bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Processing of mobile laser scanning data for large‐scale deformation monitoring of anchored retaining structures along highways
Authors: Kalenjuk Slaven , Lienhart Werner , Rebhan Matthias J. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn times of steadily increasing traffic loads and extreme weather phenomena, the safe maintenance of infrastructure poses a difficult challenge to operators, especially when a vast number of aged structures exists and fundamental data is missing. This paper addresses the demand for cost‐efficient deformation monitoring of anchored retaining structures along public roads. The principal idea is to process laser scans of a motor‐vehicle‐based mobile mapping system with a high degree of automation. Starting with scene interpretation, our processing pipeline extracts the retaining wall from the rest of the point cloud, segments the anchored elements, and computes their deformations. This method requires, however, correcting for positioning errors to obtain accurate results. We exploit the high data redundancy of road patches and line markings for alignment. Due to the high degree of automation, computations scale to large numbers of point clouds and run in a repeatable manner. Even when traveling along highways with up to 100 km/h, we achieve repeatable accuracies for tilting and lateral displacements that compare to traditional, labor‐intense surveying methods.
Student nurses' strategies when speaking up for patient safety: A qualitative study
Authors: Fagan Anthea , Lea Jackie , Parker Vicki 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to understand student nurses' perceptions and experiences of witnessing and responding to risks to patient safety during their integrated learning experiences. This qualitative study's two‐phased approach included individual semi‐structured interviews, followed by focus group discussions with students. Participants included 53 pre‐registration nursing students recruited from the first, second, and third years of study at two Australian universities. All had attended at least one clinical placement experience. Interpretive Description was used as a framework to guide the study. The findings highlight that students engage in specific and deliberate strategies when attempting to speak up. Students weigh up the risk to the patient and themselves. They use questioning techniques and their knowledge, experiences, and resources when speaking up. Students highlighted the need for caution and persistence while aiming to reduce the risk of reprisal. Exposing the challenges and successes students experience will provide educators, managers, and clinicians with the understanding necessary to better support both students and clinicians to achieve safe outcomes for patients as well a students.
MEDITERRANEAN SILVER PRODUCTION AND THE SITE OF ANTAS, SARDINIA
Authors: Terpstra Taco T. 
Published: March 2021

SummaryThe article traces the development of Mediterranean silver production from the Iron Age to the time of Rome, focusing on the site of Antas, Sardinia. Antas is located in a rich metalliferous area, which served as a source of lead and silver beyond the regional level. The article takes data on the exploitation of metal resources as a gauge for Mediterranean developments, especially state formation and the rise in maritime connectivity. Sardinian Bronze Age chiefdoms seem not to have mined the local argentiferous ore. But studies of lead isotopes suggest that Iron Age chiefdoms began to do so in response to Phoenician demand. Metal extraction intensified under Carthaginian rule, reaching a peak under the Roman Empire. In addition, at Antas the Carthaginians initiated religious practices, which the Romans continued. This cult activity is hypothesized to result from the cross‐culturally well attested connection between metallurgy and the world of the divine.
Utility of pre‐transplant lower urinary tract investigation in pediatric renal transplant population after referral: A 16‐year institutional experience
Authors: Kim Jin K. , Lorenzo Armando J. , Raveendran Lucshman , Chua Michael E. , Ming Jessica M. , Farhat Walid A. , Koyle Martin A. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractTo evaluate the clinical utility of pre‐renal transplant LUT investigations in pediatric populations after their referral for transplant evaluation based on the etiology of their ESRD. A 16 year retrospective review of patients undergoing RT performed at our institution was performed. Patients were stratified into two groups: Group 1—non‐urologic and Group 2—urologic etiology for ESRD. Baseline characteristics, pre‐transplant LUT investigations, and urologic interventions were assessed. One‐year clinical outcomes were compared between those with and without LUT investigations following referral for renal transplantation (RT). 227 patients and 97 patients were identified for Groups 1 and 2, respectively. 19% of Group 1 and 73% of Group 2 had VCUG, while 1% and 13%, respectively, had UDS ordered following referral for RT. In both groups, >50% of VCUG and UDS were ordered without specific clinical concerns. These had low likelihood of prompting interventions, both pre‐transplant (Group 1—VCUG 0%, UDS 0%; Group 2—VCUG 0%, UDS 8%) or post‐transplant (Group 1—0%, Group 2—5%). In both groups, LUT investigation following referral for RT did not lead to differences in 1 year outcomes assessed. In anticipation of pediatric RT, LUT investigations ordered without clinical indications did not provide information that altered management prior to transplantation.
Optimizing the initial cultivation stages of kelp Ecklonia radiata for restoration
Authors: Suebsanguan Sarucha , Strain Elisabeth M. A. , Morris Rebecca L. , Swearer Stephen E. 
Published: March 2021

Restoration of kelp forests typically relies on transplanting sporophylls to new locations and has limited application in regions with low remnant kelp cover. Cultivated kelp requires fewer sporophylls and is a potential alternative and sustainable source of transplants for large‐scale restoration projects. Naturally sourced fertile sporophylls, however, are still required as “seed” stock in cultivation practices, thus optimizing cultivation methods is important to minimize this dependency on wild stocks. To assist in optimizing the early‐stage cultivation methods for restoring beds of the laminarian kelp Ecklonia radiata, we first tested the effects of sporophyll transport, storage, and dehydration on zoospore release. We then tested for effects of inoculum storage temperature on zoospore abundance, and lastly for media sterilization and inoculum concentration effects on both zoospore settlement and resulting gametophyte densities. Our results show, to maximize zoospore release, sporophylls should be transported dry and inoculated within 3 hours. Inoculum can be stored at 4°C without affecting zoospore abundance and should be added to sterilized media at lower concentrations to reduce settled zoospore density and improve post‐settlement survival of the gametophyte stage. This study provides practical recommendations for optimizing the initial cultivation procedures of E. radiata. To develop a full life‐cycle cultivation protocol for kelp restoration purposes, future research should focus on optimizing sporophyte production, out‐planting and transplanting techniques.
Genesis of HarizhaAg–Pb–Zndeposit in the eastern Kunlun Orogen,NWChina: Evidence of fluid inclusions andC–H–O–S–Pbisotopes
Authors: Fan Xingzhu , Sun Fengyue , Xu Chenghan , Xin Wei , Wang YingChao , Zhang Yong 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe Harizha Ag–Pb–Zn deposit is located in the eastern part of the eastern Kunlun Orogen, NW China. Two episodes including five paragenetic stages of vein mineralization has been recognized for the Harizha Ag–Pb–Zn deposit through petrographic observation: quartz + pyrite + arsenopyrite (Stage I), quartz + pyrite + chalcopyrite + pyrrhotite (Stage II), quartz + pyrite + chalcocite + pyrrhotite + sphalerite + galena + pyrargyrite (Stage III), quartz + calcite + pyrite + tetrahedrite + pyrolusite (Stage IV), and calcite + covellite + malachite + goethite + graphite (Stage V). In the quartz or calcite three types of fluid inclusions (FIs) were identified: L‐type, C‐type, and S‐type. The S‐type inclusions are only found in quartz in the wall rocks. The C‐type inclusions occur in quartz from early episodes (Stage I and II). The FIs from the early episodes homogenized at 240–320°C, with salinities of 9–12 wt.% NaCl equivalent. The ore‐forming fluids at the early episodes belong to an H2O–CO2–CH4–NaCl system. The FIs from late episodes (Stage III and IV) homogenized at 140–240°C, with salinities of 2–8 wt% NaCl equivalent. The ore‐forming fluids from the late episodes are dominated by an H2O–NaCl fluid system. The HO and CO isotopic compositions of quartz and calcite indicate that the ore‐forming fluids were derived from a primary magmatic‐hydrothermal system, with subsequent meteoric water involvement at a later stage. Sulfides have δ34S values of −3.7 to –1.0‰, and206Pb/204Pb,207Pb/204Pb, and208Pb/204Pb ratios ranging from 18.381 to 18.425, 15.661 to 15.683, and 38.498 to 38.677, respectively. These likely suggest a magmatic sulfur affinity combined with the ore features, mineral associations, alteration characteristics, ore‐forming environment, and fluid evolutionary process. We conclude that the Harizha Ag–Pb–Zn deposit is a typical medium‐low temperature hydrothermal deposit.
Lies, Damned Lies, and Social Media Following Extreme Events
Authors: Byrd Katie , John Richard S. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWith the increased use of social media in crisis communication following extreme events, it is important to understand how the public distinguishes between true and false information. A U.S. adult sample (N = 588) was presented 20 actual social media posts following a natural disaster or soft‐target terrorist attack in the United States. In this study, social media posts are conceptualized as truth signals with varying strengths, either above or below each individual's threshold for believing the post is true. Optimally, thresholds should be contingent on the (incentivized) error penalties and base‐rate of true posts, both of which were manipulated. Separate receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses indicate that participants performed slightly better than chance for natural disasters and moderately better than chance for terror attacks. While the pooled thresholds are ordinally consistent with the base‐rate and error penalty manipulations, they are underadjusted compared to the optimal thresholds. After accounting for demographic and cognitive variables, the base‐rate manipulation significantly predicted sensitivity, specificity, and true response rates in the expected direction for both content domains, while the error penalty manipulation had no significant effect in either domain. Self‐identified political conservatives performed worse at classifying false content as false for natural disasters, but better for terror attacks.
Understanding varying COVID‐19 mortality rates reported in Africa compared to Europe, Americas and Asia
Authors: Okonji Emeka Francis , Okonji Osaretin Christabel , Mukumbang Ferdinand C. , Van Wyk Brian 
Published: March 2021

SummaryThe SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, which causes the COVID‐19 disease, has impacted every nation on the globe, albeit disproportionately. African countries have seen lower infection and mortality rates than most countries in the Americas Europe and Asia. In this commentary, we explore some of the factors purported to be responsible for the low COVID‐19 infection and case fatality rates in Africa: low testing rate, poor documentation of cause of death, younger age population, good vitamin D status as a result of exposure to sunlight, cross‐immunity from other viruses including coronaviruses, and lessons learnt from other infectious diseases such as HIV and Ebola. With the advent of a new variant of COVID‐19 and inadequate roll‐out of vaccines, an innovative and efficient response is needed to ramp up testing, contact tracing and accurate reporting of infection rates and cause of death in order to mitigate the spread of the infection.
The pigeon pea CcCIPK14‐CcCBL1 pair positively modulates drought tolerance by enhancing flavonoid biosynthesis
Authors: Meng Dong , Dong Biying , Niu Lili , Song Zhihua , Wang Litao , Amin Rohul , Cao Hongyan , Li Hanghang , Yang Qing , Fu Yujie 
Published: March 2021

SUMMARYCalcineurin B‐like (CBL)‐interacting protein kinases (CIPKs) play a central role in Ca2+ signalling and promote drought tolerance in plants. The CIPK gene family in pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.), a major food crop affected by drought, has not previously been characterised. Here, we identified 28 CIPK genes in the pigeon pea genome. Five CcCIPK genes were strongly upregulated in roots upon drought treatment and were selected for further characterisation. Overexpression of CcCIPK13 and CcCIPK14 increased survival rates by two‐ to three‐fold relative to controls after 14 days of drought. Furthermore, the three major flavonoids, genistin, genistein and apigenin, were significantly upregulated in the same transgenic plants. Using CcCIPK14 as bait, we performed a yeast two‐hybrid screen and identified six interactors, including CcCBL1. CcCIPK14 exhibited autophosphorylation and phosphorylation of CcCBL1 in vitro. CcCBL1‐overexpressed plants displayed higher survival rates upon drought stress as well as higher expression of flavonoid biosynthetic genes and flavonoid content. CcCIPK14‐overexpressed plants in which CcCBL1 transcript levels were reduced by RNA interference had lower survival rates, which indicated CcCBL1 in the same pathway as CcCIPK14. Together, our results demonstrate a role for the CcCIPK14‐CcCBL1 complex in drought stress tolerance through the regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis in pigeon pea.
An Integrated Assisted History Matching and Embedded Discrete Fracture Model Workflow for Well Spacing Optimization in Shale Gas Reservoirs
Authors: Li Qiwei , Yong Rui , Wu Jianfa , Chang Cheng , Liu Chuxi , Yu Wei , Sepehrnoori Kamy , Miao Jijun 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Optimum well spacing is an essential element for the economic development of shale gas reservoirs. We present an integrated assisted history matching (AHM) and embedded discrete fracture model (EDFM) workflow for well spacing optimization by considering multiple uncertainty realizations and economic analysis. This workflow is applied in shale gas reservoirs of the Sichuan Basin in China. First, we applied the AHM to calibrate ten matrices and fracture uncertain parameters using a real shale gas well, including matrix permeability, matrix porosity, three relative permeability parameters, fracture height, fracture half-length, fracture width, fracture conductivity, and fracture water saturation. There are 71 history matching solutions obtained to quantify their posterior distributions. Integrating these uncertainty realizations with five-well spacing scenarios, which are 517 ft, 620 ft, 775 ft, 1030 ft, and 1550 ft, we generated 355 cases to perform production simulations using the EDFM method coupled with a reservoir simulator. Then, P10, P50, and P90 values of gas estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) for different well spacing scenarios were determined. In addition, the degradation of EUR with and without well interference was analyzed. Next, we calculated the NPVs of all simulation cases and trained the K-nearest neighbors (KNN) proxy, which describes the relationship between the net pressure value (NPV) and all uncertain matrix and fracture parameters and varying well spacing. After that, the KNN proxy was used to maximize the NPV under the current operation cost and natural gas price. Finally, the maximum NPV of 3 million USD with well spacing of 766 ft was determined.
Simulations of Multi-Mode Combustion Regimes Realizable in a Gasoline Direct Injection Engine
Authors: Kim Sayop , Scarcelli Riccardo , Wu Yunchao , Rohwer Johannes , Shah Ashish , Rockstroh Toby , Lu Tianfeng 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Lean and dilute gasoline compression ignition (GCI) operation in spark ignition (SI) engines are an attractive strategy to attain high fuel efficiency and low NOx levels. However, this combustion mode is often limited to low-load engine conditions due to the challenges associated with autoignition controllability. In order to overcome this constrain, multi-mode (MM) operating strategies, consisting of advanced compression ignition (ACI) at low load and conventional SI at high load, have been proposed. In this three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics study, the concept of multi-mode combustion using two RON98 gasoline fuel blends (Co-Optima Alkylate and E30) in a gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine were explored. To this end, a new reduced mechanism for simulating the kinetics of E30 fuel blend is introduced in this study. To cover the varying engine load demands for multi-mode engines, primary combustion dynamics observed in ACI and SI combustion modes was characterized and validated against experimental measurements. In order to implement part-load conditions, a strategy of mode transition between SI and ACI combustion (i.e., mixed-mode combustion) was then explored numerically by creating a virtual test condition. The results obtained from the mixed-mode simulations highlight an important feature that deflagrative flame propagation regime coexists with ignition-assisted end-gas autoignition. This study also identifies a role of turbulent flow property adjacent to premixed flame front in characterizing the mixed-mode combustion. The employed hybrid combustion model was verified to perform simulations aiming at suitable range of multi-mode engine operations.
Multidimensional Numerical Modeling of Combustion Dynamics in a Non-Premixed Rotating Detonation Engine With Adaptive Mesh Refinement
Authors: Pal Pinaki , Kumar Gaurav , Drennan Scott A. , Rankin Brent A. , Som Sibendu 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In the present work, a novel computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methodology was developed to simulate full-scale non-premixed rotating detonation engines (RDEs). A unique feature of the modeling approach was the incorporation of adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) to achieve a good trade-off between model accuracy and computational expense. Unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) simulations were performed for an Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) non-premixed RDE configuration with hydrogen as fuel and air as the oxidizer. The finite-rate chemistry model, along with a ten-species detailed kinetic mechanism, was employed to describe the H2-Air combustion chemistry. Three distinct operating conditions were simulated, corresponding to the same global equivalence ratio of unity but different fuel/air mass flowrates. For all conditions, the capability of the model to capture essential detonation wave dynamics was assessed. An exhaustive verification and validation study was performed against experimental data in terms of a number of waves, wave frequency, wave height, reactant fill height, oblique shock angle, axial pressure distribution in the channel, and fuel/air plenum pressure. The CFD model was demonstrated to accurately predict the sensitivity of these wave characteristics to the operating conditions, both qualitatively and quantitatively. A comprehensive heat release analysis was also conducted to quantify detonative versus deflagrative burning for the three simulated cases. The present CFD model offers a potential capability to perform rapid design space exploration and/or performance optimization studies for realistic full-scale RDE configurations.
An Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning Based Regression-Clustering-Sensor-Fusion Framework for Predicting Unmeasurable Time-Series Strain From Other Sensor Measurements
Authors: Mohanty Subhasish , Listwan Joseph 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Typically, in a reactor-coolant fatigue test loop, an autoclave is used for housing the test specimen. For this purpose, a small tubular autoclave is often used. This is for reducing the cost of building the test loop and for avoiding rigorous ASME pressure vessel qualification criterion as required for the qualification of a larger high-pressure-temperature vessel. However, the use of a small autoclave along with high-pressure flow inside the autoclave does not allow to put an extensometer (inside the autoclave) for measuring the strain. The measurement of strain during the fatigue test of a specimen is required to assess the accuracy of the test and for downstream activities such as for stress–strain based material model developments and stress analysis validation. In this paper, we discuss an artificial intelligence and machine learning framework for predicting time-series strain from other sensor measurements such as from load cell, frame pull-rod displacement, and actuator displacement sensors. First the framework was trained and validated against in-air condition fatigue test data (for which the strain was measurable). Then the validated model was used for predicting strain in a reactor-coolant fatigue test loop, in which direct strain was not measurable. The original aim of the research was to improve the mechanical testing and measurements capability for conducting fatigue tests in a high-temperature-pressure reactor-coolant-flow environment. However, a similar approach can be used for predicting strain in an actual reactor component.
An Experimental, Aerodynamic Evaluation of Design Choices for a Low-Pressure Compressor Transition Duct
Authors: Walker A. Duncan , Mariah Ian , Hall Chris 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe S-shaped duct which transfers flow from the low-pressure fan to the engine core in large civil turbofans presents a challenging problem. Aerodynamically it has a spatially and temporarily varying inlet flow combined with a complex flow field which develops under the combined influence of pressure gradients and streamline curvature. It must also accommodate the transfer of structural loads and services across the main gas path. This necessitates the use of structural vanes which can compromise aerodynamics, introduce unwanted component interactions, and erode performance. This must all be achieved with minimum length/weight and without flow separation. This paper presents a comprehensive aerodynamic evaluation of three design options for a transition duct containing (i) a long-chord, structural compressor outlet guide vane (OGV), (ii) a aerodynamically optimal but non-structural OGV in conjunction with a small number of load bearing struts, and (iii) a fully integrated OGV and strut design. Evaluation was performed using a low-speed test facility incorporating a 1½ stage axial compressor and engine representative transition duct. Measured data suggest that all the options were viable. However, the aerodynamic vane and discrete struts produced the lowest system loss with the other two options being comparable. The performance of the structural vane was sensitive to off-design conditions producing a notable increase in loss at a low flow coefficient. The optimized aerodynamic vanes were much less sensitive to off-design conditions while the fully integrated design showed only very small changes in loss.