bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fire Experiment Inside a Very Large and Open-Plan Compartment: x-ONE
Authors: Rackauskaite Egle , Bonner Matthew , Restuccia Francesco , Fernandez Anez Nieves , Christensen Eirik G. , Roenner Nils , Wegrzynski Wojciech , Turkowski Piotr , Tofilo Piotr , Heidari Mohammad , Kotsovinos Panagiotis , Vermesi Izabella , Richter Franz , Hu Yuqi , Jeanneret Chloe , Wadhwani Rahul , Rein Guillermo 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe traditional design fires commonly considered in structural fire engineering, like the standard fire and Eurocode parametric fires, were developed several decades ago based on experimental compartments smaller than 100 m2 in floor area. These experiments led to the inherent assumption of flashover in design fires and that the temperatures and burning conditions are uniform in the whole of the compartment, regardless of its size. However, modern office buildings often have much larger open-plan floor areas (e.g. the Shard in London has a floor area of 1600 m2) where non-uniform fire conditions are likely to occur. This paper presents observations from a large-scale fire experiment x-ONE conducted inside a concrete farm building in Poland. The objective of x-ONE was to capture experimentally a natural fire inside a large and open plan compartment. With an open-plan floor area of 380 m2, x-ONE is the largest compartment fire experiment carried out to date. The fire was ignited at one end of the compartment and allowed to spread across a continuous wood crib (fuel load ~ 370 MJ/m2). A travelling fire with clear leading and trailing edges was observed spreading along 29 m of the compartment length. The flame spread rate was not constant but accelerated with time from 3 mm/s to 167 mm/s resulting in a gradually changing fire size. The fire travelled across the compartment and burned out at the far end 25 min after ignition. Flashover was not observed. The thermocouples and cameras installed along the fire path show clear near-field and far-field regions, indicating highly non-uniform spatial temperatures and burning within the compartment. The fire dynamics observed during this experiment are completely different to the fire dynamics reported in small scale compartments in previous literature and to the assumptions made in traditional design fires for structural design. This highlights the need for further research and experiments in large compartments to understand the fire dynamics and continue improving the safe design of modern buildings.
Gravity Variations and Ground Deformations Resulting from Core Dynamics
Authors: Dumberry Mathieu , Mandea Mioara 
Published: September 2021

AbstractFluid motion within the Earth’s liquid outer core leads to internal mass redistribution. This occurs through the advection of density anomalies within the volume of the liquid core and by deformation of the solid boundaries of the mantle and inner core which feature density contrasts. It also occurs through torques acting on the inner core reorienting its non-spherical shape. These in situ mass changes lead to global gravity variations, and global deformations (inducing additional gravity variations) occur in order to maintain the mechanical equilibrium of the whole Earth. Changes in Earth’s rotation vector (and thus of the global centrifugal potential) induced by core flows are an additional source of global deformations and associated gravity changes originating from core dynamics. Here, we review how each of these different core processes operates, how gravity changes and ground deformations from each could be reconstructed, as well as ways to estimate their amplitudes. Based on our current understanding of core dynamics, we show that, at spherical harmonic degree 2, core processes contribute to gravity variations and ground deformations that are approximately a factor 10 smaller than those observed and caused by dynamical processes within the fluid layers at the Earth’s surface. The larger the harmonic degree, the smaller is the contribution from the core. Extracting a signal of core origin requires the accurate removal of all contributions from surface processes, which remains a challenge.Article HighlightsDynamical processes in Earth's fluid core lead to global gravity variations and surface ground deformationsWe review how these processes operate, how signals of core origin can be reconstructed and estimate their amplitudesCore signals are a factor 10 smaller than the observed signals; extracting a signal of core origin remains a challenge
Stories of courage in a group of asylum seekers for an inclusive and sustainable future
Authors: Santilli Sara , Di Maggio Ilaria , Ginevra Maria Cristina , Nota Laura , Soresi Salvatore 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAsylum seekers experience conditions of social disadvantage, poor labor market outcomes, and low-paid jobs. Therefore, vocational guidance and career counseling must function as a supportive social practice for asylum seekers giving voice to them and focusing on their strengths, such as courage. The present study examined the personal stories of courage of 71 asylum seekers who migrated to Italy. Results highlight situations characterized by undignified living conditions, dehumanizing transitions, and barriers imposed on future aspirations. These voices could become a significant starting point to consider asylum seekers’ future in the perspective of an inclusive and sustainable future.
Does Learning from Giving Feedback Depend on the Product Being Reviewed: Concept Maps or Answers to Test Questions?
Authors: Dmoshinskaia Natasha , Gijlers Hannie , de Jong Ton 
Published: September 2021

AbstractGiving feedback to peers can be a valuable learning experience for a feedback provider. However, different types of products require different types of feedback, which, in turn, may lead to different learning outcomes. The current study investigates the effect on the learning of feedback providers of reviewing different types of products. Secondary school students (n =127) were randomly assigned to one of the two conditions: giving peer feedback on either concept maps or answers to open-ended test questions. Both types of product, created by the researchers, were comparable with regard to content: they included the same misconceptions and were both of average quality. Giving peer feedback was part of a chemistry lesson delivered in an online inquiry learning environment. Students’ post-test scores, their own learning products, and the quality of the provided feedback were analysed to check for an effect on learning. There was no difference in post-test scores between the conditions, but the quality of the provided feedback predicted post-test scores. This indicates that it is not the type of product reviewed that matters, but the effort that students put into giving feedback. Possible implications for practice and further research directions are discussed.
Sibling Bullying: A Prospective Longitudinal Study of Associations with Positive and Negative Mental Health during Adolescence
Authors: Toseeb Umar , Wolke Dieter 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSibling bullying is associated with poor mental health outcomes, but the relevance of specific bullying roles remains unclear. Data from a population-based study (n = 17,157, 48% female) focusing on early (11 years), middle (14 years), and late (17 years) adolescence were analyzed. Associations between sibling bullying roles in early adolescence and positive and negative mental health outcomes in late adolescence were investigated. Generally, bullying, irrespective of role, was associated with poorer mental health outcomes in late adolescence. As the frequency of bullying victimization increased between early and middle adolescence so did the severity of mental health outcomes in late adolescence. The developmental trajectories of externalizing problems were influenced by bullying in early adolescence. Sibling bullying, irrespective of role, is associated with poor mental health outcomes.
A hybrid landmark Aalen-Johansen estimator for transition probabilities in partially non-Markov multi-state models
Authors: Maltzahn Niklas , Hoff Rune , Aalen Odd O. , Mehlum Ingrid S. , Putter Hein , Gran Jon Michael 
Published: September 2021

AbstractMulti-state models are increasingly being used to model complex epidemiological and clinical outcomes over time. It is common to assume that the models are Markov, but the assumption can often be unrealistic. The Markov assumption is seldomly checked and violations can lead to biased estimation of many parameters of interest. This is a well known problem for the standard Aalen-Johansen estimator of transition probabilities and several alternative estimators, not relying on the Markov assumption, have been suggested. A particularly simple approach known as landmarking have resulted in the Landmark-Aalen-Johansen estimator. Since landmarking is a stratification method a disadvantage of landmarking is data reduction, leading to a loss of power. This is problematic for “less traveled” transitions, and undesirable when such transitions indeed exhibit Markov behaviour. Introducing the concept of partially non-Markov multi-state models, we suggest a hybrid landmark Aalen-Johansen estimator for transition probabilities. We also show how non-Markov transitions can be identified using a testing procedure. The proposed estimator is a compromise between regular Aalen-Johansen and landmark estimation, using transition specific landmarking, and can drastically improve statistical power. We show that the proposed estimator is consistent, but that the traditional variance estimator can underestimate the variance of both the hybrid and landmark estimator. Bootstrapping is therefore recommended. The methods are compared in a simulation study and in a real data application using registry data to model individual transitions for a birth cohort of 184 951 Norwegian men between states of sick leave, disability, education, work and unemployment.
Variational principles for conformal geodesics
Authors: Dunajski Maciej , Kryński Wojciech 
Published: September 2021

AbstractConformal geodesics are solutions to a system of third-order equations, which makes a Lagrangian formulation problematic. We show how enlarging the class of allowed variations leads to a variational formulation for this system with a third-order conformally invariant Lagrangian. We also discuss the conformally invariant system of fourth-order ODEs arising from this Lagrangian and show that some of its integral curves are spirals.
Comparison of the effects of three fungicides on clubroot disease of tumorous stem mustard and soil bacterial community
Authors: Liao Jingjing , Luo Luyun , Zhang Li , Wang Lingzhi , Shi Xuedan , Yang Hao , Tan Shenghua , Tan Lei , Liu Xin , Wang Diandong , Mao Zhenchuan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Purpose
The application of fungicides is one of the main strategies to prevent clubroot disease. Currently, numerous studies focus on changes in the soil microbial community at different levels of clubroot disease severity. However, the effects of fungicides on the soil microbial community and causative pathogen, Plasmodiophora brassicae, while preventing clubroot disease remain unclear.

Methods
In this study, we evaluated the control efficacy of three fungicides (fluazinam, metalaxyl-mancozeb, and carbendazim) on clubroot disease of tumorous stem mustard in greenhouse experiment. Uninoculated and Water treatments after inoculation were performed as controls. At three (3 W) and six weeks (6 W) post-inoculation of P. brassicae, soil properties, bacterial composition (sequencing of 16S rRNA genes), and effector gene expression of the pathogen were analyzed. The correlation of these factors with disease index (DI) was explored.

Results
Fluazinam was the most effective in controlling clubroot disease of tumorous stem mustard with a controlled efficacy of 59.81%, and the abundance of P. brassicae in the soil decreased 21.29% after 3 weeks of treatment. Compared with other treatments, twelve out of twenty effector genes showed higher expression in fluazinam 3 W samples. Different fungicides had different effects on soil properties. EC (electrical conductivity), the main factor that positively associated with DI, was significantly lower in fluazinam treatment than the other two fungicide treatments. The application of fungicides, especially carbendazim, significantly reduced bacterial α-diversity and the composition of soil bacteria. Pseudomonas, Microbacterium, and Sphingobacterium (positively correlated with DI) were enriched in Water, metalaxyl-mancozeb, and carbendazim treatments, but were less abundant in fluazinam treatment. Among the three fungicide treatments, DI was significantly negatively correlated with Shannon and Chao 1 indices. Soil properties and the top bacterial genera that positively correlated with DI were influenced to a lesser degree in the fluazinam treatment.

Conclusion
Among three fungicides, fluazinam was the most effective agent with the highest control effects against clubroot disease. The strong virulence of fluazinam against P. brassicae was one of the main reasons for the prevention of clubroot disease, and in addition the alteration of rhizosphere bacterial community by fluazinam to the detriment of P. brassicae infection. Based on our results, EC could be an indicator of the severity of clubroot disease.
Looking from within: Comparing first-person approaches to studying experience
Authors: Lumma Anna-Lena , Weger Ulrich 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Fostering our understanding of how humans behave, feel and think is a fundamental goal of psychological research. Widely used methods in psychological research are self-report and behavioral measures which require an experimenter to collect data from another person. By comparison, first-person measures that assess more subtle facets of subjective experiences, are less widely used. Without integrating such more subtle first-person measures, however, fundamental aspects of psychological phenomena remain inaccessible to psychological theorizing. To explore the value and potential contribution of first-person methods, the current article aims to provide an overview over already established first-person methods and compare them on relevant dimensions. Based on these results, researchers can select suitable first-person methods to study different facets of subjective experiences. Overall, the investigation of psychological phenomena from a first-person perspective can complement and enrich existing research from a third-person perspective.
“I Don’t Even Want to Come Out”: the Suppressed Voices of Our Future and Opening the Lid on Sexual and Gender Minority Youth Workplace Discrimination in Europe: a Qualitative Study
Authors: Seiler-Ramadas Radhika , Markovic Lovro , Staras Chase , Medina Laura Llop , Perak Jelena , Carmichael Christina , Horvat Matej , Bajkusa Mario , Baros Sladjana , Smith Lee , McDermott Daragh T. , Grabovac Igor 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Introduction
In Europe, young sexual and gender minority (SGM) people continue to face discrimination in the labour sector despite advances in legislation towards their acceptance and equal treatment. Non-discrimination policy strategies helping SGM individuals are not equally enforced in all contexts, making it difficult for many SGM individuals to disclose their identity, hence undermining their health and well-being.

Methods
Qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted between October 2020 and February 2021 with 55 SGM youth (18–27 years) having work experience from Austria, Croatia, Serbia, Slovakia, Spain and the UK.

Results
From the analysis, three overarching themes were significant: (1) societal discrimination played a major role in sociocultural factors and policy considerations, (2) workplace discrimination had distinct factors and impacts on SGM individuals and (3) SGM inclusion should use strategies to ensure workplace diversity and equality.

Conclusions
SGM individuals from contexts of poor acceptance tended to hide their identity in the workplace, while transgender and non-binary individuals were prone to experience force-disclosure and discrimination in all aspects of employment. There is a lack of resolute reaction from policy makers in managing problems faced by SGM people in workplaces. New laws improving the status of SGM people need to be further adopted, staff training should be implemented, and managers are crucial in achieving an inclusive climate in the workplace.
Policy Implications
It is essential to implement policies on how to effectively handle problems faced by sexual and gender minority people in the workplace.
Prenatal Diagnosis of a Fetus with Trisomy 18 and Inherited Reciprocal Translocation Between Chromosomes 7 and 18
Authors: Jadhav Yamini , James Jiju , Jadhav Ajinkya , Bhairi Vidya , Kadandale Jayaram 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIt is widely known that the increased prevalence of chromosomal abnormalities is mainly due to Robertsonian and reciprocal translocations as compared to duplication, deletion and inversion. In case of balanced translocations, there are no phenotypic characteristics observed in the carrier, but it leads to increased risk of producing unbalanced gametes. In this case report we present a prenatal case diagnosed at 16 weeks of gestation with trisomy for chromosome 18 along with inherited balanced reciprocal translocation between chromosome 7 and 18. Chromosome analysis of fetal amniotic fluid and maternal peripheral blood was performed at the Clinical Genetics Department. Fetal chromosome analysis confirmed a rare genetic abnormality 47,t(7;18)(p13;q21)mat, + 18. Maternal karyotype confirmed a balanced reciprocal translocation 46,XX,t(7;18)(p13;q21). The pregnancy was terminated at 16–17 weeks due to abnormal karyotype results. The present findings can be used as an effective tool for reproductive guidance and genetic counseling of the couple.
Pregnancy and delivery in women receiving maintenance hemodialysis in Japan: analysis of potential risk factors for neonatal and maternal complications
Authors: Hirano Hiroko , Ueda Tomomi , Tani Hirohiko , Kosaka Kenzo , Nakatani Eiji , Hawke Philip , Mori Kiyoshi , Mori Noriko 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Introduction
Average dialysis vintage in Japan is among the longest in the world, providing a unique opportunity to characterize pregnancy under conditions of long dialysis vintage. In 2017, we carried out a nationwide survey following up on a similar survey in 1996, in which we investigated the prevalence and outcomes of pregnancy in women undergoing dialysis and assessed risk factors associated with neonatal and maternal complications.

Methods
The target population was women aged 15–44 years undergoing maintenance dialysis between 2012 and 2016. The survey was conducted in 2693 dialysis units.

Results
A response was obtained from 951 dialysis units, yielding a target population of 1992 women of childbearing age receiving hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. Pregnancy occurred only among women receiving hemodialysis, with 25 pregnancies (1.26% in 5 years) being reported for 20 women. Detailed information about 19 pregnancies (mean age 34.6 ± 5.7 years at conception, mean dialysis vintage 8.4 ± 7.3 years) indicated 4 spontaneous abortions, 1 elective abortion, no neonatal deaths, and 14 surviving infants, including 5 full-term (≥ 37 weeks at birth), 2 late preterm (34–36), and 3 extremely preterm (< 28) cases. Neonatal complications occurred in the offspring of 3 mothers who had end-stage renal disease (ESRD) caused by primary glomerulonephritis and serum albumin levels (sAlb) ≤ 3.2 mg/dL in the first trimester. These mothers had started dialysis at 12, 17, and 30 years of age. ESRD caused by diabetic nephropathy or primary glomerulonephritis, age at conception ≥ 38 years, and sAlb ≤ 3.2 mg/dL were associated with maternal complications, although not significantly.

Conclusions
In this study, the pregnancy rate of Japanese women with ESRD was 0.25% per year. The study generates the hypothesis that ESRD caused by diabetic nephropathy and age at conception ≥ 38 years are potential risk factors for maternal complications but not for neonatal complications in dialysis patients, and that hypoalbuminemia is a potential risk factor for both kinds of complications.

Graphic Abstract
Initial vancomycin versus metronidazole for the treatment of first-episode non-severe Clostridioides difficile infection
Authors: Zhang Kevin , Beckett Patricia , Abouanaser Salaheddin , Smieja Marek 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Objective:
Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is the leading cause of infectious nosocomial diarrhea. Although initial fidaxomicin or vancomycin treatment is recommended by most major guidelines to treat severe CDI, there exists varied recommendations for first-episode non-severe CDI. Given the discrepancy in current treatment guidelines, we sought to evaluate the use of initial vancomycin versus metronidazole for first-episode non-severe CDI.

Methods:
We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all adult inpatients with first-episode CDI at our institution from January 2013 to May 2018. The initial vancomycin versus initial metronidazole cohorts were examined using a multivariate logistic regression model.

Results:
The study cohort of 737 patients had a median age of 72.3 years, and 357 of these patients (48.4%) had hospital-acquired infection. Among 326 patients with non-severe CDI, recurrence, new incident infection, and 30-day mortality rates were 16.2%, 10.9%, and 5.3%, respectively, when treated with initial metronidazole, compared to 20.0%, 1.4%, and 10.0%, respectively, when treated with initial vancomycin. In an adjusted multivariable analysis, the use of initial vancomycin for the treatment of non-severe CDI was associated with a reduction in new incident infection (adjusted odds ratio [ORadj], 0.11; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.02–0.86; P = .035), compared to initial metronidazole.

Conclusions:
Initial vancomycin was associated with a reduced rate of new incident infection in the treatment of adult inpatients with first-episode non-severe CDI. These findings support the use of initial vancomycin for all inpatients with CDI, when fidaxomicin is unavailable.