bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How have people been coping during the COVID-19 pandemic? Patterns and predictors of coping strategies amongst 26,016 UK adults
Authors: Fluharty Meg , Fancourt Daisy 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundIndividuals face increased psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, it’s unknown whether choice of coping styles are influenced by COVID-19 in addition to known predictors.MethodsData from 26,016 UK adults in the UCL COVID-19 Social Study were analysed from 12/4/2020 15/5/2020. Regression models were used to identify predictors of coping styles (problem-focused, emotion-focused, avoidant, and socially-supported): model 1 included sociodemographic variables, model 2 additionally included psychosocial factors, and model 3 further included experience of COVID-19 specific adverse worries or events.ResultsSociodemographic and psychosocial predictors of coping align with usual predictors of coping styles not occurring during a pandemic. However, even when controlling for the wide range of these previously known predictors specific adversities were associated with use of specific strategies. Experience of worries about finances, basic needs, and events related to Covid-19 were associated with a range of strategies, while experience of financial adversities was associated with problem-focused, emotion-focused and avoidant coping. There were no associations between coping styles and experiencing challenges in meeting basic needs, but Covid-19 related adversities were associated with a lower use of socially-supported coping.ConclusionsThis paper demonstrates that there are not only demographic and social predictors of coping styles during the COVID-19 pandemic, but specific adversities are related to the ways that adults cope. Furthermore, this study identifies groups at risk of more avoidant coping mechanisms which may be targeted for supportive interventions.
Development of a pediatric obstructive sleep apnea triage algorithm
Authors: Heath D. S. , El-Hakim H. , Al-Rahji Y. , Eksteen E. , Uwiera T. C. , Isaac A. , Castro-Codesal M. , Gerdung C. , Maclean J. , Mandhane P. J. 
Published: July 2021

Introduction Diagnosis and treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in children is often delayed due to the high prevalence and limited physician and sleep testing resources. As a result, children may be referred to multiple specialties, such as pediatric sleep medicine and pediatric otolaryngology, resulting in long waitlists. Method We used data from our pediatric OSA clinic to identify predictors of tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy (AT). Before being seen in the clinic, parents completed the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ) and screening questionnaires for restless leg syndrome (RLS), nasal rhinitis, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Tonsil size data were obtained from patient charts and graded using the Brodsky-five grade scale. Children completed an overnight oximetry study before being seen in the clinic, and a McGill oximetry score (MOS) was assigned based on the number and depth of oxygen desaturations. Logistic regression, controlling for otolaryngology physician, was used to identify significant predictors of AT. Three triage algorithms were subsequently generated based on the univariate and multivariate results to predict AT. Results From the OSA cohort, there were 469 eligible children (47% female, mean age = 8.19 years, SD = 3.59), with 89% of children reported snoring. Significant predictors of AT in univariate analysis included tonsil size and four PSQ questions, (1) struggles to breathe at night, (2) apneas, (3) daytime mouth breathing, and (4) AM dry mouth. The first triage algorithm, only using the four PSQ questions, had an odds ratio (OR) of 4.02 for predicting AT (sensitivity = 0.28, specificity = 0.91). Using only tonsil size, the second algorithm had an OR to predict AT of 9.11 (sensitivity = 0.72, specificity = 0.78). The third algorithm, where MOS was used to stratify risk for AT among those children with 2+ tonsils, had the same OR, sensitivity, and specificity as the tonsil-only algorithm. Conclusion Tonsil size was the strongest predictor of AT, while oximetry helped stratify individual risk for AT. We recommend that referral letters for snoring children include graded tonsil size to aid in the triage based on our findings. Children with 2+ tonsil sizes should be triaged to otolaryngology, while the remainder should be referred to a pediatric sleep specialist. Graphical Abstract
Scaling-up production of plant endophytes in bioreactors: concepts, challenges and perspectives
Authors: Ganeshan Seedhabadee , Kim Seon Hwa , Vujanovic Vladimir 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe benefit of microorganisms to humans, animals, insects and plants is increasingly recognized, with intensified microbial endophytes research indicative of this realization. In the agriculture industry, the benefits are tremendous to move towards sustainable crop production and minimize or circumvent the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The research leading to the identification of potential plant endophytes is long and arduous and for many researchers the challenge is ultimately in scale-up production. While many of the larger agriculture and food industries have their own scale-up and manufacturing facilities, for many in academia and start-up companies the next steps towards production have been a stumbling block due to lack of information and understanding of the processes involved in scale-up fermentation. This review provides an overview of the fermentation process from shake flask cultures to scale-up and the manufacturing steps involved such as process development optimization (PDO), process hazard analysis (PHA), pre-, in- and post-production (PIP) challenges and finally the preparation of a technology transfer package (TTP) to transition the PDO to manufacturing. The focus is on submerged liquid fermentation (SLF) and plant endophytes production by providing original examples of fungal and bacterial endophytes, plant growth promoting Penicillium sp. and Streptomyces sp. bioinoculants, respectively. We also discuss the concepts, challenges and future perspectives of the scale-up microbial endophyte process technology based on the industrial and biosafety research platform for advancing a massive production of next-generation biologicals in bioreactors.
Soil carbon and nutrient stocks under Scots pine plantations in comparison to European beech forests: a paired-plot study across forests with different management history and precipitation regimes
Authors: Diers Marco , Weigel Robert , Culmsee Heike , Leuschner Christoph 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
Organic carbon stored in forest soils (SOC) represents an important element of the global C cycle. It is thought that the C storage capacity of the stable pool can be enhanced by increasing forest productivity, but empirical evidence in support of this assumption from forests differing in tree species and productivity, while stocking on similar substrate, is scarce.

Methods
We determined the stocks of SOC and macro-nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, potassium and magnesium) in nine paired European beech/Scots pine stands on similar Pleistocene sandy substrates across a precipitation gradient (560–820 mm∙yr− 1) in northern Germany and explored the influence of tree species, forest history, climate, and soil pH on SOC and nutrient pools.

Results
While the organic layer stored on average about 80% more C under pine than beech, the pools of SOC and total N in the total profile (organic layer plus mineral soil measured to 60 cm and extrapolated to 100 cm) were greater under pine by about 40% and 20%, respectively. This contrasts with a higher annual production of foliar litter and a much higher fine root biomass in beech stands, indicating that soil C sequestration is unrelated to the production of leaf litter and fine roots in these stands on Pleistocene sandy soils. The pools of available P and basic cations tended to be higher under beech. Neither precipitation nor temperature influenced the SOC pool, whereas tree species was a key driver. An extended data set (which included additional pine stands established more recently on former agricultural soil) revealed that, besides tree species identity, forest continuity is an important factor determining the SOC and nutrient pools of these stands.

Conclusion
We conclude that tree species identity can exert a considerable influence on the stocks of SOC and macronutrients, which may be unrelated to productivity but closely linked to species-specific forest management histories, thus masking weaker climate and soil chemistry effects on pool sizes.
CA19-9-producing esophageal adenocarcinoma originating from the esophageal cardia of the mid-thoracic esophagus: a case report
Authors: Kuwayama Naoki , Hoshino Isamu , Gunji Hisashi , Kurosaki Takeshi , Tonooka Toru , Soda Hiroaki , Sonoda Itaru , Eto Ryotaro , Takiguchi Nobuhiro , Nabeya Yoshihiro , Itami Makiko , Takayama Wataru 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
Although there are many studies on primary esophageal adenocarcinoma arising from Barrett's esophagus or ectopic gastric mucosa, reports on adenocarcinoma arising from esophageal cardiac glands are extremely rare. Herein, we report a case of mid-thoracic cancer antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9)-producing primary esophageal adenocarcinoma, which presumably originated from the cardiac glands.

Case presentation
A 74-year-old man was referred to our department with advanced esophageal cancer, which initially presented with dyspepsia. Serum levels of cancer antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9) were elevated (724.89 U/ml). Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed a type 2 tumor on the posterior wall of the mid-thoracic esophagus approximately 29–32 cm from the incisor. Mucosal biopsy was consistent with a diagnosis of adenocarcinoma. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography showed a circumferential wall thickening in the mid-thoracic esophagus without enlarged lymph nodes or distant metastasis. Positron emission tomography–computed tomography showed accumulation in the primary tumor, but no evidence of lymph node or distant metastasis. According to these findings, the adenocarcinoma was staged as cT3N0M0, thereby, requiring subtotal esophagectomy with lymph node dissection. Postoperative course was uneventful. Histopathologic analysis revealed a 50 × 40 mm moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma with invasion to the thoracic duct and lymph node metastasis at #108(1/4), #109R(1/3), and #109L(1/3). After surgery, the stage was revised to moderately differentiated pT4apN2pM0 (pStage III). Immunostaining revealed expression of CA19-9 and suggested esophageal cardiac gland origin of the tumor. Three months after the surgery, the patient showed no recurrence and is undergoing outpatient observation.

Conclusions
We experienced a case of mid-thoracic CA19-9-producing primary esophageal adenocarcinoma, which was presumed to have originated in the esophageal cardiac glands. Due to the scarcity of studies regarding this condition, specific management needs to be further clarified.
Maximal muscular power: lessons from sprint cycling
Authors: Douglas Jamie , Ross Angus , Martin James C. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractMaximal muscular power production is of fundamental importance to human functional capacity and feats of performance. Here, we present a synthesis of literature pertaining to physiological systems that limit maximal muscular power during cyclic actions characteristic of locomotor behaviours, and how they adapt to training. Maximal, cyclic muscular power is known to be the main determinant of sprint cycling performance, and therefore we present this synthesis in the context of sprint cycling. Cyclical power is interactively constrained by force-velocity properties (i.e. maximum force and maximum shortening velocity), activation-relaxation kinetics and muscle coordination across the continuum of cycle frequencies, with the relative influence of each factor being frequency dependent. Muscle cross-sectional area and fibre composition appear to be the most prominent properties influencing maximal muscular power and the power-frequency relationship. Due to the role of muscle fibre composition in determining maximum shortening velocity and activation-relaxation kinetics, it remains unclear how improvable these properties are with training. Increases in maximal muscular power may therefore arise primarily from improvements in maximum force production and neuromuscular coordination via appropriate training. Because maximal efforts may need to be sustained for ~15-60 s within sprint cycling competition, the ability to attenuate fatigue-related power loss is also critical to performance. Within this context, the fatigued state is characterised by impairments in force-velocity properties and activation-relaxation kinetics. A suppression and leftward shift of the power-frequency relationship is subsequently observed. It is not clear if rates of power loss can be improved with training, even in the presence adaptations associated with fatigue-resistance. Increasing maximum power may be most efficacious for improving sustained power during brief maximal efforts, although the inclusion of sprint interval training likely remains beneficial. Therefore, evidence from sprint cycling indicates that brief maximal muscular power production under cyclical conditions can be readily improved via appropriate training, with direct implications for sprint cycling as well as other athletic and health-related pursuits.
The treatment dilemma in adult patients with peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis of diverse etiologies
Authors: Hosseini Zahra , Firouzi Ata , Mohebbi Bahram , Khalilipur Ehsan , Baay Mohammadreza , Kalantari Kiara Rezaei , Harirforoosh Iman , Khajali Zahra 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
Peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis (PPAS) is a rare and underdiagnosed phenomenon that is reported infrequently in adult patients. Most patients with PPAS have concomitant congenital heart diseases, a history of palliative surgical therapies during childhood, or syndromic characteristics. Acquired cases are rare, and they are underestimated in adulthood and managed inappropriately.

Case presentation
This case series describes 3 adult patients with PPAS of diverse etiologies and discusses their underlying causes, diagnostic modalities, and treatment strategies.

Conclusions
In patients with PPAS, sufficient heed should be paid to endovascular interventions such as balloon dilation and primary or bailout stenting, not least vis-à-vis the type and size of balloons or stents as well as complications and preventive strategies.
Melanosis coli: a case report
Authors: K V Anoop 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
Melanosis coli is a benign condition characterized by deposition of lipofuscin in colonic mucosa due to long-term laxative use.

Case presentation
Here I am reporting a case of an 85-year-old man who presented with constipation, with a history of long-term herbal medication intake as laxatives, and upon evaluation, he was found to have melanosis coli.

Conclusion
Melanosis coli is a common adverse effect of chronic laxative use which is more common in elderly population with constipation.
Effect of “Spatially Separated Speech in Noise Training” on speech perception in noise in children with bimodal fitting
Authors: Lotfi Younes , Hasanalifard Mahdieh , Moossavi Abdollah , Bakhshi Enayatollah , Ajalloueyan Mohammad 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of “Spatially separated speech in noise” auditory training on the ability of speech perception in noise among bimodal fitting users.
The assumption was that the rehabilitation can enhance spatial hearing and hence speech in noise perception. This study was an interventional study, with a pre/post-design. Speech recognition ability was assessed with the specific tests. After performing the rehabilitation stages in the intervention group, the speech tests were again implemented, and by comparing the pre- and post-intervention data, the effect of auditory training on the speech abilities was assessed.
Twenty-four children of 8–12 years who had undergone cochlear implantation and continuously used bimodal fitting were investigated in two groups of control and intervention.

Results
The results showed a significant difference between the groups in different speech tests after the intervention, which indicated that the intervention group have improved more than the control group.

Conclusion
It can be concluded that “Spatially separated speech in noise” auditory training can improve the speech perception in noise in bimodal fitting users. In general, this rehabilitation method is useful for enhancing the speech in noise perception ability.
Tumor Response End Points as Surrogates for Overall Survival in Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Trials: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Kok Peey-Sei , Yoon Won-Hee , Lord Sally , Marschner Ian , Friedlander Michael , Lee Chee Khoon 
Published: July 2021

PURPOSE Many immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been approved on the basis of tumor response end points in nonrandomized trials, including objective response rate (ORR) and duration and depth of response. We aimed to assess the validity of these end points as surrogate end points for overall survival (OS) in patients with advanced solid tumors treated with ICIs at trial and treatment arm levels. METHODS ICI trials in advanced solid cancers published between January 1, 2000, and March 31, 2020, were included. Correlations between ORR, durable response (DR) of ≥ 6 months, complete response (CR), and OS were assessed for treatment comparisons (trial-level) and for patients receiving ICI (arm-level), using weighted linear regression. RESULTS Sixty-three trials were eligible, including 58 randomized controlled trials and 20 nonrandomized controlled trials (78 ICI arms and 30,815 patients). The majority were phase III (63%), and OS was the most common primary end point (40%). In relative treatment comparisons, correlations between ORR risk ratio and OS hazard ratio (HR), 6-month DR ratio and OS HR, and CR ratio and OS HR were r = 0.58, r = 0.62, and r = 0.42, respectively. Exploratory studies in melanoma, non–small-cell lung cancer, and other tumors showed similar results, although 6-month DR ratio was strongly correlated with OS HR ( r = 0.89). Within ICI arms only, correlations between ORR and 12-month OS, 6-month DR and 12-month OS, and CR and 12-month OS were r = 0.76, r = 0.84, and r = 0.50, respectively, in all eligible trials. CONCLUSION Relative measures of tumor response (ORR, 6-month DR, and CR) are poor surrogate end points for OS in ICI studies. However, ORR and 6-month DR are prognostic of 12-month OS in ICI studies supporting their use for screening activity of novel agents in early-phase nonrandomized trials.
Ice speed skating: Onset of lubrication by frictional heating
Authors: van Dongen M. E. H. , Smeulders D. M. J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn ice speed skating, the friction between the steel skate blade and the ice stems from boundary friction where the temperature of the interface is below zero and ice surface molecules exhibit unconventional mobility, and hydrodynamic friction where the ice melts and a thin water layer between the blade and the ice forms. An analytical solution of the steady-state lubrication equation shows that the boundary friction only plays a role at the tip of the skate blade over an extremely short contact length between the skate blade and the ice. Albeit its negligible contribution to total friction, boundary friction generates enough heat to melt the ice which allows the skater to slide smoothly on a thin layer of melt water. It is also shown that the precise value of the boundary friction coefficient is not important for speed skate friction because it works only over an extremely short contact length.
Dragon-king extreme events as precursors for catastrophic transition
Authors: Premraj D. , Suresh Kumarasamy , Pawar Samadhan A. , Kabiraj Lipika , Prasad Awadhesh , Sujith R. I. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Unexpected catastrophic transitions are often observed in complex systems. However, the prediction of such transitions is difficult in practice. Here, we find a special kind of extreme events with a dragon-king probability distribution that occur just prior to a catastrophic transition and, hence, can serve as its precursor. To illustrate the application of dragon kings as a precursor, we consider a practical experimental thermo-fluid system and a theoretical model of coupled logistic maps with quasi-periodic forcing, both systems displaying a catastrophic transition.
The Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels on the Risk of Myocardial Infarction and Mortality
Authors: Acharya Prakash , Dalia Tarun , Ranka Sagar , Sethi Prince , Oni Olurinde A , Safarova Maya S , Parashara Deepak , Gupta Kamal , Barua Rajat S 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Objective
The aim of the study was to examine the effects of the vitamin D (Vit-D) treatment and nontreatment on Vit-D–deficient patients without a prior history of myocardial infarction (MI).

Materials and Methods
This was a retrospective, observational, nested case–control study of patients (N = 20 025) with low 25-hydroxyvitamin D ([25-OH]D) levels (&lt;20 ng/mL) who received care at the Veterans Health Administration from 1999 to 2018. Patients were divided into 3 groups: Group A (untreated, levels ≤20 ng/mL), Group B (treated, levels 21-29 ng/mL), and Group C (treated, levels ≥30 ng/mL). The risk of MI and all-cause mortality were compared utilizing propensity score–weighted Cox proportional hazard models.

Results
Among the cohort of 20 025 patients, the risk of MI was significantly lower in Group C than in Group B (hazard ratio [HR] 0.65, 95% CI 0.49-0.85, P = .002) and Group A (HR 0.73, 95% CI 0.55-0.96), P = .02). There was no difference in the risk of MI between Group B and Group A (HR 1.14, 95% CI 0.91-1.42, P = 0.24). Compared with Group A, both Group B (HR 0.59, 95% CI 0.54-0.63, P &lt; .001) and Group C (HR 0.61, 95% CI 0.56-0.67, P &lt; .001) had significantly lower all-cause mortality. There was no difference in all-cause mortality between Group B and Group C (HR 0.99, 95% CI 0.89-1.09, P = .78).

Conclusions
In patients with Vit-D deficiency and no prior history of MI, treatment to the (25-OH)D level of &gt;20 ng/mL and &gt;30 ng/mL was associated with a significantly lower risk of all-cause mortality. The lower risk of MI was observed only in individuals maintaining (25-OH)D levels ≥30 ng/mL.
The “Barbaric”Dabke
Authors: Silverstein Shayna 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis essay analyzes how dance, gender, and state power function together as a significant node of critique in recent cultural production that addresses authoritarianism in Syria. Identifying the symbolic trope of dabke, a popular dance ubiquitous in Syrian life, selected films, literature, and choreography, this essay argues that the discussed works dislodge dabke from its feminized association with authenticity, folk culture, and nationhood to instead represent dabke as a form of hegemonic masculinity that perpetuates sovereignty, patriarchy, and autocracy. Through the rendering of embodied acts of dabke performance, hegemonic and resilient modes of masculinity are equated with spectacles of violence attached to the state, repressive tactics by the police state, and performative complicity with the regime. This essay argues that sovereign and autocratic forms of power are not universal abstractions but are embedded in the gendered structures of the society in which such power is performed.