bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gas and dust from extremely metal-poor AGB stars
Authors: Ventura P. , Dell’Agli F. , Romano D. , Tosi S. , Limongi M. , Chieffi A. , Castellani M. , Tailo M. , Lugaro M. , Marini E. , Yagüe Lopez A. 
Published: August 2021

Context. The study of stars that evolve through the asymptotic giant branch (AGB) proves crucial in several astrophysical contexts because these objects provide important feedback to the host system in terms of the gas that is poured into the interstellar medium after being exposed to contamination from nucleosynthesis processes, and in terms of the dust that forms in their wind. Most of the studies conducted so far have been focused on AGB stars with solar and sub-solar chemical composition, whereas the extremely metal-poor domain has been poorly explored.
Aims. We study the evolution of extremely metal-poor AGB stars with metallicities down to [Fe/H] = −5 to understand the main evolutionary properties and the efficiency of the processes able to alter their surface chemical composition, and to determine the gas and dust yields.
Methods. We calculated two sets of evolutionary sequences of stars in the 1−7.5  M⊙ mass range that evolved from the pre-main sequence to the end of the AGB phase. To explore the extremely metal-poor chemistries, we adopted the metallicities Z = 3 × 10−5 and Z = 3 × 10−7, which correspond to [Fe/H] = −3 and [Fe/H] = −5, respectively. The results from stellar evolution modelling were used to calculate the yields of the individual chemical species. We also modelled dust formation in the wind to determine the dust produced by these objects.
Results. The evolution of AGB stars in the extremely metal-poor domain we explored proves highly sensitive to the initial mass of the star. M ≤ 2  M⊙ stars experience several third-dredge-up events, which favour the gradual surface enrichment of 12C and the formation of significant quantities of carbonaceous dust, ∼0.01  M⊙. The 13C and nitrogen yields are found to be significantly smaller than in previous explorations of low-mass metal-poor AGB stars because the proton ingestion episodes experienced during the initial AGB phases are weaker. M ≥ 5  M⊙ stars experience hot bottom burning, and their surface chemistry reflects the equilibria of a very advanced proton-capture nucleosynthesis; little dust production takes place in their wind. Intermediate-mass stars experience both third dredge-up and hot bottom burning: they prove efficient producers of nitrogen, which is formed by proton captures on 12C nuclei of primary origin dredged up from the internal regions.
Morphology of supernova remnants and their halos
Authors: Brose R. , Pohl M. , Sushch I. 
Published: August 2021

Context. Supernova remnants (SNRs) are known to accelerate particles to relativistic energies, on account of their nonthermal emission. The observational progress from radio to gamma-ray observations reveals more and more morphological features that need to be accounted for when modeling the emission from those objects.
Aims. We use our time-dependent acceleration code RATPaC to study the formation of extended gamma-ray halos around supernova remnants and the morphological implications that arise when the high-energetic particles start to escape from the remnant.
Methods. We performed spherically symmetric 1D simulations in which we simultaneously solved the transport equations for cosmic rays, magnetic turbulence, and the hydrodynamical flow of the thermal plasma in a volume large enough to keep all cosmic rays in the simulation. The transport equations for cosmic rays and magnetic turbulence were coupled via the cosmic-ray gradient and the spatial diffusion coefficient of the cosmic rays, while the cosmic-ray feedback onto the shock structure can be ignored. Our simulations span 25 000 yr, thus covering the free-expansion and the Sedov-Taylor phase of the remnant’s evolution.
Results. We find a strong difference in the morphology of the gamma-ray emission from supernova remnants at later stages dependent on the emission process. At early times, both the inverse-Compton and the Pion-decay morphology are shell-like. However, as soon as the maximum-energy of the freshly accelerated particles starts to fall, the inverse-Compton morphology starts to become center-filled, whereas the Pion-decay morphology keeps its shell-like structure. Escaping high-energy electrons start to form an emission halo around the remnant at this time. There are good prospects for detecting this spectrally hard emission with the future Cerenkov Telescope Array, as there are for detecting variations in the gamma-ray spectral index across the interior of the remnant. Further, we find a constantly decreasing nonthermal X-ray flux that makes a detection of X-ray unlikely after the first few thousand years of the remnants’ evolution. The radio flux is increasing throughout the SNR’s lifetime and changes from a shell-like to a more center-filled morphology later on.
Numerical solutions to linear transfer problems of polarized radiation
Authors: Janett Gioele , Benedusi Pietro , Belluzzi Luca , Krause Rolf 
Published: August 2021

Context.The numerical modeling of the generation and transfer of polarized radiation is a key task in solar and stellar physics research and has led to a relevant class of discrete problems that can be reframed as linear systems. In order to solve such problems, it is common to rely on efficient stationary iterative methods. However, the convergence properties of these methods are problem-dependent, and a rigorous investigation of their convergence conditions, when applied to transfer problems of polarized radiation, is still lacking.Aims.After summarizing the most widely employed iterative methods used in the numerical transfer of polarized radiation, this article aims to clarify how the convergence of these methods depends on different design elements, such as the choice of the formal solver, the discretization of the problem, or the use of damping factors. The main goal is to highlight advantages and disadvantages of the different iterative methods in terms of stability and rate of convergence.Methods.We first introduce an algebraic formulation of the radiative transfer problem. This formulation allows us to explicitly assemble the iteration matrices arising from different stationary iterative methods, compute their spectral radii and derive their convergence rates, and test the impact of different discretization settings, problem parameters, and damping factors.Results.Numerical analysis shows that the choice of the formal solver significantly affects, and can even prevent, the convergence of an iterative method. Moreover, the use of a suitable damping factor can both enforce stability and increase the convergence rate.Conclusions.The general methodology used in this article, based on a fully algebraic formulation of linear transfer problems of polarized radiation, provides useful estimates of the convergence rates of various iterative schemes. Additionally, it can lead to novel solution approaches as well as analyses for a wider range of settings, including the unpolarized case.
Differenzialdiagnostik Schulterschmerz
Authors: Corts Magga 
Published: August 2021

SummaryEinen ersten Hinweis zur Ursache von Schulterschmerzen gibt bereits die Anamnese mit Fragen wie „Wo schmerzt es?“ und „Besteht ein Ruhe-, Bewegungs- oder Ausstrahlungsschmerz?“. Als häufige Ursache für Schmerzen und Bewegungseinschränkung kommt eine Reihe von Erkrankungen infrage, angefangen von der Schultergelenkluxation über Arthrosen bis hin zu Kompressionssyndromen und mehr. Auch Ursachen außerhalb des Bewegungsapparats können sich in Form von Schmerzen in der Schulter oder im Arm ausdrücken. Als Notfall ist das Akute Koronarsyndrom zu differenzieren.
An Efficacy Study between High Viscosity Glass Ionomers and Resin Sealants in Fissure Caries Prevention: A 2-Year Split Mouth Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Haricharan Praveen Bhoopathi , Voruganti Sreenivas , Kotha Arpitha , Mahalakshmamma Shivanna Madhuniranjanswamy , Gandhi Bhavana , Suresh Nanditha 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Objectives This clinical trial compared the efficacy of atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) sealants against resin-based sealants in terms of their retention and fissure caries preventive benefits over a period of 24 months among a section of school children in the Southern Indian state of Telangana.
Materials and Methods A split mouth clinical trial employed 198 children, who received these sealants on their lower permanent first molars. Retention was assessed 6 monthly and caries annually
Statistical Analysis Chi-square tests were utilized to analyze the retention rate and the incidence of dental caries between the two groups. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis plotted the cumulative survival percentage of partially, and fully retained sealants and the survival of dentin carious free pits and fissures among both the groups. A linear binary logistical regression analysis calculated the odds ratio.
Results A statistical significant difference was observed in the retention rate between these sealants at every follow-up stage. The cumulative survival percentage of ART and resin sealants was calculated to be 30.9 and 37.5% by the end of 2 years. The Kaplan–Meier analysis showed no significant difference with regard to the survival of dentin carious free pits and fissures. The odds ratio for this trial was 0.747 (95% confidence interval: 0.493–1.13)
Conclusion Resin sealants fared better than ART sealants in the field of retention. However, no significant differences were observed with regard to fissure caries prevention by the end of the study period.
The Role of Attitude Modification Interventions in the Reduction of Orofacial Pain in Patients Undergoing Orthodontic Treatment: A Scoping Review
Authors: Mando Mahmoud , Talaat Sameh 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBy summarizing evidence from existing literature, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of attitude modification interventions in the reduction of orthodontic pain in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. A comprehensive search strategy was implemented using both manual and electronic search methods to identify both indexed and nonindexed articles in databases as well as to reduce the possibility of excluding relevant studies by chance. The online database search strategy incorporated the following databases: PubMed, Google Scholar, and EBSCO from 1940 to May 2020. The results of this review suggest that attitude modification interventions including cognitive behavioral therapy, structured phone calls, and text messages are effective methods in the reduction of pain intensity in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. In conclusion, attitude modification methods are promising and safe nonpharmacological interventions that can be used to control pain in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment without having any side effects or complications.
Evaluation of Bacterial Reduction after Root Canal Shaping Using ProTaper Gold and WaveOne Gold Rotary Systems
Authors: Otero Denise , Selvaraju Suresh B. , Kathpalia Ankita , Elmallah Waleed , Elbatouty Kareem , Nagy Mohamed Mokhtar 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Objective The present study evaluated bacterial reduction promoted by the WaveOne system (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) and ProTaper Gold system (PTG; Dentsply Maillefer) in human extracted central incisors.
Materials and Methods Sixty-two maxillary central incisors that were infected with Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 51299) were sterilized with ethylene oxide for 21 days, and then root canal initial bacterial sample was collected with paper points and plated on M-Enterococcus agar. The specimens were randomly divided into two groups according to instrumentation: WaveOne Gold group (n = 30) and PTG group (n = 30). Each group was further subdivided into subgroup A (n = 15) where no activation of the irrigant was performed, and subgroup B (n = 15) where passive ultrasonic activation (PUI) was applied. The other two specimens without contamination were control asepsis. After instrumentation, samples were collected with the use of paper points. The bacterial reduction was calculated using colony-forming unit and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Data were collected and statistically analyzed.
Results All techniques significantly reduced the number of bacteria in the root canal (p < 0.05), in which PTG showed superior bacterial reduction than WaveOne Gold (p > 0.05). The aseptic control group did not show any bacterial growth. PUI showed a significant bacterial reduction with the WaveOne Gold group.
Conclusion It can be concluded that the single-file system, WaveOne Gold with the aid of passive ultrasonic irrigation, significantly reduce the bacterial number in the root canal similar to the multifile system, PTG.
Linking a Consortium-Wide Data Quality Assessment Tool with the MIRACUM Metadata Repository
Authors: Kapsner Lorenz A. , Mang Jonathan M. , Mate Sebastian , Seuchter Susanne A. , Vengadeswaran Abishaa , Bathelt Franziska , Deppenwiese Noemi , Kadioglu Dennis , Kraska Detlef , Prokosch Hans-Ulrich 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background Many research initiatives aim at using data from electronic health records (EHRs) in observational studies. Participating sites of the German Medical Informatics Initiative (MII) established data integration centers to integrate EHR data within research data repositories to support local and federated analyses. To address concerns regarding possible data quality (DQ) issues of hospital routine data compared with data specifically collected for scientific purposes, we have previously presented a data quality assessment (DQA) tool providing a standardized approach to assess DQ of the research data repositories at the MIRACUM consortium's partner sites.
Objectives Major limitations of the former approach included manual interpretation of the results and hard coding of analyses, making their expansion to new data elements and databases time-consuming and error prone. We here present an enhanced version of the DQA tool by linking it to common data element definitions stored in a metadata repository (MDR), adopting the harmonized DQA framework from Kahn et al and its application within the MIRACUM consortium.
Methods Data quality checks were consequently aligned to a harmonized DQA terminology. Database-specific information were systematically identified and represented in an MDR. Furthermore, a structured representation of logical relations between data elements was developed to model plausibility-statements in the MDR.
Results The MIRACUM DQA tool was linked to data element definitions stored in a consortium-wide MDR. Additional databases used within MIRACUM were linked to the DQ checks by extending the respective data elements in the MDR with the required information. The evaluation of DQ checks was automated. An adaptable software implementation is provided with the R package DQAstats.
Conclusion The enhancements of the DQA tool facilitate the future integration of new data elements and make the tool scalable to other databases and data models. It has been provided to all ten MIRACUM partners and was successfully deployed and integrated into their respective data integration center infrastructure.
Interaction Time with Electronic Health Records: A Systematic Review
Authors: Pinevich Yuliya , Clark Kathryn J. , Harrison Andrew M. , Pickering Brian W. , Herasevich Vitaly 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background The amount of time that health care clinicians (physicians and nurses) spend interacting with the electronic health record is not well understood.
Objective This study aimed to evaluate the time that health care providers spend interacting with electronic health records (EHR).
Methods Data are retrieved from Ovid MEDLINE(R) and Epub Ahead of Print, In-Process and Other Non-Indexed Citations and Daily, (Ovid) Embase, CINAHL, and SCOPUS.
Study Eligibility Criteria Peer-reviewed studies that describe the use of EHR and include measurement of time either in hours, minutes, or in the percentage of a clinician's workday. Papers were written in English and published between 1990 and 2021.
Participants All physicians and nurses involved in inpatient and outpatient settings.
Study Appraisal and Synthesis Methods A narrative synthesis of the results, providing summaries of interaction time with EHR. The studies were rated according to Quality Assessment Tool for Studies with Diverse Designs.
Results Out of 5,133 de-duplicated references identified through database searching, 18 met inclusion criteria. Most were time-motion studies (50%) that followed by logged-based analysis (44%). Most were conducted in the United States (94%) and examined a clinician workflow in the inpatient settings (83%). The average time was nearly 37% of time of their workday by physicians in both inpatient and outpatient settings and 22% of the workday by nurses in inpatient settings. The studies showed methodological heterogeneity.
Conclusion This systematic review evaluates the time that health care providers spend interacting with EHR. Interaction time with EHR varies depending on clinicians' roles and clinical settings, computer systems, and users' experience. The average time spent by physicians on EHR exceeded one-third of their workday. The finding is a possible indicator that the EHR has room for usability, functionality improvement, and workflow optimization.
Three Technologies That Will Guide Revascularization of Chronic Coronary Syndrome Patients into the 21st Century: A Review
Authors: Winkler Michael A. , Patel Ripa , Fu Weibo , Arora Vishal , Weintraub Neal L. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAlthough medical therapy is the preferred first-line treatment for patients with chronic coronary syndrome (CCS), revascularization remains an important consideration. We present a review that identifies the three diagnostic technologies most important to guiding the decision to revascularize patients with CCS: (1) cardiac computed tomography, (2) intracoronary imaging, and (3) lesion-specific physiological guidance.
Fluctuations of the plasma potential in atmospheric pressure micro-plasma jets
Authors: Behmani Deepika , Barman Kalyani , Bhattacharjee Sudeep 
Published: August 2021

Fluctuations in plasma floating potential in an atmospheric pressure micro-plasma jet are investigated experimentally. The transport of charged particles toward the ambient air is often seen to be affected by plasma fluctuations. The dependence of fluctuations on operating parameters such as applied voltage, gas flow rate, and gas mixture ratio (He:Ar) is investigated so as to be able to control the fluctuations in the intended application. A single pin probe measures the fluctuations in the jet in a region where the plasma emerges out of the capillary. The fluctuations are characterized by fast Fourier transform and time-frequency analysis (TFA). It is found that with an increase in applied voltage at a fixed flow rate (1 l/min), the fluctuations increase and reach a peak value at ∼11 kV and thereafter decrease at higher voltages due to a high value of discharge current (∼4.77 mA) at 11 kV arising from the intense ionization taking place in the jet. When the gas flow rate is increased at a fixed voltage (14 kV), the fluctuations get enhanced for flow rates beyond 2 l/min due to transition to turbulent flow occurring at a buoyancy induced Reynolds number of ∼474. In the case of gas mixing, an increase in the concentration of Ar and a reduction in He at a fixed applied power (80.6 W) and flow rate (1 l/min) give rise to a higher level of fluctuations, which is considered to be due to lower thermal conductivity and ionization potential of Ar, leading to gas heating, and ponderomotive force, giving rise to filamentation. The TFA shows the time evolution of fluctuation frequencies, which can be tuned by varying the experimental parameters. Understanding the influence of experimental parameters is crucial in controlling the fluctuations in the micro-plasma jet.
Clause-final negative particles in varieties of Swedish
Authors: Rosenkvist Henrik 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
While the Swedish negator inte may be doubled in a final clause-external position, in both
standard Swedish and dialects, many dialects also allow a final, clause-internal particle (e, i or
ai) in negated clauses. FNPs occur in a coherent area around the Baltic Sea, and in contrast with doubling
negation, they are possible both after both inte and aldrig ‘never’. FNPs are also used in
questions and exclamations, contexts that disallow doubling negation. These particles may have developed from the former Swedish
negator ej or from the common inte. An argument for the former alternative is that other
dialectal phenomena that spread from central Sweden during the late Middle Ages have approximately the same geographic
distribution. In the final section of the paper, some typological consequences and implications are discussed. Furthermore, it is
argued that syntactic studies of non-standard varieties may reveal new insights of typological relevance.
Wideband low reflection backward scattering with an inter-band transparent window by phase tailoring of a frequency-selective metasurface
Authors: Sima Boyu , Chen Ke , Zhang Na , Zhao Junming , Jiang Tian , Feng Yijun 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Thin-thickness metasurfaces used for reducing radar cross section (RCS) have attracted much attention due to their promising prospects in many applications, like stealth techniques, antenna radomes, etc. One of the major challenges for antenna radome applications is to achieve inter-band high transmission in addition to broadband RCS reduction by a single device. Here, we propose a frequency-selective metasurface to realize low backward scattering in a wide microwave frequency band while maintaining an inter-band transparent window. To achieve this goal, two basic meta-atoms comprising three cascaded patterned sheets are designed to ensure out-of-phase reflection properties in two sidebands with in-phase high transmission in the center band. Then, we arrange meta-atoms into a checkerboard-like distribution to form the phase cancellation of far-field backward scattering. Simulated results show that the RCS can be reduced by more than 10 dB in a continuous band of 7.5–15.7 GHz while the insertion loss in the transmission window is less than 1.0 dB from 11.8 to 12.1 GHz. Experimental verifications from a fabricated prototype were carried out which agree well with the simulations. This work may provide an effective way to design microwave radomes or find applications in other electromagnetic compatibility devices.