bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magnetic dynamos in white dwarfs – II. Relating magnetism and pollution
Authors: Schreiber Matthias R , Belloni Diogo , Gänsicke Boris T , Parsons Steven G 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
We investigate whether the recently suggested rotation and crystallization driven dynamo can explain the apparent increase of magnetism in old metal polluted white dwarfs. We find that the effective temperature distribution of polluted magnetic white dwarfs is in agreement with most/all of them having a crystallizing core, and increased rotational velocities are expected due to accretion of planetary material that is evidenced by the metal absorption lines. We conclude that a rotation and crystallization driven dynamo offers not only an explanation for the different occurrence rates of strongly magnetic white dwarfs in close binaries but also for the high incidence of weaker magnetic fields in old metal polluted white dwarfs.
Chromosome Fusion Affects Genetic Diversity and Evolutionary Turnover of Functional Loci but Consistently Depends on Chromosome Size
Authors: Cicconardi Francesco , Lewis James J , Martin Simon H , Reed Robert D , Danko Charles G , Montgomery Stephen H 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMajor changes in chromosome number and structure are linked to a series of evolutionary phenomena, including intrinsic barriers to gene flow or suppression of recombination due to chromosomal rearrangements. However, chromosome rearrangements can also affect the fundamental dynamics of molecular evolution within populations by changing relationships between linked loci and altering rates of recombination. Here, we build chromosome-level assembly Eueides isabella and, together with a recent chromosome-level assembly of Dryas iulia, examine the evolutionary consequences of multiple chromosome fusions in Heliconius butterflies. These assemblies pinpoint fusion points on 10 of the 20 autosomal chromosomes and reveal striking differences in the characteristics of fused and unfused chromosomes. The ten smallest autosomes in D. iulia and E. isabella, which have each fused to a longer chromosome in Heliconius, have higher repeat and GC content, and longer introns than predicted by their chromosome length. When fused, these characteristics change to become more in line with chromosome length. The fusions also led to reduced diversity, which likely reflects increased background selection and selection against introgression between diverging populations, following a reduction in per-base recombination rate. We further show that chromosome size and fusion impact turnover rates of functional loci at a macroevolutionary scale. Together these results provide further evidence that chromosome fusion in Heliconius likely had dramatic effects on population level processes shaping rates of neutral and adaptive divergence. These effects may have impacted patterns of diversification in Heliconius, a classic example of an adaptive radiation.
Diverse high-affinity DNA aptamers for wild-type and B.1.1.7 SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins from a pre-structured DNA library
Authors: Li Jiuxing , Zhang Zijie , Gu Jimmy , Stacey Hannah D , Ang Jann C , Capretta Alfredo , Filipe Carlos D M , Mossman Karen L , Balion Cynthia , Salena Bruno J , Yamamura Deborah , Soleymani Leyla , Miller Matthew S , Brennan John D , Li Yingfu 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe performed in vitro selection experiments to identify DNA aptamers for the S1 subunit of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S1 protein). Using a pool of pre-structured random DNA sequences, we obtained over 100 candidate aptamers after 13 cycles of enrichment under progressively more stringent selection pressure. The top 10 sequences all exhibited strong binding to the S1 protein. Two aptamers, named MSA1 (Kd = 1.8 nM) and MSA5 (Kd = 2.7 nM), were assessed for binding to the heat-treated S1 protein, untreated S1 protein spiked into 50% human saliva and the trimeric spike protein of both the wildtype and the B.1.1.7 variant, demonstrating comparable affinities in all cases. MSA1 and MSA5 also recognized the pseudotyped lentivirus of SARS-CoV-2 with respective Kd values of 22.7 pM and 11.8 pM. Secondary structure prediction and sequence truncation experiments revealed that both MSA1 and MSA5 adopted a hairpin structure, which was the motif pre-designed into the original library. A colorimetric sandwich assay was developed using MSA1 as both the recognition element and detection element, which was capable of detecting the pseudotyped lentivirus in 50% saliva with a limit of detection of 400 fM, confirming the potential of these aptamers as diagnostic tools for COVID-19 detection.
Accurate prediction ofcis-regulatory modules reveals a prevalent regulatory genome of humans
Authors: Ni Pengyu , Su Zhengchang 
Published: June 2021

Abstractcis-regulatory modules(CRMs) formed by clusters of transcription factor (TF) binding sites (TFBSs) are as important as coding sequences in specifying phenotypes of humans. It is essential to categorize all CRMs and constituent TFBSs in the genome. In contrast to most existing methods that predict CRMs in specific cell types using epigenetic marks, we predict a largely cell type agonistic but more comprehensive map of CRMs and constituent TFBSs in the gnome by integrating all available TF ChIP-seq datasets. Our method is able to partition 77.47% of genome regions covered by available 6092 datasets into a CRM candidate (CRMC) set (56.84%) and a non-CRMC set (43.16%). Intriguingly, the predicted CRMCs are under strong evolutionary constraints, while the non-CRMCs are largely selectively neutral, strongly suggesting that the CRMCs are likely cis-regulatory, while the non-CRMCs are not. Our predicted CRMs are under stronger evolutionary constraints than three state-of-the-art predictions (GeneHancer, EnhancerAtlas and ENCODE phase 3) and substantially outperform them for recalling VISTA enhancers and non-coding ClinVar variants. We estimated that the human genome might encode about 1.47M CRMs and 68M TFBSs, comprising about 55% and 22% of the genome, respectively; for both of which, we predicted 80%. Therefore, the cis-regulatory genome appears to be more prevalent than originally thought.
Varicella-zoster virus aseptic meningitis: an atypical presentation in an immunocompetent male patient
Authors: Platanaki Christina , Leonidou Leonidia , Siagkris Dimitrios , Giannopoulou Ιoanna , Paliogianni Fotini , Velissaris Dimitrios 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) reactivation causes a relatively common disease in immunocompromised patients characterized by rash and radiating pain. Aseptic meningitis is a rare complication of VZV infection and commonly is associated with exanthem and neurological signs. We present an atypical case of VZV meningitis in a healthy 56-year-old male who was initially presented with persistent headache as the only symptom. Anti-VZV immunoglobulin G titer both in serum and in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) CSF analysis revealed VZV infection. Our case highlights the importance of considering VZV aseptic meningitis in immunocompetent individuals even in the absence of the typical presentation of meningitis. Screening techniques such as CSF, PCR as well as anti-VZV antibodies in CSF show that VZV meningitis is a common cause of aseptic meningitis and allows the early recognition of CNS involvement in the VZV infection.
Pembrolizumab dramatically resolves choroidal metastatis from esophageal adenocarcinoma and restores vision: a case report
Authors: Barrett Dianne , Sumnicht Andrew , Chalam KV , Rauser Micheal 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
Esophageal adenocarcinoma historically is an aggressive cancer with poor long-term survival. Ocular metastasis secondary to gastrointestinal malignancy is rare. In managing patients with ocular metastasis, quality of life (specifically vision preservation) is one of the most important factors patients and providers consider when deciding on a treatment regimen. Anti-programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and PD-1 ligand (PD-L1) inhibitors such as pembrolizumab have shown promising results as second-line therapy for patient with metastatic malignancy. We describe a novel case of a functionally monocular patient with known metastatic esophageal adenocarcinoma who developed poor vision and a large choroidal lesion in his better seeing eye. The lesion regressed and vision restored to 20/20 after treatments with pembrolizumab in this case report.
Introduction
Authors: Anderson Kristin J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The introduction lays out the thesis of Enraged, Rattled, and Wronged. In order to understand the political and social backlash against efforts toward equality of the last few decades, culminating in the election of Donald Trump for US president, we must understand entitlement. The introduction begins with the inexplicable election of Donald Trump in 2016. White voters, both women and men, put Donald Trump in the Whitehouse. His campaign of entitled resentment resonated with these voters. This book is not about Donald Trump, however. Rather, it is about those who have been traditionally advantaged due to their social identity of maleness and whiteness and yet believe they are being shut out of the American dream. They are the victims of supposed progress. The introduction ends with an outline of each chapter.
Harnessing NKT cells for vaccination
Authors: Burn Olivia K , Pankhurst Theresa E , Painter Gavin F , Connor Lisa M , Hermans Ian F 
Published: June 2021

Lay Summary
Vaccine-induced immune responses generally involve activation of immune cells called T and B cells that have a variety of mechanisms to limit the infection. Each T or B cell has a randomly generated receptor for binding pathogen-derived antigens, but only a few cells with an individual’s repertoire of cells will recognize a given pathogen; the aim of vaccination is therefore to induce these few cells to undergo significant division to meet the demands of eliminating infection. However, some T cells called natural killer T (NKT) cells have receptors of similar structure that recognize specific glycolipids, and are found in high numbers in the tissues where immune reactions take place. Here we describe studies that show that these glycolipids can be added to vaccines to activate NKT cells, which have the net effect of improving vaccine responses. This is because NKT cells are poised to provide molecular signals that initiate a cascade of cellular interactions that ultimately improve the capacity of pathogen-specific T and B cells to divide and function. We describe different techniques that can be used to incorporate these compounds into vaccines, some limitations on their use, and new strategies to overcome these limitations.
I, VOLKSWAGEN
Authors: Collins Stephanie 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Philosophers increasingly argue that collective agents can be blameworthy for wrongdoing. Advocates tend to endorse functionalism, on which collectives are analogous to complicated robots. This is puzzling: we don’t hold robots blameworthy. I argue we don’t hold robots blameworthy because blameworthiness presupposes the capacity for a mental state I call ‘moral self-awareness’. This raises a new problem for collective blameworthiness: collectives seem to lack the capacity for moral self-awareness. I solve the problem by giving an account of how collectives have this capacity. The trick is to take seriously individuals’ status as flesh-and-blood material constituents of collectives. The idea will be: under certain conditions that I specify, an individual can be the locus of a collective's moral self-awareness. The account provides general insights concerning collectives’ dependence on members, the boundaries of membership, and the locus of collectives’ phenomenology.
Inorganic pyrophosphate is reduced in patients with systemic sclerosis
Authors: Hsu Vivien M , Kozák Eszter , Li Qiaoli , Bocskai Márta , Schlesinger Naomi , Rosenthal Ann , McClure Scott T , Kovács László , Bálint László , Szamosi Szilvia , Szücs Gabriella , Carns Mary , Aren Kathleen , Goldberg Isaac , Váradi András , Varga John 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Objective
The pathogenesis of calcinosis cutis, a disabling complication of SSc, is poorly understood and effective treatments are lacking. Inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) is a key regulator of ectopic mineralization, and its deficiency has been implicated in ectopic mineralization disorders. We therefore sought to test the hypothesis that SSc may be associated with reduced circulating PPi, which might play a pathogenic role in calcinosis cutis.

Methods
Subjects with SSc and age-matched controls without SSc were recruited from the outpatient rheumatology clinics at Rutgers and Northwestern Universities (US cohort), and from the Universities of Szeged and Debrecen (Hungarian cohort). Calcinosis cutis was confirmed by direct palpation, by imaging or both. Plasma PPi levels were determined in platelet-free plasma using ATP sulfurylase to convert PPi into ATP in the presence of excess adenosine 5’ phosphosulfate.

Results
Eighty-one patients with SSc (40 diffuse cutaneous, and 41 limited cutaneous SSc) in the US cohort and 45 patients with SSc (19 diffuse cutaneous and 26 limited cutaneous SSc) in the Hungarian cohort were enrolled. Calcinosis was frequently detected (40% of US and 46% of the Hungarian cohort). Plasma PPi levels were significantly reduced in both SSc cohorts with and without calcinosis (US: P = 0.003; Hungarian: P &lt; 0.001).

Conclusions
Circulating PPi are significantly reduced in SSc patients with or without calcinosis. Reduced PPi may be important in the pathophysiology of calcinosis and contribute to tissue damage with chronic SSc. Administering PPi may be a therapeutic strategy and larger clinical studies are planned to confirm our findings.
More than Rocks and Stone: Confederate Monuments, Memory Movements, and Race
Authors: O’Connell Heather A 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Iexamine why Confederate monuments were built in public spaces in counties throughout the US South with particular attention to connections to race. I use event history analysis to examine the overall likelihood of erecting the first monument in a county while accounting for dimensions of time. The data include a comprehensive accounting of public Confederate monuments, covariates spanning 150 years, and several unique historical variables. This is the first study to assess competing explanations for the construction of Confederate monuments in a generalizable analysis. Results provide support for understanding Confederate monuments as part of a larger “memory movement.” Moreover, this movement was strongly related to the relationship between race and power within a county. However, my analyses offer limited support for viewing Confederate monuments as part of a countermovement in response to local racial tensions. Incorporating the nuances of how race relates to Confederate monuments will be valuable to future research as scholars develop an understanding of their links to contemporary society.
Meritocracy at Work?: Merit-Based Reward Systems and Gender Wage Inequality
Authors: Mun Eunmi , Kodama Naomi 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIt is widely believed that meritocratic employment practices reduce gender inequality by limiting managers’ reliance on nonmerit factors, such as biases. An emerging stream of research, however, questions the belief, arguing that meritocratic practices often fail to reduce inequality and may paradoxically increase it. Despite these opposing predictions, we still lack convincing empirical findings to adjudicate between them. Typically relying on data from a single organization or industry, most previous studies suffer from limited generalizability and cannot properly account for the large variation in the implementation of merit-based reward systems across organizations, let alone identify the origins of the variation. We attempt to overcome the limitations by constructing large-scale linked employer–employee data and by investigating the impact of merit-based systems on different components of compensation. Analyzing our panel data on 400 large Japanese companies and 400,000 employees of these companies over 12 years, we found evidence in support of the meritocracy paradox. The gender gap in bonus pay was greater, not smaller, in workplaces with a merit-based system compared to workplaces without it. But this paradoxical expansion of the gender gap was observed only in bonus pay but not in total compensation. We further found that a transition to merit-based systems has varying impacts on different employee groups; it widened the gender pay gap for young workers but reduced the gap for managers. Our research contributes to understanding gender inequality in times of shifting employment relations and the rise of meritocracy.
Reliability and validity of a 3-min psychomotor vigilance task in assessing sensitivity to sleep loss and alcohol: fitness for duty in aviation and transportation
Authors: Benderoth Sibylle , Hörmann Hans-Jürgen , Schießl Caroline , Elmenhorst Eva-Maria 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Study Objectives
The psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) is a widely used objective method to measure sustained attention, but the standard 10-min version is often impractical in operational settings. We investigated the reliability and validity of a 3-min PVT administered on a portable handheld device assessing sensitivity to sleep loss and alcohol in relation to a 10-min PVT and to applied tasks.

Methods
A total of 47 healthy volunteers underwent a 12 consecutive days sleep lab protocol. A cross-over design was adopted including total sleep deprivation (38 h awake), sleep restriction (SR, 4 h sleep opportunity), acute alcohol consumption, and SR after alcohol intake (SR/Alc 4 h sleep opportunity). Participants performed a 10-min and 3-min PVT and operationally relevant tasks related to demands in aviation and transportation.

Results
Sleep loss resulted in significant performance impairments compared with baseline measurements detected by both PVT versions—particularly for mean speed (both p &lt; 0.001)—and the operationally relevant tasks. Similar effects were observed due to alcohol intake (speed: both p &lt; 0.001). The 3-min and 10-min PVT results were highly correlated (speed: between r = 0.72 and r = 0.89). Three of four aviation-related tasks showed robust correlations with the 3-min PVT. Correlations with the parameters of the task related to transportation were lower, but mainly significant.

Conclusion
The 3-min PVT showed a high reliability and validity in assessing sleep loss and alcohol-induced impairments in cognitive performance. Thus, our results underline its usefulness as potential fitness for duty self-monitoring tool in applied settings.
“My Baby Went Straight to Heaven”: Morality Work in Abortion Online Storytelling
Authors: Combellick Sarah Larissa 
Published: June 2021

AbstractTwo competing activist narratives dominate public conversation around the morality of abortion, yet little empirical research examines how women talk about the morality of their own abortion experiences. Drawing on a qualitative analysis of 156 accounts from an abortion storytelling website, I find that traditional pro-choice moral arguments invoking privacy and bodily autonomy were apparent but not dominant in women’s accounts. Three other frames emerged as ways to confront the problem of abortion as a morally controversial action: “abortion as morally unremarkable,” “abortion as morally problematic, but justified,” and “abortion as morally desirable.” These frameworks varied in the degrees to which they aligned with politically acceptable abortion narratives. Throughout these frameworks were a number of overlapping themes, including motherhood, responsibility, and religion. Drawing on theories of morality work and moral accounts, I posit that subjects are able to hold a “tension of opposites” while still maintaining cohesive narratives and presenting positive moral identities. For example, many women assigned their fetus a moral status as a life or potential life, yet ultimately felt other factors outweighed the obligation to sustain that life. I argue that this tension is a significant feature of morality work that warrants more attention.
In the Shadow of the Schooled Society: Feelings of Misrecognition and the Education Ladder
Authors: van Noord Jochem , Spruyt Bram , Kuppens Toon , Spears Russell 
Published: June 2021

AbstractOver the past decades, the education system has gradually grown into a central and universal institution of society, the impact of which plays a primary role in economic and social stratification. This stratification, and the way this inequality is legitimated, contains serious moral judgements that favor the higher educated over the less educated. This article focuses on the socio-psychological consequences of living in such “schooled societies” for those who are more or less successful in education. We use three waves of the European Quality of Life survey with data on 65,208 individuals across 36 countries. We investigate (1) the extent to which different educational groups feel dissatisfied about and misrecognized by virtue of their education and (2) whether the centrality of the education system in society broadens the gap between educational groups in their dissatisfaction with education and feelings of misrecognition. Results show that (1) the less educated are more likely to feel misrecognized and dissatisfied with their education than the higher educated, and (2) in countries where education is more central, the education gap in feelings of misrecognition is substantially larger.
Management and support of patients with fibrosing interstitial lung diseases
Authors: Barbera Tyonn , Davila Lesley , Patel Nina M. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract:
Fibrosing interstitial lung diseases have a variable clinical course. Regular monitoring is important to assess disease progression and inform patient care and counseling. NPs play a key role in helping patients understand their disease and its treatment and manage the adverse reactions of pharmacologic therapies.
Multifocal Mesenchymal Hamartoma of the Newborn
Authors: Fregeolle Angela 
Published: June 2021

Background:
A mesenchymal hamartoma is a rare benign tumor of the chest wall seen prenatally or at birth. Typically arising from one or more ribs, this tumor will have a rapid growth between weeks 28 and 36 of gestation, followed by a plateau and a spontaneous regression, usually within the first year of life.

Clinical Findings:
A 37-week 2-day, 3.48-kg female infant was admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit with a prenatally diagnosed left chest mass with a large pleural effusion and respiratory failure.

Primary Diagnosis:
The infant was referred to our institution with multiple chest masses on the left side, resulting in the thorax's marked deformity. Imaging studies confirmed the presence of a multifocal mesenchymal hamartoma.

Interventions:
At laparotomy, 3 mesenchymal hamartomas were found. The lateral mass, encompassing ribs 5 and 6, resulted in an en bloc resection. The ribs cephalad and caudal were bowed and displaced but not involved in the mesenchymal hamartoma. Complete excision of the lateral mass was done, and histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of mesenchymal hamartoma.

Outcomes:
After resection of the largest mass, the left lung reinflated appropriately, and within a few weeks, the infant was discharged home without supplemental oxygen support.

Practice Recommendations:
Symptomatic patients with cardiorespiratory compromise are best treated with surgical resection. In asymptomatic patients, it is best to proceed with serial imaging and conservative management with watchful waiting. Due to the rarity of the condition, data on long-term follow-up and outcomes are needed.