bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Pattern of Oral Prosthetic Treatment and Prevalence of Oral Diseases in Edentulous Patients in North Indian Population: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Kumar Ashish , Saini Ravinder S. , Sharma Vikas , Rai Roshni U. , Gupta Prahlad , Sabharwal Preeti 
Published: June 2021

Background:
The present study was undertaken for assessing the pattern of oral prosthetic treatment and prevalence of dental diseases in edentulous patients in North Indian population.

Materials and Methods:
A survey was carried out in North Indian population, and screening of the edentulous patients was done. Five hundred edentulous patients were enrolled. Complete oral and general examination was carried out. Pro forma was framed, and clinical details were recorded. Using mouth mirror and explorer, complete oral examination was carried out. Demographic profile was also evaluated. Prosthetic rehabilitation pattern of all the participants was also recorded.

Results:
Complete removable denture and removable partial denture were method of rehabilitation in 28% and 31% of the participants. Dental implant-supported complete denture was used in 8% of the patients, whereas dental implant-supported overdenture was used in 33% of the participants. Ulcerative lesions were present in 5% of the patients, whereas oral leukoplakia was present in 4% of the patients. Oral lichen planus and torus were present in 2% and 1% of the patients.

Conclusion:
Majority of the geriatric patients prefer having removable denture. Furthermore, due to nutritional deficiency associated with geriatric age, oral leukoplakia and ulcerative lesions are more common in them.
Evaluation of the Efficacy of Regional Anesthesia and Intramuscular Diclofenac in the Management of Postoperative Pain: A Comparative Study
Authors: Raj Ankita , Unnam Priyanka , Kumari Richa , Joshi Shraddha , Thoke Bhushan , Khanna Shilpa Sunil 
Published: June 2021

Aim:
Managing postoperative pain following maxillofacial surgery is an important task. Our study aims to compare this with regional anesthesia or IM diclofenac.

Materials and Methods:
This study included 30 patients who underwent bi-jaw orthognathic surgery between April 2016 and January 2020. Two groups were formed. Group A was administered inferior alveolar nerve block at the surgical site bilaterally using 0.5% ropivacaine and Group B were administered 75 mg intramuscular diclofenac just before extubation. Tramadol HCl 2 mg/kg body wt is used as a rescue analgesic. The pain was evaluated periodically at 2nd, 4th, 6th, and 12 h postoperatively.

Results:
The mean Visual Analog Scale score was 2 in Group A and 5 in Group B. The mean duration of analgesia was 6 h 42 min, whereas in Group B, it was 8 h and 5 min. In 2 patients (13.3%) belonging to Group A and 3 patients (20%) belonging to Group B. There were no local complications in any group.

Conclusion:
It was observed that regional anesthesia in the form of intraoral nerve blocks was efficient than diclofenac (75 mg) administered intramuscularly for the management of immediate postoperative pain.
Comparative Evaluation of Marginal Bone Loss and Implant Failure Rate in Smokers and Nonsmokers
Authors: Kumar Abhishek , Nasreen Saba , Bandgar Subhash , Bhowmick Devleena , Vatsa Ritesh , Priyadarshni Priyanka 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Smoking impose various ill-effects on the alveolar bone concerning dental implants including reduced bone height, delayed healing of bone, poor peri-implant bone formation, increased bone loss, and peri-implantitis.

Aims:
The present clinical trial was aimed to analyze the smoking effect on dental implant survival rate as well as marginal bone loss in dental implants.

Materials and Methods:
Out of 86 patients, Group I had 43 patients who were smokers and Group II had nonsmokers. Following the implant placement, marginal bone loss radiographically and mobility were assessed clinically at 3, 6, and 12 months after implant loading.

Results:
The mean marginal loss seen in smokers at 3 months was 2.13 ± 0.21, 2.46 ± 0.09, 2.60 ± 0.0.92, and 2.74 ± 0.11 for maxillary anterior, maxillary posterior, mandibular anterior, and mandibular posterior regions, respectively. The 12-month recall visit showed a higher proportion of smokers having implant mobility. In smokers, 13.95% (n = 6) of the study participants had implant mobility, whereas 6.97% (n = 3) of the nonsmokers had mobility.

Conclusion:
Smoking is associated with long-term implant failure which is directly proportional to the duration ad frequency of smoking. Furthermore, smoking has a detrimental effect on dental implants and its surrounding bone.
Evaluation of Relationship between Quality and Performance Measures Concepts of Pediatric Oral Health: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Nasreen Saba , Ranjan Ravi , Manju J , Devi Mutum Sangeeta , Mala Nutan , Mehta Vini 
Published: June 2021

Background:
The dental quality alliance of the American Dental Association developed quality and performance measure concepts (QMCs) for pediatric dentistry to identify variations in care and to improve quality of care.

Objectives:
This study evaluated the relationship between the proposed QMCs and oral health, measured as caries status.

Methodology:
Parents/guardians of new patients presenting to the Nationwide Children's Hospital Dental Clinic for a nonurgent hygiene appointment were asked to complete a 10-question survey that reflected the QMCs. An oral examination was completed on each patient to determine his/her caries status.

Results:
For the majority of the QMCs evaluated in the study, there was no statistically significant difference in caries status between patients who had attended care according to the QMCs and those who had not.

Conclusions:
From the findings, attending care as outlined by the QMCs may be no better than counting procedures as a measure of quality oral health-care outcomes.
Potential Antibacterial Efficacy of Garlic Extract on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae: An In vitro Study
Authors: Abidullah Mohammed , Jadhav Pradnya , Sujan S. Sri , Shrimanikandan Ayyapa Gandhi , Reddy Chukka Rakesh , Wasan Raj Kumar 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Garlic has been recommended by many ancient medicines such as the Chinese and the Indian medicine to cure respiratory and digestive issues along with treating microbial infestation and leprosy. The therapeutic effects encompass many advantages in the field of cardiovascular system, antibiotics, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and hormone-like effects.

Aims and Objective:
The present study was carried out to evaluate the garlic antibacterial effect against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pneumoniae from patients attending referral hospital.

Materials and Methods:
The isolation of bacteria was done from pus sample collected from referral hospital, Bedar, Karnataka, with sterile swabs. The study samples were inoculated under aseptic conditions on culture media such as nutrient agar, blood agar, and MacConkey agar plates and isolated the pathogen bacteria such as E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and S. aureus. The garlic bulbs were peeled off and then ligated using pestle simultaneously with addition of minor quantity of H2O for preparation of plant extract and study the antimicrobial effect of garlic on these bacteria.

Results:
The result showed that garlic extracts have a high range of antibacterial effect against both Gram-negative (E. coli and K. pneumoniae) and Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus.

Conclusion:
The present study observations revealed that garlic makes large clear zones in comparison to the currently available antibiotics used in the study. The potentiality of the garlic can be utilized in the field of antibacterial agents. It can be prepared in the form of tablets in the best concentrations and affordable dosages so that it can be used as medicine against these pathogenic organisms.
Assessing the Articular Eminence Asymmetry in Dentate, Partially Edentulous and Edentulous patients Using Cone-Beam Ct
Authors: Hamza Mushtaq Kose , Shantha Abhinethra Mariyappa , Ashwathappa Deepak Timmasandra , Rajanna Shobha , Puttegowda Arun Khondapura 
Published: June 2021

Background and Objectives:
The relationship between the articular eminence (AE) inclination and masticatory system in the biomechanics of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is defined by the degree with normal values of 30°–60° obtained between the posterior wall of the AE and a horizontal reference plane. The purpose of this study was to assess the asymmetry of the AE in dentate, partially edentulous, and edentulous patients using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging and to compare the determined asymmetry in the dentulous with partially and completely edentulous patients.

Materials and Methods:
CBCT images of 120 TMJ joints in sixty patients were evaluated. AE inclination and height values were traced on the central sagittal slice of right and left TMJ. The patients were grouped as dentate, partially edentulous, and edentulous with an age range of 20–80 years. Statistical analysis included student's paired and independent t-test, analysis of variance, and Tukey's post hoc test, and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results:
AE inclination revealed highest value in dentate patients (60.98 ± 5.42) followed by partially edentulous (53.40 ± 7.91) and lowest in the edentulous patients (51.43 ± 3.63). P < 0.001 was statistically significant between these groups.

Conclusion:
The results obtained in the present study showed steep inclination of AE in dentate followed by partially edentulous and edentulous subjects. No significant differences among the age, gender, and sides were found.
Efficacy of Curcumin and Topical Steroids in the Treatment for Oral Submucous Fibrosis: A Comparative study
Authors: Deepak T. A. , Manjunath M. , Thakur Harshita 
Published: June 2021

Context:
Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a chronic debilitating disease of the oral cavity, characterized by inflammation and progressive fibrosis of the submucosal tissues. The main agent involved in the pathogenesis of OSMF is areca nut. A wide range of treatment, including drug management, surgical therapy, and physiotherapy, has been attempted till date, with varying degrees of benefit.

Aims:
The objective of this study was to assess efficacy of curcumin for the treatment of OSMF; to asses efficacy of topical steroids for the treatment of OSMF; and to compare the efficacy of curcumin and topical steroid for the treatment of OSMF.

Setting and Design:
Participants were assessed based subjective and objective feature of OSMF, i.e., burning sensation of the oral cavity and interincisal distance, respectively.

Methodology:
Thirty participants were categorized into two groups: Group A was administered curcumin and Group B was administered topical steroids for a period of 3 months and followed up after 6 months. The assessment was based on maximal incisal opening and burning sensation for spicy food on Visual Analog Scale score.

Analysis:
Independent t test was applied for comparison within the group, ANOVA Bonferroni post hoc test was applied for multiple comparison of mean and Mann–Whitney U test was applied to compare the groups.

Results:
The statistical analysis revealed curcumin to be more efficient than topical steroid.

Conclusion:
The present study demonstrates the efficiency of curcumin and topical steroid to alleviate the clinical findings of OSMF. However, curcumin is comparatively more efficient than steroids for the treatment of OSMF.
Evaluation of Bone Regeneration around Implants with and Without Flap Elevation
Authors: Sinha Sachin , Kumar Santosh , Sonoo Priyanshu Ranjan , Kumar Utkarsh , Siddhartha Rohit , Singh Sanjay Kumar 
Published: June 2021

Background:
The aim of this study is to clinically evaluate and compare the clinical success and the relative bone healing of the implants which are placed using a flapless procedure and compare it to those placed by the conventional flap technique.

Materials and Methods:
This study was conducted with ten patients that were randomly divided into two groups. Group A included patients with immediately placed implants after extraction with flap elevation. Group B included patients with immediately placed implants after extraction without any flap elevation. The clinical parameters recorded were Plaque index, Modified Gingival Index, Early Wound Healing Index, Buser's criteria, Distance between implant shoulder and the crestal bone (DIB), and Radiographic Examination in a standardized manner to evaluate changes for the DIB values.

Results:
There was an improvement in Plaque Score from baseline to 1 month and baseline to abutment placement (6 months), which was statistically significant, but the plaque score from 3 months to abutment placement (6 months) was statistically nonsignificant in both the group. There was an increase in modified gingival score from baseline to 3 months, baseline to abutment placement (6 months), and 3 months to abutment placement (6 months), which was statistically significant in both the groups. The DIB scores in Group A recorded at baseline to 6 months were 2.80 ± 0.57 and 1.90 ± 0.42, respectively, showing a mean difference of −0.90 and P = 0.001 in comparison. Whereas, the DIB scores in Group B at baseline to 6 months were 3.20 ± 0.57 and 2.50 ± 0.50, respectively, showing a mean difference of −0.70 and P = 0.001 in comparison. The DIC scores in Group A at baseline to 6 months were 1.60 ± 0.54 and 0.00 ± 0.00, respectively, showing a mean difference of −1.60 and P = 0.003 in comparison, Whereas the DIC scores in Group B at baseline to 6 months were 1.40 ± 0.54 and 0.00 ± 0.00, respectively, showing a mean difference of −1.40 and P = 0.005 in comparison.

Conclusion:
Implants placed in fresh extraction sockets with and without mucoperiosteal flap elevation can be successfully done with augmentation procedures. Short-term survival rates and clinical outcomes of both groups were similar and appeared to be predictable treatment modalities.
Effect of Conventional Periodontal Treatment (Scaling and Root Planing) on Type-2 Diabetic Patient with Moderate Generalized Chronic Periodontitis: A Clinical Study
Authors: Sinha Sachin , Sonoo Priyanshu Ranjan , Siddhartha Rohit , Singh Sanjay Kumar , Singh Anjali 
Published: June 2021

Background:
The aim is to assess the effect of periodontal therapy and scaling and root planing (SRP) on the metabolic control in Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients with chronic periodontitis based on the estimation of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c).

Materials and Methods:
A prospective, comparative, clinical study was performed on 50 patients suffering from Type 2 DM with moderate, generalized chronic periodontitis. Type 2 moderately controlled diabetic patients with HbA1c values within the range of 6%–8% were selected. The parameters recorded were gingival index, plaque index, sulcus bleeding index, probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level, and HbA1c. The recordings were done at baseline and 6 months after SRP procedures.

Results:
Reductions in all the clinical parameters were observed and were found to be statistically significant (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:
SRP resulted in a statistically significant reduction in the clinical parameters and HbA1c. Hence, periodontal treatment should be included in the management of diabetic patients.
Oral and Esophageal Cancer: Incidence, Prevalence and Correlation in General Indian Population: A retrospective Study
Authors: Khare Manish , Dewangan Yatindra , Nayak Tarun , Singh Dharmendra Kumar , Vibhakar Vimal , Ramesh Kumar 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Squamous cell carcinoma is the most frequent head-and-neck malignancy and chiefly encompasses malignancies of the upper aerodigestive tract, including the oral cavity, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, oropharynx, hypopharynx, pharynx, and larynx.

Objectives:
The current study was conducted to evaluate the incidence, prevalence, and correlation of oral and esophageal cancer in the Indian population.

Materials and Methods:
The present study was conducted on the basis of data collected from various government cancer hospitals in India. A total of 1000 patients of either sex admitted to the oncology ward with head-and-neck cancer from June 2018 to June 2020 were included in the study. Information regarding family history, deleterious habits, and immunity status was also collected from their medical records. The readings were recorded in a master chart, and data analysis was carried out statistically.

Results:
A total of 1000 patients (617 males and 383 females) between the age range of 38 and 86 years were selected for the study. A total of 425 out of 1000 patients had esophageal cancer, whereas, 575 patients had oral cancer. A total of 347 males and 228 females had oral cancer, whereas 270 males and 155 females had esophageal cancer. Among the patients with oral cancer, 44 presented with a history of cigarette smoking, 49 with bidi smoking, 140 with tobacco chewing, 142 with gutkha chewing, and 159 with betel quid chewing. Majority of the patients had a habit of consuming tobacco in smokeless form. Among the patients with esophageal cancer, 175 presented with a history of cigarette smoking, 136 with bidi smoking, 12 with tobacco chewing, 13 with gutkha chewing, and nine with betel quid chewing.

Conclusion:
The incidence of both types of cancer was high in older age group, particularly in those aged above 50 years. Males had a higher predilection rate than females for both cancer types. The incidence of oral cancer was higher than that of esophageal cancer. Majority of the patients with oral cancer had a history of tobacco consumption in smokeless form, whereas the ones with esophageal cancer reported with a history of tobacco consumption in smoked form.
Osseointegration of Dental Implants in Ridges with Insufficient Bones using Different Membranes for Guided Bone Regeneration
Authors: Vaibhav Vikas , Sinha Abhishek , Bolisetty Deepika , Verma Abhishek , Kumar Kunal , Singh Sanjeev 
Published: June 2021

Background:
The use of membrane with the guided bone regeneration (GBR) has been a controversial aspect of the implant placement, which helps achieve the primary graft stabilization and inhibit early graft loss.

Objectives:
The present clinical trial was aimed to determine the results of GBR with nonresorbable (expanded polytetrafluoroethylene [e-PTFE]) and resorbable (collagen) membrane both clinically and radiographically for 2 years with dental implant placement.

Materials and Methods:
16 subjects having 32 sites for implant placement in a split-mouth pattern were included in the study. The sites for implant was prepared and grafted with the autogenous graft procured from the mandibular ramus area followed by graft coverage with either e-PTFE or collagen membrane. Various radiographic and clinical parameters were assessed for 2 years at an interval of 6 months each. The collected data were recorded for each study subject for all the implant sites and were statistically analyzed.

Results:
The mean values for periodontal probing depth at 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, and 24 months were 2.25 ± 0.17, 2.67 ± 1.84, 2.64 ± 1.21, and 3.01 ± 0.52, respectively, for the e-PTFE group. For the collagen group, the probing depth mean values at 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, and 24 months were 2.30 ± 0.14, 2.59 ± 1.76, 2.62 ± 1.30, and 2.98 ± 0.81, respectively. The corresponding clinical and radiographic parameters at all time intervals were nonsignificant on the intergroup comparison.

Conclusion:
Dental implants placed with simultaneous GBR have an acceptable survival rate at the end of 2 years irrespective of the resorbable or non-resorbable membrane used.
Remineralization of Artificial Dentin Lesion In vitro using Dental Nanomaterials
Authors: Rai Roshni U. , Ranjan Ravi , Kumar Mukesh , Mukri Uzma , Mala Nutan , Kumar Kunal 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Teeth in the human body are the most mineralized tissue, which contain both organic and inorganic components. Demineralization and remineralization of teeth occur continuously, but demineralization causes structural loss of a tooth.

Aim:
This study was done to find the effect of ceramic by adding mono-n-Dodecyl phosphate to ceramic in dentin remineralization.

Materials and Methods:
A total of sixty permanent intact tooth specimens were randomly divided into four equal groups: Group 1: control group, Group 2: dentin was etched and restored with plain ceramic restoration, Group 3: etched dentin restored with ceramic containing 2% mono-n-Dodecyl phosphate, and Group 4: etched dentin restored with ceramic containing 5% mono-n-Dodecyl phosphate. Each sample was immersed completely in simulated body fluid and was kept in an incubator at 37°C to simulate the human body environment. Knoop microhardness measurements were recorded at 10, 20, and 38 days.

Results:
Knoop microhardness of dentin (KHN) reduced to 32.6% after dentin was etched. No significant difference was found between group 2, 3 and 4 after 10 days. KHN value was increased and showed significant changes restored with group 2 and 3, group 3 showed nonsignificant changes.

Conclusion:
Through this study, we found that Ceramic can be used as a remineralizing agent to restore marginal dentine around of the cavity and root lesions from secondary caries.
Evaluation of Oral Hygiene Status in Patients with Hemorrhagic and Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Sinha Raman Kant , Singh Anupama , Kishor Amit , Richa Shree , Kumar Rajiva , Kumar Abhishek 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Stroke can broadly be categorized into ischemic or hemorrhagic. Ischemic stroke accounts for 85% of cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs), whereas hemorrhagic stroke accounts for 15% of CVAs. Stroke is broadly associated with loss of sensation or unilateral paralysis of orofacial structures.

Objectives:
The present study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of various oral features in patients with ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke.

Materials and Methods:
One hundred patients diagnosed with stroke admitted in the intensive care unit were included in the study. The evaluation of oral manifestations and their prevalence was done by a well-experienced oral medicine expert deputed in the dental department of the hospital. A single examiner performed all oral evaluations.

Results:
The mean and median for the age were 60.8 and 59. Sixty of 100 patients were male, whereas 38 were female. Forty patients had hemorrhagic stroke, whereas 60 had ischemic stroke. Senenty-eight patients of 100 had features of periodontitis, 90 of 100 patients presented with halitosis, 79 presented with caries, 83 patients had positive signs of tongue hypermobility, and 75 patients had dysphagia.

Conclusion:
Oral hygiene is the most neglected aspect during rehabilitation in stroke patients. It is critical for stroke patients to receive thorough oral care, as it can prevent other systemic ailments and potentially life-threatening complications like aspiration pneumonia.