bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regulation of the mammalian maternal-to-embryonic transition by eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E
Authors: Li Yan , Tang Jianan , Ji Xu , Hua Min-Min , Liu Miao , Chang Lu , Gu Yihua , Shi Changgen , Ni Wuhua , Liu Jing , Shi Hui-juan , Huang Xuefeng , O'Neill Christopher , Jin Xingliang 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTEukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) mediates cap-dependent translation. Genetic and inhibitor studies show that eIF4E expression is required for the successful transition from maternal to embryonic control of mouse embryo development. eIF4E was present in the oocyte and in the cytoplasm soon after fertilization and during each stage of early development. Functional knockout (Eif4e−/−) by PiggyBac [Act-RFP] transposition resulted in peri-implantation embryonic lethality because of the failure of normal epiblast formation. Maternal stores of eIF4E supported development up to the two- to four-cell stage, after which new expression occurred from both maternal and paternal inherited alleles. Inhibition of the maternally acquired stores of eIF4E (using the inhibitor 4EGI-1) resulted in a block at the two-cell stage. eIF4E activity was required for new protein synthesis in the two-cell embryo and Eif4e−/− embryos had lower translational activity compared with wild-type embryos. eIF4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) is a hypophosphorylation-dependent negative regulator of eIF4E. mTOR activity was required for 4E-BP1 phosphorylation and inhibiting mTOR retarded embryo development. Thus, this study shows that eIF4E activity is regulated at key embryonic transitions in the mammalian embryo and is essential for the successful transition from maternal to embryonic control of development.
Goldberg–Shprintzen syndrome protein KIF1BP is a CITK interactor implicated in cytokinesis
Authors: Pallavicini Gianmarco , Gai Marta , Iegiani Giorgia , Berto Gaia Elena , Adrait Annie , Couté Yohann , Di Cunto Ferdinando 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
Goldberg–Shprintzen disease (GOSHS) is a rare microcephaly syndrome accompanied by intellectual disability, dysmorphic facial features, peripheral neuropathy and Hirschsprung disease. It is associated with recessive mutations in the gene encoding kinesin family member 1-binding protein (KIF1BP, also known as KIFBP). The encoded protein regulates axon microtubules dynamics, kinesin attachment and mitochondrial biogenesis, but it is not clear how its loss could lead to microcephaly. We identified KIF1BP in the interactome of citron kinase (CITK, also known as CIT), a protein produced by the primary hereditary microcephaly 17 (MCPH17) gene. KIF1BP and CITK interact under physiological conditions in mitotic cells. Similar to CITK, KIF1BP is enriched at the midbody ring and is required for cytokinesis. The association between KIF1BP and CITK can be influenced by CITK activity, and the two proteins may antagonize each other for their midbody localization. KIF1BP knockdown decreases microtubule stability, increases KIF23 midbody levels and impairs midbody localization of KIF14, as well as of chromosome passenger complex. These data indicate that KIF1BP is a CITK interactor involved in midbody maturation and abscission, and suggest that cytokinesis failure may contribute to the microcephaly phenotype observed in GOSHS.
Dynein light intermediate chains as pivotal determinants of dynein multifunctionality
Authors: Kumari Amrita , Kumar Chandan , Wasnik Neeraj , Mylavarapu Sivaram V. S. 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
In animal cells, a single cytoplasmic dynein motor mediates microtubule minus-end-directed transport, counterbalancing dozens of plus-end-directed kinesins. The remarkable ability of dynein to interact with a diverse cargo spectrum stems from its tightly regulated recruitment of cargo-specific adaptor proteins, which engage the dynactin complex to make a tripartite processive motor. Adaptor binding is governed by the homologous dynein light intermediate chain subunits LIC1 (DYNC1LI1) and LIC2 (DYNC1LI2), which exist in mutually exclusive dynein complexes that can perform both unique and overlapping functions. The intrinsically disordered and variable C-terminal domains of the LICs are indispensable for engaging a variety of structurally divergent adaptors. Here, we hypothesize that numerous spatiotemporally regulated permutations of posttranslational modifications of the LICs, as well as of the adaptors and cargoes, exponentially expand the spectrum of dynein–adaptor–cargo complexes. We thematically illustrate the possibilities that could generate a vast set of biochemical variations required to support the wide range of dynein functions.
Ψηφιακή Αφήγηση: Προσαρμογή δραστηριοτήτων σε συνθήκες εξ αποστάσεως εκπαίδευσης
Authors: Μπράτιτσης Θαρρενός 
Published: May 2021

Η ψηφιακή αφήγηση (ΨΑ) είναι μια σχετικά νέα τάση που ενσωματώνεται στην εκπαιδευτική πραγματικότητα μέσω έντονης ερευνητικής δραστηριότητας την τελευταία περίπου δεκαετία και στον Ελληνικό χώρο. Η πρόσφατη πανδημία δημιούργησε μια νέα πραγματικότητα στον εκπαιδευτικό χώρο που βρήκε τους εκπαιδευτικούς να προσπαθούν να προσαρμοστούν σε αυτή και να καταφεύγουν σε ένα συνδυασμό τηλεδιασκέψεων και ανάρτησης φύλλων εργασίας για τους μαθητές. Η ανάγκη για επιμόρφωση σε εναλλακτικές προσεγγίσεις τηλεδιδασκαλίας ανέκυψε πιο έντονη από ποτέ. Στο πλαίσιο αυτό, η ΨΑ φαίνεται να αποτελεί μια δυναμική προσέγγιση που μπορεί εξίσου επιτυχημένα να εφαρμοστεί σε συνθήκες εξ αποστάσεως εκπαίδευσης, σύγχρονης ή/και ασύγχρονης μορφής. Η παρούσα εργασία εξετάζει αυτή τη δυνατότητα, είτε αφορά στην προσέγγιση δημιουργίας ψηφιακών ιστοριών από τον εκπαιδευτικό είτε από τους μαθητές.
Εξ αποστάσεως επαγγελματική εκπαίδευση και κατάρτιση κατά την πανδημία: προσαρμογές και προκλήσεις για εκπαιδευόμενους και εκπαιδευτές στην Ευρώπη
Authors: Ψηφίδου Ρένα , Κυριακοπούλου Ανθή , Κατσίκης Ιωάννης 
Published: May 2021

Η πανδημία του Covid-19 επέφερε πρωτοφανείς προκλήσεις σε όλους τους τύπους και τα επίπεδα μάθησης, συμπεριλαμβανομένης και της επαγγελματικής εκπαίδευσης και κατάρτισης (ΕΕΚ). Η εργασία επιχειρεί να παρέχει μια προκαταρτική ανάλυση αναφορικά με τη μετάβαση στην εξ αποστάσεως εκπαίδευση ως συνέπεια του κλεισίματος των σχολικών μονάδων. Βασισμένη σε εισροές από 14 πληροφορητές, μέλη του δικτύου των Πρεσβευτών του Cedefop για την αντιμετώπιση της πρόωρης αποχώρησης από την ΕΕΚ, που καλύπτουν πέντε κράτη μέλη και δύο χώρες εκτός ΕΕ, η εργασία φωτίζει πλευρές αυτής της μετάβασης με στόχο την ανάδειξη των προκλήσεων που αντιμετωπίζουν οι εκπαιδευόμενοι σε κίνδυνο πρόωρης αποχώρησης, αλλά και οι εκπαιδευτές τους, καθώς και των μέτρων που υιοθετήθηκαν για τη στήριξή τους. Το Cedefop δημοσίευσε σχετική μελέτη στα αγγλικά, την οποία μεταφράσαμε και συνοψίσαμε στην παρούσα εργασία. Η μελέτη δείχνει ότι δεν υπάρχει ψηφιακή ένταξη χωρίς κοινωνική ένταξη. Οι ευάλωτοι εκπαιδευόμενοι είναι λιγότερο πιθανό να συμμετάχουν σε διαδικασίες εξ αποστάσεως εκπαίδευσης, ενώ η αποσύνδεσή τους από τη μαθησιακή διαδικασία μπορεί να οδηγήσει στην πρόωρη αποχώρησή τους από την ΕΕΚ.
Διεργασίες Ψηφιοποίησης στην Επαγγελματική Εκπαίδευση και Κατάρτιση
Authors: Κοτσιφάκος Δημήτριος 
Published: May 2021

Η εκπαίδευση στην Επαγγελματική Εκπαίδευση και Κατάρτιση (ΕΕΚ) περιλαμβάνει για τους εκπαιδευτικούς και τους μαθητές κυρίως, στοιχεία ενεργούς (θεωρητικής και εργαστηριακής) εμπλοκής για την κατάκτηση νοητικών σταδίων και ψυχοσωματικών δεξιοτήτων. Η «εξ αποστάσεως υλοποίηση» των μαθημάτων (θεωρίας και εργαστηρίων) της ΕΕΚ, όπως πραγματοποιήθηκε την περίοδο εγκλεισμού τη σχολική περίοδο 2019 – 2020, λόγω της διάδοσης του Κορωνοϊού (COVID-19), απομάκρυνε τους μαθητές από το φυσικό χώρο και τόπο μάθησης, και επέφερε έναν κατακερματισμό στον πνευματικό και ψυχικό ορίζοντά τους. Σκοπός του άρθρου είναι να καταγράψει τις επιπτώσεις από τη βίαιη μετατροπή η οποία επιχειρήθηκε λόγω της επιβολής των μέτρων της πανδημίας στην εκπαιδευτική κοινότητα της ΕΕΚ. Επιπρόσθετα, και εξ αιτίας ακριβώς αυτής της επείγουσας κατάστασης, θεωρήσαμε αναγκαίο να αναζητήσουμε τα κριτήρια τα οποία θα διασφαλίσουν την ομαλή ένταξη των ψηφιακών εργαλείων διδασκαλίας και μάθησης στην εξ αποστάσεως διδασκαλία για το τεχνικό λύκειο, καθώς η υπόθεση της αντιμετώπισης του Κορωνοϊού δεν έχει κλείσει και οι επόμενες φάσεις της πανδημίας είναι σε εξέλιξη.
Εργαστήριο δημιουργικής γραφής, στα πλαίσια της λογοτεχνίας, με αξιοποίηση των παιδαγωγικών αρχών της εξ αποστάσεως εκπαίδευσης: Μία εφαρμογή στην εκπαίδευση εκπαιδευτικών
Authors: Καλαούζη Κωνσταντίνα 
Published: May 2021

Η παρούσα εισήγηση επιχειρεί να αναδείξει την εφαρμογή των παιδαγωγικών αρχών της εξ αποστάσεως Εκπαίδευσης, με κύριες αυτές της αυτονομίας και αλληλεπίδρασης (Keegan 1986), μέσα από ένα αντιπροσωπευτικό παράδειγμα προσέγγισης της δημιουργικής γραφής, στα πλαίσια του μαθήματος της λογοτεχνίας. Η εφαρμογή αφορά στη δημιουργία μιας Ηλεκτρονικής Κοινότητας Μάθησης εκπαιδευτικών που συστήθηκε, ώστε να λειτουργήσει ως προσομοιωτικός χώρος σχολικού περιβάλλοντος. Στόχος ήταν η εξάσκηση των συμμετεχόντων/συμμετεχουσών στη χρήση μεθοδολογικών εργαλείων δημιουργικής γραφής μέσα από βιωματικές, συνεργατικές και διερευνητικές τεχνικές. Οι εκπαιδευτικοί αξιοποίησαν συνδυαστικά τα εργαλεία της σύγχρονης και ασύγχρονης εξ αποστάσεως εκπαίδευσης, εξοικειώθηκαν με τα ψηφιακά περιβάλλοντα και τα εξ αποστάσεως εργαλεία που, ακολούθως, θα στήριζαν την εκπαιδευτική διαδικασία, αλλά, ταυτόχρονα, αναγνώρισαν την αναγκαιότητα εισαγωγής καινοτόμων πτυχών του Π.Σ του μαθήματος της λογοτεχνίας, ώστε το μάθημα να μπορέσει να λειτουργήσει γόνιμα και να αποφορτίσει, ενδεχομένως, τους συμμετέχοντες (ενήλικες και μαθητές) από τις ψυχολογικές συνέπειες της νέας πραγματικότητας.
Access of older people to primary healthcare services in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic scoping review protocol
Authors: Dableh Saydeh , Frazer Kate , Kroll Thilo 
Published: May 2021

Background: People across the world are living longer. This advantageous trend is escorted by an increased prevalence of chronic diseases, making healthcare needs more complex. Non-communicable diseases induce a sharply rising economic and societal cost, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), where most older people reside. In this context, the access of older people to primary health care (PHC) is vital because it brings solutions to the aforementioned issues. Furthermore, evidence strongly suggests that this approach to health ensures universal health coverage and enables health systems to adapt to rapid economic, technologic, and demographic changes. PHC improves health outcomes, health system efficiency, and health equity. Given their distinctive needs, older people face financial, geographical, social, cultural, structural, and organisational barriers, affecting their equitable access to PHC services. Therefore, many interventions have been implemented to maximise their access to PHC. This paper outlines the protocol for a scoping review that addresses the central question: What is the scope and nature of available evidence on older peoples’ access to PHC in LMICs? This includes the experience of older people having access to PHC, enabling and hindering access, outcomes of the lack of access, interventions implemented to improve access, and related theoretical frameworks. Methods: This scoping review will follow the theoretical framework proposed by Arksey and O’Malley. The five databases that will be searched are CINAHL, PubMed, LILACS, Embase, and Cochrane Libraries. Studies will be selected according to a set of inclusion/exclusion criteria. Data will then be mapped, extracted, and presented graphically along with a narrative report. Conclusions: The scoping review is a first step to synthesise and disseminate the literature on older people’s access to PHC. This will provide information for researchers to reorient their studies, and intel for decision-makers, enabling them to enact policies that meet older people’s needs.
A retrospective survey evaluating the prescribing tendencies of UK veterinary surgeons, relating to the use of anti-inflammatory drugs in canine angiostrongylosis
Authors: Loverance Amy , Wright Ian , Dunning Mark , Elsheikha Hany 
Published: May 2021

Background: In addition to anti-parasitic therapy, appropriate supportive care is vital for the successful treatment of canine angiostrongylosis. Aim: This study sought to determine the prevalence and reasons for the use of corticosteroids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), by veterinarians, as a supportive treatment for canine angiostrongylosis. Specifically, the study investigated the use of anti-inflammatory drugs in the management of inflammation, anaphylaxis and immune-mediated thrombocytopenia, which can develop in some dogs infected by Angiostrongylus vasorum. Methods: These aims were achieved by surveying UK veterinarians from a non-endemic area, Yorkshire, and an endemic area, South East England, for canine angiostrongylosis. Responses were received from independent, corporate-owned and referral practices. Results: Overall, more veterinarians would administer corticosteroids (80%) compared with NSAIDs (40%). Most respondents surveyed stated administration would be case dependent, including the severity of perceived inflammation. Four of six veterinarians who would never administer NSAIDs cited coagulopathies as the reason for their decision-making. While the regional comparison here revealed no significant differences, wider sampling may produce identifiable trends. Conclusion: The survey responses revealed a lack of understanding of if, when, and why, anti-inflammatories should be administered. Imperatively, further research is needed to address this lacuna.
A PRIMAVERA DE 2016
Authors: Araújo Carolina 
Published: May 2021

Este artigo analisa a chamada "primavera de 2016", o movimento que neste ano começou a chamar a atenção para a baixa proporção de mulheres na comunidade filosófica brasileira e o pouco reconhecimento que ela atribui tanto à obra de filósofas, quanto à pesquisa filosófica sobre questões de gênero. Ele traz uma sumária descrição – sem pretensão de exaustividade – dos eventos de 2016. A seguir analisa o impacto desse movimento ao comparar três indicadores. O primeiro são os eventos acadêmicos sobre mulheres e filosofia divulgados pelo boletim da ANPOF, Associação Nacional de Pós-Graduação em Filosofia entre 2014 e 2019. O segundo são as menções em geral ao tema da relação entre mulheres e filosofia no sítio web da ANPOF. Esses dois indicadores foram selecionados pela seguinte razão: A maioria das atividades acadêmicas da área de filosofia tem divulgação local ou direcionada a um pequeno grupo de especialistas. Quanto se trata de tornar pública uma atividade ou uma questão, o sítio web da ANPOF, suas notícias e em particular o seu Boletim periódico são o principal e consolidado veículo para essa comunidade. Se a análise da “primavera” é uma análise sobre a visibilidade de uma questão dentro desse grupo, esse sítio é a fonte primária de referência. Uma vez quantificados os dois indicadores, passa-se à apresentação dos números oficiais de mulheres entre alunos e professores na Pós-Graduação em Filosofia no Brasil entre 2014 e 2018. Esses últimos nos mostram um fenômeno muito peculiar no que tange aos discentes de doutorado, já que nesse grupo se nota um aumento de 10 pontos no percentual de mulheres no ano de 2018.
AVALIAÇÃO DA ASSIMETRIA FLUTUANTE EM POPULAÇÕES DE EULAEMA CINGULATA (FABRICIUS, 1804) (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE) EM DIFERENTES FITOFISIONOMIAS DA MATA ATLÂNTICA
Authors: Carneiro Lazaro da Silva 
Published: May 2021

A assimetria flutuante é um biomarcador para verificar instabilidade do desenvolvimento nos organismos. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar os níveis de assimetria flutuante das asas anteriores de Eulaema cingulata de diferentes fitofisionomias da Mata Atlântica.
Os salões de Arte de Feira de Santana (1980 e 1984) e a consolidação das artes visuais como elemento referencial da cultura artística feirense
Authors: Santos da Silva Souza Mailda 
Published: May 2021

O museu regional de Feira de Santana foi fundado em 26 de março de 1967, advindo do desejo de sujeitos que consideravam importante a preservação das características feirenses, e daqueles que ansiavam pela modernização da cidade.
ANÁLISE DE TENDÊNCIA PLUVIOMÉTRICA NO ESTADO DA BAHIA
Authors: Montini Ramos dos Santos Guilherme 
Published: May 2021

Dentro do contexto do ciclo hidrológico, a precipitação consiste de uma variável fundamental para o entendimento da dinâmica do meio físico influenciando estudos estratégicos acerca do meio ambiente, geração de energia e manejo da agricultura (Mello e Silva, 2009).
ANOTAÇÃO LEXICAL DO VOCABULÁRIO AFETIVO ENCONTRADO NOS 50 CAUSOS SERTANEJOS DE EULÁLIO MOTTA
Authors: De Jesus Bastos Natiele 
Published: May 2021

A anotação lexical é um procedimento que permite adicionar ao corpus informaçõesmais detalhadas sobre seus termos. Uma das partes do processo de anotação é a criação de códigos que agrupam lexias pertencentes ao mesmo campo, grupo, classificação, o que facilita o estudo e a busca de ocorrências dentro do texto.
Estudo da transição metal/isolante do TlNAs
Authors: Souza Carlos Rodolfo Bomfim Lopes 
Published: May 2021

Os compostos do grupo III-V têm sido estudados nas últimas quatro décadas devido às suas propriedades eletrônicas e ópticas que são de interesse da indústria. Por causa da possibilidade de ajuste dessas propriedades por meio do controle da composição de ligas, pode-se criar materiais com as características desejadas. Por exemplo, a conhecida liga ternária AlxGa1-xAs é usada na fabricação de laser semicondutores e guias de onda baseados em filmes finos.
LÉXICO E CULTURA NO LIVRO SETEMBRO NA FEIRA
Authors: Leal de Souza Thaise 
Published: May 2021

Inserida na área da Linguística, especificamente no estudo do léxico, a presentemonografia apresenta uma investigação sobre a utilização do léxico recorrente no livro Setembro na Feira, do autor Juarez Bahia (1986). Averiguação essa, que identifiquei 17lexias com marcas culturais encontradas na obra. Após a retirada dos dados foi realizadaa análise dos significados das lexias identificadas, esses significados foram comparadoscom os significados encontrados em dicionários antigos e contemporâneos no sentido deverificar a manutenção ou não de significações mais antigas.
First record of Cyphoderus innominatus Mills, 1938 (Collembola: Paronellidae) in Early Colonies of the Leaf-cutting Ant Atta sexdens
Authors: Mota Filho Tarcísio Marcos Macedo , Sousa Kátia Kaelly Andrade , Camargo Roberto Silva , Oliveira João Victor Lemos Cavalcante , Caldato Nadia , Zeppelini Douglas , Forti Luiz Carlos 
Published: May 2021

Cyphoderus innominatus Mills, 1938 (Collembola: Paronellidae) was first observed in early colonies of Atta sexdens leaf-cutting ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). The colonies were collected on February 6, 2019, from a transition area between the Atlantic Forest and the Cerrado, located in the municipality of Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil. A total of four colonies collected had an average population density of 227 ± 212 C. innominatus individuals, and most of the latter were found in peripheral areas inside the fungus-garden-growing chamber of the colony. In addition, we observed a possible defensive behavior on the part of workers when C. innominatus individuals were present in the fungus garden chamber. Thus, this is the first record of C. innominatus living in association with early colonies of A. sexdens. Cyphoderus innominatus Mills, 1938 (Collembola: Paronellidae) foi observado pela primeira vez nas primeiras colônias de formigas cortadeiras Atta sexdens rubropilosa , Forel, 1908 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Essas colônias foram coletadas em 6 de fevereiro de 2019, em uma área de transição entre a Mata Atlântica e o Cerrado, localizada no município de Botucatu, São Paulo, Brasil. Um total de quatro colônias coletadas teve uma densidade populacional média de 227, de C. innominatus , ea maioria dos últimos foram encontrados em áreas periféricas dentro da câmara de cultivo do jardim de fungo da colônia. Além disso, observamos um possível comportamento defensivo por parte dos trabalhadores quandoC. innominatus estava presente presentes na câmara do jardim de fungos. Assim, este é o primeiro registro de C. innominatus vivendo em associação com colônias iniciais de A. sexdens rubropilosa .
Ultralow-threshold thin-film lithium niobate optical parametric oscillator: erratum
Authors: Lu Juanjuan , Sayem Ayed Al , Gong Zheng , Surya Joshua B. , Zou Chang-Ling , Tang Hong X. 
Published: May 2021

This erratum corrects a typographic error that appears in Table 1 of
our earlier paper [Optica 8, 539
(2021)OPTIC82334-253610.1364/OPTICA.418984].
Improving child tuberculosis contact identification and screening in Lesotho: Results from a mixed-methods cluster-randomized implementation science study
Authors: Hirsch-Moverman Yael , Howard Andrea A. , Mantell Joanne E. , Lebelo Limakatso , Frederix Koen , Wills Aprielle , Hesseling Anneke C. , Nachman Sharon , Maama Llang B. , El-Sadr Wafaa M. 
Published: May 2021

Background
Child tuberculosis (TB) contact management is recommended for preventing TB in children but its implementation is suboptimal in high TB/HIV-burden settings. The PREVENT Study was a mixed-methods, clustered-randomized implementation study that evaluated the effectiveness and acceptability of a community-based intervention (CBI) to improve child TB contact management in Lesotho, a high TB burden country.

Methods
Ten health facilities were randomized to CBI or standard of care (SOC). CBI holistically addressed the complex provider-, patient-, and caregiver-related barriers to prevention of childhood TB. Routine TB program data were abstracted from TB registers and cards for all adult TB patients aged >18 years registered during the study period, and their child contacts. Primary outcome was yield (number) of child contacts identified and screened per adult TB patient. Generalized linear mixed models tested for differences between study arms. CBI acceptability was assessed via semi-structured in-depth interviews with a purposively selected sample of 20 healthcare providers and 28 caregivers. Qualitative data were used to explain and confirm quantitative results. We used thematic analysis to analyze the data.

Results
From 01/2017-06/2018, 973 adult TB patients were recorded, 490 at CBI and 483 at SOC health facilities; 64% male, 68% HIV-positive. At CBI and SOC health facilities, 216 and 164 child contacts were identified, respectively (p = 0.16). Screening proportions (94% vs. 62%, p = 0.13) were similar; contact yield per TB case (0.40 vs. 0.20, p = 0.08) was higher at CBI than SOC health facilities, respectively. CBI was acceptable to caregivers and healthcare providers.

Conclusion
Identification and screening for TB child contacts were similar across study arms but yield was marginally higher at CBI compared with SOC health facilities. CBI scale-up may enhance the ability to reach and engage child TB contacts, contributing to efforts to improve TB prevention among children.