bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extent of resection in glioblastoma: a 10-year local survival analysis
Authors: Hirst Theodore , McAleavey Patrick , Flannery Tom 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Aims
The impact on extent of resection (EOR) in glioblastoma has been well documented. It is clear that gross-total resection (GTR) confers best overall survival (OS), however the minimum EOR required to confer a survival benefit over biopsy is debated. Recent studies favour partial resection (PR) over biopsy for IDH-wildtype, MGMT-unmethylated tumours. We describe our experiences locally with these principles in mind.

Method
Retrospective evaluation of a single surgeon cohort. All patients over 18 years old, undergoing a surgical treatment for histologically confirmed GBM in the stated period were included. We collected information on demographics, tumour volume, EOR, complications, adjuvant therapies, molecular profile, and OS. We used log rank tests and Cox Proportional Hazards Models to identify factors associated with OS.

Results
The patient and tumour characteristics of our cohort were similar to those documented in the literature. The mean age was 56.6 years. 72 patients underwent biopsy and 202 had debulking surgery. Median OS was 11 months. Of those debulked, gross-total resection was achieved in 41 patients (20%); associated median OS was 29 months. Patients receiving partial resection (defined as EOR &lt;80%) had no clear survival benefit over patients undergoing biopsy (median OS 6 vs 5 months) but had a higher rate of post-op neurological deficit (3% vs 12%). Tumour molecular profile appeared to influence survival outcome in a manner comparable to worldwide experience.

Conclusion
In our experience, partial resection is not a justifiable surgical aim in the typical glioblastoma cohort. The limited benefit that it may confer over biopsy appears to be outweighed by the risk of neurological deficit that affects quality and probably quantity of life. This finding applies to our glioblastoma population in general as well as those specifically with an MGM-unmethylated tumour.
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on paediatric glioma patients in low, middle, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, observational cohort study
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Soham ,   Dr. Global Children’s NCDs Collaborative
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Aims
Paediatric cancer is a leading cause of non-communicable disease deaths for children worldwide, with more than 90% of deaths occurring in low-and-middle-income countries (LMICs). The COVID-19 pandemic may have exacerbated disparities in paediatric cancer outcomes between LMICs and HICs. The World Health Organization (WHO) Global Initiative for Childhood Cancer has identified gliomas as a common cancer that can act as a benchmark for assessing global paediatric cancer care. This study aims to ascertain the short and medium-term outcome across 17 countries during the COVID-19 pandemic by determining 30- and 90-day all-cause mortality rates for paediatric glioma patients who underwent treatment.

Method
A multicentre, international, mixed- (retrospective and prospective), collaborative cohort study in 17 countries. Patients were recruited between March 12th 2020 and July 12th 2020.

Results
129 patients were recruited with the majority being histologically diagnosed as low-grade gliomas (n = 86/118, 72.9%). Seven children had a change to their planned chemotherapy treatment because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Similarly, seven children and eleven children had a change to their planned radiotherapy treatment and surgical treatment respectively because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Five patients died within the 30-day follow-up period, with all five patients being in LMICs. A sixth child, also in a LMIC, died within the 90-day follow-up period. This significant difference in mortality between LMICs and HICs was present when controlling for confounding for factors such as grade, ASA status, sex, weight, and age.

Conclusion
There has been relatively minimal change to the treatment of paediatric gliomas worldwide compared to their initial planned care. There was a significant difference in mortality for childhood gliomas between LMICS and high-income countries during the COVID-19 pandemic. There needs to be a concerted effort to improve equity in health outcomes globally.
Accuracy of central neuro-imaging review of DIPG compared with histopathology in the International DIPG Registry
Authors: Lazow Margot A , Fuller Christine , DeWire Mariko , Lane Adam , Bandopadhayay Pratiti , Bartels Ute , Bouffet Eric , Cheng Sylvia , Cohen Kenneth J , Cooney Tabitha M , Coven Scott L , Dholaria Hetal , Diez Blanca , Dorris Kathleen , El-ayadi Moatasem , El-Sheikh Ayman , Fisher Paul G , Fonseca Adriana , Garcia Lombardi Mercedes , Greiner Robert J , Goldman Stewart , Gottardo Nicholas , Gururangan Sridharan , Hansford Jordan R , Hassall Tim , Hawkins Cynthia , Kilburn Lindsay , Koschmann Carl , Leary Sarah E , Ma Jie , Minturn Jane E , Monje-Deisseroth Michelle , Packer Roger , Samson Yvan , Sandler Eric S , Sevlever Gustavo , Tinkle Christopher L , Tsui Karen , Wagner Lars M , Zaghloul Mohamed , Ziegler David S , Chaney Brooklyn , Black Katie , Asher Anthony , Drissi Rachid , Fouladi Maryam , Jones Blaise V , Leach James L 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Background
Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) remains a clinico-radiologic diagnosis without routine tissue acquisition. Reliable imaging distinction between DIPG and other pontine tumors with potentially more favorable prognoses and treatment considerations is essential.

Methods
Cases submitted to the International DIPG registry (IDIPGR) with histopathologic and/or radiologic data were analyzed. Central imaging review was performed on diagnostic brain MRIs (if available) by two neuro-radiologists. Imaging features suggestive of alternative diagnoses included nonpontine origin, &lt;50% pontine involvement, focally exophytic morphology, sharply defined margins, and/or marked diffusion restriction throughout.

Results
Among 286 patients with pathology from biopsy and/or autopsy, 23 (8%) had histologic diagnoses inconsistent with DIPG, most commonly nondiffuse low-grade gliomas and embryonal tumors. Among 569 patients with centrally-reviewed diagnostic MRIs, 40 (7%) were classified as non-DIPG, alternative diagnosis suspected. The combined analysis included 151 patients with both histopathology and centrally-reviewed MRI. Of 77 patients with imaging classified as characteristic of DIPG, 76 (99%) had histopathologic diagnoses consistent with DIPG (infiltrating grade II-IV gliomas). Of 57 patients classified as likely DIPG with some unusual imaging features, 55 (96%) had histopathologic diagnoses consistent with DIPG. Of 17 patients with imaging features suggestive of an alternative diagnosis, eight (47%) had histopathologic diagnoses inconsistent with DIPG (remaining patients were excluded due to nonpontine tumor origin). Association between central neuro-imaging review impression and histopathology was significant (p &lt; 0.001), and central neuro-imaging impression was prognostic of overall survival.

Conclusions
The accuracy and important role of central neuro-imaging review in confirming the diagnosis of DIPG is demonstrated.
A Randomized Trial of Nicotine versus No-nicotine E-cigarettes Among African American Smokers: Changes in Smoking and Tobacco Biomarkers
Authors: Okuyemi Kolawole S , Ojo-Fati Olamide , Aremu Taiwo O , Friedrichsen Samantha C , Grude Lindsay , Oyenuga Mosunmoluwa , Shyne Michael , Murphy Sharon E , Hatsukami Dorothy , Joseph Anne M 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Introduction
The objective of this clinical trial was to compare the effects of e-cigarettes with and without nicotine on patterns of combustible cigarette use and biomarkers of exposure to tobacco toxicants among African American smokers.

Methods
African American smokers (n = 234) were enrolled in a 12-week, single blind, randomized controlled trial and assigned to ad lib use of nicotine e-cigarettes with or without menthol (2.4% nicotine [equivalent to combustible cigarettes], n = 118), or no-nicotine e-cigarettes (n = 116) for 6 weeks. Surveys were administered at baseline, 2, 6, and 12 weeks, and urinary biomarkers 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) and total nicotine equivalents (TNE) were assessed at baseline and 6 weeks.

Results
Participants smoked an average of 11.4 cigarettes per day (CPD) and 88% used menthol cigarettes at baseline. At Week 6, the nicotine group reported using e-cigarettes 9.1 times per day compared to 11.4 times in the no-nicotine group (p = 0.42). Combustible cigarette smoking decreased 3.0 CPD in the nicotine group compared to 2.7 CPD in the no-nicotine group (p = 0.74). Neither TNE nor NNAL changed significantly between baseline and Week 6. There were no differences in nicotine withdrawal symptoms between treatment groups. Smoking reduction persisted in both groups at Week 12.

Conclusions
Contrary to our hypotheses, nicotine e-cigarettes did not significantly reduce the use of combustible cigarettes compared to no-nicotine e-cigarettes in this cohort of African American smokers. Findings suggest e-cigarettes are modestly associated with the decreased use of combustible cigarettes among non-treatment seeking smokers, regardless of nicotine content, but without a reduction in tobacco toxicants.

Implications
Although e-cigarettes have the potential to reduce harm if substituted for combusted cigarettes (or if they promoted cessation) because of lower levels of tobacco toxicants, this study suggests ad lib use of e-cigarettes among African American smokers, with or without nicotine, results in modest smoking reduction but does not change toxicant exposure in a cohort where smoking cessation or reduction is not the goal. These data suggest that testing future harm reduction interventions using e-cigarettes should include more specific behavioral change coaching, including substituting for or completely stopping combusted cigarettes.

Clinical Trial Registration
ClinicalTrials.gov – NCT03084315
Characterizing Heated Tobacco Product Use Among Adult Cigarette Smokers and Nicotine Vaping Product Users in the 2018 ITC Four Country Smoking & Vaping Survey
Authors: Miller Connor R , Sutanto Edward , Smith Danielle M , Hitchman Sara C , Gravely Shannon , Yong Hua-Hie , Borland Ron , O’Connor Richard J , Cummings K Michael , Fong Geoffrey T , Hyland Andrew , Quah Anne C K , Goniewicz Maciej L 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Heated tobacco products (HTP) have diversified global tobacco markets, and user characteristics remain understudied. This study evaluated sociodemographic characteristics, nicotine-related perceptions, and behaviors of current HTP users within a sample of adult (18+ years) nicotine users across four countries.

Aims and Methods
Data were from current smokers or nicotine vaping product (NVP; known as “e-cigarettes”) users from Canada, England, the United States, and Australia (n = 11 421) who participated in the 2018 ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey. Current (at-least-monthly) HTP users were characterized (n = 441), and weighted multivariable logistic regressions examined correlates of HTP use.

Results
Compared to nonusers, current HTP users were younger (mean age: 44.4 vs 31.0 years; p &lt; .001) and had higher socioeconomic status (p &lt; .001). A majority of current HTP users used HTPs nondaily (daily: 40.3% vs nondaily: 59.7%). Most HTP users concurrently used both cigarettes and NVPs (90.5%). Among concurrent cigarette-HTP-NVP users, 36.2% used all three products daily. Use of other combusted tobacco products (cigars, cigarillos, pipe, waterpipe/hookah), cannabis, and binge drinking were each associated with current HTP use. HTP use was more common among smokers intending to quit within 6 months or reporting a quit attempt in the past 18 months, and vapers who had experienced negative side effects.

Conclusion
HTP users in this sample tended to be younger and more affluent. Most reported concurrent use of multiple nicotine products and other substances. Those cigarette smokers who used HTPs appeared more interested in smoking cessation, while some characteristics of concurrent HTP-NVP users were suggestive of dissatisfaction with NVPs.

Implications
Few studies have scrutinized characteristics of HTP early adopters in emerging markets. Our results indicate that in 2018, characteristics of established nicotine users who adopted HTP use in four high-income Western countries mirror those of HTP users in East Asian markets (South Korea and Japan) where HTPs are popular. HTP users reported high levels of concurrent use of noncigarette-combusted tobacco products (e.g., cigars, pipe tobacco). These findings point to the need for future longitudinal studies of HTP use given the implications of those use patterns on the harm reduction potential of HTPs. HTP user characteristics may yield important information to consider in regulation of these products.
Age- and Sex-Dependent Nicotine Pretreatment Effects on the Enhancement of Methamphetamine Self-administration in Sprague-Dawley Rats
Authors: Cardenas Anjelica , Lotfipour Shahrdad 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Initiation of tobacco products typically occurs in adolescence. Adolescence is a critical period in development where the maturation of brain neurocircuitry is vulnerable to nicotine. Nicotine-containing products and psychostimulants, such as methamphetamine (METH), are often coabused. Rodent studies have shown that nicotine exposure in early adolescence increases subsequent drug intake and reward. Given the exponential increase in e-cigarette use among adolescents, there is a pressing need to understand whether adolescent nicotine exposure impacts concurrent increased METH use. The objective of this study is to evaluate age, sex, and longitudinal effects of nicotine pretreatment on METH reinforcement.

Aims and Methods
Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were pretreated with a subchronic, low-dose nicotine (2×, 30 µg/kg/0.1 mL, intravenous) or saline during early adolescence (postnatal days [PN] 28–31) or adulthood (PN 86–89). Following nicotine pretreatment, on PN 32 or PN 90, animals underwent operant intravenous self-administration for METH (20 µg/kg/inf) over a 2-hour period for five consecutive days.

Results
Early adolescent nicotine exposure enhances intravenous METH self-administration in male, but not female adolescents. Male adult rats self-administer METH over the 5-day testing period, independent of nicotine exposure. In contrast, nicotine exposure increases METH self-administration in female adults during the later sessions of the 5-day testing period.

Conclusions
Taken together, our data highlight age- and sex-dependent effects of low dose, subchronic nicotine pretreatment on subsequent intravenous METH self-administration.

Implications
A majority of polysubstance users begin smoking before the age of 18. Mounting evidence highlights adolescent susceptibility to nicotine exposure on brain and behavior. With the escalation in nicotine-containing products and stimulant use among adolescents, it is important to identify the consequences from adolescent nicotine use, including polysubstance use. Our study provides evidence that adolescent nicotine exposure enhances subsequent METH use, with important sex- and age-dependent effects.
Comparative phylogeography of Cyclops vicinus Uljanin, 1875 and Cyclops kikuchii Smirnov, 1932 with implications for differences in their ecological characteristics
Authors: Sioud Imane , Makino Wataru , Urabe Jotaro 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Cyclops kikuchii and Cyclops vicinus are lentic freshwater cyclopoid copepods commonly found in Eurasia, including the Japanese archipelago, where a recent study revealed they were morphologically and molecularly distinguishable. However, their distribution patterns and ecological characteristics are not yet understood. We sought to establish their spatial distributions in Japan and determine whether they have similar phylogeographic patterns using mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I. We found that C. vicinus appeared frequently in the south of Japan as opposed to the north, where C. kikuchii dominated. The Japanese C. kikuchii consists of two phylogroups with a large genetic differentiation (ca. 0.1 as the Kimura 2 Parameter distance), suggesting a case of secondary contact. Neither species showed clear signs of demographic expansion after bottleneck events in Japan. Unlike C. kikuchii, which had many private haplotypes across Japan, C. vicinus possessed several geographically widespread haplotypes, suggesting that its realized range of dispersal and frequency of effective dispersal are larger than those of C. kikuchii’s. We thus argue that the dispersal ability is stronger in C. vicinus than in C. kikuchii. Judging from the data of our present and previous studies, this argument may hold for their entire geographic range.
Epigenetics and the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health Model: Bridging Nature, Nurture, and Patient-Centered Population Health
Authors: Shields Richard K , Dudley-Javoroski Shauna 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Epigenetic processes enable environmental inputs such as diet, exercise, and health behaviors to reversibly tag DNA with chemical “marks” that increase or decrease the expression of an individual’s genetic template. Over time, epigenetic adaptations enable the effects of healthy or unhealthy stresses to become stably expressed in the tissue of an organism, with important consequences for health and disease. New research indicates that seemingly non-biological factors such as social stress, poverty, and childhood hardship initiate epigenetic adaptations in gene pathways that govern inflammation and immunity, two of the greatest contributors to chronic diseases such as diabetes and obesity. Epigenetic processes therefore provide a biological bridge between the genome—an individual’s genetic inheritance—and the Social Determinants of Health—the conditions in which they are born, grow, live, work, and age. This Perspective paper argues that physical therapy clinicians, researchers, and educators can use the theoretical framework provided by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF model) to harmonize new discoveries from both public health research and medically focused genomic research. The ICF model likewise captures the essential role played by physical activity and exercise, which initiate powerful and widespread epigenetic adaptations that promote health and functioning. In this proposed framework, epigenetic processes transduce the effects of the social determinants of health and behaviors such as exercise into stable biological adaptations that affect an individual’s daily activities and their participation in social roles. By harmonizing “nature” and “nurture,” physical therapists can approach patient care with a more integrated perspective, capitalizing on novel discoveries in precision medicine, rehabilitation science, and in population-level research. As the experts in physical activity and exercise, physical therapists are ideally positioned to drive progress in the new era of patient-centered population health care.
The Lexicographical Lesbian: Remaking the Body in Anne Lister’s Erotic Glossary
Authors: Turton Stephen 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In recent years, literary criticism has witnessed a flourishing of what Paula Blank presciently called ‘etymological moments’: playful tracings of the roots of words that unearth unexpected links between the past and the present, and in so doing unsettle our certainties about both. Many of these moments have occurred under the rubric of queer philology, which has particularly called into question scholarly assumptions about the historical transmission of discourses on gender, sexuality, and embodiment. However, this impulse to reclaim the discursive history of the sexed and sexual body is not new. Between 1814 and 1820, the Yorkshire gentlewoman Anne Lister—now famous for her diary’s candid accounts of her love affairs with women—pored through English, Latin, and Greek dictionaries, looking up terms for sexual acts and anatomies and collating what she found into a personal glossary. Lister’s citing and rewriting of these definitions illuminate the protean forms that a dictionary can take for its writers and users: a source of knowledge, a moral guide, and even an erotic aid. Through lexicography, Lister found new ways of reading the body and reimagining its borders, the better to fit the contours of her own desires.
THREE-DIMENSIONAL DOSIMETRY OF MAMMOGRAPHY USING A BLOCK CUBE BREAST PHANTOM AND RADIOCHROMIC FILM
Authors: Gotanda Tatsuhiro , Katsuda Toshizo , Yatake Hidetoshi , Kawaji Yasuyuki , Gotanda Rumi , Imai Shinya , Akagawa Takuya , Sasaki Masashi 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This study developed a phantom with a shape similar to that of the breast and use GAFCHROMIC films that can be placed inside the phantom to measure the detailed breast dose distribution in mammography. GAFCHROMIC EBT3 was placed on the block cube breast phantom and irradiated with a mammography device to measure the absorbed dose distribution inside the phantom in the horizontal and depth directions. The dose distribution in the horizontal plane was the highest in the centre on the chest wall side, and it decreased in a fan shape. Along the depth of the phantom, the doses absorbed across the entire cross-section were 16.15 mGy at the surface and 7.51, 3.25 and 1.68 mGy at depths of 10, 20 and 30 mm, respectively. Compared with the mean glandular dose, the proposed method can measure breast dose distributions in greater detail and is applicable to various breast shapes.