bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protein binding of clindamycinin vivoby means of intravascular microdialysis in healthy volunteers
Authors: Wulkersdorfer Beatrix , Wicha Sebastian G , Kurdina Elizaveta , Carrion Carrera Stephan F , Matzneller Peter , Al Jalali Valentin , Vossen Matthias G , Riesenhuber Sonja , Lackner Edith , Dorn Christoph , Zeitlinger Markus 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectivesThe efficacy of an anti-infective drug is influenced by its protein binding (PB), since only the free fraction is active. We hypothesized that PB may vary in vitro and in vivo, and used clindamycin, a drug with high and concentration-dependent PB to investigate this hypothesis.MethodsSix healthy volunteers received a single intravenous infusion of clindamycin 900 mg. Antibiotic plasma concentrations were obtained by blood sampling and unbound drug concentrations were determined by means of in vivo intravascular microdialysis (MD) or in vitro ultrafiltration (UF) for up to 8 h post dosing. Clindamycin was assayed in plasma and MD fluid using a validated HPLC-UV (ultraviolet) method. Non-linear mixed effects modelling in NONMEM® was used to quantify the PB in vivo and in vitro.ResultsC max was 14.95, 3.39 and 2.32 mg/L and AUC0–8h was 41.78, 5.80 and 6.14 mg·h/L for plasma, ultrafiltrate and microdialysate, respectively. Calculated ratio of AUCunbound/AUCtotal showed values of 13.9%±1.8% and 14.7%±3.1% for UF and microdialysate, respectively. Modelling confirmed non-linear, saturable PB for clindamycin with slightly different median (95% CI) dissociation constants (Kd) for the alpha-1 acid glycoprotein (AAG)–clindamycin complex of 1.16 mg/L (0.91–1.37) in vitro versus 0.85 mg/L (0.58–1.01) in vivo. Moreover, the estimated number of binding sites per AAG molecule was 2.07 (1.79–2.25) in vitro versus 1.66 in vivo (1.41–1.79).ConclusionsConcentration-dependent PB was observed for both investigated methods with slightly lower levels of unbound drug fractions in vitro as compared with in vivo.
Do migrants affect the local product mix? An analysis of the effects and underlying mechanisms
Authors: Casabianca Elizabeth J , Lo Turco Alessia , Maggioni Daniela 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We study the impact of immigration on the product mix of the receiving economy by combining information on the local presence of immigrants with a highly detailed definition of the set of goods produced by Italian provinces. For the period 2002–2011, we find that an increase in the share of migrants shifts the manufacturing output composition of host provinces in favour of less capital intensive products. This evidence is based on an IV strategy resting on the settlement of immigrants in the pre-sample period and is robust to several sensitivity checks. We shed light on two mechanisms potentially driving our result. On the one hand, we show that immigration reduces provinces’ dependence on imports of low capital intensity intermediate goods. On the other hand, immigration fosters relatively more the creation of new firms in local low capital intensity industries.
Digital Evidence in Domestic Core International Crimes Prosecutions
Authors: Aksamitowska Karolina 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The conflicts in Syria and Iraq, being some of the most documented in history, have also led to one of the largest influxes of refugees to Europe in recent years. Many of the asylum seekers arriving in European cities identified themselves, or have been identified, as victims, witnesses or perpetrators of atrocities. Consequently, criminal investigations have been initiated by the local police with the aim of prosecuting those responsible for genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity committed in Syria and Iraq. With an increasing number of war crimes prosecutions in European domestic courts relating to the atrocities committed, documented and shared by returning fighters, domestic authorities are compelled to find ways to effectively collect, process, analyse and share the user-generated data. This article discusses the ways in which digital evidence related to the conflicts in Syria and Iraq, particularly online open source materials, are being litigated and judicially evaluated in the domestic jurisdictions of Germany, Finland, Sweden and the Netherlands. Finding parallels between these approaches, with the aim of distilling best practices in evidence collection, processing and analysis, should inform future prosecutions of international crimes in domestic jurisdictions worldwide.
Informing Women About Overdetection in Breast Cancer Screening: Two-Year Outcomes From a Randomized Trial
Authors: Hersch Jolyn , Barratt Alexandra , McGeechan Kevin , Jansen Jesse , Houssami Nehmat , Dhillon Haryana , Jacklyn Gemma , Irwig Les , McCaffery Kirsten 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundSupporting well-informed decisions about breast cancer screening requires communicating that inconsequential disease may be detected, leading to overdiagnosis and overtreatment. Having previously shown that telling women about overdetection improved informed choice, we investigated effects on screening knowledge and participation over 2 years.MethodsWe conducted a community-based, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial in Australia. Participants were women aged 48-50 years, without personal or strong family history of breast cancer, who had not undergone mammography in the past 2 years. We randomly assigned 879 women to receive the intervention decision aid (evidence-based information on overdetection, breast cancer mortality reduction, and false-positives) or control decision aid (identical but without overdetection information). We interviewed 838 women postintervention and recontacted them for follow-up at 6 months and 1 and 2 years. Main outcomes for this report are screening knowledge and participation.ResultsWe interviewed 790, 746, and 712 participants at 6 months, 1, and 2 years, respectively. The intervention group demonstrated superior knowledge throughout follow-up. After 2 years, conceptual knowledge was adequate in 123 (34.4%) of 358 women in the intervention group compared with 71 (20.1%) of 354 control participants(odds ratio = 2.04, 95% confidence interval = 1.46 to 2.85). Groups were similar in total screening participation (200 [55.1%] vs 204 [56.0%]; = 0.97, 95% confidence interval = 0.73 to 1.29).ConclusionsA brief decision aid produced lasting improvement in women’s understanding of potential consequences of screening, including overdetection, without changing participation rates. These findings support the use of decision aids for breast cancer screening.
Attitudes, barriers, motivators and utilization of clinical research: a cross-sectional survey of hospital pharmacists
Authors: Jarab Anan , Al-Qerem Walid , Mukattash Tareq 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Research is crucial for improving patients’ healthcare. Although pharmacists’ important role in implementing research has been emphasized by different health organizations, pharmacist’s participation in research is still suboptimal. This study aims to evaluate hospital pharmacists and assistant pharmacists’ attitudes, barriers and motivators towards clinical research practice and research utilization in practice settings.

Methods
This cross-sectional study used an online-validated questionnaire which evaluated socio-demographics, attitudes, barriers and motivators which Jordanian hospital pharmacists and assistant pharmacists have to implement clinical research and extent of its utilization in practice settings. Analysis of Covariance was modelled to evaluate the differences in the factors’ scores between different groups. Multiple linear regressions were conducted to assess the effect of the attitudes and motivators scores on the research utility practice score.

Key findings
A total of 316 responses were collected. The means for attitudes, motivators, and research utilization scores were 3.84, 3.84 and 3.80, respectively. The most agreed motivator was the role of research in the enhancement of the service to patients (mean = 4.19). The most reported research barriers were lack of time and support (57.6% and 44.3%, respectively). Linear regression analysis showed that attitudes (regression coefficient (b) = 0.34, P &lt; 0.01) and motivators (b = 0.18, P &lt; 0.01) were significant predictors of the extent of research utilization.

Conclusion
Jordanian hospital pharmacists and assistant pharmacists had a positive attitude towards research and they are willing to participate in research but they are confronting several obstacles.
The vesicular trafficking system component MIN7 is required for minimizing Fusarium graminearum infection
Authors: Machado Wood Ana K , Panwar Vinay , Grimwade-Mann Mike , Ashfield Tom , Hammond-Kosack Kim E , Kanyuka Kostya 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Plants have developed intricate defense mechanisms, referred to as innate immunity, to defend themselves against a wide range of pathogens. Plants often respond rapidly to pathogen attack by the synthesis and delivery to the primary infection sites of various antimicrobial compounds, proteins, and small RNA in membrane vesicles. Much of the evidence regarding the importance of vesicular trafficking in plant–pathogen interactions comes from studies involving model plants whereas this process is relatively understudied in crop plants. Here we assessed whether the vesicular trafficking system components previously implicated in immunity in Arabidopsis play a role in the interaction with Fusarium graminearum, a fungal pathogen well-known for its ability to cause Fusarium head blight disease in wheat. Among the analysed vesicular trafficking mutants, two independent T-DNA insertion mutants in the AtMin7 gene displayed a markedly enhanced susceptibility to F. graminearum. Earlier studies identified this gene, encoding an ARF-GEF protein, as a target for the HopM1 effector of the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, which destabilizes MIN7 leading to its degradation and weakening host defenses. To test whether this key vesicular trafficking component may also contribute to defense in crop plants, we identified the candidate TaMin7 genes in wheat and knocked-down their expression through virus-induced gene silencing. Wheat plants in which TaMin7 genes were silenced displayed significantly more Fusarium head blight disease. This suggests that disruption of MIN7 function in both model and crop plants compromises the trafficking of innate immunity signals or products resulting in hypersusceptibility to various pathogens.
A Penetrating Lumbar Spine Injury With Misleading Neurological Symptoms
Authors: Beucler Nathan , Haikal Christelle , Kaya Jean-Marc 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Penetrating spinal injuries require specific neurosurgical attention. To date, there are no guidelines regarding emergency neurosurgical management of such injuries and the decision whether to operate is made individually, based on the neurological examination and the analysis of any imaging available. We report the case of a 22-year-old patient who sustained two gunshots in the thighs and one in the lumbar spine. Clinical examination revealed neurological deficit in both legs prevailing on the right side. Discussion between the radiologist and the neurosurgeon concluded to an injury to the left S1 nerve root within the spinal canal, and to the right sciatic nerve. Thus, there was no need for a decompressive laminectomy. In the light of the current literature, penetrating spinal injuries rarely require an extensive surgical exploration; indications for such a procedure include incomplete neurological deficit with persistent neurological compression, cerebrospinal fluid leakage, and obvious instability. Furthermore, penetrating spinal injuries are rarely encountered, even for military neurosurgeons. Their surgical management and especially the need for laminectomy, stabilization, and dural sac watertight closure are still a matter of debate. An expert consensus statement would give food to surgeons facing penetrating spinal injuries.
Investigating the role of magnetic fields in star formation using molecular line profiles
Authors: Yin Charles , Priestley Felix D , Wurster James 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Determining the importance of magnetic fields in star-forming environments is hampered by the difficulty of accurately measuring both field strength and gas properties in molecular clouds. We post-process three-dimensional non-ideal magnetohydrodynamic simulations of pre-stellar cores with a time-dependent chemical network, and use radiative transfer modelling to calculate self-consistent molecular line profiles. Varying the initial mass-to-flux ratio from subcritical to supercritical results in significant changes to both the intensity and shape of several observationally important molecular lines. We identify the peak intensity ratio of N2H+ to CS lines, and the CS J = 2–1 blue-to-red peak intensity ratio, as promising diagnostics of the initial mass-to-flux ratio, with N2H+/CS values of &gt;0.6 (&lt;0.2) and CS blue/red values of &lt;3 (&gt;5) indicating subcritical (supercritical) collapse. These criteria suggest that, despite presently being magnetically supercritical, L1498 formed from subcritical initial conditions.
Substructures in the core of Abell 2319
Authors: Ichinohe Y , Simionescu A , Werner N , Markevitch M , Wang Q H S 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
We analysed the deep archival Chandra observations of the high-temperature galaxy cluster Abell 2319 to investigate the prominent cold front in its core. The main sharp arc of the front shows wiggles, or variations of the radius of the density jump along the arc. At the southern end of the arc is a feature that resembles a Kelvin–Helmholtz (KH) eddy, beyond which the sharp front dissolves. These features suggest that KH instabilities develop at the front. Under this assumption, we can place an upper limit on the ICM viscosity that is several times below the isotropic Spitzer value. Other features include a split of the cold front at its northern edge, which may be another KH eddy. There is a small pocket of hot, less-dense gas inside the cold front, which may indicate a ‘hole’ in the front’s magnetic insulation layer that lets the heat from the outer gas to penetrate inside the front. Finally, a large concave brightness feature south-west of the cluster core can be caused by the gas-dynamic instabilities. We speculate that it can also be an inner boundary of a giant AGN bubble, similar to that in Ophiuchus. If the latter interpretation is supported by better radio data, this could be a remnant of another extremely powerful AGN outburst.
Post-merger evolution of double helium white dwarfs and distribution of helium-rich hot subdwarfs
Authors: Yu Jinlong , Zhang Xianfei , Lü Guoliang 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The mergers of double helium white dwarfs are believed to form isolated helium-rich hot subdwarfs. Observations show that helium-rich hot subdwarfs can be divided into two subgroups based on whether the surface is carbon-rich or carbon-normal. However, it is not clear whether this distribution directly comes from binary evolution. We adopt the binary population synthesis to obtain the population of single helium-rich hot subdwarfs according to the merger channel of double helium white dwarfs. We find that the merger channel can represent the two subgroups in the Teff−log g plane related to different masses of progenitor helium white dwarfs. For Z = 0.02, the birth rate and local density of helium-rich hot subdwarf stars from the merger of two helium white dwarfs are $\sim 4.82 \times 10^{-3}\, \rm yr^{-1}$ and ∼ 290.0 $\rm kpc^{-3}$ at 13.7 Gyr in our Galaxy, respectively. The proportions of carbon-rich and carbon-normal helium-rich hot subdwarfs are 32 per cent and 68 per cent, respectively.
Dynamical masses and mass-to-light ratios of resolved massive star clusters – II. Results for 26 star clusters in the Magellanic Clouds
Authors: Song Ying-Yi , Mateo Mario , Bailey John I , Walker Matthew G , Roederer Ian U , Olszewski Edward W , Reiter Megan , Kremin Anthony 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
We present spectroscopy of individual stars in 26 Magellanic Cloud (MC) star clusters with the aim of estimating dynamical masses and V-band mass-to-light (M/LV) ratios over a wide range in age and metallicity. We obtained 3137 high-resolution stellar spectra with M2FS on the Magellan/Clay Telescope. Combined with 239 published spectroscopic results of comparable quality, we produced a final sample of 2787 stars with good quality spectra for kinematic analysis in the target clusters. Line-of-sight velocities measured from these spectra and stellar positions within each cluster were used in a customized expectation-maximization (EM) technique to estimate cluster membership probabilities. Using appropriate cluster structural parameters and corresponding single-mass dynamical models, this technique ultimately provides self-consistent total mass and M/LV estimates for each cluster. Mean metallicities for the clusters were also obtained and tied to a scale based on calcium IR triplet metallicities. We present trends of the cluster M/LV values with cluster age, mass, and metallicity, and find that our results run about 40 per cent on average lower than the predictions of a set of simple stellar population (SSP) models. Modified SSP models that account for internal and external dynamical effects greatly improve agreement with our results, as can models that adopt a strongly bottom-light IMF. To the extent that dynamical evolution must occur, a modified IMF is not required to match data and models. In contrast, a bottom-heavy IMF is ruled out for our cluster sample as this would lead to higher predicted M/LV values, significantly increasing the discrepancy with our observations.
Gauging the effect of supermassive black holes feedback on quasar host galaxies
Authors: de Oliveira B Dall’Agnol , Storchi-Bergmann T , Kraemer S B , Martín M Villar , Schnorr-Müller A , Schmitt H R , Ruschel-Dutra D , Crenshaw D M , Fischer T C 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In order to gauge the role that active galactic nuclei play in the evolution of galaxies via the effect of kinetic feedback in nearby QSO 2’s (z ∼ 0.3), we observed eight such objects with bolometric luminosities $L_{bol} \sim 10^{46}\rm {erg\, s^{-1}}$ using Gemini Multi-Object Spectrograph-integral field units. The emission lines were fitted with at least two Gaussian curves, the broadest of which we attributed to gas kinetically disturbed by an outflow. We found that the maximum extent of the outflow ranges from ∼1 to 8 kpc, being ${\sim }\, 0.5\, {\pm }\, 0.3$ times the extent of the [$\mathrm{O\,{\small III}}$] ionized gas region. Our ‘default’ assumptions for the gas density (obtained from the [$\mathrm{S\,{\small II}}$] doublet) and outflow velocities resulted in peak mass outflow rates of $\dot{M}_{\mathrm{ out}}^{{\tt def}}\sim$ 3–30 $\rm {M_{\odot }}\, yr^{-1}$ and outflow power of $\dot{E}_{\mathrm{ out}}^{{\tt \mathrm{ def}}}\sim \, 10^{41}$–$10^{43}\, \mathrm{erg\, s^{-1}}$. The corresponding kinetic coupling efficiencies are $\varepsilon _f^{{\tt def}}=\dot{E}_{\mathrm{ out}}^{{\tt def}}/L_{\mathrm{ bol}}\, \sim 7\times 10^{-4}$–0.5 per cent, with the average efficiency being only 0.06 per cent (0.01 per cent median), implying little feedback powers from ionized gas outflows in the host galaxies. We investigated the effects of varying assumptions and calculations on $\dot{M}_{\mathrm{ out}}$ and $\dot{E}_{\mathrm{ out}}$ regarding the ionized gas densities, velocities, masses, and inclinations of the outflow relative to the plane of the sky, resulting in average uncertainties of 1 dex. In particular, we found that better indicators of the [$\mathrm{O\,{\small III}}$] emitting gas density than the default [$\mathrm{S\,{\small II}}$] line ratio, such as the [$\mathrm{Ar\,{\small IV}}$] λλ4711,40 line ratio, result in almost an order of magnitude decrease in the εf.
Intermittent mildly magnetized jets as the source of GRBs
Authors: Gottlieb Ore , Bromberg Omer , Levinson Amir , Nakar Ehud 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are powered by relativistic jets that exhibit intermittency over a broad range of time-scales – from ∼ ms to seconds. Previous numerical studies have shown that hydrodynamic (i.e. unmagnetized) jets that are expelled from a variable engine are subject to strong mixing of jet and cocoon material, which strongly inhibits the GRB emission. In this paper, we conduct 3D RMHD simulations of mildly magnetized jets with power modulation over durations of 0.1 s and 1 s, and a steady magnetic field at injection. We find that when the jet magnetization at the launching site is σ ∼ 0.1, the initial magnetization is amplified by shocks formed in the flow to the point where it strongly suppresses baryon loading. We estimate that a significant contamination can be avoided if the magnetic energy at injection constitutes at least a few per cent of the jet energy. The variability time-scales of the jet after it breaks out of the star are then governed by the injection cycles rather than by the mixing process, suggesting that in practice jet injection should fluctuate on timescales as short as ∼10 ms in order to account for the observed light curves. Better stability is found for jets with shorter modulations. We conclude that for sufficiently hot jets, the Lorentz factor near the photosphere can be high enough to allow efficient photospheric emission. Our results imply that jets with 10−2 &lt; σ &lt; 1 injected by a variable engine with ∼10 ms duty cycle are plausible sources of long GRBs.
Late-time approaches to the Hubble tension deforming H(z), worsen the growth tension
Authors: Alestas George , Perivolaropoulos Leandros 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Many late-time approaches for the solution of the Hubble tension use late time smooth deformations of the Hubble expansion rate H(z) of the Planck18/ΛCDM best fit to match the locally measured value of H0 while effectively keeping the comoving distance to the last scattering surface and Ω0mh2 fixed to maintain consistency with Planck CMB measurements. A well-known problem of these approaches is that they worsen the fit to low z distance probes. Here, we show that another problem of these approaches is that they worsen the level of the Ω0m − σ8 growth tension. We use the generic class of CPL parametrizations corresponding to evolving dark energy equation of state parameter $w(z)=w_0+w_1\frac{z}{1+z}$ with local measurements H0 prior and identify the pairs (w0, w1) that satisfy this condition. This is a generic class of smooth deformations of H(z) that are designed to address the Hubble tension. We show that for these models the growth tension between dynamical probe data and CMB constraints is worse than the corresponding tension of the standard Planck18/ΛCDM model. We justify this feature using a full numerical solution of the growth equation and fit to the data, as well as by using an approximate analytic approach. The problem does not affect recent proposed solutions of the Hubble crisis involving a SnIa intrinsic luminosity transition at zt ≃ 0.01.