bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ABU YUSUF DAN PAJAK (KONSEP DALAM KITAB AL-KHARAJ DAN RELEVANSINYA DA-LAM EKONOMI SAAT INI)
Authors: Zunaidi Arif 
Published: March 2021

Sebagai tokoh yang memiliki nama besar, Abu Yusuf memiliki karya fenomenal dalam bidang pajak, yaitu kitab Al-Kharaj. Kitab yang ditulis atas permintaan Khalifah Harun Ar-Rasyid ini digunakan sebagai pedoman dalam pengelolaan pajak. Sebagai salah satu sektor penting dalam penerimaan negara, pajak seharusnya tidak mendzolimi masyarakat dari besaran presentasenya. Tujuan dari penulisan ini adalah untuk mengetahui sejarah penulisan kitab Al-Kharaj dan isi kitabnya. Selain itu, tulisan ini juga untuk mengetahui konsep pajak yang ditulis Abu Yusuf dan utilitasnya dengan ekonomi saat ini. Metode yang digunakan dalam penulisan ini adalah metodologi pemikiran tokoh yang dilacak dari sikap, tulisan atau pun tanggapan pada suatu kasus fenomena yang terjadi pada masa itu. Untuk mengetahui latar belakang pemikiran Abu Yusuf tidak bisa mengesampingkan beberapa faktor yang ada, baik faktor internal maupun faktor eksternal yang menjadi pemicunya. Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa pemikiran Abu Yusuf tentang pajak menjadi salah satu konsep yang dilaksanakan hingga saat ini. Konsepnya dipakai dan diaplikasikan dalam menentukan presentase penerimaan pajak oleh negara. Konsep Al-Kharaj digunakan dalam sektor penerimaan Pajak Bumi dan Bangunan (PBB), bea cukai.
Kata kunci: Abu Yusuf, Kitab Al-Kharaj, Pajak, Pendapatan Negara

As a well-known figure, Abu Yusuf has written a phenomenal work in taxation studies, namely al-Kharaj. This book which written at the request of the Caliph Harun ar-Rashid is used as a guide in tax management efforts. As one of the important sectors in state revenue, taxes should not deceive the public from their percentage. The article aims to find out the context of Al-Kharaj and its contents. Therefore, this study seeks to reveal the thoughts of Abu Yusuf and his background which were traced through his attitudes, writings, and responses to a case that occurred at that time. In addition, the paper is also to find out the tax concept initiated by Abu Yusuf and its practice in economic conditions' today. The results of this study found that Abu Yusuf's thought about taxes is one of the concepts that is still used today. This concept is applied in determining the percentage of tax revenue by the state. The Al-Kharaj concept is also used in the land and building tax (PBB) and customs revenue sectors.
Fully flexible liquid-to-gas phase change actuators with integrated liquid metal heaters
Authors: Usui Tatsuya , Ishizuka Hiroki , Hiraki Takefumi , Kawahara Yoshihiro , Ikeda Sei , Oshiro Osamu 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In recent years, soft robots have been attracting interest because of their potential for new application fields. Among soft actuators for soft robots, liquid-to-gas phase change actuators have the advantage of structural simplicity. However, the actuators require an external heater to vaporize a low boiling point liquid inside the actuator. The heater typically consists of a solid electrode that often reduces the durability and flexibility of the heater. In this study, we propose a small liquid-to-gas phase change actuator with an integrated liquid metal heater. A low boiling point liquid and liquid metal heater were encapsulated in a nylon-polyethylene bladder using wire molding. The proposed soft actuator has high flexibility and durability against bending because of the material used. We experimentally characterized actuators of different sizes with respect to the generated force, displacement, and time response. We also confirmed that the soft actuator could work even after bending 1000 times.
Analysis of leaky surface acoustic waves on quartz thin plates bonded to similar-material substrate
Authors: Fujimaki Takumi , Suzuki Masashi , Kakio Shoji 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The propagation and resonance properties of a leaky surface acoustic wave (LSAW) on quartz thin plates bonded to a similar-material substrate are investigated theoretically. The electromechanical coupling factor K
2 on Z-cut quartz (Z–Q) thin plates bonded to an AT-cut 0°X-propagating quartz (AT0°X-Q) support substrate is calculated to be 0.43%, which is approximately three times larger than the maximum value of a single quartz substrate. A positive temperature coefficient of frequency for LSAW can be produced on a quartz thin plate bonded to a quartz substrate with a different cut angle. By the finite element method, the aluminum thin-film thickness dependence of the resonance properties of LSAW on LST-cut quartz (LST-Q) and LST-Q/AT0°X-Q is analyzed. In the simulation with the optimal Al thin-film thickness, the admittance ratio on the LST-Q/AT0°X-Q is found to be larger than that for the single LST-Q.
Synthesis of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) by plasma-in-liquid process
Authors: Hieda Junko , Nakashima Hitoshi , Hirano Manabu 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Polymer synthesis was demonstrated by way of a plasma generated in bubbles in a monomer aqueous solution without a polymerization initiator reagent. Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) was successfully synthesized by the plasma-in-liquid process. Radicals were generated by the plasma in the monomer solution, leading to the polymerization reaction. The molecular weights of PNIPAM synthesized at the discharge treatment time of 60 and 90 min were higher than those of PNIPAM synthesized at the discharge time of 10 and 30 min. The maximum m/z of PNIPAM synthesized at the discharge treatment time of 60 min was approximately 17 000. However, it decreased at the discharge treatment time of 90 min. This was attributed to the decomposition of the polymer, which occurred in the plasma-in-liquid process. Polymerization of the monomer proceeded only during the discharge process, in contrast with conventional polymerization processes. Thus, the generated radicals acted as both polymerization initiators and inhibitors.
Survivance and Remembrance: A Study of Trauma and Chronotope in the Book of Gold Leaves
Authors: Kinza Sadique  , Dr. Muhammad Asif  
Published: March 2021

The book of Gold leaves by Mirza Waheed aims to present the interconnectedness of memory and trauma in making the survival of an individual complicated. Memory of any incident makes it traumatic when it returns with haunted effects. Remembrance of traumatic incidents makes survival complicated by creating a distressing situation for the devastated self by switching the timeless past into the present through Bakhtin's chronotopic images of time and place. Struggle to re-memorize the event through narration is like denying the traditional concept of indescribability of trauma and narration is equal to re-live that moment and be at that place again in the memory when places turned into traumatic sites and time ceased. Time becomes circular and these sites become a referent of that devastating time according to Caruth, it is the trauma of survival rather than the death that pinches most. Waheed's book of Gold leaves is a part of Kashmiri literature, explores the struggle to gain freedom and identity through collective losses. Intriguing situations of lockdown and bombings are enough to create hollow identities. Thus Words, being semantically analyzed, heighten the trauma of survival through the Spatio-temporal spectrum.
Economic analysis of dairy and fish farming based integrated model in Punjab
Authors: Singh Navjot , Singh Varinder Pal , Kaur Inderpreet , Gupta Ravi Kant 
Published: March 2021

The present study has been carried out in South-Western and Central agro climatic regions of Punjab state for studying the cost-returns and marketing pattern of dairy and fish farming based integrated model. It was observed from the study that the net returns from crop farming was ` Rs.65,852 per farm per year, whereas the net returns on per acre basis were found to be ` Rs.32,328 per acre per year. Further, the net returns from dairy farming were found to be ` Rs. 4,928 per farm per year and ` Rs.8,822 per acre per year. From fish farming, net returns were observed to be ` Rs. 2, 47, 396 per farm per annum and ` Rs.84,725 per acre per year. Total profitability of the crop-dairy-fish farming integrated model was observed to be `Rs. 4,58,176 per farm per annum, and net returns per acre from this model were ` Rs. 53,030 per year. Hence, it may be inferred that dairy and fish farming are more profitable as compared to crops and when adopted in an integrated manner along with crops, can enhance the overall profitability of the farm by efficient utilisation of farm waste products and by-products. At the same time, there is need of creating awareness among the farmers regarding the importance of dairy and fish farming based integrated models, so that they can adopt these types of models for enhancing their income levels.
External Enrichment of Mini Halos by the First Supernovae
Authors: Hicks William M. , Wells Azton , Norman Michael L. , Wise John H. , Smith Britton D. , O’Shea Brian W. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Recent high-resolution simulations of early structure formation have shown that externally enriched halos may form some of the first metal-enriched stars. This study utilizes a 1 comoving Mpc3 high-resolution simulation to study the enrichment process of metal-enriched halos down to z = 9.3. Our simulation uniquely tracks the metals ejected from Population III stars, and we use this information to identify the origin of metals within metal-enriched halos. These halos show a wide range of metallicities, but we find that the source of metals for ≳50% of metal-enriched halos is supernova explosions of Population III stars occurring outside their virial radii. The results presented here indicate that external enrichment by metal-free stars dominates the enrichment process of halos with virial mass below 106
M
⊙ down to z = 9.3. Despite the prevalence of external enrichment in low-mass halos, Population II stars forming due to external enrichment are rare because of the small contribution of low-mass halos to the global star formation rate combined with low metallicities toward the center of these halos resulting from metal ejecta from external sources mixing from the outside in. The enriched stars that do form through this process have absolute metallicities below 10−3
Z
⊙. We also find that the fraction of externally enriched halos increases with time: ∼90% of halos that are externally enriched have M
vir < 106
M
⊙, and that pair-instability supernovae contribute the most to the enrichment of the intergalactic medium as a whole and are thus are the predominant supernova type contributing to the external enrichment of halos.
Testing Evolution of LFQPOs with Mass Accretion Rate in GRS 1915+105 with Insight-HXMT
Authors: Liu Honghui , Ji Long , Bambi Cosimo , Jain Pankaj , Misra Ranjeev , Rawat Divya , Yadav J. S. , Zhang Yuexin 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Using the Insight-HXMT observations of GRS 1915+105 when it exhibits low-frequency quasiperiodic oscillations (QPOs), we measure the evolution of the QPO frequency along with disk inner radius and mass accretion rate. We find a tight positive correlation between the QPO frequency and mass accretion rate. Our results extend the finding of previous work with AstroSat to a larger range of accretion rates with independent instruments and observations. Treating the QPO frequency of GRS 1915+105 as the relativistic dynamic frequency of a truncated disk, we are able to confirm the high spin nature of the black hole in GRS 1915+105. We also address the potential of our finding to test general relativity in the future.
Can eDNA metabarcoding offer a catchment-based approach for biodiversity monitoring?
Authors: Allen Laura , Wilkes Martin , Van De Wiel Marco , Morris Mike , Dumbrell Alex , Bani Alessia 
Published: March 2021

In previous studies eDNA metabarcoding has been demonstrated as a viable tool for catchment-level biodiversity sampling in rivers (Deiner et al. 2016). However, questions still remain over the appropriate sampling protocol for large spatial scale sampling. River reaches are composed of multiple habitats with species composition varying from one to the next (Costa and Melo 2007). Therefore, how many spatial replicates are needed to reliably represent the river network? Is the previously used approach to sample at every river confluence (Deiner et al. 2016) sufficient or is more needed? These questions were addressed using a case study in the headwaters of the Cound Brook, a tributary to the River Severn in Shropshire, UK.
Two sub-catchments of the Cound Brook were used. One sub-catchment had a sample taken at the most downstream point before the confluence. Additionally, a sample at the upstream extent of the same sub-catchment was taken to estimate any correlation between the species found at the beginning of the river reach and at the end. Another sub-catchment also had the same up- and downstream sample design. However, in between was a systemic sampling regime every 500 m. This is to test if increasing the spatial resolution gave significantly different results to the sparser sampling regime.
At each sample location, a 1 L water sample was sequentially filtered through membranes of three different mesh sizes: 5µm, 0.45µm and 0.2µm. Sequential filtering was performed because DNA resides in two forms in the environment (Civade et al. 2017), within whole cells (cellular DNA) and outside of cells (extracellular). The theory is that the coarser filters predominantly collect cellular DNA and the finer filters collect predominantly extracellular DNA of increasingly smaller fragment lengths. Consequently, sequential filtering could represent DNA degradation in the environment (Fig. 1). Also, Turner et al. 2014 suggested that the larger particles could determine very recent or local organisms. Therefore, we hypothesised that the DNA collected by the coarser filters would represent local diversity and the DNA collected by the finer filters would reflect biodiversity further upstream.
Initial results suggest sequential filtering through the 5µm and 0.45µm filters caught detectable levels of eDNA where the 0.2µm did not catch enough to show up through gel electrophoresis. The relevance of the initial finding suggests that if we only used a 5µm filter the data collected at 0.45µm could have been discarded. Further investigations of any differences in species compositions between filters and the relationships to other sampling locations is still to be determined. This ongoing research is intended to determine the appropriate sampling protocol for a large-scale biodiversity assessment regime combining eDNA metabarcoding and species distribution modelling.
Checklist of the coral fish fauna of Xisha Islands, China
Authors: Qiu Shuting , Chen Bin , Du Jianguo , Loh Kar-Hoe , Liao Jianji , Liu Xinming , Yang Wen 
Published: March 2021

The Xisha Islands are composed of the Yongle Islands and the Xuande Islands in Hainan Province, China. It has one of the highest species diversity in the world and is also a typical oceanic distribution area of coral reefs globally. The ichthyofauna of the Xisha Islands were recorded by underwater visual census in May 2019 and July 2020. The survey data were combined with previous records of species into the checklist of the Xisha Islands presented herein. A total of 691 species, belonging to 24 orders and 97 families, was recorded. The major families were Labridae, Pomacentridae, Serranidae, Chaetodontidae, Hexanchidae, Lutjanidae, Scaridae, Gobiidae, Scorpaenidae and Carangidae. In this study, the Coral Fish iversity Index (CFDI) of six families (Chaetodontidae, Pomacanthidae, Pomacentridae, Labridae, Scaridae and Acanthuridae) was 229, indicating 756 coral fishes. In terms of the IUCN Red List, one species is Critically Endangered (Glyphis gangeticus), six species are Endangered (Stegostoma fasciatum, Aetomylaeus maculatus, Aetomylaeus vespertilio, Epinephelus akaara, Cheilinusundulatus sp. and Xiphias gladius), 16 species are Vulnerable, and 13 species are Near Threatened in the Xisha Archipelago, so conservation should be strengthened in this area in the future.
One species is a new record for China (Dischistodus pseudochrysopoecilus) and 23 species are newly found in the Xisha Islands.
Die Linke, la Bundeswehr et l’évolution de la politique de sécurité allemande
Authors: Holzhauser Thorsten , Thérond Jérémie 
Published: March 2021

Dans l’année des élections fédérales en Allemagne, l’attitude de Die Linke à l’égard de la politique de sécurité nationale est un sujet très controversé. L’identité antimilitariste du parti et sa critique fondamentale de la Bundeswehr et de l’OTAN sont considérées comme étant des obstacles majeurs pour leurs ambitions de participer au gouvernement fédéral. Comme l’article cherche à le montrer, la position de Die Linke sur la politique de sécurité est beaucoup plus complexe qu’elle ne le semble. Elle reflète les racines historiques différentes du parti en Allemagne de l’Est et de l’Ouest, mais aussi des transformations fondamentales dans la politique de sécurité allemande dans la « République de Berlin ». De plus, Die Linke est devenue la première adresse pour une politique radicale pour la paix ces dernières années. Les tentatives de la direction du parti pour modifier sa position afin de pouvoir co-gouverner sont donc aussi difficiles que risquées.
Une culture militaire du souvenir en pleine évolution. La tradition et le souvenir des soldats morts comme mesure de l’intégration de l’armée dans la société
Authors: Echternkamp Jörg , Vaillant Jérôme 
Published: March 2021

Depuis la fondation de la Bundeswehr en 1955/56, la tradition militaire fait l’objet de débats dans les forces armées et dans la société. Il est vrai qu’il y avait un accord sur le fait que les modèles historiques devraient renforcer l’identité collective, l’intégration et donc la motivation des soldats. Mais quels personnages, événements et développements historiques pouvaient être considérés comme « dignes de faire partie de la tradition » ? Le passage politique de la dictature nationale-socialiste à une démocratie pluraliste a fait de la référence positive à la Wehrmacht un point de discorde, d’autant plus que l’image de la Wehrmacht s’est assombrie à la suite des recherches historiques et du débat public à partir des années 1980. L’article part du principe que les réponses à la question de la valeur de la tradition reflètent parfois plus, parfois moins la conscience historique de la société dans son ensemble. D’une part, les débats sur la dénomination et le changement de nom des casernes qui portaient à l’origine les noms héroïques de la Wehrmacht l’ont montré de façon particulièrement claire. D’autre part, l’évolution du traitement de la commémoration des soldats tombés au combat peut être interprétée comme un domaine de la pratique symbolique de l’armée dans lequel la mémoire de l’individu est entrelacée avec l’interprétation du passé collectif. Les tentatives de réglementation « par le haut », les « décrets sur la tradition » reflètent les efforts politiques visant à harmoniser les valeurs de la tradition avec les normes de la Loi fondamentale. L’analyse historique permet d’évaluer l’évolution des relations entre pouvoir civil et pouvoir militaire en République fédérale des années 1950 à aujourd’hui.
Carnap, Quine et l’analyticité
Authors: Schmitz François 
Published: March 2021

Pour concilier son empirisme avec le fait que les « vérités » logiques et mathématiques semblent indépendantes de ce qui est le cas dans le monde, Carnap repris à son compte, en l’élaborant soigneusement, la thèse développée par Wittgenstein dans son Tractatus , selon laquelle les énoncés logiques et mathématiques ne disent rien du monde : ils sont « analytiques ». Son disciple et ami, Quine, en vint à récuser la notion d’analyticité et le partage entre énoncés analytiques et énoncés synthétiques. Il s’ensuivit, entre les deux hommes, un débat philosophique exemplaire par sa rigueur et son honnêteté intellectuelle. Cet article tente de restituer les grandes lignes de ce débat et d’en dégager les ressorts.
Les difficultés d’apprentissage et d’insertion aux marges de l’intégration psychique : un rapport à l’expérience et au savoir « agglutiné » ?
Authors: Le Roy Caroline 
Published: March 2021

Ce texte est issu d’une recherche en Sciences de l’éducation conduite dans une démarche clinique d’orientation psychanalytique et traitant de la relation éducative dans le domaine de la formation et de l’insertion. L’analyse clinique révèle la présence d’affects non symbolisés dans l’histoire singulière de certains sujets. Pour illustrer le propos, une vignette clinique tente de montrer comment ces ratés de l’introjection affectent ce que les espaces éducatifs étudiés mobilisent particulièrement : le processus de subjectivation de l’expérience. Ce faisant, les traces de ce processus pourraient également être identifiées dans certaines modalités du langage. Dans l’espace éducatif, ces données pourraient permettre d’inférer une archéologie du rapport au savoir caractérisée par la coexistence de formes de symbolisation différentes. Ceci nécessite alors de porter un autre regard sur les lacunes de l’apprentissage.
Temporalités dans la recherche clinique
Authors: Chaussecourte Philippe 
Published: March 2021

Il s’agit dans ce texte de la reprise a posteriori du matériel d’une recherche effectuée par observation afin de montrer comment la notion psychanalytique d’après-coup peut, en « s’opérationnalisant », avoir un pouvoir heuristique. On propose alors quelques pistes de compréhension de ce qui pourrait se jouer, au plan psychique, dans une situation d’observation de séance d’enseignement. Chemin faisant, on sera revenu en détails sur la notion d’après-coup en psychanalyse, notion dont l’originalité, et la modernité en écho aux conceptions du neuroscientifique G.M. Edelman sur la mémoire, sont soulignées.
La grande difficulté scolaire, vecteur d’un conflit psychique chez l’enseignant
Authors: Luce Catherine 
Published: March 2021

À partir du questionnement suivant : « comment l’École parle-t-elle de la grande difficulté en fin de cycle élémentaire ? », l’auteure a choisi de prendre en compte simultanément le discours de l’Institution et le discours des enseignants. Sur cette question, elle a eu recours à l’analyse de circulaires de rentrée de 2005 à 2008 et procédé à deux entretiens cliniques de recherche à référence psychanalytique auprès de deux enseignantes de fin de cycle III. Selon les circulaires, « la grande difficulté » est une notion non stabilisée, dont le périmètre et les modes de prises en charge fluctuent annuellement. Les discours des enseignants montrent des difficultés dans la distanciation du soi-professionnel et du soi-élève réactivant des éléments d’ordre autobiographique. Il ne semble pas y avoir d’antinomie entre le discours des textes de l’institution et le discours des enseignantes ; en revanche il existe une forme de décalage entre la constance des exigences du quotidien de l’enseignant et la variation des priorités de l’institution. La tension entre ces différents enjeux personnels et professionnels qui mobilisent le rapport au savoir et les différentes orientations données par l’institution, entretiennent chez l’enseignant un conflit psychique qu’il lui est difficile de gérer seul.
When the Teachers’ Transferential Response Inhibits Learning
Authors: Sahin Alper 
Published: March 2021

Ce chapitre tente d’examiner l’impact du transfert et du contre-transfert dans des contextes scolaires. Il soutient qu’une compréhension du processus d’enseignement et d’apprentissage requiert une prise en considération du phénomène psychique. L’impact du deuil sur la pensée et la relation aux autres est discuté. Des études de cas sont utilisées pour montrer comment la conscience du contre-transfert dans des contextes scolaires peut être abordé à travers des « réponses transférentielles ».