bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photoswitchable Nitrogen Superbases: Using Light for Reversible Carbon Dioxide Capture
Authors: Wilm Lukas F. B. , Das Mowpriya , Janssen‐Müller Daniel , Mück‐Lichtenfeld Christian , Glorius Frank , Dielmann Fabian 
Published: October 2021

AbstractUsing light as an external stimulus to alter the reactivity of Lewis bases is an intriguing tool for controlling chemical reactions. Reversible photoreactions associated with pronounced reactivity changes are particularly valuable in this regard. We herein report the first photoswitchable nitrogen superbases based on guanidines equipped with a photochromic dithienylethene unit. The resulting N‐heterocyclic imines (NHIs) undergo reversible, near quantitative electrocyclic isomerization upon successive exposure to UV and visible irradiation, as demonstrated over multiple cycles. Switching between the ring‐opened and ring‐closed states is accompanied by substantial pKa shifts of the NHIs by up to 8.7 units. Since only the ring‐closed isomers are sufficiently basic to activate CO2 via the formation of zwitterionic Lewis base adducts, cycling between the two isomeric states enables the light‐controlled capture and release of CO2.
Developmental origins of the crocodylian skull table and platyrostral face
Authors: Morris Zachary S. , Vliet Kent A. , Abzhanov Arhat , Pierce Stephanie E. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe dorsoventrally flattened skull typifies extant Crocodylia perhaps more than any other anatomical feature and is generally considered an adaptation for semi‐aquatic feeding. Although the evolutionary origins of caniofacial flattening have been extensively studied, the developmental origins have yet to be explored. To understand how the skull table and platyrostral snout develop, we quantified embryonic development and post‐hatching growth (ontogeny) of the crocodylian skull in lateral view using geometric morphometrics. Our dataset (n = 103) includes all but one extant genus and all of the major ecomorphs, including the extremely slender‐snouted Gavialis and Tomistoma. Our analysis reveals that the embryonic development of the flattened skull is remarkably similar across ecomorphs, including the presence of a conserved initial embryonic skull shape, similar to prior analysis of dorsal snout shape. Although differences during posthatching ontogeny are recovered among ecomorphs, embryonic patterns are not distinct, revealing an important shift in developmental rate near hatching. In particular, the flattened skull table is achieved by the end of embryonic development with no changes after hatching. Further, the rotation of skull roof and facial bones during development is critical for the stereotypical flatness of the crocodylian skull. Our results suggest selection on hatchling performance and constraints on embryonic skull shape may have been important in this pattern of developmental conservation. The appearance of aspects of cranial flatness among Jurassic stem crocodylians suggests key aspects of these cranial developmental patterns may have been conserved for over 200 million years.
Modeling bioaffinity‐based targeted delivery of antimicrobials to Escherichia coli biofilms using yeast microparticles. Part I: Model development and numerical simulation
Authors: Yi Jiyoon , Huang Kang , Nitin Nitin 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBiofilms are potential reservoirs for pathogenic microbes leading to a significant challenge for food safety, ecosystems, and human health. Various micro‐and nanoparticles have been experimentally evaluated to improve biofilm inactivation by targeted delivery of antimicrobials. However, the role of transport processes and reaction kinetics of these delivery systems are not well understood. In this study, a mechanistic modeling approach was developed to understand the targeted delivery of chlorine to an Escherichia coli biofilm using a novel bioaffinity‐based yeast microparticle. Biofilm inactivation by this delivery system was numerically simulated as a combination of reaction kinetics and transport phenomena. Simulation results demonstrate that the targeted delivery system achieved 7 log reduction within 16.2 min, while the equivalent level of conventional free chlorine achieved only 3.6 log reduction for the same treatment time. These numerical results matched the experimental observations in our previous study. This study illustrates the potential of a mechanistic modeling approach to improve fundamental understanding and guide the design of targeted inactivation of biofilms using biobased particles.
Flue‐cured tobacco holding‐ability is affected by harvest timing
Authors: Vann Matthew C. , Inman Matthew D. , Fisher Loren R. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe propensity for flue‐cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) leaves to retain or improve their visual quality and value over an extended period of time is referred to as “holding‐ability.” General holding‐ability models that are specific to popular cultivars are not available to commercial farmers. Research was conducted at five locations from 2009 to 2014 to determine the effect of flue‐cured tobacco cultivar and upper‐stalk harvest timing to cured leaf yield, visual quality, price per pound, and economic value per acre. Two commercial cultivars, ‘K326’ and ‘NC196’, were evaluated within each location, with upper‐stalk leaf harvest schedule as follows: 7 d under‐ripe (Day 0), 3 d over‐ripe (Day 10), 13 d over‐ripe (Day 20), 23 d over‐ripe (Day 30), and 33 d over‐ripe (Day 40). The measured parameters were not influenced by cultivar selection, thus indicating that K326 and NC196 are likely to have similar ripening patterns and holding‐ability when produced under the same growing conditions. Quadratic responses for harvest timing were significant for cured leaf measurements. Yield and visual quality were greatest at Days 17 and 20, respectively. Cured leaf price continued to increase until Day 25, although maximum economic value per acre was obtained at Days 20 and 21 (US$3,041 acre–1). Increases in yield, quality, and value from Day 0 through 20 suggest that a 2‐wk delay in the harvest of upper‐stalk leaves may prove to be financially advantageous to farmers.
Size‐Induced Inversion of Selectivity in the Acylation of 1,2‐Diols
Authors: Mayr Stefanie , Zipse Hendrik 
Published: October 2021

AbstractRelative rates for the Lewis base‐catalyzed acylation of aryl‐substituted 1,2‐diols with anhydrides differing in size have been determined by turnover‐limited competition experiments and absolute kinetics measurements. Depending on the structure of the anhydride reagent, the secondary hydroxyl group of the 1,2‐diol reacts faster than the primary one. This preference towards the secondary hydroxyl group is boosted in the second acylation step from the monoesters to the diester through size and additional steric effects. In absolute terms the first acylation step is found to be up to 35 times faster than the second one for the primary alcohols due to neighboring group effects.
Lithium Half‐Salen Complexes: Synthesis, Structural Characterization and Studies as Catalysts for rac‐Lactide Ring‐Opening Polymerization
Authors: Zhou Yali , Nichol Gary S. , Garden Jennifer A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSeven lithium complexes supported by sterically and electronically diverse phenoxyimine ligands were synthesized and characterized by X‐ray diffraction, NMR spectroscopy and elemental microanalysis. These complexes show high activity (kobs ≤7.43×10−2 s−1) for rac‐lactide ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) in the presence of co‐initiator benzyl alcohol (BnOH), with the exception of Li4 which features an unusual polymeric ladder structure. Overall, the catalyst activity correlates to the aggregation state; the catalysts with low aggregation states display increased propagation rates attributed to improved metal accessibility and kinetic mobility. The nature of the ligand substituents and solvent influence the catalyst aggregation in both the solid‐ and solution‐state. While the lithium complexes can initiate rac‐lactide ROP without BnOH, the addition of this co‐initiator significantly increases the polymerization rate by switching the mechanism from a coordination‐insertion to an activated monomer pathway, changing the resultant poly(lactic acid) architecture from cyclic to linear.
The incidence of elder abuse under East Asian cultural background: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Wang Zhuzhu , Zhu Rui , Lai Xiaolan , Chen Wencong , Zhuang Jiayuan 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectiveElder abuse (EA) is a critical social, health, and economic issue worldwide. To date, there is limited information on EA in certain similar culture‐specific subpopulations, especially in East Asia. This study aims to summarize EA incidence in East Asia through a systematic review and meta‐analysis and identify its variations and heterogeneity in the incidence estimates.Methods/DesignThe study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta‐Analyses protocol. Systematic review registration number PROSPERO CRD42020197131. A systematic literature search was performed to identify relevant articles published before July 5th, 2020, from six electronic databases. Two reviewers screened for relevance of the studies against eligible criteria and assessed the bias of the included studies independently. A random‐effect model was adopted to estimate the incidence of EA, followed by subgroup analyses and multi meta‐regression. Sensitivity and publication bias tests were performed to verify the robustness of the meta‐analysis by Stata version 15.1.ResultsTwelve eligible studies were included in the meta‐analysis, which involved 79,395 subjects from 3 East Asian countries (China, Japan, and South Korea) ranging from 2004 to 2020. The overall incidence of EA was 78.33 per 1000 person‐year (95% CI: 39.12–156.87) with high between‐study variability (χ2 = 15,568, d.f. = 11, p<0.001; I2 = 99.9%). The sampling method, sample size, scope, instrument, data collection method, income classification, types of participants, and urbanity are all the sources of heterogeneity, which can explain nearly 100% of the variance between studies.ConclusionsThe incidence of EA in this study is not as high as the global level. It may be furtherly underestimated in East Asia due to cultural norms. It is imperative to develop a culture‐tailored EA assessment instrument to evaluate potential victims. Future studies should also identify more effective educational programs to raise the public's awareness and promote recognition ability.
Relationship Between Simulated Gadolinium‐Based Contrast Agent Injection Profile and Achievable Resolution Metrics in Contrast‐Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Angiography
Authors: Clark Toshimasa J. , Wilson Gregory J. , Maki Jeffrey H. 
Published: October 2021

BackgroundContrast bolus variation during contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CE‐MRA) acquisition may lead to vessel blurring.PurposeTo combine knowledge of how contrast signal intensity (SI) evolves for different injection strategies with anatomically familiar parametric computer models to measure and visually assess the effects of a wide range of variables on modeled CE‐MRA, and in doing so develop contrast rate injection guidelines.Study TypeComputer modeling.PhantomDigital three‐dimensional phantom consisting of orthogonal “aorta,” 7 mm diameter “renal arteries” (with 57% and 86% diameter stenoses), and 7 mm diameter “superior mesenteric artery” (with 57% diameter stenosis).Field Strength/SequenceOne millimeter in‐plane resolution arterial CE‐MRA imaging at 3 T.Assessment“Background” (time invariant) and “vascular” (time varying) components of the phantom were each Fourier transformed into the spatial frequency domain, the latter modulated by the SI evolution of a contrast bolus of varying “plateau” lengths and “tail” heights. Data are presented as surface plots of stenosis measurement error and blurring vs. a reference‐standard injection.Statistical TestsDescriptive.ResultsShorter plateau lengths and lower tail heights resulted in increased measured stenosis error and blurring vs. the reference standard. Under a 44‐second acquisition, full width half maximum stenosis error of the 86% stenosis with 25% plateau length and 25% tail height is 24% as compared to that from the reference standard. As plateau length and tail height approach 100%, stenosis error and blurring approach a floor defined by the MR acquisition's limitations.Data ConclusionWe propose that to achieve minimal degradation with CE‐MRA, one can create a contrast bolus with either 60% plateau and 50% tail height or 80% plateau with any tail. These considerations may well prove to be of practical importance, possibly via manipulating the tail by means of multiphasic contrast injections.Level of Evidence3Technical EfficacyStage 1
Introduction to PRISMA 2020 and implications for research synthesis methodologists
Authors: Page Matthew J. , Moher David , McKenzie Joanne E. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSystematic reviews should be reported completely and accurately so that users can interpret and appraise the review findings appropriately. In this commentary, we describe key features of a major update of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta‐Analyses statement—PRISMA 2020—and discuss its implications for research synthesis methodologists.
Anti‐fatigue effects of fermented soybean protein peptides in mice
Authors: Fang Lei , Zhang Rui‐Xue , Wei Ying , Ling Kong , Lu Lu , Wang Jing , Pan Xing‐Chang , Cai Mu‐Yi 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDBioactive protein hydrolysates and peptides are believed to help counteract and ameliorate physical fatigue. Fermented soybean protein peptides (FSPPs) were prepared by protease hydrolysis and microbial fermentation. The present study aimed to evaluate the anti‐fatigue properties of FSPPs.RESULTSThe forced swimming time in the FSPP group was 35.78% longer than the control group, the oxygen‐resistant survival time of the FSPP group was significantly prolonged and the prolongation rate was 31.00%. In addition, FSPPs decreased the lactic acid (LD), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatine kinase (CK) concentration by 27.47%, 25.93% and 21.70%, respectively, after treatment, while increasing the levels of liver glycogen and muscle glycogen by 93.35% and 67.31%, respectively. FSPPs can significantly increase gut microbiota diversity and regulate the species richness of gut microbiota. The results of real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and western blotting showed that FSPPs activate p‐AMPK/PGC1‐α and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways.CONCLUSIONThese results indicate that treatment with FSPPs induces anti‐fatigue effects, which may be due to the mediating muscle protein synthesis and participation in skeletal muscle hypertrophy, providing energy for muscle cells. FSPPs may have potential applications in the food industry as functional material additives. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Peripheral Pulmonary Lesions in Confirmed Pulmonary Arterial Embolism
Authors: Safai Zadeh Ehsan , Dietrich Christoph Frank , Kmoth Laila , Trenker Corinna , Alhyari Amjad , Ludwig Michael , Görg Christian 
Published: October 2021

PurposeThis retrospective study aimed to describe the B‐mode lung ultrasound (B‐LUS) and contrast‐enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) follow‐up patterns of peripheral pulmonary lesions (PPLs) in patients with confirmed pulmonary embolism (PE).Patients and MethodsData from 27 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of PE and PPLs over 5 mm from October 2009 to November 2018 were included retrospectively in the study. The inclusion criteria were performance of a baseline CEUS examination, a short‐term B‐LUS and CEUS follow‐up, and a long‐term B‐LUS follow‐up of PPLs. The homogeneity of enhancement of PPLs (homogeneous/inhomogeneous/absent) on CEUS and the presence and size of PPLs on B‐LUS were evaluated.ResultsA total of n = 25/27 (92.6%) lesions showed absent or inhomogeneous enhancement during baseline examination or short‐term follow‐up, indicating impaired perfusion. On short‐term CEUS follow‐up, 9/27 cases (33.3%) showed a pattern shift. On B‐LUS long‐term follow‐up, 26/27 lesions (96.3%) were detectable for an average of 10 weeks (range 3–32 weeks). The size of reference lesions was significantly reduced at the time of the final follow‐up examination (P < .05).ConclusionB‐LUS follow‐up showed that, in patients with confirmed PE, PPLs had a delayed regression. On CEUS follow‐up examination, various perfusion patterns of PPLs were observed, indicating the different ages and the variable reparative processes of pulmonary infarction. In PPLs independent of the underlying signs and symptoms, follow‐up B‐LUS and CEUS examinations may be helpful for a possible retrospective diagnosis of peripheral pulmonary infarction suggestive of PE.
Repair and preventive maintenance of photovoltaic modules with degrading backsheets using flowable silicone sealant
Authors: Beaucarne Guy , Eder Gabriele , Jadot Emmanuel , Voronko Yuliya , Mühleisen Wolfgang 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPhotovoltaic (PV) modules with a degrading backsheet pose a challenge for solar park operators and other players in the PV value chain. Some types of backsheets are known to develop cracks because of an aging‐induced change in the mechanical characteristics of the material during operation in the field, which result in a loss of insulation resistance. In this work, we present a solution for repair and preventive maintenance based on a single component flowable silicone sealant. The method fills the cracks present in the backsheet with an insulating material, restoring insulation resistance, and provides a protective layer to avoid subsequent degradation. The solution was successfully implemented on the back of PV modules with co‐extruded polyamide backsheet (‘AAA’), which showed deep cracks following degradation 5–7 years of operation in a solar park. The repaired modules had a restored insulation resistance of several hundred MΩ as observed with wet leakage testing and maintained a high resistance after accelerating aging. This repair technology can be done in the field and is an alternative solution to module replacement.
A122S, A205V, D376E, W574L and S653N substitutions in acetolactate synthase (ALS) from Amaranthus palmeri show different functional impacts on herbicide resistance
Authors: Palmieri Valeria E , Alvarez Clarisa E , Permingeat Hugo R , Perotti Valeria E 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDAmaranthus palmeri S. Watson, a problematic weed infesting summer crops in Argentina, has developed multiple herbicide resistance. Resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS)‐inhibiting herbicides is particularly common, with high‐level resistance mostly caused by different mutations in the ALS enzyme. Six versions of the enzyme were identified from a resistant A. palmeri population, carrying substitutions D376E, A205V, A122S, A282D, W574L and S653N. This work aims to provide a comparative analysis of these mutants and the wild‐type (WT) enzyme to fully understand the herbicide resistance. Thus, all the versions of the ALS gene from A. palmeri were heterologously expressed and purified to evaluate their kinetics and inhibitory response against imazethapyr, diclosulam, chlorimuron‐ethyl, flucarbazone‐sodium and bispyribac‐sodium.RESULTSA decrease in catalytic efficiency was detected in the A205V, A122S–A282D, W574L and S653N ApALS enzymes, whereas only A205V and W574L substitutions also produced a decrease in the substrate affinity. In vitro ALS inhibition assays confirmed cross‐resistance to almost all the herbicides tested, with the exception of A282D ApALS, which was as susceptible as WT ApALS. Moreover, the results confirmed that the novel substitution A122S provides cross‐resistance to at least one herbicide within each of the five families of ALS inhibitors, and this property could be explained by a lower number of hydrophobic interactions between the herbicides and the mutant enzyme.CONCLUSIONThis is the first report to compare various mutations in vitro from A. palmeri ALS. Our data contribute to understanding the impacts of herbicide resistance in this species. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
W. A. Bassow – der Begründer der chirurgischen Magenoperationslehre. Werdegang der Magenchirurgie im 19. Jahrhundert
Authors: Balalykin Dmitry A. 
Published: October 2021

ZusammenfassungWassili Alexandrowitsch Bassow (1812–1879) war Ordinarius an der Moskauer Universität. Er galt als der bekannteste und beste Chirurg und Arzt seiner Zeit, der vielfach unentgeltlich arbeitete. Nach Aussagen von L. F. Zmejew kam W. A. Bassow „einem Vorbild des Evangeliums nahe“. Als erster wandte er viele verbesserte Verfahren westlicher Wissenschaft in Russland an. Bereits als Prosektor führte er in Moskau Vivisektionen ein und schon zu Beginn der 1850er Jahre die erste in Moskau vorgenommene Tracheotomie bei Kehlkopftuberkulose durch, bei dem Arzt Iwanow.
I. P. Pawlow – der Begründer der experimentellen Magenchirurgie
Authors: Balalykin Dmitry A. 
Published: October 2021

ZusammenfassungDer Name von Iwan Petrowitsch Pawlow steht in der Reihe von hervorragenden Wissenschaftlern, die Russland berühmt gemacht haben. Das Schaffen des großen Physiologen, Naturforschers und Denkers, der auch die Gabe künstlerischer und dichterischer Offenbarung besaß, hinterließ Spuren in Biologie, Psychologie, Medizin und Philosophie.
Endocardial left ventricular pacing
Authors: Elliott Mark K. , Mehta Vishal S. , Sidhu Baldeep Singh , Niederer Steven , Rinaldi Christopher A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractCardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is an effective treatment for dyssynchronous heart failure; however, 30–50% of patients fail to improve after implant. Endocardial left ventricular (LV) pacing is an alternative therapy for patients who do not respond to conventional CRT or in whom placement of a lead via the coronary sinus is not possible. It enables pacing at a wide variety of sites, without restrictions due to coronary sinus anatomy, and there is evidence of superior electrical resynchronization and hemodynamic response compared with conventional epicardial CRT. In this article, we discuss the potential advantages and disadvantages of endocardial LV pacing compared with conventional CRT, review the evidence for the delivery of endocardial LV pacing using both lead-based and leadless systems, and explore possible future directions of this novel technology.
Fahrerlose Shuttles im öffentlichen Personennahverkehr: Akzeptanz und Einstellung in der Bevölkerung
Authors: Wilde Mathias , Rebhan Jakob 
Published: October 2021

ZusammenfassungAktuell erproben einige Modellprojekte sowohl die Technik als auch den Betrieb fahrerloser Fahrzeuge im öffentlichen Verkehr. Eines davon ist die Shuttle-Modellregion Oberfranken. Um Aussagen zu den Einstellungen in der Bevölkerung generieren zu können, wurde eine Akzeptanzstudie durchgeführt. Im Ergebnis zeigte sich, dass bereits vor dem Betriebsbeginn eine ausgeprägte Nutzungsbereitschaft besteht. Offenkundig auch eine überhöhte Erwartungshaltung: Mit dem Einsatz fahrerloser Shuttles erwarten die Menschen flexible Abfahrten und eine hohe Taktdichte, Pünktlichkeit und neue Strecken, bessere Erreichbarkeit und Angebote in Randzeiten. Diesen Anforderungen kann die aktuelle Fahrzeuggeneration noch nicht gerecht werden. Insofern ist es angebracht, ein besonderes Augenmerk auf die symbolische Aufladung zu legen. Eine Diskrepanz zwischen gesellschaftlichem Narrativ, persönlicher Erwartungshaltung und gegebener Leistungsfähigkeit der Fahrzeuge könnte die Akzeptanz gefährden.