bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ON ARISTOTLE'S PERI HERMENEIAS 16A1–18: THE CASE OF AN ANONYMOUS ARMENIAN COMMENTARY
Authors: Lachance Geneviève 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe anonymous Armenian commentary was transmitted together with the Armenian translation of Aristotle's Peri Hermeneias (sixth century or earlier). It was composed in the Hellenizing style and commonly associated with the figure of David the Invincible, a philosopher of the Neoplatonic School of Alexandria. This article presents a general structural analysis of the commentary followed by a comparative study and translation of its first chapter. It argues that the commentary was indeed written in the tradition of late antique Greek commentaries but was probably not associated with late Neoplatonism. The Armenian commentary shares many common features with Ammonius’ commentary, but also departs from it on many crucial aspects. From a philosophical standpoint, it has much more in common with Boethius’ and Alexander of Aphrodisias’ commentaries than with those of the Neoplatonic School of Alexandria, thus suggesting an early writing date.
An observational study of T2-weighted white matter hyperintensities on magnetic resonance imaging of the internal auditory meatus and brain: ignore or not?
Authors: Huang X , Grimmond N , Kontorinis G 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundMagnetic resonance imaging of the internal auditory meatus frequently detects incidental white matter hyperintensities. This study investigated the association between these and the risk of stroke and transient ischaemic attack, or myocardial infarction.MethodsThe records of patients with incidental white matter hyperintensities were reviewed, and data were collected on: age, sex, cardiovascular risk factors, and incidence of stroke and transient ischaemic attack, or myocardial infarction, five years later. The risk factors associated with vascular events were explored.ResultsOf 6978 patients, 309 (4.4 per cent) had incidental white matter hyperintensities. Of these, 20 (6.5 per cent) had a stroke or transient ischaemic attack within five years, and 5 (1.7 per cent) had a myocardial infarction. The number of cardiovascular risk factors was significantly associated with the incidence of stroke and transient ischaemic attack (p = 0.004), and myocardial infarction (p = 0.023).ConclusionThe number of cardiovascular risk factors predicts the likelihood of vascular events; appropriate risk factor management is recommended for patients with incidental white matter hyperintensities of presumed vascular origin.
Why are we here?
Authors: Mawson T. J. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIf one believes in God, what should one say is the answer to the question of why we are here? In this article, I hope to show that when we ask why we are here we ask several different questions at once and that Theism allows (indeed dictates) that these different questions have very different answers. Appreciating these differences can remove at least that perplexity generated when an answer which could well be plausible were it to be given in response to one question of God's purpose for us is mislocated and treated as if it were an answer to another.
Introduction to the Special Issue: The multiple births of International Relations
Authors: Thakur Vineet , Smith Karen 
Published: September 2021

AbstractDisciplinary histories are, by default, complicit in the production of subjective memories as truth. This Special Issue builds on the existing scholarship on rethinking IR's disciplinary history by expanding its geographical focus beyond the West, and explores how IR came to define itself as a self-contained body of knowledge that is distinct from other fields of study in different parts of the world. These alternative histories enable us to appreciate that the development of IR as a global discipline was only possible through a transnational circulation of key ideas such as sovereignty, empire, Commonwealth and, especially, competing notions of the ‘international’. In addition, they bring attention to the purpose of knowledge and the politics of its production, and allow for both democratisation as well as discursive plurality.
Ottawa, 1857–1860: the making of Canada's capital city on the eve of Confederation
Authors: Shelekpayev Nari 
Published: September 2021

AbstractCanadian historiography has long regarded the choice and elaboration of Ottawa as a capital city in the mid-nineteenth century as a political compromise between Ontario (Canada West) and Quebec (Canada East). This article suggests that this view be reconsidered in the context of Canada's expansion westward and the dispossession of Indigenous lands. The key goal of this article is to provide a comprehensive analysis of transforming Ottawa into a capital city in 1857–60, including not only its choice as the seat of government but also the elaboration of Canada's Parliament Buildings, which were to become the key symbol of its future statehood, as well as the visit of the prince of Wales to Ottawa in 1860. The prince's visit allowed the city to be legitimized and inaugurated as the new seat of government.
Characteristics of Melting Layer in Cyclones Over the Western North Pacific Detected by the GPM Dual‐Frequency Precipitation Radar
Authors: Qiao Junqi , Ai Weihua , Hu Xiong , Hu Shensen , Du Xiaoyong 
Published: September 2021

AbstractA knowledge of melting layer (ML) is crucial for the accurate estimation of rainfall and the study of microphysical characterization of the cloud. Based on 5 years (2016–2020) of measurements of cyclones over the Western North Pacific from the dual‐frequency precipitation radar on board the Global Precipitation Measurement satellite, the characteristics and microphysical processes of ML are investigated. Our research shows that the height of the top boundary of ML is higher than the freezing level (0 degrees centigrade level, FL), and the Ze of freezing level is larger than that of the top of ML. The height of ML is the result of the combined effect of latitude and stage of cyclone. When the ice particles pass through the ML, the mass‐weighted mean diameter (Dm), the generalized intercept parameter (Nw), and the distributions of the reflectivity factor (Ze) increase, indicating that growth mechanism and breakup process.
Quantification of Diffuse Auroral Electron Precipitation Driven by Whistler Mode Waves at Jupiter
Authors: Li Wen , Ma Q. , Shen X.‐C. , Zhang X.‐J. , Mauk B. H. , Clark G. , Allegrini F. , Kurth W. S. , Hospodarsky G. B. , Hue V. , Gladstone G. R. , Greathouse T. K. , Bolton S. J. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWhile previous studies suggested whistler mode waves as a potential driver of Jupiter's diffuse aurora, their quantitative contribution to generate diffuse aurora remains unclear. We perform an in‐depth analysis of an intriguing diffuse auroral electron precipitation event using coordinated observations of precipitating electrons and whistler mode waves from the Juno satellite. A physics‐based technique is used to quantify energetic electron precipitation driven by whistler mode waves. We find that the modeled electron precipitation features are consistent with the electron measurements from several keV to several hundred keV over M‐shells of 8–18, while additional mechanisms are needed to explain the observed electron precipitation at lower energies (<several keV). Our result provides new quantitative evidence that whistler mode waves are potentially a primary driver of precipitating electrons from several keV to several hundred keV through pitch angle scattering over M ∼ 8–18 and thus generate Jupiter's diffuse aurora.
Can Earth's Magnetotail Plasma Sheet Produce a Source of Relativistic Electrons for the Radiation Belts?
Authors: Turner Drew L. , Cohen Ian J. , Michael Adam , Sorathia Kareem , Merkin Slava , Mauk Barry H. , Ukhorskiy Sasha , Murphy Kyle R. , Gabrielse Christine , Boyd Alexander J. , Fennell Joseph F. , Blake J. Bernard , Claudepierre Seth G. , Drozdov Alexander Y. , Jaynes Allison N. , Ripoll Jean‐François , Reeves Geoffrey D. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSimultaneous observations from Van Allen Probes in Earth's outer radiation belt (∼4–6 RE) and Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) in the magnetotail plasma sheet at >20 RE geocentric distance are used to compare relative levels of relativistic electron phase space density (PSD) for constant values of the first adiabatic invariant, M. We present new evidence from two events showing: (a) at times, there is sufficient PSD in the central plasma sheet to provide a source of >1 MeV electrons into the outer belt; (b) the most intense levels of relativistic electrons are not accelerated in the solar wind or transported from the inner magnetosphere and thus must be accelerated rapidly (within ∼minutes or less) and efficiently across a broad region of the magnetotail itself; and (c) the highest intensity relativistic electrons observed by MMS were confined within only the central plasma sheet. The answer to the title question here is: yes, it can, however whether Earth's plasma sheet actually does provide a source of several 100s keV to >1 MeV electrons to the outer belt and how often it does so remain important outstanding questions.
Coseismic Debris Remains in the Orogen Despite a Decade of Enhanced Landsliding
Authors: Dai Lanxin , Scaringi Gianvito , Fan Xuanmei , Yunus Ali P. , Liu‐Zeng Jing , Xu Qiang , Huang Runqiu 
Published: September 2021

AbstractMajor earthquakes in steep orogens can trigger extensive landsliding. Most of the landslide bodies come to rest high on the slopes, but subsequent rainfalls can easily remobilize them. Sharp peaks in landslide rates are systematically observed after major earthquakes, followed by rapid decays to background levels in just several years. Yet, the migration of coseismic debris into tributary channels and rivers remains poorly understood. We collected 12 years of observations of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake's epicentral region in China and evaluated that debris flows and fluvial transport could only evacuate a small portion of coseismic debris, while over 70% of it had stabilized on the hillslopes. Coseismic debris may remain in the orogen for a long time, but estimates based on initial landslide abundance and sediment export are hampered by uncertainties in the debris fate throughout the earthquake cycle.
Effects of Alteration and Cracks on the Seismic Velocity Structure of Oceanic Lithosphere Inferred From Ultrasonic Measurements of Mafic and Ultramafic Samples Collected by the Oman Drilling Project
Authors: Hatakeyama Kohei , Katayama Ikuo , Abe Natsue , Okazaki Keishi , Michibayashi Katsuyoshi ,   the Oman Drilling Project Science Party
Published: September 2021

AbstractSeismic velocity structures of the oceanic lithosphere are variable due to the variation of alteration and heterogeneities in porosity. In order to interpret geophysically determined velocity structures, it is necessary to understand how the seismic velocity of the oceanic lithosphere is affected by alteration and porosity. We conducted petrological analysis and elastic wave velocity measurements at 200 MPa on mafic and ultramafic rocks drilled from the Samail ophiolite. The elastic wave velocity calculated from the mineral abundances of the ultramafic rocks was sensitive to serpentinization, whereas that of the mafic rocks was nearly independent of the alteration, suggesting that velocity changes with depth in the oceanic crust are mainly due to porosity reduction. Based on the effective medium theory and pressure dependence of the experimentally determined velocity, the change in the porosity was estimated to be 0.04%–0.42% at 200 MPa, indicating porosity reduction by the increase of lithostatic pressure in the oceanic crust in the fast‐spreading system such as the Pacific plate. We estimated the degree of hydration in the mantle to account for the geophysical observations based on the laboratory experiments. Both the crustal porosity and mantle serpentinization increase towards the trench due to fracture related plate bending, indicating extensive hydration of the oceanic lithosphere close to the trench. From these estimates, water contents in the oceanic lithosphere were calculated to be as high as 3 wt.% in the shallow crust and 6 wt.% in the upper most mantle, which is significant for water transport into Earth's interior.
Distribution and Sources of Carbon in Serpentinized Mantle Peridotites at the Atlantis Massif (IODP Expedition 357)
Authors: Ternieten Lotta , Früh‐Green Gretchen L. , Bernasconi Stefano M. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe carbon geochemistry of serpentinized peridotites and gabbroic rocks recovered during IODP Expedition 357 on the Atlantis Massif (AM) was examined to characterize carbon sources and the fate of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in seawater during long‐lived hydrothermal circulation and serpentinization. Carbon isotopes reveal three stages of carbonate formation, starting at least 38,000 yr ago: (a) Early dispersed carbonate precipitation, with low water/rock ratios and high temperatures (50°C–190°C); (b) carbonate vein formation related to high and focused fluid fluxes still at high temperatures (30°C–200°C); and (c) seawater circulation leading to cold carbonate precipitation controlled by late, brittle fractures during uplift, and unroofing of the oceanic core complex. Our study reveals three main DIC sources in the system: (a) DIC from abiotic hydrothermal degradation of dissolved organic matter (OM); (b) DIC from seawater; and (c) DIC from mantle‐derived volatiles. Basement rocks containing dispersed carbonates are characterized by high concentrations (∼800 ppm) of total non‐carbonate carbon (NCC) and 13C‐depleted carbonates. We propose that high seawater fluxes in the southern part of the AM likely favor the transport and incorporation of marine DOC in serpentinites and that carbonates record isotopic signals of OM decay. Our study indicates that organic carbon accounts for a significant proportion of the total carbon stored in the AM and suggests that serpentinites may be an important sink of DOC from seawater.
Effects of a Weak Lower Crust on the Flexure of Continental Lithosphere
Authors: Bellas Ashley , Zhong Shijie 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPrevious studies of flexure in continental settings assert that the elastic thickness of a multilayer lithosphere is controlled by the mechanically competent layer thicknesses only, following a cubic rule. More specifically, the cubic rule states Te = (Te13+Te23+ … Ten3)1/3, where Te is the total elastic thickness, and Tei is the elastic thickness of each competent layer. However, it is not necessarily clear that Te should be insensitive to the properties of intermediate weak layers (e.g., a weak lower crust) which may act to decouple the surface load from lower competent layers. To test this idea, we formulate 2D viscoelastic loading models with layered viscosity to compute the fully dynamic, time‐dependent response of a multilayer lithosphere with a weak lower crust. Results show that the flexural response of a multilayer lithosphere to a surface load is initially consistent with the cubic rule. However, this solution is transient because the stress associated with the load cannot be transmitted through the weak lower crust on long timescales. Stress in the mantle lithosphere relaxes with time and eventually does not support the load at all due to the decoupling effect of flow in the weak lower crust. The steady state flexure of a multilayer lithosphere is controlled solely by the mechanically competent upper crust such that Te = Te1, and this new rule is the major finding of this study. Our new findings now explain small estimates of Te in continental settings with thick mantle lithosphere such as the Northern Tien Shan, which previously, were poorly explained by the cubic rule.
Hydrological Changes Related to ENSO‐Like States During the Last Deglaciation in Central Eastern China
Authors: Zhang Wenchao , Dodson John , Chang Maoxiang , Li Guangxue 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPresent knowledge of hydrological changes in the East Asian summer monsoon region during the last deglaciation lacks precision, most especially for central eastern China. A hydrological reconstruction based on elemental ratios, such as Rubidium/Strontium (Rb/Sr) and Zirconium/Rubidium (Zr/Rb), and grain‐size distribution for the period of 22.8–7.4 ka was derived from the Dajiuhu basin in central eastern China. The reconstruction shows that there were some small wet‐dry fluctuations within the basin between 22.8 and 17.5 ka, but an abrupt wetting after 17.5 ka, with a maximum occurring around 15.0 ka, then a drying trend until the early Holocene. This pattern parallels the zonal gradient of sea surface temperature (SST) across the tropical Pacific, which suggests that wet conditions in the Dajiuhu basin respond to the decreased SST zonal gradient. A marked decrease in the tropical Pacific SST zonal gradient, seen as an El Niño‐like state, could lead to an anomalous anticyclonic circulation at the Western Pacific and a southward excursion of the Western Pacific Subtropical High, which favors the occurrence of wet conditions in central eastern China. Meanwhile, this El Niño‐like state could sharpen the SST meridional gradient between the tropics and the extratropics, and then shift the upper tropospheric westerlies southward, which in turn induces a prolonged Mei‐yu and more precipitation in central eastern China. Overall, it is concluded that the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation‐like states might be a major forcing for hydrological changes in central eastern China during the last deglaciation.
ALCHEMI, an ALMA Comprehensive High-resolution Extragalactic Molecular Inventory
Authors: Martín S. , Mangum J. G. , Harada N. , Costagliola F. , Sakamoto K. , Muller S. , Aladro R. , Tanaka K. , Yoshimura Y. , Nakanishi K. , Herrero-Illana R. , Mühle S. , Aalto S. , Behrens E. , Colzi L. , Emig K. L. , Fuller G. A. , García-Burillo S. , Greve T. R. , Henkel C. , Holdship J. , Humire P. , Hunt L. , Izumi T. , Kohno K. , König S. , Meier D. S. , Nakajima T. , Nishimura Y. , Padovani M. , Rivilla V. M. , Takano S. , van der Werf P. P. , Viti S. , Yan Y. T. 
Published: September 2021

Context.The interstellar medium is the locus of physical processes affecting the evolution of galaxies which drive or are the result of star formation activity, supermassive black hole growth, and feedback. The resulting physical conditions determine the observable chemical abundances that can be explored through molecular emission observations at millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths.Aims.Our goal is to unveiling the molecular richness of the central region of the prototypical nearby starburst galaxy NGC 253 at an unprecedented combination of sensitivity, spatial resolution, and frequency coverage.Methods.We used the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), covering a nearly contiguous 289 GHz frequency range between 84.2 and 373.2 GHz, to image the continuum and spectral line emission at 1.6″(∼28 pc) resolution down to a sensitivity of 30 − 50 mK. This article describes the ALMA Comprehensive High-resolution Extragalactic Molecular Inventory (ALCHEMI) large program. We focus on the analysis of the spectra extracted from the 15″ (∼255 pc) resolution ALMA Compact Array data.Results.We modeled the molecular emission assuming local thermodynamic equilibrium with 78 species being detected. Additionally, multiple hydrogen and helium recombination lines are identified. Spectral lines contribute 5 to 36% of the total emission in frequency bins of 50 GHz. We report the first extragalactic detections of C2H5OH, HOCN, HC3HO, and several rare isotopologues. Isotopic ratios of carbon, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and silicon were measured with multiple species.Concluison.Infrared pumped vibrationaly excited HCN, HNC, and HC3N emission, originating in massive star formation locations, is clearly detected at low resolution, while we do not detect it for HCO+. We suggest high temperature conditions in these regions driving a seemingly “carbon-rich” chemistry which may also explain the observed high abundance of organic species close to those in Galactic hot cores. TheLvib/LIRratio was used as a proxy to estimate a 3% contribution from the proto super star cluster to the global infrared emission. Measured isotopic ratios with high dipole moment species agree with those within the central kiloparsec of the Galaxy, while those derived from13C/18O are a factor of five larger, confirming the existence of multiple interstellar medium components within NGC 253 with different degrees of nucleosynthesis enrichment. The ALCHEMI data set provides a unique template for studies of star-forming galaxies in the early Universe.
Einflussfaktoren auf die Kaiserschnittraten in deutschen
Krankenhäusern in den Jahren 2015–2017. Eine ökologische
Studie
Authors: Zipfel Linda , Weidmann Christian 
Published: September 2021

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund Studien in diversen anderen Ländern haben gezeigt, dass
es Stadt-Land-Unterschiede bei der Kaiserschnittrate gibt. Dabei zeigte der
städtische Raum mehrheitlich höhere Kaiserschnittraten. Deshalb
sollten die Kaiserschnittraten nun auch in Deutschland zwischen
Krankenhäusern im städtischen und ländlichen Raum
verglichen werden. Darüber hinaus sollten weitere Faktoren identifiziert
werden, welche die Kaiserschnittrate beeinflussen.
Methodik Zur Untersuchung des vorliegenden Forschungsgegenstandes wurde
eine Sekundärdatenanalyse der Kaiserschnittraten in deutschen
Krankenhäusern mit Geburtsstationen durchgeführt. Betrachtet
wurden dabei die Jahre 2015–2017. Die Kaiserschnittraten wurden den
Qualitätsberichten der Krankenhäuser entnommen. Mithilfe des
Statistikprogramms SPSS wurden Mittelwertvergleiche und multiple lineare
Regressionen zur Erklärung der Kaiserschnittraten in den
Krankenhäusern durchgeführt.
Ergebnisse Die Mittelwertanalyse ergab keine signifikanten Unterschiede bei
der Kaiserschnittrate zwischen städtischen und ländlichen
Krankenhäusern (2015: Stadt=31,87% und
Land=31,6%, 2016: Stadt=31,09% und
Land=31,04%, 2017: Stadt=31,26% und
Land=31,03%). Die multiple lineare Regression hat ergeben, dass
die Variablen „Bettenzahl“ (2015: b=0,005, 2016:
b=0,007, 2017: b=0,006), „Lehrtätigkeit“
(2015: b=− 1,42, 2016:
b=− 1,351, 2017: b=− 1,823),
„Anzahl der Frauenärzte je 100 000 Einwohner“
(2015: b=0,198, 2016: b=0,241, 2017: b=0,254) sowie der
„Anteil der Bevölkerung mit Fach-/Hochschulabschluss
in%“ (2015: b=− 0,45, 2016:
b=− 0,507, 2017: b=− 0,392) in
allen Untersuchungsjahren signifikante Prädiktoren für die
Kaiserschnittrate sind.
Schlussfolgerung Die Studie konnte Krankenhausmerkmale sowie
bevölkerungs- bzw. versorgungsspezifische Merkmale als
Prädiktoren der Kaiserschnittraten identifizieren. Besonders relevant
war das durchschnittliche Bildungsniveau des Landkreises, in dem sich das
Krankenhaus befand. Kaiserschnittraten scheinen also weniger durch die
Bevölkerungsdichte als vielmehr durch das regionale Bildungsniveau
beeinflusst.