bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spphases from the transition zone between the upper and lower mantle
Authors: Faber Sonja , MÜller Gerhard 
Published: June 2021

abstractPrecursors to S and SKS were observed in long-period SRO and WWSSN seismograms of the Romanian earthquake of March 4, 1977, recorded in the United States at distances from 68° to 93°. According to the fault-plane solution, the stations were close to a nodal plane and SV radiation was optimum in their direction. Particle-motion diagrams, constructed from the digital data of the SRO station ANMO (distance 89.1°), show the P-wave character of the precursors. Several interpretations are discussed; the most plausible is that the precursors are Sp phases generated by conversion from S to P below the station. The travel-time differences between S or SKS and Sp are about 60 sec and indicate conversion in the transition zone between the upper and lower mantle. Sp conversions were also observed at long-period WWSSN stations in the western United States for 2 Tonga-Fiji deep-focus earthquakes (distances from 82° to 96°).Special emphasis is given in this paper to the calculation of theoretical seismograms, both for Sp precursors and the P-wave coda, including high-order multiples such as sP4 which may arrive simultaneously with Sp. The Sp calculations show: (1) the conversions produced by S, ScS, and SKS at interfaces or transition zones between the upper and lower mantle form a complicated interference pattern, and (2) conversion at transition zones is less effective than at first-order discontinuities only if their thickness is greater than about half a wavelength of S waves. As a consequence, details of the velocity structure between the upper and lower mantle can only be determined within these limits from long-period Sp observations. Our observations are compatible with velocity models having pronounced transition zones at depths of 400 and 670 km as have been proposed for the western United States, and they exclude much smoother structures. Our study suggests that long-period Sp precursors from pure thrust or normal-fault earthquakes, observed at distances from 70° to 95° close to a nodal plane and at azimuths roughly perpendicular to its strike, offer a simple means for qualitative mapping of the sharpness of the transition zones between the upper and lower mantle.
Reexamination of some larger La Malbaie, Québec, earthquakes (1924-1978)
Authors: Stevens Anne E. 
Published: June 2021

abstractThe locations of all instrumentally recorded earthquakes of magnitude greater than 412, which occurred in the St. Lawrence Valley near La Malbaie, Québec, in the period 1927 to 1978, have been reexamined, along with some smaller associated events. Although the cataloged epicenters scattered on both shores of the St. Lawrence River, the relocated epicenters fall into two distinct epicentral areas, which coincide with the ends of the 70-km-long northeast trending zone of recent microearthquake activity. This zone lies mainly beneath the St. Lawrence River between Ile aux Lièvres to the northeast and Ile aux Coudres to the southwest.The major St. Lawrence earthquake of 1925 originally located (±40 km) close to the town of La Malbaie, near the middle of the current microearthquake zone, is relocated 30 ± 15 km northeast near Ile aux Lièvres. If the pattern of the past half-century continues, significant earthquakes may be expected only near the two ends of the zone.Structures known at present from geological or geophysical data do not explain completely the preferential stress concentrations near Ile aux Lièvres and Ile aux Coudres. However, the Charlevoix impact crater and Logan's contact together may influence the concentration of regional stress producing the larger earthquakes just beyond the crater rim near Ile aux Lièvres.
Geodetically derived strain at Shelter Cove, California
Authors: Snay Richard A. , Cline Michael W. 
Published: June 2021

abstract
To monitor crustal motion, the National Geodetic Survey observed, during 1976, a small geodetic network in the Shelter Cove area of northern California. This network straddles part of the fault which ruptured during the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Analysis of the new survey data, combined with observations of a larger 1930 network, yields an estimate of N13.2°W ± 4.5° for the direction of maximum right-lateral shear strain through the area. This value agrees well with the average strike of the straddled fault and with the average strike of the San Andreas Fault's underwater path between Point Arena and Shelter Cove. The mean shear strain rate in this direction is 1.01 ± 0.18 (10−6) rad/yr for the 1930 to 1976 time interval where a region undergoing homogeneous strain more accurately describes the data than models allowing for the existence of surface slippage.
A procedure to resolve areas of different source mechanism when using the method of composite nodal plane solution
Authors: Mendiguren Jorge A. 
Published: June 2021

abstractThe composite nodal plane solution method fails when it is applied to a region where the events have different source mechanism in different areas. Presented here is a systematic procedure to delimit those areas and find their particular source mechanism. In its first step, the method consists of a graphical analysis of the regional distribution of P first motion data of all events as recorded at each station. From that analysis, it is possible to identify small areas where the events have the same source mechanism. In a second step, those elemental areas are expanded into adjacent areas with compatible P data until they cover the whole seismic region under study. The method resolves the source mechanism in each area and allows the identification of anomalous ones.
Microearthquake spectra in the southeastern United States
Authors: Marion George E. , Long Leland Timothy 
Published: June 2021

abstractDisplacement spectra from microearthquakes in the Clark Hill Reservoir Area and the Jocassee Reservoir Area, both in the Piedmont Crystalline Province, showed similar spectral properties typified by a sharp spectral corner, ω-cubic, high-frequency decay and ratios of P- and S-wave corner frequencies predominantly greater than unity. Displacement spectra from microearthquakes in the Maryville Tennessee Area in the Folded Appalachian Province showed transitional spectral corners, ω-square or less high-frequency decay and a ratio of P- to S-wave corner frequencies less than or equal to unity. These spectral characteristics are interpreted as evidence for a possible regional variation in the earthquake mechanism. The Clark Hill and Jocassee spectral characteristics are best explained by an earthquake mechanism typical of an equidimensional fault which nucleates rupture at a point of high resistance to slip and ruptures at a velocity greater than the S-wave velocity along an existing fracture. The Maryville spectral characteristics are best explained by rupture at velocities less than the S-wave velocity along faults which may show premature arrest of movement.
Microseisms: A twenty-six-second spectral line in long-period earth motion
Authors: Holcomb L. Gary 
Published: June 2021

abstractA narrow-band microseismic peak exists in worldwide earth background near a period of 26 sec. During storms, the amplitude of this ground motion increases to high levels which allows detailed studies of its characteristics. Analysis indicates that the energy arrives as Rayleigh waves from a source in the southern Atlantic Ocean. The most significant property of this microseismic peak is that it is nondispersive, thereby eliminating deep-water ocean-wave dispersion as the mechanism for isolating the narrow-band energy.
The seismic response of sediment-filled valleys. Part 1. The case of incidentSHwaves
Authors: Bard Pierre-Yves , Bouchon Michel 
Published: June 2021

abstractIn this study is presented the extension to time domain calculations of the Aki-Larner method (Aki and Larner, 1970), developed to investigate the scattering of plane waves at irregular interface. Seismograms computed at the surface of a soft basin for SH waves vertically incident are compared with results obtained by finite difference, finite element, and asymptotic ray theory methods. The method is then applied to a study of the seismic response of sediment-filled valleys to incident SH waves. Various geometries and rheological parameters are considered. The study shows the important role played by the nonplanar interface, which, when the incident wavelengths are comparable to the depth of the valley, results in the generation of Love waves which may have much larger amplitude than the disturbance associated with the direct incident signal. In the presence of a high-velocity contrast between the sediments and the underlying bedrock, these local surface waves can be reflected several times at the edges of the valley, resulting in a long duration of the ground shaking in the basin. In the case of a lower impedance contrast, these waves may produce disturbances on the outer sides of the valley.
Slip vectors on faults near Salt Lake City, Utah, from quaternary displacements and seismicity
Authors: Pavlis Terry L. , Smith R. B. 
Published: June 2021

abstract
Slip vectors, derived from striations on variably oriented faults along the west and south sides of a bedrock spur north of Salt Lake City, Utah, indicate a consistent relative motion between the spur and the Salt Lake Valley during Quaternary time. The possibility of motion of coherent crustal blocks during basin and range type faulting suggests: (1) segmentation of major fault zones, such as the Wasatch fault zone, into independent crustal blocks, complicates the evaluation of earthquake hazards because of the unknown relationships between individual faults; and (2) if this pattern of crustal deformation is characteristic of the Basin and Range Province, then fault-plane solutions for this area should be carefully evaluated because they may reflect local displacements rather than the effects of the regional stress field.
Estimation of maximum magnitude and recommended seismic zone changes in the western Great Basin
Authors: Ryall Alan S. , VanWormer J. D. 
Published: June 2021

abstractRecent seismic zone maps show large values of maximum expected ground motion for the zone of large historic earthquakes in central Nevada, but low values along a zone of major faults in the Sierra Nevada-Great Basin boundary zone (SNGBZ). Estimates of maximum magnitude for this zone, based on a comparison of mapped faults with seismicity, range from 8.0 or greater in the area south of Bishop to 7.5 to 7.8 in the area between Bishop and Susanville. With population concentrations in the Reno-Carson City-Tahoe area, the northern SNGBZ represents the most serious seismic risk for the Nevada-eastern California region, and seismic zone maps should be changed to reflect this risk. In compiling these maps, magnitude-acceleration relationships should be used that are appropriate to source types and propagation paths in the Great Basin. Relationships between maximum acceleration and magnitude based on source-receiver paths along the California coast (i.e., Schnabel and Seed, 1973) may overestimate near-source acceleration in the Great Basin by a factor of 2 or more.
Fault parameters of the St. Elias, Alaska, earthquake of February 28, 1979
Authors: Hasegawa H. S. , Lahr J. C. , Stephens C. D. 
Published: June 2021

abstractFault parameters of the Ms 7.1 St. Elias, Alaska, earthquake of February 28, 1979, are determined from an analysis of P-wave first motions, fundamental-mode surface waves, and aftershock data. The preferred P-wave nodal plane has a shallow (12°) angle of dip and indicates underthrusting in a northerly (N13°W) direction, which is also close to the azimuth (N8°W) of the deviatoric compression (P) vector. Aftershock activity during the 24-hr interval immediately following the main shock extends over an area of 3200 km2, which is taken to represent the fault area of the main shock. Because aftershock activity outlines a fault area with nonrectangular geometry, fault length (50 to 80 km) and width (50 to 65 km) are not well defined. Estimates of focal depth from aftershock activity fall in the range 10 to 20 km, which surface-wave analysis is unable to restrict further. For the main shock, seismic moment, Mo, is 2.5 × 1027 dyne-cm (0.25 × 1021 N.m) and average dislocation, 2 meters. Average rupture velocity falls in the range 2.5 to 3 km/sec. Apparent stress, ησ, is 5 bars (0.5 MPa) and stress drop, Δσ, 35 bars (3.5 MPa). These values are considered typical of large-magnitude interplate earthquakes.
RMS accelerations and spectral amplitudes of strong ground motion during the San Fernando, California earthquake
Authors: McGuire Robin K. , Hanks Thomas C. 
Published: June 2021

abstractAn estimate of the Fourier amplitude spectrum of horizontal shear-wave motion is obtained using the Brune seismic source model in the presence of anelastic attenuation, from which the root-mean-square acceleration (arms) can be calculated. Predicted spectral amplitudes and values of arms are compared to observations for 160 free-field or basement-level components of horizontal acceleration of the San Fernando earthquake. For a stress drop of 50 bars and a faulting duration of 10 sec, observed and predicted spectral amplitudes and values of arms are in reasonable agreement: the observations conform to the predicted attenuation with distance (which is frequency-dependent for spectral amplitudes and proportional to R−3/2 for arms), but exceed predicted values by an average factor of about 3. Some of this difference is attributable to azimuthal variation in source excitation and the highly nonuniform distribution of stations with azimuth; the remainder results from the high-stress drop associated with the initial rupture for this earthquake. Predictions made by the model are nonetheless in agreement, both in terms of attenuation and amplitude, with spectral amplitudes estimated by empirical models calibrated with records from a wide variety of earthquakes.
Transformation of commensal to a pathogen: Blood stream infection due to coagulase negative staphylococci among patients attending tertiary care hospital in North India
Authors: Das Anupam , Singh Vikramjeet , Pandey Pranshu , Sen Manodeep , Agarwal Jyotsna 
Published: June 2021

Aim of this study was to know the prevalence of Coagulase Negative Staphylococci (CoNS) in Blood Stream Infection (BSI) among patients attending a Superspeciality hospital in North India. Objective of this study was to compare incidence of CoNS in ICU and ward patients suffering from BSI and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. This retrospective hospital based study was conducted in the Microbiology Department, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow for a period of two years (January, 2017 -December, 2018). Blood samples from a total of 6498 patients from Out-Patient, In-Patient and Intensive care unit departments were subjected to aerobic and anaerobic bacterial culture. Culture positive broth was subcultured on Blood Agar and MacConkey Agar to isolate pathogens in pure culture. Pure cultured isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility pattern by Kirby Bauer Disk Diffusion method as per CLSI 2018.During the study period, out of total 3284 samples in 2017 and 3214 in 2018, 663 and 595 were found to be culture positive respectively.Staphylococci were isolated from 636 (9.78%) patients (10.2% in 2017 and 9.2% in 2018). Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 18.8% and CoNS from 81.2% of total Staphylococcal isolates. Among CoNS isolates 70.7% were found to be Methicillin Resistant CoNS (MRCoNS). This study observed CoNS as a major cause of BSI as compared to Staphylococcus aureusThe significance of CONS bacteremia should be evaluated better in light of clinical profile of the patient. Better screening and infection control practices in the future can decrease the rate of methicillin resistant CoNS in our centre.
Aislamiento social y el covid-19 en las regiones de México
Authors: Rangel González Erick , Llamosas-Rosas Irving , Fonseca Felipe J. 
Published: June 2021

Objetivo: Utilizando información a partir de los Informes de Movilidad elaborados por Google, particularmente el relacionado con la estadía residencial, se estima el efecto del aislamiento social sobre los contagios y defunciones por covid-19 en los estados mexicanos.
Metodología: Se emplea un modelo econométrico dinámico el cual toma en consideración la potencial endogeneidad en el registro de contagios nuevos, así como el efecto rezagado que tiene la variable de aislamiento.
Resultados: Los hallazgos indican una relación negativa y significativa entre la estadía residencial y la tasa de crecimiento de los contagios y defunciones. Adicionalmente, se utiliza este modelo para realizar simulaciones de los posibles efectos del nivel de distanciamiento social sobre los niveles de contagios y muertes generados por la pandemia de covid-19 hasta el 5 de julio.
Limitaciones: El estudio analiza la relación entre el distanciamiento social y los contagios, y las muertes causadas por covid-19, pero no toma en consideración los costos económicos asociados (tales como reducciones en la producción y el empleo).
Originalidad: Hasta donde sabemos, se trata del primer estudio para el caso de México que mide el efecto del aislamiento sobre los contagios y defunciones por covid-19 en el nivel regional.
Conclusiones: Acorde con las simulaciones realizadas, se estima que de haberse registrado índices mayores de aislamiento social, se hubiesen registrado entre 135 000 y 143 000 contagios menos de covid-19.

Recepción: 11/10/2020
Aceptación: 28/01/2021
LOCATING MULTILINGUAL LITERACIES: A CASE STUDY OF LITERACY PRACTICES AT THE FATIMA JINNAH WOMEN UNIVERSITY (FJWU), RAWALPINDI
Authors: Umer Saima , Rasul Sarwet , Sumaira  , Iqbal Zafar 
Published: June 2021

Purpose: The present study attempts to analyze literacy practices of adults with low academic qualifications in their work domain to prove that the traditional definition of literacy as merely an ability to read and write may not prove an effective yardstick in the postmodern digitalized global world. Methods: The research is contextualized in nature and takes place in real-life settings of Pakistani society. The researchers collected the data through semi/non-structured interviews based on a questionnaire consisted of 53 questions, excluding demographic-related details. The duration of the fieldwork was almost one month. During the data collection process, the researcher kept on tailoring the questions to have insights into the LNL practices of adults concerning the aim of the study and the progression of the interviews/conversation. Main Findings: The study finds multiliteracies in the work domains of sanitary workers in the shape of LNL and technology integration. Sanitary workers seem to utilize less English language vocabulary, specifically naming (nouns), i.e., washroom, cleaners/acids, vacuum cleaner, biometrics, blower, floor machine, or mobile phones. Workers also use diverse literacy practices in their communications, i.e., multilingual lexicon, numeracy, or digital literacies. Application of the Study: The findings suggest that this workplace multilingualism and multiliteracy practices would help the organizations (public/private) to instruct their employees/staff for purposeful communication(s). Moreover, this study would facilitate the process of training need analysis (TNA) during the trainings as the model of the present research can be adapted by the trainers to assess the literacy level(s) of the trainees for better classifications to provide proper training according to their prior knowledge. The Originality of the Study: According to the researchers' best knowledge, this type of study appeared not conducted in a specific field in the selected geographical area. Moreover, the research offers a new theoretical framework to conduct a multiliteracy study in sanitary works.
DEPENDENT-INDEPENDENT LEARNER: EXPERIENCES OF A NOVICE INDEPENDENT LEARNER DURING AN MA STUDY IN A UK UNIVERSITY
Authors: Shakir Mahrukh , Ahmad Waqar 
Published: June 2021

Purpose of the study: This paper reveals the feelings and experiences of the researcher regarding the transition from a familiar to an unfamiliar context and understanding the concept of 'independent learners and 'independent learning' throughout a one-year MA in the University of Southampton, UK.
Methodology: Written in the form of a narrative by employing a diary, this article presents a brief account (a snapshot) of the researcher’s journey, which includes the struggles, gains, and losses during survival as a novice independent learner who had come from a completely different culture and educational setting.
Main findings: The study concludes that training (guiding and facilitating) novice independent learners and developing their metacognitive awareness about ‘independent learning’ might help in empowering and producing efficient independent learners.
Applications of this study: The paper proposes some useful suggestions for the teachers and educators in learner training, based on and limited to the researcher’s observations and experiences.
Novelty/Originality of this study: Based on the theory regarding meta-cognitive awareness and discussing it as a vital part of learner training and the significant role that it plays in dealing with the challenges of independent learning,
Pengaturan Perkawinan Beda Agama dalam Perspektif Kepastian Hukum
Authors: Fani Khairul 
Published: June 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa berbagai pengaturan perkawinan yang menyangkut perkawinan beda agama terutama menurut Undang-undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan. Selain itu juga penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan bagaimana kepastian hukum pengaturan perkawinan beda agama serta konsekuensi hukum dari perkawinan beda agama di Indonesia. Metode penelitian yang digunakan kualitatif dengan pendekatan yuridis normatif. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa secara yuridis pengaturan hukum mengenai perkawinan beda agama secara legal formal belum diatur dengan jelas dan tegas dan Kepastian hukum dalam pengaturan perkawinan beda agama di indonesia masih belum memiliki kepastian hukum secara normatif pada teks-teks hukum yang berkaitan dengan perkawinan.
Pengaruh Religiusitas dan Fundraising terhadap Minat Berwakaf Uang dengan Kesadaran Sebagai Variabel Intervening pada Pegawai Kantor Wilayah Kementerian Agama Provinsi Sumatera Selatan
Authors: Kurniawati Dwi , Zainuddin Cholidi , Lidyah Rika 
Published: June 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui seberapa besarnya minat Pegawai Kantor Wilayah Kementerian Agama Provinsi Sumatera Selatan dalam berwakaf uang. Dalam penelitian ini data dikumpulkan dengan menyebarkan kuesioner terhadap 50 pegawai menggunakan metode insidental Sampling untuk mengetahui tanggapan responden dengan variabel yang ada. Analisis dengan menggunakan metode Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) berbasis Partial Least Square (PLS). Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa religiusitas tidak terdapat pengaruh terhadap minat berwakaf uang, fundraising berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap minat berwakaf uang, religiusitas berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kesadaran pegawai berwakaf uang, fundraising berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kesadaran, dan variabel kesadaran berpengaruh signifikan dalam memediasi antara religiusitas terhadap minat berwakaf dan fundraising terhadap minat wakaf.