bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The History of Heat Transfer
Authors: Fletcher L. S. “Skip” 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This history begins in the 1700s with controversy over the nature of heat, and it follows the evolution of the study of heat into the exciting discipline of heat transfer. The contributions of the natural philosophers, astronomers, and physicists of the past have established a foundation for the discipline which is critical to technological advancement in such areas as energy generation, microelectronics, air breathing engines and thermal protection systems. The development of the thermometer in 1709 led to the studies of numerous individuals, including some colorful personalities. Among those were Count Rumford, whose meticulous experiments, combined with the mathematical developments of Fourier, led to the establishment of the field of conduction heat transfer. Fluid mechanicians such as Reynolds, Prandtl, Nusselt, and Grashoff contributed concepts and analyses that were the basis for the understanding of convective heat transfer. During that same time, many physicists were investigating the phenomenon of energy transfer by radiation. Among those investigators were Planck, Stefan, and Boltzmann, who developed the foundations of radiation heat transfer. These three modes, conduction convection, and radiation, continue to be the basic areas of analysis in the field of heat transfer. This history will explore some of the personalities who made major contributions to the evolution of heat transfer. It will also suggest that while heat transfer may be considered mature in some areas, in other areas it is still in its infancy, awaiting the creativity of present and future heat transfer practitioners.
Partnering to Succeed: Keys to Managing Technology Development, Risk and Globalization
Authors: Honda Hiroshi 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The subject symposium on “Partnering to Succeed: Keys to Managing Technology Development, Risk and Globalization” is held under the sponsorship of Engineering and Technology Management (E&TM) Group at the 2001 ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition (IMECE) with its congress highlight topic of “Progress Through Partnerships: Team Approaches for Today’s Economy,” following a success of the 2000 ASME IMECE E&TM Group Symposium on “Successfully Managing the Risk and Development of Your Business and Technology” with its congress highlight topic of “Beyond the Traditional Boundaries.” The 2000 symposium counted over 500 attendees (1), (2), increased by more than 2.5 times from about 200 attendees for all the sessions organized for IMECE 1999 by three divisions of the E&TM Group.
The original proposal for these 2000 and 2001 IMECE symposia, shown in Appendix, was submitted to then E&TM Group Vice President Arnold Rothstein by the author at the Technology & Society (T&S) and Management Division Executive Committee and E&TM Group Operating Board meetings at IMECE 1999 in Nashville. E&TM Group Representative Kenneth Home and session track leaders were instrumental in carrying out these symposia, with the cooperation and support of Arnold Rothstein and his successor Jeff Rode, Division Chairs John Paul and Robert Bums (T&S), Steven Nichols (Management Division), and David Pyatt (Safety Engineering and Risk Analysis Division (SERAD)) and other members of the division executive committees and the group operating board.
The current paper introduces key issues to be discussed at the subject “twenty-six session” symposium for ASME 2001 IMECE, with trends of our time and the originally proposed symposium concept taken into consideration.
History of Technology 1950–2000 Engineering Changes Observed
Authors: Thayer Keith 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper covers the period from 1950 through year 2000 as seen by a practitioner in the Design Industry. The changes have been more than just technology. The paper addresses the methods of doing the engineering, the observed philosophies; locations for performing the work; products involved, safety issues, human relations, and education.
Novel Energy Efficient and Environmentally Friendly Space-Conditioning Systems: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Garimella Srinivas 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper discusses several different approaches to increase the energy efficiency and decrease the environmental impact of space-conditioning systems. The use of microchannel components and hydronic coupling is presented as a method to drastically reduce the size and refrigerant inventories of the refrigerant-carrying components of vapor-compression heat pumps. Design aspects of heat pumps using carbon dioxide, a natural refrigerant with minimal environmental impact, are discussed, and novel component geometries that offer compactness are presented. The advantages of absorption heat pumps using waste heat and natural gas are discussed, and innovative component designs are presented. It is believed that these innovations will hasten the commercialization of these environmentally benign alternatives to CFC- and HCFC-based vapor-compression systems. The environmental benefits of waste heat-driven absorption chillers are quantified in terms of the energy savings, greenhouse gas emission reductions, and installed electric power reductions. Ground coupling of these heat pumps is also discussed, with specific examples of the performance improvement over similar air-coupled heat pumps.
Project Based Learning Taking Micro Gas Turbine As a Theme
Authors: Kaneko Shigehiko , Watanabe Tatsuo 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In our department, we developed 5KW micro gas turbine and initiated Project Based Learning (PBL) program by utilizing home made micro gas turbine. We started with defining the problem when we introduce such a small size gas turbine to home, convenience store and hotels etc. and try to find the suitable counter measure. Problems to be solved were categorized as interlock system, remote monitoring and control, pressure pulsation in gas supply pipelines and so on. This year, we made two project groups composed of students, professors, gas and turbine company working on developing control system for gas turbine system and the device for suppressing pressure pulsation in supply gas pipeline due to the gas compressor. In this paper, we will introduce how we started PBL program using micro gas turbine, basic principle of our program and the outcome.
Late Cretaceous–Paleocene transition from calcareous platform to basinal deposition in western Chiapas, Mexico: Opening of the Chiapanecan embayment
Authors: Martens* Uwe C. , Sierra-Rojas Maria Isabel 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACTTracing the evolution of the Cretaceous shelf margin of the southwestern Gulf of Mexico reveals a relatively stable area in northeastern Chiapas, Mexico, northern Guatemala and Belize, and the Yucatán Peninsula, where carbonate and evaporite platform conditions prevailed from the Aptian until at least the Paleocene. The area was flanked by zones of greater subsidence, where platform thickness reached several thousand meters and where foredeep depocenters were established due to collision of the Great Antilles arc with the passive margin of North America. Foredeep deposition initiated as early as the Maastrichtian in central Guatemala and in the Paleocene in Chiapas and south Petén, Guatemala. Northwestern Chiapas was characterized by a relatively deep basin and by southward retreat of the shelf break from the Albian to Maastrichtian. The retreat can be traced by the occurrence of periplatform slope facies. During the Santonian–early Campanian lowstand, the periplatform slope is thought to have become a bay, herein called the Chiapanecan embayment. Slope conditions reached the Tuxtla area (western Chiapas) in the Campanian, ultimately connecting Paleocene foreland basins with the Gulf of Mexico basin. Whereas the foredeep in Guatemala and Belize (Sepur and Toledo formations) was constrained by a backstop produced by the southernmost stable Yucatán platform (Lacandón Formation), the Tuxtla basin (Soyaló and Nanchital formations) was connected to the Gulf of Mexico, potentially allowing Paleocene bypass of sediment sourced in the colliding Great Antilles arc.
A graphic method for depicting basin evolution and changes in the dominant hydrodynamic process from paleocurrent data
Authors: Chiarella Domenico , Gioia Dario 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Paleocurrent data measured on depositional elements and sedimentary structures (e.g., channels, cross-strata) are commonly utilized in the description of sedimentary strata. Paleocurrent data provide information about the depositional setting and in some cases can be useful for immediately detecting specific depositional processes (e.g., herringbone cross-strata for bimodal tidal currents). The typical graphical representation used to report paleocurrent data is the rose diagram. However, rose diagrams are not able to disclose all information contained in paleocurrent data, limiting the potentiality of such a representation method. In particular, there is presently no method to highlight changes in the paleogeographic configuration that can ultimately have an impact on the evolution of depositional processes and paleocurrent direction through time. Here, we present a graphic method that permits instant visualization of anomalies in paleocurrent distributions of the stratigraphic record that can be linked to changes in the paleogeography due to tectonic evolution or in the dominant hydrodynamic process. It is important to highlight that the proposed method does not aspire to replace rose diagrams but to provide an additional tool to be used before and in combination with rose diagrams in order to extrapolate as much information as possible from paleocurrent data.
Analysis of mental and physical disorders associated with COVID-19 in online health forums: a natural language processing study
Authors: Patel Rashmi , Smeraldi Fabrizio , Abdollahyan Maryam , Irving Jessica , Bessant Conrad 
Published: November 2021

ObjectivesOnline health forums provide rich and untapped real-time data on population health. Through novel data extraction and natural language processing (NLP) techniques, we characterise the evolution of mental and physical health concerns relating to the COVID-19 pandemic among online health forum users.Setting and designWe obtained data from three leading online health forums: HealthBoards, Inspire and HealthUnlocked, from the period 1 January 2020 to 31 May 2020. Using NLP, we analysed the content of posts related to COVID-19.Primary outcome measures(1) Proportion of forum posts containing COVID-19 keywords; (2) proportion of forum users making their very first post about COVID-19; (3) proportion of COVID-19-related posts containing content related to physical and mental health comorbidities.ResultsData from 739 434 posts created by 53 134 unique users were analysed. A total of 35 581 posts (4.8%) contained a COVID-19 keyword. Posts discussing COVID-19 and related comorbid disorders spiked in early March to mid-March around the time of global implementation of lockdowns prompting a large number of users to post on online health forums for the first time. Over a quarter of COVID-19-related thread titles mentioned a physical or mental health comorbidity.ConclusionsWe demonstrate that it is feasible to characterise the content of online health forum user posts regarding COVID-19 and measure changes over time. The pandemic and corresponding public response has had a significant impact on posters’ queries regarding mental health. Social media data sources such as online health forums can be harnessed to strengthen population-level mental health surveillance.
Breathlessness dimensions association with physical and mental quality of life: the population based VASCOL study of elderly men
Authors: Cristea Lucas , Olsson Max , Currow David , Johnson Miriam , Sandberg Jacob , Ekström Magnus 
Published: November 2021

BackgroundBreathlessness is a multidimensional symptom prevalent in elderly affecting many aspects of life. We aimed to determine how different dimensions of breathlessness are associated with physical and mental quality of life (QoL) in elderly men.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional, population-based analysis of 672 men aged 73 years in a Swedish county. Breathlessness was assessed using Dyspnoea-12 (D-12) and Multidimensional Dyspnoea Profile (MDP), and QoL using the Short Form 12 physical and mental scores. Scores were compared as z-scores across scales and analysed using multivariable linear regression, adjusted for smoking, body mass index and the presence of respiratory and cardiovascular disease.ResultsWorse breathlessness was related to worse physical and mental QoL across all the D-12 and MDP dimension scores. Physical QoL was most strongly associated with perceptional breathlessness scores, D-12 total and physical scores (95% CI −0.45 to −0.30). Mental QoL was more strongly influenced by affective responses, MDP emotional response score (95% CI −0.61 to −0.48). Head-to-head comparison of the instruments confirmed that D-12 total and physical scores most influenced physical QoL, while mental QoL was mostly influenced by the emotional responses captured by the MDP.ConclusionBreathlessness dimensions and QoL measures are associated differently. Physical QoL was most closely associated with sensory and perceptual breathlessness dimensions, while emotional responses were most strongly associated with mental QoL in elderly men. D-12 and MDP contribute complimentary information, where affective and emotional responses may be related to function, deconditioning and QoL.
Nutritional status and primary tumour site in incurable cancer
Authors: De Oliveira Livia Costa , Wiegert Emanuelly Varea Maria , Santos Lara Azevedo dos , Calixto-Lima Larissa 
Published: November 2021

ObjectivesWe aimed (1) to assess the nutritional status (NS) using different methods, according to the primary tumour site and (2) to evaluate the performance of these methods in patients with incurable cancer from a reference centre in Brazil.MethodsCross-sectional analysis of data from patients admitted to the palliative care unit of a reference cancer centre in Brazil, between July 2016 and March 2020. The primary tumour site was the independent variable and the NS using different methods were the dependent variables. Logistic regressions were performed.ResultsA total of 2,144 patients were included in the study. The most common primary tumour site was the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract (18.0%), followed by gynaecological (17.6%) and head and neck (HN) (13.5%). Our results showed that patients with tumours of the upper GI tract followed by HN presented significantly higher risk of worse NS.In contrast,breast tumours, bone and connective tissues and melanoma presented inverse association.The gynaecological cancer was variably associated with nutritional impairment, according to the assessment method.ConclusionsPatients with incurable cancer present high prevalence of NS impairment, depending on the tumour site, shown to be elevated in patients with tumour in the upper GI tract.
Cerebral oximetry monitoring using near-infrared spectroscopy during adult procedural sedation: a preliminary study
Authors: Carlson Krista R , Driver Brian E , Satpathy Rajesh , Miner James R 
Published: November 2021

Background and objectivesWe sought to evaluate the effect of adult procedural sedation on cerebral oxygenation measured by near-infrared spectroscopy (rSo2levels), and to assess whether respiratory depression occurring during procedural sedation was associated with decreases in cerebral oxygenation.MethodsWe performed a prospective, observational preliminary study on a convenience sample of adult patients (>18 years) undergoing unscheduled procedural sedation in the ED from August 2017 to September 2018 at Hennepin County Medical Center in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The primary outcome measures were rSo2values by level of sedation achieved and the incidence of cerebral hypoxaemia during procedural sedation (absolute rSo2≤60 or decrease ≥20% from baseline). The secondary outcome is the decrease in rSo2during episodes of respiratory adverse events (AEs), defined by respiratory depression requiring supportive airway measures.ResultsWe enrolled 100 patients (53% female). The median (IQR) rSo2values (%) by each level of sedation achieved on the Observer Assessment of Alertness and Sedation (OAAS) scale 1–5, respectively, were 74 (69–79), 74 (70–79), 74 (69–79), 75 (69–80), 72 (68–76). The incidence of cerebral hypoxaemia at any point within the sedation (absolute rSo2<60%) was 10/100 (10%); 2 out of 10 had rSo2reduction more than 20% from baseline value; the median (IQR) observed minimum rSo2in these patients was 58 (56–59). We observed respiratory depression in 65 patients via standard monitoring; of these, 39 (60%) required at least one supportive airway measure, meeting the definition of a respiratory AE. During these AEs, 15% (6/39) demonstrated cerebral hypoxaemia with a median (IQR) minimum rSo2of 58 (57–59). Four patients (4%) had cerebral hypoxaemia without a respiratory AE.ConclusionCerebral oximetry may represent a useful tool for procedural sedation safety research to detect potential subclinical changes that may be associated with risk, but appears neither sensitive nor specific for routine use in clinical practice.
SARS-CoV-2 environmental contamination from hospitalised patients with COVID-19 receiving aerosol-generating procedures
Authors: Winslow Rebecca L , Zhou Jie , Windle Ella F , Nur Intesar , Lall Ranjit , Ji Chen , Millar Jonathan Edward , Dark Paul M , Naisbitt Jay , Simonds Anita , Dunning Jake , Barclay Wendy , Baillie John Kenneth , Perkins Gavin D , Semple Malcolm Gracie , McAuley Daniel Francis , Green Christopher A 
Published: November 2021

BackgroundContinuous positive airways pressure (CPAP) and high-flow nasal oxygen (HFNO) are considered ‘aerosol-generating procedures’ in the treatment of COVID-19.ObjectiveTo measure air and surface environmental contamination with SARS-CoV-2 virus when CPAP and HFNO are used, compared with supplemental oxygen, to investigate the potential risks of viral transmission to healthcare workers and patients.Methods30 hospitalised patients with COVID-19 requiring supplemental oxygen, with a fraction of inspired oxygen ≥0.4 to maintain oxygen saturation ≥94%, were prospectively enrolled into an observational environmental sampling study. Participants received either supplemental oxygen, CPAP or HFNO (n=10 in each group). A nasopharyngeal swab, three air and three surface samples were collected from each participant and the clinical environment. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses were performed for viral and human RNA, and positive/suspected-positive samples were cultured for the presence of biologically viable virus.ResultsOverall 21/30 (70%) participants tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the nasopharynx. In contrast, only 4/90 (4%) and 6/90 (7%) of all air and surface samples tested positive (positive for E and ORF1a) for viral RNA respectively, although there were an additional 10 suspected-positive samples in both air and surfaces samples (positive for E or ORF1a). CPAP/HFNO use or coughing was not associated with significantly more environmental contamination than supplemental oxygen use. Only one nasopharyngeal sample was culture positive.ConclusionsThe use of CPAP and HFNO to treat moderate/severe COVID-19 did not appear to be associated with substantially higher levels of air or surface viral contamination in the immediate care environment, compared with the use of supplemental oxygen.
Passive leg cycling increases activity of the cardiorespiratory system in people with tetraplegia
Authors: Soriano Jan Elaine , Romac Rinaldo , Squair Jordan W. , Barak Otto F. , Sarafis Zoe K. , Lee Amanda H.X. , Coombs Geoff B. , Vaseghi Bita , Grant Christopher , Charbonneau Rebecca , Mijacika Tanja , Krassioukov Andrei V. , Ainslie Philip N. , Larkin-Kaiser Kelly A. , Phillips Aaron A. , Dujic Zeljko 
Published: November 2021

Individuals with cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) are at an increased risk for cardiovascular disease. Exercise is well-established for preventing cardiovascular disease; however, there are limited straightforward and safe exercise approaches for increasing the activity of the cardiorespiratory system after cervical SCI. The objective of this study was to investigate the cardiorespiratory response to passive leg cycling in people with cervical SCI. Beat-by-beat blood pressure, heart rate, and cerebral blood flow were measured before and throughout 10 minutes of cycling in 11 people with SCI. Femoral artery flow-mediated dilation was also assessed before and immediately after passive cycling. Safety was monitored throughout all study visits. Passive cycling elevated systolic blood pressure (5 ± 2 mm Hg), mean arterial pressure (5 ± 3 mm Hg), stroke volume (2.4 ± 0.8 mL), heart rate (2 ± 1 beats/min) and cardiac output (0.3 ± 0.07 L/min; all p < 0.05). Minute ventilation (0.67 ± 0.23 L/min), tidal volume (70 ± 30 mL) and end-tidal PO2 (2.6 ± 1.23 mm Hg) also increased (all p < 0.05). Endothelial function was improved immediately after exercise (1.62 ± 0.13%, p < 0.01). Passive cycling resulted in an incidence of autonomic dysreflexia. Therefore, passive leg cycling increased the activity of the cardiorespiratory system and improved endothelial function, indicating it may be a beneficial exercise intervention for the cardiovascular and respiratory systems in people with cervical SCI. Novelty: Passive leg cycling increases the activity of the cardiorespiratory system and improves markers of cardiovascular health in cervical SCI. Passive leg cycling exercise is an effective, low-cost, practical, alternative exercise modality for people with cervical SCI.
Intraspecific structure of the Coregonus lavaretus complex in water bodies of Siberia: a case of postglacial allopatric origin of Yukagirian whitefish
Authors: Bochkarev Nickolai A. , Zuykova Elena I. , Pestryakova Lyudmila A. , Ushnitskaya Lena A. , Zakharov Evgeny S. , Politov Dmitry V. , Andree Karl B. , Solovyev Mikhail M. 
Published: November 2021

The results of morphological and genetic analyses of forms/species of the Coregonus lavaretus pidschian (Gmelin, 1789) complex from the Indigirka and Kolyma river basins are presented in the context of there being recent postglacial speciation events. It has been found that the studied whitefishes belong to the sparsely rakered and low lateral-line forms and have previously been described as Coregonus lavaretus pidschian n. jucagiricus Drjagin (Berg), 1932. Based on these characters, this whitefish does not differ from most Arctic whitefish populations (in particular from Coregonus lavaretus glacialis Kirillov, 1972). Analysis of variability of the ND1 gene (mtDNA) showed that whitefishes from the Indigirka and Kolyma basins belong to a distant phylogenetic lineage, which is significantly different from all previously studied whitefish lineages from the Ob, Yenisei, Lena, Anadyr, and Amur river basins. Analysis of variability of the ITS1 fragment (nDNA) showed that all studied forms/species (from Ob River to Amur River basins), including C. l. pidschian n. jucagiricus, have a tandem arrangement of two identical nucleotide fragments and very similar nucleotide composition of the ITS1 region. Based on contemporary data, this phylogenetic lineage of the C. pidschian complex could be considered a young postglacial allopatric species.