bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phenotypic effects of changes in the FTVTxK region of an Arabidopsis secondary wall cellulose synthase compared with results from analogous mutations in other isoforms
Authors: Burris Jason N. , Makarem Mohamadamin , Slabaugh Erin , Chaves Arielle , Pierce Ethan T. , Lee Jongcheol , Kiemle Sarah N. , Kwansa Albert L. , Singh Abhishek , Yingling Yaroslava G. , Roberts Alison W. , Kim Seong H. , Haigler Candace H. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractUnderstanding protein structure and function relationships in cellulose synthase (CesA), including divergent isomers, is an important goal. Here, we report results from mutant complementation assays that tested the ability of sequence variants of AtCesA7, a secondary wall CesA of Arabidopsis thaliana, to rescue the collapsed vessels, short stems, and low cellulose content of the irx3‐1 AtCesA7 null mutant. We tested a catalytic null mutation and seven missense or small domain changes in and near the AtCesA7 FTVTSK motif, which lies near the catalytic domain and may, analogously to bacterial CesA, exist within a substrate “gating loop.” A low‐to‐high gradient of rescue occurred, and even inactive AtCesA7 had a small positive effect on stem cellulose content but not stem elongation. Overall, secondary wall cellulose content and stem length were moderately correlated, but the results were consistent with threshold amounts of cellulose supporting particular developmental processes. Vibrational sum frequency generation microscopy allowed tissue‐specific analysis of cellulose content in stem xylem and interfascicular fibers, revealing subtle differences between selected genotypes that correlated with the extent of rescue of the collapsing xylem phenotype. Similar tests on PpCesA5 from the moss Physcomitrium (formerly Physcomitrella) patens helped us to synergize the AtCesA7 results with prior results on AtCesA1 and PpCesA5. The cumulative results show that the FTVTxK region is important for the function of an angiosperm secondary wall CesA as well as widely divergent primary wall CesAs, while differences in complementation results between isomers may reflect functional differences that can be explored in further work.
Advancing multimedia learning for science: Comparing the effect of virtual versus physical models on student learning about stereochemistry
Authors: Casselman Matthew D. , Eichler Jack F. , Atit Kinnari 
Published: August 2021

AbstractEmbodied learning tools (ELTs), such as building and manipulating models, bolster students’ learning of spatially demanding science content, such as stereochemistry. However, studies comparing the effectiveness of virtual to physical ELTs on student learning are limited. This study compares online instruction using a virtual ELT, virtual models, to a physical ELT, physical models, on organic chemistry students' stereochemistry understanding. Furthermore, it identifies which tool promotes the transfer and application of spatial science content to higher order concepts, such as reaction mechanisms. Lastly, the role of students' spatial skills is considered. To assess the magnitude of the effect of each tool, two control groups were included, a text‐based instruction and a no instruction group. Results revealed that the physical model group showed greater stereochemistry understanding compared to the no instruction group, while there was no difference between the virtual model and the no instruction groups. When asked to apply their knowledge to reasoning about reaction mechanisms, the physical model group outperformed the virtual model group and both control groups. Students' spatial skills did not influence their understanding of either concept in any learning condition. These results suggest that regardless of spatial skills, physical ELTs may provide the necessary scaffolding for students to learn spatially demanding science content, whereas virtual ELTs are no more effective than receiving no formal instruction. Furthermore, physical ELTs may be more effective than virtual ELTs in facilitating the application of that knowledge to more complex concepts. These findings have broad implications for online science pedagogy.
A new unenlagiine (Theropoda, Dromaeosauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous of Brazil
Authors: Brum Arthur S. , Pêgas Rodrigo V. , Bandeira Kamila L. N. , Souza Lucy G. , Campos Diogenes A. , Kellner Alexander W. A. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe record of unenlagiines in Brazil, except for one dorsal vertebra, is still under debate based on isolated teeth. Here, we describeYpupiara lopaigen. et sp. nov., the first dromaeosaurid species from Brazil, from the Maastrichtian of the Bauru Group, Paraná Basin. The specimen consists of a partial right maxilla (with three teethin loci) and a right dentary.Ypupiarais characterized by a restricted number of neurovascular foramina on the lateral surface of the maxilla, a rectangular and anteroposteriorly expanded interdental plate, and a labiolingual compression of the teeth, which have a labiolingual diameter more than 3/5 of the rostrocaudal diameter. Our phylogenetic analysis recoversYpupiaraas an unenlagiine based on the fluted teeth and places it as the sister taxon ofAustroraptordue to the ratio of the labiolingual and mesiodistal diameters of the teeth being more than 3/5. We also erect the new group Unenlagiinia, which includes Unenlagiinae and Halszkaraptorinae.Ypupiaranests within Unenlagiinia based on the widely spaced teeth and the lack of mesial and distal carinae in the maxillary teeth. The morphology of the teeth is similar toBuitreraptor, although the proportions are markedly distinct. The teeth and comparisons with other Unenlagiinia also support fish being part of the diet forYpupiara. We also performed a parsimony analysis of endemicity, which suggested that the presence of unenlagiines in Brazilian Upper Cretaceous outcrops is explained by dispersion or extinction events. The new species provides new information on the evolution of Gondwanan dromaeosaurids, and its preserved teeth provide new data to enable the assignment of isolated dromaeosaurid teeth from the Bauru Group.
American Classified Paper of 1988 and the Case of Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict
Authors: Lambert Michael 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn 1988, the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) declassified a research paper with the title, “Unrest in the Caucasus and the challenge of Nationalism” on the Nagorno-Karabakh autonomous oblast time when the conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan was emerging. It lasted until 1994.
Peacebuilding in the OSCE Region—An Analysis of the Juxtaposition Between the Conflict Prevention Center with the United Nations Peacebuilding Fund
Authors: Vieira Maurício 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis chapter introduces the perspective on juxtaposition to explain how different international organizations cooperate through similar structural departments. Juxtaposition is presented based on an analysis of a relationship between the United Nations (UN) Peacebuilding Fund (PBF) with the Conflict Prevention Center (CPC) of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) with regard to how these respective institutional departments deal with their own notion on peacebuilding. Through a qualitative analysis on both the PBF and CPC, juxtaposition enables our comprehension to identify peacebuilding dynamics in both organizations and how the UN and the OSCE collectively design strategies aiming peace.
OSCE Special Monitoring in Ukraine
Authors: Oberson Frederic 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe OSCE Special Monitoring Mission (SMM) to Eastern Ukraine (Donbas) offers an interesting case study of what international organizations do during a war. The current conflict is tricky and multilayered. The SMM is the only international observing mission deployed permanently in this war zone, but thus far has received little academic scrutiny. Daily reports are published online so that anyone can be part of the observation process and a witness to what is going on in Donbas. But does the mission contribute to a “revival” of the OSCE? Is it an adequate, accurate, and objective monitoring tool? Is it helping to improve the situation in the field and to make life easier for the population? Finally, should the SMM to Ukraine be modified, replaced by another type of mission, or assisted in some way? In answering these questions, the chapter also considers the future of such missions in the context of the current crisis in Nagorno-Karabakh.
China’s Emerging Political and Economic Dominance in the OSCE Region
Authors: Marat Uraimov 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe presence of China in the OSCE region is becoming resilient, particularly after Beijing began providing infrastructural loans to OSCE states. The size of the issued infrastructural loans in less developed economies is disproportionate to national economies, resulting in the borrowing countries becoming incapable of paying back the loans. In this chapter, I argue that China’s practices of infrastructural loans and China’s overall standing on minority issues and democratization contradicts the OSCE core principles and undermines OSCE integrity. To illustrate this, I use, first, the example of the promotion of non-democratic practices through non-transparent procurement, surveillance of civilians, and supply of police hardware for suppression and control of political dissidents (based on evidence from Eastern and Central Europe, and Central Asia) and, for the second example, I illustrate the violation of minority rights in re-education camps in the Xinjiang region (based on political and civic reaction from Central Asia), which Chinese authorities call “Vocational Education and Training Centers.” The first example helps to analyze how Chinese foreign loans contradict the democratic commitments of the borrowing countries. Chinese infrastructural loans promote non-democratic practices in borrowing countries through unfair, non-transparent procurement in infrastructural development projects. The Chinese side also provides surveillance systems and anti-protest police vehicles and ammunition which help to undermine individual rights and freedoms. The second example helps to analyze the reaction of Central Asian Muslim countries toward China’s treatment of kin-groups, namely the lack of critical reaction of CA states despite their OSCE-membership and commitment toward promotion of individual rights and freedoms (including freedom of faith). China has been providing infrastructural loans to most OSCE member states over the past two decades; and these member states have not officially responded to Chinese treatment of their own kin-groups, such as Kazakh, Kyrgyz, and Uyghur minorities—according to the OSCE core principles on minority rights. The OSCE core principles are categorized under the “human dimension” to ensure OSCE states’ “respect for individual rights and fundamental freedoms” and their commitment to “abide by the rule of law; promote principles of democracy; strengthen and protect democratic institutions” Yamamoto (2015). Most likely if there were no infrastructural loans from China, the OSCE countries under analysis would respond to Chinese domestic policy toward ethnic minorities critically. Most likely, by providing surveillance and police machinery, China tends to support the existing political regimes in borrowing countries and, by its non-transparent procurement, it does not encourage enforcement of laws.
Komar integrals for theories of higher order in the Riemann curvature and black-hole chemistry
Authors: Ortín Tomás 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe construct Komar-type integrals for theories of gravity of higher order in the Riemann curvature coupled to simple kinds of matter (scalar and vector fields) and we use them to compute Smarr formulae for black-hole solutions in those theories. The equivalence betweenf(R) and Brans-Dicke theories is used to argue that the dimensionful parameters that appear in scalar potentials must be interpreted as thermodynamical variables (pressures) and we give a general expression for their conjugate potentials (volumes).
Types of deviation and review criteria in pretreatment central quality control of tumor bed boost in medulloblastoma—an analysis of the German Radiotherapy Quality Control Panel in the SIOP PNET5 MB trial
Authors: Dietzsch Stefan , Braesigk Annett , Seidel Clemens , Remmele Julia , Kitzing Ralf , Schlender Tina , Mynarek Martin , Geismar Dirk , Jablonska Karolina , Schwarz Rudolf , Pazos Montserrat , Weber Damien C. , Frick Silke , Gurtner Kristin , Matuschek Christiane , Harrabi Semi Ben , Glück Albrecht , Lewitzki Victor , Dieckmann Karin , Benesch Martin , Gerber Nicolas U. , Obrecht Denise , Rutkowski Stefan , Timmermann Beate , Kortmann Rolf-Dieter 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Purpose
In Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, pretreatment radiotherapy quality control (RT-QC) for tumor bed boost (TB) in non-metastatic medulloblastoma (MB) was not mandatory but was recommended for patients enrolled in the SIOP PNET5 MB trial between 2014 and 2018. This individual case review (ICR) analysis aimed to evaluate types of deviations in the initial plan proposals and develop uniform review criteria for TB boost.

Patients and methods
A total of 78 patients were registered in this trial, of whom a subgroup of 65 patients were available for evaluation of the TB treatment plans. Dose uniformity was evaluated according to the definitions of the protocol. Additional RT-QC criteria for standardized review of target contours were elaborated and data evaluated accordingly.

Results
Of 65 initial TB plan proposals, 27 (41.5%) revealed deviations of target volume delineation. Deviations according to the dose uniformity criteria were present in 14 (21.5%) TB plans. In 25 (38.5%) cases a modification of the RT plan was recommended. Rejection of the TB plans was rather related to unacceptable target volume delineation than to insufficient dose uniformity.

Conclusion
In this analysis of pretreatment RT-QC, protocol deviations were present in a high proportion of initial TB plan proposals. These findings emphasize the importance of pretreatment RT-QC in clinical trials for MB. Based on these data, a proposal for RT-QC criteria for tumor bed boost in non-metastatic MB was developed.
Praxis der medikamentösen Thromboseprophylaxe und Antikoagulation bei Patienten mit Sepsis und vorbestehender Antikoagulation oder Heparin-induzierter Thrombozytopenie Typ II – Ergebnisse einer deutschlandweiten Umfrage auf Intensivstationen
Authors: Schmoch Thomas , Brenner Thorsten , Becker-Pennrich Andrea , Hinske Ludwig Christian , Weigand Markus A. , Briegel Josef , Möhnle Patrick ,   SepNet Study Group
Published: August 2021

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Sowohl eine vorbestehende Antikoagulation als auch prädisponierende Vorerkrankungen für Thromboembolien stellen ein häufiges Problem bei Patienten mit Sepsis dar, wenngleich der Umgang mit diesen Rahmenbedingungen von den aktuellen nationalen und internationalen Leitlinien für Sepsis und septischen Schock nicht adressiert wird. Ein Ziel der hier vorliegenden deutschlandweiten Umfrage war es, den Umgang von Intensivmedizinern mit derartigen Problemen zu eruieren.

Methoden
Von Oktober 2019 bis Mai 2020 führten wir eine deutschlandweite Umfrage unter ärztlichen Leitern von Intensivstationen zum Thema Antikoagulation und medikamentöser Thromboseprophylaxe bei Sepsis und Sepsis-induzierter Koagulopathie durch. Ein Fokus war hierbei, das Vorgehen bei Patienten mit vorbestehender Indikation zur therapeutischen Antikoagulation sowie bei vorbekannter Heparin-induzierter Thrombopenie Typ II (HIT-II) (akut-symptomatisch vs. Jahre zurückliegend) zu eruieren.

Ergebnisse
Die Umfrageergebnisse zeigen, dass auf den meisten der teilnehmenden Intensivstationen eine vorbestehende Antikoagulation größtenteils mit niedermolekularen Heparinpräparaten oder unfraktioniertem Heparin fortgeführt wird. Bei bekannter HIT-II wird Argatroban bevorzugt, unabhängig davon, ob es sich um eine Jahre zurückliegende oder eine akut-symptomatische HIT-II handelt. Eine hohe Variabilität besteht bei der Festlegung der Zielwerte für die Antikoagulation, wobei diese größtenteils deutlich über dem Bereich einer reinen venösen Thromboembolie(VTE)-Prophylaxe zu liegen kommen.

Schlussfolgerung
Die Datenlage zur Fortführung einer über die reine VTE-Prophylaxe hinausgehenden Antikoagulation mit konsekutiv erhöhtem Blutungsrisiko bei Patienten mit Sepsis und septischem Schock ist eingeschränkt, und Therapieentscheidungen unterliegen in vielen Fällen einer individuellen Abwägung des Behandlungsteams. Die Ergebnisse unserer Umfrage implizieren die Notwendigkeit einer systematischen Aufarbeitung dieses Themenfeldes, um die auf vielen Intensivstationen gelebte Praxis mit der gebotenen Evidenz zu unterlegen.
SEPSIS-3.0 – Ist die Intensivmedizin bereit für die ICD-11?
Authors: Schmoch Thomas , Bernhard Michael , Becker-Pennrich Andrea , Hinske Ludwig Christian , Briegel Josef , Möhnle Patrick , Brenner Thorsten , Weigand Markus A. ,   SepNet Study Group
Published: August 2021

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Im Januar 2022 wird die 11. Revision der International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) in Kraft treten. Unter anderem wird darin die SEPSIS-3-Definition implementiert sein, in der Sepsis als „lebensbedrohliche Organdysfunktion, hervorgerufen durch eine fehlregulierte Wirtsantwort auf eine Infektion“ definiert wird. Ziel der vorliegenden Sekundärauswertung einer Umfrage zum Thema „Sepsis-induzierte Koagulopathie“ war es zu evaluieren, ob die SEPSIS-3-Definition (engl. The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock) 4 Jahre nach ihrer internationalen Einführung im klinischen Alltag anästhesiologisch geführter Intensivstationen in Deutschland angekommen ist und so die Voraussetzungen für die Verwendung des ICD-11 gegeben sind.

Methoden
Im Rahmen einer deutschlandweiten Umfrage unter ärztlichen Leitern von Intensivstationen, die zwischen Oktober 2019 und Mai 2020 durchgeführt wurde, wurde in einem gesonderten Fragenblock nach der verwendeten Sepsisdefinition gefragt. Zusätzlich wurde gefragt, ob der quick-Sequential (Sepsis-related) Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA) Score zum Screening auf Sepsis in dem Krankenhaus, zu dem die teilnehmende Intensivstation gehört, verwendet wird.

Ergebnisse
Insgesamt nahmen 50 ärztliche Leiter von anästhesiologisch geführten Intensivbereichen an der Umfrage teil. In Summe gaben die ausgewerteten Intensivstationen an, etwa 14,0 % der in Deutschland registrierten High-Care-Betten zu führen. An 78,9 % der Universitätsklinika und 84,0 % der teilnehmenden Lehrkrankenhäuser ist die SEPSIS-3-Definition im klinischen Alltag integriert. Im Gegensatz dazu wird der Screening-Test „qSOFA“ nur von 26,3 % der teilnehmenden Universitätsklinika, aber immerhin von 52,0 % der Lehrkrankenhäuser und 80,0 % der „sonstigen“ Krankenhäuser verwendet.

Schlussfolgerung
Unsere Daten zeigen, dass sowohl SEPSIS‑3 als auch qSOFA im klinischen Alltag deutscher Krankenhäuser angekommen sind. Die zurückhaltende Verwendung des qSOFA an Universitätsklinika bei gleichzeitiger breiter Akzeptanz der SEPSIS-3-Definition kann als Indiz interpretiert werden, dass die Suche nach einem geeigneten Screeningtest für Sepsis noch nicht abgeschlossen ist.
Interleukin-23 instructs protective multifunctional CD4 T cell responses after immunization with the Mycobacterium tuberculosis subunit vaccine H1 DDA/TDB independently of interleukin-17A
Authors: Ritter Kristina , Behrends Jochen , Erdmann Hanna , Rousseau Jasmin , Hölscher Alexandra , Volz Johanna , Prinz Immo , Lindenstrøm Thomas , Hölscher Christoph 
Published: August 2021

AbstractInterleukin (IL)-17A-producing T helper (Th)17 cells are increasingly being acknowledged to be associated with protective immunity toMycobacterium tuberculosis(Mtb). Subunit vaccines potently promote protective immune responses against Mtb infection that correlate with an expansion of IL-23-dependent Th17 cells. Previous studies revealed that after vaccination, IL-23 is required for protection against challenge with Mtb but the underlying IL-23-dependent—and possibly IL-17A-mediated—mechanisms remain elusive. Therefore, we here analyzed the early outcome of Mtb infection in C57BL/6, IL-23p19-deficient (−/−), and IL-17A−/−mice after vaccination with the subunit vaccine H1-DDA/TDB to investigate the role of the IL-23-Th17 immune axis for the instruction of vaccine-induced protection. While in IL-23p19−/−mice the protective effect was reduced, protection after vaccination was maintained in IL-17A−/−animals for the course of infection of 6 weeks, indicating that after vaccination with H1-DDA/TDB early protection against Mtb is—although dependent on IL-23—not mediated by IL-17A. In contrast, IL-17A deficiency appears to have an impact on maintaining long-term protection. In fact, IL-23 instructed the vaccine-induced memory immunity in the lung, in particular the sustained expansion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)+IL-2+multifunctional T cells, independently of IL-17A. Altogether, a targeted induction of IL-23 during vaccination against Mtb might improve the magnitude and quality of vaccine-induced memory immune responses.Key messagesAfter subunit Mtb vaccination with H1-DDA/TDB, IL-23 but not IL-17A contributes to vaccine-induced early protection against infection with Mtb.IL-17F does not compensate for IL-17A deficiency in terms of H1-DDA/TDB-induced protection against Mtb infection.IL 23 promotes the H1-DDA/TDB-induced accumulation of effector memory T cells independently of IL 17A.IL-23 arbitrates the induction of H1-specific IFN-γ−TNF+IL-2+double-positive multifunctional CD4 T cells after subunit Mtb vaccination in an IL-17A-independent manner.Graphical abstract
Strain effect on microstructural properties of SUS 304L joint by PAW+GTAW
Authors: Juan Wang , Yajiang Li , Qi Wang , Kun Liu , Hang Li 
Published: August 2021

AbstractJIS SUS 304L stainless steel was joined by a combination welding process of plasma arc welding and gas tungsten arc welding (PAW+GTAW). Then pre-strain treatment on 304L welded joint of 9 % was carried out using uniaxial quasi-static tensile at room temperature. Effect of strain on microstructure evolution in joint was analyzed by field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and on mechanical properties was also studied. The results indicated that the pre-strain rate of 304L joint showed inhomogeneity including 3 % in the weld metal and 13 % in the heat-affected zone (HAZ), which induced martensitic transformation occurring in HAZ. Tensile strength of the joint increased from 700 MPa as welded to 804 MPa after pre-strain treatment at room temperature, and it reached 1700 MPa from 1480 MPa as welded at low temperature of −196 °C. Impact energy in the HAZ was the least among the whole 304L weld, but it was still 94 J at −196 °C after pre-strain. The fracture morphology showed large numbered of cleavage steps with elongated parabolic dimples.