bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deep Learning Unlocks X‐ray Microtomography Segmentation of Multiclass Microdamage in Heterogeneous Materials
Authors: Kopp Reed , Joseph Joshua , Ni Xinchen , Roy Nicholas , Wardle Brian L. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractFour‐dimensional quantitative characterization of heterogeneous materials using in situ synchrotron radiation computed tomography can reveal 3D sub‐micrometer features, particularly damage, evolving under load, leading to improved materials. However, dataset size and complexity increasingly require time‐intensive and subjective semi‐automatic segmentations. Here, the first deep learning (DL) convolutional neural network (CNN) segmentation of multiclass microscale damage in heterogeneous bulk materials is presented, teaching on advanced aerospace‐grade composite damage using ≈65 000 (trained) human‐segmented tomograms. The trained CNN machine segments complex and sparse (<<1% of volume) composite damage classes to ≈99.99% agreement, unlocking both objectivity and efficiency, with nearly 100% of the human time eliminated, which traditional rule‐based algorithms do not approach. The trained machine is found to perform as well or better than the human due to “machine‐discovered” human segmentation error, with machine improvements manifesting primarily as new damage discovery and segmentation augmentation/extension in artifact‐rich tomograms. Interrogating a high‐level network hyperparametric space on two material configurations, DL is found to be a disruptive approach to quantitative structure–property characterization, enabling high‐throughput knowledge creation (accelerated by two orders of magnitude) via generalizable, ultrahigh‐resolution feature segmentation.
Design of Co Nanoparticles‐Encapsulated by Boron and Nitrogen Co‐Doped Carbon Nanosheets as Highly Efficient Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Niu Wen‐Jun , Sun Qiao‐Qiao , Wang Ya‐Ping , Gu Bing‐Ni , Liu Ming‐Jin , He Jin‐Zhong , Chen Jiang‐Lei , Chung Chia‐Chen , Liu Wen‐Wu , Chueh Yu‐Lun 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn this paper, for the first time, a rationally designed strategy for synthesis of Co nanoparticles encapsulated by boron and nitrogen co‐doped carbon nanosheets (CNs), namely B, N‐Co/CNs, as highly efficient electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is demonstrated. The generated Co nanoparticles not only create well‐defined heterointerfaces with high conductivity to overcome the poor ORR activity but also promote the formation of robust graphitic carbon. The co‐existence of boron and nitrogen atoms can increase the highest occupied molecular orbital energy of sp2 hybridization, activating π electrons in graphitic CNs, thereby enhancing the activity of the catalyst. The B, N‐Co/CNs exhibit a comparable half‐wave potential (E1/2 = 0.83 V) to that of commercial Pt/C catalyst (E1/2 = 0.85 V) with a larger current density for ORR. Importantly, the homemade disposable Zn‐air battery (ZAB) is able to deliver excellent performance, including a peak power density of 93.93 mW cm−2 and a specific capacity of 727.5 mAh g−1, outperforming the Pt/C catalyst. The findings highlight a new guideline for constructing B, N‐Co/CNs catalyst with a rationally designed structure toward superior property for advanced metal‐air cathode materials.
Correlation of Changes in Electronic and Device Properties in Organic Photovoltaic with Exposure to Air
Authors: Yin Yanting , Pan Xun , Andersson Mats R. , Lewis David A. , Andersson Gunther G. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn polymer‐based organic photovoltaic cells, the capability of charge extraction/injection of molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) is demonstrated as interface layer for polymer bulk heterojunction (BHJ). The present work determines the dipole formed at the MoO3 and conjugated poly [2,3‐bis (3‐octyloxyphenyl) quinoxaline‐5,8‐diyl‐alt‐thiophene‐2,5‐diyl] (TQ1):(6,6)‐Phenyl C71 butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) bulk heterojunction interface. This dipole has a major influence on the charge transport across the TQ1:PC71BM interface. The formation of the dipole is determined with electron spectroscopy and the depth profiling technique neutral impact collision ion scattering spectroscopy. Metastable induced electron and UV‐photoelectron spectroscopy is applied to determine the enclosed surface coverage of minimum 1.5 nm MoO3 and a maximized dipole strength of 2.4 eV with >2 nm MoO3 deposition on BHJ. It is also demonstrated that the air exposure reduces the dipole at the interface and leads to a decrease in cell performance providing evidence that the dipole formed at the interface is beneficial for the functioning of photovoltaic cells. The results indicate that the reduction in dipole might not be the only mechanism leading to cell performance degradation. The findings of the present work have relevance for other BHJ systems because MoO3 as high work function material is likely to interact with other organic materials in a similar way.
Membrane Fouling: Microscopic Insights into the Effects of Surface Chemistry and Roughness
Authors: Wang Mao , Wang John , Jiang Jianwen 
Published: November 2021

AbstractFouling is a major obstacle and challenge in membrane‐based separation processes. Caused by the sophisticated interactions between foulant and membrane surface, fouling strongly depends on membrane surface chemistry and roughness. Current studies in the field have been largely focused on polymer membranes. Herein, a molecular dynamics simulation study is reported for fouling on alumina and graphene membrane surfaces during water treatment. For two foulants (sucralose and bisphenol A), it is found that the fouling on alumina surfaces is reduced with increasing surface roughness; however, the fouling on graphene surfaces is enhanced by roughness. It is unravelled that the foulant–surface interaction becomes weaker in the ridge region of a rough alumina surface, thus allowing foulant to leave the surface and reducing fouling. Nevertheless, such behavior is not observed on a rough graphene surface because of strong foulant–graphene interaction. In addition, with increasing roughness, the hydrogen bonds between water and alumina surface are found to increase in number as well as stability. This simulation study reveals that surface chemistry and roughness play a crucial role in membrane fouling, and the microscopic insights are useful for the design of new membranes toward high‐performance water treatment.
Tailored Fabrication of Carbon Dot Composites with Full‐Color Ultralong Room‐Temperature Phosphorescence for Multidimensional Encryption
Authors: Ding Yuanfei , Wang Xueliang , Tang Miao , Qiu Huibin 
Published: November 2021

AbstractUltralong room‐temperature phosphorescence (RTP) is highly useful for information encryption, organic electronics, bioelectronics, etc. However, the preparation of related metal‐free materials with multiple colors across the full spectrum remains a major challenge. Herein, a facile method is developed to fabricate boron‐doped carbon dot (B‐CD) composites with full‐color long lifetime RTP continuously tailorable in the range of 466–638 nm simply by pyrolysis of the citric acid and boric acid precursors with various mass ratios at different temperatures. This leads to the formation of luminescent B‐CD centers in a rigid polycrystalline B2O3 matrix, which effectively stabilizes the triplet excited states of B‐CDs. Thus, the composites become phosphorescent over a relatively long period (5–12 s) after the removal of the irradiation source. Meanwhile, the increased particle size and oxidation degree of B‐CDs obtained at larger citric acid feeding or higher pyrolysis temperature continuously shift the phosphorescence from blue to red. Due to the formation of multiple luminescence centers, the RTP can also be finely modulated by the excitation wavelength. The resulting B‐CD composites with highly tunable long lifetime RTP further allow a variety of distinctive applications in multidimensional encryption handily utilizing space, time, and color variations.
Enhancing Electromechanical Properties of Pb(Sc1/2Nb1/2)O3‐PbZrO3‐PbTiO3 Piezoelectric Ceramics via Templated Grain Growth
Authors: Moriana Alain D. , Zhang Shujun 
Published: November 2021

AbstractRelaxor‐PbTiO3‐based ternary ferroelectric solid‐solution ceramics with high Curie temperature end members are effective to achieve broader usage temperature range and drive field stability, meanwhile with comparable piezoelectric responses to binary Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3‐PbTiO3 (PMN‐PT). Templated grain growth is viable alternative to crystal growth that uses templates to induce crystal orientation along a specific direction, thus enhancing the piezoelectric response. In this research, perovskite Pb(Sc1/2Nb1/2)O3‐PbZrO3‐PbTiO3 (PSN‐PZ‐PT) system with varying components is developed to determine the morphotropic phase boundary; together with the texturing characteristics, a high piezoelectric response with broad temperature usage range is expected. 37.5PSN‐20PZ‐42.5PT exhibits enhanced piezoelectric d33 of 530 pC N−1 and strain level of 0.20% at 20 kV cm−1, while retaining a high Curie temperature of 309 °C. Of particular interest is that a high piezoelectric voltage coefficient g33, totaling 56 × 10−3 Vm N−1 can be achieved in this composition, leading to a high figure of merit, (d33 × g33)/tan δ, of 5.8 × 10−10 m2 N−1, one order higher than that of PMN‐PT textured counterpart, being potential for energy harvesting and hydrophone applications.
First case report of Penttinen syndrome from India
Authors: Aggarwal Bhawana , Correa Alec R. E. , Gupta Neerja , Jana Manisha , Kabra Madhulika 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPenttinen type of premature aging syndrome is an extremely rare progeroid disorder, caused by activating variants in the receptor tyrosine kinase domain of the PDGFRB gene. Only eight individuals have been previously reported worldwide, with a consistent phenotype of prematurely aged appearance, lipoatrophy, hypertrophic skin lesions, proptosis, malar hypoplasia, and marked acro‐osteolysis. We report the first patient of Penttinen syndrome from India, with novel radiographic findings of terminal phalangeal tufting, thereby expanding the phenotypic spectrum of Penttinen syndrome.
Throat and voice problems inEhlers–Danlossyndromes and hypermobility spectrum disorders
Authors: Birchall Martin A. , Lam Chon Meng , Wood Gary 
Published: November 2021

AbstractA small number of case reports and observational studies describe chronic nasal congestion, upper airway obstruction, dysphonia, vocal cord abnormalities, and swallowing abnormalities in the Ehlers–Danlos syndromes. Little is known of the causes and therefore treatments of these, yet they are not uncommon findings in persons with hypermobility‐related conditions presenting in the healthcare setting. We have a specialist multidisciplinary ear, nose, and throat and speech therapy practice with accumulating observational and empirical experience of managing these conditions, which include altered voice, choking, high dysphagia and anterior and deep neck pains. Here, we present our experience, some illustrative cases, and suggestions for future work in this evolving field.
Urogynaecology and Ehlers–Danlos syndrome
Authors: Patel Mittal , Khullar Vik 
Published: November 2021

AbstractEhlers–Danlos syndrome (EDS) can lead to a presentation to urogynaecology services with multiple symptoms including vaginal prolapse, overactive bladder symptoms, voiding dysfunction, bladder pain syndrome, recurrent urinary tracts infections, stress urinary incontinence, recurring bladder diverticula, vesicoureteral reflux, pelvic floor pain or spasms, and complicated postnatal perineal wounds. This article explores the pathophysiology of these conditions in causing urinary urgency, incontinence, and infections; highlighting the key investigations and management considerations for women with EDS including conservative, pharmacological, and surgical.
Doubly Cavitand‐Capped Zn‐Porphyrin Capsule with Simultaneous Encapsulation of Guest and Ligand, and Its Application to Doubly Cavitand‐Capped Double‐Decker Zn‐Porphyrin Capsule
Authors: Nakabayashi Kakeru , Kishimoto Kazuki , Kobayashi Kenji 
Published: November 2021

AbstractA 1 : 2 mixture of Zn‐meso‐tetrakis(4‐dodecyl‐3,5‐dihydroxyphenyl)porphyrin (1‐Zn) and tetrakis(4‐pyridylethynyl)cavitand (2) in C6D6 self‐assembles quantitatively into the doubly cavitand‐capped Zn‐porphyrin capsule 2 ⋅ 1‐Zn ⋅ 2 with two cavities divided by the porphyrin ring via eight ArOH⋅⋅⋅Npy hydrogen bonds. Simultaneous encapsulation of 1‐acetoxy‐3,5‐dimethoxybenzene (G) and 4‐(4‐methylphenyl)pyridine (L2) in 2 ⋅ 1‐Zn ⋅ 2 preferentially occurs to form G/L2@(2 ⋅ 1‐Zn ⋅ 2). A 1 : 1 mixture of 1‐Zn and 2 in the presence of G and L2 self‐assembles into the G‐encapsulating half‐capsule G@(2 ⋅ 1‐Zn) ⋅ L2 with coordination of L2 at the outer side of 2 ⋅ 1‐Zn. A 2 : 2 : 1 mixture of 1‐Zn, 2, and 1,4‐diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (L3) in the presence of G self‐assembles preferentially into the G‐encapsulating doubly cavitand‐capped double‐decker Zn‐porphyrin capsule G/G@(2 ⋅ 1‐Zn ⋅ L3 ⋅ 1‐Zn ⋅ 2) with coordination of L3 between two hydrogen‐bonded 1‐Zn subunits. Thus, selective formation of these cavitand–porphyrin capsules can be controlled by the stoichiometry of 1‐Zn and 2 as well as the character of N‐ligands.
Hierarchical, Highly Open Microtubes and Columnar Liquid Crystals Self‐Assembled from Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Colloidal Rings
Authors: Wang Linna , Shi Shang , Luo Zhang , Qu Na , Liu Bing 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe use of simple building blocks to produce hierarchical and porous structured materials is highly desired. Rings are simple colloidal particles but unique for their internal cavities. Here we report the self‐assembly (SA) of colloidal rings with tunable asymmetry mediated by a depletion force and demonstrate that a variety of porous colloidal superstructures from microtubes, flexible chains, (plastic) crystals to highly open liquid crystals (LCs) can be formed along the predesigned SA paths. In particular, the SA is staged in binary or ternary systems. Large rings first form complex ring‐in‐ring and ring‐in‐ring‐in‐ring assemblies by capturing smaller rings, which, as new building blocks, can further form multi‐walled microtubes and open columnar LCs. Moreover, a plastic columnar LC with alternating intracolumnar stacking is found from asymmetrical rings. The SA with colloidal rings opens a new avenue to construct hierarchical and porous ordered metamaterials.
Zinc Containing Small‐Pore Zeolites for Capture of Low Concentration Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Fu Donglong , Park Youngkyu , Davis Mark E. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe capture of low concentration CO2 presents numerous challenges. Here, we report that zinc containing chabazite (CHA) zeolites can realize high capacity, fast adsorption kinetics, and low desorption energy when capturing ca. 400 ppm CO2. Control of the state and location of the zinc ions in the CHA cage is critical to the performance. Zn2+ loaded onto paired anionic sites in the six‐membered rings (6MRs) in the CHA cage are the primary sites to adsorb ca. 0.51 mmol CO2/g‐zeolite with Si/Al=ca. 7, a 17‐fold increase compared to the parent H‐form. The capacity is increased further to ca. 0.67 mmol CO2/g‐zeolite with Si/Al=ca. 2 due to more paired sites for zinc exchange. Zeolites with double six‐membered rings (D6MRs) that orient 6MRs into the cages give enhanced uptakes for CO2 adsorption with zinc exchange. The results reveal that zinc exchanged CHA and several other small pore, cage containing zeolites merit further investigation for the capture of low concentration CO2.
19F NMR Allows the Investigation of the Fate of Platinum(IV) Prodrugs in Physiological Conditions
Authors: Yuan Siming , Zhu Yang , Dai Yi , Wang Yu , Jin Duo , Liu Manman , Tang Liqin , Arnesano Fabio , Natile Giovanni , Liu Yangzhong 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPtIV prodrugs can overcome resistance and side effects of conventional PtII anticancer therapies. By 19F‐labeling of a PtIV prodrug (Pt‐FBA, FBA=p‐fluorobenzoate), the activation under physiological conditions could be investigated. Unlike single‐electron reductants, multi‐electron agents can efficiently promote the two electrons reduction of PtIV to PtII. The activation of Pt‐FBA in cell lysate is highly dependent upon the type of cancer cells. When administered to E. coli, Pt‐FBA is reduced intracellularly and free FBA can shuttle out of the cell. The reduction rate greatly increases by inducing metallothionein overexpression and is lowered by addition of ZnII ions. When injected into mice, Pt‐FBA undergoes fast reduction in the bloodstream accompanied by metabolic degradation of FBA; nevertheless, unreduced Pt‐FBA can accumulate to detectable levels in liver and kidneys. The 19F NMR approach has the advantage of avoiding the interference of all background signals.
Oriented UiO‐67 Metal–Organic Framework Membrane with Fast and Selective Lithium‐Ion Transport
Authors: Xu Rongming , Kang Yuan , Zhang Weiming , Zhang Xiwang , Pan Bingcai 
Published: November 2021

AbstractMetal–organic frameworks (MOFs) membranes with high pore density and tunable pore size down to the subnanoscale exhibit great potential in ion separation when appropriately designed and prepared. By a washing‐assisted secondary growing method, a well intergrown UiO‐67 membrane with preferential growth along the [022] direction was synthesized on a polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)‐modified AAO substrate. Because of the oriented growth of UiO‐67 nanocrystals, highly interconnected ion‐transporting channels are created throughout the UiO‐67/AAO membrane capable of achieving an ultrahigh Li+ permeance of 27.01 mol m−2 h−1 as well as very decent Li+/Mg2+ selectivity of up to 159.4. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the high selectivity is associated with the large disparity of the transport energy barrier between Li+ and Mg2+, which is caused by different extents of ion dehydration in unique bimodal and oriented membrane channels.
Stabilizing Interface pH by N‐Modified Graphdiyne for Dendrite‐Free and High‐Rate Aqueous Zn‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Yang Qi , Li Liang , Hussain Tanveer , Wang Donghong , Hui Lan , Guo Ying , Liang Guojin , Li Xinliang , Chen Ze , Huang Zhaodong , Li Yongjun , Xue Yurui , Zuo Zicheng , Qiu Jieshan , Li Yuliang , Zhi Chunyi 
Published: November 2021

AbstractZn dendrite issue was intensively studied via tuning zinc ion flux. pH change seriously influences dendrite formation, while its importance has not been revealed. Here, we construct a N‐modification graphdiyne interface (NGI) to stabilize pH by mediating hydrated zinc ion desolvation. Operando pH detection reveals pH stabilization by NGI. This works with pores in NGI to achieve dendrite‐free Zn deposition and an increased symmetric cell lifespan by 116 times. Experimental and theoretical results owe pH stabilization to desolvation with a reduced activation energy achieved by electron transfer from solvation sheath to N atom. The efficient desolvation ensures that electron directly transfers from substrate to Zn2+ (rather than the coordinated H2O), avoiding O−H bond splitting. Hence, Zn‐V6O13 battery achieves a long lifespan at 20.65 mA cm−2 and 1.07 mAh cm−2. This work reveals the significance of interface pH and provides a new approach to address Zn dendrite issue.
Investigation of the effect ofpolymer‐basednovel grinding aids on cement grinding efficiency
Authors: Dengiz Özcan Ebru , Çinku Kenan , Özdamar Şenel , Ergin Hasan , Özkan Şafak Gökhan 
Published: November 2021

AbstractGrinding aids, primarily amine group chemicals, are used to reduce agglomeration and increase concrete strength in order to ensure an efficient comminution process in the modern cement industry. This paper aims to investigate polymer‐based novel grinding aids on cement grinding efficiency. It is hereby conventional grinding aids such as triethanolamine, triisopropanolamine, and other polymer‐based novel chemicals are examined to reveal their effects on cement grains in grinding process. The physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of the final product in concrete were also compared to each other within the study. The experimental results showed that using polymer‐based grinding aids (A1–A2–A3) increased the fineness of the cement by up to 15%, the cement strength by up to 5% and reduced the water requirement by up to 8%. In the grinding process, the polymer‐based grinding chemicals (A1–A2–A3) also reduced agglomeration and surface energies on cement grains. Furthermore, the energy consumption was reduced by 7%–9% while the grinding performance was increased by 30%–32%. The flocculation on the mill's internal walls was also observed, resulting in a decrease in ball surface area. Finally, these results suggest that polymer‐based chemical additives may outperform conventional grinding chemicals in the cement comminution process.
A systematic review of the global freshwater mussel restoration toolbox
Authors: Eveleens Roland A. , Febria Catherine M. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Halting the global decline of freshwater mussels requires an improved understanding of the restoration approaches currently in use and the identification of shortcomings to inform the development of new ones. This article reviews published evaluations of restoration efforts on the ground and those identified or proposed in the literature.
This review found few reports of the effectiveness of restoration measures, and of those reported there was strong temporal and geographical bias. Reports were mostly recent and took place within mussel‐diverse regions of the Global North (i.e. North America, Europe).
Efforts focused on population support encompassed relocation, translocation and population augmentation from captive breeding, and potential restoration approaches emphasized planning and prioritization. It was challenging to assess restoration success owing to differences in success metrics and varied lengths of post‐restoration monitoring. Some measures were inherently more species specific, such as population support, but some articles suggested that the use of multiple measures may allow more species to be addressed by restoration efforts.
Consistent documentation and reporting of restoration measures – including failed ones – are needed to advance freshwater mussel restoration. In addition, continued work is needed to accelerate and better align the development and use of restoration approaches for freshwater mussels. Reporting of unsuccessful or partially successful attempts does not adequately reflect the long life histories of freshwater mussels.
Investigation of the contexts where approaches have been effective (even partially), and concerted efforts to implement combinations of measures at a catchment scale are critical for unionids globally. As such, recommendations are posed to aid integration of research and practice to advance and further develop freshwater mussel restoration.