bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of H2S on the Near-infrared Spectrum of Irradiation Residue and Applications to the Kuiper Belt Object (486958) Arrokoth
Authors: Mahjoub Ahmed , Brown Michael E. , Poston Michael J. , Hodyss Robert , Ehlmann Bethany L. , Blacksberg Jordana , Choukroun Mathieu , Eiler John M. , Hand Kevin P. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
On 2019 January 1, the New Horizons spacecraft flew by (486958) Arrokoth, a small body in the Kuiper Belt that is the most distant object ever visited by a spacecraft. A strong unidentified absorption band was observed in the spectrum of Arrokoth at 1.8 μm. We report here experimental evidence suggesting that the near-infrared spectrum of Arrokoth is indicative of sulfur-rich, tholin-like organic residue. The spectra of organic residues produced by irradiating ice mixtures “with H2S” CH3OH:NH3:H2S:H2O (3:3:3:1) and “without H2S” CH3OH:NH3:H2O (3:3:1) were measured to study the effect of H2S. The “with H2S” sulfur-rich laboratory-synthesized organic residue displays an absorption band at 1.8 μm that is absent in the spectrum of “without H2S” sample. This feature matches the Arrokoth spectrum better than any other expected material. This suggests the past presence of H2S ice on the surface of Arrokoth and a role for Kuiper Belt objects as a key S reservoir in the early solar system.
The Time Delay Distribution and Formation Metallicity of LIGO-Virgo’s Binary Black Holes
Authors: Fishbach Maya , Kalogera Vicky 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
We derive the first constraints on the time delay distribution of binary black hole (BBH) mergers using the LIGO-Virgo Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog. Assuming that the progenitor formation rate follows the star formation rate (SFR), the data favor that 43%–100% of mergers have delay times <4.5 Gyr (90% credibility). Adopting a model for the metallicity evolution, we derive joint constraints for the metallicity-dependence of the BBH formation efficiency and the distribution of time delays between formation and merger. Short time delays are favored regardless of the assumed metallicity dependence, although the preference for short delays weakens as we consider stricter low-metallicity thresholds for BBH formation. For a p(τ) ∝ τ
−1 time delay distribution and a progenitor formation rate that follows the SFR without metallicity dependence, we find that τ
min < 2.2 Gyr, whereas considering only the low-metallicity Z < 0.3 Z
⊙ SFR, τ
min < 3.0 Gyr (90% credibility). Alternatively, if we assume long time delays, the progenitor formation rate must peak at higher redshifts than the SFR. For example, for a p(τ) ∝ τ
−1 time delay distribution with τ
min = 4 Gyr, the inferred progenitor rate peaks at z > 3.9 (90% credibility). Finally, we explore whether the inferred formation rate and time delay distribution vary with BBH mass.
Explaining Neptune's Eccentricity
Authors: Siraj Amir , Loeb Abraham 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Early migration damped Neptune's eccentricity. Here, we assume that the damped value was much smaller than the value observed today, and show that the closest flyby of ∼0.1 M
⊙ star over ∼4.5 Gyr in the field, at a distance of ∼103 au would explain the value of Neptune's eccentricity observed today.
La Terre à l’envers : résidus de l’Anthropocène en Afrique
Authors: Hecht Gabrielle , Ghis Malfilatre Marie 
Published: June 2021

L’extraction industrielle met la Terre sens dessus dessous, augmentant massivement la quantité, la dispersion et la durabilité des déchets produits dans le monde. Les minéraux africains ont joué un rôle particulièrement important dans cette dynamique, en étant simultanément moteurs de et produits dans la violence, y compris la violence sourde des dommages environnementaux et du capitalisme racial. Cet article explore ces processus en étudiant deux zones en proie à des résidus toxiques particulièrement nocifs : la mégapole de Johannesburg, Soweto, et les townships environnants en Afrique du Sud, et des agglomérations urbaines d’Afrique de l’Ouest.
Climat social et professionnel : un comparatif écoles publiques / écoles privées
Authors: Boncompain-Katz Lucile 
Published: June 2021

13,4 % des établissements scolaires en France sont privés. En nombre d’élèves, les établissements privés préélémentaires et élémentaires enregistraient, à la rentrée 2009, 892 115 enfants, soit 13,5 % des élèves d’âge primaire scolarisés de notre pays2. Les enseignants d’écoles privées passent le Concours de Recrutement de Professeurs des Ecoles mais sont aussi recrutés et formés de façon spécifique. Les valeurs prêtées à la spécificité de l’enseignement privé se traduisent-elles par un climat d’école différent de l’enseignement public ? Quelles sont les différences entre public et privé en termes de recrutement et de formation initiale des enseignants et des directeurs d’écoles ? Peuvent-elles faire varier les relations sociales au sein d’une équipe pédagogique et l’expression du leadership distribué ? Cet article tente de répondre à ces questions en s’appuyant sur les textes officiels d’une part et en les confrontant aux résultats de notre enquête menée par questionnaires d’autre part.
Prolonged Reactive Oxygen Species Production following Septic Insult
Authors: Jensen Isaac J , McGonagill Patrick W , Berton Roger R , Wagner Brett A , Silva Elvia E , Buettner Garry R , Griffith Thomas S , Badovinac Vladimir P 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The dysregulated host response and organ damage following systemic infection that characterizes a septic event predisposes individuals to a chronic immunoparalysis state associated with severe transient lymphopenia and diminished lymphocyte function, thereby reducing long-term patient survival and quality of life. Recently, we observed lasting production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mice that survive sepsis. ROS production is a potent mechanism for targeting infection, but excessive ROS production can prove maladaptive by causing organ damage, impairing lymphocyte function, and promoting inflammaging, concepts paralleling sepsis-induced immunoparalysis. Notably, we observed an increased frequency of ROS-producing immature monocytes in septic hosts that was sustained for greater than 100 days postsurgery. Recent clinical trials have explored the use of vitamin C, a potent antioxidant, for treating septic patients. We observed that therapeutic vitamin C administration for sepsis limited ROS production by monocytes and reduced disease severity. Importantly, we also observed increased ROS production by immature monocytes in septic patients both at admission and ∼28 days later, suggesting a durable and conserved feature that may influence the host immune response. Thus, lasting ROS production by immature monocytes is present in septic patients, and early intervention strategies to reduce it may improve host outcomes, potentially reducing sepsis-induced immunoparalysis.
The Structure of a Peptide-Loaded Shark MHC Class I Molecule Reveals Features of the Binding between β2-Microglobulin and H Chain Conserved in Evolution
Authors: Wu Yanan , Zhang Nianzhi , Wei Xiaohui , Lu Shuangshuang , Li Shen , Hashimoto Keiichiro , Dijkstra Johannes M , Xia Chun 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Cartilaginous fish are the most primitive extant species with MHC molecules. Using the nurse shark, the current study is, to the best of our knowledge, the first to present a peptide-loaded MHC class I (pMHC-I) structure for this class of animals. The overall structure was found to be similar between cartilaginous fish and bony animals, showing remarkable conservation of interactions between the three pMHC-I components H chain, β2-microglobulin (β2-m), and peptide ligand. In most previous studies, relatively little attention was given to the details of binding between the H chain and β2-m, and our study provides important new insights. A pronounced conserved feature involves the insertion of a large β2-m F56+W60 hydrophobic knob into a pleat of the β-sheet floor of the H chain α1α2 domain, with the knob being surrounded by conserved residues. Another conserved feature is a hydrogen bond between β2-m Y10 and a proline in the α3 domain of the H chain. By alanine substitution analysis, we found that the conserved β2-m residues Y10, D53, F56, and W60—each binding the H chain—are required for stable pMHC-I complex formation. For the β2-m residues Y10 and F56, such observations have not been reported before. The combined data indicate that for stable pMHC-I complex formation β2-m should not only bind the α1α2 domain but also the α3 domain. Knowing the conserved structural features of pMHC-I should be helpful for future elucidations of the mechanisms of pMHC-I complex formation and peptide editing.
TRAF3 in T Cells Restrains Negative Regulators of LAT to Promote TCR/CD28 Signaling
Authors: Arkee Tina , Hostager Bruce S , Houtman Jon C D , Bishop Gail A 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The adaptor protein TNFR-associated factor 3 (TRAF3) is required for in vivo T cell effector functions and for normal TCR/CD28 signaling. TRAF3-mediated enhancement of TCR function requires engagement of both CD3 and CD28, but the molecular mechanisms underlying how TRAF3 interacts with and impacts TCR/CD28-mediated complexes to enhance their signaling remains an important knowledge gap. We investigated how TRAF3 is recruited to, and regulates, CD28 as a TCR costimulator. Direct association with known signaling motifs in CD28 was dispensable for TRAF3 recruitment; rather, TRAF3 associated with the CD28-interacting protein linker of activated T cells (LAT) in human and mouse T cells. TRAF3–LAT association required the TRAF3 TRAF-C domain and a newly identified TRAF2/3 binding motif in LAT. TRAF3 inhibited function of the LAT-associated negative regulatory protein Dok1, which is phosphorylated at an inhibitory tyrosine residue by the tyrosine kinase breast tumor kinase (Brk/PTK6). TRAF3 regulated Brk activation in T cells, limiting the association of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) with the LAT complex. In TRAF3-deficient cells, LAT complex–associated PTP1B was associated with dephosphorylation of Brk at an activating tyrosine residue, potentially reducing its ability to inhibit Dok1. Consistent with these findings, inhibiting PTP1B activity in TRAF3-deficient T cells rescued basal and TCR/CD28-mediated activation of Src family kinases. These results reveal a new mechanism for promotion of TCR/CD28-mediated signaling through restraint of negative regulation of LAT by TRAF3, enhancing the understanding of regulation of the TCR complex.
Complex Autoantibody Responses Occur following Moderate to Severe Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Needham Edward J , Stoevesandt Oda , Thelin Eric P , Zetterberg Henrik , Zanier Elisa R , Al Nimer Faiez , Ashton Nicholas J , Outtrim Joanne G , Newcombe Virginia F J , Mousa Hani S , Simrén Joel , Blennow Kaj , Yang Zhihui , Hutchinson Peter J , Piehl Fredrik , Helmy Adel E , Taussig Mike J , Wang Kevin K W , Jones Joanne L , Menon David K , Coles Alasdair J 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Most of the variation in outcome following severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains unexplained by currently recognized prognostic factors. Neuroinflammation may account for some of this difference. We hypothesized that TBI generated variable autoantibody responses between individuals that would contribute to outcome. We developed a custom protein microarray to detect autoantibodies to both CNS and systemic Ags in serum from the acute-phase (the first 7 d), late (6–12 mo), and long-term (6–13 y) intervals after TBI in human patients. We identified two distinct patterns of immune response to TBI. The first was a broad response to the majority of Ags tested, predominantly IgM mediated in the acute phase, then IgG dominant at late and long-term time points. The second was responses to specific Ags, most frequently myelin-associated glycopeptide (MAG), which persisted for several months post-TBI but then subsequently resolved. Exploratory analyses suggested that patients with a greater acute IgM response experienced worse outcomes than predicted from current known risk factors, suggesting a direct or indirect role in worsening outcome. Furthermore, late persistence of anti-MAG IgM autoantibodies correlated with raised serum neurofilament light concentrations at these time points, suggesting an association with ongoing neurodegeneration over the first year postinjury. Our results show that autoantibody production occurs in some individuals following TBI, can persist for many years, and is associated with worse patient outcome. The complexity of responses means that conventional approaches based on measuring responses to single antigenic targets may be misleading.
Level of Anxiety and Factors Influencing Anxiety among Orthopedic Surgical Patients in a Secondary Care Center in India
Authors: Christal Vimala T. Jeni , Martin Rajesh , Rao Anbu S , Joy Melvin 
Published: June 2021

Background:
The purpose of the present study aimed to assess the level of anxiety and factors influencing anxiety among orthopedic surgical patients admitted to a secondary care center in India.

Methods:
The study was conducted for a period of 3 months. A quantitative approach with a descriptive design was used. Simple random sampling was used to select 46 orthopedic inpatients. Demographic and clinical data were collected using a self-developed pro forma. State-Trait Anxiety Inventory form Y-1 was used to assess anxiety, and factors influencing anxiety were assessed by a self-developed questionnaire.

Results:
Out of 46 participants, 60.90% have low anxiety, 15.20% have moderate, and 23.90% have severe anxiety. Regarding factors influencing anxiety, 78.30% have fear about postoperative pain; 60.90% have fear about surgery; 58.70% have fear about anesthesia, the outcome of surgery, and economic issues; and 52.20% have fear of dependency and postponement of surgery. Some other factors are fear of complications and lack of sleep during night 45.70%, fear about family issues 37%, fear of postoperative nausea 34.80%, fear of death 23.90%, fear about the structure of the ward 17.40%, and fear due to lack of preoperative instructions 13%.

Conclusions:
Anxiety is common among patients waiting for orthopedic surgery. It is important to identify the factors influencing anxiety as a routine nursing care to reduce anxiety level.
Perceptions of 1st -Year MBBS Students about the Medical Council of India Mandated Foundation Course
Authors: Sethi Sujata , Verma Piyush , Srivastava Vivek , Mittal Rakesh 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Foundation course (FC) program was introduced recently by the Medical Council of India for the 1st-year of MBBS students in India to serve as a bridge into the MBBS program as well as to orient the students to various aspects of the medical college environment.

Aim:
The aim of the study was to analyze the feedback on FC by the 1st-year MBBS students.

Materials and Methods:
The study was conducted at the Pt. B. D. Sharma PGIMS, Rohtak, during August 1–31, 2019, involving 242 1st-year MBBS students. At the end of each day of the program, the students received a multiple-choice questionnaire along with a feedback form. Further, at the end of the 1-month of the FC program, the students received a final feedback form reflecting upon various aspects of the FC.

Results:
Majority of the students felt that the FC was well organized and helpful in gaining knowledge and information. Basic life support was the “most preferred” skill session (68.5%), followed by a session on immunization clinic (31.6%). Students felt that the training sessions organized under the six modules of the FC were able to impart ample information on respective topics and were considered helpful to a great extent for majority of the students. Fifty-eight percent of the students felt content overload and rushed pace of content delivery did not help in learning. Other hindering factors recognized by students included excessive use of technical/medical terminology, audio–visual disturbances, and spread out locations for small group activities.

Conclusions:
High levels of satisfaction with the FC in general and in terms of content and organization were observed. Shortcomings recognized through feedback will help us to improve.
The Utility of Ultrasound to Predict the Uncuffed Endotracheal Tube Size in Pediatric Population
Authors: Pal Reena , Joel Jerry J , Singh Anity , Gandi Rachel , Rai Ekta 
Published: June 2021

Introduction:
Due to contrasting evidence for and against the age-based formulas for calculation of correct size of endotracheal tube (ETT) in children, this prospective observational study aimed at comparison of ultrasonography (USG) and age-based formula for calculation of correct ETT size in children <6 years of age.

Materials and Methods:
Following a sample size calculation of 63 children, children of <6 years of age were recruited. Age-based formula (Cole's formula) was used for predicting ETT size. Cricoid diameter was measured using USG, and USG ETT was selected. Correct tube used for the patient was confirmed by air leak test. Agreement for correct size ETT with USG and age-based method was assessed using kappa value for intraclass correlation (ICC). Subgroup analysis was carried out for age, sex, and weight.

Results:
Sixty-six children with a mean age of 27.9 months were recruited. USG method was found to be correct in 44 patients (67%), whereas age-based method selected the correct tracheal tube size in 32% (21) of patients

(

P < 0.001). Agreement of ultrasound-based method with the correct size tube was 0.902, while the same for age-based formula method and correct ETT was 0.835 proving the superiority of the USG. On subgroup analysis, ultrasound-based tube selection was accurate in children <1 year.

Conclusions:
With ICC of 0.902, ultrasound can be a useful tool for selecting pediatric ETT size as compared to age-based formula. This finding is significant, especially in children under the age of 1 year.
Tulsi
Authors: Singh Malvika 
Published: June 2021

Introduction:
Role of tulsi in periodontal disease is a polymicrobial infection primarily caused by periodontal pathogens existing within the subgingival plaque. The conventional method of lowering the bacterial load in the periodontal pocket constitutes scaling and root planning, but to prevent recolonization the use of adjunctive methods has been advocated. Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) is being widely used in dentistry in the form of mouthwashes, dentifrice, gels, and oral irrigants.

Objective:
The objective behind writing this article was to assess the relevance of and effectiveness of Tulsi (O. sanctum) in the treatment of periodontal disease.

Data Source:
Internet database Medline/PubMed search for word “Tulsi” resulted in 1000 articles. Review Methods: Articles with Medline/PubMed were only considered in writing this review. The result showed that Tulsi has been widely used as a mouthwash, dentifrice, and oral irrigant in the field of periodontics.

Conclusions:
Although highly effective, the use of Tulsi has not been popularized in today's day and age and needs to be done the same.
A prospective observational study of chemotherapy-induced adverse drug reaction and the quality of life in cancer patients in a tertiary care hospital
Authors: Krishnarajan D. , Sivasakthi K. , Ariyamol R. , Kumar D. Naveen , Varghese Soniya 
Published: June 2021

Aim:
The aim was to study the pattern of adverse drug reaction (ADR) provoked by anticancer therapy and to assess the quality of life (QoL) in cancer patients.

Materials and Methods:
This study was conducted in Tamil Nadu on 75 patients from February to July 2019 taking into account their demographic profile, ADR occurrence and its causality, outcome, organ system-wise distribution of ADRs, and others. The causality assessment was done by using Naranjo's scale and QoL was assessed by the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General (FACT-G) scale. The QoL was compared in any two consecutive cycles between the 2nd and 5th cycles of chemotherapy.

Results:
Out of the 75 patients, 17 male and 56 female patients developed ADR. A total of 228 ADRs were observed in 73 patients. The most commonly occurred ADR was nausea and vomiting (45%) and the most commonly affected system was gastrointestinal tract (37%). According to causality assessment, the ADR that occurred falls mostly in the category of probable (66.7%) followed by possible (29.3%) and the outcome of the ADR was mostly recovering (49.3%). The QoL was higher in females and in the age group of 40–49 years. The physical and emotional well-being of the patient were affected more. The overall QoL was improved in the 2nd visit when compared to the 1st visit.

Conclusion:
Cancer is known to cause a significant impact on the health and socioeconomics of a nation. To boost the QoL in patients, it is essential to identify and manage the ADRs by taking appropriate measures to promote judicious use of drugs.
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on health care activities at a Uruguayan mastology unit
Authors: Castillo Cecilia , Camejo Natalia , Amarillo Dahiana , Rodriguez Florencia , Vitureira Florencia , Krygier Gabriel , Delgado Lucía 
Published: June 2021

Purpose:
Health emergency due to COVID-19 started in Uruguay on March 13, 2020; our mastology unit tried to ensure adequate oncological care, and protect patients from the virus infection and complications.

Objective:
To assess the health care activities in the “peak” of the pandemic during 3 months.

Materials and Methods:
we collected data from the electronic health record.

Results:
There were a total of 293 medical appointments from 131 patients (221 face-to-face), that decreased by 16.7% compared to the same period in 2019 (352 appointments). The medical appointments were scheduled to evaluate the continuity of systemic treatment or modifications (95 patients; 72.5%), follow-up (17; 12.9%), first-time consultation (12; 9.1%), and assess paraclinical studies (7; 5.3%). The patients were on hormone therapy (81 patients; 74%), chemotherapy (CT) (21; 19%), and anti-HER2 therapies (9; 8%). New twenty treatments were initiated. Of the 14 patients that were on adjuvant/neoadjuvant CT, 9 (64.3%) continued with the same regimen with the addition of prophylactic granulocyte-colony-stimulating factors (G-CSF), and 5 (35.7%), who were receiving weekly paclitaxel, continued the treatment with no changes. Of the seven patients that were on palliative CT, 2 (28.5%) continued the treatment with the addition of G-CSF, 3 (42.8%) continued with weekly capecitabine or paclitaxel with no treatment changes, and 2 (28.5%) changed their treatment regimen (a less myelosuppressive regimen was selected for one and due to progression of the disease in the other patient). The ninety patients who were receiving adjuvant, neoadjuvant, or palliative criteria hormone therapy and/or anti-HER2 therapies, continued the treatment with no changes.

Conclusions:
The evidence suggests that, although medical appointments decreased by approximately 17%, we could maintain healthcare activities, continued most of the treatments while the most modified was CT with G-CSF to avoid myelosuppression.