bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The rainbow protocol: A sequential method for quantifying pigments, sugars, free amino acids, phenolics, flavonoids and MDA from a small amount of sample
Authors: López‐Hidalgo Cristina , Meijón Mónica , Lamelas Laura , Valledor Luis 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe elucidation of plant health status requires quantifying multiple molecular metabolism markers. Until now, the extraction of these biomarkers is performed independently, with different extractions and protocols. This approach is inefficient, since it increases laboratory time, amount of sample, and could introduce biases or difficulties when comparing data. To limit these drawbacks, we introduce a versatile protocol for quantifying seven of the most commonly analysed biomarkers (photosynthetic pigments, free amino acids, soluble sugars, starch, phenolic compounds, flavonoids and malondialdehyde) covering substantial parts of plant metabolism, requiring only a minimum sample amount and common laboratory instrumentation. The procedures of this protocol rely on classic methods that have been updated to allow their sequential use, increasing reproducibility, sensibility and easiness to obtain quantitative results. Our method has been tested and validated over an extended diversity of organisms (Arabidopsis thaliana, Solanum lycopersicum, Olea europaea, Quercus ilex, Pinus pinaster and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii), tissues (leaves, roots and seeds) and stresses (cold, drought, heat, ultraviolet B and nutrient deficiency). Its application will allow increasing the number of parameters that can be monitored at once while decreasing sample handling and consequently, increasing the capacity of the laboratory.
Multistrain probiotics use in main commercially cultured freshwater fish: a systematic review of evidence
Authors: Melo‐Bolívar Javier Fernando , Ruiz Pardo Ruth Yolanda , Hume Michael E. , Villamil Díaz Luisa Marcela 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis review aims to explore developments in the usage of multistrain probiotics in commercial freshwater‐cultured fish and to address factors that affect the efficacies of multistrain probiotics to enhance growth parameters, survival after bacterial infection and immune modulation in comparison to monostrain probiotics. From bibliographic searches in Scopus, Web of Science and PubMed, it was possible to select 81 articles that evaluated multistrain probiotics supplementation during in vivo trials in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and roho labeo (Labeo rohita). Most of the articles showed different benefits, including enhancement of fish growth performance, immune response and resistance against some pathogenic bacteria, such as Aeromonas hydrophila, Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus iniae. However, only 13 journal articles included a monostrain probiotic as a control that would allow direct comparison with a probiotic bacterial mixture to determine if the mixture offered higher benefits in comparison to a monostrain probiotic and a control group without probiotic supplementation. Here we explain the main findings, including the best probiotic mixtures, and some perspectives on multistrain probiotics research and use on a commercial scale.
Successful percutaneous drainage of a refractory caudal mediastinal paraesophageal abscess in a dog
Authors: Breheny Craig R. , Thomas Emily K. , Hall Jon L. , Thierry Florence 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo describe a novel technique for paraesophageal abscess drainage in a dog.Case summaryA 6‐year‐old dog presented for pyrexia of unknown origin, subsequently confirmed to be due to a paraesophageal abscess. This was managed by the ultrasound‐guided placement of a thoracostomy tube into the abscess, allowing drainage to be performed. This led to clinical resolution and, at an 8‐month follow‐up, the dog continued to do well.New or unique information providedParaesophageal abscessation is typically managed with surgical intervention, which carries inherent risks and complications. This report describes a novel technique that did not require general anesthesia or invasive surgical intervention, achieving clinical remission without any adverse effects. It also summarizes the current literature available on this condition.
Double drape tectonic patch with cyanoacrylate glue for surgical repair of corneal defects: 8 cases
Authors: Rodriguez Elena N. , Townsend Wendy M. , Stiles Jean 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the use of a double drape tectonic patch with cyanoacrylate glue technique for the treatment of deep or penetrating corneal defects in cats and dogs.Animals studiedEight client‐owned animals of which five were cats and three were dogs.ProcedureEight cases: Four with descemetoceles, three with corneal perforations, and one with a deep stromal ulcer were treated with a double layer of plastic drape material adhered to the cornea with a cyanoacrylate (2‐octyl or 2‐octyl, N‐butyl)‐based tissue adhesive. The patch was then covered with a third eyelid flap.ResultsSeven of the eight eyes healed uneventfully with a median time to healing time of 20 days (range 14–28 days). After healing, the glue patch had loosened and was removed. One eye of one cat developed bacterial keratitis with an iris prolapse adjacent to the patch and was subsequently enucleated. Only two of the eight eyes had increased corneal neovascularization.ConclusionTreatment of deep or penetrating corneal defects with a double drape tectonic patch and cyanoacrylate glue is a viable option which may be a faster and less expensive alternative to other globe sparing surgical options.
The Parker Quarry Lagerstätte of Vermont—The first reported Burgess Shale–type fauna rediscovered
Authors: Pari Giovanni , Briggs Derek E.G. , Gaines Robert R. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Soft-bodied fossils of Cambrian age, now known as Burgess Shale–type biotas, were first described from the Parker Slate of the northwest Vermont (USA) slate belt in the late 19th century, 25 years before the discovery of the Burgess Shale in British Columbia, Canada. Here, we report the rediscovery of fossiliferous horizons at Parker's Cobble, the site of the original quarry, which was thought to have been exhausted by excavation. New discoveries include a radiodont, multiple specimens of a new bivalved arthropod, a priapulid, and other undescribed forms. Pervasive soft-sediment deformation suggests accumulation near the toe of a steep unstable slope, similar to the setting of the Burgess Shale. Although fossils are rare, the exceptional preservation of some soft-bodied taxa suggests that recovered diversity was limited by transport into an inhospitable benthic setting rather than by decay, and this implies a potential for future discoveries of new taxa.
Extreme Quaternary plate boundary exhumation and strike slip localized along the southern Fairweather fault, Alaska, USA
Authors: Lease Richard O. , Haeussler Peter J. , Witter Robert C. , Stockli Daniel F. , Bender Adrian M. , Kelsey Harvey M. , O’Sullivan Paul B. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe Fairweather fault (southeastern Alaska, USA) is Earth’s fastest-slipping intracontinental strike-slip fault, but its long-term role in localizing Yakutat–(Pacific–)North America plate motion is poorly constrained. This plate boundary fault transitions northward from pure strike slip to transpression where it comes onshore and undergoes a &lt;25°, 30-km-long restraining double bend. To the east, apatite (U-Th)/He (AHe) ages indicate that North America exhumation rates increase stepwise from ∼0.7 to 1.7 km/m.y. across the bend. In contrast, to the west, AHe age-depth data indicate that extremely rapid 5–10 km/m.y. Yakutat exhumation rates are localized within the bend. Further northwest, Yakutat AHe and zircon (U-Th)/He (ZHe) ages gradually increase from 0.3 to 2.6 Ma over 150 km and depict an interval of extremely rapid &gt;6–8 km/m.y. exhumation rates that increases in age away from the bend. We interpret this migration of rapid, transient exhumation to reflect prolonged advection of the Cenozoic–Cretaceous sedimentary cover of the eastern Yakutat microplate through a stationary restraining bend along the edge of the North America plate. Yakutat cooling ages imply a long-term strike-slip rate (54 ± 6 km/m.y.) that mimics the millennial (53 ± 5 m/k.y.) and decadal (46 mm/yr) rates. Fairweather fault slip can account for all Pacific–North America relative plate motion throughout Quaternary time and indicates stability of highly localized plate boundary strike slip on a single fault where extreme rock uplift rates are persistently localized within a restraining bend.
Abrasion regimes in fluvial bedrock incision
Authors: Beer Alexander R. , Lamb Michael P. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractRiver incision into bedrock drives landscape evolution and couples surface changes to climate and tectonics in uplands. Mechanistic bedrock erosion modeling has focused on plucking—the hydraulic removal of large loosened rock fragments—and on abrasion—the slower fracturing-driven removal of rock due to impacts of transported sediment—which produces sand- or silt-sized fragments at the mineral grain scale (i.e., wear). An abrasion subregime (macro-abrasion) has been hypothesized to exist under high impact energies typical of cobble or boulder transport in mountain rivers, in which larger bedrock fragments can be generated. We conducted dry impact abrasion experiments across a wide range of impact energies and found that gravel-sized fragments were generated when the impact energy divided by squared impactor diameter exceeded 1 kJ/m2. However, the total abraded volume followed the same kinetic-energy scaling regardless of fragment size, holding over 13 orders of magnitude in impact energy and supporting a general abrasion law. Application to natural bedrock rivers shows that many of them likely can generate large fragments, especially in steep mountain streams and during large floods, transporting boulders in excess of 0.6 m diameter. In this regime, even single impacts can cause changes in riverbed topography that may drive morphodynamic feedbacks.
Integrating Conservative kidney management Options and advance care Planning Education (COPE) into routine CKD care: a protocol for a pilot randomised controlled trial
Authors: Stallings Taylor L , Temel Jennifer S , Klaiman Tamar A , Paasche-Orlow Michael K , Alegria Margarita , O’Hare Ann , O’Connor Nina , Dember Laura M , Halpern Scott D , Eneanya Nwamaka D 
Published: February 2021

IntroductionPredialysis education for patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) typically focuses narrowly on haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis as future treatment options. However, patients who are older or seriously ill may not want to pursue dialysis and/or may not benefit from this treatment. Conservative kidney management, a reasonable alternative treatment, and advance care planning (ACP) are often left out of patient education and shared decision-making. In this study, we will pilot an educational intervention (Conservative Kidney Management Options and Advance Care Planning Education—COPE) to improve knowledge of conservative kidney management and ACP among patients with advanced CKD who are older and/or have poor functional status.Methods and analysisThis is a single-centre pilot randomised controlled trial at an academic centre in Philadelphia, PA. Eligible patients will have: age ≥70 years and/or poor functional status (as defined by Karnofsky Performance Index Score <70), advanced CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate<20 mL/min/1.73 m2), prefer to speak English during clinical encounters and self-report as black or white race. Enrolled patients will be randomised 1:1, with stratification by race, to receive enhanced usual care or usual care and in-person education about conservative kidney management and ACP (COPE). The primary outcome is change in knowledge of CKM and ACP. We will also explore intervention feasibility and acceptability, change in communication of preferences and differences in the intervention’s effects on knowledge and communication of preferences by race. We will assess outcomes at baseline, immediately post-education and at 2 and 12 weeks.Ethics and disseminationThis protocol has been approved by the Institutional Review Board at the University of Pennsylvania. We will obtain written informed consent from all participants. The results from this work will be presented at academic conferences and disseminated through peer-reviewed journals.Trial registration numberThis trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov underNCT03229811.
Microinvasive pars plana vitrectomy versus panretinal photocoagulation in the treatment of severe non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (the VIP study): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Zheng Wenbin , Chen Shida , Ding Xiaohu , Lai Kunbei , Xiao Sainan , Lin Ying , Liu Bingqian , Jin Ling , Li Jizhu , Wu Yuqing , Ma Yuan , Lu Lin , Liu Yizhi , Li Tao 
Published: February 2021

IntroductionDiabetic retinopathy (DR) is the main cause of adult visual impairment worldwide. Severe non-proliferative DR (sNPDR) is an important clinical intervention stage. Currently, panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) is the standard treatment for sNPDR. However, PRP alone cannot completely prevent NPDR progression. One explanation might be that PRP does not remove the detrimental vitreous that plays an important role in DR progression. Microinvasive pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) was shown to be a safe and effective method to treat late-stage proliferative DR (PDR) by completely removing the pathological vitreous. However, whether PPV is effective in controlling sNPDR remains unknown. In this trial, we aim to compare the effectiveness of microinvasive PPV with that of PRP for sNPDR progression control.Methods and analysisThis single centre, parallel group, randomised controlled trial aims to evaluate the clinical efficacy of microinvasive PPV in preventing the progression of sNPDR compared with PRP. A total of 272 adults diagnosed with sNPDR will be randomised 1:1 to the microinvasive PPV and PRP groups. The primary outcome is the disease progression rate, calculated as the rate of sNPDR progressed to PDR from baseline to 12 months after treatment. The secondary outcomes include the change in best-corrected visual acuity, re-treatment rate, diabetic macular oedema occurrence, change in central retinal thickness, change in the visual field, cataract occurrence and change in the quality of life.Ethics and disseminationThe Ethics Committee of Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center approved this study (2019KYPJ108). The results will be presented at scientific meetings and submitted for publication to peer-reviewed journals.Trial registration numberNCT04103671.
Test accuracy of faecal calprotectin for inflammatory bowel disease in UK primary care: a retrospective cohort study of the THIN data
Authors: Freeman Karoline , Taylor-Phillips Sian , Willis Brian H , Ryan Ronan , Clarke Aileen 
Published: February 2021

ObjectiveTo estimate the test accuracy of faecal calprotectin (FC) for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in the primary care setting using routine electronic health records.DesignRetrospective cohort test accuracy study.SettingUK primary care.Participants5970 patients (≥18 years) without a previous IBD diagnosis and with a first FC test between 1 January 2006 and 31 December 2016. We excluded multiple tests and tests without numeric results in units of µg/g.InterventionFC testing for the diagnosis of IBD. Disease status was confirmed by a recorded diagnostic code and/or a drug code of an IBD-specific medication at three time points after the FC test date.Main outcome measuresSensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for the differential of IBD versus non-IBD and IBD versus irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) at the 50 and 100 µg/g thresholds.Results5970 patients met the inclusion criteria and had at least 6 months of follow-up data after FC testing. 1897 had an IBS diagnosis, 208 had an IBD diagnosis, 31 had a colorectal cancer diagnosis, 80 had more than one diagnosis and 3754 had no subsequent diagnosis. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were 92.9% (88.6% to 95.6%), 61.5% (60.2% to 62.7%), 8.1% (7.1% to 9.2%) and 99.6% (99.3% to 99.7%), respectively, at the threshold of 50 µg/g. Raising the threshold to 100 µg/g missed less than 7% additional IBD cases. Longer follow-up had no effect on test accuracy. Overall, uncertainty was greater for specificity than sensitivity. General practitioners’ (GPs’) referral decisions did not follow the anticipated clinical pathways in national guidance.ConclusionsGPs can be confident in excluding IBD on the basis of a negative FC test in a population with low pretest risk but should interpret a positive test with caution. The applicability of national guidance to general practice needs to be improved.
Anatomical study of the innervation of different parts of the posterior ligamentous region of the sacroiliac joint
Authors: Zhu Weijia , Zhao Qinghao , Ma Runxun , Liu Zezheng , Zhao Jianjun , Liu Zexian , Chen Junjie , Zhang Rusen , Zheng Zhiyang , Xu Yejie , Deng Shangxi , Cheng Liang , Li Qingchu 
Published: February 2021

Background and objectivesThe periarticular sacroiliac joint (SIJ) technique has become an important area of focus, and the quartering of the SIJ posterior ligamentous region has been proposed as a way to refine this technique. However, detailed nerve distribution combined with the division of the SIJ posterior ligamentous region is lacking. We aimed to explore the innervation of the SIJ posteriorly based on the quartering of the SIJ posterior ligamentous region.MethodsSixteen SIJs from eight embalmed cadavers were studied. Each SIJ posterior ligamentous region was equally divided into areas 0–3 from top to bottom. The origin, distribution, quantity, transverse diameter, spatial orientation, relation with bony structures, and the number of identifiable terminal nerve branches in each area were examined.ResultsAreas 0–1 were innervated by the lateral branches of the dorsal rami of L4−L5 directly in all specimens. Areas 2–3 were innervated by that of both lumbar and sacral nerves via the posterior sacral network (PSN), with L5 contributing to the PSN in all specimens and L4 in 68.75%. The number of identifiable terminal nerve branches were significantly higher in areas 2–3 than in areas 0–1.ConclusionsThe inferior part of the SIJ posterior ligamentous region seems to be the main source of SIJ-related pain and is innervated by lumbar and sacral nerves via the PSN. However, the superior part directly innervated by lumbar nerves should not be neglected, and further clinical verification is needed.
Maternal source affects seed germination of a rare Arabian desert species (Astragalus sieberi)
Authors: Bhatt Arvind , Carón María Mercedes , Souza-Filho Paulo Roberto de Moura , Gallacher David J. 
Published: February 2021

Understanding variation of seed germination in wild populations can assist restoration projects through improved seed source selection. Recruitment of artificially distributed seed can be improved by selecting for suitable dormancy and germination characteristics. We investigated seed germination and emergence responses of three Astragalus sieberi DC. (Fabaceae) populations (Abdali, Liya, and Salmi) to in situ storage for five months at depths of 0 and 5 cm, pre-sowing hydration for 12 and 24 hours, and chemical scarification with concentrated sulfuric acid for 5, 10, and 15 min. The germination percentage was low for freshly collected seed (<3%) from Abdali and Salmi, though in situ storage partially enhanced germination. Pre-sowing hydration did not affect seedling emergence, but acid scarification effectively broke seed dormancy. The longest scarification treatment of 15 min produced the greatest seedling emergence, though populations responded differently. Our results indicate that selection of maternal, native seed sources can improve revegetation projects in desert areas. Knowledge of inter-population variation can improve the understanding of the mechanisms regulating seed germination, thus optimizing restoration projects by selecting optimal seed sources.
Behavioral manipulation of the spiderMacrophyes pacoti(Araneae: Anyphaenidae) by the araneopathogenic fungusGibellulasp. (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae)
Authors: Arruda I.D.P. , Villanueva-Bonilla G.A. , Faustino M.L. , Moura-Sobczak J.C.M.S. , Sobczak J.F. 
Published: February 2021

Host manipulation has already been documented in several distinct host–parasite associations, covering all major phyla of living organisms. While in animals we know that several species have the ability to manipulate their hosts for the benefit of the parasite, in arthropopathogenic fungi there is very little knowledge about possible behavioral manipulation. We report for the first time the interaction between the araneopathogenic fungus genus Gibellula Cavara and the spider Macrophyes pacoti Brescovit, Oliveira, Sobczak and Sobczak, 2019 (Anyphaenidae) in addition to investigating the potential change in behavior of spiders infected by the parasitic fungus. We also investigated whether the rainfall regime influences the abundance of infected spiders and the parasitism rate by the araneopathogenic fungus. Our results corroborated our hypothesis that the fungus induces vertical segregation in the spider population, inducing infected spiders to be at higher heights than uninfected ones. Dead infected spiders were found in a stretched position that probably helps in fixing the carcass on the leaves by increasing the contact surface between the host and the substrate. Our results also confirm the positive relationship between the rainy season and the greater number of parasitized spiders and the parasitism rate.
Molecular identification and DNA barcode screening of acaroid mites in ground flour dust
Authors: Zhang Wanyu , Cheng Juan , Zhao Yae , Niu Dongling , Guo Hongsong 
Published: February 2021

Molecular identification of acaroid mites is difficult because of the scarcity of molecular data in GenBank. Here, acaroid mites collected from ground flour dust in Xi’an, China, were preliminarily morphologically classified/grouped. Universal primers were then designed to amplify and screen suitable DNA barcodes for identifying these mites. Sixty mite samples were morphologically classified into six groups. Groups 1–2 were identified to Dermatophagoides farinae and Tyrophagus putrescentiae, while Groups 3–6 were not identified to the species level. ITS2 exhibited higher efficiency in molecular identification in comparison with COI, 12S, and 16S. Groups 1–6 were identified as D. farinae, T. putrescentiae, Suidasia nesbitti, Chortoglyphus arcuatus, Lepidoglyphus destructor, and Gohieria sp., respectively. The phylogenetic results were consistent with the morphological classification. Group 6 was further identified as G. fusca according to the morphology of the reproductive foramen. We conclude that the use of ITS2 and the availability of universal primers provide an ideal DNA barcode for molecular identification of acaroid mites. The use of multiple target genetic markers in conjunction with morphological approaches will improve the accuracy of Acaridida identification.