bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COMPUTER AIDED SCHEMATIC DESIGN: HOW TO MANAGE LARGE DATA IN THE EARLY STAGES OF URBAN DESIGN PROJECTS
Authors: Plotnikova Tiana A. 
Published: November 2021

The study was designed to research and analyse the existing methods used in the industry and propose alternative solutions that would meet the growing project demand. One of the major findings of this paper shows that 65% of interviewed architects and urban designers reported a lack of data accuracy in their concept design solutions, as well as dissatisfaction with the segregated concept design process. Having identified key inefficiencies in pre-design and the schematic design stages of urban design, the study develops a multiplatform web application - a space planning tool that is capable of assisting with data informed design decisions in the early stages of large-scale urban design projects. The alternative solution allows for the execution of concept stage prototyping through UI cell modification by integrating data and generating spatial solutions based on the adjacency requirements.
Purpose: the purpose of this study is to understand, improve and eliminate inefficiencies in the early stages of the urban design process.
Methodology: this study will first review existing inefficiencies of the architecture and urban design industry using 2 researched methods: non-participant observations and surveys. Non-participant observations were continuous and were carried out for a period of 9 months. The group that was studied involved 17 people that worked on the early-stage design stage of large-scale architecture and urban design projects. In addition to that, a survey was carried out to examine the identified inefficiencies further and to confirm the hypothesis. The survey involved 370 industry professionals from over 15 countries. Based on the developed understanding of project delivery inefficiencies, a classification will be developed to categorize the existing software. Finally, this study will conduct a series of experiments to develop a technical solution to meet current industry demands.
Results: identification of key pre-design and the schematic design inefficiencies, development of a multiplatform web application.
Practical implications: the application is being tested and used in the industry of architecture, urban and spatial design, it has the potential to save companies time and financial resources.
Dynamika krajobrazu poniemieckich wsi w Polsce centralnej. Eksperyment kartograficzny
Authors: Latocha Sebastian 
Published: November 2021

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie heurystycznej wartości zastosowania aplikacji Google Earth Pro w etnohistorycznych badaniach dynamiki krajobrazu. Autor zaprojektował eksperyment kartograficzny, który śledzi zmiany krajobrazowe, lokalizując na współczesnej fotografii satelitarnej obiekty, które odnoszą się do przeszłości. Obrazy anachroniczne składają się z dwóch warstw: historycznej mapy i zdjęcia satelitarnego z dokładnie tego samego miejsca. Metodą tą autor zbadał dynamikę poniemieckiego krajobrazu wiejskiego w centralnej Polsce.
Miasto bez schematu. Plany komunikacji miejskiej i rozwój Warszawy
Authors: Pessel Włodzimierz 
Published: November 2021

W Warszawie brakuje jednej generalnej mapy środków transportu publicznego o łatwo rozpoznawalnej formie graficznej. Prezentujący podejście kulturoznawcze i historyczno-kulturowe artykuł służy przyjrzeniu się współczesnym substytutom takiego schematu, jak również zawiera analizę dwóch dwudziestowiecznych przypadków publicznego wykorzystania planów miasta jako map sieci komunikacji zbiorczej. Ponieważ, jak dowodzi autor, są to praktyki chwalenia się sukcesami w modernizacji stolicy, a zarazem ukrywające mankamenty i kompleksy (zwłaszcza brak kilku linii metra), ich analiza tworzy pretekst do refleksji nad przestrzennym i infrastrukturalnym rozwojem miasta, m.in. w kontekście dziedzictwa modernizmu i zapoznanej krytyki transportu spalinowego w Karcie Ateńskiej.
Verwaltung per Brief. Die Korrespondenz des Utrechter Landkomturs mit seinen Angestellten, 1753‒1845
Authors: De Bruin Renger Evert 
Published: November 2021

Administration by mail: The correspondence of the Utrecht land commander with his staff, 1753‒1845

The correspondence between the land commanders of the Teutonic Order’s Bailiwick of Utrecht and their staff, the stewards and clerks, provides a detailed insight into the institution’s functioning between 1753 and 1845. The Bailiwick was administered from the Teutonic House in Utrecht by a resident steward who mostly communicated with his superior in writing, as the latter lived at a considerable distance and came to Utrecht at most once a year. A relationship of trust was essential for the proper functioning of this arrangement. In the first decades after the start of a reorganisation in 1753, this was certainly the case, but the lack of this relationship of trust led to major problems later on.
The analysis of the correspondence paints a picture of the management of dispersed large estates in the pre-industrial era, before major advancements in both transportation and communication. The case study is also important for the knowledge of the Military Orders after the Reformation and during the Age of Revolution, when these institutions were seriously threatened. Additionally, the Bailiwick of Utrecht did not escape abolition by Napoleon, but this was reversed in 1815. The increasingly hostile correspondence between the land commander and the steward about the liquidation procedures in 1812‒1813 provides insight into the survival mechanism of the Bailiwick of Utrecht. The research presented in this article is part of a larger study of the Bailiwick of Utrecht between 1640 and the middle of the twentieth century.
PRIMACY OF THE APOSTLE PETER IN THE GOSPEL OF MATTHEW 16,18-19
Authors: Głowacki Paweł 
Published: November 2021

The paper discusses the problem of the proper interpretation of the Petrine text from the Gospel of Matthew 16,18-19. It is based on the mainly protestant but also orthodox and catholic commentaries to these verses. Jesus Christ bestowed on the apostle Peter the unique and supreme authority in the Kingdom of God. He changed his name from Simon to Peter to show him and others that this apostle received new dignity and mission, which is to be the rock for the future community of believers. What is more, Jesus also entrusted to Peter the “Keys of the Kingdom” in the same way like in the Old Testament king of the house of David appointed his own prime mister, royal steward by giving to him the “Key of the House of David”. Therefore Peter occupies the same office with the same supreme authority under the new jewish king, Jesus Christ. Due to this fact it also means that this office is transferred from one prime minister to another. Furthermore, to Peter was given the power of “binding and loosing” with the special protection of God called infallibility. For these reasons, the Catholic interpretation which does not ignore the jewish context and the Old Testament allusions to this passage is truly shedding the new light on the proper interpretation of this Matthew’s fragment and the role of the Apostle Peter.
WOKÓŁ KANONIZACJI ŚWIĘTEGO ROCHA
Authors: Ossowski Zdzisław 
Published: November 2021

Problem kanonizacji świętego Rocha sięga swoimi początkami wieków średnich. Szczególnie odnotować należy problem braku bulli kanonizacyjnej informującej Kościół Powszechny o dokonanej przez papieża kanonizacji. Ta, w przeciągu wieków, w swojej formie przybierała różnego rodzaju rozwiązania; różniła się zasadniczo kanonizacja wieków średnich od kanonizacji nowożytnej. Wielu papieży wypowiadało się na ten temat szukając optymalnego rozwiązania. Z jednej strony sprostania zapotrzebowaniom wiernych, z drugiej ujednolicenia procedur doprowadzających do wymaganego celu. Taki zamiar osiągnięto za sprawą wielu papieży wypowiadających się w różnego rodzaju dokumentach Stolicy Apostolskiej, które zostały w niniejszym artykule chociaż częściowo uwzględnione. Przedstawienie procedur doprowadzających do aktu kanonizacji, począwszy od wieku X po wiek XVI, zajmowało wysiłki kilkunastu papieży. To o nich wspominamy szczególnie w kontekście nieistniejącej dziś bulli kanonizacyjnej świętego Rocha. Poszukiwania okoliczności jej powstania i ogłoszenia przedstawiamy w kontekście materiałów źródłowych; już nie tylko bulli papieskich, ale istniejących najstarszych hagiografii świętego, począwszy od Vita sancti Rochi Francesca Dieda, księgi Anonima niemieckiego, Acta Breviora, aż po La vie et légénde de Monseigneur saint Roch Jehana Phelipota. Pojawiające się w nich punkty wspólne życiorysu świętego Rocha, ale i różnice, pozwalają na przeprowadzenie analizy odpowiadającej na pytanie, czy kanonizacja świętego Rocha dokonała się podczas Soboru w Konstancji (1414–1418), czy też w innych okolicznościach. Ponadto przedstawione zostały w niniejszym opracowaniu argumenty pośrednie, które w odróżnieniu od historycznych jednoznacznie, od czasów śmierci świętego, przyczyniały się do powstania jego kultu. Są to argumenty liturgiczne, o powszechnej dla Kościoła rozpiętości, jak i argumenty artystyczne, dokumentujące święte życie patrona od zarazy dżumy. W wielu miejscach, dzięki obrazom i rzeźbom, silna wiara w szybkim czasie stała się elementem propagującym kult świętego nie tylko w Europie. Artykuł kończy hipoteza ukierunkowana na trop odnalezienia – zdaniem autora – zaginionej bulli, która rozwiązałaby powstałe i narastające wokół świętego Rocha wątpliwości.
DLACZEGO WŚRÓD ŚWIĘTYCH USTRONI BŁ. DOROTY Z MĄTÓW BRAK CYSTERSKIEJ OLIWY I PELPLINA?
Authors: Parcheniak Małgorzata 
Published: November 2021

Przedmiotem artykułu jest próba interpretacji faktu pielgrzymiej nieobecności bł. Doroty z Mątów (1347-1394) w stosunkowo bliskich topograficznie dwóch ośrodkach duchowości cysterskiej w Oliwie i Pelplinie. Bł. Dorota z Mątów w celu odnowienia ducha codziennie nawiedzała „święte ustronia” w Gdańsku, a okresowo również „święte ustronia” w miejscowościach, do których pielgrzymowała. W historii teologii duchowości udokumentowano sekwencję, odbytych przez nią pielgrzymek do odległych sanktuariów średniowiecznej Europy, w tym m.in. do: Koszalina, Piaseczna, Akwizgranu, Finsterwalde (Einsiedeln), Rzymu i Kwidzyna. Analiza powołanych źródeł wykazała, że bł. Dorota z Mątów nigdy nie podjęła pielgrzymki do dwóch ośrodków duchowości cysterskiej w Oliwie i w Pelplinie pomimo stosunkowo niewielkiej odległości od miejsca jej zamieszkania w tzw. okresie gdańskim (1363-1391) jej życia. Fakt ten zaskakuje i rodzi pytanie o przyczyny takiej decyzji. Artykuł ten stanowi próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie, które zostało postawione w tytule opracowania, na podstawie zanalizowanych źródeł cysterskich i dorotańskich. Niemniej, zagadnienie pozostaje nadal otwarte.
Advanced mechanism of multiphysics fields tip enhancement induced with
varied laser power to fabricate pattern-transformable subdiffraction limit
nanostructures
Authors: Yin HaiLong , Dong Xiangyang , Wang Xuewen , Cui Jianlei , Wang Wenjun , Mei Xuesong 
Published: November 2021

The nanofabrication platform was carried out using an atomic force microscope (AFM)
system and a continuous wave (cw) laser to investigate the influence
of laser power on the underlying mechanism of nanostructures
fabricated by multiphysics fields tip enhancement (MFTE) induced by a
cw laser irradiating the AFM probe tip. The nanostructure fabrication
of nanopits and grooves and nanodots and lines on a polymethyl
methacrylate thin film was conducted in an ambient environment by
changing the incident laser power. The dependence of the MFTE on laser
power was numerically analyzed, too. The lateral dimensions of
nanopits and grooves and nanodots and lines characterized
in situ
were 154 nm, 96 nm, 188 nm,
and 25 nm, respectively, breaking the optical diffraction limit. It
turned out that the nanostructures converted from craters (pits and
grooves) to protrusions (dots and lines) when altered with the laser
power. Different laser powers can trigger the MFTE to change, thus,
inducing varied coupling energy, which is the essential mechanism for
nanostructure conversion. We also established a model to analyze the
nanostructures transition and to predict the dimensions of
nanostructures. The simulation results demonstrate that the MFTE has
an essential effect on the formation of nanostructures, which are in
good agreement with the experimental results.
Integrated polarization-independent optical isolators and circulators on an InP membrane on silicon platform
Authors: Ma Rui , Reniers Sander , Shoji Yuya , Mizumoto Tetsuya , Williams Kevin , Jiao Yuqing , van der Tol Jos 
Published: November 2021

In photonic integrated circuits (PICs), optical isolators and circulators are essential to prevent lasers from backreflections and to reroute the light flow. In this paper, an integrated polarization-independent device that can be operated as an optical isolator or an optical circulator, based on an InP membrane on silicon platform, is demonstrated. A cerium-doped yttrium iron garnet die is adhesively bonded on a Mach–Zehnder interferometer, in combination with four polarization converters. The device shows maximum optical isolations of 27.0 dB for transverse-electric (TE)-mode input and 34.0 dB for transverse-magnetic TM-mode input. The device also works as a four-port optical circulator. Optical isolations of at least 18.6 dB and 16.4 dB are measured between each circulator port pair for TE- and TM-mode input, respectively. This work could remove the optical interfaces between laser and isolator for robust production. It also provides a step forward toward a multifunctional and high-density PIC.
Obesity in young South African women living with HIV: A cross-sectional analysis of risk factors for cardiovascular disease
Authors: Hanley Sherika , Moodley Dhayendre , Naidoo Mergan 
Published: November 2021

Background
Young South African women are faced with a dual epidemic of HIV and obesity, placing them at a high risk of developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD). We sought to determine the prevalence of CVD risk factors in a cohort of reproductive-aged South African women living with HIV (WLHIV).

Methods
While the main purpose of an ongoing intervention study is the reduction of cardiovascular disease through the integration of CVD screening and prevention in the HIV management plan for women of reproductive age (ISCHeMiA trial), we present the prevalence of risk factors for CVD in this cohort of young women at baseline. Sociodemographic, conventional CVD risk factors, HIV-related factors and self body image perception were assessed through study questionnaires and standardized clinical and laboratory procedures.

Results
Of the 372 WLHIV enrolled from November 2018 to May 2019, 97% had received efavirenz-based antiretroviral treatment (ART) for at least 1 year and 67.5% (248/367) of women were overweight or obese at the time of enrolment. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 17.6% (95%CI 11.6–22.8) at a median age of 35 years (IQR 30.5–40.5). A significant proportion of women had abnormally low levels of high-density lipoprotein (43.2%, 80/185) and elevated levels of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (59.5%, 110/185). Seventy five percent of overweight women with an increased waist circumference reported to be satisfied with their body image.

Conclusions
The high prevalence of metabolic syndrome, obesity and elevated markers of inflammation in young South African WLHIV, underscores the need for a proactive integrated management approach to prevent atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in low and middle income settings.
Comparison of central laboratory HbA1c measurements obtained from a capillary collection versus a standard venous whole blood collection in the GRADE and EDIC studies
Authors: Nathan David M. , Krause-Steinrauf Heidi , Braffett Barbara H. , Arends Valerie L. , Younes Naji , McGee Paula , Lund Claire , Johnson Mary , Lorenzi Gayle , Gao Xiaoyu , Steffes Michael W. , Lachin John M. ,   the GRADE Research Group,   the DCCT/EDIC Research Group
Published: November 2021

Background
We compared HbA1c values obtained from capillary blood collection kits versus venous whole blood collections in study participants with type 1 or type 2 diabetes.

Methods
A total of 122 subjects, 64 with type 2 diabetes participating in the Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness (GRADE) Study and 58 with type 1 diabetes from the Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC) Study, participated in the validation study. Capillary tubes were filled by fingerstick by the participants on the same day as the collection of venous whole blood samples in EDTA-containing test tubes and were mailed to the central laboratory. HbA1c in all samples was measured with the same high-performance liquid chromatography. GRADE participants also completed a questionnaire on the ease of performing capillary collections.

Results
Participants from 22 clinical centers (GRADE n = 5, EDIC n = 17) were between 35 and 86 years of age, with 52% male and diverse race/ethnicities. Venous HbA1c results ranged between 5.4–11.9% (35.5–106.6 mmol/mol) with corresponding capillary results ranging between 4.2–11.9% (22.4–106.6 mmol/mol). The venous and capillary results were highly correlated (R2 = 0.993) and 96.7% differed by ≤0.2% (2.2 mmol/mol). Of participants surveyed, 69% indicated that the instructions and collection were easy to follow and 97% felt the collection method would be easy to do at home.

Conclusions
The capillary blood HbA1c results compared well with the conventional venous whole blood results. The capillary kits can be employed in other studies to reduce interruption of critical data collection and potentially to augment clinical care when in-person visits are not possible.
Antimicrobial resistance profiles and associated factors of Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas aeruginosa nosocomial infection among patients admitted at Dessie comprehensive specialized Hospital, North-East Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study
Authors: Mekonnen Habtamu , Seid Abdurahaman , Molla Fenta Genet , Gebrecherkos Teklay 
Published: November 2021

Introduction
Hospital admitted patients are at increased risk of nosocomial infections (NIs) with multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens which are prevalent in the hospital environment. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) are common causes of NIs worldwide. The objective of this study is to determine antimicrobial resistance profiles and associated factors of Acinetobacter spp and P. aeruginosa NIs among hospitalized patients.

Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted at Dessie comprehensive specialized hospital, North-East Ethiopia, from February 1 to April 30, 2020. A total of 254 patients who were suspected of the bloodstream, urinary tract, or surgical site nosocomial infections were enrolled consecutively. Socio-demographic and other variables of interest were collected using a structured questionnaire. Specimens were collected and processed following standard microbiological procedures. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method following Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 23 and p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results
Overall, 13% of patients had nosocomial Acinetobacter spp and/or P. aeruginosa infections. The culture positivity rate was 16(6.3%) for Acinetobacter spp and 18(7.1%) for P. aeruginosa. Patients admitted in the surgical ward (Adjusted odds ratio (AOR):10.66;95% confidence interval (CI):1.22–93.23), pediatric ward (AOR:14.37;95%CI:1.4–148.5), intensive care unit (AOR:41.93;95%CI:4.7–374.7) and orthopedics (AOR:52.21;95%CI:7.5–365) were significantly at risk to develop NIs compared to patients admitted in the medical ward. Patients who took more than two antimicrobial types at admission were 94% (AOR:0.06; 95% CI:0.004–0.84) times more protected from NIs compared to those who did not take any antimicrobial. About 81% of Acinetobacter spp and 83% of P. aeruginosa isolates were MDR. Amikacin and meropenem showed promising activity against Acinetobacter spp and P. aeruginosa isolates.

Conclusion
The high prevalence of MDR Acinetobacter spp and P. aeruginosa nosocomial isolates enforce treating of patients with NIs based on antimicrobial susceptibility testing results.
Toe pressure and toe brachial index are predictive of cardiovascular mortality regardless of the most diseased arterial segment in symptomatic lower-extremity artery disease—A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Koivunen V. , Juonala M. , Venermo M. , Laivuori M. , Jalkanen J. M. , Hakovirta H. H. 
Published: November 2021

Objective
Although lower extremity arterial disease (LEAD) is most often multisegmental, the predominant disease location and risk factors differ between patients. Ankle-brachial index (ABI), toe-brachial index (TBI), and toe pressure (TP) are predictive of outcome in LEAD patients. Previously, we reported a classification method defining the most diseased arterial segment (MDAS); crural (CR), femoropopliteal (FP), or aortoiliac (AOI). Current study aimed to analyze the associations between MDAS, peripheral pressure measurements and cardiovascular mortality.

Materials and methods
We reviewed retrospectively 729 consecutive LEAD patients (Rutherford 2–6) who underwent digital subtraction angiography between January, 2009 to August, 2011 and had standardized peripheral pressure measurements.

Results
In Cox Regression analyses, cardiovascular mortality was associated with MDAS and non-invasive pressure indices as follows; MDAS AOI, TP <30 mmHg (HR 3.00, 95% CI 1.13–7.99); MDAS FP, TP <30 mmHg (HR 2.31, 95% CI 1.36–3.94), TBI <0.25 (HR 3.20, 95% CI 1.34–7.63), ABI <0.25 (HR 5.45, 95% CI 1.56–19.0) and ≥1.30 (HR 6.71, 95% CI 1.89–23.8), and MDAS CR, TP <30 mmHg (HR 4.26, 95% CI 2.19–8.27), TBI <0.25 (HR 7.71, 95% CI 1.86–32.9), and ABI <0.25 (HR 2.59, 95% CI 1.15–5.85).

Conclusions
Symptomatic LEAD appears to be multisegmental with severe infrapopliteal involvement. Because of this, TP and TBI are strongly predictive of cardiovascular mortality and they should be routinely measured despite the predominant disease location or clinical presentation.