bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strong tribo-piezoelectric effect in bilayer indium nitride (InN)
Authors: Islam Md. Sherajul , Zamil Md. Yasir , Mojumder Md. Rayid Hasan , Stampfl Catherine , Park Jeongwon 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe high electronegativity between the atoms of two-dimensional (2D) group-III nitrides makes them attractive to demonstrating a strong out-of-plane piezo-electricity effect. Energy harvesting devices can be predicted by cultivating such salient piezoelectric features. This work explores the tribo-piezoelectric properties of 2D-indium nitride (InN) as a promising candidate in nanogenerator applications by means of first-principles calculations. In-plane interlayer sliding between two InN monolayers leads to a noticeable rise of vertical piezoelectricity. The vertical resistance between the InN bilayer renders tribological energy by the sliding effect. During the vertical sliding, a shear strength of 6.6–9.7 GPa is observed between the monolayers. The structure can be used as a tribo-piezoelectric transducer to extract force and stress from the generated out-of-plane tribo-piezoelectric energy. The A–A stacking of the bilayer InN elucidates the highest out-of-plane piezoelectricity. Any decrease in the interlayer distance between the monolayers improves the out-of-plane polarization and thus, increases the inductive voltage generation. Vertical compression of bilayer InN produces an inductive voltage in the range of 0.146–0.196 V. Utilizing such a phenomenon, an InN-based bilayer compression-sliding nanogenerator is proposed, which can tune the generated tribo-piezoelectric energy by compressing the interlayer distance between the InN monolayers. The considered model can render a maximum output power density of ~ 73 mWcm−2 upon vertical sliding.
Impact of exercise capacity on the long-term incidence of atrial arrhythmias in heart failure
Authors: Sakai Tetsuri , Yagishita Atsuhiko , Morise Masahiro , Sakama Susumu , Ijichi Takeshi , Ayabe Kengo , Amino Mari , Ikari Yuji , Yoshioka Koichiro 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe sought to demonstrate the impact of improved peak exercise oxygen consumption (V̇O2) during maximal exercise testing after cardiac rehabilitation (CR) on the incidence of arrhythmias in patients with heart failure (HF). The present study comprised of 220 patients with HF, and peak V̇O2 was examined at 2 and 5 months after CR. Of the 220 patients, 110 (50%) had a low peak V̇O2 of < 14 mL/min/kg at 2 months. The peak V̇O2 improved in 86 of these 110 (78%) patients at 5 months after CR. During a median follow-up of 6 years, the patients with improvement in peak V̇O2, compared to those without peak V̇O2 improvement, had a lower rate of mortality (4% vs. 29%, log-rank, P < 0.001) and HF hospitalization (6 vs. 17%, log-rank, P = 0.044) and a lower incidence of new-onset atrial arrhythmias (9 vs. 27%, log-rank, P = 0.013), with no difference in the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias between groups (1 vs. 4%, log-rank, P = 0.309). The majority of deaths in the patients without an improved peak V̇O2 were because of cardiovascular events (73%), particularly progressive HF (55%). Early detection and management of atrial arrhythmias may improve outcomes in patients without peak V̇O2 improvement after CR.
Prenylcysteine oxidase 1, an emerging player in atherosclerosis
Authors: Banfi C. , Baetta R. , Barbieri S. S. , Brioschi M. , Guarino A. , Ghilardi S. , Sandrini L. , Eligini S. , Polvani G. , Bergman O. , Eriksson P. , Tremoli E. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe research into the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis has considerably increased our understanding of the disease complexity, but still many questions remain unanswered, both mechanistically and pharmacologically. Here, we provided evidence that the pro-oxidant enzyme Prenylcysteine Oxidase 1 (PCYOX1), in the human atherosclerotic lesions, is both synthesized locally and transported within the subintimal space by proatherogenic lipoproteins accumulating in the arterial wall during atherogenesis. Further, Pcyox1 deficiency in Apoe-/- mice retards atheroprogression, is associated with decreased features of lesion vulnerability and lower levels of lipid peroxidation, reduces plasma lipid levels and inflammation. PCYOX1 silencing in vitro affects the cellular proteome by influencing multiple functions related to inflammation, oxidative stress, and platelet adhesion. Collectively, these findings identify the pro-oxidant enzyme PCYOX1 as an emerging player in atherogenesis and, therefore, understanding the biology and mechanisms of all functions of this unique enzyme is likely to provide additional therapeutic opportunities in addressing atherosclerosis.
Kinetic magnetoelectric effect in topological insulators
Authors: Osumi Ken , Zhang Tiantian , Murakami Shuichi 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe kinetic magnetoelectric effect is an orbital analog of the Edelstein effect and offers an additional degree of freedom to control magnetization via the charge current. Here we theoretically propose a gigantic kinetic magnetoelectric effect in topological insulators and interpret the results in terms of topological surface currents. We construct a theory of the kinetic magnetoelectric effect for a surface Hamiltonian of a topological insulator, and show that it well describes the results by direct numerical calculation. This kinetic magnetoelectric effect depends on the details of the surface, meaning that it cannot be defined as a bulk quantity. We propose that Chern insulators and Z2 topological insulators can be a platform with a large kinetic magnetoelectric effect, compared to metals by 5–8 orders of magnitude, because the current flows only along the surface. We demonstrate the presence of said effect in a topological insulator, identifying Cu2ZnSnSe4 as a potential candidate.
η Carinae with Fermi-LAT: two full orbits and the third periastron
Authors: Martí-Devesa G. , Reimer O. 
Published: September 2021

Context. Colliding-wind binaries are massive stellar systems featuring strong, interacting winds. These binaries may be actual particle accelerators, making them variable γ-ray sources due to changes in the wind collision region along the orbit. However, only two of these massive stellar binary systems have been identified as high-energy sources. The first and archetypical system of this class is η Carinae, a bright γ-ray source with orbital variability peaking around its periastron passage.
Aims. The origin of the high-energy emission in η Carinae is still unclear, with both lepto-hadronic and hadronic scenarios being under discussion. Moreover, the γ-ray emission seemed to differ between the two periastrons previously observed with the Fermi-Large Area Telescope. Continuing observations might provide highly valuable information for understanding the emission mechanisms in this system.
Methods. We have used almost 12 yr of data from the Fermi-Large Area Telescope. We studied both low- and high-energy components, searching for differences and similarities between both orbits, and we made use of this large dataset to search for emission from nearby colliding-wind binaries.
Results. We show how the energy component above 10 GeV of η Carinae peaks months before the 2014 periastron, while the 2020 periastron is the brightest one to date. Additionally, upper limits are provided for the high-energy emission in other particle-accelerating colliding-wind systems.
Conclusions. Current γ-ray observations of η Carinae strongly suggest that the wind collision region of this system is perturbed from orbit to orbit, affecting particle transport within the shock.
Deriving the bulk properties of solar wind electrons observed by Solar Orbiter
Authors: Nicolaou G. , Wicks R. T. , Owen C. J. , Kataria D. O. , Chandrasekhar A. , Lewis G. R. , Verscharen D. , Fortunato V. , Mele G. , DeMarco R. , Bruno R. 
Published: September 2021

Context.We demonstrate the calculation of solar wind electron bulk parameters based on recent observations by Solar Wind Analyser – Electron Analyser System on board Solar Orbiter. We use our methods to derive the electron bulk parameters in a time interval spanning several hours. We attempt a preliminary examination of the polytropic behavior of the electrons by analyzing the derived electron density and temperature. Moreover, we discuss the challenges in analyzing the observations due to the spacecraft charging and photo-electron contamination in the energy range below 10 eV.Aims.We derived bulk parameters for thermal solar wind electrons by analyzing Solar Orbiter observations and we investigated whether there is any typical polytropic model that is applicable to the electron density and temperature fluctuations.Methods.We used the appropriate transformations to convert the observations to velocity distribution functions in the instrument frame. We then derived the electron bulk parameters by: (a) calculating the statistical moments of the constructed velocity distribution functions and (b) fitting the constructed distributions with analytical expressions. We first tested our methods by applying them to an artificial data set, which we produced by using the forward modeling technique.Results.The forward model validates the analysis techniques we use to derive the electron bulk parameters. The calculation of the statistical moments and the fitting method determines bulk parameters that are identical (within the uncertainty limits) to the input parameters that we use to simulate the plasma electrons in the first place. An application of our analysis technique to the data reveals a nearly isothermal electron “core”. The results are affected by the spacecraft potential and the photo-electron contamination, which should be characterized in detail as part of future analyses.
Amplification and generation of turbulence during self-gravitating collapse
Authors: Hennebelle Patrick 
Published: September 2021

Context. The formation of astrophysical structures, such as stars, compact objects, and also galaxies, entail an enhancement of densities by many orders of magnitude, which occurs through gravitational collapse.
Aims. The role played by turbulence during this process is important. Turbulence generates density fluctuations, exerts a support against gravity, and possibly delivers angular momentum. How exactly turbulence behaves and is amplified during the collapse remains a matter of investigation and is the aim of the present paper.
Methods. We carried out spherical averaging of the fluid equations, leading to 1D fluid equations that describe the evolution of mean quantities in particular the mean radial velocity as well as the mean radial and transverse turbulent velocities. These equations differ from the ones usually employed in the literature. We then performed a series of 3D numerical simulations of collapsing clouds for a wide range of thermal and turbulent supports with two polytropic equations of state, P ∝ ρΓ, with Γ = 1 and 1.25. For each 3D simulation, we performed a series of 1D simulations using the spherically averaged equations and the same initial conditions.
Results. By performing a detailed comparison between 3D and 1D simulations, we can analyse the observed behaviours in great detail. Altogether, we find that the two approaches agree remarkably well, demonstrating the validity of the inferred equations; although, when turbulence is initially strong, major deviations from spherical geometry certainly preclude quantitative comparisons. The detailed comparisons lead us to an estimate of the turbulent dissipation parameter, which, when the turbulence is initially low, is found to be in good agreement with previous estimates of non self-gravitating supersonic turbulence. When turbulence is initially dynamically significant, larger values of the dissipation appear necessary for the 1D simulations to match the 3D ones. We find that the behaviour of turbulence depends on the cloud thermal support. If it is high, initial turbulence is amplified, as proposed earlier in the literature. However, if thermal support is low, turbulence is also generated by the development of local non-axisymmetric gravitational instabilities reaching values several times larger and in equipartition with gravitational energy.
Conclusions. The inferred 1D equations offer an easy way to estimate the level reached by turbulence during gravitational collapse. Depending on the cloud thermal support, turbulence is either amplified or locally generated.
First detection of C2H5NCO in the ISM and search of other isocyanates towards the G+0.693-0.027 molecular cloud
Authors: Rodríguez-Almeida L. F. , Rivilla V. M. , Jiménez-Serra I. , Melosso M. , Colzi L. , Zeng S. , Tercero B. , de Vicente P. , Martín S. , Requena-Torres M. A. , Rico-Villas F. , Martín-Pintado J. 
Published: September 2021

Context. Little is known about the chemistry of isocyanates (compounds with the functional group R-N=C=O) in the interstellar medium (ISM), as only four of them have been detected so far: isocyanate radical (NCO), isocyanic acid (HNCO), N-protonated isocyanic acid (H2NCO+), and methyl isocyanate (CH3NCO). The molecular cloud G+0.693-0.027, located in the Galactic Centre, represents an excellent candidate to search for new isocyanates since it exhibits high abundances of the simplest ones, HNCO and CH3NCO.
Aims. After CH3NCO, the next most complex isocyanates are ethyl isocyanate (C2H5NCO) and vinyl isocyanate (C2H3NCO). Their detection in the ISM would enhance our understanding of the formation of these compounds in space.
Methods. We have searched for C2H5NCO, H2NCO+, C2H3NCO, and cyanogen isocyanate (NCNCO) in a sensitive unbiased spectral survey carried out in the 2 mm and 7 mm radio windows using the IRAM 30m and Yebes 40m radio telescopes, respectively.
Results. We have detected C2H5NCO and H2NCO+ towards G+0.693-0.027 (the former for the first time in the ISM) with molecular abundances of (4.7–7.3) × 10−11 and (1.0–1.5) × 10−11, respectively. A ratio of CH3NCO/C2H5NCO = 8 ± 1 is obtained; therefore, the relative abundance determined for HNCO:CH3NCO:C2H5NCO is 1:1/55:1/447, which implies a decrease by more than one order of magnitude, going progressively from HNCO to CH3NCO and to C2H5NCO. This is similar to what has been found for alcohols and thiols, for example, and suggests that C2H5NCO is likely formed on the surface of dust grains. In addition, we have obtained column density ratios of HNCO/NCO > 269, HNCO/H2NCO+ ∼ 2100, and C2H3NCO/C2H5NCO < 4. A comparison of the methyl/ethyl ratios for isocyanates (-NCO), alcohols (-OH), formiates (HCOO-), nitriles (-CN), and thiols (-SH) is performed and shows that ethyl derivatives may be formed more efficiently for the N-bearing molecules than for the O- and S-bearing molecules.
3D MRI of the Rheumatic Diseases
Authors: Ezzati Fatemeh , Chalian Majid , Pezeshk Parham 
Published: September 2021

AbstractMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is commonly used to evaluate musculoskeletal pathologies due to its high spatial resolution and excellent tissue contrast. The diagnosis of rheumatic diseases can often be challenging. Investigation with conventional two-dimensional MRI is helpful for diagnosis and monitoring treatment. In the past few years, three-dimensional (3D) MRI has been more commonly used to assess joint pathologies including inflammatory and rheumatic diseases. This review discusses the techniques and protocols of 3D MRI and its diagnostic yield in the assessment of rheumatic diseases, along with different examples.
3D MRI: Technical Considerations and Practical Integration
Authors: Del Grande Filippo , Hinterholzer Natalie , Nanz Daniel 
Published: September 2021

AbstractOne of the main advantages of three-dimensional (3D) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the possibility of isotropic voxels and reconstructed planar cuts through the volumetric data set in any orientation with multiplanar reformation software through real-time evaluation. For example, reformats by the radiologist during reporting allows exploitation of the full potential of isotropic 3D volumetric acquisition or through standardized retrospective reformats of thicker predefined slices of an isotropic volumetric data set by technologists. The main challenges for integrating 3D fast spin echo (FSE) and turbo spin-echo (TSE) MRI in clinical practice are a long acquisition time and some artifacts, whereas for integrating 3D gradient-recalled echo protocols, the main challenges are lower signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) and the inability to produce intermediate, and T2-weighted contrast. The implementation of bidirectional parallel imaging acquisition and random undersampling acceleration strategies of 3D TSE pulse sequences substantially shortens the examination time with only minor SNR reductions. This article provides an overview of general technical considerations of 3D FSE and TSE sequences in musculoskeletal MRI. It also describes how these sequences achieve efficient data acquisition and reviews the main advantages and challenges for their introduction to clinical practice.
Evaluation and Comparison of Self-Made and Commercial Calibration Markers for Radiographic Magnification Correction in Veterinary Digital Radiography
Authors: Klever Julius , de Motte Anastasia , Meyer-Lindenberg Andrea , Brühschwein Andreas 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Objective Magnification error is always present in radiography and calibration is necessary, if high accuracy is required in pre-surgical planning. The goal of this study was to verify the use of self-made markers and calibration techniques and to establish guidelines for magnification correction.
Study Design We evaluated and compared spherical and linear markers of different sizes with focus on practicability, accuracy and precision. Markers were placed on foam pads or attached to flexible arms.
Results Vertical marker deviation of 1 cm from the anatomical reference point corresponded to ∼1% of magnification error in our setting. Marker placement along the horizontal plane showed no significant magnification in the periphery of the radiograph. All markers showed good accuracy and the commercial spherical marker with a flexible segment arm had the best results regarding practicability.
Conclusion Our study suggests that marker type is not solely responsible for usability and accuracy but also the type of fixation. In the absence of a calibration marker, calculation of the magnification factor using a measurement tape during radiography is equally reliable. Use of a fixed averaged calculated calibration factor showed poor agreement compared with the marker calibration, probably due to variability in size of the animals. In conclusion, if precision matters, use of a calibration marker, which could be purchased or self-made, is advised.
Contemporary Pattern of Pediatric Infective Endocarditis from Tertiary Care Centre of Northern India: A Single Centre Experience
Authors: Kumar Dinesh , Garg Shikha , Bhatt Dheeraj D. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWith an increasing number of children with congenital heart disease (CHD) undergoing corrective treatments, improved pediatric intensive care, better antimicrobial treatments, and a relative decrease in rheumatic heart disease over the years, the epidemiology of pediatric infective endocarditis in India may be undergoing a change. The study was done in the department of pediatrics of a tertiary care teaching hospital of North India. A retrospective analysis of case records of children (<12 years) admitted with a diagnosis of infective endocarditis (IE) from January 2013 to April 2019 was performed. Modified Duke's criteria were used to diagnose IE. There were 21 children diagnosed with infective endocarditis during this period. The mean age at presentation was 70 months (range: 2.5–144 months). CHD (n = 13/21, 61.9%) was the most common predisposing condition. A total of 28% (6/21) patients had no preexisting structural heart disease. Nine percent (2/21) had rheumatic heart disease. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common etiological agent in those with a structurally normal heart. Most patients had blood culture–negative infective endocarditis (n = 12, 57.1%). Only one patient fulfilled Duke's major microbiological criteria. Six patients (28.57%) died during the hospital stay. Increasingly younger children are being diagnosed with infective endocarditis in India and a significant number of them are in the setting of a structurally normal heart. In view of high percentage of culture-negative endocarditis, the Duke criteria may need to be revised to retain their sensitivity in such settings.
Nutritional Intake in Children with Septic Shock: A Retrospective Single-Center Study
Authors: Kirk Angela H. P. , Ong Chengsi , Wong Judith J.-M. , Loh Sin Wee , Mok Yee Hui , Lee Jan Hau 
Published: September 2021

AbstractNutritional practice in children with severe sepsis or septic shock remains poorly described. We aimed to describe nutrition received by children with severe sepsis or septic shock and explore the association of nutritional intake with clinical outcomes. This study was a retrospective study of children who required pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission from 2009 to 2016. Outcomes were mortality, ventilator-free days (VFDs), and PICU-free days (IFDs). A total of 74 patients with septic shock or severe sepsis were identified. Forty-one (55.4%) patients received enteral nutrition (EN) only, 6 (8.1%) patients received parental nutrition (PN) only, 15 (20.3%) patients received both EN and PN, and 12 (16.2%) patients received intravenous fluids alone. Eight of 74 (10.8%) and 4 of 74 (5.4%) had adequate energy and protein intake, respectively. Patients who received early EN had lower odds of 28-day mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] = 0.09, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.02, 0.45, p = 0.03) more 28-day VFDs (adjusted β-coefficient = 18.21 [95% CI: 11.11, 25.32], p < 0.001), and IFDs (adjusted ß-coefficient = 16.71 [95% CI: 9.86, 23.56], p < 0.001) than patients who did not receive EN. Late EN was also associated with lower odds of mortality, more VFDs, and IFDs compared with no EN (HR = 0.06, 95% CI: 0.02, 0.23; p < 0.001; adjusted β coefficient = 15.66, 95% CI: 9.31, 22.02; p < 0.001; and 12.34 [95% CI: 6.22, 18.46], p < 0.001; respectively). Inadequate calories and protein were not associated with mortality. EN in children with septic shock or severe sepsis was associated with improved clinical outcomes. Future prospective studies are required to explore the impact of EN timing and optimal nutritional intake in these children.