bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Outcomes following Distal Radius Fractures with Preexisting Ulnocarpal Abutment
Authors: Samade Richard , Farrell Nolan , Zaki Omar , Farrar Nicholas , Goyal Kanu S. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background Due to the commonality of distal radius fractures (DRFs), the potential impact of ulnocarpal abutment (UA) on patient outcomes is significant, whether it developed after or prior to injury. It is, therefore, important to consider whether preexisting UA has any impact on outcomes after an acute DRF.
Questions/Purpose The aims of this study were to determine if differences were present in (1) pain at final follow-up, (2) complications, and (3) unintended operations in patients with DRFs and either without or with preexisting radiographic UA.
Methods A single institution retrospective cohort study comparing patients treated either nonoperatively (43 patients) or operatively (473 patients) for DRFs between 5/1/2008 to 5/1/2018 was performed. Data included demographics, prior wrist pain or surgery, ulnar variance, select treatment data, and presence of pain, complication, or unintended operation by final follow-up. Statistical testing used Fisher's exact test and chi-squared test, with a significance level of 0.05.
Results The prevalence of preexisting UA was 14.0 and 15.6% in the nonoperatively- and operatively treated groups, respectively. In nonoperatively treated patients without or with UA, no differences in pain (37.8 vs. 33.3%, p = 1.00) or complications were seen (13.5 vs. 50.0%, p = 0.07). A higher unintended operation rate for nonoperatively treated DRFs with UA, compared with those without, UA was seen (5.4 vs. 50.0%, p = 0.01). No differences in pain, complications, or unintended operations were seen between those without and with UA in the operatively treated group.
Conclusion Preexisting UA is not associated with pain, complications, or unintended operations after operative treatment of DRFs. Prospective studies further evaluating outcomes in nonoperatively treated DRFs with UA may be beneficial.
The Incidence of Psychologic Stress following a Fall and Surgical Treatment of Distal Radius Fractures
Authors: Schindelar Lili , Katt Brian , Townsend Clay , Imbergamo Casey , Takei Robert , Beredjiklian Pedro 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background and Purpose Experiencing a fall and a subsequent distal radius fracture can have a major impact not only on patients' physical function, but also on their emotional state. The purpose of this project was to describe the prevalence of fear of falling (FoF) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following surgically managed distal radius fractures due to a fall.
Methods Patients who underwent surgery for a distal radius fracture due to a fall were identified by a database query. Patients were divided into three groups based on time from surgery: 0 to 2 weeks (acute), 3 to 6 months (mid-term), and 12 to 15 months (long-term). FoF was measured using the Falls Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I) questionnaire. PTSD was measured using the PTSD Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) Text Revision-5 (PCL-5) questionnaire. A total of 239 patients who met inclusion criteria were consented via phone and completed the emailed surveys.
Results FES-I scores were significantly higher in the acute group versus the long-term group (p = 0.04). High concern for FoF was observed in 63% (19/30) of patients in the acute group, in 35% (14/40) in the mid-term group (p = 0.019 vs. acute), and in 19% (8/42) in the long-term group (p < 0.001 vs. acute). Probable PTSD was observed in 2.3% (1/44) of patients in the acute group, in 4.8% (2/42) in the mid-term group, and in 7.3% (3/41) in the long-term group.
Conclusion Patients who undergo surgical fixation of a distal radius fracture due to a fall are subject to FoF and PTSD symptoms. To maximize postoperative outcomes, it is important for surgeons to be aware of these psychological effects and know how to screen for them.
Level of Evidence This is a Level III study.
Corporate reconstructions of federal macroeconomic government institutions compared: USA then, Europe Now
Authors: Georgiou Christakis 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis paper is a contribution to the comparative historical literature on the development of American and European federal macroeconomic government institutions, spawned by the 2010–12 Eurozone crisis. The literature has two major shortcomings, namely a lack of agreement on relevant periodization and a lack of causal explanations about the sources of the processes being compared. My claim is that the most relevant comparison is between the first half of the twentieth century for the USA and the period beginning in the 1980s for the European Union. The reason for this is the underlying and profound socio-economic process of the corporate reconstruction of American and European capitalisms, which I identify as the root cause of the development of federal macroeconomic government institutions in both polities.
“You keep telling us different things, what do we believe?”
Authors: Musolff Andreas 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Quotation and reflective interpretation of previous statements are common features in police interviews. Of particular importance is the uncovering of apparent contradictions between earlier and current responses in interviews of suspects. Conflicting statements can be used by officers as triggers to elicit new responses that explain inconsistencies. In linguistic pragmatics, such reflective commenting on utterances is categorised as metacommunication, i.e. ‘communication about communication’, which includes metarepresentation, i.e. second-order representation of another representation through some form of quotation. Such instances of metacommunication are key instances of negotiating the communicative interests of its chief participants, which in suspect interviews consist on the one hand in the interviewers’ purpose of establishing grounds for a potential criminal charge and, on the other hand, the interviewee’s interest in avoiding such a charge. This article analyses exemplary cases of metacommunication in multilingual police interviews from the perspective of quotation pragmatics. The results suggest that police interview training should pay special attention to this area in order to optimise cognitive results.
Rapport-building in suspects’ police interviews
Authors: Pounds Gabrina 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Both research and police guidelines acknowledge the value of rapport-building in police interview with suspects
(ISs) and provide some insight into how ‘rapport’ may be defined and built in this context. Rapport is, however, difficult to
operationalise and assess in practice, other than for the routine legal clarification offered to suspects at the beginning of the
interview. This chapter takes an original discourse-pragmatic and ethnographic approach to investigating the forms that rapport
takes in a sample of authentic ISs, with particular reference to two dimensions, empathy and face. The article discusses the value
and suitability of the identified empathic and ‘face’-relevant expressions with respect to current interview aims and practice.
The discussion highlights the underlying bi-functionality of rapport in ISs, demonstrating how the two functions may be reconciled in police interview training and practice.
Attitudes Toward and Experiences Working with Patients who Misuse Opioids among Board Certified Physicians in Ohio
Authors: Dhanani Lindsay Y. , Franz Berkeley 
Published: March 2021

Background The United States has experienced substantial consequences associated with the opioid epidemic. One such consequence has been an increased need for patients who misuse opioids to interface with health care professionals. As such, it is important to understand physician attitudes toward and experiences with this patient population. The goal of this paper is to assess the extent to which physicians hold negative attitudes toward patients who misuse opioids and whether this patient population receives differential treatment. Methods Using a mixed methods design, we surveyed board-certified physicians in Ohio regarding their attitudes toward patients who misuse opioids as well as their observations of bias toward these patients in health care settings. Results Our findings suggest that negative attitudes toward patients who misuse opioids are common among physicians as were personal experiences of bias toward this patient population. We also found that physicians rationalized treating these patients differently and perceived barriers to achieving more equitable treatment. Finally, some physicians expressed a desire for additional training and resources to reduce bias. Conclusions Negative attitudes toward patients who misuse opioids may serve as a critical barrier to patients accessing care in areas heavily affected by the U.S. opioid epidemic.
New design of gravitational wave detectors
Authors: Jaén Xavier , Talavera P 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We propose a novel approach to detect gravitational waves based on a semi-rigid detector. The approach relies upon the time delay that the light takes to travel from a fixed mirror at the end of a rigid bar to a nearby free mirror. We show that the dimensions of the experimental device can be shortened in comparison to the conventional ones based on two free mirrors.
The tortoise and the hare: a causality puzzle in AdS/CFT
Authors: Berenstein David , Grabovsky David 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We pose and resolve a holographic puzzle regarding an apparent violation of causality in anti-de Sitter (AdS)/conformal field theory. If a point in the bulk of AdS moves at the speed of light, the boundary subregion that encodes it may need to move superluminally to keep up. With AdS3 as our main example, we prove that the finite extent of the encoding regions prevents a paradox. We show that the length of the minimal-size encoding interval gives rise to a tortoise coordinate on AdS that measures the nonlocality of the encoding. We use this coordinate to explore circular and radial motion in the bulk before passing to the analysis of bulk null geodesics. For these null geodesics, there is always a critical encoding where the possible violation of causality is barely avoided. We show that in any other encoding, the possible violation is subcritical.
Heat conduction in carrots studied with an IR-camera
Authors: Hanisch C , Ziese M 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Heat conduction and diffusion are important phenomena for the understanding of many physical, chemical and biological processes. In physics education these topics are an area to effectively relate the complexity of the mathematical description with modern experimental techniques that enable students to conduct their own research projects. In this work an infrared (IR) camera was used to image temperature profiles of carrot cross-sections after boiling. Using modelling of the spatial and temporal evolution of the heat conduction process it was possible to extract a value of the thermal diffusivity of D = (2.3 ± 0.2) × 10−7 m2 s−1. From this a thermal conductivity κ = (0.9 ± 0.1) W m−1 K−1 was calculated. The heat transfer coefficients between water and carrot of h
W = (333 ± 50) W m−2 K−1 and between air and carrot of h
A = (7 ± 1) W m−2 K−1 were determined. This experiment could be potentially used as an experiment in the general physics or in the advanced physics laboratory in the second or third year.
Simultaneous inversion of the potential term and the fractional orders in a multi-term time-fractional diffusion equation
Authors: Sun L L , Li Y S , Zhang Y 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In the present paper, we devote our effort to a nonlinear inverse problem for simultaneously recovering the potential function and the fractional orders in a multi-term time-fractional diffusion equation from the noisy boundary Cauchy data in the one-dimensional case. The uniqueness for the inverse problem is derived based on the analytic continuation, the Laplace transformation and the Gel’fand–Levitan theory. Finally, the Levenberg–Marquardt regularization method with a regularization parameter chosen by a sigmoid-type function is applied for finding a stable approximate solution. Three numerical examples are provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Hot-phonon effects in photo-excited wide-bandgap semiconductors
Authors: Herrfurth O , Krüger E , Blaurock S , Krautscheid H , Grundmann M 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Carrier and lattice relaxation after optical excitation is simulated for the prototypical wide-bandgap semiconductors CuI and ZnO. Transient temperature dynamics of electrons, holes as well as longitudinal-optic (LO), transverse-optic (TO) and acoustic phonons are distinguished. Carrier-LO-phonon interaction constitutes the dominant energy-loss channel as expected for polar semiconductors and hot-phonon effects are observed for strong optical excitation. Our results support the findings of recent time-resolved optical spectroscopy experiments.
Computational study of crystal defect formation in Mo by a machine learning molecular dynamics potential
Authors: Domínguez-Gutiérrez F J , Byggmästar J , Nordlund K , Djurabekova F , von Toussaint U 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this work, we study the damage in crystalline molybdenum material samples due to neutron bombardment in a primary knock-on atom (PKA) range of 0.5–10 keV at room temperature. We perform classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations using a previously derived machine learning (ML) interatomic potential based on the Gaussian approximation potential (GAP) framework. We utilize a recently developed software workflow for fingerprinting and visualizing defects in damaged crystal structures to analyze the Mo samples with respect to the formation of point defects during and after a collision cascade. As a benchmark, we report results for the total number of Frenkel pairs (a self-interstitial atom and a single vacancy) formed and atom displacements as a function of the PKA energy. A comparison to results obtained using an embedded atom method (EAM) potential is presented to discuss the advantages and limits of the MD simulations utilizing ML-based potentials. The formation of Frenkel pairs follows a sublinear scaling law as ξ

b
where b is a fitting parameter and ξ = E
PKA/E
0 with E
0 as a scaling factor. We found that the b = 0.54 for the GAP MD results and b = 0.667 for the EAM simulations. Although the average number of total defects is similar for both methods, the MD results show different atomic geometries for complex point defects, where the formation of crowdions by the GAP potential is closer to the DFT-based expectation. Finally, ion beam mixing results for GAP MD simulations are in a good agreement with experimental mixing efficiency data. This indicates that the modeling of atom relocation in cascades by machine learned potentials is suited to interpret the corresponding experimental findings.
Human exposure to radiofrequency energy above 6 GHz: review of computational dosimetry studies
Authors: Hirata Akimasa , Kodera Sachiko , Sasaki Kensuke , Gomez-Tames Jose , Laakso Ilkka , Wood Andrew , Watanabe Soichi , Foster Kenneth R 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
International guidelines/standards for human protection from electromagnetic fields have been revised recently, especially for frequencies above 6 GHz where new wireless communication systems have been deployed. Above this frequency a new physical quantity ‘absorbed/epithelial power density’ has been adopted as a dose metric. Then, the permissible level of external field strength/power density is derived for practical assessment. In addition, a new physical quantity, fluence or absorbed energy density, is introduced for protection from brief pulses (especially for shorter than 10 s). These limits were explicitly designed to avoid excessive increases in tissue temperature, based on electromagnetic and thermal modeling studies but supported by experimental data where available. This paper reviews the studies on the computational modeling/dosimetry which are related to the revision of the guidelines/standards. The comparisons with experimental data as well as an analytic solution are also been presented. Future research needs and additional comments on the revision will also be mentioned.
Potential of a probabilistic framework for target prediction from surrogate respiratory motion during lung radiotherapy
Authors: Remy Charlotte , Ahumada Daniel , Labine Alexandre , Côté Jean-Charles , Lachaine Martin , Bouchard Hugo 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Purpose. Respiration-induced motion introduces significant positioning uncertainties in radiotherapy treatments for thoracic sites. Accounting for this motion is a non-trivial task commonly addressed with surrogate-based strategies and latency compensating techniques. This study investigates the potential of a new unified probabilistic framework to predict both future target motion in real-time from a surrogate signal and associated uncertainty. Method. A Bayesian approach is developed, based on a Kalman filter theory adapted specifically for surrogate measurements. Breathing motions are collected simultaneously from a lung target, two external surrogates (abdominal and thoracic markers) and an internal surrogate (liver structure) for 9 volunteers during 4 min, in which severe breathing changes occur to assess the robustness of the method. A comparison with an artificial non-linear neural network (NN) is performed, although no confidence interval prediction is provided. A static worst-case scenario and a simple static design are investigated. Results. Although the NN can reduce the prediction errors from thoracic surrogate in some cases, the Bayesian framework outperforms in most cases the NN when using the other surrogates: bias on predictions is reduced by 38% and 16% on average when using respectively the liver and the abdomen for the simple scenario, and by respectively 40% and 31% for the worst-case scenario. The standard deviation of residuals is reduced on average by up to 42%. The Bayesian method is also found to be more robust to increasing latencies. The thoracic marker appears to be less reliable to predict the target position, while the liver shows to be a better surrogate. A statistical test confirms the significance of both observations. Conclusion. The proposed framework predicts both the future target position and the associated uncertainty, which can be valuably used to further assist motion management decisions. Further investigation is required to improve the predictions by using an adaptive version of the proposed framework.
Synthetic CT for single-fraction neoadjuvant partial breast irradiation on an MRI-linac
Authors: Groot Koerkamp M L , de Hond Y J M , Maspero M , Kontaxis C , Mandija S , Vasmel J E , Charaghvandi R K , Philippens M E P , van Asselen B , van den Bongard H J G D , Hackett S S , Houweling A C 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A synthetic computed tomography (sCT) is required for daily plan optimization on an MRI-linac. Yet, only limited information is available on the accuracy of dose calculations on sCT for breast radiotherapy. This work aimed to (1) evaluate dosimetric accuracy of treatment plans for single-fraction neoadjuvant partial breast irradiation (PBI) on a 1.5 T MRI-linac calculated on a) bulk-density sCT mimicking the current MRI-linac workflow and b) deep learning-generated sCT, and (2) investigate the number of bulk-density levels required. For ten breast cancer patients we created three bulk-density sCTs of increasing complexity from the planning-CT, using bulk-density for: (1) body, lungs, and GTV (sCTBD1); (2) volumes for sCTBD1 plus chest wall and ipsilateral breast (sCTBD2); (3) volumes for sCTBD2 plus ribs (sCTBD3); and a deep learning-generated sCT (sCTDL) from a 1.5 T MRI in supine position. Single-fraction neoadjuvant PBI treatment plans for a 1.5 T MRI-linac were optimized on each sCT and recalculated on the planning-CT. Image evaluation was performed by assessing mean absolute error (MAE) and mean error (ME) in Hounsfield Units (HU) between the sCTs and the planning-CT. Dosimetric evaluation was performed by assessing dose differences, gamma pass rates, and dose-volume histogram (DVH) differences. The following results were obtained (median across patients for sCTBD1/sCTBD2/sCTBD3/sCTDL respectively): MAE inside the body contour was 106/104/104/75 HU and ME was 8/9/6/28 HU, mean dose difference in the PTVGTV was 0.15/0.00/0.00/−0.07 Gy, median gamma pass rate (2%/2 mm, 10% dose threshold) was 98.9/98.9/98.7/99.4%, and differences in DVH parameters were well below 2% for all structures except for the skin in the sCTDL. Accurate dose calculations for single-fraction neoadjuvant PBI on an MRI-linac could be performed on both bulk-density and deep learning sCT, facilitating further implementation of MRI-guided radiotherapy for breast cancer. Balancing simplicity and accuracy, sCTBD2 showed the optimal number of bulk-density levels for a bulk-density approach.
Decreased sample entropy during sleep-to-wake transition in sleep apnea patients
Authors: Liang Xueyu , Xiong Jinle , Cao Zhengtao , Wang Xingyao , Li Jianqing , Liu Chengyu 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Objective. This study aimed to prove that there is a sudden change in the human physiology system when switching from one sleep stage to another and physical threshold-based sample entropy (SampEn) is able to capture this transition in an RR interval time series from patients with disorders such as sleep apnea. Approach. Physical threshold-based SampEn was used to analyze different sleep-stage RR segments from sleep apnea subjects in the St. Vincents University Hospital/University College Dublin Sleep Apnea Database, and SampEn differences were compared between two consecutive sleep stages. Additionally, other standard heart rate variability (HRV) measures were also analyzed to make comparisons. Main results. The findings suggested that the sleep-to-wake transitions presented a SampEn decrease significantly larger than intra-sleep ones (P < 0.01), which outperformed other standard HRV measures. Moreover, significant entropy differences between sleep and subsequent wakefulness appeared when the previous sleep stage was either S1 (P < 0.05), S2 (P < 0.01) or S4 (P < 0.05). Significance. The results demonstrated that physical threshold-based SampEn has the capability of depicting physiological changes in the cardiovascular system during the sleep-to-wake transition in sleep apnea patients and it is more reliable than the other analyzed HRV measures. This noninvasive HRV measure is a potential tool for further evaluation of sleep physiological time series.