bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparing length of hospital stay during COVID-19 pandemic in the USA, Italy and Germany
Authors: Jamshidi Babak , Jamshidi Zargaran Shahriar , Bekrizadeh Hakim , Rezaei Mansour , Najafi Farid 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
COVID-19 is the most informative pandemic in history. These unprecedented recorded data give rise to some novel concepts, discussions and models. Macroscopic modeling of the period of hospitalization is one of these new issues.

Methods
Modeling of the lag between diagnosis and death is done by using two classes of macroscopic analytical methods: the correlation-based methods based on Pearson, Spearman and Kendall correlation coefficients, and the logarithmic methods of two types. Also, we apply eight weighted average methods to smooth the time series before calculating the distance. We consider five lags with the least distance. All the computations are conducted on Matlab R2015b.

Results
The length of hospitalization for the fatal cases in the USA, Italy and Germany are 2–10, 1–6 and 5–19 days, respectively. Overall, this length in the USA is 2 days more than that in Italy and 5 days less than that in Germany.

Conclusion
We take the distance between the diagnosis and death as the length of hospitalization. There is a negative association between the length of hospitalization and the case fatality rate. Therefore, the estimation of the length of hospitalization by using these macroscopic mathematical methods can be introduced as an indicator to scale the success of the countries fighting the ongoing pandemic.
Low Persistence of Genetic Rescue Across Generations in the Arctic Fox (Vulpes lagopus)
Authors: Lotsander Anna , Hasselgren Malin , Larm Malin , Wallén Johan , Angerbjörn Anders , Norén Karin 
Published: March 2021

AbstractGenetic rescue can facilitate the recovery of small and isolated populations suffering from inbreeding depression. Long-term effects are however complex, and examples spanning over multiple generations under natural conditions are scarce. The aim of this study was to test for long-term effects of natural genetic rescue in a small population of Scandinavian Arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus). By combining a genetically verified pedigree covering almost 20 years with a long-term dataset on individual fitness (n = 837 individuals), we found no evidence for elevated fitness in immigrant F2 and F3 compared to native inbred foxes. Population inbreeding levels showed a fluctuating increasing trend and emergence of inbreeding within immigrant lineages shortly after immigration. Between 0–5 and 6–9 years post immigration, the average number of breeding adults decreased by almost 22% and the average proportion of immigrant ancestry rose from 14% to 27%. Y chromosome analysis revealed that 2 out of 3 native male lineages were lost from the gene pool, but all founders represented at the time of immigration were still contributing to the population at the end of the study period through female descendants. The results highlight the complexity of genetic rescue and suggest that beneficial effects can be brief. Continuous gene flow may be needed for small and threatened populations to recover and persist in a longer time perspective.
Technological Advances to Address Current Issues in Entomology: 2020 Student Debates
Authors: Bernaola Lina , Darlington Molly , Britt Kadie , Prade Patricia , Roth Morgan , Pekarcik Adrian , Boone Michelle , Ricke Dylan , Tran Anh , King Joanie , Carruthers Kelly , Thompson Morgan , Ternest John J , Anderson Sarah E , Gula Scott W , Hauri Kayleigh C , Pecenka Jacob R , Grover Sajjan , Puri Heena , Vakil Surabhi Gupta 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe 2020 Student Debates of the Entomological Society of America (ESA) were live-streamed during the Virtual Annual Meeting to debate current, prominent entomological issues of interest to members. The Student Debates Subcommittee of the National ESA Student Affairs Committee coordinated the student efforts throughout the year and hosted the live event. This year, four unbiased introductory speakers provided background for each debate topic while four multi-university teams were each assigned a debate topic under the theme ‘Technological Advances to Address Current Issues in Entomology’. The two debate topics selected were as follows: 1) What is the best taxonomic approach to identify and classify insects? and 2) What is the best current technology to address the locust swarms worldwide? Unbiased introduction speakers and debate teams began preparing approximately six months before the live event. During the live event, teams shared their critical thinking and practiced communication skills by defending their positions on either taxonomical identification and classification of insects or managing the damaging outbreaks of locusts in crops.
Transarterial management of advance lung cancer
Authors: Hori Shinichi , Nakamura Tatsuya , Kennoki Norifumi , Dejima Ikuo , Hori Atsushi 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Previous reports on transarterial treatment for lung cancer were reviewed. The bronchial arterial infusion therapy has a long history since 1964. Better local control with less doses of anti-neoplastic agents was warranted by trying transarterial administration to lung and mediastinal tumors. It is reported that both primary and metastatic tumors are fed by bronchial or other systemic arteries. The bronchial arterial embolization for hemoptysis has been introduced for clinical practice since 1973. Hemoptysis by not only benign but also malignant diseases has been well controlled by embolization. In recent decades, the technical elements for transarterial treatments have markedly improved. They make it possible to carry out precise procedures of selective catheter insertion to the tumor relating arteries. Current concepts of transarterial treatment, technical aspects and treatment outcomes are summarized. Tentative result from chemo-embolization for advanced lung cancer using recent catheter techniques was also described. It provides favorable local control and survival merits. It is considered that a population of lung cancer patients can benefit from transarterial management using small doses of anti-neoplastic agents, with less complications and less medical costs.
Deep convolutional neural network image processing method providing improved signal-to-noise ratios in electron holography
Authors: Asari Yusuke , Terada Shohei , Tanigaki Toshiaki , Takahashi Yoshio , Shinada Hiroyuki , Nakajima Hiroshi , Kanie Kiyoshi , Murakami Yasukazu 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
An image identification method was developed with the aid of a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) and applied to the analysis of inorganic particles using electron holography. Despite significant variation in the shapes of α-Fe2O3 particles that were observed by transmission electron microscopy, this CNN-based method could be used to identify isolated, spindle-shaped particles that were distinct from other particles that had undergone pairing and/or agglomeration. The averaging of images of these isolated particles provided a significant improvement in the phase analysis precision of the electron holography observations. This method is expected to be helpful in the analysis of weak electromagnetic fields generated by nanoparticles showing only small phase shifts.
Particle acceleration and magnetic field amplification in massive young stellar object jets
Authors: Araudo Anabella T , Padovani Marco , Marcowith Alexandre 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
Synchrotron radio emission from non-relativistic jets powered by massive protostars has been reported, indicating the presence of relativistic electrons and magnetic fields of strength ∼0.3–5 mG. We study diffusive shock acceleration and magnetic field amplification in protostellar jets with speeds between 300 and 1500 km s−1. We show that the magnetic field in the synchrotron emitter can be amplified by the non-resonant hybrid (Bell) instability excited by the cosmic ray streaming. By combining the synchrotron data with basic theory of Bell instability we estimate the magnetic field in the synchrotron emitter and the maximum energy of protons. Protons can achieve maximum energies in the range 0.04–0.65 TeV and emit γ rays in their interaction with matter fields. We predict detectable levels of γ rays in IRAS 16547−5247 and IRAS 16848−4603. The γ ray flux can be significantly enhanced by the gas mixing due to Rayleigh–Taylor instability. The detection of this radiation by the Fermi satellite in the GeV domain and the forthcoming Cherenkov Telescope Array at higher energies may open a new window to study the formation of massive stars, as well as diffusive acceleration and magnetic field amplification in shocks with velocities of about 1000 km s−1.
pion: simulating bow shocks and circumstellar nebulae
Authors: Mackey Jonathan , Green Samuel , Moutzouri Maria , Haworth Thomas J , Kavanagh Robert D , Zargaryan Davit , Celeste Maggie 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
Expanding nebulae are produced by mass-loss from stars, especially during late stages of evolution. Multidimensional simulation of these nebulae requires high resolution near the star and permits resolution that decreases with distance from the star, ideally with adaptive time-steps. We report the implementation and testing of static mesh-refinement in the radiation-magnetohydrodynamics (R-MHD) code pion, and document its performance for 2D and 3D calculations. The bow shock produced by a hot, magnetized, slowly rotating star as it moves through the magnetized ISM is simulated in 3D, highlighting differences compared with 2D calculations. Latitude-dependent, time-varying magnetized winds are modelled and compared with simulations of ring nebulae around blue supergiants from the literature. A 3D simulation of the expansion of a fast wind from a Wolf–Rayet star into the slow wind from a previous red supergiant phase of evolution is presented, with results compared with results in the literature and analytic theory. Finally, the wind–wind collision from a binary star system is modelled with 3D MHD, and the results compared with previous 2D hydrodynamic calculations. A python library is provided for reading and plotting simulation snapshots, and the generation of synthetic infrared emission maps using torus is also demonstrated. It is shown that state-of-the-art 3D MHD simulations of wind-driven nebulae can be performed using pion with reasonable computational resources. The source code and user documentation is made available for the community under a BSD3 licence.
Investigation of γ-ray variability and glitches of PSR J1420−6048
Authors: Lin Lupin Chun-Che , Wang Hui-Hui , Hui C Y , Takata Jumpei , Yeung Paul K H , Hu Chin-Ping , Kong A K H 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
PSR J1420−6048 is a young γ-ray pulsar with recurrent glitches. Utilizing long-term monitoring data obtained from the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, we found that PSR J1420−6048 has shown γ-ray flux variation and we also detected four glitches between 2008 and 2019. Two of the glitches are previously unknown, and their γ-ray spectrum also shows variability between each glitch. Because the results might be contaminated by background sources, we discuss whether the observed changes in flux and spectra were caused by artificial misallocations of photons from a nearby pulsar wind nebula (HESS J1420−607) and a pulsar (PSR J1418−6058), or by a change of the emission geometry from the target pulsar itself. We examine the correlation of the flux changes and the alternating pulse structure to investigate whether the emission geometry in the outer magnetosphere was changing. By assuming that the observational features did not totally result from the background environment, we compare our results with similar phenomena observed in other γ-ray pulsars. We propose that a strong crust crack can cause timing anomaly of a neutron star, which can affect the particle accelerations or pair creation regions, resulting in the changes of emission behaviours.
Chandra large-scale mapping of the Galactic Centre: probing high-energy structures around the central molecular zone
Authors: Wang Q Daniel 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
Recent observations have revealed interstellar features that apparently connect energetic activity in the central region of our Galaxy to its halo. The nature of these features, however, remains largely uncertain. We present a Chandra mapping of the central 2° × 4° field of the Galaxy, revealing a complex of X-ray-emitting threads plus plume-like structures emerging from the Galactic Centre (GC). This mapping shows that the northern plume or fountain is offset from a well-known radio lobe (or the GCL), which however may represent a foreground H ii region, and that the southern plume is well wrapped by a corresponding radio lobe recently discovered by MeerKAT. In particular, we find that a distinct X-ray thread, G0.17−0.41, is embedded well within a non-thermal radio filament, which is locally inflated. This thread with a width of ∼1.6 arcsec (FWHM) is ∼2.6 arcmin or 6 pc long at the distance of the GC and has a spectrum that can be characterized by a power law or an optically-thin thermal plasma with temperature ≳ 3 keV. The X-ray-emitting material is likely confined within a strand of magnetic field with its strength ≳ 1 mG, not unusual in such radio filaments. These morphological and spectral properties of the radio/X-ray association suggest that magnetic field re-connection is the energy source. Such re-connection events are probably common when flux tubes of antiparallel magnetic fields collide and/or become twisted in and around the diffuse X-ray plumes, representing blowout superbubbles driven by young massive stellar clusters in the GC. The understanding of the process, theoretically predicted in analog to solar flares, can have strong implications for the study of interstellar hot plasma heating, cosmic ray acceleration and turbulence.
Phylogenetic Permulations: A Statistically Rigorous Approach to Measure Confidence in Associations in a Phylogenetic Context
Authors: Saputra Elysia , Kowalczyk Amanda , Cusick Luisa , Clark Nathan , Chikina Maria 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Many evolutionary comparative methods seek to identify associations between phenotypic traits or between traits and genotypes, often with the goal of inferring potential functional relationships between them. Comparative genomics methods aimed at this goal measure the association between evolutionary changes at the genetic level with traits evolving convergently across phylogenetic lineages. However, these methods have complex statistical behaviors that are influenced by nontrivial and oftentimes unknown confounding factors. Consequently, using standard statistical analyses in interpreting the outputs of these methods leads to potentially inaccurate conclusions. Here, we introduce phylogenetic permulations, a novel statistical strategy that combines phylogenetic simulations and permutations to calculate accurate, unbiased P values from phylogenetic methods. Permulations construct the null expectation for P values from a given phylogenetic method by empirically generating null phenotypes. Subsequently, empirical P values that capture the true statistical confidence given the correlation structure in the data are directly calculated based on the empirical null expectation. We examine the performance of permulation methods by analyzing both binary and continuous phenotypes, including marine, subterranean, and long-lived large-bodied mammal phenotypes. Our results reveal that permulations improve the statistical power of phylogenetic analyses and correctly calibrate statements of confidence in rejecting complex null distributions while maintaining or improving the enrichment of known functions related to the phenotype. We also find that permulations refine pathway enrichment analyses by correcting for nonindependence in gene ranks. Our results demonstrate that permulations are a powerful tool for improving statistical confidence in the conclusions of phylogenetic analysis when the parametric null is unknown.
Functional and Adaptive Significance of Promoter Mutations That Affect Divergent Myocardial Expressions of TRIM72 in Primates
Authors: Feng Yuanqing , Xu Hongzhan , Liu Jinghao , Xie Ning , Gao Lei , He Yanyun , Yao Yuan , Lv Fengxiang , Zhang Yan , Lu Jian , Zhang Wei , Li Chuan-Yun , Hu Xinli , Yang Ziheng , Xiao Rui-Ping 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Cis-regulatory elements play important roles in tissue-specific gene expression and in the evolution of various phenotypes, and mutations in promoters and enhancers may be responsible for adaptations of species to environments. TRIM72 is a highly conserved protein that is involved in energy metabolism. Its expression in the heart varies considerably in primates, with high levels of expression in Old World monkeys and near absence in hominids. Here, we combine phylogenetic hypothesis testing and experimentation to demonstrate that mutations in promoter are responsible for the differences among primate species in the heart-specific expression of TRIM72. Maximum likelihood estimates of lineage-specific substitution rates under local-clock models show that relative to the evolutionary rate of introns, the rate of promoter was accelerated by 78% in the common ancestor of Old World monkeys, suggesting a role for positive selection in the evolution of the TRIM72 promoter, possibly driven by selective pressure due to changes in cardiac physiology after species divergence. We demonstrate that mutations in the TRIM72 promoter account for the differential myocardial TRIM72 expression of the human and the rhesus macaque. Furthermore, changes in TRIM72 expression alter the expression of genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation, which in turn affects mitochondrial respiration and cardiac energy capacity. On a broader timescale, phylogenetic regression analyses of data from 29 mammalian species show that mammals with high cardiac expression of TRIM72 have high heart rate, suggesting that the expression changes of TRIM72 may be related to differences in the heart physiology of those species.
Structures of Neisseria gonorrhoeae MtrR-operator complexes reveal molecular mechanisms of DNA recognition and antibiotic resistance-conferring clinical mutations
Authors: Beggs Grace A , Ayala Julio C , Kavanaugh Logan G , Read Timothy D , Hooks Grace M , Schumacher Maria A , Shafer William M , Brennan Richard G 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Mutations within the mtrR gene are commonly found amongst multidrug resistant clinical isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which has been labelled a superbug by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. These mutations appear to contribute to antibiotic resistance by interfering with the ability of MtrR to bind to and repress expression of its target genes, which include the mtrCDE multidrug efflux transporter genes and the rpoH oxidative stress response sigma factor gene. However, the DNA-recognition mechanism of MtrR and the consensus sequence within these operators to which MtrR binds has remained unknown. In this work, we report the crystal structures of MtrR bound to the mtrCDE and rpoH operators, which reveal a conserved, but degenerate, DNA consensus binding site 5′-MCRTRCRN4YGYAYGK-3′. We complement our structural data with a comprehensive mutational analysis of key MtrR-DNA contacts to reveal their importance for MtrR-DNA binding both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we model and generate common clinical mutations of MtrR to provide plausible biochemical explanations for the contribution of these mutations to multidrug resistance in N. gonorrhoeae. Collectively, our findings unveil key biological mechanisms underlying the global stress responses of N. gonorrhoeae.
The emerging role of the apelinergic system in kidney physiology and disease
Authors: Janssens Peter , Decuypere Jean-Paul , Bammens Bert , Llorens-Cortes Catherine , Vennekens Rudi , Mekahli Djalila 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The apelinergic system (AS) is a novel pleiotropic system with an essential role in renal and cardiovascular physiology and disease, including water homeostasis and blood pressure regulation. It consists of two highly conserved peptide ligands, apelin and apela, and a G-protein-coupled apelin receptor. The two ligands have many isoforms and a short half-life and exert both similar and divergent effects. Vasopressin, apelin and their receptors colocalize in hypothalamic regions essential for body fluid homeostasis and interact at the central and renal levels to regulate water homeostasis and diuresis in inverse directions. In addition, the AS and renin–angiotensin system interact both systemically and in the kidney, with implications for the cardiovascular system. A role for the AS in diverse pathological states, including disorders of sodium and water balance, hypertension, heart failure, pre-eclampsia, acute kidney injury, sepsis and diabetic nephropathy, has recently been reported. Furthermore, several metabolically stable apelin analogues have been developed, with potential applications in diverse diseases. We review here what is currently known about the physiological functions of the AS, focusing on renal, cardiovascular and metabolic homeostasis, and the role of the AS in associated diseases. We also describe several hurdles and research opportunities worthy of the attention of the nephrology community.
Physical Therapy Management of an Individual With Post-COVID Syndrome: A Case Report
Authors: Mayer Kirby P , Steele Angela K , Soper Melissa K , Branton Jill D , Lusby Megan L , Kalema Anna G , Dupont-Versteegden Esther E , Montgomery-Yates Ashley A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Objective
The purpose of this case report is to provide the clinical presentation and physical therapist management for a patient with post–COVID syndrome. Secondarily, the report highlights the importance of assessing cognitive and emotional health in patients with post–COVID syndrome.

Methods (Case Description)
A 37-year-old woman tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and developed mild COVID-19 disease but did not require supplemental oxygen or hospitalization. The patient experienced persistent symptoms, including dyspnea, headaches, and cognitive fog. On day 62, they participated in an outpatient physical therapist evaluation that revealed deficits in exercise capacity, obtaining 50% of their age-predicted 6-minute walk distance. They had minor reductions in muscle strength and cognitive function. Self-reported quality of life was 50, and they scored above established cut-off scores for provisional diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Results
The patient participated in biweekly physical therapist sessions for 8 weeks, which included aerobic training, strengthening exercises, diaphragmatic breathing techniques, and mindfulness training. Metabolic equivalent for task levels increased with variability over the course of the program. The patient’s muscle strength, physical function, and exercise capacity improved. 6-Minute walk distance increased by 199 m, equating to 80% of their age-predicted distance. Quality of life and PTSD scores did not improve. At evaluation after physical therapy, the patient was still experiencing migraines, dyspnea, fatigue, and cognitive dysfunction.

Conclusion
This case report described the clinical presentation and physical therapist management of a person with post–COVID syndrome, a novel health condition for which little evidence exists to guide rehabilitation examination and interventions. Physical therapists should consider cognitive function and emotional health in their plan of care for patients with post–COVID syndromes.

Impact
This case alerts physical therapists to post–COVID syndrome—which can include debilitating symptoms of decreased aerobic tolerance, anxiety, PTSD, and cognitive dysfunction—and to the role that therapists can play in assessing these symptoms and managing these patients.