bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Britain and the Paraguayan Dictatorship, c. 1820–1840
Authors: Middleton Alex 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPost-revolutionary Spanish America barely features in existing scholarship on nineteenth-century British political and social thought. But the region was widely discussed, and raised distinctive issues about republican government, the effects of colonial rule, and the operation of absolute power. This article examines how the British debated the autarchic dictatorship erected in newly independent Paraguay. Their attempts to make sense of this spectacular experiment in government, and its architect Dr Francia, helped to crystallize public attitudes towards the condition of Spanish America in the 1820s and 1830s. Francia's broader significance, however, was as a token in wider debates about the proper limits of republican and constitutional principles, and about the merits of arbitrary directive rule in less developed polities. For his admirers, he cast light on how other comparable regimes had gone wrong.
Japan Black: Japanning, Minstrelsy, and “Japanese Tommy's” Yellowface Precursor
Authors: Rodman Tara 
Published: April 2021

On the Fourth of July, 1860, theNew York Timesintroduced readers to a new persona treading the minstrel boards:Matinéesare the order of the day, two at both the Bowerys, at George Christy's, at Bryant's, and at the Palace Gardens. Here “versatile performers” and “talenteddanseuses” will diversify the hours of patriotic emotion with comic pantomime and grand “Japanese ballets,” led by “Little Tommy.” Japan has dropped a little into the sere and yellow leaf, perhaps, for the natives, but for the “strangers from the provinces” the land of blacking may still have charms, and we desire that “all such” may understand that the Japan of their dreams will be on exhibition to-night at Miss Laura Keene's Theatre.
Evolution of the Cook Ice Cap (Kerguelen Islands) between the last centuries and 2100 ce based on cosmogenic dating and glacio-climatic modelling
Authors: Verfaillie Deborah , Charton Joanna , Schimmelpfennig Irene , Stroebele Zoe , Jomelli Vincent , Bétard François , Favier Vincent , Cavero Julien , Berthier Etienne , Goosse Hugues , Rinterknecht Vincent , Legentil Claude , Charrassin Raphaelle , Aumaître Georges , Bourlès Didier L. , Keddadouche Karim 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe Cook Ice Cap (CIC) on the sub-Antarctic Kerguelen Islands recently experienced extremely negative surface mass balance. Further deglaciation could have important impacts on endemic and invasive fauna and flora. To put this exceptional glacier evolution into a multi-centennial-scale context, we refined the evolution of the CIC over the last millennium, investigated the associated climate conditions and explored its potential evolution by 2100 ce. A glaciological model, constrained by cosmic ray exposure dating of moraines, historical documents and recent direct mass balance observations, was used to simulate the ice-cap extents during different phases of advance and retreat between the last millennium and 2100 ce. Cosmogenic dating suggests glacial advance around the early Little Ice Age (LIA), consistent with findings from other sub-Antarctic studies, and the rather cold and humid conditions brought about by the negative phase of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM). This study contributes to our currently limited understanding of palaeoclimate for the early LIA in the southern Indian Ocean. Glaciological modelling and observations confirm the recent decrease in CIC extent linked to the intensification of the SAM. Although affected by large uncertainties, future simulations suggest a complete disappearance of CIC by the end of the century.
Spectroscopic detection of microbial colonization in Antarctic sandstone
Authors: McKay Christopher P. , Swayze Gregg A. , Clark Roger N. , Kokaly Raymond F. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe report infrared reflectance and ultraviolet fluorescence spectra of the surfaces and cleaved side of Beacon Sandstone from Antarctica that harbours a cryptoendolithic microbial community - a photosynthesis-based consortium of algae, lichen and bacteria present a few millimetres below the surface. Chlorophyll absorptions were present in the reflectance spectra of the exposed interior but not on the top or bottom surfaces and their band depths changed < 4% between measurements taken 19 years apart, indicating the stability of the microorganisms when the sample is kept dry. The presence of subsurface organic layers was detected in reflectance at 3.41 μm on the sample's surface. Fluorescence spectra of the cleaved side showed the blue fluorescence peaks expected from chlorophyll but no 0.65–0.80 μm peaks seen in fluorescence measurements of green vegetation. A weak fluorescence signal was detectable at the surface of the sample, presumably due to some light leaking into the subsurface through pores or cracks in the goethite coating the sample's surface. Theoretically, this weak fluorescence signal could possibly be observed in rock surfaces broken by erosion or meteor impacts on Mars. Sandstone outcrops have been reported on Mars and detection of organic layers in sandstones there would be of interest.
Mobilizing the Religious Left: Linking the Movement to Individual Political Activity
Authors: Conger Kimberly H. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe contemporary Religious Left (RL) in the United States has proven to be somewhat of an enigma, both for academics and for the activists and voters who desire such a movement to thrive. In this paper, I look at one piece of the puzzle: is the RL able to mobilize supporters to political activity? Combining data from both the individual and movement level, this paper tests whether activity at the movement level of the RL can translate into individual supporters' political activity. Using existing data for 2008 and newly collected data on the RL in the 2016 election cycle, I find that the movement was successful in mobilizing constituents in 2008, but not in 2016. This can be linked to the Democrats' effort to engage religious voters in 2008, and its inability to do so in 2016.
Northeast Siberian Permafrost Ice‐Wedge Stable Isotopes Depict Pronounced Last Glacial Maximum Winter Cooling
Authors: Wetterich S. , Meyer H. , Fritz M. , Mollenhauer G. , Rethemeyer J. , Kizyakov A. , Schirrmeister L. , Opel T. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractStable isotopes (δ18O, δD) of wedge ice hold potential to reconstruct past winter climate conditions. Here, we present records of the marine isotope stages (MIS) 3 and 2 including the last Glacial maximum (LGM) from Bol’shoy Lyakhovsky Island (NE Siberia). MIS 3 wedge ice dated from 52 to 40 Kyr b2k varies between −32 and −29‰ in δ18O. Colder LGM conditions are implied by δ18O of −37‰ around 25 Kyr b2k. Similar Deuterium excess values indicate comparable moisture sources during MIS 3 and MIS 2. Regional LGM climate reconstructions depend on the seasonal resolution of the proxies and model simulations. Our wedge‐ice record reflects coldest winters during global minima in atmospheric CO2 and sea level. The extreme LGM winter cooling is not represented in model projections of global LGM climate where West Beringia shows noticeably little cooling or even warming in mean annual temperatures compared to the late Holocene.
1001 Rocket Launches for Space Missions and Their Infrasonic Signature
Authors: Pilger Christoph , Hupe Patrick , Gaebler Peter , Ceranna Lars 
Published: April 2021

AbstractInfrasound array processing is applied to monitor and characterize atmospheric explosions in the context of the Comprehensive Nuclear‐Test‐Ban Treaty. Anyhow, for many infrasound sources the exact location and time are initially unknown and sometimes difficult to precisely estimate afterward. In contrast, rocket launches are well‐defined ground‐truth events generating strong infrasonic signatures. During the last decade, the number of rocket launches for sending satellites into Earth’s orbit and for reaching space strongly increased. We collected ground‐truth information for 1001 rocket launches from 27 global spaceports between 2009 and mid‐2020 and were able to identify infrasound signatures from up to 73% of the launches on the International Monitoring System of infrasound stations. We use these unique data to estimate the global detectability of such events, to characterize rocket infrasound, to derive an amplitude‐energy relation, and to provide the results for further use as a ground‐truth reference in geophysical and atmospheric research.
Modulation of Shelf Circulations Under Multiple River Discharges in the East China Sea
Authors: Wu Ruiming , Wu Hui , Wang Yihe 
Published: April 2021

AbstractEast Asian Marginal Seas are a continuum receiving multiple large rivers including the Changjiang, the Yellow, and the Pearl Rivers. Fates of these river discharges are strongly influenced by the energetic shelf circulation system. Meanwhile, the massive freshwater discharge from these rivers also modulate the density structure and dynamic height of receiving seas, which could affect the shelf circulation as well. In this study, we developed a numerical model covering the East Asian Marginal Seas based on the Regional Ocean Modeling System to assess the influence of river plumes on the circulation over the entire shelf. The East China Sea was selected as a focus due to the massive freshwater influence and the strong and complicated shelf circulation therein. The model results suggested that both local (e.g., the Changjiang River) and remote (e.g., the Pearl River) rivers were important in regulating the shelf circulation. Overall, the riverine freshwater elevated the adjacent sea level and changed the density field, which weakened the Taiwan Warm Current (TWC), strengthened the southward coastal current, and even disturbed the Kuroshio. In the vertical direction, the TWC turned from surface‐intensified to bottom‐intensified under the river plume influences. In the cross‐shelf direction, the cross‐shelf exchange was enhanced and the Kuroshio subsurface water could more easily intrude to the coastal region, due to the enhanced bottom Ekman transport. The fundamental mechanism is the barotropic and baroclinic adjustments under the riverine influences, which could be considered as a shelf‐version of the estuarine circulation.
Single‐Crystal Elasticity of High‐Pressure Ice up to 98 GPa by Brillouin Scattering
Authors: Shi Weigang , Sun Ningyu , Li Xinyang , Mao Zhu , Liu Jin , Prakapenka Vitali B. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractKnowledge of the elasticity of high‐pressure ice is key to constructing the internal structure of various planetary bodies. Here, we present direct experimental constraints on the single‐crystal elasticity of ice with 0.5 mol/L (0.9 mol.%) NaCl up to 98 GPa at 300 K. The change from ice‐VII to the dynamically disordered ice‐VII is characterized by an obvious softening of the longitudinal and bulk moduli between 42.4 and 54 GPa. Further transition to ice X at ∼64 GPa results in an apparent change in the pressure dependence for the elasticity. Using the obtained elasticity, our modeling reveals that the boundary between the ice‐VII layer and the silicate mantle or core in moderate‐size icy planetary bodies would be associated with a sudden velocity jump. In large planetary bodies, the change from ice X to the silicate layer will be characterized by an abrupt reduction in velocity.
The Response of Repetitive Very‐Long‐Period Seismic Signals at Aso Volcano to Periodic Loading
Authors: Niu Jieming , Song Teh‐Ru Alex 
Published: April 2021

AbstractTriggering of volcano seismic activity and eruptions by tides, atmosphere pressure, rainfall, and earthquakes have been in constant debate. However, there is limited evidence concerning the triggering of very‐long‐period signals (VLPs), which are closely linked to volcano conduit dynamics. Persistent and repetitive VLP event beneath the Aso volcano, historically termed long‐period tremor (LPT), manifests episodic pressurization and depressurization events in a crack‐like shallow conduit. Here we show that LPT activity display no appreciable spectral peaks associated with major diurnal/semidiurnal tidal constituents or barometric pressure. Instead, passing surface waves of ∼0.01 m/s from the 2011 Tohoku earthquake elevated LPT activity and preferentially increased the likelihood of depressurization events. We suggest that the hydrothermal reservoir near the LPT source behaves like a confined (unconfined) aquifer against short‐period (long‐period) stress. A high stress rate of ∼102 Pa/s is sufficient to enhance the permeability of the conduit plug/wall and preferentially promotes depressurization events.
On the Species Dependence of Ion Escapes Across the Magnetopause
Authors: Zhou Xu‐Zhi , Zhang Xuan , Li Jing‐Huan , Zong Qiu‐Gang 
Published: April 2021

AbstractRecent observations and particle‐tracing models have revealed a counterintuitive difference between the behaviors of magnetospheric protons and oxygen ions when they encounter the magnetopause. The oxygen ions usually meander around the magnetopause without a full escape to the magnetosheath, whereas the protons can more easily stream across the magnetopause despite their smaller gyroradii. Here, we analytically identify the mechanisms that cause this species dependence. As magnetospheric ions drift toward the magnetopause, the grazing angle of their magnetopause encounter is constrained within a narrow range near 0°, with its maximum being proportional to the square root of the ion gyroradius. It is the grazing angle that largely determines the follow‐up ion motion. The ions with larger grazing angles would meander around the magnetopause, whereas the meandering motion for ions with smaller grazing angles could be easily disrupted to enable their escape even if the normal magnetic field is very weak.
Temporal relationship between body mass index and uric acid and their joint impact on blood pressure in children and adults: the Bogalusa Heart Study
Authors: Yun Miaoying , Zhang Tao , Li Shengxu , Wang Xuan , Fan Lijun , Yan Yinkun , Bazzano Lydia , He Jiang , Chen Wei 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Objective
This study aimed to examine the temporal relationship between body mass index (BMI) and uric acid (UA), and their joint effect on blood pressure (BP) in children and adults.

Methods
The longitudinal cohorts for temporal relationship analyses consisted of 564 and 911 subjects examined twice 5–14 years apart from childhood to adulthood. The cross-sectional cohorts for mediation analyses consisted of 3102 children and 3402 nondiabetic adults. Cross-lagged panel analysis models were used to examine the temporal relationship between BMI and UA, and mediation analysis models the mediation effect of UA on the BMI–BP association.

Results
After adjusting for age, race, sex and follow-up years in children, and additionally smoking and alcohol drinking in adults, the path coefficients (standardized regression coefficients) from baseline BMI to follow-up UA (0.145 in children and 0.068 in adults) were significant, but the path coefficients from baseline UA to follow-up BMI (0.011 in children and 0.016 in adults) were not. In mediation analyses, indirect effects through UA on the BMI-systolic BP association were estimated at 0.028 (mediation effect = 8.8%) in children and 0.033 (mediation effect = 13.5%) in adults (P < 0.001 for both). Direct effects of BMI on systolic BP (0.289 in children and 0.212 in adults) were significant. The mediation effect parameters did not differ significantly between Blacks and Whites.

Conclusions
Changes in BMI precede alterations in UA, and the BMI–BP association is in part mediated through BMI-related increase in UA both in children and in adults. These findings have implications for addressing mechanisms of obesity hypertension beginning in early life.
Tumor-derived exosomal long noncoding RNA LINC01133, regulated by Periostin, contributes to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma epithelial-mesenchymal transition through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway by silencing AXIN2
Authors: Liu Yang , Tang Tianchi , Yang Xiaosheng , Qin Peng , Wang Pusen , Zhang Huiping , Bai Min , Wu Rong , Li Fan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most fatal malignancies and rapidly progressive diseases. Exosomes and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as vital mediators in tumor cells and their microenvironment. However, the detailed roles and mechanisms of exosomal lncRNAs in PDAC progression remain unknown. Here, we aimed to clarify the clinical significance and mechanisms of exosomal lncRNA 01133 (LINC01133) in PDAC. We analyzed the expression of LINC01133 in PDAC and found that exosomal LINC01133 expression was high and positively correlated with higher TNM stage and poor overall survival rate of PDAC patients. Further research demonstrated that Periostin could increase exosome secretion and then enhance LINC01133 expression. In addition, Periostin increased p-EGFR, p-Erk, and c-myc expression, and c-myc could bind to the LINC01133 promoter region. These findings suggested that LINC01133 can be regulated by Periostin via EGFR pathway activity. We also observed that LINC01133 promoted the proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) of pancreatic cancer cells. We subsequently evaluated the effect of LINC01133 on the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and confirmed that LINC01133 can interact with Enhancer Of Zeste Homolog 2 (EZH2) and then promote H3K27 trimethylation. This can further silence AXIN2 and suppress GSK3 activity, ultimately activating β-catenin. Collectively, these data indicate that exosomal LINC01133 plays an important role in pancreatic tumor progression, and targeting LINC01133 may provide a potential treatment strategy for PDAC.
Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type D gene promotes radiosensitivity via STAT3 dephosphorylation in nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Lin Yanling , Zhou Xiaohan , Yang Kaifan , Chen Yuting , Wang Lingzhi , Luo Wenxiao , Li Yujiang , Liao Jinrong , Zhou Yingtong , Lei Yiming , Zhang Yanting , Wu Dehua , Cai Longmei 
Published: April 2021

AbstractRadiotherapy is essential to the treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and acquired or innate resistance to this therapeutic modality is a major clinical problem. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms in the radiation resistance in NPC are not fully understood. Here, we reanalyzed the microarray data from public databases and identified the protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type D (PTPRD) as a candidate gene. We found thatPTPRDwas downregulated in clinical NPC tissues and NPC cell lines with its promoter hypermethylated. Functional assays revealed thatPTPRDoverexpression sensitized NPC to radiation in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, miR-454-3p directly targetsPTPRDto inhibit its expression and biological effect. Interestingly, mechanistic analyses indicate thatPTPRDdirectly dephosphorylates STAT3 to enhance Autophagy-Related 5(ATG5)transcription, resulting in triggering radiation-induced autophagy. The immunohistochemical staining of 107 NPC revealed that lowPTPRDand high p-STAT3 levels predicted poor clinical outcome. Overall, we showed thatPTPRDpromotes radiosensitivity by triggering radiation-induced autophagy via the dephosphorylation of STAT3, thus providing a potentially useful predictive biomarker for NPC radiosensitivity and drug target for NPC radiosensitization.
CARD10 cleavage by MALT1 restricts lung carcinoma growth in vivo
Authors: Israël Laura , Glück Anton , Berger Marjorie , Coral Marine , Ceci Melanie , Unterreiner Adeline , Rubert Joëlle , Bardet Maureen , Ginster Stefanie , Golding-Ochsenbein Alexandra M. , Martin Kea , Hoyler Thomas , Calzascia Thomas , Wieczorek Grazyna , Hillenbrand Rainer , Ferretti Stéphane , Ferrero Enrico , Bornancin Frédéric 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCARD-CC complexes involving BCL10 and MALT1 are major cellular signaling hubs. They govern NF-κB activation through their scaffolding properties as well as MALT1 paracaspase function, which cleaves substrates involved in NF-κB regulation. In human lymphocytes, gain-of-function defects in this pathway lead to lymphoproliferative disorders. CARD10, the prototypical CARD-CC protein in non-hematopoietic cells, is overexpressed in several cancers and has been associated with poor prognosis. However, regulation of CARD10 remains poorly understood. Here, we identified CARD10 as the first MALT1 substrate in non-hematopoietic cells and showed that CARD10 cleavage by MALT1 at R587 dampens its capacity to activate NF-κB. Preventing CARD10 cleavage in the lung tumor A549 cell line increased basal levels of IL-6 and extracellular matrix components in vitro, and led to increased tumor growth in a mouse xenograft model, suggesting that CARD10 cleavage by MALT1 might be a built-in mechanism controlling tumorigenicity.
Evolutionary stasis of a deep subsurface microbial lineage
Authors: Becraft Eric D , Lau Vetter Maggie C Y , Bezuidt Oliver K I , Brown Julia M , Labonté Jessica M , Kauneckaite-Griguole Kotryna , Salkauskaite Ruta , Alzbutas Gediminas , Sackett Joshua D , Kruger Brittany R , Kadnikov Vitaly , van Heerden Esta , Moser Duane , Ravin Nikolai , Onstott Tullis , Stepanauskas Ramunas 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Sulfate-reducing bacteria Candidatus Desulforudis audaxviator (CDA) were originally discovered in deep fracture fluids accessed via South African gold mines and have since been found in geographically widespread deep subsurface locations. In order to constrain models for subsurface microbial evolution, we compared CDA genomes from Africa, North America and Eurasia using single cell genomics. Unexpectedly, 126 partial single amplified genomes from the three continents, a complete genome from of an isolate from Eurasia, and metagenome-assembled genomes from Africa and Eurasia shared &gt;99.2% average nucleotide identity, low frequency of SNP’s, and near-perfectly conserved prophages and CRISPRs. Our analyses reject sample cross-contamination, recent natural dispersal, and unusually strong purifying selection as likely explanations for these unexpected results. We therefore conclude that the analyzed CDA populations underwent only minimal evolution since their physical separation, potentially as far back as the breakup of Pangea between 165 and 55 Ma ago. High-fidelity DNA replication and repair mechanisms are the most plausible explanation for the highly conserved genome of CDA. CDA presents a stark contrast to the current model organisms in microbial evolutionary studies, which often develop adaptive traits over far shorter periods of time.
CAR-T cell therapy: current limitations and potential strategies
Authors: Sterner Robert C. , Sterner Rosalie M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractChimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy is a revolutionary new pillar in cancer treatment. Although treatment with CAR-T cells has produced remarkable clinical responses with certain subsets of B cell leukemia or lymphoma, many challenges limit the therapeutic efficacy of CAR-T cells in solid tumors and hematological malignancies. Barriers to effective CAR-T cell therapy include severe life-threatening toxicities, modest anti-tumor activity, antigen escape, restricted trafficking, and limited tumor infiltration. In addition, the host and tumor microenvironment interactions with CAR-T cells critically alter CAR-T cell function. Furthermore, a complex workforce is required to develop and implement these treatments. In order to overcome these significant challenges, innovative strategies and approaches to engineer more powerful CAR-T cells with improved anti-tumor activity and decreased toxicity are necessary. In this review, we discuss recent innovations in CAR-T cell engineering to improve clinical efficacy in both hematological malignancy and solid tumors and strategies to overcome limitations of CAR-T cell therapy in both hematological malignancy and solid tumors.