bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A note on the Wilhelmine Inconsistency
Authors: Litland Jon Erling 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Wilhelm has recently shown that widely accepted principles about immediate ground are inconsistent with some principles of propositional identity. This note responds to this inconsistency by developing two ground-theoretic accounts of propositional individuation. On one account some of the grounding principles are incorrect; on the other account, the principles of propositional individuation are incorrect.
Application of artificial intelligence and machine learning for COVID-19 drug discovery and vaccine design
Authors: Lv Hao , Shi Lei , Berkenpas Joshua William , Dao Fu-Ying , Zulfiqar Hasan , Ding Hui , Zhang Yang , Yang Liming , Cao Renzhi 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, has led to a dramatic loss of human life worldwide. Despite many efforts, the development of effective drugs and vaccines for this novel virus will take considerable time. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) offer promising solutions that could accelerate the discovery and optimization of new antivirals. Motivated by this, in this paper, we present an extensive survey on the application of AI and ML for combating COVID-19 based on the rapidly emerging literature. Particularly, we point out the challenges and future directions associated with state-of-the-art solutions to effectively control the COVID-19 pandemic. We hope that this review provides researchers with new insights into the ways AI and ML fight and have fought the COVID-19 outbreak.
Masquerading predators deceive prey by aggressively mimicking bird droppings in a crab spider
Authors: Yu Long , Xu Xin , Zhang Zengtao , Painting Christina J , Yang Xiaodong , Li Daiqin 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In aggressive mimicry, a predator accesses prey by mimicking the appearance and/or behavior of a harmless or beneficial model in order to avoid being correctly identified by its prey. The crab spider genus Phrynarachne is often cited as a textbook example of masquerading as bird droppings (BDs) in order to avoid predation. However, Phrynarachne spiders may also aggressively mimic BDs in order to deceive potential prey. To date, there is no experimental evidence to support aggressive mimicry in masquerading crab spiders; therefore, we performed a field survey, a manipulative field experiment, and visual modeling to test this hypothesis using Phrynarachne ceylonica. We compared prey-attraction rates among BDs, spiders, and control empty leaves in the field. We found that although all prey combined and agromyzid dipterans, in particular, were attracted to BDs at a higher rate than to spiders, other dipterans and hymenopterans were attracted to BDs at a similar rate as to spiders. Both spiders and BDs attracted insects at a significantly higher rate than did control leaves. As predicted, prey was attracted to experimentally blackened or whitened spiders significantly less frequently than to unmanipulated spiders. Finally, visual modeling suggested that spiders and BDs can be detected by dipterans and hymenopterans against background leaves, but they are indistinguishable from each other. Taken together, our results suggest that insects lured by spiders may misidentify them as BDs, and bird-dropping masquerading may serve as aggressive mimicry in addition to predator avoidance in P. ceylonica.
Clinical Features and Long-Term Outcomes of Paediatric-Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease in a Population-Based Cohort in the Songpa-Kangdong District of Seoul, Korea
Authors: Park Sang Hyoung , Im Jong Pil , Park Hyunju , Jeong Seung Kyu , Lee Ji Hyun , Rhee Kyoung Hoon , Kim Young-Ho , Hong Sung Noh , Kim Kyung Ho , Seo Seung In , Cha Jae Myung , Park Sun Yong , Kim Joo Sung , Yoon Hyuk , Kim Sung Hoon , Jang Jisun , Kim Jeong Hwan , Suh Seong O , Kim Young Kyun , Ye Byong Duk , Yang Suk-Kyun 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background and Aims
The long-term outcomes of paediatric-onset inflammatory bowel disease [pIBD] in non-Caucasian populations are unknown. We therefore evaluated and compared the clinical features and long-term outcomes of pIBD with those of adult-onset IBD [aIBD] using a population-based cohort in the Songpa-Kangdong district of Seoul, Korea.

Methods
Clinical characteristics and prognoses were compared between the two groups: pIBD [defined as &lt;18 years of age at diagnosis] and aIBD [18–59 years of age at diagnosis].

Results
We identified 131 patients with pIBD (48 ulcerative colitis [UC], 83 Crohn’s disease [CD]) and 1192 patients with aIBD [866 UC, 326 CD] during 1986–2015. Extensive colitis at diagnosis was more prevalent in pUC than in aUC [45.8% vs 22.3%, p &lt; 0.001], and the overall exposure to corticosteroids, thiopurines and anti-tumour necrosis factor agents was higher in pUC than in aUC [p &lt; 0.001]. The cumulative risk of colectomy was higher in pUC than in aUC during a median follow-up of 125.0 and 112.1 months, respectively [8.9% vs 1.8% at 10 years after diagnosis, p = 0.030]. Ileocolonic location and inflammatory behaviour at diagnosis were more common in pCD than in aCD; however, patients with pCD and aCD did not differ regarding treatment or disease course during a median follow-up of 137.2 and 120.9 months, respectively.

Conclusion
Our study showed clear differences between pIBD and aIBD, especially in UC. pUC presents with more extensive diseases and may have a more severe disease course, as suggested by an earlier time to administering medications and performing colectomy.
Regularised orthogonal machine learning for nonlinear semiparametric models
Authors: Nekipelov Denis , Semenova Vira , Syrgkanis Vasilis 
Published: July 2021

Summary
This paper proposes a Lasso-type estimator for a high-dimensional sparse parameter identified by a single index conditional moment restriction (CMR). In addition to this parameter, the moment function can also depend on a nuisance function, such as the propensity score or the conditional choice probability, which we estimate by modern machine learning tools. We first adjust the moment function so that the gradient of the future loss function is insensitive (formally, Neyman orthogonal) with respect to the first-stage regularisation bias, preserving the single index property. We then take the loss function to be an indefinite integral of the adjusted moment function with respect to the single index. The proposed Lasso estimator converges at the oracle rate, where the oracle knows the nuisance function and solves only the parametric problem. We demonstrate our method by estimating the short-term heterogeneous impact of Connecticut’s Jobs First welfare reform experiment on women’s welfare participation decision.
How-to: Focus Cardiac Ultrasound in acute settings
Authors: Soliman-Aboumarie Hatem , Breithardt Ole-A , Gargani Luna , Trambaiolo Paolo , Neskovic Aleksandar N 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Focus cardiac ultrasound (FoCUS) provides vital information at at the bedside which has the potential of improving outcomes in the acute settings. FoCUS could help the clinicians in their daily clinical decision-making while applied within the clinical context as an extension of bedside clinical examination. FoCUS practitioners should be aware of their own limitations with the importance of the timely referral for comprehensive Echocardiography whenever required.
COVID-19, congenital heart disease, and pregnancy: dramatic conjunction—case report
Authors: Avila Walkiria Samuel , Kirschbaum Marcelo , Devido Marcela Santana , Demarchi Lea Maria Macruz Ferreira 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
Epidemiological data from the COVID-19 pandemic report that patients with pre-existing cardiovascular disease have worse outcomes and higher mortality, and that pregnant women should be considered at high risk.

Case summary
A 25-year-old pregnant woman on the waiting list for a heart transplant, with a history of complete atrioventricular canal surgery, mitral mechanical prosthetic implant (St Jude-27), and cardiac resynchronization therapy (Boston Scientific) was hospitalized at 30 weeks of gestation for treatment of heart failure. After 7 days of hospitalization, she had a positive RT–PCR test for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 with progressive worsening of her clinical condition and acute foetal distress. Hence emergency caesarean section was performed. After the birth, the patient required mechanical ventilation, progressing to multiple organ system failures. Conventional inotropic drugs, antibiotics, and mechanical ventilation for 30 days in the intensive care unit provided significant clinical, haemodynamic, and respiratory improvement. However, on the 37th day, she suddenly experienced respiratory failure, gastrointestinal and airway bleeding, culminating in death.

Discussion
Progressive physiological changes during pregnancy cause cardiovascular complications in women with severe heart disease and higher susceptibility to viral infection and severe pneumonia. COVID-19 is known to incite an intense inflammatory and prothrombotic response with clinical expression of severe acute respiratory syndrome, heart failure, and thromboembolic events. The overlap of these COVID-19 events with those of pregnancy in this woman with underlying heart disease contributed to an unfortunate outcome and maternal death.
Heart failure and dementia: a comparative analysis with different types of cancer
Authors: Roderburg Christoph , Loosen Sven H , Jördens Markus S , Konrad Marcel , Luedde Tom , Kostev Karel , Luedde Mark 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAimsThe prognosis and quality of life of patients with heart failure (HF) is determined by comorbidities, with dementia/cognitive decline believed to have a significant impact in this regard. This study compares the incidence of dementia in patients with HF with that in patients with common cancers in a large collective of outpatients.Methods and resultsThis retrospective cohort study assessed the incidence of dementia/cognitive decline [International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD-10): I50] in a cohort of patients ≥65 years diagnosed with HF (ICD-10: I50), breast cancer (ICD-10: C50), prostate cancer (ICD-10: C61), or digestive organ cancer (ICD-10: C15-C26) in 1274 German general practices between January 2000 and December 2018. Multivariable Cox regression models were used to study the association between HF and dementia compared to each of three cancer cohorts. We included 72 259 patients with HF, 10 310 patients with breast cancer, 12 477 patients with prostate cancer, and 12 136 patients with digestive organ cancer. A total of 27.8% of patients with HF were diagnosed with dementia during the 10-year observation period compared to 16.2% of patients with breast cancer, 18.6% of patients with digestive organ cancer, and 16.1% of patients with prostate cancer. Patients with HF were significantly more likely to develop dementia within 10 years after diagnosis than patients with breast cancer [hazard ratio (HR): 1.36 (95% confidence interval 1.28–1.45, P &lt; 0.001], prostate cancer [HR 1.38 (1.130–1.47), P &lt; 0.001], or gastrointestinal tumours [HR 1.31 (1.24–1.39), P &lt; 0.001].ConclusionsOur study demonstrates the significance of dementia in patients with HF, in whom the condition is much more prevalent than in patients with cancer.
Triglyceride-glucose index predicts outcome in patients with chronic coronary syndrome independently of other risk factors and myocardial ischaemia
Authors: Neglia Danilo , Aimo Alberto , Lorenzoni Valentina , Caselli Chiara , Gimelli Alessia 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAimsThe triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index, a surrogate marker of insulin resistance (IR), is a prognostic risk factor in the general population. We aimed to assess whether it is an independent predictor of outcome also in patients with chronic coronary syndrome (CCS).Methods and resultsTyG index was evaluated in 1097 consecutive patients (75% men, median age 72 years) with known (26%) or suspected coronary artery disease (CAD), undergoing stress-rest myocardial perfusion scintigraphy, and coronary angiography and followed up for a median of 4.5 years. Moderate/severe perfusion abnormalities during stress (summed stress score &gt;7) were documented in 60% of patients, obstructive CAD in 74%, and 36% underwent early revascularization. TyG index was 8.9 (median, interquartile interval 8.6–9.2). Cardiac death or myocardial infarction occurred in 103 patients and all-cause death in 65. After correction for clinical risk factors, LV function and common bio-humoral variables, TyG index (HR 2.42, 95% CI 1.57–3.72, P &lt; 0.001), and moderate/severe stress perfusion abnormalities (hazard ratio (HR) 2.17, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.25–3.77, P &lt; 0.001) independently predicted cardiac events. TyG index (HR 3.64, 95%CI 2.22–5.96, P &lt; 0.001) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (HR 1.11, 95% CI 1.04–1.19, P = 0.002) independently predicted all-cause death.ConclusionIn patients with CCS, the TyG index identifies a cardiometabolic profile associated with an additional risk of cardiac events, over the presence of myocardial ischaemia and independently of other clinical, common bio-humoral or imaging risk determinants.
Sleep Characteristics and Hearing Loss in Older Adults: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005–2006
Authors: Jiang Kening , Spira Adam P , Reed Nicholas S , Lin Frank R , Deal Jennifer A 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
Sleep characteristics might be associated with hearing loss through disturbed energy metabolism and disrupted cochlear blood flow, but prior evidence is limited. This study aims to investigate cross-sectional associations of sleep duration and signs/symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing with hearing in a nationally representative cohort of US older adults aged 70 and older.

Methods
We studied 632 older adults aged 70 and older from the 2005–2006 cycle of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Hearing thresholds were measured using pure-tone audiometry and were averaged to create speech-frequency (0.5–4 kHz), low-frequency (0.5–2 kHz), and high-frequency (4–8 kHz) pure-tone averages (PTAs) in better-hearing ear, with higher values indicate worse hearing. Sleep duration and signs/symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing (snoring, snorting/stopping breathing, excessive sleepiness) were collected through questionnaires. Multivariable-adjusted spline models with knots at 6 and 8 hours were fitted for associations between sleep duration and PTAs. Multivariable-adjusted linear regression was used for associations between sleep-disordered breathing and PTAs. Primary models adjusted for demographic and lifestyle factors, secondary models additionally adjusted for cardiovascular factors.

Results
When sleep duration exceeded 8 hours, every additional hour of sleep duration was marginally associated with higher(poorer) high-frequency PTA (primary: 2.45 dB in hearing level, 95% CI: −0.34 to 5.24; secondary: 2.89 dB in hearing level, 95% CI: 0.02–5.76). No associations were observed between sleep-disordered breathing and hearing.

Conclusions
Longer sleep duration is marginally associated with poorer high-frequency hearing among older adults sleeping more than 8 hours. However, we cannot infer temporality given the cross-sectional design. Future longitudinal studies are needed to establish temporality and clarify mechanisms.
The Roles of Gray Divorce and Subsequent Repartnering for Parent–Adult Child Relationships
Authors: Lin I-Fen , Brown Susan L , Mellencamp Kagan A 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Divorce is now widespread in later life, yet little is known about how older adults and their adult children respond in the aftermath of gray divorce. Guided by the life course perspective, this study examines the consequences of gray divorce and subsequent repartnering for parent–adult child relationships from the parent’s perspective.

Methods
Using longitudinal data from the 1998–2014 Health and Retirement Study in the United States, we estimated growth curve models to compare fathers’ and mothers’ frequent contact with and financial support to their adult children prior to, during, and following gray divorce.

Results
Gray divorce and repartnering had disparate effects on father– versus mother–adult child relationships. Following a divorce, fathers’ frequent contact with their adult children decreased but financial support to their adult children increased. Fathers’ repartnering had an enduring negative effect on frequent contact with their children. Gray divorce did not alter mothers’ financial support to adult children and it actually increased interaction between mothers and adult children as the odds of frequent contact doubled upon divorce. Repartnering had no appreciable effects on mothers’ relationships with their adult children.

Discussion
The results of our study are consistent with prior research showing that divorce creates a matrifocal tilt in our kinship system. The shifting dynamics of parent–adult child relationships in response to gray divorce and repartnering raise questions about whether gray-divorced parents will be able to rely on their adult children for care as they age.
Birefringence Analyses Reveal Differences in Supramolecular Characteristics of Corneal Stromal Collagen Fibrils Between Falconiformes and Strigiformes
Authors: Aldrovani Marcela , Pereira Amanda Garcia , Tinasi Ana Luísa Santos Nielsen , Brito Vinícius José da Silva Cardoso , Raposo Ana Claudia Santos , Honsho Cristiane dos Santos , Oriá Arianne Pontes 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This study aimed to assess the birefringent properties of corneal stromal collagen fibrils in birds of the orders Falconiformes (diurnal) and Strigiformes (predominantly nocturnal) to compare their supramolecular organizations. In total, 22 corneas of Falconiformes (Caracara plancus, n = 8; Rupornis magnirostris, n = 10; and Falco sparverius, n = 4) and 28 of Strigiformes (Tyto furcata, n = 16; Pseudoscops clamator, n = 6; and Athene cunicularia, n = 6) were processed histotechnically into 8-μm thick sections. Corneal optical retardation (OR) values related to the form and intrinsic fractions of the total birefringence of collagen fibrils were measured using a polarized light microscope equipped with phase compensators. In addition, the coherence coefficients that inform the local orientation of the fibrils were calculated through video image analysis. All assessments were conducted both in the anterior and posterior stroma of the cornea. Differences were significant when P &lt; 0.05. The results showed supraorganizational differences between fibrils in the anterior stroma of Falconiformes and Strigiformes. The OR values were greater (P &lt; 0.0001) for Falconiformes, indicating that the corneas of these birds contain more collagen fibrils or more aggregated collagen fibrils. In contrast, the coherence coefficients were higher (P = 0.016) for Strigiformes, indicating that the corneal collagen fibers in these birds are highly aligned and have few undulations. A multivariate data matrix constructed for Euclidean distance calculations showed that the dissimilarity between Falconiformes and Strigiformes corneas, in terms of the supraorganization of stromal collagen fibrils, was 4.56%. In conclusion, it is possible that the supraorganizational differences reported in this study may be sources of variation in the visual quality of Falconiformes and Strigiformes. This study provides the necessary evidence to encourage further research associating corneal optical performance to supramolecular characteristics of corneal stromal collagen.
International Employment Cases Post-Brexit: Choice of Law, Territorial Scope, Jurisdiction and Enforcement
Authors: Merrett Louise 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The globalisation of employment relationships means that the international aspects of employment law are important in an ever growing number of cases. In particular, international employment cases may raise issues relating to international jurisdiction, choice of law and territorial scope. Before the UK left the EU, directly effective EU Regulations regulating jurisdiction and choice of law provided the rules which are applied in a large number of cases. This article outlines the changes post-Brexit and the resulting overlapping regimes which now govern international employment cases. The choice of law rules in the Rome I Regulation and Rome II Regulation remain as part of retained EU law. International jurisdiction will now be governed entirely by national law rules. However, for cases in the High Court, the common law rules are amended to mirror the provisions which are previously applied under the Brussels I Regulation recast. Although in many cases the rules look the same, different principles of interpretation will apply, and, longer term, now that the rules are not binding as matter of EU there will be scope to amend and reform the rules.
Limoniic Acid and Its Analog as Trap Lures for PestLimoniusSpecies (Coleoptera: Elateridae) in North America
Authors: van Herk Willem G , Lemke Emily , Gries Gerhard , Gries Regine , Serrano Jacqueline M , Catton Haley , Wanner Kevin , Landolt Peter J , Cooper W Rodney , Meers Scott , Nikoukar Atoosa , Smith Jocelyn L , Alamsetti Santosh K , Etzler Frank E 
Published: July 2021

AbstractFour species of Limonius wireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae), L. californicus, L. canus, L. infuscatus and L. agonus, are serious crop pests in North America. Limoniic acid, (E)-4-ethyloct-4-enoic acid, has been reported as a sex pheromone component of female L. californicus and L. canus, and a sex attractant for male L. infuscatus. In the same study, both limoniic acid and the analog (E)-5-ethyloct-4-enoic acid were highly attractive in field experiments. Moreover, six carboxylic acids in headspace volatiles of Limonius females elicited responses from male antennae but were not tested for behavioral activity. Here, we report trap catch data of Limonius spp. obtained in field experiments at 27 sites across North America. All four Limonius species were attracted to limoniic acid and to the analog but not to the carboxylic acids. Adding these carboxylic acids to limoniic acid, or to the analog, reduced its attractiveness. In dose–response studies, trap lures containing 0.4 mg or 4 mg of limoniic acid afforded large captures of L. californicus and L. infuscatus. Neither limoniic acid nor the analog were deterrent to other elaterid pest species. The broad attractiveness of limoniic acid to Limonius spp., and its non-deterrent effect on heterogeners, may facilitate the development of generic pheromone-based monitoring and management tools for multiple click beetle species.