bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inflammation in Colorectal Cancer Inflammatory Bowel Disease, and Diabetes Mellitus: The Link
Authors: Jurjus Abdo , Zeenny Marie‐Noel , Eid Assaad , Chams Sana , Jurjus Rosalyn 
Published: June 2021

IntroductionVarious chronic diseases like Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), colorectal cancer (CRC) and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are triggered by infection and or unregulated chronic inflammation. Where is the link?InflammationInflammation is basically a beneficial complex response which may involve a panel of bioactive pro‐and anti‐inflammatory molecules. However, a persistent or an inadequately resolved chronic inflammation may increase the risk of several pathologies such as IBD, CRC and T2DM, through toxic factors and bioactive molecules promoting epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) and facilitating carcinogenesis through the activation of JAK/STAT signaling pathway (IL‐6, TNF‐α), the differential phosphorylation of SMAD's which induce EMT (TGFB's), or mechanisms involving reduced oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS).CRC and IBD: It is widely accepted that IBD patients have a higher risk of CRC. The IBD's are multifactorial pathologies involving alterations in the microbiota which can induce chronic inflammation leading to a potential role in carcinogenesis through mediators relevant in EMT induction like TGFB, TNF‐α , IL‐6, ROS and others.T2DM: Multiple inflammatory mechanisms provoke the pathogenesis of T2DM through mediators like (TNF‐α, IL‐6, IL‐8, and TGFB, which may alter the normal structure of the β‐cells by inducing pancreatic islet's apoptosis, thus the leading to the release of insulin‐like growth factor ‐1 (IGF‐1) which stimulates EMT, and carcinogenesis. In T2DM, Hyperglycemia contributes to the onset of inflammation, the increase of ROS, and triggering of inflammatory cytokines while hyperinsulinemia activates IGF‐1 over production which induces EMT and activates two mitogenic pathways that favor cancer growth: P13K/AKK and β‐catenin pathwaysConclusionIBD, CRC and T2DM are commonly interrelated clinical problems. They share a common basis influenced by disease‐related inflammation enhanced by changes in the endocrine milieu.
Integrating Histology, Gross Anatomy and Histopathology in a Case Based Approach to Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Hajj Hussein Inaya , Barremkala Mallikarjuna , Thompson Brent , Gould Douglas , Hankin Mark , Forbes William , Blenc Ann Marie , Amin Mitual , Venuti Judith 
Published: June 2021

At Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine (OUWB), integration has progressed beyond the basic concept of horizontal and vertical integration. We now emphasize student‐directed learning, active learning, development of interpersonal skills, problem solving, and self‐reflection. Inflammatory Bowel disease (IBD) has two major constituents: ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. It can involve any segment of the GI tract, as well as other systems that share clinical and pathological characteristics. As such, IBD serves as an excellent model for how we accomplish integration within our curriculum.We will use clinical scenarios of IBD cases, with learning objectives defined by the students. Students will address comprehensively the anatomy, histology, histopathology, and pathophysiology in a manner that will provide a thorough understanding of the disease. Then, they will establish a final diagnosis. This approach will be facilitated by making available to the students a wide variety of resources. Students and instructors will grade these activities along with formal evaluations based on well‐defined criteria.This student‐directed strategy requires a major shift in the way educators think about medical school teaching. It is a successful integration approach whereby students themselves take initiative and responsibility for determining what is worthwhile to learn. In addition to horizontal integration and vertical integration, it offers several intangible benefits. Chief among those benefits is building a community of students with high level of skills and professionalism.As time goes on, new educational activities will be initiated that will promote student‐directed learning, critical thinking and working collaboratively.
Varying the Terrain of Epigenetic Landscapes: Implications for Human Cancer
Authors: Allis C David 
Published: June 2021

The journey from embryonic stem cell to a fully developed liver, heart or muscle cell requires not only having the right set of genes, but also having genes that are turned on and off at the right time — a job that is handled in part by DNA‐packaging proteins known as histones.Cells use a number of mechanisms to establish and maintain the activation or silencing of specific genes. Among these is the chemical modification of histones, discussed in the second lecture. In addition, histone variants, which differ from other histone proteins by just a handful of amino acids, can be inserted at specific locations in the genome to provide a cell with another mechanism for fine‐tuning gene regulation. Dr. Allis' group has shown that histone variants play an important role in determining how and when genes are read or are silenced.Recent work from Dr. Allis' laboratory has focused upon one member of the histone H3 family known as H3.3. In comparing the genome‐wide localization of H3.3, Allis and co‐workers found that histone H3.3 is prevalent in regions of the genome where active genes are found, as well as in silent regions, such as at the ends of chromosomes, called telomeres. They went on to identify several additional proteins associated with H3.3. Two of them, ATRX and Daxx, were then discovered to be frequently mutated in a sporadic, non‐functional pancreatic cancers, known as panNETs. Current experiments seek to determine whether genetic deficiency of Daxx and ATRX in pancreatic neuroendocrine cells is sufficient to induce tumorigenesis.Mutations in histone H3.3 itself have also been found in pediatric brain tumors (gliomas). Allis and co‐workers have recently asked ‐‐ how one of these mutations might act cause cancer in young children‾ Surprisingly they find that a specific mutation in H3.3 often found in the pediatric brain tumors inhibits histone methylation of all histone H3 at this site, a site methylated to induce gene silencing. Moreover, the specific mutation in H3.3 acts by inhibiting the enzyme responsible for bringing about methylation at this site. These data indicate that this specific type of mutation in histones might be more broadly applicable to the development and progression of other tumour types. It is not yet clear why aberrant epigenetic silencing of this enzyme results in the development of pediatric brain tumors, and further research is needed in an attempt to develop a better understanding of these difficult to treat childhood cancers.
Difference in Postprandial GLP‐1 Response Despite Similar Glucose Kinetics after Consumption of Wheat Breads with Different Particle Size in Healthy Men
Authors: Vonk Roel , Eelderink Coby , Noort Martijn , Koehorst Martijn , Holst Jens , Deacon Carolyn , Oudhuis Lizette , Priebe Marion 
Published: June 2021

Consumption of low glycemic index (GI) foods has been associated with beneficial health effects. Underlying mechanisms are not yet fully elucidated.We aimed to investigate the differences in postprandial glucose kinetics and metabolic response after consumption of a high and a low GI fiber‐rich wheat bread, obtained by varying wheat particle size.In a randomized crossover study ten healthy male volunteers consumed 13C‐enriched wheat breads with different structures; a control bread (CB) made from wheat flour combined with wheat bran, and a kernel bread (KB) in which 85% of the flour was substituted with broken wheat kernels. The use of a dual isotope technique enabled calculation of in vivo glucose kinetics: rate of appearance of exogenous glucose, endogenous glucose production, and glucose clearance rate. In addition, postprandial plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, glucagon and incretins were analyzed.Despite the attempt to create a low GI bread by the substitution of flour by broken kernels, the glycemic response and the glucose kinetics were quite similar after consumption of CB and KB. Interestingly, the incretin glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) response was much lower after KB compared to CB (iAUC, P < 0.005).Thus, substitution of 85% wheat flour by broken kernels in bread did not result in a difference in glucose response and kinetics, but in a pronounced difference in GLP‐1 response. Changing the processing conditions of wheat for baking bread can influence the metabolic response beyond glycemia.
Metabolic Fate of a Fructose Load Ingested Before or After Exercise
Authors: Egli Leonie , Lecoultre Virgile , Rosset Robin , Cros Jeremy , Tappy Luc 
Published: June 2021

Exercise prevents fructose‐induced hypertriglyceridemia, however the mechanisms remain unknown. To assess how exercise impacts fructose metabolism, we monitored the metabolic fate of an oral 13C fructose load consumed either before or after an exercise session.Eight healthy males were studied on 3 occasions after 4 days on a weight‐maintenance high fructose diet. In each condition, they ingested an oral 13C‐labelled fructose load (0.75 g/kg body weight) either a) in resting condition (C), b) with an exercise session (FruEx; 60 min cycling at 100 W) performed 90 min after fructose ingestion, or c) with the same exercise session performed 75 min before ingestion (ExFru). On each occasion, fructose oxidation (13CO2), non‐oxidative fructose disposal (NOFD; fructose ingestion – 13C fructose oxidation, corresponding to net glycogen synthesis), conversion of fructose into plasma glucose (13C‐plasma glucose kinetics) and plasma lactate concentrations were measured over 7 hours after fructose loading.In C, 49.4±0.9 % of fructose was oxidized, and NOFD represented 50.6±0.9%. FruEx increased fructose oxidation by 68±7% (p<0.001) and decreased NOFD by 64±6% (p<0.001) compared to C. In ExFru, fructose oxidation (‐3±3%vs C; p=NS), and NOFD (+1±3%; p=NS) remained unchanged. In both FruEx and ExFru, fructose conversion into glucose and lactate concentrations remained unchanged as compared to C.We conclude that exercise performed after fructose ingestion diverts fructose from NOFD by enhancing its oxidation, while exercise performed before fructose ingestion does not significantly alter fructose disposalThis work was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation.
Inter‐ and Intra‐Laboratory Variability of Glycemic and Insulinemic Indexes
Authors: Meynier Alexandra , Wolever Thomas , Brand‐Miller Jennie , Cazaubiel Murielle , Jenkins Alexandra , Atkinson Fiona , Gendre David , Vinoy Sophie 
Published: June 2021

ObjectivesThe glycemic index (GI) concept was developed by Jenkins et al in 1981 to classify the glycemic impact of carbohydrate (CHO)‐containing foods. This study aimed at quantifying inter‐ and intra‐laboratory variability on GI, Insulin Index (II), glycemic and insulinemic responses after standardising the protocols in 3 different labs.MethodsAt least 15 healthy young normal weight subjects with HOMA‐IR < 1.7 were recruited by each lab. They underwent 9 sessions to test a glucose solution (3 times) or 6 different cereal products. The 3 selected labs used the validated GI method (ISO method 26642:2010). Insulin assay and subject selection criteria were standardised.ResultsGI values for the 6 different products (mean ± SEM) ranged from 44 ± 4 to 92 ± 8. For a same product, the between‐labs differences range was 0 ‐ 11. No lab effect but significant product effects were observed for GI and iAUC glycemia. II values of the 6 different products ranged between 54 ± 3 and 85 ± 9. For a same product, the between‐labs differences range was 0 ‐ 21. Significant lab * product interaction effect was observed for II on 1 product. iAUC insulinemia displayed both significant lab and product effects. Inter‐individual and intra‐individual coefficient of variability (CV) ranges were 20 ‐ 28 % and 18 ‐ 30%, respectively for iAUC glycemia and 35 ‐ 51 % and 22 ‐ 43 %, respectively for iAUC insulinemia.ConclusionNo significant lab effect and good product discrimination was observed on GI. Insulin parameters display statistically significant differences between the labs showing the difficulty to compare the results on these parameters.
The efficacy of the probiotic bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis bb‐12 on regional gut transit times in a healthy population
Authors: Lee Yujin , Roberts Robert , Rogers Connie , Meng Huicui , Ba Zhaoyong , Fleming Jennifer , Furumoto Emily , Kris‐Etherton Penny 
Published: June 2021

Some probiotics are hypothesized to modulate gut health, including GI transit time. A randomized crossover study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of the probiotic bacterium Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB‐12 (B. lactis) delivered in a yogurt smoothie or a supplement (capsule) on gut transit time (GTT) in 36 healthy adults (Age: 18‐40 years; BMI: 20‐35 kg/m2). Regional transit times, such as gastricemptying time (GET), small bowel transit time (SBTT) and colonic transit time (CTT) were measured by a wireless motility capsule (SmartPill®). After the 4 week intervention period, regional transit times were not influenced by either the yogurt smoothie or the supplement. Interestingly, regardless of the treatment, 35 % of the subjects (non‐responders) increased GET and 65 % of the subjects (responders) decreased GET compared to baseline. In subgroup analyses, higher levels of total cholesterol (172 mg/dl, 158 mg/dl, respectively) and LDL cholesterol (97 mg/dl, 85 mg/dl, respectively) were found in non‐responders compared to responders (p<0.001). Additionally, the level of the short chain fatty acid propionate was lower in non‐responders compared to responders (p=0.0043). In summary, probiotic bacterium added to a yogurt smoothie or supplement did not influence GTT in 36 healthy subjects. However, consistent with animal studies, individuals with higher levels of propionate had decreased GET. Collectively, in the present study we have shown that GTT may be influenced by individuals' cardiovascular risk factorsand gut short chain fatty acids.
The Validity of Digital‐Camera Photography for Estimating Birth‐Length in Guatemalan Newborns
Authors: Orozco Monica , Andringa Sygrit , Solomons Noel 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundTo overcome potential liabilities of conventional infantometer measurement of birth‐length, we have explored in the past the use of standardized cell‐phone camera photographic images, first with inanimate 2‐D and 3‐D models and later with newborn infants, all to standardized conditions.ObjectiveTo compare newborn birth‐length estimates from: A) trained anthropometrist measurements; B) photographic digital camera images; and C) routine hospital records.Methods29 infants born in the Departmental Hospital of Sololá in western Guatemala, were measured once routinely at delivery by the maternity nurse, and again, at 0‐2 days, by a trained investigator on a Seca 2010 infantometer. Immediately thereafter, a sagittal photo was taken with a Nikon Coolpix S‐3300 camera. Alignment of head and neck and to 90o flexion of the ankle was combined with inked landmarks on the knee and hip joints and a 5‐cm reference‐object on the surface of the thorax. The sum of the head+trunk plus upper‐ and lower‐leg segments was measured in mm on a paper print‐out, and converted to actual length in cm in reference to the object.ResultsWe compared the investigator's “gold‐standard” length measurement (A) 47.0±2.2 cma, with the photographic image estimate (B) 44.8±3.6 cmb, and the hospital record (C) 50.3±2.2 cmc by repeated‐measures ANOVA (p<0.001) (n=25). The Pearson correlation coefficient for A vs B was r=0.603 (p=<0.001), and for A vs C was r=0.642 (p=<0.001). Note: superscripts indicate ANOVA post‐hoc differences.ConclusionThe 2‐cm underestimation may be amenable to a correction factor application, and the photographic method could be a valid and comfortable technique for assessing birth‐length in newborns.
The Amount and Sources of Sugar Intake in Canadian Adults
Authors: Ahmed Mavra , Arcand JoAnne , Scourboutakos Mary , Schermel Alyssa , L'Abbe Mary 
Published: June 2021

The objective of the study was to determine the sugar intakes of Canadians and identify the top food sources contributing to sugar intake, so as to gain an understanding of the sugar consumption pattern of Canadians. The web‐based Canadian Diet History Questionnaire, which is a validated food frequency questionnaire assessing intake over the past month, was administered in June 2012, to a nationally representative sample of 1,833 (aged 18 years and older) Canadian adults. The estimated mean sugar intake was 60g/day, which was 15% of total energy intake. Compared to the DRI recommendation of 25% or less of total energy intake coming from sugars, 15% is considered a moderate amount. The results showed that 87% of Canadian adults consumed <= 100 g of sugar per day. Males (102g/d) consume significantly more sugars then females (82g/d) (p<0.05). Almost half (47%) of the average daily sugar intake of Canadian adults came from beverages, specifically fruit juices and drinks (24%), soda beverages (12%) and milk (11%). Fruit (10%) was another source of high sugar intake. These results provide an assessment of the sugar consumption pattern of Canadians and indicate the need for communication strategies that inform Canadian consumers on how to reduce their sugar intake. Considering that reducing sugar consumption is a stated priority of the World Health Organization, implementation of changes are required to nutrition labelling to better help consumers identify the food sources and amounts of sugars, particularly in beverages. Including a %Daily Value for total sugars would provide a benchmark to help consumers identify foods that contain high amounts of sugarFunding Sources: UofT McHenry Chair research fund (ML); Dairy Farmers of Canada (ML); CIHR Public Health Policy Fellowship (MA).
Creatine Supplementation Increases Muscle Branched‐Chain Amino Acids in an Alzheimer Mouse Model
Authors: Farshidfar Farnaz , Suh Miyoung , Snow Wanda , Albensi Benedict , Myrie Semone 
Published: June 2021

Besides mental dysfunctions, Alzheimer's disease (AD) may impair muscle function. Creatine supplementation (CR) can enhance skeletal muscle mass and function in sarcopenia and muscular dystrophies, but has yet to be studied in AD. We examined the effect of oral CR on muscle amino acids (AA) level in an AD model.24 triple transgenic (3×Tg, ~8 mo old) AD mice were randomly assigned to control (CON; 6 males (M)/6 females (F)) or CR (3% w/w; 4M/8F) diet. Bodyweights and feed intakes were measured throughout the 8‐week study. Quadriceps muscle (QM) was collected at the end to analyze for levels of creatine and AA and measured by high‐performance liquid‐chromatography. Data (mean±SEM) were analyzed by 2‐way ANOVAs.Feed intakes and changes in bodyweight were similar among groups (p>0.05). Creatine content in QM was higher (p=0.067) in CR (M: 0.38±0.04, F: 0.38±0.02 nmol/μl) vs. CON (M: 0.33±0.01, F: 0.35±0.01 nmol/μl). Total branched‐chain AA (BCAA) level in QM was greater for CR (M: 111.10±8.51, F: 87.26±4.31 nmol/mg tissue) vs. CON (M: 78.56±4.46, F: 66.07±4.35 nmol/mg tissue). BCAA/non‐BCAA ratio was higher (p=0.002) in CR (M: 0.87±0.17, F: 0.58±0.03) vs. CON (M: 0.54±0.04, F: 0.45±0.03). Particularly, leucine was dramatically increased (p<0.0001) in CR (M: 61.15±5.64, F: 47.28±2.55 nmol/mg) vs. CON (M: 34.21±2.64, F: 25.49±2.38 nmol/mg).CR supplementation enhances muscle AA contents, increasing BCAA levels in the 3×Tg AD mouse model, which may promote muscle function in AD.Funded by CIHR and Everett Endowment Fund
Protective Association of Serum Uric Acid on Hip Fracture Risk among Older Men But Not Women
Authors: Sahni Shivani , Mangano Kelsey , Tucker Katherine , Fox Caroline , Kiel Douglas , Dufour Alyssa , Zhang Xiaochun , Hannan Marian 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveTo examine the association of serum uric acid (UA) with hip fracture (fx) risk over a 20y follow‐up in older adults from the Framingham Heart Study. UA is an antioxidant within normal levels and may act as a pro‐oxidant at higher levels. We examined associations within categories of UA: normal physiological levels of UA (蠄7.2 men; 蠄6.2 mg/dl women) and high UAMethods2779 men and women with baseline UA (mg/dl, in 1973‐76) were followed for hip fx through 2009. Sex‐stratified Cox‐proportional hazards regression estimated adjusted Hazard Ratios (HR). We examined associations stratified by UA categories.ResultsAt baseline mean age was 66y, UA (mg/dl) was 5.9±1.2 (men); 4.9±1.3 (women). 353 hip fx occurred over 20y follow‐up. UA level was not related with hip fx risk in men or women [HR(95%CI): 0.92(0.76‐1.11) men; 1.01(0.92‐1.11) women].Upon stratification by UA category, there was 22% lower hip fx risk (P=0.05) per unit increase in UA in men with UA蠄7.2 mg/dl, but no significant association in men with higher UA or in women with normal/higher UA.ConclusionWithin normal range of UA (蠄7.2 mg/dl), greater concentrations were associated with reduced hip fx risk in older men suggesting that UA may be acting as an antioxidant within this range. At higher concentration, UA may act as a pro‐oxidant but there was limited power in that sub‐group to see an effect. It is unclear why no association was seen in women. Future work should examine UA (normal and high) in relation to bone measures in larger studies.imageFunding ASBMR JFOR201314, NIH/NIAMS R03 AR062808, NIH AR053205; FHS N01‐HC‐25195 R01 AR/AG41398.
Effect of Meeting the Healthy People 2020 Objectives on Diet Quality Relative to Current Trends
Authors: Wilson Magdalena , Reedy Jill , Krebs‐Smith Susan 
Published: June 2021

The Healthy Eating Index 2010 (HEI‐2010) was designed to measure diet quality, based on the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. In 2010 the US Department of Health and Human Services set the national Healthy People (HP) 2020 objectives aimed at health promotion and disease prevention. Targets for these national objectives are set to be “challenging yet achievable,” and correspond to the following components of the HEI‐2010: total fruit, total vegetables, greens and beans, whole grains, sodium, and empty calories.This analysis estimated the mean HEI‐2010 score of the US population if the six HP 2020 objectives were met, and how much the current trajectory in dietary quality would need to change in order to meet those objectives. We estimated the population HEI‐2010 total and component scores using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) sample ages 2+ from 1999/2000 to 2009/2010. To estimate the HEI‐2010 score if the objectives were met, we compared the targets for each of the objectives (e.g. 0.9 cup equiv. per 1000 kcal for total fruit) to the relevant HEI‐2010 component standard (e.g. <0.8 cup equiv. per 1000 kcal for total fruit) to create a score for each component. For those components without a relevant HP 2020 standard, we imputed the value from the 2009/2010 NHANES.The overall diet quality of the US population increased gradually over the decade. If that trajectory continues, by the year 2020 the mean HEI‐2010 score will be about 74 out of 100. However, if the population met all of the HP 2020 goals, Americans could reach a mean HEI‐2010 score of about 79. This 5 point difference represents the shift in dietary quality required to meet the HP 2020 objectives. A more ambitious goal of achieving near‐optimal average HEI‐2010 scores would require more drastic shifts in consumption.