bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Appendix: Two Faces of Public Debt
Authors: von Weizsäcker Carl Christian , Krämer Hagen M. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractFirstly, Germany has a highly developed welfare state. Secondly, the free exchange of goods, all across Europe and indeed all around the world, is a key element of the German economic system. Thirdly, to the acclaim of voters, German policy is committed to the goal of price stability. Is the debt brake compatible with these three guiding principles of German economic policy? I doubt it. In the German discussion, public debt is only seen in a negative light—wrongly, as I will show.
Human metabolism and kinetics of the UV absorber 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-di-tert-pentylphenol (UV 328) after oral administration
Authors: Denghel Heike , Hiller Julia , Leibold Edgar , Göen Thomas 
Published: June 2021

Abstract2-(2H-Benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-di-tert-pentylphenol (UV 328; CAS: 25973-55-1) is an ultraviolet light (UV) absorber which belongs to the class of hydroxy phenol benzotriazoles. Therefore, UV 328 is added to plastics and other polymers due to its photostability to prevent discoloration and prolong product stability which may result in an exposure of consumers. However, information about the toxic effects on humans and the human metabolism are still lacking. In the present study, human metabolism pathways of UV 328 and its elimination kinetics were explored. For that purpose, three healthy volunteers were orally exposed to a single dose of 0.3 mg UV 328/kg bodyweight. UV 328 and its metabolites were investigated in blood and urine samples collected until 48 and 72 h after exposure, respectively. Thereby, previously published analytical procedures were applied for the sample analysis using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and subsequent measurement via gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry with advanced electron ionization. UV 328 was found to be oxidized at its alkyl side chains leading to the formation of hydroxy and/or oxo function with maximum blood concentrations at 8–10 h after exposure for UV 328-6/3-OH, UV 328-4/3-OH and UV 328-4/3-CO. In contrast, a plateau for UV 328-4/3-CO-6/3-OH levels was reached around 10 h post-dosage. The highest blood levels were found for native UV 328 at 8 h after ingestion. Furthermore, biphasic elimination kinetics in blood were revealed for almost all detected metabolites. UV 328 and its metabolites did not occur in blood as conjugates. The renal elimination kinetics were very similar with the kinetics in blood. However, the prominence of the metabolites in urine was somewhat different compared to blood. In contrast, mostly conjugated metabolites occurred for renal elimination. In urine, UV 328-4/3-CO-6/3-OH was found to be the most dominant urinary biomarker followed by UV 328-6/3-OH and UV 328-4/3-OH. In total, approximately 0.1% of the orally administered dose was recovered in urine within 72 h. Although high levels of UV 328 in blood proved good resorption and high systemic availability of the substance in the human body, the urine results revealed a rather low quantitative metabolism and urinary excretion rate. Consequently, biliary excretion as part of the enterohepatic cycle and elimination via feces are assumed to be the preferred pathways instead of renal elimination.
Defined shear and heat treatment of apple pomace: impact on dietary fiber structures and functional properties
Authors: Schmid Vera , Trabert Antje , Keller Judith , Bunzel Mirko , Karbstein Heike P. , Emin M. Azad 
Published: June 2021

AbstractFood by-products can be modified by extrusion processing. However, the impact of thermal and mechanical stress, respectively, on the structure and thus functional properties of dietary fiber-rich food by-products is still unknown. In the extrusion process, thermal and mechanical stress are coupled, not constant, and difficult to measure or calculate. Thus, their influence on structural changes and functional properties cannot be evaluated separately. In this work, a specific shear cell, denoted by closed cavity rheometer, was used to treat apple pomace with defined thermal and/or mechanical stress. Dietary fiber composition and fiber polysaccharide structures appeared to be more susceptible to high temperatures than mechanical stress. With increasing temperature (and mechanical stress) soluble and low-molecular-weight soluble dietary fiber contents increased, whereas insoluble fiber contents decreased. Arabinans as rhamnogalacturonan type I polysaccharides and galacturonic acid containing pectic polysaccharides were identified as being most susceptible to degradation under these conditions. Furthermore, the defined treatment affected the functional properties. Although changes in the water solubility index (WSI) and/or the water absorption index (WAI) were not detected up to 90 °C, WSI and WAI decreased significantly at a treatment temperature of 120 °C. However, at very high temperatures (160 °C), WSI and WAI increased. The application of shear and longer treatment times resulted in higher WSI values and complex viscosities as compared to low shear stress.
Graphic abstract
Quasinormal Modes in Extremal Reissner–Nordström Spacetimes
Authors: Gajic Dejan , Warnick Claude 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe present a new framework for characterizing quasinormal modes (QNMs) or resonant states for the wave equation on asymptotically flat spacetimes, applied to the setting of extremal Reissner–Nordström black holes. We show that QNMs can be interpreted as honest eigenfunctions of generators of time translations acting on Hilbert spaces of initial data, corresponding to a suitable time slicing. The main difficulty that is present in the asymptotically flat setting, but is absent in the previously studied asymptotically de Sitter or anti de Sitter sub-extremal black hole spacetimes, is that $$L^2$$

L
2

-based Sobolev spaces are not suitable Hilbert space choices. Instead, we consider Hilbert spaces of functions that are additionally Gevrey regular at infinity and at the event horizon. We introduce $$L^2$$

L
2

-based Gevrey estimates for the wave equation that are intimately connected to the existence of conserved quantities along null infinity and the event horizon. We relate this new framework to the traditional interpretation of quasinormal frequencies as poles of the meromorphic continuation of a resolvent operator and obtain new quantitative results in this setting.
Accuracy of the Lymph Node Yield in Surgery for Papillary Thyroid Cancer in Children
Authors: Yap Ava , Shui Amy , Gosnell Jessica , Huang Chiung‐Yu , Sosa Julie Ann , Roman Sanziana 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIntroductionOur aim was to determine the accuracy of lymph node yield (LNY) for pediatric patients undergoing thyroidectomy with concurrent lymph nodes harvest for clinically node‐negative (cN0) papillary thyroid cancer (PTC).MethodsPatients aged ≤ 18 years with cN0 PTC undergoing thyroidectomy were reviewed in the NCDB, 1998–2016. Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with ≥ 1 LNY were compared to those without. A truncated beta‐binomial distribution estimated the number of lymph nodes needed to detect pathologic nodal positivity, and LNY was calibrated for 90% sensitivity in nodal staging and stratified across clinical tumor size staging (T).Results1,948 children with cN0 PTC underwent surgical resection; median age was 17 years; 83.2% were female; 47.6% were T1, 25.3% T2, 9.3% T3. 1,272 (65.3%) of these patients had lymph nodes resected, or ≥ 1 LNY. The median LNY was 5 nodes (interquartile range 2–12); 45.9% of patients had ≥ 1 metastatic lymph nodes. In the overall ≥ 1 LNY cohort, 12 nodes (CI 9–19) were needed to predict nodal positivity with > 90% sensitivity. Based on clinical T‐stage, detecting a metastatic lymph node with > 90% sensitivity required a LNY of 14 for T1; 8 for T2; 6 for T3.ConclusionThis is the first study estimating the necessary LNY for determining nodal positivity in children with cN0 PTC. The high LNY required in small T1 tumors is likely infeasible and should not be pursued. Accuracy increases with lower LNYs for higher T‐stages. Our findings can help guide prognosis and treatment for pediatric patients with PTC.
Impact of Adrenalectomy on Morbidity in Patients with Non‐Functioning Adrenal Cortical Tumours, Mild Hypercortisolism and Cushing's Syndrome as Assessed by National and Quality Registries
Authors: Thompson Lo Hallin , Ranstam Jonas , Almquist Martin , Nordenström Erik , Bergenfelz Anders 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe impact of adrenalectomy on morbidity in patients with mild hypercortisolism and non‐functioning adrenocortical adenoma is unclear. The present study evaluated morbidity before and after adrenalectomy in patients with benign adrenocortical tumour with Cushing´s syndrome (CS), autonomous cortisol secretion (ACS) and non‐functioning adrenocortical adenoma as assessed by national and quality registries.MethodsPatients registered in the Scandinavian Quality Register for Thyroid, Parathyroid and Adrenal Surgery (SQRTPA) 2009–2017 with CS, ACS or non‐functioning adrenocortical adenoma, were included in this retrospective study and analysed with age‐ and sex‐matched controls, 1:3. Morbidity associated with CS was assessed pre‐ and postoperatively by analysing data from the Swedish National Patient Register and the Swedish Prescribed Drug Register.ResultsSome 271 patients were included, CS (127), ACS (45) and non‐functioning adrenocortical adenoma (99), with 813 matched controls. The frequency of hypertension was almost 50% in all tumour groups. Antihypertensive medication preoperatively was more frequent in all tumour groups compared with controls. No preoperative differences in medication were detected between patients with CS and ACS. A decrease in the use of hypertensive drugs was noticed annually for all patient groups after adrenalectomy.ConclusionsHypertension is common in patients with benign adrenocortical tumours regardless of cortisol hypersecretion. The use of antihypertensive drugs in patients with CS, ACS and non‐functioning adrenocortical adenoma was reduced after adrenalectomy. These findings highlight the need for a randomized controlled trial to investigate the impact of adrenalectomy on morbidity in patients with mild hypercortisolism.
A South American Experience With Postoperative Complications Following Chest Wall Reconstruction for Neoplasms
Authors: Carvajal Carlos , Ramirez Ana María , Guerrero‐Macías Silvia , Beltrán Rafael , Buitrago Ricardo , Carreño José 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundThis study aims to report postoperative complications of chest wall reconstructions due to resections of primary or secondary neoplasms in a South American cancer institution and their association with prosthesis reconstruction.Materials and methodsWe retrospectively reviewed clinical records of patients with primary or secondary chest wall neoplasms who underwent resection and reconstruction between November 2008 and October 2018 at the Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Bogota, Colombia.ResultsA total of 77 patients were analyzed, 50 were women (64.9%), and the median age was 45.8 years. There were 22(28.6%) sternal resections and 55(71.4%) costal resections. Prosthetic material was used in 14(18.2%) sternal and 37(48.1%) costal reconstructions. There were 26(33.7%) early postoperative complications and 16(20.8%) reinterventions. Infections were observed in 12(15.6%) patients and 4(5.2%) patients developed respiratory complications. 33.3% of all the early infections were presented in patients with methyl methacrylate (MMA) reconstructions and the same percentage in those with titanium plates. There were six (7.8%) late complications and five were related to prosthetic material extrusion, all required prosthetic material removal. The mean overall survival was 77,3 months (SD = 8 months), and 1‐year and 5‐year overall survival was 85% and 61%, respectively.ConclusionsInfections were the more frequent postoperative complications in chest wall reconstructions. The use of either MMA or titanium plates was not related to early postoperative complications, although MMA reconstructions developed higher late complications and required prosthetic material removal.
Endovascular Stent-Graft Repair of the Ascending Aorta: Assessment of a Specific Novel Stent-Graft Design in Phantom, Cadaveric, and Clinical Application
Authors: Hauck Sven R. , Kupferthaler Alexander , Stelzmüller Marlies , Eilenberg Wolf , Ehrlich Marek , Neumayer Christoph , Wolf Florian , Loewe Christian , Funovics Martin A. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Purpose
To test a stent-graft specifically designed for the ascending aorta in phantom, cadaver, and clinical application, and to measure deployment accuracy to overcome limitations of existing devices.

Methods
A stent-graft has been designed with support wires to fixate the apices toward the inner curvature, thereby eliminating the forward movement of the proximal end which can happen with circumferential tip capture systems. The device was deployed in three aortic phantoms, and in four cadavers, deployment precision was measured. Subsequently, the device was implanted in a patient to exclude a pseudoaneurysm originating from the distal anastomosis after ascending aortic replacement.

Results
The stent-grafts were successfully deployed in all phantoms and cadavers. Deployment accuracy of the proximal end of the stent-graft was within 1 mm proximally and 14 mm distally to the intended landing zone on the inner curvature, and 2–8 mm distal to the intended landing zone on the outer curvature. In clinical application, the pseudoaneurysm could be successfully excluded without complications.

Conclusion
The novel stent-graft design promises accurate placement in the ascending aorta. The differential deployment of the apices at the inner and outer curvatures allows deployment perpendicular to the aortic axis.

Level of Evidence
No level of evidence.
Dynamical mechanisms linking Indian monsoon precipitation and the circumglobal teleconnection
Authors: Beverley Jonathan D. , Woolnough Steven J. , Baker Laura H. , Johnson Stephanie J. , Weisheimer Antje , O’Reilly Christopher H. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe circumglobal teleconnection (CGT) is an important mode of circulation variability, with an influence across many parts of the northern hemisphere. Here, we examine the excitation mechanisms of the CGT in the ECMWF seasonal forecast model, and the relationship between the Indian summer monsoon (ISM), the CGT and the extratropical northern hemisphere circulation. Results from relaxation experiments, in which the model is corrected to reanalysis in specific regions, suggest that errors over northwest Europe are more important in inhibiting the model skill at representing the CGT, in addition to northern hemisphere skill more widely, than west-central Asia and the ISM region, although the link between ISM precipitation and the extratropical circulation is weak in all experiments. Thermal forcing experiments in the ECMWF model, in which a heating is applied over India, suggest that the ISM does force an extratropical Rossby wave train, with upper tropospheric anticyclonic anomalies over east Asia, the North Pacific and North America associated with increased ISM heating. However, this eastward-propagating branch of the wave train does not project into Europe, and the response there occurs largely through westward-propagating Rossby waves. Results from barotropic model experiments show a response that is highly consistent with the seasonal forecast model, with similar eastward- and westward-propagating Rossby waves. This westward-propagating response is shown to be important in the downstream reinforcement of the wave train between Asia and North America.
Reprogramming of DNA methylation is linked to successful human preimplantation development
Authors: Arand Julia , Reijo Pera Renee A. , Wossidlo Mark 
Published: June 2021

AbstractHuman preimplantation development is characterized by low developmental rates that are poorly understood. Early mammalian embryogenesis is characterized by a major phase of epigenetic reprogramming, which involves global DNA methylation changes and activity of TET enzymes; the importance of DNA methylation reprogramming for successful human preimplantation development has not been investigated. Here, we analyzed early human embryos for dynamic changes in 5-methylcytosine and its oxidized derivatives generated by TET enzymes. We observed that 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine show similar, albeit less pronounced, asymmetry between the parental pronuclei of human zygotes relative to mouse zygotes. Notably, we detected low levels of 5-formylcytosine and 5-carboxylcytosine, with no apparent difference in maternal or paternal pronuclei of human zygotes. Analysis of later human preimplantation stages revealed a mosaic pattern of DNA 5C modifications similar to those of the mouse and other mammals. Strikingly, using noninvasive time-lapse imaging and well-defined cell cycle parameters, we analyzed normally and abnormally developing human four-cell embryos for global reprogramming of DNA methylation and detected lower 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine levels in normal embryos compared to abnormal embryos. In conclusion, our results suggest that DNA methylation reprogramming is conserved in humans, with human-specific dynamics and extent. Furthermore, abnormalities in the four-cell-specific DNA methylome in early human embryogenesis are associated with abnormal development, highlighting an essential role of epigenetic reprogramming for successful human embryogenesis. Further research should identify the underlying genomic regions and cause of abnormal DNA methylation reprogramming in early human embryos.
SHIBR—The Swedish Historical Birth Records: a semi-annotated dataset
Authors: Cheddad Abbas , Kusetogullari Hüseyin , Hilmkil Agrin , Sundin Lena , Yavariabdi Amir , Aouache Mustapha , Hall Johan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis paper presents a digital image dataset of historical handwritten birth records stored in the archives of several parishes across Sweden, together with the corresponding metadata that supports the evaluation of document analysis algorithms’ performance. The dataset is called SHIBR (the Swedish Historical Birth Records). The contribution of this paper is twofold. First, we believe it is the first and the largest Swedish dataset of its kind provided as open access (15,000 high-resolution colour images of the era between 1800 and 1840). We also perform some data mining of the dataset to uncover some statistics and facts that might be of interest and use to genealogists. Second, we provide a comprehensive survey of contemporary datasets in the field that are open to the public along with a compact review of word spotting techniques. The word transcription file contains 17 columns of information pertaining to each image (e.g., child’s first name, birth date, date of baptism, father's first/last name, mother’s first/last name, death records, town, job title of the father/mother, etc.). Moreover, we evaluate some deep learning models, pre-trained on two other renowned datasets, for word spotting in SHIBR. However, our dataset proved challenging due to the unique handwriting style. Therefore, the dataset could also be used for competitions dedicated to a large set of document analysis problems, including word spotting.
Consensus statement of the Italian society of colorectal surgery (SICCR): management and treatment of pilonidal disease
Authors: Milone M. , Basso L. , Manigrasso M. , Pietroletti R. , Bondurri A. , La Torre M. , Milito G. , Pozzo M. , Segre D. , Perinotti R. , Gallo G. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPilonidal disease (PD) is a relatively common, benign but challenging condition of the natal cleft. This consensus statement was drawn up by a panel of surgeons, identified by the Italian Society of Colorectal Surgery (SICCR) as having a “special interest” in PD, with the aim of recommending the best therapeutic options according to currently available scientific evidence. A three-step modified-Delphi process was adopted, implying: (1) choice of the panelists; (2) development of a discussion outline and of target issues; and (3) a detailed systematic review of the current literature. The agreement/disagreement level was scored on a five-point Likert scale as follows: “A + : strongly agree; A–: agree; N: unsure/no opinion; D–: disagree; D + : strongly disagree. Each panelist contributed to the production of this manuscript, and the final recommendations were reviewed by the Clinical Practice Guidelines Committee.
Computing nonperforming loan prices in banking efficiency analysis
Authors: Fusco Elisa , Maggi Bernardo 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWithin the framework of banking efficiency analysis, we propose a methodology for computing unobservable shadow prices for nonperforming loans (NPL). Our approach is to include NPL as an undesirable output variable in a distance function stochastic frontier analysis. We conduct a panel study of US and European banks during the most recent financial crisis by adopting a semi-nonparametric Fourier specification, which ensures convergence to the true values of both the estimated function and the related efficiency. Computing NPL prices has several advantages, such as identifying approaching crises, quantifying the responsibilities of governments and banks for credit risk and determining appropriate regulatory interventions.
Tuning the morphological properties of cellulose aerogels: an investigation of salt-mediated preparation
Authors: Parajuli Prakash , Acharya Sanjit , Shamshina Julia L. , Abidi Noureddine 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn this study, alkali and alkaline earth metal chlorides with different cationic radii (LiCl, NaCl, and KCl, MgCl2, and CaCl2) were used to gain insight into the behavior of cellulose solutions in the presence of salts. The specific focus of the study was on the evaluation of the effect of salts’ addition on the sol–gel transition of the cellulose solutions and on their ability to form monoliths, as well as the evaluation of the morphology (e.g., specific surface area, pore characteristics, and microstructure) of aerocelluloses prepared from these solutions. The effect of the salt addition on the sol–gel transition of cellulose solutions was studied using rheology, and morphology of resultant aerogels was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis, while the salt influence on the aerocelluloses’ crystalline structure and thermal stability was evaluated using powder X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis, respectively. The study revealed that the effect of salts’ addition was dependent on the component ions and their concentration. The addition of salts in the amount below certain concentration limit significantly improved the ability of the cellulose solutions to form monoliths and reduced the sol–gel transition time. Salts of lower cationic radii had a greater effect on gelation. However, excessive amount of salts resulted in the formation of fragile monoliths or no formation of gels at all. Analysis of surface morphology demonstrated that the addition of salts resulted in a significant increase in porosity and specific surface area, with salts of lower cationic radii leading to aerogels with much larger (~ 1.5 and 1.6-fold for LiCl and MgCl2, respectively) specific surface area compared to aerocelluloses prepared with no added salt. Thus, by adding the appropriate salt into the cellulose solution prior to gelation, the properties of aerocelluloses that control material’s performance (specific surface area, density, and porosity) could be tailored for a specific application.
Graphic abstract