bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous determination of both kavalactone and flavokawain constituents by different single‐marker methods in kava
Authors: Zhao Xiaojun , Su Chao , Ren Ruru , Zhang Bo , Wang Yingli , Su Xiaojuan , Lu Fangfang , Zong Rong , Yang Lingling , Zhang Wannian , Ma Xueqin 
Published: May 2021

AbstractKava, the rhizomes and roots of Piper methysticum Forst, is a popular edible medicinal herb traditionally used to prepare beverages for anxiety reduction. Since the German kava ban has been lifted by the court, the quality evaluation is particularly important for its application, especially the flavokawains which were believed to be responsible for hepatotoxicity. Now, by employing two different standard references and four different methods to calculate the relative correction factors, eight different quantitative analyses of multicomponents by single‐marker methods have been developed for the simultaneous determination of eight major kavalactones and flavokawains in kava. The low standard method difference on quantitative measurement of the compounds among the external standard method and ours confirmed the reliability of the mentioned methods. A radar plot clearly illustrated that the contents of dihydrokavain and kavain were higher, whereas flavokawains A and B were lower in different kava samples. Only one of eight samples did not detect flavokawains that may be related to hepatotoxicity. In summary, by using different agents as an internal standard reference, the developed methods were believed as a powerful analytical tool not only for the qualitative and quantitative of kava constituents but also for the other multicomponents when authentic standard substances were unavailable.
The UCR Minicore: a resource for cowpea research and breeding
Authors: Muñoz‐Amatriaín María , Lo Sassoum , Herniter Ira A. , Boukar Ousmane , Fatokun Christian , Carvalho Márcia , Castro Isaura , Guo Yi‐Ning , Huynh Bao‐Lam , Roberts Philip A. , Carnide Valdemar , Close Timothy J. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIncorporation of new sources of genetic diversity into plant breeding programs is crucial for continuing to improve yield and quality, as well as tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses. A minicore (the “University of California, Riverside (UCR) Minicore”) composed of 368 worldwide accessions of cultivated cowpea has been assembled, having been derived from the UCR cowpea collection. High‐density genotyping with 51,128 SNPs followed by principal component and genetic assignment analyses identified six subpopulations in the UCR Minicore, mainly differentiated by cultivar group and geographic origin. All six subpopulations were present to some extent in West African material, suggesting that West Africa is a center of diversity for cultivated cowpea. Additionally, population structure analyses supported two routes of introduction of cowpea into the U.S.: (1) from Spain to the southwest U.S. through Northern Mexico and (2) from Africa to the southeast U.S. via the Caribbean. Genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) narrowed several traits to regions containing strong candidate genes. For example, orthologs of the Arabidopsis FLOWERING LOCUS T lie within a major QTL for flowering time. In summary, this diverse, yet compact cowpea collection constitutes a suitable resource to identify loci controlling complex traits, consequently providing markers to assist with breeding to improve this crop of high relevance to global food and nutritional security.
Connectivity of coastal and neritic fish larvae to the deep waters
Authors: Compaire Jesus C. , Pérez‐Brunius Paula , Jiménez‐Rosenberg Sylvia Patricia Adelheid , Rodríguez Outerelo Javier , Echeverri García Laura del Pilar , Herzka Sharon Z. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractFour ichthyoplankton cruises and backward tracking experiments were conducted to study the connectivity of coastal and neritic fish larvae over the continental slope and to the oceanic deep‐water region of the western Gulf of Mexico. Distribution patterns of larval abundance at oceanic stations showed higher abundance and the presence of larvae at oceanic stations during two cruises. Larval transport was simulated using outputs of a data assimilation model that represented the flow conditions during each cruise. Higher abundances of larvae of coastal and neritic species at oceanic stations agreed with offshore transport inferred from numerical experiments seeding particles over different spatial scales (stations vs. transects). Satellite images of surface chlorophyll were consistent with the circulation patterns indicated by the model, indicating filaments of shelf waters were transported toward the transects with higher larval abundances. Particle tracking experiments indicated that the northwestern shelf provinces of Perdido, Tamaulipas, and Texas were the main source of propagules to the oceanic region, while shelf provinces of northern Veracruz, Campeche, Yucatan, Louisiana, and Mississippi‐Alabama contributed much less. The length and intensity of the shelf front limited ichthyoplankton cross‐shelf exchange during some cruises, and mesoscale anticyclonic and cyclonic eddies advected larvae to the deep‐water region during others. The agreement between the spatial distribution of fish larvae and the simulated larval transport confirm that circulation models are a valuable tool for examining potential dispersal pathways of neritic species, as long as similar spatial and temporal scales as the ones used in this study are considered.
Whole‐lake methane emissions from two temperate shallow lakes with fluctuating water levels: Relevance of spatiotemporal patterns
Authors: Schmiedeskamp Marcel , Praetzel Leandra Stephanie Emilia , Bastviken David , Knorr Klaus‐Holger 
Published: May 2021

AbstractGlobally, shallow lakes are an important source of methane (CH4) emissions to the atmosphere. Previous studies of such lakes have rarely focused on the within‐lake spatiotemporal variability, which is critical for generating representative whole‐lake fluxes, and better understanding and constrain large‐scale emissions. To address this issue, we determined the variability of CH4 fluxes and CH4 concentrations in two small shallow (≤ 150 cm) lakes in Central Europe biweekly over almost 2 years. We found that both lakes were a source of CH4, mainly by ebullition. At the shallower Lake Heideweiher, which temporarily dried out, the average flux was 7.2 mmol m−2 d−1, the average flux from Lake Windsborn that never dried out, was 3.5 mmol m−2 d−1. The spatial differences (between and within lakes) were most strongly related to sediment C‐content and quality, which in turn was linked to depth or distance to shore. The highest fluxes occurred in the central parts of both lakes. The temporal variability of the fluxes was primarily correlated with sediment temperature and degree of drying measured as the time since drying up. The whole‐lake estimates were dominated by low water periods and the warm summer months. Overall, we show that short‐term and small‐scale measurements cannot account for the high variability of CH4 fluxes from small lakes, and that reliable large‐scale assessments need to consider such spatiotemporal variability.
Limited utilization of extracted dissolved organic matter by prokaryotic communities from the subtropical North Atlantic
Authors: Bercovici Sarah K. , Arroyo Mar C. , De Corte Daniele , Yokokawa Taichi , Hansell Dennis A. 
Published: May 2021

The ocean contains a large reservoir of dissolved organic matter (DOM) that persists for millennia. Both the very dilute concentrations of individual DOM molecules and intrinsic recalcitrance to microbial decay imparted by molecular structure are suggested mechanisms for this long residence time. Here, we report an experiment comparing the responses of surface and deep prokaryotes to DOM isolated and enriched by solid‐phase extraction from surface and deep waters of the subtropical North Atlantic Ocean. Extracts from both depths were qualitatively characterized as biologically recalcitrant given their similarly high C : N ratios of 26. Surface prokaryotes measurably drew down extracted dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations, but the drawdown was only 4% of the initial enriched DOC concentration regardless of enrichment level or depth. Deep microbes, in contrast, did not cause observable changes in DOC concentrations. Surface and deep prokaryotes had similar temperature‐normalized growth responses to extracts from each depth. Biological indicators (e.g., kinetics) suggest that prokaryotes were less efficient at catalyzing surface than deep DOM (catalytic efficiencies of 0.003–0.005 vs. 0.02–0.03 h−1, respectively). These values indicate qualitative differences in extracted DOM from the two depths, perhaps suggesting a variable nature of the refractory DOC depending on depth. Moreover, only a small portion of the extracted DOM was biologically utilizable, regardless of concentration factor or depth, and essentially only a small fraction of it was incorporated into biomass. Microbial selection against substrates that meet modest energy but no growth demands may be a factor contributing to the long‐term stability of marine DOM.
Temperature and sediment properties drive spatiotemporal variability of methane ebullition in a small and shallow temperate lake
Authors: Praetzel Leandra Stephanie Emilia , Schmiedeskamp Marcel , Knorr Klaus‐Holger 
Published: May 2021

AbstractEbullition is a major pathway of methane (CH4) fluxes from lakes to the atmosphere. Small and shallow lakes can have high emissions but have only recently gained more attention. We studied the quantity and spatiotemporal variability of CH4 ebullition from a small (1.4 ha) and shallow (max 1.5 m) temperate lake in Germany during 2017 and 2018. We found a high range of fluxes (0–872 mg m−2 d−1) and > 90% of the fluxes were emitted between May and August. Fluxes in early spring and late autumn were below 4 mg m−2 d−1. Also, on a spatial scale, fluxes varied distinctly and generally increased from the shore to the center of the lake. To identify drivers of observed emissions patterns, we measured temperature and air pressure, the quantity and quality of the sedimented organic matter (OM) as well as chemical and physical properties of the sediment. Generalized linear models identified temperature, sediment porosity and organic matter content as the best predictors for the observed spatiotemporal differences, whereas temperature was accountable for the observed temporal, and porosity and organic matter content for the spatial variability. We suggest that in small lakes, temperature could serve as master variable to predict site‐specific CH4 ebullition while spatial within‐lake differences are determined by varying physical sediment properties more than quantity or quality of the OM.
Drug‐Eluting Medical Textiles: From Fiber Production and Textile Fabrication to Drug Loading and Delivery
Authors: Rostamitabar Matin , Abdelgawad Abdelrahman M. , Jockenhoevel Stefan , Ghazanfari Samaneh 
Published: May 2021

AbstractDrug‐eluting medical textiles have recently gained great attention to be used in different applications due to their cost effectiveness and unique physical and chemical properties. Using various fiber production and textile fabrication technologies, fibrous constructs with the required properties for the target drug delivery systems can be designed and fabricated. This review summarizes the current advances in the fabrication of drug‐eluting medical textiles. Different fiber production methods such as melt‐, wet‐, and electro‐spinning, and textile fabrication techniques such as knitting and weaving are explained. Moreover, various loading processes of bioactive agents to obtain drug‐loaded fibrous structures with required physicochemical and morphological properties, drug delivery mechanisms, and drug release kinetics are discussed. Finally, the current applications of drug‐eluting fibrous systems in wound care, tissue engineering, and transdermal drug delivery are highlighted.
Cortical [18F]PI‐2620 Binding Differentiates Corticobasal Syndrome Subtypes
Authors: Palleis Carla , Brendel Matthias , Finze Anika , Weidinger Endy , Bötzel Kai , Danek Adrian , Beyer Leonie , Nitschmann Alexander , Kern Maike , Biechele Gloria , Rauchmann Boris‐Stephan , Häckert Jan , Höllerhage Matthias , Stephens Andrew W. , Drzezga Alexander , van Eimeren Thilo , Villemagne Victor L. , Schildan Andreas , Barthel Henryk , Patt Marianne , Sabri Osama ,   German Imaging Initiative for Tauopathies (GII4T), Bartenstein Peter , Perneczky Robert , Haass Christian , Levin Johannes , Höglinger Günter U. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundCorticobasal syndrome is associated with cerebral protein aggregates composed of 4‐repeat (~50% of cases) or mixed 3‐repeat/4‐repeat tau isoforms (~25% of cases) or nontauopathies (~25% of cases).ObjectivesThe aim of this single‐center study was to investigate the diagnostic value of the tau PET‐ligand [18F]PI‐2620 in patients with corticobasal syndrome.MethodsForty‐five patients (71.5 ± 7.6 years) with corticobasal syndrome and 14 age‐matched healthy controls underwent [18F]PI‐2620‐PET. Beta‐amyloid status was determined by cerebral β‐amyloid PET and/or CSF analysis. Subcortical and cortical [18F]PI‐2620 binding was quantitatively and visually compared between β‐amyloid‐positive and ‐negative patients and controls. Regional [18F]PI‐2620 binding was correlated with clinical and demographic data.ResultsTwenty‐four percent (11 of 45) were β‐amyloid‐positive. Significantly elevated [18F]PI‐2620 distribution volume ratios were observed in both β‐amyloid‐positive and β‐amyloid‐negative patients versus controls in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia. Cortical [18F]PI‐2620 PET positivity was distinctly higher in β‐amyloid‐positive compared with β‐amyloid‐negative patients with pronounced involvement of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Semiquantitative analysis of [18F]PI‐2620 PET revealed a sensitivity of 91% for β‐amyloid‐positive and of 65% for β‐amyloid‐negative cases, which is in excellent agreement with prior clinicopathological data. Regardless of β‐amyloid status, hemispheric lateralization of [18F]PI‐2620 signal reflected contralateral predominance of clinical disease severity.ConclusionsOur data indicate a value of [18F]PI‐2620 for evaluating corticobasal syndrome, providing quantitatively and regionally distinct signals in β‐amyloid‐positive as well as β‐amyloid‐negative corticobasal syndrome. In corticobasal syndrome, [18F]PI‐2620 may potentially serve for a differential diagnosis and for monitoring disease progression. © 2021 The Authors.Movement Disorderspublished by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Dopamine Receptors in Parkinson's Disease: A Meta‐Analysis of Imaging Studies
Authors: Kaasinen Valtteri , Vahlberg Tero , Stoessl A. Jon , Strafella Antonio P. , Antonini Angelo 
Published: May 2021

AbstractDopamine receptors are abundant along the central nigrostriatal tract and are expressed as 5 subtypes in two receptor families. In PD, compensatory changes in dopamine receptors emerge as a consequence of the loss of dopamine nerve terminals or dopaminergic pharmacotherapy. We performed a systematic review and meta‐analysis of the available PET and single‐photon emission computed tomography studies that have investigated dopamine receptors in PD, PSP and MSA. The inclusion criteria were studies including human PET or single‐photon emission computed tomography imaging; dopamine receptor tracers (D1‐like or D2‐like) and idiopathic PD, PSP, or MSA patients compared with healthy controls. The 67 included D2‐like studies had 1925 patients. Data were insufficient for an analysis of D1‐like studies. PD patients had higher striatal binding early in the disease, but after a disease duration of 4.36 years, PD patients had lower binding values than healthy controls. Striatal D2R binding was highest in unmedicated early PD patients and in the striatum contralateral to the predominant motor symptoms. PSP and MSA‐P patients had lower striatal D2R binding than PD patients (14.2% and 21.8%, respectively). There is initial upregulation of striatal D2Rs in PD, which downregulate on average 4 years after motor symptom onset, possibly because of agonist‐induced effects. The consistent upregulation of D2Rs in the PD striatum contralateral to the predominant motor symptoms indicates that receptor changes are driven by neurodegeneration and loss of striatal neuropil. Both PSP and MSA patients have clearly lower striatal D2R binding values than PD patients, which offers an opportunity for differential diagnostics. © 2021 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Commercial photodiodes and phototransistors as dosimeters of photon beams for radiotherapy
Authors: Ruiz‐García Isidoro , Román‐Raya Juan , Banqueri Jesús , Palma Alberto J. , Guirado Damián , A. Carvajal Miguel 
Published: May 2021

PurposeThe response to radiation typically used in radiotherapy treatments has been experimentally evaluated for three samples of two phototransistors (BPW85B and OP505A) and two PIN photodiodes types (VTB8440BH and BPW34S).MethodsTo that end, a staggered irradiation cycle has been applied which included dose rate values from 0.81 to 4.87 cGy/s, achieving a total absorbed dose of 21.4 Gy. The samples have been irradiated with a linear accelerator and the relations between the induced photocurrent and the average and instantaneous dose rates, and between the accumulated charge and the absorbed dose, have been determined. The radiation‐induced output currents were measured by means of an external interface of the devices to a previously designed readout unit.ResultsExperimental results of Si PIN photodiode BPW34S have shown a sensitivity of (13.9 ± 0.5) nC/cGy, slight sensitivity dependence on dose rate, and a high linearity of the current with the average and instantaneous dose rate, requiring only 10 V of reverse bias voltage. This device thermal drift has characterized and modeled for temperature effect compensation.ConclusionsSilicon PIN photodiode BPW34S, previously tested for X‐rays and Co‐60 gamma ray source, can also be a reliable candidate for dose rate and absorbed skin dose determination in typical radiotherapy treatments irradiations. A low sensitivity loss below 2% up to 21.4 Gy has been measured, allowing its use as an affordable reusable skin dosimeter. Moreover, no significant difference has been observed between its response to dose‐per‐pulse and changing pulse repetition frequency in terms of sensitivity and dependence with dose‐rate value.
DockSDN: A hybrid container‐based software‐defined networking emulation tool
Authors: Petersen Erick , Antonio To Marco 
Published: May 2021

SummaryThe Internet has proven to be able to connect billions of devices across the globe. In order to keep pace with today's high demands or even larger services and applications, traditional ways of networking will have to change or update. The future of computer networks needs to be agile without degrading efficiency, capacity, and availability. These new trends push forward the need for network programmability. Software‐defined networkings (SDNs) are the future of networking, but in order to deploy newer standards, they have to be tested. Furthermore, this calls for better testbeds that are close to a real environment as possible. Many tools have been proposed to provide a framework for testing newer approaches of networking, but they have come short in various characteristics, limiting the scenarios and their results. Our experience in containers (Docker) and the development of testbeds using this technology has now brought our attention to SDNs. DockSDN provides a tool that meets current and future needs and is our biggest contribution to the scientific community so far. DockSDN is presented in this work, which proposes various benefits and advantages over other tools. One of those benefits is that it uses dockers as building blocks for scenario deployment. Moreover, these scenarios can be done fairly quickly and is fully scalable through local PC hardware or elastic through cloud services. Now, the scientific community will be able to test a wide array of protocols in near real‐world conditions, saving financial resources and time.
Motives matter: The relation between motives and interpartner involvement in nonprofit–business partnerships
Authors: Spitz Gabi , van Kranenburg Hans , Korzilius Hubert 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis paper explores what motivates nonprofit and business managers to engage in nonprofit‐business partnerships. We use a relational‐based lens to look at how the motives of nonprofit and business managers influence the intensity of interpartner involvement and commitment. Using survey data collected from senior managers involved with nonprofit‐business partnerships in the Netherlands, we find that the motive of joint problem solving is the primary motive for managers to engage in partnerships. Nonprofit managers are primarily motivated to acquire knowledge and financial resources, while business managers enter partnerships for Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and image improvement reasons. Our quantitative findings also refine the dichotomy of instrumental and moral motives by introducing a second dimension: the expected impact of motives (from low to high). Evidence shows that the motives help determine the nature of the partnership: low‐social impact motives are associated with collaborations with a low degree of inter‐partner involvement, while high‐social impact motives lead to partnerships where there is a high degree of inter‐partner involvement.
The angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker valsartan in the battle against COVID‐19
Authors: de Ligt Marlies , Hesselink Matthijs K. C. , Jorgensen Johanna , Jocken Johan W. E. , Blaak Ellen E. , Goossens Gijs H. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectiveSevere acute respiratory syndrome‐coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) uses the host’s angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a cellular entry point. Therefore, modulating ACE2 might impact SARS‐CoV‐2 viral replication, shedding, and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) severity. Here, it was investigated whether the angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker valsartan alters the expression of renin‐angiotensin system (RAS) components, including ACE2, in human adipose tissue (AT) and skeletal muscle.MethodsA randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trial was performed, in which 36 participants (BMI 31.0 ± 0.8 kg/m2) with impaired glucose metabolism received either valsartan or placebo for 26 weeks. Before and after 26 weeks’ treatment, abdominal subcutaneous AT and skeletal muscle biopsies were obtained, and gene expression of RAS components was measured by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.ResultsValsartan treatment did not significantly impact the expression of RAS components, including ACE2, in AT and skeletal muscle.ConclusionsGiven the pivotal role of ACE2 in SARS‐CoV‐2 spread and the clinical outcomes in COVID‐19 patients, the data suggest that the putative beneficial effects of angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers on the clinical outcomes of patients with COVID‐19 may not be mediated through altered ACE2 expression in abdominal subcutaneous AT.