bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSI-1 A minimum amount of hydrochloric acid for pig urine collection to inhibit nitrogen volatilization
Authors: Kim Jongkeon , Hong Bokyung , Lee Myung Ja , Kim Beob Gyun G 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The objectives were to demonstrate that nitrogen volatilization from pig urine can be inhibited by the addition of acids and to determine a minimum amount of HCl for nitrogen preservation in pig urine. In experiment 1, five urine samples were collected and had nitrogen concentrations of 0.29% to 0.68%. Each sample was divided into 2 groups that were supplemented with 100 mL of distilled water and 100 mL of 6 N HCl, respectively. The samples were placed in open containers at room temperature for 10 d. The nitrogen concentration was determined every 2 d. The amount of nitrogen in urine supplemented with distilled water decreased linearly (P &lt; 0.001) with time, whereas that supplemented with 6 N HCl remained constant. In experiment 2, three urine samples with different nitrogen concentration (0.12%, 0.53%, and 0.94%) were added with different amounts of 6 N HCl used to make varying acidity (pH = 0.6, 1.1, 2.2, 4.7, 7.1, and 9.3). All urine samples were placed at a room temperature for 5 d followed by nitrogen analysis. Based on a linear broken-line analysis, nitrogen was not volatilized at a pH less than 5.12 (SE = 0.71), whereas nitrogen was volatilized at a pH greater than 5.12 (r2 = 0.98). An equation was developed for the minimum amount of 6 N HCl in urine to avoid nitrogen volatilization: 6 N HCl in urine (g/L) = 0.11 × nitrogen in urine (g/L) + 0.2 with r2 = 0.93 and P &lt; 0.01. Assuming that up to 200 gram of nitrogen is excreted for 5 d, the addition of 100 mL of 6 N HCl to the urine collection container can inhibit nitrogen volatilization. Taken together, a minimum of 100 mL of 6 N HCl is recommended for 5 day-total collection of pig urine.
PSI-18 Identifying genetic variants associated with grazing, walking, and slope use of cattle experiencing mild heat load
Authors: Stegemiller Morgan R , Ellison Melinda J , Hall John B , Sprinkle James E , Murdoch Brenda M 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Rangeland is a valuable resource that can allow producers to cost effectively provide nutrients for grazing cattle. However, grazing behavior of cattle is adversely affected when the temperature humidity index is greater than 72. It is possible to select cattle that exhibit efficient grazing behavior even under mild heat stress. This study evaluated genetic associations with grazing behavior to help producers identify cows that will effectively use their rangeland pastures. Using genome-wide associations, this study identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with grazing time, walking time and max slope that cattle utilized while experiencing mild heat load. Data were collected from Angus X Hereford 2-year-old beef cows from UI herd over two years (37 grazing and walking minutes, 38 max slope). Genotypes were obtained using a Bovine GGP 50K SNP marker array and 41,686 markers were used in the analyses. Two SNPs on chromosome 11 are significantly (P = 5.01e-7, P = 6.46e-7) associated with grazing minutes and explain 0.52 proportion of variance (PVE). A SNP on chromosome 3 is significant for walking minutes (P=1.91e-6) with a PVE of 0.48. Additionally, a SNP on chromosome 14 is significantly (P = 8.50e-6) associated with max slope and has a PVE of 0.43. This ongoing project identified significant associations with grazing and walking minutes and maximum slope. This research will be strengthened with the addition of more animals over successive years. Some cattle spend more time grazing, walking, or at a higher elevation in mild heat load. Identifying genetic variants associated with grazing time, walking time, and maximum slope use while under heat stress can enable producers to select for cattle that best fit the rangeland available to them.
PSIV-1 A comparison of chromatography methods to estimate ruminal VFA concentrations
Authors: D’Souza Genevieve M , Harvey Kelsey , Batista Luiz Fernando Dias , Cooke Reinaldo F , Tedeschi Luis O 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The objective of this study was to describe two chromatography equipment and their methods (EM) and to evaluate their adequacy in estimating ruminal volatile fatty acid concentrations (VFA). Adequacy was assessed through precision and accuracy using three standard mixtures of known acetate, propionate, and butyrate concentrations. The standard mixtures were prepared for VFA analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or gas chromatography (GC). Each mixture was injected ten times into each EM. The comparison was assessed with rumen fluid samples from four cannulated steers offered three diets at 2% BW. Diet A simulated a forage-based diet offered to cattle during the winter. Diet B simulated a grower-type diet offered to weaned calves. Diet C simulated a finisher-type diet offered to finishing cattle. Rumen fluid was collected three hours after the morning feeding for seven days for each diet and strained through 8 μm porosity fiberglass wool. Two 2-mL aliquots were stored at -20°C for HPLC analysis, while two 8-mL aliquots were diluted with 2 mL of 25% meta-phosphoric acid and stored at -20°C for GC analysis. Chromatograms without a flat baseline were removed from the analysis. For the adequacy evaluation, HPLC (R2 = 0.997; Cb = 0.874) was more precise and accurate at estimating total VFA than GC (R2 = 0.447; Cb = 0.763). When compared with the standards, HPLC estimated less (P &lt; 0.001) total VFA (98.8 ± 10.3 mM) than GC (110.5 ± 17.4 mM). Concentrations for acetate, propionate, and butyrate in rumen fluid samples were estimated for each EM and analyzed using a random coefficients model. Similarly, estimates for acetate, propionate, and butyrate were less for HPLC than GC (P ≤ 0.002). VFA estimation differs depending on EM chosen. Further research should identify the source of difference in VFA estimation from each EM.
PSIV-3 Canine olfaction as a disease detection technology: A systematic review
Authors: Juge Aiden E , Daigle Courtney L 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Capitalizing on canine olfactory capacity is a promising strategy for detecting and diagnosing human, animal, and plant diseases. The purpose of this review was to assess the extent of current research in canine disease detection. In this systematic review, multiple databases were searched for studies in which dogs were trained to detect diseases or health conditions. Following PRISMA guidelines, 1689 studies were screened and 50 relevant studies identified. The majority of studies (n = 31, 66%) took place in Europe. Lung cancer (n = 11, 22%), prostate cancer (n = 8, 16%), and breast cancer (n = 7, 14%) were the most frequently-studied conditions. Urine (n = 17, 34%) and breath (n = 9, 18%) were the most common sample types. Across all studies, 166 unique detection dogs were tested. The most numerous breed was Labrador Retrievers (n = 24, 14.46%). The median number of dogs per study was 2 (range: 1–20). To analyze experimental design and results, studies including multiple test paradigms were divided into sub-studies (n = 90). In 84.4% of sub-studies (n = 76), dogs were presented with sets of samples and 74.4% (n = 67) reported a constant number of samples per trial. The median number of samples per trial was 7 (range: 2–100). Of the sub-studies reporting a fixed number of positive samples (range: 1–10; n = 55), 87% (n = 48) presented one positive sample per trial. A plurality of sub-studies (n = 44, 49%) presented samples in a lineup. Sensitivity (median: 0.90; range: 0.13 to 1.0; n = 77) and specificity (median: 0.96; range: 0.08 to 1.0; n = 69) were the predominant measures of detection success, although reporting strategies were inconsistent. Dogs appear to have the capacity to detect disease via olfaction; yet the nascent nature of this discipline yields little consistency across studies.
PSIV-6 Differential gene expression of fibro/adipogenic progenitors between Wagyu and Brahman cattle: A possible contribution to their different meat quality
Authors: Li Chaoyang , Liu Qianglin , Welborn Matt , Wang Leshan , Li Yuxia , Deng Buhao , McMillin Kenneth , Fu Xing 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The amount of intramuscular fat directly influences the meat quality. However, significant differences in the ability to accumulate intramuscular fat are present among different beef cattle breeds. While Wagyu, a cattle breed that originated from Japan, is renowned for abundant intramuscular fat, Brahman cattle generally have very little intramuscular fat accumulation and produce tougher meat. We identified that bovine intramuscular fat is derived from a group of bipotent progenitor cells named fibro/adipogenic progenitors (FAPs) which also give rise to fibroblasts. Thus, the variation in intramuscular fat development between Wagyu and Brahman is likely attributed to the difference in FAPs between these two breeds. In order to understand the gene expression difference between FAPs of the two breeds, single-cell RNA-seq was performed using total single-nucleated cells isolated from the longissimus muscle of young purebred Wagyu, purebred Brahman, and Wagyu-Brahman cross cattle. FAPs constitute the largest single-nucleated cell population in both Wagyu and Brahman skeletal muscle. Multiple subpopulations of FAPs with different gene expression profiles were identified, suggesting that FAP is a heterogeneous population. A unique FAP cluster expressing lower levels of fibrillar collagen and extracellular remodeling enzyme genes but higher levels of select proadipogenic genes was identified exclusively in Wagyu skeletal muscle, which likely contributes to the robust intramuscular adipogenic efficiency of Wagyu FAPs. In conclusion, the difference in the cellular composition and gene expression of FAPs between Wagyu and Brahman cattle likely contribute to their distinct meat quality.
PSV-16 Validation of an algorithm to assess feedbunk replacement events in beef cattle using an electronic feeding system
Authors: O’Reilly Keara , Carstens Gordon , Foris Borbala , Daigle Courtney L 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Visual observations of social behavior and dominance relationships in cattle have been used to examine associations with productivity and well-being. This method is time consuming limiting the number of animals that can be evaluated. The objective of this study was to validate an algorithm to quantify feedbunk replacement events using data from an electronic feeding system. Crossbred beef steers (n = 20) fed a grower diet were housed in 1 of 2 pens each equipped with 3 electronic feedbunks (GrowSafe Systems) and video recorders. A trained video observer recorded all feedbunk replacement events and other agonistic activities at the feedbunk over a 4-d period (24 h/d). The electronic feeding system recorded the start and end timestamps of bunk visit (BV) events for each animal. An algorithm was developed to determine BV events deemed to be replacement events, defined as a BV event when an actor animal displaced a reactor animal from the feedbunk and occupied the same feeder within a specified period of time (replacement criterion). We calculated the recall and precision corresponding to replacement criterions from 1 to 60 s, and the optimum replacement criterion was determined to be between 18 and 20 s. The recall, precision and F-score of the algorithm using this replacement criterion were high (on average &gt; 0.75). Furthermore, a replacement competition index was computed as a proxy for competitive feedbunk behavior, calculated as the number of actor-initiated replacement events divided by the total number of replacement events for each steer. Using Spearmans rank correlation we found high correlations (r &gt; 0.7; P &lt; 0.05) between the electronic and observed indices. These preliminary results demonstrate the potential of the GrowSafe system to quantify feedbunk replacement events for confined beef cattle, providing opportunities to evaluate associations between competitive feedbunk behavior and economically relevant traits.
Proteolytic Activation of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry3Aa Toxin in the Red Palm Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Guo Yajie , Sun Yunzhu , Liao Qiliao , Carballar-Lejarazú Rebeca , Sheng Liangjing , Wang Shaozhen , Zhou Jianshuang , Zhang Feiping , Wu Songqing 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The red palm weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Oliver) is an important pest of palms that causes significant damage by boring into and feeding within palm stem tissues. Here, we studied the proteolytic process of Cry3Aa in the RPW to understand the mechanism of Cry toxicity. The bioassays showed that Cry3Aa toxin is weakly toxic to the RPW. Proteolytic activation assays indicated the Cry3Aa protein is digested into smaller fragments than the 55-kDa activated fragments under different conditions. In particular, at higher mass ratios of gut protease and Cry3Aa protein (5:1, 2:1, and 1:1, respectively), and at 36.9°C for 16 h in a solution of pH 8.6, the Cry3Aa protoxin is over-digested by the gut proteases of weevil larvae. Moreover, the zymogram analysis of the gut proteases revealed the RPW larvae harbors intestinal digestive enzymes mainly composed of serine proteases. This study describes the proteolytic activation process of Cry3Aa in the midgut of RPW larvae.
Professionalism—its effect on interpersonal relationships in high-tech global virtual teams
Authors: Zaidman Nurit 
Published: October 2021

AbstractDrawing on accounts presented—and the metaphors incorporated therein—in interviews with 129 workers, this study considers the effect of professionalism on relationships between Indian and Israeli global team members working in the high-tech industry. This study shows how the discourse of professionalism (together with additional, professionally oriented organizational mechanisms), as manifested in high-tech organizations, dictates not only employee–organization relations but also relationships between peers working in global virtual teams (GVTs). The study further illuminates how this particular construction of professionalism can engender a paradox in interpersonal relationships for professionals working in GVTs; and its subtle negative impact, from an ethical perspective, on interpersonal relationships between them. It also shows, however, that perceptions of friendship do emerge despite these limiting conditions.
Seronegative granulomatosis with polyangiitis presenting as an acute skull base osteomyelitis with multiple cranial neuropathies
Authors: Lotfallah Andrew , Shahidi Shayan , Odelberg Sven Wilhelm , Darr Adnan , Mathews John 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA, formerly Wegener’s) is a rare form of vasculitis, commonly affecting the upper and lower respiratory tract with simultaneous glomerulonephritis. Ear, nose and throat (ENT) manifestations account for the majority of presentations. The presence of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody is a recognized hallmark of GPA, but clinicians should remain cautious of false negative results. We describe a rare case of GPA presenting with concurrent middle ear disease and multiple lower cranial nerve palsies. Clinical judgment was affected by repeated negative autoimmune screens, and a definitive diagnosis was only achieved following renal biopsy. Reported cases of GPA presenting with mastoiditis or cranial nerve involvement are typically seropositive, with seronegative GPA following a less aggressive process. This case highlights the importance of clinical suspicion in the face of treatment resistant ENT pathology, and the need for early histopathological analysis. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial in limiting disease progression.
RBM6 splicing factor promotes homologous recombination repair of double-strand breaks and modulates sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs
Authors: Machour Feras E , Abu-Zhayia Enas R , Awwad Samah W , Bidany-Mizrahi Tirza , Meinke Stefan , Bishara Laila A , Heyd Florian , Aqeilan Rami I , Ayoub Nabieh 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
RNA-binding proteins regulate mRNA processing and translation and are often aberrantly expressed in cancer. The RNA-binding motif protein 6, RBM6, is a known alternative splicing factor that harbors tumor suppressor activity and is frequently mutated in human cancer. Here, we identify RBM6 as a novel regulator of homologous recombination (HR) repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Mechanistically, we show that RBM6 regulates alternative splicing-coupled nonstop-decay of a positive HR regulator, Fe65/APBB1. RBM6 knockdown leads to a severe reduction in Fe65 protein levels and consequently impairs HR of DSBs. Accordingly, RBM6-deficient cancer cells are vulnerable to ATM and PARP inhibition and show remarkable sensitivity to cisplatin. Concordantly, cisplatin administration inhibits the growth of breast tumor devoid of RBM6 in mouse xenograft model. Furthermore, we observe that RBM6 protein is significantly lost in metastatic breast tumors compared with primary tumors, thus suggesting RBM6 as a potential therapeutic target of advanced breast cancer. Collectively, our results elucidate the link between the multifaceted roles of RBM6 in regulating alternative splicing and HR of DSBs that may contribute to tumorigenesis, and pave the way for new avenues of therapy for RBM6-deficient tumors.
BrainBase: a curated knowledgebase for brain diseases
Authors: Liu Lin , Zhang Yang , Niu Guangyi , Li Qianpeng , Li Zhao , Zhu Tongtong , Feng Changrui , Liu Xiaonan , Zhang Yuansheng , Xu Tianyi , Chen Ruru , Teng Xufei , Zhang Rongqin , Zou Dong , Ma Lina , Zhang Zhang 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBrain is the central organ of the nervous system and any brain disease can seriously affect human health. Here we present BrainBase (https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/brainbase), a curated knowledgebase for brain diseases that aims to provide a whole picture of brain diseases and associated genes. Specifically, based on manual curation of 2768 published articles along with information retrieval from several public databases, BrainBase features comprehensive collection of 7175 disease–gene associations spanning a total of 123 brain diseases and linking with 5662 genes, 16 591 drug–target interactions covering 2118 drugs/chemicals and 623 genes, and five types of specific genes in light of expression specificity in brain tissue/regions/cerebrospinal fluid/cells. In addition, considering the severity of glioma among brain tumors, the current version of BrainBase incorporates 21 multi-omics datasets, presents molecular profiles across various samples/conditions and identifies four groups of glioma featured genes with potential clinical significance. Collectively, BrainBase integrates not only valuable curated disease–gene associations and drug–target interactions but also molecular profiles through multi-omics data analysis, accordingly bearing great promise to serve as a valuable knowledgebase for brain diseases.
Bubble-templated synthesis of nanocatalyst Co/C as NADH oxidase mimic
Authors: Chen Jinxing , Zheng Xiliang , Zhang Jiaxin , Ma Qian , Zhao Zhiwei , Huang Liang , Wu Weiwei , Wang Ying , Wang Jin , Dong Shaojun 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Designing highly active nanozymes for various enzymatic reactions remains a challenge in practical applications and fundamental research. In this work, by studying the catalytic functions of natural NADH oxidase (NOX), we devised and synthesized a porous carbon-supported cobalt catalyst (Co/C) to mimic NOX. The Co/C can catalyze dehydrogenation of NADH and transfers electrons to O2 to produce H2O2. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the Co/C can catalyze O2 reduction to H2O2 or H2O considerably. The Co/C can also mediate electron transfer from NADH to heme protein cytochrome c, thereby exhibiting cytochrome c reductase-like activity. The Co/C nanoparticles can deplete NADH in cancer cells, induce increase of the reactive oxygen species, lead to impairment of oxidative phosphorylation and decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, and cause ATP production to be damaged. This ‘domino effect’ facilitates the cell to approach apoptosis.
Chronic Hepatitis B Infection Among Preexposure Prophylaxis Users Enrolled in a Population-Based Program in British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Thompson Kyle A , Blank Gabriel , Toy Junine , Moore David M , Lachowsky Nathan , Bacani Nicanor , Zhang Wendy , Sereda Paul , Lima Viviane D , Barrios Rolando , Montaner Julio S G , Hull Mark W 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Initiation of human immunodeficiency virus preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) medications will also treat hepatitis B infection (HBV). The prevalence of chronic HBV was 0.86% (n=41/4760) among enrollees in a provincial PrEP program in British Columbia, Canada. Overall, 46.3% lacked follow-up HBV DNA monitoring, underscoring the need for HBV-related education for PrEP prescribers.
Noisy Autonomy: The Ethics of Audible and Silent Noise
Authors: Shaw David 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn this paper, I summarize the medical evidence regarding the auditory and non-auditory effects of noise and analyse the ethics of noise and personal autonomy in the social environment using a variety of case studies. Key to this discussion is the fact that, contrary to the traditional definition of noise, sound can be noise without being annoying, as the evidence shows that some sounds can harm without being perceived. Ultimately, I develop a theory of ‘noisy autonomy’ with which to guide us in discussing the public health ethics of noise and other sounds.
A glossary of plant cell structures: Current insights and future questions
Authors: Kang Byung-Ho , Anderson Charles T , Arimura Shin-ichi , Bayer Emmanuelle , Bezanilla Magdalena , Botella Miguel A , Brandizzi Federica , Burch-Smith Tessa M , Chapman Kent D , Dünser Kai , Gu Yangnan , Jaillais Yvon , Kirchhoff Helmut , Otegui Marisa S , Rosado Abel , Tang Yu , Kleine-Vehn Jürgen , Wang Pengwei , Zolman Bethany Karlin 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn this glossary of plant cell structures, we asked experts to summarize a present-day view of plant organelles and structures, including a discussion of outstanding questions. In the following short reviews, the authors discuss the complexities of the plant cell endomembrane system, exciting connections between organelles, novel insights into peroxisome structure and function, dynamics of mitochondria, and the mysteries that need to be unlocked from the plant cell wall. These discussions are focused through a lens of new microscopy techniques. Advanced imaging has uncovered unexpected shapes, dynamics, and intricate membrane formations. With a continued focus in the next decade, these imaging modalities coupled with functional studies are sure to begin to unravel mysteries of the plant cell.
Political Parties and Decentralization in Pakistan
Authors: Ali Sameen A Mohsin , Mufti Mariam 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWhy do politicians vote to decentralize power and resources? Drawing on structuralist and voluntarist approaches, we investigate why national party elites in Pakistan voted to devolve power to the provinces under the 18th Amendment to the 1973 Constitution but are hesitant to devolve meaningful fiscal and administrative power to the local level. We argue that the explanation for this disjuncture lies in Pakistan’s history of military experiments with local government, its candidate-centered party system, and the re-election incentives of politicians at the national, provincial and local levels. Using interviews with local government representatives, politicians, and bureaucrats, and archival research through National Assembly, Senate debates and newspapers, we show that devolution to the provinces was a means of holding a fragile federation together. However, Pakistan’s political parties, unable to elicit credible commitment from their legislators, feared that devolving power further could result in party defections, the rise of regional leaders, and inevitably, party fragmentation.