bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular Engineering toward High‐Crystallinity Yet High‐Surface‐Area Porous Carbon Nanosheets for Enhanced Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction
Authors: Chen Yongqi , Huang Junlong , Chen Zirun , Shi Chenguang , Yang Haozhen , Tang Youchen , Cen Zongheng , Liu Shaohong , Fu Ruowen , Wu Dingcai 
Published: November 2021

AbstractCarbon‐based nanomaterials have been regarded as promising non‐noble metal catalysts for renewable energy conversion system (e.g., fuel cells and metal–air batteries). In general, graphitic skeleton and porous structure are both critical for the performances of carbon‐based catalysts. However, the pursuit of high surface area while maintaining high graphitization degree remains an arduous challenge because of the trade‐off relationship between these two key characteristics. Herein, a simple yet efficient approach is demonstrated to fabricate a class of 2D N‐doped graphitized porous carbon nanosheets (GPCNSs) featuring both high crystallinity and high specific surface area by utilizing amine aromatic organoalkoxysilane as an all‐in‐one precursor and FeCl3·6H2O as an active salt template. The highly porous structure of the as‐obtained GPCNSs is mainly attributed to the alkoxysilane‐derived SiOx nanodomains that function as micro/mesopore templates; meanwhile, the highly crystalline graphitic skeleton is synergistically contributed by the aromatic nucleus of the precursor and FeCl3·6H2O. The unusual integration of graphitic skeleton with porous structure endows GPCNSs with superior catalytic activity and long‐term stability when used as electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction and Zn–air batteries. These findings will shed new light on the facile fabrication of highly porous carbon materials with desired graphitic structure for numerous applications.
Phenethylamine‐Based Interfacial Dipole Engineering for High Voc Triple‐Cation Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Kim Gyu Min , Sato Hiroshi , Ohkura Yuya , Ishii Ayumi , Miyasaka Tsutomu 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSurface modification of 3D hybrid perovskites using 2D perovskites, such as phenethylamine halides (PEAX), increases the overall power conversion efficiency (PCE) and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The effect is based on a surface passivation phenomenon where PEAX is in direct contact with the perovskite and hole transport layer (HTL). However, it is herein observed that the PCE of PSCs containing PEAX increases significantly when they are not in direct contact with either the bottom layers (perovskites) or top layers (HTLs). Moreover, the highest PCE (>22%) is obtained for the PSCs when PEAX is not in contact with HTLs by using poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Photoemission measurements reveal that the shift of the highest occupied molecular orbital of the hole transporting material (a donor‐acceptor‐donor molecule synthesized for the study) to a deeper level results in an increased hole transfer at the perovskite/HTL interface leading to an improved device performance. It is proposed that PEAX acts as dipoles aligned between perovskite and HTL resulting in a shift in the energy levels. The combination of PEAX/PMMA at the interface enables high open‐circuit voltage (1.19V) close to the Shockley–Queisser limit for the triple‐cation (Cs‐MA‐FA) perovskites (bandgap, 1.51 eV).
Comparison of resource use for farmed shrimp in Ecuador, India, Indonesia, Thailand, and Vietnam
Authors: Boyd Claude E. , Davis Robert P. , McNevin Aaron A. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to assess the amounts of land, water, energy in fuels, and wild fish for fishmeal and fish oil in feeds required per tonne of harvested, farmed shrimp in five countries producing most of the shrimp destined for the international market. Land use for whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei production differed slightly between Indonesia (0.37 ha/t shrimp) and the other four, major shrimp exporting countries – Ecuador, India, Thailand, and Vietnam (0.42–0.46 ha/t shrimp). Total water use was greater in Ecuador (76,800 m3/t) and Indonesia (55,000 m3/t) than in the other three countries (14,000–45,500 m3/t), but most water was saline. Freshwater use was mainly embodied in feed, did not differ among countries, and averaged 6.3% of total water use. Energy use ranged from 56.0 GJ/t (Ecuador) to 98.8 GJ/t (Thailand). All Asian countries had energy use above 75 GJ/t. Wild fish use for fishmeal and fish oil in feeds was greatest in Ecuador (0.891 t/t) and similar in Asian countries (0.612–0.670 t/t). In terms of edible crude protein, whiteleg shrimp was similar to broiler chickens, but more efficient than pigs and beef cattle in land and freshwater use, but greater in energy use than were the three terrestrial meat sources. Compared to L. vannamei, black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon required more land, a greater amount of water, but less energy per tonne of shrimp. Although comparatively small differences in average uses of these primary resources were found among countries, the large variation which was noted among farms in each country suggests that resource use could be improved considerably.
A systems framework depicting how complex neighborhood dynamics and contextual factors could impact the effectiveness of an alcohol outlet zoning policy
Authors: Matson Pamela A. , Stankov Ivana , Hassmiller Lich Kristen , Flessa Sarah , Lowy Jacob , Thornton Rachel L. J. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAn updated zoning policy eliminating all alcohol outlets (liquor stores) in residential districts was implemented to reduce high rates of violent crime in Baltimore City. Diverse stakeholders were engaged in group model building (GMB) activities to develop causal loop diagrams (CLDs) that elucidate the impact of the new zoning policy on crime, and more broadly, the potentially unintended social and environmental consequences of the policy. Three distinct groups, community advocates, city officials/academics, and community residents, participated in three separate GMB sessions. Three CLDs, one from each stakeholder group, were created to depict the possible outcomes of the zoning policy. Our findings offer insight into potential unintended consequences of removing liquor stores from residential areas that may undermine the policy. Community members described the need for additional supports related to mental health and substance use, opportunities for investment in the community, access to other goods and services, and community‐police relations to ensure the policy achieved its intended goal of reducing violent crime. Our findings highlight the importance of timely engagement of local stakeholders to understand how complex neighborhood dynamics and contextual factors could impact the effectiveness of a zoning policy change.
Necropsies disclose a low helminth parasite diversity in periurban howler monkeys
Authors: Lopes Stephanie , Calegaro‐Marques Cláudia , Klain Vinícius , Chaves Óscar M. , Bicca‐Marques Júlio César 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPrimate–parasite interactions are often investigated via coprological studies given ethical and conservation restrictions of collecting primate hosts. Yet, these studies are inadequate to recover adult helminths for taxonomic identification and to accurately assess their prevalence, intensity, abundance, and site of infection. Fresh carcasses found in anthropogenic landscapes come as informative and reliable alternatives. In this study, we identified the helminths of brown howler monkeys (Alouatta guariba clamitans) and their sites of infection, and measured their prevalence, intensity, and abundance of infection. We necropsied 18 adult males, 11 adult females, and 7 juvenile males that died in conflicts with the anthropogenic environment (domestic dog attacks, n = 11; electrocutions and road‐kills, n = 10 each; unknown, n = 5) in periurban landscapes of southern Brazil between 2013 and 2019. We found three nematodes (Trypanoxyuris minutus, Dipetalonema gracile, and Parabronema bonnei) and one cestode (Bertiella cf. studeri), a diversity estimated to account for a sampling completeness of 99%. Prevalence ranged from 3% for P. bonnei to 100% for T. minutus. Mean abundance ranged from 2 (D. gracile and B. cf. studeri) to 55,116 (T. minutus) and mean intensity of infection ranged from 4 (B. cf. studeri) to 55,116 (T. minutus). Trypanoxyuris minutus sex ratio was strongly male‐biased. The intensity of infection with T. minutus was higher in juvenile males and adult females than in adult males. The low parasite diversity and the helminths' mode of transmission are compatible with howlers' arboreality and folivorous‐frugivorous diet. The howlers were not infected with soil‐transmitted helminth parasites of humans and domestic animals on the ground and probably did not eat invertebrates to complement the diet. Given the lack of evidence of howler health problems, we suggest that the causes of death of the necropsied howlers are the major threats to the long‐term conservation of the species at the study periurban landscapes.
Rhinology Medicare reimbursements have not been keeping up with inflation
Authors: Torabi Sina J. , Patel Rahul A. , Kasle David A. , Fujita Kevin , Bhandarkar Naveen D. , Kuan Edward C. , Manes R. Peter 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundStudies have suggested that physicians are steadily being paid less per Medicare service over time based on inflation‐adjusted dollars. The objective of this study was to determine whether this phenomenon was true for rhinologic procedures.MethodsThis study was a retrospective analysis of the 2000‐2021 Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) Physician Fee Schedule investigating fees for in‐office endoscopies (Current Procedural Terminology [CPT] codes 31231‐31238), in‐office balloon ostial dilation (CPTs 31295‐31298), in‐facility low‐relative value unit (RVU) surgeries (<10 work RVUs [wRVUs]; CPTs 31239‐31288 and 61782), and in‐facility high‐RVU surgeries (>10 wRVUs; CPTs 31290‐31294). Total number of and reimbursements for these services was obtained from yearly National Part B Summary Datafiles.ResultsBetween 2000 and 2021, adjusted reimbursements for low‐ and high‐wRVU rhinologic surgeries decreased by 50.0% and 36.1%, respectively. The average compound annual growth rate (CAGR) decrease was 3.3% and 2.1%, respectively. Excluding a 48.3% unadjusted reimbursement increase between 2000 and 2004, endoscopies saw an adjusted reimbursement decrease of 29.4% from 2004 onward, an average CAGR of −2.1%. From 2011 onward, balloon ostial dilations saw a decrease in adjusted reimbursement of 43.8%, an average CAGR of −6.0%. Nevertheless, after inflation adjustment, National Part B data reveal that Medicare paid more, in total, for these procedures in 2019 than in 2000 due to increasing utilization.ConclusionMedicare reimbursements are complex, adjusted yearly, and undergo constant federal scrutiny due to the increasing costs of health care. These results suggest that, in terms of real dollars, rhinologic procedures have seen a large gradual decrease in Medicare reimbursement, which is important information for policymakers and surgeons alike.
Methodology to screen vendors for predictive maintenance in the chemical industry
Authors: Braun Birgit , Dessauer Michael , Henderson Kaytlin , Peng You , Seasholtz Mary Beth 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAs an industry leader in digitalization and implementation of value‐added data‐driven methodologies, Dow is executing a structured evaluation of predictive maintenance (PdM) vendor offerings. PdM offers a tailored alternative to scheduled maintenance or run‐to‐failure operations, but the identification of suitable solutions offered by third parties is not trivial given the large number of offerings. This paper describes a methodology developed by Dow to deal with the challenge of efficiently screening many vendors with relevant PdM offerings. Prior to the evaluation process, scoring criteria for vendor performance must be identified. For Dow, these included the requirements (1) models can be created and deployed easily, (2) modeled asset health provides information for root causes, (3) the software operates in our preferred IT architecture, (4) confidential data cannot leave the premises, and (5) models have some transparency. The process involves four steps beginning with vendor identification, which explored existing relationships and landscape surveys. Following was the completion of a questionnaire by vendors about the offering. Upon positive completion, a dataset for two reflux pumps was provided for a first demonstration of the tool. The model performance was compared to internal modeling efforts, of which key results are shared in this paper. The last step involved an in‐depth evaluation including on‐site installation and online deployment of the PdM models, allowing scoring of all categories. What is presented herein is a framework that can be utilized for screening predictive maintenance modeling tools as well as many analytics applications arising in the age of Industry 4.0.
Highly Efficient Light‐Emitting Diodes Based on an Organic Antimony(III) Halide Hybrid
Authors: Li Jin‐Long , Sang Yu‐Feng , Xu Liang‐Jin , Lu Hai‐Yue , Wang Jin‐Yun , Chen Zhong‐Ning 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAs low‐dimensional lead‐free hybrids with higher stability and lower toxicity than those of three‐dimensional lead perovskites, organic antimony(III) halides show great application potential in opt‐electronic field owing to diverse topologies along with exceptional optical properties. We report herein an antimony(III) hybrid (MePPh3)2SbCl5 with a zero‐dimensional (0D) structure, which exhibits brilliant orange emission peaked at 593 nm with near‐unity photoluminescent quantum yield (99.4 %). The characterization of photophysical properties demonstrates that the broadband emission with a microsecond lifetime (3.24 μs) arises from self‐trapped emission (STE). Electrically driven organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) based on neat and doped films of (MePPh3)2SbCl5 were fabricated. The doped devices show significant improvement in comparison to non‐doped OLEDs. Owing to the much improved surface morphology and balanced carrier transport in light‐emitting layers of doped devices, the peak luminance, current efficiency (CE) and external quantum efficiency (EQE) are boosted from 82 cd m−2 to 3500 cd m−2, 1.1 cd A−1 to 6.8 cd A−1, and 0.7 % to 3.1 % relative to non‐doped devices, respectively.
Using the Lorenz–Park, Mooney–Rivlin, and dynamic mechanical analysis relationship on natural rubber/leather shavings composites
Authors: Santos Renivaldo J. , Hiranobe Carlos T. , Dognani Guilherme , Silva Michael J. , Paim Leonardo L. , Cabrera Flavio C. , Torres Giovanni B. , Job Aldo E. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe tanning industry generates millions of tons of waste every year, which can cause environmental damage as well as problems to human health. In this article, we analyzed the use of leather shavings (20 to 80 parts per hundred rubber) as fillers in Natural Rubber (NR) composites. For this purpose, the interfacial interaction of the filler was quantitatively evaluated based on the cross‐link density value calculated by the Flory–Rehner methodology using the Lorenz–Park equation (swelling). Then, the results of this evaluation were compared with those obtained by the Mooney–Rivlin method (by a stress–strain test). According to our findings, the tensile strength at rupture of the composites increased by 100%, that is, from 7.0 MPa (NR) to 14.0 MPa, when 80 phr of leather waste were incorporated. In addition, their final deformation decreased around 50% compared to pure gum (no filler). According to the Lorentz–Park equation, values over 0.7 indicate a strong interaction between the leather shavings and the NR matrix. Likewise, a dynamic mechanical analysis confirmed a strong interfacial interaction based on the B parameter. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were employed to examine the morphology and chemical properties of the composites.
The role of 20E biosynthesis relative gene Shadow in the reproduction of the predatory mirid bug, Cyrtorhinus lividipennis (Hemiptera: Miridae)
Authors: Hu Kui , Fu Baobao , Wang Chuchu , Liu Jianqi , Tang Yingying , Zhang Wendan , Zhu Jun , Li Yao , Pan Qinjian , Liu Fang 
Published: November 2021

AbstractCytorhinus lividipennis is a natural enemy of rice planthoppers and leafhoppers. Improving the fecundity of C. lividipennis will be helpful to improve its control effect on pests. However, little is known about the hormonal regulatory mechanism of reproduction in C. lividipennis. In the current study, we examined the role of 20‐hydroxyecdysone (20E) biosynthesis relative gene Shadow in the reproduction of C. lividipennis. The complementary DNA sequence of ClSad is 2018 ‐bp in length with an open reading frame of 1398‐bp encoding 465 amino acid residues. ClSad was readily detected in nymphal and adult stages, and highly expressed in the adult stage. ClSad was highly expressed in the midgut and ovaries of adult females. Moreover, RNA interference‐mediated knockdown of ClSad reduced the 20E titers and ClVg transcript level, resulting in fewer fully developed eggs and a decrease in the number of eggs laid by dsSad‐injected adult females within 15 days. These results suggest that ClSad plays a critical role in the reproduction of C. lividipennis. The present study provides insights into the molecular mechanism of the ClSad gene for the reproduction of C. lividipennis.
Deoxygenative hydroboration of primary, secondary, and tertiary amides: Catalyst‐free synthesis of various substituted amines
Authors: Yi Jaeeun , Kim Hyun Tae , Jaladi Ashok Kumar , An Duk Keun 
Published: November 2021

AbstractTransformation of relatively less reactive functional groups under catalyst‐free conditions is an interesting aspect and requires a typical protocol. Herein, we report the synthesis of various primary, secondary, and tertiary amines through hydroboration of amides using pinacolborane under catalyst‐free and solvent‐free conditions. The deoxygenative hydroboration of primary and secondary amides proceeded with excellent conversions. The comparatively less reactive tertiary amides were also converted to the corresponding N,N‐diamines in moderate yields under catalyst‐free conditions, although alcohols were obtained as a minor product.
Emergency Medicine Physicians' Screening Practices for Physical Child Abuse in Infants with Skull Fractures
Authors: Lee Moon O. , Fang Andrea , Nuño Miriam , Atigapramoj Nisa , Leibovich Sara , Magaña Julia 
Published: November 2021

Key Practitioner Messages

Emergency medicine physicians demonstrate practice variation in child abuse screening in infants with skull fractures.
Previously unknown barriers may contribute to emergency medicine physicians' practice variation in child abuse screening of infants with skull fractures.
To travel, or not to travel? The impacts of travel constraints and perceived travel risk on travel intention among Malaysian tourists amid the COVID‐19
Authors: Aziz Norzalita Abd , Long Fei 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe tourism and hospitality industry has been deeply disrupted by the COVID‐19 pandemic since its inception in December 2019. Many tourists are too anxious to travel. Thus, understanding how travel constraints and perceived travel risk influence travel intention is crucial for many destinations in their post‐crisis recovery. Drawing upon 357 Malaysian respondents, this study finds that structural constraints initiate tourists' negotiation process for travel decisions, which is inconsistent with the original Leisure Constraints Model. Nevertheless, it is reaffirmed that intrapersonal constraints remain the centrality of the negotiation process as they mediate the relationship between structural constraints, perceived travel risk and travel intention. These findings provide some theoretical contributions with regard to the Leisure Constraints Model and perceived travel risk in the context of the COVID‐19. Based on the theoretical contributions, this study also sheds light on tourism revival from a practical perspective. Tourism authorities, destination marketing organizations, and business operators are suggested to take measures to restore tourists' confidence toward travel by reducing structural constraints and mitigating tourists' risk perception in a cooperative manner.
3‐Aminopyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyridine: Effective Precursor for Barium Hydroxide‐Mediated Three Components Synthesis of New Mono‐ and Bis(pyrimidines) with Potential Cytotoxic Activity
Authors: Sanad Sherif M. H. , Mekky Ahmed E. M. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn this study, an efficient one‐pot procedure for preparing a new series of pyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyridine‐fused pyrimidines was described. The target hybrids were developed through a three‐component reaction of 3‐amino‐1H‐pyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyridine, benzaldehydes, and acetophenones (molar ratio 1 : 1 : 1). The best conditions for the previous reaction were 2.5 equivalents of barium hydroxide in DMF at 150 °C for 6 h. New bis(pyrimidines) were synthesized in high yields using a similar one‐pot reaction protocol with some modifications. Thus, two equivalents of each of the appropriate acetophenones and 3‐aminopyrazolopyridine were reacted with one equivalent of the appropriate bis(aldehydes). The reaction was carried out at 150 °C for 8 h using 4.5 equivalents of barium hydroxide in DMF. Repeating the previous reaction with the appropriate bis(acetyl) derivatives and benzaldehydes resulted in good yields of the target bis(pyrimidines). The in vitro cytotoxic activity of new pyrimidines against the MCF‐7, HEPG2, and Caco2 cell lines was evaluated using the reference doxorubicin (IC50 values of 4.34–6.97 μM). Hybrid 6h had the best activity against Caco2 and MCF‐7 cell lines, IC50 values of 12.62 and 14.50 μM, respectively. The IC50 values for hybrids 6c, 6e, and 6f against MCF‐7 and Caco2 cell lines were 23.99–41.69 and 33.14–43.33 μM, respectively. Furthermore, hybrid 6e displayed IC50 value of 20.06 μM HEPG2 cell lines, while the hybrids 6c, 6f and 6h exhibited IC50 values ranging between 26.29–50.51 μM. Furthermore, hybrid 6e had an IC50 value of 20.06 μM for the HEPG2 cell lines, whereas hybrids 6c, 6f, and 6h had IC50 values ranging from 26.29 to 50.51 μM.
Advances in Bioreactor Systems for the Production of Biologicals in Mammalian Cells
Authors: Sharma Rajesh , Harrison Susan T. L. , Tai Siew Leng 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWith the steady advancement of medicine and the healthcare industry, the demand for recombinant biotherapeutics drugs and vaccines has increased in the last two decades. This has put substantial pressure on the biopharma industry to meet the increasing need for treatment of prevailing and new diseases. Different technologies and bioreactor designs have been developed over the years to ensure safe and economical manufacturing of biopharmaceutical products by attaining high cell densities and longevities for extended periods of time. Bioreactors are the backbone of the bioprocessing industry albeit each bioreactor design has its advantages and disadvantages. A comprehensive design suitable for wide varieties of cell lines to produce high‐yielding products with the lowest cost and risk in the shortest span of time is sought. This paper focuses on evaluating the engineering aspects of currently available bioreactor designs and their suitability for mammalian cell cultures.