bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Motor Competence–Related Age and Living Environment in Girls: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Amraei Marziyeh , Azadian Elaheh 
Published: September 2021

This study aims to investigate the effect of age and urban and rural living environments on children’s actual and perceived motor competence. To that end, 320 female students aged 8–12 years were selected through random cluster sampling. The perceived motor competence of the participants was assessed using Marsh’s Physical Self-Description Questionnaire, and their actual motor competence was measured by the Test of Gross Motor Development-3. The results showed significant differences between urban and rural girls in perceived and actual motor competence (p < .05). However, age did not make any significant difference in motor competence (p > .05). The most significant differences in actual and perceived motor competence between urban and rural girls were observed in girls aged 8 and 10 (p < .05). The findings also indicated that rural children performed better in actual motor skills, especially ball skills. Therefore, based on the findings, it was concluded that the rural environment could have a greater impact on actual motor competence.
Ocular manifestations of RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19 cases in a large database cross-sectional study
Authors: Sarkar Deepayan , Soni Deepak , Nagpal Aniza , Khurram Fazil , Karkhur Samendra , Verma Vidhya , Mohan Rajiv R , Sharma Bhavana 
Published: September 2021

ObjectiveTo evaluate ocular manifestations of reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2-infected patients in a validated comparative model, and additionally to evaluate the correlation between severity of COVID-19 and ocular manifestations.Methods and AnalysisIn a prospective cross-sectional study, a total of 2400 subjects were enrolled over a period of 8 months. To eliminate bias of identical ocular symptom profile in other non-COVID-19 respiratory infections and to acquire a comparative model, 1200 COVID-19 RT-PCR-positive patients (group 1) and 1200 RT-PCR-negative patients (group 2) were included. Data collection included use of a prestructured tool and ‘Google-forms’, along with stratification of patients into‘mild, moderate, and severe’ categories. Study subjects were evaluated for ocular manifestations by clinical examination and laboratory work-up. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed.Results144 (12%) patients in group 1 had ocular symptoms as compared with 24 (2%) patients in group 2 (p<0.001). Ocular manifestations (symptoms and signs) comprising burning sensation (6.7%, p<0.001), foreign body sensation and irritation (7.0%, p<0.001), and conjunctival signs (2.7%, p<0.001) were found statistically significant in group 1 as compared with group 2. Ocular involvement increased in proportion to severity of COVID-19: mild (5.3%), moderate (24.6%) and severe (58.8%) (p=0.0006).ConclusionThe frequency of occurrence of ocular manifestations was higher in group 1 as opposed to group 2. Furthermore, the presence of ocular manifestations carried a direct correlation with severity of systemic disease and presence of comorbidities.
Correlation of theoretical uncertainties in PDF fits and theoretical uncertainties in predictions
Authors: Ball Richard D. , Pearson Rosalyn L. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe show how to account for correlations between theoretical uncertainties incorporated in parton distribution function (PDF) fits, and the theoretical uncertainties in the predictions made using these PDFs. We demonstrate by explicit calculations, both analytical and numerical, that these correlations can lead to corrections to the central values of the predictions, and reductions in both the PDF uncertainties and the theoretical uncertainties in the prediction. We illustrate our results with predictions for top production rapidity distributions and the Higgs total cross-section at the LHC, using the NLO NNPDF3.1 PDF set which incorporates missing higher order uncertainties. We conclude that the inclusion of correlations can increase both the accuracy and precision of predictions involving PDFs, particularly for processes with data already included in the PDF fit.
Algorithmic Ethics: Formalization and Verification of Autonomous Vehicle Obligations
Authors: Shea-Blymyer Colin , Abbas Houssam 
Published: September 2021

In this article, we develop a formal framework for automatic reasoning about the obligations of autonomous cyber-physical systems, including their social and ethical obligations. Obligations, permissions, and prohibitions are distinct from a system's mission, and are a necessary part of specifying advanced, adaptive AI-equipped systems. They need a dedicated deontic logic of obligations to formalize them. Most existing deontic logics lack corresponding algorithms and system models that permit automatic verification. We demonstrate how a particular deontic logic, Dominance Act Utilitarianism (DAU) [23], is a suitable starting point for formalizing the obligations of autonomous systems like self-driving cars. We demonstrate its usefulness by formalizing a subset of Responsibility-Sensitive Safety (RSS) in DAU; RSS is an industrial proposal for how self-driving cars should and should not behave in traffic. We show that certain logical consequences of RSS are undesirable, indicating a need to further refine the proposal. We also demonstrate how obligations can change over time, which is necessary for long-term autonomy. We then demonstrate a model-checking algorithm for DAU formulas on weighted transition systems and illustrate it by model-checking obligations of a self-driving car controller from the literature.
Rtkaller: State-aware Task Generation for RTOS Fuzzing
Authors: Shen Yuheng , Sun Hao , Jiang Yu , Shi Heyuan , Yang Yixiao , Chang Wanli 
Published: September 2021

A real-time operating system (RTOS) is an operating system designed to meet certain real-time requirements. It is widely used in embedded applications, and its correctness is safety-critical. However, the validation of RTOS is challenging due to its complex real-time features and large code base.

In this paper, we propose
Rtkaller
, a state-aware kernel fuzzer for the vulnerability detection in RTOS. First,
Rtkaller
implements an automatic task initialization to transform the syscall sequences into initial tasks with more real-time information. Then, a coverage-guided task mutation is designed to generate those tasks that explore more in-depth real-time related code for parallel execution. Moreover,
Rtkaller
realizes a task modification to correct those tasks that may hang during fuzzing. We evaluated it on recent versions of rt-Linux, which is one of the most widely used RTOS. Compared to the state-of-the-art kernel fuzzers Syzkaller and Moonshine,
Rtkaller
achieves the same code coverage at the speed of 1.7X and 1.6X, gains an increase of 26.1% and 22.0% branch coverage within 24 hours respectively. More importantly,
Rtkaller
has confirmed 28 previously unknown vulnerabilities that are missed by other fuzzers.
New life for cordless communication, old regrets for software projects
Authors: Sukhov Andrei , Sorokin Igor , Meil Doug 
Published: September 2021

The
Communications
website, http://cacm.acm.org, features more than a dozen bloggers in the BLOG@CACM community. In each issue of
Communications
, we'll publish selected posts or excerpts.

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Follow us on Twitter at http://twitter.com/blogCACM
http://cacm.acm.org/blogs/blog-cacm
Andrei Sukhov and Igor Sorokin ponder the potential benefits of DECT to the Internet of Things, while Doug Meil considers how software engineers should reflect on their accomplishments.
Deep Learning-Based Image Feature with Arthroscopy-Aided Early Diagnosis and Treatment of Meniscus Injury of Knee Joint
Authors: Li Zijian , Ren Shiyou , Zhang Xintao , Bai Lu , Jiang Changqing , Wu Jiangyi , Zhang Wentao 
Published: September 2021

The aim of this study is to explore the clinical effect of deep learning-based MRI-assisted arthroscopy in the early treatment of knee meniscus sports injury. Based on convolutional neural network algorithm, Adam algorithm was introduced to optimize it, and the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) image super-resolution reconstruction model (SRCNN) was established. Peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and structural similarity (SSIM) were compared between SRCNN and other algorithms. Sixty patients with meniscus injury of knee joint were studied. Arthroscopic surgery was performed according to the patients’ actual type of injury, and knee scores were evaluated for all patients. Then, postoperative scores and MRI results were analyzed. The results showed that the PSNR and SSIM values of the SRCNN algorithm were (42.19 ± 4.37) dB and 0.9951, respectively, which were significantly higher than those of other algorithms (

P

< 0.05). Among patients with meniscus injury, 17 cases (28.33%) were treated with meniscus suture, 39 cases (65.00%) underwent secondary resection, 3 cases (5.00%) underwent partial resection, and 1 case (1.67%) underwent full resection. After meniscus suture, secondary resection, partial resection, and total resection, the knee function scores of patients after treatment were (83.17 ± 8.63), (80.06 ± 7.96), (84.34 ± 7.74), and (85.52 ± 5.97), respectively. There was no great difference in knee function scores after different methods of treatment (

P

> 0.05), and there were considerable differences compared with those before treatment (

P

< 0.01). Compared with the results of arthroscopy, there was no significant difference in the grading of meniscus injury by MRI (

P

> 0.05). To sum up, the SRCNN algorithm based on the deep convolutional network algorithm improved the MRI image quality and the diagnosis of knee meniscus injuries. Arthroscopic knee surgery had good results and had great clinical application and promotion value.
Comparison of the Initiation Time of Enteral Nutrition for Critically Ill Patients: At Admission vs. 24 to 48 Hours after Admission
Authors: Yu Anshan , Xie Yanmei , Zhong Meixin , Wang Fen , Huang Huachun , Nie Liang , Liu Xiaofeng , Xiao Mingfang , Zhu Hongquan 
Published: September 2021

Objective. To investigate the better time of initiation of enteral nutrition for critically ill patients, such as at admission or 24 to 48 hours after admission. Methods. This was a prospective, randomized, parallel-controlled, single-blind, interventional clinical trial. A total of 100 patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of our hospital between January 2017 and December 2018 were recruited in this study. These patients had been divided into the control group or intervention group by a computer-generated random number table, and each group had 50 patients. For the control group, a gastric tube was inserted to start enteral nutrition at 24 to 48 hours after admission. For the intervention group, a nasojejunal tube was placed to start enteral nutrition at admission. The main endpoints included serum albumin and prealbumin at admission and on days 3, 7, and 14 after admission, length of ICU stay, ventilator time, and complications such as diarrhea, gastric retention, esophageal reflux, and pulmonary infection. Results. The results showed that serum albumin and prealbumin were significantly higher in the intervention group than in the control group (

P

< 0.05). The length of ICU stay (

P

< 0.05) and ventilator time (

P

< 0.05) were both significantly shorter in the intervention group than in the control group. The incidences of gastric retention, esophageal reflux, and pulmonary infection were significantly lower in the intervention group than those in the control group (

P

< 0.05). Conclusion. In the absence of contraindications, enteral nutrition can be initiated immediately after admission to the ICU (within 6 hours), and feeding nasojejunal tube is recommended. It can improve the nutritional status and prognosis of critical patients, improve the feeding effect, shorten the length of stay in the ICU and the use of the ventilator, and reduce the incidence of complications.
Osteogenic Activity of Lupeol Isolated from Clinacanthus nutans Lindau: Activity and Mode of Action
Authors: Nguyen Minh T. H. , Ngo Quang V. , Nguyen Huyen T. T. , Pham Quan M. , Dinh Trang H. , Nguyen Huong T. T. , V. Tinh Nguyen , Nguyen Phuong T. M. 
Published: September 2021

Clinacanthus nutans Lindau has been traditionally used for healing of bone fragility, but the mechanism of actions has not been clarified yet. In this study, the bone regeneration activity of lupeol derived from C. nutans was assessed using an in vitro model of osteoblast cells MC3T3-E1. The finding revealed that the compound was not significantly toxic to osteoblast cells at concentration of ≤40 μg/mL. Lupeol demonstrated the osteogenic activity through enhancement of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) of osteoblast cells up to 31.2%, 21%, and 12% at concentrations of 5, 10, and 20 µg/mL, respectively (

p

< 0.05). Besides, the mineralization activity was increased up to 170, 230, 185, and 117% at concentration of 5, 10, 20, and 40 μg/mL, respectively (

p

< 0.05). The marker genes related to osteoblast differentiation evaluated on the expression level in the presence of lupeol, including collagen I (col 1), osteopontin (opn), osterix (osx), and runx2, showed upregulated expression in all the test genes (

p

< 0.05). The Western blot analysis demonstrated a clear effect of lupeol on expression of p38/p-p38, and ERK/p-ERK proteins involved in the MAPK signaling pathway. Thus, lupeol isolated from C. nutans exhibited the osteogenic activity by enhancing expression of important markers of osteogenesis, as well as affected the MAPK signaling pathway relating to osteoblast differentiation. This is the first report on the detailed mechanism of action of lupeol on bone regeneration and also explains for the traditional use of this medicinal plant for bone healing.
Effective Treatment of Established Bone Metastases Can Be Achieved by Combinatorial Osteoclast Blockade and Depletion of Granulocytic Subsets
Authors: Capietto Aude-Hélène , Lee Seunghyun , Clever David , Eul Emily , Ellis Haley , Ma Cynthia X. , Faccio Roberta 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Osteoclast (OC) blockade has been successful in reducing tumor growth in bone in preclinical settings, but antiresorptive drugs, such as zoledronic acid (ZA), fail to improve the overall survival rate of patients with bone metastasis despite ameliorating skeletal complications. To address this unmet clinical need, we interrogated what other cells modulated tumor growth in bone in addition to OCs. Because myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC)—heterogeneous populations expressing CD11b, Ly6C, and Ly6G markers—originate in the bone marrow and promote tumor progression, we hypothesized that their accumulation hinders ZA antitumor effects. By using a murine model of bone metastasis insensitive to OC blockade, we assessed the antitumor effect of MDSC depletion using anti-Gr1 in mice bearing skeletal lung [Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC)], melanoma (B16-F10), and mammary (4T1) tumors. Differently from soft tissue tumors, anti-Gr1 did not reduce bone metastases and led to the paradoxical accumulation of bone marrow–resident CD11b+Ly6CintLy6Gint cells that differentiated into OCs when cultured in vitro. Anti-Gr1–mediated depletion of Ly6G+ granulocytic MDSCs combined with ZA-induced OC blockade reduced growth of established skeletal metastases compared with each agent alone. CD15+ granulocytic populations were increased in patients with breast cancer with progressive bone disease after antiresorptive treatment compared with those with stable bone disease. We provide evidence that antiresorptive therapies fail to reduce bone metastases in the presence of elevated granulocytic populations and that effective treatment of established skeletal metastases requires combinatorial depletion of granulocytes and OC blockade.
Asymmetric Demand Response When Prices Increase and Decrease: The Case of Child Health Care
Authors: Iizuka Toshiaki , Shigeoka Hitoshi 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This study tests whether demand responds symmetrically to price increases and decreases—a seemingly obvious proposition under conventional demand theory that has not been rigorously tested. Exploiting the rapid expansion in Japanese municipal subsidies for child health care in a difference-in-differences framework, we find evidence against conventional demand theory: when coinsurance, our price measure, increases from 0% to 30%, the demand response is more than twice that to a price decrease from 30% to 0%. This result indicates that while economists and policymakers pay little attention, price change direction matters and should be incorporated into welfare analysis.
Welcome to the Field
Authors: O’Krent Michael 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Videogames offer vast potential for critical reflection by humanities scholars, but the tendency of existing game studies scholarship to treat the rules of a game separately from the game’s social meaning suggests that videogames have no place in humanistic disciplines. This article challenges that notion by contrasting a cultural view of videogames with the dominant mere-technology view. Ecocriticism functions as a prestige language for videogames that permits entrance into what sociologist Pierre Bourdieu calls the field of cultural production. Ecology simultaneously provides metaphors for explaining videogame technology while allowing games to enter ongoing critical and cultural conversations. Humanists interested in but unfamiliar with videogames should therefore start with those with environmentalist themes. This article presents Horizon Zero Dawn (2017) as a case study. Horizon Zero Dawn presents a stylized pastoral pseudo-utopia that embraces ecofeminist calls to reconstruct rationality while challenging existing sexism in computing fields.
S2S Prediction in GFDL SPEAR: MJO Diversity and Teleconnections
Authors: Xiang Baoqiang , Harris Lucas , Delworth Thomas L. , Wang Bin , Chen Guosen , Chen Jan-Huey , Clark Spencer K. , Cooke William F. , Gao Kun , Huff J. Jacob , Jia Liwei , Johnson Nathaniel C. , Kapnick Sarah B. , Lu Feiyu , McHugh Colleen , Sun Yongqiang , Tong Mingjing , Yang Xiaosong , Zeng Fanrong , Zhao Ming , Zhou Linjiong , Zhou Xiaqiong 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
A subseasonal-to-seasonal (S2S) prediction system was recently developed using the GFDL Seamless System for Prediction and Earth System Research (SPEAR) global coupled model. Based on 20-yr hindcast results (2000–19), the boreal wintertime (November–April) Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) prediction skill is revealed to reach 30 days measured before the anomaly correlation coefficient of the real-time multivariate (RMM) index drops to 0.5. However, when the MJO is partitioned into four distinct propagation patterns, the prediction range extends to 38, 31, and 31 days for the fast-propagating, slow-propagating, and jumping MJO patterns, respectively, but falls to 23 days for the standing MJO. A further improvement of MJO prediction requires attention to the standing MJO given its large gap with its potential predictability (38 days). The slow-propagating MJO detours southward when traversing the Maritime Continent (MC), and confronts the MC prediction barrier in the model, while the fast-propagating MJO moves across the central MC without this prediction barrier. The MJO diversity is modulated by stratospheric quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO): the standing (slow-propagating) MJO coincides with significant westerly (easterly) phases of QBO, partially explaining the contrasting MJO prediction skill between these two QBO phases. The SPEAR model shows its capability, beyond the propagation, in predicting their initiation for different types of MJO along with discrete precursory convection anomalies. The SPEAR model skillfully predicts the observed distinct teleconnections over the North Pacific and North America related to the standing, jumping, and fast-propagating MJO, but not the slow-propagating MJO. These findings highlight the complexities and challenges of incorporating MJO prediction into the operational prediction of meteorological variables.
Understanding the Global Three-dimensional Distribution of Precipitation Mean Particle Size with the Global Precipitation Measurement Mission
Authors: Han Mei , Braun Scott A. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis study addresses the global distribution of precipitation mean particle size using data from the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission. The mass-weighted mean diameter, Dm, is a characteristic parameter of the precipitation particle size distribution (PSD), estimated from the GPM Combined Radar-Radiometer Algorithm (CORRA) using data from GPM’s dual-frequency precipitation radar and microwave imager. We examine Dm in individual precipitation systems in different climate regimes and investigate a six-year (2014-2020) global climatology within 70° N/S.The vertical structure of Dm is demonstrated with cases of deep convection, frontal rain and snow, and stratocumulus light rain. The Dm values, detectable by GPM, range from ~0.7 mm in stratocumulus precipitation to >3.5 mm in the ice layers of intense convection. Within the constraint of the 12-dBZ detectability threshold, the smallest annual mean Dm (~ 0.8 mm) are found in the eastern oceans, and the largest values (~ 2 mm) occur above the melting levels in convection over land in summer. The standard deviation of the annual mean is generally < 0.45 mm below 6 km.Climate regimes are characterized with Dm annual/seasonal variations, its convective/stratiform components, and vertical variabilities (2-10 km). The US Central Plains and Argentina are associated with the largest Dm in a deep layer. Tropical Africa has larger Dm and standard deviation than Amazon. Large convective Dm occurs at high latitudes of Eurasia and North America in summer; the southern hemisphere high latitudes have shallower systems with smaller Dm. Oceanic storm tracks in both hemispheres have relatively large Dm, particularly for convective Dm in winter. Relatively small Dm occurs over tropical oceans, including ITCZ, requiring further investigation.
A biomarker and endophenotype for anorexia nervosa?
Authors: Phillipou Andrea , Rossell Susan L , Gurvich Caroline , Castle David J , Meyer Denny , Abel Larry A 
Published: September 2021

Objective: Recent research has suggested that a type of atypical eye movement, called square wave jerks, together with anxiety, may distinguish individuals with anorexia nervosa from those without anorexia nervosa and may represent a biomarker and endophenotype for the illness. The aim of this study was to identify the presence of this proposed marker in individuals currently with anorexia nervosa relative to healthy controls, and to identify the state independence and heritability of this putative marker by exploring whether it also exists in individuals who are weight-restored from anorexia nervosa and first-degree relatives (i.e. sisters of people with anorexia nervosa). Methods: Data from 80 female participants (20/group: current anorexia nervosa, weight-restored from anorexia nervosa, sisters of people with anorexia nervosa and healthy controls) were analysed. Square wave jerk rate was acquired during a fixation task, and anxiety was measured with the State Trait Anxiety Inventory. Results: Current anorexia nervosa, weight-restored from anorexia nervosa and sisters of people with anorexia nervosa groups made significantly more square wave jerks than healthy controls, but did not differ from one another. Square wave jerk rate and anxiety were found to discriminate groups with exceptionally high accuracy (current anorexia nervosa vs healthy control = 92.5%; weight-restored from anorexia nervosa vs healthy control = 77.5%; sisters of people with anorexia nervosa vs healthy control = 77.5%; p < .001). Conclusion: The combination of square wave jerk rate and anxiety was found to be a promising two-element marker for anorexia nervosa, and has the potential to be used as a biomarker or endophenotype to identify people at risk of anorexia nervosa and inform future treatments.