bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The orbit and its contents
Authors: van Gijn Daniel R. , Dunne Jonathan 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The function of the orbit is to protect and accommodate the globe in order to maximise its function. The bony orbits are paired four-sided conical cavities within the skull each comprising seven bones – ranging from the paper thin ethmoid and lacrimal plate medially to the buttress thick zygoma laterally. The conical shape consists of an apex posteriorly and a base anteriorly forming the outer margin. The medial wall and floor begin to blend towards the apex forming a posteromedial bulge as the orbit takes on a three-walled pyramidal structure. The walls are lined by periosteum (periorbita), which is continuous with the periosteal layer of the dura mater at the apex, the orbital septa and the fascial sheaths of the extraocular muscles. There are five principal openings of the orbit – three principal foramina located at the apex that transmit the neurovascular supply of the orbit and two lesser foramina located on the medial wall.
The mouth
Authors: van Gijn Daniel R. , Dunne Jonathan 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The mouth is the common aperture to the aerodigestive tract. With the coordinated assistance of the tongue and lips it contributes to the formation of meaningful sound whilst the presence of intact dental arches allow for mastication. The oral cavity proper represents the atrium beyond the lips reaching to the palatoglossal arches posteriorly, where the oropharynx begins beyond the oropharnygeal isthmus. It is restricted by the cheeks laterally, the hard and soft palate superiorly and the mobile tongue resting on the mylohyoid muscle inferiorly. The paired major salivary glands drain into the oral cavity along with numerous minor salivary glands. The tongue is a thick, mucosa covered muscular structure concerned with mastication, taste, talking and swallowing. The palate is the roof of the mouth, separating the oral and nasal cavities and participating in speech and swallowing. It can be divided into two parts: a bony anterior hard palate and soft posterior palate.
Embryology of the head and neck
Authors: van Gijn Daniel R. , Dunne Jonathan 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Development of the head is dominated by the changing shape of the brain and the formation of pharyngeal arches through which blood from the ventrally placed heart can pass to the dorsal aorta. The origin of the cell population within the head and neck is important as it predicts the behaviour and attributes of the cells and their progeny. The neural crest gives rise to an extensive mesenchymal population which contributes to the skull and enters and patterns the pharyngeal arches. The skull (neurocranium) forms around the developing brain and its emerging nerves. The base of the skull forms initially in cartilage (endochondral ossification) and the vault forms from neural crest mesenchyme (intramembranous ossification). The face and jaws (viscerocranium) form around the developing pharynx from a series of pharyngeal arches (numbered 1,2,3,4 and 6) which pass from the lateral sides of the pharynx to meet ventromedially.
HIV medicine
Authors: Burton Rosie , Houston Ana 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Epidemiology, Virology and immunology, infection, Antiretroviral therapy, opportunistic infections, Antiretroviral drugs, doses and adverse effects, viral failure, Common clinical problems in HIV, HIV-related malignancy, Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS), HIV prevention strategies, Prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT), Post-exposure prophylaxis
Chest medicine
Authors: Graham Stephen 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Symptoms of respiratory disease, Pneumonia, Atypical pneumonia, Legionnaires' disease, Recurrent pneumonia, Nosocomial pneumonia, Aspiration pneumonia, Management of pneumonia: adults, Viral pneumonia SARS and HN, Management of pneumonia: children, Paediatric acute respiratory, infections: epiglottitis, Acute laryngotracheobronchitis: croup, Bacterial tracheitis, Bronchiolitis, Whooping cough, Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis, Diphtheria, Pleural effusion, Lung abscess, Fungal pulmonary infections, Paragonimiasis lung flukes, Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia, Asthma, Acute severe asthma, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Bronchiectasis, Lung cancer, Interstitial lung disease, Acute respiratory distress syndrome, Pulmonary embolism, Pneumothorax
Gastroenterology
Authors: Jones Kelsey D.J. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Disorders of the mouth and pharynx?, Dyspepsia, dysphagia and reflux, Upper GI bleeding, Oesophageal varices, Acute abdominal pain, Acute diarrhea, Persistent diarrhea, Compendium of diarrhea-causing pathogens, Travelers’ diarrhea, Food poisoning, Intestinal flukes, Schistosomiasis (bilharzia), Soil-transmitted helminths (STH), Toxocariasis, Perianal complaints, Acute pancreatitis, Biliary disease, Liver flukes, Liver disease, Viral hepatitis, Alcohol and drug-induced hepatitis, Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis, Portal hypertension, Liver failure, Amoebic liver disease, Liver cancer, Hydatid disease
Renal medicine
Authors: Modi Gopesh K. , Jha Vivekanand 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Assessing renal function, Urinalysis, Proteinuria, Hematuria, Chyluria, Imaging in renal disease, Kidney biopsy, Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), Diabetic Nephropathy, End Stage Renal Disease and Dialysis, Kidney Transplantation, Glomerular diseases, Acute glomerulonephritis, Urinary schistosomiasis (bilharzia), Infections and Kidney Disease, Rapidly Progressive glomerulonephritis, Tubulointerstitial Disease, Urinary Tract Infection, Vesico-ureteric reflux, Renal Stones, Renal Disease in Pregnancy, Renal Artery Stenosis, Renal Mass, Inherited Renal Diseases
Dermatology
Authors: Weiss Robert 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Infections of the skin?, Skin infestations?, Ulcers?, Rashes?, Dermatitis eczema?, Psoriasis?, Pityriasis rosea?, Lichen planus?, Drug eruptions?, Vasculitis?, Erythema nodosum?, Urticaria?, Erythema multiforme?, Blistering disorders?, Connective tissue diseases?, Disorders of pigmentation?, Skin cancers?, Common cutaneous viral infections?, Varicella zoster virus?, Poxvirus infections?, Cutaneous leishmaniasis?, Lymphoedema elephantiasis?, Lymphatic filariasis?, Onchocerciasis 'river blindness'?, Loiasis Loa loa?, Dracunculiasis Guinea worm?, Other parasites that invade the skin?, Cutaneous larva migrans?, Larva currens?, Podoconiosis?, The non-venereal treponematoses?
Multisystem diseases and infections
Authors: Ashley Elizabeth , Bern Caryn , Borok Margaret , Brotherton Helen , Chappuis Francois , Chung Cecilia , Crump John , Durrheim David N. , Frean John , Griffith Kevin , Horby Peter , Karsten Jaap , Peacock Sharon , Pirioue Erwan , Salam Alex , Sigfrid Louise , Spencer Robert C. , Stein Charles , Warrell David 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Differential diagnosis of fevers?, Fever without localizing features?, Sepsis?, Cancer?, General rules of cancer management?, Rheumatoid arthritis?, Osteoarthritis?, Systemic lupus erythematosus?, Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers?, Rickettsioses?, Bartonella?, Ehrlichia?, Coxiella?, Relapsing fevers?, Leptospirosis?, Brucellosis?, Plague?, Melioidosis?, Anthrax?, African trypanosomiasis?, American trypanosomiasis?, Visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar)?, Infectious mononucleosis?, Measles?, Arboviruses and zoonotic haemorrhagic fever viruses , Ebola and Marburg virus diseases, Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever, Rift Valley fever, Lassa fever, Hantavirus infections, Severe fever and thrombocytopenia, Zika virus, Japanese encephalitis , Dengue virus, Yellow fever, West Nile virus , Kyasanur Forest Disease, Chikungunya, Ross River fever, O'nyong nyong
What Does Fat Do?
Authors: Denton Nathan 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Despite how much we may think and talk about fat in our lives and in society, we rarely take a moment to consider what it actually does. Contemplating the evolutionary history of fat is probably the last thing on someone’s mind when their trousers feel a bit tight. We love to hate fat, especially on our own bodies, but fat is not inherently bad. On the contrary, our hatred and fear is being directed at an ancient organ that is essential for life. Perpetually misunderstood, fat’s bad reputation derives from our preoccupation with the negative health effects associated with having too much of it. In order to succeed in the monolithic battle against obesity threatening the planet’s health and wealth, we must first understand fat itself, more specifically white adipose tissue, the major type of fat in the body. In order to understand the nature of fat, however, we must first consider energy metabolism more generally. The next section considers how the body handles fat, carbohydrate, and protein under various conditions to illustrate the central role that adipose tissue plays in our bodies each and every day.
Conclusion
Authors: Denton Nathan 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Fat is much more than a physical imperfection, practical inconvenience, or health risk. Instead, it is a fascinating, mysterious, and misunderstood tissue that represents an ancient link between energy metabolism, reproductive biology, immunity, appetite, and even thermoregulation. It also forms the foundation of the curves which define the archetypal human female and male body shapes, which have since enabled the human body to transcend mere physicality and become social, economic, and political barometers. Laden with increasingly complex, nuanced, and even paradoxical meanings, mounting evidence indicates that the amount and distribution of fat not only provide our body with a distinctive shape, but are also a strong determinant of our health. Adipose tissue carries many negative connotations due to the numerous ailments associated with having too much of it, but it is not inherently bad. On the contrary, it has a legacy that clearly indicates it is essential for life.
Issues in death and dying
Authors: Smajdor Anna , Herring Jonathan , Wheeler Robert 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the difficult questions surrounding end of life. It sets out the current legal position on murder, euthanasia and assisted dying. It also explores the ethical debates around the issue. The chapter highlights the thin lines between acts and omissions; and between intention and foresight which are the basis of the current law. It also discusses the principles of autonomy and dignity as principles which some believe should govern the ethical analysis of this area. The chapter also considers the legal and ethical issues concerning organ donation.
Ethico-legal issues by medical specialism N–V
Authors: Smajdor Anna , Herring Jonathan , Wheeler Robert 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter covers Ethico-legal issues by medical specialism and includes topics on the following subjects (N-V): Neurology: The clash of rights between a child and parents, Neonatal Surgery: Jehovah’s Witnesses, Neonatology: Consent, Neurosurgery: Information Governance, Neurosurgery: Innovation, Neurosurgery: Preservation of Evidence, Obstetrics: Needle Phobia, Ophthalmology: Statutory Disclosures, Paediatric Cardiology: Unlicensed Equipment, Plastics; Disclosure, Renal: Capacitous adult refusing treatment, Respiratory: Unwise Decisions, Speech: Capacity, Rheumatology: Doctrine of Double Effect, Trauma & Orthopaedics: Necessity, Urology: DOLS, Vascular Surgery: Disclosure
Interchangeability in Military Interprofessional Health Care Teams: Lessons Into Collective Self-healing and the Benefits Thereof
Authors: Cristancho Sayra , Field Emily , Bader-Larsen Karlen S , Varpio Lara 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Interchangeability—i.e., the capacity to change places with another—is necessary for military interprofessional health care teams (MIHTs) to provide around-the-clock patient care. However, while interchangeability is clearly a necessity for modern health care delivery, it raises uncomfortable questions for civilian health care teams where it is usually labeled as unsafe. This perception surfaces because interchangeability runs counter to some of health care’s cultural beliefs including those around patient ownership and professional scopes of practice. It is, therefore, not surprising that little is known about whether and how some level of interchangeability can be harnessed to improve the productivity of health care teams overall. In this article, we explore the notion of interchangeability in the particular context of MIHTs given that these health care teams are familiar with it. This exploration will offer insights into how interchangeability could maximize civilian health care teams’ capacity to adapt.

Materials and Methods
We conducted a secondary analysis of interview data as an analytic expansion: “the kind of study in which the researcher makes further use of a primary data set in order to ask new or emerging questions that derive from having conducted the original analysis but were not envisioned within the original scope of the primary study aims”. Within our secondary analysis approach, we used thematic analysis as our analytical tool to describe (1) what interchangeability looks like in MIHT teams, (2) how it is fostered in MIHTs, and (3) how it is enacted in MIHTs.

Results
Interchangeability was realized in MIHTs when individual team members adapted to take on roles and/or tasks that were not clearly niched in their specific areas of expertise but instead drew on the broad foundation of their clinical skill set. Cross-training and distributed leadership were ways in which MIHT members described how interchangeability was fostered. Furthermore, five features of working within MIHT teams were identified as key conditions to enact interchangeability: knowing your team members; being able to work with what/who you have; actively seeking others’ expertise; situating your role within the broader picture of the mission; and maintaining a learning/teaching mindset.

Conclusions
Interchangeability can be understood through the theoretical lens of Swarm Intelligence and more specifically, the principle of collective self-healing—which is the ability of collectives to continue to successfully perform despite disruption, challenges, or the loss of a team member. Our findings highlight how MIHTs have adopted interchangeability in a wide array of contexts to realize collective self-healing. Despite the discomfort it provokes, we suggest that interchangeability could be a powerful asset to civilian health care teams.
The Ties That Bind: Camaraderie in Military Interprofessional Healthcare Teams
Authors: Hamwey Meghan , Bader-Larsen Karlen S , Cruthirds Danette F , Varpio Lara 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Multiple aspects of interpersonal dynamics can help or hinder the success of teams, particularly those in a Military Interprofessional Healthcare Team (MIHT). One specific mechanism for MIHTs’ success is camaraderie and how these military teams are able to achieve, maintain, and enable the development of this important characteristic. Despite our understanding of military service members as being bonded like a family, we have a limited understanding of how this bond is translated into their MIHT experiences.

Materials and Methods
This study conducted interviews among 30 individuals who had participated in, led individual, and/or led many MIHTs, using a grounded theory methodology. Participants represented 11 different health professions, including officers and enlisted military members, and three branches of the U.S. military (e.g., army, navy, and air force). Data were collected and analyzed in iterative cycles until saturation was achieved.

Results
We identified six themes that shaped the overarching concept of camaraderie in MIHTs. These themes were (1) confidence in competent peers, (2) shared goals, (3) mutual respect, (4) desire to help one another improve, (5) personal is professional, and (6) bonds of military service. This paper describes each of these themes, provides illustrative examples from the data, and describes how these components contribute to MIHTs’ team dynamics. We present a model for how to understand these themes.

Conclusions
Through the identification and exploration of these aspects of camaraderie, we are able to better understand how MIHTs are able to be successful. MIHTs that demonstrated confidence in their brother/sister in arms possessed shared goals and missions, while maintaining mutual respect, a desire to help one another do better, and creating a personal and professional overlap tended to form stronger bonds of military service. Critically, these six aspects support a more nuanced understanding of the spirit of camaraderie and how it underpins MIHT success.
Ethical Bearing Is About Our Conduct: Ethics as an Essential Component of Military Interprofessional Healthcare Teams
Authors: Meyer Holly S , Bader-Larsen Karlen S , Artino Anthony , Varpio Lara 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The need to maintain medical ethical standards during conflict and peace has been the source of considerable academic discourse. Although still an unsolved challenge, scholars have made significant contributions to the literature, constructing categorizations that can help military providers contend with ethical conflicts. However, insights into the ethical comportment of military interprofessional healthcare teams (MIHTs) have yet to be reported.

Materials and Methods
This interview-based study collected insights from 30 military healthcare providers who participated in and/or led MIHTs. Altogether, participants represented 11 health professions, both officers and enlisted military members, and the U.S. Army, Navy, and Air Force. Following Grounded Theory methodology, data were collected and analyzed in iterative cycles until theme saturation was reached.

Results
The research team identified two themes of ethical bearing that enable MIHT success in and across care contexts. One theme of successful ethical bearing is “raising concerns,” referring to speaking up when something needs to be addressed. The other is “making compromises,” where individuals have to make sacrifices (e.g., lack of equipment, non-sterile environment, etc.) to give patient care.

Conclusions
These data suggest that effective MIHTs have a collective moral compass. This moral compass is the team’s ability to judge what is ethically right and wrong, as well as the team’s willingness and ability to act accordingly—to consistently “do the right thing.” There is a collective moral compass, and while the team may not all agree on what exactly is true north—they are all bending that way.
Optimizing Military Medicine: A Team Approach
Authors: Chung Kevin K 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
In order to best optimize health care, we need the right combination of individuals working on interprofessional health care teams, each joining with the right mindset, in the right places, and at the right times. In this special issue of Military Medicine, Dr. Lara Varpio and her team share their findings investigating the unique dynamics of Military Interprofessional Healthcare Teams. Such research is fundamental to advance excellence of military health care by finding, exploring, and addressing existing gaps in what we currently employ and capitalizing on what we know works well. In doing so, we can improve the effectiveness of our care teams and, as a result, optimize care of our wounded on the battlefield.
Factors determining the mortality in cirrhosis patients with invasive candidiasis: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Verma Nipun , Roy Akash , Singh Shreya , Pradhan Pranita , Garg Pratibha , Singh Meenu 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

The impact of invasive candidiasis (IC) on the outcomes in the non-conventional high-risk cirrhosis population is poorly characterized. Therefore, we reviewed the outcomes and their influencing factors in cirrhosis patients with IC. PubMed, Embase, Ovid, CINHAL, and Web of Science were searched for full-text observational studies describing mortality due to IC in cirrhosis. We did a systematic review and random-effects meta-analysis to pool the point-estimate and comparative-odds of mortality. The estimate's heterogeneity was explored on sub-groups, outliers-test, and meta-regression. We evaluated the asymmetry in estimates on funnel plot and Eggers regression. Quality of studies was assessed on the New-Castle Ottawa scale. Of 3143 articles, 13 studies (611 patients) were included (good/fair quality: 6/7). IC patients were sick with a high model for end-stage liver disease (MELD: 27.0) and long hospital stay (33.2 days). The pooled-mortality was 54.7% (95% CI: 41.3--67.5), I2: 80%, P &lt; 0.01. Intensive care unit (ICU) admission (P &lt; 0.001), site of infection; viz. peritonitis and candidemia (P = 0.014) and high MELD of cases (P = 0.029) were predictors of high mortality. The odds of mortality due to IC was 4.4 times higher than controls and was 8.5 and 3.3 times higher than non-infected, and bacterially-infected controls. Studies in ICU-admitted (OR: 5.0) or acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF, OR: 6.3) patients had numerically higher odds of mortality than all-hospitalized cirrhosis patients (OR: 4.0). In conclusion, substantially high mortality is reported in cirrhosis patients with IC. ICU admission, ACLF, high MELD, peritonitis, and candidemia are key factors determining high mortality in cirrhosis patients with IC.

Lay Summary
We report a high mortality rate of 55% in patients with liver cirrhosis and invasive candidiasis. Higher odds (4.4 times) of death, especially in patients with ACLF (6.3 times) or ICU admission (5.0 times) were seen. Candida peritonitis and candidemia are associated with high mortality in cirrhosis.

Highlights
Orbital phase-driven biases in galactic mass constraints from stellar streams
Authors: Reino Stella , Sanderson Robyn E , Panithanpaisal Nondh , Rossi Elena M , Kuijken Konrad 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
One of the most promising tracers of the Galactic potential in the halo region is stellar streams. However, individual stream fits can be limited by systematic biases. To study these individual stream systematics, we fit streams in Milky Way-like galaxies from Feedback In Realistic Environments cosmological galaxy formation simulations with an analytical gravitational potential by maximizing the clustering of stream stars in action space. We show that for coherent streams the quality of the constraints depends on the orbital phase of the observed stream stars, despite the fact that the phase information is discarded in action-clustering methods. Streams on intermediate phases give the most accurate results, whereas pericentre streams can be highly biased. This behaviour is tied to the amount of correlation present between positions and momenta in each stream’s data: weak correlation in pericentre streams prohibits efficient differentiation between potentials, while strong correlation in intermediate streams promotes it. Although simultaneous fitting of multiple streams is generally prescribed as the remedy to combat individual stream biases, we find that combining multiple pericentric streams is not enough to yield a bias-free result. We finally show that adopting the two-component Stäckel model does not fundamentally induce a biased mass estimate. With our full data set of two multiwrap streams, we recovered the true rotation curve of the simulated galaxy within $12{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ over the entire range of radii covered by our set of stars (10–176 kpc) and within $6.5{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ between the 5 and 95 percentile distance range (23–109 kpc).