bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Data Fusion for Adaptive Control in Manufacturing: Impact on Engineering Information Models
Authors: Bray Olin H. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper addresses the impact of data fusion on engineering and manufacturing information systems. Data fusion is the integration and analysis of data from multiple sensors to develop a more accurate understanding of a situation and determine how to respond to it. (Sensor fusion, a related term, has a somewhat different, more implementation oriented focus. The difference between these two concepts is addressed specifically in Section 1.) Although data fusion can be applied in many situations, this paper focuses on its application to manufacturing and how it changes some of the more traditional, less adaptive information models that support the design and manufacturing functions.
Data fusion requires changes, primarily extensions, to these traditional information models. Engineering models normally address geometry, features, and performance characteristics of a part, while manufacturing models address machine tool characteristics and how they interact with the workpiece and operations scheduling. For data fusion and adaptive control, these models must include the dynamic behavior and interactions between the workpiece and the machine tool. In addition, these models must specify how these dynamic behaviors can be seen and interpreted by various types of sensors (e.g. temperature, pressure, and vibration). On a broader level it must also consider how the machine tools and robots interact within a work cell or production line.
The paper consists of four parts. The first section explains what data fusion is and its impact on manufacturing. The second section describes what an information system architecture is and explains the natural language-based information modeling methodology used by this research project. The third section identifies the major design and manufacturing functions, reviews the information models required to support them, and then shows how these models must be extended to support data fusion. The fourth section discusses the future directions of this work.
Structural Integrity System Based on an Object-Oriented Activity- and Product Model
Authors: Lovstad Morten , Syvertsen Tor G. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Huge steel or reinforced concrete structures in deep waters support the installations for oil and gas production in the North Sea. Steady operations in a hostile environment require that structural safety and integrity is maintained. For rapid evaluation and assessment of structural integrity in case of modifications or urgency situations, Structural Integrity Systems are established, comprising computational models and structural analysis programs.
A major problem for structural assessment at short notice is to keep the analysis models updated and consistent with the actual state of the physical structure and the loadings. This paper proposes a layered approach for model integration, which enable maintenance of the models at a high level, from which detailed analysis models are derived in a consistent manner.
IBM’s NAVFAC Modeling and Drawing Management System
Authors: Goldschmidt Art 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
NAVFAC is a system of some 4200 workstations to manage U.S. Naval Facilities world-wide. The system applications are from the architectural, cartographic, civil, electrical, and mechanical engineering disciplines.
NAVFAC includes a Modeling and Drawing Management System (MDMS) to manage the tens of thousands disparate files in the environment. IBM responded to the dozens of detailed requirements for MDMS with a custom-built solution which includes several innovations in the areas of configuration management, version control, and globally distributed file management.
Developing and Implementing a Conceptual Composite Materials Design Database
Authors: Rasdorf William J. , Spainhour Lisa K. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Researchers and materials engineers require a greater understanding of the problems and solutions that emerge when integrating composite materials data with computer technology so that utilitarian composite materials databases can be developed to effectively and efficiently support analysis and design software. Composite materials constitute a representational challenge due to their composition and use. However, this paper suggests that a conceptual composite material data model and application software interfaces must be developed to support the dissemination and use of composite materials data.
This paper primarily serves to analyze several of the problems facing developers of composite materials databases, evolving from the complexity of the materials themselves and from the current lack of testing and data representation standards. Without a clear understanding of the scope and nature of these problems, there is no possibility of designing concise yet comprehensive composites data models, yet we feel that such an understanding is presently lacking. In addition, an effort is made to present possible solutions to these difficulties being suggested and/or implemented both by the authors and by other researchers in the field. Such an effort provides a firm foundation upon which future research may be based.
Product Standards Data System for Online Document Management
Authors: Piyarali Ali , Galbraith Jeff , Hitsman-Carter Kathy , Mayfield Dave 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
With the current emphasis on simultaneous engineering, organizations are realizing the need to share paper based information in a timely manner to expedite the product development process. The Boeing Company embarked on an ambitious project allowing online access to over 7000 documents spread over 68,000 pages. The Product Standards Data System (PSDS) provides view only copies of all product, process, tooling and design standards through a DOS. UNIX or OS/2 based workstation or an Apple Macintosh. In addition to viewing, the document creation process was automated using a Standardized General Markup Language (SGML) compatible desktop publishing package. The system is based on a tiered architecture and uses a multi-vendor solution to address the required functionality.
Engineering Software Quality Management and ISO 9000
Authors: Schoonmaker Stephen J. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a management model for “in-house” engineering software. This model expands on a previous publication by the author, and this model is intended to satisfy the requirements of an ISO 9000 registration. ISO 9000 is the quality assurance standard of the International Organization for Standardization. ISO 9000 registration, which includes on-site independent auditing, is becoming a requirement for some businesses operating in the global marketplace. This paper draws on the author’s first-hand experience with this process. The author also urges the ASME to produce guidelines or standards on this material which will allow other mechanical engineers to benefit from his experience.
Engineering Process Management System Product/Process Integration
Authors: Buckley Kurt F. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Engineering data management systems (EDMS) offer seamless, integrated, shared-data environments with continuous information flow from product design through product production. Current information technologies and systems engineering methodologies provide the basis for dramatic process improvements and enterprise-wide organizational re-engineering. This paper presents the characteristics of a system being installed, and discusses the benefits afforded to the customer in the area of process improvements. Its emphasis is on data/process integration, a significant feature that allows building extensive metrics and thus enabling continuous process improvement.
Review: An Information Management System for Informal Design Data
Authors: McMahon Chris A. , Pitt David J. , Yang Yong , Sims Williams Jon H. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Engineering information management may be divided into formal information management, which involves data modelling, data exchange and transaction handling, and into informal information management, which is concerned with the organisation and delivery of design advice and design parameter data. This paper describes a system, called Review, which has been developed for the management of informal design information from multiple sources. The system uses a hybrid hypertext/database approach to provide for the indexing and viewing of information sources using arbitrary attribute sets, and for the establishment of relationships between information entities using both static and dynamic links in a hypertext framework. Information may be accessed both by query and by browsing along relationships in the hypertext network. The paper presents an overview of the system design, and examples of its application to design advisory systems and documentation.
Record-breaking aerosol levels explained by smoke injection into the stratosphere
Authors: Hirsch Eitan , Koren Ilan 
Published: March 2021

Smoke alarm
Intense, widespread bushfires in Australia injected huge amounts of smoke into the stratosphere in 2020. Hirsch and Koren found that this smoke caused record-breaking levels of aerosols over the Southern Hemisphere, as much as that from a moderate volcanic eruption. The severity was caused by a combination of the vigor of the fires and their location at a latitude with a shallow tropopause and within the midlatitude cyclones belt. This aerosol increase caused considerable cooling over oceanic cloud-free areas.

Science
, this issue p.
1269
Late Eocene post-collisional magmatic rocks from the southern Qiangtang terrane record the melting of pre-collisional enriched lithospheric mantle
Authors: Qi Yue , Wang Qiang , Wei Gang-jian , Zhang Xiu-Zheng , Dan Wei , Hao Lu-Lu , Yang Ya-Nan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Diverse rock types and contrasting geochemical compositions of post-collisional mafic rocks across the Tibetan Plateau indicate that the underlying enriched lithospheric mantle is heterogeneous; however, how these enriched mantle sources were formed is still debated. The accreted terranes within the Tibetan Plateau experienced multiple stages of evolution. To track the geochemical characteristics of their associated lithospheric mantle through time, we can use mantle-derived magmas to constrain the mechanism of mantle enrichment. We report zircon U-Pb ages, major and trace element contents, and Sr-Nd isotopic compositions for Early Cretaceous and late Eocene mafic rocks in the southern Qiangtang terrane. The Early Cretaceous Baishagang basalts (107.3 Ma) are characterized by low K2O/Na2O (&lt;1.0) ratios, arc-like trace element patterns, and uniform Sr-Nd isotopic compositions [(87Sr/86Sr)i = 0.7067–0.7073, εNd(t) = −0.4 to −0.2]. We suggest that the Baishagang basalts were derived from partial melting of enriched lithospheric mantle that was metasomatized by subducted Bangong–Nujiang oceanic material. We establish the geochemistry of the pre-collisional enriched lithospheric mantle under the southern Qiangtang terrane by combining our data with those from other Early Cretaceous mafic rocks in the region. The late Eocene (ca. 35 Ma) post-collisional rocks in the southern Qiangtang terrane have low K2O/Na2O (&lt;1.0) ratios, and their major element, trace element, and Sr-Nd isotopic compositions [(87Sr/86Sr)i = 0.7042–0.7072, εNd(t) = −4.5 to +1.5] are similar to those of the Early Cretaceous mafic rocks. Based on the distribution, melting depths, and whole-rock geochemical compositions of the Early Cretaceous and late Eocene mafic rocks, we argue that the primitive late Eocene post-collisional rocks were derived from pre-collisional enriched lithospheric mantle, and the evolved samples were produced by assimilation and fractional crystallization of primary basaltic magma. Asthenosphere upwelling in response to the removal of lithospheric mantle induced the partial melting of enriched lithospheric mantle at ca. 35 Ma.
Healthcare disparities contribute to missed follow-up visits after cataract surgery in the USA: results from the perioperative care for intraocular lens study
Authors: Moustafa Giannis A , Borkar Durga S , Eton Emily A , Koulisis Nicole , Kloek Carolyn E 
Published: March 2021

ObjectiveTo identify factors that contribute to missed cataract surgery follow-up visits, with an emphasis on socioeconomic and demographic factors.MethodsIn this retrospective cohort study, patients who underwent cataract extraction by phacoemulsification at Massachusetts Eye and Ear between 1 January and 31 December 2014 were reviewed. Second eye cases, remote and international patients, patients with foreign insurance and combined cataract cases were excluded.ResultsA total of 1931 cases were reviewed and 1089 cases, corresponding to 3267 scheduled postoperative visits, were included. Of these visits, 157 (4.8%) were missed. Three (0.3%) postoperative day 1, 40 (3.7%) postoperative week 1 and 114 (10.5%) postoperative month 1 visits were missed. Age<30 years (adjusted OR (aOR)=8.2, 95% CI 1.9 to 35.2) and ≥90 years (aOR=5.7, 95% CI 2.0 to 15.6) compared with patients aged 70–79 years, estimated travel time of >2 hours (aOR=3.2, 95% CI 1.4 to 7.4), smokers (aOR=2.7, 95% CI 1.6 to 4.8) and complications identified up to the postoperative visit (aOR=1.4, 95% CI 1.0 to 2.1) predicted a higher rate of missed visits. Ocular comorbidities (aOR=0.7, 95% CI 0.5 to 1.0) and previous visit best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of 20/50–20/80 (aOR=0.4, 95% CI 0.3 to 0.7) and 20/90–20/200 (aOR=0.4, 95% CI 0.2 to 0.9), compared with BCVA at the previous visit of 20/40 or better, predicted a lower rate of missed visits. Gender, race/ethnicity, language, education, income, insurance, alcohol use and season of the year were not associated with missed visits.ConclusionsMedical factors and demographic characteristics, including patient age and distance from the hospital, are associated with missed follow-up visits in cataract surgery. Additional studies are needed to identify disparities in cataract postoperative care that are population-specific. This information can contribute to the implementation of policies and interventions for addressing them.
Using rapid cycle tests of change to develop the Carers Assistive Technology Experience Questionnaire: a cognitive interview study in the UK
Authors: Sriram Vimal , Jenkinson Crispin , Peters Michele 
Published: March 2021

We describe the use of rapid cycle tests of change to pretest and develop a Carers Assistive Technology Experience Questionnaire for a survey of informal carers of persons with dementia. The Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycle is a commonly used improvement process in healthcare settings. We used this method for conducting rapid cycle tests of change through cognitive interviews to pretest the questionnaire. The items for the questionnaire were developed based on an earlier systematic review and qualitative study. PDSA cycles were used incrementally with learning from each cycle used to inform subsequent changes to the questionnaire prior to testing on the next participant.DesignQualitative with use of cognitive interviews through rapid cycle tests of change.SettingUK.ResultsNine participants were recruited based on eligibility criteria and purposive sampling. Cognitive interviewing using think aloud and concurrent verbal probing was used to test the comprehension, recall, decision and response choice of participants to the questionnaire. Seven PDSA cycles involving the participants helped identify problems with the questionnaire items, instructions, layout and grouping of items. Participants used a laptop, smartphone and/or tablet computer for testing the electronic version of the questionnaire and one participant also tested the paper version. A cumulative process of presenting items in the questionnaire, anticipating problems with specific items and learning from the unanticipated responses from participants through rapid cycle tests of change allowed rich learning and reflection to progressively improve the questionnaire.ConclusionUsing rapid cycle tests of change in the pretesting questionnaire phase of research provided a structure for conducting cognitive interviews. Learning and reflections from the rapid testing and revisions made to the questionnaire helped improve the process of reaching the final version of the questionnaire, that the authors were confident would measure what was intended, rapidly and with less respondent burden.
Evaluating access to health and care services during lockdown by the COVID-19 survey in five UK national longitudinal studies
Authors: Topriceanu Constantin-Cristian , Wong Andrew , Moon James C , Hughes Alun D , Bann David , Chaturvedi Nishi , Patalay Praveetha , Conti Gabriella , Captur Gaby 
Published: March 2021

ObjectiveAccess to health services and adequate care is influenced by sex, ethnicity, socioeconomic position (SEP) and the burden of comorbidities. Our study aimed to assess whether the COVID-19 pandemic further deepened these already existing health inequalities.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingData were collected from five longitudinal age-homogenous British cohorts (born in 2000-2002, 1989-1990, 1970, 1958 and 1946).ParticipantsA web survey was sent to the cohorts. Anybody who responded to the survey was included, resulting in 14 891 eligible participants.Main outcomes measuredThe survey provided data on cancelled surgical or medical appointments, and the number of care hours received in a week during the first UK COVID-19 national lockdown.InterventionsUsing binary or ordered logistic regression, we evaluated whether these outcomes differed by sex, ethnicity, SEP and having a chronic illness. Adjustment was made for study design, non-response weights, psychological distress, presence of children or adolescents in the household, COVID-19 infection, key worker status, and whether participants had received a shielding letter. Meta-analyses were performed across the cohorts, and meta-regression was used to evaluate the effect of age as a moderator.ResultsWomen (OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.27 to 1.55) and those with a chronic illness (OR 1.84, 95% CI 1.65 to 2.05) experienced significantly more cancellations during lockdown (all p<0.0001). Ethnic minorities and those with a chronic illness required a higher number of care hours during the lockdown (both OR≈2.00, all p<0.002). SEP was not associated with cancellation or care hours. Age was not independently associated with either outcome in the meta-regression.ConclusionThe UK government’s lockdown approach during the COVID-19 pandemic appears to have deepened existing health inequalities, impacting predominantly women, ethnic minorities and those with chronic illnesses. Public health authorities need to implement urgent policies to ensure equitable access to health and care for all in preparation for a fourthwave.
Association between social isolation and depression onset among older adults: a cross-national longitudinal study in England and Japan
Authors: Noguchi Taiji , Saito Masashige , Aida Jun , Cable Noriko , Tsuji Taishi , Koyama Shihoko , Ikeda Takaaki , Osaka Ken , Kondo Katsunori 
Published: March 2021

ObjectiveSocial isolation is a risk factor for depression in older age. However, little is known regarding whether its impact varies depending on country-specific cultural contexts regarding social relationships. The present study examined the association of social isolation with depression onset among older adults in England, which has taken advanced measures against social isolation, and Japan, a super-aged society with a rapidly increasing number of socially isolated people.DesignProspective longitudinal study.SettingWe used data from two ongoing studies: the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) and the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study (JAGES).ParticipantsOlder adults aged ≥65 years without depression at baseline were followed up regarding depression onset for 2 years (2010/2011–2012/2013) for the ELSA and 2.5 years (2010/2011–2013) for the JAGES.Primary outcome measureDepression was assessed with eight items from the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale for the ELSA and Geriatric Depression Scale for the JAGES. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate social isolation using multiple parameters (marital status; interaction with children, relatives and friends; and social participation).ResultsThe data of 3331 respondents from the ELSA and 33 127 from the JAGES were analysed. Multivariable logistic regression analysis demonstrated that social isolation was significantly associated with depression onset in both countries. In the ELSA, poor interaction with children was marginally associated with depression onset, while in the JAGES, poor interaction with children and no social participation significantly affected depression onset.ConclusionsDespite variations in cultural background, social isolation was associated with depression onset in both England and Japan. Addressing social isolation to safeguard older adults’ mental health must be globally prioritised.
Resting metabolic rate in adults with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy
Authors: Vera Kathryn , McConville Mary , Kyba Michael , Keller-Ross Manda 
Published: March 2021

This study aimed to determine whether resting metabolic rate (RMR) is altered in adults with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD). Eleven people with FSHD (51 ± 12yrs, 2 females) and 11 controls (48 ± 14 yrs, 2 females) completed 1 visit, including 30-minutes of indirect calorimetry and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scanning. RMR was calculated from resting oxygen consumption/carbon dioxide production; regional/whole-body fat mass and lean mass were collected from the DXA scan. Absolute RMR was 15% lower in FSHD (p = 0.04); when normalized to regional/local lean mass, no differences in RMR were observed (p > 0.05). Absolute RMR was correlated with total lean mass for all participants combined (p < 0.01, r = 0.70, males only: p < 0.01, r = 0.81) and when analyzed separately (FSHD males: p = 0.001, r = 0.92 and control males: p = 0.004, r = 0.85). Whole-body lean mass was 16% lower in FSHD and leg, arm and appendicular lean mass were lower in FSHD (p < 0.05 for all), though trunk lean mass was not (p = 0.15). Whole-body fat mass was 45% higher in FSHD, with greater leg fat mass (p = 0.01), but not trunk or arm fat mass (p > 0.05 for both). When RMR was expressed relative to lean body mass, no differences in RMR were found, indicating that the lower levels of lean mass observed in FSHD patients likely contribute to the lower absolute RMR values. Novelty: RMR is lower among people with FSHD, as compared with controls. The reduced RMR among people with FSHD is due to disease-related loss in muscle mass and likely related to lower physical activity and/or exercise levels.