bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of Body Type Indicators of Adult Women Under the Influence of Aqua Fitness
Authors: Pirohova Karyna , Мyкytchyk Оlha , Afanasiev Sergiy , Omelchenko Olena , Sydorchuk Tetiana , Stepanova Iryna , Kosheleva Olena 
Published: June 2021

The study purpose was to determine the effectiveness of a differentiated approach to aqua fitness classes with women of the first period of adulthood.
Materials and methods. 30 adult women, whose average age was 30.57 years, took part in the study. The study was conducted during 2019-2020. Anthropometric measurements included body length, body weight, chest, shoulder, calf, thigh, waist, buttocks and wrist circumferences. To determine the overweight we calculated the body mass index. Measurements were taken at the end of each mesocycle of wellness training. Statistical analysis covered determination of mean, standard deviation, reliability of the differences (Wilcoxon signed-rank test).
Results. The effectiveness of a differentiated approach to aqua fitness classes was proven by improvement of women’s body type. By the end of the study, there were no women with obesity class II and underweight. The number of women with obesity class I decreased by 3.33%. The number of women with normal body weight increased by 13.37%.
Conclusions. The implementation of a differentiated approach to aqua fitness classes with adult women has significantly corrected their body proportions. This allows recommending a differentiated approach according to a body type to implement into aqua fitness classes.
Implementation of the OSTRC Handball Injury Prevention Exercises in Professional Handball
Authors: Al Attar Wesam Saleh A. , Al Masoudi Nawaf , Al Zubeadi Ali , Qasem Ahmed 
Published: June 2021

Purpose. The Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center (OSTRC) handball injury prevention exercise is an evidence-based injury prevention exercise designed to prevent handball injury. This study aimed to assess the implementation of the OSTRC handball injury prevention exercises among professional handball players in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries.
Materials and methods. A web-based survey to acquire information regarding the implementation of OSTRC handball injury prevention exercises was distributed to 267 professional handball players in six GCC countries.
Results. A total of 250 handball players from the GCC countries responded to the survey (response rate 93.6%). The mean (±SD (Standard Deviation)) of the total implementation score was 13 (±2.558), with no statistically significant difference between the GCC countries, with a P-value of 0.123. The highest mean score was shown from Bahrain at 13.60 (±2.614), while the lowest was from Qatar at 12.10 (±2.427).
Conclusions. A low implementation level of the OSTRC handball prevention exercises among the handball players in the GCC countries was reported in the current study.
The Effect of 10 Weeks Game Experience Learning (Gel) Based Training on Teamwork, Respect Attitude, Skill and Physical Ability in Young Football Players
Authors: Sulistiyono Sulistiyono , Akhiruyanto Andry , Primasoni Nawan , Arjuna Fatkurahman , Santoso Nurhadi , Yudhistira Dewangga 
Published: June 2021

This study aims to examine the effectiveness of the games experience learning-based training against teamwork, respect attitude, skills, and physical ability of young footballers. Materials and methods. Participants consisted of young male football players who had participated in matches at the district, provincial and national levels. The number of participants involved amounted to 46 divided into control and intervention groups of 23 parties each. Footballers aged 10-12 years old have a height of 140.98 ± 7.23 cm, an average body weight of 34.33 ± 8.64 kg. Instruments in this study consist of instruments to measure teamwork and respect attitude in the form of expert validated observation rubrics, passing, and dribbling skill tests, 30-meter sprints, vertical jumps, and multistage fitness tests to measure physical ability of speed, leg power, and aerobic endurance. Results. Descriptive data showed mean values and standard deviations of control and intervention groups there were differences, the intervention group had a mean value and better deviation standards, while the hypothesis test using the Mann-Whitney test obtained a teamwork attitude score of 0.039 <0.05; respect attitude of 0.009 <0.05; passing skills of 0.039 <0.05; dribbling skills of 0.000 <0.05; speed ability of 0.004 <0.05; leg power of 0.002 <0.05; Endurance of 0.020 <0.05. That from the significance value of the control and intervention group (p < 0.05) it can be concluded that the variables of teamwork, respect attitude, passing, dribbling, speed, power, and endurance on the posttest value are not the same and the average value of all variables descriptively the intervention group has a higher average value. Conclusions. There is a significant influence statistical analysis on teamwork, respect attitude, skill techniques, and physical ability for young football players thus training with the game experience learning model can be one solution to improve the performance of youth football.
Ray-synthetic seismograms forSHwaves in anelastic media
Authors: Krebes E. S. , Hron F. 
Published: June 2021

abstractThe linear theory of viscoelasticity is used to study the effects of anelasticity on SH body waves propagating through a layered medium. The mathematical properties of SH waves in a viscoelastic medium are outlined. Reflection and transmission coefficients for SH plane waves impinging upon a plane boundary separating two anelastic media are calculated and compared with the coefficients for the perfectly elastic case. Synthetic seismograms for teleseismic SH body waves are computed for a plane-layered crustal model in both the elastic and anelastic cases, using a ray theory approach.
A probability model for regional focal mechanism solutions
Authors: Brillinger D. R. , Udias A. , Bolt B. A. 
Published: June 2021

abstractThe increase in the number of determinations of fault-plane solutions and their use for inferences on regional and local tectonics and stress fields makes it advisable to treat them in a standard way in groups on a regional basis. Probability models for joint group estimation of the shear dislocations, involving data from I earthquakes and J observations of the same region, are presented. The general model gives the probability πij of reading a compression (Yij = 1) for the P wave from event i at station j as Prob { Y i j = 1 } = γ i + ( 1 − 2 γ i ) Φ ( ρ i A i j ) where γ and ρ are precision parameters and Φ is the normal cumulative.This probability depends on Aij (θ), the theoretical amplitudes from a particular orientation of the greatest and least axes of principal stress for the regional solution. Estimates of the principal stress axes T and P and their variances are computed by constructing a loss function based on the likelihood. The algorithm allows for the estimation of a mean regional solution and one for each event. A treatment of measures of fit and the winnowing of clusters of solutions is given. The resulting program has been applied to the determination of the regional solution and exceptional mechanisms for the main shock and 25 aftershocks of the great 1964 Alaskan earthquake and 19 small earthquakes in Bear Valley, California.
A semi-Markov model for characterizing recurrence of great earthquakes
Authors: Patwardhan Ashok S. , Kulkarni Ram B. , Tocher Don 
Published: June 2021

abstractA semi-Markov model estimating the waiting times and magnitudes of large earthquakes is proposed. The model defines a discrete-time, discrete-state process in which successive state occupancies are governed by the transition probabilities of the Markov process. The stay in any state is described by an integer-valued random variable that depends on the presently occupied state and the state to which the next transition is made. Basic parameters of the model are the transition probabilities for successive states, the holding time distribution, and the initial conditions (the magnitude of the most recent earthquake and the time elapsed since then).The model was tested by examining compatibility with historical seismicity data for large earthquakes in the circum-Pacific belt. The examination showed reasonable agreement between the calculated and actual waiting times and earthquake magnitudes. The proposed procedure provides a more consistent model of the physical process of gradual accumulation of strain and its intermittent, nonuniform release through large earthquakes and can be applied in the evaluation of seismic risk.
Preliminary body-wave analysis of the St. Elias, Alaska earthquake of February 28, 1979
Authors: Boatwright John 
Published: June 2021

abstract
Employing a new technique for the body-wave analysis of shallow-focus earthquakes, we have made a preliminary analysis of the St. Elias, Alaska earthquake of February 28, 1979, using five long-period P and S waves recorded at three WWSSN stations and at Palisades, New York. Using a well determined focal mechanism and an average source depth of ≈ 11 km, the interference of the depth phases (i.e., pP and sP, or sS) has been deconvolved from the recorded pulse shapes to obtain velocity and displacement pulse shapes as they would appear if the earthquake had occurred within an infinite medium. These “approximate whole space” pulse shapes indicate that the rupture contained three distinct subevents as well as a small initial event which preceded this subevent sequence by about 7 sec. From the pulse rise times of the subevents, their rupture lengths are estimated as 12, 27, and 17 km, assuming that the subevent rupture velocity was 3 km/sec. Overall, the earthquake ruptured ≈ 60 km to the southeast with an average rupture velocity of 2.2 km/sec. The cumulative body-wave moment for the whole event, 1.2 × 1027 dyne-cm, is substantially smaller than the surface-wave moments reported by Lahr et al. (1979) of 5 × 1027 dyne-cm. The moments of the subevents are estimated to be 0.6, 3.2, and 7.5 × 1026 dyne-cm, respectively.
Observations of the Coyote Lake, California earthquake sequence of August 6, 1979
Authors: Uhrhammer R. A. 
Published: June 2021

abstractAt 1705 UTC on August 6, 1979, a strong earthquake (ML = 5.9) occurred along the Calaveras fault zone south of Coyote Lake about 110 km southeast of San Francisco. This strong earthquake had an aftershock sequence of 31 events (2.4 ≦ ML ≦ 4.4) during August 1979. No foreshocks (ML ≧ 1.5) were observed in the 3 months prior to the main shock.The local magnitude (ML = 5.9) and the seismic moment (Mo = 6 × 1024 dyne-cm from the SH pulse) for the main shock were determined from the 100 × torsion and 3-component ultra-long period seismographs located at Berkeley. Local magnitudes are determined for the aftershocks from the maximum trace amplitudes on the Wood-Anderson torsion seismograms recorded at Berkeley (Δ ≊ 110 km).Temporal and spatial characteristics of the aftershock sequence are presented and discussed. Some key observations are: (1) the first six aftershocks (ML ≧ 2.4) proceed along the fault zone progressively to the south of the main shock; (2) all of the aftershocks (ML ≧ 2.4) to the south of the largest aftershock (ML = 4.4) have a different focal mechanism than the aftershocks to the north; (3) no aftershocks (ML ≧ 2.4) were observed significantly to the north of the main shock for the first 5 days of the sequence; and (4) the b-value (0.70 ± 0.17) for the aftershock sequence is not significantly different from the average b-value (0.88 ± 0.08) calculated for the Calaveras fault zone from 16 yr of data.
Expected earthquake magnitude from a fault
Authors: Singh S. K. , Bazan E. , Esteva L. 
Published: June 2021

abstractThe estimation of the most likely magnitude M of an earthquake related to a fault is often based on the regressional analysis of the data on M and associated length of the fault L. Recently, Wyss has cogently argued for the use of the area of the fault A rather than L. Based on published worldwide high quality data, we have carried out straight-line and quadratic regressions of M on A ignoring as well as considering the probable errors in the data. The quadratic regressional analysis with errors is based on an approximate theory. The estimates of the most likely magnitude obtained from the regressional analyses assuming reasonable errors in data and ignoring those errors are not significantly different.
Evaluation ofStoPamplitude rations for determining focal mechanisms from regional network observations
Authors: Kisslinger Carl 
Published: June 2021

abstractThe ratios of the amplitudes of SV to P, as recorded on vertical component seismographs near the earthquake, provide a means of determining the focal mechanism. The observed ratios are compared with values calculated on the basis of dislocation theory, with the effects of transmission across boundaries and incidence on the free surface approximately accounted for by plane-wave coefficients. A search is made for the strike and dip of the fault that provides a fit to as many of the stations as possible, for the direction of fault slip assumped. The direction of slip may also be treated as a free parameter to be determined, but the theoretical results are especially simple for pure strike-slip or pure dip-slip faulting. The technique has been applied to the analysis of events in three settings, in which pure thrusting, pure strike-slip, and pure normal faulting could be assumed. The utility and the limitations of the method are illustrated by these examples. The important limitations are that the method cannot distinguish between conjugate mechanisms or show the sense of slip on the fault. It also has a weak resolution of strike for some commonly occurring mechanisms, so that the solution may depend on the readings at only a few stations.The method has been used to pick out a group of foreshocks to an Aleutian Islands earthquake and to provide a focal mechanism for an event in the Rhine graben, at a place where such information is lacking and needed. A study of 15 central California earthquakes revealed no changes in fault plane orientation or in relative attenuation of P and S waves during 1 yr prior to a magnitude 5 earthquake.
Seismic activity on the southern Calaveras Fault in central California
Authors: Bakun William H. 
Published: June 2021

abstractCumulative seismic moment ΣM0 for earthquake on 50-km-long creeping section of the Calaveras Fault from near Mount Hamilton southeast to San Felipe Lake correlates with mapped fault-trace characteristics. In general, ΣM0 is lower at the left-stepping offset in the trace at the south end of Anderson Lake and along linear segments of the fault than near right-stepping offsets and bends in the trace and intersections of the Calaveras with other faults. Rupture expansion for the August 6, 1979 Coyote Lake sequence main shock, 10 km NNE of Gilroy, California, was unilateral to the southeast (Archuleta, 1979) away from the right-stepping offset in the fault trace near its epicenter. Rupture expansion for the two felt shocks (ML 4.2 and ML 3.9) on August 29, 1978 located 112 km apart near Halls Valley east of San Jose was unilateral for each away from the other, suggesting the existence of a rupture-expansion blocking discontinuity between them. The correlations of seismic activity and fault-trace characteristics are similar to those for shocks along the creeping section of the San Andreas Fault in central California and suggest that the specific “stuck” and “creeping” patch model of Bakun et al. (1980) developed for the San Andreas is applicable to the creeping Calaveras Fault as well.Cumulative seismic moment (January 1, 1969 to August 6, 1979) within the 16-km-long 1979 Coyote Lake sequence aftershock zone was less than that near the fault-trace discontinuities at its ends. Microearthquakes along the Calaveras Fault near the Coyote Lake aftershock zone increased before the sequence beginning with a cluster on June 22, 1978 near the southeast end of the aftershock zone. A similar seismicity pattern preceded the August 29, 1978 shocks and the ML 4.5 May 8, 1979 shock near Halls Valley.
Simulation of long-period, near-field motion for the great California earthquake of 1857
Authors: Bouchon Michel , Aki Keiiti 
Published: June 2021

abstractUsing the fault slip determined by Sieh (1978a), the great 1857 California earthquake is modeled as a propagating fault buried in a realistic medium consisting of a two-layer crust overlying the mantle. The computation is carried out by the discrete wavenumber representation method (Bouchon, 1979). The resulting motion is almost purely horizontal throughout central and southern California, and, at most of the locations, the direction of severe ground shaking is oriented NE-SW. In the Los Angeles area, the peak displacement is about 30 cm, and the duration of severe ground motion is about 75 sec. Since our model does not include the effect of incoherent rupture propagation, our estimate should be considered as a lower bound. The simulated seismic motions are presented in the form of three-dimensional snapshots as well as in the usual form of time series at selected locations. The resultant near-field seismograms show a great diversity in the characteristic of motion as pointed out for actual near-field accelerograms by Hudson (1976). Our simulated motions appear to be in harmony with the description of the effect of the 1857 earthquake by contemporary accounts compiled by Agnew and Sieh (1978).
The November 14 to December 25, 1979 Ghaenat earthquakes of northeast Iran and their tectonic implications
Authors: Haghipour A. , Amidi M. 
Published: June 2021

abstract
A series of shallow earthquakes occurred in northeast Iran starting on November 14, 1979. The sequence includes two destructive earthquakes which occurred on November 14 and 27. In both cases, ground rupture developed along capable faults through the bedrock and Quaternary deposits. The November 14 earthquake was associated with a 20-km N-S trending right-lateral faulting. The November 27 earthquake accompanied a 60-km E-W trending left-lateral fault rupture. Also, during the second earthquake, the northern end of the earlier rupture continued northeastward to align with the eastern end of the second rupture. The result of the fault displacements of both earthquakes is relative subsidence with northeastward/eastward motion of the southwestern block.
The earthquakes are located in the northeast corner of the Lut Block (an eastern fragment of central Iran) and included in the main structural zone of the Central Domain extended from Iran to Central Asia. The recent earthquakes are located in the highly seismic area of northeast Iran where the rate of seismicity has increased markedly in the past decade.
Based on structural considerations of earthquake data, the rupture types their recent migration of locations show that a recent relative eastward motion for east-central Iran blocks resulted from northeast compressional movements and shortening of the Iranian Plateau.
Rayleigh wave group velocity dispersion in the North and South Atlantic oceans
Authors: Christensen Douglas H. , Kimball Jeffrey K. , Mauk Frederick J. 
Published: June 2021

abstractGroup velocity dispersion characteristics of fundamental mode Rayleigh waves (T = 20 to 100 sec) in the North and South Atlantic oceans have been determined from moving window analyses of seismograms. The “mixed path” velocity data combined with oceanic age information for the North and South Atlantic were inverted to yield “pure path” dispersion characteristics for four sea-floor age divisions in the North Atlantic (0 to 23 m.y., 23 to 63 m.y., 63 to 100 m.y., and older than 100 m.y.), for three sea-floor age divisions in the South Atlantic (0 to 23 m.y., 23 to 63 m.y., and older than 63 m.y.), and for one nonoceanic division. Rayleigh wave group velocities were found to increase with increasing oceanic age as has been previously described for the Pacific. The velocities in the Atlantic Ocean basins were found to be 5 to 8 per cent faster than those for waves of corresponding periods in the Pacific Ocean basins. The distinct differences in velocities between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans provide additional evidence that the upper mantles of these two oceans are not identical.
An investigation of earthquakes in Koyna region, Maharashtra, for the period October 1973 through December 1976
Authors: Gupta Harsh K. , Rama Krishna Rao C. V. , Rastogi B. K. , Bhatia S. C. 
Published: June 2021

abstractTwelve earthquakes of Ms ≧ 4.0, their foreshocks and aftershocks, which occurred during the period October 1973 through December 1976 in the vicinity of the Koyna Dam, Maharashtra have been investigated using the seismograms from the Koyna seismic network, WWSSN seismic station at Poona (POO), and the NGRI seismic station (HYB) at Hyderabad. In all 71 hypocenters are located. Due to paucity/poor quality of data, the locations are mainly fair to poor in quality. Inferred focal depths are less than 15 km. These hypocenter locations indicate the possibility of the existence of a N-S trending fault at 73°45′E longitude. An empirical relation between signal duration (τ) and surface-wave magnitude (Ms), Ms = −2.44 + 2.61 log τ, is obtained for the region. This relation yields more reliable estimates of magnitudes. Composite focal mechanism solutions could be obtained for eight earthquakes with Ms ≧ 4. These solutions are mostly consistent with a N-S trending fault. Energy release patterns have been investigated for four sequences. A major portion of energy is released through the main shock.
The seismic response of sediment-filled valleys. Part 2. The case of incidentPandSVwaves
Authors: Bard Pierre-Yves , Bouchon Michel 
Published: June 2021

abstractWe present the extension to incident P and SV waves of our previous study (Bard and Bouchon, 1980) concerning the seismic response of sediment-filled bidimensional valleys to incident SH transient signals. The reliability of the Aki-Larner method is briefly discussed and the domain is estimated within which it provides accurate results. Then we investigate the response of three different valleys, having various geometrical and elastic parameters, to vertically incident P and SV waves, in both the frequency and time domains. The behavior of the valleys is shown to be qualitatively similar to their behavior for SH waves: the nonplanar interface causes surface waves (here Rayleigh waves) to be generated on valley edges, and to propagate laterally inside the basin. The amplitude of these Rayleigh waves depends greatly on the velocity contrast, the valley shape, and the incident wave type (P or SV), but it may be significantly higher than the disturbance associated with the direct incident signal. The frequency and direction of incident motion determine partly whether the fundamental or first higher mode will be predominantly excited, depending on the main component (vertical or horizontal) of the Rayleigh mode motion. Although the reflections of these Rayleigh waves on valley edges do not appear as clearly as in the SH case, a very long duration of the ground shaking inside the valley is still observed. In deep valleys, these laterally propagating Rayleigh waves may degenerate into a lateral resonance pattern, involving high-amplitude surface motion. These latter resonance modes, however, begin to appear in shallower valleys for incident SV waves than for incident P ones.