bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Verplichte vervroegde pensionering van piloten: leeftijdsdiscriminatie?
Authors: Jaspers T. 
Published: April 2021

Verplichte vervroegde pensionering van piloten: leeftijdsdiscriminatie?
Verplicht vervroegd pensioen is een fenomeen dat weliswaar steeds minder voorkomt, maar voor sommige beroepen nog vrij normaal is. Bij luchtvaartmaatschappijen zoals de KLM, maar daar niet alleen, geldt nog steeds een regeling dat piloten ruim voor de AOW-leeftijd, variërend van 56 tot 60 jaar, met pensioen (moeten) gaan. Er geldt een automatisch pensioenontslag. In 2012 heeft de Hoge Raad zich opnieuw moeten buigen over wat door piloten als leeftijdsdiscriminatie wordt aangemerkt. In 2006 had de Hoge Raad dat ook al eens gedaan in soortgelijke zaken. In de rechtspraak van het Hof van Justitie van de Europese Unie vindt men inmiddels een uitgebreide jurisprudentie op verplicht pensioenontslag. In zijn recente arrest van 2012 volgt de Hoge Raad de lijn van de rechtspraak van het Europese Hof en komt tot de conclusie dat er weliswaar sprake is van ‘onderscheid naar leeftijd’, maar dat daarvoor een objectieve rechtvaardiging bestaat zoals door KLM en de vakbond van piloten was aangegeven. Deze uitspraak is niet alleen van belang voor deze KLM-piloten, maar gaat verder, omdat het verplichte of automatische pensioenontslag, niet alleen ‘vervroegd’ maar ook op latere leeftijd, zoals dat tegenwoordig vaker voorkomt, hier aan de orde is. In deze annotatie wordt de motivering van de Hoge Raad – en van het hof van Amsterdam in appèl – tegen het licht gehouden en geconfronteerd met de wijze waarop het Europese Hof en de hoogste gerechten in Duitsland en Frankrijk te werk gaan. Er kan gerede twijfel rijzen of de redeneringen in de Nederlandse rechtspraak wel even sound en houdbaar zijn als we in de rechtspraak van het Europese Hof en het Duitse Bundesarbeitsgericht aantreffen. De materie is weerbarstig, dat is wel duidelijk. Zij heeft vele facetten, niet in het minst uit een oogpunt van werkgelegenheidsbeleid, landelijk én lokaal of zelfs op het niveau van de onderneming. In deze annotatie worden de verschillende invalshoeken belicht om tot een oordeel te komen óf en zo ja onder welke voorwaarden een dergelijk onderscheid naar leeftijd gerechtvaardigd zou kunnen zijn en welke eisen gesteld zouden moeten worden aan de motivering ervan.
Het nieuwe Wetboek van Strafvordering. Hoe verder?
Authors: Verrest P.A.M. (Pieter) 
Published: April 2021

Het nieuwe Wetboek van Strafvordering. Hoe verder?
Het nieuwe Wetboek van Strafvordering bevindt zich in een kritische tussenfase. Er is geld nodig om een volgende stap te kunnen zetten. Het volgende kabinet zal hierover moeten beslissen. Deze bijdrage kijkt naar nut en noodzaak van het nieuwe Wetboek van Strafvordering. Als daar positief over wordt geoordeeld, is een minstens even belangrijke vraag voor het komende kabinet hoe het traject op een kansrijke wijze zou kunnen worden voortgezet.
Herwaardering van de strafrechtadvocaat
Authors: van der Meij P.P.J. (Patrick) , Bektesevic D. (Dino) 
Published: April 2021

Herwaardering van de strafrechtadvocaat
De positie van de strafrechtadvocaat staat echter meer dan ooit onder druk. In de eerste plaats bestaan bij de beroepsgroep grote zorgen om de veiligheid van advocaten en de reputatie van strafrechtadvocaten, die gemakkelijk op het spel wordt gezet. Daarnaast wordt ook aan het professionele verschoningsrecht geknabbeld, zijn de verhoudingen tussen het OM en advocaten verder gepolariseerd en is de financiering van de sociale advocatuur nog steeds niet ‘herijkt’. In deze bijdrage wordt gepleit voor een herwaardering van de rol van de strafrechtadvocaat. Hierbij gaat het vooral om het beeld dat van de strafrechtadvocaat bestaat: is de strafrechtadvocaat louter een sta-in-de-weg in de zoektocht naar de materiële waarheid of kunnen meer betrokkenheid van de advocaat en meer aandacht voor rechtsbescherming juist bijdragen aan een betere en meer efficiënte strafrechtspleging?
De resocialisatie vanuit een ander perspectief
Authors: Daans A.J.G. (Ton) 
Published: April 2021

De resocialisatie vanuit een ander perspectief
De afgelopen jaren heeft in het gevangeniswezen een aantal ingrijpende veranderingen plaatsgevonden. De detentiefasering is naar de achtergrond verdwenen en detentieregimes zijn versoberd. Dit biedt aanmerkelijk minder aanknopingspunten voor resocialisatie. Beveiliging van de samenleving staat voorop in de omgang met gedetineerden. De veranderingen worden op korte termijn versterkt als de Wet straffen en beschermen in werking treedt. Maar schieten we als samenleving juist niet veel meer op met meer mogelijkheden voor resocialisatie tijdens de detentie? Deze bijdrage schetst een aantal aansprekende ideeën daarover.
Ondermijnende criminaliteit laat zich niet onderscheppen noch aanhouden
Authors: Staring R.H.J.M. (Richard) , Bisschop L.C.J. (Lieselot) , Roks R.A. (Robby) 
Published: April 2021

Ondermijnende criminaliteit laat zich niet onderscheppen noch aanhouden
De bestuurlijke, strafrechtelijke en integrale aanpak van georganiseerde misdaad maken overuren maakt. Aan actie van de zijde van het huidige kabinet en aandacht in de verkiezingsprogramma’s is op dit terrein geen gebrek. Enorme plannen voor versterking van de aanpak van ondermijning zagen het afgelopen jaar het licht. Maar is de focus goed? De auteurs gaan na wat er kan worden geleerd uit criminologisch onderzoek naar ondermijnende drugscriminaliteit.
Acolhimento, Redes sociais e produção do cuidado na Atenção Básica em Saúde no Município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
Authors: Silva Tarciso Feijó da , David Helena Maria Scherlowski Leal 
Published: April 2021

Estudo descritivo, com abordagem quantitativa, delineado pela análise das relações dos profissionais de saúde de uma unidade de Atenção Básica do município do Rio de Janeiro que teve por objetivos identificar a partir do acolhimento as redes sociais dos atores para producão do cuidado na Atenção Básica em Saúde e caracterizar as relações/interações existentes segundo grau de centralidade, proximidade e intermediação. Os dados foram analisados mediante Análise de Redes Sociais (ARS), com a utilização dos softwares Ucinet e Netdraw, que permitiram a construção do sociograma e a geração das métricas da rede. A ARS permitiu compreender a posição dos atores e como as relações entre os mesmos se conformam através do acolhimento. A medida de densidade foi baixa, indicando que nem todos os atores estão em contato direto uns com os outros, trocando informação ou qualquer tipo de recurso, contribuindo para pouca coesão da rede. Quanto às medidas de centralidade, proximidade e intermediação o estudo traz relevo sobre os atores de nível superior, com exceção dos técnicos de enfermagem. Concluí-se a partir da rede social que o acolhimento dos usuários no campo segue uma dialética já estabelecida, baseada na queixa evidenciada, julgada e na oferta imediata de respostas, quando o esperado para o campo é um cuidado com foco na promoção e prevenção em saúde.
Two-Stage Pyrolytic Conversion of Biomass
Authors: Oleg Aleksandrovich Ivanin , Olga Mikhailovna Larina , Vladimir Aleksandrovich Lavrenov , Vladimir Aleksandrovich Sinelshchikov , Georgy Aleksandrovich Sytchev , Victor Mikhailovich Zaichenko 
Published: April 2021

The widespread adoption of biomass as an energy fuel is hindered by a number of its significant drawbacks, such as low heating value, low ash melting point, low bulk density etc. Technological solutions that allow to fully overcome these shortcomings and ensure high economic performance have not yet been proposed, although there is a significant demand for them. A new technology for thermal processing of biomass into gas fuel, based on the pyrolysis process, has been developed at the Joint Institute for High Temperatures of the Russian Academy of Sciences (JIHT RAS). The degree of energy conversion of the processed raw materials in the proposed technology is about 75%. The gas fuel yield is ∼1.3 m3/kg of biomass, and its heating value, on average, is 11 MJ/m3. The content of the liquid phase in the energy gas obtained by the developed technology is not more than 50 mg/m3. The gas produced by the technology under consideration on average consists of 90% hydrogen and carbon monoxide. According to existing standards, this gas can be used as a fuel for mini-CHP with gas-piston engines. A promising direction for using this gas is the production of liquid motor fuels.
Micro Milling Process for the Rapid Prototyping of Microfluidic Devices
Authors: Syafiq Rahim Muhammad , Annuar Ehsan Abang 
Published: April 2021

Micro milling process has become an attractive method for the rapid prototyping of micro devices. The process is based on subtractive manufacturing method in which materials from a sample are removed selectively. A comprehensive review on the fabrication of circular and rectangular cross-section channels of microfluidic devices using micro milling process is provided this review work. Process and machining parameters such as micro-tools selection, spindle speed, depth of cut, feed rate and strategy for process optimization will be reviewed. A case study on the rapid fabrication of a rectangular cross section channel of a microflow cytometer device with 200 um channel width and 50 um channel depth using CNC micro milling process is provided. The experimental work has produced a low surface roughness micro channel of 20 nm in roughness and demonstrated a microflow cytometer device that can produce hydrodynamic focusing with a focusing width of about 60 um.
Aerodynamically Alleviated Marine Vehicle (AAMV): Bridging the Maritime-to-Air Domain
Authors: James Daniel , Collu Maurizio 
Published: April 2021

As high performance marine vessels with improved performance characteristics are being requested by governments (DARPA 2015) and commercial operators, the Aerodynamically Alleviated Marine Vehicle (AAMV) provides a solution that combines speeds typical of rotary-wing and light fixed-wing aircraft with payload and loitering ability found in current high speed craft. The innovative AAMV hybrid aero-marine platform utilizes an alternative implementation of wing-in-ground effect (WIG), a proven technology with a fascinating history of high speed marine operation.
This paper outlines some challenges and the work completed towards the development of a hybrid class of vessel that is able to bridge the maritime-to-air domain, comfortably operating in the water surface yet still delivering the speed of aircraft during an airborne cruise phase. An overview of current WIG design is briefly presented, leading to the conceptual approach for the AAMV. Development and assessment of the aerodynamic properties of the lifting surfaces are shown, with analysis of several wing profiles and their effect on the total lift force, drag force, and pitching moment that directly influence the stability characteristics of the vehicle. A methodology for sizing an appropriate platform is summarized, along with experimental results of a high speed hullform with characteristics suitable for this intended application. Finally, particulars of a potential AAMV are derived using an iterative numerical method and briefly compared to current craft.
For close to a century, the influence of ground effect has promised economy for low-skimming flight over smooth water (Raymond 1921), a promise that has yet to reach its full potential.
The Italian “alcohol question” from 1860 to 1930: Two opposing scientific interpretations
Authors: Petrilli Enrico , Beccaria Franca 
Published: April 2021

Petrilli, E., & Beccaria, F. (2015). The Italian “alcohol question” from 1860 to 1930: Two opposing scientific interpretations. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 4(1), 37-43. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v4i1.193Background: In recent years, English-speaking and Northern European alcohol researchers have turned a historical gaze towards their subject, and in particular have explored how a medical view attempted to describe and explain phenomena such as alcohol abuse and addiction. Although there was a heated and prolific debate in Italy in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, there are few historical studies of the first scholars’ thoughts on alcohol-related problems.Aims: The article depicts how the Italian scientific community interpreted and explained alcohol-related concerns following the emergence of the alcohol issue in the late 19th century. Specifically, the stances of the two main groups of scientists who dealt with the issue, the Positive School of Criminology and Legal Socialism, are examined.Method: The article is based on the materials collected by the Italian research group during a comparative study carried out as part of the ALICE RAP project. More than 40 books and five scientific journals were consulted.Results: Medical-related concerns were never predominant in the late 19th-century Italian debate on the alcohol question, but were addressed in the broader discussion of criminality, where positivists’ and legal socialists’ perspectives both focused mainly on social consequences, albeit with differing interpretations of causalities and remedies.
A Versatile Approach to Boost Oxygen Reduction of Fe‐N4 Sites by Controllably Incorporating Sulfur Functionality
Authors: Shao Chunfeng , Wu Lingmin , Zhang Haocheng , Jiang Qike , Xu Xiaoyan , Wang Yinghua , Zhuang Shiguang , Chu Hailiang , Sun Lixian , Ye Jianshan , Li Baitao , Wang Xiujun 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAlthough atomically dispersed Fe‐N4 on carbon materials (Fe‐NC) have enormous potential for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), precise control over the electronic structure of Fe to enhance the catalytic performance and a full understanding of the catalytic mechanism remain elusive. Herein, a novel approach is designed to boost the kinetic activity of single Fe‐N4 centers by controlling S‐doped content and species (namely, thiophene‐like S and oxidized S). Due to confinement and catalysis effects, the innovative strategy of combining a Mg(OH)2 template with KOH activation preferentially generates oxidized S and simultaneously constructs porous carbon with a high Fe loading (2.93 wt%) and hierarchical pores. Theoretical calculations suggest that neighboring S functionalities can affect the electronic configurations of Fe‐N4 sites and increase the electron density around Fe atoms, thereby optimizing the adsorption energy of intermediates and substantially accelerating reaction kinetics, following the trend: oxidized S doped > thiophene‐like S doped > pristine Fe‐N4. Benefiting from high activity and accessibility of Fe‐N4 sites, the optimal FeNC‐SN‐2 electrode displays impressive ORR activity with large power density while maintaining outstanding durability in Zn‐air batteries and microbial fuel cells. The work paves the way to prepare stable single‐atom metal‐Nx sites with heteroatom‐doping for diverse high‐performance applications.
Selective Excitation of Polarization‐Steered Chiral Photoluminescence in Single Plasmonic Nanohelicoids
Authors: Gao Han , Chen Pei‐Gang , Lo Tsz Wing , Jin Wei , Lei Dangyuan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe development of chiral photoluminescence (PL) has drawn extensive attention owing to its potential applications in optical data storage, biosensing, and displays. Due to the lack of effective synthesis methods, colloidal metal nanostructures with intrinsic chiral PL have rarely been reported. Herein, the chiral excitation and emission properties of single gold nanohelicoids (GNHs) are reported for the first time. By measuring their circular dichroism (CD) response and excitation/emission polarization‐resolved PL spectra, it is revealed that the intrinsic chirality arising from the geometric handedness of the GNHs induces the observed excitation‐polarization‐correlated chiral PL. Two models are developed to analyze the observed circular‐polarization‐steered effect: (1) a chiral PL phenomenological model quantitatively reproduces the PL dissymmetry features; (2) a chiral Purcell effect model reveals that the super‐chiral near fields in the GNHs account for the far‐field chiral responses such as the polarization‐steered chiral PL. The findings not only provide an important understanding of the physical mechanism responsible for luminescent chiral plasmonic nanostructures, but also expand the research on chiral PL‐active materials from achiral/chiral hybrid systems to metallic nanostructures with intrinsic structural chirality, thereby broadening the scope of applications in 3D chiral imaging and sensing as well as microstructure analysis.
Robust Biocatalysts Displayed on Crystalline Protein‐Layered Cells for Efficient and Sustainable Hydration of Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Koo Bon Il , Choi Jae Woong , Song Seuk Young , Choi Ye Hun , Lee Tae Yong , Kim Shin‐Hyun , Jeong Ki Jun , Nam Yoon Sung 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMineral carbonation is the most effective carbon capture technique, but carbon dioxide (CO2) conversion is limited by the slow hydration rate of CO2 (<10−1 s−1). A biological solution exists: carbonic anhydrase (CA) efficiently hydrates CO2 at a turnover rate of ≈106 s−1 under ambient conditions, making it an extremely attractive candidate for industrial post‐combustion CO2 capture. However, high cost and poor long‐term stability impose a technical barrier to its practical uses. Here, a genetically engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum (C. glutamicum) is introduced as a robust cell display platform for the in situ stabilization and low‐cost production of CA. The enzyme is displayed in the mycolic layer with porin B as an anchoring protein with (GGGGS)2 as a spacer. The cell‐displayed CA exhibits no significant inactivation of the CO2 hydration activity for at least one month at 37 °C. Its denaturation rate constant at 50 °C (0.07) is an order of magnitude lower than that of free CA (0.52–0.54). This study demonstrates that a structurally robust cell template allows the effective stabilization of CA, suggesting the C. glutamicum‐based cell display as a promising technique to achieve highly efficient, sustainable, and low‐cost CO2 capture for industrial applications.
Transitional Metal‐Based Noncatalytic Medicine for Tumor Therapy
Authors: Wu Wencheng , Pu Yinying , Lu Xiangyu , Lin Han , Shi Jianlin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractNanocatalytic medicine has been emerging as a highly promising strategy for cancer therapeutics since it enables tumor suppression by in situ generating toxic agents within tumors through catalytic reactions without using conventional highly toxic and nonselective chemodrugs. In the last several years, a number of nanocatalytic medicines have been used to steer catalytic reactions in endogenous or exogenous stimuli‐activated cancer therapy, such as chemodynamic therapy, photodynamic therapy, and sonodynamic therapy. In particular, transitional metal‐based nanocatalytic medicines with excellent catalytic activity and selectivity show significant clinical potentials, and significant progress has been achieved very recently. In this review, three types of typical transitional metal (Fe, Mn, and Cu)‐based nanocatalytic medicines are summarized, followed by detailed discussions on their catalytic mechanisms. Of note, the obstacles and challenges that will be encountered in the design and further clinical conversion of transitional metal‐based nanocatalytic medicine in the future are also outlooked.
Effective [3+1+1+1] Cycloaddition to Six‐Membered Carbocycle Based on DMSO as Dual Carbon Synthon
Authors: Li Hui , Su Miaodong , Nie Zhiwen , Yang Tonglin , Luo Weiping , Liu Qiang , Guo Cancheng 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA [3+1+1+1] cycloaddition was developed among 2‐arylpropene, ketone and DMSO in the presence of K2S2O8. 2‐arylpropene provides three carbons, ketone offers one carbon, and DMSO as dual carbon donor contributes two carbons to the six‐membered carbocycle. It gave the cyclohexene motif and spirocyclohexene skeleton. Four C−C bonds formed in this process. Both propylene and ketone could be well tolerated and give the corresponding cyclohexene or spirocyclohexene motif in useful yields. Based on the controlled experiments, a possible mechanism was proposed.magnified image
Catalyst‐ and Substrate‐Dependent Chemodivergent Reactivity of Stabilised Sulfur Ylides with Salicylaldehydes
Authors: Denisa Bisag Giorgiana , Ruggieri Silvia , Fochi Mariafrancesca , Bernardi Luca 
Published: April 2021

AbstractStabilised sulfur ylides are synthetically appealing compounds, which reactivity under Brønsted acid catalysis has been poorly explored. Herein, we report a new catalyst‐ and substrate‐ dependent chemodivergent reaction between stabilised sulfur ylides and salicylaldehydes, leading to the (suprising) formation of 2H‐chromenes or dihydrobenzofurans products. Particular attention was set on the unusual mechanisms involved. Two unique reaction routes including two ylide units in the reactions are proposed. These pathways were validated by performing a selectivity switch in some cases, enabled by the modulation of the nucleophilicity of the sulfur ylide, and by the loading of the Brønsted acid catalyst in the reaction.magnified image
Chemo‐ and Site‐Selective Fischer Esterification Catalyzed by B(C6F5)3
Authors: Li Ya‐Lan , Pang Jin‐Yu , Lou Ji‐Cong , Sun Wen‐Wu , Liu Ji‐Kai , Wu Bin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA direct and catalytic dehydrative esterification of carboxylic acids with alcohols is described. B(C6F5)3 is shown to be a highly effective catalyst for the Fischer esterification, providing esters in high to excellent yields. This esterification shows excellent chemo‐ and site‐selective monoesterification of various polyols without any protection step, including bio‐derived molecule glycerol.
Thermosensitive Vesicles from Chemically Encoded Lipid‐Grafted Elastin‐like Polypeptides
Authors: Ibrahimova Vusala , Zhao Hang , Ibarboure Emmanuel , Garanger Elisabeth , Lecommandoux Sébastien 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBiomimetic design to afford smart functional biomaterials with exquisite properties represents synthetic challenges and provides unique perspectives. In this context, elastin‐like polypeptides (ELPs) recently became highly attractive building blocks in the development of lipoprotein‐based membranes. In addition to the bioengineered post‐translational modifications of genetically encoded recombinant ELPs developed so far, we report here a simple and versatile method to design biohybrid brush‐like lipid‐grafted‐ELPs using chemical post‐modification reactions. We have explored a combination of methionine alkylation and click chemistry to create a new class of hybrid lipoprotein mimics. Our design allowed the formation of biomimetic vesicles with controlled permeability, correlated to the temperature‐responsiveness of ELPs.
Single Fluorinated Agent for Multiplexed 19F‐MRI with Micromolar Detectability Based on Dynamic Exchange
Authors: Shusterman‐Krush Ronit , Tirukoti Nishanth D. , Bandela Anil Kumar , Avram Liat , Allouche‐Arnon Hyla , Cai Xiaoyang , Gibb Bruce C. , Bar‐Shir Amnon 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe weak thermal polarization of nuclear spins limits the sensitivity of MRI, even for MR‐sensitive nuclei as fluorine‐19. Therefore, despite being the source of inspiration for the development of background‐free MRI for various applications, including for multiplexed imaging, the inability to map very low concentrations of targets using 19F‐MRI raises the need to further enhance this platform's capabilities. Here, we employ the principles of CEST‐MRI in 19F‐MRI to obtain a 900‐fold signal amplification of a biocompatible fluorinated agent, which can be presented in a “multicolor” fashion. Capitalizing on the dynamic interactions in host–guest supramolecular assemblies in an approach termed GEST, we demonstrate that an inhalable fluorinated anesthetic can be used as a single 19F‐probe for the concurrent detection of micromolar levels of two targets, with potential in vivo translatability. Further extending GEST with new designs could expand the applicability of 19F‐MRI to the mapping of targets that have so‐far remained non‐detectable.