bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of genotype on lamb carcass characteristics
Authors: Johnston S.D. , Steen R.W.J. 
Published: November 2021

The most important consideration in quality lamb production is the breed genotype used. Much work has examined a selection of terminal sire breeds, but less emphasis has been placed on assessing the influence of the female genotype on carcass quality. The benefits of the Texel breed in terms of higher carcass lean content has been highlighted (More O’Ferrall and Timon, 1977; Kempster et al 1987), but it has been suggested that Texel lambs are penalised under current MLC grading guidelines. Leymaster and Jenkins (1993) reinforced this suggestion by indicating that Texel sired lambs deposited proportionally more subcutaneous and less intermuscular fat than Suffolk sired lambs.This study was carried out to compare the Dutch Texel (DT) and Suffolk (S) breeds as terminal sires and crossed with Greyface (GF) and Suffolk Cheviot (SC) dams. The effect of the proportion of DT blood in lambs on carcass quality was also examined. For this purpose GF, DT x GF and pure DT lambs were compared.
Effects of inoculant application to silage immediately prior to feeding to young growing cattle on silage intake, digestibility and rumen volatile fatty acid concentrations
Authors: Keady T.W.J. , Steen R.W.J. 
Published: November 2021

In a series of production studies undertaken at this Institute with growing and finishing beef and dairy cattle an inoculant based on a single strain of Lactobacillus plantarum ,when applied to easy and difficult-to-ensile herbage, has produced considerable benefits in terms of silage intake and animal performance without any apparent improvement in silage fermentation. More recently detailed studies have shown that treatment of herbage at ensiling with the same inoculant has resulted in increased degradability of nitrogen (N) in the rumen, and total tract digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), N, neutral detergent fibre (NDF), and modified acid detergent fibre (MADF). Treatment with the inoculant has also altered rumen volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations by increasing rumen propionate and decreasing acetate concentrations.It has been suggested that the effects of inoculant treatment on silage DM intake may be due to the presence of the applied bacteria when they reach the rumen rather than their effects in the silo.
Difficulties implementing diet selection strategies on the farm
Authors: Rose S.P. 
Published: November 2021

This paper deals with practical systems where growing pigs or poultry are allowed to self select from two or more feeds. Most commonly a selection between just two feeds has been studied. Only systems are discussed that gave a choice of two feeds where a combination of these feeds gave a combined diet composition that approximately met the nutrient requirements of the pigs or poultry.Data from singly housed choice-fed animals is most valuable in evaluating their ability to select a suitable nutrient intake. A number of experiments have been published indicating that growing pigs have a poor ability to select different proportions of two feeds. Pigs can discriminate between feeds on the basis of their concentration of crude protein or amino acid. However, the majority of pigs eat predominantly one feed even though a mixture of two feeds would be a more appropriate choice.
Effect of ammonia treatment on rate of adaptation of newly-housed store lambs to eating wheat straw
Authors: Adesogan A T , Owen E 
Published: November 2021

Earlier work has shown that newly-housed, previously-pastured lambs are reluctant to eat straw. This experiment monitored intake and diet-induced behaviour patterns in newly-housed lambs with the aim of determining the effect of ammoniation on rate of adaptation to straw diets.Sixteen, 35 kg lambs were selected from a flock of seven month old, Suffolk cross Mule lambs which had been pastured from weaning and had no previous experience of straw. Lambs were housed in October in individual, continuously- lit, open-side pens and fed untreated or ammonia-treated (100 1/t of 320 g/kg ammonia) winter wheat straw. Ammonia treatment was by the stack method (Sundstol and Coxworth, 1984) and the straw offered was collected in 20 kg wads every other day from stacks kept in an open-sided barn. A completely randomised design with eight replicate lambs per treatment was used to compare straw types. Sufficient straw was offered to allow daily refusals of at least 300 g/kg offered during the 21-day trial. A barley-based supplement was fed at 240 g dry matter (DM)/d. Nitrogen contents of both straw types were monitored with a LECO FP-228 automatic nitrogen determinator while the total content of neutral and acid detergent fibres were analysed using the method of Goering and Van Soest (1970). Thein vitro dry matter digestibility (DMD, Tilley and Terry, 1963) of the straw offered was also monitored. A concurrent behaviour study involved recording the activity (eating, drinking, idling or ruminating) every 5 minutes for 9 h on day 1 and 12 h on days 8 and 16 of the 21-day trial.
Digestive utilization during postweaning period in churra lambs: effect of previous level of milk intake and protein content in the diet
Authors: Manso T. , Mantecón A.R. , Castro T. , Chaso M.A. , GirÃ¡ldez F.J. 
Published: November 2021

Some recents studies (Manso et al., 1993; Iason and Mantecon, 1992) have indicate changes in dimensions of digestive tract in response to pattern of nutrient supply during lamb growth. The extent of this changes could be influenced with the age or stage of maturity at wich the different feeding strategies are applied (O 'Donovan, 1984; Ryan, 1990) and could affect the digestive diet utilization during lamb growth. Knowledge of variation of digestive diet utilization can help in developing strategies to optimize the use of feedstuff by animals.The objetive of this work was to study the effect of level of intake during milk fed period and undegradable protein content in the diet during post-weaning period on the apparent digestibility of postweaning diet in Churra lambs two weeks after weaning and at 20 Kg live weight (LW).
Tethering of grazing goats in tanzania: effect of tethering for 4 or 8 hours daily on intake and milk yield of norwegian cross local goats grazing brachiaria in the wet season
Authors: Sendalo D S C , Owen E , Mtenga L A , Romney D L , Penning P D , Mayes R W 
Published: November 2021

The experiment formed part of a development programme to improve tethering practice and increase liquid milk production from grazed goats on smallholder farms. A local survey in upland (Mgeta) and lowland (Mlali) districts near Morogoro (Sendalo, Mtenga, Ngapongora, Minde, Owen, Romney and Gill, 1994) indicated that goats were tethered at sites of grazing for 4 to 8 hours (h) daily (d), with the animals being housed, generally without additional feeding, at other times. The survey also indicated that tethering was a particularly common method of controlling grazing during the wet, crop-planting/crop growing period.The experiment therefore compared the milk production of lactating goats tethered to graze during the wet season for 4 or 8 h per day. An attempt was made to measure intake during grazing. The experiment tested the hypothesis that goats tethered to graze for 4 h/d would be unable to consume as much grass as those grazed for 8 h/d and consequently, would produce less milk.
Effect of extended photoperiod on appetite, growth and reproductive endocrinology in red deer stag calves
Authors: Davies M H , Parkinson T J , Douthwaite J A , Deakin D W 
Published: November 2021

Deer experience a period of reduced appetite and growth in winter which has a major impact on venison supply. Photoperiod manipulation has been shown to modify this. The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effect of extended photoperiod and the modifying effect of dietary energy supply in red deer stag calvesForty red deer stag calves born in May/June 1992 were weaned in mid-September and put indoors on a grass silage-based ration. On 30 September the stag calves were weighed and randomised to four treatments groups on the basis of liveweight.
The relationship between gas production from washed and unwashed feeds and in sacco dry matter, degradability of feeds
Authors: Harris D. M. , Chamberlain A. T. 
Published: November 2021

An in vitro technique (Theodorou, 1993) to determine the Dry Matter degradation by measuring the amount of gas produced may reduce the need for in situ degradability studies. A strong relationship has been shown for cereal straws (Blummel and Orskov 1993) but little work has used concentrate feeds. Washing a feed contained in a dacron bag will remove a fraction containing soluble material and fine particles. The relative contributions of these components to the gas production in vitro is unknown. This work investigated if removal of this ‘a’ fraction from concentrate feeds used in vitro would improve the relationship with the in situ degradablility.Samples of four feeds, winter beans (WB), soyabean meal (SBM), rapeseed meal (RSM) and spring barley (SPB) were ground through a 1mm screen. Half was machine washed in a dacron bag of pore size 43 um using a cold water cycle to provide the Washed feed (W) and the remainder left Unwashed (UW).
Moist wheat distillers grains for grass silage fed beef cattle
Authors: Rowlinson P , Marsh S P , Taylor W 
Published: November 2021

Brewery and distillery co-products such as Brewers Grains and Draff have long been recognised as effective forage replacers within cattle rations. Recently the value of these feeds as concentrate replacers has been demonstrated (Hyslop and Roberts 1990, Forbes and Johnson 1990) with 4kg of concentrates being typically replaced by 16kg of Brewers Grains or Draff within dairy cow rations.Moist wheat distillers grains (Supergrains) contain higher levels of dry matter, energy and protein compared to Brewers Grains or Draff. At the single distillery producing the co-product, the main raw material used is wheat with a small quantity of malting barley to assist in the enzyme conversion of starch. The cereals and yeast used in the process pass through the entire fermentation and distillation process with the material left after the spirit has been distilled off being concentrated by centrifugation to form Supergrains with a dry matter (g/kg), metabolisable energy (MJ/kg DM) and crude protent content (g/kg DM) of 260, 14.0 and 320 respectively..The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of replacing concentrates with Supergrains with bulls fed ad libitum grass silage.
An investigation of the effect of initial milk yield level on the response to sward height and concentrate supplementation in grazing dairy cows
Authors: Pulido R. , Leaver J.D. 
Published: November 2021

The increase of milk yield potential of dairy cows raises a number of questions relating to their management at pasture where the intake potential might be limiting. The interaction of initial milk yield (IMY), sward availability (SH) and level of concentrate supplementation (CI) is largely unknown.Two experiments of 42 and 24 days in spring and midsummer were carried out with 45 and 27 Holstein Friesian cows respectively. In spring, five IMY groups (range 16.9 to 35.5 kg/day) and in midsummer three IMY groups (range 22.2 to 31.8 kg/day) were used. In both periods, three compressed sward height(3 to 5, 5 to 7 and 7 to 9 cm) and three CI (0, 3 and 6 kg/day, with 160 g CP/kg DM, 12.8 MJ ME/kg DM) were used. The grazing area consisted of 7.9 ha of perennial ryegrass which was set stocked. The herbage intake (HDMI) was estimated indirectly from individual cow performance. Grazing time (GT) was recorded for each cow on 24 hour observations. Multiple regression analyses were carried out relating the dependent variables herbage intake, grazing behaviour and milk production to the independent variables (IMY, SH, CI).
Limitations in digestible methionine in the intestine (MetDI) for milk protein secretion in dairy cows fed a ration based on grass silage
Authors: Chilliard Y. , Rouel J. , Ollier A. , Bony J. , Tanan K. , Sloan B.K. 
Published: November 2021

The interest for increasing post-ruminal methionine supplies for dairy cows fed maize silage based rations has been clearly demonstrated (Sloan 1992). Theoretically grass silage based rations are also deficient in methionine in most dietary situations. Expressed as a percentage of PDIE (protein digestible in the small intestine when energy is limiting microbial protein synthesis in the rumen) the metDI value for grass silage approximates 1.95 compared to 1.97 for maize silage.This trial was conducted, to verify, if in practice, methionine alone could limit milk protein secretion in dairy cows fed grass silage based rations.
Effect of dietary fat level on lipoprotein composition in different breeds of pigs
Authors: Domenech M.P. , Barroeta A.C. , Sala R. , Codony R. 
Published: November 2021

Blood cholesterol concentration is associated positively with the incidence of atherosclerosis. Dietary, genetic and environmental factors may play an important role in the development of high serum cholesterol level (Grundy, 1986), specially the quality and quantity of dietary fat. Human and porcine lipoprotein metabolism is very similar, then pig has been established as a suitable animal in which determine relationship between nutrition and atherogenesis (Pond, 1986).The aim of this study was to determine the effect of an experimental diet supplemented with an 8% of added fat (27.67% saturated, 34.90% monounsaturated and 37.43% of polyunsaturated fatty acids) on lipoprotein composition in four different breeds of pigs.
The effects of enrichment on welfare, production and meat quality of the pig
Authors: Beattie V.E. , Walker N. , Farmer L.J. , Sneddont I.A. 
Published: November 2021

Enriching the housing of growing pigs by creating an environment which is responsive can stimulate behaviour patterns similar to that of pigs in semi-natural conditions (Beattie 1994, Simonsen 1990). These changes in behaviour in conjunction with the absence of tail-biting and ear chewing in enriched environments (Beattie, Sneddon & Walker 1993) are indicators of improved welfare (Signoret 1983).This study investigated the effect of enrichment on welfare, production performance and eating quality of the resultant pork. Welfare was assessed using behavioural measures.
Stoichiometry of in vitro fermentation of pure substrates with particular emphasis on methane production, using the cumulative gas production technique
Authors: Moss Angela R. , O'Callaghan Karen C. 
Published: November 2021

There is a need to be able to measure the methane producing potential of a range of feedstuffs under different rumen conditions in order to predict more accurately the amount of methane produced per animal. In vitro techniques using rumen fluid as an innoculum can be considered as models of in vivo rumen digestion and have been applied to estimate digestibility of feedstuffs. The in vitro gas production technique (Menke et. al., 1979) can be used successfully to estimate this but there has been limited attempts to use it to estimate the methane producing potential of feedstuffs. The objective was to assess the potential of the technique to do this.Three pure substrates, glucose (G), pectin (P) and cellulose (C) (lg) were pre-wetted in 94ml of medium D (Theodorou et. al., 1994). inoculated with strained rumen fluid (from wether sheep. 10ml) and incubated without agitation for 72h at 39Â°C.
Factors affecting the odour characteristics of pigmeat
Authors: Wood J.D. , Fisher A.V. , Nute G.R. , Whittington F.M. , Hoste S. 
Published: November 2021

The recent increase in slaughter weights and a wider range of genotypes in the UK might be increasing the risk of abnormal odours and flavours due to taints. This study investigated the role of skatole in the control of pigmeat odour characteristics and examined differences between genotypes based on the Large White - Landrace type or including some Meishan genes.Twenty-four pigs were slaughtered at each of 100,110, 120 and 130 kg live weight comprising 6 entire male and 6 female progeny from Manor Hybrid (MH) or Manor Meishan (MM) gilts, both crossed with Large White boars. The animals were grouped together in a straw yard at 39 kg live weight and given a diet containing 13.8 MJDE and 11g lysine per kg.
Controlling reproduction to meet future market requirements
Authors: Lowman B G 
Published: November 2021

The profitability of suckled calf production is closely linked to the number and value of calves weaned. Hence, herd fertility is a crucial measure of efficiency. For the commercial suckled calf producer fertility can be defined as the production of a viable, quality calf when required. While there are many factors influencing herd/individual conception rates, three of the most important are time, nutrition and calving difficulties.Conception rates to first oestrus post-partum are low, particularly where post-partum anoestrus periods are short. This effect can be clearly seen in trials monitoring over 1500 suckler cows where fertility was depressed if the interval between calving and mating was less than 30 days, ie the calving period extended over 50 days. Where however the post-partum anoestrus period is extended the depression in conception rate to first oestrus is less marked.
Energy balance of lactating cows given diets of grass silage and whole crop wheat
Authors: S.B.Cammell  , J.D.Sutton  , D.J.Humphries  , R.H.Phipps  , D.E.Beever  
Published: November 2021

A previous experiment (Sutton, Abdalla, Phipps, Cammell and Humphries, 1995) showed that low digestibility is a major cause of the poor utilisation of urea-treated whole crop wheat (WCW) by lactating cows. The purpose of the present experiment was to examine energy balance in more detail by means of indirect calorimetry.Four multiparous Holstein-Friesian cows were offered diets based on spring wheat (cv Axona), harvested on 11 August at 603 g dry matter (DM)/kg and preserved with 20 or 40 g urea/kgDM (WCW-20, WCW-40), and first-cut perennial ryegrass silage (GS). For GS, WCW-20 and WCW-40 respectively, DM was 213, 801 and 712 g/kg; crude protein (CP) 124, 163 and 171 g/kg DM; ammonia-N 3.1, 4.6 and 7.6 g/kg DM; pH 3.9, 6.7 and 7.2. The cows were offered four diets in a 4 X 4 latin square with 4-week periods starting 10 weeks after calving. In week 4 of each period urine and faeces were collected for 6 days and gas exchange was measured for 3 days in respiration chambers.
Protein supplementation of silage for ewes in late pregnancy
Authors: Vipond J.E. , Lewis M. , Povey G.M. 
Published: November 2021

Ewes fed good quality grass silage need low levels (0.4-0.6 kg/d) of concentrate supplement to satisfy energy requirements in late pregnancy. However, the UK Metabolisable Protein (MP) system predicts that using a low level of a typical 180 g/kg crude protein (CP) compound will result in an undersupply of MP and therefore a higher digestible undegradable protein (DUP) content of compounds is required. Although the benefits of supplying additional DUP to lactating ewes are well established there is little or no experimental evidence to support the practice of supplementing silage based diets with supplementary DUP. The objective of the experiment was to evaluate the response to supplementary DUP in silage based diets.One hundred and twenty five scanned Scotch Mule ewes were synchronised, mated to Texel rams and allocated to 5 treatments balanced for liveweight, condition score, litter size, and parity. Five supplements were formulated to supply varying amounts of DUP and eRDP.
Effects of maternal uterine environment and genotype on gestation length, lambing ease and growth characteristics of lambs
Authors: Dwyer C.M. , Lawrence A.B. , Brown H.E. , Simm G. 
Published: November 2021

Perinatal lamb mortality remains a major welfare and economic concern for the sheep farming industry. The vitality and teat-seeking abilities of the newborn lamb are fundamental to its survival and are likely to be greatly influenced by its physical characteristics and ease of birth. The following experiment used embryo-transfer techniques to distinguish between maternal and foetal genotype and environmental factors affecting gestation length, lambing ease and postnatal growth in two breeds of sheep with differing ewe and lamb liveweights.Thirty-eight Scottish Blackface (BF; mean liveweight (Â±s.e.m.) at lambing=54.25 kg Â±1.03) and 41 Suffolk ewes (S; 80.33 kg Â± 1.52) were given single purebred embryos obtained from 17 donor ewes and 10 sires. Embryos were transferred between ewes in a balanced design such that the following combinations were obtained: 18 BF ewes with BF lambs; 20 BF ewes with S lambs; 20 S ewes with BF lambs; 21 S ewes with S lambs.
The Effect of Feeding Different Sources and Levels of Oil on the Fatty Acid Composition of Bovine Milk
Authors: Mansbridge R J , Blake J S 
Published: November 2021

Medical authorities are increasingly recommending a reduction in the proportion of dietary energy derived from saturated fats (COMA). Milk processors are keen to identify new milk products for niche markets, and the production of 'healthier' milk may be required in the future. Dairy products are a major source of saturated fat in the diet and the work reported here examines the effect of feeding different sources of dietary oil on the fatty acid composition of bovine milk.In a 4 × 2 factorial experiment 96 Holstein cows were offered complete diets containing one of four oil sources, a calcium soap of palm fatty acid distillate(C), naked oats (O), pressure cooked whole soybeans (S) and partially oil extracted rapeseed (R), at two supplement to grass silage ratios (0.48:0.52 (low) or 0.70:0.30 (high)) in weeks 4 to 13 post calving.
Use of choice-feeding methodology to determine the optimum dietary protein concentration for intensively-reared lambs
Authors: Newbold J.R. , Morris H.W. , Haggis N.G. 
Published: November 2021

Feeding lambs a single ration, with a fixed protein:energy ratio, from weaning until slaughter will incur inefficiencies of protein utilisation if protein requirements (relative to energy requirements) vary with stage of growth. Kyriazakis and Oldham (1992) have demonstrated the ability of sheep to select systematically between diets of low and high protein content. The objective of this experiment was to use a choice-feeding methodology to identify optimum dietary protein concentrations at different stages of lamb growth.Eighty Suffolk cross-bred lambs were weaned at 6 weeks of age, blocked by sex and then live weight and allocated at random (within block) amongst 16 pens. Pens were allocated at random to one of two dietary regimens: SINGLE (concentrate containing 200g CP/kg as-fed) or CHOICE (free choice between concentrates containing 170 or 230g CP/kg as-fed).
A comparison of feed blocks or compound supplementary feeding systems for twin-bearing ewes during pregnancy and lactation
Authors: Chapple D. G. , Wheeler K. P. A. , Marsh S. P. 
Published: November 2021

The feeding of ewes in late pregnancy is critically important because this is a period of high foetal growth rate. Feed blocks have been used to replace compound feeds in both hill and upland flocks but there is limited information available on block-feeding to lowland flocks.To evaluate the replacement of trough-feeding with self-help feed blocks, for housed ewes fed good quality grass silage during late pregnancy, and to lactating ewes at grass.