bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSII-1 Adapting to the new normal: Feedlot cattle circadian rhythm and behavior-based management
Authors: Meneses Xandra Christine A , Park Rachel M , Ridge Emily , Daigle Courtney L 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Every organism has evolved patterned responses to its temporal and physical surroundings. Rhythmicity is a central regulator of life and a sentinel for animal health and metabolism, thus chronic stress and disease can disrupt behavioral patterns. Feedlot cattle may exhibit irregularities in circadian rhythms due to social, environmental, and nutritional stressors and may benefit from behavior-based management strategies. This study characterized the hourly behavioral patterns of feedlot cattle with and without environmental enrichment, established behavioral expectations for animal managers, and proposed practical interventions. Fifty-four crossbred steers were shipped to Texas A&M AgriLife Feedlot in Bushland, Texas, blocked by weight, and assigned to one of six pens (n = 9 steers/pen), half of which had a cattle brush and half did not. Frequency of headbutting, mounting, bar licking, tongue rolling, allogrooming, and brush usage was decoded from video recordings of cattle from 08:00h to 17:30h on d -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 relative to brush implementation. The impact of time (hour), treatment, and their interaction on cattle behavior were evaluated using PROC MIXED in SAS. Brush use (P &lt; 0.0001), allogrooming (P &lt; 0.0001), and mounting (P &lt; 0.0001) were performed at lower frequencies during early hours of the day and at higher frequencies in the afternoon. Both tongue rolling (P &lt; 0.0001) and bar licking (P &lt; 0.0349) occurred most often during daylight hours in accordance with a diurnal pattern. Major periods of headbutting (P &lt; 0.0001) were observed in the morning and afternoon. Behavioral expectations were characterized so that stockpeople could observe the prevalence of each behavior during morning, midday, and evening to facilitate the implementation of best management practices. Proposed interventions include medical treatment, modified pen surface or bunk management, altered stocking density, and/or introduction of environmental enrichment.
PSIX-26 Genome-wide search for selection signatures in European wild boar
Authors: Kostyunina Olga V , Traspov Aleksey Aleksandrovich , Ecomonov Alexander Vyacheslavovich , Getmantseva Lyubov , Bakoev Nekruz , Prytkov Yuri , Domsky Igor 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The search for selection signatures in wild boars was meant to assist in identifying genomic regions associated with adaptation to environmental conditions. The aim of our study was to seek selection signatures in European wild boars of Russia. We studied 66 wild boars from 20 different regions in four different climatic zones. DNA samples were genotyped using Porcine SNP60 BeadChips and GeneSeek SNP-chips (Illumina, San Diego, USA). Quality control procedures were carried out resorting to PLINK v1.9; briefly, individuals with genotype call rates of &lt; 0.8 and SNPs with call rates of &lt; 0.3 or minor allele frequencies less than 0.99 were excluded. Also, we resorted to “–LD” to make prune filtering in Plink. In total 37065 markers from full subset of SNPs were used for subsequent analysis. We removed close relatives with enabling option --rel-cutoff 0.75. After filtering 11271 SNPs remained and total genotyping rate of obtained dataset was 98.4%. We subsequently identified SNPs, which had cross within log-likelihood ratio scores (LLRS) values &gt; 2, in addition to integrated Haplotype Score (iHS) values &gt; 2. After comparing 2 methods we detected 6 common elements in “IHS” and “LLRS” - ASGA0101898 – intergenic variant; H3GA0020102 – intergenic variant; ASGA0093835 - intron variant, RBFOX1 (RNA binding fox-1 homolog 1) is a Protein Coding gene, RNA-binding protein that regulates alternative splicing events by binding to 5’-UGCAUGU-3’ elements, regulates alternative splicing of tissue-specific exons and of differentially spliced exons during erythropoiesis; ASGA0098807 - DSG3 (Desmoglein 3) is a Protein Coding gene, component of intercellular desmosome junctions, involved in the interaction of plaque proteins and intermediate filaments mediating cell-cell adhesion; MARC0064247 – non coding transcript exon variant ENSSSCG00000035431, ASGA0020755 – intron variant, ARHGAP30 Rho GTPase activating protein 30). The result of the research will assist in revealing genetic regions associated with adaptation of the Russian wild boars.
This research was supported by the Russian Scientific Foundation (RSF) within Project No. 19-16-00109.
PSII-B-21 Development of an industry relevant graduate certificate for regulatory affairs in animal health
Authors: Larson Haley E , Adams Alison P , Stuteville Rebekkah 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Seven years of data collection and industry collaboration identified a longstanding need from the animal health corridor for educational offerings focused on regulatory affairs for animal health products. The animal health corridor, anchored by Manhattan, Kansas and Columbia, Missouri, is home to more than 300 animal health companies, representing the largest concentration in the world. When surveying industry needs, Kansas State University received 446 responses from individuals in this area and found 40% indicated interest in “policy and regulations,” with 64% of interested respondents showing strong interest with programming at the graduate level. Meetings with industry representatives further confirmed results of the survey by highlighting a need for educational programming focused on animal health product license requirements with USDA, FDA, and EPA. At a roundtable with 22 Animal Health organizations, 64% of attendees had strong interest in a program focused on “regulatory aspects of drug and vaccine development in animal health.” In response to these findings, a graduate certificate was launched in 2019 encompassing regulatory development and management of animal health products. Curriculum was crafted in close collaboration with an industry advisory panel, because comparable academic models were not available. Interests to maintain industry contacts within the courses have led to integration of notable engagement techniques as the course format moves toward asynchronous delivery. Curriculum encompasses regulatory development of animal pharmaceuticals, pesticides, biologics, and diagnostics from pre- to post- licensure. The presentation will explain objectives of the certificate, data gathered regarding industry need, process of certificate design and curriculum co-creation with industry partners, and resulting curriculum. Additionally, since the new courses in the regulatory affairs certificate have been offered since spring 2020, the presentation will examine strategies for working with subject matter experts in the online classroom, plans for assessment of student learning, and educational background of enrolled students.
The Union Occupation of Coastal North Carolina
Authors: Silkenat David 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In 1861 and 1862, Union forces invaded and occupied eastern North Carolina. This chapter explores the origins, execution, and consequences of this invasion, looking at its military, social, and political significance. It highlights the weakness of Confederate fortifications along the North Carolina coast and the Union military leadership of Cmdr. Silas Stringham, Maj. Gen. Benjamin Butler, Brig. Gen. Ambrose Burnside, and Capt. Louis Goldsborough. As one of the first sites in the South occupied by the Union Army, coastal North Carolina created an early venue for wartime Reconstruction. The chapter emphasizes how African Americans responded to the Union invasion, escaping from slavery, forming refugee camps in Union enclaves, and working for the Union war effort. In 1862, Military Governor Edward Stanly tried to reinstitute slavery.
The Civil War in Arkansas, 1862
Authors: Cutrer Thomas W. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The Civil War in Arkansas in 1862 saw only two major battles, at Pea Pidge (or Elkhorn Tavern) and Prairie Grove, both of which were substantial Union victories. But of at least equal importance, the war in this sparsely populated, largely rural and impoverished region was characterized by deep and bitter divisions in loyalties of the states’ citizens, the marked indifference of the administration of Confederate Pres. Jefferson Davis in Richmond, and a notable lack of effective leadership and cooperation among the various Confederate generals. The result was the loss of the state to the Southern cause and the onset of brutal partisan warfare behind the lines between secessionist and Unionist neighbors.
Vicksburg and Port Hudson
Authors: Hess Earl J. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Two sieges of Confederate bastions on the Mississippi River resulted in the Union conquest of the Mississippi Valley in July 1863. The fall of Vicksburg deeply wounded Confederate Mississippi, fractured White support for the Southern cause, and cracked open slavery in the west central part of the state. Tens of thousands of Black refugees fled plantations for the Union Army, many joining newly created Black regiments that would occupy Union posts in the valley. The fall of Vicksburg eliminated the most powerful Confederate blockade to Northern commercial use of the Mississippi River and played a pivotal role in boosting Northern and depressing Southern war morale. Problems associated with Confederate repatriation of thirty thousand paroled soldiers contributed to the breakdown of the prisoner exchange system. The fall of Port Hudson, overshadowed by Vicksburg, nevertheless completed Union conquest of the valley and allowed Northern merchant vessels to steam to New Orleans once again. The emotional benefit of these twin victories was worth the physical effort in reducing both strongholds, emboldening the North and dispiriting the South.
The Battle of Helena, the Little Rock Campaign, and the Capture of Fort Smith, 1863
Authors: Moneyhon Carl H. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The Battle of Helena, the Little Rock Campaign, and the capture of Fort Smith led to Union control over the Arkansas River Valley and most of Arkansas to the north of the river. Militarily this resulted in impeding Confederate operations in Missouri, the establishment of a potential base of operations for Union campaigns in Texas, and easier logistical support for Union forces in Indian Territory. A major result of these movements was the emancipation of thousands of slaves. Politically they brought a restoration of a pro-Union government in Arkansas. The occupation of Little Rock produced renewed economic prosperity and, under the benevolent policies of Union Maj. Gen. Frederick Steele, a return of normal social activity among the civilian population, though producing privation and disruption of gender and age roles in the surrounding countryside.
The Tullahoma and Chickamauga Campaigns
Authors: Bledsoe Andrew S. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the origins, conduct, and consequences of the 1863 Tullahoma and Chickamauga campaigns, part of the Union strategy to capture the critical Confederate transportation hub at Chattanooga. These campaigns turned on the politics of command, with discord on both sides shaping events and the personalities of commanders Maj. Gen. William S. Rosecrans and Gen. Braxton Bragg playing important roles in the outcome of these conflicts. The campaigns also resulted in widespread disruption in Georgia, Alabama, and middle and east Tennessee as widespread foraging, food shortages, and a growing number of refugees and displaced persons felt its effects. Guerrillas ranged through the Tennessee River Valley, preying upon soldiers and civilians alike. Unionists in the region found themselves in complicated and painful situations as they negotiated the difficult environment of invasion and military occupation. Both sides also experienced significant defeats in these campaigns; the Confederates, who lost most of Tennessee during the Tullahoma Campaign, and the Union, losing at the Battle of Chickamauga. These issues of discord, disruption, and defeat also played out against the backdrops of emancipation and national political consequences bearing on the coming 1864 U.S. presidential election. As the chapter demonstrates, the consequences of these campaigns were important for the Union’s continuing effort to secure Chattanooga and carry the war deep into the Confederate heartland in 1864.
The Fall of Petersburg and Appomattox
Authors: Varon Elizabeth R. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Americans experienced the last months of the Civil War as uncertain and full of dramatic events that together finally spelled the Confederacy’s doom. The Union capitalized on its advantages in manpower and materiel, on the command harmony of Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant and his team, and on the political momentum of President Abraham Lincoln’s emancipation policy to seize the prizes of Richmond and Petersburg and send the Confederate government and Gen. Robert E. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia into flight. Confederates, confronting shortages of manpower and materiel, debated how to prolong the fight and clung to the hope that Lee’s army would win victories that breathed new life into the Confederate project. President Lincoln framed this last season of war as a moral reckoning with slavery and the moment to advance the work of reunion. The final campaigns were a watershed in the process of emancipation, as Lee’s surrender brought many slaves their de facto freedom.
Occupation, 1865–1877
Authors: Lang Andrew F. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Restoring the Union and securing emancipation after the Civil War depended on the U.S. Army. But the symbolism of standing military forces operating at the domestic vanguard of social and political change hampered the army’s ability to conduct a widespread occupation. The success of Reconstruction (1865–1877) depended on the army integrating itself in unprecedented ways in political affairs, social conditions, and economic markets to forge a new South stable enough never again to threaten the Union’s survival, but not too centralized to appear coercive. Ultimately, the very institution that reintegrated the formerly rebellious states into their proper federal orbit was also regarded by White Northerners and Southerners as an unstable threat to democratic self-determination. Hampered by a consistent and rapid demobilization, the army could not wield the tools necessary to prevent former Confederates from regaining political power and “redeeming” the South into an eerie image of its prewar self.
Globalizing the Americas Through Twentieth-Century Youth Organizations
Authors: Albarrán Elena Jackson 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The twentieth century saw an unprecedented rise in youth culture in the Americas through the proliferation of organizations that channeled their energy into politically, culturally, and socially constructive activities. Many political leaders saw such organizations as strategic vehicles for nation-building, and official sponsorship of youth organizations burgeoned alongside the emergence of populist-style politics in the region that spanned the ideological spectrum. The relationship between national political projects and organized youth cultures can be traced in a rough chronological sweep through the region in four sections. These include nationalism and race expressed in cultures of the Boy Scouts and Girl Guides; neocolonial desires behind the pan-American youth exchanges of the Good Neighbor period; the ideological poles of populism in Peronist Argentina and Castro’s Cuba; and contestatory youth cultures in South American dictatorships during the late Cold War period. Over time and across countries, the intended state-sponsored political and social goals of organizing children and youth were often nuanced—if not completely undermined—by young people’s own plans as active members with goals of their own.
Musical Informance
Authors: Headlam Dave 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The information age has pushed music performance into the era of music informance, in which information and performance are combined in an integrated way. The types of presentation formats and analytical information found in public music theory are ideal for music informance, and present-day explorations of informance on the Internet have a history of noted musical informants including Leonard Bernstein and Glenn Gould. In order to continue to be relevant and to thrive in our connected world, live and recorded music scenarios need to develop ever more innovative ways to enhance music performance with information effectively presented in music informance.
The Panathenaia and Local Festivals
Authors: Shear Julia L. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Unlike the four Panhellenic festivals with their focus on what it meant to be Greek, regional and city celebrations and their competitions concentrated on more local concerns. At the Panathenaia at Athens, the Eretrian Artemisia at Amarynthos, and the Delia on Delos, how one participated in the competitions and other spectacles was crucial to the dynamics of the festival and the construction of its politics. In the case of the Panathenaia, the restrictions on participation kept the focus on Athenians and those closely associated with the city. The Artemisia concentrated on local issues, particularly in the years after 340 bce on recovering from civil strife, while the Delia functioned at the level of the region. Both the Artemisia and the Delia show how the politics of a celebration may change over time. These local festivals existed in tension between the needs of the sponsoring community and its relationships to other cities and region(s).
The Decline and Fall of Spectacle
Authors: Milliman Paul 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This article analyses the decline and fall of most forms of Roman spectacle in Late Antiquity, as the empire contracted in some places and collapsed in others. It explores the evolution and development of various other spectacles—especially equestrian games like tournaments, hunting, and palii—in Rome’s medieval and early modern Latin, Byzantine, and Islamic successor societies, which shared many of the characteristics of ancient spectacle in terms of function if not necessarily form. It also examines the privatization of public spectacle and sites of spectacle in the Middle Ages, as well as the enduring impact of the images of Roman spectacle—especially those associated with the hippodrome in Constantinople—as expressions of political power in medieval and early modern Europe.
Naval Events and Aquacades
Authors: Taylor Rabun 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Roman water spectacle took several forms. The literary sources favour bloody spectacles featuring condemned criminals and prisoners of war. In theatres or amphitheatres, the orchestra or arena might be flooded and convicts forced to play the parts of well-known mythic heroes facing mortal danger in some Greek tale with a ‘watery’ theme. Larger naval battle shows, called naumachiae, took place rarely, and almost exclusively at Rome, in specially designed basins. These pitted two teams in mortal naval combat, complete with custom-built ships and real weapons. Less commonly described, but frequently staged, was the hydromime—water pageantry taking numerous forms, such as synchronized swimming, mimed sketches of popular myths, and other kinds of light entertainment. There is little evidence that any form of Roman water spectacle had precursors in the Greek world, but the naumachia may bear a distant relationship to Athenian ephebic boating competitions first attested in the fourth century bce.
Coins
Authors: Elkins Nathan T. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The evidence provided by coins has not been systematically incorporated in studies of ancient sport and spectacle. Coins are a source material as important as other documentary and visual sources; arguably, they are potentially of even greater importance, since coins constitute a more complete visual record than any other surviving form of ancient art. Students of sport and spectacle that will benefit most from numismatics are those who grapple with questions about identity, perception, and political expediency in the ancient games. This contribution explores the different ways in which sport and spectacle were referred to on Greek and Roman coins. In the Greek world, city-states referred to festivals and athletics on their coins to announce their identities, whether through the depiction of Panhellenic festivals, local competitions, or the renowned athletes to which they were home. Even under Roman rule, coins of the Greek cities made reference to games in this way. In the Roman republic and empire, coin designs dealt more with the ideological agenda of the authority behind the production of coins (e.g., republican moneyer, late republican triumvir, or the emperor). As a result, depictions of games tended to reflect political expediency. For instance, some republican moneyers promised to hold games if elected to the aedileship and some emperors commemorated their sponsorship of and provisioning for games. Many coins that celebrated certain festivals or construction work on entertainment buildings may have been produced for special distributions, perhaps at the festivals or dedicatory games in question.
Pompeii and Games
Authors: Jacobelli Luciana 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Pompeii represents a special lens for understanding urban games during the Roman period, with its preservation of the daily surroundings, monuments, and artefacts of performers, organizers, and fans, as well as the notices (edicta), graffiti, paintings, and objects that attest to the arrangements for and engagement with spectacles. Particularly important is the evidence for how Pompeii (and likely other small towns) differed from Rome: as to scale, the financial resources of local magistrates, obviously, could not compare to those of the emperor. Pompeiian graffiti indicate that deaths were few during fights and the architectural details of the amphitheatre point not to the participation of ferocious wild beasts, but rather local animals. The painted edicta suggest that the occasion and dates for spectacle did not coordinate with the most important festivals celebrated in Rome or in the main towns of Campania. Nevertheless, games held great importance even in a ‘minor’ urban context such as Pompeii, as evident in the popularity achieved by some magistrates for having organized munificent games, and in the spreading celebrity of performers, so deeply rooted in society today.
Too Much of a Good Thing
Authors: Dean-Jones Lesley 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In classical Greece physicians were not in direct competition with gymnastics trainers. Both professions had expertise in the effects of exercise on the body, but their expertise dealt with different kinds of bodies and had different aims. Doctors used exercise to keep or return bodies to health; trainers developed bodies to perform certain types of exercise. In maintaining and inducing health, doctors were usually concerned simply to balance bodily constituents, but some advice on more vigorous exercise for individuals diagnosed with incipient illness illuminates ancient concepts on how the body could be improved by training for specific athletic events. Pursuing these techniques for too long, however, could lead to disease.