bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mini review: Characteristics of upwelling in several coastal areas in the world
Authors: Umasangaji H , Ramili Y 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the upwelling processes and the controlling factors as an effort to reveal the characteristics and the intensities of upwelling events in several parts of the world. This review aimed at identifying the characteristics of upwelling and how the global climate controlling this physic phenomenon such as ENSO, IOD and Kelvin Wave. Several places in the Southeast Asia experienced high intensities of upwelling when El Nino events such as in South of Java, East Coast of Malaysia Peninsula and in Vietnam Coastal area. The results of this review found that area with the most intensive and productive upwelling in the world is South American waters and Banguela Upwelling System (BUS) in the African Coast. However, several other areas also show intensive and high productivity of upwelling, such as off the southern coast of Java Island in Indonesia and the Banda Sea and its surroundings. It is found that upwelling with stronger intensity can result in increase of mortality of certain organisms such as scallops. Additionally, increase of nutrients in a waters is often accompanied by an increase in several species of toxic algae that are harmful to the local fishery system (harmful algae blooms, HABs).
Spatial distribution of nutrients in Maumere Bay, East Nusa Tenggara
Authors: Meirinawati H , Prayitno H B 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The availability of nutrients in the marine environment is very important for primary production and as indicator of the health condition in waters. East Nusa Tenggara Province is one of the province that has a potential fishery, especially in Maumere Bay of Sikka Regency. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor the water quality and spatial distribution of nutrients in that area. This study aims to determine water quality, assess water trophic status, and determine limiting factors in Maumere Bay. Sampling was conducted in August 2017 at 14 research stations and 1 daily station. The results showed that the relationship between DIN, DIP, and DSi at the daily station was a weak correlation. DIN reaches maximum concentration after 8 hours, whereas DIP and DSi reach maximum concentration after 12 hours. The average DIN, DIP, and DSi were 1.082 μmol L−1, 0.123 μmol L−1, and 4.544 μmol L−1, respectively. The average DIN/DIP ratio was 11.554. It can be concluded that Maumere Bay is an oligotrophic area and phosphate as a limiting nutrient for phytoplankton growth.
Seasonal variations of water quality at Doreri Gulf, Manokwari, West Papua
Authors: Sembel L , Setijawati D , Yona D , Risjani Y 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The character of Manokwari City’s coastal waters is strongly influenced by activity on the mainland. The degradation in Sawaibu Gulf’s water quality has an impact on water quality nearby, as well as the waters of the Field Work Center (BLK), Lemon Island, and Tanjung Manggewa, which is part of Doreri Gulf. The purpose of this study was to determine the water quality in Doreri Gulf according on location and season. In February-April (rainy season) and August-October (dry season) 2020, the research was carried out within Doreri Gulf, Manokwari, West Papua. Turbidity, salinity, pH, temperature, and dissolved oxygen are amongst the variables analyzed. Its statistical analyses were performed descriptively using standard deviation and ANCOVA to correlate seasons and locations. Temperature, DO, and pH were highest at location 2; salinity showed highest at location 3; and turbidity were highest at location 1. Low concentrations of DO, pH, and salinity were measured at location 1; temperature showed highest at location 3; and turbidity were highest at location 1. The dry season would have the highest temperature, DO, pH, and salinity concentrations, meanwhile the rainy season had enough highest turbidity. The study confirms that there are no variations in water quality between location of each variable and that seasonal factors comprise the majority of differences in water quality.
Radioactivity level of coastal sediments and water across the Sangihe Island as the outlying islands of Indonesia
Authors: Yahya M N , Untara  , Makmur M , Prihatiningsih W R , Putra D I P , Priasetyono Y 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Indonesia as an archipelagic country is very concerned about maritime development, the outlying islands are the entrance for potential threats of radioactive distribution from global waters. Furthermore, the outlying islands have functions such as territorial defence, security, and sovereignty, economic and ecological. As environmental protection, level of natural and anthropogenic radioactivity was performed due to potential threats. The activity concentration of natural (226Ra, 232Th, and 40K) radionuclides inshore sediments samples are range from 3.44 ± 0.01 Bq kg−1, 5.13 ± 0.03 Bq kg−1 and 151.42 ± 0.04 Bq kg−1 respectively and average concentration level of anthropogenic of 137Cs in sediment and seawater obtained were 0.35 Bq kg−1 and 0.83 Bq m3 respectively. The concentrations value of NORM was lower compare to another region but the ratio sequence 226Ra<232Th<40K relatively have same pattern. The presence of fission product 137Cs in this region comes from global fallout since no nuclear activities in Indonesia and the level of 137Cs are almost same as the estimation the concentration 137Cs in the Pacific Ocean and comparable with other studies. Radioactivity levels in all samples are under the value of radiological hazard index (0.004-0.039, trace hold h-index=1) and annual effective dose rate are in save level (0.01 mSv/y, recommended limit AED=1mSv/year). The level of NORM radioactivity is locally and varied for each region meanwhile anthropogenic radioactivity are global and comparable since there are no nuclear activity in Indonesia.
Assessment of coastal water productivity of Fitu Village, Ternate Island based on its zooplankton community structure
Authors: Yuliana  , Mutmainnah  
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Zooplankton has an important role in waters, especially in the food chain, this organism is the first consumer that plays a major role in bridging the transfer of energy from the main producers to living things at a higher trophic level. The aim of the study was to analyze the coastal waters condition of Fitu Village, Ternate Island based on zooplankton community structure, carried out at 4 stations, and 4 sampling periods. Zooplankton samples were taken by filtering method. The results showed that there were 10 zooplankton genera from 4 classes, namely Ciliates (3 genera), Crustacea (4 genera), Hydrozoa (1 genus), and Rotifera (2 genera). The abundance of zooplankton found ranged from 2271 to 11562 ind.l−1, the highest at station 1 period IV and the lowest at station 4 period I. The value range of zooplankton biological indices were diversity index (H’) = 1.12 - 1.87, evenness index (E) = 0.64 - 0.93, and the dominance index (D) = 0.17 - 0.42. The waters of Fitu are included in the category of waters that have a low fertility level with a diversity index value (H’) of 1.12 - 1.87.
The development of the reproductive organs of the hybrid grouper cantik (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus x E. polyphekadion)
Authors: Muzaki A , Sembiring S B M , Permana G N , Mahardika K , Haryanti  
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Observation of the reproductive organs of the hybrid grouper cantik was carried out. Cantik grouper is the result of cross-breeding between female tiger grouper Epinephelus fuscoguttatus and male camouflage grouper E. polyphekadion. This study aimed to determine the development of the reproductive organs of cantik grouper. The observed test fishes were 3 fishes of Cantik grouper with a total length of 42 - 49 cm and a bodyweight of 1.45 - 2.26 kg. The parameters observed were the concentarion of estradiol and testosterone in the blood using the ELISA kit, gonad development, and histological maturity level of the gonads. The results showed that the hormone testosterone found in the sample cantik no 1 was 9353 pg/ml, while the hormone estradiol was found in all samples of beautiful grouper in the range of 291 - 1133 pg/ml. From the dissected fish, the gonads had developed and weighed 3.12 - 56.01 g and one sample had a fecundity of 265,800 eggs with an egg diameter of 360-520 micron. Gonadal histology shows oosit development at maturity levels I, II, and IV. This indicates that the crossbreeding between female tiger grouper and male camouflage grouper produces hybrid grouper cantik that are fertile, which is shown by their reproductive organs to have developed well.
Spirulina water extract and Lactobacillus bulgaricus FNCC– 0041, Streptococcus thermophilus FNCC–0040 secretion as immunostimulants in gnotobiotic Artemia challenge tests against pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus, and V. harveyi
Authors: Yudiati E , Sedjati S , Azhar N , Oktarima WA , Arifin Z 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Spirulina water extract (SWE) has a good potency as an immunostimulant. Lactobacillus bulgaricus & Streptococcus thermophilus are lactic acid bacteria (LAB) that produce exopolysaccharide exudate. Vibriosis is a common infectious disease for aquatic cultivans caused by Vibrio spp. This study determines the ability of SWE in combination with L. bulgaricus & S. thermophilus as immunostimulant (Artemia challenge test) assay against Vibrio parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus, and V. harveyi. Factorial Design with two factors namely SWE doses (0, 300, 600, and 900 ppb) and Vibrio spp. treatment (non-Vibrio spp., Vibrio harveyi (Vh), Vibrio parahaemolyticus (Vp), Vibrio vulnificus (Vv), Vh-Vp, Vv-Vp, Vp-Vh, and Vp-Vv-Vh) were applicated. SWE was diluted and LAB at a concentration of 108 cell/mL were fermented in three days at 30°C. Ten newly hatched Artemia nauplii were enriched with fermented and non-fermented SWE for one hour, then challenged with 108 cell/mL Vibrio spp. The survival of Artemia was recorded every 6 hours. Results showed that the survival rate of Artemia enriched with 300 ppb concentration of SWE and LAB was significant than control (p<0.05). It is concluded that there is a positive effect on the bioencapsulation of the minimum concentration of SWE and LAB secretion to accelerate Artemia’s immune response.
The effect of probiotics on digestive enzyme activity during larvae and juvenile stage of Yellow Fin Tuna (Thunnus albacares)
Authors: Haryanti  , Gunawan  , Setiadi A , Sembiring S B M , Permana I G N , Hutapea J H , Sugama K 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Yellow fin tuna fry production technology is not successful yet. This was assumed related to the biological and physiological characteristics of the fish. The physiological approach to regulating digestion through probiotics is needs to be studied. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of probiotics bacterial strains of the enzymatic activity in digestion system for the larvae to juvenile stages of yellow fin tuna, Thunnus albacares. The experiment was initiated by culturing 3 probiotic isolates (Bacillus subtilis strain TA-1, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain TN-2, Bacillus subtilis strain TO-4) and apply to the larval rearing of yellow fin tuna. In the experiment the treatments applied were supplemented probiotics and without probiotic, each treatment was held with 2 replications. Fish samples were collected every day and analyze the gene expression profile associated with digestion enzyme synthesis by total RNA isolation and cDNA synthesis followed analysis of its by using the RT –qPCR method. The results showed that the growth response of T. albacares tuna larvae reared with probiotics tended to be faster (P<0.05) than the control (without probiotics). The supplementation of probiotic could improved the expressed digestibility of the target genes associated with enzymatic synthesized. Amylase enzymatic synthesized increase 200-1200 times in larvae 10 –17 Day After Hatch (DAH), while in the lipase enzymatic activity started with 13 DAH ( 25 time) and 16 – 21 DAH by 150-300 times. In trypsin the highest enzymatic activity was at 16 DAH, which was 200 times. While in control, the expression of enzymatic synthesis of amylase, lipase, and trypsin was relatively low.
SwissADME predictions of pharmacokinetics and drug-likeness properties of small molecules present in Spirulina platensis
Authors: Riyadi P H , Romadhon  , Sari I D , Kurniasih R A , Agustini T W , Swastawati F , Herawati V E , Tanod W A 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Spirulina platensis is a microalga that is easy to cultivate. Spirulina platensis contains high antioxidants sourced from chemical compounds. Antioxidants can protect against oxidative stress and degenerative diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the chemical profiles of S. platensis using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and predict its biological activity using computational analysis (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion) using SwissADME. The GC-MS analysis of S. platensis extracts yielded twenty-four compounds. Spirulina platensis extracts contain twelve compounds with percentage more than 1%, namely Dodecanoic acid, ethyl ester (27.71%); Ethyl linoleate (19.47%); Octadecenamide (10.99%); Octadecane (9.02%); Methyl gamma-linolenoate (8.04%); 2-Hexadecen-1-ol, 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-, [R-[R*,R*-(E)]]- (6.92%); Neophytadiene (3.21%); Hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl ester (2.68%); Ethyl 9-hexadecenoate (2.05%); 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)- (1.47%); 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol (1,44%); 9-Octadecenamide (1.15%); and 2-Hexadecene, 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecene- 1-ol (1%). The dominant compound was dodecanoic acid, ethyl ester. The potential biological activity of dodecanoic acid, ethyl ester, is antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-candida, mycelial growth inhibition. All compounds in the extract of S platensis met the druglikeness according to Lipisnki’s rules using SwissADME. SwissADME emerged to be simple, robust and accurate method to understand the ADME properties of the compounds present in Spirulina platensis phytoconstituents. The ADME analysis results indicated that S. platensis extracts could be developed as traditional medicine and nutraceutical products.
Isolating and characterizing bacteria in the intestine of wild sandfish, Holothuria scabra as probiotics candidate
Authors: Sembiring S B M , Hutapea J H , Giri I N A , Hadisusanto S , Pratiwi R , Haryanti  
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The research aims to isolate bacteria as potential probiotics for rearing of sandfish, H. scabra. The procedures were isolating bacteria from nature sandfish’s intestines, characterizing, identifying, enzymatic hydrolysis activity and pathogenic testing, and in vivo testing of candidate probiotics. Identification of probiotic bacteria was based on 16S rRNA encoding gene sequence. Similarity identification was conducted by using BLAST on NCBI. The enzymatic activity test was carried out through Extra Cellular Product (ECP) of isolated bacteria. The in vivo test was done in twelve 1.2 m3 tanks. Initial mean body weight of juvenile was 6.0 ± 4.3 g and total length 4.3 ± 0.6 cm. The results, there were three isolated bacteria as candidates of probiotics with code M-4, Q-1, and E-2 which had high ability in hydrolyzing gelatin, casein, amylase, lecithin, and lipase enzymes. The M-4 was identified as Gamma proteobacterium with a 99% similarity, Q-1 and E-2 were identified as Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus sp with 98% and 97% similarity. The in vivo trial of probiotic candidate in feed for juvenile gave higher survival rate 95% compare to control 91%. The growth performance was (7.3 ± 2.1 g; 4.5 ± 0.7 cm) in probiotic which higher compare to control (6.0 ± 1.8g; 4.3 ± 0.8 cm).
Using tuna fish bone waste as mineral sources in feed formulation of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
Authors: Syazili A , Ahmad K , Umakaapa I 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Fish bone is a solid waste that usually found in traditional fish markets of Ternate. The bone fraction contains high minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, and collagen proteins which are important for fish growth. Tuna fish bone waste was processed into dry fish feed and mixed into feed formulation of Tilapia. Four different dose of tuna fish bone powder were applied namely 0%, 1%, 3%, and 5% as mentioned treatment A, B, C, and D. Fish diet were given to Tilapia juvenile for 42 days. Results show that the body weight and specific growth rate are highest in fish which given 3% dose of tuna fish bone than other treatments. It reaches 38.66 g and 9.617% BW/day. The lowest FCR is 1.34 in treatment C and the survival rate is not significantly different among treatments (p>0.05).
Effect of different seedling weights on Kappaphycus alvarezii growth
Authors: Irfan M , Abdullah N , La Ujiara W 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Seaweed K. alvarezii is one of leading commodities in aquaculture because this seaweed species produces carrageenan which has high economic value. This study aimed to determine effect of different seedling weights on the growth of seaweed K. alvarezii, and to determine which seedling weight had the best effect on seaweed growth. Planting process was carried out using longline method. Size of longline construction used was 10 m x 20 m, with a length of 20 m and a distance of 1 m between each ropes. Each rope line contained about 66 clumps of seedlings with a distance between clumps of 15 cm. Thallus weight used was 30 gr, 50 gr, 70 gr for each treatment. The highest mean value of absolute weight growth of seaweed K. alvarezii was found in treatment C (thallus weight 70 gr) with an average value of 99.27 gr, followed by treatment A (thallus weight 30 gr) of 51.95 gr and the lowest value found in treatment B (thallus weight 50 gr) of 51.65 gr.
Study on milky haemolymph diseases infection in wild and cultured of spiny lobster, Panulirus homarus in Indonesia
Authors: Koesharyani I , Lasmika N L A , Sugama K 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Milky Haemolymph Disease in Spiny Lobster (MHD-SL) is the most pathogenic diseases in spiny lobster (Panulirus homarus). Research on MHD-SL infection has not been undertaken in Indonesia. Therefore, present study aims to determine the infection of MHD-SL lobster. In 2016 a total of 240 lobsters for 30 each both from wild and cultured sample were collected from four locations (Candi Kusuma Bay of Bali Island, Gerupuk, Awang, and Telong-Elong Bays of Lombok Island) and in 2019, 50 lobster samples were collected for artificial infection study. While in January 2020, another 40 lobsters were collected from 2 different sites of culture (coastal and offshore cages) within Telong Elong Bay to determine infection of MHD-SL and for transmission study. The MHD-SL diseased was first check by clinical sign and confirmed by PCR-DNA molecular with specific primer of 254 bp. An experimental infection of MHD-SL was carried out by injection and cohabitation. The result showed that infected MHD-SL lobster shows inactive, loose appetite to eat, reddish and white colour of abdomen then moribund and all positive by PCR test. MHD-SL was found only in cultured lobster on the cages located at coastal water and no in the cages located at offshore within Telong-Elong Bay. In the experiment of artificial infection, either by injection or cohabitation, shows clinical sign of MHD-SL appeared at 8 days and all died after 14 days for both treatments. The present study approved that MHD-SL is pathogenic agent belonged to Rickettsia-like bacterium and infection occurred by horizontal transmission.
Growth and survival of transfection and non-transfection tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon Fabricius) broodstock candidate in pond cultivation
Authors: Suwardi  , Suwoyo H S 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon Fab.) is one of important commercial species in Indonesia. Low quality of shrimp fry due to the lack of good quality broodstock availability is shrimp cultivation problem that need to be solved. The study was aimed to evaluate growth and survival rate of broodstock candidate of transfection and non-transfection tiger shrimp. The study was conducted using four ponds with 2000 m2 in size in Takalar Regency. South Sulawesi. The treatment were A = transfection tiger shrimp broodstock candidate and B = non-transfection tiger shrimp broodstock candidate. Approximately 19.0-21.9 g/ind of shrimp were reared in 60 days in 0.25 individu/m2 (500 individu/2000 m2) stocking density. Commercial pelleted feed which content 38% of protein was fed three times a day in 5-3% of body weight dosage. Measured variables were growth performance, size distribution and survival rate. The result showed that shrimp growth were no significantly different (P>0.05), while survival rate and size distribution were significantly different (P<0.05). The dominant size of transfection shrimp was 41-50 g/ind. Whereas, non-transfection shrimp was dominated by 31-40 g/ind in size (48.39%). Survival rate of tiger shrimp broodstock candidate in this study ranged from 30.80 to 64.10%.
Characteristic and boactive potential of brewed Sargassum sp. with the additional bay leaf (Syzygium polyanthum)
Authors: Damayanti A N , Riyadi P H , Dewi E N 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Brewed Sargassum sp. is a product of dried seaweed that is packaged in tea bags and then brewed. The natural fishy odor from seaweed itself makes consumer acceptance of this brewed drink relatively low. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the addition of bay leaves (Syzygium polyanthum) and to determine consumer acceptance using hedonic test for Sargassum sp. Samples were obtained from UD Seaweed Mandiri, Wonosari, Yogyakarta. The research method used is experimental laboratories with a completely randomized design (CRD) model. The treatment given was in the form of different concentrations of bay leaves, namely 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%. Parameters observed were water content, ash content, image processing, hedonic, phytochemical, antioxidant activity, and bioactive components. Parametric data were analyzed using analysis of variance ANOVA and Honest Significant Difference to determine differences between treatments, while non-parametric testing included hedonic tests consisting of aroma and taste tests. The results showed that the different concentrations of bay leaves gave a significantly different effect on the hedonic parameters. Brewed Sargassum sp. with a concentration of 30% had the highest score on the hedonic test, namely 7.71 < µ < 8.11 which was included as favored by the panelists. The addition of bay leaves with a concentration of 30% resulted in an IC50 value of 13.6251 ppm. Phytochemical screening which was carried out qualitatively showed positive results for the parameters of flavonoids, phenols, tannins, and saponins. The total flavonoid content of 30% concentration is 302,333 mg QE/g and produces six compounds with bioactive components. The highest compound is pentane at 69.12%. Based on the test of bioactive components in the brewed Sargassum sp. there is a pentane compound which has the potential as an antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory.