bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in fire weather climatology under 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C warming
Authors: Son Rackhun , Kim Hyungjun , Wang Shih-Yu (Simon) , Jeong Jee-Hoon , Woo Sung-Ho , Jeong Ji-Yoon , Lee Byung-Doo , Kim Seung Hee , LaPlante Matthew , Kwon Chun-Geun , Yoon Jin-Ho 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The 2015 Paris Agreement led to a number of studies that assessed the impact of the 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C increases in global temperature over preindustrial levels. However, those assessments have not actively investigated the impact of these levels of warming on fire weather. In view of a recent series of high-profile wildfire events worldwide, we access fire weather sensitivity based on a set of multi-model large ensemble climate simulations for these low-emission scenarios. The results indicate that the half degree difference between these two thresholds may lead to a significantly increased hazard of wildfire in certain parts of the world, particularly the Amazon, African savanna and Mediterranean. Although further experiments focused on human land use are needed to depict future fire activity, considering that rising temperatures are the most influential factor in augmenting the danger of fire weather, limiting global warming to 1.5 °C would alleviate some risk in these parts of the world.
Climate drivers of Arctic tundra variability and change using an indicators framework
Authors: Bhatt Uma S , Walker Donald A , Raynolds Martha K , Walsh John E , Bieniek Peter A , Cai Lei , Comiso Josefino C , Epstein Howard E , Frost Gerald V , Gersten Robert , Hendricks Amy S , Pinzon Jorge E , Stock Larry , Tucker Compton J 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This study applies an indicators framework to investigate climate drivers of tundra vegetation trends and variability over the 1982–2019 period. Previously known indicators relevant for tundra productivity (summer warmth index (SWI), coastal spring sea-ice (SI) area, coastal summer open-water (OW)) and three additional indicators (continentality, summer precipitation, and the Arctic Dipole (AD): second mode of sea level pressure variability) are analyzed with maximum annual Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (MaxNDVI) and the sum of summer bi-weekly (time-integrated) NDVI (TI-NDVI) from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer time-series. Climatological mean, trends, and correlations between variables are presented. Changes in SI continue to drive variations in the other indicators. As spring SI has decreased, summer OW, summer warmth, MaxNDVI, and TI-NDVI have increased. However, the initial very strong upward trends in previous studies for MaxNDVI and TI-NDVI are weakening and becoming spatially and temporally more variable as the ice retreats from the coastal areas. TI-NDVI has declined over the last decade particularly over High Arctic regions and southwest Alaska. The continentality index (CI) (maximum minus minimum monthly temperatures) is decreasing across the tundra, more so over North America than Eurasia. The relationship has weakened between SI and SWI and TI-NDVI, as the maritime influence of OW has increased along with total precipitation. The winter AD is correlated in Eurasia with spring SI, summer OW, MaxNDVI, TI-NDVI, the CI and total summer precipitation. This winter connection to tundra emphasizes the role of SI in driving the summer indicators. The winter (DJF) AD drives SI variations which in turn shape summer OW, the atmospheric SWI and NDVI anomalies. The winter and spring indicators represent potential predictors of tundra vegetation productivity a season or two in advance of the growing season.
Influence of TiO2film thickness on photovoltaic properties of dye-sensitized solar cells
Authors: Drygała A. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractGenerally, the dye-sensitized solar cells DSSCs are composed of a photoanode, a redox-coupled electrolyte, and a counter electrode. The nanocrystalline porous TiO2film is one of the most employed frequently photoanode materials in this type of solar cells due to its excellent optoelectronic properties. It significantly influences the photon-electron conversion efficiency of the solar cell, because of its good photo-excited electron transportation and dye adsorption. The surface morphology, crystalline phase, particle size, surface area, porosity, and dispersion of TiO2nanoparticles are the various influencing factors which determine the properties of DSSCs. In particular, the thickness of the photoanode is known to be one of the crucial factors determining the efficiency of solar cells. These properties strongly relate to the TiO2electrode method of fabrication and its parameters. Dye-sensitized solar cells based on TiO2films with different printing layers were fabricated by screen printing method. The prepared samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy SEM and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. The effects of film thickness on the current-voltage characteristics of DSSCs were also investigated.
Polish LNG terminal influence on natural gas quality available in the Polish gas transmission network
Authors: Kumor M , Porada S 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Technical start of LNG terminal in Swinoujscie, was a significant milestone in the history of Polish natural gas network development. Polish gas market is now open for suppliers from all over the world. Energy security has been significantly increased. LNG terminal availability may guarantee security of supply and also stabilize composition and other physicochemical NG parameters. The analysis of NG characteristic changes after the start of deliveries from LNG terminal is presented in this document. Concentration of methane, ethane, propane, nitrogen and parameters like gross calorific value and Wobbe index for 16 regularly distributed exit points were investigated. The chosen parameters and ingredients were matched with gas from vaporization process. 913 days before and 912 days after the terminal launch were chosen. Quality measurements of NG were made by Gas Transmission Operator GAZ-SYSTEM S.A. with chromatographs and published on their official website. Volumes of LNG vaporized during the tested time were consumed by increased demand of end users and developing underground gas storages. NG from terminal was not a substitute of fuel from other import directions. It has been proven that gas from LNG terminal could have direct and indirect influence for gas collected in exit points. Indirect influence appeared with increasing distance from Swinoujscie entry point. South-east parts of Poland were totally free of LNG regasification process influence. High purity and higher energy density of NG from vaporization process has positive influence for transmitted gas quality. Gas mixture from interconnection points, LNG terminal and domestic production meets the standards of NG quality. This mixture can be used by all end users without complaints.
Assessing the impact of demand response on peak demand in a developing country: The case of Ghana
Authors: Diawuo F A , de la Rue du Can S , Baptista P C , Silva C A 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Peak demand on electricity grids is a growing problem that increases costs and risks to supply security. Residential sector loads often contribute significantly to seasonal and daily peak demand. Demand response refers to consumer actions that change the utility load profile in a way that reduces costs or improves grid security by applying price signals and automated load shedding technologies. The methodologies that are used to achieve demand response can hardly be applicable in developing countries. Peak pricing of electricity, for instance, can hardly be implemented in many developing countries as high prices would disproportionately affect the many low-income households who do not have the capacity to take action to avoid paying high peak prices. This study aims to develop demand response methodology that can be applied in developing countries to achieve residential peak demand reduction. We use a consumer preference survey to develop a methodology suitable for developing countries. The method of diversified demand is used with energy audit and monitored data to estimate the potential peak load reduction and its cost-effectiveness for Ghana. Results show that peak reduction of 15-210 MW is expected by 2040 with a positive return on investment of 2-22% for all designed scenarios.
Emission reduction process for the energetic use of biogenic residues
Authors: König Mario , Müller Mirjam , Hartmann Ingo 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
During the combustion of biogenic residues particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, chlorine and sulphur compounds as well as dioxins and furans occur in elevated concentrations depending on the respective fuel composition. Corresponding abatement technology is only available for the power plant sector and cannot be used economically on small biomass plants. Therefore an exhaust gas purification procedure was developed and tested which can be used economically in decentral biomass plants. The core of the exhaust aftertreatment process is a fabric filter with catalytically active filter bags which enables a combined reduction of dust and nitrogen oxides. An additional precoating of the fabric filter also removes acidic exhaust gas components such as SO2 and HCl. Experiments were conducted on pilot and field scale. Significant reduction of particle emissions, nitrogen oxides and chlorine compounds could be achieved. Further optimization of the quantities of reducing agent and precoat material supplied is necessary in order to improve the performance of the exhaust gas cleaning process.
Study of the operation of straw-fired boiler dedicated to steam generation for micro-cogeneration system
Authors: Sornek K. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The combined heat and power generation (CHP), based on the use of renewable energy sources, is an essential aspect of currently developing energy systems. Among the other renewable sources, biomass is characterized by high caloric value, wide availability, and low prices. This paper shows the operational aspects of the prototypical micro-scale CHP system powered by a straw-fired batch boiler and works according to the modified Rankine cycle. Based on the previously conducted studies, a dedicated construction of a 100-kW straw-fired batch boiler was designed and implemented. Thermal oil heated in the boiler is transferred respectively to the evaporator, superheater, and additional oil/water heat exchanger. The control of the system operation is realized using a dedicated automation system based on the programmable logic controller (PLC). Presented results include the impact of various fuel inputs on the thermal oil heating process. The average power transferred from the boiler to the thermal oil in the case of a single combustion process was ca. 69 MJ/h (consequently the amount of transferred energy was ca. 121 MJ). During the continuous combustion process, the average power was ca. 169 MJ/h and energy transferred from the boiler to the oil was ca. 542 MJ. The power generated in the power generator resulted mainly from three parameters: the actual steam pressure and steam flow as well as from the actual set of electric load. The maximum power in the case of operation without maximum power tracking was 825 W, while the maximum power obtained when maximum power tracking was used was ca. 1,150 W. Such a low value of electricity generation was a consequence of the system’s limitations (resulting e.g. in a significant drop in steam temperature and pressure in the steam bus). Finally, a list of possible modifications was given.
Adaptive fan control
Authors: Blasinski Petr , Rubina Aleš , Rubinová Olga , Jůza Štěpán 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The paper presents the possibility of management the fan performance in dependence on CO2 concentration. A mathematical calculation is made from the prediction of the electric energy consumption for a variant control algorithm. The most advantageous algorithm is programmed into the actual fan control system, and its power consumption is shown in graph. Finally, the saving of the adaptive control is compared to the classical control over time. To program the control algorithm, the CO2 mass balance equation is used. The equation depends on the input values, namely the number of CO2 sources, the room volume and the supply air. Due to the infinitely variable of fan control, it is possible to adjust the power setting depending on the expected development of the logarithmic rise of CO2 concentration in the room. This prediction is programmed with the Visual Basic code and program code can be used to the Arduino control unit, which controls the EC fan power with a 0-10 V signal. Although significant savings over a short period of time can not be expected, the ventilation system where the fan runs for a significant part of the year will be substantial. Therefore, the result will be presented by graphical diagrams of different ways of controlling the fan per year of operation.
Mitigation of sea accident consequences
Authors: Bogalecka M 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The model of shipping critical infrastructure accident consequences is applied to the forecasting of environment losses associated with the chemical release generated by the dynamic ship critical infrastructure network operating at the Baltic Sea waters. Next, minimal values of these environment losses obtained through their optimization are presented and compare with previous ones. Finally, suggestions on the strategy assuring lower environment losses concerned with chemical releases generated by an accident of ships are proposed.
A proposal of low-cost technology for nutrient recovery from leachate of anaerobic digester at a biological wastewater treatment plant
Authors: Dereszewska A , Cytawa S 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Removal of nutrients from wastewater with simultaneous recovery of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) in the form assimilable by plants is possible by the precipitation of ammonium magnesium phosphate (struvite). This method benefits environmental protection but has not been widely implemented in Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs). One of the reasons is the high costs of available technologies. The aim of the work is to investigate the low-cost methods of reduction and recovery of nutrients from wastewater. It involves the precipitation of struvite from phosphate-rich leachate from WWTP fermentation chambers. The reaction was carried out in the prototype of a simple horizontal reactor, ensuring the possibility of collecting sediment in the funnel. A cheap waste magnesium salt was used to precipitate the struvite, which significantly reduced the costs of its acquisition. The reduction of P exceeded 80% in most of performed tests in leachate waters. The precipitant removed from the reactor has the character of sludge with a significant degree of hydration (85%). After drying, it is a dusty powder with an average P content of 40% and a total N content of 8% and a trace of heavy metals. It was proposed to mix the obtained aqueous form of struvite sediments with compost produced from excessive sludge, without drying it. Studies have shown that one percent of struvite admixture in compost results in an increase of P and N content by 13% and 2.7%, respectively.
Assessment of the AERMOD dispersion model in complex terrain with different types of digital elevation data
Authors: Rzeszutek M , Szulecka A 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The AERMET/AERMOD (American Meteorological Society (AMS)/EPA Regulatory Model) dispersion modeling system constitutes a tool recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) both for flat and complex terrain in a local scale with a distance of 50 km. This model requires several input data for pollutant prediction. As part of the research, the effectiveness evaluation of the AERMOD model was conducted based on two of the model evaluation databases (Martin’s Creek and Lovett) depending on different available DEM sources. The analysis involved comparison of different modeling results obtained with the application of different DEM datasets, i.e. NED (National Elevation Dataset), ASTER (Aster Global Digital Elevation Model), SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) and USDEM (US GeoData Digital Elevation Models). Achieved outcomes indicated, that the use of different elevation datasets did not influence the evaluation results of the AERMOD model in a local scale and complex terrain significantly. Regardless of the field experiment and DEM dataset, for each case the values of FB and FBRHC
fell within the range of ± 0.33. The highest values of the model performance measures reached 0.89 – 0.91 for IOA and 0.78 – 0.81 for COE in the case using the NED dataset. Slightly worse model performance was observed for the SRTM data with IOA equal to 0.82 – 0.91 and COE reaching 0.64 – 0.83.
Determination of Carbon Footprint of Automobile Origin in Izmir City
Authors: Baycan N , Zengin TO 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Global warming and climate change, which are one of the most important agenda items of recent years, have become one of the biggest threats to life. Measures need to be taken to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions that cause global warming and climate change, and to prove that they will benefit from the research. The global success of these measures was achieved through the Kyoto Protocol. According to this protocol, countries are responsible for emissions, and they should take measures and try to minimize them. These oscillations must be calculated in order not to exceed the emission limits specified by the protocol. The carbon footprint, which is a measure of the damage to the environment, is an indicator of greenhouse gas emissions and the unit is expressed in terms of carbon dioxide equivalent. While determining the carbon footprint, IPCC, GHG Protocol, UNFCCC, ISO 14064 STANDARD are taken into account. In this study, the number of automobiles in Izmir was taken from Turkey Statistics Institution (TUIK) data, and their carbon footprints were classified according to the type of fuel they used. IPCC Tier-1 method was used in the calculations and IPCC 2006 guide was used for the values based on fuels. As a result of the calculations, the total CO2 emissions of 821.391 cars in Izmir, in terms of gasoline, diesel and LPG CO2 emissions were also calculated. It was found 1.857.845 tons of CO2 equivalent per year.
Initial assessment of the legitimacy of limiting the maximum permissible speed on highways and motorways based on tests in real traffic conditions
Authors: Gis Wojciech , Gis Maciej , Wiśniowski Piotr , Taubert Sławomir 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The reduction of emissions of harmful exhaust gases is one of the main aspects in broadly understood automotive sector. Representatives of the European Union are encouraging vehicle manufacturers to comply with increasingly stringent standards related to the emission of harmful substances in passenger cars. From 2020, the new standard for CO, HC and NOX road emissions from these vehicles will come into force. It also assumes average CO2 emissions from fleets producer car at the level of 95 g/km. It is a big challenge.
The emission of harmful emissions is also a problem during the operation of vehicles. In real traffic conditions, a big challenge is the need to reduce average driving speeds due to emissions of harmful exhaust substances. With increasing driving speed, it increases. Therefore, the authors of the article decided to investigate the problem on the initial road and highway.
In our research, mobile PEMS type testing equipment was used for tests of vehicles with emission standards: EURO 5 and EURO 6. The tests were carried out in real traffic conditions on a fast-moving and motorway road with speeds up to 110, 120, 140 and 160 km/h. The research was aimed at showing differences in the level of exhaust emissions of emitted vehicles resulting from the speed of travel. In the article, on the basis of the tests carried out, speed was determined and recommended, which from the point of view of emission will be optimal for efficient and ecological movement on this discussed type of roads.
Measurements of particulate emissions from Euro 5/6 passenger cars in different drive settings
Authors: Pielecha J , Gis M , Skobiej K , Kurtyka K 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The article presents the particulate emission measurements of passenger cars that meet the latest emission norms, the development of which has so far been dictated by requirements of downsizing. The comparison was made based on the selected vehicles equipped with spark-ignition engines, which are an example of reducing the displacement volume while maintaining the operational parameters of the drive units. Particle emissions were measured during tests in real traffic conditions. The change in the vehicle's emission category caused an increase in requirements regarding emitted particles number from these engines. As a result, the introduction of particulate filters into exhaust after-treatment systems of gasoline engines (so far only three-way catalytic converters have been used) became necessary. Comparisons of the mass and particles number and their dimensional distribution for vehicles of different ecological classes, and also engines before and after downsizing were the basis for making conclusions about the direction of changes in traditional propulsion units in modern vehicles.
Measurement and analysis of acoustic phenomena occurring in public transport buses based on surveys and field study
Authors: Orczyk M , Tomaszewski F 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The article presents results and analysis of noise measurements in passenger compartments of public transport buses. Ten Solaris Urbino 12 m buses were selected for performing the measurements, including five buses with an automatic 4-speed transmission and five with a 6-speed transmission. The research related to the assessment of the acoustic climate in buses was conducted in two stages: in the first stage surveys were carried out, which were then followed by field study in the second stage. The aim of the performed research was to identify places inside the bus with potentially high sound levels and then a real assessment of the noise affecting passengers. The survey aimed at the assessment of vibroacoustic comfort in buses while driving. The questions answered by the respondents concerned places inside the vehicle and vehicle movement phases, during which noise and vibration are the strongest. Additionally, the respondents made a subjective assessment of noise and vibration inside the bus while driving. The filed study was conducted with 10 measuring microphones placed in the passenger compartment of the bus and consisted in simultaneous recording of sound levels and the speed at which the bus moved. The study was carried out at a standstill and while driving. The conducted measurements allowed the identification of the highest and lowest sound levels in the vehicle at a standstill and while driving.