bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Directional, Low‐Energy Driven Thermal Actuating Bilayer Enabled by Coordinated Submolecular Switching
Authors: Leveille Michael , Shen Xinyuan , Fu Wenxin , Jin Ke , Acerce Muharrem , Wang Changchun , Bustamante Jacqueline , Casas Anneka Miller , Feng Yuan , Ge Nien‐Hui , Hirst Linda S. , Ghosh Sayantani , Lu Jennifer Qing 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe authors reveal a thermal actuating bilayer that undergoes reversible deformation in response to low‐energy thermal stimuli, for example, a few degrees of temperature increase. It is made of an aligned carbon nanotube (CNT) sheet covalently connected to a polymer layer in which dibenzocycloocta‐1,5‐diene (DBCOD) actuating units are oriented parallel to CNTs. Upon exposure to low‐energy thermal stimulation, coordinated submolecular‐level conformational changes of DBCODs result in macroscopic thermal contraction. This unique thermal contraction offers distinct advantages. It's inherently fast, repeatable, low‐energy driven, and medium independent. The covalent interface and reversible nature of the conformational change bestow this bilayer with excellent repeatability, up to at least 70 000 cycles. Unlike conventional CNT bilayer systems, this system can achieve high precision actuation readily and can be scaled down to nanoscale. A new platform made of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) in tandem with the bilayer can harvest low‐grade thermal energy and convert it into electricity. The platform produces 86 times greater energy than PVDF alone upon exposure to 6 °C thermal fluctuations above room temperature. This platform provides a pathway to low‐grade thermal energy harvesting. It also enables low‐energy driven thermal artificial robotics, ultrasensitive thermal sensors, and remote controlled near infrared (NIR) driven actuators.
Three‐dimensional virtual flower bud of walnut tree based on micro‐computed tomography
Authors: Gao Zhaoquan 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWalnut (Juglans regia L.) is one of the most widely cultivated and high‐yielding tree nut in temperate areas. In‐depth study of walnut flower bud structure has important practical applications for early determination of flower bud's quality and to promote scientific production guidance. The flower buds of walnut tree were scanned by micro‐computed tomography (Micro‐CT) and the three‐dimensional (3D) virtual flower buds of the same were reconstructed based on the scanned images. The reconstructed flower buds exhibited the shape, size, exterior characteristics, and internal structure clearly as that of real walnut flower buds, including scales, leaf primordia, bracts, and female floral primordia from out‐ to inward. The results showed that the female flower bud had nine scales, seven leaf primordia and two female floral primordia. The male flower buds are pinecone‐shaped and contain multiple male flowers. Each male flower is divided into bracts, calyx, and stamens from outside to inside. Our study showed that the Micro‐CT could achieve the 3D visualization of walnut flower buds, and could also create videos of the virtual observation of fruit tree flower buds, providing an effective way for digital flower bud construction.
Global food security post COVID‐19: Dearth or dwell in the developing world?
Authors: Panghal Anupama , Mor Rahul S , Kamble Sachin S. , Khan Syed Abdul Rehman , Kumar Dinesh , Soni Gunjan 
Published: October 2021

AbstractToday, global food systems are highly susceptible to food safety risks, economic shocks, price volatility, and natural disasters and pandemics, such as the novel coronavirus (COVID‐19). This paper draws from research on food and nutritional security, food fraud and associated economic ecosystem, and the disruptions due to COVID‐19 for socio‐economic inequality globally. It is concluded that the safety risks have pushed enforcement of measures to reduce food supplies, adversely impacting food availability. Also, COVID‐19 is likely to raise fleeting food security and nutritional concerns across the globe, resulting in rises in poverty and food fraud, limiting food supply and access. Accelerated investments intended to develop more inclusive, sustainable, and resilient food systems will help shrink the effect of the pandemic and, hence, offer a way to control the foreseen food security crisis and economic growth.
Study on the fluidity of ash slag of liquefaction solid product and lignite co‐gasification
Authors: Wang Jiajian , Liu Xia , Guo Qinghua , Cao Xi , Wu Hao , Yu Guangsuo 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe utilization of liquefaction solid product (LSP) obtained from fluidization reaction pyrolysis has become a pressing obstacle limiting the industrialization of coal liquefaction technology. In this work, gasification of LSP and Hami lignite coal (LC) and their blend at different ratios was investigated. In addition, the melt flow, mineral transformation, and crystallization behavior in the fusion process and cooling process were investigated. The results show that both LSP and LC are typical crystalline slags and cannot be applied to entrained flow gasification alone. The co‐gasification of LC and LSP is a feasible method to improve their fluidity. At the ratio of 2:1 (LC to LSP), the blend has the lowest AFT. For molten slag, viscosity of the sample corresponded well to the structure of the slag. LC1:2LSP with higher Q2 and Q3 content showed a high viscosity, while LC1:2LSP with higher Q0 and Q1 content showed a lower viscosity. Besides, the size of the crystals generated during cooling is inversely proportional to the high‐temperature viscosity of the sample, the migration of ions became difficult, and the growth of crystal size was inhibited at high viscosity. Meanwhile, the slag type of samples was influenced by the precipitated crystals. Tcv can be effectively reduced by blending LC with LSP in a certain proportion. The results provide a theoretical basis for the utilization of LSP for the operation of entrained flow gasification.
Influence of a polyurethane‐modified polycarboxylate on properties of cement mortar
Authors: Xiang Shuncheng , Tan Yansheng , Gao Yingli , Li Lulu 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn this article, a new kind of polycarboxylate (M‐PCE) was synthesized at room temperature in the complex initiation system of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), ascorbic acid (Vc) and ammonium persulfate (APS), by using polyoxyethylene allyl methyl ether (TPEG), acrylic acid (AA), polyethylene glycol (PEG) as raw materials and thioglycolic acid (TGA) as chain transfer agent. Effect of different composite initiation systems and raw material ratios were fully explored. Along with three other polycarboxylates (O‐PCE, C‐PCE‐1, and C‐PCE‐2), their properties on water reduction rate, strength, drying shrinkage and autogenous shrinkage of cement mortar were investigated. The results showed that the average performance of the prepared M‐PCE was the best when the molar ratio of AA to TPEG was 2:1 in the same situation. When the water cement ratio was 0.3 and the dosage of M‐PCE was 1%, the strength increased by 24.5%(with 10% slag), the lowest drying shrinkage and autogenous shrinkage were reduced by 21.9%(with 10% fly ash) and 60.1%(with 10% metakaolin), respectively.
Magnetic Field Effects of Charge Transfer Excitons in Organic Semiconductor Devices
Authors: Nikiforov Daniel , Ehrenfreund Eitan 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe topic of this review is the effect of magnetic field on photo‐current (PC) in organic semiconductor devices. Magnetic field modifies the fraction of the singlet/triplet population in the charge transfer excitons (CTE) whose lifetime is spin configuration dependent yielding magneto‐PC (MPC). We review MPC in the framework of the polaron pair model and emphasize the effect of CTE lifetime on MPC. In addition to a detailed calculation of the MPC response we find a range of physical parameters in which the response follows a simple ′fit function′. For example, a sum of wide and narrow Lorentzian functions, MPC(B)=cwB2/(B2+bw2)+cnB2/(B2+bn2), in the case of hyperfine interaction; or a Voigt profile V=L*G, where the sign * stands for the convolution operation between a Lorentzian (L) and a Gaussian (G) functions, in the case of thermal spin polarization. We provide expressions for the fit parameters in terms of physical parameters.
Sex and gender difference in cognitive and behavioral studies in developmental age: An introduction
Authors: Riva Daria 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis paper introduces a special issue focused on sex and gender (s/g) cognitive/behavioral differences at developmental ages providing an overview of this multifaceted and debated topic. It will provide a description of the biological systems that are strongly interconnected to generate s/g differences, that is, genetic determinants, sex hormones, differences in brain structure, organization, and/or function, inherited or modifiable under environmental pressures. Developmental studies are rare. Some addressed whether s/g differences in cognitive/behavioral characteristics are evident early in life and are consistent throughout development, entailing that s/g differences can follow the evolving steps in girls and boys in different domains. The data are far from being homogeneous and consistent about s/g difference in language, social skills, and visuo/spatial abilities. The differences are small, often with overlapping performances, similar to what is seen in adulthood. Given that several variables and the interactions between them are implicated, further longitudinal studies adopting adequate assessment tools, very large size multicultural samples stratified in different, well‐sized and precise age groups, considering biological and sociocultural variables, are needed. Due to the complexity of the issue, there is still the need to support and adopt an s/g difference approach also in cognitive and behavioral studies at developmental ages. Finally, these studies have not only scientific importance and relevant cultural, anthropological, and social implications, but are also useful for pedagogical programming as well as for the study of the different susceptibility to develop CNS diseases and consequently to promote different therapies and treatments.
Investigation on the mechanical properties of ramie/kenaf fibers under various parameters using GRA and TOPSIS methods
Authors: Ganesh Saikrishnan , Keerthiveettil Ramakrishnan Sumesh , Palani Vijayanand , Sundaram Madhu , Sankaranarayanan Nagarajan , Ganesan Suganya Priyadharshini 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis work aims to optimize the mechanical performance of ramie and kenaf fibers in epoxy composites developed using the hand layup technique. Fiber reinforcement at 0–10 wt% and benzoyl chloride treatment at 0–5 wt% were incorporated with this composites. Taguchi‐based grey relational analysis (GRA) and technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) methods were used to determine the optimized conditions for overall mechanical properties of the developed composites. Optimization techniques concluded that 10 wt% ramie (R)/10 wt% kenaf (K) with 5 wt% benzoyl chloride treatment (T) based epoxy composites observed good mechanical properties with ultimate tensile strength of 37.39 MPa, ultimate flexural strength of 63.53 MPa, and impact strength of 70.36 J/m due to hybridization and the reduction in hydrophilic nature by the surface treatment process. The optimized GRA and TOPSIS combination with 10 wt% R/10 wt% K/5 wt% of T observed reduced water absorption nature with a contact angle of 64.72°.
Pulmonary adenocarcinoma causing oesophageal and bronchial compression in a cat with concurrent peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia
Authors: Guindon Julieta Micaela , Anesi Simone , Ings Kate , Bouyssou Sarah , McCagherty Joanna 
Published: October 2021

AbstractA 13‐year‐old female neutered domestic longhair cat was presented for intermittent, self‐limiting episodes of laboured breathing and wheezing and also vocalising, coughing, retching, vomiting and inappetence. Abdominal ultrasound and thoracic radiographs revealed a peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia (PPDH), and the cat was referred for further investigations and surgical treatment. Computed tomography (CT) of the thorax confirmed the presence of a large PPDH and individuated the existence of a heterogeneous mass lesion in the caudal mediastinum. Additionally, there were disseminated lesions affecting multiple organs, numerous skeletal muscles, and several lymph nodes. On the basis of these findings and a likely neoplastic cause, the owner elected to have the cat euthanised. Postmortem examination and histopathological analysis revealed the presence of a pulmonary adenocarcinoma, invading and compressing the distal part of the oesophagus and a large bronchus, and likely representing the cause of the patient's main clinical signs.
Academic Medicine and the Social Determinants of Health
Authors: Khan Amira , Nundy Samiran , Kakar Atul , Bhutta Zulfiqar A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe term academic medicine has evolved over generations. While historically academic medicine was synonymous with formal medical education [1], the past few decades have seen it being recognized as a domain where members, in addition to a transfer of knowledge, must demonstrate a culture of sustained and applicable research.
How to Prepare a Lecture?
Authors: Saeed Sana , Humayun Khadija , Nundy Samiran , Kakar Atul , Bhutta Zulfiqar A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractLectures are an economical and effective way to convey information to large groups of participants. They can provide an overview of a difficult topic or different perspectives on a subject. They can be used to provoke thought and deepen understanding. Lectures can be used to give structure to the students’ reading or to cover material not easily found in textbooks. When lectures are delivered well, the lecturer motivates the students and can become an inspirational role model [1].
Decision tree–based identification of Staphylococcus aureus via infrared spectral analysis of ambient gas
Authors: Honda Hidehiko , Yamamoto Masato , Arata Satoru , Kobayashi Hirokazu , Inagaki Masahiro 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn this study, eight types of bacteria were cultivated, including Staphylococcus aureus. The infrared absorption spectra of the gas surrounding cultured bacteria were recorded at a resolution of 0.5 cm−1 over the wavenumber range of 7500–500 cm−1. From these spectra, we searched for the infrared wavenumbers at which characteristic absorptions of the gas surrounding Staphylococcus aureus could be measured. This paper reports two wavenumber regions, 6516–6506 cm−1 and 2166–2158 cm−1. A decision tree–based machine learning algorithm was used to search for these wavenumber regions. The peak intensity or the absorbance difference was calculated for each region, and the ratio between them was obtained. When these ratios were used as training data, decision trees were created to classify the gas surrounding Staphylococcus aureus and the gas surrounding other bacteria into different groups. These decision trees show the potential effectiveness of using absorbance measurement at two wavenumber regions in finding Staphylococcus aureus.
Graphical abstract
Sarcopenia: imaging assessment and clinical application
Authors: Chianca Vito , Albano Domenico , Messina Carmelo , Gitto Salvatore , Ruffo Gaetano , Guarino Salvatore , Del Grande Filippo , Sconfienza Luca Maria 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSarcopenia is a progressive, generalized skeletal muscle disorder characterized by reduction of muscle mass and strength. It is associated with increased adverse outcomes including falls, fractures, physical disability, and mortality, particularly, in elderly patients. Nowadays, sarcopenia has become a specific imaging biomarker able to predict clinical outcomes of patients. Muscle fibre reduction has shown to be an unfavourable pre-operative predictive factor in patients with cancer, and is associated with worse clinical outcomes in terms of postoperative complications, morbidity, mortality, and lower tolerance of chemoradiation therapy. Several imaging modalities, including dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, CT, MRI, and US can be used to estimate muscle mass and quality to reach the diagnosis of sarcopenia. This article reviews the clinical implications of sarcopenia, how this condition can be assessed through different imaging modalities, and future perspectives of imaging of sarcopenia.
Tertiary lymphoid structures are associated with favorable survival outcomes in patients with endometrial cancer
Authors: Qin Meng , Hamanishi Junzo , Ukita Masayo , Yamanoi Koji , Takamatsu Shiro , Abiko Kaoru , Murakami Ryusuke , Miyamoto Taito , Suzuki Haruka , Ueda Akihiko , Hosoe Yuko , Horie Akihito , Yamaguchi Ken , Mandai Masaki 
Published: October 2021

AbstractImmunotherapy has experienced remarkable growth recently. Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) and B cells may play a key role in the immune response and have a survival benefit in some solid tumors, but there have been no reports about their role in endometrial cancer (EC). We investigated the clinicopathological and pathobiological characteristics of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in EC. Patients with EC at Kyoto University Hospital during 2006–2011 were retrospectively included. In 104 patients with EC who met study inclusion criteria, 81 (77.9%) had TLSs, which consisted of areas rich in CD20+ B cells, CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, and CD38+ plasma cells. The absence of TLS was independently associated with tumor progression (HR, 0.154; 95% CI, 0.044–0.536; P = 0.003). Patients with TLSs that included CD23+ germinal centers had better PFS. All tumor infiltrating lymphocytes were counted in the intratumor site. The number of CD20+ B cells was significantly larger in patients with TLSs than in those without TLS (P < 0.001). CD20+ B cells numbers were positively correlated with other TLSs. The larger number of CD20+ B cell was associated with better PFS (P = 0.015). TLSs and B cell infiltration into tumors are associated with favorable survival outcomes in patients with EC. They may represent an active immune reaction of the TME in endometrial cancer.
A single center study that evaluates the preclinical use of a newly developed software and moving bed system to facilitate the spontaneous excretion of residual fragments after primary stone treatment (RIRS or PCNL)
Authors: Yang Tao , Song Rijin , Meng Xianghu , Wei Hanping , Jiang Xinying , Yuan Xiaoliang , Liu Xiaowu , Jiao Zhimin , Liu Jun , Shi Honglei 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Purpose
We developed a Postural Drainage Lithotripsy System (PDLS) that uses the patient's computed tomography urography (CTU) data to reconstruct the three-dimensional figure of the renal pelvis, provides an individualized inversion and overturning angle and uses gravity to remove residual fragments (RFs). The purpose of this study was to investigate PDLS in the treatment of renal RFs.

Methods
A stone with a diameter of 4.0 mm was placed in the upper, middle, and lower calyx of the renal model. A total of 60 trials were applied to 20 renal models. The movement trajectory, passage rate, and postural drainage angle of calculi during the treatment of PDLS were observed.

Results
All of the stones in 60 trials were observed to move during treatment, and 53/60 (88%) were relocated successfully to the renal pelvis. The passage rate of the upper calyx was 14/20 (70%), that of the middle calyx was 20/20 (100%), and that of the lower calyx was 19/20 (95%).

Conclusions
PDLS can provide individualized inversion and reversal angles and remove stones from the renal model. More clinical trials are needed to verify the above view and evaluate its efficacy.
Subarachnomegaly—venous congestion of infancy
Authors: Sainz Laura V. , Schuhmann Martin U. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Multiple names within the literature refer to a clinical picture affecting infants and consisting of a large or fast growing head circumference with enlarged cortical subarachnoid spaces (CSAS) while cranial sutures are open. This myriad of terms demonstrates the confusion about the entity, that may even group together different etiological processes. In this review, we aim to shed light on this matter in an effort to restate the defining features of the clinical picture and sum the evidence and current understanding of its pathophysiology and related imaging findings.

Methods
Extensive and updated review of the literature with special focus on defining features, clinical history with long term evaluation and pathophysiological process.

Results
Functional and molecular CSF studies as well as clinical evidence challenges the common pathophysiological theory based on non-functional arachnoid villi. Conversely, there is increasing evidence supporting cerebro-venous system abnormalities as the main pathophysiological factor. Additionally, long term cohorts studies show that it may have subtle but irreversible neurodevelopmental consequences.

Conclusion
Subarachnomegaly is an age-related condition of the infancy with radiological enlargement of CSAS and often self limiting course. However, considering the evidence on pathophysiology as outlined herein and long term outcome reports, further research effort is needed to assess the consequences of venous outflow impairment and enlarged CSAS and how this relates to imaging findings and neurodevelopment test results later in life
The consensus number of a cryptocurrency
Authors: Guerraoui Rachid , Kuznetsov Petr , Monti Matteo , Pavlovic Matej , Seredinschi Dragos-Adrian 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMany blockchain-based algorithms, such as Bitcoin, implement a decentralized asset transfer system, often referred to as a cryptocurrency. As stated in the original paper by Nakamoto, at the heart of these systems lies the problem of preventing double-spending; this is usually solved by achieving consensus on the order of transfers among the participants. In this paper, we treat the asset transfer problem as a concurrent object and determine its consensus number, showing that consensus is, in fact, not necessary to prevent double-spending. We first consider the problem as defined by Nakamoto, where only a single process—the account owner—can withdraw from each account. Safety and liveness need to be ensured for correct account owners, whereas misbehaving account owners might be unable to perform transfers. We show that the consensus number of an asset transfer object is 1. We then consider a more general k-shared asset transfer object where up to k processes can atomically withdraw from the same account, and show that this object has consensus number k. We establish our results in the context of shared memory with benign faults, allowing us to properly understand the level of difficulty of the asset transfer problem. We also translate these results in the message passing setting with Byzantine players, a model that is more relevant in practice. In this model, we describe an asynchronous Byzantine fault-tolerant asset transfer implementation that is both simpler and more efficient than state-of-the-art consensus-based solutions. Our results are applicable to both the permissioned (private) and permissionless (public) setting, as normally their differentiation is hidden by the abstractions on top of which our algorithms are based.