bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Post-Soviet Russian Scholarship on Self-Determination
Authors: Socher Johannes 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Chapter 5 covers the post-Soviet Russian scholarship on self-determination and shows how it forms a separate epistemic community, with peculiar features and doctrinal positions having existed already prior to Russia’s annexation of Crimea, and the willingness to adjust these positions to official assessments of the Russian government, if necessary. Even before the annexation of Crimea, the discourse on self-determination in Russian scholarship showed some distinctive features, of which most can be explained by a lasting legacy of the former Soviet doctrine of international law, in particular the position that the right to self-determination may in principle also confer a right of secession. In sum, these features stayed however more or less inside the canon of the ‘invisible college of international lawyers’, as Oscar Schachter once famously called it. Only with ‘Crimea’, the company arguably parted again, and once Russia’s actions on the peninsula made it impossible for Russian scholarship to stay within the consensus view without criticizing the Russian government, former consensus was partly replaced by historical-irredentist claims, creative re-readings of self-determination, and attempts in revitalizing the concept of consolidation of historical titles. Moreover, the assessment of ‘Crimea’ in Russian international law scholarship clearly shows that the views expressed in the academic debate by and large correlated with the official positions purported by the Russian government (although criticism was not completely absent, and in particular scholars from the younger generation in Russia were not all ready to accept the official interpretation of the events).
Introduction
Authors: Wampler Brian , McNulty Stephanie , Touchton Michael 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces the reader to PB’s core principles and basic institutional design. The core principles include voice, vote, social justice, social inclusion, and oversight. All PB programs adhere to these principles, but each program gives different weights to each principle, which helps to account for the differences in program design around the world. The chapter provides a detailed explanation of PB, based on the Porto Alegre model, which emerged as the early example that other governments sought to replicate. The chapter also introduces three guiding questions that shape the rest of the book: How has PB transformed during the past thirty years as it spreads around the globe? What are the causal mechanisms through which PB programs may produce social and political change? To what extent have PB programs actually generated this social and political change? The authors emphasize these questions as critical for advancing theoretical and empirical debates surrounding PB as well as participatory democratic institutions in general.
Conclusion: The Frontiers of PB
Authors: Wampler Brian , McNulty Stephanie , Touchton Michael 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the main findings about PB’s adoption, adaptation, and impact. It raises questions about PB’s future and the limited evidence that continues to hamper researchers and policymakers’ ability to make key policy recommendations. PB is now used in settings as diverse as large cities in wealthy industrialized democracies, rural, low-income villages in countries governed by semi-authoritarian regimes, municipalities of middle-income countries in the Global South, and a variety of contexts in authoritarian countries. This diversity of program types and institutional contexts showcases the allure of PB around the world. Yet, it also highlights the challenges facing policymakers as they consider creating their own programs. The chapter ends with a conceptual discussion to guide policymakers as they adopt or support PB in the future.
Forcing Climate
Authors: Jenkins Philip 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the various factors that drive climate, the “forcings.” These include volcanic eruptions, solar energy (as measured by sunspots), and oceanic changes, especially the El Niño–Southern Oscillation. In the Atlantic world, one primary factor is the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Volcanic eruptions in particular have often been implicated in changing climate worldwide, with far-reaching political and religious effects. These different factors are often closely intertwined, influencing each other intimately. This chapter also traces the modern emergence of climate science and the often controversial nature of historical debate over phenomena such as the Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age.
After Darkness, Light
Authors: Jenkins Philip 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
About 1560, the Little Ice Age entered a new and brutally cold era, when social strains threatened the survival of social and political orders. The resulting unrest and disaffection took multiple forms, but they especially manifested in one notorious form of social paranoia—namely, the witch-hunts, which now reached their peak in Europe. At the same time, the 1560s witnessed a dramatic religious transformation within Christianity, affecting both its Catholic and Protestant dimensions. The fast-growing Calvinist movement represented a revolutionary current that threatened the near-overnight razing of ancient religious ways. On the other side, reformed and restructured Catholicism became quite as hard-edged and confrontational, equally as much a faith of crisis. The Christian world entered a new and much harsher period of polarization, as revolutionary religious change detonated savage wars.
Darkening Heavens and a New World
Authors: Jenkins Philip 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
As the Western economy grew and industrialized, society came to rely less directly on agriculture and the vagaries of the seasons. This is illustrated by tracing a series of major climatic disturbances from the late eighteenth century onward and showing how those natural factors lost much of their impact. In the early part of that era, beginning in the 1780s, volcanic eruptions contributed to an alarming era of climate disruption, and the Tambora blast in particular (1815) sparked new churches and denominations teaching apocalyptic and millenarian doctrines, with dreams of the end times. But as we proceed deeper into the nineteenth century, much of Western humanity, at least, felt ever more detached from the direct impact of climate.
A Warming World
Authors: Jenkins Philip 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In modern times, climate change has become a central issue in political life. But beyond general prognostications of disaster, we can legitimately ask about the cultural implications, and specifically the religious aspects. As we know from abundant historical experience, apocalyptic changes in climate frequently have reshaped religious thought and life—through mass migrations of particular faiths and sects, through stimulating millenarian and prophetic movements, by stirring revivals and awakenings, and also by inciting groups to demonize and attack perceived enemies. Extreme times bring extreme religion. And if Western nations have, at least in theory, moved far beyond providential interpretations of natural disasters, other societies around the world have not. Whatever other transformations climate change may wreak in coming decades, the world’s spiritual landscape will also take on new forms. This chapter explores those contemporary trends.
Overview and Context
Authors: Delgado Melvin 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Gun violence often elicits strong reactions across a wide social-economic-political spectrum and touches all of us either directly or indirectly. Gun violence, as it manifests itself in our urban centers, represents the death of an American dream for countless youth and young adults, primarily young people of color, across the nation’s cities and communities. Simply put, a life span must extend beyond age 18. Living long enough to graduate from high school is a nightmare disguised as a dream. Unfortunately, we mourn his death because we are unable to celebrate his life and the potential future contributions he and others like him will simply not make because their lives were cut short or because their health is compromised due to a bullet. His family, and countless other families, are left to pick up the pieces left behind by gun violence.
Sustaining and Growing Social Innovations Using Integrated Development Models
Authors: Weaver Paul M. , Marks Michael B. , Skropke Carina , Marie Hogan Linda , Spinelli Gabriella 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In this chapter on “Sustaining and Growing Social Innovations Using Integrated Development Models,” development models are considered to be integrated when activities that are primarily directed toward delivering positive social outcomes also generate income to cover their financial costs, thus providing scope for sustaining and scaling the activities and their social benefits. It identifies harbingers of integrated development models emerging through the efforts of some social innovators. Insights are drawn from the experiences of time bank success cases. The chapter explores their business models and, more generally, their contributions to the development of complementary local community economies that might offer structured, coherent, and coordinated approaches to asset-based community development. The chapter recommends that policy-makers legitimize experiments with complementary economies and currencies, digital currency platforms, and governance arrangements for these. It proposes a community laboratory approach to innovation, learning, and evidence gathering through experiments co-produced with local communities and stakeholders.
Focus on the Balkans
Authors: Hackett Michelle T. , Roy Michael J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The “blended” social and economic value created by social enterprises can, the authors argue in “Focus on the Balkans: Social Enterprise in Albania,” demonstrate a “middle way” between the excesses of both communism and capitalism. Focusing on the western Balkans region of Europe, which has transitioned from a communist past, this chapter considers whether social enterprises in this context have the potential to demonstrate such a “middle way” by challenging norms concerning how the economy is conceived by posing an alternative business framework to market fundamentalism while also contributing to more traditional non–market-focused “social goals” such as breaking down prejudices concerning marginalized groups. This chapter analyzes the discourses of key actors involved in the work of an Albanian social enterprise to examine various competing conceptualizations and uses of social enterprise. In contrast to the role of social enterprise as a “middle way” actor, the authors find that there is also potential for the concept to be employed in post-communist countries as a neoliberal adjustment instrument, promoting a particular form of market-oriented transition. The chapter explores how the actors involved negotiate these complex and multidirectional forces and attempt to navigate the socioeconomic terrain in which the social enterprise is situated.
Redefining Silk Roads
Authors: Urbaeva Jildyz 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In this chapter on “Redefining Silk Roads: Social Businesses and Crafts as Approaches for Improving Women’s Situations in Central Asia,” the authors show how social entrepreneurship is only starting to evolve in Central Asian countries. Women experience multiple barriers to starting and carrying out social businesses successfully: a lack of capital, underdeveloped policies, and limited access to markets within the region and beyond. Despite these significant challenges, there are factors suggesting strong potential for success in the long term, such as local expertise and skills, access to training, and the support of international development organizations. Projects that have been implemented previously suggest the need for intermediary organizations that can increase access to global markets, advocate on behalf of social businesses, and improve access to capital investments. Improving social entrepreneurship models in the region will have not only financial and social gains for women and their communities; importantly, these models can provide psychosocial benefits as well, such as increasing women’s autonomy within the household and their ability for collective efficacy.
Disruption
Authors: Potter David 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Disruption is about radical change—why it happens and how. Drawing on case studies ranging from the fourth century AD through the twentieth century, we look at how long-established systems of government and thought are challenged, how new institutions are created, and new ideas become powerful. While paying attention to the underlying political, intellectual, economic, and environmental sources of social disruption, we will see that no matter what similarities there might be between forces that shake different societies, these underlying factors do not dictate specific outcomes. The human actors are ultimately the most important; their decisions drive the conclusions that we see over time. Through our case studies, we can explore successful and unsuccessful decision making, and the emergence of the ideas that conditioned human actions. We’ll explore the development of Islam and of Christian doctrine, of constitutional thought, of socialism, and social Darwinism. We’ll look at how these ideas, all of them emerging on the fringes of society, became central. We’ll also have our eyes set on whether the sorts of disruptive forces we’ve seen in the past are present at this time. We’ll look at the issues confronting the liberal democracies that have been the dominant political/economic forces on our planet in the last half century and see how they have come under stress in the last few decades. And we will look at the possibility that we’re facing a new period of disruption and at what we can learn from the past about how change can be constructive rather than destructive.
The Protestant Reformation
Authors: Potter David 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The chapter opens with a discussion of the social and political order of 15th-century Europe and the Catholic doctrine that provided the ideological core of the system. The next topic will be the development of a new technology, printing, which is crucial to the reform movement initiated by Martin Luther, who made unique use of the printed word to spread his ideas. The next topic is the political use of the Reform movement first in Germany, then in England and the Netherlands. The impact of the Reformation is the development of the nation state and the growth of reasoning based on science.
The Unity of Freedom
Authors: O’Hara Kieron 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The final chapter summarizes the ideas of Four Internets. The Internet needs to remain connected, while its governance should allow different ideologies to flourish simultaneously, without imposing their view on the rest. Governance should pursue common interests while respecting cultural diversity. The prominent role of the United States remains an issue, although it has historically been a good steward of the infrastructure, and probably better than any alternative, including the multilateral structures promoted by nations like China and Russia. Governance is currently multistakeholder and ad hoc, but informal, emergent arrangements are probably better and more flexible than something neater and designed. Innovation and network effects need to be fostered, but policymakers will, on occasion, have to intervene against (perceived) negative externalities. New Internets will emerge over time; a COVID-19 Internet is imagined and described, for example. New technologies, such as quantum computing, will create new stresses, requiring a constant focus on resilience.
Epilogue
Authors: Garrard Virginia 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This is the summing up of this major themes of this book, which situates World Christianity in Latin America with a series of case studies. It has explored vernacular herumanutics and cultural “reclamation” of Christianity from its European vestigates, the spirit-filled aspects of Latin American religion that involve Spiritual Warfare on one side and indigenous or occult evocations on another; it examines these interactions even more closely in the observing how Haitians interpret trauma from a religious perspective, and it concludes with a discussion of neopentecostal megachurches and new technologies of self. This epilogue returns to some of the questions posed introduction about how new Christianities in Latin America interact with modernity for better and for worse. It also emphasizes how vernacular Latin American Christianity blends the novel with the numinous, the sacred with materiality, community values with consumerist greed, traditional cosmovision with global religious networks, neoliberal capitalism with magic, saints with criminals, so long as the faithful retain an unwavering belief in supremacy and divine power.
Hobbes's Political Philosophy
Authors: Martinich A.P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Hobbes’s Political Philosophy: Interpretation and Interpretations extends a position first explained in The Two Gods of Leviathan (1992). Hobbes presented what he believed would be a science of politics, a set of timeless truths grounded in definitions. In chapters on the laws of nature, authorization and representation, sovereignty by acquisition, and others, the author explains this science of politics. In addition to the timeless science, Hobbes had two timebound projects: (1) to eliminate the apparent conflict between the new science of Copernicus and Galileo and traditional Christian doctrine, and (2) to show that Christianity, correctly understood, is not politically destabilizing. The strategy for accomplishing (1) was to distinguish science from religion and to understand Christianity as essentially belief in the literal meaning of the Bible. The strategy for accomplishing (2) was to appeal to biblical teachings such as “Servants, obey your masters,” and “All authority comes from God.” Criticisms of the author’s interpretations are the occasion for (a) fleshing out Hobbes’s historical context and (b) describing the nature of interpretation in dialogue with opposing interpretations by scholars such as Jeffrey Collins, Edwin Curley, John Deigh, and Quentin Skinner. Interpretation is updating one’s network of beliefs in order to re-establish an equilibrium upset by a text. Interpretations may be judged according to prima facie properties of good interpretations such as completeness, consistency, simplicity, generality, palpability, and defensibility.
Hobbes’s Political-Philosophical Project
Authors: Martinich A.P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The appropriate theory to guide interpretations of Hobbes’s philosophy is both intentionalist and historical. Intentionalism is the search for what he intended to communicate. What he meant to communicate was conditioned by his historical circumstances. Conceiving of his political philosophy as a science on the model of geometry, Hobbes identified its two methods and its goal. The first method consists of beginning with definitional causes and deducing their effects; the second consists of beginning with effects and hypothesizing possible causes. The goal of philosophy is to improve the quality of human life. As for his subversion, he wanted to subvert the mistaken religio-political views that led to the English Civil War, the belief in limited sovereignty, the practice of superstitions, and the pretension that religion should be independent of the sovereign.
Leo Strauss’s Olympian Interpretation
Authors: Martinich A.P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The author’s thesis is that Leo Strauss’s view is fundamentally mistaken about the foundational concepts of Hobbes’s political philosophy in De cive, namely, Hobbes’s concepts of right, self-preservation, and law. Concerning rights, Strauss’s claim that they are normative is mistaken. For Hobbes, rights exist where no law excludes them, that is, in the state of nature. They contribute to conflict; but no one violates another person’s right in that state. As for self-preservation, it is a desire and does not mean that humans have to use reason. Finally, as for law, Strauss is mistaken in thinking that Hobbes was an innovator in understanding it in terms of will. God’s laws in the Bible are laws because God wills them. And Hobbes’s laws depend primarily on reason and authority.
The Federal Constitution
Authors: Wood Gordon S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes the Convention that met in Philadelphia from the end of May to mid-September 1787 to draft the new federal Constitution. The Virginia plan, created largely by James Madison, was the working model for the Constitution. It proposed a strong national government with an executive, a bicameral legislature, and a Supreme Court. The main controversy had to do with whether both houses of the legislature would be based on proportional representation as the Virginia plan proposed. The small states objected, and after much debate the Convention agreed to equal representation with two senators from each state. To elect the president, the Convention created an alternative Congress, which became the electoral college. In the state-ratifying conventions the opponents of the Constitution raised the fears of consolidation and aristocracy.
The Emergence of the Judiciary
Authors: Wood Gordon S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In the massive rethinking that took place in the 1780s and 1790s nearly all parts of America’s governments were reformed and reconstituted, but the institution that was most transformed was the judiciary. In the colonial period judges had been largely seen as the much scorned and insignificant appendage of crown authority. In the several decades following the Declaration of Independence they had become an equal and independent part of the modern tripartite federal and state governments with the authority to declare void acts of the legislatures that violated the constitutions. This power, later called judicial review, developed slowly and haltingly, for it seemed to many to violate the legislative authority of the people. But changing ideas of representation helped to make sense of the transformation.
Soviet Art House
Authors: Kelly Catriona 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This book examines cinema in the Brezhnev era from the perspective of one of the USSR’s largest studios, Lenfilm. Producing around thirty feature films per year, the studio had over three thousand employees working in every area of film production. The discussion covers the period from 1961 to the collapse of centralized state facilities in 1986. The book focuses particularly on the younger directors at Lenfilm, those who joined the studio in the recruiting drive that followed Khrushchev’s decision to expand film production. Drawing on documents from archives, the analysis portrays film production “in the round” and shows that the term “censorship” is less appropriate than the description preferred in the Soviet film industry itself, “control,” which referred to a no less exigent but far more complex and sophisticated process. The book opens with four framing chapters that examine the overall context in which films were produced: the various crises that beset film production between 1961 and 1969 (chapter 1) and 1970 and 1985 (chapter 2), the working life of the studio, and particularly the technical aspects of production (chapter 3), and the studio aesthetic (chapter 4). The second part of the book comprises close analyses of fifteen films that are typical of the studio’s production. The book concludes with a brief survey of Lenfilm’s history after the Fifth Congress of the Filmmakers’ Union in 1986, which swept away the old management structures and, in due course, the entire system of filmmaking in the USSR.