bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent infections among individuals with a new HIV diagnosis in Rwanda, 2018–2020
Authors: Rwibasira Gallican N. , Malamba Samuel S. , Musengimana Gentille , Nkunda Richard C. M. , Omolo Jared , Remera Eric , Masengesho Vedaste , Mbonitegeka Valens , Dzinamarira Tafadzwa , Kayirangwa Eugenie , Mugwaneza Placidie 
Published: November 2021

Background
Despite Rwanda’s progress toward HIV epidemic control, 16.2% of HIV-positive individuals are unaware of their HIV positive status. Tailoring the public health strategy could help reach these individuals with new HIV infection and achieve epidemic control. Recency testing is primarily for surveillance, monitoring, and evaluation but it’s not for diagnostic purposes. However, it’s important to know what proportion of the newly diagnosed are recent infections so that HIV prevention can be tailored to the profile of people who are recently infected. We therefore used available national data to characterize individuals with recent HIV infection in Rwanda to inform the epidemic response.

Methods
We included all national-level data for recency testing reported from October 2018 to June 2020. Eligible participants were adults (aged ≥15 years) who had a new HIV diagnosis, who self-reported being antiretroviral therapy (ART) naïve, and who had consented to recency testing. Numbers and proportions of recent HIV infections were estimated, and precision around these estimates was calculated with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Logistic regression was used to assess factors associated with being recently (within 12 months) infected with HIV.

Results
Of 7,785 eligible individuals with a new HIV-positive diagnosis, 475 (6.1%) met the criteria for RITA recent infection. The proportion of RITA recent infections among individuals with newly identified HIV was high among those aged 15–24 years (9.6%) and in men aged ≥65 years (10.3%) compared to other age groups; and were higher among women (6.7%) than men (5.1%). Of all recent cases, 68.8% were women, and 72.2% were aged 15–34 years. The Northern province had the fewest individuals with newly diagnosed HIV but had the highest proportion of recent infections (10.0%) compared to other provinces. Recent infections decreased by 19.6% per unit change in time (measured in months). Patients aged ≥25 years were less likely to have recent infection than those aged 15–24 years with those aged 35–49 years being the least likely to have recent infection compared to those aged 15–24 years (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.415 [95% CI: 0.316–0.544]).

Conclusion
Public health surveillance targeting the areas and the identified groups with high risk of recent infection could help improve outcomes.
Psoas muscle area and paraspinal muscle fat in children and young adults with or without obesity and fatty liver
Authors: Albakheet Salman S. , Lee Mi-Jung , Yoon Haesung , Shin Hyun Joo , Koh Hong 
Published: November 2021

Background
Little is known about the muscle condition in children with obesity.

Objectives
To investigate the effect of obesity and fatty liver on muscle area and muscle fat in children and young adults.

Materials and methods
We evaluated consecutive liver fat quantification MRIs in children and young adults between June 2015 and April 2019. We obtained hepatic fat and paraspinal muscle fat at mid L2 from the fat map, psoas muscle area (PMA) at mid L3, and z-score of PMA. The patient’s age, height and weight at the time of the MRI were recorded. Body mass index (BMI) z-score was also calculated. Spearman correlation and partial correlation analyses were performed. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were also performed using significant variables.

Results
A total of 132 patients (97 male) were included with a median age of 13.0 years (interquartile range 11–16 years). The median BMI was 23.7 kg/m2 (interquartile range 21.2–27.7 kg/m2). The weight, BMI, liver fat, and z-score of PMA were all higher in male patients than they were in female patients. The amount of liver fat had no correlation with muscle fat or PMA z-score after adjusting BMI. However, the BMI z-score was positively correlated with the PMA z-score (ρ = 0.432, p<0.001) even after adjusting for liver fat. On regression analyses, the BMI z-score had linear positive relationship with PMA z-score (β = 0.289, p<0.001) and muscle fat (β = 0.218, p = 0.016).

Conclusions
Male children and young adults have greater PMA than do female children and young adults. Obesity is associated with higher PMA and paraspinal muscle fat. However, liver fat is not related with the muscle condition in children and young adults.
Front-Loading Agricultural Subsidies: Quantifying Public Savings
Authors: Ding Kai , Rebessi Filippo 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Reforms to agricultural policy have been stalling in OECD economies. In this paper, we quantify the potential for public savings from switching to an optimal transfer system in small open economies. Following the insights from the literature on repeated moral hazard, optimal subsidies are front-loaded, which provides stronger incentives for farmers to transition out of agriculture, compared to the existing policies. In our counterfactual experiments, we find government savings of 6% for Chile, 45% for Japan, 24% for Switzerland, and 51% for Turkey. In addition, optimal subsidies more than double the speed of the transition of employment out of agriculture.
New insights into the settlement patterns of the capital city at Erlitou
Authors: Zhao Haitao 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
By examining the structural components, settlement plan, and developmental trajectory of the capital city at Erlitou, it is possible to explore the emergence of the state, kingship, and accompanying characteristics. Erlitou has been subjected to intensive excavation, revealing roads, walls, huge sacrificial pits, and palatial buildings with multiple courtyards as indicated by foundation No. 5. As to the developmental trajectory of the settlement pattern, all principal components of a capital city appeared in phase II of the Erlitou culture. A layout based on intersecting roads also formed, thus laying a foundation for the plan of an urban center in later periods. The open urban system formed during the Erlitou period changed to a closed system during later periods. The Erlitou site went through an initial phase during which it flourished as a capital city, then a period when principal urban components were gradually abandoned. The site became a high-ranking settlement during the early Erligang period. There is a relationship between the changes through time in pottery typology and the development of the settlement pattern. Kin-based residential and burial areas define the spatial division of the capital city at Erlitou. The mode of craft production is characterized by a large-scale workshop enclosure along with small-scale production sites.
Plant remains unearthed at the Donghulin site in Beijing: discussion on results of flotation
Authors: Zhao Zhijun , Zhao Chaohong , Yu Jincheng , Wang Tao , Cui Tianxing , Guo Jingning 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A number of charred plant seeds were recovered from the Donghulin site by means of flotation. The site is located in suburban Beijing and dates from 11,000 to 9000 BP. A total of 14 charred grains of foxtail millet have been collected and identified as of the domesticated species (Setaria italica) according to morphological analysis. One grain of broomcorn millet was also identified. These are the earliest domesticated millet grains recovered by flotation, providing crucial archaeological evidence for understanding the timing, locations, and processes of millet domestication. Moreover, the charred seeds of Setaria viridis provide important clues for exploring the wild ancestral plants of foxtail millet and the domestication process. The results of flotation at the Donghulin site are important for understanding the origins of dryland agriculture in North China, which was predominated by millet farming.
Romanian words of German Origin (based on ALRR. Sinteză, vol. 1–3)
Authors: Nevaci Manuela 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The following presentation is based on the lexical material from vols 1–3 published so far in Atlasului lingvistic român pe regiuni. Sinteză – ALRR. Sinteză [ALRR. Synthesis] [The Romanian linguistic atlas by regions. Synthesis - ALRR. Synthesis]. I, 2007, II, 2012, III, 2018, which includes the answers to the first two chapters of the NALR Questionnaire: 1. Human body (body parts, diseases, physical and moral qualities) (vols I and II of the atlas) and 2. Family (relatives, birth, marriage, death) (vol. III of the atlas). The present study highlights the presence of German loanwords over a wider area than it was known until now. It is worth mentioning, in this respect, German loanwords that have entered the southern area or that have acquired here meanings that are not attested in other areas of the country: tro̯ácă ‘skull’ (Oltenia), ‘cradle’ (Muntenia, Oltenia), scrofuri ‘tonsils (goiter)’ (Muntenia, Oltenia), tron ‘coffin’ (compact area in Oltenia).
COVID 19 vaccine in patients of hypercoagulable disorders: a clinical perspective
Authors: John Nitin Ashok , John Jyoti , Kamble Praful , Singhal Anish , Daulatabad Vandana , Vamshidhar Immadi S. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
COVID 19 is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2. Thromboembolism has been a characteristic manifestation in most of the severely ill COVID-19 patients. Thromboembolism in COVID 19 infection is attributed to injury to the vascular endothelial cell, hypercoagulability and blood stasis. The hypercoagulable state of blood and thrombophilic diseases leads to hypercoagulability. COVID 19 infected patients with pre-existing hypercoagulable disorders have higher risk of developing thrombosis and thromboembolism and such thrombotic episodes may prove to be severely morbid in these patients. As immune-prophylaxis COVID 19 vaccines are being administered to the public. The known side effects of the COVID 19 vaccine are mild to moderate and include fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, headache, fatigue, myalgia, malaise, pain and swelling at injection site and diarrhea. Thrombosis with thrombocytopenia has been noted as a rare side effect of COVID 19 vaccine. Such side effect of COVID 19 vaccine in patients of hypercoagulable disorder may prove to be fatal. The health care workers should be cautious and judicious in managing such patients. A detailed lab profile for coagulable state of blood should be carried out in all patients COVID 19 infected patients with pre-existing hypercoagulability diseases. The patients should also be health educated regarding side effects of vaccine especially with those indicating thrombosis and they should be warranted to receive immediate medical care in case of any side effects or complications. Paucity of literature gave us an impetus to review management profile in patients of hypercoagulable disorders.
Sobre la experiencia de caminar la Ciudad de México en la literatura mexicana post-1985
Authors: Franco Teresa 
Published: November 2021

Resumen
Los temblores que sacudieron a la Ciudad de México en 1985 cambiaron la forma material de la ciudad y su conceptualización. En la literatura, estos cambios se ven reflejados en la manera en la que se narra la ciudad: post-apocalíptica e inabarcable. En este artículo hablaré sobre cómo la narración de la experiencia de caminar en la Ciudad de México ha cambiado desde el terremoto. Tomando ejemplos concretos de Juan Villoro, Alain-Paul Mallard, Juan Pablo Villalobos, Valeria Luiselli y Daniel Saldaña París, analizaré cómo estos escritores han construido diversos imaginarios en torno a la ciudad, cómo éstos contrastan entre sí y qué tanto nos dicen sobre los cambios políticos, sociales, culturales y urbanos que la capital mexicana ha vivido en décadas recientes.
Predicting the Non-Linear Conveying Behavior in Single-Screw Extrusion: A Comparison of Various Data-Based Modeling Approaches used with CFD Simulations
Authors: Roland W. , Marschik C. , Kommenda M. , Haghofer A. , Dorl S. , Winkler S. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The traditional approach to modeling the polymer melt flow in single-screw extruders is based on analytical and numerical analyses. Due to increasing computational power, data-driven modeling has grown significantly in popularity in recent years. In this study, we compared and evaluated databased modeling approaches (i. e., gradient-boosted trees, artificial neural networks, and symbolic regression models based on genetic programming) in terms of their ability to predict – within a hybrid modeling framework – the three-dimensional non-linear throughput-pressure relationship of metering channels in single-screw extruders. By applying the theory of similarity to the governing flow equations, we identified the characteristic dimensionless influencing parameters, which we then varied to create a large dataset covering a wide range of possible applications. For each single design point we conducted numerical simulations and obtained the dimensionless flow rate. The large dataset was divided into three independent sets for training, interpolation, and extrapolation, the first being used to generate and the remaining two to evaluate the models. Further, we added two features derived from expert knowledge to the models and analyzed their influence on predictive power. In addition to prediction accuracy and interpolation and extrapolation capabilities, we evaluated model complexity, interpretability, and time required to learn the models. This study provides a rigorous analysis of various data-based modeling approaches applied to simulation data in extrusion.
True Need in Kant
Authors: Sticker Martin 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A number of influential Kantian philosophers assume that true need (wahres Bedürfniß) represents shared and fundamental human concerns that can both ground duties of aid and limit how much an agent can be morally required to do for others. In this paper, I take on this misreading and argue that true need is representative of personal priorities. This subjectivist reading fits better with Kant’s own characterization of true need and with his conceptions of need and happiness. Moreover, I argue that Kant’s own conception of true need is philosophically appealing, as it is anti-paternalistic. Agents are free to determine their own true need. This frees Kant from the challenge of coming up with a list of true human needs that are supposedly stable across cultures, epochs and individuals. Furthermore, my reading also implies that the mere fact that someone else considers something their true need does not necessitate our help.
Trees in the landscape: orchard trees in a 17th-century French dictionary
Authors: Williams Geoffrey 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The 17th century was a time of change in both agriculture and architecture as both nobility and newly rich bourgeois sought to embellish country residences with gardens and orchards. Not only were new plants arriving from overseas, but gardening was being revolutionised by the likes of Le Nôtre, de la Quintinie and the lesser known Fatio. This was reflected in the Dictionnaire universel de Antoine Furetière, the first genuinely encyclopaedic dictionary. This paper starts by introducing the LandLex initiative, pan-European synchronic and diachronic collaborative analyses of simple words concerning the landscape in historical dictionaries. We then look at a selected number of orchard trees and their fruit in two editions of the Dictionnaire universel: the first edition of 1690 and that revised by Basnage de Beauval in 1701. To an extent, Furetière applied a model for classifying trees and fruit that can be extracted by analysis. Some entries went into excessive detail as those of pear, a highly fashionable fruit at the time. One major difference between the two is Basnage’s move from a single author approach to the use of field experts in certain areas, amongst which botany. Much was simply carried over, but when Dr Régis, Basnage’s expert in medicine and natural history, deemed an entry of scientific interest it was given a rewrite with new background texts being cited, thereby widening our vision of developing 17th-century science.
Der Europäische Master für Lexikographie 2021 an der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
Authors: Schierholz Stefan J. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The following report reflects on the activities of EMLex concerning eight consortium meetings, the 6th intake for Erasmus Mundus scholarships and the situation in the corona pandemic. It also gives a short overview over the international summer term which took place at the Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg in 2021.
Crystal structure of (4-chlorophenyl)(4-hydroxyphenyl)methanone, C13H9ClO2
Authors: Bai Xiao-Hui , Xing Yan , Liu Si-Jie 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
C13H9ClO2, monoclinic, P21 (No. 4), a = 6.5465(9) Å, b = 8.0647(11) Å, c = 10.8476(15) Å, β = 105.591(3)°, V = 551.63(13) Å3, Z = 2, R

gt
(F) = 0.0532, wR

ref
(F
2) = 0.1507, T = 296(2) K.
The Limits of Behavioral Economics in Tort Law
Authors: Pi Daniel 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Skeptics of rational choice theory have long predicted that behavioral economics would radically transform the legislation, adjudication, and analysis of law. Using tort law as an exemplar, this Article maps out the narrow set of conditions where substantive law can be modified to accommodate irrational decision-makers. Specifically, this Article demonstrates that if injurers are systematically biased, and the due care standard can be expressed quantitatively, and victims are unable to take meaningful precautions, then imposing punitive damages can induce irrational injurers to exercise efficient precautionary care. In all other cases, it is better that the law adopt a presumption of rationality, regardless whether individuals behave rationally in fact.
Multiactivity in adult-child interaction: accounts resolving conflicting courses of action in request sequences
Authors: Vatanen Anna , Haddington Pentti 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper studies adults’ responses to children’s requests by focusing on turns that account for not granting the request on the grounds of involvement in another activity, i.e., multiactivity. The data consist of everyday interactions among family members at homes and in cars. The collection – 17 request sequences – is analysed with the conversation analytic method. We show the following: first, account turns verbalise either the ongoing or the requested activity, or both; second, account turns are a practice for foregrounding and communicating “exclusive order”, i.e., they indicate that two progressing activities intersect with each other and cannot be progressed simultaneously, and that one activity is prioritised over another; third, account turns are used either to suspend or abandon the course of action initiated by the request; fourth, accounts – through various sequential and turn design features – display adults’ level of commitment to resuming and returning to the requested activity later; and, finally, accounts indicating high commitment negotiate the “sequential implicativenesses” of the intersecting courses of action, displaying orientation to progress initiated activities. Accounts that display partial or no commitment frame the prioritisation of an activity in terms of “incapability” or “unwillingness” to progress the request sequence and thereby construct the “limits of multiactivity” in situ.
Editor's Foreword
Authors: Konieczny Jurek 
Published: November 2021

This issue is dedicated to the memory of Tapan Biswas, who passed away on July 3, 2010. Tapan was a founding associate editor of the Review of Economic Analysis and a great colleague of many of people involved with the journal. The issue begins with In Memoriam by Gianluigi Pelloni, followed by a previously unpublished paper, joint with Taradas Bandyopadhyay on which Tapan was working at the time of his untimely death and by Tapan’s best published papers. I would like to thank all publishers of Tapan’s work for agreeing to republish his papers. The copyright belongs to the original publishers and no part of this issue, except for the first paper, can be reproduced in any form without their permission. Jerzy (Jurek) Konieczny
On the Incentives to Increase Input Efficiency under Monopoly Trade Unions
Authors: Biswas Tapan , McHardy Jolian 
Published: November 2021

We examine the effects of and the incentives for increasing input efficiency within a spatially segregated Cournot duopoly with monopoly trade unions whose utility functions depend on both wages and employment. We show that with neoclassical as well as Leontief technology, unions raise wages to appropriate fully the gains from labor-saving technological (or organisational) improvements, leaving the firm with no incentive to invest in increasing the efficiency of workers. However, capital-saving technological improvement may be profitable depending on the elasticity of substitution. Finally, we examine the implication of a fixed minimum wage (or competitive labor market) in one country.
Analisis Pola Sebaran Kualitas Air Sumur di Kawasan TPST Piyungan
Authors: Senoaji Farhan , Lesmana Surya Budi 
Published: November 2021

Pada daerah yang dekat dengan timbunan sampah, seringkali problematika yang muncul adalah bau akibat sampah dan juga kualitas air permukaan yang menjadi sumber air dari masyarakat yang ada di sekitarnya. Dampak akibat adanya timbunan sampah terhadap kualitas air dapat diukur dengan beberapa parameter yaitu: kadar keasaman (pH), kadar besi (Fe), biological oxygen demand (BOD), dan dissolved oxygen (DO). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pola sebaran kualitas air sumur akibat dari pengaruh air lindi di sekitar kawasan TPST Piyungan. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan mengambil sampel air sumur yang berada di sekitar TPST Piyungan, dan selanjutnya sampel diuji di laboratorium dan dianalisis terhadap baku mutu kemudian dilanjutkan dengan analisis spasial berbasis SIG menggunakan software Arc-GIS dengan metode Multiple Ring Buffer. Pada hasil analisis SIG dilakukan pemberian perbedaan warna, untuk zona kualitas air yang baik warnanya terang, dan zona kualitas tidak baik warnanya cenderung gelap. Standar baku mutu yang digunakan mengacu pada Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan No. 32 Tahun 2017 Tentang Standar Baku Mutu Kesehatan Lingkungan dan Persyaratan Kesehatan Air Untuk Keperluan Higiene Sanitasi, Kolam Renang, Solus Per Aqua, dan Pemandian Umum serta Peraturan Daerah Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta No. 7 Tahun 2016 Tentang Baku Mutu Air Limbah. Hasil dari analisis menunjukkan bahwa kadar pH pada semua sampel masih berada pada standar baku yang telah ditetapkan, parameter Fe masih berada pada standar baku mutu yang telah ditetapkan yaitu dengan maksimal kadar 1 mg/l, parameter BOD masih berada pada standar baku mutu yang telah ditetapkan yaitu dengan kadar maksimal 100 mg/l, parameter DO belum memenuhi standar baku mutu dengan kadar minimal 4 mg/l.