bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MUSTARD—a comprehensive resource of mutation-specific therapies in cancer
Authors: Mittal Gauri , R I Anu , Vatsyayan Aastha , Pandhare Kavita , Scaria Vinod 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The steady increase in global cancer burden has fuelled the development of several modes of treatment for the disease. In the presence of an actionable mutation, targeted therapies offer a method to selectively attack cancer cells, increasing overall efficacy and reducing harmful side effects. However, different drug molecules are in different stages of development, with new molecules obtaining approvals from regulatory agencies each year. To augment clinical impact, it is important that this information reaches clinicians, patients and researchers swiftly and in a structured, well-annotated manner. To this end, we have developed Mutation-Specific Therapies Resource and Database in Cancer (MUSTARD), a database that is designed to be a centralized resource with diverse information such as cancer subtype, associated mutations, therapy offered and its effect observed, along with links to external resources for a more comprehensive annotation. In its current version, MUSTARD comprises over 2105 unique entries, including associations between 418 unique drug therapies, 189 cancer subtypes and 167 genes curated and annotated from over 862 different publications. To the best of our knowledge, it is the only resource that offers comprehensive information on mutation-specific, gene fusions and overexpressed gene-targeted therapies for cancer.
Database URL: http://clingen.igib.res.in/mustard/
Fighting the scarring effects of COVID-19
Authors: Cerra Valerie , Fatas Antonio , Saxena Sweta C 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The large fall in global output and massive job losses during the current pandemic is creating a socio-economic upheaval that is likely to persist over time. From previous crises, we know that some of their effects are likely to leave permanent scars through what is known as hysteresis. This article discusses how the concept of scarring or hysteresis is relevant for the current pandemic-induced economic crisis. We discuss channels through which these effects can become persistent and how fiscal and monetary policies can minimize their consequences and work to create a global economy that is more resilient, more equal and greener.t
SARS-CoV-2 viral-load distribution reveals that viral loads increase with age: a retrospective cross-sectional cohort study
Authors: Euser Sjoerd , Aronson Sem , Manders Irene , van Lelyveld Steven , Herpers Bjorn , Sinnige Jan , Kalpoe Jayant , van Gemeren Claudia , Snijders Dominic , Jansen Ruud , Schuurmans Stekhoven Sophie , van Houten Marlies , Lede Ivar , Cohen Stuart James , Slijkerman Megelink Fred , Kapteijns Erik , den Boer Jeroen , Sanders Elisabeth , Wagemakers Alex , Souverein Dennis 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Background
Describing the SARS-CoV-2 viral-load distribution in different patient groups and age categories.

Methods
All results from first nasopharyngeal (NP) and oropharyngeal (OP) swabs from unique patients tested via SARS-CoV-2 reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) collected between 1 January and 1 December 2020 predominantly in the Public Health Services regions Kennemerland and Hollands Noorden, province of North Holland, the Netherlands, were included in this study. SARS-CoV-2 PCR crossing-point (Cp)-values were used to estimate viral loads.

Results
In total, 278 455 unique patients were tested, of whom 9.1% (n = 25.374) were SARS-CoV-2-positive. PCRs performed by Public Health Services (n = 211 914), in which sampling and inclusion were uniform, revealed a clear relation between age and SARS-CoV-2 viral load, with especially children aged &lt;12 years showing lower viral loads than adults (β: –0.03, 95% confidence interval: –0.03 to –0.02, p &lt; 0.001), independently of sex and/or symptom duration. Interestingly, the median Cp-values between the &gt;79- and &lt;12-year-old populations differed by more than four PCR cycles, suggesting an ∼16-fold difference in viral load. In addition, the proportion of children aged &lt;12 years with a low load (Cp-value &gt;30) was higher compared with other patients (31.1% vs 17.2%, p-value &lt; 0.001).

Conclusions
In patients tested by Public Health Services, SARS-CoV-2 viral load increases with age. Further studies should elucidate whether the lower viral load in children is indeed related to their suggested limited role in SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Moreover, as rapid antigen tests are less sensitive than PCR, these results suggest that SARS-CoV-2 antigen tests have lower sensitivity in children than in adults.
Multi-PheWAS intersection approach to identify sex differences across comorbidities in 59 140 pediatric patients with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Gutiérrez-Sacristán Alba , Sáez Carlos , De Niz Carlos , Jalali Niloofar , DeSain Thomas N , Kumar Ranjay , Zachariasse Joany M , Fox Kathe P , Palmer Nathan , Kohane Isaac , Avillach Paul 
Published: June 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo identify differences related to sex and define autism spectrum disorder (ASD) comorbidities female-enriched through a comprehensive multi-PheWAS intersection approach on big, real-world data. Although sex difference is a consistent and recognized feature of ASD, additional clinical correlates could help to identify potential disease subgroups, based on sex and age.Materials and MethodsWe performed a systematic comorbidity analysis on 1860 groups of comorbidities exploring all spectrum of known disease, in 59 140 individuals (11 440 females) with ASD from 4 age groups. We explored ASD sex differences in 2 independent real-world datasets, across all potential comorbidities by comparing (1) females with ASD vs males with ASD and (2) females with ASD vs females without ASD.ResultsWe identified 27 different comorbidities that appeared significantly more frequently in females with ASD. The comorbidities were mostly neurological (eg, epilepsy, odds ratio [OR] &gt; 1.8, 3-18 years of age), congenital (eg, chromosomal anomalies, OR &gt; 2, 3-18 years of age), and mental disorders (eg, intellectual disability, OR &gt; 1.7, 6-18 years of age). Novel comorbidities included endocrine metabolic diseases (eg, failure to thrive, OR = 2.5, ages 0-2), digestive disorders (gastroesophageal reflux disease: OR = 1.7, 6-11 years of age; and constipation: OR &gt; 1.6, 3-11 years of age), and sense organs (strabismus: OR &gt; 1.8, 3-18 years of age).DiscussionA multi-PheWAS intersection approach on real-world data as presented in this study uniquely contributes to the growing body of research regarding sex-based comorbidity analysis in ASD population.ConclusionsOur findings provide insights into female-enriched ASD comorbidities that are potentially important in diagnosis, as well as the identification of distinct comorbidity patterns influencing anticipatory treatment or referrals. The code is publicly available (https://github.com/hms-dbmi/sexDifferenceInASD).
Disrupt the Gambler’s Nirvana: Security for Costs in Investment Arbitration Supported by Third-Party Funding
Authors: Shao Xuan 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
Third-party funding is a recent yet rapidly growing phenomenon in investment arbitration. While it enables investors lacking funds to pursue remedies against States, it exposes States to greater risk of inability to recover arbitration costs. Against this background, this article examines the legal principles on security for costs and, contrary to the view of several tribunals and commentators, it argues that in cases involving third-party funding and the funding agreement does not cover potential adverse costs, there is a presumption in favour of ordering security for costs. However, as revealed in recent decisions in Herzig, the current legal framework on security for costs, which is predicated on the bilateral investor–State relationship, is ill-suited to regulate the tripartite relationship involving third-party funders. Unfortunately, the discussions on Investor–State dispute settlement reform and the current proposal by the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) on the ICSID Rules amendment have largely overlooked this problem. Thus, this article urges policy-makers to develop new rules to regulate the tripartite relationship involving third-party funders.
#1: Pediatrics Institutional COVID-19 review
Authors: Hasan Uzma , Karna Prakash 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Background
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by SARS-COV2 represents global public health concern, with varied severity of illness in different ages and racial groups. This study aims to describe clinical presentation and outcomes in children aged 0–18 years in a community hospital setting in the United States.

Methods
This is a retrospective medical record review of pediatric patients (0–18 years) admitted to Saint Barnabas Medical Center between March 2020- August 2020 with confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 infection. Diagnosis of COVID-19 infection is based on ICD-10 diagnosis code from the coding abstract data of the hospital, and data analysis is based on retrospective chart review using electronic medical records for the patients included in the study. Patient data include demographics (age, sex, race), pre-existing conditions, presenting symptoms, treatments used and outcomes.

Findings
We identified 27 cases of pediatric COVID-19 patients at Saint Barnabas Medical Center during period of March 2020- August 2020. Fever (74%) was the most frequent symptom identified, followed by cough (44%), nausea/vomiting (30%), abdominal pain (19%), headache (19%), diarrhea (15%), shortness of breath (15%), red eyes (15%), rash (11%), chest pain (4%), and loss of taste/smell (4%). 13 out of 27 patients had imaging with chest X-ray, and 7 (54%) had findings of lung infiltrates or opacities. 6 of 27 patients had echocardiogram, and 4 (67%) had positive echocardiogram findings. 11 of 27 patients had some comorbid condition. 17 of 27 (63%) received no treatment. 3 patients (11%) were treated with IVIG + steroids, 2 (7%) received steroids only, 2 (7%) received Remdesivir, 1 (4%) received HCQ, and 1 (4%) received Tocilizumab along with IVIG+ steroids. Only 3 of 27 patients (11%) required supplemental oxygen treatment. No deaths were reported. Of 27 patients, 11 (41%) received inpatient care in general pediatrics, 10 (37%) received care only in ER, 4 (15%) received ICU level of care, and 2 (7%) received care in newborn nursery. Of 27 patients, 17 (63%) were female, and 10 (37%) were male. Race distribution was 48% black, 22% white, 4 % Asian Indian, and 26% others/unknown. Age distribution was 41% aged &gt;15 yrs, 19% aged 6–10 yrs, 15% aged 1–5 yrs, 11% aged 11–15 yrs, 11% newborn, and 4% 0–1 yr.

Interpretation
This review supports findings from other studies in children showing overall good prognosis in children diagnosed with COVID-19 infection. This study also shows that there is some racial component involved as black children were infected twice as much as white children. However, it requires more longitudinal studies to confirm these findings, and better understand symptomatology and disease course in children with COVID-19 infection.
#27: Comparison of RT-PCR Cycle Threshold Values from Respiratory Specimens in Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Children with SARS CoV-2 Infection
Authors: Strutner John , Ramchandar Nanda , Dubey Shruti , Gamboa Mary , Vanderpool Michelle K , Mueller Teresa , Wang Wei , Cannavino Christopher , Padua Leidy Tovar , Malicki Denise , Pong Alice 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Background
Understanding viral kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 is important to assess risk of transmission, manage treatment, and determine the need for isolation and protective equipment. Children have been noted to have less severe illness than adults and may have less transmission potential. We sought to determine whether children deemed to be asymptomatic had a difference in the PCR cycle threshold (Ct) value of respiratory samples from symptomatic children with SARS CoV-2 infection.

Methods
This was a retrospective cross-sectional study to compare PCR Ct values of 728 children who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by respiratory samples collected over a 4-month period. The study was a single center review of patients who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR from a respiratory specimen at a large tertiary care children’s hospital. Inclusion criteria included children 0–18 years of age who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR from a respiratory specimen for whom clinical information was available in the electronic medical record.

Results
We analyzed 728 children who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR from a respiratory sample over a 4-month period and for whom data was available in the electronic medical record. Overall, 71.2% of infected children were symptomatic. The mean Ct value for symptomatic patients (Ct mean 19.9, SD 6.3) was significantly lower than asymptomatic patients (Ct mean 23.5, SD 6.5) (P value &lt; 0.001, CI95th 2.6 - 4.6). The mean PCR Ct value was lowest in children less than 5 years of age.

Conclusions and Relevance
In this retrospective review of children who tested positive by RT-PCR for SARS CoV-2, the mean Ct was significantly lower in symptomatic children and was lowest in children under 5 years of age.
Large anterior tibial artery pseudoaneurysm as a rare complication to vascular surgery
Authors: Eilersen Emilie Nøddeskov , Strøm Michael 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
A pseudoaneurysm is a rare complication to vascular reconstruction and may be limb threatening if not treated. A patient previously treated for an aneurysm of the left popliteal artery presented to our outpatient clinic with swelling and reduced active movement. Computed Tomography Angiography revealed an 8.1 cm large pseudoaneurysm of the anterior tibial artery (ATA). The pseudoaneurysm was successfully treated with an interposition vascular graft to the patent ATA. Open surgical repair was the only option with resection of the pseudoaneurysm and insertion of an interposition vascular graft with and end-to-side anastomosis. The giant ATA pseudoaneurysm was successfully treated with insertion of a new end-to-side graft anastomosis with interposition to the old patent vascular graft.
Mixing matters
Authors: Rennehan Douglas 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
All hydrodynamical simulations of turbulent astrophysical phenomena require sub-grid scale models to properly treat energy dissipation and metal mixing. We present the first implementation and application of an anisotropic eddy viscosity and metal mixing model in Lagrangian astrophysical simulations, including a dynamic procedure for the model parameter. We compare these two models directly to the common Smagorinsky and dynamic variant. Using the mesh-free finite mass method as an example, we show that the anisotropic model is best able to reproduce the proper Kolmogorov inertial range scaling in homogeneous, isotropic turbulence. Additionally, we provide a method to calibrate the metal mixing rate that ensures numerical convergence. In our first application to cosmological simulations, we find that all models strongly impact the early evolution of galaxies, leading to differences in enrichment and thermodynamic histories. The anisotropic model has the strongest impact, with little difference between the dynamic variant and the constant-coefficient variant. We also find that the metal distribution functions in the circumgalactic gas are significantly tighter at all redshifts, with the anisotropic model providing the tightest distributions. This is contrary to a recent study that found metal mixing to be relatively unimportant on cosmological scales. In all of our experiments, the constant-coefficient Smagorinsky and anisotropic models rivalled their dynamic counterparts, suggesting that the computationally inexpensive constant-coefficient models are viable alternatives in cosmological contexts.
Improved gravitational radiation time-scales II: Spin–orbit contributions and environmental perturbations
Authors: Zwick Lorenz , Capelo Pedro R , Bortolas Elisa , Vázquez-Aceves Verónica , Mayer Lucio , Amaro-Seoane Pau 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
Peters’ formula is an analytical estimate of the time-scale of gravitational wave (GW)-induced coalescence of binary systems. It is used in countless applications, where the convenience of a simple formula outweighs the need for precision. However, many promising sources of the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA), such as supermassive black hole binaries and extreme mass-ratio inspirals (EMRIs), are expected to enter the LISA band with highly eccentric (e ≳ 0.9) and highly relativistic orbits. These are exactly the two limits in which Peters’ estimate performs the worst. In this work, we expand upon previous results and give simple analytical fits to quantify how the inspiral time-scale is affected by the relative 1.5 post-Newtonian (PN) hereditary fluxes and spin–orbit couplings. We discuss several cases that demand a more accurate GW time-scale. We show how this can have a major influence on quantities that are relevant for LISA event-rate estimates, such as the EMRI critical semimajor axis. We further discuss two types of environmental perturbations that can play a role in the inspiral phase: the gravitational interaction with a third massive body and the energy loss due to dynamical friction and torques from a surrounding gas medium ubiquitous in galactic nuclei. With the aid of PN corrections to the time-scale in vacuum, we find simple analytical expressions for the regions of phase space in which environmental perturbations are of comparable strength to the effects of any particular PN order, being able to qualitatively reproduce the results of much more sophisticated analyses.
Updated values of solar gravitational moments J2n using HMI helioseismic inference of internal rotation
Authors: Mecheri R , Meftah M 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
The solar gravitational moments J2n are important astronomical quantities whose precise determination is relevant for solar physics, gravitational theory and high precision astrometry, and celestial mechanics. Accordingly, we propose in the present work to calculate new values of J2n (for n = 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5) using recent two-dimensional rotation rates inferred from the high-resolution Solar Dynamics Observatory / Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager helioseismic data spanning the whole solar activity cycle 24. To this aim, a general integral equation relating J2n to the solar internal density and rotation is derived from the structure equations governing the equilibrium of slowly rotating stars. For comparison purpose, the calculations are also performed using rotation rates obtained from a recently improved analysis of Solar and Heliospheric Observatory / Michelson Doppler Imager heliseismic data for solar cycle 23. In agreement with earlier findings, the results confirmed the sensitivity of high-order moments (n &gt; 1) to the radial and latitudinal distribution of rotation in the convective zone. The computed value of the quadrupole moment J2 (n = 1) is in accordance with recent measurements of the precession of Mercury’s perihelion deduced from high precision ranging data of the MESSENGER spacecraft. The theoretical estimate of the related solar oblateness Δ⊙ is consistent with the most accurate space-based determinations, particularly the one from Reuven Ramathy High-Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager/Solar Aspect Sensor.
The detectability of strong 21 centimetre forest absorbers from the diffuse intergalactic medium in late reionisation models
Authors: Šoltinskí Tomáš , Bolton James S , Hatch Nina , Haehnelt Martin G , Keating Laura C , Kulkarni Girish , Puchwein Ewald , Chardin Jonathan , Aubert Dominique 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
A late end to reionisation at redshift z ≃ 5.3 is consistent with observed spatial variations in the Lyα forest transmission and the deficit of Lyα emitting galaxies around extended Lyα absorption troughs at z = 5.5. In this model, large islands of neutral hydrogen should persist in the diffuse intergalactic medium (IGM) until z ≃ 6. We use a novel, hybrid approach that combines high resolution cosmological hydrodynamical simulations with radiative transfer to predict the incidence of strong $21\rm \, cm$ forest absorbers with optical depths τ21 &gt; 10−2 from the diffuse IGM in these late reionisation models. We include the effect of redshift space distortions on the simulated $21\rm \, cm$ forest spectra, and treat the highly uncertain heating of the pre-reionisation IGM by soft X-rays as a free parameter. For a model with only modest IGM pre-heating, such that average gas kinetic temperatures in the diffuse IGM remain below $T_{\rm K}\simeq 10^{2} \rm \, K$, we find that strong $21\rm \, cm$ forest absorption lines should persist until z = 6. For a sample of ∼10 sufficiently radio loud background sources, a null-detection of $21\rm \, cm$ forest absorbers at z ≃ 6 with SKA1-low or possibly LOFAR should provide an informative lower limit on the still largely unconstrained soft X-ray background at high redshift and the temperature of the pre-reionisation IGM.
Surrogate modelling the Baryonic Universe II: On forward modelling the colours of individual and populations of galaxies
Authors: Chaves-Montero Jonás , Hearin Andrew 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACTAmong the properties shaping the light of a galaxy, the star formation history (SFH) is one of the most challenging to model due to the variety of correlated physical processes regulating star formation. In this work, we leverage the stellar population synthesis model fsps, together with SFHs predicted by the hydrodynamical simulation IllustrisTNG and the empirical model universemachine, to study the impact of star formation variability on galaxy colours. We start by introducing a model-independent metric to quantify the burstiness of a galaxy formation model, and we use this metric to demonstrate that universemachine predicts SFHs with more burstiness relative to IllustrisTNG. Using this metric and principal component analysis, we construct families of SFH models with adjustable variability, and we show that the precision of broad-band optical and near-infrared colours degrades as the level of unresolved short-term variability increases. We use the same technique to demonstrate that variability in metallicity and dust attenuation presents a practically negligible impact on colours relative to star formation variability. We additionally provide a model-independent fitting function capturing how the level of unresolved star formation variability translates into imprecision in predictions for galaxy colours; our fitting function can be used to determine the minimal SFH model that reproduces colours with some target precision. Finally, we show that modelling the colours of individual galaxies with per cent-level precision demands resorting to complex SFH models, while producing precise colours for galaxy populations can be achieved using models with just a few degrees of freedom.