bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Financial literacy, institutions and education: Lessons from the German reunification
Authors: Davoli Maddalena , Hou Jia 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A growing body of literature highlights the importance of financial literacy in affecting household choices. However, much fewer studies focus on understanding the determinants of different levels of financial literacy. Our paper contributes to filling this gap by analyzing a specific determinant, i. e., the educational system, to explain the heterogeneity of financial literacy scores across Germany. The results suggest that the lower financial literacy observed in East Germany can be partially attributed to the different institutional framework experienced during the Cold War, more specifically, to the socialist educational system experienced in East Germany, which affected specific cohorts of individuals. By exploiting the unique set-up of the German reunification, we identify education as a channel through which institutions and financial literacy are related in the German context. In support of this hypothesis, we find that individuals exposed to the Eastern educational system exhibit

12

%

12\hspace{0.1667em}\%

to

21

%

21\hspace{0.1667em}\%

lower financial literacy scores compared with the households in the control group, not exposed to such system.
The effects of financing rules in pay-as-you-go pension systems on the life and the business cycle
Authors: Scharrer Christian 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Empirically, revenues of public pension systems are more volatile than expenditures. Therefore, the question arises how the social security authority should buffer its revenues and adjust its contributions over the business cycle. This paper studies the corresponding effects on the life cycle of households and the business cycle in a large-scale overlapping generations model. In particular, the labor supply is endogenous and takes the intertemporal links between contributions and pension benefits into account. Sluggish adjustments of contribution rates that are implemented by adjusting a financial buffer stock both stabilize an economy and decrease the volatility of lifetime utilities of most workers and retirees, in contrast to sole adjustments of contribution rates. However, changes of consumption, capital income, or lump sum taxes, which aim to balance public pension budgets, improve the allocation of aggregate risk across cohorts for people up to an age of at least 71 years.
Refining performance and recession of Al–TiO2–C–La2O3 refiners
Authors: Han Xiao-wei , Zhang Zong-biao , Zhang Rui-ying , Wang Peng 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Al–TiO2–C–La2O3 refiners were synthesized by the in-situ exothermic dispersion method using TiO2, C, Al and La2O3 powders as raw materials. Scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry and X-ray diffraction were used to investigate the microstructures of the Al–TiO2–C–La2O3 refiners. Commercial pure aluminum was refined by the Al–TiO2–C–La2O3 refiners, aimed at investigating refining performance and the resistance to recession. The results show that the Al–TiO2– C–La2O3 refiner with 0.2% La2O3 is composed of α-Al, blocky Al3Ti, dispersive Al2O3 and TiC, which has a better refining effect on commercial pure aluminum than the Al– TiO2–C refiner. The average grain size refined by the above refiner is about 80 μm and it performs better and has a longer refining effect. The grain structure refined by Al–TiO2– C–La2O3 becomes finer within 5 min and remains the same after 120 min, while refined by the Al–TiO2–C refiner the equivalent times are 10 min and 30 min respectively.
Efficacy of Ayurvedic treatment protocol in gouty arthritis – a clinical study
Authors: Vaprath Kuniyil Aswathi Rajan , Soman Devipriya , Kundagol Mahesh C. , Chacko James 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Gout is an inflammatory response to the Monosodium urate crystals formed secondary to hyperuricaemia. The prevalence of gout has increased in recent years. The current conventional medical management aims at symptomatic management. In Ayurveda, gouty arthritis has similarity to Vata-Pittadhika Vatarakta, owing to its comparable aetiology and clinical features and treatment was planned accordingly. The present study is designed to evaluate the combined effect of Ayurvedic formulations and therapy in reducing the signs and symptoms and uric acid level in Gouty Arthritis.

Methods
The study was a single group pre–post test design. The patients diagnosed on the basis of ACR EULAR Gout classification 2015 criteria. They were given Guduchi Siddha Ksheeravasthi (Therapeutic enema), Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia) Kashaya (diluted decoction) and Punarnava Guggulu. Assessment of pain was done by Visual Analogue Scale and serum uric acid level was assessed on day 1 and on 31st day. Also, the change in symptoms were analyzed before and after the treatment. This study has been registered in the clinical trial registry-India.

Results
The obtained data were evaluated using paired t-test and Wilcoxon signed rank test. A significant improvement (p=0.0001) was observed in VAS scale (98.77%), serum uric acid levels (57.81%), subjective parameters. Moreover, erythrocyte sedimentation rate was observed to be normal level as compared to baseline of the therapy also with an enhancement of hemoglobin (Hb) levels.

Conclusions
Thus, the present study revealed that Ayurvedic therapeutic interventions can play a major role in the management of gouty arthritis.
Evaluation of general body temperament and uterine dystemperament in amenorrhoea: a cross-sectional analytical study
Authors: Sultana Arshiya , Rahman Khaleequr 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Amenorrhoea in women of reproductive age may be an indication of an undiagnosed and chronic condition. The concept of temperament is a fundamental component of health preservation and diagnosis of various disease conditions including amenorrhoea in Unani medicine. Dystemperament is the commonest cause of various diseases. Therefore, general body temperament and uterine dystemperament in amenorrhoea was determined.

Methods
A prospective, single-centre, cross-sectional observational study from June to November 2019 was conducted in 80 patients of reproductive age with amenorrhoea ≥60 days. Validated questionnaire for the assessment of women’s general body temperament and clinical features of uterine dystemperament was used. The data were analysed by appropriate statistical analysis.

Results
The age of patients with amenorrhoea ranged from 14 to 50 years. The most prevalent general body temperament was cold (57.5%) and wet (60%). Cold and wet general temperament was more common at the age of 21–30 years (30 and 36.25%), 60–90 days of amenorrhoea (33.75 and 32.5%) and body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2 (47.5 and 50%). The most prevalent uterine dystemperament was cold and dry (95%). A significant correlation between general temperament with age, amenorrhoea and BMI >23 kg/m2 was noted. Moreover, the cold temperament of the body had a significant correlation with cold uterine temperament (r=0.864, p<0.001).

Conclusions
This study corroborated the claim of Unani scholars that cold and wet general and uterine temperament is more common in amenorrhoea and obesity. However, amenorrhoea can also occur in normal and other temperaments.
A study of effect of Centella asiatica on oxidative markers in the hippocampus of offsprings born to alcohol-fed pregnant rats and the correlation with their cognitive functions
Authors: Mitha K.V.  , Yadav Saraswati Jaiswal , Bolumbu Ganaraja 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Alcohol consumption causes several harmful effects on the organs, which is hugely understated. Many deformities occur in the fetus when pregnant mothers indulge in alcoholism. Alcohol is a known teratogen, hence organ formation, particularly development of parts brain critical for cognitive function may be affected. The oxidative brain damage also could contribute to reduced cognitive efficiency of brain exposed to alcohol. In this study, effect of Centella asiatica in relieving the oxidative brain damage in offspring of alcohol fed mother rats was evaluated.

Methods
In this study we fed alcohol (5 g/kg body weight, 30% w/v) to a group of pregnant Wistar rats during gestation period, and another group served as control. Four groups of rats (n = 6 each) were selected from the offspring of these mother rats. The groups were, control, positive (treated) control, untreated and treated from alcohol-fed mother. Their cognitive parameters were tested in water maze, shuttle box and compared. Further their oxidative status was evaluated by estimating malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl, total antioxidants and glutathione reductase (GSH) in hippocampus.

Results
The results suggested that there was significantly high cognitive performance in maze test and shuttle box memory retention in rats treated with C. asiatica water extract and the antioxidant levels were high in their hippocampus.

Conclusions
The outcome of the study suggested that C. asiatica produced beneficial effects in reversing the alcohol induced brain damage in pregnancy.
Dense images of the power maps for a disconnected real algebraic group
Authors: Mandal Arunava 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Let 𝐺 be a complex algebraic group defined over ℝ, which is not necessarily Zariski-connected.
In this article, we study the density of the images of the power maps

g
→

g
k

g\to g^{k}

,

k
∈
N

k\in\mathbb{N}

, on real points of 𝐺, i.e.,

G
⁢

(
R
)

G(\mathbb{R})

equipped with the real topology.
As a result, we extend a theorem of P. Chatterjee on surjectivity of the power map for the set of semisimple elements of

G
⁢

(
R
)

G(\mathbb{R})

.
We also characterize surjectivity of the power map for a disconnected group

G
⁢

(
R
)

G(\mathbb{R})

.
The results are applied in particular to describe the image of the exponential map of

G
⁢

(
R
)

G(\mathbb{R})

.
Reconstructing Malice in the Law of Punitive Damages
Authors: DeGirolami Marc O. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Punitive damages present two related puzzles. One concerns their object. If they are punitive, their object is to punish tortfeasors. If they are damages, their object is to compensate tort victims. If they are both, the problem is to reconcile these different objects in applying them. A second puzzle involves their subject. Punitive damages are awarded for egregious wrongdoing. But the nature of that egregiousness is nebulous and contested, implicating many poorly understood terms. The two puzzles are connected, because the subject of punitive damages will inform their object. Once we know the type of wrongfulness that punitive damages deal with, we can understand better whether and how they are punishing, compensating, or both. This Article reconstructs one of punitive damages’ central subjects: malice. In so doing, it clarifies one key object of punitive damages: to offer redress to a victim of cruelty. Malice is a ubiquitous textual element in the state law of punitive damages. But there has been little scholarly commentary about what malice means for punitive damages. Drawing from the common history of tort and criminal law, this Article identifies two core meanings of malice: a desire or motive to do wrong, and a disposition of callous indifference to the wrong inflicted. Though distinct, these meanings broadly coalesce in the concept of cruelty. The Article argues that this reconstructed account of the wrong of malice represents a powerful justification for awarding punitive damages. Malice as cruelty as a justification for punitive damages also fits within a broader view of tort law as redress for specific private wrongs. But malice as a subject of punitive damages clarifies and enriches this account of their object. A victim of a tort done with malice, and who is aware of it, has been wronged more gravely than a victim of a tort done without malice and is, therefore, entitled to greater redress.
First record of Blanford’s Fox Vulpes cana (Blanford, 1877) from Iraq
Authors: Ahmed Soran A. , Al-Sheikhly Omar F. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The Blanford’s Fox Vulpes cana (Blanford, 1877) is an enigmatic carnivore of Asia and East Africa with sporadic and disjunct distribution in the Middle East. It was suspected to occur in western Iraq, but no confirmed records have been made. In October 2020, the first confirmed occurrence of Blanford’s Fox was made during a camera-trap survey in Xoshk Mountain in northern Iraq (Kurdistan) and is described in this account.
Synthesis and crystal structure of the novel chiral acetyl-3-thiophene-5-(9-anthryl)-2-pyrazoline, C23H18N2OS
Authors: Usman Rabia , Khan Arshad , Refat Moamen S. , He Nongyue 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
C23H18Cl4N2OS, orthorhombic, P212121 (no. 19), a = 16.872(3) Å, b = 10.414(2) Å, c = 10.589(2) Å, V = 1860.5(6) Å3, Z = 4, R

gt
(F) = 0.0588, wR

ref
(F
2) = 0.1464, T = 293 K.
Good, bad and ugly genes? Science matters, also in terms of terminology and word usage
Authors: Carbon Claus-Christian 
Published: May 2021

AbstractOur words shape our thinking, our thinking creates action. Scientific terms can be particularly influential when used in everyday language in terms of allegedly scientific arguments that back certain views or actions. Such use can be especially toxic when the terms refer to concepts that are ill-defined, outdated or questionable themselves. The term “good genes” represents an exemplary case in this regard. It refers to the belief system of eugenics and implies a moral perspective. The latest political debates demonstrate how easily such terms and concepts are employed to induce racist thinking and action; in the end it may even result in specific medication, selective investment in medical treatment, and so ultimately impacting the life and death of patients. Science has the obligation to explicitly opt-out from such lines of argument, and to routinely check and re-think its theories, concepts and vocabulary.
Nanoparticles in enhancing microwave imaging and microwave Hyperthermia effect for liver cancer treatment
Authors: Maamoun Walaa , Badawi Mohamed I. , Aly Ayman A , Khedr Y. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Hyperthermia therapy is a promising therapy for liver cancer treatment that utilizes external electromagnetic waves to heat the tumor zone to preferentially kill or minimize cancer cells. Nevertheless, it’s a challenge to realize localized heating of the cancer tissue without harming the surrounding healthy tissue. This research proposes to utilize nanoparticles as microwave absorbers to enhance microwave imaging and achieve localized hyperthermia therapy.
A realistic 3D abdomen model has been segmented using 3D Slicer segmentation software, and then the obtained segmented CAD model exported to Computer Simulation Technology (CST STUDIO) for applying the Finite Element Modeling (FEM). Next investigating both imaging and treatment capability. Finally, the specific absorption rate (SAR) and temperature distribution were computed without nanoparticles and with different types of nanoparticles such as gold (GNPs) and silver nanoparticles at frequency 915 MHz.
By comparing the achived results, it was seen that Silver nanoparticles can make a great enhancement in raising the temperature. However, this result was unsatisfactory but, after adding gold nanoparticles the temperature exceed 42°C, at frequency 915 MHz which is achieving the hyperthermia treatment without harming the nearby healthy tissue, GNPs also can achieve a great enhancement in SAR result
A Variationist Analysis of Second Language Spanish Trill Production
Authors: Daidone Danielle , Zahler Sara 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe current study examines the production of the Spanish trill by advanced second language (L2) learners using a variationist approach. Findings indicate that learners produced less multiple occlusion trills than native speakers and their variation was not constrained by the same factors as native speakers. Phonetic context conditioned the use of the multiple occlusion variant for native speakers, whereas frequency and speaker sex conditioned this variation for learners, and in the opposite direction of effect as expected from previous native speaker research. Nevertheless, the majority of tokens produced by learners were other variants also produced by native speakers, and when the variation between native and non-native variants was examined, learners’ variation was conditioned not only by frequency, but also phonetic context. Some of the phonetic contexts in which learners produced non-native variants were comparable to those in which native speakers were least likely to produce the multiple occlusion trill, indicating that articulatory constraints governed variation in trill production similarly for both groups. Thus, although L2 learners do not exhibit native-like trill variation, they appear to be developing toward a more native-like norm. These insights provide support for adopting a multifaceted variationist approach to the study of L2 phonological variable structures.
Von der Feldgerätediagnose zum Anlagen- und Prozessmonitoring
Authors: Fröhlich Hans-Joachim , Kaiser Ulrich , Persson Daniel 
Published: May 2021

Feldmessgeräte sind zunehmend mit Diagnosefunktionen ausgestattet, um durch eine grosse Testabdeckung ein hohes Mass an Zuverlässigkeit zu erzielen. Diese Diagnosefunktionen erfassen nicht nur Störungen im Feldmessgerät selber, sondern können darüber hinaus auch Informationen über die Umgebung des Feldmessgerätes, nämlich über Medieneigenschaften und sogar über Anlagenkomponenten und damit über den Prozess selbst generieren. Dabei macht man sich die Wirkprinzipien und Technologien der jeweiligen Messtechnik für diese Art von Monitoring zu Nutze. Dieser Beitrag beschreibt, wie Feldgeräte etwa zur Messung von Füllstand oder Durchfluss zu dieser neuen Fähigkeit ertüchtigt und wie die erweiterte Diagnosefunktionalitäten für eine Verifikation mit hoher Testabdeckung genutzt werden können, um beispielseise den Bedarf an Kalibrierung für das Feldmessgerät zu reduzieren.
The Study of Causality of Teacher’s Turnover Intention at Private Junior High School
Authors: Hardianto Eddy Setyanto, 
Published: May 2021

Purpose: Identify the direct effect of reward, motivation and job satisfaction on the turnover intention the teacher. Design/methodology: This study used a quantitative approach with a survey method. The data was taken by using questionnaire and analyzed by using path analysis. The research sample was 149 private junior high school teachers in Rokan Hulu District. The sample were taken by using simple random sampling technique. Findings: The results of the study showed that the reward has a direct negative effect on turnover intention. Motivation has a direct negative effect on turnover intention, job satisfaction has a direct negative effect on turnover intention. Research limitations/ implications: The research sample was taken from schools in Rokan Hulu Regency, therefore it is necessary to be careful to generalize the results of this study in a wider scope such as for the province or a country.Practical implicaations: Based on the results of the study, it was known that to reduce teacher turnover intention private junior high school can be done by increasing their reward, motivation and job satisfaction.
Eigen Face Vector (EFV) based Personal Assistant through Facial Image Recognition
Authors: Et al. Roopa JayaSingh J 
Published: May 2021

This research paper is carried out to solve the issue faced in the busy life of the entire human race to complete all the necessary daily work within a restricted time limit. These compromises in job completion leads to both problems in society and self degradation. This paper talks about the novel low cost personal reminder hub for commons using eigen face vector recognition and reduced Personal Component Analysis (PCA).Personal face recognition, voice reminder which is trained is provided with appropriate reminders to inform us during our busy problems. We train the reminders inorder to find out each person’s face average weight parameters which is calculated using cluster matrix calculation.When the recipient of the reminder fixes his face in the face recognistion field, hub acquires the face image and tries to compare wth the captured threshold value to all the prelearnt separate threshold values.From the right match with consideration of minimal deviation the face is lightly recognised and the required saved reminder is informed through the inbuilt voice which would change according to our taste. Thus the efficient method of face identification voice reminder for reduced low cost personal reminder is built and this will be helpful for all busy working people and for family reminders like childrens or working people task reminder, patient tablet reminder etc.
Exploring the Unity Practices of School Leaders in Malaysian Secondary Schools
Authors: Et al. Bity Salwana A 
Published: May 2021

This qualitative study was embarked with the aim of exploring school leaders’ practices in enhancing unity among Malaysian secondary school leaders. The instrument used for collecting data involved visiting the participated schools in order to conduct individual face-to-face interviews involving 12 participants who are secondary school leaders (principals and senior assistants). The data were analyzed manually. The findings showed that school leaders have not yet fully played their role to instill the 10 values of unity as proposed in the Model of Unity. The policy on unity emphasized by school leaders is only the usage of Malay Language. However, findings showed that in order to enhance unity, school leaders will remind teachers and students about unity in school gathering and meeting. School leaders will also remind multi-racial teachers and students to celebrate all the festivals, to participate in school activities, to respect each other in terms of cultural and religious differences, to instill unity values during school activities, to avoid sensitive issues and to be fair to all races. The managerial implication is school leaders need to do more practices to enhance unity. Therefore, they need more training to understand better the 10 values of unity, and to get knowledge and skills to inculcate values effectively. The findings of this study could benefit readers on the activities that they could employ to enhance unity in their institution.