bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nutritional markers of undiagnosed type 2 diabetes in adults: Findings of a machine learning analysis with external validation and benchmarking
Authors: De Silva Kushan , Lim Siew , Mousa Aya , Teede Helena , Forbes Andrew , Demmer Ryan T. , Jönsson Daniel , Enticott Joanne 
Published: May 2021

Objectives
Using a nationally-representative, cross-sectional cohort, we examined nutritional markers of undiagnosed type 2 diabetes in adults via machine learning.

Methods
A total of 16429 men and non-pregnant women ≥ 20 years of age were analysed from five consecutive cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Cohorts from years 2013–2016 (n = 6673) was used for external validation. Undiagnosed type 2 diabetes was determined by a negative response to the question “Have you ever been told by a doctor that you have diabetes?” and a positive glycaemic response to one or more of the three diagnostic tests (HbA1c > 6.4% or FPG >125 mg/dl or 2-hr post-OGTT glucose > 200mg/dl). Following comprehensive literature search, 114 potential nutritional markers were modelled with 13 behavioural and 12 socio-economic variables. We tested three machine learning algorithms on original and resampled training datasets built using three resampling methods. From this, the derived 12 predictive models were validated on internal- and external validation cohorts. Magnitudes of associations were gauged through odds ratios in logistic models and variable importance in others. Models were benchmarked against the ADA diabetes risk test.

Results
The prevalence of undiagnosed type 2 diabetes was 5.26%. Four best-performing models (AUROC range: 74.9%-75.7%) classified 39 markers of undiagnosed type 2 diabetes; 28 via one or more of the three best-performing non-linear/ensemble models and 11 uniquely by the logistic model. They comprised 14 nutrient-based, 12 anthropometry-based, 9 socio-behavioural, and 4 diet-associated markers. AUROC of all models were on a par with ADA diabetes risk test on both internal and external validation cohorts (p>0.05).

Conclusions
Models performed comparably to the chosen benchmark. Novel behavioural markers such as the number of meals not prepared from home were revealed. This approach may be useful in nutritional epidemiology to unravel new associations with type 2 diabetes.
Perceptions on respectful maternity care in Sri Lanka: Study protocol for a mixed-methods study of patients and providers
Authors: Patabendige Malitha , Agampodi Suneth Buddhika , Jayawardane Asanka , Wickramasooriya Denagamage Jayamini , Agampodi Thilini Chanchala 
Published: May 2021

Background
Over the past few decades, interest in providing and measuring Respectful Maternity Care (RMC) has increased markedly. Sri Lanka is reportedly shown to have better maternal health statistics and studies on quality improvement are lacking in this unique population. We aim to describe healthcare providers’ perceptions and women’s expectations, perceptions and their gaps in service provision regarding RMC in Sri Lanka.

Methods
A descriptive cross-sectional study with a mixed-methods approach comprising of qualitative component followed by a quantitative component will be conducted in Castle Street Hospital for Women (CSHW) and De Soysa Hospital for Women (DSHW), Colombo, Sri Lanka. Healthcare providers (HCP- doctors, nurses and midwives) and vaginally delivered postnatal women (in postnatal wards and postnatal well-baby clinics) will be recruited through convenience sampling. In-depth interviews will be conducted with each of the four categories. Thematic analysis will be adopted to analyze qualitative data and the findings will further be used to improve the quantitative phase questionnaires. Self-administered questionnaire will be administered to a 378 vaginally delivered postnatal women [quota sampling across ten wards], exploring demographic details, and maternal opinion on various aspects of RMC. Locally validated Women’s Perceptions of RMC tool (WP-RMC) will also be used to measure the level of RMC among these postnatal women along with the questionnaire 01. Qualitative findings will be used for cognitive validation of the WP-RMC into the Sri Lankan setting.

Discussion
This study will explore HCP’s and women’s expectations, perceptions and their gaps in service provision regarding RMC in two maternity hospitals in Sri Lanka. Assessment of the quality of care with regards to RMC have not been reported previously in this setting.
Characterization of Patients With Obstructed Defecation and Slow Transit Constipation With a Simulated Stool
Authors: Gregersen Hans , Chen Ssu-Chi , Leung Wing Wa , Wong Cherry , Mak Tony , Ng Simon , Daming Sun , Futaba Kaori 
Published: May 2021

INTRODUCTION:
Defecatory disorders including obstructed defecation (OD) are currently diagnosed using specialized investigations including anorectal manometry and the balloon expulsion test. Recently, we developed a simulated stool named Fecobionics that provides a novel type of pressure measurements and analysis. The aim was to study OD phenotypes compared with slow transit constipation (STC) patients and normal subjects (NS).

METHODS:
Fecobionics expulsion parameters were assessed in an interventional study design. The Fecobionics device contained pressure sensors at the front, rear, and inside a bag. All constipation patients had colon transit study, defecography, anorectal manometry, and balloon expulsion test performed. The Fecobionics bag was distended in the rectum until desire-to-defecate in 26 OD compared with 8 STC patients and 10 NS. Rear-front pressures (preload-afterload parameters) and defecation indices (DIs) were compared between groups.

RESULTS:
The Wexner constipation scoring system score was 13.8 ± 0.9 and 14.6 ± 1.5 in the OD and STC patients (P > 0.5). The median desire-to-defecate volume was 80 (quartiles 56–80), 60 (54–80), and 45 (23–60) mL in OD, STC, and NS, respectively (P < 0.01). The median expulsion duration was 37 (quartiles 15–120), 6 (3–11), and 11 (8–11) seconds for the 3 groups (P < 0.03). Fecobionics rear-front pressure diagrams demonstrated clockwise loops with distinct phenotype differences between OD and the other groups. Most DIs differed between OD and the other groups, especially those based on the anal afterload reflecting the nature of OD constipation. Several OD subtypes were identified.

DISCUSSION:
Fecobionics obtained novel pressure phenotypes in OD patients. DIs showed pronounced differences between groups. Larger studies are needed on OD subtyping.
Eksplorasi dan Penentuan Ras Penyebab Penyakit Blas Padi di Kabupaten Maros
Authors: Salimah Nur Azizah , Tutik Kuswinanti  , Andi Nasruddin  
Published: May 2021

Exploration and Determination of Rice Blast Races in Maros Regency
Blast disease caused by the fungus Pyricularia oryzae (Teleomorph: Magnaporthe oryzae) is one of the most important diseases causing significant yield losses on rice worldwide. The fungus has a high degree of virulence and adaptation as evidenced by the large number of its races. The study was conducted to identify the race of P. oryzae isolates and their distribution in eight sub-districts in Maros Regency. Race identification was determined based on bioassay using seven differential rice varieties, i.e. Asahan, Cisokan, IR 64, Krueng Aceh, Cisadane, Cisanggarung and Kencana Bali varieties. Observation of disease severity followed the Standard Evaluation System for Rice by IRRI. Susceptibility of host plant was assessed based on leaf spot symptom on the scale of 5 to 9. As many as 30 isolates of P. oryzae were found with the distribution as follows, 4 isolates from Bantimurung, 8 isolates from Simbang, 4 isolates from Maros Baru, 3 isolates each from Moncongloe, Tanralili, Tompobulu, Mandai, and 2 isolates from Lau. A total of 17 P. oryzae races were identified, namely race 000, 001, 011, 020, 023, 031, 033, 041, 061, 101, 103, 111, 141, 173, 221, 301 and 373. Race 001 is the dominant race in which it was found at five locations where P. oryzae isolates were collected.
Keragaman Morfologi dan Molekuler Lasiodiplodia theobromae dari Tanaman Jeruk, Kakao, Karet, Manggis, dan Pisang
Authors: Sandra Fitri Kemala , Nurhasanah Yayu Siti , MUTAQIN KIKIN , Wiyono Suryo , Tondok Efi Toding 
Published: May 2021

Lasiodiplodia theobromae adalah cendawan patogen penting dan kosmopolitan di daerah tropis dan subtropis. Kisaran tanaman inangnya sangat luas, termasuk komoditas bernilai ekonomi tinggi di Indonesia, seperti jeruk, kakao, karet, pisang, dan manggis. Keragaman intraspesies galur cendawan hasil isolasi lima tanaman diamati berdasarkan pada ciri morfologi dan marka molekuler RAPD-PCR. Keragaman intraspesies ditunjukkan dari perbedaan laju pertumbuhan vegetatif koloni pada medium agar-agar dekstrosa kentang serta kemampuan menghasilkan struktur reproduksi. Galur cendawan asal jeruk, karet, dan pisang tumbuh cepat dan menghasilkan piknidium dan konidum pada medium agar-agar dekstrosa kentang dan medium agar-agar air yang dimodifikasi, sedangkan galur asal kakao dan manggis tumbuh lambat dan hanya dapat menghasilkan struktur reproduksi pada medium agar-agar air yang dimodifikasi. Keragaman antargalur dalam spesies L. theobromae ditunjukkan oleh perbedaan nyata morfologi struktur reproduksi. Konidium muda (tanpa sekat) memiliki panjang berkisar 13.5-25.7 μm, lebar 8.1-14.0 μm, dan nisbah panjang/lebar 1.5-2.2; sedangkan untuk konidium matang (bersekat) memiliki panjang 15.4-23.6 μm, lebar 10.7-12.8 μm, nisbah panjang/lebar 1.4-1.9. Walaupun ukuran konidium antargalur menunjukkan perbedaan, namun masih dalam kisaran ciri ukuran spesies L. theobromae. Profil fragmen DNA RAPD-PCR menggunakan primer tunggal OPB-01 maupun OPB-07 masing-masing menghasilkan jumlah dan ukuran pita DNA yang berbeda-beda antara lima galur sehingga menunjukkan adanya keragaman molekuler antargalur dalam satu spesies tersebut.
An efficient design for real-time obstructive sleep apnea OSA detection through esophageal pressure Pes signal
Authors: Ben Salah Ghada , Abbes Karim , Abdelmoula Chokri , Naji Baligh , Masmoudi Mohamed , Abdelmoula Mohamed Hedi , Turki Mohamed 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is a potentially common sleep disorder in which the upper airways are collapsed either partially or completely. The golden standard method for treating OSA, is the full night Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP). Yet, due to the ensuing discomfort, it incurs on patients, researchers have been motivated to investigate other alternatives, whereby, OSA can be effectively treated. Recently, an increasingly popular OSA treatment has been developed that consists in activating the protrusion muscles of the tongue by stimulating the Hypoglossal Nerve (HGN). In this context, the present work is conducted to propose the design of apnea detector module as part of an implantable HGN stimulator based on the esophageal Pressure Pes signal as a new approach for controlling OSA occurrence. Specifically, an effective real-time apnea event detecting algorithm is put forward. Following the achievement of satisfactory simulation results, attained through the Modelsim simulation tool, we proceeded with assessing the possibility of its hardware implementation on a Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) device. To this end, the apnea detector module was synthesized and designed. The low power consumption and the small size, characterizing this module, which have made it possible to integrate it as part of a wirelessly-powered implantable HGN stimulator.
Facile rheological route method for LiFePO4/C cathode material production
Authors: Arinawati Meidiana , Hutama Anjas P. , Yudha Cornelius S. , Rahmawati Mintarsih , Purwanto Agus 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
LiFePO4/C cathode material is largely used in Li-ion batteries due to its low toxicity, nonhazardous and high stability features. A facile and simple approach is proposed in LiFePO4/C production using low-cost materials. The effect of carbon addition during the formation of LiFePO4/C was investigated. Based on the XRD and FTIR analyses, olivine-structured LiFePO4/C cathode material was successfully obtained via methanol-based rheological method. The SEM result showed that the material has micron-sized polyhedral shape. The electrochemical performance tests were conducted in an 18,650-type cylindrical battery. The charge–discharge performances were tested at a voltage range of 2.2–3.65 V using charge and discharge rate of 1C. Based on the charge–discharge test, LiFePO4 with 30% carbon addition has the highest specific capacity of 121 mA h/g with excellent cycle and rate performance as a result of successful carbon compositing in LiFePO4 material. This approach is promising to be adapted for mass production of LiFePO4/C.
The effect of Chlorella vulgaris on obesity related metabolic disorders: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Sanayei Mahzad , Kalejahi Parinaz , Mahinkazemi Mahsa , Fathifar Zahra , Barzegar Ali 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Objectives

Chlorella vulgaris (CV) as a unicellular algae is a dietary supplement with beneficial nutritious content, used for decades in some countries. Positive effects for CV supplementation on metabolic parameters has been established in animal and human studies. However there is a gap for this results summary for a definite conclusion announce. This systematic review aimed to summarize the effects of CV on body weight, lipid profile, and blood glucose.

Content
PRISMA guidelines were charted in this review. Subject search was performed in MEDLINE, ProQuest, PubMed, ISI web of sciences, Google scholar, Cochrane and Scopus databases for randomized clinical trials published in English languages, until December 2020, which assessed the effects of CV on metabolic syndrome related symptoms in clinical trials.

Summary
Out of 4,821 records screened, after duplicate and irrelevant exclusion by title and abstract, 20 articles remained for full text screening. Finally a total of 12 articles met the study inclusion criteria and were assessed for study method and results.

Outlook
The findings showed controversies in anthropometric, glycemic and lipid profile effects. CV may have beneficial effects on obesity-related metabolic disorders; however, collected studies lacked statistical power to reach a definite conclusion. More well-designed studies are required.
Enhancement of thermal conductivity and ultrasonic properties by incorporating CdS nanoparticles to PVA nanofluids
Authors: Singh Shakti Pratap , Tripathi Upendra Mani , Verma Alok Kumar , Jaiswal Aashit Kumar , Dhawan Punit Kumar , Yadav Raja Ram 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In the present work, semiconducting cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticles have been synthesized by co-precipitation method. X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–visible (UV/Vis) absorption spectroscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) have been used for the characterization of the synthesized nanoparticles. Two-step technique has been used to formulate stable polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-based CdS nanofluids at room temperature. Thermal conductivities of nanofluids at different temperatures have been measured using Hot Disc Thermal Constants Analyzer. Significant enhancement in thermal conductivity is noted at very low nanoparticle loading. Ultrasonic velocity and ultrasonic attenuation in the prepared nanofluids have been investigated using ultrasonic interferometer and Acoustic Particle Sizer (APS-100), respectively. APS-100 has been also used for the analysis of particle size distribution (PSD) of CdS nanoparticles in the prepared nanofluids. The PSD result of APS-100 is in good agreement with that of HRTEM. The characteristic behavior of CdS nanofluid is illustrated on the basis of its ultrasonic and thermal properties. The thermal conductivity enhancement increases with the temperature and reaches up to 61.6% for 1.0 wt% particle loadings at 80 °C. Our analysis shows that CdS nanofluids have potential application for effective heat transfer management in various cooling industries.
Thermodynamic equilibrium of a fluid column under the influence of gravity
Authors: Björnbom Pehr 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
According to classical and statistical thermodynamics, a well-mixed fluid mass has a uniform temperature and is at thermodynamic equilibrium. It independent of the gravitational field. However, large well-mixed fluid masses, for example, in atmospheres and oceans, often are isentropic. One has attributed that to the influence of gravity. This has raised the question if such masses can go to a different restricted thermodynamic equilibrium with uniform entropy. Discussions on this issue have continued for three centuries without finding a final answer. This paper presents another analysis of the question if a fluid mass under the influence of gravity may go to a restricted equilibrium state with uniform entropy. At first, it analyses previous work as a background study. Then, it describes a kinetic model for the motion of fluid parcels in a vertical fluid column. This model is the tool for studying if and how the column may go to an isentropic equilibrium. The kinetic model supports the hypothesis that a fluid column under the influence of gravity may go to a restricted equilibrium state with an isentropic temperature profile. A statically unstable column can reach that state spontaneously, while its entropy increases and gravitational potential energy decreases. The latter energy is the source of the kinetic energy for the motion of its fluid parcels, driving the internal heat transfer that results in the isentropic profile.
Measuring Dynamic Young’s Modulus of Low-Density Foam Concrete Using Resonant Frequency Test
Authors: Song Yu , Lange David A. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Foam concrete is a cellular material mainly used in construction. Because of the low-strength feature of foam concrete, conventional concrete testing methods such as strength measurement are insufficient to characterize the key material attributes of foam concrete, especially for the low-density foam that is commonly designed for functional purposes. Inspired by the nondestructive feature of resonant frequency test, this study investigates the feasibility of using this method to evaluate the dynamic Young’s modulus of foam concrete, especially at the low-density range. Three variables that typically alter foam concrete mechanical properties are considered for evaluating the robustness of this approach—bulk density, water-to-cementitious ratio, and fly ash replacement ratio. The fundamental transverse frequency is found to be most suitable for determining the foam modulus. The experimental results demonstrate good accuracy of using this approach for measuring the dynamic Young’s modulus of different foam concrete samples. It is also confirmed that the foam modulus can be accurately designed if the bulk density of this material and solid modulus of its base cement paste are known.
Development of a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar Machine for High Strain Rate Testing of Bonded Joints
Authors: Boland Alexandre J. , Lopes António M. , da Silva Carlos M. S. Moreira , Tenreiro António F. G. , da Silva Lucas F. M. , Nunes P. D. P. , Marques E. A. S. , Carbas R. J. C. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The design of adhesively bonded connections for structural applications has recently become a major field of research, with extensive applications in the automotive and aerospace industries. In these structures, bonded joints are often subjected to important static and dynamic loads, which require careful geometrical dimensioning and material selection. The performance analysis of adhesive joints under these conditions is often made with numerical modeling and supported by experimental studies that can correctly characterize their mechanical behavior. To obtain this characterization under impact conditions, it is critical to employ equipment suitable for impact testing of adhesives and adhesive joints. For this reason, an innovative Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar machine was designed. This machine includes a pneumatic actuator capable to operating up to 30 m/s in both directions, and an innovative lever-based braking system, capable of stopping the actuator for both tensile and compression tests. The tensile and compression pressure bar setups, as well as the machine support and its characteristics, are also described.
High Temperature Corrosion Stability of Ceramic Materials for Magnetohydrodynamic Generators
Authors: Bowen Michael S. , Kwong Kyei-Sing , Hsieh Peter , Cann David P. , Woodside C. Rigel 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Corrosion by alkali metals and their compounds poses a significant challenge to the long-term material stability and service life for both metal alloys and ceramics at high operating temperatures. Chemical reactivity between alkali metals and materials underlie numerous industry challenges ranging from fireside corrosion in biomass-fired boilers to reaction with silica-based refractory ceramics in glass furnaces. The problem is particularly significant in magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) generators, where potassium or cesium compounds are introduced to improve the electrical conductivity of the working fluid. Thus, resistance to attack by alkali metal vapor is an important consideration in the selection and fabrication of ceramic electrodes and insulators for MHD generators. We evaluated several refractory ceramics to assess phase stability and known reactions with potassium and its compounds at high temperatures (T &gt; 1,200 °C). Refractory ceramics were tested for potassium vapor corrosion using a modified ASTM standard test method with in situ monitoring of gas composition. Unlike other materials, the magnesia (MgO) and ceria (CeO2) samples did not exhibit corrosion, and no phase or mass changes were observed. This indicates that CeO2 and MgO could exhibit long lifetimes as plasma facing components in MHD generators. Ultimately, this development provides valuable data in evaluating critical materials performance issues that can attest to the viability of high temperature direct fired MHD generator applications.
Enhancing Tribological Properties of Inconel X-750 Superalloy through Surface Topography Modification by Shot Blasting
Authors: Edachery Vimal , John Aashish , Rajendran Anbukkarasi , Srinivasappa Vivek , Mathiyalagan Sribalaji , Kumar Santosh , Kailas Satish Vasu 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The profound usage of Inconel X-750 in structural and high-pressure conditions mandates improved tribological properties. One of the methods to achieve this is through surface topography modifications. In this work, the viability of the shot blasting technique is explored to enhance the wear resistance of Inconel X-750. For this purpose, aluminum oxide particles with 80 mesh size were shot blasted on the superalloy surface at a constant pressure of 0.6 MPa. The 3D surface topography of Inconel X-750 alloy confirms substantial surface deformation and increased surface roughness after shot blasting. Furthermore, the surface characteristics of shot-blasted superalloy were meticulously examined using a string of techniques: optical profilometer, scanning electron microscope, and electron probe microanalysis. The tribological properties of Inconel X-750 before and after shot blasting were examined using a reciprocating tribometer with a ball-on-flat configuration. Results showed that shot blasting the superalloy has tremendously enhanced the wear resistance by ∼78%, which could be attributed to the reduced sliding contact area, enhanced surface hardness, and the hindrance in the transition of wear mechanism from abrasion tribo-oxidation to adhesion.