bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nitric and nitrous oxide fluxes from intensifying crop agriculture in the seasonally dry tropical Amazon–Cerrado border region
Authors: Huddell Alexandra , Neill Christopher , Maracahipes‐Santos Leonardo , Cerri Carlos Eduardo Pellegrino , Menge Duncan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractRapid expansion and intensification of crop agriculture in the tropics may accelerate ecosystem losses of reactive nitrogen (N). We quantified emissions of nitric oxide (NO) and nitrous oxide (N2O) in forest, single‐cropped soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], and N‐fertilized double‐cropped soybean–maize (Zea mays L.) at three N fertilizer levels within the largest area of recent cropland expansion on earth, in the Amazon and Cerrado biomes in Brazil. The NO emissions were 2.1 kg N ha‒1 yr‒1 in forest, 0.6 kg N ha‒1 yr‒1 in soybean, and 1.3 kg N ha‒1 yr‒1 in soybean–maize. The N2O fluxes were <1.1 kg N ha‒1 yr‒1 across all land uses. As fertilization levels increased from 80 to 160 kg N ha−1 yr‒1 in soybean–maize double‐cropped sites, NO emissions increased from 0.6 to 6.7 kg N ha−1 mo‒1 in the month immediately after fertilization, but N2O emissions only increased from 0.6 to 1.8 kg N ha−1 mo‒1. These results indicate that NO emissions do not increase when forests are converted to croplands under current fertilization levels, and that NO will respond more strongly than N2O fluxes to increases in fertilizer applications. Our findings suggest that if N fertilization rates in the region were increased, NO fluxes could increase rapidly.
Recurrent NFIA K125E substitution represents a loss‐of‐function allele: Sensitive in vitro and in vivo assays for nontruncating alleles
Authors: Uehara Tomoko , Sanuki Rikako , Ogura Yurie , Yokoyama Atsushi , Yoshida Takeshi , Futagawa Hiroshi , Yoshihashi Hiroshi , Yamada Mamiko , Suzuki Hisato , Takenouchi Toshiki , Matsubara Kohei , Hirata Hiromi , Kosaki Kenjiro , Takano‐Shimizu Toshiyuki 
Published: May 2021

AbstractNuclear factor I A (NFIA) is a transcription factor that belongs to the NFI family. Truncating variants or intragenic deletion of the NFIA gene are known to cause the human neurodevelopmental disorder known as NFIA‐related disorder, but no patient heterozygous for a missense mutation has been reported. Here, we document two unrelated patients with typical phenotypic features of the NFIA‐related disorder who shared a missense variant p.Lys125Glu (K125E) in the NFIA gene. Patient 1 was a 6‐year‐old female with global developmental delay, corpus callosum anomaly, macrocephaly, and dysmorphic facial features. Patient 2 was a 14‐month‐old male with corpus callosum anomaly and macrocephaly. By using Drosophila and zebrafish models, we functionally evaluated the effect of the K125E substitution. Ectopic expression of wild‐type human NFIA in Drosophila caused developmental defects such as eye malformation and premature death, while that of human NFIA K125E variant allele did not. nfia‐deficient zebrafish embryos showed defects of midline‐crossing axons in the midbrain/hindbrain boundary. This impairment of commissural neurons was rescued by expression of wild‐type human NFIA, but not by that of mutant variant harboring K125E substitution. In accordance with these in vivo functional analyses, we showed that the K125E mutation impaired the transcriptional regulation of HES1 promoter in cultured cells. Taken together, we concluded that the K125E variant in the NFIA gene is a loss‐of‐function mutation.
SCpRh(III)‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Aryl C−H Addition to Nitroalkenes
Authors: Wu Zhi‐Jie , Zhang Ru , Gu Qing , You Shu‐Li 
Published: May 2021

AbstractRh‐catalyzed enantioselective direct addition of benzamide C−H bond to nitroalkenes was developed. In the presence of chiral SCpRh(III) catalyst, an array of C−H adducts was obtained in moderate to excellent yields and enantioselectivity (57–92% yields, 71–92% ee) under mild conditions. The reaction conditions accommodate a wide range of diverse functional groups.
Stable isotope evidence (Fe, Cu) suggests that sex, but not aging is recorded in rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) bone
Authors: Boucher Renee D. , Alavi Shauhin E. , de Jong Hylke N. , Godfrey Linda V. , Vogel Erin R. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectivesHere, we examine (1) if the sex‐related differences in iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) isotope ratios, represented as δ56Fe and δ65Cu values, respectively observed in humans exist in bulk occipital bone and incisors of male and female non‐human primates, and (2) if the variation of Fe and Cu isotope ratios, known to vary in human blood as a factor of age are similar in non‐human primate bone.Materials and MethodsIsotope ratios were measured from the skeletal elements of 20 rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) with known life history traits. The metals were purified by column chromatography and their isotope ratios measured by MC‐ICP‐MS. Data were analyzed using generalized additive models (GAM).ResultsWhen accounting for age and sex independently, we found a significant relationship between δ65Cu values and occipital bone, but not in incisors. There were no significant relationships observed between δ56Fe values, occipital bone, or incisors. Similarly, there were no significant relationships observed between δ56Fe values, δ65Cu values, and age.DiscussionWe suggest that Cu and Fe isotope ratios have the potential to be useful supplementary tools in future research in biological anthropology, but additional studies are needed to further verify the relationship between sex, age, δ65Cu, and δ56Fe values in primates.
An Iridium Complex as an AIE‐active Photosensitizer for Image‐guided Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Yang Ke , Zhou Yi , Wang Yaping , Zhao Shaojing , Wu Xiaoli , Peng Xiao , Huang Li , Jiang Lirong , Lan Minhuan , Yi Xiao‐Yi 
Published: May 2021

AbstractImage‐guided photodynamic therapy (PDT) has received growing attention due to its non‐invasiveness and precise controllability. However, the PDT efficiency of most photosensitizers are decreased in living system due to the aggregation‐caused singlet oxygen (1O2) generation decreasing. Herein, we present an Iridium (III) pyridylpyrrole complex (Ir‐1) featuring of aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) and 1O2 generation characteristics for image‐guided PDT of cancer. Ir‐1 aqueous solution exhibits bright red phosphorescence peaked at 630 nm, large Stokes shift of 227 nm, and good 1O2 generation ability. The 1O2 generating rate of Ir‐1 in EtOH/water mixture solution is 2.3 times higher than that of Rose Bengal. In vitro experimental results revealed that Ir‐1 has better biocompatibility and higher phototoxicity compared with clinically used photosensitizers (Rose Bengal and Ce6), suggesting that Ir‐1 can serve as a photosensitizer for image‐guided PDT of cancer.
3D printing of lignin: Challenges, opportunities and roads onward
Authors: Ebers L.‐S. , Arya Aditi , Bowland C. C. , Glasser W. G. , Chmely S. C. , Naskar A. K. , Laborie M.‐P. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAs the second most abundant biopolymer on earth, and as a resource recently becoming more available in separated and purified form on an industrial scale due to the development of new isolation technologies, lignin has a key role to play in transitioning our material industry towards sustainability. Additive manufacturing (AM), the most efficient‐material processing technology to date, has likewise made great strides to promote sustainable industrial solutions to our needs in engineered products. Bringing lignin research to AM has prompted the emergence of the nascent “lignin 3D printing” field. This review presents the recent state of art of this promising field and highlights its challenges and opportunities. Following a review of the industrial availability, molecular attributes, and associated properties of technical lignins, we review R&D efforts at implementing lignin systems in extrusion‐based and stereolithography (SLA) printing technologies. Doing so underlines the adage of lignin research that “all lignins are not created equal,” and stresses the opportunity nested in this chemical diversity created mostly by differences in isolation conditions to molecularly select and tune the attributes of technical lignin systems towards desirable properties, be it by modification or polymer blending. Considering the AM design process in its entirety, we finally propose onward routes to bring the full potential to this emerging field. We hope that this review can help promote the unique value and overdue industrial role of lignin in sustainable engineered materials and products.
Mannich Reaction as a Key Strategy for the Synthesis of Trifluoroethyl Derived Tertiary and Secondary Amine
Authors: Jin Yi , Su Guodong , Yu Jiangang 
Published: May 2021

A Mannich reaction of 2,2,2‐trifluoroethylamine hydrochloride, paraformaldehyde and acetophenone was described both in oil bath and microwave‐heating conditions to give main products varied from trifluoroethyl derived tertiary to secondary amine. In the microwave‐heating manner, the reaction was carried out in a commercial available microwave oven and took only 10 min to complete this transformation. After a simple post‐treatment including washing and recrystallization, the product of trifluoroethyl derived secondary amine was obtained in high yield (71.4%).
Ubiquitin‐specific peptidase 53 inhibits the occurrence and development of clear cell renal cell carcinoma through NF‐κB pathway inactivation
Authors: Gui Dingwen , Dong Zhufeng , Peng Wei , Jiang Weidong , Huang Geng , Liu Gang , Ye Zhihua , Wang Yang , Xu Zuwei , Fu Jinlun , Luo Shuai , Zhao Yunfei 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundClear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is one of the most prevalent malignant diseases in the urinary system with more than 140,000 related deaths annually. Ubiquitination–deubiquitination homeostasis is an important factor in ccRCC progression; ubiquitin‐specific peptidase 53 (USP53) belongs to the family of deubiquitinating enzymes, but its functions are rarely reported.MethodsDatabases obtained from GEO and TCGA were analyzed to reveal the role of USP53 in ccRCC. CCK‐8/BrdU and EDU assays were used to detect the proliferation of ccRCC after USP53 overexpression or knockdown. A tumor xenograft experiment was used to verify the effect of the proliferation of ccRCC after USP53 knockdown. Transwell assays were used to detect the metastasis of ccRCC after USP53 overexpression or knockdown. RNA sequencing and western blot analysis were employed to detect the change in genes after USP53 overexpression and knockdown. Then we tested the effect of USP53 on IκBα protein stability through western blot analysis. Detect the effect of USP53 on IκBα ubiquitination in vitro by immunoprecipitation method.ResultsUSP53 expression was downregulated in ccRCC tissues and USP53 expression was significantly negatively correlated with the tumor progression and clinical prognosis. The ability of growth and metastasis of ccRCC was inhibited after USP53 overexpression. In addition, USP53 knockdown promoted ccRCC growth and metastasis. Moreover, USP53 knockdown promoted the ability of clone formation of ccRCCin vivo. NF‐κB signaling pathway significantly enriched and downregulated in USP53 overexpressed cells, and genes in the NF‐κB pathway (such as IL1B, CXCL1‐3, RELA, RELB, etc.) were obviously downregulated in USP53 overexpressed cells. USP53 overexpression decreased the phosphorylation of IKKβ and P65 in both Caki‐1 and 786‐O cells, and the expression of IκBα was increased. Phosphorylation of IKKβ and P65 was increased in both Caki‐1 and 786‐O cells after USP53 knockdown. As the expression of USP53 increases, the protein expression of IκBα was also gradually increased and USP53 reduced the ubiquitination of IκBα.ConclusionIn summary, our data indicate that USP53 inhibits the inactivation of the NF‐κB pathway by reducing the ubiquitination of IκBα to further inhibit ccRCC proliferation and metastasis. These findings may help understand the pathogenesis of ccRCC and introduce new potential therapeutic targets for kidney cancer patients.
Supersaturated oxygen therapy in acute anterior myocardial infarction: Going small is the next big thing
Authors: Ahmad Khansa , Abbott J. Dawn 
Published: May 2021

Key Points
Improving myocardial salvage and reducing infarct size to optimize post‐myocardial infarction sequelae of heart failure and mortality remain an important goal in the primary PCI era.
Intra‐coronary supersaturated oxygen therapy is relatively new with unknown long‐term outcomes.
The current study presents evidence of improved clinical outcomes after supersaturated oxygen therapy but is limited in size and study design necessitating further investigation before widespread adoption.
Albumin Conjugates of Thiosemicarbazone and Imidazole‐2‐thione Prochelators: Iron Coordination and Antiproliferative Activity
Authors: Sung Yu‐Shien , Wu Wangbin , Ewbank Megan A. , Utterback Rachel D. , Marty Michael T. , Tomat Elisa 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe central role of iron in tumor progression and metastasis motivates the development of iron‐binding approaches in cancer chemotherapy. Disulfide‐based prochelators are reductively activated upon cellular uptake to liberate thiol chelators responsible for iron sequestration. Herein, a trimethyl thiosemicarbazone moiety and the imidazole‐2‐thione heterocycle are incorporated in this prochelator design. Iron binding of the corresponding tridentate chelators leads to the stabilization of a low‐spin ferric center in 2 : 1 ligand‐to‐metal complexes. Native mass spectrometry experiments show that the prochelators form stable disulfide conjugates with bovine serum albumin, thus affording novel bioconjugate prochelator systems. Antiproliferative activities at sub‐micromolar levels are recorded in a panel of breast, ovarian and colorectal cancer cells, along with significantly lower activity in normal fibroblasts.
Monetizing impacts of Spanish companies toward the Sustainable Development Goals
Authors: Diaz‐Sarachaga Jose Manuel 
Published: May 2021

AbstractCorporate sustainability reporting has gained increasing prominence over the last years to quantitative and qualitatively reflect progress of enterprises toward sustainability. However, the measurement of the economic contribution of firms in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is still a pending issue. This research aims at bridging this gap by devising a new system that monetizes impacts of Spanish companies in the fulfillment of the SDGs. A panel of three experts in sustainability determined a set of 33 suitable indicators that represent the SDGs. Best–Worst method was then used to perform a multi‐criteria decision analysis to determine weighting factors through responses from a two‐part questionnaire circulated to 50 national respondents. The application of the new tool to a Spanish firm underlined a weak linkage between some SDGs and business activities, and the complexity of disaggregating accounting data to feed the metrics of the new framework. The development of instruments that associate the challenges of the 2030 Agenda with corporate accounting was recommended.
Synergistic Effects of Chlorination and Branched Alkyl Side Chain on the Photovoltaic Properties of Simple Non‐Fullerene Acceptors with Quinoxaline as the Core
Authors: Ye Shounuan , Chen Shuaishuai , Li Shuixing , Pan Youwen , Xia Xinxin , Fu Weifei , Zuo Lijian , Lu Xinhui , Shi Minmin , Chen Hongzheng 
Published: May 2021

AbstractTo date, the fused‐ring electron acceptors show the best photovoltaic performances, and the development of simple non‐fullerene acceptors via intramolecular noncovalent interactions can reduce synthetic costs. In this work, four simple non‐fullerene acceptors with an A‐D‐A’‐D‐A configuration (QCIC1, QCIC2, QCIC3, and QCIC4) were synthesized. They contained the same conjugated backbone (A’: quinoxaline; D: cyclopentadithiophene; A: dicyano‐indanone) but different halogen atoms and alkyl side chains. Due to the chlorination on the end‐groups and the most and/or longest branched alkyl side chains on the backbone, the blended film composed of QCIC3 and donor poly{[2,6′‐4,8‐di(5‐ethylhexylthienyl)benzo [1,2‐b : 4,5‐b′]dithiophene]‐alt‐[5,5‐(1′,3′‐di‐2‐thienyl‐5′,7′‐bis(2‐ethylhexyl)benzo[1′,2′‐c : 4′,5′‐c′]dithiophene‐4,8‐dione)]} (PBDB‐T) exhibited the strongest π‐π stacking and the most suitable phase‐separation domains among the four blended films. Therefore, the QCIC3‐based organic solar cells yielded the highest power conversion efficiency of 10.55 %. This work provides a pathway to optimize the molecular arrangements and enhance the photovoltaic property of simple electron acceptors through subtle chemical modifications.
Fungal community response to long‐term soil warming with potential implications for soil carbon dynamics
Authors: Pec Gregory J. , van Diepen Linda T. A. , Knorr Melissa , Grandy A. Stuart , Melillo Jerry M. , DeAngelis Kristen M. , Blanchard Jeffrey L. , Frey Serita D. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe direction and magnitude of climate warming effects on ecosystem processes such as carbon cycling remain uncertain. Soil fungi are central to these processes due to their roles as decomposers of soil organic matter, as mycorrhizal symbionts, and as determinants of plant diversity. Yet despite their importance to ecosystem functioning, we lack a clear understanding of the long‐term response of soil fungal communities to warming. Toward this goal, we characterized soil fungal communities in two replicated soil warming experiments at the Harvard Forest (Petersham, Massachusetts, USA) which had experienced 5°C above ambient soil temperatures for 5 and 20 yr at the time of sampling. We assessed fungal diversity and community composition by sequencing the ITS2 region of rDNA using Illumina technology, along with soil C concentrations and chemistry. Three main findings emerged: (1) long‐, but not short‐term warming resulted in compositional shifts in the soil fungal community, particularly in the saprotrophic and unknown components of the community; (2) soil C concentrations and the total C stored in the organic horizon declined in response to both short‐ (5 yr) and long‐term (20 yr) warming; and (3) following long‐term warming, shifts in fungal guild relative abundances were associated with substantial changes in soil organic matter chemistry, particularly the relative abundance of lignin. Taken together, our results suggest that shifts with warming in the relative abundance of fungal functional groups and dominant fungal taxa are related to observed losses in total soil C.
A biological invasion impacts ecosystem services: cane toads change the rate of scavenging and the suite of scavengers
Authors: Pettit Lachlan , Ward‐Fear Georgia , Shine Richard 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBy affecting the abundance of key native species, invasive taxa may disrupt ecosystem services. In Australia, large monitor lizards (Varanus spp.) play critical roles as scavengers and apex predators. Our broadscale surveys (across two transects, 1300 and 2500 km) show that in tropical areas where the arrival of fatally toxic cane toads (Rhinella marina) has massively reduced the abundance of monitors (Varanus panoptes), rates of removal of deployed baits are more than halved, and the assemblages of scavengers are dominated by birds or mammals rather than reptiles. In contrast, populations of another monitor species in eastern Australia (Varanus varius) were little affected by toad arrival, as were scavenging rates and assemblages. The mechanisms responsible for those shifts, and their consequences on ecosystem services, warrant further research.
Asymptotic preserving schemes on conical unstructured 2D meshes
Authors: Blanc Xavier , Delmas Vincent , Hoch Philippe 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn this article, we consider the hyperbolic heat equation. This system is linear hyperbolic with stiff source terms and satisfies a diffusion limit. Some finite volume numerical schemes have been proposed which reproduce this diffusion limit. Here, we extend such schemes, originally defined on polygonal meshes, to conical meshes (using rational quadratic Bezier curves). We obtain really new schemes that do not reduce to the polygonal version when the conical edges tend to straight lines. Moreover, these schemes can handle curved unstructured meshes so that geometric error on initial data representation is reduced and geometry of the domain is improved. Extra flux coming from conical edge (through his midedge point) has a deep impact on the stabilization when compared with the original polygonal scheme. Cross‐stencil phenomenon of polygonal scheme has disappeared, and issue of positivity for the diffusion problem (although unresolved on distorted mesh and/or with varying cross‐section) has been in some sense improved.
The effect of prior radiation on the success of ventral skull base reconstruction: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Yong Michael , Wu Yu Qi , Su Shirley , Hanna Ehab , Prisman Eitan , Thamboo Andrew , Walgama Evan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe incidence of cerebrospinal fluid leak after ventral skull base reconstruction is a primary outcome of interest to skull base surgeons. Exposure to pre‐operative radiation may put patients at an increased risk of skull base reconstructive failure. A systematic search identified studies which included patients receiving ventral skull base reconstruction in the setting of pre‐operative radiation. A meta‐analysis using a random effects model was conducted to estimate an odds ratio of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak in patients exposed to pre‐operative radiation. A meta‐analysis of 13 studies demonstrated that the odds ratio of CSF leak was 1.73 (95% CI 0.98–3.05). The majority of studies (77%) used vascularized tissue grafts for reconstruction. We identified an increased incidence of CSF leak among patients undergoing ventral skull base reconstruction after prior radiation therapy, although not of statistical significance. Skull base surgeons should exercise caution when planning reconstruction in this population.
Toxicity of quantum dots on target organs and immune system
Authors: Liang Ying , Zhang Tao , Tang Meng 
Published: May 2021

AbstractQuantum dots (QDs), due to their superior luminous properties, have been proven to be a very promising biological probe, which can be used as a candidate material for clinical applications. The toxicity of QDs in the environment and biological systems has caused widespread concern in the nanosphere, but their immune toxicity and their impact on the immune system are still relatively unknown. At present, the research on the toxicity of QDs is mainly focused on in vitro models, but few have systematically evaluated their adverse effects on target organs. Animal studies have shown that QDs can be accumulated in various organs due to their main exposure routes, thereby posing a potential threat to major organs. This review briefly describes general characteristics and the wide medical applications of QDs and focuses on the adverse effects of QDs on major target organs, such as liver, lung, kidney, brain, and spleen, after acute and chronic exposure. QDs mainly cause changes in the corresponding indicators of target organs, such as oxidative damage, and in severe cases cause hyperemia, tissue necrosis, and even death. In addition to causing direct damage to target organs, QDs can also cause a large number of immune cells to accumulate and cause inflammatory reactions when causing damage to other major organs. Whether it is to avoid the risk of people contacting QDs in production and life, or to realize the clinical applications of QDs, is very essential to conduct systematic in vivo toxicity assessment of QDs.