bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Values on Pain Tolerance and Activity Under a Laboratory‐Induced Pain Condition1,2
Authors: Sakano Asako , Ohya Aiko , Muto Takashi 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAcceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) has been utilized to help individuals deal with pain avoidance. We analyzed whether the values clarification procedure used in ACT increased pain tolerance and experiment‐related activity for undergraduates exposed to pain using a cold pressor procedure. Participants built houses with blocks while experiencing pain. In Experiment 1, participants were randomly assigned to a value group (described and declared values) or a control group (described and declared block colors). The value group showed significantly greater pain tolerance, more block houses, and more colors/forms than the control group. Experiment 2 investigated the effects of declaring values. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: declaration group (described and declared values), no declaration group (described values), and control group (described block colors). The no declaration group showed significantly greater pain tolerance and more block houses than the control group; there was no difference between the declaration and control groups. The results imply that describing values is useful for behavioral activation, but the effect of declaring values might depend on the context.
“Live your life cuz everybody's terminal”: Describing emotions and coping behaviors of rural advanced cancer patients
Authors: Yeung Chi W. , Gilbertson‐White Stephanie , Wickersham Karen E. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPurposeCulturally competent health care has led to increasing interest in how patients’ identities influence the management of their health. The ways rural patients with advanced cancer process emotions and cope with their disease may be influenced by their rural context. The aims for this study were to (1) describe the emotions rural cancer patients experience, (2) describe how rural cancer patients manage their emotions within their rural context, and (3) interlace the themes related to coping with emotions.MethodsThis paper is a subanalysis of a larger project focused on symptom management among rural patients living with advanced cancer. Using a qualitative descriptive design, authors read and coded patient interview transcripts to extract key perspectives related to managing emotions within a rural context.FindingsSixteen participants, 10 men and 6 women, with a mean age of 68.75 years completed this study. Participants described a spectrum of emotional experiences. Some participants reported no distress, and some described high levels of distress. While previous writers described low levels of religious coping among rural patients, participants in this study often named their faith/spirituality as a major source of emotional coping. Participants also galvanized their social support network, particularly those in their religious community. Finally, participants in this study reported the use of medication as a last resort.ConclusionResults from this study might be influenced from cultural variables found in the rural community; specifically, religiosity and close social networks. Future interventions need to be tailored to the unique responses of rural patients.
A novel ENAM mutation causes hypoplastic amelogenesis imperfecta
Authors: Yu Shunlan , Zhang Chenying , Zhu Ce , Quan Junkang , Liu Dandan , Wang Xiaozhe , Zheng Shuguo 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo identify the genetic cause of one Chinese family with hypoplastic amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) and explore the relationship between genotype and its phenotype.Material and MethodsOne Chinese family with generalized hypoplastic AI was recruited. One deciduous tooth from the proband was subjected to scanning electron microscopy. Whole‐exome sequencing was performed and identified mutation was confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Bioinformatics studies were further conducted to analyze potential deleterious effects of the mutation.ResultsThe proband presented a typical hypoplastic AI phenotype whose teeth in deciduous and permanent dentitions showed thin, yellow, and hard enamel surface. The affected enamel in deciduous tooth showed irregular, broken, and collapsing enamel rods with borders of the enamel prisms undulated and structural shapes of prisms irregular. A novel homozygous nonsense mutation in the last exon of the enamelin (ENAM) gene (NM_031889.3; c.2078C>G) was identified in the proband, which was predicted to produce a highly truncated protein (NP_114095.2; p.(Ser693*)). This mutation was also identified in the proband's parents in heterozygous form. Surprisingly, the clinical phenotype of the heterozygous parents varied from a lack of penetrance to mild enamel defects. Additional bioinformatics studies demonstrated that the detected mutation could change the 3D structure of the ENAM protein and severely damaged the function of ENAM.ConclusionThe novel homozygous ENAM mutation resulted in hypoplastic AI in the present study. Our results provide new genetic evidence that mutations involved in ENAM contribute to hypoplastic AI.
The impact of the cessation of primary dental care services on oral cancer diagnosis at a single institution in the UK's epicentre during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Sandhu Pradeep , Grossman Sanford , Beneng Kiran 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAimsCOVID‐19 put an unprecedented strain on healthcare services that was complicated by the widespread cessation of all face‐to‐face primary care dental activity from 23 March 2020 for 7 weeks. This led to a focus on telephone triage and remote prescribing that potentially impeded urgent referrals for suspected oral cancer. Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (GSTFT) screens and diagnoses potential head and neck cancer patients via a 2‐week wait (2 WW) clinic and provides access to patients with urgent oral health needs through an Acute Dental Care (ADC) service. The current service evaluation aims to assess and report on the impact of COVID‐19 and the cessation of primary care dentistry on oral cancer diagnosis at GSTFT during a period of time where patients had extremely limited access to healthcare.Materials and MethodsData regarding oral cancer diagnoses were collected retrospectively from secure logbooks and clinical records from the point at which routine dental practice was nationally halted (23 March 2020) to the date at which services were permitted to resume (08 June 2020). Individual patient pathways prior to diagnosis and through to treatment were recorded.ResultsSixteen new diagnoses of oral cancer were made during the described timeframe. Findings suggest that the paralysis of routine dental services resulted in delayed referral of suspicious lesions and highlights the limitations of a predominately telephone‐based assessment service in primary care.ConclusionThe importance of the role of the primary care practitioner in the early identification of oral cancer has been emphasised.
Dorsal root ganglion stimulation for refractory post‐herpetic neuralgia
Authors: Kim Jung H. , Apigo Anthony , Fontaine Camille 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPost‐herpetic neuralgia is a chronic neuropathic pain disorder that is the sequela of the varicella zoster virus reactivation in the dorsal root ganglion. A variety of treatment modalities have been implemented, but pharmacologic treatments are often limited due to side effects and interventional procedures have yielded mixed results without promising long‐term benefits being consistently seen. A dorsal root ganglion stimulator for treatment of post‐herpetic neuralgia is a novel treatment option as it is able to specifically target the area affected. We present 3 patients who underwent implantation of permanent dorsal root ganglion stimulators and had a greater than 50% decrease in scoring on numerical rating scale (NRS) up to 18 months post‐procedure and significantly reduced analgesic requirements.
Preemptive Strikes: Women Strike for Peace, Antinuclear Pacifism, and the Movement for a Biological Democracy, 1961–1963
Authors: Ross Andrew J. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis article examines the social, political, and environmental features of the Women Strike for Peace (WSP) movement from its inception in 1961 to the passage of the Partial Test Ban Treaty (PTBT) in 1963. I offer the analytical framework of “biological democracy” as a conceptual bridge between environmental and sociopolitical approaches to WSP. The movement’s gendered critiques of US foreign policymaking, its organizational structure, and its participation in the production and distribution of scientific knowledge demonstrate how progressive women used maternalist discourse to oppose US Cold War policies in the early‐1960s. WSP participants leveraged their social proximity to the biological condition of the family as “givers and guardians” of life to dissent against the nuclear arms race, heighten female voices within Cold War geopolitics, and increase public awareness of the hazards of radioactive fallout caused by ongoing atmospheric nuclear weapons testing. By coopting conventions of maternalism and domesticity as justification for their cause, WSP women effectively mollified patriarchal and anti‐communist attacks as they organized against Cold War militarism and nuclear irradiation. In so doing, they offered a vision of US democracy that responded to individualized, feminine activism and prioritized public health over nuclear armament.
The Systemic Affect of Culture, Power, and Terror in the Southern Public Space
Authors: Evans Jocelyn J. , Gåddie Keith 
Published: April 2021

ObjectiveWe explore how political space is disrupted by racialized politics, and how differentiated affect among racial groups emerge in the political space.MethodWe use Goodsell's architectural classifications of public space in conjunction with systems theory to ascertain how differing architectural affects of pride and heritage versus terror and oppression are experienced in the post‐bellum South. Historic data of lynchings and Klan activity are accompanied by examination of individual narratives and multiple qualitative case analysis of architectural elements of courthouse squares, courthouses, and courtrooms to illustrate racial affect and social meaning in the built environment of the Jim Crow era.ResultsHyperlocalism in southern government and racial violence and also symbolism and the elements of courthouse design reinforce white supremacy.ConclusionsIndividual and collective memory are influenced by the reinforcement of a racial order through systematic design, architectural design, and symbols. To understand community memory requires a more granular and contextual examination to understand the role of the built environment in defining, parameterizing, and understanding systemic racism.
Strigolactone mimic 2‐nitrodebranone is highly active in Arabidopsis growth and development
Authors: Li Suhua , Li Yuwen , Chen Linhai , Zhang Chi , Wang Fei , Li Haiou , Wang Ming , Wang Yupei , Nan Fajun , Xie Daoxin , Yan Jianbin 
Published: April 2021

SUMMARYStrigolactones play crucial roles in regulating plant architecture and development, as endogenous hormones, and orchestrating symbiotic interactions with fungi and parasitic plants, as components of root exudates. rac‐GR24 is currently the most widely used strigolactone analog and serves as a reference compound in investigating the action of strigolactones. In this study, we evaluated a suite of debranones and found that 2‐nitrodebranone (2NOD) exhibited higher biological activity than rac‐GR24 in various aspects of plant growth and development in Arabidopsis, including hypocotyl elongation inhibition, root hair promotion and senescence acceleration. The enhanced activity of 2NOD in promoting AtD14–SMXL7 and AtD14–MAX2 interactions indicates that the molecular structure of 2NOD is a better match for the ligand perception site pocket of D14. Moreover, 2NOD showed lower activity than rac‐GR24 in promoting Orobanche cumana seed germination, suggesting its higher ability to control plant architecture than parasitic interactions. In combination with the improved stability of 2NOD, these results demonstrate that 2NOD is a strigolactone analog that can specifically mimic the activity of strigolactones and that 2NOD exhibits strong potential as a tool for studying the strigolactone signaling pathway in plants.
International trade and employment: Theory and evidence from Korean firms
Authors: Jha Priyaranjan , Lee Jae Yoon , Liang Yang , Mitra Devashish 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe extend the small country trade model with firm heterogeneity (Demidova and Rodriguez‐Clare, Journal of International Economics, 90, 2013 and 266) to incorporate offshoring (along with final goods trade). We derive the firm‐level employment implications of output and input trade and trade costs and test them using Korean firm‐level data for the period 2006–2016. A key theoretical result is that the impact of a change in offshoring cost on employment depends crucially on the net substitutability between inputs where net substitutability is the difference between the elasticities of input substitution and output substitution. Empirically, we find that a decrease in the input trade cost reduces employment and the impact is stronger, the greater the net substitutability between inputs. Our 2SLS results with firm‐level imports (in place of trade costs) are consistent with our results with trade costs.
A Hybrid Computational System for Mechanical Engineering Design
Authors: Sahu K. , Grosse I. R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this paper we discuss a hybrid computational design tool, called CSN-Designer (Cognitive Symbolic Numeric), which is currently under development at the University of Massachusetts. The objectives of the system are two fold: to foster concurrency in the early stages of design, and to facilitate and automate as much as possible the design of mechanical components. To meet these goals, the system integrates human cognition, symbolic computation, and numerical simulations within a single computational environment. All three of these knowledge sources are exploited in pursuit of the design objective. The computational system is currently being tested in the domain of preliminary design of 3-D load-carrying injection molded parts. Several design examples in this domain are presented in this paper.
Automated Process Planning and Machining for Sculptured Surface Cavities
Authors: Lee Yuan-Shin , Chang Tien-Chien 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Sculptured surfaces often appear in mechanical parts of various industrial products as external form or the functional surface and are commonly found in molds and dies. In this study a sculptured surface is defined by a Non-Uniform Rational B-spline (NURB) surface that provides the flexibility and freedom for surface description. The work proposed here includes the evaluation of machining information, decision for machining process sequence selection, automatic cutter selection, and cutter path generation. Machining information is first evaluated by using series of hunting planes, calculating the geometric shape and constraints of the machining cavity. A decision on the process sequence is made based on the evaluated machining information. The cutter size is automatically determined by considering geometric constraints, the maximum material removal rate in roughing process and the minimum cutter movement with the required accuracy in finishing process. The roughing process is done by some pocketing procedures that consider arbitrary shaped pockets with islands on the cutting planes. Cutter movement and cutter selection are optimized by considering machining conditions on adjacent cutting planes. An integrated system called CASCAM has been developed to prove the feasibility of the proposed approach.
Solid Modeling of Subsea Telerobotic Manipulators Using Superquadrics for High Fidelity Simulation
Authors: Agba Emmanuel I. , Wong Tin-Lup , Huang Ming Z. , Clark Andrew M. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we describe how manipulator arms with end-effectors and payloads, if any, can be modeled using superellipsoids. Superellipsoids are very flexible convex solids. They are easy to manipulate by mathematical transformations and also possess a well defined inside-outside function, which to a great extent facilitates simulation of object interactions. A systematic way of determining transformation matrices between manipulator links, which are described as superquadric links, is presented. We also present how object detection and collision avoidance can be achieved. This technique has been implemented in a hybrid telerobotic simulator for undersea operations. It has also proved to be efficient for simulation of pick-and-place operations.
A Combined Knowledge-Based and Finite Element Approach to Forging Die Design
Authors: Haque Imtiaz , Dabke P. D. , Rowe Chesley , Jackson John 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper presents the use of a knowledge-based system to provide the link between computer-aided rule-of-thumb procedures and a finite element simulation package for the design of forging dies. The knowledge-based system automates the mesh generation and regeneration procedure that is traditionally the most cumbersome aspect of such a process. The system is programmed in Prolog, C, and Fortran. It is based on parametric mapping approach and generates 2-D quadrilateral meshes. Results are presented to show its effectiveness in reducing the effort and skill required for conducting forging simulations.
Breathing Life Into Computer Aided Drafting
Authors: Serrano David 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Mechanical design concepts evolve from rough sketches at the preliminary design stages to full working drawings at the detail design stage. Traditional computer aided drafting systems allow designers to document and detail a design once it has been completed. These systems allow very little flexibility in the geometric modification of these drawings when design revisions are required. A large quantity of design information is stored in paper drawings and/or formats compatible with traditional CAD systems. Constraint based modelers, on the other hand, allow the designer to generate the shape (topology) of a component without defining the dimensions. In order to perform any modifications to the geometry the geometric entities (points, lines, etc.) must be constrained via dimensions. Parametric Modelers and Variational Geometry Systems, are examples of such technology. In these systems the components must be correctly dimensioned by the designer before the geometry can be manipulated. Dimensioning schemes are not unique and selecting a consistent dimensional scheme is a non-trivial, error prone task for any geometric component of reasonable complexity. Computational tools that bridge the gap between traditional CAD tools and constraint based systems will be extremely valuable to the designer, not only as a means to completely dimension an undimensioned component or partially dimensioned design but to access existing CAD data for manipulation and parametrization. The paper describes a constraint management approach to the automatic generation of consistent dimensioning schemes.
A Feature Extraction Interface for CAD Part Models
Authors: Nitschke David R. , Chen Yuh-Min , Miller R. Allen 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The concept of “Features” has been recognized as a neutral form of communication between design and manufacturing. Since virtually all CAD systems define part models using B-Rep or CSG formats, a facility is needed to convert geometry based part models to ones which are feature based. This paper outlines the framework of a facility which would enable part models from any type of CAD system to be converted to a format which could be analyzed using a knowledge based design system. This facility relies on the user to recognize and isolate the individual features of the model and then extracts the dimensions, locations and relative positioning of the features within the model. These features are then organized into a feature graph for the construction of a feature based part representation. The procedures for the construction of this part representation include feature instantiation, feature placement and functional specification.
Structural Analysis, Design, and Optimization With High-Order Finite Elements
Authors: King R. , Katsis C. , Balch C. , Filip D. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper discusses an approach to structural analysis, design, and optimization that is intended for use by mechanical design engineers who need not be specialists in analysis. The approach uses p-type (high-order polynomial) finite elements combined with a procedural geometry representation that is capable of accurately modeling a wide variety of geometric shapes. Only a few elements are needed to accurately model both the geometry of complex parts and the deformations they undergo. Adaptive analyis can readily be performed, and because of the shape-insensitivity of the elements, general shape design sensitivity and optimization studies are possible.
Examples are presented which illustrate these, which have been implemented in the commercial software package Applied Structure.
A CAD System for Designers’ Decision Making: An Approach With 2D and 3D Integrated and Hierarchical Assembly Models
Authors: Minami S. , Ishida T. , Yamamoto S. , Tomita K. , Odamura M. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A concept for the initial stage of the mechanical design and its implementation in the computer-aided design (CAD) are presented. The process of decision making in design is: (1) determining an outline of the whole assembly using a 2-dimensional model that is easy to operate; (2) checking the outline using a 3-dimensional model in which it is easy to identify the spatial relationships; (3) determining details of its sub-assemblies or their components using the 2-dimensional model; and (4) checking the details using the 3-dimensional model. The CAD system must provide consistent relationships through all the steps. For that, following functions are implemented in our prototype system: (1) a 2D and 3D integrated model for consistency between 2- and 3-dimensional shapes, (2) a hierarchical assembly model with dimensional constraints for consistency within an assembly and their components, and (3) a check on constraints for consistency between shapes and designers’ intentions. As a result, the system can provide an environment well fitted to the designers’ decision making process.
Prediction and Flow Visualization of Air Flow in Clean Environments
Authors: Busnaina Ahmed A. , Ljungqvist Bengt 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A Study of airflow and particle transport in two types of clean room is presented. The study investigates the flowfield and contaminant particle transport in mixed flow and Vertical Laminar Flow (VLF) cleanrooms. The study consisted of modeling and evaluating the effect of using perforated or raised floors in combination with clean hoods. The considered air velocities in the room were 20, 30 and 50 feet/min. Contaminant particle sizes considered were 0.5 and 5 microns. The particles were injected at six different locations in the room. A simulation of a mixed flow clean room with side return (without raised floors) is also enclosed for comparison. Artistic impressions of flow visualization of the flow is also presented for comparison.