bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Linear response of the Greenland ice sheet's tidewater glacier terminus positions to climate
Authors: Fahrner Dominik , Lea James M. , Brough Stephen , Mair Douglas W. F. , Abermann Jakob 
Published: March 2021

AbstractGaining knowledge of tidewater glacier (TWG) margin evolution, solid ice flux and their responses to climate over large spatio-temporal scales provides valuable context for the projection of future Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) change. Although studies of sector-wide responses of TWGs exist, studies at an ice-sheet-wide scale have only just become feasible. Here, we present a dataset of 224 annual TWG margins for 1984–2017 (n= 3801), showing that averaged over regional scales, normalised terminus change is linear. Regionally linear retreat trends were identified across most sectors of the GrIS starting in the mid-1990s, although in contrast to previous studies, the northeastern sector is shown to have experienced sustained retreat since the mid-1980s. Through cointegration analyses, individual glaciers are shown to have differing sensitivities to potential climate drivers, though on a sector-wide scale the northwest and southeast are shown to be especially sensitive to annual sea surface temperature and June–July–August air temperature, respectively. Although 92% of the analysed glaciers experience retreat across the GrIS, observed increases in absolute flux for the entire ice sheet can be explained by changes in just 11 of these TWGs.
Australian square kilometre array pathfinder: I. system description
Authors: Hotan A. W. , Bunton J. D. , Chippendale A. P. , Whiting M. , Tuthill J. , Moss V. A. , McConnell D. , Amy S. W. , Huynh M. T. , Allison J. R. , Anderson C. S. , Bannister K. W. , Bastholm E. , Beresford R. , Bock D. C.-J. , Bolton R. , Chapman J. M. , Chow K. , Collier J. D. , Cooray F. R. , Cornwell T. J. , Diamond P. J. , Edwards P. G. , Feain I. J. , Franzen T. M. O. , George D. , Gupta N. , Hampson G. A. , Harvey-Smith L. , Hayman D. B. , Heywood I. , Jacka C. , Jackson C. A. , Jackson S. , Jeganathan K. , Johnston S. , Kesteven M. , Kleiner D. , Koribalski B. S. , Lee-Waddell K. , Lenc E. , Lensson E. S. , Mackay S. , Mahony E. K. , McClure-Griffiths N. M. , McConigley R. , Mirtschin P. , Ng A. K. , Norris R. P. , Pearce S. E. , Phillips C. , Pilawa M. A. , Raja W. , Reynolds J. E. , Roberts P. , Roxby D. N. , Sadler E. M. , Shields M. , Schinckel A. E. T. , Serra P. , Shaw R. D. , Sweetnam T. , Troup E. R. , Tzioumis A. , Voronkov M. A. , Westmeier T. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we describe the system design and capabilities of the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) radio telescope at the conclusion of its construction project and commencement of science operations. ASKAP is one of the first radio telescopes to deploy phased array feed (PAF) technology on a large scale, giving it an instantaneous field of view that covers$31\,\textrm{deg}^{2}$at$800\,\textrm{MHz}$. As a two-dimensional array of 36$\times$12 m antennas, with baselines ranging from 22 m to 6 km, ASKAP also has excellent snapshot imaging capability and 10 arcsec resolution. This, combined with 288 MHz of instantaneous bandwidth and a unique third axis of rotation on each antenna, gives ASKAP the capability to create high dynamic range images of large sky areas very quickly. It is an excellent telescope for surveys between 700 and$1800\,\textrm{MHz}$and is expected to facilitate great advances in our understanding of galaxy formation, cosmology, and radio transients while opening new parameter space for discovery of the unknown.
Combined protective effects of icariin and selenomethionine on novel chronic tubulointerstitial nephropathy models in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Hou Lili , Lin Ziman , Xu Anyuan , Le Guannan , Ge Lei , Liu Shuiping , Muhmood Azhar , Gan Fang , Huang Kehe 
Published: March 2021

AbstractChronic tubulointerstitial nephropathy (CTIN) is one of the most common kidney diseases. However, treatment for CTIN has multiple limits. Adjuvant therapy through nutritional regulation has become a hot research topic at present. Icariin (ICA), an extraction of Chinese herbal medicine epimedium, has many pharmacological functions including anti-inflammation and tonifying kidney. Selenomethionine (SeMet) possesses the effects of antioxidant and lightening nephrotoxicity. However, little is known about the combined nephroprotection of them. This study was investigated to evaluate the joint effects of ICA and SeMet on CTIN and explore the mechanism. Based on a novel CTIN model developed in our previous study, mice were randomly divided into five groups (a: control; b: model; c: model + ICA; d: model + SeMet; e: model + ICA + SeMet). Renal tubule epithelial cells were treated with cyclosporine A and ochratoxin A without/with ICA or/and SeMet. The results showed that ICA or/and SeMet ameliorated CTIN by inhibiting the uptrends of blood urine nitrogen, serum creatinine, urine protein, urine gravity, histopathological damage degree and collagen I deposition. ICA or/and SeMet also increased cell proliferation and decreased apoptosis and the expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1 and α-smooth muscle actin. Emphatically, ICA and SeMet joint had better nephroprotection than alone in most indexes including fibrosis. Furthermore, ICA and SeMet joint decreased the activation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/NFκB pathway induced by CTIN. TLR4 overexpression counteracted the joint protection of ICA and SeMet. Therefore, ICA and SeMet in combination could protect against CTIN through blocking TLR4/NFκB pathway. The study will provide novel insights to explore an adjuvant therapeutic orientation.
Comparison between patient-reported and clinician-reported outcomes: Validation of the Japanese version of the Integrated Palliative care Outcome Scale for staff
Authors: Sakurai Hiroki , Miyashita Mitsunori , Morita Tatsuya , Naito Akemi Shirado , Miyamoto Shingo , Otani Hiroyuki , Nozato Junko , Yokomichi Naosuke , Imai Kengo , Oishi Ai , Kizawa Yoshiyuki , Matsushima Eisuke 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectivesThe goal of palliative and supportive care is to improve patients’ quality of life (QoL). Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are the gold standard for the assessment of QoL and symptoms; however, when self-reporting is complicated, PROMs are often substituted with proxy-reported outcome measures, such as clinician-reported outcome measures. The objective of this study was to assess the validity and reliability of the Japanese version of the Integrated Palliative care Outcome Scale (IPOS) for staff (IPOS-Staff).MethodsThis multicenter, cross-sectional observational study was conducted concurrently with the validation of the IPOS for patients (IPOS-Patient). Japanese adult patients with cancer and their staff were recruited. We assessed the characteristics of the patients and staff members, missing values, prevalence, and total IPOS scores. For the analysis of criterion validity, intra-rater, and inter-rater reliability, we calculated intraclass correlations (ICCs).ResultsOne hundred and forty-three patients completed the IPOS-Patient, and 79 medical staff members completed the IPOS-Staff. The most common missing values from IPOS-Staff were Family Anxiety (3.5%) and Sharing Feelings (3.5%). Over half of the patients scored themselves moderate or worse for Poor Mobility, Anxiety, and Family Anxiety, while staff members scored patients moderate or worse for Weakness, Anxiety, and Family Anxiety. For criterion validity (patient–staff agreement) as well as intra-rater and inter-rater reliability, ICCs ranged from 0.114 (Sharing Feelings) to 0.826 (Nausea), 0.720 (Anxiety) to 0.933 (Nausea), and −0.038 (Practical Problems) to 0.830 (Nausea), respectively.Significance of resultsThe IPOS-Staff is easy to respond to; it has fair validity and reliability for physical items but poor for psycho-social items. By defining the context and objectives of its use and interpretation, the IPOS-Staff can be a useful tool for measuring outcomes in adult patients with cancer who cannot complete self-evaluations.
Origin of chert in the Upper Ordovician–Lower Silurian: implications for the sedimentary environment of North Qilian Orogen
Authors: HOU Qian , MOU Chuanlong , HAN Zuozhen , GE Xiangying , WANG Qiyu 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTDuring the Upper Ordovician–Lower Silurian, chert was widely distributed in the Zhongbao Formation in the eastern part of the North Qilian Orogen. The origin and the tectonic setting of these chert were largely unknown. In order to analyse the material provenance, sedimentary environment, their formation and the tectonic setting, we present petrology and geochemical research on chert samples collected from Shihuigou Section. The evidence provided by radiolarite occurrences, Aluminium (Al)–iron (Fe)–manganese diagram and the silicon(Si)/Si + Al + Fe + calcium ratios suggesting a non-hydrothermal input and the biogenic origin chert. The geochemical features and the petrographic signatures have shown that the chert was also influenced by a terrigenous origin. It is considered that the deposition of the Late Ordovician chert is mainly affected by tectonic collision and volcanic ash events. During the Late Ordovician–Early Silurian transition, huge amounts of volcanic ash were released by massive volcanic activity that fell into the ocean, triggering the proliferation of radiolarians. Finally, in the Late Ordovician–Lower Silurian the tectonic setting of the North Qilian Orogen was not a typical deep-water basin, nor a typical continental margin, but a multi-island deep-water basin, which is closed to the mainland.
Characterization of Groundwater Recharge and Flow in California's San Joaquin Valley From InSAR‐Observed Surface Deformation
Authors: Neely Wesley R. , Borsa Adrian A. , Burney Jennifer A. , Levy Morgan C. , Silverii Francesca , Sneed Michelle 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSurface deformation in California's Central Valley (CV) has long been linked to changes in groundwater storage. Recent advances in remote sensing have enabled the mapping of CV deformation and associated changes in groundwater resources at increasingly higher spatiotemporal resolution. Here, we use interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) from the Sentinel‐1 missions, augmented by continuous Global Positioning System (cGPS) positioning, to characterize the surface deformation of the San Joaquin Valley (SJV, southern two‐thirds of the CV) for consecutive dry (2016) and wet (2017) water years. We separate trends and seasonal oscillations in deformation time series and interpret them in the context of surface and groundwater hydrology. We find that subsidence rates in 2016 (mean −42.0 mm/yr; peak −345 mm/yr) are twice that in 2017 (mean −20.4 mm/yr; peak −177 mm/yr), consistent with increased groundwater pumping in 2016 to offset the loss of surface‐water deliveries. Locations of greatest subsidence migrated outwards from the valley axis in the wetter 2017 water year, possibly reflecting a surplus of surface‐water supplies in the lowest portions of the SJV. Patterns in the amplitude of seasonal deformation and the timing of peak seasonal uplift reveal entry points and potential pathways for groundwater recharge into the SJV and subsequent groundwater flow within the aquifer. This study provides novel insight into the SJV aquifer system that can be used to constrain groundwater flow and subsidence models, which has relevance to groundwater management in the context of California's 2014 Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA).
Quick sequential organ failure assessment versus systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria for emergency department patients with suspected infection
Authors: Shiraishi Atsushi , Gando Satoshi , Abe Toshikazu , Kushimoto Shigeki , Mayumi Toshihiko , Fujishima Seitaro , Hagiwara Akiyoshi , Shiino Yasukazu , Shiraishi Shin-ichiro , Hifumi Toru , Otomo Yasuhiro , Okamoto Kohji , Sasaki Junichi , Takuma Kiyotsugu , Yamakawa Kazuma , Hanaki Yoshihiro , Harada Masahiro , Morino Kazuma 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPrevious studies have shown inconsistent prognostic accuracy for mortality with both quick sequential organ failure assessment (qSOFA) and the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) criteria. We aimed to validate the accuracy of qSOFA and the SIRS criteria for predicting in-hospital mortality in patients with suspected infection in the emergency department. A prospective study was conducted including participants with suspected infection who were hospitalised or died in 34 emergency departments in Japan. Prognostic accuracy of qSOFA and SIRS criteria for in-hospital mortality was assessed by the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve. Of the 1060 participants, 402 (37.9%) and 915 (86.3%) had qSOFA ≥ 2 and SIRS criteria ≥ 2 (given thresholds), respectively, and there were 157 (14.8%) in-hospital deaths. Greater accuracy for in-hospital mortality was shown with qSOFA than with the SIRS criteria (AUROC: 0.64 versus 0.52, difference + 0.13, 95% CI [+ 0.07, + 0.18]). Sensitivity and specificity for predicting in-hospital mortality at the given thresholds were 0.55 and 0.65 based on qSOFA and 0.88 and 0.14 based on SIRS criteria, respectively. To predict in-hospital mortality in patients visiting to the emergency department with suspected infection, qSOFA was demonstrated to be modestly more accurate than the SIRS criteria albeit insufficiently sensitive.Clinical Trial Registration: The study was pre-registered in the University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN000027258).
Alkalinity–silicon ratio as an assessment factor for the efficiency of silicate slags in wetland rice
Authors: Sandhya Thoppil Sreenivasan , Prakash Nagabovanalli Basavarajappa 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSilicate slags are one of the most widely used silicon (Si) source in agriculture. Even though the agronomic significance of slags has been demonstrated in several crops, only a few attempts were made to evaluate these Si sources based on their chemical composition. The main objective of this study was to characterize different silicate slags based on their chemical properties and to explore the effect of these chemical properties on the yield, and Si uptake in wetland rice, and dissolution of Si into the soil. Slags were characterised for pH, calcium and magnesium content (alkalinity, A), silicon content, 5 day Na2CO3 + NH4NO3 extractable Si content, and alkalinity to Si ratio (A/Si). Greenhouse and incubation experiments were also conducted using different silicate slags and wollastonite applied at the rate of 300 kg Si ha−1. Slags with A/Si < 3 were found to be ideal Si sources for the economic production of wetland rice and found consistent in increasing soil Si content and rice Si uptake. We conclude that the A/Si ratio of slags can be used as an important parameter to assess the agronomic efficiency of silicate slags in wetland rice.
Volitional learning promotes theta phase coding in the human hippocampus
Authors: Pacheco Estefan Daniel , Zucca Riccardo , Arsiwalla Xerxes , Principe Alessandro , Zhang Hui , Rocamora Rodrigo , Axmacher Nikolai , Verschure Paul F. M. J. 
Published: March 2021

Significance
While behavioral evidence shows that volitionally controlled learning benefits human memory, little is known about the neural mechanisms underlying this effect. Insights from spatial navigation research in rodents point to the relevance of hippocampal theta oscillations. However, the mechanisms through which theta might support the beneficial effects of active learning in humans are currently unknown. Here, we demonstrate hippocampal theta oscillations increase during volitional learning, promoting a segregation of task-relevant representational signals according to their semantic content. Our results constitute a direct link to the animal literature on hippocampal theta oscillations and its relation to volition and memory processes.
Comparison of three species of Elizabethkingia genus by whole-genome sequence analysis
Authors: Yang Chen , Liu Zhe , Yu Shuai , Ye Kun , Li Xin , Shen Dingxia 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Elizabethkingia are found to cause severe neonatal meningitis, nosocomial pneumonia, endocarditis and bacteremia. However, there are few studies on Elizabethkingia genus by comparative genomic analysis. In this study, three species of Elizabethkingia were found: E. meningoseptica, E. anophelis and E. miricola. Resistance genes and associated proteins of seven classes of antibiotics including beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, macrolides, tetracyclines, quinolones, sulfonamides and glycopeptides, as well as multidrug resistance efflux pumps were identified from 20 clinical isolates of Elizabethkingia by whole-genome sequence. Genotype and phenotype displayed a good consistency in beta-lactams, aminoglycosides and glycopeptides, while contradictions exhibited in tetracyclines, quinolones and sulfonamides. Virulence factors and associated genes such as hsp60 (htpB), exopolysaccharide (EPS) (galE/pgi), Mg2+ transport (mgtB/mgtE) and catalase (katA/katG) existed in all clinical and reference strains. The functional analysis of the clusters of orthologous groups indicated that ‘metabolism’ occupied the largest part in core genome, ‘information storage and processing’ was the largest group in both accessory genome and unique genome. Abundant mobile elements were identified in E. meningoseptica and E. anophelis. The most significant finding in our study was that a single clone of E. anophelis had been circulating within diversities of departments in a clinical setting for nearly 18 months.
Criterion of Selectivity
Authors: Kreuschitz Viktor , Nehl Hanns Peter 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses the criterion of selectivity. The need to ascertain the selectivity of a measure in order to determine whether it constitutes a State aid derives directly from the text of Article 107(1) TFEU. Intuitively, it is actually the very fact that a measure favours only some of the market players that makes it apt to undermine the existence of a level playing field. Therefore, the ‘selectivity’ character seems to be conceived as a means by which a given measure distorts or threatens to distort competition. Article 107(1) TFEU seems to exclude from its scope general measures which are not selective but which may nevertheless be capable of distorting or threatening to distort competition; such general measures should not be qualified as a State aid. Therefore, where an anti-competitive effect of a measure is detected, it can be considered as selective only if, in its functioning, it favours certain undertakings or the production of certain goods.
European Structural and Investment Funds and State Aid Control
Authors: Kreuschitz Viktor , Nehl Hanns Peter 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks at the relationship between the European Structural and Investment (ESI) Funds and State aids, two conflicting but often complementary policy areas, both in conceptual but also in practical terms. There is a fundamental uncertainty surrounding the qualification of ‘EU Funds’ as State aids which can be attributed in part to the complex legal contours and administrative structure of the ‘EU Funds’ and the shared management that governs this policy, and in part to the absence of clear rules with respect to the relationship between ESI Funds and State aids. The complex procedures underpinning the ESI Funds have inevitably blurred the lines between the responsibilities and the powers of the EU and the Member States. At the same time, evidence shows that the complex rules that govern the ESI Funds and the constraints imposed by State aid compliance might frustrate EU Cohesion policy purposes.
Aid Exempted from Notification to the Commission: The General Block Exemption Regulation (GBER)
Authors: Kreuschitz Viktor , Nehl Hanns Peter 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the General Block Exemption Regulation (GBER). Article 108(4) TFEU allows the Commission to issue a regulation exempting Member States from the notification obligation as regards certain categories of aid, provided certain conditions are respected. The Council determines these categories in advance by means of a Regulation adopted on the basis of Article 109 TFEU. In 2008 the Commission adopted the GBER and repealed the previous regulations. In the GBER, the Commission exempted from the notification obligation seven categories of aid, by laying down general and specific compatibility conditions for aid regarding regional development, SMEs, risk capital, research and development, environmental aid, disadvantaged and disabled workers, and training.
The Administrative Procedure—the Privileged Dialogue
Authors: Kreuschitz Viktor , Nehl Hanns Peter 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses a number of key principles that form the basis of the European Commission's administrative procedures in relation to State aid investigations. The administrative procedure before the Commission is divided into two stages: the preliminary investigation and the full or formal investigation. Both stages of a State aid investigation are conducted essentially as a privileged if not exclusive dialogue between the Member State concerned and the Commission. As such, the role of third parties in State aid investigations is limited to that of a source of information; this has not changed with the recent reforms introduced as part of the Commission's State Aid Modernization (SAM) process. The chapter then offers three possible explanations for the current situation under the following headings: the addressee factor; the dual role of the Commission and the national courts; and finally, what may be referred to as the ‘one size fits all’ approach in the Procedural Regulation.
Recovery of Unlawful Aid and the Role of National Courts
Authors: Kreuschitz Viktor , Nehl Hanns Peter 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the recovery of unlawful and incompatible State aids, which is one of the cornerstones of free and undistorted competition in the European Union. The repayment of an aid declared unlawful and incompatible with the common market is of utmost importance, as it eliminates the distortion of competition caused by the competitive advantage afforded by the contested aid. In other words, by repaying an unlawful aid, the recipient forfeits the advantage it had enjoyed over its competitors on the market and therefore the previously existing situation is restored; it is common ground in this respect that this objective is attained once the aid in question—increased, where appropriate, by default interests—has been repaid by the recipient.
Belgium
Authors: Cauffman Caroline 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the transposition of the Antitrust Damages Directive in Belgium. It first considers the transposition procedure, noting Belgium’s Act of 6 June 2017 inserting a Title 3 ‘The action for damages for infringements of competition law’ into Book XVII of the Code of Economic Law, and the role of the Belgian Competition Authority. It then provides an overview of the substantive and temporal scope of the new rules of Book XVII, Title 3 of the Code of Economic Law before discussing terminological differences between the Directive and its transposition. It also explains how the transposition of the Directive facilitates access to documents, and goes on to analyse the effect of decisions of competition authorities, time-barring deadlines, solidary liability, passing-on of overcharges, presumption and quantification of damage by cartels or other antitrust infringements, consensual dispute resolution, collective redress for infringements of competition law, and parent company liability.