bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
News After Trump
Authors: Carlson Matt , Robinson Sue , Lewis Seth C. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Donald Trump’s rapid—and seemingly improbable—ascension from reality show star to polarizing president threw into question many assumptions about how our media and political worlds work. His habit of lying, history of racist statements, and disdain for conventions upended traditional relations between journalists and political elites. Taking an expansive view of the contemporary media and political environment during the Trump years, News After Trump portrays a media culture in transition. As journalism’s very relevance comes to be increasingly questioned, we focus on how different actors—from Trump to small-town newspaper editors—use their cultural power to define journalism, assess its value, and question what the news should look like. The chapters chronicle how Trump and his allies turned attacks on journalists into a central component of a right-wing populist formula, with journalists positioned as just one more self-interested, out-of-touch elite. Over time, this anti-press rhetoric escalated, with Trump regularly debasing journalists as the enemy of the people. While journalists responded by falling back on cherished norms of objectivity and neutrality to trumpet their democratic role, many among their ranks questioned whether past commitments still had value in a changed media culture and if their reporting practices did more harm than good. To move forward, News After Trump does not advocate for a nostalgic return to the past, but instead argues for a journalism that is more assertive in speaking in a moral voice on behalf of communities, more comfortable in rendering judgments, and more self-aware of its shortcomings.
Breaking Racial Rules through Rage
Authors: Cherry Myisha 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Recognizing that a person might be tempted to think that Lordean rage is only effective when it leads to traditional, public action (e.g., mass protest), chapter 4 argues that those with Lordean rage can break racial rules through rage. This too is important for dismantling racial domination projects, although it doesn’t require participation in any social movement. While feminist philosophers have made connections between emotions and feeling rules, noting the gender asymmetry as well as its transgressive nature, this chapter claims that particular rules are unique to race that can be broken with rage. The text introduces the concept of racial rules as emotive, cognitive, and behavioral norms that reinforce racial domination. Since racial rules are essential to racial domination, the chapter argues that Lordean rage plays an important role in antiracist struggle in that it breaks these rules.
Introduction
Authors: Talbott William J. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In the Introduction, the author defines epistemic rationality by contrasting it with practical rationality: epistemic rationality is aimed at truth, while practical rationality is aimed at other goals. To more clearly explain this definition, the author uses a science fiction dialogue with a philosophical anthropologist from a planet orbiting one of the Alpha Centauri stars to dramatize Western epistemology’s susceptibility to intellectual pathologies. The author resolves to recapitulate the history of Western epistemology to try to diagnose its susceptibility to these pathologies and to find a cure. His stated goal for this book is not to refute other approaches to epistemology, but to articulate a new vision and a new pathway for addressing issues in epistemology. The Introduction ends with an overview of the book.
Two Crises for the Proof Paradigm in the Enlightenment
Authors: Talbott William J. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In Chapter 2, the author critically discusses the epistemologies of David Hume and Immanuel Kant. The author distinguishes the skeptical Hume from the naturalist Hume. The author presents the skeptical Hume’s philosophy as a response to what he calls Berkeley’s puzzle. He argues that Hume’s skeptical arguments are self-refuting and self-undermining and that Hume’s analysis of cause is an example of an explanation-impairing framework substitution. Hume’s solution to his skeptical arguments was a new kind of epistemology, a naturalistic epistemology. The author presents Kant’s epistemology as a response to the state of rationalist metaphysics at the time of Kant’s first Critique. Kant’s epistemology was similar to Hume’s in one important respect. Just as Hume had psychologized the idea of causal necessity, Kant psychologized the idea of metaphysical necessity. The author argues that both solutions were a form of relativism. This chapter primarily serves to motivate a search for a non-skeptical, non-relativist, non-Platonist theory of epistemic rationality.
Epistemology for the Real World
Authors: Talbott William J. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Chapter 7 is about important real-world cases of epistemic irrationality. The author begins with a discussion of Wollstonecraft’s and Du Bois’s work as “epistemologies of ignorance” before the term had been invented. He develops a decision theoretic analysis of desiring to believe that p even if p is not true in order to explain the biasing effects of prejudice on cognitive processing. The author shows oppressive or exploitative social structures can depend for their stability on legitimization narratives supported by this kind of prejudice. He illustrates this phenomenon with a discussion of inequity in the US criminal justice system. He uses studies on exoneration to calculate the probability that a Black defendant convicted of murdering a white victim will be exonerated. He also discusses tribal and fascist epistemologies to explain how they generate and rely on conspiracy theories built up out of alt-facts and alt-truth. He concludes by articulating a principle of epistemic irrationality.
Consumers Go to War
Authors: Lytle Mark H. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the influence consumerism had in shaping the American conduct of the war in Vietnam. To supply the war and support troop morale with a vast array of consumer goods, the United States built an elaborate infrastructure. The expense of building and maintaining that infrastructure triggered a hyperinflation, disturbed the environment, and displaced millions of Vietnamese, both North and South. Failed efforts to dislodge North Vietnamese forces from an area known as the Iron Triangle demonstrated the folly of fighting a war without territorial objectives. The chapter also considers how the use of defoliants to make war on nature disrupted the peasant economy and failed to do more than delay the Viet Cong’s march toward victory. The use of Agent Orange triggered a debate in the United States about the issue of chemical warfare and adherence to the Geneva Convention.
Introduction
Authors: Buckle Toby 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This introduction sets the stage and provides an overview of the content in the book. It starts by outlining the plurality of meanings that have been ascribed to freedom historically, from the ancient world through to today. It describes how it was invoked by both sides of the American Civil war, by both supporters and critics of imperialism, and both for and against the creation of welfare states. The principle project of the book is outlined—to provide a broad range of perspectives on this value from historians, philosophers, and activists. Finally the introduction considers recurring themes—issues that came up independently across all the conversations.
Do Patents Foster International Technology Transfer?
Authors: Menaldo Victor 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Why do developing countries protect the intellectual property rights (IPR) of foreign inventors? Does this facilitate technology transfer from the industrial frontier? This chapter addresses those questions by telling the story of when and how technology was transferred through patent licensing to Spanish iron and steelmakers from the rest of Europe. It focuses on the period between 1850 and 1929, during which foreigners’ IPR were relatively well protected. Modern steelmaking was a quantum leap over previous techniques vis-à-vis scale and sophistication. In turn, this required a revolution in technology, knowledge, and skills. However, the transition to modern steelmaking was marked by a challenging process that has gone largely unrecognized by researchers: inventors had to find ways to transfer tacit knowledge to adopters that was inordinately difficult to codify, as it was arrived at via intuition and learning by doing. Patents played a key role in broadcasting new steelmaking techniques to Spaniards working in that industry. They also helped Spaniards connect with original, foreign inventors and establish enduring relationships with them. The latter shared their know-how and expertise with the former under the aegis of licensing agreements and brought them into their networks of suppliers and technicians. Moreover, when disruptive steelmaking innovations were patented in Spain, this spurred second generation foreign inventors to patent improvements. It also induced Spanish inventors to contribute their own add on innovations, which they themselves patented.
Administrative Law
Authors: Sutton Jeffrey S. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter shifts from separation-of-powers features of the state constitutions that have no equivalent in the federal constitution (the plural executive and line-item vetoes) to a separation-of-powers topic that arises under both the state and federal constitutions (administrative law). It examines a distinct aggregation-of-power issue in the executive branch, the growth of administrative agencies. Few at the founding contemplated this utility-player branch, which consolidates executive, legislative, and judicial powers about a single subject in one agency. Here, too, many states have marked their own paths. In contrast to the federal courts, state courts frequently prohibit their legislatures from delegating policymaking power to agencies, and frequently curb the power of agencies to interpret state laws or altogether reject the Chevron-deference model used by the federal courts.
Trying to Make Legislatures More Representative
Authors: Sutton Jeffrey S. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Gerrymandering is the time-honored, if usually scorned, practice of drawing legislative districts to favor incumbents and the prevailing political party. It’s a knotty division-of-powers problem for American governments because state legislatures draw state and federal electoral districts, and attempts to curb it involve state and federal law and state and federal actors. Efforts to judicially refine prohibitions on racial gerrymandering have generated complications of their own. How do courts ensure that legislators draw majority-minority districts that are consistent with the 1965 Voting Rights Act but do not overly pack such districts for partisan ends every ten years? Both experiences confirm that constitutional innovation designed to fix one problem sometimes creates another. This chapter takes on the thorny challenges of drawing legislative lines and of resolving recurrent fights over voting rights, and compares the federal and state treatment of these perennial challenges.
Introduction
Authors: Woodward James 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This introduction provides an overview of some of the main assumptions that will guide my subsequent discussion. The overall theme (which I hope is uncontroversial) is that causal thinking is shaped by goals and abilities possessed by human beings. I also describe certain dichotomies that I regard as misused in contemporary philosophical discussion, including contrasts between metaphysics and epistemology, and between the normative and the descriptive. The distinctions themselves are not problematic; what is problematic is the way in which they are deployed in current discussion, where they effectively function as strategies of dismissal. That is, they are used to argue that epistemic and more metaphysical inquires as well as descriptive and normative inquiries can be pursued entirely independently of each other. I argue, on the contrary, that the study of causation and causal cognition will be enriched if these various inquiries are viewed as closely interconnected.
The Normative and the Descriptive
Authors: Woodward James 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces some of the basic themes of Causation with a Human Face. Accounts of causal reasoning can either be normative (concerned with how we ought to reason) or descriptive (concerned with how we in fact reason). The two kinds of accounts will be related to the extent that people are “rational” in their causal reasoning—that is, reason in normatively appropriate ways. The rationality or normativity of causal reasoning is understood within a means/ends framework—that is, causal reasoning is rational to the extent that it is an effective means to ends or goals associated with causal reasoning.
Experimental Results Concerning Invariance: Cheng, Lombrozo, and Others
Authors: Woodward James 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses some psychological theories and experimental results (due to Cheng and Lombrozo, among others) having to do with the role of invariance in causal cognition. The models and results broadly support the claim that invariance considerations are important in causal reasoning but I also use them to explore some methodological issues that arise in experimental studies of causal cognition. These include the sensitivity of experimental results to the verbal probe employed and other aspects of experimental design. It is suggested that philosophical appeals to intuitions raise similar issues.
Counties
Authors: Mossberger Karen , Tolbert Caroline J. , LaCombe Scott J. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers a comprehensive view of broadband subscriptions and economic impacts across all counties, urban, suburban, and rural. Using 2017 data, the first available for all counties in the United States, this chapter explores how broadband subscriptions are related to prosperity, median income, and recovery from the 2008 recession. These findings are further tested for causal effects with two-stage models, time series analysis for larger counties, and pooled models over time. Broadband subscriptions demonstrate significant benefits for counties, and comparison shows they are better predictors of community fortunes than traditional measures such as broadband provision.
Smart Cities and Neighborhoods
Authors: Mossberger Karen , Tolbert Caroline J. , LaCombe Scott J. , Lee Bomi 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter portrays the inequalities in broadband adoption that exist across and within the nation’s largest cities, even those at the forefront of gigabit networks and smart city advances. Neighborhood maps show wide disparities in broadband subscriptions between affluent and poor zip codes, with up to 50-percentage-point differences in connectivity within cities. People in poor communities are much more likely to rely on cell phones for internet access, while residents of more affluent communities have both home broadband and smartphones. This chapter also describes local government efforts to address these inequalities and an evaluation of Chicago’s Smart Communities program. The Smart Communities initiative demonstrated a significant level of neighborhood change toward its goal of building a culture of technology use throughout the community.
The Work of Remembering
Authors: Grove Kevin G. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 explores how broken human memories might be healed in the whole Christ. The work of remembering is out of the self and into the whole. The chapter explores remembering backward in time—through Augustinian confession, festivals of abiding traces, and the bread of memory—as well as forward in time, in hope and in mourning, by remembering Jerusalem’s songs and Sabbath rest. The work of remembering builds to the thesis that “remembering together” comprises Christian existence for Augustine. The chapter distinguishes Christic from collective memory. Chapter 4 is the first of a two-chapter binary: the work of remembering and the work of forgetting (chapter 5).
Cultivating Democracy
Authors: Banerjee Mukulika 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Cultivating Democracy is the first study of its kind of the world’s largest democracy that shows how the values of republicanism are essential for successful democratic practice. In 1950, after independence, India constituted itself as a sovereign democratic republic. While democracy indicated the character of the vertical representative nature of the relationship between citizens and state, the term republic outlined the horizontal relationship of fraternity between people and an active engagement by citizens. The discussion of Indian politics in this book thereby attends to both its institutional form and its democratic culture and shows how the project of democracy is incomplete unless it is also accompanied by a continual cultivation of active citizenship of republicanism. This book is an anthropological study of the relationship of formal political democracy and the cultivation of active citizenship in one particular rural setting in India, studied from 1998 to 2013. It draws on deep ethnographic engagement with the people and social life in two villages, both during elections and in the time in between them, to show how these two temporalities connect. The analysis shows how an agrarian village society produces the social imaginaries required for democratic and republican values. The ethnographic microscope on a single paddy growing setting allows us to examine how the various social institutions of kinship, economy, and religion are critical sites for the continual civic cultivation of cooperation, vigilance, redistribution, inviolate commitment, and hope—values that are essential for democracy.
Sacrifice
Authors: Banerjee Mukulika 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Chapter 5 presents an account of the ritual of Qurbani that marks one of the two Eids celebrated by Muslims worldwide. It presents the sacrifice of cattle in Madanpur and Chishti and the values of redistribution and generosity that marked Islamic rituals. There is also a detailed account of other festivals, such as Muharram and Eid-ul-Fitr, to show how a relaxed, syncretic, and lived Islam in these villages has seen recent challenges by more reformist Islamic movements in the South Asia region and beyond. Animal sacrifice is analyzed in dialogue with a comparative anthropological literature in Islamic and non-Islamic contexts to explore themes of violence, human-animal economies, and the “collaborative survival” of humans and animals. The discussion also engages with the anthropology of ritual to explore the importance of violence and the sacred and the importance of the transcendent for the creation of desirable values in society.
Cultivating Democracy
Authors: Banerjee Mukulika 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Chapter 7 starts with a small Republic Day ritual in the villages to explore the ambitious claim this book makes, namely that India’s credentials as a republic are vital indicators of its health as a democracy. This chapter revisits the constitutional contest over the adoption of the word “republic” and unpacks the idea of “active citizenship” and virtù that lie at the heart of republican values by drawing on philosophers and historians of Europe and India. It also revisits the constitutional debates and shows how prejudice and ignorance about village sociality led otherwise visionaries like Ambedkar and Nehru to ignore it in the new architecture of power and governance after independence. Arguing against such portrayals, the book asserts instead that the agrarian life-world is an ideal site for the cultivation of civility, vigilance, and accommodation, values that are essential for democratic culture.
Introduction
Authors: Jiang Tao 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe Introduction deals with the contrasting approaches by Sinologists (especially historians) and philosophers when interpreting early Chinese philosophical texts. It takes on the challenge posed by Sinologists to classical Chinese philosophy by focusing on the scholarly debate on authorship of the early texts and scrutinizing its stake in the philosophical discourse. The author argues that Sinologists and philosophers construct the very objects they investigate, guided by their respective disciplinary norms and practices. To carve out an intellectual space for philosophical inquiries, the author proposes an interpretative model that distinguishes two sets of scholarly objects, operative in Sinology and philosophy, that are related and at times overlap but often are irreducibly distinct, i.e., original text versus inherited text, historical author versus textual author, and authorial intent versus textual intent, with the former in the pairs belonging to Sinologists and the latter to philosophers. The introduction also looks at the politics of Chinese philosophy in the contemporary Western academy and provides a summary of the chapters.
Modeling the State after Heaven
Authors: Jiang Tao 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn the hands of the early fajia (often translated as Legalist) thinkers, classical Chinese moral-political philosophy took a decidedly bureaucratic turn, away from the paradigmatic norm that saw politics as derivative of the moral virtues of the political actors, which characterized the mainstream approach to politics at the time, most famously represented by the Confucians. The early fajia thinkers saw the institution of the state as a domain that required its own operating norm, irreducible to others. In these fajia thinkers, impartiality became the most important institutional norm that eclipses virtues like filiality or even benevolence and righteousness. Furthermore, some early fajia thinkers, especially Shen Dao, would seek to map the state onto the cosmos, essentially merging the two into a single reality such that the state could be perceived to operate “naturally.” All subsequent thinkers had to confront the question of how to deal with the increasingly bureaucratized and powerful state.
Xunzi’s Synthesis of Humaneness and Justice
Authors: Jiang Tao 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis chapter deals with the last major Confucian thinker in the classical period, Xunzi (active in third century bce), whose philosophy operates on the premise of a Laoist or naturalist cosmos. Xunzi’s philosophy exhibits a spirit of defiance against such a naturalist and indifferent Heaven by valorizing human effort in the formation of a flourishing human society. He seeks to revitalize the traditional ritual system that regulates the personal, the familial, and the political domains, touting it as the fruits of the cumulative efforts by generations of sage-kings. Xunzi uses ritual to reconcile the tension between humaneness and justice by making sage-kings the co-creator of order in the human world, in collaboration with Heaven and Earth. The cult of sage-kings provides critical components of humaneness in the human world under an impartial and indifferent Laoist cosmos, resulting in the norm of humane justice that is mediated by ritual in Xunzi’s political thought.