bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recovery: Fast and Slow—Vegetation Response During the 2012–2016 California Drought
Authors: Yang Xi , Xu Xiangtao , Stovall Atticus , Chen Min , Lee Jung‐Eun 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe 2012–2016 California Drought severely impacted natural vegetation across a wide range of environmental gradient. Although several studies have reported an increase in plant water stress and mortality, the spatiotemporal variations of ecosystem productivity responses and the associated environmental and biological drivers remain unclear. Here, using Enhanced Vegetation Index from the Moderate resolution imaging spectrometer, we found that 45% of the natural ecosystems showed an abrupt change (breakpoint [BP]) in productivity during 2012–2016. There were three major contrasting temporal patterns of productivity responses: (i) a steady increase under higher temperature followed by a decline due to accumulated moisture depletion (high elevation forest) or temperature decrease (high elevation nonforest), (ii) gradual decline during the drought followed by a rapid recovery within 1 year after drought stress was partially relieved, and (iii) both a gradual decline and an abrupt decline. The magnitude of abrupt changes was negatively correlated (r = −0.80, p < 0.001) with initial gradual changes. Overall, changes during BP offset, on average, 57% of the preceding gradual responses. The spatial variability in ecosystem response patterns is driven by both environmental and biological factors. Particularly, for forests, positive BP was driven by increasing rainfall and decreasing temperature, while negative BP was mainly driven by the precipitation anomaly. By 2019, 33% of the natural vegetation have recovered to the level of EVI in 2010. Ecosystem responses to multiyear droughts can influence ecosystem dynamics in a complex pattern. Multiple ecohydrological factors should be considered to understand and predict the long‐term drought impacts on ecosystems.
Process‐Based Climate Model Development Harnessing Machine Learning: III. The Representation of Cumulus Geometry and Their 3D Radiative Effects
Authors: Villefranque Najda , Blanco Stéphane , Couvreux Fleur , Fournier Richard , Gautrais Jacques , Hogan Robin J. , Hourdin Frédéric , Volodina Victoria , Williamson Daniel 
Published: March 2021

AbstractProcess‐scale development, evaluation, and calibration of physically based parameterizations of clouds and radiation are powerful levers for improving weather and climate models. In a series of papers, we propose a strategy for process‐based calibration of climate models that uses machine learning techniques. It relies on systematic comparisons of single‐column versions of climate models with explicit simulations of boundary‐layer dynamics and clouds (Large‐Eddy Simulations [LES]). This paper focuses on the calibration of cloud geometry parameters (vertical overlap, horizontal heterogeneity, and cloud size) that appear in the parameterization of radiation. The solar component of a radiative transfer (RT) scheme that includes a parameterization for 3D radiative effects of clouds (SPARTACUS) is run in offline single‐column mode on an ensemble of input cloud profiles synthesized from LES outputs. The space of cloud geometry parameter values is efficiently explored by sampling a large number of parameter sets (configurations) from which radiative metrics are computed using fast surrogate models that emulate the SPARTACUS solver. The sampled configurations are evaluated by comparing these radiative metrics to reference values provided by a 3D RT Monte Carlo model. The best calibrated configurations yield better predictions of TOA and surface fluxes than the one that uses parameter values computed from the 3D cloud fields: The root‐mean‐square errors averaged over cumulus cloud fields and solar angles are reduced from ∼10 Wm−2 with LES‐derived parameters to ∼5 Wm−2 with adjusted parameters. However, the calibration of cloud geometry fails to reduce the errors on absorption, which remain around 2–4 Wm−2.
Frequent Mass Movements From Glacial and Lahar Terraces, Controlled by Both Hillslope Characteristics and Fluvial Erosion, are an Important Sediment Source to Puget Sound Rivers
Authors: Scott Daniel N. , Collins Brian D. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMass movements from glacial and lahar terraces in the middle and lower reaches of rivers draining the Washington Cascade Range to Puget Sound may represent a substantial but poorly quantified portion of those rivers' sediment supply and pose significant mass movement hazards. We used repeat LiDAR elevation data, aerial imagery, and well logs to quantify and characterize terrace sediment delivery in nine major watersheds over a median period of 12 years. In the 1,946 river kilometers for which repeat LiDAR was available (71% of the 2,736 total river kilometers flanked by terraces), 167 mass movements eroded 853,600 ± 19,400 m3/yr. Analysis of mass movement frequency and volume indicates that terrace sediment delivery is dominated by small, frequent mass movements, as opposed to large, infrequent ones like the 2014 Oso landslide. This sediment source is low in river networks, well connected to streams, and has a substantial coarse‐grained and durable component, all of which increase its significance to sedimentation in developed, lowland reaches. However, rates of terrace sediment delivery vary among basins and between adjacent terraces, which are stratigraphically laterally heterogeneous. While lateral fluvial erosion is usually necessary to initiate terrace mass movements, valley bottom geometry and terrace stratigraphy poorly predict erosion volume, which is better predicted by hillslope geometry and mass movement style. Effective management of sedimentation and mass movement hazard should acknowledge the importance of terrace sediment delivery and the variability among and within watersheds in sediment delivery, sediment characteristics, and failure mechanisms.
Molecular docking, pharmacokinetic studies, and in vivo pharmacological study of indole derivative 2-(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indole-3-yl)-N′-[(E)-(3-nitrophenyl) methylidene] acetohydrazide as a promising chemoprotective agent against cisplatin induced organ damage
Authors: Razak Suhail , Afsar Tayyaba , Bibi Nousheen , Abulmeaty Mahmoud , Qamar Wajhul , Almajwal Ali , Inam Anam , Al Disi Dara , Shabbir Maria , Bhat Mashooq Ahmad 
Published: March 2021

AbstractCisplatin is an efficient anticancer drug against various types of cancers however, its usage involves side effects. We investigated the mechanisms of action of indole derivative, 2-(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-N'-[(E)-(3-nitrophenyl) methylidene] acetohydrazide (MMINA) against anticancer drug (cisplatin) induced organ damage using a rodent model. MMINA treatment reversed Cisplatin-induced NO and malondialdehyde (MDA) augmentation while boosted the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The animals were divided into five groups (n = 7). Group1: Control (Normal) group, Group 2: DMSO group, Group 3: cisplatin group, Group 4: cisplatin + MMINA group, Group 5: MMINA group. MMINA treatment normalized plasma levels of biochemical enzymes. We observed a significant decrease in CD4+COX-2, STAT3, and TNF-α cell population in whole blood after MMINA dosage. MMINA downregulated the expression of various signal transduction pathways regulating the genes involved in inflammation i.e. NF-κB, STAT-3, IL-1, COX-2, iNOS, and TNF-α. The protein expression of these regulatory factors was also downregulated in the liver, kidney, heart, and brain. In silico docking and dynamic simulations data were in agreement with the experimental findings. The physiochemical properties of MMINA predicted it as a good drug-like molecule and its mechanism of action is predictably through inhibition of ROS and inflammation.
In vivo uptake of antisense oligonucleotide drugs predicted by ab initio quantum mechanical calculations
Authors: Hansen Henrik Frydenlund , Albaek Nanna , Hansen Bo Rode , Shim Irene , Bohr Henrik , Koch Troels 
Published: March 2021

AbstractLiver and kidney uptake and antisense activity is studied for a series of Locked Nucleic Acid (LNA) oligonucleotides with fully stereo-defined, internucleoside linkages. These stereo-specific phosphorothioates are made with a newly developed synthesis method and are being analyzed both theoretically and experimentally. Their structures are obtained theoretically by using many-body Schrödinger equations applied to a group of 11 stereo-defined LNA antisense oligonucleotides selected for biological experiments. The fully converged electronic structures were obtained from ab initio quantum calculations providing the specific electronic structures. One important result was the observation that the calculated electronic structure, represented by the iso-surface area of the electron density in Å2, correlated linearly with LNA oligonucleotide uptake in the liver and kidney. This study also shows that more complex biological phenomena, such as drug activity, will require more molecular and cellular identifiers than used here before a correlation can be found. Establishing biological correlations between quantum mechanical (QM) calculated structures and antisense oligonucleotides is novel, and this method may constitute new tools in drug discovery.
Influence of provenance origin on the early performance of two sclerophyllous Mediterranean species established in burned drylands
Authors: Espinoza Sergio E. , Yañez Marco A. , Martínez Eduardo E. , Carrasco-Benavides Marcos R. , Vaswani Suraj A. , Gajardo John , Magni Carlos R. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractForest restoration have had limited success due to intense and prolonged droughts in Mediterranean-type ecosystems. In this context, knowledge of growth and physiology in seedlings of different provenances can be useful in the selection of appropriate seed sources for restoration. In this study we investigated variations in survival, growth, and leaf-level physiology of five provenances ofQuillaja saponariaMol. and five provenances ofCryptocarya albaMol. originated from coastal and Pre Andean sites exhibiting latitudinal-related climate differences in central Chile. Seedlings were grown in a nursery on 600 mL pots for 18 months and then planted in a dryland site severely damaged by fire. One year after establishment, we measured survival, growth, and leaf-level physiology. We also analyzed the relationship between outplanting survival with seedling characteristics prior to planting, and the relationship between growth and survival with physiological traits and with climate variables. Growth and survival were similar among provenances ofQ.saponariaandC. alba, with the exception of differing heights observed within the provenance ofQ.saponaria. Initial root collar diameter ofQ.saponariawas observed to be positively correlated to outplanting survival. With the exception of photosynthesis inQ.saponaria, all provenances of both species differed in the leaf-level physiological traits. Those provenances originating from interior dryland sites exhibited lower stomatal conductance and used water more efficiently. The opposite was true for provenances coming from coastal sites. In outplanting sites with Mediterranean-type climates that have been damage by severe fire, selections based on larger diameter seedlings, especially forQ.saponariaand from interior and pre-Andean provenances, will likely improve outplanting success.
Irrelevant background context decreases mnemonic discrimination and increases false memory
Authors: Racsmány Mihály , Bencze Dorottya , Pajkossy Péter , Szőllősi Ágnes , Marián Miklós 
Published: March 2021

AbstractOne of the greatest commonplaces in memory research is that context improves recall and enhances or leaves recognition intact. Here we present results which draw attention to the fact that the reappearance of irrelevant and unattended background contexts of encoding significantly impairs memory discrimination functions. This manuscript presents the results of two experiments in which participants made indoor/outdoor judgements for a large number of object images presented together with individual, irrelevant and presumably unattended background scenes. On a subsequent unexpected recognition test participants saw the incidentally encoded target objects, visually similar lures or new foil objects on the same or new background scenes. Our results showed that although the reappearance of the background scene raised the hit rate for target objects, it decreased mnemonic discrimination, a behavioral score for pattern separation, a hippocampal function that is affected in early dementia. Furthermore, the presence of the encoded background scene at the recognition test increased the false recognition of lure objects, even when participants were explicitly instructed to neglect the context scene. Altogether these results gave evidence that if context increases recognition hits for target memories, it does so at the cost of increasing false recognition and diminished discriminability for similar information.
Folate transporter dynamics and therapy with classic and tumor-targeted antifolates
Authors: O’Connor Carrie , Wallace-Povirk Adrianne , Ning Changwen , Frühauf Josephine , Tong Nian , Gangjee Aleem , Matherly Larry H. , Hou Zhanjun 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThere are three major folate uptake systems in human tissues and tumors, including the reduced folate carrier (RFC), folate receptors (FRs) and proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT). We studied the functional interrelationships among these systems for the novel tumor-targeted antifolates AGF94 (transported by PCFT and FRs but not RFC) and AGF102 (selective for FRs) versus the classic antifolates pemetrexed, methotrexate and PT523 (variously transported by FRs, PCFT and RFC). We engineered HeLa cell models to express FRα or RFC under control of a tetracycline-inducible promoter with or without constitutive PCFT. We showed that cellular accumulations of extracellular folates were determined by the type and levels of the major folate transporters, with PCFT and RFC prevailing over FRα, depending on expression levels and pH. Based on patterns of cell proliferation in the presence of the inhibitors, we established transport redundancy for RFC and PCFT in pemetrexed uptake, and for PCFT and FRα in AGF94 uptake; uptake by PCFT predominated for pemetrexed and FRα for AGF94. For methotrexate and PT523, uptake by RFC predominated even in the presence of PCFT or FRα. For both classic (methotrexate, PT523) and FRα-targeted (AGF102) antifolates, anti-proliferative activities were antagonized by PCFT, likely due to its robust activity in mediating folate accumulation. Collectively, our findings describe a previously unrecognized interplay among the major folate transport systems that depends on transporter levels and extracellular pH, and that determines their contributions to the uptake and anti-tumor efficacies of targeted and untargeted antifolates.
Epidemiological survey of human echinococcosis in east Gansu, China
Authors: Yan Shuai , Wang Dong , Zhang Junrui , Mo Xiaojin , Feng Yu , Duan Liling , Liu Deyu , Li Fan , Dao Yongchun , Zhang Ting , Hu Wei , Feng Zheng , Zheng Bin 
Published: March 2021

AbstractEchinococcosis is endemic in pastoral regions of south, west and mid-Gansu province, China. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of echinococcosis in east Gansu, and analyze its associated risk factors. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2011 in 12 villages of Xiaonangou township, Huan County in east Gansu province by ultrasound abdominal scan and auxiliary serotest, and a prevalence surveillance study from 2008 to 2014 was performed in one villages by ultrasonography screening. Questionnaire information analysis indicates that the risk factors are in association with the gender, age, and education level. The cross-sectional survey found a cystic echinococcosis prevalence of 2.21% (107/4837). Higher prevalence was seen in females (χ2 = 4.198,P < 0.05), older ages (> 60 years) (χ2trend = 96.30,P < 0.05), and illiterates (χ2 = 90.101,P < 0.05). Prevalence surveillance showed changing profile of 3.35% in 2011 to 0.88% (1/113) in 2014.
Population pharmacokinetic model development and its relationship with adverse events of oxcarbazepine in adult patients with epilepsy
Authors: Jang Yoonhyuk , Yoon Seonghae , Kim Tae-Joon , Lee SeungHwan , Yu Kyung-Sang , Jang In-Jin , Chu Kon , Lee Sang Kun 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis study aimed to develop a pharmacokinetic (PK) model of oxcarbazepine (OXC) and analyse the relationship between monohydroxylated derivative (MHD), an active metabolite of OXC, and the adverse events of OXC. We obtained 711 OXC samples from 618 patients with epilepsy who were enrolled in the Epilepsy Registry Cohort of Seoul National University Hospital from February 2011 to January 2014. The plasma PK model was developed using a nonlinear mixed-effect modelling method with NONMEM (ver 7.3). A one-compartment model with a first-order absorption model and proportional residual error adequately described the MHD concentration–time profiles. The only covariate incorporated for CL/F and V/F was body weight. Of the 447 patients analysed, 28 (6.26%) had dose-related adverse events (DRAEs), which were dizziness, somnolence, headache, and diplopia. For DRAE occurrence, the cut-off values of the MHD trough and AUC were 12.27 mg/L (specificity 0.570, sensitivity 0.643) and 698.5 mg h/L (specificity, sensitivity 0.571), respectively. Multivariate analysis showed the sole dizziness symptom was significantly associated with both the MHD trough and the AUC (p = 0.013, p = 0.038, respectively). We newly developed a population PK model using sparse sampling data from patients with epilepsy, and the model better reflects the actual clinical situation.
Hidden hearing loss is associated with loss of ribbon synapses of cochlea inner hair cells
Authors: Song Feng , Gan Bin , Wang Na , Wang Zhe , Xu An-ting 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The present study aimed to observe the changes in the cochlea ribbon synapses after repeated exposure to moderate-to-high intensity noise. Guinea pigs received 95 dB SPL white noise exposure 4 h a day for consecutive 7 days (we regarded it a medium-term and moderate-intensity noise, or MTMI noise). Animals were divided into four groups: Control, 1DPN (1-day post noise), 1WPN (1-week post noise), and 1MPN (1-month post noise). Auditory function analysis by auditory brainstem response (ABR) and compound action potential (CAP) recordings, as well as ribbon synapse morphological analyses by immunohistochemistry (Ctbp2 and PSD95 staining) were performed 1 day, 1 week, and 1 month after noise exposure. After MTMI noise exposure, the amplitudes of ABR I and III waves were suppressed. The CAP threshold was elevated, and CAP amplitude was reduced in the 1DPN group. No apparent changes in hair cell shape, arrangement, or number were observed, but the number of ribbon synapse was reduced. The 1WPN and 1MPN groups showed that part of ABR and CAP changes recovered, as well as the synapse number. The defects in cochlea auditory function and synapse changes were observed mainly in the high-frequency region. Together, repeated exposure in MTMI noise can cause hidden hearing loss (HHL), which is partially reversible after leaving the noise environment; and MTMI noise-induced HHL is associated with inner hair cell ribbon synapses.
Static and dynamic eccentricity fault diagnosis of large salient pole synchronous generators by means of external magnetic field
Authors: Ehya Hossein , Nysveen Arne , Nilssen Robert , Liu Yujing 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAlthough synchronous generators are robust and long‐lasting equipment of power plants, consistent electricity production depends on their health conditions. Static and dynamic eccentricity faults are among the prevalent faults that may have a costly effect. Although several methods have been proposed in the literature to detect static and dynamic eccentricity faults in salient pole synchronous generators (SPSGs), they are non‐sensitive to a low degree of failure and require a predefined threshold to recognise the fault occurrence that may vary based on machine configuration. This article presents a detailed magnetic analysis of the SPSGs with static and dynamic eccentricity faults by focusing on the external magnetic field. The external magnetic field was measured using two search coils installed on the backside of the stator yoke. Also, advanced signal processing tools based on wavelet entropy were used to analyse the induced electromotive force (emf) in search coils to extract the fault index. The proposed index required no threshold to recognise the starting point of fault occurrence and was sensitive to a low degree of fault. It was also non‐sensitive to load variation and noise that may induce a false alarm.
Scale space Radon transform
Authors: Ziou Djemel , Nacereddine Nafaa , Goumeidane Aicha Baya 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAn extension of Radon transform by using a measure function capturing the user need is proposed. The new transform, called scale space Radon transform, is devoted to the case where the embedded shape in the image is not filiform. A case study is brought on a straight line and an ellipse where the SSRT behaviour in the scale space and in the presence of noise is deeply analyzed. In order to show the effectiveness of the proposed transform, the experiments have been carried out, first, on linear and elliptical structures generated synthetically subjected to strong altering conditions such blur and noise and then on structures images issued from real‐world applications such as road traffic, satellite imagery and weld X‐ray imaging. Comparisons in terms of detection accuracy and computational time with well‐known transforms and recent work dedicated to this purpose are conducted, where the proposed transform shows an outstanding performance in detecting the above‐mentioned structures and targeting accurately their spatial locations even in low‐quality images.
Low voltage colour modulation in hydrothermally grown Ni‐Co nanoneedles for electrochromic application
Authors: Pathak Devesh K. , Chaudhary Anjali , Tanwar Manushree , Kandpal Suchita , Ghosh Tanushree , Rani Chanchal , Kumar Rajesh 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA nanostructured film of NiCo2O4 has been prepared using a hydrothermal technique by simply using separate precursors to obtain nanoneedle‐like architecture for electrochromic applications. A homogeneous film consisting of packed nanoneedles with moderate density, appearing translucent white in colour, has been obtained and characterized using XRD and Raman spectroscopy techniques for confirming the composition and structure. Electrochemical analysis of the film reveals that the film shows good electrochromic properties under the anodic scan of potential with strong stability. The mechanism of the electrode under the transformation from natural white to opaque dark brown colour has been understood with the help of an in situ optical absorption spectroscopy technique. The electrode is found electrochromically active with a bias of up to 2 V and shows 50% optical contrast which makes it a good candidate for application in a solid state electrochromic device.