bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Local-Level Democratic Backsliding? The Consolidation of Aspiring Dominant-Party Regimes in Hungary and Poland
Authors: O'Dwyer Conor , Stenberg Matthew 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAspiring dominant-party regimes often institute major institutional and political reforms at the national level to ensure they retain control. However, subnational politics is an important, under-studied, component of regime consolidation. This study uses mayoral races in Hungary and Poland from 2006 to 2018 to examine two factors that may inhibit dominant-party regime consolidation in local politics: the use of two-round, i.e. runoff, electoral systems and strategic coordination among opposition parties. While we find little evidence that strategic coordination can lead to widespread opposition success in single-round systems, we do find that increasing the number of candidates decreases the likelihood of the nationally dominant party winning in the first round while not affecting the second round. As such, two-round mayoral elections may be an important buffer to dominant-party regime consolidation and may provide a training ground for the future opposition.
Relationship between generic and occupation-specific job demands and resources, negative work−home interference and burnout among GPs
Authors: Verhoef N.C. , De Ruiter M. , Blomme R.J. , Curfs E.C. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractScholars often examine the effect of generic job demands and resources on burnout, yet to increase ecological validity, it is important to examine the effects of occupation-specific characteristics. An extended version of the job demands-resources model with work−home interference as a mediator is examined among a cross-sectional sample of 178 general practitioners (GPs). Interviews with GPs were used to develop questions on occupation-specific work characteristics. Hypotheses were tested in MEDIATE. Both generic and occupation-specific job demands positively affected emotional exhaustion, while only occupation-specific job demands affected depersonalization. Only strain-based work−family interference mediated the relationship between generic and occupation-specific job demands, emotional exhaustion and depersonalization. This study offers an important extension of the job demands-resources model by including occupation-specific job characteristics. This broader perspective can aid in more targeted job design to reduce burnout among GPs.
Epistemic constructions in L2 Norwegian: a usage-based longitudinal study of formulaic and productive patterns
Authors: HORBOWICZ PAULINA , NORDANGER MARTE 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACTThis paper addresses the development of epistemic verb–argument constructions in L2 Norwegian in four learners from a usage-based perspective. Usage-based theories hold that language learning is a gradual process of schematization. Recent research has pointed out that adult L2 learning may start out from both lexically specific and productive patterns, but also that formulaic language and semi-fixed patterns can persist for a long time in an L2. The aim of the present study is to trace how the schematization process unfolds in dense longitudinal data collected from learners in their second semester of intense Norwegian language studies, and to explore the interaction between formulaic and productive patterns in this period of language learning. The analyses show that the learners in general employ a limited repertoire of epistemic verbs, mainlytro‘think’ andvite‘know’. The level of productivity oftroandviteconstructions varies across the learners: while one learner shows increasingly productive use of constructions with both verbs, other learners rely on semi-fixed construction patterns. A general conclusion is thus that formulaic and semi-fixed patterns are not restricted to initial phases of L2 learning and should be an object of attention at all levels of L2 competence.
The evolution and consequences of digital rights management in relation to online music streaming
Authors: Scharf Nick 
Published: June 2021

AbstractStreaming services now provide the dominant way in which music is distributed and consumed online. Digital rights management (DRM) lies at the heart of this trend and has evolved alongside a movement from copy-based to streaming-based consumption. This shift poses a number of new and unique issues. Music streaming services have changed the nature of the product offered, with musical content becoming de-bundled and reduced to a series of permissions covered by DRM and associated licences, leaving users trapped in a permission-based system. This may create tension with copyright law principles regarding personal ownership and exhaustion of rights in relation to secondary markets, but through analysing relevant US and European case law it can be demonstrated that there is little, if any, legal opportunity for digital secondary markets to emerge. There are also further specific consequences which may affect artists relating to musical diversity and the composition of popular music and, also, consequences regarding the changing nature of the Internet itself. In this context copyright remains centrally important, but only in establishing the initial proprietary rights that enable subsequent DRM and licence-based online exploitation, indicative of a re-establishment of record industry power that is now allied to streaming platforms.
Spectroscopic and photometric analysis of 21 chromospherically active variables: Activity cycles and differential rotation
Authors: Özdarcan O. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe investigate magnetic activity properties of 21 stars via medium resolution optical spectra and long-term photometry. Applying synthetic spectrum fitting method, we find that all targets are cool giant or sub-giant stars possessing overall [M/H] abundances between 0 and$-0.5$. We find that six of these targets exhibit only linear trend in mean brightness, while eight of them clearly shows cyclic mean brightness variation. Remaining seven target appear to exhibit cyclic mean brightness variation, but this cannot be confirmed due to the long timescales of the predicted cycle compared to the current time range of the photometric data. We further determine seasonal photometric periods and compute average photometric period of each target. Analysed sample in this study provides a quantitative representation of a positive linear correlation between the inverse of the rotation period and the cycle period normalised to the rotation period, on the log-log scale. We also observe no correlation between the activity cycle length and the relative surface shear, indicating that the activity cycle must be driven by a parameter rather than the differential rotation. Our analyses show that the relative surface shear is positively correlated with the rotation period and there is a noticeable separation between main sequence stars and our sample. Compared to our sample, the relative surface shear of a main sequence star is larger for a given rotation period. However, dependence of the relative surface shear on the rotation period appears stronger for our sample. Analysis of the current photometric data indicates that the photometric properties of the observed activity cycles in eight targets seem dissimilar to the sunspot cycle.
A STYLISH EXIT: MARCUS TERENTIUS’ SWANSONG (TACITUS,ANNALS6.8), CURTIUS RUFUS AND VIRGIL
Authors: Ash Rhiannon 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWithin the narrative fora.d.32, Tacitus recreates a spirited speech delivered before the Senate by theequesMarcus Terentius (Ann. 6.8), defending himself retrospectively for having been a ‘friend’ of Sejanus. This speech, the only extended speech inoratio rectato feature inAnnalsBook 6, is historiographically rich and suggestive.This article first analyses the speech as a compelling piece of oratory in its own right. It then explores the provocative mirroring of another important speech in Curtius Rufus (7.1.19–40). This is where the general Amyntas, defending himself before Alexander the Great against charges of participation in an alleged conspiracy, refuses to deny his friendship with the conspirator Philotas (now dead). Scholars have rightly acknowledged the significant intertextuality of these two speeches in Curtius Rufus and Tacitus. Yet the interest in this mirroring between Amyntas and Terentius has overshadowed another important intertext. This article demonstrates how Tacitus also engages with a programmatic moment from the opening of Virgil'sAeneidwhen Aeolus is cajoled by Juno to unleash a devastating storm. Terentius wittily casts Tiberius as a powerful divinity whose whims had to be obeyed and himself as a helpless Aeolus doing his will.This article demonstrates that the two passages from Virgil and Curtius Rufus underpinning Terentius’ speech work together powerfully, challenging Tacitus’ readers to reflect on the difficulties of ‘speaking to power’ and on the compromises involved for men like Terentius in negotiating the complex political realities of the imperial system.
Power, Prerogative, and the Politics of Sir Thomas Wentworth in Early Stuart England and Ireland
Authors: Empey Mark 
Published: June 2021

AbstractInvestigations into the career of Sir Thomas Wentworth, first earl of Strafford, essentially consider three core aspects. First, his parliamentary career and whether his concern for upholding the ancient rights of the subject conflicted with his alleged apostacy when the prospect of office seemed achievable. Second, his deputyship in Ireland, specifically the manner in which he governed the kingdom and the wider implications that this entailed. Finally, his trial and execution, and the validity (or otherwise) of the charges laid against him. As a consequence, these assessments are generally limited to, or confined within, national perspectives, resulting in an assessment of Wentworth's career being too compartmentalized and lacking in overview. This article examines the merits of comparing his political style as the king's representative in northern England and Ireland. It demonstrates how Wentworth's presidency of the north was crucial in establishing prerogative rule, which he later applied with notable effect in Ireland. The parallels are important. In the course of governing two distinct jurisdictions he both encountered and confronted similar obstacles impeding what he called ‘good government’. Viewed from this perspective, Wentworth's accomplishments in the early years of his deputyship were drawn from past experiences where he successfully consolidated royal authority.
Contested Colonial Metrological Sovereignty: The daching riot and the regulation of weights and measures in British Malaya
Authors: HONG POR HEONG , ING TAN MIAU 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDrawing on materials from the National Archives of Malaysia, newspapers, literature on historical metrology, and the colonial history of Malaya, this article weaves a social history of Malaya's colonial metrological reform by taking into account the roles of both European and Asian historical actors. Prior to the 1894 reform, people in Malaya used customary scales and weight units, which varied across districts, for commercial transactions. Initiated by colonial administrators, the reform was both welcomed and resisted. In 1897, a riot against the Sanitary Board broke out in Kuala Lumpur for its attempt to mandate that previously exempted traders use only government-verified and -stamped scales. The colonial government managed to maintain order and restore its authority at the end of the riot, but four types of merchants—goldsmiths, silversmiths, opium dealers, and drug sellers—managed to remain exempted. Metrological reform continued to be contested in the following century, but the central concerns of the regulation moved from easing taxation, facilitating cross-district trade, and taming Chinese traders to protecting consumers. More emphasis was placed on educating the public to be able to read scales, in addition to using police force to raid businesses. The enforcement was, however, compromised due to inadequate funds. The reality on the ground contradicts the image of an omnipresent colonial authority and reveals the fragility of colonial administration.
Regulating the Tyrell Corporation: the Emergence of Novel Beings
Authors: Lawrence David R , Morley Sarah 
Published: June 2021

AbstractEmerging biotechnologies and advances in computer science promise the arrival of novel beings possessed of some degree of moral status, even potentially sentient or sapient life. Such a manifestation will constitute an epochal change, and perhaps threaten Homo sapiens’ status as the only being generally considered worthy of personhood and its contingent protections; as well as being the root of any number of social and legal issues. The law as it stands is not likely to be capable of managing or adapting to this challenge. This paper highlights the likely societal ramifications of novel beings and the gaps in the legislation which is likely to be relied upon to respond to these. In so doing, the authors make a case for the development of new regulatory structures to manage the moral issues surrounding this new technological upheaval.
Moral Status for Malware! The Difficulty of Defining Advanced Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Mowbray Miranda 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe suggestion has been made that future advanced artificial intelligence (AI) that passes some consciousness-related criteria should be treated as having moral status, and therefore, humans would have an ethical obligation to consider its well-being. In this paper, the author discusses the extent to which software and robots already pass proposed criteria for consciousness; and argues against the moral status for AI on the grounds that human malware authors may design malware to fake consciousness. In fact, the article warns that malware authors have stronger incentives than do authors of legitimate software to create code that passes some of the criteria. Thus, code that appears to be benign, but is in fact malware, might become the most common form of software to be treated as having moral status.
‘It looks like a breadbox’: a pilot study investigating implementation of the Pepi-Pod® program with Aboriginal families in metropolitan South Australia
Authors: Grant Julian , Sivertsen Nina , Deverix Janiene , Steeb Alice 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAims:To collaboratively explore the cultural acceptance of the Pepi-Pod® program as an alternate safe sleep space and to explore the process of implementing the Pepi-Pod® program in a mainstream health service for Aboriginal families living in urban South Australia.Background:Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander infants continue to die from sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and sudden unexpected death in infancy (SUDI) at rates three to four times greater than other infants born in Australia despite Council of Australian Governments commitment to halve the gap in the Indigenous infant mortality rate by 2018. The Pepi-Pod® program is evidenced in New Zealand and Queensland to provide a culturally appropriate safe sleep alternative that contributes to the reduction of SIDS and SUDI. We have no evidence of acceptability or feasibility when offered through mainstream services in metropolitan South Australia.Methods:With a focus on decolonizing the research process through a two-way process for mutual learning between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal team members and community, a novel qualitative design was employed including photo elicited yarning sessions (n= 7), focus groups (n= 2), and field notes (n= 15).Results:Four themes emerged: ‘you don’t have to worry’; ‘a way of sharing knowledge’; ‘it looks like a bread box?’and ‘need for consistent safe sleep messages’. The findings suggest that participants believe the Pepi-Pod® program may enrich Aboriginal families’ lives evoking feelings of comfort and safety; however, the design could be improved to make them more culturally appropriate. There was confusion around safe sleep processes and education with a call for streamlining safe sleep messaging.
Indicators, security and sovereignty during COVID-19 in the Global South
Authors: Harrington John 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe spread of COVID-19 has seen a contest over health governance and sovereignty in Global South states, with a focus on two radically distinct modes: (1) indicators and metrics and (2) securitisation. Indicators have been a vehicle for the government of states through the external imposition and internal self-application of standards and benchmarks. Securitisation refers to the calling-into-being of emergencies in the face of existential threats to the nation. This paper contextualises both historically with reference to the trajectory of Global South states in the decades after decolonisation, which saw the rise and decline of Third-World solidarity and its replacement by neoliberalism and global governance mechanisms in health, as in other sectors. The interaction between these modes and their relative prominence during COVID-19 is studied through a brief case-study of developments in Kenya during the early months of the pandemic. The paper closes with suggestions for further research and a reflection on parallel trends within Global North states.
Atmospheric Rivers, Warm Air Intrusions, and Surface Radiation Balance in the Amundsen Sea Embayment
Authors: Djoumna G. , Holland D. M. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractOver recent decades the primary climatic forcing on the ice shelves in the Amundsen Sea Embayment (ASE) has been the influx of warm water into sub‐ice‐shelf ocean cavities. By contrast, the contribution of a globally warming atmosphere has been negligible but may play a more significant role in the future. Warm, moist air intrusions from the ocean onto the ice sheet surface play an essential role in the surface energy budget and constitute the primary driver for surface melting in West Antarctica. This study employs observations from automatic weather stations deployed on the Pine Island Glacier and numerical model outputs from the Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System to investigate warm air intrusion (WAI) events and examine their impacts on surface glacier melt in the ASE. A deep low‐pressure center over the Amundsen/Ross Seas and a blocking ridge over the southeast Pacific created favorable conditions for developing an atmospheric river that directs warm and moist air toward the ASE. An analysis of meteorological observations through 2013–2014 shows that 2013 received two times higher frequency WAI events than 2014. 2013 year coincides with more substantial pressure gradients in the western Ross Sea and the eastern Amundsen Sea. The February and March 2013 WAI events induce about 3 days of surface melting over the Pine Island Glacier and the Thurston Island area. A continued increase in the large‐scale advection of warm air from the midlatitudes toward the ASE could lead to an increased surface melting frequency with implications for ice shelves in the study area.
Enhanced Arctic Stratification in a Warming Scenario: Evidence From the Mid Pliocene Warm Period
Authors: Behera Padmasini , Tiwari Manish , Knies Jochen 
Published: June 2021

AbstractGlobal warming is most pronounced in the Arctic as evident from the massive sea ice loss during the past few decades. The Mid‐Pliocene Warm Period (MPWP), 3.264 – 3.025 million years ago with similar CO2levels, is the nearest analogue for understanding the impacts of future global warming. High‐resolution studies of relative nutrient utilization and productivity from the Atlantic‐Arctic Gateway (AAG) can provide insight into the nutrient availability governed by stratification strength during past warm climates. Here, we present relative nutrient utilization and productivity variability during the MPWP using sediments collected during the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 151 from Fram Strait, AAG. We find that the relative nutrient utilization was high (low) implying stronger (weaker) stratification during warm (cold) periods during the MPWP. Stronger stratification inhibits the nutrient influx from intermediate water depths into the surface leading to higher utilization of available nutrients. It existed during warm periods likely due to enhanced summer sea ice melt and river discharge from the hinterland. As a consequence, the freshened surface layer could have stored more heat and accelerated the sea ice melt further implying that in the present‐day warm scenario, stronger stratification and upper layer freshening may lead to more sea ice melt in the Arctic Ocean.
Bayesian Geophysical Inversion Using Invertible Neural Networks
Authors: Zhang Xin , Curtis Andrew 
Published: June 2021

AbstractConstraining geophysical models with observed data usually involves solving nonlinear and nonunique inverse problems. Neural mixture density networks (MDNs) provide an efficient way to estimate Bayesian posterior marginal probability density functions (pdf's) that represent the nonunique solution. However, it is difficult to infer correlations between parameters using MDNs, and in turn to draw samples from the posterior pdf. We introduce an alternative to resolve these issues: invertible neural networks (INNs). These are simultaneously trained to represent uncertain forward functions and to solve Bayesian inverse problems. In its usual form, the method does not account for uncertainty caused by data noise and becomes less effective in high dimensionality. To overcome these issues, in this study, we include data uncertainties as additional model parameters, and train the network by maximizing the likelihood of the data used for training. We apply the method to two types of imaging problems: One‐dimensional surface wave dispersion inversion and two‐dimensional travel time tomography, and we compare the results to those obtained using Monte Carlo and MDNs. Results show that INNs provide comparable posterior pdfs to those obtained using Monte Carlo, including correlations between parameters, and provide more accurate marginal distributions than MDNs. After training, INNs estimate posterior pdfs in seconds on a typical desktop computer. Hence they can be used to provide efficient solutions for repeated inverse problems using different data sets. Also even accounting for training time, our results show that INNs can be more efficient than Monte Carlo methods for solving inverse problems only once.