bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Generalized statistical arbitrage concepts and related gain strategies
Authors: Rein Christian , Rüschendorf Ludger , Schmidt Thorsten 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe notion of statistical arbitrage introduced in Bondarenko (2003) is generalized to statistical ‐arbitrage corresponding to trading strategies which yield positive gains on average in a class of scenarios described by a ‐algebra . This notion contains classical arbitrage as a special case. Admitting general static payoffs as generalized strategies, as done in Kassberger and Liebmann (2017) in the case of one pricing measure, leads to the notion of generalized statistical ‐arbitrage. We show that even under standard no‐arbitrage there may exist generalized gain strategies yielding positive gains on average under the specified scenarios. In the first part of the paper we prove that the characterization in Bondarenko (2003), no statistical arbitrage being equivalent to the existence of an equivalent local martingale measure with a path‐independent density, is not correct in general. We establish that this equivalence holds true in complete markets and we derive a general sufficient condition for statistical ‐arbitrages. As a main result we derive the equivalence of no statistical ‐arbitrage to no generalized statistical ‐arbitrage. In the second part of the paper we construct several classes of profitable generalized strategies with respect to various choices of the ‐algebra . In particular, we consider several forms of embedded binomial strategies and follow‐the‐trend strategies as well as partition‐type strategies. We study and compare their behavior on simulated data and also evaluate their performance on market data.
Evolution of dosage compensation does not depend on genomic background
Authors: Rovatsos Michail , Kratochvíl Lukáš 
Published: February 2021

AbstractOrganisms have evolved various mechanisms to cope with the differences in the gene copy numbers between sexes caused by degeneration of Y and W sex chromosomes. Complete dosage compensation or at least expression balance between sexes has been reported predominantly in XX/XY systems, but rarely in ZZ/ZW systems. However, this often‐reported pattern is based on comparisons of lineages where sex chromosomes evolved from nonhomologous genomic regions, potentially differing in sensitivity to differences in gene copy numbers. Here we document that two reptilian lineages (XX/XY iguanas and ZZ/ZW softshell turtles), which independently co‐opted the same ancestral genomic region for the function of sex chromosomes, evolved different gene dose regulatory mechanisms. The independent co‐option of the same genomic region for the role of sex chromosomes as in the iguanas and the softshell turtles offers great opportunity for testing evolutionary scenarios on sex chromosome evolution under the explicit control of the genomic background and gene identity. We show that the parallel loss of functional genes from the Y chromosome of the green anole and the W chromosome of the Florida softshell turtle led to different dosage compensation mechanisms. Our approach controlling for genetic background thus does not support that the variability in the regulation of gene dose differences is a consequence of ancestral autosomal gene content.
Founder effects shape linkage disequilibrium and genomic diversity of a partially clonal invader
Authors: Flanagan Ben A. , Krueger‐Hadfield Stacy A. , Murren Courtney J. , Nice Chris C. , Strand Allan E. , Sotka Erik E. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe genomic variation of an invasive species may be affected by complex demographic histories and evolutionary changes during the invasion. Here, we describe the relative influence of bottlenecks, clonality, and population expansion in determining genomic variability of the widespread red macroalga Agarophyton vermiculophyllum. Its introduction from mainland Japan to the estuaries of North America and Europe coincided with shifts from predominantly sexual to partially clonal reproduction and rapid adaptive evolution. A survey of 62,285 SNPs for 351 individuals from 35 populations, aligned to 24 chromosome‐length scaffolds indicate that linkage disequilibrium (LD), observed heterozygosity (Ho), Tajima's D, and nucleotide diversity (Pi) were greater among non‐native than native populations. Evolutionary simulations indicate LD and Tajima's D were consistent with a severe population bottleneck. Also, the increased rate of clonal reproduction in the non‐native range could not have produced the observed patterns by itself but may have magnified the bottleneck effect on LD. Elevated marker diversity in the genetic source populations could have contributed to the increased Ho and Pi observed in the non‐native range. We refined the previous invasion source region to a ~50 km section of northeastern Honshu Island. Outlier detection methods failed to reveal any consistently differentiated loci shared among invaded regions, probably because of the complex A. vermiculophyllum demographic history. Our results reinforce the importance of demographic history, specifically founder effects, in driving genomic variation of invasive populations, even when localized adaptive evolution and reproductive system shifts are observed.
Margolis as Columbia Naturalist
Authors: Cahoone Lawrence 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIs Joseph Margolis a member of the often neglected school of “Columbia naturalism”? Columbia naturalism promoted a distinctive non‐reductive nationalism in mid‐twentieth‐century America. Inspired by pragmatism, and Dewey in particular, its members included Ernest Nagel, John Herman Randall, Joseph Blau, Herbert Schneider, and Justus Buchler. Margolis received his degree from Columbia in 1953. Neither his early work in aesthetics nor his mature attempt to justify pragmatic themes in an uncompromising dialogue with analytic and continental philosophy seems particularly “Columbian.” Neither does his radical endorsement of a kind of relativism. However, Margolis is after all some kind of naturalist. Furthermore, the Columbians shared a forgotten doctrine, called “objective relativism.” If the combination of naturalism and relativism is a Columbian fruit, Margolis may have has fallen closer to the tree than first appears.
Chemical restraint: A qualitative synthesis review of adult service user and staff experiences in mental health settings
Authors: Muir‐Cochrane Eimear , Oster Candice 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWith an imperative to reduce or eliminate the use of coercive practices in mental health care it is important to understand the experience of service users and staff. This review aimed to synthesize qualitative studies, published between 1996 and 2020, reporting on mental health service users' and staff's experiences of chemical restraint. The databases PsycINFO, CINAHL, MEDLINE, Embase, Emcare, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched. Three analytic themes were identified from 17 included articles, synthesizing the experiences of service users and staff. These were “Unjustified versusjustified,” “Violence versus necessity,” and “Reflecting back: Positives and negatives.” Service users viewed chemical restraint as an unjustified response to “behaviors of concern” and experienced it as a violent act with negative outcomes, although some saw it as necessary in retrospect and preferred it to other forms of coercion. Staff generally viewed it as a justified response to “behaviors of concern” and experienced it as appropriate within the constraints of staff numbers and limited alternatives. These findings identify nuances not apparent in the literature, which has generally conflated all forms of coercive practices.
Diagnostic ability of the primary second molar crown‐to‐root length ratio and the corresponding underlying premolar position in estimating future expander anchoring teeth exfoliation
Authors: Primozic Jasmina , Federici Canova Fabio , Rizzo Fiorella Alessandra , Marzo Giuseppe , Quinzi Vincenzo 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectivesThe aim was to assess the diagnostic ability of the crown‐to‐root length ratio of the primary second molar and the position of the corresponding underlying premolar in estimating future anchoring teeth exfoliation during maxillary expansion.Setting and Sample PopulationFifty‐four subjects (30 females, 24 males; 108 teeth) aged 8.2 ± 1.0 years that underwent palatal expansion.MethodsThe upper second premolar position of the corresponding expander anchoring primary molar was determined in relation to the ipsilateral first permanent molar half‐pulp chamber (HPC) line on panoramic radiographs. Subjective and objective (based on measurements) assessments of the crown‐to‐root length ratio of anchoring primary molars were performed. Exfoliation after the expansion was recorded over a retention period of 12 months. All the assessments were performed individually by three examiners at two 3‐week‐apart sessions, trained and calibrated before enrolment. The intra‐/inter‐examiner agreements were evaluated, and the diagnostic accuracy of the methods was calculated.ResultsAll methods exhibited almost perfect intra‐ and at least substantial inter‐examiner agreement (Kappa >0.8 and ≥0.63, respectively). Good diagnostic accuracy was seen for the premolar position to the HPC line (0.7‐0.8), while the crown‐to‐root length ratio methods exhibited hardly sufficient accuracy. The diagnostic agreement of the methods was fair.ConclusionsWhen primary molars are considered as anchoring teeth for maxillary expansion, the premolar position in relation to the HPC line appears to be the most valid and reliable method for predicting their stability. Despite high repeatability values, the crown‐to‐root length ratio needs a cut‐off point re‐definition to increase its predicting ability.
Training results in increased practitioner confidence and identification of depression in people with low vision: a mixed methods study
Authors: Bartlett Rebecca , Acton Jennifer H , Ryan Barbara , Man Ryan , Pickles Timothy , Nollett Claire 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPurposeThe prevalence of depression in people with low vision is high and often goes undiagnosed. There is the potential for those who provide low vision services to perform concurrent depression screening. However, prior training in depression identification and suitable referral pathways is required. The aims of this study were: (1) to assess the impact of a training programme on practitioners’ confidence and behaviour in addressing depression in patients with low vision, and (2) to review the training programme and identify areas for further development.MethodsA convergent mixed methods approach was used. Questionnaires were completed by practitioners pre‐, immediately post‐ and 6 months post‐ training (n = 40) to assess practitioner confidence in approaching depression in patients with low vision. Qualitative interviews were performed with a subset of practitioners 6 months post‐training (n = 9). Additionally, routine data from the Low Vision Service Wales (LVSW) database was used to determine the change in the number of practitioners identifying depression in patients, and the change in the number of patients identified at risk of depression 6 months post‐training.ResultsOf the 148 practitioners who completed low vision assessments pre‐ and post‐training, 28 (18.9%) documented risk of depression in their patients pre‐training, which increased substantially to 65 (43.9%) post‐training (p < 0.0001). Mixed methods analysis confirmed increased documentation of depressive symptoms by practitioners. Practitioner confidence increased following training, with 92.3% feeling more confident to approach emotional issues with patients and 92.2% intending to use the recommended screening tool to identify depression. Interviews provided insight into areas where confidence was still lacking. Quantitative questionnaires revealed that training content was considered appropriate by 91% of participants. Interviews confirmed these findings while expanding upon possibilities for programme improvement.ConclusionsTraining for depression screening was found to be time‐efficient and acceptable for LVSW practitioners and shown to increase practitioner confidence in the identification of depression. Additionally, the programme changed behaviour, resulting in an increase in the identification of depression in patients with low vision. However, this is a complex topic and ongoing development is required to embed depression screening as an integral part of low vision services.
Adolescent with physiologic striae atrophicae of the thighs
Authors: Leung Alexander K. C. , Lam Joseph M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPhysiologic striae atrophicae of adolescence occur mainly in healthy nonobese adolescents in association with the adolescent growth spurt. The striae typically present as erythematous, purple, or violaceous, horizontal linear plaques in the lumbar area. Occurrence of striae elsewhere on the body exclusively is rare. A PubMed search of the English literature using the key terms “physiological striae atrophicae of adolescence” OR “physiological striae atrophicae of puberty” AND “thigh” did not yield any prior report. We report a teenager with physiologic striae atrophicae of adolescence with striae restricted to the thighs.
Regulatory T cell monitoring in severe eosinophilic asthma patients treated with mepolizumab
Authors: Bergantini Laura , d’Alessandro Miriana , Cameli Paolo , Bono Clara , Perruzza Marco , Biagini Marco , Pini Laura , Bigliazzi Caterina , Sestini Piersante , Dotta Francesco , Bargagli Elena 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSevere eosinophilic asthma (SEA) has been associated with T‐helper type 2 (Th2) inflammatory response. A good understanding of T cell functions in asthma is important for therapy, especially in the choice of biological treatments for severe cases. Mepolizumab, an IL‐5 antagonist, is indicated for the treatment of severe asthma. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) suppress inflammation by secreting cytokines that inhibit Th2 cell proliferation. We investigated peripheral Treg, CD4, CD8, CD19 and NK cell percentages and their relationship to clinical and functional parameters, including peripheral eosinophils, before and after anti‐IL5 treatment. Subjects were 14 adult SEA patients (9 male, 54.1 ± 11.6 years), treated with mepolizumab, and 10 controls. T cells (CD4 and CD8), CD19, NK and Tregs were evaluated by flow cytometry. Comparison of lung function parameters before and after treatment with mepolizumab (T0 and T1) showed an increase in FEV1, FEV1/FVC ratio and a reduction in blood eosinophil percentages. CD8 and CD16/56+CD3+ were significantly higher in SEA patients than controls (P = .04 and P = .03, respectively). A decrease in CD45+, CD8 + and CD16/56+CD3+ cell percentages was observed between T0 and T1 (P = .02, P = .04, P = .03, respectively). A significant increase in Treg percentages (P = .0001) was recorded between T0 and T1. Mepolizumab therapy was found to modulate immune response, restoring immune balance in patients with SEA.
Analysis of the morphometric parameters of pig ear hair follicles
Authors: Zambrano Alexandra , Klein Anna Lena , Patzelt Alexa 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundPorcine ear skin is used in studies of percutaneous penetration as a substitute for human skin. The objective of the present study was to determine the structure of the hair follicles on the dorsal area of porcine ear skin and make a morphometric comparison with the hair follicles of human skin.Materials and MethodsSections of frozen biopsies were cut vertically to the skin surface in longitudinal sections using a cryotome and were investigated using microscopy. For each hair follicle, various parameters were determined.ResultsThe follicular density in porcine ear skin varies according to the area studied, and the length of most of the follicles was approximately 1458 ± 286 μm. The size of the follicular orifice was also determined in a total of 305 follicles. It showed a diameter of roughly 113 ± 43 μm.ConclusionThe results showed a very good similarity between human and pig hair follicles. Therefore, porcine ear skin can be considered as a very suitable model of human skin in dermal and especially follicular penetration studies.
Prediction of heavy metals removal by polymer inclusion membranes using machine learning techniques
Authors: Yaqub Muhammad , Eren Beytullah , Eyupoglu Volkan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis study predicts heavy metals removal from aqueous solution by polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs) process using machine learning (ML) techniques such as multiple layer perceptron neural networks (MLPNN) and multiple linear regression (MLR) after data analysis. The removal efficiency (RE) of the PIMs process is predicted for cobalt (Co), cadmium (Cd) and chromium (Cr) by changing operating conditions including time, carrier type, carrier rate, film thickness, plasticizer type and plasticizer rate. The MLPNN model presents reliable results with lower mean square error (MSE) for an unseen testing dataset, whereas the MLR model shows higher MSE values. The coefficient of determination (R2) of the MLPNN model for the testing dataset is 0.93, 0.90 and 0.86 for Co, Cd and Cr, respectively, whereas MLR shows poor results. Therefore, the MLPNN model can be a competitive, robust and fast alternate to optimize the PIMs process with minimum experimental work.
Heat Transfer in Rotating, Trailing Edge, Converging Channels With Partial Length Pin-Fins
Authors: Sahin Izzet , Chen I-Lun , Wright Lesley M. , Han Je-Chin , Xu Hongzhou , Fox Michael 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn the current study, the heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of a rotating, partial pin-finned, cooling channel that has a trapezoidal cross section and converges from the hub to tip in both the streamwise and spanwise directions are experimentally investigated. To model the geometry of an internal trailing edge cooling passage, the channel is oriented with respect to the direction of rotation (β = 120 deg). Isolated copper plates are used to obtain regionally averaged heat transfer coefficients on the leading and trailing surfaces. Pressure drop is measured using pressure taps placed at the inlet and outlet of the channel. Utilizing Dp = 5 mm diameter pins, a staggered array is created. For this array, the streamwise pin-spacing, Sy/Dp = 2.1, was kept constant; however, the spanwise pin-spacing, Sx/Dp, was varied from the hub to tip between 3 and 2.6 due to the channel convergence. Experiments were conducted for two partial pin-fin sets having pin length-to-diameter ratios of Sz/Dp = 0.4 and 0.2. The rotation number was varied from 0 to 0.21 by ranging the inlet Reynolds number from 10,000 to 40,000 and rotation speed from 0 to 300 rpm. A significant decrease in pressure loss and a slight reduction in heat transfer enhancement are observed with the use of partial pin-fins compared with the previously reported full pin-fin converging channel study. This provides better thermal performances of the partial pin-fin arrays compared with the full pin-fin array, in the converging channels.
Repeatability of the Individual Response to the Use of Active Recovery the Day After High-Intensity Interval Training: A Double-Crossover Trial
Authors: Wiewelhove Thimo , Thase Constantin , Glahn Marcel , Hessel Anthony , Schneider Christoph , Hottenrott Laura , Meyer Tim , Kellmann Michael , Pfeiffer Mark , Ferrauti Alexander 
Published: February 2021

Purpose: To identify whether the use of active recovery (ACT) the day after high-intensity interval training (HIIT) benefits recovery and to assess whether individual responses to ACT are repeatable. Methods: Eleven well-trained, male intermittent-sport athletes (age: 25.5 ± 1.8 y) completed 4 HIIT sessions, each separated by a 2-week washout period. Of the 4 sessions, 2 were followed by passive recovery (PAS) and 2 by 60 minutes of moderate biking (ACT) 24 hours postexercise in the following sequences: ACT→PAS→ACT→PAS or PAS→ACT→PAS→ACT. Before and after HIIT and after 24 and 48 hours of recovery, maximal voluntary isometric strength (MVIC), countermovement jump height (CMJ), tensiomyographic markers of muscle fatigue (TMG), serum concentration of creatine kinase (CK), muscle soreness (MS), and perceived stress state (PS) were determined. Results: A 3-way repeated-measure analysis of variance with a triple-nested random effects model revealed a significant (P < .05) fatigue-related time effect of HIIT on markers of fatigue (MVIC↓; CMJ↓; TMG↑; CK↑; MS↑; PS↑). No significant (P > .05) main effect of recovery strategy was detected. In 9 subjects, the individual results revealed inconsistent and nonrepeatable responses to ACT, while a consistent and repeatable positive or negative response to ACT was found in 2 individuals. Conclusions: The repeated failure of ACT to limit the severity of fatigue was found both at the group level and with most individuals. However, a small percentage of athletes may be more likely to benefit repeatedly from either ACT or PAS. Therefore, the use of ACT should be individualized.
Factors influencing allied health professionals’ implementation of upper limb sensory rehabilitation for stroke survivors: a qualitative study to inform knowledge translation
Authors: Cahill Liana S , Carey Leeanne M , Mak-Yuen Yvonne , McCluskey Annie , Neilson Cheryl , O'Connor Denise A , Lannin Natasha A 
Published: February 2021

ObjectivesSomatosensory loss is common after stroke with one-in-two individuals affected. Although clinical practice guidelines recommend providing somatosensory rehabilitation, this impairment often remains unassessed and untreated. To address the gap between guideline recommendations and clinical practice, this study sought to understand the factors influencing delivery of evidence-based upper limb sensory rehabilitation after stroke.DesignQualitative study involving focus groups and interviews. Data analysis used an inductive approach (thematic analysis) and deductive analysis using implementation theory (the Theoretical Domains Framework and Normalisation Process Theory).SettingEight healthcare organisations in metropolitan and regional areas of Victoria and New South Wales, Australia.ParticipantsEighty-seven rehabilitation therapists (79% occupational therapists and 21% physiotherapists) were purposively sampled and participated in a knowledge translation study with staggered recruitment from 2014 to 2018.ResultsThree types of factors influenced therapists’ delivery of upper limb somatosensory rehabilitation: individual (‘The uncertain, unskilled therapist’), patient (‘Patient understanding and priorities’) and organisational (‘System pressures and resources’). Deductive analysis using implementation theory identified key determinants of practice change, such as opportunities to consolidate new skills, the anticipated benefits of upskilling as a therapy team and the work anticipated by therapists to incorporate a new somatosensory rehabilitation approach.ConclusionsOccupational therapists and physiotherapists hold valuable insights towards practice change in somatosensory rehabilitation from the ‘frontline’. Therapists experience barriers to change including a lack of knowledge and skills, lack of resources and organisational pressures. Facilitators for change were identified, including social support and therapists’ perceived legitimacy in using new somatosensory rehabilitation approaches. Results will inform the design of a tailored implementation strategy to increase the use of evidence-based somatosensory rehabilitation in Australia.Trial registration numberAustralian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12615000933550).