bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Air pollution assessment at University of Al-Qadisiyah associated with traffic from neighbouring roads
Authors: Shaheed Shaimaa Haider , Ghawi Ali Hadi , Al-Obaedi Jalal Taqi Shaker 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Air pollution is one of the most complex environmental problems, and transportation is one of the most important factors that contribute to air pollution in urban areas. This study aims to examine the relationship between traffic volumes and air pollution, the effect of emissions according to the type of vehicle and the effect of the presence of bumps, and the change in vehicle driving speed. The University of Al-Qadisiyah street has been selected as a study area that faces frequent traffic congestion on neighboring roads and does not have an air quality monitoring system Therefore, mathematical models are useful for assessing the environmental impact of air pollution. Sidra Trip software is used to calculate the vehicle’s source emission rate while Arc GIS software is used to represent pollutant maps based on geographical statistical models using a digital city model. The traffic volumes have been also calculated in the peak times. The receivers are identified from weather, topography, and emission data sources. The air pollutants resulting from traffic movement were measured in the study area (PM2.5, PM10, NOX, SOX, CO, CO2, and other gases). It is found that the air quality index (AQI) within the range of 150-249 is completely unhealthy. The simulations results showed the weather and topographical conditions of the campus district in favour of dispersal of the air pollutants, as the vehicles greatly affect the air quality in the area. The simulation results showed a good agreement between the modelling results and the developed mathematical models.
Degradation of soil polluted with petroleum products using enzymatic accelerating reagent
Authors: Al-khateeb Tala A. , Mahdi Ayat H. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Pollution with petroleum wastes is a serious environmental problem that must be treated considerably. Artificially polluted soil with oily contaminants mixtures was treated biologically using aerated bioreactor. The used oily mixtures used in this study are petroleum sludge, lubricating oil and crude oil. Crude oil and petroleum sludge were obtained from oil refinery of Al-Romayla at Al-Basrah governorate, tests were examined at the Ministry of Science and Technology. These wastes were mixed separately with soil in a ratio 7(pollutant):100 (soil) and treated by using the bioreactor. The degradation ability of microorganisms existed in the soil had been examined in low weather temperature with the aid of enzymatic reagent. The efficiency of removing the organic hydrocarbons after five weeks of treatment was 68.2 %, 74.4 % and 77.7 % for the petroleum sludge, lubricating and crude oil, respectively. The obtained results show the ability of the enzymatic reagent in the activation of micoorganisms to degrade heavy hydrocarbons substances even in cold weather.
Performance application of ultraviolet disinfection technique for raw water
Authors: Nazar Zainab Osama , Al-Musawi Nawar O.A. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Microbial water disinfection with UV rays is a universal technology. Disinfection is a method used to treat drinking water. This can be accomplished using physical and/or chemical processes. Physical Methods: Heating and UV rays are two main methods - UV rays to destroy cells and kill bacteria. The physical process generally gives drinking water an instant purification without producing harmful substances. However, there is no pollution in the water to ensure continuous cleaning. This study’s primary goal is to obtain environmentally safe drinking water in situations of water shortages and homes that lack clean water. Therefore, resort to appropriate home treatment. Therefore, an experimental laboratory has been established to test the ceramic filter’s efficiency in removing turbidity and plankton and everything that would change the properties of drinking water. Thus, several stages in water purification are shortened, as in the case of water treatment plants. To determine the efficiency of UV sterilization in killing bacteria, especially fecal coliform bacteria and E-coli bacteria. Work has taken place by taking samples of river water near Al Wahda water treatment plant. This technique works on water according to special criteria before entering the sterilizer. A commercially available ceramic filter was used for this. The ceramic filter is excellent at reducing turbidity with removal efficiency (96 ∼ 97%), suspended solids removal efficiency (99 ∼ 100%), iron removal efficiency (100%), bacteria removal efficiency (45 ∼ 50 %) which is good removal rate because it is a commercial filter. The efficiency of the UV sterilizer in killing bacteria reached (100%). This technique is very excellent as it does not produce secondary substances and does not change color, taste, or smell.
The management of water distribution network using GIS application case study: AL-Karada area
Authors: Kadhim Noor Riyadh , Abdulrazzaq Khalid A. , Mohammed Athraa Hashim 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Clean water supply is one of the major factors contributing significantly to society’s socio-economic transformation by improving living standards, health, and increasing productivity. It is imperative to plan and construct appropriate water supply systems in modern society, which supply various segments of society with safe drinking water according to their requirements to ensure adequate and quality water supply. In the current study, here was an attempt to develop a model for geographic information systems to manage the assets of the water distribution networks in the Karrada region and to evaluate the network geometrically, and from the results of the engineering analysis of the network it was found that the network does not contain engineering errors and depends on scientific and engineering foundations, and many tools have been used and a number of orders to manage the water distribution networks, inquire about their assets in full, and explain the importance of using these tools in order to inquire about the possibility of malfunctions in the network and help maintenance professionals in this and take immediate action to identify problems (for example, in the case of broken pipes, service areas ) In the system followed by rapid solutions to optimize network maintenance work, providing a framework for continuous improvement.Finally, the study recommended the authorities to establish a comprehensive central database for water networks with continuous updating of it, and to take advantage of new updates of water distribution networks management programs to help maintenance professionals to monitor faults in the network.
Cadmium ions adsorption from aqueous solutions by Bentonite clay, fixed bed column
Authors: Hawal Laith Hamdan , Allah Serror Atta , Karbol Maryam Salih 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Cadmium metal is discharged to the water from different industries. It can cause serious troubles for human being and aquatic ecosystems. The adsorption technique applied in this study to remove cadmium from simulated aqueous solutions onto bentonite clay by various experiments. Fixed bed system was implemented to verify the Impact of pH, initial cadmium concentration, adsorbent bed height, flow rates and the treatment time on cadmium ions removal. The results show up that when the pH of the aqueous solution was lowered, the cadmium removal efficiency increased. The cadmium removal efficiency decreased due to the increased initial cadmium concentration. Experiments have shown that increasing the contact time and the adsorbent medium in the column lead to more removal efficiency. Removal efficiency increased when the flow rate decreased. The best removal efficacy was (80%) when the pH of (3), initials cadmium concentration (3mg/l), height of the adsorbent bed (50 cm), flow rates (10 ml/min.) and the treatment time of (120 min.). Finally, the bentonite clay can be used for cadmium ions removal instead of more expensive adsorbents, because of its low cost, availability and perfect adsorption property..
Study the relationship between bacterial growth, Congo red dye removal and voltage production using single chamber microbial fuel cell
Authors: Mahdi Nabea Muneer , Ali Ahmed Hassoon 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In this work single chamber microbial fuel cell (SCMFC) incorporating agar salt bridge pipe were used to investigate the interaction mechanisms between bacterial growth, Congo red decolorization, and bioelectricity generation. After 20 days of SCMFC operation in a batch test using a mixture of Congo red (CR) and sucrose as fuel, graphite plates electrodes, temperature 32ºC and under anaerobic working condition results showed that 98% decoloraization at dye concentration 300 mg\l demonstrated at UV-Visible Spectrophotometer ( wavelength 500 nm) and maximum voltage output of approximately 263.9 mv. Microbial community analysis showed the high species of bacteria Shigella dysenteria and Salmonella sp. (23×109 and 19×109 Count CFU/mL respectively). The bacterial growth activates start to decrease due to substrate reduction for metabolic process and pH automatically dropping from 8.2 to 6.9 as a result of the reaction. This study offered a feasible option for the dye wastewater treatment and electricity generation by using single chamber microbial fuel cells.
Using the integration of GIS and RS in the initial selection of the site for the construction of the new Al Diwaniyah city and its alternatives in Iraq
Authors: Elsheikh Asser , Albo – Hassan Ali. S. , Al – Zayadi Sora. K. , Alamedy Shaimaa. Gh. , Alzamili Hadeal H. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Sustainable development has the highest priority in all parts of the world and developing countries, and one of the most important issues in the field of urban planning is the correct and proper planning for urban expansion and the establishment of new cities and the correct use of land use in these cities and obtaining the best sustainable situation. As Al Diwaniyah Governorate in Iraq suffers from a severe shortage of urban and residential areas, with a significant increase in random growth and encroachment on other lands. From this logic, the integration of both remote sensing (RS) and geographic information systems data and the overlap of these programs between them and the production of analyzes, images and results in this work was made to propose a new city in the Al Diwaniyah governorate for the governorate center with an area of 129 km2. Where more than one area has been studied according to criteria, the most important of which is the lack of transgressions and encroachments in the proposed area and taking into consideration not to overtake agricultural areas, as Al Diwaniyah Governorate is one of the agricultural governorates and it was important to choose areas with the least vegetation cover, and through geographic information systems, an area was chosen Northeast of the old city, with an area of 49 km2, which represents 38% of the area of the old city. And use vegetation indicators to map and define vegetation cover and cultivated land versus urban and barren areas. This indicator is the Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), The results obtained indicated that the area of the proposed area is 49 km2 and about 5 km2 of green and cultivated lands are 10.2% of the total area of the proposed area. The size of the proposed area, which constitutes a suitable and good proportion for a new city.
The effect of subgrade reaction modulus on the nonlinear behavior of reinforced concrete plates
Authors: Tozy Hameed Stephan , Naaom Dr. Emad Noel 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The research investigates the nonlinear behavior of reinforced concrete plates based on soil by using the finite elements method. This investigation has done by using computer program (DARC3) that mean Dynamic Analysis of Reinforced Concrete in 3D which is written in (FORTRAN) language and it is modified in this study to include the effect of elastic subgrade reaction soil using Winkler’s method under effect of different static loads. 20-node isoparametric brick elements are used to represent the nonlinear behavior of reinforced concrete plate, the reinforcement idealized by smeared layer within brick elements, assuming perfect bond between the steel and the concrete. The finite elements results are obtained the load-deflection response. The effects of boundary conditions, plate thickness, type of load and the modulus of vertical subgrade reaction of the soil layer are studied, it is shown that in case of increasing the subgrade reaction values and plate thickness lead to decreasing in the deflection and vice versa. Also it is shown that the fixed boundaries give less deflection than that in case of simply supported boundaries. The results obtained from this study are compared with the previous study, and good agreements results are obtained with percentage (1.52%).
Rehabilitation and strengthening techniques for reinforced concrete columns: review
Authors: Naji Alaa Jaleel , Al-Jelawy Haider M. , Saadoon Sura A. , Ejel Ahmed Taresh 
Published: June 2021

AbstractReinforced concrete (RC) columns are the primary load-bearing structural components in the building which makes them most likely vulnerable to deterioration. Capacity deterioration of RC columns may result from dynamic loads, impact loads, poor maintenance, creep, non-standard design, corrosion of steel reinforcement and incorrect quality control. Therefore, RC columns should be always monitored for signs of deterioration. Rehabilitation and strengthening of existing reinforced concrete facilities have become an essential part of the construction work. This study aims to review and evaluate methods of strengthening RC columns. Steel jacketing, concrete jacketing, ferrocement jacketing, CFRP jacketing and GFRP jacketing are the most common techniques which have been used for rehabilitation of RC columns. Each method of strengthening is reviewed with emphasis on its performance, advantages, disadvantages, application details, and factors that influence the design and scope of applicability.
Simulation of reinforced concrete beam-column joints under cyclic loading
Authors: Al-Jumaily Ghaith A , Abdul Rahman Ammar A. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Reinforced Concrete buildings with 3 to 5 stories are common structures in Iraq. Recently and due to several earthquakes taking place at the borders and/or even inside Iraq, these structures are under the action of long-term cyclic loadings from these earthquakes. A major structural element in these RC structures is the beam-column connection which observes the energy from the earthquake shocks. Consequently, understanding the performance of these joints under reversed cyclic loading produced from repeating earthquake became necessary to understand the real capacity and behavior of these connections. One model is developed using the finite element software ABAQUS to represent a possible type of beam-column joint in any typical structure undergoing reversed-cyclic load from earthquakes. The suggested model offers a simple demonstration of the plastic mechanisms which determines joint behavior under shear loading created from repeating seismic actions. The model is subjected to reversed cyclic loading made from the peak value of actual earthquake applied at different timings after the joint reach yielding in the longitudinal reinforcement. The purpose of the study is to determine the energy and the remaining shear strength that the joint holds after it reaches the yield point after such reversed cycles. Shear capacity and deformations of the columns are calculated after each applied cycle gained from the earthquake and accumulated to know the total deformation after the cycles and to understand the response of that joint after each cycle and at the end. The results of this particular model indicate that it is suitable to be used in demonstrating the response of such type of joint undergoing cyclic loading.
A state of the art review on transverse web opening for reinforced concrete beams with and without strengthening method
Authors: Abbas Oday Hashim , Numan Hesham A. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractTo erect modern constructions needs many ducts and pipes to accommodate essential services such as telephone, electricity, air conditioning, and computer network. Transverse web openings throughout the Reinforced Concrete (RC) beams enable the installation of these services. In recent decades, the researchers suggested several strategies for improving the structural behavior for deep, continuous, and simply-supported beams; involving transverse web-holes underwent shear forces, bending, torsion, and cyclic loads by utilizing supplementary internal steel reinforcing bars, Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) rods or plates, steel fiber, and Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) sheets. The current paper presents the previous investigations on the structural action of the RC-beams with the transverse web-openings. The effect of the shape, size, position of the opening, and type of strengthening on the structural performance of RC beams highlight and discussed in this paper. It found when the diameter of circle opening equal or greater than 40% of the depth of beam attributed by reducing in beam strength and earlier cracks occurred. Besides, the deflection of beams was rose when the openings settled below the centroid of the section. Finally, this study proves that the few previous studies discussed the RC beam’s behavior with openings under cyclic loading. However, this paper aims to develop insights for future studies about assessing and strengthening methods for the RC beams with the transverse web opening.
Experimental study of encased composite corrugated steel webs under shear loading
Authors: Kadhim Ahmad W. , Ammash Haider K. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This paper focuses on enhancing the shear strength of steel I-girder using different types of corrugation filled by concrete. This study used three types of corrugation shape (triangular, trapezoidal, and rectangular). Corrugation shapes had the same depth (60 mm). All specimens used in the study had equal weight, which is approximately (38) kilograms per specimen. The specimens were categorized into two groups, the first group without encasing by concrete while the second group contains self-compacted concrete to encase the corrugated steel web for two faces of I-girder. The experimental work included measuring the ultimate load capacities and load -deflection curves . The experimental results showed that the concrete filled corrugated web girders have high shear strength compared to the specimens that don’t have concrete encasing. Also, the shape of the corrugation was found to have an impact on the shear strength of the steel girders encased with concrete.
Effect of geometrical properties on slenderness ratio of concrete filled multi-skins steel tube column
Authors: Salim Nagham M. , Al-Khekany Alaa M 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
An experimental and numerical investigation was adopted to estimate the slenderness ratio of concrete filled multi-skin steel tube (CFMST). In this study, 55 specimens composite columns with various heights were fabricated and tested experimentally under axial load. The specimens divided into two main groups depending on the cross-section shape (circular and square cross-section). Both sections have the same external dimension. A new equation was suggested for the predicted slender limit of a composite column with the various number of steel tubes. Some geometrical parameters were studied experimentally and numerically to explain their effect on the slender limit. A number of steel layers, the dimension of cross-section, the thickness of the steel tube, and another parameter were investigated numerically by using the ABAQUS program. It observed that slender limit increase with an increasing number of steel layers and increase of dimension of the column.
Causes of dependence between extreme floods
Authors: Deidda Cristina , Rahimi Leila , De Michele Carlo 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Compound events, like compound floods, have rapidly aroused interest due to the strong impacts associated with them. The spatial dependence has a fundamental role in the dynamics of these events, and causative investigations of their origins could contribute to elucidate their dynamics. Here, we addressed the pairwise spatial dependence between annual maximum (instantaneous) discharges occurring in river stations located in the United Kingdom. First, we tested the hypothesis that the dependence comes from the co-occurrence of annual maxima using Kendall’s tau measure of association and its conditional version, calculated from the non-co-occurrent values. This hypothesis, commonly accepted in literature, would attribute to the co-occurrence of the origin of the spatial dependence between extreme floods. The analysis showed how there is also dependence between annual maxima pertaining to catchments located very far from one another, and where the co-occurrence of annual maxima is small, if not zero. We formulated a general hypothesis to explain the spatial dependence between annual maxima: dependence is the compound result of co-occurrences, and climatological and hydrological similarities. The origin of dependence is more complex than what is presently stated in the literature. Thus, not only is synchronization a cause, but similarities in climate and hydrological response may also play a role. We introduced three dissimilarity indices and dependence-dissimilarity maps to illustrate this general hypothesis.
Natural and semi-natural land dynamics under water resource change from 1990 to 2015 in the Tarim Basin, China
Authors: Liu Fang , Yu Zhuxiao , Xu Erqi , Li Dajing , Zhang Hongqi , Qin Yuanwei 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The Tarim Basin is a typical arid area and has the world’s most severe desertification of natural and semi-natural land due to limited water resources. However, knowledge about the impacts of changes in water resources on the spatio-temporal dynamics of natural and semi-natural land is still limited. We analyzed the spatio-temporal changes in natural and semi-natural land and the associations with desertification in the Tarim Basin during the period 1990–2015. We then investigated the changes in water resources and the consequent impacts on the spatio-temporal changes of natural and semi-natural land by integrating Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment territorial water storage data and field observations. The results showed that a total area of 10.32 × 103 km2 of natural and semi-natural land was converted to desert during the period 1990–2015. Desert vegetation type and saline type were the natural and semi-natural land types most sensitive to conversion to desert. The area of natural and semi-natural land decreased by 0.83% every year, and the proportion of desertified land was 34.79% on average during the period 2000–2010; this is less than for the period 1990–2000 (1.14% yr−1 and 52.01%) due to increased availability of water resources from the water conveyance program. However, the rate of decrease of natural and semi-natural land area (0.93% yr−1) and the proportion of desertified land (58.88%) rose again during the period 2010–2015 due to the rapid decrease in water resources. During the period 2000–2015, the rate of loss of natural and semi-natural land area (7.89%) in the region with decreased water resources was about twice that in the region with increased water resources (3.88%), highlighting the critical role of water resources in maintaining natural and semi-natural land and slowing desertification.