bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brayford D. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Musa
sp.,
Heliconia
sp. DISEASE: Panama disease (vascular wilt) of banana. Also vascular wilt of abaca (
Musa textilis
). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in tropical and subtropical regions. Africa: Burundi, Cameroun, Canary Is., Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique (50, 3049), Nigeria, Republic of South Africa, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Tanzania (incl. Zanzibar), Uganda, Zaire. America: North: Florida (68, 905); South: Brazil, Costa Rica, Cuba (56, 4615), Dominica, Guadeloupe, Jamaica. Australasia: Australia, Brunei (51, 3059), Guam (60, 3258), India (68, 5699; 69, 657), Indonesia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand. IMI Distribution Map 31. TRANSMISSION: Through human transportation of infected planting material, plant debris or soil.
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. elaeidis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brayford D. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. elaeidis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Elaeis guineensis
(Oil palm). May also infect
E. oleifera, E. madagascariensis
and
E. melanococca
. DISEASE: Vascular wilt. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: West and central Africa: Cameroon, Congo, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Zaire. Possibly Colombia. TRANSMISSION: Contaminated soil or plant material. Potentially by means of seed (52, 4182).
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brayford D. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Cucumis melo
(Muskmelon, Cantaloupe). DISEASE: Vascular wilt. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: IMI Distribution Map 496. Africa: Morocco, Zimbabwe. Asia: India, Iraq, Iran, Israel, Japan, Korea, Lebanon, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Thailand, USSR. Australasia: Australia. Europe: Belgium, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Netherlands, Turkey. America: Canada, USA. TRANSMISSION: The fungus is soil borne and may be tramsmitted by seed.
Phyllachora alpiniae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hyde K. D. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phyllachora alpiniae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Alpinia arctiflora, A. caerulea
. DISEASE: Tar (spot in the shape of a black cross) and diamond-shaped lesions on leaves. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia.
Diachora erebia
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Diachora erebia
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Caragana arborescens, C. frutex
(syn.
C. frutex
f.
latifolia
),
C. microphylla, Caragana
sp. DISEASE: Tar spot of leaves. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: China (Mongolia; Sikang), India, Russia. TRANSMISSION: No research is available, but probably through air-borne dispersal both of over-wintered ascospores and conidia in the spring.
Stigmochora controversa
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Stigmochora controversa
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Acacia polyphylla, Piptadenia
sp.,
Pithecellobium scalare, Tamarindus indica
. DISEASE: Tar spot of leaves. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Argentina, Brazil, Peru, Venezuela. TRANSMISSION: This has not been studied, but in related species occurs by airborne dispersal of ascospores.
Bifusella pini
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Bifusella pini
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus contorta, Pinus edulis, Pinus flexilis, Pinus monophylla
. DISEASES: Needle cast of pines. Little is known of the biology of
B. pini
, but the fact that this species fruits mainly on needles more than two years old suggests that it is unlikely to be a serious pathogen. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: USA (Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah). TRANSMISSION: By airborne ascospores in wet or humid conditions.
Davisomycella asiatica
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Davisomycella asiatica
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus
sp. DISEASES: Needle cast of pines. Very little is known of the biology of this recently-described and interesting species, which has some features intermediate between
Davisomycella
Darker and
Elytroderma
Darker, but in view of the parasitic behaviour of other members of the same genus in North America, and of the strongly parasitic biology of members of the genus
Elytroderma
, it must be regarded as a potential pathogen of pines in south-east Asia. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Thailand. TRANSMISSION: By airborne ascospores in wet or humid conditions.
Lophodermella cerina
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W. , Millar C. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Lophodermella cerina
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus contorta, Pinus elliottii
var.
elliottii, Pinus ponderosa, Pinus taeda
. DISEASES: Needle cast of pines. Symptoms on first-year needles have been reported to appear in November on southern pines, with the ascomata visible by late February and prominent by the end of March. Czabator
et al.
(1971) stated that two years' needles are affected, though it is not clear whether this means there are two sets of infected needles on a tree at the same time. All ages of pines in the southern USA have been reported to be infected, though the disease was more common in older stands, and while the infection was scattered within a stand, whole crowns of individual trees are affected. Severe and repeated attacks by
L. cerina
on pine species in the western USA did not cause significant mortality. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: USA (Alabama, Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, New Mexico). TRANSMISSION: By airborne ascospores in wet or humid conditions.
Lophodermium himalayense
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Lophodermium himalayense
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus densiflora, Pinus greggii, Pinus insularis, Pinus kesiya, Pinus longifolia, Pinus oocarpa, Pinus patula, Pinus roxburghii, Pinus taeda, Pinus wallichiana, Pinus
sp. DISEASES: Needle cast of pines. Although the biology of this species is not known, it is included here for reference, as other members of the genus, and in particular
Lophodermium seditiosum
Minter, Staley & Millar (
Description Sheet
568), are important pathogens of pines. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: India (Assam, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, North Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh), Sri Lanka. TRANSMISSION: By airborne ascospores in wet or humid conditions.
Nectria camelliae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Crous P. W. , Wingfield M. J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Nectria camelliae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Eucalyptus
sp.,
Pinus pinea
(62, 925). DISEASE: Isolated from roots and stems of dying
P. pinea
seedlings (62, 925), and roots of dying
Eucalyptus
cuttings. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, Brazil, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea (Crous & Wingfield, 1993). TRANSMISSION: Probably wind and splash dispersed.
Ascochyta allii-cepae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Ascochyta allii-cepae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Allium cepa cv
. Hygro,
A. cepa cv
. Jumbo (
Alliaceae/Liliaceae
). DISEASE: Leaf tip blotch and die back of onion (65, 490). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (U.K.). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by water dispersed conidia during wet weather.
Didymella asphodeli
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Didymella asphodeli
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Asphodelus albus, A. aesfivus
(syn. :
A. microcarpus), A. ceracifer, A. microcarpus, A. racemosus
(syn.
A. ramosus
)
A. tenuifolius (Liliaceae
). DISEASE: The stem areas colonized by the fungus show brown to black discolouration. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Libya); Asia (Pakistan); Europe (Italy, France, Switzerland). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by conidia by water splash in wet or humid conditions.
Septoria aquilina
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Septoria aquilina
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Pteridium aquilinum
(bracken), (
Dennstaedtiaceae
). DISEASE: Brown spot of fern fronds. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (France, Germany, Italy, Spain, U.K.). TRANSMISSION: Most probably by plant debris in the soil and conidia dispersed by water splash.
Calonectria variabilis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Crous P. W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Calonectria variabilis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Didymopanax morototoni, Eucalyptus
spp.,
Theobroma grandiflorum
. DISEASE: Leaf spots. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Brazil. TRANSMISSION: Wind and splash dispersal of conidia and ascospores.
Prathigada terminaliae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sutton B. C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Prathigada terminaliae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Terminalia bellerica
Roxb.,
T. chebula
Retz.,
T. superba
Engl. & Diels,
T. ivorensis
A. Chev.,
Terminalia
sp. (
Combretaceae
). DISEASE: Leaf spot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: India, Nepal, Sierra Leone. TRANSMISSION: Presumably by conidia dispersed by wind, less so by water.
Pseudocercospora neodeightonii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sutton B. C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Pseudocercospora neodeightonii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Terminalia albida
Sc. Elliot (
Combretaceae
). DISEASE: Leaf spot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Sierra Leone. TRANSMISSION: Presumably by conidia dispersed by wind, less so by water.
Peronospora conglomerata
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hall G. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Peronospora conglomerata
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Erodium ciconium, E. cicutarium, E. hoefftianum, Geranium collinum, G. columbinum, G. dissectum, G. lucidum, G. macrorhizum, G. molle, G. ocellatum, G. phaeum, G. pratensis, G. purpureum, G. pusillum, G. pyrenaicum, G. robertianum, G. rotundifolium, G. solanderi, G. sylvaticum, G. transversale
. DISEASE: Downy mildew of
Geranium
species. Conidiophores occur over the entire undersurface of the leaf, which remains small and becomes crinkled and yellowish. In
G. pusillum
, a weak infection creates only light green patches on affected leaves, but a heavy infection reduces leaf size, and the blade often turns up, causing much tissue damage and subsequent leaf fall (39, 159). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Canary Isles. Asia-Temperate: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Republic of Georgia, Israel, Kazakhstan, Kirgizistan, Uzbekistan, Stravropol, Turkmenistan. Asia-Tropical: India. Australasia: Australia (Qld), New Zealand. Europe: Austria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Eire, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia (Krym, Smolensk, Pskov, Perm, Tatariya), Serbia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK (England, Scotland), Yugoslavia. North America: Canada (British Columbia), USA (Idaho, Washington State). TRANSMISSION: By conidia dispersed by wind or rain-splash. The role of oospores in disease transmission is unknown, but they may act as perennating structures.
Peronospora euphorbiae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hall G. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Peronospora euphorbiae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Euphorbia dulcis, E. paralias, E. peploides, E. peplus, E. platyphylla, E. prostrata, E. serpens, E. serpyllifolia, E
.
serratula
(=
E. stricta
). DISEASE: Downy mildew of
Euphorbia
species. Leaf lesions are hypophyllous, but superficial in E.
paralias
, as it has stomata on the upper surface of its leaves, which curl upwards. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: South Africa. Asia-Temperate: Japan. Europe: France, Italy, Majorca, Poland, Romania, Spain, Switzerland, UK (England). North America: USA (South Dakota, Texas). TRANSMISSION: By conidia which are dispersed by wind or rain-splash. The role of oospores in disease transmission is unknown, but they may serve as perennating structures.
Scolecobasidium verruculosum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kirk P. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Scolecobasidium verruculosum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Bambusa, Hevea
(roots),
Oryza
(roots). Also from soil. DISEASE: None as a primary pathogen of plants; encountered as a saprobe. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Cameroon, Congo, Sierra Leone. Asia: India, Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia). TRANSMISSION: Presumably via conidia dispersed by air or water, or movement of infected soil or plant debris.
Ulocladium atrum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , David J. C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Ulocladium atrum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Wood, seeds, stems, leaves of many different plants, soil. DISEASE: None. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Egypt, Libya, Sierra Leone. N. America: Canada, USA (California, Colorado, Kansas). S. America: Argentina, Chile. Asia: India, Iraq, Israel, Kuwait, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Turkey. Australasia: Australia (WA, VIC), New Zealand. Europe: Cyprus, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, UK. TRANSMISSION: By wind dispersal of airborne conidia, and possibly through water, soil and plant debris.
Cladosporium ornithogali
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , David J. C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cladosporium ornithogali
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Ornithogalum
spp. (
Hyacinthaceae
) and
Gagea
Salisb. (
Liliaceae
). Ranojevic (1910) reports this fungus on leaves of
Ornithogalum narbonense
L.,
Muscari comosum
(L.) Miller and
M. neglectum
Gussone from Montenegro and Serbia. DISEASE: Leaf spot of Star of Bethlehem (
Ornithogalum
sp.). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Kenya, South Africa. America: USA (IL, PA, WA). Europe: Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, The Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Russia, UK. TRANSMISSION: By wind dispersal of airborne conidia.
Mycosphaerella swartii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Crous P. W. , Carnegie A. J. , Keane P. J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Mycosphaerella swartii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Eucalyptus coccifera, E. delegatensis, E. dives, E. elata, E. fastigata, E. globoidea, E. leucoxylon, E. obliqua
. Hosts associated with anamorph state only:
E. agglomerata, E. amygdalina, E. baxteri, E. consideniana, E. dalrympleana, E. delegatensis, E. fastigata, E. fraxinoides, E. grandis, E. johnstonii, E. leucoxylon
var.
petiolaris, E. melliodora, E. meullerana, E. pauciflora, E. phaeotricha, E. radiata, E. regnans, E. sieberi, E. tereticornis
. DISEASE: Leaf spot of
Eucalyptus
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, New Zealand. TRANSMISSION: Ascospores are wind-borne.
Mycosphaerella walkeri
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Crous P. W. , Carnegie A. J. , Keane P. J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Mycosphaerella walkeri
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus
sp. Hosts associated with anamorph state only:
E. cladocalyx, E. gomphocephala, E. nitens, E. polyanthemos
. DISEASE: Leaf spot of
Eucalyptus
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia. Dick (1990) reported the anamorph state from New Zealand. TRANSMISSION: Ascospores are wind-borne.
Entyloma guaraniticum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Entyloma guaraniticum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Bidens pilosa
, and occasionally other
Bidens
species. DISEASE: Leaf spot or white smut of
Bidens
. Individual leaf spots are commonly 2-5 mm wide, but by confluence they sometimes form much larger patches. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Kenya, Mauritius, Sudan, Tanzania, South Africa, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe; Asia: China (Yunnan), Hong Kong, India, peninsular Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Taiwan; Australasia: Australia (NSW, Qld), Papua New Guinea; Central America & West Indies: Costa Rica, Puerto Rico, Tobago; South America: Paraguay. TRANSMISSION: No studies have been reported.
Tilletia setariae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Tilletia setariae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Setaria glauca, S. italica, S. lutescens, S. pallidifusca, Digitaria royleana
. DISEASE: Ovary smut of
Setaria
species. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: China (Beijing, Hebei, Jilin, Liaoning, Sichuan), India (Bihar, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh; 72, 5629), Japan (58, 3144). TRANSMISSION: No detailed studies have been reported. The dusty spore mass is presumsbly dispersed by air currents; presence of healthy and diseased florets in the same inflorescence is likely to result in seed contamination.
Tilletia setariicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Tilletia setariicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Setaria intermedia
. DISEASE: Ovary smut of
Setaria
. The swollen infected ovaries project substantially beyond the glumes and are therefore conspicuous amongst the uninfected florets. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: India (Banaras, Uttar Pradesh). TRANSMISSION: No studies have been reported. The powdery ustilospores are readily dispersed by air currents and rain, perhaps by insects, and seed contamination is possible.
Ustilago trichophora
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Ustilago trichophora
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Echinochloa
spp. including
E
.
colonum, E. crus-galli, E. crus-galli
var.
frumentacea, E. crus-galli
var.
zelayensis, E. holubii, E. turneriana, E. walteri
; occasional records on
Panicum spectabile, Paspalidium geminatum, Sacciolopis striata, Tricholaene teneriffae
. DISEASE: Loose smut or node smut of
Echinochloa
. Field symptoms vary from relatively inconspicuous infection of a few ovaries in an inflorescence, through node and culm infection with normal inflorescence production, to infections that result in production of rosettes of short leafy axillary shoots and no inflorescence or distortion of the entire shoot system. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Egypt, Malawi, Morocco, Nigeria, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, 'French Congo'; Asia: Azerbaijan, Burma, China, Republic of Georgia, India, Japan, Kazakhstan, Turkestan, Turkey, Uzbeckistan, 'Far East'; Australasia: Australia (NSW, NT, Qld.), New Zealand; Europe: Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Moldova, Romania, Russia, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine, Yugoslavia; North America: Canada (Quebec), Mexico, USA (range of
E. crus-galli
, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Washington DC, Delaware, Florida, IA, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, MD, Manitoba, Montana, North Carolina, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Mexico, Nevada, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Washington State, Wisconsin, Wyoming; 69, 2765); Central America and West Indies: Cuba; South America: Argentina, Venezuela. TRANSMISSION: The dusty spore mass is readily disseminated by wind or rain, enabling infection at various times in the host vegetative cycle. Infection is also sometimes seedborne.