bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Frailty and cardiovascular mortality in more than 3 million US Veterans
Authors: Shrauner William , Lord Emily M , Nguyen Xuan-Mai T , Song Rebecca J , Galloway Ashley , Gagnon David R , Driver Jane A , Gaziano J Michael , Wilson Peter W F , Djousse Luc , Cho Kelly , Orkaby Ariela R 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Aims
Frailty is associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular (CV) events. Limited data exist from the modern era of CV prevention on the relationship between frailty and CV mortality. We hypothesized that frailty is associated with an increased risk of CV mortality.

Methods and results
All US Veterans aged ≥65 years who were regular users of Veteran Affairs care from 2002 to 2017 were included. Frailty was defined using a 31-item previously validated frailty index, ranging from 0 to 1. The primary outcome was CV mortality with secondary analyses examining the relationship between frailty and CV events (myocardial infarction, stroke, revascularization). Survival analysis models were adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, geographic region, smoking, hyperlipidaemia, statin use, and blood pressure medication use. There were 3 068 439 US Veterans included in the analysis. Mean age was 74.1 ± 5.8 years in 2002, 76.0 ± 8.3 years in 2014, 98% male, and 87.5% White. In 2002, the median (interquartile range) frailty score was 0.16 (0.10–0.23). This increased and stabilized to 0.19 (0.10–0.32) for 2006–14. The presence of frailty was associated with an increased risk of CV mortality at every stage of frailty. Frailty was associated with an increased risk of myocardial infarction and stroke, but not revascularization.

Conclusion
In this population, both the presence and severity of frailty are tightly correlated with CV death, independent of underlying CV disease. This study is the largest and most contemporary evaluation of the relationship between frailty and CV mortality to date. Further work is needed to understand how this risk can be diminished.

Key Question
Can an electronic frailty index identify adults aged 65 and older who are at risk of CV mortality and major CV events?

Key Finding
Among 3 068 439 US Veterans aged 65 and older, frailty was associated with an increased risk of CV mortality at every level of frailty. Frailty was also associated with an increased risk of myocardial infarction and stroke, but not revascularization.

Take Home Message
Both the presence and severity of frailty are associated with CV mortality and major CV events, independent of underlying CV disease.
Costs of Horn Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Control for Cow-calf Producers in Tennessee and Texas, 2016
Authors: Smith K V , DeLong K L , Griffith A P , Boyer C N , Martinez C C , Schexnayder S M , Trout Fryxell R T 
Published: November 2021

AbstractTennessee and Texas cow-calf producers were surveyed to assess their 2016 expenses for horn fly control methods. Cattle producers who were members of the Texas and Southwestern Cattle Raisers Association and Tennessee cattle producers who have participated in the Tennessee Agricultural Enhancement Program participated in the survey. Average horn fly management costs in Tennessee and Texas were $9.50/head and $12.40/head, respectively. An ordinary least squares regression and quantile regression were estimated to examine how horn fly costs are influenced by producer and farm demographics, seasonality of horn flies, producer horn fly perceptions, and management practices. When controlling for these variables, Tennessee and Texas cattle producers did not spend significantly different amounts on horn fly control methods. Horn fly costs were associated with producer and farm demographics, producer perceptions of horn flies, and management practices. For example, results indicate that horn fly management costs vary depending on a producer’s level of education and income. Having Angus cattle and larger herd sizes were associated with lower costs per head spent on horn fly management. Producers who did not consider horn flies to be a problem until greater quantities of flies were present on the animal spent 15% less per head on managing horn flies. In terms of horn fly control methods, feedthrough insecticides increased horn fly costs the most, followed by using ear tags. This is the first known research to estimate horn fly management costs among cattle producers.
Suitability of Formulated Entomopathogenic Fungi Against Hibiscus Mealybug, Nipaecoccus viridis (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), Deployed Within Mesh Covers Intended to Protect Citrus From Huanglongbing
Authors: Olabiyi David O , Duren Emily B , Price Terri , Avery Pasco B , Hahn Philip G , Stelinski Lukasz L , Diepenbrock Lauren M 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Mesh exclusion bags are increasingly being adopted by Florida citrus growers to protect young citrus trees from Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, and Huanglongbing disease. These mesh bags exclude larger insects such as D. citri but may allow entry of minute insects. Hibiscus mealybugs, Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead), have been observed thriving in the micro-habitat created by these covers on trees. Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) and insect growth regulators (IGRs) are effective against several mealybug species under various growing conditions, but their efficacy against N. viridis or within the microclimate within exclusion bags is unknown. Therefore, we evaluated various formulations of entomopathogenic fungi with and without IGR against N. viridis using laboratory bioassays. We then conducted semifield bioassays to determine effectiveness of EPF formulations alone and in combination with an IGR applied to citrus trees enveloped within mesh bags under field conditions. Survival probabilities of N. viridis nymphs exposed to all Beauveria bassiana-based products tested were comparable to malathion under laboratory conditions and reduced survival as compared to controls (water only). Under field conditions, mortality of N. viridis nymphs on leaves sprayed with each fungal formulation tested was significantly greater than on control treatments (Water, Suffoil X, 435 oil) up to four weeks post application. There were no differences in the colony forming units per leaf area amongst all fungal treatments. Formulated B. bassiana-based products applied alone or combined with an IGR should be effective tools for managing N. viridis populations on young citrus trees protected with mesh exclusion bags.
Brahmin or Vīraśaiva? The Kannada Poet Rāghavāṅka between Idioms of Power and Devotion
Authors: Ben-Herut Gil 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Rāghavāṅka lived in the first half of the thirteenth century, when the Kannada devotional tradition we now call ‘Vīraśaivism’ or ‘Liṅgāyatism’ was at a nascent phase; the use of these labels was tenuous and the social boundaries of the local devotional movement less rigidly defined.1 Unlike a simplistic but common perception of early devotional movement in the Kannada region as being anti-Brahmanical, egalitarian, quasi-democratic, anti-ritualistic, and so on,2 texts by Rāghavāṅka and others, which are the earliest we have, present a more complex picture of cultural negotiations and religious diversity, not only in relation to entities external to the local Śaiva tradition but also among Śaivas. This divergence is reflected even within the literary production of a single author: while most of Rāghavāṅka’s works can be easily read as primarily promoting devotional values that correspond to an inclusive, non-elite, and anti-court agenda, his most celebrated literary work, the Life of Hariścandra (Hariścandra Cāritra), presents a more complex mixture of conservative values associated with Brahmanical orthodoxy and royal power combined with the emerging devotional idiom of the Kannada-speaking region. This article pays attention to ethical complications in the Life of Hariścandra and to how the later tradition negotiated these against a clear set of inclusive, anti-Brahmanical, and anti-court ideals. With this analysis, I wish to suggest a more dynamic understanding of how Vīraśaivism positioned itself in relation to Brahmanical orthodoxy and royal power. As recent studies show, religious identities in the premodern, which today we think of using labels such as ‘Vīraśaivism’ and ‘Brahmanical orthodoxy’, were not static but rather a product of a dialectical and historically dynamic process, a process that involved refashioning and self-repositioning in relation to other emergent religious actors.3 This article reconstructs such a negotiation about social values and religious identity as it unfolded in Vīraśaiva devotional narratives.
Atypical double colorectal metastasis: spleen and uterus
Authors: Morera-Grau Álex , Patriarca-Amiano María Evangelina , Santiago-Díaz Pablo , Serrano-Munné Laia , Ielpo Benedetto , Burdío-Pinilla Fernando , Pera-Román Miguel , Espuelas-Malón Silvia , Iglesias-Coma Mar , Sánchez-Velázquez Patricia 
Published: November 2021

AbstractOligometastatic disease is a relatively new concept that refers to an intermediate stage between disseminated and localized cancer. Most frequent locations for colorectal metastasis are lung and liver. We present an a typical case of an 85-year-old woman who was diagnosed with a low-grade adenocarcinoma in left colon; she underwent a left laparoscopic hemicolectomy which resulted in a stage IIIb. After 24 months of follow-up, an increase of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) leads to the diagnosis of two metastatic lesions in two uncommon locations: spleen and myometrium. Stepwise surgical resection of both lesions was performed without complications. Spleen and uterus are organs that are rarely affected in colorectal cancer, the affection of both organs being even more infrequent. Despite the atypicality, surgical treatment is a valid strategy in this case of oligometastatic disease, which enables the disease-free survival of the patients.
Limited Introgression between Rock-Wallabies with Extensive Chromosomal Rearrangements
Authors: Potter Sally , Bragg Jason G , Turakulov Rustamzhon , Eldridge Mark D B , Deakin Janine , Kirkpatrick Mark , Edwards Richard J , Moritz Craig 
Published: November 2021

AbstractChromosome rearrangements can result in the rapid evolution of hybrid incompatibilities. Robertsonian fusions, particularly those with monobrachial homology, can drive reproductive isolation amongst recently diverged taxa. The recent radiation of rock-wallabies (genus Petrogale) is an important model to explore the role of Robertsonian fusions in speciation. Here, we pursue that goal using an extensive sampling of populations and genomes of Petrogale from north-eastern Australia. In contrast to previous assessments using mitochondrial DNA or nuclear microsatellite loci, genomic data are able to separate the most closely related species and to resolve their divergence histories. Both phylogenetic and population genetic analyses indicate introgression between two species that differ by a single Robertsonian fusion. Based on the available data, there is also evidence for introgression between two species which share complex chromosomal rearrangements. However, the remaining results show no consistent signature of introgression amongst species pairs and where evident, indicate generally low introgression overall. X-linked loci have elevated divergence compared with autosomal loci indicating a potential role for genic evolution to produce reproductive isolation in concert with chromosome change. Our results highlight the value of genome scale data in evaluating the role of Robertsonian fusions and structural variation in divergence, speciation, and patterns of molecular evolution.
Financing for Innovation in China
Authors: Chen Jin , Wang Liying 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Technology and capital are two fundamental factors in economic growth; each and every technological and industrial revolution has gone hand in hand with new financial patterns since the First Industrial Revolution in Britain. As a latecomer, China is firmly committed to science and technology (S&T) innovation through innovative financial services. First, by combining fiscal and taxation policies with market capital, China has put in place its own financing system for S&T innovation. Second, fiscal and taxation policies play a fundamental and guiding role. Third, myriad innovative business models, such as “investment-lending-guarantee,” provide examples of diverse ways to support S&T activities through financial innovation. Fourth, corporate internal finance has become an important player in S&T innovation. Fifth, digital financial platforms have been playing an increasingly important role and created some new challenges. Sixth, much room is left for the capital market to play an even bigger role in S&T innovation.
Hedge Fund Activism vs Other Activist Investors
Authors: von Lilienfeld-Toal Ulf , Schnitzler Jan 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter reviews the growing empirical literature on shareholder activism by hedge funds. The aim is a comparative approach contrasting the impact of hedge fund activism on target firms with outcomes for other types of activist investors. Following recent research, the chapter provides an empirical analysis based on the disclosure of equity blockholdings by activist investors in a large sample of all US listed companies. In addition, it summarizes which types of investors engage in other events linked to activism, such as takeovers, proxy contests, or shareholder proposals. Overall, there is evidence that not only hedge funds but also other types of investors can be effective monitors, but there are nuanced differences with respect to targeting decisions and payout policies.
Modeling temporal and hormonal regulation of plant transcriptional response to wounding
Authors: Moore Bethany M , Lee Yun Sun , Wang Peipei , Azodi Christina , Grotewold Erich , Shiu Shin-Han 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Plants respond to wounding stress by changing gene expression patterns and inducing the production of hormones including jasmonic acid. This wounding transcriptional response activates specialized metabolism pathways such as the glucosinolate pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana. While the regulatory factors and sequences controlling a subset of wound-response genes are known, it remains unclear how wound response is regulated globally. Here, we how these responses are regulated by incorporating putative cis-regulatory elements, known transcription factor binding sites, in vitro DNA affinity purification sequencing, and DNase I hypersensitive sites to predict genes with different wound-response patterns using machine learning. We observed that regulatory sites and regions of open chromatin differed between genes upregulated at early and late wounding time-points as well as between genes induced by jasmonic acid and those not induced. Expanding on what we currently know, we identified cis-elements that improved model predictions of expression clusters over known binding sites. Using a combination of genome editing, in vitro DNA-binding assays, and transient expression assays using native and mutated cis-regulatory elements, we experimentally validated four of the predicted elements, three of which were not previously known to function in wound-response regulation. Our study provides a global model predictive of wound response and identifies new regulatory sequences important for wounding without requiring prior knowledge of the transcriptional regulators.
‘Wind, Wind, Wind, Always Winding Am I’: Dickens’s Metafictional Clockwork
Authors: Dema Eva 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This article considers the importance of timepieces and clockwork to Dickens’s conception of composition. Whilst the many clocks and watches that saturate his writing have often been read as indicative of an interest in time, the present study considers what the materiality of timepieces—namely, their markets and mechanisms—might also reveal of Dickens’s fiction. Taking Little Dorrit (1855–7) and Great Expectations (1860–1) as two central case studies demonstrating Dickens’s obsession with the horological, it traces a relationship between ‘works’ and ‘winders’ through these novels, before attempting to unveil the metafictional implications of the act of ‘winding’. The study also investigates the various malpractices of the contemporary horological market, positioning this context as crucial to our understanding of Dickensian winding as a particularly deceptive practice. Having unveiled the capacity for duplicity contained within mid-nineteenth-century clockwork, the article concludes by turning its attention towards the equally murky inner workings of the Dickensian plot and to Dickens’s curious sense of its clock-like construction. Departing from the imagery more traditionally associated with Dickens’s portrayal of composition, it asks how and why he envisioned writing as a kind of winding.
‘George Crabbe and the Place of Amusement’
Authors: Fay Jessica 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Hazlitt’s judgement that George Crabbe was an enemy of the imagination epitomizes contemporary opinions about the lack of musing, amusement, and pleasure in Crabbe’s verse. In the Preface to Tales (1812), Crabbe effectively confirms those judgements by defending his interest in ‘the painful realities of actual existence’ rather than the ‘fairy-land’ of ‘fancy’. In his late poem, ‘Silford Hall; or, The Happy Day’ (composed c. 1822–1824), however, the struggle between matter-of-factness and reverie is less decidedly resolved than Hazlitt—and Crabbe himself—liked to suggest. Silford Hall is modelled on Belvoir Castle in Leicestershire (the home of Crabbe’s patrons, the Dukes of Rutland), a place the poet visited repeatedly—in imagination and in reality—for over five decades. Taking account of a draft ending that was detached from the main body of the poem printed in Posthumous Tales (1834), the essay traces allusions to Johnson’s Rasselas as a means of understanding Crabbe’s emphasis on dwelling, revisiting, and retrospection. It shows how those processes engender a tussle between the perspectives of enchanted youth and disillusioned age, making ‘Silford Hall’ a more complex mode of place-writing than Crabbe had attempted previously. Unseen by his critics, the poem catches Crabbe disavowing flights of imaginative fancy while acknowledging their part in the history of his poetic maturation.
Neuraxial Anesthesia and the Ubiquitous Platelet Count Question: How Low Is Too Low?
Authors: Scavone B.M. , Wong C.A. 
Published: November 2021

(Anesth Analg. 2021;132:1527–1530)
Recently, the Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) issued a consensus statement regarding neuraxial procedures in patients with thrombocytopenia. When considering the cutoff platelet count for providing neuraxial labor analgesia or neuraxial anesthesia for cesarean, this statement might not provide clinicians with all the answers.
Neuraxial and Peripheral Misconnection Events Leading to Wrong-route Medication Errors: A Comprehensive Literature Review
Authors: Viscusi E.R. , Hugo V. , Hoerauf K. , Southwick F.S. 
Published: November 2021

(Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2021;46:176–181)
Neuraxial and peripheral anesthetic techniques are used in a variety of perioperative and peripartum settings. Opportunities for misconnection and drug administration errors occur, which can negatively and substantially impact patient morbidity and mortality. In addition, they create financial burdens on patients and hospitals. The aim of this narrative review is to identify and characterize misconnection errors and motivate organizations to mitigate them.
Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome and Maternal Opioid-Related Diagnoses in the United States, 2010-2017
Authors: Hirai A.H. , Ko J.Y. , Owens P.L. , Stocks C. , Patrick S.W. 
Published: November 2021

(JAMA. 2021;325:146–155)
The rates of maternal opioid use disorder (OUD) and neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) in the United States rose substantially between 2000 and 2014. Opioid misuse and exposure can have adverse outcomes for both parturients and neonates. There are wide variations in the rates of NAS and maternal OUD in part due to an expansion in opioid-related disease identification codes in 2015. This study aimed to update estimated rates of NAS and maternal opioid-related diagnoses (MODs) in the United States, examine changes in rates since 2010, and describe variation in rates between states.
Birth Hospital and Racial and Ethnic Differences in Severe Maternal Morbidity in the State of California
Authors: Mujahid M.S. , Kan P. , Leonard S.A. , Hailu E.M. , Wall-Wieler E. , Abrams B. , Main E. , Profit J. , Carmichael S.L. 
Published: November 2021

(Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2021;224:219.e1–15)
A persistent difference in the rate of severe maternal morbidity (SMM) continues to exist between White women and those of other racial and ethnic groups. This is especially true for Black women, who are up to 3 times more likely to experience SMM than White women. The factors underlying this inequity are unclear. Sociodemographic characteristics, clinical presentation, and hospital type and quality may play a role. The aim of this study was to examine the impact that certain factors may have on racial and ethnic differences in SMM.
Geographic Access to Critical Care Obstetrics for Women of Reproductive Age by Race and Ethnicity
Authors: Kroelinger C.D. , Brantley M.D. , Fuller T.R. , Okoroh E.M. , Monsour M.J. , Cox S. , Barfield W.D. 
Published: November 2021

(Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2021;224:304.e1–304.e11. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.08.042)
Minority groups are growing in the United States, and projections show that by 2044 over half of Americans will belong to a minority group. Those who belong to ethnic or racial minorities, reside in rural areas, and are low-income receive suboptimal health care. Further, racial and ethnic minorities have increased rates of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Addressing care disparities among pregnant and postpartum women is critical. No studies to date have examined the association between racial and ethnic distribution of perinatal women and the distance to high-level obstetric care facilities. Critical care obstetrics (CCO) is high-level, intensive care that traditional obstetric units don’t offer which provides medical intervention and diagnostic imaging for high-risk perinatal women. The aim of this study was to conduct an analysis of spatial proximity to CCO to identify where geographical access gaps are within the United States and the impact by race and ethnicity in order to better address disparities in health care for women of reproductive age.
A Cross-sectional Study of Immune Seroconversion to SARS-CoV-2 in Frontline Maternity Health Professionals
Authors: Bampoe S. , Lucas D.N. , Neall G. , Sceales P. , Aggarwal R. , Caulfield K. , Siassakos D. , Odor P.M. 
Published: November 2021

(Anaesthesia. 2020;75:1614–1619)
Seroconversion rates for COVID-19 provides data on the pervasiveness and spread of the infection. One challenge is the rate of asymptomatic seroconversion. This has implications for health care providers on the frontline of obstetric care, who may be at increased risk of COVID-19 transmission to and from patients and staff. To date, there are no studies that have provided a baseline rate of seroconversion in frontline, obstetric care providers. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of seroconversion in obstetric providers who were not previously diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 and examine the associations among their characteristics, symptoms, and seroconversion.