bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Current trends in terrorist financing
Authors: Teichmann Fabian Maximilian 
Published: October 2021

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to illustrate how intelligent terrorist financiers avoid detection when acquiring and subsequently transferring financial assets to finance terrorism. Particular emphasis is placed on cryptocurrency.

Design/methodology/approach
A qualitative content analysis of 30 semi-standardised expert interviews with both criminals and prevention experts led to the identification of means for the circumvention of current combat the financing of terrorism (CFT) measures with a focus on cryptocurrency.

Findings
The findings illustrate, for the benefit of law enforcement agencies, investigators, regulating authorities and legislators, the specific low-risk methods that terrorist financiers use to generate and transfer assets. These findings help to develop more effective prevention methods.

Research limitations/implications
Qualitative findings from the analysis of semi-standardised interviews are limited to the 30 interviewees’ perspectives.

Practical implications
Identification of gaps in existing CFT mechanisms provides compliance officers, law enforcement agencies and legislators with valuable insights into how criminals operate.

Originality/value
The existing literature focuses on organisations that combat terrorist financing and the improvement of CFT measures. This article outlines how terrorist financiers avoid detection. Both preventative and criminal perspectives are considered.
Kinetic studies of photocatalytic degradation of an Azo dye by titania nanoparticles
Authors: Goyal Nidhi , Rastogi Deepali , Jassal Manjeet , Agrawal Ashwini K. 
Published: October 2021

Purpose
Dyeing and printing are important steps in textile manufacturing. After the process completion, these dyes are released in the effluent. These dyes impart an unacceptable appearance but are also toxic to the soil and water bodies. The present research has been carried out to study the rate of photocatalytic degradation of an azo dye, namely, CI Direct Green 26, using titania nanoparticles under ultra violet (UV) irradiation as a function of temperature and time. Azo dyes account for the majority of all dyestuffs are produced and extensively used in the textile, paper, food, leather, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. Titania nanoparticles have been found to successfully degrade these dyes in the presence of UV light. The purpose of the present paper was to study the photodegradation of azo dyes using titania nanoparticles at different temperatures and time periods.

Design/methodology/approach
Titania nanoparticle concentration of 0.1% (w/v) was dispersed in distilled water by sonication for 1 h in sonication bath. The of rate of degradation of Direct Green 26 dye in the titania nanoparticle dispersion, under UV-A exposure was studied at different temperatures ranging from 25°C to 65 °C for time periods ranging from 1 h to 6 h. Photocatalytic degradation tests were performed in a specially designed UV reactor chamber. Raman spectroscopy of Titania nanoparticles, dye and titania/dye mixture before and after UV exposure was carried out using Confocal Laser Dispersion Raman Microscope (Renishaw, UK) with 785 nm excitation laser.

Findings
Titanium dioxide is an efficient photocatalyst for decolourisation of direct dye. The photodegradation of the direct Green dye was found to follow the pseudo first-order reaction. The Arrhenius activation energy was found to be 24.8 kJ/mol with A value of 0.0013 for the photocatalytic degradation of the dye. Raman spectroscopy also confirmed the adsorption of dye on titania nanoparticle and its complete degradation on exposure to UV light.

Practical implications
This research highlights the application of titania nanoparticles for the effective degradation of dye in the effluent from textiles, clothing, paper and any kind of dyeing process. Azo dyes account for the majority of all dyestuffs are produced and extensively used in the textile, paper, food, leather, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. Titania nanoparticles have been found to successfully degrade these dyes in the presence of UV light which can be very beneficial for the effluent treatment plants in textile and other industries.

Originality/value
Azo dyes are one of the harmful pollutants released in textile waste water. The degradation and removal of the coloured waste in the textile effluent is an important environmental concern and needs to be investigated. The research is one of the first to investigate and understand the mechanism of the degradation of an azo dye in the presence of titania nanoparticles by Raman spectroscopy.
Coupling additive manufacturing and low-temperature sintering: a fast processing route of silicate glassy matrix
Authors: Tang Danna , Wang Yushen , Li Zheng , Li Yan , Hao Liang 
Published: October 2021

Purpose
The low-temperature sintering of silica glass combined with additive manufacturing (AM) technology has brought a revolutionary change in glass manufacturing. This study aims to carry out in an attempt to achieve precious manufacturing of silicate glassy matrix through the method of slurry extrusion.

Design/methodology/approach
A low-cost slurry extrusion modelling technology is used to extrude silicate glassy matrix inks, composed of silicate glass powder with different amounts of additives. Extrudability of the inks, their printability window and the featuring curves of silicate glassy matrix are investigated. In addition, the properties of the low-temperature sintering green part as a functional part are explored and evaluated from morphology, hardness and colour.

Findings
The results showed that the particle size was mainly distributed from 1.4 µm to 5.3 µm, showing better slurry stability and print continuity. The parameters were set to 8 mm/s, 80% and 0.4 mm, respectively, to achieve better forming of three-dimensional (3D) samples. Besides, the organic binder removal step was concentrated on 200°C–300°C and 590°C–650°C was the fusion bonding temperature of the powder. The hardness values of 10 test samples ranged from 588 HL to 613 HL, which met the requirements of hard stones with super-strong mechanical strength. In addition, the mutual penetration of elements caused by temperature changes may lead to a colourful appearance.

Originality/value
The custom continuous AM technology enables the fabrication of a glass matrix with 3D structural features. The precise positioning technology of the glass matrix is expected to be applied more widely in functional parts.
Mechanical properties and crystallinity of polypropylene injection molded in polyjet and aluminum tooling
Authors: Mendible Gabriel Antonio , Saleh Nabil , Barry Carol , Johnston Stephen P. 
Published: October 2021

Purpose
Rapid tooling has numerous advantages when prototyping injection molded components, but the effects of the tooling on the resulting part properties are often overlooked. The purpose of this paper is to consider the effect of tooling on the final part properties and morphology.

Design/methodology/approach
Digital polyacrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) tooling and aluminum tooling were used to mold test specimens from isotatic polypropylene (iPP). Tensile behavior, impact strength, shrinkage, surface roughness and porosity were evaluated for both sets of samples. Additionally, differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) were used to assess the crystallinity of the samples.

Findings
Characterization of the molded parts showed that slower cooling rates in the Digital ABS inserts promoted the formation of ß-PP, while this crystal structure was not found in the parts molded using aluminum tooling. Additionally, parts molded on the digital ABS inserts exhibited higher mold shrinkage and SEM images identified microscopic shrinkage voids within the material. The change in morphology and the presence of voids significantly affected the tensile behavior with the parts molded in Digital ABS, which broke with little cold drawing and exhibited higher tensile moduli and higher yield strengths.

Practical implications
The results show that the choice of rapid tooling technique plays an important role on determining the properties of the final parts.

Originality/value
Previous studies have not characterized the effect of rapid tooling on the morphology of the molded articles fully or over a variety of processing conditions. This study builds on prior work by using both WAXS and DSC to characterize morphological changes over a wide range of processing conditions and comparing results to mechanical property and shrinkage data.
Combined effect of shape distortion and bend angle on collapse load of pipe bends under in-plane closing bending moment and internal pressure
Authors: Silambarasan R. , Veerappan A.R. , Shanmugam S. 
Published: October 2021

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to quantify the combined effect of shape distortion and bend angle on the collapse loads of pipe bends exposed to internal pressure and in-plane closing bending moment. Non-linear finite element analysis with large displacement theory was performed considering the pipe bend material to be elastic perfectly plastic.Design/methodology/approachOne half of the pipe bend model was built in ABAQUS. Shape distortion, namely, ovality (Co) and thinning (Ct), were each varied from 0% to 20% in steps of 5% and bend angle was varied from 30° to 180° in steps of 30°.FindingsThe findings show that ovality has a significant impact on collapse load. The effect of ovality decreases with an increase in bend angle for small thickness. The opposite effect was observed for large thickness pipe bends. The influence of ovality was more for higher bend angles. Ovality impact was almost negligible at certain internal pressure denoted as nullifying point (NP). The latter increased with an increase in pipe bend thickness and decreased with increase in pipe bend radius. For small bend angles one NP was observed where ovality impact is negligible and beyond this point the ovality effect increased. Two NPs were observed for large bend angles and ovality effect was maximum between the two NPs. Thinning yielded a minimal effect on collapse load except for small bend angles and bend radii. The influence of internal pressure on thinning was also negligible.Originality/valueInfluence of shape distortions and bend angle on collapse load of pipe bend exposed to internal pressure and in-plane closing bending has been not revealed in existing literature.
Trimodality therapy for esophageal cancer: The role of surgical and radiation treatment parameters in the development of anastomotic complications
Authors: Alfaifi Salem , Chu Robert , Hui Xuan , Broderick Stephen , Hooker Craig , Brock Malcolm , Bush Errol , Hales Russell , Anderson Lori , Hoff Jeffrey , Friedes Cole , Han‐Oh Sarah , Mcnutt Todd , Ha Jinny , Yang Stephen , Battafarano Richard , Feliciano Joy , Voong K. Ranh 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundHere, we investigated the relationship between clinical parameters, including the site of surgical anastomosis and radiation dose to the anastomotic region, and anastomotic complications in esophageal cancer patients treated with trimodality therapy.MethodsBetween 2007 and 2016, esophageal cancer patients treated with trimodality therapy at a tertiary academic cancer center were identified. Patient, treatment, and outcome parameters were collected. Radiation dose to the gastric regions were extracted. Anastomotic complication was defined as leak and/or stricture. We used Fisher's exact and Wilcoxon rank‐sum tests to compare the association between clinical parameters and anastomotic complications.ResultsOf 89 patients identified, the median age was 63 years, 82% (n = 73) were male, and 82% had distal (n = 47) or gastroesophageal junction (n = 26) tumors. Median follow‐up was 25.8 months. Esophagectomies were performed with cervical (65%, n = 58) or thoracic anastomoses (35%, n = 31). Anastomotic complications developed in 60% (n = 53). Cervical anastomosis was associated with anastomotic complications (83%, n = 44/53, p < 0.01). Radiation to any gastric substructure was not associated with anastomotic complications (p > 0.05). In the subset of patients with distal/gastroesophageal junction tumors undergoing esophagectomy with cervical anastomosis where radiation was delivered to the future neoesophagus, 80% (n = 35/44) developed anastomotic complications. In this high‐risk subgroup, radiation was not associated with anastomotic complications (p > 0.05).ConclusionsOur analysis did not demonstrate an association between radiation dose to gastric substructures and anastomotic complications. However, it showed an association between esophagectomy with cervical anastomosis and anastomotic complications. Patients with distal/gastroesophageal junction tumors who undergo esophagectomy with cervical anastomosis have higher rates of anastomotic complications unrelated to radiation to gastric substructures.
Navigating the temporal continuum of effective population size
Authors: Nadachowska‐Brzyska Krystyna , Konczal Mateusz , Babik Wieslaw 
Published: October 2021

AbstractEffective population size, Ne, is a key evolutionary parameter that determines the levels of genetic variation and efficacy of selection. Estimation and interpretation of Ne are essential in diverse areas of evolutionary and conservation biology, ranging from assessing the evolutionary potential or extinction risk to empowering research on the genomic basis of adaptation.The diverse applications of the Ne concept resulted in largely independent methodological developments using different Ne definitions and focusing on the estimation of either contemporary or long‐term Ne. Recently, several novel approaches appeared that allow the estimation of temporal Ne trends at various parts of the temporal Ne continuum.Here, we provide an overview of the temporal aspects of Ne, asking whether the existing methods and available data provide Ne estimates for the entire temporal continuum. We outline the apparent division into contemporary and long‐term Ne existing in the literature, review Ne estimation methods across the temporal continuum and navigate the reader through it pointing to the important biological and methodological limitations inherent to the estimation procedures. Finally, we provide examples of recent research and future perspectives.We conclude that the entire temporal Ne continuum can now be inferred using several complementary approaches, bringing together contemporary and long‐term perspectives. Further rapid progress in the field is expected from the wide adoption of machine learning and transition to haplotype‐resolved population genomic data. The expected progress notwithstanding, interpretational difficulties are likely to remain, emphasising the need for a thorough understanding of the Ne theory behind the methods, their assumptions and inherent limitations.
On the recent developments of mutual funds with fixed‐income holdings: a systematic review
Authors: Hejri Abbas 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBond funds and money market funds hold a sizable portion of fixed‐income securities and have experienced considerable growth over the recent decades. Moreover, the global financial crisis (GFC) was a turning point in identifying the hidden risks associated with these mutual funds. Nevertheless, and despite their significance, these funds are dwarfed by numerous studies on equity mutual funds. This paper conducts a systematic review and explores the primary research streams and emerging themes during the GFC and post‐GFC. Four main genealogies are identified: performance persistency and active management, green funds, ’funds’ flow and flow‐performance, and money market funds and financial crisis.
The effect of intraperitoneal ropivacaine on post‐operative pain and recovery after diagnostic laparoscopy and hysteroscopy: A randomised double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Frawley Natasha , Jones Richard , Pearce Dora , Vollenhoven Beverley 
Published: October 2021

BackgroundIntraperitoneal local anaesthetic has shown benefit in operative laparoscopy; however, no randomised controlled trial has been reported with patients having diagnostic laparoscopy.AimsTo determine the effect of intraperitoneal ropivacaine on post‐operative analgesic requirements, pain, nausea scores and recovery following gynaecological diagnostic laparoscopy and hysteroscopy.Materials and MethodsRandomised double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial. Well women aged 18–50 years, undergoing day case hysteroscopy and diagnostic laparoscopy for gynaecological indications were randomised to 20 mL of 150 mg intraperitoneal ropivacaine diluted in saline, or 20 mL normal saline instillation (placebo) at the end of the procedure. Women were followed up until eight hours post‐discharge.ResultsSlower than anticipated recruitment meant that the study was finished before the sample size of 100 patients was achieved. Fifty‐nine patients were included for analysis. Thirty‐one patients were randomised to ropivacaine and 28 patients to control. Sixty‐one percent of patients in both arms required opioid medication in recovery. The total median equivalent morphine dose was significantly higher in the patients randomised to control (11.7 mg) vs ropivacaine (6.7 mg), P = 0.03. Time to discharge was 20 min faster in patients randomised to ropivacaine, but this finding did not reach significance. Overall pain and nausea scores in the first eight hours showed no significant differences.ConclusionThere was significantly reduced opioid use in recovery when using intraperitoneal ropivacaine compared to placebo, in this randomised placebo‐controlled trial on women undergoing day case diagnostic laparoscopy and hysteroscopy.
The impact of IBD medications on risk of pneumonia and pneumonia‐related hospitalisation: a nationwide cohort study of 56 410 IBD patients
Authors: Khan Nabeel , Patel Dhruvan , Trivedi Chinmay , Pernes Tyler , Kavani Himanshu , Xie Dawei , Yang Yu‐Xiao 
Published: October 2021

SummaryBackgroundThere are limited data on the incidence of pneumonia and pneumonia‐related hospitalisation in the IBD population, and on any association of IBD medications with such outcomes.AimsTo evaluate the impact of IBD medications on the risk of pneumonia, pneumonia‐related hospitalisations and death.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study of IBD patients from the nationwide Veteran Affairs (VA) dataset. The exposure of interest was different IBD medication groups. We estimated the incidence rate of pneumonia, pneumonia‐related hospitalisation and mortality based on IBD medication subgroups. We used a multivariable Cox regression to estimate the adjusted hazard ratios (AHR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for these outcomes.ResultsOut of 56 410 patients with IBD, 3759 developed pneumonia, 1489 were hospitalised, and 248 died within 30 days of their pneumonia diagnosis. The crude incidence rates of pneumonia, pneumonia‐related hospitalisation and pneumonia‐related mortality were 6.47, 2.52 and 0.43, respectively, per 1000 person‐years. In multivariable Cox regression analysis, compared to 5‐ASA alone, anti‐TNF medication was associated with an increased risk of pneumonia (AHR 1.39; 95% CI 1.22‐1.59) and hospitalisation (AHR 1.61; 95% CI 1.31‐1.98). Use of prednisone in the prior 30 days was associated with increased risk of pneumonia (AHR 2.14; 95% CI 1.92‐2.38) and hospitalisation (AHR 2.44; 95% CI 2.08‐2.88).ConclusionAnti‐TNF medications and prednisone use may be associated with increased risk of developing pneumonia and pneumonia‐related hospitalisation. Physicians should evaluate the risk–benefit ratio of IBD medications, especially in the elderly population.
A graph theory‐based whole brain approach to assess mood state differences in adolescents and young adults with bipolar disorder
Authors: Goldman Danielle A. , Sankar Anjali , Colic Lejla , Villa Luca , Kim Jihoon A. , Pittman Brian , Constable R. Todd , Scheinost Dustin , Blumberg Hilary P. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectivesIdentifying hubs of brain dysfunction in adolescents and young adults with Bipolar I Disorder (BDAYA) could provide targets for early detection, prevention, and treatment. Previous neuroimaging studies across mood states of BDAYA are scarce and often examined limited brain regions potentially prohibiting detection of other important regions. We used a data‐driven whole‐brain Intrinsic Connectivity Distribution (ICD) approach to investigate dysconnectivity hubs across mood states in BDAYA.MethodsFunctional magnetic resonance imaging whole‐brain ICD data were investigated for differences across four groups: BDAYA‐depressed (n = 22), BDAYA‐euthymic (n = 45), BDAYA‐elevated (n = 24), and healthy controls (HC, n = 111). Clusters of ICD differences were assessed for regional dysconnectivity and mood symptom relationships. Analyses were also performed for BDAYA overall (vs. HC) ICD differences persisting across mood states.ResultsICD was higher in the BDAYA‐ depressed group than other groups in bilateral ventral/rostral/dorsal prefrontal cortex (PFC) and right lenticular nucleus (LN) (pcorrected <0.05). In BDAYA‐depressed, functional connectivity (FC) was increased between these regions with their contralateral homologues and PFC‐medial temporal FC was more negative (p < 0.005). PFC‐related findings correlated with depression scores (p < 0.05). The overall BDAYA group showed ICD increases in more ventral left PFC and right cerebellum, present across euthymia and acute mood states.ConclusionsThis ICD approach supports a PFC hub of inter‐ and intra‐hemispheric frontotemporal dysconnectivity in BDAYA with potential trait features and disturbances of higher magnitude during depression. Hubs were also revealed in LN and cerebellum, less common foci of BD research. The hubs are potential targets for early interventions to detect, prevent, and treat BD.
Decreasing rate of inpatient pediatric bipolar disorder diagnosis in the US between 2004 and 2010
Authors: Sherwood Samantha N. , Carlson Gabrielle A. , Freeman Andrew J. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectivesDiagnosis of bipolar disorder (BD) increased substantially among youth between the mid‐1990s and mid‐2000s in the United States. This dramatic increase in diagnosis resulted in concern regarding the potential for misdiagnosis of BD among youth. However, the rate of BD diagnosis in the United States had not been evaluated nationally since the mid‐2000s. It was unclear whether changes in diagnostic rates continued to occur. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the pattern of longitudinal trends in the rate of national inpatient BD diagnosis subsequent to 2004.MethodsData included a nationally representative dataset of inpatient hospitalizations between 1996 and 2010. De‐identified data were obtained from the National Hospital Discharge Survey (NHDS) conducted annually by the National Center for Health Statistics.ResultsThe proportion of BD diagnoses relative to all psychiatric diagnoses increased between 1996 and 2004 among children and adolescents. The proportion of BD diagnoses then decreased between 2004 and 2010 among children but continued to increase for adolescents. However, population‐adjusted rates of BD diagnosis per 10,000 individuals in the general population initially increased until the mid‐2000s and then decreased until 2010 for both children and adolescents.ConclusionsRates of BD diagnosis substantially decreased for youth between the mid‐2000s and 2010. This decline coincided with recommendations for more conservative diagnostic practices due to concerns about overdiagnosis and increasing awareness of the side effects of front‐line medications used to treat BD in youth. Findings provide insight into changing trends in inpatient service utilization for BD in the United States.