bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A review on the electric vehicle routing problems: Variants and algorithms
Authors: Qin Hu , Su Xinxin , Ren Teng , Luo Zhixing 
Published: May 2021

AbstractOver the past decade, electric vehicles (EVs) have been considered in a growing number of models and methods for vehicle routing problems (VRPs). This study presents a comprehensive survey of EV routing problems and their many variants. We only consider the problems in which each vehicle may visit multiple vertices and be recharged during the trip. The related literature can be roughly divided into nine classes: Electric traveling salesman problem, green VRP, electric VRP, mixed electric VRP, electric location routing problem, hybrid electric VRP, electric dial-a-ride problem, electric two-echelon VRP, and electric pickup and delivery problem. For each of these nine classes, we focus on reviewing the settings of problem variants and the algorithms used to obtain their solutions.
The intriguing chemistry and biology of sulfur-containing natural products from marine microorganisms (1987–2020)
Authors: Hai Yang , Wei Mei-Yan , Wang Chang-Yun , Gu Yu-Cheng , Shao Chang-Lun 
Published: May 2021

AbstractNatural products derived from marine microorganisms have received great attention as a potential resource of new compound entities for drug discovery. The unique marine environment brings us a large group of sulfur-containing natural products with abundant biological functionality including antitumor, antibiotic, anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities. We reviewed all the 484 sulfur-containing natural products (non-sulfated) isolated from marine microorganisms, of which 59.9% are thioethers, 29.8% are thiazole/thiazoline-containing compounds and 10.3% are sulfoxides, sulfones, thioesters and many others. A selection of 133 compounds was further discussed on their structure–activity relationships, mechanisms of action, biosynthesis, and druggability. This is the first systematic review on sulfur-containing natural products from marine microorganisms conducted from January 1987, when the first one was reported, to December 2020.
Mathematical Modeling and COVID-19 Forecast in Texas, USA: A Prediction Model Analysis and the Probability of Disease Outbreak
Authors: Hassan Md Nazmul , Mahmud Md. Shahriar , Nipa Kaniz Fatema , Kamrujjaman Md. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Background:
Response to the unprecedented coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak needs to be augmented in Texas, United States, where the first 5 cases were reported on March 6, 2020, and were rapidly followed by an exponential rise within the next few weeks. This study aimed to determine the ongoing trend and upcoming infection status of COVID-19 in county levels of Texas.

Methods:
Data were extracted from the following sources: published literature, surveillance, unpublished reports, and websites of Texas Department of State Health Services (DSHS), Natality report of Texas, and WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. The 4-compartment Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Removal (SEIR) mathematical model was used to estimate the current trend and future prediction of basic reproduction number and infection cases in Texas. Because the basic reproduction number is not sufficient to predict the outbreak, we applied the Continuous-Time Markov Chain (CTMC) model to calculate the probability of the COVID-19 outbreak.

Results:
The estimated mean basic reproduction number of COVID-19 in Texas is predicted to be 2.65 by January 31, 2021. Our model indicated that the third wave might occur at the beginning of May 2021, which will peak at the end of June 2021. This prediction may come true if the current spreading situation/level persists, i.e., no clinically effective vaccine is available, or this vaccination program fails for some reason in this area.

Conclusion:
Our analysis indicates an alarming ongoing and upcoming infection rate of COVID-19 at county levels in Texas, thereby emphasizing the promotion of more coordinated and disciplined actions by policy-makers and the population to contain its devastating impact.
Design of large mode area all-solid anti-resonant fiber for high-power lasers
Authors: Zhang Xin , Gao Shoufei , Wang Yingying , Ding Wei , Wang Pu 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
High-power fiber lasers have experienced a dramatic development over the last decade. Further increasing the output power needs an upscaling of the fiber mode area, while maintaining a single-mode output. Here, we propose an all-solid anti-resonant fiber (ARF) structure, which ensures single-mode operation in broadband by resonantly coupling higher-order modes into the cladding. A series of fibers with core sizes ranging from 40 to 100 μm are proposed exhibiting maximum mode area exceeding 5000 μm2. Numerical simulations show this resonant coupling scheme provides a higher-order mode (mainly TE01, TM01, and HE21) suppression ratio of more than 20 dB, while keeping the fundamental mode loss lower than 1 dB/m. The proposed structure also exhibits high tolerance for core index depression.
Documentation et gestion du patrimoine archéologique de la chaîne montagneuse tuniso-libyenne via l'utilisation des nouvelles technologies : résultats préliminaires
Authors: Mekki Héla 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe mountain range formed by Jebels Matmata, Demmer and Nefoussa which links the two countries, Tunisia and Libya, is strewn with archaeological remains that are little known today, due in part to the rugged terrain which makes it difficult to see them. This issue has been helped by the use of new technologies, in this case remote sensing and QGIS software. Archaeological evidence has been uncovered and more than 3,900 sites and monuments have been detected on the sides of these mountains. In addition to the inventory of unknown archaeological sites, the main aim of the work was to draw up a management and conservation plan to provide, with an order of priority, a strategy for the safeguard and conservation of the mountain heritage. This management plan was only possible through a correlation of three data: assessment of values, identification of threats, and study of the state of conservation. These components were studied using an indirect evaluation based on satellite imagery and direct evaluation through field visits.
SkyMapper optical follow-up of gravitational wave triggers: Alert science data pipeline and LIGO/Virgo O3 run
Authors: Chang Seo-Won , Onken Christopher A. , Wolf Christian , Luvaul Lance , Möller Anais , Scalzo Richard , Schmidt Brian P. , Scott Susan M. , Sura Nikunj , Yuan Fang 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We present an overview of the SkyMapper optical follow-up programme for gravitational-wave event triggers from the LIGO/Virgo observatories, which aims at identifying early GW170817-like kilonovae out to

$\sim200\,\mathrm{Mpc}$

distance. We describe our robotic facility for rapid transient follow-up, which can target most of the sky at

$\delta<+10\deg $

to a depth of

$i_\mathrm{AB}\approx 20\,\mathrm{mag}$

. We have implemented a new software pipeline to receive LIGO/Virgo alerts, schedule observations and examine the incoming real-time data stream for transient candidates. We adopt a real-bogus classifier using ensemble-based machine learning techniques, attaining high completeness (

$\sim98\%$

) and purity (

$\sim91\%$

) over our whole magnitude range. Applying further filtering to remove common image artefacts and known sources of transients, such as asteroids and variable stars, reduces the number of candidates by a factor of more than 10. We demonstrate the system performance with data obtained for GW190425, a binary neutron star merger detected during the LIGO/Virgo O3 observing campaign. In time for the LIGO/Virgo O4 run, we will have deeper reference images allowing transient detection to

$i_\mathrm{AB}\approx 21\,\mathrm{mag}$

.
Symptom dimensions of major depression in a large community-based cohort
Authors: Wainberg Michael , Zhukovsky Peter , Hill Sean L. , Felsky Daniel , Voineskos Aristotle , Kennedy Sidney , Hawco Colin , Tripathy Shreejoy J. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Background
Our understanding of major depression is complicated by substantial heterogeneity in disease presentation, which can be disentangled by data-driven analyses of depressive symptom dimensions. We aimed to determine the clinical portrait of such symptom dimensions among individuals in the community.

Methods
This cross-sectional study consisted of 25 261 self-reported White UK Biobank participants with major depression. Nine questions from the UK Biobank Mental Health Questionnaire encompassing depressive symptoms were decomposed into underlying factors or ‘symptom dimensions’ via factor analysis, which were then tested for association with psychiatric diagnoses and polygenic risk scores for major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Replication was performed among 655 self-reported non-White participants, across sexes, and among 7190 individuals with an ICD-10 code for MDD from linked inpatient or primary care records.

Results
Four broad symptom dimensions were identified, encompassing negative cognition, functional impairment, insomnia and atypical symptoms. These dimensions replicated across ancestries, sexes and individuals with inpatient or primary care MDD diagnoses, and were also consistent among 43 090 self-reported White participants with undiagnosed self-reported depression. Every dimension was associated with increased risk of nearly every psychiatric diagnosis and polygenic risk score. However, while certain psychiatric diagnoses were disproportionately associated with specific symptom dimensions, the three polygenic risk scores did not show the same specificity of associations.

Conclusions
An analysis of questionnaire data from a large community-based cohort reveals four replicable symptom dimensions of depression with distinct clinical, but not genetic, correlates.
The matrix reloaded: Reconstructing the boundaries between (international) law and politics
Authors: dos Reis Filipe , Grzybowski Janis 
Published: May 2021

AbstractInterdisciplinary scholarship at the intersection of international law (IL) and International Relations (IR) has illuminated the roles of politics in law, of law in politics, and of the shifting boundary between the two in various areas of international affairs. The boundary itself, however, has proven resilient. While critical approaches investigating the politics of international law have come to insist on the lasting significance of legality proper, IR approaches to legalization have returned to politics. Although the apparent limits to challenging the boundary between legality and politics are not new, we suggest that they are intimately related to another great divide, i.e., that between the state and the international. Together, these two cross-cutting lines have shaped the possibilities and constraints of articulating substantive positions ‘in’ (international) law and politics at least since the Interwar period. Reading these distinctions as intertwined ‘nested oppositions’, this article reconstructs the stylized but paradigmatic debates between Max Weber and Hans Kelsen over the nature of the state and between Hans Morgenthau and Hersch Lauterpacht over the nature of the international. We further illustrate how the same conceptual oppositions still enable and constrain current debates in IL and IR, discussing as examples the creation of states and the justiciability of international crimes. Crossing and contesting the boundaries ultimately reaffirms them as the matrix in which conflicts over states and the international are articulated as legal and political.
Distribution of molecular strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in an intermediate burden Asia Pacific city
Authors: Lee Shui Shan , Chan Denise Pui Chung , Wong Ngai Sze , Lui Grace Chung Yan , To Kin Wang , Kam Joseph Kai Man 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Hong Kong is an intermediate tuberculosis (TB) burden city in Asia Pacific with slow decline of case notification in the last decade. By 24-loci mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units – variable number of tandem repeats genotyping, we examined 534 Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates collected from culture-positive hospitalised TB patients in a 1.7 million population geographic region in the city. Overall, 286 (75%) were classified as Beijing genotype, of which 216 (76%) and 59 (21%) belonged to modern and ancient sub-lineage, respectively. Only two cases were genetically clustered while spatial clustering was absent. Male gender, permanent residency in Hong Kong and born in Hong Kong or Mainland China were associated with Beijing genotype. The high prevalence of Beijing modern lineage was similar to that in East Asia, which reflected the pattern resulting from population migration. The paucity of clustering suggested that reactivation accounted for most of the TB disease cases, which was and echoed by observation that half were 60 years old or above, and the presence of co-morbid medical conditions. The predominance of reactivation TB cases in intermediate burden localities implies that the detection and control of latent TB infection would be the major challenge in achieving TB elimination.
Packaged food supply in Fiji: nutrient levels, compliance with sodium targets and adherence to labelling regulations
Authors: Shahid Maria , Waqa Gade , Pillay Arti , Kama Ateca , Tukana Isimeli N , McKenzie Briar L , Webster Jacqui , Johnson Claire 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjective:To estimate the proportion of products meeting Fiji government labelling regulations, assess compliance with national Na reformulation targets and examine the Na and total sugar levels in packaged foods sold in selected major supermarkets.Design:We selected five major supermarkets in 2018 and collected the product information and nutritional content from the labels of all packaged foods sold. We organised 4278 foods into fourteen major food categories and thirty-six sub-categories and recorded the proportion of products labelled in accordance with the Fiji labelling regulations. We looked at the levels of Na and total sugar in each food category and assessed how many products complied with the Fiji reformulation targets set for Na. We also listed the companies responsible for each product.Setting:Suva, Fiji.Results:Fourteen percentage of packaged foods in fourteen major categories met Fiji national labelling regulations. Na was labelled on 95·4 % products, and total sugar labelled on 92·4 %. The convenience foods category had the highest Na levels (1699 mg/100 g), while confectionery had the highest content of total sugar (52·6 g/100 g). Forty percentage of eligible products did not meet the proposed voluntary Na reformulation targets.Conclusions:Our findings indicate significant room for improvement in nutrient labelling, as well as a need for further enforcement of reformulation targets and monitoring of changes in food composition. Through enacting these measures and establishing additional regulations such as mandatory front-of-pack labelling, government and food industry can drive consumers towards healthier food choices and improve the nutritional quality of packaged foods in Fiji.
Design of multiple transmission zeros-enabled compact broadband BPFs based on microstrip-to-CPW transition technology
Authors: Ghazali Abu Nasar , Sazid Mohd 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we present a miniaturized ultra-wideband (UWB) bandpass filter (BPF) with multiple transmission zeros (TZs), which is based on transition technology of microstrip with short-circuited coplanar waveguide (CPW). The ground plane of the BPF contains a multiple mode resonator (MMR)-based CPW which is capacitively linked through the dielectric to two open-circuited microstrip lines on the top. The MMR is initially designed to allocate its lowest three resonant modes quasi-equally inside the designated UWB spectrum (3.1–10.6 GHz). This is followed by optimization of microstrip lines to provide a good broadband response possessing minimum insertion loss, two TZs at the lower and upper passband edges that improve selectivity and a wide stopband with appreciable attenuation. Later, multiple-folded split ring resonators are coupled to the BPF to inject dual passband TZs. The predicted theory in simulation is verified against measured result and is found to be in good agreement. The prototype covers a substrate area of only 14.6 × 9.2 mm2.
A Preliminary Framework for Magmatism in Modern Continental Back‐Arc Basins and Its Application to the Triassic‐Jurassic Tectonic Evolution of the Caucasus
Authors: Vasey Dylan A. , Cowgill Eric , Cooper Kari M. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractExtension within a continental back‐arc basin initiates within continental rather than oceanic lithosphere, and the geochemical characteristics of magmatic rocks within continental back‐arcs are poorly understood relative to their intraoceanic counterparts. Here, we compile published geochemical data from five exemplar modern continental back‐arc basins—the Okinawa Trough, Bransfield Strait, Tyrrhenian Sea, Patagonia plateau, and Aegean Sea/Western Anatolia—to establish a geochemical framework for continental back‐arc magmatism. This analysis shows that continental back‐arcs yield geochemical signatures more similar to arc magmatism than intraoceanic back‐arcs do. We apply this framework to published data for Triassic‐Jurassic magmatic rocks from the Caucasus arc system, which includes a relict continental back‐arc, the Caucasus Basin, that opened during the Jurassic and for which the causal mechanism of formation remains debated. Our analysis of 40Ar/39Ar and U‐Pb ages indicates Permian‐Triassic arc magmatism from ∼260 to 220 Ma due to subduction beneath the Greater Caucasus and Scythian Platform. Late Triassic (∼220–210 Ma) collision of the Iranian block with Laurasia likely induced trench retreat in the Caucasus region and led to migration of the Caucasus arc and opening of the Caucasus Basin. This activity was followed by Jurassic arc magmatism in the Lesser Caucasus from ∼180 to 140 Ma and back‐arc spreading in the Caucasus Basin from ∼180 to 160 Ma. Trace element and Sr‐Nd isotopic data for magmatic rocks indicate that Caucasus Basin magmatism is comparable to modern continental back‐arcs and that the source to the Lesser Caucasus arc became more enriched at ∼160 Ma, likely from the cessation of back‐arc spreading.
Interactions of Large‐Scale Dynamics and Madden‐Julian Oscillation Propagation in Multi‐Model Simulations
Authors: Heath Ashley , Gonzalez Alex O. , Gehne Maria , Jaramillo Alejandro 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe underrepresentation of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) in climate models remains a challenge, limiting our ability to improve medium‐ to extended‐range atmospheric prediction. Motivated by recent work identifying the importance of the ratio of equatorial Rossby (ER) to Kelvin wave circulations in MJO propagation, this study examines MJO dynamics in 25 climate model simulations. We find that poor MJO models simulate anomalously large ER wave circulations to the west and small Kelvin and ER wave circulations to the east of the convective center. To quantify the role of circulation asymmetries in MJO propagation, we formulate a new west/east (W/E) zonal wind speed ratio. Our W/E ratio differs from other similar metrics in that it implicitly accounts for the ER wave gyres and it can be applied at all levels. Poor model ER wave biases are associated with excessive 700–1000‐hPa convergence, convection, and vertical moisture advection co‐located and west of the convective center while Kelvin and ER wave biases to the east are associated with a weaker dry anomaly and smaller horizontal moisture advection at 450–750‐hPa. Together, these biases help explain the stationary and slight westward MJO propagation in poor models. Space‐time spectral analyses of the zonal wind and precipitation confirm that good models produce realistic power, coherence, and phase for the MJO while poor models vastly underrepresent Kelvin waves and the MJO. Even though Kelvin waves are more realistic in good models, there are still model‐wide biases in circulation‐convection coupling for ER waves and Kelvin waves.
Low‐Level Cloud Development and Diurnal Cycle in Southern West Africa During the DACCIWA Field Campaign: Case Study of Kumasi Supersite, Ghana
Authors: Aryee Jeffrey N. A. , Amekudzi Leonard K. , Yamba Edmund I. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe presence, spatial extent, and persistence of low‐level clouds (LLCs) largely impact on the diurnal surface radiation and energy balance, as well as, the regional climate. Notwithstanding, there is a limited understanding of their evolution and processes, particularly in southern West Africa. This study assesses the development of LLCs and their dominant formative factors, as well as, their relationship with radiation and energy balance. First, ceilometer and radiosondes deployed during the dynamics‐aerosol‐chemistry‐cloud interactions in West Africa (DACCIWA) field campaign were used in identifying the LLC. Afterward, the cloud fraction was employed to characterize different LLC phases. Averagely, break‐up, dissipation, and build‐up of LLC were marked at 09:00, 12:00, and 22:00 GMT respectively. Moreover, composites of LLC diurnal evolution and their relationship with net radiation, energy storage, and surface stability showed that LLCs significantly impact on net radiation flux, by reducing downwelling shortwave radiation. Additionally, LLC onsets were characterized by a near‐steady state in net radiation flux, whereas the rate of energy storage within the lower layers marginally oscillated about equilibrium. Finally, with observations from selected intensive observation periods (IOPs), the dominant factors influencing LLC development were evaluated. Horizontal cold air advection, with enhancement by nocturnal low‐level jets, was observed to primarily influence the development of LLCs for the study period. The findings of this study are necessary for improving the understanding of LLC characteristics, formation, and interactions with surface properties, particularly over southern West Africa.
Observed Vertical Structure of Precipitation Influenced by Dry Air for Landfalling Tropical Cyclones Over China
Authors: Shu Shoujuan , Feng Xibin , Teng Daigao 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe vertical structure of precipitation and its evolution during midlevel dry‐air intrusion (DAI) for landfalling tropical cyclones (LTCs) over China in the past 10 years were examined using several observed Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) PR products and a reanalysis data set. We show that in the outer region where the environmental midlevel dry air intrudes more easily, the process of environmental DAI has an important effect on the vertical structure and precipitation of LTCs through promoting substantially stratiform precipitation, while inhibiting infrequent intense convective precipitation. Although the total mean rain rate does not change much during the DAI period, both the mean rain rate and area of stratiform precipitation are almost doubled, while the convective precipitation halves compared to the situation prior to the DAI period. Also, the vertical structure of precipitation relative to the vertical wind shear (VWS) is modulated by the dry air, with a clear stratiform precipitation structure in the DAI region, though the dry‐air distribution of LTCs does not depend on the direction of the VWS but rather on the synoptic environmental collocation. Further analysis shows that the mid‐level DAI is favorable to the generation of stratiform precipitation through producing moderate midlevel convergence and less intense low‐level subsidence, which contribute to the mid‐level spin‐up without spinning down the low‐level circulation. At the same time, it helps in maintaining the uniform stratiform precipitation above the melting layer and homogenizing the low‐level circulation, and thus boosts the development of stratiform precipitation in intensity and area in the outer region.