bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Proops Ian 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter presents the main themes of the book, including, most importantly, a re-interpretation of Kant’s guiding metaphor for critique, namely, the ‘fiery test’ of the title. The image to which Kant is appealing is not that of an ordeal (a trial by fire) but rather a metallurgical test in which ore samples are checked for their precious metal content. The upshot is that critique is not a pass–fail affair, but has variegated results; moreover, it is in part optimistic: the test, in addition to burning. off the dross, seeks to uncover nuggets of value in traditional speculative metaphysics. Other topics examined in the chapter include: dogmatism and scepticism, method and experiment as guiding metaphors; Kant’s idiosyncratic take on Pyrrhonism; his practice of this idiosyncratic Pyrrhonism; Kantian charity; denying knowledge in order to make room for faith; the nature of speculation; the pre-eminence of the Antinomies; and Kant’s methodological influences.
The B-Edition First Paralogism
Authors: Proops Ian 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter analyses the second-edition first paralogism. It argues that Kant offers a plausible account of how a philosopher in the grip of transcendental illusion might be led to commit a fallacy of equivocation of the kind Kant discerns in the first paralogism (when its premises are taken to be true), namely, a sophisma figurae dictionis. (The paralogism Kant states is actually an abridged polysyllogism.) The chapter explains how Kant can, by the lights of his own epistemology, regard the premises of the argument as true. The chapter criticizes an interpretation of the Paralogism offered by Michelle Grier and responds to a textual worry raised by Patricia Kitcher. It defends the author’s interpretation against the recent criticisms of Julian Wuerth and Béatrice Longuenesse. Finally, the chapter explains the ways in which the author’s account diverges from that of the (to his mind) close-to-correct interpretation of Karl Ameriks.
The A-edition First Paralogism
Authors: Proops Ian 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter opens with an account of the A-edition first Paralogism. After refining the account of Transcendental Illusion given in Chapter 1, it proceeds to examine Julian Wuerth’s rival interpretation of the first Paralogism and, in connection with that interpretation, Kant’s notion of the ‘substantiale’. The chapter discusses a problem with Kant’s characterization of a paralogism in terms of ‘transcendental’ and ‘empirical’ uses of a category. Finally, it considers the three ways in which a paralogism can be diagnosed, namely, either as an invalid argument with known premises or as a valid argument with at least one unknown premise (a ‘paralogism’ now only by courtesy) or, finally, as a valid argument with known premises which is ‘false with respect to form’ because its proponent commits the fallacy of overestimating the significance of what has been proved. This last, it argues, is the diagnosis Kant offers of the A-edition first paralogism.
The Fourth Paralogism
Authors: Proops Ian 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines Kant’s diagnosis of the fourth paralogism. This paralogism argues for the differential certainty of our knowledge of external objects, on the one hand, and our knowledge of our own existence, on the other. The chapter argues that the paralogism does not wear its equivocal middle term, ‘existence outside us’, on its sleeve. An effort is made to reformulate the paralogism so that this phrase can be seen to be the true locus of the equivocation. The chapter then goes on to discuss a range of related issues, including: anti-materialism, monism, Kant’s rejection of external-world scepticism, and the role played by transcendental illusion in encouraging the paralogism. The chapter closes with some reflections on architectonic and method as these topics relate to the Paralogisms.
The Third Antinomy Presented
Authors: Proops Ian 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter presents Kant’s arguments for the thesis and antithesis of the third antinomy. It argues that Kant regards these claims as having a status that might be described as: ‘non-conflicting-when-correctly-construed’ (i.e., when construed as they ought to be construed on the assumption that Transcendental Idealism is true). The antinomy-resolving construal involves recognizing that, if Transcendental Idealism is assumed, an action can be free—in the sense of the product of a spontaneous ‘causality of freedom’—without failing to be event caused. Defending this interpretation requires discussion of Kant’s conception of ‘causality’ as well as of the plethora of meanings he bestows upon the term ‘freedom’. It also requires resolving an ambiguity in the meaning of ‘libertarianism’ that has crept into discussions of Kant’s views on free will. With these matters clarified, Kant—surprising as it may sound—emerges as a soft determinist—albeit one of a highly unusual stripe.
The Fourth Antinomy
Authors: Proops Ian 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the thesis and antithesis of the fourth antinomy—along with their supporting arguments. It argues that Kant seeks to resolve this antinomy by a strategy paralleling the one he employs in the third Antinomy: namely, attempting to show that if Transcendental Idealism is true, the thesis and antithesis can be so understood that the truth of neither one excludes the truth of the other. The resolution further mirrors that of the third antinomy insofar as it does not purport to show on theoretical grounds that the concept of a necessary being is internally consistent. The chapter closes by examining the relevance to the fourth antinomy of Kant’s discussion of the example of De Mairan and the moon. This is a case in which one and the same body of evidence strikes each of two rival theorists as exclusively supporting their own position, thus inducing an antinomial dispute.
The Cosmological Argument
Authors: Proops Ian 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues, controversially, that all three of Kant’s announced criticisms are working parts of his critique of the cosmological argument. To see this point we need to appreciate that for Kant the assumption from which the argument begins is the fact that something existent is contingent—not in the sense that it might not have existed at all, but only in the sense that it might have existed in some other way. Consequently, the argument (even if it were not otherwise flawed) could hope to establish at most the existence of a being that can exist in only one way. Realizing this, Kant’s cosmological arguer attempts to strengthen the argument’s conclusion through reasoning that relies on the ontological argument. Recognizing this reliance, Kant sees the cosmological argument as merely an attempt to clothe the ontological argument in fashionably empirical garb—and thus to pass it off as something new.
ERAD-related E2 and E3 enzymes modulate the drought response by regulating the stability of PIP2 aquaporins
Authors: Chen Qian , Liu Ruijun , Wu Yaorong , Wei Shaowei , Wang Qian , Zheng Yunna , Xia Ran , Shang Xiaoling , Yu Feifei , Yang Xiaoyuan , Liu Lijing , Huang Xiahe , Wang Yingchun , Xie Qi 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) is known to regulate plant responses to diverse stresses, yet its underlying molecular mechanisms and links to various stress signaling pathways are poorly understood. Here, we show that the ERAD component ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UBC32 positively regulates drought tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana by targeting the aquaporins PIP2;1 and PIP2;2 for degradation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the RING-type ligase Rma1 acts together with UBC32 and that the E2 activity of UBC32 is essential for the ubiquitination of Rma1. This complex ubiquitinates a phosphorylated form of PIP2;1 at Lys276 to promote its degradation, thereby enhancing plant drought tolerance. Extending these molecular insights into crops, we show that overexpression of Arabidopsis UBC32 also improves drought tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa). Thus, beyond uncovering the molecular basis of an ERAD-regulated stress response, our study suggests multiple potential strategies for engineering crops with improved drought tolerance.
Disruption of mitochondrial open reading frame 352 partially restores pollen development in cytoplasmic male sterile rice
Authors: Omukai Shiho , Arimura Shin-ich , Toriyama Kinya , Kazama Tomohiko 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Plant mitochondrial genomes sometimes carry cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS)-associated genes. These genes have been harnessed in various crops to produce high-yielding F1 hybrid seeds. The gene open reading frame 352 (orf352) was reported to be an RT102-type CMS gene in rice (Oryza sativa), although the mechanism underlying its role in CMS is unknown. Here, we employed mitochondrion-targeted transcription activator-like effector nucleases (mitoTALENs) to knockout orf352 from the mitochondrial genome in the CMS rice RT102A. We isolated 18 independent transformation events in RT102A that resulted in genome editing of orf352, including its complete removal from the mitochondrial genome in several plants. Sequence analysis around the mitoTALEN target sites revealed their induced double-strand breaks were repaired via homologous recombination. Near the 5ʹ-target site, repair involved sequences identical to orf284, while repair of the 3ʹ-target site yielded various new sequences that generated chimeric genes consisting of orf352 fragments. Plants with a chimeric mitochondrial gene encoding amino acids 179–352 of ORF352 exhibited the same shrunken pollen grain phenotype as RT102A, whereas plants either lacking orf352 or harboring a chimeric gene encoding amino acids 211–352 of ORF352 exhibited partial rescue of pollen viability and germination, although these plants failed to set seed. These results demonstrated that disruption of orf352 partially restored pollen development, indicating that amino acids 179–210 from ORF352 may contribute to pollen abortion.
Recognition of Collective Victimhood and Outgroup Prejudice
Authors: Dinas Elias , Fouka Vasiliki , Schläpfer Alain 
Published: May 2021

AbstractGroups that have experienced collective suffering are sometimes more sympathetic toward outgroups, while other times they display higher outgroup prejudice. What can account for these contradictory observations? This study uses a unique historical episode of forced displacement to examine how perceptions of recognition of the ingroup’s victimhood affect views toward outgroups. We collect data on descendants of ethnic Germans ousted from Central and Eastern Europe after the end of World War II, and examine their attitudes toward Syrian refugees today. Both observational data and an experiment are used to test the role of victimhood recognition. When they learn that their suffering is acknowledged by more Germans than they expected, descendants of expellees become more positive toward refugees. Interestingly, this effect is not symmetric. When recognition of suffering is revealed to be lower than respondents’ expectations, their sympathy toward refugees does not decrease. This effect is not present among respondents without a family background of forced expulsion. Additional evidence documents the underlying mechanism at work.
A Cognitive Functional Therapy+ Pathway Versus an Interdisciplinary Pain Management Pathway for Patients With Severe Chronic Low Back Pain (CONFeTTI Trial): Protocol for a Pragmatic Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Vaegter Henrik Bjarke , Johansen Jannick Vaaben , Sopina Liza , Smith Anne , Kent Peter , Fuglsang Kira Søndberg , Pedersen Jesper Fredslund , Schutze Rob , O’Sullivan Peter , Handberg Gitte , Fatoye Francis , Ussing Kasper , Stegemejer Irene , Thorlund Jonas Bloch 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Objective
Chronic low back pain (cLBP) is the leading cause of disability. Interdisciplinary pain management is recommended for patients with severe/high-impact cLBP. Such programs are expensive, not easily accessible, and have limited effect; therefore, new cost-effective strategies are warranted. Cognitive functional therapy (CFT) has shown promising results but has not been compared with an interdisciplinary pain management approach. The primary aim of this randomized controlled trial is to investigate if a pathway starting with CFT including psychologist support (CFT+) with the option of additional usual care (if needed) is superior in improving disability and more cost-effective at 12 months compared with an interdisciplinary pain management pathway (usual care).

Methods
This pragmatic, 2-arm, parallel-group randomized controlled trial will randomly allocate patients (n = 176) aged 18 to 75 years referred to an interdisciplinary pain center due to severe cLBP to 1 of 2 groups (1:1 ratio). Participants randomized to CFT+ will participate in a 3-month functional rehabilitation pathway with the option of additional usual care (if needed), and participants randomized to the interdisciplinary pain management pathway will participate in an individualized program of longer duration designed to best suit the individual’s situation, needs, and resources. The primary outcome is the proportion of participants with an 8-point improvement in the Oswestry Disability Index score at 12 months. Exploratory outcomes are change in Oswestry Disability Index scores over time and an economic analysis of quality-adjusted life years using the 3-level version of the EuroQol EQ-5D.

Impact
The study evaluates the cost-effectiveness of CFT+ with the option of additional usual care (if needed) for individuals with severe cLBP. Findings can potentially improve future care pathways and reduce cost for the health care system.
Fiscal Cyclicality and Currency Risk Premia
Authors: Jiang Zhengyang 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
I develop a model of real exchange rate determination that attributes a central role to the intertemporal government budget condition, which equates the market value of government debt to the present value of government surpluses. To enforce this equilibrium condition in the presence of nominal rigidities, the real exchange rate has to adjust in response to shocks to government surpluses. The model predicts that fiscal shocks account for real exchange rate movements, and the factor structure in fiscal shocks aligns with the factor structure in currency returns. Both predictions are confirmed in the sample of developed countries.
Corporate Bond Liquidity during the COVID-19 Crisis
Authors: Kargar Mahyar , Lester Benjamin , Lindsay David , Liu Shuo , Weill Pierre-Olivier , Zúñiga Diego 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe study liquidity conditions in the corporate bond market during the COVID-19 pandemic. We document that the cost of trading immediately via risky-principal trades dramatically increased at the height of the sell-off, forcing customers to shift toward slower agency trades. Exploiting eligibility requirements, we show that the Federal Reserve’s corporate credit facilities have had a positive effect on market liquidity. A structural estimation reveals that customers’ willingness to pay for immediacy increased by about 200 bps per dollar of transaction, but quickly subsided after the Fed announced its interventions. Dealers’ marginal cost also increased substantially but did not fully subside.
Diagnostic accuracy of high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography and X-ray for classifying erosive rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Klose-Jensen Rasmus , Therkildsen Josephine , Blavnsfeldt Anne-Birgitte Garm , Langdahl Bente L , Zejden Anna , Thygesen Jesper , Keller Kresten Krarup , Hauge Ellen-Margrethe 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Objective
To investigate whether high-resolution peripheral quantitative CT (HR-pQCT) of two metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints can more accurately classify patients as having erosive RA compared with conventional radiography (CR) of 44 joints in the hands, wrists and feet.

Methods
In this single-centre cross-sectional study, patients with established RA (disease duration ≥5 years) were investigated by HR-pQCT and CR. The second and third MCP joints of the dominant hand were assessed for erosions by HR-pQCT. CR of the hands, wrists and feet were scored according to the Sharp–van der Heijde (SHS) method.

Results
In total, 353 patients were included; 66 (18.7%) patients were classified as having non-erosive RA, and 287 (81.3%) had erosive RA by CR. The sensitivity and specificity (95% CI) of HR-pQCT for classifying patients as having erosive RA when standard CR of hands, wrists and feet was used as the reference was 89% (84, 92%) and 30% (20, 43%), respectively. Using HR-pQCT as the reference, the sensitivity and specificity of CR for classifying patients having erosive RA were 85% (80, 89%) and 38% (25, 52%), respectively. McNemar’s χ2 test showed no significant difference between the sensitivities of patients classified as having erosive RA by HR-pQCT or by CR (2.14, P = 0.177).

Conclusion
The diagnostic accuracy of HR-pQCT scanning of only two MCP joints and CR of 44 joints suggests the two modalities were comparable for classifying patients with established RA as having erosive disease.

Clinical trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03429426).
Liver Toxicity Observed With Lorlatinib When Combined With Strong CYP3A Inducers: Evaluation of Cynomolgus Monkey as a Nonclinical Model for Assessing the Mechanism of Combinational Toxicity
Authors: Hu Wenyue , Lettiere Daniel , Tse Susanna , Johnson Theodore R , Biddle Kathleen E , Thibault Stephane , Palazzi Xavier , Chen Joseph , Pithavala Yazdi K , Finkelstein Martin 
Published: May 2021

AbstractLorlatinib is a potent small-molecule anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitor approved for the treatment of patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer. In a drug-drug interaction study in healthy human participants, liver enzyme elevations were observed when a single 100 mg dose of lorlatinib was administered after multiple doses of rifampin, a strong cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A inducer and a pregnane X receptor (PXR) agonist. A series of in vitro and in vivo studies were conducted to evaluate potential mechanisms for the observed clinical toxicity. To investigate the involvement of CYP3A and/or PXR in the observed liver toxicity, studies were conducted in cynomolgus monkeys administered lorlatinib alone or with coadministration of multiple doses of known CYP3A inducers that are predominantly PXR agonists (rifampin, St. John’s wort) or predominantly constitutive androstane receptor agonists (carbamazepine, phenytoin) and a net CYP3A inhibitory PXR agonist (ritonavir). Results from the investigative studies identified cynomolgus monkeys as a pharmacologically relevant nonclinical model, which recapitulated the elevated liver function test results observed in humans. Furthermore, liver toxicity was only observed in this model when lorlatinib was coadministered with strong CYP3A inducers, and the effects were not restricted to, or exclusively dependent upon, a PXR activation mechanism. These results generated mechanistic insights on the liver enzyme elevations observed in the clinical drug-drug interaction study and provided guidance on appropriate product safety label for lorlatinib.
Implementing a Multidisciplinary Prone Positioning Team
Authors: Elpern Ellen H. , Nedved Patricia , Weiss Tyler , Patel Ankeet D. , Cerda Flor 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT:
The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has escalated clinical needs while interrupting regular processes and straining resources. Striving to deliver optimal care to infected patients with respiratory failure, Rush University Medical Center in Chicago created a multidisciplinary team to provide manual prone positioning safely and efficiently. Team members' experiences, which they shared through a survey, help to illustrate the advantages of a multidisciplinary approach and suggest opportunities to enhance the effectiveness of such a team.
Lessons Learned: Implementation of a Concept-Based Curriculum in the Development of a New Prelicensure Nursing Program
Authors: Pyatt Amber 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Nursing programs throughout the United States are making changes to curricula to decrease content overload, increase critical thinking and clinical reasoning skills of graduates, and prepare students to care for the complex needs of today’s health care consumer. In a student-centered approach, students are no longer passive recipients in the classroom but active learners. A concept-based curriculum is a design focused on a student-centered learning approach. This article provides lessons learned throughout the development and implementation of a concept-based curriculum in a new prelicensure nursing program.
Fetal Heart Rate Pattern in Term or Near-Term Cerebral Palsy: A Nationwide Cohort Study
Authors: Nakao Masahiro , Okumura Asumi , Hasegawa Junichi , Toyokawa Satoshi , Ichizuka Kiyotake , Kanayama Naohiro , Satoh Shoji , Tamiya Nanako , Nakai Akihito , Fujimori Keiya , Maeda Tsugio , Suzuki Hideaki , Iwashita Mitsutoshi , Ikeda Tomoaki 
Published: May 2021

(Abstracted from Am J Obstet Gynecol 2020;223:907.e1–907.e13)
Among the major causes of cerebral palsy (CP) are hypoxic events that occur during labor. Therefore, fetal heart rate (FHR) monitoring to prevent brain injury associated with these events is an integral part of intrapartum management.
Does a Recent Urinary Tract Infection Increase the Risk of Postprocedure Urinary Tract Infection After Onabotulinum Toxin A?
Authors: Bickhaus Jennifer A. , Bradley Megan S. , Amundsen Cindy L. , Visco Anthony G. , Truong Tracy , Li Yi-Ju , Siddiqui Nazema Y. 
Published: May 2021

(Abstracted from Female Pelvic Med Reconstr Surg 2021;27(2):121–125)
Onabotulinum toxin A (BTX-A) is commonly used as treatment for refractory overactive bladder (OAB) but is associated with postprocedural urinary tract infection (UTI) in up to 35% of cases despite antibiotic prophylaxis. In women with recent UTI, it is unclear whether there should be a prolonged waiting period prior to BTX-A.
Small for Gestational Age-Cognitive Performance From Infancy to Adulthood: An Observational Study
Authors: Eves R. , Mendonça M. , Bartmann P. , Wolke D. 
Published: May 2021

(Abstracted from BJOG 2020;127(13):1598–1606)
Understanding the impact of being born small for gestational age (SGA) on cognitive performance is complicated. While SGA has been associated with lower developmental and intelligence test scores (IQ) in childhood, studies on its effects into adulthood are unclear.