bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CD8+ Tregs revisited: A heterogeneous population with different phenotypes and properties
Authors: Niederlova Veronika , Tsyklauri Oksana , Chadimova Tereza , Stepanek Ondrej 
Published: January 2021

AbstractRegulatory T cells (Tregs) play a key role in the peripheral self‐tolerance and preventing autoimmunity. While classical CD4+ Foxp3+ Tregs are well established, their CD8+ counterparts are still controversial in many aspects including their phenotypic identity and their mechanisms of suppression. Because of these controversies and because of only a limited number of studies documenting the immunoregulatory function of CD8+ Tregs in vivo, the concept of CD8+ Tregs is still not unanimously accepted. We propose that any T‐cell subset considered as true regulatory must be distinguishable from other cell types and must suppress in vivo immune responses via a known mechanism. In this article, we revisit the concept of CD8+ Tregs by focusing on the characterization of individual CD8+ T‐cell subsets with proposed regulatory capacity separately. Therefore, we review the phenotype and function of CD8+ FOXP3+ T cells, CD8+ CD122+ T cells, CD8+ CD28low/− T cells, CD8+ CD45RClow T cells, T cells expressing CD8αα homodimer and Qa‐1‐restricted CD8+ T cells to show whether there is sufficient evidence to establish these subsets as bona fide Tregs. Based on the intrinsic ability of CD8+ Treg subsets to promote immune tolerance in animal models, we elaborate on their potential use in clinics.
Strengths of Acids in Acetonitrile
Authors: Kütt Agnes , Tshepelevitsh Sofja , Saame Jaan , Lõkov Märt , Kaljurand Ivari , Selberg Sigrid , Leito Ivo 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe equilibrium acidity scale (pKa scale) in acetonitrile has been supplemented by numerous new compounds and new ΔpKa measurements. It now contains altogether 231 acids – over twice more than published previously – linked by 569 ΔpKa measurements and spans between the pKa values of hydrogen iodide (2.8) and indole (32.57), covering close to 30 orders of magnitude. Measurement results acquired over the last 15 years were added to the scale and new least‐squares treatment was carried out. The treatment yielded revised pKa values for the compounds published previously, with the root mean square difference between revised and previous values 0.04, demonstrating very good stability of the scale. Correlation equations were developed for estimating pKa values for the studied types of compounds in water, DMSO, DMF, and 1,2‐dichloroethane on the basis of pKa values in acetonitrile. These equations enable predicting pKa values with an average error around or less than 1 pKa unit, which is a sufficient accuracy for many applications. The scale is expected to be a useful tool for the widest possible research areas in organic chemistry, electrochemical power sources, catalysis, etc.
Standard procedures for native CZE‐MS of proteins and protein complexes up to 800 kDa
Authors: Jooß Kevin , McGee John P. , Melani Rafael D. , Kelleher Neil L. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractNative mass spectrometry (nMS) is a rapidly growing method for the characterization of large proteins and protein complexes, preserving “native” non‐covalent inter‐ and intramolecular interactions. Direct infusion of purified analytes into a mass spectrometer represents the standard approach for conducting nMS experiments. Alternatively, CZE can be performed under native conditions, providing high separation performance while consuming trace amounts of sample material. Here, we provide standard operating procedures for acquiring high‐quality data using CZE in native mode coupled online to various Orbitrap mass spectrometers via a commercial sheathless interface, covering a wide range of analytes from 30–800 kDa. Using a standard protein mix, the influence of various CZE method parameters were evaluated, such as BGE/conductive liquid composition and separation voltage. Additionally, a universal approach for the optimization of fragmentation settings in the context of protein subunit and metalloenzyme characterization is discussed in detail for model analytes. A short section is dedicated to troubleshooting of the nCZE‐MS setup. This study is aimed to help normalize nCZE‐MS practices to enhance the CE community and provide a resource for the production of reproducible and high‐quality data.
Synthesis of encapsulation of binary mixture by silica and its performance in pure cementitious system
Authors: Srinivasaraonaik B. , Sinha Shishir , Singh Lok P. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMicroencapsulation of binary mixture of 75% stearic acid (SA) + 25% capric acid (CA) (as core) has been amalgamated by silica (as shell) through sol‐gel method. The obtained silica binary mixture (Si‐BM) microcapsules was characterized in detail by sophisticated instruments such as field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray diffractometer (XRD), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), and thermogravimetric (TG/DTA) were exploited to identify shape and mean size, functional groups, nature of crystallinity, and weight loss of Si‐BM. The obtained microcapsules were regular in shape, crystalline state, mean size about 6.03 μm and the encapsulation efficiency of Si‐BM found to be 71%. The dissimilar microcapsules such as Si‐BM and melamine formaldehyde phase change material (MF‐PCM) were assimilated (1, 3, and 5 wt%) into cement paste to elucidate thermal‐mechanical properties. As the amount of Si‐BM increases, the compressive strength increased by 10% and thermal conductivity of cement paste is increased by 9% as compared to MF‐PCM.Novelty StatementEncapsulation of binary mixture is synthesized with silica through chemical method. The nonidentical different dosage of microcapsules such as MF‐PCM and Si‐BM were incorporated into pure cement system to determine its effect on mechanical and thermal properties of cementitious system. These data will be useful to further incorporation in mortar and concrete for energy storage as well as thermal load reduction on buildings.
A comprehensive study of raw and roasted macadamia nuts: Lipid profile, physicochemical, nutritional, and sensory properties
Authors: Tu Xing‐Hao , Wu Bang‐fu , Xie Ya , Xu Shu‐Ling , Wu Zong‐Yuan , Lv Xin , Wei Fang , Du Li‐Qing , Chen Hong 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMacadamia nuts have high nutritional value and positive health attributes. Changes to the composition and availability of these compounds during roasting contribute to product quality. In this study, changes to the chemical composition of lipids (fatty acids, triglycerides, and free fatty acids) and other phytochemicals were analyzed, and a sensory evaluation was carried out of two major varieties of macadamia nuts planted in China, after roasting. Only small changes in fatty acid (FA) content and a slight decrease in total triglycerides (TAGs) were observed after roasting. The free fatty acid (FFA) content and the peroxide value were increased by roasting. The total available polyphenol content increased by 25.6% and the oxidative stability index of kernels increased by 21.6%. The sensory scores for taste and aroma were doubled by roasting. Overall, the sensory, nutritional quality, and oxidative stability of roasted macadamia nuts were greatly improved, compared with raw nuts.
Müller glia–myeloid cell crosstalk accelerates optic nerve regeneration in the adult zebrafish
Authors: Van Dyck Annelies , Bollaerts Ilse , Beckers An , Vanhunsel Sophie , Glorian Nynke , van houcke Jessie , van Ham Tjakko J. , De Groef Lies , Andries Lien , Moons Lieve 
Published: January 2021

AbstractNeurodegenerative disorders, characterized by progressive neuronal loss, eventually lead to functional impairment in the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS). Importantly, these deteriorations are irreversible, due to the very limited regenerative potential of these CNS neurons. Stimulating and redirecting neuroinflammation was recently put forward as an important approach to induce axonal regeneration, but it remains elusive how inflammatory processes and CNS repair are intertwined. To gain more insight into these interactions, we investigated how immunomodulation affects the regenerative outcome after optic nerve crush (ONC) in the spontaneously regenerating zebrafish. First, inducing intraocular inflammation using zymosan resulted in an acute inflammatory response, characterized by an increased infiltration and proliferation of innate blood‐borne immune cells, reactivation of Müller glia, and altered retinal cytokine expression. Strikingly, inflammatory stimulation also accelerated axonal regrowth after optic nerve injury. Second, we demonstrated that acute depletion of both microglia and macrophages in the retina, using pharmacological treatments with both the CSF1R inhibitor PLX3397 and clodronate liposomes, compromised optic nerve regeneration. Moreover, we observed that csf1ra/b double mutant fish, lacking microglia in both retina and brain, displayed accelerated RGC axonal regrowth after ONC, which was accompanied with unusual Müller glia proliferative gliosis. Altogether, our results highlight the importance of altered glial cell interactions in the axonal regeneration process after ONC in adult zebrafish. Unraveling the relative contribution of the different cell types, as well as the signaling pathways involved, may pinpoint new targets to stimulate repair in the vertebrate CNS.
Anatomical variation of the internal carotid artery and its implication to the endoscopic endonasal translacerum approach
Authors: Umehara Toru , Taniguchi Masaaki , Akutsu Nobuyuki , Kimura Hidehito , Uozumi Yoichi , Nakai Tomoaki , Kishima Haruhiko , Kohmura Eiji 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe endoscopic endonasal trans‐lacerum approach (EETLA) is useful in handling skull base tumors around inferior petrous apex (IPA); however, its surgical corridor is exclusively a triangular space (supra‐eustachian triangle [SET]), between the internal carotid artery (ICA) and eustachian tube.MethodsWe investigated correlation between SET size and extent of resection around the IPA (lateral extent of resection [EOR]) through a retrospective analysis of 15 surgeries using EETLA.ResultsOf 15 cases (9 chordomas, 4 chondrosarcomas, and 2 meningiomas), 20 sides of IPA were affected by the tumor. When being restricted to sides with severe lateral tumor extension beyond the midpoint of petrous ICA (10 sides), the SET size was significantly broader in the group with lateral EOR of ≥90% (p value = 0.019).ConclusionsThe SET size was a powerful index of tumor resectability in EETLA, especially in cases with severe tumor extension. The individual anatomical variations should be considered when determining EETLA application.
Sixty years of discrimination and diversity research in human resource management: A review with suggestions for future research directions
Authors: Triana María del Carmen , Gu Pamela , Chapa Olga , Richard Orlando , Colella Adrienne 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis article reviews discrimination and diversity research published inHuman Resource Management(HRM) over the past 60 years. While discrimination and diversity are very different constructs, it is often informative to study them together, because when people recognize each other's diversity, this can result in bias, stereotyping, and discrimination. We conducted bibliographic searches for terms related to discrimination and diversity as well as a manual search through every title and abstract published in HRM over the last 60 years to assess article relevance. The search resulted in 135 research articles with 136 unique studies (i.e., samples) which are reviewed in this article. Sex and race are the demographics that have been examined the most in HRM, while religion has been examined the least. Moreover, the number of studies examining lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) employees in the workplace in HRM has grown quickly within the past 10 years, culminating in a recent meta‐analysis. Our review looks at some of the earliest research published, the most recent research published, and the overall trends we identified in the research over the years for both discrimination and diversity articles. We then make future research suggestions and recommendations to advance the study of discrimination and diversity in the coming years.
Interpretation of infinite shear rate viscosity and a nonuniform heat sink/source on a 3D radiative cross nanofluid with buoyancy assisting/opposing flow
Authors: Ayub Assad , Wahab Hafiz A. , Shah Syed Z. H. , Shah Syed L. , Darvesh Adil , Haider Ali , Sabir Zulqurnain 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWith respect to bionomical concerns and energy security, the performance of refrigeration systems should be enriched, which can be done by improving the characteristics of working liquids. Nanoliquids have attracted interest in the fields of engineering and industry due to their prominent thermophysical characteristics. Researchers have used nanoliquids as working liquids and noticed significant fluctuations in thermal execution. In this study, our prime aim was to study the impact of thermal radiation and varying thermal conductivity on a cross‐nanofuid with the addition of a nonuniform heat sink–source, chemical process, and activation energy (AE) together with effects of assisting and opposing buoyancy. Furthermore, the relationship of zero‐mass flux together with the mechanism of thermophoresis and Brownian motion is considered. Traditionalistic transformations gave the ordinary differential equations (ODEs), which are further dealt with the approach of the Shooting Scheme to change the boundary value problem (BVP) into an initial value problem (IVP) and a numerical comparison is made with the Matlab solver package bvp4c. Bvp4c is based upon a collocation scheme, which yields numeric outcomes for nonlinear ODEs with IVP. Impacts of the involved parameters on mass transfer profile, heat, and momentum fields are shown through graphs. Mass transfer of the cross nanofluid increases with increasing values of AE parameter. Values of physical quantities like drag forces, rate of transport of heat and mass in the case of assisting/opposing flow are tabulated. The drag force magnitudes are greater for enhancing values of M, a, and n, while on the other hand, the opposing tendency is seen for We1 and We2. The magnitude of the rate of heat transport (Nusselt number) falls for greater values of m, σ, δ, and Nt, but in contrast, it accelerates for E, Pr, and n.
Impacts of financial openness on economic complexity: Cross‐country evidence
Authors: Yu Yuyuan , Qayyum Muhammad 
Published: January 2021

AbstractFew studies are found to examine the relationship between financial openness and economic complexity. Using a panel data of 120 economies during 1996–2016, this paper aims to examine the impact of financial openness, human capital, institutional quality, banking industry concentration, and other factors on economic complexity. We establish dynamic panel models that incorporate lagged‐dependent variables and employ the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) for estimation. Our pooled‐sample regression results show that the enhancement of overall financial openness could increase the economic complexity significantly, as well as de‐facto and de‐jure openness. The subsample regressions indicate heterogeneous impacts of financial openness depending on country groups and industry. Besides, there exists significant path dependence for ECI improvement, which is more prominent in high‐income countries. For low‐ and middle‐income countries, greater GVC participation and lower banking concentration can promote ECI improvement significantly.
Physics of electron emission and injection in two‐dimensional materials: Theory and simulation
Authors: Ang Yee Sin , Cao Liemao , Ang Lay Kee 
Published: January 2021

AbstractElectrically contacting two‐dimensional (2D) materials is an inevitable process in the fabrication of devices for both the study of fundamental nanoscale charge transport physics and the design of high‐performance novel electronic and optoelectronic devices. The physics of electrical contact formation and interfacial charge injection critically underlies the performance, energy‐efficiency and the functionality of 2D‐material‐based devices, thus representing one of the key factors in determining whether 2D materials can be successfully implemented as a new material basis for the development of next‐generation beyond‐silicon solid‐state device technology. In this review, the recent developments in the theory and the computational simulation of electron emission, interfacial charge injection and electrical contact formation in 2D material interfaces, heterostructures, and devices are reviewed. Focusing on thermionic charge injection phenomena which are omnipresent in 2D‐materials‐based metal/semiconductor Schottky contacts, we summarize various transport models and scaling laws recently developed for 2D materials. Recent progress on the first‐principle density functional theory simulation of 2D‐material‐based electrical contacts are also reviewed. This review aims to provide a crystalized summary on the physics of charge injection in the 2D Flatlands for bridging the theoretical and the experimental research communities of 2D material device physics and technology.image
Improving effectiveness of dental students’ feedback and course evaluation
Authors: Hajhamid Beshr , Somogyi‐Ganss Eszter 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDental students providing feedback about a course they take, in a timely manner, benefits not only teachers, but also indirectly the students themselves, especially if given with confidence in a constructive manner. Therefore, the aim of this study was to train students on how to give feedback, to ask them to provide feedback before and after the instructions were given, and analyze the change in their responses. Participants were students who attended the second‐year preclinical course in prosthodontics. They were asked to provide feedback anonymously with online surveys after completing modules of the course during the academic year. There was no intervention prior to the first feedback; however, before providing the second feedback, students were asked to read a 1‐page handout related to feedback modalities. Following this, an interactive workshop in feedback was provided prior to the third survey. The received responses were ranked as either: neutral, positive, negative, or constructive and were analyzed using a mixed repeated measures test with Bonferroni correction at a 0.05 significance level. The results showed a higher number of constructive and positive responses than both neutral and negative feedback (P ≤ 0.05) within the same surveys, but no interaction effect was found between the surveys (P = 0.076). Our data showed an increase in constructive feedback provided by students after the 2 different training methods, but the modality of delivery did not seem to significantly influence the results. In summary, training students on how to provide constructive feedback may be beneficial for teachers to improve their courses.
Risk factors of interventional radiology/surgery for colonic diverticular bleeding
Authors: Sato Yoshinori , Yasuda Hiroshi , Nakamoto Yusuke , Kiyokawa Hirofumi , Yamashita Masaki , Matsuo Yasumasa , Maehata Tadateru , Yamamoto Hiroyuki , Mimura Hidefumi , Itoh Fumio 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackground and AimColonic diverticular bleeding (CDB) stops spontaneously, but sometimes, excessive bleeding does not allow hemostasis and requires interventional radiology (IR)/surgery. We examined risk factors in patients who required IR/surgery for CDB and late recurrent bleeding rate after IR/surgery.MethodsThis retrospective case–control study was conducted at a tertiary center. We included 608 patients who required hospitalization for CDB. Patients were investigated for risk factors using logistic regression analysis. We also investigated early and late recurrent bleeding rates following IR/surgery.ResultsIn 261 patients (42.9%), the bleeding source was identified, and endoscopic hemostasis was performed; 23 (3.8%) required IR/surgery. In multivariate analysis, shock state with a blood pressure of ≤90 mmHg (P < 0.001; odds ratio [OR], 20.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 5.08–79.5), positive extravasation on contrast‐enhanced computed tomography (P < 0.001; OR 9.5, 95% CI 2.85–31.4), two or more early recurrent bleeding episodes (P = 0.002; OR 7.4, 95% CI 2.14–25.4), and right colon as the source of bleeding (P = 0.023; OR 4.1, 95% CI 1.25–14.0) were independent risk factors requiring IR/surgery. Early recurrent bleeding was observed in 0% and 28.0% patients (P < 0.001) in the IR/surgery and no IR/surgery groups, respectively, whereas late recurrent bleeding rate was observed in 43.4% and 30.7% patients (P = 0.203) in the IR/surgery and no IR/surgery groups, respectively. Four patients who required surgery experienced late recurrent bleeding at a site different from the initial CDB.ConclusionsAlthough IR/surgery is an effective hemostatic treatment wherein endoscopic treatment is unsuccessful, late recurrent bleeding cannot be prevented.
The detection of SARS‐CoV‐2 in outpatient clinics and public facilities during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Elbadawy Hossein M. , Khattab Amin , Alalawi Ali , Dakilallah Aljohani Fahad , Sundogji Hamza , Mahmoud Ameira S. , Abouzied Meky , Eltahir Heba M. , Alahmadey Ziab , Bahashwan Saleh , Suliman Bandar A. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe transmission of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) can occur through an airborne route, in addition to contaminated surfaces and objects. In hospitals, it has been confirmed by several studies that SARS‐CoV‐2 can contaminate surfaces and medical equipment especially in hospitals dedicated to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) patients. The aim of this study was to detect the contamination of hands, objects, and surfaces in isolation rooms and also in outpatients' clinics in hospitals and polyclinics. Environmental contamination of public high‐touch surfaces in public facilities was also investigated during an active COVID‐19 pandemic. Random swabs were also taken from public shops, pharmacies, bakeries, groceries, banknotes, and automated teller machines (ATMs). Samples were analyzed for SARS‐CoV‐2 positivity using real‐time polymerase chain reaction. In the COVID‐19 regional reference hospital, only 3 out of 20 samples were positive for SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA. Hand swabs from SARS‐CoV‐2‐positive patients in isolation rooms were occasionally positive for viral RNA. In outpatients' clinics, door handles were the most contaminated surfaces. Dental chairs, sinks, keyboards, ophthalmoscopes, and laboratory equipment were also contaminated. Although no positive swabs were found in shops and public facilities, random ATM swabs returned a positive result for SARS‐CoV‐2. Although there is no longer a focus on COVID‐19 wards and isolation hospitals, more attention is required to decontaminate frequently touched surfaces in health‐care facilities used by patients not diagnosed with COVID‐19. Additionally, high‐touch public surfaces such as ATMs require further disinfection procedures to limit the transmission of the infection.