bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cemental tear: Literature review, proposed classification and recommendations for treatment
Authors: Lee Angeline H. C. , Neelakantan Prasanna , Dummer Paul M. H. , Zhang Chengfei 
Published: August 2021

AbstractCemental tears are an important condition of relevance to Endodontics but are often overlooked. A cemental tear is the partial or complete detachment of the cementum from the cemento‐dentinal junction or along the incremental line within the body of cementum. The limited attention received is most likely due to the limited awareness amongst dental professionals and challenges in accurately diagnosing them, resulting in misdiagnosis and erroneous treatment. The aim of this review is to describe the: (i) epidemiology and predisposing factors; (ii) clinical, radiographic and histological features and (iii) the clinical management and treatment outcomes of cemental tear. The review included 37 articles published in English that comprised eight observational studies and 29 case reports. The prevalence of cemental tears was reported to be lower than 2%; whilst the incidence remains unknown.Internal factorsdue to the inherent structural weakness of cementum and its interface with the dentine, andexternal factorsthat are associated withstresshave been proposed as the two mechanisms responsible for the development and propagation of cemental tears. Predisposing factors that have been implicated weretooth type,gender,age,previous root canal treatment,history of dental trauma,occlusal trauma and excessive occlusal force; however, evidence is limited. Common clinical and radiographic manifestations of cemental tears resemble the presentations of primary endodontic diseases, primary periodontal diseases and combined endodontic–periodontal lesions. Clinical management tended to focus on complete removal of the torn fragments and periodontal treatment, often combined with regenerative treatment. In this article, a new classification for cemental tears is developed that consists ofclasses 0to6andstages A,B,CandDbased on the: (i) location and accessibility of the torn cemental fragment; (ii) the pattern and extension of the associated bony defect in relation to the root length and (iii) the number of root surface/s affected by the cemental tear/s and the associated bony defect. Recommendations for treatment strategies are also provided and linked to the classification to aid in streamlining the process of treatment decision making.
Acquired epidermodysplasia verruciformis: clinical presentation and treatment update
Authors: Moore Stephen , Rady Peter , Tyring Stephen 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAcquired epidermodysplasia verruciformis (AEV) is a form of epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) that is most commonly found in immunocompromised or immunosuppressed patients. EV is commonly associated with human papillomavirus (HPV), which is often found in EV and AEV lesions. Clinical presentation of AEV in patients with organ transplantation, HIV+, congenital HIV+, hematological diseases, and other iatrogenic immunosuppression are reviewed. Treatment options include topical cidofovir, topical retinoids, topical imiquimod, topical glycolic acid, HPV 9‐valent vaccine, acitretin, improving cellular immunity, and changing transplant medication to mycophenolate mofetil.
Advanced practice nurses: Analysis of their role from a multicentre cross‐sectional study
Authors: Sevilla Guerra Sonia , Zabalegui Adelaida , Comellas Oliva Montserrat , Estrem Cuesta Mercè , Martín‐Baranera Montse , Ferrús Estopà Lena 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundStronger healthcare models are increasingly sought to address new population needs, health workforce inefficiencies and nursing shortages. One strategy is to focus on employees’ strengths to capitalize on their competencies and maximize their scope of practice.IntroductionGlobally, there is an exponential demand for advanced practice nursing services. This study aimed to identify the roles and positions of nurses who align with APN defining criteria at all levels of care in Catalonia, Spain.MethodsThe first step of the study included the translation and validation to Catalan of the Advanced Practice Nurse Role Delineation Tool (IDREPA) and step 2 comprised a multicentre cross‐sectional study, in which 126 healthcare centres participated: 1209 nurses were included in the study. The STROBE checklist was used to report this study.ResultsTranscultural equivalence and validation of the instrument showed a content validity index of 0.958 and the reliability of the questionnaire. The instrument identified 269 nurses who align with international APN defined criteria. They worked in specialized care, mental healthcare and primary and community care, especially in chronic conditions, ageing and end‐of‐life care.DiscussionMost areas of Catalonia have access to nurses practicing at APN defining criteria. These nurses were developed as an optimal resource to respond to patient needs in the context of study. Both recognition and strategic implementation are necessary to apply their full competencies to solve healthcare problems.ConclusionUnderstanding the supply of services delivered by nurses practicing at an advanced level and their scope of practice may lay the foundations for effective workforce planning in a dynamic context. Nurses who align with APN defining criteria are working mainly in large acute services without regulation and recognition.Implications for nursingAdvanced practice nurses show the value of their role and activities in healthcare services.Implications for health policyPromoting the establishment of APN defining criteria that includes credentialing and a regulatory framework within international guidelines should be a priority to make an impact on healthcare policy.
Hospital nurses' moral distress and mental health during COVID‐19
Authors: Lake Eileen T. , Narva Aliza M. , Holland Sara , Smith Jessica G. , Cramer Emily , Rosenbaum Kathleen E. Fitzpatrick , French Rachel , Clark Rebecca R. S. , Rogowski Jeannette A. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAimsTo explore factors associated with nurses' moral distress during the first COVID‐19 surge and their longer‐term mental health.DesignCross‐sectional, correlational survey study.MethodsRegistered nurses were surveyed in September 2020 about their experiences during the first peak month of COVID‐19 using the new, validated, COVID‐19 Moral Distress Scale for Nurses. Nurses' mental health was measured by recently experienced symptoms. Analyses included descriptive statistics and regression analysis. Outcome variables were moral distress and mental health. Explanatory variables were frequency of COVID‐19 patients, leadership communication and personal protective equipment/cleaning supplies access. The sample comprised 307 nurses (43% response rate) from two academic medical centres.ResultsMany respondents had difficulty accessing personal protective equipment. Most nurses reported that hospital leadership communication was transparent, effective and timely. The most distressing situations were the transmission risk to nurses' family members, caring for patients without family members present, and caring for patients dying without family or clergy present. These occurred occasionally with moderate distress. Nurses reported 2.5 days each in the past week of feeling anxiety, withdrawn and having difficulty sleeping. Moral distress decreased with effective communication and access to personal protective equipment. Moral distress was associated with longer‐term mental health.ConclusionPandemic patient care situations are the greatest sources of nurses' moral distress. Effective leadership communication, fewer COVID‐19 patients, and access to protective equipment decrease moral distress, which influences longer‐term mental health.ImpactLittle was known about the impact of COVID‐19 on nurses' moral distress. We found that nurses' moral distress was associated with the volume of care for infected patients, access to personal protective equipment, and communication from leaders. We found that moral distress was associated with longer‐term mental health. Leaders should communicate transparently to decrease nurses' moral distress and the negative effects of global crises on nurses' longer‐term mental health.
Colonizing the Caribbean: New geological data and an updated land‐vertebrate colonization record challenge the GAARlandia land‐bridge hypothesis
Authors: Ali Jason R. , Hedges S. Blair 
Published: August 2021

AbstractOver the past three decades, the hypothesized mid‐Cenozoic GAARlandia walkway (34 ± 1 Ma) has featured prominently in discussions on Caribbean biogeography. However, a fundamental issue has been a lack of geological and geophysical data from the Aves Ridge with which to evaluate the proposal. Consequently, opinions have been based purely on biological data, mainly from molecular‐clock studies but also from fossils and taxonomic composition. For whatever reasons, a polarization of views has occurred; some champion the land‐bridge to explain the colonizations of the island group, whereas others prefer over‐water dispersal. We examine the hypothesis drawing upon an updated compilation of land‐vertebrate colonizations (35 clades: 6 amphibian, 6 mammal and 23 reptile) plus a newly published geological study of the Aves Ridge and the adjacent Grenada Basin (to the east). The former indicates that the colonizations were heavily filtered and assembled in a piecemeal fashion consistent with over‐water dispersal; a mid‐Cenozoic ecological corridor would likely have led to a richer assemblage with a wider variety of components. The latter, which draws upon drill‐core and seismic data, indicates that the southern and central Aves Ridge was submerged at the aforesaid time. With the GAARlandia hypothesis geologically falsified, many biogeographical scenarios that have been proposed for the Greater Antillean biota now require re‐evaluation.
Astragaloside IV ameliorates fat metabolism in the liver of ageing mice through targeting mitochondrial activity
Authors: Luo Zhixiao , Wang Yaqi , Xue Mengzhen , Xia Fangqi , Zhu Leiqi , Li Yuanyang , Jia Dengke , Chen Silong , Xu Guangfu , Lei Yan 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAstragaloside IV (AST) is a major bioactive compound of Radix Astragali with medical and health benefits. Previous studies have found that AST can reduce the body weights of high‐fat diet fed mice. However, the effect of AST on fat metabolism of ageing mice is unclear. In this study, naturally ageing mice were administered intragastrically with AST at 30 mg/kg/day (ageing + AST‐L group) and 90 mg/kg/day (ageing + AST‐H group) for 16–20 months. Adult (4 months old) and ageing mice were given 1% sodium carboxyl methylcellulose as vehicle. Energy metabolism‐related biological parameters of living mice were examined. Moreover, mRNA and protein levels of key enzymes/proteins involved in triglyceride (TG) lipolysis, fatty acid β‐oxidation (FAO), ketone body (KB) production and mitochondrial respiratory chain were also examined after sacrifice. Results demonstrated that treatment with AST significantly reduced body weight, white fat and liver/body weight ratio of ageing mice, significantly reduced serum/hepatic TG levels, respiratory quotient, promoted fatty acid mobilization in white adipose tissue, mitochondrial FAO and KB production and mitochondrial biosynthesis/functions in the liver of ageing mice. AST also up‐regulated the expression of phosphorylated AMP‐activated protein kinase, acetyl‐CoA carboxylase, acetyl‐coenzyme A synthetase, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a/1b, enoyl coenzyme A hydratase‐short chain, acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase medium chain and mitochondrial 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl‐CoA synthase‐2 involved in fat metabolism. These results indicated that mitochondrial activity could be the target of AST to treat abnormal fat metabolism during ageing.
Plant Metabolic Network 15: A resource of genome‐wide metabolism databases for 126 plants and algae
Authors: Hawkins Charles , Ginzburg Daniel , Zhao Kangmei , Dwyer William , Xue Bo , Xu Angela , Rice Selena , Cole Benjamin , Paley Suzanne , Karp Peter , Rhee Seung Y. 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACTTo understand and engineer plant metabolism, we need a comprehensive and accurate annotation of all metabolic information across plant species. As a step towards this goal, we generated genome‐scale metabolic pathway databases of 126 algal and plant genomes, ranging from model organisms to crops to medicinal plants (https://plantcyc.org). Of these, 104 have not been reported before. We systematically evaluated the quality of the databases, which revealed that our semi‐automated validation pipeline dramatically improves the quality. We then compared the metabolic content across the 126 organisms using multiple correspondence analysis and found that Brassicaceae, Poaceae, and Chlorophyta appeared as metabolically distinct groups. To demonstrate the utility of this resource, we used recently published sorghum transcriptomics data to discover previously unreported trends of metabolism underlying drought tolerance. We also used single‐cell transcriptomics data from the Arabidopsis root to infer cell type‐specific metabolic pathways. This work shows the quality and quantity of our resource and demonstrates its wide‐ranging utility in integrating metabolism with other areas of plant biology.
Sesamoid bones also show functional adaptation in their microanatomy—The example of the patella in Perissodactyla
Authors: Houssaye Alexandra , de Perthuis Adrien , Houée Guillaume 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe patella is the largest sesamoid bone of the skeleton. It is strongly involved in the knee, improving output force and velocity of the knee extensors, and thus plays a major role in locomotion and limb stability. However, the relationships between its structure and functional constraints, that would enable a better understanding of limb bone functional adaptations, are poorly known. This contribution proposes a comparative analysis, both qualitative and quantitative, of the microanatomy of the whole patella in perissodactyls, which show a wide range of morphologies, masses, and locomotor abilities, in order to investigate how the microanatomy of the patella adapts to evolutionary constraints. The inner structure of the patella consists of a spongiosa surrounded by a compact cortex. Contrary to our expectations, there is no increase in compactness with bone size, and thus body size and weight, but only an increase in the tightness of the spongiosa. No particular thickening of the cortex associated with muscle insertions is noticed but a strong thickening is observed anteriorly at about mid‐length, where the strong intermediate patellar ligament inserts. The trabeculae are mainly oriented perpendicularly to the posterior articular surface, which highlights that the main stress is anteroposteriorly directed, maintaining the patella against the femoral trochlea. Conversely, anteriorly, trabeculae are rather circumferentially oriented, following the insertion of the patellar ligament and, possibly also, of the quadriceps tendon. A strong variation is observed among perissodactyl families but also intraspecifically, which is in accordance with previous studies suggesting a higher variability in sesamoid bones. Clear trends are nevertheless observed between the three families. Equids have a much thinner cortex than ceratomorphs. Rhinos and equids, both characterized by a development of the medial border, show an increase in trabecular density laterally suggesting stronger stresses laterally. The inner structure in tapirs is more homogeneous despite the absence of medial development of the medial border with no “compensation” of the inner structure, which suggests different stresses on their knees associated with a different morphology of their patellofemoral joint.
Fatty acid synthase mediates high glucose‐induced EGFR activation in oral dysplastic keratinocytes
Authors: Wisniewski David J. , Ma Tao , Schneider Abraham 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundRecent studies point to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) as a critical mediator of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)‐induced renal, cardiac, and ocular complications. T2DM is considered a systemic contributing factor in oral carcinogenesis. Similarly, increased EGFR gene copy number and protein expression strongly predict tumor progression. Yet, the impact of hyperglycemia on EGFR activity in oral potentially malignant disorders remains unclear. We recently reported that fatty acid synthase (FASN), a key de novo lipogenic enzyme, mediates EGFR activation in nicotine‐treated oral dysplastic keratinocytes. While in non‐malignant tissues FASN expression is extremely low, it is frequently upregulated in several cancers, including oral squamous cell carcinoma. The present study was carried out to investigate whether high glucose conditions trigger pro‐oncogenic responses in oral dysplastic keratinocytes via FASN‐mediated EGFR activation.MethodsCell viability and migration of oral dysplastic keratinocytes were evaluated when exposed to normal (5 mM) or high (20 mM) glucose conditions in the presence of FASN and EGFR inhibitors. Western blotting was also performed to assess changes in FASN protein expression and EGFR activation.ResultsOral dysplastic keratinocytes exposed to high glucose led to EGFR activation in a FASN‐dependent manner. Likewise, high glucose significantly enhanced cell viability and migration in a FASN/EGFR‐mediated fashion. Notably, EGFR inhibition by the anti‐EGFR monoclonal antibody cetuximab significantly reduced the proliferation of FASN‐overexpressing oral dysplastic keratinocytes.ConclusionThese novel findings suggest that FASN may act as a key targetable metabolic regulator of glucose‐induced EGFR oncogenic signaling in oral potentially malignant disorders.
A production economic analysis of different stocking density and fry size combinations of milkfish, Chanos chanos, farming in Taiwan
Authors: Lee Yi‐Chung , Lu Yung‐Hsiang , Lee Jie‐Min , Schafferer Christian , Yeh Chun‐Yuan , Chu Tah‐Wei , Huang Yi‐Wei 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMilkfish, Chanos chanos, is often cultured with white shrimp, Penaeus indicus, to maintain ecological stability and increase profits. This study uses the outputs and cost data of 169 milkfish farmers in Taiwan for the years 2018 and 2019 and applies translog cost function modeling to analyze the production scale economy and input–input demand combinations of two stocking densities (<10,000, ≥10,000 fry/ha) and two fry stocking sizes (2–3 in. and ≥4 in.). The study found that high‐density stocking (≥10,000 fry/ha) of small or large milkfish fry has economies of scale overall. Thus, the average culture cost may be reduced by expanding the scale of milkfish production. High‐density stocking of small fry exhibits a comparatively higher own‐price elasticity of fry. As such, farmers are sensitive to fry price variations. The study also found that labor and capital exhibit the highest substitutability. Capital inputs may thus be increased to mitigate the effects of wage increments. In terms of production, the four observed clusters do not exhibit cost complementarity. Moreover, the survival rate of white shrimp in high‐density stocking milkfish polycultures is relatively low. It is thus recommended to strictly control the stocking density of white shrimp and to minimize the risk of excessively high stocking densities by stocking white shrimp in batches.
Changing epidemiology of liver disease in Asia: Dual infection of HBV and HCV
Authors: Liu Chun‐Jen , Chen Pei‐Jer 
Published: August 2021

AbstractTransmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) is similar regarding the mode of transmission and related risk factors. Therefore, it is not rare to encounter dual HBV/HCV infection in populations at risk of parenteral exposure to hepatitis viruses. Besides, in HBV endemic countries before the era of global HBV vaccination, dual HBV/HCV infection was clinically significant likely because of HCV superinfection over pre‐existing HBsAg carriage. Universal childhood HBV vaccination was implemented worldwide since 1992. Public education programs for prevention of new hepatitis viral infections have been actively promoted recently by World Health Organization. Apart from preventive measures, potent anti‐HBV agents effective in the control of viral replication have been introduced gradually in the past three decades. Direct acting antiviral agents capable of curing HCV infection in more than 97% of patients with chronic hepatitis C have also been widely implemented in the past decade. These interventions will change the epidemiology of new HBV or HCV mono‐infection and dual HBV/HCV infection. Understanding the evolution in the epidemiology of dual HBV/HCV infection is important for evaluation of current public health policy towards infectious disease control in different countries. The changing prevalence of dual HBV/HCV infection in certain Asia‐Pacific countries will be re‐visited based on endemicity of HBV or HCV, as well as in populations at risk of parenteral viral infection.
Diel pCO2 fluctuations alter the molecular response of coral reef fishes to ocean acidification conditions
Authors: Schunter Celia , Jarrold Michael D. , Munday Philip L. , Ravasi Timothy 
Published: August 2021

AbstractEnvironmental partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) variation can modify the responses of marine organisms to ocean acidification, yet the underlying mechanisms for this effect remain unclear. On coral reefs, environmental pCO2 fluctuates on a regular day–night cycle. Effects of future ocean acidification on coral reef fishes might therefore depend on their response to this diel cycle of pCO2. To evaluate the effects on the brain molecular response, we exposed two common reef fishes (Acanthochromis polyacanthus and Amphiprion percula) to two projected future pCO2 levels (750 and 1,000 µatm) under both stable and diel fluctuating conditions. We found a common signature to stable elevated pCO2 for both species, which included the downregulation of immediate early genes, indicating lower brain activity. The transcriptional programme was more strongly affected by higher average pCO2 in a stable treatment than for fluctuating treatments, but the largest difference in molecular response was between stable and fluctuating pCO2 treatments. This indicates that a response to a change in environmental pCO2 conditions is different for organisms living in a fluctuating than in stable environments. This differential regulation was related to steroid hormones and circadian rhythm (CR). Both species exhibited a marked difference in the expression of CR genes among pCO2 treatments, possibly accommodating a more flexible adaptive approach in the response to environmental changes. Our results suggest that environmental pCO2 fluctuations might enable reef fishes to phase‐shift their clocks and anticipate pCO2 changes, thereby avoiding impairments and more successfully adjust to ocean acidification conditions.