bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Japanese knotweed increases soil erosion on riverbanks
Authors: Matte Rébecca , Boivin Maxime , Lavoie Claude 
Published: December 2021

AbstractFor years, Japanese knotweed (Reynoutria japonica) has been suspected of accelerating riverbank erosion, despite a lack of convincing evidence. The stems of this invasive plant die back following the first autumn frosts, leaving the soil unprotected during winter and spring floods. In Québec (Canada), riverbank erosion may also be accentuated by ice during mechanical ice breakups. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of knotweed on riverbank erosion along a river invaded by the species, within a context of floods with ice. The elevation along 120 cross‐sectional riverbank profiles, occupied or not by knotweed, was measured before and after the spring flood of 2019. On average, riverbanks occupied by knotweed had nearly 3 cm more soil erosion than riverbanks without knotweed, a statistically significant difference. Stem density also influenced erosion: the higher the density, the greater the soil loss. Certain riverside conditions, such as the slope of the riverbank or being located on an islet, interacted with knotweed, further accentuating erosion. Soil losses measured between November 2018 and May–June 2019 were particularly pronounced, but the spring flood was also exceptional, with a recurrence interval close to 50 years. On the other hand, soil loss from rivers invaded by knotweed can be expected to increase over time, as this invasive species spreads rapidly in riparian habitats.
Semiconductor Gas Sensor for Triethylamine Detection
Authors: Liu Jingjing , Zhang Liuyang , Fan Jiajie , Yu Jiaguo 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWith the demanding detection of unique toxic gas, semiconductor gas sensors have attracted tremendous attention due to their intriguing features, such as, high sensitivity, online detection, portability, ease of use, and low cost. Triethylamine, a typical gas of volatile organic compounds, is an important raw material for industrial development, but it is also a hazard to human health. This review presents a concise compilation of the advances in triethylamine detection based on chemiresistive sensors. Specifically, the testing system and sensing parameters are described in detail. Besides, the sensing mechanism with characterizing tactics is analyzed. The research status based on various chemiresistive sensors is also surveyed. Finally, the conclusion and challenges, as well as some perspectives toward this area, are presented.
MnOx‐Decorated Nickel‐Iron Phosphides Nanosheets: Interface Modifications for Robust Overall Water Splitting at Ultra‐High Current Densities
Authors: Wang Pan , Luo Yuanzhi , Zhang Gaixia , Wu Mingjie , Chen Zhangsen , Sun Shuhui , Shi Zhicong 
Published: December 2021

AbstractExploring highly active and stable bifunctional water‐splitting electrocatalysts at ultra‐high current densities is remarkably desirable. Herein, 3D nickel‐iron phosphides nanosheets modified by MnOx nanoparticles are grown on nickel foam (MnOx/NiFeP/NF). Resulting from the electronic coupling effect enabled by interface modifications, the intrinsic activities of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are improved. Meanwhile, 3D nanosheets provide abundant active sites for HER and OER, leading to accelerating the reaction kinetics. Besides, the shell‐protection characteristic of MnOx improves the durability of MnOx/NiFeP/NF. Therefore, MnOx/NiFeP/NF shows exceptional bifunctional electrocatalytic activities toward HER (an overpotential of 255 mV at 500 mA cm−2), OER (overpotentials of 296 and 346 mV at 500 and 1000 mA cm−2, respectively), and overall water splitting (cell voltages of 1.796 and 1.828 V at 500 and 1000 mA cm−2, respectively). Furthermore, it owns remarkably outstanding stability for overall water splitting at ultra‐high current densities (120 and 70 h at 500 and 1000 mA cm−2, respectively), which outperforms almost all of the non‐noble metal electrocatalysts. This work presents efficient strategies of interface modifications, 3D nanostructures, and shell protection to afford ultra‐high current densities.
Excellent Li/Garnet Interface Wettability Achieved by Porous Hard Carbon Layer for Solid State Li Metal Battery
Authors: Chen Linhui , Zhang Jian , Tong Rong‐Ao , Zhang Jingxi , Wang Hailong , Shao Gang , Wang Chang‐An 
Published: December 2021

AbstractGarnet‐type Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12 (LLZTO) electrolyte is considered as a promising solid electrolyte because of its relatively high ionic conductivity and excellent electrochemical stability. The surface contamination layer and poor Li/LLZTO interface contact cause large interfacial resistance and quick Li dendrite growth. In this paper, a porous hard carbon layer is introduced by the carbonization of a mixed layer of phenolic resin and polyvinyl butyral on the LLZTO surface to improve Li/garnet interfacial wettability. The multi‐level pore structure of the hard carbon interlayer provides capillary force and large specific surface area, which, together with the chemical activity of the carbon material with Li, promote the molten Li infiltration with garnet electrolyte. The Li/LLZTO interface delivers a low interfacial resistance of 4.7 Ω∙cm2 at 40 °C and a higher critical current density, which can achieve stable Li+ conduction for over 800 h under current densities of 0.1 and 0.2 mA∙cm−2. The solid‐state battery coupled with Li and LiFePO4 exhibits excellent rate and cycling performance, demonstrating the application feasibility of the hard carbon interlayer for a solid state Li metal battery.
Adaptation and the distributional effects of heat: Evidence from professional archery competitions
Authors: Qiu Yun , Zhao Jinhua 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWe examine the distributional effects of high temperature on worker performance and the effectiveness of adaptation when capital investments such as air conditioning are not feasible. Using a longitudinal data set of 3196 professional archers in 57 competitions during 2010–2016 in China, which includes accurate performance measures at the individual‐by‐contest level, we show that heat causes more uneven performance distributions by hurting the bottom performers more than the top performers. More frequent heat reduces average performance and raises distributional inequality more than increases in average temperature. Gaining experience and long‐term acclimatization together can mitigate 70% of the heat impacts, demonstrating the potential of adaptation.
Novel hydrodynamic cavitation based hand pump for disinfection of groundwater
Authors: Doltade Sarjerao Bapu , Pandit Aniruddha Bhalchandra 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIndia Mark‐II hand pump was successfully modified in the present study so as it can serve as an efficient tool for the disinfection of the borewell water. This modified Hand Pump works on the principle of hydrodynamic cavitation, which can potentially disrupt the bacteria and fungi rendering them unviable. The reduction in organic carbon was also found in the borewell water. However hydrodynamic cavitation technology was induced first time in the hand pump for the disinfection of groundwater. Several field trials were carried out at different field locations in Maharashtra, India to validate the modifications of this novel technology. This modification does not require any additional energy to purify the water and is found to have yielded > 90% water disinfection. The third‐party analysis was carried out from NABL certified microbiological laboratories which showed that all Gram negative pathogens were successfully destroyed. Therefore, the people who rely on hand pumps across the world for groundwater pumping will be able to access quality potable water and can be rescued from pathogen‐based waterborne diseases. Hand pump cavitation will be a water disinfection milestone in the emerging era of ecologically benign, innovative, and cost‐effective rural water disinfection technology.
Analytical solution of micropolar functionally graded materials (FGM) hollow cylinder under thermal asymmetric load (r, θ)
Authors: Dehbani Hossein , Jabbari Mohsen , Khorshidvand Ahmad Reza , Javadi Mehrdad 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis paper focuses on the analysis of two‐dimensional steady‐state thermal stresses based on micropolar theory in hollow and solid cylinders which are made of functionally graded materials (FGM) under asymmetric loading condition (r, θ) with the general thermal and mechanical boundary conditions along the inside and outside surfaces. The heat conduction and Navier equations were solved using the separation of variables and complex Fourier series for micropolar theory. Finally, the exact numerical results for both micropolar and classical solutions are illustrated and discussed using two examples: In Example 1, based on the micropolar theory, when thermal tensions are exerted on the inside surface of the cylinder, some of the strain energy is used for the object rotation; therefore, considering this condition, the calculated values resulted from the micropolar theory are smaller than those of the classic theory. In Example 2, by exerting normal tension on the inside surface of the cylinder, the rotation created is very small; therefore, the results of the micropolar and classic theories are similar. In addition to FGM materials, this solution is applicable to minerals and organic matter multiphase fiber and particulate composites, soil, rock, concrete, and various granular materials [59].
Component 1 (Macro): Quantitative (Regression) Analysis
Authors: García Portilla Jason 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis chapter corresponds to the macro-quantitative component. It discusses how competitiveness and corruption were modelled, how the methods were applied in the correlation analysis and which empirical results were achieved.Regression analysis is used to test the relationship between variables of some prominent prosperity/corruption theories. This part does not seek to prove causation, but instead empirically explores whether competitiveness/transparency are related to indicators such as state religion or a population’s religious affiliation.Consistent results of the models on competitiveness (GCI) are: (1) a positive influence of EPI on GCI; (2) a positive influence of a German legal origin (or German language) on GCI; (3) a negative influence of an Orthodox population on GCI; and (4) a negative influence of a Roman Catholic population (or Roman Catholic State Religion) on GCI. These results are also consistent with the predictions in the theory chapters (Chaps. 6–11).The corruption model applied here tests the interrelations between GDP, political liberties (democracy proxy), and language and ethnic fractionalisation. The results of the models on corruption are entirely compatible with theory. The results confirm my hypothesis that transparency levels are directly (i.e. positively) related to the proportion of Protestants in countries in Europe and the Americas.
c) Cuba: A Sui Generis Case Study (Communist Proxy)
Authors: García Portilla Jason 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe anti-clerical elements of the Revolution helped Cuba succeed in various indicators (e.g. education quality and coverage, equality, health). The Cuban regime seized, dismantled, and limited the institutional influence of Roman Catholicism on these areas of public life. However, a strong cultural influence of a highly syncretised Roman Catholicism persists in Cuba even if its institutional influence has been curbed. Also, the Communist regime, by adopting Marxism, “threw the baby out with the bathwater” through persecuting all types of religion, including Protestant liberals. Finally, the Cuban regime conveniently turned to Rome to legitimise itself after the collapse of the Soviet Union and to silence Protestantism with a corporatist strategy. The socialist legal tradition had an effect opposite to its claims (e.g. lack of freedom, corruption), even if its anti-clerical element was an advantage. Comparing the Cuban experience to other Latin American countries with leftist dictatorships (e.g. Venezuela) helps understand their failure to achieve the Cuban indicators (e.g. education). The crucial factor in this regard is whether or not the power and influence of the Roman Church-State are reduced.
Integrative Conclusions
Authors: García Portilla Jason 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis chapter presents general conclusions based on integrating the theory and the results obtained from all methods. It also offers seven specific conclusions for each of the prosperity determinants considered.Combining three main factors accounted for uneven socio-economic and institutional performance in Europe and the Americas. These factors are: 1. Religion: 1.1) Historical Protestantism and its positive influence on law, institutions, and language (highest performance); 1.2) anti-clericalism (medium-high performance); 1.3) Roman Catholicism or Orthodoxy (medium-low performance); 1.4) Syncretism (low performance). 2. Political non-religious influences: 2.1) Communism (low performance). 3. Geography and environment, which modulate overall performance.
The Outcome (Criterion Variables)
Authors: García Portilla Jason 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis chapter characterises the outcome of the research model in this study (transparency/prosperity) in three sections. Sections 3.1 and 3.2, respectively, define corruption and competitiveness (prosperity) from different perspectives, including moral and theological. Transparency and prosperity are linked as part of the same outcome, prosperity equals competitiveness, and competitiveness includes transparency (Sect. 3.3.).
Vacuum instability due to the creation of neutral fermion with anomalous magnetic moment by magnetic-field inhomogeneities
Authors: Adorno T. C. , He Zi-Wang , Gavrilov S. P. , Gitman D. M. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWe study neutral fermions pair creation with anomalous magnetic moment from the vacuum by time-independent magnetic-field inhomogeneity as an external background. We show that the problem is technically reduced to the problem of charged-particle creation by an electric step, for which the nonperturbative formulation of strong-field QED is used. We consider a magnetic step given by an analytic function and whose inhomogeneity may vary from a “gradual” to a “sharp” field configuration. We obtain corresponding exact solutions of the Dirac-Pauli equation with this field and calculate pertinent quantities characterizing vacuum instability, such as the differential mean number and flux density of pairs created from the vacuum, vacuum fluxes of energy and magnetic moment. We show that the vacuum flux in one direction is formed from fluxes of particles and antiparticles of equal intensity and with the same magnetic moments parallel to the external field. Backreaction to the vacuum fluxes leads to a smoothing of the magnetic-field inhomogeneity. We also estimate critical magnetic field intensities, near which the phenomenon could be observed.
Searching for heavy leptoquarks at a muon collider
Authors: Qian Sitian , Li Congqiao , Li Qiang , Meng Fanqiang , Xiao Jie , Yang Tianyi , Lu Meng , You Zhengyun 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The LHCb Collaboration recently gave an update on testing lepton flavour universality with B+→ K+ℓ+ℓ−, in which a 3.1 standard deviations from the standard model prediction was observed. The g-2 experiment also reports a 3.3 standard deviations from the standard model on muon anomalous magnetic moment measurement. These deviations could be explained by introducing new particles including leptoquarks. In this paper, we show the possibility to search for heavy spin-1 leptoquarks at a future TeV scale muon collider by performing studies from three channels: 1) same flavour final states with either two bottom or two light quarks, 2) different flavour quark final states, and 3) a so-called “VXS” process representing the scattering between a vector boson and a leptoquark to probe the coupling between leptoquark and tau lepton. We conclude that a 3 TeV muon collider with 3 ab−1 of integrated luminosity is already sufficient to cover the leptoquark parameter space in order to explain the LHCb lepton flavour universality anomaly.
Quantum Spectral Curve for AdS3/CFT2: a proposal
Authors: Cavaglià Andrea , Gromov Nikolay , Stefański Bogdan , Torrielli Alessandro 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We conjecture the Quantum Spectral Curve equations for string theory on AdS3× S3× T4 with RR charge and its CFT2 dual. We show that in the large-length regime, under additional mild assumptions, the QSC reproduces the Asymptotic Bethe Ansatz equations for the massive sector of the theory, including the exact dressing phases found in the literature. The structure of the QSC shares many similarities with the previously known AdS5 and AdS4 cases, but contains a critical new feature — the branch cuts are no longer quadratic. Nevertheless, we show that much of the QSC analysis can be suitably generalised producing a self-consistent system of equations. While further tests are necessary, particularly outside the massive sector, the simplicity and self-consistency of our construction suggests the completeness of the QSC.
Relation between parity-even and parity-odd CFT correlation functions in three dimensions
Authors: Jain Sachin , John Renjan Rajan 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In this paper we relate the parity-odd part of two and three point correlation functions in theories with exactly conserved or weakly broken higher spin symmetries to the parity-even part which can be computed from free theories. We also comment on higher point functions.The well known connection of CFT correlation functions with de-Sitter amplitudes in one higher dimension implies a relation between parity-even and parity-odd amplitudes calculated using non-minimal interactions such as $$ {\mathcal{W}}^3 $$

W
3

and $$ {\mathcal{W}}^2\tilde{\mathcal{W}} $$

W
2

W
˜

. In the flat-space limit this implies a relation between parity-even and parity-odd parts of flat-space scattering amplitudes.
Pin(d, d) covariance of pure spinor equations for supersymmetric vacua and non-Abelian T-duality
Authors: Çatal-Özer Aybike , Diriöz Emine 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In a supersymmetric compactification of Type II supergravity, preservation of $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 1 supersymmetry in four dimensions requires that the structure group of the generalized tangent bundle TM ⨁ T∗M of the six dimensional internal manifold M is reduced from SO(6) to SU(3) × SU(3). This topological condition on the internal manifold implies existence of two globally defined compatible pure spinors Φ1 and Φ2 of non-vanishing norm. Furthermore, these pure spinors should satisfy certain first order differential equations. In this paper, we show that non-Abelian T-duality (NATD) is a solution generating transformation for these pure spinor equations. We first show that the pure spinor equations are covariant under Pin(d, d) transformations. Then, we use the fact NATD is generated by a coordinate dependent Pin(d, d) transformation. The key point is that the flux produced by this transformation is the same as the geometric flux associated with the isometry group, with respect to which one implements NATD. We demonstrate our method by studying NATD of certain solutions of Type IIB supergravity with SU(2) isometry and SU(3) structure.
One-loop string corrections for AdS Kaluza-Klein amplitudes
Authors: Drummond J. M. , Glew R. , Paul H. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We discuss the string corrections to one-loop amplitudes in AdS5×S5, focussing on their expressions in Mellin space. We present the leading (α′)3 corrections to the family of correlators $$ \left\langle {\mathcal{O}}_2{\mathcal{O}}_2{\mathcal{O}}_p{\mathcal{O}}_p\right\rangle $$

O
2

O
2

O
p

O
p

at one loop and begin the exploration of the form of correlators with multiple channels. From these correlators we extract some string corrections to one- loop anomalous dimensions of families of operators of low twist.
Mortality following elective and emergency colectomy in patients with cirrhosis: a population-based cohort study from England
Authors: Adiamah Alfred , Crooks Colin J. , Hammond John S. , Jepsen Peter , West Joe , Humes David J. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Background
Patients with cirrhosis undergoing colectomy have a higher risk of postoperative mortality, but contemporary estimates are lacking and data on associated risk and longer term outcomes are limited. This study aimed to quantify the risk of mortality following colectomy by urgency of surgery and stage of cirrhosis.
Data sources.
Linked primary and secondary-care electronic healthcare data from England were used to identify all patients undergoing colectomy from January 2001 to December 2017. These patients were classified by the absence or presence of cirrhosis and severity. Case fatality rates at 90 days and 1 year were calculated, and cox regression was used to estimate the hazard ratio of postoperative mortality controlling for age, gender and co-morbidity.

Results
Of the total, 36,380 patients undergoing colectomy, 248 (0.7%) had liver cirrhosis, and 70% of those had compensated cirrhosis. Following elective colectomy, 90-day case fatality was 4% in those without cirrhosis, 7% in compensated cirrhosis and 10% in decompensated cirrhosis. Following emergency colectomy, 90-day case fatality was higher; it was 16% in those without cirrhosis, 35% in compensated cirrhosis and 41% in decompensated cirrhosis. This corresponded to an adjusted 2.57 fold (95% CI 1.75–3.76) and 3.43 fold (95% CI 2.02–5.83) increased mortality risk in those with compensated and decompensated cirrhosis, respectively. This higher case fatality in patients with cirrhosis persisted at 1 year.

Conclusion
Patients with cirrhosis undergoing emergency colectomy have a higher mortality risk than those undergoing elective colectomy both at 90 days and 1 year. The greatest mortality risk at 90 days was in those with decompensation undergoing emergency surgery.
Macroscopic rheology of non-Brownian suspensions at high shear rates: the influence of solid volume fraction and non-Newtonian behaviour of the liquid phase
Authors: Wilms Patrick , Hinrichs Jörg , Kohlus Reinhard 
Published: December 2021

AbstractModelling the macroscopic rheology of non-Brownian suspensions is complicated by the non-linear behaviour that originates from the interaction between solid particles and the liquid phase. In this contribution, a model is presented that describes suspension rheology as a function of solid volume fraction and shear rate dependency of both the liquid phase, as well as the suspension as a whole. It is experimentally validated using rotational rheometry ($$\varphi$$
φ
≤ 0.40) and capillary rheometry (0.55 ≤ $$\varphi$$
φ
≤ 0.60) at shear rates > 50 s−1. A modified Krieger-Dougherty relation was used to describe the influence of solid volume fraction on the consistency coefficient, $$K$$
K
, and was fitted to suspensions with a shear thinning liquid phase, i.e. having a flow index, $$n$$
n
, of 0.50. With the calculated fit parameters, it was possible to predict the consistency coefficients of suspensions with a large variation in the shear rate dependency of the liquid phase ($$n$$
n
= 0.20–1.00). With increasing solid volume fraction, the flow indices of the suspensions were found to decrease for Newtonian and mildly shear thinning liquid phases ($$n$$
n
≥0.50), whereas they were found to increase for strongly shear thinning liquid phases ($$n$$
n
≤0.27). It is hypothesized that this is related to interparticle friction and the relative contribution of friction forces to the viscosity of the suspension. The proposed model is a step towards the prediction of the flow curves of concentrated suspensions with non-Newtonian liquid phases at high shear rates.