bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification and Testing of Reference Genes for qRT-PCR Analysis During Pear Fruit Development
Authors: Wang Guoming , Guo Zhihua , Wang Xueping , Gao Hongru , Qi Kaijie , Gu Chao , Zhang Shaoling 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Background: Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) is currently one of the most reliable and improved tools for analyzing gene expression. Various studies have shown that housekeeping genes was varied with cultivars, tissues and treatment. The reliable and stable reference genes were necessarily identified and evaluated according to different experimental requirements. Result: In this study, 10 candidate reference genes were initially screened based on the transcriptome sequencing data of four pear fruit development stages of three different pear cultivars, including a candidate housekeeping gene PbrTUB. Furthermore, we ranked the expression stability of 10 candidate reference genes using algorithms GeNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and ReFinder. Finally, the result showed that Pbr028511, Pbr038418 and Pbr041114 were the most stable reference gene in Cuiguan, Housui and Xueqing fruit, respectively. Concludion: Thee results provide a valuable resource that serve as significant reference for gene function explorations and molecular mechanism studies in fruit development and ripening of different pear cultivars.
Combined effects of ENSO and PDO on Activity of Major Hurricanes in Eastern North Pacific
Authors: Huang Chaoming , Liu Hailong , Wang Xidong , Zuo Juncheng , Wang Ruyun 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Major hurricanes (MHs) in the eastern North Pacific (ENP) in 1970-2018 were clustered into 3 categories with different quantity, intensity, lifetime, translation speed, track and large-scale environmental fields. MHs in all three clusters are more active in the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) warm phase than cold phase period. There are two clusters that their relationship with El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) were modulated by PDO. The first cluster generates and develops in the open ocean and has an increasing trend of annual frequency, which is more active during El Niño years than during La Niña years in the PDO cold phase, but equally active in the PDO warm phase. The second cluster generates in the nearshore and translate rapidly into the ocean, which is more active during La Niña years than during El Niño years in the PDO warm phase, but equally active in the PDO cold phase. The PDO modulation mainly result from that MHs are obviously active during La Niña years in the PDO warm phase, which can be explained by local warming sea surface temperature, lower vertical wind shear, increasing vorticity and weakening sinking branch of circulation like Hadley cell. Therefore, PDO modulation cannot be ignored when predict the activity of tropical cyclone in ENP, especially for MHs that enters the open ocean and threat the islands such as the Hawaiian Islands.
Title: Bacteriophage Φ6 (Phi6) as a Surrogate for Enveloped Viral pathogens in Standard and Long-lasting Virucidal Efficacy Tests
Authors: Hutchison Jaime B. , Plummer Chris , Garner Gareth , Sehgal Amit , Purevdorj-Gage Laura B. , Ramdani Kamel 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Development of novel antimicrobials capable of providing long-lasting disinfection on surfaces requires the implementation of new standardized methods to support claims recognized by regulatory authorities. Surrogates for viral pathogens are often desired in order for BSL-2 labs to conduct these new efficacy tests safely and efficiently, however, the knowledge of surrogate suitability for these tests is limited. Here, for the first time, we determine the resistance profile of the bacteriophage Phi6 to quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) in a variety of test conditions. Additionally, we show that Phi6 can be used to demonstrate the long-lasting virucidal efficacy of a novel antimicrobial, Actizone™ F5, and that the Phi6 is more resistant to QACs following the UK standard long-lasting disinfection test BSI PAS2424:2014 than Vaccinia virus, which is the marker strain for claims of activity against enveloped viruses in Europe. Surface stability as well as benefits and limitations of Phi6 use relative to other enveloped viruses for antimicrobial testing is also discussed.
Normal and Tangential Forces Combine to Convey Contact Pressure during Dynamic Tactile Stimulation
Authors: Gueorguiev David , Lambert Julien , Thonnard Jean-Louis , Kuchenbecker Katherine J. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Humans need to accurately process the contact forces that arise as they perform everyday haptic interactions, but the mechanisms by which the forces on the skin are represented and integrated remain little understood. In this study, we used a force-controlled robotic platform and simultaneous ultrasonic modulation of the finger-surface friction to briefly and independently manipulate the normal and tangential forces during passive haptic stimulation by a flat surface. When participants were asked whether the contact pressure on their finger had briefly increased or decreased, they could not distinguish the normal force from the tangential force. Instead, they integrated the normal and tangential components of the force vector into a multidimensional computation of the contact force. We additionally investigated whether participants relied on three common contact-force metrics. Interestingly, the change in the amplitude of the force vector predicted participants’ responses better than the change of the coefficient of dynamic friction and the change of the angle of the contact force vector. Thus, intensive cues related to the amplitude of the applied force may be meaningful for the sensing of contact pressure during haptic stimulation by a moving surface.
The neuroprotection effects of exosome in central nervous system injuries: A new target for therapeutic intervention
Authors: Zhang Li , Mao Lei , Wang Handong 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) injuries, including traumatic brain injury (TBI), spinal cord injury (SCI) and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), are the most common cause of death and disability around the world. As a key subset of extracellular vesicles (EVs), exosomes have recently attracted great attentions due to their functions in remodeling extracellular matrix, and transmitting signals and molecules. A large number of studies have suggested that exosomes played an important role in brain development and involved in many neurological disorders, particularly in CNS injuries. It has been proposed that exosomes could improve cognition function, inhibit apoptosis, suppress inflammation, regulate autophagy and protect blood brain barrier (BBB) in CNS injuries via different molecules and pathways including microRNA (miRNA), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), ph1osphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT), Notch1 and extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK). Therefore, exosomes showed great promise as potential targets in CNS injuries. In this article, we present a review highlighting the applications of exosomes in CNS injuries. Hence, on the basis of these properties and effects, exosomes may be developed as therapeutic agents for CNS injury patients.
VMAT2 Availability in Parkinson’s Disease with REM Sleep Behaviour Disorder
Authors: Valli Mikaeel , Cho Sang Soo , Uribe Carme , Masellis Mario , Chen Robert , Mihaescu Alexander , Strafella Antonio P. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
REM sleep behaviour disorder (RBD) is an early sleep disturbance symptom of Parkinson’s disease (PD) thought to be caused by the disruption of normal basal ganglia function due to neurodegeneration. To further elucidate the neuropathological contribution of RBD in PD, we aimed to characterize the role of vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2), an index of nigrostriatal dopamine innervation, in PD patients with RBD (PD-RBD+). We identified 15 PD-RBD+, 15 PD patients without RBD (PD-RBD–) and 15 age matched healthy controls (HC) who underwent [11C]DTBZ PET imaging. This technique measures VMAT2 availability within striatal regions of interest (ROI). Mixed effect model was used to compare the radioligand binding of VMAT2 between the three groups for each striatal ROI, while co-varying for sex, cognitive function and depression scores. Multiple regressions were also computed to predict clinical measures from group condition and VMAT2 binding within all ROIs explored. Significant level was set at p < 0.05 (Bonferroni corrected). We observed significant main effect of group condition on VMAT2 availability within the caudate, putamen, ventral striatum, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamus. Specifically, we observed that both PD-RBD + and PD-RBD– group had lower VMAT2 availability compared to HC. PD-RBD– showed a negative relationship between motor severity and VMAT2 availability within the left caudate. This relationship was not found in the PD-RBD + group. Our findings reveal that both PD patient subgroups had reduced VMAT2 levels relative to HC—which reflects denervation within the nigrostriatal pathway. No significant interactions were detected between radioligand binding and clinical scores in PD-RBD+. Taken together, we found limited evidence that VMAT2 may contribute differently in PD-RBD + relative to PD-RBD–. Future studies are encouraged to explore other underlying neural chemistry mechanisms contributing to RBD in PD patients.
Characterizing Mobility Patterns of Forest Goers in Southern Lao PDR using GPS Loggers.
Authors: Rerolle Francois , Dantzer Emily , Phimmakong Toula , Lover Andrew , Hongvanthong Bouasy , Phetsouvanh Rattanaxay , Marshall John , Sturrock Hugh , Bennett Adam 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Background: In the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS), engaging in forest activities is a major risk factor for malaria. As countries focus their malaria control and elimination efforts on forest-going populations, a better understanding of their mobility patterns and risk associated with specific types of forest-going trips is essential. Methods: Between May and November 2018, we conducted a focal test and treat intervention (FTAT) in Champasak Province, southern Lao PDR, and recruited 2,904 forest-goers in our study. A subset of forest-goers were offered to carry a “i-Got-U” GPS logger for roughly two months, configured to collect GPS coordinates every 15 to 30 minutes. The utilization distribution (UD) surface around each GPS trajectory was used to extract trips to the forest and forest-fringes. Trips with shared mobility characteristics in terms of duration, timing and forest penetration were identified by a hierarchical clustering algorithm and clusters of trips with increased exposure to dominant malaria vectors in the region were further classified as high-risk. Finally, we used gradient boosting trees to assess which of the forest-goers’ socio-demographic and behavioral characteristics best predicted their likelihood to engage in such high-risk trips. Results: A total of 122 forest-goers accepted carrying a GPS logger resulting in the collection of 803 trips to the forest or forest-fringes. Six clusters of trips emerged, helping to classify 385 (48%) trips with increased exposure to malaria vectors based on high forest penetration and whether the trip happened overnight. Age, outdoor sleeping structures and number of children were the best predictors of forest-goers’ probability of engaging in high-risk trips. The probability of engaging in high-risk trips was high (~33%) in all strata of the forest-going population.Conclusion: This study characterized the heterogeneity within the mobility patterns of forest-goers and attempted to further segment their role in malaria transmission in southern Lao People’s Democratic Republic (PDR). These results are key for national control programs across the region to tailor their interventions and messaging to high-risk populations and meet their 2030 malaria elimination goals.
COVID-19: Examining the case growth-rate due to Visitor vs Local Mobility using Machine Learning: A Study in the United States
Authors: katragadda satya , bhupatiraju ravi teja , raghavan vijay , ashkar ziad , gottumukkala raju 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Background: Travel patterns of humans play a major part in the spread of infectious diseases. This was evident in the geographical spread of COVID-19 in the United States. However, the impact of this mobility and the transmission of the virus due to local travel, compared to the population traveling across state boundaries, is unknown. This study evaluates the impact of local vs. visitor mobility in understanding the growth in the number of cases for infectious disease outbreaks. Methods: We use two different mobility metrics, namely the local risk and visitor risk extracted from trip data generated from anonymized mobile phone data across all 50 states in the United States. We analyzed the impact of just using local trips on infection spread and infection risk potential generated from visitors' trips from various other states. We used the Diebold-Mariano test to compare across three machine learning models. Finally, we compared the performance of models, including visitor mobility for all the three waves in the United States and across all 50 states. Results: We observe that visitor mobility impacts case growth and that including visitor mobility in forecasting the number of COVID-19 cases improves prediction accuracy by 34. We found the statistical significance with respect to the performance improvement resulting from including visitor mobility using the Diebold-Mariano test. We also observe that the significance was much higher during the first peak March to June 2020. Conclusion: With presence of cases everywhere (i.e. local and visitor), visitor mobility (even within the country) is shown to have significant impact on growth in number of cases. While it is not possible to account for other factors such as the impact of interventions, and differences in local mobility and visitor mobility, we find that these observations can be used to plan for both reopening and limiting visitors from regions where there are high number of cases.
Religia jako element badań geopolitycznych
Authors: Macała Jarosław 
Published: September 2021

Ten artykuł wychodzi z założenia, że coraz większa grupa naukowców, zajmujących się geopolityką, uznaje za istotną analizę roli religii w procesach geopolitycznych. Jednak badania nad relacjami religii i geopolityki są słabo zaawansowane. Kultura i religia wiążą się stale ze środowiskiem życia człowieka, w tym również geograficznym. Stąd największa ilość współczesnych badań dotyczy wpływu kultury, w tym religii, na geopolitykę, w ramach spojrzenia geocywilizacyjnego, który głosi, iż podstawowe sprzeczności świata mają charakter kulturowy, czyli cywilizacyjny, kiedy cywilizację traktujemy jako najszerszą całość, z którą identyfikują się ludzie. W efekcie tylko stosunkowo nieliczni badacze akademiccy piszą o potrzebie powstania samodzielnej geopolityki religii, opierając się na przekonaniu, iż odrodzenie religijne we współczesnym świecie posiada wielorakie, a przede wszystkim samodzielne konsekwencje geopolityczne. Tym samym uważając studia nad wpływem religii za nową i niezbędną jakość w badaniach geopolitycznych.
A Novel Rosuvastatin Calcium Cow Ghee Fraction Biform Complex: Formulation Characterization and Evaluation
Authors: Suryawanshi Vijendra Kumar , Sarwa Khomendra Kumar , Sakarkar Suhas Narayan , Kaur Chanchal Deep 
Published: September 2021

Background:
Rosuvastatin calcium is a statin class of drug having limited oral bioavaila-bility of about 20%. Bioavailability can be enhanced by using a biform complex of the drug with cow ghee.

Methods:
A precise thermal fractionation technique was adopted to separate different fatty acids from cow ghee. The collected fraction was characterized for fatty acid content. LC-MS and FTIR confirm the content variation in the collected fraction. Biform complex was prepared by fusion method with a constant ratio of drug and cow ghee fraction. The prepared complex was subjected to FTIR, DSC, and LC-MS studies to confirm chemical composition characteristics. For evaluation of the drug content, in-vitro and ex-vivo permeation studies were also performed. The anti-inflammatory response was measured using the carrageenan paw-induced edema rat model. To de-termine the lipid-lowering effect, inflammation marker analysis was also performed using ELISA specific kit.

Results:
The biform complex prepared with a thermal fraction at 30°C of cow ghee showed the highest in-vitro and ex-vivo permeation. The anti-inflammation response of the biform complex F1 was higher than other tested formulations with a significant decrease in lipid and lipoprotein con-tent.

Conclusions:
This study confirms that the thermal fractionation method is able to separate cow ghee as per the fatty acid content. The complexion of rosuvastatin calcium with cow ghee thermal frac-tion could enhance the oral bioavailability and improve anti-inflammatory and lipid-lowering activi-ties.
Kajian Hidrolika Sungai Kusan Kabupaten Tanah Bumbu Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan Dengan Uji Model Fisik dengan Skala Distorsi Vertikal 1:40 Horizontal 1:80
Authors: Danudoro Muhammad , Dermawan Very , Wahyuni Sri 
Published: September 2021

The research was conducted to determine the hydraulic conditions in the Kusan River by means of a modeled prototype which would later be compared with the theoretical calculation results. Discharge test with a rating curve on the river model of the Kusan River with distortion scale of vertical 1:40 horizontal 1:80. To decide which sedimentÂ that will be used to do test on model, it takes several sample of sediment test when testing the river model. There are 5 samples tested, with a ratio of sand and coal, those ratio sample between sand and coal are 1: 9, 2: 8, 3: 7, 4: 6 and 5: 5, referring to the ratio of 3: 7 as the best criterion. The estimation of the passing discharge in the existing by calculating of the rating curve in several sections of the Kusan River by using a slope of 0.007007 (mean slope) and n manning 0.03. From the winding discharge, it is determined that the discharge used is a small discharge with a water level of Â± 0.50 (14.29 m3/s), a medium discharge with a water level of Â± 2.00 m (156.07 m3/s) and a large discharge with a water level. Â± 3.50 m (519.64 m3/s).Â Penelitian tersebut dilakukan untuk mengetahui kondisi hidrolika di Sungai Kusan secara prototype yang dimodelkan yang nantinya dibandingan dengan hasil perhitungan teori. Dengan debit pengujian dilakukan menggunakan rating curve pada sungai model Sungai Kusan dengan skala distorsi vertical 1:40 horisontal 1:80. Diperlukan pengujian terhadap bebeara sampel sedimen yang bertujuan untuk menentukan sedimen yang nantinya akan digunakan saat pengujian model sungai. Terdapat 5 sampel yang diujikan, dengan perbandingan jumlah pasir dan jumlah batu bara 1:9, 2:8, 3:7, 4:6 dan 5:5, mengacu pada perbandingan 3:7 sebagai kriteria yang paling baik. Estimasi debit yang lewat pada kondisi eksisting adalah dengan perhitungan lengkung debit pada beberapa section Sungai Kusan dengan menggunakan slope 0,007007 (slope rerata) dan n manning 0,03. Dari liku debit ditentukan debit yang digunakan adalah debit kecil dengan ketinggian air Â± 0,50 m (14,29 m3/detik), debit sedang dengan ketinggian air Â± 2,00 m (156,07 m3/detik) dan debit besar dengan ketinggian air Â± 3,50 m (519,64 m3/detik).
Evaluasi Efektivitas Sumur Injeksi Dalam Upaya Penanggulangan Genangan di RW 23 Kelurahan Purwantoro, Kota Malang, Jawa Timur
Authors: Dewa Faralisintia Junia Surya , Bisri Mohammad , Suhartanto Ery 
Published: September 2021

Purwantoro RW 23 Subdistrict, Blimbing Subdistrict, Malang often inundation due to changes in land use. In dealing with this problem, since 2013 RW 23 has built 6 injection wells. This study aims to determine the existing condition, follow-up and effectiveness of injection wells at the research site. Therefore, analysis is required using EPA SWMM 5.1 model to describe the simulation of inundation reduction. Therefore, analysis is required using EPA SWMM 5.1 model to describe the simulation of inundation reduction. For model calibration is done by RMSE method for a return period of 2 years of 9.9%, and for a return period of 5 years of 11%, while for a return period of 10 years of 12%. The simulation results in SWMM 5.1 application showed that after the injection well can absorb rainwater runoff for return period of 2, 5, and 10 years. However, it is necessary to add 4 injection wells for a return period of 2 years, and 5 injection wells for a return period of 5 and 10 years. The effectiveness value of the application of injection wells using rain barrels in SWMM 5.1 applications obtained results for a return period of 2 years of 85.714% - 97.931% with an average effectiveness of 92.028%, and a return period of 5 years of 88.889% - 98.378% with an average effectiveness of 93.562%, while a return period of 10 years of 90.909% - 98.372% with an average effectiveness of 94.161%.Â Wilayah Kelurahan Purwantoro RW 23, Kecamatan Blimbing, Kota Malang sering terjadi genangan akibat dari perubahan tata guna lahan. Dalam menangani permasalahan ini, Sejak tahunÂ 2013 RW 23 telah membangun sumur injeksi sebanyak 6 buah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kondisi eksisting, tindak lanjut dan efektivitas sumur injeksi di lokasi penelitian. Maka dari itu, diperlukan analisis menggunakan model EPA SWMM 5.1 untuk menggambarkan simulasi pengurangan genangan. Untuk kalibrasi model dilakukan dengan metode RMSE dengan kala ulang 2 tahun sebesar 9,9 %, kala ulang 5 tahun sebesar 11%, dan kala ulang 10 tahun sebesar 12%. Hasil simulasi pada aplikasi SWMM 5.1 menunjukkan bahwa perlu penambahan sumur injeksi sebanyak 4 sumur injeksi di kala ulang 2 tahun, 5 sumur injeksi di kala ulang 5 dan 10 tahun. Nilai rata-rata efektivitas penerapan sumur injeksi dengan menggunakan tampungan hujan pada SWMM 5.1 didapatkan hasil untuk kala ulang 2 tahun sebesar 92,028%, dan untuk kala ulang 5 tahun sebesar 93,562%, sedangkan untuk kala ulang 10 tahun sebesar 94,161%.