bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changing spectral patterns of long‐term drought propensity in Iran through reliability–resilience–vulnerability‐based Drought Management Index
Authors: Mahmoudi Peyman , Maity Rajib , Amir Jahanshahi Seyed Mahdi , Chanda Kironmala 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis study aims to investigate the change in spectral patterns of droughts in Iran based on the concepts of reliability, resilience, and vulnerability (RRV) in the context of time. To achieve this goal, RRV values were first estimated based on monthly gridded soil moisture data for a period of 64 years (1955–2018) for the framework of Iran's political borders. The pairwise comparison of the values of the three variables RRV indicates a positive relationship between reliability–resilience and a negative relationship between reliability–vulnerability and resilience–vulnerability. In order to obtain the Joint Probability Distribution between reliability–vulnerability, Drought Management Index (DMI) for all the gridded points within Iran's political borders were calculated by fitting the Gaussian copula. According to this index, drought is an unfavourable climatic phenomenon that is associated with increased Vulnerability and decreased Reliability. The temporal and spatial changes of this index indicate that DMI values are always high for the south, east and centre of Iran and low for the western and northern half. To study the change in spectral patterns of droughts in Iran, the 64‐year period studied (1955–2018) was divided into two equal periods of 32 years. Then, using spectral analysis through Fourier transform method, the first three periodicities related to each period that had the highest powers were extracted. Finally, their periodicity was compared. The results indicated that the drought periodicities in the north‐west, north‐east, west, south‐west, and south of Iran have become longer, that is, their nature has been changed from shorter periodicities to longer ones. This change of nature in their first three periodicities has been sometimes from 2–10 years to 2–15 years, from 2–10 years to 3–30 years, and from 3–8 years to 8–15 years. However, the periodicities of droughts in the eastern, south‐eastern, and central Iran has changed from longer periodicities to shorter ones. It has been changed from 3–15 years to 2–6 years, from 3–15 years to 2–3 years, and from 3–30 years to 3–15 years.
Raman analysis of a shocked planetary surface analogue: Implications for habitability on Mars
Authors: McHugh Melissa , Parnell John , Hutchinson Ian B. , Lerman Hannah N. , Edwards Howell G.M. , Burchell Mark J. , Cole Mike J. , Moral Andoni , Lopez‐Reyes Guillermo , Perez Carlos , Arranz Aurelio , Veneranda Marco , Manrique José Antonio , Rull Fernando 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe scientific aims of the ExoMars Raman laser spectrometer (RLS) include identifying biological signatures and evidence of mineralogical processes associated with life. The RLS instrument was optimised to identify carbonaceous material, including reduced carbon. Previous studies suggest that reduced carbon on the Martian surface (perhaps originating from past meteoric bombardment) could provide a feedstock for microbial life. Therefore, its origin, form, and thermal history could greatly inform our understanding of Mars' past habitability. Here, we report on the Raman analysis of a Nakhla meteorite analogue (containing carbonaceous material) that was subjected to shock through projectile impact to simulate the effect of meteorite impact. The characterisation was performed using the RLS Simulator, in an equivalent manner to that planned for ExoMars operations. The spectra obtained verify that the flight‐representative system can detect reduced carbon in the basaltic sample, discerning between materials that have experienced different levels of thermal processing due to impact shock levels. Furthermore, carbon signatures acquired from the cratered material show an increase in molecular disorder (and we note that this effect will be more evident at higher levels of thermal maturity). This is likely to result from intense shearing forces, suggesting that shock forces within basaltic material may produce more reactive carbon. This result has implications for potential (past) Martian habitability because impacted, reduced carbon may become more biologically accessible. The data presented suggest the RLS instrument will be able to characterise the contribution of impact shock within the landing site region, enhancing our ability to assess habitability.
Radiation‐Associated Sarcoma of the Head and Neck: Incidence, Latency, and Survival
Authors: Smith Joshua B. , Cass Lauren M. , Simpson Matthew C. , Osazuwa‐Peters Nosayaba , Ward Gregory M. , Massa Sean T. 
Published: November 2021

Objectives/HypothesisRadiation‐associated sarcomas of the head and neck (RASHN) are known but rare sequelae after radiation for squamous cell carcinoma. The purpose of this study was to characterize RASHN, estimate the risk of RASHN in head and neck squamous cell patients after therapeutic radiation, and compare their survival to that of patients with de novo sarcomas of the head and neck (dnSHN).Study DesignRetrospective database analysis.MethodsRASHN and dnSHN cases were collected from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Database to identify risk factors and calculate incidence and latency. Survival was compared between RASHN and dnSHN.ResultsThe risk of RASHN was 20.0 per 100,000 person‐years. The average latency period was 124.2 months (range 38–329). The cumulative incidence of RASHN at 20 years was 0.13%. Oral cavity and oropharynx primaries demonstrate increased risk. Five‐year overall survival of RASHN was 22.4% compared to 64.5% for dnSHN.ConclusionsRASHN are confirmed to be rare. RASHN have poor overall survival and worse survival compared to dnSHN. The impact of intensity‐modulated radiation therapy protocols on this risk is unknown. Modifiable risk factors of smoking and alcohol consumption continue to dwarf radiation therapy as risk factors of second primary head and neck cancers.Level of Evidence3 Laryngoscope, 132:1034–1041, 2022
Evidence of air‐conduction transmission pathway and strategized transtemporal operative techniques for venous pulsatile tinnitus: Combining water occlusion test and operative sensing applications
Authors: Hsieh Yue‐Lin , Xu Xiaobing , Wu Yongzhen , Wang Wuqing 
Published: November 2021

AbstractObjectives(1) To establish evidence of the transmission pathway of venous pulsatile tinnitus (PT) associated with sigmoid sinus wall anomalies (SSWAs) and (2) quantify the efficacy of transtemporal surgery.MethodsThis retrospective study included 33 surgical cases of PT associated with SSWAs and 15 controls with venous PT without SSWAs. Quantitative water occlusion test (q‐WOT) and imaging data were acquired for preoperative evaluation prior to strategized transtemporal osteovascular reconstruction surgery. A condenser microphone and hydrophone were intraoperatively deployed to assess and monitor in vivo amplitude variations of the PT in eight participants.ResultsA total of 23 (69.6%) participants with SSWA responded to the q‐WOT with a median solution volume of 1.3 (1.1/1.6), which significantly differed from that observed in controls (p < 0.01). The change in the operative peak amplitude of the acoustic data was statistically significant (p < 0.01), from a median of 57.6 (55.5/57.9) dB SPL to 34.3 (33.4/38.8) dB SPL.ConclusionIntraoperative application of acoustic sensors revealed that PT associated with SSWAs is predominantly transmitted via the air‐conduction pathway. If objective findings such as q‐WOT and sensing applications suggest that the transmission of venous PT is involved in middle ear air conduction, the reconstruction technique should be prioritized; if less involvement of middle ear air‐conduction is indicated, addressing flow pathologies may be imperative for resolving venous PT.Level of Evidence4
How consumers subvert advertising through rhetorical institutional work
Authors: Middleton Karen , Thompson‐Whiteside Helen , Turnbull Sarah , Fletcher‐Brown Judith 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWe consider consumer subversion of advertising by investigating social media activity in response to an advertisement aired by a global brand. We draw on Aristotle's rhetorical justification to show how consumers used logos (logical appeals), ethos (credibility or moral authority), pathos (emotion‐inducing), and kairos (opportunity) rhetoric to challenge and undermine this advertising. Our study provides greater understanding of the mechanisms of consumer activism, examining how rhetorical strategies were deployed within consumers' institutional work toward the subversion of contentious advertising. We also examine the work of an organized boundary group to marshal consumer support for marketplace change and identify how ensuing argumentation led to the development of novel message frames intended to delegitimize advertising practices. We warn advertisers and brands to consider the implications of such collective consumer subversion at a time when the public and media are increasingly intolerant of organizational transgressions, particularly in relation to social justice issues, for example, gender stereotyping in advertising.
Autophagy awakens—the myriad roles of autophagy in head and neck cancer development and therapeutic response
Authors: Bradley Samantha T. , Lee Yong‐Syu , Gurel Zafer , Kimple Randall J. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAutophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cell survival mechanism that degrades damaged proteins and organelles to generate cellular energy during times of stress. Recycling of these cellular components occurs in a series of sequential steps with multiple regulatory points. Mechanistic dysfunction can lead to a variety of human diseases and cancers due to the complexity of autophagy and its ability to regulate vital cellular functions. The role that autophagy plays in both the development and treatment of cancer is highly complex, especially given the fact that most cancer therapies modulate autophagy. This review aims to discuss the balance of autophagy in the development, progression, and treatment of head and neck cancer, as well as highlighting the need for a deeper understanding of what is still unknown about autophagy.
A Novel TFG Mutation in a Korean Family with α‐Synucleinopathy and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Authors: Yoo Dallah , Lee Wonjae , Lee Seung‐Jae , Sung Jung‐Joon , Jeon Gye Sun , Ban Jae‐Jun , Shin Chaewon , Kim Jungho , Kim Hyo Sun , Ahn Tae‐Beom 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACTBackgroundTropomyosin‐receptor kinase fused gene (TFG) functions as a regulator of intracellular protein packaging and trafficking at the endoplasmic reticulum exit sites. TFG has recently been proposed as a cause of multisystem proteinopathy.ObjectivesHere, we describe a Korean family presenting with Parkinson's disease or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis caused by a novel variant of TFG (c.1148 G > A, p.Arg383His).MethodsWe collected clinical, genetic, dopamine transporter imaging, nerve conduction, and electromyography data from the seven subjects. To verify the pathogenicity of the R383H variant, we studied cell viability and the abnormal aggregation of α‐synuclein and TAR DNA‐binding protein 43 (TDP‐43) in HeLa cells expressing R383H‐TFG.ResultsThe clinical phenotypes of the R383H‐TFG mutation varied; of the five family members, one had Parkinson's disease, three had subclinical parkinsonism, and one (the proband) had amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The individual with multiple system atrophy was the proband's paternal cousin, but the TFG genotype was not confirmed due to unavailability of samples. Our in vitro studies showed that R383H‐TFG overexpression impaired cell viability. In cells co‐expressing R383H‐TFG and α‐synuclein, insoluble α‐synuclein aggregates increased in concentration and were secreted from the cells and co‐localized with R383H‐TFG. The levels of cytoplasmic insoluble aggregates of TDP‐43 increased in HeLa cells expressing R383H‐TFG and co‐localized with R383H‐TFG.ConclusionsClinical and in vitro studies have supported the pathogenic role of the novel TFG mutation in α‐synucleinopathy and TDP‐43 proteinopathy. These findings expand the phenotypic spectrum of TFG and suggest a pivotal role of endoplasmic reticulum dysfunction during neurodegeneration. © 2021 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Four‐channel directly modulated square‐rectangular laser array in the O‐band
Authors: Huang Yong‐Tao , Xiao Jin‐Long , Li Jian‐Cheng , Ma Chun‐Guang , Hao You‐Zeng , Yang Yue‐De , Huang Yong‐Zhen 
Published: November 2021

AbstractA four‐channel directly modulated square‐rectangular laser array was demonstrated in 1.3 μm wavelength range with the wavelength interval about 5 nm. The laser array shows stable single mode operation with the side‐mode suppression ratio (SMSR) over 30 dB, 3‐dB modulation bandwidth above 11.8 GHz and an open‐eye diagram is obtained at data rates of 10 Gb/s, and the relative intensity noise (RIN) about −138 dB/Hz up to 5 GHz for all channels.
Improving motion‐mask segmentation in thoracic CT with multiplanar U‐nets
Authors: Penarrubia Ludmilla , Pinon Nicolas , Roux Emmanuel , Dávila Serrano Eduardo Enrique , Richard Jean‐Christophe , Orkisz Maciej , Sarrut David 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPurpose. Motion‐mask segmentation from thoracic computed tomography (CT) images is the process of extracting the region that encompasses lungs and viscera, where large displacements occur during breathing. It has been shown to help image registration between different respiratory phases. This registration step is, for example, useful for radiotherapy planning or calculating local lung ventilation. Knowing the location of motion discontinuity, that is, sliding motion near the pleura, allows a better control of the registration preventing unrealistic estimates. Nevertheless, existing methods for motion‐mask segmentation are not robust enough to be used in clinical routine. This article shows that it is feasible to overcome this lack of robustness by using a lightweight deep‐learning approach usable on a standard computer, and this even without data augmentation or advanced model design.Methods. A convolutional neural‐network architecture with three 2D U‐nets for the three main orientations (sagittal, coronal, axial) was proposed. Predictions generated by the three U‐nets were combined by majority voting to provide a single 3D segmentation of the motion mask. The networks were trained on a database of nonsmall cell lung cancer 4D CT images of 43 patients. Training and evaluation were done with a K‐fold cross‐validation strategy. Evaluation was based on a visual grading by two experts according to the appropriateness of the segmented motion mask for the registration task, and on a comparison with motion masks obtained by a baseline method using level sets. A second database (76 CT images of patients with early‐stage COVID‐19), unseen during training, was used to assess the generalizability of the trained neural network.Results. The proposed approach outperformed the baseline method in terms of quality and robustness: the success rate increased from to without producing any failure. It also achieved a speed‐up factor of 60 with GPU, or 17 with CPU. The memory footprint was low: less than 5 GB GPU RAM for training and less than 1 GB GPU RAM for inference. When evaluated on a dataset with images differing by several characteristics (CT device, pathology, and field of view), the proposed method improved the success rate from to .Conclusion. With 5‐s processing time on a mid‐range GPU and success rates around , the proposed approach seems fast and robust enough to be routinely used in clinical practice. The success rate can be further improved by incorporating more diversity in training data via data augmentation and additional annotated images from different scanners and diseases. The code and trained model are publicly available.
Innovation contests with risk‐averse participants
Authors: Tian Xu 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe innovation contest is well organized to provide solutions or ideas for companies. In the existing innovation contest literature, several articles assume that the contestants are risk neutral and show that a single‐winner award scheme is optimal. In this article, we assume that the contestants are risk averse and show that the risk aversion of contestants can explain the popularity of the multiple‐winner, convex (unequal) allocation scheme, which generalizes the findings of a prior study and coincides with practical observations. This result also possesses a certain robustness in several cases.
Thermal and electrical dual‐triggered shape memory Eucommia ulmoides gum derived from renewable resources
Authors: Li Long , Luo Sen , Li Donghan , Wang Na , Kang Hailan , Fang Qinghong 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThermal and electrical dual‐triggered shape memory composites were prepared by introducing multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into the Eucommia ulmoides gum (EUG) matrix. The morphology of the composites was investigated by scanning electron microscope, and the CNTs exhibited good dispersion in the EUG matrix. The well‐dispersed CNTs built a conductive network in the EUG matrix, generating electric current induced heat. The composites showed the shape memory effect upon stimulation by heat and electricity. The composites exhibited increased shape recovery speed with the increase in CNTs content and applied voltage. Furthermore, the composites recovered to 90% of their initial length within 36 V (AC), which is safe for humans. This work provides a feasible material with dual‐triggered shape memory characteristics, which can find potential applications in medicine devices.
Cookoff of Powdered and Pressed Explosives Using a Micromechanics Pressurization Model
Authors: Hobbs Michael L. , Brown Judith A. , Kaneshige Michael J. , Aviles‐Ramos Cuauhtemoc 
Published: November 2021

AbstractCookoff experiments of powdered and pressed TATB‐based plastic bonded explosives (PBXs) have been modeled using a pressure‐dependent universal cookoff model (UCM) in combination with a micromechanics pressurization (MMP) model described in a companion paper. The MMP model is based on the accumulation of decomposition gases at nucleation sites that load the surrounding TATB crystals and binder. This is the first cookoff model to use an analytical mechanics solution for compressibility and thermal expansion to describe internal pressurization caused by both temperature and decomposition occurring within closed‐pore explosives. This approach produces more accurate predictions of ignition time and pressurization within high‐density explosives than simple equation‐of‐state models. The current paper gives details of the reaction chemistry, model parameters, predicted uncertainty, and validation using experiments from multiple laboratories with errors less than 6 %. The UCM/MMP model framework gives more accurate thermal ignition predictions for high density explosives that are initially impermeable to decomposition gases.
PDBsum extras: SARS‐CoV‐2 and AlphaFold models
Authors: Laskowski Roman A. , Thornton Janet M. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe PDBsum web server provides structural analyses of the entries in the Protein Data Bank (PDB). Two recent additions are described here. The first is the detailed analysis of the SARS‐CoV‐2 virus protein structures in the PDB. These include the variants of concern, which are shown both on the sequences and 3D structures of the proteins. The second addition is the inclusion of the available AlphaFold models for human proteins. The pages allow a search of the protein against existing structures in the PDB via the Sequence Annotated by Structure (SAS) server, so one can easily compare the predicted model against experimentally determined structures. The server is freely accessible to all at http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum.
Effects of microplastics on crop nutrition in fertile soils and interaction with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
Authors: Moreno‐Jiménez Eduardo , Leifheit Eva F. , Plaza César , Feng Linshan , Bergmann Joana , Wulf Anja , Lehmann Anika , Rillig Matthias C. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIntroductionSoil microplastic (MP) pollution has emerged as a main factor of global change, but its effects on soil nutrient availability and uptake by crops (macro and micronutrients) are largely unknown. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are regulators of nutrient availability and uptake and can interact with soil MP.Materials and MethodsBuilding on previous studies, here we explored in a 50‐days pot experiment the influence and interaction of MP fibres (0.4%) and commercial AMF in soil and onion chemistry, that is, in elemental composition of onion shoots and soils (C, N, Ca, Mg, K, P, S, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) and micronutrient soil availability (Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn).ResultsMP had detrimental effects on K, Mg and S, but increased the soil availability of Zn and shoot uptake. AMF inoculation buffered the effects of MP by balancing/enhancing nutrient availability and plant uptake. Particularly, the commercial AMF inoculum remarkably enhanced Mn uptake by onion.ConclusionOur results support the use of AMF to sustainably manage agricultural ecosystems contaminated with MP, buffering and counteracting the effects of MP by balancing nutrient availability and plant uptake.
Narratives
Authors: Lovell Heather 
Published: November 2021

AbstractStories pervade society and play a role in helping us to simplify and make sense of new innovations such as smart grids. Narratives are useful to study not only because of the things, people and organisations that they speak to but also because of the things that are not said—the silences. There are many narratives about smart grids and in this chapter I explore three examples: a global industry narrative about households and their willingness to participate in smart grids; a narrative of policy failure about a smart grid project in the State of Victoria, Australia; and narratives that compete with smart grids, including the hydrogen economy and off-grid energy futures.
Resolving the (g − 2)μ discrepancy with $$ \mathcal{F} $$–SU(5) intersecting D-branes
Authors: Lamborn Joseph L. , Li Tianjun , Maxin James A. , Nanopoulos Dimitri V. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A discrepancy between the measured anomalous magnetic moment of the muon (g − 2)μ and computed Standard Model value now stands at a combined 4.2σ following experiments at Brookhaven National Lab (BNL) and the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL). A solution to the disagreement is uncovered in flipped SU(5) with additional TeV-Scale vector-like 10 + $$ \overline{\mathbf{10}} $$

10
¯

multiplets and charged singlet derived from local F-Theory, collectively referred to as $$ \mathcal{F} $$
F
–SU(5). Here we engage general No-Scale supersymmetry (SUSY) breaking in $$ \mathcal{F} $$
F
–SU(5) D-brane model building to alleviate the (g −2)μ tension between the Standard Model and observations. A robust ∆aμ(SUSY) is realized via mixing of M5 and M1X at the secondary SU(5) × U(1)X unification scale in $$ \mathcal{F} $$
F
–SU(5) emanating from SU(5) breaking and U(1)X flux effects. Calculations unveil ∆aμ(SUSY) = 19.0–22.3 × 10−10 for gluino masses of M($$ \overset{\sim }{g} $$

g
~

)= 2.25–2.56 TeV and higgsino dark matter, aptly residing within the BNL+FNAL 1σ mean. This (g − 2)μ favorable region of the model space also generates the correct light Higgs boson mass and branching ratios of companion rare decay processes, and is further consistent with all LHC Run 2 constraints. Finally, we also examine the heavy SUSY Higgs boson in light of recent LHC searches for an extended Higgs sector.