bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamic table‐visiting behavior of birds at outdoor restaurants and cafés
Authors: Haemig Paul D. , Sjöstedt de Luna Sara , Blank Henrick 
Published: May 2021

AbstractFear of humans and its effect on animal behavior is increasingly being recognized as an important structuring force in ecological landscapes, with consequences for ecological interactions and communities. When aggressive, physically dominant species are displaced by anthropogenic disturbance, physically weaker species exploit competitor and predator downtimes to forage in previously risky places. Birds feeding at outdoor restaurants and cafés in association with humans are exposed to fluctuating levels of perceived danger caused by frequently changing densities of human diners. Consequently, birds must make decisions about which dining tables to visit based on trade‐offs between foraging gain and perceived danger from avian competitors and humans. We tested the hypothesis that interspecific differences in response to perceived danger, combined with varying densities of human diners, dynamically alter which bird species predominates at dining tables. We found that house sparrows (Passer domesticus) tolerated higher human diner‐densities than larger‐sized, more physically dominant Eurasian jackdaws (Coloeus monedula). Sparrows were usually the first birds to visit diner‐occupied tables and spent more time there than jackdaws. However, at diner‐abandoned tables, this pattern changed: During low diner‐densities at surrounding tables, jackdaws were usually the predominant species in first visits and minutes spent visiting, while at high diner‐densities sparrows usually predominated. Moreover, along a gradient of increasing human diner‐density, sparrows gradually replaced jackdaws as the predominant species in first visits and time at abandoned tables. However, at diner‐occupied tables, once a sparrow chose which table to visit, factors other than diner‐density influenced its choice of where to forage there (table‐top or ground). To our knowledge, our research is the first scientific study of table‐visiting behavior by birds at outdoor restaurants and cafés, and the first to reveal interspecific differences in table‐visiting behavior by birds there.
No evidence for contribution of sexually monomorphic wing pigmentation pattern to mate choice in Drosophila guttifera
Authors: Niida Takuma , Koshikawa Shigeyuki 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn many animal groups, sexually dimorphic ornaments are thought to evolve by intraspecific competition or mate choice. Some researchers pointed out that sexually monomorphic ornaments could also evolve by mate choice by both sexes or either sex. Many species of fruit fly have sexually monomorphic wing pigmentation. However, involvement of their sexually monomorphic ornaments in mate choice has not been tested. We aimed to examine whether the sexually monomorphic polka‐dotted pattern on wings of Drosophila guttifera contributes to mate choice. Because D. guttifera does not mate in the dark condition at all and no courtship sound has been observed, some visual information is likely to be used in mating behaviour. We compared the number of matings between individuals with and without wings and found that presence of wings influenced mating behaviour in both sexes. We then compared the number of matings between individuals bearing replaced wings, one group bearing conspecific D. guttifera wings and another group bearing heterospecific D. melanogaster wings with no pigmentation pattern. An effect of conspecific/heterospecific wings was only detected in mate choice by females. Comparison between wild‐type and black‐painted wings revealed no evidence of a contribution of wing pigmentation pattern to mate choice in either sex.
Female preference for artificial song dialects in the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata)
Authors: Le Maguer Lucille , Derégnaucourt Sébastien , Geberzahn Nicole 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBirdsong is culturally transmitted, and geographical variations of song have been found in several songbird species. There is evidence that such dialects contribute to reproductive isolation through variation in female preference. In the wild, there is no report of consistent dialects in populations of zebra finches. However, under laboratory conditions, we were able to artificially create different colony‐wide song dialects. In this species, song plays a crucial role in mate choice and the importance of both subadult and adult song experience in shaping song preferences has been well documented. Therefore, we expected females to prefer songs corresponding to their colony's dialect. We measured this preference using an operant test: females could either trigger a song corresponding to their Colony Song Type (CST) sang by an unfamiliar individual, or another conspecific song, corresponding to a Non‐Colony Song Type (N‐CST). Most females preferred the CST over the N‐CST, supporting the idea that zebra finch females exhibit a preference for songs similar to their colony's song. It also reveals that song dialects matter to female zebra finches. It has been proposed that song could be used as an affiliative signal in highly social species. Therefore, preferring the colony dialect could be the consequence of a sexual preference, but also of a social preference. We discuss the potential role of song dialects in the context of social learning.
Scrolling and the In‐Between Spaces of Boredom: Marginalized Youths on the Periphery of Vienna
Authors: Jovicic Suzana 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPopular narratives on digital media practices are often entrenched in psychologized and apolitical frameworks that ascribe simplistic labels of addiction and deficiencies to digital practices of marginalized youths in particular. This paper explores ethnographically the social complexities behind polemicized, mundane, and apparently meaningless digital practices such as scrolling through social‐media feeds. The author links elements of interfaces designed to grab attention, erase effort, and enable flow, with everyday struggles of youths faced with unemployment, waiting, and boredom. Scrolling is conceptualized as an embodied everyday practice entangled in the intentions of designers. The research draws primarily on an ethnographic study into Viennese youth clubs in 2018 and 2019. Insights from the fieldwork suggest that seemingly trivial practices such as infinite scrolling represent life‐affirming acts of “strolling” through social and commercial arcades as much as they signify boredom and stagnation. [youth, digital design, scrolling, addiction, boredom, smartphones, social media]
A global meta‐analysis of nitrous oxide emission from drip‐irrigated cropping system
Authors: Kuang Wennong , Gao Xiaopeng , Tenuta Mario , Zeng Fanjiang 
Published: May 2021

AbstractDrip irrigation is a useful practice to enhance water and fertilizer nitrogen (N) use efficiency. However, the use of drip irrigation to mitigate nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions in agricultural systems globally is uncertain. Here, we performed a global meta‐analysis of 485 field measurements of N2O emissions from 74 peer‐reviewed publications prior to March 2021, to quantify the fertilizer‐induced N2O emission factor (EF) of drip irrigation and examine the influencing factors of climate, crop, soil properties, and source and rate of fertilizer N application. The results showed that drip irrigation reduced (p < 0.05) N2O emissions by 32% and 46% compared to furrow and sprinkler irrigation systems, respectively. The overall average EF with drip irrigation was 0.35%, being two‐thirds lower than the IPCC Tier I default value of 1% (kg N2O‐N/kg added fertilizer N). The EF was not significantly affected by climate, crop, soil texture, soil organic carbon content, and pH. The EF was also not significantly (p > 0.05) affected by synthetic N fertilizer source despite a lower numerical value with enhanced efficiency than conventional fertilizers. The EF increased significantly (p < 0.001) with N addition rate in a binomial distribution. Using the IPCC default EF overestimated N2O emissions inventories for drip‐irrigated cropping systems by 7614 and 13,091 Mg per year for China and the globe, respectively. These results indicate that drip irrigation should be recommended as an essential N2O mitigation strategy for irrigated crop production.
Plant spectral diversity as a surrogate for species, functional and phylogenetic diversity across a hyper‐diverse biogeographic region
Authors: Frye Henry A. , Aiello‐Lammens Matthew E. , Euston‐Brown Douglas , Jones Cynthia S. , Kilroy Mollmann Hayley , Merow Cory , Slingsby Jasper A. , van der Merwe Helga , Wilson Adam M. , Silander John A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAimWith plant biodiversity under global threat, there is an urgent need to monitor the spatial distribution of multiple axes of biodiversity. Remote sensing is a critical tool in this endeavour. One remote sensing approach for detecting biodiversity is based on the hypothesis that the spectral diversity of plant communities is a surrogate of multiple dimensions of biodiversity. We investigated the generality of this ‘surrogacy’ for spectral, species, functional and phylogenetic diversity across 1,267 plots in the Greater Cape Floristic Region (GCFR), a hyper‐diverse region comprising several biomes and two adjacent global biodiversity hotspots.LocationThe GCFR centred in south‐western and western South Africa.Time periodAll data were collected between 1978–2014.Major taxa studiedVascular plants within the GCFR.MethodsSpectral diversity was calculated using leaf reflectance spectra (450–950 nm) and was related to other dimensions of biodiversity via linear models. The accuracy of different spectral diversity metrics was compared using 10‐fold cross‐validation.ResultsWe found that a distance‐based spectral diversity metric was a robust predictor of species, functional and phylogenetic biodiversity. This result serves as a proof‐of‐concept that spectral diversity is a potential surrogate of biodiversity across a hyper‐diverse biogeographic region. While our results support the generality of spectral diversity as a biodiversity surrogate, we also find that relationships vary between different geographic subregions and biomes, suggesting that differences in broad‐scale community composition can affect these relationships.Main conclusionsSpectral diversity was shown to be a robust surrogate of multiple dimensions of biodiversity across biomes and a widely varying biogeographic region. We also extend these surrogacy relationships to ecological redundancy to demonstrate the potential for additional insights into community structure based on spectral reflectance.
Measuring Canada's export performance in the United States using an unbiased shift‐share
Authors: Scarffe Colin 
Published: May 2021

AbstractShift‐share is a popular technique used by policymakers and researchers alike to decompose the change in a variable into within and between effects, intensive and extensive margins, or other comparable effects. One reason for the popularity of shift‐share is its relative simplicity compared to econometric techniques. However, often overlooked is that a shift‐share is actually an index number problem that uses differences instead of ratios. Techniques developed in index number theory accentuate the fact that the traditional shift‐share is biased. This paper proposes using the Bennet index to achieve unbiased measurements in shift‐share decompositions. In addition to solving the bias problem, the Bennet index removes the need for a residual and may be even simpler to calculate. While this paper is primarily theoretical, it also explores the differences between the traditional shift‐share and the Bennet index—both chained and fixed base—to measure the competitive and composition effects of Canada's export performance in the United States since 1990.
Physical characteristics of Erianthus arundinaceus as a bedding material for broiler
Authors: Ishida Tetsuya , Ohara Satoshi , Sasaki Yosuke , Shirai Takeshi , Terajima Yoshifumi , Sugimoto Akira , Kawashima Tomoyuki 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis study was conducted to evaluate the physical characteristics of the biomass crop Erianthus arundinaceus as a bedding material for broiler and to compare it with existing bedding materials. Three physical characteristics were evaluated: the water absorbability, the water‐holding capacity, and the cushioning property. E. arundinaceus, shredded to five different particle sizes, was compared with sawdust, which is a typical bedding material used worldwide, and three alternatives: recycled paper, rice husks, and bagasse. E. arundinaceus absorbed water 5.0 to 10.2 times its weight, and water absorbability increased with decreasing particle size. E. arundinaceus held water around twice its weight regardless of the particle size. The cushioning property of E. arundinaceus tended to improve with increasing particle size. For each physical property, the total average value of the E. arundinaceus samples was compared with the values of other bedding materials. The water absorbability of E. arundinaceus was significantly higher than that of sawdust, recycled paper, and rice husks (p < .01). The water‐holding capacity of E. arundinaceus was significantly higher than those of sawdust, recycled paper, rice husks (p < .01), and bagasse (p < .05). The cushioning property of E. arundinaceus was significantly higher than those of sawdust and recycled paper (p < .01). When E. arundinaceus had an average particle size of less than 2.33 mm, it exceeded sawdust in all physical characteristics, suggesting that E. arundinaceus could replace sawdust as a favored bedding material. Our observations of surface structures revealed that the stem pith of E. arundinaceus has a spongy structure, which may contribute to its high water absorbability and water‐holding capacity. Moreover, the outermost layer of the E. arundinaceus stem appears to function like a leaf spring, contributing to the high cushioning property.
Patients as qualitative data analysts: Developing a method for a process evaluation of the ‘Improving the Safety and Continuity of Medicines management at care Transitions’ (ISCOMAT) cluster randomised control trial
Authors: Powell Catherine , Ismail Hanif , Cleverley Richard , Taylor Andrew , Breen Liz , Fylan Beth , Alderson Sarah L , Alldred David P ,   the ISCOMAT Programme Team
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundHow to meaningfully partner with patients as data analysts remains obscure. A process evaluation of the ‘Improving the Safety and Continuity Of Medicines management at care Transitions’ (ISCOMAT) cluster randomised control trial of an intervention for improving medicines use for people living with heart failure is being conducted. The intervention includes patient held information on heart medicines and care, enhanced communication between hospital and community pharmacists, and increased engagement of community pharmacists with patient care post‐hospital discharge. ISCOMAT patients living with heart failure were interviewed about experiences with the intervention. We sought to gain insights from patients on data collected to enhance our understanding of experiences with the intervention.ObjectiveTo develop a method for involving patients as analysts of qualitative data in a process evaluation.DesignPatients and researchers co‐analysed qualitative data. A framework method was applied involving; familiarisation, coding, developing an analytical framework and interpretation. The process was facilitated through home working and a workshop with a training component.ResultsThe co‐designed framework enabled researchers to map all further patient interview data. Patients' specialist knowledge enhanced understanding of how the ISCOMAT intervention can be best implemented.ConclusionsPatients’ unique experiences can enhance validity and rigour in data analysis through sharing their interpretations of qualitative data. The involvement process is crucial in elucidating knowledge and avoiding tokenism. As analysts, patients gain an appreciation of research processes, building trust between researchers and patients. Group dynamics and involving patients throughout the whole research process are important considerations.
‘Birthing a Better Future’: A mixed‐methods evaluation of an exhibition on the early years of life
Authors: Lakhanpaul Maya , Alexander Emma C. , Cupp Meghan A. , Owugha Jessica Taripre , Florschutz Alex , Beckingham Andy , Kisan Virad , Lakhanpaul Monica , Manikam Logan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundOur study aimed to evaluate to what extent Zero2 Expo's ‘Birthing a Better Future’, a co‐created multimedia exhibition, was effective in raising awareness on the importance of the first 1001 days of life and explore what refinements would help to optimize the impact of future exhibitions.MethodsWe conducted a mixed‐methods evaluation of the exhibition delivered in the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford. Through convenience sampling, 14 participants were selected to participate in 12 structured interviews and 19 participants completed a questionnaire. Interviews were thematically analysed alongside quantitative analysis of questionnaire responses through Likert scales.ResultsThe majority (78.6%, n = 11/14) of participants who completed the questionnaire either agreed or strongly agreed that the exhibition raised their awareness about the first 1001 days of life. This was supported by the analysis of interviews. The use of art was found to provoke an emotional engagement from participants. Participants felt that the length of the written pieces and location of the exhibition were important factors for designers to consider in future exhibitions.ConclusionThis study demonstrated that multimedia exhibitions, combining science with art, may be an effective way to raise awareness of public health messages. Engaging with key stakeholders will be an essential step in order to improve future public health exhibitions.Public ContributionWhen designing the study, the public reviewed the study tools, which were refined based on their feedback. At every phase of the study, members of the public who are artists co‐created the exhibition content.
Advance care directive prevalence among older Australians and associations with person‐level predictors and quality indicators
Authors: Buck Kimberly , Nolte Linda , Sellars Marcus , Sinclair Craig , White Ben P. , Kelly Helana , Macleod Ashley , Detering Karen M. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundAdvance care planning (ACP) conversations may result in preferences for medical care being documented.ObjectiveTo explore the uptake and quality of advance care directives (ACDs) among older Australians accessing health and aged care services, by overall ACP documentation prevalence, person‐level predictors and ACD quality indicators.Design and SettingNational multi‐centre health record audit in general practices (GP), hospitals and residential aged care facilities (RACF).ParticipantsA total of 4187 people aged ≥65 years attending their GP (n = 676), admitted to hospital (n = 1122) or residing in a RACF (n = 2389).Main Outcome MeasuresACP documentation prevalence by setting and type including person‐completed ACDs and non‐ACD documents (completed by a health professional or someone else); person‐level predictors and quality indicators of ACDs.ResultsOverall ACP documentation prevalence was 46.5% (29.2% weighted). ACD prevalence was 25.3% (14.2% weighted). Unweighted ACD prevalence was higher in RACFs (37.7%) than in hospitals (11.1%) and GPs (5.5%). 35.8% of ACP documentation was completed by a health professional (9.7% weighted), and 18.1% was completed by someone else (10.6% weighted). Having an ACD was positively associated with being female, older, having two or more medical conditions, receiving palliative care, being divorced/separated and being in a RACF. Only 73% of ACDs included full name, signature, document date and witnessing.Conclusions and ContributionLow ACP documentation prevalence and a lack of accessible, person‐completed and quality ACDs represent an important ACP implementation issue. Low prevalence is complicated by poor document quality and a higher prevalence of documents being completed by someone other than the person.
Myxoepithelioid tumour with chordoid features: a clinicopathological, immunohistochemical and genetic study of 14 cases of SMARCB1/INI1‐deficient soft‐tissue neoplasm
Authors: Kinoshita Izumi , Kohashi Kenichi , Yamamoto Hidetaka , Yamada Yuichi , Inoue Takeshi , Higaki Koichi , Teramoto Norihiro , Oshiro Yumi , Nakashima Yasuharu , Oda Yoshinao 
Published: May 2021

AimsComplete loss of SMARCB1/INI1 in soft‐tissue tumours such as malignant rhabdoid tumour, epithelioid sarcoma, myoepithelial tumour of soft tissue and extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma is often associated with high‐grade malignancy and poor prognosis. The diagnosis is sometimes challenging, owing to histological similarities, so careful differential diagnosis is required. Therefore, soft‐tissue tumours with complete SMARCB1/INI1 loss could potentially include an unknown entity.Methods and resultsWe analysed 160 cases of SMARCB1/INI1‐deficient soft‐tissue tumour, and found 14 cases that were not classifiable into already existing categories and had common clinical and histological features. These involved two male and 12 female patients, ranging in age from 20 years to 61 years. The tumours were located in the the puboinguinal region (n = 13) and pelvic cavity (n = 1). Histologically, the tumours showed relatively uniform epithelioid to spindle‐shaped cells with myxoid stroma. All tumours showed immunoreactivity for brachyury, epithelial membrane antigen, and progesterone receptor, and 12 of 14 cases did so for oestrogen receptor. Variable positive staining for α‐smooth muscle actin, S100 and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was seen. NR4A3 and EWSR1 gene rearrangements were not detected in 13 and 11 examined cases, respectively. Clinical follow‐up data for the 14 patients showed that 13 were alive without disease and one had been lost to follow‐up; four patients developed local recurrence and/or metastases.ConclusionThe designation ‘myxoepithelioid tumour with choroid features’ (METC) was proposed as a tumour with intermediate malignancy controllable with appropriate treatment, including the entity of myoepithelioma‐like tumour of the vulvar region. METC represents a novel and independent subset that is histologically, biologically and clinically distinct from already existing SMARCB1/INI1‐deficient soft‐tissue tumours.