bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simulation and Technology Economic Analysis of Micro Gas Turbine Range-Extended Electric Vehicle
Authors: Xiao Xiangyu , Ji Fenzhu , Zhao Yunhai , Li Yang 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper investigates a 10-kW micro gas turbine (MGT) as range extender (RE) for Range-Extended Electric Vehicles (REEVs). The MGT structure is designed and the simulation model of the MGT with a speed control system is built in MATLAB/Simulink. A novel configuration of the REEV equipped with MGT is presented. Then, a performance simulation model of the REEV is adopted to analyze the technology economic performance of the MGT range extender and the gasoline ICE range extender comparatively. The simulation results show that with a RE of 10 kW, the REEV could have 600 km driving range. In addition, the REEV equipped with the MGT can operate with lower energy consumption and the concentration of NOx, CO emissions are 24% and 9% of the ICE REEV, respectively. Finally, the battery pack energy is optimized to study its impact on fuel economy, which indicates that when the battery pack energy is 20 kW·h, the REEV performs optimal energy consumption and emissions in the example.
Approaches to Initial Gap Modeling in Final Aircraft Assembly Simulation
Authors: Zaitseva Nadezhda , Lupuleac Sergey , Khashba Valeriia , Shinder Julia , Bonhomme Elodie 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Variation simulation of final aircraft assembly concerning compliance and contact interaction of parts requires the specialized approaches to setting and generation of initial gaps between the joined parts. The initial gap reflects all assembly deviations for the joining parts. In this paper two models for the generation of the initial gap samples are considered: the random field model and the mode-based model. The random field model represents the initial gap as a random field with defined properties. The mode-based model decomposes the initial gap into a series of natural modes of the parts.
Typically for the real assembly processes, there is not enough accessible information about initial gaps. If the measurements are not included in the production process, then the number of measured samples can be small. The goal of this paper is to compare how considered initial gap models cope with the small number of given measurements. The models are examined on the example of wing-to-fuselage assembly process. For the considered process both initial gap models are trained on different amounts of measurements, and generated gaps are applied for the variation simulations. The comparison with measured gaps allows to determine which method is the most suitable during variation simulation with limited measurement data. The performed study shows that the mode-based approach is more accurate for initial gap modeling in case of the small number of available measurements.
A Waveguide Ultrasonic Phased Array Radar for High Temperature Equipment Monitoring
Authors: Yin Xiaowei , Shen Yanfeng 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper proposes a design for monitoring high temperature structures utilizing phased array waveguide transducers, where the active sensing elements work synthetically together to achieve damage detection. The waveguide transducer is comprised of a wave-generation piezo element and a waveguide bar conducting the wave energy into the host structure. A coupled-field local finite element model (FEM) is constructed to grasp an in-depth understanding of the wave generation behavior. Via the harmonic analysis, optimum wave generation frequency and mode type can be analyzed. Thereafter, an array of waveguide transducer elements are attached to the host structure to study their wave manipulating ability. The system works based on the principle of phased array theory; the excitation instant of each element is controlled to form an equiphasic surface. In this way, the wave propagation phenomenon such as focusing and directional steering can be realized. An ultrasonic radar for high temperature working condition can thus be realized. The proposed system possesses great application potential to enhance the performance of Lamb wave SHM and NDE systems for high temperature structures.
Rheological Characterization of Polyethylene Oxide (PEO): An Experimental Steady State and Transient Analysis
Authors: Ahmad Hafiz , Boutaous M'hamed , Xin Shihe , Pabiou Hervé , Siginer Dennis A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this paper, the rheological characteristics of aqueous PEO (Polyethylene oxide) solution with very high molecular weight 4 × 106 g/mol is investigated. Shear flow measurements were carried out in steady and transient modes. The unique behavior of PEO is found to be heavily dependent on the input shear rate and the mechanism of data generation. Generally, PEO is found to be shear-thinning throughout the experiments, but at the start of the experiments at low shear rates, minimum input shear value also affects the shear-thinning behavior. In this study, we investigate the critical method of applying input shear to the samples in the lower shear rate regime. Surprisingly, different input methods yield different results. Viscosity curves obtained through shear flow experiments are found to be significantly dependent on the input method of shear rate. Experimental measurements were validated by Cross and Carreau-Yasuda models.
Performance Analysis of a Solar-Assisted Organic Rankine Cycle
Authors: Nitsas M. T. , Koronaki I. P. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The objective of this paper is the thermodynamic analysis of a solar powered Organic Rankine Cycle (O.R.C.) and the investigation of potential working fluids in order to select the optimum one. A dynamic model for a solar O.R.C. with a storage tank, which produces electricity is developed. The mathematical model includes all the equations that describe the operation of the solar collectors, the storage tank, the Rankine Cycle and the feedback between them. The model runs for representative days throughout the year, calculating the net produced energy as a function of the selected evaporation temperature for every suitable working fluid. Above that, the temporal variation of the systems’ temperatures, collectors’ efficiency and net produced power, for the optimum organic fluid and evaporation temperature are presented.
Numerical Study on the Influence of Microchannel’s Geometry on Sub-Micron Particles Separation Using Acoustophoresis
Authors: Lai Tsz Wai , Fu Sau Chung , Chan Ka Chung , Chao Christopher Yu Hang , Law Anthony Kwok Yung 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Application of acoustophoresis to cell and particle separation in microchannel filled with fluid medium has been drawing increasing attention in many disciplines in the past decades due to its high precision and minimum damage to the matters of interest. Previous studies on particle separation often rely on the size-dependent feature of the acoustic radiation force (ARF), while the acoustic streaming effect (ASE) is a hurdle as the particle size goes down. Sub-micron particles circulate according to the streaming vortices and become inseparable from the particles settled on the pressure node. Instead of suppressing the ASE, this study intends to utilize the combined effect of ARF and ASE on sub-micron particle sorting by altering the microchannel’s cross-sectional shapes. The roles of ARF and ASE on particles with 0.2um and 2um in radius in various cross-sectional shapes are studied numerically. The studied geometries include 1. rectangular, 2. trapezoidal, and 3. triangular. The results show that changing the cross-sectional shapes affects the acoustic field’s magnitude and distribution, the streaming patterns, the magnitude of streaming velocity, and the movement of sub-micron particles. In non-rectangular microchannel, sub-micron particles circulate towards and settle at the center of the streaming vortices. This phenomenon shows the potential to manipulate the streaming-dominant particles, thereby enhancing the acoustophoretic particle sorting performance.
Molecular Dynamic Simulation Study on Soy Protein As Drug Delivery Vehicle
Authors: Zheng Zhuoyuan , Singh Akash , Li Yumeng 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Protein-based drug carriers are promising candidates for efficient drug delivery among the available potential colloidal carrier systems, due to their low cytotoxicity, abundance, renewability, diverse functional groups and interactions, and high drug loading capacity, etc. In this study, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are performed to study the mechanisms of 11S molecule of soy protein as drug delivery vehicle to attach allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) and doxorubicin (DOX) drugs. The intermolecular interactions between protein and drugs are investigated; and the loading capacities of the protein molecules are calculated and compared with experiments. It is found that, for the AITC system, both nonpolar and polar residues of protein have the ability to adsorb AITCs; particularly, the polar residues serve as the primary active sites for the stable attachment of the drug molecules through the electrostatic (dipole-dipole) interactions. For the DOX system, however, the main driving force become the π-π stacking (the van der Waals interactions) among the aromatic rings of DOX and protein. In addition to pristine protein, different denaturation processes are found to be able to increase the exposure of active sites, therefore, enhance the loading efficiency of the protein carriers.
Lyapunov Exponent for a Globoidal Cam With a Roller Follower Mechanism Using Wolf Algorithm
Authors: Yousuf Louay S. , Marghitu Dan B. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A globoidal cam and roller follower system is analyzed and discussed for non-periodic motion of the follower. Wolf algorithm is used to calculate the largest Lyapunov exponent. The impact between the cam, follower and the two guides is occurred due to the impulse and momentum phenomenon. The effect of the internal dimension of the follower guide on the non-periodic motion of the follower is considered at distinct angular velocity of the cam. The numerical simulation has been done using SolidWorks software. Follower movement is processed experimentally through an infrared 3-D camera device. Phase plane diagram is used to explain the variation in follower motion. Phase-plane diagram and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) are used to investigate follower non-periodicity. The follower motion is non-periodic when the orbit of phase-plane diagram diverges with no limit of spiral cycles.
In-Plane Vibration Mode Shapes for Rotating Disks: Exact Solution
Authors: Sarfaraz Ehsan , Hamidzadeh Hamid R. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
An analytical method is developed for the determination of modal vibration characteristics of high speed rotating annular disks. A systematic approach based on established solutions for the linear in-plane free vibrations of the disks which satisfy the displacement and stresses compatibilities is developed. The disk is considered to be a homogeneous, thin and elastic isotropic, and it is rotating at constant angular speed. The developed analytical solution was obtained by implementing the two-dimensional plane stress theory. In this research, fixed-free and free-free boundary conditions for the annular disks are considered, and natural frequencies, as well as mode shapes of the rotating disks, are computed. The mode shapes are represented by eight functions in polar coordinates. The dimensionless natural frequency parameters are depicted for free vibration of the system for a range of dimensionless rotation speed and radius ratios. Also, the results provide several non-dimensional critical speeds.
Performance of a Modified Ram Pump With Double Inlets: An Innovative Technique to Improve Performance of the Hydraulic Ram Pump
Authors: Sharma Ashokkumar M. , Ragsdale Casey A. , Nwali Uche P. , Pidugu Srikanth B. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Hydraulic ram pump offers electricity-free, low-cost and reliable way to supply water to a higher elevation. The goal of this study was to modify the existing hydraulic ram pump system to improve its overall performance. In the present work, the effects of adding a second drive pipe to a common pressure chamber of the existing ram pump unit were studied. Notably, the other components remained the same throughout all experiments. It was hypothesized that the addition of second drive pipe should increase the amount of water delivered by the pump and overall yield a better result in terms of pump’s volumetric efficiency and energy efficiency. Building on previous findings, all testing conducted during our research was completed using an optimal drive pipe inclination angle of 67.5°, with a pipe length of 4.8 ft, and a delivery pipe height of 10′8″. Using these initial conditions, and a single drive pipe, resulted in a maximum efficiency of 8%. Test runs with an additional drive pipe of the same length and inclination and with modifying the waste and check valve showed a considerable increase in the pump’s efficiency, up to 22%. Remarkably, the delivery flow rate increased by as much as 340%.
Nanoscale Interphase Characterization of Agglomerated MWCNT in Composites Connected to Mode I Fracture
Authors: Yekani Fard Masoud , Pensky Alek , Mester Jack 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The authors investigate the effect of carbon nanotubes (CNT) on the microstructure, nanomechanical properties, and fracture performance of three-phase polymer matrix composites (PMC). Two types of carbon fiber (CF)-Epoxy-CNT composites with different nanofiller distribution were studied at the nanoscale with PeakForce Quantitative Nanomechanical mapping technique (PFQNM) and macroscale with mode I fracture testing to clarify the relationship between nanofiller interphase properties and mode I fracture performance. CNT agglomerates were identified on the polished sample surface in well-dispersed and agglomerated form. AFM data showed the inhomogeneity of nanoscale local mechanical properties in CNT-rich zones. Variation in material properties is attributed to voids, CNT alignment, and changes in density of the matrix and CNT nanoparticles. A higher resolution AFM scanner and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy are necessary to observe nano-scale interphase mechanical properties and CNT orientation, respectively. Mode I interlaminar fracture testing demonstrated the effectiveness of CNT nanoparticles in preventing crack-jump and fiber-bridging effects. GIC for FCNT is 0.345±0.06 N-mm/mm2 at crack initiation, compared to 0.28±0.03 N-mm/mm2 for the plain epoxy reference sample. CNT nanoparticles increase the energy required for interlaminar fracture by promoting crack deflection and strengthening the interphase between CF and epoxy matrix through increased interfacial surface area.
A Virtual Physical Therapy Lab to Simulate a Balance Perturbation Assessment Setup
Authors: Martinez Maya , Shankar Praveen , Marayong Panadda , Krishnan Vennila 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The paper addresses the development of a virtual physical therapy lab in an immersive CAVE system (Visbox, Inc., IL) to simulate a balance perturbation experiment in a Physical Therapy (PT) setting. The primary goal is to determine if virtual reality (VR) can be effectively used for rehabilitative assessment and training instead of a physical setup. The Balance Perturbation Setup (BPS) includes a seven-and-a-half-foot apparatus with an adjustable-height pendulum and pads attached to its structure for making physical contact with a participant. This pendulum is reconfigurable and can be adjusted to the participant’s height and shoulder width. The released pendulum perturbs the participant’s upper torso at the shoulder level disturbing the upright stability of the participant. The virtual environment developed in this study utilizes Unity 3D and Blender software to recreate the BPS and the environment of the PT lab in the CAVE VR system integrated with a full body motion capture. A haptic vest equipped with tactors is developed to simulate the tactile feedback when the pendulum makes contact with the participant’s upper torso. This virtual lab for balance assessment is expected to be evaluated in a user study for its effectiveness as compared to the physical BPS setup using appropriate kinematic measures and sensors. The virtual lab has the potential to provide an alternate, highly reconfigurable method for physical therapy evaluations leading to rapid development of strategies for individualized care.
Design of a Payload Spin Stabilization System for an All-Rotating Aerial Vehicle
Authors: Swaney Thomas , Shankar Praveen , Prince Tanner , Crisantes Jessica , Chaing Oliver , Ulrich Evan , Oberto Bob 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper details the electrical and mechanical design of a de-spin mechanism for the payload of an all-rotating aerial vehicle. The system is designed to be compatible with the Aeroseed aircraft developed by Aerospace Corporation. The system consists of a motor housing and a de-spun payload plate. The payload plate serves as a mounting surface for the desired de-spun payload, an IMU, an Arduino Nano, and a SD card module. The Arduino receives rotational velocity readings of the payload plate from the IMU and calculates the necessary spin rate to stabilize the rotation. This spin rate is sent through a slip ring to the motor and ESC enclosed within the motor housing, which implement the commands. The electronics on the payload plate are protected by a thin shroud that extends down from the motor housing. A slider mechanism with two degrees of translational freedom serves as the interface between the system and the aircraft and allows for the alignment of their respective centers of rotation. The final design has a total mass of 589.67 g and a height of 109.1 mm.
The Size Distribution of Cellulose Nanocrystals in the Variation of Acid-to-Microcellulose Crystals Ratio and Reaction Time Through Catalyzed Acid Hydrolysis
Authors: Yang Yucheng , Fabian Frank , McKenzie Janice , Hyblova Kristyna , Ma Qin 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Literature has shown that cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) which are produced through hydrochloric (HCl) acid hydrolysis catalyzed by inorganic chlorides can enhance the mechanical properties of organic polymers further than CNCs by pure HCl acid hydrolysis. The results have shown that the level of reinforcement may be negatively correlated to the dissociation constant of the inorganic chlorides. However, titanium tetrachloride’s dissociation constant is 1.3, lower than that of ferric chloride, 2.2, which is the lowest dissociation constant among the four inorganic chlorides that have been studied. Therefore, for this study, titanium tetrachloride was investigated along with ferric chloride. The only two variables in this study are reaction time and acid-to-microcellulose crystals (MCCs) ratio. The results of laser diffraction spectroscopy (LDS) show that the resultant solutions exhibit binomial size distributions which contain both MCCs and CNCs. At acid-to-MCCs ratio of 40 for ferric chloride, any increase in reaction time above 1.5 hours did not result in size reduction. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy results of CNCs showed that the catalyzed hydrolysis did not change the molecular structure of MCCs. The color of CNCs varies with increasing reaction time, but, based on the FTIR and LDS results, the color is not an indication of CNCs’ size nor their chemical composition.
Research on In-Situ Measurement Technology of NC Machining Based on Line Laser Sensor
Authors: Song Weishu , Ye Peiqing , Zhao Tong , Zhao Zhen 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In order to improve the machining accuracy of machine tools, it is important to obtain the geometric profile information of the parts after clamping, in order to plan the machining path again. Line laser measurement has the advantages of non-contact and large single measurement area, so it has higher measurement efficiency than traditional contact measurement. However, due to the influence of measurement environment, laser measuring angle, tested workpiece surface quality and other factors, the measurement errors of each point on the laser measuring line are different, so it is important to compensate the error and set the working parameters of the in-situ laser sensor measurement system.
In this study, the influence of the line laser measuring angle factors is researched. The physical model of the laser light path is deduced based on the laser triangulation principle. Then the measuring angle compensation model can be expressed quantitatively. At the same time, the algorithm to obtain the measurement angle based on free-form surface measurement results is used, as it is an important parameter of compensation model in practical application.
On this basis, a set of line laser sensor in-situ measurement process is put forward. The influence of the working environment factors on the stability of line laser in-situ measurement data is explored through experiments, such as tested workpiece surface material and ambient light intensity. The process conforms to the actual engineering requirement and provides experience reference.
STEMpathy Study on Persistence in Mechanical Engineering
Authors: Fertig Jan , Kumpaty Subha 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Despite widespread targeted efforts at the pre-college level to recruit greater numbers of females and minorities for careers in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM), fewer than 9% of today’s mechanical engineers are female and underrepresented minorities remain under 10%. There is a disproportionately high attrition rate of females and minorities from engineering programs and professions. Female and underrepresented minority mechanical engineering students are discouraged by factors involving: 1) Wider cultural norms and biases (societally pervasive ideas and often discriminatory practices); 2) Social-structural factors that result in differential engineering college preparedness; and 3) Organizational norms and biases within mechanical engineering. At the intersection of these forces is an individual who enters a career to make a difference, but whose fundamental social responsibility goals and leanings are frustrated. This culture alienates many students at a time when prominent engineering organizations like ABET call for greater diversity, empathy and social responsibility. Undergraduates in ten engineering programs at the Milwaukee School of Engineering completed a survey consisting of developed measures of “STEMpathy” (empathy in STEM); equitable treatment across commonly known bases for discrimination; a measure of personal empathy based on Baron-Cohen’s systemizing-empathizing dichotomy; a developed instrument to measure likelihood of persistence; and qualitative questions on reasons for career choice and discriminatory experiences in college. Multiple linear regression analysis supported the hypothesis that persistence likelihood is a function of program STEMpathy and departmental fairness (lack of discrimination) and showed a moderating effect of empathy on program fairness/discrimination. Mechanical engineering was distinguished by low STEMpathy and unique challenges surrounding student persistence.