bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Religious Experience in Seventeenth-Century Quakerism
Authors: Pennington Madeleine 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter traces the precise ways in which the actual religious, emotional, and cultural experience of Quakers changed from the origins of the movement to roughly 1700. Recovering this experience, it becomes clear that Quakerism itself emerged out of a particular response to an awareness of Christ’s presence, and that Friends’ commitment to belief in immediate revelation was continuously affirmed throughout this period of transformation. However, other important religious changes did occur—namely, an altered understanding of divine immanence, the emergence of a powerful group identity, the loss of a distinctive prophetic vocation, and a growing understanding of perfection as moral righteousness. These shifts do not indicate a process of mollification in the pursuit of socio-political respectability, but rather point to a process of theological transformation—as the next chapter will show
Children of the Light
Authors: Pennington Madeleine 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Chapter 3 is the first of six chapters which meticulously trace the development of the Quakers’ Christology—the central theological shift affecting the movement during this period—in conversation with those outside the movement. The first Quakers professed an electrifying belief in the full, spiritual presence of Christ within the individual. This was not strictly a rationalist or a spiritualist dissenting position; nor was it a doctrine of celestial flesh. Rather, it was a highly spiritualized understanding of Christ which should be understood in context as an outworking of a Reformed theological culture and the broader Christological crisis of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Christ was understood to be fundamentally spiritual in nature, and the ‘Light within’ and ‘Christ’ were viewed as ontologically equivalent. However, this understanding was vehemently criticized as an attack on the historical Jesus; the earliest period of Quakerism was marked by hostility rather than dialogue
The Effects of the Blood
Authors: Pennington Madeleine 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 outlines the first Christological (and in turn, soteriological) changes in Quaker thought. More explicit distinction was made between Christ and the Light within, the historical Jesus was mentioned more frequently, and Quaker soteriology moved towards Reformed beliefs regarding atonement and justification. Simultaneously, the Quakers were also engaging with more radical streams of thought, and there is some evidence of their early engagement with Spinoza. However, these alliances turned out to be unsustainable; after Friends’ engagement with Dutch Collegiants broke down, their efforts turned back to the more constraining Anglophone West. These developments all reflected a theological process which should not hastily be attributed to the effects of regime change, and the impact of the Restoration upon Quakerism has been exaggerated. Documents such as George Fox’s famous letter to the Governor of Barbados also illustrate the limits of their theological re-evaluation before the early 1670s
Conditions on Knowledge
Authors: Kelp Christoph 
Published: March 2021

AbstractChapter 3 focuses on conditions of knowledge. It argues that, for activities with constitutive aims featuring normative properties, it is not uncommon to find substantive conditions on both the means of attaining the aim and the environment. Moreover, it shows that inquiry is a case in point. Since knowledge is the constitutive aim of inquiry, it follows that there are substantive constraints on the means for attaining knowledge and on the environment in which knowledge can be had. Chapter 3 goes on to develops a more detailed account of these constraints in terms of abilities to know and shows how these conditions can be used to solve the Gettier problem. It discusses a number of key objections and offers responses.
Epistemic Value
Authors: Kelp Christoph 
Published: March 2021

AbstractChapter 5 turns to issues relating to epistemic value. It argues that activities with constitutive aims constitute value domains in which the constitutive aims are domain-relative for-their-own-sake values. Applying this to the case of the two forms of inquiry, we get the results that knowledge and understanding are valuable for their own sake in the domains constituted by these activities. Chapter 5 argues that the two forms of inquiry constitute the epistemic domain, thus shedding light on the boundaries and the structure of the epistemic domain. Finally, it is shown that the resulting view can solve a number of so-called value problems in epistemology, including the difficult tertiary value problem according to which knowledge must come out more valuable than mere true belief as a matter of kind.
Scepticism
Authors: Kelp Christoph 
Published: March 2021

AbstractChapter 6 addresses the problem of scepticism. More specifically, it focuses on a particularly difficult sceptical argument which proceeds from the plausible claims (i) that we don’t know that we are not radically deceived and (ii) that, if so, we don’t know much at all to the problematic sceptical conclusion that we don’t know much at all. It is argued that there is reason to take issue with both premises of this argument. More specifically, Chapter 6 presents a novel theoretical argument against the principle the knowledge transmits across competent deduction, which motivates the second premise. And it develops a new way of resisting the first premise. The key idea here is that we can have basic knowledge of the denials of sceptical hypotheses thanks to an ability to know that certain possibilities could not easily obtain. Having dealt with some objections, Chapter 6 compares the approach to scepticism developed here with its closest competitor, the sensitivity-based approach, and argues that there is reason to favour the former.
Identify Courses of Action
Authors: Raines James C. , Dibble Nic T. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Identifying courses of action warns mental health professionals not to be caught in false dilemmas where only polar options are available. This chapter suggests using the “rule of three” to ensure that least three courses of action are ascertained. Next, it recommends considering the consequences of each possible course of action. To evaluate each of the alternatives, professionals should consider the moral values involved and responsibilities to multiple stakeholders. Based on the moral development of the students involved, professionals should involve them in collaborative decision-making and treat students as partners in the ethical process.
Implement the Decision
Authors: Raines James C. , Dibble Nic T. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Implementing the decision begins by double-checking that the course of action that is chosen passes six ethical tests prior to enactment. The chapter focuses on six final checks: the Golden Rule, fiduciary responsibility, justice and fairness, publicity, universality, and mitigation of harm. It recommends that mental health professionals be prepared to justify the decision by managing criticism. Criticism can be assuaged by emphasizing protection of the client, a focus on the present, and the positive outcomes achieved. It recommends that clinicians document their ethical decision-making process and use established parameters to justify their decision.
Innovation in Real Places
Authors: Breznitz Dan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Across the world, cities and regions have wasted trillions of dollars blindly copying the Silicon Valley model of growth creation. We have lived with this system for decades, and the result is clear: a small number of regions and cities are at the top of the high-tech industry, but many more are fighting a losing battle to retain economic dynamism. But, as this books details, there are other models for innovation-based growth that don’t rely on a flourishing high-tech industry. Breznitz argues that the purveyors of the dominant ideas on innovation have a feeble understanding of the big picture on global production and innovation. They conflate innovation with invention and suffer from techno-fetishism. In their devotion to start-ups, they refuse to admit that the real obstacle to growth for most cities is the overwhelming power of the real hubs, which siphon up vast amounts of talent and money. Communities waste time, money, and energy pursuing this road to nowhere. Instead, Breznitz proposes that communities focus on where they fit within the four stages in the global production process. Success lies in understanding the changed structure of the global system of production and then using those insights to enable communities to recognize their own advantages, which in turn allows to them to foster surprising forms of specialized innovation. All localities have certain advantages relative to at least one stage of the global production process, and the trick is in recognizing it.
Out with the Old, In with the New! But in What Ways?
Authors: Breznitz Dan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The chapter, utilizing the tools and concepts developed in chapter 5, focuses on the trendiest (and for many people, wrongly, the only) stage of innovation—novel product and technologies innovation. It first analyzes one mode of success—the Silicon Valley model—utilizing the story of Israel and demonstrating both its allure and significant benefits, but also its considerable downsides and limitations, especially with regard to equality, equity, and long-term prosperity. The chapter then presents an alternative model for stage 1 innovation, one which is not built around massive financial exits and IPOs and utilizes different modes of innovation financing instead of the over-hyped venture capital model. The story of the ongoing transformation of Hamilton, Canada, serves to make those lessons concrete.
The Road to Hell Is Paved with Good Intentions
Authors: Breznitz Dan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The true problem of economics is when economists fall in love with their models to such a degree that they try to force reality to comply with the models by influencing rules and regulations. The unintended consequences are catastrophic, and no more so than in finance. The reason is that financial markets are the area most easily captured by aesthetically pleasing mathematical models, while at the same time not being a true market (a fact too often conveniently forgotten). Currently, this phenomenon of trying to force reality to conform with theory moved into its periodical extreme, with the financialization of the economy. Financialization views all economic activity as a set of financial transactions, including viewing corporations as financial assets that should be maximized in the short term. With investors and courts now treating theories as shareholders’ value and efficient-market hypothesis (EMH) as the legal yardsticks with which to judge executives’ behavior, those who aim at sustained growth and prosperity find themselves in a perfect storm. The combined effect is that the ability of public companies in the United States to invest capital in large-scale productive assets with the aim of ensuring long-term growth is significantly curtailed. Further, it is quite clear that we cannot do anything to change this in the foreseeable future. Consequently, regions need to creatively engage with the system, trying to create a “financial space” that will allow their companies to scale-up, grow, and produce the jobs and prosperity they seek.
News in their Pockets
Authors: Wei Ran , Lo Ven-hwei 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis book explores the societal, technological, and user-related factors in understanding why and how digitally savvy college students in Asia’s most mobile cities—Shanghai, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taipei—seek news via the mobile phone, how they evaluate mobile news for credibility and usefulness, and the consequences of this practice: becoming engaged with mobile news, which then teaches them about current affairs. The analyses are situated at the intersection of technological advances from 3G to 4G and marked differences in political and media systems across the four cities, which jointly shape Asia’s new generations of citizens. Technologically, the deeply diffused mobile phone motivates civic-minded millennials and centennials in Asia to access news with their phones and engage with the news for civic learning. However, sociopolitical factors impede potential positive outcomes of mobile news consumption. Cross-societal comparisons of survey data collected from two time periods reveal new insights into the interplay of technology and society in consuming mobile news.
Consumption
Authors: Wei Ran , Lo Ven-hwei 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis chapter traces the evolution of the mobile phone as a viable channel to disseminate news by news organizations and as a portable device to access and consume news for users in Shanghai, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taipei. It also explores the gap in regulations concerning mobile news in the four aforementioned Asian cities and documents the growing trend in consuming mobile news among the mobile phone-savvy college students. The chapter then identifies predictors of patterns in mobile news consumption. Significant differences in consumption exist across the four studied cities due to different levels of press freedom.
Who Learns from Mobile News?
Authors: Wei Ran , Lo Ven-hwei 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDoes consumption of mobile news make a difference in acquiring knowledge of public affairs? Focusing on news regarding the relationship between North Korea and the United States, this chapter examines the learning effect of mobile news among the surveyed college students in Shanghai, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taipei. Results reveal that male respondents are more politically knowledgeable than are female respondents; need for orientation is a significant predictor of political knowledge. In addition, societal factors such as information accessibility also affect Asian college students’ acquisition of political knowledge—respondents living in a highly accessible city tend to know more about the North Korea and U.S. relations than do their peers living in a city with restricted access to digital information. In learning from mobile news, both the hardware (4G networks and smartphones) and software (global outlook, access, and openness) are equally important in producing informed and engaged young citizens in Asia.
Conclusions
Authors: Wei Ran , Lo Ven-hwei 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis chapter draws conclusions based on empirical evidence concerning the why, how, and effects of mobile news consumption. A new type of news consumer emerges—one who prefers to seek news over the phone rather than the PC, who tends to engage with the news, and who learns something about currents affairs from it. The increased consumption of news via the mobile phone reveals a process in which Asia’s civically motivated young generations seek to be informed. Our findings offer insights into the debate over technological determinism in that technological innovations matter in early stages of a technology’s diffusion. However, as the technology matures and its use becomes routinized, it is increasingly subject to societal constraints and impositions of political power. Consumption of mobile news among college students in the four studied Asian cities represents an illuminating case of social shaping of technology.
Conclusion
Authors: Ibrahim Ayman S. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Chapter 5 presents a cohesive conclusion, summarizing the findings, rehearsing the arguments, and synthesizing the concluding remarks of the entire study. Islamic historiography presents varying notions of conversion to Islam which are evidenced by repeated literary features and depictions. It suggests not only that conversion started slowly (as recent studies advocate) but also that conversion meant different things, including sincere religious conviction and mere political submission. Medieval Muslim historians utilize conversion themes to address both non-Muslims and Muslims, highlighting the supremacy of Islam to non-Muslims and emphasizing genuineness of faith to Muslims. Literary depictions of conversion are a product of the religious views of the historians, influenced by the sociopolitical requirements at the time of writing.
The Humanity of Universal Crime
Authors: Graf Sinja 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The international crime of “crimes against humanity” has become integral to contemporary political and legal discourse. However, the conceptual core of the term—an act offending against all of mankind—runs deep in the history of international political thought. In an original excavation of this history, The Humanity of Universal Crime examines theoretical mobilizations of the idea of “universal crime” in colonial and post-colonial contexts. The book demonstrates the overlooked centrality of humanity and criminality to political liberalism’s historical engagement with world politics, thereby breaking with the exhaustively studied status of individual rights in liberal thought. It is argued that invocations of universal crime project humanity as a normatively integrated yet minimally inclusive and hierarchically structured subject. Such visions of humanity have in turn underwritten justifications of foreign rule and outsider intervention based on claims to an injury universally suffered by all mankind. The study foregrounds the political productivity of the notion of universal crime that entails distinct figures, relationships, and forms of authority and agency. The book traces this argument through European political theorists’ deployments of universal crime in assessing the legitimacy of colonial rule and foreign intervention in non-European societies. Analyzing John Locke’s notion of universal crime in the context of English colonialism, the concept’s retooled circulation during the nineteenth century, and contemporary cosmopolitanism’s reliance on crimes against humanity, it identifies an “inclusionary Eurocentrism” that subtends the authorizing and coercive dimensions of universal crime. Unlike much-studied “exclusionary Eurocentrist” thinking, “inclusionary Eurocentrist” arguments have historically extended an unequal, repressive “recognition via liability” to non-European peoples.
“The Conscience of the Civilized World”
Authors: Graf Sinja 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter assesses the role of universal crime in nineteenth-century European arguments on the legitimacy of imperial rule. British abolitionist arguments redeployed the concept by overlaying “humanity” with the discourse of civilizationalism. Abolitionist uses of universal crime hence targeted imperial Britain rather than colonized societies. Refracting “humanity” through the lens of civilizational distinction indicates nineteenth-century changes in European international thought that lessened the popularity of the concept of universal crime. Overall, the chapter argues that a turn from an “inclusionary Eurocentrism” to an “exclusionary Eurocentrism” subtends these changes. Analyzing John Stuart Mill’s and Tocqueville’s evaluations of European imperialism shows that they discussed the legitimate conduct of colonial rule not in terms of humanity’s laws, but in terms of national identity and reputation. The chapter further assesses in detail those features of nineteenth-century international theory that engendered a normatively fractured vision of humanity that was inimical to its imagination as universally injured.
Conclusion
Authors: Graf Sinja 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The concluding chapter critiques current scholarly trends to discuss crimes against humanity based on the feelings of horror they create and argues that an analysis of the power politics waged through their discursive mobilization requires analytical scrutiny. The conclusion therefore appraises the difference between hegemonic and counterhegemonic deployments of crimes against humanity in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. The twenty-first-century deployments comprise the designation of slavery and apartheid as crimes against humanity (a designation that resulted from international political activities by actors from the Global South) as well as the denunciation of the 2003 US-led military campaign in Iraq as a crime against humanity (by transnational social movements). The chapter closes with a critique of debates on the Anthropocene that posit humanity as an undifferentiated, totalizing geological force and argues that, once again, scrutiny of the concrete, differential power positions structuring humanity is imperative for assessing the social causes of climate devastation.
Gifts of Life
Authors: Campbell Courtney S. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines views and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) regarding organ and tissue donation, which historically have evolved from a posture of ecclesiastical discouragement to a contemporary commendation. The ethics of organ and tissue donation can be situated within an LDS communal ethos of love of neighbor, altruism, and offering “gifts of life” as a morally and spiritually valuable action and a matter for individual agency rather than a state or ecclesiastical mandate. Communal practices surrounding organized blood donation, sacramental rituals of the offering of Christ’s body and blood for human salvation, and scriptural analogies of self-giving to others provide religious motivations for an organized culture of donation regarding organs and tissues.
Dying Well
Authors: Campbell Courtney S. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The most meaningfully charged ethical choices confronted by members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) and by LDS medical professionals concern decision-making at the end of life. This chapter examines ethical considerations confronting the LDS community in decisions regarding both forgoing medical life support and in medically assisted dying. LDS teaching has supported a negative right to die from treatment cessation while consistently opposing legalization of a positive right to die through a physician-prescribed medication or administration of a lethal drug. The ecclesiastical emphasis on responsible exercise of moral agency leaves open the prospect for adherents to claim that a version of death with dignity is compatible with LDS ethical principles. Nonetheless, ecclesiastical opposition has extended to opposing specific legislative and citizen referenda advancing patient rights to request a life-ending medication from their physician.
Conclusion
Authors: Alger Justin 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This concluding chapter examines the question of whether or not large marine protected areas (MPAs) are a desirable and effective solution to ongoing ocean decline. It makes two seemingly at odds arguments, which it attempts to reconcile. The first argument is that the norm of large MPAs does represent an important paradigm shift in marine conservation, one that has given unprecedented attention to ocean biodiversity loss globally. The second argument qualifies this paradigm shift, claiming that the large MPA norm is still consistent with a neoliberal paradigm of environmentalism that insists that environmental protection not undermine economic growth.