bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exobasidium vexans
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Exobasidium vexans
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Camellia sinensis
. DISEASE: Blister blight of tea; by far the most serious disease of tea and apparently confined to this host. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Endemic throughout the tea growing areas of Asia- Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia (W.), Nepal, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam but not at present recorded from Africa, CMI Distribution Map 45. TRANSMISSION: By basidiospore discharge from mature blisters and wind-borne; only the younger leaves are susceptible to infection. Basidiospore discharge occurs during humid conditions for 7-10 days, spores being released in vast numbers. In Sri Lanka most air borne basidiospores were trapped during the S.W. & N.E. monsoons (May-June and November).
Exobasidium japonicum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Exobasidium japonicum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Rhododendron
'
indicum
' group (Azaleas). DISEASE: Most horticultural azaleas are susceptible to
E. japonicum
and it may be economically serious when azaleas are glasshouse grown (58, 720). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Origin unknown; the disease first became known in Europe in the early years of this century and it has now spread, or been recorded, wherever azaleas are grown. TRANSMISSION: Air-borne basidiospores, as demonstrated for
E. vaccinii
, which land on the developing buds or young leaves is the most likely method of infection. Although, as basidiospores germinate in culture to produce conidia (53, 3060) and presumably do so in nature under moist conditions, infection may also occur by rain-splash.
Lophodermium pini-excelsae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W. , Millar C. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Lophodermium pini-excelsae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus ayacahuite, P. banksiana, P. cembra, P. excelsa, P. kesiya, P. koraiensis, P. longifolia, P. palustris, P
.
parviflora, P. patula, P. pentaphylla, P. peuce, P. pumila, P. strobus, P. tueda, P. wallichiana
. DISEASE: Needle cast of pines. Ascocarps of this species occur predominantly on dead needles in the litter; they may also, however, occur on dead needles still attached to twigs, including twigs which have died because of suppression. The pathogenic status of this species is not clear, but it is important to distinguish it from other more strongly pathogenic pine inhabiting species of the same genus, such as
L. seditiosum
Minter, Staley & Millar (
CMI Descriptions
568). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India: Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir; Japan, West Pakistan), Europe (Belgium, Great Britain, Ireland), North America (Canada: Ontario). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in wet or humid weather.
Entyloma calendulae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Entyloma calendulae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Calendula officinarum
, also
C. aegyptiaca, C. algeriensis, C. arvensis, C. persica
. DISEASE: Leaf spot of
Calendula
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widely distributed in Europe including Scandinavia and USSR (Latvia); around the Mediterranean (Algeria, Israel, Tunisia, Turkey); North America (USA), South America (Argentina, Chile, Uruguay); Australia (New South Wales, Western Australia), New Zealand. TRANSMISSION: Ustilospores survive on infected plant remains in soil and germinate to infect the new crop. Overwintering on self-sown seedlings is also possible.
Tilletia sphaerococca
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Tilletia sphaerococca
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Species of
Agrostis
, including
A
.
stolonifera
and
A. vulgaris
. DISEASE:
Agrostis
smut. Infected plants are often stunted. Dwarfed plants of
A. tenuis
were at one time known as A.
pumila
, see Phillipson (1935, 1937) who states that infected plants can recover and revert to their normal habit. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Norway, Poland, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, USSR, Yugoslavia); Azores; Morocco; Pakistan; New Zealand; USA; Falkland Islands. TRANSMISSION: Seed borne; but no detailed investigation reported.
Conidiobolus obscurus
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Wilding N. , Brady B. L. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Conidiobolus obscurus
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae); one record also from
Philaenus spurnarius
(Homoptera: Cercopidae). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe, N. America, Asia, Australia. DISEASE: Infection is by germ tubes issuing from the conidia and penetrating the integument of the aphid. Dead insects characteristically hang from stems and leaves of the host plant by the proboscis inserted in the plant tissues. They are clothed in conidiophores bearing the large conidia that sparkle in bright light. In N. Europe
C. obscurus
occurs most frequently in the autumn and spring in relatively cool, moist weather.
Hirsutella kirchneri
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brady B. L. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Hirsutella kirchneri
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: The mites
Tarsonemus spirifex
on
Avena sativa
(Rostrup, 1916) and
Abacarus hystrix
on
Lolium perenne
(Minter, Brady & Hall, 1983). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Denmark; Berkshire, UK. DISEASE: Little is known of the course of the disease and its spread. Some living mites bear externally sterile mycelium which sporulates when they die.
Neozygites fresenii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Wilding N. , Brady B. L. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Neozygites fresenii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) especially species of the genus
Aphis
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Very widespread, including Europe, N. & S. America, Asia, Africa, Polynesia. DISEASE: Capilloconidia adhere to the aphid by the sticky apical droplet. A germ tube is produced which forms an appressorium on the insect cuticle and a tube from the appressorium then penetrates it. Aphids killed by
N. fresenii
characteristically hang from the stems and the underside of leaves of the host plant by the proboscis inserted in the plant tissues.
Aphis fabae
killed by this species are orange in colour when dry and grey in moist conditions as the fungus begins to sporulate. This fungus is most frequently associated with dense populations of aphids in warm seasons and is unusual in attacking aphid populations in the tropics.
Chaetoseptoriawellmanii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Chaetoseptoriawellmanii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Phaseolus vulgaris
and
Vigna unguiculata (=Vigna sinensis
). DISEASE: Brown leaf spot of
Phaseolus
and
Vigna
. At first lesions appear as small purplish brown or chocolate spots with distinct margins. With the progress of infection spots enlarge, occasionally coalesce, turn reddish-brown and become rounded or irregular reaching up to 1 cm wide with lighter or whitish centres. Older lesions become distinct on both surfaces with distinct margins prominent on the upper surfaces with pycnidia scattered within the spots. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador) South America (? Colombia). TRANSMISSION: Little information exists on natural infection and how the disease spreads in the field. It is possible that conidia could be dispersed by water splash and the fungus might survive in crop debris left from previous years.
Phytophthora capsici
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Stamps D. J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phytophthora capsici
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: A fairly wide range including
Capsicum
, aubergine, tomato and members of the Cucurbitaceae. DISEASE: Stem and fruit rot of
Capsicum
, soft rot of tomato and cucurbit fruits. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Bulgaria, France, Italy, Greece, Spain, USSR), Asia (China India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Korea, Lebanon, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, Turkey), North America (Canada, USA, Mexico), Central and South America and West Indies. (CMI Map 277, ed. 4, 1977). TRANSMISSION: By water splash, soil-borne. By direct contact between melon fruits during marketing (19, 513).
Phaeoisariopsis chonemorphae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kirk P. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phaeoisariopsis chonemorphae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Chonemorpha macrophylla
. DISEASE: Leaf spot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India (Madhya Pradesh)). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by air borne conidia. Survival mechanisms unknown.
Ramularia oxyria-digynae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Wilson S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Ramularia oxyria-digynae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Oxyria digyna
. DISEASE: Leaf spot of
Oxyria digyna
. Lesions round-oval, dark brown border with buff centre, size varies from 2-5 mm (usually 3-4 mm) diam. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION:
Europe
: Norway, Sweden. TRANSMISSION: Probably wind dispersal by air-borne spores.
Ramularia sphaeroidea
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ingham J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Ramularia sphaeroidea
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Lotus corniculatus, L. major, L. uliginosus
. DISEASE: Leaf spot of
Lotus
spp., causing severe damage to
L. major
in Australia (48, 2711) and to
L. uliginosus
in New South Wales (49, 3738). On the upper side of the leaf the brown spots bear scattered minute reddish brown speckles. The conidiophores on the underside give the spots a white frosted or woolly appearance. Sporulation is known to occur from June to September. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australasia (Australia: New South Wales), Europe (England, Germany, Guernsey, Ireland). TRANSMISSION: By wind dispersal of airborne conidia.
Ovularia karelii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ingham J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Ovularia karelii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Onobrychis heliobrychis
. DISEASE: Leaf spot of
O. heliobrychis
. The irregular lesions on the upper side of the leaf consist of numerous minute dark brownish black speckles. Sporulation is known to occur in July. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Austria, Germany). TRANSMISSION: By wind dispersal of air-borne conidia.
Ramularia galegae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ingham J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Ramularia galegae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Galega officinalis
: Goat's rue. DISEASE: Leaf spot of
G. officinalis
. Lesions tend to be elongated, being restricted by larger veins, but several infections together can give the lesions an irregular appearance. Small tufts of conidiophores can be seen on either leaf surface. Sporulation is known to occur in October. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (France, Italy, Romania). TRANSMISSION: By wind dispersal of air-borne conidia.
Ramularia psoraleae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ingham J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Ramularia psoraleae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Psoralea machrostachya
. DISEASE: Leaf spot of P.
machrostachya
. The lesions are mainly circular, sometimes merging to give an irregular appearance. Small tufts of white conidiophores can be seen on either leaf surface, but predominantly on the underside. Sporulation is known to occur in May. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America (USA: California). TRANSMISSION: By wind dispersal of air-borne conidia.
Ramularia deusta
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ingham J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Ramularia deusta
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Leguminosae: Lathyrus hirsutus, L. latifolius, L. maritimus, L. monatus, L. niger, L. palustris, L. pratensis, L
.
roseus, L. Silvester, L. sylvestris, L. tuberosus, Lotus corniculatus, L. siliquosus
. DISEASE: Leaf spot of
Lathyrus
and
Lotus
spp. In the case of
Lathyrus latifolius
, perennial pea, lesions have been recorded on leaflets, petioles, stipules, tendrils, stems peduncles and pods (30, 41). Sporulation is known to occur in August and September. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (England, Germany, Ireland, Sweden), South America (Brazil), North America (USA: California, Washington). TRANSMISSION: By wind dispersal of air-borne conidia. Baker
et al.
(1950) also noticed that lesions extended through pod walls infecting perennial pea seeds, but did not investigate this mode of transmission.
Cochliobolus bicolor
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cochliobolus bicolor
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Andropogon, Apluda, Brachiaria, Cymbopogon, Eleusine, Eragrostis, Melanocenchris, Oryza, Panicum
,
Paspalum, Pennisetum, Setaria, Sorghum, Triticum, Urochloa, Zea, Zizania
. Also isolated from a wide variety of other host plants and soil. DISEASE: Foot rot of wheat, zonate leaf spot of
Pennisetum
and seedborne (34: 324, 55: 1788, 60: 4427, 62: 4281). The disease is associated with the anamorph. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, Brazil, Canada, East and West Africa, Ethiopia, India, Malaysia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, South Africa, Swaziland, Taiwan, Tanzania, USA, Yugoslavia. TRANSMISSION: By infected seeds and air-borne conidia.
Cercospora circumscissa
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Little S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cercospora circumscissa
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Prunus amygdalus, P. avium, P. cerasus, P. domestica, P. persica, P. spinosa
. DISEASE: Leaf spot or 'shot hole' of stone fruit trees. The disease first appears early in the season on the younger leaves as yellowish spots with dark centres. The margin of the spots then becomes thickened and dark or reddish-brown, while the centre becomes grey, dries, shrinks and ultimately falls out. Eventually most of the leaves on the tree become riddled with holes. Shallow circular leaf spots may also form on the branches and the fruit (McAlpine, 1902). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Morocco, Zimbabwe; Asia: Cyprus, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Palestine, Australasia: Australia (Queensland), Europe: Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Romania Turkey, USSR (Russia), Yugoslavia; North America: USA (Alabama, California, Florida); South America: Argentina. TRANSMISSION: By wind-borne and water splash-dispersed conidia (McAlpine, 1902). The fungus survives adverse conditions in the fallen foliage as stromatic cells or as the teleomorph.
Cylindrocarpon effusum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brayford D. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cylindrocarpon effusum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Herb. IMI records on
Ananas, Callitris, Camellia, Cocos, Dracaena
and
Grevillea
, the nematode
Radopholus similis
, fruit bat guano and soil. DISEASE: Root rot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Mauritius; Asia: Hong Kong, India, Vietnam; Australasia: Australia; North America: Honduras, West Indies. TRANSMISSION: Water-borne conidia.
Acremonium acutatum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Williams Michèle A. J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Acremonium acutatum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pseudocercospora atromarginalis
, Man. DISEASE: The type was isolated as a parasite of the fungus
P. atromarginalis
(CMI Description 940) on
Solanum nigrum
and has also been isolated from the skin scrapings of a man with clinical eczema. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: India; Europe: The Netherlands. TRANSMISSION: Unknown.
Aphanomyces cochlioides
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hall G. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Aphanomyces cochlioides
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Amaranthus blitoides, A. retroflexus, Beta lomatogona, B. patellaris, B. patula, B. trigyna, B. vulgaris, B. vulgaris
var.
cicla, Celosia argentea, Chenopodium album, Dianthus chinensis, Echinocloa crus-gallii, Escholtzia californica, Gomphrena globosa, Kochia scoparia, K. scoparia
var.
culta, Lychnis alba, Mollugo verticillata, Papaver rhoeas, Portulaca oleracea, Salsola kali, Saponaria ocymoides, Spinacia oleracea, Tetragonia tetragonioides
. DISEASE: Blackroot of sugar beet; the fungus is a facultatively necrotrophic plant pathogen. There is an early acute phase of short duration (causing pre-emergence and post-emergence damping off) and a later chronic phase which may persist throughout the life of the plant. Infection during seed germination is indicated by poor stands with killed seeds remaining in the soil to infect young seedlings emerging elsewhere. Seedling hypocotyls are infected at ground level, a water-soaked area extending up and down the hypocotyl or the upper part of the young taproot from the point of entry. The invaded root or hypocotyl rapidly becomes brownish and then assumes the characteristic jet black discoloration from which the disease derives its name. Soon after, the cortex of the hypocotyl dries, and the stem and hypocotyl shrink, leaving a thin strand of tissue. Oospores are easily seen in the collapsed root and hypocotyl tissue on microscopic examination. The chronic phase first appears on plants in late June to August. A greenish-yellow discoloration of the swollen hypocotyl develops, affected root tissues becoming dark brown, soft, water-soaked, splitting apart and eventually shrivelling. Plants are stunted and lower leaves turn yellow. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: Japan. Australasia & Oceania: Australia (Qld). Europe: Austria, Denmark, England, France, Germany (GDR & GFR), Hungary, Ireland, Poland, Sweden, USSR (Russia). North America: Canada (Alberta, NS, Ontario, Quebec), USA (California, Connecticut, Indiana, Michigan, Maine, MT, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Texas, Washington State, Wisconsin). South America: Chile. See CMI Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases 596. TRANSMISSION: Presumably in soil by oospores originating from sloughed-off root tissues and germinating to produce zoospores. The conditions favouring oospore germination are however largely unknown. Survival may occur on alternative hosts present in the crop, so the disease may be difficult to eliminate. The disease is particularly severe in warm, wet conditions, less so in cool, wet weather.
Phomopsis asparagi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phomopsis asparagi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Asparagus officinalis, A. plumosus, A. verticillatus
. DISEASE: Stem blight of
Asparagus
species. The first symptom is a discolouration of the stem tissue followed by the appearance of brown, elliptical lesions. As infection progresses the affected areas become shrivelled and turn into well defined spots surrounded by dark brown margins. The centre of these spots become ashy-white with numerous immersed pycnidial conidiomata which later become erumpent. As disease advances the growth of the lateral branches is frequently arrested. All parts of the plant except the berries are susceptible to infection. In severe cases needles turn yellow, the plants are partially or completely defoliated and finally wither (16, 12; 55, 2446; 67, 1628). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ethiopia), Asia (India, China-Shanghai, Malaysia, Pakistan, Siberia, Taiwan); Europe (France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Yugoslavia); North America (Eastern U.S.A., Alabama, Arkansas, New Jersey). TRANSMISSION: Through plant debris in soil (67, 4258; Kheswalla, 1936). Infection occurs rapidly through wounds. It has been found that conidia are discharged from pycnidial conidiomata by immersion in water, spraying with water and saturated high humidity. Longevity of conidial ooze was affected by spore cone., and undiluted spore ooze retained 41% germination after desiccation for 1 month (67, 4259). Survival of conidia in soil is affected by temperature and moisture. It has been reported that all conidia were destroyed after exposure to 35°C for 2 d; only 14% remained viable after 30 d at 10°C. At 28°C, conidia survived longer in dry than in wet soil. The fungus survived on infected stems buried in the soil during ploughing or in the ground for 3-4 months. On diseased stems at soil surface the pathogen survived > 6 months (67, 4258).