bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ecosystem recovery at hypersaline salt marsh remediation projects impacted by the Gulf War Oil Spill
Authors: Weaver Jennifer L. , Hale Jason A. , Cotsapas Linos , Fravel Hal 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT #1141405
The 1990 Gulf War Oil Spill was the largest marine oil spill in history, spilling an estimated 6–11 million barrels of crude oil into the Arabian Gulf and impacting approximately 800 km of shoreline in Saudi Arabia between the border with Kuwait and Abu Ali Island near Jubail. Many intertidal areas were heavily oiled, severely damaging salt marsh ecosystems and facilitating the growth of thick algal mats, which, in turn, created a physical barrier that restricted tidal exchange and prevented recolonization of marsh flora and fauna at these sites. Remediation projects have been ongoing since early 2010 at 19 project areas throughout the area of impact. Remediation activities are focused on refreshing existing or creating new tidal channels to restore hydrology and tilling the substrate to expose moderately oiled sediment and enhance the degradation of oil and break up laminate algal mats. Additional activities include removal of heavily oiled sediments, re-use of excavated unoiled and lightly oiled sediments to create additional topography in restored marshes, and vegetation planting in selected areas.
Monitoring plots for long-term study were established at remediation sites, impacted but untreated sites (set-asides), and nearby reference (comparison) sites. Initial monitoring data were collected before and after remediation activities, which were primarily undertaken between 2010 and 2013. Biannual (spring and fall) monitoring was resumed in fall 2018 and will continue through spring 2022 to characterize ecosystem recovery at these sites. Based on results from fall 2018 and spring 2019, most remediation sites show some level of recovery, indicated by the return of annual vegetation and resident marsh invertebrates in lower elevation plots, and thinner algal mat types and insect burrowing activity at the upper elevations. While the lower portions of untreated sites are beginning to show recruitment of annual vegetation and invertebrates (e.g. crabs), thick, laminated algal mat cover occurs in the middle-upper elevations at untreated sites. Multimetric indices (MMIs) summarizing ecosystem health and stressors were developed to summarize recovery of these projects and evaluate progress at remediation sites relative to set-aside and comparison sites. MMI results indicate that remediation work was effective at reducing stressors in remediation sites compared to set-asides; however, the level of ecosystem recovery is variable across sites, in part depending on the time since restoration.
Evaluating Surface Washing Agent Performance
Authors: Grosser Robert , Conmy Robyn , Sundaravadivelu Devi , Burkes Andrea , Holder Edith , Webster Emma , Venkatapathy Raghu 
Published: December 2021

Surface washing agents (SWAs) can be used to enhance removal of spilled oil from shoreline surfaces and structures. There are two classes of SWA products, “lift and float” products which remove the oil from the surfaces to create an oil slick which can be recovered mechanically and “lift and disperse” products which emulsify and disperse the oil into the water column, which are more difficult to remove mechanically. Therefore, information regarding the ability of a product to lift oil from a surface and its mechanism of action once the oil has been removed is important for oil spill responders.
The SWA effectiveness (SWAE) of 15 products (conducted and reported blind) listed on the NCP Product Schedule was evaluated by applying oil to a sand substrate, allowing time for the oil to adhere to the substrate, treating with SWA, and washing with artificial seawater to release any oil that has been lifted from the substrate surface. The efficiency of SWAs is calculated based on the mass of oil remaining on the substrate relative to the total mass of oil applied. The Dispersant Effectiveness (DE) of SWA products was determined using the Baffled Flask Test and was used to sort products based on their mechanism of action (“lift and disperse” rather than “lift and float”).
Using a sand basket approach, the amount of oil remaining in sand varied from 10 to 95% for the various products tested, where a lower percent signifies a better SWA. The DE varied between 8 and 81%. Though previous studies have concluded that good SWAs are poor dispersants and vice versa, the results from this study demonstrate that this is not a general rule. A stoplight decision framework was developed that considers the relationship between DE and SWAE, and serves to identify products whose primary mechanism is “lift and disperse” rather than “lift and float.” Results suggest that regardless of which test is used to evaluate SWAs, coupling findings with DE can provide useful information for decisions during response operations.
Determination of Oil Spill Chemical Concentrations in Nearshore Matrices
Authors: Montas Larissa , Ferguson Alesia , Mena Kristina , Solo-Gabriele Helena , Paris Claire B. 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
Marine oil spill incidents create concerns about human health risks, particularly in nearshore locations such as beaches used for recreation. To improve the timeliness of risk estimates during an oil spill, we need to expand modelling capacity for oil spill chemicals (OSCs) from predictions for chemical bulk measurements such as Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) to predictions of individual concentrations of the more toxic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH)s.
The objective of this study is to establish a relationship for TPH and PAH nearshore sampling concentration values with the oil mass landing and TPH hindcast from a 3D Hydrodynamic Fate and Transport Model (3D-FTM) for a past oil spill. The overall goal is to use this information to expand current modeling capacities to predict concentration distributions for individual PAHs as a starting point for health risk assessment.
During Phase I of this study, historic sampling data for various matrices (weathered oil, seawater and sediments) were used to evaluate PAH concentration distributions within time-space specific categories. The categories corresponded to samples collected prior to nearshore oiling, post nearshore oiling and at no time impacted by oil as predicted by historic oil spill trajectories. For matrices within each category, concentration frequency distributions and concentration patterns were generated for a subset of PAHs. Results show differences in PAH concentration patterns within each matrix and for each category. Concentration frequency distributions for most PAHs in each category were log-normally distributed.
Phase II is ongoing. Here we analyze PAH and TPH concentrations measured from surface weathered oil slick samples collected at the time of the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill. Preliminary results show that concentrations for a subset of PAHs in weathered oil slicks correlate well with TPH concentrations (R2=0.76).
We are collocating the historic environmental sampling data with the output from the Oil-Connectivity Modelling System (Oil-CMS). The relationship between measured and model predicted TPH is explored by comparing values for samples that coincide in time and space with the model's particles. A subsequent step is to use output of the oil-CMS in combination with the physical and chemical properties for each PAH to predict concentration distributions for individual PAHs. The overarching goal is to improve risk estimates and, therefore, better guide public health decision-making.
Step by Step to Implement SCAT during an oil spill response operation in Southeast Brazil
Authors: Fernandez Mauro Puime , Esteves Rodrigo Cochrane , Kammradt Patricia Bastos 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
Despite the best efforts of an on-water response to a large oil spill at sea, the likelihood is that at least some of the spilled oil will eventually reach the shoreline. When shoreline impact occurs, or is likely to occur, shoreline assessment is a critical component of the response and provides essential information for setting objectives, priorities, constraints and endpoints for an effective shoreline response.
Continuous Oil Spill Remote Sensing and Autonomous Monitoring
Authors: Chenault David B. , Vaden Justin P. 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
The Pyxis camera is a polarized thermal infrared sensor that provides area detection at all times of day in a variety of conditions. It exploits the difference in oil and water material properties rather than temperature differences and is therefore far more robust for detection and false alarm rejection. It is small and has been integrated with drones, mounted at fixed sites, and used as a handheld for spill detection and monitoring. Pyxis has been tested extensively at Ohmsett and successfully demonstrated for oil detection at the MC20 site and at Santa Barbara in both manned and unmanned aircraft.
Pyxis has now been integrated into the Polarization Oil Detection System (PODS) for autonomous oil spill detection and monitoring. PODS essentially operates as a web camera and continuously monitors the user defined area for oil entering the scene while adapting to changing environmental conditions. PODS is well-suited for monitoring fixed sites at processing or transfer points, unmanned rigs and platforms, and along waterways and pipelines.
Statistical analysis of the oil and HNS spill incidents occurred in NOWPAP region from 1990 to 2017
Authors: Kang Seong-Gil , Joung Tae-Hwan , Lee Siyeon , Lee Joung-Yun , Won Haemin , You Young 
Published: December 2021

Abstract and Introduction
This analysis has been implemented firstly under the project of ‘Development of information Sharing Platform on oil and HNS spills in the NOWPAP region' which was propose at the 18th MERRAC Focal Points meeting (August 2015) and approved by the 20th NOWPAP Intergovernmental meeting (November 2015). The detailed information on scope of data collection used in this analysis is as follows; Data used in this analysis was scoped from the year of 1990 to 2017Incidents of oil spillage with over 10 tons were only collected from the member states on a regular basisMERRAC established the guidelines to clear the terms and meanings to analyzeFrom 1990 to 1997, incidents of oil spill with over 50 tons were collectedThe incident data provides incident dates, locations, vessel types, incident types, pollution types and pollution quantities
Integration of lessons learned from 30 years of oil on water exercises, testing and training in an improved industry oil spill contingency framework
Authors: Skeie G. M. , Kristoffersen I. S. , Engen F. , Sævik P. M. , Lura H. , Johnsen G. H. 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
On behalf of the operators on the Norwegian Continental Shelf, the Norwegian Clean Seas Association for Operating Companies (NOFO) has the responsibility for providing a documented and verified level of oil spill response, fulfilling the requirements set by the regulatory authorities for each individual production and exploration activity. To meet this responsibility and document the established oil spill preparedness, a comprehensive and cross-disciplinary project has been undertaken, integrating results and lessons learned from oil on water exercises and test facilities in the period 1985 to 2018. The structured results feed into standardized algorithms for system capability and operational windows, applicable across all combat methods in the NOFO toolbox. Through gap and sensitivity assessments, topics for R & D area prioritisation are identified. Data and information are structured in order to fit into the assessment methodology for Environmental Risk Assessments (ERA) and Spill Impact Mitigation Assessments (SIMA), and a step by step methodology for oil spill response assessments (OSRA) was developed as part of the project, facilitating standardised and comparable oil spill response plans. In addition to this standardisation and documentation process, templates for presentation of key data for oil spill response planning purposes are developed, and disseminated to a dedicated web site, as well as the NOFO Common Operating Picture GIS. In this way, a cohesive set of data and standards are available for use in assessments, planning, authority assessment and in incidents.
Pollution From Commercial Vessels Machinery Space Bilges
Authors: Ortiz LT Jordan , Schrayshuen LT Lynn 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Over the past decade, the United States Coast Guard Sector Southeastern New England (SENE) along with state and local partner agencies in the New Bedford, Massachusetts area have been attempting to understand commercial vessel's inability to comply with the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) regarding oily bilge waste and proper disposal options. The regulations have been in effect since 1983 requiring oceangoing vessels of less than 400 gross tons to have the capacity to retain all oily mixtures onboard or install an approved oily water separator (OWS) equipment for processing oily mixtures from bilges.
New Bedford, MA is the homeport to over 400 commercial fishing vessels within a 2 square mile port area. The circumstances in New Bedford are considered to be representative of most ports for vessels less than 400 gross tons nationwide. Sector SENE has used various mechanisms to educate the local commercial vessel fleet owners and operators. The education includes the issuance of Marine Safety Information Bulletin 03-18 by Coast Guard Headquarters (United States Coast Guard, 2018).
In 2012, the Partner Agency - Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection created and funded the Bilge-Pump-Out Program. This voluntary program provides commercial vessels with free oily bilge waste disposal services. Previously, there was no established “permanent” solution to the pervasive oily discharge problem and bad practice of illegally disposing of oily waste directly from commercial vessel bilges overboard into U.S. navigable waterways. In conjunction with local authorities having jurisdiction, Sector SENE began a focused pollution prevention and enforcement effort. Several pollution cases were forwarded to the Department of Justice (DOJ) and fines of over 1 million dollars have been issued for the illegal practices. The culmination of educational outreach, surge operations and coordinated interagency efforts have led to the initial levels of compliance.
The Oil Spill Science Triad: Viewpoint on the Coexistence and Optimization of Models, Laboratory Tests, and Empirical Field Observations and Data for Natural Resource Damage Assessments
Authors: Boehm Paul D. , Haddad Robert I. 
Published: December 2021

667037 ABSTRACT
This paper provides a viewpoint on ways to blend and optimize the use of various scientific tools to address information needs as part of oil spill natural resource damage assessments (NRDAs). Oil spills are complex events of multidisciplinary interest, requiring the application of a blend of established, generally accepted approaches to answer the many scientific questions related to oil spill response and NRDAs arising during and after each spill. Each spill scenario is unique and demands different information, but central to all assessment strategies are questions around the needs for and the feasibility of collecting adequate representative field data versus (or more productively in concert with) the application of spill models, remembering that models alone can't create facts. Useful information also comes from considering the degree to which the processes and ambient measures in a new spill can be represented by extrapolations of data and information from prior spills. Through a discussion of a three-part “toolkit” or “triad” applied to different types of oil spill NRDAs, this discussion offers insights and suggestions, largely from a strategic scientific perspective, for optimizing the blend of these tools to sufficiently address the assessment of injuries to natural resources so restoration can be appropriately evaluated, scaled, planned, and implemented.
Swift Water Oil Spill Response Techniques
Authors: Gunter Tim , Farrell Ty 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
Swift water oil spill response (SWSR) has many different aspects that present more of a challenge than slow moving or static water oil spills. The American Petroleum Institute (API)/Association of Oil Pipelines (AOPL) Emergency Response Work Group's inland SWSR Guide will be a compilation of industry best practices describing initial spill response management and operational tactics in these uniquely challenging conditions. This paper will summarize the API Guide which focuses on the highest priorities of spill response including people, environment, and assets. The intended audience for this paper are responders that have baseline spill response knowledge. Operations managers will be able to use the API Guide to develop timely Incident Command System (ICS) 201 briefs, organizational structures, and Incident Action Plan (IAP) operational work assignments. Safety of responders will be emphasized, particularly site safety, and personal protective equipment (PPE). Site safety and job specific hazard identification best practices will inform responders, managers, and Incident Commanders of the important aspects of overall safety management. Site evaluation topics will cover the following areas: access, staging area, boat launches, shoreline composition, and wildlife considerations. Response strategies involving equipment for containment and recovery will be described for effective SWSR. Additional factors that must be considered include riverbed composition, current velocity, flow pattern, water depth, water course width, and obstructions. There is a limited amount of literature on the unique response techniques of SWSR developed by industry groups or governmental agencies.
Integration of a Shoreline Response Program (SRP) and SCAT
Authors: Owens Ed , Santner Richard 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
The Shoreline Response Program (SRP) is an adjustment within an Incident Management System (IMS) intended to improve current practices. An SRP builds on the recognized strengths of an IMS-based organization and of a SCAT program that utilizes an integrated and focused approach to streamline and better coordinate the decision and planning processes and the operational implementation activities. An SRP is an extension of the traditional SCAT program but with a broader focuses on strategic and tactical planning to minimize the short- and long-term impacts of oil on shorelines, the efforts and costs involved in a shoreline response, and the volumes of waste that would be generated. The inclusion of an SRP concept in drills, exercises and preparedness training can directly improve the ability to respond quickly and effectively during the initial response phase. Not implementing an SRP at the very outset of a spill response, when typically the best opportunities exist for the removal of bulk oil, can have significant long-term consequences. Shifting an emphasis on management and physical resources from, often only partially successful, on-water activities to onshore shoreline activities when oil can be picked up more rapidly and effectively can significantly reduce i) the footprint of the response, ii) the duration and scale of the shoreline operation, iii) the exposure of shore zone resources to the oil, and so accelerate environmental recovery, and iv) waste generation.
Emergency Oil Spill Response: Data Collection Automation, and Dissemination
Authors: Muskat Judd 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
The California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW), Office of Spill Prevention and Response (OSPR) has employed Geographic Information System (GIS) technology for oil spill planning and response since the early 1990's, adding remote sensing tools to the mix by the turn of the Century. Discussed herein are OSPR's current smartphone and tablet-based field data collection applications. We use an off-the-shelf tool for pre-response protection strategy planning and use customized tools developed in-house for California Sea Otter Surveys, Wildlife Search and Collection and the Shoreline Cleanup Assessment Technique (SCAT). The benefits of automated field data collection include the omission of transcription errors during manual data input and streamlined data processing. This results in accurate and timely information delivered to responders, thus enhancing their capability for informed decision making.
OSPR uses the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Environmental Response Management Application® (ERMA), a web-based GIS data viewer as the Common Operational Picture (COP) for data dissemination throughout the incident response community during an oil spill event, and for the post emergency response cooperative Natural Resource Damage Assessment (NRDA). OSPR also uses ERMA a planning tool by uploading significant data layers from the U.S Coast Guard's (USCG) six Area Contingency Plans (ACP) for coastal California and OSPR's Geographic Response Plans for inland waters of the state with higher risk of an oil spill. These response planning data are freely downloadable from the ERMA platform.
In the Summer/Fall of 2019 at the Cymric Oil Field in Kern County, California, over 1,000,000 gallons of oil, mud and steam seeped into a dry stream bed from several “surface expressions”. Direct access to the spill site was not permitted for Health and Safety concerns. OSPR used an off-the-shelf small Unmanned Aerial System (sUAS, aka drone) equipped with a standard high definition (HD) camera and a thermal infrared camera for SCAT reconnaissance, resources at risk evaluations, and regularly scheduled mapping missions for overall site situational awareness.