bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Эволюционный подход к исследованию социально-экономической категории "туристский потенциал"
Authors: Bekmatova A. , Shaikin D. , Valieva M. , Kopylova O. , Бекматова А.Ж. , Шайкин Д.Н. , Валиева М.М. , Копылова О.В. 
Published: July 2021

In modern socio-economic conditions, the study of the essence of the term "tourist potential" is relevant. The correct assessment of the tourism potential of a country or its individual region, and above all its correct definition, is a key aspect that characterizes the success of the functioning the tourism sector in a narrow spectrum and the economy of the country as a whole. The development of the tourism industry affects such key economic indicators of the country as the balance of payments, total exports and others. Improving the infrastructure taking into account the increasing needs of tourists, the influx of foreign currency and investment, increasing employment through the creation of new jobs. Properly realized tourist potential has a positive impact on the socio-cultural sphere, satisfying the spiritual and physical needs of people. The interpretation of the term "potential" by the scientists in various fields of science is considered. As a result, the authors supplemented and formulated their own definition of the term "tourist potential". The article also studies a number of methods for assessing the tourist potential and builds statistical dependencies and econometric equations that characterize its development in the medium term. The dynamics of the visitors’ number by incoming and outgoing types of tourism was chosen as the estimated indicators.
В современных социально-экономических условиях изучение сущности термина "туристский потенциал" является актуальным. Правильная оценка туристского потенциала страны или ее отдельно взятого региона, и прежде всего его корректное определение является ключевым аспектом, характеризующим успешность функционирования туристского сектора в узком спектре и экономики страны в целом. Развитие туристской отрасли влияет на такие ключевые экономические показатели страны, как платежный баланс, совокупный экспорт и другие. Совершенствование инфраструктуры с учетом возрастающих потребностей туристов, приток иностранной валюты и инвестиций, повышение занятости населения посредством создания новых рабочих мест. Грамотно реализованный туристский потенциал имеет положительное влияние и на социально-культурную сферу, удовлетворяя духовные и физические потребности людей. Рассмотрена трактовка термина "потенциал" учеными в различных областях науки. В результате авторами дополнено и сформулировано собственное определение термина "туристский потенциал". Также в статье изучен ряд методов оценки туристского потенциала и построены статистические зависимости, характеризующие его развитие в среднесрочном периоде. В качестве оценочных показателей выбрана динамика количества посетителей по въездному и выездному видам туризма.
A Typological Inquiry into Asian Undead Beings, or, Why There Are No Vampires in the East
Authors: Ng Andrew Hock Soon 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
Investigating four East and Southeast Asian undead entities, this essay attempts to demonstrate why the practice of labeling non-Western undead beings as vampires observable in both popular culture (particularly on the Internet in the twenty-first century) and academia is shortsighted and reductive because it fails to account for the uniqueness associated with any undead being, whether Eastern or Western, that is determined by its respective cultural-historical and cosmological contexts.
Hofbauer Cells and COVID-19 in Pregnancy
Authors: Schwartz David A. , Baldewijns Marcella , Benachi Alexandra , Bugatti Mattia , Bulfamante Gaetano , Cheng Ke , Collins Rebecca R.J. , Debelenko Larisa , De Luca Danièle , Facchetti Fabio , Fitzgerald Brendan , Levitan Daniel , Linn Rebecca L. , Marcelis Lukas , Morotti Denise , Morotti Raffaella , Patanè Luisa , Prevot Sophie , Pulinx Bianca , Saad Ali G. , Schoenmakers Sam , Strybol David , Thomas Kristen , Tosi Delfina , Toto Valentina , van der Meeren Lotte E. , Verdijk Robert M. , Vivanti Alexandre J. , Zaigham Mehreen 
Published: July 2021

Context.—
SARS-CoV-2 can undergo maternal–fetal transmission, heightening interest in the placental pathology findings from this infection. Transplacental SARS-CoV-2 transmission is typically accompanied by chronic histiocytic intervillositis together with necrosis and positivity of syncytiotrophoblast for SARS-CoV-2. Hofbauer cells are placental macrophages that have been involved in viral diseases, including HIV and Zika virus, but their involvement in SARS-CoV-2 is unknown.

Objective.—
To determine whether SARS-CoV-2 can extend beyond the syncytiotrophoblast to enter Hofbauer cells, endothelium, and other villous stromal cells in infected placentas of liveborn and stillborn infants.

Design.—
Case-based retrospective analysis by 29 perinatal and molecular pathology specialists of placental findings from a preselected cohort of 22 SARS-CoV-2–infected placentas delivered to pregnant women testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 from 7 countries. Molecular pathology methods were used to investigate viral involvement of Hofbauer cells, villous capillary endothelium, syncytiotrophoblast, and other fetal-derived cells.

Results.—
Chronic histiocytic intervillositis and trophoblast necrosis were present in all 22 placentas (100%). SARS-CoV-2 was identified in Hofbauer cells from 4 of 22 placentas (18.2%). Villous capillary endothelial staining was positive in 2 of 22 cases (9.1%), both of which also had viral positivity in Hofbauer cells. Syncytiotrophoblast staining occurred in 21 of 22 placentas (95.5%). Hofbauer cell hyperplasia was present in 3 of 22 placentas (13.6%). In the 7 cases having documented transplacental infection of the fetus, 2 (28.6%) occurred in placentas with Hofbauer cell staining positive for SARS-CoV-2.

Conclusions.—
SARS-CoV-2 can extend beyond the trophoblast into the villous stroma, involving Hofbauer cells and capillary endothelial cells, in a small number of infected placentas. Most cases of SARS-CoV-2 transplacental fetal infection occur without Hofbauer cell involvement.
Contemplating the Five Domains model of animal welfare assessment: UK horse owner perceptions of equine well-being
Authors: Fletcher KA , Cameron LJ , Freeman M 
Published: July 2021

AbstractTraditionally, assessment of animal welfare generally focused on physiological signs of health with less consideration of psychological well-being. More recently, the Five Domains model highlighted the concept of all aspects of an animal's life influencing their affective state. In equestrianism, however, there is a lack of awareness of the Five Domains model and, specifically, how different factors may affect the mental well-being of horses (Equus caballus). This divide between scientific research and lay horse owners could compromise equine welfare by failing to recognise horses as sentient beings with species-specific needs. The present study therefore aimed to explore how evidence-based information can be effectively communicated to equestrians (n = 259) through an online survey and whether increased knowledge of equine welfare needs has any impact on horse caregivers’ assessment of their own horses’ quality of life. Results showed that a simple educational infographic based on the Five Domains model had a significant impact on equestrians’ assessment of equine welfare, although longitudinal, empirical studies are needed. Scores on a Likert scale for health, behaviour/human interactions and overall welfare were significantly lower following the intervention but scores for emotional well-being were significantly higher. This may suggest that, whilst the infographic increased participant awareness of the importance of emotional state and the factors affecting welfare, there were difficulties or inconsistencies in objectively assessing these emotions. This highlights the need for equine welfare science to be communicated more proactively to horse owners in an accessible, engaging format.
Development of an evidence-based welfare approach for cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) under human care
Authors: Fischer B , Flint M , Cole K , George KA 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSocietal concern for animals under human care has influenced our approaches to advance animal welfare in a variety of contexts. The Animal Programs Department at the Columbus Zoo and Aquarium sought partnership with the Center for Human-Animal Interactions Research & Education (CHAIRE) at The Ohio State University to develop a holistic welfare approach for the animals within their department using a focal species, the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus). A one-year project using the Five Domains Animal Welfare Model collected data over six 60-day periods to evaluate long-term cortisol production and behavioural observations of cheetahs under changing environmental factors. Species and individual histories were incorporated with behavioural observations and hair cortisol production, giving a holistic view of welfare. Cortisol and behavioural data were analysed using linear models to compare cheetahs at population and individual levels. Participation in a cheetah run activity, housing occupancy, and 60-day period were found to influence all behaviours within the population and stereotypic behaviour also differed within individual cheetahs. No differences in hair cortisol concentrations were found for the group, but further analysis revealed differences within individuals throughout the study. No correlation of stereotypic behaviour and cortisol levels were found. This study created a welfare assessment protocol that can be used within zoological institutes and was the first to measure cortisol concentrations in hair in cheetahs.
Internalisation of farm animal welfare in consumers’ purchasing decisions: A study of pork fillet at point of purchase using the means-end chain and laddering approach
Authors: Humble M , Palmér M , Hansson H 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate how farm animal welfare (FAW) is internalised in consumers’ purchasing decisions at the point of purchase. The study is based on means-end chain theory and the laddering interview technique to elicit respondents’ mental representation of attributes, consequences and values of an animal food product. Respondents were approached and interviewed at the point of purchase in two supermarkets in Uppsala, Sweden. A summary representation of respondents’ mental representation of attributes, consequences and values of an animal food product (pork fillet) was created. The findings indicate that FAW is the most salient means-end-chain element FAW enters respondents’ mental representation of pork fillet at the point of purchase as a consequence of other elements. FAW is considered to lead to values of hedonism and universalism type. This study contributes to the literature by detailing how animal welfare can be embedded in consumers’ mental representation of cause and effect of animal food product attributes at the point of purchase. The findings are useful practically for policy-makers and for agri-business and other actors in the food value chain who would like to promote enhanced FAW. The findings also provide insight into how FAW can be promoted through market-based solutions.
Geology and Geochemical Assessment of Maastrichtian Coal Quality in Abocho area, Northern Anambra Basin, Nigeria
Authors: Zakari A. A. , Jatau B. S. 
Published: July 2021

Detailed geologic mapping and geochemical analysis of coal samples around Abocho area, northern Anambra Basin, Nigeria was conducted in order to assess the quality of the coals in the area. Proximate and ultimate analyses were carried out on coal samples from the Mamu Formation to determine its chemical characteristics. Physical analysis was also carried out on the coal samples to determine the specific gravity, density and hardness. Geochemical analysis was also carried out on the associated rocks in the study area (Abocho), particularly Shales and Clays to determine their major oxides composition. The area is composed of the Maastrichtian Mamu Formation overlain by the Ajali Sandstone of the same age both dipping between 16°E and 19°E. The geologic mapping of Abocho area revealed two mappable lithologic units: The Mamu Formation and the Ajali Sandstone. The Proximate analyses indicates that the coal contains an average 7.15%, 35.53%, 36.24% of moisture content, volatile matter and fixed carbon respectively. These burns to generate 4,339 kcal/kg calorific value with 20.80% ash yield. The result of the ultimate analysis shows 57.81% organic carbon, 4.15% hydrogen, 8.41% oxygen, 1.39% nitrogen and 0.3% Sulphur. The physical analysis revealed that, the coal has an average specific gravity of 1.5g/cm, average density of 1.4g/cm3 and average hardness of 1.2. These characteristics qualify the coal to be ranked as high volatile sub-bituminous to marginal lignite. The coal is thus, suitable for combustion, gasification, electric power generation and industrial uses. Geochemical results show that the Shale contains 60% Silica (SiO2) and 26%Alumina (Al2O3) constituting 86% of bulk chemical composition. The Clay contains 70% Silica (SiO2) and 25% Alumina (Al2O3), constituting 95% of bulk chemical composition. The occurrences of CaO, NaO and K2O which are the major component of feldspar in clay suggests the clay to be of granitic origin possibly from Oban massif, east of the Anambra Basin. It also suggests low feldspar content.
Age‐related changes in antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione in different regions of mouse brain
Authors: Hussain S. , Slikker W. , Ali S.F. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIt has been proposed that neurodegenerative processes of aging are associated with the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during cellular metabolism. These reactive oxygen species are scavenged by antioxidant enzymes in biological systems. The present study was designed to determine the selective distribution of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activity and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels in different regions of the C57BL/6N mouse brain and to determine if any alterations occurred with age. Catalase activity did not show any significant change except in cerebellum. Activity of superoxide dismutase was increased with age in all regions of the brain except in hippocampus of 2‐yr‐old mice. The glutathione peroxidase activity in the caudate nucleus increased in all regions of the brain, however, the activity did not change at one, six and 12 months. A significant increasing pattern of glutathione content was found in the cerebellum and brain stem with age. These data demonstrate that although the level of antioxidant enzymes varied in different regions of the brain, overall the enzyme activities tend to increase with age.
The chondrogenic potential of periosteum decreases with age
Authors: O'Driscoll Shawn W. M. , Saris Daniel B. F. , Ito Yoichi , Fitzimmons James S. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractPeriosteum contains undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells that possess the potential for chondrogenesis during cartilage repair and in fracture healing. With aging, the chondrogenic potential of periosteum declines significantly. An organ‐culture model was used to investigate the relationship between the chondrogenic potential of periosteum and aging. A total of 736 periosteal explants from the proximal medial tibiae of 82 rabbits, aged 2 weeks to 2 years, were cultured in agarose suspension conditions conductive for chondrogenesis, and analyzed using histomorphometry, collagen typing, wet weight measurement, 3H‐thymidine and 35S‐sulfate uptake, autoradiography, and PCNA immunostaining. The rabbits were skeletally mature by 6 months and stopped increasing in weight by 12 months. Chondrogenesis declined significantly with age (P < 0.0001) and was maximal in the 1.5–2 month‐old rabbits. Explants from the 6 month‐old rabbits formed 50% less cartilage, and by 12 months chondrogenesis reached a steady state minimal level. In parallel with this decrease in chondrogenic potential similar decreases were measured in 3H‐thymidine uptake (P < 0.0001), 35S‐sulfate uptake (P = 0.0117), as well as the thickness (P < 0.0001) and the total number of cells in the cambium layer of the periosteum (P < 0.0001). Autoradiography with 3H‐thymidine and PCNA immunostaining confirmed the measured decrease in proliferative activity in the cambium layer where the chondrocyte precursors reside, although the percentage of proliferating cells did not change significantly with age. The most dramatic change was the marked decrease (87%) in the thickness and total cell number in the cambium layer of the perisoteum between the 2 and 12 month‐old rabbits (P < 0.05). These data confirm a decline in the chondrogenic potential of periosteum with aging. Thus, one possibility for improving cartilage formation by periosteal transplantation after skeletal maturity would be to stimulate an increase in the total number of cells in the chondrocyte precursor pool early during chondrogenesis. © 2001 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Research with incompetent demented patients. A current problem in light of German history
Authors: Helmchen H 
Published: July 2002

SummaryMedical research with incompetent patients which is expected to yield only questionable or no individual benefit (and which is often wrongly equated with non-therapeutic research) remains a difficult and controversial problem. This is reflected in the fact that such research is legally admissible in some countries such as France and England, but is questionable or prohibited in other countries, eg, Germany. Such research can only be justified ethically if the need for it is set forth according to defined criteria, and if defined protective criteria are fulfilled, particularly to ensure that the research-related instrumentalisation of the patient is held in check by observing respect for the patient's dignity, to ensure that research does not involve more than minimal risks and negligible stress for the individual participant, and that the patient's refusal to participate is accepted. A broad international consensus exists with regard to these criteria [9, 21, 26, 41]. But concepts and definitions as to what constitutes benefits and risks, as well as criteria and procedures in weighing benefits against risks, and, not least of all, the weighing of individual benefit against societal benefit, require clarification. The question must also be satisfactorily answered: who is to do the weighing? But above all, it must be ensured by professional education that this process of checks and controls is effectively carried out in day-to-day medical-scientific life.
Antimicrobial Ionic Liquid‐Based Materials for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Nikfarjam Nasser , Ghomi Matineh , Agarwal Tarun , Hassanpour Mahnaz , Sharifi Esmaeel , Khorsandi Danial , Ali Khan Moonis , Rossi Filippo , Rossetti Arianna , Nazarzadeh Zare Ehsan , Rabiee Navid , Afshar Davoud , Vosough Massoud , Kumar Maiti Tapas , Mattoli Virgilio , Lichtfouse Eric , Tay Franklin R. , Makvandi Pooyan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractExcessive and unwarranted administration of antibiotics has invigorated the evolution of multidrug‐resistant microbes. There is, therefore, an urgent need for advanced active compounds. Ionic liquids with short‐lived ion‐pair structures are highly tunable and have diverse applications. Apart from their unique physicochemical features, the newly discovered biological activities of ionic liquids have fascinated biochemists, microbiologists, and medical scientists. In particular, their antimicrobial properties have opened new vistas in overcoming the current challenges associated with combating antibiotic‐resistant pathogens. Discussions regarding ionic liquid derivatives in monomeric and polymeric forms with antimicrobial activities are presented here. The antimicrobial mechanism of ionic liquids and parameters that affect their antimicrobial activities, such as chain length, cation/anion type, cation density, and polymerization, are considered. The potential applications of ionic liquids in the biomedical arena, including regenerative medicine, biosensing, and drug/biomolecule delivery, are presented to stimulate the scientific community to further improve the antimicrobial efficacy of ionic liquids.
Controllable p‐Type Doping of 2D WSe2 via Vanadium Substitution
Authors: Kozhakhmetov Azimkhan , Stolz Samuel , Tan Anne Marie Z. , Pendurthi Rahul , Bachu Saiphaneendra , Turker Furkan , Alem Nasim , Kachian Jessica , Das Saptarshi , Hennig Richard G. , Gröning Oliver , Schuler Bruno , Robinson Joshua A. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractScalable substitutional doping of 2D transition metal dichalcogenides is a prerequisite to developing next‐generation logic and memory devices based on 2D materials. To date, doping efforts are still nascent. Here, scalable growth and vanadium (V) doping of 2D WSe2 at front‐end‐of‐line and back‐end‐of‐line compatible temperatures of 800 and 400 °C, respectively, is reported. A combination of experimental and theoretical studies confirm that vanadium atoms substitutionally replace tungsten in WSe2, which results in p‐type doping via the introduction of discrete defect levels that lie close to the valence band maxima. The p‐type nature of the V dopants is further verified by constructed field‐effect transistors, where hole conduction becomes dominant with increasing vanadium concentration. Hence, this study presents a method to precisely control the density of intentionally introduced impurities, which is indispensable in the production of electronic‐grade wafer‐scale extrinsic 2D semiconductors.
A Microfluidic Model Artery for Studying the Mechanobiology of Endothelial Cells
Authors: Yu Hyeonji , Kang Dongwon , Whang Minji , Kim Taeyoung , Kim Jungwook 
Published: July 2021

AbstractRecent vascular mechanobiology studies find that endothelial cells (ECs) convert multiple mechanical forces into functional responses in a nonadditive way, suggesting that signaling pathways such as those regulating cytoskeleton may be shared among the processes of converting individual forces. However, previous in vitro EC‐culture platforms are inherent with extraneous mechanical components, which may saturate or insufficiently activate the shared signaling pathways and accordingly, may misguide EC mechanobiological responses being investigated. Here, a more physiologically relevant model artery is reported that accurately reproduces most of the mechanical forces found in vivo, which can be individually varied in any combination to pathological levels to achieve diseased states. Arterial geometries of normal and diseased states are also realized. By mimicking mechanical microenvironments of early‐stage atherosclerosis, it is demonstrated that the elevated levels of the different types of stress experienced by ECs strongly correlate with the disruption of barrier integrity, suggesting that boundaries of an initial lesion could be sites for efficient disease progression.