bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The degree of expressed inconvertible damages of neurons and phagocytic activity of microglia of different parts of rats' cerebrum brain during prolonged inhalation by the vapour of flying narcotically affecting substances (FNAS)
Authors: Manekenova Kengegul , Suleymanov B. , Omarov T. , Dosmambetova Z. , Smailova G. 
Published: June 2021

Morphometric research of quantity exponents occurrence of inconvertible damages of neurons (contracted neurons and cell‐shadows) was carried out: in the cortex of large hemispheres, in the thalamic areas, in the hippocampus and in the trunk of cerebrum, and also cells of Purkinye in the cortex of cerebellum, at daily inhalation by the glue vapour “Moment” and petrol vapour, during 30 days. Morphometric exponents of contracted neurons and cell‐shadows have demonstrated different expressed degree of cytotoxic reactions in the investigated perts of the cerebrum. It was established, that more sensitive to the cytotoxic effects of glue vapour “Moment” is the neurons of the cortex of large hemispheres and cells of Purkinye of cerebellum cortex, but to the cytotoxic effects of petrol vapour – neurons of thalamic areas of the cerebrum.It was revealed that toxic affection by the glue vapour is associated by large phagocytic activity of microglia in the area of thalamic zones, and affection by the petrol vapour – more expressed phagocytic activity of microglia cells in the cortex of large hemispheres, in the result of investigation of number of satellite cells on 1 neuron and neuronophagocytic nodules on 30 day of daily inhalations by the glue vapour “Moment” and petrol vapour.
Restoration of Nephrotoxic Serum Induced Injury by PGE2 in Nephrotoxic Serum Nephritis in Mice and Glomerular Cells
Authors: Kvirkvelia Nino , Mcmenamin Maggie , Chaudhary Kapil , Madaio Michael P. 
Published: June 2021

We postulated that PGE2, which exhibits multiple, tissue dependent regulatory functions to control immune‐mediated inflammation, tissue repair and fibrosis, has the potential to improve the course of ongoing nephritis. Therefore, the therapeutic potential and protective effect of exogenous PGE2 on established NTN in mice was evaluated along with its' cytoprotective effect on murine endothelial cells (GEC) and podocytes (POD). Initially, mice were injected with nephrotoxic serum (NTS), followed by PGE2 administration 5μg/g/d, started either on day 1, 2 or 3 after NTS dosing. Mice injected with PGE2 were protected, with normalization of BUN, Upr and histology. Protection was most beneficial with dosing at day 1, although later treatment was effective. Further, the capacity of PGE2 to limit injury of cultured cells was evaluated. Thus, POD and GEC were pretreated with PGE2, 1‐5μg/ml for 2–4h, and afterwards, NTS 5–10% was added for additional 7–12 h and apoptosis assessed by FACS. PGE2 reduced NTS induced apoptosis of cultured POD and GEC up to 30%. Furthermore, when POD and GEC were subjected to NTS, and then treated with PGE2 (1–5μg/ml), cell numbers were increased (25–55%) in a dose dependent fashion, indicating that PGE2 promoted cell regeneration after NTS induced injury. PGE2 also limited NTS induced GEC upregulation of CD47, an integrin associated protein; its' ligation in many cases leads to inhibition of cell proliferation and cell death. Altogether, the results indicate that PGE2 is candidate to further investigate its therapeutic potential to improve cellular recovery and improved function during the course of glomerulonephritis.The work was supported by NI‐HDDK 081140‐02.
Oligomycin, a Complex V Inhibitor, Decreases Left Ventricular Contractility in Isolated Rabbit Heart
Authors: Fang Mei , Qu Yusheng , Gao BaoXi , Acton Paul , Hernandez Rocio , Senal Ihsan , Lawrence Jeff , Vargas Hugo M. 
Published: June 2021

The isolated rabbit heart (IRH) model has been used to investigate the proarrhythmic potential of marketed drugs or drugs intended for market. In addition, hemodynamic effects of a compound on left ventricular contractility can be measured in this model. We have validated negative and positive inotropic agents, including milrinone and diltiazem.Oligomycin is a natural antibiotic which inhibits mitochondrial complex V (ATP synthase). It inhibited both solution based Complex V activity with an IC50 of 0.34 μM and inhibited immuno‐Captured Complex V activity with an IC50 of 0.053 μM. Cardiac contraction requires high‐energy utilization and therefore is exquisitely sensitive to energy depletion. To test the effect of oligomycin on left ventricular contractility, IRH was perfused with increasing concentrations (0.1, 0.3, 1, and 3 μM) for 20 min at each concentration or with a single concentration of 0.3μM for 60 min. Oligomycin was found to decrease LV contractility in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner. The time‐dependent effects of oligomycin as well as the prominent prolongation of PR intervals distinguished it from the standard Ca channel inhibitor, diltiazem. Our data suggests that oligomycin decreases LV contractility of IRH by primarily inhibiting mitochondrial Complex V.
Associations between Leptin, sCD40L and Metabolic Syndrome Components in Black Females
Authors: Many Gina Marie , Onyewu Chiatogu , Debessai Sembel , JoAnn Kuo , Spurney Christopher , Whitney Barfield , Hurtado Maria‐Eugenia , Klein Catherine J. , Schweitzer Amy , Hoffman Eric P. 
Published: June 2021

Less Blacks meet diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome compared to Whites, despite Blacks having a greater prevalence of obesity. Early biomarkers of obesity associated metabolic dysregulation are needed to identify high‐risk individuals and substantiate successful interventions. This study investigated associations between plasma leptin, soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L), and metabolic syndrome components in healthy Black college‐aged females (n=37). Metabolic syndrome phenotypes assessed included: waist circumference (WC), resting blood pressure (BP), fasting plasma glucose, high density cholesterol (HDL), and triglycerides (TG). sCD40L and leptin showed the strongest correlation to WC (r=0.42, p=0.02; r=0.56, p<0.01, respectively) relative to other metabolic syndrome components [glucose (r=0.33, p=0.04), HDL (r=0.30, p>0.05), TG (r=0.29, NS), systolic BP (r=0.18, NS) and diastolic BP (r=0.13, NS)]. Correlations between sCD40L and WC in this young cohort were higher than previously reported in White adults (r=0.24, p<0.01) (Unek et al., 2008). These findings suggest the potential utility of sCD40L as an early biomarker of obesity‐associated metabolic disease in healthy young Black populations.Support: DC‐Baltimore Child Health Disparities Research (2P20MD000198‐06) and the National Center for Research Resources (M01RR020359 & UL1RR031988)
Fiber Type Heterogeneity for Glucose Uptake by Single IIA, IIB, IIX and IIB/X Fibers from Rat Epitrochlearis Muscle
Authors: MacKrell James , Cartee Gregory D. 
Published: June 2021

Models for studying glucose uptake (GU) by cultured muscle cells are valuable, but lack important characteristics of authentic skeletal muscle. Studies that evaluate skeletal muscle must be mindful of its fiber type heterogeneity. Our aim was to determine the effect of fiber type on GU by single fibers from skeletal muscle employing a novel single fiber GU method with a standard method for classifying fiber type (myosin heavy chain, MHC). Rat epitrochlearis muscles underwent an ex vivo incubation protocol with [3H]‐2‐deoxyglucose (2DG) ± 12nM insulin. Following collagenase treatment of the muscle, non‐permeabilized single fibers were dissected and analyzed for fiber volume, MHC, and GU (2DG accumulation relative to fiber volume, nmol/mm3). Basal GU did not differ among fiber types. ANOVA revealed a significant difference for insulin‐stimulated GU between IIA fibers vs. all other measured fiber types (IIA > IIB, IIX, IIB/X), and a significant difference between IIB/X vs. IIB fibers (IIB/X > IIB). Insulin‐stimulated GU was independently inhibited by cytochalasin B (25μM) or wortmannin (0.5μM), verifying fiber 2DG accumulation occurred via glucose transporter‐mediated uptake and in a PI3K‐dependent manner. The current data extend insights from whole muscle experiments which are limited because they cannot unambiguously identify differences attributable to fiber types.Support : NIH (NIDDK 71771 & AG10026)
Caspase‐3 is activated by intrinsic apoptotic pathways during mechanical ventilation
Authors: Nelson W. Bradley , Smuder Ashley J. , Hudson Mathew B. , Talbert Erin E. , Powers Scott K. 
Published: June 2021

RationaleDiaphragmatic weakness is a well‐documented response to prolonged mechanical ventilation (MV). Several key proteases are activated during prolonged MV. Specifically, caspase‐3 has been shown to be required for diaphragmatic weakness. However, the mechanisms by which caspase‐3 is activated is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that during MV, caspase‐3 is activated by an intrinsic pathway.MethodsFemale Sprague‐Dawley rats (3 months old) were divided into two groups: 1) control and 2) animals that were mechanically ventilated for 12 hrs.ResultsCompared to control, MV resulted in an increase in the caspase‐3 specific cleavage product of alpha‐II spectrin and increased caspase‐3 activity in the diaphragm. Likewise, after MV, both caspase‐9 and caspase‐12 activities in the diaphragm were significantly higher than control. In contrast, there was no increase in diaphragmatic caspase‐8 activity after MV.ConclusionThese results confirm our hypothesis that during prolonged MV, diaphragmatic caspase‐3 is activated by both mitochondrial (caspase‐9) and sarcoplasmic reticulum (caspase‐12) mediated pathways rather than the external death ligand (caspase‐8) pathway. Supported by the NIH RO1 HL087839 awarded to SKP.
Expression Profile of GT1‐7 Hypothalamic Cell Line Under Exposure Class I Androgen Testosterone Propionate
Authors: Agosto Ibis Milady , Vizcarrondo Giovann , Cruz Raphael , Brito Paul , Garcia Liz , Barreto‐Estrada Jennifer , Roig‐Lopez Jose L. 
Published: June 2021

Anabolic Androgens Steroids are synthetic chemicals derivates from testosterone that are currently divided in three major classes. Our research interest is to analyze in vitro expression profile of different classes of androgen analogs using GT1‐7 hypothalamic cell line that will guide us to understand the different responses between anabolic androgens in the Hypothalamic‐Pituitary‐Gonads circuitry. Initially we compared basal profile expression of Testosterone Propionate (TP) and its control vehicle using microarrays. The transcriptome analysis demonstrated data of 1,219 upregulated and 157 as downregulated genes. In order to confirm these results RT‐PCR analysis was used. The genes were divided in three categories up‐regulated know, up‐regulated unknown and down regulated genes. The PCR expression pattern of 10/12 unknown, 7/9 known and 3 out of the down‐regulated genes were confirmed through PCR and gel electrophoresis. This may suggest that the TP may differentially regulate the expression of these unknown genes. These report represent the first functional information about the nature of the unknown genes in which there is no molecular, biological and structural information. Later on, microarray data with other comparisons will be analyzed.This work was partially supported by the UNE URGREAT‐MBRS‐RISE grant 2R25GM066250‐05A1 and by grant P20 RR016470 from the National Center for Research Resources (NCRR), PR‐ABREE, IDEA/BRIN program a component of the NIH.
Nutrient intakes from restaurants: What We Eat in America, 2007–2008
Authors: Rhodes Donna G , Clemens John C , Adler Meghan E , Moshfegh Alanna J 
Published: June 2021

Nationally representative one‐day dietary data from What We Eat in America, NHANES 2007–2008 were analyzed for nutrient intakes from foods consumed from restaurants. The USDA Automated Multiple‐Pass Method was used to collect a 24‐hour recall from 8,529 individuals, aged 2 years and older. During the recall, the source of each food (where it was obtained) was provided by the respondent. Foods eaten from restaurants include both full‐service and fast‐food establishments as well as: bar/tavern; cafeteria, not at school; vending machine; sport, recreation, or entertainment facility; street vendor, vending truck. Restaurant reporters (RR), individuals who reported at least one food/beverage item from a restaurant, comprised 53% of the population. For RR, the contribution of restaurant foods to total daily energy and sodium intakes (mean±SE) was 43±0.7% and 50±0.9%, respectively. From all foods, total daily intake of energy was higher for RR (2242±35.8 kcal) compared to non‐reporters (1875±28.9 kcal). Total daily sodium from all foods was 3623±70.8 mg for RR and 2999±57.9 mg for non‐reporters. Restaurant foods, consumed by a majority of Americans, contribute substantially to both energy and sodium intakes; additional results are to be presented. This study illustrates the importance of considering restaurant foods in both dietary intake research and intervention strategies.Funding source for this study: ARS, USDA
Childhood overweight and obesity models with high correlated food consumption data
Authors: Méndez-Gómez-Humarán Ignacio , Méndez-Ramírez Ignacio , Shamah-Levy Teresa , Moreno-Macías Hortensia , Murata Chiharu 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveDiscus the use of cluster analysis in statistical models for association of overweight and obesity (OW+O) with high correlated food consumption variables.MethodsWe compare regression models for association of OW+O with nutrient consumption (energy, carbohydrates, lipids, fiber and sodium). A sample of 8,367 children with food and beverages consumption records, separated in out of home and global consumption. Ward clustering method was used to group consumption patterns based on standardized averages by state. A simple analysis of variance was used to model the association.ResultsLinear models fail to find significant associations between consumption patterns and OW+O due to multicolliniarity. Cluster analysis is useful to establish grouped consumption patterns, we selected 4 consumption groups. Analysis of variance and Tukey‐Kramer test shows a significant higher prevalence of OW+O in cluster 2 with respect to cluster 4.ConclusionNutrient consumption patterns and other collinear data can be used integrally with cluster analysis for group patterns as an explanatory variable in statistical models.
Human postprandial blood concentrations of leucine and insulin increase phosphorylation of mTOR in C2C12 myoblasts
Authors: Walker Dillon , Drummond Micah , Rasmussen Blake 
Published: June 2021

Leucine (Leu) and insulin (Ins) stimulate growth primarily through activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Most cell culture studies use supraphysiological concentrations of Leu and Ins when examining their effect on muscle cells. Our aim was to determine whether human postprandial concentrations of Leu and Ins could enhance mTOR activation in muscle cells. C2C12 myoblasts were grown in growth media for 2 d. Media was replaced with low serum media for 4 d to induce fusion. Myotubes were serum starved for 4 h then nutrient starved for 30 min. Leu (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, or 5mM) or Ins (0, 0.03, 1, 10, 50, and 100nM) were applied to cells for 30 min. Cells were then harvested for protein extraction. Western blot analysis was used to access phosphorylation status of mTORser2448. Leu concentrations between 0.25 and 5mM resulted in a 3.5 to 6.1 fold increase in the phosphorylation of mTOR over control after 30 min. Ins concentrations between 0.03 and 100nM resulted in a 1.8 to 7.1 fold increase in the phosphorylation of mTOR over control after 30 min. Postprandial concentrations of Leu (~1 mM) and Ins phosphorylated mTOR similarly to supraphysiological concentrations. We conclude that human postprandial concentrations of Leu and Ins increase mTOR activation and should be used in cell culture studies to examine human biological responses.Supported by NIAMS R01 AR049877
The Impact of Selective High Fat Diets on Altered Thyroid Animal Model
Authors: White Venus Welch , Dawkins Norma L , Graham Thomas , Pace Ralphenia D 
Published: June 2021

The association of adverse health with higher fat diets has long been recognized; however due to a lack of research which incorporates high fat, thyroid function and metabolic syndrome, the pathogenesis of a high fat diet impact remains poorly understood. The objective of this study was to conduct a comparative analysis of the physiological differences between rats fed various concentrations of saturated and unsaturated fat diets in a normal and a thyroid compromised rat. Adult male Sprague Dawley rats (n=100) were exposed to one control or four test diets; Control 12% Fat, a 25% saturated and unsaturated, and a 35% saturated and unsaturated, respectively. Each diet group contained ten normal and ten altered thyroid animals. A chemical induced thyroidectomy was obtained through the addition of .05% propylthioracil (PTU) in drinking water. The study was conducted over a period of 8 weeks. The body weights of the normal animals were significantly higher than in the altered thyroid groups. Metabolic markers, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and urinary glucose values remained normal in all experimental groups both pre‐ and post treatment. This study may provide a foundation for development in an experimental model for future studies which evaluate the impact of a high fat diet, thyroid and metabolic function. This research was supported by George Washington Carver Experimental Station, Tuskegee University.Grant Funding Source : ASN
Effect of ProAlgaZyme on plasma lipid profile in diet induced hypercholesterolemic hamsters
Authors: Geamanu Andreea , Saadat Nadia , Goja Arvind , Wadehra Monika , Gupta Smiti 
Published: June 2021

Increased plasma LDLc and low HDLc are associated with risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), the leading cause of death worldwide. This study investigated the effect of an algae infusion, ProAlgaZyme(P) and its sub‐fractions on plasma lipids in hamster model. Sixty (n=10/group) male Golden Syrian hamsters (8 w old) fed a high fat diet (30% calories from fat) were randomized into 6 groups: control, P and its subfractions P1, P2, P3, and P4. The infusion (20% v/v) was added to the drinking water of all experimental groups, while the control animals received water. Total cholesterol (TC), HDLc, phospholipids, and cholesterol ester levels were assayed enzymatically after 4 weeks. LDLc was significantly reduced in P (p<0.05), P3 and P4 (p<0.001) as compared to the control, while HDL was considerably increased in P, P3 and P4 groups (p<0.001). Moreover, the TC/HDLc ratio was significantly lower in all experimental animals (P, P1, P2 p<0.05; P3, P4 p<0.001). The shift in plasma cholesterol towards the higher density fractions was validated by density gradient ultracentifugation. Also, the HDL diameter was significantly increased in P3 and P4, as compared with control (p<0.05). This has been associated with protection against CVD. Thus, intake of ProAlgaZyme and its sub‐fractions significantly improved plasma lipid profile by lowering LDLc and increasing HDLc. This may potentially provide benefits in cardiovascular health.Grant Funding Source : Health Enhancement Products Inc.
Oxidation of U‐13C‐α‐linolenic acid is independent of body weight in pigs fed flaxseed diets
Authors: Martinez-Ramirez Hector Ramon , Kramer J. K.G. , de Lange C. F.M. 
Published: June 2021

Twelve pigs (14.6±0.41 kg initial body weight, BW; 4 pigs per treatment) were used to assess the effect of BW and cumulative intake of flaxseed (FS) on the oxidation of α‐linolenic acid (ALA). Pigs were fed FS free (CON) or FS diets according to three feeding regimes: R1, 10% FS diet from 15 to 37 kg BW; and then 5% FS diet; R2, CON from 15 to 37 kg BW; and then 5% FS diet; and R3, 10% FS diet form 15 to 37 kg BW; and then CON. At 25 and 55 kg BW, a single bolus dose of U‐13C‐ALA (2.75 mg/kg BW) was fed and recovery of 13C in expired CO2 was quantified during 26 h to estimate oxidation. There were no interactive effects (P>0.10) of feeding regime and BW on ALA oxidation. There was no effect of previous FS intake on ALA oxidation at 55 kg BW (P=0.20; 8.0% for R1 and 4.9% for R2). Across BW, R1 tended to have higher mean ALA oxidation than R2 (P=0.06; 9.8 vs 5.1%), whereas mean oxidation was similar for R2 and R3 (P=0.94; 5.1 vs 5.7%). BW did not affect the oxidation of ALA (P=0.42; 7.0 at 25 kg and 5.6% at 55 kg BW); pigs on FS tended to have higher ALA oxidation than pigs on CON (P=0.07; 8.0 vs 4.7%). ALA oxidation was generally less than 10% of intake, not affected by BW and previous nutrition, and reduced when feeding low ALA diets.Grant Funding Source : Ontario Pork, OMAFRA, AAFC
EPA and DHA increase insulin receptor in proliferating but reduce GLUT4 in differentiated C2C12
Authors: Kim Jeffrey , Li Yong , Watkins Bruce A 
Published: June 2021

Endocannabinoids (EC) are messengers derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) that play a role in disrupting glucose regulation in skeletal muscle. The objective of our research is to study the mechanistic aspects of glucose regulation and the EC system in the mouse myoblast cell line, C2C12, when supplemented with and without n‐3 and n‐6 PUFA. C2C12 myoblasts were cultured until a confluency of 50%. Cells were assigned to two groups: one being maintained in the proliferating state while the other was induced to differentiate. Both groups were then treated with 100μM of either eicosapenaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), arachidonic acid (AA), or a bovine serum albumin (BSA) control for 24 hours. RNA was isolated and analyzed using real time PCR revealing an increase in the mRNA of the insulin receptor in both the EPA and DHA treated proliferating cells compared to BSA and AA groups, but decreased in differentiated cells. In addition, glucose uptake transporter 4 mRNA was reduced in the differentiated EPA and DHA groups while Akt1 expression was reduced in only the differentiated DHA group. The mRNA for the primary EC receptor in skeletal muscle, CB1, was found to be less than in the n‐3 PUFA treated proliferating cells. Changes in EC synthesizing and degrading enzymes complement this observed reduction in structural and key mechanistic components of the EC system when treated with n‐3 PUFA.Grant Funding Source : Diet and Health Initiative (UConn)
GLUT‐1 transporter expression is up‐regulated on human CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes following T cell activation
Authors: MENG HUICUI , TURBITT WILLIAM J , ROGERS CONNIE J 
Published: June 2021

The availability and uptake of nutrients play a critical role in the generation of adequate immune responses. In particular, the metabolic demands of T lymphocytes increase following activation to provide energy for proliferation and other important effector functions. Glucose, one of the major energy sources of T cells, can be transported into cells via several glucose transporters, including GLUT‐1. However, the distribution of GLUT‐1 on T cell subsets remains unclear. Therefore, the goal of the current study was to evaluate the effect of T cell activation on GLUT‐1 expression in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Peripheral blood was collected from healthy subjects (20–40 years old), PBMCs were isolated using Ficoll‐Hypaque Plus, and T cells were stimulated using 1 μg/ml of anti‐CD3/CD28 antibodies. Following 3‐day cultures, T cells were harvested, counted and GLUT‐1 expression was quantified on both unactivated and activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells by flow cytometry. GLUT‐1 expression increased significantly, on CD4+and CD8+ T cells (20‐fold and 10‐fold, respectively; P<0.05) following activation. Our results demonstrate that CD4+ and CD8+ T cells up‐regulate the surface expression of GLUT‐1 upon activation. These results suggest that increased glucose uptake via the GLUT‐1 transporter is a common feature of all activated T cells and may be a target for therapy to enhance T cell function.Grant Funding Source: Penn State internal funding