bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of dark matter halo shape on bar buckling and boxy/peanut bulges
Authors: Kumar Ankit , Das Mousumi , Kataria Sandeep Kumar 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
It is well established that bars evolve significantly after they form in galaxy discs, often changing shape both in and out of the disc plane. In some cases they may bend or buckle out of the disc plane resulting in the formation of boxy/peanut/x-shape bulges. In this paper we show that the dark matter halo shape affects bar formation and buckling. We have performed N-body simulations of bar buckling in non-spherical dark matter haloes and traced bar evolution for 8 Gyr. We find that bar formation is delayed in oblate haloes, resulting in delayed buckling whereas bars form earlier in prolate haloes leading to earlier buckling. However, the duration of first buckling remains almost comparable. All the models show two buckling events but the most extreme prolate halo exhibits three distinct buckling features. Bars in prolate haloes also show buckling signatures for the longest duration compared to spherical and oblate haloes. Since ongoing buckling events are rarely observed, our study suggests that most barred galaxies may have more oblate or spherical haloes rather than prolate haloes. Our measurement of BPX structures also shows that prolate haloes promote bar thickening and disc heating more than oblate and spherical haloes.
The relativistic parsec-scale jets of the blazars TXS 0506+056 and PKS 0502+049 and their possible association with gamma-ray flares and neutrino production
Authors: Sumida Viktor Y D , Schutzer A de A , Caproni A , Abraham Z 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
The physical nature of the mechanism responsible for the emission of neutrinos in active galactic nuclei (AGNs) has been matter of debate in the literature, with relativistic jets of radio-loud AGNs as possible candidates to be the sources of high-energy neutrinos. The most prominent candidate so far is the blazar TXS 0506+056, which is found to be associated with the neutrino event IceCube-170922A. Furthermore, the IceCube reported an excess of neutrinos towards TXS 0506+056 between September 2014 and March 2015, even though this association needs additional investigation, considering the presence of a nearby gamma-ray source, the quasar PKS 0502+049. Motivated by this, we studied the parsec-scale structures of TXS 0506+056 and PKS 0502+049 through radio interferometry at 8 and 15 GHz. We identified twelve jet components in TXS 0506+056 and seven components in PKS 0502+049. The most reliable jet components show superluminal speeds ranging from 9.5c to 66c in the case of TXS 0506+056, and from 14.3c to 59c for PKS 0502+049, which were used to estimate a lower (upper) limit for the Lorentz factor (jet viewing angle) for both sources. A novel approach using simultaneously the brightness temperature of the core region and the apparent speeds of the jet components allowed us to infer basic jet parameters for TXS 0506+056 at distinct epochs. We also found that the emergence of new jet components coincides with the occurrence of gamma-ray flares. Interestingly, two of these coincidences in the case of PKS 0502+049 and one for TXS 0506+056 seems to be correlated with neutrino events detected by the IceCube Observatory.
Galaxy–galaxy lensing with the DES-CMASS catalogue: measurement and constraints on the galaxy-matter cross-correlation
Authors: Lee S , Troxel M A , Choi A , Elvin-Poole J , Hirata C , Honscheid K , Huff E M , MacCrann N , Ross A J , Eifler T F , Chang C , Miquel R , Omori Y , Prat J , Bernstein G M , Davis C , DeRose J , Gatti M , Rau M M , Samuroff S , Sánchez C , Vielzeuf P , Zuntz J , Aguena M , Allam S , Amon A , Andrade-Oliveira F , Bertin E , Brooks D , Burke D L , Carnero Rosell A , Carrasco Kind M , Carretero J , Castander F J , Cawthon R , Conselice C , Costanzi M , da Costa L N , Pereira M E S , De Vicente J , Desai S , Diehl H T , Dietrich J P , Doel P , Everett S , Evrard A E , Ferrero I , Flaugher B , Fosalba P , Frieman J , García-Bellido J , Gaztanaga E , Gerdes D W , Giannantonio T , Gruen D , Gruendl R A , Gschwend J , Gutierrez G , Hartley W G , Hinton S R , Hollowood D L , Hoyle B , Huterer D , James D J , Kuehn K , Kuropatkin N , Lahav O , Lima M , Maia M A G , March M , Marshall J L , Menanteau F , Mohr J J , Morgan R , Palmese A , Paz-Chinchón F , Pieres A , Plazas Malagón A A , Roodman A , Sanchez E , Scarpine V , Schubnell M , Serrano S , Sevilla-Noarbe I , Sheldon E , Smith M , Suchyta E , Swanson M E C , Tarle G , Thomas D , To C , Varga T N , Weller J ,   (DES Collaboration)
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
The DMASS sample is a photometric sample from the DES Year 1 data set designed to replicate the properties of the CMASS sample from BOSS, in support of a joint analysis of DES and BOSS beyond the small overlapping area. In this paper, we present the measurement of galaxy–galaxy lensing using the DMASS sample as gravitational lenses in the DES Y1 imaging data. We test a number of potential systematics that can bias the galaxy–galaxy lensing signal, including those from shear estimation, photometric redshifts, and observing conditions. After careful systematic tests, we obtain a highly significant detection of the galaxy–galaxy lensing signal, with total S/N = 25.7. With the measured signal, we assess the feasibility of using DMASS as gravitational lenses equivalent to CMASS, by estimating the galaxy-matter cross-correlation coefficient rcc. By jointly fitting the galaxy–galaxy lensing measurement with the galaxy clustering measurement from CMASS, we obtain $r_{\rm cc}=1.09^{+0.12}_{-0.11}$ for the scale cut of $4 \, h^{-1}{\rm \,\,Mpc}$ and $r_{\rm cc}=1.06^{+0.13}_{-0.12}$ for $12 \, h^{-1}{\rm \,\,Mpc}$ in fixed cosmology. By adding the angular galaxy clustering of DMASS, we obtain rcc = 1.06 ± 0.10 for the scale cut of $4 \, h^{-1}{\rm \,\,Mpc}$ and rcc = 1.03 ± 0.11 for $12 \, h^{-1}{\rm \,\,Mpc}$. The resulting values of rcc indicate that the lensing signal of DMASS is statistically consistent with the one that would have been measured if CMASS had populated the DES region within the given statistical uncertainty. The measurement of galaxy–galaxy lensing presented in this paper will serve as part of the data vector for the forthcoming cosmology analysis in preparation.
Developing guidelines for the management of brain tumour related epilepsy
Authors: Vacher Elizabeth , Ruiz Miguel Rodriguez , Rees Jeremy 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Aims
Brain Tumour Related Epilepsy (BTRE) has a significant impact on Quality of Life with implications for driving, employment and social and domestic activities. Management of BTRE is complex due to the higher incidence of pharmacoresistance and the potential for interaction between anti-cancer therapy and anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs). Neurologists, oncologists, palliative care physicians and clinical nurse specialists treating these patients would benefit from up-to-date clinical guidelines. We aim to review the current evidence to adapt current NICE guidelines for Epilepsy and to outline specific recommendations for the optimal treatment of BTRE, encompassing both primary and metastatic brain tumours.

Method
A comprehensive search of the literature from the past 20 years on BTRE was carried out in three databases: Embase, Medline and EMCARE. A broad search strategy was used and the evidence was evaluated and graded based on the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine Levels of Evidence.

Results
All patients with BTRE should be treated with AEDs. There is no proven benefit for the use of prophylactic AEDs, although there are no randomised trials testing newer agents. Seizure frequency varies between 10-40% (Class 2a evidence) in patients with Brain Metastases (BM) and from 30% (high-grade gliomas) to 90% (low-grade gliomas) (Class 2a evidence) in patients with Primary Brain Tumours (PBT). In patients with BM, risk factors include number of BM and melanoma histology (Class 2b evidence). In patients with PBT, risk factors include frontal and temporal location, oligodendroglial histology, IDH mutation and cortical infiltration (Class 2b evidence). There is a low incidence of seizures (13%) after stereotactic radiosurgery for BM (Class 2b evidence). Non-enzyme inducing AEDs are recommended as first line treatment for BTRE, but up to 50% of patients with BTRE due to PBT remain resistant (Class 2b evidence).

Conclusion
The review has highlighted the relative dearth of high quality evidence for the management of BTRE, and provides a framework for further studies aiming to improve seizure control, quality of life, and indications for AEDs.
Initial experience with navigated intraoperative ultrasound for brain tumour surgery
Authors: Nunn Adam , Barua Neil 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Aims
The use of intraoperative ultrasound (iUS) has been associated with prolonged survival in patients with high grade glioma. However, iUS remains an under-utilised surgical adjunct in many neurosurgical units due to greater familiarity with CT and MR imaging. Navigated intraoperative ultrasound (NiUS) facilitates co-registration of pre-operative MR imaging with iUS, offering a number of advantages over standard neuronavigation. The aim of this study was to describe our initial experiences with NiUS for brain tumour resection in adults.

Method
We prospectively collected data on patient demographics, tumour location and histology, extent of resection and early post-operative outcome in 9 consecutive patients. Brainlab neuronavigation (BrainLab, Germany) and the BK5000 cranial ultrasound probe (BK Medical, Denmark) were used in all cases. We also collected data on surgical intent and the use of surgical adjuncts including neurophysiology monitoring, DTI and 5ALA.

Results
NiUS was used in 9 patients (6 male, 3 female). iUS scans were successfully co-registered in all cases. Histological diagnoses were GBM (7 patients), melanoma (1 patient) and oligodendroglioma (1 patient). NiUS was used in conjunction with the following techniques and adjuncts – awake craniotomy (2), DTI (all cases), neurophysiology monitoring (4 cases) and 5ALA (7 cases). Gross total resection was achieved in 8 patients. The mean operative time was 4 hours and 7 minutes, which is significantly lower than that reported in a recently published series involving intra-operative MRI. No patients suffered any deterioration in neurological status in the early post-operative period.

Conclusion
NiUS was rapidly assimilated into our surgical workflow with successful co-registration in all cases. NiUS was used successfully in conjunction with awake craniotomy, neurophysiology monitoring, DTI and 5ALA for both enhancing and non-enhancing tumours. Based on our early experience we offer learning points on patient positioning, set up of equipment and interpretation of iUS. Further studies are required to determine the impact of NiUS on patient outcome.
Strengthening Population Health Perspectives in Physical Therapist Practice Using Epigenetics
Authors: Magnusson Dawn M , Rethorn Zachary D 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Health starts where we live, learn, work, and play. Population health represents a unifying paradigm for understanding systematic variations in health and related factors, informing integrated action, and reducing health disparities. The pathways connecting social, environmental, and structural factors and various health outcomes have been illuminated by the emergence of epigenetic and epigenomic research, further bolstering the value of population health perspectives in supporting clinical practice, community-based programs, and societal policies. The purpose of this perspective is to consider the placement of epigenetic and epigenomic insights within a population health framework to strengthen the physical therapy profession’s understanding of variations in health, inform integrated action, and further justify our role in reducing health-related disparities.
Relating Cut and Paste Invariants and Tqfts
Authors: Rovi Carmen , Schoenbauer Matthew 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we are concerned with a relation between TQFTs and the cut and paste SKK invariants introduced by Karras, Kreck, Neumann, and Ossa. Cut and paste SKK invariants are functions on the set of smooth manifolds whose values on cut and paste equivalent manifolds differ by an error term depending only on the glueing diffeomorphisms. Here we investigate a surprisingly natural group homomorphism between the group of invertible TQFTs and the group of SKK invariants and describe how these groups fit into an exact sequence. We conclude in particular that all positive real-valued SKK invariants can be realized as restrictions of invertible TQFTs.
Special Repo Rates and the Cross-Section of Bond Prices: The Role of the Special Collateral Risk Premium
Authors: D’Amico Stefania , Pancost N Aaron 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
We price the risky component of specialness spreads—identified by their deviations from the expected auction cycle—within a dynamic term structure model estimated using daily prices of all outstanding Treasury securities and corresponding special collateral (SC) repo rates. This allows us to derive a time-varying SC risk premium that we quantitatively link to various price anomalies, such as the on-the-run premium. The SC risk premium explains about 80% of the on-the-run premium and a substantial share of other Treasury price anomalies, suggesting that unexpected fluctuations in the specialness spreads of recently issued nominal Treasury securities are a common risk factor.
The Macrobiotus ariekammensis species complex provides evidence for parallel evolution of claw elongation in macrobiotid tardigrades
Authors: Stec Daniel , Vončina Katarzyna , Møbjerg Kristensen Reinhardt , Michalczyk Łukasz 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The recent integrative revision of the family Macrobiotidae demonstrated monophyly of the genus Macrobiotus and its complex, mosaic morphological evolution. Here, we analyse three Macrobiotus populations that exhibit extraordinary claw morphology characterized by elongated primary branches. Two of these populations, from the Arctic, were initially classified as Macrobiotus ariekammensis, but detailed integrative analyses resulted in splitting them into two subspecies: Macrobiotus ariekammensis ariekammensis and Macrobiotus ariekammensis groenlandicus subsp. nov.. The third population was Macrobiotus kirghizicus from Kyrgyzstan. Given the unusual phenotype of the above-mentioned taxa, we tested whether they constitute a distinct lineage in the family Macrobiotidae and could be delineated as a new genus. Although the phylogenetic investigation showed that the three taxa form a monophyletic group, the clade is nested in the genus Macrobiotus. Therefore, despite their morphological distinctiveness, a new genus cannot be established and we group these taxa in the Macrobiotus ariekammensis species complex instead. The complex includes the three above-mentioned taxa and Macrobiotus ramoli, which is included based on morphological characters. Moreover, our results provide evidence for rapid parallel evolution of long claws in macrobiotid tardigrades inhabiting cold and icy environments. Finally, we discuss the validity of the recent suppression of the genus Xerobiotus, which gathers macrobiotids with reduced claws.
Parkland Trauma Index of Mortality: Real-Time Predictive Model for Trauma Patients
Authors: Starr Adam J. , Julka Manjula , Nethi Arun , Watkins John D. , Fairchild Ryan W. , Rinehart Dustin , Park Caroline , Dumas Ryan P. , Box Hayden N. , Cripps Michael W. 
Published: October 2021

Objective:
Vital signs and laboratory values are used to guide decisions to use damage control techniques in lieu of early definitive fracture fixation. Previous models attempted to predict mortality risk but have limited utility. There is a need for a dynamic model that captures evolving physiologic changes during a trauma patient's hospital course.

Methods:
The Parkland Trauma Index of Mortality (PTIM) is a machine learning algorithm that uses electronic medical record data to predict mortality within 48 hours during the first 3 days of hospitalization. It updates every hour, recalculating as physiology changes. The model was developed using 1935 trauma patient encounters from 2009 to 2014 and validated on 516 patient encounters from 2015 to 2016. Model performance was evaluated statistically. Data were collected retrospectively on its performance after 1 year of clinical use.

Results:
In the validation data set, PTIM accurately predicted 52 of the sixty-three 12-hour time intervals within 48 hours of mortality, for sensitivity of 82.5% [95% confidence interval (CI), 73.1%–91.9%]. The specificity was 93.6% (95% CI, 92.5%–94.8%), and the positive predictive value (PPV) was 32.5% (95% CI, 25.2%–39.7%). PTIM predicted survival for 1608 time intervals and was incorrect only 11 times, yielding a negative predictive value of 99.3% (95% CI, 98.9%–99.7%). The area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.94.
During the first year of clinical use, when used in 776 patients, the last PTIM score accurately predicted 20 of the twenty-three 12-hour time intervals within 48 hours of mortality, for sensitivity of 86.9% (95% CI, 73%–100%). The specificity was 94.7% (95% CI, 93%–96%), and the positive predictive value was 33.3% (95% CI, 21.4%–45%). The model predicted survival for 716 time intervals and was incorrect 3 times, yielding a negative predictive value of 99.6% (95% CI, 99.1%–100%). The area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.97.

Conclusions:
By adapting with the patient's physiologic response to trauma and relying on electronic medical record data alone, the PTIM overcomes many of the limitations of previous models. It may help inform decision-making for trauma patients early in their hospitalization.

Level of Evidence:
Prognostic Level I. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Intravenous thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke with extended time window
Authors: Jia Xue , Wang Wen , Wu Bo , Sun Xin 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Background:
Intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) is an effective way for treating acute ischemic stroke (AIS). However, its effects have not been established among AIS patients with unclear stroke symptoms or with stroke onset for >4.5 h.

Methods:
We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Google Scholar databases for randomized controlled trials that compared IVT (IVT group) and placebo or usual care (control group [CG]) in AIS patients with disease onset for >4.5 h. The outcomes of interest included the favorable functional outcome (defined as modified Rankin Scale [mRS] scores 0–1) at 90 days, the functional independence (defined as mRS scores 0–2) at 90 days, proportion of patients with symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) and death at 90 days. We assessed the risk of bias using the Cochrane tool. Pre-specified subgroup analyses were performed by age (≤70 years or >70 years), National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS, ≤10 or >10) and time window (4.5–9.0 h or >9.0 h).

Results:
Four trials involving 848 patients were eligible. The risk of bias of included trials was low. Patients in the IVT group were more likely to achieve favorable functional outcomes (45.8% vs. 36.7%; OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.12–1.96) and functional independence (63.8% vs. 55.7%; OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.08–1.90) at 90 days, but had higher risk of sICH (3.0% vs. 0.5%; OR 5.28, 95% CI 1.35–20.68) at 90 days than those in the CG. No significant difference in death at 90 days was found between the two groups (7.0% vs. 4.1%; OR 1.80; 95% CI 0.97–3.34).

Conclusions:
Use of IVT in patients with extended time window may improve their functional outcomes at 90 days, although IVT may induce increased risk of sICH. Care of these patients should well balance the potential benefits and harms of IVT.
Factors relating to bone mineral density in young and middle-aged patients with ankylosing spondylitis
Authors: Wu Xin , Zhong Jia-Yun , Wang Geng , Xu Hu-ji 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Background:
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a common chronic progressive rheumatic disease. The aim of this study was to explore factors influencing abnormal bone mineral density (BMD) in young and middle-aged patients with AS.

Methods:
From July 2014 to August 2018, hospitalized patients with AS and health examinees in the health examination center of our clinics, ranging in age from 20 to 50 years, were monitored. The BMD of the lumbar spine and femoral neck of AS patients and those of a healthy control group were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorption. The BMDs of AS patients were compared with respect to age, course of disease, iritis, smoking habits, sex, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), medication use, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), platelet volume, platelet count, uric acid (UA), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), and calcium ion levels. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related to BMD were screened using genome-wide association analysis.

Results:
There was no statistical difference in the proportion of abnormal bone masses between the different body parts. The BMD of all bones in AS patients was lower than that in healthy controls (P < 0.05). Additionally, BMD was correlated with serum calcium and CRP in AS patients (P < 0.05), but not with age, platelet volume, platelet count, ESR, UA, AKP, height, weight, and BMI. The incidence of abnormal bone mass in AS patients was correlated with sex (P < 0.05), but not with medication use, iritis, or smoking. BMD of the lumbar spine in AS patients did not correlate linearly with the course of the disease, but BMD of the femoral neck correlated linearly with the course of the disease (P < 0.05). BMD was correlated with multiple SNPs in patients with AS. Lumbar BMD was correlated with rs7025373 and rs7848078. Femoral head BMD was correlated with 3:102157365, 3:102157417, rs1252202, rs1681355, rs3891857, rs7842614, and rs9870734, suggesting that genetic factors play a role in BMD in patients with AS.

Conclusions:
The proportion of abnormal bone mass in AS patients was higher than that in healthy individuals of the same age. The factors related to BMD in patients with AS are gender, CRP, and blood calcium. The BMD of the femoral neck of AS patients decreases with the course of the disease, but BMD of the lumbar spine is not related to the course of the disease. BMD in AS patients is associated with multiple SNPs.
Primary immunodeficiency and the microbiome
Authors: Al-Nesf Maryam Ali , Morgan David , Mohamed-Ali Vidya 
Published: October 2021

Purpose of review
The current understanding of the relationship of the microbiota to clinical manifestation in patients with primary immunodeficiency, specifically the inflammatory processes caused by or that result in microbial dysbiosis, and their potential therapeutic options in primary immunodeficiency diseases (PID), is the basis of this review.

Recent findings
PIDs are heterogeneous diseases with variable presentations, genetic backgrounds, complications, and severity. The immune-mediators may be extrinsic, such as therapeutic regimens that patients are on, including immunoglobin, biologics, antibiotics and diet, or intrinsic, like cytokines, microRNA and microbiome. The microbiome in PID, in particular, appears to play a crucial role in helping the host's immune system maintain hemostatic control in the intestine. Many of the clinical manifestations and complications of PID may be attributed to inflammatory and immune dysregulatory processes connected to the imbalances of the diet-microbiota-host-immunity axis, as shown by data pointing to the loss of microbial diversity, dysbiosis, in PID.

Summary
The gut microbiome is a promising area of study in PID. Although the connection of the microbiome to humoral immunodeficiency is evident, the possibility of utilizing the association of humoral and cellular immunodeficiency and the microbiome for therapeutic benefit is still under investigation.