bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contradictions in Teachers’ Classroom Dynamic Assessment Implementation: An Activity System Analysis
Authors: Sagre Anamaría , Herazo Jose David , Davin Kristin J. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDynamic Assessment (DA) is a procedure that requires teachers to attend to learners’ language use, detect inaccuracies, and provide graduated prompting in the moment to support learners in repairing errors (Poehner, 2009). For most teachers, this series of steps represents a significant and complex departure from their typical practice of responding to students’ erroneous utterances with recasts (Davin, Herazo, & Sagre, 2016). The present study used an activity system analysis, emerging from Cultural Historical Activity Theory, to examine the contradictions that arose in the practice of three L2 teachers during and following their participation in a professional development series focused on classroom DA. Interviews, stimulated recall, and teachers’ reflections were analyzed to explain the contradictions and their resolution. Findings revealed that whereas the three teachers assumed the role of providers of prompts, only one teacher adopted the role of both provider of prompts and assessor, reconceptualizing the object of activity to include assessment.
Low-temperature entropy in JT gravity
Authors: Janssen Oliver , Mirbabayi Mehrdad 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
For ensembles of Hamiltonians that fall under the Dyson classification of random matrices with β ∈ {1, 2, 4}, the low-temperature mean entropy can be shown to vanish as 〈S(T)〉 ∼ κTβ + 1. A similar relation holds for Altland-Zirnbauer ensembles. JT gravity has been shown to be dual to the double-scaling limit of a β = 2 ensemble, with a classical eigenvalue density $$ \propto {e}^{S_0}\sqrt{E} $$
∝

e

S
0

E

when 0 < E ≪ 1. We use universal results about the distribution of the smallest eigenvalues in such ensembles to calculate κ up to corrections that we argue are doubly exponentially small in S0.
Wavelet field decomposition and UV ‘opaqueness’
Authors: Tomboulis E. T. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractA large body of work over several decades indicates that, in the presence of gravitational interactions, there is loss of localization resolution within a fundamental (∼ Planck) length scaleℓ. We develop a general formalism based on wavelet decomposition of fields that takes this UV ‘opaqueness’ into account in a natural and mathematically well-defined manner. This is done by requiring fields in a local Lagrangian to be expandable in only the scaling parts of a (complete or, in a more general version, partial) wavelet Multi-Resolution Analysis. This delocalizes the interactions, now mediated through the opaque regions, inside which they are rapidly decaying. The opaque regions themselves are capable of discrete excitations of ∼ 1/ℓspacing. The resulting effective Feynman rules, which give UV regulated and (perturbatively) unitary physical amplitudes, resemble those of string field theory.
Unified non-metric (1, 0) tensor-Einstein supergravity theories and (4, 0) supergravity in six dimensions
Authors: Günaydin Murat 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The ultrashort unitary (4, 0) supermultiplet of 6d superconformal algebra OSp(8∗|8) reduces to the CPT-self conjugate supermultiplet of 4d superconformal algebra SU(2, 2|8) that represents the fields of maximal N = 8 supergravity. The graviton in the (4, 0) multiplet is described by a mixed tensor gauge field which can not be identified with the standard metric in 6d. Furthermore the (4, 0) supermultiplet can be obtained as a double copy of (2, 0) conformal supermultiplet whose interacting theories are non-Lagrangian. It had been suggested that an interacting non-metric (4, 0) supergravity theory might describe the strongly coupled phase of 5d maximal supergravity. In this paper we study the implications of the existence of an interacting non-metric (4, 0) supergravity in 6d. The (4, 0) theory can be truncated to non-metric (1, 0) supergravity coupled to 5,8 and 14 self-dual tensor multiplets that reduce to three of the unified magical supergravity theories in d = 5. This implies that the three infinite families of unified N = 2, 5d Maxwell-Einstein supergravity theories (MESGTs) plus two sporadic ones must have uplifts to unified non-metric (1, 0) tensor Einstein supergravity theories (TESGT) in d = 6. These theories have non-compact global symmetry groups under which all the self-dual tensor fields including the gravitensor transform irreducibly. Four of these theories are uplifts of the magical supergravity theories whose scalar manifolds are symmetric spaces. The scalar manifolds of the other unified theories are not homogeneous spaces. We also discuss the exceptional field theoretic formulations of non-metric unified (1, 0) tensor-Einstein supergravity theories and conclude with speculations concerning the existence of higher dimensional non-metric supergravity theories that reduce to the (4, 0) theory in d = 6.
On Invariant Subspaces in the Lai–Massey Scheme and a Primitivity Reduction
Authors: Aragona Riccardo , Civino Roberto 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn symmetric cryptography, the round functions used as building blocks for iterated block ciphers are obtained as the composition of different layers acting as a sequence of bijective transformations providing global increasing complexity. The study of the conditions on such layers which make the group generated by the round functions of a block cipher a primitive group has been addressed in the past years, both in the case of Substitution Permutation Networks and Feistel Networks, giving to block cipher designers the recipe to avoid the imprimitivity attack, which exploits the invariance of some subspaces during the encryption. In the case of Lai–Massey schemes, where both Substitution Permutation Network and Feistel Network features are combined, the resistance against imprimitivity attacks has been a long-standing open problem. In this paper we consider a generalization of such a scheme and we prove its resistance against the imprimitivity attack. Our solution is obtained as a consequence of a more general result in which the problem of proving the primitivity of a generalized Lai–Massey scheme is reduced to the simpler one of proving the primitivity of the group generated by the round functions of a strictly related Substitution Permutation Network. We prove how this implies a reduction in the computational cost of invariant-subspace search.
Verwendung von Fluoriden zur Kariesprävention
Authors: Schiffner Ulrich 
Published: June 2021

ZusammenfassungSeit wenigen Jahrzehnten ist in Deutschland ein Rückgang der Karieslast in allen Altersgruppen feststellbar. Hierfür wird die regelmäßige Anwendung von Fluoridpräparaten als wesentliche Ursache beschrieben. Es gilt als gesichert, dass für den Rückgang der Kariesprävalenz und Karieserfahrung die lokale Fluoridapplikation, insbesondere durch fluoridhaltige Zahnpasten und Fluoridlacke, auf die Zahnoberflächen in der Mundhöhle verantwortlich ist. Für die klinische Gesamtwirkung wurden einzelne Wirkungsmechanismen wie die Bildung einer Fluoridspeicherschicht, die Remineralisation sowie Effekte auf die bakterielle Plaque bestimmt. Diese Einzeleffekte können an Schmelz und Wurzeldentin bei Patienten jeden Alters wirksam werden. Dabei besteht eine Dosis-Wirkungs-Beziehung zwischen der Fluoridkonzentration in den angewendeten Präparaten und der durchschnittlich erzielten Kariesreduktion.Es bestehen keine allgemeintoxikologischen Bedenken gegenüber der lokalen Fluoridanwendung. Fluoridzahnpasten sollen ab Durchbruch des ersten Milchzahns verwendet werden. Die Menge der verwendeten Zahnpasta ist auf die empfohlenen Volumina zu begrenzen, um die Entstehung von Schmelzfluorosen zu vermeiden. Die professionell durchgeführte Applikation von hochkonzentrierten Fluoridlacken weist neben einer hohen karieshemmenden Effektivität auch bei erhöhtem Kariesrisiko und bei bereits vorhandenen Demineralisationen besondere Vorteile auf. Dies trifft auch für die Anwendung am Wurzeldentin zu, wo durch Verwendung hochkonzentrierter Fluoridpräparate signifikante primär- und sekundärpräventive Effekte nachgewiesen wurden.
Mikrobiom als natürlicher Schutzfaktor
Authors: Bosch Thomas C. G. 
Published: June 2021

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Eine neue Generation von Technologien deckt eine große Zahl von Mikroorganismen auf, die mit der Haut in einer engen und oft funktionellen Beziehung stehen. Störungen dieser Partnerschaft haben erhebliche Konsequenzen. Seit Jahrzehnten schreitet die Verarmung des Mikrobioms im Zuge eines modernen, globalisierten Lebensstils voran. Bei der Aufrechterhaltung der Gesundheit sind neben den genetischen Aspekten auch die auf der Haut und anderen Organen lebenden Mikroben zu berücksichtigen. Alle Epithelien einschließlich der Haut sind mit einer Vielzahl von Mikroben besiedelt.

Fragestellung
Betrachtet wird die Funktion des Mikrobioms in der Haut und anderen Organen.

Material und Methode
Es erfolgt eine Diskussion von Grundlagenarbeiten.

Ergebnisse
Das Mikrobiom der Haut ist für die Aufrechterhaltung der Gesundheit von großer Bedeutung.

Schlussfolgerungen
Wir brauchen das Verständnis unseres Körpers als multiorganismischer Metaorganismus, um intelligent auf die Herausforderungen einer sich immer rascher ändernden Umwelt reagieren zu können.
COVID-19: a crisis of the female self-employed
Authors: Graeber Daniel , Kritikos Alexander S. , Seebauer Johannes 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe investigate how the economic consequences of the pandemic and the government-mandated measures to contain its spread affect the self-employed — particularly women — in Germany. For our analysis, we use representative, real-time survey data in which respondents were asked about their situation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our findings indicate that among the self-employed, who generally face a higher likelihood of income losses due to COVID-19 than employees, women are about one-third more likely to experience income losses than their male counterparts. We do not find a comparable gender gap among employees. Our results further suggest that the gender gap among the self-employed is largely explained by the fact that women disproportionately work in industries that are more severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Our analysis of potential mechanisms reveals that women are significantly more likely to be impacted by government-imposed restrictions, e.g., the regulation of opening hours. We conclude that future policy measures intending to mitigate the consequences of such shocks should account for this considerable variation in economic hardship.
Physiological MRI of microvascular architecture, neovascularization activity, and oxygen metabolism facilitate early recurrence detection in patients with IDH-mutant WHO grade 3 glioma
Authors: Stadlbauer Andreas , Heinz Gertraud , Oberndorfer Stefan , Zimmermann Max , Kinfe Thomas M. , Buchfelder Michael , Dörfler Arnd , Kremenevski Natalia , Marhold Franz 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Purpose
This study aimed to determine the diagnostic performance of physiological MRI biomarkers including microvascular perfusion and architecture, neovascularization activity, tissue oxygen metabolism, and tension for recurrence detection of IDH-mutant WHO grade 3 glioma.

Methods
Sixty patients with IDH-mutant WHO grade 3 glioma who received overall 288 follow-up MRI examinations at 3 Tesla after standard treatment were retrospectively evaluated. A conventional MRI protocol was extended with a physiological MRI approach including vascular architecture mapping and quantitative blood-oxygen-level-dependent imaging which required 7 min extra data acquisition time. Custom-made MATLAB software was used for the calculation of MRI biomarker maps of microvascular perfusion and architecture, neovascularization activity, tissue oxygen metabolism, and tension. Statistical procedures included receiver operating characteristic analysis.

Results
Overall, 34 patients showed recurrence of the WHO grade 3 glioma; of these, in 15 patients, recurrence was detected one follow-up examination (averaged 160 days) earlier by physiological MRI data than by conventional MRI. During this time period, the tumor volume increased significantly (P = 0.001) on average 7.4-fold from 1.5 to 11.1 cm3. Quantitative analysis of MRI biomarkers demonstrated microvascular but no macrovascular hyperperfusion in early recurrence. Neovascularization activity (AUC = 0.833), microvascular perfusion (0.682), and oxygen metabolism (0.661) showed higher diagnostic performance for early recurrence detection of WHO grade 3 glioma compared to conventional MRI including cerebral blood volume (0.649).

Conclusion
This study demonstrated that the targeted assessment of microvascular features and tissue oxygen tension as an early sign of neovascularization activity provided valuable information for recurrence diagnostic of WHO grade 3 glioma.
Clinicopathological Significance of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Located in the Isthmus: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Lyu Young Sang , Pyo Jung Soo , Cho Won Jin , Kim Sang Yong , Kim Jin Hwa 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe thyroid isthmus is located directly anterior to the trachea and is covered by the strap muscles. Several studies have suggested that papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) in the isthmus is more aggressive and is associated with a poor prognosis. The purpose of this meta‐analysis was to assess the clinicopathological characteristics and recurrence rates of PTC in the isthmus compared to PTC at other sites.MethodsRelevant articles were obtained by searching the PubMed database. A meta‐analysis was performed using 11 eligible studies.ResultsThe rate of extrathyroidal extension was 0.502 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.239–0.764) and 0.454 (95% CI: 0.331–0.582) for isthmus PTC and PTC at other site, respectively; however, the difference in the rates was not statistically significant. Lymphovascular invasion did not significantly differ between isthmus PTC (0.179 [95% CI: 0.102–0.297]) and PTC at other sites (0.114 [95% CI: 0.066–0.188]). The rate of central lymph node (LN) metastasis was significantly higher in isthmus PTC (0.527 [95% CI: 0.435–0.617]) than in PTC at other sites (0.352 [95% CI: 0.280–0.432]). No significant difference was observed between the two groups in terms of lateral cervical LN metastasis rate. Isthmus PTC was more likely to have a prominent recurrence rate (0.046 [95% CI: 0.022–0.094]) than PTC at other sites (0.010 [95% CI: 0.001–0.070]); however, the difference was not statistically significant (because of the small number of included studies).ConclusionsThe results of this meta‐analysis indicated that isthmus PTC was associated with an increased risk of central LN metastasis. Isthmus PTC seems to have a slightly higher recurrence rate than PTC at other sites. Therefore, considering the potential of the isthmus location as an unfavorable factor, more attention should be focused on isthmus PTC, and a more aggressive approach such as prophylactic central LN dissection might provide better outcomes in PTC management.
Rückenschmerz: ein Phänomen des Alters?
Authors: Stueckle Christoph Alexander , Talarczyk Sarah , Stueckle Kerstin Frauke , Beisenherz Christian , Haage Patrick 
Published: June 2021

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Unter der Vorstellung, dass ein gewisses Maß an Degeneration im Alter normal ist, sollten die Veränderungen erkannt werden, die signifikant zu Beschwerden führen. Es sollte sichergestellt werden, dass der geriatrische Patient adäquat behandelt wird und schnell wieder in sein normales, schmerzfreies Leben zurückfinden kann.

Methodik
Durchgeführt wurde eine prospektive Untersuchung an symptomatischen Patienten, die zu einer MR-Untersuchung der Wirbelsäule kamen. Es wurden das Vorliegen einer Spinalkanalstenose, osteochondrotische und spondylarthrotische Veränderungen sowie Nervenwurzelaffektionen beurteilt. In einem Kurzinterview wurden die Beeinträchtigungen im Alltag, Dauer der Beschwerden bis zur Kontaktaufnahme mit dem Arzt und daraus resultierende Beeinträchtigungen erhoben. Die Ergebnisse wurden mit dem Alter, der Gruppe der Patienten unter und über 65 Lebensjahre sowie mit dem Schmerzscore korreliert.

Ergebnisse
Das Alter ist signifikant positiv korreliert mit der Facettengelenkarthrose, spinaler Einengung, osteochondrotischen Veränderungen und der intraforaminalen Nervenwurzelaffektion. Es zeigt sich keine signifikante Korrelation zwischen Schmerzscore und Lebensalter.
Der Schmerzscore zeigt eine signifikante Korrelation für die Nervenwurzelaffektion, Facettengelenkarthrose und spinale Enge. Die Schmerzdauer ist beim älteren Patienten signifikant kürzer, bis er den behandelnden Arzt aufsucht, während die Beeinträchtigungen im Alltag signifikant stärker ausgeprägt sind.

Schlussfolgerung
Das Alter selbst ist nicht mit Schmerzempfinden korreliert. Isolierte Merkmale wie Nervenwurzelaffektion und Facettengelenkarthrose zeigen eine positive Korrelation zum Schmerz. Der ältere Patient geht schneller zum Arzt, da er den Rückenschmerz als Einschränkung seines täglichen Lebens empfindet.
The subcellular arrangement of alpha-synuclein proteoforms in the Parkinson’s disease brain as revealed by multicolor STED microscopy
Authors: Moors Tim E. , Maat Christina A. , Niedieker Daniel , Mona Daniel , Petersen Dennis , Timmermans-Huisman Evelien , Kole Jeroen , El-Mashtoly Samir F. , Spycher Liz , Zago Wagner , Barbour Robin , Mundigl Olaf , Kaluza Klaus , Huber Sylwia , Hug Melanie N. , Kremer Thomas , Ritter Mirko , Dziadek Sebastian , Geurts Jeroen J. G. , Gerwert Klaus , Britschgi Markus , van de Berg Wilma D. J. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractVarious post-translationally modified (PTM) proteoforms of alpha-synuclein (aSyn)—including C-terminally truncated (CTT) and Serine 129 phosphorylated (Ser129-p) aSyn—accumulate in Lewy bodies (LBs) in different regions of the Parkinson’s disease (PD) brain. Insight into the distribution of these proteoforms within LBs and subcellular compartments may aid in understanding the orchestration of Lewy pathology in PD. We applied epitope-specific antibodies against CTT and Ser129-p aSyn proteoforms and different aSyn domains in immunohistochemical multiple labelings on post-mortem brain tissue from PD patients and non-neurological, aged controls, which were scanned using high-resolution 3D multicolor confocal and stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy. Our multiple labeling setup highlighted a consistent onion skin-type 3D architecture in mature nigral LBs in which an intricate and structured-appearing framework of Ser129-p aSyn and cytoskeletal elements encapsulates a core enriched in CTT aSyn species. By label-free CARS microscopy we found that enrichments of proteins and lipids were mainly localized to the central portion of nigral aSyn-immunopositive (aSyn+) inclusions. Outside LBs, we observed that 122CTT aSyn+ punctae localized at mitochondrial membranes in the cytoplasm of neurons in PD and control brains, suggesting a physiological role for 122CTT aSyn outside of LBs. In contrast, very limited to no Ser129-p aSyn immunoreactivity was observed in brains of non-neurological controls, while the alignment of Ser129-p aSyn in a neuronal cytoplasmic network was characteristic for brains with (incidental) LB disease. Interestingly, Ser129-p aSyn+ network profiles were not only observed in neurons containing LBs but also in neurons without LBs particularly in donors at early disease stage, pointing towards a possible subcellular pathological phenotype preceding LB formation. Together, our high-resolution and 3D multicolor microscopy observations in the post-mortem human brain provide insights into potential mechanisms underlying a regulated LB morphogenesis.
Hybrid dynamics of multi-species resource exploitation
Authors: Radi Davide , Lamantia Fabio , Tichý Tomáš 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we analyze a bio-economic model of exploitation of renewable commercial resources. To take into account the typically continuous-time modeling of biological species and, instead, of the specialized harvesting activities, which by its nature cannot change continuously, the resulting dynamic system is of the hybrid type, i.e. continuous for biological variables and discrete for the economic ones. Through a discretization of the continuous variables, the problem is then reformulated by means of a three-dimensional map. Of this map, we study the dynamic properties to understand how economic parameters influence the long-run availability of resources.
Effect of Pt Particle Size and Phosphorous Addition on Furfural Hydrogenation Over Pt/Al2O3
Authors: Agote-Arán Miren , Alijani Shahram , Coffano Chiara , Villa Alberto , Ferri Davide 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPt/Al2O3 catalysts with different Pt particle sizes and after phosphorous deposition were studied for liquid phase catalysed furfural hydrogenation. The activity and selectivity were related to various physico-chemical properties studied by scanning transmission electron microscopy, N2 physisorption, 31P nuclear magnetic resonance, diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy. The results indicate that the large particles obtained upon calcination of 1 wt% Pt/Al2O3 at 600 °C exhibited higher turnover frequency per surface Pt; nonetheless, the overall activity decreased due to the loss of surface Pt upon sintering. While in certain cases phosphorous can act as promoter, the addition of this element to Pt/Al2O3 resulted in catalyst poisoning, which was ascribed to Pt encapsulation/blockage effects related to formation of AlPO4. Finally, gradual deactivation of Pt/Al2O3 was observed over five consecutive catalytic cycles which was caused by Pt sintering (from 0.6 to 2.0 nm) as well as by irreversible adsorption of organic reaction intermediates.
Graphic Abstract
A co-cultivation process of Nannochloropsis oculata and Tisochrysis lutea induces morpho-physiological and biochemical variations potentially useful for biotechnological purposes
Authors: Maglie Michele , Baldisserotto Costanza , Guerrini Alessandra , Sabia Alessandra , Ferroni Lorenzo , Pancaldi Simonetta 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe biotechnological potential of microalgae has gained considerable importance in many applied fields: biomass production for food and feed, cosmeceutical and pharmaceutical products, energy and phytoremediation. The driving force that inspires the progress in microalgae production is the need for new cultivation systems to obtain simultaneously the maximum yield, reduction of water and nutrients use, and production of economically interesting molecules, such as pigments, fatty acids and polysaccharides. We aim to test, for the first time, the co-cultivation in saline medium of Tisochrysis lutea (Haptophyta) and Nannochloropsis oculata (Ochrophyta) to obtain valuable compounds, i.e. pigments and lipids characteristic of each species, using a single culture process. Mono-cultures of each strain were used as controls. The two strains showed an increase in the concentration of chlorophylls and carotenoids in co-culture. At the end of the experiment, the fatty acid profile was analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The lipids in the co-cultivated cell extracts were mainly attributable to N. oculata, which represented 97% of the total cells (ca. 83% of the total biomass) at the end of the experiment. Nevertheless, the ω-3 characteristic of T. lutea (DHA and SDA, absent in N. oculata) was also detectable. Although the co-cultivation of these two phylogenetically different species of microalgae did not show positive effects on the growth and on the total lipid production, however, this process resulted in a reduction of the production costs and a lower consumption of water and nutrients.