bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Update on the Management of Demodex Blepharitis
Authors: Shah Paras P. , Stein Rebecca L. , Perry Henry D. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract:Demodex blepharitis is a common ophthalmologic disease that is often overlooked in the workup of blepharitis. Demodex infestation occurs in both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals at similar rates; consequently, its role in the development of blepharitis has not been well elucidated. Two species have been confirmed to inhabit the human eyelid—Demodex folliculorumandDemodex brevis.These species differ in their preferred location of infestation, withD. folliculorumoccupying the base of the eyelash andD. brevisinhabiting the meibomian glands, contributing to anterior and posterior Demodex blepharitis, respectively. A clinical index of suspicion must be developed from the history when blepharitis, conjunctivitis, or keratitis in adults and blepharoconjunctivitis or chalazia in children are resistant to treatment. The diagnosis can be strongly suspected by the presence of cylindrical dandruff at the base of the eyelash and confirmed by light microscopy of an epilated lash or by in vivo confocal microscopy. No cure is currently available. Management most frequently includes topical tea tree oil and its active ingredient terpinen-4-ol, both of which have produced good clinical outcomes. Topical tea tree oil is typically applied by a professional due to risk of toxicity. Several second-line treatment options have been studied, including ivermectin, metronidazole, selenium sulfide, microblepharoexfoliation, and lid hygiene. Novel, targeted therapies such as TP-03 (Tarsus Pharmaceuticals) are also currently being investigated in phase 2b/3 clinical trials. The purpose of this review purpose is to characterize Demodex blepharitis in detail, including its historical perspective and various classifications, and describe the latest diagnostic and management strategies.
We think we can: development of the Dyadic Efficacy Scale for Cancer
Authors: Brosseau Danielle C. , Braeken Johan , Carmack Cindy L. , Rosberger Zeev , Körner Annett 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Background:
Measurement advances are needed to enable the study of dyadic-level processes impacting couples coping with cancer. This study sought to develop and empirically examine a Dyadic Efficacy Scale for Cancer (DESC). Cancer-related dyadic efficacy is an individual's confidence to work together with a partner to cope with cancer and its treatment.

Methods:
The DESC was developed using an exploratory sequential mixed methods design. This paper outlines the psychometric evaluation phase. Individuals with cancer (N = 261) and their partners (N = 217) completed 50 items. Item-level analyses reduced this set to 26 items. Using the dyad as the unit of analysis, confirmatory factor analysis with mirrored patient and partner bifactor structure tested for the presence of a general factor and 3 secondary factors, that is, illness intrusions, patient affect, partner affect.

Results:
Goodness-of-fit indices supported the identified model, χ
2(1170) = 2090, P < .001; RMSEA = .05, P = .14, 90% CI .05–.06; SRMR = .05; CFI = .90. Multidimensionality differed for patients and partners. A general dyadic efficacy factor and secondary factors for managing affect were present for both dyad members, whereas the secondary factor of managing illness intrusions was confirmed for patients only. The model explained 72% and 64% of the variance in patients’ and partners’ dyadic efficacy. Evidence of convergent validity was presented.

Conclusions:
This study is the first to provide a tool to assess dyadic efficacy among couples coping with cancer. The assessment of cancer-related dyadic efficacy enables new discoveries into couples’ adjustment to cancer.
A Survey of Fetal Deaths as Reported to a Medical Examiner's Office
Authors: Sandoval Alicia , Winston David 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This article is a review of the fetal deaths reported to the Pima County Office of the Medical Examiner in Tucson, Arizona, from January 2000 to May 2020. The 115 cases included in this study were analyzed for the decedent's estimated gestational age, sex, maternal drug use, toxicology results, and cause of death. The male/female ratio was 0.95:1.0. The average gestational age of nonterm infants older than 20 weeks was 27.2 weeks. Nearly half of the cases had suspected or known maternal drug use. In these cases, cocaine and methamphetamine were most often detected in postmortem testing of the fetus. The most common causes of death in descending frequency were intrauterine fetal demise of unknown etiology, drugs, infection, and prematurity. Other notable causes of death included trauma and placental abruption. Congenital malformations were detected in only 3.5% of cases.
An Occupational Accident That Simulates Firearm Injury
Authors: Karagoz Yasar Mustafa , Bulgur-Kirbas Derya , Deveci Cemyigit , Cin Ozgur 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The case of a 32-year-old man who died as a result of an unusual occupational accident during his shift on a marble quarry is reported. The worker stated a sharp and sudden pain on his shoulder while working with a diamond wire saw machine and died after being taken to a hospital. There was a round-shaped, foreign body entry hole, which looked like an angled gunshot entrance wound, with a diameter of 1.5 cm, in the middle between the neck and the left shoulder. The projectile, which penetrated through the left lung and thoracic aorta, was found within the left thoracic cavity. This case is reported due to its rarity and the possibility of its misinterpretation, and to remind forensic pathologists of the importance of having a systematic approach to each individual case.
Turing pattern design principles and their robustness
Authors: Vittadello Sean T. , Leyshon Thomas , Schnoerr David , Stumpf Michael P. H. 
Published: November 2021

Turing patterns have morphed from mathematical curiosities into highly desirable targets for synthetic biology. For a long time, their biological significance was sometimes disputed but there is now ample evidence for their involvement in processes ranging from skin pigmentation to digit and limb formation. While their role in developmental biology is now firmly established, their synthetic design has so far proved challenging. Here, we review recent large-scale mathematical analyses that have attempted to narrow down potential design principles. We consider different aspects of robustness of these models and outline why this perspective will be helpful in the search for synthetic Turing-patterning systems. We conclude by considering robustness in the context of developmental modelling more generally.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Recent progress and open frontiers in Turing’s theory of morphogenesis’.
Studies of Turing pattern formation in zebrafish skin
Authors: Kondo Shigeru , Watanabe Masakatsu , Miyazawa Seita 
Published: November 2021

Skin patterns are the first example of the existence of Turing patterns in living organisms. Extensive research on zebrafish, a model organism with stripes on its skin, has revealed the principles of pattern formation at the molecular and cellular levels. Surprisingly, although the networks of cell–cell interactions have been observed to satisfy the ‘short-range activation and long-range inhibition’ prerequisites for Turing pattern formation, numerous individual reactions were not envisioned based on the classical reaction–diffusion model. For example, in real skin, it is not an alteration in concentrations of chemicals, but autonomous migration and proliferation of pigment cells that establish patterns, and cell–cell interactions are mediated via direct contact through cell protrusions. Therefore, the classical reaction–diffusion mechanism cannot be used as it is for modelling skin pattern formation. Various studies are underway to adapt mathematical models to the experimental findings on research into skin patterns, and the purpose of this review is to organize and present them. These novel theoretical methods could be applied to autonomous pattern formation phenomena other than skin patterns.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Recent progress and open frontiers in Turing's theory of morphogenesis’.
Introduction to ‘Recent progress and open frontiers in Turing’s theory of morphogenesis’
Authors: Krause Andrew L. , Gaffney Eamonn A , Maini Philip K. , Klika Václav 
Published: November 2021

Elucidating pattern forming processes is an important problem in the physical, chemical and biological sciences. Turing's contribution, after being initially neglected, eventually catalysed a huge amount of work from mathematicians, physicists, chemists and biologists aimed towards understanding how steady spatial patterns can emerge from homogeneous chemical mixtures due to the reaction and diffusion of different chemical species. While this theory has been developed mathematically and investigated experimentally for over half a century, many questions still remain unresolved. This theme issue places Turing's theory of pattern formation in a modern context, discussing the current frontiers in foundational aspects of pattern formation in reaction-diffusion and related systems. It highlights ongoing work in chemical, synthetic and developmental settings which is helping to elucidate how important Turing's mechanism is for real morphogenesis, while highlighting gaps that remain in matching theory to reality. The theme issue also surveys a variety of recent mathematical research pushing the boundaries of Turing's original theory to more realistic and complicated settings, as well as discussing open theoretical challenges in the analysis of such models. It aims to consolidate current research frontiers and highlight some of the most promising future directions.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Recent progress and open frontiers in Turing’s theory of morphogenesis’.
Causes, characteristics, and patterns of prolonged unplanned school closures prior to the COVID-19 pandemic – United States, 2011 – 2019
Authors: Jahan Ferdous A. , Zviedrite Nicole , Gao Hongjiang , Ahmed Faruque , Uzicanin Amra 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIntroductionOutside of pandemics, there is little information about occurrence of prolonged unplanned K-12 school closures (PUSC). We describe here the reasons, characteristics, and patterns of PUSC in the United States during 8 consecutive inter-pandemic academic years, 2011-2019.MethodsFrom August 1, 2011 through June 30, 2019, daily systematic online searches were conducted to collect data on publicly announced unplanned school closures lasting ≥1 school days in the United States. Closures were categorized as prolonged when schools were closed for ≥5 unplanned days (approximating one full workweek), excluding weekends and scheduled days off per school calendars.ResultsDuring the eight academic years, a total of 22,112 PUSCs were identified, affecting over 800,000 teachers and 13 million students that resulted in 91.5 million student-days lost. A median of 62.9% of students in PUSC-affected schools were eligible for subsidized school meals. Most affected schools were in cities (35%) and suburban areas (33%). Natural disasters (47%), adverse weather conditions (35%), and budget/teacher strikes (15%) were the most frequently cited reasons for PUSC; illness accounted for 1%, and building/facility issues, environmental issues and violence together accounted for the remaining 2%. The highest number of PUSCs occurred in Health and Human Services Regions 2, 3, 4, and 6 encompassing areas that are frequently in the path of hurricanes and tropical storms. The majority of PUSCs in these regions were attributed to a handful of hurricanes during the fall season, including hurricanes Sandy, Irma, Harvey, Florence, and Matthew.ConclusionsPUSCs occur annually in the United States due to a variety of causes and are associated with a substantive loss of student-days for in-school learning. Both these prior experiences with PUSCs and those during the current COVID-19 pandemic illustrate a need for creating sustainable solutions for high-quality distance learning and innovative supplemental feeding programs nationwide, especially in disaster-prone areas.
Stable Cell Clones Harboring Self-Replicating SARS-CoV-2 RNAs for Drug Screen
Authors: Liu Shufeng , Chou Chao-Kai , Wu Wells W. , Luan Binquan , Wang Tony T. 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACTThe development of antivirals against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been hampered by the lack of efficient cell-based replication systems that are amenable to high-throughput screens in biosafety level 2 laboratories. Here we report that stable cell clones harboring autonomously replicating SARS-CoV-2 RNAs without S, M, E genes can be efficiently derived from the baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cell line when a pair of mutations were introduced into the non-structural protein 1 (Nsp1) of SARS-CoV-2 to ameliorate cellular toxicity associated with virus replication. In a proof-of-concept experiment we screened a 273-compound library using replicon cells and identified three compounds as novel inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 replication. Altogether, this work establishes a robust, cell-based system for genetic and functional analyses of SARS-CoV-2 replication and for the development of antiviral drugs.IMPORTANCESARS-CoV-2 replicon systems that have been reported up to date were unsuccessful in deriving stable cell lines harboring non-cytopathic replicons. The transient expression of viral sgmRNA or a reporter gene makes it impractical for industry-scale screening of large compound libraries using these systems. Here, for the first time, we derived stable cell clones harboring the SARS-CoV-2 replicon. These clones may now be conveniently cultured in a standard BSL-2 laboratory for high throughput screen of compound libraries. This achievement represents a ground-breaking discovery that will greatly accelerate the pace of developing treatments for COVID-19.
The impact of heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) design features on the transmission of viruses, including the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19): a systematic review of humidity
Authors: Thornton Gail M. , Fleck Brian A , Dandnayak Dhyey , Kroeker Emily , Zhong Lexuan , Hartling Lisa 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe aerosol route has been a pathway for transmission of many viruses. Similarly, recent evidence has determined aerosol transmission for SARS-CoV-2 to be significant. Consequently, public health officials and professionals have sought data regarding the role of Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) features as a means to mitigate transmission of viruses, particularly coronaviruses. Using international standards, a systematic review was conducted to comprehensively identify and synthesize research examining the effect of humidity on transmission of coronaviruses and influenza. The results from 24 relevant studies showed that: increasing from mid (40-60%) to high (>60%) relative humidity (RH) for SARS-CoV-2 was associated with decreased virus survival; although SARS-CoV-2 results appear consistent, coronaviruses do not all behave the same; increasing from low (<40%) to mid RH for influenza was associated with decreased persistence, infectivity, viability, and survival, however effects of increased humidity from mid to high for influenza were not consistent; and medium, temperature, and exposure time were associated with inconsistency in results for both coronaviruses and influenza. Adapting HVAC humidity to mitigate virus transmission is a complex approach due to difficulties of humidity control; humidity is a feature to be considered in conjunction with other HVAC features.Practical ImplicationsWhile increasing relative humidity from mid (40-60%RH) to high (>60%RH) was associated with decreased SARS-CoV-2 survival, coronaviruses did not all behave the same way. As a result, blanket prescriptive humidity levels for coronavirus mitigation are difficult to ascertain. While influenza survival varied from mid to high RH, increased humidity from low (<40%RH) to mid (40-60%RH) RH was associated with decreased virus survival with maximum survival at low RH. When controlling humidity as an HVAC feature, practitioners should take into account virus type and temperature. Future research should also consider the impact of exposure time, temperature, and medium when designing experiments, while also working towards more standardized testing procedures.
Three-dimensional spike localization and improved motion correction for Neuropixels recordings
Authors: Boussard Julien , Varol Erdem , Lee Hyun Dong , Dethe Nishchal , Paninski Liam 
Published: November 2021

AbstractNeuropixels (NP) probes are dense linear multi-electrode arrays that have rapidly become essential tools for studying the electrophysiology of large neural populations. Unfortunately, a number of challenges remain in analyzing the large datasets output by these probes. Here we introduce several new methods for extracting useful spiking information from NP probes. First, we use a simple point neuron model, together with a neural-network denoiser, to efficiently map single spikes detected on the probe into three-dimensional localizations. Previous methods localized individual spikes in two dimensions only; we show that the new localization approach is significantly more robust and provides an improved feature set for clustering spikes according to neural identity (“spike sorting”). Next, we denoise the resulting three-dimensional point-cloud representation of the data, and show that the resulting 3D images can be accurately registered over time, leading to improved tracking of time-varying neural activity over the probe, and in turn, crisper estimates of neural clusters over time. Open source code is available athttps://github.com/int-brain-lab/spikes_localization_registration.git.
NMDA receptor-targeted enrichment of CaMKIIα improves fear memory
Authors: Chifor Anthony , Choi Jeongyoon , Park Joongkyu 
Published: November 2021

AbstractCalcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II alpha (CaMKIIα) is an essential player in long-term potentiation and memory formation. However, the establishment of effective molecular interventions with CaMKIIα to improve memory remains a long-standing challenge. Here we report a novel intrabody targeting GluN1, a subunit of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs). We identify this anti-GluN1 intrabody (termed VHH Anti-GluN1; VHHAN1) by a synthetic phage display library selection and yeast-two-hybrid screenings. We validate specific targeting of VHHAN1 to GluN1 in heterologous cells and the mouse hippocampus. We further show that adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated expression of CaMKIIα fused with VHHAN1 is locally enriched at excitatory postsynaptic regions of the mouse hippocampus. We also find that the AAV- and VHHAN1-mediated postsynaptic enrichment of CaMKIIα in the hippocampus improves contextual fear memory in mice. This novel approach opens a new avenue to enhance memory ability in health and diseases.
Maternal effects on early-life gut microbiome maturation in a wild nonhuman primate
Authors: Baniel Alice , Petrullo Lauren , Mercer Arianne , Reitsema Laurie , Sams Sierra , Beehner Jacinta C. , Bergman Thore J. , Snyder-Mackler Noah , Lu Amy 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACTEarly-life gut microbial colonization is an important process shaping host physiology, immunity and long-term health outcomes in humans and other animals. However, our understanding of this dynamic process remains poorly investigated in wild animals, where developmental mechanisms can be better understood within ecological and evolutionary relevant contexts. Using 16s rRNA amplicon sequencing on 525 fecal samples from a large cohort of infant and juvenile geladas (Theropithecus gelada), we characterized gut microbiome maturation during the first three years of life and assessed the role of maternal effects in shaping offspring microbiome assembly. Microbial diversity increased rapidly in the first months of life, followed by more gradual changes until weaning. As expected, changes in gut microbiome composition and function with increasing age reflected progressive dietary transitions: in early infancy when infants rely heavily on their mother’s milk, microbes that facilitate milk glycans and lactose utilization dominated, while later in development as graminoids are progressively introduced into the diet, microbes that metabolize plant complex polysaccharides became dominant. Furthermore, the microbial community of nursing infants born to first-time (primiparous) mothers was more “milk-oriented” compared to similarly-aged infants born to experienced (multiparous) mothers. Comparisons of matched mother-offspring fecal samples to random dyads did not support vertical transmission as a conduit for these maternal effects, which instead could be explained by slower phenotypic development (and associated slower gut microbiome maturation) in infants born to first-time mothers. Together, our findings highlight the dynamic nature of gut colonization in early life and the role of maternal effects in modulating this trajectory in a wild primate.
Neural correlates of masked and unmasked tones: psychoacoustics and late auditory evoked potentials (LAEPs)
Authors: Kim Hyojin , Epp Bastian 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACTHearing thresholds are commonly used to quantify a listener’s ability to detect sound. In the presence of masking sounds, hearing thresholds can vary depending on the signal properties of the target and the masker, commonly referred to as auditory cues. Target detection can be facilitated with comodulated masking noise and interaural phase disparity (IPD). This can be quantified with a decrease in detection thresholds or masking release: comodulation masking release (CMR, for comodulation) and binaural masking level difference (BMLD, for IPD). As these measures only reflect the low limit of levels for target detection, the relevance of masking release at supra-threshold levels is still unclear. Here, we used psychoacoustic and electrophysiological measures to investigate the effect of masking release for a masked tone at supra-threshold levels. Behaviorally, we investigated how the amount of masking release affects the salience at supra-threshold levels. We used intensity just-noticeable difference (JND) to quantify level-dependent changes in the salience of the tonal signal. As a physiological correlate, we investigated late auditory evoked potentials (LAEPs) with electroencephalography (EEG). The results showed that the intensity JNDs were equal at the same physical target tone level, regardless of the presence or absence of masking release. Estimated salience was correlated with the amount of masking release. However, salience measures across conditions converged with the target tone level above 70 dB SPL. For the LAEPs, the P2 amplitudes were more closely linked to behavioral measures than the N1 amplitudes. Both behavioral and electrophysiological measures suggest that the salience of a masked tone at supra-threshold levels is correlated with the amount of masking release.