bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mosquito Control Based on Pesticides and Endosymbiotic Bacterium Wolbachia
Authors: Hu Linchao , Yang Cui , Hui Yuanxian , Yu Jianshe 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMosquito-borne diseases, such as dengue fever and Zika, have posed a serious threat to human health around the world. Controlling vector mosquitoes is an effective method to prevent these diseases. Spraying pesticides has been the main approach of reducing mosquito population, but it is not a sustainable solution due to the growing insecticide resistance. One promising complementary method is the release of Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes into wild mosquito populations, which has been proven to be a novel and environment-friendly way for mosquito control. In this paper, we incorporate consideration of releasing infected sterile mosquitoes and spraying pesticides to aim to reduce wild mosquito populations based on the population replacement model. We present the estimations for the number of wild mosquitoes or infection density in a normal environment and then discuss how to offset the effect of the heatwave, which can cause infected mosquitoes to lose Wolbachia infection. Finally, we give the waiting time to suppress wild mosquito population to a given threshold size by numerical simulations.
Dielectric relaxations and ion transport study of NaCMC:NaNO3 solid polymer electrolyte films
Authors: Shetty Supriya K , Ismayil  , Hegde Shreedatta , Ravindrachary V , Sanjeev Ganesh , Bhajantri Rajashekhar F , Masti Saraswati P 
Published: April 2021

AbstractNa+ ion-conducting solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) of sodium salt of carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC) doped with sodium nitrate (NaNO3) was developed by solution casting method. FTIR technique confirmed the formation of hydrogen bonding between $$ {NO}_3^{-} $$

NO
3
−

anion and functional groups of NaCMC. XRD study revealed the low degree of crystallinity that reduced upon doping. Impedance spectroscopy was adapted in order to analyze the conductivity and dielectric relaxation phenomena of the polymer-salt complex. FTIR deconvolution technique was employed to understand the factor that influences the ionic conductivity in SPE; concentration of mobile ions and ionic mobility both play a vital role. Ion transference number has been found out to be > 0.97 for all samples indicating that the conducting species are primarily ions. The highest ionic conductivity of ̴ 3 × 10−3 Scm−1 with the mechanical strength of 30.12 MPa was achieved for a host containing 30 wt.% NaNO3 at ambient temperature.
Zum Forschungsstand über Ansätze des Dual Career Coachings
Authors: Ziegler-Rehak Philipp 
Published: April 2021

ZusammenfassungDer vorliegende Artikel zeigt den Forschungsstand zur Beratung von Dual Career Couples (DCCs) anhand von zehn theoretisch, empirisch und praxeologisch entwickelten Ansätzen auf. Zunächst wird die Bedeutung des Phänomens DCCs für die Karriereberatung konturiert und anschließend vor dem Hintergrund gesellschaftlicher Transformationsprozesse eingeordnet. Die Einführung eines triadisch konzeptualisierten Beratungsraums schafft einen Rahmen, der eine vergleichende Darstellung und Einordnung der zehn Ansätze ermöglicht. Abschließend werden Perspektiven zur Weiterentwicklung des Dual Career Coachings aufgezeigt und eine Standortbestimmung vorgenommen.
Effect of Surface Layer on the Fatigue Strength of Selectively Laser Melted 17-4 PH Steel
Authors: Leitner Martin , Schneller Wolfgang , Springer Sebastian , Grün Florian 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe effect of surface layer properties on the fatigue strength of selectively laser melted 17-4 PH stainless steel flat specimens is presented within this work. X-ray surface residual stress measurements in loading direction show that the residual stresses are negligible if a final heat-treatment is applied, whereas values of only about 3% of the nominal yield strength of the base material are evaluated. The presented additively manufactured surfaces highlight irregular surface topographies, at which an area-based assessment of the surface roughness parameters should be applied instead of a line-based evaluation using defined profiles which may lead to an underestimation. Fatigue tests under cantilever bending at a load stress ratio of R = −1 demonstrate a fundamental impact of the surface layer on the fatigue strength especially within the high-cycle fatigue region. A comparison to the test results of machined specimens reveals a significant increase in the fatigue strength by 29% at ten million load-cycles due to the machining process. Finally, a fracture surface analysis highlights that not only the surface topography itself, but also the surface layer is of great importance in terms of fatigue. Thereby, surface-near imperfections or lack of fusion of the contour layer to the bulk material can act as origin for fatigue crack initiation, which illustrates the necessity to consider the surface layer properties in the fatigue design of additively manufactured 17-4 PH steel structures.
Application of an enzymatic cascade reaction for the synthesis of the emeraldine salt form of polyaniline
Authors: Kurisu Minoru , Kissner Reinhard , Imai Masayuki , Walde Peter 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe synthesis of the emeraldine salt form of polyaniline (PANI-ES) from aniline with Aspergillus sp. glucose oxidase (GOD), d-glucose, dissolved O2, and horseradish peroxidase isoenzyme C (HRPC) in the presence of large unilamellar vesicles of AOT (sodium bis-(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate) as templates at pH = 4.3 and T ~ 25 °C was investigated in a systematic way. In this cascade reaction mixture, the oxidation of aniline is catalyzed by HRPC with H2O2 that is formed in situ as byproduct of the GOD-catalyzed oxidation of d-glucose with O2. Under the elaborated experimental conditions which we considered ideal, the formation of PANI-ES products is evident, as judged by UV/Vis/NIR and EPR measurements. Comparison was made with a reference reaction, which was run under similar conditions with added H2O2 instead of GOD and d-glucose. Although the reference reaction was found to be superior, with the cascade reaction, PANI-ES products can still be obtained with high aniline conversion (> 90%) within 24 h as stable dark green PANI-ES/AOT vesicle dispersion. Our results show that the in situ formation of H2O2 does not prevent the inactivation of HRPC known to occur in the reference reaction. Moreover, the GOD used in the cascade reaction is inactivated as well by polymerization intermediates.
When Rights Enter the CSR Field: British Firms’ Engagement with Human Rights and the UN Guiding Principles
Authors: Favotto Alvise , Kollman Kelly 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe adoption of the Guiding Principles for Business and Human Rights by the United Nations (UNGPs) in 2011 created a new governance instrument aimed at improving the promotion of human rights by business enterprises. While reaffirming states duties to uphold human rights in law, the UNGPs called on firms to promote the realization of human rights within global markets. The UNGPs thus have sought to embed human rights more firmly within the field of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and to use CSR practices to improve corporate human rights accountability. In this paper, we explore how this incorporation of human rights into the CSR field has affected the business practices and public commitments British firms have made to promote human rights. We analyse the CSR reports published by the 50 largest British firms over a 20-year period starting in the late 1990s and interview senior CSR managers of these firms. We find that these firms have expanded how they articulate their responsibility for human rights over time. These commitments however remain largely focused on improving management practices such as due diligence and remediation procedures. Firms are often both vague and selective about which substantive human rights they engage with in light of their concerns about their market competitiveness and broader legitimacy. These outcomes suggest that, while firms cannot completely resist the normative pressures exerted by the CSR field, they retain significant resources and agency in translating such pressure into concrete practices.
Normative View of Natural Resources—Global Redistribution or Human Rights–Based Approach?
Authors: Gümplová Petra 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis paper contrasts conceptions of global distributive justice focused on natural resources with human rights–based approach. To emphasize the advantages of the latter, the paper analyzes three areas: (1) the methodology of normative theorizing about natural resources, (2) the category of natural resources, and (3) the view of the system of sovereignty over natural resources. Concerning the first, I argue that global justice conceptions misconstrue the claims made to natural resources and offer conceptions which are practically unfeasible. Concerning the second, I show that contemporary philosophy of justice downplays the plurality of meanings resources have for collectives and argue that conflicts over natural resources can best be accounted for using human rights. Finally, the paper looks at sovereignty over natural resources and argues that rather than dismissing it as unjustifiable on moral grounds, it should be reformed in line with valid principles of international law, most importantly with human rights.
Revisiting Chlor-Alkali Electrolyzers: from Materials to Devices
Authors: Li Kai , Fan Qun , Chuai Hongyuan , Liu Hai , Zhang Sheng , Ma Xinbin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAs an energy-intensive industry, the chlor-alkali process has caused numerous environmental issues due to heavy electricity consumption and pollution. Chlor-alkali industry has been upgraded from mercury, diaphragm electrolytic cell, to ion exchange membrane (IEM) electrolytic cells. However, several challenges, such as the selectivity of the anodic reaction, sluggish kinetics of alkaline hydrogen evolution, degradation of membranes, the reasonable design of electrolytic cell structure, remain to be addressed. For these reasons, this paper mainly reviews the research progress of the chlor-alkali industry from materials to devices, including hydrogen evolution anode, chlorine evolution cathode, IEM, and electrolytic cell system. Finally, the research directions and prospects in the chlor-alkali industry are proposed for its further improvement.
Treatment of a giant hepatic echinococcal cyst with percutaneous drainage and in vivo assessment of the protoscolicidal effect of praziquantel
Authors: Richter Joachim , Lindner Andreas Karl , Geisel Dominik , Torsello Giovanni Federico , Martinez Gabriela Equihua , Isner Caroline , Schürmann Dirk , Pfäfflin Frieder , Orhun Arzu , Manciulli Tommaso , Brunetti Enrico 
Published: April 2021

AbstractTherapy choices for cystic echinococcisis (CE) are stage-specific: surgical, minimally invasive, medical or observation without intervention. PAIR (percutaneous aspiration, instillation of a scolicide, and re-aspiration) has been considered the treatment of choice for uncomplicated echinococcal liver cysts. However, PAIR carries the risk of toxic cholangitis or hypernatremia and that the cyst frequently refills with bile after withdrawing the catheter. We treated a patient with a giant CE 1 liver cyst with puncture drainage (PD) under albendazole coverage. Drainage enabled us to monitor the morphology of protoscolices under praziquantel (PZQ) co-medication. Protoscolices degenerated within 5 days of PZQ 50 mg/kg/d. The cyst cavity solidified with no evidence of reactivation or secondary spread. Percutaneous treatments can replace surgery in a significant number or cases with hepatic CE. PD allows to assess microscopically the viability of protoscolices under co-medication with PZQ–albendazole and to avoid the instillation of topical scolicides.
South African Jewish Responses to COVID-19
Authors: Gilbert Shirli , Gilbert Leah 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAlthough the death rate caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa has thus far been much lower than initially feared, the economic and social impact has been severe. The country’s Jewish community, constituting 0.1% of the population with a median age of 45 years, has not escaped its effects. Organizations and individuals have nonetheless been able to mobilize a rapid and wide-reaching series of responses directed towards those most in need both inside and outside the community. The uniquely coordinated, energetic, and multipronged nature of these responses are attributed to robust communal infrastructure, strong community social capital, and the history of the Jewish community’s positioning in post-apartheid South Africa, alongside the perceived importance of health to collective well-being.
Determining the optimal interval for imaging surveillance of ascending aortic aneurysms
Authors: Adriaans B. P. , Ramaekers M. J. F. G. , Heuts S. , Crijns H. J. G. M. , Bekkers S. C. A. M. , Westenberg J. J. M. , Lamb H. J. , Wildberger J. E. , Schalla S. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
Cardiovascular guidelines recommend (bi-)annual computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for surveillance of the diameter of thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAAs). However, no previous study has demonstrated the necessity for this approach. The current study aims to provide patient-specific intervals for imaging follow-up of non-syndromic TAAs.

Methods
A total of 332 patients with non-syndromic ascending aortic aneurysms were followed over a median period of 6.7 years. Diameters were assessed using all available imaging techniques (echocardiography, CT and MRI). Growth rates were calculated from the differences between the first and last examinations. The diagnostic accuracy of follow-up protocols was calculated as the percentage of subjects requiring pre-emptive surgery in whom timely identification would have occurred.

Results
The mean growth rate in our population was 0.2 ± 0.4 mm/year. The highest recorded growth rate was 2.0 mm/year, while 40.6% of patients showed no diameter expansion during follow-up. Females exhibited significantly higher growth rates than men (0.3 ± 0.5 vs 0.2 ± 0.4 mm/year, p = 0.007). Conversely, a bicuspid aortic valve was not associated with more rapid aortic growth. The optimal imaging protocol comprises triennial imaging of aneurysms 40–49 mm in diameter and yearly imaging of those measuring 50–54 mm. This strategy is as accurate as annual follow-up, but reduces the number of imaging examinations by 29.9%.

Conclusions
In our population of patients with non-syndromic TAAs, we found aneurysm growth rates to be lower than those previously reported. Yearly imaging does not lead to changes in the management of small aneurysms. Thus, lower imaging frequencies might be a good alternative approach.
Fault identification approach and its application for predicting coal and gas outbursts
Authors: Chen Ying , Xie Fenghua , Zhang Xiufeng , Wang Cunwen , Xu Xiaotian , Wang Xiudong , Wang Yu 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe formation and development of faults are a manifestation of stress concentrations and energy release in crustal rocks, and faults have a great influence on the occurrence of dynamic mine disasters. This study proposed mapping technology as a fault identification method. The mapping procedure included four steps: (1) Drawing points on topographic maps. The information of topographic maps, such as elevation, rivers, and lakes was copied onto sulfuric acid paper. (2) Classifying the landform. Based on the highest and lowest points in the studied area, the minimum elevation difference was calculated and the elevation points were graded according to the minimum elevation difference. (3) Determining the block boundaries. The elevation points in the same grade were categorized into the same blocks. (4) Mapping the fault distribution. The boundaries between different blocks were considered as faults. In this regard, numbers were assigned to the faults, and a graphic scale, coordinate grid, and legends were added to the map. Fault identification for classes I–V was conducted at different scales. Fault identification for the next class always retained the previous results. Using this method, the faults in the Pingdingshan coal mining zone were divided into classes I–V. By comparing the classes with historical coal and gas outbursts, it was indicated that more than 90% of the coal and gas outbursts occurred in the vicinity of faults, especially at the intersections of multiple faults and in areas with concentrated faults. This study provided a scientific basis for predicting coal and gas outbursts.
Plant-based fructans for increased animal welfare: provision processes and remaining challenges
Authors: Zimmermann A. , Visscher C. , Kaltschmitt M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractFructans are carbohydrates consisting of fructose monomers linked by β-2,1- and/or β-2,6-glycosidic bonds with linear or branched structure. These carbohydrates belong to the group of prebiotic dietary fibre with health-promoting potential for humans and mammals due to their indigestibility and selective stimulation of microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract. This makes fructans interesting mainly for healthy food as well as animal feed applications. As a consequence of a growing public awareness for animal welfare, dietary fibre and thus fructans move into the focus as a fibre-rich feeding improving not only animals’ health but also their well-being. Against this background, this paper summarises the known effects of fructans focusing on pigs and highlights the state of the art in fructan production processes from plant material as well as selected current research lines. Additionally, an attempt is made to assess the potential of European fructan production for an application as animal feed. Based on this, challenges in the field of fructan production are addressed and alternative substrates for fructans are discussed and pointed out.
The road to societal trust: implementation of Towards Sustainable Mining in Finland and Spain
Authors: Lesser Pamela 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn government, industry and academia, there is a convergence of three trends: (1) the belief that responsible exploration and mining should increase across Europe, (2) industry should follow and ‘Europeanise’ international good practices and (3) a social licence to operate exists not only between a community and a company but also between society and industry. There are two examples in Europe where these trends are converging—Finland and Spain have both adopted the Canadian Toward Sustainable Mining (TSM) program, but the method of implementation is very different. As a result of Talvivaara, Finland took a network governance approach incorporating trust-building measures from the beginning by bringing diverse stakeholders together to create the Finnish Network for Sustainable Mining. Spain chose to integrate the TSM into their national standards, a more traditional and hierarchical approach but one that also relies on a trustworthy entity with clear longevity. Although implementation is in the early stages in both countries, and therefore this paper provides insights only on preliminary outcomes, results indicate that the network approach may not be better at achieving societal SLO suggesting that other factors such as narrative, dialoguing directly with society, implementing trust-building measures in a timely fashion and proven longevity may have more influence than early trust-building measures between network participants.
Chinese Built-up Land in Floodplains Moving Closer to Freshwaters
Authors: Fang Yongqiang , Du Shiqiang , Wen Jiahong , Zhang Min , Fang Jiayi , Liu Min 
Published: April 2021

AbstractHuman proximity to water and its dynamics are important to understanding the socio-hydrological dilemma between using floodplains and avoiding flood risk. However, previous studies have not distinguished between the water proximity of built-up land in floodplains (BLF) and the water proximity of built-up land outside floodplains (BLOF). This article provides a new and spatiotemporal perspective of the BLF water proximities for understanding the changing flood risk in China. The results show that China’s BLFs had an average water proximity of 5.41 km in 2014. Most of the BLFs (62%, 25.88×103 km2) were located within 3 km of waterbodies. From 1990 to 2014, China’s BLFs increased rapidly by 81% from 23.06×103 km2 to 41.74×103 km2, of which a large portion (57%) was concentrated in water surroundings (≤3 km), shortening the distance between BLFs and waterbodies by 169 m. The BLF growth concentrated in water surroundings even in areas where BLFs have an overall increasing distance from waterbodies. Both the increases in the BLFs and their proximity to waterbodies can increase flood exposure and exacerbate flood risk. The scientific community and policymakers should pay attention not only to the volume of BLF growth, but also its spatial relationship with waterbodies.
Contact tracing apps for the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic literature review of challenges and future directions for neo-liberal societies
Authors: Akinbi Alex , Forshaw Mark , Blinkhorn Victoria 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Purpose
The COVID-19 pandemic has spread with increased fatalities around the world and has become an international public health crisis. Public health authorities in many countries have introduced contact tracing apps to track and trace infected persons as part of measures to contain the spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2. However, there are major concerns about its efficacy and privacy which affects mass acceptance amongst a population. This systematic literature review encompasses the current challenges facing this technology and recommendations to address such challenges in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic in neo-liberal societies.

Methods
The systematic literature review was conducted by searching databases of Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, IEEE Xplore Digital Library, PsycInfo and ScienceDirect using the search terms (“Contact Tracing” OR “Contact Tracing apps”) AND (“COVID-19” OR “Coronavirus”) to identify relevant literature. The searches were run against the title, keywords, or abstract, depending on the search platforms. The searches were conducted between January 1, 2020, through 31st January 2021. Further inputs were also taken from preprints, published government and technical reports. We explore and discuss from the selected literature, the key challenges and issues that influence unwillingness to use these contact tracing apps in neo-liberal societies which include the plausibility of abuse of user privacy rights and lack of trust in the government and public health authorities by their citizens. Other challenges identified and discussed include ethical issues, security vulnerabilities, user behaviour and participation, and technical constraints.

Results and conclusion
Finally, in the analysis of this systematic literature review, recommendations to address these challenges, future directions, and considerations in the use of digital contact tracing apps and related technologies to contain the spread of future pandemic outbreaks are presented. For policy makers in neo-liberal societies, this study provides an in-depth review of issues that must be addressed. We highlight recommendations to improve the willingness to use such digital technologies and could facilitate mass acceptance amongst users.