bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The potential of blood group genotyping for transfusion medicine practice
Authors: Westhoff C.M. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Molecular diagnostics is the fastest growing area of clinical laboratory medicine. The ability to rapidly amplify genes of bacterial, viral, or human origin, and the development of DNA array platforms, are driving a technology revolution in the clinical laboratory. A DNA-based testing approach is particularly applicable to blood bank and transfusion medicine for rapid, cost-effective antigen typing. Experience with DNA-based methods during the past decade has shown that these assays are reproducible and highly correlated with the RBC phenotype. The recent availability of automated, high-throughput, DNA-array platforms now moves testing from the reference laboratory setting into hospital and donor testing centers. This approach has the potential to revolutionize the process of locating antigen-negative donor units by testing for all clinically significant blood group antigens in a single assay. When partnered with the same extended typing of the patient, electronic selection of units antigen-matched at multiple blood group loci is then possible. This paper discusses the potential of this approach to improve transfusion therapy by reducing or eliminating alloantibody production in specific patient populations. These include patients facing long-term transfusion therapy and at high risk for sensitization; patients with warm autoantibodies when compatibility cannot be demonstrated by standard methods; and women for whom the production of atypical antibodies carries a risk for hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn, or at the very least, monitoring for an at-risk pregnancy.
Immunohematology

2008;24:190–195.
Red blood cell transfusion in a patient with anti-AnWj: a case report
Authors: Stowers R.E , Richa E.M. , Stubbs J.R. , Moore S.B. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Anti-AnWj (Anton) has been associated with clinically significant hemolytic transfusion reactions. More than 99 percent of studied populations have RBCs that express the antigen. Reported here is a patient with anti-AnWj who was transfused with antigen-positive RBCs without adverse reaction.
Immunohematology

2007; 23:55–58.
Management of pregnancy complicated by anti-hrB/anti-HrB
Authors: Win N. , Needs M. , Tillyer L. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Anti-hrB and anti-HrB are rare alloantibodies found predominantly in people of Black African descent. It has been assumed that strongly reacting examples of anti-hrB may cause hemolytic transfusion reactions, but precise information is limited. Anti-HrB is a clinically significant antibody and may cause hemolytic transfusion reactions and HDN. Selection of blood for transfusion support for patients with these alloantibodies, and especially with anti-HrB, imposes a special challenge in the United Kingdom. We report two antenatal patients (both patients were of the partial D phenotype DIII), one with anti-hrB, anti-Ce, and anti-D; the other, with anti-hrB and anti-D, who later formed anti-HrB. Transfusion support and the outcome of the pregnancies are discussed. A literature search confirms that, apart from some publications in abstract form, there is not much detailed clinical information available for either anti-hrB or anti-HrB. Further information and publications are warranted to gain more knowledge of these rare antibodies.
Immunohematology

2007;23:143–5.
An alloantibody to a high-prevalence MNS antigen in a person with a GP.JL/Mk phenotype
Authors: Ratliff J. , Veneman S. , Ward J. , Lomas-Francis C. , Hue-Roye K. , Velliquette R.W , Sausais L. , Maldonado T. , Miyamoto J. , Martin Y. , Slater D. , Reid M.E. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The low-prevalence MNS blood group antigen TSEN is located at the junction of glycophorin A (GPA) to glycophorin B (GPB) in several hybrid glycophorin molecules. Extremely rare people have RBCs with a double dose of the TSEN antigen and have made an antibody to a high-prevalence MNS antigen. We report the first patient who is heterozygous for GYP.JL and Mk
. During prenatal tests, an alloantibody to a high-prevalence antigen was detected in the serum of a 21-year-old Hispanic woman. The antibody detected an antigen resistant to treatment by papain, trypsin, α-chymotrypsin, or DTT. The antibody was strongly reactive by the IAT with all RBCs tested except those having the MkMk, GP.Hil/GP.Hil, or GP.JL/GP.JL phenotypes. The patient’s RBCs typed M+N–S+/–s–U+, En(a+/–), Hut–, Mi(a–), Mur–, Vw–, Wr(a–b–), and were TSEN+, MINY+. Reactivity with Glycine soja suggested that her RBCs had a decreased level of sialic acid. Immunoblotting showed the presence of monomer and dimer forms of a GP(A-B) hybrid and an absence of GPA and GPB. Sequencing of DNA and PCR-RFLP using the restriction enzyme RsaI confirmed the presence of a hybrid GYP(A-B). The patient’s antibody was determined to be anti-EnaFR. She is the first person reported with the GP.JL phenotype associated with a deletion of GYPA and GYPB in trans to GYP.JL. Immunohematology

2007;23:146–9.
ISBT 128 blood labeling: introduction and reference laboratory applications
Authors: Butch S.H. , Distler P.B 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

ISBT 128 will be implemented in the United States during the next two years. In addition to improving unit traceability and lookback tracking, this information technology standard has the power to detect and prevent errors in data entry by using data identifiers and check characters. Additionally, its ability to encode special testing results such as CMV and RBC phenotype on a label provides laboratories a computerized mechanism to verify the accuracy of such labels.
Immunohematology

2006; 22:30–36.
Serologic and molecular genetic management of a pregnancy complicated by anti-Rh18
Authors: Haspel R.L. , Vege S. , Michelle D. , Kaufman R.M. , Westhoff C.M 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Antibodies, such as anti-Rh18 (Hr/HrS), that react with the common products of RHCE can cause HDN as well as severe hemolytic transfusion reactions. Individuals with anti-Rh18 antibodies can have different RHCE genetic backgrounds; therefore, sera and RBCs from these individuals may cross-react. In these situations, genotyping may be the best method to determine compatibility. We report a 26-year-old pregnant Puerto Rican woman who presented at 31 weeks’ gestation with anti-E and anti-Rh18 in her serum. No potential donors were identified among family members or within the American Rare Donor Program; therefore, a unit of the patient’s RBCs was collected one week before her planned caesarian section. To improve our ability to supply blood for this patient in the future, molecular testing was performed. The patient was found to be homozygous for an RH haplotype in which a variant RHD*DAR, is linked to a variant RHCE*ceAR. The DAR-ceAR haplotype has been described in Dutch-African populations, but this is the first report of an individual self-identified of Hispanic ethnicity. This case report demonstrates the clinical importance of molecular testing of patients with rare Rh phenotypes.
Immunohematology

2006;22:132–135.
In search of red blood cells for alloimmunized patients with sickle cell disease
Authors: Flickinger C. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) typically require transfusions with RBC components, which exposes them to numerous, possibly foreign antigens and potentially causes them to produce an antibody or antibodies to the antigens they lack. As transfusion of these patients increases, the likelihood that they will produce an initial antibody or additional antibodies increases. Once a clinically significant antibody is produced, units of RBCs that lack the associated antigen should be transfused. Often patients with SCD present to the transfusion service with numerous antibodies in their serum, making the search for compatible RBCs a challenge. The American Rare Donor Program (ARDP) has been used to search for RBCs to meet the transfusion needs of this patient population. Between January 2005 and June 2006, approximately 33 percent of the requests to the ARDP for RBC components were for alloimmunized patients with SCD. Of these requests, 94.9 percent were completely or partially filled; requests for r"r", Hy–, and E–, hrS– units of RBCs were among the most difficult to fill. This article will discuss the use and effectiveness of the ARDP and testing laboratories associated with the National Reference Laboratory for Blood Group Serology at the American Red Cross in obtaining compatible RBCs for alloimmunized patients with SCD.
Immunohematology

2006;22:136–142.
Efficacy of murine monoclonal antibodies in RBC phenotyping of DAT-positive samples
Authors: Lee E. , Hart K. , Burgess G. , Halverson G.R. , Reid M.E 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Determining the phenotype of patient RBCs that are positive by the DAT may prove problematic. Antigen typing of RBCs coated with IgG requires direct agglutinating reagents or chemical treatment (such as chloroquine diphosphate [CDP] or citric acid) to remove sufficient IgG to permit testing with IAT-reactive reagents. The citric acid elution method is commonly used in the United States; however, antigens in the Kell system are altered to the extent that they may appear to be absent by this method. There are a limited number of direct agglutinating monoclonal antibodies available. Murine monoclonal antibodies provide an additional tool for typing RBCs with a positive DAT. Five murine monoclonal IgG antibodies (anti-K: MIMA-22, MIMA-23; anti-Kpa: MIMA-21, MIMA-27; anti-Fya: MIMA-19) were used in this study. Donor RBCs with known phenotypes were sensitized in vitro with alloanti-D, alloanti-c, and alloanti-K and with 20 autoantibodies (autoanti-D [n=3], autoanti-e [n=5], autoanti-Ce/e [n=5], autoanti-e+D+E [n=1], autoanti-I [n=1], and nonspecific [n=5]) to simulate a positive in vivo DAT. The sensitized RBCs were treated with CDP to remove IgG. To determine the efficacy of the murine monoclonal antibodies when testing DAT-positive samples, both sensitized and CDP-treated RBCs were tested with these monoclonal antibodies by the IAT using anti-mouse IgG. No discrepancies were noted with the unsensitized, sensitized, or CDP-treated RBCs. An exception was noted with a potent autoanti-I, where direct agglutination of the sensitized RBCs was obtained. This study demonstrates the value of using murine monoclonal antibodies to determine the phenotype of RBCs with a positive DAT caused by autoantibodies (e.g., in autoimmune hemolytic anemia) and supports previous studies showing that RBCs sensitized in vivo can be typed without chemical manipulation.
Immunohematology

2006;22:161–165.
Review: molecular basis of MNS blood group variants
Authors: Palacajornsuk P. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The MNS blood group antigens are expressed in the RBC membrane on glycophorin A (GPA), glycophorin B (GPB), or combinations of both. GPA expresses the M or N antigen, whereas GPB expresses the S or s antigen and the N antigen (′N′). Both glycophorin genes (GYPA and GYPB) are located on the long arm of chromosome 4 and share 95 percent sequence identity. This high degree of sequence identity, together with the rare involvement of a third homologous gene (GYPE), provides an increased chance of recombination, resulting in hybrid molecules that often carry one or more novel antigens. Some of the antigens in the MNS system result from a single nucleotide substitution. The MNS blood group system now consists of more than 40 distinct antigens. This review summarizes the molecular basis associated with some of the antigens in the MNS blood group system.
Immunohematology

2006;22:171–182.
Update on HDFN: new information on long-standing controversies
Authors: Eder A.F. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN) results from maternal IgG antibodies that cross the placenta to the fetal circulation during gestation and cause RBC destruction and complications before birth (HDF), or anemia and hyperbilirubinemia after birth (HDN), or both. In its most severe form, HDF produces hydrops fetalis, which is characterized by total body edema, hepatosplenomegaly, and heart failure and can lead to intrauterine death. Before discovery of Rh immunoglobulin (RhIG), HDFN from anti-D was a significant cause of perinatal mortality or long-term disability. Routine administration of RhIG to D– women during pregnancy and shortly after the birth of D+ infants effectively reduced the incidence of HDFN caused by anti-D. Maternal alloimmunization to other RBC antigens in the Rh, Kell, and other blood group systems can not be routinely prevented and these antibodies can also cause HDFN. Advances in prenatal care, noninvasive monitoring, and intrauterine transfusion have improved the outlook for affected pregnancies to the extent that even hydrops fetalis can be reversed and effectively treated in many cases. This review will provide an update on the current issues in prevention and treatment of HDFN, emphasizing recent insights into long-standing controversies regarding maternal weak D phenotypes and D alloimmunization, noninvasive fetal diagnosis and monitoring of affected pregnancies, and recent treatment guidelines.
Immunohematology

2006;22:188–195.
Gene frequencies of the HPA-1 to 6 and Gov human platelet antigens in Thai blood donors
Authors: Kupatawintu P. , Nathalang O. , O-Charoen R. , Patmasiriwat P. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Human platelet alloantigens (HPA) are important in neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAIT), posttransfusion purpura (PTP), platelet transfusion refractoriness, passive alloimmune thrombocytopenia, and transplantation-associated alloimmune thrombocytopenia. Thus, HPA genotyping is essential in diagnosis and treatment. We analyzed HPA-1 to 6 and Gov alleles, using PCR with sequence specific primers (PCR-SSP) in 500 Thai blood donors who had been HLA class I antigen typed. HPA-4a was present in all samples. HPA-1b, -2b, -5b, and -6b were rare, and HPA-4b was not found. HPA-3a and -3b showed frequencies of 56.0 percent and 44.0 percent, respectively. Gova
and Govb
showed frequencies of 49.1 percent and 50.9 percent, respectively. The prevalence rates of HPA-1 to 6 gene frequencies (GFs) were consistent with those of other Asian populations rather than those of Caucasians. We also report on the GFs of Gova
and Govb
, which also are comparable to those of Asian populations. Our results could establish a useful HPA- and HLA-matched plateletpheresis donor file and provide an improvement of platelet alloantibody detection in alloimmune thrombocytopenic patients, and, therefore, a more effective platelet transfusion program.
Immunohematology

2005;21:5–9.
FCGR3B polymorphism in three ethnic Chinese populations
Authors: Yan L. , Zhu F. , Jin L. , Lv Q. , Fu Q. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
FcγRIIIb receptor is expressed primarily on neutrophils as three polymorphic antigens (HNA-1a, HNA-1b, and HNA-1c) that are encoded by alleles FCGR3B*1, FCGR3B*2, and FCGR3B*3, respectively. These antigens play an important role in immune neutropenia; their absence predisposes individuals who lack them to life-threatening infections. This study investigated the FCGR3B gene frequencies in three ethnic Chinese populations: Han, She, and Tajik. FCGR3B*1, FCGR3B*2, and FCGR3B*3 were genotyped by PCR using sequence specific primers (PCR-SSP). The results showed the gene frequencies were 0.55 for FCGR3B*1 and 0.45 for FCGR3B*2 in 177 Han individuals, 0.69 for FCGR3B*1 and 0.31 for FCGR3B*2 in 87 She individuals, and 0.35 for FCGR3B*1 and 0.65 for FCGR3B*2 in 99 Tajik individuals, respectively. The FCGR3Bnull
genotype was not found, but the FCGR3B*3 allele was identified in only three individuals in the Tajik population. DNA clone and sequencing confirmed that these individuals had the C⇒A mutation at position 266 on exon 3. This study found that the gene frequencies in Han and She ethnic groups were similar to those previously reported in the Asian population, but the FCGR3B allele frequencies in the Tajik population were more similar to that of Caucasians.
Immunohematology

2005;21:25–28.
Case report: massive postpartum transfusion of Jr(a+) red cells in the presence of anti-Jra
Authors: Yuan S. , Armour R. , Reid A. , Abdel-Rahman K.F , Phillips M. , Rumsey D.M. , Nester T. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Jra is a high-prevalence antigen. The rare Jr(a–) individuals can form anti-Jra after exposure to the Jra antigen through transfusion or pregnancy. The clinical significance of anti-Jra is not well established. This study reports a case of a 31-year-old woman with a previously identified anti-Jra who required massive transfusion of RBCs after developing life-threatening postpartum disseminated intravascular coagulopathy. Despite the emergent transfusion of 15 units of Jra untested RBCs, she did not develop laboratory or clinical evidence of acute hemolysis. The patient’s anti-Jra had a pretransfusion titer of 4 and a monocyte monolayer assay (MMA) reactivity of 68.5% (reactivity > 5% is considered capable of shortening the survival of incompatible RBCs). The titer increased fourfold to 64 and the MMA reactivity was 72.5% on Day 10 posttransfusion. Review of laboratory data showed evidence of a mild delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction by Day 10 posttransfusion. Despite rare reports of hemolytic transfusion reactions due to anti-Jra in the literature, most cases, including this one, report that this antibody is clinically insignificant or causes only mild delayed hemolysis. Clinicians should be advised to balance the risks of withholding transfusion with the small chance of significant hemolysis after transfusion of Jr(a+) RBCs in the presence of anti-Jra.
Immunohematology

2005;21:97–101.
Review: transfusion-related acute lung injury: pathophysiology, laboratory investigation, and donor management
Authors: Kopko P.M. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is a serious clinical syndrome that is temporally associated with the transfusion of plasma-containing blood components. The syndrome typically occurs within 6 hours of transfusion. Approximately 80 percent of cases will resolve within 96 hours with supportive care. The syndrome has been associated with antibodies to WBC antigens and generation of biologically active mediators in stored cellular blood components. Appropriate laboratory investigation of TRALI can be crucial in confirmation of the clinical diagnosis, as well as in decisions regarding donor management.
Delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction due to anti-Fyb caused by a primary immune response: a case study and a review of the literature
Authors: Kim H.H. , Park T.S. , Oh S.H. , Chang C.L. , Lee E.Y. , Son H.C. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions (DHTRs) usually occur between 3 and 14 days posttransfusion as a result of a secondary immune response, with a drop in Hb level, fever, jaundice, or hemoglobinuria. DHTRs caused by a primary immune response are particularly rare events, and only a few reports have been known. In this report, we describe an unusual case of a DHTR caused by anti-Fyb in a 42-year-old man, who had no prior history of transfusion. Although it seems to be a rare phenomenon, we suggest that DHTRs by a primary immune response may be considered even in the case of the patient who had typical evidence of hemolysis but who had no previous transfusion history.
Maternal alloanti-hr’—an absence of HDN
Authors: Kakaiya R. , Cseri J. , Jochum B. , Gillard L. , Silberman S. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A 24-year old female, gravida ΠI, para ΠI, delivered a full-term infant by cesarean section. A maternal blood sample at the time of admission showed antibody in her serum that had apparent anti-e specificity and that her RBCs were e+. Further studies determined that the antibody was anti-hrs. Cord RBCs had a negative DAT and a normal Hb level. There was no clinical evidence for increased hemolysis in the infant. We describe an hrs+ infant with no evidence of HDN due to anti-hr5.
Halogen (F, Cl, Br, I) contents in silt and clay fractions of a Cambisol from a temperate forest
Authors: Epp Tatjana , Marks Michael A.W. , Neidhardt Harald , Oelmann Yvonne , Markl Gregor 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn spite of considerable efforts to understand the role of halogens (F, Cl, Br, I) in soil, concentration data for different soil size fractions is still sparse and information on the sorption behavior of halogens in natural soils is limited. We determined total halogen concentrations in different soil horizons and particle size fractions (i.e., coarse silt with 20–63 µm, medium and fine silt with 2–20 µm, coarse clay with 0.2 to &lt;2 µm and medium clay with 0.02–0.2 µm) of a Cambisol from a temperate forest ecosystem in SW Germany. Furthermore, we estimated the minimum proportions of sorbed halogens onto clay minerals and pedogenic oxides for different soil horizons and different particle size fractions.Vertical depth profiles of halogens in the individual soil particle size fractions matched with the bulk soil vertical patterns. The lack of vertical differences of total halogens concentrations (Ftot, Brtot, and Itot) in the mineral soil during soil development may be due to steady state or equilibrium conditions between weathering, sorption processes, and surface input. In contrast, the vertical depth pattern of Cltot tended to decrease, suggesting the process of Cl accumulation in the topsoil and nutrient uplift. While F was likely mainly incorporated into the crystal lattice of clay minerals and gibbsite occupying OH-sites, significant amounts of the halogens with larger ionic radii (Cl, Br, and I) were sorbed. The largest amounts (around 90% Cl and 70% Br and I, respectively) were sorbed on the smallest particle size fraction investigated (medium clay fraction; 0.02–0.2 µm), although this fraction only contributed about 1 wt% to the bulk soil. This is probably related to the highest sorption capacity of small particles due to their large surface area.Our study provides new data on sorption behavior of the various halogens in soils of forest ecosystems, which is different between F and the heavier halogens (Cl, Br, I) and further depends on soil particle sizes. The understanding of the chemical behavior of halogens in soils has implications for the retention processes of pollutants in landfills or radioactive waste disposal.
Application of a modified biological flocculant in total nitrogen treatment of leather wastewater
Authors: Zhang Yizhuo , Yang Qinhuan , Gao Hongxia , Zhao Yang , Tang Xuan , Zhao Changqing , Fang Chunyu 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Leather wastewater harms the ecological environment and human health. In this study, a modified bio-flocculant was prepared to facilitate treatment of leather wastewater. A bio-flocculant produced by Bacillus cereus was combined with amphoteric starch and modified using a cerium ammonium nitrate initiator. Single factor optimization and orthogonal optimization were used to determine the optimal preparation conditions as follows: amphoteric starch-to-flocculant ratio = 22:30; reaction temperature = 64 °C; initiator dosage = 2.00%; reaction time = 15 min; stirring speed = 600 rpm; and flocculation system pH = 8.0. At a dosage of 1 g/L added to simulated leather industry wastewater, the flocculation efficiency (98.17%) and the total nitrogen removal efficiency (100.00%) of modified bio-flocculant was superior to that achieved by 1 g/L of unmodified bio-flocculant (72.16% and 50.00%, respectively), amphoteric starch (8.50% and 0.00%) and polyacrylamide (95.55% and 75.00%). Analysis of natural and flocculated precipitates in the wastewater showed that the modified bio-flocculant significantly changed several characteristics of the flocculated particles; in addition, it promoted the removal of nitrogenous substances in the process of denitrification. These changes helped explain the material's flocculating ability. The results confirmed that the modified bio-flocculant was an effective additive for treating leather wastewater.