bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radio Propagation Models: A Performance Analysis based Impact of Sparse and Dense Deployment of Nodes under Different Propagation Models in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs)
Authors: Hussain Altaf , Khan Muhammad Rafiq 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is the most emerging and fast expanding technology since the last two decades. One of the major issue and challenging area in MANET is the process of routing due to dynamic topologies and high mobility of mobile nodes. The exchange of information from source to a destination is known as the process of routing. Spectacular amount of attention has been paid by researchers to reliable routing in ad-hoc networks. Efficiency and accuracy of a protocol depends on many parameters in these networks. In addition to other parameters node velocity and propagation models are among them. Calculating signal strength at receiver is the responsibility of a propagation model while mobility of nodes is responsible for topology of the network. A huge amount of loss in performance is occurred due to variation of signal strength at receiver and obstacles between transmissions. Simulation tools are developed to analyze the weakness and strength of protocols along with different parameters that may impact the performance. The choice of a propagation models have an abundant effect on performance on routing protocols in MANET. In this research, it has been analyzed to check the impact of different propagation models on the performance of Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) in Sparse and Dense scenarios in MANET. The simulation has been carried out in NS-2 by using performance metrics as average Throughput, average packet drop and average latency. The results predicted that propagation models and mobility has a strong impact on the performance of OLSR in considered scenarios.
The effect of magnetic field variations in a mixture of coconut oil and jatropha on flame stability and characteristics on the premixed combustion
Authors: Perdana Dony , Adiwidodo Satworo , Choifin Mochamad , Winarko Wigo Ardi 
Published: September 2021

This study investigates the effect of attracting and repels magnetic fields with the materials of vegetable oil in the form of a mixture of coconut oil and jatropha (B50) against the behavior of stability and characteristics of flame in the process of premixed burning. The fuel for a mixture of vegetable oil of 600 ml was filled into the boiler heated with a gas stove to be evaporated at a temperature of 300 °C and 3 bar pressure was kept constant was mixed with air from the compressor in the burner room. Then a flame was ignited at the end of the nozzle to form a diffusion flame, the flame formed was then given north (N) and south (S). The results showed that the flame speed of the attractive magnetic field was 52.22 cm/sec, the repulsive magnetic field was 50.49 cm/sec while without a magnetic field was 49.79 cm/sec. The increase in the laminar flame speed in the attractive magnetic field is caused by the electron spin becoming more energetic and due to the change in the spin of the hydrogen proton from para to ortho. The attractive magnetic field has the strongest effect on increasing the flame speed. This makes the flame more stable in the equivalency ratio range of 0.75–1.17 compared to without a magnetic field in the same equivalency ratio range. This was so because O2 where it is in nature of paramagnetic was pumped more crossing the flame from south to north poles whereas the heat brought by H2O in nature of diamagnetic was pumped more crossing north to south poles. Whereas on the repel magnetic field, it was hotter when brought by H2O pumped into the flame whereas O2 tended to be pumped going out of the flame. This caused the combustion in the flame was smaller and the reaction was not maximum. As a consequence, the laminar flame speed was more lacking and the reaction was not to the fullest. As a consequence, the laminar flame speed in the repel was fewer than the attract magnetic field
Analysis of the number and angle of the impeller blade to the performance of centrifugal pump
Authors: Susilo Sugeng Hadi , Setiawan Agus 
Published: September 2021

The paper discusses the performance of the pump in relation to the impeller. The impeller section is determined by the number and angle of the blades. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze the role of the number and angle of impeller blades on the performance (discharge and discharge pressure) of centrifugal pumps based on experiments and simulations.
The method used is experiment and simulation. Using a centrifugal pump type GWP 20/4 SW, Maximum Output: 6.5 HP/3500 rpm, Inlet/Outlet: 2 Inch, Dimensions: 475x375x370 mm. Experiments and simulations by varying the number of blades 2, 4, and 6 with a blade tilt angle of 130°, 150°, and 160°. For flow simulation using solid works program.
The results show that pump performance is related to discharge pressure, impeller with 2-blades and an angle of 130° the pressure increases 0.45–2.45 bar, for 150° increases 0.14–2.96 bar, and 160° increases 0.29–3.07 bars. For a 4-blade impeller and an angle of 130°, the pressure increases by 0.48–3.12 bar, for 150° it increases by 0.39–3.39 bar, and for 160° it increases by 0.36–3.48 bar. While the impeller for 6-blades with an angle of 130° the pressure increases from 0.6 bar to 3.72 bar, for 150° increases from 1.36 to 4.34 bar, and 160° increases by 0.36–4.74 bar. While it related pump performance to flow rate, increasing the number of blades causes a decrease in flow rate. The highest flow rate is in a 2-blade impeller with a blade angle of 130° is 404.91 l/s. The lowest flow rate is on a 6-blade impeller with an angle of 160° is 279.66 l/s
Development of organizational and technical methods for predicting emergency situations and possible losses as their results
Authors: Ivanets Hryhorii , Horielyshev Stanislav , Sagradian Martin , Ivanets Mykhailo , Boikov Igor , Baulin Dmitro , Kozlov Yurij , Nakonechnyi Aleksandr , Safoshkina Lyudmila 
Published: September 2021

Emergency prevention is based on analysis, forecasting and early response to emergencies. A systematic approach to solving the problem of preventing emergencies envisages forecasting emergencies by type, level and possible losses caused as a their results both in the state as a whole and in its regions. To implement a systematic approach based on a formalized mathematical model, an organizational and technical method has been developed for predicting emergencies and possible losses caused as their results.
The method is a combination of a variable order polynomial regression method, a weighted least squares method, and a probabilistic statistical method. This allows to compensate for the shortcomings of some at the expense of others, which will lead to an increase in forecasting accuracy.
A control algorithm has been developed for the implementation of an organizational and technical method for predicting emergency situations and possible losses caused as their results. Its use involves the implementation of a number of interrelated procedures. At the first stage, the collection, processing and analysis of information on emergency situations in the country for a certain period of monitoring is carried out. This is the basis for predicting the processes of emergencies in general, in nature, level and types, as well as losses due to them both in the state and its regions. The information received is taken into account when forming a decision on the actions of civil protection units in order to adequately respond to emergency situations and eliminate their consequences. Based on the analysis of the effectiveness of the actions of the response units, the decisions on the elimination of emergency situations are adjusted.
The developed method makes it possible to reasonably approach the planning and implementation of organizational and technical measures to prevent emergency situations, taking into account the potential threats to the territories and population of the country's regions
A numerical study to improve the position and angle of the producer gas injector inside the intake manifold to minimize emissions and efficiency enhancement of a bi engine
Authors: Mahmood Hussein A. , Al-Sulttani Ali O. , Attia Osam H. , Adam Nor Mariah. 
Published: September 2021

To develop a petrol engine so that it works under the bi-engine pattern (producer gas-petrol) without any additional engine modifications, a single-point injection method inside the intake manifold is a simple and inexpensive method. Still, it leads to poor mixing performance between the air and producer gas. This deficiency can cause unsatisfactory engine performance and high exhaust emissions. In order to improve the mixing inside the intake manifold, nine separate cases were modelled to evaluate the impact of the position and angle orientation inside the intake manifold on the uniformity and spread of the mixture under AFR=2.07. A petrol engine (1.6 L), the maximum engine speed (8000 rpm), and bi-engine mode (petrol-producer gas engine). The employ of the numerical simulation software (ANSYS workbench 19), the propagation, flow characteristics, and uniformity of the blend within the nine different cases were evaluated. According to the outcomes of the numerical simulation, it was found that creating vortices and turbulent flow for the producer gas and air inside the intake manifold is the perfect method to obtain a uniformity mixture of air and producer gas inside the intake manifold. In addition, extending the blending duration allows air and producer gas fuel to be mixed efficiently. Furthermore, the greatest uniformity and the maximum spread rate at the outlet of manifold are obtained in cases 1, 4, and 7, when the producer gas injector location is constant (P1, P2 or P3). In addition, the weakest spread of producer gas at the outlet of the manifold is observed in case 9 in comparison with the other cases. Moreover, it is observed that case (1) generated the maximum uniformity index (UI) level
Trends in surgical-orthodontic management of Class III malocclusions in Western Australia
Authors: Sibanda Webson , Goonewardene Mithran , Duigou Christophe , Naoum Steven 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Aim
The aim of this retrospective cohort study was to identify trends in the surgical-orthodontic management of skeletal Class III malocclusions in Western Australia between 1985 and 2016.

Methods
The records of 225 patients (132 females, 93 males) who received combined surgical-orthodontic correction of their Class III malocclusion between 1985 and 2016 were retrospectively assessed. The subjects were divided into three groups according to surgery type: Group (1) maxillary advancement only; Group (2) mandibular setback only; Group (3) two-jaw surgery.

Results
A trend towards two-jaw surgery for Class III correction was observed. Between 1985 and 2016, 123 patients (55%) were treated via two-jaw surgery; 97 patients (43%) were treated via maxillary advancement alone and five patients (2%) were treated via mandibular setback alone. Between 2011 and 2016, 61% were treated via two-jaw surgery; 37% were treated via maxillary advancement surgery; 2% were treated via mandibular setback surgery. Gender affected surgery type: two-jaw surgery (60% female); maxillary advancement (62% female); mandibular setback (17% female). A greater proportion of females received Class III surgical management in comparison with males (59:41).

Conclusion
Two-jaw surgery is the most common procedure for the surgical correction of skeletal Class III malocclusions in Western Australia. Of the single jaw procedures, isolated maxillary advancement surgery is more common than mandibular setback procedures.
Clinical use of orthodontic mini-implants for intrusion and retraction: a systematic review
Authors: Oswal Sanjam , Agarkar Sanket S. , Jethe Sandeep , Yerawadekar Sujata , Kawale Pradeep , Deshmukh Sonali , Rahalkar Jayesh S. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Bimaxillary dental protrusion is common in many ethnic groups and is generally treated by the extraction of all first premolars. However, temporary anchorage devices (TADs) are currently gaining popularity and most studies have focused on anchorage loss, treatment duration, mini-implant success and failure rates, pain, discomfort and root resorption. Few studies have focused on the clinical effectiveness of implants for the intrusion and retraction of anterior teeth.

Objectives
To assess the clinical use of orthodontic mini-implants for the intrusion and retraction of anterior teeth.

Methods
A systematic review of articles selected from PUBMED and Google Scholar was carried out to determine the clinical use of orthodontic mini-implants for anterior tooth intrusion and retraction. Additional studies were hand searched to identify and include clinical trials, prospective and retrospective studies, while excluding finite element method (FEM) studies and case reports. A total of 598 articles were identified, of which 37 papers met the inclusion criteria and, following the elimination of duplicates, 20 articles were selected.

Results
Orthodontic mini-implants are more efficient for intrusion and retraction when compared to conventional intraoral and extra-oral anchorage devices. A greater amount of intrusion and retraction is achieved when mini-implants are placed between the first and second premolars without using any specific intrusive mechanics.

Conclusion
The present review highlights the clinical effectiveness of orthodontic mini-implants for anterior tooth intrusion and retraction and the results suggest that orthodontic mini-implants are more effective than other conventional methods of anchorage reinforcement.
Detection methods of orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption (OIIRR): a review
Authors: Yazid Farinawati , Teh Yongxian , Ashari Asma , Ariffin Shahrul Hisham Zainal , Wahab Rohaya Megat Abdul 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption (OIIRR) is unwelcome iatrogenic damage associated with orthodontic treatment. Patients with a high risk of developing OIIRR are commonly monitored using radiographic techniques. Alternative, more sensitive methods using biological markers facilitate the early detection of OIIRR, which can minimise root surface damage and allow the timely cessation of orthodontic treatment in order to facilitate a reparative process.

Aim
The present review examines the current use of 2D and 3D radiographic techniques to detect and quantify OIIRR and, further, evaluates the latest literature on alternative detection methods of OIIRR.

Method
Published studies were searched electronically throughout PubMed, Scopus and ScienceDirect using keywords including ‘root resorption’, ‘OIIRR’, ‘radiograph’ and ‘biological markers’.

Results
The detection methods for OIIRR were divided into radiographic and biological marker methods. Orthopantomogram (OPG) and periapical radiography are currently the most widely used radiographic methods to detect and monitor OIIRR as they are readily available in most dental clinics, cost effective and have a relatively low radiation dose. However, the radiographic methods are not only subject to standardisation and magnification issues, but also require repeated radiation exposure to patients. Therefore, published research into the potential for biological markers as a safer and more sensitive alternative for the early detection of OIIRR was reviewed.

Conclusion
The result of the review highlights the potential for the use of biological markers in the early detection of OIIRR as a relatively safer and more sensitive alternative to conventional radiographic methods.
The incidence and severity of root resorption following orthodontic treatment using clear aligners
Authors: Costello Christopher James , Kerr Brett , Weir Tony , Freer Elissa 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Introduction
The aim of this study was to assess the incidence and severity of root resorption in patients who were orthodontically treated by clear aligner therapy.

Methods
Linear tooth lengths of maxillary and mandibular teeth from the second molar to second molar were measured from pre- and post-treatment cone beam computed tomography examinations of 25 patients who were treated by a clear aligner system.

Results
Mean reductions in tooth length varied according to tooth type, with maxillary central and lateral incisors experiencing the most resorption, of 0.5 ± 0.41 mm and 0.4 ± 0.56 mm respectively. All tooth types had most resorption fall within the <0.25 mm range, with 7% of central and lateral incisors accounting for resorption >1.5 mm. Although the level of resorption identified in this study was less than that reported for fixed appliances, overall, the trends were similar.

Conclusions
Orthodontic treatment carried out with clear aligners resulted in root resorption that was largely clinically insignificant. There was a general trend towards more resorption affecting anterior teeth in both the maxilla and mandible. Original tooth length was found to be a predictor of the amount of resorption.
Assessment of microdamage caused by orthodontic miniscrew pilot holes
Authors: Jensen Sven W. , Jensen Emilija D. , Sampson Wayne J. , Dreyer Craig W. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Introduction
The clinical success of orthodontic miniscrew implants may be improved after pre-drilling a pilot hole. However, the amount of microdamage to the bone surface produced by the pilot hole is largely unknown. The present study aimed to quantify the damage to cortical bone after the creation of a pilot hole.

Materials and methods
Porcine tibia bone was prepared into 30 rectangular bone block specimens with widths of 1.5, 2.0 or 2.5 mm. A pilot hole (0.9 mm diameter) was drilled into each bone specimen. Sequential staining allowed the microdamage on the entry and exit surfaces to be imaged by a confocal laser scanning microscope. Image analysis software was used to measure histomorphometric parameters.

Results
The specimens had a mean total damage area of 0.95 mm2, a maximum damage radius of 0.66 mm and a maximum crack length of 0.18 mm. There were no significant differences between the three bone thicknesses for any of the histomorphometric parameters on the entry and exit surfaces (p > 0.05). The total damage area was significantly greater on the exit surface compared to the entry surface (p < 0.0001).

Conclusions
Microdamage caused by the creation of a pilot hole in the cortical bone was minimal and did not appear to be influenced by bone thickness. Therefore, pilot hole pre-drill protocols may be implemented without introducing significant cortical bone microdamage.
Facebook legal and regulatory advertising compliance by specialist orthodontic practices: a cross-sectional survey
Authors: Meade Maurice J. , Dreyer Craig W. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Healthcare providers are increasingly using social media websites such as Facebook to advertise their services. The Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency guidance on the advertising of healthcare is based on the National Law in Australia and prohibits advertising that is contrary to the patient’s best interests.

Aim
To determine the legal and regulatory advertising compliance of the Facebook pages of specialist orthodontic practices in Australia.

Methods
The Facebook pages of specialist orthodontic practices were identified following a systematic search strategy. The content uploaded to each ‘eligible’ page between March 2019 and February 2020 was reviewed with regard to five specific domains of prohibited advertising. Cronbach’s Alpha Test was used to determine intra-rater agreement.

Results
The Facebook pages of 147 specialist orthodontist practices in Australia, representing 288 specialist orthodontists, satisfied inclusion criteria. Most Facebook pages (82.3%) breached the Law in one or more domains. The mean number (standard deviation) of domains breached was 1.65 (1.3), range 0–5. Non-compliance regarding ‘the use of testimonials’ (76.9%) and ‘information that was likely to create unrealistic expectations of orthodontic treatment’ (40.8%) were the domains most commonly contravened. All five domains were breached in 5.4% of practice Facebook pages. Intra-rater scores were strong, ranging from 0.84 to 0.94.

Conclusions
Compliance of the Facebook pages of specialist orthodontic practices in Australia with legal and regulatory advertisement requirements is poor. Greater awareness of the relevant obligations by specialist orthodontists responsible for their practice Facebook content is necessary to ensure that their advertising is not liable to charges of legal and/or professional misconduct.
A case of idiopathic condylar resorption
Authors: Collett Tony , Chen Laura , Pritchett Rosie , Poon Christopher 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Idiopathic condylar resorption (ICR) is a well-documented but poorly understood condition, characterised by the progressive degeneration of the temporomandibular joint without an identifiable cause. ICR most commonly presents as a spontaneous, self-limiting episode of bilateral condylar resorption in the absence of pathology, injury or systemic disease. The condition most commonly affects physically active adolescent females, and has a strong predilection for individuals with a Class II skeletal relationship. Some ICR patients exhibit symptoms such as discomfort and/or functional limitations during the active phase of resorption, though some may be completely asymptomatic.

Aim
This case report describes the ICR management of a 20-year-old female with asymptomatic bilateral condylar resorption, resulting in a rapid development of mandibular retrognathia. The retrognathic appearance was of concern to the patient and treatment was desired for this reason.

Methods and results
Combined orthodontic-orthognathic treatment was undertaken. Pre-surgical orthodontics was completed following ICR stabilisation, and surgical correction consisted of a mandibular advancement plus a genioplasty. The resorbed condyles were accepted given the temporomandibular joints remained asymptomatic and there were no functional limitations. Following treatment, the patient remained asymptomatic, functioning without restrictions, and satisfied with the aesthetic outcome.

Conclusion
The combined orthodontic-orthognathic approach addressed the aesthetic and functional concerns of the patient. The condyles were not reconstructed with prostheses and were left in their resorbed anatomical form and relationship. This illustrates the adaptive capabilities of the mandible and associated musculature, and that more complex condylar restorative procedures are not always required.