bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“A Holy Baptism of Fire and Blood”
Authors: Byrd James P. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The Bible marked the landscape of the Civil War—literally. Like Manassas and Bethel, Shiloh was a name taken from scripture. Shiloh had a tumultuous history in the Bible. It was a central place of worship for Israel, home to the Ark of God—the representation of God on earth, which contained the tablets of the law God delivered to Moses. Shiloh was also a military headquarters (Joshua 18:1, 22:9, 12). But above all, Shiloh was a place of tragedy. Shiloh rose again in the United States as many churches took its name. One of those churches stood in Tennessee near Pittsburg Landing, which became the site of the war’s bloodiest battle yet. Americans had never seen a battle with so many casualties—over 20,000. This chapter narrates how Americans cited the Bible in response to this devastating battle.
Sociolinguists and Rapport
Authors: Rampton Ben 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
‘Rapport’ in fieldwork involves the temporary interactional suspension of strangerhood and distance. In traditional ethnography, it has positive value as a fieldwork ideal sketched in advisory rules of thumb. But in reflexive contemporary sociolinguistics, rapport looks like a craft term concealing a great deal of ideological work, covering ethnocentricity in gate-keeping encounters and ‘synthetic personalization’ in consumer culture. Can these two traditions be reconciled and if so, how? The paper proposes playback—retrospective participant commentary on recordings of interaction—as a productive reconfiguration of rapport that avoids the bad faith with which rapport is so easily identified.
Rapport with God
Authors: Kuipers Joel 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In taking up Brigg’s (1986) earlier cautions about researchers imposing their conceptual frameworks on communicative activities that are being studied, this chapter considers how rapport is conceptualized among a diverse array of Muslim Indonesians across time and space. In doing so, it examines the ideologization of the sign vehicles used for the mediation of rapport. At the same time, it provides insights into some of the understandings that constitute preconditions to rapport. In this case, it shows how different languages and embodied practices are constructed as mediums associated with different ways of establishing rapport with God. In looking at rapport in this way, the chapter models one way for exploring local theories of rapport.
Understanding the Mental Health Problems of Children and Adolescents
Authors: Painter Kirstin , Scannapieco Maria 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Understanding Mental Health Problems of Children and Adolescents: A Guide for Social Workers provides a practical guide for social workers on promoting positive mental health in youth from a system of care perspective. Social workers will gain an understanding of the scope of mental health issues in youth, along with definitions, etiology, and evidence-based treatments. The book emphasizes the importance of collaborating with youth and caregivers, addressing issues from a strengths and trauma-informed perspective, and cultural humility practice. A unique aspect of the book is the presentation of real-life case studies that allow the reader to apply the information in each section of the book. Each diagnosis is presented in two chapters. The first chapter discusses the criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), the biological aspects of the disorder, and its differential diagnoses followed by a case study applying the diagnostic criteria. The second chapter presents evidence-based treatments and medications. Information on how to access evidence-based treatments for each diagnosis is provided, followed by a discussion of the outcomes of the case studies from the previous chapter. The final chapters discuss the importance of collaborating with schools, mental health providers, child protective services, and others.
Schizophrenia Spectrum and First-Episode Psychosis
Authors: Painter Kirstin , Scannapieco Maria 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness that results in strange thinking, abnormal feelings, and/or odd behaviors. It affects approximately 1 percent of the population. This chapter examines the genetics of schizophrenia and presents the research findings of brain studies, including a longitudinal study of children with early-onset schizophrenia. Next, the chapter provides an overview of the signs and symptoms of schizophrenia and discusses diagnosing schizophrenia in children and adolescents. An overview of autism spectrum disorder, while not considered a serious mental illness by most mental health professionals, is included in this chapter due to its shared genetic components and overlap in its presentation of symptoms with schizophrenia. The chapter ends with useful tools for assessing for the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia followed by real-life case studies and questions for class discussion.
Treatment of Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders and First-Episode Psychosis
Authors: Painter Kirstin , Scannapieco Maria 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Currently there is no cure for schizophrenia and no sure way to prevent it. However, people who possess risk factors for schizophrenia can minimize their symptoms or prevent them from getting worse by taking preventative measures. And if symptoms do appear, early treatment may lessen the severity of the symptoms and improve the trajectory of the disorder. This chapter covers the prescribing of psychotropic medications for treating children and adolescents with schizophrenia and discusses promising and effective treatments, including multisystemic therapy-psychiatric, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and coordinated specialty care for first-episode psychosis. Chapter 16 returns to the case studies presented in Chapter 15 and describes the real-life outcomes along with questions for class discussion.
Social Workers in Capital Defense Practice
Authors: Kammer Brian 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on how social workers are uniquely suited to the essential task of crafting mitigating social histories for capital defendants that can penetrate the fog of misconceptions, disinformation, and demonization/dehumanization endemic to the capital punishment process. Rooted in traditions of antiracism and community education, welfare, and empowerment, whose fundamental aspirations have been to identify and remedy systemic impediments to human welfare and to encourage human mutuality, the 150-year history of American social work places it in natural opposition to capital punishment. Mitigating narratives created by social workers recover defendants’ humanity and empower judicial decision-makers to act mercifully. Decades of social worker participation in capital defense have seen a sharp decline in death sentencing.
Linking the Social Services and Criminal Justice Systems
Authors: Ginsberg Leon 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter covers the criminal justice program structures and services and the ways in which social workers are involved in them. Social work’s involvement in the complex criminal justice system is extensive and varied. Direct or clinical practice with individuals, groups of individuals, and their families, are the primary activities of social workers in criminal justice. Social work, among the human services professions, is broader in its approaches than are most others. The social work profession not only focuses on direct or clinical services to clients and their families, but it also involves itself in larger system concerns, such as public policy and research. These nonclinical functions are included in the National Association of Social Workers’ Social Work Code of Ethics, social work licensing standards, and in programs of education for social workers.
Serious Mental Illness, Criminal Justice, and the Death Penalty
Authors: Scheyett Anna , Crawford Katherine J. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses the intersection of mental health and the criminal justice system. Individuals with serious mental illness (SMI) are at higher risk of involvement with the criminal justice system and at greater risk of more severe sentencing. Mental Health America estimates that 20% of persons on death row have a serious mental illness. Someone who was actively mentally ill at the time of a crime, but who has received treatment and is now stable, will proceed to trial as death eligible. This chapter holds that, as the majority of mental health professionals, social workers have a responsibility for educating lawmakers, community members, and those in the criminal justice system, as well as other practitioners about the multiple levels of injustice and inequity surrounding individuals with SMI and the criminal justice system. These issues range from inadequate and inconsistent treatment in the community, jails, and prisons to differential sentencing practices.
Intellectual Disability, Criminal Justice, and the Death Penalty
Authors: Sloan Cliff , Fraas Lauryn 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces the reader to key cases analyzing claims of intellectual disability, describes the current clinical definition and diagnosis, and provides an overview of recurring issues in capital litigation. In 2002, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that individuals with intellectual disability may not be executed. The Court subsequently clarified that current medical standards must be used in assessing claims of intellectual disability in capital cases. The clinical diagnosis requires assessing three factors: (a) deficits in intellectual functioning; (b) deficits in adaptive behavior; and (c) the onset of deficits during the developmental period. Courts must be informed by current medical standards regarding issues that arise, including the standard error of measurement in IQ scores, the problems of offsetting weaknesses in adaptive behavior with perceived strengths, and other clinical topics. The principle that the death penalty must not be imposed on individuals with intellectual disability signals important responsibilities for social work practitioners.
Immigration, Foreign Nationals, and the U.S. Death Penalty
Authors: Nackerud Larry , Barner John R. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the interplay between the policy arenas of immigration and the death penalty in the United States. Central to this interplay is the recognition of foreign national rights on U.S. soil—even when individuals stand accused of committing a capital crime such as murder. The authors provide a sociohistorical background of U.S. immigration policy. Specifically, they address the United Nations, the role of the United States in its development, and its promulgated policies protecting human rights; the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, including Article 36; and Optional Protocol Concerning the Compulsory Settlement of Disputes. The chapter focuses on Mexican nationals, who represent 13 of 34 foreign nationals executed in the United States since 1976, despite internationally recognized protections. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how the failure of the United States to comply is a clear violation of international human and civil rights standards.
Advocacy, Activism, and Policy Practice
Authors: Dodson Marissa McCall 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter will discuss the role of social workers as activists in the pursuit of reforms to criminal legal system policies and practices, the disparities that social workers must advocate against, and the need to empower the people and communities most impacted by the issues. Disparity and injustice have been entrenched in criminal legal systems in the United States since chattel slavery ended at the end of the 19th century. Up until approximately 30 years ago, though, social workers were instrumental in the development of policies and practices that promoted fairness, dignity, and rehabilitation for impacted people and communities. While social workers in criminal legal systems have been on the decline for decades, the recent reforms of the last 15 years and the return to policies aimed at reducing incarceration and improving community-based treatment offer great opportunities for social work activists to reengage in advocacy efforts to improve these systems.
Introduction
Authors: Schofield Paul 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces the concept of duties to the self, situating it within our everyday thought and talk, as well as within the history of moral philosophy. Contemporary dismissals of self-duty are discussed, as are contemporary Kantian attempts to appeal to the notion without vindicating it, and it is concluded that there exists a need for a comprehensive defense of duties to the self. The chapter concludes by noting the lack of discussion of self-duty within political philosophy, and by raising the possibility of paternalistic law justified through appeal to state-enforced duties to the self.
The Parmenidean Ascent
Authors: Della Rocca Michael 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The central aim of The Parmenidean Ascent is to reveal the power of an extreme monism of a Parmenidean variety in a more uncompromising manner than has been attempted for many a year. For the Parmenidean monist, there are no distinctions whatsoever, and indeed distinctions are unintelligible. The book not only defends—against the tide of much recent scholarship—the attribution of such a sweeping monism to Parmenides, it also embraces this monism in its own right and expands these monistic results to many of the most crucial areas of philosophy. The topics that come in for this rationalistic, monistic treatment include being, action, knowledge, meaning, truth, and metaphysical explanation. There is thus no differentiated being, no differentiated action, knowledge, etc. Rather all is being, just as all is action, knowledge, etc. The motive force behind this argument is a combination of a detailed survey of the failures of leading positions (both historical and contemporary) to meet a demand for the explanation of a given phenomenon, and a powerful rationalist, Bradleyan argument against the reality of relations. The result is a rationalist rejection of all distinctions and a skeptical denial of the intelligibility of ordinary, relational notions of being, action, knowledge, etc. A further significant upshot is the rejection of any distinction between philosophy itself and the study of its history. Throughout the book, attention is paid to philosophical methods, including especially the method, so popular today, of relying on intuitions and common sense. The historically minded and rationalist approach throughout this book goes a long way toward demonstrating the ultimate bankruptcy of this prevalent methodology.
The Call of Parmenides
Authors: Della Rocca Michael 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Chapter 1 advances an interpretation of Parmenides as rejecting all distinctions and all non-being and as thus espousing a radical form of monism. Parmenides’ monism is so radical that, according to him, non-being cannot even be thought of or spoken of. Strong textual evidence is marshalled for seeing Parmenides’ rejection of distinctions as driven by his explicit and implicit commitment to the Principle of Sufficient Reason, the PSR, according to which each fact or thing has an explanation. The Parmenidean rejection of all distinctions amounts to a paradox in part because, in saying that non-being cannot be thought or said, Parmenides seems to be speaking of non-being. Comparison of Parmenides’ paradoxical view and Wittgenstein’s position in his Tractatus Theologico-Politicus is developed. Important secondary literature on Parmenides is engaged with, particularly the writings of G. E. L. Owen and Alexander Mourelatos.
Substance
Authors: Della Rocca Michael 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The first case in which this book identifies the pressure to make the Parmenidean Ascent is that of substance or being. This chapter analyzes several episodes in the history of philosophy in which philosophers appropriately issue an explanatory demand when it comes to substance: what is it in virtue of which a substance is a substance? These philosophers all then go on to fail to observe this explanatory demand in their own positive accounts of substance. The views of Aristotle, Descartes, Leibniz, Locke, and Jonathan Lowe are examined in some detail. This pervasive failure of a wide swath of prominent theories of substance leads to the suspicion that there is something systematically amiss with the notion of substance. Chapter 3 seeks to identify the culprit.
Substance
Authors: Della Rocca Michael 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter identifies the source of the failure to satisfy the explanatory demand with regard to being or substance. The culprit is the presupposition that we are trying to understand what it is to be a relational substance, a substance that stands in relations. Chapter 3 argues that any attempt to meet the explanatory demand for a relational substance is embroiled in vicious explanatory regresses or circles. Potential objections to this argument are shown to be lacking, and a comparison between this argument against relational substance and Bradley’s famous regress argument against the reality of relations is offered. The only way to save the notion of substance is to affirm undifferentiated or non-relational substance. This is a Parmenidean Ascent with regard to being: there are no beings, not even one being, rather there is simply being. A comparison between this conception of being and Aquinas’ conception of God is offered.
Meaning
Authors: Della Rocca Michael 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In its most general form, the explanatory demand with regard to meaning addresses the question: what is it for representation or aboutness or meaning to be present? This question can focus on linguistic meaning in particular or on aboutness in general, including non-linguistic aboutness. Through a detailed analysis of leading theories—including those of Grice, Searle, Soames, Descombes, Horwich, Putnam, Kripke, Lewis, and Davidson—it is shown how the failure to meet the explanatory demand with regard to meaning is pervasive. A Bradleyan regress argument is then deployed to make a Parmenidean Ascent: there is no differentiated meaning, instead all is meaning. This ascent is intimated—perhaps unwittingly—in the classic arguments of Quine’s “Two Dogmas of Empiricism” and Davidson’s “On the Very Idea of a Conceptual Scheme.” The chapter closes with a Parmenidean Ascent with regard to truth that follows from the Parmenidean Ascent with regard to meaning.
Meaning, the History of Philosophy, and Analytical Philosophy
Authors: Della Rocca Michael 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Chapter 7 considers the consequences of the Parmenidean Ascent with regard to meaning for the alleged distinction between philosophy and the study of its history. The argument that any such distinction is unintelligible focuses on the disregard of the history of philosophy in certain quarters of analytical philosophy. The argument identifies three pillars or struts of analytical philosophy: realism, the method of intuition or common sense, and discreteness in metaphysics. The chapter then shows how each of these three struts is implicated in the disdain for or ignoring of the history of philosophy. Rejecting an isolationist response to this analytical forgetfulness—a response that separates the study of the history of philosophy from philosophy itself—the chapter goes on to challenge the struts of analytical philosophy and to make a Parmenidean Ascent with regard to the distinction between philosophy and the study of its history.
The Culture and Development Manifesto
Authors: Klitgaard Robert 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This book is a manifesto for building on diverse cultural strengths in international development. Gently but firmly, it demonstrates how and why cultural studies and anthropology have fallen short in application and, arguably, in terms of social science. Nonetheless, anthropology and cultural studies have much to offer, as the book shows through lively examples ranging from West Africa to South Sudan, from Haïti to Hawai’i, from Nepal to Native America. Anthropology can provide distinctive information and compelling descriptions, case studies of successful adaptation and resistance, the deconstruction of cultural texts, useful checklists, and processes for combining outside expertise and local knowledge. Beyond the important task of identifying how cultural features interact with particular projects, The Culture and Development Manifesto displays new ways to think about goals (and risks), new kinds of alternatives, new and perhaps métisse ways to implement, and, as a result, new kinds of politics.
Is Culture a Key to Development?
Authors: Klitgaard Robert 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In the late 1980s the economy of the small African country of Equatorial Guinea was foundering. Macroeconomic adjustment hadn’t controlled corruption or strengthened the institutions of property, credit, and taxation. As a result, so-called free-market reforms had made little difference in, of all places, the market. Do reforms need to take account of local cultural conditions—including the possibility that what outsiders call development is not a priority? The finance minister explained to me the relevance, in cultures like his, of dictatorship, forced labor, and restrictions of freedom of speech and assembly. Indeed, he argued that Westerners can’t understand apparent torture without an appreciation of his country’s history and political culture. If not so stridently, other Africans agree that culture is a critical variable in advancing, or resisting, various forms of development. Some say, “We need to change our culture to move ahead.” Others argue, “At least we should adjust our policies to our cultural specificities.” How to take culture into account becomes a crucial practical question in development policy and management.
The Misuse of Culture
Authors: Klitgaard Robert 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
An obstacle to applying cultural knowledge is the fear of misuse and misunderstanding. Histories of cultural categories becoming cultural stereotypes have left behind scars and sensitivity, and this has lead some scholars to abandon the concept of “culture” altogether. Applying cultural knowledge is also deterred by chronic tension between accepting cultures as they are (trait-taking) or trying to change them (trait-making). Either way, one faces criticism. What’s more, a scholar’s ethnographic nuances may be misappropriated in practice and, in some cases, be bowdlerized by fellow academics. A detailed example from South Sudan conveys the dangers of misuse and misunderstanding. No wonder many anthropologists (and others) shy away from policy design and implementation.
Adjusting to Cultures
Authors: Klitgaard Robert 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Cultures interact with policy choices in ways that produce unintended consequences (alas, often negative ones). On the positive side, better knowledge about the interactions between policies, cultures, and outcomes can lead to better outcomes. This chapter offers some exciting examples. The field of cultural ergonomics takes culture into account in the design of everything from stoves to truck interiors to housing for the poor. A successful agroforestry program in Haïti didn’t try to change local “cultures” but to include locals in culturally appropriate ways. Other inspiring examples of cultural knowledge in action include governance reforms among Indigenous nations in the United States, culturally attuned pedagogy in Hawai’i, and a remarkable rural development program in West Africa. They have in common the application of anthropological knowledge through processes that respect and empower local people.