bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding Aspects of Carbohydrate Quality in Rice Related to Differences in Gastric Emptying Rate
Authors: Pletsch Elizabeth , Hamaker Bruce 
Published: June 2021

White rice is considered to have lower nutritional quality compared to brown rice due to the loss of its bran fiber during processing. However, components besides bran fiber that may improve the physiological effects of white rice, such as amylose content, slowly digestible starch (SDS) and resistant starch (RS), should be further defined. Delayed gastric emptying is associated with extended energy delivery and increased satiety, and may be influenced by these components. Temperature‐cycling was used to increase the SDS and RS fractions in moderately high amylose varieties of cooked white rice (~24 – 29% amylose) with digestion rates monitored in vitro for comparison with brown rice. Gastric emptying rates of rice in human subjects (n=12) were then measured using a 13C‐labeled octanoic acid breath test. In vitro starch digestion indicated that the SDS and RS fractions, in the moderately high amylose white rice, were increased following temperature cycling to levels similar to those in brown rice. Moderately high amylose varieties of white and brown rice also contained more SDS and RS in vitro, and trended to more delayed gastric emptying rates compared to the low amylose rice varieties. However, more delayed gastric emptying rates were still seen with brown rice. This may be a result of properties other than starch digestibility or amylose content that affect gastric emptying rate, such as those related to degradation of the physical form in the stomach.This research was supported by the Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research and the Ingestive Behavior Research Center.
Determining the Molecular Basis for Differential Hyperoxidation Sensitivity in Peroxiredoxin 1 & 2
Authors: Bolduc Jesalyn , Reisz‐Haines Julie , Nelson Kimberly , Furdui Cristina , Lowther W Todd 
Published: June 2021

Oxidative stress, a cellular condition in which the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS; e.g., hydrogen peroxide, H2O2) are too high, causes damage to macromolecules and has been linked to several pathologies including cancer, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, and cardiovascular disease. One way cells maintain homeostatic levels of ROS is to produce a variety of peroxiredoxins (Prxs). Prxs are redox‐sensitive, antioxidant enzymes that remove H2O2. However, Prxs can be inactivated by hyperoxidation of the active site cysteine (Cys‐SPH) residue to Cys sulfinic acid (Cys‐SPO2H). Interestingly, Prx1 is more resistant to hyperoxidation than Prx2, despite the fact that they share 77% sequence identity and are both located in the cytoplasm. The molecular basis for this variability between isoforms in their susceptibilities to inactivation is unknown, but it is important to study since Prx inactivation is implicated in oxidative stress‐associated diseases. We hypothesize that residues unique to hPrx1 cause it to be more resistant to hyperoxidation. We have successfully cloned, expressed, and purified a library of chimeras that target groups of the most dissimilar residues between the two isoforms. We have determined the hyperoxidation sensitivity of the wild type hPrx1 and hPrx2 as well as each chimera using a variety of kinetic assays. By analyzing the changes these chimeras cause in hyperoxidation sensitivity, we have identified two novel, resistance‐conferring motifs.Sources of research support: AHA MAA: 14PRE19970007, NIGMS/NIH: R01 GM072866
Addressing Environmental Determinants of Food Insecurity in Rural Guatemalan Communities
Authors: Lee EunKyung , deFulladolsa Patricia , Sibrian Ricardo , Medina Maria , Bermudez Odilia 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveTo assess prevalence of household food insecurity (F‐Ins) and factors related to solid waste (SW) exposure among residents of 3 communities from the municipality of Santa Catarina Mita, Department of Jutiapa, Guatemala.Methods:F‐Ins and SW were assessed by questionnaire and direct observation in 184 families from the communities of La Barranca (LB), El Quebracho (EQ) y La Javia (LJ). Descriptive statistics were generated to explain findings.Results:The 184 families included 590 members, mean # =4.4+2.3; 45% males and mean age=31y, range 0‐99y. Moderate F‐Ins was identified in 34%, 42% and 17% of families in LB, EQ y LJ, respectively. Severe F‐Ins was found, for the same communities, in 15%, 4% and 8% of them, respectively. For SW disposal, only LJ had a regular pick‐up collection truck. The other communities practiced intra‐household methods for SW disposal, mainly burning. When asked about level of concern burning their trash, 80% of total families said to be concerned with this practice. With crop waste, burning was the most used way for disposal at 19% in LJ, 71% in EQ and 55% in LB; while only 10%, 4% and 9% of families from same communities (same ordering) did composting of organic waste; while re‐using it (e.g. as animal feeds) was done in by 19% in LJ, 56% in EQ and 53% in LB, respectively.ConclusionsFood insecurity affected large proportion of families in the communities of LB, EQ and LJ. Those families identified SW management as a major concern. The solid waste originated by families in this study may threaten foodsecurity and the environment as only few of those families were practicing environmental friendly strategies for SW management.
The Effectiveness of Two Ready to Use Supplementary Foods (RUSFs) Differing in Dairy Protein Content on Growth and Nutritional Status of Young Children: A Pilot Study in Preschools in Guinea‐Bissau
Authors: Schlossman Nina , Batra Payal , Balan Ela , Pruzensky William , Shae Kyla , Schleicher Molly , Urban Lorien , Saltzman Edward , Roberts Susan 
Published: June 2021

A USDA‐funded cluster‐randomized controlled trial compared two RUSF containing 500 calories and either 15% or 33% of dietary protein from dairy for 3 months versus a wait‐listed control. Each RUSF was provided 5 days per week. Intention‐to‐treat analyses were conducted with changes in weight‐for‐age and height‐for‐age Z‐scores (WAZ, HAZ) as primary outcomes. Additional outcomes included mid‐upper arm circumference (MUAC), hemoglobin and retinol binding protein levels and disease incidence.Z‐scores increased significantly in all groups over baseline (P=>0.01) but there was no significant effect of the RUSFs on changes in WAZ or HAZ. There was a significant effect of supplementation on the association between baseline WAZ and WAZ gain (P<0.002). There was a significant positive effect of randomization to the 33% RUSF on change in MUAC (P<0.05). There was a significant decrease in reported rates of malaria in children randomized to either supplement.This study provides the first evidence that RUSF with 33% versus the more typical 15% of protein provided by dairy may have particular benefit for prevention of wasting. It also indicates that RUSFs demonstrate growth benefits across the range of baseline anthropometric measures. It further shows that preschools can be an effective platform for implementation of intensive programs for prevention of malnutrition in young children living in low‐income countries.
Food Frequency consumption and Food‐Related Habits among Brazilian students
Authors: Woolley Natalia 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveTo study associations between frequency of eating healthy/unhealthy foods, and food‐related habits among Brazilian adolescent students.MethodsThe Pesquisa Nacional de Saude do Escolar (PENSE), a national survey conducted every three years by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), assesses health related habits among young adolescents. It was modeled after the Global School‐Based Student Health Survey and the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System.The 2012 survey included 109,104 students from 2,842 schools, obtained using multi‐cluster sampling. Food consumption was assessed using questions about consumption of selected foods (e.g. beans, candy) over the previous week, and regular consumption was defined as eating a food item five or more days. Food‐related habits included eating lunch/dinner with parents and having breakfast. The study was conducted using SAS 9.3 and Chi Square statistical tests were used to analyze categorical data. IBGE's descriptive statistics were also used.Characteristics of the student population were summarized by estimating frequency distributions (categorical variables). Around 47.8% of students were male and 52.2% female.Preliminary ResultsFrequency of eating beans (healthy food) regularly was higher for boys (p‐value <0.001, Cramer's V= 0.11); 74.6% ate beans regularly compared to 65.6% of girls. Girls had higher frequency of eating candy (unhealthy food) (p‐value <0.001, Cramer's V= 0.16); 48% ate candy regularly compared to 34% of boys. Consumption of milk (healthy food) was also higher for those who ate breakfast; 59% of students who ate breakfast regularly also drank milk regularly (p‐value< 0.001, Cramer's V=0.11). Multivariate analysis will be used to evaluate these associations by considering the effects of potential confounders.
An Atole Fortified with 21 Vitamins and Minerals Improves Nutritional Status of 6 to 72 Month‐Old Children in 6 Nurseries in Guatemala City
Authors: Villanueva Lisa , Palacios Ana , Cuy Castellanos Diana , Reinhart Gregory 
Published: June 2021

Chispuditos® is a corn/soy atole fortified with 21 vitamins and minerals designed to reduce micronutrient deficiency of Central American children. A portion of atole (18.75g) was provided for 5 days/week to 6‐72 month‐old children. Seven hundred and forty seven children completed 1 year of the nutritional intervention. Hemoglobin, anthropometry and incidence of respiratory tract infections and diarrhea were analyzed at baseline, six months and one year. Repeated measures ANOVA indicated an increase in hemoglobin from baseline=11.76±1.17g/dL to endline=12.39±1.05 g/dL, p<0.001. HAZ scores increased from ‐1.25±1.02 to ‐1.07±0.96, p<0.001 over the time course of the intervention. Furthermore, there was a 57.1% reduction in respiratory tract infections, p<0.001 after 12 months. No changes in the incidence of diarrhea from baseline to one year were observed. Overall, children in this study had an improvement in HAZ scores, hemoglobin concentrations and respiratory tract infections after 12 months of intervention, while previous studies in comparable settings took approximately 24 months for HAZ scores to improve.Funded by The Mathile Institute for the Advancement of Human Nutrition.
Determinants of Young Children's Sleep Duration in the U.S. Affiliated Pacific: The Children's Healthy Living Program
Authors: Li Fenfang , Novotny Rachel , Fialkowski Marie , Wilkens Lynne , McGlone Katalina , Uchima Margaret , Nelson Randall , Bersamin Andrea , Vargo Agnes 
Published: June 2021

Sleep plays an important role in the health of young children and is associated with childhood obesity. This study reports sleep duration and its determinants in young children from five jurisdictions in the U.S. Affiliated Pacific (USAP) from the Children's Healthy Program (CHL).Questions on children's demographic profile, sleep duration, and screen time were all adapted from previous studies and answered by parents/caregivers. The results reported include 3,894 children (2‐8 yo). Mean sleep duration was 9.6 hours (h) (sd=1.7). Twenty‐four percent of the children slept between 11‐13 hours daily, 66% slept between 8 to 10 hours and 10% slept less than 8 hours daily.A linear regression model of sleep duration found the following significant predictors: child's sex, age, race, family income and geographical location. Mean sleep duration was higher by 0.13 h in girls than boys (p=0.03), by 0.58 h for 2‐5 year olds than 6‐8 year olds (p<.001), and by 0.38 h for children from families with an income of more than $35,000 than those with a lower income (p<.001). Compared to Whites, American Indians/Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians/Pacific Islanders, and multiracial children had significantly lower mean sleep duration (p<.05). Children from American Samoa had the highest mean (10.2 h), while children from Guam had the lowest mean (9.2 h). There was a significant negative association between screen time and sleep (p<.001) and a non‐significant negative association between physical activity and sleep. Interventions targeting sleep duration among young children need to consider socio‐demographic and geographic differences.
The Association between Increased Economic Resources and Birth Weight Among Native Americans in California: A Natural Experiment
Authors: Jones‐Smith Jessica , Dow Will , Oddo Vanessa 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundNative American‐owned casinos have been associated with increased economic resources and decreased risk for childhood overweight/obesity among Native Americans.ObjectiveWe test whether casinos are associated with large‐ for‐gestational age (LGA) (>90th percentile compared to sex‐and‐gestational‐age‐specific reference population values). Secondary analyses examined the relationship between casinos and excessive gestational weight gain and maternal pre‐pregnancy body mass index (BMI).MethodsData came from California birth records and included 23,237 births (between 1987 to 2011) to Native American women living near tribal lands. Casino presence and size was indicated by the number of slot machines per Native American living on tribal lands in each zip code in each year ('slots per capita'). Zip code‐fixed‐effects linear and linear probability regression models compared communities to themselves over time, before and after the opening/expansion of casinos, to estimate the relationships between casino openings/expansions and LGA, excessive gestational weight gain, and maternal BMI.ResultsOpening or expanding a casino was associated with a decreased risk of LGA (bslotspercapita = ‐0.0061 (95% CI: ‐0.0095, ‐0.0027); bslotspercapita_squared= 0.00009 (95% CI: 0.000037, 0.00015), and with lower maternal BMI (b= ‐0.12 (95%CI: ‐0.19, ‐0.04), but was not associated with excessive gestational weight gain (b= 0.001 (95%CI: ‐0.006, 0.008).ConclusionsEconomic resources from Native American casinos are associated with decreased risk for LGA and decreased maternal BMI among Native Americans.
Salivary biomarkers for chewing betel (areca) nut
Authors: Franke Adrian , Mendez Ana Joy , Lai Jennifer , Arat‐Cabading Celine , Li Xingnan , Custer Laurie 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveBetel nut (Areca catechu L.) chewing is carcinogenic to humans and strongly associated with oral cancer, especially in Guam. We identified chemicals specific for the 3 most commonly consumed betel nut preparations in Guam [mature nut (BN), mature nut+ betel leaf (BL), and betel quid (BQ) consisting of the young nut+betel leaf, lime and tobacco]; and identified salivary compounds extracted from betel chewers chewing these preparations to establish a salivary profile specific for BN, BL and BQ chewers.Methods15 betel chewers in Guam were randomized evenly to BN, BL or BQ. Betel material was extracted with PBS buffer. Saliva was precipitated with acetonitrile, diluted with formic acid and analyzed by LCMS. Saliva levels before and after chewing were compared by t‐tests; ANOVA compared differences between groups. p<0.05 indicated significance.ResultsLevels of arecoline and guvacine were highest in the young and mature BNs, respectively; chavibetol was found only in leaf extracts. Significant increases from before vs. after saliva levels were observed for guvacine (BN, BQ), arecoline (BN, BL, BQ), guvacoline (BN), arecaidine (BN, BL, BQ), nicotine (BQ), and chavibetol (BL, BQ). Pharmacokinetic parameters were also determined.ConclusionOur results suggest the presence of 1) areca alkaloids (arecoline, guvacine, and arecaidine), chavibetol, and tobacco‐specific alkaloids (nicotine, cotinine, hydroxycotinine, NNK, NNN and NAT) can identify BQ chewers; 2) areca alkaloids and chavibetol can identify BL chewers and 3) salivary areca alkaloids can identify BN chewers.This research was supported by the NCI awards U54CA143727 and U54 CA143728
Relationship between Intake of Phylloquinone (Vitamin K1) with Blood Lipids and Biomarkers of Glucose Homeostasis in Haitian Americans and African Americans With and Without Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Basiri Raedeh , Zarini Gustavo , Vaccaro Joan , Exebio Joel , Huffman Fatma 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundLimited evidence suggests a beneficial role of vitamin K1 in blood lipids and glucose homeostasis; however, no study exists on the associations between phylloquinone intake with blood lipids and homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) in African Americans (AA) and Haitian Americans (HA).OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between dietary phylloquinone intake with blood lipids and biomarkers of glucose homeostasis in AA and HA with and without type 2 diabetes (T2D). METHODS: This cross sectional study recruited participants from community centers in South Florida. Dietary phylloquinone intake was estimated by using Willet's food frequency questionnaire. Blood lipids, glucose and insulin were measured in fasting states. HOMA‐2 was used to estimate beta cell function (HOMA2‐β), insulin sensitivity (HOMA2‐IS) and insulin resistance (HOMA2‐IR). Statistical analysis included t‐test, chi‐square and linear regression. RESULTS: 390 participants (234 without T2D and 156 with T2D) were included in the analysis. The mean age was 54 years and approximately half (53%) of the participants were female. Phylloquinone intake was associated with HDL‐cholesterol (B= 0.041, P=0.015) and triglycerides (B=‐0.001, P=0.041) in HA with T2D. Phylloquinone intake was not associated with HOMA2‐IR, HOMA2‐β, and HOMA2‐IS.CONCLUSIONFindings of this study support a potential beneficial role for phylloquinone in blood lipids among HA men and women with T2D. Funding for this research was provided through an NIH/NIDDK sponsored grant.
Using the Delphi technique to establish a nutrient profiling system for pre‐packed food
Authors: Ma Ning , Zhang Geng , Wang Chunling 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveTo establish a nutrient profiling system for pre‐packed food which contains nine groups of indicators aiming nine different kinds of pre‐packed foods with Delphi technique.MethodsThe frame structure of indicator system was established in a pre‐Delphi expert meeting. A 2‐round E‐mail‐administered Delphi process was conducted in a group of selected experts. The specialist authority coefficient and Kendall's coefficient of concordance W were calculated. The indicator system was revised based on statistical analysis and expert opinions.ResultsThe response rates of Delphi round 1 and round 2 were 64.3% and 92.6%, respectively. The specialist authority coefficient Cr was 0.84.In round 1, Kendall's W of indicator weight in the 9 groups indicators were 0.381, 0.318, 0.422, 0.448, 0.580, 0.321, 0.310, 0.417, and 0.203, respectively (all P < 0.01). In round 2, Kendall's W of indicator weight in the 9 groups indicators were 0.737, 0.655, 0.697, 0.737, 0.778, 0.709, 0.702, 0.641, and 0.758, respectively (all P < 0.01). A pre‐packed food nutrient profiling system was built and it contains 11 first class indicators, 127 second class indicators.ConclusionsBoth the representativeness of experts and the specialist authorities are high. After two rounds consultations, expert consensus on indicator settings is formed. The indicator system built in this study is a fitting tool in pre‐packed foods nutrition value evaluation.
Effects of MSG on Neuronal Cells
Authors: Dopler‐Nelson Mindy , Merlino Emily , Lee Sangmook , Shea Thomas 
Published: June 2021

The objective of this investigation was to determine the dose effects of monosodium glutamate (MSG), a commonly used food additive known to contribute umami, on neuronal cells. Potential biological adverse effects of MSG include body weight and cognitive changes and neurotoxicity.MethodsPrimary murine embryonic cortical neurons harvested at day 18 of gestation from C57BL/6 mice were plated at 0.3 million cells/1 ml on poly‐d‐lysine/fibronectin‐coated MEAs in B27‐supplemented neurobasal medium. Astroglial proliferation resulted within 10‐14 days of culture. Cells were stabilized for one month. Cultures received fresh medium with 3 µM or 30 µM MSG, 5 µM or 50 µM glutamate respectively. Synaptic activity was recorded with a MEA‐1060‐INV amplifier interfaced with a DT9814 data acquisition system. Signals were quantified in the presence and absence of MSG, glutamate, and with the combination of antagonist or antioxidant. Cell viability and excitability was assessed at baseline, 2, 6, 24, and 48 hours after the insult was applied to the culture.ResultsMature neurons showed a significant difference in spike response to 3 µM MSG over time compared to both no treatment and other treatments (p=0.040). Although bursts and spikes decreased with all treatments, some neurons in culture survive brief exposure to both glutamate and MSG.ConclusionOur results show that some neurons in culture survive brief exposure to both glutamate and MSG though spikes and bursts of neurons decrease over time when exposed to a range of concentrations of MSG treatment and typically lead to cell degradation and death.No external support was used to conduct this study.
Cafeteria Managers' Perceptions and Promotion of School Salad Bars
Authors: Skelton Kara , Bruening Meg , Adams Marc , Ohri‐Vachaspati Punam , Hurley Jane , Simpson Julie 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveTo examine cafeteria managers' perceptions of and promotion of salad bars. School salad bars are encouraged by USDA as one of the most effective means to meet the new school meal guidelines. However, little is known about prevalence and implementation of school salad bar promotion strategies.MethodsCafeteria Managers (n=653; 72% response rate) completed a 71‐item web‐based cross‐sectional survey on correlates of salad bars during 2014. Several multivariable logistic regression models examined the association between nutrition managers' personal perceptions of salad bars (positive vs. negative) and promotional efforts (7 types) related to salad bars, adjusting for school grade level and number of years respondent spent in current position. Only schools with salad bars were included in the analysis (n=310).ResultsThe majority of cafeteria managers viewed salad bars positively (58.2%). There was wide variability in salad bar promotion type, with self‐reported prevalence in sampled schools ranging from 1.9‐33.2%. Positive perceptions of salad bars were related to use of: posters (OR=2.7; p‐value<0.001), morning announcements/promotions (OR=2.04; p‐value=0.025), classroom education (OR=2.8; p‐value=0.004), fruit/vegetable of the day (OR=1.97; p‐value=0.031) and matched salad bar to entrée items (OR=2.42; p‐value=0.001). No significant associations were observed between perceptions of salad bars and changing tray color or school website promotions.ConclusionsSchool nutrition managers' perceptions appear important for promoting salad bar use. Future research should examine ways to improve cafeteria staff's perceptions of salad bars. More research is needed on how salad bar promotion impacts consumption of healthy items.