bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanical behavior of hollow proppants based on finite element model
Authors: Liao Zijia , Yang Zhaozhong , Xue Qi , Li Xiaogang , Li Huabin , Li Wenhong 
Published: January 2021

AbstractProppants are being increasingly used in hydraulic fracturing, which keep the fractures open. Progress has been made in developing hollow proppants that can be transported to the far end of the fractures to improve propped fracture conductivity. Two primary mechanisms by which proppants are damaged under closure stress are embedment and crushing, leading to a remarkable reduction in fracture conductivity. In this study, finite element model (FEM), considering rock plasticity, was used to study the embedment and crushing of a hollow proppant. After comparison with the existing model and experimental data, the proposed FEM was employed to conduct sensitivity studies. The effects of the following parameters on embedment and crushing were analyzed: closure stress, distance coefficient, Young's modulus of rock and proppant, proppant size, and hollow structure. The results show that the most sensitive environmental factor is the distance coefficient, followed by closure stress and Young's modulus of rock. The embedment depth increases approximately linearly with the proppant size, and proppants with different sizes have similar crushing rates. The hollow structure has little effect on proppant embedment but significantly affects proppant crushing. Based on the data normalization method, the optimal ratio of hollow radius to proppant radius was designed to be 0.7. These results can guide the preparation of hollow proppants.
Video monitoring of in‐channel wood: From flux characterization and prediction to recommendations to equip stations
Authors: Zhang Zhi , Ghaffarian Hossein , MacVicar Bruce , Vaudor Lise , Antonio Aurélie , Michel Kristell , Piégay Hervé 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWood flux (piece number per time interval) is a key parameter for understanding wood budgeting, determining the controlling factors, and managing flood risk in a river basin. Quantitative wood flux data is critically needed to improve the understanding of wood dynamics and estimate wood discharge in rivers. In this study, the streamside videography technique was applied to detect wood passage and measure instantaneous rates of wood transport. The goal was to better understand how wood flux responds to flood and wind events and then predict wood flux. In total, one exceptional wind and seven flood events were monitored on the Ain River, France, and around 24,000 wood pieces were detected visually. It is confirmed that, in general, there is a threshold of wood motion in the river equal to 60% of bankfull discharge. However, in a flood following a windy day, no obvious threshold for wood motion was observed, which confirms that wind is important for the preparation of wood for transport between floods. In two multi‐peak floods, around two‐thirds of the total amount of wood was delivered on the first peak, which confirms the importance of the time between floods for predicting wood fluxes. Moreover, we found an empirical relation between wood frequency and wood discharge, which is used to estimate the total wood amount produced by each of the floods. The data set is then used to develop a random forest regression model to predict wood frequency as a function of three input variables that are derived from the flow hydrograph. The model calculates the total wood volume either during day or night based on the video monitoring technique for the first time, which expands its utility for wood budgeting in a watershed. A one‐to‐one link is then established between the fraction of detected pieces of wood and the dimensionless parameter “passing time × frame rate”, which provides a general guideline for the design of monitoring stations.
Traditional and recent development of pretreatment and drying process of grapes during raisin production: A review of novel pretreatment and drying methods of grapes
Authors: Patidar Arvind , Vishwakarma Siddharth , Meena Deepoo 
Published: January 2021

AbstractRaisins are highly produced value‐added products that are extracted from grape processing. The most important unit operations in raisin production are pretreatment, followed by drying. Due to the presence of waxy layer, the drying cannot be used alone; however, the layer can be removed by pretreating the grapes with chemicals or physical abrasion. The food safety and environmental issue with the chemicals have forced to find alternative methods. The physical method, such as surface abrasion, is explored but showed negative effect of color. The nonthermal methods such as microwave (MW) heating, pulsed electric field, ultrasound, and ohmic heating are observed, and their outcomes are discussed in this review. Carbonic maceration, high‐humidity hot air impingement blanching, and MW hydrodiffusion and gravity are the novel methods that showed promising results. In the latter part, the traditional drying process of grapes is discussed, where shade drying is found to be used remarkably in raisin production. However, the time of drying was long, and the process required large land area. Alternatively, novel methods such as hot air, MW, vacuum, and infrared drying provide higher drying rate and good‐quality raisins. However, the combined drying methods such as MW‐assisted air drying, pulsed vacuum drying, and MW vacuum drying have shown better results than single drying. Pretreatment and drying cause changes in physical and chemical properties of grapes, such as changes in color, size, nutrient content, and polyphenol content. Overall, the review covered the crux output with the advancement in raisin development, which could be useful for novel research on grape processing.
A conforming discontinuous Galerkin finite element method for the Stokes problem on polytopal meshes
Authors: Ye Xiu , Zhang Shangyou 
Published: January 2021

AbstractA new discontinuous Galerkin finite element method for the Stokes equations is developed in the primary velocity‐pressure formulation. This method employs discontinuous polynomials for both velocity and pressure on general polygonal/polyhedral meshes. Most finite element methods with discontinuous approximation have one or more stabilizing terms for velocity and for pressure to guarantee stability and convergence. This new finite element method has the standard conforming finite element formulation, without any velocity or pressure stabilizers. Optimal‐order error estimates are established for the corresponding numerical approximation in various norms. The numerical examples are tested for low and high order elements up to the degree four in 2D and 3D spaces.
Extinction and discrimination in a Bayesian model of context fear conditioning (BaconX)
Authors: Krasne Franklin B. , Zinn Raphael , Vissel Bryce , Fanselow Michael S. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe extinction of contextual fear is commonly an essential requirement for successful exposure therapy for fear disorders. However, experimental work on extinction of contextual fear is limited, and there little or no directly relevant theoretical work. Here, we extend BACON, a neurocomputational model of context fear conditioning that provides plausible explanations for a number of aspects of context fear conditioning, to deal with extinction (calling the model BaconX). In this model, contextual representations are formed in the hippocampus and association of fear to them occurs in the amygdala. Representation creation, conditionability, and development of between‐session extinction are controlled by degree of confidence (assessed by the Bayesian weight of evidence) that an active contextual representation is in fact that of the current context (i.e., is “valid”). The model predicts that: (1) extinction which persists between sessions will occur only if at a sessions end there is high confidence that the active representation is valid. It follows that the shorter the context placement‐to‐US (shock) interval (“PSI”) and the less is therefore learned about context, the longer extinction sessions must be for enduring extinction to occur, while too short PSIs will preclude successful extinction. (2) Short‐PSI deficits can be rescued by contextual exposure even after conditioning has occurred. (3) Learning to discriminate well between a conditioned and similar safe context requires representations of each to form, which may not occur if PSI was too short. (4) Extinction‐causing inhibition must be applied downstream of the conditioning locus for reasonable generalization properties to be generated. (5) Context change tends to cause return of extinguished contextual fear. (6). Extinction carried out in the conditioning context generalizes better than extinction executed in contexts to which fear has generalized (as done in exposure therapy). (7) BaconX suggests novel approaches to exposure therapy.
Disease‐duration based comparison of subsets of immune cells in SARS CoV‐2 infected patients presenting with mild or severe symptoms identifies prognostic markers for severity
Authors: Kulkarni‐Munje Archana , Palkar Sonali , Shrivastava Shubham , Lalwani Sanjay , Mishra Akhilesh C. , Arankalle Vidya A. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIntroductionInfection with SARS‐CoV‐2 leads to a spectrum of symptoms. Understanding the basis for severity remains crucial for better management and therapy development. So far, older age, associated‐comorbidities, and IL‐6 have been associated with severity/mortality.Materials and MethodologyAs a primary step, we analyzed the frequency and functional profile of innate immune cells (NK cells/dendritic cells/monocytes) and adaptive immunity‐driving lymphocytes (B cells/T cells/follicular T helper cells) by flow cytometry. Sixty cases of SARS CoV‐2 infection (25 severe, 35 mild) and ten healthy subjects without SARS CoV‐2 IgG were included. Disease‐duration based analysis of immune profile was explored for early events differentiating the two disease forms. Neutralizing antibody titers were determined by PRNT.Results and ConclusionDisease severity was found to be associated with impaired maturation of mDCs and hyperactivation of NK, follicular T helper cells, and CD8 T cells. Lower IL‐21 receptor expression on memory B cells indicated an imbalance in IL‐21/IL‐21 R ratio. Lower BCMA positive plasmablast cells in severe cases did suggest a probable absence of long‐term humoral immunity. Multivariate analysis revealed a progressive association of PD‐1+CD4 T cells with PRNT50 titers. Thus, in addition to identifying probable prognostic markers for severity, our study emphasizes the definite need for in‐depth viral antigen‐specific functional analyses in a larger patient cohort and with multiple sampling.
Smartphones in the nursery: Parental smartphone use and parental sensitivity and responsiveness within parent–child interaction in early childhood (0–5 years): A scoping review
Authors: Braune‐Krickau Katrin , Schneebeli Larissa , Pehlke‐Milde Jessica , Gemperle Michael , Koch Ramona , von Wyl Agnes 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACTThe omnipresence of smartphones has not stopped at the door to the nursery. It is especially important to better understand the impact of parental smartphone use on relationships at the beginning of children's lives. Babies and toddlers are essentially dependent on caregivers’ sensitive and responsive behaviors within the context of the development of attachment patterns. Disturbances in parental sensitivity can have a negative impact on attachment‐related interactional processes between parents and children and on child outcomes, such as self‐regulatory capacity. The goal of this review is to compile existing research on the impact of parental mobile device use through technoference or absorption on parental sensitivity and responsiveness within parent–child interactions in the early years (0–5). We conducted a thorough search of the databases PsycInfo and PubMed, additionally consulting data sources such as Google Scholar and Google. In this review, we included 12 studies with a variety of methodical approaches. The research so far indicates that parental smartphone use may be associated with changes in parental sensitivity and responsiveness. Absorption in the device appears to contribute to this association more strongly than short interruptions of relating per se (technoference). However, to better understand these processes, more in‐depth, longitudinal research is needed.
Interface issues of lithium metal anode for high‐energy batteries: Challenges, strategies, and perspectives
Authors: Han Yiyao , Liu Bo , Xiao Zhen , Zhang Wenkui , Wang Xiuli , Pan Guoxiang , Xia Yang , Xia Xinhui , Tu Jiangping 
Published: January 2021

AbstractLithium (Li) metal is considered as one of the most promising anode materials for next‐generation high‐energy‐density storage systems. However, the practical application of Li metal anode is hindered by interfacial instability and air instability due to the highly reactivity of Li metal. Unstable interface in Li metal batteries (LMBs) directly dictates Li dendrite growth, “dead Li” and low Coulombic efficiency, resulting in inferior electrochemical performance of LMBs and even safety issues. In addition, its sensitivity to ambient air leads to the severe corrosion of Li metal anode, high requirements of production and storage, and increased manufacturing cost. Plenty of efforts in recent years have overcome many bottlenecks in these fields and hastened the practical applications of high‐energy‐density LMBs. In this review, we focus on emerging methods of these two aspects to fulfill a stable and low cost electrode. In this perspective, design artificial solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layers, construct three‐dimensional conductive current collectors, optimize electrolytes, employ solid‐state electrolytes, and modify separators are summarized to be propitious to ameliorate interfacial stability. Meanwhile, ex situ/in situ formed protective layers are highlighted in favor of heightening air stability. Finally, several possible directions for the future research on advanced Li metal anode are addressed.
Predictive Value of DXA Appendicular Lean Mass for Incident Fractures, Falls, and Mortality, Independent of Prior Falls, FRAX, and BMD: Findings from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI)
Authors: Harvey Nicholas C , Kanis John A , Liu Enwu , Cooper Cyrus , Lorentzon Mattias , Bea Jennifer W , Carbone Laura , Cespedes Feliciano Elizabeth M , Laddu Deepika R , Schnatz Peter F , Shadyab Aladdin H , Stefanick Marcia L , Wactawski-Wende Jean , Crandall Carolyn J , Johansson Helena , McCloskey Eugene 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
In the Women's Health Initiative (WHI), we investigated associations between baseline dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) appendicular lean mass (ALM) and risk of incident fractures, falls, and mortality (separately for each outcome) among older postmenopausal women, accounting for bone mineral density (BMD), prior falls, and Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX®) probability. The WHI is a prospective study of postmenopausal women undertaken at 40 US sites. We used an extension of Poisson regression to investigate the relationship between baseline ALM (corrected for height2) and incident fracture outcomes, presented here for major osteoporotic fracture (MOF: hip, clinical vertebral, forearm, or proximal humerus), falls, and death. Associations were adjusted for age, time since baseline and randomization group, or additionally for femoral neck (FN) BMD, prior falls, or FRAX probability (MOF without BMD) and are reported as gradient of risk (GR: hazard ratio for first incident fracture per SD increment) in ALM/height2 (GR). Data were available for 11,187 women (mean [SD] age 63.3 [7.4] years). In the base models (adjusted for age, follow-up time, and randomization group), greater ALM/height2 was associated with lower risk of incident MOF (GR = 0.88; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.83–0.94). The association was independent of prior falls but was attenuated by FRAX probability. Adjustment for FN BMD T-score led to attenuation and inversion of the risk relationship (GR = 1.06; 95% CI 0.98–1.14). There were no associations between ALM/height2 and incident falls. However, there was a 7% to 15% increase in risk of death during follow-up for each SD greater ALM/height2, depending on specific adjustment. In WHI, and consistent with our findings in older men (Osteoporotic Fractures in Men [MrOS] study cohorts), the predictive value of DXA-ALM for future clinical fracture is attenuated (and potentially inverted) after adjustment for femoral neck BMD T-score. However, intriguing positive, but modest, associations between ALM/height2 and mortality remain robust. © 2021 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
The next best thing: Social presence and accountability's impact on auditor professional skepticism
Authors: Sorensen Kate , Ortegren Marc 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAudit fieldwork is shifting from the client site to remote environments due to generational preferences, budget restrictions, and health mandates as seen with the COVID‐19 pandemic. This may negatively impact professional skepticism without purposeful safeguards. Based in Social Presence Theory (SPT), our experiment uses Big 4 senior auditors to examine how the perceived level of social presence (high vs. low) influences an auditor's professional skepticism and how increasing one's feeling of accountability can increase auditor skepticism in a remote audit environment. We predict and find that auditors who feel a greater degree of social presence with their client are more skeptical. We also find that increasing an auditor's feelings of accountability can increase skepticism, and that increasing accountability in a low social presence environment can mitigate lower feelings of professional skepticism. This finding offers an effective and efficient method to help auditors remain skeptical in remote audit environments.
Post‐traumatic stress disorder as a moderator of transdiagnostic, residential eating disorder treatment outcome trajectory
Authors: Scharff Adela , Ortiz Shelby N. , Forrest Lauren N. , Smith April R. , Boswell James F. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractObjectiveResidential treatment for severe eating disorders (EDs) is associated with primarily positive outcomes. However, less is known about the moderators of treatment response. Comorbid post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis is associated with increased ED symptom severity. This study investigated whether PTSD moderated outcomes of transdiagnostic, residential ED treatment based upon the Unified Protocol.MethodFemale patients (N = 1055) in residential ED treatment completed a clinical interview to assess PTSD diagnosis and self‐reported ED, depression, and anxiety symptoms, anxiety sensitivity, experiential avoidance, and mindfulness. We tested whether PTSD moderated trajectories of symptom change from treatment admission to discharge and 6‐month follow‐up using multilevel models.ResultsPTSD moderated change in ED symptoms, depression severity, and experiential avoidance. Patients with PTSD showed steeper symptom improvements from admission to discharge. However, PTSD was associated with greater symptom recurrence after residential treatment.ConclusionsPatients with comorbid PTSD demonstrated more improvement during residential treatment, but experienced steeper posttreatment symptom recurrence.
Targeting the TXNIP‐NLRP3 interaction with PSSM1443 to suppress inflammation in sepsis‐induced myocardial dysfunction
Authors: Wang Linhua , Zhao Hongsheng , Xu Huifen , Liu Xiangxin , Chen Xinlong , Peng Qingyun , Xiao Mingbing 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSepsis‐induced myocardial dysfunction (SIMD), a deadly symptom in sepsis patients, is mainly caused by cardiovascular inflammation. However, it remains unclear how systemic inflammation triggers and aggravates cardiovascular inflammation in the pathogenesis of SIMD. This study found that proinflammatory cytokines and H2O2 concentrations were significantly induced in SIMD‐mice. In particular, a microarray analysis of CD63+ exosomes isolated from sham‐ and SIMD‐monocytes revealed a significant induction of thioredoxin‐interacting protein (TXNIP) and NLR family pyrin domain‐containing 3 (NLRP3). We proved that oxidative stress caused the disassociation of the TXNIP‐TRX2 (thioredoxin 2) complex and the assembly of the TXNIP‐NLRP3 complex. In addition, this finding showed that the latter complex could be embedded into CD63+ exosomes and traffic from monocytes to the resident heart macrophages, where it activated caspase‐1 and cleaved inactive interleukin 1β (IL‐1β) and IL‐18. Furthermore, using an amplified luminescent proximity homogeneous assay (Alpha) with GST‐TXNIP and His‐NLRP3, we obtained a small molecule named PSSM1443 that could disrupt the TXNIP‐NLRP3 interaction in vitro, impairing NLRP3 downstream events. Of note, after administering PSSM1443 to the SIMD‐mice, we found the small molecule could significantly suppress the activation of caspase‐1 and the cleavage of pro‐IL‐1β and pro‐IL‐18, reducing inflammation in the SIMD‐mice. Collectively, our results reveal that monocyte‐derived exosomes harbor the overexpressed TXNIP‐NLRP3 complex, which traffics from circulating monocytes to local macrophages and promotes the cleavage of inactive IL‐1β and IL‐18 in the macrophages, aggravating cardiovascular inflammation. PSSM1443 functions as an inhibitor of the TXNIP‐NLRP3 complex and its administration can decrease inflammation in SIMD‐mice.
Acid mine drainage treatment and sequential metal recovery by means of bioelectrochemical technology
Authors: Leon‐Fernandez Luis Fernando , Medina‐Díaz Hassay Lizeth , Pérez Omar González , Romero Luis Rodríguez , Villaseñor José , Fernández‐Morales Francisco Jesús 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDThis work studied the treatment of and metal recovery from a synthetic acid mine drainage (AMD) containing 500 mg L−1 copper (Cu2+) and iron (Fe+3), and 50 mg L−1 nickel (Ni2+) and tin (Sn2+) by using a bioelectrochemical system (BES). The presence of electroactive bacteria improved the performance of such reactor configuration, by contrast with systems with abiotic anodes.RESULTSOperating as a microbial fuel cell (MFC), all of the Fe3+ was reduced to Fe2+ in about 24 h and Cu2+ was electrodeposited onto the cathodic surface, a Cu electrode, obtaining pure Cu0. Almost all of the Cu in the catholyte was recovered after four days. The maximum current density and power attained in this stage were 0.136 mA cm−2 and 0.0134 mW cm−2, respectively. Subsequent operation as a microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) allowed simultaneous recovery of the Fe2+, Ni2+ and Sn2+ by fixing the cathode potential at −0.7 V versus Ag/AgCl. The electrode material in this stage was titanium. The tin was completely deposited onto the cathodic surface after one day of electrolysis. After three days, 77% and 60% of Ni and Fe, respectively, was recovered.CONCLUSIONIt was possible to recover Cu0 while generating electricity at the same time using a BES. The cell voltage required for the metal electrodeposition of Fe2+, Ni2+ and Sn2+ was low in the case of the BES because of the contribution of the electroactive bacteria. Sequential metal deposition is possible by adjusting the operating parameters of the BES reactors. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry