bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isolation and agricultural potential of penicillic acid against citrus canker
Authors: Vieira Gabrielle , Khalil Zeinab G. , Capon Robert J. , Sette Lara D. , Ferreira Henrique , Sass Daiane C. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Aims
The control of Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (X. citri), causal agent of citrus canker, relies heavily on integrated agricultural practices involving the use of copper-based chemicals. Considering the need for alternatives to control this disease and the potential of fungi from extreme environments as producers of bioactive metabolites, we isolated and identified a bioactive compound from Penicillium sp. CRM 1540 isolated from Antarctica marine sediment.

Methods and Results
The potential of compound as an antibacterial agent against X. citri was assessed through in vitro and greenhouse experiments. Molecular taxonomy indicates that this fungus is a possible new species of Penicillium. Results revealed 90% bacterial inhibition in vitro at 25 µg ml–1 and a decrease in 75.37% of citrus canker symptoms emergency in vivo in treated leaves of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck considering the number of lesions per cm2 (p &lt; 0.05) in comparison with the control. The structure of the active agent was identified as penicillic acid based on a detailed spectroscopic analysis.

Conclusion
Penicillic acid can be an alternative against citrus canker.

Significance and Impact of Study
Research into extremophile micro-organisms can identify molecules with biotechnological potential and alternatives to current agricultural practices.
Regional Technological Capabilities and the Access to H2020 Funds
Authors: Archibugi Daniele , Evangelista Rinaldo , Vezzani Antonio 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis contribution provides fresh evidence on the factors facilitating the access to H2020 funds by EU regions focusing on the role played by pre‐existing technological endowments. The empirical analysis aims at assessing if, and the extent to which, the regional distribution of such resources strictly reflects the technological capabilities of regions (with the risk of a perpetuation or even a deepening of pre‐existing technological gaps) or, alternatively, whether a rebalancing allocation mechanism (able to mitigate technological asymmetries) is at work. We show that an overall rebalancing effect of H2020 seems to dominate thanks to the ‘collaborative‐inclusive logic’ of the Research and Innovation Actions (RIA) and the Innovation Actions (IA). The latter have been able to more than compensate the ‘elitarian’ nature of the other two pillars of H2020, namely the European Research Council (ERC) and the Marie Skłodowska‐Curie Actions.
Estimated energy and nutrient intake for infants following baby‐led and traditional weaning approaches
Authors: Rowan Hannah , Lee Michelle , Brown Amy 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundBaby‐led weaning (BLW), where infants self‐feed without the use of spoon‐feeding by a caregiver, continues to be a popular approach for starting solids. However, concerns remain amongst health professionals that infants using this method may not consume sufficient energy or nutrients from solid foods. Little research has examined how different weaning approaches shape dietary intake. The present study aimed to use a 3‐day weighed diet diary to measure estimated energy and nutrient intake in infants aged 6–12 months.MethodsDiet diaries were completed by 71 parents and analysed to compare estimated infant intake from milk and solid foods for those either following a BLW or traditional spoon‐feeding approach (TW). Intake was analysed for each weaning group in two age groups: 26–39 and 40–52 weeks, to account for different eating patterns at the start and end of the weaning process.ResultsFor the younger infants, significant differences in estimated energy intake were found, with TW infants consuming 285 kcal from solid foods compared with 120 kcal for BLW infants. Conversely, BLW infants consumed more calories and nutrients from breast or formula milk, consistent with a slower transition to solid foods. No differences were found in estimated intake amongst older infants, suggesting that BLW infants had ‘caught up’ with their spoon‐fed peers.ConclusionsOverall, few infants regardless of weaning group met recommended intake guidelines for energy (either over or under consuming) with many deficient in iron and zinc intake. The findings are important for those supporting parents through the transition to solid foods.
Musculotendinous system of mesopelagic fishes: Stomiiformes (Teleostei)
Authors: Schnell Nalani K. , Kriwet Jürgen , López‐Romero Faviel A. , Lecointre Guillaume , Pfaff Cathrin 
Published: December 2021

AbstractEvery night the greatest migration on Earth starts in the deep pelagic oceans where organisms move up to the meso‐ and epipelagic to find food and return to the deeper zones during the day. One of the dominant fish taxa undertaking vertical migrations are the dragonfishes (Stomiiformes). However, the functional aspects of locomotion and the architecture of the musculotendinous system (MTS) in these fishes have never been examined. In general, the MTS is organized in segmented blocks of specific three‐dimensional ‘W‐shaped’ foldings, the myomeres, separated by thin sheets of connective tissue, the myosepta. Within a myoseptum characteristic intermuscular bones or tendons may be developed. Together with the fins, the MTS forms the functional unit for locomotion in fishes. For this study, microdissections of cleared and double stained specimens of seven stomiiform species (Astronesthes sp., Chauliodus sloani, Malacosteus australis, Eustomias simplex, Polymetme sp., Sigmops elongatus, Argyropelecus affinis) were conducted to investigate their MTS. Soft tissue was investigated non‐invasively in E. schmidti using a micro‐CT scan of one specimen stained with iodine. Additionally, classical histological serial sections were consulted. The investigated stomiiforms are characterized by the absence of anterior cones in the anteriormost myosepta. These cones are developed in myosepta at the level of the dorsal fin and elongate gradually in more posterior myosepta. In all but one investigated stomiiform taxon the horizontal septum is reduced. The amount of connective tissue in the myosepta is very low anteriorly, but increases gradually with body length. Red musculature overlies laterally the white musculature and exhibits strong tendons in each myomere within the muscle bundles dorsal and ventral to the horizontal midline. The amount of red musculature increases immensely towards the caudal fin. The elongated lateral tendons of the posterior body segments attach in a highly complex pattern on the caudal‐fin rays, which indicates that the posterior most myosepta are equipped for a multisegmental force transmission towards the caudal fin. This unique anatomical condition might be essential for steady swimming during diel vertical migrations, when prey is rarely available.
Spatial and land‐use determinants of bat species richness, functional diversity, and site uniqueness throughout the largest Tropical country, Brazil
Authors: Bogoni Juliano A. , Carvalho‐Rocha Vítor , da Silva Pedro Giovâni 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Bats are one of the most species‐rich mammal groups in the Tropics. This highly radiated group embodies many distinct ecomorphological traits, prompting their functional diversity. Furthermore, bat assemblages typically have high beta‐diversity due to distinctive compositions across geographic gradients.

We aimed to understand the distribution of multifaceted bat diversity metrics (i.e. species richness, functional richness, Rao’s quadratic entropy, and local contribution to beta‐diversity) as a function of land‐cover variables, environmental productivity and complexity, and anthropogenic features in the largest Tropical country worldwide: Brazil.

We gathered data on bat distribution based on empirical published datasets and embodied the assemblages at the metacommunity scale, based on 10‐km radial clusters. We obtained spatial data on land cover, gross primary production, vegetation height, and human population density for the same radial clusters. We analysed the data via diversity metrics, descriptive statistics, and generalised additive models.

Our results showed that two main metaregions (central‐western Amazon and the Atlantic coast) embrace the largest richness of bat species. The major positive predictor of bat diversity metrics was vegetation height. Bat diversity metrics throughout Brazil were also significantly influenced by agriculture (negatively) and urban cover (partially positively).

We can conclude that bat diversity is more predictable from vegetation height and landscape features – especially agriculture and urban cover – at the metacommunity scale, whereas functional and local contributions to beta‐diversity metrics are more predictable from spatial autocorrelations, with some biome‐induced constrained effects. For the conservation of Brazilian bats and the many ecosystem services they provide, it is absolutely essential to prevent the further collapse of Brazilian biomes that is currently ongoing and fuelled by landscape changes, expansion of agribusiness frontiers, deforestation, and fires.
Proficiency and Preference Organization in Second Language Mandarin Chinese Refusals
Authors: WU JINGXUAN , ROEVER CARSTEN 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis study investigates second language (L2) interactional competence in Mandarin Chinese, with a specific focus on dispreference organization in refusals. Twenty‐eight L2 Chinese learners at 3 proficiency levels (A2, B1, and B2) and 10 native speakers each participated in 3 role plays. We found that learners at different levels clearly differed in their ability to organize refusals as dispreferred and to fine tune their refusal to the initiating action. Lower intermediate (A2) learners either fronted negative responses or adopted a single dispreference marker (e.g., apologies, pauses, prefatory particles, etc.), whereas upper intermediate (B1) learners overwhelming delayed their refusals and never produced straightforward negations, also showing different organizations of refusals depending on the initiating action. Advanced learners combined sequential tools and linguistic devices to demonstrate a strong orientation toward affiliation, and clearly oriented to scenarios differentially. However, they lagged behind native speakers, who had more diversified interactional tools and systematically oriented to features of the initiating actions. We attribute the differences partially to L2 proficiency, though proficiency‐independent increase in contextual sensitivity can be observed.
A heuristic underlies the search for relief inDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Meda Nicola , Menti Giulio Maria , Megighian Aram , Zordan Mauro Agostino 
Published: December 2021

AbstractHumans rely on multiple types of sensory information to make decisions, and strategies that shorten decision‐making time by taking into account fewer but essential elements of information are preferred to strategies that require complex analyses. Such shortcuts to decision making are known as heuristics. The identification of heuristic principles in species phylogenetically distant to humans would shed light on the evolutionary origin of speed–accuracy trade‐offs and offer the possibility for investigating the brain representations of such trade‐offs, urgency and uncertainty. By performing experiments on spatial learning in the invertebrateDrosophila melanogaster, we show that the fly's search strategies conform to a spatial heuristic—the nearest neighbor rule—to avoid bitter taste (a negative stimulation). That is,Drosophilavisits a salient location closest to its current position to stop the negative stimulation; only if this strategy proves unsuccessful does the fly use other learned associations to avoid bitter taste. Characterizing a heuristic inD. melanogastersupports the view that invertebrates can, when making choices, operate on economic principles, as well as the conclusion that heuristic decision making dates to at least 600 million years ago.
Revisiting the theory of revenue diversification: Insights from an empirical analysis of municipal budgetary solvency
Authors: Jimenez Benedict S. , Afonso Whitney B. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractHow does revenue diversification shape the budgetary solvency of city governments? Previous studies informed by the public choice/fiscal illusion perspective suggest that diversification leads to unsustainable government expansion and budgetary imbalance. In contrast, the organizational adaptation/modern portfolio theory suggests that diversification enables government to prepare for external fiscal shocks. We use different measures of revenue diversification and rely on audited financial information to develop general fund‐based and government‐wide budgetary solvency measures for more than 500 midsized and large cities in the United States from 2006 to 2012. Addressing omitted variable bias, the results of the econometric analyses indicate that the type of diversification matters. Specifically, diversifying to non‐tax sources improves budgetary solvency as indicated by higher government‐wide operating ratio and reserves, whereas diversifying within the tax structure produces the opposite effects. The contradictory results point to the need to rethink current theories of diversification, which do not recognize the different ways that revenue structures can be broadened, and how these produce distinct effects on fiscal performance. We lay out the critical first step in clarifying and further developing a more nuanced theory by proposing three causal mechanisms outlining the pathways through which the types of diversification can influence budget outcomes.
Eosinophils and melanoma: Implications for immunotherapy
Authors: Robinson India , Santa Lucia Gabriella , Li Andraia , Oberholtzer Nathaniel , Plante John , Quinn Kristen M. , Reuben Daniel , Mehrotra Shikhar , Valdebran Manuel 
Published: December 2021

AbstractNew therapies such as immune checkpoint blockers (ICB) have offered extended survival to patients affected by advanced melanoma. However, ICBs have demonstrated debilitating side effects on the joints, liver, lungs, skin, and gut. Several biomarkers have been identified for their role in predicting which patients better tolerate ICBs. Still, these biomarkers are limited by immunologic and genetic heterogeneity and the complexity of translation into clinical practice. Recent observational studies have suggested eosinophil counts, and serum levels of eosinophil cationic protein are significantly associated with prolonged survival in advanced‐stage melanoma. It is likely that eosinophils thereby modulate treatment response through mechanisms yet to be explored. Here, we review the functionality of eosinophils, their oncogenic role in melanoma and discuss how these mechanisms may influence patient response to ICBs and their implications in clinical practice.
Deficits in facial emotional valence processing in older people with subjective memory complaints: Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence
Authors: Perez Vanesa , Garrido‐Chaves Ruth , Zapater‐Fajarí Mariola , Pulopulos Matias M. , Barbosa Fernando , Hidalgo Vanesa , Salvador Alicia 
Published: December 2021

AbstractSubjective memory complaints (SMCs), which occur in the absence of clinical memory deficits, may precede mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Some studies have reported a deficit in facial emotion processing in people with MCI or AD. However, it is unclear whether this deficit is also present in older people with SMCs. The present study used behavioral measurements and event‐related potentials (ERPs) to investigate the facial emotion processing of 41 older people with SMCs and 38 without SMCs. The task contained 204 images displaying facial emotions (positive, negative, and neutral). In terms of behavior, our results showed that participants with SMCs were slower and less accurate than controls. In terms of ERPs, the N170 latency was longer in men with SMCs than in controls, whereas no differences were observed between groups in the P300 and late positive potential (LPP) latencies or amplitudes. Moreover, in participants with SMCs, higher P300 and LPP amplitudes were related to better performance on working memory, psychomotor speed, and attention. Additionally, women were faster and more accurate than men on the facial emotion‐processing task. In sum, these results suggest that older people with SMCs may have deficits in the processing of facial expressions of emotion. However, this deficit seems to affect the structural encoding of faces, rather than the late stages of processing.
What is algorithmic governance?
Authors: Issar Shiv , Aneesh Aneesh 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis article contributes a coherent framework to the rich literature emerging in the field of algorithmic governance while also resolving conflicting understandings. Tracing the history of algorithmic governance to the broad architecture of the universal Turing Machine, the article identifies a common thread of critical concern in the literature on algorithmic governance: the growing institutional capabilities to move contestable issues to a space of reduced negotiability, raising questions of social asymmetry, inequity, and inequality. Within the social context of algorithmic governance, the article highlights three general areas of concern where the social negotiability of processes is threatened: the problem of power (surveillance), discrimination (social bias), and identification (system identity).
Racial and gender disparities in elementary mathematics
Authors: Boda Phillip A. , James Katherine , Sotelo Jose , McGee Steven , Uttal David 
Published: December 2021

AbstractDisparities in Mathematics performance have been shown across race and gender for decades, although little research has reported the race by gender nexus in terms of disparity. In turn, research done to ameliorate these disparities have assumed that these differences are primarily among student populations who need remedial learning improvement. In this research, we test these assumptions by using multinomial regression analyses and adjusted mean comparisons with bias‐corrected effect sizes from a data set of ~20,000 2nd grade students in Chicago. Further, we contribute to previous elementary Mathematics research by illuminating the powerful impacts that spatial reasoning integrations into Mathematics curriculum and pedagogy can have for all students' learning. Our findings provide empirical support that even after accounting for the effects of school composition, racial disparities exist in the beginning and persist throughout the year, among 2nd grade students. However, upon disaggregating students by race, gender, and median split, such disparities are greatest among students that are above the median. Our results encourage quantitative research analyses that explore ways to reduce Mathematics disparities to sharpen their approaches to be more sensitive to the achievement levels of students among such equity inquiries.
Phase Portrait Trajectory of a Three Degree-of-Freedom Vehicular Dynamic Model
Authors: Zhu An-Ding , He Guan-Nan , Duan Shun-Chang , Li Wei-Han , Bai Xian-Xu ‘Frank’ 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This article formulates a front-wheel-drive three degree-of-freedom (3DOF) four-wheel planar vehicle model with the Magic Formula tire model. The state variables' evolutions of the model, i.e., trajectories of the model under acceleration and deacceleration conditions, are analyzed. The process of evolution is divided into desirable and undesirable phases based on the response characteristics of the vehicle to the driver input during the process. The trajectories are categorized as unsaturated trajectories and saturated trajectories by the existence of saturated tires during these phases. The response of state variables to driver input under acceleration conditions during undesirable phases are zero or even opposite, while the response of undesirable phases under the deacceleration condition is partially positive. Besides, the existing yaw rate safety envelope is recalibrated by using a longitudinal and lateral tire force coupling model. A more accurate yaw rate safety envelope is obtained from the given driver input. Furthermore, a longitudinal speed safety envelope is proposed according to the relationships among slip angle, yaw rate, and longitudinal speed. These safety envelopes are determined by driver input, tire properties, and grip condition. After overlaying yaw rate and longitudinal speed safety envelopes in the state space, the feasibility of using the safety envelope as trajectory classification criteria is discussed.
Pump Technology Interchange—As Embraced by Dr. S. Gopalakrishnan, Vice President, Technology of Flowserve Pump Division
Authors: Cooper Paul 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Himself a major technical team player in a for-profit corporation, the stance adopted by Dr. S. Gopalakrishnan vis à vis the wider engineering community is examined and found to be instructive for technology leadership in general. First, in the context of his particular experience, are highlighted the mutual benefits of a corporation maintaining relationships with universities. Then come the similar advantages of his participation in professional societies and symposia and the attendant contributions to the open literature, including the competitive drive for doing so. Such activity fortuitously led him to the more direct relationships with competitors that characterize a research consortium of manufacturers in the same industry.
Numerical Investigation of Negative Flow Characteristics in a Centrifugal Compressor With Vaned Diffuser and Internal Volute
Authors: Qiao Bing , Ju Yaping , Zhang Chuhua 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Negative flow from the outlet through the volute, diffuser, and impeller to the inlet of the centrifugal compressor can occur continuously as a result of system accidents. A physical comprehension of negative flow dynamics is crucial in evaluating the compressor characteristics under abnormal working conditions and is also important in exploring the compressor aerodynamics over the entire flow range. However, limited research on the negative flow dynamics in centrifugal compressors, particularly with the consideration of vaned diffusers and volutes, can be found. This study aims to determine the compressor characteristics, including the negative flow rates of a centrifugal compressor, and to clarify the negative flow mechanism under the interaction of the volute, diffuser, and impeller. The last stage of a four-stage centrifugal compressor, including an internal volute, a vaned diffuser, and a closed impeller, was simulated under both positive and negative flow conditions using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. The results show that the pressure ratio–negative flow characteristic is almost matched with a parabolic curve. At negative flow rates, the backflow generated on the hub and shroud sides in the impeller expands upstream and causes flow separation in the diffuser. The negative flow enters the impeller at a large incidence angle and results in jet-wall impingement on the pressure surface, flow spillage over the trailing edge, and flow separation near the suction surface. The impeller partially acts as a turbine impeller and performs negative work on the fluid. This work is of scientific significance to enrich the compressor aerodynamics in accident scenarios and of engineering value to improve the advanced design of compressor protection systems.