bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Should we be prepping the foot? Stockinette use and drape contamination during hip arthroplasty: An experimental study
Authors: Abbott Sarah , Naraen Akarshan , Rawaf David , Craik Johnathan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundMeticulous prepping and draping of the surgical field is paramount to reduce the risk of infection. A consistent technique for draping for hip arthroplasty is not well established. One technique for preparing the operative field utilises a sterile stockinette over an unprepped foot. This study aims to assess surgical site contamination when draping for hip arthroplasty without disinfecting the foot.MethodsUltraviolet (UV) fluorescent powder was used as a surrogate for microbial presence on the foot. Powder was applied to a volunteer's foot to a level where antibacterial prep would stop. The leg was then draped according to three methods; directly with stockinette only, wrapping the foot without using an adhesive seal followed by stockinette, and wrapping the foot with the adhesive seal followed by stockinette. Proximal spread of powder after draping was assessed with UV light.ResultsContamination of the sterile field was found with all draping methods. Spread was particularly noted in the groin, posterior to the thigh and distal to mid‐thigh. Wrapping the foot in a small drape without the adhesive seal prior to stockinette application was associated with significantly greater contamination when compared with use of the seal (p = 0.004).ConclusionRoutine formal prepping of the foot during hip arthroplasty is recommended to reduce the risk of surgical site contamination. Surgeons who select not to prep the foot should make use of a small drape with occlusive, adhesive seal prior to stockinette application and consider applying a further U drape to the hip.
Biomarkers of clinical severity in treated and untreated sickle cell disease: a comparison by genotypes of a single center cohort and African Americans in the NHANES study
Authors: Njoku Franklin , Zhang Xu , Shah Binal N. , Machado Roberto F. , Han Jin , Saraf Santosh L. , Gordeuk Victor R. 
Published: July 2021

SummaryHaemolysis and vaso‐occlusion underlie multi‐organ system complications in sickle cell disease (SCD). We assessed real‐world biomarkers in University of Illinois adult SCD patients, categorised as severe (HbSS/Sβ0‐thalassaemia; n = 342) or mild (HbSC/Sβ+‐thalassaemia; n = 100) genotypes and stratified according to treatment. African‐American controls from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were matched with each genotype category. Most measures of haemolysis, anaemia, inflammation and function of kidneys, liver and lungs differed markedly in untreated severe genotype patients compared to NHANES controls. These same biomarkers were significantly closer to the NHANES control range in untreated mild versus severe genotype patients, but they were not improved in severe genotype patients receiving treatment with hydroxycarbamide or blood transfusions, except that haemoglobin and HbF were higher with hydroxycarbamide. Systolic blood pressures did not differ among the SCD and NHANES groups, but diastolic pressures were higher in mild genotype patients. Ferritin in severe genotype patients on chronic transfusions was 50‐fold higher than NHANES controls. The cross‐sectional real‐world biomarkers of patients on hydroxycarbamide or transfusions were not markedly improved compared to untreated patients. This may be due partly to poor compliance or more severe disease. Our findings highlight the need for more effective treatments.
Patch test–relevant concentrations of metal salts cause localized cytotoxicity, including apoptosis, in skin ex vivo
Authors: Zhang Yan , de Graaf Niels P. J. , Veldhuizen Rosalien , Roffel Sanne , Spiekstra Sander W. , Rustemeyer Thomas , Kleverlaan Cees J. , Feilzer Albert J. , Bontkes Hetty , Deng Dongmei , Gibbs Susan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundMetal alloys containing contact sensitizers (nickel, palladium, titanium) are extensively used in medical devices, in particular dentistry and orthopaedic surgery. The skin patch test is used to test for metal allergy.ObjectiveTo determine whether metal salts, when applied to freshly excised skin at patch test–relevant concentrations and using a method which mimics skin patch testing, cause in changes in the epidermis and dermis.MethodsTissue histology, apoptosis, metabolic activity, and inflammatory cytokine release were determined for two nickel salts, two palladium salts, and four titanium salts.ResultsPatch test–relevant concentrations of all metal salts caused localized cytotoxicity. This was observed as epidermis separation at the basement membrane zone, formation of vacuoles, apoptotic nuclei, decreased metabolic activity, and (pro)inflammatory cytokine release. Nickel(II) sulfate hexahydrate, nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate, titanium(IV) bis(ammonium lactato)dihydroxide, and calcium titanate were highly cytotoxic. Palladium(II) chloride, sodium tetrachloropalladate(II), titanium(IV) isopropoxide, and titanium(IV) dioxide showed mild cytotoxicity.ConclusionThe patch test in itself may be damaging to the skin of the patient being tested. These results need further verification with biopsies obtained during clinical patch testing. The future challenge is to remain above the elicitation threshold at noncytotoxic metal concentrations.
Decadal changes in international advocacy toward the conservation of highly migratory fishes
Authors: Schiller Laurenne , Auld Graeme , Sinan Hussain , Bailey Megan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractHighly migratory fishes, such as tunas, present conservation challenges because their ranges span the high seas and jurisdictional waters of coastal states. Governments are mandated to manage tuna fisheries through Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs), so RFMO meetings have subsequently become one focal point for non‐governmental organizations (NGOs) seeking to influence the management process. Here we ask: how have the agendas of NGOs at RFMO meetings changed over time and where are they currently most effective at reforming tuna fisheries management? We systematically analyzed 216 advocacy statements submitted by NGO observers to RFMOs from 1999–2019 and interviewed 26 meeting attendees. We find that target tuna stock management measures accounted for over 20% of total advocacy over time and there has been a 26‐fold increase in calls for science‐based harvest strategies since 2010. We also find that 77% of policymakers were receptive to RFMO advocacy, but 57% of interviewees believe the most effective way to influence RFMO decisions was through engagement external to RFMO meetings. Relations between industry and environmental NGO observers are also improving due to sustainable seafood movement collaborations and we suggest these emerging cross‐sectoral partnerships could substantially improve the management of pelagic species if their efforts remain credible and transparent.
Diversity and biogeography of Mediterranean freshwater blennies (Blenniidae, Salaria)
Authors: Wagner Maximilian , Zogaris Stamatis , Berrebi Patrick , Freyhof Jörg , Koblmüller Stephan , Magnan Pierre , Laporte Martin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAimIn the Mediterranean biodiversity hotspot, freshwater fishes are key biogeographic indicators, while their habitats are vulnerable to ongoing anthropogenic pressures. The freshwater blenny is a widespread endemic taxon in this area. However, our understanding of the overall diversity of specific populations and their phylogenetic relationships is sparse. Thus, we aim to investigate the genetic diversity, infer relationships among sampled populations related to major palaeoenvironmental changes and suggest insights for future research and conservation targets.LocationMediterranean BasinMethodsWe studied 171 Salaria specimens from 51 rivers and lakes, and from 13 countries surrounding the Mediterranean Sea. For assessing the phylogenetic relationships among different locations, we used mtDNA d‐loop and intron S7 sequences. Furthermore, we inferred absolute divergence times and demographic changes using secondary calibrations and investigated the diversity within major lineages using haplotype networks and several geographical and genetic clustering methods.ResultsWe found eight well‐differentiated lineages, each of which being confined to a particular geographical region. The onset of the freshwater blenny radiation was dated around the Messinian salinity crisis. Further differentiation happened during the Plio‐ and Pleistocene with signatures of population expansion after the Last Glacial Maximum in some of the main lineages.Main conclusionsDue to their unusually widespread distribution, the freshwater blennies represent an excellent model for studying phylogeographic structure across the Mediterranean basin biodiversity hotspot. The extant diversity and distribution of the freshwater Salaria species mirrors palaeoenvironmental changes in the region, but there are still large gaps in knowledge, particularly in the Levant. Even though the main lineages described are statistically well supported, the phylogenetic relationship among several of them remains poorly resolved. Despite the fact that the most widespread species, S. fluviatilis, is not globally threatened, it harbours some distinct populations that are of conservation concern.
Modification of cardiovascular disease risk by health behaviour change following type 2 diabetes diagnosis
Authors: Estlin Annabel F. L. , Ahern Amy L. , Griffin Simon J. , Strelitz Jean 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAimsAmong adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D), unhealthy behaviours are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. To date, little research has considered whether healthy changes in behaviours following T2D diagnosis reduce CVD risk.MethodsA cohort of 867 adults with screen‐detected T2D, participating in the Anglo‐Danish‐Dutch Study of Intensive Treatment in People with Screen‐Detected Diabetes in Primary Care (ADDITION)‐Cambridge trial, were followed for 10 years for incidence of CVD events. Diet, alcohol consumption, moderate/vigorous physical activity and smoking were assessed by questionnaire at the time of T2D screening and 1 year later. We estimated associations between health behaviours and CVD using Cox regression. We assessed modification of the associations by behaviour change in the year following T2D diagnosis.ResultsSmoking [hazard ratio (HR): 1.73 (95% CI: 1.04, 2.87)] and high fat intake [HR: 1.70 (95% CI: 1.02, 2.85)] were associated with a higher hazard of CVD, while high plasma vitamin C [HR: 0.44 (95% CI: 0.22, 0.87)] and high fibre intake [HR: 0.60 (95% CI: 0.36, 0.99)] were associated with a lower hazard of CVD. Reduction in fat intake following T2D diagnosis modified associations with CVD. In particular, among those with the highest fat intake, decreasing intake attenuated the association with CVD [HR: 0.75 (95% CI: 0.36, 1.56)].ConclusionFollowing T2D diagnosis, decreasing fat intake was associated with lower long‐term CVD risk. This evidence may raise concerns about low‐carbohydrate, high‐fat diets to achieve weight loss following T2D diagnosis. Further research considering the sources of fat is needed to inform dietary recommendations.Trial registrationThis trial is registered as ISRCTN86769081. Retrospectively registered on 15 December 2006.
Trust‐based corruption networks: A comparative analysis of two municipal governments
Authors: Pérez‐Chiqués Elizabeth , Meza Oliver 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis article explores the role of trust in corrupt networks and networks that facilitate corruption. Specifically, we ask what is the role of particularized trust in the operation of systemic corruption? How is the basis of trust reflected in the logic of corruption and with which effects? Based on the analysis of 50 in‐depth interviews in two Mexican cities, we analyze two types of particularized trust that bind actors in informal networks: trust based on political affiliation and/or personal relationships and trust derived from complicity, or the co‐participation in illicit activities. Analysis suggests that the basis of trust and the dynamics that arise thereof have different effects on the functioning and stability of the informal networks and that these, in turn, reflect the informal governance systems in place. This article provides further empirical evidence to the central role that particularized trust plays in contexts of systemic corruption, highlighting the importance of understanding these dynamics for the design of anti‐corruption efforts.
Chasing dividends during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Eugster Nicolas , Ducret Romain , Isakov Dušan , Weisskopf Jean‐Philippe 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis paper investigates the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic on investors' trading behaviors around ex‐dividend dates in Europe. The sudden decrease in the number of companies paying dividends reduced the opportunities to capture dividends. Thus, the firms that maintained dividend payments during the pandemic attracted more interest than before. This led to a doubling in the magnitude of stock return patterns usually observed around ex‐dividend days. Our evidence indicates that dividend‐seeking investors are likely to be the main driver of the price patterns observed around ex‐dividend dates.
Species‐specific COI primers for rapid identification of Bemisia tabaci Mediterranean (MED) species
Authors: Song Xianmei , Wang Jirui , Wang Xinpu 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is a rapidly evolving species complex, and is small in size and difficult to identify quickly and accurately. For the accurate identification and effective prevention of this species, the specific PCR method based on the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase subunit I (mt DNA COI) gene was used in the present study to evaluate rapid molecular detection technological applications for Mediterranean (MED) species. The MED was targeted and whitefly species from different regions were used as references. Fragments of the mt DNA COI gene of the MED and other closely related species were amplified with universal primers. Species‐specific mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase subunit I (SS‐COI) primers BQLF/BQLR and BQJF/BQJR were designed from variable sites of MED and other whitefly species partial COI gene sequences. Subsequently, the lengths of target fragments were amplified by two pairs of SS‐COI primers. Meanwhile, the accuracy, specificity and sensitivity of SS‐COI primers were determined using various life stages of the MED and other related species collected from different locations. The primer pairs BQLF/BQLR and BQJF/BQJR generated 334 bp and 483 bp amplified fragment length respectively. Accuracy test results showed that primers can detect the MED single‐head adults and also accurately detect single‐egg and first instar, second instar and third instar nymphs, MED pupae, etc. Specific detection results demonstrated that the primers were able to amplify the MED but not the following species/populations: Middle East‐Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1), Asia I, Asia II 1, Asia II 6 and Asia II 7, Aleurocanthus spiniferus (Quaintanca), A. camelliae, Siphoninus phillyreae, Aleuroclava rhododendri, A. thysanospermi, Aleurolobus taonabae, Dialeurodes citri and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) in different areas. Sensitivity detection results showed that primers can detect the minimum threshold of 2,160 pg/μl and 1.38 pg/μl, respectively (equivalent to 1/1280 and 1/2000000 adult). This technique solves the problem that MED cannot be identified based on morphology. This method simultaneously adopted SS‐COI PCR technological applications that improved detection accuracy and saved detection time.
Parotocinclus jacksoni, a new hypoptopomatine catfish (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the Rio Mamanguape basin, north‐eastern Brazil
Authors: Ramos Telton P. A. , Lustosa‐Costa Silvia Y. , Barros‐Neto Luciano de F. , Barbosa José E. L. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA new species of Parotocinclus is described from the Rio Mamanguape basin, in the State of Paraíba, north‐eastern Brazil. The new species can be distinguished from all of its congeners, except for P. bahiensis, P. cesarpintoi, P. jumbo, P. nandae and P. spilosoma, by the presence of an abdomen covered by a few small and dispersed platelets (vs. an abdomen entirely covered by large plates in adult individuals or the absence of plates in that region). The new species differs from those mentioned above with respect to several features, such as an exposed pectoral girdle and supporting odontodes medially and laterally, the number of premaxillary and dentary teeth, odontodes covering only the lateral portion of the cleithrum and the absence of irregular golden lines on the head and body (colour in vivo). The new species was collected only in the upper and middle portions of the Rio Mamanguape basin, suggesting a geographic distribution restricted to the Caatinga biome.
Schindleria parva, a new species of Schindler's fish (Teleostei: Schindleriidae: Schindleria) from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Red Sea
Authors: Abu El‐Regal Mohamed A. , El‐Sherbiny Mohsen M. , Gabr Mohamed H. , Fricke Ronald 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSchindleria parva, a new species of the family Schindleriidae, is described from two specimens collected from the central Red Sea of Saudi Arabia. The new species is characterized by lack of pigmentation on the body, possession of an inconspicuous gas bladder and the presence of small teeth on the premaxillae. The holotype is a female of 11 mm standard length (SL) (11.9 mm total length) and the paratype is a male of 9 mm SL. Dorsal fin rays 10 (9) anal fin rays 9 (7). The body depth at pectoral‐fin origin 5% (4%) of SL, depth at anal‐fin origin 8% (7%) SL, predorsal length 63% (65%) SL, preanal length 72% (72%) SL, the first anal‐fin ray situated below the fourth dorsal‐fin ray), a total of 23 + 16 myomeres. The female contained a series of 30 rectangular eggs in a single row, whereas the male is characterized by a short rod‐like urogenital papilla. Species of the genus Schindleria are likely the smallest marine vertebrates on the planet and S. parva is likely the smallest Schindleria species in the Red Sea. The global diversity of Schindleria is likely underestimated due to the paedomorphic features of this genus. Its fast generation times make it a species‐rich genus of high turnover rates, thus potentially highly important for the trophic food webs of coral reefs. Thus, this finding advances knowledge on the biodiversity of the Red Sea, highlights its conservation significance, and contributes towards the understanding of the complexity of the coral‐reef fish community.
Increasing yield potential through manipulating of an ARE1 ortholog related to nitrogen use efficiency in wheat by CRISPR/Cas9
Authors: Zhang Jiahui , Zhang Huating , Li Shaoya , Li Jingying , Yan Lei , Xia Lanqin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a staple food crop consumed by more than 30% of world population. Nitrogen (N) fertilizer has been applied broadly in agriculture practice to improve wheat yield to meet the growing demands for food production. However, undue N fertilizer application and the low N use efficiency (NUE) of modern wheat varieties are aggravating environmental pollution and ecological deterioration. Under nitrogen‐limiting conditions, the rice (Oryza sativa) abnormal cytokinin response1 repressor1 (are1) mutant exhibits increased NUE, delayed senescence and consequently, increased grain yield. However, the function of ARE1 ortholog in wheat remains unknown. Here, we isolated and characterized three TaARE1 homoeologs from the elite Chinese winter wheat cultivar ZhengMai 7698. We then used CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated targeted mutagenesis to generate a series of transgene‐free mutant lines either with partial or triple‐null taare1 alleles. All transgene‐free mutant lines showed enhanced tolerance to N starvation, and showed delayed senescence and increased grain yield in field conditions. In particular, the AABBdd and aabbDD mutant lines exhibited delayed senescence and significantly increased grain yield without growth defects compared to the wild‐type control. Together, our results underscore the potential to manipulate ARE1 orthologs through gene editing for breeding of high‐yield wheat as well as other cereal crops with improved NUE.
Differences in citation proportions in CATA questions can be interpreted as differences perceived intensity of sensory attributes
Authors: Vidal Leticia , Ares Gastón , Jaeger Sara R. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractCATA (check‐all‐that‐apply) questions enjoy high popularity for sensory product characterization with consumers. Amidst extensive methodological characterization, the meaning of term citation frequency has received modest attention only, possibly hindering further uptake. The present research performed a more detailed exploration of the relationship between CATA responses and perceived intensity of sensory attributes. In addition, the following question was addressed: How many consumers are necessary to interpret differences in CATA citation proportions as a proxy of differences in perceived intensity? The present research includes new empirical data from four consumer studies conducted in New Zealand and China under central location test conditions and a re‐analysis of one consumer study. When dealing with samples with clear differences, the percentage of consumers selecting a sensory term for describing samples tended to be linearly correlated to average intensity ratings. A median of 15 consumers was needed for CATA to show good linear correlations with average intensity ratings, and the minimum number of consumers needed to reach the threshold for a good correlation was generally lower than 30.Practical ApplicationsResults add to existing guidelines and say that for sets of sample sets with at least moderate differences in a specific attribute, a minimum of 50 consumers is necessary to obtain reliable sensory characterizations using CATA questions and interpret differences in citation proportions as a proxy for differences in the perceived intensity of that attribute. However, practitioners should be aware of the limitations of CATA questions for measuring attribute intensity, such as studies involving complex terms or samples with subtle intensity differences.
Optimality justifications and the optimality principle: New tools for foundation‐theoretic epistemology
Authors: Schurz Gerhard 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe background of this paper (section 1) consists in a new account to foundation‐theoretic epistemology characterized by two features: (i) All beliefs are to be justified by deductive, inductive or abductive inferences from a minimalistic class of unproblematic (introspective or analytic) basic beliefs. (ii) Higher‐order justifications for these inferences are given by means of the novel method of optimality justifications. Optimality justifications are a new tool for epistemology (section 2). An optimality justification does not attempt todemonstratethat a cognitive method is reliable (which is impossible), but pursues the more modest goal of demonstrating that the method isoptimalamong all accessible alternative methods for the given epistemic goal. The reasoning from the established optimality of a method to the acceptability of a particular belief generated by the method is accomplished by so‐called optimality principles. In sections 3–5, the method of optimality justifications is carried out in detail for three fundamental problems: justifying induction, logic, and theory‐generating abduction.