bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential fault location identification by machine learning
Authors: Baksi Anubhab , Sarkar Santanu , Siddhanti Akhilesh , Anand Ravi , Chattopadhyay Anupam 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAs the fault‐based attacks are becoming a more pertinent threat in today's era of edge computing/internet‐of‐things, there is a need to streamline the existing tools for better accuracy and ease of use, so that we can gauge the attacker's power and a proper countermeasure can be devised in the long run. In this regard, we propose a machine learning (ML) assisted tool that can be used in the context of a differential fault attack. In particular, finding the exact fault location by analysing the output difference (typically the XOR of the nonfaulty and the faulty ciphertexts) is somewhat nontrivial. During the literature survey, we notice that the Pearson's correlation coefficient dominantly is used for this purpose, and has almost become the defacto standard. While this method can yield good accuracy for certain cases, we argue that an ML‐based method is more powerful in all the situations we experiment with. We substantiate our claim by showing the relative performances (we choose the commonly used multilayer perceptron as our ML tool) with two variants of Grain‐128a (a stream cipher, and a stream cipher with authentication), the lightweight stream cipher LIZARD and the lightweight block cipher SIMON‐32 (where the faults are injected at the fifth last rounds). Our results demonstrate that a common ML tool can outperform the correlation with the same training/testing data. We believe that our work extends the state‐of‐the‐art by showing how traditional cryptographic methods can be replaced by a more powerful ML tool.
Charging models for airborne suspended particles around HVDC lines
Authors: He Kun , Ma Xiaoqian , Lu Jiayu , Chen Weijiang , Xie Li , Ju Yong , Zhao Luxing 
Published: March 2021

AbstractGround total electric field (GTEF) is a vital parameter in the field of electromagnetic environment of high voltage direct current (HVDC) lines. Some experimental works reported that airborne suspended particles can be charged in the corona ion flow of the lines and thus affect GTEF. This paper aims at studying the charging models for particles. Equivalent unipolar charging models (EUCMs) and bipolar charging models (BCMs) for describing field and diffusion charging mechanisms in bipolar ion environments are introduced and the Maxwell‐Wagner relaxation is proposed to be incorporated. Besides, the EUCMs and BCMs are analysed and validated through comparisons with experimental data. The results show that BCMs are applicable to describing the particle charging in a bipolar ion environment, while EUCMs are not. The predictions made by BCM that takes into account the Maxwell‐Wagner relaxation are in good agreement with experimental results. Moreover, the BCMs are proposed to analyse the experimental results about GTEF in the presence of particles, which are not understood before. It is demonstrated that the BCMs are able to qualitatively explain these results. Finally yet importantly, a new charging model combining field and diffusion charging mechanism is proposed for airborne suspended particles around HVDC lines and validated by experiments. The results show that the proposed hybrid field‐diffusion charging model is able to give predictions consistent with experiments.
On the (in)stability of sunspots
Authors: Strecker H. , Schmidt W. , Schlichenmaier R. , Rempel M. 
Published: March 2021

Context.The stability of sunspots is one of the long-standing unsolved puzzles in the field of solar magnetism and the solar cycle. The thermal and magnetic structure of the sunspot beneath the solar surface is not accessible through observations, thus processes in these regions that contribute to the decay of sunspots can only be studied through theoretical and numerical studies.Aims.We study the effects that destabilise and stabilise the flux tube of a simulated sunspot in the upper convection zone. The depth-varying effects of fluting instability, buoyancy forces, and timescales on the flux tube are analysed.Methods.We analysed a numerical simulation of a sunspot calculated with the MURaM code. The simulation domain has a lateral extension of more than 98 Mm × 98 Mm and extends almost 18 Mm below the solar surface. The analysed data set of 30 hours shows a stable sunspot at the solar surface. We studied the evolution of the flux tube at defined horizontal layers (1) by means of the relative change in perimeter and area, that is, its compactness; and (2) with a linear stability analysis.Results.The simulation shows a corrugation along the perimeter of the flux tube (sunspot) that proceeds fastest at a depth of about 8 Mm below the solar surface. Towards the surface and towards deeper layers, the decrease in compactness is damped. From the stability analysis, we find that above a depth of 2 Mm, the sunspot is stabilised by buoyancy forces. The spot is least stable at a depth of about 3 Mm because of the fluting instability. In deeper layers, the flux tube is marginally unstable. The stability of the sunspot at the surface affects the behaviour of the field lines in deeper layers by magnetic tension. Therefore the fluting instability is damped at depths of about 3 Mm, and the decrease in compactness is strongest at a depth of about 8 Mm. The more vertical orientation of the magnetic field and the longer convective timescale lead to slower evolution of the corrugation process in layers deeper than 10 Mm.Conclusions.The formation of large intrusions of field-free plasma below the surface destabilises the flux tube of the sunspot. This process is not visible at the surface, where the sunspot is stabilised by buoyancy forces. The onset of sunspot decay occurs in deeper layers, while the sunspot still appears stable in the photosphere. The intrusions eventually lead to the disruption and decay of the sunspot.
Chemical modeling of the complex organic molecules in the extended region around Sagittarius B2
Authors: Wang Yao , Du Fujun , Semenov Dmitry , Wang Hongchi , Li Juan 
Published: March 2021

Context. The chemical differentiation of seven complex organic molecules (COMs) in the extended region around Sagittarius B2 (Sgr B2) has been previously observed: CH2OHCHO, CH3OCHO, t-HCOOH, C2H5OH, and CH3NH2 were detected both in the extended region and near the hot cores Sgr B2(N) and Sgr B2(M), while CH3OCH3 and C2H5CN were only detected near the hot cores. The density and temperature in the extended region are relatively low in comparison with Sgr B2(N) and Sgr B2(M). Different desorption mechanisms, including photodesorption, reactive desorption, and shock heating, and a few other mechanisms have been proposed to explain the observed COMs in the cold regions. However, they fail to explain the deficiency of CH3OCH3 and C2H5CN in the extended region around Sgr B2.
Aims. Based on known physical properties of the extended region around Sgr B2, we explored under what physical conditions the chemical simulations can fit the observations and explain the different spatial distribution of these seven species in the extended region around Sgr B2.
Methods. We used the macroscopic Monte Carlo method to perform a detailed parameter space study. A static physical model and an evolving physical model including a cold phase and a warm-up phase were used, respectively. The fiducial models adopt the observed physical parameters except for the local cosmic ray ionization rate ζCR. In addition to photodesorption that is included in all models, we investigated how chain reaction mechanism, shocks, an X-ray burst, enhanced reactive desorption and low diffusion barriers could affect the results of chemical modeling.
Results. All gas-grain chemical models based on static physics cannot fit the observations, except for the high abundances of CH3NH2 and C2H5CN in some cases. The simulations based on evolving physical conditions can fit six COMs when T ~ 30−60 K in the warm-up phase, but the best-fit temperature is still higher than the observed dust temperature of 20 K. The best agreement between the simulations and all seven observed COMs at a lower temperature T ~ 27 K is achieved by considering a short-duration ≈102 yr X-ray burst with ζCR = 1.3 × 10−13 s−1 at the early stage of the warm-up phase when it still has a temperature of 20 K. The reactive desorption is the key mechanism for producing these COMs and inducing the low abundances of CH3OCH3 and C2H5CN.
Conclusions. We conclude that the evolution of the extended region around Sgr B2 may have begun with a cold, T ≤ 10 K phase followed by a warm-up phase. When its temperature reached about T ~ 20 K, an X-ray flare from the Galactic black hole Sgr A* with a short duration of no more than 100 yr was acquired, affecting strongly the Sgr B2 chemistry. The observed COMs in Sgr B2 are able to retain their observed abundances only several hundred years after such a flare, which could imply that such short-term X-rays flares occur relatively often, likely associated with the accretion activity of the Sgr A* source.
Numerical study of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability and its effect on synthetic emission from magnetized jets
Authors: Borse Nikhil , Acharya Sriyasriti , Vaidya Bhargav , Mukherjee Dipanjan , Bodo Gianluigi , Rossi Paola , Mignone Andrea 
Published: March 2021

Context.Nonthermal emission from active galactic nucleus (AGN) jets extends up to large scales, even though they are prone to many magnetohydrodynamic instabilities.Aims.The main focus of this study is to understand the effect of magnetohydrodynamic instabilities on the nonthermal emission from large-scale AGN jets.Methods.We performed high-resolution three-dimensional numerical magnetohydrodynamic simulations of a plasma column to investigate the dynamical and emission properties of jet configurations at kiloparsec scales with different magnetic field profiles, jet speeds, and density contrast. We also obtained synthetic nonthermal emission signatures for different viewing angles using an approach that assumes static particle spectra and that is obtained by evolving the particle spectra using Lagrangian macroparticles incorporating the effects of shock acceleration and radiative losses.Results.We find that shocks due to the Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) instability in the axial magnetic field configurations can strongly affect the jet dynamics. Additionally, we also find weak biconical shocks in the underdense jet columns. The helical magnetic field hinders the vortex growth at the shear surface and thereby stabilizes the jet column. With the evolving particle spectra approach, the synthetic spectral energy distributions obtained for cases with strong KH instability show multiple humps ranging from the radio to the TeV gamma-ray band.Conclusions.We conclude that high-energy electrons that are accelerated in the vicinity of freshly formed shocks due to KH instability result in high X-ray emission.
Heterotope Ossifikationen nach Langzeitbeatmung bei COVID-19
Authors: Dahmen Alina , Roukens Robin , Lindenberg Silvia , Peters Klaus M. 
Published: March 2021

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGWährend pneumologische, kardiovaskuläre und neurologische Komplikationen einer SARS-CoV-2-Infektion schon gut erforscht sind, ist über Einflüsse auf das muskulo-skelettale System bisher noch relativ wenig bekannt.Vorgestellt wird ein 65-jähriger Patient, der eine Humeruskopffraktur erlitt, die konservativ behandelt wurde. Sechs Wochen nach dem Unfallereignis traten Husten und Fieber auf, und es wurde COVID-19 diagnostiziert. Es entwickelte sich ein schwerer Verlauf mit ARDS, Lungenarterienembolien, multiplen Hirninfarkten und Hemiparese links, der eine mehrwöchige Beatmung erforderlich machte. In der Folge bildeten sich ausgeprägte Ossifikationen im Bereich der linken Schulter und des linken Ellenbogens aus.Heterotope Ossifikationen nach Schädel-Hirn-Traumen, nach Verletzungen des Rückenmarks oder längerfristiger Beatmung sind bekannt. Zur Beantwortung der Frage, ob die heterotopen Ossifikationen durch proinflammatorische Prozesse im Rahmen der Immobilisierung und Beatmung oder durch noch unbekannte Pathomechanismen direkt durch SARS-CoV-2 entstanden sind, besteht noch Forschungsbedarf.
Gross Total Resection of a Recurrent in-and-around Cavernous Sinus Meningioma through a Combined Transcavernous Anterior and Middle Infratemporal Fossa Approach with Extracranial-Intracranial Bypass
Authors: Nonaka Yoichi , Hayashi Naokazu , Fukushima Takanori 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Objectives The study aims to describe surgical management of an invasive cavernous sinus meningioma with a combination of several skull base approaches and bypass surgery.
Design This study is an operative video.
Results Resection of the recurrent skull base meningioma is still challenging, especially if the tumor involves or encases the carotid artery. Cerebral bypass surgery is an essential adjunct in the armamentarium of skull base surgery when vessel reconstruction is required. In this paper, we describe our experience of successful treatment of an invasive recurrent skull base meningioma, which involved the entire cavernous sinus and the internal carotid artery. A 46-year-old woman presented with a 2-year history of gradually worsening left-sided exophthalmos and visual impairment. The patient had previously undergone two craniotomies for resection of the left-sided spheno-orbital meningioma. Pathological diagnosis was chordoid meningioma, which is classified as an intermediate-grade meningioma. The second surgery had been performed for a rapid tumor regrowth 6 months after the first surgery. The patient lost her left-side vision after the second surgery. Aggressive tumor regrowth was confirmed with extension into the left orbit, infratemporal fossa, and cavernous sinus with engulfment of the carotid artery. A balloon occlusion test revealed intolerance of the left internal carotid artery occlusion. Considering the patient's age, tumor behavior, and intolerance of the carotid artery of the lesion side, we scheduled gross total resection of the tumor with vessel reconstruction.
Conclusion Although cerebral bypass surgery is a technically challenging procedure, it plays an important role in the surgical management of the complex vessel-engulfing tumor.The link to the video can be found at https://youtu.be/GCmpxK3hW18.
Evaluation of Barrett's Esophagus
Authors: Walradt Trent , Bilal Mohammad , Pleskow Douglas K. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBarrett's esophagus (BE) is the condition in which a metaplastic columnar epithelium that is predisposed to malignancy replaces the stratified squamous epithelium that normally lines the distal esophagus. BE develops as a consequence of chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease and predisposes to esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). Several societal guidelines recommend screening and surveillance for BE to reduce the risk of EAC and its related morbidity and mortality. Even among persons undergoing screening and surveillance, a substantial proportion of cases of EAC can be missed. Consequently, the armamentarium for the evaluation of BE has expanded rapidly over the past decade. In this article, we summarize the pathophysiology and diagnosis of BE. We also discuss the latest advancements in the evaluation of BE.
Robots do not get the coronavirus: The COVID-19 pandemic and the international division of labor
Authors: Brakman Steven , Garretsen Harry , van Witteloostuijn Arjen 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe assess the expected long-run consequences of the unfolding COVID-19 pandemic and use these as a platform to argue that international business (IB) as a field should expand its research agenda to study the international division of labor. The worldwide response to the COVID-19 pandemic is accelerating the shift toward the de-globalization of capital, but it will also speed up the move to a stronger globalization of labor. This paradoxical, simultaneous occurrence of de-globalization and globalization offers rich opportunities for future IB research.
Coordinating the machine: subnational political context and the effectiveness of machine politics
Authors: Saikkonen Inga A.-L. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPolitical machines use state resources to win elections in many developing democracies and electoral autocracies. Recent research has noted that the coordination of machine politics can be much more complex and problem-prone than previously thought. Yet, the role that the subnational political context plays in solving these coordination problems has largely been neglected in the comparative literature. This article seeks to fill this gap and suggests that control over the local administration is an important variable that shapes the effectiveness of authoritarian machine politics. We exploit the great institutional and political variation within one of the most prominent electoral authoritarian regimes of today, the Russian Federation, to test the empirical implications of the theory with detailed local level electoral and socio-economic data as well as multilevel regression models. The empirical results highlight the importance of subnational political structures in supporting electoral authoritarian regimes.
What can we learn from Covid-19 pandemic’s impact on human behaviour? The case of France’s lockdown
Authors: Atkinson-Clement Cyril , Pigalle Eléonore 
Published: March 2021

AbstractYear 2020 will mark History, with the emergence of the new Covid-19 virus, and more importantly, the consequent political decisions to apply freedom restriction at such a large-scale. Identifying the human behaviours during this extraordinary period represents a unique opportunity to both improve our fundamental knowledge and to improve future management of similar issues. Throughout almost all the duration of the French lockdown (from March 24, 2020 to May 10, 2020), we carried out an online survey on more than 12,000 individuals well distributed over the country. This online survey was performed by using both LimeSurvey and Google Forms services and was addressed to adults living in France. Statistical analyses combined classical inferential approach, mapping, clustering and text mining. The results showed that a significant part of the population moved out just before the lockdown (around 10% of our sample) and we highlighted three different profiles of participants. The results emphasised that the lockdown measures compliance was lower in two cases: (i) an unfavourable living environment (referring to social and economic inequity) associated with a high feeling of fear and a lack of trust towards Governmental measures; or (ii) the feeling that the risk was low due to the fact that others complied with the measures. In case a similar situation should occur again, it is recommended that Governments broadcast clear speeches to improve trust, limit fear and increase cooperative behaviours.
Demographic determinants of mobile marketing technology adoption by small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Ekiti State, Nigeria
Authors: Eze Sunday C. , Awa Hart O. , Chinedu-Eze Vera C. A. , Bello Adenike O. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA substantial number of factors have been examined on the potentials of SMEs to exploit mobile marketing devices to achieve a competitive edge. However, the limited scholarly investigation has focused on the demographic characteristics of top executives of SMEs and how the location moderates the interaction between the demographic structure of SMEs’ executives and the rate of mobile marketing technology adoption, particularly in the south-west of Nigeria where adoption of these devices are slow. The research examines the effects of demographic factors of top SME executives on mobile marketing technology adoption in Ekiti State Nigeria. Data were collected through questionnaires and responses of 230 SMEs were drawn randomly from a population of 620 registered SMEs operating in 6 different industries located in different towns in Ekiti State, South-West Geo-Political Zone, Nigeria. Hierarchical multiple regression was used to analyse the data. Results revealed that the experience, age, and educational attainment of top SMEs’ executives were statistically significant, and the location of the firm significantly moderated mobile marketing technology adoption. Gender also affected mobile marketing technology adoption among SMEs.
Filgotinib, a novel JAK1-preferential inhibitor for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: An overview from clinical trials
Authors: Tanaka Yoshiya , Kavanaugh Arthur , Wicklund Jason , McInnes Iain B 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Janus kinase inhibitors (jakinibs) represent an emerging class of targeted therapies in addition to biologics. The number of jakinibs has been growing and as of 2020, filgotinib was the latest jakinib to enter the international market for treating RA. Filgotinib has demonstrated preferential inhibition of JAK1-dependent cytokine signaling in in vitro assays. It has been evaluated in the DARWIN (phase 2) and FINCH (phase 3) series of clinical studies for treating patients with moderately-to-severely active RA. Filgotinib received regulatory approval in Japan and Europe in September 2020, while in August 2020 the United States Food and Drug Administration requested additional data from two ongoing clinical studies assessing the potential impact of filgotinib on sperm parameters. This article will review the pharmacological properties, efficacy, and safety of filgotinib as demonstrated in clinical studies. Expert opinion will be provided on jakinibs for RA treatment from the viewpoints of basic research and clinical practice.
Estimation of respiratory rate and effort from a chest-worn accelerometer using constrained and recursive principal component analysis
Authors: Schipper Fons , van Sloun Ruud J G , Grassi Angela , Derkx Rene , Overeem Sebastiaan , Fonseca Pedro 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Objective. Measurement of respiratory rate and effort is useful in various applications, such as the diagnosis of sleep apnea and early detection of patient deterioration in medical conditions, such as infections. A chest-worn accelerometer may be an easy and non-intrusive method, provided it is accurate and robust. We investigate the use of a novel method that can perform under realistic sleeping conditions such as variable sensor positions and body posture. Approach. Twenty subjects (aged 46–65 years) wore an accelerometer on the chest and a respiratory impedance plethysmography band as a reference. The subjects underwent an experimental protocol lasting approximately 90 min, under various postures and with different sensor positions. We used a novel, constrained, and recursive form of principal component analysis (PCA) to estimate the respiratory effort signal robustly. To obtain an estimate for the respiratory rate, first, multiple estimates were aggregated into a single frequency. Subsequently, a quality index was determined, such that unreliable estimates could be identified, and a trade-off could be made between coverage (percentage of time that the quality index is above a threshold) and limits of agreement. Main results. Results were determined over all recorded data, including changes in sensor position and posture. For respiratory effort, it was found that recursive and constrained computation of PCA reduced the estimation error significantly. For respiratory rate, a relation between coverage and limits of agreement was determined. If a minimum coverage of 80% was required, the limits of agreement could be kept below 1.45 breaths per minute. If the limits of agreement were constrained to 0.2 breaths per minute, a mean coverage of 5% was still attainable. Significance. We have shown that chest-worn accelerometery can be a robust and accurate method for measurement of respiratory features under realistic conditions.