bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thank you for the bad news: Reducing cynicism in highly identified employees during adverse organizational change
Authors: Sguera Francesco , Patient David , Diehl Marjo‐Riitta , Bobocel Ramona 
Published: September 2021

Adverse changes, such as layoffs or wage cuts, can irremediably damage the relationship between employees and their organization. This makes it all the more important for organizations to provide information about these changes to avoid the emergence of organizational cynicism among their employees. Drawing on uncertainty management theory, we argue that informational justice and organizational identification jointly regulate organizational cynicism in the context of adverse change. In addition, we examine whether informational justice influences employee exit intentions through cynicism. We test our hypotheses using a multi‐method approach, encompassing one experiment (Study 1), one large‐scale survey of 1,795 employees undergoing a major restructuring (Study 2), and a five‐wave field survey of 174 workers undergoing layoffs and wage cuts (Study 3). In all three studies, poorer communication from the organization predicted greater exit intentions through increased cynicism for employees who were more (rather than less) identified with the organization. By integrating the literature on informational justice, organizational identification, and cynicism, our research offers a more nuanced understanding of the antecedents and consequences of cynicism in the context of adverse organizational change.Practitioner points

Organizations undergoing adverse changes, such as layoffs and wage cuts, should provide employees with timely and detailed explanations for the changes (i.e., informational justice).

When employees do not receive timely and detailed explanations for adverse changes, they are more likely to become cynical, and to decide to leave the organization.

Providing adequate explanations is especially important for employees who strongly identify with the organizations because they are more sensitive to informational justice.

Providing explanations is not as effective in reducing cynicism among employees with low levels of organizational identification.

When organizations fail to explain adverse changes, employees who identify strongly with the organization may become as cynical as employees whose identities are less closely tied to the organization.
Farm vehicle crashes on public roads: Analysis of farm‐level factors
Authors: McFalls Matthew , Ramirez Marizen , Harland Karisa , Zhu Motao , Morris Nichole L. , Hamann Cara , Peek‐Asa Corinne 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPurposeRural public roads experience higher crash fatality rates than other roadways, with agricultural equipment adding greater risk of injury and fatality. This study set out to describe farmers’ experiences with farm equipment crashes and predictors of crashes at the farm level.MethodsA survey of farm operators was conducted in 9 Midwestern states (IL, IA, KS, MN, MO, NE, ND, SD, and WI) in collaboration with the US Department of Agriculture's National Agricultural Statistical Service.FindingsFrom 1,282 farms operating equipment on public roads in 2013, 7.6% of farmers reported that equipment from their farm had ever been in a crash (n = 97). Crashes occurred most often in June‐August (44.0%) and were most often reported as being during the daytime (71.3%), on dry roads (79.4%), or in clear weather (71.4%). While most farmers responded that they were driving the farm equipment at the time of the crash (52.0%), nearly half of crashes involved their employees as the driver (48.0%). Crashes often went unreported to law enforcement (28.6%).ConclusionTo illustrate crash probabilities for farms with different profiles, we included farm acreage, crop farming, vehicle horsepower, annual miles driven, and the total number of farm vehicles driven on public roads in a predictive model. Large crop farms of 241+ acres, those who drove farm vehicles 1,430+ miles per year, and those with 20 or more farm vehicles had the highest probability of crash of 0.14.
Species distribution and ecological suitability analysis for potential tick vectors of Kyasanur forest disease in the Western Ghats of Kerala
Authors: Rathinam Balasubramanian , Sidhik Sahina 
Published: September 2021

AbstractKyasanur forest disease (KFD) is a tick‐borne zoonotic viral disease with an estimated case fatality rate of 3% to 5% in humans. The KFD virus is transmitted to both humans and animals by infected ticks, primarily the Haemaphysalis species. Our study was undertaken following reports of five confirmed cases and three deaths due to KFD in Malappuram district of Kerala in 2014 to determine the diversity of Ixodidae ticks on vegetation and their possible infection with the KFD virus. Overall, 3502 hard ticks belonging to three genera and eight species were collected from two forest divisions. Haemaphysalis was the predominant tick species (92.72%). Tick positivity for the KFD virus was 4 (5.33%) of 75 pools of ticks tested. Kyasanur forest disease viral RNA was detected from the genera Haemaphysalis and Amblyomma. The KFD virus was detected in 2 of 35 pools (5.71%) of Haemaphysalis spinigera, 1 of 30 pools (3.33%) of Haemaphysalis turturis, and 1 of 3 pools (3.33%) of Amblyomma integrum from the south forest division. The ticks reached their peak density between December and February and then decreased from the end of May. The temperature in the area ranges from 28°C to 30°C, which is suitable for tick survival.
Genetic differences between Japan and other countries in cyp51A polymorphisms of Aspergillus fumigatus
Authors: Majima Hidetaka , Arai Teppei , Kusuya Yoko , Takahashi Hiroki , Watanabe Akira , Miyazaki Yasunari , Kamei Katsuhiko 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundMutations in cyp51A gene are known as main mechanisms of azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus, whereas azole‐susceptible strains also carry cyp51A mutations (polymorphisms). The polymorphisms found in Europe mainly consist of two combinations of mutations, that is combinations of five single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of cyp51A, referred to as cyp51A‐5SNPs, and combinations of three SNPs of cyp51A, referred to as cyp51A‐3SNPs. Few studies have compared the distributions of cyp51A polymorphisms between different regions.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate the regional differences of cyp51A polymorphisms.MethodsWe compared the proportions of cyp51A polymorphisms in clinical and environmental strains isolated in various countries, and analysed the strains phylogenetically using short tandem repeats (STRs) and whole‐genome sequence (WGS).ResultsAmong the Japanese strains, 15 out of 98 (15.3%) clinical strains and 8 out of 95 (8.4%) environmental strains had cyp51A polymorphisms. A mutation of cyp51AN248K was the most prevalent polymorphism in both clinical (n = 14, 14.3%) and environmental strains (n = 3, 3.2%). Only one environmental strain harboured cyp51A‐5SNPs, which was reported to be the most prevalent in Europe. For phylogenetic analyses using STRs and WGS, 183 and 134 strains, respectively, were employed. They showed that most of the strains with cyp51AN248K clustered in the clades different from those of the strains with cyp51A‐5SNPs and cyp51A‐3SNPs as well as from those with TR34/L98H mutations.ConclusionsThis study suggests that there are genetic differences between cyp51A polymorphisms of A. fumigatus in Japan and Europe.
Warming drives a ‘hummockification’ of microbial communities associated with decomposing mycorrhizal fungal necromass in peatlands
Authors: Maillard François , Fernandez Christopher W. , Mundra Sunil , Heckman Katherine A. , Kolka Randall K. , Kauserud Håvard , Kennedy Peter G. 
Published: September 2021

Summary

Dead fungal mycelium (necromass) represents a critical component of soil carbon (C) and nutrient cycles. Assessing how the microbial communities associated with decomposing fungal necromass change as global temperatures rise will help in determining how these belowground organic matter inputs contribute to ecosystem responses.

In this study, we characterized the structure of bacterial and fungal communities associated with multiple types of decaying mycorrhizal fungal necromass incubated within mesh bags across a 9°C whole ecosystem temperature enhancement in a boreal peatland.

We found major taxonomic and functional shifts in the microbial communities present on decaying mycorrhizal fungal necromass in response to warming. These changes were most pronounced in hollow microsites, which showed convergence towards the necromass‐associated microbial communities present in unwarmed hummocks. We also observed a high colonization of ericoid mycorrhizal fungal necromass by fungi from the same genera as the necromass.

These results indicate that microbial communities associated with mycorrhizal fungal necromass decomposition are likely to change significantly with future climate warming, which may have strong impacts on soil biogeochemical cycles in peatlands. Additionally, the high enrichment of congeneric fungal decomposers on ericoid mycorrhizal necromass may help to explain the increase in ericoid shrub dominance in warming peatlands.
Economic Inequality and Divergence in Family Formation in Sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Stoebenau Kirsten , Madhavan Sangeetha , Smith‐Greenaway Emily , Jackson Heide 
Published: September 2021

AbstractEconomic inequality has been rising in many sub‐Saharan African countries alongside rapid changes to union and family formation. In high‐income countries marked by rising inequality, union and family formation practices have diverged across socioeconomic statuses, with intergenerational social and health consequences for the disadvantaged. In this study, we address whether there is also evidence of demographic divergence in low‐income settings. Specifically, we model the age at first marriage and first birth by socioeconomic status groups for women born between 1960 and 1989 using Demographic and Health Survey data from 12 sub‐Saharan African countries where economic inequality levels are relatively high or rising. We argue that economic and sociocultural factors may both serve to increasingly delay marriage and childbearing for the elite as compared to others in the context of rising inequality. We find emerging social stratification in marriage and childbearing, and demonstrate that this demographic divergence is driven by the elites who are increasingly marrying and having children at later ages, with near stagnation in the age at first marriage and birth among the remaining majority. We urge further research at the intersection of socioeconomic and demographic inequality to inform necessary policy levers and curtail negative social and health consequences.
Immunotherapeutic effects of Glycyrrhiza glabra and Glycyrrhizic Acid on Leishmania major‐infection BALB/C mice
Authors: Sheikhi Shima , Khamesipour Ali , Radjabian Tayebeh , Ghazanfari Tooba , Miramin Mohammadi Akram 
Published: September 2021

AbstractTreatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a public health problem in endemic areas. The objective of the current study was to investigate the immunotherapeutic activities of the hydroalcoholic extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra (HEG) and glycyrrhizic acid (GA) in the treatment of Leishmania major (L. major)‐infected BALB/c mice. In this study, the effect of HEG and GA was checked in vitro on growth of L. major promastigote and amastigote using MTT assay and microscopic counting, respectively. For in vivo experiment, the lesion induced by L. major on BALB/c mice were treated intraperitoneally with HEG, GA, meglumine antimoniate or phosphate buffer saline (negative control) for one month. Then, the lesion development and the parasite burden of the lymph node was assessed, the cytokine response (IFN‐γ and IL‐4) to Leishmania antigens was evaluated using ELISA method. The results showed that HEG and GA significantly inhibited the growth of L. major promastigotes and amastigotes, the lesion development, parasite burden in the lymph nodes, level of IFN‐γ and the ratio of IFN‐γ/IL‐4 in HEG, GA and meglumine antimoniate‐treated mice were significantly higher compared with the negative control group, there was no difference between the HEG, GA and meglumine antimoniate group. It is concluded that hydroalcoholic extract of G. glabra and glycyrrhizic acid showed therapeutic and immunomodulatory effects on L. major‐infected BALB/c mice
Evaluation of medullary cytokine expression and clinical and laboratory aspects in severe human visceral leishmaniasis
Authors: Teles Leandro de Freitas , Viana Agostinho Gonçalves , Cardoso Mariana Santos , Pinheiro Guilherme Rafael Gomide , Bento Gabriele Ariadine , Lula Jamille Fernandes , Soares Tânia de Cássia Moreira , Fujiwara Ricardo Toshio , Carvalho Silvio Fernando Guimarães de 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundVisceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a serious public health problem. The factors that can determine whether VL develops and progresses to severe form have not been fully identified, but a specific cellular immune response appears to play a key role. Therefore, understanding immunopathogenesis can be useful in preventing a serious clinical outcome.Materials and MethodsBone marrow samples were collected from patients with severe VL (SVL) or non‐severe VL (NSVL). Cytokine levels and parasitic load were analysed by RT‐qPCR. There is a statistically significant difference in the leukocyte parameter in patients with SVL and NSVL compared with the control patients (p = .006 and p = .014, respectively).ResultsUrea, alanine transaminase and albumin parameters had a significant difference p = .036, p = .039 and p = .017, respectively, between SVL and NSVL. Although high levels of IFN‐γ, IL‐10, IL‐6 and TNF‐α were present in all groups of individuals with VL, they were not statistically associated with severity. In patients with active VL, IFN‐γ and IL‐10 were associated, respectively, with a reduction and increase in the parasite load, strong and significant positive association between IFN‐γ and IL‐10 (rho = .627 and p = .003).ConclusionThis study demonstrates that VL stimulates an non‐dichotomized inflammatory response between Th1/Th2 and that bone marrow is an important tissue for immune regulation.
Globalizing plant health
Authors: Oliver Richard 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThere are four broad methods to control diseases in crops: agronomy, genetics, chemistry, and biosecurity. These methods appear to differ markedly in their cost, where the cost falls, and their effectiveness. I review the features of these four methods. There is a lack of data and details on the costs and effectiveness of these methods, but based on the data, I suggest that resources for genetic disease resistance including global isolate collections, global host germplasm collections, and genotyping and phenotyping platforms should be increased. A modest increase in funds would be expected to have a major impact on food security and would also prolong the effectiveness of chemical, agronomical, and biosecurity methods to improve disease control.
Transfusion management of trauma from the 2019 El Paso mass shooting incident
Authors: Qiao Jesse , Ray Bradford , Wians Frank , Abadie Jude 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesMortality rates, transfusion ratios, trauma management logistics, and assault characteristics from the El Paso mass shooting incident (MSI) are evaluated in comparison to other MSIs. In 2019, El Paso, TX experienced the eighth‐deadliest MSIs in modern US history. In this 21st mass killing in the United States of 2019, 19 people died immediately, and four of 27 injured, later died from ballistic injuries.Materials and MethodsWe examined the victims' injuries, pre‐hospital treatments, transfusions, rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) interpretation, tranexamic acid (TXA) use, and compared El Paso's outcomes with other MSIs.ResultsFifteen casualties were treated for bullet injuries at University Medical Center (UMC). Three were in critical condition; one died during surgery. Of the remaining victims, two were guarded, and the remaining ten in stable condition. Anatomic trauma locations included chest, abdomen, hip, breast, thigh and arm. Haemostatic agents and TXA were administered to arriving patients. Seven casualties receiving blood products were administered 95 units at UMC (45 red blood cells [RBC], 38 fresh frozen plasma [FFP], 8 platelets and 4 cryoprecipitate). ROTEM guided mass transfusion decisions in three patients. Out of seven MSIs reviewed, El Paso had the highest mortality rate (50.0%) and lowest RBC:FFP:admission ratio (1.18 at UMC).ConclusionWe report the greatest proportion of transfusions per admission for an MSI and are first to discuss ROTEM roles to guide transfusion and manage coagulopathy during an MSI. This case highlights the severity and impact of MSIs on victims and requirements to follow established transfusion protocols with adjunct use of ROTEM, TXA and haemostatic agents.
Parental experiences of caring for their preschool children after declining vaccines: a qualitative systematic review protocol
Authors: Huel Christine , Harding Jillian , MacKinnon Karen , Gordon Carol , MacDonald Shannon E. 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT

Objective:
This review will explore the experiences of parents after making the decision not to vaccinate their young children. This review aims to help health care providers understand parents’ specific care strategies for their under-vaccinated or unvaccinated young children.

Introduction:
Much of the current qualitative research literature on parents who hesitate or refuse to vaccinate their young children focuses on parental perceptions about the safety and efficacy of vaccines and decision-making. However, limited attention has been paid to measures taken by parents to help their young children avoid contracting communicable diseases, promote resistance, and enhance their children's health.

Inclusion criteria:
This review will consider qualitative studies that describe parents’ experiences of caring for their young children, aged 0 to six years, after making the decision not to vaccinate. Studies undertaken in any context will be considered. Studies that focus on young children who are unvaccinated or not fully vaccinated for reasons not related to parental refusal will be excluded.

Methods:
The JBI methodology for systematic reviews of qualitative evidence will be followed. Databases will be searched from 1998 onwards, and will include Web of Science, MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Google Scholar, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, with no language limits. Following critical appraisal, findings that describe parental experiences and the care activities they perform related to their young children will be extracted. The JBI process of meta-aggregation will be used to identify categories and synthesize findings. The ConQual approach will be used to assess confidence in the findings.

Systematic review registration number:
PROSPERO CRD42021241781
Weight Gain and Hydrogen Absorption in Supercritical Water At 500 °C of Chromium-Coated Zirconium-Based Alloys: Transverse Versus Longitudinal Direction
Authors: Khumsa-Ang K. , Rousseau S. , Shiman O. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Canadian Nuclear Laboratories has an on-going Research & Development program to support the development of a scaled–down 300 MWe version of the Canadian Super-Critical Water Reactor concept. The 300 MWe and 170–channel reactor core concept uses low enriched uranium fuel and features a maximum cladding temperature of 500 °C. Our goal is to test surface-modified zirconium alloys for use as fuel cladding. Zirconium alloys are attractive as they offer low neutron cross section thereby allowing the use of low enriched fuel. In this paper, we report on the results of general corrosion experiments used to evaluate chromium-coated zirconium-based alloys in the two chemistries (630 μg/kg O2 in both de-aerated and lithiated supercritical water). These experiments were conducted in a refreshed autoclave at 500 °C and 23.5 MPa. After exposure, the weight gain and the hydrogen absorption were examined. At adequate coating thickness, longitudinal and transverse coupons show similar corrosion behavior with improved corrosion resistance compared to uncoated coupons. The measured concentrations of hydrogen absorption are higher for the transverse coupons. Alkaline treatment resulted in higher weight gains than was found in pure oxygenated supercritical water.
Evaluating the Performance Degradation of Centrifugal Pumps Using the Principal Component Analysis
Authors: Eaton Andrew , Ahmed Wael H. , Hassan Marwan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Centrifugal pumps are used in a variety of engineering applications, such as power production, heating, cooling, and water distribution systems. Although centrifugal pumps are considered to be highly reliable hydraulic machines, they are susceptible to a wide range of damage due to several degradation mechanisms, which make them operate away from their best efficiency range. Therefore, evaluating the energy efficiency and performance degradation of pumps is an important consideration to the operation of these systems. In this study, the hydraulic performance along with the vibration response of an industrial scale centrifugal pump (7.5 KW) subjected to different levels of impeller unbalance was experimentally investigated. Extensive testing of the manometric pressure head, flow rate, shaft power and efficiency along with vibration measurements were carried out to evaluate the effects of various levels of impeller unbalance on the pump hydraulic performance. Both time and frequency domain techniques coupled with principal component analysis (PCA) were used in this evaluation. The effect of unbalance on the pump performance was found to be mainly on the shaft power, while no change in the flow rate and the pump head was observed. As the level of unbalance increased, the power required to operate the pump at the designated speed increased by as much as 12%. Also, the PCA found to be a useful tool in comparing the pump vibrations in the field compared to the baseline vibration of the new pump in order to determine the degree of the impeller unbalance. The results of this work can be used to evaluate and monitor the degradation in the pump performance to set the allowable operating conditions and enhance the preventative maintenance programs.