bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cell state transitions: definitions and challenges
Authors: Mulas Carla , Chaigne Agathe , Smith Austin , Chalut Kevin J. 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
A fundamental challenge when studying biological systems is the description of cell state dynamics. During transitions between cell states, a multitude of parameters may change – from the promoters that are active, to the RNAs and proteins that are expressed and modified. Cells can also adopt different shapes, alter their motility and change their reliance on cell-cell junctions or adhesion. These parameters are integral to how a cell behaves and collectively define the state a cell is in. Yet, technical challenges prevent us from measuring all of these parameters simultaneously and dynamically. How, then, can we comprehend cell state transitions using finite descriptions? The recent virtual workshop organised by The Company of Biologists entitled ‘Cell State Transitions: Approaches, Experimental Systems and Models’ attempted to address this question. Here, we summarise some of the main points that emerged during the workshop's themed discussions. We also present examples of cell state transitions and describe models and systems that are pushing forward our understanding of how cells rewire their state.
Atypical odontalgia and trigeminal neuralgia: psychological, behavioural and psychopharmacologic approach – an overview of the pathologies related to the challenging differential diagnosis in orofacial pain
Authors: Tizzoni Riccardo , Tizzoni Marta , Clerici Carlo Alfredo 
Published: October 2021

Orofacial pain represents a challenge for dentists, especially if with a non-odontogenic basis. Orofacial neuropathic pain is chronic, arduous to localize and develops without obvious pathology. Comorbid psychiatric disorders, such as anxiety and depression, coexist and negatively affect the condition. This article presents one case of atypical odontalgia and one of trigeminal neuralgia treated with psychological and psychopharmacologic tailored and adapted therapies, after conventional medications had failed. In addition, an overview of the pathologies related to the challenging differential diagnosis in orofacial pain is given, since current data are insufficient. A 68-year-old male complained of chronic throbbing, burning pain in a maxillary tooth, worsening upon digital pressure. Symptoms did not abate after conventional amitriptyline therapy; psychological intervention and antianxiety drug were supplemented and antidepressant agent dosage incremented; the patient revealed improvement and satisfaction with the multidisciplinary approach to his pathology. A 72-year-old male lamented chronic stabbing, intermittent, sharp, shooting and electric shock-like pain in an upper tooth, radiating and following the distribution of the trigeminal nerve. Pain did not recur after psychological intervention and a prescription of antidepressant and antianxiety agents, while conventional carbamazepine therapy had not been sufficient to control pain. Due to concern with comorbid psychiatric disorders, we adopted a patient-centered, tailored and balanced therapy, favourably changing the clinical outcome. Comorbid psychiatric disorders have a negative impact on orofacial pain and dentists should consider adopting tailored therapies, such as psychological counselling and behavioural and psychopharmacologic strategies, besides conventional treatments. They also need to be familiar with the signs and symptoms of orofacial pain, recollecting a comprehensive view of the pathologies concerning the differential diagnosis. A prompt diagnosis prevents pain chronicity, avoiding an increase in complexity and a shift to orofacial neuropathic pain and legal claims.
Evaluation of clinical, histology, TNF-α, and collagen expressions on oral ulcer in rats after treatment with areca nut and chrysanthemum oral gel
Authors: Meutia Sari Liza , Mubarak Zaki , Keumala Sari Dina 
Published: October 2021

Background: Areca nut (Areca catechu Linn.) is the seed of the fruit of the oriental palm that is commonly used among Southeast Asian communities. Chrysanthemum (Dendrathema grandiflora) is a flowering plant originating from East Asia and dominantly grows in China. Both of these plants have strong antioxidant activities. To investigate the mechanism of their wound healing activities, we prepared areca nut and chrysanthemum polyethylene oral gel and performed several in vivo assays using Sprague–Dawley rats. Methods: Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into five groups: Negative control group (rats with base gel treatment), positive control group (rats treated with triamcinolone acetonide), F1 (treatment with 20% areca nut:80% chrysanthemum), F2 (treatment with 50% areca nut:50% chrysanthemum), and F3 (treatment with 80% areca nut:20% chrysanthemum). Traumatic ulcers were performed on the buccal mucosa of all experimental animals that received topical oral gel and triamcinolone acetonide twice a day for seven days. The clinical and histological characteristics were analyzed and scored. Results: During the six days, the ulcerated area receded linearly over time and was completely cicatrized in F2, F3, and positive control group (Dependent t-test, p<0.05). There were significant increases in body weight in F2 and positive control groups. There were no significant differences between groups in histology examination (Kruskal Wallis test, p<0.05). The moderate score of TNF-α levels was seen in F2 and positive control groups (ANOVA/Tukey test, p<0.05). In the collagenases assay, a high concentration of areca nut (F3) induced the abundance of collagen during the ulcer healing process. Conclusions: The combination of areca nut and chrysanthemum extract in the oral gel can optimize the healing of traumatic oral ulcers in Sprague-Dawley rats through the increase of TNF-α and collagen deposition.
Prediction of the Effects of Synonymous Variants on SARS-CoV-2 Genome
Authors: Boon Wan Xin , Sia Boon Zhan , Ng Chong Han 
Published: October 2021

Background: The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) had led to a global pandemic since December 2019. SARS-CoV-2 is a single-stranded RNA virus, which mutates at a higher rate. Multiple studies had been done to identify and study nonsynonymous mutations, which change amino acid residues of SARS-CoV-2 proteins. On the other hand, there is little study on the effects of SARS-CoV-2 synonymous mutations. Although these mutations do not alter amino acids, some studies suggest that they may affect viral fitness. This study aims to predict the effect of synonymous mutations on the SARS-CoV-2 genome. Methods: A total of 30,229 SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequences were retrieved from Global Initiative on Sharing all Influenza Data (GISAID) database and aligned using MAFFT. Then, the mutations and their respective frequency were identified. A prediction of RNA secondary structures and their base pair probabilities was performed to study the effect of synonymous mutations on RNA structure and stability. Relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) analysis was also performed to measure the codon usage bias (CUB) of SARS-CoV-2. Results: A total of 150 synonymous mutations were identified. The synonymous mutation identified with the highest frequency is C3037U mutation in the nsp3 of ORF1a, followed by C313U and C9286U mutation in nsp1 and nsp4 of ORF1a, respectively. Conclusion: Among the synonymous mutations identified, C913U mutation in ORF1a and C26735U in membrane (M) protein may affect RNA secondary structure, reducing the stability of RNA folding and possibly resulting in a higher translation rate. However, lab experiments are required to validate the results obtained from prediction analysis.
Synchronous online learning during movement control order in higher education institutions: a systematic review
Authors: Lee Yee Wan , Dorasamy Magiswary , Bin Ahmad Abdul Aziz , Jambulingam Manimekalai , Yeap Peik Foong , Harun Sharbani 
Published: October 2021

Background: Higher education institutions (HEI) are not spared from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The closure of campuses because of the movement control order (MCO) to mitigate the spread of the COVID-19 has forced HEIs to adopt online learning, especially synchronous online learning (SOL). Although teaching and learning can be continued via SOL, retaining students’ interest and sustaining their engagement have not been sufficiently explored. This study presents a systematic review of the research pertaining to SOL associated with students’ interest and engagement in HEIs during the MCO environment. Methods: Five major online databases, i.e., EBSCOhost, Science Direct, Emerald, Scopus and Springer were searched to collect relevant papers published between 1st January 2010 to 15th June 2021 including conference proceedings, peer-reviewed papers and dissertations. Papers written in the English language, based in full-fledged universities, and with these five keywords: (i) synchronous online learning, (ii) engagement, (iii) interest, (iv) MCO/Covid-19 and (v) HEI, were included. Papers focussing on synchronous and asynchronous online learning in schools and colleges were excluded. Each paper was reviewed by two reviewers in order to confirm the eligibility based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: We found 31 papers of which six papers were related to SOL, engagement and interest in HEIs in the MCO environment. Our review presents three major findings: (i) limited research has been conducted on SOL associated with students’ engagement and interest, (ii) studies related to the context of HEIs in the MCO environment are limited, and (iii) the understanding of the new phenomena through qualitative research is insufficient. We highlight the SOL alignment with students’ engagement, interest, style preference, learner interaction effectiveness, behavior and academic performance. Conclusions: We believe that the findings of this study are timely and require attention from the research community.
Detection of CYP2C19*2_ allele among Helicobacter pylori -infected patients in two tertiary hospitals of Khartoum, Sudan, 2019
Authors: Abbas Azza , Malik Sawazen , Sulieman Bushra , Enan Khalid 
Published: October 2021

Background: CYP2C19*2 has been identified as the most common allelic variant of CYP2C19 affecting the response to Proton pump inhibitors (PPI). This study aims to detect CYP2C19*2 allele in H. pylori-infected Sudanese population, owing its probable effect on H. pylori eradication. Methods: Antral biopsies was collected from 30 patients attending endoscopy units. Extraction of DNA was performed through QIAamp® DNA Mini Kit. Samples were screened for Urease C (UreC) gene of H. pylori using conventional PCR. Detection of CYP2C19*2 was performed in positive H. pylori samples using Real time-PCR. Results: The mean age of patients was 40.7 (±20.2 SE). Positive samples for UreC were 24 (80%) samples. Among them, four samples (16.6%) were found positive for CYP2C19*2 allele presence. Gender was found to be statistically associated with the presence of the allele (p < 0.05). Conclusion: This study illustrates that CYP2C19*2 is of modest prevalence among H. pylori-infected Sudanese population. The determination of genotypic and allelic frequencies of CYP2C19 gene among different populations will provide data to be used to personalize treatment according to individual genetic profile, and minimize the possible adverse side effects of CYP2C19 substrates.
Properties of biomass powders resulting from the fine comminution of lignocellulosic feedstocks by three types of ball-mill set-up
Authors: Rajaonarivony Rova Karine , Rouau Xavier , Fabre Charlène , Mayer-Laigle Claire 
Published: October 2021

Background: Lignocellulosic biomass has many functionalities that hold huge potential for material, energy or chemistry applications. To support advanced applications, the biomass must be milled into ultrafine powder to increase reactivity. This milling unit operation needs to be fully mastered to deliver high-quality standard end-products. Here we studied the relationship between the characteristics of the starting lignocellulosic plant material and the properties of the resulting ultrafine powder in different ball-mill process routes. Methods: Two lignocellulosic biomasses (pine bark and wheat straw) with contrasted compositional and mechanical properties were milled using three ball-mill set-ups delivering different balances of impact force and attrition force. The resulting powders were analysed for particle characteristics (size, agglomeration extent, shape) and powder flow properties (compressibility, cohesion) using a dynamic powder rheometer. Results: Pine bark is more amenable to a fast particle size reduction than the fibrous wheat straw. The resulting pine bark powders appear less compressible but much more cohesive than the straw powders due to particle shape, density and composition factors. The mill set-up working by attrition as dominant mechanical force (vibratory ball mill) produced a mix of large, elongated particles and higher amounts of fines as it acts mainly by erosion, the resulting powder being more prone to agglomerate due to the abundance of fines. The mill set-up working by impact as dominant mechanical force (rotary ball mill) produced more evenly distributed particle sizes and shapes. The resulting powder is less prone to agglomerate due to a preferential fragmentation mechanism. Conclusions: The attrition-dominant mill yields powders with dispersed particle sizes and shapes and the poorest flow properties, while the impact-dominant mill yields more agglomeration-prone powders. The mill set-up working with impact and attrition as concomitant mechanical forces (stirred ball mill) produces powders with better reactivity and flow properties compared to rotary and vibratory mills.
Lessons learned and lessons missed: impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on all-cause mortality in 40 industrialised countries prior to mass vaccination
Authors: Kontis Vasilis , Bennett James E. , Parks Robbie M. , Rashid Theo , Pearson-Stuttard Jonathan , Asaria Perviz , Zhou Bin , Guillot Michel , Mathers Colin D. , Khang Young-Ho , McKee Martin , Ezzati Majid 
Published: October 2021

Background: Industrialised countries had varied responses to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, and how they adapted to new situations and knowledge since it began. These differences in preparedness and policy may lead to different death tolls from COVID-19 as well as other diseases. Methods: We applied an ensemble of 16 Bayesian probabilistic models to vital statistics data to estimate the impacts of the pandemic on weekly all-cause mortality for 40 industrialised countries from mid-February 2020 through mid-February 2021, before a large segment of the population was vaccinated in these countries. Results: Over the entire year, an estimated 1,410,300 (95% credible interval 1,267,600-1,579,200) more people died in these countries than would have been expected had the pandemic not happened. This is equivalent to 141 (127-158) additional deaths per 100,000 people and a 15% (14-17) increase in deaths in all these countries combined. In Iceland, Australia and New Zealand, mortality was lower than would be expected if the pandemic had not occurred, while South Korea and Norway experienced no detectable change in mortality. In contrast, the USA, Czechia, Slovakia and Poland experienced at least 20% higher mortality. There was substantial heterogeneity across countries in the dynamics of excess mortality. The first wave of the pandemic, from mid-February to the end of May 2020, accounted for over half of excess deaths in Scotland, Spain, England and Wales, Canada, Sweden, Belgium, the Netherlands and Cyprus. At the other extreme, the period between mid-September 2020 and mid-February 2021 accounted for over 90% of excess deaths in Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechia, Hungary, Latvia, Montenegro, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia. Conclusions: Until the great majority of national and global populations have vaccine-acquired immunity, minimising the death toll of the pandemic from COVID-19 and other diseases will require actions to delay and contain infections and continue routine health care.
Gender differences in the reading literacy of Estonian basic school students
Authors: Puksand Helin , Uibu Krista 
Published: October 2021

Rahvusvahelise PISA võrdlusuuringu fookuses oli 2018. aastal funktsionaalne lugemisoskus, mille hindamisel kasutatakse eri situatsioonidel põhinevaid ja eri tüüpi tekste ning mille ülesanded nõuavad eri kognitiivsete protsesside rakendamist. Siinse uurimuse eesmärk oli kirjeldada poiste ja tüdrukute ülesannete sooritust teksti iseloomustava situatsiooni ja tekstitüübi ning ülesande lahendamisel eeldatava kognitiivse protsessi alusel. Uurimusest selgus, et tüdrukud lahendasid ülesandeid poistest paremini kõigi kriteeriumide alusel. Teksti situatsioon on suhtlussfäär, kuhu autentne tekst kuulub. Selle järgi edestasid tüdrukud poisse kõige rohkem töösituatsiooniga ülesannetes. Tekstitüüpide võrdluses avaldus suurim sooline erinevus tüdrukute kasuks dialoogilistel tekstidel põhinenud ülesannete lahendamisel. Selle põhjal, milliseid kognitiivseid protsesse lugemine aktiveerib, lahendasid tüdrukud poistest paremini ülesandeid, kus oli vaja esitada sõnasõnalist tähendust ning teha järeldusi teksti sisu ja vormi põhjal. Kõige väiksem erinevus ilmnes ülesannetes, mis eeldasid konflikti avastamist ja käsitlemist ning info kvaliteedi ja usaldusväärsuse hindamist. Nende ülesannete sooritusprotsent oli väike nii poistel kui tüdrukutel. Uurimuse tulemused võimaldavad anda õpetajatele ja õppematerjalide koostajatele soovitusi, millele õpilaste lugemisoskuse arendamisel tähelepanu pöörata ja missuguseid lugemisülesandeid kasutada.
Summary
Teacher views on the use of scenarios to enhance scientific literacy through raising career awareness
Authors: Soobard Regina , Valdmann Ana , Mikser Rain , Rannikmäe Miia 
Published: October 2021

Uuringu eesmärk oli välja selgitada loodusteaduste õpetajate valmisolek kasutada karjääriteadlikkuse kujundamisele suunatud stsenaariume loodusteadusliku kirjaoskuse arendamisel. Kasutasime viit uuringu jaoks koostatud kontekstipõhist loodusteadusliku karjääriteadlikkusega seotud stsenaariumi. Igas neist tutvustati sotsiaalteaduslikust kontekstist lähtuvalt vähemalt kaht loodusteadustega seotud elukutset koos neis vajalike teadmiste ja oskustega. Valmisolekut stsenaariume tunnis kasutada küsiti kümnelt loodusteaduste õpetajalt, kasutades Google Formsi keskkonnas kohandatud küsimustikku. Kvalitatiivse analüüsi tulemused näitasid, et õpetajate valmisolek stsenaariumide kasutamiseks on erinev ning isegi kogenud õpetaja vajab mitmekülgseid juhiseid karjääriteadlikkuse kui loodusteadusliku kirjaoskuse ühe tahu arendamiseks loodusteaduste tundides.
Summary
Financial competence as a key competence in lifelong learning. A new framework
Authors: Aarna Olav , Riitsalu Leonore , Venesaar Urve 
Published: October 2021

Inimestelt oodatakse varasemast suurema vastutuse võtmist oma rahalise heaolu eest kogu elukaare jooksul ja keerukate valikute langetamist mitmesuguste finantsteenuste hulgast. See nõuab elukestvat finantspädevuse arendamist. Eestis tegeletakse sellega aga eelkõige üldhariduskoolis ning sealgi on see teiste ainevaldkondade osa ja selgelt defineerimata. Finantspädevust kajastab vaid ettevõtlusõppe raamistiku finantskirjaoskuse alapädevus. Elukestva õppe jaoks on suuniseid antud riiklikus rahatarkuse strateegias, kuid sealgi pole finantspädevust defineeritud. Et seda lünka täita ja võimaldada süstemaatilisemat finantspädevuse edendamist, loome finantspädevuse kui elukestva õppe võtmepädevuse raamistiku. Selleks analüüsime teaduskirjandust, teiste riikide määratlusi ja OECD suuniseid. Finantspädevuse täiuslikkuse tasanditena käsitleme rahalise heaolu komponente. Tulemused võiksid kasutust leida poliitikakujundajate ja finantshariduse pakkujate töös ning anda ainest edasisteks uurimusteks.
Summary
Physical literacy – a new educational goal
Authors: Pihu Maret , Tilga Henri , Kull Merike 
Published: October 2021

Viimase kahekümne aasta jooksul on märgatavalt suurenenud kehalise kirjaoskuse alaste uuringutulemuste avaldamine. Kehalist kirjaoskust kirjeldatakse kui inimese motivatsiooni, enesekindlust, kehalist kompetentsust, teadmisi ja mõistmist kehalise aktiivsuse väärtusest ja isiklikku vastutust selles. Kehaline kirjaoskus toob välja iga inimese võimalused, individuaalsuse ja võimekuse kehalise kirjaoskuse omandamisel. Koolitasandi uuringud keskenduvad kehalise kirjaoskuse kujundamise õpetuslikule aspektile ja selle tulemusel ka muutuvale traditsioonilisele spordikeskse lähenemisega kehalisele kasvatusele. Kehalise kirjaoskuse eesmärk on luua eeldused, et inimene oskaks tervislikult elada ning tervisliku eluviisiga kaasnevat potentsiaali rakendada. Siinse artikli eesmärk on anda ülevaade kehalise kirjaoskuse olemusest ja komponentidest rahvusvaheliste teadusuuringute kaudu.
Summary
Clinical guideline highlights for the hospitalist: Focused updates to pediatric asthma management
Authors: Veters Michelle D. , Molina Adolfo L. 
Published: October 2021

GUIDELINE TITLE2020 Focused Updates to the Asthma Management Guidelines: A Report from the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Coordinating Committee (NAEPPCC) Expert Panel Working Group1RELEASE DATEOnline: December 3, 2020PRIOR VERSIONS1991, 1997, 2002, 2007DEVELOPERNAEPPCC Expert Panel Working Group (referred to as “the Expert Panel”) of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) of the National Institutes of HealthFUNDING SOURCENHLBI of the National Institutes of HealthTARGET POPULATIONAdults and children with asthma and recurrent wheezing
Improved Revenue Bounds for Posted-Price and Second-Price Mechanisms
Authors: Beyhaghi Hedyeh , Golrezaei Negin , Leme Renato Paes , Pál Martin , Sivan Balasubramanian 
Published: October 2021

How to optimize posted price mechanisms? The sequential posted-price (SPP) mechanism is one of the widely used selling mechanisms in practice. In this mechanism, the seller presents each buyer with a price sequentially and the buyer can either accept or reject the mechanism's offer. Despite the widespread use of the SPP mechanism, the problem of optimizing prices in this mechanism has not been fully addressed. In a paper entitled, “Improved Revenue Bounds for Posted-Price and Second-Price Mechanisms,” H. Beyhaghi, N. Golrezaei, R. Paes Leme, M. Pal, and B. Sivan construct SPP mechanisms by considering the best of two simple pricing rules: one that imitates the optimal mechanism and the other that posts a uniform price (same price for every buyer). Their simple pricing rules can be easily generalized to the setting with multiple units and yield the first improvement over long-established approximation factors.
High-precision two-dimensional beam steering with a 64-element optical fiber phased array
Authors: Wang Xiaobin , Liu Chunbo , Cao Yang , Liu Ruyuan , Zhang Lin , Zhao Xu , Lu Fang , Miao Zhifang , Li Qiwei , Han Xiang’e 
Published: October 2021

Large-scale optical fiber phased arrays (OFPAs) are capable of realizing high-power lasers and high-speed beam steering, which are widely used in long-distance detection and communication. However, dephasing occurring from optical fiber jitter and power amplifier noise can reduce beam quality and steering precision in applications. We demonstrate a two-dimensional 64-element OFPA system that employs a stochastic parallel gradient descent algorithm to synchronize the phases and thus achieve high-quality multi-beam output. Using multi-beam steering, the total scan time for covering a certain field of view can be shorter compared to single-beam steering. Moreover, an avalanche photodiode array is used to enhance the precision of the voltage for beam steering. Experimental results show that the peak sidelobe ratio of the main beam achieves 23.7 dB, and the speed of the beam steering between two discretionary angles is 128 kHz.