bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Searching for a sign of exotic Aedes albopictus (Culicidae) introduction in major international seaports on Kyushu Island, Japan
Authors: Yang Chao , Sunahara Toshihiko , Hu Jinping , Futami Kyoko , Kawada Hitoshi , Minakawa Noboru 
Published: October 2021

BackgroundThe Asian tiger mosquito,Aedes albopictus, has spread around the world. The migration was mainly mediated by maritime transportations. This species is known as an efficient vector for arboviruses, and it was responsible for the recent dengue outbreak in Tokyo, Japan. As the vector competence varies among geographical populations, and insecticide resistant populations have emerged, it is important to reveal their movements. The present study uses molecular techniques to search for a sign of introduction of an exotic population in three major international seaports on Kyushu Island.Methodology/principal findingsAdults ofAe.albopictuswere sampled around the international seaports of Fukuoka, Kitakyushu, and Nagasaki. Pairwise fixation indexes were estimated between the sampled populations based on 13 microsatellite markers. There was no clear genetic differentiation between distant and port populations in Kitakyushu and Nagasaki. However, the analysis found one distinct group near the container terminal in Fukuoka, which handles international freight containers mainly from adjacent countries. DNA samples were also obtained from Goto, Tsushima, Honshu, Ryukyu, Thailand, and the Philippines; and a cluster analysis and discriminant analysis revealed that the distinct group in Fukuoka did not belong to these groups. Combined with the results of phylogenetic analysis based on CO1, these results implied that this group originated from one Asian temperate region outside of Japan. Neutrality test and mismatch distribution analysis suggested that the establishment of this group was not recent.Conclusions/significanceThe present study found a sign ofAe.albopictusintroduction from a temperate region of Asia through maritime freight container transportation. The genetically distinct group found in Fukuoka likely originated from a temperate region outside of Japan. Maritime container transportation may introduce to Japan mosquitoes with greater vector competence/insecticide resistance. This is the first study to describe the spatial population structure ofAe.albopictusin Japan using molecular techniques.
Hospital-level factors associated with death during pneumonia-associated hospitalization among adults—New York City, 2010–2014
Authors: Whittemore Kate , Garcia Kristian M. , Huang Chaorui C. , Lim Sungwoo , Daskalakis Demetre C. , Vora Neil M. , Lucero David E. 
Published: October 2021

Background
In New York City (NYC), pneumonia is a leading cause of death and most pneumonia deaths occur in hospitals. Whether the pneumonia death rate in NYC reflects reporting artifact or is associated with factors during pneumonia-associated hospitalization (PAH) is unknown. We aimed to identify hospital-level factors associated with higher than expected in-hospital pneumonia death rates among adults in NYC.

Methods
Data from January 1, 2010–December 31, 2014 were obtained from the New York Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System and the American Hospital Association Database. In-hospital pneumonia standardized mortality ratio (SMR) was calculated for each hospital as observed PAH death rate divided by expected PAH death rate. To determine hospital-level factors associated with higher in-hospital pneumonia SMR, we fit a hospital-level multivariable negative binomial regression model.

Results
Of 148,172 PAH among adult NYC residents in 39 hospitals during 2010–2014, 20,820 (14.06%) resulted in in-hospital death. In-hospital pneumonia SMRs varied across NYC hospitals (0.77–1.23) after controlling for patient-level factors. An increase in average daily occupancy and membership in the Council of Teaching Hospitals were associated with increased in-hospital pneumonia SMR.

Conclusions
Differences in in-hospital pneumonia SMRs between hospitals might reflect differences in disease severity, quality of care, or coding practices. More research is needed to understand the association between average daily occupancy and in-hospital pneumonia SMR. Additional pneumonia-specific training at teaching hospitals can be considered to address higher in-hospital pneumonia SMR in teaching hospitals.
4-Coumaroyl-CoA ligases in the biosynthesis of the anti-diabetic metabolite montbretin A
Authors: Sunstrum Frederick G. , Liu Hannah L. , Jancsik Sharon , Madilao Lufiani L. , Bohlmann Joerg , Irmisch Sandra 
Published: October 2021

Background
Montbretins are rare specialized metabolites found in montbretia (Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora) corms. Montbretin A (MbA) is of particular interest as a novel therapeutic for type-2 diabetes and obesity. There is no scalable production system for this complex acylated flavonol glycoside. MbA biosynthesis has been reconstructed in Nicotiana benthamiana using montbretia genes for the assembly of MbA from its various different building blocks. However, in addition to smaller amounts of MbA, the therapeutically inactive montbretin B (MbB) was the major product of this metabolic engineering effort. MbA and MbB differ in a single hydroxyl group of their acyl side chains, which are derived from caffeoyl-CoA and coumaroyl-CoA, respectively. Biosynthesis of both MbA and MbB also require coumaroyl-CoA for the formation of the myricetin core. Caffeoyl-CoA and coumaroyl-CoA are formed in the central phenylpropanoid pathway by acyl activating enzymes (AAEs) known as 4-coumaroyl-CoA ligases (4CLs). Here we investigated a small family of montbretia AAEs and 4CLs, and their possible contribution to montbretin biosynthesis.

Results
Transcriptome analysis for gene expression patterns related to montbretin biosynthesis identified eight different montbretia AAEs belonging to four different clades. Enzyme characterization identified 4CL activity for two clade IV members, Cc4CL1 and Cc4CL2, converting different hydroxycinnamic acids into the corresponding CoA thioesters. Both enzymes preferred coumaric acid over caffeic acid as a substrate in vitro. While expression of montbretia AAEs did not enhance MbA biosynthesis in N. benthamiana, we demonstrated that both Cc4CLs can be used to activate coumaric and caffeic acid towards flavanone biosynthesis in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae).

Conclusions
Montbretia expresses two functional 4CLs, but neither of them is specific for the formation of caffeoyl-CoA. Based on differential expression analysis and phylogeny Cc4CL1 is most likely involved in MbA biosynthesis, while Cc4CL2 may contribute to lignin biosynthesis. Both Cc4CLs can be used for flavanone production to support metabolic engineering of MbA in yeast.
An ethnographic study of how health system, socio-cultural and individual factors influence uptake of intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in a Ghanaian context
Authors: Aberese-Ako Matilda , Magnussen Pascal , Ampofo Gifty D. , Gyapong Margaret , Ansah Evelyn , Tagbor Harry 
Published: October 2021

Background
Intermittent preventive treatment of malaria among pregnant women with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (IPTp-SP), is one of the three recommended interventions for the prevention of malaria in pregnancy (MiP) in sub-Sahara Africa. The World Health Organisation recommended in 2012 that SP be given at each scheduled ANC visit except during the first trimester and can be given a dose every month until the time of delivery, to ensure that a high proportion of women receive at least three doses of SP during pregnancy. Despite implementation of this policy, Ghana did not attain the target of 100% access to IPTp-SP by 2015. Additionally, negative outcomes of malaria infection in pregnancy are still recurring. This ethnographic study explored how health system, individual and socio-cultural factors influence IPTp-SP uptake in two Ghanaian regions.

Methods
The study design was ethnographic, employing non-participant observation, case studies and in depth interviews in 8 health facilities and 8 communities, from April 2018 to March 2019, in two Ghanaian regions. Recommended ethical procedures were observed.

Results
Health system factors such as organization of antenatal care (ANC) services and strategies employed by health workers to administer SP contributed to initial uptake. Women’s trust in the health care system contributed to continued uptake. Inadequate information provided to women accessing ANC, stock-outs and fees charged for ANC services reduced access to IPTp-SP. Socio-cultural factor such as encouragement from social networks influenced utilization of ANC services and IPTp-SP uptake. Individual factors such as refusing to take SP, skipping ANC appointments and initiating ANC attendance late affected uptake.

Conclusion
Health system, socio-cultural and individual factors influence uptake of optimum doses of IPTp-SP. Consequently, interventions that aim at addressing IPTp-SP uptake should focus on regular and sufficient supply of SP to health facilities, effective implementation of free ANC, provision of appropriate and adequate information to women and community outreach programmes to encourage early and regular ANC visits.
Impact of COVID-19 on residency choice: A survey of New York City medical students
Authors: Lee Kate E. , Lim Francesca , Silver Elisabeth R. , Faye Adam S. , Hur Chin 
Published: October 2021

Objectives
The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic disrupted medical student education, particularly in New York City (NYC). We aimed to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on medical students’ residency choices.

Methods
The authors conducted a cross-sectional survey of medical students in all years of study at four NYC medical schools (Columbia, Cornell, NYU, and SUNY Downstate). The survey was fielded from 19 Aug 2020 to 21 Sep 2020. Survey questions included items assessing COVID-19 impact on residency choices, personal impact of COVID-19, residency/specialty choices, and factors influencing these choices.

Results
A total of 2310 students received the survey, with 547 (23.7%) providing partial responses and 212 (9.2%) providing valid responses for our primary analysis. 59.0% of participants thought that COVID-19 influenced their choice of residency/specialty, with 0.9% saying the influence was to a great extent, 22.2% to some extent, and 35.8% very little. On multivariable analysis, factors that were independently associated with COVID-19 impacting residency choice included low debt ($1 to $99,999: adjOR 2.23, 95%CI 1.02–5.03) compared with no debt and Other race/ethnicity (adjOR 0.26, 95%CI 0.10–0.63) compared with White race/ethnicity. On secondary analysis of all participants answering survey items for logistic regression regardless of survey completion, direct personal impact of COVID-19 was significantly associated with COVID-19 impacting specialty choice (adjOR 1.90, 95%CI 1.04–3.52). Moreover, 24 students (11.6%) reported a change in their top residency choice from before to during/after COVID-19, citing concerns about frontline work, work-life balance, and risk of harm.

Conclusions
Our study found that 3 in 5 (59.0%) participants felt that COVID-19 impacted their residency choice, with 11.6% of respondents explicitly changing their top specialty choice. Investigating the impact of the pandemic on medical student residency considerations is crucial to understand how medical career outlooks may change in the future.
Potentially predictive factors for hearing function improvement in pediatric cytomegalovirus infection therapy
Authors: Triono Agung , Herini Elisabeth Siti , Widya Braghmandita , Nurputra Dian Kesumapramudya 
Published: October 2021

Background Symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection has an impact mainly on neurological sequelae, including sensorineural deafness. Because of the long-term impact, early treatment of CMV infection is mandatory. However, predictive factors for hearing function improvement in CMV infection therapy remain unexamined.
Objective To evaluate potential predictive factors for hearing improvement in pediatric CMV infection therapy.
Methods All medical record data of patients aged 0-6 years with CMV infection who completed a 6-week course of ganciclovir therapy or a combination of a 4-week course of ganciclovir and a 2-week course valganciclovir from January 2013 to December 2017 were collected. Age at onset of therapy, gender, gestational age, nutritional status, multi-organ involvement, and neurological symptoms were studied as potential predictive factors of hearing improvement in CMV therapy. The effectiveness of CMV infection therapy on improving hearing function was measured with the brainstem evoked response audiometry (BERA) test.
Results BERA tests proportion in the right, left, and best ear showed significant improvement after therapy. All variables analyzed were not statistically significant as predictive factors for hearing improvement in CMV infection therapy.
Conclusion Ganciclovir/valganciclovir therapy in CMV infection patients accounted for the improvement of hearing impairment. However, none of the assessed factors were considered predictive for improving hearing function in CMV infection therapy.
Inflammatory markers and lipid profiles in obese children
Authors: Juliaty Aidah , Kurniasih Dina 
Published: October 2021

Background Over 340 million children and adolescents aged 5-19 were overweight or obese in the year 2016. Individuals with obesity are at risk for metabolic disorders and lipid abnormalities. Adipose tissue is a major source of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Objective To evaluate possible correlations between inflammatory markers IL-6, TNFa, and hs-CRP with lipid profiles between obese and non obese children.
Methods Eighty children, aged 13 to 15 years, were enrolled in this study (40 normoweight and 40 obese). All participants’s ( obese and normoweight children) total plasma cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, as well as circulating levels of inflammatory factors, such as TNF-α, IL-6, and high sensitivity-C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) level were measured.
Results Obese children had significantly higher triglycerides (TG) and cholesterol, as well as lower HDL than normoweight subjects. Mean LDL levels were not significantly different between groups. The IL-6, TNFa, hs-CRP levels were significantly positively correlated with waist circumference. Analysis of the 4 blood lipid parameters and 3 inflammatory markers revealed significant positive correlations of triglycerides to TNFa and hs-CRP. In addition, HDL had significant negative correlations to both TNFa and hs-CRP. No correlations were found between IL-6 and the 4 lipid parameters, nor between TNFa or hs-CRP to LDL and cholesterol. Multivariate regression analysis revealed a significant association between weight-height ratio with hs-CRP (R2 0.118; 95%CI 1.65 to 191; P=0.046). Obesity is associated with adverse lipid and inflammations markers in children.
Conclusion Obesity was associated with higher TG, cholesterol, TNF, and hs-CRP levels, as well as lower HDL.
Level of hM4D(Gi) DREADD Expression Determines Inhibitory and Neurotoxic Effects in the Hippocampus
Authors: Goossens Marie-Gabrielle , Larsen Lars Emil , Vergaelen Marijke , Wadman Wytse , Van den Haute Chris , Brackx Wayra , Proesmans Silke , Desloovere Jana , Christiaen Emma , Craey Erine , Vanhove Christian , Vonck Kristl , Boon Paul , Raedt Robrecht 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSelective neuromodulation using designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) has become an increasingly important research tool, as well as an emerging therapeutic approach. However, the safety profile of DREADD expression is unknown. Here, different titers of adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector were administered in an attempt to vary total expression levels of the inhibitory DREADD hM4D(Gi) in excitatory hippocampal neurons. Male Sprague Dawley rats were injected with AAV2/7 encoding DREADD-mCherry, DREADD, or mCherry. Pronounced neuronal loss and neuroinflammatory reactions were observed after transduction with the high titer DREADD AAV, which also resulted in the highest DREADD expression levels. No such effects were observed in the mCherry control group, despite an equally high titer, nor in conditions where lower viral vector titers were injected. In the high titer DREADD conditions, dentate gyrus (DG) evoked potentials were inhibited on clozapine-induced activation of hM4D(Gi), while in low titer conditions DG evoked potentials were enhanced. Recordings of single neuronal activity nevertheless indicated a reduction in spontaneous firing of granule cell layer neurons. Our results indicate that prolonged, high levels of DREADD expression can have neurotoxic effects and that chemogenetic suppression of excitatory hippocampal neurons can paradoxically enhance DG evoked potentials.
Endocannabinoids Tune Intrinsic Excitability in O-LM Interneurons by Direct Modulation of Postsynaptic Kv7 Channels
Authors: Incontro Salvatore , Sammari Malika , Azzaz Fodil , Inglebert Yanis , Ankri Norbert , Russier Michael , Fantini Jacques , Debanne Dominique 
Published: October 2021

KCNQ-Kv7 channels are found at the axon initial segment of pyramidal neurons, where they control cell firing and membrane potential. In oriens lacunosum moleculare (O-LM) interneurons, these channels are mainly expressed in the dendrites, suggesting a peculiar function of Kv7 channels in these neurons. Here, we show that Kv7 channel activity is upregulated following induction of presynaptic long-term synaptic depression (LTD) in O-LM interneurons from rats of both sex, thus resulting in a synergistic long-term depression of intrinsic excitability (LTD-IE). Both LTD and LTD-IE involve endocannabinoid (eCB) biosynthesis for induction. However, although LTD is dependent on cannabinoid type 1 receptors, LTD-IE is not. Molecular modeling shows a strong interaction of eCBs with Kv7.2/3 channel, suggesting a persistent action of these lipids on Kv7 channel activity. Our data thus unveil a major role for eCB synthesis in triggering both synaptic and intrinsic depression in O-LM interneurons.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIn principal cells, Kv7 channels are essentially located at the axon initial segment. In contrast, in O-LM interneurons, Kv7 channels are highly expressed in the dendrites, suggesting a singular role of these channels in O-LM cell function. Here, we show that LTD of excitatory inputs in O-LM interneurons is associated with an upregulation of Kv7 channels, thus resulting in a synergistic LTD of LTD-IE. Both forms of plasticity are mediated by the biosynthesis of eCBs. Stimulation of CB1 receptors induces LTD, whereas the direct interaction of eCBs with Kv7 channels induces LTD-IE. Our results thus provide a previously unexpected involvement of eCBs in long-lasting plasticity of intrinsic excitability in GABAergic interneurons.
Transgender Youth Referred to Clinics for Gender-Affirming Medical Care in Canada
Authors: Bauer Greta R. , Pacaud Danièle , Couch Robert , Metzger Daniel L. , Gale Lorraine , Gotovac Sandra , Mokashi Arati , Feder Stephen , Raiche Joe , Speechley Kathy Nixon , Temple Newhook Julia , Ghosh Shuvo , Sansfaçon Annie Pullen , Susset Françoise , Lawson Margaret L. ,   for the Trans Youth CAN! Research Team
Published: October 2021

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Referrals of transgender and gender-diverse (trans) youth to medical clinics for gender-affirming care have increased. We described characteristics of trans youth in Canada at first referral visit.

METHODS
Baseline clinical and survey data (2017–2019) were collected for Trans Youth CAN!, a 10-clinic prospective cohort of n = 174 pubertal and postpubertal youth &lt;16 years with gender dysphoria, referred for hormonal suppression or hormone therapy, and 160 linked parent-participants. Measures assessed health, demographics, and visit outcome.

RESULTS
Of youth, 137 were transmasculine (assigned female) and 37 transfeminine (assigned male); 69.0% were aged 14 to 15, 18.8% Indigenous, 6.6% visible minorities, 25.7% from immigrant families, and 27.1% low income. Most (66.0%) were gender-aware before age 12. Only 58.1% of transfeminine youth lived in their gender full-time versus 90.1% of transmasculine (P &lt; .001). Although transmasculine youth were more likely than transfeminine youth to report depressive symptoms (21.2% vs 10.8%; P = .03) and anxiety (66.1% vs 33.3%; P &lt; .001), suicidality was similarly high overall (past-year ideation: 34.5%, attempts: 16.8%). All were in school; 62.0% reported strong parental gender support, with parents the most common support persons (91.9%). Two-thirds of families reported external gender-related stressors. Youth had met with a range of providers (68.5% with a family physician). At clinic visit, 62.4% were prescribed hormonal suppression or hormone therapy, most commonly depot leuprolide acetate.

CONCLUSIONS
Trans youth in Canada attending clinics for hormonal suppression or gender-affirming hormones were generally healthy but with depression, anxiety, and support needs.
Pátu: Ye'pamasa na masisere tᵾoñaka wese
Authors: Azevedo Dagoberto Lima 
Published: October 2021

Wereneôro
A'ti pũripᵾre masiose nií pátu kase kumûa Ye'pamasa naâ tᵾoñase, masise, iñase. Pátu kase ukũ, masiõ weseti wesĩrikare wiôse tᵾoñama buera pekasa tohowero yoaka te bahutiro weroho nisiti. Tohonika basa wi'íseri ᵾhᵾâ wetiâra ñase nií nise tutuâ yᵾrᵾka te kasere bue, masiô wero ᵾ'asa nitise noho nikapa. Te pátu na Ye'pamasa mâ Ʉmᵾkoho Ñekᵾ pᵾ kᵾoseti nᵾkapi. A'ti ᵾ'mᵾkoho, a'tipati, masa tohonika a'ti di'tapᵾ de'ro nise da're bahureôti kᵾopi. Tere buâ ba'â tᵾoña duhî wegᵾ. Kᵾ toho weke niyuro a'to kateropᵾre te kumûare basese, kihti ukũse, basase tᵾoña wakũnᵾrᵾ wese nií. A'tiro nipa, a'tiro nisa, a'tiro nirô toho wasa nisê waka wetamose kumûre na tᵾoke merâ.
Resumo
Este artigo intitulado Pátu: o “pó da memória” dos conhecedores ye'pamasa (Tukano) abarca um conjunto amplo e complexo de ideias, concepções e perspectivas a respeito do pátu dos Ye'pamasa, tal como fazem e pensam os kumûa ye'pamasa. Talvez por ser uma temática complexa e que foi silenciada há muito tempo através da destruição das basaka wi’íseri (malocas) pelos não-indígenas, têm-se pouco investimentos de pesquisa e estudo sobre ela no alto Rio Negro. Para os Ye'pamasa, o pátu foi usado pelo Ʉmᵾkoho Ñekᵾ para intuir e pensar a construção do a’tipati (mundo) e a criação dos primeiros seres humanos. Esse produto, ao ser consumido, ativa os conhecimentos tradicionais, baseados no kiti ukũse (narrativas míticas), basese (“benzimentos”) e basase (cerimônias de rituais de cantos/danças) que se ouve e escuta dos especialistas ye’pamasᵾ (tukano). Assim, o pátu é entendido como tᵾoñakawese, o pó da memória dos Ye'pamasa, um elemento de uso dos especialistas para a produção, reprodução e construção de conhecimentos tradicionais.
Mahārah Kalām Book: The Implementation at Arabic Course
Authors: Cholifah Nur , Akmalia Frida 
Published: October 2021

In this study, the researchers focus on implementing mahārah kalām book at Al-Azhar Arabic course, Pare. This study used a descriptive qualitative approach. The data were collected using observation, interviews, and documentation. Miles and Huberman techniques were used to analyzing the data. The results reveal that: first, the textbooks used are books compiled directly by the founder of the course. There are al-muhādaṡah 1, mufradāt 1500 vocabularies, and al-qawāid al-taysīr. Second, in the learning process, the teacher used various methods, namely conversation, singing, question answering, and memorization. Third, the daily evaluation of speaking skills is in the form of a test that requires the students to make a story, which should be memorized and then practiced in front of the class. Finally, the final evaluation covers all the materials learned within 5 -10 minutes.