bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Jurisprudence of the rights of Muslim minorities and the reasons for their care: فقه حقوق الأقليات المسلمة وأسباب العناية بها
Authors: Mahmoud Sayed Ahmed Suleiman  
Published: May 2021

The rights of Muslim minorities and the reasons for caring about them. This research is concerned about the rights of Muslim minorities in countries and regions in which such minorities are found. The aim of the study is to shed light on Islamic jurisprudence in this matter. One of the interesting and important laws of Islam that concern the Muslim minorities and those who embraced it is that Islam has special flexible laws and regulations that are less severe and not as strict as those in the Muslim countries, and take into considerations the circumstances of Muslim minorities. This indicates that Islamic laws are applicable and adjustable, to a certain extent, in accordance with the time and the nature of the place. The importance of the rights of Muslim minorities in Islam is emphasized by the presence of a special jurisprudence for them known as ‘’ jurisprudence of minorities ’’ which takes into account the circumstances of Muslim minorities in non-Muslim countries. Such jurisprudence permits the Muslim minorities to do certain things that are prohibited for Muslims living in Muslim countries. The jurisprudence of minorities requires the concerned scholars to know the special and flexible jurisprudential rules in order help the Muslim minorities conduct their worships and lives in a flexible and easy manner. For example there is as a rule known as `hardship brings easing` which enables the Muslim minorities to adjust the strict rules under certain circumstances. It is important to support the Islamic centers in non-Muslim countries which provide the Muslim minorities with all the necessary information about how to conduct their worships and lives under certain circumstances. One of the leading countries in supporting such centers is Saudi Arabia.
Investigation of Maximum Heat Transfer from an Aluminum Alloy Extended Surfaces
Authors: Raad Muzahem Fenjan Raad Muzahem Fenjan 
Published: May 2021

The aim of this research is to obtain the maximum steady state heat transfer used aluminum alloy extended surfaces which obtain the optimal design for these fins. For three cases, (according to both dimension and direction of the extended surfaces): vertical fins extended from horizontal base, vertical fins extended from vertical base , and horizontal fins extended from vertical base, the natural convective, conductive and radiative heat transfer was studied experimentally and respectively the comparison between these cases were achieved. The parameters studied were distance between fins, fin length fin thickness and fin protrusion.
The efficiency of the human sense and its impact in assessing the historical sustainability of the city, urban and architectural - Arbil city in Iraq model -
Authors: Nesma Maan Mohamed Thabet - Rasha Abdel Karim Ali El Nagdy Nesma Maan Mohamed Thabet - Rasha Abdel Karim Ali El Nagdy 
Published: May 2021

Design as fine art concerned with the beautiful and appeal to the eye, just as music appeals to the ear, and the external appearance of urban design and architectural product is only one of several factors which interest architect and urban designer when they judge a building or a city, architecture and urban design as something indivisible, something you can't separate into a number of elements. They aren't produced simply by adding sites, plans , sections and elevations , they are limit by no means well-defined. This study will discusses and explains precisely what architecture and urban design are ,they must be experienced as fine arts. The architect and urban designer work with form and mass just as the sculptor does, and like the painter he works with color, but alone of the three ,his is functional art. The current research tackles the study of urban design and architectural experienced the efficiency of human sense and it's effect on sustainability of historical cities within the designing process. The research discusses the importance of this concept in order to explore the particular problem represented by the unclarity of the concept role in urban design and architectural products, Therefore the problem of the paper was crystallized and its objective and methodology were identified by studying urban design and architectural product experienced as color shapes and it's relation with designer and designing process, reading the determination the theoretical framework, that involved two main items of detailed theoretical field , Which limit the concept in urban design and architecture ,firstly, Then applying operations are submitted which represented by electing the measurement vocabularies and electing the projects in the historical cities and crystallized the hypothesis, secondly, at last discussing the results to submit the conclusions in the end, which showed that the difference in the nature of practicing the concept (Efficiency of human sense and its effect on sustainability of historical cities) depend on many factors like designer's trends and another factors especially in Erbil city in Iraq .
Retracing the Tragic Hero in Sophocles' Oedipus Rex and Philip Roth's The Human Stain: تتبع البطل المأساوي في سوفوكليس الملك أوديب وفيليب روث وصمة عار الإنسان
Authors: Shaimaa Mohamed Hassanin  
Published: May 2021

This paper reevaluates the fundamental status of Coleman Silk in Philip Roth’s The Human Stain and Oedipus in Sophocles' Oedipus Rex by testing their characters against Aristotelian tragic hero's elements. In spite of the verifiable comparisons to Oedipus, Coleman is not a neglected figure, but a subverted one that underpins Roth's proposal of "the different nature" of inconceivable postmodern American tragedy. In Philip Roth’s The Human Stain, the protagonist Coleman Silk is implicitly linked to Sophocles' classical figure Oedipus in Oedipus Rex. The plot is interwoven with allusions to Greek tragedies, but in The Human Stain Coleman lacks the stature and the real character of Oedipus. In addition, Coleman lacks, to some extent, the real elements of a tragic hero that constitute the Catharsis: the process of releasing and providing relief; a conflict which raises the question; is Coleman really a tragic hero? According to Aristotle, the tragic hero should experience a dilemma and a massive transformation from valuable standards to lower depth, and this person should suffer particularly after committing a mistake, or even thinking about his past deeds. The tragic hero should be relatively a commendable person whose comeuppance is brought about by his own fallacies which he did not commit out of defect or wickedness, but out of his own serendipity. Following the ancient Greek concept which asserts that fluke is associated with actions, Coleman is a fortuitous man at first, unlike Oedipus, despite being born as a black man. Because of this unlucky fact, he is capable of changing his identity and rising up to the level of preeminence.
A Simulator for Micro Programming and Hardware Simulation Integrated in a Computer Hardware Project
Authors: Yaser Chaaban Yaser Chaaban 
Published: May 2021

Nowadays, micro-programming of machines becomes more common. It is a technique used in several fields such as Computer Engineering. Here it is worth mentioning that micro-programming is employed throughout the design process. As well, designing the control unit of digital computers needs micro-programming, which is more complex than assembly languages. In this field, micro-programs can be written as sequences of micro-instructions. In this context, distinguished teaching of micro-programming of machines requires a suitable and carefully chosen Computer Simulation Tool (CST). This research designs a computer hardware project that introduces a special simulator achieving an easy-to-use microprogramming environment and a user-friendly simulation tool. This tool presents a visualization environment in order to display the execution behaviour of microprograms. It is a model/tool designed as a java program to ensure platform independence. This paper presents the Minimax simulator, which is used in the Minimax project. This project is a part of a hardware practical course. Therefore, it is a simulator for microprogramming and hardware simulation. As a result, this simulator facilitates the process of micro-programming significantly enabling students to understand easily how a computer works. Here, two formal measures and metrics were presented to assess the implemented program, the execution time and the program length. Other results of this study showed how self-organized group work and project management can be accomplished.
Ідентифікація фінансового потенціалу франчайзингової туристичної мережі: гносеологічний дискурс
Authors: Бардаш Сергій Володимирович , Петрук Олександр Михайлович 
Published: May 2021

Статтю присвячено дослідженню сутності та складу фінансового потенціалу франчайзингової туристичної мережі, що сприятиме розробці методичного забезпечення для формування показників і критеріїв аналізу фінансового потенціалу як передумови оцінки ймовірності виходу з кризи, в якій опинилися суб’єкти туристичного бізнесу в період пандемії. Визначено, що сьогодні активно ведуться дослідження поняття «фінансовий потенціал», пошук методів його оцінки, а також розкриття особливостей управління. Для розкриття його сутності використовуються ресурсний або забезпечувальний, результативний, резервний, результативно-резервний, ресурсно-резервний, ресурсно-результативний, комплексний підходи. Велика кількість підходів свідчить про те, що наукове співтовариство активно намагається віднайти істину. Відсутність універсального підходу до визначення сутності та складу фінансового потенціалу не дозволяє сформувати адекватні методики його оцінки та ефективного подальшого використання, а єдиним критерієм правильності застосування того чи іншого підходу є його масове визнання через практику. Отже, дослідження в цьому напрямі є актуальними та перспективними.
Метою статті є аналіз наукових підходів щодо сутності поняття «фінансовий потенціал» як базису для розробки методичних підходів визначення фінансового потенціалу франчайзингових туристичних мереж. У результаті застосування морфологічного аналізу вдалося зробити висновок, що під фінансовим потенціалом слід розуміти сукупність фінансових активів, які на початок фінансового року мають грошову форму та протягом такого періоду можуть бути монетизовані, а також неопераційних необоротних активів, продаж яких протягом фінансового періоду збільшує фінансові можливості відповідно до завдань реалізації економічної стратегії суб’єкта господарювання.
Прикладне застосування запропонованого науково-методичного підходу створить можливості виходу зі збиткового становища франчайзингових туристичних мереж, що можливо завдяки повній ідентифікації її фінансового потенціалу. Сам франчайзинг є важливим інструментом розвитку малого бізнесу й однією з найсучасніших моделей організації та здійснення підприємницької діяльності, адже ведення бізнесу за такою моделлю вирішує низку актуальних проблем малого бізнесу, головними з яких є обмеженість у матеріальних, фінансових, трудових, інформаційних ресурсах господарювання.
Modeling Wood and Fly Ash Behaviour as Partial Replacement for Cement on Compressive Strength of Self Compacting Concrete
Authors: S.N. Eluozo , K Dimkpa 
Published: May 2021

Wood and fly ash were observed to have significant qualities that could improved the strength of self compacting concrete, the material were applied to increase the compressive strength of concrete strength, this material could be the demanding material for partial replacement for cement, the study observed the behaviour of the material from experts that applied these material through experimental investigation, but the study monitored the behaviour of this material by applied modeling and simulation to determine other effect that could influence the behaviour of this materials in compressive strength, this was to determine the significant effect on the addictive applied as partial replacement for cement, lots of experts has done works on fly ash through experiment concept, but the application of predictive concept has not be carried out, the adoption of this concept has expressed other parameters that contributed to the efficiency of wood and fly ash as partial replacement for cement on self compacting concrete. The study adopting modeling and simulation observed 10 and 20% by weight of cement as it is reflected on its performance in the simulation, from the simulation wood recorded 10% as it was observed from the growth rate of this self compacting concrete reflected from the trend, the simulation for model validation were compared with the works of the studies carried out [20]. And both values developed best fits correlation
The European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism practical guideline: Clinical nutrition in liver disease. Part 2
Authors: Bischoff S. C. , Bernal W. , Dasarathy S. , Merli M. , Plank L. D. , Schütz T. , Plauth M. , Skrypnyk I. , Shvets O. 
Published: May 2021

The Practical guideline is based on the current scientific ESPEN guideline on Clinical Nutrition in Liver Disease (Plauth M., Bernal W., Dasarathy S., Merli M., Plank L. D., Schütz T., Bischoff S. C. ESPEN guideline on clinical nutrition in liver disease // Clin Nutr. — 2019. — 38. — Р. 485—521). It has been shortened and transformed into flow charts for easier use in clinical practice.
The guideline is dedicated to all professionals including physicians, dieticians, nutritionists and nurses working with patients with chronic liver disease. A total of 103 statements and recommendations are presented with short commentaries for the nutritional and metabolic management of patients with (i) acute liver failure, (ii) alcoholic steatohepatitis, (iii) non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, (iv) liver cirrhosis, and (v) liver surgery/transplantation. The disease-related recommendations are preceded by general recommendations on the diagnostics of nutritional status in liver patients and on liver complications associated with medical nutrition. This practical guideline gives guidance to health care providers involved in the management of liver disease to offer optimal nutritional care.
Outcome of Pneumatic Balloon Dilatation in Achalasia Cardia
Authors: Baral Shankar , Paudel Bidhan NIdhi , Khanal Ajit , Thapa Jiwan , Yadhav Bhuwneshwer , Shrestha Ramila , Basnet Bhupendra Kumar , Paudel Mukesh Sharma , Thapa Suresh , Khadka Dibas , Shah Manoj Kuar , Shrestha Umid Kumar 
Published: May 2021

Background: Achalasia Cardia is a rare esophageal motility disorder. Among various treatment options, Pneumatic Dilatation (PD) is the most widely used and cost effective modality till date. This is the first observational study aiming to evaluate the short term response and complications of PD for Achalasia Cardia in Nepal.
Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted between 28th Jan 2020 to 27th Jan 2021. It included 39 patients with Achalasia Cardia diagnosed by clinical presentation, esophagoscopy, barium esophagogram and high resolution manometry. Two patients of Type III achalasia were excluded from study. Thirty seven patients underwent pneumatic dilatation with 30 mm Rigiflex balloon (Boston Scientific, USA) for a duration of 1 minute. Response was assessed by Eckardts score at 3 and 6 months.
Result: Among 39 cases (mean age= 39.03±15.017 years, 59% men), commonest was Type II Achalasia (71.8%) followed by Type I (23.1%) and Type III (5.1%). Dysphagia was present in all patients (100%), followed by weight loss (84.6%), regurgitation (79.5%) and chest pain (35.9%). Mean basal Eckardts score and Lower Esophageal Sphincter pressure of the study population was 7.81±1.24 and 24.40±6.83 respectively. Response to pneumatic dilatation was 89.2%. Eckardts score changed significantly from7.81±1.24 to 1.03±1.82 at 6 months (p<0.001). None of the patients had major complications. Younger age (23±6.377 years) had poor response to treatment, while predilatation Lower Esophageal Sphincter pressure, gender and type of achalasia did not affect the treatment outcome.
Conclusion: PD is safe and effective treatment modality for Achalasia. Younger patients have poor response to treatment with Pneumatic Dilatation.
Study of Endoscopic Findings in First Episode of Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding
Authors: Adhikari Krishna Raj , Mandal Rajesh Kumar 
Published: May 2021

Background and Aims: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) is one of the most common and grave emergencies encountered in Emergency department in Tertiary health care centre in our country. Upper endoscopy has a crucial role in the diagnosis and treatment of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. The aim of this study is to assess the endoscopic findings in patients presenting with first episode of UGIB.
Methods: This was a hospital based cross sectional study of patients with haematemesis, melena or both who underwent UGI endoscopy at Bir Hospital during January 2019 to January 2020. Patient demographics, site and nature of lesions and risk factors for bleeding were analyzed.
Results: Among 72 enrolled patients 48 (66.67 %) were male and 24 (33.3 %) were female. Haematemesis 27% was the most common presenting complain followed by melena 25.5% and fainting/ dizziness 22.5%. Endoscopy was done in all cases and gastric ulcer disease 27.8% was the commonest cause of first episode of UGI bleeding followed by variceal bleeding, gastric erosion and duodenal ulcer, 25%, 16.7%, 12.5% respectively.
Conclusions: Peptic ulcer disease was the most common cause of first episode of UGI bleeding in our context. Among peptic ulcer diseases gastric ulcer was more common than duodenal ulcer. Haematemesis and melena were the commonest clinical presentation of UGI bleeding.
Diagnostic accuracy of monofilament test to detect diabetic neuropathy
Authors: Shrestha Sujan , Gorhaly Mamen Prasad , Bajracharya Manil Ratna 
Published: May 2021

Background Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a significant independent risk factor for diabetic foot, and an effective screening instrument is required to diagnose DPN early to prevent future ulceration and amputation. This study aims to determine the diagnostic accuracy of monofilament test to detect diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in National Academy of Medical Sciences, Bir hospital, Mahabouddha, Kathmandu from February 2016 to January 2017. A total of 96 diabetic patients attending inpatient and outpatient Department were selected. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy was assessed by measurement of loss of protective sensation (LOPS) by monofilament test and compared with vibration perception threshold by standard biothesiometer. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of monofilament test were calculated.
Results The prevalence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy was 26%. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of monofilament test were found to be 92.0%, 95.8%, 88.5% and 97.1% respectively. There was strong association between LOPS by monofilament and vibration perception threshold by biothesiometer.
Conclusion This study showed a strong diagnostic accuracy of monofilament test to detect DPN when compared with biothesiometer. As monofilament test is a cheap, easily available, and portable, it can be used in the periphery where biothesiometer is not available.
Three Classical Methods to find the Cube Roots: A Connective Perspective on Lilavati, Vedic and Pande's Procedures
Authors: Parajuli Krishna Kanta 
Published: May 2021

South Asian region has made a glorious history of mathematics. This area is considered as fer- tile land for the birth of pioneer mathematicians who developed various mathematical ideas and creations. Among them, three innovative personalities are Bhaskaracarya, Gopal Pande and Bharati Krishna Tirthaji and their specific methods to find cube root are mainly focused on this study. The article is trying to explore the comparative study among the procedures they adopt.
Gopal Pande disagrees with the Bhaskaracarya's verse. He used the unitary method against that method mentioned in Bhaskaracarya's famous book Lilavati to prove his procedures. However, the Vedic method by Tirthaji was not influenced by the other two except for minor cases. In the case of practicality and simplicity, the Vedic method is more practical and simpler to understand for all mathematical learners and teachers in comparison to the other two methods.
EFEITO DE DOSES DE ADUBAÇÃO ORGÂNICA NA PRODUÇÃO DE PALMA FORRAGEIRA
Authors: Santana Maristênio Alves , De Souza Vitorio Antonio Pereira , Serpa Miryan Franciele Pereira , Ledo Alex Aguiar , De Menezes Arianna Santana 
Published: May 2021

A palma forrageira representa excelente alternativa de cultivo para o semiárido brasileiro por adaptar-se bem as condições edafoclimáticas da região. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar as características morfométricas e a produtividade de duas espécies de palma forrageira submetidas a diferentes doses de adubação orgânica. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 4 x 2, com 4 repetições, sendo quatro doses de adubação orgânica e duas espécies. As características avaliadas foram: comprimento do cladódio, largura do cladódio, número de cladódios, altura das plantas, altura total dos cladódios, área do cladódio, índice de área dos cladódios, produção de massa verde e produção de massa seca. Os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância. O teste de Tukey (P<0,05) foi usado para comparação das médias das espécies e para doses de adubo foram gerados gráficos a partir das regressões. Para as características morfométricas e de produção observou-se efeito significativo para as doses de esterco bovino sob todos os parâmetros analisados. A máxima produção de matéria seca foi observada, quando se aplicou 75 t ha-1 de esterco bovino. A palma ‘Gigante’ apresenta maior produção de matéria seca quando comparada a ‘Sem espinho’.
Palavras-chave: Nopalea cochenillifera; Opuntia fícus-indica; semiárido.

Effect of organic fertilization doses on forage palm production

ABSTRACT: The forage palm represents an excellent cultivation alternative for the Brazilian semi-arid, as it adapts well to the region's edaphoclimatic conditions. The objective of this work was to evaluate the morphometric characteristics and the productivity of two species of forage palm submitted to different doses of organic fertilization. The experimental design used was in randomized blocks in a 4 x 2 factorial scheme, with 4 replications, with four doses of organic fertilization and two species. The characteristics evaluated were: length of the cladode, width of the cladode, number of cladodes, plant height, total height of the cladodes, area of ​​the cladode, index of the area of ​​the cladodes, production of green mass and production of dry mass. The data were subjected to analysis of variance. The Tukey test (P <0.05) was used to compare the means of the species and for fertilizer doses, graphs were generated from the regressions. For the morphometric and production characteristics, a significant effect was observed for the doses of bovine manure under all parameters analyzed. Maximum dry matter production was observed when 75 t ha-1 of bovine manure was applied. The ‘Gigante’ palm has a higher production of dry matter when compared to ‘Sem espinho’.
Keywords: Nopalea cochenillifera; Opuntia fícus-indica; semiarid.