bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of an Early Prediction Model for Postoperative Delirium in Neurosurgical Patients Admitted to the ICU after Elective Craniotomy (E-PREPOD-NS): A Secondary Analysis of A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Huang Hua-Wei , Zhang Guo-Bin , Li Hao-Yi , Wang Chun-Mei , Wang Yu-Mei , Sun Xiu-Mei , Chen Jing-Ran , Chen Guang-Qiang , Xu Ming , Zhou Jian-Xin 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background: Postoperative delirium (POD) is a significant clinical problem in neurosurgical patients after intracranial surgery. Identification of high-risk patients may optimise individual perioperative management, but an adequate and simple risk model for use at super early phase after operation has not been developed.Methods: Adult patients were admitted to the ICU after elective intracranial surgery under general anaesthesia. The POD was diagnosed as Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU positive on postoperative day 1 to 3. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to develop the early prediction model (E-PREPOD-NS) and the final model was validated with 200 bootstrap samples.Results: Among 800 patients included in the study, POD occurred in 157 cases (19.6%). We identified nine variables independently associated with POD in the final E-PREPOD-NS model: age > 65 years [odds ratio (OR) = 3.336, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.765-6.305, 1 risk score point], education level < 9 years (OR = 2.528, 95% CI = 1.446-4.419, 1 point), history of smoking (OR = 2.582, 95% CI = 1.611-4.140, 1 point), history of diabetes (OR = 2.541, 95% CI = 1.201-5.377, 1 point), supra-tentorial lesions (OR = 3.424, 95% CI = 2.021-5.802, 1 point), anesthesia duration > 360 min (OR = 1.686, 95% CI = 1.062-2.674, 0.5 point), GCS <9 at ICU admission (OR = 6.059, 95% CI = 3.789-9.690, 1.5 points), metabolic acidosis (OR = 13.903, 95% CI = 6.248-30.938, 2.5 points), and positioning of neurosurgical drainage tube (OR = 1.924, 95% CI = 1.132-3.269, 0.5 point). The area under the receiver operator curve (AUROC) of the risk score for prediction of POD was 0.865 (95% CI = 0.835-0.895). After internal validation by bootstrap, the AUROC was 0.851 (95% CI = 0.791-0.912). The model showed good calibration (Hosmer-Lemeshow P = 0.593).Conclusions: The E-PREPOD-NS model based on nine perioperative risk factors can predict POD in patients admitted to the ICU after elective intracranial surgery with fairly good accuracy. External validation is needed before use in clinical practice.
Clinical Relevance of Covid-19 in the Second Half of Pregnancy
Authors: RUGGIERO Marta , Somigliana Edgardo , TASSIS Beatrice , PIANI Letizia LI , Renteria Sara Uceda , BARBARA Giussy , LUNGHI Giovanna , FERRAZZI Enrico 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background: Evidence on the outcome of Covid-19 in pregnancy is generally reassuring but yet not definitive. Methods: To specifically assess the impact of Covid-19 in the second half of pregnancy, we prospectively recruited 315 consecutive women delivering in a referral hospital located in Lombardy, Italy in the early phase of the epidemic. Restriction of the recruitment to this peculiar historical time period allowed to exclude infections occurring early in pregnancy and to limit the recall bias. All recruited subjects underwent a nasopharyngeal swab to assess the presence of Sars-Cov-2 using Real-time PCR. In addition, two different types of antibodies for the virus were evaluated in peripheral blood, those against the spike proteins S1 and S2 of the envelope and those against the nucleoprotein of the nucleocapsid. Women were considered to have had Covid-19 in pregnancy if at least one of the three assessments was positive. Results: Overall, 28 women had a diagnosis of Covid-19 in pregnancy (8.9%). Women diagnosed with the infection were more likely to report one or more episodes of symptoms suggestive for Covid-19 (n=11, 39.3%) compared to unaffected women (n=39, 13.6%). The corresponding OR was 4.11 (95%CI: 1.79-9.44). Symptoms significantly associated with Covid-19 in pregnancy included fever, cough, dyspnea and anosmia. Only one woman necessitated intensive care. Pregnancy outcome in women with and without Covid-19 did not also differ. Conclusions: Covid-19 is asymptomatic in three out of five women in the second half of pregnancy and is rarely severe. In addition, pregnancy outcome may not be significantly affected.
Changes in the Incidence of Birth Defects in Sichuan Province, Southwest China from 2006 to 2019: A Retrospective Analysis Based on Hospital Birth Defect Monitoring
Authors: Zhou Tianjin , Liu Weixin , Zhao Ziling , Zhang Gang , Liu Jingtao , He Linkun , Luo Min , su bingzhong 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background: As a province with a large population in Southwest China, Sichuan has a relatively high incidence of birth defects (BDs), but the current status and characteristics of BDs are unclear. This study aimed to analyse the changing trends of BDs in the past 14 years and propose countermeasures.Methods: Data were obtained from the Sichuan Provincial Birth Defects Hospital Surveillance Network (SPBDHSN); the surveillance objects were perinatal infants (PIs) and BD infants who were hospitalized in the surveillance hospital from 2006 to 2019. SPSS 22.0 software was used for relevant statistics and analysis; descriptive and chi-square test analyses were used to calculate the incidence of BDs in the whole province, region of the mother, sex of the baby and maternal age.Results: From 2006 to 2019, 1,799,914 PI cases were monitored, and 26,797 newborns were diagnosed with BDs. The average incidence of BDs was 148.88 per 10,000 births. The average incidence of BDs based on region (urban, rural) and sex (male, female) was 237.01, 87.6, 166.4, and 129.63 per 10,000 births, respectively. The average rates of birth defects for maternal age (<20, 20-25, 25-30, 30-35, >35 years) were 142.77, 133.01, 147.96, 170.39 and 180.37 per 10,000, respectively. P values according to the chi-square test for the incidence of BDs by region, sex of the baby, and maternal age were all less than 0.01, with significant differences. The incidence of BDs in the province varied from year to year, with the first deformity gradually transitioning from body surface deformity to visceral deformity.Conclusions: The prevention and treatment of BDs in Sichuan has achieved remarkable results, and the incidence of birth defects has begun to show a downward trend in recent years. However, due to the imbalance of economic and social development between regions in the province, the prevention and treatment of birth defects still faces huge challenges.
Isolation and Identification of Exosomes from Feline Plasma, Urine and Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Li Dongsheng , Luo Huina , Ruan Huimin , Chen Zhisheng , Chen Shengfeng , Wang Bingyun , Xie Yong 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background: Exosomes, internal proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids coated by phospholipid bilayer membranes, are one type of small extracellular vesicles, which can mediate cell-cell communication. In recent years, exosomes have gained considerable scientific interest due to their widely applied prospect in the diagnosis and therapeutics of human and animal diseases. In this study, we describe for the first time a feasible method designed to isolate and characterize exosomes from feline plasma, urine and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Results: Exosomes from feline plasma, urine and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells were successfully isolated by differential centrifugation. Quantification and sizing of exosomes were assessed by transmission electron microscopy, flow nano analysis and western blotting. Detected particles showed the normal size (30-100 nm) and morphology described for exosomes, as well as presence of the transmembrane protein (TSG101, CD9, CD63, and CD81) known as exosomal marker.Conclusions: The results suggest that differential centrifugation is a feasible method for isolation of exosomes from different types of feline samples. Moreover, these exosomes can be used to further diagnosis and therapeutics in veterinary pre-clinical and clinical studies.
On stay at home orders: Using the power of data science for spatial and temporal modeling and visualization of COVID-19
Authors: Prentice Christopher R , Carroll Rachel 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 dominated and augmented many aspects of life beginning in early 2020. Related research and data generation developed alongside its spread. We developed a Bayesian spatio-temporal Poisson disease mapping model for estimating real-time characteristics of the coronavirus disease in the United States. We also created several dashboards for visualization of the statistical model for fellow researchers and simpler spatial and temporal representations of the disease for consumption by community members in our region. Findings suggest that the risk of confirmed cases is higher for health regions under partial stay at home orders and lower in health regions under full stay at home orders, when compared to before stay at home orders were declared. These results confirm the benefit of state-issued stay at home orders as well as suggest compliance to the directives towards the older population for adhering to social distancing guidelines.
Detection of Pratylenchus zeae and P. brachyurus parasitizing plants from the caatinga biome, Ceará, Brazil
Authors: Souza Junior Francisco Jorge Carlos , Assunção Mayara Castro 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Roots of plants characteristic of the Brazilian caatinga showing necrosis symptoms were observed in Iguatu, CE, Brazil. To identify the species, morphological characterization was performed, through the morphometry of females, and molecular analysis of the ITS and 28S rDNA regions. The nematodes Pratylenchus zeae and P. brachyurus were identified as causal agents, confirming pathogenicity by Koch postulates. This is the first report of P. zeae and P. brachyurus in caaatinga plants in the state of Ceará, Brazil.
Ab initio study of structural, elastic and thermodynamic properties of Fe3S at high pressure: Implications for planetary cores
Authors: Valencia Karen , De Moya Aldemar , Morard Guillaume , Allan Neil L. , Pinilla Carlos 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Using density functional theory electronic structure calculations, the equation of state, thermodynamic and elastic properties, and sound wave velocities of Fe3S at pressures up to 250 GPa have been determined. Fe3S is found to be ferromagnetic at ambient conditions but becomes non-magnetic at pressures above 50 GPa. This magnetic transition changes the c/a ratio leading to more isotropic compressibility, and discontinuities in elastic constants and isotropic sound velocities. Thermal expansion, heat capacity, and Grüneisen parameters are calculated at high pressures and elevated temperatures using the quasiharmonic approximation. We estimate Fe-Fe and Fe-S force constants, which vary with Fe environment, as well as the 56Fe/54Fe equilibrium reduced partition function in Fe3S and compare these results with recently reported experimental values. Finally, our calculations under the conditions of the Earth’s inner core allow us to estimate a S content of 2.7 wt% S, assuming the only components of the inner core are Fe and Fe3S, a linear variation of elastic properties between end-members Fe and Fe3S, and that Fe3S is kinetically stable. Possible consequences for the core-mantle boundary of Mars are also discussed.
Fluorine partitioning between quadrilateral clinopyroxenes and melt
Authors: Baker Don R. , Callegaro Sara , De Min Angelo , Whitehouse Martin J. , Marzoli Andrea 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Concentrations of fluorine and chlorine were measured in glasses (quenched melts) and coexisting clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, olivine, and plagioclase in run products of experiments previously used to measure sulfur partitioning between these phases. The partitioning of F between clinopyroxene and silicate melt was determined in 13 experiments at a variety of pressures, temperatures, and melt compositions ranging from basaltic to dacitic (49 to 66 wt% SiO2) at 0.8 to 1.2 GPa and 1000 to 1240 °C, at hydrous and anhydrous conditions. Additionally, we determined the crystal-melt partitioning of F for 4 experiments with plagioclase, 2 with orthopyroxene, and 1 with olivine. Although Cl was also measured in the experiments, the concentrations in the crystals are close to background concentration levels. The partition coefficients of fluorine between clinopyroxene and melt varied from ~0.09 to 0.29 and were linearly dependent upon the concentration of aluminum in the octahedral M1 site of clinopyroxene. Similar relationships are seen when our results are combined with previous measurements of the fluorine partition coefficient between clinopyroxene and melt, but each study shows its own unique correlation between the F partition coefficient and AlM1. These dissimilarities in correlations with AlM1 are attributed to differing analytical protocols used in the various studies. However, the combined data set demonstrates a linear correlation with AlM1, the inverse of the NBO/T ratio of the melt (T/NBO), pressure and temperature, which can be described as:
l n ⁡ ( D F C p x / L ) = ( 0.2298 ± 0.04847 ) ( T / N B O ) - ( 1.029 ± 0.8045 ) ( A l M 1 ) - ( 3889 ± 1803 ) ( 1 / T ) - ( 0.5472 ± 0.1084 ) ( P ) + 0.5871 ± 1.304 ,
where each uncertainty is 1 standard error in the fit (as calculated by the R-project software), T is in K, and P is in GPa. Although this relationship reproduces 81% of the partitioning data to within 25% (relative), the different linear trends of the partition coefficient, DFCpx/L vs. AlM1 from different laboratories suggest the need for additional investigations and development of clinopyroxene standards with certified fluorine compositions. Nevertheless, we conclude that the self-consistency of each study indicates that F partition coefficients determined using one protocol can be applied to minerals or glasses analyzed using the same protocol and ion microprobe to better understand the storage and transport of fluorine in magmatic systems.
Comparative analysis the performance of electrochemical water softening between high frequency electric fields and direct current electric fields based on orthogonal experimental methods
Authors: Lin Wei , Wang Zhonghao , Wang Wei , Chen Qi , Xu Jianmin , Yu Jiuyang 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Electrochemical water softening has been widely used in industrial circulating cooling water systems; however, their low deposition efficiency is the main drawback that limits usage in medium to large enterprises. In this work, the effect of different parameters on the hardness removal efficiency and energy consumption of the electrochemical water softening system is experimentally studied, and the performance of water softening applied by high frequency electric fields and direct current electric fields are comparative analyzed. The impact factors of the electrochemical water softening system are as follows: initial feed concentration of solute, magnitude of voltage, inter-electrode distance, area of cathode and frequency of power supply. To improve the analysis efficiency, the L25 (55) orthogonal table is used to investigate the five different factors at five levels. The experimental results are shown that the initial feed concentration of solute is the most significant factor affecting the hardness removal efficiency. The optimal combination for water softening in the group applied by high frequency electric field and direct current electric field are A3B2C1D4E3 and A2B5C3D1 respectively. The energy utilization of the device applied by high frequency electric field is 3.2 times that applied by direct current electric field. The practice shows that direct current electric fields have a better softening effect, and are is more suitable for scaling ion removal. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) was used to observe the flow field induced by the electrolysis and found that the vertical and horizontal velocities of the flow field at low voltage are conducive to the migration of scaled ions to the cathode, and then the electrolytic reaction and deposition reaction synergy effect is the optimal.
About the Approach to the Layering of Legal Regulation Through Municipal Services Provision in the Russian Federation
Authors: Androniak Ivan Aleksandrovich 
Published: February 2021

The article proposes an author's approach to the systematization of legal acts governing the provision of municipal services. At the same time, using the approach of A.Yu. Shumilov to the allocation of levels of legal regulation, the author systematized legal acts governing the provision of municipal services according to the following structure: constitutional level (basic) – middle level – detailing level – local level.
ENSINO DE ARQUITETURA E URBANISMO À DISTÂNCIA, REMOTO, HÍBRIDO
Authors: REIS DE GOES MONTEIRO ANA MARIA 
Published: February 2021

Este trabalho é fruto da participação da autora na II Roda de Conversa Virtual, organizada pelo grupo de Pesquisa Projetar da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN) e ocorrida no dia 24 de setembro de 2020. O objetivo é apresentar um quadro das condições do ensino de graduação em Arquitetura e Urbanismo no Brasil.
A pandemia da Covid 19 expôs de forma irreversível as mazelas sociais brasileiras, a desigualdade e a falta de oportunidade a que milhares de estudantes estão submetidos, especialmente aqueles matriculados na extensa malha do ensino superior privado. Com ela, as aulas foram suspensas e o ensino remoto passou a ser uma realidade. Realidade esta que é preciso ver e rever a todo momento, visto que a cidade/sociedade real é o lugar por excelência de aprendizado para nossos alunos, pois não é possível formar Arquitetos e Urbanistas distantes da realidade socioespacial em que vivem.
Treatment Approaches for COVID-19: A Critical Review
Authors: Sodum Nalini , Kumar Gautam , Rao Vanishree , Kumar Nitesh , Rao Chamallamudi Mallikarjuna 
Published: February 2021

Background:
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak was declared as an emerging
global public health concern on 30th January 2020. This novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak
was first identified in Wuhan city, China, which soon affected around 185 countries and territories
all over the world through various transmission mechanisms. To date, no permanent cure has been
found, due to which this pandemic threatens humanity for its very existence.

Objective:
In light of the rising menace, this review aims at providing collective and prominent information
on the current outbreak, covering its origin, structure, transmission, clinical features, potential
treatment approaches, and clinical trial details.

Methods:
The literature published in Scopus and PubMed indexed journals were reviewed, and clinical
trial data was retrieved from the ClinicalTrials.gov database.

Results:
Present review puts forth detailed insights on history, epidemiology, structure, genetic
makeup, reservoirs, entry mechanisms, reproduction capacity, pathogenesis, routes of transmission,
clinical features, diagnostics, the role of chloroquine in treatment, current promising therapies, and
vaccination trials.

Conclusion:
At present, early detection, isolation of infected patients, and supportive care with a few
recently USFDA approved alternative medications are being used as per the standard government
guidelines. Due to insufficient availability of proof regarding current therapies to produce therapeutic
activity against COVID-19, safety precautions, prevention methods, hygiene maintenance and management
therapy with intensive care medicine is the only way to fight this current situation.
Investigation of Prevalence and Complications of Female Genital Circumcision: A Systematic and Meta-analytic Review Study
Authors: Abdoli Sara , Masoumi Seyedeh Zahra , Jenabi Ensiyeh 
Published: February 2021

Objective:
The present study was conducted to investigate the complications of circumcision
and determine its prevalence in the studied areas.

Methods:
In this study, the electronic databases of Scopus, PubMed, SID, Web of Science and Magiran
were selected to search the total population of observational studies published in Persian and
English on the prevalence and circumcision complications in girls. The keywords searched for this
purpose were as follows: female genital mutilation, Infibulations, Epidemiologic Methods, Clitorectomies,
Female Circumcision, Clitorectomy, Clitoridectomy Complications, Prevalence, associated
disease, coexistent conditions, and sequels associated with concomitant conditions, and coexistent
disease and their Persian equivalent words. Prevalence estimates of all studies were pooled using a
random-effects model at a confidence level of 95%. The bias in the published results of the studies
and any reporting errors were examined using Begg and Egger’s statistical tests. Out of 3756
studies, 45 articles were included in the study after excluding irrelevant and repetitive articles.

Results:
After reviewing the articles in this field, it was determined that female genital mutilation
has sexual complications, problems during childbirth, physical and psychological complications.
The prevalence of female genital circumcision in the world and Iran in the study areas was obtained
using the random effect model, which was estimated to be 61% (95%, CI = 0.49, 0.73) and
61% (95%, CI = 0.52, 0.70), respectively. In other areas, the prevalence was reported to be close to
zero. In total, among different countries of the world, of the 207,709 participants surveyed,
110,596 had undergone female genital circumcision (110,596 of 207,709).

Conclusion:
The effects of female genital mutilation on girls are high and require government intervention
in various countries.
Accuracy of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Discrimination of Neoplastic and Non-Neoplastic Brain Lesions
Authors: Alshammari Qurain T. , Salih Mohammed , Gameraddin Moawia , Yousef Mohamed , Abdelmalik Bushra , Loaz Omer 
Published: February 2021

Background:
Differentiation of brain lesions by conventional MRI alone is not enough.
The introduction of sophisticated imaging methods, such as MR Spectroscopy (MRS), will contribute
to accurate differentiation.

Objective:
To determine the diagnostic accuracy of MRS in differentiating neoplasm and non-neoplastic
brain lesion.

Methodology:
This is a cross-sectional descriptive study conducted at Khartoum State from the period
of 2015 to 2017. Thirty cases with brain lesions were included in the study investigated with
MRS (Single-voxel spectroscopy) and conventional MRI. A comparison of MRS findings and histopathologic
analysis was performed. The ratios of Cho/Cr and Cho/NAA were analyzed and compared
between neoplastic and non-neoplastic brain masses. Data were analyzed using SPSS version
23.

Results:
Out of the 30 patients affected with brain lesions, there were 16 females and 14 males
with a mean age of 44 +- 18 years. The ratios of Cho/Cr and Cho/NAA were higher in gliomas, astrocytoma,
and meningioma than non-neoplastic lesions. Kappa statistical value (K) showed a good
agreement between MRS and histopathological analysis (K= 0.60). The diagnostic accuracy of
MRS was 100%, with 82.60% sensitivity, 85.71% specificity, 95% PPV, and 60% NPV.

Conclusion:
MRS has high diagnostic accuracy in differentiating neoplasm from non-neoplastic
brain tumors. The elevation ratios of Choline-to- N-acetyl aspartate and choline-to- creatine can
help neurosurgeons and clinicians differentiate benign from malignant masses.