bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Crack channelling mechanisms in brittle coating systems under moisture or temperature gradients
Authors: Bosco E. , Suiker A. S. J. , Fleck N. A. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractCrack channelling is predicted in a brittle coating-substrate system that is subjected to a moisture or temperature gradient in the thickness direction. Competing failure scenarios are identified, and are distinguished by the degree to which the coating-substrate interface delaminates, and whether this delamination is finite or unlimited in nature. Failure mechanism maps are constructed, and illustrate the sensitivity of the active crack channelling mechanism and associated channelling stress to the ratio of coating toughness to interfacial toughness, to the mismatch in elastic modulus and to the mismatch in coefficient of hygral or thermal expansion. The effect of the ratio of coating to substrate thickness upon the failure mechanism and channelling stress is also explored. Closed-form expressions for the steady-state delamination stress are derived, and are used to determine the transition value of moisture state that leads to unlimited delamination. Although the results are applicable to coating-substrate systems in a wide range of applications, the study focusses on the prediction of cracking in historical paintings due to indoor climate fluctuations, with the objective of helping museums developing strategies for the preservation of art objects. For this specific application, crack channelling with delamination needs to be avoided under all circumstances, as it may induce flaking of paint material. In historical paintings, the substrate thickness is typically more than ten times larger than the thickness of the paint layer; for such a system, the failure maps constructed from the numerical simulations indicate that paint delamination is absent if the delamination toughness is larger than approximately half of the mode I toughness of the paint layer. Further, the transition between crack channelling with and without delamination appears to be relatively insensitive to the mismatch in the elastic modulus of the substrate and paint layer. The failure maps developed in this work may provide a useful tool for museum conservators to identify the allowable indoor humidity and temperature fluctuations for which crack channelling with delamination is prevented in historical paintings.
A phase field modeling approach of cyclic fatigue crack growth
Authors: Schreiber Christoph , Kuhn Charlotte , Müller Ralf , Zohdi Tarek 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPhase field modeling of fracture has been in the focus of research for over a decade now. The field has gained attention properly due to its benefiting features for the numerical simulations even for complex crack problems. The framework was so far applied to quasi static and dynamic fracture for brittle as well as for ductile materials with isotropic and also with anisotropic fracture resistance. However, fracture due to cyclic mechanical fatigue, which is a very important phenomenon regarding a safe, durable and also economical design of structures, is considered only recently in terms of phase field modeling. While in first phase field models the material’s fracture toughness becomes degraded to simulate fatigue crack growth, we present an alternative method within this work, where the driving force for the fatigue mechanism increases due to cyclic loading. This new contribution is governed by the evolution of fatigue damage, which can be approximated by a linear law, namely the Miner’s rule, for damage accumulation. The proposed model is able to predict nucleation as well as growth of a fatigue crack. Furthermore, by an assessment of crack growth rates obtained from several numerical simulations by a conventional approach for the description of fatigue crack growth, it is shown that the presented model is able to predict realistic behavior.
Demolition of concrete by thermal shock spallation: a mesoscopic numerical study based on embedded discontinuity finite elements
Authors: Saksala Timo 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis paper deals with 2D (plane strain) and axisymmetric numerical modelling of concrete fracture processes under mechanical and thermal loading. A mesoscopic modelling approach with an explicit representation of aggregates as Voronoi polygons is chosen while the concrete fracture model is based on rate-dependent embedded discontinuity finite elements with Rankine criterion indicating a new crack initiation. This choice enables the study of the effects of inherent crack populations on the response of concrete under mechanical and thermal loading. In the numerical examples, the performance of the present modelling approach is first demonstrated in the uniaxial compression and tension tests under plane strain conditions. Then, the problem of thermal spallation of concrete surface under dry conditions due to a high intensity, short duration heat flux is simulated under axisymmetric conditions. The underlying uncoupled thermo-mechanical problem is solved with an explicit time marching scheme based on the staggered approach. Different heat flux intensities and heating times as well as combined effect of surface roughness and pre-stress field are tested. The simulation results suggest that demolition of concrete structures by heat shock is a viable method.
Micromechanical modelling of ductile fracture in pipeline steel using a bifurcation-enriched porous plasticity model
Authors: Bergo Sondre , Morin David , Børvik Tore , Hopperstad Odd Sture 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we investigate the possibility of predicting ductile fracture of pipeline steel by using the Gurson–Tvergaard–Needleman (GTN) model where the onset of void coalescence is determined based on in situ bifurcation analyses. To this end, three variants of the GTN model, one of which includes in situ bifurcation, are calibrated for a pipeline steel grade X65 using uniaxial and notch tension tests. Then plane-strain tension tests and Kahn tear tests of the same material are used for assessment of the credibility of the three models. Explicit finite element simulations are carried out for all tests using the three variants of the GTN model, and the results are compared to the experimental data. The capability of the simulation models to capture onset of fracture and crack propagation in the pipeline steel is evaluated. It is found that the use of in situ bifurcation as a criterion for onset of void coalescence in each element makes the GTN model easier to calibrate with less free parameters, all the while obtaining similar or even better predictions as other widely used formulations of the GTN model over a wide range of different stress states.
Phase-field modelling: effect of an interface crack on precipitation kinetics in a multi-phase microstructure
Authors: Nigro C. F. , Bjerkén C. , Mellbin Y. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPremature failures in metals can arise from the local reduction of the fracture toughness when brittle phases precipitate. Precipitation can be enhanced at the grain and phase boundaries and be promoted by stress concentration causing a shift of the terminal solid solubility. This paper provides the description of a model to predict stress-induced precipitation along phase interfaces in one-phase and two-phase metals. A phase-field approach is employed to describe the microstructural evolution. The combination between the system expansion caused by phase transformation, the stress field and the energy of the phase boundary is included in the model as the driving force for precipitate growth. In this study, the stress induced by an opening interface crack is modelled through the use of linear elastic fracture mechanics and the phase boundary energy by a single parameter in the Landau potential. The results of the simulations for a hydrogenated ($$\alpha +\beta $$

α
+
β

) titanium alloy display the formation of a precipitate, which overall decelerates in time. Outside the phase boundary, the precipitate mainly grows by following the isostress contours. In the phase boundary, the hydride grows faster and is elongated. Between the phase boundary and its surrounding, the matrix/hydride interface is smoothened. The present approach allows capturing crack-induced precipitation at phase interfaces with numerical efficiency by solving one equation only. The present model can be applied to other multi-phase metals and precipitates through the use of their physical properties and can also contribute to the efficiency of multi-scale crack propagation schemes.
Beam network model for fracture of materials with hierarchical microstructure
Authors: Hosseini Seyyed Ahmad , Moretti Paolo , Konstantinidis Dimitrios , Zaiser Michael 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe introduce a beam network model for hierarchically patterned materials. In these materials, load-parallel gaps intercept stress transmission in the load perpendicular direction in such a manner that damage is confined within hierarchically nested, load-carrying ‘modules’. We describe the morphological characteristics of such materials in terms of deterministically constructed, hierarchical beam network (DHBN) models and randomized variants thereof. We then use these models to analyse the process of damage accumulation (characterized by the locations and timings of beam breakages prior to global failures, and the concomitant avalanche statistics) and of global failure. We demonstrate that, irrespective of the degree of local disorder, failure of hierarchically (micro)structured materials is characterized by diffuse local damage nucleation which ultimately percolates on the network, but never by stress-driven propagation of a critical crack. Failure of non hierarchical reference networks, on the other hand, is characterized by the sequence of damage nucleation, crack formation and crack propagation. These differences are apparent at low and intermediate degrees of material disorder but disappear in very strongly disordered materials where the local failure strengths exhibit extreme scatter. We furthermore demonstrate that, independent of material disorder, the different modes of failure lead to significant differences in fracture surface morphology.
On 3-syzygy and unexpected plane curves
Authors: Malara Grzegorz , Pokora Piotr , Tutaj-Gasińska Halszka 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn this note we study curves (arrangements) in the complex projective plane which can be considered as generalizations of free curves. We construct families of arrangements which are nearly free and possess interesting geometric properties. More generally, we study 3-syzygy curve arrangements and we present examples that admit unexpected curves.
Cultivating Decline: Agricultural Modernization Policy and Adaptive Resilience in the Yangzi Delta
Authors: Doll Ross 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSince it was initiated in the mid-2000s, the Chinese central government’s agricultural modernization policy has had fundamental impacts on China’s agricultural system. Premised on creating a foundation for long-term sustainable development, modernization has broadly expanded large-scale, mechanized farming. Historically, however, China’s Yangzi River Delta achieved long-term sustainable development without capital-intensifying and mechanizing technological innovation. Rather, diverse and autonomous land use and grassroots governance practices facilitated knowledge-sharing, knowledge-building, and adaptation. Drawing on this history as a reference point for analysis, I examine the influence of agricultural modernization policy on adaptive resilience using a case study of a Yangzi Delta township that was an early recipient of central government funding in support of its contemporary effort to expand large-scale farming. I find that the implementation of agricultural modernization policy reform in Ruilin has undermined its resilient practices and features, rendering the township vulnerable to disturbance.
Ablation of mitral annular flutter ablation utilizing a left atrial anterior line versus a lateral mitral isthmus line: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Aldaas Omar M. , Lupercio Florentino , Lin Andrew Y. , Han Frederick T. , Hoffmayer Kurt S. , Raissi Farshad , Ho Gordon , Krummen David , Feld Gregory K. , Hsu Jonathan C. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPurposeMitral annular flutter (MAF) is a common arrhythmia after atrial fibrillation ablation. We sought to compare the efficacy and safety of catheter ablation utilizing either a left atrial anterior wall (LAAW) line or a lateral mitral isthmus (LMI) line.MethodsWe performed a systematic review for all studies that compared LAAW versus LMI lines. Risk ratio (RR) and mean difference (MD) 95% confidence intervals were measured for dichotomous and continuous variables, respectively.ResultsFour studies with a total of 594 patients were included, one of which was a randomized control trial. In the LMI ablation group, 40% of patients required CS ablation. There were no significant differences in bidirectional block (RR 1.26; 95% CI, 0.94–1.69) or ablation time (MD −1.5; 95% CI, −6.11–3.11), but LAAW ablation was associated with longer ablation line length (MD 11.42; 95% CI, 10.69–12.14) and longer LAA activation delay (MD 67.68; 95% CI, 33.47–101.89.14) when compared to LMI. There was no significant difference in pericardial effusions (RR 0.36; 95% CI, 0.39–20.75) between groups and more patients were maintained sinus rhythm (RR 1.19; 95% CI, 1.03–1.37,p= 0.02) who underwent LAAW compared to LMI.ConclusionAblation of mitral annular flutter with a LAAW line compared to a LMI line showed no difference in rates of acute bidirectional block, ablation time, or pericardial effusion. However, LAAW ablation required a longer ablation line length, resulted in greater LAA activation delayed and was associated with more sinus rhythm maintenance, with the added advantage of avoiding ablation in the CS.
Organizational science and cybersecurity: abundant opportunities for research at the interface
Authors: Dalal Reeshad S. , Howard David J. , Bennett Rebecca J. , Posey Clay , Zaccaro Stephen J. , Brummel Bradley J. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractCybersecurity is an ever-present problem for organizations, but organizational science has barely begun to enter the arena of cybersecurity research. As a result, the “human factor” in cybersecurity research is much less studied than its technological counterpart. The current manuscript serves as an introduction and invitation to cybersecurity research by organizational scientists. We define cybersecurity, provide definitions of key cybersecurity constructs relevant to employee behavior, illuminate the unique opportunities available to organizational scientists in the cybersecurity arena (e.g., publication venues that reach new audiences, novel sources of external funding), and provide overall conceptual frameworks of the antecedents of employees’ cybersecurity behavior. In so doing, we emphasize both end-users of cybersecurity in organizations and employees focused specifically on cybersecurity work. We provide an expansive agenda for future organizational science research on cybersecurity—and we describe the benefits such research can provide not only to cybersecurity but also to basic research in organizational science itself. We end by providing a list of potential objections to the proposed research along with our responses to these objections. It is our hope that the current manuscript will catalyze research at the interface of organizational science and cybersecurity.
“A Free People, Controlled Only by God”: Circulating and Converting Criticism of Vaccination in Jerusalem
Authors: Kasstan Ben 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis paper explores how criticism surrounding the ethics and safety of biomedical technologies circulates and ‘converts’ through global–local religious encounters, producing new claims of moral opposition and rights to religious freedom. The paper is concerned with the question of what rhetorical devices make vaccine safety doubt relevant to religiously Orthodox settings and what implications arise? Based on an ethnographic study of vaccine decision-making and non-vaccination advocacy in Jerusalem, the paper examines how opposition is forged amidst evolving global–local encounters and relations. The data reveal how Christian activists attempt to engender ethical and moral opposition to vaccination among American Orthodox Jews in Jerusalem by ‘converting’ public criticism around safety into a religious discourse of bodily governance. Pinpointing how critiques of biomedical technologies discursively ‘convert’ offers a conceptual template in anthropology to chart how counter-positions are formed and transformed amidst evolving tensions between biomedical and religious cosmologies.
The Role of Bike Sharing in Promoting Transport Resilience
Authors: Cheng Lu , Mi Zhifu , Coffman D’Maris , Meng Jing , Liu Dining , Chang Dongfeng 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA resilient transport network, which is significant for urban sustainability and security, is characterized by its ability to recover from disruptions subject to natural and man-made disasters. Bike sharing could act as a viable alternative in the case of public transit disruptions given its flexibility and various social, environmental, and economic benefits. This study aims to estimate quantitatively the potential of bike sharing to promote transport resilience, by using autoregressive negative binomial time series model to investigate the effects of public transit closures on bike sharing demand in Washington, D.C. area during 2015–2017. We find that (1) bike sharing can act as a supplementary mode to enhance urban transport resilience in the case of complete transit closure; (2) the proximity of bike sharing docks to metro stations has a powerful effect on propensity to use a bike sharing program; and (3) extreme weather is one of major barriers to bicycling. Planners can enhance resilience of urban transport networks by fully considering the capacity and usage of bike sharing docks, as well as the coherence of metro stations and bike sharing docks, in distributing and rebalancing activities.
Integration of earth observation and census data for mapping a multi-temporal flood vulnerability index: a case study on Northeast Italy
Authors: Cian Fabio , Giupponi Carlo , Marconcini Mattia 
Published: February 2021

AbstractClimate sciences foresee a future where extreme weather events could happen with increased frequency and strength, which would in turn increase risks of floods (i.e. the main source of losses in the world). The Mediterranean basin is considered a hot spot in terms of climate vulnerability and risk. The expected impacts of those events are exacerbated by land-use change and, in particular, by urban growth which increases soil sealing and, hence, water runoff. The ultimate consequence would be an increase of fatalities and injuries, but also of economic losses in urban areas, commercial and productive sites, infrastructures and agriculture. Flood damages have different magnitudes depending on the economic value of the exposed assets and on level of physical contact with the hazard. This work aims at proposing a methodology, easily customizable by experts’ elicitation, able to quantify and map the social component of vulnerability through the integration of earth observation (EO) and census data with the aim of allowing for a multi-temporal spatial assessment. Firstly, data on employment, properties and education are used for assessing the adaptive capacity of the society to increase resilience to adverse events, whereas, secondly, coping capacity, i.e. the capacities to deal with events during their manifestation, is mapped by aggregating demographic and socio-economic data, urban growth analysis and memory on past events. Thirdly, the physical dimension of exposed assets (susceptibility) is assessed by combining building properties acquired by census data and land-surface characteristics derived from EO data. Finally, the three components (i.e. adaptive and coping capacity and susceptibility) are aggregated for calculating the dynamic flood vulnerability index (FVI). The approach has been applied to Northeast Italy, a region frequently hit by floods, which has experienced a significant urban and economic development in the past decades, thus making the dynamic study of FVI particularly relevant. The analysis has been carried out from 1991 to 2016 at a 5-year steps, showing how the integration of different data sources allows to produce a dynamic assessment of vulnerability, which can be very relevant for planning in support of climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction.
Adaptive Channel Selection for Robust Visual Object Tracking with Discriminative Correlation Filters
Authors: Xu Tianyang , Feng Zhenhua , Wu Xiao-Jun , Kittler Josef 
Published: February 2021

AbstractDiscriminative Correlation Filters (DCF) have been shown to achieve impressive performance in visual object tracking. However, existing DCF-based trackers rely heavily on learning regularised appearance models from invariant image feature representations. To further improve the performance of DCF in accuracy and provide a parsimonious model from the attribute perspective, we propose to gauge the relevance of multi-channel features for the purpose of channel selection. This is achieved by assessing the information conveyed by the features of each channel as a group, using an adaptive group elastic net inducing independent sparsity and temporal smoothness on the DCF solution. The robustness and stability of the learned appearance model are significantly enhanced by the proposed method as the process of channel selection performs implicit spatial regularisation. We use the augmented Lagrangian method to optimise the discriminative filters efficiently. The experimental results obtained on a number of well-known benchmarking datasets demonstrate the effectiveness and stability of the proposed method. A superior performance over the state-of-the-art trackers is achieved using less than $$10\%$$

10
%

deep feature channels.
Levels of heavy metal cadmium in rice (Oryza sativa L.) produced in Taiwan and probabilistic risk assessment for the Taiwanese population
Authors: Lien Keng-Wen , Pan Min-Hsiung , Ling Min-Pei 
Published: February 2021

AbstractCadmium (Cd) is a toxic pollutant that is widely spread through industrial production and agricultural practices. Epidemiological data has revealed that lifetime exposure to environmentally relevant levels of Cd increases the risk of developing various organ diseases, including chronic kidney, heart, and lung diseases, as well as nervous tissue disorders. This study assessed Cd levels in rice to determine the health risks associated with rice consumption in various age-gender subgroups in Taiwan. The distribution of Cd concentration, the lifetime average daily dose (LADD), and the hazard index (HI) were estimated by Monte Carlo simulation. In the general population, the 50th percentile LADD of Cd for male rice consumers between the ages of 19–65 years was 0.06 μg/kg body weight per day, and the hazard index (HI) 50th, 90th, and 95th percentiles were 0.16, 0.69, and 1.54, respectively. According to the HI heat map for the exposure of the general population to Cd from rice in Taiwan, the highest exposure to Cd was noted in the Yilan area (HI 0.64). Therefore, rice production in the Yilan area should be further monitored to evaluate the levels of Cd contamination.