bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COVID‐19 is not over and age is not enough: Using frailty for prognostication in hospitalized patients
Authors: Aliberti Márlon Juliano Romero , Szlejf Claudia , Avelino‐Silva Vivian I. , Suemoto Claudia Kimie , Apolinario Daniel , Dias Murilo Bacchini , Garcez Flavia Barreto , Trindade Carolina B. , Amaral José Renato das Graças , de Melo Leonardo Rabelo , de Aguiar Renata Cunha , Coelho Paulo Henrique Lazzaris , Hojaij Naira Hossepian Salles de Lima , Saraiva Marcos Daniel , da Silva Natalia Oliveira Trajano , Jacob‐Filho Wilson , Avelino‐Silva Thiago J. ,   COVID HCFMUSP Study Group
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundFrailty screening using the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) has been proposed to guide resource allocation in acute care settings during the pandemic. However, the association between frailty and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) prognosis remains unclear.ObjectivesTo investigate the association between frailty and mortality over 6 months in middle‐aged and older patients hospitalized with COVID‐19 and the association between acute morbidity severity and mortality across frailty strata.DesignObservational cohort study.SettingLarge academic medical center in Brazil.ParticipantsA total of 1830 patients aged ≥50 years hospitalized with COVID‐19 (March–July 2020).MeasurementsWe screened baseline frailty using the CFS (1–9) and classified patients as fit to managing well (1–3), vulnerable (4), mildly (5), moderately (6), or severely frail to terminally ill (7–9). We also computed a frailty index (0–1; frail >0.25), a well‐known frailty measure. We used Cox proportional hazards models to estimate the association between frailty and time to death within 30 days and 6 months of admission. We also examined whether frailty identified different mortality risk levels within strata of similar age and acute morbidity as measured by the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score.ResultsMedian age was 66 years, 58% were male, and 27% were frail to some degree. Compared with fit‐to‐managing‐well patients, the adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence interval [CI]) for 30‐day and 6‐month mortality were, respectively, 1.4 (1.1–1.7) and 1.4 (1.1–1.7) for vulnerable patients; 1.5 (1.1–1.9) and 1.5 (1.1–1.8) for mild frailty; 1.8 (1.4–2.3) and 1.9 (1.5–2.4) for moderate frailty; and 2.1 (1.6–2.7) and 2.3 (1.8–2.9) for severe frailty to terminally ill. The CFS achieved outstanding accuracy to identify frailty compared with the Frailty Index (area under the curve = 0.94; 95% CI = 0.93–0.95) and predicted different mortality risks within age and acute morbidity groups.ConclusionsOur results encourage the use of frailty, alongside measures of acute morbidity, to guide clinicians in prognostication and resource allocation in hospitalized patients with COVID‐19.
Spatial architecture of biliary tree in mammals: Fractal and Euclidean geometric features
Authors: Azmaiparashvili Elza , Patarashvili Leila , Bebiashvili Irakli , Tsomaia Keti , Gvidiani Salome , Tananashvili David , Kakabadze Manana , Gusev Sergey , Kordzaia Dimitri 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe study of the fractal architecture of various organs and structures expanded the possibilities for determining the ranges of their functioning and structural arrangement, which, as a result, was reflected in the development of new approaches to diagnostics and therapeutic impacts. The architecture of the excretory duct systems, similar to the hemo‐ and lymph‐ circulatory beds and the bronchial tree, is considered fractal. At the same time, information about hitherto unknown structures of the biliary tree continues to appear in the literature. We aimed to study the features of the spatial geometry of the biliary tree and assess the significance of both its fractal and Euclidean characteristics for the development of approaches that facilitate comprehensive description of intrahepatic biliary tract architecture. We investigated the architecture of the biliary trees of six men, seven male canines, and seven male Wistar rats using the corrosion casting method. Corrosion casts were prepared by injecting solidifying latexes into the bile ducts. The preparations were studied using a light stereomicroscope and a scanning electron microscope. Biliary tree branching is of various types. In addition, the correlation between variations in the caliber and length of the bile ducts and their order is not significant. Therefore, the biliary tree should not be considered as a classical fractal and it consists of the main modules, represented by the network of the bile canaliculi (first nonfractal module) and a biliary tree with a fractal branching (second module) that drains the bile canaliculi mesh and the additional modules represented by the mucosal biliary glands (in mammals with the gallbladder) or the periportal biliary plexus (in mammals without a gallbladder) and the aberrant biliary ducts. Such a configuration of the biliary bed should optimally ensure the smooth implementation of the physiological function of the liver, as well as its adaptation to different pathologies accompanied by biliary hypertension. It also might be considered in the diagnosis and assessment of ductular reaction, biliary regeneration, and/or carcinogenesis.
Respecting upper facial anatomy for treating the glabella with neuromodulators to avoid medial brow ptosis—A refined 3‐point injection technique
Authors: Cotofana Sebastian , Pedraza Angela P. , Kaufman Joely , Avelar Luiz E.T. , Gavril Diana L. , Hernandez Claudia A. , Onishi Emy C. , Nikolis Andreas , Sakuma Thais , Frank Konstantin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundCurrent injection algorithms for treating the glabella rely on a five‐ or seven‐point injection technique with possible medial eyebrow ptosis and lateral eyebrow elevation as undesirable outcomes.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety profile of a refined 3‐point injection technique targeting horizontal and vertical glabellar lines.MethodsA total of n=105 patients (27 males and 78 females) with a mean age of 40.90 ± 9.2 years were investigated. The injection technique relied on targeting the muscular origin of the procerus and the corrugator supercilii muscles exclusively. The time of effect onset and the injection‐related outcome 120 days after the treatment was evaluated using the 5‐point glabellar line severity scale.ResultsThe onset of the neuromodulator effect was on average 3.5 ± 1.5 days. There was no statistically significant difference in the amplitude of movement before or 14 days after the treatment with 2.99 ± 4.4 mm vs. 3.39 ± 3.6 mm (p = 0.149) for the medial head of the eyebrow and with 3.18 ± 4.7 mm vs. 3.33 ± 4.3 mm (p = 0.510) for the lateral head of the eyebrow, respectively.ConclusionIncorporating anatomic concepts into clinical practice for glabellar frown line neuromodulator treatments with the investigated 3‐point injection technique resulted in the absence of adverse events like eyebrow ptosis, upper eyelid ptosis, medial eyebrow ptosis, and lateral frontalis hyperactivity. This technique demonstrated efficacy throughout the 4‐month study period.
Pathophysiology, clinical findings, and management of Fox‐Fordyce disease: A systematic review
Authors: Salloum Antoine , Bouferraa Youssef , Bazzi Nagham , Bou Zerdan Maroun , Abi Chebl Joanna , Chu Thomas , Bachour Julien , Benedetto Anthony 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundFox‐Fordyce (FFD), also known as apocrine military, is an uncommon chronic inflammation of the apocrine sweat glands. It is characterized by pruritic, papular eruptions in apocrine‐gland‐bearing regions. FFD was described a century ago, but the exact pathogenesis of the disease and the management are not well understood.AimsThis paper provides a wide understanding of the pathophysiology, clinical findings, and management of Fox‐Fordyce disease. Its aim is to help the physician to diagnose and manage this entity accordingly.MethodsA research was done using PubMed database on 12 April 12, 2020, and in order to retrieve all case reports, case series, cohort studies, randomized, and nonrandomized clinical trials were included describing FFD among patients.ResultsA total of 43 articles and 68 patients were included in the study. The majority of patients were young females. The disease was bilateral in 90%, affected the axillae and to a lesser extent the pubic and the periareolar areas and rarely the thoracic area, the abdominal area, and the face. FFD followed a relapsing and remitting course, and an evident improvement in disease course was noted after menopause.ConclusionThe typical FFD patient is a post‐pubertal female and pre‐menopause, presenting with pruritic papules in apocrine‐gland‐bearing regions. FFD can be sporadic or occurs in family, and it can be asymptomatic in 1/(3–4) of patients and can be triggered by laser hair removal and hormonal changes. Further randomized clinical trials assessing different treatment of FFD are now warranted.
Cervical duplex ultrasound for the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis with vertebral artery involvement
Authors: Kargiotis Odysseas , Psychogios Klearchos , Safouris Apostolos , Bakola Eleni , Andreadou Elizabeth , Karapanayiotides Theodore , Finitsis Stephanos , Palaiodimou Lina , Giannopoulos Sotirios , Magoufis Georgios , Tsivgoulis Georgios 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTGiant cell arteritis (GCA) is a systemic inflammatory arteriopathy of medium and large‐sized arteries, predominantly affecting branches of the external carotid artery. Ischemic stroke has been reported in 2.8–7% of patients diagnosed with GCA. The majority of ischemic strokes may involve the posterior circulation as a result of vertebral and/or, less frequently, of basilar artery vasculitis. Prompt diagnosis is crucial since high‐dose corticosteroid treatment is highly effective in preventing the occurrence or recurrence of ischemic complications, including posterior circulation ischemic stroke in cases with vertebrobasilar involvement. Cervical duplex sonography (CDS) of the temporal arteries is a powerful diagnostic tool with high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of GCA. In cases with clinical suspicion or a temporal artery ultrasonographic confirmation of GCA, a detailed evaluation of the cervical, axillary, and intracranial arteries with CDS and transcranial‐duplex‐sonography, respectively, should be part of the ultrasound examination protocol. Specifically, signs of extracranial vertebral artery wall inflammation (“halo” sign) and focal luminar stenoses may be accurately depicted by ultrasounds in high‐risk patients or individuals with ischemic stroke attributed to GCA. In this review, we present three cases of GCA and posterior circulation ischemic complications that were initially evaluated with comprehensive neurosonology protocol and were promptly diagnosed with GCA based on the characteristic “halo” sign in the temporal and vertebral arteries. In addition, we discuss the relevant literature concerning the utility of CDS for the early diagnosis of GCA, focusing on the subtype with extracranial arterial involvement, particularly that of the vertebral arteries.
Diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders (DC/TMD) for children and adolescents: An international Delphi study—Part 1‐Development of Axis I
Authors: Rongo Roberto , Ekberg EwaCarin , Nilsson Ing‐Marie , Al‐Khotani Amal , Alstergren Per , Conti Paulo Cesar Rodrigues , Durham Justin , Goulet Jean‐Paul , Hirsch Christian , Kalaykova Stanimira I. , Kapos Flavia P. , Komiyama Osamu , Koutris Michail , List Thomas , Lobbezoo Frank , Ohrbach Richard , Peck Christopher C. , Restrepo Claudia , Rodrigues Maria Joao , Sharma Sonia , Svensson Peter , Visscher Corine M. , Wahlund Kerstin , Michelotti Ambra 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundSince in children and adolescence prevalence is assessed mainly on self‐reported or proxy‐reported signs and symptoms; there is a need to develop a more comprehensive standardised process for the collection of clinical information and the diagnosis of TMD in these populations.ObjectiveTo develop new instruments and to adapt the diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders (DC/TMD) for the evaluation of TMD in children and adolescents.MethodA modified Delphi method was used to seek international consensus among TMD experts. Fourteen clinicians and researchers in the field of oro‐facial pain and TMD worldwide were invited to participate in a workshop initiated by the International Network for Orofacial Pain and Related Disorders Methodology (INfORM scientific network) at the General Session of the International Association for Dental Research (IADR, London 2018), as the first step in the Delphi process. Participants discussed the protocols required to make physical diagnoses included in the Axis I of the DC/TMD. Thereafter, nine experts in the field were added, and the first Delphi round was created. This survey included 60 statements for Axis I, and the experts were asked to respond to each statement on a five‐item Likert scale ranging from ‘Strongly disagree’ to ‘Strongly agree’. Consensus level was set at 80% agreement for the first round, and at 70% for the next.ResultsAfter three rounds of the Delphi process, a consensus among TMD experts was achieved and two adapted DC/TMD protocols for Axis I physical diagnoses for children and adolescents were developed.ConclusionThrough international consensus among TMD experts, this study adapted the Axis I of the DC/TMD for use in evaluating TMD in children and adolescents.
Overview of Evidence Concerning School‐Based Interventions for Improving the Health of School‐Aged Children and Adolescents
Authors: Suto Maiko , Miyazaki Celine , Yanagawa Yuko , Takehara Kenji , Kato Tsuguhiko , Gai Ruoyan , Ota Erika , Mori Rintaro 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDUniversal prevention approaches that target the general population can be effective for promoting children's health. This overview aims to summarize evidence presented in existing reviews of school‐based interventions.METHODSWe present an overview of evidence sourced from Campbell and Cochrane systematic reviews. These reviews examined randomized controlled trials concerning school‐based health‐promotion programs for children (mostly aged 4‐18 years) in the general population.RESULTSWe identified 56 high‐quality reviews. The reviews focused on emotional and behavioral outcomes, infectious diseases, injury reduction, mental health, nutrition intake, oral health, physical and developmental changes, sense‐organ diseases, sexual‐health outcomes, and substance use/abuse. Positive evidence—such as vision screening plus provision of free spectacles for spectacle wear increase and a combination of social competence and social‐influence approaches for preventing illicit drug use—were considered high certainty.CONCLUSIONSOf the various interventions implemented in school settings that involved people from various occupations, some positive effects were found. In most cases, evidence certainty was negatively affected by a high risk of bias within studies, inconsistencies within the estimates, and insufficient sample sizes. Further primary studies in these areas would be helpful for accumulating evidence to promote stronger cooperation between health and education stakeholders.
Aggressiveness of Fusarium culmorum isolates for head blight symptoms is highly stable across four cereal crops
Authors: Miedaner Thomas , Lieberherr Bärbel , Gaikpa David S. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractFusarium culmorum is an important component of Fusarium head blight (FHB) in Northern Europe in all cereals. We analysed the stability of six isolates differing in origin by inoculating them on four winter cereal crops (bread wheat, durum wheat, triticale and rye) with two cultivars each across three years and used disease symptoms as aggressiveness trait. Isolates significantly differed in their aggressiveness, measured as mean FHB severity, as well as the resistance of the cereals (p ≤ .01). Within the crops, bread and durum wheat were the most susceptible and showed significant differences between cultivars, triticale and rye were much less affected. Isolate × cereal and isolate × cultivar interactions were not significant. Accordingly, the isolates showed a similar ranking for all cereals and cultivars. The nivalenol‐producing isolate FC60 was the least aggressive isolate. Despite large differences on the host side, aggressiveness was a stable, highly heritable trait in F. culmorum.
Seaweed polysaccharide mitigates intestinal barrier dysfunction induced by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli through NF‐κB pathway suppression in porcine intestinal epithelial cells
Authors: Guo Xiaobo , Chen Jun , Yang Jin , He Qin , Luo Bowen , Lu Yafei , Zou Tiande , Wang Zirui , You Jinming 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis study aimed to investigate the protective effects and underlying mechanism of seaweed polysaccharide (SWP) on intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction induced by E. coli in an IPEC‐J2 model. A preliminary study was done to screen optimum SWP concentrations by cell viability, cytotoxicity, apoptosis and proliferation evaluation. The regular study was conducted to evaluate the protective effects of SWP against E. coli challenge via the analysis of transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), tight junction proteins, NF‐κB signalling pathway, proinflammatory cytokines and the E. coli adhesion and invasion. Our results show that 4 h E. coli challenge down‐regulated tight junction proteins expression, decreased TEER, activated NF‐κB signalling pathway and increased proinflammatory response, which indicates that the E. coli infection model was well‐established. Pre‐treatment with 240 μg/ml SWP for 24 h alleviated the 4 h E. coli ‐induced intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction, as evidenced by the up‐regulated expression of Occludin, Claudin‐1 and ZO‐1 at both mRNA and protein level and the increased TEER of IPEC‐J2 cells. Pre‐incubation with 240 μg/ml SWP for 24 h inhibited the activation of the NF‐κB signalling pathway by 4 h E. coli challenge, including the decreased mRNA expression of TLR‐4, MyD88, IκBα, p‐65, as well as the reduced ratio of protein expression of p‐p65/p65. Also, pre‐treatment with 240 μg/ml SWP for 24 h decreased proinflammatory response (IL‐6 and TNF‐α) induced by 4 h E. coli challenge and decreased the E. coli adhesion and invasion. In conclusion, SWP mitigated intestinal barrier dysfunction caused by E. coli through NF‐κB pathway in IPEC‐J2 cells and 240 μg/ml SWP exhibited better effect. Our results also provide a fundamental basis for SWP in reducing post‐weaning diarrhoea of weaned piglets, especially under E. coli ‐infected or in‐feed antibiotic‐free conditions.
Changes in growth and biochemical parameters in Dunaliella salina (Dunaliellaceae) in response to auxin and gibberellin under colchicine‐induced polyploidy
Authors: Mansouri Hakimeh , Soltani Nezhad Fatemeh 
Published: April 2021

We reported the significant effect of auxin and gibberellin on mixoploid cultures created by colchicine in Dunaliella salina. Polyploidy induction increased growth and the amount of all biochemical parameters measured in this work including chlorophyll, carotenoid, starch, glycerol, sugar, and protein. Treatment with colchicine 0.1%, which resulted in 58.26% of polyploid cells, had a better effect on increasing the amount of analyzed parameters. Auxin increased the amount of all measured parameters except protein. Low concentrations of auxin (1 and 10 µM) caused an increase in growth and the amount of chlorophyll, carotenoid, sugar, starch, glycerol, and protein in the cells treated with colchicine. Gibberellin significantly increased the amount of the mentioned parameters in a concentration‐dependent manner. In cultures treated with colchicine, additive effects of gibberellin were observed in glycerol, protein, starch, and sugar content. Our results showed that the use of phytohormones such as auxin and gibberellin can be a good way to increase the biochemical value of algal polyploid cell biomass.
Is the social study of finance necessarily nominalist? Using realism to address shortcomings in actor‐network theory approaches to financialisation and everyday life
Authors: Mulcahy Niamh 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe financial crisis of 2007–2009 has reignited an interest among sociologists and social scientists in finance and economics, especially in technical aspects of the economy and the inner workings of market relations. However, in these cases social studies of finance retain a distinctly nominalist character, focusing on individual interactions in a market treated as a means of coordinating exchange. The social study of finance as a field seeking to address everyday financial decisions in relation to market expansion and fluctuation is predominantly characterised by its use of actor‐network theory to explain the emergence and development of financial systems and networks, to the exclusion of equally necessary studies of the inequality that pervades newly financialised economies. I therefore argue for the need to revisit earlier political economy approaches to the study of finance, taking seriously criticisms leveled at such work by actor‐network theorists who worry about excessive structural determinism and rigidity. To this end, I contrast nominalism with realism, in order to think about financial systems as emergent properties within the contemporary social formation. By thinking about actors as individuals that enter into existing sets of social relations, which shape their actions, it is possible to understand the origins of financial inequality. As actors interact with social structures, however, they ultimately change their character, rendering them anew in different circumstances, and therefore avoid the deterministic character of structures.
Understanding patterns and potential drivers of forest diversity in northeastern China using machine‐learning algorithms
Authors: Luo Weixue , Zhang Chunyu , Zhao Xiuhai , Liang Jingjing 
Published: April 2021

AbstractQuestionForest ecosystems are the most important global repositories of terrestrial biodiversity. The mixed temperate forests in northeastern China constitute one of the most biodiverse temperate regions globally and provide nearly one‐third of China's wood supply. We ask what are the spatial patterns and potential drivers of tree species diversity in mixed temperate forests.LocationTemperate, mixed forests of northeastern China.MethodsUsing a large set of ground‐source forest inventory data (FIN) and geospatial covariates derived from published raster layers, we compared different machine‐learning and statistical models to study spatial patterns of tree species diversity and their underpinning drivers.ResultsThe spatial distribution of tree species diversity (species richness and evenness) varied greatly across northeastern China. Tree species diversity varied most with climatic (annual precipitation and annual mean temperature), topographic (elevation and slope), and anthropogenic factors. Anthropogenic factors affected tree species evenness (importance value = 13%) more than tree species richness (importance value = 9%). Based on these relationships, we mapped spatial patterns of tree diversity throughout the region at a 1 km × 1 km resolution.ConclusionsOur findings shed light on the processes behind community assembly and biodiversity patterns in mixed temperate forests in northeastern China, and provide a benchmark for future assessment of biodiversity. Our high‐resolution tree species diversity maps can be useful to landowners and land management agencies in their decision‐making processes about sustainable forest management, biodiversity conservation, and forest restoration — a priority task outlined by the recently implemented 2050 China National Forest Management Plan.