bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detector thickness effects on nanosecond-gated imager response
Authors: Looker Quinn , Colombo Anthony P. , Porter John L. 
Published: May 2021

Hybrid CMOS multi-frame imagers with exposure times down to ∼2 ns have made significant impacts in high energy density physics and inertial confinement fusion research. The detector thickness is a key parameter in both detector quantum efficiency and temporal response. The Icarus hybrid CMOS imager has been fabricated with Si detector thicknesses of 8, 25, and 100 µm. The temporal response of imaging sensors with exposure time down to 2 ns has been examined and compared to directly measured photodiode current. The 100-μm thick variant displays extended features related to charge carrier collection and is more susceptible to field collapse. We also demonstrate charge collection time effects on spatial response.
Belief polarization in a complex world: A learning theory perspective
Authors: Haghtalab Nika , Jackson Matthew O. , Procaccia Ariel D. 
Published: May 2021

SignificanceDifferences in beliefs within a society are a prevalent human phenomenon. A standard explanation for polarized beliefs relies on “echo chambers” that expose people to different sources of information. However, there is ample evidence that people sustain different beliefs even when faced with the same information, and they interpret that information differently—facts often attributed to a confirmatory bias. We suggest models of how humans form beliefs based on machine learning theory. These models show how stark differences in beliefs can arise and endure due to human limitations in interpreting complex information. Our framework illuminates inherent challenges and potential ways of overcoming polarization.
Protein structure–based gene expression signatures
Authors: Rahman Rayees , Zatorski Nicole , Hansen Jens , Xiong Yuguang , van Hasselt J. G. Coen , Sobie Eric A. , Birtwistle Marc R. , Azeloglu Evren U. , Iyengar Ravi , Schlessinger Avner 
Published: May 2021

Significance
Gene expression signatures (GES) are used to define phenotypes, such as cell and tissue state, or the effects of perturbagens. GES have suffered from vague assessment criteria and limited reproducibility. Here, we show that combining protein structure features with GES using deep learning approaches significantly enhances the reliability of the transcriptomic signatures across datasets representing various phenotypes, including relationships among tissues and drugs.
Reversed-engineered human alveolar lung-on-a-chip model
Authors: Huang Di , Liu Tingting , Liao Junlong , Maharjan Sushila , Xie Xin , Pérez Montserrat , Anaya Ingrid , Wang Shiwei , Tirado Mayer Alan , Kang Zhixin , Kong Weijia , Mainardi Valerio Luca , Garciamendez-Mijares Carlos Ezio , García Martínez Germán , Moretti Matteo , Zhang Weijia , Gu Zhongze , Ghaemmaghami Amir M. , Zhang Yu Shrike 
Published: May 2021

SignificanceThis work reports the development of a physiologically relevant human alveolar lung-on-a-chip model, composed of a three-dimensional (3D) porous hydrogel made of gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) featuring an inverse opal structure, bonded to a compartmentalized chip device that provides air–liquid interface and cyclic breathing motions. Significantly, this GelMA structure has a high similarity to native human alveolar sacs in that they both possess sac-like pores and interconnecting windows between the sacs, in addition to a stiffness similar to the native human distal lung. We showed through multiscale analyses that our 3D GelMA inverse opal structure was better able to maintain the functions of primary human alveolar epithelial cells in a more in vivo-like manner compared with planar models.
Strategic placement of an obstacle suppresses droplet break up in the hopper flow of a microfluidic soft crystal
Authors: Bick Alison D. , Khor Jian Wei , Gai Ya , Tang Sindy K. Y. 
Published: May 2021

Significance
Order can emerge spontaneously from collective interactions in many-body systems. This work reports an unexpected order from the interactions between an obstacle and highly confined water-in-oil drops flowing in a 2D hopper. This geometry-mediated order suppresses droplet break up drastically at the hopper exit in the fast flow limit where no order has been observed before. The results are important to the understanding of out-of-equilibrium many-body systems and can find use in other soft systems such as foams, gels, biological cellular aggregates, and systems with soft long-range interactions, including merging traffic. Practically, the findings can facilitate the design of droplet microfluidic systems for the flow control of these drops as microreactors and extrusion-based 3D printing of emulsion-based materials.
Discovery of a body-wide photosensory array that matures in an adult-like animal and mediates eye–brain-independent movement and arousal
Authors: Shettigar Nishan , Chakravarthy Anirudh , Umashankar Suchitta , Lakshmanan Vairavan , Palakodeti Dasaradhi , Gulyani Akash 
Published: May 2021

SignificanceThis study highlights the breathtaking sophistication of form and function possible with eye-independent light-sensory systems. We have discovered a body-wide sensory organization of unique photoreceptor cells that allows even head-removed flatworms to move like intact animals, revealing the mechanistic framework underpinning one of the most sensitive eye–brain-independent photoresponses known. Distinct from the ocular system, the body-wide sensory array matures in adult-like animals, can trigger arousal of intact animals from a “resting-state” and employs “noncanonical” opsins. Our discovery of a body-wide network of photoreceptor cells triggering coordinated movement is intriguing and conceptualizes how “dispersed”-sensory nodes may network to control outputs typically through a centralized brain. Our work illustrates how eye-independent systems can deeply influence animal physiology and behavior.
A simple expression for the strength of selection on recombination generated by interference among mutations
Authors: Roze Denis 
Published: May 2021

Significance
Recombination between parental chromosomes during meiosis represents an important source of genetic novelty and is thought to be the main evolutionary benefit of sexual reproduction. However, the evolutionary forces driving the rapid evolution of recombination rates demonstrated by comparisons between populations or closely related species remain obscure. This article provides mathematical quantification of the selective advantage of a mutation increasing the genetic map length (average number of cross-overs occurring at meiosis) of a whole genome due to the increased efficiency of selection against deleterious alleles. It shows that the advantage of recombination can be expressed as a simple expression of the mutation rate per unit map length, providing a simple way of evaluating its plausible order of magnitude.
Phylogenomic conflict coincides with rapid morphological innovation
Authors: Parins-Fukuchi Caroline , Stull Gregory W. , Smith Stephen A. 
Published: May 2021

Significance
We demonstrate that instances of high gene-tree conflict (discordance in phylogenetic signal across genes) in mammals, birds, and several major plant clades correspond to rate increases in morphological innovation. We suggest that gene-tree conflict and rapid phenotypic change across major clades of vascular plants, mammals, and birds are often the result of coincident population processes (e.g., changes in population size, rapid speciation, and incomplete lineage sorting). Closer examination of these coincident patterns will contribute to a stronger understanding of the microevolutionary dynamics underlying the emergence of phenotypic patterns typically only observable over deep time. Our findings indicate that patterns of gene-tree conflict, occurring episodically across the Tree of Life, offer clues toward understanding the population-level processes driving major evolutionary transitions.
Physical tuning of galectin-3 signaling
Authors: Farhadi Shaheen A. , Liu Renjie , Becker Matthew W. , Phelps Edward A. , Hudalla Gregory A. 
Published: May 2021

SignificanceThe family of carbohydrate-binding proteins known as galectins receive considerable attention for their ability to modulate cell behavior in both normal and pathological settings. Galectin-3, for instance, can crosslink membrane glycans to initiate, amplify, attenuate, or inhibit signal transduction pathways that lead to cell differentiation, proliferation, or death. However, understanding structure–function relationships of galectin-3 is challenged by its promiscuous glycan-binding properties and assembly into oligomers with undefined number of subunits or “valency.” Here, we address these challenges by providing a toolbox of synthetic galectin-3 oligomers with tunable valency. Cell-based studies with these oligomers suggest a role for physical size as a structural determinant of galectin-3 signaling function, in addition to the increased binding strength typically associated with multivalency.
Echolocating bats rely on an innate speed-of-sound reference
Authors: Amichai Eran , Yovel Yossi 
Published: May 2021

Significance
Animals rely on their senses to survive and reproduce. Sensory systems are subject to a trade-off between the advantage of flexibility that often comes with a cost of a prolonged learning period and the advantage of innateness, which is less successful in dealing with altered environments. Most bat species rely on echolocation—emitting sound signals and analyzing the returning echoes. An object’s distance can be assessed using echolocation given a reference to the speed of sound. Since bats experience a range of speeds of sound, we tested whether the encoding of the speed of sound is innate or learned. We found that bats’ reference to the speed of sound is innate and that it is not flexible during adulthood.
A global carbon and nitrogen isotope perspective on modern and ancient human diet
Authors: Bird Michael I. , Crabtree Stefani A. , Haig Jordahna , Ulm Sean , Wurster Christopher M. 
Published: May 2021

SignificanceThe carbon and nitrogen isotope composition of human tissues can be used to infer dietary information. We transformed isotope compositions of 13,666 modern and ancient analyses to make them comparable on a common scale. This reveals that the isotope dietary breadth of modern humans is highly compressed when compared to populations predating the development in 1910 of modern industrial fertilizer by the Haber–Bosch method. However, modern humans that still use “traditional” subsistence strategies retain remarkably similar isotope dietary breadth to all pre-Haber–Bosch human populations. Increased reliance on industrial agriculture and pastoralism is resulting in a cascade of “rewiring” to remaining food webs globally that can reduce the resilience of global ecosystems in the face of accelerating environmental change.
Intranasal vaccination with influenza HA/GO-PEI nanoparticles provides immune protection against homo- and heterologous strains
Authors: Dong Chunhong , Wang Ye , Gonzalez Gilbert X. , Ma Yao , Song Yufeng , Wang Shelly , Kang Sang-Moo , Compans Richard W. , Wang Bao-Zhong 
Published: May 2021

Significance
A noninvasive intranasal (i.n.) influenza vaccine can induce mucosal immune responses in respiratory tracts, preventing infection at the portal of virus entry. However, the absence of appropriate mucosal adjuvants at present hinders the development of such a vaccine. Here, we developed polyethyleneimine-functionalized two-dimensional graphene oxide nanoparticles (GP) that showed high antigen-loading capacities and superior immunoenhancing properties. Robust and broadly reactive immune responses were induced with i.n. immunization with GP-HA nanoparticles, conferring protection against homologous and heterologous viruses. With versatility and flexibility, GP nanoparticles can be easily adapted for constructing mucosal vaccines of different respiratory pathogens.
Conditional sanctioning in a legume–
Rhizobium
mutualism
Authors: Westhoek Annet , Clark Laura J. , Culbert Michael , Dalchau Neil , Griffiths Megan , Jorrin Beatriz , Karunakaran Ramakrishnan , Ledermann Raphael , Tkacz Andrzej , Webb Isabel , James Euan K. , Poole Philip S. , Turnbull Lindsay A. 
Published: May 2021

Significance
Legumes, like peas, beans, and lentils, are high in protein because they form associations with specialized nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Plants provide the bacteria with carbon and receive nitrogen in return, but some bacterial strains provide more nitrogen than others. We show that pea plants supply resources to strains that are poor at fixing nitrogen only if they have no other choice. If a better strain is present, resources are withheld. This indicates that legumes can make conditional decisions, giving them remarkable control over their symbiotic partners. This knowledge could allow selection of plants that are better at discriminating among strains and improve understanding of soil bacterial populations. Both could help to increase yields in agricultural settings, where poor fixers are common.
Compliant 3D frameworks instrumented with strain sensors for characterization of millimeter-scale engineered muscle tissues
Authors: Zhao Hangbo , Kim Yongdeok , Wang Heling , Ning Xin , Xu Chenkai , Suh Judy , Han Mengdi , Pagan-Diaz Gelson J. , Lu Wei , Li Haibo , Bai Wubin , Aydin Onur , Park Yoonseok , Wang Jiaojiao , Yao Yao , He Yishan , Saif M. Taher A. , Huang Yonggang , Bashir Rashid , Rogers John A. 
Published: May 2021

Significance
Tissue-on-chip systems offer important capabilities in engineering of living tissues for diverse biomedical applications in disease model studies, drug screening, and regenerative medicine. Conventional approaches use two-dimensional layouts that cannot suppport interfaces to geometrically complex three-dimensional (3D) tissue constructs in a deterministic fashion. Here, we present concepts in engineering systems that allow intimate contact with and stable mechanical coupling to 3D tissues for high-precision measurements of tissue contractility, as demonstrated in 3D, millimeter-scale engineered skeletal muscle tissues. These compliant, 3D frameworks instrumented with advanced sensors and other functional electronics, may significantly enhance the capabilities of tissue-on-chip systems.
Pharmacological modulation of T cell immunity results in long-term remission of autoimmune arthritis
Authors: Huang Yi-Shu , Tseng Wen-Yi , Clanchy Felix I. L. , Topping Louise M. , Ogbechi Joy , McNamee Kay , Perocheau Dany , Chiang Nien-Yi , Ericsson Peter , Sundstedt Anette , Xue Zhong-Tian , Salford Leif G. , Sjögren Hans-Olov , Stone Trevor W. , Lin Hsi-Hsien , Luo Shue-Fen , Williams Richard O. 
Published: May 2021

SignificanceChronic inflammatory diseases are characterized by an imbalance between pathogenic T effector cells and regulatory T cells. In this report, we demonstrate that decitabine, a cytosine analog, has a rapid and sustained therapeutic effect in animal models of rheumatoid arthritis. Decitabine selectively targets T effector cells expressing ENT1, a nucleoside transporter, and generates robust regulatory T cells with the capacity to suppress immune-driven inflammation. This study identifies a path toward resetting tolerance in autoimmune disease using a repurposed drug.
Manipulating placebo analgesia and nocebo hyperalgesia by changing brain excitability
Authors: Tu Yiheng , Wilson Georgia , Camprodon Joan , Dougherty Darin D. , Vangel Mark , Benedetti Fabrizio , Kaptchuk Ted J. , Gollub Randy L. , Kong Jian 
Published: May 2021

SignificanceAlthough previous studies have extensively studied the neurobiological mechanisms of placebo and nocebo effects, ways to manipulate these effects to yield further benefits remain relatively unknown. We combined simultaneous repeated transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)-fMRI, an expectancy manipulation model, and task-based fMRI to investigate the modulatory effects of anodal and cathodal tDCS at the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on placebo analgesia and nocebo hyperalgesia. Our results suggest that active tDCS has the potential to boost placebo and blunt nocebo effects and modulate brain activity and connectivity associated with placebo analgesia and nocebo hyperalgesia. These findings provide deeper understanding of mechanistic manipulation of placebo and nocebo effects and may lead to improved clinical outcomes in medical practice.
Internet of Things Design on Chili Plants
Authors: Hardyanto R. Hafid , Ciptadi Prahenusa Wahyu , Mukhayat Nurdin 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This study aims to develop system application in chili plants. Chili is a fruit commodity that cannot be released in daily needs. This plant is widely used to meet the need for vitamins and minerals necessary for growth and health. Many factors influence the development of plant cultivation, for example temperature, soil pH, humidity, the need for irradiation or light intensity used, and other factors. All of these are a combination that must be known in order to produce good chili plant growth. This study aims to produce a system design for monitoring the growth of chili plants based on the internet of things. The method used in this study uses a waterfall. The results of the study resulted in an IoT design on chili plants that is ready to be tested on a large scale.
Utilization of Information Technology for Kudus Local Values
Authors: Khamidah Noor , Utaminingsih Sri , Kanzunnudin Mohammad 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe purpose of this research is to discribe the local wisdom value about rebo wekasam in jepang village, the terminology of Rebo Wekasan is special Rebo (Wednesday) because it doesn’t look like another Wednesday. Its term is understandable, because Rebo Wekasan is last Wednesday in Shofar, second month in hijriyyah calendar. This research is using qualitative approach. Technic of data collecting is using literature review, interview, observation, recording, taping, and photography. The result showed that rebo wekasan tradition is having local wisdom value. The value itself is consisting of leadership value, devotion value, tradition value and cultural value.
Photocatalytic Activity of Ag-ZnO Nanocomposites Integrated Essential Ginger Oil Fabricated by Green Synthesis Method
Authors: Abbas Asaad M. , Abid M. A. , Abbas Khaldoon N. , Aziz Wisam J. , Salim A. A. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Facile and eco-friendly green synthesis route was used to fabricate pure ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) and silver doped ZnO nanocomposites (Ag-ZnO NCPs) using essential ginger oil (EGO) as reduction agent. These Ag-ZnO NCPs were determined and characterized via various analytical tools such as X-ray diffraction, FESEM, and UV-Vis spectrophotometer. X-ray diffraction patterns confirmed the crystallinity of single ZnO that showed a hexagonal wurtizite (HW) structure with preferential orientation in the (100) direction and the Ag NPs verified face center cubic (FCC) structure with preferred orientation in the (111) direction. The FESEM images exposed uniformly distributed triangle cages of ZnO NPs and nanowires shape of Ag-ZnO NCPs. The UV-Vis absorption band of as-synthesized Ag-ZnO NCPs showed sharp and minor peaks at 395 nm and 550 nm. Photocatalytic activity of Ag-ZnO NCPs was obtained through methylene orange (MO) dye degradation tests, which exhibited remarkable photodegradation efficiency around ≈ 90% after 150 min under UV light. In contrast, single ZnO revealed photodegradation efficiency ≈ 84% at 150 min UV light exposure. These Ag-ZnO NCPs can offer a great potential for large demands of semiconductor applications.
Stern-Volmer Mechanistic Study on Transition Metals Embedded onto Optical Fibre for Dissolved Oxygen Sensing And Monitoring: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Shamsudin M S , Syuhada A , Rusop M , Mohamad F , Harun S W , Aziz M S 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration is the most critical parameter to evaluate water quality, commonly addressed in global freshwater, and seawater aquacultures. Research trends and patterns on optical fibre for environmental DO sensing and monitoring, specifically, photonics, are rising and revolutionilising the current practices. Transition metals have emerged as a promising material for use in determining DO concentration in the water. Their unusual physicochemical and optical properties enable them to be used as an oxygen-sensitive dye and a so-called waveguide in thin-film that can be easily integrated with optical fibre. Thus, the selection of transition metals is important in the early phase of this research to design the optical-based transducers for DO sensing and monitoring. The DO concentration needs to be accurately measured in real-time, as its change is a continuous dynamic process. Gaps were identified utilising various transition metals embedded onto optical fibre for the in-situ determination of DO concentration in the water, contributing new knowledge for future scholarly work. The detection mechanism of DO concentration in the water with various transition metals is briefly outlined and concludes by addressing the real world’s laboratory-scale challenges. In short, we focus on the Stern-Volmer model for mechanistic study on transition metals for DO sensing and monitoring.
Deep Learning: Classification and Automated Detection Earlier of Alzheimer’s Disease Using Brain MRI Images
Authors: Kadhim Karrar A. , Mohamed Farhan , Khudhair Zaid Nidhal 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) progression can be avoided by conducting diagnosis beforehand. This diagnosis acquired quick preventive care which could be possibly done by specialists. Fast and accurate evaluation at the earliest and most challenging stage were required to detect in the diagnosis of AD. In this paper, previous studies were reviewed into a better approach that recognizes the presence of disease in sagittal magnetic resonance automatically (MRI) images that are unusually used. The MRI brain images were used to identify and distinguish characteristics using a range of characteristics recognition techniques. The review of research papers on Alzheimer’s Disease published in reputable journals from 2017 to 2020 were presented and discussion of various strategies related to the latest tools used in early diagnosis is our main focus in this study, which could enable researchers to understand current algorithms and techniques in this area, and eventually develop new and more effective algorithms.
Multilayer SiC/C Thin Film Coating on Fiber Tip for Raman Probe Application
Authors: Samsudin Nur Nabilah , Omar Muhammad Firdaus 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A novel technique in the fabrication of an optical filter that is made up of multilayer thin film is introduced in this study. Multiple layers of silicon carbide and carbon with high and low refractive index materials respectively will be deposited alternatively with a various thickness on a glass substrate by radio frequency magnetron sputtering of 99% purity of silicon carbide as the target. The variation of structure and optical properties of the films are studied by using X-ray reflectivity (XRR), Raman scattering spectroscopy, and UV–vis-NIR spectroscopy until it reached the desired results and meet the specification as Raman optical filter. The thin film is then placed on a multimode fiber tip as Raman edge filter. Raman fingerprint of specific alcohol (ethanol) obtained is tested using a fabricated filter with the standard spectrum. The preliminary result of SiC thin film fabrication for 30, 60 and 90 minutes by sputtering process showed rate of deposition obtained is 3.17nm/min. The results demonstrate that the optical properties of silicon carbide thin film can be monitored by modifying the condition of silicon carbide and carbon deposition.