bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Watanabe-O'Kelly Helen 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This book discusses the newly proclaimed emperors of the nineteenth century in Austria, Brazil, France, Germany, India, and Mexico. It shows how they created symbolic power by means of coronations and acclamations, courts and costumes, portraits and monuments, ceremonial and religion, architecture and town planning, international exhibitions and pageants, festivals and museums. The emperors regarded themselves as rulers by the grace of God but legitimated their reigns by presenting themselves as the heirs to an ancient tradition. At the same time, they engaged with modernity, building imperial cities and showing off their territories’ technological advances in international exhibitions. The book describes how these empires came to an end and how they are remembered in cities and statuary.
Nietzsche's Philosophical Psychology
Authors: Riccardi Mattia 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The book offers a systematic account of Nietzsche’s philosophical psychology. The main theme is the nature of and relation between unconscious and conscious mind. Whereas Nietzsche takes consciousness to be a mere ‘surface’—as he writes in Ecce Homo—that evolved in the course of human socialization, he sees the bedrock of human psychology as constituted by unconscious drives and affects. But how does he conceive of such basic psychological items and what does he mean exactly when he talks about consciousness and says it is a ‘surface’? And how does such a conception of human psychology inform his views about self, self-knowledge, and will? These are some of the questions that are addressed in this book. This is done by combining a historical approach with conceptual analysis. On the one hand, Nietzsche’s claims are carefully reconstructed by taking into account the intellectual context in which they emerged. On the other hand, in order to work out their philosophical significance, the claims are discussed in the light of contemporary debates such as those about higher-order theories of consciousness and mind-reading.
More (Kinds of) Consciousness
Authors: Riccardi Mattia 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues that Nietzsche allows for other forms of consciousness besides reflective consciousness. In order to demonstrate this thesis, it introduces and discusses Nietzsche’s claim that reflective consciousness involves ‘falsification’. It identifies perceptual consciousness as a second kind of consciousness which is language-independent and characterized by pictorial content, and qualitative consciousness as a third kind of consciousness which Nietzsche only ascribes to pure sensations and raw feelings. It is argued that qualitative consciousness is the only kind of consciousness that does not involve ‘falsification’. It is further argued that affects are always conscious at least in the qualitative and, arguably, also in the perceptual sense, while drives—qua dispositions—are typically strictly unconscious.
Nietzsche’s Epiphenomenalism about RConsciousness
Authors: Riccardi Mattia 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues for an epiphenomenal reading of Nietzsche’s view of reflective consciousness. The position ascribed to Nietzsche is that no reflectively conscious state is among the causally efficacious antecedents of token actions. This reading is defended by showing it is compellingly supported by textual evidence. The chapter also argues that reflective consciousness’s proper function is in the realm of social coordination. More precisely, Rconscious states play a crucial role in the acquisition of social norms. That role, however, is not sufficient for the relevant norm to become behaviourally efficacious and, thus, cause our actions. For only internalized norms are behaviourally efficacious in that sense. In turn, though Rconscious states are often the channel through which we are presented with social norms, it depends on the arrangement of our drives and affects whether we internalize them or not. The chapter ends by surveying and rebutting a range of objections to epiphenomenal readings of Nietzsche.
Conclusions
Authors: Riccardi Mattia 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers a concluding perspective by considering how Nietzsche’s philosophical psychology compares to the belief–desire psychology widely adopted by contemporary philosophers, on the one hand, and by contrasting (some of) Nietzsche’s most distinctive claims with (some of) those put forward by Kant and Hegel, on the other hand. The comparison with Kant and Hegel focuses in particular on the different claims these three thinkers put forward concerning the social dimension of the human mind, appreciation of that dimension being among the most original and substantial achievements of post-Kantian philosophy. Viewing Nietzsche’s philosophical psychology from that angle helps us to better appreciate its distinctive contribution to that tradition.
Imperialism and Irredentism in Liberal Italy
Authors: Wilcox Vanda 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
For Italian nationalists, the nation was still incomplete after unification in 1861; they embraced the irredentist goal of incorporating Trento and Trieste, still in Austrian hands. The Triple Alliance which tied Italy to Germany and Austria-Hungary in a defensive pact made it hard to directly pursue this objective. Meanwhile, Italian ambitions to build a colonial empire began in the 1870s with the acquisition of Eritrea and Somalia in East Africa, before meeting a set-back with the crushing defeat by Ethiopia at Adwa in 1896. Liberals embraced an alternate, uniquely Italian vision of empire, built on emigrant colonies around the world. Advocates of traditional settler colonialism instead turned their attention to the Mediterranean and specifically to the so-called ‘Fourth Shore’ of Tripolitania and Cyrenaica. Considerable consensus emerged around attacking the Ottoman Empire in 1911; after a year of war, Italy officially acquired Libya and the Dodecanese Islands. But irredentist hopes, and ambitions in the Balkans, were not sated by this expansion.
War in the Italian Colonies
Authors: Wilcox Vanda 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In August 1915 Italy declared war on the Ottoman Empire. While it sent no troops to the main Allied fronts against the Ottomans, it fought this enemy both at sea and on land, in a form of proxy conflict. Turkey, Germany, and Austria sent funds and army officers to support anti-Italian insurrections both in Cyrenaica and Tripolitania, with varying results; a combination of religious and political motives encouraged the indigenous peoples of Libya to resist Italian control vigorously, in what should be understood as another theatre of the First World War. Examining the actions and objectives of anti-colonial leaders as well as Italian policies and practices help explain the weakness of Italian colonial control in Libya. At one stage Italy feared an Islamic insurrection might also break out in their East African colonies. Anti-colonial resistance, real or feared, placed a great strain on relatively scarce Italian resources which were needed in other theatres.
The War Beyond Italy
Authors: Wilcox Vanda 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Italy entered the war to cement its great power status. To convince its Entente partners it was actively contributing to the global struggle, it sent troops first to Albania and later Macedonia, both in pursuit of territorial goals and to support the allies. As the conflict expanded in scope and scale, Italian war aims grew correspondingly: in 1917 a new allied agreement promised Italy territorial compensation in Asia Minor. The St Jean de Maurienne Agreement also enabled Italy to send a tiny expeditionary force to Palestine. By 1918 the need to demonstrate a global commitment led to even more overseas deployment for Italian forces: units were sent to France to the Western Front and to both Murmansk and Manchuria to fight in the Russian Civil War. Despite all these far-flung missions, however, only in Albania was there any intention to remain after the war’s end.
Interorganizational Diffusion in International Relations
Authors: Lenz Tobias 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
How and under what conditions does the European Union (EU) shape processes of institution building in other regional organizations? This book develops and tests a theory of interorganizational diffusion in international relations that explains how successful pioneer organizations shape institutional choices in other organizations by affecting the institutional preferences and bargaining strategies of national governments. The author argues that Europe’s foremost regional organization systematically affects institution building abroad, but that such influence varies across different types of organization. Mixing quantitative and qualitative methods, it shows how the EU institutionally strengthens regional organizations through active engagement and by building its own institutions at home. Yet the contractual nature of other regional organizations bounds this causal influence: EU influence makes an identifiable difference primarily in those organizations that, like the EU itself, rest on an open-ended contract. Evidence for these claims is drawn from the statistical analysis of a dataset on the institutionalization of 35 regional organizations in the period from 1950 to 2017, as well as from detailed single and comparative case studies on institutional creation and (non-)change in the Southern African Development Community, Mercosur, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, and the North American Free Trade Agreement.
Introduction
Authors: Lenz Tobias 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces the main puzzle and argument of the book, and describes the research approach. It shows that authority-enhancing institutional change is frequent in regional organizations, yet existing theories expect international institutions to be fairly stable due to high institutional barriers to change and concerns about the sovereignty costs of independent international institutions. It is argued that one important driver of institutional creation and change is diffusion from the European Union, both as an active supporter of regional institution building and as a successful model of regional cooperation. This argument is tested through a mixed-methods design that includes large-N statistical analysis and several single and comparative case studies. The chapter also summarizes the main implications of the argument for theories of regional organization and for debates about international institutional design and diffusion.
The Scope of European Union Influence
Authors: Lenz Tobias 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the scope of European Union influence by combining quantitative and qualitative evidence. It argues that active and passive EU influence are likely to be discernible specifically in those regional organizations that rest on open-ended contracts because these require more frequent institutional change, multiplying opportunities for EU influence, and they allow local actors to construct similarities with the EU, thereby rendering claims for EU-type institutional more likely and more credible. The chapter probes these arguments, first, with quantitative evidence, showing descriptive associations between contractual open-endedness and both the frequency of institutional change and active EU engagement. It presents, second, a paired comparison of the establishment of a parliamentary institution in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and its non-establishment in the North American Free Trade Agreement, to show how the contractually open-ended nature of cooperation in the former facilitated EU influence while the fixed nature of the contract in the latter hampered it.
European Union Diffusion and Other Regional Organizations
Authors: Lenz Tobias 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the book’s main arguments and explicates its theoretical implications for theories of regional organization and debates about international institutional design and diffusion. It reviews the evidence to support the claim that the EU systematically shapes processes of institution building in other regional organizations both actively and passively, and that this influence is bounded by the contractual nature of regional organizations. An important implication of the argument advanced in this book is that existing theories of regional organization are seriously incomplete due to their inattention to processes of diffusion and, in particular, the role of prominent organizational pioneers.
Introduction to Materials Characterization, Analysis, and Metrology
Authors: Krishnan Kannan M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Tailoring microstructures is central to materials development for any technological application. Microstructure includes information on the atomic, mesoscopic, and microscopic length scales, and its tailoring is enabled by characterization, which relates synthesis and processing of materials to their structure, properties, and performance. Typically, probe and signal radiations are used to characterize a specimen and their interactions may be elastic or inelastic, and coherent or incoherent. Probes are based on the electromagnetic spectrum, and their characteristics (e.g. energy, wavelength, momentum, polarization) define their interaction with matter, and determine the nature, scope, and details of any characterization method. Probes or signals, can also be electrons, ions, or neutrons. Characterization techniques are classified as spectroscopy, diffraction and scattering, and imaging and microscopy. Principal features of the materials, i.e. details of their electronic structure, including atomic mass, their crystallography, composition, phase, and morphology contribute to the observable signals. Criteria for technique selection also include penetration depth and mean free path, resolution, detection limits, potential damage to the specimen, and specimen preparation requirements; our goal is to maximize information while minimizing damage. Characterization methods find wide use across many disciplines including engineering, scinces, and art conservation.
Bonding and Spectra of Molecules and Solids
Authors: Krishnan Kannan M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The electronic structure of molecules includes electronic (2-10 eV, UV-Vis absorption), vibrational (10-2 - 2 eV, infrared spectroscopy & Raman scattering), and rotational (10–5 – 10–3 eV, microwave spectroscopy) energy levels that are probed by appropriate spectroscopy methods. Light, incident on a molecule or molecular solid, is either absorbed (IR, single photon, non-zero derivative of dipole moment), or elastically (Rayleigh) or inelastically (Raman, two-photon, non-zero derivative of the polarizability) scattered. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy finds much use in materials characterization, including in studying the curing of polymer composites now incorporated in aircraft structures. When atoms form solids their electronic structure, particularly the energy levels of the outer electrons involved in the bonding, are significantly altered. Both occupied and unoccupied levels in solids are probed. Photoemission spectroscopy (PES) with X-rays (XPS) or ultraviolet light (UPS) incidence, and inverse PES probe occupied and unoccupied energy levels of surfaces, respectively. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) complements XPS, and probes unoccupied energy levels of solids. X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) provides information on the final density of unoccupied states, the transition probabilities, and many body effects. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) provides element-specific nearest neighbor distances and their coordination number.
Scanning Probe Microscopy
Authors: Krishnan Kannan M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) scans a fine tip close to a surface and measures the tunneling current (STM) or force (SFM), based on many possible tip-surface interactions. STM provides atomic resolution imaging, or the local electronic structure (spectroscopy) as a function of bias voltage, and is also used to manipulate adsorbed atoms on a clean surface. STM operates in two modes— constant current or height—and requires a conducting specimen. SFM uses a cantilever (force sensor) to measure short range (&lt; 1 nm) chemical, and a variety of long-range (&lt; 100 nm) forces, depending on the tip and the specimen; a conducting specimen is not required. In static mode, the tip height is controlled to maintain a constant force, and measure surface topography. In dynamic mode, changes in the vibrational properties of the cantilever are measured using frequency, amplitude, or phase modulation as feedback to control the tip-surface distance and form the image. Dynamic imaging includes contact and non-contact modes, but intermittent contact or tapping mode is common. SPMs measure properties (optical, acoustic, conductance, electrochemical, capacitance, thermal, magnetic, etc.) using appropriate tips, and find applications in the physical and life sciences. They are also used for nanoscale lithography.
The culture of conveniences
Authors: Dye Christopher 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Despite thousands of years of toilet culture and technology, and despite the obvious benefits of sanitation for health and well-being, the great majority of people alive today do not have access to a safe system for removing human waste. The installation of safe sanitary systems depends on cooperation among many kinds of providers and users. Their collective goal is to align the benefits for health with personal and social preferences for toilet use and hygiene, while exploiting other benefits from agriculture, energy, education, environmental protection, housing, and flood protection. For individuals, families, and communities, toilets are not merely, or even mainly, to protect health. Rather, their acceptability hinges on convenience, privacy, personal safety, and dignity, where preferences are rooted in societal norms. Providing safe sanitation for all is not merely a health intervention: it is one of the mutually reinforcing processes of cultural, social, and economic development.
Future positive
Authors: Dye Christopher 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The argument in this book rests on a simple proposition: understanding the reason why people prefer to take a chance on sickness and cure is the key to persuading them when and why they should choose prevention instead. This final chapter summarizes the means of persuasion: investigate rather than presuppose which criteria are used to make health choices; build systems for accounting (inclusive costs and benefits of prevention) and for accountability (liability and responsibility); offer ways to improve health, not merely ways to avoid losing it; evaluate, in order to manage, the perceptions linked to health hazards; exploit the logic of choice to insure against the risk of unlikely disasters, to increase the present value of future threats, to foster cooperation as a basis for prevention, to map out the practical pathways to prevention, and to remedy the under-investment in prevention research. The tools of prevention are the means to a greater end—health as a ‘state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being’.
The Mismeasure of the Self
Authors: Tanesini Alessandra 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The aim of this book is to offer detailed characterizations of some intellectual virtues and vices of self-evaluation, to highlight the epistemic harms and moral wrongs that flow from them, to explain their psychological bases and to suggest that some interventions that inhibit vicious behaviour and promote intellectual virtue. The first chapter introduces the virtues and vices of intellectual self-evaluation that are the main topic of the book. The second chapter offers a detailed account of three kinds of intellectual vices: character traits, thinking styles, and sensibilities. The chapter includes a defence of the view that motivations play a crucial role in the development and preservation of these psychological features. The third chapter introduces attitude psychology which supplies the framework for detailed accounts of virtue and vices. These accounts are provided in Chapters 4–6. Chapter 4 discusses humility, pride, and concern for one’s intellectual reputation. Chapter 5 details superbia, arrogance, servility, and self-abasement. Chapter 6 is dedicated to vanity, narcissism, timidity, and fatalism. Chapter 7 analyses the epistemic harms and moral wrongs that flow from these intellectual vices. Chapter 8 argues individuals are morally and epistemically responsible for their epistemic vices and the bad believing that flows from them, but raises questions about the wisdom and morality of blaming people for these psychological features. Finally, Chapter 9 evaluates some interventions designed to promote virtue and reduce vice.
Taking Care with Statistical Terms
Authors: Nolan Deborah , Stoudt Sara 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses writing challenges specific to summarizing a data analysis. The aim is to provide guidance on how to craft clear sentences, choose appropriate words, and convey findings in a compelling manner that is faithful to the data and avoids overstating any implications. This chapter offers advice on how to differentiate statistical terminology from everyday language, represent numbers in text, write mathematical expressions, and choose the correct quantitative nouns and adjectives (e.g., fewer or less, percent or percentage).
The Purpose of Equity
Authors: Titi Catharine 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
‘The way is equity, the end is justice’, wrote the umpire in the Aroa Mines case. The chapter probes the ethical foundations of equity in international law and argues that the overarching purpose of equity is to do justice. In this light, it surveys equity as corrective, distributive, and supplementary justice. Under the heading of corrective justice, the chapter canvasses equity as individualised justice and as justice that tempers the rigour of the law. Distributive justice is conceptualised in relation to the allocation of resources and the sharing of benefits and burdens, the common heritage of mankind, intergenerational equity, and equitable representation in the composition of international bodies. The chapter further reviews equity as supplementary justice, when legal rules are absent. The analysis shows that the different roles of equity as justice overlap and stresses that justice provides the backbone and rationale for the broader need for equity.
Traditional Typology of Equity
Authors: Titi Catharine 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The chapter critically assesses the traditional distinction between three types of equity: equity infra, praeter, and contra legem. It argues that while this taxonomy offers a conceptual framework to help comprehend three roles that equity can assume, it remains a heuristic construct; strict divisions between different kinds of equity are unsustainable. In addition, the traditional breakdown of equity fails to account properly for the relationship between contra legem equity and law. Against this background, the chapter reviews a classic example of contra legem equity in Antigone and revisits the concept. It concludes that ultimately the most important limitation of the tripartite typology is that it does not account for the fact that equity may never truly function contra legem, since equity is an element of law.