bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Complementary and Regioselective Synthesis of Isomeric 3-[Isoxazol-3(or 5)-yl]indoles from β-Ethylthio-β-indolyl-α,β-unsaturated Ketones
Authors: Yu Haifeng , Wang Wenju , Wang Kehua , Zhang Xue 
Published: January 2021

AbstractA simple and efficient method for the complementary and regioselective synthesis of isomeric 3-(isoxazol-5-yl)indoles and 3-(isoxazol-3-yl)indoles has been developed by the regioselective cyclocondensation reaction of β-ethylthio-β-indolyl-α,β-unsaturated ketones and hydroxylamine hydrochloride. It was found that the cyclocondensation reaction in the presence of excess NaOEt in refluxing EtOH gives 3-(isoxazol-5-yl)indoles in good yields, whereas using NaOAc in boiling AcOH gives 3-(isoxazol-3-yl)indoles in good yields.
Spinal Cord Stimulation for Chronic Refractory Neuropathic Pain: A Technical Note Initial Experience of Two cases
Authors: Srivastava Sanjeev , Goyal Pawan , Sharma Anurag , Rajan Sanjay K. , Gupta Aditya 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSpinal cord stimulation is an established procedure for relieving chronic neuropathic pain conditions. Although it has been over five decades since the first spinal cord stimulation (SCS) was developed, it has only been used in a few cases in India. It is primarily based on the “Gate Theory” of pain. The mechanism of its action is not exactly clear, but reports have suggested that it plays the main role in selectively stimulating the large diameter pain fibers in the dorsal aspect of spinal cord. SCS procedure involves a very careful case selection, and current evidence suggests that only a few conditions of chronic refractory neuropathic pain are its established indications. In these patients too, the efficacy rate remains around 50 to 75%. The overall pain relief observed is around 50% decrease in visual analog scale (VAS) scores. It is a technically simple procedure involving placement of electrodes over the dorsal aspect of spinal cord in the epidural space. The procedure is a staged one in which trial lead electrodes are first implanted and stimulated with an external pulse generator (EPG). If the trial is successful and patient has acceptable pain relief over 1 week of stimulation at various settings, the patient undergoes the permanent implantation of electrodes at the same position. The permanent electrodes are then stimulated by an implantable pulse generator (IPG) in the subcutaneous pocket (abdominal or gluteal). Complications are rare and are more related to hardware like lead migration and breakage. Since it is does not damage the cord per se, its acceptance as a procedure for pain is known quite well in the Western world. Its availability and cost of implants is the major hurdle in its use in a developing nation like India. Here, we present a technical note and our experience of two cases of thoracic spinal cord stimulation for chronic neuropathic pain at our institution.
Complications of Costal Cartilage Asian Rhinoplasty and Their Management
Authors: Won Tae-Bin , Jin Hong-Ryul 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe abundance, biocompatibility, and versatility of autologous costal cartilage allow rhinoplasty surgeons to perform an array of maneuvers needed to successfully manage cases that require an ample source of grafting materials. Hence, there has been a steady increase in the use of costal cartilage in Asian rhinoplasty. Despite its many advantages, autologous costal cartilage rhinoplasty is also associated with complications, which include warping, infection, and displacement, as well as donor-site morbidity issues such as pneumothorax, pain, and chest scars. Many of these can be minimized by adhering to the recommended techniques. In this review, operative techniques that focus on the prevention and management of complications associated with the use of autologous costal cartilage are presented.
Patella Fracture Repair Using Multiple Fixation Modalities in a Dog
Authors: Chau Lincoln , Wilson Lance 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe aim of this study was to describe the clinical use of a titanium locking plate and screws as an adjunct for the surgical treatment of an open, transverse, mid-body patellar fracture. A 2-year-old crossbreed dog was diagnosed with an open, transverse, mid-body patellar fracture. Initial fracture reduction and compression were achieved with two parallel Kirschner wires and a figure of eight tension band wire. This was followed by a titanium locking plate and screws placed on the cranial aspect of the patella. A transarticular circular external skeletal fixator was used as an additional augmentation for 5 weeks. Wire failure was noted in the transarticular circular external skeletal fixator at 10 days postoperation, necessitating wire replacement. Complete return to previous activity level and progressive radiographic osseous union were observed 8 weeks after surgery. Breakage of the Kirschner wires at the proximal pole of the patella was noted 3 years after surgery and explantation of all implants was performed. Recheck evaluation at 8 months after explantation confirmed full return to athletic function. This case report described the clinical use of a locking plate and screws as an adjunct for transverse patellar fracture repair and its long-term functional outcome.
Cardiac Fibroma with Asymptomatic Ventricular Arrhythmia in an Adolescent with Gorlin's Syndrome
Authors: Menon Dipika , Dentel John N. , Sanil Yamuna , Lawrence David 
Published: January 2021

AbstractNevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS), also referred to as Gorlin's syndrome, is an autosomal dominant inherited condition that predisposes affected individuals to various tumors such as cardiac fibromas. Though technically benign, cardiac fibromas may result in malignant arrhythmias and sudden death. The pertinent literature pertaining to pediatric cases of cardiac fibromas and their clinical features were reviewed. We present the case of an asymptomatic teenage with de novo NBCCS who was diagnosed with both NBCCS and cardiac fibroma later in life. The patient was noted to have clinically significant ventricular arrhythmias that were eliminated with tumor resection. There are no established best practice guidelines for the management of cardiac fibromas in patients with NBCCS. Given the risk of sudden arrhythmic death, the presence of ventricular arrhythmias should prompt strong consideration of tumor resection.
Searching for Utopia, the Challenge of Standardized Medical Nutrition Therapy Prescription in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Management: A Critical Review
Authors: Meloncelli Nina , Wilkinson Shelley A. , de Jersey Susan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractGestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common pregnancy disorder and the incidence is increasing worldwide. GDM is associated with adverse maternal outcomes which may be reduced with proper management. Lifestyle modification in the form of medical nutrition therapy and physical activity, as well as self-monitoring of blood glucose levels, is the cornerstone of GDM management. Inevitably, the search for the “ultimate” diet prescription has been ongoing. Identifying the amount and type of carbohydrate to maintain blood glucose levels below targets while balancing the nutritional requirements of pregnancy and achieving gestational weight gain within recommendations is challenging. Recent developments in the area of the gut microbiota and its impact on glycemic response add another layer of complexity to the success of medical nutrition therapy. This review critically explores the challenges to dietary prescription for GDM and why utopia may never be found.
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Premature Ovarian Insufficiency/Early Menopause
Authors: Giri Rinky , Vincent Amanda J. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPremature ovarian insufficiency (POI) and early menopause, defined as loss of ovarian activity prior to 40 years or menopause between the ages of 40 and 45 years, respectively, is associated with significant adverse health impacts. Recent data indicate that the prevalence of POI and early menopause is greater than was previously thought, affecting more than 10% of women. Biopsychosocial risk factors including genetic, autoimmune, reproductive, lifestyle, early-life, social/environmental, and iatrogenic have been associated with POI/early menopause or earlier age at menopause. However, establishing a causal role and the underlying mechanisms remains elusive. Understanding and clarification of these risk factors will facilitate prevention and risk minimization strategies to optimize women's health.
Chemical micro-oscillators based on the Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction
Authors: Mallphanov Ilya L. , Vanag Vladimir K. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

The results of studies on the development of micro-oscillators (MOs) based on the Belousov –Zhabotinsky (BZ) oscillatory chemical reaction are integrated and systematized. The mechanisms of the BZ reaction and the methods of immobilization of the catalyst of the BZ reaction in micro-volumes are briefly discussed. Methods for creating BZ MOs based on water microdroplets in the oil phase and organic and inorganic polymer microspheres are considered. Methods of control and management of the dynamics of BZ MO networks are described, including methods of MO synchronization. The prospects for the design of neural networks of MOs with intelligent-like behaviour are outlined. Such networks present a new area of nonlinear chemistry, including, in particular, the creation of a chemical ‘computer’.
The bibliography includes 250 references.
Arthropods are not declining but are responsive to disturbance in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico
Authors: Schowalter Timothy D. , Pandey Manoj , Presley Steven J. , Willig Michael R. , Zimmerman Jess K. 
Published: January 2021

SignificanceDespite claims to the contrary, arthropod abundances are not generally declining in the Luquillo Experimental Forest in response to warming. Interannual variation in abundance reflects patterns of species turnover as well as consequences of hurricane-induced disturbance and secondary succession. Critically, long-term monitoring using consistent sampling methods over successive years at the same sites is necessary to distinguish long-term trends associated with global warming from punctuated reductions in abundance due to extreme events and successional dynamics.
Nonlinear trends in abundance and diversity and complex responses to climate change in Arctic arthropods
Authors: Høye Toke T. , Loboda Sarah , Koltz Amanda M. , Gillespie Mark A. K. , Bowden Joseph J. , Schmidt Niels M. 
Published: January 2021

SignificanceArthropods are excellent indicators for studying global change in the rapidly changing climate of the Arctic. We used the most comprehensive standardized dataset on Arctic arthropods to quantify diversity and abundance variation over 24 y in an area that is warming rapidly. Overall arthropod abundance and diversity showed opposing nonlinear trends, with a sharp increase in overall abundance in recent years. However, trends varied substantially among taxa and habitats and several groups declined in abundance. We found strong evidence of conditions outside the growing season and density-dependent feedbacks affecting abundance. Our results emphasize the need for a more integrated approach to investigating arthropod responses to environmental stressors at finer taxonomic resolution and by incorporating time-lagged effects.
The secretome mouse provides a genetic platform to delineate tissue-specific in vivo secretion
Authors: Liu Jie , Jang Ji Yong , Pirooznia Mehdi , Liu Shihui , Finkel Toren 
Published: January 2021

Significance
Serum is a complex mixture of proteins that originate from a wide range of cells and tissues. At present, it is impossible to know what set of proteins any given tissue contributes to the circulating proteome. Here, we describe a genetic model called the secretome mouse. We show this transgenic mouse, which employs proximity biotinylation, provides a robust strategy for delineating the tissue-specific secretome. We demonstrate the utility of the secretome mouse by identifying the set of in vivo proteins secreted by endothelial cells as well as by skeletal muscle with and without exercise. This genetic strategy should, therefore, be useful in delineating a wide range of in vivo physiology and for the rational development of disease-relevant biomarkers.
Foraging trade-offs, flagellar arrangements, and flow architecture of planktonic protists
Authors: Nielsen Lasse Tor , Kiørboe Thomas 
Published: January 2021

Significance
Flagellated unicellular protists play a key role in the biogeochemistry of the ocean. The composition and function of their communities are shaped by fundamental trade-offs between resource acquisition and predation risk. The flagellates gather resources by creating feeding currents by means of beating flagella, but the resulting fluid disturbance attracts flow-sensing predators, thus giving rise to a trade-off. Here we quantify this trade-off by visualizing the fluid flow that the foraging activity generates. We show that the flow architecture relates to the arrangement and beat kinematics of their flagella in characteristic ways that can be predicted qualitatively from simple fluid mechanical models.
Citramalate synthase yields a biosynthetic pathway for isoleucine and straight- and branched-chain ester formation in ripening apple fruit
Authors: Sugimoto Nobuko , Engelgau Philip , Jones A. Daniel , Song Jun , Beaudry Randolph 
Published: January 2021

Significance
Fruit aroma influences herbivory and food choice by humans, ultimately affecting seed dispersal and plant reproductive success. Despite the significance of scent, our understanding of the biosynthesis of odor-active volatiles is incomplete. Herein, we detail a plant pathway that uses pyruvate and acetyl-CoA to form citramalic acid and, through a series of recursive reactions that bypass regulation at threonine deaminase, enables 1-C α-ketoacid elongation and synthesis of isoleucine and straight and branched chain esters. The initiating enzyme, citramalate synthase, is a neofunctionalized form of 2-isopropylmalate synthase that is insensitive to feedback inhibition. Engagement of the “citramalate pathway” in ripening fruit provides for an elevated and persistent production of isoleucine and volatile esters as fruit tissues ripen, age, and senesce.
ATRX and RECQ5 define distinct homologous recombination subpathways
Authors: Elbakry Amira , Juhász Szilvia , Chan Ki Choi , Löbrich Markus 
Published: January 2021

Significance
Homologous recombination (HR) repairs DNA double-strand breaks by using a homologous template to retrieve sequence information lost at the break site. The broken DNA molecule first engages with the homologous donor molecule and is then separated from it to complete the process. Depending on the HR subpathways used, the separation step can lead to crossovers (COs) between the participating molecules. Such events can cause genomic alterations and eventually cancer if a donor molecule other than the identical sister chromatid is used. Here, we characterize two subpathways of HR with different propensities to form COs. We show the unexpected dominance of the CO-forming subpathway and characterize the processes involved in CO formation and subpathway choice in cancer and normal, untransformed cells.
Spatial and evolutionary predictability of phytochemical diversity
Authors: Defossez Emmanuel , Pitteloud Camille , Descombes Patrice , Glauser Gaétan , Allard Pierre-Marie , Walker Tom W. N. , Fernandez-Conradi Pilar , Wolfender Jean-Luc , Pellissier Loïc , Rasmann Sergio 
Published: January 2021

Significance
Phytochemical diversity affects plant fitness and is the source of numerous medicines. Despite this, we know remarkably little about how phytochemical diversity is distributed across the plant kingdom and the environment. To address this challenge, we coupled untargeted metabolomics on 416 grassland vascular plant species across Switzerland with phylogenetic information, species distribution modelling, and ensemble machine learning to construct a framework for comprehensively predicting landscape-scale phytochemical diversity of both known and currently unclassified molecules. We show that phytochemicals diversity and identity can be predicted in the landscape as a function of phylogenetic information, as well as of climatic, topographic, and edaphic factors. We demonstrate that it is thus possible to map hotspots of phytochemical diversity and phytochemical endemism across the landscape.
Natural resistance to worms exacerbates bovine tuberculosis severity independently of worm coinfection
Authors: Ezenwa Vanessa O. , Budischak Sarah A. , Buss Peter , Seguel Mauricio , Luikart Gordon , Jolles Anna E. , Sakamoto Kaori 
Published: January 2021

SignificanceInteractions between pathogens can have substantial negative effects on host health. Therefore, identifying the causes of these interactions is integral for effective disease management and control. Interactions between two pathogens that simultaneously or sequentially infect the same host are common. We show that interactions also arise when genetically based defenses against one pathogen affect responses to another, even when the first pathogen is concurrently absent. This mode of pathogen interaction provides insight for understanding patterns of variation in disease severity in natural populations. It also implies that, under some conditions, control strategies that rely on selecting for resistance to one pathogen, in livestock for example, might jeopardize control of another.
Design of a native-like secreted form of the hepatitis C virus E1E2 heterodimer
Authors: Guest Johnathan D. , Wang Ruixue , Elkholy Khadija H. , Chagas Andrezza , Chao Kinlin L. , Cleveland Thomas E. , Kim Young Chang , Keck Zhen-Yong , Marin Alexander , Yunus Abdul S. , Mariuzza Roy A. , Andrianov Alexander K. , Toth Eric A. , Foung Steven K. H. , Pierce Brian G. , Fuerst Thomas R. 
Published: January 2021

Significance
Hepatitis C virus infects 1% of the world’s population, with no vaccine currently available. One vaccine candidate is the membrane-associated E1E2 envelope glycoprotein which has been used in clinical studies. However, a major challenge to both structural studies and rational vaccine design is high-yield production of homogenous E1E2. Production of E1E2 liberated from the membrane with native structure and antigenicity would thus represent a major advance. We describe the design and validation of a soluble, secreted E1E2 (sE1E2) antigen in which a scaffold replaces its transmembrane domains and enforces assembly. High-affinity sE1E2 binding to broadly neutralizing antibodies and to its receptor CD81, along with robust immunogenicity, makes this a promising platform for high-resolution structural characterization and vaccine development.
Photosynthesis-assisted remodeling of three-dimensional printed structures
Authors: Yu Kunhao , Feng Zhangzhengrong , Du Haixu , Xin An , Lee Kyung Hoon , Li Ketian , Su Yipin , Wang Qiming , Fang Nicholas X. , Daraio Chiara 
Published: January 2021

Significance
Living creatures are continuous sources of inspiration for designing engineering materials and structures. However, synthetic engineering materials are typically different from living creatures, because the latter consist of living cells to support their metabolisms, such as remodeling, growth, and reproduction. How to harness living cells to metabolize synthetic engineering materials remains largely elusive. Here, we report an attempt to exploit living chloroplasts to metabolize three-dimensional-printed polymers. With living chloroplasts and synthetic polymers, the system leads to a class of hybrid synthetic-living materials whose microstructures and properties can be remodeled on-demand by the photosynthesis of chloroplasts.
Crucial role for CA2 inputs in the sequential organization of CA1 time cells supporting memory
Authors: MacDonald Christopher J. , Tonegawa Susumu 
Published: January 2021

Significance
The hippocampus (HPC) is critical for remembering “where” and “when” past events occurred, as though our memories are bound to a neural representation defined by space and time. In support of this idea, the HPC contains place and time cells whose firing patterns exhibit spatial and temporal coding, respectively. There is evidence that space and time are coded in parallel, but the underlying hippocampal subcircuits have not been determined. We combined cell-type–specific inhibition with in vivo extracellular recordings to demonstrate that spatial and temporal coding is segregated in the final hippocampal output (region CA1) with respect to a major input (region CA2). These data suggest a selective role for CA2 temporally organizing CA1 neural activity for a hippocampal-dependent memory.
Molecular structure of a prevalent amyloid-β fibril polymorph from Alzheimer's disease brain tissue
Authors: Ghosh Ujjayini , Thurber Kent R. , Yau Wai-Ming , Tycko Robert 
Published: January 2021

Significance
Amyloid-β (Aβ) fibrils are the main component of amyloid plaques that develop in brain tissue of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients. Aβ fibrils have a variety of molecular structures called polymorphs. Structural variations in Aβ fibrils may contribute to variations in the severity, progression rate, or clinical manifestations of AD. Previous studies, using seeded fibril growth from human cortical tissue and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, identified a single most prevalent polymorph for 40-residue Aβ (Aβ40) fibrils in typical AD patients. Here we report the molecular structure of this most prevalent Aβ40 fibril polymorph, determined with electron microscopy methods. Unique structural features of this polymorph may allow the future development of inhibitors and imaging agents with therapeutic and diagnostic value.
Nutritional value and health benefits of horticulture.
Authors: Taylor Mary 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Daily consumption of fruit and vegetables is encouraged as important for human health and nutrition because the vitamins, minerals, essential micronutrients, fibre, vegetable proteins and bio-functional components they provide are crucial for bodily function. The FAO/WHO expert consultation (2004) on diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases recommended a daily intake of 400 g (five portions) of fruits and vegetables (excluding potatoes and other starchy tubers) to prevent heart disease, cancer, diabetes and obesity. However, despite this recognition, world-wide per capita consumption of fruits and vegetables is estimated to be 20-50% short of the minimum recommended level. In 2013 an estimated 5.2 million deaths worldwide were attributable to inadequate fruit and vegetable consumption. Adhering to the WHO recommendations for fruit and vegetable intake can prevent morbidity and mortality caused by micronutrient deficiencies, birth defects, mental and physical retardation, weakened immune systems, blindness and even death. Improving the dietary diversity through horticulture-based food intake is an effective and sustainable approach to combating micronutrient malnutrition in both developed and developing countries (Kennedy et al., 2003).