bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On Hendry’s Crystals
Authors: Hendby William 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The author stated that four years since, in attempting to substitute fusion by the blowpipe for cement, in fixing their glass covers to slides, he noticed masses of crystals produced in the covers after the treatment, and believing them to be unkown, he named them after himself. To obtain the cry tais he heats a thin glass cover on a piece of mica, over a spirit-lamp, holding both with forceps; then quickly turning them to the side of the flame, applies a blowpipe, withdrawing the cover to the apex of the flame for a few moments. An examination with a 1 or -inch objective will then show the crystals. Similar results were observed in a thin glass slide, after a similar treatment, when examined with th objective. Specimens were sent with the paper, and the author suggests that it would be desirable to ascertain the chemical nature of the crystals, whether a silicate of lead or soda.
Crystallization and the Microscope
Authors: Davies Thomas 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In no branch of science does the microscope prove more useful than in the study of the numerous forms of the crystallization of salts. The exceeding minuteness of these forms constitutes no difficulty in their study; and where their tenuity renders them so transparent as to become literally invisible, polarized light generally lays them open to observation, with the addition of every beauty that colour can bestow. Without this aid, who would have suspected the rings and cross of nitre, or the gorgeous appearance of salicine? Even more than this may be asserted when we remember how many valuable facts there are which would still remain unknown without the aid of polarized light and the microscope.
On the Development of Tubulipora, and on some British and Northern Species of this Genus
Authors: Harmer Sidney F. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The principal object of the observations described in the present paper was to test the conclusion, at which I formerly arrived, that a process of embryonic fission is of normal occurrence in Cyclostomatous Polyzoa. The process had already been demonstrated in Crisia (15) and in Lichenopora (16), and I am now able to show that the development of Tubulipora1 takes place on essentially the same lines. In the course of these observations it became apparent that the discrimination of the British species of Tubulipora had not been characterised with sufficient precision.
Diagrams illustrating the Life-history of the Parasites of Malaria
Authors: Ross Ronald , Fielding-Ould R. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The parasitology of the red blood-corpuscle of Vertebrates was opened in 1870 by Ray Lankester’s discovery of the Drepanidium ranarum. In 1880 Laveran made the important observation that somewhat similar intra-corpus- cular organisms exist in the blood of human beings suffering from malarial fever. Since then Danielewsky, Kruse, Koch, Dionisi, and others have demonstrated allied parasites in the blood of reptiles, birds, bats, and monkeys, and Smith and Kilborne have shown that the disease of oxen called Texas cattle fever is due to an intra-corpuscular parasite of another kind. As the result of these observations we are now familiar with a considerable number of such organisms. All of them are usually classed among the Protozoa, and in the somewhat artificial order of the Sporozoa. They are generally divided into three groups, which are as follows.
Note on the Morphological Significance of the Various Phases of Hæmamœbidæ
Authors: Lankester E. Ray 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The discovery of true sexual zygosis in unicellular organisms1 has so great an importance that I have thought it desirable to add a few words to the valuable account given by Messrs. Ross and Fielding-Ould, and to place before the reader some woodcuts illustrating the recent discovery of microgametes and macrogametes in the life-history of Coccidiidæ, which serve to emphasise and confirm the discovery of MacCallum of sexual zygosis in the Hæmamœbæ. A very interesting and significant fact is that the microgametes of these Protozoa are neither more nor less than spermatozoa— agreeing with the spermatozoa of higher organisms in form and appearance and in mode of development. It is less remarkable, though significant, that the macrogamete is identical in character with the egg-cell or ovum of higher forms.
Dolichorhynchus indiens, n. g., n. sp. A New Acraniate
Authors: Willey Arthur 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In the collection of Polychæta made during the voyages of H.M.S. Investigator,” in the Indian Ocean, under the direction of Dr. Alcock, there is a tube containing several specimens of an Amphioxus, which on inspection has proved to be the type of a new sub-genus of the genus Bran-chiostoma.
Heteropleuron hectori, the New Zealand Lancelet
Authors: Benham W. Blaxland 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
By the kindness of Sir James Hector I have been able to examine a couple of specimens of an “Amphioxus” that have been for some years past in the Colonial Museum at Wellington, N.Z. The specimens are referred to by Captain Hutton in his ‘Catalogue of the Fishes of New Zealand,’ published by the Colonial Museum and Geological Survey Department in 1872.
Studies in the Retina: Rods and Cones in the Frog and in some other Amphibia
Authors: Bernard H. M. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The first part of this paper was devoted to showing that the structures called “cones” in the amphibian retina were the earlier stages in the development of the new rods required by growth, and that they force their way in wherever there is room for them between already existing rods. The forms of these elements with the positions of their nuclei2 were alone dealt with. In this paper it is proposed to give some account of the intimate structure of the amphibian rod. The minute details to be described will necessitate some discussion of the physiological processes which, so far as I have been able to interpret them, underlie their forms.
On Two New Species1 Of Onychophora From The Siamese Malay States.
Authors: Evans Richard 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Peripatus, although found in the islands of the Malay and Melanesian Archipelagos, in Sumatra and New Britain, has not been hitherto discovered on the mainland of the Asiatic continent. Dr. R. Horst (8) recorded a specimen from Sumatra in 1886. The specimen in question was subsequently named P. sumatranus by Sedgwick (15). Several years (1898) afterwards Dr. Arthur Willey described a species which he himself collected in New Britain (17, 18).
The Cœlomic Fluid In Acanthodrilids
Authors: Benham W. Blaxland 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The corpusculated fluid contained, in the coelom of European earthworms belonging to the family Lumbricidæ has been the subject of a memoir by Dr. Rosa—from whose careful studies we have learnt that, in certain species of the genus Allolobophora, the corpuscles are of a varied character—differing somewhat in different species; and, moreover, that the commonly accepted account of the formed elements of the fluid is not only very incomplete, but more or less erroneous. The usual description refers to this fluid as “a colourless fluid with numerous amoeboid corpuscles.” This is an imperfect truth, for, in addition to “amœbocytes,” there are, in the commoner species of Allolobophora, numerous “Eleocyte” cells containing refringent oily globules, which are, however, absent in species of the genus Lumbricus, where, it seems, their place is taken by “vacuolated lymphocytes,” which are not endowed with amoeboid movement.
Review of Mr. Iwaji Ikeda’s Observations on the Development, Structure, and Metamorphosis of Actinotrocha1
Authors: Masterman A. J. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Zoologists are indebted to this publication of the Tokyo University for an account of many valuable zoological researches, and by nu means the least important is contained in the volume now lying before us. Mr. Ikeda has been enabled to study the living larva and the embryonic stages at the Misaki marine station. The newly described species, Phoronis ijimai, Oka, furnished the embryonic stages, and for the structure of the larva no less than four species (?) were examined. Of these perhaps the most remarkable is type D, which is a large larva about 5 mm. in length and with about forty-eight tentacles.
Artificial Parthenogenesis and Fertilisation: A Review
Authors: Bryce Thomas H. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
This article is an effort to gather together, in so far as they relate to the phenomena of fertilisation in the sea-urchin egg, the results obtained by experiments. It does not pretend to consider the problem of fertilisation as a whole, nor the phenomena save in Echinoderms, and no attempt will be made to establish comparisons with other forms in which the details may to some extent differ. The limitation to one form is in so far appropriate, that practically all the experiments have been made on Echinoderm eggs.
Trypanosoma in Birds in India
Authors: Hanna W. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The comparatively recent discovery of the presence of trypanosoma in man as a cause of disease by Dutton, Castellani, and others has opened up a field of interesting research. In view of the help which has been afforded in the investigation of the malaria parasite in man by the study of similar protozoan infections in animals, chiefly birds, it might be of service to record the presence of trypanosoma parasites in the blood of birds in India. The life history of these Protozoa will very probably be first elucidated and worked out in the lower animals. From the cases recorded by Dutton and Manson, and the possible relationship of these parasites to sleeping sickness, they have now become more than pathological curiosities.
On the Branchial Vessels of Sternaspis
Authors: Goodrich Edwin S. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Some years ago, when studying the interesting worm Sternaspis thalassemoides, Otto, at the Zoological Station at Naples, for the purpose of describing the structure of its excretory and reproductive organs (2), I examined the very remarkable and beautiful vascular apparatus which supplies the gill filaments at the hind end of the body. Finding that the branchial organs of Sternaspis did not appear to agree in the details of their organisation with any of the descriptions hitherto given, I determined to work out their minute anatomy. But owing to their very small size, to the presence of a tough cuticle, and to an external layer of sandy particles, it is very difficult indeed to make out the exact relation of the various blood-vessels to the gill filaments, either by dissection or by serial sections. It is, therefore, only after repeated failures, that it is at last possible for me to present what is, I believe, a correct account of their structure.
The Middle Ear and Columella of Birds
Authors: Smith Geoffrey 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
It may seem a supererogatory task to add to the pile of literature which deals with the ear-bone homologies a straightforward account of those anatomical and embryological facts which may be ascertained by the examination of such familiar types as the fowl and pigeon; but after a painstaking research into the literature of the Sauropsidau middle ear I have unwillingly concluded that such a course was desirable. Although this literature is voluminous there is no single description of any Suuropsidan type which from a modern standpoint can be considered at all complete ; that is to say, there is no account which describes in any one type— 1.The development and transformation of the auditory ossicles from the earliest procartilage stage up-war ds;2.The relations of the seventh nerve and chorda tympani to the ossicles at different stages of development.
Notes on Sporozoa
Authors: Woodcock H. M. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Smith and Johnson (1) recently described a new Coccidian parasitic in the kidneys of the mouse (Mus musculus). The seat of the infection is the renal epithelium of the convoluted tubules of the cortex and of the visceral layer of Bowman’s capsules. The enormously hypertrophied parasitecontaining cells swell out into and completely occlude the lumen of the tubule, causing entire disorganisation of the affected tissue.
On the Existence of an Anterior Rudimentary Gill in Astacus fluviatilis, Fabr
Authors: Moseley Margery 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The theoretical gill formula for the Decapod Crustacea is four on each side of each somite, corresponding to the three maxillipeds and the five legs—that is, Somites VII to XIV, counting the ophthalmic somite as No. 1.
Notes on the Anatomy of Gazelletta
Authors: Fowler G. Herbert 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In a recent paper I described, as completely as the state of preservation of the material would permit, the anatomy of Planktonetta atlantica, Borgert,1 a remarkable type of Phæodarian Radiolarian. Associated with this species were some specimens of Gazelletta, probably G. fragilis, named by Dr. Borgert from broken material obtained by the National.2 I am obliged to him for permission to publish a short note upon the main points in which it differs from Planktonetta. As, however, this organism is even more fragile, and therefore worse preserved than the former, and as my specimens were fewer in number, the only excuse for so incomplete an account lies in the structural novelty of the interesting family (Medusettida) to which it belongs.
The Lime-forming Layer of the Madreporarian Polyp
Authors: Ogilvie Gorden Maria M. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Having just received Mr. Duerden’s new and valuable work on ‘The Coral Siderastrea Radians audits Post-larval Development,’ 1 I wish to draw attention to one or two of the points in which his work covers the same field of investigation as my work on ‘Madreporarian Types of Corals,’2 published in 1896. My work in no sense professed to be a study of the histology of Madreporarian corals ; it explicitly dealt with the coral skeleton, and it set forth, for the first time, the exquisitely fine lamellar structure of the skeletal parts. My microscopic observations of skeletal structures have been verified by many students since the work appeared, but zoologists generally have regarded my view that the crystalline deposit took origin within organic tissue as quite wrong. Mr. Duerden, who approaches this subject from the histological standpoint, arrives at results which, in this very important feature, corroborate my view.
Studies in Spicule Formation.: IV.—The Scleroblastic Development of the Spicules in Cucuma-riidæ ; with a Note relating to the Plate-and-Anchor Spicules of Synapta Inhserens
Authors: Woodland W. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The early stages in the form-development of the perforated-plate and stool spicules of Cucumariidæ and other holothurians have been described and figured by many previous observers, as e. g. by Théel (10) in 1882, by Hérouard (4) in 1890, by Mortenson (7) and Kishinouye (5) in 1894, by Gerould (2) in 1896, and others, but in no case has the morphogenesis of the spicule been systematically studied in relation to the disposition of the scleroblasts or cells concerned in the deposition of the spicule. It is true that Hérouard (4) has provided a very detailed account of this very subject—as to the manner in which the direction of growth of the holothurian plate spicule is due to the number and disposition of the formative cells,—but since he does not provide any figures in confirmation of his statements, and since my own observations tell a very different tale, I see no reason to qualify the assertion I have just made.
On the Maturation of the Unfertilised Egg, and the Fate of the Polar Bodies, in the Tenthredinidæ (Sawflies)
Authors: Doncaster L. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The work described in this paper was undertaken to determine, if possible, what is the function of the polar bodies, and whether they are connected with the origin of the germ-cells, in a parthenogenetic insect. It has been maintained by Petrunkewitsch (9, 10) that in the unfertilised egg of the honey bee, which gives rise to a drone, the second polar body unites with one half of the 6rst, and that the “copulation-nucleus “so formed gives rise to the testes of the bee. Castle (1) has further taken the facts given in the papers of Petrunkewitsch and used them in formulating a suggestive hypothesis as to the heredity and determination of sex on Mendelian principles. It seemed, therefore, desirable that the matter should be investigated in other cases, and the sawflies were chosen as a likely group in which to work at the problem.
The Role of Mucus in Corals
Authors: Ducrden J. E. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Within recent years much advance has been made in our knowledge of the physiology of actinian polyps by investigators such as Nagel, Loeb, Parker, Carlgren, and Torrey. Comparatively little, however, is yet known of the living activities of the closely-related niadreporarian polyps. As regards actinians several contributions have appeared giving the results of observations and experiments upon ciliary activity and its significance in the feeding of the polyps, and it was while carrying out similar studies upon the madre-porarians that it became evident that mucus likewise holds a place of much importance in the ingestion of food. The present account deals in the main with only this factor in the physiological processes of corals, namely the part played by mucus. The observations and experiments were carried out in the Hawaiian Islands, mostly upon the living mushroom coral Fungia, and the compound astraeid Favia.1 The work has been assisted by an appropriation from the Carnegie Institution.
The Metamorphoses of Man and the Lower Animals
Authors: de Quatrefages A. , Lawson Henry 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
M. de Quatrefaoes stands unquestionably in the first rank of French naturalists. His researches on the embryology of mollusca, on the anatomy of Annelida and numerous other contributions to zoological science have gained for him a wide reputation. In the small octavo volume before us he has under the title of ‘the Metamorphoses of Man and the Lower Animals,’ grouped together the latest researches and conclusions of comparative anatomists on the various phenomena of reproduction and development ; from these he draws his own deductions and generalisations ; the whole being treated in a most pleasant and readable style, and in a manner which, considering the abstruse though interesting nature of the facts dealt with, should ensure the popularity of the work among scientific readers.
Entozoa.—An Introduction to the Study of Helminthology, with Reference more Particularly to the Internal Parasites of Man
Authors: Cobbold T. Spencer 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Of all possible subjects, perhaps the last that one would expect to see treated in a book having the appearance of being “got up “more to lie on the table in the drawingroom than in the study, is that of Helminthology. However unjust its claims, it cannot be denied that the study of the life-history of internal parasitic animals is by no means one which offers attractions to the popular mind, which is always so prone to content itself with the contemplation of the outsides of things, and, moreover, so apt to be disgusted with any reference to what may be taking place in the interior of the animal body.
Royal Society, May, 18, 1864
Authors: Deane Henry , Brady Henry B. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
After alluding to the observations of Axel Key, whose results accord with his own more closely than those of any other observer, the author refers particularly to the drawings of Hartmann, the latest writer upon the structure of the papillæ. According to the author, Dr. Hartmann, owing to the defective method of preparation he employed, has failed to observe points which had been seen by others who had written before him, and which may now be most positively demonstrated. Hartmann’s process consisted in soaking the tissue for three days in solution of bichromate of potash, and afterwards adding solution of caustic soda. It can be shown by experiment that many structures which can be most clearly demonstrated by other modes of investigation, are rendered quite invisible by this process. Hartmann’s observations, like those of the author, have been made upon the papillæ of the tongue of the little green tree-frog (Hyla arborea).
ROYAL SOCIETY
Authors: Beale Lionel S. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Although the caudate nerve-vesicles, or cells existing in the spinal cord, medulla oblongata, and in many parts of the brain, have been described by the most distinguished modern anatomists, there yet remains much to be ascertained with reference to their internal structure, connections, and mode of development. In this paper I propose to describe some points of interest in connection with their structure. In the first place, however, I would remark that there are neither “cells ‘‘nor “vesicles “in the ordinary acceptation of these words, for there is no proper investing membrane, neither are there “cell-contents “ as distinguished from the membrane or capsule ; in fact, the so-called cell consists of soft solid matter throughout. The nerve-fibres are not prolonged from the nucleus or from the outer part of the cell, but they are continuous with the very material of which the substance of the “cell “itself is composed, and they are, chemically speaking, of the same nature. So that in these caudate cells we have but to recognise the so-called “nucléus” (germinal matter) and matter around this (formed material) which passes into the “fibres,” which diverge in various directions from the cell (see Plate VIII, Vol. IV, N. S., fig-1)
Notes on Bacillaria Cursorta
Authors: Barkas T. P. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
It may not be uninteresting to some of your readers to know that B. cursoria is to be had in great abundance and very frequently on the Northumberland coast. Within the last few years I have made scores of gatherings from the sea-beach and rock-pools extending from the mouth of the Tyne to Cullercoats, a distance of about one and a half mile, and at least one half of those gatherings contained the curious frustules of B. cursoria. There is a large pool at the mouth of the river Tyne which is left shallowly filled with water at every tide, and is situate near the high-tide mark, from which pool I have obtained frequent gatherings of Diatomaceæ, and it is remarkable to observe how the leading species on each occasion continue to change. In a gathering made on the 18th April I found several Actinoptychus, varieties of Coscinodiscus, &c.; and on the 8th May last I obtained almost pure, and in great abundance, Nav. pseudo- libellus, n. sp., discovered by Mr. Atthey, and described by Mr. T. West in the ‘Trans, of the Tyneside Naturalists’ Field Club,’ vol. iv, p. 321. On the 16th of May I took another gathering from the same pool, and found it consisted, for the most part, of varieties of Pleurosigma, with only an occasional frustule of Nav. pseudo-libellus. On June 5th another gathering from the same locality contained almost exclusively B. cursoria so abundantly that, when viewed upon a slide, the field of the microscope presented the appearance of a racecourse with rows of frustules pushing and running in all directions. Specimens of this beautiful diatom I forwarded, living, to Mr. Norman, of Hull; Mr. Baker, of Liverpool, and Dr. Donkin, of Newcastle, the latter gentleman being the discoverer and describer of the variety. (See ‘Quart. Jour. Mic. Sei.’ Vol. VI, New Series, p. 16.)