bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Les relations Léopold III - Henri De Man (1938 - 1940)
Authors: Nachtergaele Eric-John 
Published: July 2021

During the campaign of may 1940 and the following month, King Leopold III had as principal political counsellor Henri De Man. He played a primordial role during that period, which was rich with extremely important events for the future of Belgium, such as the surrender of the army and the problem of the King reassuming or not his constitutionalprerogative during the occupation. The former socialist minister did not accidentally hold the situation of confident of the King. Indeed, both men became friends before the war.They shared similar conceptions about interior and foreign policyproblems.In fact, Leopold III supported De Man in his attempt, during the winter 1938-1939, to convoke a peace conference. On the other end early 1939 they both expressed rather similar conceptions on the functioning of the Belgian institutions and especially on the lack of authority of the executive power. The projects of manifestoes by De Man concerning the political future of Belgium were grounded on a reinforcement of the executive power. So the manifesto of june 1940, a consequence of De Man's contacts with the King, reveals the role which the King should or could have assumed if Hitler had permitted it.
De partijenstaat in de Westeuropese polyarchie : een proeve tot meting
Authors: Dewachter Wilfried 
Published: July 2021

The political debate in Western polyarchies readily points to a «Parteienstaat», «particrazia», or particracy. Empirical verification, however, is by far more difficult to carry out, though it is a descriptive necessity for further analysis of this phenomenon.An initial attempt to detect the particraties in Western Europe has been performed and revealed two particracies : Belgium and Italy. Other polyarchies have either the cabinet or the president as the most influential actor, an,d some seem to have a real concurrence of approximately equivalent actors. The reliability of this first attempt, however, must be improved.
Martens I, II, III, IV
Authors: Platel Marc 
Published: July 2021

The year 1980 might become a basic reference year for the study of «political stability» and «governmental maintenance» in Belgium.Indeed, within this year, four different cabinet formulae have been used. The first cabinet included the two christian-democratic parties, the two socialist parties and the Brussels regionalist party. When the latter was fired, the combination of the remaining did not last long, for the cabinet fell in parliament - rare exception in Belgium -, by not obtaining a 2/3 majority. Therefore, a cabinet of the traditional parties (christian democrats, socialists and liberals, each split up in two parties) had to be formed to pass the devolution bill. Within a short time, this third coalition broke down on proposals on cuts in the budgets. A new negociation between socialists and christian-democrats led to the fourth Martens' cabinet. Although the Belgian classe politica favoured a cabinet that would last an entire legislature, all these coalitions arosefrom only one general election.
Les élections des conseils provinciaux
Authors: Mabille Xavier 
Published: July 2021

The elections for the provincial councils of the 8th of November 1981 show the same tendencies as the parliamentary elections, held at the same time. The liberals had a general progress, the socialists kept their positions and the christian democrats were subject to severe decline. Whereas the Flemish nationalist Volksunie regained his strength of the pre-Egmont period, the French and Walloon federalist parties lost a considerable part of their electorate. This however does not represent by itself the care of the regional asymmetric electoral behaviour; it is rather the fact that in Flanders there was only one loosing party, where in the other regions more than one party had a considerable decline.
Het cultuurbeleid in de gefusioneerde gemeenten
Authors: Delmartino Frank 
Published: July 2021

Since the mid-sixties an important change in the attitude of local authorities towards cultural infrastructure such as meeting halls, public libraries, sporting accommodation, etc. can be noticed. Induced by the government many state-subsidized initiatives have been taken in this field, implicating an active role of public authorities and contrasting with the former merely supporting policy. However cultural policy also supposes citizen's participation. This involvement has been legally guaranteed: every ideological tendency in the population bas the right to participate in the management of public provisions in the cultural sector. Up to now the scale enlargement of the municipalities had no directimpact on the expansion of the cultural infrastructure. Many options were decided before the mergers and since 1977 the crisis in public finance lead to other priorities. The participatory structures have been reorganized on the level of the new municipalities, thus creating a social distance to the grass roots.
De praktijk van de intercommunale samenwerking na de fusie van gemeenten
Authors: Obbels Guido 
Published: July 2021

The increase in scale of the municipalities has not affected the necessity for intermunicipal cooperation. The activities to be carried out by the intermunicipal organisations and the instruments necessary for them required intermunicipal cooperation both before and after the amalgamation operation. The reasons for the intermunicipal cooperation also remained unchanged after the amalgamation. The amalgamation of the municipalities had no effect on the entrance of municipalities into or their withdrawal from intermunicipal organisations. Moreover, the number and the content of the activities of these intermunicipal organisations did not change fundamentally. Insofar as a change in the activities did occur, it even involved an extension of them. The involvement of the municipalities in the general and even daily policy of the intermunicipal organisations has increased. The structure of the amalgamated municipality can have changed its relationship to the particular intermunicipal organisations. The reorganisation and expansion of the personnel by the amalgamation operation has improved the administrative processing of the various dossiers between the municipalities and the intercommunal organisations.
De fusie-ervaringen in een kleinstedelijk centrum : Bree
Authors: Gabriëls Jaak 
Published: July 2021

The amalgamation in the small urban centre, for which Bree is chosen as an example, may be considered to have been a success partially because a number of general principles with respect to the amalgamation operation were respected. The socio-cultural differences existing between the submunicipalities could be bridged, which was not the case with other amalgamations. The municipal policy rests to a large extent on the concept of decentralisation and the participation of the citizen. Decentralisation was made concrete both with regard to the provision of services and with regard to the investments in the various centres. The participation of the citizen was implemented by hearings held systematically in the residential areas. The amount of personnel was reduced slightly in spite of the increased municipal tasks. This reduction was made possible by greater efficiency in the use of personnel and by better equipment. Financially, the municipality is having no difficulties, the budget is balanced, and theaccounts show a surplus.
Diplomatie en «Realpolitik» : Aspecten van de Belgische politieke en diplomatieke relaties met het Derde Rijk, 1933-1935
Authors: Convents Guido 
Published: July 2021

Although Belgian diplomats analysed the nazi-regime from the very first moment as intrinsically crimina!, inhuman, dictatorial and revenge seeking, they showed the nazis in 1934-1935 that dialogue was possible. The nazi-diplomacy, with secrecy as a keystone, permitted some of the most important Belgian politicians and businessmen to meet the.nazi-leaders without being disapproved by public opinion or even parliament. This resulted in a «practical» way to improve political and above all economical relations between Belgium and nazi-Germany. It can be seen as a Belgian answer to the inability of France and Great Britain to force the Third Reich to respect the international security treaties which were to guarantee the sovereignty of Belgium.
Evolution historique de la royauté en Belgique : modèle ou imitation de l'évolution européenne
Authors: Stengers Jean 
Published: July 2021

The importance of the problem lies not so much in the constitutional texts (these texts, since 1831, have practically not varied in Belgium), but in the constitutional practice. In the practical powers Leopold I acquired on the eve of his reign in 1831 (presiding over the Council of Ministers, being the effective head of the army, having a personal diplomatie activity), foreign examples are quite visible. They are less visible in the process which led to the loss of these powers.The Constitution itself gave to the King two effective powers, which he could exercisepersonally; he could dismiss his ministers, and dissolve Parliament. In both respects, for more than a century, the King actually took personal decisions. Lately he has no langer been able to do so and his former powers are now practically in the hands of the Prime Minister. The influence of the British model is here quite evident.
Presidentiële instituties en presidentialistische praktijken in postkoloniale Centraalafrikaanse politiek
Authors: De Smedt Sam 
Published: July 2021

Three decades after their political independence, Black-African republics still search for stability. One-party states and military regimes have failed, but while both systems seem to retreat, presidentialism, the third branch of Negro-African governmentality, is likely to become a permanent phenomenon within post-colonial Central-African politics. Constitutionally rooted in presidential institutions, the single executive disposes of many instruments to establish presidentialist practices. Presidentialism itself refers to such historical precedents as the rule of traditional kings, colonial governors and nationalist leaders. lts legitimacy leans on the need for comprehensible government, political stability, economic development and effective direction. Different kinds of presidentialism exist, but their classification depends on numerous criteria which are aften incompatible, and many characteristics of presidentialism can be indicated, of which the most important are patriarchy, wealth, charisma, sacralisation and historicity. Although presidentialism appears as an important aspect of the contemporary African political systems, few research has been done to explain the emergence and persistence of this phenomenon.
De oorlog om Koeweit ... : Een politiek strijdpunt in Vlaanderen ?
Authors: Vandeweyer Luc 
Published: July 2021

During the eighties the 'peace movement' became an important actor in Belgian politics. It was able to promote aspects of international relations and defense policy as 'political issues'. The influence on public opinion and political parties was considerably higher in Flanders than in the french speaking part of the country.After the annexiation of Kuwait by Iraq in August 1990, the Belgian government reacted more or less as these organisations desired: prudent, promoting UNO-initiatives and diplomatic solutions to the crisis. Therefore, these peace organisationswere attacked or infiltrated by extreme left wing parties, who wanted to support Saddam Hussein who was seen as a symbol of the third world. As a result of these left wing tactics, the peace movement could not act as it did during the eighties : as a broad force with a coherent programme, with organisations belonging to several ideological pillars and with influence on parties which traditionally belong to the government.
De personale keuze bij de parlementsverkiezingen van 24 november 1991
Authors: Das Erwin 
Published: July 2021

At the general elections in Belgium, the voter bas the possibility to bring out a vote fora party or a vote for a candidate of the party (a preferential vote). At the general elections of November 24, 1991, for the House of Representatives, the voters have voted for 48% by preference, whereas, for the Senate 41 % of them have done so. The evolution is stagnating. The use of preferential votes is varying from one electoral district to another: from 62% in the district of Tongeren-Maaseik to 34% in Mechelen.There is also a difference from one political party to another. The highest percentage is obtained by the christian-democratic parties: 58%; the lowest by the last remaining communists: 27%.The preferential v'ótes individual candidates obtain differ widely. This is not only a result of their popularity, but also of their political position, rendering of services and media-attraction. Preferential voting is characteristic to politically conscious voters.
COPD and preclinical cardiovascular disease
Authors: Nevzorova V. A. , Zakharchuk N. V. , Shapkina E. U. , Kondrashova E. A. , Kondrashov D. V. 
Published: July 2021

Objective: to assess cerebral blood flow and reveal early myocardial remodeling in COPD patients with varying degrees of airflow restriction. Materials and methods: the research included 105 patients with COPD from 1 to 4 degrees of severity, depending on the degree of restriction of FEV1 without CVD, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, obesity, other systemic and oncological diseases. Average age was 57.12 ± 0.68 years, men 45%. 5 groups were identified: mild severity of COPD (GOLD1, = 24), moderate (COLD2, n = 39), severe (GOLD3, n = 30), very severe (GOLD4, n = 12). Control group (n = 37) was tobacco free and CVD. Blood pressure and ultrasound tracranial dopplerography were performed in all groups. Transtoral echocardiography with assessment of global and local LV longitudinal deformation by the strain method and determination of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (DDLV) was performed in GOLD1 and GOLD2 groups. Parameters of average values of deformation in basal, medial and apical segments are evaluated. Results were processed with Microsoft Excel 2016 and STATISTICA 10 (StatSoft, Inc., USA). Results: arterial hypertension (AH) was detected in 56.4% of patients in the COLD2 group; 56.7% of patients in the GOLD3 group and 100% of patients in the GOLD4. Сhanges in cerebral blood flow were not found in the GOLD1-3 groups. Significant increase of linear blood flow rate of middle cerebral arteries and index of peripheral vascular resistance were detected in group GOLD4 relative to control and GOLD1-3 groups (p < 0.05). DDLV of 1 type was revealed in 27.7% of patients of COPD and was higher at patients with COPD and AH - 62.5% (χ²=11.5, р =0.009). Pathological patterns were identified at the level of the basal and medial parts of the left ventricle in patients with COPD. Conclusion: preclinical signs of target organ involvement identified in COPD patients without cardiovascular disease. Changes in cerebral blood flow in the form of an increase in linear blood flow rate and peripheral vascular resistance index were detected in the GOLD4 group. DDLV of 1 type was detected in the GOLD1-2 groups and was found more frequently in the combination of COPD with AH. Pathological patterns were identified at the basal and medial left ventricular levels in a combination of COPD and AH. Changes in target organs indicate the need for an in-depth search to reclassify cardiovascular risk and identify an individual prevention plan.
Perceptions of Social Media Use to Augment Health Care Among Adolescents and Young Adults With Cystic Fibrosis: Survey Study
Authors: Perkins Ryan C , Gross Rachel , Regan Kayla , Bishay Lara , Sawicki Gregory S 
Published: July 2021

Background
For individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF), adolescence and young adulthood are times of significant vulnerability and have been associated with clinical and psychosocial challenges. Social media may offer innovative care delivery solutions to address these challenges.

Objective
This study explored motivations and attitudes regarding current social media use and preferences for a social media platform in a sample of adolescents and young adults (AYA) with CF.

Methods
A cross-sectional survey was administered to 50 AYA with CF followed at a large pediatric-adult CF center. The survey included questions regarding social media platform utilization, attitudes toward general and CF-specific online activities, and preferences for a CF-specific care delivery platform.

Results
YouTube, Snapchat, and Instagram were the most commonly used social media platforms. AYA with CF do not report routinely using social media for health-related information acquisition, social support, or help with adherence. However, their perceptions of social media utilization and preferences for platform development suggest interest in doing so in the future.

Conclusions
AYA with CF use social media and expressed interest in the development of a social media platform. Platform development will allow for gaps in health care delivery to be addressed by improving social support and adherence while augmenting current methods of health information acquisition.
Satisfaction and Usability of an Information and Communications Technology–Based System by Clinically Healthy Patients With COVID-19 and Medical Professionals: Cross-sectional Survey and Focus Group Interview Study
Authors: Bae Ye Seul , Kim Kyung Hwan , Choi Sae Won , Ko Taehoon , Lim Jun Seo , Piao Meihua 
Published: July 2021

Background
Digital health care is an important strategy in the war against COVID-19. South Korea introduced living and treatment support centers (LTSCs) to control regional outbreaks and care for patients with asymptomatic or mild COVID-19. Seoul National University Hospital (SNUH) introduced information and communications technology (ICT)–based solutions to manage clinically healthy patients with COVID-19.

Objective
This study aims to investigate satisfaction and usability by patients and health professionals in the optimal use of a mobile app and wearable device that SNUH introduced to the LTSC for clinically healthy patients with COVID-19.

Methods
Online surveys and focus group interviews were conducted to collect quantitative and qualitative data.

Results
Regarding usability testing of the wearable device, perceived usefulness had the highest mean score of 4.45 (SD 0.57) points out of 5. Regarding usability of the mobile app, perceived usefulness had the highest mean score of 4.62 (SD 0.48) points out of 5. Regarding satisfaction items for the mobile app among medical professionals, the “self-reporting” item had the highest mean score of 4.42 (SD 0.58) points out of 5. In focus group interviews of health care professionals, hospital information system interfacing was the most important functional requirement for ICT-based COVID-19 telemedicine.

Conclusions
Improvement of patient safety and reduction of the burden on medical staff were the expected positive outcomes. Stability and reliability of the device, patient education, accountability, and reimbursement issues should be considered as part of the development of remote patient monitoring. In responding to a novel contagious disease, telemedicine and a wearable device were shown to be useful during a global crisis.
The Experience of Key Stakeholders During the Implementation and Use of Trauma Therapy via Digital Health for Military, Veteran, and Public Safety Personnel: Qualitative Thematic Analysis
Authors: Smith-MacDonald Lorraine , Jones Chelsea , Sevigny Phillip , White Allison , Laidlaw Alexa , Voth Melissa , Mikolas Cynthia , Heber Alexandra , Greenshaw Andrew J , Brémault-Phillips Suzette 
Published: July 2021

Background
Exposure to occupational stressors and potentially psychologically traumatic events experienced by public safety personnel (eg, paramedics, police, fire, and correctional officers), military members, and veterans can lead to the development of posttraumatic stress injuries and other mental health disorders. Providing emergency services during COVID-19 has intensified the challenges. Owing to COVID-19 restrictions, mental health service providers offering support to these populations have had to rapidly pivot to use digital versus in-person methods of service delivery.

Objective
This paper aims to explore the experience of mental health service providers regarding digital health service delivery, including the current state of digital mental health service delivery, barriers to and facilitators of the use of digital health for mental health service delivery experienced during the pandemic, and recommendations for implementing and integrating digital health into regular mental health service delivery.

Methods
This embedded mixed-methods study included questionnaires and focus groups with key stakeholders (N=31) with knowledge and experience in providing mental health services. Data analysis included descriptive, quantitative, and qualitative thematic analyses.

Results
The following three themes emerged: being forced into change, daring to deliver mental health services using digital health, and future possibilities offered by digital health. In each theme, participants’ responses reflected their perceptions of service providers, organizations, and clients. The findings offer considerations regarding for whom and at what point in treatment digital health delivery is appropriate; recommendations for training, support, resources, and guidelines for digitally delivering trauma therapy; and a better understanding of factors influencing mental health service providers’ perceptions and acceptance of digital health for mental health service delivery.

Conclusions
The results indicate the implementation of digital health for mental health service delivery to military members, public safety personnel, and veterans. As the COVID-19 pandemic continues, remote service delivery methods for trauma therapy are urgently needed to support the well-being of those who have served and continue to serve.
Effects of two different stretching techniques on proprioception and hamstring flexibility: a pilot study
Authors: Mani Ece , Kirmizigil Berkiye , Tüzün Emine Handan 
Published: July 2021

Aim:
This study aimed to compare the immediate and long-term effect of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) contract–relax–antagonist–contract (CRAC) exercises versus static stretching on proprioception and flexibility in males with hamstring shortness.
Patients & methods:
Knee extension angle test was used to measure flexibility and isokinetic dynamometer to evaluate proprioception. Assessments were evaluated at baseline, after first exercise and eighth week. The hamstring stretching was applied 3 days a week for 8 weeks.
Results:
Flexibility and position sense were similar in the immediate and long term (p > 0.05). However, the motion sense increased significantly in long term within the PNF CRAC group (p = 0.02).
Conclusion:
Both stretching exercises are effective for improving flexibility. Moreover, PNF CRAC improved motion sense more than static stretching in the long term.

Clinical trial registration number:
NCT04026646
.