bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, Antiproliferative Activity, and Apoptotic Profile of New Derivatives from the Meta Stable Benzoxazinone Scaffold
Authors: El-Sayed Amira A. , El-Hashash Maher A. , El-Sayed Wael M. 
Published: July 2021

Background:
Cancer exerts a huge strain on the health system. The emerging resistance to the current chemotherapies
demands the continuous development of new anticancer agents with lower cost, higher efficacy, and
greater specificity.

Objective:
This study aimed at developing selective small molecules as targeted anticancer agents.

Methods:
The behavior of benzoxazinone 2 towards nitrogen nucleophiles, such as hydrazine hydrate, formamide,
ethanolamine, aromatic amines, and thiosemicarbazide, was described. The behavior of the amino quinazolinone 3
towards carbon electrophiles and P2S5 was also investigated. The antiproliferative activity of 17 new benzoxazinone
derivatives was examined against the growth of three human cancer cell lines; liver HepG2, breast MCF-7, and colon
HCT-29, in addition to the normal human fibroblasts WI-38, and the selectivity index was calculated. The possible
molecular pathways, such as the cell cycle and apoptosis, were investigated.

Results:
Derivatives 3, 7, 8, 10, 13, and 15 had a significant (less than 10 μM) antiproliferative activity against the
three cancer cell lines investigated. Derivative 7 showed the best antiproliferative profile comparable to that of doxorubicin.
The selectivity index for all the effective derivatives ranged from ~5-12 folds, indicating high selectivity against
the cancer cells. Derivative 15 caused ~ 7-fold and 8-fold inductions in the expression of p53 and caspase3, respectively.
It also caused a ~ 60% reduction in the expression of both topoisomerase II (topoII) and cyclin-dependent
kinase 1 (cdk1). Derivatives 3, 7, and 8 had a similar profile; ~ 6-8-fold increased in the expression of p53 and
caspase3 but these compounds were devoid of any significant effect on the expression of topoII and cdk1. Derivatives
10 and 13 were also similar and resulted in a ~6-fold elevation in the expression of caspase3, and more than 60%
downregulation in the expression of topoII. The results of the gene expression of topoII and caspase 3 were confirmed
by the measurement of the topoII concentration and caspase3 activity in the HepG2 cells.

Conclusion:
Six derivatives exerted their antiproliferative activity by arresting the cell cycle (decreasing cdk1), preventing
the DNA duplication (downregulating topo II), and inducing apoptosis (inducing p53 and caspase3). One
common feature in all the six active derivatives is the presence of a free amino group. These compounds have merit for
further investigations.
Sociocultural Factors, Sensation Seeking, and Risk of Exposure to Substance Abuse Among Egyptian and Saudi Undergraduates
Authors: Kamel Neama F. , Hassan Nagia I. , Hashem Wafaa E. , Alqahtani Friyal Mubarak , AlAmer Mohammed 
Published: July 2021

Background:
Substance abuse is a major public health issue worldwide, particularly manifesting during the late adolescent and early adult period. Each culture has distinct beliefs and unique ways of raising children. Cultural differences in parenting beliefs and behaviors are an interesting area that enhances understanding of the nature of differences across cultures. Substance abuse risk may be related to family sociocultural factors; however, there are limited studies that address the relationships between pertinent variables.

Objective:
To examine and compare family sociocultural factors, sensation seeking, and risk of drug involvement among Egyptian and Saudi university students.

Methods:
The study employed a comparative correlational descriptive design using two-stage cluster sampling techniques. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires distributed to students enrolled in Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU) in Saudi Arabia and Damanhur University (DU) in Egypt.

Results:
The study showed that Egyptian and Saudi students with a higher percentage of supportive parent relationships have less risk of drug involvement. In both countries, cigarette smoking was the first substance used. Moreover, factors predicting the risk of drug involvement and regression analysis revealed that male students had five times more risk of drug involvement than their female peers, keeping all other factors constant (OR = 5.734; 95%CI:3.231-10.174), while highly supportive paternal relationship reduced the risk of drug involvement by 85% (OR = 0.148; 95% CI: 0.045-0.489).

Conclusion:
The risk for substance abuse in both cultural settings was moderate, and smoking was the most common substance used. Moreover, a highly supportive paternal relationship reduced the risk of drug involvement by 85%.
Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Patients with Psoriasis
Authors: Nguyen Hao Trong , Vo Phuong Thi Doan , Pham Nhi Thi Uyen , Bui Thang Anh , Nghiem Thao Phuong 
Published: July 2021

Introduction:
Since the early 20th century, findings have demonstrated that psoriasis is frequently associated with atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. The Carotid Intima-Media Thickness (CIMT) is a surrogate marker of atherosclerotic vascular disease.

Objective:
The aim of this study was to investigate the CIMT in patients with psoriasis and investigate its correlation with the clinical features.

Methods:
The present case-control study involved 70 patients with psoriasis who visited Ho Chi Minh City Hospital of Dermato-Venereology from September 2018 to April 2019 and 35 healthy subjects. Serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were measured in both groups. Linear Doppler scanning was performed to evaluate the CIMT of the common, internal, and external carotid arteries and the presence of atherosclerotic plaques.

Results:
The mean CIMT value in psoriasis patients was significantly higher than that of controls [0.59 mm (0.53 - 0.71) vs. 0.54 mm (0.52 - 0.62), respectively, p = 0.036]. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed a significant correlation between the CIMT and age (p = 0.043) and CIMT and the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (p < 0.0001). Moreover, the mean number of atherosclerotic plaques in psoriasis patients was significantly higher than that in controls [0.27 ± 0.68 vs. 0.03 ± 0.17, respectively, p = 0.035].

Conclusion:
Elderly patients with severe psoriasis should be evaluated carefully regarding CIMT and atherosclerotic plaques, as these signs are representative of increased cardiovascular risk.
Distances entre partis et clivages en Belgique : Le cas des trois Régions : Wallonie, Flandre et Bruxelles
Authors: Frognier A.P. 
Published: July 2021

Cet article a pour but de représenter les distances «psychologiques» ou «culturelles» entre les partis politiques belges telles que les perçoivent les électeurs, dans chacune des trois regzons belges (Wallonie, Flandre, Bruxelles). La représentation de ces distances dans un espace multidimensionnel permet d'interpréter les dimensions comme des clivages.La méthode est inspirée des travaux de Rokeach et de Converse et Valen, mais la technique d'analyse multidimensionnelle est spécifique («analyse factorielle des correspondances»).
De lijstensamenstelling in de BSP
Authors: Ceuleers Jan 
Published: July 2021

Until 1971 the Belgian Socialist Party (BSP) was the only political, party that closely and systematically involved its members in the designation of socialist candidates for parliamentary elections. This was achieved through a system of pre-elections within the party («polling»).The trend away from «polling», already perceptible in 1971, has asserted itself in 1974. Hardly 56 % of the elected members of Parliament owe their seat to their place on the candidate-list at the «poll».More than 40 % of them were designated by a party-congress. This change is noticeably true in Flanders.Nevertheless the choice between a «poll» and a congress as a decisionmaking technique is not relevant as to the renewal of parliamentary groups. This renewal is mainly due to the introduction of an age-limit (65) and of a gain in seats. Research also showed a growing lack of interest of party members in the composition of candidate-lists : participation has again slightly declined.
Overeenkomst en tegenstelling in de verkiezingsplatformen : Een analyse van de verkiezingsprogramma's via de techniek van het programmogram
Authors: Tegenbos Guy 
Published: July 2021

This article aims to present a framework for comparative analysis ofelectoral programs.A content analysis of the programs of the last Belgian elections delivered a number of program items, classified in policy sectors : financial, cultural, social, economic, internal and foreign policy. For each item of each party was checked up if each other party agreed or disagreed with it, or didn't give an opinion upon it. These data were the basis to calculate the consensus and dissension between the parties.These data were also the basis to construct the programmogram, a graph representing the extent of the programs of the parties, their originality, the importance attached to each policy sector, and the consensus and dissension between the parties.
Does France have an arms export policy?
Authors: Manor Yohanan 
Published: July 2021

Although taking place mainly in the private sector, the French arms industry is a very tightly controlled activity, and decision making on arms exports are made within a genera! framework which takes info account the chief aspects of France global policy.Mercantile considerations are not the main factor in French arms exports. Actually, France has used very counsciously and systematically its arms exports to further its global policy, especially its ambition to build Europe around itself.However, the effective contribution of these arms exports to the attainment of France main goals has been rather dubious and volatile.
De samenvoeging van de gemeenten : Studie van het besluitvormingsproces
Authors: Maes Rudolf 
Published: July 2021

In the years 1975-1976 the Belgian government has given high priority to the restructuring of local government, resp. by the means of mergers of communes : the number of communes has decreased by that way from 2,359 to 596.In the decision-making emphasized were the initiatives taken by the Minister of the Interior as wel! on the domain of the elaboration of the proposals to delimitate the territory of the new communes as on the domain of the defining of the terms of execution with regard to the personnel, the finances, the transition of goods, etc. About the proposals on the delimitation of the territory the local governmentscould only give advice ; they have been sanctioned by the legislative assemblees at the end of 1975 after rather difficult and heated debates.During this period an important resistance developed : on the one side from the communal milieu itself and on the other side from the opposition parties, esp. the Belgian Socialist Party not participating in the government that had made the drawing of the new map of communes according to a broad plan to its aim.Nevertheless, the decision-making also has to be seen from the fact that the opposition parties agreed with the principle of the mergers : they mainly contested the way in which the mergers were executed.The abolition of the federations of communes around the Brussels agglomeration, decided in the same context, has to be seen in the light of the typical Belgian problem of the coexistence of different linguistic groups.
De lijstensamenstelling in de Belgische Socialistische Partij
Authors: Ceuleers Jan 
Published: July 2021

Until 1971 the Belgian Socialist Party (BSP) was the only Belgian party that consulted its members on the composition of candidate-lists for the parliamentary elections. Internal pre-elections were organized for this purpose.Since 1971 however there is a clear trend to abandon this procedure and to make a party-congres the deciding factor.In 1971 and 1974 this trend became predominant in Flanders; it is now also clearly noticeable in Wallonia. Only one out of seventeen Dutch-speaking federations (Antwerp), and seven of the thirteen Frenchspeaking federations organized pre-elections. As they were held in the large federations which send large numbers of members to parliament, there are still more French-speaking candidates in parliament through pre-elections than through a congres appointed list.
Strategie van de vrouwenbeweging bij parlementsverkiezingen
Authors: Nysmans Mia 
Published: July 2021

The problem of political apathy and poor representation of women in the Belgian parliament bas been focused and seriously challenged with the 1974 parliamentary elections. Two different strategies hereby have been developed: on the one hand a separate, exclusive feminist party ; on the other hand a strategy of female candidates on the more conventional ballots. The effects of both strategies are quite remarkable : whereas the newcoming feminist party was struggling with breakthrough problems, the female candidate strategy strongly effected the amount of female candidates, elected women, as well as the votes given to women, compared to previous elections. The accurate relationship between the women's campaign and its election effect can hardly be determined for the election determinant is too complex. The propaganda however, was an attempt to change the traditional image of women and to increase the political participation and emancipation of women via the instrument of parliamentary elections. The 1977 results, however, hardly equated the optimistic prospects of 1974 : the feminist party didn't survive its second participation and the candidate strategyurgently needs permanent action and political sensibilisation.
Les élections législatives du 17 avril 1977 : Analyse des résultats
Authors: Fraeys William 
Published: July 2021

The Parliamentary Elections of 17 April 1977 revealed a great stability of the body of electors and largely confirmed the result of the communal elections of 1976. On the 393 seats in Parliament (House of Representatives and Senate), only 38 went to another political family.Nevertheless, this stability does not exclude movements; in this context should be noted the severe set-back of the «Rassemblement Wallon» which looses nearly half of its voters. lts defeat principally benefits the Liberals and the Christian Democrats and, to a lesser extent, the Socialists. In the Flemish region, the Socialists strengthen their position, whereas the Christian Democrats gain ground. Unexpected is the Liberals's setback. The «Volksunie» slightly recedes.In Brussels, PDF is undeniably successful and even exceeds its 1971 result. Communists are losing ground all over the country.In these elections which have been characterized by rather limited vote variations, the «communal tickets» (i.e. those based upon a single cultural group) recede, on the whole, to the benefit of the traditional parties which received a serious blow in 1971, but showed signs of a recovery as soon as 1974.
De vertekening van de uitspraak van het kiezerskorps bij de verwerking Analyse van de gemeenteraadsverkiezingen van 10 oktober 197 6
Authors: Senaeve Patrick 
Published: July 2021

The method for calculating the distribution of seats in Belgium in local elections (called the Imperiali-method) is known as a method that favours stronger lists of candidates and is prejudicial to weaker lists. An exhaustive comparison was made between the results - in terms of distribution of seats - of the local elections of 10 October, 1976 and those that would have resulted from a distribution based upon the D'Hondt-method (which is used for all other elections in Belgium). This comparison shows that the distribution of seats would differ in more than two thirds of the communes. In more than one fourth of the communes parties do not obtain any representative under the present system, whereas they would under the D'Hondt system. Local and leftist parties are primarily prejudiced by the present system, whereas the big christian-democratic party is hardly hampered by it. The court of mayor and aldermen - the commune' s executive - is elected by the local councillors, and as a consequence, the majority in the council obtains all seats in the court. At present, these courts consist of representatives of one single list in 61 % of the communes and of representatives of two or more lists (executive coalition) in 39 % of the communes. On the basis of the D'Hondt-method, existing homogeneous ( i.e., one party-)courts would have to be replaced by coalitions between parties in more than 10 % of the communes.
Belgian socialism at the liberation 1944-1950
Authors: Kramer Steven Philip 
Published: July 2021

The period 1944-1950 witnessed the successful reconstruction of the Belgian Socialist Party. Despite some modifications of structure and leadership personnel, the party retained many of its pre-war characteristics. There was no significant modernization of doctrine. In particular, its role as a party of government was accentuated. The PSB played amajor role in increasing social welfare programs and restoring the Belgian economy, but made few structural reforms. Despite opposition to a division of the world into blocs, it was eventually forced into the American camp. The PSB's main political accomplishment was preventing the return to the throne of Leopold. By the end of this period, the PSB had largely become a party of the status quo.
Het beleid inzake de staalnijverheid in België en Europa
Authors: Dillewijns Jozef , Pauwels Jean-Pierre 
Published: July 2021

The european steel crisis is due to the steel production overcapacity in regard of a decline in demand, leading to a fierce price competition, with prices 15 to 20 % lower than in the USA and Japan. Measures were taken by the Commission of the European Communities and by the steel companies, consisting of imposing or proposing selling prices, limiting the deliveries, reducing import from third countries, closing down obsolete capacities, increasing productivity. Moreover, most governments have granted financial aid.In the second half of 1980, the market situation has deteriorated rapidly, which fact has led the Council of the European Communities to adopt Art. 58 of the ECSC-Treaty and to set obligatory production quotas. This has proved not to be sufficient. There is a strong tendency within the Commission towards a drastic reduction of overcapacity,as well as a decrease in state aid, the latter being considered as only allowed temporarily as a means of achieving the necessary restructuring and capacity reduction.It can be expected that, given the dramatic market situation, these measures wilt effectively be put into practice in the period to come. At the same time, voluntary agreements concerning production and prices are being discussed among steel producers (Eurofer 2).
De besluitvorming inzake kernenergie in het Belgisch politiek bestel
Authors: Vanpol Ivo 
Published: July 2021

The nuclear energy decision-making process is a clear example of the difficulty the Belgian political system has in making decisions. An explanation for this incapability has to be sought among the political elite, which allows the Belgian economy to be directed by special interests.This admission fits into an «elitist consensus», an unwritten agreement among top-political leaders. Threats to this elitist consensus are subtly neutralized, leaving the power of these economie groups unaffected. The power of the private producers of electricity is to a large extent consolidated by the inertia of the political system. This passivity is instrumental in maintaining the elitist consensus. The power of the anti-nuclear groups, measured in its mobilizing effects, is relatively small. As producers of energy, the electricity companies have a privileged position in the Belgian economic system, because energy is thought to be the motor of economic growth. A thorough parliamentary debate on energy could change the elitist consensus but for this, a political majority would have to be found.
Inspraak in de gefusioneerde gemeenten
Authors: Wuyts Herman 
Published: July 2021

Participation is more than «have a voice in the decision-making process. It is reached when this kind of consultation results in an effective influence upon the decision itself. Have a voice in the matter is, on theother hand, more than information that, in its turn, consists of two streams: one from the top to the bottom, and one from the bottom to the top.The loss of communal mandatories as a consequence of the amalgamation in 1976 has stressed the necessity of expanding this kind of political activity of the citizens.Comparison between a field research of 1975 and one of 1982 makes clear that there is an increase of information activity in the communes, mostly however of the kind that doesnot invite to active participation.There also is an increase of participation-councils but it is rather impossible to compare the effect of this kind of participatory activity with researchresults of the past.In comparison with other European countries there is found a large arrears in territorial decentralization and direct citizen decision-making. For the future it is asked to write in the new communal law the obligation for communes to organize participation activities and to give the citizens a guarantee of participation.
L'expérience de Liège
Authors: Digneffe Jean-Pierre 
Published: July 2021

The consolidation in Liège has gone well. All the groups of the municipal council were in agreement about this in December 1977. The services have been maintained and social activities have been developed and generalized for the benefit of the population. The officials of the amalgamated municipalities were able to find posts corresponding to their wishes. The complexity of the structure, however, remains a handicap. Because of the technocratic conception and an egalitarian administration, the consolidation has put some restrictions on the newly formed entities. The spontaneous and natural human and social relations in the farmer small and medium-sized entities had to be reconstructed by expensive means. But the new Liège exists, and it has the wilt to survive and to overcome its financial difficulties. It has engaged itself in the reconstruction of its administration with the intention of defending and developing itsrole as regional capital.
Alternatieven en ervaringen met de integratie van bestuur in grootstedelijke gebieden
Authors: Van Laarhoven Johannes B.A. 
Published: July 2021

The establishment of cooperative links on a voluntary basis did not seem to be adequate for the administration in large urban agglomerations. These links are often lacking in actual administrative power, and they can be reduced to the sum of the municipal interests. Large-scale amalgamation of municipalities does not seem to be a solution when one considers the developments and prevailing attitudes in a few Western European countries. Because of the lack of an integral framework, legally based agglomeration administrations have been created in a number of these countries.They are extra, often complicating administrative levels. The existing administrative levels can often suffice with a balanced redistribution of administrative tasks. Territorial adjustments must be based primarily on functional considerations, but must also be translated in terms of the other administrative levels. A functional redistribution of tasks is, therefore, a condition for a specific solution of the total administrative problem.