bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photodynamic Therapy for Antifibrosis in a Rabbit Model of Filtration Surgery
Authors: Hill Richard A , Crean David H , Doiron Daniel R , McDonald Thomas J , Liaw Lih-Huei , Ghosheh Ferris , Hamilton Ann , Berns Michael W 
Published: April 2021

* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate the use of photodynamic therapy (PDT) using tin ethyl etiopurpurin (SnET2) as an adjunctive antifibrotic therapy for filtering surgery in a rabbit model.

* MATERIALS AND METHODS: The pharmacokinetics of SnET2 were established by intravenous (1 mg/kg) and subconjunctival (25, 50, or 75 ug) injections and compared with controls. Intravenous and subconjunctival SnET2 injections were given prior to posterior Hp sclerectomies followed by postoperative laser irradiation (664 ± 7 nm; 100 mW/cm
p 2
; 30 J/cm
p 2
). Antifibrotic efficacy was established by clinical response and histologic examination.

* RESULTS: After subconjunctival injections, large areas of avascular conjunctiva were produced and filtering bleb survival was prolonged. No effect was found for intravenously administered photosensitizer followed by light irradiation.
* CONCLUSIONS: PDT may be an alternative antifibrotic therapy for filtration surgery that does not use chemotherapeutic agents or ionizing radiation. Multiple parameters (light, drug dose, irradiation area) may be manipulated to improve predictability of the antifibrotic effect.
[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1997;28:574-581.]
Free Radical Production by Nd: YAG Laser Photodisruption
Authors: Timberlake George T , Gemperli Amy W , Larive Cynthia K , Warren Keith A , Mainster Martin A 
Published: April 2021

* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Plasma and cavitation bubble formation during optical breakdown in aqueous media may produce hydroxyl (*OH) radicals. The authors' objectives were to detect *OH produced by a neodymium:yttriumaluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) laser photodisruptor and to determine *OH concentration in relation to laser energy.

* MATERIALS AND METHODS: *OH was assayed by measuring absorbance of triiodide (I
3
^sup -^) in a potassium iodide (KI) solution exposed to optical breakdown by an Nd:YAG laser. The concentration-dependent reduction of radical production in relation to cystamine concentration was evaluated.

* RESULTS: I
3
^sup -^ concentration increased linearly with total irradiation energy and decreased exponentially with increasing cystamine concentration. *OH concentration was calculated using extinction coefficients of I
3
^sup -^ and chemical equations relating I
3
^sup -^ formation to *OH.

* CONCLUSIONS: The authors calculated that -4X1 0^sup -12^ moles of *OH are produced in a typical posterior capsulotomy of 100 mJ of total energy. This *OH concentration could produce strand breaks in -0.4% of vitreous hyaluronic acid molecules, but is unlikely to produce clinical effects.
[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1997;28:582-589.]
A Case-Control Study of Suprachoroidal Hemorrhage During Pars Plana Vitrectomy
Authors: Sharma Tarun , Virdi Devinder Singh , Parikh Sunil , Gopal Lingam , Badrinath Sengamedu S , Mukesh Bickol N 
Published: April 2021

* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To investigate the risk factors associated with suprachoroidal hemorrhage (SCH) during vitrectomy.
* PATIENTS AND METHODS: Of 6971 pars plana vitrectomies performed between May 1988 and December 1994, SCH occurred intraoperatively in 12 (0.17%) cases. Forty-two age- and sex-matched control subjects were selected by computer-generated random numbers. Preoperative and intraoperative variables were subjected to univariate and conditional logistic regression analysis.
* RESULTS: Statistically significant risk factors for SCH after univariate analysis included myopia (P = .048), aphakia or pseudophakia (P = .024), rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (P = .044), scleral buckling and/or encirclage at vitrectomy (P = .029), and longer duration of surgery (P = .044). Multivariate analysis revealed independent risks associated with the absence of a lens and longer duration of the surgery.
* CONCLUSION: A knowledge of the risk factors involved with SCH helps the physician to identify patients who are at a greater risk for this complication.
[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1997;28:640-644.]
Cataract Extraction in Eyes With Diabetic Iris Neovascularization
Authors: Küchle Michael , Händel Angelika , Naumann Gottfried O H 
Published: April 2021

* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Iris neovascularization used to be considered a strict contraindication to intraocular surgery, especially intraocular lens implantation. In this study, the authors analyzed whether cataract extraction and posterior chamber lens implantation is associated with unacceptable intraoperative and early postoperative complications in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy and rubeosis iridis.
* PATIENTS AND METHODS: Using a computerized data retrieval system, the authors identified all the patients with manifest iris neovascularization and proliferative diabetic retinopathy who underwent cataract extraction in their institution between 1989 and 1995. The preoperative, intraoperative, and early postoperative data were analyzed retrospectively with regard to complications and visual results.
* RESULTS: Thirty-nine eyes of 33 patients (mean age 64.6 ± 10.9 years) with manifest pupillary rubeosis iridis were analyzed. All but 3 of the eyes had undergone previous retinal laser treatment, with dense cataracts preventing additional photocoagulation. Additional chamber angle neovascularization was present in 11 eyes. Posterior chamber intraocular lenses were implanted in 35 eyes. Intraoperatively, iris hemorrhage was noted in 10 eyes and was significantly more frequent in eyes that underwent nuclear expression (50%) than in those that underwent phacoemulsification (12%; P = .019). Postoperatively, spontaneously resolving hyphema was observed in 7 eyes as well as reversible fibrin formation in 6 eyes. No severe sight-threatening complications occurred. Visual acuity improved in 33 (85%) of the eyes.
* CONCLUSION: Cataract extraction with posterior chamber lens implantation does not appear to be associated with unacceptable intraoperative or early postoperative complications. However, adequate treatment of underlying diabetic retinopathy prior to cataract extraction (and if necessary, postoperatively) is essential to prevent the progression of retinal and iris neovascularization.
[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1998;29:28-32.]
Graft Decentration in Penetrating Keratoplasty: Nonmechanical Trephination With the Excimer Laser (193 nm) Versus the Motor Trephine
Authors: Langenbucher Achim , Seitz Berthold , Kus Murat M , Vilchis Ernesto , Naumann Gottfried O H 
Published: April 2021

* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Graft decentration is an obvious cause of postkeratoplasty astigmatism. The purpose of this study was to compare graft decentration after nonmechanical trephination with the excimer laser (193 nm) with that after mechanical motor-trephination in 50 consecutive patients with Fuchs' dystrophy and 50 patients with keratoconus.
* PATIENTS AND METHODS: To determine decentration in absolute values and clock hours, a postoperative slide was projected with a fixed magnification onto a pattern with circles corresponding to the trephination margin. Using a second transparent and movable pattern with concentric circles and ellipses, the authors measured the amount and direction of decentration relative to the limbus and to the pupil. In addition, the keratometric astigmatism and the refractive cylinder were assessed. In this prospective study, the patients were assigned randomly to either method of trephination.
* RESULTS: The decentration was significantly lower (P < .002) with excimer laser trephination (0.23 ± 0.26 mm, relative to the limbus; 0.33 ± 0.26 mm, relative to the pupil) than with mechanical trephination (0.58 ± 0.23 mm, relative to the limbus [P < .01]; 0.64 ± 0.24 mm, relative to the pupil [P < .005]). There was no significant difference between the results obtained in patients with Fuchs' dystrophy and those of patients with keratoconus. The preferred direction of decentration relative to the pupil was the lower quadrants. There was a mild correlation between net astigmatism and the absolute value of decentration. However, with sutures in place, there were no significant differences in the keratometric net astigmatism between mechanical and nonmechanical trephination (P = .16) or between Fuchs' dystrophy and keratoconus (P= .18).
* CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that the amount of decentration can be reduced by specific techniques associated with nonmechanical trephination. This might have a favorable impact on the residual astigmatism after suture removal.
[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1998;29:106-113.]
Erbium:YAG Laser-Assisted Cataract Surgery
Authors: Stevens Garth , Long Byron , Hamann Janna M , Allen Robert C 
Published: April 2021

* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To assess the safety and efficacy of erbium:YAG laser-assisted cataract removal.
* PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 15 patients underwent cataractous lens removal. All the patients had a visual acuity of 20/50 or worse secondary to senile cataract. The endothelial cell count was calculated preoperatively and at 6 weeks postoperatively. A 2. 94-µm-wavelength erbium:YAG laser with a zirconium-fluoride fiber optic and silica tip was used to fracture and emulsify the nucleus. The erbium: YAG laser was chosen due to its high absorption in water, a primary component of a cataractous lens.
* RESULTS: The postoperative visual acuity was 20/30 or better in all the eyes that were treated with surgery. The endothelial cell loss at 3 months was 0% to 10%. No laser-related complications were noted. A conversion to an ultrasound surgical technique was utilized in six cases. Vitreous loss occurred in one case due to the posterior extension of an anterior capsulotomy tear.
* CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated the ability of an erbium:YAG laser system to safely and effectively emulsify the lens nucleus. Laser-assisted cataract surgery is a promising new clinical procedure.
[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1998;29:185-189.]
Oculocardiac Reflex During Retinal Surgery Using Peribulbar Block and Nitrous Narcotic Anesthesia
Authors: Grover V K , Bhardwaj N , Shobana N , Grewal S P S 
Published: April 2021

* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to examine the effects of local and general anesthesia on the oculocardiac reflex (OCR) in adults during retinal detachment surgery, with an aim of determining the safest type of anesthesia and on which extraocular muscle traction causes a higher incidence of OCR.
* PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study was performed on 30 American Society of Anesthesiologists-I patients (age range 40-60 years) who were undergoing retinal detachment surgery. Fifteen patients underwent surgery with general anesthesia and 15 were given a local peribulbar block. A fixed traction of 400 g was applied to all the extraocular muscles, and the heart rate, rhythm, and electrocardiogram of each patient was monitored.
* RESULTS: The overall incidence of OCR was higher with general anesthesia (63.3%) than with local anesthesia (14.4%). There was a significant decrease in heart rate for the rectus muscles (P < .0005) as well as the oblique muscles P < .005) during traction with general anesthesia. All four rectus muscles were equally sensitive in eliciting the reflex. The incidence of dysrhythmias was 20% with general anesthesia and 6.67% with local anesthesia.
* CONCLUSION: This study showed that local anesthesia produces less bradycardia and ectopic arrhythmias and, therefore, may be safer and better than general anesthesia for surgeries in which traction of extraocular muscles is required.
[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1998;29:207-212.]
Evaluation of Endothelial Function in Postkeratoplasty Eyes
Authors: Saini Jagjit S , Mittal Sangeet , Jain A K 
Published: April 2021

* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To evaluate corneal endothelium function in postkeratoplasty eyes.* PATIENTS AND METHODS: Endothelial function was assessed in 23 clear corneal grafts. After a measurable corneal edema was induced by soft contact lens wear, serial pachometric readings were taken for 3 hours to arrive at the percentage recovery per hour (PRPH) index.* RESULTS: The assessed PRPH values of the clear corneal grafts ranged from 24.6% to 73.0%, with a mean value of 51.8% ± 12.2%. Of the six corneal grafts that demonstrated an initial PRPH value of less than 47.5%, four became edematous within 6 months of follow-up.* CONCLUSIONS: Assessed PRPH, as an in vivo-measured index of endothelial function, is a valuable method for monitoring endothelial function in postkeratoplasty eyes. The low PRPH index identifies eyes at risk of spontaneous nonimmunologic failures.[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1998;29:300-304.]
A Comparison of Corneal Autografts With Homografts
Authors: Oplinger Nancy L , Zaidman Gerald W , Buxton Donald F 
Published: April 2021

* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To determine whether ensured graft acceptance through the use of corneal autografts yields a better outcome than when standard homografts are used.
* PATIENTS AND METHODS: Four patients who needed a corneal transplant in one eye and who had a blind fellow eye underwent a corneal autograft in the eye with corneal pathology.
* RESULTS: Three of the four patients had clear grafts on long-term follow-up, and no patient experienced immunologic graft rejection. However, two of the four patients had large amounts of astigmatism postoperatively.
* CONCLUSION: Autografts provided protection against immunologic graft rejection. However, because corneal autografts yielded unpredictable amounts of astigmatism, their outcomes are not necessarily better than those of homografts.
[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1998;29:305-308.]
Comparison of Pain, Motility, and Preoperative Sedation in Cataract Phacoemulsification Patients Receiving Peribulbar or Sub-Tenon's Anesthesia
Authors: Kollarits Carol R , Jaweed Saif , Kollarits Frank J 
Published: April 2021

* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The authors hoped to reduce the need for preoperative sedation and intravenous pain medication during cataract surgery by converting from peribulbar anesthesia to sub-Tenon's anesthesia.
* PATIENTS AND METHODS: A consecutive series of 2453 cataract patients' charts were reviewed. Each patient had previously watched a videotape explaining the anesthetic method to be used. Requests for preoperative sedation were compared between patients who received peribulbar or sub-Tenon's anesthesia. A sample of 200 charts of nonsedated patients were reviewed to compare intraoperative pain and motility.
* RESULTS: Intraoperative freedom from pain was reported by 91% of the peribulbar patients and 99% of the sub-Tenon's patients. Preoperative sedation was reduced from 26% of the peribulbar patients to 6.7% of the sub-Tenon's patients.
* CONCLUSIONS: Sub-Tenon's anesthesia provided excellent intraoperative pain relief and reduced the need for preoperative sedation, making it a satisfactory anesthetic technique for patients undergoing cataract phacoemulsification in an ambulatory surgery facility.
[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1998;29:462-465.]
The Effect of 1 % Apraclonidine on Intraocular Pressure After Cataract Surgery
Authors: Sterk Caesar C , Renzenbrink-Bubberman Ariette C , van Best Jaap A 
Published: April 2021

* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To measure the effect of 1% apraclonidine hydrochloride eyedrops on intraocular pressure (IOP) after cataract surgery. The effects of two different dosage regimens, once before surgery or once before and after surgery, were studied.
* PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients scheduled for extracapsular cataract extraction and artificial lens implantation were randomly assigned to three groups: group A had a placebo treatment (n = 18), group B had one drop of 1% apraclonidine 1 hour before surgery (n = 16), and group C had one drop of 1% apraclonidine 1 hour before surgery and 1 drop at the end of surgery (n = 17). Two percent hydroxy-propylmethyl-cellulose was used as the viscoelastic substance. The preoperative IOP and the IOP 6 hours postoperatively in each patient were compared. The paired Student's t test was used to compare IOP before and after surgery. The study design was a randomly assigned, double-masked controlled clinical trial.
* RESULTS: In group A (placebo) and group B
(apraclonidine before surgery), there was a significant increase in IOP (mean IOP increase 11.2 ± 9.9 mm Hg SD, range -4 to 32, P= .00017, and 9.4 ± 7.4 mm Hg SD, range -3 to 24, P = .00014, respectively). In group C (apraclonidine 1 hour before and immediately after surgery), the increase in IOP was not significant (mean IOP increase 5.1 ± 11.5 mm Hg SD, range -10 to 28, P = .084). A postoperative IOP of more than 40 mm Hg applanation tension was reached by two patients in group A, one patient in group B, and two patients in group C.
* CONCLUSION: Although 1% apraclonidine eyedrops instilled 1 hour before and immediately after extracapsular cataract extraction with artificial lens implantation may help prevent a statistically significant increase in IOP after the operation, 2 of the 17 patients still had IOPs greater than 40 mm Hg 6 hours postoperatively. Apraclonidine applied only before surgery did not prevent a statistically significant increase in IOP.
[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1998;29:472-475.]
Long-Term Results of Excimer Laser Photorefractive Keratectomy in High Myopia: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Spadea Leopoldo , Colucci Silvia , Bianco Guido , Balestrazzi Emilio 
Published: April 2021

* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the results of 193-nm excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) performed on highly myopic eyes with a follow-up of at least 2 years.
* PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifty-three eyes of 41 patients were treated with a myopic PRK for an attempted correction ranging between -8 and -17 D (mean -10.9 ± 2.8 SD).
* RESULTS: The follow-up ranged from 24 to 60 months (mean 34.1 months ±10 SD). Fifty-three percent of the eyes achieved a refraction within ± 2 D of the planned correction, with a refractive error greater than 4 D in 21% of the treated eyes. The uncorrected visual acuity was 20/40 or better in 45% of the eyes. There were no significant opacities in 85% of the eyes examined. A second treatment was performed on 5 eyes.
* CONCLUSION: The results suggest that excimer laser PRK is a safe and relatively effective alternative for treating highly myopic eyes, and its effects are stable over a long period of time.
[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1998;29:490-496.]
Involutional Lower Eyelid Entropion: Results of a Combined Approach
Authors: van den Bosch Willem A , Rosman Malou , Stijnen Theo 
Published: April 2021

* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of adding horizontal eyelid tightening and the removal of orbital fat to reinsertion of the lower eyelid retractors to correct involutional entropion.
* PATIENTS AND METHODS: During 6 consecutive years, 266 cases (229 patients) were treated. Of these, 240 cases (207 patients) showed horizontal laxity, in which reinsertion of the lower eyelid retractors was combined with lower eyelid tightening in the lateral canthal angle. In 60 of these cases (47 patients), prolapsing orbital fat was removed during the operation. In 26 cases (22 patients), no horizontal laxity was found. Their treatment consisted of reinserting the lower eyelid retractors without eyelid tightening. Follow-up of 28 weeks postoperatively was available in all cases. In 213 cases (178 patients), follow-up of 5 months or longer (range 5 to 80 months, average 42 months) was available.
* RESULTS: The most common complication of surgery was persistent ectropion, which occurred in 12 cases (5.6%). It occurred significantly more often after reinsertion without horizontal eyelid tightening than after combined reinsertion and horizontal tightening (P = .04). Adding the excision of orbital fat to the latter procedure did not significantly influence the results. Transient ectropion also occurred significantly more often after retractor reinsertion alone than after combined retractor reinsertion and horizontal tightening (P = .01). The entropion recurred in 9 cases (3.3%), 5 of which within 24 months (2.4%). The authors found no difference in recurrence rate between the three groups. A disadvantage of eyelid tightening is tenderness, which was reported by 42 (29%) of the patients. In 9 patients this had persisted longer than 4 months.
* CONCLUSION: Horizontal eyelid laxity is common in involutional entropion. Tightening of the lower eyelid in the lateral canthus, added to reinsertion of the lower eyelid retractors, significantly lowers the incidence of surgical overcorrection, but has no effect on the recurrence rate. A disadvantage of eyelid tightening in the lateral canthus is that it may lead to mostly transient eyelid tenderness.
[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1998;29:581-586.]
Subconjunctival Anesthesia in Contact Diode Laser Cyclophotocoagulation
Authors: Schlote Torsten , Derse Matthias 
Published: April 2021

* BACKGROUND: Retro- or peribulbar anesthesia are the standard procedures for cyclodestructive surgery. Because these methods of anesthesia may further compromise optic nerve function, especially in advanced glaucoma, subconjunctival anesthesia was evaluated as an alternative procedure in contact diode laser cyclophotocoagulation (CPC).
* PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective study concerning diode laser CPC in advanced glaucoma was started using subconjunctival anesthesia with 2% mepivacaine. Complications and pain during CPC (5 point rating scale) and on the first postoperative day were recorded. Only the first CPC in every patient was included for evaluation.
* RESULTS: Included in the study were 120 eyes of 120 patients. During CPC, 82.5% of patients experienced no pain, 1 1.7% mild pain, and 5.8% moderate pain. No instances of pain or excess motion occurred that required peribulbar anesthesia or discontinuation of the procedure.
* CONCLUSION: Most of the patients experienced no pain during diode laser CPC using subconjunctival anesthesia. Therefore, risks and side effects of retro- or peribulbar anesthesia can be successfully avoided by this simple modification.
[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 2001;32:289-293]
Fundus Autofluorescence in Macular Hole Surgery
Authors: Framme Carsten , Roider Johann 
Published: April 2021

* BACKGROUND: Macular holes usually are diagnosed by biomicroscopy. Fluorescence angiography (FLA) is helpful especially for judging early stages or pseudoforamina. The importance of fundus-autofluorescence in macular hole surgery was studied.
* PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-five consecutive patients with macular holes (n = 21) and clinically-similar appearances (n = 4) were examined biomicroscopically. In addition, fundus-autofluorescence and FLA were determined by Heidelberg-Retina-Angiograph (HRA, Heidelberg, Germany). A vitrectomy was performed on 16 patients with macular hole stage II, III, and IV, and membrane peeling was performed if necessary. Platelet-concentrate as an adjuvant agent was used in all surgeries, and all 16 patients were examined afterward.
RESULTS: In all patients with macular hole stage III and IV (n = 18), fundus-autofluorescence revealed a marked hyperfluorescent spot in the foveolar region and also a hyperfluorescence in FLA. Patients with macular hole stage II (n = 3) showed a slight punctured hyperautofluorescence and a subtle window-defect in the FLA. Postoperatively, the autofluorescence was normal in all eyes with a closed macular hole (87.5%). In some patients, a variable punctured hyperautofluorescence was noticed (n = 3). In eyes with pseudoforamina, the autofluorescence was normal (n = 4).
* CONCLUSION: In macular hole diagnostics, fundus-autofluorescence is able to replace invasive fluorescence angiography. The autofluorescence is helpful for the examination of pseudoforamina and might be useful for estimating therapeutic success.
[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 2001;32:383-390]