bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gigantic scaphopods (Mollusca) from the Permian Akasaka Limestone, central Japan
Authors: Asato Kaito , Kase Tomoki 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPaleozoic scaphopods are among the most poorly known mollusks because of their featureless tubular shell morphology and fragmentary preservation. An apical orifice at the posterior end of a conch is a diagnostic character of Scaphopoda that distinguishes them from other groups of animals that produce similar calcareous tubes, but this structure is rarely preserved. A rich molluscan fauna from the Permian Akasaka Limestone in central Japan includes scaphopod shells, and past studies have reported four species, all of which were based on fragmentary specimens. This study recognizes six species in the Akasaka Limestone mainly on the basis of museum/institution collections, and a new genus (Minodentalium) and three species (Prodentalium onoi,M.hayasakai, andM.okumurai) are described, two known species (P.akasakensisandP.neornatum) are redescribed in more detail, and one species (Prodentaliumsp.) is described under open nomenclature. The following eight known species are allocated to the new genusMinodentalium:Plagioglypta furcataWaterhouse, 1980;Pl.girtyiKnight, 1940;Pl.subannulataEaston, 1962;Dentalium ingensDe Koninck, 1843;D. meekianumGeinitz, 1866;Pl.prosseriMorningstar, 1922;Dentalium priscumMünster in Goldfuss, 1842; andD.herculeumDe Koninck, 1863. All the species, except forM.hayasakai, are gigantic, reaching 200 mm or more in length. The species richness is the greatest known from a single locality/formation worldwide.UUID:http://zoobank.org/35405b9d-3ba7-40bf-87c5-3f2b550b1a6d
The roles actors play in policy networks: Central positions in strongly institutionalized fields
Authors: Ingold Karin , Fischer Manuel , Christopoulos Dimitris 
Published: March 2021

AbstractCentralities are a widely studied phenomenon in network science. In policy networks, central actors are of interest because they are assumed to control information flows, to link opposing coalitions and to directly impact decision-making. First, we study what type of actor (e.g., state authorities or interest groups) is able to occupy central positions in the highly institutionalized context of policy networks. Second, we then ask whether bonding or bridging centralities prove to be more stable over time. Third, we investigate how these types of centrality influence actors’ positions in a network over time. We therefore adopt a longitudinal perspective and run exponential random graph models, including lagged central network positions at t1 as the main independent variable for actors’ activity and popularity at t2. Results confirm that very few actors are able to maintain central positions over time.
Intermittent fasting with a high-protein diet mitigated osteoarthritis symptoms by increasing lean body mass and reducing inflammation in osteoarthritic rats with Alzheimer’s disease-like dementia
Authors: Park Sunmin , Shin Bae Kun 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMenopausal women are susceptible to osteoarthritis(OA) and memory impairment. We hypothesised that Alzheimer’s-like disease(AD) exacerbates OA and that intermittent fasting(IMF) with a high-protein(H-P) diet would enhance memory function and relieve OA symptoms in oestrogen-deficient animals induced AD and OA. The action mechanism was also explored. Ovariectomised Sprague–Dawley rats were fed high-fat(H-F) or H-P diets for 2 weeks, and then they had a hippocampal infusion of β-amyloid(25–35) for 4 weeks to induce AD and an injection of monoidoacetate(MIA) into the articular cartilage to induce OA. Non-AD groups had non-AD symptoms by hippocampal amyloid-β(35–25) infusion. IMF suppressed memory impairment in AD rats, especially those fed H-P diets. Compared with non-AD, AD exacerbated OA symptoms, including swelling, limping, slowed treadmill running speed, and uneven weight distribution in the left leg. The exacerbations were linked to increased inflammation and pain, but IMF and H-P lessened the exacerbation. Lean body mass(LBM) decreased with AD, but H-P protected against LBM loss. Histological examination of the knee joint revealed the degree of the cellular invasion into the middle zone, and the changes in the tidemark plateau were greatest in the AD-AL with H-F, while non-AD-IMF improved the cellular invasion to as much as non-AD-AL. H-P reduced the infiltration into the middle zone of the knee and promoted collagen production. In conclusion, AD exacerbated the articular cartilage deterioration and memory impairment, and IMF with H-P alleviated the memory impairment and osteoarthritic symptoms by decreasing hippocampal amyloid-β deposition and proinflammatory cytokine expressions and by increasing LBM.
SEEING AND HEARING DISABILITY IN MAURICIO KAGEL'S REPERTOIRE FROM STAATSTHEATER
Authors: Younge Bethany 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis article adopts a disability studies perspective to evaluate the ways in which Mauricio Kagel's Repertoire from Staatstheater reimagines human bodies. Objects and bodies interact in myriad ways within the one hundred vignettes of Repertoire: some objects hinder or aid the bodies on stage, while others become incorporated within the body, acting as a single expressive unit. My analysis demonstrates the ways in which both objects and bodies transform their traditional roles as ascribed by society, rejecting procrustean physiques. Using disability studies concepts such as embodiment and experientialism I evaluate sound and physical action as inextricable expressions of imaginative corporealities. Reflecting upon Kagel's identity as an outsider of the European avant-garde, as well as his irreverence for oppressive social institutions, I evince that other forms of hierarchical disruptions are at play, namely that abled bodies do not preside over disabled ones and notions of beauty hold no clout.
Designing speaking interaction in LMOOCs: An eTandem approach
Authors: Appel Christine , Pujolà Joan-Tomàs 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPromoting speaking interaction remains a challenge for language massive open online courses (LMOOCs), both from a pedagogical and technological standpoint. This paper describes the design process of the tandemMOOC, which exploits the massive, open and online features of MOOCs in order to offer language learners online speaking interaction practice with native speakers of their target language. The course is based on eTandem language learning principles and equips learners with the necessary competences to be able to cope with online second language (L2) speaking opportunities. Following a design-based research approach, this paper presents an analysis and discussion of seven components of the design: learning environment, facilitation dynamics, dyad configuration, task types, task topics, feedback provision, and gamification components. The analysis of the implementation of these elements results in a set of key features for the integration of L2 speaking interaction activities in LMOOCs.
The psychological experience of pediatric oncology patients facing life-threatening situations: A systematic review with narrative synthesis
Authors: Comas Carbonell Emília , Mateo-Ortega Dolors , Busquets-Alibés Ester 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this systematic review is to describe the elements of the psychological experience of pediatric oncology patients facing life-threatening situations and the corresponding care needs.MethodsThe study design is a systematic review following the PRISMA standard of qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-methods research. The review was conducted using multiple databases, including Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and PsycINFO. The risk of bias of the articles was evaluated with the “Critical Appraisal Skills Programme.”ResultsA total of 21 articles met inclusion criteria. The analysis of the evidence revealed that the psychological experience involves changes in relationships, thoughts about death, emotional changes, physical symptoms, spiritual changes, and feelings of uncertainty.Significance of resultsThe care needs identified are maintaining normality, controlling physical and psychological symptoms, and that maintaining hope is an important aspect for children. Whether or not the children want to talk about death is another important aspect that needs to be reflected upon, and it would be appropriate to consider, on an individual level, involving patients in the discussion on the diagnosis and treatment of the illness. Future research should be conducted from the children's perspective since most existing research is from the perspective of the family members or health professionals. Furthermore, it is recommended to take into account qualitative approaches that provide more detailed information on the patients’ subjectivity.
Experimental Measurement of Misperception in Political Beliefs
Authors: Carlson Taylor N. , Hill Seth J. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractRecent research suggests widespread misperception about the political views of others. Measuring perceptions often relies on instruments that do not separate uncertainty from inaccuracy. We present new experimental measures of second-order political beliefs. To carefully measure political (mis)perceptions, we have subjects report beliefs as probabilities. To encourage accuracy, we provide micro-incentives for each response. To measure learning, we provide information sequentially about the perception of interest. We illustrate our method by applying it to perceptions of vote choice in the 2016 presidential election. Subjects made inferences about randomly selected American National Election Study (ANES) respondents. Before and after receiving information about the other, subjects reported a probabilistic belief about the other’s vote. We find that perceptions are less biased than in previous work on second-order beliefs. Accuracy increased most with the delivery of party identification and report of a most important problem. We also find evidence of modest egocentric and different-trait bias.
Two‐Dimensional Velocity of the Magnetic Structure Observed on July 11, 2017 by the Magnetospheric Multiscale Spacecraft
Authors: Denton Richard E. , Torbert Roy B. , Hasegawa Hiroshi , Genestreti Kevin J. , Manuzzo Roberto , Belmont Gerard , Rezeau Laurence , Califano Francesco , Nakamura Rumi , Egedal Jan , Le Contel Olivier , Burch James L. , Gershman Daniel J. , Dors Ivan , Argall Matthew R. , Russell Christopher T. , Strangeway Robert J. , Giles Barbara L. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn order to determine particle velocities and electric field in the frame of the magnetic structure, one first needs to determine the velocity of the magnetic structure in the frame of the spacecraft observations. Here, we demonstrate two methods to determine a two‐dimensional magnetic structure velocity for the magnetic reconnection event observed in the magnetotail by the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) spacecraft on July 11, 2017, Spatio‐Temporal Difference (STD) and the recently developed polynomial reconstruction method. Both of these methods use the magnetic field measurements; the reconstruction technique also uses the current density measured by the particle instrument. We find rough agreement between the results of our methods and with other velocity determinations previously published. We also explain a number of features of STD and show that the polynomial reconstruction technique is most likely to be valid within a distance of 2 spacecraft spacings from the centroid of the MMS spacecraft. Both of these methods are susceptible to contamination by magnetometer calibration errors.
Validation and Improvement of NeQuick Topside Ionospheric Formulation Using COSMIC/FORMOSAT‐3 Data
Authors: Singh Arun Kumar , Haralambous Haris , Oikonomou Christina 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe examine systematic differences between topside electron density measurements and different topside model formulations including α‐Chapman, NeQuick, and an improved NeQuick (NeQuick‐corr) topside formulation, recently proposed. The global topside electron density data set used, was extracted from Radio Occultation (RO) topside electron density profiles on board Low‐Earth Orbit satellites from the COSMIC/FORMOSAT‐3 (Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate and Formosa Satellite) mission. By using RO topside electron density measurements collocated with digisonde stations, we ensure that our investigation is based on two independent data sets (RO and digisondes). A subset of these profiles, with matched (within 5%) peak RO‐digisonde characteristics (foF2 and hmF2) is also exploited. This subset is exploited to extend the investigation on the basis of a higher quality validation data set. The comparison demonstrates that α‐Chapman and NeQuick‐corr underestimate, whereas NeQuick overestimates COSMIC topside electron density observations. The main outcome of this study is the significant NeQuick topside representation improvement that can be achieved near the F region peak, if the key parameter g, which controls the change of scale height with respect to altitude, is optimized to a value of 0.15 (compared to a currently adopted value of 0.125). The NeQuick‐corr topside formulation using the optimized g value of 0.15 outperforms all other topside formulations.
Energetics‐Based Estimation of the Diapycnal Mixing Induced by Internal Tides in the Andaman Sea
Authors: Peng Shiqiu , Liao Jiawen , Wang Xiaowei , Liu Zhiyu , Liu Yanliang , Zhu Yuhang , Li Bingtian , Khokiattiwong Somkiat , Yu Weidong 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe Andaman Sea (AS) is characterized by surprisingly weak stratification in its deep basin in drastic contrast to the nearby Bay of Bengal (BoB), presumably due to strong diapycnal mixing fertilized by the dissipation of internal tides. Here, we report on the first estimates of tidal mixing in the AS using idealized numerical simulations resolving the generation and evolution of low‐mode internal tides. The estimation is based on a diagnostic analysis of the energetics of the simulated internal tides of both local and non‐local origins. The results highlight the dominant role of the internal tides generated in the channels along the western boundary island chain in energizing diapycnal mixing in the entire AS. Tidal dissipation and mixing in the deep basin of the AS are found to be highly elevated, with the depth‐integrated dissipation rate and the diapycnal diffusivity being O(10−2–10 ) W m−2 and O(10−3–10−2) m2 s−1, respectively, both of which are 1–2 orders of magnitude larger than those in the deep BoB. These model‐based estimates of tidal mixing are in general consistent with those from in situ conductivity‐temperature‐depth (CTD) measurements using the fine‐scale parameterization. Our results suggest that the oft‐used tidal mixing parameterization considering only local internal tide generation would underestimate the depth‐integrated tidal dissipation in the AS by several orders of magnitude, highlighting therefore the necessity of considering contributions of non‐local internal tides in parameterizing tidal dissipation and mixing in marginal seas like the AS.
Comparing Satellite‐ and Ground‐Based Observations of Cloud Occurrence Over High Southern Latitudes
Authors: McErlich Cameron , McDonald Adrian , Schuddeboom Alex , Silber Israel 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe 2B‐CLDCLASS‐LIDAR R05 (2BCL5) and the raDAR/liDAR (DARDAR) satellite retrievals of cloud occurrence are compared as a function of altitude and latitude. The largest disparities are observed at low altitudes over high southern latitudes. These data sets are cross referenced to ground‐based measurements from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) West Antarctic Radiation Experiment (AWARE) campaign at McMurdo Station, Antarctica. Compared with AWARE observations, both 2BCL5 and DARDAR underestimate cloud occurrence below 1.5 km, with 2BCL5 and DARDAR distinguishing roughly one third of cloud occurrences observed by AWARE at 0.5 km. While DARDAR identifies greater cloud occurrences than 2BCL5 below 1.5 km, cloud occurrence values for the two data sets have similar differences relative to ground‐based measurements. Therefore, the DARDAR retrievals of greater cloud occurrence at low altitudes are likely due to a larger quantity of false positives associated with radar ground clutter or attenuated lidar retrievals. DARDAR cloud occurrences match better with AWARE than 2BCL5 above 5 km. However, the likely underestimation of ground‐based measurements at higher altitudes suggests DARDAR may underestimate high level cloud occurrence. Finally, both data sets indicate the presence of liquid containing clouds at temperatures within the homogeneous freezing regime, despite the fact that the ECMWF‐AUX data set implemented in their processing clearly indicates temperatures below −38°C. Using AWARE radiosonde (ECMWF‐AUX) temperature data, we find that 2BCL5 detects 13.3% (13.8%) of mixed phase clouds below −38°C, while DARDAR detects 5.7% (6.6%) of mixed phase and 1.1% (1.3%) of liquid phase clouds below −38°C.
Spatial Patterns of Diffusive Methane Emissions Across Sediment Deposited Riparian Zones in Hydropower Reservoirs
Authors: Shi Wenqing , Chen Qiuwen , Zhang Jianyun , Lu Ji , Chen Yuchen , Pang Bohui , Yu Juhua , Van Dam Bryce R. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn dammed rivers, sediment accumulation creates potential methane emission hotspots, which have been extensively studied at sediments deposited on the riverbed. However, methane emissions from sediment deposited riparian zones at the land‐water interface remain poorly understood. We investigated the spatial pattern of diffusive methane emissions from a riparian zone on a sediment‐deposited island in the heavily dammed Upper Mekong River. High diffusive methane emissions (maximum 10.4 mg h−1 m−2) were observed at the island center, while low‐to‐negative diffusive methane emission was found around the island periphery, whose flux varied between −0.2 and 1.6 mg h−1 m−2. The low‐to‐negative diffusive methane emission zone accounted for 89.1% of the island area, of which 9.1% was a methane sink zone. Microbial processes in the riparian zone, affected by hydrological variations, were responsible for the low methane flux in this area. Under reservoir operation, the water level in the reservoir frequently fluctuated with a maximum oscillation of 2.54 m, which enhanced hyporheic exchange and created dissolved oxygen (DO) gradients along the hyporheic flow path. From the island periphery to the island center, there was a decrease in DO (from 4.8 to 0.43 mg L−1) in hyporheic water, an increase in sediment methanogen abundance for methane production and a decrease in sediment methanotroph abundance for methane oxidation. This study adds to our understanding of methane emissions from dammed rivers and helps to evaluate their contributions to global methane emissions from inland waters.
Carbon Sink of a Very High Marshland on the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Qi Yahui , Wei Da , Zhao Hui , Wang Xiaodan 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe Tibetan Plateau (TP) is home to the most extensive alpine permafrost, where there are over 30% of China's marshlands. Though climate warming of 0.26°C per decade may have altered the carbon (C) balance by promoting permafrost C release. To date, most studies have been conducted in the eastern TP region (<3,500 m in altitude), even though 51% of the TP's marshlands are located at altitudes above 4,500 m, where climate warming is even faster than at lower altitudes. Thus, we set up an eddy covariance system at a very high marshland (4,760 m in altitude) in the hinterland of the TP and recorded observations for three consecutive years. The results showed that the marshland functioned as a net C sink (187 ± 29 g C m−2 yr−1, Mean ± SD), which is even stronger than at lower altitude marshlands, possibly because of cold‐constraints on respiration. Temperature and vapor pressure deficit together dominated the variation in C exchanges. Moreover, the ecosystem functioned as a net C sink when the average daily temperature exceeded 8°C. Photosynthesis was consistently more sensitive to temperature variation, compared with C release, at the annual, seasonal, and daily scales, which was then validated across other marshlands on the TP. All these pieces of evidence suggest that high‐altitude marshlands on the TP are still functioning as C sinks, and photosynthesis is more sensitive to temperature than C release implies that a warmer climate will benefit the C accumulation, before there is too much soil C loss.
On the Construction of Phenomenological Coronal Mass Ejection Models
Authors: Peregoudov D. V. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe consider recently developed 3DCORE coronal mass ejection (CME) model. We find that the magnetic field of 3DCORE violates both Maxwellian equations: the one for absence of magnetic monopoles and the other one for Faraday induction (“frozen‐in” condition). We recall basic heliospheric magnetohydrodynamical equations and show that they lead to a number of conservation laws. These conservation laws should be taken into account when developing a phenomenological CME model. We show that conservation laws take extremely simple form when written in Lagrange coordinates frozen into plasma. Thus, these are easy to conform and practically, there are no reasons not to conform them. We propose a modification of 3DCORE magnetic field that satisfies Maxwellian equations.
Eocene Metamorphism and Anatexis in the Kathmandu Klippe, Central Nepal: Implications for Early Crustal Thickening and Initial Rise of the Himalaya
Authors: Khanal Gautam Prashad , Wang Jia‐Min , Larson Kyle Patrick , Wu Fu‐Yuan , Rai Santa Man , Wang Jian‐Gang , Yang Lei 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe continental collision between India and Asia has been ongoing since early Eocene time, but the orogenic record is typically dominated by Miocene and younger deformation and metamorphism that largely overprinted earlier Eocene‐Oligocene events. This hinders our understanding of how crustal thickening responds to initial collision and when the Himalayan mountains initially rise. The advancement of spatially precise petrochronology techniques, however, has provided the means to see through the Miocene overprint and enabled the characterization of Eocene metamorphism in different parts of the Himalaya. The current study presents new monazite petrochronology and paired thermobarometry from the Kathmandu klippe in the central Nepalese Himalaya. These data reveal Eocene prograde metamorphism (44‐38 Ma) and partial melting (38‐35 Ma) under peak P‐T conditions of 730 °C–760 °C and up to 10.5 kbar. The migmatites within the Kathmandu klippe is equivalent to the Upper or Uppermost Greater Himalayan Crystallines and should have been exhumed during Eocene‐Oligocene. The new evidence of Eocene metamorphism and anatexis presented herein adds to a growing body of data detailing initial crustal thickening during the early continent collision. The mid‐Eocene crustal thickening event indicates that the Himalayan felsic crust was thickened to a depth of ∼35 km shortly within 10–20 Myr of the initial collision, which was probably responsible for the initial topographic rise of the Himalayan proto‐mountains. Characterizing the effects of this early orogenesis is critical in understanding the Himalayan architecture prior to the better‐preserved Miocene metamorphism and anatexis record and how the orogen may have been preconditioned for the younger stage.