bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The efficacy of neurosurgical intervention on sleep-disordered breathing in pediatric patients with Chiari malformation type I
Authors: Voutsas Giorge , St-Laurent Aaron , Hutchinson Crystal , Amin Reshma , Drake James , Narang Indra 
Published: April 2021

OBJECTIVE
Chiari malformation type I (CM-I) involves the herniation of the cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum. CM-I is associated with both obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and central sleep apnea (CSA) in children. The primary management of symptomatic CM-I remains surgical decompression. There is, however, a paucity of data evaluating the efficacy of decompression surgery on outcomes related to sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). The objective of this study was to evaluate SDB outcomes, specifically the need for respiratory support following decompression in pediatric patients with CM-I.

METHODS
This was a retrospective chart review of all children diagnosed with CM-I when younger than 18 years of age who had polysomnography (PSG) studies pre- and postsurgery, between January 2008 and October 2018 at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto. Patient demographics, symptoms, PSG data, ongoing respiratory support, and surgical notes were recorded. Differences in PSG studies obtained pre- and postsurgery were compared using the Wilcoxon test for paired samples.

RESULTS
A total of 15 children with 15 interventions met inclusion criteria with pre- and postsurgery PSG studies and were considered for statistical analysis. Of the 15 subjects included for analysis, preoperative OSA was present in 2 (13.3%), CSA in 5 (33.3%), mixed SDB (both OSA and CSA) in 4 (26.7%), and no significant SDB in 4 (26.7%). Postoperatively, OSA was present in 3 (20.0%), CSA in 4 (26.7%), mixed SDB in 0 (0%), and no significant SDB in 8 (53.3%). The presence of severe OSA decreased from 4/15 (26.7%) to 2/15 (13.3%) postoperatively, and severe CSA decreased from 5/15 (33.3%) to 2/15 (13.3%) postoperatively. Following decompression surgery, 7/15 subjects (46.7%) required positive airway pressure for management of their SDB. Overall, significant improvements were observed in a number of respiratory parameters following decompression including the following: the total apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) (17.5 ± 48.2 vs 6.1 ± 32.7 events/hour; p = 0.001), obstructive AHI (2.1 ± 16.1 vs 1.0 ± 6.6 events/hour; p = 0.005), central AHI (6.3 ± 48.9 vs 2.7 ± 33.0 events/hour; p = 0.005), and the desaturation index (16.7 ± 49.6 vs 3.8 ± 25.3; p = 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS
Although decompression surgery led to a significant reduction in obstructive and central events, many children continued to have persistent SDB and required additional positive airway pressure therapy. This information is important and relevant for anticipatory guidance around decompression surgery and the necessity for respiratory support for the management of SDB in pediatric patients with CM-I.
Imaging characteristics associated with surgery in Chiari malformation type I
Authors: Alford Elizabeth N , Atchley Travis J , Leon Tofey J , Laskay Nicholas M. B , Arynchyna Anastasia A , Smith Burkely P , Aban Inmaculada , Johnston James M , Blount Jeffrey P , Rozzelle Curtis J , Oakes W. Jerry , Rocque Brandon G 
Published: April 2021

OBJECTIVE
In Chiari malformation type I (CM-I), a variety of imaging findings have been purported to be important; however, results have been inconclusive, inconsistent, or not replicated in independent studies. The purpose of this study was to report imaging characteristics for a large cohort of patients with CM-I and identify the imaging findings associated with surgical decompression.

METHODS
Patients were identified using ICD-9 codes for CM-I for the period from 1996 to 2017. After review of the medical records, patients were excluded if they 1) did not have a diagnosis of CM-I, 2) were not evaluated by a neurosurgeon, or 3) did not have available preoperative MRI. Retrospective chart review was performed to collect demographic and clinical data. Imaging parameters were measured according to the Chiari I Malformation Common Data Elements.

RESULTS
A total of 731 patients were included for analysis, having a mean follow-up duration of 25.5 months. The mean age at presentation was 8.5 years. The mean tonsil position was 11.4 mm below the foramen magnum, and 62.8% of patients had a pegged tonsil shape. Two hundred patients (27.4%) underwent surgery for life-dominating tussive headache, lower cranial nerve dysfunction, syrinx, and/or brainstem dysfunction. Surgical treatment was associated with a syrinx (OR 20.4, 95% CI 12.3–33.3, p < 0.0001), CM-1.5 (OR 1.797, 95% CI 1.08–2.98, p = 0.023), lower tonsil position (OR 1.130, 95% CI 1.08–1.18, p < 0.0001), and congenital fusion of cervical vertebrae (OR 5.473, 95% CI 1.08–27.8, p = 0.040). Among patients with benign CM-I, tonsil position was statistically significantly associated with future surgery.

CONCLUSIONS
Comprehensive imaging characteristics for a large cohort of patients with CM-I are reported. Analysis showed that a lower tonsillar position, a syrinx, and CM-1.5 were associated with undergoing posterior fossa decompression. This study demonstrates the importance of considering imaging findings in the context of patient symptomatology.
Differences in medication usage of dental patients by age, gender, race/ethnicity and insurance status
Authors: Siddiqui Zasim , Wang Yue , Patel Jay , Thyvalikakath Thankam 
Published: April 2021

BACKGROUND: Limited studies have investigated the medication profile of young adult dental patients despite the high prevalence of prescription opioid abuse in this population. OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the extent and differences in medication usage of dental patients older than 18 years by age, race/ethnicity, gender, insurance status and mechanism of action in an academic dental clinic setting. METHODS: Using an automated approach, medication names in the electronic dental record were retrieved and classified according to the National Drug Code directory. Descriptive statistics, multivariable ANOVA and Post hoc tests were performed to detect differences in the number of medications by patient demographics. RESULTS: Of the 11,220 adult patients, 53 percent reported taking at least one medication with significant differences in medication usage by demographics. Hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (21–36%), and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (19–23%) ranked the top two medication classes among patients 55 years and older. Opioid agonists (7–14%), and Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) (5–12%) ranked the top two medication classes among patients aged 18–54 years. CONCLUSIONS: The results underscore the importance of dental providers to review medical and medication histories of patients regardless of their age to avoid adverse events and to determine patient’s risk for opioid abuse.
On a straight path to HCV elimination in children – new prospects for hepatitis C treatment in Poland
Authors: Pluta Magdalena , Pokorska-Śpiewak Maria , Aniszewska Małgorzata , Marczyńska Magdalena 
Published: April 2021

<p><strong>ABSTRACT</strong><br />Difficulties in achieving elimination targets of the World Health Organization’s Global Strategy on viral hepatitis might be overcome through a new micro-elimination approach that allows for a quick, efficient targeting of treatment and prevention services. Particular focus on identification of high-risk and so far marginalized populations, such as children and adolescents, increases chances for HCV elimination on a country, and ultimately on a population level. Therefore, a broad access to safe and highly effective direct-acting antiviral drugs is of upmost importance in the pediatric population.</p>
<p><strong>STRESZCZENIE</strong><br />Wdrożenie nowej strategii, tzw. mikroeliminacji może pozwolić na pokonanie trudności związanych z osiągnięciem celów określonych w Globalnej Strategii Zwalczania Wirusowych Zapaleń Wątroby opracowanej przez Światową Organizację Zdrowia. Mikroeliminacja umożliwia szybkie i efektywne wdrożenie procedur leczniczych i profilaktycznych. Intensyfikacja działań na rzecz identyfikacji grup ryzyka oraz społeczności zmarginalizowanej, w tym dzieci oraz młodzieży, umożliwi zwiększenie szans na eliminację wzw C na poziomie kraju oraz docelowo na poziomie populacji. Zapewnienie szerokiego dostępu do bezpiecznych i wysoce skutecznych leków o bezpośrednim działaniu przeciwwirusowym powinno być jednym z najważniejszych działań podejmowanych na rzecz zwalczania wzw C w populacji pediatrycznej.</p>
Az Európai Parlament működése a koronavírus-járvány idején: valódi megoldás-e a távmegoldás?
Authors: Petri Bernadett 
Published: April 2021

Az Európai Parlament eddigi működése során példa nélküli helyzettel találta magát szemben. A koronavírus-járvány miatt elrendelt közegészségügyi intézkedésekre tekintettel március közepe óta lehetetlenné vált az európai parlamenti képviselők fizikai jelenlétével megtartani a plenáris üléseket. A Parlament a kialakult problémát azzal kívánta áthidalni, hogy egy Elnökségi határozat keretében értelmezte az Eljárási Szabályzat elektronikus szavazásról szóló rendelkezését. Így jelenleg a Parlament távműködéssel ülésezik, amire azonban nem rendelkezik megfelelő jogalappal, gyakorlata pedig szembemegy az Eljárási Szabályzattal, amelyet a mai napig sem módosított. A 2020-asévben egyértelműen nem rendeztek meg 12 plenáris ülést Strasbourgban, ami az EUSZ 6. Jegyzőkönyvének rendelkezései alapján a Parlament kötelezettsége lenne. A témáért felelős parlamenti képviselők hónapok óta alternatívákat keresnek a helyzet megoldása érdekében, a jogszerű működés helyreállítása azonban akár 2021 tavaszáig is elhúzódhat, miközben a működéssel szemben támasztható eljárásjogi kifogásokra való tekintettel az Európai Parlament akár az EUMSZ 263. cikke szerinti megsemmisítési keresettel is szembetalálhatja magát.
An Investigation of Factors Causing English Mispronunciation of Students in English for International Communication
Authors: Tabula Rommel Valencia , Suwanaroa Sawitri , Polerk Sutarat 
Published: April 2021

English has been recognized as a lingua franca in different aspects of communication such as international business, academic context, science and technology. Despite the constant efforts of developing English education in Thailand, studies have shown that the achievement of Thai students was still unsatisfactory. Additionally, previous studies revealed Thai EFL learners faced a number of difficulties in pronunciation and speaking. The purposes of this study were to investigate the levels of the factors and the most and least factors causing in English mispronunciation of 2nd and 3rd year students in EIC at RMUTL Tak campus. Fifty-one students were purposively selected from EIC of 2nd and 3rd year in 2019. The research instrument included questionnaire and adopted Likert scale for data analysis. The results found that 2nd and 3rd year students in English for International Communication (EIC) Program evaluated the factor causing in English mispronunciation found that 1) the first language interference factor have the highest mean value 2) phonetic ability factor 3) experience in studying English factor and 4) motivation factor have the lowest mean value.
A Socio-Pragmatic Analysis of the Impact of Impoliteness and Aggressive Language in Violent Online Games on the Players
Authors: Idrees Fatima Abdul Ghany 
Published: April 2021

This study attempted to discover and analyse the impact of violent online games on the players’ language and behavior as well as how these expressions might harm, intimidate, and damage others’ face. It is worth mentioning that online games become the young’s playground where they interact with others and may adopt a certain type of language and behavior. As players engage in a competitive fight of characters, they use certain communicative styles to express their feelings and emotions, including impolite expressions. Hence, this paper looked into these expressions, their responses to those expressions, and the reasons behind them. In addition, this study identified whether there is any impact in choosing these impolite expressions. Moreover, these violent gaming can provide a good field of investigation because impoliteness is widely occurring in such situations, through which people from various cultures, ages and genders come in contact to fight each other, be uncivil, and criticize and damage the other’s face. Moreover, these games may even encourage certain harmful impolite terminology and aggressive behavior to inter the players ‘repertoire and become the language of everyday use. In gathering the data, impolite expressions were collected by participating in some battles involving abusive and impolite words. Based on the results obtained, the study reached some conclusions that Culpeper’s (2005) and Spencer-Oatey’s (2002 and 2005) models are applicable in the context of violent online games. There is a big tendency that young people adopt and use various impolite expressions according to their gender and their relations for many reasons. In addition, it is widely recognized that most players have limited politeness competence and directly reply to others’ impolite language with hostility. Finally yet importantly, positive impoliteness strategies are used more than the other models, whereas quality of face was the most damaged one in Spencer-Oatey model.
Development of Fiji English
Authors: Ali-Chand Zakia 
Published: April 2021

This paper traces the development of Fiji English as a variety of English distinct from standard British English. This variety of English has been used colloquially; however, in the recent past, it has been slowly creeping in to students’ academic papers. Some of its vocabulary may be seen to be quite distinct from standard British English. This paper will first discuss the classifications and models of World Englishes that have been proposed by scholars such as Kachru, Schneider, Quirk and Bolton, among others. These classifications try and explain the differences in the ways English developed its own varieties in different countries. It will then attempt to explain the stages Fiji English went through to give birth to its own distinct variety of English. Finally, it will examine some of the sources of Fiji English lexis.
A Comparative Analysis of Muhammad and Oe’s Novels
Authors: Sarip Hasmina Domato 
Published: April 2021

This is a comparative analysis of two novels entitled “The Son of Mad Mat Lela,” which is written by Ishak Hadji Muhammad, a famous Malaysian writer and the other one is “Teach us to Outgrow our Madness,” by a Japanese novelist Kenzaburo Oe. This study compared the literary styles of Muhammad and Oe through the lens of their vocabulary and language use. Muhammad’s literary styles is simple, clear and vivid. One reads the story with delight because the words that strung together sound on the air like music. He does not use metaphor; his style is still striking in his own way. Many readers still notice his style no matter how plain it is. This is to say that Muhammad could write lucidly, simply and lively by observing grammar rules in writing. He uses common phrases of the day not with artificially but with naturalness. While, Oe’s literary style is more of long and complex sentences or two that occupy a paragraph. Most of his passages convey strong emotion describing an intimate knowledge of the lives of the characters.
DEM Modeling of Crushable Grain Material under Different Loading Conditions
Authors: Benmebarek M. Amine , Movahedi Rad Majid 
Published: April 2021

This paper deals with the effect of contact conditions on the crushing mechanisms and the strength of granular materials. The computation of crushable grain material under different loading conditions is performed using 3D model of discrete element method (DEM). The crushable macro-grain is generated from a large number of identical spherical micro-grains which are connected according to the bonded particle model. First, the parameters of the proposed DEM model are calibrated to match the force-displacement curve obtained from Brazilian Tests performed on cylinders made of artificially crushable material. The damage profile right at the point when the force-displacement curve reaches its maximum is seen to replicate the same crack patterns observed in Brazilian test experiments. Then, parametric investigations are performed by varying the coordination number, the contact location distribution, and the contact area. The results show that these parameters play a significant role in determining the critical contact force and fracture mechanism of crushable particles compared to a traditional macro-grain crushing test. Increasing distribution and coordination number of the macro-grain increases particle strength when large area contact is permitted. However, for linear contact area, the effect of increasing coordination number on particle strength is marginal.
Arte Urbano: ¿arte para todos o arte reivindicativo? El fenomeno Bansky.
Authors: Alonso Arroba Patricia 
Published: April 2021

El arte urbano como expresión artística.
De esta forma se puede afirmar que esta corriente artística nace de una necesidad de expresar desde el acto artístico una rebelión e inconformismo con el sistema establecido del mundo del arte, donde el monopolio de museos y galerías no eran accesibles a todos aquellos futuros artistas que empezaron a usar los muros de los edificios callejeros como soporte donde poder mostrar su obra y hacer visible su mensaje.
El caso de Bansky y su repercusion a nivel global. Una riqueza para el patrimonio artistico.
Gain scheduling control applied to oil and gas separator level loop
Authors: Medeiros Marcio Lindemberg Bezerra de , Oliveira Junior Antonio Martins de , Fonseca Rodolpho Rodrigues 
Published: April 2021

Modeling and simulation applied to level control of oil and gas separators in production facilities is a very important tool because makes possible to perform tests that probably could not be viable due to operation and safety constraints. Asides the level dynamics can be well understood regarding the physical model, there will always be non-linearities to approach using a system identification procedure, requiring reasonable care on linear model identification. In order to assure a desired control performance, an adaptive control strategy has been proposed for level control for an oil and gas separator using the gain scheduling technique. Based on a first order process without time delay, the static gain and time period were determined for each point inside the operational space range of the equipment and by Internal Model Control (IMC), the tuning matrix found and converted into a function of operational parameters using polynomial interpolation methodology for future application in a real commercial PI controller. The horizontal separator was simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK® and data from a real separator vessel were used to identify and validate the proposed process modeling in attempt to test an adaptive control strategy for practical applications. Once the GSC was implemented, simulations were performed over the non-linear system and results have shown better performance indexes for GSC while compared to the conventional PI controller for both servo and regulatory problems with reductions up to 17.65% for IAE, 29.88% for ISE, 16.38% for ITAE, 29.00% for ITSE and 13.20% for Control Effort (CE).
PELATIHAN PEMBUATAN TIANG POT BUNGA PERUM GRIYA SAMPURNA DESA AMPELDENTO KEC. KARANGPLOSO KAB. MALANG
Authors: Pondi Udianto  , Haris Puspito B  , Bagus Wahjudi  , Moh. Hartono  , RN Akhsanu Takwim  
Published: April 2021

Perumahan Griya Sampurna merupakan salah perumahan yang ada di Desa Ampeldento Kec. Karangploso Kab. Malang kondisi perumahan dengan penduduk yang heterogen dan merupakan perumahan kelas menengah ke bawah, maka kondisi sarana dan prasarana yang ada perumahan, masih jauh dari layak sebagai sebuah perumahan yang ideal dan nyaman. Salah satu sarana yang masih kurang adalah rambu-rambu lalu lintas
Berkaitan dengan hal tersebut kegiatan pemberdayaan masyarakat telah dilakukan kegiatan yaitu Pelatihan Pembuatan Rambu-rambu Jalan.
Metode yang digunakan dalam kegiatan PKM ini adalah melalui pelatihan teori & praktek las fabrikasi secara langsung di bengkel warga Perum Griya Sampurna.
Hasil dari kegiatan PKM ini karang taruna dan warga memiliki ketrampilan dasar pengelasan sehingga mampu membuat produk tiang pot bunga.
Sosialisasi dan Implementasi Penanganan Transaksi dan Akad Syariah Pada Majlis Ta’lim An Nisa Jln Bakung 04 Kelurahan Lowokwaru Kota Malang
Authors: Muhammad Muwidha  , Himma  , Basuki  , Yusna  
Published: April 2021

Tujuan Kegiatan Pengabdian kepada Masayarakat (PkM) ini adalah dalam rangka memberikan penyuluhan, sosialisasi dan implementasi kepada masyarakat mengenai akad-akad transaksi usaha secara syariah kepada ibu-ibu anggota majlis ta’lim An-Nisa. Paada awalnya pelaksanaannya akan dilakukan di rumah Jln. Bakung 04 Lowokwaru Kota Malang. Karena masa pandemi akhirnya berdasarkan koodinasi tim PkM , Ketua Majlis Ta’lim An-Nisa dan Takmir Masjid Fadhilah, maka kegiatan dilaksanakan di masjid dengana mangambil jadwal setelah jamaah subuh pada hari Selasa tanggal 18 dan 25 Agustus 2020. Jam 5.00- 7.00. Peserta berjumlah 46 orang terdiri dari bapak dan ibu.
Pada saat pelaksanaan materi yang direncanakan telah disajikan dengan lancar. Materi ini dinilai penting karena untuk memulai berbisnis yang berlandaskan syariah maka jenis dan keabsyahan transaksi perlu dipahami dengan baik an benar. Bila transaksi sudah dipahami barulah memilih berbagai tawaran akad syariah dengan menyesuaikan kebutuhan dalam berbisnis.
Menurut perspektif Islam, hukum Islam diciptakan dan dilaksanakan secara menyeluruh tidak lain adalah bertujuan demi kemaslahatan dan kesejahteraan manisia di dunia dan akhirat. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut maka hukum Islam mempunyai beberapa prinsip yang mendasari terlaksananya tujuan tersebut, yaitu: 1) memberikan kemudahan dan meniadakan kesulitan, 2) menyedikitkan beban, dan 3) menempuh jalan pertahapan.
Temuan dan pengelaman dalam pelaksanaan PkM ini diharapkan menjadi fase lanjut untuk membangun kesadaran tentang menjadi umat islam yang kaffah. Tidak hanya tekun dalam ibadah kepada Allah (mahdhoh) tapi juga harus membangun muammalah yang lebih baik. Karena pada intinya islam justru ajaran banyak mengatur bagaimana mu’ammalah diamalkan dengan lebih masive. Islam adalah ajarah rahmat terciptanya kedamaian. Kedaaian bisa diciptakan jika masyarakat relatif telah sadar dan faham tentang taraf sejahtera dan ukuran sejahtera paling sederhana adalah kecukupan hidup dan ini pasti berbincang tentang jalan rizki serta ksejahteraan ekonomi.