bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Economic Analysis of Okra (Hibiscus Esculentus L.) Production functions In Nineveh governorate for Year 2019
Authors: Radhi Khaleel Hameed , Barbaz Dhurgham Salman 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Vegetable production farms in general and okra growers in particular suffer from low production rates and productivity, which does not reflect the optimization in the use of available resources, and perhaps one of the most important reasons is the lack of use of scientific methods, as the farmers’ lack of technical and economic knowledge of the factors affects the production of okra crop. The research aims to estimate the production functions through which it is possible to analyze the production relations and the possibility of substitution between the various production elements, measure their substitution flexibility and find economic derivatives for them. Cross-sectional data were used according to a random sample that included 100 farms from Nineveh Governorate. The results of the estimation of the unrestricted production function showed that the function parameters are consistent with the logic of economic theory and statistical and standard tests. It was found that through the size of the function parameters, capital has a great importance in producing the crop compared to the labor element, since an increase of capital by 10% would lead increase production by 8.8%, due to the nature of vegetable crops production that needs increasing the capital, and it has been found that farmers produce in the rational economic stage. The substitution elasticity of the unrestricted production function was about 1.04, meaning that farmers produce according to the increasing returns to scale. We infer from the study that the economic resources used in the production process are optimally utilized, which led to higher production efficiency. The study recommends working to follow a production policy aimed at increasing economic efficiency and achieving the optimal use of the available resource combination, which is reflected in the increase in efficiency in the use of productive resources and improvement of efficiency.
Growth test and Yield of some approved varieties of Rice Oryza sativa L. under different environmental conditions
Authors: Farhood Al-Salim Salih Hadi , Joudah Yasir Al-Saidan Khudhair , Aldahak Laila , Harbi Hoda Hussein 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A field experiment was carried out in five cultivation sites (L) ( Dhi Qar 1 (Shatrah) ( L1 ), Dhi Qar 2 (Karma) L2) ), Al-Muthanna (Al-Rumaitha) ( L3 ), Al-Qadisia (Agricultural Research Station) ( L4 ), Najaf (Al-Mishkhab) ( L5 ) to grow six certified varieties of Rice (V) (Yasmin ( V1 ), Furat ( V2 ), Dijlah ( V3 ), Amber baraka ( V4 ), Ghadeer ( V5 ), Amber 33 ( V6 ) ) during summer agricultural season 2019 for the purpose of studying The qualities growth and quotient components for varieties the Rice under the influence of various environmental conditions. The experiment was use Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. It showed The consequences excellence Najaf site ( L5 ) significantly over the remaining sites, with the highest grain yield reaching 4.216 t.ha−1. Furat variety (V2) was superior to most of the varieties for the characteristics (number of panicles, weight of 250 grains and the total grain yield) (446.0 panicle.m−2, 10.17 g, 5.08 t.ha−1 ) respectively. Interaction treatment L4V2 achieved the highest average grain yield 5.680 t.ha−1 Compared to the rest of interaction treatment.
The response of okra plants Abelmoschus esculentus (L) Moenth. Cultivated in greenhouses for foliar spraying with nano fertilizer NPK
Authors: AL-Kaby Aman H. J. , AL-Jarah Talib M. M. , Haji Jameel H. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The study was carried out during the winter season 2018-2019 under the conditions of unheated greenhouses of the Agricultural Research Station of the College of Agriculture-University of Muthanna, to study the effect of foliar application with nano NPK fertigation and the number of sprays on the chemical properties of the leaves and fruits of okra plants Hasinawi variety. The study included four concentrations of nano NPK fertilizer (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5) ml L−1 with number of sprays (once and twice) and interaction between them. Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was used with three replicates per treatment. The means of treatment were compared by Least Significant Difference (L. S. D) at 0.05 probability. The aforementioned treatments and their interactions in the chemical properties of leaves and fruits were studied, which included leaf content of chlorophyll, carbohydrates, the percentage of total soluble solids (TSS) of fruits, the percentage of fibres, phenols, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and the percentage of total protein, Results indicated that spray treatment with a concentration of 1.5 ml L−1 was superior in increasing the chlorophyll content, TSS and the percentage of fibers. Spraying twice treatment with nano NPK fertilizer outperformed all the chemical properties of the leaves and fruits under study. In the case of overlap between both factors, as the treatment of spraying with a concentration of 1.5 ml L−1 times was superior, with significant differences in most of the characteristics studied.
The Effect of Bacterial R. liguminosarum and Fungal T. harzinum Inoculation and Organic Manure on Root Nodes, Growth, and Yield of Mung Bean, Vigna radiate
Authors: Jawad Al-Shabani Huda Rasim , Kamal Jawad Abdel-Kadhim 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of the bacterial inoculum R. liguminosarum, T. harzinum, levels of organic fertilizer (0, 5, and 10) t ha−1, and their overlap the root nodes (number of root nodes and weight of root nodes) and the growth and yield of a local variety of mung bean ( Dry weight of root mass, leaf chlorophyll content and grain yield). A field experiment was conducted in the fall season of 2020 in one of the fields of Al-Diwaniyah Governorate / Al-Daghara county. The experiment was carried out according to the Randomized Complete Block Design (R. C. B. D) with three replications. The results of the statistical analysis of the least significant difference (L. S. D.) present that the overlapping treatment (bacterial inoculum, fungal inoculum, and five t ha−1 organic fertilizer) resulted in the highest means: number of root nodes, root nodule weight, dry weight of root total, chlorophyll content in leaves and grain yield, (72.33) Knots.plants−1, (463) gm Plants−1, (1, 547) gm Plants−1, (59.14) SPAD, and (3, 531) t ha−1, respectively, by comparison with comparison treatment.
Response of Two Purple basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) Cultivars Grown Under Field Conditions to Different Rates of NPK Foliar Fertilization
Authors: Alhasan Ali Sabah , Abbas Majeed Kadhem , Al-Ameri Dalal Tareq 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A field experiment has been used two purple cultivars of basil (Ocimum
basilicum L.) during summer of 2019 at Al-Diwaniyah Station for Crop Cultivation and Development, Al-Diwaniyah city, Iraq, to study the effect of different rates of NPK on some vegetative characters and oil yield. The treatments comprised different rates (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 g.L−1) of NPK foliar fertilization which were applied after 50 DAP. Obtained results revealed that NPK had significant effect on all parameters tested in both cultivars. Red Rubin cultivar showed a linear relationship between all parameters tested and NPK rates. However, only one parameter; plant height, showed this relationship in Dark Opal cultivar at which, all other four parameter showed polynomial relationship. The maximum values for the parameters were obtained at the 3.0 g.L−1 NPK treatment for Red Rubin cultivar and at 1.5-2.5 g.L−1 NPK treatments in most parameters for Dark Opal. It can be concluded that NPK application had a pronounced beneficial effect on basil plant.
Chemical and Mineralogical Nature of The Sediments of Sawa Lake in Muthanna Governorate, Southwestern Iraq
Authors: Ali Al-Husseni Ayad Kadhim , Sagban Alabadi Luma Abdalalah , Khaeim Hussein M. , Al-Jutheri Hayyawi Wewa 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The sediments of the Sawa lake surrounded area, southern Iraq, have unique proprieties that are interesting to researchers. Four sites located at varying distances from the lake were selected to study some of the properties of the lake sediment. The results indicate that the study soil is saline soils because of the values of the three salinity criteria (EC, TDS, and NaCl(. The values of electrical conductivity ranged between (100.11 and 74.78) ds.m−1for surface depths, whereas for subsurface depths ranged between (14.66 and 38.55) ds.m−1. The values of the total soluble salts ranged from (7.4 and 85.67) g/L. The percentage of sodium chloride ranged between (3.1 and 8.5)%. The results present that the soils of the study fall within the neutral to the low basal soils as the values of the degree of interaction ranged between (7.00 and 7.55). The sand proportion in soil texture was more than clay and loam proportions, which ranged between (420 and 780) g.kg−1. The dominance of the intermediate soil texture (loam) category for most depths of the study soil (S.C.L, S.L(. The distribution of sand particles of different sizes took the following patterns: The first location, which is far from the lake was the dominance of the soft particles rather than coarse particles. The second site, the closest to the lake, was the dominance of rougher particles. The soft and semi-soft particles of the sand were prevalent in the third and fourth sites, which were the distances between (155) m to (147) m, respectively. The results indicated the convergence of sediment content of light and heavy metals in all locations and homogeneity of distribution of metals in all sites.
The Effect of Biofertilizer of Azolla, Phosphate and Nitrogen Fertilizers on some Growth Traits of Rice
Authors: Al-Bdairi Sajjad H. J. , Kamal Jawad A. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA field experiment was carried out during the summer season of 2019 in one of the fields of Al-Tahiniah village-Al-Mahanawiya district which is 36 km away from the Diwaniyah governorate center, to study the effect of azolla, phosphate and nitrogen fertilizers and the interactions between them on some growth traits of rice. The experiment was arrangement as factorial experiment according to Randomized Complete Blocks Design (RCBD) at three replications. The experiment included three factors, the first factor included the application of azolla (Azolla pinnataL.) at 20 tons ha−1and the control treatment (without application of azolla), while the second factor included application three levels of phosphate fertilizer (21, 42 and 84 kg P ha−1) as well as the control treatment (without application of phosphate fertilizer), whereas the third factor included application two levels of nitrogen fertilizer (92 and 184 kg N ha−1) as well as the control treatment (without application of nitrogen fertilizer). The results showed that the application ofAzolla pinnataL. gave the highest means for the content of rice leaves of nitrogen and phosphorous, plant height and leaf content of chlorophyll with a significant increase 14.83, 30.30, 6.37 and 7.80% respectively. Also, the application of phosphate fertilizer at 42 kg P ha−1was significantly superior and gave the highest results of the content of rice leaves of nitrogen and phosphorous, plant height and leaf content of chlorophyll with a significant increase 31.32, 12.38, 6.04 and 11.87% respectively. In addition to, the application of nitrogen fertilizer at 184 kg N ha−1had the highest results of the content of rice leaves of nitrogen and phosphorus, plant height and leaf content of chlorophyll with a significant increase 42.03, 16.22, 15.49 and 16.04% respectively, without significant difference with application of nitrogen fertilizer at 92 kg N ha−1. We can concluded that the application ofAzolla pinnataL. reduced the amounts of phosphate and nitrogen fertilizer by 50% of recommended amounts and led to improve the growth traits of rice.
The relationship between draft force and horizontal force acting on passive tillage tool in term of soil-tool interaction. A review
Authors: Al-Neama Amer K. A. , Al-Jibouri Mousa A. , Esmail Essam L. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a review of the relationship between draft force and horizontal force acting on passive tillage tool in term of soil-tool interaction. Scientifically, the horizontal force is one of the draft force components, but sometimes in the literature refers to the horizontal force as the draft force. This difference needs clarifying.
Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Calendula officinalis (L.) Extract and Evaluating their Antioxidant Activity
Authors: Khshan Kareem Talib , Alkafaje Hider Abass 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The study was conducted in the Faculty of Sciences / University of Kufa from 2/2/2018 to 1/5/2019. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous, flower extracts of Calendula officinalis (L.) was firstly indicated by the color change of reaction mixture from yellow into reddish brown. Concentration10mM of AgNO3 and time of incubation 24 hours was done. The characterization of biosynthesized nanoparticles was achieved using UV-Spectrophotometer is a proven technique for the analysis of the nanoparticles. In Scanning electron microscope(SEM) (The shape was spherical and homogenous and the size was ranged between (63-100nm) of silver nanoparticles synthesized by plants C. officinalis. X-ray diffraction(the determination of average size of biogenic silver nanoparticles for C. officinalis was (16.73)nm, while for the commercial AgNO3 was (63)nm. FTIR spectroscopy analysis showed the presence of flavonoids, polyphenols and amide groups likely to be responsible for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticle. Antioxidant activity of silver nanoparticle of extract were investigated at 330, 230 and 55 µg/ml that have efficient to reduction absorbance of free radicals. The largest inhibition titer was found in the mixture of DPPH with AgNPs biosynthesis from C. officinalis at the concentration 1.5mg/ml(91%) while the smallest inhibition titer was found in the mixture of DPPH with AgNPs biosynthesis from C. officinalis at the concentration 0.5mg/ml(65%).
Study of some Reproductive Characteristics of Cyprinus Carpio (L., 1758) from Main Outfall Drain in Al-Qadisiyah City, Iraq.
Authors: Al-Zaidy Kadhim J.L. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Sex ratio and gonadosomatic indices of fish give important indexes about the reproductive biology for the species. This study was conducted to investigate the reproductive dynamics of the common carp (Carpio Cyprinus) species in the DMO, middle Iraq, for a period between January and December 2017. Where the sex ratio, fecundity and gonadosomatic index (GSI) were assessed and calculated throughout the year. Fish samples were captured by using the different fishing traditional methods to get all the sizes without bias. Total mean of the female to male sex ratio was 1:1.22 and ranged from 1:0.67 in December to 1:1.75 in April. The highest average of fecundity was for the female and male at the age of 3 and 2 years respectively. The monthly combined values of GSI for both sexes indicated that the peak breeding season to the species of C. carpio occurred in February in the study area and lowest in the female and male in August and July, respectively. This study provided a baseline assessment of the case of reproduction to the species of C. carpio to contribute to the evaluation of the potential long-term consequences for this species of fish.
Estimation Genetic Stability of Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) Genotypes in Sallahaddin Governorate
Authors: Madab Dawood S. , Hamdallah Majid Sh. , Jabor Yasieen. N. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A field experiment was Carried out at two Locations (First: Field Crops station research \ Collage of agriculture \ university of Tikrit) and The Second in the agricultural Farm in AL-Houaish District of Salahaddin Province during 2017-2018 winter season to study the stability of some Faba bean genotypes (po6-oo1FB/FL, PO6-OO3FB/FL, PO6-OO5FB/FL, PO6-OO9FB/FL, PO6-O11FB/FL, PO6-O14FB/FL, Syrian Local 1arge and Aguadolce) introduced from ICARDA. Three distances among plants (20, 30 and 40 cm) was used. Factorial Randomized completely Block Design with–three replications was used. Result Showed that: most studied genotypes can be predicted by using linear function in most traits except protein percentage.(PO6-OO3FB/FL) and (PO6-OO5FB/FL) genotypes were stable ( coefficient of regression nearest to one ) in individual plant seed yield, and number pods.plant−1 and number seeds. pod−1, while (PO6-O11FB/FL) and (PO6-O14FB/FL) were stable in plant height, number pods. Plant−1, 100 seed weight and total seed yield. Therefore, PO6-OO5FB/FL followed by(PO6-O14FB/FL) produced high and stable seed yield also were stable in both in individual and efficiency plant yield and adapted for poor environments which can be regarded as a good stable genotype in Salahaddin Governorate environments.
The effect of Planting distance and insecticide on spiny bollworm Earias insulana (Lepidoptera: Phalaenidae) in cotton, Gossypium hirsutum Variety Lachata
Authors: Qader Fadel Abbas , Saber Najdat Ghazi 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The study was carried out in Al-Hawija / Kirkuk in one of farmer field piece that cultivated with Lachata cotton variety. The cultivated area about 1/4 hectare with Lachata variety by using three planting distance ( 10, 20, 30 cm ) and three insecticides Runner (Methoxyfenozide)1ml/L, Dimilin (48%) (Diflubenzuron)1.25ml/L and Actara ( 25WG) ( Thiamethoxam) 0.2 gm/L. The results showed that the lowest infestation 6.608% recorded at 30cm distance during blooming stage but the highest infestation 10.742% with spiny bollworm recorded at 10cm distance. The results also indicated that lowest infestation percentage 2.589% recorded with Dimillin insecticide and the highest infestation 10.511% with Runner insecticide. The results of study showed the effect of planting distance on cotton boll weight so the highest weight 4.283 gm recorded at 30cm but the lowest weight 3.708 gm recorded at 10 cm.
Physical geography in planning an Indonesia’s new capital towards integrated tropical city
Authors: Taki H M , Sunandar E 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to investigate all aspects of physical geography in planning the new capital in order to achieve an integrated tropical city. Many aspects are important in planning science because they are the basic aspects of implementing planning in an urban and regionally, especially in planning a new capital as will be done by the Indonesian government, namely moving the capital from Jakarta to Kutai Kartanegara and Penajam Paser Utara. Many studies related to this have been carried out by academics, agencies or research groups, but lack of discussing the planning of the new capital in the viewpoint of physical geography in a systematic, comprehensive and complete manner, even though this study is needed so that the new capital can include all aspects of the planning needed. The research method uses study literature from various sources and spatial analysis with approaches to all aspects of physical geography. Investigations from the new capital found biodiversity and abundant natural resources in terms of physical geography. The conclusion obtained from the study is that the physical geographical aspects of the new capital have advantages and can be used as large capital in the future by incorporating the principles of smart, green and sustainability towards the integrated tropical city.
The characteristics of membrane chitosan from Mytilus sp and potential used in water treatment
Authors: Sinardi S , Iyrani A S 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The membrane is one of the effective separation technologies used in water treatment. The membranes from natural materials an alternative eco-friendly. One of the membranes used in water treatment is a chitosan membrane. This study aims to produce membranes from green mussel shells (Mytilus sp.), beginning with making chitosan and characterizing chitosan. Chitosan was produced from No and Meyers method with some modification through 3 subsequent processes i.e. deproteination, demineralization, and deacetylation. Chitosan characteristics affect the ability of chitosan to become a membrane. Chitosan characterization includes the degree of deacetylation and molecular mass. The characteristics of chitosan are the degree of deacetylation was 88.23% and the analysis of FTIR on chitosan which has a functional group of NH and OH. The results of the characterization of the chitosan membrane obtained can be used as a reference in determining the optimum concentration of chitosan membranes in water treatment.
Determination of carrying and load capacity using QUAL2Kw modeling simulation
Authors: Saily R , Setiawan B 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper analyzes the river’s carrying and load capacity using the QUAL2Kw model approach. The river is located in Bengkalis Regency, Bukit Batu District. Modeling simulations were done with by using a scenario to determine the burden of pollution that occurs. This study consists of 10 survey points. The results of the water quality were compared to the indicators with the class II quality standards which are set by the government regulations. The results of this study shows that the Bukit Batu River needs to reduce pollution loads by more than 70%. However the land carrying capacity is in the surplus category, thus it shows the availability of land in the Bukit Batu sub-district’s sufficiencyt to meet the needs for agriculture production.
Linking green marketing with performance: Environmental marketing model for small business
Authors: Mujahid M , Haskas Y , Hamid M , Safar I , Arief A S 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This study aims to enrich sustainability research and practice by review how green marketing as an environmental marketing strategy influences organizational performance in small businesses. This research also studies how the integration of learning orientation in the organizations internal culture determines the influence of green strategies to increase business value. A review of existing literature illustrates how investigations in this area have evolved in recent years, providing an appropriate framework based on prior studies and suggesting future research. This study collected data from 351 small businesses covering all industries types located in Indonesia to meet the research aims. The method used to analyse information is modeling the structural equations of cross-sectional survey data with the SMART-PLS software. The findings indicate that green marketing and learning orientation of the small business is an important driver which in turn, has a positive effect on performance. This provides empirical validation that companies that implement environmentally marketing and have the capability as a learning organization have proven to be effective in making a difference to the company’s value. Green marketing has more influence on how organizations increase their performance than organizations-learning orientation. Generally, the results support theoretical predictions, and several interesting findings appear.