bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Student Perceptions of Changing Answers on Multiple Choice Examinations
Authors: Gaskins Susan , Dunn Linda , Forte Linda , Wood Felecia , Riley Patsy 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The belief that changing answers on examinations is detrimental persists in spite of empirical research which does not support that belief. While the research in education has consistently shown that changing answers is beneficial, few studies have been done on the behavior and psychological process of changing answers. This qualitative study found that students prefer not to change answers and do not believe it is advantageous to do so. Most students took tests in such a manner that at least a portion of the questions were re-read. Reasons given for changing answers included reconsidering the answers after re-reading the question, mismarking the answer sheet, re-guessing, and receiving a clue later in the test. The students who changed answers often found they had misread the questions initially when they re-read it. Re-reading the question was most likely to result in a change from wrong to right. Re-guessing was not found to be as beneficial to the student scores.
The RN-BSN Student: Developing a Model of Empowerment
Authors: Worrell Judith D , McGinn Ann , Black Elizabeth , Holloway Nona , Ney Patricia 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Nursing practice is being redefined. Today's graduating nurse is practicing in a tomorrow full of unknowns. The relevancy of traditional nursing education is being questioned in today's health care climate of crisis. In an attempt to prepare the graduating RN-BSN student to cope with these changes, nurse educators developed a process of empowerment. The framework for this effort was derived from the curriculum revolution, adult learning theory and empowerment research. The faculty defined empowerment as both an interpersonal process and an outcome. A graphic model has been created consisting of the four elements of empowerment: collegiality, communication, autonomy and accountability. Learning experiences are selected based upon these four elements. Teaching strategies axe identified. Positive changes in student behavior have been reported anecdotally. The faculty are beginning the next phase: designing a research project to investigate behavior changes related to this empowerment model.
Essential Elements in a Qualitative Dissertation Proposal
Authors: Swenson Melinda M 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
This article clarifies the requirements of a qualitative research proposal, specifically a qualitative doctoral dissertation. The recommendations will be useful to graduate students and faculty members who are writing a qualitative proposal for the first time or who are critiquing one. A summary of assumptions of non-traditional research paradigms as they apply to inquiry design, a suggestion of the contents of the first three chapters of a qualitative dissertation (usually included in a dissertation proposal), and suggestione for ensuring rigor in the design and conduct of the dissertation research are included.
Using the Telephone Interview for Evaluation of Baccalaureate Nursing Programs
Authors: Stetson Betsy , Romeo Roberta H 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Efficient use of the telephone is certainly relevant in the 20th century telecommunication age. A 20- to 30-minute phone call allows for interactive communication between the nurse educators and those who hire their graduates. Important information can be quickly obtained for assessing the outcomes of curriculum related to the perceived quality of nurse graduates practicing in various health care settings. This interview method was found to be efficient, convenient, and facilitated dynamic interchange. Feedback from respondents varied in their familiarity with the graduates and programs.
Evaluation of a Supplementary Retention Program for African-American Baccalaureate Nursing Students
Authors: Hesser Al , Pond Elizabeth , Lewis Lloyd , Abbott Bernie 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
This study evaluated the Minority Academic Advising Program (MAAP), a supplementary retention program established for African-American students enrolled in a southern state health sciences university's baccalaureate nursing program. The evaluation method merged a quasi-experimental with a time-series design. A group of 114 black students were included in the study. A comparison group consisting of 608 nursing student cohorts who were predominantly white was incorporated for control purposes. Although the students who were MAAP participants had significantly lower SAT scores, reduced PreAdmission GPAs, and included a contingent of 11 students at high risk of failing, the following enhancements were identified: their retention-to-graduation rate increased 5.3 percentage points to 97.1%, their nursing program GPA increased nearly one-quarter letter grade, their time-per8isted-in-program increased 0.7 months, and their nursing board examination pass rate increased 15 percentage points.
A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Structure of Tacit Knowledge in Nursing
Authors: Fox Christine 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to examine the structure of tacit knowledge in the nursing profession. Using research in implicit learning and practical intelligence as a theoretical framework, a paper-and-pencil measure of tacit knowledge for nurses was developed and refined. Five models, each representing an established theory of traditional intelligence, were compared in terms of fit to the data. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis suggest that Model 3, a hierarchical model of intelligence, was the most plausible representation of tacit knowledge in nursing. The results indicate that the portion of managerial decision making learned implicitly on the job is mainly accounted for by managing tasks and others. Suggestions for nursing education include teaching effective strategies for managing tasks, such as handling increased workloads, establishing priorities, and delegating responsibility.
Severe Visual Loss Resulting From Occlusion Therapy for Amblyopia
Authors: Simon John W , Parks Marshall M , Price Elaine C 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Two children developed profound visual loss in the eye being patched full time because of strabismic amblyopia in the fellow eye. The first had been patched for 13 days at age 18 months. Complete resolution was noted on the 40th day of reverse occlusion. The second had been patched for 1 month at age 9 months. After 3 months without treatment, reverse occlusion was instituted and was continued for 3 years. Mild amblyopia persists in both eyes of the second child. Although rare, occlusion amblyopia can occur in young children being patched full time. We usually avoid full-time occlusion and monitor patients at intervals at least as frequent as 1 week per year of age.
Stargardt's Disease: The Evolution of a Diagnosis
Authors: Smith Barry F , Smith Jean B , Low Joanne 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In Stargardt's disease, a gradual loss of vision may precede both the appearance of paracentral or peripheral retinal flecks as well as funduscopically obvious macular changes. This latency delayed a diagnosis of Stargardt's disease in a young girl who underwent neurologic testing for what eventually turned out to be a retinal problem. At one stage in evolution, when retinal flecks and only subtle changes in the maculae were present, a diagnosis of a pure form of fundus flavimaculatus was considered likely. When severe granularity and atrophy of the maculae later developed in the presence of the retinal flecks, a more appropriate diagnosis of Stargardt's disease was made. As the degenerative and atrophic changes in the maculae became more pronounced in early adulthood, the flavimacular retinal flecks had all but disappeared.
Ocular Motor Apraxia Associated With Intracranial Lipoma
Authors: Summers C Gail , MacDonald John T , Wirtschafter Jonathan D 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Congenital ocular motor apraxia is rarely associated with brain tumors. A 10-month-old girl with normal vertical eye movements and head thrusting to initiate horizontal saccades is presented. CT brain scan revealed a midline posterior fossa mass and histopathology confirmed the clinical diagnosis of lipoma. Unlike previously described cases of posterior fossa brain tumors associated with congenital ocular motor apraxia, this patient showed persistent ocular motor apraxia despite complete resection of the tumor.
Good Visual Outcome After Endophthalmitis in an Eye Previously Treated Successfully for Amblyopia
Authors: Kushner Burton J , Meyers Franklin L 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
A child with an extensive periorbital hemangioma developed an endophthalmitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus after her second strabismus surgical procedure. Treatment with vitrectomy and intraocular antibiotics and steroid resulted in preservation of her eye. Despite previous successful treatment for amblyopia in that eye, her visual acuity improved from hand motion during the acute episode of endophthalmitis to 20/40 -2.
Unilateral Pseudo-Synophthalmos
Authors: O'Rourke Melinda , Forstot S Lance , Ellis Philip P 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
A 4 ½-year-old girl had an unusual congenital defect of her left eye which we have elected to call a unilateral pseudo-synophthalmos. We have found no other such case reported. We review the case history and findings, discuss the embryology, and explore the possible embryologic explanations for such an anomaly.
Sclerodermiform Linear Atrophy After the Use of Intralesional Steroids for Periorbital Hemangiomas: A Review of Complications
Authors: Vazquez-Botet Rene , Reyes Blas A , Vazquez-Botet Miguel 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
A 1-year-old girl developed a linear atrophy 3 months after a second injection of intralesional steroids for a periorbital hemangioma, followed by spontaneous resolution of the atrophy within 13 months. Reported and potential complications of intralesional steroids for periorbital hemangiomas are reviewed.
Binocular Function in Human Infants: Correlation of Stereoptic and Fusion-Rivalry Discriminations
Authors: Gwiazda Jane , Bauer Joseph , Held Richard 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Studies of stereopsis in infants have shown that the average age of onset is 3.5 months. This is the same age at which infants first show evidence of another binocular function, namely, preference for binocularly fusible patterns over rivalrous ones. We tracked the development, using two-alternative forced-choice preferential looking, of the two forms of binocular function in 17 infants, 11 male and six female. They were tested at regular intervals until they showed preferences for 1) a fusible pattern (vertical stripes presented to each eye) over a rivalrous one (vertical stripes presented to one eye, horizontal stripes to the other), and 2) a line stereogram of 32 min crossed disparity over a comparable stereogram with zero disparity. The correlation between the age of onset of the fusion preference (mean 12.4 weeks) and the age of onset of stereopsis (mean 11.0 weeks) was r = 0.79. Female infants showed a preference for the fusible stimulus at a mean age of 9.9 weeks, significantly earlier than the males at a mean age of 13.8 weeks. Similarly, females also showed evidence of stereopsis at an earlier age (9.1 weeks compared with 12.1 weeks for males).
Gonioscopic Findings in Trabeculectomies in Young Children
Authors: Hauviller Verónica 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
To discover why trabeculectomy often fails In children, we studied a series of 27 procedures, focusing on intraocular and scleral factors that prevent humoral drainage. Gonioscopy was performed under anesthesia with Fluothan M (ICI, UK), and trabeculectomy was considered successful when values were equal to or lower than 20 mm Hg. Only ten procedures proved successful, and all had large basal iridectomies plus visible anterior scleral openings at gonioscopy. Possible causes for the 17 failures are listed, together with indications for revision surgery.
Pediatric Intermediate Uveitis
Authors: Giles Conrad L 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Clinical findings, course, treatment, and complications of intermediate uveitis in children is analyzed in a series of 60 patients. While generally a chronic indolent disease, in the pediatric age group acute anterior uveitis is the presenting symptom rather than the milder symptomatology characterized in the adult with a similar syndrome. The etiologic evaluation of these patients was unrewarding. The great majority of patients improved following the use of periocular corticosteroid injections and retinal cryopexy, and immunosuppressive agents were infrequently employed in the management of the disorder. Cataract formation, secondary glaucoma, band keratopathy, vitreous hemorrhage, and papillitis were seen as complications. A treatment algorithm is presented.
Further Observations of Ocular Pathology in Trisomy 9
Authors: Ginsberg Joseph , Soukup Shirley , Bendon Robert W 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The ocular pathology in a new patient with mosaic trisomy 9 comprised major anomalies and contrasted sharply with the findings in a previous case reported by us. The ocular changes in this case were, in essence, indistinguishable from those encountered in the most severe form of trisomy 13. Similarities to trisomy 18 and 21 were further evidence of the overlap of ocular findings in autosomal trisomies. There is increasing evidence that most, if not all, chromosomes have some role in regulating ocular embryogenesis.
Diffuse Infiltrating Retinoblastoma
Authors: Mansour Ahmad M , Greenwald Mark J , O'Grady Richard 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
A young child was examined for unilateral hyphema of 1 month duration with a questionable history of blunt trauma. Ultrasonography was negative for tumefaction. Two months later the media cleared, revealing a diffusely abnormal retina. Computed tomography demonstrated a diffusely thickened posterior pole containing calcium. Histopathology of the enucleated globe was consistent with a diffuse infiltrating retinoblastoma. This is the first report of computed tomographic findings In diffuse infiltrating retinoblastoma.
Ophthalmic Findings in Classical Galactosemia-A Screened Population
Authors: Burke John P , O'Keefe Michael , Bowell Roger , Naughten Eileen R 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Classical galactosemia due to a deficiency of galactoses -phosphate-uridyl transferase, is an autosomal recessive disorder of galactose metabolism with an incidence in Ireland of one in 30,000 births. It can result in cataract formation through the accumulation of galactitol within the lens. Seventeen children with transferase deficient galactosemia were studied. Early diagnosis followed by a galactose-free diet and tight biochemical control prevented cataract formation in 13 cases after a mean follow-up of 6.3 years. Cataracts did not regress in all patients commenced on diet by 6 weeks but early treatment prevented progression. The ophthalmologist may play an important role in the monitoring of patients with this disease as the recognition of new lens opacities by slit-lamp biomicroscopy may be the most sensitive initial index of inadequate biochemical control.
Long-Term Stability of Alignment in the Monofixation Syndrome
Authors: Arthur Brian W , Smith J Terry , Scott William E 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
From a collection of 328 patients with congenital esotropia, 80 patients were identified who had a minimum 4-year follow-up after surgical alignment within 8 prism diopters (pd) of orthophoria. These patients were subdivided into two groups: the M.S. group (38 patients) demonstrated the monofixation syndrome; the NO M.S. group (42 patients) did not have monofixation. The alignment of patients in each group was followed over time. After 17.5 years, 74% of patients in the M.S. group maintained alignment within 8 pd of orthophoria. In the NO M.S. group, only 45% were well aligned after 14 years. The mean time to loss of stability was significantly shorter for the NO M.S. group (P<0.005). Our findings suggest achievement of the monofixation syndrome improves but does not guarantee stability of ocular alignment.
Results of External Beam Radiation for Children With Retinoblastoma: A Comparison of Two Techniques
Authors: McCormick Beryl , Ellsworth Robert , Abramson David , LoSasso Thomas , Grabowski Eric 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
From 1979 through 1987, 82 children with retinoblastoma were treated with primary external beam therapy, to one or both eyes. A total of 120 eyes were irradiated, with doses from 3850-5000 cGy. We used a lens-sparing electron beam technique from 1 979 to 1984 and a modified lateral beam technique from 1984 to 1987. Comparison of outcome for eyes with Group l-lll (Reese-Ellsworth) disease revealed a significant advantage for freedom from relapse favoring the lateral technique (p - 0.0009). A similar trend was noted for final eye outcome (need for enucleation). No differences were noted for eyes with Group IV-V disease. Patient survival was 90% at 4 years, with a mean follow-up time of 36 months.
The Neonatal Fundus in Maternal Toxemia
Authors: Sihota Ramanjit , Bose Swaraj , Paul A Hemanth 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Toxemic changes in the maternal fundus and their relationship to fetal prognosis have been studied. A study of the neonatal fundus in maternal toxemia revealed a 76.67% incidence of vascular changes similar to those seen in the maternal fundus. Arteriolar spasm, focal or generalized, was present in 23 of the 30 neonates seen. A pallor of the disc was present in six cases. Four infants, 13.33%, had either extensive dot and blot retinal hemorrhages with soft exudates, or a serous retinal detachment. The last four neonates died within the first postnatal week. This work highlights the fact that retinal vascular decompensation mirrors similar changes in the cardiopulmonary or cerebral circulation and should be considered as a determinant of the fetal prognosis in maternal toxemia.
Color Vision Screening of Young Children
Authors: Swanson William H , Everett Mary 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Early detection of congenital color vision defects is desirable, but school screening studies have been stymied by lack of a suitable test. We evaluated a new color vision test, the APT-5™, for use by volunteer screeners In schools and preschools. The screeners tested 1794 children, ages 3 to 1 3 years, and found the APT-5 easy to use with young children ages 5 years and up.
Children who failed the screening were recruited for diagnostic color vision testing; for the children ages 5 to 13 years, 56% of those who failed the screening were successfully recruited. Data analysis indicated that the false-positive rate in this age group was 1% to 2%, and that for boys in this age group the positive predictive value was 71% to 81%. Retest data indicated that most false-positives were not due to the test itself, but to other factors In the school screening situation. Two thirds of all children scored as abnormal by anomaloscopy were simple deuteranomalous, indicating that the APT-5 effectively identified even mild color defects.
The results of this trial indicate that the APT-5 is suitable for school color vision screening of children ages 5 years and up.
Orbital Pseudotumor in the Differential Diagnosis of Pediatric Uveitis
Authors: Bloom Jeffrey N , Graviss E Richard , Byrne Bryan J 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Pediatric orbital pseudotumor may be associated with iritis, unlike the adult form of this disorder. However, orbital pseudotumor is seldom considered in the differential diagnosis of childhood uveitis. We report two cases of children with uvettis who were ultimately diagnosed as having orbital pseudotumor. No proptosis was noted in either child. For those pediatric patients with a persistent or recurrent uveitis and a previous negative diagnostic workup, the possibility of an orbital pseudotumor should be considered and ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging, and/or computed tomography performed.
A Case of Developmental Glaucoma Presenting With Abdominal Colic and Subnormal Intraocular Pressure
Authors: Talbot Ernest Mark , Pitts John Francis , Dudgeon John , Lee William Robert 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
A healthy baby boy presented with abdominal colic. He was subsequently noted to have enlarged, edematous corneas. A clinical diagnosis of developmental glaucoma was made despite ocular hypotony. Trabeculectomies were designed to include peripheral cornea. This served as a biopsy to confirm the diagnosis and as a surgical treatment for the condition.
Morphological examination of the outflow system revealed findings compatible with a diagnosis of developmental glaucoma; a hypoplastic trabecular meshwork which contained an abundance of abnormal collagenous tissue in the extracellular spaces and the presence of endothelial cells overlying a continuous collagenous membrane. In the iris stroma there were numerous abnormal blood vessels, with a paucity of mural contractile cells.
Sclerocornea and Interstitial Deletion of the Short Arm of Chromosome 6-(46XY del[6] [p22 p24])
Authors: Moriarty A P , Kerr-Muir M G 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The interstitial deletion of the short arm of chromosome (6)- 46 XY del (6) (p22.3 p24) is unrecorded. The ophthalmic findings in a dysmorphic infant included peripheral sclerocornea and epicanthal folds with upsianting palpebral fissures. We present a short review of sclerocornea and the ophthalmic findings of infants with anomalies of chromosome 6. Our findings provide further evidence that genes influencing the development of the anterior segment are located on the distal portion of the short arm of chromosome 6.
The Surgical Treatment of Traumatic Brown Syndrome
Authors: Aylward George W , Lawson Joanna , McCarry B , Lee John P , Fells Peter 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
We present the results of surgical treatment in 13 patients who attended Moorfields Eye Hospital with traumatic Brown syndrome between 1975 and 1990. The average age was 34 years (range, 18 to 46 years), and in 12 cases the cause was a road traffic accident. Diplopia was the indication for surgery in all cases. Most patients had two surgical procedures; but in two patients, three were required. The outcome was assessed both subjectively and objectively. Objective assessment was by analysis of the preoperative and postoperative fields of binocular single vision and Hess charts which were available for 11 patients. The Hess charts were analyzed using a new scoring system. At final follow up, subjective improvement had occurred in 7 patients, 3 patients reported no improvement, and 3 patients thought their symptoms were worse. The field of binocular single vision improved in 8 patients and was worse in 3 patients. The Hess chart improved in 8 patients and was worse in 3 patients. The management of this difficult condition is discussed.