bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Suppression of liquid–liquid phase separation by 1,6-hexanediol partially compromises the 3D genome organization in living cells
Authors: Ulianov Sergey V , Velichko Artem K , Magnitov Mikhail D , Luzhin Artem V , Golov Arkadiy K , Ovsyannikova Natalia , Kireev Igor I , Gavrikov Alexey S , Mishin Alexander S , Garaev Azat K , Tyakht Alexander V , Gavrilov Alexey A , Kantidze Omar L , Razin Sergey V 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) contributes to the spatial and functional segregation of molecular processes within the cell nucleus. However, the role played by LLPS in chromatin folding in living cells remains unclear. Here, using stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) and Hi-C techniques, we studied the effects of 1,6-hexanediol (1,6-HD)-mediated LLPS disruption/modulation on higher-order chromatin organization in living cells. We found that 1,6-HD treatment caused the enlargement of nucleosome clutches and their more uniform distribution in the nuclear space. At a megabase-scale, chromatin underwent moderate but irreversible perturbations that resulted in the partial mixing of A and B compartments. The removal of 1,6-HD from the culture medium did not allow chromatin to acquire initial configurations, and resulted in more compact repressed chromatin than in untreated cells. 1,6-HD treatment also weakened enhancer-promoter interactions and TAD insulation but did not considerably affect CTCF-dependent loops. Our results suggest that 1,6-HD-sensitive LLPS plays a limited role in chromatin spatial organization by constraining its folding patterns and facilitating compartmentalization at different levels.
The promises, challenges and pathways to room-temperature sodium-sulfur batteries
Authors: Wang Lei , Wang Tao , Peng Lele , Wang Yiliu , Zhang Meng , Zhou Jian , Chen Maoxin , Cao Jinhui , Fei Huilong , Duan Xidong , Zhu Jian , Duan Xiangfeng 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Room-temperature sodium-sulfur batteries (RT-Na-S batteries) are attractive for large-scale energy storage applications owing to their high storage capacity as well as the rich abundance and low cost of the materials. Unfortunately, their practical application is hampered by severe challenges, such as low conductivity of sulfur and its reduced products, volume expansion, polysulfide shuttling effect and Na dendrite formation, which can lead to rapid capacity fading. The review discusses the Na-S-energy-storage chemistry, highlighting its promise, key challenges and potential strategies for large-scale energy storage systems. Specifically, we review the electrochemical principles and the current technical challenges of RT-Na-S batteries, and discuss the strategies to address these obstacles. In particular, we give a comprehensive review of recent progresses in cathodes, anodes, electrolytes, separators and cell configurations, and provide a forward-looking perspective on strategies toward robust high-energy-density RT-Na-S batteries.
Photosystem II-based biomimetic assembly for enhanced photosynthesis
Authors: Xuan Mingjun , Li Junbai 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII) is a fascinating photosynthesis-involved enzyme, participating in sunlight-harvest, water splitting, oxygen release, and proton/electron generation and transfer. Scientists have been inspired to couple PSII with synthetic hierarchical structures via biomimetic assembly, facilitating attainment of natural photosynthesis processes, such as photocatalytic water splitting, electron transfer and ATP synthesis, in vivo. In the past decade, there has been significant progress in PSII-based biomimetic systems, such as artificial chloroplasts and photoelectrochemical cells. The biomimetic assembly approach helps PSII gather functions and properties from synthetic materials, resulting in a complex with partly natural and partly synthetic components. PSII-based biomimetic assembly offers opportunities to forward semi-biohybrid research and synchronously inspire optimization of artificial light-harvest micro/nanodevices. This review summarizes recent studies on how PSII combines with artificial structures via molecular assembly and highlights PSII-based semi-natural biosystems which arise from synthetic parts and natural components. Moreover, we discuss the challenges and remaining problems for PSII-based systems and the outlook for their development and applications. We believe this topic provides inspiration for rational designs to develop biomimetic PSII-based semi-natural devices and further reveal the secrets of energy conversion within natural photosynthesis from the molecular level.
National Prevalence of Influenza Diagnoses and Vaccination Rates Among Patients Presenting to United States Physician Offices and Hospital Outpatient Departments, 2009 to 2016
Authors: Young Eric H , Yap Alex G , Vargas Michelle N , Strey Kelsey A , Hao Alan , Reveles Kelly R 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
Influenza health resource utilization studies are important to inform future public health policies and prevent outbreaks. This study aimed to describe influenza prevalence, vaccination, and treatment among outpatients in the United States and to evaluate population-level characteristics associated with influenza health resource utilization.

Methods
Data were extracted from the National Ambulatory and National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Surveys (2009 to 2016). Prevalence rates were described as influenza visits (defined by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification or International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision code) per 1000 total visits overall and by flu year, month, region, race, and age group. Influenza vaccination and antiviral treatments were identified by Multum code(s) and presented as vaccination visits per 1000 total visits and the percentage of patients diagnosed with influenza receiving antiviral treatment.

Results
In more than 19.2 million patient visits, an influenza diagnosis was made with rates ranging from 1.2 per 1000 during 2014–2015 to 3.7 per 1000 during 2009–2010. Rates were highest in the South (3.6 per 1000), in December (5.2), among black patients (2.8), and those less than 18 years (6.8). Vaccination rates were highest during 2014–2015 (29.3 per 1000) and lowest during 2011–2012 (15.5 per 1000), in the West (23.4), in October (69.2), among “other race” patients (26.2), and age less than 18 years (51.4). Overall, 39.4% of patients with an influenza diagnosis received an antiviral.

Conclusions
Overall, there were no major changes in influenza diagnosis or vaccination rates. Patient populations with lower vaccination rates had higher influenza diagnosis rates. Future campaigns should promote influenza vaccinations particularly in underserved populations.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2: Vaccine Hesitancy Among Underrepresented Racial and Ethnic Groups With HIV in Miami, Florida
Authors: Jones Deborah L , Salazar Ana S , Rodriguez Violeta J , Balise Raymond R , Starita Claudia Uribe , Morgan Kristiana , Raccamarich Patricia D , Montgomerie Emily , Nogueira Nicholas Fonseca , Barreto Ojeda Irma , Maddalon Marissa , Rodriguez Nicolle L Yanes , Brophy Theodora , Martinez Thais , Alcaide Maria L 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disproportionally affect underrepresented ethnoracial groups in the United States. Medical mistrust and vaccine hesitancy will likely impact acceptability of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. This study examined SARS-CoV-2 vaccine hesitancy among underrepresented ethnoracial groups with HIV and identified factors that may reduce vaccine uptake.

Methods
We conducted a cross-sectional study of adults ≥18 years of age with HIV residing in Miami, Florida. Participants were invited to participate in the ACTION (A Comprehensive Translational Initiative on Novel Coronavirus) cohort study. A baseline survey was administered from April to August 2020 and followed by a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine hesitancy survey from August to November 2020. The COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy survey was adapted from the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts survey. Comparisons by race and ethnicity were performed using the Freedman-Haltmann extension of the Fisher exact test.

Results
A total of 94 participants were enrolled; mean age was 54.4 years, 52% were female, 60% were Black non-Latinx, and 40% were non-Black Latinx. Black non-Latinx participants were less likely to agree that vaccinations are important for health when compared to non-Black Latinx (67.8% vs 92.1%, P = .009), less likely to agree that vaccines are effective in preventing disease (67.8% vs 84.2%, P = .029), less likely to believe that vaccine information is reliable and trustworthy (35.7% vs 71.1%, P = .002), and less likely to believe vaccines were unnecessary because COVID-19 would disappear soon (11% vs 21%, P = .049).

Conclusions
Medical mistrust, vaccine hesitancy, and negative sentiments about SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are prevalent among underrepresented ethnoracial groups with HIV, particularly Black non-Latinx. Targeted strategies to increase vaccine uptake in this population are warranted.
Introduction
Authors: Schillig Michael 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The Introduction provides a brief summary of the background for the reform legislation on recovery and resolution in the European Union and in the United States, with a particular focus on the ‘too-big-to-fail’ problem. It gives an overview of the content of the Bank Recovery and Resolution Directive, the Single Resolution Mechanisms for the eurozone, and the Orderly Liquidation Authority under the Dodd–Frank Act. It further seeks to provide some terminological and conceptual clarity as regards the subject matter of the book, notably with a view to delineating supervision, resolution, and corporate insolvency. The structure of the book is summarized in outline.
Recovery and Resolution Planning
Authors: Schillig Michael 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Recovery and resolution planning represents an international consensus and is expected to significantly improve supervision, in particular with regard to systemically important institutions. With differences in detail on both sides of the Atlantic, the recovery and resolution planning regime is integrated into the ongoing supervision of an institution and essentially consists of recovery plans to be drawn up by institutions, resolution plans developed by resolution authorities, and the ongoing assessment of resolvability of institutions. Intra-group financial support agreements may play a significant role in this context. The chapter provides a critical assessment of these concepts with a focus on the political and cognitive obstacles (depiction-difficulty).
Corporate Rescue and Reorganization
Authors: Schillig Michael 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The jurisdictions under consideration provide a range of options for effectuating corporate rescue or reorganization. Some of these procedures are long-standing and applicable across the board; others are new and financial institution-specific. In England and Wales, administration has been used successfully to restructure financial institutions in the past; the bank administration procedure is new and largely untested, whereas the investment bank special administration regime (SAR) has already been applied in several cases. Germany’s brand-new pre-insolvency procedures apply to credit institutions only, but do not look very promising when it comes to the restructuring of large, systemically important financial institutions. Chapter 11 of the US Bankruptcy Code is regarded as very effective. It was put to the test when Lehman Brothers filed for bankruptcy in the autumn of 2008. Many commentators believe that it has coped well. However, there is always room for improvement and an exciting reform debate is underway.
Cumulative Effect with Other Intellectual Property Rights
Authors: Stone David 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Early debates discussed how best to overlay the proposed new rights with existing forms of intellectual property protection. Regimes differed in member states. Several, such as France, offered full cumulation of rights (unité de l’art). Most offered partial cumulation (for example, Germany and the United Kingdom). Italy prohibited cumulation under the principle of scindibilità. This chapter discusses Article 96 of the Regulation, which provides for overlap of rights, expressly mandating overlap with national copyright laws and allowing overlap with other forms of intellectual property protection.
Unitary Character of EU-wide Design Rights and Territorial Effect
Authors: Stone David 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Community design rights are not bundles of national rights, but rather unitary rights that operate throughout the territory of the European Union. This chapter deals with the unitary character and geographic scope of the two EU-wide design rights—RCDs and unregistered Community designs. The nature and geographic extent of national (and Benelux) registered designs are not considered here.
International Registrations
Authors: Stone David 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The Hague Agreement Concerning the International Deposit of Industrial Designs provides for a system of international registration of designs in the jurisdictions that are members. By making a single application to WIPO in Geneva, an applicant can obtain a design registration in one or more jurisdictions. The system is not dissimilar to the Madrid Agreement for international registration of trade marks. It is important to remember that, like the Madrid system, the Hague Agreement leads to a bundle of national rights, rather than a single right covering the various designated territories. Whilst the International Registration can be assigned or renewed as one, the rights obtained are subject to the relevant design laws in each territory.
A Taxonomy of Internet Intermediaries
Authors: Riordan Jaani 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Overview. This chapter introduces the concept of an internet intermediary and situates their activities within the layered, modular network architecture of the internet. The services considered in this work take many forms, ranging from operators of network equipment to administrators of bulletin boards. Not all providers of internet services are properly described as ‘intermediaries’ as such, and are not necessarily to be treated comparably. Services may consist of different activities or contribute in different ways to wrongdoing. Some entities supply many distinct services which vary in their complexity, control, mental state, and degree of passivity. This makes it crucial to describe these activities accurately and with precision. As Arnold J has explained in the context of blocking injunctions, when considering questions of intermediary liability ‘it is important to consider the nature of the infringing act and its relationship with the service in question’.
The New Trade Mark ‘Package’
Authors: Mühlendahl Alexander , Botis Dimitris , Maniatis Spyros , Wiseman Imogen 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Trade mark protection in Europe, when the European Economic Community was established in 1957, was territorial in nature, and the respective trade mark systems varied widely. Reforms were undertaken in some of the original six and eventually nine Member States, highlighted by the creation of a uniform trade mark system for the three Benelux countries in 1970, and the introduction of the requirement of use in Germany in 1967.
Legal Status, Information, and Cooperation Between Participants
Authors: Bork Reinhard , Mangano Renato 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on those involved in insolvency proceedings. In particular it deals with the courts involved, the insolvency practitioners (IPs) in charge of carrying out the proceedings, the position of creditors and their rights to lodge claims, and the legal status of the debtor. Particular attention is paid to those prescriptions which aim to establish a framework of effective communication and cooperation between courts, between IPs and courts, and between IPs themselves, and which allow IPs of main and secondary proceedings to conclude agreements and protocols of collaboration. The final part of the chapter outlines those prescriptions which establish a duty on the part of Member States to set up insolvency registers in their territory and to interconnect these at European level.
France
Authors: Valentin Jean-Marie , Paillotin Sylvain 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The material contained herein is intended as a general guide only and is not intended to be a memorandum of law study, nor to provide legal advice, and should not be treated as a substitute for legal advice concerning particular situations. Legal advice should always be sought before taking any action based on the information provided. The publishers, editors, and authors bear no responsibility for any errors or omissions contained therein.
Japan
Authors: Fukuoka Shinnosuke , Haruyama Toshihide 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The information and opinions contained in this chapter are not intended to be a memorandum of law study, nor to provide legal advice, and should not be treated as a substitute for legal advice concerning particular situations. Legal advice should always be sought before taking any action based on the information provided. The publishers, editors, and authors bear no responsibility for any errors or omissions contained therein.
Portugal
Authors: Monteiro Nuno Libano , Cotta Filipa , da Cunha Matos Francisco 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The material contained herein is intended as a general guide only and is not intended to be a memorandum of law study, nor to provide legal advice, and should not be treated as a substitute for legal advice concerning particular situations. Legal advice should always be sought before taking any action based on the information provided. The publishers, editors, and author bear no responsibility for any errors or omissions contained therein.
Beneficial Interests: Protection, Forfeiture, and Trust Termination
Authors: Panico Paolo 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The various measures discussed in this chapter enable a settlor to retain control over the trust property by weakening the corresponding prerogatives of the beneficiaries. ‘Protective’ and ‘spendthrift’ trusts are a form of asset protection for those beneficiaries who, at least in the settlor’s view, are incapable of adequately managing their financial affairs. ‘Forfeiture’, ‘no-contest’, or ‘in terrorem’ provisions are meant to discourage the beneficiaries from challenging the trust or more generally the programme that the settlor has conceived for their benefit. To this effect, an important difference exists between the law and practice of England and that the United States.
Directors’ Terms Of Service
Authors: Brown Edward 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The terms of service of a director will usually be a matter for negotiation between the parties and incorporated within a written service agreement. The Companies Act imposes certain restrictions and controls upon directors’ service agreements, which are discussed in Chapter 18. Chapter 26, Section C discusses the rules requiring quoted companies to disclose details of directors’ remuneration in a directors’ remuneration report, which must be approved by the members. This chapter considers the rights and duties of directors which result from their contractual obligations, as opposed to the general duties (as now codified within the 2006 Act) which are discussed in Chapters 10 to 17. It examines the tests that the courts will apply to determine whether a director is employed under a service agreement, together with the sources of contractual rights. It also considers the typical contractual rights and restrictions that apply in service agreements, including the rights to remuneration and expenses, confidentiality, and post-termination restrictions.
Duty To Exercise Reasonable Care, Skill, and Diligence
Authors: Arnold Mark , Haywood Marcus 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The 2006 Act, s 175, quoted in paragraph 15.09 below, sets out the duty to avoid conflicts of interest. That duty is one of the paradigm manifestations of a director’s fiduciary duty of loyalty to the company. As Lord Upjohn said in Phipps v Boardman: ‘[T]he fundamental rule of equity [is] that a person in a fiduciary capacity must not make a profit out of his trust which is part of the wider rule that a trustee must not place himself in a position where his duty and his interest may conflict.’
Directors’ Liabilities: Exemption, Indemnification, and Ratification
Authors: Leahy Blair , Feld Andrew 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The 2006 Act, Part 10, Chapter 7, ss 232–9, contains provisions relating to exemption and protection of directors from liabilities incurred in discharge of their functions. Sections 232–4 and 236–8 largely restate or preserve the former law, providing for general prohibitions on the exemption and indemnification of a director from liability or against liability that would otherwise attach to him in connection with any negligence, default, breach of trust, or breach of duty in relation to the company, subject, in the case of indemnification, to specified exceptions relating to insurance and certain third party indemnity provision. Section 235 is a new provision dealing with the indemnification of a director of a company that is a trustee of an occupational pension scheme.
Disqualification Proceedings
Authors: Amey Robert 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Disqualification from being a director or in any way concerned in the management of a company without the leave of the court was brought into effect by the 1929 Act following the recommendations of the Greene Committee. An undischarged bankrupt was disqualified by virtue of his status and the court was given power to disqualify for up to five years promoters, directors, and officers of a company ordered to be wound up who had committed fraud and persons responsible for fraudulent trading. The 1948 Act extended the power to disqualify to officers of the company who had been guilty of any breach of duty.
US and UK Tender Offers, Exchange Offers, and Other Out-of-Court Restructurings
Authors: McDonald James , Tricot Danny , Ho Richard 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines several options available to financially troubled companies in connection with out-of-court restructurings in the US and the UK, and provides practical guidance for each option. Specifically, we discuss tender offers, exchange offers and amendments of outstanding debt securities, including the use of exit consents, and their use in conjunction with prepackaged or prearranged bankruptcies in the US. We also discuss the principal legal framework surrounding bond repurchases, issues relating to such repurchases, and the liability management strategy of combining the consensual nature of the tender offer with an exit consent in the UK.
Duties of Directors and Management of Distressed Companies
Authors: Mallon Christopher , Waisman Shai Y , Schrock Ray C 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
When slightly modified, the oft-quoted statement from Hamlet, ‘This above all: to thine own [Corporation] be true …’ made by Polonius to his son, Laertes, before his departure to Paris states succinctly the principle underlying the laws of the UK and the US as to the fiduciary duties of company directors. That is to say, the interests of the company come first, ‘above all’ else, in business transactions.