bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How to Estimate the Far-Side Open Flux Using STEREO Coronal Holes
Authors: Heinemann Stephan G. , Temmer Manuela , Hofmeister Stefan J. , Stojakovic Aleksandar , Gizon Laurent , Yang Dan 
Published: September 2021

AbstractGlobal magnetic field models use as input synoptic data, which usually show “aging effects” as the longitudinal $360^{\circ }$

360
∘

information is not obtained simultaneously. Especially during times of increased solar activity, the evolution of the magnetic field may yield large uncertainties. A significant source of uncertainty is the Sun’s magnetic field on the side of the Sun invisible to the observer. Various methods have been used to complete the picture: synoptic charts, flux-transport models, and far side helioseismology. In this study, we present a new method to estimate the far-side open flux within coronal holes using STEREO EUV observations. First, we correlate the structure of the photospheric magnetic field as observed with the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory (HMI/SDO) with features in the transition region. From the 304 Å intensity distribution, which we found to be specific to coronal holes, we derive an empirical estimate for the open flux. Then we use a large sample of 313 SDO coronal hole observations to verify this relation. Finally, we perform a cross-instrument calibration from SDO to STEREO data to enable the estimation of the open flux at solar longitudes not visible from Earth. We find that the properties of strong unipolar magnetic elements in the photosphere, which determine the coronal hole’s open flux, can be approximated by open fields in the transition region. We find that structures below a threshold of $78\%$
78
%
(STEREO) or $94\%$
94
%
(SDO) of the solar disk median intensity as seen in 304 Å filtergrams are reasonably well correlated with the mean magnetic flux density of coronal holes (cc$_{\mathrm{sp}} = 0.59$

=

sp

0.59
). Using the area covered by these structures ($A_{\mathrm{OF}}$

A
OF

) and the area of the coronal hole ($A_{\mathrm{CH}}$

A
CH

), we model the open magnetic flux of a coronal hole as $|\Phi _{\mathrm{CH}}| = 0.25 A_{\mathrm{CH}}~\mathrm{exp}(0.032 A_{\mathrm{OF}})$
|

Φ
CH

|
=
0.25

A
CH

exp
(
0.032

A
OF

)
with an estimated uncertainty of 40 to $60\%$
60
%
.
Temperature Dependence of the γ/γ′ Interfacial Energy in Binary Ni–Al Alloys
Authors: Ardell Alan J. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Published data on the coarsening kinetics of γ′ (Ni3Al) precipitates in binary Ni–Al alloys aged at 12 temperatures ranging from 773 K to 1073 K are analyzed to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the temperature dependence of the γ/γ′ interfacial free energy, σ. The data are analyzed using equations of the trans-interface-diffusion-controlled (TIDC) theory of coarsening, with temporal exponent n = 2.4. The results show that σ decreases with increasing temperature, T. A linear empirical equation is fitted to the data on σ
vs
T; it extrapolates to σ = 0 in the liquid region of the Ni–Al phase diagram, as it should do. A quantitative temperature-dependent transition radius, r
trans, is calculated; it depends on the product of the interface width and the ratio of the chemical diffusion coefficients in the γ phase and interface regions. Applying the TIDC coarsening equations to calculate σ is justified when the average radius, 〈r〉, satisfies the condition 〈r〉 < r
trans, which is valid for all the data used in the fit. The data on σ
vs
T are compared with theoretical predictions. The results are discussed in the context of previous work, as well as with values of σ obtained through analyses using the equations of traditional LSW coarsening kinetics, n = 3.
The Noncommutative Fractional Fourier Law in Bounded and Unbounded Domains
Authors: Colombo Fabrizio , Deniz González Denis , Pinton Stefano 
Published: September 2021

AbstractUsing the spectral theory on theS-spectrum it is possible to define the fractional powers of a large class of vector operators. This possibility leads to new fractional diffusion and evolution problems that are of particular interest for nonhomogeneous materials where the Fourier law is not simply the negative gradient operator but it is a nonconstant coefficients differential operator of the form$$\begin{aligned} T=\sum _{\ell =1}^3e_\ell a_\ell (x)\partial _{x_\ell }, \ \ \ x=(x_1,x_2,x_3)\in \overline{\Omega }, \end{aligned}$$T=∑ℓ=13eℓaℓ(x)∂xℓ,x=(x1,x2,x3)∈Ω¯,where,$$\Omega $$Ωcan be either a bounded or an unbounded domain in$$\mathbb {R}^3$$R3whose boundary$$\partial \Omega $$∂Ωis considered suitably regular,$$\overline{\Omega }$$Ω¯is the closure of$$\Omega $$Ωand$$e_\ell $$eℓ, for$$\ell =1,2,3$$ℓ=1,2,3are the imaginary units of the quaternions$$\mathbb {H}$$H. The operators$$T_\ell :=a_\ell (x)\partial _{x_\ell }$$Tℓ:=aℓ(x)∂xℓ, for$$\ell =1,2,3$$ℓ=1,2,3, are called the components ofTand$$a_1$$a1,$$a_2$$a2,$$a_3: \overline{\Omega } \subset \mathbb {R}^3\rightarrow \mathbb {R}$$a3:Ω¯⊂R3→Rare the coefficients ofT. In this paper we study the generation of the fractional powers ofT, denoted by$$P_{\alpha }(T)$$Pα(T)for$$\alpha \in (0,1)$$α∈(0,1), when the operators$$T_\ell $$Tℓ, for$$\ell =1,2,3$$ℓ=1,2,3do not commute among themselves. To define the fractional powers$$P_{\alpha }(T)$$Pα(T)ofTwe have to consider the weak formulation of a suitable boundary value problem associated with the pseudoS-resolvent operator ofT. In this paper we consider two different boundary conditions. If$$\Omega $$Ωis unbounded we consider Dirichlet boundary conditions. If$$\Omega $$Ωis bounded we consider the natural Robin-type boundary conditions associated with the generation of the fractional powers ofTrepresented by the operator$$\sum _{\ell =1}^3a_\ell ^2(x)n_\ell (x) \partial _{x_\ell }+a(x)I$$∑ℓ=13aℓ2(x)nℓ(x)∂xℓ+a(x)I, for$$x\in \partial \Omega $$x∈∂Ω, whereIis the identity operator,$$a:\partial \Omega \rightarrow \mathbb {R}$$a:∂Ω→Ris a given function and$$n=(n_1,n_2,n_3)$$n=(n1,n2,n3)is the outward unit normal vector to$$\partial \Omega $$∂Ω. The Robin-type boundary conditions associated with the generation of the fractional powers ofTare, in general, different from the Robin boundary conditions associated to the heat diffusion problem which leads to operators of the type$$ \sum _{\ell =1}^3a_\ell (x)n_\ell (x) \partial _{x_\ell }+b(x)I$$∑ℓ=13aℓ(x)nℓ(x)∂xℓ+b(x)I,$$x\in \partial \Omega . $$x∈∂Ω.For this reason we also discuss the conditions on the coefficients$$a_1$$a1,$$a_2$$a2,$$a_3: \overline{\Omega } \subset \mathbb {R}^3\rightarrow \mathbb {R}$$a3:Ω¯⊂R3→RofTand on the coefficient$$b:\partial \Omega \rightarrow \mathbb {R}$$b:∂Ω→Rso that the fractional powers ofTare compatible with the physical Robin boundary conditions for the heat equations.
Developments in Qualitative Mindfulness Practice Research: a Pilot Scoping Review
Authors: Frank Pascal , Marken Marieke 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Objectives
While scholars are increasingly emphasizing the potential of qualitative mindfulness practice research (QMPR) for advancing the understanding of mindfulness practice, there has been no significant empirical inquiry looking at actual trends and practices of QMPR. Consequently, it has been impossible to direct research practices toward under-researched areas and make methodical suggestions on how to approach them. The aim of the present study was to analyze current trends and practices in QMPR in order to address these areas of need.

Methods
Based on a scoping review, 229 qualitative studies published between 2000 and 2019 were analyzed in regard to their disciplinary backgrounds, research questions and intentions, type of mindfulness practice, target population, as well as practices of data collection and analysis.

Results
A strong focus of QMPR lies in the inquiry of mindfulness-based interventions, particularly mindfulness-based stress reduction, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, and adaptations. Over 10% of the publications do not fully specify the mindfulness practice. The efficacy and subjective experience of mindfulness practices constitute the dominant research interests of QMPR. Data collection is highly concentrated on practice participants and first-person data. Interpretative paradigms are the predominant analytical approach within QMPR. QMPR studies have a strong proclivity toward emphasizing the positive effects of mindfulness practice. Nine percent of all articles considered for our study did not fully disclose their analytical procedure. Adversarial research groups and pluralistic qualitative research remain scarce.

Conclusions
Future QMPR should (i) include second- and third-person data, (ii) include dropouts and former mindfulness practitioners, (iii) fully disclose details on the mindfulness practice and data analysis, (iv) intensify the application of critical and deconstructivist paradigms, as well as pluralistic qualitative research, and (v) build adversarial research teams.
Morpho-agronomic and genetic variation among Phaseolus vulgaris landraces from selected provinces of South Africa
Authors: Ndlangamandla Valencia Vuyisile , Ntuli Nontuthuko Rosemary 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Key message
The morpho-agronomic and genetic studies recorded variations in vegetative and reproductive traits, and in molecular information through population structure and clustering approaches among South African Phaseolus vulgaris landraces.

Abstract
Phaseolus vulgaris L., commonly known as common beans, is widely used for its edible leaves, immature pods, and dry seeds. Studies on variation in morphology and genetics among P. vulgaris landraces are limited in South Africa. Therefore, the current study aimed to determine the morpho-agronomic and genetic variations among P. vulgaris landraces. Thirty-eight landraces from different agro-ecological origins, planted in a randomized complete block design, had their variation in vegetative and reproductive traits determined. These landraces were studied for their genetic diversity using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. The landraces were clustered in a biplot and dendrogram based on their seed coats, shape, similar morpho-agronomic traits, and their areas of origin. A total of 57 alleles were produced with a mean of 3.64 per SSR locus. The polymorphism information content ranged from 0.00 to 0.58. The population structure had the highest delta value K = 2, thus the 38 landraces were divided into two subpopulations based on the Bayesian approach. The population structure showed an overlap among the landraces as several from the Mesoamerican carried some seed traits or genes from the Andean gene pool, and showed a high level of admixtures. The principal coordinate analysis and the dendrogram had a similar clustering pattern as the population structure. This study revealed the potential markers with high diversity that can be used to determine genetically homogenous/heterogeneous landraces. Therefore, the use of PV-ctt001, PV-ag001, and PV-at003 could be beneficial in future breeding, conservation, and marker-assisted selection studies.
Early-diverging fungal phyla: taxonomy, species concept, ecology, distribution, anthropogenic impact, and novel phylogenetic proposals
Authors: Voigt Kerstin , James Timothy Y. , Kirk Paul M. , Santiago André L. C. M. de A. , Waldman Bruce , Griffith Gareth W. , Fu Minjie , Radek Renate , Strassert Jürgen F. H. , Wurzbacher Christian , Jerônimo Gustavo Henrique , Simmons David R. , Seto Kensuke , Gentekaki Eleni , Hurdeal Vedprakash G. , Hyde Kevin D. , Nguyen Thuong T. T. , Lee Hyang Burm 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe increasing number of new fungal species described from all over the world along with the use of genetics to define taxa, has dramatically changed the classification system of early-diverging fungi over the past several decades. The number of phyla established for non-Dikarya fungi has increased from 2 to 17. However, to date, both the classification and phylogeny of the basal fungi are still unresolved. In this article, we review the recent taxonomy of the basal fungi and re-evaluate the relationships among early-diverging lineages of fungal phyla. We also provide information on the ecology and distribution in Mucoromycota and highlight the impact of chytrids on amphibian populations. Species concepts in Chytridiomycota, Aphelidiomycota, Rozellomycota, Neocallimastigomycota are discussed in this paper. To preserve the current application of the genus Nephridiophaga (Chytridiomycota: Nephridiophagales), a new type species, Nephridiophaga blattellae, is proposed.
Critic-observer-based decentralized force/position approximate optimal control for modular and reconfigurable manipulators with uncertain environmental constraints
Authors: Li Yuanchun , Zhu Xinye , An Tianjiao , Dong Bo 
Published: September 2021

AbstractA critic-observer decentralized force/position approximate optimal control method is presented to address the joint trajectory and contacted force tracking problem of modular and reconfigurable manipulators (MRMs) with uncertain environmental constraints. The dynamic model of the MRM systems is formulated as an integration of joint subsystems via extensive state observer (ESO) associated with the effect of interconnected dynamic coupling (IDC). A radial basis function neural network (RBF-NN) is developed to deal with the IDC effects among the independent joint subsystems. Based on adaptive dynamic programming (ADP) approach and policy iteration (PI) algorithm, the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman (HJB) equation is approximately solved by establishing critic NN structure and then the approximated optimal control policy can be derived. The closed-loop manipulator system is proved to be asymptotic stable by using the Lyapunov theory. Finally, simulation results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness and advantages of the proposed control method.
Principles of Asian Contract Law at the Crossroads of Standardization and Legal Pluralism
Authors: Grebieniow A. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe Principles of Asian Contract Law (PACL) are the most recent addition to the series of uniform laws regarding transnational commercial contracts. This time, the harmonization initiative must address the problem of a great variety of legal traditions, all of which are quite difficult to reconcile. The author focuses on the object and objectives of the PACL by reconsidering the notion of “Asian law” and the alleged cultural neutrality of contract law as a legal discipline. The paper argues that the PACL project lacks clarity. Its ambitious objectives, while apparently intelligible, fail to produce the desired results in their entirety: the Asian regional harmonization of contract law turns out to resemble its occidental forerunners. The study goes beyond the traditional comparative law. It explores the model law (in the making) in a broader context of legal policy, parallel regional private-law-making efforts in the field of contract law as well as in the context of legal globalization.
Cluster Structures on Double Bott–Samelson Cells
Authors: Shen Linhui , Weng Daping 
Published: September 2021

AbstractLet$\mathsf {C}$be a symmetrisable generalised Cartan matrix. We introduce four different versions of double Bott–Samelson cells for every pair of positive braids in the generalised braid group associated to$\mathsf {C}$. We prove that the decorated double Bott–Samelson cells are smooth affine varieties, whose coordinate rings are naturally isomorphic to upper cluster algebras.We explicitly describe the Donaldson–Thomas transformations on double Bott–Samelson cells and prove that they are cluster transformations. As an application, we complete the proof of the Fock–Goncharov duality conjecture in these cases. We discover a periodicity phenomenon of the Donaldson–Thomas transformations on a family of double Bott–Samelson cells. We give a (rather simple) geometric proof of Zamolodchikov’s periodicity conjecture in the cases of$\Delta \square \mathrm {A}_r$.When$\mathsf {C}$is of type$\mathrm {A}$, the double Bott–Samelson cells are isomorphic to Shende–Treumann–Zaslow’s moduli spaces of microlocal rank-1 constructible sheaves associated to Legendrian links. By counting their$\mathbb {F}_q$-points we obtain rational functions that are Legendrian link invariants.
Veto Points Revisited: The Role of Party System Institutionalization in Welfare State Change
Authors: Popic Tamara 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis article argues that the impact of veto points on a government's policy outcomes depends crucially on the degree of institutionalization of the party system. Specifically, the article claims that two dimensions of party system institutionalization – stability of relations between parties and between parties and voters – condition the ability of the opposition to block governments' policy plans through veto points. It showcases this argument by applying the method of causal process tracing to a comparative analysis of health policy reforms in Slovakia (2002–2004) and Hungary (2006–2008).
A Veterans’ Healthcare Administration (VHA) antibiotic stewardship intervention to improve outpatient antibiotic use for acute respiratory infections: A cost-effectiveness analysis
Authors: Yoo Minkyoung , Madaras-Kelly Karl , Nevers McKenna , Fleming-Dutra Katherine E. , Hersh Adam L. , Ying Jian , Haaland Ben , Samore Matthew , Nelson Richard E. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectives:The Core Elements of Outpatient Antibiotic Stewardship provides a framework to improve antibiotic use, but cost-effectiveness data on implementation of outpatient antibiotic stewardship interventions are limited. We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of Core Element implementation in the outpatient setting.Methods:An economic simulation model from the health-system perspective was developed for patients presenting to outpatient settings with uncomplicated acute respiratory tract infections (ARI). Effectiveness was measured as quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Cost and utility parameters for antibiotic treatment, adverse drug events (ADEs), and healthcare utilization were obtained from the literature. Probabilities for antibiotic treatment and appropriateness, ADEs, hospitalization, and return ARI visits were estimated from 16,712 and 51,275 patient visits in intervention and control sites during the pre- and post-implementation periods, respectively. Data for materials and labor to perform the stewardship activities were used to estimate intervention cost. We performed a one-way and probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA) using 1,000,000 second-order Monte Carlo simulations on input parameters.Results:The proportion of ARI patient-visits with antibiotics prescribed in intervention sites was lower (62% vs 74%) and appropriate treatment higher (51% vs 41%) after implementation, compared to control sites. The estimated intervention cost over a 2-year period was $133,604 (2018 US dollars). The intervention had lower mean costs ($528 vs $565) and similar mean QALYs (0.869 vs 0.868) per patient compared to usual care. In the PSA, the intervention was dominant in 63% of iterations.Conclusions:Implementation of the CDC Core Elements in the outpatient setting was a cost-effective strategy.
Nutritional intake and malnutrition in institutionalised and non-institutionalised older adults
Authors: Madeira Teresa , Severo Milton , Correia Daniela , Lopes Carla , Gorjão Clara João 
Published: September 2021

AbstractMalnutrition (synonym: undernutrition) is prevalent among older adults, which may be partly related to changes in dietary intake, but evidence on the link between malnutrition and diet is scarce. The aims of this study were to estimate the association between energy/nutrients intake and malnutrition, and to characterise nutritional inadequacy in institutionalised and non-institutionalised older adults. A national survey was conducted including a Portuguese representative sample of nursing home (NH) residents (n 563) and community-dwellers (n 837) aged ≥ 65 years. Data included socio-demographic characteristics, self-reported health, loneliness feelings, nutritional status (Mini Nutritional Assessment®) and dietary intake (two non-consecutive 24-h recalls). A higher energy intake was associated with lower odds of malnutrition risk (being ‘at risk of malnutrition’ or ‘malnourished’) in both settings, but only significant among NH residents after adjusting for confounders (NH: OR = 0·66, 95 % CI 0·50, 0·86; community: OR = 0·64, 95 % CI 0·37, 1·10). The intake of carbohydrates, fat, fibre, vitamin C, Na, K and Mg was inversely associated with malnutrition risk in NH residents, and protein, fat, vitamin B6, folates, Na, K, Ca and Mg intake in community-dwellers. After additional adjustment for total energy, only Na and Mg intake of community-dwellers remained significantly associated. The prevalence of inadequate nutrient intake was generally higher for the malnutrition risk group, which was particularly evident among community-dwellers. The effect of dietary intake on nutritional status seems more dependent on total energy and carbohydrates intake in institutionalised elders, whereas among community-dwellers protein and some micronutrients appear to have a greater impact.
The “Golden City” under Embargo: Prague's International Trade during the Hussite Wars, 1420–1436
Authors: Kaar Alexandra 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAfter the outbreak of the First Hussite Wars (spring 1420), the Hussite capital Prague faced—at least in theory—a total embargo on all trade and commerce. However, trade evidently continued in spite of this embargo. The present article systematically assesses our knowledge on this trade and highlights articles, geographical structures and agents of long-distance trade to and from the Czech metropolis during the war, thus furthering our knowledge about the economic history of early fifteenth-century Central Europe in general. Furthermore, the author uses the example of the anti-Hussite embargo to address important and hitherto largely-neglected methodological questions concerning the analysis of medieval trade prohibitions in general.
Revisiting the phosphorite deposit of Fontanarejo (central Spain): new window into the early Cambrian evolution of sponges and the microbial origin of phosphorites
Authors: Reitner Joachim , Luo Cui , Suarez-Gonzalez Pablo , Duda Jan-Peter 
Published: September 2021

AbstractFossils within early Cambrian phosphorites worldwide are often well preserved due to early diagenetic permineralization. Here, we examine the fossil record contained within phosphorites of the Lower Cambrian Pusa Formation (late Fortunian to Cambrian Stage 2) in Fontanarejo, central Spain. The sedimentology and age of these phosphorites have been controversial and are here reviewed and discussed, providing also an updated geological map. The Pusa Formation is composed of fine clastic sediments that are partly turbiditic, with channels of quartz-rich conglomerates and abundant phosphorites in the upper part of the succession. The microfacies and mineralogy of these channel deposits are studied here for the first time in detail, showing that they are mainly composed of subspherical apatite clasts, with minor mudstone intraclasts, quartzite and mica grains. Numerous sponge spicules, as well as entirely preserved hexactinellid sponges and demosponges, were collected within these phosphorites and likely represent stem groups. In addition to sponges, other fossils, such as small shelly fossils (SSF) of the molluscAnabarellasp., were found. The phosphorites exhibit multiple evidence of intense microbial activity, including diverse fabrics (phosphatic oncoidal-like microbialites, thrombolites, stromatolites and cements) and abundant fossils of filamentous microbes that strongly resemble extant sulphur-oxidizing bacteria. Our findings strongly suggest that microbial processes mediated the rapid formation of most of the Fontanarejo apatite, probably accounting for the exceptional preservation of fragile fossils such as sponge skeletons. The apparent presence of taxonomically diverse hexactinellid and demosponge communities at the lowermost Cambrian further corroborates a Precambrian origin of the phylum Porifera.