bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Maryland CampaignCarnage and Emancipation
Authors: Hartwig D. Scott 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The September 1862 Maryland Campaign resulted in three highly significant events: the largest surrender of Union soldiers in the war, at Harpers Ferry on September 15; the bloodiest single day of the war, on September 17 at Antietam; and the Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, issued by President Abraham Lincoln on September 22. Logistics played a prominent role in the conduct of the campaign, limiting the speed of the Union advance across Maryland and causing massive straggling in the Confederate Army from logistical failures. The ferocity of the Battle of Antietam and its massive carnage shocked soldiers of previous campaigns, and the operations of the two armies and resulting fighting dislocated civilians and caused significant damage to property. Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation changed the war from one to preserve the Union to also include the destruction of slavery. Despite the carnage of the campaign, it strengthened rather than diminished the determination of both North and South to continue the war.
The Chancellorsville Campaign
Authors: Keller Christian B. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The Chancellorsville Campaign of early May 1863 was one of the most strategic military operations in any theater of the American Civil War. Union Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker and his powerful Army of the Potomac were miraculously defeated by the outnumbered Confederate Army of Northern Virginia under the leadership of Gen. Robert E. Lee and Lt. Gen. Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson. In a daring flank march and attack, the Rebels crushed the federal Eleventh Corps on May 2 and over the next several days hammered the rest of Hooker’s army back across the Rappahannock River. Northern morale sank, Copperheads gained momentum, and German Americans, feeling the sting of nativism, began to question their role in the Union. The initiative in the East once again passed to the South, creating conditions for what became the Pennsylvania Campaign. But Jackson, wounded accidentally by his own men, died, destroying the fragile command team Lee had carefully built over the previous year. His loss was a turning point in the war.
The Gettysburg Campaign
Authors: Reardon Carol 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
When Gen. Robert E. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia marched into Pennsylvania in June 1863, five counties in the south-central region of the Keystone State became the first significant area of free soil to experience the destruction that accompanied the passage of rival armies. Despite Lee’s General Order No. 72 that prohibited unauthorized confiscation of civilian property, residents of the Chambersburg area experienced nearly a week of depredations and saw local freeborn African Americans rounded up and sent south into slavery. The major battle around Gettysburg on July 1–3 inflicted massive destruction on the landscape and residents’ livelihoods, in some cases forcing the sale of damaged properties that became the foundation of today’s National Military Park.
Spring Hill, Franklin, and Nashville
Authors: Cooling Benjamin Franklin 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The autumn campaign of 1864 in Tennessee was designed to redeem the Upper South Heartland for the Confederacy. Instead, the counteroffensive of Gen. John B. Hood produced the most disastrous military episode in the short experiment in rebellion. This chapter covers the military campaigns of Spring Hill, Franklin, and Nashville and the confrontations between Hood, Maj. Gen. John M. Schofield, and Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas. Slavery was irretrievable by force of arms, as was political control by antebellum oligarchy. Resistance from secessionist-inclined inhabitants succumbed once and for all to the stern rule of Union occupation. A festering and destabilizing insurgency by partisans and guerrillas transformed into pure banditry, especially in the countryside. The triple battles advanced national reunification, a process begun in 1862 by the emerging populist leader of Tennessee Republicanism, Andrew Johnson. The outcome of the war in Tennessee, a “people’s war” theater, was decided on fields of carnage and home-front destruction.
Petersburg Besieged and the Shenandoah Valley
Authors: Marten James 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes two crucial campaigns in Virginia between September and December 1864. The second Shenandoah Valley Campaign witnessed the destruction of Lt. Gen. Jubal Early’s small army by Union forces led by Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan, while the Fifth and Sixth Offensives of the Petersburg Campaign trapped Gen. Robert E. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia in its thinning lines around Petersburg. The essay also explores the political implications of the campaigns, as both sides waged war in the fall of 1864 with one eye on the congressional and presidential elections in the North. It furthermore examines the destruction of crops and other supplies in portions of the valley as an example of Northern “hard war” strategy, the use of African American troops, and the conditions faced by troops in the trenches. These campaigns marked the beginning of the end of the Confederacy’s capacity to wage war.
Texas, Mobile, and Wilson’s Raid
Authors: Hess Earl J. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Civil wars in both the United States and Mexico during the 1850s–1860s fostered the most serious challenge to the Monroe Doctrine in American history. Taking advantage of Mexico’s internal troubles, Emperor Napoleon III of France installed a Hapsburg prince as the new emperor of Mexico. Although invited to intervene by Mexican conservatives, no one liked the prince who remained on the throne only at the point of thirty thousand French Army bayonets. The U.S. government tried to intimidate Napoleon to withdraw his troops by placing a small force in the lower Rio Grande Valley, but it failed to have an effect. Two campaigns closed the war in the West by capturing Mobile, Alabama, and destroying Confederate war industries in Alabama and Georgia before the Federals could shift large numbers of troops to Texas and finally bring an end to the French intervention in Mexico.
Introduction
Authors: Foote Lorien , Hess Earl J. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The introduction to The Oxford Handbook of the American Civil War provides an overview of historical scholarship regarding the effect of military campaigns on nonmilitary resources and people. Using war and society methods, it explores the consequences of military campaigns in the political, social, and environmental spheres. Topics covered in the introduction include movement, deportation, and depopulation among civilians; refugees; military action and emancipation; insurrection; guerrilla warfare; resistance to Federal authority on the Great Plains and in the Southwest; gender; African Americans, Hispanos, and Native Americans; locations of localized total war; military conscription in the Confederacy; cities, rural areas, and the natural environment; the synergy between war and politics; religion; spatial, and temporal analysis of military campaigns; logistics; the soldier experience; and medical care.
Missouri 1861
Authors: Rafuse Ethan S. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks at the political, strategic, operational, and social dynamics of the war in Missouri in 1861. It describes and analyzes the events, personalities, and forces that led Brig. Gen. Nathaniel Lyon and his allies in Missouri to drive the pro-Southern government of Claiborne Fox Jackson from power, then considers the subsequent tenure in command of Maj. Gen. John C. Frémont and his efforts to deal with the aftermath of Jackson’s expulsion from Jefferson City, as well as the battlefield setbacks Union forces suffered at Wilson’s Creek and Lexington. All of this is considered in the context of the political, cultural, and social dynamics of a state that looked both south and west in defining its identity and considers how 1861 contributed to a reshaping of that identity.
First Bull Run/Manassas
Authors: Gannon Barbara A. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the First Battle of Bull Run, also known as the First Battle of Manassas, and argues that the Civil War’s first battle represented the last battle of antebellum military cultures of free and slave states. Before the Civil War, Americans refused to maintain a large U.S. Army. In the antebellum era, states organized local militia units based on their perception of internal and external threats; fear of slave revolt prompted slave states to maintain larger, more effective units, particularly cavalry units. Troopers who manned cavalry militia also staffed the slave patrols that brutally enforced the slave regime. In contrast, free states had no such fears, and their militias were moribund before the Civil War. When war came, slave states’ superior military capability led to Confederate victory at Bull Run/Manassas. Later, volunteer units from the free states achieved a level of competency that overcame this initial disadvantage.
The Rule of Law and Administrative Justice
Authors: Marique Yseult 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAdministrative justice and the rule of law have often been in tension. However, they have converged over time as the scope of administrative justice and the conceptions of the rule of law have shifted. This chapter starts with the historical connections between administrative justice and the rule of law. It then maps ways in which the rule of law is expressed when administrative justice is embedded within administrative organization and when it is organized as a system external to the administration. This approach highlights the diversity of technical solutions to recurring questions across three major administrative systems (namely England, France, and the United States). This analysis also leads to highlighting two new challenges for the rule of law: first, how the rule of law responds to various forms of increasing administrative repression, and second, how the rule of law responds to globalization at a time when no coherent global administrative justice system exists.
Algorithmic Administrative Justice
Authors: Appel Steven M. , Coglianese Cary 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAt the same time that artificial intelligence and machine learning systems are deployed with increasing frequency and success in the private sector, governments around the world are increasingly looking to harness the power of these digital tools to improve a variety of governmental functions, including sorting mail, identifying hazardous chemicals, uncovering securities and tax fraud, and improving traffic flow in congested cities. With time, algorithms will play a much larger role in assisting—or even replacing—humans involved in governmental tasks. This article assesses the range of legal, ethical, and policy concerns implicated by governmental use of algorithmic tools. Although machine-learning algorithms and other automated tools present important challenges for government related to accountability, procedural justice, transparency, privacy, and equality, the issues presented are not qualitatively distinct from the government’s use of other complex analytic tools. Ultimately, existing legal principles should prove to be no intrinsic or insurmountable obstacle to the responsible deployment of artificial intelligence. Yet to help ensure that artificial intelligence is used responsibly, public administrators, elected officials, and concerned citizens must remain vigilant in their use of such digital tools and see that machine-learning systems are ultimately deployed by governments in a manner consistent with both sound ethical judgment and sufficient empathy for those affected by these systems.
Delivering Administrative Justice
Authors: Hodges Christopher 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines administrative justice as a system, asking if justice is delivered (rather than ‘accessed’). The background issues are: What do people seek, and what is the incidence of problems? It notes the relevance of the Regulatory Delivery Model that is being applied to regulatory authorities. It then poses three criteria for evaluation of the system: (1) How do people identify and access information, advice, support, and assistance in solving their problems? (2) How do we ensure that dispute-resolution pathways are simple, effective, and cost-effective and deliver justice to people and organizations? (3) How do we identify systemic problems, and address them so as to reduce risk of future recurrence? The data available for answering those questions in relation to administrative justice in England and Wales do not support comfortable answers as to the functioning of current systems in various respects. Suggestions for future reform and research therefore arise.
Youth and Consumer Culture
Authors: Chin Elizabeth 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Youth and consumer culture in the neoliberal moment are examined, with an emphasis on the dual pressures of consumption and entrepreneurial selfhood. An analysis of emergent youth consumer culture in Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic (WEIRD) contexts is presented. Next, youth consumer cultures that are understudied are discussed: the extraordinarily wealthy and the extremely poor. Case studies of wealthy Qatari youth, poor African youth, and poor Haitian youth illustrate a range of youth consumer dilemmas, strategies, and orientations. Despite these wide variations, the global reach of neoliberalism and the pressure to develop entrepreneurial selves is consistently present.
Youth in the Visual Arts
Authors: Wicks Ann Barrott 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Representations of youth are not so easily found in the visual arts. Once they are identified, however, some of their messages are remarkably consistent across time and space. The extent to which pictures of youth exist will be discussed, questioning whether depictions of children and youth show what they looked like and whether the activities portrayed were the choices of actual children. The question of whether a separate youth culture can be identified in any of the visual arts will be addressed. Using selected examples from a variety of geographical areas, beginning with China, prominent themes in depicting youth will be illustrated and reasons why they might be similar despite the differences in the societies that produced them will be discussed.
Contested Territory
Authors: Benzaquén Adriana 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The extent to which non-elite youth in premodern Western societies had a culture of their own is an open question. “Youth culture” here refers to the many ways in which young people found meaning in and made meaning out of their lives, while “non-elite youth” designates young men and women who grew up in working families: peasants, artisans, and day laborers. Just as the status of youth was ambiguous, the culture of non-elite youth was contested, both between youth and the rest of society and between male and female youth. The times and spaces available to non-elite boys and girls to develop and experience their own culture were framed by the tasks they had to accomplish during youth: acquire the skills that would allow them to earn a living and find a spouse. In the early modern period, the customary tolerance of the disruptive and rowdy aspects of youth behavior—rebelliousness, illicit sexuality, and violence—gave way to fear and suspicion, as spiritual and political rulers throughout Europe undertook campaigns to control, Christianize, restrict, or ban various manifestations of youth culture and the activities of youth groups. The effect of such measures was limited, which suggests that they were not consistently enforced and that the common people continued to tolerate youthful disorder. Historians’ responses have been as ambivalent as those of premodern adults. Was the (predominantly male) culture of non-elite youth an expression of joy, creativity, and freedom and inherently benign, even utopian, or was it inherently violent, aggressive, and cruel?
Youth Culture as a Battleground
Authors: Vasconcellos Colleen A. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
An examination of enslaved children and youth in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries illustrates how youth culture came to mean different things to different groups as each struggled to maintain control of a life enslaved. As planters increasingly relied upon enslaved youth as a means of production, enslaved parents struggled to raise their children within a system that actively threatened to destroy their African cultural identity. Caught in the middle of that struggle was youth culture itself, as both sides envisioned enslaved youth as a way to protect a life in crisis. Meanwhile, as enslaved youth battled for survival in an environment that defined their very existence by the nature of their work, they reacted to their enslavement through various acts of resistance, self-harm, and outright rebellion as they coped with the hardships of slavery and the realization that they were slaves. Youth culture within the enslaved community became a culture of survival.
Big Data from the South(s)
Authors: Milan Stefania , Treré Emiliano 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Datafication—through which many aspects of social life are transformed into data—is usually equated with a more efficient use of resources and improved state–citizen relations. But it can have negative consequences on those at the margins of society, such as refugees, racialized individuals, gig workers, and citizens of countries with scant respect for human rights. How can we understand the ways in which the disempowered are impacted by and resist datafication? This essay presents an analytical matrix to study data at the margins. The matrix identifies three components of data at the margins: (1) infrastructure, emphasizing the material dimension; (2) practices, pinpointing agency in people’s encounters with datafication; and (3) imaginaries, that is, the cultural and symbolic facets of data at the margins. The matrix offers also three lenses of interpretation through which to observe the components: (1) decoloniality and race, (2) intersectionality and feminism, and (3) the “pluriverse.” Together, they help in questioning datafication and why certain social groups are oppressed while uncovering pathways toward justice and equality.
Territory, Private Authority, and Rights
Authors: Bartley Tim 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Sustainability certification initiatives seek to harness the power of transnational corporations to reform environmentally damaging practices around the world. This amounts to a kind of de-territorialized authority that governs through global markets rather than nation-states. Yet in certifying land and reforming its uses, sustainable agriculture and forestry initiatives confront a resource that is deeply tied to state sovereignty while potentially also being claimed by Indigenous peoples. This chapter asks what happens as transnational sustainability standards meet the nationally rooted and contested governance of land. It examines the place of “free and prior informed consent” for the use of Indigenous land in the leading sustainable agriculture and forestry initiatives, and it highlights the significance of the state and civil society through a brief comparison of forest certification in Indonesia and China. Further research should look not only within the world of sustainability standards but also to parallel questions about land rights in projects focused on timber legality and payment for ecosystem services.
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Smoking Cessation
Authors: Bricker Jonathan B. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This article summarizes the theory, clinical methods, evidence, and mechanisms of action for the application of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) to tobacco smoking cessation. Following an overview of the relational frame theory underlying the ACT cessation interventions and contrasts between ACT and standard behavioral clinical practice guideline cessation interventions, a session-by-session clinical summary is presented for the delivery of an ACT cessation intervention. The evidence reviewed from the 15 randomized clinical trials published to date (total N = 6991) shows that ACT is a strong alternative to standard behavioral therapies when delivered in traditional modalities (e.g., group) and is particularly efficacious as a smartphone-delivered cessation intervention (e.g., iCanQuit smartphone app). Acceptance of cravings is an important mechanism of action. Future directions include next generations of digital delivery, such as conversational agents (i.e., “chatbots”).
Artifact, Praxis, Tool, and Symbol
Authors: Ruck Lana M. , Uomini Natalie T. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
“Artifact, praxis, tool, and symbol” is a review of tools as artifacts and their relations with praxis and symbolic capacities. We focus on co-evolutionary perspectives, arguing that tool-making and tool-use are appropriate analogs for understanding the expansion of hominin symbolic thought because they rely on similar behavioral and neuro-cognitive mechanisms. After comparing human and nonhuman tool-use and tool-making, we highlight major advances in hominin technological skill as evidenced by preserved artifacts. We then review praxis as a valuable concept, citing empirical literature in psychology and related fields which directly links material culture and tool-behaviors to extant human symbolic capabilities, including natural language. We then discuss various definitions of symbolism, focusing specifically on how they relate to preserved artifacts including undeniably representational examples in the Upper Paleolithic and examples related to stone tool-making, with deeper evolutionary roots. We close with fruitful directions for future work on the co-evolution of symbols and tools.
Force Fields of the Modern
Authors: Poddar Prem 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The essentially contested notion of the modern, and its cognate form “modernity,” have a long intellectual history. The emergence and dissemination of the idea of Western modernity was sometimes forcibly imposed, sometimes partially accepted, and sometimes resisted at different levels around the globe. Recent thinking has produced qualifiers and prefixes such as “unfinished,” “post-,” “late,” “inevitable,” “contra-,” “alternative,” or “differential” in relation to modernity, to signal the striations in approaches, interpretations, and positionings towards what is seen as an umbrella term to describe the various possibilities that can be brought to bear while considering contentions in contemporary theory and praxis. The social, economic, political, and cultural dimensions of this field of forces are integral to any thinking about the symbolic contestation of power in multifarious re-imaginings. This article charts this field mainly by looking at the colonial and postcolonial interventions that have impacted and continue to the present day to effect and inflect cultures and societies, including pressing questions of climate change and cyberspace. Sections are sorted under the following sub-headings: “The vortex of the modern;” “Subaltern bodies, subversive minds;” “Communication and colonization: Re-inventing space and time;” “Borderlands, migrations, identities;” and “Contesting and controlling cyberspace.”