bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Veech Joseph A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
As a verbal descriptor, theoretical concept, and natural unit of biological organization, “habitat” has a long history in ecology. Use of the term dates back over 250 years to Linnaeus. However, the modern concept of habitat was slow to emerge. Starting in the early twentieth century, it became relatively common to use “habitat” as a descriptor for the vegetation and other environmental conditions where a species is found. Eventually, habitat came to be defined in a more multi-faceted way as the physical structure of the place where a species exists as well as the resources provided at the location. More so than any other ecologists, Joseph Grinnell and Victor Shelford are to be given the most credit in bringing about our modern concept and definition of habitat. In the 1920s, Georgy Gause conducted what was probably the first quantitative study of habitat; he examined the habitat associations of 15 grasshopper species. In the 1930s, through the writings of Aldo Leopold, wildlife ecology emerged as an academic discipline distinct from ecology. In studying habitat, wildlife ecologists were also attempting to determine the habitat requirements of a species. This was another important step forward; recognition that daily survival of individuals and maintenance of the population and species came about to the extent that necessary habitat conditions and resources were met. Although there is currently some debate about the exact definition of habitat and related terms, the modern concept of habitat is widely accepted.
Introduction
Authors: Faust Avraham 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter 1 (Introduction) explains the basic concepts and supplies the background information for the study of the Assyrian empire and of empires at large. The chapter briefly discusses the concepts of empires and imperialism, provides some background to the study of empires, and defines the study area. This is followed by a discussion of the Assyrian empire, its development, structure, and policies, the way the empire administered and controlled its territories, both the provinces and the client kingdoms, and more specifically its control over the southwest. The chapter also briefly reviews the sources of information for the study, and provides a road map for the book.
Before the Empire
Authors: Faust Avraham 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2 (‘Before the Empire: the Southern Levant in the Eighth Century bce’) lays the foundation for the research. In order to understand the impact of Assyrian imperial domination, one must reconstruct the reality on the ground before the arrival of the empire, and the chapter therefore describes the flourishing settlement of the mid-eighth century bce, its distribution across the landscape, and the economic significance of the various regions. The information is presented geographically, outlining the situation in each of the kingdoms, and in many cases in each of the subregions within them, providing a detailed snapshot of the demography and economy of the region before the Assyrian armies arrived on the horizon.
Assyrians in the Southwest?
Authors: Faust Avraham 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter 6 (‘Assyrians in the Southwest? The Evidence for Assyrian Administration and Presence’) reviews the relevant evidence for the actual presence of Assyrian administration or individuals in the region, for example in the form of Assyrian administrative documents, Assyrian buildings, and more. Once identified, the nature of the evidence and their distribution is assessed in order to learn how much administration was involved in the running of the Southern Levant, and where this administration operated. The evidence shows that administration was very limited, and that the limited data comes mostly from small subregions on the fringes of the devastated provinces. The marginality of the region is also indicated by the lack of, as of yet, of any evidence for the renaming of sites in the local provinces.
The Empire in the Southwest
Authors: Faust Avraham 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In light of the information provided in the previous chapters, Chapter 7 (‘The Empire in the Southwest: Reconstructing Assyrian Activity in the Provinces’) examines the way the empire operated in the southwestern provinces, including the activity of the local governors, the deportation of some of the population, and the settling of foreign deportees. The evidence shows that indications for Assyrian administration are lacking from most of the provinces’ areas, and that they were not of much significance for the imperial authorities, which concentrated their efforts on the frontiers facing the flourishing clients. It is only in these regions that we find evidence for significant imperial activity. Combining the archaeological and textual evidence also shed light on the status of Dor, which appears to have been managed by Tyre, and indicate that parts in the coastal plain (including the anchorages) were administered by the clients.
Local Responses to the Empire
Authors: Faust Avraham 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter 8 (‘Local Responses to the Empire: From Armed Resistance to Integration’) focuses on the local responses in the southwest to the Assyrian imperial rule. Such studies are somewhat rare regarding the Assyrian empire, but the present case study has a number of advantages, and in addition to the large archaeological database available, we have a unique textual source, reflecting the voice of (some of) the conquered, i.e. the Hebrew Bible. Notably, in most imperial settings, texts, if they exist at all, represent the imperial view, but the Hebrew Bible, as complex as it is as a historical source, provides insights into some local views of imperial rule. The evidence allows us to reconstruct the local responses to Assyrian rule in different political units, and by various groups within these units, from armed resistance, through more subtle forms of resistance, to cooperation, collaboration, and even integration. The evidence reveals, once again, profound differences between the provinces and the clients, as well as between the different clients.
Southeast Asia
Authors: Geddes Andrew 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Migration governance in Southeast Asia is shown to be strongly influenced by representations of its temporariness, which shape responses to labour migration and to forced displacement. The idea that migrant workers are temporary and that forcibly displaced people require temporary protection in the region and resettlement outside it has become embedded within repertoires of migration governance in Southeast Asia that shape what governing actors know how to do and also what they think they should be doing. The chapter focuses on ASEAN as a key regional grouping but one that has significant constraints on its ability to act on migration issues and on the Bali Process, which is a more informal regional consultation process and brings Australian influence into the Southeast Asian region.
De jure and de facto Openness in South America
Authors: Geddes Andrew 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Resurgent regionalism since the 2000s in South America brought with it a notably progressive approach to migration at both national and regional level. The emergence and effects of this approach are assessed and also related to wider concerns about governability insofar as they affect responses to migration, but also how they relate more broadly to the operation and effects of political systems in South America. Particular attention is paid to the Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR) and its development of a Residence Agreement that provides rights and protections for citizens of member states and more generally of a regional response that consciously opposed itself to US regional hegemony and to the EU as a template for regional migration governance.
North America
Authors: Geddes Andrew 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
While there is no formalized regional migration governance in North America and little prospect of it developing, there are powerful regionalized effects linked to US hegemony and the interest of US capital. Understandings and representations of migration in the US governance system have had powerful regional effects and shaped responses in both Canada and Mexico. An increased focus on the deterrence that existed prior to the 9/11 terror attacks of 2001 has shaped regionalized responses. The election of Donald Trump as president in 2016 brought nativist and racist rhetoric to US immigration policy and to relations with its neighbours, but ramped up provisions that, unwilling as he was to admit it, were already well established.
Conclusions
Authors: Geddes Andrew 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the main arguments of the book. It specifies the value of migration governance repertoires as a way to look inside the ‘black box’ of migration governance and to know more about how know-how and expectations about role held by key actors play a powerful role in the outputs and outcomes that emerge from these systems. It is shown that regions play a key role in mediating the relationship between the global and national level. More than this it, is argued that regions play an important role in shaping the ways in which global norms and standards are understood and interpreted. This means that it is not simply a question of adaptation to global standards but, in contrast, how global norms and standards are rendered meaningful at regional and national levels. The chapter also shows how understandings of what is ‘normal’ about migration—of its causes and effects—are the backdrop against which intermittent crises are interpreted.
Introduction
Authors: Ziogas Ioannis 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter sets up the methodological and theoretical parameters. Agamben’s homo sacer and ‘State of Exception’ are keys for interpreting Latin love elegy’s links to the juridical order. This theoretical background is closely linked to the age of Augustus. The chapter offers definitions of the key concepts of amor, a word related both to extrajuridical desire and to the juridical discourse of sexuality (cf. Foucault), and lex, which can mean both ‘law’ and ‘rule’. The technical and non-technical uses of lex bleed into one another in ways that Ovid will exploit in his poetry to document the interdependence of legal authority and poetic justice. The chapter gives an overview of current scholarship on law in Ovid and further explains its contribution to the interdisciplinary field of law and literature.
Vector Control, Optimal Control, and Vector-Borne Disease Dynamics
Authors: Bonsall Michael B. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Understanding methods of vector control is essential to vector-borne disease (VBD) management. Vaccines or standard medical interventions for many VDBs do not exist or are poorly developed so disease control is focused on managing vector numbers and dynamics. This involves understanding not only the population dynamics but also the population genetics of vectors. Using mosquitoes as a case study, in this chapter, the modern genetics-based methods of vector control (self-limiting, self-sustaining) on mosquito population and disease suppression will be reviewed. These genetics-based methods highlight the importance of understanding the interplay between genetics and ecology to develop optimal, cost-effective solutions for control. The chapter focuses on how these genetics-based methods can be integrated with other interventions, and concludes with a summary of regulatory and policy perspectives about the use of these approaches in the management of VBDs.
International Commerce in the Wake of Empire
Authors: Dungy Madeleine 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter reveals how imperial conceptions of regional economic integration lived on in the League of Nations even as the Habsburg successor states, including the Austrian Republic, embraced a national approach to administration. It focuses on an influential Austrian bureaucrat, Richard Riedl, who saw an ethnic German commercial elite as the key unifying force in Central and Eastern Europe. He promoted this vision from the upper echelons of the late-imperial Austrian state and then as an independent expert based in the Vienna Chamber of Commerce in the 1920s. He used the League of Nations to devise an innovative code of trans-border commercial rights that proposed to curtail government authority over international trade networks. The Austrian government ultimately rejected Riedl’s formula, affirming its national regulatory prerogatives. Riedl’s story shows how the League’s sprawling ‘multiverse’ complicated post-imperial state-building by opening direct policy-making channels to business leaders.
Reappraising the Tax Gap
Authors: Murphy Richard 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The tax gap has been described as the amount of tax jurisdictions do not collect, caused by the tax system not being appropriately complied with—in the manner intended by the tax authority—given the current tax laws in operation. That description does, however, ignore the fact that substantial parts of their potential tax revenues are not collected by all governments as a result of their decisions not to tax some tax bases, or because of granted tax allowances, reliefs and exemptions, many of which in turn provide opportunities for tax abuse. This chapter considers the implications of reframing the tax gap to include these tax losses that arise as a result of government policy and suggests the changes in perception, including in macro-economic as well as micro-economic thinking, that might result if this were done. For this, the use of tax spillover analysis is recommended.
Game Theory and the Law
Authors: Ahlert Marlies 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Classical game theory analyses strategic interactions under extreme idealisations. It assumes cognitively unconstrained players with common knowledge concerning game forms, preferences, and rationality. Such ideal theory is highly relevant for human self-understanding as a rational being or what Selten called ‘rationology’. Yet, ideal theory is highly irrelevant for real actors who are in Selten’s sense boundedly rational. Starting from essential features of real bargaining problems, elements of Selten’s ‘micro-psychological’ and Raiffa’s ‘telescopic’ behavioural bargaining theory are introduced. From this, an outline of a workable rationality approach to bargaining emerges. It suggests relying on telescopic elements from Raiffa’s model to provide general outcome orientation and on insights from Selten’s aspiration adaptation model of individual decision making to develop process-sensitive action advice. A bird’s eye view of a prominent recent case of ‘bargaining in the shadow of the courts’ shows a surprisingly good fit of outcomes with the implications of Raiffa’s telescopic approach while remaining compatible with a Seltenian process. Though due to a lack of specific information because the micro-foundations for the telescopic theory cannot be provided, it is at least clear how further case studies and experiments might be put to work here.
The Wonder of Rational Christianity
Authors: Murphy Gretchen 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines Sally Sayward Wood’s 1800 novel Julia and the Illuminated Baron in the context of the Bavarian Illuminati crisis, arguing that Wood engaged this conflict in order to address concerns about secularity in the early republic. These concerns stemmed from several developments: the rising liberal conception of rational Christianity, the New England Federalist conception of established religion as an efficient means of promoting morality in a republic, and the fragilization of faith that Charles Taylor has associated with religious pluralism. The chapter argues that Wood’s use of gothic form sought to stave off feared secularization by combining an aesthetic sense of religious wonder with Enlightened rationalism. The chapter interprets this blend as a postsecular expression of intertwined modernity and Protestantism that was essential to Wood’s Federalist conception of religion in a republic. The chapter also considers the theological and political influence of Wood’s father Nathanial Barrell’s Sandemanisnism on Wood’s conception of rational Christianity.
Suspending Unbelief
Authors: Murphy Gretchen 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter interprets Catharine Maria Sedgwick’s novel Redwood as her response to a challenge posed by William Ellery Channing: to add an accession of feeling to overly-cool Unitarianism. Redwood responds to Channing’s challenge and to the period’s larger orthodox backlash against Unitarianism by reconciling liberalism with the conviction of belief, a balance that Sedgwick presents as essential for national cohesion in a post-revolutionary context. The novel portrays this post-revolutionary context as threatened by various forms of radicalism (slave revolts, class resentment, Shaker enthusiasm) that the novel links to memories of the French Revolution. It offers sentimental Protestant Christianity, characterized by a balance of zealous belief and broadminded tolerance, as the solution, albeit one that is expressly intolerant to non-Christians and unbelievers. The chapter draws on correspondence, sermons, and religious print culture to explain these theological and political problems and imagined solutions in Sedgwick’s novel.
The Basic Conception of Epistêmê at Work
Authors: Moss Jessica 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
If epistêmê’s defining object is Being, then cognition of Being constitutes Plato’s basic conception of epistêmê: we should be able to appeal to this in order to see why Plato attributes to epistêmê all the various features that he does. In this chapter I aim to show that this expectation is borne out. The Basic Conception can explain the requirement that epistêmê is of truth, that it involves the ability to give explanations, and that it is clear, precise, and stable. Moreover, it can explain and indeed motivate all the evidence that epistêmê is restricted to Forms. What about the objection, however, that the Republic’s philosophers’ epistêmê qualifies them to rule, and hence must apply to perceptibles? I argue that Plato provides a clear solution: since perceptibles are images of Forms, epistêmê of the Forms enhances one’s cognition of perceptibles without directly applying to them.
What Is Neo-Positivism and How Could We Argue for It?
Authors: Balaguer Mark 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter 7 explains how the non-factualist views established in the first part of this book fit into a general anti-metaphysical view called neo-positivism. This chapter formulates neo-positivism, explains why neo-positivism isn’t self-refuting, and explains how we could argue for neo-positivism. Neo-positivism is (roughly) the view is that every metaphysical question decomposes into subquestions, and in connection with each of these subquestions, we can endorse one of the following three anti-metaphysical views: non-factualism, scientism, or metaphysically innocent modal-truth-ism. Non-factualism about a question Q is the view that there’s no fact of the matter about the answer to Q. Scientism about Q is (roughly) the view that Q is an ordinary empirical-scientific question about some aspect of physical reality, and Q can’t be settled with an a priori philosophical argument. And metaphysically innocent modal-truth-ism about Q is (roughly) the view that Q asks about the truth value of a modal sentence that’s metaphysically innocent in the sense captured by the Chapter-6 view modal nothingism.
The Historical Roots of the Due Diligence Standard
Authors: Bartolini Giulio 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter analyses the historical roots of the due diligence standard. It looks at early examples of primary obligations with a due diligence component in the law pertaining to the protection of foreigners and representatives of foreign states, in the law of neutrality, and in early international humanitarian law. The chapter identifies a series of criteria for the application of due diligence which are still widely relevant today, such as the means at the disposal of a concerned state, a state’s control over its territory, or the predictability of harm.
Due Diligence in International Climate Change Law
Authors: Rajamani Lavanya 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The international climate change regime has evolved over time to include a wider spectrum of obligations—substantive and procedural, as well as obligations of conduct and result. The increasing salience of obligations of conduct, privileging greater flexibility and autonomy for all Parties and permitting increased dynamism in the regime, has created greater scope for ‘due diligence’ to play a role in international climate change law. This chapter identifies the central obligations of conduct (fleshing out due diligence requirements of states) and of result in international climate change law. It analyses the nature and extent of due diligence required of states and highlights the numerous factors, such as the expectation of good faith or common but differentiated responsibilities, influencing it. The chapter concludes with reflections on the promise and perils of relying on norms of due diligence to deliver on the ambition of the climate change regime.
Due Diligence, the UN, and Peacekeeping
Authors: White Nigel D. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the application, acceptance, and implementation of human rights due diligence obligations in UN peacekeeping operations. It points to growing, but uneven, evidence of the development of standards and measures by the UN that would fit the meaning and purpose of due diligence, although there are very few instances of due diligence being used as a term within the UN. The chapter argues that due diligence obligations are applicable either through customary human rights law, or the internal law of the UN, or both due to the fact that the UN’s principles of peacekeeping are themselves based on general principles of international law. The chapter stresses that the UN should have due diligence obligations especially as there is a gap between the commissioning of peacekeeping operations by the UN and the day-to-day control of peacekeepers by the UN.
Due Diligence and Structural Change in the International Legal Order
Authors: Krieger Heike , Peters Anne 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter first analyses the legal functions of due diligence, notably risk-management and securing accountability, defining audits and impact assessments, or operationalising obligations of progressive realisation. The chapter interprets the rise of due diligence as a response to, a manifestation of, and a catalyst for structural change in international law. These changes include proceduralisation, pluralisation of legal subjects, de-constitutionalisation, and more proactive risk management. The chapter traces understandings of due diligence throughout the different areas of international law and across different types of legal persons. It concludes that due diligence has quite diverse meanings and functions depending on the legal context, and can therefore hardly be qualified as an overarching principle of international law. While due diligence shapes the international law of a global risk society and helps to secure accountability, it also menaces to mellow firm obligations and thus bears the risk to undermine the international rule of law.
Failures of Complex Systems
Authors: Rouse William B. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses failures in the nuclear power industry (Three Mile Island and Chernobyl), NASA space operations (Challenger and Columbia), and the maritime industry (Exxon Valdez and BP Deepwater Horizon). Multi-level analyses are used to provide comparisons across case studies. It briefly reviews how these industries anticipate and manage failures, and higher-order consequences of these types of failures are discussed. These insights are used to foreshadow later discussions of failure management.