bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Combined tumor‐associated macrophages biomarker predicting extremely poor outcome of patients with primary central nervous system lymphoma
Authors: Sun Xiaoqing , Wang Caiqin , Chen Cui , Huang Jiajia , Wu Xianqiu , Wang Yu , He Xiaohua , Cao Jianghua , Jiang Wenqi , Sun Peng , Li Zhiming 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPrimary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is an aggressive and rare malignancy with poor prognosis. However, there are no reliable prognostic biomarkers for PCNSL in clinical practice. Here, we aimed to identify a reliable prognostic biomarker for predicting the survival of PCNSL patients. In this study, multiplex immunofluorescence and digital imaging analysis were used to characterize tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs) immunophenotypes and the expression of programmed cell death ligand 1 on TAMs, with regard to prognosis from diagnostic tumor tissue samples of 59 PCNSL patients. We found that the M2‐to‐M1 ratio was a more reliable prognostic biomarker for PCNSL than M1‐like or M2‐like macrophage infiltration. In addition, the combination of programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) expression on TAMs and the M2‐to‐M1 ratio in PCNSL demonstrated improved performance in prognostic discrimination than PD‐L1‐positive TAMs or M2‐to‐M1 ratio. To validate the prognostic significance of the combined TAMs associated biomarkers, they were integrated into the International Extranodal Lymphoma Study Group (IELSG) index and termed as IELSG‐M index. Kaplan–Meier plots showed that the IELSG‐M index could discriminate patients into low‐, intermediate‐ or high‐risk subgroups, better than IELSG, in terms of prognosis. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves of IELSG‐M was 0.844 for overall survival; superior to the IELSG model (0.580). Taken together, this study's findings showed that the combination of PD‐L1 on TAMs and the M2‐to‐M1 ratio could be strong prognostic predictive biomarkers for PCNSL and the IELSG‐M index had improved prognostic significance than the IELSG index.
Role of organisational factors on uptake and implementation of the B.strong brief intervention training program in Queensland Indigenous primary health care services
Authors: Sebastian Saji , Thomas David P. , Brimblecombe Julie , Arley Brian , Cunningham Frances C. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIssue addressedThe B.strong Program was an Indigenous health worker brief intervention (BI) training program delivered in Queensland from 2017‐2020. This study examines the organisational factors of participating Indigenous primary health care (PHC) services that impacted on B.strong's uptake and implementation in those services.MethodsSemi‐structured interviews were conducted from 2019‐2020 with 20 B.strong Program trainees and four health service managers from eight purposively sampled Queensland PHC services, and one Queensland Department of Health manager, to examine their perceptions of uptake and implementation of the B.strong Program. The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research was used as a framework for the evaluation. Data analysis was conducted using NVivo 11.ResultsAlthough strong PHC service support was evident for the uptake of face‐to‐face workshop training, it was not available to support trainees to complete online modules or for ongoing BI delivery to clients. Key organisational factors associated with both program uptake and implementation of BIs in PHC services were leadership engagement and implementation climate. Within these themes, embedding B.strong into operational practices of health services, having policies, processes and consistent administrative support to facilitate implementation, and addressing gaps in knowledge and skills of health workers were identified as needing to be improved. The study identified the lack of application of continuous quality improvement (CQI) processes to BIs at these health services as a barrier to effective implementation.ConclusionsThe study supports the establishment of BI specific CQI initiatives in health services and supports better engagement with organisational leadership in BI training to ensure their ongoing support of both the training and implementation of BI.
Formulas and Guidelines for Deriving Functional System Requirements from a Systems Engineering Model
Authors: Shelton John , Heisler Victoria , Sebacher Kristina 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWithin this paper, we discuss a specific approach to system‐level modeling using activities, with the goal of writing English‐language requirements for the System of Interest (SOI), and then using formulas which interact with the model to proceduralize the authorship process. This overall approach makes it possible for most technical participants in a program to do most of their development work in a collaborative modeling environment, spending most of their time dealing with technical issues rather than language issues, while implementing a rapid translation to English‐language functional requirements toward the end of the process which may eventually be automated.
Security as a Functional Requirement in the Future of Systems Engineering
Authors: Willett Keith D. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe Future of Systems Engineering (FuSE) Security project is an INCOSE‐led multi‐organizational collaboration exploring a roadmap of foundational topics for integrating security into systems engineering thinking and practices. Security as a Functional Requirement elaborates on one topic to help better elaborate security into systems thinking and integrate security into systems engineering processes. Details include integration of security into existing input‐output diagrams, convey standard security concepts with which to engage stakeholders, and establish security as an infinite game that requires security be an active consideration throughout the system lifecycle including operations.
UAF (Unified Architecture Framework) Based MBSE (UBM) Method to build a System of Systems Model
Authors: Abhaya Lalitha 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe system model is defined as the main source of truth for systems engineering. Current MBSE methods are focused mainly on single systems. As per the literature, we lack the MBSE methods to develop the system models of System of Systems (SoS). Systems engineers use architecture frameworks for this purpose, but the huge number of views included within an architecture framework makes it difficult to select the appropriate views and expert knowledge is required to tailor the framework.The UAF (Unified Architecture Framework) Based MBSE (UBM) method described within this paper addresses this issue. This method uses a selected subset from the UAF domain model and defines a step by step procedure to construct the system model for a complex, System of Systems in a military domain.
How can simplified requirements affect project efficiency – A case study in oil and gas
Authors: Fallrø Eirik , Falk Kristin 
Published: September 2021

AbstractRequirements engineering is a constant challenge for companies executing complex projects. The oil and gas industry has been renowned for stringent stakeholder requirements driving costs. When the oil price plummeted six years ago, the industry had to adapt to make projects economically viable. Over the last four years, a major supplier to the industry has been executing three subsea production system projects as part of a frame agreement for a client. This case study investigates requirements engineering with a focus on cost savings. The paper examines data sources from the contractor and interviews with key project personnel. The main finding is that the contractor and client's efforts to simplify requirements have improved project efficiency. However, it has not been possible to quantify the exact benefit. Furthermore, the requirements engineering has been dependent on soft factors and collaboration during early study activities. This paper contributes with a description of a requirements engineering method. This is a collaborative method where the supplier adjusts the systems requirements, in close collaboration with the client, based on a detailed design in a very early phase of systems engineering. The research can also give additional insight into requirements engineering for other industries executing complex projects.
Requirement Patterns in the Construction Industry
Authors: Claghorn Ron , Shubayli Hussam 
Published: September 2021

AbstractRequirement patterns for construction projects have evolved significantly in recent years to adapt to the digital transformation of the industry. The current pattern for specifications resembles System Modeling Language (SysML) blocks in that it provides a concise set of model‐ready properties and operations relevant to construction and asset management processes. This paper compares the characteristics of modern construction requirements to those listed in the INCOSE Guide for Writing Requirements. As a case study, this paper presents the methods and data required to convert a set of 262 legacy specification sections written in “natural language” into requirements that conform to the current pattern for construction specifications. Those specifications, along with project‐specific drawings, align much of the subsequent processes in a construction project.
Assessing a supplier to the offshore oil and gas industry following a worldwide pandemic
Authors: Jarlsberg Kristian Wedel , Mansouri Mo 
Published: September 2021

AbstractHaving faced difficulties in 2008 and 2014 with a sudden drop in oil prices, the industry must accept that 2020 will be included in the future list of disastrous years. However, it was even harder to prepare for the oil crisis of 2008 and 2014. This paper aims to look at a supplier of subsea production infrastructure to the oil‐ and gas industry and the situation during and following the COVID‐19 pandemic; with a system thinking perspective. System thinking models such as casual loop, CATWOE and Conceptagon will be applied in an effort to describe a supplier of submarine production infrastructure, its environment, and possible leverage points to improve the protentional outcome of these uncertain times.
Implementation of tailored requirements engineering and management principles in a supplier to the oil and gas industry
Authors: Hårstadsveen Jenny Camilla , Kokkula Satyanarayana 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis article investigates the implementation of a tailored requirements management system. Requirements management is becoming increasingly important, due to the growing complexity of umbilical systems coupled with efforts to reduce both project duration and project cost. We have investigated the use of a new system for requirements engineering and management, by interviewing stakeholders and analyzing the as‐is state of the company. Based on the findings, this paper proposes a requirements template and tailored functionalities to aid with requirements engineering and management. Results indicate that the use of requirement elicitation increased by 62 % through implementation of the proposed system. A survey with stakeholders reveals that they are positive to future implementation of the proposed system. In conclusion, the tailored requirements management system will be a step in the right direction for management of requirements and better control for members of the project teams.
Systems Thinking: A Critical Skill for Systems Engineers
Authors: Keating Charles B. , Katina Polinpapilinho F. , Jaradat Raed , Bradley Joseph M. , Hodge Richard 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis paper examines Systems Thinking (ST) as a critical skill for systems engineers. There is neither a universally accepted definition nor agreement of the knowledge base for ST or how this ‘thinking skill’ is acquired. However, there is general agreement that ST is “good” and an essential skill for a future workforce, including systems engineers. Systems engineers must confront increasingly complex systems and their problems, elevating ST as an essential skill. To examine ST for systems engineers, two primary objectives are developed. First, we offer a review of the different literature and perspectives of what constitutes ST. This provides a foundation for the central themes that dominate the ST literature. Second, a framework depicting the nature, role, and utility offered by ST for systems engineers is developed. This framework provides the conceptual underpinnings of ST in relationship to Systems Theory. Emphasis is placed on ‘actionable’ ST skill development. The paper concludes with suggestions for the inculcation of ST into the development landscape for current and future systems engineers.
Employing a Model Based Conceptual Design Approach to Design for Resilience
Authors: Flanigan David , Robinson Kevin 
Published: September 2021

AbstractDuring the development of a conceptual system, it is common to address the capability gaps or create additional capabilities in the system concept. The Model Based Conceptual Design (MBCD) approach can be helpful to identify, catalogue, trace, and develop these capabilities, particularly as they cross different domains. This paper explores the use of MBCD to insert and improve resilience within an existing MBCD schema. An approach is offered to evaluate how resilience may be viewed and analyzed by using an MBCD approach.
Social Science Solutions for the Systems Engineer: What's Needed
Authors: Dunford Charlotte , Beasley Richard , Palmer Erika 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThere have been many calls for systems engineering to bring the social sciences into systems engineering practice and research, as systems engineers have a host of issues in their practice that could benefit from engaging in a number of social science disciplines. With an organizational case study, this paper describes the problems in systems engineering practices stemming from social systems. Need statements collected from participants highlight what is needed for a social systems primer. The needs can be categorized into three broad themes: (1) A better understanding how social systems are different from technological systems; (2) How, therefore, social science theories and methods can improve our tailoring of systems engineering to different circumstances; and finally (3) how the findings from the social sciences can help engineers, as individuals, be more effective in their work. We discuss these need statements in relation to the development of the Social Systems Primer.
Innovative Approaches to Superset Asset Templates using Feature‐Based Product Line Engineering
Authors: Kobayashi June , Way Steve , Krauss Jonathan P. , Clements Paul 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis paper discusses our experience applying Feature‐based Product Line Engineering (PLE) to a product line of hardware modules designed for use in space‐based and airborne systems. Feature‐based PLE involves the automatic configuration of engineering artifacts (maintained as supersets) into product‐specific instances based on that product's feature selections. We observed a 40% reduction in non‐recurring engineering costs in this product line. The paper also discusses an innovative approach we used to extend the ability of the PLE configurator tool to interface with analysis and simulation tools for which no actual tool integration currently exists.
Application of natural language processing for systematic requirement management in model‐based systems engineering
Authors: Riesener Michael , Dölle Christian , Becker Annika , Gorbatcheva Sofia , Rebentisch Eric , Schuh Günther 
Published: September 2021

AbstractToday, manufacturing companies are confronted with an enormous number of product requirements, which increasingly demand an interaction of the different engineering disciplines mechanics, electric/electronic (E/E) and software. At the same time, companies must realize a shorter time to market, lower costs and higher quality. As a result, development methods are required, which support the fast, flexible and structured transfer of numerous requirements into products despite this increased complexity in processes and products. In this context, Model‐Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) takes advantage of the increasing digitalization of products and development processes. It provides structures and processes for the efficient processing of requirements by fostering the collaboration between different engineering disciplines and enabling early validation of the product. In this context, it is often challenging that requirements are not structured, but rather unstructured and heterogeneous. For the processing within MBSE, text‐based requirements today usually still have to be prepared with high manual effort. This paper presents a methodology that supports the transformation of unstructured and heterogeneous text‐based requirements using Natural Language Processing in order to prepare them for further processing within MBSE.
The Systems Engineering Conundrum: Where is the ENGINEERING?
Authors: Wasson Charles 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSystems Engineering, as an emerging discipline was transformed from the Engineering of Systems in the early 1950's to focus on Managing the Development of Systems with a new Systems Management approach. The transformation was initiated to resolve conflicts between Engineering and Management paradigms that contributed to failures in post‐WWII complex system development and integration of new technologies. By today's standards, the transformation was a partial solution with unintended consequences, namely Systems Engineering's qualifications as an Engineering Discipline. … Where is the Engineering?To answer the question, we explore the SE Technical Competency Gap, what it is and how it evolved, explore its impact on the Engineering of Systems that contributes to project technical, cost, and schedule performance issues SE is intended to minimize, and illustrate how the lack of a core technical framework that defines its concepts, principles, and practices leads to the proliferation of misinformation by the uninformed. Ultimately, the SE global community has a conundrum – continue its unwitting Systems Management approach under the premise of SE … or … to institute corrective actions to … restore … SE technical core competency qualifications as a bonafide, maturing Engineering Discipline to where it should be today postures for the future.
How Missile Engineering is Taking Product Line Engineering to the Extreme at Raytheon
Authors: Young Bobbi , Sanderson Tom , Thurman Matt , Turpin Jeffrey , O'Keefe Elizabeth , Clements Paul 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis paper describes a new approach to designing and building missiles by Raytheon Missile and Defense Systems. Key aspects of the approach include (1) modular common components connected through identified standards, (2) modular open systems approaches and standards based interfaces, (3) Feature‐based Product Line Engineering (FbPLE) practices for identifying commonality and managing variation, and (4) implementing digital transformation through digital engineering capabilities to begin a missile's digital twin. Much more ambitious than simply reusing existing component designs from previously built missiles, this approach involves automatic generation, exploration, and pruning of an automatically generated trade space of possible missile designs that satisfy a given set of requirements. The goal is to radically lower development and production costs by rapidly settling on a viable design that can be taken to design validation, then complete design and production, all in a digital ecosystem. The paper focuses on the FbPLE aspect of the engineering approach and shows how its technology is used to create and manage the trade space, and then create a digital twin of a chosen design.
Integrating Safety Analysis into Model‐Based Systems Engineering for Aircraft Systems: A Literature Review and Methodology Proposal
Authors: Lai Kimberly , Robert Thomas , Shindman David , Olechowski Alison 
Published: September 2021

AbstractModel‐Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) has become increasingly popular within the aircraft industry in recent years. However, this model‐based approach presents a challenge as traditional safety analysis practices are unable to keep up, resulting in inconsistency between the system and safety domains. This paper proposes a methodology tailored towards aircraft systems that addresses this issue by integrating safety analysis into MBSE. This is achieved by extending the Systems Modeling Language (SysML) profile to account for safety data in the system model and utilizing an Application Programming Interface (API) to automate the generation of safety analysis artefacts. The proposed methodology also allows for requirements management integration to increase the efficiency of the system development process.
A concept for a digital thread based on the connection of system models and specific models
Authors: Bajzek Matthias , Faustmann Clemens , Krems Daniel , Kranabitl Philipp , Hick Hannes 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis paper describes the concept of a method that uses an existing system model, that describes the system's functions, to select the most suitable models for development. The term model is understood to encompass models used during the development of systems that: have a certain degree of formalism, are digitizable, connectable and processable. The method describes how specific models that are required can be identified and how they could be connected. The method concept is explained using a well‐understood example taken from the development of automotive powertrains. After stating current challenges and problems in the development of complex systems in the automotive domain, a system cube is used as a structuring principle for models that describe certain system aspects such as structure and behavior. This concept acts as a starting point for the selection of the most suitable specific models allocated to system models based on the functional description of the considered system. Finally, the contribution of this research to the realization of a digital thread is discussed and future research topics are outlined.
Product portfolio mapping used to structure a mature sub‐system with large variation – A case study
Authors: Sundet Arne Odin , Syverud Elisabet , Kokkula Satyanarayana , Muller Gerrit 
Published: September 2021

AbstractManaging mature products with high variability is an increasing concern for industrial companies. Product variability affects the operational streamlining efforts from product design to production, inventory, selling, and service. In this research, we follow a case where the company faces challenges in manufacturing cost and configuration of both existing and new variants. The purpose of this study is to investigate how product portfolio mapping can structure technical product data to ease the challenges. We analyzed more than 13,000 sales orders executed between 1997‐2019 of a mature sub‐system with large variability. We used Systems Architecting principles in combination with requirements from manufacturing and logistics to create a generic architecture that allows variability in the manufacturing flow. We added interface mapping, the manufacturing view, and the logistic view to enhance product portfolio analysis found in literature. We found significant improvements in both configuration time and the cost prediction accuracy. The company evaluated this research as an overall quality improvement that standardizes the workflow and remove existing bottlenecks.