bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deep in the Sierra Nevada critical zone: saprock represents a large terrestrial organic carbon stock
Authors: Moreland Kimber , Tian Zhiyuan , Berhe Asmeret Asefaw , McFarlane Karis J , Hartsough Peter , Hart Stephen C , Bales Roger , O’Geen Anthony T 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Large uncertainty remains in the spatial distribution of deep soil organic carbon (OC) storage and how climate controls belowground OC. This research aims to quantify OC stocks, characterize soil OC age and chemical composition, and evaluate climatic impacts on OC storage from the soil surface through the deep critical zone to bedrock. These objectives were carried out at four sites along a bio-climosequence in the Sierra Nevada, California. On average, 74% of OC was stored below the A horizon, and up to 30% of OC was stored in saprock (friable weakly weathered bedrock). Radiocarbon, spectroscopic, and isotopic analyses revealed the coexistence of very old organic matter (OM) (mean radiocarbon age = 20 300 years) with relatively recent OM (mean radiocarbon age = 4800 years) and highly decomposed organic compounds with relatively less decomposed material in deep soil and saprock. This co-mingling of OM suggests OC is prone to both active cycling and long-term protection from degradation. In addition to having direct effects on OC cycling, climate indirectly controls deep OC storage through its impact on the degree of regolith weathering (e.g. thickening). Although deep OC concentrations are low relative to soil, thick saprock represents a large, previously unrealized OC pool.
Litter origins, accumulation rates, and hierarchical composition on urban roadsides of the Inland Empire, California
Authors: Cowger Win , Gray Andrew , Hapich Hannah , Osei-Enin Jasmine , Olguin Salvador , Huynh Britney , Nogi Hinako , Singh Samiksha , Brownlee Stanley , Fong Jonathan , Lok Trevor , Singer Gideon , Ajami Hoori 
Published: November 2021

AbstractUrban areas are the primary source of human-made litter globally, and roadsides are a primary accumulation location. This study aimed to investigate how litter arrives at roadsides and determine the accumulation rate and composition of roadside litter. We monitored select roadsides in the Inland Empire, California, for litter abundance (count) and composition (material, item, and brand type). Receipt litter with sale time and location information was used to investigate whether wind, runoff, or human travel were dominant transport agents. Only 9% of the receipts could have experienced runoff, and wind direction was not correlated with receipt transport direction. However, human travel and receipt transport distances were similar in magnitude and distribution, suggesting that the displacement of litter from the place of purchase was predominantly affected by human travel. The median distance receipts traveled from the sale location to the litter observation location was 1.6 km, suggesting that most sources were nearby to where the litter was found. Litter accumulation rates were surprisingly stable (mean 40 349 (33 255–47 865) # km−1yr−1or 1170 (917–1447) kg km−1yr−1) despite repeated cleanups and the COVID-19 stay-at-home orders. A new approach was employed to hierarchically bootstrap litter composition proportions and estimate uncertainties. The most abundant materials were plastic and paper. Food-related items and tobacco products were the most common item types. The identified branded objects were from the primary manufacturers (Philip Morris (4, 2%–7%), Mars Incorporated (2, 1%–3%), RJ Reynolds (2, 1%–3%), and Jack in The Box (1, 1%–3%)), but unbranded objects were prevalent. Therefore, identifiable persistent labeling on all products would benefit future litter-related corporate social responsibility efforts. High-resolution monitoring on roadsides can inform urban litter prevention strategies by elucidating litter source, transport, and accumulation dynamics.
A model for gauged skyrmions with low binding energies
Authors: Cork Josh , Harland Derek , Winyard Thomas 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We consider gauged skyrmions with boundary conditions which break the gauge from SU(2) to U(1) in models derived from Yang–Mills theory. After deriving general topological energy bounds, we approximate charge 1 energy minimisers using KvBLL calorons with non-trivial asymptotic holonomy, use them to calibrate the model to optimise the ratio of energy to lower bound, and compare them with solutions to full numerical simulation. Skyrmions from calorons with non-trivial asymptotic holonomy exhibit a non-zero magnetic dipole moment, which we calculate explicitly, and compare with experimental values for the proton and the neutron. We thus propose a way to develop a physically realistic Skyrme–Maxwell theory, with the potential for exhibiting low binding energies.
Bootstrapping Bloch bands
Authors: Tchoumakov Serguei , Florens Serge 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Bootstrap methods, initially developed for solving statistical and quantum field theories, have recently been shown to capture the discrete spectrum of quantum mechanical problems, such as the single particle Schrödinger equation with an anharmonic potential. The core of bootstrap methods builds on exact recursion relations of arbitrary moments of some quantum operator and the use of an adequate set of positivity criteria. We extend this methodology to models with continuous Bloch band spectra, by considering a single quantum particle in a periodic cosine potential. We find that the band structure can be obtained accurately provided the bootstrap uses moments involving both position and momentum variables. We also introduce several new techniques that can apply generally to other bootstrap studies. First, we devise a trick to reduce by one unit the dimensionality of the search space for the variables parametrizing the bootstrap. Second, we employ statistical techniques to reconstruct the distribution probability allowing to compute observables that are analytic functions of the canonical variables. This method is used to extract the Bloch momentum, a quantity that is not readily available from the bootstrap recursion itself.
The feasibility of Indonesian potato’s farming and its global competitiveness
Authors: Swastika D K S , Saptana  , Gunawan E 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Potato’s farming in Indonesia is thought to be profitable. However, its competitiveness in global production is questionable. The purpose of this study is to analyze the financial feasibility of potato’s farming in Indonesia and its competitiveness in global production. The data used were the results of National Farmers Panel (PATANAS) surveys in 2008, 2011 and 2017. The cost and benefit analysis were used to analyze the financial feasibility. In addition, productivity and producer price were used to measure its global competitiveness. The results showed that potato’s farming during the period of 2008 to 2017 was highly profitable. The R/C ratios were high and continued to increase. These results showed that potato’s farming in the study area is profitable and feasible to be done. In contrast, although potato’s farming in the study area is very profitable, it has no competitiveness in global production, due to the relatively low yield and high cost shown by producer price. The highest cost component was seed. Therefore, there should be a significant effort to find out the efficient use of seed, as well as to increase the capacity of farmers in producing good quality seeds efficiently. It is a challenge for breeding research to produce potato’s varieties with higher yields than currently exist in Indonesia. Another challenge is the research on the use of cut seed into pieces with minimum of two shoots per section.
Productivity value chain analysis of cassava in the Philippines
Authors: Onsay E A 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper evaluates the value chain of cassava through crop accounting and financial analysis in Partido district, Camarines Sur, the Philippines. Cassava (Manihot esculenta), locally known as “kamoteng kahoy” is well-known for its ability to produce a reasonable yield in poor soil conditions with less or no farm inputs. This is the reason why cassava is often grown by resource-limited farmers and is regarded as a good source of food security. To analyze its productivity, this study was conducted in 2019. Data gathering was primarily done through focus group discussions and key informant interviews. Results revealed that different gender roles exist where men are primarily responsible for farming while women are for marketing. It also discovered the reason why farmers, though provided with options, often choose the less profitable transaction path, due to perishability of crop. It also solved the mystery of low productivity in this locale as compared with the national and international production. Typhoons, government policies, and pricing mechanisms affect its overall productivity. Cost build-up, value-added, and cost and returns analyses are interesting. Farmers are less profitable yet have the highest opportunity for profitability when the constraints are addressed while sellers have a high degree of profitability due to fewer input costs. The existing entry barriers in each chain were also identified, along with the researcher’s recommendations on how to eliminate or mitigate them. The study can be useful to stakeholders of cassava in designing intervention mechanisms to tap its full potentials.
Contribution of pig farming to household in Tenga Subdistrict, South Minahasa District
Authors: Manese M A V , Santa N M , Bukanaung E P 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The people of Tenga Subdistrict, South Minahasa District have raised pigs as well as used them as a source of household income. Pig farming has been running for about 15 years, although sometimes it receives losses. This study aims to determine how much the contribution of pig farming to household income and the factors that affect the income of pig farming in Tenga Subdistrict, South Minahasa District. This research was conducted during March 2021, and the sample locations in Tenga Subdistrict, South Minahasa District in Tenga Village, Pakuweru Village, and Pakuure Village were determined using the purposive sampling method, with the consideration that these areas are areas that have a large population of pigs. The sample was determined by the total quota sampling method, namely all pig breeders in the three sample villages as many as 30 farmers. The analysis model used to estimate the factors that affect income is the multiple linear regression equation models. Pig farming was able to provide the income of IDR 17,431,281/year with an average of 26 pigs/farmer. Pig farming contributed 40% to household income. Pig farming has the largest contribution to the household income of pig breeders. The factors that influence the income of pig farming are the age of the farmer, the number of ownership of pigs, and the type of business combination. Farmers needs to increase the number of sows, to increase household income. The government’s policy is a program of providing assistance in the form of pigs, as broodstock for farmers.
Productivity from the different rubber-based farming system models in Cotabato Province, Philippines
Authors: Mag-aso J , Garcia F G 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn the Philippines, the production of rubber cup lumps has decreased in recent years. Despite the expansion of the rubber industry for environmental and economic benefits, knowledge about the productivity and income of the rubber-based farming system is minimal. Hence, this research assessed and estimated the productivity and income of farmers from the different rubber-based farming system models in Cotabato Province, Philippines, where one of the major crops is rubber. It is important to determine the productivity of rubber and how its productivity was affected by the introduction of other crops. Through this, the income of farmers and welfare were measured. This research was carried out in 2016, where rubber was among the priority crops being promoted in the area. It investigated 3 different rubber-based farming models, namely: FM1 (rubber+ banana), FM2 (rubber+ cacao), and FM3 (rubber+ coconut). The study revealed that the farmers’ income increased by engaging in intercropping compared to the monocropping system. Thus, as the income of the farmer increases, the household’s basic needs, particularly food consumption, will be attained since income does not solely depend on rubber production but also other crops grown. The result also shows that farming model 3 provides higher returns to the farmers than the other rubber-based farming models. Hence, the study is useful for the farmers to adopt different rubber-based farming systems to increase income and reduce risks from farming. This study also serves as a basis for the policymakers for future agricultural development.
Farmers’ perception of rice production community enterprise’s roles: evidence from Chachoengsao Province, Thailand
Authors: Cavite H J , Suwanmaneepong S 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Rice production community enterprises (RPCEs) have emerged in Thailand as a group initiative supported by the government to help address the challenges of rice farmers in rural areas. However, farmers still faced problems due to a lack of targeted programs and policies to improve the enterprise’s roles in the community. This study investigated farmer-members’ perception of an RPCE’s specific roles. Primary data were collected through a structured questionnaire administered to 201 farmers in Sanam Chai Khet District, Chachoengsao Province, Thailand. Data were analyzed using the weighted average index (WAI) method to assess the farmers’ perception of the RPCE’s roles. Results reveal that RPCE members have a strong perception of the enterprise’s role in increasing their income. Other roles such as knowledge and skills improvement, supplying inputs at a fair price, increasing social network, product competition with rivals, and provision of credit facilities, were rated as medium, demonstrating the considerable efforts exerted by RPCEs to improving its members. Moreover, a weak rating was given by members for the enterprise’s role as a saving source implying that government should further intensify its support for RPCEs in terms of promoting the saving behavior among members. This study suggests that stronger policy support should be given to upgrade RPCEs based on how members perceived them. This would encourage more member participation and secure more benefits and income for members of the community enterprise.
Performance of farming extension field during the COVID-19 pandemic in East Java
Authors: Purwidyaningrum A , Rondhi M , Hapsari T D 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The success of farming extension activities cannot be separated from the role of farming extension workers. In this pandemic, farming extension counseling must be continue to make good environment. Social and physical distancing can make limited access for farming extension workers in carry out their roles. The purpose of this study was to analyze the performance of farming extension field and the influenced factors of perfomance farming extension field during the pandemic in East Java. This research is located in East Java province, it was conducted from March 2020 to 2021. The sampling was carried out by cluster random sampling and it got 360 respondents. The data collected by using statistical descriptive analysis which is used a scale and multiple linear regression model. The result of this research during the pandemic was going well. Meanwhile, the was the factors that influence in performance of farming extension (age, work training, topography and availability of infrastructure) but distance, farmer group, and education did not have impact on it.
Value chain of sweet potato: a sociological analysis
Authors: Cerio C 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis study analyzes the existing value chain of sweet potatoes in the Partido District of Camarines Sur, the Philippines. A combination of surveys and participant observation was utilized in the study. Four sociological perspectives were used in the interpretation and analysis of the data, such as new economic sociology, symbolic interactionism, role theory, and exchange network theory. Six components of the value chain were evaluated, such as (a) agents, roles, and links; (b) inputs, outputs and activities that generate transformation; (c) value addition and value allocation; (d) final products or a group of final products; (e) power relations and governance mechanisms; and (f) problems and opportunities shared by all agents. The study found four major links involving five actors – farmers/producers, middlemen or wholesalers, retailers, processors, and end consumers. Analysis of the sweet potato value chain shows that sweet potato production has great potential to improve the well-being of participants. Sweet potato production gave farmers an 81% net profit margin and contributed to 39% of their livelihood. However, there remain general production and utilization challenges and post-harvest and by-product processing issues. The study established the significance of embeddedness and the wider social structure for the sweet potato agribusiness and provided policy inputs for the development of the sweet potato value chain in the district.
Analysis of rice farming using new superior varieties in swamp lands in Mesuji District, Lampung
Authors: Slameto  , Zahara  , Hendra J 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This study aims to analyze rice farming using several superior varieties of rice in the swamps of Mesuji District, Lampung Province. The study was conducted on PT-1/MH December 2020/January 2021 in Tanjung Mas Jaya Village, Mesuji Timur District, Mesuji District, Lampung Province. The superior varieties of rice grown by Cilamaya Muncul, Inpara-2, Inpara-8, Inpari IR Nutrizinc, Mapan, Supadi and Kebo. Each variety is planted by one farmer with an area of about 1 ha. The analysis was carried out descriptively comparing the revenues and costs used. The results of the study show that rice production ranges from 7,573-10,400 t/ha, with an average rice productivity of 9,243 t/ha. Contribution to the cost of using production facilities occupies 28.77% - 45.52% of the total production cost, while the cost of using labor is 54.48% -71.23% of the total production cost. Rice farming in the swamps of Mesuji area with the use of six superior varieties of rice is still profitable with R/C ratio ranging from 3.48 to 4.63. In the future, for efficient farming, the implementation of technological innovations, especially the choice of suitable (adaptive) improved varieties of rice, is very important to consider.
Inhibiting factors on the sustainable livestock development: case of dairy cattle in Indonesia
Authors: Amam A , Jadmiko M W , Harsita P A , Zahrosa D B , Supardi S 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Sustainable livestock development is still a national strategic issue in Indonesia. The research objective was to examine the inhibiting factors for sustainable livestock development, especially for dairy cows. The research was carried out at the Tirtasari Kresna Gemilang, Joint Business Group (KUB) animal husbandry institution, Malang District, East Java Province. Research variables include inhibiting factors (X), ecological dimensions (Y1), economical dimensions (Y2), social and cultural dimensions (Y3), institutional dimensions (Y4), and technological dimensions (Y5). Respondents of the study were 196 dairy cattle farmers who were members of KUB Tirtasari Kresna Gemilang. The data were obtained using the Focus Group Discussion (FGD) method and survey with a likert scale. Data were analyzed partially using simple linear regression. The results showed that the inhibiting factors had a negative and significant effect on sustainable livestock development, especially in the economical dimensions, the social and cultural dimensions, the institutional dimension, and the technological dimension. shows that the inhibiting factors for sustainable livestock development should be the concern of all stakeholders in the national dairy industry.
The optimization of agricultural machinery utilization in enhancing the implementation of modern agricultural programs
Authors: Indraningsih K S , Susilowati S H , Swastika D K S , Syahyuti  
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The provision of agricultural machinery in the Modern Agriculture Program is to overcome labor shortages. However, the utilization of agricultural machinery aid is underutilized. This study aims to analyze the optimization of the use of agricultural machinery in enhancing the implementation of modern agricultural programs. West Sumatera, Central Java, Banten, Bali, and South Sulawesi were purposively chosen as the study areas. The study was conducted in 2017. Respondents of this research were policymakers from central to local institutions, key informants, extension agents, agricultural machinery service providers (UPJA), and farmers. The method used was descriptive explanatory and financial analysis. The results showed that the utilization of agricultural machinery in the Modern Agricultural Program was still not optimal. It was still underutilized. There were several obstacles, both from economic and social aspects. The utilization of 4-wheel tractors and rice transplanters has not been economically managed. As a result, they cannot generate funds for equipment maintenance and the development and UPJA’s sustainability. Not all types of agricultural machinery are socially suitable for farmers’ needs. There is a competition between agricultural machinery uses and workers. Moreover, not all local governments fully supports agricultural machinery uses. To optimize and succeed on the modern agriculture program implementation, agricultural extension workers with certification as UPJA Facilitators are required.
Strategy for developing Indonesian vanilla products to improve the added value
Authors: Wahyudi A , Sujianto S , Kurniasari I 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Vanilla is a world-well-known spice product, especially as food and beverage flavoring; however, the availability of (natural) vanilla is too little (less than 1%) to meet the demand for vanilla either industry or household. So far, most Indonesian vanilla is traded as a commodity in the international (export) and domestic markets. For producers who are primarily smallholders, these conditions create business uncertainty and added value. This paper aims to review the strategy of product transformation from general commodities into certified products or branded products by utilizing digital marketing (e-commerce), which leads to the stability of the price of vanilla products (reduced uncertainty), and creates an additional value. The method used in this study is the literature review method. Product transformation requires product development, where certified products must follow particular procedures in production to obtain certification, and branded products require differentiating features in products that consumers appreciate. In addition to product development as a primary strategy is also needed supporting strategies such as proper pricing and promotion. This review implies that there is an opportunity to transform a vanilla product from a commodity to certified and branded products; hence it should become vanilla development agenda.