bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Dietary Supplements on Endurance Exercise Performance and Core Temperature in Hot Environments: A Meta-analysis and Meta-regression
Authors: Peel Jennifer S. , McNarry Melitta A. , Heffernan Shane M. , Nevola Venturino R. , Kilduff Liam P. , Waldron Mark 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe ergogenic effects of dietary supplements on endurance exercise performance are well-established; however, their efficacy in hot environmental conditions has not been systematically evaluated.Objectives(1) To meta-analyse studies investigating the effects of selected dietary supplements on endurance performance and core temperature responses in the heat. Supplements were included if they were deemed to: (a) have a strong evidence base for ‘directly’ improving thermoneutral endurance performance, based on current position statements, or (b) have a proposed mechanism of action that related to modifiable factors associated with thermal balance. (2) To conduct meta-regressions to evaluate the moderating effect of selected variables on endurance performance and core temperature responses in the heat following dietary supplementation.MethodsA search was performed using various databases in May 2020. After screening, 25 peer-reviewed articles were identified for inclusion, across three separate meta-analyses: (1) exercise performance; (2) end core temperature; (3) submaximal core temperature. The moderating effect of several variables were assessed via sub-analysis and meta-regression.ResultsOverall, dietary supplementation had atrivialsignificant positive effect on exercise performance (Hedges’g = 0.18, 95% CI 0.007–0.352,P = 0.042), atrivialnon-significant positive effect on submaximal core temperature (Hedges’g = 0.18, 95% CI − 0.021 to 0.379,P = 0.080) and asmallnon-significant positive effect on end core temperature (Hedges’g = 0.20, 95% CI − 0.041 to 0.439,P = 0.104) in the heat. There was a non-significant effect of individual supplements on exercise performance (P = 0.973) and submaximal core temperature (P = 0.599). However, end core temperature was significantly affected by supplement type (P = 0.003), which was attributable to caffeine’slargesignificant positive effect (n = 8; Hedges’g = 0.82, 95% CI 0.433–1.202,P < 0.001) and taurine’smediumsignificant negative effect (n = 1; Hedges’g = − 0.96, 95% CI − 1.855 to − 0.069,P = 0.035).ConclusionSupplements such as caffeine and nitrates do not enhance endurance performance in the heat, with caffeine also increasing core temperature responses. Some amino acids might offer the greatest performance benefits in the heat. Exercising in the heat negatively affected the efficacy of many dietary supplements, indicating that further research is needed and current guidelines for performance in hot environments likely require revision.
Validation of a Belgian Prediction Model for Patient Encounters at Belgium’s Largest Public Cultural Mass Gathering
Authors: Spaepen Kris , Arno Geert , Kaufman Leonard , Haenen Winne , Hubloue Ives 
Published: June 2021

AbstractObjective:To compare actual patient presentation rates from Belgium’s largest public open-air cultural festival with predictions provided by existing models and the Belgian Plan Risk Manifestations model.Methods:Retrospectively, actual patient presentation rates gathered from the Ghent Festivities (Belgium) during 2013–2019 were compared to predicted patient presentation rates by the Arbon, Hartman, and PRIMA models.Results:During 7 editions, 8673000 people visited the Ghent Festivities; 9146 sought medical assistance resulting in a mean patient presentation rate (PPR) of 1.05. The PRIMA model overestimated the number of patient encounters for each occasion. The other models had a high rate of underprediction. When comparing deviations in predictions between the PRIMA model to the other models, there is a significant difference in the mean deviation (Arbon: T = 0.000, P < 0.0001, r = −0.8701; Hartman: T = 0.000, P < 0.0001, r = −0.869).Conclusion:Despite the differences between the predictions of all 3 models, our results suggest that the PRIMA model is a valid tool to predict patient presentations to IEHS during public cultural MG. However, to substantiate the PRIMA model even further, more research is needed to further validate the model for a broad range of MG.
Fabrication of large-area uniform carbon nanotube foams as near-critical-density targets for laser–plasma experiments
Authors: Wang Pengjie , Qi Guijun , Pan Zhuo , Kong Defeng , Shou Yinren , Liu Jianbo , Cao Zhengxuan , Mei Zhusong , Xu Shirui , Liu Zhipeng , Chen Shiyou , Gao Ying , Zhao Jiarui , Ma Wenjun 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Carbon nanotube foams (CNFs) have been successfully used as near-critical-density targets in the laser-driven acceleration of high-energy ions and electrons. Here we report the recent advances in the fabrication technique of such targets. With the further developed floating catalyst chemical vapor deposition (FCCVD) method, large-area (

$>25\kern0.5em {\mathrm{cm}}^2$

) and highly uniform CNFs are successfully deposited on nanometer-thin metal or plastic foils as double-layer targets. The density and thickness of the CNF can be controlled in the range of

$1{-}13\kern0.5em \mathrm{mg}/{\mathrm{cm}}^3$

and

$10{-}200\kern0.5em \mu \mathrm{m}$

, respectively, by varying the synthesis parameters. The dependence of the target properties on the synthesis parameters and the details of the target characterization methods are presented for the first time.
A multimethod dating study of ancient permafrost, Batagay megaslump, east Siberia
Authors: Murton Julian B. , Opel Thomas , Toms Phillip , Blinov Alexander , Fuchs Margret , Wood Jamie , Gärtner Andreas , Merchel Silke , Rugel Georg , Savvinov Grigoriy , Wetterich Sebastian 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDating of ancient permafrost is essential for understanding long-term permafrost stability and interpreting palaeoenvironmental conditions but presents substantial challenges to geochronology. Here, we apply four methods to permafrost from the megaslump at Batagay, east Siberia: (1) optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of quartz, (2) post-infrared infrared-stimulated luminescence (pIRIR) dating of K-feldspar, (3) radiocarbon dating of organic material, and (4)36Cl/Cl dating of ice wedges. All four chronometers produce stratigraphically consistent and comparable ages. However, OSL appears to date Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 3 to MIS 2 deposits more reliably than pIRIR, whereas the latter is more consistent with36Cl/Cl ages for older deposits. The lower ice complex developed at least 650 ka, potentially during MIS 16, and represents the oldest dated permafrost in western Beringia and the second-oldest known ice in the Northern Hemisphere. It has survived multiple interglaciations, including the super-interglaciation MIS 11c, though a thaw unconformity and erosional surface indicate at least one episode of permafrost thaw and erosion occurred sometime between MIS 16 and 6. The upper ice complex formed from at least 60 to 30 ka during late MIS 4 to 3. The sand unit above the upper ice complex is dated to MIS 3–2, whereas the sand unit below formed at some time between MIS 4 and 16.
Antiviral and immunological activity of zinc and possible role in COVID-19
Authors: Marreiro Dilina do Nascimento , Cruz Kyria Jayanne Clímaco , Oliveira Ana Raquel Soares de , Morais Jennifer Beatriz Silva , Freitas Betânia de Jesus e Silva de Almendra , Melo Stéfany Rodrigues de Sousa , dos Santos Loanne Rocha , Cardoso Bruna Emanuele Pereira , Dias Thaline Milany da Silva 
Published: June 2021

AbstractZn deficiency compromises its biological functions, its effect on the immune system and its antiviral activity, increasing vulnerability to infectious diseases. This narrative review aims at presenting and discussing functional aspects and possible mechanisms involved in the potential role of Zn in the immune response and antiviral activity for coronavirus infectious disease-19 (COVID-19) prevention and control. The searches were conducted in PubMed and Science Direct databases, using clinical trials, experimental studies in animals and humans, case–control studies, case series, letters to the editor, and review articles published in English, without restrictions on year of publication. Search approach was based on using the terms: ‘zinc’, ‘COVID-19’, ‘antiviral agents’, ‘immunologic factors’ and ‘respiratory tract infections’. Literature shows the importance of Zn as an essential mineral immunomodulator with relevant antiviral activity in the body. Thus, although there is still a scarcity of studies evaluating Zn supplementation in patients with COVID-19, the results on the topic show the necessity of controlling Zn mineral deficiency, as well as maintaining its homoeostasis in the body in order to strengthen the immune system and improve the prevention of highly complex viral infections, such as that of the COVID-19.
Schema therapy for violent PD offenders: a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Bernstein David P. , Keulen-de Vos Marije , Clercx Maartje , de Vogel Vivienne , Kersten Gertruda C. M. , Lancel Marike , Jonkers Philip P. , Bogaerts Stefan , Slaats Mariëtte , Broers Nick J. , Deenen Thomas A. M. , Arntz Arnoud 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundViolent criminal offenders with personality disorders (PD's) can cause immense harm, but are often deemed untreatable. This study aimed to conduct a randomized clinical trial to test the effectiveness of long-term psychotherapy for rehabilitating offenders with PDs.MethodsWe compared schema therapy (ST), an evidence-based psychotherapy for PDs, to treatment-as-usual (TAU) at eight high-security forensic hospitals in the Netherlands. Patients in both conditions received multiple treatment modalities and differed only in the individual, study-specific therapy they received. One-hundred-three male offenders with antisocial, narcissistic, borderline, or paranoid PDs, or Cluster B PD-not-otherwise-specified, were assigned to 3 years of ST or TAU and assessed every 6 months. Primary outcomes were rehabilitation, involving gradual reintegration into the community, and PD symptoms.ResultsPatients in both conditions showed moderate to large improvements in outcomes. ST was superior to TAU on both primary outcomes – rehabilitation (i.e. attaining supervised and unsupervised leave) and PD symptoms – and six of nine secondary outcomes, with small to moderate advantages over TAU. ST patients moved more rapidly through rehabilitation (supervised leave, treatment*time: F(5308) = 9.40, p < 0.001; unsupervised leave, treatment*time: F(5472) = 3.45, p = 0.004), and showed faster improvements on PD scales (treatment*time: t(1387) = −2.85, p = 0.005).ConclusionsThese findings contradict pessimistic views on the treatability of violent offenders with PDs, and support the effectiveness of long-term psychotherapy for rehabilitating these patients, facilitating their re-entry into the community.
Hybrid entitlement: Welfare recipients’ perceptions of entitlement to social rights
Authors: LAVEE EINAT 
Published: June 2021

AbstractRecent decades have witnessed changes in welfare states, shaped by a neoliberal ideology that has reduced state responsibility for weakened populations and transformed definitions of citizenship from the universalist notion of social citizenship to the idea of market citizenship. Contemporary welfare policy is based on a disciplinary regime, which aims to produce self-disciplined citizens who adhere to market rules as the most essential civic rules. Following this change in social contract between the state and its citizens, the notion of entitlement to social rights has been transformed into disentitlement to public support. However, economic independence via labour market participation is not always possible and many must rely on welfare support for material survival. This study aims to pinpoint the factors shaping welfare recipients’ perceptions of entitlement. Drawing on 76 in-depth interviews with welfare recipients in Israel, we argue that people’s perceptions of their entitlement to public support are disciplined by the “new” welfare regime of market citizenship, yet simultaneously influenced by “old” perceptions of universal citizenship rights. This kind of “hybrid entitlement” allows welfare recipients to resist exclusion and to avoid disconnection from work and welfare.
Sonic branding and the aesthetic infrastructure of everyday consumption
Authors: Khamis Susie , Keogh Brent 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSonic branding – the sonic expression of a brand's identity – is the audio equivalent of a brand's logo, a sound that is both distinct and adaptable to diverse contexts, and serves to communicate a brand's narrative. Sonic branding has been a feature of marketing strategies for the past two decades, but more recently there has been increased commercial interest in sonic branding, a move from the ‘visual turn’ to the ‘sonic turn’, as voice activation technologies such as Siri, Amazon's Alexa and Google Assistant immerse the consumer in a personal encounter across diverse sensory touch points. While there has been significant scholarly discussion in popular music studies of the ways that sound is employed to increase capital in commercial contexts, little has been written to address the ways in which popular music is courted and implicated in brand strategy specific to sonic branding. In this paper, we consider the ways in which sounds are embedded in contemporary brand practice and detail the ways in which popular musicians and genres are complicit partners in ‘branding to the senses’. Here, we focus on two sonic branding case studies – Mastercard and HSBC – which highlight the key role of popular music in constructing the way we ‘hear’ brands.
Ghanaian highlife sound recordings of the 1970s: the legacy of Francis Kwakye and the Ghana Film Studio
Authors: Owusu-Poku Ernest 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThere is a striking variance between the sounds of highlife music recorded in the 1950s and 1960s and that of the 1970s. This difference can be attributed partly to the advancement of recording technology, a shift from shellac to vinyl records as well as the advent of multi-track tape recorders in Ghana. The 1970s had a unique highlife sound that can be situated within and explained by the socio-cultural context of recording approaches embraced by studio engineers. This paper investigates the technological approaches to the production of highlife songs at the Ghana Film Studio (GFS) and how they reshaped the highlife soundscape in the 1970s. It also draws attention to the influence of Francis Kwakye, the then resident recording engineer of GFS as a case study to explore highlife sound on records within this period. Employing document review, audio review, observations and interview for data collection, the paper reveals that the engineering techniques and tools employed on the recordings were socio-culturally influenced and constructed to resonate with the Ghanaian identity of the time. It further argues that the recording activities have been guided largely by a new imagination of the highlife sound recordings framed within a certain Ghanaian nationalistic context. The paper concludes that the methods employed to record highlife music of the 1970s were masterminded essentially from a Ghanaian socio-cultural sound perspective.
Cattle rights versus human rights: herdsmen–farmer clashes in Nigeria
Authors: Apeh Apex Anselm , Opata Christian Chukwuma , Amaechi Chidi Mike , Njoku Onwuka Ndukwe 
Published: June 2021

AbstractClimate change across West Africa has provoked recurrent herdsmen–farmer clashes in the subregion. In Nigeria, the frequency and magnitude of the clashes and the resultant destruction of lives and property has become a cause for concern to both government and citizens. This is especially so because of the danger it poses to society and national security. Accordingly, the need for a close study of the problem can hardly be over-emphasised. This study historicises this unsavoury phenomenon in Nigeria as well as its social and economic cost to society. The research contends that the activities of the herdsmen in various Nigerian communities represent a contest between the values the nomads attach to their cattle and the farmers, to their crops/land. These values were overheated by the political undercurrent in Nigeria in recent times. Our study shows that, contrary to insinuations that herdsmen rein all the havoc in most Nigerian communities, some were the handiwork of criminals; hence, religious and ethnic bigots who have taken advantage of the crisis. Our analysis is partly descriptive and quantitative, and is based on secondary data and information culled from direct interviews from the field, as well as newspaper reportage.
The Epidemiology and Effectiveness of Synchronized Cardioversion in a UK Prehospital Setting: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Cowley Alan , Cody Dan , Nelson Magnus 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Background:
Synchronized cardioversion is an internationally accepted standard therapy for unstable tachyarrhythmias, but it is conventionally an in-hospital physician-led intervention. Increasingly, it is being brought forward into the prehospital setting as part of a specialist paramedic scope of practice; however, very little literature exists regarding the epidemiology or efficacy in this setting.

Methods:
All patients receiving cardioversion within a United Kingdom (UK) ambulance service were identified using an electronic database. The period of inclusion was March 1, 2017 through October 31, 2020. These data were then interrogated to provide demographic, physiological, and efficacy data, and then a sub-group was created to identify those who presented with a primary arrhythmia (as opposed to post-cardiac arrest).

Results:
From a total of 93 patients, prehospital synchronized cardioversion successfully terminated the tachyarrhythmia in 96% of patients presenting with a primary arrhythmia (85% in the allcomers group) with a predominance towards males (82% of patients) and an average age of 67 years. Hypotension and reduced level of consciousness were the most commonly documented unstable features (84.4% and 44.4%).

Conclusion:
Cardioversion within a paramedic-led service results in efficacy rates of 96% in patients presenting with a primary tachyarrhythmia. This is a similar efficacy rate to traditional doctor-led therapies. Demographic data show that males make up over 80% of the patient population, in keeping with previously published work across the spectrum of cardiac interventions.
Variations of the Kuroshio in the Luzon Strait Revealed by EOF Analysis of Repeated XBT Data and Sea‐Level Anomalies
Authors: Long Yu , Zhu Xiao‐Hua , Guo Xinyu , Ji Fei , Li Zhiyuan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe Kuroshio in the Luzon Strait (KLS) has long been a focus of research for its complex ocean dynamics; however, it is poorly understood owing to a lack of long‐term in situ observations. Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analyses were applied to quarterly expendable bathythermograph data (XBT, with a spatial resolution of 10–20 km in the Kuroshio region and 33 km in the other regions) and sea‐level anomaly (SLA) data, to examine the variations of the KLS. The first EOF modes of water temperature and SLA represent seasonal variations. The volume transport of the KLS referring to a 700 m depth reaches its maximum in warm months (19.4 Sv, July–September) and its minimum in cold months (17 Sv, January–March). This variation is similar to that east of Taiwan but is opposite to that east of Luzon, although the Luzon Strait is only 2° distant from the area east of Luzon. The outflow (1.3 Sv) from the South China Sea (SCS) to the Kuroshio in the warm months and the Kuroshio intrusion into the SCS in the cold months are responsible for this seasonal contrast. The second EOF modes of water temperature and SLA are related to the latitudinal movement of the Kuroshio recirculation on a time scale of 2–24 months. Lag correlation and wavelet analysis demonstrate that this mode is triggered by the westward‐propagating SLA along 21°–24°N and is affected by the downstream propagation of low‐frequency variation (mostly annual to biennial) from the North Equatorial Current bifurcation area.
Implementation of an Artificial Neural Network for Storm Surge Forecasting
Authors: Ramos‐Valle Alexandra N. , Curchitser Enrique N. , Bruyère Cindy L. , McOwen Sean 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAccurate and timely storm surge forecasts are essential during tropical cyclone events in order to assess the magnitude and location of the impacts. Coupled ocean‐atmosphere dynamical models provide accurate measures of storm surge but remain too computationally expensive to run for real‐time forecasting purposes. Therefore, it is common to utilize a parametric vortex model, implemented within a hydrodynamic model, which decreases computational time at the expense of forecast accuracy. Recently, data‐driven neural networks are being implemented as an alternative due to their combined efficiency and high accuracy. This work seeks to examine how an artificial neural network (ANN) can be used to make accurate storm surge predictions, and explores the added value of using a recurrent neural network (RNN). In particular, it is concerned with determining the parameters needed to successfully implement a neural network model for the Mid‐Atlantic Bight region. The neural network models were trained with modeled data resulting from coupling of the Hybrid Weather Research and Forecasting cyclone model (HWCM) and the Advanced Circulation Model. An ensemble of synthetic, but physically plausible, cyclones were simulated using the HWCM and used as input for the hydrodynamic model. Tests of the ANN were conducted to investigate the optimal lead‐time configuration of the input data and the neural network architecture needed to minimize storm surge forecast errors. Results highlight the accuracy of the ANN in forecasting moderate storm surge levels, while indicating a deficiency in capturing the magnitude of the peak values, which is improved in the implementation of the RNN.
Continental Hydrologic Intercomparison Project, Phase 1: A Large‐Scale Hydrologic Model Comparison Over the Continental United States
Authors: Tijerina‐Kreuzer Danielle , Condon Laura , FitzGerald Katelyn , Dugger Aubrey , O’Neill Mary Michael , Sampson Kevin , Gochis David , Maxwell Reed 
Published: June 2021

AbstractHigh‐resolution, coupled, process‐based hydrology models, in which subsurface, land‐surface, and energy budget processes are represented, have been applied at the basin‐scale to ask a wide range of water science questions. Recently, these models have been developed at continental scales with applications in operational flood forecasting, hydrologic prediction, and process representation. As use of large‐scale model configurations increases, it is exceedingly important to have a common method for performance evaluation and validation, particularly given challenges associated with accurately representing large domains. Here, we present phase 1 of a comparison project for continental‐scale, high‐resolution, processed‐based hydrologic models entitled the Continental Hydrologic Intercomparison Project (CHIP). The first phase of CHIP is based on past Earth System Model intercomparisons and comprised of a two‐model proof of concept comparing the ParFlow‐CONUS hydrologic model, version 1.0 and a NOAA US National Water Model configuration of WRF‐Hydro, version 1.2. The objectives of CHIP phase 1 are: (a) describe model physics and components, (b) design an experiment to ensure a fair comparison, and (b) assess simulated streamflow with observations to better understand model bias. To our knowledge, this is the first comparison of continental‐scale, high‐resolution, physics‐based models which incorporate lateral subsurface flow. This model intercomparison is an initial step toward a continued effort to unravel process, parameter, and formulation differences in current large‐scale hydrologic models and to engage the hydrology community in improving hydrology model configuration and process representation.