bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A biological approach to adult sex differences in skeletal indicators of childhood stress
Authors: O'Donnell Lexi , Hill Ethan C. , Anderson Amy S. , Edgar Heather Joy Hecht 
Published: November 2021

AbstractObjectivesIn previous work examining the etiology of cribra orbitalia (CO) and porotic hyperostosis (PH) in a contemporary juvenile mortality sample, we noted that males had higher odds of having CO lesions than females. Here, we examine potential reasons for this pattern in greater detail. Four non‐mutually exclusive mechanisms could explain the observed sex differences: (1) sex‐biased mortality; (2) sexual dimorphism in immune responses; (3) sexual dimorphism in bone turnover; or (4) sexual dimorphism in marrow conversion.Subjects and methodsThe sample consists of postmortem computed tomography scans and autopsy reports, field reports, and limited medical records of 488 individuals from New Mexico (203 females; 285 males) aged between 0.5 and 15 years. We used Kaplan–Meier survival analysis, predicted probabilities, and odds ratios to test each mechanism.ResultsMales do not have lower survival probabilities than females, and we find no indications of sex differences in immune response. Overall, males have a higher probability of having CO or PH lesions than females.ConclusionsAll results indicate that lesion formation in juveniles is influenced by some combination of sex differences in the pace of red–yellow conversion of the bone marrow and bone turnover. The preponderance of males with CO and PH likely speaks to the potential for heightened osteoblastic activity in males. We find no support for the hypotheses that sex biases in mortality or immune responses impacted lesion frequency in this sample. Sex differences in biological processes experienced by children may affect lesion formation and lesion expression in later life.
Metal‐Free Phosphorus‐Directed Borylation of C(sp2)−H Bonds
Authors: Sadek Omar , Le Gac Arnaud , Hidalgo Nereida , Mallet‐Ladeira Sonia , Miqueu Karinne , Bouhadir Ghenwa , Bourissou Didier 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSpectacular progress has recently been achieved in transition metal‐catalyzed C−H borylation of phosphines as well as directed electrophilic C−H borylation. As shown here, P‐directed electrophilic borylation provides a new, straightforward, and efficient access to phosphine–boranes. It operates under metal‐free conditions and leverages simple, readily available substrates. It is applicable to a broad range of backbones (naphthyl, biphenyl, N‐phenylpyrrole, binaphthyl, benzyl, naphthylmethyl) and gives facile access to various substitution patterns at boron (by varying the boron electrophile or post‐derivatizing the borane moiety). NMR monitoring supports the involvement of P‐stabilized borenium cations as key intermediates. DFT calculations reveal the existence and stabilizing effect of π‐arene/boron interactions in the (biphenyl)(i‐Pr)2P→BBr2+ species.
Lewis‐Acidic PtIr Multipods Enable High‐Performance Li–O2 Batteries
Authors: Zhou Yin , Yin Kun , Gu Qianfeng , Tao Lu , Li Yiju , Tan Hao , Zhou Jinhui , Zhang Wenshu , Li Hongbo , Guo Shaojun 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe sluggish oxygen reaction kinetics concomitant with the high overpotentials and parasitic reactions from cathodes and solvents is the major challenge in aprotic lithium‐oxygen (Li–O2) batteries. Herein, PtIr multipods with a low Lewis acidity of the Pt atoms are reported as an advanced cathode for improving overpotentials and stabilities. DFT calculations disclose that electrons have a strong disposition to transfer from Ir to Pt, since Pt has a higher electronegativity than Ir, resulting in a lower Lewis acidity of the Pt atoms than that on the pure Pt surface. The low Lewis acidity of Pt atoms on the PtIr surface entails a high electron density and a down‐shifting of the d‐band center, thereby weakening the binding energy towards intermediates (LiO2), which is the key in achieving low oxygen‐reduction‐reaction (ORR) and oxygen‐evolution‐reaction (OER) overpotentials. The Li–O2 cell based on PtIr electrodes exhibits a very low overall discharge/charge overpotential (0.44 V) and an excellent cycle life (180 cycles), outperforming the bulk of reported noble‐metal‐based cathodes.
Preparation and performance of polyether elastomer with a combination of polyurethane and polytriazole
Authors: Cong Kun , Liu Zhenhui , He Jiyu , Yang Rongjie 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPolyether polyurethane elastomers prepared by polyisocyanate N100 and ethylene oxide‐tetrahydrofuran copolymer (PET) were compared to that polytriazole polyethylene oxide‐tetrahydrofuran (PTPET) elastomers prepared by alkynyl‐terminated polyethylene oxide‐tetrahydrofuran (ATPET) and glycidyl azide polymer (GAP) at a comparative molecular weight. The polyether polyurethane (PET‐N100) elastomers turned out to have better mechanical properties than that of PTPET/GAP elastomer. In order to explore the effectiveness of nitrogen‐enriched structures in the field of flame‐retardancy, PET‐N100 and PTPET/GAP elastomers were tested by cone calorimetry. The PET‐N100 elastomer exhibited an inferior performance of flame‐retardancy to that of PTPET/GAP elastomer. Therefore, a modification of the terminal hydroxyl group in GAP with 4,4′‐methylene‐bisphenyl‐isocyanate (MDI) and flame‐retardant diethyl bis(2‐hydroxyethyl) amino methyl phosphonate (DBMAP) was attempted and characterized by FT‐IR, NMR, and gel permeation chromatography. It was found that the synthesized GAP‐MDI‐DBAMP could serve as a novel curing agent for ATPET, which would endow the novel PTPET elastomer a combination of the advantageous properties, that is, the outstanding mechanical properties from PET‐N100 elastomer, favorable flame‐retardancy from PTPET/GAP elastomer and DBAMP. The thermogravimetry analysis/DTG, DSC, tensile strength test, and swelling analysis proved that PTPET/GAP‐MDI‐DBAMP elastomer had excellent thermal stability and mechanical strength.
Comparison of biomarker and chromatographic analytical approaches to pharmacokinetic study of sitagliptin
Authors: Kosman Vera M. , Karlina Marina V. , Faustova Natalia M. , Makarov Valery G. , Makarova Marina N. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe pharmacokinetic profiling of active compounds is necessary for drug development and application. Approaches to a pharmacokinetic study based on biological markers are alternatives to traditional approaches based on chromatographic methods. The aim of the study was to compare two analytical approaches to pharmacokinetics investigation for an example of sitagliptin in rabbits after one dose oral administration. The method for sitagliptin quantification in rabbit plasma samples based on a correlation between its concentration and dipeptidyl peptidase IV activity was proposed, validated, and applied. The high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)‐ultraviolet (UV) method was also validated and applied for the same sample analysis. The plasma pharmacokinetics of sitagliptin after oral administration to the rabbits in one dose was characterized after two analytical assays. The close values of the main pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained after two approaches. The nontraditional approach based on correlation of special marker activity and active substance concentration appears to be more sensitive than HPLC‐UV. Thus, the sitagliptin concentrations determined by biomarker assay were higher than the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) for a longer period (more timepoints) than after the HPLC‐UV assay. This feature may influence the values of some calculated concentration‐dependent (area under the curve [AUC]0‐t, etc.) and time‐dependent parameters (mean residence time [MRT], T1/2, etc.). The values of Tmax obtained by the two approaches were similar and adequate for oral drug administration that confirms the correctness of biomarker selection for pharmacokinetics assessment. The obtained results on the example of sitagliptin confirms that the biomarker approach is adequate and applicable for a pharmacokinetics study. Similar approaches may be effective for individual compounds and complex mixtures when it is difficult or impossible to analyze them traditionally by chromatographic methods.
Evaluating potential of tissue‐engineered cryogels and chondrocyte derived exosomes in articular cartilage repair
Authors: Nikhil Aman , Kumar Ashok 
Published: November 2021

AbstractTreatment of articular cartilage injuries especially osteochondral tissue requires intervention of bioengineered scaffold. In this study, we investigated the potential of the tissue‐engineered cryogel scaffold fabricated using cryogelation technology. Two types of cryogels viz. chitosan‐gelatin‐chondroitin sulfate (CGC) for articular cartilage and nano‐hydroxyapatite‐gelatin (HG) for subchondral bone were fabricated. Further, novel bilayer cryogel designed using single process fabrication of two layers (CGC as top layer and HG as the lower layer) was designed to mimic osteochondral unit. CGC cryogel was tested for their biocompatibility using the enzymatically isolated chondrcoytes from goat articular cartilage while HG cryogel was tested using pre‐osteoblast cell line. Extracellular vesicles, specifically exosomes were isolated from the spent media of chondrocytes to validate their effect over cell proliferation and migration which are required for defect healing and infiltration respectively. These isolated exosomes were characterized and analyzed for confirming their size distribution profile and visualized morphologically using advanced microscopy techniques. For cartilage part, CGC cryogels were examined as delivery system for delivering exosomes at defect site, where 80% of release was observed in 72 h. Release of 18.7 µg chondroitin sulfate/mg cryogel was obtained in a period of one week from CGC cryogel (termed cryogel extract) which has chondroprotective effect. Further, effect of exosome concentration (10 and 20 µg/ml), CGC extract and combination of exosome and CGC extract (Exo‐Ex) were assessed over the chondrocytes. In addition, in vitro scratch wound assay was performed to analyse the migration capacity over the micro‐injury when treated with exosomes, cryogel extract and Exo‐Ex. The overall results thus answer key questions of therapeutic potential of chondrocyte exosomes, cryogel extract in addition to potential of CGC and HG cryogel for osteochondral repair.
Biomechanical behavior of mandible with posterior marginal resection using finite element analysis
Authors: Cheng Kang‐jie , Liu Yun‐feng , Wang Russell , Yuan Zi‐xi , Jiang Xian‐feng , Dong Xing‐tao 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis study aims to characterize biomechanical behavior of various designs of posterior mandibular marginal resection under functional loadings using finite element method. The ultimate goal of this work is to provide clinically relevant information to prevent postoperative fracture and to stipulate prophylactic internal fixation for planning of marginal mandibulectomy. A 3D mandibular master model was reconstructed from cone beam computed tomography images. Different marginal resection models were created based on three design parameters, namely, defect curvilinear radius, anterior–posterior defect width and residual height of the mandibular body. Functional loadings from incisors (60 N) and contralateral first molar area (200 N) were applied to designed models and stress patterns were compared of five groups with curvilinear radius from 0 (conventional rectangular shape), 2.5, 3.5, 5, and 6 mm. Models with 25, 35 and 45 mm defect width mimic defects varied from canine to 3rd molar were tested. Residual height range from 10 to 4 mm was assessed. The results show high stresses predominated in the occlusal area and the posterior inferior border near the resection corner. The average maximum stress decreased by 29.8% (r = 2.5 mm), 51.9% (r = 3.5 mm), 54.4% (r = 5 mm), and 59.3% (r = 6 mm) compared to the baseline of r = 0 mm. The results from the combined defect width/residual height models demonstrate the increase of defect width and the decrease in residual height resulted in the increase of maximum stress. Our data also confirm that the factor of residual height supersedes defect width in terms of prevention of postoperative fracture when considering resection design.
Visible‐Light‐Induced Oxidative α‐Alkylation of Glycine Derivatives with Ethers under Metal‐Free Conditions
Authors: Song Yang , Zhang Hao , Guo Jiabao , Shao Yifei , Ding Yuzhou , Zhu Li , Yao Xiaoquan 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn this work, a visible‐light‐induced oxidative α‐alkylation of glycine derivatives with ethers has been developed in the presence of catalytic Eosin Y. Under the blue light of a 3 W LED, a range of α‐etherized glycine derivatives, including α‐amino esters, α‐amino ketones and α‐amino amides, were achieved with good to excellent yields and functional group tolerance with tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) as oxidant at ambient temperature. The operationally easy procedure provides an economical, metal‐free, and mild alternative for the synthesis of the α‐etherized glycine derivatives.
Single‐frequency ultrasonic extraction of bioactive chlorogenic acid from heilong48 soybean variety: Parametric optimization and comprehensive evaluation of physicochemical and bioactive properties
Authors: Akpabli‐Tsigbe Nelson Dzidzorgbe Kwaku , Ma Yongkun , Ekumah John‐Nelson , Osabutey Juliet , Hu Jie , Xu Manqing , Johnson Nana Adwoa Nkuma 
Published: November 2021

AbstractChlorogenic acid (CA), especially that found in soybean, is a rich bioactive compound but has received very little attention in research settings in past decades. Ultrasonic‐assisted extraction (UAE) could be an efficient method to increase CA release from soybean. Hence, this study aimed to optimize UAE parameters for CA extraction from heilong48 soybean (HS) variety with comprehensive physicochemical and bioactive properties evaluation. Optimization of ultrasound parameters with Box‐Behnken design (BBD) found frequency (20.0 kHz), power density (30.0 W/L), temperature (37.9℃), and time (28.0 min) as the significant optimized parameters, which gave CA yield of 5.007 ± 0.033 mg/g and DPPH of 93.197 ± 0.213 μmol AA eq/g dry sample and were higher than that of nonultrasound‐treated (raw) HS sample (CA yield, 1.627 ± 0.528 mg/g, and DPPH, 10.760 ± 0.207 μmol AA eq/g dry sample). A satisfactory model was obtained. SEM results confirmed the structural alterations of HS variety caused by the optimized UAE parameters. High TPC (4.726 ± 0.002 mg GAE/g), TPA (1.883 ± 0.005 mg GAE/g), and low TFC (0.040 ± 0.008 mg RE/g) were obtained. A positive linear correlation between antioxidant activity and TPC was established. Protein–phenolic interaction in HS variety was observed. The results proposed that polyphenols should be considered as a significant component of HS variety. Likewise, HS variety could be utilized for CA extraction.
European Liver Transplant Registry: Donor and transplant surgery aspects of 16,641 liver transplantations in children
Authors: de Ville de Goyet Jean , Baumann Ulrich , Karam Vincent , Adam René , Nadalin Silvio , Heaton Nigel , Reding Raymond , Branchereau Sophie , Mirza Darius , Klempnauer Jürgen L. , Fischer Lutz , Kalicinski Piotr , Colledan Michele , Lopez Santamaria Manuel , de Kleine Ruben H. , Chardot Christophe , Yilmaz Sezai , Kilic Murat , Boillot Olivier , di Francesco Fabrizio , Polak Wojciech G. , Verkade Henkjan J. ,   for the European Liver, Intestine Transplant Association
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Background and Aims
The European Liver Transplant Registry (ELTR) has collected data on liver transplant procedures performed in Europe since 1968.

Approach and Results
Over a 50‐year period (1968–2017), clinical and laboratory data were collected from 133 transplant centers and analyzed retrospectively (16,641 liver transplants in 14,515 children). Data were analyzed according to three successive periods (A, before 2000; B, 2000–2009; and C, since 2010), studying donor and graft characteristics and graft outcome. The use of living donors steadily increased from A to C (A, n = 296 [7%]; B, n = 1131 [23%]; and C, n = 1985 [39%]; p = 0.0001). Overall, the 5‐year graft survival rate has improved from 65% in group A to 75% in group B (p < 0.0001) and to 79% in group C (B versus C, p < 0.0001). Graft half‐life was 31 years, overall; it was 41 years for children who survived the first year after transplant. The late annual graft loss rate in teenagers is higher than that in children aged <12 years and similar to that of young adults. No evidence for accelerated graft loss after age 18 years was found.

Conclusions
Pediatric liver transplantation has reached a high efficacy as a cure or treatment for severe liver disease in infants and children. Grafts that survived the first year had a half‐life similar to standard human half‐life. Transplantation before or after puberty may be the pivot‐point for lower long‐term outcome in children. Further studies are necessary to revisit some old concepts regarding transplant benefit (survival time) for small children, the role of recipient pathophysiology versus graft aging, and risk at transition to adult age.
Natural convection cooling process from two identical porous‐covering electronic components
Authors: Bouchair Rabah , Bourouis Abderrahim , Omara Abdeslam 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn the present work, we focus to study numerically the natural convection cooling process from two identical electronic components located on the bottom wall of a two‐dimensional cavity. Each electronic component is covered by a porous medium with finite thickness. The conservation equations governing the problem are discretized using the finite volume method and the SIMPLER algorithm is used to handle the nonlinear character of conservation equations. Calculations were carried out for the following control parameters: the porous/fluid thermal conductivity ratio (1 ≤ RkP1 ≤ 100), the Darcy and Rayleigh numbers (10−1 ≤ Da ≤ 10−6, 103 ≤ Ra ≤ 106), the first porous‐cover thickness (0.05 ≤ e1 ≤ 0.3), and the separation distance between components (0.2 ≤ S ≤ 1) to highlight their influence on the cooling process. The results show that under specific values of the Darcy and Rayleigh numbers and in the limiting case of a high value of the porous/fluid thermal conductivity ratio (RkP1 = 100), a decrease in the maximum components temperature, up to 95%, is observed by increasing the porous‐cover thickness from 0.05 to 0.3. In addition, by increasing the permeability, the Rayleigh number or the separation distance, an improvement in the cooling process of the two components greater than or equal to 22% is achieved.
Effect and mechanism of circRNAs in tumor angiogenesis and clinical application
Authors: Zhao Luyang , Guo Yuying , Guo Yaxin , Ji Xiang , Fan Dandan , Chen Chen , Yuan Weitang , Sun Zhenqiang , Ji Zhenyu 
Published: November 2021

AbstractTumor blood vessels provide oxygen and necessary nutrients for the tumor, which provides the basis for tumor metastasis. Therefore, tumor angiogenesis plays a very important role in tumor growth and metastasis. In contrast to linear RNAs, circRNAs represent a type of closed‐loop RNA with diverse biological functions. At the same time, circRNAs have strong stability, timeliness, tissue specificity and disease specificity. With the rapid development of next‐generation sequencing and bioinformatics, there have been an increasing number of studies on circRNAs. At present, a large number of studies have reported that circRNAs regulate tumor growth, invasion, metastasis, tumor metabolism, tumor immunity and other biological functions. Increasing evidence has shown that circRNAs also play an important role in tumor angiogenesis. In this review, we briefly introduced tumor angiogenesis and circRNAs and outlined the main ways that circRNAs affect tumor angiogenesis from multiple aspects. Finally, we further explored the potential clinical application value of circRNAs in the context of tumor angiogenesis.
Amyloid‐β40 E22K fibril in familial Alzheimer's disease is more thermostable and susceptible to seeding
Authors: Lee Ming‐Che , Liao Yi‐Hung , Chen Shih‐Hui , Chen Yun‐Ru 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAlzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent and devastating neurodegenerative disease occurred in the elderly. One of the pathogenic hallmarks is senile plaques composed of amyloid‐β (Aβ) fibrils. Single mutations resided in Aβ were found in familial AD (FAD) patients that have early onset of the disease. The molecular details and properties of each FAD Aβ variants are still elusive. Here, we employed collective spectroscopic techniques to examine the properties of various Aβ40 fibrils. We generated fibrils of wild type (WT) and three FAD mutants on residue E22 including E22G, E22K, and E22Q. We monitored fibril formation by thioflavin T (ThT) assay, examined secondary structure by Fourier transform infrared and far‐UV circular dichroism spectroscopy, imaged fibril morphology by transmission electron microscopy, and evaluated ThT‐binding kinetics. In the thermal experiments, we found E22K fibrils resisted to high temperature and retained significant β‐sheet content than the others. E22K fibril seeds after high‐temperature treatment still possess the seeding property, whereas WT fibril seeds are disturbed after the treatment. Therefore, in this study we demonstrated the mutation at E22K increases the thermal stability and seeding function of amyloid fibrils.
Loperamide potentiates doxorubicin sensitivity in triple‐negative breast cancer cells by targeting MDR1 and JNK and suppressing mTOR and Bcl‐2: In vitro and molecular docking study
Authors: Elia Shenouda G. , Al‐Karmalawy Ahmed A. , Nasr Mohamed Y. , Elshal Mohamed F. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractMultidrug resistance (MDR) is the leading cause of treatment failure in triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients treated with doxorubicin (DXR). We aimed to investigate the potential of the antidiarrheal drug Loperamide (LPR) in sensitizing TNBC cells to DXR and elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. Therefore, we examined the effects of DXR alone or in combination with LPR on MDA‐MD‐231 cells viability using MTT assay, cell cycle, and apoptosis by flow cytometry, and the expression of the MDR‐related genes (MDR1 and JNK1) and cell cycle/survival genes (p21, mTOR, and Bcl‐2) by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results showed that adding LPR to DXR potentiated its antiproliferation effect and reduced its IC50 by twofolds compared with DXR alone. The value of the combination index of LPR/DXR was <1 indicating a synergistic effect. Combined DXR/LPR treatment also caused G1 arrest and potentiated apoptosis more than DXR‐single treatment. At the molecular levels, LPR/DXR treatment downregulated the mRNA of MDR1 (1.35‐folds), JNK1 (2.5‐folds), mTOR (6.6‐folds), Bcl‐2 (9.5‐folds); while upregulated p21 gene (8‐folds) compared with DXR alone. Molecular docking analyses found LPR antagonizes MDR1 and JNK1 proteins, and hence supports the in vitro studies. In conclusion, the results confirmed the potential of LPR in sensitizing TNBCs to DXR by targeting MDR1 and JNK1 and suppressing Bcl‐2 and mTOR genes, while upregulating the cell cycle inhibitor gene p21. Additionally, LPR could be repurposed to reduce the therapeutic doses of DXR as indicated by the dose reduction index (DRI) and subsequently decrease its side effects.