bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of Hypertension on the Severity of COVID-19: A Review
Authors: Peng Mei , He Jia , Xue Ying , Yang Xue , Liu Shao , Gong Zhicheng 
Published: July 2021

Abstract:
The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has rapidly evolved into a global pandemic. The substantial morbidity and mortality associated with the infection has prompted us to understand potential risk factors that can predict patient outcomes. Hypertension has been identified as the most prevalent cardiovascular comorbidity in patients infected with COVID-19 that demonstrably increases the risk of hospitalization and death. Initial studies implied that renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system inhibitors might increase the risk of viral infection and aggravate disease severity, thereby causing panic given the high global prevalence of hypertension. Nonetheless, subsequent evidence supported the administration of antihypertensive drugs and noted that they do not increase the severity of COVID-19 infection in patients with hypertension, rather may have a beneficial effect. To date, the precise mechanism by which hypertension predisposes to unfavorable outcomes in patients infected with COVID-19 remains unknown. In this mini review, we elaborate on the pathology of SARS-CoV-2 infection coexisting with hypertension and summarize potential mechanisms, focusing on the dual roles of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and the disorders of renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system in COVID-19 and hypertension. The effects of proinflammatory factors released because of immune response and gastrointestinal dysfunction in COVID-19 are also discussed.
Surgery for stage 5 retinopathy of prematurity
Authors: Martínez-Castellanos María Ana , Ortiz-Ramirez Greacia Yael 
Published: July 2021

Purpose of review
Our understanding of the pathogenesis and surgical management of stage 5 retinopathy of prematurity has come a long way. Despite of new technologies in retinal surgical devices, the dissection of thick membranes is still a challenge. We use a capsulotomy ‘plug on tip’ 0.05 mm designed for capsular fimosis. This diathermy instrument is used to cut the lens capsule by low power waves transmitted from the tip of an active incising electrode and make incisions in the tissue. We tested this technique with 226 infants of which all 226 eyes retrolental membrane were removed. In 6–46 months follow-up, light perception or better visual function was achieved in 92%.

Recent findings
Despite of new technologies in retinal surgical devices, the dissection of thick membranes is still a challenge. Sometimes, we need to use tools that were made for another purpose and adapt it to our current techniques.

Summary
Achieving at least a vision of light perception in eyes that were considered untreatable is a good outcome as light perception maintains the circadian circle and helps in the brain development.

Video abstract

http://links.lww.com/COOP/A47
Salmonella Paratyphi B; Public Health and Parental Choice
Authors: Fidler Katy , Dudley Julia , Cloke Rachel , Nicholls Margot , Greig David R. , Dallman Timothy J. , Chattaway Marie Anne , Godbole Gauri 
Published: July 2021

Background:

Salmonella Paratyphi B (Paratyphoid B) is a rare infection and a notifiable disease in England. Disease is typically mild, and chronic carriage in children has been described in endemic countries. Almost all cases in England are imported, with very few cases of community transmission reported.

Methods:
The aim of this work was to describe an unusual cluster of Paratyphoid B cases transmitted within England, examining clinical, epidemiologic and microbiologic data. Detailed phylogenetic analysis is presented to corroborate public health epidemiologic links between cases.

Results:
One child had recently returned from an endemic area and had mild gastrointestinal symptoms. One year later, 2 other children with no travel history developed invasive disease requiring hospitalization. Epidemiologic links confirmed person-to-person spread between these three cases. All isolates of S. Paratyphi B (n = 93) received by the Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit between 2014 and 2019 were typed using whole genome sequencing. Three cases of Paratyphoid B were identified in the same geographical location over a 2-year period. S. Paratyphi B strains isolated from the stool and blood of the three cases were closely linked (0–5 single-nucleotide polymorphisms) using whole genome sequencing.

Conclusions:
This case series highlights the potential public health risks of paratyphoid B and the range of pediatric complications associated with this illness, especially in younger children. Although rare, chronic carriage of Paratyphoid B can lead to transmission in nonendemic areas and should be considered in all children presenting with signs of enteric fever even where there is no history of foreign travel.
Antibiotic Utilization and Efficacy Associated With Treating Pediatric Urinary Tract Infections in Texas Medicaid Patients in the First Year of Life
Authors: Coleman Alana , Vohra Yogesh , Rascati Karen , Kubes Sarah , Moffett Brady 
Published: July 2021

Background:
Historically, amoxicillin (Amoxil) has been used as a first-line agent to treat pediatric urinary tract infections (UTIs). However, emerging antibiotic resistance in urinary pathogens has led to broader treatment options, such as cefdinir (Omnicef). This shift in prescribing practices is predicted to vary among place of service and gender due to differing institutional protocols and antimicrobial stewardship practices.

Objective:
This study aimed to describe the antibiotic utilization patterns associated with treating pediatric UTIs in Texas Medicaid patients and to assess the real-world efficacy of the antibiotics that were prescribed.

Methods:
Texas Medicaid prescription and medical claims data for patients under 1 year of age were included in the analysis if they presented with a UTI to the healthcare practitioner’s office or the emergency department (ED) and were treated with an outpatient antibiotic. Treatment efficacy was assessed by whether a patient received a second (different) antibiotic within 7 days of their initial antibiotic fill.

Results:
A total of 12,795 visits met inclusion criteria; 12,561 visits included prescriptions for the top 4 antibiotics prescribed: cefdinir (50%), amoxicillin (25%), cephalexin (Keflex; 13%), and amoxicillin-clavulanate (Augmentin; 12%). Cefdinir utilization predominated in both places of service [office (50%) and ED (55%)], and gender [males (47%) and females (52%)]. Controlling for gender and place of service, initial treatment with amoxicillin when compared with cefdinir (OR = 2.54; 95% confidence intervals: 1.84–3.54; P < 0.001) was associated with a greater rate of treatment failure.

Conclusions:
In this study of Texas Medicaid patients, the widespread utilization of cefdinir may be appropriate for the empiric treatment of uncomplicated UTIs because of its low rate of treatment failure compared to other commonly used antibiotics.
Behavior Characteristics and Risk for Metabolic Syndrome Among Women in Rural Communities in China
Authors: Chen Jyu-Lin , Guo Jia , Lin Chen-Xi , Yang Jundi , Mao Ping , Jiang Shan , He Wei , Lien Kathy 
Published: July 2021

Background
Rapid economic growth and lifestyle changes in China have resulted in increased metabolic syndrome (MetS) rates. Few investigators have examined sex-specific risk factors and the role of menopause, stress, and sleep on MetS among women in China.

Objective
In this study, we aimed to identify the risk factors for MetS among women in rural China.

Methods
A cross-sectional study design was used, and participants were recruited from rural areas in China. Female participants older than 18 years were eligible to participate. Participants had their weight, height, waist circumference, blood pressure, and fasting blood measured at study sites. They also completed validated questionnaires regarding sociodemographic information and MetS-related health behaviors.

Results
A total of 646 women were included in this study. The overall prevalence of MetS was 26.2%. The MetS group had a greater number of overweight/obese women than the non-MetS group did. For premenopausal women, a higher income, being overweight/obese, and eating salty/marinated food increased their risk for MetS (odds ratio [OR], 2.56, 4.55, and 3.1, respectively). For postmenopausal women, a low level of education (OR, 0.44) and being overweight/obese (OR, 4.98) increased their risk of MetS.

Conclusion
Almost half of the women in this study were overweight/obese, and many of them did not meet the national recommendations for a healthy lifestyle, increasing their risk for MetS. Developing cultural and behavioral interventions tailored for overweight/obese women is critical in reducing MetS.
Is It Safe to Mobilize Patients Very Early After Transfemoral Coronary Procedures? (SAMOVAR)
Authors: Nørgaard Marianne Wetendorff , Færch Jane , Joshi Francis R. , Høfsten Dan E. , Engstrøm Thomas , Kelbæk Henning 
Published: July 2021

Background
Coronary angiography (CAG) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) are performed via the femoral or radial arteries. In patients examined via transfemoral access, closure devices facilitate hemostasis, but it is unknown whether it is safe to mobilize these patients immediately and how acceptable this may be in terms of patient comfort.

Objective
The aims of this study were to investigate bleeding complications in patients mobilized immediately after transfemoral CAG or PCI compared with patients on bed rest (BR) for 2 hours after the procedure and, furthermore, to investigate patient comfort in relation to mobilization and BR.

Methods
SAMOVAR was a noninferiority trial with patients randomized to immediate mobilization (IM) or 2 hours of BR after transfemoral CAG or PCI and use of the AngioSeal as a closure device and reversal of heparin effect. The primary end point was development of hematoma greater than 5 cm, pseudoaneurysm, or bleeding requiring blood transfusion. Secondary end points were oozing from the puncture site, small hematoma, and patient comfort.

Results
Of 2027 patients (IM, 1010; BR, 1017), 40% underwent PCI. The primary outcome was recorded in 0.7% patients randomized to IM versus 0.5% in BR (P = .58). There was no difference in the incidence of small hematoma, whereas persistent oozing was seen slightly more often after IM compared with BR (12% vs 9%, P = .04). Patients mobilized immediately reported less back pain and micturition problems (P < .001).

Conclusions
In patients who had CAG and PCI performed through transfemoral access, reversal of anticoagulation and use of closure devices allowed IM with low rates of complications and improved patient comfort.
Successful Outcomes and Return to Sport After Arthroscopic Bankart Repair in National Collegiate Athletic Association and National Football League Football Players
Authors: Saper Michael G. , Courson John , Milchteim Charles , Plummer Hillary , Andrews James R. , Ostrander Roger V. 
Published: July 2021

Objective:
To characterize recurrent instability, return to sport (RTS), and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) after arthroscopic Bankart repair for acute traumatic anterior shoulder instability in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and National Football League (NFL) football players.

Design:
Case series.

Setting:
Orthopaedic and sports medicine clinic.

Participants:
National Collegiate Athletic Association and NFL football athletes with traumatic anterior shoulder instability who underwent arthroscopic shoulder stabilization at a single institution with at least 2-year follow-up.

Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors or Independent Variables):
Arthroscopic Bankart repair.

Main Outcome Measures:
Recurrent instability, RTS, patient satisfaction, the visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, and Rowe score.

Results:
Thirty-three players were included with a mean age of 23.8 years (range, 18-33 years) and a mean follow-up of 6.3 years (range, 4.1-9.3 years). One shoulder (3.0%) had a postoperative subluxation event, and 1 shoulder (3.0%) required revision surgery for issues other than instability; 93.3% of players were able to RTS at the same level or higher for at least 1 season. Mean satisfaction was 8.9 ± 2.3. Mean VAS was 1.0 ± 1.7, and mean ASES and Rowe scores were 90.7 ± 18.5 and 89.7 ± 15.2, respectively.

Conclusion:
Arthroscopic Bankart repair is an effective surgical intervention for traumatic anterior shoulder instability in NCAA and NFL football players. At a mean 6-year follow-up, surgery restored stability in 97% of cases and 93.3% returned to their preinjury level of sport.
Prevalence of Macrophages Within the Cochlear Vessels Following Cochlear Implantation in the Human: An Immunohistopathological Study Using Anti-Iba1 Antibody
Authors: Okayasu Tadao , O’Malley Jennifer T. , Nadol Joseph B. 
Published: July 2021

Hypothesis:
The prevalence of monocyte-derived macrophages within cochlear vessels may increase following cochlear implantation.

Background:
Recently, we reported an increase in the number of ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1)-positive macrophages in selected cochlear sites such as the osseous spiral lamina and Rosenthal's canal following cochlear implantation. Activation of the immune system induces the recruitment of monocyte-derived macrophages. The prevalence of monocyte-derived macrophages within cochlear vessels may increase following cochlear implantation. However, the delivery system of macrophages to the human cochlea is incompletely understood.

Methods:
The prevalence of macrophages and monocytes within cochlear blood vessels in 10 human subjects who had undergone unilateral cochlear implantation was studied by light microscopy using anti-Iba1 immunostaining. The densities of Iba1-positve monocytes per area of lumen of cochlear vessels in the sections near the round window in implanted ears were compared with the contralateral unimplanted ears. The correlation between the densities of Iba1-positve monocytes and the duration (months after the cochlear implantation) was also evaluated.

Results:
The prevalence of Iba1-positive macrophages/monocytes in vessels near the round window in implanted ears (mean 26%, median 21%) was greater than in opposite unimplanted ears (mean 5.2%, median 2.5%: p < 0.01). The density of Iba1-positive monocytes in implanted ears (mean 32, median 16 cells/105 μm2) tended to be greater than that in unimplanted ears (mean 6.6, median 0.93 cells/105 μm2: p = 0.08). The density of Iba1-positive monocytes was significantly correlated with duration of implantation but not in the unimplanted ears.

Conclusion:
An increase in prevalence of Iba1-positive macrophages/monocytes within cochlear blood vessels after cochlear implantation was demonstrated. These findings suggest a delivery system of Iba1-positive macrophages through cochlear vessels in human that is ongoing for long duration.
Trimetazidine Therapy in Coronary Artery Disease: The Impact on Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, Endothelial Dysfunction, and Long-Term Prognosis
Authors: Bobescu Elena , Marceanu Luigi Geo , Dima Lorena , Balan Andreea , Strempel Christian Gabriel , Covaciu Alexandru 
Published: July 2021

Background:
In coronary artery disease (CAD), reduction of perfusion in coronary arteries is followed by increases of oxidative stress and decreases of adenosine triphosphate reserve. In this condition, trimetazidine (TMZ), a metabolic anti-ischemic agent, seems to be an ideal therapeutic agent because it increases mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate production.

Study Question:
To evaluate the impact of TMZ on oxidative stress, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and long-term prognosis in CAD.

Study Design:
Patients with CAD with symptoms not adequately controlled were enrolled consecutively for a period of 18 months.

Measures and Outcomes:
Five hundred seventy patients with CAD were enrolled in a prospective study and divided into 4 groups in relation with the type of CAD and the addition of TMZ to optimal medical therapy (OMT). The impact of TMZ added to OMT on oxidative stress (total antioxidant status, antioxidized low-density lipoprotein antibodies, and antimyeloperoxidase antibodies), endothelial dysfunction (flow-mediated dilatation and von Willebrand factor activity), and inflammation (C-reactive protein and fibrinogen) at 6 months and on long-term prognosis in CAD in comparison with OMT at 5 years of follow-up was evaluated.

Results:
At 6 months, TMZ added to OMT significantly decreased the incidence of oxidative stress in CAD (P < 0.03) and reduced endothelial dysfunction and inflammation only in non–ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS, P < 0.04). TMZ added to OMT with or without interventional/surgical vascularization led to decreased readmission for NSTE-ACS and heart failure (P < 0.05) in all patients with CAD and a significantly reduced incidence of cardiovascular death, acute myocardial infarction, and stroke (P < 0.05) in patients with NSTE-ACS at 5 years of follow-up.

Conclusions:
In patients with NSTE-ACS, TMZ added to OMT with or without interventional and/or surgical reperfusion reduced oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and major acute cardiovascular events, whereas in patients with chronic coronary syndrome, TMZ decreased oxidative stress and readmission for ACS and heart failure.
Eosinophil‐Derived Neurotoxin Predicts Response to Proton‐Pump Inhibitor Treatment in Pediatric Eosinophilic Esophagitis
Authors: Irastorza Laura E. , Hopson Puanani , Nabar Shruti , Deb Chirajyoti , Smadi Yamen 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACTObjectives:There are no tests or patient factors to help predict the best treatment approach for a patient with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE). The prevalence of proton‐pump inhibitor (PPI) responsive EoE in children ranges from 30% to 71% with multiple studies showing similar characteristics in responders and nonresponders. Eosinophil‐derived neurotoxin (EDN), an eosinophilic granule protein, measured in esophageal brushing has been shown to be a viable measure of disease activity in EoE. Our aim is to determine if EDN can help predict response to PPI in pediatric patients with EoE.Methods:We conducted a prospective cross‐sectional study to compare EDN between PPI‐responsive and PPI‐nonresponsive EoE subjects from 2018 through 2020. Enrolled patients with active EoE were treated with high‐dose PPI and underwent repeat endoscopy to determine PPI‐responsiveness. EDN was measured at baseline endoscopy, before any treatment, and at follow up endoscopy, after PPI therapy. Subjects were divided into PPI‐responsive and nonresponsive groups. EDN, endoscopic reference score (EREFS), and peak eosinophilic count (PEC) were compared.Results:Fifteen out of the 36 enrolled subjects with EoE (age range 2–18 years, 73.3% male) were PPI‐responsive and 21 (age range 2–19 years, 95.2% male) were PPI‐nonresponsive. EDN concentration was significantly higher in the PPI‐nonresponsive group than in the PPI‐responsive group (219.1 ± 229 mcg/mL vs 75.7 ± 60 mcg/mL, respectively, P = 0.036). There was no difference between the two groups in EREFS (P = 0.55) or PEC (P = 0.15).Conclusions:EDN measured in esophageal epithelial samples obtained by brushing during endoscopy may predict PPI‐responsiveness in children and young adults with EoE.
Assessing Gender Identity and Sex in Diverse Low-, Middle-, and High-Income Settings: Findings from a WHO/HRP Consultative Process
Authors: Tucker Joseph D. , Bajos Nathalie , Mercer Catherine H. , Gitau Evelyn , Ahmad Noor Ani , Gonsalves Lianne 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Obtaining detailed data on gender identity and sex in population-based sexual health studies is important. We convened a group to develop consensus survey items. We identified 2 items to capture data on gender identity and sex that can be used in diverse settings.
Clinical Factors Associated With Balance Function in the Early Subacute Phase After Stroke
Authors: Lee Eun Young , Na Yoonhye , Cho Minjae , Hwang Yu Mi , Noh Jun Soo , Kwon Hee-Kyu , Pyun Sung-Bom 
Published: July 2021

Objective
The aim of the study was to investigate the key factors of balance function in the early subacute phase after stroke.

Design
Ninety-four stroke patients were included. Multiple variables were evaluated, including demographic factors, clinical variables (stroke type; lesion site; Mini-Mental State Examination; motor strength of the hip, knee, and ankle joints; Fugl-Meyer Assessment of lower extremity), neurophysiological variables (amplitude ratio of somatosensory evoked potential of the tibial nerves), and laterality index of fractional anisotropy of the corticospinal tract using diffusion tensor imaging. Balance function was measured using the Berg Balance Scale.

Results
The Berg Balance Scale score was significantly negatively correlated with age and laterality index of fractional anisotropy and positively correlated with Mini-Mental State Examination; Fugl-Meyer Assessment of lower extremity; motor strength of the affected hip, knee, and ankle joint; and somatosensory evoked potential amplitude ratio (P < 0.05). The abnormal somatosensory evoked potential group and poor integrity of the corticospinal tract group showed significantly decreased Berg Balance Scale scores. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, age, Fugl-Meyer Assessment of lower extremity score, and ankle plantar flexion strength were significantly associated with balance function (odds ratios = 0.919, 1.181, and 15.244, respectively, P < 0.05).

Conclusions
Higher age, severe initial motor impairment, and strength of the affected lower limb muscles, especially the ankle plantar flexor, are strongly associated with poor balance function early after stroke.

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CME Objectives
Upon completion of this article, the reader should be able to: (1) Enhance ability to evaluate motor and balance function of stroke patients by learning common assessment tools including clinical tests, neurophysiological and neuroimaging studies; (2) Explain the important factors associated with balance function impairment in early subacute stroke patients; and (3) Enhance planning rehabilitation strategies for improvement of balance function according to recovery stage after stroke.

Level
Advanced

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