bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Infectious Disease (Fungal, Bacterial, Viral, and Nematodal) of Mulberry Plant and Its Control Measure: A Review
Authors: Baruah Jyoti Prasad , Borthakur Ishani 
Published: August 2021

Sericulture is an allied agricultural activity. It is concerned with the production of silk (and its byproducts). The silks produced in sericulture can be widely categorized as Mulberry silks and Non-Mulberry silks (also called Vanya silk meaning wild silks). Mulberry silk is most widely produced and it plays an essential role in the economic growth of the industry. Mulberry silk is obtained by rearing mulberry silkworms (Bombyx mori L). During rearing, they are fed mulberry leaves which are obtained from the mulberry plants; the primary food plant of the silkworm. The mulberry plant is perennial in nature. It belongs to the Moraceae family and the genus Morus with a wide variety of species, viz. Morus alba, Morus nigra, Morus serrata, etc. Mulberry plants are widely distributed all around the world in Tropical, Subtropical, and Temperate regions. It finds its early roots in Southeast Asia. The Mulberry plant falls prey to many diseases caused by various organisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and nematodes. The occurrence and severity of the diseases vary with season, varieties, agro-climatic zones, and the cultural practices that are undertaken. These diseases affect the mulberry leaves, stems, and different parts of the plant. Affected plants stop the growth and reduced leaf yield. As well as, these leaves are not suitable for silkworm feeding. This review mainly focuses on infectious diseases (fungal, bacterial, viral, and nematode) of mulberry plants and their management.
Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Ocimum basilicum L
Authors: Anitha R. , Kanimozhi S. 
Published: September 2021

Aim: Standardization of Ocimum basilicum through pharmacognosy.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Plant Biology and Plant Biotechnology, Ethiraj College for Women, Chennai “Between” Dec 2014-April 15.
Methodology: Organoleptic evaluation was carried out based on sensory characters. A free hand anatomical section of the stem was observed. Powder analysis, maceration, Phytochemical test and Fluorescence analysis were conducted according to standard protocol.
Results: The organoleptic characters of the dried leaves of Ocimum basilicum were green, aromatic, pungent and brittle in texture with anomocytic stomata with stomatal index 71.87% in the lower epidermis. A prominent bundle sheath in the leaf was evident. The macerated stem showed annular xylem vessels. The aqueous extract showed the presence of alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, and glycosides. Alkaloids and lignins were evident in the histochemical study.
Conclusion: Pharmacognostic evaluation of Ocimum basilicum would help in identification, detection of adulterants and development of a monograph.
A Systematic Review of the Relationship between Risk of Varicoceles and Obesity
Authors: Albalawi Abdulmajeed , Albalawi Shuruq , Alharbi Ashwaq , Hakami Faisal , Alamrani Sultan Abdulrahman , Alkalthem Dalal , Essa Yahya , Almutari Ohoud , Alanazi Abdulaziz Mohammed , Alrehaili Nadeen , Alawaji Ziyad Hussain , Almijlad Atheer , Alrasheedi Fatimah , Almubaddil Khuloud , Algaedy Renad 
Published: September 2021

Objectives: The systematic review was conducted to assess the relationship between varicoceles, risk of varicoceles or body mass index and obesity.
Review Methods: The present systematic review scrutinized all the research articles published in English from 1971 to 12 July 2021 pertaining to the relationship between varicoceles, risk of varicoceles or body mass index and obesity. The systematic review was piloted under the PRISMA directives.
Data Sources: Research articles were retrieved from the National Strength and Conditioning Association, Google Scholar, Web of Science, MEDLINE, Journal of Strength and Conditioning, and PubMed database using the vital search terms: risk of varicoceles or varicoceles in combination with obesity, body mass index.
Results: There was a total of 370 studies found, with 29 publications included in this systematic review. There were 16 (55.1%) studies on the risk of varicoceles or varicoceles in combination with body mass index, 7 (24.1%) on the risk of varicoceles or varicoceles in combination with obesity, and 6 (20.7%) on the risk of varicoceles or varicoceles.
Conclusions: Most cases in our systematic review included body mass index and risk of varicoceles or varicoceles, a few involved obesity and risk of varicoceles or varicoceles, while some included varicoceles relevant cases.
Spatial Stem Cell Fate Engineering via Facile Morphogen Localization
Authors: Jin Gyuhyung , Floy Martha E. , Simmons Aaron D. , Arthur Madeline M. , Palecek Sean P. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSpatiotemporally controlled presentation of morphogens and elaborate modulation of signaling pathways elicit pattern formation during development. Though this process is critical for proper organogenesis, unraveling the mechanisms of developmental biology have been restricted by challenges associated with studying human embryos. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have been used to model development in vitro, however difficulties in precise spatiotemporal control of the cellular microenvironment have limited the utility of this model in exploring mechanisms of pattern formation. Here, a simple and versatile method is presented to spatially pattern hPSC differentiation in 2‐dimensional culture via localized morphogen adsorption on substrates. Morphogens including bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), activin A, and WNT3a are patterned to induce localized mesendoderm, endoderm, cardiomyocyte (CM), and epicardial cell (EpiC) differentiation from hPSCs and hPSC‐derived progenitors. Patterned CM and EpiC co‐differentiation allows investigation of intercellular interactions in a spatially controlled manner and demonstrate improved alignment of CMs in proximity to EpiCs. This approach provides a platform for the controlled and systematic study of early pattern formation. Moreover, this study provides a facile approach to generate 2D patterned hPSC‐derived tissue structures for modeling disease and drug interactions.
Multi‐Scale Lipid Membrane Flow by Electron Beam‐Induced Electrowetting
Authors: Miyazako Hiroki , Mabuchi Kunihiko , Hoshino Takayuki 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis study proposes a new technique for control of lipid membrane flow using an electron beam (EB)‐induced virtual cathode (VC). A spot 2.5 keV EB is indirectly irradiated onto supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) which are formed on a 100‐nm‐thick silicon nitride (SiN) membrane, and then a focused electric field around the EB spot (that is, the VC) causes membrane flow of the SLBs due to a voltage drop across them and electrowetting effects between them and the SiN membrane. This VC technique is shown to be able to change membrane shapes by small‐ and large‐scale controls of lipid membrane flow. For SLBs consisting of a single component, a spot VC can achieve small‐scale control of membrane flow; and the edge of the SLBs is demonstrated to change only around the spot VC. It is also shown that the spot VC can cause large‐scale deformation of SLBs consisting of ternary components by inducing a surface instability phenomenon known as Saffman–Taylor instability. The obtained results indicate that the proposed VC technique can achieve multi‐scale control of lipid membrane flow, which will contribute to on‐demand control of network topology in biomolecular devices based on artificial lipid membranes.
Agronomic and environmental performance of biochar amendment in alluvial soils under subtropical sugarcane production
Authors: Tafti Negar , Wang Jim , Gaston Lewis , Park Jong‐Hwan , Wang Meng , Pensky Scott 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis study investigated the amendment of sugarcane bagasse biochar (SCBB) on soil fertility, crop yield, and nutrient loss in two different‐textured soils under sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) production. Eleven megagrams per hectare of freshly incorporated biochar increased yield of plant cane by 22% in light‐texture soil (LS) and 12% in heavy‐textured soil (HS). Although the overall yield of the ratoon crop was lower, the biochar treatment produced 20 and 14% higher yields than the control at the LS and HS sites, respectively. Biochar increased soil carbon (Csoil) across LS and HS sites by 15% and decreased the soil C/N ratio by 19%. Over the two growing seasons and sites, cumulative runoff volume, and loads of NO3––N, PO4–3–P, biological oxygen demand (BOD5), total organic C (TOC), and total suspended solids (TSS) were reduced by 33, 35, 39, 25, 24, and 54% with biochar. Calcium and K losses in runoff were also reduced by 43 and 24% with biochar. It reduced NH4+–N leaching in LS and HS soils over the two growing seasons by 33–167% and 66–81%, respectively, and reduced PO4–3–P leaching by 45–57% in HS over 2 yr. Although biochar is not considered a fertilizer, SCBB acted as a source of nutrients, increasing soil fertility and crop yield. It also reduced nutrient losses during heavy rain events typical of the subtropical climate of Louisiana.
Pyrrole Hemithioindigo Antimitotics with Near‐Quantitative Bidirectional Photoswitching that Photocontrol Cellular Microtubule Dynamics with Single‐Cell Precision**
Authors: Sailer Alexander , Meiring Joyce C. M. , Heise Constanze , Pettersson Linda N. , Akhmanova Anna , Thorn‐Seshold Julia , Thorn‐Seshold Oliver 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe report the first cellular application of the emerging near‐quantitative photoswitch pyrrole hemithioindigo, by rationally designing photopharmaceutical PHTub inhibitors of the cytoskeletal protein tubulin. PHTubs allow simultaneous visible‐light imaging and photoswitching in live cells, delivering cell‐precise photomodulation of microtubule dynamics, and photocontrol over cell cycle progression and cell death. This is the first acute use of a hemithioindigo photopharmaceutical for high‐spatiotemporal‐resolution biological control in live cells. It additionally demonstrates the utility of near‐quantitative photoswitches, by enabling a dark‐active design to overcome residual background activity during cellular photopatterning. This work opens up new horizons for high‐precision microtubule research using PHTubs and shows the cellular applicability of pyrrole hemithioindigo as a valuable scaffold for photocontrol of a range of other biological targets.
Ru‐NHC‐katalysierte asymmetrische Hydrierung von 2‐Chinolonen zu chiralen 3,4‐Dihydro‐2‐chinolonen
Authors: Hu Tianjiao , Lückemeier Lukas , Daniliuc Constantin , Glorius Frank 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDie enantioselektive Hydrierung ungesättigter Verbindungen zur Erzeugung chiraler dreidimensionaler Motive ist eine der einfachsten und wichtigsten Transformationen in der synthetischen Chemie. Wir haben die RuII‐NHC‐katalysierte asymmetrische Hydrierung von 2‐Chinolonen unter milden Reaktionsbedingungen realisiert. Alkyl‐, aryl‐ und halogensubstituierte optisch aktive Dihydro‐2‐chinolone wurden in hoher Ausbeute mit mäßigen bis exzellenten Enantioselektivitäten erhalten. Die Reaktion bietet einen effizienten und atomökonomischen Weg zur Synthese von einfachen chiralen 3,4‐Dihydro‐2‐chinolonen. Die erhaltenen Produkte können weiter zu Tetrahydrochinolinen und Octahydrochinolonen reduziert werden.
Realizing Record‐High Electroluminescence Efficiency of 31.5 % for Red Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Molecules
Authors: Cai Zheyi , Wu Xing , Liu Hao , Guo Jingjing , Yang Dezhi , Ma Dongge , Zhao Zujin , Tang Ben Zhong 
Published: August 2021

AbstractTailor‐made red thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) molecules comprised of an electron‐withdrawing pyrazino[2,3‐f][1,10]phenanthroline‐2,3‐dicarbonitrile core and various electron‐donating triarylamines are developed. They can form intramolecular hydrogen‐bonding, which is conducive to improving emission efficiency and promoting horizontal orientation and show near infrared (NIR) emissions (692–710 nm) in neat films and red delayed fluorescence (606–630 nm) with high photoluminescence quantum yields (73–90%) in doped films. They prefer horizontal orientation with large horizontal dipole ratios in films, rendering high optical out‐coupling factors (0.39–0.41). Their non‐doped OLEDs exhibit NIR lights (716–748 nm) with maximum external quantum efficiencies (ηext,max) of 1.0–1.9%. And their doped OLEDs radiate red lights (606–648 nm) and achieve record‐beating ηext,max of up to 31.5%. These new red TADF materials should have great potentials in display and lighting devices.
A Biocatalytic Cascade in an Ultrastable Mesoporous Hydrogen‐Bonded Organic Framework for Point‐of‐Care Biosensing
Authors: Tang Zhuopeng , Li Xinyi , Tong Linjing , Yang Huangsheng , Wu Jiayi , Zhang Xiliu , Song Ting , Huang Siming , Zhu Fang , Chen Guosheng , Ouyang Gangfeng 
Published: August 2021

AbstractHerein, we report the first example of using mesoporous hydrogen‐bonded organic frameworks (MHOFs) as the protecting scaffold to organize a biocatalytic cascade. The confined microenvironment of MHOFs has robust and large transport channels, allowing the efficient transport of a wide range of biocatalytic substrates. This new MHOF‐confined cascade system shows superior activity, extended scope of catalytic substrates, and ultrahigh stability that enables the operation of complex chemical transformations in a porous carrier. In addition, the advantages of MHOF‐confined cascades system for point‐of‐care biosensing are also demonstrated. This study highlights the advantages of HOFs as scaffold for multiple enzyme assemblies, which has huge potential for mimicking complex cellular transformation networks in a controllable manner.
Synthesis of D‐π‐A‐π‐D photoinitiator with high‐photoinitiation efficiency by restricting photoinduced isomerization process
Authors: Lu Hongwei , Zhu Xiaoqun 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn this work, we designed a new D‐π‐A‐π‐D LED photoinitiator BBFC with high molar excitation coefficient and photoinitiation efficiency based on the principle of inhibition of photoisomerization. Via introduction of benzene ring on the BFC, which we have reported before, the absorption wavelength, molar excitation coefficient and photoinitiation efficiency of BBFC were greatly improved. The characterization and theoretical calculation proved BBFC has no photoisomerization, for the change of the configuration of BBFC requiring high energy due to the steric effect. BBFC has higher initiation efficiency than that of commercial photoinitiator ITX with little content under air condition. This might have potential to design new D‐π‐A‐π‐D molecules with high‐photoinitiation efficiency and contribute the field of photo polymerization.
Amazon‐sustainable‐flour from açaí seeds added to starch films to develop biopolymers for active food packaging
Authors: Romani Viviane P. , Martins Vilásia G. , da Silva Ayla S. , Martins Paola C. , Nogueira Daiane , Carbonera Nádia 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe wide consumption of açaí fruit results in large amounts of seeds which end up in waste. These seeds have an advantageous composition for the development of biopolymers due to their fibers content and active components (responsible by functional properties as antioxidant capacity). In the present work, active polymers were generated incorporating açaí seed flour in sustainable films produced using starch from broken rice grains as matrix. The effects of different seed flour content (0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%) were studied on the physicochemical and structural properties of the polymers, and their antioxidant capacity. The packaging‐related properties were affected by the açaí seed flour incorporation mainly due to its high‐fiber content and polyphenolic compounds. The physicochemical and structural properties results demonstrated that the incorporation of 5% of açaí seed flour was the most appropriate, because of its better distribution in the film matrix. Free radical scavenging and reducing power assays indicated the antioxidant potential of the açaí seed flour incorporated films. Thus, active and sustainable polymers for food packaging can be obtained from açaí seeds and broken rice grains, generating new polymers and converting them into valuable raw materials in the market.
Mechanobiological conceptual framework for assessing stem cell bioprocess effectiveness
Authors: Kim Mee‐Hae , Kino‐oka Masahiro 
Published: August 2021

AbstractFully realizing the enormous potential of stem cells requires developing efficient bioprocesses and optimizations founded in mechanobiological considerations. Here, we emphasize the importance of mechanotransduction as one of the governing principles of stem cell bioprocesses, underscoring the need to further explore the behavioral mechanisms involved in sensing mechanical cues and coordinating transcriptional responses. We identify the sources of intrinsic, extrinsic, and external noise in bioprocesses requiring further study, and discuss the criteria and indicators that may be used to assess and predict cell‐to‐cell variability resulting from environmental fluctuations. Specifically, we propose a conceptual framework to explain the impact of mechanical forces within the cellular environment, identify key cell state determinants in bioprocesses, and discuss downstream implementation challenges.
Evaluation of single‐use tangential flow filtration technology for purification of activated polysaccharides used in conjugate vaccine manufacturing
Authors: Motevalian Seyed Pouria , Steen Jonathan , De Leon Janine , Sriskanda Verl , Carino Ivette , Prashad Amar S. , Carrillo Conde Brenda , Arve Bo 
Published: August 2021

AbstractOver the past decade, single‐use tangential flow filtration (TFF) technologies have emerged to reduce system preparation time, promote fast and flexible product change over, and ultimately shorten process development and manufacturing time/cost. In this study, the performance of a recently developed Pellicon® single‐use TFF capsule was compared against traditional Pellicon® cassettes by assessing TFF process performance (such as flux, residuals clearance, and yield) and post‐purification product attributes (such as concentration and mass‐weighted average molecular weight). Good scaling was shown by comparing process performance and product attributes across different scales and formats. Additionally, similar TFF process performance and post‐purification product attributes were observed for the single‐use capsule compared to the reusable TFF cassettes. The capsule requires a smaller flush than the cassette, and it is easier to use since it does not require a compression holder or pre‐sanitization. The results provide insight into the application of the single‐use TFF capsule and scalability of TFF processes for the purification of conjugate vaccines.
Four New Triterpenoid Saponins from the Root of Ilex centrochinensis
Authors: Yang Hang , Lu Yan‐Xia , Shi Yu , Deng Xue‐Ying , Yi Ying‐Tao , Li Lu‐Jun , Hu Ze‐Hua 
Published: August 2021

AbstractOne new siaresinolic acid saponin (1) and three new rotundic acid saponins (2–4) were isolated from the roots of Ilex centrochinensis. Their structures were confirmed by detailed analysis of standard spectroscopic data (IR, MS, 1D and 2D NMR). Compounds 1–4 exhibited anti‐inflammatory activity by inhibiting nitric oxide production in a lipopolysaccharide‐induced RAW264.7 cell inflammatory model. However, they showed no significant lipid‐lowering activity against the production of triglycerides in the lipid‐accumulation model of HepG2 cells induced by oleic acid.
Recent Progresses in Carbon Counter Electrode Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells and Modules
Authors: Xu Chang , Zhao Xuan , Ma Jingyuan , Guo Jiajing , Ma Tingli , Wu Mingxing 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThough perovskite solar cells (PSCs) or modules (PSMs) are being developed at an unprecedented speed, several obstacles remain to their commercialization. One of the difficult problems is the expensive and unstable Au and Ag counter electrode. Therefore, highly effective, stable, and low‐cost counter electrode materials should be explored. Among various counter electrode materials, carbon is one of the most promising substitutes for their rich sources, low cost, outstanding electrochemical performance, and diversified surface functions. This review summarizes recent achievements of carbon counter electrode materials, which included commercial carbon paste, carbon black, graphite, graphene, carbon nanotubes and their synthetic approaches, modifications, and structure‐function relationships. Moreover, large‐scale carbon counter electrode in PSCs or PSMs are specifically discussed. Hopefully, this recapitulative analysis will draw the attention of relevant researchers to re‐understand the importance of counter electrode and clarify what should be noticed to develop qualified counter electrode materials for PSCs or PSMs.
Porphyrins and Polyoxometalate Scaffolds
Authors: Lamare Raphaël , Ruppert Romain , Boudon Corinne , Ruhlmann Laurent , Weiss Jean 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPolyoxometalates (POMs) can act as unique reservoirs for multiple electron transfers. As POMs display only weak absorption in the visible spectrum, they can be associated with chromophores such as porphyrins and porphyrin antennae. In this Minireview, the research dedicated to the combination of porphyrins and polyoxometalates is put in context and the state of the art identifying the challenges addressed in the optimization of hybrid materials for applications is detailed.
Polycationic Redox‐Active Cyclophanes with Integrated Electron‐Rich Diboron Units
Authors: Filbeck Erik , Widera Anna , Kaifer Elisabeth , Himmel Hans‐Jörg 
Published: August 2021

AbstractCationic cyclophanes are widely used in a variety of applications in supramolecular chemistry and materials science. In this work the authors systematically study the integration of electron‐rich diboron units with BII atoms into polycationic cyclophanes with viologen‐like electron‐acceptor units. They also report a first hexacationic cage‐compound in which three diboron units connect two tris(4‐pyridyl)triazine acceptor units. Moreover, di‐ and tetracationic open‐structure compounds, in which one diboron unit connects two bispyridyl groups, were synthesized and the properties compared to those of the corresponding closed structures (cyclophanes). The combination of diboron electron‐donor units and bi‐ or oligopyridyl electron‐acceptor units leads to intriguing optical and redox properties.