bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The bilateral nature and origin of the lateral circumflex femoral artery
Authors: Ahamed Tarnima , Abramowitz Jason , Pagano Anthony Santino , Marquez Samuel 
Published: June 2021

The lateral circumflex femoral artery (LCFA) gives rise to the ascending, transverse, and descending branches before anastamosing with the medial circumflex femoral artery (MCFA). Aside from its great importance in this proximal femoral anastomotic network, the descending branch of the LCFA is often used in a range of reconstructive vascular surgeries. Thus variation in LCFA branch origins is of great clinical relevance. The LCFA is typically described as arising from the deep artery of the thigh close to the femoral artery. However, few have investigated the distribution of LCFA branches. This study surveys 14 lateral circumflex femoral arteries from seven donor bodies representing adults from an urban population. Results showed a large amount of variation in the origin of the three contributing branches of the LCFA. In 50% of the sample, all three LCFA branches arise from one point. The descending and ascending arteries will each arise from separate locations in 22% and 14% of cases, respectively. In 14% of cases, each branch arose from different locations on the LCFA while 7% showed all branches arising from the deep femoral artery with no LCFA present. Approximately 43% of the individuals showed complete bilateral asymmetry, underscoring the highly variable nature of LCFA branching patterns. These findings reveal a great amount of diversity in vascular anatomy both between and within individuals.Grant Funding Source: Downstate Medical Center
Morphological contribution of the pectoralis major muscle to the stability of the pectoral girdle
Authors: Kumka Myroslava 
Published: June 2021

MethodsThis study utilized 14 embalmed cadavers using traditional anatomical dissections.ResultsThe clavicular head (CH) of the pectoralis major muscle (PMM) enhances the fibrous capsule (FC) of the sternoclavicular joint (SCJ) attaching at the periosteum of the clavicle. The sternocostal head and the abdominal part of the PMM are formed by seven segments. They attach to the upper seven costal cartilages, the FC of the SCJ and sternocostal joint, the sternum, the external oblique aponeurosis and the rectus sheath. Each segment is invested into the deep pectoral fascia which continues with the deep cervical, thoracolumbar, axillary and brachial fasciae. The biliminar tendon of PMM's distal attachment is formed by anterior lamina (AL) and posterior lamina (PL). There is continuity between the AL and PL at their humeral attachment. The AL is prolonged into the brachial fascia, FC of the glenohumeral joint (GHJ), deltoid tendon and deltoid tuberosity. Some fibers of PL continue into the FC of GHJ, while others invest the long head of biceps brachii, or fuse with the tendon of latissimus dorsi.ConclusionThe myofascial continuity of the PMM, the connections with axial and appendicular skeleton, the pectoral girdle joint's fibrous capsules and tendons of other muscles may be important in the stability of the pectoral girdle. They should be considered in the training of athletes, and diagnosis and management of injury.
Fixing the all Variable of Tendineous Insertion in the long Abductor Muscle of the Thumb. Dissection. Dissecting room. Medical School. National University San Agustin. Arequipa Peru. 1998–2002
Authors: Mayta‐coaguila Hector‐juan 
Published: June 2021

Because of its clinical, surgical and in particular macroscopic anatomy we decided to perform this research work. We worked on 32 cadavers (a total of 64 upper limbs) in the labs of anatomy in the Medical school at the San Agustin National University in Arequipa Perú. We used a descriptive, comparative method and dissected all cadavers. We studied them from January 1998 to January 2002 year.We show that 21.87% of all cases present a variable tendineous insertion in the long abductor muscle of the thumb, with a predominance of male gender (85.71%) over female gender (14.28%). Also, most of the cases of the tendon long abductor muscle of the thumb show a division in two segments (57.14%), also it splits into three, four or even in six tendons with minor percentages. The average of tendons in the male sex was 3,16 and the female sex 2,0, the women did not have 3 or more divisions of the tendon of insertion of this muscle
The role of the transverse carpal ligament in carpal stability: an in vitro study
Authors: Bortier Hilde Elisa , Tengrootenhuysen Mike , van Riet Roger , Pimontel Paul , Van Glabbeek Francis 
Published: June 2021

A biomechanical in vitro study was performed on 16 fresh frozen cadaver forearms to investigate the role of the transverse carpal ligament (TCL) in carpal stability.The distance between the scaphoid and hamate was measured, as a reference for the length of the TCL. Distances were recorded in both loaded and unloaded conditions after gradual sectioning of the transverse carpal ligament, the palmar scapholunate, long radiolunate ligament and radioscapholunate ligament.The largest increase in spread of the carpal bones (55% of total spread) was noted after loading with the ligament intact. Thereafter, sectioning of the TCL resulted in a further 32.9% increase in the distance between the scaphoid and the hamate.We conclude that the intact carpal bones‐ligament complex displays some elasticity. Progressive sectioning of the TCL ligament under loading further opens the palmar arch.Nevertheless it appears that the carpal arch will still retain reasonable intrinsic stability even without an intact TCL.
THE ESTIMATION OF SEX FROM LUMBAR SPINE
Authors: Jelaca‐tavakoli Maria , Lewis Mary e. 
Published: June 2021

The estimation of the sex of an unknown individual forms an essential part of biological identification in forensic anthropology, but is often hindered by poor preservation of the skull or pelvis. This study explores the relationship between the spinal dimensions of the lumbar spine and biological sex through means of osteometry. Osteometric data from a total of 3645 dry lumbar vertebra (N=385 and N=278 male and female skeletons respectively) were collected from four anatomical collections of known age and sex individuals located in Africa and North America. The Maximum Lumbar Length (ML) was determined for each of the five vertebrae and the measurements were then combined to provide an average for each individual. Of the single vertebrae, the ML dimensions of L1 provided the greatest accuracy when comparing the estimated sex against the known sex of the individual (80.3%). However, maximum lumbar length proved more accurate when the measurements for the five vertebrae were combined (82%). This study proposes possible usages of the sexually dimorphic features of the lumbar spine of Homo sapiens in challenging clinical, anatomical, forensic and osteoanthropometric cases in which either one or combination of factors such as decomposition, scavenging, burning and dismembering of human bodies provide no other feasible clues for identification of sex. Further examination and detailed studies of sexually dimorphism in the spine are needed to fully develop this method of forensic use, and may also have potential applications in evolutionary biology, possibly providing new information on sex specific bipedal adaptations.Grant Funding Source: AAA
Patterns of strain in the primate pelvis: implications for theoretical models of pelvic biomechanics
Authors: Lewton Kristi Lynn 
Published: June 2021

Until recently, the relationship between pelvic anatomy and stress resistance during loading had not been investigated in non‐human primates. This study seeks to test a theoretical model of pelvic mechanics to 1) determine whether the pelvis reacts similarly to applied load throughout primates (or whether multiple models are necessary to describe variation within primates) and 2) inform hypotheses of adaptation to locomotion.Strain gages were applied to cadaveric pelvic specimens (Macaca, Papio, and Hylobates) and realistic loads (based on in vivo data) were applied unilaterally throughout a range of hindlimb angular excursions using a materials testing system. Directions and magnitudes of principal strains and peak shear strains were compared to predictions generated by the cylinder model of pelvic mechanics. Principal strains were highest in the pubic region during angular excursions of the hindlimb that correspond approximately to mid‐stance and toe‐off. Patterns of compressive and tensile strains provide preliminary support for dorsoventral and mediolateral 1) bending and 2) compression as dominant loading regimes. The results indicate that the pubis plays a pivotal role in stress resistance of the primate pelvis and that its morphology should be directly related to locomotor function.Grant Funding Source: National Science Foundation, Leakey Foundation, Sigma Xi, GPSA
COINCINDENT ACTIVATION OF THE WNT AND SHH PATHWAYS BY FGF IN THE POSTERIOR LIMB BUD
Authors: Van Arsdale Jonathan M , Feenstra Jennifer M , Pira Charmaine U , Oberg Kerby C 
Published: June 2021

Shh is critical to limb patterning during development and regeneration. The apical ectodermal ridge secretes Fgfs that induce limb outgrowth and maintain Shh expression in the zone of polarizing activity through a reciprocal Fgf‐Shh loop. Gene arrays performed following FGF2 application to the posterior region of the chick limb bud demonstrate elevated levels of WNT5A, FZD4, DKK1, and SHH. We hypothesized that the Wnt pathway might participate in the Fgf‐induced up‐regulation of Shh.Thus, we analyzed the expression time course of WNT5A, FZD4, and DKK1 during FGF‐induced SHH up‐regulation. FGF2 soaked‐beads were implanted into the posterior aspect of stage 23 chick wing buds; the chicks were then harvested after 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 hr of incubation and performed in situ hybridization for SHH and the Wnt‐associated genes.SHH was up‐regulated by FGF2 within 3 hr of application. DKK1 was the first of the Wnt‐associated genes to be up‐regulated by FGF2, 3 hr after application followed by WNT5A at 12 hr, and then FZD4 at 18 hr.This sequence of expression was unexpected. It was anticipated that up‐regulation of WNT5A by FGF2 would regulate SHH. However, up‐regulation of SHH precedes WNT5A. It is possible that the Wnt pathway is activated by FGF2 in a coincident, but separate pathway from SHH up‐regulation. It is also feasible that DKK1 could up‐regulate SHH and further studies are needed to investigate this possibility.
An EGFP reporter system to visualize homologous recombination in vivo
Authors: Jackson Michelle R Sukup , Jonnalagadda Vidya , Matsuguchi Tetsuya , Engelward Bevin P 
Published: June 2021

The ability of cells to repair damaged DNA via homologous recombination (HR) is crucial to maintaining the fidelity of genomic information. While generally beneficial, HR can cause tumorgenic sequence rearrangements.Our laboratory has developed a method for measuring HR frequency in the mouse. The Fluorescent Yellow Direct Repeat (FYDR) mice harbor incomplete repeat copies of the EYFP coding sequence. In the event of HR repair at the substrate, a complete EYFP sequence can result, leading to a fluorescent cell visible via flow cytometry.In the FYDR mice, the EYFP substrate is not adequately expressed in all tissue types, preventing study of HR. To study previously inaccessible tissues, we have developed a new vector targeted at the ubiquitously expressed Rosa26 locus. We describe a new targeting vector consisting of tandem EGFP cassettes lacking essential sequences and initial characterization of the model.We will use this model for many studies, specifically genomic stability in tissues susceptible to inflammation‐induced cancer. Knowledge of the relationship between exposures and HR will help us identify key factors modulating cancer susceptibility. NSF GRF, NIH# P01‐CA26731, R33‐CA112151‐01A2Grant Funding Source: R33‐Ca112151‐01A2; NSF GRF, NIH Grant# P01‐CA26731
The regulation of SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complexes on human genes under heat shock and IFN‐gamma treatment
Authors: CHENG MO‐BIN , Zhang Yi , Zhang Ye , Shen Yu‐fei 
Published: June 2021

The ATP dependent chromatin remodeling complex can repost nucleosomes on the genome DNA, which is crucial for the regulation of human genes. The ATPase subunits of the human SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complexes induce ATP release for chromatin remodeling at the promoter of its target genes either independently or in coordination. Here, we explore how an IFN‐γ activating sequences in the promoter can mediate chromatin remodeling and enhance gene activation in human leukemic cells under non‐lethal heat shock or IFN‐γ treatment. Our data were obtained mainly from real‐time RT‐PCR, chromatin immunoprecipitation, promoter activity assay, endonuclease accessibility, immunoprecipitation and domain‐specific interactions. We show a substitution of one SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex by its counterpart in the promoter of the genes is a requisite in the activation of hsp90α and two immune genes under heat shock. However, a similar change under IFN‐γ treatment in the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complexes to activate a gene occurs only on certain specific genes and cell types. We present a novel example showing the similarity and difference at the chromatin level in regulating activation of human genes under heat shock and IFNγ induction.This work is funded by NSFC #30721063 & #90408007
Enrichment of Short interspersed transposable elements (SINEs) in hypomethylated genic regions in embryonic stem cells
Authors: Muramoto Hiroki , Yagi Shintaro , Hirabayashi Keiji , Sato Shinya , Ohgane Jun , Tanaka Satoshi , Shiota Kunio 
Published: June 2021

Genome‐wide studies of DNA methylation modification of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and somatic cells have revealed that there are numerous tissue‐dependently and differentially methylated regions (T‐DMRs). Combination of methylation status of each T‐DMR, called DNA methylation profile, is specific to ESCs. Transposable elements (TEs) occupy about the half of the mammalian genome. In general, DNA methylation modification repressed transposition of TEs. In this study, we examined whether there exist genomic sequence features, focusing on TE distributions, around genes that have T‐DMRs differentially methylated between ESCs and somatic cells. We first identified T‐DMRs hypo/hypermethylated in ESCs in promoter regions by comparing genome‐wide methylation status of ESCs with liver, and explored the TE proportions in flanking region over 100 kb. We found that genes with hypomethylated T‐DMRs in ESCs showed significantly higher SINE and lower LINE proportions. The enriched SINEs had a CpG‐rich property and were of specific subfamilies. These results demonstrated that SINE enrichment in the flanking regions is a distinctive characteristics of genes with hypomethylated T‐DMRs and further suggest that SINEs play a role in the formation of ESC DNA mehtylation profile.This work was supported by the grants from NEDO, NIBIO, and JSPS Research Fellowship for Young Scientists.
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β) forms multiple protein complexes
Authors: Hamer Sabine , Gerlach Martin , Naguib Marian , Reinartz Michael , Gödecke Axel 
Published: June 2021

GSK3β is a serine/threonine protein kinase, which is part of the PI3‐kinase/Akt‐, Wnt‐ and Hedgehog‐pathway and is involved in the regulation of gene transcription, protein synthesis and apoptosis.To systematically analyze GSK3β dependent signal transduction we aimed to identify GSK3β associated protein complexes via Tandem Affinity Purification (TAP) and fused a TAP‐Tag consisting of a Flag/Strep II Tag at the C‐terminal end. This enables us to perform a two‐step purification of the recombinant GSK3β and its interacting partners under native conditions.We found a similar behaviour of the recombinant GSK3β‐TAP‐Tag compared to the endogenously expressed GSK3β concerning subcellular localization, phosphorylation and enzymatic activity. MS‐based analysis of copurified proteins revealed that Acetyl‐CoA‐carboxylase, ATP‐citrate synthase and Axin, which are known to be substrates of GSK3β, form stable complexes with GSK3β. Moreover we identified numerous new interaction partners e.g. Alanyl‐tRNA synthetase, Annexin A2, Elongation factor 1, Filamin.ConclusionGSK3β mediates its signal transduction by extensive formation of stable complexes with other proteins.
A new mechanism explaining the sustained effect of Bone Morphogenetic Protein‐2 (rhBMP‐2) during reconstruction of segmental bone defects
Authors: El‐Awady Ahmed Rifaat , Hussein Khaled Mohamed , Zakhary Ibrahim , Emam Hany , Elsalanty Mohammed 
Published: June 2021

This study investigates the role of the soft tissue bed in rhBMP‐2‐induced bone formation in large segmental bone defects. We hypothesized that delivery of rhBMP2 triggers endogenous BMP2 release by the soft tissue bed of the defect. Thirty‐five millimeter defects were created in the mandibles of five foxhound male dogs and immediately reconstructed with 8ccs of rhBMP‐2 (0.2 mg/ml) infused into absorbable collagen sponge (ACS). Soft tissue samples were collected 12 weeks after reconstruction. Gene expressions of endogenous BMP2 as well as 28 related genes were measured in the collected samples using real‐time PCR (qrt‐PCR) arrays. Analysis of the mRNA at treated sites revealed significant up‐regulation in the expressions of several genes related to BMP2 and inflammatory pathways. The highest significant up‐regulation detected in COL1A1 (+10.6 folds), BMP2 (+9.5 folds). Protein extracted from the periosteal tissue at the regenerate sides showed statistically significant higher concentration of BMP2 than contralateral sides. These results suggest that rhBMP‐2 grafting stimulates the production of endogenous BMP‐2 in the tissue pad surrounding the defect.This study was supported in part by Medtronic, inc.
NAD+‐dependent deacetylase SIRT3 regulates mitochondrial protein synthesis by deacetylation of mitochondrial ribosomal protein L10
Authors: Koc Emine C , Yang Yongjie , Cimen Huseyin , Han Min‐Joon , Tong Shi , Deng Jian‐Hong , Koc Hasan , Palacios Orsolya M , Montier Laura , Bai Yidong 
Published: June 2021

Reversible acetylation regulates many biological processes including mitochondrial energy metabolism, cell survival and longevity. A member of the sirtuin family of NAD+‐dependent deacetylases, SIRT3, is important for regulation of reversible acetylation in mammalian mitochondria. In this study, we identified ribosomal MRPL10 as one of the major acetylated proteins in the mitochondrial ribosome. Ribosome associated SIRT3 was found to be responsible for deacetylation of MRPL10 in an NAD+‐dependent manner. We mapped the acetylated Lys residues by tandem mass spectrometry and determined the role of these residues in acetylation of MRPL10 by site‐directed mutagenesis. Furthermore, we observed that the increased acetylation of MRPL10 lead to an increase in translational activity of mitochondrial ribosomes in SIRT3−/− mice. In a similar manner, ectopic expression and knock‐down of SIRT3 in C2C12 cells resulted in the suppression and enhancement of mitochondrial protein synthesis, respectively. Our findings constitute the first evidence for the regulation of mitochondrial protein synthesis by the reversible acetylation of the mitochondrial ribosome and characterize MRPL10 as a novel substrate of the NAD+‐ dependent deacetylase, SIRT3.Supported by NIH R01s to ECK (GM071034), YB (AG025223), and QT (DK075978).
Quantification of prostaglandin D synthase peptides in human cerebrospinal fluid by selective reaction monitoring
Authors: Fonteh Alfred Nji , Fisher Danielle , Biringer Roger , Huhmer Andreas , Rush John , Harrington Michael 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveTo quantify prostaglandin D synthase (PTGDS) in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) using multiple stable isotope peptides.MethodsEight tryptic peptides of PTGDS were synthesized containing stable isotopes ([13C]/[15N]) of amino acids. Experimental tandem mass spectrometry was used to obtain the best fragments and selective reaction monitoring (SRM) parameters were optimized using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. CSF or recombinant PTGDS was spiked with 50 pmol stable isotopes before digestion with trypsin. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LCMS) with SRM of multiple transitions and charged states for each peptide was used to quantify PTGDS in CSF.ResultsPeptide infusions reveal major b and y ions that can be used for experimental SRM. Standard curves are linear (0–100 pmol) with a peptide dependent on‐column limit of detection of 0.1–1 pmol. We detect all eight PTGDS peptides, and stable isotope SRM quantification reveals levels of PTGDS in CSF for normal subjects to be 15.2 ± 6.2 mg/L (n=14). CSF levels in subjects with migraine differ from those without, and average quantification using all peptides confirms a significant increase of PTGDS in migraine.ConclusionsExperimental SRM can be used to accurately quantify proteins in biological samples. This approach can be useful in discovering biomarkers of diseases when multiple peptides of biological pathways are monitored.
HIV Protease Inhibitors Differentially Regulate PPARγ expression in Adipocytes
Authors: Pecora Beth S , Zha Weibin , Hylemon Phillip B , Wabitsch Martin , Zhou Huiping 
Published: June 2021

HIV protease inhibitor (PI)‐induced dysregulation of lipid metabolism is a major concern in the clinic. The peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPARγ) plays a pivotal role in regulating the expression of key genes involved in lipid metabolism and activating adipocyte differentiation. We have previously shown that individual HIV PIs had different effects on PPARγ expression and adipocyte differentiation. The aim of this study was to examine the potential cellular mechanisms by which HIV PIs regulate PPARγ expression in adipocytes.MethodsMouse 3T3‐L1 and human SGBS adipocytes were used in this study. The interaction between RNA binding proteins, HuR and CUGBP1, and PPARγ mRNA was identified by pull‐down assay and immunoprecipitation followed by real‐time RT‐PCR. The intracellular protein levels of HuR and CUGBP1 were measured via Western Blot analysis. Luciferase reporters containing PPARγ promoter, coding region, or 3’untranslated region were utilized to identify the potential mechanisms by which HIV PIs regulate PPARγ expression.ResultsHIV PIs differentially regulate the expression of PPARγ in adipocytes.ConclusionsHIV PI‐mediated dysregulation of PPARγ expression may represent a critical mechanism by which HIV PIs induce dyslipidemia, lipodystrophy and metabolic syndrome.This work was supported by NIH R01 and F30 grants.
Nutlin‐3, a MDM2 antagonist, induces Erk1/2 activation in U2OS cells
Authors: Lee Sun‐Young , Ko Kyoung‐Won , Choe Yun‐Jung , Jeong Seong‐Whan , Kim Ho‐Shik 
Published: June 2021

Nutlin‐3 is a small molecular antagonist of MDM2 which is a critical negative regulator of p53. Activation of p53 by nutlin‐3 has been reported to trigger cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in cancer cells. Here, we present that nutlin‐3 activates anti‐apoptotic pathway as well as apoptosis in human osteosarcoma U2OS cells.Nutlin‐3 inhibited growth of U2OS cells, which was associated with apoptosis. Concomitantly, Erk1/2 was phosphorylated by nutlin‐3 treatment. Pretreatment of MEK inhibitors such as U0126 and PD98059 enhanced cell death by nutlin‐3, suggesting that activated Erk1/2 protects U2OS cells from apoptosis. In addition, nutlin‐3 induced transcription of EGFR ligands including HB‐EGF and Erk1/2 phosphorylation by nutlin‐3 was prevented by cycloheximide, implying that Erk1/2 activation might be resulted from autostimulation of EGFR by upregulated EGFR ligands.Taken together, p53 activation by nutlin‐3 may induce both apoptotic and survival pathways consisted of Erk1/2. Therefore, combined treatment of nutlin‐3 and Erk1/2 inhibitors may enhance therapeutic efficacy of p53 activation to induce cancer cell apoptosis. This research was supported by MRC from cell death disease research center funded by KOSEF.