bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increased Drought Resistance 1 Mutation Increases Drought Tolerance of Upland Rice by Altering Physiological and Morphological Traits and Limiting ROS Levels
Authors: Zu Xiaofeng , Lu Yanke , Wang Qianqian , La Yumei , Hong Xinyue , Tan Feng , Niu Jiayu , Xia Huihui , Wu Yufeng , Zhou Shaoxia , Li Kun , Chen Huhui , Qiang Sheng , Rui Qi , Wang Huaqi , La Honggui 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
To discover new mutants conferring enhanced tolerance to drought stress, we screened a mutagenized upland rice (Oryza sativa) population (cv. IAPAR9) and identified a mutant, named idr1-1 (increased drought resistance 1-1), with obviously increased drought tolerance under upland field conditions. The idr1-1 mutant possessed a significantly enhanced ability to tolerate high-drought stresses. Map-based cloning revealed that the gene LOC_Os05g26890, residing in the mapping region of IDR1 locus, carried a single-base deletion in the idr1-1 mutant. IDR1 encodes the Gα subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein (also known as RGA1), and this protein was localized in nucleus and to plasma membrane or cell periphery. Further investigations indicated that the significantly increased drought tolerance in idr1-1 mutants stemmed from a range of physiological and morphological changes, including greater leaf potentials, increased proline contents, heightened leaf thickness and upregulation of antioxidant-synthesizing and drought-induced genes, under drought-stressed conditions. Especially, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production might be remarkably impaired, while ROS-scavenging ability appeared to be markedly enhanced due to significantly elevated expression of ROS-scavenging enzyme genes in idr1-1 mutants under drought-stressed conditions. In addition, idr1-1 mutants showed reduced expression of OsBRD1. Altogether, these results suggest that mutation of IDR1 leads to alterations in multiple layers of regulations, which ultimately leads to changes in the physiological and morphological traits and limiting of ROS levels, and thereby confers obviously increased drought tolerance to the idr1-1 mutant.
Late Triassic Orogenic Assembly of the Tibetan Plateau: Constraints from Magmatism and Metamorphism in the East Lhasa Terrane
Authors: Chen Yanfei , Zhang Zeming , Palin Richard M , Tian Zuolin , Xiang Hua , Dong Xin , Ding Huixia , Qin Shengkai , Li Yunshuai 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The early Mesozoic evolution of the Lhasa terrane, which represents a major component of the Himalayan–Tibetan orogen, remains highly controversial. In particular, geological units and events documented either side of the eastern Himalayan syntaxis (EHS) are poorly correlated. Here, we report new petrological, geochemical and geochronological data for cogenetic peraluminous S-type granites and metamorphic rocks (gneiss and schist) from the Motuo–Bomi–Chayu region of the eastern Lhasa terrane, located on the eastern flank of the EHS. Zircon U–Pb dating indicates that these units record both Late Triassic magmatic (216–206 Ma) and metamorphic (209–198 Ma) episodes. The granites were derived from a Paleoproterozoic crustal source with negative zircon εHf(t) values (–5·5 to –16·6) and TDM2 model ages of 1·51–1·99 Ga, and are interpreted to have formed by crustal anatexis of nearby metasediments during collisional orogeny and crustal thickening. The gneisses and schists experienced similar upper amphibolite-facies peak metamorphism and associated partial melting, followed by decompressional cooling and retrograde metamorphism. These rocks were buried to lower-crustal depths and then exhumed to the surface in a collisional orogenic setting during plate convergence. From comparison of these data with those for other metamorphic belts with similar grades and ages, and association of coeval granitic magmatism widespread in the central–east Lhasa terrane, we propose that the studied cogenetic magmatism and metamorphism in the Motuo–Bomi–Chayu region records Late Triassic accretion of the North Lhasa and South Lhasa terranes, which represents the first evidence of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean closure in this part of Asia. These data provide new constraints on the spatial and temporal evolution of the Paleo-Tethyan Wilson Cycle and provide a ‘missing link’ to correlate the geology and tectonic history of the Lhasa terrane continental crust on either side of the EHS.
Egg production and hatching patterns of Acartia erythraea (Copepoda, Calanoida), with a note on its two egg types, in a eutrophic bay in Korea
Authors: Choi Seo Yeol , Jang Min-Chul , Youn Seok Hyun , Seo Min Ho , Soh Ho Young 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Acartia erythraea, a copepod species commonly found in the summer, was sampled weekly using a conical net, in Gamak Bay (southern Korea) from 19 July to 14 November 2013. Egg production rate (EPR) and hatching success rate (HS) were estimated weekly during the study period, for egg types with distinct surface morphologies, i.e. smooth or spiny. EPR ranged from 1.0 to 25.0 eggs female−1 day−1 with a mean of 12.0 eggs female−1 day−1. The weight-specific growth rate (WSGR) ranged from 0.01 to 0.19 day−1 with a mean value of 0.09 day−1. Of these, all the eggs were smooth until August, whereas spiny eggs were produced from September, and the spiny eggs contributed 88% of the total eggs in November. Both egg types hatched within 12 to 48 h, and the average HS was 80% or higher. The EPR and WSGR were significantly related to water temperature but weakly related to chlorophyll-a concentration. Contrary to previous studies, our findings suggest that it is impossible to determine whether an egg is subitaneous or diapause based on the egg surface structure. Spines on the surface of A. erythraea eggs in Gamak Bay could be an adaptation to seasonal variations and a rapidly changing coastal environment.
Lest We Forget: Learn from Out-of-Sample Forecast Errors When Optimizing Portfolios
Authors: Barroso Pedro , Saxena Konark 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Portfolio optimization often struggles in realistic out-of-sample contexts. We deconstruct this stylized fact by comparing historical forecasts of portfolio optimization inputs with subsequent out-of-sample values. We confirm that historical forecasts are imprecise guides of subsequent values, but we discover the resultant forecast errors are not entirely random. They have predictable patterns and can be partially reduced using their own history. Learning from past forecast errors to calibrate inputs (akin to empirical Bayesian learning) generates portfolio performance that reinforces the case for optimization. Furthermore, the portfolios achieve performance that meets expectations, a desirable yet elusive feature of optimization methods.
Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
Myeloproliferative neoplasms and clonal haematopoiesis in patients with giant cell arteritis: a case–control and exploratory study
Authors: Papo Matthias , Friedrich Chloé , Delaval Laure , Boysson Hubert de , Viallard Jean-François , Bachmeyer Claude , Sené Thomas , Humbert Sébastien , Duffau Pierre , Contis Anne , Agard Christian , Gombert Bruno , Puyade Mathieu , Foucher Aurélie , Alary Anne-Sophie , Danlos François-Xavier , Régent Alexis , Mouthon Luc , Guillevin Loïc , Samson Maxime , Kosmider Olivier , Terrier Benjamin ,   the French Vasculitis Study Group
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Objectives
GCA is a large vessel vasculitis for which triggering factors remain unknown. Clonal haematopoiesis (CH) was associated with atherosclerosis through the induction of inflammation in myeloid cells, and data suggest that CH expansion and inflammation may support each other to induce a pro-inflammatory loop. Our objective was to describe the impact of JAK2p.V617F-mutated myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) on GCA and to screen MPN-free patients for CH mutations.

Methods
We performed a retrospective case–control study comparing the characteristics of 21 GCA patients with MPN and 42 age- and gender-matched GCA patients without MPN. Also, 18 GCA patients were screened for CH through next-generation sequencing (NGS).

Results
The most frequent associated MPN was essential thrombocythaemia (ET; n = 11). Compared with controls, GCA patients with MPN had less-frequent cephalic symptoms (71.4 vs 97.6%; P = 0.004) and higher platelet counts at baseline [485 × 109/l (interquartile range 346–586) vs 346 (296–418); P = 0.02]. There was no difference between groups for other clinical features. Overall survival was significantly shorter in patients with MPN compared with controls [hazard ratio 8.2 (95% CI 1.2, 56.6); P = 0.03]. Finally, screening for CH using NGS in 15 GCA patients without MPN revealed CH in 33%.

Conclusion
GCA patients with MPN display higher platelet counts and shorter overall survival than controls. This association is not fortuitous, given the possible pathophysiological relationship between the two diseases. CH was found in one-third of GCA patients, which may be higher than the expected prevalence for a similar age, and should be confirmed in a larger cohort.
What Is the State of Compassion Education? A Systematic Review of Compassion Training in Health Care
Authors: Sinclair Shane , Kondejewski Jane , Jaggi Priya , Dennett Liz , Roze des Ordons Amanda L. , Hack Thomas F. 
Published: April 2021

PurposeTo investigate the current state and quality of compassion education interventions offered to health care providers during training or practice, determine how the components of each education intervention map onto the domains of an empirically based clinical model of compassion, and identify the most common approaches to compassion education.MethodThe MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL Plus with Full Text, Sociological Abstracts, Web of Science, ERIC, and Education Research Complete databases were searched from inception to March 2020 in this systematic review. Studies that evaluated a compassion education intervention for health care providers or those in training to enhance compassion toward patients and/or families were included. A narrative synthesis of the included studies was performed. The components of each intervention were mapped onto the domains of compassion described in the Patient Compassion Model.ResultsOne hundred eight peer-reviewed publications describing 103 interventions were included. Modalities ranged from establishing curricula and interventions in clinical settings to programs that used humanities-based reflective practices, clinical simulation, role modeling, and contemplative practices, with many education interventions adopting a multimodal approach. Most interventions mapped to the virtuous response domain of the Patient Compassion Model; very few mapped to the other domains of this model.ConclusionsMost interventions were limited as they focused on a single domain of compassion; did not adequately define compassion; were assessed exclusively by self-report; were devoid of a comparator/control group; and did not evaluate retention, sustainability, and translation to clinical practice over time. The authors suggest that compassion education interventions be grounded in an empirically based definition of compassion; use a competency-based approach; employ multimodal teaching methods that address the requisite attitudes, skills, behaviors, and knowledge within the multiple domains of compassion; evaluate learning over time; and incorporate patient, preceptor, and peer evaluations.
Design of a Situational Judgment Test for Preclinical Interprofessional Collaboration
Authors: Black Erik W. , Schrock Bailey , Prewett Matthew S. , Blue Amy V. 
Published: April 2021

Problem
There is an unmet need for economically feasible, valid, reliable, and contextually relevant assessments of interprofessional collaborative knowledge and skills, particularly at the early stages of health professions education. This study sought to develop and gather content and internal structure validity for an Interprofessional Situational Judgement Test (IPSJT), a tool for the measurement of students’ interprofessional collaborative intentions during the early stages of their professional development.

Approach
After engaging in an item development and refinement process (January–June 2018), an 18-question IPSJT was administered to 953 first-year students enrolled in 10 health professions degree programs at the University of Florida Health Science Center in October 2018. The IPSJT’s performance was evaluated using item-level analyses, item difficulty, test-retest reliability, and exploratory factor analysis.

Outcomes
Seven hundred thirty-seven (77.3%) students consented to the use of their data. Student IPSJT scores ranged from 0 to 69, averaging 42.68 (standard deviation = 12.28), with some statistically significant differences in student performance by health professions degree program. IPSJT item difficulties ranged from 0.13 to 0.92. Once one item with poor properties was excluded from analysis, the IPSJT demonstrated an overall reliability of 0.62. Students were more successful at identifying the least effective than the most effective responses. Test-retest reliability provided evidence of consistency (r = 0.50, P < .001) and similar item difficulty across administrations. An exploratory factor analysis indicated a 3-factor model with multiple cross-factor loadings.

Next Steps
This work represents the first step toward the development of a valid, reliable IPSJT for early learners. The emergent 3-factor model provides evidence that multiple competencies can be assessed in early learners via this tool. Additional research is necessary to build a more robust question bank, explore different scoring and response methods, and gather additional sources of validity evidence, including relations to other variables.
How Are the Arts and Humanities Used in Medical Education? Results of a Scoping Review
Authors: Moniz Tracy , Golafshani Maryam , Gaspar Carolyn M. , Adams Nancy E. , Haidet Paul , Sukhera Javeed , Volpe Rebecca L. , de Boer Claire , Lingard Lorelei 
Published: April 2021

PurposeAlthough focused reviews have characterized subsets of the literature on the arts and humanities in medical education, a large-scale overview of the field is needed to inform efforts to strengthen these approaches in medicine.MethodThe authors conducted a scoping review in 2019 to identify how the arts and humanities are used to educate physicians and interprofessional learners across the medical education continuum in Canada and the United States. A search strategy involving 7 databases identified 21,985 citations. Five reviewers independently screened the titles and abstracts. Full-text screening followed (n = 4,649). Of these, 769 records met the inclusion criteria. The authors performed descriptive and statistical analyses and conducted semistructured interviews with 15 stakeholders.ResultsThe literature is dominated by conceptual works (n = 294) that critically engaged with arts and humanities approaches or generally called for their use in medical education, followed by program descriptions (n = 255). The literary arts (n = 197) were most common. Less than a third of records explicitly engaged theory as a strong component (n = 230). Of descriptive and empirical records (n = 424), more than half concerned undergraduate medical education (n = 245). There were gaps in the literature on interprofessional education, program evaluation, and learner assessment. Programming was most often taught by medical faculty who published their initiatives (n = 236). Absent were voices of contributing artists, docents, and other arts and humanities practitioners from outside medicine. Stakeholders confirmed that these findings resonated with their experiences.ConclusionsThis literature is characterized by brief, episodic installments, privileging a biomedical orientation and largely lacking a theoretical frame to weave the installments into a larger story that accumulates over time and across subfields. These findings should inform efforts to promote, integrate, and study uses of the arts and humanities in medical education.
Symptoms of Intoxication and Withdrawal in a Sample of Egyptian Patients Using Synthetic Cannabinoids: A Cohort Study
Authors: Morsy Mahmoud H.A. , Mohamed Yasser A.R. , El Habiby Mahmoud M. , Mohamed Nayera K. , Soliman Mahmoud F. 
Published: April 2021

Introduction:
Novel psychoactive substances that contain synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) have recently started to be used recreationally, especially by young adults. In contrast to the decline in the use of many novel psychoactive substances such as the cathinones and piperazines, it seems that the number of SC users is increasing. Although SC drugs mimic the psychotropic effects of cannabis, their undesired effects are unpredictable and more severe than those associated with cannabis. The majority of SC detected in herbal products has greater binding affinity to the cannabinoid CB1 receptor than Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, the primary psychoactive compound in the cannabis plant, and greater affinity at the CB1 than the CB2 receptor. In vitro and animal in vivo studies show SC pharmacological effects to be 2 to 100 times more potent than tetrahydrocannabinol. A limited number of studies have examined SC use among patients; hence little is known about the effects of their use on patients during intoxication, withdrawal, and 1 month after cessation of use of SC.

Objective:
This study is a cohort study aiming to investigate the symptoms of intoxication, withdrawal, and 1-month cessation of SCs.

Patients and Methods:
Between February 2019 and February 2020, 92 adult patients using SCs aged 18 to 65 years from both the Outpatient Clinic and Inpatient Department of Psychiatry, Ain Shams University and Masr El Gedida (El Matar) Psychiatric Hospital, Ministry of Health were subjected to full history taking using clinical history sheet for the assessment of medical symptoms and Addiction Severity Index (the Arabic version was used).

Results:
There was a significant association between the use of SCs and development of multiple symptoms, both medical and psychiatric symptoms, and even serious side effects necessitating emergency management. Regarding the most common symptoms reported by the patient, the most common cardiovascular symptom during intoxication was palpitations, while the most common reported psychiatric symptom was hallucinations developed during intoxication. It was found that the patients who were hospitalized due to medical problems had higher amount and longer duration of use of SC.

Conclusion:
SC use can cause an array of symptoms ranging from mild medical and psychiatric symptoms to extreme side effects.
Pediatric Venous Thromboembolism: Different Rates of Incidence, Anatomic Locations, and Risk Factors Between Orthopaedic and Nonorthopaedic Related Patients
Authors: Samineni Aneesh V. , Sanborn Ryan , Shea Jodie , Cook Danielle , May Collin J. , Heyworth Benton E. , Shore Benjamin J. 
Published: April 2021

Background:
The prevalence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) may be increasing in children; however, scarce literature exists comparing incidence rates between pediatric orthopaedic patients and other pediatric patients. The purpose of this study was to compare the incidence, anatomic locations, and risk factors of VTEs between orthopaedic and nonorthopaedic pediatric related patients to determine if important differences exist.

Methods:
Computed tomography and ultrasound data were reviewed for children (below 19 y old) with a diagnosed VTE between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2016. Demographic and clinical data, including VTE anatomic location and risk factors, were recorded. Two major cohorts were identified: orthopaedic-related (ORTH) and nonorthopaedic-related (NORTH) VTEs. Incidence rates were estimated and risk factors were compared using χ2 testing.

Results:
There were 373 children diagnosed with a VTE (average age 10.3 y) of a total of 810,097 treated as in-patients for an incidence rate of 4.60 per 10,000 cases (95% confidence interval=4.15 to 5.10 per 10,000 cases). The rate of ORTH VTEs (28 of 188,669 orthopaedic patients, 1.48 per 10,000 cases) was significantly lower than that of NORTH VTEs (345 of 621,428 nonorthopaedic patients, 5.55 per 10,000 cases; P<0.001). For the ORTH cohort, there was a significant difference in the proportion of deep vein thrombosis in the lower extremity (91%) compared with the upper extremity (9%) (P<0.001), while a more even distribution of NORTH deep vein thrombosis in the upper (50%) and lower (41%) extremities was appreciated. The primary risk factors for ORTH VTEs included surgery (93%; P<0.001), change in ambulatory status (61%; P<0.001), and trauma (18%; P<0.001), while the primary risk factors for NORTH VTEs included intravenous peripheral inserted central catheter/central line (61%; P<0.001) and cancer (27%; P=0.001).

Conclusions:
Pediatric ORTH VTEs have a significantly lower incidence rate and different primary risk factors than those of NORTH VTEs. This information is useful for health care providers when making decisions regarding risk and prophylaxis in pediatric patients with orthopaedic and nonorthopaedic conditions.

Level of Evidence:
Level III.
Complex Fracture-Dislocations of the Elbow in the Pediatric Population
Authors: Magee Lacey C. , Baghdadi Soroush , Gohel Shivani , Sankar Wudbhav N. 
Published: April 2021

Background:
Complex fracture-dislocations of the elbow, including terrible triad of the elbow, are serious injuries with guarded outcomes in adults. Although described extensively in adults, little is known about similar complex fracture-dislocations of the elbow in the pediatric population. The purpose of this study was to describe patterns of elbow dislocations with associated fractures in children and report the outcomes of these injuries.

Methods:
This was a retrospective review of patients who presented to a level I trauma center from 2007 to 2019 with an elbow dislocation and at least 2 associated fractures. Demographic data, fracture locations, and treatment modality were recorded. Operative reports and radiographs were reviewed to determine clinical outcomes and complications.

Results:
A total of 26 patients (mean age, 9.8 y) were identified. The majority of patients sustained an elbow dislocation and a medial epicondyle fracture (n=16). The most common third fractures involved the lateral condyle (n=8) or radial neck (n=7). At mean 6.03±3.11 months follow-up, 3 patients lacked ≥10 degrees of extension, and 2 patients lacked ≥15 degrees of flexion. Most patients had a Flynn score of “excellent” (n=20, 76.9%) or “good” (n=2, 7.7%). One patient with significant residual stiffness (>30 degrees flexion contracture) eventually underwent open contracture release.

Conclusions:
The most common complex elbow fracture-dislocation pattern in this series was an elbow dislocation with fracture of the medial epicondyle and lateral condyle or radial neck. In contrast to adult terrible triad injuries, most patients had a favorable clinical outcome, with nearly 80% excellent results and a low rate of complications.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level IV—case series.