bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multiple-Study Replication Initiatives
Authors: Bausell R. Barker 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The “mass” replications of multiple studies, some employing dozens of investigators distributed among myriad sites, is unique to the reproducibility movement. The most impressive of these initiatives was employed by the Open Science Collaboration directed by Brian Nosek, who recruited 270 investigators to participate in the replication of 100 psychological experiments via a very carefully structured, prespecified protocol that avoided questionable research practices. Just before this Herculean effort, two huge biotech firms (Amegen and Bayer Health Care) respectively conducted 53 and 67 preclinical replications of promising published studies to ascertain which results were worth pursuing for commercial applications. Amazingly, in less than a 10-year period, a number of other diverse multistudy replications were also conducted involving hundreds of effects. Among these were the three “many lab” multistudy replications based on the Open Science Model (but also designed to ascertain if potential confounders of the approach itself existed, such as differences in participant types, settings, and timing), replications of social science studies published in Science and Nature, experimental economics studies, and even self-reported replications ascertained from a survey. Somewhat surprisingly, the overall successful replication percentage for this diverse collection of 811 studies was 46%, mirroring the modeling results discussed in Chapter 3 and supportive of John Ioannidis’s pejorative and often quoted conclusion that most scientific results are incorrect.
Understanding the Invisibility Bargain
Authors: Pugh Jeffrey D. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2 introduces the concept of the invisibility bargain in order to explain how the informal strategies chosen by migrants to resolve conflicts, participate politically, and gain access to resources respond to the set of unwritten expectations within the host society that govern social relations between migrants and citizens and establish the “rules” by which the host population will tolerate or accept the physical presence of migrants in the country. It traces how the perception of migrants’ valued contribution, combined with their social and political invisibility, is often the price of the host population’s acceptance of their physical presence in the country, and argues that violation of these expectations may lead to social sanctions and a hostile backlash against migrants by the host population. The invisibility bargain lays important conceptual groundwork for the main argument of the book.
War in a Globalized World
Authors: Lambert Nicholas A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
From 1904 on, the British government conducted further studies into the strategic implications of globalization. The fragility of the globalized economic system deeply impressed those involved in these investigations. This impression underlay the widespread pre-1914 belief that a major war between urban-industrial societies must be short, lest the disruption to economic systems swiftly lead to social revolution. Seeing opportunity as well as danger, the Admiralty devised a plan, approved by the government, to exploit British monopoly control over the underpinning infrastructure of the global trading system—finance, ships, and communications. It envisioned a massive denial-of-service attack upon Britain’s enemies. Upon the outbreak of war, British plans to wage economic warfare both offensively and defensively met with mixed success. Over the next few months, policy was modified and adapted according to experience.
Two Problems, One Solution
Authors: Lambert Nicholas A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
At its meeting on January 13, 1915, the War Council supposedly authorized an attack at the Dardanelles in order to meet a Russian request for assistance and relieve pressure on the Western Front. This is incorrect. Not only did the government’s interest in the Dardanelles have other sources, but in fact it was leaning at this point toward offensives in Syria and the Balkans rather than Turkey. Churchill, however, continued to push for his Dardanelles operation and in so doing created chaos inside Admiralty, straining his relations with the admirals. On January 20 Asquith approved an offensive in the Balkans, but in so doing underestimated French resistance to the diversion of resources away from the Western Front.
Philo and the Origins of Political Theology
Authors: Vatter Miguel 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis chapter discusses why Philo became an essential source for the development of political theology in the West through his conception of the prophet as nomos empsychos or living law. The chapter addresses the controversial interpretation of Philo proposed by Erwin Goodenough, which establishes a new paradigm on how to think about the relation between Athens and Jerusalem, pagan philosophy and Jewish revelation, in Hellenistic Judaism. The chapter argues that this interpretative approach to Philo sheds light on why he became a decisive source for the renaissance of Jewish political theology in the 20th century, starting with Hermann Cohen’s foundational work.
Franz Rosenzweig and Religious Constitutionalism
Authors: Vatter Miguel 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis chapter discusses Franz Rosenzweig’s political theology in light of the tension between nationalism and cosmopolitanism. Christian political theology is based on a message of universal love and brotherhood, but Rosenzweig points out how the reception of this message in the West took the form of nationalism and a sanctification of imperialism. This chapter offers a new reading of Rosenzweig’s wartime unfinished work on geopolitics, Globus, as an early meditation on what we now call “globalization.” It then reconstructs his masterpiece The Star of Redemption as a treatise on political theology that opens an alternative path to peoplehood based on the possibility of a cosmopolitan empire of law that is not territorially delimited and an access to citizenship that is not ethno-culturally predetermined. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the contested interpretation that Rosenzweig gives of Islam in the Star of Redemption and the problem of “holy war.”
Leo Strauss and the Concrete Order of Law
Authors: Vatter Miguel 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis chapter is dedicated to Leo Strauss’s attempt to recover the medieval Islamic and Jewish conceptions of the prophet as a political founder of the perfect legal order. The chapter situates Strauss’s political theology within the Weimar debate between proponents of legality and defenders of an extra-legal conception of legitimacy. It argues that Strauss turns back to the ancient conception of law as nomos in order to give a philosophical foundation to legality beyond Christian conceptions of legitimacy. Christian political theology has always pivoted around the polemical claim that Mosaic law was “tyrannical” in some way. Strauss’s contribution to Jewish political theology consists in examining Jewish and Islamic prophetology by formulating it in terms of the so-called tyrannical teaching of Platonic political philosophy. The chapter shows that Strauss ultimately held to the view of a profound compatibility and mutual need between the traditions of Greek philosophy and biblical prophecy.
Confirming U.S. Attorneys
Authors: Boyd Christina L. , Nelson Michael J. , Ostrander Ian , Boldt Ethan D. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this chapter, we explore the selection and appointment of federal prosecutors. We review the historical development of the Senate confirmation process for U.S. Attorneys, emphasizing that these officials are a rare federal office in which all three branches of government play a role in the staffing process. We then turn to an empirical examination of how politics plays an important role in determining whether U.S. Attorney nominations are confirmed by the Senate as well as how long it takes to receive confirmation. We reveal wide disparities in the extent to which Democrat and Republican Administrations have valued demographic diversity among federal prosecutors. Moreover, we demonstrate that, while presidents nearly always succeed in their nominations of U.S. Attorneys, confirmations are speedier and more likely to be successful when the president and Senate are ideologically aligned and when the president enjoys widespread popularity.
To Prosecute or Not: Prosecutors as Agenda Setters
Authors: Boyd Christina L. , Nelson Michael J. , Ostrander Ian , Boldt Ethan D. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In Chapter 6, we examine the highly discretionary decision of federal prosecutors to bring or decline to bring prosecutions in individual criminal matters. This is a critical agenda-setting decision for the criminal justice system: when a prosecutor declines to bring a prosecution, no further action is taken against a suspect. Despite the importance of these decisions, there is also no formal oversight mechanism in place for individual federal prosecutorial choices to pursue or decline prosecution. After examining the descriptive data and underlying policies on federal declinations, we present an empirical test of how presidential, congressional, and local public political factors affect the decision to prosecute or decline to prosecute federal criminal matters. To do so, we analyze data containing nearly 200,000 federal criminal matters from 1996 to 2011 involving violent crime. Our results reveal sizable political effects on whether U.S. Attorneys bring violent crime prosecutions.
The Charging and Bargaining Decisions
Authors: Boyd Christina L. , Nelson Michael J. , Ostrander Ian , Boldt Ethan D. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines U.S. Attorneys’ decisions regarding charging and bargaining with federal criminal defendants. Based on our theoretical expectations about the importance of political responsiveness in prosecutorial decisions, we expect that prosecutors will be less likely to demonstrate leniency in providing charge reductions and offering substantial assistance downward sentencing departures when their political principals and local public send strong signals regarding their prosecutorial priorities for a given area of crime. We test this expectation empirically, relying on DOJ and U.S. Sentencing Commission data on federal violent crimes. We find evidence that political responsiveness helps drive prosecutorial behavior for both charge reductions and substantial assistance departures.
The Pensions Multiverse
Authors: Berry Craig 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe form that pensions provision takes is far from uniform, even among highly developed capitalist economies. This chapter surveys this diversity, but also the flawed ways in which pensions variation is usually understood, in both officialdom and academic scholarship. The intention, however, is not to replace one typology with another; while some of the most important differences across countries are actually understated, there is also a tendency to overstate systemic differences based on a highly parsimonious account of varieties within (welfare) capitalism. The chapter considers the main features and implications of pensions provision across many developed and developing countries, and recent reform agendas (including Europeanization), and develops a new approach to understanding private pensions in capitalist economies with reference to the temporal and cross-generational nature of provision.
False Dawn
Authors: Berry Craig 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe introduction of auto-enrolment in the UK is a genuinely transformative moment. While the earlier neoliberal ‘revolution’ in wider economic governance encompassed important changes to pensions policy and provision, auto-enrolment encompasses an extensive set of reforms designed to alter how the vast majority of people engage with private pensions provision. However, the flaws in the approach established by the Pensions Commission in the mid-2000s—arising largely from its acceptance of the dominance of defined contribution—have created myriad new challenges for policy-makers, and indeed enabled subsequent elites to reinforce individualized and marketized provision (with inegalitarian outcomes) in a way that severely undermines the Commission’s plan. The chapter explores the hugely flawed imaginary of the individual and rationality encompassed by elite support for defined contribution saving, and the crude behavioural assumptions upon which auto-enrolment is based.
Ecology and Wildlife Ecology as Distinct Academic Disciplines
Authors: Veech Joseph A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
As academic disciplines ecology and wildlife ecology both recognize the importance of habitat to the daily survival of individuals and long-term persistence of populations. Although the explicit and direct study of habitat originally emerged in ecology, wildlife ecologists historically have been more involved in its study and in the analysis of species–habitat relationships. This is partly due to wildlife ecologists being interested in habitat management for particular species and applying a resource-based concept of habitat to better understand population growth rates, particularly for harvested or hunted species. In the 1930s onward for several decades, Aldo Leopold played a prominent role in establishing wildlife ecology (and management) as its own academic field and practice. Leopold was keenly aware of population dynamics although he seemed to not directly link his empirical observations of population fluctuations to any of the emerging mathematical population growth models of the day. This may have also indirectly allowed the early growth of wildlife ecology to proceed without any of its own emergent theory. Despite historical, paradigmatic, practical, and subject matter differences between the two disciplines, both are becoming more similar to one another as interdisciplinary collaboration and communication continue to increase.
The Primacy of Habitat
Authors: Veech Joseph A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Habitat may have a primary role in determining the distribution and abundance of species, yet ecologists have historically overlooked its importance. Models of habitat selection are briefly reviewed. A new conceptual and analytical model is presented that explains how dispersing organisms find and settle at a given location based upon habitat structural features providing cues for settlement. The model is based on a sequential process of dispersal, settlement, and establishment that can be described by probabilities. The spatial settlement pattern of juvenile individuals determines adult distribution and abundance. Evidence is provided that structural features of the habitat may be more effective cues than are food supply, conspecific density, or the absence of an antagonistic species. This is the habitat-cue hypothesis of species distribution and abundance. The hypothesis is intended to stimulate greater investigation into the role of physical structure and environmental cueing in habitat selection by all types of organism. The hypothesis also predicts that a species distribution in nature is determined by habitat more than any other factor.
Design and Statistical Issues Related to Habitat Analysis
Authors: Veech Joseph A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
There are many different design and statistical issues that a researcher should consider when developing the data collection protocol or when interpreting results from a habitat analysis. One of the first considerations is simply the area to include in the study. This depends on the behavior (particularly mobility) of the focal species and logistical constraints. The amount of area also relates to the number of survey locations (plots, transects, or other) and their spatial placement. Survey data often include many instances of a species absent from a spatial sampling unit. These could be true absences or might represent very low species detection probability. There are different statistical techniques for estimating detection probability as well as analyzing data with a substantial proportion of zero-abundance values. The spatial dispersion of the species within the overall study area or region is never random. Even apart from the effect of habitat, individuals are often aggregated due to various environmental factors or species traits. This can affect count data collected from survey plots. Related to spatial dispersion, the overall background density of the species within the study area can introduce particular challenges in identifying meaningful habitat associations. Statistical issues such as normality, multicollinearity, spatial and temporal autocorrelation may be relatively common and need to be addressed prior to an analysis. None of these design and statistical issues presents insurmountable challenges to a habitat analysis.
Under the Empire
Authors: Faust Avraham 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 (‘Under the Empire: Settlement and Demography in the Southwestern Margins of the Assyrian Empire in the Seventh Century bce’) describes the settlement and demography in the period of Assyrian control. Comparing the detailed information available from the region with that provided in Chapter 2 allows us to estimate what were the consequences of the imperial takeover. The evidence shows that the provinces in the north were mostly devastated, whereas the client kingdoms prospered and, moreover, for the first time in history the south flourished more than the north. The dramatic decline in the north is also exemplified by the large number of place names that were forgotten following the Assyrian conquests. The chapter ends with an appendix on the demographic significance of deportations.
A Province Too Far?
Authors: Faust Avraham 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The final chapter (‘A Province Too Far? The Assyrian Empire, Its Southwestern Margins, and the Dynamics of Imperial Expansion, Conquest, and Rule’) briefly reviews how imperial rule in the southwest unfolded and what the consequences of the conquests and the establishment of provinces in large parts of the area were, as well as the processes that took place during the century of Assyrian rule. The chapter reviews the main conclusions of the book concerning the imperial activity in the southwest, and the considerations that guided Assyrian policies in general, and discusses the implications of this research on the study of imperial strategies at large. Based on the differences in the ways the Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, and Persian empires treated their remote provinces, the last part of the chapter discusses the historical development of empires, and the ‘Achaemenid revolution’, which transformed the imperial economy and the way provinces were perceived, and subsequently broke the limitations on the size of empires posed by earlier imperial mindsets.
Behavioural and emotional aspects of Huntington’s disease
Authors: Quarrell Oliver 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the behavioural and emotional aspects together with problems relating to thinking (cognitive defects). In many ways, these problems are often more difficult to manage for the families than the physical problems described in the previous chapter. Some of the issues discussed include: lack of perception of the needs of others; depression, apathy, and anxiety; difficulty planning ahead and changing plans in the light of new information; outbursts of temper; preoccupations or perseveration. There is a discussion of how a carer may have to change or adapt in order to avoid some of these problems. Some of the drugs used to help with the behavioural problems are the same as the ones used to treat the physical problems.
Genetic counselling: a new diagnosis in the family
Authors: Quarrell Oliver 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes the process of genetic counselling in general but with an emphasis on Huntington’s disease. The chapter discusses issues for a new diagnosis in the family and describes the challenges of telling children that they are at risk. Medical doctors often lead genetic counselling teams as they are specially trained to give information about genetic disorders and explain the implications of genetic tests. The doctor or counsellor has to understand your particular circumstances and support you in a way that allows you to make your own decisions. A diagnosis of HD has implications for you and all your close relatives.
Changes in the brain
Authors: Quarrell Oliver 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter explains the change which can be seen in the structure of the brain of someone with Huntington’s disease (HD). There is a recognized pattern of damage which occurs. Several areas of the brain are affected but the brunt of the damage occurs in the basal ganglia especially the caudate and putamen nuclei, these are sometimes called the corpus striatum. There are complex connections between the areas of the brain: in the case of HD the direct and indirect pathways are important for understanding some of the physical features and why drugs which block the dopamine 2 receptors are used to treat chorea.
Treatment of Huntington’s disease
Authors: Quarrell Oliver 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Treatment of Huntington’s disease (HD) is currently symptomatic and supportive. This is sometimes expressed as saying that there is no treatment to alter the natural history of the condition. There is no specific drug treatment for HD but drugs which are commonly used are dopamine blockers or selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Sometimes mood stabilizers are used. Non drug treatments are also very valuable and should not be overlooked. As important as the drug treatment is the input from other support services such as social services, physiotherapists, and speech therapists. This is not an exhaustive list.
Ecological Interactions Influencing the Emergence, Abundance, and Human Exposure to Tick-Borne Pathogens
Authors: Diuk-Wasser Maria A. , Fernandez Maria del Pilar , Davis Stephen 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Tick-borne pathogens pose the greatest vector-borne disease burden in temperate areas of Europe and North America. We synthesize key aspects of tick life history that enable ticks to persist, spread and impact human health, including a two-year life cycle, multiple transmission pathways and dependence on hosts for tick feeding, movement and pathogen transmission. We discuss modeling advances that incorporate these traits in the context of climate-driven variation in tick feeding phenology. For established pathogens, such as the Lyme disease agent in the United States, we disentangle the linkages between land use change, habitat fragmentation and host diversity influencing human risk of infection along an urbanization gradient. We propose a coupled natural-human system framework for tick-borne pathogens that accounts for nonlinear effects and feedbacks between the enzootic cycle and human spillover. A deeper understanding of the eco-bio-social determinants of these diseases is required to develop more effective public health interventions.