bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PHARMACODYNAMICS OF ORAL ANTICOAGULANTS IN PATIENTS WITH ATRIAL FIBRILLATION IN THE ACUTE PERIOD OF ISCHEMIC STROKE
Authors: Petrov V. I. , Gerasimenko A. S. , Gorbatenko V. S. , Shatalova O. V. 
Published: March 2021

Background. Every fifth ischemic stroke is caused by a patient’s history of atrial fibrillation. Nowadays, direct and indirect oral anticoagulants are widely used to prevent thromboembolic complications in patients with atrial fibrillation. However, despite the prescription of this group of drugs, every year 1–2% of patients with atrial fibrillation have an ischemic stroke. In this situation, a number of questions take rise: if it is possible to carry out thrombolytic therapy in the patients who have been taking anticoagulants; if it is worth resuming anticoagulant therapy after a stroke; when exactly this should be done; and what drugs should be used to prevent another stroke.The aim of this review was to summarize the available clinical guidelines and research results on the study of the anticoagu- lant therapy characteristics in patients with atrial fibrillation after an ischemic stroke.Materials and methods. For this review, the information presented in the scientific literature from open and available sourc- es, has been used. The information had been placed in the following electronic databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Sci- ence Core Collection, Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials.gov; Elibrary, Cyberleninka, Google Academy. The covering period was 1997–2020. The search queries were: “ischemic stroke + atrial fibrillation + anticoagulants”; “ischemic stroke + atrial fibrillation + direct oral coagulants” and “atrial fibrillation + ischemic stroke + warfarin” in both Russian and English equivalents.Results and conclusion. Currently, the problem of the use of anticoagulants for the prevention of recurrent thromboembolic complications in patients with AF in the acute period of a stroke, is studied insufficiently. The difficulties are caused by the delivery of TLT in the patients who have been taking DOACs, first of all, due to the impossibility of an accurate assessment of the hemostasis state because of the unavailability of routine specific tests; and second, as a result of the lack of registered antidotes for most drugs, and their high costs. Besides, there are no RCTs dedicated to the study of the optimal time for the resumption or initiation of anticoagulant therapy in the acute period of an IS, and the optimal drugs for this group of patients. Most of the existing recommendations on these aspects, are based on the consensus of experts, and this fact indicates the need for further research in the area under review.
COMPARATIVE REVIEW OF METHODOLOGIES FOR ESTIMATING THE COST OF ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND BRAZIL
Authors: Syraeva G. I. , Kolbin A. S. , Matveev A. V. , Panezhina V. S. 
Published: March 2021

The aim of the review article was to highlight the methodologies for assessing the financial costs of adverse drug reactions exemplified by the Russian Federation and Brazil.Materials and methods: for a comparative analysis, materials from open sources were used. The study of the experience of methods used for assessing the burden of adverse drug reactions, was carried out using the system for calculating payments for medical care by clinical-statistical and clinical-profile groups, the methodology for assessing the severity of adverse events of the US National Cancer Institute, drug-associated problems, and “the decision tree” model.Results. When comparing the costs of ADR management in the Russian Federation and Brazil, the following results have been obtained: in the Russian Federation, the “cost” of reaction can be estimated only for a limited number of nosological groups that are regulated by the classification of diseases by clinical and statistical groups; in Brazil, when predicting the costs of adverse reactions management, the combination of “the decision tree” method and the Delphi method is used. In the Russian Federation, the cost of the 3rd and above severity adverse event (according to CTCAE v. 4.03), varies from 26,849.22 up to 26,196.37 RUB in the North-West region (St. Petersburg). In Brazil, the cost of ADR ranges from 13 USD (the best scenario for the patient) to 574 USD (the worst scenario for the patient), which is about 975 and 43,000 RUB, respectively. The introduction of methods that make it possible to predict the development and potential outcomes of adverse drug reactions, as well as taking into account the experiences of foreign colleagues in their modeling, will reduce economic costs in the Russian Federation at the federal level.Conclusion: for the economic value analysis and further forecasting, an improvement of existing methodologies is required. The models used in the Russian Federation (“the decision tree”, classification of diseases by clinical groups, Markov model) do not take into account the time factor, therefore, when planning the analysis of potential costs for adverse reactions, it is necessary to reinforce the methods with such tools as QALY, YLL, and YLD.
End-of-life communication, comfort, and engagement among middle-aged and older individuals with families in the United States
Authors: Shearman Sachiyo , Johnson Erika , Thompson Brittany , Satomi Imai 
Published: March 2021

Objective: Drawing from the family communication patterns theory and family life cycle theory, this study examined predictors for middle-aged (40 to 59 years old) and older (60 to 79 years old) individuals’ comfort level and actual engagement in communication about their EoL wishes with their families, specifically with their spouse and child(ren).
Background: Communicating about end-of-life (EoL) wishes is not easy for many, even though scholars recommend clarifying and communicating EoL wishes with family members well before one is near death. People are not always well educated or informed about their EoL care options and wishes, do not always know what an AD entails, how an AD works, or how to communicate effectively about advance care planning. The discussion of one’s EoL wishes is beneficial, not only for improving the overall care and well-being of a patient, but also for their family and caretakers.
Method: A total of 189 married individuals between the ages of 40 and 80 with one or more child(ren) participated in a survey that examined the clarity of their EoL wishes, knowledge of their EoL issues, health status, and the two dimensions of their family communication environment.
Conclusion: The current study indicates that an open family communication climate, knowledge of EoL issues, clarity of EoL wishes, and age are strong predictors for individuals’ engagement in EoL communication among their family.
In Vitro Investigations on Optimizing and Nebulization of IVT-mRNA Formulations for Potential Pulmonary based Alpha-1-Antitrypsin Deficiency Treatment
Authors: Guan Shan , Darmstaedter Max , Xu Chuanfei , Rosenecker Joseph 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background: In vitro transcribed (IVT) mRNA has come into focus in recent years as a potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of genetic diseases. The pulmonary delivery of IVT-mRNA encoding alpha-1-antitrypsin (A1AT) is a promising strategy for protein replacement therapy of alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency (AATD). The nebulized A1AT-mRNA formulations would be a highly acceptable and tolerable remedy for the AATD patients in the future. Method: we first optimized parameters that influencing the transfection efficiency of formulations containing IVT-mRNA and Lipofectamine2000 based on human bronchial epithelial cells transfection. Cell viability was evaluated by performing MTT assay after transfection with different IVT-mRNA lipoplexes. Functional analysis was employed to assess the biological function of A1AT proteins produced from optimized formulations using anti-trypsin assay and anti-elastase assay. Results: Lipoplexes prepared by IVT-mRNA encoding A1AT (A1AT-mRNA) in optimum conditions could successfully transfect human bronchial epithelial cells without significant toxicity. A reduction in transfection efficiency was observed for aerosolized lipoplexes that can be partially overcome by increasing the initial amount of components. A1AT produced from cells transfected by nebulized A1AT-mRNA lipoplexes is functional and could successfully inhibit the enzyme activity of trypsin as well as elastase. Conclusion: Aerosolization of A1AT-mRNA therapeutic constitute a potentially powerful means to transfect airway epithelial cells with the purpose of producing functional A1AT while bringing along the unique advantages of IVT-mRNA.
Are citizen juries and assemblies on climate change driving democratic climate policymaking? An exploration of two case studies in the United Kingdom
Authors: Wells Rebecca , Howarth Candice , Brand-Correa Lina I. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In light of increasing pressure to deliver climate action targets, and the growing role of citizens in raising the importance of the issue, deliberative democratic processes (e.g. Citizen Juries and Citizen Assemblies) on climate change are increasingly being used to provide a voice to citizens in climate change decision-making. Through a comparative case study of two processes that ran in the UK in 2019 (the Leeds Climate Change Citizens’ Jury and the Oxford Citizens’ Assembly on Climate Change), this paper investigates how far Citizen Assemblies and Juries on climate change are increasing citizen engagement on climate change and creating more citizen-centred climate policy-making. Interviews were conducted with policy-makers, councillors, professional facilitators and others involved in running these processes to assess motivations for conducting these, their structure and the impact and influence they had. The findings suggest the impact of these processes is not uniform: they have an indirect impact on policymaking by creating momentum around climate action and supporting the introduction of pre-planned or pre-existing policies rather than a direct impact by being truly being citizen-centred policymaking processes or conducive to new climate policy. We conclude with reflections on how these processes give elected representatives a public mandate on climate change, that they help to identify more nuanced and in-depth public opinions in a fair and informed way, yet it can be challenging to embed citizen juries and assemblies in wider democratic processes.
Are there Picky Preschool Eaters in Japan?
Authors: Wojcicki Janet , Kawanami Akiko 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background: Picky eating or refusing certain foods (or food groups) and/or having strong likes and dislikes around food is common among preschool children in the United States. Japanese children under 5 years of age may have minimal amounts of picky eating due to the Japanese preschool programs that emphasize shared eating.Methods: In this study, we visited 8 hoikuen and yochiens (kindergardens) in Tokyo and Chiba prefectures. Interviews were conducted with managers, teachers and dietitians and observations were made of meal and snack times. Results: Japanese preschool/nursery meal times are structured and follow a specific format of thanks, group seating and multiple plates/bowls of food, none of which are finger foods. Conclusion: We conclude that the frequency of picky eating in the United States may be a culture bound syndrome, or a behavior/syndrome specific to American and Western cultural norms.
Rhamnocitrin ameliorates ovarian fibrosis via PPARγ/TGF-β1/Smad2/3 pathway to repair ovarian function in polycystic ovary syndrome rats
Authors: Zhou Yanyuan , Lan Huan , Dong Zhewen , Wu Yaqi , Chong Chaojie , Song Jiale 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the major endocrine disorders in women, characterized by androgen excess, chronic anovulation and ovarian fibrosis. Rhamnocitrin is an herbal bioactive flavonoid that has anti-inflammation and antioxidant effects. We intended to investigate the impacts of Rhamnocitrin on PCOS-induced ovarian fibrosis and its underlying mechanisms.Methods:Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) induced-PCOS rats were treated with Rhamnocitrin. HE staining was performed to detect ovarian histological features. Ovarian fibrosis was evaluated by Sirius Red and Masson staining. Vaginal smear was examined to exhibit estrus cycle stage and vaginal cornification. The serum hormone levels of FSH, LH, E2 and T were measured with ELISA. The related mRNAs and proteins of fibrosis factors and PPARγ/TGF-β1/Smad2/3 signaling were detected by RT-qPCR and western blot. The weights of rat bodies and ovaries were recorded. PPARγ inhibitor T0070907 and its agonist GW1929 were employed for the mechanistic investigation.Results:The corpus luteum and follicles were increased and irregular estrous cycle was restored after Rhamnocitrin treatment in PCOS rats. Rhamnocitrin inhibited ovarian fibrosis and down-regulated the expressions of fibrotic factors. Rhamnocitrin reduced the increased levels of LH, E2, and T, and elevated the decreased FSH level in PCOS rats. Besides, Rhamnocitrin elevated the down-regulated PPARγ, and suppressed the up-regulated TGF-β1 and p-Smad2/3 expressions induced by PCOS. These effects of Rhamnocitrin on PCOS rats could be antagonized by T0070907, whereas GW1929 markedly mimics the functions of Rhamnocitrin.Conclusions:Rhamnocitrin ameliorates ovarian fibrosis in PCOS rats through regulation PPARγ/TGF-β1/Smad2/3 pathway, suggesting it can be a potentially effective therapeutic candidate for PCOS treatment.
SSD&nbsp;Analyze for the Assessment of Long Term Thermal Effect of Urbanization on the Izmir City’s Local Climate Change
Authors: CORUMLUOGLU OZSEN 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background: Urbanization provides several opportunities to human being to live better and comfortable life. On the other hand, it also comes with some costs and side effects like worsen climate conditions. In local concept, pre-climate conditions in rural area can be called as natural when they are compared against post-climate conditions after urbanization expands over and swallows these natural areas. So, these natural conditions are changed to worsen conditions by some civic activities in cities through urbanization. One of the urbanization side effects is thermal pollution caused by specific urban activities and patterns on land surfaces in cities. Thus, thermal pollution changes city’s local climate and negatively affects the city’s comfort level at least locally. There are several researches focusing on that issue in cities. Each one made its contribution to the area to build up a strong knowledge. One great contribution comes from the researches focusing on analyzing time serious thermal data with continuous distribution over cities.Method: Here in this research is introduced and suggested a Simulated Single Data (SSD) statistical analyze method for the studies based on time serious data. Therefore the method was applied to Remote Sensing (RS) LANDSAT satellites’ bands especially to time series’ thermal bands of Izmir city to reveal where generally Urban Hot Spots (UHS) appear and Urban Heat Islands (UHI) develop in the city w.r.t. this SSD image from long period of time. Stereo representation of the study region is also used to visually examine the topographical effect on UHI distribution.Conclusions: The study clearly demonstrated that industrial regions and roads with large surfaces, somehow bare lands even with spare bushes or grassy lands and more significantly the slope urban land parts within special aspects are the main contributors of UHSs and UHI developments in the city even w.r.t. long term data. Thus those contributors affect the city pre-natural climate conditions negatively and then let UHSs to appear and UHIs to develop at and around where these urban land cover structures are located or seen in the city. Those city parts are the most risky zones that city authorities take serious actions for caring their city chronical climate (thermal) conditions and to focus on for returning these zones back to their pre-natural climate environmental conditions. There are also some nature based solutions that are given and suggested in the conclusion section of the paper for compensation of the effects caused by those contributors in the city.
Risk Factors and Clinical Outcomes of Mixed Acinetobacter Baumannii Bloodstream Infection
Authors: Qian Zhenhua , Zhang Shufang , Li Na , Ma Weixing , Zhang Kai , Song Feizhen , Zheng Cheng , Zhong Li , Wang Yesong , Cai Jiachang , Zhou Hongwei , Cui Wei , Zhang Gensheng 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background: Although the clinical features of Acinetobacter baumannii bloodstream infection are well described, the specific clinical characteristics of mixed Acinetobacter baumannii bloodstream infection are rarely reported. The objective of this study was to examine the risk factors and clinical outcomes of mixed Acinetobacter baumannii bloodstream infection. Methods: A retrospectively observational study was performed from January 2013 to December 2018 in a tertiary hospital. All patients with Acinetobacter baumannii bloodstream infection were enrolled,the data were collected from electronic medical records. Results: A total of 594 episodes were enrolled, 21% (126/594) of which were mixed Acinetobacter baumannii bloodstream infection.The most common co-pathogens were Klebsiella pneumoniae (20.81%), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (16.78%) and Enterococcus faecium (12.08%). Compared with monomicrobial Acinetobacter baumannii bloodstream infection, the main source of mixed Acinetobacter baumannii bloodstream infection was from skin and soft tissue(28.6% vs.10.5%, P<0.001). A multivariate analysis revealed burn injury was independently associated with mixed Acinetobacter baumannii bloodstream infection(adjusted odds ratio,3.569; 95% confidence interval, 1.954-6.516). Patients with mixed Acinetobacter baumannii bloodstream infection were more likely to have longer hospitalization length of stay [40(21,68) vs. 27(16,45), P<0.001]and hospitalization days after BSI [22(8,50) vs. 13(4,28), P<0.001]. However, no significant difference in mortality was observed between the two groups. Conclusions: Mixed Acinetobacter baumannii bloodstream infection is not a rare event, which accounts for one fifth of all Acinetobacter baumannii bloodstream infection. The main source is from skin and soft tissue, and burn injury is an independent risk factor. Although the mortality is not different, patients with mixed Acinetobacter baumannii bloodstream infection might have poor outcomes, which merits more attention by physicians in the future.
Efficient photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes using FexZn1-xO nanoparticles
Authors: kumar senthil , Arunagiri C. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
FexZn1-xO (x = 0, 0.05, 0.075, and 0.1 M) nanoparticles based photocatalysts are successfully synthesized by co-precipitation method. The synthesized nanoparticles are characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and UV–visible double beam spectroscopy (UV–Vis) techniques. The prepared catalysts and its photocatalytic activity was evaluated by methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO) dye under visible light irradiation. The effect of various photocatalyst parameters such as pH, catalyst dosage, and initial dye concentration on the photodegradation was examined in detail.
Inflammatory Resolution and Vascular Barrier Restoration after Retinal Ischemia Reperfusion Injury
Authors: Abcouwer Steven F , Shanmugam Sumathi , Muthusamy Arivalagan , Lin Cheng-mao , Kong Dejuan , Hager Heather , Liu Xuwen , Antonetti David A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Several retinal pathologies exhibit both inflammation and breakdown of the inner blood-retinal barrier (iBRB) resulting in vascular permeability, suggesting that treatments that trigger resolution of inflammation may also promote iBRB restoration. Using the mouse retinal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury model we followed the time course of neurodegeneration, inflammation and iBRB disruption and repair to examine the relationship between resolution of inflammation and iBRB restoration and to determine if minocycline, a tetracycline derivative shown to reverse microglial activation, can hasten these processes. A 90 min ischemic insult followed by reperfusion in the retina induced cell apoptosis and inner retina thinning that progressed for approximately 2 weeks. IR increased vascular permeability within hours, which lasted for at least 2 weeks and resolved between 3 and 4 weeks after injury. Increased vascular permeability coincided with alteration and loss of endothelial cell tight junction (TJ) protein content and disorganization of TJ protein complexes. Whereas repletion of TJ protein content occurred within days, restoration of the iBRB coincided with eventual re-organization of TJ complexes at the cell border. A robust inflammatory response was evident a 1 day after IR and progressed to resolution over the 4-week time course. The inflammatory response included a rapid and transient infiltration of granulocytes and Ly6C + classical inflammatory monocytes, a slow accumulation of Ly6C neg monocyte/macrophages, and activation, proliferation and mobilization of resident microglia. The presence of monocyte/macrophages and increased numbers of microglia were sustained until the iBRB was eventually restored. Intervention with minocycline to reverse microglial activation promoted early restoration of the iBRB. These results suggest that resolution of inflammation and restoration of the iBRB following retinal IR injury are functionally linked.
Formal Scheduling Method for Zero-Defect Manufacturing
Authors: Grobler-Dębska Katarzyna , Kucharska Edyta , Baranowski Jerzy 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Zero-defect manufacturing (ZDM) is a concept of quality management that recently exhibits a renewal of interest. It aims to improve the process efficiency and the product quality while eliminating defects and minimizing process errors. Most of ZDM applications focus on using the technological achievements of Industry 4.0 to detect and predict defects, forgetting to optimize the schedule on the production line.
This paper proposes a formal approach for solving scheduling problems with unexpected events as extension of general frameworks for ZDM strategy. We propose formal method to create predictive-reactive schedule for problems with defect detection and repair. Our formal model combines defect detection, heuristics construction and decision support. We illustrate our results with examples.