bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cereal straw incorporation and ryegrass cover crops: The path to equilibrium in soil carbon storage is short
Authors: Jensen Johannes L. , Eriksen Jørgen , Thomsen Ingrid K. , Munkholm Lars J. , Christensen Bent T. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractReduced use of fossil energy by removing cereal straw for bioenergy potentially threatens soil organic carbon (SOC) storage. Straw incorporation plays a key role for SOC storage in cereal‐based cropping systems, but the use of cover crops (CCs) may compensate for straw removal. However, assessing the SOC sequestration potential of management changes requires field experiments with long continued treatments and frequent soil sampling. Based on a field experiment initiated in 1981 on a sandy loam soil at Askov Experimental Station (Denmark), we examined the effect of annual additions of spring barley straw (0, 4, 8 and 12 Mg ha−1) and undersown ryegrass CC on SOC storage in the 0‐ to 20‐cm layer. The effect of straw incorporation and CC on SOC was additive. At steady‐state conditions, the SOC stock based on equivalent soil mass (SOC stockFM) increased 3.9, 6.7 and 9.3 Mg C ha−1 after annual incorporation of 4, 8 and 12 Mg straw ha−1, respectively. The ryegrass CC increased SOC stockFM by 3.3 Mg C ha−1 and thus almost compensated for removal of 4 Mg straw ha−1. An asymptotic regression model best described the temporal changes in SOC and showed that the effect of straw incorporation and ryegrass CC on SOC sequestration peaks after 10–15 years when a new equilibrium between input and output of C is reached. Clearly, reliable assessments of SOC sequestration potentials following changes in management require field experiments with frequent soil sampling until reaching steady‐state conditions.Highlights
SOC sequestration potentials of straw incorporation and CCs were assessed.
The crucial issue of sequestration duration of experimental treatments is often neglected.
The effect of straw and CC peaked after 10–15 years when a new equilibrium in SOC was reached.
Reliable assessments require frequent soil sampling until reaching steady‐state conditions.
Predicting atrial fibrillation after cryptogenic stroke via a clinical risk score—a prospective observational study
Authors: Kneihsl Markus , Bisping Egbert , Scherr Daniel , Mangge Harald , Fandler‐Höfler Simon , Colonna Isabella , Haidegger Melanie , Eppinger Sebastian , Hofer Edith , Fazekas Franz , Enzinger Christian , Gattringer Thomas 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackground and purposeAtrial fibrillation (AF) often remains undiagnosed in cryptogenic stroke (CS), mostly because of limited availability of cardiac long‐term rhythm monitoring. There is an unmet need for a pre‐selection of CS patients benefitting from such work‐up. A clinical risk score was therefore developed for the prediction of AF after CS and its performance was evaluated over 1 year of follow‐up.MethodsOur proposed risk score ranges from 0 to 16 points and comprises variables known to be associated with occult AF in CS patients including age, N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic features (supraventricular premature beats, atrial runs, atrial enlargement, left ventricular ejection fraction) and brain imaging markers (multi‐territory/prior cortical infarction). All CS patients admitted to our Stroke Unit between March 2018 and August 2019 were prospectively followed for AF detection over 1 year after discharge.ResultsDuring the 1‐year follow‐up, 24 (16%) out of 150 CS patients with AF (detected via electrocardiogram controls, n = 18; loop recorder monitoring, n = 6) were diagnosed. Our predefined AF Risk Score (cutoff ≥4 points; highest Youden's index) had a sensitivity of 92% and a specificity of 67% for 1‐year prediction of AF. Notably, only two CS patients with <4 score points were diagnosed with AF later on (negative predictive value 98%).ConclusionsA clinical risk score for 1‐year prediction of AF in CS with high sensitivity, reasonable specificity and excellent negative predictive value is presented. Generalizability of our score needs to be tested in external cohorts with continuous cardiac rhythm monitoring.
Alterations of brain structural MRI are associated with outcome of surgical treatment in trigeminal neuralgia
Authors: Albano Luigi , Agosta Federica , Basaia Silvia , Castellano Antonella , Messina Roberta , Parisi Veronica , Barzaghi Lina Raffaella , Falini Andrea , Mortini Pietro , Filippi Massimo 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackground and purposeTo assess magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) alterations occurring in patients with trigeminal neuralgia (TN) and to explore the predictive ability of MRI for initial surgical outcome and long‐term pain relief/recurrence after Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKS).MethodsThirty patients with idiopathic or classic TN, who underwent GKS and were followed for at least 24 months, were retrospectively included. Pre‐treatment structural MRI and pre‐ and serial, postoperative clinical features were investigated. Fifteen age‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls were also enrolled. Cortical thickness and gray matter (GM) volumes were assessed in TN patients relative to controls, as well as between patient subgroups according to treatment outcomes (initial responders/non‐responders, patients with pain recurrence/long‐lasting pain relief at the last follow‐up). Clinical and MRI predictors of treatment outcomes were explored.ResultsCortical thinning of temporal, prefrontal, cingulate, somatosensory and occipital areas bilaterally was found in TN patients relative to controls. No cortical thickness and GM volume differences were observed when TN initial responders and non‐responders were compared. Patients who experienced TN recurrence after initial pain relief were characterized by thicker parahippocampal and temporal cortices bilaterally and greater volume of right amygdala and hippocampus compared to patients with long‐lasting pain relief. In TN patients, disease duration and baseline cortical thinning of right parahippocampal, left fusiform and middle temporal cortices were associated with poor outcome after GKS at the last follow‐up (R2=0.57, p<0.001).ConclusionThe study provides novel insights into structural brain alterations of TN patients, which might contribute to disease development and pain maintenance.
Stakeholder participation in the development of International Public Sector Accounting Standard 42, Social Benefits
Authors: De Wolf Anschi , Christiaens Johan 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis study aims to contribute to the understanding of stakeholder participation within the International Public Sector Accounting Standards Board's (IPSASB) due process. This study examines IPSASB's input legitimacy by analysing who the respondents are in exposure draft (ED) 63, Social Benefits, and to what extent they support the ED; however, the emphasis lies on the quality of the IPSASB's due process through the legitimacy theory, more precisely procedural legitimacy, by investigating to what extent the respondents’ input was considered and integrated into the final International Public Sector Accounting Standards. Most respondents originate from Europe and Oceania and consist of professional associations and public sector entities. There are indications that some respondents’ input was integrated; however, results indicate a clear flaw in the lack of transparency regarding how respondents’ input is analysed, which makes the decision‐making process seem arbitrary and subjective and could potentially have a negative effect on the IPSASB's legitimacy.
An alternative hypothesis for the evolution of sexual segregation in endotherms
Authors: Magory Cohen Tali , Kiat Yosef , Sharon Haggai , Levin Eran 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAimPatterns of separation among males and females, known as sexual segregation, are traditionally correlated with elevation or latitude in animals. Alternatively, in humans, spatial and behavioural segregation is driven by inherent sex‐based differences in thermal preference, although the cause and adaptive value of these differences remain unclear. Here, we explore whether, similar to humans, ambient temperature can explain patterns of separation among males and females in endotherms.LocationIsrael.Time period1981–2018.Major taxa studiedMigratory sexually dimorphic birds (13 species) and bats (18 species).MethodsWe calculated the proportion of males and females at each sampling site for each bird or bat species. We used general linear mixed models (GLMMs) to quantify the variance explained by elevation, latitude, body size and ambient temperature and corrected for phylogeny, site and year. We used model averaging over the best models by comparing the corrected Akaike information criterion.ResultsWe found a correlation between geographical separation and temperature that accounted for variance in the data that was not explained by elevation and latitude. We showed that temperature was negatively correlated with the proportion of males in bats and birds, whereas body size explained this response only in birds.Main conclusionsOur findings suggest that females are found in higher ambient temperatures. We term this differential sex‐related thermal preference (DSTP) and propose that it is a broad phenomenon common in many endotherms, acting as a significant force shaping dispersal, sociality and behaviour of animals, and should be explored from this wide perspective.
R&D internationalization and innovation performance of Chinese enterprises: The mediating role of returnees and foreign professionals
Authors: Si Yuefang , Zhang Yi , Teng Tangwei 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn the innovation‐driven economy of the 21st century, the emerging global innovation landscape is one of geographically concentrated centers of excellence in developed markets, which are embedded in a global network carrying, collaborating and sharing knowledge. Without top‐level innovation resources in the home country, how do emerging market multinational enterprises (EMMNEs) learn to innovate on global markets? This paper takes Chinese enterprises operating in the ICT industry from Shanghai Zhangjiang as example, to explore whether EMMNEs can promote their innovation performances via R&D internationalization to acquire external knowledge and technology resources abroad, by the establishment of international technology alliances, cross‐border mergers and acquisitions along with greenfield investment in overseas research institutions, in relation to their hiring returnees and foreign professionals. The empirical results reveal that R&D internationalization is positively related to enterprises’ innovation performance, and that the relationship is fully mediated by returnees, with the effect also being partially mediated by foreign professionals. Our research unpacks the different mediating effects of returnees and foreign professionals on the gains of sourcing external knowledge, providing some implications for enterprises’ innovation practices.
Does immune checkpoint inhibitor exhibit limited efficacy against non‐viral hepatocellular carcinoma?: A review of clinical trials
Authors: Eso Yuji , Taura Kojiro , Seno Hiroshi 
Published: September 2021

AbstractImmunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors has been shown to be beneficial for cancers originating from various organs. In May 2020, combination therapy with anti‐programmed death‐ligand 1 antibody atezolizumab and anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antibody bevacizumab was approved as a novel first‐line systemic therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The number of patients with HCC not caused by hepatitis virus infection (non‐viral HCC), including non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)‐related HCC, has been increasing in recent years. Recently, Pfister and colleagues reported that immune checkpoint inhibitors may exhibit limited efficacy against NASH‐related HCC, based on basic research and clinical data. This review will discuss the mechanism of impaired tumor immune surveillance in NASH and analyze the results of previously published clinical trials of immune checkpoint inhibitors to investigate whether patients with non‐viral HCC are less likely to benefit from immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Furthermore, we also discuss the possibility of enhancing the therapeutic effect of immune checkpoint inhibitors for NASH‐related HCC by combining anti‐VEGF agents.
Diffusion bonding of Ti‐coated Cf‐SiCf/SiBCN composites to Nb using Ag–Pd interlayer
Authors: Lin Jincheng , Zhang Xunye , Wang Wei , Yu Di , Jia Dechang , Lin Tiesong , Lin Panpan , He Peng 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe Ti‐coated Cf‐SiCf/SiBCN ceramic was diffusion‐bonded to Nb using an Ag–Pd interlayer. At a ceramic/Ag–Pd interface, it is found that Ti first reacted with C and Pd to form a TiCx/Ti(Pd) double‐layer structure, and then Ti(Pd) completely converted into TiCx with the increase of holding time or temperature. Meanwhile, the infiltration of Pd along TiCx grain boundary reacted with Si to form brittle Pd2Si compound. By contrary, only a simple NbPd3 layer was formed at the Nb/Ag–Pd interface during the whole process. A maximum shear strength of 16 ± 3 MPa is obtained for the joint prepared at 900°C for 30 min. The plastic deformation of the Ag–Pd interlayer and pullout of fibers inside ceramic contributed to the superior performance. Nevertheless, as the holding time and temperature reached 90 min and 950°C, the high chemical affinity of the Pd–Si system and enhanced atomic diffusion led to the massive formation of Pd2Si, which increased the joint brittleness and degraded the ceramic performance.
Porous silicon nitride–based drug delivery carrier
Authors: Hičák Michal , Medvecký Ľubomír , Hnatko Miroslav , Stulajterová Radoslava , Giretová Mária , Tatarková Monika , Lenčéš Zoltán , Šajgalík Pavol 
Published: September 2021

AbstractTetracalcium phosphate/monetite biocement was modified with the addition of 30 wt% highly porous silicon nitride/α‐tricalcium phosphate (α‐TCP) microgranules. The volume ratio of Si3N4 and α‐TCP in microgranules was 1:1 and showed good in vitro simulated body fluid bioactivity with precipitation of hydroxyapatite particles. The intention of addition of microgranules to the biocement was to have a carrier of drug, which can be released into the body in due time. Granules prepared by the freeze granulation of starting mixture of silicon nitride and calcium phosphate and subsequent sintering at 1100°C have a suitable pore structure for the foreseen use. The pore volume was almost 1000 mm3/g with the open porosity of 77 vol%. This porosity and the biocompatible composition of silicon nitride–based granules gave a chance to fabricate a suitable composite cement for dexamethasone (DMZ) drug release into the human body. An accelerated release of dexamethasone from composite cement was observed and the full amount of DMZ was released from the composite biocement after 10 days. The presented results are a good base to adjust the total drug release time by the mixing of an appropriate amount of drug infiltrated ceramic granules with the tetracalcium phosphate/monetite cement.
Exposure to quadrivalent influenza vaccine during pregnancy: Results from a global pregnancy registry
Authors: Ledlie Shaleesa , Gandhi‐Banga Sonja , Shrestha Anju , Mallett Moore Tamala , Khromava Alena 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe Fluzone® Quadrivalent (IIV4, Sanofi Pasteur) Pregnancy Registry was created to monitor vaccine safety during pregnancy (clinicaltrials.gov, NCT01945424). Here, we describe maternal, pregnancy, obstetrical and neonatal outcomes after vaccine exposure in pregnant women between August 2013 and September 2019.MethodsAll women exposed to IIV4 during their pregnancy were eligible for inclusion. Outcomes were prospective (reported following vaccine exposure but before knowledge of pregnancy outcome ascertained through prenatal tests) or retrospective (prenatal tests were undertaken before the exposure was reported).ResultsAmong 239 IIV4 vaccine exposure reports received, there were 105 prospective and 10 retrospective reports of maternal adverse events (AEs). The most frequent prospectively reported maternal AEs were medication errors (expired product [n = 8, 3.8%]; extra dose [n = 7, 3.3%]) and injection site pain (n = 7, 3.3%). Among 62 prospectively reported pregnancy and obstetrical events with available follow‐up information, seven AEs were reported, four (6.4%) of which were spontaneous abortions. A further seven AEs were reported among the 29 retrospective pregnancy and obstetrical events with available follow‐up information. Among neonatal outcomes (15 prospective; 28 retrospective), >85% were reported as full‐term births. One premature birth was reported prospectively. Four other neonatal AEs were reported, all retrospectively: two cases of talipes (club foot), one central nervous system anomaly and one atrial septal defect. All infants with available information had normal APGAR scores at 5 minutes.ConclusionsThe frequency of AEs following exposure to IIV4 during pregnancy did not indicate new safety concerns.
Nearly stoichiometric BN fiber with high crystallinity achieved by boron trichloride assisted curing process
Authors: Du Yiang , Wang Bing , Meng Fanxiu , Li Wei , Wang Yingde 
Published: September 2021

AbstractGiven the superior thermal stability and microwave transparency features, continuous BN fibers have displayed great potential to fulfill the increasing demand for high‐temperature structural and functional materials. The performance of BN ceramic fiber depends heavily upon its composition and microstructure. Herein, nearly stoichiometric BN fibers with high crystallinity were achieved through a facile boron trichloride (BCl3) assisted curing process. The fibers achieved a boron/nitrogen element ratio of 0.996:1 with increasing the degree of curing. After subsequent heat treatment, the fibers had uniform elemental distribution and h‐BN crystal structure. Compared with pure NH3 curing, the BN fibers cured with BCl3 demonstrated higher crystallinity (92.35%) and consistent orientation (79.8%). The existing state changes of elements revealed BCl3 assisted curing process could evenly disperse B atoms into the precursor fibers to fill the vacancies caused by nitrogen enrichment. These insights improve our understanding of preceramic fibers treatment for exploiting high‐performance BN ceramic fibers.
Effect of total dissolved gas supersaturation on the survival of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)
Authors: Deng Yuxuan , Feng Cuixia , Yin Qingjie , Liu Xiaoqing , Shi Haoran , Yang Yao , Wu Yufeng 
Published: September 2021

AbstractFlood discharge results in total dissolved gas (TDG) supersaturation downstream of a dam during the flood period. Fish suffer death from gas bubble disease (GBD) caused by TDG supersaturation. Nonetheless, current studies mainly attach importance to the survival of benthic fish affected by TDG supersaturation in the Yangtze River in China. Few studies have attempted to investigate the survival of pelagic fish influenced by TDG supersaturated water and compare the tolerance characteristics to TDG supersaturation between benthic and pelagic fish. To identify the survival of fish species that inhabit the various water layers affected by TDG supersaturation, silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) (pelagic fish) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) (benthic fish) were chosen to conduct an acute exposure experiment of four different TDG supersaturation levels (125%, 130%, 135% and 140%). The findings illustrated that the two fish species both exhibited evident aberrant behaviours of maladjustment in TDG supersaturated water. Obvious GBD symptoms were also found in the test fish. The survival probability of silver carp and common carp decreased with increasing levels of TDG supersaturation. The median survival time (ST50) values of the silver carp exposed to four levels of TDG supersaturated water (125%, 130%, 135% and 140%) were 26.84, 7.96, 5.56 and 3.62 h, respectively, whereas the ST50 values of common carp were 53.50, 26.00, 16.50 and 11.70 h, respectively. When compared with common carp, silver carp had a weaker tolerance to TDG‐supersaturated water and were vulnerable to GBD. It shows that levels above 125% are not safe for common carp survival. In terms of the tolerance threshold value, silver carp merits further investigation because it showed lower tolerance to TDG than did common carp.
All‐cause hepatocellular carcinoma survival in the era of direct‐acting antiviral therapy
Authors: Lockart Ian , Hajarizadeh Behzad , Buckley Niamh , Davison Scott , Prakoso Emilia , Levy Miriam T , George Jacob , Dore Gregory J , Danta Mark 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackground and AimHepatitis C virus (HCV) cure with direct‐acting antiviral (DAA) therapy improves survival in patients with HCV‐related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We hypothesized that HCV‐HCC survival has increased in the DAA era, more than other aetiologies of HCC. We aimed to evaluate survival following HCC diagnosis in the pre‐DAA and DAA eras, across each aetiology of HCC.MethodsPatients with HCC at three tertiary referral hospitals were included retrospectively (January 2008 to December 2019). Patients were categorized as HCV‐HCC, hepatitis B virus (HBV)‐HCC, or non‐viral HCC. For each aetiology, the risk of death following incident HCC among patients diagnosed in the DAA era (2015–2019) was compared with patients diagnosed in the pre‐DAA era (2008–2014).ResultsAmong 1161 patients, there were 422 (36%) patients with HCV‐HCC, 227 (20%) with HBV‐HCC, and 512 (44%) with non‐viral HCC. In adjusted analysis, the risk of death was lower in patients with HCV‐HCC diagnosed in 2015–2019, compared with patients diagnosed in 2008–2014 (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]: 0.68; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.52–0.89; P = 0.005). In contrast, there was no difference in the risk of death between time periods for patients with HBV‐HCC (HR: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.64–1.29; P = 0.602) or non‐viral HCC on adjusted analysis (aHR: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.74–1.15; P = 0.476). Although patients with HBV‐HCC had better survival compared with patients with HCV‐HCC in 2008–2014 (aHR: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.55–0.98; P = 0.037), this difference disappeared in 2015–2019 (aHR: 1.26; 95% CI: 0.90–1.77; P = 0.175).ConclusionsHepatitis C virus‐related HCC survival has increased in the DAA era, whereas adjusted survival remained stable for HBV‐HCC and non‐viral HCC.