bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Remote Sensing of Global Daily Evapotranspiration based on a Surface Energy Balance Method and Reanalysis Data
Authors: Chen Xuelong , Su Zhongbo , Ma Yaoming , Trigo Isabel , Gentine Pierre 
Published: August 2021

AbstractCurrently available evapotranspiration (ET) products have not provided us with an accurate estimation for global irrigated land area. Thermal energy balance (EB) model has the potential to solve this problem. The accurate estimation of aerodynamic resistances is a major complication in most remote sensing ET models. An EB model using a column canopy‐air turbulent heat diffusion method was developed to more realistically depict dynamic changes in aerodynamic resistance. In order to estimate global ET and land surface fluxes for all weather conditions, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Aqua and Terra land surface temperature fields were combined and a nearest‐evaporative‐fraction gap‐filling method was merged into the EB model. A global ET product covering the period 2003–2017 was produced using the EB model. By combining thermal and optional information from MODIS satellites and surface meteorological forcing data from ERA‐Interim reanalysis data, the EB model provides a 5 × 5 km resolution estimate of daily ET without spatio‐temporal gaps at the global scale. Assessment of the daily EB ET at 238 flux sites showed a mean bias of 0.05 mm/day and an RMSE of 1.56 mm/day. Analysis of global precipitation minus ET demonstrated that EB ET has a relatively higher potential for agriculture water resource management than currently available global ET products, such as Landflux, GLEAM, MOD16, GLDAS, and ERA‐Interim ET. In addition, the EB model developed in this study can be applied to both polar and geostationary satellite thermal sensors.
Seasonal Loops Between Local Outgoing Longwave Radiation and Surface Temperature
Authors: Richards Benjamin D. G. , Koll Daniel D. B. , Cronin Timothy W. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe relationship between outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) and the surface temperature has a major influence on Earth's climate sensitivity. Studies often assume that this relationship is approximately linear, but it is unclear whether the approximation always holds. Here we show that, on seasonal timescales, clear‐sky OLR is a multivalued function of local surface temperature. In many places, the OLR‐temperature relationship is better approximated by a loop than a line and we quantify the resulting “OLR loopiness”, that is, how much clear‐sky OLR varies between different seasons with the same surface temperature. Based on offline radiative calculations, in the tropics OLR loops are mainly caused by seasonal variations in relative humidity that are out of phase with surface temperature; in the extratropics, OLR loops are mainly due to variations in lapse rates. Our work provides a mechanism through which Earth's climate feedback can differ between seasonal and long‐term time scales.
Evaluation of Atmospheric 3‐Day Waves as a Source of Day‐to‐Day Variation of the Ionospheric Longitudinal Structure
Authors: Liu Guiping , England Scott L. , Lin Chin S. , Pedatella Nicholas M. , Klenzing Jeffrey H. , Englert Christoph R. , Harding Brian J. , Immel Thomas J. , Rowland Douglas E. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe report for the first time the day‐to‐day variation of the longitudinal structure in height of the F2 layer (hmF2) in the equatorial ionosphere using multi‐satellite observations of electron density profiles by the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate‐2 (COSMIC‐2). These observations reveal a ∼3‐day modulation of the hmF2 wavenumber‐4 structure viewed in a fixed local time frame during January 30–February 14, 2021. Simultaneously, ∼3‐day planetary wave activity is discerned from zonal wind observations at ∼100 km by the Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) Michelson Interferometer for Global High‐Resolution Thermospheric Imaging (MIGHTI). This signature is not observed at ∼180–250 km altitudes, suggesting the dissipation of this wave below the F‐region. We propose that the 3‐day variation identified in hmF2 is likely caused by the planetary wave‐tide interaction through the E‐region dynamo.
Emissions of Tetrafluoromethane (CF4) and Hexafluoroethane (C2F6) From East Asia: 2008 to 2019
Authors: Kim Jooil , Thompson Rona , Park Hyeri , Bogle Stephanie , Mühle Jens , Park Mi‐Kyung , Kim Yeaseul , Harth Christina M. , Salameh Peter K. , Schmidt Roland , Ottinger Deborah , Park Sunyoung , Weiss Ray F. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe perfluorocarbons (PFCs), tetrafluoromethane (CF4) and hexafluoroethane (C2F6), are potent greenhouse gases with very long atmospheric lifetimes. They are emitted almost entirely from industrial sources, including the aluminum and rare earth metal smelting industries that emit them as by‐products, and the semiconductor and flat panel display manufacturing industries that use them and vent unutilized amounts to the atmosphere. Despite extensive industrial efforts to quantify and curb these emissions, “top‐down” PFC emission estimates derived from atmospheric measurements continue to rise and are significantly greater than reported process‐ and inventory‐based “bottom‐up” emissions. In this study, we estimate emissions of CF4 and C2F6 from East Asia, where PFC emitting industries are heavily concentrated, using a top‐down approach (a Bayesian inversion) with high‐frequency atmospheric measurements at Gosan (Jeju Island, South Korea) for 2008–2019. We also compile and analyze the available bottom‐up CF4 and C2F6 emissions in East Asia from industrial and government reports. Our results suggest that the observed increases in global PFC emissions since 2015 are driven primarily by China's aluminum industry, with significant contributions from Japan's and Korea's semiconductor industry. Our analysis suggests that Chinese emissions occur predominantly from the aluminum industry, although their emissions per production ratio may be improving. Our results for Japan and Korea find significant discrepancies between top‐down and bottom‐up emissions estimates, suggesting that the effectiveness of emission reduction systems (abatement) used in their semiconductor industries may be overestimated. Overall, our top‐down results for East Asia contribute significantly to reducing the gap in the global PFC emission budgets.
Controls on Physical and Chemical Denudation in a Mixed Carbonate‐Siliciclastic Orogen
Authors: Erlanger E. D. , Rugenstein J. K. C. , Bufe A. , Picotti V. , Willett S. D. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMixed siliciclastic‐carbonate active orogens are common on Earth's surface, yet most studies have focused on erosion and weathering in silicate‐rich landscapes. Relative to purely siliciclastic landscapes, the response of erosion and weathering to uplift may differ in mixed‐lithology regions. However, our knowledge of weathering and erosion in mixed carbonate‐silicate lithologies is limited and, thus, so is our understanding of the mechanistic coupling between uplift, weathering, and the carbon cycle. Here, we partition denudation fluxes into erosion and weathering fluxes of carbonates and silicates in the Northern Apennines—a mixed carbonate‐siliciclastic active orogen—using dissolved solutes, the carbonate sand fraction, and existing 10Be denudation rates. Erosion generally dominates total denudation fluxes relative to weathering by an order of magnitude. Carbonate and silicate contributions to erosion vary between lithologic units, but weathering fluxes are systematically dominated by carbonates. Silicate weathering may be kinetically limited, whereas carbonate weathering may be limited by acid supply. Carbonate re‐precipitation estimated by comparing ion ratios (Sr, Ca, Na) from rivers and bedrock suggests that up to 90% of dissolved Ca2+ is lost from carbonate‐rich catchments. Corresponding [Ca2+] estimates for the weathering zone are high, likely driven by high soil CO2 partial pressures (pCO2); however, re‐equilibration with atmospheric pCO2 in rivers converts solutes back into grains that become part of the physical denudation flux. Weathering limits in this landscape therefore differ between the subsurface weathering zone and riverine exports, and our findings suggest that carbon cycle models may overestimate the sensitivity to erosion of solute exports (Ca2+ and HCO3−) derived from carbonate weathering.
Bayesian Poroelastic Aquifer Characterization From InSAR Surface Deformation Data. 2. Quantifying the Uncertainty
Authors: Alghamdi Amal , Hesse Marc A. , Chen Jingyi , Villa Umberto , Ghattas Omar 
Published: August 2021

AbstractUncertainty quantification of groundwater (GW) aquifer parameters is critical for efficient management and sustainable extraction of GW resources. These uncertainties are introduced by the data, model, and prior information on the parameters. Here, we develop a Bayesian inversion framework that uses Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) surface deformation data to infer the laterally heterogeneous permeability of a transient linear poroelastic model of a confined GW aquifer. The Bayesian solution of this inverse problem takes the form of a posterior probability density of the permeability. Exploring this posterior using classical Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods is computationally prohibitive due to the large dimension of the discretized permeability field and the expense of solving the poroelastic forward problem. However, in many partial differential equation (PDE)‐based Bayesian inversion problems, the data are only informative in a few directions in parameter space. For the poroelasticity problem, we prove this property theoretically for a one‐dimensional problem and demonstrate it numerically for a three‐dimensional aquifer model. We design a generalized preconditioned Crank‐Nicolson (gpCN) MCMC method that exploits this intrinsic low dimensionality by using a low‐rank‐based Laplace approximation of the posterior as a proposal, which we build scalably. The feasibility of our approach is demonstrated through a real GW aquifer test in Nevada. The inherently two‐dimensional nature of InSAR surface deformation data informs a sufficient number of modes of the permeability field to allow detection of major structures within the aquifer, significantly reducing the uncertainty in the pressure and the displacement quantities of interest.
CXCR4 hyperactivation cooperates with TCL1 in CLL development and aggressiveness
Authors: Lewis Richard , Maurer H. Carlo , Singh Nikita , Gonzalez-Menendez Irene , Wirth Matthias , Schick Markus , Zhang Le , Isaakidis Konstandina , Scherger Anna Katharina , Schulze Veronika , Lu Junyan , Zenz Thorsten , Steiger Katja , Rad Roland , Quintanilla-Martinez Leticia , Espeli Marion , Balabanian Karl , Keller Ulrich , Habringer Stefan 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAberrant CXCR4 activity has been implicated in lymphoma pathogenesis, disease progression, and resistance to therapies. Using a mouse model with a gain-of-function CXCR4 mutation (CXCR4C1013G) that hyperactivates CXCR4 signaling, we identified CXCR4 as a crucial activator of multiple key oncogenic pathways. CXCR4 hyperactivation resulted in an expansion of transitional B1 lymphocytes, which represent the precursors of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Indeed, CXCR4 hyperactivation led to a significant acceleration of disease onset and a more aggressive phenotype in the murine Eµ-TCL1 CLL model. Hyperactivated CXCR4 signaling cooperated with TCL1 to cause a distinct oncogenic transcriptional program in B cells, characterized by PLK1/FOXM1-associated pathways. In accordance, Eµ-TCL1;CXCR4C1013G B cells enriched a transcriptional signature from patients with Richter’s syndrome, an aggressive transformation of CLL. Notably, MYC activation in aggressive lymphoma was associated with increased CXCR4 expression. In line with this finding, additional hyperactive CXCR4 signaling in the Eµ-Myc mouse, a model of aggressive B-cell cancer, did not impact survival. In summary, we here identify CXCR4 hyperactivation as a co-driver of an aggressive lymphoma phenotype.
The coral symbiont Candidatus Aquarickettsia is variably abundant in threatened Caribbean acroporids and transmitted horizontally
Authors: Baker Lydia J , Reich Hannah G , Kitchen Sheila A , Klinges J Grace , Koch Hanna R , Baums Iliana B , Muller Erinn M , Thurber Rebecca Vega 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The symbiont “Candidatus Aquarickettsia rohweri” infects a diversity of aquatic hosts. In the threatened Caribbean coral, Acropora cervicornis, Aquarickettsia proliferates in response to increased nutrient exposure, resulting in suppressed growth and increased disease susceptibility and mortality of coral. This study evaluated the extent, as well as the ecology and evolution of Aquarickettsia infecting threatened corals, Ac. cervicornis, and Ac. palmata and their hybrid (“Ac. prolifera”). Aquarickettsia was found in all acroporids, with coral host and geographic location impacting the infection magnitude. Phylogenomic and genome-wide single-nucleotide variant analysis of Aquarickettsia found phylogenetic clustering by geographic region, not by coral taxon. Analysis of Aquarickettsia fixation indices suggests multiple sequential infections of the same coral colony are unlikely. Furthermore, relative to other Rickettsiales species, Aquarickettsia is undergoing positive selection, with Florida populations experiencing greater positive selection relative to other Caribbean locations. This may be due in part to Aquarickettsia proliferating in response to greater nutrient stress in Florida, as indicated by greater in situ replication rates in these corals. Aquarickettsia was not found to significantly codiversify with either the coral animal or the coral’s algal symbiont (Symbiodinium “fitti”). Quantitative PCR analysis showed that gametes, larvae, recruits, and juveniles from susceptible, captive-reared coral genets were not infected with Aquarickettsia. Thus, horizontal transmission of Aquarickettsia via coral mucocytes or an unidentified host is more likely. The prevalence of Aquarickettsia in Ac. cervicornis and its high abundance in the Florida coral population suggests that coral disease mitigation efforts focus on preventing early infection via horizontal transmission.
Collagen fiber orientation disorder from H&E images is prognostic for early stage breast cancer: clinical trial validation
Authors: Li Haojia , Bera Kaustav , Toro Paula , Fu PingFu , Zhang Zelin , Lu Cheng , Feldman Michael , Ganesan Shridar , Goldstein Lori J. , Davidson Nancy E. , Glasgow Akisha , Harbhajanka Aparna , Gilmore Hannah , Madabhushi Anant 
Published: August 2021

AbstractCollagen fiber organization has been found to be implicated in breast cancer prognosis. In this study, we evaluated whether computerized features of Collagen Fiber Orientation Disorder in Tumor-associated Stroma (CFOD-TS) on Hematoxylin & Eosin (H&E) slide images were prognostic of Disease Free Survival (DFS) in early stage Estrogen Receptor Positive (ER+) Invasive Breast Cancers (IBC). A Cox regression model named MCFOD-TS, was constructed using cohort St(N = 78) to predict DFS based on CFOD-TS features. The prognostic performance of MCFOD-TSwas validated on cohort Sv(N = 219), a prospective clinical trial dataset (ECOG 2197). MCFOD-TSwas prognostic of DFS in both Stand Sv, independent of clinicopathological variables. Additionally, the molecular pathways regarding cell cycle regulation were identified as being significantly associated with MCFOD-TSderived risk scores. Our results also found that collagen fiber organization was more ordered in patients with short DFS. Our study provided a H&E image-based pipeline to derive a potential prognostic biomarker for early stage ER+ IBC without the need of special collagen staining or advanced microscopy techniques.
Eight-year analysis of bullfighting injuries in Spain, Portugal and southern France
Authors: Reguera-Teba Antonio , Martínez- Casas Isidro , Torné-Poyatos Pablo , Hernández- Cortés Pedro 
Published: August 2021

AbstractImproving knowledge on the epidemiology and analysing the prognostic factors of severity for injuries caused by fighting bulls in Spain, Portugal and southern France. Observational retrospective study including 1239 patients with a reported history of bull horn injuries between January 2012 and November 2019 in Spain, Portugal or southern France. A multiple logistic regression test was used to analyse the prognostic factors of severity and mortality rate of these lesions. The mean accident rate was 9.13% and the mortality rate was 0.48%. The most frequent mechanism of trauma was goring, and the commonest locations of the lesions were thigh and groin. Vascular lesion was found in 20% of thigh/groin gorings. Prognostic factors of severity were vascular lesion, head trauma, fracture, goring injuries and age of the animal. The most reliable prognostic factors of mortality were vascular lesion and goring in the back. Lesions caused by fighting bulls are common in the bullfighting events held in Spain, Portugal and southern France. Although the mortality rate is low, there is a higher morbidity rate, which is conditioned by vascular lesion. All medical teams should include a surgeon experienced in vascular surgery and an anaesthesiologist.
Controlling the optical properties of nanostructured oxide-based polymer films
Authors: Angastiniotis N. C. , Christopoulos S. , Petallidou K. C. , Efstathiou A. M. , Othonos A. , Koutsokeras L. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractA bulk scale process is implemented for the production of nanostructured film composites comprising unary or multi-component metal oxide nanoparticles dispersed in a suitable polymer matrix. The as-received nanoparticles, namely Al$$_2$$

2

O$$_3$$

3

, SiO$$_2$$

2

and TiO$$_2$$

2

and binary combinations, are treated following specific chemical and mechanical processes in order to be suspended at the optimal size and composition. Subsequently, a polymer extrusion technique is employed for the fabrication of each film, while the molten polymer is mixed with the treated metal oxide nanoparticles. Transmission and reflection measurements are performed in order to map the optical properties of the fabricated, nanostructured films in the UV, VIS and IR. The results substantiate the capability of the overall methodology to regulate the optical properties of the films depending on the type of nanoparticle formation which can be adjusted both in size and composition.
Quantitative susceptibility mapping in ischemic stroke patients after successful recanalization
Authors: Probst Jasmin , Rohner Marco , Zahn Malin , Piccirelli Marco , Pangalu Athina , Luft Andreas , Deistung Andreas , Klohs Jan , Wegener Susanne 
Published: August 2021

AbstractQuantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) is a novel processing method for gradient-echo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Higher magnetic susceptibility in cortical veins have been observed on susceptibility maps in the ischemic hemisphere of stroke patients, indicating an increased oxygen extraction fraction (OEF). Our goal was to investigate susceptibility in veins of stroke patients after successful recanalization in order to analyze the value of QSM in predicting tissue prognosis and clinical outcome. We analyzed MR images of 23 patients with stroke due to unilateral middle cerebral artery (MCA)-M1/M2 occlusion acquired 24–72 h after successful thrombectomy. The susceptibilities of veins were obtained from QSM and compared between the stroke territory, the ipsilateral non-ischemic MCA territory and the contralateral MCA territory. As outcome variables, early infarct size and functional disability (modified Rankin Scale, mRS) after 3–5 months was used. The median susceptibility value of cortical veins in the ischemic core was 41% lower compared to the ipsilateral non-ischemic MCA territory and 38% lower than on the contralateral MCA territory. Strikingly, in none of the patients prominent vessels with high susceptibility signal were found after recanalization. Venous susceptibility values within the infarct did not correlate with infarct volume or functional disability after 3–5 months. Low venous susceptibility within the infarct core after successful recanalization of the occluded vessel likely indicates poor oxygen extraction arising from tissue damage. We did not identify peri-infarct tissue with increased susceptibility values as potential surrogate of former penumbral areas. We found no correlation of QSM parameters with infarct size or outcome.
The effect of beta-blockers on hemodynamic parameters in patient-specific blood flow simulations of type-B aortic dissection: a virtual study
Authors: Abazari Mohammad Amin , Rafiei Deniz , Soltani M. , Alimohammadi Mona 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAortic dissection (AD) is one of the fatal and complex conditions. Since there is a lack of a specific treatment guideline for type-B AD, a better understanding of patient-specific hemodynamics and therapy outcomes can potentially control the progression of the disease and aid in the clinical decision-making process. In this work, a patient-specific geometry of type-B AD is reconstructed from computed tomography images, and a numerical simulation using personalised computational fluid dynamics (CFD) with three-element Windkessel model boundary condition at each outlet is implemented. According to the physiological response of beta-blockers to the reduction of left ventricular contractions, three case studies with different heart rates are created. Several hemodynamic features, including time-averaged wall shear stress (TAWSS), highly oscillatory, low magnitude shear (HOLMES), and flow pattern are investigated and compared between each case. Results show that decreasing TAWSS, which is caused by the reduction of the velocity gradient, prevents vessel wall at entry tear from rupture. Additionally, with the increase in HOLMES value at distal false lumen, calcification and plaque formation in the moderate and regular-heart rate cases are successfully controlled. This work demonstrates how CFD methods with non-invasive hemodynamic metrics can be developed to predict the hemodynamic changes before medication or other invasive operations. These consequences can be a powerful framework for clinicians and surgical communities to improve their diagnostic and pre-procedural planning.
Agent-based analysis of contagion events according to sourcing locations
Authors: Kustudic Mijat , Niu Ben , Liu Qianying 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe first human infected with the Covid-19 virus was traced to a seafood market in Wuhan, China. Research shows that there are comparable types of viruses found in different and mutually distant areas. This raises several questions: what if the virus originated in another location? How will future waves of epidemics behave if they originate from different locations with a smaller/larger population than Wuhan? To explore these questions, we implement an agent-based model within fractal cities. Cities radiate gravitational social attraction based on their Zipfian population. The probability and predictability of contagion events are analyzed by examining fractal dimensions and lacunarity. Results show that weak gravitational forces of small locations help dissipate infections across country quicker if the pathogen had originated from that location. Gravitational forces of large cities help contain infections within them if they are the starting locations for the pathogen. Greater connectedness and symmetry allow for a more predictable epidemic outcome since there are no obstructions to spreading. To test our hypothesis, we implement datasets from two countries, Sierra Leone and Liberia, and two diseases, Ebola and Covid-19, and obtain the same results.