bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigating first‐year graduate paramedics’ reason for current work location: A cross‐sectional, data linkage study
Authors: Ivec Nicola , Beauchamp Alison , Sutton Keith , Mitchell Eleanor , O’Meara Peter , Bowles Kelly‐Ann , Williams Brett 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectiveThis study aims to describe the demographic and employment characteristics of first‐year graduates from a Victorian‐based paramedicine course and investigate factors that influenced their choice in place of practice.DesignCross‐sectional study using data from the Nursing and Allied Health Graduate Outcomes Tracking study.SettingVictoria, Australia.ParticipantsFirst‐year graduates (2019) from the Monash University range of paramedicine programs.Main outcome measuresVariables of interest included principal place of practice and the reasons for working in the current location.ResultsOver half of the 2018 paramedicine course graduates responded to the 2019 Graduate Outcomes Survey. Nearly all were registered as paramedics (including double registrants as nurses), and over a fifth were from a rural background; however, less than that were working in a rural area. Of those with complete data, the most cited reasons for current work location were ‘spouse/partner’s employment or career’, ‘opportunity for career advancement’ and ‘scope of practice within the role’.ConclusionThis study provides important insight into the factors associated with rural practice location amongst paramedicine graduates, specifically rural origin or personal, lifestyle and professional influences. The study adds to the sparse literature about paramedic practice location decision‐making and highlights the need for further systematic longitudinal research examining the ‘where’ and ‘why’.
Nuclei isolation methods fail to accurately assess the subcellular localization and behaviour of proteins in skeletal muscle
Authors: Wette Stefan G. , Lamb Graham D. , Murphy Robyn M. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAimSubcellular fractionation is often used to determine the subcellular localization of proteins, including whether a protein translocates to the nucleus in response to a given stimulus. Examining nuclear proteins in skeletal muscle is difficult because myonuclear proteins are challenging to isolate unless harsh treatments are used. This study aimed to determine the most effective method for isolating and preserving proteins in their native state in skeletal muscle.MethodsWe compared the ability of detergents, commercially available kit‐based and K+‐based physiological methodologies for isolating myonuclear proteins from resting samples of human muscle by determining the presence of marker proteins for each fraction by western blot analyses.ResultsWe found that following the initial pelleting of nuclei, treatment with 1% Triton‐X 100, 1% CHAPS or 0.5% Na‐deoxycholate under various ionic conditions resulted in the nuclear proteins being either resistant to isolation or the proteins present behaving aberrantly. The nuclear proteins in brain tissue were also resistant to 1% Triton‐X 100 isolation. Here, we demonstrate aberrant behaviour and erroneous localization of proteins using the kit‐based method. The aberrant behaviour was the activation of Ca2+‐dependent protease calpain‐3, and the erroneous localization was the presence of calpain‐3 and troponin I in the nuclear fraction.ConclusionOur findings indicate that it may not be possible to reliably determine the translocation of proteins between subcellular locations and the nucleus using subcellular fractionation techniques. This study highlights the importance of validating subcellular fractionation methodologies using several subcellular‐specific markers and solutions that are physiologically relevant to the intracellular milieu.
Alcohol consumption, tobacco smoking, and subsequent risk of renal cell carcinoma: The JPHC study
Authors: Minami Tetsuji , Inoue Manami , Sawada Norie , Yamaji Taiki , Iwasaki Motoki , Tsugane Shoichiro 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe effects of alcohol consumption and tobacco smoking on renal cell carcinoma (RCC) incidence have not been well‐investigated in Asian populations. Here, we evaluated these effects in a large Japanese prospective cohort. We collected data on eligible participants in the Japan Public Health Center‐based Prospective Study, and undertook multivariable‐adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of RCC incidence. We identified 340 cases (230 men and 110 women) among the 105 663 eligible participants (50 262 men and 55 741 women), who were followed for an average of 19.1 years, with a cumulative total of 2 020 364 person‐years. A slightly inverse but nonsignificant association was observed between alcohol drinking and RCC incidence. In contrast, the risk of RCC was increased in those with heavy smoking (≥40 pack‐years) when men and women were combined (HR 1.50; 95% CI, 1.01‐2.25). We identified no significant association between alcohol consumption and RCC incidence. In contrast, heavy smoking (≥40 pack‐years) was associated with a significant increase in incidence.
Toddlers learn and flexibly apply multiple possibilities
Authors: Goddu Mariel K. , Sullivan J. Nicholas , Walker Caren M. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe ability to consider multiple possibilities forms the basis for a wide variety of human‐unique cognitive capacities. When does this skill develop? Previous studies have narrowly focused on children's ability to prepare for incompatible future outcomes. Here, we investigate this capacity in a causal learning context. Adults (N = 109) and 18‐ to 30‐month olds (N = 104) observed evidence that was consistent with two hypotheses, each occupying a different level of abstraction (individual vs. relational causation). Results suggest that adults and toddlers identified multiple candidate causes for an effect, held these possibilities in mind, and flexibly applied the appropriate hypothesis to inform subsequent inferences. These findings challenge previous suggestions that the ability to consider multiple alternatives does not emerge until much later in development.
Prevalence and clinical prediction of mitochondrial disorders in a large neuropediatric cohort
Authors: van der Ven Amelie T. , Johannsen Jessika , Kortüm Fanny , Wagner Matias , Tsiakas Konstantinos , Bierhals Tatjana , Lessel Davor , Herget Theresia , Kloth Katja , Lisfeld Jasmin , Scholz Tasja , Obi Nadia , Wortmann Saskia , Prokisch Holger , Kubisch Christian , Denecke Jonas , Santer René , Hempel Maja 
Published: September 2021

AbstractNeurological symptoms are frequent and often a leading feature of childhood‐onset mitochondrial disorders (MD) but the exact incidence of MD in unselected neuropediatric patients is unknown. Their early detection is desirable due to a potentially rapid clinical decline and the availability of management options. In 491 children with neurological symptoms, a comprehensive diagnostic work‐up including exome sequencing was performed. The success rate in terms of a molecular genetic diagnosis within our cohort was 51%. Disease‐causing variants in a mitochondria‐associated gene were detected in 12% of solved cases. In order to facilitate the clinical identification of MDs within neuropediatric cohorts, we have created an easy‐to‐use bedside‐tool, the MDC‐NP. In our cohort, the MDC‐NP predicted disease conditions related to MDs with a sensitivity of 0.83, and a specificity of 0.96.
Postoperative variations in anaemia treatment and transfusions (POSTVenTT): protocol for a prospective multicentre observational cohort study of anaemia after major abdominal surgery
Authors:   POSTVenTT Study Collaborators
Published: September 2021

AbstractAimPerioperative anaemia is common and is associated with increased postoperative complications, delayed recovery and increased morbidity and mortality. However, current management of anaemia after surgery is variable. This student‐ and trainee‐led collaborative study aims to audit the postoperative variations in anaemia treatment and transfusions (POSTVenTT) and quantify its impact on patient outcomes after major abdominal surgery.MethodThis is the first Australian and Aotearoa New Zealand multicentre study in surgical patients conducted by networks of trainees, students and consultants. Data will be prospectively collected on consecutive adult patients undergoing elective and emergency major abdominal surgery with follow‐up to 30 days after hospital discharge. The primary endpoint will be adherence to anaemia management guidelines. Secondary outcomes will include postoperative anaemia, blood transfusion, postoperative complications as per the Clavien–Dindo classification, length of stay and hospital readmission at 30 days.DiscussionThis protocol describes the first Australian and Aotearoa New Zealand collaborative study by medical students and surgical trainees. The collaboration will aim to provide a clear understanding of current practices regarding the management and risk factors for anaemia and association with patient outcomes after major abdominal surgery.
Face Recognition Depends on Specialized Mechanisms Tuned to View‐Invariant Facial Features: Insights from Deep Neural Networks Optimized for Face or Object Recognition
Authors: Abudarham Naphtali , Grosbard Idan , Yovel Galit 
Published: September 2021

AbstractFace recognition is a computationally challenging classification task. Deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) are brain‐inspired algorithms that have recently reached human‐level performance in face and object recognition. However, it is not clear to what extent DCNNs generate a human‐like representation of face identity. We have recently revealed a subset of facial features that are used by humans for face recognition. This enables us now to ask whether DCNNs rely on the same facial information and whether this human‐like representation depends on a system that is optimized for face identification. In the current study, we examined the representation of DCNNs of faces that differ in features that are critical or non‐critical for human face recognition. Our findings show that DCNNs optimized for face identification are tuned to the same facial features used by humans for face recognition. Sensitivity to these features was highly correlated with performance of the DCNN on a benchmark face recognition task. Moreover, sensitivity to these features and a view‐invariant face representation emerged at higher layers of a DCNN optimized for face recognition but not for object recognition. This finding parallels the division to a face and an object system in high‐level visual cortex. Taken together, these findings validate human perceptual models of face recognition, enable us to use DCNNs to test predictions about human face and object recognition as well as contribute to the interpretability of DCNNs.
Solidarity under duress: Defending state vigilantism
Authors: Viehoff Juri 
Published: September 2021

AbstractMay European Union (EU) member states, in the pursuit of enforcing the norms of ‘EU justice’, unilaterally adopt harmful policies that are ordinarily impermissible in the course of voluntary cooperation amongst democratic states? Though conditions of permissible vigilantism are strict and only rarely met, there are some basic EU duties the compliance with which each individual member state is permitted to enforce unilaterally. Such measures are sometimes permissible even if European community law says otherwise: to the extent that European law prevents states from enforcing these duties, it lacks authority.
A multimodal, longitudinal study of cognitive heterogeneity in early‐onset Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Pollet Marianne , Skrobala Emilie , Lopes Renaud , Kuchcinski Grégory , Bordier Cécile , Rollin‐Sillaire Adeline , Bombois Stéphanie , Pasquier Florence , Delbeuck Xavier 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackground and purposeAlzheimer's disease (AD) is a heterogeneous pathology. Young patients with AD are particularly likely to have an atypical presentation. The objectives of the present cluster analysis were to determine whether patients with early‐onset AD (EOAD) had several distinct cognitive profiles and to compare the resulting clusters with regard to clinical, neuroimaging, and laboratory characteristics.MethodsWe collected cognitive, behavioural, functional, neuroimaging, and laboratory data on 72 patients meeting the criteria for probable mild EOAD. The patients were first classified into clinical phenotype groups by a multidisciplinary board of clinicians. The patients' cognitive and functional decline was monitored for 24 months. A k‐means clustering analysis was then used to determine clusters on the basis of the patients' neuropsychological test results.ResultsTwo distinct clusters were identified: the patients in the first cluster (C1, n = 38) had a predominant memory impairment, whereas patients in the second (C2, n = 34) did not. Dyslipidaemia and the presence of ɛ4 apolipoprotein E allele were more frequent in C1, whereas the cognitive and functional decline was faster in the patients in C2. Moreover, posterior brain abnormalities were more severe in patients in C2 than in patients in C1.ConclusionsBy applying a k‐means clustering analysis, we identified two clusters of patients in an EOAD cohort. The clusters differed with regard to certain clinical, imaging, and laboratory characteristics. This clustering procedure might be of value for managing patients with EOAD in general and for identifying those at risk of more rapid decline in particular.
Information collection system for fall detection of stroke patients under cascade algorithm in the context of multi‐modal information fusion and e‐health
Authors: Lv Xiao , Ma Dingying , Zhou Jinsheng , Zhang Lili , Li Xinke 
Published: September 2021

AbstractTo effectively detect stroke patients after falling under e‐health, the fall situation of patients is graded, and warnings are given to improve the survival probability of stroke patients after falling. First, the fall model of stroke patients is analysed. According to the model, multi‐modal information fusion fall detection technology is proposed, including data fusion algorithm and feature recognition technology. Also, various sensor data are adjusted. The fall detection cascade algorithm is proposed to classify data with different features in order, thereby completing target detection. Finally, combined with heart rate sensor, height sensor and microcontroller unit software and patients' e‐health information, the research and development of an information collection system for fall detection are realized. Six young volunteers are selected to test the system performance. The results show that for the six testers, the heart rate detected by the ordinary device and the device of this investigation is the same when it is resting in different states of resting, walking, as well as walking and falling. The heart rate difference between walking and falling detection is not large (within the allowable error range of the device). But the best detection effect is to measure after the patient falls, which not only reduces power consumption but also keeps the detection error to a minimum. The height sensor is in the static state, increased by 75 m in the vertical direction and decreased by 75 cm from the static position in the vertical direction. The height difference of the data information exported from these three cases has some errors compared with the actual 75 cm. The tester's three situations of resting, walking and falling, standing up after sitting still and falling are observed. The waveform when resting is stable, and the acceleration information also fluctuates significantly when walking and after standing up. The accuracy of the developed system is above 80%, which achieves the expected effect and assisted medical treatment of fall detection based on patients' e‐health information. The results show that the proposed information collection system for fall detection of stroke patients under cascade algorithm in the context of multi‐modal information fusion has good performance and high practical value.
Slow social change: Implications for open access recreational fisheries
Authors: Nieman Chelsey L. , Solomon Christopher T. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn this essay, we explore the idea that slow social change may cause degradation of the open access equilibrium in recreational fisheries. An existing bioeconomic model illustrates how three social quantities in the recreational fisheries social–ecological system—the marginal cost of fishing effort, catchability, and the relative importance of catch and effort to angler utility—influence equilibrium fish abundance. We speculate that slow directional changes in all three of these quantities may be common, driving gradual declines in abundance that may be difficult to detect. We present limited evidence in support of this speculation, highlight the need for further empirical work, and discuss the implications of slow social change for resilient management of recreational fisheries in a changing world.
Global drivers of avian haemosporidian infections vary across zoogeographical regions
Authors: Fecchio Alan , Clark Nicholas J. , Bell Jeffrey A. , Skeen Heather R. , Lutz Holly L. , De La Torre Gabriel M. , Vaughan Jefferson A. , Tkach Vasyl V. , Schunck Fabio , Ferreira Francisco C. , Braga Érika M. , Lugarini Camile , Wamiti Wanyoike , Dispoto Janice H. , Galen Spencer C. , Kirchgatter Karin , Sagario M. Cecilia , Cueto Victor R. , González‐Acuña Daniel , Inumaru Mizue , Sato Yukita , Schumm Yvonne R. , Quillfeldt Petra , Pellegrino Irene , Dharmarajan Guha , Gupta Pooja , Robin V. V. , Ciloglu Arif , Yildirim Alparslan , Huang Xi , Chapa‐Vargas Leonardo , Álvarez‐Mendizábal Paulina , Santiago‐Alarcon Diego , Drovetski Serguei V. , Hellgren Olof , Voelker Gary , Ricklefs Robert E. , Hackett Shannon J. , Collins Michael D. , Weckstein Jason D. , Wells Konstans 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAimMacroecological analyses provide valuable insights into factors that influence how parasites are distributed across space and among hosts. Amid large uncertainties that arise when generalizing from local and regional findings, hierarchical approaches applied to global datasets are required to determine whether drivers of parasite infection patterns vary across scales. We assessed global patterns of haemosporidian infections across a broad diversity of avian host clades and zoogeographical realms to depict hotspots of prevalence and to identify possible underlying drivers.LocationGlobal.Time period1994–2019.Major taxa studiedAvian haemosporidian parasites (genera Plasmodium, Haemoproteus, Leucocytozoon and Parahaemoproteus).MethodsWe amalgamated infection data from 53,669 individual birds representing 2,445 species world‐wide. Spatio‐phylogenetic hierarchical Bayesian models were built to disentangle potential landscape, climatic and biotic drivers of infection probability while accounting for spatial context and avian host phylogenetic relationships.ResultsIdiosyncratic responses of the three most common haemosporidian genera to climate, habitat, host relatedness and host ecological traits indicated marked variation in host infection rates from local to global scales. Notably, host ecological drivers, such as migration distance for Plasmodium and Parahaemoproteus, exhibited predominantly varying or even opposite effects on infection rates across regions, whereas climatic effects on infection rates were more consistent across realms. Moreover, infections in some low‐prevalence realms were disproportionately concentrated in a few local hotspots, suggesting that regional‐scale variation in habitat and microclimate might influence transmission, in addition to global drivers.Main conclusionsOur hierarchical global analysis supports regional‐scale findings showing the synergistic effects of landscape, climate and host ecological traits on parasite transmission for a cosmopolitan and diverse group of avian parasites. Our results underscore the need to account for such interactions, in addition to possible variation in drivers across regions, to produce the robust inference required to predict changes in infection risk under future scenarios.
Sustained Ability of a Natural Microbial Community to Remove Nitrate from Groundwater
Authors: Paradis Charles J. , Miller John I. , Moon Ji‐Won , Spencer Sarah J. , Lui Lauren M. , Van Nostrand Joy D. , Ning Daliang , Steen Andrew D. , McKay Larry D. , Arkin Adam P. , Zhou Jizhong , Alm Eric J. , Hazen Terry C. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractMicrobial‐mediated nitrate removal from groundwater is widely recognized as the predominant mechanism for nitrate attenuation in contaminated aquifers and is largely dependent on the presence of a carbon‐bearing electron donor. The repeated exposure of a natural microbial community to an electron donor can result in the sustained ability of the community to remove nitrate; this phenomenon has been clearly demonstrated at the laboratory scale. However, in situ demonstrations of this ability are lacking. For this study, ethanol (electron donor) was repeatedly injected into a groundwater well (treatment) for six consecutive weeks to establish the sustained ability of a microbial community to remove nitrate. A second well (control) located upgradient was not injected with ethanol during this time. The treatment well demonstrated strong evidence of sustained ability as evident by ethanol, nitrate, and subsequent sulfate removal up to 21, 64, and 68%, respectively, as compared to the conservative tracer (bromide) upon consecutive exposures. Both wells were then monitored for six additional weeks under natural (no injection) conditions. During the final week, ethanol was injected into both treatment and control wells. The treatment well demonstrated sustained ability as evident by ethanol and nitrate removal up to 20 and 21%, respectively, as compared to bromide, whereas the control did not show strong evidence of nitrate removal (5% removal). Surprisingly, the treatment well did not indicate a sustained and selective enrichment of a microbial community. These results suggested that the predominant mechanism(s) of sustained ability likely exist at the enzymatic‐ and/or genetic‐levels. The results of this study demonstrated the in situ ability of a microbial community to remove nitrate can be sustained in the prolonged absence of an electron donor.