bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Broadband Counterpart of the Short GRB 200522A at z = 0.5536: A Luminous Kilonova or a Collimated Outflow with a Reverse Shock?
Authors: Fong W. , Laskar T. , Rastinejad J. , Escorial A. Rouco , Schroeder G. , Barnes J. , Kilpatrick C. D. , Paterson K. , Berger E. , Metzger B. D. , Dong Y. , Nugent A. E. , Strausbaugh R. , Blanchard P. K. , Goyal A. , Cucchiara A. , Terreran G. , Alexander K. D. , Eftekhari T. , Fryer C. , Margalit B. , Margutti R. , Nicholl M. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
We present the discovery of the radio afterglow and near-infrared (NIR) counterpart of the Swift short gamma-ray burst (GRB) GRB 200522A, located at a small projected offset of ≈1 kpc from the center of a young, star-forming host galaxy at z = 0.5536. The radio and X-ray luminosities of the afterglow are consistent with those of on-axis cosmological short GRBs. The NIR counterpart, revealed by our Hubble Space Telescope observations at a rest-frame time of ≈2.3 days, has a luminosity of ≈(1.3–1.7) × 1042 erg s−1. This is substantially lower than on-axis short GRB afterglow detections but is a factor of ≈8–17 more luminous than the kilonova of GW170817 and significantly more luminous than any kilonova candidate for which comparable observations exist. The combination of the counterpart’s color (i − y = −0.08 ± 0.21; rest frame) and luminosity cannot be explained by standard radioactive heating alone. We present two scenarios to interpret the broadband behavior of GRB 200522A: a synchrotron forward shock with a luminous kilonova (potentially boosted by magnetar energy deposition), or forward and reverse shocks from a ≈14°, relativistic (Γ0 ≳ 10) jet. Models that include a combination of enhanced radioactive heating rates, low-lanthanide mass fractions, or additional sources of heating from late-time central engine activity may provide viable alternate explanations. If a stable magnetar was indeed produced in GRB 200522A, we predict that late-time radio emission will be detectable starting ≈0.3–6 yr after the burst for a deposited energy of ≈1053 erg. Counterparts of similar luminosity to GRB 200522A associated with gravitational wave events will be detectable with current optical searches to ≈250 Mpc.
Can Lense–Thirring Precession Produce QPOs in Supersonic Accretion Flows?
Authors: Marcel G. , Neilsen J. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The timing properties of X-ray binaries are still not understood, particularly the presence of quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) in their X-ray power spectra. The solid-body regime of Lense–Thirring precession is one prominent model invoked to explain the most common type of QPOs, Type C. However, solid-body precession requires a specific structure that has not been examined in light of constrained properties of accretion flows. We assume in this paper, as solid-body precession requires, a disk separated into two flows at a transition radius r

t
: a cold outer flow and a hot inner flow (playing the role of the corona). We explore the physical structure of both flows using model-independent estimates of accretion parameters. We show that, in order to reproduce the observed X-ray spectra during luminous hard states, the hot flow must accrete at sonic to supersonic speeds, unreachable with typical viscous torques. As a result of this extreme accretion speed (or high α parameter), no region of the disk during these states lies in the “wave-like” regime required for solid-body precession. Furthermore, we expect the flow to align with the black hole spin axis via the Bardeen–Petterson effect inside a radius r
break > r

t
. As a consequence, the hot inner flow cannot exhibit solid body precession—as currently pictured in the literature—during luminous hard states. Since Type C QPOs are prevalent in these states, we conclude that this mechanism is unlikely to be responsible for producing Type C QPOs around stellar mass black holes.
Electron Densities in the Solar Corona Measured Simultaneously in the Extreme Ultraviolet and Infrared
Authors: Dudík Jaroslav , Del Zanna Giulio , Rybák Ján , Lörinčík Juraj , Dzifčáková Elena , Mason Helen E. , Tomczyk Steven , Galloy Michael 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Accurate measurements of electron density are critical for determination of the plasma properties in the solar corona. We compare the electron densities diagnosed from Fe xiii lines observed by the Extreme-Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrometer (EIS) onboard the Hinode mission with the near-infrared (NIR) measurements provided by the ground-based Coronal Multichannel Polarimeter (CoMP). To do that, the emissivity-ratio method based on all available observed lines of Fe xiii is used for both EIS and CoMP. The EIS diagnostics is further supplemented by the results from Fe xii lines. We find excellent agreement, within 10%, between the electron densities measured from both extreme-ultraviolet and NIR lines. In the five regions selected for detailed analysis, we obtain electron densities of log(N
e [cm−3]) = 8.2–8.6. Where available, the background subtraction has a significant impact on the diagnostics, especially on the NIR lines, where the loop contributes less than a quarter of the intensity measured along the line of sight. For the NIR lines, we find that the line center intensities are not affected by stray light within the instrument, and recommend using these for density diagnostics. The measurements of the Fe xiii NIR lines represent a viable method for density diagnostics using ground-based instrumentation.
Relation of NSAIDs, DMARDs, and TNF Inhibitors for Ankylosing Spondylitis and Psoriatic Arthritis to Risk of Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Stovall Rachael , Peloquin Christine , Felson David , Neogi Tuhina , Dubreuil Maureen 
Published: January 2021

Objective.Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) often affect the hip and/or knee. If effective, treatments might reduce risk of total hip or total knee arthroplasty (THA/TKA). We evaluated risk of THA/TKA related to use of medical therapies in AS/PsA.Methods.We conducted a nested case-control study using 1994–2018 data from the OptumLabs Data Warehouse, which includes deidentified medical and pharmacy claims, laboratory results, and enrollment records for commercial and Medicare Advantage enrollees. Among those with AS/PsA, THA/TKA cases were matched up to 4 controls by sex, age, AS/PsA diagnosis, diagnosis year, insurance type, obesity, and prior THA/TKA. We assessed AS/PsA treatment 6 months prior to THA/TKA, including disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi), alone or in combination, stratified by nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use. We evaluated the relation of treatment to risk of THA/TKA using conditional logistical regression with adjustment for confounders.Results.Among 16,748 adults with AS, there were 444 THA/TKA cases and 1613 matched controls. Among 34,512 adults with PsA, there were 1003 cases and 3793 controls. Adjusted ORs for treatment category and THA/TKA ranged from 0.60 to 1.92; however, none were statistically significant. Results were similarly null in several sensitivity analyses.Conclusion.Odds of THA/TKA were not reduced with any combinations of NSAIDs, DMARDs, or TNFi among persons with AS or PsA. Given current utilization patterns in this population of US adults with AS and PsA, these medical therapies did not appear to be associated with less end-stage peripheral joint damage.
UCLA Scleroderma Clinical Trials Consortium Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT) 2.0 Reflux Scale Correlates With Impaired Esophageal Scintigraphy Findings in Systemic Sclerosis
Authors: Abignano Giuseppina , Mennillo Gianna Angela , Lettieri Giovanni , Karadag Duygu Temiz , Carriero Antonio , Padula Angela Anna , Del Galdo Francesco , Khanna Dinesh , D’Angelo Salvatore 
Published: January 2021

ObjectiveThe University of California Los Angeles Scleroderma Clinical Trials Consortium Gastrointestinal Tract 2.0 (GIT 2.0) instrument is a self-report tool measuring gastrointestinal (GI) quality of life in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). Scarce data are available on the correlation between patient-reported GI symptoms and motility dysfunction as assessed by esophageal transit scintigraphy (ETS).MethodsWe evaluated the GIT 2.0 reflux scale in patients with SSc admitted to our clinic and undergoing ETS, and correlated their findings.ResultsThirty-one patients with SSc undergoing ETS were included. Twenty-seven were female, and 9 had diffuse cutaneous SSc. Twenty-six of 31 (84%) patients had a delayed transit and an abnormal esophageal emptying activity (EA); they also had a higher GIT 2.0 reflux score (P = 0.04). Mean EA percentage was higher in patients with none to mild GIT 2.0 reflux score (81.1 [SD 11.5]) than in those with moderate (55.7 [SD 17.8], P = 0.003) and severe to very severe scores (55.8 [SD 19.7], P = 0.002). The percentage of esophageal EA negatively correlated with the GIT 2.0 reflux score (r = –0.68, P < 0.0001), but it did not correlate with the other GIT 2.0 scales and the total GIT 2.0 score.ConclusionSSc patients with impaired ETS findings have a higher GIT 2.0 reflux score. The GIT 2.0 is a complementary tool for objective measurement of esophageal involvement that can be easily administered in day-to-day clinical assessment.
Réflexion sur une approche holistique d’éducation au vivant intégrant la dimension spirituelle du sujet
Authors: Boelen Virginie 
Published: January 2021

Après avoir soulevé la présence de deux approches épistémologiques contrastées du vivant en éducation, soit l’approche scientifique positiviste dominante et l’approche holistique, cet article propose une réflexion sur la pertinence de privilégier la seconde approche, plus spécifiquement dans le cadre d’une éducation relative à l’environnement. Une telle approche intègre de façon transversale une composante fondamentale de notre humanité, souvent mal comprise : il s’agit de la dimension spirituelle, dont nous tenterons de cerner les contours. Laisser place à la subjectivité de l’apprenant dans son rapport au vivant est de nature à susciter chez celui-ci le développement d’une éthique du lien et de la reliance. Il importe par cette voie de contribuer à la conscientisation et à l’émancipation du sujet face aux conditionnements culturels qui entretiennent la crise écologique, et de promouvoir ainsi une mobilisation écocitoyenne soucieuse de la communauté du vivant.
Analyse des représentations sociales des enseignants.es du « produire autrement » vis-à-vis des directives ministérielles
Authors: Asloum Nina , Bedoussac Laurent 
Published: January 2021

Le projet agro-écologique (loi n° 2014-1170), mobilisant les acquis de l’éducation au développement durable, engage l’enseignement agricole français sur la voie de transitions écologiques, pédagogiques et éducatives (« enseigner à produire autrement »). Face à ces directives, les enseignants.es se heurtent à diverses difficultés, notamment dans la définition des concepts à mobiliser qui impliquent des savoirs de références pluriels, incertains et parfois controversés. Par une série d’évocations libres et hiérarchisées, cette recherche conduite auprès de 340 enseignants.es vise à rendre compte de leurs représentations du « produire autrement ». En mobilisant la théorie des représentations sociales, les résultats montrent que celles-ci sont initialement étroites et techniques, avec des éléments partagés et d’autres susceptibles de variations. Cependant, elles évoluent et s’enrichissent par des échanges entre pairs, pour donner au final une place forte à l’éducation. Il devient urgent de sensibiliser les enseignants.es à la réflexion sur les fondements de ces changements programmés en intégrant une analyse sociale et épistémologique des savoirs en jeu.
Le rôle des bibliothèques en éducation relative à l’environnement
Authors: Félizat Pascale 
Published: January 2021

Que font les institutions bibliothèques en matière d’éducation relative à l’environnement ? Cet article offre une première caractérisation sur la base de trois exemples de mobilisation des bibliothécaires en Allemagne, en France et en Amérique du Nord. Ces exemples témoignent d’une intensification des actions mais aussi d’un certain flottement dans le positionnement. Si l’ensemble des nombreuses facettes fonctionnelles des bibliothèques peuvent être investies, le milieu de la bibliothéconomie bénéficierait sans doute des éclairages de la recherche en éducation relative à l’environnement et à l’écocitoyenneté pour clarifier ses intentions, mieux se coordonner aux autres acteurs de terrain et jouer ainsi un rôle plus significatif dans les évolutions culturelles en cours.
Composition des bronzes dorés dans les meubles Boulle et contemporains
Authors: Bourgarit David , Pons Emmanuelle 
Published: January 2021

Grâce à la collaboration engagée entre le musée du Louvre, le Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musées de France (C2RMF) et EDF (R&D, Laboratoire Valectra), la composition chimique de 102 bronzes d’ornementation appartenant à 17 meubles provenant principalement des collections du Louvre attribués à Boulle, à des contemporains ou à des productions postérieures du xviie siècle a pu être déterminée. Trois techniques d’analyse complémentaires ont été mises en œuvre – PIXE, ICP-AES et ICP-MS – sur les bronzes d’ornementation, en l’occurrence des laitons (alliages cuivre-zinc). Si les cortèges d’impuretés évoluent relativement peu, les compositions en éléments d’alliages zinc et plomb dessinent les contours de quatre groupes fortement liés aux attributions supposées.
Désoxydation des marqueteries métalliques du mobilier Boulle
Authors: Leblanc Frédéric , Paulin Marc-André , Thomas Caroline 
Published: January 2021

Dans le cadre du projet interdisciplinaire de recherche appliquée à la restauration du mobilier Boulle mené par le musée du Louvre et le C2RMF, un protocole d’évaluation des principales méthodes de nettoyage chimique et mécanique a été élaboré, afin de comparer leur impact sur les parties métalliques et leurs décors gravés. C’est une méthode mixte qui a été jugée la plus efficace en termes de désoxydation et de respect du matériau : l’emploi de gels de solvants permettant un nettoyage chimique, accompagné d’une légère abrasion mécanique complémentaire, offre les résultats les plus convaincants.
Le verre de la pyramide du Louvre
Authors: Lehuédé Patrice 
Published: January 2021

Pour répondre aux exigences de l’architecte Ieoh Ming Pei, le choix du verre de la pyramide du Louvre a posé des problèmes scientifiques et techniques en termes de composition, couleur, procédé d’élaboration, etc. Finalement, ce choix s’est porté sur un verre sodocalcique classique, mais très pauvre en fer (< 200 ppm). Pour éviter toute teinte résiduelle, il a été nécessaire de décolorer le verre. La décoloration classique au manganèse n’a pas pu être utilisée à cause des risques de solarisation, et c’est la décoloration au sélénium qui a été retenue. Le verre a été élaboré et laminé à l’usine de Saint-Gobain (Aisne), puis douci et poli dans une autre entreprise en Angleterre. Il a ensuite été feuilleté : deux plaques de verre de 10 mm chacune prennent en sandwich une mince feuille de polymère, comme dans les pare-brise modernes ou les verres anti-effraction.
EFFECT OF APAMARGA KSARTAIL UTTARBASTI AND PHALAGHRITA IN BILATERAL TUBAL BLOCKAGE- A CASE STUDY
Authors: Komal Gurjar  , Poonam Choudhary  , K.Bharathi  , B.Pushpalatha  
Published: January 2021

The present case study was carried out to evaluate the role of Uttar basti with in tubal blockage, in order to establish it as a safer and cost effective Ayurvedic treatment modality. The criteria for selection of tubal blockage diagnosed in diagnostic laproscopy. Uttar basti was administered, after cessation of menstruation, to the screened patient through hematological, urinary and serological (HIV, VDRL, HBsAG) investigations. The result suggests that Uttar basti is a highly significant treatment for tubal blockage. Uttar basti is ideal local therapy is to be adopted in tubal block. Apamarga ksar tail is very good Vata kaphashamak guna and Lekhan properties, Taila is having the property to reach minute channels in body. Phala ghruta is best for all Yonirogas, also to reduce Dhaha which is due to Kshar tail.
Osteoporosis treatment in Portuguese patients with psoriatic arthritis - what is the value of the Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX)?
Authors: de Oliveira Pinheiro Filipe , Seabra Rato Maria , Miguel Fernandes Bruno , Garcia Salomé , Santos Sara , Madureira Pedro , Bernardes Miguel , Costa Lúcia 
Published: January 2021

, , , , , , ,	filipe.pinheiro92@gmail.com
Assessment Question Characteristics Predict Medical Student Performance in General Pathology
Authors: Hernandez Tahyna , Magid Margret S. , Polydorides Alexandros D. 
Published: January 2021

Context.—
Evaluation of medical curricula includes appraisal of student assessments in order to encourage deeper learning approaches. General pathology is our institution's 4-week, first-year course covering universal disease concepts (inflammation, neoplasia, etc).

Objective.—
To compare types of assessment questions and determine which characteristics may predict student scores, degree of difficulty, and item discrimination.

Design.—
Item-level analysis was employed to categorize questions along the following variables: type (multiple choice question or matching answer), presence of clinical vignette (if so, whether simple or complex), presence of specimen image, information depth (simple recall or interpretation), knowledge density (first or second order), Bloom taxonomy level (1–3), and, for the final, subject familiarity (repeated concept and, if so, whether verbatim).

Results.—
Assessments comprised 3 quizzes and 1 final exam (total 125 questions), scored during a 3-year period, (total 417 students) for a total 52 125 graded attempts. Overall, 44 890 attempts (86.1%) were correct. In multivariate analysis, question type emerged as the most significant predictor of student performance, degree of difficulty, and item discrimination, with multiple choice questions being significantly associated with lower mean scores (P = .004) and higher degree of difficulty (P = .02), but also, paradoxically, poorer discrimination (P = .002). The presence of a specimen image was significantly associated with better discrimination (P = .04), and questions requiring data interpretation (versus simple recall) were significantly associated with lower mean scores (P = .003) and a higher degree of difficulty (P = .046).

Conclusions.—
Assessments in medical education should comprise combinations of questions with various characteristics in order to encourage better student performance, but also obtain optimal degrees of difficulty and levels of item discrimination.
A Postmortem Portrait of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic: A Large Multi-institutional Autopsy Survey Study
Authors: Hooper Jody E. , Padera Robert F. , Dolhnikoff Marisa , da Silva Luiz Fernando Ferraz , Duarte-Neto Amaro Nunes , Kapp Meghan E. , Lacy J. Matthew , Mauad Thais , Saldiva Paulo Hilario Nascimento , Rapkiewicz Amy V. , Wolf Dwayne A. , Felix Juan C. , Benson Paul , Shanes Elisheva , Gawelek Kara L. , Marshall Desiree A. , McDonald Michelle M. , Muller William , Priemer David S. , Solomon Isaac H. , Zak Taylor , Bhattacharjee Meenakshi B. , Fu Lucy , Gilbert Andrea R. , Harper Holly L. , Litovsky Silvio , Lomasney Jon , Mount Sharon L. , Reilly Stephanie , Sekulic Miroslav , Steffensen Thora S. , Threlkeld Kirsten J. , Zhao Bihong , Williamson Alex K. 
Published: January 2021

Context.—
This study represents the largest compilation to date of clinical and postmortem data from decedents with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It will augment previously published small series of autopsy case reports, refine clinicopathologic considerations, and improve the accuracy of future vital statistical reporting.

Objective.—
To accurately reflect the preexisting diseases and pathologic conditions of decedents with SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) infection through autopsy.

Design.—
Comprehensive data from 135 autopsy evaluations of COVID-19–positive decedents is presented, including histologic assessment. Postmortem examinations were performed by 36 pathologists at 19 medical centers or forensic institutions in the United States and Brazil. Data from each autopsy were collected through the online submission of multiple-choice and open-ended survey responses.

Results.—
Patients dying of or with COVID-19 had an average of 8.89 pathologic conditions documented at autopsy, spanning a combination of prior chronic disease and acute conditions acquired during hospitalization. Virtually all decedents were cited as having more than 1 preexisting condition, encompassing an average of 2.88 such diseases each. Clinical conditions during terminal hospitalization were cited 395 times for the 135 autopsied decedents and predominantly encompassed acute failure of multiple organ systems and/or impaired coagulation. Myocarditis was rarely cited.

Conclusions.—
Cause-of-death statements in both autopsy reports and death certificates may not encompass the severity or spectrum of comorbid conditions in those dying of or with COVID-19. If supported by additional research, this finding may have implications for public health decisions and reporting moving forward through the pandemic.
El Banco de Santander, 1857-1934: las particularidades de un banco local
Authors: Hoyo Aparicio Andrés 
Published: January 2021

Este artículo tiene por objetivo identificar las razones que pueden explicar cómo un modesto banco local, fundado por un grupo de comerciantes que desempeñaban su actividad en el puerto de Santander en los años centrales del siglo XIX, pudo mantenerse en el tiempo hasta, avanzado ya el siglo XX, lograr estar en condiciones de entrar a formar parte en el selecto club de los “siete grandes” de la banca española. Se concluye que fueron los fuertes vínculos familiares y de amistad instrumental entre sus gestores, junto con el diseño de una política financiera con marcada aversión al riesgo, y el talante proteccionista, los que conforman los tres principales rasgos a tener en consideración para explicar el porqué de su longevidad y prolongado acomodo al ámbito de lo local a lo largo del periodo considerado. Estos rasgos caracterizadores empezaron a perfilarse ya en sus orígenes como banco emisor.
This paper aims to identify the reasons can help us to explain how a modest local bank, founded by a group of merchants that carried out their activity in the port of Santander in the central years of the 19th century, was able to sustain over time until joining the select club of the “big seven” of Spanish banking. It is concluded that three distinctive features should take into account in order to explain its longevity and prolonged accommodation to the local sphere throughout this long period: the strong family ties and instrumental friendship between its managers, the design of a financial policy with marked risk aversion and a protectionist attitude, against all competition. These distinctive features began to emerge in its very origins as an issuing bank.