bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What happens when adolescents meet complex texts? Describing moments of scaffolding textual encounters
Authors: Reynolds Dan , Fisher Whitney 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAdolescents face complex texts rich in academic language. Existing research has documented how teachers can design curriculum to scaffold students' comprehension of complex texts, but little work has documented the moments of adolescents' encounters with complex texts, and how teachers can scaffold these encounters on a moment‐to‐moment basis to advance their students' comprehension. We present data from an intervention in which six tutors were trained in an interactional scaffolding framework aligned with text complexity read complex texts with small groups of Year 12 students (age 16–17) in a US high school. Tutors used identical texts and lesson plans across groups, but each tutor scaffolded contingently to each group's needs. Findings revealed missed opportunities for deeper scaffolding when tutors failed to recognise the complexity of the text and failed to contextualise their scaffolds within the context of the passage under study. We also found examples of tutors taking different routes to scaffolding success contingent on the students' attempts. We present a menu of scaffolds to support teachers' practice and examples of the scaffolding for teachers and researchers to see how these scaffolds can help navigate complex texts.
“I Could See Little Bits of How I Progressed”: Coordinating Rhythms in a Midwest Gender‐affirming Health Clinic
Authors: Racila Ana‐Monica 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis article examines how staff and patients worked to reconcile the rhythms of the body with those of gender‐normative health care bureaucracy in a U.S. Midwest gender‐affirming health clinic. Drawing from observations of clinical appointments and routine bureaucratic practice, as well as debriefing interviews with transgender and gender‐expansive patients, this article applies Laura Bear's theory of “time‐maps” and a new materialist approach to bodily agency that recognizes the variability of the body's responses to gender‐affirming health care. This evidence demonstrates how health care staff and patients’ labor practices structured patients’ abilities to embody their plans for medical transition. Anticipating the varied trajectories bodies take during medical transition can interrupt the reproduction of harmful cultural assumptions about sex difference in U.S. health care bureaucracy.
Genomic investigation of colour polymorphism and phylogeographic variation among populations of black‐headed bulbul (Brachypodius atriceps) in insular southeast Asia
Authors: Shakya Subir B. , Haryoko Tri , Irham Mohammad , Suparno  , Prawiradilaga Dewi M. , Sheldon Frederick H. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIntraspecific polymorphism in birds, especially plumage colour polymorphism, and the mechanisms that control it are an area of active research in evolutionary biology. The black‐headed bulbul (Brachypodius atriceps) is a polymorphic species with two distinct morphs, yellow and grey. This species inhabits the mainland and virtually all continental islands of Southeast Asia where yellow morphs predominate, but on two islands in the Sunda region, Bawean and Maratua, grey morphs are common or exclusive. Here, we generated a high‐quality reference genome of a yellow individual and resequenced genomes of multiple individuals of both yellow and grey morphs to study the genetic basis of coloration and population history of the species. Using PCA and STRUCTURE analysis, we found the Maratua Island population (which is exclusively grey) to be distinct from all other B. atriceps populations, having been isolated c. 1.9 million years ago (Ma). In contrast, Bawean grey individuals (a subset of yellow and grey individuals on that island) are embedded within an almost panmictic Sundaic clade of yellow birds. Using FST and dxy to compare variable genomic segments between Maratua and yellow individuals, we located peaks of divergence and identified candidate loci involved in the colour polymorphism. Tests of selection among coding‐proteins in high FST regions, however, did not indicate selection on the candidate genes. Overall, we report on some loci that are potentially responsible for the grey/yellow polymorphism in a species that otherwise shows little genetic diversification across most of its range.
Soil biota shift with land use change from pristine rainforest and Savannah (Cerrado) to agriculture in southern Amazonia
Authors: Lammel Daniel R. , Nüsslein Klaus , Cerri Carlos Eduardo P. , Veresoglou Stavros D. , Rillig Matthias C. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSouthern Amazonia is currently experiencing extensive land use change from forests to agriculture caused by increased local and global demand for agricultural products. However, little is known about the impacts of deforestation and land use change on soil biota. We investigated two regions in southern Amazonia (rainforest and Savannah/Cerrado biomes), analysing soil biota community turnover based on 16S (Archaea and Bacteria) and 18S rRNA genes (Eukaryotes, including Fungi, Protists and Animalia) and correlating them with soil chemistry and land use intensity. We found that soil biota community structure is driven by land use change in both Cerrado and rainforest. Crop fields approximatively doubled the richness of soil Archaea, Bacteria and Protists. We propose that crop systems not only increase soil pH and fertility, but also create continued disturbance (crop seasons) that stimulates soil diversity, as predicted by the dynamic equilibrium model (DEM) and the intermediate disturbance hypothesis (IDH). Even though agricultural fields had higher soil biota richness, some taxa were suppressed by agriculture (6/31 operational taxonomic units of Archaea, 245/1790 of Bacteria, 12/74 of Animalia, 20/144 of Fungi and 25/310 of Protists). Consequently, land use change in this region should proceed with caution. In the southern Amazonia region of Brazil, current laws require farmers to keep 20%–80% pristine vegetation areas on their property. Our data support the relevance of this law: since there are unique soil taxa under native vegetation, keeping these pristine areas adjacent to the agricultural fields should maximize soil biodiversity protection in these regions.
A pragmatic regulatory approach for complex generics through the U.S. FDA 505(j) or 505(b)(2) approval pathways
Authors: Klein Kevin , Borchard Gerrit , Shah Vinod P. , Flühmann Beat , McNeil Scott E. , de Vlieger Jon S. B. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe diverse nature of complex drug products poses challenges for the development of regulatory guidelines for generic versions. While complexity is not new in medicines, the technical capacity to measure and analyze data has increased. This requires a determination of which measurements and studies are relevant to demonstrate therapeutic equivalence. This paper describes the views of the NBCD Working Group and provides pragmatic solutions for approving complex generics by making best use of existing U.S. Food and Drug Administration's abbreviated approval pathways 505(j) and 505(b)(2). We argue that decisions on the appropriateness of submitting a 505(j) or 505(b)(2) application can build on the FDA's complex drug product classification as well as the FDA's much applauded guidance document for determining whether to submit an ANDA or a 505(b)(2) application. We hope that this paper contributes to the discussions to increase the clarity of regulatory approaches for complex generics, as well as the predictability for complex generic drug developers, to facilitate access to much‐needed complex generics and to promote the sustainability of the healthcare system.
Rising Global Levels of Intergenerational Coresidence Among Young Adults
Authors: Esteve Albert , Reher David S. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractUsing census and survey microdata from 69 countries worldwide, in this paper we document levels of intergenerational coresidence over the life course and examine changes in recent decades. We present evidence of a generalized pattern of increase in intergenerational coresidence during the initial decade of this century. This is most evident among people aged 20–30 and, at least in regions such as Europe and North America and in Latin America and the Caribbean, affects women as much or more than it does men. Rates of increase are fastest in Asia (especially among men), robust in Europe and Latin America, and relatively slow in Africa. This shift is occurring in a variety of demographic, economic, and cultural contexts and appears to run counter to expectations that intergenerational coresidence would gradually decline with modernization and cultural change. We discuss the extent to which these results challenge existing interpretations of the role of the family in contemporary society.
pH and specific gravity of corrosive agents as indicators in caustic injuries
Authors: İsbir Caner , Kıllı İsa , Taşkınlar Hakan , Naycı Ali 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundVideo endoscopy, which remains the diagnostic gold standard after ingestion of a corrosive substance, is performed under general anesthesia in children, requires advanced technology, and is costly. Simple and accessible methods are therefore needed to determine the need for endoscopy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of the pH and specific gravity of ingested substance in determining endoscopy indications after corrosive ingestion.MethodsThis prospective study included pediatric patients who presented after ingesting a corrosive substance from June 2018 to June 2019. Relationships between the extent of damage detected by endoscopy and the patient's age, physical examination findings, and the pH and specific gravity of the causative substance were evaluated.ResultsThe degree of damage detected on endoscopy was significantly milder for corrosive substances with a pH between 2 and 12 (P = 0.003). In addition, pH values between 2 and 12 were significantly more common among patients without physical examination findings (P = 0.029). Specific gravity less than 1,005 was associated with mild injury detected by video‐endoscopy (P = 0.011). Patients in whom severe injury was detected by endoscopy had marked findings on physical examination (P < 0.001). There was no significant relationship between physical examination findings and the specific gravity of the substance involved (P = 0.087).ConclusionsThe results of this study suggest that conservative treatment options can be used without performing endoscopy in patients who have no physical examination finding after corrosive ingestion and where the pH of the substances is between 2 and 12 and the specific gravity of the substances is less than 1,005.
Argumentation Analysis of Risk Assessments: The Case of Perfluorooctanoic Acid
Authors: Jongeneel W.P. , van Klaveren H. , Bogers R.P. , Dévilee J. , Rijs K.R. , Piersma A. , Vermeire T. , Lebret E. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractRisk assessment of chemicals can be based on toxicology and/or epidemiology. The choice of toxicological or epidemiological data can result in different health‐based guidance values (HBGVs). Communicating the underlying argumentation is important to explain these differences to the public and policymakers. In this article, we explore the argumentation used to justify the use of toxicological or epidemiological data in the derivation of HBGVs in four different risk assessments for the chemical Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). The pragma‐dialectical argumentation theory (PDAT) is hereby applied. The argumentations to select relevant health endpoints or certain studies to infer causality appeared mainly based on “symptomatic relations,” that is, study results are used as characteristic of what was claimed to be a causal relation without delving into the actual causal argumentation that preceded it. Starting points that are at the basis of the chain of arguments remained implicit. Argumentation to use epidemiological and/or toxicological data was only briefly mentioned and the underlying argumentative foundation that led to the conclusion was seldom found or not addressed at all. The decision to include/exclude information was made based on the availability of data, or the motives for the choice remained largely unclear. We conclude that more depth in argumentation and a subordinative chain of arguments is needed to better disclose the underlying reasoning leading to a certain health‐based guidance value (HBGV). More explicit identification and discussion of starting points could be a valuable addition to general risk assessment frameworks for maximum use of toxicological and epidemiological data and shared conclusions of the assessment.
Safety, Quality, and Acceptability of Contraceptive Implant Provision by Community Health Extension Workers versus Nurses and Midwives in Two States in Nigeria
Authors: Douthwaite Megan , Alabi Olalere , Odogwu Kingsley , Reiss Kate , Taiwo Anne , Ubah Ebere , Uko‐Udoh Anthony , Afolabi Kayode , Church Kathryn , Fenty Justin , Munroe Erik 
Published: July 2021

AbstractTask sharing is a strategy with potential to increase access to effective modern contraceptive methods. This study examines whether community health extension workers (CHEWs) can insert contraceptive implants to the same safety and quality standards as nurse/midwives. We analyze data from 7,691 clients of CHEWs and nurse/midwives who participated in a noninferiority study conducted in Kaduna and Ondo States, Nigeria. Adverse events (AEs) following implant insertions were compared. On the day of insertion AEs were similar among CHEW and nurse/midwife clients—0.5 percent and 0.4 percent, adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.92 (95 percent CI 0.38–2.23)—but noninferiority could not be established. At follow‐up 6.6 percent of CHEW clients and 2.1 percent of nurse/midwife clients experienced AEs. There was strong evidence of effect modification by State. In the final adjusted model, odds of AEs for CHEW clients in Kaduna was 3.34 (95 percent CI 1.53–7.33) compared to nurse/midwife clients, and 0.72 (95 percent CI 0.19–2.72]) in Ondo. Noninferiority could not be established in either State. Implant expulsions were higher among CHEW clients (142/2987) compared to nurse/midwives (40/3517). Results show the feasibility of training CHEWs to deliver implants in remote rural settings but attention must be given to provider selection, training, supervision, and follow‐up to ensure safety and quality of provision.
The interaction between parental warmth and the teacher‐student relationship predicts changes in early elementary children's problem behaviors
Authors: Wang Wen , Valiente Carlos , Eisenberg Nancy , Spinrad Tracy L. , Johns Sarah K. , Berger Rebecca H. , Thompson Marilyn S. , Pina Armando A. , Hernández Maciel M. , Southworth Jody 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis study tested whether the relations between parental warmth and children's problem behaviors vary as a function of the quality of the teacher‐student relationship while controlling for prior levels of the outcomes. When children (N = 301, M age = 5.48, 52% girls) were in kindergarten, teachers reported on the quality of the teacher‐student relationship, and parents reported on their warmth toward their children and on their child's externalizing and internalizing problem behaviors. One year later, parents reported on children's problem behaviors. We found a consistent pattern of significant interactions supporting the hypothesis that the relations between parental warmth and problem behaviors vary as a function of the quality of the teacher‐student relationship. Specifically, when controlling for prior levels of the outcomes, parental warmth was related negatively to externalizing and internalizing problems, at high, but not low, levels of teacher‐student closeness. In addition, when teacher‐student conflict was high, parental warmth was related negatively to externalizing and internalizing problems. These relations were non‐significant at low levels of teacher‐student conflict. Consequently, efforts to understand children's problem behaviors are likely to benefit from integrating information from multiple socializers.
Paiwanese aesthetic expression and its social values
Authors: Chen Hueiyun 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis article focuses on the properties of Paiwanese aesthetic expression and their contributions to the system of social values. My analysis examines the rituals and the accoutrement of an aristocratic wedding ceremony. The generation of Paiwanese aesthetic expression is related to the group's hierarchical social system as well as its ancestral past. Aesthetic expression strengthens the social status inherited from ancestors and memorialises the ancestral past. Certain artifacts, such as headdresses, manifesting aesthetic attributes and social significance will be discussed.
Network Thinking in Human Geography: Musings of a Newbie
Authors: Völker Beate 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis paper on the application of network theory and analysis in Human Geography argues that networks should get a much more prominent role than they currently have and that they have matured to a lingua franca in (social) science. While reflecting upon explanations for the scarce use of network knowledge, I describe three surprising observations that I have made since I have been working in the discipline. The musings close with arguments in favour of embracing ongoing developments of data science and computational science and the proposition that Human Geography can make unique contributions to this development.
Clinical outcomes and prognostic factors associated with nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug overdose in dogs presented to an emergency room
Authors: Steele Cara , Stefanovski Darko , Rondeau Mark P. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo describe case presentations, clinical signs, and outcomes following nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID) overdose in a clinical population of dogs and to identify factors associated with various outcomes including death or euthanasia, acute kidney injury, and suspected gastrointestinal ulceration (GIU).DesignRetrospective study.SettingUniversity teaching hospital.AnimalsOne hundred twenty‐five client‐owned dogs presenting to an emergency room for NSAID overdose between January 2006 and December 2017.InterventionsNone.Measurements and Main ResultsVomiting was the most common clinical sign, seen in 46 of 125 dogs (36.8%). Acute kidney injury and suspected GIU were seen in 17 (13.6%) and 16 dogs (12.8%), respectively. Thirty‐two dogs (25.6%) ingested veterinary‐formulated NSAIDs and 93 (74.4%) ingested human‐formulated NSAIDs. No difference in any outcomes was seen between these two groups. One hundred twenty dogs (96%) survived to discharge. In multivariable analysis, the only significant finding was of the number of days of anorexia increased the risk of death or euthanasia with an odds ratio of 2.7 (95% confidence interval [1.14–6.5],P= 0.02).ConclusionsAcute kidney injury and suspected GIU were seen less frequently than vomiting. Similar outcomes were seen for dogs ingesting veterinary‐ versus human‐formulated NSAIDs. Owners presenting dogs with a longer duration of anorexia may be more apt to euthanize. As this was a clinical population of dogs presenting to an emergency room, findings may be more broadly applicable to the general population than prior studies utilizing poison control center data.
Interpretation of cardiac chamber size on canine thoracic radiographs is limited and may result in the false identification of right‐sided cardiomegaly in the presence of severe left‐sided cardiomegaly
Authors: Huguet Elodie E. , Vilaplana Grosso Federico , Lamb Whitney R. , Sleeper Margaret M. , Mattoon John , Nelson Nathan , Brown James , Deddens Bennett , Heng Hock Gan , Knapp Stephanie , Levesque Maureen , Rivas Rudy , Colee James C. , Berry Clifford R. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractQualitative assessment of individual cardiac chamber enlargement on thoracic radiographs was assessed using echocardiography as the gold standard in dogs. Using this method, the presence of severe left‐sided cardiomegaly was hypothesized to contribute to the false identification of right‐sided cardiomegaly on radiographs. 175 dogs with three‐view thoracic radiographs were retrospectively included in this diagnostic accuracy study if echocardiography was done within 24 h, and no rescue therapy was provided in the interim. All radiographic studies were reviewed by two groups of five board‐certified veterinary radiologists with greater and less than 10 years of experience for grading of cardiac chamber enlargement as normal or mildly, moderately, or severely enlarged. The agreement, sensitivity, and specificity of the radiologists’ interpretation of cardiac chamber size on thoracic radiographs to measured echocardiographic grades were evaluated. A total of 147 cases had complete echocardiographic data available for analysis. Intragroup agreement was moderate for the evaluation of left atrial enlargement and slight to fair for all other cardiac chambers. Between the mode of the radiologists’ responses in the two groups and the echocardiographic grades, there was slight agreement for all cardiac chambers with higher severity grades reported using echocardiography. When moderate to severe left‐sided cardiomegaly was identified on echocardiography, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of radiographs were low, identifying dogs with radiographic evidence of right‐sided cardiomegaly in the absence of corresponding right‐sided cardiomegaly on echocardiography. Therefore, thoracic radiographs should be used with caution for the evaluation of cardiac chamber enlargement, particularly in the presence of severe left‐sided cardiomegaly.
SYNCHRONOUS RITUALS AND SOCIAL BONDING: REVITALIZING CONCEPTIONS OF INDIVIDUAL PERSONHOOD IN THE EVOLUTION OF RELIGION
Authors: Turner Léon 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe evolutionary cognitive science of religion rarely strays far from strong individualistic principles despite a deep interest in the adaptive social bonding functions of religion. This raises serious problems for recent Christian theology, which favors concrete relational conceptions of individual personhood. Here, I argue that the wider evolutionary study of religion can mitigate this individualism by embracing recent research suggesting that religion's social bonding functions might be explained as much through energetic, endorphin stimulating, synchronous rituals as through cognitive mechanisms that increase prosocial behavior. The brain opioid theory of social attachment provides a helpful framework for understanding the evolutionary significance of such rituals. A close examination of research into the social effects of synchronous activity, I argue, reveals the need for a theoretically pluralistic explanation of how religion facilitates sociality, the major components of which are readily interpreted in terms that recognize the inherent relationality of individual personhood.