bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Krzych Scott 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The brief conclusion considers some theoretical accounts of the post-truth era in the context of the book’s broader arguments about hysterical discourse. Post-truth is treated as a form of hysterical complaint, an attempt to maintain allegiance to common sense even at the moment that common sense has been rendered obsolete or inapplicable as a viable term in political debate. The conclusion thereby suggests a more psychoanalytic mode of address to political media and representation, one that seeks to learn from the biases of others, treating such biases as the real or unavoidable effects of political antagonism rather than a failure that could be cured by some so-called return to reason, science, or other conventional notions of truth.
Understanding Comparative Bureaucracy
Authors: Peters B. Guy 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Public bureaucracies are central institutions in the delivery of public services. There has been, however, some tendency to consider all bureaucracies as fundamentally the same. This chapter rejects that assumption and examines a number of different ways of comparing public bureaucracies, including rational choice theory, administrative culture, organization theory, and institutionalism. These approaches have supplied both qualitative and quantitative data for the comparison of administrative systems, and demonstrate the diversity of public administration around the world. These approaches serve as the background to the study of administrative traditions as another powerful approach to understanding how public bureaucracies function.
Human Behaviour and the Development of Cities and Regions
Authors: Huggins Robert , Thompson Piers 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues that the roots of behavioural theories of development relate to the interplay between cultural and psychological factors, with institutions playing a moderating role between intended and actualized human behaviour. It proposes that the forms of human agency associated with such behaviour are likely to impact upon urban and regional development outcomes. It introduces the role of power, and how this underpins the means by which agency facilitates institutional change. To connect the arguments made in the preceding sections, it sketches an emergent conceptual behavioural model of urban and regional development, and concludes that urban and regional development theories should seek to engage further with behavioural explanations as a means of understanding long-term evolutionary patterns.
Facts and figures about Huntington’s disease
Authors: Quarrell Oliver 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter gives a brief history of Huntington’s disease (HD) starting with the original description by George Huntington. The prevalence of HD is discussed together with data variations in different parts of the world. For example the incidence of HD in Europe and North America is approximately 1 person in 10,000. Apart from humans, no other animal naturally develops HD. The condition can start at almost any age but it is more frequent in midlife. The duration of the disease can be very variable but 20 years is often given as an approximate average.
Love and Incest
Authors: Ziogas Ioannis 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter starts by discussing Orpheus as a figure who combines the roles of the archetypal poet and lawgiver (Horace, Ars Poetica 391–401; Ovid, Metamorphoses 10–11). While in Horace the legendary bard institutes marriage laws, in Ovid he is the founding father of pederasty. Orpheus’ version of the myth of Myrrha (a daughter who fell in love with her father) re-evaluates the prohibition on incest as the origin of the law of the father. Myrrha’s love is an attempt to appropriate patria potestas by challenging the father’s power to say no to incest. What is more, the myths of Orpheus and Myrrha resonate with Augustan Rome: Orpheus bears more than fleeting similarities to the teacher of the Ars amatoria; Cinyras and Myrrha recall Augustus and Julia, a resemblance that opens the gap between the intention of the law of the pater patriae and its undesirable effects.
Revolutionary Freedom
Authors: Chua Daniel K.L. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the relation between style and agency inspired by the French Revolution in the formation of the heroic subject and its claims to freedom. In particular, it considers how this ‘stylized agency’ became a musical force or will through the music of Beethoven. A selective analysis and critique of the Eroica Symphony—the symbol of this new-found autonomy in the narrative of Western music history—teases out the ethical and theological ramifications of such freedom. The chapter closes by opening up the conception of freedom in Beethoven’s music to suggest that even in Symphony that calls itself ‘heroic’ there are alternative freedoms to be heard.
Individual and Communal Freedom and the Performance History of the St. Matthew Passion by Bach and Mendelssohn
Authors: Rathey Markus 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
When Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy performed Johann Sebastian Bach’s St. Matthew Passion in the concert hall of the Berlin Singakademie in 1829, he not only transferred a piece of liturgical music into a secular space, but he also made numerous cuts that changed the theological profile of Bach’s composition. The essay explores the theology of the St. Matthew Passion in the context of early eighteenth-century theology and gives an overview of the original performance conditions and the audiences at the performances in Bach’s time. The second half of the essay analyses how these parameters changed when Mendelssohn conducted the Passion in 1829. It becomes clear that the sociological profile of the audience (educated middle and upper class who had to pay money to attend the performance) remained essentially the same, while the theology shifted from a focus on the freedom of the individual in Bach’s time to an emphasis on the community (congregation, Volk, nation) in the adapted version the Singakademie presented to its listeners in 1829.
Herder’s Alternative Path to Musical Transcendence
Authors: Rumph Stephen 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Transcendence has become a lively topic in the hermeneutics of Viennese Classicism, but Immanuel Kant’s theory of the sublime has squeezed out competing models. Numerous critics have pointed to moments in the music of Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven in which the overwhelming or bewildering experience of the sublime tests the limits of the phenomenal self and thereby, as Kant argued, awakens the listener to the supersensory noumenal realm. This chapter offers an alternative model of musical transcendence based on Johann Gottfried Herder’s late aesthetic treatise Kalligone (1800), a polemic aimed directly at Kant. Herder challenged the familiar Kantian account by emphasizing the sensory experience of music, its affinities with language, its temporal nature, and its grounding in the phenomenal realm of bodily experience. Kalligone not only offers an alternative vision of musical transcendence but also suggests intriguing links with current trends in musical scholarship obscured by Herder’s more famous teacher.
Culpability and Negligence
Authors: Kendrick Leslie 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
How blameworthy is negligence? Recently this perennial question has reappeared, with several scholars arguing that negligence is not blameworthy. On this view, actors should be judged only by the information, beliefs, and reasons that they actually had. To hold them blameworthy for things that were not part of their mental calculus is incoherent, unfair, or both. In this essay, I dispute the non-culpability view with both intuitions and arguments about its perverse implications. I also begin to sketch a view that connects the blameworthiness of negligence to the consideration that we attempt to inculcate in ourselves and others. Limiting culpability to a subjective state locates our responsibilities entirely within the confines of our own minds and what we have consciously chosen to take on board. It does not hold us accountable for failing to attend to the world and people around us. This seems wrong in itself. It also has disturbing implications in rewarding obliviousness, a privilege often available only to the lucky few, while penalizing conscientiousness, a trait often thrust upon the marginalized. While this piece offers only a sketch of these issues, it identifies a few sources of resistance to the conclusion that negligence cannot be blameworthy.
Introduction
Authors: Hägel Peter 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter 1 introduces billionaires as the prophets of the neoliberal age, whose entrepreneurship is increasingly shifting from business to other social realms, including politics. Several examples illustrate how the political agency of billionaires goes beyond the national level, and why it is of interest for the study of world politics. It delineates the specific focus of the book: how billionaires, as private actors, can shape public policy across borders, transnationally or within global governance. It discusses the neglect of billionaires as political actors, especially in International Relations, describes the methodological challenges of studying the ultra-wealthy, and explains why the book’s case studies concentrate on billionaires that are U.S. citizens. An outline tells the reader the direction of the inquiry, the main questions, and the major arguments that are being pursued in the following chapters.
Individuals in International Relations
Authors: Hägel Peter 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2 reviews how International Relations (IR) scholarship has been treating individual agency, especially within the dominant theoretical frameworks, Realism, Liberalism, and Constructivism. Various analytical perspectives, such as the “levels-of-analysis,” foreign policy analysis, and the transnational relations approach, have reserved room for the analysis of individuals in world politics. But concerns about academic discipline formation and real-world relevance have led to a widespread neglect of individual actors. While James Rosenau’s research and the integration of social theory into IR offer fruitful ways of thinking about individual agency, they often overemphasize the structural situatedness of actors fulfilling social roles. Revisiting the structure–agency debate, the chapter takes inspiration from Margaret Archer’s sociological insights in order to propose that agency should be analyzed as a variable with an intrasubjective and an intersubjective dimension, which always requires contextual specification. Power, it is argued, should be seen as a disposition, and its exercise vis-à-vis other actors as an intentional project.
Old Problems, New Approaches
Authors: Bailey Mark 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
There is no dispute that on the eve of the Black Death England was gripped by a severe crisis, characterized by high population pressure, extreme poverty, and a petering out of economic growth. Its economic performance meant it was a laggard by European standards. The reasons for this crisis and modest performance, however, are subjects of dispute. Conventional interpretations stress the power of manorial (i.e. ‘feudal’) lordship in England, which extracted most peasant surpluses, inhibited the development of markets, and exercised control over what markets did exist. This chapter draws together the wealth of recent research to reconstruct the size and institutional structure of the main factor and commodity markets on the eve of plague. It shows that markets in land, labour, basic commodities, and capital were larger than conventionally depicted, and lords had largely lost control over their operation. Custom and the nascent legal system discouraged arbitrary seigniorial behaviour, and the growth of the common law resulted in a framework of private courts throughout England providing accessible and cheap remedies for dispute resolution and contract enforcement. This encouraged participation in factor markets at all levels of society and promoted a pervasive legal culture based upon respect for standardized processes and precedents. However, this peculiar institutional mosaic proved to be deleterious to the welfare of the vast majority of the populace under the pressure of high population, because it resulted in the fragmentation of landholdings, low real wages, and a high proportion of landless. Climate change, taxation, and disease heightened their vulnerability, and exacerbated the pre-plague crisis.
A Century of Lost Time: 1865–1954
Authors: Collings Justin 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter traces the arc of the U.S. Supreme Court’s engagement with the memory of slavery between the end of the Civil War and the Court’s decision in Brown v. Board of Education. The chapter highlights how, across multiple generations of justices, the Court’s mnemonic jurisprudence was dominated by the parenthetical mode. The Court treated slavery as a parenthetical aberration from the American constitutional tradition, and it treated the post-Civil War constitutional amendments as narrow responses to that aberration. On the whole, the Court construed the new amendments in light of the original constitutional structure, rather than the reverse. Eventually, in cases like Plessy v. Ferguson, the parenthetical mode took the form of willful forgetting—a resumption of the relevant evil in altered guise.
South Africa’s First Constitutional Court: 1995–2005
Authors: Collings Justin 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores how the Constitutional Court of South Africa invoked the memory of apartheid during its first decade of operation. It shows how the Court did so frequently and aggressively—at least in some contexts. Whereas the Court discussed apartheid eloquently and at length when it was sweeping away residual apartheid laws or otherwise advancing positions (such as abolishing the death penalty) that the ruling ANC government was likely to support, the justices were much more reticent when it came to invoking apartheid to confront the government itself. And in the context of enforcing positive constitutional rights, the Court was more likely to invoke apartheid memory to underscore the magnitude of the government’s task than to chide the government for failing to discharge it.
Chasing Rainbows: 2005–2020
Authors: Collings Justin 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter highlights how the Constitutional Court of South Africa has engaged with the memory of apartheid since 2005. It shows how many of the patterns of earlier years persisted—aggressive invocations of apartheid in cases of criminal law or criminal procedure, or when the political stakes were low, but more reticence when confronting the government or applying socio-economic rights provisions. But there was a definite sea change as the Court increasingly confronted the clientelism, cronyism, and corruption that had become endemic to uninterrupted single-party rule. In 2016, the Court dramatically invoked the memory of apartheid to underwrite its decision requiring President Jacob Zuma and his abettors to repay the millions spent from the public treasury on a “security upgrade” to the president’s private residence in Nkandla. The chapter concludes by noting the problematic relationship between constitutional justice and collective memory, and describing how the Court, although it recognizes the problem, nonetheless remains committed to adjudicating in the present by the light of the past.
The Social Welfare Function
Authors: Adler Matthew D. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The social welfare function (‘SWF’) framework is a methodology for assessing governmental policies that originates in theoretical welfare economics and is now widely used in various economic literatures. The framework translates the possible outcomes of policy choice into patterns of well-being among the population of interest, represented by interpersonally comparable well-being numbers. Policies are then ranked in light of some rule for ordering these well-being patterns (such as a utilitarian or prioritarian rule), taking account of the probability that a given policy will lead to a given outcome. This chapter presents the SWF framework, illustrates how it can be used for regulatory policy analysis, and compares the methodology to cost-benefit analysis (‘CBA’), currently the dominant policy-analytic tool in governmental practice. CBA eschews interpersonal comparisons and, instead, translates policy impacts on each person into a monetary equivalent relative to the status quo; these monetary equivalents are then added up. While CBA and the SWF framework are broadly similar in being consequentialist and welfarist, and in adopting a preference view of well-being, they employ distinct analytic structures for integrating information about preferences and possible outcomes to arrive at an assessment of the various policies that government might adopt. As the chapter demonstrates, the structural differences between the SWF framework and CBA can yield significant divergence at the level of policy recommendation.
Decision Making in Chains and Networks of Contracts
Authors: Grundmann Stefan 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Networks of contracts serve mainly as a long-term form of organisation, both features being typically combined. This combination—the so-called organisational contract—is seen as a hybrid between market and firm. There are different explanations for its existence and two are particularly prominent. Williamson sees them as a governance device to cope with the problem of uncertainty of future events, namely in situations where one party has invested in a particular relationship more than the other and therefore is ‘more dependent’ on its continuance. Conversely, Powell sees them as a scenario where neither command nor anonymous exchange dominate, but mutual (often personalised) trust and reciprocity based on strong mutual knowledge of the partners are marked. These two explanations imply how fascinating the organisational contract may be for decision theory and the law. This chapter addresses the phenotype of (long-term) networks of contacts and sees a large variety of them ranging from rather standardised to highly tailor-made arrangements, which implies a heterogeneous basis for decision-making theories and their application. With respect to decision-making theories that are considered in the second section, the chapter takes a broad perspective. While it may be attractive to apply mainly one decision theory to the phenomenon, the chapter asks which decision theories might have particular explanatory value. Thus, a broader survey on a multifaceted compound of theories might be particularly suitable for the heterogeneous aspects of the phenomenon. The chapter also addresses the question of which repercussions the discussed decision theories might have in law.
Foundations of Online Order
Authors: Kettemann Matthias C. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2 opens with a foundational analysis of regulatory approaches to technology. In particular, the chapter’s sections sketch the regulation of ICTs through time, the criticality of the internet in its societal context, and the importance of protecting the internet in the common interest. Thereafter, special challenges of internet regulation are examined, including the role of non-state actors (intermediaries) and the flexible use of non-traditional regulatory means, such as code and algorithms. The chapter concludes with a consideration of which of the study’s hypotheses as to the hybridity of the internet and the importance of values-based normativity are borne out by the foregoing analysis.
The Frege–Geach Problem
Authors: Sinclair Neil 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
To be complete, practical expressivism needs to provide explanations of the meaning of complex sentences that meet the Fregean, Semantic, Generality, and Comprehensive Conditions. Compositional Commitment Metasemantics (CCM) claims that whenever an intelligibly embeddable sentence is used, it propounds a commitment. A commitment can be propounded by being expressed, by being the functional part of a complex commitment that is expressed or by being otherwise propounded (e.g. by having its appropriateness interrogated). Commitments can be beliefs, attitudes, or their combinations. This view explains sentential inconsistency in terms of the inconsistency of the commitments that sentences express and explains the latter in terms of a concatenation of the commitments frustrating the constitutive function of one or more of their number.
Truth, Truth-aptness, and Belief
Authors: Sinclair Neil 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Three of the forms and assumptions of moral practice are that moral judgements are truth-apt, sometimes true, and that they express moral beliefs. Vindicating these assumptions seems inconsistent with expressivism as traditionally conceived. However, minimalist accounts of truth-aptness, truth, and belief may help the expressivist. Minimalism says that the correct account of a notion is revealed by all and only those platitudes surrounding it. Practical expressivists accept that moral sentences satisfy truth-aptness, and they also accept that moral sentences are truth-apt. This helps expressivism secure truth-aptness, but also encourages the thought that there is nothing distinctive in the expressivist position. But creeping minimalism can be resisted since there is a robust sense of belief that resists minimalism. It is in this robust sense that expressivists will deny (and descriptivists accept) that the meaning of moral judgements is to be explained in terms of their expressing moral beliefs.
Conclusion
Authors: Sinclair Neil 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This appendix compares the theory of practical expressivism developed in this book with two recent developments of expressivism: those developed by Schroeder in his book Being For, and by Ridge in his book Impassioned Belief. Practical expressivism rejects what Schroeder labels ‘The Basic Expressivist Maneuver’ and ‘Mentalism’. It also rejects the hybrid expressivist idea that all moral judgements express both beliefs and desire-like states. Other authors have raised problems for both these alternatives; the purpose of this appendix is simply to show that practical expressivism is a distinct alternative (and therefore avoids the known difficulties of the alternative views).
Introduction
Authors: Mauldin Joshua 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Recent political events around the world have raised the specter of an impending collapse of democratic institutions. Contemporary worries about the decline of liberal democracy harken back to the tumult of the 1930s and 1940s in Europe. Karl Barth and Dietrich Bonhoeffer lived in Germany during the rise of National Socialism, and each reflected on what the rise of totalitarianism meant for the aspirations of modern politics. Engaging the realities of totalitarian terror, they avoided despairing rejections of modern society. Beginning with Barth in the wake of the First World War, following Bonhoeffer through the 1930s and 1940s in Nazi Germany, and concluding with Barth’s postwar reflections in the 1950s, this study explores how these figures reflected on modern society during this turbulent time and how their work is relevant to the current crisis of modern democracy.