bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“This is not my decision; I have no alternative”. Perceptions and experiences of marriage age and family planning among Syrian women and men: a primary care study
Authors: Döner Pinar , Şahin Kadriye 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Purpose:
Reproductive health includes the capability to reproduce and the freedom to decide. In this context, both women and men have rights. In this study, it is aimed to reveal the obstacles in using these rights and to describe perceptions on marriage and family planning (FP) of Syrian women and men and to increase awareness for developing new policies on the Primary Health Care.

Methods:
The study was conducted using qualitative method, consisting of in-depth interviews with 54 participants; 43 women and 11 men who had to emigrate from varied regions of Syria at different times since 2011. Syrian women living in Hatay, in the south of Turkey were identified from Primary Health Care Center. Most of the Syrian women had given birth to the first two children before the age of 20 years. The interviewees were selected by purposive and snowball sampling.

Results:
The result was examined under seven headings: knowledge about FP and contraceptive methods, hesitation about contraceptive methods, emotional pressure of family and fear of maintaining marriage, embarrassing of talking about sexuality and contraception, the effects of belief and culture on contraception, psychological reflections of war, and changes in the perception of health during the process of immigration. The most significant factors affecting the approaches to FP and contraceptive methods of the women in this study were determined to be education, traditions, economic status, and religious beliefs. The most important factors affecting participants’ FP and contraceptive method approaches are education, cultural beliefs, economic status, and religious beliefs.

Conclusions:
The primary healthcare centers are at a very strategical point for offering FP services to help address patients’ unmet contraceptive needs and improve pregnancy outcomes.
More attention should be paid to social determinants that influence the access to reproductive health. Moreover, efforts can be done to address gender inequality that intercept FP. The most important strategy for primary health systems to follow the gender barriers that hinder access to FP services and men are empowered to share responsibility for FP.
Morphological and ecogeographical diversity analysis of maize germplasm in the high altitude Andes region of Ecuador
Authors: Tapia César , Torres Elena , Paredes Nelly , Parra-Quijano Mauricio 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe Andean region of Ecuador is the place of origin of many maize landraces grouped into 24 races. Definition of priorities for maize diversity conservation in this region can be supported by the spatial identification of areas with a high eco-geographical and phenotypic diversity. Six hundred thirty-six maize samples were morphologically characterized using 14 descriptors and assigned to a distinctive race. Additionally, sampled farms were characterized by 12 environmental variables. From these data, maps of morphological and eco-geographical diversity were obtained by using techniques to determine eco-geographical and phenotypic distances and applying them to each geographical neighbourhood. The races Patillo Ecuatoriano, Racimo de Uva and Uchima exhibited high intra-racial morphological variation, particularly in the shape of the ear, kernel row layout, cob diameter and total kernel number. The highest number of different races was observed in Imbabura, Azuay and Chimborazo provinces. The highest levels of morphological diversity were found in three cells (10 × 10 km), located in Pichincha, Chimborazo and Loja provinces. Two ecological niches, located in Loja province, showed high levels of eco-geographical diversity. A comparison between diversity maps revealed shared hotspots of morphological and eco-geographical diversity in the central and southwest areas of Imbabura province. The Andean highlands of Ecuador are an optimal refuge for the conservation of maize diversity, and the criteria of eco-geographical and morphological diversity and race richness should be considered when defining priority in situ conservation areas.
Climate Warming Consistently Reduces Grassland Ecosystem Productivity
Authors: Wu Gao‐Lin , Cheng Zhen , Alatalo Juha Mikael , Zhao Jingxue , Liu Yu 
Published: June 2021

AbstractFuture climate may profoundly impact the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. However, we do not know well how the functioning of different types of grassland ecosystems is associated with variation in temperature and precipitation. Here, we used long‐term field measurements to examine how climatic changes between the 1980s and the 2010s (i.e., growing season temperature, precipitation, habitat moisture index, solar radiation, and sunshine duration) have affected aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) for all major grassland types in northern China. We found that ANPP consistently declined over the 30‐year period across all types of grassland, on average by about 6.1%. Warming, associated with increased solar radiation and, hence, soil temperature, was the primary factor driving the decrease of ANPP. We further show that ANPP was more sensitive to climate change in alpine and lowland grasslands than in temperate grasslands. Together, our findings indicate that climate warming consistently reduces plant productivity of different types of grassland ecosystems, and emphasize the importance of soil temperature in driving the decline in grassland productivity under climate change.
Statistical Analysis of Very Low Frequency Atmospheric Noise Caused by the Global Lightning Using Ground‐Based Observations in China
Authors: Gu Xudong , Li Guangjian , Pang Hong , Wang Shiwei , Ni Binbin , Luo Fan , Peng Rui , Chen Long 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBased on the very low frequency (VLF) signals observed on the ground in mid‐latitude areas of China from February 2016 to February 2019, atmospheric noise in the 3–30 kHz band is investigated in detail. The statistical analysis indicates that the seasonal variations of the atmospheric noise of different bands are similar in the general trend but different in magnitude, the largest of which can reach 10 dB. According to the accuracy analysis of the atmospheric noise model by the Consultative Committee of International Radio (CCIR), despite the valid long‐term variation of the atmospheric noise provided by the CCIR at the observation station, it overestimates the atmospheric noise level and thus, is unable to show the detailed characteristics of the short‐term variation of the atmospheric noise. Combined with the global lightning observation, the correlation between atmospheric noise and global lightning activities is analyzed to find that the lightning within a range of 3,500 km can dominate the atmospheric noise at the observation site, along with distant lightning playing a minor role. Not only do the results deepen our understanding of the distribution of atmospheric noise in mid‐latitudes in China, but they also reveal the correlation between atmospheric noise and global lightning, thereby benefiting the study of VLF signal propagation and its communication application.
Insights Into the Origin and Deformation Style of the Continental Moho: A Case‐Study From the Western Alps (Italy)
Authors: Salimbeni Simone , Agostinetti Nicola Piana , Pondrelli Silvia ,   CIFALPS Working Group
Published: June 2021

AbstractSeveral hypotheses on the origin of the continental Moho are still debated and multiple mechanisms may contribute to its formation. Here, we present quantitative estimation of the seismic properties and anisotropy of the crust‐mantle transition in the Western Alps where an example of newly formed (proto)‐continental Moho is unusually shallow. We make use of teleseismic P‐to‐S converted‐waves recorded by stations deployed on top of the Ivrea Body (IB), a volume of possibly serpentinized mantle peridotite below exhumed (ultra‐)high pressure crustal rocks. The IB has been mapped by gravity, magnetic, active and passive seismic surveys suggesting an extremely shallow Moho. We demonstrate that the P‐to‐S converted waves propagating through this region display coupled features: (a) they record expected presence of strong seismic velocity contrast at shallow depth as due to the lower crustal and upper mantle transition; (b) they are decomposed due to anisotropic properties of rocks involved. The proto‐continental Moho is recognized as an increase in S‐wave velocity (∼0.4–1 km/s) at shallow depths of 5–10 km. The presence of anisotropy within the IB and overlying crustal rocks is evidenced by back‐azimuthal dependence of the amplitude of P‐to‐S phases. The strength of anisotropy is ∼−14% on average pointing out the presence of metamorphosed/hydrated material (e.g., serpentinite) below the Moho. Anisotropic directions are consistent across Moho in both crust and upper mantle. The similarity of the anisotropy parameters between crust and upper mantle suggests they have been shaped by the same deformation event.
The Entire Crust can be Seismogenic: Evidence from Southern Malawi
Authors: Stevens V. L. , Sloan R. A. , Chindandali P. R. , Wedmore L. N. J. , Salomon G. W. , Muir R. A. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe Bilila‐Mtakataka Fault (BMF), at the southern end of the western branch of the East African Rift System (EARS), has been used in various scaling relation studies and arguments about the strength of the lithosphere. We present evidence for a similar, though more degraded, frontal scarp on the graben‐bounding synthetic Chirobwe‐Ntcheu Fault (CNF), showing that this fault is active simultaneously with the BMF. We deployed 17 geophones for ∼60 days around the southern end of Lake Malawi, across the footwall and hangingwall of the BMF. Continuous microseismicity can be seen from the surface to ∼35 km depth highlighting a plane dipping ∼42°E. Lower‐crustal earthquakes have previously been found in the EARS, and based on location and focal mechanism have been hypothesized to occur on planes that line up with the surface traces of large faults. However, no previous study of the EARS has revealed a fault plane throughout the crust that shows seismicity along its full length from the surface to the base of the crust. Rather, the lack of seismicity seen at mid‐lower crustal depths, has led some people to the “jelly sandwich” hypothesis. Our results show that the entire crust is seismogenic, so support the “crème brûlée” model. In our two month deployment we recorded 22 aftershocks ML ≥ 2 from the March 8th, 2018 earthquake 200 km south of our array, 7 months after the mainshock, confirming that aftershock sequences in regions of low strain have a long duration, and could be the main component of seismicity in slowly straining regions.
Teleseismic P‐Wave Attenuation Beneath the Southeastern United States
Authors: Shrivastava Ashutosh , Liu Kelly H. , Gao Stephen S. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSeismic attenuation is an important parameter for characterizing subsurface morphology and thermal structure. In this study, we use P‐wave amplitude spectra from 588 teleseismic events recorded by 477 broadband seismic stations in the southeastern United States to examine the spatial variations of seismic attenuation in the crust and upper mantle. The resulting seismic attenuation parameter (∆t*) measurements obtained using the spectral ratio technique reveal a zone of relatively low attenuation in the Gulf of Mexico Coastal Plain and the southwestern terminus of the Piedmont province. Spatial coherency analysis of the ∆t* observations suggests that the center of the low attenuation layer is located within the uppermost mantle at about 70 km depth. This low attenuation anomaly lies along the suture zone between Laurentia and Gondwana and approximately coincides with the east‐west trending Brunswick magnetic anomaly. The origin of this low attenuation anomaly can be attributed to low attenuation bodies in the form of remnant lithospheric fragments in the deep crust and the uppermost mantle. The contribution of scattering to the observed ∆t* is estimated by calculating the ratio of amplitude on the transverse and vertical components in the P‐wave window. Relative to the rest of the study area, the Gulf of Mexico Coastal Plain demonstrates weaker scattering which is suggestive of a more homogenous crustal and uppermost mantle structure.
Subauroral Flow Channel Structures and Auroral Undulations Triggered by Kelvin‐Helmholtz Waves
Authors: Horvath Ildiko , Lovell Brian C. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe investigate Kelvin‐Helmholtz (K‐H) waves on/near the magnetopause and surface waves near the plasmapause—in the outer region of the plasmasphere: in the hot zone—by utilizing multi‐instrument/satellite observations. Our main aim is to study how the K‐H waves and the K‐H instability mechanisms impacted the subauroral and auroral regions during the geomagnetic storms of May 27–29 and July 16, 2017. For the subauroral region, we specify the structured flows as Sub‐Auroral Polarization Streams Wave Structures (SAPS‐WS) and the combined flows—created by Abnormal Sub‐Auroral Ion Drifts (ASAID) and SAID or SAPS—as a complex equatorward‐poleward ASAID‐SAID or SAPS‐ASAID. For the auroral zone, we identify the large auroral undulations appearing inside the auroral zone. The correlated observations of the K‐H waves, the structured or complex subauroral flows and large auroral undulations, and the local geomagnetic field oscillations confirm the connections of both the subauroral flows and the auroral undulations with the K‐H waves via the eigenfrequency of the Near‐Earth Plasma Sheet (NEPS) resonator activated by the K‐H waves. For the first time, we demonstrate the simultaneous detections of K‐H waves near the magnetopause and surface waves near the plasmapause in the hot zone on July 16, 2017, and conclude their coupling via the NEPS resonator's eigenfrequency. Thus, the surface waves near the plasmapause were the manifestation of the undulating (or rippled) earthward inner boundary of the NEPS that led to the development of ASAID‐SAID/SAPS‐ASAID or SAPS‐WS in the subauroral region and to the large auroral undulation inside the auroral zone.
Efficacy of early warning signals and spectral periodicity for predicting transitions in bipolar patients: An actigraphy study
Authors: Kunkels Yoram K. , Riese Harriëtte , Knapen Stefan E. , Riemersma - van der Lek Rixt F. , George Sandip V. , van Roon Arie M. , Schoevers Robert A. , Wichers Marieke 
Published: June 2021

AbstractEarly-warning signals (EWS) have been successfully employed to predict transitions in research fields such as biology, ecology, and psychiatry. The predictive properties of EWS might aid in foreseeing transitions in mood episodes (i.e. recurrent episodes of mania and depression) in bipolar disorder (BD) patients. We analyzed actigraphy data assessed during normal daily life to investigate the feasibility of using EWS to predict mood transitions in bipolar patients. Actigraphy data of 15 patients diagnosed with BD Type I collected continuously for 180 days were used. Our final sample included eight patients that experienced a mood episode, three manic episodes and five depressed episodes. Actigraphy data derived generic EWS (variance and kurtosis) and context-driven EWS (autocorrelation at lag-720) were used to determine if these were associated to upcoming bipolar episodes. Spectral analysis was used to predict changes in the periodicity of the sleep/wake cycle. The study procedures were pre-registered. Results indicated that in seven out of eight patients at least one of the EWS did show a significant change-up till four weeks before episode onset. For the generic EWS the direction of change was always in the expected direction, whereas for the context-driven EWS the observed effect was often in the direction opposite of what was expected. The actigraphy data derived EWS and spectral analysis showed promise for the prediction of upcoming transitions in mood episodes in bipolar patients. Further studies into false positive rates are suggested to improve effectiveness for EWS to identify upcoming bipolar episode onsets.
Generation of functional liver organoids on combining hepatocytes and cholangiocytes with hepatobiliary connections ex vivo
Authors: Tanimizu Naoki , Ichinohe Norihisa , Sasaki Yasushi , Itoh Tohru , Sudo Ryo , Yamaguchi Tomoko , Katsuda Takeshi , Ninomiya Takafumi , Tokino Takashi , Ochiya Takahiro , Miyajima Atsushi , Mitaka Toshihiro 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn the liver, the bile canaliculi of hepatocytes are connected to intrahepatic bile ducts lined with cholangiocytes, which remove cytotoxic bile from the liver tissue. Although liver organoids have been reported, it is not clear whether the functional connection between hepatocytes and cholangiocytes is recapitulated in those organoids. Here, we report the generation of a hepatobiliary tubular organoid (HBTO) using mouse hepatocyte progenitors and cholangiocytes. Hepatocytes form the bile canalicular network and secrete metabolites into the canaliculi, which are then transported into the biliary tubular structure. Hepatocytes in HBTO acquire and maintain metabolic functions including albumin secretion and cytochrome P450 activities, over the long term. In this study, we establish functional liver tissue incorporating a bile drainage system ex vivo. HBTO enable us to reproduce the transport of hepatocyte metabolites in liver tissue, and to investigate the way in which the two types of epithelial cells establish functional connections.
HOXA13 in etiology and oncogenic potential of Barrett’s esophagus
Authors: Janmaat Vincent T. , Nesteruk Kateryna , Spaander Manon C. W. , Verhaar Auke P. , Yu Bingting , Silva Rodrigo A. , Phillips Wayne A. , Magierowski Marcin , van de Winkel Anouk , Stadler H. Scott , Sandoval-Guzmán Tatiana , van der Laan Luc J. W. , Kuipers Ernst J. , Smits Ron , Bruno Marco J. , Fuhler Gwenny M. , Clemons Nicholas J. , Peppelenbosch Maikel P. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBarrett’s esophagus in gastrointestinal reflux patients constitutes a columnar epithelium with distal characteristics, prone to progress to esophageal adenocarcinoma.HOXgenes are known mediators of position-dependent morphology. Here we showHOXcollinearity in the adult gut while Barrett’s esophagus shows highHOXA13expression in stem cells and their progeny.HOXA13overexpression appears sufficient to explain both the phenotype (through downregulation of the epidermal differentiation complex) and the oncogenic potential of Barrett’s esophagus. Intriguingly, employing a mouse model that contains a reporter coupled to theHOXA13promotor we identify single HOXA13-positive cells distally from the physiological esophagus, which is mirrored in human physiology, but increased in Barrett’s esophagus. Additionally, we observe thatHOXA13expression confers a competitive advantage to cells. We thus propose that Barrett’s esophagus and associated esophageal adenocarcinoma is the consequence of expansion of this gastro-esophagealHOXA13-expressing compartment following epithelial injury.
Robust adaptive optics for localization microscopy deep in complex tissue
Authors: Siemons Marijn E. , Hanemaaijer Naomi A. K. , Kole Maarten H. P. , Kapitein Lukas C. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSingle-Molecule Localization Microscopy (SMLM) provides the ability to determine molecular organizations in cells at nanoscale resolution, but in complex biological tissues, where sample-induced aberrations hamper detection and localization, its application remains a challenge. Various adaptive optics approaches have been proposed to overcome these issues, but the exact performance of these methods has not been consistently established. Here we systematically compare the performance of existing methods using both simulations and experiments with standardized samples and find that they often provide limited correction or even introduce additional errors. Careful analysis of the reasons that underlie this limited success enabled us to develop an improved method, termed REALM (Robust and Effective Adaptive Optics in Localization Microscopy), which corrects aberrations of up to 1 rad RMS using 297 frames of blinking molecules to improve single-molecule localization. After its quantitative validation, we demonstrate that REALM enables to resolve the periodic organization of cytoskeletal spectrin of the axon initial segment even at 50 μm depth in brain tissue.
Enhanced responsivity and detectivity of fast WSe2 phototransistor using electrostatically tunable in-plane lateral p-n homojunction
Authors: Ghosh Sayantan , Varghese Abin , Thakar Kartikey , Dhara Sushovan , Lodha Saurabh 
Published: June 2021

AbstractLayered transition metal dichalcogenides have shown tremendous potential for photodetection due to their non-zero direct bandgaps, high light absorption coefficients and carrier mobilities, and ability to form atomically sharp and defect-free heterointerfaces. A critical and fundamental bottleneck in the realization of high performance detectors is their trap-dependent photoresponse that trades off responsivity with speed. This work demonstrates a facile method of attenuating this trade-off by nearly 2x through integration of a lateral, in-plane, electrostatically tunable p-n homojunction with a conventional WSe2 phototransistor. The tunable p-n junction allows modulation of the photocarrier population and width of the conducting channel independently from the phototransistor. Increased illumination current with the lateral p-n junction helps achieve responsivity enhancement upto 2.4x at nearly the same switching speed (14–16 µs) over a wide range of laser power (300 pW–33 nW). The added benefit of reduced dark current enhances specific detectivity (D*) by nearly 25x to yield a maximum measured flicker noise-limited D* of 1.1×1012 Jones. High responsivity of 170 A/W at 300 pW laser power along with the ability to detect sub-1 pW laser switching are demonstrated.
Assessment of protein–protein interfaces in cryo-EM derived assemblies
Authors: Malhotra Sony , Joseph Agnel Praveen , Thiyagalingam Jeyan , Topf Maya 
Published: June 2021

AbstractStructures of macromolecular assemblies derived from cryo-EM maps often contain errors that become more abundant with decreasing resolution. Despite efforts in the cryo-EM community to develop metrics for map and atomistic model validation, thus far, no specific scoring metrics have been applied systematically to assess the interface between the assembly subunits. Here, we comprehensively assessed protein–protein interfaces in macromolecular assemblies derived by cryo-EM. To this end, we developed Protein Interface-score (PI-score), a density-independent machine learning-based metric, trained using the features of protein–protein interfaces in crystal structures. We evaluated 5873 interfaces in 1053 PDB-deposited cryo-EM models (including SARS-CoV-2 complexes), as well as the models submitted to CASP13 cryo-EM targets and the EM model challenge. We further inspected the interfaces associated with low-scores and found that some of those, especially in intermediate-to-low resolution (worse than 4 Å) structures, were not captured by density-based assessment scores. A combined score incorporating PI-score and fit-to-density score showed discriminatory power, allowing our method to provide a powerful complementary assessment tool for the ever-increasing number of complexes solved by cryo-EM.