bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Histomorphological Spectrum of Lesions in Nephrectomy Specimen
Authors: Basnet Dipika , Makaju Ramesh , Dhakal Rachana , Lama Binita , Gautam Nikita 
Published: September 2021

Background
Nephrectomy is a common and standard surgical practice in urology. It has pivotal role in diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of disease. It is indicated in patients with irreversible kidney damage following chronic infection, trauma, obstruction and malformation as well as renal malignancy. The objective of this study was to analyze the histomorphological spectrum of various lesions in nephrectomy specimens with special emphasis on grading and staging of renal carcinoma.
Methods
This is a retrospective study done from January 2015 to December 2020 in the Department of Pathology, Dhulikhel Hospital - Kathmandu University Hospital (DH - KUH). Relevant clinical data of the patients were obtained from the histopathological records of the patient from the pathology department.
Results
A total of 70 cases were studied, out of which 60 were simple nephrectomy specimens, followed by 8 radical and 2 partial nephrectomy specimens. The age of patient ranged from 2 to 74 years. Highest percentage of nephrectomy was seen in 4th decade of life. Male population comprising 54.28% of nephrectomy. Non-neoplastic lesions constituted 53 cases and chronic pyelonephritis was the most common lesion. Out of 17 neoplastic lesions, 76.47% of cases were malignant. Clear cell renal cell carcinoma was the most common malignant tumour.
Conclusions
This study gives a fair insight into the incidence of neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions of kidney requiring nephrectomy in this institution.
Age Determination by Medial End of Clavicle- Radiological Study
Authors: Makaju Sarbada , Karmacharya Menuka , Chaudhary Sonam 
Published: September 2021

Introduction
The clavicle was a modified long bone and it is placed horizontally. Anatomically, clavicle consist of medial and lateral end. It doesn’t consist of medullar cavity. The medial epiphysis was the last epiphysis of the body to fuse at the age of 25-28 years of age.
Methods
The study was conducted on 369 chest X-ray of a patient from Department of Radiology, Duwakot, Kathmandu between September-November 2020 after getting the ethical clearance from the Institutional Review Committee (reference no. KMC-IRC 2003202005). The Convenient sampling was done. The stages of ossification of the medial epiphysis of clavicle were studied. The data was analysed with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 20 version.
Results
Total sample size was 369. Out of that 208(56.4%) were Male and 161(43.6%). The stages of the ossification begin at the age of 15 in Male and 12 in Female. In the both gender, the medial epiphysis completed its ossification the Stages 5 at the age of 26. The right and left side of clavicle start its ossification at the same age group and completed also in same age.
Conclusions
The ossification of the medial epiphysis of right and left side of clavicle begins and end at same time. In both the gender, the stages 5 completed at age of 26. This showed that the clavicle fused completely at the age of 26.
Platelet Count and Its Prognostic Value in Pregnancy Induced Hypertension
Authors: Sharma Nirmala , Kumari Sheela , BC Durga , Shrestha Merina 
Published: September 2021

Introduction: Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy is one of the maternal diseases that cause the most detrimental effects to the mother and the fetus.1 It is the leading cause of direct maternal death along with hemorrhage and infections. Approximately 70% of hypertensive disorders are due to gestational hypertension, preeclampsia and eclampsia whereas other 30% are due to preexisting or undiagnosed hypertension.2 Out of all the hematological abnormalities that occur in PIH, thrombocytopenia is the most common seen to occur in 11% to 29% of patients.3 Thrombocytopenia occurs more commonly in patients with eclampsia (30%) compared to patients with both mild and severe forms of pre-eclampsia (15%-18%).4
Aims :To find out the severity of disease with platelet count in pregnancy induced hypertension.
Methods: This is a hospital- based descriptive cross sectional study, conducted in the department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Nepalgunj Medical College Teaching Hospital, Kohalpur, Banke, Nepal, conducted over a period of one year from September 2018 to August 2019. Fifty pregnant women were enrolled in study after getting informed written consent and assessing for inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Results: Incidence of Pre-eclampsia/eclampsia is 2.3% in this study. Majority of the women belong to age group 21-25(40%), followed by 15-20(38%) with mean age 23.18±5.45. 62% constituted primigravidas and 38% were multigravidas. 33 (66%) cases were at term (37-42 weeks of gestation), 11(22%) at 34-36 weeks of gestation and 6 (12%) were at 28-33 weeks of gestation with mean gestational age 36.38±3.17. Eclampsia cases were found more i.e. 48%, followed by pre-eclampsia 38% and Gestational hypertension 14%. Moderately low platelet count was seen in 11.76% of Gestational hypertension, 47% of pre-eclampsia and 41.17% of eclampsia and severely low platelet count in 21.4% pre-eclampsia and 64.70% of eclampsia.
Conclusion: PIH continues to be a leading cause of Maternal and perinatal morbidity and Mortality. The disease accounts of 40,000 maternal deaths worldwide per year5. It is one of the common causes of iatrogenic preterm delivery. Etiology of Pre-eclampsia/Eclampsia is complex and not completely understood. A combination of abnormal Placentation and predisposing maternal factor contribute to widespread endothelial dysfunctions which lead to the syndrome of PIH. To date there has been no screening test that has been widely adopted in clinical practice. Platelet estimation method is reliable, rapid, cheaper, and simple lab method. Prognosis of diseases could be monitored by measuring platelet count and level of platelet count can predict the severity of PIH. Therefore assessment of platelet count has special place in management of PIH.
Functional Outcome of Galezzi Fracture Dislocation in Adults Treated With Dynamic Compression Plate and Kirschner Wire
Authors: KC Dipendra , Shrestha Dinesh Kumar , Karki Prateek , Shrestha Sabin , Yogi Sushil , Giri Sagar 
Published: September 2021

Introduction: Galeazzi fracture-dislocation is a complex traumatic disruption of the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) that is associated with lower shaft radius fracture. Galeazzi fractures are extremely unstable, and the results of nonsurgical treatment are uniformly unsatisfactory. Galeazzi fractures managed with closed modalities have unsatisfactory clinical results in most of the patients in published literature so open reduction and internal fixation with plating is the standard treatment for this fracture.
Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the functional outcome of Galeazzi fracture dislocation.
Methods: This prospective study was conducted in the Department of Orthopedics at Nepalgunj Medical College Teaching Hospital Kohalpur, from April 2016 to March 2019. It included 35 patients of age group 19 to 49. All of the fractures in this study were treated by open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) with 3.5 mm narrow dynamic compression plate (DCP) and cortical screws via Henrys anterior approach and distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) stabilization was done with 1 Kirschner wire (K-wire) inserted parallel to the wrist joint. Patients were observed at 6, 10, 16 and 24 weeks and 52 weeks both radiographically and clinically.
Results: In this study of 35 patients, 24 (68.57%) were males and 11 (31.43%) were females with the age range of 19 to 49 years and mean age of 35 and standard deviation (SD) of ±1.5 years. Majority of fractures were observed between 31 to 40 years of age. Most of the injuries were due to fall injury 51.42%. The average duration from time of injury to surgery was 5 days and bone grafting was not needed in any cases. The average time period for union was about 16 weeks. The most common complication seen in this study was stiffness of wrist (11.42%). Twenty four patients (68.57%) had good result, 10 patients (28.57%) had fair result and one patient (2.86%) had poor result in DASH score at final follow-up.
Conclusion: Open reduction and internal fixation with plating and stabilization of distal radioulnar joint with K wire yields good to fair outcome on Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder and Hand Score.
Hearing Loss in Low Birth Weight Neonates: A Comparative Study at Nepalgunj Medical College and Teaching Hospital
Authors: Sharma Anshu , Saxena Ravinder , Paudel Dhundi Raj , Shrestha Kumar 
Published: September 2021

Introduction: Hearing impairment is the most common congenital abnormality that occurs in 1 to 4/1000 newborns. It has a profound effect on their optimal development of language, speech and cognitive skill. Early detection in order to achieve effective treatment is essential. An association between low birth weight and hearing loss is commonly associated with multiple risk factors that can alter hearing in a synergistic fashion. Universal neonatal hearing screening programs have become widely implemented aiming for the screening, confirmation of the diagnosis and intervention by 1, 3 and 6 months respectively. Transient Evoked Otoacoustic emissions is one of the test found to be a quick, objective, non-invasive, accurate and easy test for early detection of this problem.
Aims: Early detection of hearing loss in neonates focusing on low birth weight for early optimum rehabilitation.
Methods: A comparative case control study conducted in 100 neonates under 2 groups. 50 neonates with low birth weight and 50 with normal birth weight who were born at NGMCTH, Kohalpur. Their hearing evaluation was done with Transient Evoked Oto Acoustic Emission (TEOAE).
Results: The total referral rate was 12 % and pass rate was 88 %. The referral rate in LBW group was 20 % and 4 % in normal weight neonates. The pass rate in low birth weight was 80 % and 96 % in normal weight babies.
Conclusion: Hearing impairment is a severe consequence in neonates with low birth weight. To decrease the economic and social burden of effects of hearing loss, it is assumed that newborn screening can immeasurably improve the future of newborn with early rehabilitation.
Purna Man Chitrakar (1864 - 1939 AD): A Pioneer - Least Celebrated
Authors: Chitrakar Madan 
Published: September 2021

A frequent debate or an issue favorite amongst the art-history buffs is usually found around when and who first used oil paints as a medium of painting and introduced photography in Nepal. On many occasions, the credits were attributed to a legendary name – Bhaju Man Chitrakar or Bhaju-macha. But it appears now many of those narratives were made more based on the popular hearsays rather than actual study of his oeuvre of works or a credible analysis of the circumstances then.
The essay here seeks to analyze the roles of the prominent artists then – spanning late 80s of the 19th century to the late 30s of the 20th century. It is found the role played by a least celebrated artist Purna Man Chitrakar, seemed more credible – in ushering a new era, described as ‘Pre-modern’, with the irrefutable accounts of his workings in oil colors and photography.
Moreover, his mentorship of many of the junior artists later proved momentous – leading to create different new streams in the evolution of Nepali Art – later.
Mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy in surgery of nephrolithiasis
Authors: Sahalevych Аndriy , Sergiychuk Roman , Ozhohin Vladislav , Vozianov Olexandr , Khrapchuk Andriy , Dubovyi Yaroslav , Frolov Olexandr 
Published: September 2021

Abstract. The present study aimed to assess the effectiveness and safety of mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy (mPNL) in comparison with standard percutaneous nephrolithotomy (sPNL) for the treatment of complex nephrolithiasis.
Methods. During the period from 2012 to 2020, 1021 patients with solitary (10.0-30.0 mm), staghorn and multiple renal calculi were retrospectively divided into two groups: sPNL (500 patients) and mPNL (521 patients). The groups were compared by the stone-free rate (%, SFR), the duration of the surgery, complications and hospital stay.
Results. SPNL and mPNL were highly effective procedures for the treatment of nephrolithiasis. The mPNL group had longer operative times (81.0±15.5 vs 69.1±13.9 min, p<0.001) and higher frequency tubeless/totally tubeless procedures (41.1 vs 6.8%, p<0.001). mPNL showed a higher SFR (96.4 vs 91.8%, р=0.002 in patients with complete staghorn (90.1 vs 77.3%, p<0.05) and multiple kidney stones (89.5 vs 70.8%, p=0.03). Postoperative decrease in hemoglobin was lower in mPNL group 1.1±0.34 vs 2.1±0.26 g/dl (p<0.001). The incidence rate of urinary tract infections and postoperative hospital stay was lower in the mPNL group: 7.3 vs 13.2%, p=0.03 and 1.9±0.6 vs 4.3±2.4 days, р<0.001.
Conclusions. MPNL is a safe and effective treatment for patients with complex renal stones with an improved stone-free rate and lower complication rate and shorter hospital stay. Smaller diameter tract in mPNL procedures was associated with a longer duration of surgery.
Sinking skin flap syndrome in a patient with bone resorption after cranioplasty and ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement: illustrative case
Authors: Rohringer Camryn R. , Rohringer Taryn J. , Jhas Sumit , Shahideh Mehdi 
Published: September 2021

BACKGROUND
Sinking skin flap syndrome (SSFS) is an uncommon complication that can follow decompressive craniectomy. Even less common is the development of SSFS following bone resorption after cranioplasty with exacerbation by a ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt.

OBSERVATIONS
A 56-year-old male sustained a severe traumatic brain injury and subsequently underwent an emergent decompressive craniectomy. After craniectomy, a cranioplasty was performed, and a VP shunt was placed. The patient returned to the emergency department 5 years later with left-sided hemiplegia and seizures. His clinical presentation was attributed to complete bone flap resorption (BFR) complicated by SSFS likely exacerbated by his VP shunt and the resultant mass effect on the underlying brain parenchyma. The patient underwent surgical intervention via synthetic bone flap replacement. Within 6 days, he recovered to his baseline neurological status.

LESSONS
SSFS after complete BFR is a rare complication following cranioplasty. To the authors’ knowledge, having a VP shunt in situ to exacerbate the clinical picture has yet to be reported in the literature. In addition to presenting the case, the authors also describe an effective treatment strategy of decompressing the brain and elevating the scalp flap while addressing the redundant tissue, then using a synthetic mesh to reconstruct the calvarial defect while keeping the shunt in situ.
Multifocal metastases to choroid plexus from papillary thyroid carcinoma: illustrative case
Authors: Beach Isidora R. , Olszewski Adam M. , Thomas Alissa A. , DeWitt John C. , Liebelt Brandon D. 
Published: September 2021

BACKGROUND
Choroid plexus metastases are extremely rare from all types of malignancy, with only 42 cases reported in the literature thus far. Most of these originate from renal cell carcinoma and present as a solitary choroid plexus lesion; only two cases of multifocal choroid plexus metastases have been reported to date.

OBSERVATIONS
The authors report the third case of multifocal metastases to the choroid plexus, that of a 75-year-old man who developed three measurable choroid plexus lesions approximately 3.5 years after undergoing total thyroidectomy and chemotherapy for papillary thyroid carcinoma. He underwent intraventricular biopsy of the largest lesion and subsequently died of hydrocephalus after opting for comfort care only.

LESSONS
This is the third case of multifocal choroid plexus metastasis in the literature and the second case of multifocal metastasis from thyroid carcinoma. As such, the natural disease course is not well characterized. This case is compared with the previous eight reports of choroid plexus metastases from thyroid carcinoma, seven of which involved solitary lesions. The eight prior cases are evaluated with attention to treatment modalities used and factors potentially influencing prognosis, specifically those that might contribute to hydrocephalus, a reported complication for this pathology.
Nominal tonology and spreading rules in Tagbana (Fròʔò dialect)
Authors: Rialland Annie , Traore Yranahan , Féry Caroline 
Published: September 2021

In this article, nominal tonology of Tagbana, a Senufo language of Côte d’Ivoire is investigated. The contribution of this article is twofold as it concerns the whole tonal system, including lexical tones, sandhi tone rules, and the organisation of the prosodic hierarchy. It is shown that Tagbana has three level tones (L, M, H) and two floating tones (H) and (L). A mid tone (M) at the end of a noun is always followed by a floating tone (either H or L), which might be a historic trace left by the tone of a Class Marker. Two clusters of sandhi tonal rules are shown to play a role, called ‘Mid Replacement rules’ (RepM) and ‘Spreading rules on H & L’ (SprH&L). The domains of the sandhi tonal rules are studied in some detail, from the Minimal Prosodic Word (root + class marker), the Intermediate and Maximal Prosodic Words (nominal and adjectival compounds), the Prosodic Phrases (particularly in object + verb constructions), to the Intonational Phrase. Considering the prosodic levels above the Minimal Prosodic Word, more tonal sandhi processes are found to apply in smaller prosodic domains than in larger ones.
Analisis Penurunan Nasabah Pembiayaan KPR IB Dengan Akad Ijarah Muntahiyyah Bittamlik (IMBT) Di Bank Syariah XYZ
Authors: A Reno Virlandana 
Published: September 2021

The Ijarah Muntahiyyah Bit Atamlik (IMBT) contract for KPR IB products at Sharia Bank XYZ from 2008 to 2015 has reached 90% of the total portfolio financing, but since 2016 to date, financing customers with IMBT contracts have decreased, recorded at the end of December 2019 only 16% of the total financing. However, the decline in financing customers with the IMBT agreement did not affect the increasing total financing. This study aims to find the causes of the decline in the financing portfolio with the IMBT contract and the policies taken by Sharia Bank XYZ to overcome this decline. Among the results of this research using qualitative methods, it is concluded that the decline in customers with IMBT contracts is caused by internal and external factors. Internal factors are caused by the lengthy on the Internal Rate Return obtained by the bank and the difficulty in increasing the rental margin due to prior customer approval. Meanwhile, external factors are caused by the character of customers who find it difficult to accept if there is an increase in rental margins. From these two factors, Sharia bank XYZ seeks to make policies by reducing and limiting financing products with the IMBT contract and increasing the marketing of financing products with other contracts such as Murabahah or other contracts.Keywords: Declining customer; Ijarah Muntahiyah Bittamlik; Internal and External Factors. AbstrakAkad Ijarah Muntahiyah Bit Atamlik (IMBT) untuk produk KPR IB di Bank Syariah XYZ sejak tahun 2008 hingga tahun 2015 mencapai 90% portofolio dari total pembiayaan, namun sejak tahun 2016 hingga saat ini nasabah pembiayaan dengan akad IMBT semakin menurun tercatat pada akhir Desember 2019 hanya tinggal 16% dari total pembiayaan. Akan tetapi menurunnya nasabah pembiayaan dengan akad IMBT tersebut tidak berpengaruh terhadap total pembiayaan yang semakin meningkat. Penelitian ini bertujuan mencari penyebab turunnya portofolio pembiayaan dengan akad IMBT dan kebijakan yang diambil Bank Syariah XYZ untuk mengatasi penurunan tersebut. Di antara hasil penelitian dengan metode kualitatif ini menyimpulkan bahwa penurunan nasabah dengan akad IMBT disebabkan oleh faktor internal dan eksternal. Faktor internal disebabkan oleh lamanya tingkat pengembalian Internal Rate Return yang didapat oleh bank dan sulitnya menaikkan margin sewa karena harus ada persetujuan nasabah terlebih dahulu. Sedangkan faktor eksternal disebabkan oleh karakter dari nasabah yang sulit menerima jika ada kenaikan margin sewa. Dari dua faktor tersebut Bank Syariah XYZ mengambil kebijakan dengan mengurangi dan membatasi produk pembiayaan dengan akad IMBT serta meningkatkan pemasaran produk pembiayaan dengan akad lain seperti murabahah atau akad yang lainnya.Kata Kunci: Penurunan Nasabah; Ijarah Muntahiyah Bittamlik; Faktor Internal dan Eksternal.
Pengaruh Achange, Oship, Leverage, dan Receivable terhadap Fraud
Authors: Anjilni Ratih Qadarti 
Published: September 2021

Abstract Financial statements are a means of financial information for internal and external parties in decision making. The information contained in the financial statements is very helpful for owners or other parties such as creditors and investors in assessing the company. When a public company publishes its financial statements, it wants to describe the situation and conditions in the best possible condition (Skousen et al., 2009). This study aims to test the influence of achange, oship, leverage and receivable on fraud. Consumer Goods Sector Manufacturing Companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange as many as 39 companies in the period 2015 - 2019 are the population in this study. The samples in this study were 17 manufacturing companies in the Consumer Goods sector in the period 2015 - 2019 that allegedly committed Fraud. Detection of companies that commit Fraud using the Beneish M-Score method. Data Analysis uses a panel regression model with the Eviews 8.0 program. The results showed that only leverage has a significant negative effect on partial fraud. achange, oship and receivable have no significant effect on fraud, but achange, oship, leverage and receivable simultaneously have a significant positive effect on Fraud. This research is expected to help tax fission, companies and the public in detecting early fraud on financial statements that occur in the company.Keywords: Achange; Oship; Leverage; Receivable; Fraud AbstrakLaporan keuangan merupakan sarana informasi keuangan bagi pihak internal dan eksternal dalam pengambilan keputusan. Informasi yang terdapat dalam laporan keuangan sangat membantu pemilik atau pihak lain seperti kreditur dan investor dalam menilai perusahaan. Pada saat perusahaan publik menerbitkan laporan keuangannya, sesungguhnya perusahaan ingin menggambarkan situasi dan kondisinya dalam keadaan terbaik (Skousen et al., 2009). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh Achange, Oship, Leverage dan receivable terhadap Fraud. Perusahaan Manufaktur Sektor Barang Konsumsi yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia sebanyak 39 perusahaan periode 2015 -2019 merupakan populasi pada penelitian ini. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah 17 perusahaan manufaktur sektor Barang Konsumsi Periode 2015 â€“ 2019 yang diduga melakukan Fraud. Pendeteksian perusahaan yang melakukan Fraud menggunakan metode Beneish M-Score. Data Analisis menggunakan model regresi panel dengan program Eviews 8.0. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hanya leverage yang berpengaruh signifikan negatif terhadap fraud secara parsial. Achange, oship dan receivable tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap fraud, tetapi achange, oship, leverage dan receivable secara simultan berpengaruh signifikan positif terhadap fraud. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat membantu fiskus pajak, perusahaan dan masyarakat dalam mendeteksi lebih dini kecurangan atas laporan keuangan yang terjadi di perusahaan. Kata kunci: Achange; Oship; Leverage; Receivable; Fraud