bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Normative Basis for Regional Economy of Social Service Provision
Authors: Zhurukhin G I , Illarionov I V , Mokronosov A G 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The article states the growing interest in social services that aim to satisfy individual preferences of a consumer. According to many social studies, the interest in higher quality commercial services is also steadily increasing. The commercial services are demanded by the representatives of the middle class that take care of their elderly relatives and disabled children or support the dependents; and by the other categories of disadvantaged citizens. As the reform of pension provision develops, the share of population that demand social servicing and are able to pay for preferred social services will also rise.
The authors have defined the key elements of the organizational economic mechanism of adaptation of regional system of social servicing of the population to the market conditions of functioning: regional standards of social servicing of the population that determine the typology of social services, standard cost of a service, standards of targeted funding of non-commercial organizations that create the supply chain as an alternative to governmental organizations of social protection. The results of statistical study of the scope and structure of social services, assessed cost of social services with regard to their various types, forms of provision, and categories of consumers are shown by the example of the operational analysis of organizations of social protection of the population in the Ural region. The authors have brought forward arguments to apply standard methods to the formation process of basic economic standards in social economy. It has been proved that while formation of consolidated standard cost of social services, classified according to the categories of consumers, forms of provision, and types of social services, their resource intensity averages out with the coefficient of variation at a standard error rate (of 33%).
Territorial Protection of Rare Orchid Species (Orchidaceae) in the Nizhny Novgorod Region
Authors: Bakka S V , Yu Kiseleva N , Schestakova A A , Urbanavichute S P 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This study aims at the analysis of the current status of the territorial protection of rare orchid species in the Nizhny Novgorod region to solve the problems of further maintaining biodiversity in the region and developing the system of protected areas. The total area of 411 existing and 147 projected protected areas in the region together with buffer zones is 8350 km2 (11% of the region area). For the analysis, we used data from the Herbarium of the Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod (NNSU), scientific publications and data obtained by the authors during surveys in 1986–2019. To determine the level of territorial protection we used the frequency of occurrence of rare orchid species in the protected areas estimated in points. It was calculated at the basis on the share of the number of discovered locations of the species per the total number of findings of that species in the region. Also we took into consideration numbers and areas of protected areas where the orchid species are protected, their status and category (federal or regional, established or projected), as well as actual records of orchids on these areas over the past 20 years. A total of 19 rare orchid species are protected at 65 established and 11 projected protected areas of the Nizhny Novgorod region. Ten orchid species are recognized as well provided with territorial protection (52.6%). The level of territorial protection of 4 species is recognized as satisfactory. At the same time 4 species of orchids are poorly protected. The threat of extinction of these orchid species in the region is significant. Three species of orchids, which are probably extinct in the Nizhny Novgorod region, are absent in the protected areas. The number of rare species growing on existing protected areas ranges from 1 to 11 and depends on different criteria (level of the flora research, diversity of habitats) and has a weak positive correlation with the area (correlation coefficient – 0.46). We predict a significant increase in the number of finds of rare orchids in protected areas with a detailed flora inventory conducting. The system of protected areas established in the region as a whole provides a satisfactory level of protection for rare orchids. Nevertheless, the territorial protection of these plants needs to be improved.
Features of Electromagnetic Situation Estimation Near the 5G Base Station Antennas
Authors: Yu Zvezdina M , Shokova Yu A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The economic attractiveness of 5G networks influences the speed of their worldwide deployment drastically, putting the deployment process ahead of environmental studies. The analysis of 5G network parameters which affect the evaluation of electromagnetic ecology was carried out. It has shown the difference between 5G and 3G/4G networks in the frequency band number, network topology, transmitting power, the radiation parameters of antenna systems, as well as the antenna systems location relative to the service areas and in distance to possible people location. These differences resulted in the following conclusions: it is incorrect to use the decimeter wave propagation models for estimation, and it is incorrect to use maximum permissible power level per unit of human skin surface area as an exposure criterion as well. Hence, the current documents for electromagnetic ecology regulation do not reflect the electromagnetic background of 5G networks. The article presents two possible ways to solve the detected contradiction: medical and biological research for 5G frequencies; scientifically based generalization of international experience in regulation with a transition to the practice of recommendations. It is shown that since the medical and biological research in Russia began only in 2020, it is possible to use the V.I. Mordachev method for the transition period. It is proposed to use the total intensity of electromagnetic background in the territory of broadband networks deployment, which operate in several frequency bands, and to use the old exposure criterion. In the paper the research results were given for a private case of 5G network functioning in three frequency bands (4.4 GHz, 24 GHz and 37 GHz) in Kaliningrad, St. Petersburg and Moscow. The given research results showed the environmental safety of the deployed networks. In addition, it was shown that the technique could be used to assess the electromagnetic ecology in the 5G network territory in the transition phase until new regulations are adopted.
Dynamics of the Length of the River Network of Elementary Watercourses in the Zone of Broad-leaved Forests under High Anthropogenic Pressure in the XXI Century (on the example of the catchment area of the Birlya river in the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia)
Authors: Astashin A E , Pashkin O N , Vatina O E , Astashina N I , Fomina A I 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The article presents the results of research the dynamics of the length of the channel network of elementary watercourses within the territory of the catchment area of the Birlya river in the XXI century. The researched area is located in a zone of broad-leaved forests and characterized by high anthropogenic pressure on the landscape (high plowing and relatively high population density). The research is based on the materials of expedition work, carried out in the summer of 2020 and on geoinformation analysis of topographic map data. As a result of field work, the current position of the sources of elementary watercourses was realized, and the change in the length of rivers was calculated by comparing the position of it’s sources in 2001, recorded on topographic maps, with the position of the sources of rivers in 2020. Established the fact of multidirectional dynamics of the length of the channel network of elementary rivers in comparison with 2001 and the significant role of local conditions that determine this dynamics: the nature of agriculture, forest cover, ploughing, and the influence of animals.
Generation Scheduling of Hydro-dominated Provincial Power Grid: Problems and Solutions
Authors: Wang Liang , Miao Shumin , Ding Lijie , Wei Wei , Wang Jinlong , He Yong 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Hydro-dominated power grids such as Sichuan and Yunnan in China face many new problems in power generation scheduling that have not been encountered in the small- and medium -sized hydropower systems. This brings great challenges to the safety and efficiency of power system operations and large-scale absorption of clean energy such as hydropower. Sichuan Power Grid whose hydropower capacity ranks first in the country is taken as the background. With its hydropower status and actual operation requirements, this study analyzes several main problems of hydro-dominated power system operations, including curse of dimensionality of large-scale hydropower plants, generation safety control of giant hydropower units, hydropower transmission and absorption in flood season, and coordinated operations of inter-provincial hydropower plants on main streams. With the theory of hydropower optimization and practical experiences, this study also puts forward appropriate suggestions and strategies.
A Load-Based Method for Peak Operations of Cascaded Hydropower Stations
Authors: Wang Sen , Shen Jianjian , Li Shanzong 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Short-term generation scheduling of cascade hydropower stations has always been one of the core tasks of power system operations. However, with the rapid increase of the number of power stations and the complexity of operation constraints, it is facing more and more challenges to quickly obtain practical day-ahead generation schedules. Based on the practical project of Hongshui River, a load-based method for peak operations of cascaded hydropower stations is proposed. The method takes the maximum effective generation production of cascaded hydropower stations as the objective, and introduces the generation weight coefficient by referring to load profile change. The purpose is to make the hydropower station generate power according to the priority of load peak, average and valley so that the generation schedules effectively meet the peak-shaving demand of the power grid. Moreover, a heuristic search procedure is developed to guide reasonable load distribution of hydropower stations. The method has been applied to a cascaded hydropower stations on the main stream of Hongshui River. The computational efficiency and rationality of the results have been verified in a case study, which shows that it is a feasible and practical method to solve the short-term operation problem of cascaded hydropower stations.
Temperature Effect of Phosphonate-based Scale Inhibitors on Calcium Sulfate Scale in a High Salinity Environment
Authors: Hou J , Chen T , Han M , Bataweel M 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Calcium sulfate scale is one of the major scales causing lots of serious operating problems in water injection and oil production. It is necessary to conduct effective treatment when calcium sulfate precipitation occurs. Phosphonate-based scale inhibitors (SIs) are commonly used to control mineral scaling. In this work, the performances for calcium sulfate inhibition by four phosphonate-based SIs were investigated in high salinity and high hardness waters. Experiments at elevated temperatures (65°C, 90°C and 120°C) were conducted to demonstrate the effects of temperature on the scale inhibition efficiency. The results showed that a 100% inhibitive performance could be achieved in the addition of SI-2 at 65°C and 90°C with a dosage of <20 ppm. It was also observed that the inhibition rate on calcium sulfate decreased severely at a temperature up to 120°C.
Food Waste Behaviours at Buffet Restaurants in China
Authors: Wang Jiayu , Peng Cheng , Zhang Meixuan , Zhang Linfeng , An Jialin , Yang Xuewen , Fang Heyao , Fan Peiqi , Liu Miao 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Food waste is regarded as one of the most challenging issues in the world today with enormous environmental and socio-economic impacts, especially in China, where food waste produced per capita is estimated to be 44 kg per year. However, a review in literature suggests a lack of empirical studies investigating the motivations, management, legislation, policies, and initiative to decrease food waste in the most populated country in the world (with more than 1.4 billion residents). In this study, we collected data through participant observations, casual conversations, and in-depth interviews with 30 Chinese respondents at three buffet restaurants in Haikou, Hainan Province, a popular holiday destination in China. Findings suggest that food waste was significantly influenced by the misperception of the amount of food that a person expected to be able to eat. Food-saving behaviour was also observed as a result of high moral standards and self-discipline. Specifically, people exhibit a higher likelihood of food waste because of value for money. Patrons’ lack of environmental knowledge is more likely to contribute to wasteful behaviours. We proposed initiatives to reduce food waste at buffet restaurants in the concluding remarks of this paper.
A Two-period Game Theory Model in Subsidizing the Electric Vehicle Supply Chain with Used Electric Vehicle Batteries Remanufacturing Process
Authors: Gu Xiaoyu , Huang Hongfu , Song Yixuan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Electric vehicle batteries are usually retired when the performance drops to about 70% of factory performance. At this point, they can be remanufactured into raw materials for the production of new batteries. This paper studies a two-period vehicle supply chain consisting of government, an electric/gasoline vehicle manufacturer, a EV battery manufacturer and consumers with and without retired batteries’ remanufacturing process. The purpose is to understand government subsidy policy in these two different periods. By adopting Stackelberg game theory and Nash equilibrium, a mathematical model was developed. The study gives the optimal subsidy with and without battery remanufacturing process in different two periods. We also consider the quality and recycling rates of retired batteries, as well as the impact of raw material costs for new batteries and government environmental spending on subsidies and commodity prices such as vehicles and batteries. Meanwhile, the results show that government subsidy to EV manufacturers can be reduced when retired battery remanufacturing process exists. Increasing in retired batteries’ quality, recycling rates, and the cost of raw materials for new batteries will lead to a reduction in government subsidies; but a rising of government spending on environmental protection will lead to the need for more subsidies to electric vehicle manufacturers.
Effects of Commercial Antioxidants Applied in Ovo on Chorioallantoic Membrane and Putative Plasma Vitellogenin of Philippine Mallard (Anas platyrynchos L.)
Authors: Vega Renato SA , Adiova Christine B , Nas John Sylvester B , Cerico Desiree Joy V , Manalo David D 
Published: March 2021

AbstractTwo experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of different antioxidants and its overdose (4x)in ovo. Experiment 1 were grouped as vitamin C, MegaAntioxidant®and Proflavanol C®, while experiment 2 were grouped as 100, 200 and 400ppm of MegaAntioxidant®having positive and negative control for both. The 200 fertile eggs in each experiment were injected with 100ul/egg of treatment solution and placebo (positive control), except negative control. Embryonic weight and body measurements were taken weekly (7-21 d). The anti-angiogenesis using CAM at day 4 was accomplished. Determination of putative vitellogenin (VTG) was done at 28thday using SDS-PAGE. Both experiments showed comparable embryonic weight, body length, and head diameter indicating no deleterious effects of different antioxidants and MegaAntioxidants®at high doses. Absence of red blemishes of liver was observed in three different antioxidants. The CAM resulted to lesser blood vessel formation significantly at 200 and 400 ppm MegaAntioxidant®. Further, the 175 kDa putative VTG, was present in vitamin C, Proflavanol C®, positive control and negative control, except MegaAntioxidant®. The results imply that MegaAntioxidant®having 32 different antioxidants could have protected the liver, spared VTG synthesis and had anti-angiogenic property at 200 and 400ppm doses.
Effects of Water Absorption on Mercury Contamination in Fiberbank Sediments using X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer
Authors: An Siwen , Zeeshan Faisal , Norlin Börje , Thungström Göran 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A large amount of contaminated cellulose and wood fibers were emitted directly onto the seabed by the pulp and paper industry before the year of 1970. This fiber-rich sediment contains concentrations of hazardous substances that cause environmental problems. Mercury (Hg) in the fiber sediment is a worldwide threat because it can bioaccumulate in the aquatic ecosystem and eventually affect human health. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis is an elemental analysis method for earth materials, which is rapid and requires minimal sample preparation. However, for in-situ XRF analyses, constraints in the measurement conditions will strongly affect the measurement sensitivity and accuracy, such as the scattered background and the water content surrounding the sample. In this work, we showed that applying an X-ray beam filter foil, optimized by using the material absorption edge, can improve the sensitivity of the XRF spectrometer system for Hg determination. Furthermore, the influence of water content in XRF measurement for Hg contamination analysis was investigated. The attenuation coefficient in water was determined by simulation of water layer with varying thickness using a Monte Carlo simulation code. The measured intensity for Hg was decreased exponentially as the water thickness increase, as expected. We propose a method to correct the attenuation in water with XRF analysis and we expect that these findings can contribute to an accurate in-situ Hg detection experiment.
Performance of Oil Palm Frond Fiber as Filtration Material in Palm Oil Mill Effluent Treatment
Authors: Lee Man Djun , Mohamad Nur Fathin Amirah , Hassan Norhasmillah Abu , Lee Pui San 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Over the years, oil palm waste management has always been a severe issue for the palm oil industry. The growing demand for palm oil contributes to the rapid raising of biomass waste and effluent discharge. This study aims to use oil palm frond fibre (OPF) as media filter material to treat wastewater generated by the palm oil mill itself; known as palm oil mill effluent (POME). POME contains high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and is highly acidic, which is very harmful to the environment if discharged directly to the watercourse without proper treatment. OPF fibre is selected due to its fascinating properties such as high cellulase content, readily available, biodegradable and non-toxic. Several arrays of experiments are conducted to assess the effectiveness of OPF in POME pollutants removal. The parameters to determine the performance of pollutant reduction of this study are COD, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids (TSS), and pH. OPF filters are arranged in a different ratio, particle size and even paired with other filter media materials, such as activated carbon and sand to determine the best treatment result. Findings indicate that the OPF filter with a ratio of 4:3:3 fine, medium and coarse fibres yield the best results, which are 26.44% BOD removal, 55.21% COD removal, 98% TSS removal and pH of 5.77. The findings show that the OPF filter is significant in treating POME. OPF as filtration material could be a sustainable means in wastewater treatment since it is biodegradable and readily available in oil palm plantation as agricultural waste. The outcome of this study contributes to waste management and wastewater treatment. For future studies, OPF could be coupled with other treatment methods to achieve higher treatment performance to contribute to environmental sustainability.
Effect of the Pervious Concrete and Scoria Rock Permeability to Micro-Hydropower Generation from Stormwater
Authors: Rahman M F A , Kamal N A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Micro-hydropower is a most sustainable source of energy that may generate 2kW to 100kW of electricity. The production of electrical power of micro-hydropower is from kinetic energy converted into electrical energy by the flow of water through a drain or channel and distribute to the desire location. In urban areas, micro-hydropower is generated through the flow of water from surface runoff. The source of flow is surface runoff on the impermeable layer that contain particles and suspended solids. These particles and suspended solid are unfavourable for the turbines used in micro-hydropower as they may slow the rotation, thus decreasing the generation of electricity. Filter media is a significant component in micro-hydropower. Stormwater will permeate through the filter media and the flow will rotate the turbines to generate electricity. In this study, stormwater is treated through filter media of pervious concrete and scoria rocks. It is expected to improve the efficiency of the turbine rotation. This is important in maintaining the production of electricity through micro-hydropower.
A Micro-trigeneration Geothermal Plant for a Smart Energy Community: The Case Study of a Residential District in Ischia
Authors: Ceglia F , Marrasso E , Roselli C , Sasso M 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Improvements for islands sustainability subjected to strong anthropogenic pressures could be obtained by innovative solutions for energy supply by using local energy renewable sources. This paper analyses the possible benefits of a geothermal energy community, consisting of residential users, located in Ischia, an island of Naples in South of Italy. The proposed system is mainly based on an Organic Rankine Cycle plant interacting with a medium temperature geothermal source. This system satisfies both community’s pure electric load and electricity requests of the electric-driven heat pumps for space conditioning and domestic hot water demands. The entire system and residential users were modelled and dynamically simulated by considering hourly electric, thermal/cooling and domestic hot water loads variation during three reference days for winter, summer and intermediate season. The proposed plant was compared to a traditional system in which the electricity to meet the total community’s electric loads, is taken from the national power grid. The results highlight that the use of proposed system instead of traditional one allows to avoid 29.9 tons per year of CO2 emissions. Furthermore, this proposed system ensures the island-operation of community exploiting local renewable energy source and improving the energy independency.