bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Separation and purification of magnoflorine, spinosin, and 6‴‐feruloyspinosin from Ziziphi Spinosae Semen by high‐speed counter‐current chromatography
Authors: Xu Hao , Niu Yuyu , Sun Yan , Xia Menglin , Lin Daozheng , Qiao Wei 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn the study, high‐speed counter‐current chromatography was used for separation and purification of magnoflorine, spinosin, and 6‴‐feruloyspinosin from Ziziphi Spinosae Semen. With n‐butanol‐ethyl acetate‐water (2:3:5, v/v) as the optimum solvent system, about 75 mg of magnoflorine, 110 mg of spinosin, and 40 mg of 6‴‐feruloyspinosin were isolated from 0.5 g of crude extract of Z. Spinosae Semen, with the purity of 95.7, 97.2, and 96.4%, respectively. The chemical structures were identified by MS and NMR spectroscopy. In addition, the antidepressant activity of the isolated components was evaluated by PC12 cells injury model and chronic unpredictable mild stress depression mouse model. The results showed that high‐speed counter‐current chromatography could be used to realize the one‐time rapid preparation and separation of magnoflorine, spinosin, and 6‴‐feruloyspinosin from Z. Spinosae Semen and compatibility of these isolated components has certain antidepressant activity.
Coping as a community: Recovery experiences of a tourism‐reliant area following a tsunami in Indonesia
Authors: Cahyanto Ignatius , Kingsbury Aaron J. , Widodo Eko , Puspita Natalia Yeti , Harnadi Agnes 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDespite the burgeoning amount of tourism recovery research, there is a dearth of studies that explore communal coping. To address this gap, this study examined the communal coping of a tourism‐reliant community in Indonesia that was destroyed by a tsunami using the Participatory Research Action (PAR) paradigm. It employs Photovoice augmented with mobile data collection using Survey123 from ESRI. The findings identified three phases of communal coping: losing the daily routine, reviving routines, and living with new routines. Each of these was found to be pivotal to destination resilience building. This study offers a novel way to examine disaster experiences.
Conceptualising the role of marketing strategies of tourism providers in inducing risk‐taking behaviour
Authors: Zaky Ahmed , Saxena Gunjan , Jayawardhena Chanaka 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we examine the role of marketing strategies of tourism providers in inducing risk‐taking behaviour deriving lessons from theoretical foundations of ‘fear appeal’ and ‘protection‐motivation’ and the stimulus–organism–response framework. We engage with their meaning‐generating identity narratives that play an indispensable role in sustaining and enhancing the market appeal of dark tourism experiences, places and products. Our findings demonstrate how providers use information‐based and emotions‐focused strategies to induce visitors to engage in different degrees of risk‐taking activities.
Lipid biomarkers reveal the trophic plasticity of octocorals along a depth gradient
Authors: Pupier Chloé Alexandra , Mies Miguel , Fine Maoz , Bastos Francini‐Filho Ronaldo , Pereira Brandini Frederico , Zambotti‐Villela Leonardo , Colepicolo Pio , Ferrier‐Pagès Christine 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSymbiotic octocorals are important reef inhabitants, from shallow to mesophotic depths. However, information regarding their nutritional ecology along the depth gradient, and in particular the changes in the autotrophic and heterotrophic acquisition of nutrients, is limited, despite the fact that nutrient acquisition is a fundamental process in explaining the distribution of reef organisms. Here, the abundance of three lipid biomarkers, specific for autotrophy and heterotrophy, was investigated in the tissue of four octocoral species and one scleractinian sampled in shallow and upper mesophotic reefs of the oligotrophic Northern Red Sea. Our findings show functional mixotrophy for all dinoflagellate‐bearing species, with a significant input of heterotrophic feeding on herbivorous crustacean zooplankton at both depths. The relatively high level of the heterotrophic marker in all symbiotic species in shallow conditions does not corroborate the common idea that corals rely mostly on autotrophy in shallow waters. The increase in heterotrophic capacity with depth was however species‐specific, likely related to physiological and morphological characteristics. In addition, octocorals maintained similar concentrations of autotrophic markers with increasing depth, while the scleractinian species exhibited a decrease in these markers with depth. These results are in agreement with previous measurements of photosynthetically‐fixed carbon acquisition, suggesting that autotrophy remains stable in Red sea soft corals, whereas it decreases in scleractinian corals. This study highlights the importance of heterotrophy across the euphotic‐upper mesophotic depth gradient and brings relevant advances on our understanding of the ecological significance of feeding for reef corals.
Assessing diversity, abundance, and mass of microplastics (~ 1–300 μm) in aquatic systems
Authors: Medina Faull Luis E. , Zaliznyak Tatiana , Taylor Gordon T. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractRecent improvements in survey methods for microplastic (MP) pollution in natural waters have enabled quantification of MP particles < 300 μm in diameter. Historically, this putatively important size fraction of MP particles has not been sampled adequately, possibly leading to significant underestimations of plastic inventories in aquatic systems. Furthermore, reported MP particle numbers are poorly constrained proxies for MP mass loadings as sizes vary widely and densities differ within and among polymers, consequently compromising mass flux estimations. However, determination of MP number, identity, and mass can resolve these issues and enable more accurate estimations of MP loadings. Using Raman microspectroscopy coupled with three‐dimensional (3D) spectral imaging, we have developed an automatable methodology to detect, identify, and quantify MPs retained on filters from discrete water samples. Raman spectral information enabled identification of plastic polymers in particles between 0.5 and 300 μm in diameter and generation of 3D chemical maps. To accelerate volume determinations of each identified MP particle, we developed an algorithm to derive volumes from image analysis of two‐dimensional micrographs that are statistically indistinguishable from those directly measured by 3D Raman chemical maps. Masses of each Raman‐identified MP particle are determined from their volumes and known plastic specific weights. This methodology provides accurate estimations of the smallest MP particles' contributions to total MP mass in discrete water samples, providing vital information for mass flux calculations of MPs in natural waters.
Experimental Realization of Sensitivity Enhancement and Suppression with Exceptional Surfaces
Authors: Qin Guo‐Qing , Xie Ran‐Ran , Zhang Hao , Hu Yun‐Qi , Wang Min , Li Gui‐Qin , Xu Haitan , Lei Fuchuan , Ruan Dong , Long Gui‐Lu 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBy preparing a sensor system around isolated exceptional points, one can obtain a great enhancement of the sensitivity benefiting from the non‐Hermiticity. However, this comes at the cost of reduction of the flexibility of the system, which is critical for practical applications. By generalizing the exceptional points to exceptional surfaces, it has been theoretically proposed recently that enhanced sensitivity and flexibility can be combined. Here, an exceptional surface is experimentally demonstrated in a non‐Hermitian photonic sensing system, which is composed of a whispering‐gallery‐mode microresonator and two nanofiber waveguides, resulting in a unidirectional coupling between two degenerate counter‐propagating modes with an external optical isolator. The system is simple, robust, and can be easily operated around an exceptional surface. On the one hand, sensitivity enhancement is observed by monitoring the resonant frequency splitting caused by small perturbations. This demonstration of exceptional‐surface‐enhanced sensitivity paves the way for practical non‐Hermitian sensing applications. On the other hand, the suppression of frequency splitting around the exceptional surface is also shown for the first time.
The corrosion mechanism initiation of a 75Sn–25Pb coating on a low‐carbon steel sample in HCl environments
Authors: Lequien Florence , Moine Gervaise , Lequien Arnaud , Neff Delphine 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe corrosion of a 75Sn–25Pb coating on low‐carbon steel exposed to a vapor/condensate phase over a 1 mol/L HCl solution has been studied. The corrosion mechanism initiation was based on several steps. The presence of CO2 and lead involves the precipitation of cerussite PbCO3 crystals. Overtime, the cerussite evolved and transformed into PbCl2. This transformation was not direct and involved the creation of reaction intermediates whose chemical composition was variable. In parallel, tin formed oxides that were not stable in the HCl solution. These oxides dissolved and led to the formation of an electrolyte concentrated in Sn2+. When tin ions' saturation was reached, tin precipitated to form abhurite, Sn21Cl16(OH)14O6, or hydrated tin chloride, SnCl2.2H2O. This study highlighted the particularity of the corrosion mechanism. It also showed that the presence of tin promoted the oxidation of lead and consequently the formation of cerussite.
Reprocessable Shape Memory Epoxy Resin Based on Substituent Biphenyl Structure
Authors: Xu Weiming , Pan Yi , Yin Lv , Zheng Zhaohui , Deng Jinni , Ding Xiaobin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDespite significant progress in realizing the reprocessability in epoxy resins, it is very meaningful to develop a reprocessable shape memory epoxy resins with excellent shape recovery properties and good repeatability. In this work, a reprocessable shape memory epoxy resin based on substituent diphenyl structure is synthesized successfully via solution polymerization, which possesses good shape memory performance both before and after reprocessing with shape fixity ratio (Rf) over 95%, shape recovery ratio (Rr) more than 99% and fine shape recovery ability. This work can provide a feasible approach to improve the shape memory performance of shape memory epoxy resin, a further understanding of shape memory mechanisms and the broadening field of application.
High Intrinsic Thermal Conductivity of Polythiophene by Reducing Steric Hindrance and Enhancing p‐π Conjugation
Authors: Zheng Haoting , Wu Kun , Chen Weilong , Nan Bingfei , Qu Zhencai , Lu Mangeng 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA series of copolymers of poly3‐alkylthiophene (PTm) with different side chain lengths and copolymers of 3‐butylthiophene and 3‐butoxythiophene (PTDx) with different ratios are synthesized by oxidative polymerization. As the length of the side chain decreases, WAXD patterns of PTm show an increase in crystallinity. An increment of 50% in thermal conductivity is observed and the maximum thermal conductivity reaches to 0.320 Wm–1K–1. For PTDx, as the proportion of 3‐butoxythiophene increases, the UV spectrum appears red‐shifted, indicating an enhanced degree of p‐π conjugation. The thermal conductivity of PTDx is increased from 0.340 to 0.374 Wm–1K–1, which is around twice that of traditional thermoplastics. Molecular dynamics (MD) is used to simulate the changes in the volume and dihedral angle overlap of the polymer at different temperatures, and achieves the same result as the experiment. MD simulations and experimental measurements have shown that reducing steric hindrance and enhancing p‐π conjugation can increase the thermal conductivity of the polymer. Young's modulus of PTDx (around 1.86 GPa) is lower than that of conventional plastics, and its flexibility makes it more versatile.
Role of Organic Phosphates and Phosphonates in Catalyzing Dynamic Exchange Reactions in Thiol‐Click Vitrimers
Authors: Moazzen Khadijeh , Rossegger Elisabeth , Alabiso Walter , Shaukat Usman , Schlögl Sandra 
Published: April 2021

AbstractOwing to their strong Brønsted acidity, organic phosphates and phosphonates are able to catalyze dynamic transesterification reactions in hydroxyl ester networks. Compared to commonly used transesterification catalysts, they are highly soluble in a wide range of acrylate monomers and neither affect cure kinetics nor shelf‐life of photocurable acrylate and thiol‐acrylate resins. Additionally, they promote fast stress relaxation and, by using derivatives with functional groups, are covalently incorporated within the photopolymer network. These salient features make organic phosphates and phosphonates ideal catalysts for the design and processing of photoreactive vitrimers. Herein, the catalytic activity of selected methacrylate‐functional phosphates and vinyl‐functional phosphonates on dynamic transesterifications are studied comprehensively. They are incorporated in a thiol‐acrylate photopolymer providing functional –OH and ester moieties. Cure kinetics and thermomechanical properties are not significantly affected by the structure and functionality of the catalyst. In contrast, time‐dependent stress relaxation measurements show that relaxation time and activation energy correlate well with the logarithmic acid dissociation constants of the Brønsted acids. The better understanding of the role of organic phosphates and phosphonates expands the scope of transesterification catalysts and is particularly interesting for the design of photoreactive vitrimers, which can be additively manufactured by using vat polymerization techniques.
Anisotropic and Self‐Healing Copolymer with Multiresponsive Capability via Recyclable Alloy‐Mediated RDRP
Authors: Mohammad Sk Arif , Dolui Subrata , Kumar Devendra , Alam Md. Mehboob , Banerjee Sanjib 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA novel triple stimuli sensitive block copolymer is prepared by magnetically separable and reusable (up to multiple cycles) Ni–Co alloy nanoparticles mediated reversible deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) at 25 °C, that responds to changes in temperature, pH, and light. Design of this block copolymer constitutes a temperature‐sensitive N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM), an acid‐sensitive lysine methacrylamide (LysMAM), and a light responsive umbelliferone (UMB) end group. The stimuli response, in response to one stimulus as well as combinations of stimuli, has been evaluated. Responsiveness to light allows the construction of self‐healing materials. Density functional theory calculations rationalize the underlying mechanism of the polymerization.
The emerging paradigm of calcium homeostasis as a new therapeutic target for protozoan parasites
Authors: Gupta Yash , Goicoechea Steven , Pearce Catherine M. , Mathur Raman , Romero Jesus G. , Kwofie Samuel K. , Weyenberg Matthew C. , Daravath Bharathi , Sharma Neha , Poonam  , Akala Hoseah M. , Kanzok Stefan M. , Durvasula Ravi , Rathi Brijesh , Kempaiah Prakasha 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCalcium channels (CCs), a group of ubiquitously expressed membrane proteins, are involved in many pathophysiological processes of protozoan parasites. Our understanding of CCs in cell signaling, organelle function, cellular homeostasis, and cell cycle control has led to improved insights into their structure and functions. In this article, we discuss CCs characteristics of five major protozoan parasites Plasmodium, Leishmania, Toxoplasma, Trypanosoma, and Cryptosporidium. We provide a comprehensive review of current antiparasitic drugs and the potential of using CCs as new therapeutic targets. Interestingly, previous studies have demonstrated that human CC modulators can kill or sensitize parasites to antiparasitic drugs. Still, none of the parasite CCs, pumps, or transporters has been validated as drug targets. Information for this review draws from extensive data mining of genome sequences, chemical library screenings, and drug design studies. Parasitic resistance to currently approved therapeutics is a serious and emerging threat to both disease control and management efforts. In this article, we suggest that the disruption of calcium homeostasis may be an effective approach to develop new anti‐parasite drug candidates and reduce parasite resistance.
Anatomical predictors of long‐term urinary incontinence after robot‐assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy: A systematic review
Authors: Muñoz‐Calahorro Carmen , García‐Sánchez Cristina , Barrero‐Candau Rafael , García‐Ramos Juan Braulio , Rodríguez‐Pérez Antonio Javier , Medina‐López Rafael Antonio 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAimsThere is scarce evidence of anatomical risk factors that might affect long‐term post‐prostatectomy incontinence (PPI) in patients undergoing robot‐assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP). This systematic review aims to identify anatomical measurements in preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that might be associated with increased risk of urinary incontinence (UI) 1 year after RALP.MethodsA comprehensive search on Pubmed and Scopus databases up to November 2020 was performed. Eight articles met the inclusion criteria and were finally selected.ResultsThe selected studies included 1146 patients. Seven articles focused on membranous urethral length (MUL); all of them related MUL to long‐term PPI in univariate analysis and five of them in multivariate analysis. Four studies presented MUL difference to measure the magnitude of the effect. Average MUL (mm) was 15.9 (SD, 2.6), 16.1 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 13.9–18.9), 12.1 (95% CI 9.7–14.9) and 14.5 in continent patients and 13.9 (SD, 2.9), 10 (95% CI: 8.7–12.1), 10.3 (95% CI: 8.7–12.4) and 9.3 in incontinent patients, with statistically significant differences in all cases. Five studies presented the odds ratio as a result; although there was substantial heterogeneity in the methods used to obtain it, there was consistency in finding an inverse association between MUL and PPI. Other measurements including prostatic‐urethral angle, membranous urethral thickness, intraprostatic urethral length and intravesical prostatic protrusion have been reported in few studies, and no association with long‐term PPI was found. Levator ani muscle thickness was related to long‐term PPI in one article.ConclusionGreater MUL on preoperative MRI is associated with lower risk of UI 1 year after RALP.
Antibiotics and Imiquimod for Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma in Veterans: A Patient Population with Agent Orange Exposure
Authors: Del Guzzo Christina A. , Kojadinovic Arsenije , Vinnakota Ravi R. , Geskin Larisa J. , Newman Jessica C. , Langhoff Erik , Park Yeun-Hee A. , Bates Susan E. , Dana Ali N. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Lessons Learned
Staphylococcus aureus infection in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) is thought to contribute to disease progression; thus, adjunctive treatment with antibiotics warrants further investigation. This trial of antibiotic therapy followed by imiquimod in early stage CTCL was not completed because of difficulties with patient accrual.

Background
Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), a form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, is a heterogeneous group of malignancies of mature memory T lymphocytes. It has an annual age-adjusted incidence of 7.5 per million persons in the U.S. population [1]. The etiology of CTCL is unknown, but epidemiological studies have reported potential associations with environmental and occupational factors, including Agent Orange exposure in Vietnam Veterans [2]. Both topical and systemic therapies have been identified as effective in CTCL; the choice of treatment is dependent on disease stage, with the overall goal of improving symptoms given the chronic and recurrent nature of the disease. Several studies have suggested that CTCL is exacerbated by the presence of Staphylococcus aureus in the skin and can be ameliorated by treatment with antibiotics [3].

Methods
Our study was designed to assess the effects of antibiotics and imiquimod on early stage CTCL. Patients between the ages of 30–89 years with stage I and II CTCL were eligible for enrollment. They could not be receiving concurrent therapy, and the study design included a 14-day washout period after discontinuation of CTCL therapy. The washout period was followed by doxycycline 100 mg p.o. b.i.d. for 14 days and then two packets (250 mg per packet) of imiquimod 5% cream topically to the most clinically active lesions 3 days a week (Monday, Wednesday, and Friday) for 28 days. Skin lesions were measured using the modified Severity Weighted Assessment Tool (mSWAT).

Results
Our study enrolled only two patients with early stage CTCL because of difficulty locating patients with active CTCL able to discontinue all therapy. The two enrolled patients completed all therapy. One patient had a complete response after imiquimod, whereas the other patient had stable disease.

Conclusion
Antibiotics and imiquimod have reported activity as single agents in CTCL; we did not enroll enough patients to assess value in the sequence of antibiotic therapy followed by imiquimod.
Predicting fetal and neonatal demise after fetoscopy for twin–twin transfusion syndrome using recursive partitioning
Authors: Buskmiller Cara , Bergh Eric P. , Johnson Anthony , Moise Kenneth J. , Papanna Ramesha 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectiveDonor demise after laser surgery for twin–twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) is well‐characterized, but recipient demise is not, nor is neonatal death. This study aims to characterize factors associated with recipient death, donor death, and dual twin death after laser, both before and after birth.MethodsThis is a prospective cohort study of monochorionic twin pairs who underwent laser ablation for TTTS. Risk factors for fetal and neonatal death of both twins were identified using univariable analysis and recursive partitioning, a novel statistical method to quantify contributions of each factor to outcomes.ResultsIn 413 twin pairs, death of both twins occurred in 9.2% (38/413), donor death in 12.1% (50/413), and recipient death in 2.4% (10/413). Recursive partitioning showed that gestational age at delivery predicts dual twin death (below 23.7 weeks, likely [p < 0.001], above 28.3 weeks, unlikely [p = 0.004]). Abnormal umbilical artery Doppler and weight discordance predict donor demise (p < 0.001 and p = 0.033, respectively). Cervical length under 16 mm predicts neonatal death of both twins (p < 0.001).ConclusionsParents can gain individualized information about the survival of each fetus based on variables available from preoperative and delivery variables. Short cervix and premature delivery cause significant mortality in TTTS.