bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rapid evolution of latitudinal clines in growth and defence of an invasive weed
Authors: Yang Yang , Liu Mu , Pan Yuanfei , Huang Heyan , Pan Xiaoyun , Sosa Alejandro , Hou Yuping , Zhu Zhengcai , Li Bo 
Published: January 2021

Summary

Re‐establishment of heritable latitudinal clines in growth‐related traits has been recognised as evidence for adaptive evolution in invasive plants. However, less information is known about latitudinal clines in defence and joint clinal evolution of growth and defence in invasive plants.

We planted 14 native Argentinean populations and 14 introduced Chinese populations of Alternanthera philoxeroides in replicate common gardens in China. We investigated the latitudinal clines of traits related to growth and defence, and plasticity of these traits in relation to experiment site and soil nitrogen.

We found that chemical defence decreased with latitude in introduced populations but increased with latitude in native populations. For growth rate, latitudinal clines were positive in introduced populations but nonexistent in native populations. There were also parallel positive latitudinal clines in total/shoot biomass and specific leaf area. Experiment site affected the occurrence or magnitude of latitudinal clines in growth rate, branch intensity and triterpenoid saponins concentration. Introduced populations were more plastic to experiment site and soil nitrogen than native populations.

We provide evidence for rapid evolution of clines in growth and defence in an invasive plant. Altered herbivory gradients and trade‐off between growth and defence may explain nonparallel clines between the native and introduced ranges.
Global patterns and a latitudinal gradient of flower disparity: perspectives from the angiosperm order Ericales
Authors: Chartier Marion , von Balthazar Maria , Sontag Susanne , Löfstrand Stefan , Palme Thomas , Jabbour Florian , Sauquet Hervé , Schönenberger Jürg 
Published: January 2021

SummaryMorphological diversity (disparity) is an essential but often neglected aspect of biodiversity. Hence, it seems timely and promising to re‐emphasize morphology in modern evolutionary studies. Disparity is a good proxy for the diversity of functions and interactions with the environment of a group of taxa. In addition, geographical and ecological patterns of disparity are crucial to understand organismal evolution and to guide biodiversity conservation efforts.Here, we analyse floral disparity across latitudinal intervals, growth forms, climate types, types of habitats, and regions for a large and representative sample of the angiosperm order Ericales.We find a latitudinal gradient of floral disparity and a decoupling of disparity from species richness. Other factors investigated are intercorrelated, and we find the highest disparity for tropical trees growing in African and South American forests.Explanations for the latitudinal gradient of floral disparity may involve the release of abiotic constraints and the increase of biotic interactions towards tropical latitudes, allowing tropical lineages to explore a broader area of the floral morphospace. Our study confirms the relevance of biodiversity parameters other than species richness and is consistent with the importance of species interactions in the tropics, in particular with respect to angiosperm flowers and their pollinators.
Perception of the pathogen‐induced peptide RGF7 by the receptor‐like kinases RGI4 and RGI5 triggers innate immunity in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Wang Xiaoyang , Zhang Na , Zhang Lina , He Yunxia , Cai Chao , Zhou Jinggeng , Li Jia , Meng Xiangzong 
Published: January 2021

Summary

Signaling peptides play crucial roles in plant growth, development and defense. We report here that the Arabidopsis thaliana secreted peptide, ROOT MERISTEM GROWTH FACTOR 7 (RGF7), functions as an endogenous elicitor to trigger plant immunity.

Expression of the RGF7 precursor‐encoding gene (preRGF7) is highly induced in Arabidopsis leaves upon infection by the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. The pathogen‐responsive preRGF7 expression is regulated by the transcription factor WRKY33 and its upstream mitogen‐activated protein kinases MPK3/MPK6 and calcium‐dependent protein kinases CPK5/CPK6. In the absence of pathogen attack, chemically induced expression of preRGF7 in transgenic Arabidopsis plants was sufficient to trigger immune responses. Pre‐induction of preRGF7 expression in transgenic Arabidopsis also led to enhanced immune responses and increased resistance to P. syringae infection.

Biochemical and genetic analyses demonstrated that RGF7 is perceived by the leaf‐expressed RGF1 INSENSITIVE (RGI) family receptors RGI4 and RGI5. The SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR KINASES (SERKs) BAK1 and SERK4 are also involved in RGF7 perception via forming RGF7‐induced receptor‐complexes with RGI4 and RGI5.

These results indicate that the pathogen‐induced RGF7 peptide, perceived by the RGI4/RGI5‐BAK1/SERK4 receptor complexes, acts as a new damage‐associated molecular pattern (DAMP) and plays a significant role in Arabidopsis immunity.
ERECTA signaling regulates plant immune responses via chromatin‐mediated promotion of WRKY33 binding to target genes
Authors: Cai Hanyang , Huang Youmei , Chen Fangqian , Liu Liping , Chai Mengnan , Zhang Man , Yan Maokai , Aslam Mohammad , He Qing , Qin Yuan 
Published: January 2021

Summary

The signaling pathway mediated by the receptor‐like kinase ERECTA (ER) plays important roles in plant immune responses, but the underlying mechanism is unclear.

Genetic interactions between ER signaling and the chromatin remodeling complex SWR1 in the control of plant immune responses were studied. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay and yeast one‐hybrid analysis were applied to identify ER‐WRKY33 downstream components. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses were further investigated.

In this study, we show that the chromatin remodeling complex SWR1 enhances resistance to the white mold fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Arabidopsis thaliana via a process mediated by ER signaling. We identify a series of WRKY33 target YODA DOWNSTREAM (YDD) genes and demonstrate that SWR1 and ER signaling are required to enrich H2A.Z histone variant and H3K4me3 histone modification at YDDs and the binding of WRKY33 to YDD promoters upon S. sclerotiorum infection. We also reveal that the binding of WRKY33 to YDD promoters in turn promotes the enrichment of H2A.Z and H3K4me3 at YDD genes, thereby forming a positive regulatory loop to activate YDDs expression.

Our study reveals how H2A.Z, H3K4me3 and ER signaling mutually regulate YDDs gene expression upon pathogen infection, highlighting the critical role of chromatin structure in ER‐signaling‐mediated plant immune responses.
Ancient and recent gene duplications as evolutionary drivers of the seed maturation regulators DELAY OF GERMINATION1 family genes
Authors: Nishiyama Eri , Nonogaki Mariko , Yamazaki Satoru , Nonogaki Hiroyuki , Ohshima Kazuhiko 
Published: January 2021

SummaryThe DELAY OF GERMINATION1 (DOG1) family genes (DFGs) in Arabidopsis thaliana are involved in seed dormancy, reserve accumulation, and desiccation tolerance. Decoding the molecular evolution of DFGs is key to understanding how these seed programs evolved. This article demonstrates that DFGs have diverged in the four lineages DOG1, DOG1‐LIKE4 (DOGL4), DOGL5 and DOGL6, whereas DOGL1, DOGL2 and DOGL3 arose separately within the DOG1 lineage. The systematic DFG nomenclature proposed in this article addresses the current issues of inconsistent DFG annotation and highlights DFG genomic synteny in angiosperms. DFG pseudogenes, or collapsed coding sequences, hidden in the genomes of early‐diverging angiosperms are documented here. They suggest ancient birth and loss of DFGs over the course of angiosperm evolution. The proposed models suggest that the origin of DFG diversification dates back to the most recent common ancestor of living angiosperms. The presence of a single form of DFG in nonflowering plants is discussed. Phylogenetic analysis of gymnosperm, lycophyte, and liverwort DFGs and similar genes found in mosses and algae suggests that DFGs diverged from the TGACG motif‐binding transcription factor genes before the divergence of the bryophyte lineage.
An optimized genetically encoded dual reporter for simultaneous ratio imaging of Ca2+ and H+ reveals new insights into ion signaling in plants
Authors: Li Kunkun , Prada Juan , Damineli Daniel S. C. , Liese Anja , Romeis Tina , Dandekar Thomas , Feijó José A. , Hedrich Rainer , Konrad Kai Robert 
Published: January 2021

Summary

Whereas the role of calcium ions (Ca2+) in plant signaling is well studied, the physiological significance of pH‐changes remains largely undefined.

Here we developed CapHensor, an optimized dual‐reporter for simultaneous Ca2+ and pH ratio‐imaging and studied signaling events in pollen tubes (PTs), guard cells (GCs), and mesophyll cells (MCs). Monitoring spatio‐temporal relationships between membrane voltage, Ca2+‐ and pH‐dynamics revealed interconnections previously not described.

In tobacco PTs, we demonstrated Ca2+‐dynamics lag behind pH‐dynamics during oscillatory growth, and pH correlates more with growth than Ca2+. In GCs, we demonstrated abscisic acid (ABA) to initiate stomatal closure via rapid cytosolic alkalization followed by Ca2+ elevation. Preventing the alkalization blocked GC ABA‐responses and even opened stomata in the presence of ABA, disclosing an important pH‐dependent GC signaling node. In MCs, a flg22‐induced membrane depolarization preceded Ca2+‐increases and cytosolic acidification by c. 2 min, suggesting a Ca2+/pH‐independent early pathogen signaling step. Imaging Ca2+ and pH resolved similar cytosol and nuclear signals and demonstrated flg22, but not ABA and hydrogen peroxide to initiate rapid membrane voltage‐, Ca2+‐ and pH‐responses.

We propose close interrelation in Ca2+‐ and pH‐signaling that is cell type‐ and stimulus‐specific and the pH having crucial roles in regulating PT growth and stomata movement.
The Arabidopsis R‐SNARE VAMP714 is essential for polarisation of PIN proteins and auxin responses
Authors: Gu Xiaoyan , Fonseka Kumari , Agneessens Julien , Casson Stuart A. , Smertenko Andrei , Guo Guangqin , Topping Jennifer F. , Hussey Patrick J. , Lindsey Keith 
Published: January 2021

Summary

The plant hormone auxin and its directional intercellular transport play a major role in diverse aspects of plant growth and development. The establishment of auxin gradients requires the asymmetric distribution of members of the auxin efflux carrier PIN‐FORMED (PIN) protein family to the plasma membrane. An endocytic pathway regulates the recycling of PIN proteins between the plasma membrane and endosomes, providing a mechanism for dynamic localisation.

N‐Ethylmaleimide‐sensitive factor adaptor protein receptors (SNAP receptors, SNAREs) mediate fusion between vesicles and target membranes and are classed as Q‐ or R‐SNAREs based on their sequence. We analysed gain‐ and loss‐of‐function mutants, dominant‐negative transgenics and localisation of the Arabidopsis R‐SNARE VAMP714 protein to understand its function.

We demonstrate that VAMP714 is essential for the insertion of PINs into the plasma membrane, for polar auxin transport, root gravitropism and morphogenesis. VAMP714 gene expression is upregulated by auxin, and the VAMP714 protein co‐localises with endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi vesicles and with PIN proteins at the plasma membrane.

It is proposed that VAMP714 mediates the delivery of PIN‐carrying vesicles to the plasma membrane, and that this forms part of a positive regulatory loop in which auxin activates a VAMP714‐dependent PIN/auxin transport system to control development.
Golgi‐localised manganese transporter PML3 regulates Arabidopsis growth through modulating Golgi glycosylation and cell wall biosynthesis
Authors: Yang Chang‐Hong , Wang Chao , Singh Somesh , Fan Ni , Liu Shuo , Zhao Li , Cao Hengliang , Xie Wenxiang , Yang Chengwei , Huang Chao‐Feng 
Published: January 2021

Summary

Golgi is a critical compartment for both the reutilisation of the essential micronutrient manganese (Mn) and its detoxification. However, whether Mn plays a role in the Golgi remains to be demonstrated in plants.

We characterised the function of PML3, a member of the Unknown Protein Family UPF0016, in Mn transport and the regulation of plant growth, Golgi glycosylation and cell wall biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. We also investigated the relationship of PML3 with NRAMP2, a trans‐Golgi network localised Mn transporter.

PML3‐GFP is preferentially localised in the cis‐Golgi. PML3 can transport Mn to rescue the hypersensitivity of yeast mutant Δpmr1 to excess Mn. Two mutant alleles of PML3 displayed reduced plant growth and impaired seed development under Mn‐deficient conditions. The pml3 mutants also showed impaired Golgi glycosylation and cell wall biosynthesis under Mn deficiency. Double mutations of PML3 and NRAMP2 showed improved plant growth compared with that of single mutants under Mn deficiency, implying that PML3 and NRAMP2 play opposite roles in the regulation of Golgi Mn levels.

Our results suggest that PML3 mediates Mn uptake into the Golgi compartments, which is required for proper protein glycosylation and cell wall biosynthesis under Mn‐deficient conditions.
China's antenatal care promoting early childhood development: evidence from a cross‐sectional survey
Authors: Wu Tianchen , Niu Jieqiong , Yin Xiaohan , Zhao Chunxia , Huang Xiaona , Wang Xiaoli 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe Chinese government has established a three‐tier maternal care system covering the entire country and providing integrated antenatal care (ANC) for pregnancies. This study aimed to analyze the direct and indirect effects of ANC services on early childhood development. A community‐based cross‐sectional survey was conducted for mothers’ ANC visits and assessments of early childhood development in Shanxi and Guizhou provinces, China. A total of 1660 mother–child dyads were included in current analyses: 29.2% of mothers did not receive any ANC (ANC1), 23.3% of mothers received ANC three or fewer times (ANC2), and 47.5% of mothers received ANC four or more times (ANC3). Children whose mothers received ANC services had a significantly lower risk of overall developmental delay (OR = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.44–0.81 for ANC2; and OR = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.34–0.59 for ANC3) and social‐emotional developmental delay (OR = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.49–0.94 for ANC3). Furthermore, a significant pathway relationship mediated by maternal depression and nurturing care was found between ANC and developmental delay. This study showed ANC services significantly reduced the risk of developmental delay in offspring. We also suggest that a nationwide ANC system can be a good delivery platform for scaled‐up early childhood development interventions.
Comparing surface digitization techniques in palaeontology using visual perceptual metrics and distance computations between 3D meshes
Authors: Díez Díaz Verónica , Mallison Heinrich , Asbach Patrick , Schwarz Daniela , Blanco Alejandro 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe use of surface digitization techniques and methods in palaeontology has increased in the last two decades, mainly due to recent improvements in devices and software. However, many digitization efforts are published only as 3D models, with only a few details on the exact protocols used and sometimes not even indicating how to access these digital data, thus reducing the long‐term reusability of the obtained files. It is important to include this information, as the applied techniques and workflows have significant effects on the final quality of 3D models. We compare 3D meshes created by seven different surface digitization techniques and protocols for a sauropod caudal vertebra and a testudine turtle in a flat slab of rock. These two specimens represent typical examples of objects in vertebrate palaeontology collections, making them a suitable sample for our tests. Besides these quantitative and topological comparisons we also have computed visual perceptual metrics, which aim to predict the visual quality of a 3D model as perceived by a human observer. Our results agree with previous works, confirming that photogrammetry is one of the most suitable options for obtaining high quality 3D models of fossils, producing higher quality meshes than current structured light 3D scanners.
Soil chemical legacies trigger species‐specific and context‐dependent root responses in later arriving plants
Authors: Delory Benjamin M. , Schempp Hannes , Spachmann Sina Maria , Störzer Laura , van Dam Nicole M. , Temperton Vicky M. , Weinhold Alexander 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSoil legacies play an important role for the creation of priority effects. However, we still poorly understand to what extent the metabolome found in the soil solution of a plant community is conditioned by its species composition and whether soil chemical legacies affect subsequent species during assembly. To test these hypotheses, we collected soil solutions from forb or grass communities and evaluated how the metabolome of these soil solutions affected the growth, biomass allocation and functional traits of a forb (Dianthus deltoides) and a grass species (Festuca rubra). Results showed that the metabolomes found in the soil solutions of forb and grass communities differed in composition and chemical diversity. While soil chemical legacies did not have any effect onF.rubra, root foraging byD.deltoidesdecreased when plants received the soil solution from a grass or a forb community. Structural equation modelling showed that reduced soil exploration byD.deltoidesarose via either a root growth‐dependent pathway (forb metabolome) or a root trait‐dependent pathway (grass metabolome). Reduced root foraging was not connected to a decrease in total N uptake. Our findings reveal that soil chemical legacies can create belowground priority effects by affecting root foraging in later arriving plants.
Optical Properties of New Terbium(III) Ternary Complexes Containing Anionic 6,6,7,7,8,8,8‐heptafluoro‐2,2‐dimethyl‐3,5‐octanedione and Neutral Sensitizers in Solution, Solid and PMMA Thin Films: Intra and Interphase Colour Tuning
Authors: Ahmad Bhat Shabir , Iftikhar Khalid 
Published: January 2021

AbstractFour new terbium(III) ternary complexes, [Tb(fod)3(indazole)] (1), [Tb(fod)3(tptz)] (2), [Tb(fod)3(impy)] (3) and [Tb(fod)3(tppo)2] (4) with 6,6,7,7,8,8,8‐heptafluoro‐2,2‐dimethyl‐3,5‐octanedione, (Hfod) and N and O donors are synthesized and structurally characterized. The photoluminescence of the complexes are studied in solid, chloroform solution and thin PMMA hybrid films (PMMA is a poly(methyl methacrylate)). The ligand‐based emission is dominant in solution of 3 and 4. The effect of ancillary ligands on the photoluminescence of terbium(III) ion is investigated. The mechanism of energy transfer is discussed and correlates the luminescence of acceptor terbium ion with the triplet state energy level of donor ligands. Among the four complexes studied, the luminescence from 1 is most intense followed by 2, 4 and 3. The Commission International de I’Eclairage (CIE) color coordinates of these complexes are calculated and presented. The complexes 3 and 4 show intraphase color tuning when excited under different UV wavelengths. The emission color of [Tb(fod)3(tppo)2] (4) changes from pure blue to turquoise green via almost pure white under 360, 328 and 280 nm UV excitation wavelengths respectively. The [Tb(fod)3(impy)] (3) show similar results. The complex [Tb(fod)3(tptz)] (2) displays interphase color tuning from yellow (solution) to turquoise green (solid) and fascinatingly incorporation of complex in PMMA polymer generates white light under same excitation wavelength (360 nm).
Association of previous schistosome infection with fatty liver and coronary heart disease: A cross‐sectional study in china
Authors: Zou Zhuo‐qun , Liu Mei , Zhong Huai‐qin , Guan Guo‐yue 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundMore than 11 million people were estimated to have been infected by Schistosoma japonicum in China before the 1950s. However, few studies have been conducted to evaluate the longitudinal effects of previous schistosome infection (PSI).ObjectiveWe aimed to evaluate the association of PSI with fatty liver and coronary heart disease in China.MethodsA cross‐sectional study was conducted in regions which were all reportedly heavily endemic for S japonicum in China. All data were collected using a questionnaire administered and health examinations by well‐trained medical professionals. 2867 participants aged 40 years and older were enrolled. Among these, 731 patients with PSI were selected as study subjects and 2136 subjects served as controls. Comparisons between groups were performed with or without an adjustment for a covariate, using Student's t tests for continuous variables and chi‐square testing for categorical variables. Multivariable logistic models were used to estimate the associations between PSI and fatty liver or coronary heart disease.ResultsThe PSI participants had significantly lower levels of triglyceride, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, fasting blood glucose, uric acid, serum creatinine, urea nitrogen, platelet, total protein and globulin as well as a lower prevalence of fatty liver (13.3% vs 53.6%, P < .001) and coronary heart disease (3.4% vs 6.0%, P < .05) compared with the uninfected, contemporaneous controls (without PSI), whereas the PSI participants had higher levels of high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, direct bilirubin and a higher prevalence of hepatic dysfunction compared with those without PSI (P < .05).ConclusionWe found PSI significantly negatively associated with fatty liver and coronary heart disease. However, further studies on schistosomiasis may provide new directions for prevention and treatment of fatty liver and coronary heart disease.
Nonstationary space–time covariance functions induced by dynamical systems
Authors: Senoussi Rachid , Porcu Emilio 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis article provides a novel approach to nonstationarity by considering a bridge between differential equations and spatial fields. We consider the dynamical transformation of a given spatial process undergoing the action of a temporal flow of space diffeomorphisms. Such dynamical deformations are shown to be connected to certain classes of ordinary and partial differential equations. The natural question arises of how such dynamical diffeomorphisms convert the original spatial covariance function, specifically if the original covariance is spatially stationary or isotropic. We first challenge this question from a general perspective, and then turn into the special cases of both d‐dimensional Euclidean spaces, and hyperspheres. Several examples of dynamical diffeomorphisms defined in these spaces are given and some emphasis has been put on the stationary reducibility problem. We provide a simple illustration to show the performance of the maximum likelihood estimation of the parameters of a family of dynamically deformed covariance functions.