bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparing treatment plans for stomach cancer: three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT), physical wedge-based conformal RT (WB-CRT) and intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT)
Authors: Inan Gokcen , Gul Osman Vefa 
Published: January 2021

AbstractObjective:The aim of this study was to find the optimal radiotherapy (RT) method using three-dimensional (3D) conformal RT (CRT), physical wedge-based CRT (WB-CRT) and dynamic intensity-modulated RT (D-IMRT) techniques for stomach cancer.Methods:Ten patients with gastric cancer were selected for this study. For each patient, three different treatment plans were generated. 3D-CRT, WB-CRT and IMRT plans were evaluated in terms of dosimetry. Treatment plans were compared with respect to the planning target volume and organs at risk (OARs) volumes including right and left kidney doses (V13, V20 and V28), heart mean and maximum doses, spinal cord maximum doses, dose homogeneity index, conformity index (CI), delivery time and the monitor unit counts for the treatment. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) v25.1 software (IBM Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).Results:In stomach plans, IMRT showed a significantly lower dose for the left and right kidneys than that of WB-CRT or 3D-CRT (p < 0·05). Compared with WB-CRT or 3D-CRT, IMRT reduced the V28, V20, V13 and mean dose to bilateral kidneys (p < 0·05). IMRT plans indicated better dosimetry for at the Dmean of the liver and heart. Concerning the calculated CI, values for IMRT plans gave significant results than other plans (p < 0·05).Conclusions:IMRT plans provided better protection for the kidneys, liver, heart and spinal cord. For the treatment of stomach cancer, considering the dose to the OARs, IMRT appears to be the most superior technique.
Flattening filter free Stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastases using dynamic conformal arcs: 6 MV or 10 MV?
Authors: Whitten Glenn , Daly Ursula , McCallum Candice D. , Harney Jackie , Conkey David , Flannery Tom , Irvine Denise M. , Skourou Christina , Hounsell Alan R. , McGarry Conor K. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIntroduction:Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) has proven itself as an effective tool in the treatment of intracranial lesions. Image-guided high dose single fraction treatments have the potential to deliver ablative doses to tumours; however, treatment times can be long. Flattening filter free (FFF) beams are available on most modern linacs and offer a higher dose rate compared to conventional flattened beams which should reduce treatment times. This study aimed to compare 6 MV FFF and 10 MV FFF to a 6 MV flattened beam for single fraction dynamic conformal arc SRS for a Varian Truebeam linac.Materials and methods:In total, 21 individual clinical treatment plans for 21 brain metastases treated with 6 MV were retrospectively replanned using both 6 MV FFF and 10 MV FFF. Plan quality and efficiency metrics were evaluated by analysing dose coverage, dose conformity, dose gradients, dose to normal brain, beam-on-time (BOT), treatment time and monitor units.Results:FFF resulted in a significant reduction in median BOT for both 6 MV FFF (57·9%; p < 0·001) and 10 MV FFF (76·3%; p < 0·001) which led to reductions in treatment times of 16·8 and 21·5% respectively. However, 6 MV FFF showed superior normal brain dose sparing (p < 0·001) and dose gradient (p < 0·001) compared to 10 MV FFF. No differences were observed for conformity.Conclusion:6 MV FFF offers a significant reduction in average treatment time compared to 6 MV (3·7 minutes; p = 0·002) while maintaining plan quality.
Present Heat Flow and Paleo‐Geothermal Anomalies in the Southern Golan Heights, Israel
Authors: Reznik Itay J. , Bartov Yuval 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWhile present heat flow (HF) throughout Israel and the Dead Sea Transform (DST) area is considered low, a thermal anomaly exists near the Yarmuk valley at the southern tip of the Golan Heights. New temperature measurements in the southern Golan Heights show that the distribution of the thermal anomaly is significantly wider than previously thought. The new data conforms to either a local and shallow magmatic chamber, which is in thermal steady state with the surrounding rocks, or to a transient heat front associated with localized Pleistocene magmatic intrusions in the Yarmuk. An alternative mechanism suggests that the present HF intensity is higher than the HF value calculated based on the apparent borehole temperatures due to heat removal by deep aquifer flow. A paleothermal analysis was performed using high‐resolution organic matter maturation profiles on the Late Cretaceous source rocks, across the southern Golan basin. The maturation data show remarkably similar values throughout the basin, indicating that a single thermal event led to the source rock maturation. Constraints given by geological considerations have associated the paleothermal event with Pliocene volcanic eruptions, which has allowed the calculation of the basin paleo‐heat flows, and indicated on a basin wide heat source, such as a crustal heat source. The paleothermal event is sharply bounded by a DST branching fault. This observation is suggested to be related to either strike‐slip movement associated with the DST or to heat removal and modulation by a deep hydrological system.
Semi‐Monthly Lunar Tide Oscillation of foF2 in Equatorial Ionization Anomaly (EIA) Crests During 2014–2015 SSW
Authors: Tang Qiong , Zhou Chen , Li Zi‐Shen , Liu Yi , Chen Guan‐Yi 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWe investigate the ionospheric responses to the 2014–2015 sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) event in winter and summer hemisphere by using ionosondes distributed in Equatorial Ionization Anomaly (EIA) crests. Daily mean value of foF2 at each station shows obvious semimonthly lunar tide (∼14.5‐day period) modulation from lower to higher latitude in both hemispheres during SSW period. Besides, lunar tide modulation in summer hemisphere is later than that in winter hemisphere, which can be explained by the planetary wave penetrating across the equator from winter to summer hemisphere. In addition, lunar semidiurnal tide extracted from foF2 presents evident enhancement after warming onset. Our results demonstrate the quasi 16‐day periodic oscillations in F region of EIA crests are caused by the enhanced lunar tide in dynamo wind of mesosphere and lower thermosphere region, which is due to the disturbances in the zonal mean wind distribution in connection with SSW.
New Insight Into the Onshore Intrusion of the Kuroshio Into the East China Sea
Authors: Cui Xuan , Yang Dezhou , Sun Chaojiao , Feng Xingru , Gao Guandong , Xu Lingjing , Yin Baoshu 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe Kuroshio Current, a vigorous western boundary current in the Pacific, is responsible for bringing high temperature, high salinity, and phosphate‐rich open ocean water into the East China Sea (ECS) when it flows past Taiwan and generates a branch current, known as the Kuroshio Branch Current (KBC), which intrudes onto the continental shelf of the ECS. Based on observations and numerical modeling, a 1.5‐layer reduced‐gravity model is evaluated and modified to simulate the flow pattern of the Kuroshio intrusion (KI) northeast of Taiwan. We revised the analytical solution derived by Hsueh (1992), https://doi.org/10.1029/92JC01401 to conserve the horizontal momentum balance in the along‐shelf and cross‐shelf directions. The new analytical solution not only explains the KI angle but also addresses the KBC recirculation mechanism. To sustain the steady‐state momentum balance in the area adjacent to the shelf break northeast of Taiwan, there must be a recirculation that plays the same role in vorticity dynamics as the combination of the joint effect of baroclinicity and relief, bottom friction, and nonlinear advection. Unlike previous studies, our results agree well with the observations and could account for seasonal variations in the KI direction. Moreover, the new model predicts a reasonable velocity maximum (0.42 m s−1) over the shelf break. Satellite data and numerical results confirm that the new solution reflects a reasonable estimation for KI direction. This theory may potentially be applied to regions with trenches or valleys with completely different flow patterns by using similar analytical methods.
Validation of IASI Satellite Ammonia Observations at the Pixel Scale Using In Situ Vertical Profiles
Authors: Guo Xuehui , Wang Rui , Pan Da , Zondlo Mark A. , Clarisse Lieven , Van Damme Martin , Whitburn Simon , Coheur Pierre‐François , Clerbaux Cathy , Franco Bruno , Golston Levi M. , Wendt Lars , Sun Kang , Tao Lei , Miller David , Mikoviny Tomas , Müller Markus , Wisthaler Armin , Tevlin Alexandra G. , Murphy Jennifer G. , Nowak John B. , Roscioli Joseph R. , Volkamer Rainer , Kille Natalie , Neuman J. Andrew , Eilerman Scott J. , Crawford James H. , Yacovitch Tara I. , Barrick John D. , Scarino Amy Jo 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSatellite ammonia (NH3) observations provide unprecedented insights into NH3 emissions, spatiotemporal variabilities and trends, but validation with in situ measurements remains lacking. Here, total columns from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) were intercompared to boundary layer NH3 profiles derived from aircraft‐ and surface‐based measurements primarily in Colorado, USA, in the summer of 2014. IASI‐NH3 version 3 near real‐time data set compared well to in situ derived columns (windows ±15 km around centroid, ±1 h around overpass time) with a correlation of 0.58, a slope of 0.78 ± 0.14 and an intercept of 2.1 × 1015±1.5 × 1015 molecules cm−2. Agreement degrades at larger spatiotemporal windows, consistent with the short atmospheric lifetime of NH3. We also examined IASI version 3R data, which relies on temperature retrievals from the ERA Reanalysis, and a third product generated using aircraft‐measured temperature profiles. The overall agreement improves slightly for both cases, and neither is biased within their combined measurement errors. Thus, spatiotemporal averaging of IASI over large windows can be used to reduce retrieval noise. Nonetheless, sampling artifacts of airborne NH3 instruments result in significant uncertainties of the in situ‐derived columns. For example, large validation differences exist between ascent and descent profiles, and the assumptions of the free tropospheric NH3 profiles used above the aircraft ceiling significantly impact the validation. Because short‐lived species like NH3 largely reside within the boundary layer with complex vertical structures, more comprehensive validation is needed across a wide range of environments. More accurate and widespread in situ NH3 data sets are therefore required for improved validations of satellite products.
Observation‐Constrained Projection of Global Flood Magnitudes With Anthropogenic Warming
Authors: Liu Wenbin , Yang Tao , Sun Fubao , Wang Hong , Feng Yao , Du Muye 
Published: January 2021

AbstractRiver flooding is among the costliest natural disasters with severe economic, societal, and environmental consequences. However, substantial uncertainties remain in global and regional projections of future flood conditions simulated by global climate models (GCMs) and/or global hydrological models (GHMs). Using physical models coupled with machine learning (ML), for the first time, we project changes in flood magnitudes of 2062 global river basins by constraining physical‐based streamflow simulations with observations under 1.5°C and 2°C warming scenarios identified for the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5. We found that, during the validation period, the GHMs‐simulated flood magnitudes would improve with reduced uncertainty over the selected river basins after ML with a Long Short‐Term Memory network. Our estimation suggested that flood magnitudes would increase in many Northern Hemisphere mid‐ and high‐latitude rivers (e.g., Lena River, Amur River and Volga River) but decrease in some river basins in southern Finland and Eastern Europe in future periods (i.e., 1.5°C and 2°C warming levels). In 1.5°C and 2°C warmer worlds, the decreasing flood magnitudes in most South American rivers are associated with decreased soil moisture and increased evapotranspiration induced by warmer temperatures. Although the geographical pattern of changes in flood magnitudes for the +2°C experiment is close to that of the +1.5°C experiment, a 1.5°C warming target is more likely to reduce flood magnitudes of many river basins worldwide (e.g., in central and eastern Siberia, Alaska/Northwest Canada and South America).
Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α and cancer-related cell signaling pathways: a promising insight into cancer treatment
Authors: Lv Duo-Duo , Zhou Ling-Yun , Tang Hong 
Published: January 2021

AbstractHepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, is described as a protein that binds to the promoters of specific genes. It controls the expression of functional genes and is also involved in the regulation of numerous cellular processes. A large number of studies have demonstrated that HNF4α is involved in many human malignancies. Abnormal expression of HNF4α is emerging as a critical factor in cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, dedifferentiation, and metastasis. In this review, we present emerging insights into the roles of HNF4α in the occurrence, progression, and treatment of cancer; reveal various mechanisms of HNF4α in cancer (e.g., the Wnt/β-catenin, nuclear factor-κB, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, and transforming growth factor β signaling pathways); and highlight potential clinical uses of HNF4α as a biomarker and therapeutic target for cancer.
Investigating cytosolic 5′-nucleotidase II family genes as candidates for neuropsychiatric disorders in Drosophila (114/150 chr)
Authors: Singgih Euginia L. , van der Voet Monique , Schimmel-Naber Marlies , Brinkmann Emma L. , Schenck Annette , Franke Barbara 
Published: January 2021

AbstractCytosolic 5′-nucleotidases II (cNT5-II) are an evolutionary conserved family of 5′-nucleotidases that catalyze the intracellular hydrolysis of nucleotides. In humans, the family is encoded by five genes, namely NT5C2, NT5DC1, NT5DC2, NT5DC3, and NT5DC4. While very little is known about the role of these genes in the nervous system, several of them have been associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, we tested whether manipulating neuronal expression of cNT5-II orthologues affects neuropsychiatric disorders-related phenotypes in the model organism Drosophila melanogaster. We investigated the brain expression of Drosophila orthologues of cNT5-II family (dNT5A-CG2277, dNT5B-CG32549, and dNT5C-CG1814) using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Using the UAS/Gal4 system, we also manipulated the expression of these genes specifically in neurons. The knockdown was subjected to neuropsychiatric disorder-relevant behavioral assays, namely light-off jump reflex habituation and locomotor activity, and sleep was measured. In addition, neuromuscular junction synaptic morphology was assessed. We found that dNT5A, dNT5B, and dNT5C were all expressed in the brain. dNT5C was particularly enriched in the brain, especially at pharate and adult stages. Pan-neuronal knockdown of dNT5A and dNT5C showed impaired habituation learning. Knockdown of each of the genes also consistently led to mildly reduced activity and/or increased sleep. None of the knockdown models displayed significant alterations in synaptic morphology. In conclusion, in addition to genetic associations with psychiatric disorders in humans, altered expression of cNT5-II genes in the Drosophila nervous system plays a role in disease-relevant behaviors.
Hsa_circ_0007456 regulates the natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity toward hepatocellular carcinoma via the miR-6852-3p/ICAM-1 axis
Authors: Shi Min , Li Zhao-Yun , Zhang Li-Ming , Wu Xiao-Yu , Xiang Shi-Hao , Wang Yu-Gang , Zhang Ya-Qiong 
Published: January 2021

AbstractCircular RNAs (circRNAs) is one type of important non-coding RNAs that participate in tumorigenesis and cancer progression. In our previous study, we performed a microarray analysis of circRNAs between the tumor tissues and the adjacent normal tissues of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients, and found that the circRNA hsa_circ_0007456 is significantly downregulated in the tumor tissues and correlated with the prognosis of HCC. We further investigated the relationship between the expression levels of hsa_circ_0007456 in HCC and the susceptibility of NK cells, and found that the expression levels of hsa_circ_0007456 in HCC cell lines significantly influenced their susceptibility to NK cells. Through a series of screening and validation, we found that hsa_circ_0007456 mainly functioned through sponging miR-6852-3p and regulating the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in HCC. The miR-6852-3p/ICAM-1 axis is essential for the NK cytotoxicity toward HCC mediated by hsa_circ_0007456. In conclusion, we identify here hsa_circ_0007456 as a promising biomarker of HCC, and highlight hsa_circ_0007456/miR-6852-3p/ICAM-1 axis as an important signaling pathway in the process of tumor immune evasion and the tumorigenesis of HCC.
Proteomics analysis of human intestinal organoids during hypoxia and reoxygenation as a model to study ischemia-reperfusion injury
Authors: Kip Anna M. , Soons Zita , Mohren Ronny , Duivenvoorden Annet A. M. , Röth Anjali A. J. , Cillero-Pastor Berta , Neumann Ulf P. , Dejong Cornelis H. C. , Heeren Ron M. A. , Olde Damink Steven W. M. , Lenaerts Kaatje 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIntestinal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is associated with high mortality rates, which have not improved in the past decades despite advanced insight in its pathophysiology using in vivo animal and human models. The inability to translate previous findings to effective therapies emphasizes the need for a physiologically relevant in vitro model to thoroughly investigate mechanisms of IR-induced epithelial injury and test potential therapies. In this study, we demonstrate the use of human small intestinal organoids to model IR injury by exposing organoids to hypoxia and reoxygenation (HR). A mass-spectrometry-based proteomics approach was applied to characterize organoid differentiation and decipher protein dynamics and molecular mechanisms of IR injury in crypt-like and villus-like human intestinal organoids. We showed successful separation of organoids exhibiting a crypt-like proliferative phenotype, and organoids exhibiting a villus-like phenotype, enriched for enterocytes and goblet cells. Functional enrichment analysis of significantly changing proteins during HR revealed that processes related to mitochondrial metabolism and organization, other metabolic processes, and the immune response were altered in both organoid phenotypes. Changes in protein metabolism, as well as mitophagy pathway and protection against oxidative stress were more pronounced in crypt-like organoids, whereas cellular stress and cell death associated protein changes were more pronounced in villus-like organoids. Profile analysis highlighted several interesting proteins showing a consistent temporal profile during HR in organoids from different origin, such as NDRG1, SDF4 or DMBT1. This study demonstrates that the HR response in human intestinal organoids recapitulates properties of the in vivo IR response. Our findings provide a framework for further investigations to elucidate underlying mechanisms of IR injury in crypt and/or villus separately, and a model to test therapeutics to prevent IR injury.
Translation machinery reprogramming in programmed cell death in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Monticolo Francesco , Palomba Emanuela , Chiusano Maria Luisa 
Published: January 2021

AbstractProgrammed cell death involves complex molecular pathways in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In Escherichia coli, the toxin–antitoxin system (TA-system) has been described as a programmed cell death pathway in which mRNA and ribosome organizations are modified, favoring the production of specific death-related proteins, but also of a minor portion of survival proteins, determining the destiny of the cell population. In the eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the ribosome was shown to change its stoichiometry in terms of ribosomal protein content during stress response, affecting the relative proportion between ohnologs, i.e., the couple of paralogs derived by a whole genome duplication event. Here, we confirm the differential expression of ribosomal proteins in yeast also during programmed cell death induced by acetic acid, and we highlight that also in this case pairs of ohnologs are involved. We also show that there are different trends in cytosolic and mitochondrial ribosomal proteins gene expression during the process. Moreover, we show that the exposure to acetic acid induces the differential expression of further genes coding for products related to translation processes and to rRNA post-transcriptional maturation, involving mRNA decapping, affecting translation accuracy, and snoRNA synthesis. Our results suggest that the reprogramming of the overall translation apparatus, including the cytosolic ribosome reorganization, are relevant events in yeast programmed cell death induced by acetic acid.
Quantifying neurotransmitter secretion at single-vesicle resolution using high-density complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor electrode array
Authors: White Kevin A. , Kim Brian N. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractNeuronal exocytosis facilitates the propagation of information through the nervous system pertaining to bodily function, memory, and emotions. Using amperometry, the sub-millisecond dynamics of exocytosis can be monitored and the modulation of exocytosis due to drug treatment or neurodegenerative diseases can be studied. Traditional single-cell amperometry is a powerful technique for studying the molecular mechanisms of exocytosis, but it is both costly and labor-intensive to accumulate statistically significant data. To surmount these limitations, we have developed a silicon-based electrode array with 1024 on-chip electrodes that measures oxidative signal in 0.1 millisecond intervals. Using the developed device, we are able to capture the modulation of exocytosis due to Parkinson’s disease treatment (L-Dopa), with statistical significance, within 30 total minutes of recording. The validation study proves our device’s capability to accelerate the study of many pharmaceutical treatments for various neurodegenerative disorders that affect neurotransmitter secretion to a matter of minutes.