bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Learning from the experience and effectiveness of retirement village and extra care housing responses to the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Dutton Rachael 
Published: November 2021

Purpose
This paper aims to describe the RE-COV study and to summarise its findings. It focuses particularly on the implications of lessons learned for national, operational and building design policy and practice.

Design/methodology/approach
Invitations to take part in a RE-COV study survey were emailed to the operators of 270 retirement villages and older people’s extra care housing schemes in England which were known to the Elderly Accommodation Counsel. Completed questionnaires were returned from 38 operators, online or electronically, between December 2020 and February 2021.

Findings
Survey findings evidenced the breadth and depth of the operators’ responses, the effects these had on residents’ lives and worthwhile changes which could be made. Outcomes demonstrated included higher levels of protection for residents from the COVID-19 virus compared to older people living in the general community, and high levels of residents feeling safe, supported and reassured.

Practical implications
The findings are used to offer evidence-based recommendations for housing operators, building designers and policymakers which could enhance resident, staff and operators’ health and well-being, both going forward and during possible future pandemics.

Social implications
There is evidence that retirement villages and extra care housing provided safe, resilient and supportive environments during the first year of the pandemic which were highly valued by residents.

Originality/value
This study addressed a knowledge gap regarding how the COVID-19 pandemic had impacted housing-with-care stakeholders, evidencing specifically how operators had responded, and what their response achieved.
Risk perception and tolerance shape variation in agricultural use for a transboundary elephant population
Authors: Hahn Nathan R. , Wall Jake , Denninger‐Snyder Kristen , Goss Marc , Sairowua Wilson , Mbise Noel , Estes Anna Bond , Ndambuki Stephen , Mjingo Eblate Ernest , Douglas‐Hamiliton Iain , Wittemyer George 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

To conserve wide‐ranging species in human‐modified landscapes, it is essential to understand how animals selectively use or avoid cultivated areas. Use of agriculture leads to human–wildlife conflict, but evidence suggests that individuals may differ in their tendency to be involved in conflict. This is particularly relevant to wild elephant populations.

We analysed GPS data of 66 free‐ranging elephants in the Serengeti‐Mara ecosystem to quantify their use of agriculture. We then examined factors influencing the level of agricultural use, individual change in use across years and differences in activity budgets associated with use. Using clustering methods, our data grouped into four agricultural use tactics: rare (<0.6% time in agriculture; 26% of population), sporadic (0.6%–3.8%; 34%), seasonal (3.9%–12.8%; 31%) and habitual (>12.8%; 9%).

Sporadic and seasonal individuals represented two‐thirds (67%) of recorded GPS fixes in agriculture, compared to 32% from habitual individuals. Increased agricultural use was associated with higher daily distance travelled and larger home range size, but not with age or sex. Individual tactic change was prevalent and the habitual tactic was maintained in consecutive years by only five elephants. Across tactics, individuals switched from diurnal to nocturnal activity during agricultural use, interpreted as representing similar risk perception of cultivated areas. Conversely, tactic choice appeared to be associated with differences in risk tolerance between individuals.

Together, our results suggest that elephants are balancing the costs and benefits of crop usage at both fine (e.g. crop raid events) and long (e.g. yearly tactic change) temporal scales. The high proportion of sporadic and seasonal tactics also highlights the importance of mitigation strategies that address conflict arising from many animals, rather than targeted management of habitual crop raiders.

Our approach can be applied to other species and systems to characterize individual variation in human resource use and inform mitigations for human–wildlife coexistence.
Minding the curve: The influence of social origin on earnings inequality by education in Mexico
Authors: Toro Harold J. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractRelying on data from the Mexican Mobility Survey for 2006, I evaluate by how much earnings inequality improves upon reducing the influence of social origin on educational attainment. A semiparametric estimation of a counterfactual distribution is used to simulate a distribution of earnings that is not overdetermined by the effect of social origin on education. The contrast between the simulated and the observed distribution reveals that social origin worsens inequality by inducing an earnings bonus. In particular, the earnings bonus associated with social origin, benefits most those with a high school degree or more. Those who have attained at most middle school obtain a small earnings bonus or none at all. Social origin's boosting of returns to education is most salient above the median of the earnings distribution and increases disproportionately above the 80th percentile. The results emphasize the importance of universal educational opportunities for reducing the effect of social origin on labor market outcomes. The absence of any indirect effect of social origin on the earnings of those with less than a high school education is not consistent with sociological perspectives that emphasize social reproduction mechanisms in explaining inter‐generational persistence in the labor market.
Metric forensic anthropology decisions: Reliability and biasability of sectioning‐point‐based sex estimates
Authors: Hartley Stephanie , Winburn Allysha Powanda , Dror Itiel E. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSubjective decisions make human cognitive processes more susceptible to bias and error. Specifically, research indicates that additional context biases forensic anthropologists’ morphological analyses. To address whether metric analyses are also subject to bias, we conducted a pilot study in which 52 experienced osteologists measured a difficult‐to‐classify human femur, with or without additional contextual information. Using a metric sectioning‐point sex‐estimation method, participants provided a sex estimate for individual skeletal element(s) and, when given multiple elements, the combined skeletal assemblage. Control group participants (n = 24) measured only the femur. In addition to the femur, bias group participants (n = 28) either measured a female humerus and viewed a female‐biasing photograph (n = 14) or measured a male humerus and viewed a male‐biasing photograph (n = 14). We explored whether the experts in the different groups would differ in: (1) femoral measurements; (2) femoral sex‐estimation conclusions; and (3) final sex‐estimation conclusions for the skeletal assemblage. Although the femoral measurements and femoral sex estimates were comparable across groups, the overall sex estimates in the female‐biased group were impacted by contextual information—differing from both the control and male‐biased groups (p < 0.001). Our results demonstrate that cognitive bias can occur even in metric sex‐estimation conclusions. Specifically, this occurred when the metric data and single‐element sex estimates were synthesized into an overall estimate. Thus, our results suggest that metric methods are most vulnerable to bias when data are synthesized into an overall conclusion, highlighting the need for bias countermeasures and comprehensive statistical frameworks for synthesizing metric data to mitigate the effects of cognitive bias.
A Basin‐Scale Approach to Estimating Recharge in the Desert: Anza‐Cahuilla Groundwater Basin, CA
Authors: Stern Michelle A. , Flint Lorraine E. , Flint Alan L. , Christensen Allen H. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe Anza‐Cahuilla groundwater basin located mainly in the semi‐arid headwaters of the Santa Margarita River watershed in southern California is the principle source of groundwater for a rural disadvantaged community and two Native American Tribes, the Ramona Band of Cahuilla and the Cahuilla. Groundwater in the study area is derived entirely from precipitation and managing groundwater sustainably requires an accurate assessment of the water balance components, yet long‐term estimates do not exist. Demand for groundwater in the region has increased and groundwater quality has decreased due to population growth and increased irrigated cropland. To characterize monthly long‐term natural recharge and runoff estimates, a physically‐based water balance model (Basin Characterization Model) was locally calibrated and validated using nearby streamgages and published estimates of climatic and hydrologic variables. The average modeled annual recharge and runoff from 1981 to 2010 was 5.4 × 106 and 1.2 × 107 m3, respectively, for the study area. Recharge and runoff do not reliably occur in large amounts every year and recharge rarely occurs in the groundwater basin footprint. These long‐term estimates can be used by water managers, stakeholders, and Native American Tribes to develop plans for sustainable management of future water resources, and as inputs to a three‐dimensional groundwater model.
Relationships between type 2 diabetes, cell dysfunction, and redox signaling: A meta‐analysis of single‐cell gene expression of human pancreatic α‐ and β‐cells
Authors: Marques Emily Sara , Formato Emily , Liang Wenle , Leonard Emily , Timme‐Laragy Alicia R. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic disease characterized by insulin resistance and failure of β‐cells to meet the metabolic demand for insulin. Recent advances in single‐cell RNA sequencing (sc‐RNA‐Seq) have allowed for in‐depth studies to further understand the underlying cellular mechanisms of T2DM. In β‐cells, redox signaling is critical for insulin production. A meta‐analysis of human pancreas islet sc‐RNA‐Seq data was conducted to evaluate how T2DM may modify the transcriptomes of α‐ and β‐cells.MethodsAnnotated sc‐RNA‐Seq data from six studies of human pancreatic islets from metabolically healthy and donors with T2DM were collected. α‐ and β‐cells, subpopulations of proliferating α‐cells, immature, and senescent β‐cells were identified based on expression levels of key marker genes. Each dataset was analyzed individually before combining, using weighted comparisons. Pathways of significant genes and individual redox‐related gene expression were then evaluated to further understand the role that redox signaling may play in T2DM‐induced β‐cell dysfunction.Resultsα‐ and β‐cells from T2DM donors modified genes involved in energy metabolism, immune response, autophagy, and cellular stress. α‐ and β‐cells also had an increased nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (NFE2L2)‐mediated antioxidant response in T2DM donors. The proportion of immature and senescent β‐cells increased in T2DM donors, and in immature and senescent β‐cells, genes regulated by NFE2L2 were further upregulated.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that NFE2L2 plays a role in β‐cell maturation and dysfunction. Redox singling maybe a key pathway for β‐cell restoration and T2DM therapeutics.
Detection and clinical outcome of small‐for‐gestational‐age fetuses in the third trimester—A comparison between routine ultrasound examination and examination on indication
Authors: Bonnevier Anna , Maršál Karel , Källén Karin 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIntroductionFetal growth restriction is a major risk factor for adverse perinatal outcome. As most of the growth‐restricted fetuses are small for gestational age (SGA), an efficient antenatal screening method for SGA fetuses would have a major impact on perinatal health. The aim of this study was to compare the SGA prediction rate achieved with third‐trimester routine ultrasound estimation of fetal weight (EFW) with that obtained using ultrasound examination on indication. The secondary aim was to evaluate the clinical outcome in relation to the SGA screening method.Material and MethodsDuring 1995–2009, two perinatal centers in southern Sweden offered routine ultrasound examination at 32–34 gestational weeks to 99 265 women with singleton pregnancies. Of these, 59 452 (60%) underwent the ultrasound examination. The other population, comprising 24 868 pregnancies, was cared for in another three centers that used a risk‐based method with ultrasound examinations on indication only. Of them, 5792 (23%) underwent ultrasound examination at 32–36 gestational weeks. The deviation in the EFW from the expected one was expressed as the EFW z‐score, SGA EFW being defined as the EFW z‐score less than −2. SGA prediction ability was assessed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Crude and adjusted risk ratios were calculated for selected variables of perinatal outcome when comparing the populations.ResultsThe SGA prediction ability for routine ultrasound was high, area under the ROC curve was 0.90 (95% CI 0.89–0.91). For an EFW z‐score of −1, the sensitivity was 67.3% and specificity was 90.5% among routinely screened pregnancies; corresponding numbers in the ultrasound on indication population were 34.3% and 96.6%. The screened population had a lower risk of preterm birth, birthweight z‐score less than −3, and Apgar score less than 7 at 5 min with adjusted risk ratios 0.87 (95% CI 0.82–0.92), 0.75 (95% CI 0.61–0.92), and 0.77 (95% CI 0.68–0.87), respectively. No difference in perinatal mortality was detected. There were no differences in perinatal outcome between the two subcohorts of infants born SGA.ConclusionsThird‐trimester routine ultrasound improves the detection of SGA antenatally compared with ultrasound performed on indication, but no convincing improvement in perinatal outcome was identified.
Ten‐year survival outcomes after radical nephroureterectomy with a risk‐stratified approach using prior diagnostic ureteroscopy: a single‐institution observational retrospective cohort study
Authors: Veeratterapillay Rajan , Geraghty Robert , Pandian Rajadoss , Roy Chloe , Stenhouse Georgie , Bird Clare , Soomro Naeem , Paez Edgar , Rogers Alistair , Johnson Mark , Page Toby , Rix David , Thomas David , Rai Bhavan Prasad 
Published: November 2021

ObjectivesTo evaluate the long‐term oncological outcomes of patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) undergoing radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) and the impact of diagnostic ureteroscopy (URS) on survival outcomes.Materials and MethodsA retrospective analysis of all consecutive patients undergoing RNU for suspected UTUC at a UK tertiary referral centre from a prospectively maintained database was conducted. The primary outcome measures were 5‐ and 10‐year cancer‐specific survival (CSS). The secondary outcomes were: overall survival (OS), recurrence‐free survival (RFS), impact of prior diagnostic URS on OS, CSS and intravesical RFS (intravesical‐RFS), and predictors of intravesical recurrence. Statistical analysis was performed in R using the ‘survminer’ and ‘survival’ packages. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to calculate survival functions and these were expressed in graphical form. Uni‐/multivariate survival analyses were performed using the Cox proportional hazard regression model. Statistical significance in this study was set at P < 0.05.ResultsA total of 422 patients underwent RNU with confirmed UTUC. The median (interquartile range) follow‐up of patients with confirmed UTUC was 9.2 (5.6–12.7) years. The 5‐ and 10‐year CSS rates were 70.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] 65.9–74.9) and 67.1% (95% CI 62.4–71.6), respectively. OS (HR 1.04 [95% CI 0.78–1.38]; P = 0.46) and CSS (HR 0.96 [95% CI 0.68–1.34]; P = 0.81) were similar in the diagnostic URS and the direct RNU cohorts. intravesical RFS was superior for the direct RNU cohort (HR 1.94 [95% CI 1.19–3.17]; P = 0.008). In multivariate analysis, prior URS, T2 stage, proximal ureter tumour and bladder cancer history were predictors of metachronous bladder recurrence.ConclusionThis single‐centre retrospective cohort study reports the long‐term oncological outcomes of RNU with a median follow‐up of 9.2 years, serving as a reference standard in counselling patients undergoing RNU. Stage and grade of the RNU specimen were the only two studied factors that appeared to adversely impact long‐term CSS and OS. Our results suggest that the risk of intravesical recurrence is increased nearly twofold in patients who have undergone diagnostic URS prior to RNU. Prior URS, however, does not appear to adversely impact long‐term CSS and OS. The authors suggest that a risk‐stratified approach be adopted, wherein diagnostic URS is offered only in equivocal cases.
Loss of GSTO2 contributes to cell growth and mitochondria function via the p38 signaling in lung squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Sumiya Ryusuke , Terayama Masayoshi , Hagiwara Teruki , Nakata Kazuaki , Sekihara Keigo , Nagasaka Satoshi , Miyazaki Hideki , Igari Toru , Yamada Kazuhiko , Kawamura Yuki I. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractGlutathione S‐transferase omega 2 (GSTO2) lacks any appreciable GST activity, but it exhibits thioltransferase activity. The significance of GSTO2 in lung function has been reported; however, the precise expression and molecular function of GSTO2 in the lungs remain unclear. In the present study, we found that GSTO2 is expressed in airway basal cells, non–ciliated, columnar Clara cells, and type II alveolar cells, which have self‐renewal capacity in the lungs. Contrastingly, no GSTO2 expression was observed in 94 lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) samples. When human LSCC cell lines were treated with 5‐aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine, a DNA‐methyltransferase inhibitor, GSTO2 transcription was induced, suggesting that aberrant GSTO2 hypermethylation in LSCC is the cause of its downregulation. Forced GSTO2 expression in LSCC cell lines inhibited cell growth and colony formation in vitro. In a subcutaneous xenograft model, GSTO2‐transfected cells formed smaller tumors in nude mice than mock‐transfected cells. Upon intravenous injection into nude mice, the incidence of liver metastasis was lower in mice injected with GSTO2‐transfected cells than in those injected with mock‐transfected cells. In addition, GSTO2 induction suppressed the expression of β‐catenin and the oxygen consumption rate, but it did not affect the extracellular acidification rate. Furthermore, GSTO2‐transfected cells displayed lower mitochondrial membrane potential than mock‐transfected cells. When GSTO2‐transfected cells were treated with a p38 inhibitor, β‐catenin expression and mitochondrial membrane potential were recovered. Our study indicated that the loss of GSTO2 via DNA hypermethylation contributes to the growth and progression of LSCC, probably by modulating cancer metabolism via the p38/β‐catenin signaling pathway.
Facile synthesis of a cardanol‐based levelling agent as a biodegradable alternative to tristyrylphenol ethoxylates for the dyeing of polyester fabric
Authors: Chen Kun , He Jiefang , Tawiah Benjamin , Zhou Xiangdong , Zhou Yuyang 
Published: November 2021

AbstractTo reduce the overdependence on petroleum‐based surfactants for the dyeing of polyester fabrics, a series of biodegradable cardanol‐based polyethoxylate oligomers (CPm, m = 5, 7 and 9) were synthesised by ethoxylation of cardanol with ethylene oxide. The synthesised compounds were characterised and confirmed by Fourier Transform–infrared spectroscopy and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In addition, the physical, biodegradable and dyeing‐assisting properties of CPm were evaluated through comparison with tristyrylphenol ethoxylates (A typical commercial surfactant). Results revealed that CPm showed a higher hydroxyl value, better dispersing capability and a higher migration percentage than tristyrylphenol ethoxylates. Specifically, CP5 (0.5 g/L) improved the migration percentage by 12.03% compared with tristyrylphenol ethoxylates. The migration performance of the surfactants followed a descending order of CP5 > CP7 > CP9 > tristyrylphenol ethoxylates. Importantly, CP5 displays a higher degradation propensity than tristyrylphenol ethoxylates, demonstrating its biodegradable merit. In summary, the cardanol‐based polyethoxylates synthesised through this research are promising biodegradable and effective alternatives to conventional levelling agents for disperse dyeing, which contributes a new strategy to the sustainable development of the textile industry.
Adiponectin receptor agonist AdipoRon blocks skin inflamm‐ageing by regulating mitochondrial dynamics
Authors: Sun Jiachen , Liu Xinzhu , Shen Chuan’an , Zhang Wen , Niu Yuezeng 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIntroductionSkin is susceptible to senescence‐associated secretory phenotype (SASP) and inflamm‐ageing partly owing to the degeneration of mitochondria. AdipoRon (AR) has protective effects on mitochondria in metabolic diseases such as diabetes. We explored the role of AR on mitochondria damage induced by skin inflamm‐ageing and its underlying mechanism.MethodsWestern blot, immunofluorescence and TUNEL staining were used to detect inflammatory factors and apoptosis during skin ageing. Transmission electron microscopy, ATP determination kit, CellLight Mitochondria GFP (Mito‐GFP), mitochondrial stress test, MitoSOX and JC‐1 staining were used to detect mitochondrial changes. Western blot was applied to explore the underlying mechanism. Flow cytometry, scratch test, Sulforhodamine B assay and wound healing test were used to detect the effects of AR on cell apoptosis, migration and proliferation.ResultsAR attenuated inflammatory factors and apoptosis that increased in aged skin, and improved mitochondrial morphology and function. This process at least partly depended on the suppression of dynamin‐related protein 1 (Drp1)‐mediated excessive mitochondrial division. More specifically, AR up‐regulated the phosphorylation of Drp1 at Serine 637 by activating AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK), thereby inhibiting the mitochondrial translocation of Drp1. Moreover, AR reduced mitochondrial fragmentation and the production of superoxide, preserved the membrane potential and permeability of mitochondria and accelerated wound healing in aged skin.ConclusionAR rescues the mitochondria in aged skin by suppressing its excessive division mediated by Drp1.