bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Zwei auf einen Streich?
Authors: Roelle Julian , Nückles Matthias 
Published: October 2021

ZusammenfassungLernaufgaben, die Lernende zu Wissenskonstruktionsaktivitäten wie beispielsweise dem Organisieren und Elaborieren von Lerninhalten anregen, fördern das Verständnis. Hinsichtlich der Förderung des langfristigen Behaltens des erworbenen Wissens sind auf Konstruktion zielende Lernaufgaben jedoch nicht optimal – empirische Studien deuten an, dass bessere Konsolidierungseffekte mit Lernaufgaben zu erreichen sind, die Lernende zu Abrufübung anregen. Vor diesem Hintergrund sind in den letzten Jahren einige Bemühungen initiiert worden, Abrufübung und damit eine starke Konsolidierungsfunktion auch im Kontext von auf Konstruktion zielenden Lernaufgaben zu realisieren. Einer der in diesem Rahmen eingeschlagenen Wege ist es, auf Konstruktion zielende Lernaufgaben in einem sogenannten Closed-Book-Format zu implementieren, bei dem die Lernenden, während sie die Lernaufgaben bearbeiten, nicht mehr auf die zugrundeliegenden Lernmaterialien zugreifen können und entsprechend die zur Bearbeitung der Lernaufgaben benötigten Lerninhalte aus dem Gedächtnis abrufen müssen. Ein Closed-Book-Format von auf Konstruktion zielenden Lernaufgaben verspricht im Grunde also, dass zwei zentrale Lernaktivitäten (Wissenskonstruktion und Abrufübung) auf einen Streich, also mit einer Lernaufgabe angeregt werden. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird die Befundlage zu diesem Closed-Book-Format beleuchtet und es werden zentrale offene Fragen für die zukünftige Forschung zu diesem Format herausgearbeitet. Zudem wird diskutiert, welche Vorzüge und Nachteile ein Closed-Book-Format, bei dem Abrufübung und Wissenskonstruktion im Grunde simultan angeregt werden, gegenüber einer sequentiellen Anregung von Wissenskonstruktion und Abrufübung haben könnte.
Improvement of Working Conditions and Opinions of Mine Workers When Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) Are Used Instead of Diesel Machines — Results of Field Trial at the Kittilä Mine, Finland
Authors: Halim A. , Lööw J. , Johansson J. , Gustafsson J. , van Wageningen A. , Kocsis K. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractA major part of the European Union’s (EU) project Sustainable Intelligent Mining System (SIMS) is investigating the development of diesel-free/carbon–neutral underground mines in order to ensure sustainable underground mining in the future. Replacing diesel machines with electric vehicles in underground hard rock mines has been widely acknowledged by the mining industry worldwide as a critical step to improve working conditions by reducing diesel exhaust–related contaminants, to reduce mine ventilation electrical power cost by reducing mine airflow quantity, and to reduce mine greenhouse gas emissions. All of these are major requirements to achieve sustainable future underground mining practices. A field trial of Epiroc’s 2nd generation of Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) at Agnico Eagle Finland’s Kittilä mine was conducted during 2019–2020. Vehicles tested were MT42 mine truck, ST14 Load-Haul-Dump (LHD), and Boomer E2 jumbo drill rig. This paper outlines the improvement of the working conditions observed in the field trial, and the opinions of the mine personnel at Kittilä mine on using BEVs instead of diesel machines. Measurements of atmospheric contaminants and air temperatures taken during the field trial clearly demonstrated a significant improvement of working conditions when BEVs were operating as opposed to diesel machines. This field observation was supported by the opinion of the majority of the Kittilä mine workers. However, some remaining concerns must be addressed before BEVs can replace diesel machines.
Disruption, technology and the question of (artificial) identity
Authors: Babushkina Dina , Votsis Athanasios 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe current state of human–machine interaction has set forth a process of hybridization of human identity. Technology—and most notably AI—is used as an effective cognitive extender, which enables the extension of human personhood to include artificial elements, leading to the emergence of artificial identity. Discussing—and accommodating—anthropomorphization in human–machine interaction should no longer be the primary focus. Rather, the scope and quality of frameworks in which the hybridization of human identity occurs and evolves has significant ethical implications that pose very pragmatic challenges to users, the industry, and regulators. This paper puts forth a few main principles upon which such a discussion should evolve. We illustrate why disruptiveness can easily turn into human harm when the frameworks facilitating it overlook the human vulnerabilities that arise from hybrid identity, notably the asymmetric and asynchronous relationship between the human and artificial counterparts. Finally, we claim that these new types of vulnerabilities, to which a person is exposed due to the intimate degree of pairing with technology, justifies introducing and protecting artificial identity as well.
Dynamics of farm entry and exit in Canada
Authors: Chen Hongyu , Weersink Alfons , Beaulieu Martin , Lee Yu Na 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe dynamics of entry and exit are examined across different categories of farms depending on the timing of entry and/or exit through a detailed panel data set on Canadian agriculture. The decomposition highlights the differences in the groups of farms and provides information affecting entry and exit beyond what can be inferred from net exit numbers. While aggregate values show a gradual fall in farm numbers over time and suggest a sector in decline, the decomposition reveals that approximately one-third of farms in each census are new entrants but only half of these will be in operation by the time of the next census. The results of the analysis suggest that many of the factors that increase the probability of entry also increase the probability of exit; smaller operations, producing vegetable/horticulture goods, located in more densely populated regions, are more likely to enter the sector but also to leave farming. Multigeneration involvement and a possible succession plan also contribute to the longevity of the farm operation after it has been launched. The results also highlight the decline of the mid-size operations and the growing importance of large farms in the overall share of production.
Frommelt Attitude Toward Care of the Dying Scale Form B: Validation for Spanish health professionals
Authors: Herrero-Hahn Raquel , Román-Calderón Juan Pablo , Montoya-Juárez Rafael , Pérez-Cuervo Paola , García-Caro María Paz 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Objective
The aim of this study is to culturally adapt and validate the Frommelt Attitude Toward Care of the Dying Scale Form B (FATCOD-B) in Spanish health professionals.

Method
A cultural adaptation and scale validation was carried out to evaluate the validity of appearance, content and construct, reliability and feasibility. The psychometric validation of the FATCOD-B was carried out on a sample of 2,446 Spanish physicians, nurses, psychologists, and social workers and students of these disciplines, between January 2017 and December 2018. This sample was selected by intentional sampling. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the sample. An exploratory multi-group factor analysis was performed, internal consistency was evaluated by calculating Cronbach's α and stability by test–retest.

Results
A total of 2,446 people participated in the study, 1,134 students and 1,312 professionals. The exploratory multi-group factor analysis revealed a two-dimensional factor structure, with a total of 17 items retained in the model from the 30 of the original scale. The results showed that this version has adequate reliability (α = 0.79) and for each subscale, and stability (ICC = 0.843, p < 0.001).

Significance of results
FATCOD has been used with physicians and nurses from different countries. However, no reports have been found in the literature of its use with psychologists and social workers. It is important to have an instrument that allows us to know the attitudes of these professionals since they are all directly involved in the care of patients at the end of their lives and their families. The Spanish version of FATCOD-B has proven to be a reliable and valid instrument for its use in Spanish health professionals while allowing comparisons between disciplines.
Statistics on Jupiter’s Current Sheet With Juno Data: Geometry, Magnetic Fields and Energetic Particles
Authors: Liu Z.‐Y. , Zong Q.‐G. , Blanc M. , Sun Y.‐X. , Zhao J.‐T. , Hao Y.‐X. , Mauk B. H. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractJupiter’s magnetosphere contains a current sheet of huge size near its equator. The current sheet not only mediates the global mass and energy cycles of Jupiter’s magnetosphere, but also provides a site for many localized dynamic processes, such as reconnection and wave‐particle interaction. To correctly evaluate its role in these processes, a statistical description of the current sheet is required. To this end, here we conduct statistics on Jupiter’s current sheet, by using four‐year Juno data obtained in the 20–100 Jupiter radius, 0–6 local time magnetosphere. The statistics show the thickness of the current sheet is comparable with the gyro‐radius of ions dominating the plasma pressure. Magnetic fields in the current sheet decrease in power‐law with increasing radial distances. At given energy, the flux of energetic electrons and protons increases with decreasing radial distances. On the other hand, at given radial distances, the flux decreases in power‐law with increasing energy. The flux also varies with the distances to the current sheet center. The corresponding relationship can be described by a Gaussian function peaking at the current sheet center. In addition, the statistics show the flux of oxygen‐ and sulfur‐group ions is comparable with the flux of protons at the same energy and radial distances, indicating the non‐negligible role of heavy ions in the current sheet dynamics. From these results, a statistical model is constructed, providing us with a starting point of understanding the dynamics of the whole Jupiter’s magnetosphere.
Assessment of Storm‐Scale Real Time Assimilation of GOES‐16 GLM Lightning‐Derived Water Vapor Mass on Short Term Precipitation Forecasts During the 2020 Spring Forecast Experiment
Authors: Hu Junjun , Fierro Alexandre O. , Wang Yunheng , Gao Jidong , Clark Adam J. , Jirak Israel L. , Mansell Edward R. , Roberts Brett , James Eric P. , Hu Ming 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis study assesses the impact of assimilating pseudo‐observations for water vapor mass derived from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites GOES‐16 lightning data on short‐term quantitative precipitation forecasts (QPFs) over the contiguous United States (CONUS), with an emphasis given to regions characterized by an overall poor radar coverage. The GOES‐16/17 provide nearly uniform and high temporal resolution total lightning observations over most of the Americas. To leverage this information for convective scale weather forecasts, a three‐dimensional variational data assimilation (DA) package developed by the National Severe Storm Laboratory was employed to assimilate these data. To mimic operational settings, the Weather Research and Forecasting Model configuration used in NOAA Global Systems Laboratory's High‐Resolution Rapid Refresh Model version 4 was utilized. During the 2020 NOAA Hazardous Weather Testbed Spring Forecasting Experiment, four experiments were run in real time during a 29‐day period over CONUS and surrounding territories to assess the added value of GOES‐16 lightning over conventional radar data. Overall, the lightning DA (LDA) showed benefit in improving QPFs up to 6 hr, with the best improvements seen during the first 3 hr. Owing to notably larger lightning activity over the eastern CONUS, the most noticeable impacts from the LDA were seen there. Case‐by‐case analysis revealed that positive impacts from the LDA were seen over areas characterized by both good (eastern two thirds of CONUS) and poor radar coverage (western one third of CONUS). Highlighting the inherent difficulties in developing an optimal observation operator based on moisture for LDA applications, the GLM‐based DA experiments systematically overestimated rainfall over the eastern two thirds of CONUS while underestimating it over the western one third of CONUS.
Numerical Simulation of Dust Lifting Within a Steady State Dust Devil
Authors: Sheel Varun , Uttam Shefali , Mishra S. K. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractOn Mars, dust devils play an important role in injecting dust grains into the atmosphere. The exact amount that they contribute to the dust budget of the atmosphere is yet not clearly known. In this study, we model the spatial distribution of dust concentration within a steady state Martian dust devil for the first time. We numerically solve the equations of motion for dust particles to determine their velocity inside a dust devil, 10 m wide and 1,000 m tall, and consequently determine the dust loading using the continuity equation. We consider an initial wind profile, which is dependent on the circulation strength of the vortex (Γ) and viscosity of the air (ν). Our simulations indicate a maximum concentration of ∼1,400 cm−3 near the surface and at the boundary of the vortex. The larger size particles are lifted to lower heights. The radial and tangential particle velocities peak at ∼60 m, while the vertical velocity peaks at ∼100 m. A higher circulation strength (Γ), leads to a higher loading of dust, whereas a change in the air viscosity (ν) does not have a significant effect on the dust loading inside the steady state dust devil. From the simulated dust distribution in our vortex, the estimations of a dust flux of ∼5 × 10−5 kgm−2s−1, a total optical depth of 0.2 and a near‐surface heating rate of , are consistent with observations. Our calculations can provide useful inputs to study the effect of dust devils on boundary layer processes.
Experimental Soil Warming and Permafrost Thaw Increase CH4 Emissions in an Upland Tundra Ecosystem
Authors: Taylor M. A. , Celis G. , Ledman J. D. , Mauritz M. , Natali S. M. , Pegoraro E.‐F. , Schädel C. , Schuur E. A. G. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractRapid Arctic warming is causing permafrost to thaw and exposing large quantities of soil organic carbon (C) to potential decomposition. In dry upland tundra systems, subsidence from thawing permafrost can increase surface soil moisture resulting in higher methane (CH4) emissions from newly waterlogged soils. The proportion of C released as carbon dioxide (CO2) and CH4 remains uncertain as previously dry landscapes transition to a thawed state, resulting in both wetter and drier microsites. To address how thaw and moisture interact to affect total C emissions, we measured CH4 and CO2 emissions from paired chambers across thaw and moisture gradients created by nine years of experimental soil warming in interior Alaska. Cumulative growing season (May–September) CH4 emissions were elevated at both wetter (216.1–1,099.4 mg CH4‐C m−2) and drier (129.7–392.3 mg CH4‐C m−2) deeply thawed microsites relative to shallow thaw (55.6–215.7 mg CH4‐C m−2) and increased with higher deep soil temperatures and permafrost thaw depth. Interannual variability in CH4 emissions was driven by wet conditions in graminoid‐dominated plots that generated >70% of emissions in a wet year. Shoulder season emissions were equivalent to growing season CH4 emissions rates in the deeply thawed, warmed soils, highlighting the importance of non‐growing season CH4 emissions. Net C sink potential was reduced in deeply thawed wet plots by 4%–42%, and by 3.5%–8% in deeply thawed drier plots due to anaerobic respiration, suggesting that some dry upland tundra landscapes may transition into stronger CH4 sources in a warming Arctic.
Altered functional brain dynamics in chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome during facial affect processing
Authors: Cornblath Eli J. , Mahadevan Arun , He Xiaosong , Ruparel Kosha , Lydon-Staley David M. , Moore Tyler M. , Gur Ruben C. , Zackai Elaine H. , Emanuel Beverly , McDonald-McGinn Donna M. , Wolf Daniel H. , Satterthwaite Theodore D. , Roalf David R. , Gur Raquel E. , Bassett Dani S. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractChromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is a multisystem disorder associated with multiple congenital anomalies, variable medical features, and neurodevelopmental differences resulting in diverse psychiatric phenotypes, including marked deficits in facial memory and social cognition. Neuroimaging in individuals with 22q11.2DS has revealed differences relative to matched controls in BOLD fMRI activation during facial affect processing tasks. However, time-varying interactions between brain areas during facial affect processing have not yet been studied with BOLD fMRI in 22q11.2DS. We applied constrained principal component analysis to identify temporally overlapping brain activation patterns from BOLD fMRI data acquired during an emotion identification task from 58 individuals with 22q11.2DS and 58 age-, race-, and sex-matched healthy controls. Delayed frontal-motor feedback signals were diminished in individuals with 22q11.2DS, as were delayed emotional memory signals engaging amygdala, hippocampus, and entorhinal cortex. Early task-related engagement of motor and visual cortices and salience-related insular activation were relatively preserved in 22q11.2DS. Insular activation was associated with task performance within the 22q11.2DS sample. Differences in cortical surface area, but not cortical thickness, showed spatial alignment with an activation pattern associated with face processing. These findings suggest that relative to matched controls, primary visual processing and insular function are relatively intact in individuals with 22q11.22DS, while motor feedback, face processing, and emotional memory processes are more affected. Such insights may help inform potential interventional targets and enhance the specificity of neuroimaging indices of cognitive dysfunction in 22q11.2DS.
Polygenic scores: prediction versus explanation
Authors: Plomin Robert , von Stumm Sophie 
Published: October 2021

AbstractDuring the past decade, polygenic scores have become a fast-growing area of research in the behavioural sciences. The ability to directly assess people’s genetic propensities has transformed research by making it possible to add genetic predictors of traits to any study. The value of polygenic scores in the behavioural sciences rests on using inherited DNA differences to predict, from birth, common disorders and complex traits in unrelated individuals in the population. This predictive power of polygenic scores does not require knowing anything about the processes that lie between genes and behaviour. It also does not mandate disentangling the extent to which the prediction is due to assortative mating, genotype–environment correlation, or even population stratification. Although bottom-up explanation from genes to brain to behaviour will remain the long-term goal of the behavioural sciences, prediction is also a worthy achievement because it has immediate practical utility for identifying individuals at risk and is the necessary first step towards explanation. A high priority for research must be to increase the predictive power of polygenic scores to be able to use them as an early warning system to prevent problems.
A proposed redesign of elective cataract services in Scotland – pilot project
Authors: Dhillon Niku , Ghazal Dina , Harcourt Jane , Kumarasamy Manjula 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background
The demand for cataract surgery is expected to increase by 25% in the next 10 years as the result of our ageing population. A new pathway is being proposed to improve efficiency by utilising the new General Ophthalmic Services code 2.9 for community optometrists in Scotland for Cataract Referral Refinement and Consenting process. A pilot project has been undertaken at NHS Grampian enabling patients to be assessed and undergo surgery at a single visit to the Eye Outpatient Department.

Objectives
To determine the suitability of community cataract referrals for a one stop cataract surgery service and target areas for referral refinement.

Methods
300 consecutive cataract referrals were assessed for suitability for one stop cataract surgery, determined by the documentation of pertinent clinical findings. All suitable referrals were offered a telephone consultation to confirm suitability and those patients were subsequently offered on the day cataract surgery. A telephone led patient satisfaction survey was then completed.

Results
71 (24%) suitable patients were identified from vetting 300 referrals. 54 patients from this group were selected for one-stop service following telephone consultation. 51 patients subsequently attended for surgery. There was a 100% conversion rate to same day surgery and no intraoperative complications reported.

Conclusion
The waiting time was significantly reduced, by 30 weeks, for one-stop patients. Approximately one quarter of referrals were deemed suitable for a one-stop service. Many more patients may have been suitable for same day surgery but there was not sufficient information in their referrals to determine their suitability.
Decreased enrollment in breast cancer trials by histologic subtype: does invasive lobular carcinoma resist RECIST?
Authors: Abel Mary Kathryn , Melisko Michelle E. , Rugo Hope S. , Chien A. Jo , Diaz Italia , Levine Julia K. , Griffin Ann , McGuire Joseph , Esserman Laura J. , Borno Hala T. , Mukhtar Rita A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractEnrollment in metastatic breast cancer trials usually requires measurable lesions, but patients with invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) tend to form diffuse disease. We found that the proportion of patients with metastatic ILC enrolled in clinical trials at our institution was significantly lower than that of patients with invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). Possible links between requiring measurable disease and decreased enrollment of ILC patients require further study to ensure equitable trial access.
Resistance of SARS-CoV-2 variants to neutralization by convalescent plasma from early COVID-19 outbreak in Singapore
Authors: Wang Bei , Goh Yun Shan , Prince Tessa , Ngoh Eve Zi Xian , Salleh Siti Nazihah Mohd , Hor Pei Xiang , Loh Chiew Yee , Fong Siew Wai , Hartley Catherine , Tan Seow-Yen , Young Barnaby Edward , Leo Yee-Sin , Lye David C. , Maurer-Stroh Sebastian , Ng Lisa F. P. , Hiscox Julian A. , Renia Laurent , Wang Cheng-I 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe rapid spreading of SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.1.7 originated from the United Kingdom and B.1.351 from South Africa has contributed to the second wave of COVID-19 cases in the respective countries and also around the world. In this study, we employed advanced biochemical and virological methodologies to evaluate the impact of Spike mutations of these strains on the degree of protection afforded by humoral immune responses following natural infection of the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 strain during the early stages of the outbreak. We found that antibody-mediated neutralization activity was partially reduced for B.1.1.7 variant and significantly attenuated for the B.1.351 strain. We also found that mutations outside the receptor-binding domain (RBD) can strongly influence antibody binding and neutralization, cautioning the use of solely RBD mutations in evaluating vaccine efficacy. These findings highlight an urgent need to develop new SARS-CoV-2 vaccines that are not based exclusively on the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 Spike gene sequence.