bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Computing Pressure Front Propagation Using the Diffusive-Time-of-Flight in Structured and Unstructured Grid Systems via the Fast-Marching Method
Authors: Chen Hongquan , Onishi Tsubasa , Park Jaeyoung , Datta-Gupta Akhil 
Published: January 2021

SummaryDiffusive-time-of-flight (DTOF), representing the travel time of pressure front propagation, has found many applications in unconventional reservoir performance analysis. The computation of DTOF typically involves upwind finite difference of the Eikonal equation and solution using the fast-marching method (FMM). However, the application of the finite difference-based FMM to irregular grid systems remains a challenge. In this paper, we present a novel and robust method for solving the Eikonal equation using finite volume discretization and the FMM.The implementation is first validated with analytical solutions using isotropic and anisotropic models with homogeneous reservoir properties. Consistent DTOF distributions are obtained between the proposed approach and the analytical solutions. Next, the implementation is applied to unconventional reservoirs with hydraulic and natural fractures. Our approach relies on cell volumes and connections (transmissibilities) rather than the grid geometry, and thus can be easily applied to complex grid systems. For illustrative purposes, we present applications of the proposed method to embedded discrete fracture models (EDFMs), dual-porosity dual-permeability models (DPDK), and unstructured perpendicular-bisectional (PEBI) grids with heterogeneous reservoir properties. Visualization of the DTOF provides flow diagnostics, such as evolution of the drainage volume of the wells and well interactions.The novelty of the proposed approach is its broad applicability to arbitrary grid systems and ease of implementation in commercial reservoir simulators. This makes the approach well-suited for field applications with complex grid geometry and complex well architecture.
Is deployement of diagnostic test alone enough? Comprehensive package of interventions to strengthen TB laboratory network: three years of experience in Burkina Faso
Authors: Alagna Riccardo , Combary Adjima , Tagliani Elisa , Sawadogo Léon Tinnoga , Saouadogo Tandaogo , Diandé Souba , Ouedraogo Francis , Cirillo Daniela Maria 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
BackgroundsThe laboratory plays a critical role in tuberculosis (TB) control by providing testing for diagnosis, treatment monitoring, and surveillance at each level of the health care system. Weak accessibility to TB diagnosric services still represents a big concern in many limited resources’ countries. Here we report the experience of Burkina Faso in implementing a comprehensive intervention packages to strengthen TB laboratory capacity and diagnostic accessibility.MethodsThe intervention lasted from October 2016 to December 2018 and focused on two main areas: i) development of strategic documents and policies; ii) implementation of TB diagnostic technology. National TB laboratory data were collected between 2016 and 2018 and evaluated according to five programmatic TB laboratory indicators: i) Percentage of notified new and relapse TB cases with bacteriological confirmation; ii) Percentage of notified new and relapse TB cases tested by Xpert MTB/RIF; iii) Percentage of notified, bacteriologically confirmed TB cases with a drug susceptibility testing (DST) result for rifampin; iv) Percentage of notified MDR-TB cases on the estimated number of MDR-TB cases; v) The ration between the number of smear microscopy and Xpert MTB/RIF tests. We compared these indicators between a one year (2016-2017) and two years (2016-2018) timeframe.ResultsFrom 2016 to 2018, the percentage of bacteriologically confirmed cases increased from 67% to 71%. The percentage of new and relapse TB cases notified tested by Xpert MTB/RIF increased from 18% in 2016 to 46% in 2018 and the percentage of bacteriologically confirmed cases with an available DST result for rifampicin increased from 27% in 2016 to 66% in 2018.. The percentage of notified MDR-TB cases on the estimated number of MDR-TB cases in 2018 increased from 43% in 2016 to 78% in 2018. In 2018, the ratio between the number of smear microscopy and Xpert MTB/RIF tests decreased from 53% in 2016 to 21% in 2018. ConclusionWe demonstrated that the implementation of a comprehensive package of laboratory strengthening interventions led to a significant improvement of all indicators. External technical assistance played a key role in speeding up the TB laboratory system improvement process.
Informational Cost and Networks Navigability
Authors: Estrada Ernesto 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Understanding how information navigates through nodes of a complex network has become an increasingly pressing problem across scientific disciplines. Several approaches have been proposed on the basis of shortest paths or diffusive navigation. However, no existing approaches have tackled the challenges of efficient communication in networks without full knowledge of their global topology under external noise. Here, we develop a first principles approach and mathematical formalism to determine the informational cost of navigating a network under different levels of external noise. Using this approach we discover the existence of a trade-off between the ways in which networks route information through shortest paths, their entropies and stability, which define three classes of real-world networks. This approach reveals that environmental pressure has shaped the ways in which information is transferred in bacterial metabolic net-works and allowed us to determine the levels of noise at which a protein-protein interaction network seems to work in normal conditions in a cell.
A single bacterial sulfatase is required for metabolism of colonic mucin O-glycans and intestinal colonization by a symbiotic human gut bacterium
Authors: Martens Eric , Luis Ana , Jin Chunsheng , Pereira Gabriel , Glowacki Robert , Gugel Sadie , Singh Shaleni , Byrne Dominic , Pudlo Nicholas , London James , Basle Arnaud , Reihill Mark , Oscarson Stefan , Eyers Patrick , Czjzek Mirjam , Michel Gurvan , Barbeyron Tristan , Yates Edwin , Hansson Gunnar , Karlsson Niclas , Cartmell Alan 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Humans have co-evolved with a dense community of microbial symbionts that inhabit the lower intestine. In the colon, secreted mucus creates a physical barrier that separates these microbes from the intestinal epithelium. Some gut bacteria are able to utilize mucin glycoproteins, the main mucus component, as a nutrient source. However, it remains unclear which bacterial enzymes initiate the degradation of the highly complex O-glycans found in mucins. In the colon, these glycans are heavily sulfated, but the specific sulfatases that are active on colonic mucins have not been identified. Here, we show that sulfatases are essential to the utilization of colonic mucin O-glycans by the human gut symbiont Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. We have characterized the activity of 12 different sulfatases encoded by this species, showing that these enzymes collectively are active on all of the known sulfate linkages in colonic O-glycans. Crystal structures of 3 enzymes provide mechanistic insight into the molecular basis of substrate-specificity. Unexpectedly, we found that a single sulfatase is essential for utilization of sulfated O-glycans in vitro and also plays a major role in vivo. Our results provide insight into the mechanisms of mucin degradation by gut bacteria, an important process for both normal microbial gut colonization and diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Sulfatase activity is likely to be a keystone step in bacterial mucin degradation and inhibition of these enzymes may therefore represent a viable therapeutic path for treatment of IBD and other diseases.
The Predictive Value of High School Grade Point Average to Academic Achievement and Career Satisfaction of Dental Graduates
Authors: Al-Asmar Ayah , Owais Yara , Ismail Noor , Sabra Alaa , Abd-Raheam Islam 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: In a country where admission to dental schools is based solely on the cognitive abilities of students, the aim of the study was to investigate the correlation between high school grade point average and graduating academic achievement for dental students. Moreover, determine whether a correlation exists between dental students’ graduating academic achievement and their career choices and job satisfaction.Methods: A five-year retrospective cohort study was conducted at the University of Jordan, involving (828) dental graduates first enrolled between 2010 and 2014. Corre­lations comparing high school grade point average and graduating academic achievement were done for the total sample composed of (736) students. A short survey was constructed to assess the career choices and job satisfaction for recently graduated dentists and correlate them with their graduating academic achievement. Results: Statistically significant but a weak correlation was found between high school grade point average and graduating academic achievement for dental students (p ≤ 0.05). Statistically significant correlations were found between graduating academic achievement and career choices and job satisfaction and between gender and different tested factors.Conclusion: The significant positive correlations between the high school grade point average and graduating academic achievement of our dental students indicate that our school admission system depending on high school grade point average is a valid system although not enough pre-admission criterion. The significant negative correlation between the graduating academic achievement and the career choices and job satisfaction demonstrates the discontent among fresh graduate dentists in Jordan with their career after graduation. This information is required to update the dental school admissions procedures in response to the changing dental educational landscape.
Photolysis controls the isotopic composition of water products escaping Mars’ atmosphere
Authors: Alday Juan , Trokhimovskiy Alexander , Irwin Patrick , Wilson Colin , Montmessin Franck , Lefèvre Franck , Fedorova Anna , Belyaev Denys , Olsen Kevin , Korablev Oleg , Vals Margaux , Rossi Loïc , Baggio Lucio , Bertaux Jean-Loup , Patrakeev Andrey , Shakun Alexey 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The current Martian atmosphere is about five times more enriched in deuterium than Earth's, providing a direct testimony that Mars hosted several times more water in its early youth than nowadays. Estimates of the total amount of water lost to space from the current mean D/H value depend on a rigorous appraisal of the relative escape between deuterated and non-deuterated water. The transport of water to the upper atmosphere, from whence it may escape to space, has been assumed to be controlled by water condensation and photolysis, both of which affect the isotope composition of the escaping hydrogen. Their respective role in influencing the relative proportion of escaping D and H atom populations in the upper atmosphere has remained speculative. Here we report HDO and H<2sub>O profiles observed by the Atmospheric Chemistry Suite (ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter) in orbit around Mars that, once combined with expected photolysis rates, reveal that the ultraviolet dissociation of water not only governs the production of atomic hydrogen, prevailing over the ion chemistry mechanism, but also dominates the production of H relative to D atoms, disrupting the old paradigm of atmospheric condensation being the main process differentiating D and H in the upper atmosphere.
A health and food-system analysis of Brexit-related policy approaches
Authors: Freund Florian , Springmann Marco 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Brexit is expected to have significant impacts on the UK food system, which has implications for dietary risk factors and public health. Here we use an integrated economic-health modelling framework to analyse the impacts of different policy approaches to Brexit. According to our analysis, a “Hard Brexit” could increase diet-related mortality in the UK as costs for health-promoting and import-dependent foods, such as fruits and vegetables, increase and their consumption decreases. Negotiating free-trade agreements with the USA and Commonwealth countries as part of a “Global Britain” approach led to relative increases in food availability, but not of health-promoting foods, resulting in further increases in diet and weight-related mortality. Negotiating a free-trade agreement with the EU addressed both food availability and fruit and vegetable intake, which halved the increases in mortality. Combining this “Soft Brexit” approach with an agricultural subsidy reform that incentivises greater production of fruits and vegetables mitigated the Brexit-related increases in risk factors and led to net improvements in diet-related mortality.
Opioid-Induced Respiratory Depression Increases Hospital Costs and Length of Stay in Patients Recovering on the General Care Floor
Authors: Khanna Ashish , Saager Leif , Bergese Sergio , Jungquist Carla , Morimatsu Hiroshi , Uezono Shoichi , Ti Lian Kah , Soto Roy , Jiang Wei , Buhre Wolfgang 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: Opioid-induced respiratory depression is common on the general care floor. However, the clinical and economic burden of respiratory depression is not well-described. The PRediction of Opioid-induced respiratory Depression In patients monitored by capnoGraphY (PRODIGY) trial created a prediction tool to identify patients at risk of respiratory depression. The purpose of this retrospective sub-analysis was to examine healthcare utilization and hospital cost associated with respiratory depression.Methods: 1,335 patients (N=769 United States patients) enrolled in the PRODIGY trial received parenteral opioids and underwent continuous capnography and pulse oximetry monitoring. Cost data was retrospectively collected for 420 United States patients. Differences in healthcare utilization and costs between patients with and without ≥1 respiratory depression episode were determined. The impact of respiratory depression on hospital cost per patient was evaluated using a propensity weighted generalized linear model.Results: Patients with ≥1 respiratory depression episode had a longer length of stay (6.4 ± 7.8 days vs 5.0 ± 4.3 days, p=0.009) and higher hospital cost ($21,892 ± $11,540 vs $18,206 ± $10,864, p=0.002) compared to patients without respiratory depression. Patients at high risk for respiratory depression, determined using the PRODIGY risk prediction tool, who had ≥1 respiratory depression episode had higher hospital costs compared to high risk patients without respiratory depression ($21,948 ± $9,128 vs $18,474 ± $9,767, p=0.0495). Propensity weighted analysis identified 17% higher costs for patients with ≥1 respiratory depression episode (p=0.007). Length of stay significantly increased total cost, with cost increasing exponentially for patients with ≥1 respiratory depression episode as length of stay increased.Conclusions: Respiratory depression on the general care floor is associated with a significantly longer length of stay and increased hospital costs. Early identification of patients at risk for respiratory depression may reduce the incidence of respiratory depression and its associated clinical and economic burden.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02811302
Eastern equatorial Pacific warming delayed by aerosols and thermostat response to CO2
Authors: Heede Ulla , Fedorov Alexey 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Understanding the tropical Pacific response to global warming remains a challenging problem. Here, we assess the recent and future evolution of the equatorial Pacific east-west temperature gradient, and the Walker circulation, across a range of different greenhouse warming experiments within the CMIP6 dataset. In abrupt CO2-increase scenarios many models generate an initial strengthening of this gradient resembling an ocean thermostat (OT), followed by a small weakening; other models generate an immediate weakening that becomes progressively larger establishing a pronounced eastern equatorial Pacific (EP) warming pattern. The initial response in these experiments is a very good predictor for the future EP pattern simulated in both abrupt and realistic warming scenarios, but not in historical simulations showing no multi-model trend. The likely explanation is that recent CO2-driven changes in the tropical Pacific are masked by aerosol effects, and a potential OT delay, while the EP warming pattern will emerge as greenhouse gases overcome aerosol forcing.
Ameliorative effect of Ascorbic acid and biochar on Growth, and antioxidant enzymes on early Seedling of Sorghum under Salinity Conditions
Authors: Elsiddig Aboagla , Zhou Guisheng , Ahmed Nimir 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Salt stress is one of the major environmental stresses that limits the growth, antioxidant defense and sustainable crop productivity. A controlled study was done to determine the ameliorative effects of ascorbic acid (ASA) (0, 568, and 850 μM) and biochar (BC) (0, 2 and 4% BC [w/w]) on emergence, growth, and physiological attributes of sorghum grown under three salinity levels (0, 100, and 200 mM NaCl). High salinity stress significantly reduced emergence percentage, emergence rate, shoot length, root length, specific root length, total fresh weight (T.F.W), total dry weight (T.D.W), the activities of peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT), but increased malondialdehyde (MDA) content. At the 200 mM NaCl level, 850 μM ASA with 4% BC enhanced most of the physiological attributes determined. At the 200 mM salinity level, total dry weight of sorghum seedling was increased by 42.7% and 23.1% at 2% and 4% BC levels, respectively as compared with non-BC control. The highest emergence rate at 200 mM NaCl was achieved at 4% BC and 850 μM ASA level. Our study suggested that the combined application of ASA and BC at appropriate amount and concentration on sorghum seedling may be helpful in salt tolerance and getting increase antioxidant enzymes that mitigate harms affected by saline problems worldwide.
A dynamic basal complex modulates mammalian sperm movement
Authors: Khanal Sushil , Leung Miguel Ricardo , Royfman Abigail , Fishman Emily L. , Saltzman Barbara , Hermes Bloomfield-Gadêlha  , Zeev-Ben-Mordehai Tzviya , Avidor-Reiss Tomer 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Reproductive success depends on efficient sperm movement driven by dynein-mediated microtubule sliding in the axoneme 1-3. Models predict sliding at the base of the tail – the centriole – but such sliding has never been observed 4,5. Centrioles are evolutionarily-ancient organelles with a conserved architecture 6-8, and their rigidity is thought to restrict microtubule sliding 1. Here, we show that, in mammalian sperm, the atypical distal centriole (DC) and its surrounding atypical pericentriolar matrix 9,10 form a dynamic basal complex (DBC) that facilitates a cascade of internal sliding deformations, coupling tail beating with asymmetric head kinking. During asymmetric tail beating, the DC’s right side and its surroundings slide ~300 nm rostrally relative to the left side. This deformation is transmitted through the DBC to the head-tail junction; as a result, the head tilts to the left, generating a kinking motion. These findings suggest that the DBC evolved to act as a mechanotransducer, coupling sperm head and tail into a single self-coordinated system. The DBC may act as a morphological computer 11, regulating tail beating from external feedback imparted to the head during sperm navigation. We anticipate our findings will enable studies of coordinated motion in sperm and cilia in many contexts.
Magnitude, Cause, and Factors Associated with Early Mortality in the Adult Emergency Department of Tikur Anbesa Specialized Tertiary Hospital, Ethiopia: A Two Years Retrospective Chart Review
Authors: Yosha Hanna , Tadele Achamyelesh , Teklu Sisay , Melese Kidest 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: Adult emergency department mortality remains high in resource-limited lower-income countries. The majority of deaths occur within the first 72 hours of admission to the emergency department which is termed as early emergency department mortality. Many of these mortality’s can be alleviated with appropriate intervention. Though the magnitude, cause, and the time interval of death after their admission to the department have a huge aspect for the clinical world, however, studies on this topic lack adequate data. Therefore, this study was aimed to assess the magnitude, cause, and factors related to early mortality in patients presented to the emergency department of Tikure Anbesa Specialized Tertiary Hospital, Ethiopia from March 2018 to 2020. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study design was conducted to address the study objectives. Retrospective data were collected from the patients’ records who died in the emergency department from March 2018 to 2020. Data entered using Epi data 4.2.1 and analyzed using SPSS Version 23. Using the Chi-square test, binary and multiple logistic regression analyses were carried out to measure the association of variables of interest and the outcome variable (early emergency mortality). P-value < 0.05, odds ratio with 95% CI were used to identify the significant factors. Results: From the total identified emergency department death records, 506 (59.8) were early mortality. Triage category red AOR 0.23 95% CI 0.1-0.55, co-morbid disease HIV AIDS AOR 2.72 95% CI 1.01-7.30, residence Addis Ababa 2.78 (1.36-5.68) and Oromia 3.23 95% CI 1.58-6.54 and duration of illness 4-24 hour AOR 0.47 95% CI 0.26-0.87 were found significantly associated with early emergency department mortality. Conclusions and recommendations: The magnitude of early mortality was significant. Residence Addis Ababa and Oromia, triage category red, co-morbid disease HIV AIDS, and duration of symptom 4-24 hours were significantly associated with early emergency department mortality. Early detection and intervention are required to minimize emergency mortality.