bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lunar meteorites from northern Africa
Authors: Korotev Randy L. , Irving Anthony J. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe report bulk composition data for 235 stones of ~77 lunar meteorites from northern Africa and 33 lunar meteorites from elsewhere. About 27% of the African meteorites are typical feldspathic lunar rocks, all breccias of similar bulk composition, for example, 3–5% FeO and low concentrations of incompatible elements. Nevertheless, these meteorites have a large range inMg'(whole‐rock mole% Mg/[Mg + Fe]), 57–77 (mean: 65.5), and this parameter does not correlate with either albite content of the plagioclase or concentrations of incompatible elements. From this observation, we conclude that feldspathic lunar meteorites do not support the hypotheses that the anorthositic, precursor plutonic rocks of the meteorite breccias all crystallized from a common magma. Among feldspathic lunar meteorites,Mg'increases with normative olivine abundance but is uncorrelated with normative pyroxene abundance, that is, high‐Mg'feldspathic rocks of the early lunar crust were troctolitic, not noritic. The NWA 5744 (Northwest Arica) clan of lunar meteorites are anorthositic troctolites (59–75% plagioclase, 15–26% olivine, Fo77–80) with very low concentrations of incompatible elements (2.6 × CI) compared to troctolites in the Apollo collection. They may represent the lower feldspathic crust or differentiated impact melt from portions of the highlands distant from the PKT (Procellarum KREEP Terrane). About 31% of the lunar meteorites from northern Africa, all breccias, are, by lunar standards, moderately mafic (5–13% FeO) but more magnesian than mixtures of typical feldspathic meteorite and mare basalt, implying that they represent moderately mafic regions of the highlands or originate from the South Pole–Aitken basin. With ~6 µg g−1Th, two NWA meteorites likely originate from the PKT. Including the unique NWA 773 clan, at least six of the northern Africa meteorites are, or are dominated by, unbrecciated basalts and gabbros of mare affinity. We estimate that the ~341 lunar meteorite stones (Africa and elsewhere) for which there are data represent 131–147 terrestrially unpaired meteorites and 109–134 lunar launch sites.
Extension of the plasma radiation database PARADE for the analysis of meteor spectra
Authors: Loehle Stefan , Eberhart Martin , Zander Fabian , Meindl Arne , Rudawska Regina , Koschny Detlef , Zender Joe , Dantowitz Ron , Jenniskens Peter 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe advancement in the acquisition of spectral data from meteors, as well as the capability to analyze meteoritic entries in ground testing facilities, requires the assessment of the performance of software tools for the simulation of spectra for different species. The Plasma Radiation Database, PARADE, is a line‐by‐line emission calculation tool. This article presents the extensions implemented for the simulation of meteor entries with the additional atomic species Na, K, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ca, Ni, Co, Mg, Si, and Li. These atoms are simulated and compared to ground testing spectra and to observed spectra from the CILBO observatory. The diatomic molecules AlO and TiO have now been added to the PARADE database. The molecule implementations have been compared to the results of a simple analytical program designed to approximate the vibrational band emission of diatomic molecules. AlO and TiO have been identified during the airborne observation campaigns of re‐entering man‐made objects WT1190F and CYGNUS OA6. Comparisons are provided showing reasonable agreement between observation and simulation.
Genetic and phenotypic variation exhibit both predictable and stochastic patterns across an intertidal fish metapopulation
Authors: Thia Joshua A. , McGuigan Katrina , Liggins Libby , Figueira Will F. , Bird Christopher E. , Mather Andrew , Evans Jennifer L. , Riginos Cynthia 
Published: February 2021

AbstractInteractions among selection, gene flow, and drift affect the trajectory of adaptive evolution. In natural populations, the direction and magnitude of these processes can be variable across different spatial, temporal, or ontogenetic scales. Consequently, variability in evolutionary processes affects the predictability or stochasticity of microevolutionary outcomes. We studied an intertidal fish, Bathygobius cocosensis (Bleeker, 1854), to understand how space, time, and life stage structure genetic and phenotypic variation in a species with potentially extensive dispersal and a complex life cycle (larval dispersal preceding benthic recruitment). We sampled juvenile and adult life stages, at three sites, over three years. Genome‐wide SNPs uncovered a pattern of chaotic genetic patchiness, that is, weak‐but‐significant patchy spatial genetic structure that was variable through time and between life stages. Outlier locus analyses suggested that targets of spatially divergent selection were mostly temporally variable, though a significant number of spatial outlier loci were shared between life stages. Head shape, a putatively ecologically responsive (adaptive) phenotype in B. cocosensis also exhibited high temporal variability within sites. However, consistent spatial relationships between sites indicated that environmental similarities among sites may generate predictable phenotype distributions across space. Our study highlights the complex microevolutionary dynamics of marine systems, where consideration of multiple ecological dimensions can reveal both predictable and stochastic patterns in the distributions of genetic and phenotypic variation. Such considerations probably apply to species that possess short, complex life cycles, have large dispersal potential and fecundities, and that inhabit heterogeneous environments.
Effect‐Driven Sample Sizes in Second Language Instructed Vocabulary Acquisition Research
Authors: NICKLIN CHRISTOPHER , VITTA JOSEPH P. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe present study involved the analysis of 81 second language instructed vocabulary acquisition (L2 IVA) studies over 2 phases. In Phase I, we categorized and coded the effect sizes of the studies. Observing that the basic between‐ and within‐subject design dichotomy lacked the sensitivity to capture the heterogeneity of observed effects, we employed a more granular approach. In both between‐ and within‐subject designs, treatment versus comparison contrasts best represented comparisons of most interest in L2 IVA experiments, with median effect sizes (g) of .62 (between‐subject) and .25 (counterbalanced within‐subject). In Phase II, the aggregated effect sizes observed in Phase I were utilized in a priori power simulations to suggest approximate sample sizes for common L2 IVA analyses. For conservatively powered between‐subject designs, the simulations suggested sample sizes ranging from 292 to 492 participants. Counterbalanced within‐subject designs required 95 to 203 subjects depending on the assumed correlation between the repeated measures. The overarching implication of these simulations suggests that future L2 IVA experiments require larger samples that reference effect sizes from previous research, and we offer 3 potential solutions to the problem of obtaining larger samples.
Exchange on the quantitative measurement of ethnic and national identity*
Authors: Bochsler Daniel , Green Elliott , Jenne Erin , Mylonas Harris , Wimmer Andreas 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn recent decades, there has been a noticeable increase in the use of quantitative techniques in the study of ethnicity and nationalism, without, however, a sufficient amount of reflection on how these techniques have contributed to our understanding of ethnic and national identities. As such, in this exchange three sets of authors answer questions about the degree to which it is possible to use quantitative data to measure ethnic and national identities, which types of methods are most suitable in measuring these identities and what the major research findings of this quantitative research are that were not possible using qualitative approaches.
The effect of prucalopride on gastric sensorimotor function and satiation in healthy volunteers
Authors: Carbone Florencia , Vanuytsel Tim , Tack Jan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundGastric motor function alterations have been implicated in the pathogenesis of functional dyspepsia with postprandial distress syndrome (PDS). Prucalopride, a 5‐TH4 agonist, is known to stimulate gastrointestinal motility. We aimed to evaluate the effect of prucalopride on gastric sensorimotor function in healthy subjects (HV).MethodsBarostat and intragastric pressure (IGP) measurements were performed in 17 HV (59% females, age 29.4 ± 2.7 y) after treatment with placebo or prucalopride (2 mg) (single‐blind cross‐over). Isobaric stepwise distensions and gastric sensations were assessed to determine gastric compliance and sensitivity. Gastric accommodation (GA) with the barostat was quantified before and after ingestion of 200 ml of a nutrient drink (ND). GA measured by IGP was quantified as the drop of IGP from baseline during the intragastric infusion of ND until maximal satiation (60 ml/min).Key ResultsPrucalopride did not affect barostat assessed gastric compliance or sensitivity. No differences were observed in GA after prucalopride. During the barostat study, 10 min after the meal, 7 HVs reported significantly higher ratings for nausea after prucalopride (p < 0.001), and vomiting was induced in 4 of the HVs. A positive correlation was observed between the delta mean perception of nausea with the delta mean increase of intra‐balloon volume before and after meal ingestion (r = 0.37, p = 0.03). During IGP measurements, no effect on nutrient tolerance was observed and increased cramp severity scores were observed which were associated with a significant increase of distal IGP (r = 0.78, p < 0.0001).Conclusions & Inferences:Prucalopride does not enhances gastric accommodation but it might increase sensitivity to gastric distention. Furthermore, the increase in sensitivity seems to be related to an increase in nausea with distension. Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT04429802.
Molecular dissection of rice phytohormone signaling involved in resistance to a piercing‐sucking herbivore
Authors: Xu Jie , Wang Xinjue , Zu Hongyue , Zeng Xuan , Baldwin Ian T. , Lou Yonggen , Li Ran 
Published: February 2021

Summary

Phytohormone, particularly jasmonate (JA) and salicylate (SA) signaling, plays a central role in plant responses to herbivore and pathogen attack. Generally, SA mediates resistance responses against biotrophic pathogens and phloem‐feeding insects, while JA mediates responses against necrotrophic pathogens and chewing insects. The phytohormonal responses mediating rice resistance to a piercing‐sucking herbivore, the brown planthopper (BPH), remains unknown.

Here, we combined transcriptome analysis, hormone measurements, genetic analysis and a field study to address this issue.

Infestation by BPH adult females resulted in significant transcriptional reprograming. The upregulated genes were enriched in the JA signaling pathway. Consistently, the concentrations of JAs, but not SA, were dramatically increased in response to BPH attack. Two JA‐deficient lines (AOC and MYC2 knockout) and two SA‐deficient lines (nahG overexpression and NPR1 knockout) were constructed. BPH performed better on JA‐deficient lines than on wild‐type (WT) plants, but similarly on SA‐deficient and WT plants. During BPH attack, the accumulation of defensive secondary metabolites was attenuated in JA‐deficient lines compared with WT plants. Moreover, MYC2 mutants were more susceptible to planthoppers than WT plants in nature.

This study reveals that JA signaling functions in rice defense against BPH.
Altered plant carbon partitioning enhanced forest ecosystem carbon storage after 25 years of nitrogen additions
Authors: Eastman Brooke A. , Adams Mary B. , Brzostek Edward R. , Burnham Mark B. , Carrara Joseph E. , Kelly Charlene , McNeil Brenden E. , Walter Christopher A. , Peterjohn William T. 
Published: February 2021

Summary

Decades of atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition in the northeastern USA have enhanced this globally important forest carbon (C) sink by relieving N limitation. While many N fertilization experiments found increased forest C storage, the mechanisms driving this response at the ecosystem scale remain uncertain.

Following the optimal allocation theory, augmented N availability may reduce belowground C investment by trees to roots and soil symbionts. To test this prediction and its implications on soil biogeochemistry, we constructed C and N budgets for a long‐term, whole‐watershed N fertilization study at the Fernow Experimental Forest, WV, USA.

Nitrogen fertilization increased C storage by shifting C partitioning away from belowground components and towards aboveground woody biomass production. Fertilization also reduced the C cost of N acquisition, allowing for greater C sequestration in vegetation. Despite equal fine litter inputs, the C and N stocks and C : N ratio of the upper mineral soil were greater in the fertilized watershed, likely due to reduced decomposition of plant litter.

By combining aboveground and belowground data at the watershed scale, this study demonstrates how plant C allocation responses to N additions may result in greater C storage in both vegetation and soil.
Bidirectional relationships between weight stigma and pediatric obesity: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Ma Lu , Chu Meng , Li Yixuan , Wu Yang , Yan Alice Fang , Johnson Blair , Wang Youfa 
Published: February 2021

SummaryThis study for the first time quantified concurrent and bidirectional relationships between weight stigma and weight status in children, with age and gender as moderators. A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and PsycINFO for studies examined associations between weight stigma and weight status among children aged 6–18 years. Twenty‐five studies (20 cross‐sectional studies and five longitudinal studies) from six countries with 101,036 participants were included in review, and 18 were included in meta‐analysis. Weight and height were self‐reported in nine studies, otherwise objectively measured. With data from 17 cross‐sectional studies and baseline portions of four longitudinal studies, meta‐analysis showed weight stigma and overweight/obesity were associated (pooled OR = 3.12, 95% CI: 2.71, 3.60), they were also associated across age and gender. Body mass index (BMI) was associated with greater weight stigma (pooled r = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.32, 0.43). Age modified such association. Weight stigma predicted increased BMI from three longitudinal studies (pooled β = 1.12, 95% CI: 0.78, 1.45); another two longitudinal studies reported BMI predicted greater weight stigma. Data were inadequate for age‐ or gender‐stratified analyses. Findings supported positive concurrent and bidirectional relationships between weight stigma and weight status. Timely obesity and weight stigma interventions to protect children well‐being are needed.
Alcohol, calories, and obesity: A rapid systematic review and meta‐analysis of consumer knowledge, support, and behavioral effects of energy labeling on alcoholic drinks
Authors: Robinson Eric , Humphreys Gabrielle , Jones Andrew 
Published: February 2021

SummaryMandatory energy (calorie) labeling of alcoholic drinks is a public health measure that could be used to address both alcohol consumption and obesity. We systematically reviewed studies examining consumer knowledge of the energy content of alcoholic drinks, public support for energy labeling, and the effect of energy labeling of alcoholic drinks on consumption behavior. Eighteen studies were included. Among studies examining consumer knowledge of the energy content of alcoholic drinks (N = 8) and support for energy labeling (N = 9), there was moderate evidence that people are unaware of the energy content of alcoholic drinks (pooled estimate: 74% [95% CI: 64%–82%] of participants inaccurate) and support energy labeling (pooled estimate: 64% [95% CI: 53%–73%] of participants support policy). Six studies examined the effect of energy labeling on consumption behavior. In these studies, there was no evidence of a beneficial effect of labeling on alcohol drinking‐related outcome measures. However, the majority of studies were of low methodological quality and used proxy outcome measures, and none of the studies were conducted in real‐world settings, resulting in a very low level of evidence and high degree of uncertainty. Further research is required to determine whether energy labeling of alcoholic drinks is likely to be an effective public health policy.
Efficacy of topical administration for oral lichen planus: A network meta‐analysis
Authors: Yuan Peiyang , Qiu Xuemei , Ye Lu , Hou Feifei , Liang Yuye , Jiang Han , Zhang Yuting , Xu Yiming , Sun Yutong , Deng Xiaoting , Xu Hao , Jiang Lu 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the comparative efficacy and safety of topical administration for oral lichen planus.Materials and MethodsAn electronic database search (1st January 1946 to 1st May 2020) for randomised controlled trials identified 34 studies involving eight interventions (clobetasol, betamethasone, triamcinolone, dexamethasone, fluocinolone, tacrolimus, pimecrolimus, and cyclosporine); these studies were subjected to network meta‐analysis using direct and indirect comparisons [efficacy indicators: clinical response rate, symptom‐reducing effect (visual analogue scale score), sign‐reducing effect (Thongprasom‐scale score) and relapse; safety indicator: adverse event occurrence].ResultsCompared with placebo, tacrolimus had the best clinical response rate (odds ratio (OR), 57.78 [95% CI 3.15–1060.52]; P–score, 0.8654) and cyclosporine had the worst (OR, 3.61[95% CI 0.20–66.62]; P–score, 0.2236); tacrolimus had the best symptom‐reducing effect (standardised mean difference (SMD), 1.06 [95% CI 0.41–1.71]; P–score, 0.9323) and fluocinolone had the worst (SMD, −0.54 [95% CI −1.44–0.36]; P–score, 0.0157); dexamethasone had the best sign‐reducing effect (SMD, 3.60 [95% CI 1.74–5.45]; P–score, 0.8306) and clobetasol had the worst (SMD, 2.63 [95% CI 1.66–3.61]; P–score, 0.2581); and pimecrolimus performed best (OR, 0.04 [95% CI 0.00–0.64]; P–score, 0.9227) and clobetasol performed the worst [OR, 0.60; 95% CI 0.15–2.45; P–score, 0.2545] in reducing relapse. Regarding safety, dexamethasone was the safest compared with placebo [OR, 0.37; 95% CI 0.05–2.57; P–score, 0.9337), whereas fluocinolone ranked low for safety [OR, 9.48; 95% CI 1.50– 60.03; P–score, 0.1189].ConclusionsThe relative ranking of topical administration varies according to the different indicators. Based on the joint consideration of clinical response rate and adverse event occurrence, dexamethasone, triamcinolone and betamethasone are recommended for better efficacy and safety. The optimal treatment for oral lichen patients varies under different conditions.
Effects of advanced glycation end products on dental pulp calcification
Authors: Sugiyama Keita , Miura Jiro , Shimizu Masato , Takashima Aoi , Matsuda Yusuke , Kayashima Hiroki , Okamoto Motoki , Nagashima Tadashi , Araki Tsutomu 
Published: February 2021

ObjectiveThe main aim of this study was to elucidate the effects of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) on the calcification of cultured rat dental pulp cells (RDPCs) and to investigate the crystallisation ability of glycated collagen.Materials and MethodsAGEs were prepared via non‐enzymatic glycation of a dish coated with type I collagen using dl‐glyceraldehyde. To investigate the effects of AGEs on RDPCs, we performed WST‐1 and lactate dehydrogenase assays; alkaline phosphatase, Alizarin Red S and immunohistochemical staining; and real‐time quantitative reverse transcription PCR. In addition, we performed crystallisation experiments on glycated collagen. All microstructures were analysed using scanning electron microscopy/energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy/diffraction pattern analysis.ResultsAGEs did not affect the proliferation or differentiation of RDPCs, but enhanced the calcification rate and cytotoxicity. No major calcification‐related genes or proteins were involved in these calcifications, and glycated collagen was found to exhibit a negative polarity and form calcium phosphate crystals. Cytotoxicity due to drastic changes in the concentration of pericellular ions led to dystrophic calcification, assumed to represent an aspect of diabetic pulp calcifications.ConclusionGlycated collagen‐containing AGEs provide a nurturing environment for crystallisation and have a significant effect on the early calcification of RDPCs.
Design considerations for the ideal low vision aid: insights from de‐brief interviews following a real‐world recording study
Authors: Golubova Eugenie , Starke Sandra D , Crossland Michael D , Wolffsohn James S 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPurposeLow Vision Aids (LVAs) can have a transformative impact on people living with sight loss, yet the everyday requirements for developing such devices remain poorly understood and defined. This study systematically explored LVA requirements through a structured de‐brief interview following a real‐world self‐recording study. The purpose of this work was to define the actual needs of those living with sight loss so that low vision services can better address them in future.MethodsThirty‐two visually impaired volunteers with varying levels of previous LVA experience participated in a de‐brief interview centred around a structured questionnaire. The de‐brief followed a one‐week real‐world study during which participants used recoding spectacles to capture and narrate all situations in which they would use a ‘perfect sight aid’. Content and thematic analyses were used to analyse interviews which had the purpose of contextualising these recordings and exploring requirements around psychological, functional and design factors.ResultsParticipants reported that 46% of tasks which they had recorded were most important to them. Of these tasks, 82% were encountered frequently. Few tasks emerged as very important across many participants, the remaining tasks reflecting individual lifestyles or circumstances. Every participant used at least one LVA in their everyday life and 72% identified further coping strategies. Current LVAs identified as consistently poor were distance LVAs, with all other devices receiving mixed or only positive feedback. Around two‐thirds of participants would prefer LVA use on an ad‐hoc / quick access basis rather than over long periods of time, and just over half would prefer to carry it rather than wearing it all day. Lack of consistency in these responses illustrated potentially different user clusters with divergent design needs. Two‐thirds of participants emphasised the desire for a discreet LVA that does not attract attention. However, since half of all participants felt self‐conscious in public or in front of other people when wearing the small recording spectacles, this may not be technically achievable.ConclusionsThere is a substantial opportunity for new LVAs to address visual needs that traditional devices and coping strategies cannot support. Functional, psychological and design factors require careful consideration for future LVAs to be relevant and widely adopted.