bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wanderer upon the Earth
Authors: Grasso Christopher 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In the mid-1850s, Kelso was a successful schoolteacher and preacher, reading through a college curriculum in his off hours and, intellectually, pushing past the boundaries of Methodist orthodoxy. But his married life was miserable. His wife Adelia was so depressed he feared for her sanity, and he discovered she had been aborting her pregnancies. By the time she confessed she didn’t love him and they agreed to divorce, he had fallen in love with one of his nineteen-year-old students. His marital troubles, however, scandalized his church and the congregation denounced him. Publicly renouncing Methodism, he became “a wifeless, homeless, churchless . . . and moneyless wanderer upon the earth.” Feeling reckless, he crossed thin ice on the Missouri River, fell through, and nearly drowned.
Who the Devil Are You, Anyway?
Authors: Grasso Christopher 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Declining the chance to become an officer to make a point about patriotism, Kelso joined the 24th Missouri Infantry as a private. Sent on solo spy missions, he learned to assume the identity he needed: as a gentleman giving speeches at Confederate recruiting stations, or as a coarse, racist rebel denouncing abolitionists. Back home in Buffalo, after Union General John C. Frémont’s campaign to push the Confederates out of southwest Missouri was abandoned, Kelso’s secessionist neighbors burned his house down and drove his family out into the snow. He vowed to kill twenty-five rebels with his own hands in revenge. On another spy mission, he was captured and condemned to hang, but made a daring escape.
My Dear Susie, the Bullets Began to Scream
Authors: Grasso Christopher 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
As his wife, Susie, followed the news from Collinsville, Illinois, Kelso marched in the 1862 campaign led by General Samuel Curtis’s 12,000-man Army of the Southwest, chasing the Confederate army out of Missouri and into Arkansas. After the Union victory at the Battle of Pea Ridge, Kelso joined the 14th Missouri State Cavalry as a first lieutenant. His first major battle with that regiment was an embarrassing defeat at the Battle of Neosho. Kelso’s account of the battle is vastly different from that of his bumbling colonel, John M. Richardson. Throughout, he wrote letters to Susie, hoping she would admire his courage and sacrifice and fearing that she was being seduced by a former friend.
I Am Kelso
Authors: Grasso Christopher 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In January 1863, a large Confederate force swept up from Arkansas. Kelso and his men discovered the advance and were chased back to the fort at Beaver Station and then to the one at Ozark, both of which the Confederates destroyed as they marched north to their target, Springfield. The Battle of Springfield pitted about 2,300 Federals defending the town, including local men and boys in the militia and patients in the army hospital, against a like-sized Confederate force commanded by General John S. Marmaduke. The men fought all day with artillery shells flying overhead. Kelso went spying at night, creeping among the wounded and the dead. Unable to take the town, the Confederates withdrew the next morning. In the aftermath, Kelso’s conflict with his drunken commanding officer lead to court martial proceedings, but Kelso was acquitted.
Hero of the South West
Authors: Grasso Christopher 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Kelso earned regional fame as a hunter of rebel bandits and bushwhackers. Stories about him spread by word of mouth and lingered into the later nineteenth century. Rebels called him a cruel monster; Unionists hailed him as the Hero of the South West. He was remembered as a polite, scholarly man who read books of philosophy or German grammar in camp, rode a charmed horse named Hawk Eye, and carried an oversized shotgun. He was renowned for his “individual heroism,” his fearlessness, and for fighting like a “tiger” in hand-to-hand combat. In the summer of 1863, however, his luck temporarily ran out when he was hit by a shotgun blast and crushed beneath his fallen horse.
Electioneering with a Big Shotgun
Authors: Grasso Christopher 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
While still serving and fighting, Kelso challenged the sitting congressman for Missouri’s Fourth District, Sempronius Boyd, for his seat in the 1864 election. Both were Radical Republicans, so Kelso had to make the contrast about character. He also gave a few political speeches clarifying his positions on Reconstruction, especially concerning Black rights and the treatment of rebels and the rebellious states. He discovered documents related to the secret rebel society, Knights of the Golden Circle. As Election Day approached, he was in the field as Confederate General Sterling Price invaded Missouri with 12,000 soldiers. Price was beaten and Kelso was elected.
The Great Mistake
Authors: Grasso Christopher 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Worn down by the summer of 1866, Kelso withdrew from the fall election. There was still work to be done, however, in the second session of the Thirty-Ninth Congress in the spring of 1867. He helped push the Radical Republican agenda for Reconstruction, including passage of the Fourteenth Amendment. He was one of the first to call for the impeachment of President Andrew Johnson. He proposed another constitutional amendment, which would have promoted racial, gender, and social equality and given a federal guarantee to public education. But as lobbyists offered railroad junkets and stock schemes, he also saw political corruption firsthand. In retrospect, though, he felt his greatest mistake was in rejecting the administration’s offer to make him a diplomat, which would have changed the course of life and avoided the tragedies that shortly followed.
The Cold, Dark River
Authors: Grasso Christopher 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
After serving in Congress, Kelso resolved to open his own academy in Springfield. He supported the women’s suffrage movement in town. But he had borrowed heavily to build a large school building, and when few students enrolled, he was financially ruined. He ran for Congress again in 1868, but in a bitter campaign focused on monetary policy and filled with dirty tricks, he floundered and was badly beaten by his old nemesis, Pony Boyd. All of this only added to the strain of his marriage, already plagued by sexual problems and mutual jealousies. Kelso’s great tragedy, however, was not financial, political, or marital. In early September, 1870, his five-year-old son died suddenly from tetanus after stepping on a rusty rake. Only two weeks later, his fourteen-year-old son committed suicide. Kelso was shattered. The following year, his marriage in ruins, he took his eldest daughter Florella and headed west.
Mirages
Authors: Grasso Christopher 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Turning fifty, Kelso planned to enlist “in the invincible little army of Liberalism” by lecturing across the country and publishing his books. A report he published from the road tried to explain desert mirages. In New York City, he met with other freethinkers and arranged to have some of his books printed. In Rochester, New York, he met with reformers and spiritualists. But his health would not permit him to be a public lecturer. For months, the disappointment nearly paralyzed him. On a train trip he saw another mirage and reflected that the weary desert traveler who leaves the true path to pursue a phantom lake was like people “who have left the paths of reason, science, and common-sense to follow the phantoms” of religion. Yet he himself soon converted to spiritualism, convinced that the spirits of his dead children hovered about to comfort him.
Friendship, Marriage-Like Relationships, and Informal Marriage
Authors: Katz Sanford N. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses issues of establishing adult relationships, including friendship and informal marriage, and how individuals have attempted to regulate their upcoming marriage by entering into prenuptial agreements. The road to marriage has traditionally consisted of romantic friendship, courtship, engagement, and then formal marriage. It is during the formal or informal engagement period that a couple may think of entering into a prenuptial agreement. However, this behavior pattern has changed dramatically in the past fifty years. There may no longer be defined periods on the road to marriage, and marriage itself may no longer be the final relationship between two people. Whatever the arrangement, the relevant legal questions are the following: What relationships should be labeled “family”; who should be authorized to make such a designation, the state or the parties themselves; and should the state regulate them? At the present time, two kinds of adult relationships that are not formally recognized by the state as marriage are contract cohabitation and domestic partnership or civil union.
Marriage
Authors: Katz Sanford N. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the establishment of formal marriage, including same-sex marriage, and the legal issues involved in maintaining that relationship. While in the past the marital relationship was wholly defined by the state, now certain aspects of the relationship can be negotiated by the parties, which may result in a more egalitarian relationship. Also, by including the marriage within the world of contract, one effect is to move the status away from its religious roots and aspects and toward its being a secular relationship. The benefit of treating marriage as a special kind of partnership contract is that it emphasizes the individual nature of the relationship and downplays its community aspects. Indeed, the modern marriage is more like an association, in some situations a business association, of two adults who have preserved their individual rights. The chapter then considers freedom to marry as a fundamental right and looks at how states have limited marriage formation throughout history.
Singing through Evil Times
Authors: McHugh Dominic 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Undaunted by the problems with Molly Brown, Willson plunged ahead with his next musical, Here’s Love. This chapter explores how Willson’s attempts to adapt the classic film Miracle on 34th Street into a stage musical presented a new challenge for him (it was his first literary adaptation) and also uses new archival documents to reveal the backstage tensions that blighted the production. The chapter shows how the original director Norman Jewison was replaced by the producer, Stuart Ostrow, who worked hard to turn the musical into a modest success, but the results were unimpressive compared to Willson’s previous shows. The chapter examines how the adaptation changes the gender dynamics between the two lead characters to its detriment, yet aspects of Willson’s adaptive innovations were arguably an improvement on the film.
Military Advantage
Authors: Cohen Amichai , Zlotogorski David 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 focuses on two major questions regarding the “direct and concrete military advantage” of the attack component of the principle of proportionality. First, it seeks to clarify what constitutes a direct and concrete military advantage. The analysis is based on a close reading of legal texts, and on a discussion of practical problems commanders face in assessing the advantages gained by military operations. Issues discussed include the temporal proximity of the advantage to the operation; the required causal link between the attack and the advantage; how substantive the advantage needs to be, and more. Second, the chapter discusses the definition of the term attack, and explains why the attacking party should not consider advantages from the entire campaign, nor should it be limited to considering the advantages from an isolated incident. Instead, the chapter explains the term “the attack as a whole” and how it is applied by states.
Incidental Harm and the Analysis of Proportionality
Authors: Cohen Amichai , Zlotogorski David 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The principle of proportionality requires weighing the expected military advantage from an attack against the anticipated harm to civilians and civilian objects. This chapter discusses the civilian side of the proportionality equation. It presents the most comprehensive discussion of this subject in the existing literature. The following issues are scrutinized: the meaning of the term civilian; the kinds of harm that the attacking party should consider (damage to persons and objects, economic harm, damage to the environment); the need to take into account indirect and reverberating effects of the attack; the required certainty in anticipating that the attack’s harm would be inflicted; and finally—what constitutes “excessive” incidental harm. The chapter then discusses how the two sides of the proportionality analysis must be weighed and compared. Is proportionality merely any imbalance between the collateral damage as compared with the military advantage, or is a higher threshold required? From whose viewpoint is proportionality examined and under what standard of examination?
Soldiers vs. Civilians
Authors: Cohen Amichai , Zlotogorski David 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Should the interest of protecting the lives of soldiers be examined as part of the military advantage anticipated from an attack? To what level of risk should parties to an armed conflict expose their soldiers in order to minimize harm to civilians? This dilemma, also known as force protection, has been gaining prominence in legal discourse and military practice as Western societies have become more averse to suffering casualties of members of their own military. The chapter promotes the position that protecting the lives of soldiers should be considered in the proportionality analysis as part of the military advantage. Regarding the weight that should be given to the protection of soldiers’ lives, the chapter differentiates between three types of situations in which different levels of protection should afforded to lives of soldiers: (1) attacks that are preplanned, where the protection of the lives of soldiers should be at the lowest level; (2) situations in which units encounter civilians during an operation, where protection of the lives of soldiers should be at a higher level; and (3) units that find themselves under attack, where the protection of lives of soldiers should be at the highest level.
Judicial Review and Investigations
Authors: Cohen Amichai , Zlotogorski David 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the external review of the application of the principle of proportionality. The chapter first considers judicial review of the application of proportionality. Two kinds of review are compared: the ex ante review applied by courts before an action is taken and the ex post review, including criminal investigations. The authors suggest that both kinds of judicial review are ineffective ways to apply the principle of proportionality. An alternative approach is then considered: creating permanent Humanitarian Law Commissions, with the authority to investigate possible violations of the principle of proportionality. Humanitarian Law Commissions could monitor the propriety of criminal or disciplinary investigations conducted by the military; but, more importantly, they could also engage in policy review—that is, they could review ex post whether a specific policy or operation was conducted in accordance with international law, and issue recommendations for future military actions. Such recommendations may help clarify for the military some of the more complex norms they are required to implement.
Jihadism in Europe
Authors: Khosrokhavar Farhad 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
European jihadism is a multi-faceted social, political and cultural phenomenon, linked not only to the extremist behavior of a limited group but also to a broader crisis, including the lack of utopia and loss of meaning among the middle class, and the humiliation and denial of citizenship among disaffiliated young people in poor districts all over Western Europe. The family and its crisis, in many ways, have played a role in promoting jihadism, particularly in families of immigrant origin whose relationship to patriarchy was different from that of the mainstream society in Europe. Among middle-class families, the crisis of authority was a key factor for the departure of middle-class youth. At the urban level, a large proportion of jihadists come from poor and ethnically segregated districts with high levels of social deviance and the stigma attached to them. Within these poor districts, a specific subculture was built up (I call it the slum culture), which influenced young people and imposed on them a lifestyle likely to combine resentment and deviance with humiliation and denial of citizenship in a difficult relationship with mainstream society. But jihadism was also an expression of the loss of hope in the future in a globalized world among middle-class and lower-class youth. The caliphate in Syria promised the earth to these young people during its ascent between 2014 and 2015 and even after, this time as a prophet of a gloomy end times.
Jihadi Actors
Authors: Khosrokhavar Farhad 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
IS jihadism attracted several new categories of male and female actors, sometimes newcomers (European teenagers, for instance). During the crucial years of 2013–2017, when IS was born, established, thrived, and then declined, most of these actors identified with the new State that epitomized in their minds the rebirth of the caliphate and the dawn of a new world. The main link between them was the aspiration to a future other than the one they had come to expect in their society as well as a sense of a meaningful and sacred mission, which consisted in fulfilling the utopia of a universal Islamic State. An unbridled imagination, often with contempt for reality, but in search of a new world, inspired them. Chapter 3 describes the wide variety of jihadi actors, the main group being disaffected youth, but also a minority of middle-class youth, young women who represent a specific group (the majority being jihadi brides rather than jihadi agents), converts, and recruiters and preachers.
The Jihadogenic Urban Structure
Authors: Khosrokhavar Farhad 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
A jihadogenic urban structure is an urban setting that has been the stage for the departure of high numbers of jihadi agents to Syria in comparison with other districts. The dominant structure is a deprived poor district and in a minority of cases a specific poor or middle-class neighborhood. Chapter 6 explores the locations from which large numbers of jihadists have made the trip to Syria and the conditions that characterize these areas. In Europe, the geographic location of jihadism has been overwhelmingly urban, with two major exceptions. The first is the Islamist community of Artigat in France. The second is the Balkans and rural Bosnia. Regarding those urban dwellings where jihadism prospered, we can study local history, youth networks, and charismatic leaders who played a key role in the radicalization of the settlers. The intrinsic peculiarity of the urban setting seems not to exist in middle-class districts, in contrast to the poor ethnic districts where structural factors led to the radicalization of disaffected youth.
Identifying Martyrdom
Authors: Lundberg Matthew D. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter explains the origins of the language and theology of Christian martyrdom. The chapter explores the relationship between martyrdom as a passive suffering of violence for Christian identity and the possibility of martyrdom resulting from active Christian advocacy. That raises the question of whether active service of God and neighbor can ever rightly involve violence. If so, can those who die in the course of such activity ever rightly be considered martyrs? Answering such questions requires clarity on what markers identify the Christian martyr. The chapter thus concludes with a preliminary list of “criteria” of Christian martyrdom.
Nonviolence as Criterion of Martyrdom?
Authors: Lundberg Matthew D. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In view of the possibility of violence en route to Christian martyrdom, this chapter explores the pacifist tradition of Christian ethics and its claim that true martyrdom demands nonviolence, as that is the intended shape of the Christian life. After presenting the biblical case for nonviolence and charting the historical development of Christian pacifism, the chapter focuses on historic Anabaptism’s link between martyrdom and nonviolent defenselessness as the distinctive texture of discipleship, especially as reflected in the martyrologies in Thieleman van Braght’s Martyrs’ Mirror (1660). The chapter concludes with an analysis of the role of the imitatio Christi ethic in the peace church traditions and the insights that this tradition offers to the question of the criteria or markers of true Christian martyrdom.
Soldiers and Saints, Magistrates and Martyrs
Authors: Lundberg Matthew D. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter shows that the martyr “instincts” of the longer Christian tradition are quite varied on the question of violence, sainthood, and martyrdom. Historically Christianity has been willing to laud figures involved in violence as martyrs and saints, usually in connection to the “sword” of the state. Largely composed of case studies as varied as the soldier martyrs of the patristic church, supposed martyrs in the medieval Crusades, civil magistrates acclaimed as martyrs in the Reformation, and missionary martyrs during the era of colonialism, this chapter probes the complexities involved when “sword-bearers” are named as saints or martyrs. After examining the language of martyrdom that some Protestant thinkers applied to soldiers for the true faith during the European “wars of religion,” the chapter ends by analyzing the important but tenuous emerging distinction between “holy war” and “just war” as articulated by Martin Luther.
Hobbesian Sovereignty and the Denaturalization of Authority
Authors: Koganzon Rita 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Hobbes embraced Bodinian sovereignty but rejected the naturalness of the family to preempt any threat that natural fathers could pose to the artificial sovereign. But Hobbes also introduced a new concern: the power of public opinion to undermine the sovereign’s authority. He sought to align public opinion behind the sovereign by using the logic of congruence to reject the competing patriarchal and natural models of the state. Children ought to be taught to regard their fathers as absolute authorities, not because they are model sovereigns but because this demonstrates how dangerously unstable “natural” authorities are and proves that only the artificial and impersonal office of the sovereign can adequately manage men’s passions to ensure the internal peace they sought in forming a commonwealth in the first place.
Traumas and Tyranny?
Authors: Radnitz Scott 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter seeks out the origins of conspiracism in the former Soviet Union. It critiques arguments that conspiracism in Russia (and in other successor parts of the Russian Empire) is best explained by the region’s troubled historical development. It argues that history does matter, not by preordaining a country’s fate, but by providing a set of reference points and tropes that can be invoked under certain circumstances. It then examines challenges the region’s leaders faced in more recent times that might trigger a conspiratorial interpretation, focusing on two major preoccupations: political control and sovereignty. The chapter closes with a narrative account of the 42 critical events sampled to compile the database of conspiracy claims, laying the groundwork for the next chapter.