bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Comparative Study on Recycled Plastic Railway Sleeper with Concrete Sleeper
Authors: Indhiradevi P , Saravanakumar P , Manikandan P , Rajkumar K , Logeswaran S , pandian S Arul 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
India is the country that largely depends on railway networks. The material used for casting of railway sleepers should be of good quality, economical, eco-friendly and strong. Concrete and steel are most commonly used material. Concrete sleepers are very heavy and crack easily and steel also having corrosion problem, so we need the correct alternative sleeper for long duration. The plastic has a good quality, durability and life span against decomposition and make it most eco-friendly these days. Plastic sleepers have excellent damping characteristics combined with the relatively low weight and recycling of plastic wastes reduces the global environmental problem. The recycled plastic railway sleepers employed at the railway networks in abroad Railway sleepers made up of waste plastic are often the simplest choice for the revolution in railways. It is made by using plastic from waste polycarbonate and polyethylene and then glass fiber is added in the sleeper as a reinforcement. It is often the simplest alternative over concrete and steel sleepers. The test results of Flexural strength show the plastic railway sleeper is a bit on a longer scale compared to the concrete sleeper. Therefore, the plastic sleepers are excellent alternative for concrete and steel sleepers in railways.
Review of Nanomaterials in Construction
Authors: Vinodhini C , Rajeshkumar V , Anandraj S , Kavitha R , Logsehwaran S , Kapildev C 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Nano particles are minute materials ranging sizes from 1 to 100 nm. The different classes of nano particle are classified based on their sizes, shapes and properties. The fame of Nanomaterials (NMs) in methodological advancements due to their biological, chemical and physical properties are developing based on their performance. The superiority of using the different types of nanoparticles in the construction field are immense, resulting in extraordinary performance in chemical and physical properties of the modified construction material. Commonly used nanoparticles in the construction sector are copper, carbon nanotubes, titanium dioxide, silica, aluminium oxide and clay. The development of nanoparticles is observed in construction reflecting in adoptive industries, demand and production. The main objective is to analyse and study the history, types, applications and uses in construction.
Optimization of Winglet of a Wind Turbine Blade
Authors: Aravindkumar N , Arun Karthick P , Karan M , Manoj Y , Nagaraj G , Naresh Babu C 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Sustainable energy resources are becoming a growing and rapidly expanding source of energy. Research into clean and renewable energy resources, such as solar and wind energy, is a key topic in the production of alternative energy. The problem being addressed is the design, optimization, construction, and testing of a different angle of winglet configuration. The Blade Element Momentum (BEM) method can be used to compute the output of a propeller blade. The BEM method formulas and procedures are presented and their implementation is also illustrated using a NACA5514 airfoil shape. From this analysis, a reasonably good agreement in terms of power coefficients of airfoil can be found from the results of the computation.
Chlorophyll, polyphenol content and antioxidant activity of Moringa Oleifera Lam. leaf extract by microwave-assisted extraction method
Authors: Khoi Nguyen Nguyen Hong , Quynh Chau Nguyen Thanh , Thinh Pham Van , Truc Tran Thanh 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Moringa oleifera Lam. is a leafy plant that contains many nutrients and bioactive compounds such as chlorophyll, polyphenol with antioxidant activity. The microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method is a method that has the advantages of short extraction time, saving organic solvents and safe use. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence conditions of the microwave-assisted extraction on the chlorophyll, polyphenol content and antioxidant activity of moringa leaves. The highest contents of these compounds in Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves were obtained as follows chlorophyll content 12.72 ± 0.17 μg/mL, polyphenol content 5.4 ± 0.09 g/L and antioxidant activity 2895.40 ± 67.38 μmol/L when extracted under conditions of solvent acetone 90°, solid to solvent ratio of 1:30, microwave power of 600W, microwave-assisted extraction time of 2 minutes.
Stress Analysis of Landing Gear of Boeing 747-400 Aircraft
Authors: Khatawate Vinayak H. , Parikh Parva , Radadiya Ronak 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The Boeing 747-400 aircraft incorporates a tricycle four-wheeled and two-axled landing gear. Being a jumbo-jet, the landing gear of Boeing 747-400 deals with tremendous loads during an approach, therefore, it becomes extremely important to identify critical sections and estimate the maximum stresses the gear can take, corresponding to various glideslopes. This paper deals with the determination of critical section and stresses developed in a landing gear during an approach. Three glideslopes of 3, 5 and 10 degrees were used to find critical section in a landing gear.
Application of queuing theory to reduce waiting period at ATM using a simulated approach
Authors: Devi Soorya S , Sreelatha K S 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Queuing theory is the mathematical study of waiting lines, or queues. A queuing model is constructed so that queue lengths and waiting time can be predicted. A basic queuing system consists of an arrival process (how customers arrive at the queue, how many customers are present in total), the queue itself, and the service process for attending to those customers, and departures from the system. This paper investigates the Automated Teller Machine (ATM) service optimization in the banking industry using queuing modelling approach. Data were collected over a week and calculations are done on an average. Measurements were taken about arrival time and service time of customers who arrived at the bank within the period of investigation. In ATM, bank customers arrive randomly and the service time is also random. We use Little’s theorem and M/M/1 queuing model to derive the arrival rate, service rate, utilization rate, waiting time in the queue.
Design and Analysis of Metal Expansion bellows under Axial and Transverse loadsusing CATIA V5 R21 software
Authors: Sharma Shubham , Obaid Ahmed J. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Bellow is a versatile seal/expansion joint, whose convoluted element is designed to flex even as thermal moves get up in the piping machine. The form of convolutions relies upon the amount of movement the bellows should accommodate or the stress that want to be used to perform this deflection. The convoluted elements have to be strong circumferentially to face up to the contraction and thermal growth of the device. This strength with flexibility is a totally specific design problem that isn’t often positioned in other additives in commercial machine. Bellows are regularly used in the pressure vessels or piping device, aerospace, and so forth. It has the characteristic to soak up ordinary or irregular enlargement and contraction inside the device. Because of the reality bellows require excessive strength in addition to properly flexibility, we determine upon SS 316 L alloy to layout and manufacture a bellow. The design, manufacturing and evaluation of bellows are extra complex than different contemporary tubes. A magazine associated with layout and production of bellows may be noted. On this study, we bear in mind to format, modelling and detailing of bellows under axial and transverse loading the usage of Expansion Joint Manufacturer’s Association(EJMA) code using CATIA V5 R21 software. With the aid of the use of this EJMA code one can anticipate the circumferential membrane strain, meridional membrane pressure, motion in keeping with convolution and fatigue life cycle of the bellows.
Synthesis, identification and study of mesomorphic properties of compounds containing two C2H2N2O rings
Authors: Al-Obaidi Omar B. , Tomma Jumbad H. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The novel compounds of 1,3,4-C2H2N2O were manufactured from the response of acid hydrazides with carboxylic acids using POCl3 under reflex. These compounds were obtained from many sequence reactions as in Scheme 1. Converted anasic acid to acorresponding ester and acid hydrazid. The acid hydrazide used as starting materials for synthesis new carboxylic acid [IV] via condensation the acid hydrazide with 4-aminobenzoic acid in POCl3 to yield compound [III]. Then, the later compound coupling with benzoic acid in suitable conditions to formation compound [IV]. Also this new carboxylic acid [IV]converted to a corresponding ester and acid hydrazide. Finally, the synthesized acid hydrazides [VI] reacted with different type of carboxylic acid in POCl3 to get new derivatives of 1, 3, 4-C2H2N2O in two synthetic routs. The novel compounds were identified by using FTIR, NMR and Mass spectroscopy. The behaviour of these derivatives was examined under OPM and DSC. Compounds [IV], [VIII]1 and [XI]aexhibited nematic mesophase, while the other compounds [V], [VI], [VIII]3, 4, 5, 8, 9 and [XI]b, c did not show any mesomorphic properties.
Effect of low velocity impact on hybrid composite pipes orientated with different helix angles – numerical method
Authors: Vijaya Rajan V , Elancheziyan D , Amarnath P , Arumparithy G L , Shanmugam M , Santhanam V 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In this study Finite Element Analysis (FEA) model is developed to understand the effect of low velocity impact on hybrid (Carbon/Glass/Epoxy) composite pipes which were wound using the filament winding technique in two different diameters. The results were compared with the existing experimental results and further validated FEA model was used to understand the effect of varying thickness and change of helix angle in the impact using ABAQUS tool. In this FEA design, composite pipe was modelled with the orientation of (CG90/CG60) for varying thicknesses (2.67mm, 4mm, 5.3mm and 6mm) and helix angles with variations as 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75°, and 90° respectively. Hybrid pipe model was subjected to three different levels of impact energy namely as 20 J, 25 J and 30 J. Effect of impact studied in terms of force, deflection and energy absorbed by the specimen. The possibility of increasing in the energy absorption through increasing thickness and withstanding high impact forces and impact resistance decreasing with increase in the helix angle of orientation namely, as 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75°, and 90° respectively was seen.
AC Contactor Electrical Health Estimator Model
Authors: Abirami S , Ruthvik S , Sathiq Ali M , Sathish Kumar R , Sujith Kumar J P 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In this paper, a new model for estimating the remaining electrical life of the AC contactor is proposed. The model involves an equation that use the rated and operational parameters, material properties and geometries to estimate electrical health of contactor. The variation in the contact resistance as a function of time is found varying in accordance with the remaining electrical life of the contactor. This characteristic parameter along with the data regarding the quantity of material lost at the contact surface has been fed as the sample data for the machine learning model. The sample data is carefully chosen from the contactors operating at different environmental conditions and utilization categories to include wide range of data. Using the collected data from contactors operating in varied environments and utilization categories a Stochastic Gradient Descent Classifier model is generated and used to estimate the remaining electrical life.
An Effect of Engine Performance and Exhaust Emissions using Palma Rosa grass oil as Biodiesel
Authors: Mohan K , Sri Bharani Tharaan M , Sriram Muthu Mani V , Srihari M , Rohit Saran S 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In the current scenario, all the developing countries majorly depend on the Transportation sector for this they need a high volume of fuel resources this made the developing countries bargain from the oil-producing countries. Due to the high demand for fuel, price hike which brings a burden to the people, emission of CO2 leads to the pollution which in turn causing damage to the Atmosphere. To reduce the pollution and price hike we need an alternate solution like Biodiesel for this the biodiesel from palmarosa grass oil can be used as fuel at the different blends, the properties of the fuel, Performance, Emission, brake thermal efficiency, Specific fuel consumption are analysed at the different blends of Diesel and Biodiesel at the four-stroke diesel engine at different load condition and various mixtures of biofuel (P10, P20, P30). The result of the experiment shows that biodiesel blends P30 gives the maximum brake thermal efficiency of 35.18% which is comparatively lower than diesel. Thus, the biodiesel blend of P30 has a reduction in the emission of CO2 and HC at the level of 5% and 4%, where carbon monoxide emission is slightly reduced compared to diesel.
Analysis of Seismic Performance of Reinforced Concrete Framed Structure
Authors: Kavitha R , Sundarraja M C , Vinodhini C , Dinakaran E , Aswinkumar A , Jenifer Princy A 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This paper deals with the study of behavior of RC frames design for gravity (GF) and earthquake load (EQF). Nonlinear push over analysis was done using SAP on the models (GF & EQF). The functioning of RC frame is estimated in terms of displacement, shear, and performance point and inters story drift. The results from push over analysis for GF and EQF are compared with each other. An approach of the performance level of a 2D frame (PBF) has been done by using the Deformation based earthquake design with the displacement required to be achieved for the performance level as specified in FEMA 356. Here the yield strength is calculated for the required target displacement and the PBF frame is redesign by strength based. Hinges are developed in the ground floor vertical member while carried out the seismic design and only in beams in EQF this represent the strong beam column weak beam concept is applied and inter-story drift is more in top floor for GF and almost similar in all the floors for EQF. Yield shear strength obtained is almost equal to that of the analysis for Performance based frame.
Study on Properties of Concrete Using Steel Fibers in M40 Grade Concrete
Authors: Dhivya S , Manikandan P , Devaraja J , Dhivyalakshmi M , Akashkumar R , Ajithkumar A R 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Concrete is a mixture of various components which possess strength, durability and also the aesthetic appearance. This study deals with the strengthening properties of Concrete by adding of steel fibers. This paper investigates about steel fibers that can be effectively used in concrete as a addition to concrete. This experimental study on various proportion steel fibers in addition to concrete. These steel fibers have a good tensile property strengthen the concrete which is weak in tension. The different percentages of fibers are 0.10, 0.30, 0.60, 0.90 and 1. The result shows that 1 percentage of fibers in Concrete attains a very high strength when compare to the conventional M 40 Grade Concrete. Further studies show that 1% of steel fiber plays a best role in addition with Concrete which is economically considerable and improves the tensile nature of the concrete.
Minimizing Rental Cost with Continuous Machine Operation Using Ginni Simpson Index
Authors: Goel Richa , Gupta Deepak , Kaur Harshleen 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This paper studies scheduling problem of two machines with uncertain dispensation time. Our objective of study is to attain a schedule which makes idle time of machines equal to zero and reduces the rental cost of machines. Here processing time is uncertain. To deal with uncertainty Ginni Simpson Index is used. A numerical example is employed to make clear the given algorithm.
Study on Tribological Properities Of Aluminium Hybrid Composities For Automotive Applications
Authors: Kaviyarasan K , Saaron A , Rahuram K M , Ranjithvel A , Selvakumar S 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Aluminium metal matrix hybrid composites are refined through stir casting method. Aluminium A-356 is reinforced with ceramic particles like Zirconium diboride (ZrB2) and Tungsten carbide (WC) in varying weight percentages (ie. 2.5% and 5%). (The purpose is to compare the properties like of the different composite specimens). This work aims to develop aluminium metal hybrid composites for automotive applications and studying its wear characteristics. Due to low density, aluminium metal was chosen. Of the several alloys, A356 is chosen as the matrix material since it has good castability and good strength and low cost. Among the reinforcements, WC possess high durability and good wear support. Stir casting technique embraced to fabricate specimens. Then the casted specimens were machined and subjected to wear testing to examine the tribological properties through Pin on disc tribometer apparatus. The pin specimens were tested under different sliding conditions. Then the specimens were investigate under the (SEM) which is Scanning electron microscope to study the wear structure that occurred in sliding condition.
Construction Emission Management using Wind Rose Plot and AERMOD Application
Authors: Gopi R , Saravanakumar R , Elango K S , Chandrasekar A , Navaneethan K S , Gopal N 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Construction activities have the potential to generate a substantial amount of air pollution. In the past 30 years pollution in construction industry has acknowledged more consideration in the industry. Dust and emissions from destruction and construction activities can worsen the quality of air which can harm to health and impact upon life quality. Particulate matter PM10 and PM2.5(less than10mm, 2.5mm in Ф) are now recognized as significant causes of pollution and they can be carried from sites even in light winds. India is home to 13 of the 20 cities with the maximum levels of particulate air pollution worldwide, according to 2012 statement by the World Health Organization. This paper provides an overview of control of dust emissions by considering the direction and dispersion of particulate emissions based on wind speed. Indian Meteorological Data (IMD) provides a details regarding wind speed for every location which can be taken into account. It is necessary to maintain the air quality according to Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB).
Remediation of Cr(VI) from wastewater using biochar of Indian Grass
Authors: Karunakaran S , Lineesh P , Surendran G , Baral Saroj S , Kavitha S , Jayakumar C 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Chromium is extremely noxious unneeded for any living organism and its occurrence is unusual in nature. Many industrial activities such as mining, metal plating, wood preservation, dyes, pigments, tanning and textile industries makes pollution which cause major health hazards. The present study explores the possibilities using biochar from any carbonized material to use as source to remove the toxic material from any industrial effluent and particularly for Cr(VI). Batch process was accomplished to examine the outcome of various parameters to eliminate the Cr (VI) from the solutions. The rate of adsorption has been interrelated with all the parameters. The Cr(VI) adsorbed bio-char may be used as a fuel in Ferrochrome industry. From the study, it was experimental that adsorption kinetics obeys the pseudo second order kinetics. Experimental data follows the Langmuir isotherm. Intra-particle diffusion is most sluggish steps which determine the rate.
Biofabrication of vasculature in microphysiological models of bone
Authors: Whelan Ian T , Moeendarbary E , Hoey David A , Kelly Daniel J 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBone contains a dense network of blood vessels that are essential to its homoeostasis, endocrine function, mineral metabolism and regenerative functions. In addition, bone vasculature is implicated in a number of prominent skeletal diseases, and bone has high affinity for metastatic cancers. Despite vasculature being an integral part of bone physiology and pathophysiology, it is often ignored or oversimplified inin vitrobone models. However, 3D physiologically relevant vasculature can now be engineeredin vitro, with microphysiological systems (MPS) increasingly being used as platforms for engineering this physiologically relevant vasculature. In recent years, vascularised models of bone in MPSs systems have been reported in the literature, representing the beginning of a possible technological step change in how bone is modelledin vitro. Vascularised bone MPSs is a subfield of bone research in its nascency, however given the impact of MPSs has had inin vitroorgan modelling, and the crucial role of vasculature to bone physiology, these systems stand to have a substantial impact on bone research. However, engineering vasculature within the specific design restraints of the bone niche is significantly challenging given the different requirements for engineering bone and vasculature. With this in mind, this paper aims to serve as technical guidance for the biofabrication of vascularised bone tissue within MPS devices. We first discuss the key engineering and biological considerations for engineering more physiologically relevant vasculaturein vitrowithin the specific design constraints of the bone niche. We next explore emerging applications of vascularised bone MPSs, and conclude with a discussion on the current status of vascularised bone MPS biofabrication and suggest directions for development of next generation vascularised bone MPSs.
A camouflage coating with similar solar spectrum reflectance to leaves based on polymeric inorganic composite
Authors: Gao Ying , Tang Bo , Ji Guojian , Chen Kang , Wang Zhengwei , Ye Hong 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
To realize the hyperspectral camouflage under the background of vegetation, a camouflage polyvinyl alcohol coating containing lithium chloride and green pigment particles of chromium sesquioxide (Cr2O3) was prepared on a stainless-steel substrate. Based on the four flux Kubelka-Munk model, the reflectances of the coatings with different volume fractions of Cr2O3 (f
c) were predicted and compared with those of the membranes without substrate. The results show that when f
c reaches 0.8%, the 0.2 mm thick coating can conceal the reflectance characteristics of the stainless-steel substrate. The reflectances of the coatings with the volume fraction of water (f
w) in the range from 0% to 50% were also calculated via the model. It is found that the reflectances around 1460 nm and 1940 nm decrease with increased f
w due to the significantly enhanced absorption coefficient, and the correlation coefficient between the spectral reflectances of the camouflage coating and an Osmanthus fragrans leaf increases from 0.913 to 0.954, indicating that the coating camouflage performance can be improved by increasing f
w.