bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Theoretical study of soft X-ray emission and dynamics of laser-induced plasma of double stream gas puff
Authors: Zakharov Vassily S , Zakharov Sergey V 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe double stream gas puff-based laser-produced plasma is studied as a source of soft X-ray radiation in nm wavelength spectral range. Dynamics of plasma induced by Nd:YAG laser beam and its emission is simulated with radiation-magnetohydrodynamic code Zstar. The modeling results for krypton gas stream in an annular helium jet as a circumferential gas for various picosecond and nanosecond laser pulses corresponding to the experiments are presented. The spatial–spectral features and temporal behavior of the soft X-ray and EUV emission are investigated. Under ps pulse, the gas is rapidly ionized in the laser beam channel, but it does not have enough time to shift sensibly during the pulse, and the plasma electron density grows against the background of almost constant ion density during the ionization in the laser radiation field. There is ionization instability only capable to be developed in ps range. At ns pulse, the gas ionization and heating leads to gas pushing out of the channel, and the formation of a divergent compression wave transforming into the shock wave. Behind the compression wave front, conditions arise for the development of Rayleigh–Taylor-type instability. The instability leads to the redistribution of plasma temperature and density, and to the formation of increased soft X-ray emission spots. Time evolution of spatial distributions and spectral characteristics of emitted SXR radiation is analyzed for different laser pulses. Transient effects in multicharged ion plasma are discussed, fundamental understanding of those is required for optimization of plasma radiation source. A conversion efficiency of laser energy into soft X-ray wavebands from krypton plasma is scanned by laser parameters and analyzed.
Russian regional Carboniferous stratigraphy
Authors: Alekseev Alexander S. , Nikolaeva Svetlana V. , Goreva Nataliya V. , Donova Nina B. , Kossovaya Olga L. , Kulagina Elena I. , Kucheva Nadezhda A. , Kurilenko Alena V. , Kutygin Ruslan V. , Popeko Lyudmila I. , Stepanova Tatyana I. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Several existing schemes for Carboniferous stratigraphy officially adopted in regions of the Russian Federation are summarized and discussed. These regions with different geological histories and distinct depositional settings include the Moscow Basin, the Urals, North Timan, Siberia, the Kuznetsk Basin and the Mongol–Okhotsk, Verkhoyansk–Okhotsk and Kolyma–Omolon regions. Broad correlations based on macro- and microfossils are possible between the regions, while all regional schemes are correlated to the official Russian General Stratigraphic Scheme for the Carboniferous, using zonations based on orthostratigraphic fossils. The Russian General Stratigraphic Scheme is correlated to the International Stratigraphic Scale using ammonoids, conodonts, foraminifers and palynomorphs.
True hopper fossils (Fulgoromorpha and Cicadomorpha) in the Jurassic to Cretaceous of eastern Asia and their evolutionary implications
Authors: Chen Jun 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

True hoppers, consisting of Fulgoromorpha and Cicadomorpha, are plant feeders with very high species-level diversity. A large number of true hopper fossils have been reported from eastern Asia, especially from the Middle to Late Jurassic Yanliao Biota, the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota and mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber in the last two decades. Herein, true hoppers from the Jurassic and Cretaceous of eastern Asia are reviewed, and combining palaeontological data from other regions of the world and recent advances of molecular studies, the evolutionary history of true hoppers in the mid–late Mesozoic is discussed.
Permocicada beipiaoensis
Wang, 1987
and
Archijassus plurinervis
Zhang, 1985
are here excluded from Prosboloidea and Archijassidae, respectively. By the end of 2020, a total of 203 species with definite systematic position had been documented in the Jurassic and Cretaceous of eastern Asia (China, Myanmar, Siberia, Mongolia, Japan and Korea), and were attributed to 116 genera in 22 families and 7 superfamilies. Available fossil data suggest that true hopper components strongly changed in the Cretaceous: primitive groups reduced and went extinct successively, and the origin and/or early diversification of most lineages (family or subfamily level) occurred, likely owing to the displacement of host-plants in the angiosperm floristic revolution.
Is the beetle
Omma
(Insecta: Coleoptera) a living fossil?
Authors: Jarzembowski Edmund A. , Zheng Daran , Zhao Xianye 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

A new ommatin beetle,
Omma
(
Coronomma
)
axsmithi
subgen. et sp. nov. (Insecta: Coleoptera: Archostemata: Ommatidae
sensu stricto
(Cupedidae
sensu lato
)) is described in mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber from northern Myanmar. The new taxon distinctly differs from nominotypical
Omma
in possessing a subquadrilateral v. subglobose pronotum, the latter visible in
Omma lii
from the same deposit. The uniquely preserved male genitalia of the latter are compared and contrasted with extant ommatins and fossil notocupedins. This new analysis suggests that the living Australian ommatin beetles (
Omma
,
Beutelius
) may not be as ancient as is sometimes supposed.
Unsupervised Domain Expansion for Visual Categorization
Authors: Wang Jie , Tian Kaibin , Ding Dayong , Yang Gang , Li Xirong 
Published: November 2021

Expanding visual categorization into a novel domain without the need of extra annotation has been a long-term interest for multimedia intelligence. Previously, this challenge has been approached by unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA). Given labeled data from a source domain and unlabeled data from a target domain, UDA seeks for a deep representation that is both discriminative and domain-invariant. While UDA focuses on the target domain, we argue that the performance on both source and target domains matters, as in practice which domain a test example comes from is unknown. In this article, we extend UDA by proposing a new task called unsupervised domain expansion (UDE), which aims to adapt a deep model for the target domain with its unlabeled data, meanwhile maintaining the model’s performance on the source domain. We propose Knowledge Distillation Domain Expansion (KDDE) as a general method for the UDE task. Its domain-adaptation module can be instantiated with any existing model. We develop a knowledge distillation-based learning mechanism, enabling KDDE to optimize a single objective wherein the source and target domains are equally treated. Extensive experiments on two major benchmarks, i.e., Office-Home and DomainNet, show that KDDE compares favorably against four competitive baselines, i.e., DDC, DANN, DAAN, and CDAN, for both UDA and UDE tasks. Our study also reveals that the current UDA models improve their performance on the target domain at the cost of noticeable performance loss on the source domain.
The Effect of Curcuma longa on Inflammatory Mediators and Immunological, Oxidant, and Antioxidant Biomarkers in Asthmatic Rats
Authors: Boskabady Mohammad Hossein , Amin Fatemeh , Shakeri Farzaneh 
Published: November 2021

The effects of Curcuma longa (C. longa) on total and differential WBC, inflammatory and immunologic mediators, and oxidant and antioxidant biomarkers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of rats model of asthma were assessed. Animals were divided to 5 groups including control (C), asthma (sensitized to ovalbumin), and asthmatic groups treated with 0.75, 1.50, and 3.00 mg/ml C. longa (CL) and 1.25 μg/ml dexamethasone (D) (8 rats in each group). Total and differential WBC count, concentrations of phospholipase A2 (PLA2), total protein (TP), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin-4 (IL-4), immunoglobulin E (IgE), NO2, NO3, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and thiol in BALF were assessed. Total and most differential WBC counts and BALF levels of PLA2, TP, IgE, IL-4, and oxidants in asthma group were higher but antioxidants and IFN-γ levels as well as IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio were lower than control group (

p

< 0.001 for all cases). Total WBC and levels of PLA2, IgE, NO2, and NO3 were significantly reduced following treatment with C. longa, compared to asthma group (

p

< 0.001 for all cases). In groups treated with dexamethasone and two higher concentrations of C. longa, neutrophil and eosinophil counts as well as TP, IL-4, and MDA levels were significantly decreased but IFN-γ, IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio, and antioxidants were increased (except IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio), compared to asthma group (

p

< 0.05 to

p

< 0.001). Compared to dexamethasone, C. longa exerted more pronounced effects on lung inflammation, oxidative stress, and immune system in asthmatic rats.
Nem instituição, nem indivíduo: notas sobre carisma e agência a partir de testemunhos de graças de devotos de dois frades franciscanos
Authors: Almeida Juliano Florczak 
Published: November 2021

Este texto se debruça sobre testemunhos de graças de devotos de frei Fabiano de Cristo (1676-1747) e de frei Rogério Neuhaus (1859-1934), a fim de discutir as noções de carisma e agência. O material analisado consiste em cartas escritas pelos devotos e encontradas em suas biografias e em arquivos franciscanos. A reflexão sobre o carisma se mostrou um bom meio de pôr em tela as discussões sobre divíduo, indivíduo e agência. Na esteira da agenda de pesquisa da antropologia dos últimos anos, que objetiva ir além de certa “razão sociológica”, este texto afirma que, para compreender as relações entre frades e seus devotos, parece prejudicial ter que escolher entre carisma de função ou individual. Nessas cartas, a agência não pode ser somente encontrada nem no indivíduo, nem na instituição e sim diluída em toda a malha que reúne divindades, humanos e outras coisas. Além disso, o artigo argumenta que os testemunhos de graça evocam uma noção de divíduo.
Políticas de transferência de renda e de assistência no Brasil: descontinuidades recentes e os desafios colocados pela Covid-19
Authors: Simoni Junior Sergio 
Published: November 2021

Este artigo analisa aspectos da implementação do Auxílio Emergencial no Brasil, criado para combater as crises sanitária, econômica e social acarretadas pela pandemia de Covid-19. Este benefício trouxe desafios para o futuro de políticas permanentes de transferência de renda com vistas à superação de vulnerabilidades, expressando dilemas também enfrentados por outros países da América Latina. Para além da importância da elevação da cobertura e dos valores dos benefícios, ressaltam-se dois aspectos cruciais que têm sido negligenciados pelas discussões correntes e que se revelaram precários no Auxílio Emergencial: a importância de uma efetiva articulação federativa e de um cadastro de beneficiários com informações abrangentes de suas condições de vida. Os resultados obtidos a partir de modelos estatísticos aplicados ao nível municipal revelam que parte da magnitude do grupo de “invisíveis”, pessoas até então ausentes dos registros governamentais, é explicada pela desidratação recente das estruturas da política de assistência social, ou seja, por processos de policy drift. Conclui-se que a crise da pandemia poderia ter sido combatida com maior rapidez caso esta política social não estivesse defasada, e argumenta-se que a efetividade futura das políticas de transferência de renda depende da retomada dos instrumentos do Cadastro Único de Programas Sociais.
A América Latina se caracterizou nos últimos anos pela inovação neste setor de políticas públicas, particularmente o Brasil, com o Programa Bolsa-Família. No entanto, a magnitude do Auxílio Emergencial em termos do valor do benefício transferido e da cobertura alcançada mostrou a necessidade de reformulação das políticas tradicionais de transferência de renda, agenda que atinge os demais países da América Latina.
Neste artigo, por meio de análise intensiva do caso brasileiro, com referência à situação de demais países, chamo atenção para aspectos importantes que estão sendo negligenciados nas discussões correntes. O funcionamento efetivo das políticas de transferência depende da articulação intergovernamental e deve estar balizado em cadastros abrangentes e inclusivos. A análise com métodos quantitativos multivariados no nível municipal revela que grande parte dos “invisíveis”, pessoas até então ausentes dos registros governamentais, se deve à desidratação recente da assistência social no Brasil.
Exodus 21, the Sale of Daughters, and the Cuneiform Sources of Nuzi
Authors: Justel Josué J. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The context and purpose of Exod 21:7–11 has been the subject of much debate. One of the most recent treatments is that of Joseph Fleishman, who suggested that the law did not allude to a father selling his daughter, but to giving her in marriage. To that end, he adduced a number of parallels that included several cuneiform legal documents, such as those of Nuzi, in North Iraq. This contribution attempts to assess the weight of those Nuzian parallels.
Commercial Companies as Applicants before the European Court of Human Rights
Authors: Karski Karol , Ziemblicki Bartosz 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The status of commercial companies in international human rights law is controversial. Despite efforts to subject them to legal obligations in this field, they still cannot be held accountable for human rights violations. Companies have a standing before a few international courts, but only one international human rights court – the European Court of Human Rights. Surprisingly though, they can be applicants but never respondents. Even though this has been the reality for several decades now, it still raises a lot of concerns among academics. The Court itself justifies its decisions very sparingly. Meanwhile the scope of protection for companies constantly increases through its jurisprudence. Some rights, originally clearly designed to protect human beings, today apply to corporations as well.
Legal Position of Administrative Courts in Poland
Authors: Wiącek Marcin 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The article concerns the administrative judiciary in Poland. Firstly, the Author discusses the legal bases (in particular, the constitutional bases) and the scope of competence of Polish administrative courts, that is to say the ‘voivodeship’ administrative courts (courts of first instance) and the Supreme Administrative Court (court of second instance). Administrative courts in Poland are, in general, the “courts of cassation”, which means they may only control the legality of administrative decisions and may not determine the state of facts, nor replace administrative decisions by their judgments. Administrative courts are vested with the competence to apply the Constitution and they actively cooperate with the Constitutional Tribunal (in particular, by addressing ‘questions of law’ to the Tribunal). Secondly, the Author presents the scope of competence of the Commercial and Financial Chambers of the Supreme Administrative Court and considers selected legal problems in the administrative courts’ jurisprudence in commercial and financial cases.
New Dates for Megalithic Stele Monuments of Gedeo, South Ethiopia
Authors: Zena Ashenafi G. , Duff Andrew I. , Melesse Addisalem , Wolff John A. , Beldados Alemseged , Shackley M. Steven 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper reports the results of an archaeological survey and test excavation conducted in one of the ancient megalithic stele sites in south Ethiopia, Sakaro Sodo. The Sakaro Sodo stele site is situated in Gedeo zone, which is known to have the largest number and highest concentration of megalithic stele monuments in Africa, with an estimate of more than 10,000 stelae in sixty or more sites. Prior to our work, only one absolute date was available (850 ± 40 BP) (Joussaume 2012) from a stele site in the Gedeo zone, suggesting stele sites began to be constructed in the region approximately a millennium ago. We report here new AMS dates suggesting that stelae were being emplaced about 2000 BP, pushing the creation of these monuments back at least a millennium. Additionally, we report preliminary findings from characterizing the geochemical properties of obsidian artifacts recovered from stele sites, and stone used to make stelae. While compositional analysis of obsidian suggests long-distance movement of material from sources located in northern Kenya, petrographic microscopy and electron microprobe analyses show a strong connection of stelae to local geological tuff exposures/sources.
A New Three-Dimensional Residual Flow Theory and Its Application to Brewer–Dobson Circulation in the Middle and Upper Stratosphere
Authors: Sato Kaoru , Kinoshita Takenari , Matsushita Yuki , Kohma Masashi 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis study formulates three-dimensional (3D) residual flow, treating both stationary and transient waves. The zonal and meridional momentum equations contain four terms: the geostrophic wind tendency, Coriolis force for the residual horizontal flow, product of the geostrophic wind and potential vorticity other than the constant planetary vorticity, and friction. The thermodynamic equation contains three terms: the potential temperature tendency, advection of the basic potential temperature by the residual vertical flow, and diabatic heating. The zonal mean of the 3D residual flow equals the time mean of the residual flow of the transformed Eulerian-mean equations. The new residual flow is the sum of that derived by Plumb for transient waves and the quadratic terms of the time-mean fields, which correspond approximately to the Stokes correction due to stationary waves. The 3D residual flow and momentum equations are symmetric in the zonal and meridional directions, in contrast with those formulated by Kinoshita et al., which treat the time-mean zonal-mean zonal wind as the basic wind. The newly derived formulas are applied to the climatology of the 3D structure of the deep branch of the Brewer–Dobson circulation. In the Northern Hemisphere in December–February, the residual flows are directed inward toward the polar vortex strongly over east Siberia, where the downward flow is maximized, and weakly over the Atlantic; meanwhile, they are directed outward from the vortex over North America and Europe. A longitudinal dependence of the poleward flow is also observed in the Southern Hemisphere in June–August.
Diversity of Marine Heatwaves in the South China Sea Regulated by ENSO Phase
Authors: Liu Kai , Xu Kang , Zhu Congwen , Liu Boqi 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Marine heatwaves (MHWs) in the South China Sea (SCS) have dramatic impacts on local ecosystems, fisheries, and aquacultures. Our results show that SCS MHWs were strongly regulated by El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) with a distinct life cycle during 1982–2018. Based on the ENSO-associated sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) warming peaks in the SCS, we can classify SCS MHWs into three categories: El Niño-P1 during the first warming peak of El Niño from September to the following February, El Niño-P2 during the second warming peak of El Niño from the following June to September, and La Niña-P1 during the single warming peak of La Niña from the following February to May. The three types of SCS MHWs are all affected by the lower-level enhanced anticyclone over the western North Pacific (WNP), but their physical mechanisms are quite different. In El Niño-P1, SCS MHWs are mostly induced by enhanced net downward shortwave radiation and reduced latent heat flux loss over the southwestern and northern SCS, respectively. In El Niño-P2, SCS MHWs are primarily attributed to weaker entrainment cooling caused by a local enhanced anticyclone and stronger Ekman downwelling in the central-northern SCS. However, in La Niña-P1, SCS MHWs are mainly contributed by the reduced latent heat loss due to the weaker WNP anticyclone centered east of the Philippines on the pentad time scale. The distinct spatial distributions of MHWs show phase locking with ENSO-associated SCS SSTA warming, which provides a potential seasonal forecast of SCS MHWs according to the ENSO phase.
Wind Turbulence over Misaligned Surface Waves and Air–Sea Momentum Flux. Part II: Waves in Oblique Wind
Authors: Husain Nyla T. , Hara Tetsu , Sullivan Peter P. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe coupled dynamics of turbulent airflow and a spectrum of waves are known to modify air–sea momentum and scalar fluxes. Waves traveling at oblique angles to the wind are common in the open ocean, and their effects may be especially relevant when constraining fluxes in storm and tropical cyclone conditions. In this study, we employ large-eddy simulation for airflow over steep, strongly forced waves following and opposing oblique wind to elucidate its impacts on the wind speed magnitude and direction, drag coefficient, and wave growth/decay rate. We find that oblique wind maintains a signature of airflow separation while introducing a cross-wave component strongly modified by the waves. The directions of mean wind speed and mean wind shear vary significantly with height and are misaligned from the wind stress direction, particularly toward the surface. As the oblique angle increases, the wave form drag remains positive, but the wave impact on the equivalent surface roughness (drag coefficient) rapidly decreases and becomes negative at large angles. Our findings have significant implications for how the sea-state-dependent drag coefficient is parameterized in forecast models. Our results also suggest that wind speed and wind stress measurements performed on a wave-following platform can be strongly contaminated by the platform motion if the instrument is inside the wave boundary layer of dominant waves.Significance StatementSurface waves increase friction at the sea surface and modify how wind forces upper-ocean currents and turbulence. Therefore, it is important to include effects of different wave conditions in weather and climate forecasts. We aim to inform more accurate forecasts by investigating wind blowing over waves propagating in oblique directions using large-eddy simulation. We find that waves traveling at a 45° angle or larger to the wind grow as expected, but do not increase or even decrease the surface friction felt by the wind—a surprising result that has significant implications for how oblique wind-waves are represented as a source of surface friction in forecast models.
Prospective Factors that Predict American Board of Surgery In-Training Examination Performance: A Systematic Review
Authors: Velez David R 
Published: November 2021

Introduction American Board of Surgery In-Training Examination (ABSITE) performance has become an important factor when monitoring resident progress. Understanding which prospective factors predict performance can help identify residents at risk. Methods A literature search was conducted searching PubMed, EMBASE, and JAMA Network from June 2011 to June 2021, in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. Searches were performed for the terms “ABSITE” and “American Board of Surgery In-Training Examination.” Prospective factors such as prior examination performance, clinical evaluations, and demographics were evaluated. Results A final 35 studies were included. The prospective factor most consistently found to predict ABSITE performance is performance on prior knowledge-based examinations such as the USMLE step exams. The ACGME Medical Knowledge 1 milestone evaluation also appears to correlate to ABSITE performance, although clinical evaluations, in general, do not. Demographics have no significant correlation to ABSITE performance. Discussion Using performance on prior knowledge-based examinations programs may be able to identify residents at risk for failing ABSITE. It may be possible to initiate early intervention before rather than only remediation after poor performance.