bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Model Regeneration Scheme Using a Deep Learning Algorithm for Reliable Uncertainty Quantification of Channel Reservoirs
Authors: Lee Youjun , Kang Byeongcheol , Kim Joonyi , Choe Jonggeun 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Reservoir characterization is one of the essential procedures for decision makings. However, conventional inversion methods of history matching have several inevitable issues of losing geological information and poor performances, when it is applied to channel reservoirs. Therefore, we propose a model regeneration scheme for reliable uncertainty quantification of channel reservoirs without conventional model inversion methods. The proposed method consists of three parts: feature extraction, model selection, and model generation. In the feature extraction part, drainage area localization and discrete cosine transform are adopted for channel feature extraction in near-wellbore area. In the model selection part, K-means clustering and an ensemble ranking method are utilized to select models that have similar characteristics to a true reservoir. In the last part, deep convolutional generative adversarial networks (DCGAN) and transfer learning are applied to generate new models similar to the selected models. After the generation, we repeat the model selection process to select final models from the selected and the generated models. We utilize these final models to quantify uncertainty of a channel reservoir by predicting their future productions. After applying the proposed scheme to three different channel fields, it provides reliable models for production forecasts with reduced uncertainty. The analyses show that the scheme can effectively characterize channel features and increase a probability of existence of models similar to a true model.
Design and Feasibility Study of Biomass-Driven Combined Heat and Power Systems for Rural Communities
Authors: Schicker Philippe C. , Spayde Dustin , Cho Heejin 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Meeting energy demands at crucial times can often be jeopardized by an unreliable power supply from the grid. Local, onsite power generation, such as combined heat and power (CHP) systems, may safeguard against grid fluctuations and outages. CHP systems can provide a more reliable and resilient energy supply to buildings and communities while it can also provide energy-efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally sustainable solutions compared to centralized power systems. With a recent increased focus on biomass as an alternative fuel source, biomass-driven CHP systems have been recognized as a potential technology to bring increased efficiency of fuel utilization and environmentally sustainable solutions. Biomass as an energy source is already created through agricultural and forestry by-products and may thus be efficient and convenient to be transported to remote rural communities. This paper presents a design and feasibility analysis of biomass-driven CHP systems for rural communities. The viability of wood pellets as a suitable fuel source is explored by comparing it to a conventional grid-connected system. To measure viability, three performance parameters—operational cost (OC), primary energy consumption (PEC), and carbon dioxide emission (CDE)—are considered in the analysis. The results demonstrate that under the right conditions wood pellet-fueled CHP systems create economic and environmental advantages over traditional systems. The main factors in increasing the viability of biomass-driven CHP (bCHP) systems are the appropriate sizing and operational strategies of the system and the purchase price of biomass with respect to the price of traditional fuels.
Analytical Investigation of Roller Skew and Tilt in a Spherical Roller Bearing
Authors: Shafiee Abbas , Russell Thomas , Sadeghi Farshid , Wilmer Matthew G. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The objective of this investigation was to analytically investigate the performance of a spherical roller bearing (SRB) operating under various loading and speed combinations. In order to achieve the objective, a full six degrees-of-freedom SRB dynamic model was developed. The model was corroborated with results in the open literature. An adaptive slicing method was developed to optimize the accuracy and computational effort of the roller force, skew, and tilt calculations. A comprehensive roller–race contact analysis in terms of slip velocity and contact area was then carried out to identify how bearing load and inner race (IR) speed variations change slip velocity and skew at the roller–race contact. The results from this investigation demonstrate that roller skew increases with IR speed, while the roller tilt remains relatively constant. The IR speed and roller slip velocity correlate well, which causes the traction force to increase and therefore produce greater skew. Skew and tilt angles also increase with applied axial load. However, at a certain load, the skew angle begins to decrease.
Comparison of Health Care Expenditures Among U.S. Older Adults With Pain Who Reported Frequent Exercise Versus Nonfrequent Exercise
Authors: Axon David R. , Chien Jonathan , Dinh Hanh 
Published: December 2021

This cross-sectional study included a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults aged ≥50 years with self-reported pain in the past 4 weeks from the 2018 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Adjusted linear regression analyses accounted for the complex survey design and assessed differences in several types of annual health care expenditures between individuals who reported frequent exercise (≥30 min of moderate–vigorous intensity physical activity ≥5 times per week) and those who did not. Approximately 23,940,144 of 56,979,267 older U.S. adults with pain reported frequent exercise. In adjusted analyses, individuals who reported frequent exercise had 15% lower annual prescription medication expenditures compared with those who did not report frequent exercise (p = .007). There were no statistical differences between frequent exercise status for other health care expenditure types (p > .05). In conclusion, adjusted annual prescription medication expenditures were 15% lower among older U.S. adults with pain who reported frequent exercise versus those who did not.
A Review of the Relationships Between Knee Pain and Movement Neuromechanics
Authors: Seeley Matthew K. , Lee Hyunwook , Son S. Jun , Timmerman Mattie , Lindsay Mariah , Hopkins J. Ty 
Published: December 2021

Context: Knee injury and disease are common, debilitating, and expensive. Pain is a chief symptom of knee injury and disease and likely contributes to arthrogenic muscle inhibition. Joint pain alters isolated motor function, muscular strength, and movement biomechanics. Because knee pain influences biomechanics, it likely also influences long-term knee joint health. Objective: The purpose of this article is 2-fold: (1) review effects of knee pain on lower-extremity muscular activation and corresponding biomechanics and (2) consider potential implications of neuromechanical alterations associated with knee pain for long-term knee joint health. Experimental knee pain is emphasized because it has been used to mimic clinical knee pain and clarify independent effects of knee pain. Three common sources of clinical knee pain are also discussed: patellofemoral pain, anterior cruciate ligament injury and reconstruction, and knee osteoarthritis. Data Sources: The PubMed, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus databases were searched for articles relating to the purpose of this article. Conclusion: Researchers have consistently reported that knee pain alters neuromuscular activation, often in the form of inhibition that likely occurs via voluntary and involuntary neural pathways. The effects of knee pain on quadriceps activation have been studied extensively. Knee pain decreases voluntary and involuntary quadriceps activation and strength and alters the biomechanics of various movement tasks. If allowed to persist, these neuromechanical alterations might change the response of articular cartilage to joint loads during movement and detrimentally affect long-term knee joint health. Physical rehabilitation professionals should consider neuromechanical effects of knee pain when treating knee injury and disease. Resolution of joint pain can likely help to restore normal movement neuromechanics and potentially improve long-term knee joint health and should be a top priority.
Prevalence of blindness and distance vision impairment in the Gambia across three decades of eye health programming
Authors: Hydara Abba , Mactaggart Islay , Bell Suzannah J , Okoh John A , Olaniyan Segun I , Aleser Mildred , Bobat Hannaa , Cassels-Brown Andy , Kirkpatrick Ben , Kim Min J , McCormick Ian , Faal Hannah , Burton Matthew J 
Published: December 2021

Background/aimsThe 1986 Gambia National Eye Health Survey provided baseline data for a National Eye Health Programme. A second survey in 1996 evaluated changes in population eye health a decade later. We completed a third survey in 2019, to determine the current state of population eye health, considering service developments and demographic change.MethodsWe estimated prevalence and causes of vision impairment (VI) in a nationally representative population-based sample of adults 35 years and older. We used multistage cluster random sampling to sample 10 800 adults 35 and above in 360 clusters of 30. We measured monocular distance visual acuity (uncorrected and with available correction) using Peek Acuity. Participants with either eye uncorrected or presenting (with available correction) acuity <6/12 were retested with pinhole and refraction, and dilated exams were completed on all eyes by ophthalmologists using a direct ophthalmoscope, slit lamp and 90 D lens.ResultsWe examined 9188 participants (response rate 83%). The 2013 census age–sex adjusted prevalence of blindness (presenting acuity<3/60 in better seeing eye) was 1.2% (95% CI 0.9 to 1.4) and of moderate or severe VI (MSVI,<6/18 to ≥3/60) was 8.9% (95% CI 9.1 to 9.7). Prevalence of all distance VI (<6/12) was 13.4% (12.4–14.4). Compared with 1996, the relative risk of blindness decreased (risk ratio 0.7, 95% CI 0.5 to 1.0) and MSVI increased (risk ratio 1.5, 95% CI 1.2 to 0.17).ConclusionSignificant progress has been made to reduce blindness and increase access to eye health across the Gambia, with further work is needed to decrease the risk of MSVI.
Caregivers’ and healthcare professionals’ perspective of barriers and facilitators to health service access for asthmatic children: a qualitative study
Authors: Ardura-Garcia Cristina , Blakey John D , Cooper Philip J , Romero-Sandoval Natalia 
Published: December 2021

BackgroundThere is a high burden of asthma morbidity and mortality in Latin America. It has been proposed that this relates to limited access to diagnostic tests, asthma medications and specialised doctors. However, little is known of what caregivers of asthmatic children and healthcare professionals (HCPs) perceive as barriers and facilitators to adequate care. We aimed to explore the barriers and facilitators to asthma care access from caregivers’ and HCP’s perspective in an Ecuadorian low-resource setting.MethodsIn 2017, we conducted 5 focus group discussions (FGD) with 20 caregivers of asthmatic children and 12 in-depth interviews with 3 paediatricians, 6 general doctors and 3 respiratory therapists in Esmeraldas city, Ecuador. FGDs and interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed, open-coded in QDA Miner, categorised using an interpretative phenomenological approach and analysed thematically. Barriers and facilitators were classified into availability, accessibility, acceptability and contact of healthcare services, based on Tanahashi model of health service access.ResultsLimited resources, use of alternative medicines, fear of medication side-effects and lack of specific training for doctors and knowledge in families were common barriers for both caregivers and HCPs. Caregivers and HCPs proposed the implementation of public health asthma-focused programmes that would include close community-based follow-up of people with asthma, educational sessions for their families and public engagement activities. HCPs also suggested implementing training programmes on asthma management for general doctors.ConclusionMultiple barriers identified by caregivers and HCPs referred to economic and health service organisational issues, fear of side effects of medication or ineffective self-management. Increasing caregivers and HCPs’ asthma knowledge, as well as HCPs’ communication skills to establish a patient-centred approach with a shared decision-making process could improve asthma care in this setting.
Health economic analysis for the ‘CURE Project’ pilot: a hospital-based tobacco dependency treatment service in Greater Manchester
Authors: Evison Matthew , Cox Julian , Howle Freya , Groom Kathryn , Moore Ryan , Clegg Hannah , Pearse Cheryl , Rutherford Michael , Tempowski Alex , Grundy Seamus , Turnpenny Beth , Law Hou , Sundar Ram , Butt Al-Tahoor , Abdelaziz Muntasir , Coyne Jane , Crossfield Andrea , O’Rourke Claire , Shackley David 
Published: December 2021

IntroductionTreating tobacco dependency in patients admitted to acute care National Health Service (NHS) trusts is a key priority in the NHS 10-year plan. This paper sets out the results of a health economic analysis for ‘The CURE Project’ pilot; a new hospital-based tobacco dependency service.MethodsA health economic analysis to understand the costs of the intervention (both for the inpatient service and postdischarge costs), the return on investment (ROI) and the cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) of the CURE Project pilot in Greater Manchester. ROI and cost per QALY were calculated using the European Study on Quantifying Utility of Investment in Protection from Tobacco and Greater Manchester Cost Benefit Analysis Tools.ResultsThe total intervention costs for the inpatient service in the 6-month CURE pilot were £96 224 with a cost per patient who smokes of £40.21. The estimated average cost per patient who was discharged on pharmacotherapy was £97.40. The cost per quit (22% quit rate for smokers at 12 weeks post discharge) was £475. The gross financial ROI ratio was £2.12 return per £1 invested with a payback period of 4 years. The cashable financial ROI ratio was £1.06 return per £1 invested with a payback period of 10 years. The public value ROI ratio was £30.49 per £1 invested. The cost per QALY for this programme was £487.DiscussionThe CURE Project pilot has been shown to be exceptionally cost-effective with highly significant ROI in this health economic analysis. This supports the NHS priority to embed high-quality tobacco addiction treatment services in acute NHS trusts, and the CURE Project provides a blueprint and framework to achieve this.
Prospective longitudinal study investigating predictors of childhood injuries from Growing Up in New Zealand cohort: study protocol
Authors: Ghebreab Luam , Kool Bridget , Lee Arier , Morton Susan 
Published: December 2021

BackgroundInjury is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide and yet preventable and predictable. In New Zealand (NZ), unintentional injury is the leading cause of emergency department visits, hospitalisations and death among children, making it a significant public health concern.ObjectiveTo identify the factors that place young children in NZ at an increased risk of unintentional injury.MethodsThis study will investigate injuries among children from the prospective Growing Up in NZ birth cohort of 6853 children and their families. The primary outcome of interest is injury events where medical treatment was sought. The data sources include parental reports of child injury and Accident Compensation Corporation—NZ’s no-fault injury compensation system—injury claims. The linked datasets will be utilised to examine the distribution of life course exposures and outcome data using descriptive statistics. A temporal multilevel model will then be developed to examine relationships between neighbourhood, child and family characteristics and injury from birth to 5 years of age for all children for whom parental consent to link data were obtained.DiscussionThe findings of this research will help to identify how the multiplicity of influences between children, family and their broader societal context acting across time affect their risk of experiencing a preschool injury. This information will provide an evidence base to inform context-relevant strategies to reduce and prevent childhood injuries.
Tree selection and use by the polyphagous xylophage Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Canada
Authors: Turgeon Jean J. , Smith Michael T. , Pedlar John H. , Fournier Ronald E. , Orr Mary , Gasman Ben 
Published: December 2021

Two breeding populations of the non-native Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis Motschulsky), a pest of broadleaf trees in its native China, were discovered in Ontario in 2003 and 2013, respectively. Both populations were eradicated by removing all trees injured by the beetle and all uninjured trees deemed at high risk of injury. We used data collected during this removal to study host selection. Signs of A. glabripennis injury were observed on 732 stems from seven (i.e., Acer, Salix, Populus, Betula, Ulmus, Fraxinus, and Tilia) of the 45 tree genera available. Complete beetle development was confirmed on only the first four of these seven genera. Most signs of injury were on the genus Acer and on trees with a diameter at 130 cm above ground ranging between 15 and 40 cm. On most trees, the lowest sign of injury was within 3 m of the ground or within 40% of tree height. Tree height explained 63% of the variance in the location of the lowest sign of injury. Initial attacks were typically near the middle of the tree and expanded both upward and downward with successive attacks over time. We discuss how these findings could improve survey efforts for A. glabripennis.
Effect of Preservation Methods on Physicochemical Quality, Phenolic Content, and Antioxidant Activity of Stevia Leaves
Authors: Hidar Nadia , Noufid Abdelhamid , Mourjan Ayoub , El Adnany El Mustapha , Mghazli Safa , Mouhib Mohammed , Jaouad Abderrahim , Mahrouz Mostafa 
Published: December 2021

The effect of freeze-drying and gamma irradiation at 0.5, 1, and 2 kGy on the physicochemical composition (moisture, fat, ash, mineral, and chlorophyll contents), microstructure, total phenolic content, and antioxidant capacity of stevia leaves was investigated in the present study. The results obtained indicated that freeze-drying and gamma irradiation treatments caused significant reduction (

p

≤ 0.05) of moisture and fat contents in comparison with those of commercial leaves, while ash content was not significantly affected. Mineral composition was analysed. Among the analysed elements, potassium and iron levels were higher in the freeze-dried and irradiated samples, respectively. The microstructure was analysed using a scanning electron microscope. Micrographs revealed that a higher porous size structure was obtained by freeze-drying, and degradation of cell wall structure was more clearly visualized by irradiation at 2 kGy. However, the main functional groups were stable as confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. The effects on chlorophyll content, phenolic profile, and antioxidant properties were evaluated before and after ten months of storage. In terms of chlorophyll contents, the freeze-dried leaves exhibited the highest content. Chlorophylls a and b decreased when storage progressed for freeze-dried leaves as well as for gamma-irradiated leaves. Both preservation methods gave significant advantages in increasing the total phenolic content and DPPH scavenging activity. Moreover, a significant increase of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity was observed as the gamma irradiation dose increased. In addition, the storage time increased the amounts of polyphenols and DPPH scavenging activity. After 10 months of storage, gamma-irradiated leaves had the highest total phenolic content as well as the DPPH scavenging activity followed by freeze-dried leaves. The results indicate that freeze-drying and gamma irradiation at the studied doses could be effective postharvest methods for preservation of stevia leaf quality.
Low-Dose Collagenase Chemonucleolysis Combined with Radiofrequency in the Treatment of Lumbar Disc Herniation: A 10-Year Retrospective Study
Authors: Wang Meng , Zhang Xuexue , Yu Yaoping , Xu Gang , Nie Jinping , Yu Bo , Cao Xuezhong , Qiu Mizhen , Liao Yunhua , Zhang Daying , Yan Yi 
Published: December 2021

Objective. This study explored the 10-year efficacy, safety, and prognostic factors of low-dose collagenase chemonucleolysis (CCNL) combined with radiofrequency (RF) in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation (LDH). Methods. The data of 167 LDH patients were collected. Modified MacNab criteria, Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), and Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) scores were, respectively, used to evaluate patients’ excellent and good rates, pain degree, and nerve function. The preoperative and 10-year postoperative patients’ pain, numbness, and muscle weakness were compared. Patients’ complications in perioperative period, recurrent/reappeared LDH, and reoperations were recorded. Finally, the independent risk factors affecting the long-time efficacy were assessed. Results. A total of 126 patients were included. The patients’ excellent and good rates were 86.51%–92.86% with no significant difference

P
>
0.05

. Postoperative NRS and JOA scores significantly improved

P
<
0.01

, most obvious within 6 months postoperatively. At 10 years postoperatively, 65.08%, 83.95%, and 93.02% of patients’ pain, numbness, and muscle weakness were completely relieved

P
<
0.05

. Perioperative complications occurred in three patients with the rate of 2.38%. Recurrent/reappeared LDH patients were 11 with the ratio of 8.73%; nine of them underwent reoperations with the rate of 7.14%. And patients’ probability of fair and poor efficacy at 10 years postoperatively with the course of disease >12 months and the responsibility disc ≥2 were, respectively, 6.005 and 4.227 times that of patients with the course of disease ≤12 months and the responsibility disc = 1

P
<
0.05

. Conclusion. The combined treatment is effective and safe in the long term. A course of disease >12 months and responsibility disc ≥2 independently reduce efficacy, and a course of disease >12 months has a more significant impact.