bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Dual Graph Shift Operator: Identifying the Support of the Frequency Domain
Authors: Leus Geert , Segarra Santiago , Ribeiro Alejandro , Marques Antonio G. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractContemporary data is often supported by an irregular structure, which can be conveniently captured by a graph. Accounting for this graph support is crucial to analyze the data, leading to an area known as graph signal processing (GSP). The two most important tools in GSP are the graph shift operator (GSO), which is a sparse matrix accounting for the topology of the graph, and the graph Fourier transform (GFT), which maps graph signals into a frequency domain spanned by a number of graph-related Fourier-like basis vectors. This alternative representation of a graph signal is denominated the graph frequency signal. Several attempts have been undertaken in order to interpret the support of this graph frequency signal, but they all resulted in a one-dimensional interpretation. However, if the support of the original signal is captured by a graph, why would the graph frequency signal have a simple one-dimensional support? Departing from existing work, we propose an irregular support for the graph frequency signal, which we coin dual graph. A dual GSO leads to a better interpretation of the graph frequency signal and its domain, helps to understand how the different graph frequencies are related and clustered, enables the development of better graph filters and filter banks, and facilitates the generalization of classical SP results to the graph domain.
The Influence of Different Light Angles During Standardized Patient Photographic Assessment on the Aesthetic Perception of the Face
Authors: Hernandez Claudia A. , Espinal John Mario , Zapata David Uribe , Coimbra Daniel , Alfertshofer Michael , Frank Konstantin , Green Jeremy B , Davidovic Kristina , Gavril Diana L. , Cotofana Sebastian 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
2D baseline and follow-up clinical images are potentially subject to inconsistency due to alteration of imaging parameters. However, no study to date has attempted to quantify the magnitude by which such images can be influenced.

Objective
The objective of the present study is to identify the magnitude by which images can be influenced by changing the imaging light angle.

Methods
This study is based on the evaluation of 2D frontal images of the face and included a total of 51 subjects of which n = 14 were males and n = 37 were females. Faces were photographed at 0°, 30°, and 60° light angle under identical and standardized conditions. Images were randomized and rated by 27 blinded raters for age, facial attractiveness, body mass index (BMI), temporal hollowing, lower cheek fullness, nasolabial sulcus severity, and jawline contour.

Results
Facial attractiveness decreased, facial unattractiveness increased and the evaluated BMI (based on facial assessment) increased statistically significantly at 60°. The assessment of regional facial scores, i.e., temporal hollowing, lower cheek fullness, and jawline contour, showed no statistically meaningful changes both at 30° and at 60° light angle.

Conclusion
The results indicate that there might be an observed blind range in light angle (0°–30°) which does not influence facial assessment. Increasing the light angle past the threshold value to 60° might result in a statistically significant impact on facial perception which should be accounted for when documenting and/or presenting facial 2D images.

Level of Evidence V
This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.
Pressurized planar electrochromatography of DNS amino acids derivatives in silica gel and silanized silica gel systems with formic acid addition to the water mobile phase
Authors: Chomicki Adam , Dzido Tadeusz H. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPressurized planar electrochromatography (PPEC) of dansyl (DNS) derivatives of amino acids in normal- and reversed-phase systems is presented. The results have been obtained for mobile phases with different acetonitrile (ACN) concentrations (0–85%). The data obtained show differences in separation selectivity between high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) and PPEC systems. These differences originate from the electrophoretic effect which is involved in the PPEC system, contrary to the HPTLC one.
PPP with integer ambiguity resolution for GPS and Galileo using satellite products from different analysis centers
Authors: Glaner Marcus , Weber Robert 
Published: May 2021

AbstractInteger ambiguity resolution is the key for achieving the highest accuracy with Precise Point Positioning (PPP) and for significantly reducing the convergence time. Unfortunately, due to hardware phase biases originating from the satellites and receiver, fixing the phase ambiguities to their correct integer number is difficult in PPP. Nowadays, various institutions and analysis centers of the International GNSS Service (IGS) provide satellite products (orbits, clocks, biases) based on different strategies, which allow PPP with integer ambiguity resolution (PPP-AR) for GPS and Galileo. We present the theoretical background and practical application of the satellite products from CNES, CODE, SGG, and TUG. They are tested in combined GPS and Galileo PPP-AR solutions calculated using our in-house software raPPPid. The numerical results show that the choice of satellite product has an influence on the convergence time of the fixed solution. The satellite product of CODE performs better than the following, in the given order: SGGCODE, SGGGFZ, TUG, CNES, and SGGCNES. After the convergence period, a similar level of accuracy is achieved with all these products. With these satellite products and observations with an interval of 30 s, a mean convergence time of about 6 min to centimeter-level 2D positioning is achieved. Using high-rate observations and an observation interval of 1 s, this period can be reduced to a few minutes and, in the best case, just one minute.
COVID-19: the relationship between perceptions of risk and behaviours during lockdown
Authors: Brown Richard , Coventry Lynne , Pepper Gillian 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAimUnderstanding COVID-19 risk perceptions and their impact on behaviour can improve the effectiveness of public health strategies. Prior evidence suggests that, when people perceive uncontrollable risks to their health, they are less likely to engage in healthful behaviour. This article aims to understand the extent to which COVID-19 is perceived as an uncontrollable risk, and to assess whether this perceived risk is associated with health behaviour.Subject and methodsWe surveyed a nationally representative sample of 496 participants during the first UK lockdown. We assessed perceptions of COVID-19-related risk, self-reported adherence to infection control measures recommended by the UK Government, and general health behaviours. We predicted that increased perceived extrinsic mortality risk (the portion of mortality risk perceived to be uncontrollable) would disincentivise healthy behaviour.ResultsPerceived threat to life was the most consistent predictor of reported adherence to infection control measures. Perceived extrinsic mortality risk was found to have increased due to the pandemic, and was associated with lower reported adherence to Government advice on diet, physical activity, and smoking.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that health messages that highlight threat to life may be effective in increasing adherence to infection control, but may also lead to a reduction in health-promoting behaviours. We suggest that messages that highlight threat to life should be accompanied by statements of efficacy. Further, messages evoking feelings of concern for others may be effective in promoting compliance with anti-infection measures, without the potential for the unwelcome side-effect of discouraging healthy behaviour.
A deep artificial neural network architecture for mesh free solutions of nonlinear boundary value problems
Authors: Aggarwal Riya , Ugail Hassan , Jha Ravi Kumar 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSeeking efficient solutions to nonlinear boundary value problems is a crucial challenge in the mathematical modelling of many physical phenomena. A well-known example of this is solving the Biharmonic equation relating to numerous problems in fluid and solid mechanics. One must note that, in general, it is challenging to solve such boundary value problems due to the higher-order partial derivatives in the differential operators. An artificial neural network is thought to be an intelligent system that learns by example. Therefore, a well-posed mathematical problem can be solved using such a system. This paper describes a mesh free method based on a suitably crafted deep neural network architecture to solve a class of well-posed nonlinear boundary value problems. We show how a suitable deep neural network architecture can be constructed and trained to satisfy the associated differential operators and the boundary conditions of the nonlinear problem. To show the accuracy of our method, we have tested the solutions arising from our method against known solutions of selected boundary value problems, e.g., comparison of the solution of Biharmonic equation arising from our convolutional neural network subject to the chosen boundary conditions with the corresponding analytical/numerical solutions. Furthermore, we demonstrate the accuracy, efficiency, and applicability of our method by solving the well known thin plate problem and the Navier-Stokes equation.
The Impact of Academic Achievement and Parental Practices on Depressive Symptom Trajectories Among Chinese Adolescents
Authors: Qin Xingna , Kaufman Tessa , Laninga-Wijnen Lydia , Ren Ping , Zhang Yunyun , Veenstra René 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThough depressive symptoms tend to increase in early adolescence, the trajectories of these symptoms may vary strongly. This longitudinal study investigated the extent to which the distinct developmental trajectories of depressive symptoms were predicted by adolescents' academic achievement and perceived parental practices in a sample of Chinese young adolescents (N = 2,576). The results showed four trajectory profiles of depressive symptoms: low-stable (75%), low-increasing (11%), high-stable (9%), and high-decreasing (5%). Adolescents with high academic achievement were more likely to be classified into the low-stable, low-increasing, and high-decreasing profiles than into the high-stable depressive symptom profile. Moreover, students who perceived greater parentalautonomy supportwere more likely to be in the low-stable and low-increasing profiles than the high-stable profile, whereas adolescents perceiving more parentalpsychological controlhad higher odds of being in the low-increasing rather than the low-stable profile. Parentaleducational involvementwas unrelated to students' depressive symptom trajectories. In sum, Chinese adolescents with higher academic achievement and who perceived more parental autonomy support, and less psychological control, were at lower risk of experiencing depressive symptoms.
A Worksite Self-management Program for Workers with Chronic Health Conditions Improves Worker Engagement and Retention, but not Workplace Function
Authors: Shaw William S. , McLellan Robert K. , Besen Elyssa , Namazi Sara , Nicholas Michael K. , Dugan Alicia G. , Tveito Torill H. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPurpose An increasing number of workers in the US have chronic health conditions that limit their ability to work, and few worksite interventions have been tested to improve worker coping and problem solving at work. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a worksite-based health self-management program designed to improve workplace function among workers with chronic health conditions. Methods We conducted a randomized, controlled trial of a worksite self-management program (“Manage at Work”) (clinicaltrials.gov #NCT01978392) for workers with chronic health conditions (N = 119; 82% female, ages 20–69). Most workers were recruited from the health care or light manufacturing industry sectors. Workers attended a 5-session, facilitated psychoeducational program using concepts of health self-management, self-efficacy, ergonomics, and communication. Changes on outcomes of work engagement, work limitation, job satisfaction, work fatigue, work self-efficacy, days absent, and turnover intention at 6-month follow-up were compared to wait-list controls. Results The most prevalent chronic health conditions were musculoskeletal pain, headaches, vision problems, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory disorders, and mental health disorders. The self-management program showed greater improvement in work engagement and turnover intent at 6-month follow-up, but there was no evidence of a parallel reduction in perceived work limitation. Trends for improved outcomes of work self-efficacy, job satisfaction, and work fatigue in the intervention group did not reach statistical significance in a group x time interaction test. Conclusions Offering a worksite self-management program to workers with chronic health conditions may be a feasible and beneficial strategy to engage and retain skilled workers who are risking disability.Clinical trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov #NCT01978392.
Measurement method of determining natural and unnatural gaits using autocorrelation coefficients
Authors: Park Sangjin , Choi Sangil 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWalking is the most common physical activity in humans, and gait can be used as a measure of human health. If the gait is unnatural or uncomfortable, it indicates a problem inside or outside the person’s body. In particular, for the elderly, walking is used as an important indicator of their health status. In this study, we developed an algorithm that can determine whether human walking is natural or unnatural, by comparing the autocorrelation coefficients of the left and right foot. We used F1-scores to measure the accuracy of the gait result determined by the algorithm. Natural walking was accurately distinguished with 80% accuracy, and unnatural with 60% accuracy. Owing to the splint attached to one foot to express unnatural walking, both feet affected gait, resulting in slightly lower accuracy than natural walking. As a future study, it is possible to devise a method to improve accuracy by extracting various gait features that can be obtained through gait and using artificial intelligence algorithms such as machine learning or deep learning.
Efficiency and bioavailability of new synthetic strigolactone mimics with potential for sustainable agronomical applications
Authors: Borghi Lorenzo , Screpanti Claudio , Lumbroso Alexandre , Lachia Mathilde , Gübeli Christian , De Mesmaeker Alain 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPurposeArbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play important roles in agriculture because of their ability to improve plant resilience against abiotic and biotic stresses. AMF as a technology to promote a more sustainable agriculture holds great potential, yet many factors affect the efficiency of this plant-microbe symbiosis leading to inconsistency in performance. The beneficial symbiosis between plants and AM fungi, also-known-as the mycorrhiza is promoted by strigolactones (SLs), carotenoid derivatives active as phytohormones and rhizosphere signals. Natural SLs are effective at extremely low concentrations, however their bioavailability in soil is scarce because their biosynthesis and exudation are plant-regulated, their degradation is fast and their mobility in soil is limited.MethodsThrough a broad synthetic chemistry approach, we explored how structurally diverse SL derivatives could improve hyphal branching ofGigaspora sppAMF under laboratory conditions and thus possibly boost mycorrhization into soil.ResultsWe tested twenty-six different derivatives and we could highlight structural enhancements to promote hyphal branching of in vitro germinated AMF spores at equal, and in some cases higher levels compared to natural SLs. A subset of these derivatives was tested for bioavailability, but no clear correlation was found with their activity on hyphal branching.ConclusionThis study suggests that we could use a targeted, chemical-design approach to synthetize new SL derivatives to enable enhanced promotion of mycorrhization and potentially enhanced bioavailability compared to natural SLs. Due to the roles of AMF in crop production systems, these results highlight new innovative approaches to promote sustainable agriculture.
Endowment effects in the risky investment game?
Authors: Holden Stein T. , Tilahun Mesfin 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe risky investment game of Gneezy and Potters (Q J Econ 112(2):631–645, 1997) has been proposed as a simple tool to measure risk aversion in applied settings, especially attractive in settings where participants may have limited education. However, this game can produce a significant endowment effect (attached to the initial position), so that analysis of the behavior in this game should not be done in the Expected Utility Theory (EUT) framework. The paper illustrates this point, by showing that risk tolerance can be much higher when the initial endowment concerns a risky lottery.
Decrease in Skin Prion-Seeding Activity of Prion-Infected Mice Treated with a Compound Against Human and Animal Prions: a First Possible Biomarker for Prion Therapeutics
Authors: Ding Mingxuan , Teruya Kenta , Zhang Weiguanliu , Lee Hae Weon , Yuan Jue , Oguma Ayumi , Foutz Aaron , Camacho Manuel V. , Mitchell Marcus , Greenlee Justin J. , Kong Qingzhong , Doh-ura Katsumi , Cui Li , Zou Wen-Quan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPrevious studies have revealed that the infectious scrapie isoform of prion protein (PrPSc) harbored in the skin tissue of patients or animals with prion diseases can be amplified and detected through the serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA) or real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assays. These findings suggest that skin PrPSc-seeding activity may serve as a biomarker for the diagnosis of prion diseases; however, its utility as a biomarker for prion therapeutics remains largely unknown. Cellulose ethers (CEs, such as TC-5RW), widely used as food and pharmaceutical additives, have recently been shown to prolong the lifespan of prion-infected mice and hamsters. Here we report that in transgenic (Tg) mice expressing hamster cellular prion protein (PrPC) infected with the 263K prion, the prion-seeding activity becomes undetectable in the skin tissues of TC-5RW-treated Tg mice by both sPMCA and RT-QuIC assays, whereas such prion-seeding activity is readily detectable in the skin of untreated mice. Notably, TC-5RW exhibits an inhibitory effect on the in vitro amplification of PrPSc in both skin and brain tissues by sPMCA and RT-QuIC. Moreover, we reveal that TC-5RW is able to directly decrease protease-resistant PrPSc and inhibit the seeding activity of PrPSc from chronic wasting disease and various human prion diseases. Our results suggest that the level of prion-seeding activity in the skin may serve as a useful biomarker for assessing the therapeutic efficacy of compounds in a clinical trial of prion diseases and that TC-5RW may have the potential for the prevention/treatment of human prion diseases.
The Life History of Learning Subsistence Skills among Hadza and BaYaka Foragers from Tanzania and the Republic of Congo
Authors: Lew-Levy Sheina , Ringen Erik J. , Crittenden Alyssa N. , Mabulla Ibrahim A. , Broesch Tanya , Kline Michelle A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAspects of human life history and cognition, such as our long childhoods and extensive use of teaching, theoretically evolved to facilitate the acquisition of complex tasks. The present paper empirically examines the relationship between subsistence task difficulty and age of acquisition, rates of teaching, and rates of oblique transmission among Hadza and BaYaka foragers from Tanzania and the Republic of Congo. We further examine cross-cultural variation in how and from whom learning occurred. Learning patterns and community perceptions of task difficulty were assessed through interviews. We found no relationship between task difficulty, age of acquisition, and oblique transmission, and a weak but positive relationship between task difficulty and rates of teaching. While same-sex transmission was normative in both societies, tasks ranked as more difficult were more likely to be transmitted by men among the BaYaka, but not among the Hadza, potentially reflecting cross-cultural differences in the sexual division of subsistence and teaching labor. Further, the BaYaka were more likely to report learning via teaching, and less likely to report learning via observation, than the Hadza, possibly owing to differences in socialization practices.
The policy consequences of defining rewilding
Authors: Schulte to Bühne Henrike , Pettorelli Nathalie , Hoffmann Michael 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMore than 30 years after it was first proposed as a biodiversity conservation strategy, rewilding remains a controversial concept. There is currently little agreement about what the goals of rewilding are, and how these are best achieved, limiting the utility of rewilding in mainstream conservation. Achieving consensus about rewilding requires agreeing about what “wild” means, but many different definitions exist, reflecting the diversity of values in conservation. There are three key debates that must be addressed to find a consensual definition of “wild”: (1) to which extent can people and “wild” nature co-exist?; (2) how much space does “wild” nature need? and (3) what kinds of “wild” nature do we value? Depending on the kinds of “wild” nature rewilding aims to create, rewilding policy will be faced with managing different opportunities and risks for biodiversity and people.