bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Muslim American physicians’ views on brain death: Findings from a national survey
Authors: Popal Sadaf , Hall Stephen , Padela Aasim I 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackground: Biotechnology has introduced a new physiological state, “brain death,” that continues to attract controversy and confusion. While variability in diagnostic criteria for, and physician practices regarding, “brain death” has been studied, few studies examine physicians’ normative views on the significance of “brain death” and how religiosity implicates these views. Objective: The objective is to assess how Muslim physicians’ views on death, and how their religiosity and acculturation, associate with their perceptions of “brain death.” Methods: A randomized national sample of 626 American Muslim physicians completed a mailed questionnaire assessing sociodemographic characteristics, religiosity, and views about death. Measures of religious practice and acculturation were analyzed as predictors of physician views at the bivariate and multivariable levels. In conducting the multivariate analysis, P-values less than 0.05 were deemed statistically significant. Results: Two-hundred and fifty-five respondents completed the survey (41% response rate). Most participants agreed that death is the irreversible cessation of cardiac and respiratory function (90%), while half agreed or disagreed with other definitions of death, such as loss of personhood or the equivalence of cardiopulmonary and neurological criteria for death. Physicians who scored higher on the religious practice scale had significantly lower odds of agreeing with the statement; “brain death” signifies the departure of the soul from the body [odds ratio (OR) = 0.57, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.33–0.98]. Those who were born in the US, or immigrated to the US as a child, had greater odds of viewing death as the irreversible loss of personhood and consciousness [OR = 3.52, 95% CI: 1.62–7.63]. Conclusion: Physician characteristics such as religiosity and acculturation appear to influence their views on what constitutes death and how it should be diagnosed. In our sample of Muslim physicians, there appears to be significant reservation toward equating neurological and cardiopulmonary criteria to determine death and disquiet regarding the meaning of “brain death” in general.
Compliance assessment with tobacco control regulations at wheelchair-based tobacco Point of sale in Delhi, India
Authors: Kumar Shammi , Kapoor Shivam , Sharma Renu , Pandey Ashish K. , Singh Rana J. 
Published: April 2021

Background:
In India, tobacco products are sold at the outlets/shops following the provisions regulating the point-of-sale (PoS) environment under the Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA, 2003).

Objectives:
Given the lack of evidence regarding wheelchair-based tobacco PoSs (WC-PoSs), compliance assessment for Sections 5 and 6 of COTPA was conducted within Delhi.

Materials and Methods:
Using multistage random sampling in the 11 districts of Delhi, 200 WC-PoSs were identified in May–June 2017. Areas 1 km around each selected landmark were mapped using a map tool, and WC-PoSs were screened using a self-designed study tool (background information and compliance checklist). Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the data using EpiData.

Results:
Of the 11 districts, 4 were constituted majority of the WC-PoSs: South West (21.5%), West Delhi (20%), North West (17.5%), and North East (11%). The outlet characteristics were government sponsored (36.5%) and mobile outlets (95.5%). Majority of them (94.5%) showed noncompliance toward Section 5 of COTPA. While none of them complied with the display of Section 6(a) signage, only 6% of the outlets were found selling tobacco products within the 100 yards of educational institutes.

Conclusions:
The sale of tobacco in Delhi at these unique PoSs continues with a lack of compliance with the rules of COTPA. The implications of this noncompliance in the national capital are of major significance for the rest of the country.
Characteristics and outcomes of patients with multiple myeloma at the Uganda Cancer Institute
Authors: D Okello Clement , Mulumba Yusuf , Omoding Abrahams , Ddungu Henry , Welch Kristen , L Thompson Cheryl , J Cowan Andrew , M Cooney Matthew , Orem Jackson 
Published: April 2021

Purpose: Data on multiple myeloma (MM) in sub-Sahara Africa is scarce. In Uganda, there is a progressively increasing incidence of MM over the years.
Methods: We performed a retrospective study on 217 patients with MM at the UCI using purposive sampling method. The objectives of the study were to determine the clinical characteristics, treatment outcomes, 5 year overall survival and predic- tors of survival of patients with MM at the UCI from 01 January 2008 to 31 December 2012.
Results: There were 119 (54.8%) males; the mean(SD) age of the study population at presentation was 59(12.8) years; 183(84.3%) patients presented with bone pain, and 135 (61.9%) had skeletal pathology; 186(85.3%) were HIV negative, and 152(70%) had Durie-Salmon stage III. The median overall survival was 2.5 years, (95% CI, 0.393-0.595); factors significantly associated with worse survival were Durie-Salmon stage III disease, HR=5.9, 95% CI (1.61 – 21.74; P=0.007) and LDH >225 U/L HR=3.3, 95% CI (0.57 – 5.92; P=0.029).
Conclusion: Most patients with multiple myeloma at the UCI were diagnosed at a relatively young age, presented with late stage disease and bone pain, and had a shorter survival time. Factors associated with worse survival were Durie-Salmon stage III and LDH >225 U/L.
Keywords: Multiple myeloma; Uganda cancer institute.
Comparison of heart rate response and heart rate recovery after step test among smoker and non-smoker athletes
Authors: Pepera Garyfallia , Panagiota Zogka 
Published: April 2021

Background: Exercise performance depend on the ability of the cardiovascular system to respond to a wide range of met- abolic demands and physical exertion.
Objectives: To investigate the habitual smoking effects in heart rate response and heart rate recovery after step test in ath- letes.
Methods: Seventy-eight physically healthy active athletes (45 non-smokers and 33 smokers) aging 27±8years old, participat- ed in this study. All participants completed the International Physical Activity Questionnaire and performed the six-minute step test. Cardiovascular parameters such (resting heart rate, peak heart rate, heart rate at 1 min after testing, heart rate re- covery, recovery time, blood pressure at rest, and post-testing blood pressure) were recorded.
Results: Smoker-athletes had higher resting heart rate (76 ± 9bpm vs. 72 ± 10bpm, p<0.05), maximum heart rate (154 ± 18bpm vs. 147 ± 17bpm, p<0.05) and recovery time (7min 25sec ± 6min 31sec vs. 4min 21sec ± 4min 30sec, p<0.05) than non-smoker athletes. Scores from the IPAQ were approximately the same (Μ=7927 ± 10303, Μ= 6380 ± 4539, p<0.05).
Conclusion: Smoking was found to affect athletes' cardiovascular fitness. The change of the athletes’ heart rate recovery and recovery time contributes to the adaptation of cardiovascular function in training requirements.
Keywords: Smoking; athletes; heart rate recovery; heart rate reserve; six-minute step test.
A preliminary study of skin bleaching and factors associated with skin bleaching among women living in Zimbabwe
Authors: Nyoni-Kachambwa Princess , Naravage Wanapa , F James Nigel , Van der Putten Marc 
Published: April 2021

Background: Skin bleaching was reported to be commonly practiced among women and Africa was reported to be one of the most affected yet the subject is not given much attention in public health research in Zimbabwe despite the adverse effects of skin bleaching on health.
Method: This study was an exploratory cross-sectional survey to explore skin bleaching, skin bleaching patterns and factors associated with skin bleaching among women living in Zimbabwe. An online self-administered questionnaire was sent out to women on social network i.e. WhatsApp, Facebook, LinkedIn and Twitter.
Findings: A total number of 260 respondents, mean age 31.69 (SD, 8.12) years participated in the survey. The prevalence of skin bleaching among the participants was 31.15%. The major reason reported for skin bleaching was to have smooth and healthy skin alongside other factors such as beauty, gaining social favours for example getting married and good jobs. Occupation, complexion and marital status were associated with skin bleaching. The odds of skin bleaching for participants who were employed was 1.45(95% confidence interval [CI],0.32-1.91);p-value 0.02, dark skinned participants 2.56(95% CI, 0.76-2.87);p-value 0.01 and unmarried participants 2.87(95% CI,0.29-3.58);p-value 0.03. Conclusion: Evidence from the research suggests skin bleaching might be common among women living in Zimbabwe and possibly poses serious health threats to the women. Skin bleaching seems to be deep rooted in colourism. The colourism seems to be taken advantage of by the cosmetic industry which produce the potentially hazardous products which promise the revered light skin to women but which comes with a price. However, the study provides a base for future studies to ex- plore more on skin bleaching practices among women living in Zimbabwe.
Keywords: Skin bleaching; skin bleaching products; women; Zimbabwe.
Corona viruses: reaching far beyond the common cold
Authors: M Coerdt Kathleen , Khachemoune Amor 
Published: April 2021

Background: Human coronaviruses (HCoVs) are one of the most common causes of the “common cold”. Some HCoV strains, however, can cause fatal respiratory disease. Some examples of these diseases are severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19). This article will review the etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of HCoVs.
Methods: A systematic literature review was performed using the terms “human coronaviruses”, “MERS-CoV”, “SARS- CoV”, “SARS-CoV2”, “COVID-19”, and “common cold” in OVID MEDLINE, PubMed, and Cochrane Library.
Findings: Most HCoVs cause mild upper respiratory infections which resolve with supportive care and no sequelae. In recent decades, however, there have been outbreaks of novel HCoVs that cause more severe disease. This is largely due to HCoVs having large genomes which undergo frequent recombination events, leading to the emergence of novel and more virulent strains of the virus. These severe respiratory illnesses can lead to acute respiratory distress requiring invasive intervention, such as mechanical ventilation. These severe infections can lead to long-lasting sequelae in patients. Scientists continue to investigate potential treatments for these viruses, though supportive care remains the gold standard. Scientists have succeeded in devel- oping numerous vaccines for the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and ongoing data collection and analysis will shed even more light on the next steps in fighting the COVID-19 pandemic.
Conclusion: Due to the frequency of recombination events and the subsequent emergence of novel strains, HCoVs are be- coming more prevalent, making them a global health concern as they can lead to epidemics and pandemics. Understanding the epidemiology, etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of HCoVs is important, especially during this worldwide pandemic.
Keywords: Coronavirus; common cold; severe respiratory disease; COVID-19.
Cytological physiognomies and genotype distribution of human papillomaviruses among HPV/HIV co-infected and HPV mono-infected women
Authors: Wanja Karani Lucy , Musyoki Stanslaus , Orina Robert , Khayeka-Wandabwa Christopher , Nyagaka Benuel 
Published: April 2021

Background: Co-infection of High Risk Human Papillomavirus (HR-HPV) and HIV is thought to favour initiation of intraepithelial squamous cell lesion and subsequent progression to cervical carcinoma.
Objectives: Evaluation of cytological physiognomies in relation to possible age influence and the genotype distribution of human papillomaviruses among HPV/HIV co-infected and HPV monoinfected women in Kisii, Kenya.
Methods: The case-control study enrolled 42 HPV/HIV co-infected and 42 HPV monoinfected women. Cervical swabs were collected in ThinPrep vials for HPV tying and cytological analysis. HPV subtypes were assayed by Xpert® HPV system (GXHPV-CE-10).
Results: Mono-infected women aged 30-39 years had the highest proportion of low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) at 14 (16.67%) while the co-infected aged 50-59 years had the highest proportion of high grade squamous intraepi- thelial lesion (HSIL) at 9 (10.71%). HPV-16 genotype was the most predominant and it increased with age rise. Older coin- fected and mono-infected women (>40 years) had HSIL and LSIL as the most predominant cytological grade respectively.
Conclusion: The predominance of HPV-16 and HPV-18/45 genotypes in the study setting is a consideration that would benefit targeted prophylactic vaccination programs. HPV testing and cervical cancer screening for young and older women on a regular basis ought to be reinforced.
Keywords: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); Human Papillomavirus (HPV); co-infection; genotype; cytology.
Histopathologic spectrum of childhood tumours in a Tertiary Hospital: a ten-year review
Authors: M Amin Said , E Nwatah Vincent , A Ameh Emmanuel , R Oyesegun Abdurasaq , B Oyesakin Adewumi 
Published: April 2021

Background: There has been a growing public health burden of childhood tumours in low and middle income countries (LMICs) as the trend in epidemiological transition continues to vary.
Objective: The objective of this report is to determine the spectrum of childhood tumours at a tertiary hospital in Nigeria.
Methods: A retrospective review of the histopathology register over the period January 2006 to December 2015.
Results: The total paediatric tumour cases was 248, including 143 (57.7%) females and 105 (42.3%) males, aged 0 – 12 years (mean 6.1years ± 3.97 SD). The age group 2 - 5 year cohort had the highest prevalence of tumour. The predominant tumour based on tissue of origin was epithelial neoplasms 88 (35.5%), vascular neoplasms 56 (22.6%), neural neoplasm 42 (16.9%), mesenchymal neoplasm 37 (14.9%), germ cell neoplasm 13 (5.2%) and haematopoietic neoplasms 12 (4.8%). Majority of the tumours were benign, 148 (59.7%) and malignant 100 (40.3%). The most predominant benign tumour was haemangioma 33 (13.3%) and predominant malignant tumour was lymphoma 22 (8.9%).
Conclusion: Benign tumours remain the commonest neoplasm of children in this hospital-based data. Development and implementation of a tumour registry would provide a more comprehensive information.
Keywords: Childhood tumours; spectrum; haemangioma; lymphoma.
Interpretation of inclusive education practices in science at a basic school
Authors: Anyetei Boi Doku , Kwarteng Twumasi Ankrah , Hanson Ruby 
Published: April 2021

The research was a case study designed to investigate inclusive education practices in a science class at a Basic School in Winneba, Ghana where inclusive education is practised as in all ten regions. The sample for the study consisted of one head teacher, a science teacher, three interpreters and one resource teacher from the Basic School. The main instruments used for data collection were questionnaires, informal interviews and observations. Findings showed that the teacher and interpreters both prepared for science classes having special needs in mind. However, about half of the respondents, upon interaction with them, demonstrated that the earnestly did not have the expertise to organise inclusive science classes. Team preparation and teaching were highly practised for support. It was recommended that they use multi-media technologies, attend teacher development programmes, and use their limited teaching resources to augment their teaching skills as they are mostly not used. Since the study was conducted in only one inclusive school, the findings may not be for generalization.
Yeast and lactic acid population relationship in palm wine and their effects on the production of ethanol in Enugu Ezike south eastern Nigeria
Authors: Ojobo O.J. , Ugwuanyi J.O. 
Published: April 2021

Palm wine produced traditionally and consumed by many people in the South eastern part of Nigeria is a whitish liquid formed by naturally fermenting the sugary sap from various palm plants. In this study, we evaluated the population of yeast and lactic acid bacteria in palm wine with regards to its ethanol concentration from three communities in Enugu Ezike, Enugu State. We monitored the isolation of microbial population as well as biochemical characteristics of fermenting palm wine samples using culture-dependent and culture-independent methods. The fermentation step was performed within time interval and completed after 48hrs. Its acidity increasedprogressively with the production of lactic and acetic acids by bacteria.During the fermentation, palm wine microbial numbers (log10 CFU/ml) varied between 1.6 x104 to 7.6 x107 for yeast and 4.5 x 104 to 7.8 x 107 for lactic acid bacteria respectively. Similarly, pH and alcohol level of palm wine samples during the fermentation varied between 3.0 to 5.8 and 0.2 to 5.3 respectively. Statistical analysis revealed that there was no significant difference in both yeast and lactic acid bacteria population at 24hrs. At this time, there was an increased metabolic activity, leading to an increase in ethanol production. At 36-48hrs, there was a slight decrease in both the lactic acid bacteria and the yeast, indicating a reduction in source of carbon.The analysis of the yeast and the lactic acid bacterial population revealed different yeast and bacterial population. Bacteria compete with yeast for nutrients during ethanol production process, potentially causing economic losses. Therefore, it is important to have a better understanding of the abundance and the change in population of lactic acid bacteria and yeast throughout the bio-ethanol process in order to achieve design a more efficient relationship in lactic acid, yeast and ethanol production processes.
Keywords: Bacteria, ethanol, lactic acid, palm wine, yeast
Campaign for development, social movement and revolution
Authors: Adeniran A.S. 
Published: April 2021

Social movement and revolution are tools used to shape social changes. Social movement aims to advance a group’s agenda either by rectifying cultural drifts, social disorganizations and social injustice but revolution aims to unseat the government or to transform the entire political order. Based on archival evidence, this article examines the impact of social movement on the manifestations and modifications of specific socio-cultural policies of democratic governments in Nigeria. Though there are commonalities and differentials between social movements and revolutions, there is a strong linkage between the two concepts. Social movement is largely an event on a micro-level while revolution is on a macro-level. Social movement engages limited violence and often resorts to thoughtful persuasion, but revolution enlists unlimited violence that manifests in gritty coercion. However, recently in Nigeria, a number of online social movements have developed and they strive to give voice to the voiceless in the socio-political structure, as well as gaining recognition online and offline, so as to promote social development within the polity. Karl Marx upholds that conflict is inevitable in the social structure yet it can be concluded that most of the fundamental developments in human history, such as national independence, democracy, social justice, social inclusion and civil/human rights have been won on the platform of social movement. There are hierarchical or stratified social relations in the society which breeds social struggle within the class systems. Unequivocally, social movements are bound to arise wherever social conditions are unfavorable.
Key words: socio-cultural, social movement, revolution, development
Determinants of profitability in catfish farming in Ilorin West Local Government Area of Kwara State, Nigeria
Authors: Fatoki O.A., , Arowolo O.V. , Oguntoye T.O. , Kabir G.B. , Kolade R.I. 
Published: April 2021

This study analysed the profitability of catfish farming in Ilorin west Local Government Area of Kwara State. Multistage sampling technique was used to collect data from 120 catfish farmers using structured questionnaire. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics, Gross margin analysis and linear regression. Result shows that more than half (54.17%) of the catfish farmers were males while majority (63.34%) of the farmers were within the age group 31- 50 years. The mean age and household size of farmers in the study area were 38 years and 5 persons respectively. Most of the catfish farmers (45.83%) utilized concrete pond type while average fish pond size was 205 square metres. Major source of finance for farmers is from their personal savings. The gross margin analysis shows that gross margin for the catfish farmers was ₦22,013,583.1 while the average gross margin was ₦183,446.52 perproduction cycle indicating that catfish farming is profitable. The result of the linear regression reveals that pond maintenance, transportation and feed cost are negative and have significant effects on income generated from catfish business while pond size and education is positive and significant at 5%. Since catfish business is a profitable venture, the study recommends that the Nigerian government should use this as a means to empower unemployed youths and rural households to reduce poverty level as well as dependence on fish importation in the country.
Keywords: Catfish farmers, Profitability, Production, Gross margin, Personal saving.
Assessment of small scale horticultural nursery enterprises in some selected Local Government Areas in Ibadan Metropolis, Oyo State, Nigeria
Authors: Oyewo I.O. , Falana A.R. , Abiola I.O. , Musa F.B. , Shaib-Rahim H.O. , Robert A.E. 
Published: April 2021

The study assessed some selected small scale horticultural nursery enterprises in Ibadan metropolis. Data was collected through the use of well-structured questionnaires from 32 respondents and analysed using descriptive statistics and cost and return analysis. The result revealed that 93.7% of the respondents were male, 31.3% were between the ages of 31-40years with mean age of 43years,84.4% were married, 75% had between 1-5 household size with a mean house size of 5 persons. About fifty three percent (53.1%) of them were involved in horticultural practices as their primary occupation, 46.8% had tertiary education, however, majority 93.7% of them had one form of formal education with 14.5% mean years of experience, 75% of them belong to horticultural associations,81.2% source their credit through personal savings, majority (68.8%) rented their land through government, 50% source the seeds through other farmers while only 34.4% source their seeds through research institutions, categories of seedlings raised by the respondent are ornamental seedling (100%), forestry seedling (78.1%), medicinal seedling (65.6%) and agricultural seedling (81.3%) while Ixora (Ixora coccinea) (40.6%) was the most common species of seedling found in the nursery. On the average, the profit realized was ₦578, 925.00k per annum with Benefit cost ratio (BCR) of 4.8. Major problems confronting the enterprise were pest and insects, weeds, credit facilities, weather, transportation, low marketing patronage, cost of agrochemicals as well as availability of quality seeds.
Keywords: Assessment, Horticultural, Enterprise, Gross Margin, Oyo, Nigeria