bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multicenter Study Evaluating Nitrous Oxide Use for Labor Analgesia at High- and Low-Altitude Institutions
Authors: Wood Cristina , Arbet Jaron , Amura Claudia R. , Nodine Priscilla , Collins Michelle R. , Orlando Barbara S. , Mayer David C. , Stein Deborah , Anderson Jessica 
Published: September 2021

BACKGROUND:
Nitrous oxide (N2O) has been used nationally as an analgesic in many clinical settings. While neuraxial analgesia is still the most commonly used labor analgesic in the United States, there is increasing use of N2O in labor. Given the reduction in the partial pressure of gases at a higher altitude, N2O has been reported to have reduced analgesic properties. However, there is no study to date evaluating the impact of altitude on labor analgesia and N2O.

METHODS:
We conducted a multicenter retrospective data analysis of a N2O registry collected from 4 institutions over a 3-year period. We compared the impact of altitude on 50% N2O administration for labor analgesia, conversion rates to another analgesic modality, as well as collected side effect frequencies and conversion predictors. Multivariable regression models were used to compare clinical characteristics and outcomes between parturients at high and low altitudes, while adjusting for race, ethnicity, education, and age (logistic and linear regressions for categorical and quantitative outcomes, respectively).

RESULTS:
A total of 1856 laboring parturients (age 18–50) were included in the analysis. The odds of converting from 50% N2O to another analgesic modality had no statistically significant difference between high- versus low-altitude institutions (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.13; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.90–1.42; P = .3). Yet, when parturients at low altitude converted from N2O, they were more likely (aOR, 3.03; 95% CI, 1.59–5.88) to choose neuraxial analgesia instead of another analgesic modality when compared to high-altitude parturients. This is possibly due to higher epidural rates at the low-altitude institutions. When parturients at high altitude did convert into another modality, they were more likely (aOR, 2.19; 95% CI, 1.14–4.21) to convert due to inadequate pain relief compared to low-altitude parturients; however, missing data may have affected this finding. Laboring individuals at low altitude were significantly more likely to experience side effects (aOR, 2.13; 95% CI, 1.45–3.12). Those requiring labor augmentation, assisted vaginal, or cesarean delivery converted to neuraxial analgesia significantly more often than those that delivered via spontaneous vaginal delivery (P < .05) in both high- and low-altitude groups.

CONCLUSIONS:
This is the first study evaluating 50% N2O as a labor analgesic at high altitude. As expected, we found lower side effects at high altitude, likely due to the lower partial pressure of N2O. However, there was not a statistically significant increase in conversion from N2O to another analgesic modality at high altitude and no clinically significant differences in neonatal outcomes.
India and the Compagnie des Indes in the Age of the French Revolution
Authors: Cross Elizabeth 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis article examines the global history of the Age of Revolution through the lens of the Nouvelle Compagnie des Indes (1785–94). Established in the aftermath of the American Revolution, the company was not only a commercial entity but also an integral part of a diplomatic strategy for reestablishing the postwar Franco-British relationship. The geopolitical context of the Indian Ocean world forced French political and commercial actors to imagine forms of imperial and commercial power that frequently placed French interests under British protection, often in ways that provoked significant opposition in the metropole. Amid ideologies of competition, Anglophobia, and militarism, the case of the Nouvelle Compagnie des Indes reveals how both state and private actors struggled to promote wide-ranging commercial collaboration between France and Britain in the 1780s and 1790s in ways that often anticipated later partnerships between the two empires.Cet article examine l'histoire globale de l’ère de la Révolution française à travers le prisme de la Nouvelle Compagnie des Indes (1785–94). Etablie après la guerre d'indépendance américaine, la compagnie n’était pas seulement une entité commerciale, mais une partie intégrante d'une stratégie diplomatique pour rétablir les relations franco-britanniques. Le contexte géopolitique de l'océan Indien exigeait que les acteurs politiques et commerciaux français imaginent de nouvelles formes de pouvoir impérial et commercial. Celles-ci plaçaient fréquemment les intérêts français sous la protection britannique, souvent d'une manière qui provoquait de fortes résistances dans la métropole. Dans un contexte idéologique de compétition, d'anglophobie et de militarisme, le cas de la Nouvelle Compagnie des Indes révèle que des acteurs aussi bien étatiques que privés essayaient de promouvoir une vaste collaboration commerciale entre la France et la Grande-Bretagne dans les années 1780 et 1790, en anticipant souvent les partenariats ultérieurs entre les deux empires.
Investigating the morphological dynamics of the plasma membrane by high-speed atomic force microscopy
Authors: Yu Yiming , Yoshimura Shige H. 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
Despite numerous recent developments in bioimaging techniques, nanoscale and live-cell imaging of the plasma membrane has been challenging because of the insufficient z-resolution of optical microscopes, as well as the lack of fluorescent probes to specifically label small membrane structures. High-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM) is a powerful tool for visualising the dynamics of a specimen surface and is therefore suitable for observing plasma membrane dynamics. Recent developments in HS-AFM for live-cell imaging have enabled the visualisation of the plasma membrane and the network of cortical actin underneath the membrane in a living cell. Furthermore, correlative imaging with fluorescence microscopy allows for the direct visualisation of morphological changes of the plasma membrane together with the dynamic assembly or disassembly of proteins during the entire course of endocytosis in a living cell. Here, we review these recent advances in HS-AFM in order to analyse various cellular events occurring at the cell surface.
Effects of Exercise-induced Hypoalgesia and Its Neural Mechanisms
Authors: WU BAO , ZHOU LILI , CHEN CHANGCHENG , WANG JUAN , HU LI , WANG XUEQIANG 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT

Purpose
Exercise-induced hypoalgesia is frequently documented in the literature. However, the underlying neural mechanism of this phenomenon remains unclear. Here, we explored the effects of different intensities of isometric exercise on pain perception with a randomized controlled design and investigated its neural mechanisms through tracing the dynamic changes of heat-evoked brain responses.

Methods
Forty-eight participants were randomly assigned to one of the three groups with different exercise intensities (i.e., high, low, and control). Their subjective pain reports and brain responses elicited by heat stimuli before and after exercise were assessed.

Results
We observed 1) the increased pressure pain thresholds and heat pain thresholds on the dorsal surface of the hand and the biceps brachii muscle of the exercised limb (closed to the contracting muscle), and the decreased pressure pain ratings at the indexed finger of the unexercised limb; 2) more reduction of pain sensitivity on both the biceps brachii muscle and the dorsal surface of the hand induced by the high-intensity isometric exercise than the low-intensity isometric exercise; and 3) both the high-intensity and the low-intensity isometric exercise induced the reduction of N2 amplitudes and N2–P2 peak-to-peak amplitudes, as well as the reduction of event-related potential magnitudes elicited by the heat stimuli on the exercised limb.

Conclusions
The hypoalgesic effects induced by the isometric exercise were not only localized to the moving part of the body but also can be extended to the distal part of the body. The exercise intensities play a vital role in modulating these effects. Exercise-induced hypoalgesia could be related to the modulation of nociceptive information transmission via a spinal gating mechanism and also rely on a top-down descending pain inhibitory mechanism.
The acceptability and side effects of COVID-19 vaccine among health care workers in Nigeria: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Ilori Oluwatosin Ruth , Ilori Oluwatosin Stephen , Oluwatobi Awodutire Phillip , Ige Olabisi Roseline , Idowu Adesanmi B , Balogun Oluwafemi Samson , Lawal Olamide Idris 
Published: September 2021

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic is global public health crisis. Mass vaccination, until herd immunity is achieved, is one of the most effective ways of combating the deadly infectious virus. The disposition of health workers towards the AstraZeneca vaccine will most likely determine if other members of the community will be willing to get vaccinated or not. Thus, the purpose of this study is to determine the attitudes of healthcare workers to the COVID-19 vaccine, as well as determine the various side effects experienced by those who have already been vaccinated. Method: Frequency tables were created, and Chi-square was used to determine the relationship between respondents' socio-demographic characteristics, as well as their acceptance or rejection of the COVID-19 vaccine and attitude towards it. Using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 22.0, multinominal logistic regression was used to determine the key factors which influenced respondents’ decision to have the vaccine. Result: There was a statistically significant relationship between the cadre of health care workers, their tribe, and their involvement in the care of COVID-19 patients and their attitude towards the vaccine. Conclusion: Previous involvement in the care of COVID-19 patients is one of the most important determinants of health care workers' acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine. Most respondents were positive about the vaccine; however, the fear of side effects was the primary reason why those who were yet to be vaccinated, do not plan to do so. The most common side effect reported by those who had already been vaccinated, was pain at the injection site. Public awareness of the vaccine and its benefits should be increased, and the vaccine should be made available in all health care facilities.
ТИПОЛОГИЯ БИЗНЕС-ПРОЦЕССОВ УСЛУГ РОЗНИЧНОЙ ТОРГОВОЙ СЕТИ
Authors: Valeeva Yulia S. 
Published: September 2021

В современных условиях является актуальным исследование и выделение бизнес-процессов услуг розничных торговых сетей. Региональная экспансия розничных торговых сетей расширяет масштаб деятельности предприятия, потому возникают организационно-управленческие вопросы, которые предполагают описание и оптимизацию всех бизнес-процессов для обеспечения экономической устойчивости, конкурентоспособности предприятия.
Цель – является разработка типологии бизнес-процессов услуг розничной торговой сети с применением процессного и ценностно-ориентированного подходов.
Метод или методология проведения работы: предложен ценностно-ориентированный подход к содержанию системы управления розничной торговой сетью, который основан на принципе делегирования полномочий и ответственности через бизнес-процессы с целью обеспечения целевых темпов роста интегрального показателя их эффективности и повышения степени удовлетворения потребностей всех заинтересованных сторон, что позволило представить адаптированную к сфере розничной торговли модели непрерывного улучшения процессов, или цикла Деминга-Шугарта
Результаты: получена типология бизнес-процессов, учитывающая специфику развития розничных торговых сетей.
Область применения результатов: полученные результаты целесообразно применять в практике деятельности розничных торговых сетей.
РОЛЬ ФИНАНСОВОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ В СИСТЕМЕ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ ХОЗЯЙСТВУЮЩЕГО СУБЪЕКТА
Authors: Chuvashlova Marina V. , Vasyaeva Anna A. , Gorlovskaya Ekaterina A. , Pochinova Maria A. 
Published: September 2021

Экономическая безопасность России напрямую зависит от экономической безопасности каждого конкретного предприятия. Хозяйствующим субъектам в условиях непростого экономического положения страны приходится бороться с многочисленными внутренними и внешними угрозами, стараясь поддерживать стабильный уровень своего существования и развиваться одновременно. Одной из основных функциональных составляющих экономической безопасности является финансовая безопасность. Актуальность данной темы заключается в том, что на текущий момент имеет место недостаточная теоретическая проработанность понятийного аппарата в области финансовой безопасности, несовершенство теоретического инструментария ее оценки. Отсутствие адекватной оценки влечет за собой возникновение сложностей в управлении уровнем финансовой безопасности предприятия.
Цель: изучение понятия, сущности и значения финансовой безопасности организации.
Метод или методология проведения работы: в статье использовались методы анализа, синтеза, обобщения, сравнения и другие.
Результаты: рассмотрены теоретические основы финансовой безопасности и финансовой устойчивости организации.
Experiences of newly qualified midwives working in clinical practice during their transition period
Authors: Watson Heather , Brown Donna 
Published: September 2021

Background With greater numbers of midwives being trained to counteract the predicted shortages, it seems that it is now more vital than ever to explore how newly qualified midwives (NQMs) describe their experiences in the clinical environment, the support they have received, and identify barriers to their development during the transition period. Aim The aim of this study was to explore NQMs experiences of working clinically during the transition from student to qualified midwife. Method Using a qualitative approach, eight NQMs participated in semi-structured interviews. Findings The findings revealed four key themes that sum up the NQMs experiences: expectations and realities of the role; creating conditions for professional growth; the impact of the care environment; and limitations to creating a healthful culture. Conclusions The clearly articulated journey that has been described by the NQMs demonstrated that there is both a need and desire to change, improve and develop the transition period for all new midwives working in clinical practice. Consideration needs to be given to more robust guidance, with some ideas for development, such as support forums for NQMs to meet up on a regular basis; advanced planned rotation with flexibility; a named preceptor/‘buddy’ in each clinical area; and a shared online forum to allow the NQMs to discuss and share experiences, and to signpost to any useful information or learning opportunities available.
Development of a patient-reported outcome measure in limb reconstruction
Authors: Wright Jonathan , Timms Anna , Fugazzotto Sharon , Goodier David , Calder Peter 
Published: September 2021

Aims Patients undergoing limb reconstruction surgery often face a challenging and lengthy process to complete their treatment journey. The majority of existing outcome measures do not adequately capture the patient-reported outcomes relevant to this patient group in a single measure. Following a previous systematic review, the Stanmore Limb Reconstruction Score (SLRS) was designed with the intent to address this need for an effective instrument to measure patient-reported outcomes in limb reconstruction patients. We aim to assess the face validity of this score in a pilot study. Methods The SLRS was designed following structured interviews with several groups including patients who have undergone limb reconstruction surgery, limb reconstruction surgeons, specialist nurses, and physiotherapists. This has subsequently undergone further adjustment for language and clarity. The score was then trialled on ten patients who had undergone limb reconstruction surgery, with subsequent structured questioning to understand the perceived suitability of the score. Results Ten patients completed the score and the subsequent structured interview. Considering the tool as a whole, 100% of respondents felt the score to be comprehensible, relevant, and comprehensive regarding the areas that were important to a patient undergoing limb reconstruction surgery. For individual questions, on a five-point Likert scale, importance/relevance was reported as a mean of 4.78 (4.3 to 5.0), with ability to understand rated as 4.92 (4.7 to 5.0) suggesting high levels of relevance and comprehension. Flesch-Kincaid reading grade level was calculated as 5.2 (10 to 11 years old). Conclusion The current SLRS has been shown to have acceptable scores from a patient sample regarding relevance, comprehensibility, and comprehensiveness. This suggests face validity, however further testing required and is ongoing in a larger cohort of patients to determine the reliability, responsiveness, precision, and criterion validity of the score in this patient group. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2021;2(9):705–709.
Nonlinear optical limiting effect of graphene dispersions at 1064  nm
Authors: Xie Youwen , Lu Yuangang , Huang Jian , Wu Zhengnan , Xu Feng , Zuo Dunwen 
Published: September 2021

We study the nonlinear optical limiting effect of graphene dispersions in ethanol and acetone at a wavelength of 1064 nm. The nonlinear optical limiting effect of graphene dispersion under three different linear transmittances (about 70%, 80%, and 90%), two different thicknesses (1 and 3 cm), and two different solvents (ethanol and acetone) are measured. The influences of concentration, thickness, and solvent on the nonlinear optical limiting effect of the graphene dispersion are analyzed. The experimental results show that the concentration and solution thicknesses have great influence on the optical limiting ability of graphene dispersions. The graphene dispersions with ethanol and acetone as solvents can be used to achieve excellent nonlinear optical limiting effects. The optical limiting ability of the graphene dispersion in acetone is better than that of the graphene dispersion in ethanol.
C-band four-channel CWDM (de-)multiplexers on a thin film lithium niobate–silicon rich nitride hybrid platform
Authors: Liu Yang , Huang Xingrui , Guan Huan , Yu Zhiguo , Wei Qingquan , Fan Zhongchao , Han Weihua , Li Zhiyong 
Published: September 2021

A four-channel coarse wavelength division multiplexing (CWDM) (de)multiplexer on a thin film lithium niobate–silicon rich nitride hybrid platform has been designed, fabricated, and experimentally measured. Enabled by cascaded multimode waveguide Bragg gratings, the (de)multiplexer has a box-like spectral response, wide 1-dB bandwidth (10 nm), low excess loss (

<

1.08

d
B

), and low channel cross talk (

<
−

18

d
B

). The central wavelengths of the (de-)multiplexer are 1531/1551/1571/1591 nm, which align to the wavelength grids stipulated by the standard ITU-T G.694.2.
Submegahertz spectral width photon pair source based on fused silica microspheres
Authors: Ortiz-Ricardo Erasto , Bertoni-Ocampo Cesar , Maldonado-Terrón Mónica , Garcia Zurita Arturo , Ramirez-Alarcon Roberto , Cruz Ramirez Hector , Castro-Beltrán R. , U’Ren Alfred B. 
Published: September 2021

High-efficiency submegahertz bandwidth photon pair generators will enable the field of quantum technology to transition from laboratory demonstrations to transformational applications involving information transfer from photons to atoms. While spontaneous parametric processes are able to achieve high-efficiency photon pair generation, the spectral bandwidth tends to be relatively large, as defined by phase-matching constraints. To solve this fundamental limitation, we use an ultrahigh quality factor (

Q

) fused silica microsphere resonant cavity to form a photon pair generator. We present the full theory for the spontaneous four-wave mixing (SFWM) process in these devices, fully taking into account all relevant source characteristics in our experiments. The exceptionally narrow (down to kilohertz-scale) linewidths of these devices result in a reduction in the bandwidth of the photon pair generation, allowing submegahertz spectral bandwidth to be achieved. Specifically, using a pump source centered around 1550 nm, photon pairs with the signal and idler modes at wavelengths close to 1540 and 1560 nm, respectively, are demonstrated. We herald a single idler-mode photon by detecting the corresponding signal photon, filtered via transmission through a wavelength division multiplexing channel of choice. We demonstrate the extraction of the spectral profile of a single peak in the single-photon frequency comb from a measurement of the signal–idler time of emission distribution. These improvements in device design and experimental methods enabled the narrowest spectral width (

Δ
ν
=
366

kHz

) to date in a heralded single-photon source based on SFWM.
Platelets’ RNA as biomarker trove for differentiation of early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma from underlying cirrhotic nodules
Authors: Waqar Walifa , Asghar Sidra , Manzoor Sobia 
Published: September 2021

Background & aims
Among the multiplicity of factors involved in rising incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)-the second deadliest cancer, late diagnosis of early-stage HCC nodules originating from late-stage cirrhotic nodules is the most crucial. In recent years, Tumor-educated platelets (TEPs) have emerged as a strong multimodal tool to be used in liquid-biopsy of cancers because of changes in their mRNA content. This study assessed the reliability of selected mRNA repertoire of platelets as biomarkers to differentiate early HCC from late-stage cirrhotic nodules.

Methods
Quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to evaluate expression levels of selected platelets-specific mRNA between HCC patients compared to cirrhosis patients. ROC curve analysis assessed the sensitivity and specificity of the biomarkers.

Results
RhoA, CTNNB1 and SPINK1 showed a significant 3.3-, 3.2- and 3.18-folds upregulation, respectively, in HCC patients compared to cirrhosis patients while IFITM3 and SERPIND1 presented a 2.24-fold change. Strikingly, CD41+ platelets also demonstrated a marked difference of expression in HCC and cirrhosis groups.

Conclusions
Our study reports liquid biopsy-based platelets mRNA signature for early diagnosis of HCC from underlying cirrhotic nodules. Moreover, differential expression of CD41+ platelets in two groups provides new insights into a probable link between CD41 expression on platelets with the progression of cirrhosis to HCC.