bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
3.4 % solar-to-ammonia efficiency from nitrate using Fe single atomic catalyst supported on MoS2 nanosheets
Authors: Li Ji , Zhang Yuan , Liu Chao , Zheng Li Rong , Petit Eddy , Qi Kun , Zhang Yang , Wu Huali , Wang Wensen , Tiberj Antoine , Wang Xuechuan , Chhowalla Manish , Lajaunie Luc , Yu Ruohan , Voiry Damien 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Electrochemical synthesis of NH3 is a carbon-free alternative to the traditional Haber-Bosch process. The challenge with nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) to NH3 is cleavage of the inert N≡N triple bond of nitrogen gas. Obtaining NH3 from environmental pollutants, such as nitrates or nitrites, is a more practical route than NRR. However, reduction of nitrates or nitrites to ammonia is currently hampered by modest Faradaic efficiencies, typically below 10 %. Here, we report a novel heterogeneous catalyst based on iron (Fe) single-atoms supported on two-dimensional MoS2 (Fe-MoS2) for the nitrate reduction reaction (NO3RR). We have found that Fe-MoS2 exhibits remarkable performance with a maximum Faradaic efficiency of 98 % for NO3RR to NH3 at an overpotential of -0.48 V vs. the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) as confirmed by our isotopic nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses. Density function theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the enhanced selectivity for the production of NH3 from single Fe atoms supported on MoS2 is attributed to a reduced energy barrier of 0.38 eV associated with de-oxidation of *NO to *N – the usual potential limiting step in NO3RR. We assembled our catalyst in a two-electrode electrolyzer coupled to an InGaP/GaAs/Ge triple-junction solar cell to demonstrate a solar-to-ammonia (STA) conversion efficiency of 3.4 % and a yield rate of 0.03 mmol h-1 cm-2 equivalent to 510 µg h-1 cm-2. Our results open new avenues for design of single-atom catalysts (SAC) for the realization of solar-driven ammonia production.
Long-Term Subculture Affects Rooting Competence via Changes in the Hormones and Protein Profiles in Cedrela Fissilis Vell. (Meliaceae) Shoots
Authors: Oliveira Tadeu dos Reis , Balfagón Damián , Sousa Kariane Rodrigues , Aragão Victor Paulo Mesquita , de Oliveira Leandro Francisco , Floh Eny Iochevet Segal , Silveira Vanildo , Gómez-Cadenas Aurelio , Santa-Catarina Claudete 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Long-term subculture plays an essential role in the large-scale multiplication and production of somatic plantlets. We investigated the effects of long-term subculture on in vitro shoot development and ex vitro rooting associated with changes in the hormones and protein profiles in C. fissilis. The number of subcultures of shoots induced a decrease in the ex vitro rooting response. The reduction in adventitious root (AR) formation was associated with decreases in the contents of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA), 12-oxo phytodienoic acid (OPDA), putrescine (Put), and spermine and increases in jasmonic acid (JA), jasmonoyl-isoleucine, trans-cinnamic acid, and salicylic acid contents in shoots at the fourth subculture compared to the first. The ornithine decarboxylase enzyme preferentially functions in the Put biosynthesis pathway and was related to the highest AR formation in shoots at the first subculture. Down-accumulation of the auxin-binding protein ABP19a in shoots from the fourth subculture compared to the first subculture was related to a decrease in both IAA contents and AR formation. In addition, down-accumulation of glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, glutamine synthetase leaf isozyme chloroplastic, 5-methyltetrahydropteroyltriglutamate-homocysteine methyltransferase, L-ascorbate peroxidase, cytosolic, monodehydroascorbate reductase, and 2-Cys peroxiredoxin BAS1-like, chloroplastic and up-accumulation of caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase 1 and isoforms of peroxidase 4 proteins in shoots from the fourth relative to the first subculture were associated with a reduction in AR formation. These results showed that the understanding of hormonal and molecular mechanisms related to the potential of AR formation in shoots under successive subcultures is relevant to improving large-scale plantlet production in C. fissilis.
Single Fibre Swelling Behavior for Natural and Man-Made Cellulose Fibres Under Industrial Steeping Conditions
Authors: You Xiang , Chen Feng , Ma Yibo , Roselli Annariikka , Enqvist Eric , Hassi Heikki 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Swelling behavior of cotton, dissolving wood pulp (DWP), viscose staple fibre (VsF), and Tencel staple fibre (TsF) in varying sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were investigated by means of optical microscopy and were characterized by molecular mass distribution, X-ray diffractometer, and dynamic vapor sorption. Effect of temperature (20-45 °C) and duration (0-120 min) was studied. The results reveal that the swelling ratio of fibre in alkali solution depends on fibre accessibility and NaOH concentration. Among all the materials, VsF exhibited the highest swelling ratio and lowest swelling ratio has been observed for cotton fibre. The results suggest that the swelling is limited by the presence of plant cell wall structures in cotton and DWP, rather from fringed-fibrillar, semi-crystalline sub-structures, which result from the inherent tendency of cellulose molecules to form such structures during the biosynthesis of plant cell walls as well as during the formation of regenerated cellulosic textile fibre in wet-spinning.
Dyslipidemias and 10-Years Cardiovascular Risk Scores in Adults in Asmara, Eritrea: Findings From a Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Achila Oliver Okoth , Fessahye Nahom , Mengstu Samuel Tekle , Habtemikael Naemi Tesfamariam , Werke Wintana Yebio , Zemichael Femal Tesfazghi , Leghese Haben Negash , Weldegegish Thomas Amanuel , Tekeste Tsegay Habteab , Garoy Eyob Yohannes 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background: The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of dyslipidemias and associated factors in adults (≥35 to ≤ 85 years) living in Asmara, Eritrea. Methods: A total of 384 (144 (%) males and 242 (%) females, mean age ± SD, 68.06±6.16 years) respondents were randomly selected after stratified multistage sampling. The WHO NCD STEPS instrument version 3.1 questionnaire was used to collect data. Measurements/or analysis including anthropometric, lipid panel, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and blood pressure (BP) were also undertaken. Results: The frequency of dyslipidemia in this population was disproportionately high (87.4%) with the worst affected subgroup in the 51-60 age band. The level of awareness was also low. In terms of individual lipid markers, the proportion were as follows: HDL-C (40 mg/dL men and 50 mg/dL females) (55.2%); TC ≥ 200 mg/d (49.7%); LDL≥130 mg/dL (44.8%); TG≥150 mg/dL (38.1%). The mean ± SD, for HDL-C, TC, LDL-C, non-HDL-C, and TG were 45.28±9.60; 205.24±45.77; 130.77±36.15; 160.22±42.09 and 144.5±61.26 mg/dl, respectively. Regarding NCEP ATP III risk criteria, 17.6%, 19.4%, 16.3%, 19.7%, and 54.7% were in high or very high-risk categories for TC, Non-HDL-C, TG, LDL-C, and HDL-C, respectively. Among all respondents, 59.6% had mixed dyslipidemias with TC+TG+LDL-C dominating. In addition, 27.3%, 28.04%, 23.0%, and 8.6% had abnormalities in 1, 2, 3 and 4 lipid abnormalities, respectively. In terms of Framingham CVD Risk scores, 12.7%, 2.8% were in the high risk and very high-risk strata. Further, the high burden of dyslipidemia coexisted with an equally high burden of abdominal obesity (71.8%), BMI≥25 kg/m2 (44.6%), dysglycemia (24.7%), hypertension (24.4%), and physical inactivity. Dyslipidemia was associated with employment status (ref: unemployed vs. employed, aOR 0.48, 95% CI 0.24–0.97, p=0.015) and self-employed (aOR 0.41, 95% CI 0.17–1.00, p=0.018); marital status (ref: not married vs married (aOR 2.35, 95% CI 1.19–4.66, p=0.009); increasing DBP (aOR 1.04 mmHg (1.00-1.09)=0.001) and increasing FPG (aOR 1.02 per 1 mg/dL, 95% CI 1.00–1.05, p=0.001). Conclusion: High frequency of poor lipid health may be a prominent contributor to the high burden of CVDs – related mortality and morbidity in Asmara, Eritrea. Consequently, efforts directed at early detection, and evidence-based interventions are warranted.
Kinematics of an intervertebral disc with type 1 Modic change: mechanical and non-mechanical causes
Authors: Yamada Yuji , Morimoto Masatoshi , Maeda Toru , Tomiyama Syogo , Takami Hirofumi , Yoshida Naoyuki , Kashima Masahiro , Sairyo Koichi 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
BackgroundType 1 Modic change (MC) is associated with chronic low back pain and attributed to segmental instability. However, the relationship between type 1 MC and segmental instability is unclear. This study sought to clarify the role of mechanical abnormalities in type 1 MC.MethodReview of magnetic resonance images obtained for 727 patients over a 1-year period at our institution revealed 161 cases of type 1 MC. In 86 of these, the following indicators of mechanical abnormality could be evaluated on dynamic radiographs: segmental scoliosis (> 5°), forward slippage (> 1%), and posterior disc opening in flexion. Patients with one or more of these abnormalities were allocated to a mechanical group (n = 62, 70%) and those with no abnormality to a non-mechanical group (n = 26, 30%). The Pfirrmann grade of disc degeneration at the affected level was compared between the groups.ResultsSegmental scoliosis, slippage, and posterior opening was observed in 34, 21 and 37 cases, respectively. Severe disc degeneration (grade IV or V) was present in 43 cases (69%) in the mechanical group and in 12 cases (46%) in the non-mechanical group; the difference was statistically significant (p = 0.04).ConclusionWe propose that there are mechanical and non-mechanical variants of type 1 MC.
Antibacterial Activity of Ethyl Acetate Extract of Endophytic Fungus (Paraconiothyrium Brasiliense) Through Targeting Pathogenesis Related Dihydropteroate Synthase (DHPS)
Authors: Sathiyaseelan Anbazhagan , Saravanakumar Kandasamy , Anand Mariadoss Arokia Vijay , Wang M 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Endophytic fungi are innumerable sources of bioactive metabolites with various biomedical applications. Hence, this study was aimed to isolate and identify the endophytic fungus Paraconiothyrium brasiliense (PB) from the fruit of Capsicum annuum and evaluated their biochemical, antimicrobial, antioxidant, cell viability, and cytotoxicity behavior. Results showed that ethyl acetate extract (EAE) of PE contains flavonoid (31.53 ± 0.9 mg of QE/g of extract) and phenolic (2.59 ± 0.06 mg of GAE/g of extract). The PB-EAE showed significant antioxidant activity in terms of free radicals such as DPPH, ABTS, and Fe3+ scavenging. The antioxidant potential of PB-EAE reflects in normal cell viability and anticancer activity against prostate cancer (PC3) cells. The bacterial inhibitory activity of PB-EAE was equal to commercial antibiotic tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH). Further, GC-MS analysis confirmed the presence of volatile molecules such as o-cymene (CH3C6H4CH(CH3)2), dipentene (C10H16), γ-terpinene (C10H16), 4-carvomenthenol (C10H18O), heneicosane (CH3(CH2)19CH3), 2,5-piperazinedione (C4H6N2O2). Also, molecular docking analysis demonstrated the significant interactions between the compounds of PB-EAE and Dihydropteroate Synthase (Protein ID:5JQ9; DHPS). This study revealed that endophytic P. brasiliense from Capsicum annuum could be a novel source for the isolation of antimicrobials.
Adaptation Strategy In Attachment–Detachment Cycles When Faced With Changes In Incline And Orientation During Gecko Climbing
Authors: Zong Weijia , Wang Zhouyi , Wang Bingcheng , Zhang Zhourong , Yin Chang , Dai Zhendong 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background: Geckos are endowed with the extraordinary capacity to move quickly in various environments; they benefit from efficient control for the complex footpads. Research on the locomotor behavior and contact status in the attachment–detachment (A-D) cycle of the footpads for diverse challenges is linked to the revelation of regulatory strategy. At present, there is a lack of systematic research for the A-D cycle, which limits the understanding of the adhesive locomotion mechanism.Methods: The A-D cycle that facilitates the level and up–down locomotion on inclined and vertical surfaces of Gekko gecko was investigated to clarify the locomotion postures and durations in the release, swing, contact, and adhesion stages, respectively. This reveals the relationship between the structure and function of the attachment devices, and its regulation when faced with changing locomotion demands.Results: Despite changes in climbing demands, gecko foot locomotion posture (angle extremes and changing trends) in the swing stage, the posture (bending angle: fore 41°, hind 51°) and contact time ratio (7.42%) in the contact stage remain unchanged, which is in contrast with the adjustable postures in the stance phase. Furthermore, the variation range of the forefoot locomotion posture is larger than that of the hindfoot, and the forefoot angle changing trend is opposite to that of the hindfoot, indicating that the combination of anatomical structure and functional demands results in the differentiation in the adaptation mode of the A-D cycle for the fore- and hindfoot. Conclusions: Gecko’s fore- and hindfoot have evolved different structures to undertake differential functions. The function (adhesion) for various locomotion demands relates to footpad deployment in the stance phase but is unaffected by the regulations (postures and durations) in the swing and contact stages. The results demonstrate that the unified adaptation strategy reduces the diversity and complexity of the control. It advances the understanding of the adhesive locomotion mechanism, reflects the structural evolution and adaptation strategy of attachment devices for functional requirements and provides biological inspiration for effective design and control of adhesion robots.
High Expression of PYK2 is Associated with Poor Prognosis and Cancer Progression in Early- Stage Cervical Carcinoma
Authors: Zhang Can , Zhu Xinghua , Li Yong , Shao Jia , Xu Haibo , Chen Lei , Dan Youli , He Aiqin , Jin Hua 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background: Proline-rich tyrosine kinase-2 (PYK2), also known as calcium dependent tyrosine kinase (CADTK), regulates different signal transduction cascades that control cell proliferation, migration and invasion. However, the role of PYK2 in cervical cancer remains to be elucidated.Methods: PYK2 expression was detected in tissue microarray and cervical cancer cell lines. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate its clinicopathological significance. Small interfering RNA (SiRNA) was employed to suppress endogenous PYK2 expression in cervical cancer cells to observe the biological function.Results: PYK2 expression was up-regulated in cervical cancer specimens compared with paired adjacent normal cervical tissue samples. Statistical analyses indicated that PYK2 expression might be an independent prognostic indicator for patients with early-stage cervical cancer. A nomogram model was constructed based on PYK2 expression and other clinicopathological risk factors, and it performed well in predicting patients survival. In cellular studies, down-regulation of PYK2 remarkably inhibited cellular proliferation, migration and invasion.Conclusion: PYK2 expression possessed the potential to serve as a novel prognostic markerin cervical cancer patients.
Intraoperative Hyperglycemia May be Associated with an Increased Risk of Myocardial Injury After Non-Cardiac Surgery in Diabetic Patients
Authors: Kim Sojin , Park Jungchan , Yang Kwangmo , Choi Jin-ho , Kim Kyunga , Sung Ji Dong , Ahn Joonghyun , Lee Seung-Hwa 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background: Hyperglycemia in surgical candidates is associated with increased mortality and morbidity. We aimed to evaluate the effect of intraoperative blood glucose level on the incidence of myocardial injury after non-cardiac surgery (MINS) in diabetic patients.Methods: Diabetic patients with available intraoperative blood glucose measurement during non-cardiac surgery were enrolled in this study. Based on the highest intraoperative blood glucose level, patients were stratified into two groups; the normal group (intraoperative peak glucose < 180mg/dL) and the hyperglycemia group (intraoperative peak glucose ≥ 180mg/dL). The primary outcome was the incidence of MINS, and secondary outcomes were in-hospital and 30-day mortalities.Results: Of the 11,302 diabetic patients, 8,337 patients were in the normal group (73.8%), and 2,965 patients were in the hyperglycemia group (26.2%). After inverse probability weighting adjustment, MINS was significantly higher in the hyperglycemia group (24.0% vs 17.2%; odds ratio [OR], 1.26; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.14 – 1.40; p < 0.001). In addition, in-hospital and 30-day mortalities were also higher in the hyperglycemia group compared to the normal group (4.2% vs 2.3%, hazard ratio [HR], 1.39; 95% CI, 1.07 - 1.81; p=0.01, and 3.1% vs 1.8%; HR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.31 - 2.36; p < 0.001, respectively). Receiver-operating characteristic plots showed that the threshold of glucose level related to MINS was 149mg/dL.Conclusion: Intraoperative hyperglycemia was associated with an increased MINS incidence and postoperative mortality in diabetic patients. Intraoperative blood glucose control may be helpful in preventing MINS.
Reduced mtDNA Copy Number in the Prefrontal Cortex of C9ORF72 patients
Authors: Alvarez-Mora Maria Isabel , Podlesniy Petar , Riazuelo Teresa , Molina-Porcel Laura , Gelpi Ellen , Rodriguez-Revenga Laia 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Hexanucleotide repeat expansion in C9ORF72 gene is the most common genetic cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia (C9ALS/FTD). Loss of C9ORF72 protein function and a toxic gain-of-function directly by the RNA or RAN translation have been proposed as triggering pathological mechanisms, along with the accumulation of TDP-43 protein. In addition, mitochondrial defects have been described to be a major driver of disease initiation. Mitochondrial DNA copy number has been proposed as a useful biomarker of mitochondrial dysfunction. The aim of our study was to determine the presence of mtDNA copy number alterations in C9ALS/FTD patients. Therefore, we assessed mtDNA copy number in postmortem prefrontal cortex from 18 C9ORF72 brain donors and 9 controls using digital droplet PCR. A statistically significant decrease of 50% was obtained when comparing C9ORF72 samples and controls. This decrease was independent of age and gender. The reduction of mtDNA copy number was found to be higher in patient samples presenting abundant TDP-43 protein inclusions. A growing number of studies demonstrated the influence of mtDNA copy number reduction on neurodegeneration. Our results provide new insights into the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of C9ALS/FTD.
It’s About Time: Examining Inequality in the Time
Cost of Waiting
Authors: Holt Stephen , Vinopal Katie 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Time spent waiting for services represents unproductive time imposed on individuals trying to fulfill basic needs. While qualitative and ethnographic work has found that income disparities also translate into disparities in time kept waiting for services, little evidence exists to confirm the scale and extent of socioeconomic differences in waiting time. We use time diary data from the nationally representative American Time Use Survey (ATUS) to estimate the difference between high- and low-income people in time spent waiting for basic services. We find that, relative to high-income people, low-income people are 3 percentage-points more likely to spend time waiting on an average day and their waiting spells are 12 minutes longer on average. The income gap in waiting time cannot be explained by differences in family obligations, demographics, education, work time, or travel time. Further, we find that high-income Black people experience the same higher average wait times as low-income people regardless of race. Our results suggest socioeconomic and racial inequalities in neighborhood quality, work schedule flexibility, and access to services exacerbate inequality in daily quality of life and the availability of productive time.
Multidrug-Resistance and Virulence-Related Properties of Diarrheagenic Escherichia Coli in Urban River: A Possible Source and Dissemination of Human Infections
Authors: Nogueira Barbara Araújo , Olivella Julianna Giordano Botelho , Sued-Karam Bruna Ribeiro , Ribeiro Paula Marcele Afonso Pereira , Oliveira Valmir , de Souza Claudio Rocha , Fracalanzza Sergio Eduardo Longo , Ignácio Ana Claudia de Paula Rosa , Mattos-Guaraldi Ana Luíza 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The presence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) E. coli harboring virulence pathotypes in aquatic systems is a public health concern due to an increase number of cases of infections and outbreaks in industrialized and developing countries. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the microbiological quality of Joana river, located at Rio de Janeiro, by analyzing E. coli bacteria contamination and to investigate virulence properties and MDR profiles by phenotypic and genotypic methods, including bacterial interaction with Caco-2 cells. A total of 34 E. coli were identified by MALDI-TOF and 20 E. coli were characterized as MDR when submitted to antimicrobial susceptibility test. Evaluation by multiplex-PCR of MDR E. coli demonstrated the presence of virulence pathotypes: EHEC (stx1, stx2, eae genes), STEC (stx2 gene) and EIEC/STEC (stx2, iaL genes). Virulence potential was demonstrated by the ability to adhere and survive within Caco-2 cells of MDR E. coli pathotypes (n = 4). In conclusion, this study demonstrates the presence of diarrheagenic MDR E. coli in river water at Rio de Janeiro. The possibility of aquatic environment dissemination of antimicrobial resistance and human contamination leading to community and nosocomial infections due to virulent MDR E. coli water-borne pathogens is a matter of concern.