bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do we achieve the Montgomery standard for consent in orthopaedic surgery?
Authors: Tonge Xenia N , Crouch-Smith Henry , Bhalaik Vijay , Harrison William D 
Published: April 2021

Aims/Background The Montgomery v Lanarkshire Health Board (2015) case set a precedent that has driven the modernisation of consenting practice. Failure to demonstrate informed consent is a common source of litigation. This quality improvement project aimed to provide pragmatic guidance for surgeons on consent and to improve the patient experience during decision making. Methods Elective orthopaedic patients were assessed and the quality of documented consent was recorded. Data were collected over two discrete cycles, with cycle 1 used as a baseline in practice. The following criteria were reviewed: grade of consenting clinician, alternative treatment options, description of specific risks, place and timing of consent and whether the patient received written information or a copied clinic letter. Cycle 1 results were presented to clinicians; a teaching session was provided for clinicians on the standard of consent expected and implementation of a change in practice was established with a re-audit in cycle 2. Results There were 111 patients included in cycle 1, and 96 patients in cycle 2. Consent was undertaken mostly by consultants (54%). Specific patient risks were documented in 50% of patients in cycle 1 and 60% in cycle 2. Risks associated with a specific procedure were documented in 42% in cycle 1 and 76% in cycle 2, alternative options in 48% (cycle 1) and 66% (cycle 2). A total of 14% of patients in cycle 1 and 8% in cycle 2 had documented written information provision. Copied letters to patients was only seen in 12% of all cycles. Documentation from dedicated consenting clinics outperformed standard clinics. Conclusions Highlighting poor documentation habits and refining departmental education can lead to improvements in practice. The use of consenting clinics should be considered and clinicians should individually reflect on how to address their own shortcomings. Other units should strongly consider a similar audit. This article provides stepwise advice to improve consent and specifics from which to audit.
Sub-kilohertz linewidth fiber laser by using Bragg grating filters
Authors: Wen Qiao , Sun Zhihao , Gan Yiyu , Li Ji 
Published: April 2021

A single-frequency (SF) fiber laser is widely applied in many fields. A superior ultra-narrow-bandwidth fiber filter, which consists of an in-series commercial common fiber Bragg grating (FBG) filters with a partial overlap in their reflection spectrum, is presented in this paper. The bandwidth of the filter with a center reflection wavelength of 1549.83 nm reaches 0.024 nm at 3 dB reflection, a remarkable reduction of approximately 300% by combination usage narrower than a single FBG used bandwidth. We also demonstrate a method to further narrowing of the filter bandwidth by increasing the usage times of filters, and the bandwidth can reach 0.0025 nm at 3 dB reflection. A long linear cavity single-frequency fiber laser with an entire cavity of 30 cm is implemented with the linewidth of 941 Hz at 3 dB, which is about 210% narrower than the previous record of SF fiber laser based on FBG filters in a linear cavity. This research may open a new door toward ultra-narrow-bandwidth filters and SF fiber lasers.
T-staging of rectal cancer: Utility of single-shot turbo spin-echo diffusion-weighted imaging with T2-weighted images and fusion images
Authors: Ogawa Masaki , Urano Misugi , Takaishi Taku , Kan Hirohito , Arai Nobuyuki , Takahashi Hiroki , Hara Masayasu , Saito Miki , Shibamoto Yuta 
Published: April 2021

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of turbo spin-echo (TSE) DWI with fusion images in the T-staging compared with T2-weighted imaging (T2WI) alone and conventional echo-planner imaging (EPI) DWI.

Methods
In this prospective study, 4-mm-thick axial EPI-DWI, TSE-DWI, and T2WI were performed with the same slice locations for 20 patients with rectal cancer. Fusion images of DWI and T2WI were created for both EPI-DWI and TSE-DWI. Ten readers independently diagnosed the T-stages and scored the degree of confidence referring to T2WI alone and then to DWI, T2WI, and fusion images (DWI+T2WI) for each EPI-DWI and TSE-DWI. Visual score assessments of image quality were performed for each DWI.

Results
Inter-observer agreement of T-staging for 10 readers was slight on T2WI alone but fair on EPI-DWI+T2WI and excellent on TSE-DWI+T2WI images. No readers gave higher confidence scores for T2WI compared to EPI/TSE-DWI+T2WI and for EPI-DWI+T2WI compared to TSE-DWI+T2WI. In seven pathologically-proven cases, poor, poor to slight, and fair to perfect agreements with the pathological T-stage were observed with T2WI alone, EPI-DWI+T2WI, and TSE-DWI+T2WI, respectively. All readers gave higher scores regarding image distortion and lower scores regarding image noise for TSE-DWI compared to EPI-DWI. For DWI utility, higher scores were assigned for TSE-DWI compared to EPI-DWI in 7 readers and there were no significant differences in the other 3 readers.

Conclusion
TSE-DWI images might be more appropriate for image fusion with T2WI and rectal cancer T-staging compared with EPI-DWI and T2WI alone.
Patterns of metformin monotherapy discontinuation and reinitiation in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus in New Zealand
Authors: Horsburgh Simon , Sharples Katrina , Barson David , Zeng Jiaxu , Parkin Lianne 
Published: April 2021

AimTo describe the patterns of discontinuation and reinitiation in new users of metformin monotherapy in New Zealand, overall and according to person- and healthcare-related factors.Materials and methodsWe created a cohort (n = 85,066) of all patients in New Zealand with type 2 diabetes mellitus who initiated metformin monotherapy between 1 January 2006 and 30 September 2014 from the national data collections, and followed them until the earlier of their death or 31 December 2015. Discontinuation was defined as a gap in possession of metformin monotherapy of ≥90 days. We explored patterns of discontinuation and reinitiation using competing risks methods.ResultsAfter 1 year of follow-up, 28% of cohort members had discontinued metformin monotherapy at least once; the corresponding figures after 2 and 5 years were 37% and 46%. The proportions who reinitiated metformin monotherapy within 1, 2, and 5 years of their first discontinuation were 23%, 49%, and 73%. Discontinuation after the first reinitiation was common (48% after 1 year). Discontinuation and reinitiation varied by age, ethnicity, and other person- and healthcare-related factors.DiscussionOur findings highlight the dynamic nature of metformin monotherapy use, show that substantial periods of non-use are common, and identify priority populations for interventions to facilitate adherence.
COVID-19 Vaccine Perceptions Among Patients With Chronic Disease in a Large Gastroenterology and Hepatology Practice
Authors: Serper Marina , Reddy K. Rajender , Bewtra Meenakshi , Ahmad Nuzhat , Mehta Shivan J. 
Published: April 2021

INTRODUCTION:
To assess beliefs about safety, effectiveness, and delivery of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine among chronic Gastroenterology and Hepatology patients at an academic health system.

METHODS:
We asked about vaccine beliefs, vaccine concerns, and preferred location to receive the COVID-19 vaccine.

RESULTS:
A total of 1,215 patients responded (response rate: 37%). Most patients believed that vaccines are safe, effective, and that they would take the COVID-19 vaccine at a medical office or pharmacy. However, we identified important sociodemographic factors associated with vaccine hesitancy.

DISCUSSION:
Patients have high level of trust in the COVID-19 vaccine and are likely to follow their specialist physician recommendations.
Thermal, Functional Group and Microstructural Analysis of Fibrillated Composites Developed from Polystyrene and Plantain Stalk Wastes
Authors: Ighalo Joshua O. , Adeniyi Adewale George , Abdulkareem Sulyman A. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This study aims to examine the thermal, functional group and microstructural properties developed from polystyrene (as a matrix) and plantain stalk waste (as reinforcing material). The composite was developed by manual-mixing and hand-layup and cured at 25°C±2°C for 7 days. The composites were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and scanning electron microscope with energy-dispersive spectroscopy. The maximum amount of heat flow for plainly cured polystyrene resin was 3.25 mW, and the maximum for the composites was 7.9 mW at 30 % plantain filler. Optimum specific heat capacity of the composite was achieved at 40 % filler loading. The peak specific capacity at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 min at optimum filler loading (40 %) were 154, 308, 462, 616, and 770 J/Kg°C, respectively. FTIR analysis revealed that chemical interaction between the polymer resin and the biomass filler was confirmed. The microstructural analysis confirmed the poor interfacial bonding between the filler and resin. The composite shows good potential for use in mild to moderate temperature applications (25°C–125°C). Besides the advantage of materials development, this study has also been able to proffer a solution in biomass valorization and solid waste management.
Successful long-term use of pioglitazone in Berardinelli–Seip lipodystrophy-associated diabetes
Authors: Chaves Carolina , Chaves Mariana , Anselmo João , César Rui 
Published: April 2021

Summary
Berardinelli–Seip congenital lipodystrophy (BSCL) is a rare autosomal recessive disease, characterized by the absence of subcutaneous adipose tissue, leptin deficiency and severe metabolic complications, such as insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia. The most common mutation occurs in BCSL2 which encodes seipin, a protein involved in adipogenesis. We report a patient with BSCL who was diagnosed with diabetes at 11 years old. He was started on metformin 1000 mg twice daily, which lowered glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) to less than 7%. Four months later, HbA1c raised above 7.5%, indicating secondary failure to metformin. Therefore, we added the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARG) agonist, pioglitazone. Since then and for the last 5 years his HbA1c has been within the normal range. These findings indicate that pioglitazone should be considered as a valid alternative in the treatment of diabetes in BSCL patients. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first specific report of successful long-term treatment with pioglitazone in a patient with BSCL.

Learning points

Berardinelli–Seip congenital lipodystrophy (BSCL) is a recessive genetic disorder associated with severe insulin resistance and early onset diabetes, usually around puberty. Failure of oral antidiabetic medication occurs within the first years of treatment in BSCL patients.

When failure to achieve metabolic control with metformin occurs, pioglitazone may be a safe option, lowering insulin resistance and improving both the metabolic control and lipodystrophic phenotype.

Herein we show that pioglitazone can be a safe and efficient alternative in the long-term treatment of BSCL patients with diabetes.
Superficial Effects of Different Finishing and Polishing Systems on the Surface Roughness and Color Change of Resin-Based CAD/CAM Blocks
Authors: Aydın Numan , Karaoğlanoğlu Serpil , Oktay Elif Aybala , Ersöz Bilge 
Published: April 2021

Objective: CAD/CAM blocks are widely used in dental restorations around the world. This study aimed to investigate the effects of different polishing and finishing systems on surface roughness and color change of resin-based CAD/CAM blocks. Material and Methods: In this study, material samples of 2×7×12mm were prepared. In three different experimental groups, surface polishing was carried out with one-step, two-step and multi-step polishing systems. The samples in one subgroup of each experimental group were polished with the diamond paste. Once the initial roughness and color values of the samples were measured using a profilometer and a spectrophotometer, the samples were immersed in coffee. Surface roughness and color change (∆E00) results were statistically analyzed using two-way variance analysis (ANOVA). Results: Finishing and polishing systems created significantly different levels of surface roughness on the hybrid ceramic block (Vita Enamic) but not on the composites block (Brilliant Crios, Grandio Blocs). While the two-step and multi-step finishing and polishing systems produced the lowest color change on hybrid ceramic blocks, one-step and two-step systems achieved this on composite blocks (p<0.05). In all test groups, the supplementary polishing performed after regular polishing procedures helped us reduce the surface roughness and color change on CAD/CAM blocks. Conclusions: The findings obtained in this study suggest that one and two-step polishing systems are more suitable for resin-based composite CAD/CAM blocks; for hybrid ceramic CAD/CAM blocks, on the other hand, two and multi-step finishing and polishing systems seem to be more efficient concerning lower surface roughness and resistance to color changes.
THE FRENCH FOUNDATIONS OF HUTTON’S THEORY OF THE EARTH, PART ONE: HUTTON AS A STUDENT OF GUILLAUME-FRANÇOIS ROUELLE
Authors: TODD GREGORY F. W. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
This contribution, in two parts, addresses a long-standing problem in the history of geology: Was the geological theory of James Hutton derived inductively from observations and scientific knowledge, or was it derived a priori as a speculative system? Hutton’s own writings do little to clarify the question, and the conflict in interpretations has remained at an impasse. This contribution proposes to resolve that conflict by focusing on the two years Hutton spent as a young man studying chemistry in Paris. I argue that Hutton studied with one of the great chemistry teachers of the eighteenth century, Guillaume-François Rouelle, and that Rouelle’s teachings provided the foundations of Hutton’s geological theory.
Part One of this contribution reviews Hutton’s early studies in chemistry, and presents evidence to show that Hutton continued his chemistry studies with Rouelle in Paris from 1747 to 1749. Part One describes as well the geological content of Rouelle’s lectures, as derived from notes taken by his students, with focus on Rouelle’s methodology, his ideas on the origins of coal and limestone, and his observations on erosion and river transport. This Part concludes that Rouelle should be regarded as an important figure in the history of geology, not only in the francophone tradition, but, through Hutton, in the anglophone tradition as well. A detailed analysis of the influence of Rouelle’s teachings on Hutton’s Theory of the Earth (1788), and the development of Hutton’s overall theory, is the subject of Part Two.
A SHORT HISTORY OF PALEONTOLOGY IN TURKEY, PART II: PALEONTOLOGY IN THE REPUBLIC OF TURKEY
Authors: SARIGÜL VOLKAN 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Succeeding a period of wars and political turmoil, the reassuring policies of the new regime of Turkey positively influenced all branches of science, including geology which provided a basis for the earliest studies in paleontology, as it had done in the former Ottoman Turkey. Although most of the specialists were still foreigners during the early years of the republic, the government of Turkey under the leadership of Atatürk, rapidly established modern institutions in order to train native earth scientists and engineers of all sorts. Turkish paleontologists began to replace their foreign colleagues by the 1940s; and female Turkish paleontologists became especially prominent not only in the universities but also in the national geological surveys and mapping, and in fossil fuel exploration. Subsequent to their separation from departments of natural sciences, teaching fundamentals of paleontology was taken on by geology departments which, by the 1960s, started to evolve into departments of geological engineering. As a result, most Turkish paleontologists are geologists and most of them specialized either in micropaleontology or paleobotany. In contrast, paleontology of late Cenozoic mammals is dominated by graduates of anthropology programs.
A Spectral Boundary-Integral Method for Quasi-Dynamic Ruptures of Multiple Parallel Faults
Authors: Barbot Sylvain 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTNumerical models of rupture dynamics provide great insights into the physics of fault failure. However, resolving stress interactions among multiple faults remains challenging numerically. Here, we derive the elastostatic Green’s functions for stress and displacement caused by arbitrary slip distributions along multiple parallel faults. The equations are derived in the Fourier domain, providing an efficient means to calculate stress interactions with the fast Fourier transform. We demonstrate the relevance of the method for a wide range of applications, by simulating the rupture dynamics of single and multiple parallel faults controlled by a rate- and state-dependent frictional contact, using the spectral boundary integral method and the radiation-damping approximation. Within the antiplane strain approximation, we show seismic cycle simulations with a power-law distribution of rupture sizes and, in a different parameter regime, sequences of seismogenic slow-slip events. Using the in-plane strain approximation, we simulate the rupture dynamics of a restraining stepover. Finally, we describe cycles of large earthquakes along several parallel strike-slip faults in three dimensions. The approach is useful to explore the dynamics of interacting or isolated faults with many degrees of freedom.
The hereditary pattern of gummy smile- A cross sectional study
Authors: Jayaram Priyanka , R Vaisakh , Thomson P Sonu , M P Sajna , V Varsha 
Published: April 2021

When there is an exposure of gingival tissue of more than 2 mm while smiling is said to be gummy smile. There are various etiological factors that cause a gummy smile and there could be a relationship with heredity as an etiology for gummy smile.To evaluate the relationship between gummy smile and heredity.A sample of 100 patients of age between 10 to 25 years were selected based on the presence of a gummy smile of more than 2mm and the gummy smile was measured. Frontal photographs of patients with gummy smile of more than 2 mm were taken. Similarly, both the parents were also photographed. A detailed history of gummy smile running in the family for last two generations was recorded. The patients were then divided into two groups, namely, Group A (patients with gummy smile having a familial background) and Group B (patients with gummy smile not having a familial background).From the study 48% of the patients had gummy smile with a familial etiology and 52% of the patients had gummy smile without familial etiology which indicates heredity is not a significant etiological factor for gummy smile. Eventhough a small percentage of patients did show a familial tendency of gummy smile, the majority of 52% of the subjects with gummy smile had no hereditary etiology, suggesting that the gummy smile did not exhibit hereditary pattern.
Biodentine: Material of choice for apexification
Authors: Aeran Himanshu , Sharma Mahema , Tuli Avantika 
Published: April 2021

Pulp necrosis with incomplete root formation in permanent teeth leads to open apex of the particular tooth which leads to the formation of the periapical pathology. The management of such cases poses a great endodontic challenge. Apexification is the process of induction of calcific barrier across the open apex or the continued apical development in an immature tooth with infected necrotic pulp. The aim of this case report is to share a successful apexification of maxillary central incisors with by using Biodentine without complications.Biodentine is a material of choice for single visit apexification.
Evaluation of Patients' Satisfaction with Food and Nutrition Service in Selected Hospitals Affiliated to Yazd Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences in 2016-2017
Authors: Vafaeenasab Mohamadreza , Motealehi Ahmadreza , Bahariniya Sajjad , Raadabadi Mehdi , Safari Masoud 
Published: April 2021

Background: Food and nutrition services in hospitals are one of the factors effecting patients’ satisfaction. Appropriate management and supervision in the nutrition sector is an essential factor in reducing the costs and gaining patient satisfaction. The optimal performance of the nutrition sector accelerates improvement and can be useful in their satisfaction. The purpose of this study was to evaluate patients’ satisfaction with food and nutrition services in 2016-2017, Yazd, Iran.
Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study. The study population included patients referring to the selected hospitals affiliated to Yazd Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences. A researcher-made questionnaire was used for data collection. This questionnaire had 19 questions that should be answered on a 5-point Likert scale (strongly agree, agree, no idea, disagree, and strongly disagree). At the end of this questionnaire, a question was presented about the individual’s overall satisfaction with nutrition.
Results: The average of patients’ satisfaction with food services was 4.40 ± 0.90. The lowest satisfaction rate was related to the inappropriate quality of dinner with an average of 4.02 ± 1.50. The highest level of satisfaction was related to the hygiene of food with an average of 4.69 ± 0.55.
Conclusion: Hospital managers are required to take measures to increase the awareness of nutrition service personnel regarding the health and quality of food, their active presence by patients’ beds, give patients the right to choose, and take the necessary supervision to increase the variety of meals.
Türkiye’de Eğitim Sisteminde Okullaşmanın Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerine Etkisi
Authors: DİNERİ Eda , GÖLPEK Filiz 
Published: April 2021

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, ilköğretim, orta öğretim ve yükseköğretim düzeyinde kayıt oranlarının ve fiziki sabit sermayenin ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisini 1980-2016 dönemi için incelemektir.
Tasarım/Yöntem: Bu çalışmada, önce geleneksel birim kök testleri ve yapısal kırılmaya izin veren birim kök testi yapılmış, sonra değişkenler arasında uzun dönemli ilişkinin olup olmadığı Maki eş bütünleşme testi ile incelenmiştir.
Bulgular: Bu incelemede, birden fazla yapısal kırılmaya izin veren Maki eş bütünleşme testinde değişkenler arasında uzun dönemli ilişkinin olduğu; FMOLS eş bütünleşme katsayı tahminci sonuçlarında yükseköğretim kayıt oranlarının ve sabit fiziki sermayenin ekonomik büyüme üzerinde etkisinin istatiksel olarak anlamlı ve pozitif yönde olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Toda - Yamamoto nedensellik testi sonucunda da, orta öğretim ve yükseköğretim kayıt oranlarından ekonomik büyümeye ve fiziki sermayeye tek yönlü nedensellik ilişkisinin olduğu ortaya konulmuştur.
Sınırlılıklar: Çalışmada beşeri sermaye unsurlarından sadece eğitim boyutu incelenmesi araştırmanının sınırlılıklarıdır.
Özgünlük/Değer: Eğitim düzeylerine göre okullaşma oranlarının ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisinin incelenmesi açısından literatüre katkı sağlayabilecek sonuçlara ulaşması araştırmanın özgün değerini oluşturmaktadır.