bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of Standard post-operative Care on Post-operative Outcome Evaluation among Women Undergone Lower Segment Cesarean Section in Selected Hospital: A Narrative Review
Authors: Kumari Prabha , Singh Maharaj , Sunita . 
Published: June 2021

Background: Present study focuses on effectiveness of standard post-operative care on post-operative evaluation among women undergone lower segment cesarean section in selected hospitals. Standard post operative care basically stands for list of non-pharmacological or pharmacological measures, procedures and methods adopted by the investigator/care giver during post-operative period of women undergone lower segment cesarean section for the reduction of negative post-operative outcomes or complications and to fasten recovery. Present study encompasses articles on post-operative care in terms of one, two or more than two or three measures or interventions as post-operative care measures adapted to reduce post-operative complications like use of music therapy, foot-hand massage therapy, planned early ambulation, planned ambulation techniques etc. for post-operative complications and pain relief.
Objective: To identify various post-operative measures or care which can be included in standard post-operative care list and its effectiveness on post-operative outcome evaluation among women undergone Lower segment cesarean section in selected hospitals.
Methods: Articles were searched in Google scholar, Pub-med, Medline and research gate by using keywords post-operative care of cesarean section, post-operative outcomes of cesarean section and Cesarean mother.
Result: Review includes seven articles showing different non-pharmacological or pharmacological measures or techniques to overcome post-operative complications for early recovery and better outcomes. These measures can be included in standard post-operative care list for positive post-operative maternal and fetal outcomes. These measures include early planned ambulation, planned ambulation techniques, music therapy, Foot and hand massage therapy and use of certain analgesia for pain management in post cesarean women if needed, as per the patient’s condition.
Conclusion: Conclusion of the review revealed that there are various measures which can be standardized in post-operative outcome evaluation among women undergone lower segment cesarean section.
A Prospective Observational Study to Find out Prevalence of Polypharmacy, Co-Morbidities and Drug-Related Problems among Type 2 Diabetes Patients at a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital
Authors: Hadia Rajesh , Thakkar Mihir , Shah Shivani , Patel Prati , Gohel Kushalkumar , Joshi Dhaval , Rathod Trupal , Lakhani Jitendra , Rajput Hemraj Singh , Maheshwari Rajesh 
Published: June 2021

Background: Presently India, depicts 49% of the world’s diabetes burden, with an approximated 72 million cases in 2017. Comorbidities make type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) management complicated for health care providers. Therefore, patients have been prescribed multiple drugs. As a result of polypharmacy, the chances of the occurrence of drug-related problems (DRPs) increase.
Objective: The present study aimed to find out the prevalence of comorbidities, polypharmacy, and drug-related problems among type 2 DM patients.
Methodology: A prospective observational study was conducted for six months among 110 patients having type 2 DM. Based on inclusion and exclusion criteria data were collected. All collected cases were analysed for the number of medications prescribed and comorbidities present. Prescriptions were further assessed to find out the drug-related problem.
Results: Comparing the gender proportionality, male represents 59% (n=65) and female represents 41% (n=45) of the study population. The present study evaluated that 91% (n=100) of patients were having at least one comorbid condition or complication along with diabetes, the most common being cardiovascular disorders. The average number of drugs prescribed is 7.86±7.83 per patient. Polypharmacy was observed in 84.54% (n=93) of the patients. A total of 180 DRPs were found among 110 patients.
Conclusion: The present study concluded that the increase in the number of co-morbidities significantly increases the burden of polypharmacy which can further lead to DRPs. Reducing the number of pills and the presence of a clinical pharmacist in prescription monitoring can help to alleviate the problems of polypharmacy and its consequences.
Modification in the Oncology Field during COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Turkistani Fatema , Sawad Aseel Bin 
Published: June 2021

Background: COVID-19 outbreak impacted all healthcare specializations including the oncology field.
Objective: To discuss in detail the varied effects of COVID-19 on the oncology field.
Methods: For this narrative review, the researchers relied only on accredited and peer-reviewed resources. As such, the references of this paper were mostly taken from Google Scholar and online repositories, such as PubMed, which hosts the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), Science Direct, JSTOR, and The Lancet.
Results: COVID-19 and the necessity of physical distancing have significantly changed the practice in the oncology field. The use of telehealth is widely adopted, physicians are recommended to consider other forms of treatment, and decisions on immediate cancer treatment depend on the level of risk of progression with cancer care delay. Cancer treatment delay is causing the highest mortality rate for patients who are suffering from cancer of the bladder, lungs, ovary, stomach, and esophagus. COVID-19 has shifted the focus of healthcare professionals away from other life-threatening diseases, like cancer. In the United Kingdom, it has been projected that there is at least a 20% increase in the expected cancer-related mortality rate. This is due to abrupt changes in diagnosing and treating cancer patients, physical distancing protocols, economic downfall, as well as the public's behavior in opting for medical assistance.
Conclusion: With the spread of COVID-19, the situation has become more difficult for cancer patients. The mortality rate for cancer patients has worsened during COVID-19. Health professionals working in the oncology field are also devastated by COVID-19.
Public‐ and private‐sector partnerships in contraceptive research and development: guiding principles
Authors: Brooke S. , Vail J.G. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe objective was to review and analyze practices of preferential pricing and royalties for products resulting from collaboration between the public and private sectors. A wide variety of practices and experience exist, and collaboration depends on the product being developed and its potential markets. Guiding principles in preferential pricing, royalty provisions, and long‐term collaboration are presented that can be mutually beneficial to both the public and private sector.
Liability concerns in contraceptive research and development
Authors: Segal S.J. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe history of liability claims in the US against contraceptive products is among the issues that discourage manufacturers from investing in discovery and development in this field. Other factors are the high cost of new drug development, elevated insurance rates for contraceptives, and the desire to avoid controversy that can disturb corporate tranquility. General features of the American legal system influence the large number and cost of product liability claims in the US compared to Europe. These differences pertain to issues such as the role of judges, how lawyers receive their compensation, and the use of expert scientific testimony. The history of litigation in the US against pharmaceutical products and devices pertaining to women's health suggests that interventions that involve the reproductive system are held to different standards or elicit different emotional responses than other pharmaceutical products or devices.
Avian neural crest cell fate decisions: a diffusible signal mediates induction of neural crest by the ectoderm
Authors: Selleck Mark A.J. , Bronner‐Fraser Marianne 
Published: July 2002

AbstractDuring neurulation, a region of central ectoderm becomes thickened to form the neural plate which then folds upon itself to generate the neural tube, from which all neurons and glia cells of the central nervous system arise. Neural crest cells form at the border of the neural plate, where it abuts the prospective epidermis. The neural crest is a transient population of cells that undergo an epithelial‐mesenchymal transition, become highly migratory and subsequently differentiate into most of the peripheral nervous systems as well as numerous other derivatives. The origin of neural crest cells at the epidermal–neural plate border suggests that an interaction between these two tissues may be involved in neural crest formation. By experimentally juxtaposing prospective epidermis with naive neural plate, we previously showed that an inductive interaction between these tissues can generate neural crest cells. Here, we further characterize the nature of this inductive interaction by co‐culturing isolated neural plate and prospective epidermis on opposing sides of polycarbonate filters with differing pore sizes. We find that neural crest cells are generated even when epidermis and neural plate are separated by filters that do not allow cell contact. These results suggest that the epidermal inducer is a diffusible, secreted molecule. We discuss the developmental potential of neural crest precursors and lineage decisions that effect their differentiation into numerous derivatives.
A new era in science at Washington University, St. Louis: Viktor Hamburger's zoology department in the 1940's
Authors: Carson Hampton L. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn the early 1940s, the administration of the College of Arts and Sciences at Washington University, St. Louis was firmly in the hands of classical scholars who were not inclined to promote the development of modern research on scientific subjects. Funds supporting research in biology favored the School of Medicine and the Missouri Botanical Garden. Viktor Hamburger arrived at Washington University in 1935. At about the time he became the Acting Chairman of Zoology in 1942, research work in the biological departments began a dramatic surge that has continued to this day. For 65 years under his counsel and leadership, basic biology has thrived at this fine institution. As an early faculty recruit, I recount here a few personal recollections from those formative years.
Ontogenetic changes in protein level of amyloid precursor protein (APP) in growth cones and synaptosomes from rat brain and prenatal expression pattern of APP mRNA isoforms in developing rat embryo
Authors: Kirazov Evgeni , Kirazov Ludmil , Bigl Volker , Schliebs Reinhard 
Published: July 2002

AbstractTo elucidate the functional role of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) during brain ontogeny, developmental changes of APP levels in growth cones and synaptosomes were studied from embryonic day 14 up to postnatal day (PD) 400 using Western analysis. APP level in growth cones was low during prenatal stages of development, but demonstrating a continuous increase from PD 3 up to PD 10. Highest concentration of APP in synaptosomes was found between PD 7 and 10, followed by a considerable decrease up to PD 30 and persisting at this level up to PD 400. In situ hybridization to differentiate between APP695 mRNA, APP751 mRNA and APP770 mRNA revealed distinct age‐related expression pattern of various APP isoforms. During prenatal brain development APP695 mRNA is maximally expressed in brain structures, containing differentiating nerve cells. APP751 and APP770 mRNA isoforms are diffusely distributed in the embryo throughout the prenatal period examined and their expression is higher in peripheral organs such as skin, lung, liver and bones as compared to the brain. The increase of APP level during synaptogenesis suggests a functional role of APP in the processes of neurite outgrowth and cell targeting as well as in the maintenance of the functional integrity of synapses in the mature brain. The APP695 isoform seems to be the major form involved in embryonic brain maturation.
Cerebrospinal fluidCHOLINESTERASES—MARKERS for loss ofcholinergic basal forebrain neurons?
Authors: Roiner Steffen , Bakinde Nikolas , Zeitschel Ulrike , Schliebs Reinhard , Bigl Volker 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe present study was conducted to test the hypothesis that cholinergic basalforebrain neurons are a major source of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cholinesterases. To address thisquestion enzyme activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inboth CSF and parietal cortex were assayed following selective lesion of basal forebrain cholinergicneurons by a single intracerebroventricular application of the cholinergic immunotoxin192IgG‐saporin. Cholinergic immunolesions led to a dramatic decrease in total AChE activity inparietal cortex, which was due to the specific loss of the G4 molecular form while the activity ofthe G1 form was increased as compared to nonlesioned animals. In contrast, the total enzymeactivity of BChE and its molecular forms were not affected by cholinergic lesion in both parietalcortex and CSF. The data suggest, that cholinergic basal forebrain neurons are seemingly not amajor source of cholinesterases in the CSF, and do not provide any evidence for using CSFcholinesterases as a diagnostic marker of basal forebrain cholinergic cell loss in humans.
Comorbidity of dsm-iii-r personality disorders in schizophrenic and unipolar mood disorders: a comparative study
Authors: Oulis P , Lykouras L , Hatzimanolis J , Tomaras V 
Published: July 2002

SummaryWe investigated the overall prevalence and the differential comorbidity of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)-III-R personality disorders in 166 remitted or recovered patients with schizophrenic (n = 102) or unipolar mood disorder (n = 64). Over 60% of both patient groups met the DSM-III-R criteria of at least one DSM-III-R personality disorder as assessed by means of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID-II-R), receiving on average 3.1 personality diagnoses. Neither DSM-III-R categories of personality disorders, nor scores on its three clusters A, B and C, nor total score on SCID-II-R differed significantly across the two groups. In conclusion, DSM-III-R personality disorders, although highly prevalent in schizophrenic and unipolar mood disorders, lack any specificity with respect to these categories of mental disorders.
Selecting investigators for a placebo controlled clinical trial: The most
critical decision point?
Authors: Niklson IA , Reimitz PE , Sennef C 
Published: July 2002

Summary
We have analysed the trial results obtained in two placebo and
imipramine controlled double blind studies with a new psychotropic compound.
Statistical analysis as outlined in the protocol showed a rather meagre
therapeutic effect of imipramine of 1.53 points difference on HAMD-17 total
score in comparison to placebo. In order to increase the discriminative
power of the analysis we performed a post hoc analysis selecting centres
that were able to detect a difference of at least two centres points between
imipramine and placebo on HAMD-17 total score at week 6 (selective centres).
All other were called nonselective. The analysis revealed that there were no
statistically significant differences between the two types of centres
concerning patient characteristics except that the nonselective centres
recruited less patients with previous good response to antidepressant
treatment. There was also some difference in drop out rates in the active
treatment group wich might indicate different treatment strategies in the
two groups of centres that participated in this trials.
Barriers and facilitators of productivity while working from home during pandemic
Authors: Seva Rosemary R , Tejero Lourdes Marie S , Fadrilan-Camacho Vivien Fe F 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT

Objectives
This study aims to characterize the working environment, stress levels, and psychological detachment of employees working from home during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines and investigate their relationship to productivity and musculoskeletal symptoms.

Methods
Structural equation modeling was used to examine the direct effect of workstation characteristics, stress, and musculoskeletal symptoms to productivity and the indirect effect of psychological detachment to productivity. Data were gathered from a survey of employees working from home during the pandemic from different industries (n = 352). Multigroup analysis was also conducted to determine the effect of age, having a spouse, and having children less than 18 years old, to the model.

Results
Ergonomic suitability of the workstation (WES) has a significant effect on musculoskeletal symptoms (MSS) (β = −0.31, SE = 0.06; p &lt; .001). Both workstation suitability (β = −0.24, SE = 0.03; p &lt; .001) and workstation ergonomic suitability (β = −0.18, SE = 0.01; p &lt; .01) inversely affect STR. Psychological detachment has a significant inverse effect on stress (β = −0.31, SE = 0.07; p &lt; .001) and stress has a significant negative effect on productivity (β = −0.13, SE = 0.09; p = .03). Multigroup analyses showed that stress significantly affected the productivity of those without spouses and young employees.

Conclusion
Workstation suitability helps improve the productivity of people working from home while stress negatively affects it. Workstation ergonomic suitability and musculoskeletal symptoms have no significant effect.
LED Communication – Devices, Circuits, and Optical Modulation Technology
Authors: Chi Nan , Hu Fangchen , Niu Wenqing , Jia Junlian , Ha Yinaer 
Published: June 2021

AbstractVisible light communication based on LEDs has been of great interest in recent years, due to its advantages such as license free, human‐eye comfortability, confidentiality, immunity to electromagnetic interference, etc. To further develop LED visible light communication, researchers need to understand each component of visible light communication systems, including devices, circuits, and modulation technologies. Specifically, to increase the transmission speed and transmission distance of VLC systems, the transmitter, receiver, and communication algorithms of the system play significant roles and should be improved in the correct direction. This article aims to briefly introduce principles, progress, and perspectives of the devices, circuits, and modulation technologies, which help to provide some opinions of development direction for future LED‐based visible light communication.
Devices and Technologies for Tbit s−1Communication and Beyond
Authors: Alkhazraji Emad , Ragheb Amr , Tareq Qazi , Esmail Maged A. , Alshebeili Saleh , Khan Mohammed Z. Mustafa 
Published: June 2021

AbstractTerabits‐per‐second communication networks have become a necessity of modern society owing to the surge in internet users and high‐demanding applications. This has exerted pressure on the existing optical networks to meet these data rate requirements by upgrading their optical‐fiber communication‐based architectures. This goal could be achieved by exploring two different approaches: system‐level and device‐level approaches. In the system‐level approach, various advances in optical communication algorithms and techniques, namely, sophisticated modulation schemes and multiplexing techniques, are discussed. Moreover, a concrete qualitative background about these technologies is provided. On the other hand, in the device‐level approach, the focus is then shifted toward optical transmitter sources, which are primarily semiconductor laser diodes. In this case, the basic principle of operation and structure of laser diodes are discussed at a fundamental level while highlighting the recent advancements in a quantum‐confined nanostructure‐based semiconductor laser. In particular, the realization of single‐mode lasers and a new class of broadband lasers, which enabled terabits‐per‐second green communication, are discussed. Finally, some recent advances employing these approaches (i.e. system and device) are concisely highlighted enabling terabits‐per‐second optical communications.
Physics and Technology of AlGaInN‐Based Laser Diode
Authors: Schwarz Ulrich T. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractLaser diodes in the green, blue, violet, and ultraviolet spectral range are made from the binary compound semiconductors AlN, GaN, and InN and their ternary and quaternary mixed crystals. The fundamental properties of these AlGaInN laser diodes are introduced. These are double‐heterostructure laser diodes with separate confinement of electrons and holes in quantum wells and photons in an optical waveguide. A rate equation description of the static and temporal behaviors of optical output power and carrier density is introduced, as are substrates, crystal growth, and microtechnology processing methods. The routes toward longer wavelength in the green spectral region, shorter wavelength ultraviolet lasing, and higher power operation in broad‐area laser diodes are discussed. Several different realized laser designs, including vertical‐cavity surface‐emitting lasers (VCSELs), multi‐section short‐pulse lasers, and distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) lasers are introduced. The family of AlGaInN laser diodes constitutes a large variety of applications, as outlined at the end of the article.
Synthesis of a Visible‐Light‐Responsive Perovskite SmTiO2N Bifunctional Photocatalyst via an Evaporation‐Assisted Layered‐Precursor Strategy
Authors: Bao Yunfeng , Du Shiwen , Qi Yu , Li Gao , Zhang Peng , Shao Guosheng , Zhang Fuxiang 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDevelopment of visible‐light‐responsive oxynitride photocatalysts has been highly inspired for promising solar‐to‐chemical conversion, but the number of Ti‐based oxynitrides is scarce because of the relatively low thermal stability of Ti4+ ions under ammonia flow. Here, the feasible synthesis of a novel perovskite SmTiO2N from the layered NaSmTiO4 precursor is demonstrated to exhibit wide visible‐light response with a bandgap of ≈2.1 eV and to show effective water reduction and oxidation functionalities under visible‐light irradiation. The successful preparation mainly results from the synergistic effect of the layered structure of NaSmTiO4 and the evaporation spillover of Na+ ions, both of which are favorable for ammonia diffusion to accelerate the substitution of nitrogen to oxygen atoms and to shorten the nitridation time. The thermodynamic and kinetic feasibility of SmTiO2N for water splitting are investigated in detail, and its optimal apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) of water oxidation reaches 16.7% at 420 ± 10 nm, higher by far than that of most previous visible‐light‐responsive photocatalysts. Interestingly, a series of oxynitrides RTiO2N (R = La, Pr, Nd) are similarly synthesized by the alkali‐metal evaporation‐assisted layered‐precursor strategy, demonstrating its generality to prepare visible‐light‐responsive (oxy)nitride photocatalysts containing reducible metals for solar energy conversion.