bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Memory‐efficient frequency‐domain Gauss–Newton method for wave‐equation first‐arrival traveltime inversion
Authors: Wang Jianhua , Dong Liangguo 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTWave‐equation traveltime inversion (WTI) can be used to automatically obtain a background near‐surface velocity model (NSM), which overcomes the high‐frequency approximation in ray theory. It is generally implemented in the time domain. However, the commonly used gradient‐based optimisation methods (such as the steepest‐descent method) in WTI have a low convergence rate and may yield less accurate results within limited iterations in geologically complex regions. To increase the convergence rate and improve the inversion accuracy, we propose a frequency‐domain truncated Gauss–Newton first‐arrival wave‐equation traveltime inversion (GN‐WTI) method to retrieve the background NSM. As only a few frequencies are used for inversion, the proposed frequency‐domain WTI method significantly reduces the computational memory requirements by more than two orders of magnitude in comparison with the conventional time‐domain WTI method. Therefore, the proposed method is especially advantageous for the building of large three‐dimensional models. In this GN‐WTI method, according to the derived explicit traveltime residual kernel, the gradient and Hessian vector products can be computed efficiently using an elegant and improved scattering integral approach as long as the source‐side wavefields and non‐redundant receiver‐side Green's functions are computed and stored in advance. The conjugate gradient approach is used to solve the Gauss–Newton normal equation to obtain the Gauss–Newton direction in inner loops. Here, the Gauss–Newton Hessians of the ray‐based traveltime inversion and WTI are compared to demonstrate the advantages of WTI. The trial runs with a simple periodic velocity model example showed that the proposed GN‐WTI method outperforms the WTI method when using the steepest‐descent and limited‐memory Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno approaches in terms of the convergence rate and inversion accuracy. A complex Marmousi model was further used to illustrate the effectiveness of GN‐WTI. The proposed method should be beneficial in near‐surface velocity model building.
Nonassociative Geometry of Nonholonomic Phase Spaces with Star R‐flux String Deformations and (non) Symmetric Metrics
Authors: Vacaru Sergiu I. , Veliev Elşen Veli , Bubuianu Laurenţiu 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe elaborate on nonassociative differential geometry of phase spaces endowed with nonholonomic (non‐integrable) distributions and frames, nonlinear and linear connections, symmetric and nonsymmetric metrics, and correspondingly adapted quasi‐Hopf algebra structures. The approach is based on the concept of nonassociative star product introduced for describing closed strings moving in a constant R‐flux background. Generalized Moyal‐Weyl deformations are considered when, for nonassociative and noncommutative terms of star deformations, there are used nonholonomic frames (bases) instead of local partial derivatives. In such modified nonassociative and nonholonomic spacetimes and associated complex/real phase spaces, the coefficients of geometric and physical objects depend both on base spacetime coordinates and conventional (co) fiber velocity/momentum variables like in (non) commutative Finsler‐Lagrange‐Hamilton geometry. For nonassociative and (non) commutative phase spaces modelled as total spaces of (co) tangent bundles on Lorentz manifolds enabled with star products and nonholonomic frames, we consider associated nonlinear connection, N‐connection, structures determining conventional horizontal and (co) vertical (for instance, 4+4) splitting of dimensions and N‐adapted decompositions of fundamental geometric objects. There are defined and computed in abstract geometric and N‐adapted coefficient forms the torsion, curvature and Ricci tensors. We extend certain methods of nonholonomic geometry in order to construct R‐flux deformations of vacuum Einstein equations for the case of N‐adapted linear connections and symmetric and nonsymmetric metric structures.
Sublethal concentration of emamectin benzoate inhibits the growth of gypsy moth by inducing digestive dysfunction and nutrient metabolism disorder
Authors: Xu Zhe , Bai Jianyang , Li Lu , Liang Liwei , Ma Xiaoqian , Ma Ling 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDGypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) is one of the most important pests in the world. Emamectin benzoate (EMB) is widely used in the control of agricultural and forestry pests. Here, we explored the sublethal effects of EMB on gypsy moths in order to better understand the toxicological mechanism of EMB.RESULTSThe sublethal concentration of EMB exposure significantly decreased the larvae body weight. To further explore the mechanism, indicators related to digestion and nutrient metabolism were detected. The results showed that EMB exposure caused midgut damage, reduced the activities of digestive enzymes and changed the content of sugar and amino acids. Moreover, the expression of insulin/phosphoinositide‐3‐kinase (PI3K)/forkhead box protein O (FoxO) pathway and sugar metabolism‐related genes was abnormal. The expression of insulin receptor (InR), chico, PI3K, and protein kinase B (Akt) significantly reduced, and that of phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) and FoxO increased. The expression of glycogen phosphorylase (GP) was upregulation and that of glycogen synthase (GS), trehalase (TRE) and trehalose‐phosphate synthase (TPS) were downregulation. All results indicated that EMB inhibits the growth of gypsy moth by inducing midgut injury, digestive dysfunction and nutrient metabolism disorder. In addition, EMB caused midgut injury may be related to apoptosis or a collateral effect of the damage in other tissues, and more extensive and deeper research is still needed to investigate the detailed mechanism.CONCLUSIONOur finding strengthens the understanding of the sublethal effect of EMB, and provides a theoretical basis for the application of EMB in the prevention and control of gypsy moth.
The use of external controls: To what extent can it currently be recommended?
Authors: Burger Hans Ulrich , Gerlinger Christoph , Harbron Chris , Koch Armin , Posch Martin , Rochon Justine , Schiel Anja 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWith more and better clinical data being captured outside of clinical studies and greater data sharing of clinical studies, external controls may become a more attractive alternative to randomized clinical trials (RCTs). Both industry and regulators recognize that in situations where a randomized study cannot be performed, external controls can provide the needed contextualization to allow a better interpretation of studies without a randomized control. It is also agreed that external controls will not fully replace RCTs as the gold standard for formal proof of efficacy in drug development and the yardstick of clinical research. However, it remains unclear in which situations conclusions about efficacy and a positive benefit/risk can reliably be based on the use of an external control. This paper will provide an overview on types of external control, their applications and the different sources of bias their use may incur, and discuss potential mitigation steps. It will also give recommendations on how the use of external controls can be justified.
Using marginal structural models to analyze the impact of subsequent therapy on the treatment effect in survival data: Simulations and clinical trial examples
Authors: Xu Qing , Przepiorka Donna 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe explore the impact of time‐varying subsequent therapy on the statistical power and treatment effects in survival analysis. The marginal structural model (MSM) with stabilized inverse probability treatment weights (sIPTW) was used to account for the effects due to the subsequent therapy. Simulations were performed to compare the MSM‐sIPTW method with the conventional method without accounting for the time‐varying covariate such as subsequent therapy that is dependent on the initial response of the treatment effect. The results of the simulations indicated that the statistical power, thereby the Type I error, of the trials to detect the frontline treatment effect could be inflated if no appropriate adjustment was made for the impact due to the add‐on effects of the subsequent therapy. Correspondingly, the hazard ratio between the treatment groups may be overestimated by the conventional analysis methods. In contrast, MSM‐sIPTW can maintain the Type I error rate and gave unbiased estimates of the hazard ratio for the treatment. Two real examples were used to discuss the potential clinical implications. The study demonstrated the importance of accounting for time‐varying subsequent therapy for obtaining unbiased interpretation of data.
Giant Microwave Spontaneous Emission Enhancements in Planar Aperture Waveguide Structures
Authors: Shugayev Roman , Devkota Jagannath , Crawford Scott , Lu Ping , Buric Michael 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMicrowave interactions are an invaluable tool for probing atomic states of matter and are currently being extensively explored for the development of scalable quantum computing. However, many of the available methods for spectroscopic analysis and photonic quantum manipulations are inaccessible for microwaves due to the weak spontaneous emission of quantum emitters. In this work, a mechanism for giant resonant enhancement of spontaneous emission from magnetic dipole emitters is suggested that employs a new phenomenon of near field impedance cancellation via magnetic flux confinement. Enhancements of at least 1011are theoretically shown for structures with 100 nm features, and much greater potential enhancements are predicted with this method. Subsequently, the realization of integrated systems with enhanced quantum emitters using microwave spoof plasmon waveguides is demonstrated. Taken together, these findings will pave the way for microwave quantum photonics and microwave hybrid quantum computing.
Low‐energy electron interactions with chlorotrimethylsilane (Si(CH3)3Cl), dichlorodimethylsilane (Si(CH3)2Cl2) and chloromethyldimethylsilane (SiH(CH3)2(CH2Cl))
Authors: Michalczuk Bartosz , Barszczewska Wiesława 
Published: April 2021

RationaleSilane derivatives are widely used in industrial plasmas for manufacturing lighting devices, solar cells, displays, etc. Models of technological plasmas require quantitative data. The rate coefficients (k) and the activation energies (Ea) of thermal electron attachment for chlorotrimethylsilane (Si(CH3)3Cl), dichlorodimethylsilane (Si(CH3)2Cl2) and chloromethyldimethylsilane (SiH(CH3)2(CH2Cl)) are reported. This is important for understanding the basic processes occurring in plasmas.MethodsThe pulsed Townsend technique (known as the electron swarm method) has been applied for the measurements. In this technique, electrons generated by a laser, under a uniform electric field, traverse to an anode and induce a charge on it. In the buffer gas charge grows linearly, but in the presence of a scavenger, electrons are captured, and thus the rate of charge increase slows down with time. From the shape of the pulse, the kinetic parameters are determined.ResultsKinetic parameters from the study of thermal electron attachment by Si(CH3)3Cl, Si(CH3)2Cl2 and SiH(CH3)2(CH2Cl) were determined for the first time. The corresponding rate coefficients at 298 K are equal to (9.56 ± 0.02) × 10−11, (6.62 ± 0.02) × 10−11 and (1.24 ± 0.05) × 10−11 cm3 s−1 and Ea values are equal to 0.29 ± 0.01, 0.24 ± 0.01 and 0.31 ± 0.01 eV for Si(CH3)3Cl, Si(CH3)2Cl2 and SiH(CH3)2(CH2Cl), respectively. The experiment was performed in the 298–378 K temperature range.ConclusionsThe presented results provide important new information about fundamental quantities such as rate coefficients and activation energies for thermal electron capture by chlorinated derivatives of silane. These data can further advance our understanding of thermal electron interactions with chlorosilanes that can be used to control the important species in the plasmas of many modern technologies.
A new technology using a customized 3D printed fixator to assist fracture reduction and fixation: Technical note
Authors: Wu Jianghong , Zhou Panyu , Zhang Yuntong , Xiao Liang , Li Lei , Xu Shuogui 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundPoor reduction can lead to complications such as deformity and delayed fracture healing. We introduce a 3D printed external fixator technology that can assist in fracture reduction and fixation.MethodsA fractured long bone was first fixed by a temporary external fixator and then scanned with computed tomography. Three‐dimensional reconstruction of the contour and bone fragments of the affected limb was performed using Mimics software, and the fracture reduction was simulated. Subsequently, data were imported into SolidWorks software for customized external fixator design and 3D printing. Through the precise assembly of the 3D printed external fixator and external fixation pins, automatic fracture reduction.ResultsThe patient's fractures were well reduced, firmly fixed, and the postoperative fractures healed well with no complications.ConclusionThe technique we introduce not only assists in fracture reduction for temporary external fixation but can also be used as a definitive treatment for long bone fractures.
2D‐MA3Sb2I9 Back Surface Field for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Yuan Haobo , Zhang Jing , Yu Luting , Guo Tonghui , Zhang Zequn , Wang Yanyan , Shang Minghui , Liu Xiaohui , Hu Ziyang , Zhu Yuejin , Han Liyuan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn perovskite solar cells (PSCs), a defective perovskite (PVK) surface and cliff‐like energy offset at the interface always slow down the charge extraction; meanwhile, interface ion diffusion causes oxidation of the metal electrode, inducing device instability. Here, the in situ grown 2D‐(CH3NH2)3Sb2I9 (MA3Sb2I9) on the back surface of MAPbI3 results in a more robust interface. MA3Sb2I9 changes the MAPbI3 surface to p‐type and thus acts like a back surface field to drive charge extraction and suppress recombination, resulting in an obviously higher fill factor (FF) = 0.8 and power conversion efficiency (PCE) = 20.4% of SnO2/MAPbI3/MA3Sb2I9/Spiro‐OMeTAD (2,2′,7,7′‐Tetrakis[N,N‐di(4‐methoxyphenyl)amino]‐9,9′‐spirobifluorene) PSC than the pure MAPbI3 device. More importantly, strong chemical bonding of SbI prohibits ion diffusion, largely enhancing the thermal stability and longtime stability. Here, special 2D‐MA3Sb2I9 constructs’ robust band alignment and chemical environment at the interface are highlighted for efficient and stable PSCs.
Silurian (late Llandovery – Wenlock) conodont fauna and biostratigraphy from the Yanbian area of Sichuan Province, south‐west China
Authors: Yan Guanzhou , Wu Rongchang 
Published: April 2021

AbstractLate Llandovery and Wenlock conodonts are still inadequately documented in China, with data collected chiefly from the Baizitian section in Yanbian County, Sichuan Province, south‐west China. A collection of over 32 000 conodont elements was recovered from 38 samples from the Xiabaizitian and Shangbaizitian formations at this classic locality. The conodont fauna is dominated by cosmopolitan species and can be assigned to 50 species representing 17 genera. Of these, one new species, Apsidognathus yanbianensis sp. nov., is proposed herein. Six conodont zones are recognized in this section, including the Pterospathodus eopennatus Zone, the Pt. amorphognathoides angulatus Taxon‐range Zone of the Pt. a. amorphognathoides Superzone, the Kockelella ranuliformis Zone, the Kockelella walliseri Taxon‐range Zone, and the Kockelella patula Taxon‐range Zone, in ascending order. These zones can be correlated with other conodont zones around the world based on the occurrences of the stratigraphically diagnostic species. Moreover, the stratigraphical ranges of Pterospathodus enable greater understanding of the correlation of the Telychian guide taxa. The conodont biodiversity changes and faunal turnover across the Silurian Ireviken Bioevent are here documented for the first time in the Baizitian section from the South China palaeoplate.
Implementation of National Water Policy by eastern states of India—A review and analysis
Authors: Parween Fakeha , Singh Ajai 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe mainstay of this study is to highlight the implementation of recommendations of the National Water Policy (NWP) of India. All the policy documents advocate the adoption of a volumetric system of water pricing, the Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) approach, and the creation of River Basin Organizations (RBOs). IWRM needs to be redefined, reconsidered, and recalibrated and should be explicit. Except for Odisha, no state has constituted the RBOs. The reasons for nonformation of RBO are public resistance, not understanding the basic principle of RBO, and limitation and lack of expertise to handle large river basin organization activities. Revenue collection records are very poor except Odisha. Water pricing was not revised frequently and no water pricing regulatory body had been constituted as per the recommendation of NWP, 2012, by all the eastern states. Odisha has formulated a water policy in line with NWP and has implemented it well. All the north‐eastern states have adopted their own water policy recently but have not implemented effectively. The existing system of assessment based on crop‐wise irrigated areas must be rationalized and simplified. The revenue collection system needs mechanization. The revenue collection needs to be increased in all the eastern states.
Dinuclear Zn Complex: Phenoxyl Radical Formation Driven by Superoxide Coordination
Authors: Squarcina Andrea , Fehn Dominik , Senft Laura , Langer Jens , Ivanović‐Burmazović Ivana 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe dinuclear zinc complex Zn2L2 (HL=2‐{[[di(2‐pyridyl)methyl](methyl)amino]methyl}phenol) has been synthesized and isolated as colorless crystals. The interaction of the compound with superoxide in anhydrous organic solvents has been evaluated by CV, stopped‐flow Uv‐vis, EPR and ESI‐MS suggesting the binding and the activation of the coordinated superoxide, thanks to the Lewis acidity of the Zn(II) centers. The results obtained in this study highlight the formation of a Zn2L2−O2.− intermediate and a metastable phenoxyl‐radical driven by the coordinated superoxide.
Fast evaluation for magnetohydrodynamic flow and heat transfer of fractional Oldroyd‐B fluids between parallel plates
Authors: Liu Yi , Zhang Hui , Jiang Xiaoyun 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn this work, we establish a model to describe the unsteady magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of fractional Oldroyd‐B fluid between parallel plates on heat transfer, by introducing the fractional derivative into the constitutive equation. The flow is driven by magnetic, electroosmotic and pressure gradient forcings. In the numerical implementation, the spectral collocation method combined with fast algorithm based on sum‐of‐exponentials (SOE) approximation is performed to solve the model. Effects of several parameters on the velocity profiles, temperature field and Nusselt number are investigated graphically.
The harder they fall, the bigger they become: tidal trapping of strings by microstate geometries
Authors: Martinec Emil J. , Warner Nicholas P. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We consider the fate of a massless (or ultra-relativistic massive) string probe propagating down the BTZ-like throat of a microstate geometry in the D1-D5 system. Far down the throat, the probe encounters large tidal forces that stretch and excite the string. The excitations are limited by the very short transit time through the region of large tidal force, leading to a controlled approximation to tidal stretching. We show that the amount of stretching is proportional to the incident energy, and that it robs the probe of the kinetic energy it would need to travel back up the throat. As a consequence, the probe is effectively trapped far down the throat and, through repeated return passes, scrambles into the ensemble of nearby microstates. We propose that this tidal trapping may lead to weak gravitational echoes.
Can communication with social robots influence how children develop empathy? Best-evidence synthesis
Authors: Pashevich Ekaterina 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSocial robots are gradually entering children’s lives in a period when children learn about social relationships and exercise prosocial behaviors with parents, peers, and teachers. Designed for long-term emotional engagement and to take the roles of friends, teachers, and babysitters, such robots have the potential to influence how children develop empathy. This article presents a review of the literature (2010–2020) in the fields of human–robot interaction (HRI), psychology, neuropsychology, and roboethics, discussing the potential impact of communication with social robots on children’s social and emotional development. The critical analysis of evidence behind these discussions shows that, although robots theoretically have high chances of influencing the development of empathy in children, depending on their design, intensity, and context of use, there is no certainty about the kind of effect they might have. Most of the analyzed studies, which showed the ability of robots to improve empathy levels in children, were not longitudinal, while the studies observing and arguing for the negative effect of robots on children’s empathy were either purely theoretical or dependent on the specific design of the robot and the situation. Therefore, there is a need for studies investigating the effects on children’s social and emotional development of long-term regular and consistent communication with robots of various designs and in different situations.
Occupational reintegration after severe burn injury: a questionnaire study
Authors: Vorstandlechner Vera , Langthaler Daniel , Ebenberger Katharina , Pittermann Anna , Ihra Gerald , Rath Thomas , Nedomansky Jakob , Muschitz Gabriela , Radtke Christine , Fochtmann-Frana Alexandra 
Published: April 2021

Summary
Background
As a consequence of improved survival rates after burn injury occupational reintegration of burn survivors has gained increasing significance. We aimed to develop a precise patient questionnaire as a tool to evaluate factors contributing to occupational reintegration.

Material and methods
A questionnaire comprising 20 questions specifically evaluating occupational reintegration was developed under psychological supervision. The single-center questionnaire study was implemented in patients with burn injuries who were admitted to the 6‑bed burn intensive care unit (BICU) of the General Hospital of Vienna, Austria (2004–2013). The questionnaire was sent to burn survivors of working age (18–60 years) with an abbreviated burn severity index (ABSI) of 6 or greater, a total burn surface area (TBSA) of 15% or greater, and a BICU stay of at least 24 h.

Results
A total of 112 burn survivors met the inclusion criteria and were contacted by mail. Of the 112 patients 11 (10%) decided to participate in the study and 218/220 questions (99%) in 11 patients were answered. Out of 11 patients 7 (64%) reported successful return to work and 4 of 11 (36%) did not resume their occupation. Advanced age, longer BICU and hospital stays, higher TBSA, burn at work, lower education, and problems with esthetic appearance seemed to impair patients’ return to their occupation.

Conclusion
When implementing the questionnaire, severely burned patients with higher age, lower education, and longer hospital and BICU stay seemed at high risk for failed reintegration in their profession after burn injury.