bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observation of the First Stepping Process of Three Winter Lightning Discharges
Authors: Yang Qingliu , Wang Daohong , Yang Junchen , Wu Ting 
Published: February 2025

AbstractUsing three different lightning observation systems, we have observed the first stepping processes of three lightning discharges with unprecedented details. We found that each of the first stepping processes contains a clear upward fast negative breakdown (FNB) corresponding to the preliminary breakdown (PB) pulse peak. Prior to the FNB from the lightning initiation, most sources are located in a fan‐shape area, and the FNB grows from this area forming a channel with a length from 45 to 120 m. During the period of about 100 microseconds immediately preceding the PB pulse, multiple 1–12 MHz radio bursts are located within or near the fan shape area. These radio bursts may indicate stem/space leaders. Eventually the FNB decayed and scattered in another fan shape area at the upper end of the channel. Based on these findings, we have proposed a complete picture of the first stepping process.
The Energization and Escape of Cold Ions in Dayside Magnetopause Magnetic Reconnection
Authors: Zhang Heng , Ge Bin‐Wen , Zhu Zhi‐Lin , Zhou Kang , Li Zhuo‐Hui , Zhang Qing‐He , Liu Hui‐Jie , Tang Bin‐Bin , Li Wen‐Ya 
Published: February 2025

AbstractAt the Earth's dayside magnetopause, a cold ion population of ionospheric or plasmasphere origin is commonly observed at the magnetospheric side. In this study we use a 2.5D Particle‐in‐Cell simulation to investigate the energization of cold ions in the separatrix near X‐line and the escape process. And we identify observation events made by the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission, which provide evidence of the acceleration mechanism of cold ions in separatrix. We track the trajectories of cold ions and conduct an analysis, discovering that the cold ions exhibit a positive drift velocity in the vertical direction of the current sheet and in the separatrix, so the cold ions undergo demagnetized motion. The analysis results show that the Hall electric field accelerates the cold ions, and it is followed by gyrations around the magnetic field, which results in the velocity distribution function of cold ions near the separatrix exhibits a ring‐like distribution. Both simulation results and observations indicated that cold ions in the asymmetric magnetic reconnection separatrix region near the X‐line undergo significant acceleration owing to the effects of , where Hall electric field and the magnetic field parallel to the current sheet play the primary roles during this process. Although magnetic reconnection opens a channel for cold ion escape, the escape is limited, and we first predict the quantification of the escape rate of the cold ions, approximately . The escape of cold ions from the magnetosphere to the magnetosheath is challenging and rare.
Characterizing Marine Magnetic Anomalies: A Machine Learning Approach to Advancing the Understanding of Oceanic Crust Formation
Authors: Wu S. , Thoram S. , Sun J. , Sager W. W. , Chen J. 
Published: February 2025

AbstractLinear magnetic anomalies (LMA), resulting from Earth's magnetic field reversals recorded by seafloor spreading serve as crucial evidence for oceanic crust formation and plate tectonics. Traditionally, LMA analysis relies on visual inspection and manual interpretation, which can be subject to biases due to the complexities of the tectonic history, uneven data coverage, and strong local anomalies associated with seamounts and fracture zones. In this study, we present a Machine learning (ML)‐based framework to identify LMA, determine their orientations and distinguish spatial patterns across oceans. The framework consists of three stages and is semi‐automated, scalable and unbiased. First, a generation network produces artificial yet realistic magnetic anomalies based on user‐specified conditions of linearity and orientation, addressing the scarcity of the labeled training dataset for supervised ML approaches. Second, a characterization network is trained on these generated magnetic anomalies to identify LMA and their orientations. Third, the detected LMA features are clustered into groups based on predicted orientations, revealing underlying spatial patterns, which are directly related to propagating ridges and tectonic activity. The application of this framework to magnetic data from seven areas in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans aligns well with established magnetic lineations and geological features, such as the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge, Reykjanes Ridge, Galapagos Spreading Center, Shatsky Rise, Juan de Fuca Ridge and even Easter Microplate and Galapagos hotspot. The proposed framework establishes a solid foundation for future data‐driven marine magnetic analyses and facilitates objective and quantitative geological interpretation, thus offering the potential to enhance our understanding of oceanic crust formation.
Vertical Expansion of Aragonite Undersaturated Waters in the Canada Basin of the Arctic Ocean From 2003 to 2019
Authors: Yamamoto‐Kawai M. , Tsujimoto H. , Zhang Y. , Zimmermann S. , Williams W. 
Published: February 2025

AbstractThe Canada Basin of the Arctic Ocean is considered the region of the world's open ocean most susceptible to the Ocean Acidification (OA). This study examines progression of OA in the Canada Basin, focusing on expansion of surface and subsurface aragonite undersaturated waters (USW). Surface USW thickness increased from 0 m in 2003 to 19 ± 2 m in 2019. This change was due to freshening until 2012, and then due to increased uptake of anthropogenic CO2 after 2012. In the subsurface layer, USW thickness increased from 94 ± 6 m in 2003 to 136 ± 11 m in 2019. This change is primarily attributed to OA in upstream shelf regions, driven by increased CO2 uptake and respiration, with some contribution from thickening in the Pacific Winter Water layer. The combined thickening of surface and subsurface USW layers increased the percentage of USW in the 0–250 m water column from 38 ± 3% in 2003 to 62 ± 5% in 2019. Because of the concurrent deepening of the water masses due to the enhanced Beaufort Gyre, the replacement of oversaturated water to USW occurred mostly at the subsurface layer below 190 m. The thickness of the oversaturated layer between surface and subsurface USWs remained almost unchanged. If Beaufort Gyre weakens in the future, it would bring subsurface USW shallower, potentially affecting marine life.
Mechanisms of Intraseasonal Oscillation in Equatorial Surface Currents in the Pacific Ocean Identified by Neural Network Models
Authors: You Jiming , Liang Peng , Yang Lina , Zhang Tianyu , Xie Lingling , Murtugudde Raghu 
Published: February 2025

AbstractThe characteristics and origins of intraseasonal oscillations (ISOs) in surface currents over the equatorial Pacific are yet to be detailed due to the deficiency of observational data. This study constructs the Pacific surface currents along the equator (every 0.25° of longitude) from 1993 to 2017 (at daily intervals) using a feedforward neural network and multiple sea surface variables, showing superior correlations and root mean square errors with in situ measurements. Based on this product, the ISOs explain ∼10%–30% and ∼20%–50% of the zonal and meridional current variance, respectively, exhibiting disparate characteristics in the western and eastern Pacific. The Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) governs the western basin, where the ISOs are more intense during El Niños. Particularly, significant ISOs in zonal currents (−0.25–0.28 m s−1) span nearly the entire basin during EP‐El Niño summers and winters; the intensity becomes even stronger (−0.27–0.32 m s−1) for CP‐El Niño winters, as the MJO convection center thrives throughout the life cycle. The intraseasonal meridional currents, though much weaker, extend eastward up to ∼150°W during EP‐El Niño winters. As for the eastern basin, the ISOs arise primarily from baroclinic instability and propagate westward with the phase speed and the domain being fastest and most widespread for La Niñas and vice versa for El Niños. Both the temperature and salinity effects play an essential role. This study introduces an efficient approach to construct equatorial currents using machine learning, facilitating a deeper diagnosis of the tropical ocean circulation dynamics.
Multi‐Physics Data Assimilation Framework for Remotely Sensed Snowpacks to Improve Water Prediction
Authors: Shrestha Prabhakar , Barros Ana P. 
Published: February 2025

AbstractRecent advances in remote sensing of snow using Synthetic Aperture Radar have shown the potential for retrievals of Snow Water Equivalent (SWE) at high spatial resolution with good accuracy. These data can be integrated with physically based models to reconstruct spatial heterogeneity and reduce uncertainty in quantifying SWE. In this study, we present a Multi‐Physics Data Assimilation Framework (MPDAF) to improve operational water prediction by assimilating snow measurements/retrievals or microwave data. This framework is demonstrated over Grand Mesa, Colorado during NASA's SnowEx’17 campaign. To illustrate the potential benefit of satellite‐based time‐series of SAR measurements, we investigate the value of data assimilation (DA) with window lengths determined by potential satellite revisit times and anticipated estimation error models. Daily assimilation of integral quantities like snow depth showed dramatic improvement in predicted snow depth, SWE and in vertical profile of snow density. Independent evaluation against pit measurements shows that assimilation of SWE retrievals from airborne SnowSAR backscatter measurements substantially reduced bias in snow depth (from −22% to 0%) and SWE (from −19% to 3%), also recovering spatial heterogeneity not resolved by weather forecasts. Assimilation impacts both snowpack microphysics and the forward simulation of volume backscatter in X and Ku bands with dependence on snow depth changes. The uncertainty in the forward estimates of backscatter is consistent with the synthetic measurement uncertainty based on pit data, thus demonstrating that MPDAF preserves end‐to‐end physical consistency among assimilated retrievals and forward simulations of backscatter measurements critical for operational retrievals.
WNT inhibitor SP5-mediated SERPING1 suppresses lung adenocarcinoma progression via TSC2/mTOR pathway
Authors: Shen Yefeng , Dong Xiaofeng , Li Xujia , Shi Zhiyuan , Shao Tingting , Jiang Junlan , Song Jian 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The long-term outlook for patients grappling with lung cancer (LC) remains bleak, with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) emerging as the most predominant histological subtype. Our Mendelian randomization (MR) investigation spotlighted that heightened levels of the circulating protein serpin peptidase inhibitor family G1 (SERPING1) substantially mitigated LC risk. The fusion of multi-omics strategies unveiled that SERPING1 exhibited diminished expression in LUAD patients compared to healthy individuals both in tissues and serum, with LUAD individuals showcasing elevated SERPING1 expression demonstrating improved prognoses. Furthermore, SERPING1 expression exhibited a robust correlation with the efficacy of immunotherapy. Through meticulous in vivo and in vitro analyses, we unraveled that SERPING1 impeded the proliferation, migration, invasion and wound healing of LUAD cells via the tuberous sclerosis 2 (TSC2)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Mechanistically, WNT inhibitor- Specificity Protein (SP5) was delineated as facilitator of SERPING1 transcription by binding to the SERPING1 gene promoter. Intriguingly, aside from the association between SERPING1 and systolic blood pressure, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), type I diabetes, no discernible link between SERPING1 overexpression and heightened risks of other cardiometabolic conditions and diseases was evident. In summary, SERPING1 emerges as a novel tumor suppressor gene and SP5/SERPING1/TSC2 is a promising therapeutic target in the context of LUAD.
Type 2 immunity in allergic diseases
Authors: Ogulur Ismail , Mitamura Yasutaka , Yazici Duygu , Pat Yagiz , Ardicli Sena , Li Manru , D’Avino Paolo , Beha Carina , Babayev Huseyn , Zhao Bingjie , Zeyneloglu Can , Giannelli Viscardi Oliva , Ardicli Ozge , Kiykim Ayca , Garcia-Sanchez Asuncion , Lopez Juan-Felipe , Shi Li-li , Yang Minglin , Schneider Stephan R. , Skolnick Stephen , Dhir Raja , Radzikowska Urszula , Kulkarni Abhijeet J. , Imam Manal Bel , Veen Willem van de , Sokolowska Milena , Martin-Fontecha Mar , Palomares Oscar , Nadeau Kari C. , Akdis Mubeccel , Akdis Cezmi A. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Significant advancements have been made in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of type 2 immunity in allergic diseases such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, chronic rhinosinusitis, eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), food and drug allergies, and atopic dermatitis (AD). Type 2 immunity has evolved to protect against parasitic diseases and toxins, plays a role in the expulsion of parasites and larvae from inner tissues to the lumen and outside the body, maintains microbe-rich skin and mucosal epithelial barriers and counterbalances the type 1 immune response and its destructive effects. During the development of a type 2 immune response, an innate immune response initiates starting from epithelial cells and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), including dendritic cells and macrophages, and translates to adaptive T and B-cell immunity, particularly IgE antibody production. Eosinophils, mast cells and basophils have effects on effector functions. Cytokines from ILC2s and CD4+ helper type 2 (Th2) cells, CD8 + T cells, and NK-T cells, along with myeloid cells, including IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13, initiate and sustain allergic inflammation via T cell cells, eosinophils, and ILC2s; promote IgE class switching; and open the epithelial barrier. Epithelial cell activation, alarmin release and barrier dysfunction are key in the development of not only allergic diseases but also many other systemic diseases. Recent biologics targeting the pathways and effector functions of IL4/IL13, IL-5, and IgE have shown promising results for almost all ages, although some patients with severe allergic diseases do not respond to these therapies, highlighting the unmet need for a more detailed and personalized approach.
Intersensory attention deficits in schizophrenia relate to ongoing sensorimotor beta oscillations
Authors: Moran James Kenneth , Senkowski Daniel 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This study tested whether intersensory attention deficits in people with schizophrenia (SZ) relate to aberrant ongoing oscillations in sensory cortices. Electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded while individuals with schizophrenia (N = 27) and healthy controls (HC; N = 27) performed a visual-tactile target detection task. Ongoing alpha (8–12 Hz) and lower beta (13–20 Hz) band oscillations in visual and sensorimotor cortices were examined. Behavioral data suggested an intersensory attention deficit in patients. EEG data revealed stronger alpha-band oscillations for tactile vs. visual attention conditions in the visual cortex of both study groups. In the sensorimotor cortex contralateral to the tactile stimulation site, patients showed an additional intersensory attention effect in ongoing beta-band oscillations, which was negatively related to cognitive and positive symptoms of the PANSS. Our findings extend previous results from unisensory attention research and suggest that deficits in intersensory attention and alterations in sensorimotor beta oscillations are related to schizophrenia symptomatology.
Redox-active inverse crowns for small molecule activation
Authors: Maurer Johannes , Klerner Lukas , Mai Jonathan , Stecher Hannah , Thum Stefan , Morasch Michael , Langer Jens , Harder Sjoerd 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Cyclic crown ethers bind metal cations to form host–guest complexes. Lesser-known inverse crowns are rings of metal cations that encapsulate anionic entities, enabling multiple deprotonation reactions, often with unusual selectivity. Self-assembly of a cycle of metal cations around the multiply charged carbanion during the deprotonation reaction is the driving force for this reactivity. Here we report the synthesis of a pre-assembled inverse crown featuring Na+ cations and a redox-active Mg0 centre. Reduction of N2O followed by N2 release and subsequent encapsulation of O2
− demonstrates its reduce-and-capture functionality. Calculations reveal that this essentially barrier-free process involves a rare N2O2
− dianion, embedded in the metalla-cycle. The inverse crown can adapt itself for binding larger anions like N2O2
2
− through a self-reorganization process involving ring expansion. The redox-active inverse crown combines the advantages of a strong reducing agent with anion stabilizing properties provided by the ring of metal cations, leading to high reactivity and selectivity.
Pressure-enhanced splitting of density wave transitions in La3Ni2O7–δ
Authors: Khasanov Rustem , Hicken Thomas J. , Gawryluk Dariusz J. , Sazgari Vahid , Plokhikh Igor , Sorel Loïc Pierre , Bartkowiak Marek , Bötzel Steffen , Lechermann Frank , Eremin Ilya M. , Luetkens Hubertus , Guguchia Zurab 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The observation of superconductivity in La3Ni2O7–δ
under pressure, following the suppression of a high-temperature density wave state, has attracted considerable attention. The nature of this density wave order was not clearly identified. Here we probe the magnetic response of the zero-pressure phase of La3Ni2O7–δ
as hydrostatic pressure is applied, and find that the apparent single density wave transition at zero applied pressure splits into two. The comparison of our muon-spin rotation and relaxation experiments with dipole-field numerical analysis reveals the magnetic structure’s compatibility with a stripe-type arrangement of Ni moments, characterized by alternating lines of magnetic moments and non-magnetic stripes at ambient pressure. When pressure is applied, the magnetic ordering temperature increases, whereas the unidentified density wave transition temperature falls. Our findings reveal that the ground state of the La3Ni2O7–δ
system is characterized by the coexistence of two distinct orders—a magnetically ordered spin density wave and a lower-temperature ordering that is most probably a charge density wave—with a notable pressure-enhanced separation between them.
MARBLE: interpretable representations of neural population dynamics using geometric deep learning
Authors: Gosztolai Adam , Peach Robert L. , Arnaudon Alexis , Barahona Mauricio , Vandergheynst Pierre 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The dynamics of neuron populations commonly evolve on low-dimensional manifolds. Thus, we need methods that learn the dynamical processes over neural manifolds to infer interpretable and consistent latent representations. We introduce a representation learning method, MARBLE, which decomposes on-manifold dynamics into local flow fields and maps them into a common latent space using unsupervised geometric deep learning. In simulated nonlinear dynamical systems, recurrent neural networks and experimental single-neuron recordings from primates and rodents, we discover emergent low-dimensional latent representations that parametrize high-dimensional neural dynamics during gain modulation, decision-making and changes in the internal state. These representations are consistent across neural networks and animals, enabling the robust comparison of cognitive computations. Extensive benchmarking demonstrates state-of-the-art within- and across-animal decoding accuracy of MARBLE compared to current representation learning approaches, with minimal user input. Our results suggest that a manifold structure provides a powerful inductive bias to develop decoding algorithms and assimilate data across experiments.
Role of rich phenolics and betanin profiles from Opuntia ficus-indica fruits in the prevention of diabetic complications using metabolomics study
Authors: Mohammed Mona A. , El-Gengaihi Souad E. , Maklad Yousreya A. , Shabana Marwa E. , Naeim Attia Hanan 
Published: February 2025

Abstract

Opuntia ficus-indica red fruit (OFI-RF) is a member of the Cactaceae family and native to South America. Phytochemical evaluation of the plant has revealed variable bioactive components; therefore, this study explored the medicinal value of butanol (BE) and ethylacetate extracts (EE) by evaluating their antidiabetic, antioxidant and antihypercholesterolemic properties. Selected solvents were used for phytochemical extraction according to established protocols, and then pharmacological effects of phenolic and betanin-rich extracts were evaluated. Results indicated that butanol was the most effective solvent for extracting polyphenolics followed by ethyl acetate, yielding: 148.91 ± 0.95 and 110.96 ± 0.61 μg/g, respectively. Identification analysis of OFI-RF using UPLC/HESI-MS/MS revealed a diverse range of 101 metabolites, including polyphenolics (phenolic acids, phenolic glycosides, flavanols, flavanonols, flavonoids and biflavonoids), alkaloids, pyridine, betalains, coumarins, vitamins, fatty acids and other therapeutic compounds. Biological studies (in vitro and in vivo) demonstrated that both EE and BE exhibited significant antidiabetic, antioxidant and antihypercholestremic activities. These findings were further supported via histopathological examination.