bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deep seabed mining and communities: A transdisciplinary approach to ecological risk assessment in the South Pacific
Authors: Reichelt-Brushett Amanda , Hewitt Judi , Kaiser Stefanie , Kim Rakhyun E. , Wood Ray 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Deep-sea mineral extraction is a fledgling industry whose guiding principles, legislation, protocols, and regulations are still evolving. Responsible management of the industry is difficult when it is not clearly understood what biological and environmental diversity or ecosystem services may be at risk. But the industry's infancy provides an opportunity to address this challenge by stakeholder-led development and implementation of a multidisciplinary risk assessment framework. This article aims to present the findings of a workshop held in New Zealand that hosted stakeholders from a broad range of interests and regions in the South Pacific associated with the deep-sea mineral activity. The outputs provide stakeholder-informed ecological risk assessment approaches for deep-sea mining activities, identifying tools and techniques to improve the relevance of risk assessment of deep seabed mining projects to communities in the South Pacific. Discussions highlighted the importance of trust or respect among stakeholders, valuing the “life force” of the ocean, the importance of scientific data, and the complications associated with defining acceptable change. This research highlighted the need for a holistic transdisciplinary approach that connects science, management, industry, and community, an approach most likely to provide a “social license” to operate. There is also a need to revise traditional risk assessment methods to make them more relevant to stakeholders. The development of ecotoxicological tools and approaches is an example of how existing practices could be improved to better support deep-sea mineral management. A case study is provided that highlights the current challenges within the legislative framework of New Zealand. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2022;18:664–673. © 2021 SETAC
KEY POINTS
The development of deep-sea mining requires a considered balance between the needs of society for mineral resources, the protection of ecosystems that are poorly understood, and confidence that local communities will not bear the social costs of poor or misunderstood implementation and management. Standard ecotoxicity tests using a few species need to be adapted to develop tests that assess risks to ecosystem structure and function using species that are valued by local communities in the South Pacific, and relevant to locations of proposed deep seabed mining. A fully accessible shared database of deep-sea knowledge including biodiversity, habitat structure, and ecosystem services should be available to all stakeholders. The new modeling method can be applied elsewhere to prepare for the adverse effects of rain following a bushfire by minimizing sediment in runoffs.
Mean force based temperature accelerated sliced sampling: Efficient reconstruction of high dimensional free energy landscapes
Authors: Pal Asit , Pal Subhendu , Verma Shivani , Shiga Motoyuki , Nair Nisanth N. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractTemperature accelerated sliced sampling (TASS) is an efficient method to compute high dimensional free energy landscapes. The original TASS method employs the weighted histogram analysis method (WHAM) which is an iterative post‐processing to reweight and stitch high dimensional probability distributions in sliced windows that are obtained in the presence of restraining biases. The WHAM necessitates that TASS windows lie close to each other for proper overlap of distributions and span the collective variable space of interest. On the other hand, increase in number of TASS windows implies more number of simulations, and thus it affects the efficiency of the method. To overcome this problem, we propose herein a new mean‐force (MF) based reweighting scheme called TASS‐MF, which enables accurate computation with a fewer number of windows devoid of the WHAM post‐processing. Application of the technique is demonstrated for alanine di‐ and tripeptides in vacuo to compute their two‐ and four‐dimensional free energy landscapes, the latter of which is formidable in conventional umbrella sampling and metadynamics. The landscapes are computed within a kcal mol−1 accuracy, ensuring a safe usage for broad applications in computational chemistry.
Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicity, and Abuse Potential of Opioids
Authors: Vearrier David , Grundmann Oliver 
Published: August 2021

AbstractOpioids were the most common drug class resulting in overdose deaths in the United States in 2019. Widespread clinical use of prescription opioids for moderate to severe pain contributed to the ongoing opioid epidemic with the subsequent emergence of fentanyl‐laced heroin. More potent analogues of fentanyl and structurally diverse opioid receptor agonists such as AH‐7921 and MT‐45 are fueling an increasingly diverse illicit opioid supply. Overdose from synthetic opioids with high binding affinities may not respond to a typical naloxone dose, thereby rendering autoinjectors less effective, requiring higher antagonist doses or resulting in a confusing clinical picture for health care providers. Nonscheduled opioid drugs such as loperamide and dextromethorphan are associated with dependence and risk of overdose as easier access makes them attractive to opioid users. Despite a common opioid‐mediated pathway, several opioids present with unique pharmacodynamic properties leading to acute toxicity and dependence development. Pharmacokinetic considerations involve half‐life of the parent opioid and its metabolites as well as resulting toxicity, as is established for tramadol, codeine, and oxycodone. Pharmacokinetic considerations, toxicities, and treatment approaches for notable opioids are reviewed.
The Black Sheep of the Land: Bandits in the Polish Borderlands, 1918–1925
Authors: Pomiecko Aleksandra 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis article examines banditry in the northeastern provinces of the Second Polish Republic after the First World War and into the mid‐1920s. It considers the devastating effects of the war, which ravaged the territory, together with policies of the Polish state that contributed to an increase in bandit activity in the eastern borderland region. This work argues that banditry here worked as a multi‐level system and thrived due to the involvement of multiple social actors—the bandits themselves, locals, state authorities, and foreign aid. Furthermore, this article pushes for an examination of bandits—not merely as social outcasts or misfits—but as an integral part of the communities they emerged from. More broadly, the focus on banditry contributes to scholarship dedicated to better understanding the aftermath of the First World War and continued conflict from the perspective of everyday people.
Influence of laser shape on thermal increase during micro‐Raman spectroscopy analyses
Authors: Foucher Frédéric 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMicro‐Raman spectrometers are used in various domains, from archaeology to space exploration. These systems use microscope objectives to focus the laser onto the sample to be analysed. Although this method drastically increases the spatial resolution down to a few hundreds of nanometres, it is also commonly admitted that this focused laser beam may heat and alter the studied material. The setting of the laser power is thus a universal problem for any micro‐Raman spectroscopy user who has to find a compromise between the Raman signal intensity and the risk of thermal alteration. This parameter is not easy to set based on bibliographic references because, depending on the architecture of the system used, on the laser wavelength and on the sample, damage may occur at very different laser power levels. Here, we describe the different parameters that influence thermal increase induced by the laser and propose easy to make experiments to measure them. A series of experiments is then carried out to study the thermal alteration of various materials when exposed to a laser beam focused with the different microscope objectives of a micro‐Raman system. It is shown that, except for very thin samples or powdered materials, the relevant parameters to consider are the laser power at the sample surface and the duration of exposure to the laser beam, whatever the objective used. We also demonstrate that the risk of sample alteration is almost non‐existent for thick transparent materials. Interestingly, it is shown that, for semi‐transparent materials, alteration may occur at lower laser power for low magnification objectives than for high magnification objectives. These results are explained by the high aperture angle of microscope objectives which induces high dispersion of the laser within the sample.
Fractionation of linseed and obtaining ingredients rich in protein and fibers: alternatives for animal feed
Authors: Adorian Taida Juliana , Pianesso Dirleise , Bender Ana Betine Beutinger , Speroni Caroline Sefrin , Mombach Patrícia Inês , Kowalski Éverton Augusto , da Silva Leila Picolli 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDLinseed fractionation was performed in laboratory scale to obtain concentrated protein and fiber fractions. Three methods were tested to obtain the linseed protein concentrate (LPC). The isoelectric pH method was more efficient in increasing the protein content and also provided higher yield. In the fractions obtained, the chemical composition (dry matter, ash, lipids, crude protein, total dietary fiber, calcium and phosphorus), total phenolic compounds and the physicochemical properties were evaluated. The profile of amino acids was determined for linseed meal and LPC, and the profile of monosaccharides was evaluated for linseed grain, soluble and insoluble fractions of the fiber.RESULTSThe results indicated that the protein concentration method by isoelectric pH improved the amino acidic profile and in vitro digestibility of LPC. The fractioning of the linseed fiber was efficient, since the soluble fiber of the soluble fraction corresponded to 675 g kg−1. The separation of the fiber from the linseed concentrated the phenolic compounds in the insoluble fraction. For linseed grain there was a higher concentration of glucose, followed by xylose, galacturonic acid and arabinose. The same monosaccharides were identified in the insoluble fraction, with the exception of arabinose. In the soluble fraction, higher levels of xylose were found, followed by glucose, galacturonic acid and arabinose.CONCLUSIONThe present study allows us to conclude that it is possible to separate the linseed into different fractions, obtaining a protection concentrate and fibers. The inclusion of these products in animal feed needs to be evaluated to determine levels of acceptance. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Systematic Review on Vestibular Symptoms in Patients With Enlarged Vestibular Aqueducts
Authors: Stahl Maximilian C. , Otteson Todd 
Published: August 2021

ObjectiveEnlarged vestibular aqueduct (EVA) is a congenital condition that can lead to various outcomes in pediatric patients including hearing loss and vestibular dysfunction. Our goal was to critically appraise the literature on the proportion of patients with EVA who report vestibular dysfunction, determine relevant risk factors for the development of these symptoms, and describe vestibular tests and interventions used to improve outcomes.MethodsA systematic review was performed in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. We queried the EMBASE, Ovid Medline, and Cochrane Library databases for relevant literature. Studies were included if they had n > 10, reported vestibular symptoms or vestibular function testing in patients with EVA, and were published in English. Nonhuman studies, systematic reviews, and review articles were excluded.ResultsOf 808 identified studies, 20 met inclusion criteria. Subjective vestibular symptoms included dizziness, episodic vertigo, and imbalance. Seventeen studies reported subjective vestibular symptoms, ranging from 2% to 71% of patients between studies. Seventeen studies performed some form of vestibular function test, including physical exam maneuvers (Dix‐Hallpike), caloric testing, electronystagmography, and vestibular evoked myogenic potentials. Of those who had vestibular function testing, 7% to 92% had an abnormal result. Two studies identified head trauma as a risk factor. One study successfully treated patients with BPPV using the Epley maneuver, but other vestibular symptoms were not targeted with treatment.ConclusionThe degree to which vestibular symptoms impact patients with EVA varies significantly. Performing vestibular function testing may help identify asymptomatic patients with vestibular dysfunction. Future studies should target improving treatment of vestibular symptoms in EVA patients. Laryngoscope, 132:873–880, 2022
Patterns of Regional Recurrence and Salvage Treatment in Patients With Oral Cancer
Authors: Yosefof Eyal , Hilly Ohad , Stern Sagit , Bachar Gideon , Shpitzer Thomas , Mizrachi Aviram 
Published: August 2021

ObjectivesRegional failure after primary treatment for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) carries a dismal outcome. Our goal was to investigate the recurrence patterns and salvage treatment in patients with OSCC and regional failure.Study designRetrospective chart review of all patients treated for OSCC in a university‐affiliated tertiary care center during 2000‐2018.MethodsData collected from patients’ medical charts included demographics, clinical and pathological features, staging, treatment modalities and outcomes. Patients with insufficient data or a follow‐up of less than 2 years were excluded.ResultsOut of 266 surgically treated patients, 55 developed regional recurrence and were included in the study cohort. Forty patients received surgical salvage treatment followed by adjuvant chemo‐radiotherapy (CRT). Disease specific survival and overall survival were significantly higher in surgically treated patients compared to patients who received non‐surgical treatment (46.7% vs. 0%, log‐rank P value < .001 and 35.3% vs. 0%, log‐rank P value = .001, respectively) and in patients who recurred regionally more than 10 months following initial treatment (40.8% vs 10.7%, log‐rank P value = .065). Patients with early recurrence were older (73.6 vs. 61.3 years) and had a deeper invasion of the primary tumor (10.1 vs. 7 mm).ConclusionsSalvage neck dissection is feasible in most cases, providing the best outcomes in patients with OSCC who fail regionally. Close follow‐up during the first year after initial treatment is paramount as early recurrence carries a dismal prognosis. Specifically, elderly patients and patients with deeper primary tumor invasion should be closely monitored during the first post‐operative year.Level of Evidence4 Laryngoscope, 132:786–792, 2022
MXene Quantum Dot Synthesis, Optical Properties, and Ultra‐narrow Photonics: A Comparison of Various Sizes and Concentrations
Authors: Feng Zhu , Yiyu Gan , Libin Ji , Qiao Wen 
Published: August 2021

AbstractTransition metal carbides and nitrides (MXene) quantum dots (QDs) are potentially important for versatile applications, including ultra‐narrow photonics. Here, a simple method for controlling the sizes and solution concentrations of Ti2C‐MXene‐QDs are shown, and then their optical properties are systematically investigated and compared. The nonlinear optical characteristics of QDs can be adjusted through the QD size and solution concentration. QDs with smaller sizes of 1–3 nm have stronger absorptivity, larger modulation depth and lower nonsaturable loss, and QDs with higher concentrations have stronger absorptivity and larger modulation depth but higher nonsaturable loss. These QDs are further applied to construct loop‐cavity ultranarrow lasers whose narrowest laser linewidth is 624.5 Hz, highest signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) is 77.63 dB and lowest power fluctuation is 0.4%. A comparison of these indicators indicates that smaller and more homogeneous MXene QD solutions with proper concentrations favor ultra‐narrow photonics. The laser power is also amplified to ≈60 mW by an erbium‐doped fiber amplifier (EDFA).
Ultrafine particle concentrations during laser hair removal: Effectiveness of smoke evacuators
Authors: J. A. de Boer Anne , Fransen Frederike , R. Bloemen Paul , A. Meesters Arne , A. de Rie Menno , Wolkerstorfer Albert 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesLaser smoke is a biohazard that contains potentially dangerous toxic and biological components. In laser hair removal (LHR), practitioners undergo prolonged exposure as this procedure is widely used without protective measures. Little is known about the effect of smoke evacuators on ultrafine particle concentrations during LHR. This study aims to assess the effect of different laser devices and different smoke evacuators on the ultrafine particle concentrations in the room during LHR.Study Design/Materials and MethodsIn a prospective observational study, we included patients with skin phototypes 2–4 for 755 nm Alexandrite LHR at two study sites, receiving treatment in axillae and pubic areas. Ultrafine particle concentrations were measured during LHR for two different alexandrite lasers, with and without an external smoke evacuator. Moreover, we assessed a device for LHR with a smoke evacuator integrated into the handpiece. Primary outcomes were the concentration of ultrafine particles (0.2–0.3 µm) per m3at 1 min after initiation of treatment and maximum concentrations.ResultsA total of 15 patients were recruited for routine LHR. Without a smoke evacuator, already at 1 minute after treatment onset, ultrafine particle concentrations rapidly increased. Both external and integrated smoke evacuators were highly effective with a 3.7–7‐fold decrease in maximal particle count. Similarly, maximal particle concentrations remained low with both smoke evacuators. At both study sites, particle concentrations decreased slowly (8 min for 50% reduction) when treatment stopped.ConclusionLHR procedures generated an increase of ultrafine particles. Both the external and integrated smoke evacuators are highly effective in controlling ultrafine particle concentrations during LHR. Once particle concentrations are elevated and the process had been completed, clearance of ultrafine particles is rather slow.
Stimuli‐Sensitive Nanotherapies for the Treatment of Osteoarthritis
Authors: Wang Zhaoyi , Wang Shuqin , Wang Kai , Wu Xinyu , Tu Chenxi , Gao Changyou 
Published: August 2021

AbstractOsteoarthritis (OA) is a common chronic inflammatory disease in the joints. It is one of the leading causes of disability with increasing morbidity, which has become one of the serious clinical issues. Current treatments would only provide temporary relief due to the lack of early diagnosis and effective therapy, and thus the replacement of joints may be needed when the OA deteriorates. Although the intra‐articular injection and oral administration of drugs are helpful for OA treatment, they are suffering from systemic toxicity, short retention time in joint, and insufficient bioavailability. Nanomedicine is potential to improve the drug delivery efficiency and targeting ability. In this focused progress review, the particle‐based drug loading systems that can achieve targeted and triggered release are summarized. Stimuli‐responsive nanocarriers that are sensitive to endogenous microenvironmental signals such as reactive oxygen species, enzymes, pH, and temperature, as well as external stimuli such as light for OA therapy are introduced in this review. Furthermore, the nanocarriers associated with targeted therapy and imaging for OA treatment are summarized. The potential applications of nanotherapies for OA treatment are finally discussed.
Analysis of N‐glycosylation in fungal l‐amino acid oxidases expressed in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris
Authors: Heß Marc Christian , Grollius Marvin , Duhay Valentin , Koopmeiners Simon , Bloess Svenja , Fischer von Mollard Gabriele 
Published: August 2021

Abstractl‐amino acid oxidases (LAAOs) catalyze the oxidative deamination of l‐amino acids to corresponding α‐keto acids. Here, we describe the heterologous expression of four fungal LAAOs in Pichia pastoris. cgLAAO1 from Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and ncLAAO1 from Neurospora crassa were able to convert substrates not recognized by recombinant 9His‐hcLAAO4 from the fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum described earlier thereby broadening the substrate spectrum for potential applications. 9His‐frLAAO1 from Fibroporia radiculosa and 9His‐laLAAO2 from Laccaria amethystine were obtained only in low amounts. All four enzymes were N‐glycosylated. We generated mutants of 9His‐hcLAAO4 lacking N‐glycosylation sites to further understand the effects of N‐glycosylation. All four predicted N‐glycosylation sites were glycosylated in 9His‐hcLAAO4 expressed in P. pastoris. Enzymatic activity was similar for fully glycosylated 9His‐hcLAAO4 and variants without one or all N‐glycosylation sites after acid activation of all samples. However, activity without acid treatment was low in a variant without N‐glycans. This was caused by the absence of a hypermannosylated N‐glycan on asparagine residue N54. The lack of one or all of the other N‐glycans was without effect. Our results demonstrate that adoption of a more active conformation requires a specific N‐glycosylation during biosynthesis.
Diversity and characteristics of culturable endophytic bacteria from Passiflora edulis seeds
Authors: Ishida Aoi , Furuya Toshiki 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDefense compounds generally inhibit microbial colonization of plants. In this study, we examined the presence of endophytes in Passiflora edulis seeds that accumulate resveratrol and piceatannol at extremely high levels as defense compounds. Interestingly, although no microbial colonies appeared on an agar growth medium from the cut or homogenized seeds, colonies were generated from cut seedlings derived from the seeds. A total of 19 bacterial strains were isolated, of which 15 were classified as Gram‐positive. As we hypothesized that extremely high levels of piceatannol in the seeds would inhibit the growth of endophytes cultured directly from the seeds, we examined the antimicrobial activity of this compound against the isolated bacteria. Piceatannol exerted bacteriostatic rather than bactericidal effects on most of the bacteria tested. These results suggest that the bacteria remain static in the seeds due to the presence of piceatannol and are transmitted to the seedlings during the germination process, enabling colonies to be established from the seedlings on the agar medium. We also investigated the biocatalytic activity of the isolated bacteria toward resveratrol and piceatannol. One bacterium, Brevibacterium sp. PE28‐2, converted resveratrol and piceatannol to their respective derivatives. This strain is the first endophyte shown to exhibit such activity.