bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Association of Human Leukocyte Antigen and COVID-19 in Southern China
Authors: Yu Xueping , Ho Kuoting , Shen Zhongliang , Fu Xiaoying , Huang Hongbo , Wu Delun , Lin Yancheng , Lin Yijian , Chen Wenhuang , Su Milong , Qiu Chao , Zhuang Xibin , Su Zhijun 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) polymorphism is hypothesized to be associated with diverse immune responses toward infectious diseases. Herein, by comparing against multiple subpopulation groups as control, we confirmed that HLA-B*15:27 and HLA-DRB1*04:06 were associated with coronavirus disease 2019 susceptibility in China. Both alleles were predicted to have weak binding affinities toward viral proteins.
Exploring Why People with Back Pain Use the Pain Management Strategies They Do: Is Research Looking in the Wrong Places?
Authors: Setchell Jenny , Costa Nathalia , Abrosimoff Monica , Hodges Paul W 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Objective
Low back pain (LBP) is a significant issue with considerable impact on people’s lives and economies. A plethora of research has investigated interventions to manage LBP. However, despite considerable knowledge translation efforts, individuals with the condition frequently use management strategies considered to be “ineffective.” To address this concern, our aim was to explore why people with LBP choose the management strategies they do.

Methods
We used a predominantly inductive, descriptive qualitative design. We interviewed 20 Australian adults who have or have had LBP to investigate the management strategies they have used and why. Data were analyzed thematically.

Results
Analysis identified three interrelated themes that highlight that participants chose management strategies, at least in part, because they: 1) reduce symptoms in the very short term (e.g., immediately, a few hours); 2) have effects beyond the condition (e.g., low cost, lack of negative side effects, convenience, social effects); and 3) are pleasurable.

Discussion
These outcomes suggest that people with LBP are likely to have nuanced reasons for choosing the management strategies they use, and this can contrast with the outcomes tested in empirical studies. Our findings suggest that researchers may need to broaden or rethink which outcomes they measure and how, including by meaningfully engaging consumers in research design. Furthermore, clinicians could better explore their patients’ reasons for using the strategies they do before suggesting they discard existing strategies or offering new ones.
Postoperative Correction in Idiopathic Scoliosis: Which Preoperative Imaging Technique Is Most Predictive?
Authors: Erkilinc Mehmet , Dumaine Anne M. , Du Jerry Y. , Poe-Kochert Connie , Thompson George H. , Liu Raymond W. , Mistovich R. Justin 
Published: August 2021

Introduction:
Preoperative radiographic assessment of curve flexibility in patients with idiopathic scoliosis is important to determine Lenke classification, operative levels, and potential postoperative correction. However, no consensus exists regarding the optimal technique. We compared measurements from supine side bending (SB) and intraoperative traction radiographs under general anesthesia (TUGA) with actual postoperative correction followed for 1 year.

Methods:
We identified 235 patients with idiopathic scoliosis who underwent posterior spinal fusion with pedicle screw instrumentation between 2010 and 2018 who had preoperative and postoperative radiographs including standing posterior-anterior (PA) and lateral radiographs, preoperative SB radiographs, and TUGA radiographs. Curves were categorized into proximal thoracic, main thoracic/thoracolumbar (MT), and distal thoracolumbar/lumbar (TL/L) curves. Flexibility was calculated from SB and TUGA radiographs. Correction rates were calculated from 1 month and 1 year radiographs postoperatively. Bending radiographs that correlated significantly with postoperative correction with P<0.10 were eligible for inclusion. Preoperative demographics, etiology, deformity details, and surgical details were included in the multivariate models.

Results:
On univariate analysis, TUGA radiographs correlated with postoperative correction at 1 month and 1 year on MT curves (r=0.214, P=0.001; r=0.209, P=0.001) and TL/L curves (r=0.280, P<0.001; r=0.181, P=0.006). Supine SB radiographs did not correlate with postoperative correction on either MT or T/TL curves. On multivariate analysis, major curve TUGA radiographs were independently associated with postoperative MT curve correction at 1 month (beta: 0.158, 95% confidence interval: 0.035-0.280, P=0.012) and 1 year (beta: 0.195, 95% confidence interval: 0.049-0.340, P=0.009). MT curve SB radiographs were not associated with postoperative major curve correction at 1 month (P=0.088).

Conclusions:
TUGA radiographs independently correlated with postoperative main thoracic and distal thoracolumbar/lumbar curve correction at 1 month and 1 year postoperatively. SB radiographs independently correlated only with TL/L curve correction at 1 year postoperatively. However, this correlation was not as strong as TUGA correction (beta of 0.280 vs. beta of 0.092). TUGA radiographs appear superior to SB radiographs at predicting curve correction after surgery.

Level of Evidence:
Level III.
Evaluating Perioperative Complications Surrounding Supracondylar Humerus Fractures: Expanding Indications for Outpatient Surgery
Authors: Hockensmith Lindsay H. , Muffly Brian T. , Wattles Mitchell R. , Snyder Erin N. , McFarland Braxton J. , Jacobs Cale , Iwinski Henry J. , Riley Scott A. , Prusick Vincent W. 
Published: August 2021

Background:
Supracondylar humerus (SCH) fractures are one of the most common pediatric orthopaedic injuries. Described using the Wilkins modification of the Gartland Classification system, current practice guidelines give moderate evidence for closed reduction and percutaneous pinning of type 2 and 3 injuries, but little evidence exists regarding the appropriate surgical setting for fixation. The goal of this study was to evaluate the perioperative complication profile of type 3 fractures with maintained metaphyseal contact and determine their suitability for outpatient surgery.

Methods:
Skeletally immature patients with type 2 and 3 SCH fractures treated at a single, Level-1 trauma institution from March 2019 to January 2000 were retrospectively reviewed. A total of 1126 subjects were identified. Open, concomitant injuries, incomplete physical examination, initial neurovascular compromise, flexion-type fractures, ecchymosis, skin compromise, and those managed nonoperatively were excluded. Type 3 fractures were categorized as either “3M” versus type “3” (“M” denoting metaphyseal bony contact). Demographic data, neurovascular changes, and postoperative complications were collected. Categorical variables were evaluated using χ2 or Fisher exact tests, and continuous variables analyzed using analysis of variance, with significance defined as a P-value <0.05.

Results:
A total of 485 patients (189 type 2, 164 type 3M, 132 type 3) met inclusion criteria. Sex and length of stay did not differ among groups. The incidence of neurovascular change between initial presentation and surgical fixation was significantly greater for type 3 fractures compared with other groups (P=0.02). No child in the 3M group had preoperative neurovascular examination changes, compared with 3 patients with type 3 injuries. When directly compared with the 3M group, type 3 fractures had a higher incidence of neurovascular examination changes that trended towards significance (P=0.08). There was no difference in postoperative complication rate between groups (P=0.61).

Conclusions:
Our findings demonstrate that Gartland type 3 SCH fractures lacking metaphyseal bony contact, compared with types 3M and 2, are more likely to experience neurovascular examination changes between initial presentation and definitive surgical fixation. Type 3M fractures clinically behaved like type 2 injuries and, accordingly, could be considered for treatment on an outpatient basis.

Level of Evidence:
Level III—retrospective comparative study.
Surgical options for aortic root aneurysm disease: which procedure, which patient
Authors: Schill Matthew R. , Kachroo Puja 
Published: August 2021

Purpose of review
Several surgical repair strategies are available for patients with aortic root aneurysms. This review summarizes the indications for surgery, surgical treatment options, as well their associated outcomes.

Recent findings
Despite the development and increasing adoption of valve sparing aortic root replacement, most patients with aortic root aneurysms still undergo placement of a composite valved graft. Valve sparing aortic root replacement may have a lower rate of bleeding and thrombotic complications during long-term follow-up with excellent long-term survival and low rates of aortic valve reintervention.

Summary
Patients with aortic root aneurysms who are symptomatic or reach the recommended size criteria should undergo surgical repair. Most patients receive composite valve graft conduits with good outcomes. The presence of normal aortic leaflet tissue and minimal regurgitation, including those with connective tissue disorders, should be evaluated for valve sparing aortic root replacement. Valve sparing procedures are durable and obviate the need for lifelong anticoagulation and avoid the risk of structural degeneration of bioprosthetic valves
Fatigue After Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review
Authors: Ali Arshad , Morfin Jussely , Mills Judith , Pasipanodya Elizabeth C. , Maas Yvonne J. , Huang Emily , Dirlikov Benjamin , Englander Jeffrey , Zedlitz Aglaia 
Published: August 2021

Objective:
To provide a systematic review of published interventions for posttraumatic brain injury fatigue (PTBIF).

Methods:
PubMed and OneSearch were systematically searched for PTBIF interventions published between January 1, 1989, and March 31, 2019. Search results were evaluated for inclusion based on an abstract and full-text review. Inclusion criteria were (1) an investigation of an intervention, (2) participant sample including individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI), (3) report of fatigue outcome data among individuals with TBI, and (4) articles available in English, Spanish, French, German, Afrikaans, or Dutch. A risk of bias assessment was conducted on all included publications.

Results:
The search resulted in 2343 publications, with 37 meeting inclusion criteria for this review. Categories of PTBIF interventions were pharmacological (n = 13), psychological (n = 9), exercise-based (n = 4), complementary alternative medicine (n = 5), electrotherapeutic (n = 3), and multimodal (n = 3). Only methylphenidate, modafinil, and cognitive behavioral therapy interventions included multiple cohorts. Pharmacological and psychological interventions represented the groups with the lowest risk of bias.

Conclusions:
This review includes 37 studies, with 21 studies published after 2014. Methylphenidate and melatonin were the only pharmacological agents found to reduce fatigue in randomized controlled trials. Creatine given to children prospectively at onset of injury reduced fatigue at follow-up. Walking and water aerobics were effective exercise interventions in isolated randomized controlled studies. One multimodal study of children after concussion was more effective at reducing fatigue and postconcussion symptoms than community standard of care. Other interventions had equivocal results. Overall, more work remains to understand and develop treatments for PTBIF.
Janus Kinase inhibitors for the treatment of hospitalized patients with COVID-19
Authors: Florescu Diana F. , Kalil Andre C. 
Published: August 2021

Purpose of review
Janus Kinase (JAK) inhibitors have been successfully utilized in the clinical treatment of several rheumatologic (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis) and inflammatory diseases (e.g. hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis). Based on the growing evidence that moderate and severe COVID-19 infections are associated with a dysregulated inflammatory state, this class of medications has been repurposed as a potential therapy for COVID-19, an infection caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2.

Recent findings
Three JAK inhibitors have been evaluated in human studies of COVID-19: Baricitinib, Tofacitinib, and Ruxolitinib. Most published studies are observational, but three randomized placebo-controlled double-blind trials have been completed: two large trials (N = 2,558 patients) with baricitinb demonstrated significant faster improvement in clinical status and reduction in the recovery time, as well as, significant reduction in the progression to invasive mechanical ventilation and mortality. One smaller randomized trial (N = 289) involving tofacitinib showed significant reduction in the progression to invasive ventilation or death. Notably, these three randomized placebo-controlled trials with close to 3,000 patients did not reveal any safety concerns associated with JAK inhibitors in terms of secondary infections or venous thromboembolism. Based on this high-quality evidence, both the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the National Institutes of Health guidelines recommend using baricitinib as part of the treatment approach for hospitalized patients with COVID-19.

Summary
JAK inhibitors are novel treatment agents in the field of infectious diseases. One JAK inhibitor, baricitinib has demonstrated significant clinical and survival benefits in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in phase III randomized placebo-controlled trials. Baricitinib is already recommended for clinical practice by multiple guidelines.
Case Report: Bilateral Ciliary Body Detachment in a Patient Taking Oral Diet Pills
Authors: Li Yanzhen , Tao Yuan , Gao Xiaofang , Yu Fanglei 
Published: August 2021

SIGNIFICANCE
The use of antiobesity drugs is becoming more widespread, and the resulting adverse effects are also increasing. Visual impairments caused by weight-loss pills need a timely and accurate diagnosis and treatment. Prompt diagnosis and treatment can achieve a satisfactory prognosis.

PURPOSE
This report describes a case of a significant decline in bilateral visual acuity caused by taking diet pills and explores the possible pathogenesis.

CASE REPORT
A 32-year-old Chinese woman showed shallow anterior chambers, and intraocular pressure (IOP) was 38 mmHg bilaterally after taking Korean prescription diet pills for 6 days. The best-corrected visual acuity of both eyes was 0.03. The ultrasound biomicroscopy showed complete ciliary body detachment accompanied with angle closure. The central anterior chamber depths were 1.70 mm in the right eye and 1.61 mm in the left eye. The patient was diagnosed with ciliary body detachment with secondary elevated IOP. The patient was treated with pilocarpine, carteolol hydrochloride, brinzolamide, mannitol, and dexamethasone sodium phosphate. The patient had rewarding prognosis after treatment with discontinuation of diet pills, control of IOP, and glucocorticoids.

CONCLUSIONS
Extensive publicity and education are needed to ensure that consumers do not abuse diet pills; meanwhile, a timely diagnosis and withdrawal are crucial for a desirable prognosis. Clinicians need to consider the possibility of drug-secondary ocular diseases.
Challenges in Reading Arabic among Children with Dyslexia
Authors: Alabdulkader Balsam , Alshubaili Hayfa , Alhashmi Areej 
Published: August 2021

SIGNIFICANCE
There are limited studies assessing reading performance and children's difficulties with dyslexia especially when reading Arabic, a language that has a substantially different script from English and other Latin-based languages.

PURPOSE
This study aimed to (1) measure reading performance in children with dyslexia by acuity level and (2) conduct an indirect comparison between the effects of dyslexia on Arabic versus English readers.

METHODS
Twenty children aged 9 to 12 years with dyslexia and 30 controls aged 9 to 11 years were included in the study. Reading performance was evaluated using maximum reading speed, reading acuity, and critical print size (CPS). Two Arabic charts, the Balsam Alabdulkader–Leat chart and the International Reading Speed Texts chart, were used to evaluate reading performance. The number of errors was calculated and plotted against print size.

RESULTS
ANOVA revealed a significant difference between the two groups in all reading performance measures (P < .05). Reading speed for children with dyslexia was significantly lower than that for the control group (33 vs. 90 standard-length words per minute). Critical print sizes were 0.25 and 0.10 logMAR for children with dyslexia and the control group, respectively. Reading acuity was worse for children with dyslexia in comparison with the control group. Error number above the CPS was significantly higher in children with dyslexia than in the control group.

CONCLUSIONS
Reading speed measures were lower for children with dyslexia compared with controls. Children with dyslexia required larger CPS to read at their maximum speed, indicating that larger print sizes may improve reading with greater speed. The difference in reading performance measures between controls and children with dyslexia is higher when reading Arabic than when reading English. This suggests that the intricate Arabic script and crowding may more strongly affect children with dyslexia reading Arabic.
Image Size and the Range of Clear and Single Binocular Vision in 3D Displays
Authors: McCormack Glen L. , Kulowski Kathryn A. 
Published: August 2021

SIGNIFICANCE
The range of clear and single binocular vision differs between 3D displays and clinical prism vergences, but this difference is unexplained. This difference prevents clinicians from predicting the range of clear and single binocular vision in 3D-viewing patients. In this study, we tested a hypothesis for this difference.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to determine whether changing fixation target size in 3D viewing significantly affects the vergence ranges and, if so, then to determine whether the target size effect is driven by fusional vergence gain changes, threshold of blur changes, or both.

METHODS
Twenty-one visually normal adults aged 18 to 28 years viewed 3D images at 40 cm in an electronic stereoscopic. The fixation target, a Maltese cross, moved in depth at 2∆/s by way of changing crossed or uncrossed disparity until blur and diplopia ensued. We used four target sizes: (1) small (width × height, 0.21° × 0.63°), (2) medium (1.43° × 4.3°), (3) large (3.6° × 10.8°), and (4) 3D (size changing congruently with disparity). The effect of target size on responses was tested by mixed ANOVAs.

RESULT
Mean convergence blurs and breaks increased with target size by 40% (P < .001) and 71% (P < .001), respectively, and in divergence by 33% (P = .03) and 30% (P = .04), respectively. The increases in break magnitude with target size implicate fusional vergence gain change in the size effect. Increasing target size raised the threshold of blur from 1.06 to 1.82 D in convergence and from 0.97 to 1.48 D in divergence (P = .008).

CONCLUSIONS
Growing fixation target size in 3D viewing increases fusional vergence gain and blur thresholds, which together increase the limits of clear and single binocular vision. Therefore, the clarity of a 3D image depends not only on its disparity but also on the size of the viewed image.
Case Report: Subconjunctival Bevacizumab for the Treatment of Refractory Pseudophakic Cystoid Macular Edema
Authors: Yeter Volkan , Koçak Nurullah , Eraydin Bilge 
Published: August 2021

SIGNIFICANCE
In this report, the authors present a case of a 63-year-old man with recurrent pseudophakic cystoid macular edema. Macular edema was refractory to the treatments with periocular corticosteroid injection and topical anti-inflammatory medications. It was treated with subconjunctival bevacizumab (2.5 mg) injections.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this report was to demonstrate the efficacy and safety of repeated injections of subconjunctival bevacizumab in pseudophakic cystoid macular edema.

CASE REPORT
A 63-year-old White man presented with ongoing blurred vision in his left eye 4 months after a complicated cataract surgery. Despite the administration of sub-Tenon triamcinolone in the first-month visit because of cystoid macular edema and the use of topical steroid and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications during the 4 months, there was no change in his vision. The first subconjunctival bevacizumab injection was performed 16 weeks after cataract surgery. The best-corrected visual acuity was significantly improved, and central retinal thickness dramatically decreased after the first injection. Macular edema reoccurred 26 and 46 weeks after cataract surgery. At these relapses, repeated subconjunctival injections of bevacizumab were influential in resolving macular edema and restoration of vision, even in the chronic phase. After 6 months, visual acuity (20/20) and central retinal thickness (274 μm) were stable after four total injections. No drug-related adverse events were observed during the follow-up period.

CONCLUSIONS
The repeated subconjunctival injections of bevacizumab were effective and well tolerated in pseudophakic cystoid macular edema. Subconjunctival bevacizumab may be a safe alternative to intravitreal applications in patients with pseudophakic cystoid macular edema.
Reducing Supply Cost by Standardization of Surgical Equipment in Laparoscopic Appendectomy
Authors: Kim Soo-Hong , Kim Hyun-Yul , Lee Si-Hak , Yang Kwangho , Park Byung-Soo , Choi Byung-Hyun , Jung Hyuk Jae 
Published: August 2021

Background and Objectives:
Compensation for increased medical services from reimbursement systems are sometimes insufficient. Generally, appendectomies are performed by individual surgeons with their preferred instrument. Surgical equipment standardization is known to reduce medical cost without compromising patient safety. Hence, we investigated the effectiveness of surgical equipment standardization to reduce the required operative cost for laparoscopic appendectomy at our tertiary hospital.

Methods:
Nine surgeons at our tertiary hospital agreed to use standardized equipment for laparoscopic appendectomy. We compared outcomes among patients who underwent laparoscopic appendectomy between December 2012 and June 2013 before standardization (control group) and between August 2015 and February 2016 after standardization. Participating provider and staff convenience was also surveyed using a questionnaire.

Results:
The implementation of standardized equipment for laparoscopic appendectomy decreased intraoperative supply cost from US $552.92 to $450.17. Operative times also decreased from 73.8 to 53.3 minutes. However, hospital days and complication rates remained unchanged. Participants responded that surgical equipment standardization improved efficiency in the operating room and reduced the cost.

Conclusion:
Surgical equipment standardization in laparoscopic appendectomy is effective in reducing intraoperative supply cost without compromising patient safety.