bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The cost of business restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Cohen Joshua T. , Weidner Samuel B. 
Published: August 2021

Background: In addition to reducing mortality and morbidity, COVID-19 therapies confer societal benefits by reducing the disease’s economic impact. Therapies that address COVID hospitalizations mitigate the need for government-imposed economic restrictions to reduce disease spread and hence the risk that hospitals become overwhelmed. We investigated the potential value of such therapies by estimating the cost of government restrictions imposed during late 2020, costs that COVID therapies might make less necessary. Methods: We combined high frequency consumer spending and initial unemployment claims data (outcomes), information about when state governments restricted business activities (explanatory variable of interest), and case incidence and mortality data (proxies for the potential confounding effect of pandemic severity on voluntary economic activity reductions). We developed linear mixed models that account for nesting within US state and correlation across observations close in time. Sensitivity analyses explored the impact of: (1) limiting attention to the 10 U.S. states that “mostly closed” at some point during late 2020; (2) excluding subsets of potential confounding variables; (3) altering our outcome variable definition (i.e., for designating a state as “mostly closed”); and (4) considering alternative model correlation structures. Results: Government-imposed restrictions reduced total consumer spending by 2% and spending on restaurants and accommodations by 5%. They increased weekly initial unemployment claims by 0.21% of the 2019 US workforce. We estimate that restrictions in the U.S. during late 2020 reduced consumer spending by $12 billion and increased initial weekly unemployment claims by 114,000. Sensitivity analyses indicated that our findings are robust. Conclusions: Assuming that late 2020 is representative of tendencies for the government to restrict economic activity in response to high hospital utilization, therapies reducing hospital utilization have the potential to confer substantial societal value. Recognizing societal benefits in health technology assessment will help allocate resources to address the most important risks society faces.
Cellulolytic and mannanolytic aerobic bacteria isolated from Buffalo rumen (Bubalus babalis) and its potency to degrade fiber in palm kernel meal
Authors: Sari Siti Lusi Arum , Triyanto Triyanto , Zuprizal Zuprizal , Prijambada Irfan Dwidya 
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Sari SLA, Triyanto T, Zuprifal Z, Prijambada ID. 2021. Cellulolytic and mannanolytic aerobic bacteria isolated from Buffalo rumen (Bubalus babalis) and its potency to degrade fiber in palm kernel meal. Biodiversitas 22: 2829-2837. Palm kernel meal (PKM) is potential to be used as feed, but its high fiber content causes PKM meal difficult to be digested by monogastric animals. Ruminants are especially effective in digesting plant fibers because of the presence of microbes in their rumens. Based on those facts, this research was conducted to obtain mannanolytic and cellulolytic bacteria from buffalo rumens (Bubalus babalis, Linnaeus, 1758), which can degrade fibers in PKM. Bacteria were isolated from buffalo rumen by using PKM- isolation media. Screening of hydrolytic activities was done based on clear zone formation on screening media. A total of five bacterial isolates with the highest hydrolytic activities were then assayed quantitatively for their abilities to degrade mannan and cellulose, then identified based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. This research successfully isolated 34 bacterial isolates. The screening result demonstrated that all isolates could hydrolyze mannan, cellulose and polysaccharide in PKM. Isolate BR25 showed the highest hydrolytic ability on PKM and mannan screening media with clear zone diameter/colony diameter ratio (dz/dc ratio) of 2.99 and 3.53, respectively. Isolate BR31 showed the highest cellulolytic ability with dz/dc ratio value of 2.22. Five isolates with the highest hydrolytic activity, i.e. BR14, BR16, BR23, BR25, and BR30 showed the ability to grow on submerged media which contain locust bean gum (LBG) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) respectively, as single carbon source and isolate BR25 showed the highest ability to degrade mannan and cellulose. Based on the gene sequence of 16S rRNA, isolates BR14, BR16, BR23, BR25, and BR30 were identified to be closely related to Exiguobacterium acetylicum, Bacillus cereus, Klebsiella quasipneumoniae, Paenibacillus polymyxa, and Acinetobacter baumannii with 98.57-100% level of similarity.
A social-ecological system approach to Bali cattle raising in Timor Island, Indonesia
Authors: Firman Achmad , NONO OBED HABA 
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Firman A, Nono OH. 2021. A social-ecological system approach to Bali cattle raising in Timor Island, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 3585-3593. Cattle raising in East Nusa Tenggara play important role in the daily life of local people including to fulfill nutritional needs, to generate cash income, to develop social relationships, and to maintain religious activities. On the island of Timor, the type of cattle mostly kept by farmers is Bali cattle. This type of cattle perfectly suits the environmental and social conditions of the island. The purpose of this study was to investigate the interaction of social-ecological systems (SESs) and other systems that were able to maintain the sustainability of Bali cattle raising in Timor Island. All components in the system that interact with each other were studied through in-depth interviews with informants (15 cattle farmers, five community leaders, five cattle traders, and 10 staff of livestock services district and province levels). The results showed that the SESs approach could provide an explanation on the relationship between resource systems, resource units, governance systems, and users as well as systems that are outside SESs, namely the market and government policies, which altogether were able to improve Bali cattle raising sustainability. Farmers had an important role in Bali cattle raising and their habitat environment. Local and export markets played a role in providing value for Bali cattle raising. The local government maintained the balance of supply and demand for Bali cattle through the East Nusa Tenggara Governor Regulations No. 78 of 2019. Therefore, the research has succeeded in identification of feed resources in savanna and steppe and provide an opportunity to increase the cattle population on the island of Timor. The interaction between farmers and their environment has been well established, however, it is necessary to improve the quality of forage feed in grazing land.
Ultrabroadband and multiband infrared/terahertz photodetectors with high sensitivity
Authors: Zhu Jiaqi , Zhu He , Liu Mengjuan , Wang Yao , Xu Hanlun , Ali Nasir , Deng Huiyong , Tan Zhiyong , Cao Juncheng , Dai Ning , Wu Huizhen 
Published: August 2021

Broadband response is pursued in both infrared (IR) and terahertz (THz) detection technologies, which find their applications in both terrestrial and astronomical realms. Herein, we report an ultrabroadband and multiband IR/THz detector based on blocked-impurity-band detecting principle. The detectors are prepared by implanting phosphorus into germanium (Ge:P), where photoresponses with a P impurity band, a self-interstitial defect band, and a vacancy-P (V-P) pair defect band are realized simultaneously. The response spectra of the detectors show ultrabroad and dual response bands in a range of 3–28 μm (IR band) and 40–165 μm (THz band), respectively. Additionally, a tiny mid-IR (MIR) band within 3–4.2 μm is embedded in the IR band. The THz band arises from the P impurity band, whereas the IR and the MIR bands are ascribed to the two defect bands. At 150 mV and 4.5 K, the peak detectivities of the three bands are obtained as

2.9
×

10

12

Jones (at 3.9 μm),

6.8
×

10

12

Jones (at 16.3 μm), and

9.9
×

10

12

Jones (at 116.5 μm), respectively. The impressive coverage and sensitivity of the detectors are promising for applications in IR and THz detection technologies.
Evaluation of novel LCI CAD EYE system for real time detection of colon polyps
Authors: Neumann Helmut , Kreft Andreas , Sivanathan Visvakanth , Rahman Fareed , Galle Peter R. 
Published: August 2021

Background
Linked color imaging (LCI) has been shown to be effective in multiple randomized controlled trials for enhanced colorectal polyp detection. Recently, artificial intelligence (AI) with deep learning through convolutional neural networks has dramatically improved and is increasingly recognized as a promising new technique for enhancing colorectal polyp detection.

Aim
This study aims to evaluate a newly developed computer-aided detection (CAD) system in combination with LCI for colorectal polyp detection.

Methods
First, a convolutional neural network was trained for colorectal polyp detection in combination with the LCI technique using a dataset of anonymized endoscopy videos. For validation, 240 polyps within fully recorded endoscopy videos in LCI mode, covering the entire spectrum of adenomatous histology, were used. Sensitivity (true-positive rate per lesion) and false-positive frames in a full procedure were assessed.

Results
The new CAD system used in LCI mode could process at least 60 frames per second, allowing for real-time video analysis. Sensitivity (true-positive rate per lesion) was 100%, with no lesion being missed. The calculated false-positive frame rate was 0.001%. Among the 240 polyps, 34 were sessile serrated lesions. The detection rate for sessile serrated lesions with the CAD system used in LCI mode was 100%.

Conclusions
The new CAD system used in LCI mode achieved a 100% sensitivity per lesion and a negligible false-positive frame rate. Note that the new CAD system used in LCI mode also specifically allowed for detection of serrated lesions in all cases. Accordingly, the AI algorithm introduced here for the first time has the potential to dramatically improve the quality of colonoscopy.
The association of gender and persistent opioid use following an acute pain event: A retrospective population based study of renal colic
Authors: Jaeger Melanie , Hosier Greg W. , McGregor Thomas , Beiko Darren , Medina Kasasni Sarah , Booth Christopher M. , Whitehead Marlo , Siemens D. Robert 
Published: August 2021

Introduction
This study aims to explore gender-related differences in persistent opioid use following an acute pain episode and evaluate potential explanatory variables.

Methods
This retrospective population-based study using administrative databases included all opioid-naïve patients in Ontario with renal colic between 2013 and 2017. The primary outcome was to assess any association between persistent opioid use at 3–6 months by gender. Key confounding covariates and explanatory variables examined included both care- and patient-related factors, specifically past evidence of mental health diagnoses.

Results
The dataset of 64,240 males and 37,656 females demonstrated that 8.7% of males and 9.6% of females had evidence of persistent opioid use 3–6 months after presentation (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.05, 1.17). Females had a higher incidence of mental health services utilization [44.5% vs 29.6% (p<0.001)] and were more likely to be on a provincial disability program [5.1% vs 3.8% (p<0.001)]. Age, income quintile, mental health diagnoses and dose of opioid prescribed were associated with the primary outcome in both genders. On adjusted analysis for multiple confounding and explanatory variables, females were still more likely than males to demonstrate persistent opioid use (OR 1.07, 95% CI 1.01, 1.13) with even more pronounced associations at 1–2 years.

Interpretation
After controlling for key covariates, females are at slightly higher risk of demonstrating long term opioid use following an episode of renal colic. Evidence of prior mental health service utilization and acute colic care did not appear to significantly explain these observations.
Relationship between trust and patient involvement in medical decision-making: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Pokhilenko Irina , van Esch Thamar E. M. , Brabers Anne E. M. , de Jong Judith D. 
Published: August 2021

IntroductionPatients vary in their preferences regarding involvement in medical decision-making. Current research does not provide complete explanation for this observed variation. Patient involvement in medical decision-making has been found to be influenced by various mechanisms, one of which could be patients’ trust in physicians. The aim of this study was to examine whether trust in physicians fosters or impairs patient involvement in medical decision-making. This study also aimed to determine to what extent the relationship between trust and preferences regarding decision-making roles was influenced by the sociodemographic characteristics of the patients. We hypothesised that trust can both foster and impair patient involvement in medical decision-making.Materials and methodsA survey was sent out to members of the Nivel Dutch Health Care Consumer Panel in February 2016 (response rate = 47%, N = 703). The Wake Forest Physician Trust Scale was used to measure trust. Patient involvement was measured using two items based on the study published by Flynn and colleagues in 2006. Multiple regression analysis was used to analyse the relationship between trust and patient involvement.ResultsWe found a negative relationship between trust and patient involvement in medical decision-making in men. Women with high trust reported to be more involved in medical decision-making compared to men with high trust.ConclusionThe results suggest that trust impairs involvement in medical decision-making for men but not for women. Further research could provide a more comprehensive explanation of the variation in patient preferences regarding involvement in medical decision-making to further elucidate which underlying mechanisms could enhance patient participation.
Protocol: Prospective observational study aiming for micro-elimination of hepatitis C virus in Nagawa town: The Nagawa Project
Authors: Kobayashi Hiroyuki , Joshita Satoru , Akahane Yuki , Matsuzaki Katsuhiko , Yamada Hiromi , Aomura Daiki , Joshita Nao , Midorikawa Hajime , Suyama Kazuhiro , Ota Masao , Wakabayashi Shun-ichi , Yamashita Yuki , Sugiura Ayumi , Yamazaki Tomoo , Misawa Hiromichi , Umemura Takeji 
Published: August 2021

Background
The World Health Organization has set a goal of hepatitis C virus (HCV) elimination by the year 2030. However, no regions in Japan have succeeded in eradicating HCV. Micro-elimination is an approach to attain hepatitis C eradication in which national eradication goals are applied to specific populations so that viral treatment and control efforts can move forward quickly and efficiently. In order to eradicate HCV from Japan, this study aims to achieve HCV micro-elimination in the town of Nagawa.

Methods and design
The Nagawa Project is an ongoing, prospective, multiple-institution, observational study running from April 1, 2021, to March 31, 2024. All residents of Nagawa town, excluding those under 20 years of age, not consenting to the study, or unable to undergo health check-ups due to nursing care needs, will be included. If found to be HCV antibody-positive, the participant will be recommended to see a doctor in consideration of MAC-2 binding protein glycosylation isomer values. Then, the participant will undergo serum HCV RNA measurement with the real-time polymerase chain reaction by an attending physician. If the participant is HCV RNA-positive, he or she will be referred to a hepatologist for further evaluation. In the case of a definitive diagnosis of chronic hepatitis C, direct acting antiviral treatment will be initiated. Through this process, HCV will be systematically micro-eliminated from the region.

Discussion
The Nagawa Project will reveal the prevalence of chronic HCV in addition to the HCV eradication rate in Nagawa town towards achieving HCV micro-elimination.

Trial registration
This study is performed by Shinshu University School of Medicine and was registered as UMIN 000044114 on May 6, 2021.
Snake bite management in a toddler: a case report in Sumbawa Besar
Authors: Liwang Ferry , Nuraeni Fitria , Karyanti Mulya R. 
Published: August 2021

Snake bite is an often-neglected,1 life-threatening emergency prevalent in rural areas of tropical countries such as Indonesia.2 The WHO reported a worldwide incidence of 5 million snake bites per year, with 100,000–200,000 deaths.3 The incidence rate and likelihood of subsequent complications are higher in children than adults.4 According to the WHO, 35% of child deaths related to poisonous animal bites are attributable to snake bites and occur more frequently in boys than girls.5 In Indonesia, no national epidemiological data on snake bites in children is available, but the WHO estimated that 5–8 snake bite cases occur weekly in Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara.6
Lower limbs are the most common site for bites (72%), while facial bites are quite rare (10%).7 Bites involving children and/or the face are considered as severe envenomation and usually require antivenom at an appropriate dose and timing to be effective.8 Therefore, it is important that hospitals are equipped with life-saving intervention measures to optimize care and improve the chances of survival.9 Nevertheless, in developing countries, the use of antivenom is limited by the absence of standardized guidelines, scarcity/unavailability, and high cost.9 In Indonesia, the only antivenom, serum antibisa ular (SABU), is costly and difficult to obtain due to limited quantities, especially in rural areas. Furthermore, SABU is a polyvalent antivenom with low coverage, as it is only indicated for Naja sputatrix, Bungarus fasciatus, and Agkistrodon rhodostoma, despite the numerous other snake species endemic to Indonesia.2
Influence of initial treatment delay on overall survival and event-free survival in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Purnama Irenne , Widjajanto Pudjo Hagung , Damayanti Wahyu 
Published: August 2021

Background Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common childhood malignancy. Initial treatment delay is a modifiable prognostic factor that significantly affects overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) of childhood ALL in high-income countries. Nevertheless, the effect of delayed initial treatment in low-middle income countries had not been determined.
Objective To analyze relationships between initial treatment delay with overall survival and event-free survival in children with ALL.
Methods A retrospective study was conducted in children aged < 18 years newly diagnosed with ALL L1 and L2 from January 2013 until December 2018 at Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta. Initial treatment delay was defined as a time interval of more than 3 days between diagnosis and treatment. The outcomes of the study were OS and EFS. Negative events were defined as remission failure, relapse, dropping out, and death. Overall survival (OS) and event free survival (EFS) were analyzed by Kaplan-Meier and log-rank tests.
Results Of 341 subjects, 188 (55.5%) underwent delayed initial treatment. There were no significant relationships between initial treatment delay and OS (HR 0.845; 95%CI 0.548 to 1.302; P=0.445) or EFS (HR=0.937; 95%CI 0.689 to 1.275; P=0.971). Multivariate analysis revealed that age was an independent prognostic factor for both OS (P<0.001) and EFS (P<0.001).
Conclusion Initial treatment delay is not associated with OS or EFS. Age is an independent predictor for both OS and EFS.
No Microscope Needed: A Macroscopic Presentation of Collagenous Colitis
Authors: Boyd Amanda L. , Leiman David A. , Dufault Darin L. 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT
Microscopic colitis (MC) is a common cause of chronic secretory diarrhea with variable etiologies, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. As its name implies, the diagnosis requires consistent histopathologic findings that typically accompany normal-appearing mucosa. However, accumulating evidence suggests that the presence of distinct endoscopic features is associated with MC. We present a case of MC that highlights the importance of recognizing these macroscopic findings because they can aid in diagnosis and have significant management implications.
“Whose Emancipatory Politics?” Toward a Postcolonial Technological Subject
Authors: Jos Avrina 
Published: August 2021

With Donna Haraway, a new age of the feminist imaginary was born. This imaginary evocatively constructs new feminist subjectivities that are an amalgam of species, sensibilities and ambiguities. Despite the liberating potential of these imagined cyborgs devoid of normativity, the material digital cultures, and technological cultures, that enabled a social movement to this imagined cyborg was/is at a significantly different place in time without subjectivities. Writing on the “Metaphor and Materiality” of technofeminisms, Judy Wacjman opines, “Haraway is much stronger at providing evocative figurations of a new feminist subjectivity than she is at providing guidelines for a practical emancipatory politics” (101).
This paper intends to extend the possibilities of feminist imaginaries for theorisations of technology by first looking at this gap between imagined and material subjectivities. I ask “Whose emancipatory politics?” to point out that despite their insistence on fragmentations of identity and forms of totalisation, western feminist imaginaries of technology do not convey or derive from an inclusive politics of representation or location. Drawing from feminist historiography and transnational feminist frameworks, I insist on the radical potential of feminist imaginaries that are written and rewritten through transnational endeavours and consideration of “nested differences”. The second part of the paper derives from the first – building on the importance of transnational feminist imaginaries – and asks how? How can western feminist imaginaries expand their potential by transgressing their postmodern notions of subjectivity and agency without abandoning them? Here I introduce the “postcolonial technological subject” as a representational figure for a transnational feminist politics of technology by drawing guidelines for transnational feminist theories of technology. My guidelines are informed by Chandra Talpade Mohanty’s conception of transnational feminism, visions for solidarity such as Black Cyberfeminism, Data Feminism and The Xenofeminist Manifesto.
Richard Hare en perspectiva.
Authors: Ramírez Calle Olga 
Published: August 2021

En los debates meta-éticos contemporáneos los análisis de Hare sobre lenguaje moral han sido, cuando no obviados, clasificados sin mucha dilación junto a superadas formas del no-cognitivismo humeano. Se ha considerado que los análisis conceptuales de Hare serían objeto de las mismas críticas esgrimidas contra estas últimas e igualmente inadecuados. En mi opinión esto supone una deformación de su posición y nos distrae de sus más importantes aportaciones a la comprensión del lenguaje moral. El presente trabajo pretende mostrar que, si ciertos desajustes en la posición de Hare favorecerían esta lectura, una reformulación de su posición permitirá enfren- tar dichas críticas, ofreciendo un nuevo modelo de la relación entre los aspectos descriptivos y evaluativos en el caso moral que difiere tanto de posiciones realistas como del no-cognitivismo humeano.