bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PREVENT: A Randomized, Placebo-controlled Crossover Trial of Avexitide for Treatment of Postbariatric Hypoglycemia
Authors: Craig Colleen M , Lawler Helen Margaret , Lee Clare Jung Eun , Tan Marilyn , Davis Dawn Belt , Tong Jenny , Glodowski Michele , Rogowitz Elisa , Karaman Rowan , McLaughlin Tracey L , Porter Lisa 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Context
Postbariatric hypoglycemia (PBH), characterized by enteroinsular axis overstimulation and hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, is a complication of bariatric surgery for which there is no approved therapy.

Objective
To evaluate efficacy and safety of avexitide [exendin (9-39)], a glucagon-like peptide-1 antagonist, for treatment of PBH.

Methods
A multicenter, Phase 2, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study (PREVENT). Eighteen female patients with PBH were given placebo for 14 days followed by avexitide 30 mg twice daily and 60 mg once daily, each for 14 days in random order. The main outcome measures were glucose nadir and insulin peak during mixed-meal tolerance testing (MMTT) and hypoglycemic events captured by self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG), electronic diary, and blinded continuous glucose monitoring (CGM).

Results
Compared with placebo, avexitide 30 mg twice daily and 60 mg once daily raised the glucose nadir by 21% (P = .001) and 26% (P = .0002) and lowered the insulin peak by 23% (P = .029) and 21% (P = .042), corresponding to 50% and 75% fewer participants requiring rescue during MMTT, respectively. Significant reductions in rates of Levels 1 to 3 hypoglycemia were observed, defined, respectively, as SMBG &lt;70 mg/dL, SMBG &lt;54 mg/dL, and a severe event characterized by altered mental and/or physical function requiring assistance. CGM demonstrated reductions in hypoglycemia without induction of clinically relevant hyperglycemia. Avexitide was well tolerated, with no increase in adverse events.

Conclusion
Avexitide administered for 28 days was well tolerated and resulted in robust and consistent improvements across multiple clinical and metabolic parameters, reinforcing the targeted therapeutic approach and demonstrating durability of effect. Avexitide may represent a first promising treatment for patients with severe PBH.
Three-dimensional model of glioblastoma by co-culturing tumor stem cells with human brain organoids
Authors: Azzarelli Roberta , Ori Michela , Philpott Anna , Simons Benjamin D. 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
Emerging three-dimensional (3D) cultures of glioblastoma are becoming powerful models to study glioblastoma stem cell behavior and the impact of cell–cell and cell–microenvironment interactions on tumor growth and invasion. Here we describe a method for culturing human glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) in 3D by co-culturing them with pluripotent stem cell-derived brain organoids. This requires multiple coordinated steps, including the generation of cerebral organoids, and the growth and fluorescence tagging of GSCs. We highlight how to recognize optimal organoid generation and how to efficiently mark GSCs, before describing optimized co-culture conditions. We show that GSCs can efficiently integrate into brain organoids and maintain a significant degree of cell fate heterogeneity, paving the way for the analysis of GSC fate behavior and lineage progression. These results establish the 3D culture system as a viable and versatile GBM model for investigating tumor cell biology and GSC heterogeneity.
This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
Modeling the developmental origins of pediatric cancer to improve patient outcomes
Authors: Amatruda James F. 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
In the treatment of children and adolescents with cancer, multimodal approaches combining surgery, chemotherapy and radiation can cure most patients, but may cause lifelong health problems in survivors. Current therapies only modestly reflect increased knowledge about the molecular mechanisms of these cancers. Advances in next-generation sequencing have provided unprecedented cataloging of genetic aberrations in tumors, but understanding how these genetic changes drive cellular transformation, and how they can be effectively targeted, will require multidisciplinary collaboration and preclinical models that are truly representative of the in vivo environment. Here, I discuss some of the key challenges in pediatric cancer from my perspective as a physician-scientist, and touch on some promising new approaches that have the potential to transform our understanding of these diseases.
Advantages and disadvantages of single-source dual-energy whole-body CT angiography with 50% reduced iodine dose at 40 keV reconstruction
Authors: Noda Yoshifumi , Nakamura Fumihiko , Yasuda Noriyuki , Miyoshi Toshiharu , Kawai Nobuyuki , Kawada Hiroshi , Hyodo Fuminori , Matsuo Masayuki 
Published: February 2021

Objectives:
To assess the feasibility of whole-body dual-energy computed tomographic angiography (DECTA) at 40 keV with 50% reduced iodine dose protocol.

Methods:
Whole-body CTA was performed in 65 patients; 31 of these patients underwent 120 kVp single-energy computed tomographic angiography (SECTA) with standard iodine dose (600 mgI/kg) and 34 with 40 keV DECTA with 50% reduced iodine dose (300 mgI/kg). SECTA data were reconstructed with adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction of 40% (SECTA group), and DECTA data were reconstructed with adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction of 40% (DECTA-40% group) and 80% (DECTA-80% group). CT numbers of the thoracic and abdominal aorta, iliac artery, background noise, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and arterial depiction were compared among the three groups. The CT dose index volumes (CTDIvol) for the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis were compared between SECTA and DECTA protocols.

Results:
The vascular CT numbers and background noise were found to be significantly higher in DECTA groups than in the SECTA group (p &lt; 0.001). SNR was significantly higher in the order corresponding to DECTA-80%, SECTA, and DECTA-40% (p &lt; 0.001). The arterial depiction was comparable in almost all arteries; however, intrapelvic arterial depiction was significantly worse in DECTA groups than in the SECTA group (p &lt; 0.0001–0.017). Unlike the pelvic region (p = 0.055), CTDIvol for the thorax (p &lt; 0.0001) and abdomen (p = 0.0031) were significantly higher in the DECTA protocol than in the SECTA protocol.

Conclusion:
DECTA at 40 keV with 50% reduced iodine dose provided higher vascular CT numbers and SNR than SECTA, and almost comparable arterial depiction, but had a degraded intrapelvic arterial depiction and required a larger radiation dose.

Advances in knowledge:
DECTA enables 50% reduction of iodine dose while maintaining image quality, arterial depiction in almost all arteries, vascular CT numbers, and SNR; however, it does not allow clear visualization of intrapelvic arteries, requiring a slightly larger radiation dose compared with SECTA with standard iodine dose.
Case Report: Two cases of rare head injuries from Nepal
Authors: Das Joe M. , Pokharel Apar , Sapkota Rashmi , Mishra Manish , Babu Aryal Ashish 
Published: February 2021

Background: There are a number of ways in which one can sustain a head injury. Even if you are doing simple household activities or going out for a morning walk, you cannot be sure of what type of injury awaits you. The source of injury may be a pressure cooker whistle acting as a projectile or a hailstone falling from the sky. Such injuries are common in Nepal, considering the socio-demographic and geographic conditions. In this article, we present two such very rare cases of head injury. Case Reports: The first case is a middle-aged woman who sustained an accidental injury to the face associated with fracture of frontal sinus and frontal contusion, following the impact from a high momentum projectile in the form of the pressure regulator of a pressure cooker. She underwent craniotomy and removal of the foreign body. In the second case, an elderly man sustained minor injury to the head following the fall of hail. The abrasions and contusions produced by the hail were managed conservatively. Since he did not have any clinical evidence of head injury, other than multiple abrasions with contusions in the scalp, he did not undergo any imaging studies. He did not have any neurological deficits. The postoperative period was uneventful for the first patient and she was followed up for one month. The second patient was lost to follow-up. Conclusion: Successful management of two very rare cases of head injuries from Nepal are reported. Proper care and maintenance of the house-hold utensils that are constantly used may protect people from head injuries. Though natural calamities cannot always be avoided, simple measures like using an umbrella while going outdoors may protect individuals from head injuries due to hailstones.
Polysomal mRNA Association and Gene Expression in Trypanosoma brucei
Authors: Tinti Michele , Kelner-Mirôn Anna , Marriott Lizzie J. , Ferguson Michael A.J. 
Published: February 2021

Background: The contrasting physiological environments of Trypanosoma brucei procyclic (insect vector) and bloodstream (mammalian host) forms necessitates deployment of different molecular processes and, therefore, changes in protein expression. Transcriptional regulation is unusual in T. brucei because the arrangement of genes is polycistronic; however, genes which are transcribed together are subsequently cleaved into separate mRNAs by trans-splicing. Following pre-mRNA processing, the regulation of mature mRNA stability is a tightly controlled cellular process. While many stage-specific transcripts have been identified, previous studies using RNA-seq suggest that changes in overall transcript level do not necessarily reflect the abundance of the corresponding protein. Methods: To better understand the regulation of gene expression in T. brucei, we performed a bioinformatic analysis of RNA-seq on total, sub-polysomal, and polysomal mRNA samples. We further cross-referenced our dataset with a previously published proteomics dataset to identify new protein coding sequences. Results: Our analyses showed that several long non-coding RNAs are more abundant in the sub-polysome samples, which possibly implicates them in regulating cellular differentiation in T. brucei. We also improved the annotation of the T.brucei genome by identifying new putative protein coding transcripts that were confirmed by mass spectrometry data. Conclusions: Several long non-coding RNAs are more abundant in the sub-polysome cellular fractions and might pay a role in the regulation of gene expression. We hope that these data will be of wide general interest, as well as being of specific value to researchers studying gene regulation expression and life stage transitions in T. brucei.
Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty
Authors: Burden Eleanor G. , Batten Timothy J. , Smith Christopher D. , Evans Jonathan P. 
Published: February 2021

Aims This systematic review asked which patterns of complications are associated with the three reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) prosthetic designs, as classified by Routman et al, in patients undergoing RTSA for the management of cuff tear arthropathy, massive cuff tear, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis. The three implant design philosophies investigated were medial glenoid/medial humerus (MGMH), medial glenoid/lateral humerus (MGLH), and lateral glenoid/medial humerus (LGMH). Methods A systematic review of the literature was performed via a search of MEDLINE and Embase. Two reviewers extracted data on complication occurrence and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). Meta-analysis was conducted on the reported proportion of complications, weighted by sample size, and PROMs were pooled using the reported standardized mean difference (SMD). Quality of methodology was assessed using Wylde’s non-summative four-point system. The study was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020193041). Results A total of 42 studies met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Rates of scapular notching were found to be significantly higher in MGMH implants (52% (95% confidence interval (CI) 40 to 63)) compared with MGLH ((18% (95% CI 6 to 34)) and LGMH (12% (95% CI 3 to 26)). Higher rates of glenoid loosening were seen in MGMH implants (6% (95% CI 3 to 10)) than in MGLH implants (0% (95% CI 0 to 2)). However, strength of evidence for this finding was low. No significant differences were identified in any other complication, and there were no significant differences observed in PROMs between implant philosophies. Conclusion This systematic review has found significant improvement in PROMS and low complication rates across the implant philosophies studied. Scapular notching was the only complication found definitely to have significantly higher prevalence with the MGMH implant design. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(5):813–821.
Ensilability and Nutritive Value of Sweet Sorghum and Sweet Pearl Millet Bagasse as Affected by Different Methods of Carbohydrate Extraction for Eventual Ethanol Production
Authors: Saïed Noura , Khelifi Mohamed , Bertrand Annick , Tremblay Gaëtan F. , Aider Mohammed 
Published: February 2021

HighlightsJuice extraction resulted in a decrease in the nutritive value of the bagasse as compared with the initial biomass.Silages made from the second pressing bagasse were well conserved.Sweet sorghum silage has a better nutritive value than sweet pearl millet.Abstract. Pressing the biomass of sweet sorghum and sweet pearl millet in-field is one of the suggested options for bioethanol production. The extracted juice can be delivered to an ethanol plant, and the bagasse (pressing residue) can be used for ruminant feeding. Efficient carbohydrate extraction is highly important for good ethanol yield. However, enough carbohydrates must remain in the bagasse for its adequate conservation as silage. In this study, the ensilability and the chemical composition of the second pressing bagasse of sweet sorghum and sweet pearl millet were investigated. The bagasse was obtained following a second pressing of the first pressing bagasse after its impregnation with water based on three water:bagasse ratios (0.5, 1, and 1.5). Results indicated that water:bagasse ratio did not affect water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) extraction for both crops. The second pressing bagasse of sweet sorghum and sweet pearl millet contained 80.5 ±4.6 and 60 ±4.6 g of WSC kg-1 dry matter (DM), respectively. The second pressing bagasse of both crops had reduced nutritive value compared to the initial biomass, i.e., higher neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) concentrations along with lower non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) concentration, in vitro true digestibility of DM (IVTD), and in vitro NDF digestibility (NDFd). The second pressing bagasses of both crops also showed good ensilability, but sweet sorghum bagasse silages were of better nutritive value than sweet pearl millet bagasse silages (ADF = 446.2 ±3.7 vs. 463.2 ±3.7 g kg-1 DM, IVTD = 813.8 ±3.4 vs. 708.8 ±6.8 g kg-1 DM, and NDFd = 741.8 ±4.8 vs. 596.2 ±8.5 g kg-1 NDF, respectively). The water:bagasse ratio used for bagasse impregnation before the second pressing only affected the NDF concentration of silages, as a higher NDF concentration was obtained with a water:bagasse ratio of 1.5. Sweet sorghum and sweet pearl millet can be considered dual-purpose crops; the extracted juice can be fermented into ethanol, and the second pressing bagasse can be used to make good-quality silage. Keywords: Bagasse impregnation, Nutritive value, Silage, Sweet pearl millet, Sweet sorghum, Water-soluble carbohydrates.
4 J unstable cavity direct-liquid-cooled disk laser
Authors: Ye Zhibin , Jiang Shu , Wu Fei , Deng Xiaolei 
Published: February 2021

A quasi-continuous unstable laser resonator with a direct-liquid-cooled method is developed. The refractive index matching liquid and 10 pieces of

45

m
m

×

18

m
m

×

2

m
m

Nd:YLF crystals with different doping levels are used as coolant and gain media, respectively. The stepped transmittance convex and concave mirrors are used as the cavity mirror to construct the unstable resonator. Experimentally, the flow rate of the coolant is 5 m/s and the effective amplification rate of the unstable cavity is 1.3. A quasi-continuous output single-pulse energy of 4 J is obtained with the optical-optical efficiency of 20%, the repetition frequency of 250 Hz, the wavelength of 1047 nm, and the beam quality factor

β

of 10 approximately. By introducing an adaptive optical (AO) system into the cavity, a higher power and higher beam quality laser is expected to be achieved.
Quantitative spectroscopy of single molecule interaction times
Authors: Boltz H.-H. , Sirbu A. , Stelzer N. , Lohse M. J. , Schütte C. , Annibale P. 
Published: February 2021

Single molecule fluorescence tracking provides information at nanometer-scale and millisecond-temporal resolution about the dynamics and interaction of individual molecules in a biological environment. While the dynamic behavior of isolated molecules can be characterized well, the quantitative insight is more limited when interactions between two indistinguishable molecules occur. We address this aspect by developing a theoretical foundation for a spectroscopy of interaction times, i.e., the inference of interaction from imaging data. A non-trivial crossover between a power law to an exponential behavior of the distribution of the interaction times is highlighted, together with the dependence of the exponential term upon the microscopic reaction affinity. Our approach is validated with simulated and experimental datasets.
5  kW monolithic fiber amplifier employing homemade spindle-shaped ytterbium-doped fiber
Authors: Zeng Lingfa , Pan Zhiyong , Xi Xiaoming , Yang Huan , Ye Yun , Huang Liangjin , Zhang Hanwei , Wang Xiaolin , Wang Zefeng , Zhou Pu , Xu Xiaojun , Chen Jinbao 
Published: February 2021

We have demonstrated a 5 kW high-power monolithic fiber amplifier employing a homemade spindle-shaped ytterbium-doped fiber (YDF) based on the main oscillator power amplifier configuration. The YDF consists of a spindle-shaped core and cladding along the fiber length, with a core/cladding diameter of 27/410 µm at both ends and 39.5/600 µm in the middle. An output power of over 5 kW and beam quality of about 1.9 and an optical-to-optical conversion efficiency of 66.6% were achieved in the amplifier under a bidirectional pump scheme. While operating at the maximum power, the laser performance was evaluated, and the transverse mode instability and stimulated Raman scattering effects were well mitigated. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest power demonstration in a continuous-wave fiber laser employing a tapered fiber. Further power scaling is promising by optimizing the structure of the YDF.
Silicon photonic on-chip spatial heterodyne Fourier transform spectrometer exploiting the Jacquinot’s advantage
Authors: Dinh Thi Thuy Duong , González-Andrade David , Montesinos-Ballester Miguel , Deniel Lucas , Szelag Bertrand , Le Roux Xavier , Cassan Eric , Marris-Morini Delphine , Vivien Laurent , Cheben Pavel , Velasco Aitor V. , Alonso-Ramos Carlos 
Published: February 2021

Silicon photonics on-chip spectrometers are finding important applications in medical diagnostics, pollution monitoring, and astrophysics. Spatial heterodyne Fourier transform spectrometers (SHFTSs) provide a particularly interesting architecture with a powerful passive error correction capability and high spectral resolution. Despite having an intrinsically large optical throughput (étendue, also referred to as Jacquinot’s advantage), state-of-the-art silicon SHFTSs have not exploited this advantage yet. Here, we propose and experimentally demonstrate for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, an SHFTS implementing a wide-area light collection system simultaneously feeding an array of 16 interferometers, with an input aperture as large as

90

µ

m

×

60

µ

m

formed by a two-way-fed grating coupler. We experimentally demonstrate 85 pm spectral resolution, 600 pm bandwidth, and 13 dB étendue increase, compared with a device with a conventional grating coupler input. The SHFTS was fabricated using 193 nm deep-UV optical lithography and integrates a large-size input aperture with an interferometer array and monolithic Ge photodetectors, in a

4.5

m
m

2

footprint.
Use of machine learning to efficiently predict the confinement loss in anti-resonant hollow-core fiber
Authors: Meng Fanchao , Zhao Xiaoting , Ding Jinmin , Niu Yingli , Zhang Xinghua , Smietana Mateusz , Buczyński Ryszard , Lin Bo , Tao Guangming , Yang Lvyun , Wang Xin , Lou Shuqin , Sheng Xinzhi , Liang Sheng 
Published: February 2021

The fundamental mode confinement loss (CL) of anti-resonant hollow-core fiber (ARF) is efficiently predicted by a classification task of machine learning. The structure–parameter vector is utilized to define the sample space of ARFs. The CL of labeled samples at 1550 nm is numerically calculated via the finite element method (FEM). The magnitude of CL is obtained by a classification task via a decision tree and

k

-nearest neighbors algorithms with the training and test sets generated by 290700 and 32300 labeled samples. The test accuracy, confusion matrices, and the receiver operating characteristic curves have shown that our proposed method is effective for predicting the magnitude of CL with a short computation runtime compared to FEM simulation. The feasibility of predicting other performance parameters by the extension of our method, as well as its ability to generalize outside the tested sample space, is also discussed. It is likely that the proposed sample definition and the use of a classification approach can be adopted for design application beyond efficient prediction of ARF CL and inspire artificial intelligence and data-driven-based research of photonic structures.