bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La importancia de reconocer a los “hablantes fantasma” en los proyectos de revitalización lingüística: experiencia con el zapoteco de San Bartolo Yautepec
Authors: Covarrubias Acosta Adela 
Published: August 2021

<p>En este artículo se reconoce la existencia e importancia de los “hablantes fantasma”, hablantes competentes que sufren inseguridad lingüística, en el zapoteco de San Bartolo Yautepec, una lengua altamente amenazada, hablada tanto en el pueblo de San Bartolo Yautepec, Oaxaca, México, como en una comunidad diáspora en el área conurbada de la Ciudad de México. Para ello, primero se aborda la situación sociolingüística de esta lengua y comunidad de habla, y cómo ésta llevó al desplazamiento lingüístico. Después se muestra que el zapoteco de San Bartolo Yautepec se ajusta a algunas características generales que se han reportado para las lenguas moribundas, como una mayor variación y cambio lingüístico acelerado, y cómo es que este cambio lingüístico tiene un impacto en las actitudes hacia la lengua. El cambio que se describe incluye pérdida de consonantes lenis y una complejización del sistema tonal en el habla de las generaciones más jóvenes. Posterior a ello, se hace una clasificación de todos los tipos de hablantes en esta lengua, incluyendo a los “hablantes fantasma”, y el papel que juega cada uno en el proyecto de revitalización lingüística en la actualidad. Enseguida se aborda el proyecto de revitalización como tal, y se hace un recuento de las actividades que se llevan a cabo en la actualidad y el fin que persigue cada una para cada tipo de hablante que se abordó en la clasificación. Muchas de estas actividades van encaminadas a fomentar los lazos entre los miembros de la comunidad y generar seguridad lingüística en los hablantes inseguros.</p><div> </div>
Paisaje lingüístico en dibaku (cuicateco): avances y retos
Authors: San Giacomo Trinidad Marcela , Mendoza Hernández Diego 
Published: August 2021

<p>El estudio de los paisajes lingüísticos es una manera de identificar las relaciones y tensiones entre distintos grupos lingüísticos dentro de una misma localidad. En el presente artículo se expone la experiencia de la modificación del paisaje lingüístico de San Juan Bautista Cuicatlán, Oaxaca, a través de dos intervenciones en el espacio público durante 2019 y 2020. Las modificaciones consistieron en la colocación de señaléticas bilingües, en cuicateco y español, tanto en las calles como en edificios públicos. Nuestro planteamiento apunta a que la modificación del paisaje lingüístico, en contextos similares al de Cuicatlán, puede ser una manera de resignificar los espacios simbólicos asociados a la lengua dominante y que puede conjuntarse con estrategias de revaloración y revitalización de las lenguas.</p><p> </p><p>Palabras clave: Paisaje lingüístico, cuicateco, diversidad, escritura, políticas lingüísticas.</p><p> </p><p>Abstract</p><p>The study of linguistic landscapes is a way of identifying the relationships and tensions between different linguistic groups within the same locality. This article presents the experience of modifying the linguistic landscape of San Juan Bautista Cuicatlán, Oaxaca, through two interventions in the public space during 2019 and 2020. The modifications consisted on the placement of bilingual signage, in Cuicateco and Spanish, both on the streets and in public buildings. Our approach points out that the modification of the linguistic landscape, in similar contexts to Cuicatlán, can be a way of resignifying the symbolic spaces associated with the dominant language and that it can be combined with strategies of revaluation and revitalization of languages.</p><p> </p><p>Keywords: Linguistic landscape, Cuicateco, diversity, writing, linguistic policies.</p>
Las tecnologías de Reconocimiento Automático de Voz y su incorporación a los métodos de transcripción de lenguas indígenas
Authors: Cruz Hilaria 
Published: August 2021

<p>En agosto del 2018, un retiro en Quechee, Vermont, reunió a lingüistas, hablantes de idiomas en alto riesgo de desaparición, científicos de la computación especializados en procesamiento del lenguaje natural y activistas en el área, con el propósito de discutir las posibilidades de conjuntar esfuerzos para integrar las tecnologías de reconocimiento automático de voz (especialmente las redes neuronales artificiales), a los métodos de transcripción de estas lenguas.</p><p> En un ambiente ameno, donde el trabajo se mezcló con la diversión, los participantes tuvieron la oportunidad de conocerse, intercambiar ideas, conocimientos y experiencias, dialogando sobre los recursos que el trabajo de documentación lingüística y el reconocimiento de voz, podrían aportar para llevar a cabo dicha meta. Ambos campos compartieron sus últimos avances y las condiciones de sus respectivas áreas de investigación, incluyendo las condiciones de campo, la vitalidad de la lingüística de sus respectivas lenguas, al igual que temas relacionados con el “embotellamiento” de la transcripción del lenguaje.</p><p> Los lingüistas reportaron sobre su corpus y las horas que habían co-<br /> lectado. De igual manera, los participantes expresaron sus necesidades tecnológicas y sobre cómo debería ser un sistema de Reconocimiento Automático de Voz que pudiera ser usado por personas que no saben mucho sobre tecnología.</p><div><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><div><p><a title="" href="#_ftnref1">[1]</a> Agradezco a la Fundación Neukom, el Programa de Lingüística y el Programa de nativos americanos en el <em>Dartmouth College</em> por apoyar el retiro. Del mismo modo, muchas gracias a Michael Abramov, Oliver Adams y Andrés Perez Perez por sus comentarios en este artículo.</p></div></div>
Introspección antropológica en las prácticas y usos sociales, religiosos, identitarios y de colonialidad entre Egipto, Iraq y Siria
Authors: Alnasir Samer 
Published: August 2021

<p>Por los discursos orientalistas, domina en Occidente un estereotipo generalizador de que el mundo árabe es homogéneo. El presente ar-<br /> tículo se proyecta para negar empíricamente esta banalidad. Para ello, se analizan profundas divergencias socioculturales y, más bien, antropológicas entre sus colectividades, que en gran medida persisten como secuelas de colonialidad o son debidas a distintas políticas coloniales. Para ello, se analiza la interferencia colonial en los usos y las conductas sociales, así como en los tratamientos y extranjerismos en el lenguaje, que son síntomas residuales y crónicos de colonialidad. Esto se compara con otras prácticas que se muestran resistentes a las interferencias extranjeras y que se conservan como esquemas relacionados íntimamente desde la identidad cognitiva hacia la colectiva. Para ello, se analizan usos urbanos, filológicos, protocolos, ritos sociales y demás factores de interferencia en la identidad, pertenencia y conducta de los individuos. La referencia a estos se mantiene siempre neutral como grupos, individuos o colectividades, y se evita el uso de sustantivos como sociedades o comunidades, ya que, parcialmente, se les niega esta categoría jurídica. Con esto, se intenta subrayar el laberinto identitario y de pertenencia en el que se encuentran inmersas las masas de población, y se toman tres ejemplos principales de muestra: Egipto, Iraq y Siria.</p><div> </div>
Colin McEwan (1951-2020) y el México Antiguo
Authors: López Luján Leonardo 
Published: August 2021

<p>Hace cinco lustros, a principios de febrero de 1995, viajé a Londres para participar en una reunión académica que llevaba por título “Mesoamerican Studies: Mexican and European Perspectives”. Era organizada por el British Museum con motivo de la muy reciente apertura de su Mexican Gallery, un relativamente reducido pero espectacular espacio en el complejo arquitectónico de Bloomsbury que había sido diseñado por el insigne arquitecto Teodoro González de León y financiado por un selecto grupo de industriales de mi país a invitación del Presidente de la República. Ante la emoción de volver a ver los tesoros mesoamericanos del museo, principalmente la colección Christy y los dinteles de Yaxchilán, de inmediato acepté la convocatoria de un joven matrimonio que se encargaba de toda la logística del evento, Norma Rosso y Colin McEwan, quienes me solicitaban hablar sobre mis recientes excavaciones en el Templo Mayor y la Casa de las Águilas de Tenochtitlan.</p>
Presentación
Authors: Hernández Mendoza Fidel 
Published: August 2021

<p>En 2019 se celebró el “Año Internacional de las Lenguas Indígenas” y en 2020 se llevó acabo el “Evento de Alto Nivel titulado: Construyendo un Decenio de Acciones para las Lenguas Indígenas”<em> </em>(unesco 2020). El propósito fue llamar la atención sobre la grave pérdida de las lenguas indígenas y establecer un programa de acciones que contribuyera a revertir esta situación. En este marco, hemos preparado este volumen que reúne un conjunto de estudios sobre diferentes temas lingüísticos y lenguas indígenas. Nuestra intención es, por una parte, resaltar qué hacemos desde la investigación y la academia por las lenguas indígenas, y por otra, qué de lo que hacemos puede constituirse en acciones para el “Decenio de las Lenguas Indígenas: 2022-2032”. </p><div> </div>
TIME is of the Essence: An Audit Escape Room Activity
Authors: Barnes Michael , Enget Kathryn A. 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT
This case gamifies several topics from a typical auditing curriculum by placing students in a modified escape room activity. Students act as new associates in Audit and Assurance services of CBA Associates, LLP. As part of their external audit orientation and training, students are provided with background information for a fictitious company, Tinsley Industrial Medical Equipment (TIME). Drawing on knowledge learned in traditional undergraduate auditing courses, students are tasked with solving several puzzles disguised as audit tasks. Topics and skills needed to unlock a series of locks include analysis of fraud scenarios, evaluation of the audit risk model, calculation of planning materiality and tolerable misstatement, identification of management assertions and related audit procedures, and detailed scrutiny of control process narratives and document flow diagrams. To successfully complete the case, students must effectively communicate and collaborate to solve the puzzles in the allotted time.
Prevalence and Risk Factors for Mortality among COVID-19 Patients Hospitalized in Karachi City Pakistan
Authors: Imtiaz Salman , Alam Ashar , Saeed Faiza , Salman Beena , Memon Shoukat , Chughtai Javeria , Ahmed Shahzad , Tariq Sobia 
Published: August 2021

Background: Corona virus disease (Covid -19) is the most contagious form of the disease of present time. Therefore, the risk factors which proliferate the spread and hinders the better outcome should be identified. There is gross difference in the spread and outcome of covid 19 in different region of the world. There is need to identify these factors in different communities of the globe.
Material and method: This is a retrospective observational cohort study of Covid -19 patients admitted during the study period. Institutional and ethical review board permission was taken prior to the study. Univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression was run and odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals were obtained. P value of ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. Outcome variables were recovery and death.
Results: There were 840 patients admitted between the study duration, while 704 (83.8%) were included in our study. There were 491(69.7%) males and 213(30.3%) females. The mean age of the population was 54.6±15.5 years. All continuous variables were categorized according to binary outcome (recovered and death) of patients. In Logistic regression analysis we found that patients in age group of 51-65 years died 2.5 time more than patients of age ≤ 50 years. Similarly, the patients within age group of > 65 died 4.5 times higher than ≤ 50 years of age (p<0.001). Male patients died 1.5 times more than females. Among all comorbid conditions HTN had significant effect on death, they died 1.5 times more than normotensive patients. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, the age groups had same significant effect on death when adjusted with other parameters, while effect of gender vanished. Similarly, the effect of HTN was also abolished when other factors were included in analysis.
Conclusion: We concluded that there is an urgent need of reevaluation of the traditional risk factors associated with viral epidemic and understanding the changing paradigm of epidemiology emerging out from this epidemic in both developed and developing counties. There is need of more data from developing world to elucidate the risk factors.
Relation between Hand Bone Mineral Density, Degree of Joint Destruction, and Hand Function in Adults Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients
Authors: Abdelrafee Aya N. , Zaki Mohamed G. E. , El Zohiery Abeer K. , Azab Manar A. 
Published: August 2021

Background: Rheumatoid Arthritis [RA] is a chronic systemic disease that affects the functional capacity of the hand due to inflammatory arthritis and joint destruction. RA patients have difficulties with everyday life activities and daily living activities. The prevalence of osteoporosis is estimated to be about twice that of the general population. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) is the most precise tool for detecting loss in bone mineral density in RA.
Aim of the study: This study aims to investigate the relation between generalized bone mineral density (BMD) and each of hand joint destruction and hand function in order to find out its possible role in assessment of rheumatoid hand disability.
Patients and Methods: Fifty patients diagnosed as RA based on the 2010 ACR Rheumatoid Arthritis Classification Criteria were included in this study. All patients were subjected to the following scores: Duruöz Hand Index (DHI), Grip Ability Test (GAT), Grip strength test, and Pinch strength tests for assessing the function of the dominant hand of each patient. The participants were also subjected to plain x-ray evaluated by van der Heijde-modified total Sharp score (vdH-S) to assess the damage of the joints of the dominant hand, and Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) to assess the Bone Mineral Density.
Results: The current study showed that wrist BMD was correlated with grip strength, pinch strength, GAT, and van der Heijde modified sharp score of the dominant hand. Moreover, X-ray joint findings were significantly correlated with each of total grip ability test, grip strength, and pinch strength as the hand disability manifested more with joint damage.
Conclusion: In conclusion, Osteoporosis, hand function, and joint damage in RA are correlated suggesting related pathophysiological mechanisms. The Severity of RA could be related to osteoporosis as well as joint destruction and hand disability.
Outcome of Acute Kidney Injury in COVID-19 Patients – A Prospective Cohort at a Single Centre in Pakistan
Authors: Saeed F. , Alam A. , Memon S. , Chughtai J. , Ahmed S. , Tariq S. , Salman B. , Imtiaz S. 
Published: August 2021

Introduction: There is continuous experience that AKI is very common in COVID-19 patients and that SARS-CoV-2 specifically invades the kidneys with poor outcome. In-hospital AKI is associated with multiple risk factors including DM, CCF, drugs etc. Also, there is difference in the mortality rate all over the world for various reasons. To date no data has been found from Pakistan on outcome of AKI with COVID-19 infection. Therefore, this study was conducted to help determine the outcome and associated risk factors in this part of the world.
Material and Method: This is a prospective cohort of COVID-19 adult patients with AKI admitted in Indus Hospital COVID ICU from March 2020 to September 2020. History, clinical examination, laboratory investigations, and ultrasound imaging of the kidneys was acquired from the Health Management Information System (HMIS) record of the patients. The data was analyzed in SPSS version 21. Association between outcomes of AKI with different variables was assessed by applying Chi square test. P value of less than 0.05 was considered significant.
Results: There were total 208 patients with AKI in our study, in which 146 (70.2%) were male while 62(29.8%) were female. The mean age was 60.3± 12.7 years and the most prevalent comorbid was HTN 147(70.7%) in our patients, while the most common cause of AKI was sepsis 188(90.4%) and on the same way, oliguria was the most common symptoms of AKI 76(36.5%). Death was the most frequent outcome of our patients 147(70.7%) as compared to recovery 47(22.6%). There was male predominance in patients, who died with AKI as compared to female 112(76.2%) and 35(23.8%) respectively. Also, treatment didn’t show any benefit on worst outcome. Similarly, 124(59.6%) patients needed ventilatory support in which 118(95.2%) died while only 5 (4%) recovered (p <0.001)
Conclusion: Renal involvement in SARS-COV-2 infection is more common than initially thought and has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality. We have found significant association of AKI in covid-19 with outcome variables.
Anemia in Diabetes – An Added Dilemma
Authors: Arshad Syed Ahmed , Ara Jamal 
Published: August 2021

Aim: To study the frequency of anemia in diabetes of an adult population.
Methodology: This cross-sectional observational study included 277 adult patients, above the age of 18 years, who were diagnosed as having diabetes by clinical and laboratory basis and were considerably controlled on their prescribed management. The study was conducted in Creek General Hospital Karachi from October to December 2020 by random based sampling technique. After a written consent answers were noted according to the questionnaire and the relevant data was tabulated and analyzed. Patients with complications or with other chronic illness, except hypertension, were excluded. The data was evaluated for the frequency of anemia in diabetics, categorizing the severity of anemia into mild, moderate, and severe. Universal variables like gender and age were assessed.
Results: Among the 277 patients in the study, there were 121(43.7%) males and 156 (56.3%) females. There were 17 (6%) in the young age group, 162 (58.5%) in the middle age group and 98 (35.4%) elders. The mean hemoglobin was 11.1 gm/dl. Out of 277 there were 222 (80%) who fell in the category of anemia. There were 90 out of 121 (74%) males who were anemic and 132 out of 156 (84%) females who were anemic. The most frequent category of anemia was moderate anemia (48%) followed by mild category (46%). Mild anemia was more frequent in males while moderate anemia was more prevalent in females. Anemia was higher in percentage in the younger group (88%). Mild to moderate anemia was more prevalent than severe in all age groups. 81% of hypertensive, diabetic patients was anemic. 78% smokers had anemia. There was visible increase in frequency of anemia as the duration of diabetes increased. Conclusion: Anemia is highly prevalent in diabetics.
Phantom Brake Phenomenon in Survivors of Car Accidents
Authors: Cernovsky Zack Z. , Fattahi Milad 
Published: August 2021

Background: Survivors of high impact car accidents, when traveling in cars as passengers, may exhibit the phantom brake reaction. The reaction consists of involuntarily pressing the foot on the floor of the car in a reflexive attempt "to brake", even though there is no brake pedal in front of the passenger seat. This study examines the incidence and correlates of this special phenomenon.
Method: De-identified data of 114 survivors (37 men, 77 women; mean age 38.6, SD=12.4) of high impact motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) were available, with their responses to the Brief Pain Inventory, Insomnia Severity Index, Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire, Subjective Neuropsychological Symptoms Scale (SNPSS), PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5), ratings of depression and of generalized anxiety, and 3 questionnaire measures of driving anxiety, i.e., Whetstone’s, Steiner’s, and the Driving Anxiety Questionnaire (DAQ). One item of the DAQ assesses the phantom brake phenomenon on a 4-point scale (0=No, 1=Mild, 2=Moderate, 3=Severe): this is the key variable in the present study.
Results: Mild to severe forms of the phantom brake reaction were reported by 92.1% of the post-MVA patients. Significant correlations (p<0.05, 2-tailed) were found of the intensity of phantom brake reaction to the intensity of post-MVA pain (rs from 0.20 to 0.33), insomnia (r=0.40), the Rivermead post-concussion scale (r=.29), other post-concussive and whiplash symptoms as measured by the SNPSS (r=0.19), depression (r=0.30), generalized anxiety (r=0.32), and to DAQ (r=0.47) and Whetstone’s (r=0.50) measures of driving anxiety. No significant relationships were found of the phantom brake reaction to age and gender.
Discussion and Conclusion: The phantom brake reaction was reported by almost all post-MVA patients and can be considered as a part of their post-MVA polytraumatic symptom pattern.
Perineal Injury and Its Association with Postpartum Sexual Dysfunction among First Delivery Women
Authors: Nusee Z. , Ainy M. N. , Hafizah P. 
Published: August 2021

Background: Female sexual dysfunction (FSD) following childbirth imposes significant burden to the marital institution around the world. The perineal injury may potentially be one of the main risk factors contributing to postpartum female sexual dysfunction (PPFSD). The study aimed to determine the effect of perineal injury and patients’ characteristics on PPFSD.
Methodology: This cross-sectional questionnaire study was conducted in six different health clinics in the district of Kuantan from April 2019 to October 2019. Eligible women who came to the family health clinics at 6 months postpartum were recruited as study population. The participants completed their biodata and socio-demographic form and the Malay-validated Female Sexual Function Index (MVFSFI) questionnaire given. A cut-off point of 26.55 and below on MVFSFI scoring system was used as a measure of the primary outcome of sexual dysfunction.
Results: Out of 240 women who delivered vaginally, 34 (14%) had intact perineum, 107 (44.6%) sustained 1st degree perineal tear, 96 (40%) 2nd degree tear and three (1.25%) 3rd degree tear. Among the respondents, 60.9% of the sexually active respondents who had vaginal delivery, reported to have PPFSD. The timing of sexual resumption does not correlate with the severity of perineal tear. The severity of perineal tear is significantly associated with age (p=0.018), duration of marriage (p=0.008), body mass index (BMI) (p=0.019) and instrumental delivery (p=0.025). The level of personnel skill whom performed the repair were also found to have a significant relationship to PPFSD (p= 0.001). The relationship of participants’ mean age (p=0.271), marriage duration (p=0.903), race (p=0.928), religion (p=0.852), education level (p=0.549), employment status (p=0.102), family income (p=0.460) and BMI(p=0.159) with presence of PPFSD were all found to be statistically not significant.
Conclusion: Occurrence of PPFSD is high among sexually active women who had vaginal delivery complicated by perineal tear, especially among those requiring instrumentation. The severity of perineal tear is associated with age, duration of marriage, BMI and mode of delivery. However, PPFSD does not significantly relate to the severity of perineal tear. None of the socio-demographic factors show a significant difference to sexual dysfunction.