bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Linkages between Social Expenditures and Economic Growth: the Most Important Conclusions for Central European Countries
Authors: Govdeli Tuncer , Karakuş Umar Esra 
Published: December 2021

The role of the state within the neoliberal system is discussed in the approaches developed for social expenditures. Accordingly, the question of whether the state should stand back or provide the support needed by individuals has shaped the literaturę on social expenditures. It is thought that the increase in social expenditures affects public expenditures, and public expenditures may indirectly cause budget deficits. In addition, it is said that there is a decrease in social spending during periods of economic growth. All these dilemmas show that the idea that the country needs both producers and consumers while realizing economic growth has been pushed into the background. Here, the analyses of the relationship between social spending and economic growth are the arguments for the accuracy of this assumption.
The aim of this study is to empirically analyze the long-term relationship between the economic growth and social expenditures of eight Central European countries and the causality relationship for 1999 and 2019. In the empirical findings, the cointegration relationship was determined between economic growth and social spending. Based on the findings of the causality analysis, it has been concluded that there is a bidirectional causality relationship between economic growth and social expenditures. Policy proposals are given in the conclusion section of the article.
Transcending the “Black Raven”: An Autoethnographic and Intergenerational Exploration of Stalinist Oppression
Authors: Krahn Elizabeth 
Published: December 2021

Many of Canada’s aging immigrants were displaced persons in Europe post-WWII and have internalized psychological effects of their traumatic past within a society that tends to marginalize or pathologize them. While early collective trauma literature focuses on individualized, psychotherapeutic approaches, more recent literature demonstrates the importance of externalizing and contextualizing trauma and fostering validating dialogue within families and community systems to facilitate transformation on many levels. My research is an autoethnographic exploration of lifespan and intergenerational effects of trauma perceived by Russian Mennonite women who fled Stalinist Russia to Germany during WWII and migrated to Winnipeg, Canada, and adult sons or daughters of this generation of women. Sixteen individual life narratives, including my own, generated a collective narrative for each generation. Most participants lost male family members during Stalin’s Great Terror, verschleppt, or disappeared in a vehicle dubbed the Black Raven. Survivors tended to privilege stories of resilience – marginalizing emotions and mental weakness. The signature story of many adult children involved their mother’s resilience, suppressed psychological issues, and emotional unavailability. Results underline the importance of narrative exchange that validates marginalized storylines and promotes individual, intergenerational, and cultural story reconstruction within safe social and/or professional environments, thus supporting healthy attachments.
Clinical and radiographic evaluation of femoral shaft fractures in a pediatric population treated with titanium elastic nails
Authors: ÇAĞLAR Ceyhun , EMRE Fahri 
Published: December 2021

Aim: The main goal of study is to evaluate the clinical, functional and radiographic results of titanium elastic nail (TEN), which is among the most preferred methods in the treatment of pediatric femoral shaft fractures.
Materials and Methods: In this study, 33 patients, the ages of from 4 to14 years and weighing less than 50 kg, who were diagnosed with femoral shaft fractures between January 2018 and December 2019 and operated on with the TEN method in our clinic, were evaluated retrospectively. The demographic information of the patients, injury mechanism, fracture pattern, duration of surgery, radiographic union time, degree of residual deformity in the coronal and sagittal planes after union, nonunion rate, leg length discrepancy and postoperative weight-bearing times were examined.
Results: Femoral shaft fractures were seen 2.3 times more often in boys than in girls. Patients are often injured as a result of high-energy trauma such as traffic accidents and falls from a height. According to radiographic measurements, mean residual deformity of 3.23 ± 2.46 degrees in the coronal plane and 4.56 ± 3.78 degrees in the sagittal plane was measured and a mean discrepancy of 1.36 ± 0.85 cm was found between the two legs. Radiographic union time was calculated as 10.41 ± 3.55 weeks on average.
Conclusion: If applied with the right indication and the right technique, the TEN method is extremely important and successful in the treatment of femoral shaft fractures in pediatric patients younger than 15 years old and weighing less than 50 kg.
Günübirlik anestezi uygulamalarımız ve gelişen komplikasyonlar
Authors: ŞAHUTOĞLU Cengiz , KARACA Nursen , KARAMAN Semra , KOCABAŞ Nüzhet Seden , ALPER Işık , UYAR Meltem , AŞKAR Fatma Zekiye 
Published: December 2021

Amaç: Tıbbi teknolojideki ve monitörizasyondaki gelişmeler günübirlik cerrahi uygulamalarında hızlı bir artışa neden oldu. Bu çalışmada günübirlik anestezi sonuçlarımızın sunulması hedeflendi.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Günübirlik cerrahi geçiren 907 hasta prospektif gözlemsel olarak çalışmaya alındı. Acil hastalar, ameliyathane dışı anestezi uygulamaları ve anestezi ekibinin eşlik etmediği operasyonlar çalışma dışı bırakıldı. Hastalara yapılacak işleme göre genel anestezi, rejyonal anestezi veya sedo-analjezi uygulandı. Komplikasyonlarla ilişkili risk faktörleri ile demografik veriler, anestezi yöntemi, intraoperatif ve postoperatif değişkenler arasında istatiksel anlamlılık araştırıldı.
Bulgular: Hastanemizde Şubat 2020’de 2194 hasta operasyona alındı. Hastalardan 907’si (%41,3) günübirlik kriterlerini karşılamaktaydı. Hastaların %26,8’ini (243 hasta) pediyatrik hastalar oluşturmaktaydı. Göz hastalıkları (%67) en sık günübirlik operasyon yapılan klinik oldu. İntratrakeal genel anestezi (%36,7), en sık uygulanan anestezi şekliydi. İntraoperatif ve postoperatif komplikasyon sırasıyla hastaların %2,9’da ve %1,9’da gelişti. Operasyonun endoskopik yapılması (OR: 4,357 [1,909-9,943], p˂0,001) ve bazal kalp hızı yükseklikleri (OR:1,030 [1,009-1,052], p=0,006) peroperatif komplikasyonlar ile ilişkiliydi.
Sonuç: Operasyonun endoskopik uygulanması ve bazal kalp hızı yüksekliği peroperatif komplikasyon ile ilişkili iken; anestezi türü ile komplikasyon arasında anlamlı ilişki olmadığı saptandı. Hızlı ve kısa etkili anesteziklerin, analjeziklerin ve nöromuskuler blokörlerin yanı sıra geliştirilmiş monitörizasyon yöntemlerinin kullanımı perioperatif anestezi komplikasyonlarını azaltacaktır.
The Importance of neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, monocyte-lymphocyte ratio, and thrombocyte-lymphocyte ratio in addition to abnormal laboratory parameters in COVID-19 pneumonia
Authors: KENİ BEGENDİ Nermin , KAÇAR Fatma , DAĞ Mikail , TARAKÇI Arzu , ÖZDEMİR ARMAĞAN Şule , SAÇKAN Fatih , KIZILARSLANOĞLU Muhammet Cemal 
Published: December 2021

Aim: We aimed to examine the importance of the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), monocyte-lymphocyte ratio (MLR) and thrombocyte-lymphocyte ratio (TLR) in addition to laboratory parameters in terms of pneumonia between patients with and without pneumonia diagnosed with COVID-19 infection.
Materials and Methods: In our retrospective study, 506 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 who were hospitalized and treated between April 2020 and July 2020 were included. While 50.6% (n= 256) of the patients had pneumonia, 49.4% (n= 250) did not have. File informations were scanned; the demographic data, hospitalization and discharge laboratory parameters were recorded.
Results: The median age of the patients was 44.5 (16-89) years, 55.5% (n= 281) of them were male. The median age of patients with pneumonia was higher than those without pneumonia, and the frequency of female gender was higher (p
Oosit toplama sırasındaki folikül yıkamanın fertilite prezervasyonu siklusları sonuçlarına etkisi, retrospektif çalışma
Authors: EMİRDAR Volkan , ACET Ferruh 
Published: December 2021

Amaç: Kanser hastalarının kemoterapi sonrası yumurtalık rezervlerini kaybetme riski altında olduğu göz önüne alındığında, fertilite prezervasyonu (FP) döngülerinde oosit kalitesini en üst düzeye çıkarmak çok önemlidir. Amacımız, FP için letrozol ve gonadotropinler ile oositleri veya embriyoları korumak için kontrollü yumurtalık stimülasyonu uygulanan kadınlarda elde edilen oosit ve embriyo sayısını maksimize etmede foliküler yıkamanın yararlılığını belirlemekti.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Fertilite prezervasonu planlanan meme kanserli olgular retrospektif olarak tarandı. Çift lümenli yıkama yaklaşımı (ÇLY) kullanılarak oositlerin aspire edildiği 11 döngü, oositlerin tek lümenli aspirasyon (TLA) yoluyla alındığı yaş uyumlu 31 döngü ile karşılaştırıldı. 10 mm ve üzerinde ölçüm yapılan tüm foliküller aspire edildi. ÇLY grubunda, foliküller 6 defaya veya oosit elde edilene kadar yıkandı.
Bulgular: Ortalama yaş ve anti-müllerian hormon (AMH) değerleri ÇLY ve TLA grupları arasında benzerdi (sırasıyla, yaş:39,8 ± 0,48 / 37,9 ± 0,74; p=0,162; AMH: 1,69 ± 0,37 / 1,47 ± 0,25 ng/mL p=0,635). Pik estradiol seviyeleri ÇLY grubunda anlamlı olarak daha yüksekti (ÇLY / TLA: 1022,66 ± 205,45 / 715,5 ± 33,69 pg/mL, p= 0,026). Toplam gonadotropin dozu ( ÇLY / TLA: 5345 ± 344 / 5017 ± 108 IU, p= 0,236) ve toplam letrozol dozu (ÇLY / TLA: 59,0 ± 2,84 / 57,9 ± 1,08 mg, p=0,633) her iki grupta benzerdi. Tetikleme öncesi ultrasonografide 10 mm üzerindeki folikül sayısı temel alındığında benzer sayıda folikül saptandı (16,2 ± 1,2 / 12,5 ± 1,3; p=0,16). Çift lümenli yıkama yaklaşımı ile daha yüksek toplam oosit sayısı (17,4 ± 2,3 / 10,9 ± 1,2; p=0,015) ve daha yüksek sayıda olgunlaşmamış oosit elde edildi (8,36 ± 1,12 / 3,53± 0,45; p < 0,001). Ancak dondurularak saklanan embriyoların sayısındaki fark istatistiksel anlamlılığa ulaşmadı (7,2 ± 1,94 / 5,2 ± 0,79; p = 0,279).
Sonuçlar: Fertilite prezervasyonu döngülerinde ÇLY kullanımı, küçük foliküllerden elde edilen immatür oosit sayısını arttırabilir. Çift lümenli yıkama yaklaşımının nihai embriyo verimini artırmadaki değeri, FP uygulanan kadınlar arasında daha geniş prospektif çalışmalarda araştırılmalıdır.
Ege Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Hastanesi’nde korona virüs aşısı olan kişilerin korona virüs aşısı hakkında bilgi düzeylerinin ve erişkin aşılaması durumlarının değerlendirilmesi
Authors: BAŞKOL Dilşah , AKYOL Deniz , TAŞBAKAN Selin Ece , PULLUKÇU Hüsnü , IŞIKGÖZ TAŞBAKAN Meltem 
Published: December 2021

Amaç: Bu çalışmada, Korona virüs aşısı için başvuran gönüllülerin Korona virüs aşısı hakkında bilgi düzeyleri ile aşıya olan güveni arttıran faktörlerin ve erişkin aşılaması durumlarının değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu çalışma, tanımlayıcı, kesitsel bir çalışmadır. Çalışmaya 1-31 Aralık 2020 tarihleri arasında Korona virüs aşısı için başvuran 18 yaş ve üzeri gönüllüler dahil edildi. Gönüllülere, sosyodemografik özellikleri, Influenza, Hepatit B ve pnömokok enfeksiyonlarına karşı aşılanma durumları ve Korona virüs aşısı hakkında bilgi edinme yolları ile bilgi düzeyleriyle ilgili sorulardan oluşan bir anket uygulandı. İstatistiksel analiz Ki kare testi ile yapıldı ve p
CIM-seq
Authors: Andrews Nathanael , Enge Martin 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
CIM-seq is a tool for deconvoluting RNA-seq data from cell multiplets (clusters of two or more cells) in order to identify physically interacting cell in a given tissue. The method requires two RNAseq data sets from the same tissue: one of single cells to be used as a reference, and one of cell multiplets to be deconvoluted. CIM-seq is compatible with both droplet based sequencing methods, such as Chromium Single Cell 3′ Kits from 10x genomics; and plate based methods, such as Smartseq2. The pipeline consists of three parts: 1) Dissociation of the target tissue, FACS sorting of single cells and multiplets, and conventional scRNA-seq 2) Feature selection and clustering of cell types in the single cell data set - generating a blueprint of transcriptional profiles in the given tissue 3) Computational deconvolution of multiplets through a maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) to determine the most likely cell type constituents of each multiplet.
Psychological Impact of COVID-19 on Emergency Medicine Trainee Residents in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Quantitative Study
Authors: Khobrani Ahmad , Kentab Osama , Ibrahim Ahmad AAl , Abdellatif Gamil , Mosad Ahmed , Ibrahim Guiria , Aljahany Muna 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Background: Psychological stress has been high among healthcare workers on the frontlines fighting coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Emergency medicine (EM) residents are members of the frontline care teams in the fight against COVID-19, which puts them at a higher risk of psychological stress compared to other medical trainees. This study examined the psychological impact of this pandemic on EM trainee residents in Saudi Arabia.Methods: This cross-sectional quantitative study used a survey sent to EM trainee residents throughout Saudi Arabia. The questionnaire collected demographic data and included questions evaluating stress, anxiety, depression, and burnout experienced while working during the pandemic.Results: Of the 100 respondents eligible for inclusion, 85% were aged between 25 and 30, 32% were in the R1 training level, 52% were training in the Central region of Saudi Arabia, 92% were directly managing patients with COVID-19, 19% had been infected with COVID-19, 54% were satisfied with the personal protective equipment available, 52% were satisfied with the psychological support provided, and only 8% were aware of the psychological support program. Smokers (p-value = 0.025) and those training in the Southern region (p-value = 0.047) experienced the highest levels of anxiety. Those aged 31 to 35 (p-value = 0.014), smokers (p-value = 0.015), those in the R3 training level (p-value = 0.036), and those with relatives who had contracted COVID-19 (p-value = 0.02) reported the highest levels of depression. Those aged 36 to 40 (p-value = 0.015), who were married (p-value = 0.038), and those training in the Northern and Central regions (p-value = 0.002) experienced the highest levels of stress. Those aged 31 to 35 (p-value = 0.041), smokers (p-value = 0.044), and those with relatives who had contracted COVID-19 (p-value = 0.043) showed the highest levels of burnout.Conclusions: EM trainee residents have been exposed to significantly high psychological affectation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychological support was underutilized if trainee residents were aware of it at all. Awareness workshops or on-the-job orientation for EM residents regarding psychological support is required.
Antimicrobial Prescription Practices for Outpatients with Cystitis: A Multicenter, Medical Record-Based Study
Authors: Takahashi Misa , Hagiya Hideharu , Higashionna Tsukasa , Nakano Yasuhiro , Sato Kota , Haruki Yuto , Haruki Mai , Honda Hiroyuki , Ogawa Hiroko , Ueda Keigo , Otsuka Fumio 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
To promote antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) and appropriate antibiotic use, we studied antimicrobial prescription rates for uncomplicated cystitis, a common outpatient disease requiring antibiotic treatment in Japan. This multicenter retrospective study was performed from January 1, 2018, to December 31, 2020, targeting outpatients aged ≥20 years whose medical records revealed International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) codes suggesting uncomplicated cystitis (N300). We divided eligible cases into two age groups (20–49 years and ≥50 years) and defined broad-spectrum antimicrobials as fluoroquinolones, third-generation cephalosporins, and faropenem. Primary and secondary outcomes were defined as the prescription rates of broad-spectrum antimicrobials for the disease and the association of antimicrobial types with recurrence. The data of 1,445 patients were collected and that of 902 patients were analyzed. The overall proportion of broad-spectrum antimicrobial prescriptions was 69.1%. The broad-spectrum agents were prescribed frequently in the older group, male patients, and internal medicine. Recurrence was observed in 37 (4.1%) cases, and age, sex, or antimicrobial types were not associated with the recurrence. Hence, approximately two-thirds of antimicrobials prescribed for uncomplicated cystitis were broad-spectrum agents. Administration of broad-spectrum antimicrobials was not associated with the prevention of the recurrence of cystitis.
A Theoretical Evaluation of the Efficiencies of Metal-Free 1,3,4-Oxadiazole Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: Insights From Electron-Hole Separation Distance Analysis.
Authors: Coetzee Louis-Charl , Adeyinka Adedapo , Magwa Nomampondo 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Herein, some novel metal-free 1,3,4-oxadiazole compounds O1-O7 were evaluated for Photovoltaic properties using density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations to determine if they can serve as metal-free organic dyes for the use of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). To understand the trends in the relative efficiencies of the investigated compounds as dyes in DSSCs, their electron contributions, hole contributions, and electron-hole overlaps for each respective atom and fragment within the molecule were analyzed with a particular focus on the electron densities on the anchoring segments. As transition density matrices (TDM) provide details for the departure of each electron from its corresponding hole during excitations, which results in charge transfer (CT), the charge separation distance (Δr) between the electron and its corresponding hole was studied as well as the degree of electron-hole overlap (Ʌ). The latter, single-point excitation energy of each electron, the percentage electron contribution to the anchoring segments of each compound, the incident-photon-conversion-efficiency (IPCE), charge recombination, light harvesting efficiency (LHE) electron injection (Φinj) and charge collection efficiency (ncollect) were then compared to Δr to determine whether the expected relationships hold. Moreover, parameters such as diffusion constant (Dπ) and electron lifetime (t), amongst others, were also used to describe electron excitation processes. Since IPCE is the key parameter in determining the efficiency, O3 was found to be the best dye due to its highest value.
Increased cognitive load in immersive virtual reality during visuomotor adaptation is associated with decreased long-term retention and context transfer
Authors: Juliano Julia Mae , Schweighofer Nicolas , Liew Sook-Lei 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Background: Complex motor tasks in immersive virtual reality using a head-mounted display (HMD-VR) have been shown to increase cognitive load and decrease motor performance compared to conventional computer screens (CS). Separately, visuomotor adaptation in HMD-VR has been shown to recruit more explicit, cognitive strategies, resulting in decreased implicit mechanisms thought to contribute to motor memory formation. However, it is unclear whether visuomotor adaptation in HMD-VR increases cognitive load and whether cognitive load is related to explicit mechanisms and long-term motor memory formation.Methods: ﻿We randomized 36 healthy participants into three equal groups. All groups completed an established visuomotor adaptation task measuring explicit and implicit mechanisms, combined with a dual-task probe measuring cognitive load. Then, all groups returned after 24-hours to measure retention of the overall adaptation. One group completed both training and retention tasks in CS (measuring long-term retention in a CS environment), one group completed both training and retention tasks in HMD-VR (measuring long-term retention in an HMD-VR environment), and one group completed the training task in HMD-VR and the retention task in CS (measuring context transfer from an HMD-VR environment). A Generalized Linear Mixed-Effect Model (GLMM) was used to compare cognitive load between CS and HMD-VR during visuomotor adaptation, t-tests were used to compare overall adaptation and explicit and implicit mechanisms between CS and HMD-VR training environments, and ANOVAs were used to compare group differences in long-term retention and context transfer.Results: Cognitive load was found to be greater in HMD-VR than in CS. This increased cognitive load was related to decreased use of explicit, cognitive mechanisms early in adaptation. Moreover, increased cognitive load was also related to decreased long-term motor memory formation. Finally, training in HMD-VR resulted in decreased long-term retention and context transfer.Conclusions: Our findings show that cognitive load increases in HMD-VR and relates to explicit learning and long-term motor memory formation during motor learning. Future studies should examine what factors cause increased cognitive load in HMD-VR motor learning and whether this impacts HMD-VR training and long-term retention in clinical populations.
Comparison of Visceral Fat Lipolysis Adaptation to High-Intensity Interval Training in Obesity-Prone and Obesity-Resistant Rats
Authors: Liu Yang , Li Yu , Cheng Baishuo , Feng Shige , Zhu Xiangui , Chen Wei , Zhang Haifeng 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Background/objectives: Visceral obesity is one of the key features of metabolic syndrome. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) could effectively reduce visceral fat but its effects show strong heterogeneity in populations with different obesity degree. The mechanism may be related to the differential adaptation to training between obesity phenotypes, namely obesity prone (OP) and obesity resistant (OR). The aim of the present study was to compare adaptive changes of visceral adipose lipolysis adaptation to HIIT between OP and OR animals and further explore the upstream pathway.Methods: OP and OR Sprague Dawley rats were established after feeding a high-fat diet for 6 weeks; they were then divided into HIIT (H-OP and H-OR) and control (C-OP and C-OR) groups. After 12 weeks of HIIT or a sedentary lifestyle, animals were fasted for 12 h and then sacrificed for histology as well as gene and protein analysis. Visceral adipocytes were isolated without fasting for catecholamine stimulation and β3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR) blockade in vitro to evaluate the role of upstream pathways.Results: After training, there were no differences in weight loss or food intake between OP and OR rats (P > 0.05). However, the visceral fat mass, adipocyte volume and liver lipid of OP rats decreased more than that of OR rats (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the cell lipolytic capacity and the increase in the expression of β3-AR was higher in the OP compared with OR groups (P < 0.05). Although training did not increase sympathetic nervous system activity (P > 0.05), the cell sensitivity to catecholamine increased significantly in the OP compared with OR groups (P < 0.05). After blocking β3-AR, the increased sensitivity disappeared.Conclusion: With HIIT, OP rats lost more visceral fat than OR rats, which was related to stronger adaptive changes in lipolysis. Increased β3-AR expression, rather than altered sympathetic nerve activity, mediated this adaption.