bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recall from Office
Authors: Collins Richard B. , Oesterle Dale A. , Friedman Lawrence 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses Article XXI of the Colorado Constitution, titled “Recall from Office.” Added by citizens’ initiative in 1912, it established the constitutional right of voters to recall and replace public officials by petition and election. Section 1 subjects every “elective public officer of the state” to recall. Section 4 provides that elective officers of counties and cities may be recalled as provided by statute. It includes ambiguous language that can be read to say that every elected officer with governmental authority “shall be subject” to recall. Section 2 details the form of recall petitions, and Section 3 states the procedure for carrying out recalls.
The Voters’ Choice
Authors: Crook Malcolm 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Designated candidates seeking office play a central role in elections today, so it is a surprise to discover that in the past voters were free to name whom they wished on their ballot papers. In France, their choice was only restricted when declared candidatures were required for election to the Chamber of Deputies after 1889, though this liberty lasted much longer when it came to local elections. This raises the question of how individuals aspiring to office put themselves forward, in the absence of manifestos or publicity, when their talents were supposed to speak for themselves. Indeed, before the French Revolution, and even afterwards, to openly seek election was regarded as a disqualification, though this created confusion as votes were widely dispersed and those elected often declined to serve. Yet the reluctance to abandon this approach was not simply attachment to tradition, rather it constituted an assertion of the voters’ sovereign right to exercise an unfettered electoral choice, and to reject those offered to them as official candidates by the government or as the nominees of political parties.
Open Secrets
Authors: Crook Malcolm 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Precisely how votes were to be cast had a long-contested history in France, as elsewhere. A show of hands or voice-voting was the traditional way of reaching a decision in an electoral assembly, for public voting made sense in societies where illiteracy was widespread, though it inhibited individual expression. Immense problems were accordingly created when paper-balloting was imposed after the Revolution of 1789 and demanded a new technology. A pioneering proposal for a fully secure vote was actually made during the 1790s, but it was not adopted until 1914, when the French finally introduced both an envelope for the ballot paper and a polling booth where it was inserted in private. During the intervening century, though the ballot box was made more secure, the voter’s choice had largely remained an open secret, which suited those who sought to monitor the behaviour of the mass electorate. Yet, just as the ballot paper was becoming globally accepted, mechanical and then electronic voting was invented; it is employed in many countries today, but only to a very limited extent in France.
Pulse Oximetry in Anesthesia—The “Perfect” Medical Technology Use Case
Authors: Perakslis Eric D. , Stanley Martin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
It can be difficult to quantify progress or success when it comes to digital health, because there are many and highly varied stakeholders and perspectives to be considered, including some that are in opposition. Technological “advances” that bring clear benefits to patients, providers, and healthcare institutions are rare but do happen. In the 1980s, the first digital pulse oximeters changed the way blood oxygen saturation was monitored during surgery, an innovation that resulted in less pain for patients and better patient safety, superior real-time data for anesthetists, and greatly reduced surgical liability for hospitals. Inventions with such clear benefits to so many stakeholders remain rare three decades later. In this chapter, the evolution of digital pulse oximetry for oxygen saturation monitoring during surgical anesthesia is discussed via personal anecdote from the author.
Electronic Health Records
Authors: Perakslis Eric D. , Stanley Martin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A key opportunity for anticipating and understanding the potential risks and benefits of digital health is readily available in the form of electronic health records (EHRs). Touted as a transformation in health care and funded by tens of billions of dollars in federal investment, the outcomes remain mixed. Although the anticipated benefits of increased visibility to healthcare spending and utilization are real, the massive ongoing expense, the time taken away from clinical encounters, and the massive burden on clinicians are all frequently reported unsolved problems. The need to address all stakeholders, to obtain objective measurement, to spend equal time spent examining risks and benefits, and to achieve long-term sustainability are just a few examples of lessons learned from the implementation of EHRs that should be applied to digital health.
Nonadversarially Driven Toxicities
Authors: Perakslis Eric D. , Stanley Martin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The Internet and digital health tools have brought us the convenience of online medical appointment scheduling, quick access to definitions of medical terms, and many other conveniences and capabilities, but these are not without concurrent risks of harm. Widespread availability of self-care tools has the potential for overdiagnosis and overtreatment. Fixation upon potential medical conditions has led to increased cyberchondria; and convenience, when taken to far, can drive risky practices and overdependence on tools that are meant to aid in care but not intended to be reliable life support. In this chapter we examine the five nonadversarially driven toxicities of digital health in order to understand how human frailty, habit, and bias may exacerbate the risks of otherwise harmless and helpful digital health aids.
Conclusion
Authors: Qi Xiaoying 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The conclusion highlights how an examination of emerging family practices in China challenges the conventional approaches. Core expectations involving family obligation, marital intimacy, and intergenerational exchange depart from current conventional representations. The idea that descending familism characterizes a new norm is shown to overlook the ways in which private property shapes the consciousness of entitlement. Patriarchal elements inform relations between family members in ways that have not previously been encountered. Traditionally, only males could access family wealth; today, females have equal rights to shared property, as both spouses and daughters, and they may generate property through their own efforts that is theirs to deploy in their own terms. The conclusion expresses the hope that this book will stimulate and encourage further research on erstwhile neglected aspects of family life, as well as the development of new theoretical frameworks for understanding family dynamics, not only in China but more generally.
Current Recommendations on the Selection of Measures for Well-Being
Authors: VanderWeele Tyler J. , Trudel-Fitzgerald Claudia , Allin Paul V. , Farrelly Colin , Fletcher Guy , Frederick Donald E. , Hall Jon , Helliwell John F. , Kim Eric S. , Lauinger William A. , Lee Matthew T. , Lyubomirsky Sonja , Margolis Seth , McNeely Eileen , Messer Neil G. , Tay Louis , Vish Viswanath K. , Węziak-Białowolska Dorota , Kubzansky Laura D. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Measures of well-being have proliferated over the past decades. Very little guidance has been available about which measures to use in particular contexts. This chapter provides a series of recommendations, based on the present state of knowledge and the existing measures available, of which measures might be preferred in which contexts. The recommendations came out of an interdisciplinary workshop on the measurement of well-being and are shaped around the number of items that can be included in a survey and also based on the differing potential contexts and purposes of data collection such as, for example, government surveys, multiuse cohort studies, or studies specifically about psychological well-being. The recommendations are not intended to be definitive but instead to stimulate discussion and refinement and provide guidance to those relatively new to the study of well-being.
The Earth Is (Still) Our Mother
Authors: Hamill Chad S. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAs many large-scale protests by Indigenous people have articulated, lands inhabited by Indigenous communities (such as desert margins, small islands, lakes and rivers, high-altitude zones, and the circumpolar Arctic) are particularly vulnerable to the dramatic shifts in climate currently underway. The delicate ecosystems upon which Indigenous communities rely are in flux, and the accelerating rate of climate change—outpacing the direst scientific projections—amounts to a crisis that is every bit as threatening as the legacy of European colonialism. Fortunately, for millennia Indigenous communities have cultivated an intimate awareness of their ecology and have remained, throughout the era of world-wide industrial devastation, adept at adapting to environmental change. This awareness and adaptive power has been discussed within the framework of Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK). Using traditional stories and songs in Indigenous communities as a touchstone, this chapter will explore three interrelated aspects of TEK: (1) its role in assisting Indigenous communities in adapting to the effects of climate change; (2) its potential to inform and influence Western-generated climate science; and (3) its promise as a unifying thread tying Indigenous communities together, strengthening global self-determination.
Music Endangerment, Repatriation, and Intercultural Collaboration in an Australian Discomfort Zone
Authors: Treloyn Sally , Charles Rona Goonginda 
Published: April 2021

AbstractTo the extent that intercultural ethnomusicology in the Australian settler state operates on a colonialist stage, research that perpetuates a procedure of discovery, recording, and offsite archiving, analysis, and interpretation risks repeating a form of musical colonialism with which ethnomusicology worldwide is inextricably tied. While these research methods continue to play an important role in contemporary intercultural ethnomusicological research, ethnomusicologists in Australia in recent years have become increasingly concerned to make their research available to cultural heritage communities. Cultural heritage communities are also leading discovery, identification, recording, and dissemination to support, revive, reinvent, and sustain their practices and knowledges. Repatriation is now almost ubiquitous in ethnomusicological approaches to Aboriginal music in Australia as researchers and collaborating communities seek to harness research to respond to the impact that colonialism has had on social and emotional well-being, education, the environment, and the health of performance traditions. However, the hand-to-hand transaction of research products and represented knowledge from performers to researcher and archive back to performers opens a new field of complexities and ambiguities for both Indigenous and non-Indigenous participants: just like earlier forms of ethnomusicology, the introduction, return, and repatriation of research materials operate in “social spaces where disparate cultures meet, clash, and grapple with each other, often in highly asymmetrical relations of domination and subordination” (Pratt 2007 [1992]). In this chapter, we recount the processes and outcomes of “The Junba Project” located in the Kimberley region of northwest Australia. Framed by a participatory action research model, the project has emphasized responsiveness, iteration, and collaborative reflection, with an aim to identify strategies to sustain endangered Junba dance-song practices through recording, repatriation, and dissemination. We draw on Pratt’s notion of the “contact zone” as a “discomfort zone” (Somerville & Perkins 2003) and look upon an applied/advocacy ethnomusicological project as an opportunity for difference and dialogue in the repatriation process to support heterogeneous research agendas.
Ethical Friction
Authors: McGraw Andy 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis chapter describes a music program in the Richmond, Virginia, city jail and the ethical ambiguities arising from the author’s overlapping roles as organizer and observer. The author examines the vague boundaries between applied and academic ethnomusicology, voluntarism and work, and personal and institutional ethical standards. An ethnomusicological approach to music in jails and prisons exposes ethical frictions between policies, methodologies, and codes espoused by IRB (or other ethics review) boards, ethnomusicologists, their interlocutors, and academic societies. The tension between the author’s status as a volunteer and ethnographer raises a number of questions: How is ethical knowledge differently defined? Which definitions have more authority and how is that authority established? Where are the epistemological and ethical boundaries between academic and applied ethnomusicology? How is ethnographic knowledge connected to social change? An examination of the ethnomusicology’s relationship to IRBs reveals ongoing ethical ambiguities, especially regarding research on “vulnerable populations.” The author examines the ways in which IRBs might impede the production of public knowledge that would serve the ethical demands of social justice.
Thoreau’s Rainbow
Authors: Wilk Stephen R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In his famous book Walden, or Life in the Woods, Henry David Thoreau writes about the experience of walking through a rainbow. Since Thoreau is often praised for the accuracy of his observations of natural phenomena, what are we to make of this plainly unscientific description of a rainbow? A rainbow is a phenomenon that is always about 138 degrees (180 degrees – 42 degrees) away from the sun, and the impossibility of ever reaching it is enshrined in such stories as the Gold at the End of the Rainbow. Was he mistaken, or was he describing an emotional reaction to a natural wonder? And how critical should we be of him?
Barrel and Pincushion
Authors: Wilk Stephen R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
One of the five basic optical aberrations is Distortion. Whether the Distortion aberration has a positive or negative sign determines whether it is described as “Pincushion” or “Barrel” distortion. The origin of the term “Barrel” distortion is obvious—the image of a square object produced by an optical system with negative distortion resembles a classic “barrel” shape. But one with a positive coefficient produces a shape that is not that of the pincushions of my acquaintance. What kinds of pincushions inspired the name of this characteristic aberration, and who came up with it?
Walter Darcy Ryan and His Electric Scintillator
Authors: Wilk Stephen R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In order to publicize the capabilities of General Electric’s lighting department and to solicit more contracts, lead engineer Walter Darcy Ryan came up with a spectacular lighting effect. He called it the “Scintillator.” It was showcased at Wonderland, a local amusement park and to illuminate Niagara Falls, and then appeared at international exhibitions and World’s Fairs in New York, Chicago, San Francisco, and elsewhere for the next quarter of a century. It was also used atop some buildings, and helped inspire the “searchlight” motif in Art Deco depictions of cities. Wanter Darcy Ryan had effectively invented the light show.
Killing Vampires Efficiently with Ultraviolet Light
Authors: Wilk Stephen R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The modern mythology of the vampire isn’t ancient folklore but modern “fakelore” that has developed over the past two centuries. But it has grown in an organic way, not by considered construction, but by chance and accident and from a variety of influences. That being so, how is it that the modern conception of the vampire is not only destroyed by sunlight (a detail not in the original idea of the vampire) but specifically by ultraviolet light? And how did such a specific idea as destruction by ultraviolet light ever get into the public consciousness?
Non-Trojans under the Influence of Atomism (Epic Losers)
Authors: Gorey Matthew M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis chapter examines scenes in the Aeneid in which non-Trojan characters are associated with atomism and atomic imagery. It argues that prominent non-Trojan antagonists are described in atomistic terms in order to associate their opposition to the Trojans with the chaotic, non-purposeful motion of atoms. Lucretian atomic imagery appears in the description of Dido’s death at the end of Book 4, and in the fighting that takes place in the Italian countryside in Book 10, including Turnus’ removal from the battlefield by Juno and Mezentius’ defeat by Aeneas. By depicting the defeat of these characters with the language of atomic phenomena, Virgil aligns the enemies of Rome’s historical and imperial teleology with an Epicurean cosmology that is similarly opposed to narratives of fate and fixed authority, both national and divine.
Atomism and the Worldview of theAeneid
Authors: Gorey Matthew M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis chapter summarizes the findings of the various chapters, noting that, by the end of the Aeneid, the putative disorder of atomism yields, on the whole, to Roman rule and a divinely organized cosmos. It argues that this conclusion reveals an important preference for teleology and hierarchy in the world of the poem, which is starkly opposed to the worldview of Epicurean atomism. In terms of Virgil’s biography, the poem’s endorsement of an anti-atomist perspective also indicates a level of intellectual seriousness to his philosophical allusions beyond what is often supposed for the Aeneid. Last, the chapter calls for further study of anti-atomist discourse in authors after Virgil, noting similar treatments of atomism as a symbol of disorder in later periods of Greek and Roman literature.
Preacher Woman
Authors: Lauve-Moon Katie 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
When people are committed to gender equality, what gets in their way of achieving it? Why do well-intentioned people reinforce sexist outcomes? Why does dissonance persist between organizational actors’ good intentions of equality and sexist outcomes? This book provides answers to these questions by applying the critical lens of gendered organizations to moderate-liberal congregations that separated from their mainline denomination in support of women’s equal leadership yet remain predominately male in positions of authority. This critical methodological study investigates congregations affiliated with the Cooperative Baptist Fellowship (CBF) with some dually aligned with The Alliance of Baptists. Although the CBF identifies the equal leadership of women as a core component of its collective identity and women are enrolling in Baptist seminaries at almost equal rates as men, only about 5% of CBF congregations employ women as solo senior pastors. This book provides an organizational analysis investigating gendered congregational processes on the individual, interactional, and organizational levels, including themes such as gendered hiring criteria, a perceived incongruence of women’s bodies and leadership, unconscious biases of organizational actors, and how women pastors’ experiences of discrimination influence their riskier approaches to leadership.
America’s Confessional
Authors: Golia Julie 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In the 1910s, 1920s, and 1930s, newspaper advice columnists and letter writers came together to create a complex and interactive exchange of advice that both responded to and contributed to the making of modern American society. This chapter offers an in-depth analysis of both the letters written to advice columns and the worldviews advocated by the nation’s most influential columnists. It demonstrates that advice columns were essential public forums where Americans critiqued and learned to cope with the dislocations of modern urban life. Advice given by popular columnists upheld both the structural racism undergirding American society, as well as the increasingly unrealistic gender norms to which women were held. Yet the interactivity of the columns transformed advice into an ongoing dialogue that allowed participants to seek guidance and empathy in a public yet anonymous forum.
Restore
Authors: Myrick Nathan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter continues the affective, formational trajectory, and combining the work of musicians and ethicists, argues the specifics of what care will entail in the context of musical activity in Christian communities, both in what care ethics addresses and where it may be directed. This interrogation of musical ethics is combined with a concern for restorative justice and concludes by weaving together the threads of ethical significance to articulate how the music of Christian communities can respond to the actions and events that those communities encounter.
Camino Promises
Authors: Jenkins Kathleen E. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter interprets family members’ expectations of the Camino as a practice that could bring miracles, life lessons, and individual and relational healing through different kinds of spiritual encounters. It details how parents and their young adult children expected the Camino to be a pilgrimage space where they could develop shared bonds as pilgrims, and where leveling social relationships and expectations in a time and place away from their everyday lives could bring them into deep relationship with other pilgrims. This chapter demonstrates how these Camino promises and expectations are related to the multiple ways people talk about spirituality and its effects in our contemporary world.
Intimacy and Disciplining Technology
Authors: Jenkins Kathleen E. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on research participants’ stories of managing and limiting technology, and how they used digital devices to stay connected to each other, fellow pilgrims, and friends and family back home. Drawing from formal and informal interviews, it illustrates how family members negotiated and reflected, both before and as they walked, on their use of smartphones and tablets. Research participants’ voices describe creating time and space away from digital devices to self-reflect and come to know each other as spiritual co-practitioners. The chapter suggests how Camino experience represented, in compressed form, relational and individual habits regarding digital technologies in their everyday lives.
The Decline of Natural Law and Custom
Authors: Banner Stuart 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter takes a close look at how natural law and custom virtually disappeared from the legal system in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. These were important changes, because they knocked out the common law’s two traditional foundations. If neither natural law nor custom were to play a role in the legal system, lawyers would have to rethink the grounding of the common law and the nature of common law decisionmaking. Natural law had also been a guide for judges in ascertaining the meaning of statutes and sometimes even in striking them down. Without natural law, lawyers would have to rethink the nature of statutory interpretation.