bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The geography of agricultural input markets in rural Tanzania
Authors: Rutsaert Pieter , Chamberlin Jordan , Oluoch Kevin Ong’are , Kitoto Victor Ochieng , Donovan Jason 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe expansion of agro-dealers into remote areas can be seen as conducive to more smallholders adopting new technologies and inputs, to include improved seed and fertilizer. However, lower travel costs may be offset by agro-dealer decisions on stocking and pricing, reflecting both travel time from wholesale markets as well as the level of competition in localized areas. This paper investigates the geographical distribution of agro-dealers and related patterns of local market competition on the availability and prices of maize seed and fertilizer. We use a unique census of agro-dealers in eight districts of Tanzania (n = 299) which maps distribution points for agricultural inputs in these areas. Results suggested that despite a high number of agro-dealers, almost 30% of farmers lived more than an hour travel time from at least one agro-dealer. Instead of wide geographical coverage, agro-dealers tended to be found in clusters, with strong variation in cluster sizes between different districts. Overall, more remote agro-dealers faced less competition, resulting in fewer stocked product choices and charging higher prices to customers, even after controlling for travel time from district headquarters. Remote farmers are disadvantaged in their uptake of new technologies and critical production inputs due to lack of competition among agro-dealers. Our results suggest that highly aggregated and/or simplified measures of market access fail to reflect important heterogeneity in the market access conditions faced by farmers; a better understanding of distribution networks and competition is needed.
The evolving species concepts used for yeasts: from phenotypes and genomes to speciation networks
Authors: Boekhout Teun , Aime M. Catherine , Begerow Dominik , Gabaldón Toni , Heitman Joseph , Kemler Martin , Khayhan Kantarawee , Lachance Marc-André , Louis Edward J. , Sun Sheng , Vu Duong , Yurkov Andrey 
Published: June 2021

AbstractHere we review how evolving species concepts have been applied to understand yeast diversity. Initially, a phenotypic species concept was utilized taking into consideration morphological aspects of colonies and cells, and growth profiles. Later the biological species concept was added, which applied data from mating experiments. Biophysical measurements of DNA similarity between isolates were an early measure that became more broadly applied with the advent of sequencing technology, leading to a sequence-based species concept using comparisons of parts of the ribosomal DNA. At present phylogenetic species concepts that employ sequence data of rDNA and other genes are universally applied in fungal taxonomy, including yeasts, because various studies revealed a relatively good correlation between the biological species concept and sequence divergence. The application of genome information is becoming increasingly common, and we strongly recommend the use of complete, rather than draft genomes to improve our understanding of species and their genome and genetic dynamics. Complete genomes allow in-depth comparisons on the evolvability of genomes and, consequently, of the species to which they belong. Hybridization seems a relatively common phenomenon and has been observed in all major fungal lineages that contain yeasts. Note that hybrids may greatly differ in their post-hybridization development. Future in-depth studies, initially using some model species or complexes may shift the traditional species concept as isolated clusters of genetically compatible isolates to a cohesive speciation network in which such clusters are interconnected by genetic processes, such as hybridization.
Sensitivity of the Fragility Curve on Type of Analysis Methods, Applied Ground Motions and Their Selection Techniques
Authors: Fatimah Samreen , Wong Jenna 
Published: June 2021

AbstractFragility curves are the primary way of assessing seismic risk for a building with numerous studies focused on deriving these fragility curves and how to account for the inherent uncertainty in the seismic assessment. This study focuses on a three-story steel moment frame structure and performs a fragility assessment of the building using a new approach called SPO2FRAG (Static Pushover to Fragility) that is based on pushover analysis. This new approach is further compared and contrasted against traditional nonlinear dynamic analysis approaches like Incremental Dynamic Analysis and Multiple Stripe Analysis. The sensitivity of the resulting fragility curves is studied against multiple parameters including uncertainties in ground motion, the type of analysis method used and the choice of curve fitting technique. All these factors influence the fragility curve behavior and this study assesses the impact of changing these parameters.
Deep limitations? Examining expert disagreement over deep learning
Authors: Cremer Carla Zoe 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe investigate expert disagreement over the potential and limitations of deep learning. We conducted 25 expert interviews to reveal the reasons and arguments that underlie the disagreement about the limitations of deep learning, here evaluated in respect to high-level machine intelligence. Experts in our sample named 40 limitations of deep learning. Using interview data, we identify and explore five crucial, unresolved research subjects that underpin this scholarly disagreement: abstraction, generalisation, explanatory models, emergence of planning and intervention. We suggest that such origins of disagreement can be used to form a research road map to guide efforts towards overcoming the limitations of deep learning.
Postprandial glucose and HbA1c are associated with severity of obstructive sleep apnoea in non-diabetic obese subjects
Authors: Cignarelli A. , Ciavarella A. , Barbaro M. , Kounaki S. , Di Trani A. , Falcone V. A. , Quaranta V. N. , Natalicchio A. , Laviola L. , Resta O. , Giorgino F. , Perrini S. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Introduction
Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is an underdiagnosed condition frequently associated with glycaemic control impairment in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Aim
To assess the relationship between glycometabolic parameters and OSA in obese non-diabetic subjects.

Methods
Ninety consecutive subjects (mean age 44.9 ± 12 years, mean BMI 42.1 ± 9 kg/m2) underwent polysomnography and a 2-h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).

Results
OSA was identified in 75% of subjects, with a higher prevalence of males compared to the group of subjects without OSA (62% vs 32%, p = 0.02). Patients with OSA had comparable BMI (42.8 kg/m2 vs 39.4 kg/m2), a higher average HbA1c (5.8% vs 5.4%, p < 0.001), plasma glucose at 120 min during OGTT (2 h-PG; 123 mg/dl vs 97 mg/dl, p = 0.009) and diastolic blood pressure (81.1 mmHg vs 76.2 mmHg, p = 0.046) than obese subjects without OSA. HbA1c and 2 h-PG were found to be correlated with the apnoea-hypopnoea index (AHI; r = 0.35 and r = 0.42, respectively) and with percent of sleep time with oxyhaemoglobin saturation < 90% (ST90; r = 0.44 and r = 0.39, respectively). Further, in a linear regression model, ST90 and AHI were found to be the main determinants of 2 h-PG (β = 0.81, p < 0.01 and β = 0.75, p = 0.02, respectively) after controlling for age, sex, waist circumference, physical activity, and C-reactive protein. Similarly, ST90 and AHI persisted as independent determinants of HbA1c (β = 0.01, p = 0.01 and β = 0.01, p = 0.01, respectively).

Conclusion
Beyond the traditional clinical parameters, the presence of a normal-high value of 2 h-PG and HbA1c should raise suspicion of the presence of OSA in obese subjects.
Frequency vs. Size of Bank Fines in Local Credit Markets
Authors: Marchionne Francesco , Fratianni Michele , Giri Federico , Papi Luca 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe examine how banking supervisors affect credit at the local level by charging fines to individual banks. Using a macro approach to capture the direct effect on the fined bank and the indirect effect on the other banks operating in the local credit market, we estimate reputational, reallocation and balance sheet effects on Italian provinces over the period 2005–2016 by a fixed effects model and instrumental variables. Provincial gross bank loans expand after a fine independently of its size. The impact of fine frequency depends on the size of the provincial banking sector, but neither on bank governance/ownership nor crises. No statistically significant evidence supports reputational or balance sheet effects. Instead, our results suggest that it would behoove bank supervisors to favor frequency over size of bank fines. Bank fines seem to work more like a good housekeeping seal of approval, enhancing transparency and effective banking practices.
On Mathematical Equalities and Inequalities in the Life Table: Something Old and Something New
Authors: Swanson David A. , Tedrow Lucky M. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis paper discusses known mathematical equalities and inequalities found within life tables and proceeds to identify two new inequalities. The first (theorem 1) is that at any given age x, the sum of mean years lived and mean years remaining exceeds life expectancy at birth when age is greater than zero and less than the maximum lifespan. The second inequality (theorem 2) applies to the entire population and shows that the sum of mean years lived and mean years remaining exceeds life expectancy at birth. Illustrations of the two inequalities are provided as well as a discussion.
Police discrimination among Black, Latina/x/o, and White adolescents: Examining frequency and relations to academic functioning
Authors: Zeiders Katharine H. , Umaña‐Taylor Adriana J. , Carbajal Selena , Pech Alexandria 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACTIntroductionConcerns regarding police brutality and violence against people of color in the U.S. remain high in the current sociohistorical moment in which the recent murder of George Floyd by a police officer is highly salient. Although the prevalence and consequences of such experiences for Black and Latina/x/o adults have been documented in the literature, there is a limited understanding of youths’ negative experiences with police.MethodsUtilizing a sample of 1378 adolescents (Mage = 16.16 years, SD = 1.12), the current study examined Black, Latina/x/o, and White youths' self‐reports of ethnic‐racial police discrimination and linked these experiences to youths’ academic engagement and academic grades.ResultsBlack and Latina/x/o youth reported significantly greater experiences of ethnic‐racial police discrimination than their White counterparts; nearly 24% of Black youth and 20% of Latina/x/o youth experienced at least one instance of ethnic‐racial police discrimination in the last year, compared to only 2.9% of White youth. Differences by gender emerged among Latina/x/o youth. Police discrimination was associated with lower academic engagement and lower academic grades among all youth.ConclusionsFindings demonstrate that the greater prevalence of ethnic‐racial police discrimination in the lives of youth of color, relative to their White counterparts, mirroring the experiences of adults. Furthermore, coupled with the significant links with academic adjustment, the current findings demonstrate an additional factor that is likely implicated in the Black and Latina/x/o vs. White academic achievement gap.
Predictors and consequences of non‐suicidal self‐injury in relation to life, peer, and school factors
Authors: Baetens I. , Greene D. , Van Hove L. , Van Leeuwen K. , Wiersema J.R. , Desoete A. , Roelants M. 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACTIntroductionNumerous life, peer, and school‐related factors have been found to be associated with non‐suicidal self‐injury (NSSI) among adolescents; however, most studies have not explored the possible reciprocal nature of these associations. The aim of the current study was to examine bidirectional and longitudinal associations between NSSI and several life, peer, and school‐related factors (i.e., stressful life events, peer relationships, academic achievement, and attitudes towards school).MethodCommunity‐based adolescents completed questionnaires assessing the variables of interest at three time points; age 12 (T1; 55.09% girls), age 13 (T2; 56.95% girls), and ages 14–15 (T3; 57.41% girls). In total, 529 adolescents provided complete data across all three‐time points.ResultsAnalyses showed a bidirectional association between NSSI and both attitudes towards school and stressful life events. Specifically, stressful life events at T2 predicted engagement in NSSI at T3, and NSSI at T2 predicted increased risk of stressful life events at T3. Similarly, having negative attitudes towards school predicted NSSI at T2, which, in turn, predicted negative attitudes towards school at T3. Further, academic achievement at T1 was negatively associated with NSSI at T2. Peer relationships were neither a predictor nor a consequence of NSSI.ConclusionsOur results suggest that NSSI can be both a predictor and a consequence of various life, and school factors. Focus on these factors in prevention and intervention efforts for NSSI among adolescents may be warranted.
Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Sexual Function of Health Professionals From an Epicenter in Brazil
Authors: Neto Rubens Pedrenho , Nascimento Bruno C.G. , Carvalho dos Anjos Silva Gabriel , Barbosa João Arthur Brunhara Alves , Júnior José de Bessa , Teixeira Thiago Afonso , Srougi Miguel , Nahas William Carlos , Hallak Jorge , Cury José 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Introduction
The pandemic caused by the COVID-19 resulted in worldwide social isolation and leading to significant personal distress, particularly among health professionals on the front lines. Those factors' relevance and their impact on sexual function in this population have not yet been established.

Aim
To evaluate the impact of the pandemic on sexual function in healthcare professionals and medical students at a reference center in the treatment of COVID-19 in Brazil.

Methods
A cross-sectional analysis with online questionnaires about sexual function was sent to health professionals and medical students from the HC-FMUSP medical complex. The questionnaire evaluated Total Sexual and Masturbatory Frequency prior and during the pandemic, libido and sexual satisfaction changes with a detailed inquire about demographics and personal factors. An objective assessment of sexual function was also made using the validated sexual quotient questionnaires.

Main Outcome Measures
Differences in intercourse frequency, libido, and overall sexual satisfaction, in a sample of healthcare professionals particularly vulnerable to the pandemic effects.

Results
A total of 1,314 responses were available with a mean age of 37 years. Worsening of sexual satisfaction was reported by 44.5% of the participants, with the following associated factors: Lower libido, missing Nightlife, Higher Masturbatory Frequency, and isolation from the partner. Remaning sexualy actively and having higher sexual frequency appear to decrease the chance of worsening sexual function. Worsening of Libido was reported by 37% and had several associated factors, including missing of Nightlife, older age, isolation from the partner among others. Being male and sexually active was associated with a smaller chance of reporting lower libido.

Conclusion
We were able to observe a sharp drop in Libido and General Sexual Satisfaction. Although an increase in pornography consumption and masturbatory frequency did occur, these factors were not associated with greater sexual satisfaction. The impact of COVID-19 on this population's sexual health is not to be underestimated and should be further studied in the follow-up of the pandemic.
Prehospital Cross-Sectional Study of Drowning Patients Across the United States
Authors: Popp Lucas M. , Ashburn Nicklaus P. , McGinnis Henderson D. , Stopyra Jason P. 
Published: June 2021

Introduction Every year drowning is responsible for 7% of injury-related deaths worldwide, making it the third leading cause of unintentional injury-related death. However, in the United States, little is known regarding the prehospital presentation and management of these patients. The purpose of this study was to describe the drowning population in the United States, with a focus on prehospital time intervals, transport, and cardiac arrest frequency. Methods A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed querying records from emergency medical services encounters across the United States over 30 mo (January 2016 to July 2018) using the ESO (Austin, TX) national emergency medical services data registry. Patients with a dispatch or chief complaint of drowning were included. Descriptive statistics, binomial proportion tests, and general linear and logistic regression models were used. Results There were 1859 encounters that met the study criteria. Median age was 18 y (n=1855, LQ-UQ 4–46). Pediatric patients accounted for 50% (n=919, 95% CI 47–52). Cardiac arrest occurred in 29% (n=537, 95% CI 27–31), and return of spontaneous circulation occurred in 37% (n=186, 95% CI 32–41). Times were 8±5, 19±17, and 15±10 min (mean±SD) for arrival, on-scene, and transport times, respectively. Conclusions This national prehospital drowning study demonstrated that despite an 18% fatality rate in drowning encounters, patients were more likely to have return of spontaneous circulation when compared to the overall prehospital national average, with rates higher in pediatric patients. Future studies with outcomes data should focus on identifying factors that improve cardiopulmonary resuscitation success rates.
Iridium Communications Satellite Constellation Data for Study of Earth's Magnetic Field
Authors: Anderson Brian J. , Angappan Regupathi , Barik Ankit , Vines Sarah K. , Stanley Sabine , Bernasconi Pietro N. , Korth Haje , Barnes Robin J. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractCharacterization of Earth's magnetic field is key to understanding dynamics of the core. We assess whether Iridium Communications magnetometer data can be used for this purpose since. The 66 Iridium satellites are in 86° inclination, 780 km altitude, circular orbits, with 11 satellites in each of six orbit planes. In one day the constellation returns 300,000 measurements spanning the globe with <2° spacing. We used data from January 2010 through November 2015, and compared against International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF‐11) to inter‐calibrate all data to the same model. Geomagnetically quiet 24‐h intervals were selected using the total Birkeland current, auroral electrojet, and ring current indices. The z‐scores for these quantities were combined and the quietest 16 intervals from each quarter selected for analysis. Residuals between the data and IGRF‐11 yield consistent patterns that evolve gradually from 2010 to 2015. Residuals for each day were binned in 9° latitude by 9° longitude and the distributions about the mean in each bin are Gaussian with 1‐sigma standard errors of ∼3 nT. Spherical harmonic coefficients for each quiet day were computed and time series of the coefficients used to identify artifacts at the orbit precession (8 months) and seasonal (12 months) periods and their harmonics which were then removed by notch filtering. This analysis yields time series at 800 virtual geomagnetic observatories each providing a global field map using a single day of data. The results and CHAOS 7.4 generally agree, but systematic differences larger than the statistical uncertainties are present that warrant further exploration.
Toward Developing a Generalizable Pedotransfer Function for Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity Using Transfer Learning and Predictor Selector Algorithm
Authors: Jena Suraj , Mohanty Binayak P. , Panda Rabindra K. , Ramadas Meenu 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPedotransfer functions (PTFs) are being instrumental in saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) estimation. Despite various advancements, the performance of existing generic Ks predicting PTFs need augmentation. This study developed a robust Ks predicting PTF using a machine learning (ML) algorithm and exhaustive data set for 324 soils with 28 properties sampled over a tropical savanna region of India. Four ML algorithms were evaluated for this purpose, and random forest (RF) outperformed all others. A substantial improvement to the prediction by RF‐based PTF was achieved through predictor selection using a hybrid wrapper‐embedded algorithm. The predictor selection algorithm selected eight pertinent predictors (HID‐S): S, Si, C, FSF, Cu, GMD, D60, and D10. The mean absolute error (MAE), root mean squared error (RMSE), coefficient of determination (R2), and Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) obtained as average tenfold cross‐validation scores for RF algorithm training with HID‐S were 0.87, 1.47, 0.94, and 0.94, respectively. The developed PTF (RF‐HID‐S) was evaluated alongside the recently published PTFs by Araya and Ghezzehei (2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018wr024357), within and outside the study region. In that process, it was observed that the RF‐HID‐S possessed superior prediction proficiency compared to the recently published and commonly used PTFs in both cases. These findings mark RF‐HID‐S as the most robust generalizable PTF, which may further be evaluated in different parts of the world. Moreover, looking at the performance of the eight selected predictors within and outside the study region, they can be considered for experiment design globally to make Ks estimation accurate and cost‐effective.
Effects of Climate Change on Peatland Reservoirs: A DOC Perspective
Authors: Fenner N. , Meadham J. , Jones T. , Hayes F. , Freeman C. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPeatland reservoirs are global hotspots for drinking water provision and are likely to become more important as demand per capita rises and the climate changes. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is associated with harmful disinfection byproducts and reduced aesthetic quality, and its removal is the major treatment cost. Littoral zones are known to be disproportionately important for DOC production through macrophyte inputs, and such communities are predicted to expand with warming in northern regions. However, little is known about autochthonous DOC contributions and their response to climatic change. Here we exposed mesocosms to elevated CO2 (eCO2), warming and a combined treatment across a trophic gradient. Regression analysis indicated that while sediments, macrophytes, and phytoplankton are important DOC sources (P < 0.05), benthic algal biomass showed the strongest relationship with DOC (P < 0.05), suggesting it is an underestimated source. DOC removal indicators, namely phenol oxidase (depolymerization) and respiration (mineralization) were inversely related to DOC concentration in oligohumic (P < 0.05) and oligotrophic (P < 0.1) systems, suggesting heterotrophic processes are important in DOC removal. DOC concentrations increased across all systems (P < 0.05), irrespective of trophic status, due to increased photoautotrophic inputs (macrophyte, pelagic, and benthic algae) under eCO2, warming, and combined scenarios, with inhibited depolymerization and mineralization under eCO2, even when combined with warming (P < 0.05 and P < 0.05 excepting the oligo‐mesotrophic reservoir P < 0.1 respectively). Increased DOC loads of all fractions, regardless of provenance, are predicted in a future climate and, thus, investment in techniques to remove a greater range of DOC fractions is proposed to help “future proof” drinking water supplies.