bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Glutathione contributes to resistance responses to TMV through a differential modulation of salicylic acid and reactive oxygen species
Authors: Zhu Feng , Zhang Qi‐Ping , Che Yan‐Ping , Zhu Peng‐Xiang , Zhang Qin‐Qin , Ji Zhao‐Lin 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSystemic acquired resistance (SAR) is induced by pathogens and confers protection against a broad range of pathogens. Several SAR signals have been characterized, but the nature of the other unknown signalling by small metabolites in SAR remains unclear. Glutathione (GSH) has long been implicated in the defence reaction against biotic stress. However, the mechanism that GSH increases plant tolerance against virus infection is not entirely known. Here, a combination of a chemical, virus‐induced gene‐silencing‐based genetics approach, and transgenic technology was undertaken to investigate the role of GSH in plant viral resistance in Nicotiana benthamiana. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) infection results in increasing the expression of GSH biosynthesis genes NbECS and NbGS, and GSH content. Silencing of NbECS or NbGS accelerated oxidative damage, increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), compromised plant resistance to TMV, and suppressed the salicylic acid (SA)‐mediated signalling pathway. Application of GSH or l‐2‐oxothiazolidine‐4‐carboxylic acid (a GSH activator) alleviated oxidative damage, decreased accumulation of ROS, elevated plant local and systemic resistance, enhanced the SA‐mediated signalling pathway, and increased the expression of ROS scavenging‐related genes. However, treatment with buthionine sulfoximine (a GSH inhibitor) accelerated oxidative damage, elevated ROS accumulation, compromised plant systemic resistance, suppressed the SA‐mediated signalling pathway, and reduced the expression of ROS‐regulating genes. Overexpression of NbECS reduced oxidative damage, decreased accumulation of ROS, increased resistance to TMV, activated the SA‐mediated signalling pathway, and increased the expression of the ROS scavenging‐related genes. We present molecular evidence suggesting GSH is essential for both local and systemic resistance of N. benthamiana to TMV through a differential modulation of SA and ROS.
Malignant Transformation and Treatment Recommendations of Chronic Hyperplastic Candidiasis—A Six‐year Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Zhang Wenqing , Wu Shuangshuang , Wang Xu , Gao Yan , Yan Zhimin 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundOral chronic hyperplastic candidiasis (CHC) is the most uncommon type of oral candidiasis with diverse manifestations. Up to date the diagnosis, long‐term management and prognosis of this oral potentially malignant disorder remain obscure.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to provide the recommendations guiding the diagnostic procedure, clinical management and prognosis assessment of CHC.MethodsA retrospective cohort study was performed during January 2015 to April 2021 involving patients with a definite diagnosis of CHC in the Department of Oral Medicine of Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology. Demographic features, clinical and histopathological features, treatment protocols and follow‐ups including malignancy transformation were analysed.ResultsFourty eight CHC patients were collected and reviewed, with a male‐to‐female ratio of 2.69:1. The average age at diagnosis was 54.92 ± 9.79 (36–80) years old. Clinically, the multiform oral lesions were diverse and frequently presented as white plaque and erythematous lesions. As a result, the initial diagnostic accordance rate was only 54.17%, and the most common presumptive initial diagnoses were oral lichen planus (22.92%), oral leukoplakia (20.83%) and traumatic lesion (2.08%). Histopathologically, ten (20.83%) patients had varying degrees of epithelial dysplasia, and two (4.17%) patients had malignant transformation with a mean transformation time of 6.5 ± 6.36 months. Among the 28 patients who underwent fungal culture, 24 patients were exclusively infected by Candida albicans, with two patients each mixed infected by C glabrata and C tropicalis, respectively. Notably, treatment with fluconazole had the lower recurrence rate compared with topical nystatin.ConclusionsThe diagnosis and management of CHC remain a challenge due to its polymorphic clinical presentations, chronic progression and potential of malignant transformation.
Fully automatic segmentation of the mandible based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs)
Authors: Lo Giudice Antonino , Ronsivalle Vincenzo , Spampinato Concetto , Leonardi Rosalia 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate the accuracy of automatic deep learning‐based method for fully automatic segmentation of the mandible from CBCTs.Setting and sample populationCBCT‐derived mandible fully automatic segmentation.MethodsForty CBCT scans from healthy patients (20 females and 20 males, mean age 23.37 ± 3.34) were collected, and a manual mandible segmentation was carried out by using Mimics software. Twenty CBCT scans were randomly selected and used for training the artificial intelligence model file. The remaining 20 CBCT segmentation masks were used to test the accuracy of the CNN automatic method by comparing the segmentation volumes of the 3D models obtained with automatic and manual segmentations. The accuracy of the CNN‐based method was also assessed by using the DICE Score coefficient (DSC) and by the surface‐to‐surface matching technique. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Dahlberg's formula were used respectively to test the intra‐observer reliability and method error. Independent Student's t test was used for between‐groups volumetric comparison.ResultsMeasurements were highly correlated with an ICC value of 0.937, while the method error was 0.24 mm3. A difference of 0.71 (±0.49) cm3 was found between the methodologies, but it was not statistically significant (P > .05). The matching percentage detected was 90.35% (±1.88) (tolerance 0.5 mm) and 96.32% ± 1.97% (tolerance 1.0 mm). The differences, measured as DSC in percentage, between the assessments done with both methods were, respectively, 2.8% and 3.1%.ConclusionThe tested deep learning CNN‐based technology is accurate and performs as well as an experienced image reader but at much higher speed, which is of significant clinical relevance.
A new bacterial leaf blight disease of oat (Avena sativa) caused by Pantoea agglomerans in China
Authors: Wang Jianjun , Chen Taixiang , Xue Longhai , Wei Xuekai , White James F. , Qin Zemin , Li Chunjie 
Published: September 2021

AbstractA new leaf blight disease of oat (Avena sativa) was observed in many oat fields in Huan county, Gansu Province of China, during 2018–2019. Typical symptoms appeared as yellow necrotic and water‐soaked lesions. The lesions developed from tip to base of leaves and eventually resulted in leaf withering. Disease incidence on plants (leaves) was approximately 36%–100%. A gram‐negative bacterium was isolated from the necrotic lesions of all samples. Coupled with multigene sequence (16S rRNA and gyrB gene) analyses, Biolog Gen III MicroStation, morphological, physiological, and biochemical characterization identified the pathogen as Pantoea agglomerans. Pathogenicity tests by wounding and injection inoculations in the greenhouse established that P. agglomerans could induce typical symptoms as observed in the field. The infection rate in leaves was 44%–71% after 14 days. In addition, host range tests showed that P. agglomerans could infect other plant hosts, including Sorghum sudanense, Medicago sativa, Fagopyrum esculentum, Setaria italica, and Zea mays. This is the first report of P. agglomerans causing bacterial leaf blight disease (LBD) on oat in China. The current study can provide a foundation for the prevention of this disease in the future.
A single currency for the Economic Community of West Africa? An economic assessment
Authors: Loureiro João , Baptista Evaldo 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis paper assesses the economic support for the creation of an Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) monetary union encompassing all its 15 members, an objective that was set more than 30 years ago. In line with previous empirical research, our conclusion is that the adoption of a common currency by the whole region is not recommended. This work takes a step forward and assesses alternative ways to reduce the current number of currencies in circulation in the Community. Based on our results, we suggest (i) the merging of the currencies of Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone into a single currency and (ii) the Gambia to join the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU).
Molecular differences in mitochondrial DNA genomes of dogs with malignant mammary tumours
Authors: Kowal Krzysztof , Tkaczyk‐Wlizło Angelika , Pierzchała Mariusz , Gawor Jan , Ślaska Brygida 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine molecular defects in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) with the use of large‐scale genome analysis in malignant canine mammary gland tumours and indicate whether these changes were linked with the carcinogenesis process. With the use of the NGS technology, we sequenced 27 samples of mtDNA isolated from blood and tumours obtained from 13 dogs with mammary gland tumours. The total number of mutations and polymorphisms in the analysed mitochondrial genomes was 557. We identified 383 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), 32 indels (or length polymorphisms), 4 mutations, 137 heteroplasmic positions and 1 indel mutation. The highest variability (132 changes) was observed in the variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) region. The heteroplasmy rate in VNTR varied among individuals and even between two tumours in one organism. Our previous study resulted in determination of a probable CpG island in this region, thus it is not excluded that these changes might alter mtDNA methylation. Only the ATP8 gene was not affected by any polymorphisms or mutations, whereas the COX1 gene had the highest number of polymorphisms from all protein‐coding genes. One change m.13594G>A was detected in a region spanning two genes: ND5 and ND6, from which a deleterious effect was observed for the ND5 protein. Molecular changes were frequently observed in the TΨC loop, which is thought to interact with ribosomal RNA.
Adipocyte function and the development of cardiometabolic disease
Authors: Giroud Maude , Jodeleit Henrika , Prentice Kacey J. , Bartelt Alexander 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObesity is a medical disorder caused by multiple mechanisms of dysregulated energy balance. A major consequence of obesity is an increased risk to develop diabetes, diabetic complications and cardiovascular disease. While a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms linking obesity, insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease is needed, translational research of the human pathology is hampered by the available cellular and rodent model systems. Major barriers are the species‐specific differences in energy balance, vascular biology and adipose tissue physiology, especially related to white and brown adipocytes, and adipose tissue browning. In rodents, non‐shivering thermogenesis is responsible for a large part of energy expenditure, but humans possess much less thermogenic fat, which means temperature is an important variable in translational research. Mouse models with predisposition to dyslipidaemia housed at thermoneutrality and fed a high‐fat diet more closely reflect human physiology. Also, adipocytes play a key role in the endocrine regulation of cardiovascular function. Adipocytes secrete a variety of hormones, lipid mediators and other metabolites that directly influence the local microenvironment as well as distant tissues. This is specifically apparent in perivascular depots, where adipocytes modulate vascular function and inflammation. Altogether, these mechanisms highlight the critical role of adipocytes in the development of cardiometabolic disease.
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The suitability of high throughput automated patch clamp for physiological applications
Authors: Obergrussberger Alison , Rinke‐Weiß Ilka , Goetze Tom A. , Rapedius Markus , Brinkwirth Nina , Becker Nadine , Rotordam Maria Giustina , Hutchison Laura , Madau Paola , Pau Davide , Dalrymple David , Braun Nina , Friis Søren , Pless Stephan A. , Fertig Niels 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAlthough automated patch clamp (APC) devices have been around for many years and have become an integral part of many aspects of drug discovery, high throughput instruments with gigaohm seal data quality are relatively new. Experiments where a large number of compounds are screened against ion channels are ideally suited to high throughput APC, particularly when the amount of compound available is low. Here we evaluate different APC approaches using a variety of ion channels and screening settings. We have performed a screen of 1920 compounds on GluN1/GluN2A NMDA receptors for negative allosteric modulation using both the SyncroPatch 384 and FLIPR. Additionally, we tested the effect of 36 arthropod venoms on NaV1.9 using a single 384‐well plate on the SyncroPatch 384. As an example for mutant screening, a range of acid‐sensing ion channel variants were tested and the success rate increased through fluorescence‐activated cell sorting (FACS) prior to APC experiments. Gigaohm seal data quality makes the 384‐format accessible to recording of primary and stem cell‐derived cells on the SyncroPatch 384. We show recordings in voltage and current clamp modes of stem cell‐derived cardiomyocytes. In addition, the option of intracellular solution exchange enabled investigations into the effects of intracellular Ca2+ and cAMP on TRPC5 and HCN2 currents, respectively. Together, these data highlight the broad applicability and versatility of APC platforms and also outlines some limitations of the approach.Key points
High throughput automated patch clamp (APC) can be used for a variety of applications involving ion channels.
Lower false positive rates were achieved using automated patch clamp versus a fluorometric imaging plate reader (FLIPR) in a high throughput compound screen against NMDA receptors.
Genetic variants and mutations can be screened on a single 384‐well plate to reduce variability of experimental parameters.
Intracellular solution can be perfused to investigate effects of ions and second messenger systems without the need for excised patches.
Primary cells and stem cell‐derived cells can be used on high throughput APC with reasonable success rates for cell capture, voltage clamp measurements and action potential recordings in current clamp mode.
Experimental Study of a Novel Centrifugal Compressor With Two Successive and Independent Rotors
Authors: Nguyen Van-Thang , Abed Cheikh Brahim , Danlos Amelie , Ravelet Florent , Paridaens Richard , Deligant Michael , Khelladi Sofiane , Bakir Farid 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This study deals with a low pressure-ratio centrifugal compressor consisting of two counter-rotating rotors called a counter-rotating centrifugal compressor (CRCC). The design method based on the loss model was presented to determine the geometric parameters of the two counter-rotating rotors. According to this method, the rotor of a selected single rotor centrifugal compressor (SRCC) has been redesigned into two counter-rotating rotors (upstream and downstream rotors) by choosing the value of meridional length ratio (LR). The meridional view, the volute shape, and the operating parameters of SRCC are preserved during the design process. In a first step, the counter-rotating mode at a constant rotor speed of 11k rpm has been carried out. The overall characteristics of CRCC are compared to those of SRCC. In a second step, the map characteristic of CRCC is established for seven speed ratios. The results show that CRCC increases up to 4.6% for the pressure ratio and 3.5% for the efficiency compared to SRCC at the same tip-speed. In addition, CRCC can operate at a lower tip-speed by about 2k rpm to produce the same characteristics as SRCC, with better efficiency over a wide range of flow rates. However, the surge margin of the CRCC is shifted to higher flow rates. This disadvantage of the CRCC was solved by choosing the adequate pair of the rotational speeds of the two rotors that will be presented in other publication.
The Three Controlling Modes of Failure in Homogeneous and Isotropic Materials With Proof Thereof Through Critical Plane Stress Conditions
Authors: Christensen Richard M. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The recently developed general materials failure theory is specialized to the two-dimensional state of plane stress. It takes a form that is virtually no more involved than that of the Mises criterion. Yet it remains applicable to the entire range of materials types and thus retains that generality. The Mises form has absolutely no capability for generality. This plane stress form of the new failure theory reveals the existence of three independent modes and mechanisms of failure, not two, not four, purely three. The Mises criterion has one mode of failure. These three modes of failure are fully examined. It is verified that these modes of failure under plane stress conditions are exactly the same as those operative in the three-dimensional case. The simple plane stress form of the failure theory has major appeal and likely use as a teaching tool to introduce failure and to help de-mystify the vitally important general subject of materials failure.
Convection in Scaled Turbine Internal Cooling Passages With Additive Manufacturing Roughness
Authors: Stafford Gabriel J. , McClain Stephen T. , Hanson David R. , Kunz Robert F. , Thole Karen A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Additive manufacturing processes, such as direct metal laser sintering (DMLS), enable the creation of novel turbine cooling internal passages and systems. However, the DMLS method produces a significant and unique surface roughness. Previous work in scaled passages analyzed pressure losses and friction factors associated with the rough surfaces, as well as investigated the velocity profiles and turbulent flow characteristics within the passage. In this study, the heat transfer characteristics of scaled additively manufactured surfaces were measured using infrared (IR) thermography. Roughness panels were CNC machined from plates of aluminum 6061 to create near isothermal roughness elements when heated. Fluid resistance differences between the aluminum roughness panels and roughness panels constructed from ABS plastic using the same roughness patterns from McClain et al. (2020, “Flow in a Simulated Turbine Blade Cooling Channel With Spatially Varying Roughness Caused by Additive Manufacturing Orientation,” ASME Turbo Expo 2020, Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition, Virtual Conference, Sept. 21–25, GT2020-16069) were investigated. Finally, the overall thermal performance enhancements and friction losses were assessed through the calculation of surface averaged “global thermal performance” ratios. The global thermal performance characterizations indicate results in-line with those found for traditional commercial roughness and slightly below traditional internal passage convection enhancement methods such as swirl chambers, dimples, and ribs. The passages investigated in this study do not include compressibility effects or the long-wavelength artifacts and channel geometric deviations observed by Wildgoose et al. (2020, “Impact of Additive Manufacturing on Internal Cooling Channels with Varying Diameters and Build Directions,” ASME Turbo Expo 2020, Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition, Virtual Conference, Sept. 21–25, GT2020-15049). However, the results of this study indicate that, based on the roughness augmentation alone, artificial convective cooling enhancers such as turbulators or dimples may still be required for additively manufactured turbine component cooling.
Tuning the Cationic Ratio of Fe1CoxNiyP Integrated on Vertically Aligned Reduced Graphene Oxide Array via Electroless Plating as Efficient Self-Supported Bifunctional Electrocatalyst for Water Splitting
Authors: Guo Kaiming , Shaik Firdoz , Yang Jine , Jiang Bin 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Water splitting is considered as a potential sustainable and green technology for producing mass hydrogen and oxygen. A cost-effective self-supported stable electrocatalyst with excellent electrocatalytic performance in a wide pH range is greatly required for water splitting. This work reports on the synthesis and anchoring of Fe1CoxNiyP nanoparticles on vertically aligned reduced graphene oxide array (VrGO) via electroless plating. The catalytic activity of Fe1CoxNiyP nanoparticles is tuned finely by tailoring the cationic ratio of Co and Ni. Fe1Co2Ni1P/VrGO exhibits the lowest overpotential (109 and 139 mV) at 10 mA cm−2 and lowest tafel slope (133 and 31 mV dec−1) for hydrogen evolution reaction in 1.0 M KOH and 0.5 M H2SO4, respectively. Fe1Co1Ni2P/VrGO exhibits the lowest overpotential (342 mV) at 10 mA cm−2 with lowest tafel slope (60 mV dec−1) for oxygen evolution reaction. The enhanced performance of the electrocatalyst is attributed to improved electrical conductivity, synergistic effects, and beneficial electronic states caused by the appropriate atomic ratio of Co and Ni in the bifunctional electrocatalyst. This study helps to explore the effect of variable cationic ratio in the cost-effective ternary iron group metal phosphides electrocatalysts to achieve enhanced electrocatalytic performance for water splitting in a wide pH range.
Comment on “Recent global decline of CO
2
fertilization effects on vegetation photosynthesis”
Authors: Frankenberg Christian , Yin Yi , Byrne Brendan , He Liyin , Gentine Pierre 
Published: September 2021

Wang
et al
. (Research Articles, 11 December 2020, p. 1295), using photosynthesis proxies from long-term satellite records, report a significant decline in CO
2
fertilization effects. We find that small systematic biases in Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data affect their analysis to the degree that the key finding is not robust. Caution is recommended when using AVHRR to detect changes in near-infrared reflectance of vegetation (NIRv) trends and vegetation indices.
Beyond Charles Knight: Women paleoartists at the American Museum of Natural History in the early twentieth century
Authors: Reitmeyer Mai , Morgan Rebecca , Baione Tom 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
Under the direction of Henry Fairfield Osborn, Charles Knight helped shape popular images of the prehistoric past in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Although he was the most famous, Charles Knight was not the only paleoartist working at the American Museum of Natural History at this time. Behind the scenes, there were several women paleoartists who made significant contributions to museum displays and publications illustrating the prehistoric world. Often overlooked, this chapter highlights the contributions of Elisabeth Rungius Fulda, Helen Ziska, Lindsey Morris Sterling, and Margret Joy Flinsch Buba.