bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bandwidth Enhancement of Graphene–Organic Hybrid Photoconductors by Accelerating Electron Transfer Processes at Graphene Interface
Authors: Lee Yongmoon , Cha Sukgyun , Kim Changsoon 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPhotodetectors based on a heterojunction between graphene and photoactive layers have attractive features such as high responsivity and spectral sensitivity, but their narrow bandwidth originating from charge trapping is a major drawback. Here, it is demonstrated that the bandwidth of a graphene–organic hybrid photoconductor, where a planar bilayer of fullerene (C60) and zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) is in contact with the graphene layer, can be significantly increased by doping the C60 layer with ZnPc. The bandwidth, which increases with the doping concentration, is found to be more than two orders of magnitude higher at 40 vol% doping than that of the undoped device. Consequently, the 40%‐doped device has a fall time of the photocurrent transient of 19 μs, which is ≈300 times smaller than that of the undoped device (5.8 ms). Based on the model developed to analyze the electron transfer processes between the graphene and C60 layers, the increased bandwidth is attributed to the reduced electron lifetime in the C60 trap state by recombination with holes photogenerated in the ZnPc domains in the C60 layer.
Lessons to be learned in adoption of autonomous equipment for field crops
Authors: Lowenberg‐DeBoer James , Behrendt Karl , Ehlers Melf‐Hinrich , Dillon Carl , Gabriel Andreas , Huang Iona Yuelu , Kumwenda Ian , Mark Tyler , Meyer‐Aurich Andreas , Milics Gabor , Olagunju Kehinde Oluseyi , Pedersen Søren Marcus , Shockley Jordan , Rose David 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAutonomous equipment for crop production is on the verge of technical and economic feasibility, but government regulation may slow its adoption. Key regulatory issues include requirements for on‐site human supervision, liability for autonomous machine error, and intellectual property in robotic learning. As an example of the impact of regulation on the economic benefits of autonomous crop equipment, analysis from the United Kingdom suggests that requiring 100% on‐site human supervision almost wipes out the economic benefits of autonomous crop equipment for small and medium farms and increases the economies‐of‐scale advantage of larger farms.
Development of a novel pediatric point‐of‐care ultrasound question bank using a modified Delphi process
Authors: Alade Kiyetta H. , Marin Jennifer R. , Constantine Erika , Ekpenyong Atim , Farrell Susan E. , Horowitz Russ , Hsu Deborah , Kwan Charisse W. , Ng Lorraine , Leonard Perry J. , Lewiss Resa E. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackground and objectivesMeasuring pediatric emergency medicine (PEM) fellow competency in point‐of‐care ultrasound (POCUS) is important for ensuring adequate training and performance. Assessment may include direct observation, image review, quality assessment, and written examination. The purpose of this study was to develop a pediatric POCUS question bank that could subsequently be used as a POCUS assessment for graduating PEM fellows.MethodsWe organized a 10‐person question writing group (QWG). Eight hold expertise in POCUS and two hold expertise in medical education. Members of the QWG created questions within four domains: interpretation/diagnosis (50% of questions), anatomy (30%), physics (10%), and pitfalls (10%). POCUS faculty ascertained content validity and the medical education faculty revised questions for syntax and readability. In 2016, we recruited 31 pediatric POCUS experts. The majority were members of the P2 Network, an international group of experts and leaders in PEM POCUS, to participate in three iterative rounds of a modified Delphi process to review, revise, and establish consensus on the question bank.ResultsThirty‐one pediatric POCUS experts participated in the three rounds of the modified Delphi process and evaluated 437 questions developed by the expert panel. Forty‐nine percent (n = 216) of the questions were accepted in round 1, 30% (n = 130) in round 2, and 11% (n = 47) in the final round. The final question bank included 393 questions covering 17 pediatric POCUS applications.ConclusionWe developed a 393‐question bank to aid in the assessment of PEM POCUS competency. Future work includes piloting the questions with PEM fellows to evaluate the response process and implementing the assessment tool to establish a minimum passing score.
Mehlich 3 as a generic soil test extractant for environmental phosphorus risk assessment across Alabama soil regions
Authors: Bhatta Anjan , Prasad Rishi , Chakraborty Debolina , Shaw Joey N. , Lamba Jasmeet , Brantley Eve , Torbert Henry A. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIndividual states in the United States have adopted different soil test P (STP) methods for agronomic and environmental purposes. Working between soil regions and state borderlines can be complicated by using multiple STP methods. For example, Alabama uses Mehlich 1 (M1) for noncalcareous soils (Appalachian Plateau [AP], Coastal Plain [CP], Limestone Valley [LV], Piedmont Plateau [PP]) and Lancaster (La) for calcareous soils (Blackland Prairie [BP]). Mehlich 3 (M3) has been proposed as an efficient and possibly a generic extractant for a broader range of soils. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether M3 can be used as a common or generic extractant for environmental P loss risk assessment for both calcareous and noncalcareous soils. More than 769 soil samples were collected from 68 agricultural fields representing noncalcareous and calcareous soils, and their extraction efficiencies for M1, M3, and La were compared. Mehlich 1 extracted 13.8, 13.1, 6.3, and 6.2% of total P; whereas M3 extracted 29.8, 35.4, 10.5, and 14.8% of total P from AP, CP, LV, and PP, respectively. There was no significant difference between La and M3 extractable P for both acidic and alkaline soils of BP. The conversion factor of 1.42 (95% confidence interval [CI95%] = 1.36–1.47) was found suitable to convert M1‐P to M3‐P values for noncalcareous soils, and 0.92 (CI95% = 0.87–0.98) was suitable to convert La‐P to M3‐P values for calcareous soils. The linear relationship between water‐soluble P (WSP) and extractable P was stronger for M3 than for M1 and La for all soil regions, as indicated by a greater correlation coefficient. Results suggest that M3 can be adopted as a generic extractant for environmental P loss risk assessment for calcareous and noncalcareous soils.
Institutional variation in survival and morbidity in laparoscopic surgery for colon cancer: From the data of a randomized controlled trial comparing open and laparoscopic surgery (JCOG0404)
Authors: Katayama Hiroshi , Inomata Masafumi , Mizusawa Junki , Nakamura Kenichi , Watanabe Masahiko , Akagi Tomonori , Yamamoto Seiichiro , Ito Masaaki , Kinugasa Yusuke , Okajima Masazumi , Takemasa Ichiro , Okuda Junji , Shida Dai , Kanemitsu Yukihide , Kitano Seigo 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundInstitutional variation in outcomes is a key factor to ascertain the generalizability of results and reliability of the clinical trial. This study evaluated institutional variation in survival and postoperative complications using data from JCOG0404 comparing laparoscopic colectomy (LAP) with open colectomy (OP).MethodsInstitutions with fewer than 10 registered patients were excluded from this analysis. Institutional variation was evaluated in terms of early postoperative complications, overall survival, and relapse‐free survival and estimated using a mixed‐effect model with institution as a random effect after adjusting for background factors.ResultsThis analysis included 1028 patients in the safety analysis and 1040 patients in the efficacy analysis from 26 institutions. In the safety analysis, there was no variation in grades 3–4 early postoperative complications (in OP, median 6.3% [range 6.3%–6.3%]; in LAP, median 2.6% [range 2.6%–2.6%]), but some variation in grades 1–4 early postoperative complications was observed (in OP, median 20.8% [range 13.2%–31.8%]; in LAP, median 11.9% [range 7.2%–28.7%]), and that in grades 2–4 was observed only in LAP (median 8.8% [range 4.7%–24.0%]; in OP, median 12.7% [range 12.7%–12.7%]). Two specific institutions showed especially high incidences of postoperative complications in LAP. In the efficacy analysis, there was no institutional variation in OP, although a certain variation was observed in LAP.ConclusionsSome institutional variations in safety and efficacy were observed, although only in LAP. We conclude that a qualification system, including training and education, is needed when new surgical techniques such as laparoscopic surgery are introduced in clinical practice.
Energy Platform for Directed Charge Transfer in the Cascade Z‐Scheme Heterojunction: CO2 Photoreduction without a Cocatalyst
Authors: Bian Ji , Zhang Ziqing , Feng Jiannan , Thangamuthu Madasamy , Yang Fan , Sun Ling , Li Zhijun , Qu Yang , Tang Dongyan , Lin Zewei , Bai Fuquan , Tang Junwang , Jing Liqiang 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA universal strategy is developed to construct a cascade Z‐Scheme system, in which an effective energy platform is the core to direct charge transfer and separation, blocking the unexpected type‐II charge transfer pathway. The dimension‐matched (001)TiO2‐g‐C3N4/BiVO4 nanosheet heterojunction (T‐CN/BVNS) is the first such model. The optimized cascade Z‐Scheme exhibits ≈19‐fold photoactivity improvement for CO2 reduction to CO in the absence of cocatalysts and costly sacrificial agents under visible‐light irradiation, compared with BVNS, which is also superior to other reported Z‐Scheme systems even with noble metals as mediators. The experimental results and DFT calculations based on van der Waals structural models on the ultrafast timescale reveal that the introduced T as the platform prolongs the lifetimes of spatially separated electrons and holes and does not compromise their reduction and oxidation potentials.
Photocatalytic Anti‐Markovnikov Radical Hydro‐ and Aminooxygenation of Unactivated Alkenes Tuned by Ketoxime Carbonates
Authors: Lai Sheng‐Qiang , Wei Bang‐Yi , Wang Jia‐Wei , Yu Wei , Han Bing 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA tunable photocatalytic method is reported for anti‐Markovnikov hydro‐ and aminooxygenation of unactivated alkenes using readily accessible ketoxime carbonates as the diverse functionalization reagents. Mechanistic studies reveal that this reaction is initiated through an energy‐transfer‐promoted N−O bond homolysis of ketoxime carbonates leading to alkoxylcarbonyloxyl and iminyl radicals under visible‐light photocatalysis, followed by the addition of alkoxylcarbonyloxyl radical to alkenes. By taking advantage of the different stability of the iminyl radicals, the generated carbon radical either abstracts a hydrogen atom from the media to form the anti‐Markovnikov hydrooxygenation product, or it is trapped by the persistent iminyl radical to furnish the aminooxygenation product. Notably, this is the first example of direct hydrooxygenation of unactivated olefins with anti‐Markovnikov regioselectivity involving an oxygen‐centered radical.
2D network structure of zinc(II) complex: A new easily accessible and efficient catalyst for the synthesis of pyrazoles
Authors: Cao Gang‐Ming , Zeng Guo‐Dong , Li Ke , Liu Yu‐Feng , Lin Xiao‐Ling , Yang Guo‐Ping 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA Zn(II) coordination polymer {[Zn3(paz)(btc)2(H2O)8]·4H2O}n (noted as ZnPB), where paz = pyrazine, H3btc = trimesic acid, was synthesized and characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy and powder X‐ray diffraction analyses. ZnPB shows a (3,3)‐connected 2D network with a point symbol of (63)2. Hydrogen bonds and π···π interactions connect adjacent 2D network to form a 3D packing structure. This compound exhibits excellent catalytic activity in the reaction of condensation and cyclization of sulfonyl hydrazides with 1,3‐diketones for the synthesis of pyrazoles. This solvent‐free and halogen‐free catalytic system represents an effective economic and environmentally friendly method for the construction of pyrazoles.
Reactive oxygen species‐responsive degradable poly(amino acid)s for biomedical use
Authors: Fan Xiaoxia , Zhu Sudi , Yan Lin , Zhu Hui 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA series of reactive oxygen species‐responsive degradable poly(amino acid)s (PAAs) was synthesized via in situ melting polycondensation. The PAAs were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and mechanical property analysis. The degradation and biocompatibility of the PAAs were also studied to evaluate their applicability as biomedical materials. The results show that the PAAs possessed semicrystalline amide structures, and the PAA melting temperature decreased gradually with increasing methionine loading. The incorporation of methionine decreased the thermal stability of the matrix, leading to decreases in both the initial and maximum degradation temperatures. The mechanical properties of the PAAs deteriorated as the content of methionine increased. The content of methionine had an obvious effect on PAA degradation, and the PAAs were responsive to the reactive oxygen‐rich environment, suggesting that the incorporation of methionine is effective at improving the degradation of PAAs. The PAAs showed great in vitro and in vivo biocompatibilities. Based on the results, these polymers show promise as high‐performance materials for biomedical applications.
Construction of porous cellulose tubes and the evaluations of mechanical properties and cytocompatibility
Authors: Yang Wen , Li Yifan , Xiao Yuelong , Hou Jianhua , Tang Keyong , Pei Ying 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn this work, regenerated cellulose (RC) tubes with the porous structure were successfully fabricated for constructing the non‐invasive detection platform of vascular microenvironment. Polyethylene oxide (PEO) as a porogen was applied to induce porous structure of cellulose tubes. Tensile and burst pressure tests were carried out to evaluate the effects of PEO molecular weight and amount on the mechanical properties of cellulose tubes. The results showed that tensile strength of RC tubes was increased with increasing PEO molecular weight. The compliance of cellulose tubes decreased with increasing the PEO content. When 120 kDa PEO was applied, the average tensile strength of RC tubes could reach 1.27 MPa. The maximum burst pressure and compliance of RC tubes could reach 488.25 ± 35 mmHg and 7.50 ± 3.7%/100 mmHg, respectively. Human umbilical vein endothelia cells (HUVECs) exhibited obvious proliferation on cellulose tubes, and the collagen coating further improve the biocompatibility. The incorporated collagen further improved adhesion of the cells and growth on cellulose tubes. This work provided a kind of cellulose‐based tube material with potential application for the construction of the vitro vascular microenvironment.
Simulation of a Natural Gas Steam Reforming Plant for Hydrogen Production Optimization
Authors: Salem Manal , Shoaib Abeer M. , Ibrahim Amr F. M. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA simulation study to predict and optimize a natural gas steam reforming plant in Suez was performed. The developed model was used to generate performance data that would map the relation between atthe operating variables and hydrogen productivity. A single objective optimization problem was then formulated to maximize hydrogen production in the subunits: hydrocarbon prereformer, steam methane reformer, and the medium‐temperature water‐gas‐shift reactor. The process temperature and pressure for the three subunits, total plant flow rate and total superheated steam flow rate were selected as decision variables. A good agreement was found between simulation results and plant data at steady‐state conditions in terms of hydrogen yield and chemical composition. The developed mathematical model for hydrogen productivity correctly predicts the effect of relevant process parameters.
Laser ablation of lanthanum phosphate for pulsed laser deposition
Authors: Sinha Sucharita 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA theoretical model has been used to simulate pulsed laser ablation of Lanthanum Phosphate (LaPO4) by nanosecond Nd:YAG laser irradiation. Material ablation rate per laser pulse was experimentally measured as a function of average incident laser fluence up to 12J/cm2. Calculations were performed by solving the heat conduction equation by an explicit finite‐difference technique to generate time evolution of temperature distribution, melt depth and ablation rate from the target during and after irradiation with a nanosecond laser pulse. Good agreement between our experimental and calculated ablation rates validates our theoretical model. The calculated maximum surface temperature of the LaPO4 target indicated that for laser fluence levels, up to 20J/cm2 material ejection from LaPO4 target is expected to occur via normal boiling and evaporation successfully avoiding explosive boiling. Our calculations confirm that operating with laser fluence at near ablation threshold levels for LaPO4 also restricts dissociation of the LaPO4 target to oxides with loss of gaseous products. Therefore, our study of pulsed laser ablation of LaPO4 target helps in making judicious selection of laser parameters for Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) of LaPO4 coatings and films of desired stoichiometric purity and homogeneity, while successfully ensuring phase stability of the target.
GATA‐binding protein 3 and gross cystic disease fluid protein 15 as a potential diagnostic marker for extramammary Paget's disease
Authors: Kado Soichiro , Kamiya Koji , Jin Meijuan , Kimura Miho , Hossain Md Razib , Maekawa Takeo , Komine Mayumi , Ohtsuki Mamitaro 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of GCDFP15 and GATA‐binding protein 3 (GATA‐3) in extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD) skin and serum samples and to assess their availability as tumor markers for the diagnosis and assessment of disease severity in primary EMPD.MethodsSkin samples and serum samples were obtained from 16 patients with primary EMPD (10 cases from male, six cases from female; stage IA six cases, stage IB seven cases, stage III one case, stage IV two cases). By immunohistochemistry, the expression of GCDFP15 and GATA3 was examined in skin specimens. The serum levels of GCDFP15 and GATA3 were quantified by ELISA.ResultsIn our study, eight out of 16 patients showed positive staining for GCDFP15. In contrast, all 16 patients showed positive staining for GATA‐3. Immunohistochemical staining of EMPD skin samples showed that GATA‐3 had a higher positivity rate than GCDFP15. However, there was no correlation between serum levels of GCDFP15 or GATA‐3 and the disease stage.ConclusionOur results indicate that GCDFP15 and GATA‐3 are useful for the diagnosis of primary EMPD, but not for monitoring disease progression, and suggest that GATA‐3 is a more reliable marker than GCDFP15 for the diagnosis of primary EMPD.
Race, ethnicity, and goal‐concordance of end‐of‐life palliative care in pediatric oncology
Authors: Umaretiya Puja J. , Li Anran , McGovern Alana , Ma Clement , Wolfe Joanne , Bona Kira 
Published: July 2021

BACKGROUNDRacial and ethnic minority children with cancer disproportionately receive intensive care at the end of life (EOL). It is not known whether these differences are goal‐concordant or disparities. The authors sought to explore patterns of pediatric palliative care (PPC) and health care utilization in pediatric oncology patients receiving subspecialty palliative care at the end‐of‐life (last 6 months) and to examine goal‐concordance of location of death in a subset of these patients.METHODSThis was a retrospective cohort study of pediatric oncology patients receiving subspecialty palliative care at a single large tertiary care center who died between January 2013 and March 2017.RESULTSA total of 115 patients including 71 White, non‐Hispanic patients and 44 non‐White patients (including 12 Black patients and 21 Hispanic patients) were included in the analytic cohort. There were no significant differences in oncologic diagnosis, cause of death, or health care utilization in the last 6 months of life. White and non‐White patients had similar PPC utilization including time from initial consult to death and median number of PPC encounters. Non‐White patients were significantly more likely to die in the hospital compared to White patients (68% vs 46%, P = .03). Analysis of a subcohort with documented preferences (n = 45) revealed that 91% of White patients and 93% of non‐White patients died in their preferred location of death.CONCLUSIONSAlthough non‐White children with cancer were more likely to die in the hospital, this difference was goal‐concordant in our cohort. Subspecialty PPC access may contribute to the achievement of goal‐concordant EOL care.
Bioequivalence Evaluation Between Acarbose and Metformin Fixed‐Dose Combination and Corresponding Individual Components in Healthy Chinese Male and Female Subjects
Authors: Liu Chao , Cleton Adriaan , Sui Yubin , Liu Yuwang , Li Jinyi , Yuan Fei , Sheng Lei , Xu Hongrong , Li Xuening 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAcarbose and metformin have been recommended both as monotherapy and add‐on therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. A novel fixed‐dose combination (FDC) of acarbose and metformin has been developed to improve compliance and patient adherence to therapy. The current study investigated the bioequivalence (BE) between acarbose/metformin FDC (50 mg/500 mg) with corresponding loose combination of individual components under fasting conditions in healthy Chinese male and female subjects, using a randomized, 2‐period, 2‐way crossover study design. Pharmacodynamic parameters of serum glucose ratio between treatment day and baseline (ratio of maximum concentration [Cmax], day 1/Cmax, day –1 and ratio of area under the concentration‐time curve [AUC] from time 0 to 4 hours, day 1/AUC from time 0 to 4 hours, day –1) were used as the primary variables to evaluate BE of acarbose. Pharmacokinetic parameters Cmax, AUC from time 0 to the last data point greater than the lower limit of quantification, and AUC were used to evaluate BE of metformin. The results showed that the 90% confidence intervals of the ratios of all primary target variables including ratio of Cmax, day 1/Cmax, day –1 and ratio of AUC from time 0 to 4 hours, day 1/AUC from time 0 to 4 hours, day –1 for acarbose, and Cmax, AUC from time 0 to the last data point greater than the lower limit of quantification, and AUC for metformin all fell within the acceptance limits of 0.8 to 1.25. Thus, BE between 50‐mg acarbose and 500‐mg metformin as an FDC and loose combination was established. Furthermore, different kinds of exploratory pharmacodynamic parameters (based on either serum glucose or insulin) including several newly proposed parameters were also investigated for acarbose BE evaluation in this study, and inconsistent results were observed.
Catheter planning with goal programming method in neonatal intensive care unit
Authors: Kokangul Ali , Dagsuyu Cansu 
Published: July 2021

SummarySuccessful treatment of diseases depends on many important factors: correct diagnosis, choice and type of equipment, and the risk of infectious diseases. It is crucial to take into these factors, in particular, the risk of infection and the costs of equipment in catheter selection for invasive interventions in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). Catheters have different lifetime, therefore, the length of stay (LOS) is important for catheter selection. Random changes in patient's LOS make catheter selection a difficult problem. In this study, catheters designed for newborns in NICUs within the scope of invasive procedures have been optimized with multi‐objective mathematical modeling method. Maximization of catheter additional lifetime, minimization of infection, and total cost have been provided by considering the actual data obtained from neonatal intensive care unit of large hospital in modeling.