin Wall, NATO retained its function as the basic building block of Pax Transatlantica.
Interdependence and Integration
Authors: Hanhimäki Jussi M. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The end of the Cold War and the increasingly rapid pace of globalization transformed the transatlantic economic community. This chapter will trace some of the major economic developments of the past three decades, including the impact of regional integration, the Great Recession of 2007–2010, the uncertainties produced by Britain’s decision to leave the EU (Brexit) in 2016, and the Trump administration’s apparent tilt toward economic nationalism. Yet, the history of the transatlantic economic space is also one of deeper interconnectedness and continued accumulation of wealth. After three decades of post–Cold War transformation, the transatlantic economy remains the cockpit of the global economy, the largest and wealthiest market in the world. Indeed, the ultimate paradox of the transatlantic economic relationship may well be that closer economic integration and interdependence has produced more transatlantic competition and closer scrutiny over the other side’s trading practices and labor standards.
2020—Going Viral
Authors: Hanhimäki Jussi M. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The rapid spread of Covid-19 transformed lives all across the world, causing restrictions on individual liberties and cross-border movements. Transatlantic travel came to a virtual halt in the spring of 2020. The coronavirus caused a severe and rapid economic contraction. Its politicization exacerbated existing divides within societies and polities. Yet, in some ways the most surprising effect of the pandemic may turn out to be the limited impact it had on the structural bonds between America and Europe. Talk about NATO’s demise took a back seat and the momentum for increased transatlantic cooperation in science and innovation picked up. In November 2020, Donald Trump’s defeat in the US presidential elections—perhaps the most closely observed political event of all time—signaled a possible return to less divisive public discourse. Even when infected by a virus, Pax Transatlantica endured.
Mutiny and Leadership
Authors: Grint Keith 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMutiny is often associated with the occasional mis-leadership of the masses by politically inspired hotheads or a spontaneous and unusually romantic gesture of defiance against a uniquely overbearing military superior. In reality it is seldom either, and usually it has far more mundane roots, not in the absolute poverty of the subordinates but in the relative poverty of the relationships between leaders and led in a military situation. Using contemporary leadership theory to cast a critical light on an array of mutinies across time and space, this book suggests we consider mutiny as a permanent possibility that is further encouraged or discouraged by particular contexts. What turns discontent into mutiny, however, lies in the leadership skills of a small number of leaders, and what transforms that into a constructive dialogue or a catastrophic disaster depends on how the leaders of both sides mobilize their supporters and their networks. From mutinies in ancient Roman and Greek armies through those that were generated by uncaring European monarchs and those that toppled the German and Russian states—and those that forced governments to face their own disastrous policies and changed them forever—this book covers an array of cases across land, sea, and air that still pose a threat to military establishments today.
Picturesque Literature and the Transformation of the American Landscape, 1835-1874
Authors: Evelev John 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This book examines the central role that the picturesque, a popular mode of scenery appreciation that advocated for an improved and manipulated natural landscape, played in the social, spatial, and literary history of mid-nineteenth-century America. It argues that the picturesque was not simply a landscape aesthetic, but also a discipline of seeing and imaginatively shaping the natural world that was widely embraced by bourgeois Americans to transform the national landscape in their own image. Through the picturesque, midcentury bourgeois Americans remade rural spaces into tourist scenery, celebrated the city streets as spaces of cultural diversity, created new urban public parks, and made suburban domesticity a national ideal. This picturesque transformation was promulgated in a variety of popular literary genres, all of which focused on landscape description and inculcated readers into the protocols of picturesque visual discipline as social reform. Many of these genres have since been dubbed “minor” or have even been forgotten in our literary history, but the ranks of the writers of this picturesque literature include those from the most canonical (Hawthorne, Melville, Thoreau, Emerson, and Poe) to major authors of the period who are now less familiar to us (such as Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Lydia Maria Child, Nathaniel Parker Willis, and Margaret Fuller) to those who are now completely forgotten. Individual chapters of the book link picturesque literary genres to the spaces that the genres helped to transform and, in the process, create what is recognizably our modern American landscape.
{ Introduction }
Authors: Evelev John 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Introducing the book as a whole, this chapter argues that the rise in popularity of the picturesque in mid-nineteenth-century America was a discipline of transforming landscapes to serve bourgeois ideological purposes, not simply a vogue in landscape aesthetics. Centering on the work of Andrew Jackson Downing (1815–1852), whose influential writings and designs shaped the creation of the suburbs, new urban parks, and reconfigured domestic spaces, the Introduction traces the social meanings of the picturesque in late eighteenth-century England and its popularization in the United States in scenery books, aesthetic treatises, and design books in the 1830s and 1840s. Literary landscape genres had a role in popularizing the picturesque and helping middle-class Americans to imagine a new national landscape. In theorizing this role, the Introduction also recovers a literary tradition that has been largely excluded from the dominant narratives about nineteenth-century American literature.
Exile
Authors: Fortini Brown Patricia 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Girolamo and Giulia sail to Crete, their voyage reimagined from accounts of similar trips in that period. After avoiding attacks from corsairs, they arrive safely in the port of Candia, only to find half-finished city walls and many buildings partially in ruin from a recent earthquake. They soon obtain rental housing and insert themselves into a community of Latins and Greeks. Giulia gives birth to their first child, Lodovico, who dies two weeks later. A healthy second son, Sigismondo, is born, albeit with difficulties. With the Della Torre line now assured, the couple move within a complicated social hierarchy of elites and settle into the rhythms of colonial life. Girolamo collects rents for a Farnese cardinal and is granted permission to carry arms for his defence. The search for his brother’s assassins continues back in Italy, and Bishop Michele becomes a leading figure at the Council of Trent.
The Capitano Grande
Authors: Fortini Brown Patricia 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Giulia’s father Gian Matteo is actively engaged in political affairs and cultural endeavours (the Accademia degli Uniti) in Venice. He is Eelected Capitano Generale Grandeof Candia in 1552, he and sails to the island with his wife Marcella for a two-year term and . Hemakes notable additions to the infrastructure of the city. Continuing with the construction of Michele Sanmicheli’s city walls, he brings the first running water into the city, builds a fountain using Roman spolia, and completes new arsenals at the port. Giulia gives birth to Taddea and Giulio. Michele continues to lobby for a reduction of his brother’s sentence. Finally, after the election of a new doge (a close friend of Gian Matteo’s), the Council of Ten votes to allow Girolamo to return to Venice to complete the last five years of his term. The Della Torre and Bembo families sail back to Venice in September 1554.
The Sacrifice
Authors: Fortini Brown Patricia 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Girolamo completes his sentence in mid-1559, and the family moves into the bishop’s castle in Ceneda, and then on to the castle at Villalta. Giulia furnishes each residence, as well as Palazzo Torriani in Udine, with trappings and furniture suitable to the family’s noble status. Giovanni da Udine embellishes the ceiling of a studiolo in the Castello di Colloredo with grotteschi decoration. While the Della Torre stay out of trouble, their Colloredo relatives keep the blood feud alive. After bearing two more daughters, Ginevra and Elena, Giulia is pregnant again and prophesies her own death. She dies in Ceneda in spring 1562 shortly after giving birth to Giulia II, her tenth child, ‘renewing the major part of the ancestors and herself’. The bloodline was secure. Francesco Sansovino honours Giulia in 1565 with the first freestanding female biography of an ordinary woman to appear in print in Renaissance Italy.
Suitable Alliances
Authors: Fortini Brown Patricia 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Girolamo marries off all five daughters to Friulian nobles—three to feudal lords, two to wealthy city dwellers—thus strengthening the family network of alliances. Alvise and Giovanni become priests, the latter destined to follow his uncle Michele into high church office. Girolamo’s oldest son, Sigismondo, seeks his fortune in service of the Hapsburgs. His first marriage brings him the feud of Spessa, complete with castle, in Gorizia, and a son and heir, Carlo, named after the archduke. A second marriage into a collateral Della Torre line based in imperial territory ties him ever more firmly to the Hapsburgs. Girolamo expands the castle at Villalta, grafting a seigneurial Renaissance country villa onto the medieval fortress, the complex becoming a metaphor for a feudal family that now embraces Venetian republican values. Michele is featured in Paolo Paruta’s Della perfezione della vita politica (1579), a treatise celebrating politics as civil discipline.
The Cardinal
Authors: Fortini Brown Patricia 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Michele is named cardinal in 1583 by Pope Gregory XIII and is lauded with extensive, and costly, celebrations in Ceneda and Udine. It is the high point of the Della Torre fortunes and reputation. When the pope dies in 1585, Michele is favoured by many to be his successor, but another cardinal is elected instead as Sixtus V. Michele dies in Ceneda the following year. This is a low point for the family. Girolamo’s son, Giovanni, is in line for a bishopric and there are hopes for the Ceneda post. But Michele Mocenigo, a candidate favoured by the Venetians, is named instead. SadlyMore seriously, Michele’s cardinalate (as well as the bishopric) was a costly honour, and the Della Torre family is deeply in debt. Girolamo becomes embroiled in a lengthy dispute with the pope over funeral expenses and with Mocenigo over assets in Ceneda.
Retrenchment
Authors: Fortini Brown Patricia 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In 1587 Girolamo sells Palazzo Torriani to Antonio Marchesi, a rich merchant, to satisfy some of the creditors. Marchesi, who has noble aspirations, embellishes the palace with luxurious furnishings, including a ceiling painting by the workshop of Paolo Veronese, and builds new structures on the site. Girolamo ties up loose ends. He verifies the family’s titles and investitures and puts his financial house in order. Mindful of the litigation over Gian Matteo’s estate, he executes a notarized document, dividing his property, and his debts, equally between his three surviving sons, Sigismondo, Giulio, and Giovanni, ‘so that everyone would know his share’. Girolamo’s brother-in-law Pietro Bembo, Bishop of Veglia, dies in 1589. The pope gives the office to Girolamo’s son Giovanni over Venetian objections. Girolamo drafts his testament, reaffirming the property division of 1587. He dies in Venice in March 1590 at the age of eighty-five.
What Matters in Survival
Authors: Ehring Douglas 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This work is about what matters in survival, that is, about what relation to a future individual gives you a reason for prudential concern for that individual. For common sense there is such a relation and it is identity, but according to Parfit, common sense is wrong in this respect. Identity is not what matters in survival. In this work, it is argued that this Parfitian thesis, revolutionary though it is, does not go far enough. The result is the highly radical view, “Survival Nihilism,” according to which nothing matters in survival. Although we generally have motivating reasons to have prudential concern, and perhaps even indirect normative reasons for such concerns—such as a commitment to find a vaccine for the Covid-19 virus—there is no relation that gives you a basic, foundational normative reason for prudential concern. This view goes beyond what Parfit calls the Extreme View. It is the More Extreme View, and is, in effect, something like an error theory about prudential reason as a special kind of normative reason.
Epilogue
Authors: Ehring Douglas 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In the Epilogue, various possible implications of Survival Nihilism are considered. It is argued, first, that Rational Egoism must be rejected if Survival Nihilism is true. Second, the question of whether Survival Nihilism excludes both the possibilities of compensation and of moral responsibility is examined. The conclusion is that it does but only if compensation and moral responsible require that there some relation matters in survival, but it is uncertain one way or the other that this is a requirement of either compensation or moral responsibility. Finally, the possibility of a purely pragmatic justification for having a practice of prudential concern—organized around identity or some other relation—that cannot be defeated by metaphysical considerations is assessed. It is suggested that, in fact, given the metaphysical reflections of this work, a pragmatic justification for adopting a practice of prudential concern, so organized, would not mean that identity or an alternative non-identity relation would give you a non-derivative or derivative reason for prudential concern.
Making AI Intelligible
Authors: Cappelen Herman , Dever Josh 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Can humans and artificial intelligences share concepts and communicate? One aim of Making AI Intelligible is to show that philosophical work on the metaphysics of meaning can help answer these questions. Cappelen and Dever use the externalist tradition in philosophy of to create models of how AIs and humans can understand each other. In doing so, they also show ways in which that philosophical tradition can be improved: our linguistic encounters with AIs revel that our theories of meaning have been excessively anthropocentric. The questions addressed in the book are not only theoretically interesting, but the answers have pressing practical implications. Many important decisions about human life are now influenced by AI. In giving that power to AI, we presuppose that AIs can track features of the world that we care about (e.g. creditworthiness, recidivism, cancer, and combatants.) If AIs can share our concepts, that will go some way towards justifying this reliance on AI. The book can be read as a proposal for how to take some first steps towards achieving interpretable AI. Making AI Intelligible is of interest to both philosophers of language and anyone who follows current events or interacts with AI systems. It illustrates how philosophy can help us understand and improve our interactions with AI.
Achilles Tatius and Vergil’s Aeneid
Authors: Jolowicz Daniel 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Chapter 5 attends to Achilles Tatius’ engagement with Vergil’s Aeneid. The argument focuses on three main lines of enquiry (in all of which it is clear that Achilles is capitalizing on the erotic potential on offer in Vergil’s epic). Section 5.2 argues that Achilles models Melite’s plea for sex with Clitophon (articulated in two speeches) on Dido’s plea that Aeneas stay in Carthage (also articulated in two speeches), thus reducing Dido’s tragic hope for marital-political security to a wish for a single session of sex (Melite is successful in her wish). Section 5.3 takes as its subject the flushed cheeks of Leucippe in Book 1 (to which Clitophon responds erotically) and argues that it is modelled on the famous blush of Lavinia in Aeneid 12 (which fires Turnus with love). Section 5.4 ranges over a number of phraseological overlaps between Achilles and the Aeneid suggestive of a close engagement (especially in connection with the storm in Aeneid 1 and the character of Coroebus in Aeneid 2).
Achilles Tatius and the Destruction of Bodies
Authors: Jolowicz Daniel 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Chapter 6 argues that Achilles is attracted to the gallery of bodily carnage on offer in Ovid’s Metamorphoses, Lucan’s Bellum Civile, and Seneca’s Phaedra, as part of his apparent obsession with the vulnerability of human bodies and their susceptibility to wounding. It makes four distinct arguments. Section 6.2 makes the case that the episode of Charicles’ death in Achilles manifests strong indications of interaction with the accounts of the gruesome death of Hippolytus in Ovid’s Metamorphoses and Seneca’s Phaedra. Section 6.3 demonstrates that Achilles (or rather Clitophon) exhibits a recurrent interest in bodily dismemberment and reconstitution analogous to that in Ovid and Neronian poetry (especially Lucan). Section 6.4 argues that the decapitation of ‘Leucippe’ in Book 5 not only is modelled on the similar fate of the historical Pompeius Magnus but also combines the accounts of this event found in Lucan and Plutarch. These sections suggest that Achilles is alive to developments in Neronian literature that privilege the aesthetics of gore and bodily destruction, and which reflect the Roman imperial taste for violence more generally (perhaps energized by the institution of the amphitheatre). Section 6.5 elaborates a number of ways in which Achilles is attracted to the arresting style and verbal wit of Ovid, especially in connection with his flood narrative.
The Context Shiftiness Dilemma Generalized
Authors: Simion Mona 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Most actors in the debate assume that the intuitive variability of proper assertion with practical stakes (the Shiftiness Intuition) motivates the following dilemma: either 1) we embrace a knowledge norm of assertion, and are forced into a view that takes knowledge, or ‘knowledge’, to be sensitive to practical stakes, or 2) we stick to our Classical Invariantist guns, but then the knowledge norm goes out the window and we get practical sensitivity in the normativity of assertion (the Shiftiness Dilemma). This chapter brings this dilemma to centre stage and argues that it threatens to generalize in three ways: to all context-invariant norms of proper assertoric speech, to all constative speech acts, and to all epistemic normative constraints. If this is right, we should be more worried about this dilemma than we’ve been so far.
Pragmatic WAMs
Authors: Simion Mona 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In light of embracing the Shiftiness Dilemma, the vast majority of philosophers accept Assertion Incompatibilism: given intuitive variability of proper assertion with practical stakes, Classical Invariantism is incompatible with a biconditional knowledge norm of assertion. There are also a few dissenting voices, however: some invariantists venture to preserve both Classical Invariantism and the Knowledge Norm of Assertion (Assertion Compatibilism). There are two varieties of Compatibilism available on the market. This chapter discusses the first of the two: Pragmatic Compatibilism employs a pragmatic warranted assertability manoeuvre to explain away the shiftiness data. The chapter argues that the view has difficulties with delivering epistemic normative independence for cases of shiftiness of assertions that do not involve knowledge attributions or explicitly tabled error possibilities.