bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COVID-19 Testing and the Impact of the Pandemic on the Miami Adult Studies on HIV Cohort
Authors: Tamargo Javier A. , Martin Haley R. , Diaz-Martinez Janet , Trepka Mary Jo , Delgado-Enciso Ivan , Johnson Angelique , Mandler Raul N. , Siminski Suzanne , Gorbach Pamina M. , Baum Marianna K. 
Published: March 2021

Background:
Socioeconomic disadvantages and potential immunocompromise raise particular concerns for people living with HIV (PLWH) and other marginalized communities during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, we explored COVID-19 testing and the impact of the pandemic among participants from the Miami Adult Studies on HIV cohort, predominantly composed of low-income minorities living with and without HIV.

Methods:
Between July and August 2020, a telephone survey was administered to 299 Miami Adult Studies on HIV participants to assess COVID-19 testing, prevention behaviors, and psychosocial stressors. Health care utilization, antiretroviral adherence, food insecurity, and substance use during the pandemic were compared with those of their last cohort visit (7.8 ± 2.9 months earlier).

Results:
Half of surveyed participants had been tested for COVID-19, 8 had tested positive and 2 had been hospitalized. PLWH (n = 183) were 42% times less likely than HIV-uninfected participants to have been tested. However, after adjustment for age, employment, COVID-19 symptoms, mental health care, and substance use, the effect of HIV status was no longer significant. PLWH were more likely to have seen a health care provider, use face coverings, and avoid public transportation and less likely to be food insecure and drink hazardously. There were significant changes in substance use patterns during the pandemic when compared with those before.

Conclusion:
PLWH, compared with their HIV-uninfected peers, were more likely to engage in preventive measures and health care during the pandemic, potentially reducing their exposure to COVID-19. There were no reported changes in antiretroviral adherence or health care utilization, but there were changes in substance use; these need to be monitored as this crisis progresses.
Characterization of Ascending Aortic Flow in Patients With Degenerative Aneurysms
Authors: Ramaekers Mitch J.F.G. , Adriaans Bouke P. , Juffermans Joe F. , van Assen Hans C. , Bekkers Sebastiaan C.A.M. , Scholte Arthur J.H.A. , Kenjeres Sasa , Lamb Hildo J. , Wildberger Joachim E. , Westenberg Jos J.M. , Schalla Simon 
Published: March 2021

Objectives
Degenerative thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) patients are known to be at risk of life-threatening acute aortic events. Guidelines recommend preemptive surgery at diameters of greater than 55 mm, although many patients with small aneurysms show only mild growth rates and more than half of complications occur in aneurysms below this threshold. Thus, assessment of hemodynamics using 4-dimensional flow magnetic resonance has been of interest to obtain more insights in aneurysm development. Nonetheless, the role of aberrant flow patterns in TAA patients is not yet fully understood.

Materials and Methods
A total of 25 TAA patients and 22 controls underwent time-resolved 3-dimensional phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging with 3-directional velocity encoding (ie, 4-dimensional flow magnetic resonance imaging). Hemodynamic parameters such as vorticity, helicity, and wall shear stress (WSS) were calculated from velocity data in 3 anatomical segments of the ascending aorta (root, proximal, and distal). Regional WSS distribution was assessed for the full cardiac cycle.

Results
Flow vorticity and helicity were significantly lower for TAA patients in all segments. The proximal ascending aorta showed a significant increase in peak WSS in the outer curvature in TAA patients, whereas WSS values at the inner curvature were significantly lower as compared with controls. Furthermore, positive WSS gradients from sinotubular junction to midascending aorta were most prominent in the outer curvature, whereas from midascending aorta to brachiocephalic trunk, the outer curvature showed negative WSS gradients in the TAA group. Controls solely showed a positive gradient at the inner curvature for both segments.

Conclusions
Degenerative TAA patients show a decrease in flow vorticity and helicity, which is likely to cause perturbations in physiological flow patterns. The subsequent differing distribution of WSS might be a contributor to vessel wall remodeling and aneurysm formation.
Craniofacial Measurements: A History of Scientific Racism, Rethinking Anthropometric Norms
Authors: Ching Ann Hui , Kang Gavin Chun Wui , Lim Gale Jue Shuang 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Craniofacial measurements have been used in attempt to create racial categories. This article discusses the history of this practice and the potential implications this has for patients.
Double-Layered Closuring to Repair an Oroantral Fistula Using Septal Cartilage and Buccal Fat Pad
Authors: Aksakal Ceyhun , Akti Serdar , Aksakal Betül Subaşi 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Oroantral fistula (OAF) is a pathological connection between the maxillary sinus and oral cavity, and it usually occurs after tooth extraction. Proper repair of OAF is important for the prevention of recurrences. The present case offers a technique of OAF repair using septal cartilage and buccal fat pad for the repair of the defect after excision of fistula tract. This double-layered closure is a new technique that could be used to repair chronic OAF.
Pandemic Recovery: Persistent Disparities in Access to Elective Surgical Procedures
Authors: Lin Joseph A. , Braun Hillary J. , Schwab Marisa E. , Pierce Logan , Sosa Julie A. , Wick Elizabeth C. 
Published: March 2021

Objective:
To examine potential disparities in patient access to elective procedures during the recovery phase of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Summary of Background Data:
Elective surgeries during the pandemic were limited acutely. Access to surgical care was restored in a recovery phase but backlogs and societal shifts are hypothesized to impact surgical access.

Methods:
Adults with electronic health record orders for procedures (“procedure requests”), from March 16 to August 25, 2019 and March 16 to August 25, 2020, were included. Logistic regression was performed for requested procedures that were not scheduled. Linear regression was performed for wait time from request to scheduled or completed procedure.

Results:
The number of patients with procedure requests decreased 20.8%, from 26,789 in 2019 to 21,162 in 2020. Patients aged 36–50 and >65 years, those speaking non-English languages, those with Medicare or no insurance, and those living >100 miles away had disproportionately larger decreases. Requested procedures had significantly increased adjusted odds ratios (aORs) of not being scheduled for patients with primary languages other than English, Spanish, or Cantonese [aOR 1.60, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.12–2.28]; unpartnered marital status (aOR 1.21, 95% CI 1.07–1.37); uninsured or self-pay (aOR 2.03, 95% CI 1.53–2.70). Significantly longer wait times were seen for patients aged 36–65 years; with Medi-Cal insurance; from ZIP codes with lower incomes; and from ZIP codes >100 miles away.

Conclusions:
Patient access to elective surgeries decreased during the pandemic recovery phase with disparities based on patient age, language, marital status, insurance, socioeconomic status, and distance from care. Steps to address modifiable disparities have been taken.
A multicenter investigation of the hemodynamic effects of induction agents for trauma rapid sequence intubation
Authors: Leede Emily , Kempema James , Wilson Chad , Rios Tovar Alejandro J. , Cook Alan , Fox Erin , Regner Justin , Richmond Robyn , Carrick Matt , Brown Carlos V.R. ,   Texas Trauma Study Group (Frank Buchanan, MBA, Andrew Kolodziej, LaDonna Allen, RN, Victoria E. Herrick, Natalie Tully, MD)
Published: March 2021

BACKGROUND
Several options exist for induction agents during rapid sequence intubation (RSI) in trauma patients, including etomidate, ketamine, and propofol. These drugs have reported variable hemodynamic effects (hypotension with propofol and sympathomimetic effects with ketamine) that could affect trauma resuscitations. The purpose of this study was to compare the hemodynamic effects of these three induction agents during emergency department RSI in adult trauma. We hypothesized that these drugs would display a differing hemodynamic profile during RSI.

METHODS
We performed a retrospective (2014–2019), multicenter trial of adult (≥18 years) trauma patients admitted to eight ACS-verified Level I trauma centers who underwent emergency department RSI. Variables collected included systolic blood pressure (SBP) and pulse before and after RSI. The primary outcomes were change in heart rate and SBP before and after RSI.

RESULTS
There were 2,092 patients who met criteria, 85% received etomidate (E), 8% ketamine (K), and 7% propofol (P). Before RSI, the ketamine group had a lower SBP (E, 135 vs. K, 125 vs. P, 135 mm Hg, p = 0.04) but there was no difference in pulse (E, 104 vs. K, 107 vs. P, 105 bpm, p = 0.45). After RSI, there were no differences in SBP (E, 135 vs. K, 130 vs. P, 133 mm Hg, p = 0.34) or pulse (E, 106 vs. K, 110 vs. P, 104 bpm, p = 0.08). There was no difference in the average change of SBP (E, 0.2 vs. K, 5.2 vs. P, −1.8 mm Hg, p = 0.4) or pulse (E, 1.7 vs. K, 3.5 bpm vs. P, −0.96, p = 0.24) during RSI.

CONCLUSION
Contrary to our hypothesis, there was no difference in the hemodynamic effect for etomidate versus ketamine versus propofol during RSI in trauma patients.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Therapeutic, Level IV.
Unraveling the Genomic Architecture of the CYP3A Locus and ADME Genes for Personalized Tacrolimus Dosing
Authors: Yoon Jihoon G. , Song Seung Hwan , Choi Sungkyoung , Oh Jaeseong , Jang In-Jin , Kim Young Jin , Moon Sanghoon , Kim Bong-Jo , Cho Yuri , Kim Hyo Kee , Min Sangil , Ha Jongwon , Shin Ho Sik , Yang Chul Woo , Yoon Hye Eun , Yang Jaeseok , Lee Min Goo , Park Jae Berm , Kim Myoung Soo 
Published: March 2021

Background.Tacrolimus (TAC) is an immunosuppressant widely prescribed following an allogenic organ transplant. Due to wide interindividual pharmacokinetic (PK) variability, optimizing TAC dosing based on genetic factors is required to minimize nephrotoxicity and acute rejections.Methods.We enrolled 1133 participants receiving TAC from 4 cohorts, consisting of 3 with kidney transplant recipients and 1 with healthy males from clinical trials. The effects of clinical factors were estimated to appropriately control confounding variables. A genome-wide association study, haplotype analysis, and a gene-based association test were conducted using the Korea Biobank Array or targeted sequencing for 114 pharmacogenes.Results.Genome-wide association study verified thatCYP3A5*3 is the only common variant associated with TAC PK variability in Koreans. We detected severalCYP3A5andCYP3A4rare variants that could potentially affect TAC metabolism. The haplotype structure ofCYP3A5stratified byCYP3A5*3 was a significant factor forCYP3A5rare variant interpretation.CYP3A4rare variant carriers among CYP3A5 intermediate metabolizers displayed higher TAC trough levels. Gene-based association tests in the 61 absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion genes revealed thatCYP1A1are associated with additional TAC PK variability:CYP1A1rare variant carriers among CYP3A5 poor metabolizers showed lower TAC trough levels than the noncarrier controls.Conclusions.Our study demonstrates that rare variant profiling ofCYP3A5andCYP3A4, combined with the haplotype structures ofCYP3Alocus, provide additive value for personalized TAC dosing. We also identified a novel association betweenCYP1A1rare variants and TAC PK variability in the CYP3A5 nonexpressers that needs to be further investigated.
An Open-label Randomized Controlled Parallel-group Pilot Study Comparing the Immunogenicity of a Standard-, Double-, and Booster-dose Regimens of the 2014 Seasonal Trivalent Inactivated Influenza Vaccine in Kidney Transplant Recipients
Authors: Odongo Fatuma Catherine Atieno , Braga Patrícia Emília , Palacios Ricardo , Miraglia João Luiz , Sartori Ana Marli Christovam , Ibrahim Karim Yaqub , Lopes Marta Heloisa , Caiaffa-Filho Helio Hehl , Timenetsky Maria do Carmo Sampaio Tavares , Agena Fabiana , Fonseca de Azevedo Luiz Sergio , David-Neto Elias , Precioso Alexander Roberto , Pierrotti Lígia Camera 
Published: March 2021

Background.
Immunogenicity of influenza vaccine in transplant recipients is suboptimal and alternative vaccination regimens are necessary.

Methods.
We compared the immunogenicity of a standard-dose trivalent inactivated influenza vaccination (SDTIIV), double-dose trivalent inactivated influenza vaccination (DDTIIV), and booster-dose trivalent inactivated influenza vaccination (BDTIIV) of the 2014 seasonal trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in kidney transplant recipients. We randomized 176 participants to SDTIIV (59), DDTIIV (59), and BDTIIV regimens (58). Antibody titers were determined by hemagglutination inhibition at enrollment and 21 d postvaccination. Seroprotection rates (SPRs), seroconversion rates (SCRs), and geometric mean ratios (GMRs) were analyzed separately for participants with low (<1:40) and high (≥1:40) prevaccination antibody titers.

Results.
Vaccination was confirmed for 172 participants. Immunogenicity analysis was done for 149 participants who provided postvaccination blood samples. In the subgroup with high prevaccination antibody titers, all vaccination regimens induced SPR > 70% to all antigens, but SCR and GMR were below the recommendations. In the subgroup with low prevaccination antibody titers, DDTIIV and BDTIIV regimens induced adequate SCR > 40% and GMR > 2.5 for all antigens, whereas SDTIIV achieved the same outcomes only for influenza B. SPRs were >70% only after DDTIIV (A/H1N1—77.8%) and BDTIIV (A/H3N2—77.8%). BDTIIV regimen independently increased seroprotection to A/H1N1 (PR = 2.58; P = 0.021) and A/H3N2 (PR = 2.21; P = 0.004), whereas DDTIIV independently increased seroprotection to A/H1N1 (PR = 2.59; P = 0.021).

Conclusions.
Our results suggest that DDTIIV and BDTIIV regimens are more immunogenic than SDTIIV, indicating the need for head-to-head multicenter clinical trials to further evaluate their efficacy.
Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza. 25 January 1922—31 August 2018
Authors: Edwards A. W. F. 
Published: March 2021

Though it was as a bacteriologist that Luca Cavalli-Sforza first flourished scientifically, it was the subject of human population genetics that he dominated for the second half of the twentieth century. He pioneered both genetical demography and the construction of the genetical evolutionary tree of man, initially from gene-frequency data and ultimately from tracing the paths of descent of individual DNA sequences. He was among the first to apply the new computers to the problems he encountered, using his self-taught knowledge of mathematics and statistics. He conducted expeditions to the Pygmies of the African rainforest and studied the spread of agriculture in Europe, demonstrating the similarity between its wave of advance and the contours of population gene frequency. He noted the correspondence between the descent tree of languages and the human evolutionary tree.Cavalli headed university departments in Pavia and then Stanford, surrounding himself with young colleagues and driving forward research with vigorous discussion and unceasing enthusiasm. His knowledge was spread across medicine and genetics, anthropology and linguistics, archaeology and history, and he expressed himself fluently in speech and writing in Italian, English and French. A true Renaissance man.His published work in human population genetics and cultural evolution over more than 50 years constituted ‘one long argument’, as Darwin said ofThe origin of species. The villages of the Parma valley were his Galapagos Islands, and random genetic drift his adjunct to natural selection for the case of man. His demonstration of the importance of drift in recent human evolution informed the model for constructing evolutionary trees from gene-frequency data. On this one long argument he wrote and lectured ceaselessly, not only for other scientists but also for a wider audience, always mindful of a responsibility to promote an understanding of man's biology and evolutionary history for society's benefit. In so doing he brought an informed and rational approach to the problem of human diversity and the problems of human diversity.
Safety and Immunogenicity Evaluation of Inactivated whole-virus-SARS-COV-2 As Emerging Vaccine Development In Egypt
Authors: Saleh Amani A. , Saad Mohamed A. , Ryan Islam , Amin Magdy , Shindy Mohamed I. , Hassan Wael A. , Samir Mahmoud , Khattab Ayman A. , Abdelgayed Sherein S. , Seadawy Mohamed G. , Fahmy Hossam M. , Amer Khaled 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe current worldwide pandemic COVID-19 is causing severe human health problems, with high numbers of mortality rates and huge economic burdens that require an urgent demand for safe, and effective and vaccine development. Our study was the first trail to development and evaluation of safety and immune response to inactivated whole SARS-COV-2 virus vaccine adjuvanted with aluminium hydroxide. We used characterized SARS-COV-2 strain, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 isolates(SARS-CoV-2/human/EGY/Egy-SERVAC/2020)with accession numbers;MT981440;MT981439; MT981441; MT974071; MT974069 and MW250352at GenBank that isolated from Egyptian patients SARS-CoV-2-positive. Development of the vaccine was carried out in a BSL - 3 facilities and the immunogenicity was determined in mice at two doses (55µg and 100µg per dose). All vaccinated mice were received a booster dose 14 days post first immunization. Our results demonstrated distinct cytopathic effect on the vero cell monolayers induced through SARS-COV-2 propagation and the viral particles were identified as Coronaviridae by transmission electron microscopy. SARS-CoV-2 was identified by RT-PCR performed on the cell culture. Immunogenicity of the developed vaccine indicated the high antigen-binding and neutralizing antibody titers, regardless the dose concentration, with excellent safety profiles.However, no deaths or clinical symptoms in mice groups. The efficacy of the inactivated vaccine formulation was tested by wild virus challenge the vaccinated mice and detection of viral replication in lung tissues. Vaccinated mice recorded complete protection from challenge infection three weeks post second dose. SARS-COV-2 replication was not observed in the lungs of mice following SARS-CoV-2 challenge, regardless of the level of serum neutralizing antibodies. This finding will support the future trials for evaluation an applicable SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate.
Geminiviral genomes encode additional proteins with specific subcellular localizations and virulence function
Authors: Gong Pan , Tan Huang , Zhao Siwen , Li Hao , Liu Hui , Ma Yu , Zhang Xi , Rong Junjie , Fu Xing , Lozano-Durán Rosa , Li Fangfang , Zhou Xueping 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTGeminiviruses are plant viruses with limited coding capacity. Geminivirus-encoded proteins were identified applying a 10-kDa arbitrary threshold; however, it is increasingly clear that small proteins play relevant roles in biological systems, which calls for the reconsideration of this criterion. Here, we show that geminiviral genomes contain additional ORFs. Using tomato yellow leaf curl virus, we demonstrate that some of these novel ORFs are expressed during the infection, and that the encoded proteins display specific subcellular localizations. We prove that the largest of these new ORFs, which we name V3, is required for full viral infection, and that the V3 protein localizes in the Golgi apparatus and functions as an RNA silencing suppressor. These results imply that the repertoire of geminiviral proteins can be expanded, and that getting a comprehensive overview of the molecular plant-geminivirus interactions will require the detailed study of small ORFs so far neglected.
Synthetic algal-bacteria consortia for space-efficient microalgal growth in a simple hydrogel system
Authors: Martin Noah , Bernat Tatum , Dinasquet Julie , Stoftko Andrea , Damon April , Deheyn Dimitri D. , Azam Farooq , Smith Jennifer E. , Davey Matthew P. , Smith Alison G. , Vignolini Silvia , Wangpraseurt Daniel 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPhotosynthetic microalgae are an attractive source of food, fuel or nutraceuticals, but commercial production of microalgae is limited by low spatial efficiency. In the present study, we developed a simple photosynthetic hydrogel system that cultivates the green microalga,Marinichlorella kaistiaeKAS603, together with a novel strain of the bacteriaErythrobactersp.. We tested the performance of the co-culture in the hydrogel using a combination of chlorophyll-afluorimetry, microsensing and bio-optical measurements. Our results showed that growth rates in algal-bacterial hydrogels were about 3-fold enhanced compared to hydrogels with algae alone. Chlorophyll-afluorimetry based light curves found that electron transport rates were enhanced about 20% for algal-bacterial hydrogels compared to algal hydrogels for intermediate irradiance levels. We also show that the living hydrogel is stable under different environmental conditions and when exposed to natural seawater. Our study provides a potential bio-inspired solution for problems that limit the space-efficient cultivation of microalgae for biotechnological applications.
Factors influencing maternal microchimerism throughout infancy and its impact on infant T cell immunity
Authors: Balle Christina , Armistead Blair , Kiravu Agano , Song Xiaochang , Happel Anna-Ursula , Hoffmann Angela , Kanaan Sami B. , Nelson J. Lee , Gray Clive M. , Jaspan Heather B. , Harrington Whitney E. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDeterminants of the acquisition and maintenance of maternal microchimerism (MMc) during infancy and the impact of MMc on infant immune responses are unknown. We examined factors which influence MMc detection and level across infancy and the effect of MMc on T cell responses to BCG vaccination in a cohort of HIV exposed, uninfected and HIV unexposed infants in South Africa. MMc was measured in whole blood from 58 infants using a panel of quantitative PCR assays at day one and 7, 15, and 36 weeks of life. Infants received BCG at birth, and selected whole blood samples from infancy were stimulated in vitro with BCG and assessed for polyfunctional CD4+ T cell responses. MMc was present in most infants across infancy with levels ranging from 0-1,193/100,000 genomic equivalents and was positively impacted by absence of maternal HIV, maternal-infant HLA compatibility, infant female sex, and exclusive breastfeeding. Initiation of maternal antiretroviral therapy prior to pregnancy partially restored MMc level in HIV exposed, uninfected infants. Birth MMc was associated with an improved polyfunctional CD4+ T cell response to BCG. These data emphasize that both maternal and infant factors influence the level of MMc, which may subsequently impact infant T cell responses.Abstract Figure