bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pediatric hallux valgus: An overview of history, examination, conservative, and surgical management
Authors: Seidenstein Alexandra H , Torrez Timothy W , Andrews Nicholas A , Patch David A , Conklin Michael J , Shah Ashish 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPediatric hallux valgus (PHV), while relatively rare, is still often encountered by general pediatricians. Herein, we concisely summarize the existing literature regarding the pathogenesis, associated conditions, clinical diagnosis, radiographic characteristics, conservative management, and surgical management of PVH. Though PHV is generally considered benign, the progression of hallux valgus can result in complications. The presence of an open physis in the pediatric age group delineates first line treatment choices, whenever possible, as nonoperative. The general exception to this recommendation is for children with neuromuscular and connective tissues disease who may benefit from earlier surgical management. If conservative approaches fail prior to skeletal maturity, the risk of recurrence and need for revision surgery should be discussed with patients and their families before surgical referral is made. The current review was conducted to aid primary care providers in better understanding the pathogenesis, associated conditions, and intervention options available to manage PHV.
Chloroplast membrane lipid remodeling protects against dehydration by limiting membrane fusion and distortion
Authors: Chng Choon-Peng , Wang Kun , Ma Wei , Hsia K Jimmy , Huang Changjin 
Published: November 2021

AbstractDehydration damages the structural integrity of the chloroplast membrane and, consequently, the normal photosynthetic function of this organelle. Remodeling of galactolipids by converting monogalactosyl–diacylglycerol (MGDG) to digalactosyl-diacylglycerol (DGDG) and oligo-galactolipids is an effective adaptation strategy for protecting against dehydration damage to the chloroplast membrane. However, detailed molecular mechanisms are missing. In this study, by performing molecular-level simulations of bi-lamellar membranes under various dehydration conditions, we find that MGDG-to-DGDG remodeling protects the chloroplast membrane in a unique manner by simultaneously dictating both the extent and the pattern of fusion stalks formed with the apposed membrane. Specifically, MGDG-rich membranes form elongated stalks at a moderate dehydration level, whereas DGDG-rich membranes form smaller, rounded stalks. Simulations of wild-type and mutant Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) outer chloroplast membranes further confirm that the mutant membrane without galactolipid remodeling is more susceptible to membrane fusion due to its higher MGDG content. Our work reveals the underlying physical mechanisms that govern the pattern and extent of membrane fusion structures, paving the way for rational genetic engineering of crops with improved dehydration tolerance.
Impact of contraceptive coverage policies on contraceptive use and risky sexual behavior among adolescent girls in the USA
Authors: Paul Pooja L , Pace Lydia E , Hawkins Summer Sherburne 
Published: November 2021

AbstractObjectiveThis study used representative data to examine the impact of changes in contraceptive coverage policies (contraceptive insurance mandates and pharmacy access to emergency contraception) on contraceptive use and risky sexual behavior among adolescent girls.Study designUsing 2003–17 Youth Risk Behavior Survey data on 116 180 adolescent girls from 34 states, we conducted difference-in-differences models to examine changes in contraceptive use and unprotected sexual intercourse with the implementation of contraceptive coverage policies. We also tested interactions between age and pharmacy access to emergency contraception.ResultsFindings indicate that contraceptive insurance mandates and pharmacy access to emergency contraception were not associated with changes in contraceptive use or unprotected sexual intercourse among adolescent girls, although some changes were observed in specific age groups. Despite this, our results show an overall increase in reported use of birth control pills and longer-acting methods from 2003 through 2017.ConclusionsUsing representative data, this study lends support to existing evidence that increased access to emergency contraception does not impact contraceptive method used or unprotected sexual intercourse among adolescent girls. The results underscore the need for expanding access to a wide range of contraceptive options for adolescents, with a focus on safer and more effective longer-acting methods.
The Macroeconomics of Sticky Prices with Generalized Hazard Functions
Authors: Alvarez Fernando , Lippi Francesco , Oskolkov Aleksei 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We give a full analytic characterization of a large class of sticky-price models where the firm’s price-setting behavior is described by a generalized hazard function. Such a function allows for a vast variety of empirical hazards to be fitted. This setup is microfounded by random adjustment costs, as in Caballero and Engel (1999), or by information frictions, as in Woodford (2009). We establish two main results. First, we show how to identify all the primitives of the model, including the distribution of the fundamental adjustment costs and the implied generalized hazard function, using the distribution of price changes. Second, we derive a sufficient statistic for the aggregate effect of a monetary shock: given an arbitrary generalized hazard function, the cumulative impulse response of output to a once-and-for-all monetary shock is proportional to the ratio of the kurtosis of the steady-state distribution of price changes over the frequency of price adjustment. We prove that Calvo’s model yields the upper bound and Golosov and Lucas’s model the lower bound on this measure in the class of random menu cost models.
The Heterogeneous Effect of COVID-19 on the Gender Gap in Iran
Authors: Yousefi Kowsar , Pilvar Hanifa , Farajnia Salman 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
COVID-19 has impacted all human beings, but more severely people with baseline vulnerabilities, and especially women. The impact is even more pronounced in developing countries where gender gap bias is more acute. We use the national data set of the Labor Force Survey, from 2015 to summer 2020, to assess the heterogeneous impacts of the downturn on the employment of women in Iran. Findings show that women have disproportionately exited the labor market, which widens the gender gap in the participation rate. They also show a slower recovery for women compared to men. In contrast, when remaining in the labor market women’s working hours are less affected than men’s. Overall, our findings show a heterogeneous effect from the pandemic among women regarding their education level, age, and occupational choices.
Perinatal Outcomes in Singleton Pregnancies After In Vitro Fertilization Cycles Over 24 Years
Authors: Shah Jaimin S. , Vaughan Denis A. , Leung Angela , Korkidakis Ann , Figueras Francesc , Garcia Desiree , Penzias Alan S. , Sakkas Denny 
Published: November 2021

(Abstracted from Fertil Steril 2021;116(1):27–35)
In vitro fertilization (IVF) has represented the mainstay of infertility treatment globally for many decades and has improved significantly over this time in efficacy and efficiency. Innovation in technology and laboratory practices such as cryopreservation and vitrification in conjunction with clinical alterations in protocols and embryo transfer (ET) number have played an important role in the advancement of IVF.
Atypical atrial flutter: review of mechanisms, advances in mapping and ablation outcomes
Authors: Ko Ko Nway Le , Sriramoju Anil , Khetarpal Banveet Kaur , Srivathsan Komandoor 
Published: November 2021

Purpose of review
Atrial flutter (AFL) is the second most prevalent arrhythmia after atrial fibrillation (AF). It is a macro-reentrant tachycardia that is either cavotricuspid isthmus dependent (typical) or independent (atypical). This review aims at highlighting mechanism, diagnosis and treatment of atypical AFL and the recent developments in electroanatomic mapping.

Recent findings
Incidence of left AFL is at an exponential rise presently with increase in AF ablation rates. The mechanism of left AFL is most often peri-mitral, roof-dependent or within pulmonary veins in preablated, in contrast to posterior or anterior wall low voltage areas in ablation naïve patients. Linear lesions, compared to pulmonary vein isolation alone, have higher incidence of atypical right or left AFL. Catheter ablation for atypical AFL is associated with lower rates of thromboembolic events, transfusions, and length of stay compared to typical AFL.

Summary
Advances in mapping have allowed rapid simultaneous acquisition of automatically annotated points in the atria and identification of details of macro-reentrant circuits, including zones of conduction block, scar, and slow conduction.
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy in the pediatric population
Authors: Cohen Mitchell I. , Atkins Melany B. 
Published: November 2021

Purpose of review
Review the current state of the art of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) diagnosis and risk stratification in the pediatric population.

Recent findings
ARVC is an inherited cardiomyopathy characterized by progressive myocyte loss and fibrofatty replacement of predominantly the right ventricle and high risk of ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death (SCD). ARVC is one of the leading causes of arrhythmic cardiac arrest in young people. Early diagnosis and accurate risk assessment are challenging, especially in children who often exhibit little to no phenotype, even if genotype positive. Multimodal imaging provides more detailed assessment of the right ventricle and has been shown in pediatric patients to identify earlier preclinical disease expression. Identification of patients with ARVC allows the clinician to intervene early with appropriate exercise restrictions, even if genotype positive only without phenotypic expression. Emphasis should be placed on stratifying the patient's risk of ventricular arrhythmias and SCD.

Summary
ARVC is a challenging diagnosis to make in adolescents who often do not exhibit clinical symptoms. Newer multimodal imaging techniques and improvements in genetic testing and biomarkers should help improve early diagnosis. Exercise restriction for children with ARVC has been shown to reduce disease advancement and decreases the risk of a life-threatening event.
RESTORATION PROCESS OF THE OUTER RETINAL LAYERS AFTER SURGICAL MACULAR HOLE CLOSURE
Authors: Iwasaki Masanori , Ando Ryo , Aoki Shuichiro , Miyamoto Hirotomo 
Published: November 2021

Purpose:
To investigate the interrelationship among the outer retinal layers after macular hole surgery and elucidate the restoration process.

Methods:
This retrospective observational study included 50 eyes of 47 consecutive patients with closed macular holes in the first vitrectomy. Optical coherence tomography was obtained before surgery; at 1, 3, and 6 months postsurgery; and at the last visit. The complete continuous layer rate and mean defect length were evaluated for the outer nuclear layer (ONL), external limiting membrane (ELM), and ellipsoid zone (EZ).

Results:
At all postoperative visits, the complete continuous layer rate was in the descending order of ELM, ONL, and EZ and the mean defect length was in the ascending order of ELM, ONL, and EZ. External limiting membrane was necessary for ONL restoration. External limiting membrane and ONL were necessary for EZ restoration. Hyperreflective protrusions were observed from the area lacking ELM into the subretinal space after surgery. Ellipsoid zone was not formed in coexistence with the hyperreflective protrusions. Intermediate reflective protrusions appeared under the ONL plus ELM after surgery and were eventually replaced by EZ.

Conclusion:
Restoration of the outer retinal layers after surgical macular hole closure occurs in the order of ELM, ONL, and EZ.
Evaluation of Silicosis, Asthma, and COPD Among Sand and Gravel and Stone Surface Mine Workers
Authors: TenHarmsel Hailey , Wang Ling , Rosenman Kenneth D. 
Published: November 2021

Objective:
Despite the large number of workers in surface sand and gravel mines, there are no previous studies on a cohort of these workers.

Methods:
A cross-sectional study of Michigan surface mine workers included a questionnaire and for those who worked ≥15 years spirometry and chest x-ray.

Results:
Questionnaires were completed by 1207 miners, 111 had an X-ray and 70 had spirometry. There were no silicosis cases. There were 117 with asthma, 22 COPD, 129 saw a doctor for shortness of breath (SOB), 125 with possible work-related asthma, and 26 abnormal spirometry results.

Conclusions:
Although, no cases of silicosis were identified, there was more current asthma; and an association of current asthma, COPD and seeing a doctor for SOB with time since first worked, and obstructive changes in some nonsmokers that suggested the potential for adverse respiratory effects.
COVID Vaccination in Athletes and Updated Interim Guidance on the Preparticipation Physical Examination During the SARS-Cov-2 Pandemic
Authors: Narducci Dusty Marie , Diamond Alex B. , Bernhardt David T. , Roberts William O. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract:
The American Medical Society for Sports Medicine (AMSSM) convened an expert panel to address the current evidence, knowledge gaps, and recommendations surrounding the COVID vaccination in athletes during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The group held a series of meetings beginning in July 2021 and reviewed the available literature while using an iterative process and expert consensus to finalize this guidance statement. This document is intended to provide clinicians with suggestions on how to incorporate the COVID vaccination during the preparticipation physical examination for athletes in all levels of training and competition. The statement is not intended to address treatment, infection control principles, safety, ethical discussion, or public health issues related to SARS-CoV-2. The AMSSM task force acknowledges the clinical uncertainty, evolving public health objectives, and the limited data currently available to create this guidance statement.
Marathon Runners' Knowledge and Strategies for Hydration
Authors: Namineni Neeharika , Potok O. Alison , Ix Joachim H. , Ginsberg Charles , Negoianu Dan , Rifkin Dena E. , Garimella Pranav S. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Objective:
To study hydration plans and understanding of exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH) among current marathon runners.

Design:
Cross-sectional study

Setting:
Southern California 2018 summer marathon

Participants:
Two hundred ten marathon runners.

Interventions:
Survey administered 1 to 2 days before the race. Race times were obtained from public race website.

Main Outcome Measures:
Planned frequency of hydration; awareness of, understanding of, and preventative strategies for dehydration and EAH; resources used to create hydration plans; drink preferences.

Results:
When the participants were split into 3 equal groups by racing speed, the slower tertile intended to drink at every mile/station (60%), whereas the faster tertile preferred to drink every other mile or less often (60%), although not statistically significant. Most runners (84%) claimed awareness of EAH, but only 32% could list a symptom of the condition. Both experienced marathoners and the faster tertile significantly had greater understanding of hyponatremia compared with first-time marathoners and the slower tertile, respectively. Less than 5% of marathoners offered “drink to thirst” as a prevention strategy for dehydration or EAH.

Conclusion:
Slower runners plan to drink larger volumes compared with their faster counterparts. Both slower and first-time marathoners significantly lacked understanding of EAH. These groups have plans and knowledge that may put them at higher risk for developing EAH. Most marathon runners did not know of the guidelines to “drink to thirst,” suggesting the 2015 EAH Consensus statement may not have had the desired impact.
“Hepatotoxicity in inflammatory bowel disease: mesalazine, the forgotten drug”
Authors: Garrido Isabel , Santos Ana Luísa , Lopes Joanne , Lopes Susana , Macedo Guilherme 
Published: November 2021

Introduction
Mesalazine is a widely prescribed drug, used for the treatment of ulcerative colitis to both induce and maintain remissions in disease. Mesalazine therapy has been associated with a low rate of serum enzyme elevations and a with rare instances of clinically apparent acute liver injury.

Case presentation
A 51-year-old Caucasian woman with ulcerative colitis was treated with mesalazine. Two weeks later, the patient presented severe liver cholestatic injury. No symptoms of generalized hypersensitivity were seen. She had no history of liver disease and was known to have normal routine liver tests before starting treatment. The liver biopsy revealed mild periportal necroinflammatory lesions with no fibrosis, suggestive of drug-induced liver injury. The patient’s symptoms were resolved by discontinuing the mesalazine treatment; within 6 months, all her liver panels returned to normal. After extensively excluding other potential causes of liver injury and with clinical and lab resolution after discontinuing the drug, we assumed mesalazine as the cause of hepatic toxicity.

Conclusion
We describe a patient with ulcerative colitis who developed severe but fully reversible liver cholestatic injury following the prescription of mesalazine. This case reinforces the possibility of a causal relationship between mesalazine therapy and toxic hepatic injury without systemic hypersensitivity. Although it is a usually well-tolerated drug, clinicians should be alert and discontinue therapy when liver dysfunction occurs to avoid the development of chronic hepatitis and liver fibrosis.
Changes in the profile and therapeutic care of people who use drugs with HCV mono-infection: a retrospective study between 2015 and 2019 from a monocentric tertiary referent center in France
Authors: Doffoel Michel , Tripon Simona , Ernwein Florence , Chaffraix Frédéric , Haumesser Lucile , Bader Robert , Lang Jean-Philippe , Lang Anais , Paya Dominique , Royant Maude , Velay-Rusch Aurélie , Tebacher Martine , Meyer Nicolas , Habersetzer François , Baumert Thomas 
Published: November 2021

Background and aims
People who use drugs (PWUDs) are the main group at risk for hepatitis C virus (HCV) transmission and a key population for hepatitis C elimination. Multidisciplinary team (MDT) meetings were set up in France in December 2014 within regional reference centers to supervise the prescriptions and delivery of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) to optimize the management of HCV infection. The aim of this retrospective study was to analyze the changes in the profile and therapeutic care of PWUDs with HCV mono-infection according to the evolution of MDT meetings in a regional tertiary reference center.

Methods
Between 2015 and 2019, overall 1912 HCV-infected patients presented at the MDT meetings, 547 were PWUDs with HCV mono-infection treated with DAAs. Five periods were defined according to the evolution of MDT meetings. The profile and management of PWUDs were compared among these five periods.

Results
Over time, the frequency of advanced stage of fibrosis decreased from 90.8 to 36.3% (P < 0.001), whereas the therapeutic care of the patients in primary addictology centers and networks of general practitioners increased from 17.4 to 55% (P < 0.001). The frequency of excessive alcohol consumption varied between 9.1 and 30% (P = 0.003) and that of opioid substitution therapy between 42.5 and 70% (P < 0.001). The Sustained virologic response assessed 12 weeks after the end of treatment rate was above 95% for the five periods.

Conclusion
Between 2015 and 2019, the changes in the profile and management of PWUDs have followed the evolution of MDT meetings concerning patients with less advanced fibrosis and more therapeutic hepatitis C care made by the primary care centers.
Proceedings of ESPGHAN Monothematic Conference 2020
Authors: Zellos Aglaia , Debray Dominique , Indolfi Giuseppe , Czubkowski Piotr , Samyn Marianne , Hadzic Nedim , Gupte Girish , Fischler Björn , Smets Françoise , de Cléty Stéphan Clément , Grenda Ryszard , Mozer Yael , Mancell Sara , Jahnel Jörg , Auzinger Georg , Worth Austen , Lisman Ton , Staufner Christian , Baumann Ulrich , Dhawan Anil , Alonso Estelle , Squires Robert H. , Verkade Henkjan J. 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACTObjectives:The Hepatology Committee of the European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) aims to educate pediatric gastroenterologists, members of ESPGHAN and professionals from other specialties promoting an exchange of clinical expertise in the field of pediatric hepatology. Herewith we have concentrated on detailing the recent advances in acute liver failure in infants and children.Methods:The 2020 ESPGHAN monothematic three‐day conference on pediatric hepatology disease, entitled “acute liver failure” (ALF), was organized in Athens, Greece. ALF is a devastating disease with high mortality and most cases remain undiagnosed. As knowledge in diagnosis and treatment of ALF in infants and children has increased in the past decades, the objective was to update physicians in the field with the latest research and developments in early recognition, curative therapies and intensive care management, imaging techniques and treatment paradigms in these age groups.Results:In the first session, the definition, epidemiology, various causes of ALF, in neonates and older children and recurrent ALF (RALF) were discussed. The second session was dedicated to new aspects of ALF management including hepatic encephalopathy (HE), coagulopathy, intensive care interventions, acute on chronic liver failure, and the role of imaging in treatment and prognosis. Oral presentations by experts in various fields are summarized highlighting key learning points.Conclusions:The current report summarizes the major learning points from this meeting. It also identifies areas where there is gap of knowledge, thereby identifying the research agenda for the near future.