bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical, histological and immunohistochemistry characteristics of cornea in the sequelae stage of chronic vernal keratoconjunctivitis
Authors: Jaffet Jilu , Singh Vivek , Chaurasia Sunita , Jakati Saumya , Hazari Ajit , Sangwan Virender 
Published: December 2021

Purpose:
To report the clinical outcomes and histopathological and immunohistochemistry (IHC) features in eyes with the sequelae stage of vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC).

Methods:
Investigative study of corneal samples obtained following surgical intervention for vision restoration in four eyes of three patients with VKC. Patient 1 (an 11-year-old boy) had deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty in both eyes, Patient 2 (a 24-year-old male) underwent superficial keratectomy followed by penetrating keratoplasty, and Patient 3 (a 22-year-old male) underwent penetrating keratoplasty. The corneal samples retrieved after surgical intervention were assessed for histology features and immunohistochemistry (IHC) studies.

Results:
The grafts were clear till the follow-up of 2–18 months. Histopathology of all four corneal samples showed epithelial hyperplasia, absent Bowman layer, thick hyalinized stromal lamellae, vascularization, and chronic inflammatory cells such as lymphocytes and plasma cells. IHC showed strong expression of CK 3 in both eyes of Patient 1 and no expression in Patients 2 and 3. The marker for limbal stem cells, ABCG2, was absent in all four samples; however, p63α was expressed strongly in Patients 2 and 3, moderately in the right eye of Patient 1, and marginally expressed in the left eye of Patient 1.

Conclusion:
The eyes in the sequelae stage of VKC (having corneal scarring and 360° hypertrophied limbus) can be managed favorably with keratoplasty and amniotic membrane transplantation without allogenic/cadaveric stem cell transplantation. The expression of transient progenitor cells in the scarred corneas of VKC patients in the sequelae stage suggests that the limbal stem cell dysfunction is more likely partial and self-renewal of limbal stem cells is a plausibility in these eyes.
Efficacy of low-concentration atropine (0.01%) eye drops for prevention of axial myopic progression in premyopes
Authors: Jethani Jitendra 
Published: December 2021

Purpose:
Low-concentration atropine (LCA; 0.01%) is known to reduce the progression of myopia in axial myopes. The purpose of this study was to understand the role of LCA in premyopic children in preventing progression.

Methods:
A randomized case–control study of known premyopes was done between the use of LCA and no intervention. A total of 30 children were included in both groups.

Results:
The mean age in the LCA group was 7.7 ± 2.1 years (5–12 years), and in the control group, it was 7.2 ± 1.9 years (4–12 years). The mean baseline progression per year in the LCA group (before starting the eye drops) was − 0.72 ± 0.3 D, and in the control group, it was − 0.69 ± 0.4 D. At the end of the first year, the mean progression in the LCA group was − 0.31 ± 0.3 D versus − 0.76 ± 0.4 D, and the axial length increase was 0.12 ± 0.1 mm in the LCA group and 0.21 ± 0.2 mm in the control group. At the end of the second year, the mean progression compared with the baseline in the LCA group was − 0.6 ± 0.3 D versus − 1.75 ± 0.4 D, and the axial length showed an increase from baseline in the LCA group by 0.21 ± 0.2 mm, and in the control group, the increase was 0.48 ± 0.2 mm in 2 years.

Conclusion:
Low-concentration eye drops (0.01%) work in preventing the progression of axial myopia in premyopic children.
Study on stereoacuity and associated factors in school children aged 7 to 14 years
Authors: Potluri Ravi K , Akella Subbarao V , Mallidi Rachana , Uppala Nageswara R , Jujjavarapu Rajendra P 
Published: December 2021

Purpose:
The study aimed to estimate the prevalence of subnormal stereoacuity in school children and to assess the factors associated with it.

Methods:
In this prospective cross-sectional study, a total of 2,376 school children without amblyopia and manifest squint were screened by the titmus fly test, Snellen chart, tests for heterophoria, anterior segment examination, and fundoscopy. Children with a manifest squint, amblyopia (best-corrected visual acuity [BCVA] <6/18), and history of ocular trauma or surgery, and one-eyed children were excluded. Cycloplegic refraction was done in children with uncorrected or undercorrected refractive errors, and stereoacuity was assessed again with spectacle correction.

Results:
The prevalence of normal stereoacuity by titmus fly test was 93.18% with correction of refractive errors. Girls had slightly better stereopsis compared with boys. The subnormal stereoacuity was significantly associated with refractive error (P < 0.00001, significant at P < 0.05), unilateral refractive error (P < 0.00001, significant at P < 0.05), bilateral refractive error (P < 0.00001, significant at P < 0.05), anisometropia (P < 0.00001, significant at P < 0.05), ametropia (P < 0.00001, significant at P < 0.05), lower BCVA (P < 0.00001, significant at P < 0.05), hyperopia (P < 0.05, significant at P < 0.05), and heterophoria (P = 0.014, significant at P < 0.05). The subnormal stereoacuity was positively correlated with the magnitude of refractive error of the eyes.

Conclusion:
This study underlines the significant impact of identification and correction of refractive errors and squints in school children. The measurement of stereoacuity will be of immense importance and must be included in the screening programs for children.
Refractive prediction by various intraocular lens formulas using optical biometry and effect of ocular parameters on their accuracy
Authors: Ambade Ajay K , Ambade Rakhee A , Raje Dhananjay V 
Published: December 2021

Purpose:
To assess the prediction accuracy of intraocular lens (IOL) formulas and study the effect of axial length (AL), central corneal thickness (CCT), anterior chamber depth (ACD), and lens thickness (LT) on the accuracy of formulas using optic biometry.

Methods:
This study was performed on 164 eyes of 164 patients who underwent uneventful cataract surgery. Ocular biometry values were measured using Lenstar-900, and intraocular lens (IOL) power was calculated using the SRK/T, SRK II, Hoffer Q, Holladay 2, and Barrett Universal II formulas. We evaluated the extent of bias within each formula for different ocular biometric measurements and explored the relationship between the prediction error and the ocular parameters by using various IOL formulas.

Results:
The summarization of refractive prediction error and absolute prediction error for each IOL formulation was performed after adjusting the mean refractive error to zero. The deviation in the error values was minimum for SRK/T (0.265) followed by Holladay 2 (0.327) and Barret (0.382). Further, SRK/T had the lowest median (0.15) and mean (0.198) absolute error as compared to other formulations. For the above formulations, 100% of the eyes were in the diopter range of ±1.0. It was observed that the overall distribution of error was closer to zero for SRK/T, followed by Holladay 2 and then Barrett.

Conclusion:
In summary, we found that accuracy was better in SRK/T formula. We achieved a better understanding of how each variable in the formulas is relatively weighed and the influencing factors in the refraction prediction.
Outcomes of macular buckling with a T-shaped buckle for myopic tractional maculopathies associated with posterior staphyloma: An Indian experience
Authors: Susvar Pradeep , Singh Niharika , Bhende Pramod , Rao Chetan 
Published: December 2021

Purpose:
To report the anatomic and visual outcomes following macular buckling in patients affected by pathological myopia-associated foveoschisis (FS) and macular detachment with or without macular hole (MH).

Methods:
A retrospective interventional consecutive case series wherein 25 highly myopic eyes (mean axial length 28.46 mm; range, 25–33.8 mm) of 24 patients (16 females and 8 males; mean age 54.1 years; range, 35–74 years) presenting with macular detachment associated with a posterior staphyloma (PS), who underwent macular buckling, were evaluated. Patients with absence or reduction in subretinal fluid by more than 90% during the final follow-up along with inversion of contour of staphyloma were considered to have a successful anatomical outcome and those with improvement or maintenance in visual acuity were considered to have a successful functional outcome. The mean duration of follow-up was 11.2 months.

Results:
At the time of initial presentation, the mean age of the 24 patients was 54.1 ± 10.28 years. Macular detachment along with FS was present in all cases, whereas full-thickness macular hole-related retinal detachment was present in nine cases. Swept-source optical coherence tomography parameters showed reduction of FS with foveal reattachment in all eyes except one at last visit. Mean axial length decreased from 28.5 mm preoperatively (range 26–33.8 mm) to 26.2 mm (range 24–29.3 mm). The mean best-corrected visual acuity changed from 1.16 log MAR to 1.096 Log MAR (P = 0.165). Visual acuity improved in 10 eyes (40%), remained stable in 11 eyes (44%) and decreased in 4 eyes (16%).

Conclusion:
Macular buckling is a good surgical technique with encouraging anatomic and visual outcomes in patients with myopic macular detachment associated with PS. Highly selective cases of myopic traction maculopathy can have a viable option of macular buckle surgery in stabilizing the retinal tractional changes, and thereby, vision loss.
Can photoscreening effectively detect amblyogenic risk factors in children with neurodevelopmental disability?
Authors: Neena R , Gopan Anjana , Nasheetha Ayshathu , Giridhar Anantharaman 
Published: December 2021

Purpose:
To analyze whether photoscreening can effectively detect amblyogenic risk factors in children with neurodevelopmental disability.

Methods:
A prospective study of 52 children attending a special school for children with neurodevelopmental disability from December 2017 to May 2018. All were initially tested with a photoscreening device: Welch Allyn® Spot® Vision Screener: model VS100 (Spot®) and further evaluated at a later date by a pediatric ophthalmologist, with a complete ocular evaluation including squint assessment, cycloplegic retinoscopy, and dilated fundus examination. The key parameters studied were demographic features, type of neurodevelopmental disability, refraction, ocular alignment, media clarity, any other ocular morbidity, and time taken for examination. The presence of amblyogenic risk factors (ARF) was analyzed as per the 2013 guidelines of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus.

Results:
The mean age was 10.5 years (range: 1–17.5 years). Males (73.1%) outnumbered females (26.9%). The most common neurodevelopmental disability was cerebral palsy. Simple myopic astigmatism was the most common type of refractive error. Presence of ARF in our study was 73.1%. The sensitivity and specificity of photoscreening in detecting ARF were 96.5% and 63.61%, respectively, with a positive predictive value of 80% and negative predictive value of 92.31%. The predictive ability of photoscreening was 79.9% as per the area under curve. The average time taken for photoscreening was less than 60 s.

Conclusion:
Photoscreening can detect ARF with high sensitivity and reasonable specificity and is a handy, useful, and time-saving tool in screening children with neurodevelopmental disability.
Safety and Concerns of Secondary Prophylaxis for Rheumatic Heart Disease with Benzathine Penicillin
Authors: Bhat Prabhavathi , Shivashankarappa Arun B , Krishnappa Radha B , Nanjappa Manjunath C 
Published: December 2021

Background:
Rheumatic Fever (RF) and Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) are common cardiovascular diseases in developing countries. Long-term Benzathine Penicillin G (BPG) injection is being used for secondary prophylaxis of RF/RHD. Although allergic reactions to BPG are rare, there is a lot of fear and hesitancy in administering it.

Objective:
The objective of this study is to assess the safety of injection BPG used for secondary prophylaxis of RHD.

Methods:
Patients who had received secondary prophylaxis to RHD at our institute's outpatient department from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2020, were analysed retrospectively.

Results:
Among 25,819 injections of BPG given to 2878 patients, eight patients had adverse events. Five patients had anaphylaxis, two had urticaria, and one had vasovagal syncope. Incidence of adverse events was 0.03% of injections and 0.28% of patients. Majority of adverse events were seen in patients more than 18 years (7 out of 8). All were treated successfully and there was no mortality.

Conclusions:
Life-threatening allergic reactions are very rare in patients on long-term intramuscular BPG for secondary prevention of RHD.
Evaluation of Dentition Status and Temporomandibular Joint Disorders in Patients with Chronic Neck and/or Back Pain – A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Chandanshive Pradnya , Kshar Avinash , Byakodi Raghavendra , Paranjpe Arati , Awale Sunil , Shete Manish K 
Published: December 2021

Background:
The stomatognathic system (SS) is a functional unit of the body formed by the orofacial structures, together with peripheral sensory and motor neuronal connections to perform different functions like mastication, speech, and deglutition. Stomatognathic system consists of skeletal components (maxilla and mandible), dental both maxillary and mandibular arches, soft tissue (salivary glands, their nervous and vascular supplies), and temporomandibular system, that is, temporomandibular joints (TMJ; which connects the mandible to the base of the skull), muscles of mastication and their ligaments and nerves (III, IV, V, XI) which regulates and co-ordinates all its structures. The stomatognathic system also plays an important role in postural control. In balance of imbalance stomatognathic system components such as occlusion may cause temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD), TMDs may affect neck and back muscles.

Aims and Objectives:
To evaluate the dentition status and TMDs in patients with chronic neck and/or back pain and to correlate dentition status and TMDs in both neck and back pain patients.

Material and Methods:
A cross-sectional study was carried out on 300 patients. Patients were selected according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Findings were noted in specialized case history proforma.

Results:
Out of 300 patients, 116 (38.67%) were males and 184 (61.33) were females. The mean age of patients referred for the study was 38.09 years. The most common dental finding in both chronic neck and/or back pain patients was flat curve of Wilson's (90%) whereas the least finding found was Grade III tooth mobility (0.04 ± 0.31 teeth). In TMDs most common finding was deviation of jaw (79.3% in neck and 100% in back pain) whereas the least finding found was deflection of jaw (50% in neck and 48.2% in back pain).

Statistical analysis:
The result was found highly significant (p-value <0.05).

Conclusion:
There was an association between disturbed dentition status, temporomandibular joint disorders, chronic neck and back pain.
Awareness Towards Forensic Dentistry - A Questionnaire-Based Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Sharma Sneha R. , Karjodkar Freny R. , Sansare Kaustubh P. , Saalim Mohd , Sharma Ankit H. , Chavan Samiksha A. 
Published: December 2021

Background:
Forensic odontology is a vital branch of dentistry which applies the knowledge of dentistry mainly for age and gender estimation, person identification and the identification from human remains. The role of a general dentist towards forensics is crucial for medicolegal cases.

Aim:
The aim of the study was to scrutinize the awareness and approach of dental fraternity namely Interns, Postgraduate students and practicing clinicians towards forensic odontology.

Methods and Material:
A cross-sectional study was conducted in 1,860 participants, divided according to age and educational qualifications. Data was collected digitally using Google forms. Descriptive analysis were performed to describe frequencies and percentages. Chi-square test was used to analyze statistical significance.

Results:
97% of the total participants maintained dental records, with only 13.4% maintaining complete records. Maximum participants were unaware of the duration for which patient records should be maintained. The significance of patient radiographs was known to 71.6% participants. 72% were vigilant of the implication of maintaining dental records in identification of the deceased. 57% knew about radiographic methods used for age estimation. 47.74% gave a response that DNA comparison has the maximum accuracy to ascertain the identity of an individual. 46.7% had the knowledge about formal training centers of forensic odontology in India.

Conclusion:
The present study revealed partial lack of knowledge, awareness and information of forensic odontology among the participants. Amongst all participants, the highest responses were noted amongst students and younger age group.
Role of Areca Nut and Smokeless Tobacco-Related Habit in Altering Physical Properties of Saliva – A Comparative Study
Authors: Patel Roseline A. , Shah Jigna S. , Dudhia Bhavin B. , Patel Purv S. 
Published: December 2021

Context:
Saliva performs multiple functions and is of paramount importance for the maintenance of oral health. Hence, alterations in its physical properties like salivary flow rate, buffering capacity and pH can be deleterious to the oral cavity. Areca nut and smokeless tobacco products are known to alter the mucosa as well as the saliva.

Aims and Objectives:
The study is aimed to compare the alteration in the salivary properties like stimulated salivary flow rate, pH, and buffering capacity between subjects with areca nut and smokeless tobacco habit and without in subjects without habit. A correlation between the habit frequency, duration, and exposure on the same parameters was also ascertained.

Settings and Design:
It is a comparative study using purposive sampling, comprising of 100 subjects within age group 18–50 years of any gender. The sample size constituted of 50 subjects (group A) with a habit of areca nut and smokeless tobacco and 50 subjects (group B) without any habit. Salivary properties like salivary flow rate, buffering capacity, and pH were analyzed in both groups to test a hypothesis that the habit results in changes in the salivary properties and that there is a correlation between the changes and the frequency, duration, and exposure of the habit.

Materials and Methods:
Saliva samples were collected from these subjects for analysis of salivary flow rate (SFR), pH, and buffering capacity using the GC Saliva Check Buffer Kit™.

Statistical Analysis Used:
Data were analyzed by using the SPSS software program, version 27.0.

Results:
The mean stimulated salivary flow rate among group A was 3.34 ± 1.32 and pH was 6.50 ± 0.54. The mean stimulated salivary flow rate among group B was 4.42 ± 1.48 and the pH was 7.04 ± 0.47. The difference in these values was found to be statistically significant.

Conclusion:
Alterations in SFR and salivary pH and buffering capacity are observed in habitual chewers of areca nut alone and areca nut with other products. The alteration is dependent on the type of habit and the habit exposure frequency and duration.
Assessment of Correlation Between Bone Quality and Degenerative Bone Changes in Temporomandibular Joint by Computed Tomography - A Retrospective Study
Authors: Koshal Neha , Patil Deepa Jatti , Laller Sanjeev , Malik Mamta , Punia Ramandeep Singh , Sawhney Hemant 
Published: December 2021

Objectives:
This study was performed to assess the correlation between bone quality and degenerative bone changes in temporomandibular joints on computed tomographic images.

Methods:
Temporomandibular joints of 100 patients who underwent computed tomography were analyzed retrospectively. Sagittal and coronal images of the joint (condyle and articular eminence) were assessed for bone quality type 1 to 4 and degenerative bone changes. A Chi-square test was used to assess the descriptive statistics. One-way ANOVA was used to compare the degenerative changes in different age groups and gender. The post hoc Tukey honesty significance test was used to assess the presence of a statistically significant difference between the degenerative changes and bone quality. A value P < 0.005 was considered statistically significant.

Results:
The retrospective analysis included 48 women and 52 men with ages ranging from 17 to 85 years (mean age 52 years). D3 quality of bone was most commonly observed in the condyle and articular eminence. Osteophytes were the most common degenerative changes observed in the condyle and no significant degenerative changes were seen in the articular eminence. There was a correlation between degenerative changes and bone quality of condyle with respect to age. There was no correlation between the bone quality of the condylar head and its degenerative changes.

Conclusion:
There was no correlation between the type of bone quality and degenerative bony changes of the condyle and articular eminence, but most of the patients with degenerative changes had a poor-quality bone.
Comparative Evaluation of the Efficacy of Co2 and Diode Laser in the Treatment Outcome of Oral Homogeneous Leukoplakia
Authors: Gupta Amrita , Pagare Sandeep S. , Bhatnagar Sunanda , Waghmare Mandavi , Vahanwala Sonal 
Published: December 2021

Background:
“L.A.S.E.R” an acronym for “Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation” works as an alternative to conventional surgical systems. It has many advantages and is widely used in the treatment of both oral hard and soft tissues. One of the most popular uses of lasers in the field of dentistry is in the treatment of precancerous lesions and conditions. Aim: This paper is based on the comparison of two laser techniques, carbon dioxide and diode lasers to assess the efficacy in the treatment outcome of oral homogeneous leukoplakia.

Setting and Design:
The study is a prospective pilot study and the study design is a hospital-based randomized clinical trial.

Method and Material:
The study compared two treatment groups; carbon dioxide laser on group A and diode laser on group B. The patients were assessed on the basis of postoperative signs and symptoms. Also, the rate of recurrence of oral homogeneous leukoplakia following two techniques was assessed.

Statistical Analysis:
One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was applied and P value was measured. Study showed statistical significance with P value >0.05 for evaluation parameters such as pain, erythema, swelling, burning, and rate of recurrence.

Result and Conclusion:
The study concludes that carbon dioxide and diode lasers can be used as alternative treatment modalities for the excision of oral soft tissue lesions. Intraoperative and postoperative complications are rare, with minor bleeding being the only complication observed during the surgeries.