bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantification of the Hemodynamic Changes of Cirrhosis with Free‐Breathing Self‐Navigated MRI
Authors: Brunsing Ryan L. , Brown Dustin , Almahoud Hashem , Kono Yuko , Loomba Rohit , Vodkin Irene , Sirlin Claude B. , Alley Marcus T. , Vasanawala Shreyas S. , Hsiao Albert 
Published: February 2021

BackgroundNon‐invasive assessment of the hemodynamic changes of cirrhosis might help guide management of patients with liver disease but are currently limited.PurposeTo determine whether free‐breathing 4D flow MRI can be used to quantify the hemodynamic effects of cirrhosis and introduce hydraulic circuit indexes of severity.Study TypeRetrospective.PopulationForty‐seven patients including 26 with cirrhosis.Field Strength/Sequence3 T/free‐breathing 4D flow MRI with soft gating and golden‐angle view ordering.AssessmentMeasurements of the supra‐celiac abdominal aorta, supra‐renal abdominal aorta (SRA), celiac trunk (CeT), superior mesenteric artery (SMA), splenic artery (SpA), common hepatic artery (CHA), portal vein (PV), and supra‐renal inferior vena cava (IVC) were made by two radiologists. Measures of hepatic vascular resistance (hepatic arterial relative resistance [HARR]; portal resistive index [PRI]) were proposed and calculated.Statistical AnalysisBland–Altman, Pearson's correlation, Tukey's multiple comparison, and Cohen's kappa. P < 0.05 was considered significant.ResultsForty‐four of 47 studies yielded adequate image quality for flow quantification (94%). Arterial structures showed high inter‐reader concordance (range; ρ = 0.948–0.987) and the IVC (ρ = 0.972), with moderate concordance in the PV (ρ = 0.866). Conservation of mass analysis showed concordance between large vessels (SRA vs. IVC; ρ = 0.806), small vessels (celiac vs. CHA + SpA; ρ = 0.939), and across capillary beds (CeT + SMA vs. PV; ρ = 0.862). Splanchnic flow was increased in patients with portosystemic shunting (PSS) relative to control patients and patients with cirrhosis without PSS (P < 0.05, difference range 0.11–0.68 liter/m). HARR was elevated and PRI was decreased in patients with PSS (3.55 and 1.49, respectively) compared to both the control (2.11/3.18) and non‐PSS (2.11/2.35) cohorts.Data Conclusion4D flow MRI with self‐navigation was technically feasible, showing promise in quantifying the hemodynamic effects of cirrhosis. Proposed quantitative metrics of hepatic vascular resistance correlated with PSS.Level of Evidence3Technical Efficacy Stage2
Measurement‐based analysis of GaAs HEMT technologies: Multilayer D‐H pseudomorphic HEMT versus conventional S‐H HEMT
Authors: Alim Mohammad A. , Ali Mayahsa M. , Crupi Giovanni 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe key objective of this study is to check out the performance of two multilayer processed double‐heterojunction pHEMTs with different gate width as well as one conventional single‐heterojunction HEMT. Different types of investigation have been undertaken by means of on‐wafer DC, small‐signal, and nonlinear two‐tone measurements. The modeling of the DC output characteristics was successfully accomplished using the FET's Curtice model for all of three tested devices. The main figures of merit for microwave and millimeter wave applications have been determined from scattering parameter measurements and then discussed in detail. Furthermore, to attain a better insight of the device behavior, the nonlinear intermodulation distortion behavior has been also studied and compared for the three devices over different bias conditions. A careful analysis of the DC and RF characteristics over a wide range of working conditions is necessary to ensure adequate transistor operation, depending on the given application of interest.
Numerical modeling of the responses of soil temperature and soil moisture to climate change over the Tibetan Plateau, 1961–2010
Authors: Fang Xuewei , Luo Siqiong , Lyu Shihua , Cheng Chen , Li Zhaoguo , Zhang Shaobo 
Published: February 2021

AbstractChanges in soil temperature (ST) and soil moisture (SM) are essential for climate change and ecosystem assessments. Previous investigations on the ST and SM on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) are mainly based on the situ observation and the satellite products. In this study, the improved Community Land Model version 4.5 (CLM4.5), with proper parameter optimization and surface datasets update, is used to estimate the response of ST and SM in the TP to climate change in the long‐term time series from 1961 to 2010. After validating the reasonability of the simulated results using the observations, the spatial distribution of changes in ST and SM in annual and seasonal time series since 1960s, 1980s, 1990s, are investigated respectively and the changes of precipitation (Pr) and surface evaporation (Ev) are also analysed to understand the cause of changes objectively. As a whole, the soil was warming and wetting at the maximum value of 0.31°C/decade and 0.77%/decade since the 1960s. However, the warming process in soil mainly occurred in the 1980s while the wetting tendency is detected since the 1990s extensively. Except for the influence of air warming, the enhanced Pr and Ev might also be indispensable factors that caused the intensive wetting process but damped warming process in soil. Summer is the favourable season for the thermal and hydraulic variation since the 1980s. There exists the striking warmer and drier trend in the eastern TP since 1980s while the colder and wetter condition in the western TP since the 1990s. The magnitude of variation in soil is magnified from 1990s under the continuing impact of climate change.
Evaluating the meteorological drought characteristics over Pakistan using in situ observations and reanalysis products
Authors: Ullah Irfan , Ma Xieyao , Yin Jun , Asfaw Temesgen Gebremariam , Azam Kamran , Syed Sidra , Liu Mengyang , Arshad Muhammad , Shahzaman Muhammad 
Published: February 2021

AbstractDrought is one of the most frequent natural disasters occurring in Pakistan and has a great influence on livelihood, agriculture, and economy. The availability of long‐term high‐quality reanalysis products over Pakistan has been of great concern in recent decades. Here, we conduct drought assessment in Pakistan based on the standardized precipitation index (SPI) and the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) at 3, 6, and 12 months timescales during 1983–2018. We use long‐term in situ observations to evaluate the accuracy of reanalysis products, including Climatic Research Unit (CRU TS), National Centers for Environmental Prediction version II (NCEP‐2), European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Version‐5 (ERA‐5), and Modern‐Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications version II (MERRA‐2). The main results are summarized as follows: (a) drought indices and drought areas assessed from reanalysis products are relatively more representative of historical droughts that had occurred in southern Pakistan and overestimation is evident for drought severity in western than eastern Pakistan; (b) statistically significant increasing trends (1984–1998 and 2000–2010) in monthly drought areas and occurrence are evident by CRU TS and MERRA‐2 in dominant arid and semiarid regions; (c) climate variables and drought features of southern Pakistan are best represented by CRU TS and MERRA‐2, while that of southwestern and western parts are best represented by ERA‐5; (d) the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) results range from −2 to 1, where the NSE of SPEI values (−1.0) show relatively weaker than SPI values (0.5) in most parts of the regions, specifically in the southern Pakistan; (e) a strong positive linear relationship on a monthly scale is evident in CRU TS, MERRA‐2, and ERA‐5 exhibiting relatively high correlation coefficient (0.84), except for NCEP‐2. Furthermore, the SPEI results are found to be better than SPI; thus, this study suggests SPEI may be more suitable than SPI in monitoring droughts under climate change.
Changes in summer precipitation variability in central Brazil over the past eight decades
Authors: Prado Luciana Figueiredo , Wainer Ilana , Yokoyama Elder , Khodri Myriam , Garnier Jeremie 
Published: February 2021

AbstractCentral Brazil hydroclimate is in the core region of the South American monsoon system. Thus, understanding precipitation variability in this area is crucial not only for the prediction of extreme events such as droughts and floods, but also for water resources management. Ocean teleconnections influence central Brazil precipitation from intraseasonal to interdecadal frequencies, in both linear and nonlinear ways, mainly during the austral summer. Pacific Ocean climate modes can influence South American precipitation, but how its variability changes over time is still a theme of scientific debate. Here we examined the influence of Pacific variability on summer precipitation in central Brazil during the last eight decades. We applied nonparametric spectral methods to four different observational datasets, and to AMIP‐type precipitation outputs from the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique zoom model (LMDZ) in Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phases 5 and 6 (CMIP5 and CMIP6) contributions of the Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL) coupled model. Our results showed an increase in amplitude and frequency of summer precipitation variability after the 1970s climate transition. Spectral analysis associated these changes to a transition in Pacific Ocean influence to central Brazil precipitation, from PDO‐ to El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO)‐related variability after the 1970s climate transition. Composite analysis suggests these changes are related to teleconnection patterns between the Pacific Ocean and South America precipitation.
Trends in the occurrence of pan‐Arctic warm extremes in the past four decades
Authors: Yu Lejiang , Zhong Shiyuan , Sun Bo 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe most recent historic heat wave in Siberia with record‐shattering temperatures is a reflection that, as a manifestation of global warming, the Arctic is experiencing more frequent and severe warm‐temperature extremes that could have global consequences. Here, we apply the self‐organizing map (SOM) clustering method to 6‐hr data from ERA‐Interim from 1979 to 2017 to document the spatial and seasonal variations of the trends in the number of warm‐extreme days over the pan‐Arctic region, and to apportion the trends into a dynamic component representing changes in atmospheric circulation patterns, a thermodynamic component not directly related to circulations, and an interaction component. We show significant upward trends in the occurrence of warm extremes across much of the Arctic Ocean in all seasons except for summer when regions of significant upward trends move from the Arctic Ocean to the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, Greenland, and the northern North Atlantic. The direction and magnitude of the trends in seasonal warm extremes as well as their seasonal and spatial variations are dominated by the thermodynamic component, with the dynamic component and the interaction component at least an order of magnitude smaller. Although negligible to the long‐term, pan‐Arctic averaged trend, the dynamic component may be comparable with, or even larger than, the thermodynamic component at some locations and under certain atmospheric circulation patterns.
Effects of drying methods and maltodextrin on vitamin C and quality of Terminalia ferdinandiana fruit powder, an emerging Australian functional food ingredient
Authors: Phan Anh Dao Thi , Adiamo Oladipupo , Akter Saleha , Netzel Michael E , Cozzolino Daniel , Sultanbawa Yasmina 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDTerminalia ferdinandiana, common name Kakadu plum (KP), fruit is a valuable source of vitamin C, and its concentration can be used as a quality index of KP products, such as dried fruit powder. The present study investigated the effects of two drying methods (freeze‐drying and oven‐drying) and the addition of maltodextrin (0–25%) on vitamin C, Maillard products, and overall quality of KP fruit powder.RESULTSFreeze‐drying was a better dehydration technique than oven‐drying in retaining vitamin C, reducing the formation of non‐enzymatic browning and oxidation products, and improving powder colour (P < 0.05). Non‐enzymatic browning products (furfural and 5‐hydroxymethyl furfural) were generated in the oven‐dried samples as a function of heating and high water activity. Maltodextrin acted as a vitamin C stabilizer in protecting vitamin C from oxidation, and significantly improved the colour attributes of the final dry products. Incorporation of 10–15% maltodextrin could reduce the percentage loss of vitamin C from 8.1% to 3.4% and 18.9% to 11.4% (compared with the control) during freeze‐drying and oven‐drying, respectively. Scanning electron micrographs revealed differences in the microstructures of the KP powder processed by the two drying methods with different levels of maltodextrin. Multivariate data analysis (principal component analysis) showed separation between the oven‐dried and freeze‐dried samples, and also suggested that addition of maltodextrin of 7.5–10% and 10–15% are effective for preserving vitamin C and other quality properties of the freeze‑ and oven‐dried KP powder samples, respectively.CONCLUSIONThe results obtained are important for the KP industry, including Indigenous enterprises, in selecting the most appropriate drying method for KP fruit in terms of quality and sustainability. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry
Analytic and chemometric assessments of the native probiotic bacteria and inulin effects on bioremediation of lead salts
Authors: Mirza Alizadeh Adel , Hosseini Hedayat , Mohseni Mehran , Eskandari Soheyl , Sohrabvandi Sara , Hosseini Mir‐Jamal , Tajabadi‐Ebrahimi Maryam , Mohammadi‐Kamrood Maryam , Nahavandi Saeedeh 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDLead (Pb2+) is one of the most toxic heavy metals and can be found in various quantities in the environment. The five native probiotic bacteria and inulin were used to assess in vitro lead nitrate and lead acetate binding capacities, as well as removal potentials.RESULTSThe highest decrease in media pH was seen for samples containing a combination of Lactobacillus paracasei IRBC‐M 10784, lead nitrate and inulin (5.30 ± 0.012). The presence of inulin in the environment accelerated decreases in the pH of all samples with no significance. In all groups, lead nitrate‐containing samples included maximum pH decreases. From the highest to the lowest, the ability of lead removal was linked to Lactobacillus acidophilus PTCC‐1932 (88.48%), Bifidobacterium bifidum BIA‐7 (85.32%), Bifidobacterium lactis BIA‐6 (85.24%), Lactobacillus rhamnosus IBRC‐M 10782 (83.18%) and L. paracasei IRBC‐M 10784 (80.66%). Most species included the highest decrease in lead nitrate. Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis demonstrated that various functional groups (hydroxyl, carboxylic, carbonyl, amino and amide binds) on the bacterial cell wall were involved in lead ion binding during incubation. Principal component analysis of the FTIR results showed differences with respect to treated groups and control groups.CONCLUSIONThe results obtained in the present study reveal that the simultaneous use of native probiotics and inulin can be an effective and safe approach for removing various toxic substances, especially Pb. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
The study of citrus‐derived flavonoids as effective bitter taste inhibitors
Authors: Huang Jiali , Lu Yu‐Jing , Guo Chenglong , Zuo Shanshan , Zhou Jin‐Lin , Wong Wing‐Leung , Huang Baohua 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe pericarp of citrus in rutaceae is rich in flavonoids that may possess diverse biological activities. Some citrus flavonoids have been used as natural bitterness inhibitors; however, many citrus flavonoid analogues that possess merit taste amelioration functions have not been reported with respect to utilization in food industry.RESULTSThe effects of 12 citrus flavonoids on the inhibition of the bitter taste of naringin, quinine hydrochloride and stevioside were evaluated both by a sensory panel and electronic tongue analysis. Among the flavonoid compounds evaluated, both neohesperidin dihydrochalcone (NHDC) and neodiosmin were identified to show an excellent bitterness inhibition effect on all three bitterness vehicles tested. The results of the electronic tongue evaluation also showed that the addition of neodiosmin, NHDC or hesperidin dihydrochalcone‐7‐o‐glucoside (HDC‐7‐G) was able to reduce significantly the bitterness response value of quinine hydrochloride, which is consistent with the sensory panel evaluation. Structure–activity relationship analysis found that the 7‐linked neohesperidosyloxy group in the A‐ring of the citrus flavonoid skeleton has the best bitterness inhibition effect. In addition, a ternary mixture of NHDC, neodiosmin and naringin, and neodiosmin/β‐cyclodextrin was formulated and it demonstrated, for the first time in the flavor improvement of citrus fruit wine, an enhancement of sweetness and a reduction of bitter taste.CONCLUSIONTwelve citrus flavonoids were found to inhibit the bitter taste of naringin, quinine hydrochloride and stevioside. With respect to the structure–activity relationship analysis, it was found that the 7‐linked neohesperidosyloxy group in the A‐ring of the citrus flavonoid skeleton possessed the best bitterness inhibition effect. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry
Discoloration investigations of freeze‐dried carrot cylinders from physical structure and color‐related chemical compositions
Authors: Lyu Ying , Bi Jinfeng , Chen Qinqin , Li Xuan , Wu Xinye , Hou Haonan , Zhang Xing 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDHigh carotenoid content always lead to a yellower/redder color in carrots, while a puzzling phenomenon still exists that freeze‐dried carrots (FDC) have a higher carotenoid content but a lighter color compared with thermal‐dried carrots. It seems that carotenoid is not the only main factor affecting sample color. Hence the discoloration characteristics of freeze‐dried carrots were comprehensively analyzed from physical structure and color‐related chemical composition profile.RESULTSOutcomes of low‐field nuclear magnetic resonance and scanning electron microscopy showed that sublimation of immobilized water preserved the intact porous structure of FDC, which kept the volume shrinkage below 30% and led to less accumulations of color‐related compositions. Besides, results of correlation and principal component analysis‐X model proved that lutein and caffeic acid mainly affected a* value (r = 0.917) and b* value (r = 0.836) of FDC, respectively. Moreover, lipoxygenase indirectly affected sample color by degrading carotenoids, and the lutein content loss for fresh and blanching FDC was 41.56% and 47.14%, respectively.CONCLUSIONSThe discoloration of FDC was significantly affected by both physical structure and color‐related chemical compositions. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry
Immunotherapy for the treatment of colorectal cancer
Authors: Lumish Melissa A. , Cercek Andrea 
Published: February 2021

AbstractImmune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) has transformed the management of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) with mismatch‐repair deficiency (dMMR) and microsatellite instability (MSI‐H), though this constitutes on average less than 5% of mCRC, and ICI is ineffective in preserved MMR/microsatellite stable disease (pMMR/MSS). Here we review the efficacy of ICI in dMMR/MSI‐H mCRC, poor response to ICI in pMMR/MSS mCRC, role for ICI in locally advanced disease, biomarkers of response, novel immunotherapies, and future directions in targeting resistance mechanisms.
Technical Performance of Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse Imaging for Measuring Renal Parenchymal Stiffness: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Hwang Jisun , Kim Hae Won , Kim Pyeong Hwa , Suh Chong Hyun , Yoon Hee Mang 
Published: February 2021

ObjectivesTo estimate the technical performance of acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) imaging (two‐dimensional shear wave elastography [2D‐SWE] and point shear wave elastography [p‐SWE]) for measuring renal parenchymal stiffness.MethodsEMBASE and PubMed databases were searched for studies reporting technical performance of ARFI imaging in terms of technical failure, interobserver agreement, and/or intraobserver agreement. The proportion of technical failure and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for interobserver and intraobserver agreement was pooled. The pooled estimates of native and transplanted kidneys were obtained separately. Meta‐regression and subgroup analyses were conducted to explore heterogeneity.ResultsTwenty‐four studies (2993 patients) were included. The pooled proportions of technical failure were 4.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.2–8.5%) and 6.6% (95% CI 4.0–10.7%) in native and transplanted kidneys, respectively. The pooled ICCs of interobserver agreement were 0.70 (95% CI 0.68–0.83) and 0.81 (95% CI 0.68–0.89), indicating moderate and good agreement in native and transplanted kidneys, respectively. The pooled ICC showed good (0.77; 95% CI 0.49–0.91) intraobserver agreement in native kidneys. Regarding interobserver agreement in transplanted kidneys, ROI location (mid pole only versus others) was a significant factor of heterogeneity (P = .04).ConclusionsThe ARFI‐based SWE techniques show good technical performance for measuring renal parenchymal stiffness. The wide range of SWE protocols necessitates development of standardized guidelines on the use of renal ARFI imaging.
Recent advances in faba bean genetic and genomic tools for crop improvement
Authors: Khazaei Hamid , O'Sullivan Donal M. , Stoddard Frederick L. , Adhikari Kedar N. , Paull Jeffrey G. , Schulman Alan H. , Andersen Stig U. , Vandenberg Albert 
Published: February 2021

AbstractFaba bean (Vicia faba L.), a member of the Fabaceae family, is one of the important food legumes cultivated in cool temperate regions. It holds great importance for human consumption and livestock feed because of its high protein content, dietary fibre, and nutritional value. Major faba bean breeding challenges include its mixed breeding system, unknown wild progenitor, and genome size of ~13 Gb, which is the largest among diploid field crops. The key breeding objectives in faba bean include improved resistance to biotic and abiotic stress and enhanced seed quality traits. Regarding quality traits, major progress on reduction of vicine‐convicine and seed coat tannins, the main anti‐nutritional factors limiting faba bean seed usage, have been recently achieved through gene discovery. Genomic resources are relatively less advanced compared with other grain legume species, but significant improvements are underway due to a recent increase in research activities. A number of bi‐parental populations have been constructed and mapped for targeted traits in the last decade. Faba bean now benefits from saturated synteny‐based genetic maps, along with next‐generation sequencing and high‐throughput genotyping technologies that are paving the way for marker‐assisted selection. Developing a reference genome, and ultimately a pan‐genome, will provide a foundational resource for molecular breeding. In this review, we cover the recent development and deployment of genomic tools for faba bean breeding.