bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimations of the Passing Height of Approaching Objects
Authors: Sander Jacob , Fogt Nick 
Published: December 2021

SIGNIFICANCE
Limited optical cues associated with ball flight were inadequate to estimate the vertical passing distance of approaching balls. These results suggest that these optical cues either must be integrated with contextual and kinematic cues or must be of larger amplitude to contribute to estimates of vertical passing distance.

PURPOSE
To intercept or avoid approaching objects, individuals must estimate both when and where the object will arrive. The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether individuals could estimate the vertical passing height of a ball approaching at different linear speeds when vertical angular retinal image velocity and cues for time to contact were minimized.

METHODS
Twenty participants stood 40 feet from a pitching machine that projected tennis balls toward observers at six random speeds from 56 to 80 mph. The flight of the balls was stopped after 9 feet. The actual passing height ranged from about 35 (lowest speed) to 136 cm (highest speed). Observers indicated the height at which they expected the balls to arrive. Overall, the height estimates increased as ball speed increased (means, 121 ± 13 cm [lowest speed] and 131 ± 10 cm [highest speed]). However, only at the higher speeds were the absolute height estimates close to the actual height of the ball. At the higher ball speeds, estimates for participants with some experience in baseball or softball were more accurate (86.4% correct at the highest speed) than estimates for participants with no experience.

CONCLUSIONS
Overall, estimates of vertical passing distance were inaccurate particularly at the lower speeds. Underestimates of vertical drop at lower speeds may have resulted from overestimates of ball speeds. At short exposure durations, optical cues associated with ball flight were inadequate for predictions of vertical passing distance at all speeds for the no-experience group and at lower speeds for the experienced group.
Case Report: Multimodal Imaging Features of an ABCA4 Cone Dystrophy
Authors: Monferrer-Adsuara Clara , Montero-Hernández Javier , Castro-Navarro Verónica , Remolí-Sargues Lidia , Cervera-Taulet Enrique 
Published: December 2021

SIGNIFICANCE
Cone dystrophies and cone-rod dystrophies are a group of rare inherited pathologies characterized by degeneration of cone photoreceptors and subsequent rod involvement. The identification of causative genes is essential for diagnosis, and advanced imaging is acquiring great value in the characterization of the different phenotypic expressions.

PURPOSE
We describe genotype-phenotype associations of an autosomal recessive ABCA4-associated cone dystrophy using multimodal imaging.

CASE REPORT
A 34-year-old woman presented with progressive visual acuity decay. Visual acuity was 20/32 for her right eye and 20/25 for her left eye. A central scotoma was detected on a 10-2 Humphrey visual field in both eyes. Funduscopy revealed perifoveal retinal pigment epithelial changes, and fundus autofluorescence using blue excitation light showed decreased autofluorescence in the central fovea of both eyes with surrounding annular ring of increased autofluorescence in the perifoveal zone; green excitation light fundus autofluorescence was more accurate in the characterization of the size, perimeter, and circularity of central hypofluorescent lesions. Optical coherence tomography revealed an incomplete focal cavitation in both foveas, and optical coherence tomography angiography images showed a reduction in the superficial and deep capillary plexus density, an increased foveal avascular area, and subtle voids in choriocapillaris blood flow. Electroretinography was consistent with cone dystrophy, and molecular testing revealed the alteration of the ABCA4 gene.

CONCLUSIONS
The identification of an incomplete focal cavitation could alert the clinician to consider early ABCA4 central cone dystrophy. The patient in this case also exhibited reduced vessel density in the foveal area. Both of these characteristics could be important features related to the underlying genetic mutation.
Individual Differences and Transfer of Visual Anticipation in Expert Female Field Hockey Goalkeepers
Authors: Morris-Binelli Khaya , Müller Sean , van Rens Fleur E. C. A. , Harbaugh Allen G. , Rosalie Simon M. 
Published: December 2021

SIGNIFICANCE
Visual anticipation is vital for performance in several domains such as driving, military, and high-speed interceptive sports, as it enables performers to handle severe time constraints. There has been little investigation into individual differences of anticipation skill transfer within a domain, which can guide training of anticipation to improve performance.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to investigate individual differences in the transfer of anticipation within a domain, specifically anticipation of the field hockey penalty corner drag-flick across different opponents.

METHODS
Eight female Australian international and national field hockey goalkeepers participated. Goalkeepers completed female and male opponent penalty corner drag-flick temporal occlusion tests that presented contextual defensive runner positioning relative to the penalty spot, drag-flicker kinematics, and ball flight.

RESULTS
Drag-flick movement time and ball velocity were significantly different across female and male opponents confirming that a transfer continuum existed. Five goalkeepers could transfer integration of runner contextual and drag-flicker kinematic information to anticipate loose runs above chance from female to male opponent tests. None of the goalkeepers could transfer integration of contextual and kinematic information for the tight runs across female to male opponents.

CONCLUSIONS
An individual differences approach with truly expert performers provided unique insights into the mechanism of anticipation transfer within a domain. The findings of this study contribute to theoretical and applied knowledge, which can guide the training of anticipation skill to prepare individuals for superior performance.
Topical Review: Studies of Ocular Function and Disease Using Hyperspectral Imaging
Authors: Beach James M. , Rizvi Madeeha , Lichtenfels Caitlin B. , Vince Robert , More Swati S. 
Published: December 2021

SIGNIFICANCE
Advances in imaging technology over the last two decades have produced significant innovations in medical imaging. Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) is one of these innovations, enabling powerful new imaging tools for clinical use and greater understanding of tissue optical properties and mechanisms underlying eye disease.
Hyperspectral imaging is an important and rapidly growing area in medical imaging, making possible the concurrent collection of spectroscopic and spatial information that is usually obtained from separate optical recordings. In this review, we describe several mainstream techniques used in HSI, along with noteworthy advances in optical technology that enabled modern HSI techniques. Presented also are recent applications of HSI for basic and applied eye research, which include a novel method for assessing dry eye syndrome, clinical slit-lamp examination of corneal injury, measurement of blood oxygen saturation in retinal disease, molecular changes in macular degeneration, and detection of early stages of Alzheimer disease. The review also highlights work resulting from integration of HSI with other imaging tools such as optical coherence tomography and autofluorescence microscopy and discusses the adaptation of HSI for clinical work where eye motion is present. Here, we present the background and main findings from each of these reports along with specific references for additional details.
The Impact of Axial Eye Growth on Foveal Avascular Zone Measurements in Children
Authors: Linderman Rachel E. , Heffernan Elizabeth , Ferrante Samantha , Bachman Groth Jane , Carroll Joseph 
Published: December 2021

SIGNIFICANCE
Foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area is a frequently used biomarker in diseases impacting the retinal vasculature in pediatric populations. Variation in axial length between individuals results in differences in lateral image scale, which affect the accuracy of FAZ area measurements. Accordingly, changes in axial length over time within individual children would affect estimates of FAZ area change.

PURPOSE
This study aimed to quantify how changes in axial length over time affect estimates of FAZ area change using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) images.

METHODS
Twenty pediatric participants (<18 years old) and 40 adult participants were imaged on Optovue's Avanti system (Fremont, CA) and had axial length measurements acquired at two time points. The FAZ was segmented twice using the OCT-A image at each time point. Foveal avascular zone area was estimated at both time points using the assumed/fixed axial length of the OCT-A device (unscaled) and using the participant's axial length (scaled). Changes in FAZ area over time were compared between the pediatric and adult groups using both unscaled and scaled data.

RESULTS
The average ± standard deviation follow-up time was 3.35 ± 1.66 years for the pediatric group and 2.90 ± 1.65 years for the adult group. Using unscaled data, FAZ area seemed to decrease between visits in the pediatric group (P = .004), whereas the FAZ area increased between visits in the adult group (P = .003). When correctly scaled data were used, the FAZ area still increased between visits for the adult group (P < .001), although the FAZ area no longer showed a significant change between visits for the pediatric group (P = .37). When comparing the normalized FAZ area change across visits between unscaled and scaled data, a significant difference was found between the adult and pediatric groups (P < .001).

CONCLUSIONS
Scaled data should be used when measuring FAZ area in pediatric populations, especially in longitudinal studies.
Design of a segmented custom ankle foot orthosis with custom-made metal strut and 3D-printed footplate and calf shell
Authors: Funes-Lora Miguel A. , Posh Ryan , Wensman Jeffrey , Shih Albert J. 
Published: December 2021

Background:
3D-printing is a potential manufacturing process for optimizing the design and manufacture of ankle foot orthosis (AFOs). The feasibility of an AFO with interchangeable strut that is suitable for 3D-printing is created and evaluated.

Objective:
A segmented AFO with 3D-printed custom footplate and calf shell connected by a custom-made strut is studied.

Study design:
The duration of a healthy subject wearing the 3D-printed segmented AFO in daily activities is used to evaluate the feasibility and durability to integrate 3D-printed AFOs into orthotics practice.

Technique:
The 3D-scanning of a patient's leg is first conducted. The scanned 3D surface is modified by creating the clearance around bony prominences and trimlines for the footplate and calf shell. The footplate has a custom-shaped inside to match with the foot and a standard shape outside at the top to match and connect with the strut. For the calf shell, the inside shape is custom fit with the shank and the outside shape is standard to connect with the strut. Material extrusion is the 3D-printing process selected. Tree-like support structures are used to avoid the use of soluble support material and to eliminate the risk of residual chemical solvent in the orthosis.

Results:
The segmented AFO with material extrusion footplate and calf shell was tested in a healthy subject with an active lifestyle, offering comfort, and stability for over 4 months without breakage.

Conclusions:
This segmented AFO is durable, requires short 3D-printing time, and enables the quick adjustment of bending stiffness via an interchangeable strut design.
Increased reengagement of out-of-care HIV patients using Lost & Found, a clinic-based intervention
Authors: Linthwaite Blake , Kronfli Nadine , Marbaniang Ivan , Ruppenthal Luciana , Lessard David , Engler Kim , Lebouché Bertrand , Cox Joseph 
Published: December 2021

Background:
Negative health outcomes associated with being out of HIV care (OOC) warrant reengagement strategies. We aimed to assess effectiveness of Lost & Found, a clinic-based intervention to identify and reengage OOC patients.

Methods:
Developed and delivered using implementation science, Lost & Found consists of two core elements: identification, operationalized through nurse validation of a real-time list of possible OOC patients; and contact, via nurse-led phone calls. It was implemented over a 12-month period (2018–2019) at the Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre (CVIS-MUHC) during a type-II implementation-effectiveness hybrid pilot study. Descriptive outcomes of interest were identification as possibly OOC, OOC confirmation, contact, and successful reengagement. We present results from a pre-post analysis comparing overall reengagement to the year prior, using robust Poisson regression controlled for sex, age, and Canadian birth. Time to reengagement is reported using a Cox proportional hazards model.

Results:
Over half (56%; 1312 of 2354) of CVIS-MUHC patients were identified as possibly OOC. Among these, 44% (n = 578) were followed elsewhere, 19% (n = 249) engaged in care, 3% (n = 33) deceased, 2% (n = 29) otherwise not followed, and 32% (n = 423) OOC. Of OOC patients contacted (85%; 359/423), 250 (70%) reengaged and 40 (11%) had upcoming appointments; the remainder were unreachable, declined care, or missed given appointments. Pre-post results indicate people who received Lost & Found were 1.18 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02–1.36] times more likely to reengage, and reengaged a median 55 days (95% CI 14–98) sooner.

Conclusion:
Lost & Found may be a viable clinic-based reengagement intervention for OOC patients. More robust evaluations are needed.
Brief Report: Bictegravir/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Alafenamide Efficacy in Participants With Preexisting Primary Integrase Inhibitor Resistance Through 48 Weeks of Phase 3 Clinical Trials
Authors: D'Antoni Michelle L. , Andreatta Kristen , Acosta Rima , Martin Hal , Chang Silvia , Martin Ross , White Kirsten L. 
Published: December 2021

Background:
Preexisting drug resistance limits the utility of HIV antiretroviral therapy. Studies have demonstrated safety and efficacy of bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (B/F/TAF), including in patients with M184V/I substitutions.

Setting:
We investigated virologic outcomes through 48 weeks of B/F/TAF treatment in individuals with preexisting primary integrase strand transfer inhibitor resistance (INSTI-R).

Methods:
Preexisting INSTI-R was retrospectively evaluated from 7 B/F/TAF studies. INSTI-R was assessed by historical genotypes and/or baseline RNA or DNA sequencing. Viral loads were measured at all visits.

Results:
Preexisting primary INSTI-R substitutions were detected in 20 of the 1907 participants (1.0%). The 20 participants were predominantly male (75%), were Black (65%), had HIV-1 subtype B (85%), and had baseline median CD4 counts of 594 cells/mm3 and median age of 52 years. Most of the participants (n = 19) were virologically suppressed at baseline and had one primary INSTI-R substitution, E92G, Y143C/H, S147G, Q148H/K/R, N155S, or R263K, +/−secondary substitutions. All suppressed participants maintained virologic suppression throughout 48 weeks without any viral blips. One treatment-naive participant had virus with Q148H+G140S that was fully sensitive to bictegravir but only partially to dolutegravir (phenotype <2.5-fold change and >4-fold change, respectively). With a baseline viral load of 30,000 copies/mL, this participant was virologically suppressed by week 4 and maintained <50 copies/mL through week 48.

Conclusions:
This small cohort with primary INSTI-R achieved and/or maintained virologic suppression through 48 weeks of B/F/TAF treatment. Consistent with the potent in vitro activity of bictegravir against most INSTI-R patterns, B/F/TAF may be a potential treatment option for patients with select preexisting INSTI-R, if confirmed by further studies.
Viral Suppression Levels in Men Who Have Sex With Men and Transgender Women With Newly Diagnosed HIV and Alcohol Use Disorder in Peru: Results From a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial Using Oral Naltrexone
Authors: Gonzales Pedro , Bachireddy Chethan , Grieco Arielle , Ding Rona , Galvez de Leon Samy J. , Ulrich Angela , Lama Javier , Duerr Ann C , Altice Frederick L. 
Published: December 2021

Background:
Alcohol use disorders (AUDs) are common in men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TGW) in Peru and undermine antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence. Oral naltrexone (NTX) is an evidence-based treatment for AUD that has not been assessed in cotreating AUD in MSM/TGW with HIV.

Setting and Design:
A multi-site, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial among MSM/TGW with AUD and newly diagnosed with HIV in Lima, Peru.

Methods:
Newly diagnosed MSM/TGW with HIV and AUD were prescribed a single-treatment regimen of EFV/TDF/FTC from 2014 to 2015 and randomized 2:1 to oral NTX (N = 103) or placebo (N = 53) for 24 weeks. The primary and secondary outcomes were proportion achieving viral suppression (VS: HIV-1 RNA < 400 copies/mL) or maximal viral suppression (MVS: HIV-1 RNA < 40 copies/mL) at 24 weeks.

Results:
There were no significant differences between the arms in VS (81.6% NTX arm vs 75.5% placebo arm; P = 0.37) or MVS (61.2% NTX arm vs 66.0% placebo arm; P = 0.48). Adherence to study medication was low (mean = 34.6%) overall with only 21.4% of participants meeting recommended adherence levels (≥80% daily doses/month). Participants allocated to NTX had significantly lower adherence compared with placebo for both the first and second 12-week study periods, respectively (44.0% vs 35.2%, P = 0.04; 31.4% vs 35.2%, P = 0.03).

Conclusions:
Findings are inconclusive regarding the use of NTX for treatment of AUD in MSM/TGW newly diagnosed with HIV. VS and MVS levels were high irrespective of allocation. Adherence to study medication was low, requiring further exploration of strategies to optimize adherence to NTX as AUD treatment.
Algorithmic Approach to Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Traumatic Craniomaxillofacial Injuries
Authors: Caruso Daniel Phillip , Aquino Vincent Mario , Tannyhill R. John 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Prophylactic antibiotics are commonly used in the management of traumatic injuries to the maxillofacial complex, yet there are no set guidelines for when and when not to prescribe. The purpose of this review is to present the evidence for antibiotic prophylaxis in different clinical scenarios and to propose algorithms to facilitate the decision making process with the ultimate goal of improving antibiotic prescribing practices. A number of databases were searched using a wide range of keywords to ensure the topic was fully encapsulated. The review is divided into 3 sections: soft tissue trauma, maxillofacial fractures, and ballistic injuries. The algorithms were constructed using the current evidence as well as pathophysiologic principles, especially when there were insufficient studies. This review found the literature on antibiotic prophylaxis to be highly varied and not standardized. Creating an algorithm for providers to follow will help to set a standard of care and decrease the misuse of antibiotics.
Benign Nasal Mass as a Delayed Complication of Barbed Thread Rhinoplasty
Authors: Kim Kyung Soo , Min Hyun Jin 
Published: December 2021

Abstract:
Barbed thread rhinoplasty for nasal tip projection, dorsal length elongation, and nostril correction is usually performed at private clinics. The procedure is minimally invasive and does not cause permanent external scarring, which is a common challenge in rhinoplasty. Limited studies have described the complications of this procedure, with no reports on its late complications. A patient presented to the authors’ clinic with a nasal septal mass, which had developed 3 months before the visit. She had undergone rhinoplasty 10 years prior. During excisional biopsy, the authors found barbed threads impacted in the mass, which may have been inserted during the rhinoplasty. The mass was pathologically demonstrated as a chronic inflammatory lesion that may have originated due to the foreign body. The use of barbed threads in rhinoplasty can induce complications as late as 10 years after surgery; clinicians should consider this and explain the possible late complications to patients before surgery.
TSG101 Associates with PARP1 and is Essential for PARylation and DNA Damage-induced NF-κB Activation
Authors: Tufan Ahmet Bugra , Lazarow Katina , Kolesnichenko Marina , Sporbert Anje , von Kries Jens Peter , Scheidereit Claus 
Published: December 2021

SUMMARYIn a genome-wide screening for components of the dsDNA-break-induced IKK-NF-κB pathway we identified scores of regulators, including tumor susceptibility protein TSG101. TSG101 is essential for DNA damage-induced formation of cellular poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR). TSG101 directly binds to PARP1 and is required for PARP1 activation. This function of TSG101 is independent of its role in the ESCRT-I endosomal sorting complex. In the absence of TSG101, the PAR-dependent formation of a nuclear PARP1-IKKγ signalosome, which triggers IKK activation, is impaired. According to its requirement for PARP1 and NF-κB activation, TSG101 deficient cells are defective in DNA repair and apoptosis protection. Loss of TSG101 results in PARP1 trapping at damage sites and mimics the effect of pharmacological PARP-inhibition. We also show that loss of TSG101 in connection with inactivated tumor suppressors BRCA1/2 in breast cancer cells is lethal. Our results imply TSG101 as a therapeutic target to achieve synthetic lethality in cancer treatment.
The T cell receptor repertoire reflects the dynamics of the immune response to vaccination
Authors: Mohammed Kevin , Meadows Austin , Hekmaty Saboor , Hatem Sandra , Simon Viviana , Jayaprakash Anitha D. , Sachidanandam Ravi 
Published: December 2021

AbstractEarly, high-resolution metrics are needed to ascertain the immune response to vaccinations. The T cell receptor (TCR), a heterodimer of one α and one β chain, is a promising target, with the complete TCR repertoire reflecting the T cells present in an individual. To this end, we developed Tseek, an unbiased and accurate method for profiling the TCR repertoire by sequencing the TCR α and β chains and developing a suite of tools for repertoire analysis. An added advantage is the ability to non-invasively analyze T cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Tseek and the analytical suite were used to explore the T cell response to both the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine (n=9) and the seasonal inactivated Influenza vaccine (n=5) at several time points. Neutralizing antibody titers were also measured in the covid vaccine samples. The COVID-19 vaccine elicited a broad T cell response involving multiple expanded clones, whereas the Influenza vaccine elicited a narrower response involving fewer clones. Many distinct T cell clones responded at each time point, over a month, providing temporal details lacking in the antibody measurements, especially before the antibodies are detectable. In individuals recovered from a SARS-CoV-2 infection, the first vaccine dose elicited a robust T cell response, while the second dose elicited a comparatively weaker response, indicating a saturation of the response. The physical symptoms experienced by the recipients immediately following the vaccinations were not indicative of the TCR/antibody responses. The TCR responses broadly presaged the antibody responses. We also found that the TCR repertoire acts as an individual fingerprint: donors of blood samples taken years apart could be identified solely based upon their TCR repertoire, hinting at other surprising uses the TCR repertoire may have. These results demonstrate the promise of TCR repertoire sequencing as an early and sensitive measure of the adaptive immune response to vaccination, which can help improve immunogen selection and optimize vaccine dosage and spacing between doses.