bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Properties of Interplanetary Fast Shocks Close to the Martian Environment
Authors: Huang Hui , Guo Jianpeng , Mazelle Christian , Penou Emmanuel , Lin Haibo , Zhao Dan 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Magnetic field and plasma measurements from the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN mission in orbit around Mars are analyzed for interplanetary fast shock properties and drivers from 2014 October to 2018 November. We identified 52 fast shocks, including 39 fast forward (FF) shocks and 13 fast reverse (FR) shocks. Most (79%) of the FF shocks are driven by stream interaction regions (SIRs) with only a few cases being driven by interplanetary coronal mass ejections, and all of the FR shocks are driven by SIRs. A total of 92% of the identified shocks are quasi-perpendicular shocks. On average, the shock strengths of SIR-driven forward and reverse shocks are comparable, and they are greater than that of ICME-driven forward shocks. The shock strengths show no systematic dependence on the shock locations relative to the Martian bow shock. We find no evidence that the shock shapes are affected by Mars and its bow shock as an obstacle in the propagating medium. The results can help us understand the nature of interplanetary shocks propagating in different environments.
A New Window into Planet Formation and Migration: Refractory-to-Volatile Elemental Ratios in Ultra-hot Jupiters
Authors: Lothringer Joshua D. , Rustamkulov Zafar , Sing David K. , Gibson Neale P. , Wilson Jamie , Schlaufman Kevin C. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
A primary goal of exoplanet characterization is to use a planet’s current composition to understand how that planet formed. For example, the C/O ratio has long been recognized as carrying important information on the chemistry of volatile species. Refractory elements, like Fe, Mg, and Si, are usually not considered in this conversation because they condense into solids like Fe(s) or MgSiO3 and would be removed from the observable, gaseous atmosphere in exoplanets cooler than about 2000 K. However, planets hotter than about 2000 K, called ultra-hot Jupiters (UHJs), are warm enough to largely avoid the condensation of refractory species. In this paper, we explore the insight that the measurement of refractory abundances can provide into a planet’s origins. Through refractory-to-volatile elemental abundance ratios, we can estimate a planet’s atmospheric rock-to-ice fraction and constrain planet formation and migration scenarios. We first relate a planet’s present-day refractory-to-volatile ratio to its rock-to-ice ratio from formation using various compositional models for the rocky and icy components of the protoplanetary disk. We discuss potential confounding factors like the sequestration of heavy metals in the core and condensation. We then show such a measurement using atmospheric retrievals of the low-resolution UV-IR transmission spectrum of WASP-121b with PETRA, from which we estimate a refractory-to-volatile ratio of 5.0

−
2.7

+
6.0

×

solar and a rock-to-ice ratio greater than 2/3. This result is consistent with significant atmospheric enrichment by rocky planetismals. Lastly, we discuss the rich future potential for measuring refractory-to-volatile ratios in UHJs with the arrival of the James Webb Space Telescope and by combining observations at low and high resolution.
Variations of the Galactic Cosmic Rays in the Recent Solar Cycles
Authors: Fu Shuai , Zhang Xiaoping , Zhao Lingling , Li Yong 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we study the Galactic cosmic-ray (GCR) variations over the solar cycles 23 and 24, with measurements from NASA’s Advanced Composition Explorer/Cosmic Ray Isotope Spectrometer instrument and the ground-based neutron monitors (NMs). The results show that the maximum GCR intensities of heavy nuclei (5 ≤ Z ≤ 28, 50∼500 MeV nuc−1) at 1 au during the solar minimum in 2019–2020 break their previous records, exceeding those recorded in 1997 and 2009 by ∼25% and ∼6%, respectively, and are at the highest levels since the space age. However, the peak NM count rates are lower than those in late 2009. The difference between GCR intensities and NM count rates still remains to be explained. Furthermore, we find that the GCR modulation environment during the solar minimum P
24/25 are significantly different from previous solar minima in several aspects, including remarkably low sunspot numbers, extremely low inclination of the heliospheric current sheet, rare coronal mass ejections, weak interplanetary magnetic field and turbulence. These changes are conducive to reduce the level of solar modulation, providing a plausible explanation for the record-breaking GCR intensities in interplanetary space.
Archives et politiques du secret
Authors: Forcade Olivier , Laurent Sébastien , Warusfel Bertrand 
Published: June 2021

L’instruction restreignant le droit d’accès aux archives entrave le travail des historiens et porte atteinte à la liberté du citoyen de « demander compte à tout agent public de son administration ». Il est temps de réformer cette procédure, afin de faciliter la déclassification tout en respectant les enjeux de sécurité nationale.
“This oil thing touches everything”: World-Literary Crime Fiction and Fossil Capital
Authors: Deckard Sharae 
Published: June 2021

Graeme Macdonald a montré que, si toute la littérature-monde peut se lire comme « une littérature du système-monde capitaliste », elle peut également se lire comme une « pétro-littérature », tant « le pétrole et ses constituants sont omniprésents dans la matière même de la vie moderne et dans la façon dont celle-ci s’organise ». Partant de ce constat, cet article entreprend de lire la littérature policière non seulement sous l’angle de la littérature-monde, mais aussi dans la perspective d’une « pétro-littérature ». Par ses images, ses formes et ses représentations du capitalisme fossile, cette littérature permet de comparer plusieurs contextes nationaux différents et d’examiner leur imbrication dans le circuit global de la pétro-modernité. L’article porte en particulier sur Shadow of the Shadow de Paco Ignacio Taibo II, Black Water Rising d’Attica Locke, Murder at Cape Three Points de Kwei Quartey et Nairobi Heat de Mũkoma wa Ngũgĩ, autant de romans dont les intrigues criminelles se situent sur fond d’extraction pétrolière ou mettent en scène des fortunes issues de l’industrie pétrolière. L’approche comparatiste met ainsi en lumière plusieurs moments clés dans l’histoire du capitalisme fossile. Elle révèle également que les représentations des inégalités géographiques de la pétro-modernité à l’ère du néo-libéralisme reposent sur une tension entre le centre et la périphérie, entre la ville capitaliste comme site de production et les zones frontières semi-périphériques où a lieu le processus d’extraction lui-même.
Fins de vies ou vies sans fin des personnes âgées en Soins de Longue Durée ?
Authors: Lefebvre des Noëttes Véronique 
Published: June 2021

Finir sa vie en soins de longue durée est pour les uns un long mourir sans fin et pour d’autres un soin ultime. La mort peut être vécue comme une ultime étape et être bien vécue lorsqu’elle est bien anticipée et accompagnée, mais elle peut aussi être redoutée et vécue comme une fin sans fin pour les personnes très âgées institutionnalisées. Faut-il bien mourir vite et silencieusement, ou laisser le temps d’écouter ce qui se murmure encore aux confins de la vie ?
Le chapeau jaune des juifs durant la Renaissance italienne : humiliation et résistance
Authors: Cassen Flora 
Published: June 2021

Dès le Moyen Âge, les juifs d’Europe furent contraints de porter des marques distinctives d’une variété de formes et de couleurs. La plus connue était la rouelle jaune. Ces marques – parfois des badges, parfois des chapeaux – avaient pour but de différencier les juifs de la population chrétienne, mais pour les juifs qui devaient les porter, ils faisaient bien plus que cela, ils avaient un effet profondément humiliant. On a longtemps cru que la couleur, en particulier le jaune, était ce qui conférait leur caractère humiliant aux signes distinctifs. Cet article montre que l’impact de la couleur était plus complexe : d’une part, elle pouvait certes contribuer aux connotations négatives du signe, mais d’autre part, de par sa fluidité, elle était précisément ce qui permettait aux juifs de résister aux marques et de combattre leurs effets nocifs.
Extracellular Acidity Reprograms Macrophage Metabolism and Innate Responsiveness
Authors: Jiang Wei , Le James , Wang Ping-yuan , Cheng Xiaofang , Smelkinson Margery , Dong Wenyue , Yang Chen , Chu Yiwei , Hwang Paul M. , Munford Robert S. , Lu Mingfang 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Although organ hypofunction and immunosuppression are life-threatening features of severe sepsis, the hypofunctioning organs and immune cells usually regain normal functionality if patients survive. Because tissue interstitial fluid can become acidic during the septic response, we tested the hypothesis that low extracellular pH (pHe) can induce reversible metabolic and functional changes in peritoneal macrophages from C57BL/6J mice. When compared with macrophages cultured at normal pHe, macrophages living in an acidic medium used less glucose and exogenous fatty acid to produce ATP. Lactate, glutamine, and de novo–synthesized fatty acids supported ATP production by mitochondria that gained greater mass, maximal oxygen consumption rate, and spare respiratory capacity. The cells transitioned to an M2-like state, with altered immune responses to LPS and slightly decreased phagocytic ability, yet they regained basal energy production, normal mitochondrial function, and proinflammatory responsiveness when neutral pHe was restored. Low pHe induces changes that support macrophage survival while rendering the cells less proinflammatory (more “tolerant”) and less able to phagocytose bacteria. Macrophage responses to low interstitial pH may contribute to the reversible organ hypofunction and immunoparalysis noted in many patients with sepsis.
Increased cautiousness in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients concordant with syringomyelia fails to improve overall patient outcomes
Authors: Pierce Katherine E , Krol Oscar , Kummer Nicholas , Passfall Lara , O'Connell Brooke , Maglaras Constance , Alas Haddy , Brown Avery E , Bortz Cole , Diebo Bassel G. , Paulino Carl B. , Buckland Aaron J. , Gerling Michael C. , Passias Peter G 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a common cause of spinal deformity in adolescents. AIS can be associated with certain intraspinal anomalies such as syringomyelia (SM). This study assessed the rate o f SM in AIS patients and compared trends in surgical approach and postoperative outcomes in AIS patients with and without SM.

Methods:
The database was queried using ICD-9 codes for AIS patients from 2003–2012 (737.1–3, 737.39, 737.8, 737.85, and 756.1) and SM (336.0). The patients were separated into two groups: AIS-SM and AIS-N. Groups were compared using t-tests and Chi-squared tests for categorical and discrete variables, respectively.

Results:
Totally 77,183 AIS patients were included in the study (15.2 years, 64% F): 821 (1.2%) – AIS-SM (13.7 years, 58% F) and 76,362 – AIS-N (15.2 years, 64% F). The incidence of SM increased from 2003–2012 (0.9 to 1.2%, P = 0.036). AIS-SM had higher comorbidity rates (79 vs. 56%, P < 0.001). Comorbidities were assessed between AIS-SM and AIS-N, demonstrating significantly more neurological and pulmonary in AIS-SM patients. 41.2% of the patients were operative, 48% of AIS-SM, compared to 41.6% AIS-N. AIS-SM had fewer surgeries with fusion (anterior or posterior) and interbody device placement. AIS-SM patients had lower invasiveness scores (2.72 vs. 3.02, P = 0.049) and less LOS (5.0 vs. 6.1 days, P = 0.001). AIS-SM patients underwent more routine discharges (92.7 vs. 90.9%). AIS-SM had more nervous system complications, including hemiplegia and paraplegia, brain compression, hydrocephalous and cerebrovascular complications, all P < 0.001. After controlling for respiratory, renal, cardiovascular, and musculoskeletal comorbidities, invasiveness score remained lower for AIS-SM patients (P < 0.001).

Conclusions:
These results indicate that patients concordant with AIS and SM may be treated more cautiously (lower invasiveness score and less fusions) than those without SM.
Minimally invasive surgery for spinal fractures due to multiple myeloma
Authors: Reinas Rui , Kitumba Djamel , Pereira Leopoldina , Alves Oscar L 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Multiple myeloma (MM) presents with spinal lesions in 60% of cases. The combination of osteolytic lesions with multifactorial osteopenia raises specific surgical treatment challenges. Minimally invasive spine surgery (MISS) could be a potential option for MM spinal lesions treatment.

Objective:
The objective of this study is to evaluate MISS techniques to treat patients presenting with spine fractures due to MM

Methods:
Retrospective analysis of consecutive patients with histology-proven pathological fractures caused by MM treated with MISS between 2009 and 2018. We collected the data from the clinical records on epidemiology, topography of spine lesions, surgical techniques, blood loss, operation time, complications, mean in-hospital time, and clinical evolution.

Results:
Twenty-one patients were studied – 13 males and 8 females, with a mean age of 64 years (range 43–83). Mean preoperative spinal instability neoplastic score was 9.8 ± 6 (range 5–16). All cases had a thoracolumbar location – 15 patients underwent kyphoplasty (KP) or vertebroplasty (VP) and 6 were treated with other more complex procedures. All patients had a reduction of pain and/or analgesic load. Vertebral body height increased by a mean of 2.9 mm after VP/KP. Mean hospital stay was 1.3 days for KP/VP and 5.0 days for other MISS procedures. Three patients had complications.

Conclusions:
The heterogeneity of techniques used reflected the variety of spine involvement by MM. KP and VP led to shorter hospital stays and less complications, being adequate for lesions without major instability. More complex MISS techniques offer an effective treatment with short delay for starting MM adjuvant treatment.
A comparative study of L4-L5-S1 and L5-S1 vertebral fusion in high-grade L5-S1 spondylolisthesis
Authors: Rezvani Majid , Sabouri Masih , Mahmoodkhani Mehdi , Mokhtari Ali , Tehrani Donya Sheibani 
Published: June 2021

Introduction:
One of the most common types of spinal diseases is spondylolisthesis, which in advanced cases requires surgical intervention. This study aimed to compare the results of L4-L5-S1 and L5-S1 vertebral fusion treatment in high-grade L5-S1 spondylolisthesis.

Methods:
A study design that randomized controlled trial. A total of 70 consecutive patients who underwent surgery for the treatment of spondylolisthesis at Al-Zahra Hospital in Isfahan, Iran, were evaluated from July 2020 to February 2021 (35 patients underwent L4-L5-S1 and 35 received L5-S1 vertebral fusion treatment). The radicular and low back pain (LBP) intensity (Vanguard Australian Shares), blood loss, wound infection, reduction, and quality of life (SF-12 scores) were quantified before the surgery, 1, 3, and 6 months after surgery in two groups.

Results:
Patients involved in the two groups had similar baseline demographic characteristics. The percent slip in L4-L5-S1 and L5-S1 group, respectively, postoperative 81.11% and 57.89%, P = 0.0001. Intraoperative blood loss and postoperative were higher in the L4-L5-S1 group when compared to the L5-S1 group (P < 0.05). The wound infection rate of the L4-L5-S1 group was similar to that of the L5-S1 group (8.6% vs. 2.9%, P = 0.303). There was no difference in radicular and LBP intensity, SF-12 scores among patients with L4-L5-S1 and L5-S1 groups (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:
Both L4-L5-S1 and L5-S1 were equally beneficial in improving short-term functional outcomes for patients with high grade L5-S1 spondylolisthesis. However, L4-L5-S1 was associated with statistically significant higher incidences of blood loss, but it was accompanied by a better reduction. Therefore, caution should be exercised when considering L4-L5-S1.
Assessment of facility availability and public adherence to COVID-19 preventive measures at different settings in Galle district, Sri Lanka
Authors: Ranawakaa Nithin , Welikumburab N.H. 
Published: June 2021

Introduction and Objectives
COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by newly discovered coronavirus. Preventive measures such as Hand hygiene, maintaining social distance, and using personal protective equipment, are the main strategies for limiting the spread of disease. The main objective of this study is to assess facility availability and adherence to those preventive measures in Galle district, Sri Lanka.
Methods
A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted. Study had 3 parts, 1) observation for facility availability, 2) observation and 3) questionnaire for adherence. Direct, structured observation has been conducted. Ten divisional secretarial areas selected randomly, each area supermarket, bank, bus stand, dress point, general goods store selected (total 50) randomly for observation. Quota sampling used for select individuals to observation and questionnaire.
Result
Data collected from 50 places and 384 people. Majority of places had a handwashing facility (82%) clean (97.5%) running water (74%) soap (92.6%) and posters requesting to wear masks (72%). Facilities enhance social distance, poster on correct hand washing technique not displayed (86%) in most of the places. Majority of the study population adhered to hand washing (69.27%) and wore face masks (90.36%), Yet, the majority didn’t maintain the social distance (63.02%). Self-declared adherence was good (53.91%) in the majority of the study population.
Discussion and Conclusions
It is necessary to give attention to display posters on handwashing, correct technique of handwashing, and social distancing in crowded places. Poorest adherence revealed to maintain social distancing.
Effect of Self-Care Guidelines on Quality of Life for Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma Undergoing Radiofrequency Ablation
Authors: Zaki Azhar T. , Hassan Manal S. , Soliman Ahmed H. , Mohamed Yosreah M. 
Published: June 2021

Context: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is considered one of the most challenging tumors with high incidence, prevalence, and mortality rates. Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA) is one of the emerging therapeutic modalities used for the minimally invasive treatment in the management of early-stage HCC.
Aim: This study aimed to assess the effect of self-care guidelines on quality of life for patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma undergoing Radio Frequency Ablation.
Methods: A quasi-experimental design was used to achieve the aim of this study. This study was conducted at the Interventional Radiology Unit, affiliated to Ain Shams University Hospital, on a purposive sample of 50 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma; 25 randomly allocated to the study group, and 25 allocated to the control group. A structured interview questionnaire for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing radiofrequency ablation was used to collect the study data. It comprises three parts: Sociodemographic characteristic, assessment of patients' medical health, and knowledge about HCC and RFA. The second tool was the quality of life of cancer survivors questionnaire (pre /posttest), and finally, a patient-reported self-care practices assessment checklist (pre /posttests).
Results: There were statistically significant differences between the study and control groups regarding their total knowledge about hepatocellular carcinoma and radiofrequency ablation therapy pre and post-implementation of self-care guidelines. There were highly statistically significant differences between both groups regarding the total quality of life, pre and post-implementation of self-care guidelines. In addition, there were highly statistically significant differences regarding total self-care practice, pre, and post-implementation of self-care guidelines. A positive correlation was revealed between total knowledge with total self-care practice and total quality of life (pre/posttest). Also, a significant correlation was revealed between the total quality of life and self-care practices post self-care guidelines implementation at (p<0.001).
Conclusion: Implementation of self-care guidelines were improved patients' knowledge, quality of life, and self-care practices for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing radiofrequency ablation. A simplified, illustrated, and comprehensive Arabic booklet including self-care guidelines should be available for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing radiofrequency ablation. Replication of the current study on a larger probability sample is recommended to achieve generalization of the results. Further studies are recommended to assess factors affecting the quality of life for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing radiofrequency ablation.
Efektivitas Berbagai Media Pasir Lokal Sebagai Media Filtrasi Air Baku Menjadi Air Untuk Kebutuhan Higiene Sanitasi
Authors: Timpua Tony K , Watung Agnes T 
Published: June 2021

Meeting the needs of clean water services in the community requires innovation with appropriate technology by developing groundwater or well water treatment (filtering) which has a high turbidity level so that clean water is obtained with quality that meets health requirements The water processing (filtering) is the Water Well Submerged Filter by using filter media, namely sand, gravel, activated carbon, and fibers. The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of the immersed water filter to reduce water turbidity, Fe, Mn content and total coliform. This type of research is experimental with the design of One Group Pretest-Posttest Design.
The results showed that the immersed water filter was effective in reducing turbidity and Fe content in the water, while the immersion filter's ability to reduce the Mn content and total coliform was not effective. It was concluded that the Up Flow Sand Filter in which A filter with sea sand media, B filter with land sand medium and C filter with sea sand media effectively reduced the turbidity and manganese levels, while the total coliform for and E. coli still exceeded the required quality standards. Further research needs to be done on the effect of varying media thickness and finer diameter in order to reduce colform and E. coli effectively