bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exposure to Propylparaben During Pregnancy and Lactation Induces Long-Term Alterations to the Mammary Gland in Mice
Authors: Mogus Joshua P , LaPlante Charlotte D , Bansal Ruby , Matouskova Klara , Schneider Benjamin R , Daniele Elizabeth , Silva Shannon J , Hagen Mary J , Dunphy Karen A , Jerry D Joseph , Schneider Sallie S , Vandenberg Laura N 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The mammary gland is a hormone sensitive organ that is susceptible to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) during the vulnerable periods of parous reorganization (ie, pregnancy, lactation, and involution). Pregnancy is believed to have long-term protective effects against breast cancer development; however, it is unknown if EDCs can alter this effect. We examined the long-term effects of propylparaben, a common preservative used in personal care products and foods, with estrogenic properties, on the parous mouse mammary gland. Pregnant BALB/c mice were treated with 0, 20, 100, or 10 000 µg/kg/day propylparaben throughout pregnancy and lactation. Unexposed nulliparous females were also evaluated. Five weeks post-involution, mammary glands were collected and assessed for changes in histomorphology, hormone receptor expression, immune cell number, and gene expression. For several parameters of mammary gland morphology, propylparaben reduced the effects of parity. Propylparaben also increased proliferation, but not stem cell number, and induced modest alterations to expression of ERα-mediated genes. Finally, propylparaben altered the effect of parity on the number of several immune cell types in the mammary gland. These results suggest that propylparaben, at levels relevant to human exposure, can interfere with the effects of parity on the mouse mammary gland and induce long-term alterations to mammary gland structure. Future studies should address if propylparaben exposures negate the protective effects of pregnancy on mammary cancer development.
Spatial odor discrimination in the hawkmoth, Manduca sexta (L.)
Authors: Parthasarathy Kalyanasundaram , Willis M. A. 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
Flying insects track turbulent odor plumes to find mates, food and egg-laying sites. To maintain contact with the plume, insects are thought to adapt their flight control according to the distribution of odor in the plume using the timing of odor onsets and intervals between odor encounters. Although timing cues are important, few studies have addressed whether insects are capable of deriving spatial information about odor distribution from bilateral comparisons between their antennae in flight. The proboscis extension reflex (PER) associative learning protocol, originally developed to study odor learning in honeybees, was used as a tool to ask if hawkmoths, Manduca sexta, can discriminate between odor stimuli arriving on either antenna. We show moths discriminated the odor arrival side with an accuracy of &gt;70%. Information about spatial distribution of odor stimuli may be available to moths searching for odor sources, opening the possibility that they use both spatial and temporal odor information.
This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
Permselective Two-Dimensional Polymer Film-Based Chemical Sensors
Authors: Kim Wooram , Hwang Wooseup , Kim Nam Hoon , Kim Junghyun , Baek Kangkyun , Kim Kimoon 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) based chemosensor that works without tedious pre-treatment processes has been fabricated by depositing cucurbit[6]uril-based two-dimensional polymers (CB[6]-2DPs) on a plasmonic substrate. The permselectivity of CB[6]-2DPs, and ultrahigh sensitivity and fingerprinting capability of SERS enabled the identification of a specific chemical present in a complex mixture.
Mechanical and Structural Remodeling of Cardiac Muscle after Aerobic and Resistance Exercise Training in Rats
Authors: BOLDT KEVIN , JOUMAA VENUS , TURNBULL JEANNINE , FEDAK PAUL W. M. , HERZOG WALTER 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Aerobic and resistance exercise training results in distinct structural changes of the heart. The mechanics of how cardiac cells adapt to resistance training and the benefits to cells when combining aerobic and resistance exercise remains largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to compare mechanical adaptations of skinned cardiac fiber bundles after chronic resistance, aerobic and combined exercise training in rats. We hypothesized that differences in mechanical function on the fiber bundle level coincide with differences previously reported in the structure of the heart.

Method
Twelve-week-old rats were assigned to (i) an aerobic running group (n = 6), (ii) a ladder climbing resistance group (n = 6), (iii) a combination group subjected to aerobic and resistance training (n = 6), or (iv) a sedentary (control) group (n = 5). Echocardiography was used to measure cardiac structural remodeling. Skinned cardiac fiber bundles were used to determine active and passive force properties, maximal shortening velocity, and calcium sensitivity.

Results
Aerobically trained animals had 43%–49% greater ventricular volume and myocardial thickness, and a 4%–17% greater shortening velocity and calcium sensitivity compared with control group rats. Resistance-trained rats had 37%–71% thicker ventricular walls, a 56% greater isometric force production, a 9% greater shortening velocity, and a 4% greater calcium sensitivity compared with control group rats. The combination exercise–trained rats had 25%–43% greater ventricular volume and myocardial wall thickness, a 55% greater active force production, a 7% greater shortening velocity, and a 60% greater cross-bridge cooperativity compared with control group rats.

Conclusions
The heart adapts differently to each exercise modality, and a combination of aerobic and resistance training may have the greatest benefit for cardiac health and performance.
The Indirect Role of Executive Functions on the Relationship between Cardiorespiratory Fitness and School Grades
Authors: YANGÜEZ MARC , BEDIOU BENOIT , HILLMAN CHARLES H. , BAVELIER DAPHNE , CHANAL JULIEN 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT

Purpose
The aim of this study was to investigate the indirect effects of cardiorespiratory fitness on scholastic performance through executive functions. More precisely, we examined the contribution of the different domains of executive functions, and whether this relationship was specific to certain school topics.

Methods
Children 8–12 yr old completed nine cognitive tests and the multistage fitness test. Structural equation modeling techniques were used to analyze the role of different domains of executive functions (inhibition, working memory, cognitive flexibility, and a common factor to all tasks) in the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and school grades in three domains: (i) mathematics; (ii) grammar, spelling, and vocabulary; and (iii) text comprehension and expression. Covariate analyses included age and socioeconomic status.

Results
The results of this study showed that an indirect effect of the various domains of executive functions explained, in part, the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and (i) mathematics (β = 0.12, SE = 0.03, P < 0.001), and between cardiorespiratory fitness and (ii) grammar, spelling, and vocabulary (β = 0.12, SE = 0.03, P < 0.001). No relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and (iii) text comprehension and expression was observed. Although executive functions correlated with school grades, cognitive flexibility drove the indirect effect when all executive function domains were simultaneously taken into account.

Conclusions
These results show the role that executive functions play in understanding the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and scholastic performance. Importantly, not all executive function domains contributed equally because cognitive flexibility played a leading role in this wide age range. Furthermore, the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and scholastic performance was strongest for mathematics and for low-level language topics but nonsignificant for higher-level language topics, providing a more modulated view of the effect of cardiorespiratory fitness on language.
Female Athletes Genetically Susceptible to Fatigue Fracture Are Resistant to Muscle Injury: Potential Role of COL1A1 Variant
Authors: MIYAMOTO-MIKAMI ERI , KUMAGAI HIROSHI , TANISAWA KUMPEI , TAGA YUKI , HIRATA KOSUKE , KIKUCHI NAOKI , KAMIYA NOBUHIRO , KAWAKAMI RYOKO , MIDORIKAWA TAISHI , KAWAMURA TAKUJI , KAKIGI RYO , NATSUME TOSHIHARU , ZEMPO HIROFUMI , SUZUKI KOYA , KOHMURA YOSHIMITSU , MIZUNO KAZUNORI , TORII SUGURU , SAKAMOTO SHIZUO , OKA KOICHIRO , HIGUCHI MITSURU , NAITO HISASHI , MIYAMOTO NAOKAZU , FUKU NORIYUKI 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT

Purpose
We aimed to investigate the hypothesis that type I collagen plays a role in increasing bone mineral density (BMD) and muscle stiffness, leading to low and high risks of fatigue fracture and muscle injury, respectively, in athletes. As a potential mechanism, we focused on the effect of the type I collagen alpha 1 chain gene (COL1A1) variant associated with transcriptional activity on bone and skeletal muscle properties.

Methods
The association between COL1A1 rs1107946 and fatigue fracture/muscle injury was evaluated in Japanese athletes. Effects of the polymorphism on tissue properties (BMD and muscle stiffness) and type I collagen α1/α2 chain ratios in muscles were examined in Japanese nonathletes.

Results
The C-allele carrier frequency was greater in female athletes with fatigue fracture than in those without (odds ratio = 2.44, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.17–5.77) and lower in female athletes with muscle injury than in those without (odds ratio = 0.46, 95% CI = 0.24–0.91). Prospective validation analysis confirmed that in female athletes, muscle injury was less frequent in C-allele carriers than in AA genotype carriers (multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio = 0.27, 95% CI = 0.08–0.96). Among female nonathletes, the C-allele of rs1107946 was associated with lower BMD and lower muscle stiffness. Muscle biopsy revealed that C-allele carriers tended to have a larger type I collagen α1/α2 chain ratio than AA genotype carriers (2.24 vs 2.05, P = 0.056), suggesting a higher proportion of type I collagen α1 homotrimers.

Conclusion
The COL1A1 rs1107946 polymorphism exerts antagonistic effects on fatigue fracture and muscle injury among female athletes by altering the properties of these tissues, potentially owing to increased levels of type I collagen α1 chain homotrimers.
Markers of Low-Iron Status Are Associated with Female Athlete Triad Risk Factors
Authors: FINN ERIN E. , TENFORDE ADAM S. , FREDERICSON MICHAEL , GOLDEN NEVILLE H. , CARSON TRACI L. , KARVONEN-GUTIERREZ CARRIE A. , CARLSON JENNIFER L. 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT

Purpose
The Female Athlete Triad (Triad) is common in female athletes. The Triad is caused by low-energy availability (EA), which is often difficult to measure and has been postulated to be associated with low-iron status. Here, we explore whether markers of low-iron status may be associated with indicators of low EA including Triad risk factors.

Methods
A total of 239 female National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I athletes completed preparticipation examinations that included Triad risk factors, medication/supplement use, diagnosis of anemia, and elected to complete dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scan to measure bone mineral density. The association of markers of low iron (defined as self-report of iron supplementation and/or history of anemia) with each component of the Triad risk assessment score was assessed by stratifying low-iron status across different levels of Triad risk category. Differences across iron status groups were assessed using Fisher exact testing.

Results
Every component of the Triad risk assessment score excluding delayed menarche was associated with low-iron status. The proportion of women who reported low iron was 11.5% in the low-risk EA group compared with 50% in the moderate-risk and 66.7% in the high-risk EA groups (P = 0.02); respectively. These numbers were 11.6%, 25.0%, and 66.7% (P = 0.02) for body mass index; 9.7%, 16.7%, and 25.0% (P < 0.05) for oligomenorrhea; 10.3%, 45.5%, and 50.0% (P < 0.01) for bone mineral density; and 10.4%, 20.8%, and 30.8% (P = 0.03) for history of stress reaction or fracture. Lean/endurance athletes were more likely to have low-iron status than other athletes (15.5% vs 3.4%, P = 0.02).

Conclusions
Markers for low-iron status were associated with Triad risk factors. Our study suggests that female athletes with a history of anemia or iron supplementation may require further screening for low EA.
Cognitive Training: Associations and Implications for Weight Management and Translational Research
Authors: Szabo-Reed Amanda N. , Donnelly Joseph E. 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
Behavioral weight loss programs combining energy restriction and increased physical activity (PA) are generally successful in producing clinically significant weight loss (≥5%) over 3–6 months. However, weight maintenance (≥2 yr) continues to be problematic due in part to an inability of individuals to continue adherence to diet and PA recommendations. It is hypothesized that neurocognitive processes, specifically executive functions (i.e., inhibition, working memory, mental flexibility), underlie self-regulation and self-efficacy and are essential for the adoption and maintenance of health behaviors. Behavioral weight loss programs generally attempt to improve self-regulation; however, these skills are difficult to implement long term. Strengthening executive functions through cognitive training may improve weight maintenance by improving self-efficacy and self-regulation, resulting in improved program attendance and improved adherence to dietary and PA recommendations. Although randomized trials have not been conducted to specifically evaluate this hypothesis, results from the available literature suggest the potential for cognitive training to improve weight maintenance.
Metabolic and Cardiovascular Responses to a Simulated Commute on an E-Bike
Authors: Alessio Helaine M. , Reiman Timothy , Kemper Brett , von Carlowitz Winston , Bailer A. John , Timmerman Kyle L. 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
Electric bicycles (e-bikes) with battery-powered assist may overcome barriers to active transportation (i.e., time and perceived effort), benefit cardiometabolic health, and be an environmentally friendly transportation option. This study aimed to compare cardiometabolic responses and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) between a regular bike and an e-bike at two different assist levels during a 3-mile ride. During the same day and in randomized order, male (n = 16) and female (n = 14) participants (19–61 yr) completed three outdoor 3-mile bike rides, simulating a typical commute, at their own pace on a regular bicycle and on an e-bike at two different assist levels. Heart rate (HR) and oxygen consumption (V̇O2) were monitored continuously during each ride. RPE was reported at the end of each 3-mile ride. Linear mixed effects models were created to compare different bike conditions while accounting for the repeated responses for each rider. Significant differences existed between riding a regular bicycle compared with an e-bike at assist levels 1 and 2, respectively, for %HRmax (66 vs 62 vs 56), % of V̇O2max (55 vs 47 vs 39), RPE (12.3 vs 9.8 vs 8.4), metabolic equivalents (METs) (6.5 vs 5.6 vs 4.6), caloric expenditure (505 vs 422 vs 344 kcal·h−1), and time (865 vs 748 vs 681 s). The faster times and the lower perceived exertion associated with the e-bike may incentivize active transportation. Further, while the cardiometabolic responses (e.g., HR and V̇O2) were lower for the e-bike, they were indicative of being at or near “moderate intensity,” suggesting that e-bike use may still benefit health-related fitness.
Efficacy and risk of sexual orientation change efforts: a retrospective analysis of 125 exposed men
Authors: Sullins D. Paul , Rosik Christopher H. , Santero Paul 
Published: March 2021

Background: Voluntary therapeutic interventions to reduce unwanted same-sex sexuality are collectively known as sexual orientation change efforts (SOCE). To date almost all evidence addressing the contested question whether SOCE is effective or safe has consisted of anecdotes or very small sample qualitative studies of persons who currently identify as sexual minority and thus by definition failed to change. We conducted this study to examine the efficacy and risk outcomes for a group of SOCE participants unbiased by current sexual orientation. Methods: We examined a convenience sample of 125 men who had undergone SOCE for homosexual-to-heterosexual change in sexual attraction, identity and behavior, and for positive and negative changes in psychosocial problem domains (depression, suicidality, self-harm, self-esteem, social function, and alcohol or substance abuse). Mean change was assessed by parametric (t-test) and nonparametric (Wilcoxon sign rank test) significance tests. Results: Exposure to SOCE was associated with significant declines in same-sex attraction (from 5.7 to 4.1 on the Kinsey scale, p <.000), identification (4.8 to 3.6, p < .000), and sexual activity (2.4 to 1.5 on a 4-point scale of frequency, p < .000). Over 42.7% of SOCE participants achieved at least partial remission of unwanted same-sex sexuality; full remission was achieved by 14% for sexual attraction and identification, and 26% for sexual behavior. Rates were higher among married men, but 4-10% of participants experienced increased same-sex orientation after SOCE. From 0.8% to 4.8% of participants reported marked or severe negative psychosocial change following SOCE, but 12.1% to 61.3% reported marked or severe positive psychosocial change. Net change was significantly positive for all problem domains. Conclusion: SOCE was perceived as an effective and safe therapeutic practice by this sample of participants. We close by offering a unifying understanding of discrepant findings within this literature and caution against broad generalizations of our results.
Tailored PRISMA 2020 flow diagrams for living systematic reviews: a methodological survey and a proposal
Authors: Kahale Lara A. , Elkhoury Rayane , El Mikati Ibrahim , Pardo-Hernandez Hector , Khamis Assem M. , Schünemann Holger J. , Haddaway Neal R. , Akl Elie A. 
Published: March 2021

Background: While the PRISMA flow diagram is widely used for reporting standard systematic reviews (SRs), it was not designed for capturing the results of continual searches for studies in living systematic reviews (LSRs). The objectives of this study are (1) to assess how published LSRs report on the flow of studies through the different phases of the review for the different updates; (2) to propose an approach to reporting on that flow. Methods: For objective 1, we identified all LSRs published up to July 2020. We abstracted information regarding their general characteristics and how they reported on search results. For objective 2, we based our proposal for tailored PRISMA approaches on the findings from objective 1, as well as on our experience with conducting Cochrane LSRs. Results: We identified 108 living publications relating to 32 LSRs. Of the 108 publications, 7% were protocols, 24% were base versions (i.e., the first version), 62% were partial updates (i.e., does not include all typical sections of an SR), and 7% were full updates (i.e., includes all typical sections of an SR). We identified six ways to reporting the study flow: base separately, each update separately (38%); numbers not reported (32%); latest update separately, all previous versions combined (20%); base separately, all updates combined (7%); latest update version only (3%); all versions combined (0%). We propose recording in detail the results of the searches to keep track of all identified records. For structuring the flow diagram, we propose using one of four approaches. Conclusion: We identified six ways for reporting the study flow through the different phases of the review for the different update versions. We propose to document in detail the study flow for the different search updates and select one of our four tailored PRISMA diagram approaches to present that study flow.
Extrapolation Bias and Robust Dynamic Liquidity Management
Authors: Lee Seokwoo , Rivera Alejandro 
Published: March 2021

We consider the optimal dynamic liquidity management of a financially constrained firm when its existing shareholders are risk neutral but ambiguity averse with respect to the firm’s future cash flows. The shareholders’ ambiguity aversion generates endogenous time-varying worst-case beliefs that overweight recent cash flow realizations, thereby providing a microeconomic foundation for extrapolation bias. Moreover, shareholders’ ambiguity aversion has different implications on firms’ liquidity management and recapitalization policies than risk. Models with risk alone imply that higher cash flow volatility increases firms’ payout and refinancing thresholds. By contrast, our model predicts that, when ambiguity-averse shareholders face a higher long-term cash flow uncertainty, they optimally reduce firms’ payout and refinancing thresholds. The implications for investment are also studied. This paper was accepted by Agostino Capponi, finance.
Employee Responses to Compensation Changes: Evidence from a Sales Firm
Authors: Sandvik Jason , Saouma Richard , Seegert Nathan , Stanton Christopher 
Published: March 2021

What are the long-term consequences of compensation changes? Using data from an inbound sales call center, we study employee responses to a compensation change that ultimately reduced take-home pay by 7% for the average affected worker. The change caused a significant increase in the turnover rate of the firm’s most productive employees, but the response was relatively muted for less productive workers. On-the-job performance changes were minimal among workers who remained at the firm. We quantify the cost of losing highly productive employees and find that their heightened sensitivity to changes in compensation limits managers’ ability to adjust incentives. Our results speak to a driver of compensation rigidity and the difficulty managers face when setting compensation. This paper was accepted by Lamar Pierce, organizations.