bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strong isolation by distance among local populations of an endangered butterfly species (Euphydryas aurinia)
Authors: Pertoldi Cino , Ruiz‐Gonzalez Aritz , Bahrndorff Simon , Renee Lauridsen Nanna , Nisbeth Henriksen Thøger , Eskildsen Anne , Høye Toke Thomas 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe marsh fritillary (Euphydryas aurinia) is a critically endangered butterfly species in Denmark known to be particularly vulnerable to habitat fragmentation due to its poor dispersal capacity. We identified and genotyped 318 novel SNP loci across 273 individuals obtained from 10 small and fragmented populations in Denmark using a genotyping‐by‐sequencing (GBS) approach to investigate its population genetic structure. Our results showed clear genetic substructuring and highly significant population differentiation based on genetic divergence (FST) among the 10 populations. The populations clustered in three overall clusters, and due to further substructuring among these, it was possible to clearly distinguish six clusters in total. We found highly significant deviations from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium due to heterozygote deficiency within every population investigated, which indicates substructuring and/or inbreeding (due to mating among closely related individuals). The stringent filtering procedure that we have applied to our genotype quality could have overestimated the heterozygote deficiency and the degree of substructuring of our clusters but is allowing relative comparisons of the genetic parameters among clusters. Genetic divergence increased significantly with geographic distance, suggesting limited gene flow at spatial scales comparable to the dispersal distance of individual butterflies and strong isolation by distance. Altogether, our results clearly indicate that the marsh fritillary populations are genetically isolated. Further, our results highlight that the relevant spatial scale for conservation of rare, low mobile species may be smaller than previously anticipated.
A qualitative exploration of participant and investigator perspectives from the TRED‐HF trial
Authors: Papageorgiou Vasiliki , Jones Kathryn , Halliday Brian P. , Mindham Richard , Bruton Jane , Wassall Rebecca , Cleland John G.F. , Prasad Sanjay K. , Ward Helen 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAimsWe explored the experiences and motivations of participants and staff who took part in the TRED‐HF trial (Therapy withdrawal in REcovered Dilated cardiomyopathy).Methods and resultsWe conducted a qualitative study, using semi‐structured interviews, with participants (n = 12) and the research team (n = 4) from the TRED‐HF trial. Interviews were carried out in 2019 and were audio‐recorded and transcribed. Data were managed using NVivo and analysed using framework analysis. A patient representative provided guidance on the interpretation of findings and presentation of themes to ensure these remained meaningful, and an accurate representation, to those living with dilated cardiomyopathy. Three key themes emerged from the data: (i) perception of health; (ii) experiences and relationships with healthcare services and researchers; and (iii) perception of risk. Study participants held differing perceptions of their health; some did not consider themselves to have a heart condition or disagreed with the medical term ‘heart failure’. Relationships between participants, research staff, and clinical management teams influenced participants' experiences and decision making during the trial, including following clinical advice. There were differences in participants' perceptions of risk and their decisions to take heart failure medication after the trial was completed. Although the original TRED‐HF trial did not provide the results many had hoped for, a strong motivator for taking part was the opportunity to withdraw medication in a safely monitored environment which had been previously considered by some participants before. Investigators acknowledged that the insights gained from the study can now be used to support evidence‐based conversations with patients.ConclusionsFor people whose dilated cardiomyopathy is in remission, decisions to continue, reduce, or stop their medication are influenced by perceptions of personal health, perceive risk and the important of work, employment, recreation, relationships, and long‐term plans. The unique relationship between patient and cardiologist provides opportunities to promote honest discussion about adherence to medication and personalized long‐term management.
Determination of Stereoelectronic Properties of NHC Ligands via Ion Pairing and Fluorescence Spectroscopy
Authors: Popov Stepan , Plenio Herbert 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe present an experimental method, which provides information on the steric and electronic properties of ligands in metal complexes. This approach is based on the equilibrium of ion‐pairing of a cationic [(NHC)Ir(cod)]+ and a fluorescent bodipy‐sulfonate (bdpSO3−). The close ion‐pair of [(NHC)Ir(bdpSO3)(cod)] in toluene solution is weakly fluorescent, but dissociates into solvent‐separated ion pairs upon exposure to slightly more polar solvents. This spatial separation leads to a very pronounced increase of the fluorescence. The separation into distinct ions depends on the polarity of the solvent, but more importantly also on the stereoelectronic properties of the NHC ligand. 26 different NHC ligands with varying steric and electronic properties were probed in 1,2‐dichloroethane solvent. The electronic properties of the ligands were examined via the established descriptors (redox potential and ν(CO)). The systematic variation of NHC donation enables the deconvolution of electronic and steric contributions of the respective ligand.
Glycidol and 3‐MCPD Analysis Methods for Mono‐ and Diglycerides
Authors: Knudsen Helle Lochmann , Miller Rasmus Leth , Jensen Annette Tjørnelund 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDistilled monoglycerides (DMG) and mono‐di‐glycerides (MDG) are commonly used as emulsifiers in various processed foods, e.g., bread, margarine, and ice cream. DMG and MDG are derived from triacylglyceride (TAG) oils, and thus it is speculated that the harmful substances glycidol and 3‐monochloropropane‐1,2‐diol (MCPD) or their esters can also appear in DMG and MDG as they do in edible oil. However, present analysis methods, often developed for MCPD esters and glycidyl esters in TAG oils are not suitable for many DMG and MDG products. Dissolution of the DMG and MDG is the main problem. In this work a method for quantifying content of glycidol esters (GE) and 3‐MCPD using an indirect method quantifying the compounds with GC‐MS has been tested. The development has been developed based on the American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS) Cd 29c method including the modifications implemented by Axel Semrau in the automated procedure for triglycerides. With the proposed procedure it is shown that the new analysis method produces valid results in the range 1–10 ppm, and acceptable results at 0.5 ppm for both 3‐MCPD and glycidol. The method is an important part of providing safe and healthy emulsifier improved food products to consumers in European Commission and the rest of the world.Practical Applications: The European Commission (EU) has requested the emulsifier industry to supply data for GE and MCPD content as a first step in making legislation for maximum content as in edible oils and fats. However, there is no analysis method for emulsifiers (e.g., mono‐ and diglycerides). This work is a contribution to development of such an analysis method.
Reactions of Allenes with strong Borane‐Based Lewis Acids
Authors: Gellrich Urs 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn recent years, reactions of unsaturated organic molecules with strong boron‐based Lewis acids have attracted considerable attention. In this review, reactions of allenes with boron‐based Lewis acids, especially such ones equipped with perfluorophenyl rings, are discussed. It is shown that depending on the substitution pattern of the allene and the borane, a surprisingly broad variety of chemical transformations can be observed. These transformations often include unexpected skeletal rearrangements of the former allene. Furthermore, some transformations require only catalytic amounts of the borane‐based Lewis acid. Within this minireview, emphasis is given to the mechanistic aspects of these transformations, and similarities in the initial reaction steps are outlined.
Probabilistic loss assessment of curved bridges considering the effect of ground motion directionality
Authors: Feng Ruiwei , Yuan Wancheng , Sextos Anastasios 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis study aims to assess, in a probabilistic manner, the effect of seismic excitation direction on the performance of a 638 m‐long, 12 span prestressed concrete bridge with significant curvature in plan on the basis of overall monetary repair loss. By means of a large number of nonlinear dynamic analyses, the optimum intensity measure (IM) was selected from a pool of twenty candidates considering the impact of seismic excitation direction. Next, the variability of bridge loss with respect to the seismic incidence angle under different groups of earthquake intensities was obtained. Finally, the applicability of combination rules for the seismic performance of curved bridges was evaluated based on the multidirectional loss assessment results. Meanwhile, the effects of seismic excitation direction and earthquake intensity on the evaluation of combination rules were also revealed. Results indicate that velocity‐related or/and structural‐dependent IMs are more appropriate for the probabilistic seismic demand analysis of curved bridges. It is also notable that the total bridge loss gradually turns out to be independent of the seismic excitation direction as the seismic intensity increases and the damage develops throughout the structure. Additionally, the widely used100/30and100/40rules may lead to an unconservative estimation for the loss of the curved bridge. The above findings highlight the necessity of addressing the issue of ground motion directionality in a rigorous probabilistic manner and pave the way for further research on qualifying the influences of geometric configuration, material parameters, soil type and the consequent soil‐structure interaction effect.
Soil erosion and sediment transport in Tanzania: Part I – sediment source tracing in three neighbouring river catchments
Authors: Wynants Maarten , Munishi Linus , Mtei Kelvin , Bodé Samuel , Patrick Aloyce , Taylor Alex , Gilvear David , Ndakidemi Patrick , Blake William H. , Boeckx Pascal 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWater bodies in Tanzania are experiencing increased siltation, which is threatening water quality, ecosystem health, and livelihood security in the region. This phenomenon is caused by increasing rates of upstream soil erosion and downstream sediment transport. However, a lack of knowledge on the contributions from different catchment zones, land‐use types, and dominant erosion processes, to the transported sediment is undermining the mitigation of soil degradation at the source of the problem. In this context, complementary sediment source tracing techniques were applied in three Tanzanian river systems to further the understanding of the complex dynamics of soil erosion and sediment transport in the region. Analysis of the geochemical and biochemical fingerprints revealed a highly complex and variable soil system that could be grouped in distinct classes. These soil classes were unmixed against riverine sediment fingerprints using the Bayesian MixSIAR model, yielding proportionate source contributions for each catchment. This sediment source tracing indicated that hillslope erosion on the open rangelands and maize croplands in the mid‐zone contributed over 75% of the transported sediment load in all three river systems during the sampling time‐period. By integrating geochemical and biochemical fingerprints in sediment source tracing techniques, this study demonstrated links between land use, soil erosion and downstream sediment transport in Tanzania. This evidence can guide land managers in designing targeted interventions that safeguard both soil health and water quality.
Energy efficient resource allocation in cache‐enabled fog networks
Authors: Basir Rabeea , Qaisar Saad , Ali Mudassar , Naeem Muhammad , Anpalagan Alagan 
Published: August 2021

AbstractTo gain high energy efficiency and low latency, fog computing can be considered as a promising enabling technology for supporting future IoT networks. Exponentially increasing data rate demand of smart IoT devices in the fifth‐Generation (5G) networks require new resource management and power allocation schemes. Fog computing involves the deployment of data storage devices (fog nodes) near the proximity of IoT nodes. The fog nodes collaborate to process requests generated from users. These nodes can store data in their storage capacity and supports in achieving quality‐of‐service (QoS) requirements. A joint node association and energy efficiency maximization problem is formulated in this article. The proposed problem is a non‐linear concave programming problem under cache size, association, and optimal power allocation constraints. A mesh adaptive direct search algorithm (MADS) is used to solve the formulated problem to find the sub‐optimal results. The efficient performance of the algorithm can be seen in comparison with more complex algorithms namely, outer approximation algorithm and exhaustive search algorithm. Extensive simulations are done to observe the detailed performance analysis of the IoT‐Fog network. As a result, energy‐efficient resource allocation is done under cache and QoS constraints with very little complexity and low computational power and delays.
Predicting flammability limits through thermal theory and density theory of flame propagation
Authors: Nassimi Ali M. 
Published: August 2021

SUMMARYFlammability limits are important safety parameters of each flammable material. Thermal theory of flame propagation suggests existence of a threshold temperature above which a flame propagates. Density theory of flame propagation suggests existence of a threshold density factor above which a flame propagates; density factor is defined as the ratio of before ignition to after ignition density. Based on a general version of thermal theory of flame propagation, constancy of values of adiabatic flame temperature at each flammability limit can be used to predict flammability limits. Similarly, based on a general version of the density theory of flame propagation, constancy of values of density factor at each flammability limit can be used to predict flammability limits. This work reports and compares predictions of general versions of both thermal theory and density theory of flame propagation for lower flammability limits and for upper flammability limits. This work shows that thermal theory and density theory both perform well at predicting the lower flammability limit while density theory performs far better than thermal theory at predicting the upper explosive limit.
Effect of calcium treatment on the browning of harvested eggplant fruits and its relation to the metabolisms of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and phenolics
Authors: Ban Qiuyan , Liu Tongjin , Ning Kun , Fan Junjun , Cui Qunxiang , Guo Yanle , Zai Xueming 
Published: August 2021

AbstractEggplant is a popular vegetable in Asia; however, it has a short storage life and considerable economic losses have resulted from eggplant browning. Calcium has been reported to play a key role in the postharvest storage of plants. Here, we found that exogenous calcium application could delay eggplant fruit browning and maintain higher storage quality. The increased browning index (BI), relative electrolytic leakage (REL), and water loss were suppressed by calcium treatment during storage. Delayed browning with calcium treatment might result from a higher phenolic level and suppressed the activity of polyphenol oxidase (PPO). Less H2O2 and O2‐ but more activated reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging enzymes accumulated in calcium‐treated fruits than in H2O‐treated fruits. Moreover, the nonenzymatic antioxidant, ascorbic acid (AsA), was accumulated more in calcium‐treated eggplant fruits. Taken together, our data demonstrated that exogenous calcium application delayed eggplant fruit browning by regulating phenol metabolism and enhancing antioxidant systems.
Microglia contributes to remyelination in cerebral but not spinal cord ischemia
Authors: Pavic Goran , Petzsch Patrick , Jansen Robin , Raba Katharina , Rychlik Nicole , Simiantonakis Ioannis , Küry Patrick , Göttle Peter , Köhrer Karl , Hartung Hans‐Peter , Meuth Sven G. , Jander Sebastian , Gliem Michael 
Published: August 2021

AbstractInflammation after injury of the central nervous system (CNS) is increasingly viewed as a therapeutic target. However, comparative studies in different CNS compartments are sparse. To date only few studies based on immunohistochemical data and all referring to mechanical injury have directly compared inflammation in different CNS compartments. These studies revealed that inflammation is more pronounced in spinal cord than in brain. Therefore, it is unclear whether concepts and treatments established in the cerebral cortex can be transferred to spinal cord lesions and vice versa or whether immunological treatments must be adapted to different CNS compartments. By use of transcriptomic and flow cytometry analysis of equally sized photothrombotically induced lesions in the cerebral cortex and the spinal cord, we could document an overall comparable inflammatory reaction and repair activity in brain and spinal cord between day 1 and day 7 after ischemia. However, remyelination was increased after cerebral versus spinal cord ischemia which is in line with increased remyelination in gray matter in previous analyses and was accompanied by microglia dominated inflammation opposed to monocytes/macrophages dominated inflammation after spinal cord ischemia. Interestingly remyelination could be reduced by microglia and not hematogenous macrophage depletion. Our results show that despite different cellular composition of the postischemic infiltrate the inflammatory response in cerebral cortex and spinal cord are comparable between day 1 and day 7. A striking difference was higher remyelination capacity in the cerebral cortex, which seems to be supported by microglia dominance.
Impacts of depression subcase and case on all‐cause mortality in older people: The findings from the multi‐centre community‐based cohort study in China
Authors: Chen Ruoling , Zhou Weiju , Ma Ying , Wan Yuhui , Qin Xia , Rodney Amanda , Ni Jindong , Thomas Erica , Gao Jian , Spira Adam P. , Hu Zhi , Copeland John R. M. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectivesIt is unclear whether and to what extent depression subcases and cases in older age were associated with all‐cause mortality. Little is known about gender differences in the associations. We assess these in older Chinese.MethodsWe examined a random sample of 6124 participants aged ≥60 years across five provinces in China. They were interviewed using a standard method of the GMS‐AGECAT to diagnose depression subcase and case and record sociodemographic and disease risk factors at baseline, and to follow up their vital status. We employed Cox regression models to determine all‐cause mortality in relation to depression subcases and cases, with adjustment for important variables, including social support and co‐morbidities.ResultsOver the 10‐year follow‐up, 928 deaths occurred. Compared to those without depression at baseline, participants with depression subcase (n = 196) and case (n = 264) had increased risk of mortality; adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) were 1.46 (95% CI 1.07–2.00) and 1.45 (1.10–1.91). The adjusted HRs in men were 1.15 (0.72–1.81) and 1.85 (1.22–2.81), and in women 1.87 (1.22–2.87) and 1.22 (0.83–1.77) respectively. In participants aged ≥65 years, the adjusted HRs were 1.12 (0.68–1.84) and 1.99 (1.28–3.10) in men, and 2.06 (1.32–2.24) and 1.41 (0.94–2.10) in women. Increased HR in depression subcases was higher in women than man (ratio of HRs was 1.84, p = 0.034).ConclusionsOlder people with depression subcase could have increased all‐cause mortality to a similar extent to those with depression case. More attention should be paid to subcases of depression in women to tackle gender inequalities and improve survival.
Hepatitis E virus infection activates NOD‐like receptor family pyrin domain‐containing 3 inflammasome antagonizing interferon response but therapeutically targetable
Authors: Li Yang , Yu Peifa , Kessler Amy L. , Shu Jingyi , Liu Xiaoyan , Liang Zhaochao , Liu Jiaye , Li Yunlong , Li Pengfei , Wang Ling , Wang Yining , Ma Zhongren , Liu Aixia , Wang Ling , Bruno Marco J. , de Man Robert A. , Peppelenbosch Maikel P. , Buschow Sonja I. , Wang Lin , Wang Yijin , Pan Qiuwei 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Background and Aims
HEV infection is the most common cause of liver inflammation, but the pathogenic mechanisms remain largely unclear. We aim to explore whether HEV infection activates inflammasomes, crosstalk with antiviral interferon response, and the potential of therapeutic targeting.

Approach and Results
We measured IL‐1β secretion, the hallmark of inflammasome activation, in serum of HEV‐infected patients and rabbits, and in cultured macrophage cell lines and primary monocyte‐derived macrophages. We found that genotypes 3 and 4 HEV infection in rabbits elevated IL‐1β production. A profound increase of IL‐1β secretion was further observed in HEV‐infected patients (1,733 ± 1,234 pg/mL; n = 70) compared to healthy persons (731 ± 701 pg/mL; n = 70). Given that macrophages are the drivers of inflammatory response, we found that inoculation with infectious HEV particles robustly triggered NOD‐like receptor family pyrin domain‐containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation in primary macrophages and macrophage cell lines. We further revealed that the ORF2 capsid protein and the formed integral viral particles are responsible for activating inflammasome response. We also identified NF‐κB signaling activation as a key upstream event of HEV‐induced NLRP3 inflammasome response. Interestingly, inflammasome activation antagonizes interferon response to facilitate viral replication in macrophages. Pharmacological inhibitors and clinically used steroids can effectively target inflammasome activation. Combining steroids with ribavirin simultaneously inhibits HEV and inflammasome response without cross‐interference.

Conclusions
HEV infection strongly activates NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages, which regulates host innate defense and pathogenesis. Therapeutic targeting of NLRP3, in particular when combined with antiviral agents, represents a viable option for treating severe HEV infection.
The geographic scope of conflict and HIV
Authors: Kim Yiyeon 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundHIV affects 74.9 million people. While there is empirical inconsistency in the conflict and HIV literature, no previous studies have questioned the effects of geographic scope of conflict on HIV. This study aims to overcome past limitations by examining on the impact of geographic scope of conflict on HIV prevalence and women's HIV prevalence.MethodologyThis study analyzes 31 developing countries from 1990 to 2009 using fixed‐effects regression models with Driscoll and Kraay standard errors (DKSE). DKSE adjusts higher‐order autocorrelation, serial correlation, and spatial dependency.ResultsThis study finds that as the scope of a conflict increases, so do both overall HIV and women's HIV prevalence rates. This is the first study that reveals the impact of conflict's scope on society.ConclusionFor leaders who implement HIV policy, this study shows that international organisations and NGOs should consider expanding their efforts in fighting HIV to include areas that experience wide conflict. In addition, this study suggests for conflict literature that scope of conflict is a significant factor that should examined from the perspective of consequences of conflict.