bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Topology and habitat assortativity drive neutral and adaptive diversification in spatial graphs
Authors: Boussange Victor , Pellissier Loïc 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBiodiversity results from differentiation mechanisms developing within biological populations. Such mechanisms are influenced by the properties of the landscape over which individuals interact, disperse and evolve. Notably, landscape connectivity and habitat heterogeneity constrain the movement and survival of individuals, thereby promoting differentiation through drift and local adaptation. Nevertheless, the complexity of landscape features can blur our understanding of how they drive differentiation. Here, we formulate a stochastic, eco-evolutionary model where individuals are structured over a graph that captures complex connectivity patterns and accounts for habitat heterogeneity. Individuals possess neutral and adaptive traits, whose divergence results in differentiation at the population level. The modelling framework enables an analytical underpinning of emerging macroscopic properties, which we complement with numerical simulations to investigate how the graph topology and the spatial habitat distribution affect differentiation. We show that in the absence of selection, graphs with high characteristic length and high heterogeneity in degree promote neutral differentiation. Habitat assortativity, a metric that captures habitat spatial autocorrelation in graphs, additionally drives differentiation patterns under habitat-dependent selection. While assortativity systematically amplifies adaptive differentiation, it can foster or depress neutral differentiation depending on the migration regime. By formalising the eco-evolutionary and spatial dynamics of biological populations in complex landscapes, our study establishes the link between landscape features and the emergence of diversification, contributing to a fundamental understanding of the origin of biodiversity gradients.Significance statementIt is not clear how landscape connectivity and habitat heterogeneity influence differentiation in biological populations. To obtain a mechanistic understanding of underlying processes, we construct an individualbased model that accounts for eco-evolutionary and spatial dynamics over graphs. Individuals possess both neutral and adaptive traits, whose co-evolution results in differentiation at the population level. In agreement with empirical studies, we show that characteristic length, heterogeneity in degree and habitat assortativity drive differentiation. By using analytical tools that permit a macroscopic description of the dynamics, we further link differentiation patterns to the mechanisms that generate them. Our study provides support for a mechanistic understanding of how landscape features affect diversification.
Phloem transport limitation in Huanglongbing affected sweet orange is dependent on phloem-limited bacteria and callose
Authors: Welker Stacy , Pierre Myrtho , Santiago James P. , Dutt Manjul , Vincent Christopher , Levy Amit 
Published: July 2021

AbstractHuanglongbing (HLB), caused by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), is a phloem-limited disease which disrupts citrus production in affected areas. In HLB-affected plants, phloem sieve plate pores accumulate callose, and leaf carbohydrate export is reduced. However, whether HLB causes a reduction in carbohydrate phloem translocation speed, and the quantitative relationships among callose, CLas population, and phloem translocation are still unknown. In this work, a procedure was developed to concurrently measure sugar transport, callose deposition, and relative pathogen population at different locations throughout the stem. Increasing quantities of CLas genetic material were positively correlated with quantity and density of callose deposits, and negatively correlated with phloem translocation speed. Callose deposit quantity was site- and rootstock dependent, and were negatively correlated with phloem translocation speed, suggesting a localized relationship. Remarkably, callose accumulation and phloem translocation disruption in the scion was dependent on rootstock genotype. Regression results suggested that the interaction of Ct values and number of phloem callose depositions, but not their size or density, explained the effects on translocation speed. Sucrose, starch, and sink 14C label allocation data support the interpretation of a transport pathway limitation by CLas infection. This work shows that the interaction of local accumulation of callose and CLas affect phloem transport. Further, the extent of this accumulation is attenuated by the rootstock and provides important information about the disease mechanism of phloem-inhabiting bacteria. Together, these results constitute the first example of a demonstrated transport limitation of phloem function by a microbial infection.
Single-cell profiling of the human primary motor cortex in ALS and FTLD
Authors: Pineda S. Sebastian , Lee Hyeseung , Fitzwalter Brent E. , Mohammadi Shahin , Pregent Luc J. , Gardashli Mahammad E. , Mantero Julio , Engelberg-Cook Erica , DeJesus-Hernandez Mariely , van Blitterswijk Marka , Pottier Cyril , Rademakers Rosa , Oskarsson Bjorn , Shah Jaimin S. , Petersen Ronald C. , Graff-Radford Neill R. , Boeve Bradley F. , Knopman David S. , Josephs Keith A. , DeTure Michael , Murray Melissa E. , Dickson Dennis W. , Heiman Myriam , Belzil Veronique V. , Kellis Manolis 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) are two devastating and fatal neurodegenerative conditions. While distinct, they share many clinical, genetic, and pathological characteristics1, and both show selective vulnerability of layer 5b extratelencephalic-projecting cortical populations, including Betz cells in ALS2,3and von Economo neurons (VENs) in FTLD4,5. Here, we report the first high resolution single-cell atlas of the human primary motor cortex (MCX) and its transcriptional alterations in ALS and FTLD across ~380,000 nuclei from 64 individuals, including 17 control samples and 47 sporadic andC9orf72-associated ALS and FTLD patient samples. We identify 46 transcriptionally distinct cellular subtypes including two Betz-cell subtypes, and we observe a previously unappreciated molecular similarity between Betz cells and VENs of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and frontal insula. Many of the dysregulated genes and pathways are shared across excitatory neurons, including stress response, ribosome function, oxidative phosphorylation, synaptic vesicle cycle, endoplasmic reticulum protein processing, and autophagy. Betz cells andSCN4B+ long-range projecting L3/L5 cells are the most transcriptionally affected in both ALS and FTLD. Lastly, we find that the VEN/Betz cell-enriched transcription factor, POU3F1, has altered subcellular localization, co-localizes with TDP-43 aggregates, and may represent a cell type-specific vulnerability factor in the Betz cells of ALS and FTLD patient tissues.
Clostridium difficile Toxin B activates the NLRP3 inflammasome in human macrophages, demonstrating a novel regulatory mechanism for the Pyrin inflammasome
Authors: Mangan Matthew S.J. , Gorki Friederike , Krause Karoline , Heinz Alexander , Ebert Thomas , Jahn Dieter , Hiller Karsten , Hornung Veit , Mauer Marcus , Schmidt Florian I. , Gerhard Ralf , Latz Eicke 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPyrin is a cytosolic immune sensor that forms an inflammasome when bacterial virulence factors inhibit RhoA, triggering the release of inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β. Gain of function mutations in the MEFV gene encoding Pyrin cause auto-inflammatory disorders, such as familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) and Pyrin associated auto-inflammation with Neutrophilic Dermatosis (PAAND). To precisely define the role of Pyrin in detecting pathogen virulence factors in relevant human immune cells, we investigated how the Pyrin inflammasome response was initiated and regulated in monocyte-derived macrophages (hMDM) compared to human monocytes. Unlike monocytes and murine macrophages, we determined that hMDM failed to activate Pyrin in response to known Pyrin activators Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) toxins A or B (TcdA or TcdB). In contrast, TcdB activated the NLRP3 inflammasome in hMDM. Notably, we ascertained that the Pyrin inflammasome response could be re-enabled in hMDM by prolonged priming with either LPS or type I or II interferons, and required an increase in Pyrin expression. These data demonstrate an unexpected redundancy in detecting these toxins by inflammasome sensors.
Crossmodal metaperception: Visual and tactile confidence share a common scale
Authors: Klever Lena , Mosebach Marie , Fiehler Katja , Mamassian Pascal , Billino Jutta 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPerceptual decisions are typically accompanied by a subjective sense of (un)certainty. There is robust evidence that observers have access to a reliable estimate of their own uncertainty and can judge the validity of their perceptual decisions. However, there is still a debate to what extent these meta-perceptual judgements underly a common mechanism that can monitor perceptual decisions across different sensory modalities. It has been suggested that perceptual confidence can be evaluated on an abstract scale that is not only task-independent but also modality-independent. We aimed to scrutinize these findings by measuring visual contrast and tactile vibration discrimination thresholds in a confidence forced-choice task. A total of 56 participants took part in our study. We determined thresholds for trials in which perceptual decisions were chosen as confident and for those that were declined as confident. Confidence comparisons were made between perceptual decisions either within the visual and tactile modality, respectively, or across both modalities. Furthermore, we assessed executive functions to explore a possible link between cognitive control and meta-perceptual capacities. We found that perceptual performance was a good predictor of confidence judgments and that the threshold modulation was similarly pronounced in both modalities. Most importantly, participants compared their perceptual confidence across visual and tactile decisions with the same precision as within the same modality. Cognitive control capacities were not related to meta-perceptual performance. In conclusion, our findings corroborate that perceptual uncertainty can be accessed on an abstract scale, allowing for confidence comparisons across sensory modalities.
Towards high spatial resolution tissue-equivalent dosimetry for microbeam radiation therapy using organic semiconductors
Authors: Posar Jessie A. , Large Matthew , Alnaghy Saree , Paino Jason R. , Butler Duncan J. , Griffith Matthew J. , Hood Sean , Lerch Michael L. F. , Rosenfeld Anatoly , Sellin Paul J. , Guatelli Susanna , Petasecca Marco 
Published: July 2021

Spatially fractionated ultra-high-dose-rate beams used during microbeam radiation therapy (MRT) have been shown to increase the differential response between normal and tumour tissue. Quality assurance of MRT requires a dosimeter that possesses tissue equivalence, high radiation tolerance and spatial resolution. This is currently an unsolved challenge. This work explored the use of a 500 nm thick organic semiconductor for MRT dosimetry on the Imaging and Medical Beamline at the Australian Synchrotron. Three beam filters were used to irradiate the device with peak energies of 48, 76 and 88 keV with respective dose rates of 3668, 500 and 209 Gy s−1. The response of the device stabilized to 30% efficiency after an irradiation dose of 30 kGy, with a 0.5% variation at doses of 35 kGy and higher. The calibration factor after pre-irradiation was determined to be 1.02 ± 0.005 µGy per count across all three X-ray energy spectra, demonstrating the unique advantage of using tissue-equivalent materials for dosimetry. The percentage depth dose curve was within ±5% of the PTW microDiamond detector. The broad beam was fractionated into 50 microbeams (50 µm FHWM and 400 µm centre-to-centre distance). For each beam filter, the FWHMs of all 50 microbeams were measured to be 51 ± 1.4, 53 ± 1.4 and 69 ± 1.9 µm, for the highest to lowest dose rate, respectively. The variation in response suggested the photodetector possessed dose-rate dependence. However, its ability to reconstruct the microbeam profile was affected by the presence of additional dose peaks adjacent to the one generated by the X-ray microbeam. Geant4 simulations proved that the additional peaks were due to optical photons generated in the barrier film coupled to the sensitive volume. The simulations also confirmed that the amplitude of the additional peak in comparison with the microbeam decreased for spectra with lower peak energies, as observed in the experimental data. The material packaging can be optimized during fabrication by solution processing onto a flexible substrate with a non-fluorescent barrier film. With these improvements, organic photodetectors show promising prospects as a cost-effective high spatial resolution tissue-equivalent flexible dosimeter for synchrotron radiation fields.
Usefulness of current autism diagnostic or screening assessment tools in adults with intellectual disability (ID): systematic review of literature
Authors: Shatananda Solomon , Oyedokun Abimbola , Odiyoor Mahesh , Jaydeokar Sujeet , Shahzad Saman 
Published: July 2021

Purpose
The purpose of the study is to identify and ascertain if there were any validated tools for diagnosing or screening autism spectrum disorder in adults with ID. The estimated prevalence of intellectual disability (ID) in the general population is about 10.37/1,000 population (Maulik et al., 2011). In total, 1 out of 4 individuals with ID suffers from an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (Sappok et al., 2010). Early diagnosis and support for ASD is key to having a good quality of life. The diagnosis of ASD in people with an ID presents its own challenges and it is likely under-identification of ASD amongst adults with ID by about 20% to 30% (Emerson and Baines, 2010).

Design/methodology/approach
Studies were selected based on the following criteria: studies that reported either screening or diagnostic tools for ASD, participants had an ID i.e. a mean IQ of <70, adults i.e. participants were >18 years of age at the time of entry to the study and articles reported either sensitivity, specificity or area under the curve. Relevant studies that were published up to January 2020 were identified from EMBASE, PsychINFO, CINAHL and PubMed. In total, 75 papers were identified of which 15 papers met the criteria.

Findings
The screening or diagnostic tools currently in use is dependant on the degree of ID. A number of the tools had good psychometric properties and utility when used in people with specific degrees of ID or when used in combination with another screening or diagnostic tool. The authors could not identify a diagnostic tool that could be used across all levels of severity of ID unless used in combination. Hence, concluded that there is a need for a diagnostic tool with good psychometric properties for the assessment of ASD in adults with all degree of ID within a reasonable time period without the need for an additional tool to be used in conjunction.

Originality/value
Currently, the “gold standard” for diagnosing ASD is a lengthy and time-consuming process carried out by trained multi-disciplinary team members who assess historical, behavioural and parent/carer report to arrive at a diagnosis. There are a number of tools that have been developed to aid diagnosis. However, it is important to identify the tools that can optimise the procedures and are also time-efficient.
To share or not to share? A moderated mediation model of the relationship between perceived overqualification and knowledge sharing
Authors: Zhao Lijing , Zhao Shuming , Zeng Hao , Bai Jingyi 
Published: July 2021

PurposeDrawing on identity theory and the symbolic interactionism perspective of identity theory, this study aims to construct a moderated mediation framework to test the effects of perceived overqualification (POQ) on knowledge sharing (KS) through professional identity threat (PIT) and the moderating role of coworkers' help-seeking behavior (CHSB).Design/methodology/approachThis paper uses a quantitative multistudy research design with a combination of a scenario experiment (Study 1) and a two-wave field study among 220 supervisor-subordinate dyads at a power company in China. Using analysis of variance, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and bootstrapping method, the authors validated the research hypothesis.FindingsIn the scenario experiment study (study 1), the authors find that POQ is positively related to PIT and that CHSB negatively moderates the positive impact of POQ on PIT. The field study (study 2) replicated the above findings and found that PIT mediates the negative effect of POQ on KS. In addition, CHSB negatively moderates the mediating role of PIT between POQ and KS.Originality/valueFirst, the current study extended the nomological network of POQ research by examining its influence on employees' KS. Second, this study empirically investigated the mediating role of PIT, which provided a new explanatory mechanism for the influence of POQ. Finally, this study demonstrates the moderating role of CHSB—a situational factor that has been ignored in previous studies.
Measuring resilience: by whom and for whom? A case study of people-centred resilience indicators in New Zealand
Authors: Le Dé Loïc , Wairama Karl , Sath Monynna , Petera Anthony 
Published: July 2021

PurposeResilience has become a priority of most agendas for disaster risk reduction at different scales leading to an increase demand for measurement of resilience. However, resilience is mostly defined, assessed and measured by outsider experts rather than by those primarily concerned – local people. This article presents the development of people-centred indicators of resilience in New Zealand. It details both the process and outcomes of these indicators.Design/methodology/approachThe study draws from participatory methods to develop a six-step tool kit for people-centred indicators of resilience. The people-centred indicators were implemented with four communities in New Zealand in 2019 and 2020.FindingsThe paper highlights that people are capable at defining and assessing their own resilience. The indicators enabled people identify and measure areas of low resilience and foster dialogue between locals and practitioners to strengthen it.Research limitations/implicationsPeople-centred indicators also have limitations and pose challenges. Their development requires strong facilitation skills; it limitedly enables comparison across communities and implies downward accountability.Practical implicationsThe findings should stimulate discussions about who should measure resilience and for whom such measurement is it for. It provides a tool kit that can be used by practitioners and policy makers to measure and strengthen community resilience.Originality/valueMost resilience indicators is outsider-driven and limitedly involves local people. This study uses a radically different approach placing people at the centre of resilience measurement.
The organizational framing effect on consumer evaluations of corporate donations
Authors: Septianto Felix , Northey Gavin , Weaven Scott 
Published: July 2021

PurposeThis paperaims to investigate a novel expectation by examining how framing a company as its constituent members (members frame) versus an organization (organization frame) can influence consumer evaluations of a product or service from this company.Design/methodology/approachFour studies were conducted examining the effectiveness of an organization (vs members) frame in a between-subjects experimental design (a pilot study, Studies 1a, 1b and 2). Study 2 also tested the moderating role of donation strategies (amount-focused vs frequency-focused).FindingsResults show a members (vs organization) frame leads to a higher purchase likelihood of a product from a company engaging in corporate donations. Further, this framing effect is mediated by increased levels of consumers’ perceptions about how committed the company is to the cause and the emotion of moral elevation in response to the company’s corporate donations. Moreover, this effect is moderated when the company uses a frequency-based (vs amount-based) donation strategy.Research limitations/implicationsThis research contributes to the literature on message framing by demonstrating how the same information about a company may lead to differential effects on consumer evaluations, depending on whether the company is framed as its constituent members versus an organization.Practical implicationsThis paper presents significant managerial implications for small companies, in which the owner is the company, about how they can effectively communicate corporate donations to the consumers.Originality/valueThis research provides a novel perspective on how the same information about a company may lead to differential effects on consumer evaluations, particularly in the context of corporate donations.
Cross-cultural training: a study of European expatriates in New Zealand
Authors: Tahir Rizwan 
Published: July 2021

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate the cross-cultural training (CCT) provided to European expatriate executives in New Zealand, and consequently add to the knowledge for human resource management in the Australasian region.Design/methodology/approachThe present qualitative research study is based on open-ended and in-depth interviews with 30 European expatriate executives who had been residing in New Zealand for the past year or more.FindingsThe results indicate that at least some CCT was provided to all interviewees; however, the training content seemed to be strongly centered around professional work, with little focus on the culture of the host country. Moreover, there was no follow-up to the pre-departure CCT and very few expatriates in the sample received any training in New Zealand. Similarly, the family is considered a fundamental factor for the success of expatriates; however, in the sample, neither spouses nor children received any training before or after their arrival in New Zealand.Research limitations/implicationsThe research is limited by the sample small size. The study’s inconclusive highlights the need for further research to explore the influences of local residents, colleagues and neighbors on expatriates’ adjustment. Similarly, further studies are also required to ascertain the effectiveness of CCT in helping support expatriates’ performance and adjustment in New Zealand.Practical implicationsThe present study suggests that opportunities do exist for multinational companies (MNCs) to better prepare their expatriates for assignments by integrating more effectively issues related to cultural awareness into their CCT. Specifically, experimental CCT methods that emphasize the host country’s culture are most valuable. The CCT technique should be tailored to the cultural distance between the host nation and expatriates’ country of origin and to the nature of their assignment.Originality/valueGiven the existence of many MNCs in New Zealand, it is surprising that the issue of CCT in this context has received little research attention. The current study endeavors to address this gap. This paper hopes that the findings may also be useful for consultants and human resource managers in MNCs who are involved in preparing expatriates for foreign assignments in Australasia, especially New Zealand.