bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dysfunctionality from the Sovereignty Conflict in the ATAD GAAR
Authors: Künnapas Kaido 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDeriving from the internal structure of Article 6 of the EU Anti-Tax Avoidance Directive, the abuse of tax law is overcome in two stages—elimination and requalification. While the elimination stage (addressinghow not to tax) is harmonized by the EU for the purpose of fighting against aggressive tax planning, the requalification stage (addressinghow to tax then) remains under the sovereignty of Member States. Applying such a two-level mechanism becomes problematic if there is a mismatch between these two stages so that the harmonized GAAR requires elimination of an arrangement, but the domestic law does not provide an alternative basis for taxation of it. This raises a question of whether Article 6 of the ATAD requires the Member States to impose new taxable objects regardless of the literal interpretation of Article 6(3) which recognizes the full sovereignty of Member States to decide what to tax. By applying interpretation methods used by the CJEU in its case-law—i.e., literal, contextual, teleological and comparative—the author argues that the answer to this question is “no”. This is supported by all the interpretations under the above method, while the dysfunctionality of these two stages could be overcome by treating the economic reality test as an objective test regardless of the notion of “commercial reasons” used in Article 6(2).
Apartment ownership in a Condominium under Georgian Law
Authors: Zarandia Tamar , Tatanashvili Tamar 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The ancient history of the concept of condominium and the particular attitude towards the right of ownership of an apartment has attracted worldwide recognition for this type of property. The concept of condominium is based on three components: (1) individual ownership of an apartment; (2) joint possession of common property of a plot of land and parts of a building; and (3) membership in an owners’ association. An apartment in a condominium is an exception to the principle of superficies solo cedit in property law. In this case, the rights of ownership of owners of apartments in a condominium—the rights of ownership of a number of persons—are accumulated with regard to a plot of land. This article analyses, on the one hand, the peculiarities of apartment ownership in condominiums, Georgian legislation—which is the result of the reception of German civil law, and, on the other hand, the court practice developed on these issues in Georgian law.
Precontractual Agreements in Selected Legal Systems
Authors: Sławicki Piotr 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Certain legal instruments have been developed in business transactions in order to facilitate the conclusion of an agreement under negotiation. The instruments of this kind are called precontractual agreements. They play an important role in shaping the legal situation of entities involved in the negotiation process. The basis for concluding precontractual agreements is the main principle of civil law, namely, the principle of freedom of contract. The most often mentioned precontractual agreements include a letter of intent and an agreement to negotiate. A letter of intent is a statement of intent to conclude an agreement in the future, although at a later stage of the letters exchange, they may also include statements of intent to continue negotiations. Legal doctrine has not developed a consistent categorization of letters of intent. Such attempts are limited to separating a number of terms, which intrinsically describe similar legal instruments. furthermore, an agreement to negotiate is a separate type of unnamed agreement, which aims to prepare the procedure of concluding the final contract through negotiation. It is a temporary contract related to a specific agreement which it concerns. An agreement to negotiate is a due diligence agreement. The infringement of provisions of an agreement to negotiate will result in contractual liability. The aim of the article is to answer the question whether, at the current stage of shaping legal relations, it is necessary to regulate precontractual agreements at the level of Eu legislation in order to harmonize them in the European union.
Artificial Intelligence and the GDPR: Inevitable Nemeses?
Authors: Kesa Aleksandr , Kerikmäe Tanel 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The rapid development of computer technology over the past decades has brought about countless benefits across industries and social benefits as well—constant interpersonal connectivity is facilitated through numerous communication channels and social media outlets, energy-producing enterprises employ complex machinery management systems for increased efficiency, ease of access and safety, hedge funds make use of high-frequency trading algorithms to engage in trades happening at a fraction of a second, while medical professionals use predictive technologies to diagnose diseases and forecast viral outbreaks. Widespread adoption of technology necessitated the creation of regulatory frameworks that would ensure the safeguarding of rights and regulatory and judicial supervision over the exploitation of high technology. one such framework is the Gdpr, created due to the need for a comprehensive, contemporary legal regime governing the processing of personal data in a time when such data has become a commodity that is traded and sold in return for services or financial gain. However, in the authors’ view, the Gdpr suffers in terms of efficacy in the context of artificial intelligence-based technologies, and full compliance of data controllers and processors employing such technologies is unlikely to be achieved, particularly in regards to the right to information, the general principle of transparency and the right to erasure. The article provides an overview of these issues, including a discussion on the movement towards a regime of data ownership, and proposes legislative amendments as an effective method of mitigating these drawbacks.
Occurrence of mycotoxins in selected agricultural and commercial products available in eastern Poland
Authors: Kowalska Grażyna , Kowalski Radosław 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe objective of this study was the estimation of the content of 13 mycotoxins (diacetoxyscirpenol, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, fusarenone X, aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin B2, aflatoxin G1, aflatoxin G2, ochratoxin A, and zearalenone) in various products from the eastern part of Poland. The content of mycotoxins in the analysed samples was assayed using the extraction method combined with HPLC-MS/MS analysis. We found mycotoxins in 25 of the 92 samples tested (27%). Contamination with mycotoxins was noted most frequently in samples of cereals – 56% – and also in samples of flour and cocoa, in which a content of mycotoxins was noted in 24 and 16% of the samples, respectively. The most frequently identified were the following – deoxynivalenol detected in 18 samples (72%), zearalenone detected in eight samples (32%), toxin HT-2 detected in four samples (16%), ochratoxin A identified in three samples (12%), and toxin T-2 detected in one sample (4%). In one analysed sample of mixed flour and in one analysed sample of wheat and rye flour, the maximum allowable concentration was exceeded in the case of two identified mycotoxins – deoxynivalenol (2,250 μg/kg) and ochratoxin A (15.6 and 17.1 μg/kg).
Houses as Collateral and Household Debt Deleveraging in Korea
Authors: Song Joonhyuk , Ryu Doojin 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
As Korea’s household debt has increased rapidly since the mid-2000s, concerns that its economy’s hard-wired leveraging may negatively impact economic activity have grown. Calls are being made for policy actions to return the economy to its long-run trend. Housing preferences and monetary shocks can both trigger deleveraging, as most household debt is profoundly connected to the housing market, and debt growth increases sensitivity to interest rates. Constructing a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model with heterogeneous households and the housing production sector, we simulate and analyze the macroeconomic effects of deleveraging. Because a lower loan-to-value (LTV) ceiling limits the size of household debt, the deleveraging effect caused by borrowers’ re-optimization is alleviated as the LTV ceiling decreases. When the housing price is included as an additional operating target in an otherwise standard monetary policy (MP) rule, economy-wide welfare increases when the MP is proactive to demand shocks and inactive to supply shocks. These findings suggest that deleveraging risk can be attenuated by adopting a lower LTV ceiling and maneuvering MP asymmetrically depending on the source of a shock.
Leichenzüge und Lachen. Humorräume und Lachkultur im antiken Rom
Authors: Meister Jan B. 
Published: June 2021

ZusammenfassungHumor ist ein historisch schwieriges Thema: Über was gelacht wird und in welchen Situationen, ist historisch variabel. Vielfach geht Humor mit Normtransgressionen einher, die nur deshalb nicht als anstößig wahrgenommen werden, weil in der konkreten Situation Humor erwartbar und toleriert ist – man kann hier von sozial konstruierten ‚Humorräumen‘ sprechen. Diepompa funebrisim republikanischen und kaiserzeitlichen Rom bildete einen solchen ‚Humorraum‘. Von der Forschung bisher kaum beachtet, finden sich hier zahlreiche karnevaleske Elemente, die einen Leichenzug zu einem durch die Stadt ziehenden Humorraum machten. Das Lachen konnte dabei nebst einer möglichen apotropäischen Funktion den ‚liminalen‘ Charakter des Rituals unterstreichen, vor allem aber diente es dazu, das Potential für Spannungen, die bei der Inszenierung aristokratischen Prestiges im an sich egalitären Raum derres publicaauftreten konnten, aufzufangen. Doch gerade dadurch wurde der potentiell subversive und unkontrollierbare Charakter derpompa funebrisin das Ritual selbst eingebunden und machte Leichenzüge zu einem Kristallisationspunkt potentieller Transgressionen. Dass Spott und Lachen die Leichen angesehener Aristokraten begleiteten, wirft dabei nicht nur ein neues Licht auf das an sich gut erforschte Phänomen aristokratischer Leichenfeiern im öffentlichen Raum, sondern zeigt auch die Fremdheit antiker Lachkultur.
Laughing in the Face of Death: a Survey of Unconventional Hellenistic and Greek-Roman Funerary Verse-Inscriptions
Authors: Wypustek Andrzej 
Published: June 2021

SummaryStarting from late Classical-early Hellenistic age a series of witty, lighthearted and irreverent funerary verse-inscriptions aiming to produce some effect of amusement or laughter appeared on a number of monuments, reaching their apogee during Greek-Roman era. Most of them originated in Asia Minor and Rome. Some earliest examples were related to widespread hedonistic exhortations on tombs. Their later ramifications, consisting of ironical or playful expressions, amusing puns and instances of black humour, were written in a more satirical vein, except with inscriptions dedicated for animals that were rife with sentimental motifs. Remarkably diverse as they were, such verse-inscriptions cannot be defined in terms of a distinctly separate, continuous tradition, but they shared some common features. Lacking – for the most part – conventional and formulaic elements, they struck us as heavily individualised, which sets them apart from the mainstream tradition of funerary poetry. This in turn might shed some light on social standing or/and mentality of individuals who opted for such expressive ways of remembering the dead.
Salmakis and the Priests of Halikarnassos
Authors: McInerney Jeremy 
Published: June 2021

SummaryEarlier studies of the “Pride of Halikarnassos” have emphasized its role situating Halikarnassos in the changing geopolitical landscape of the second century. In these interpretations Rome looms large. The inscription, however, is also an example of a Local Discourse Environment, in which different versions of Halikarnassian myth and history, some Greek, others Karian, are used to assert the competing traditions of the different groups who inhabited Halikarnassos. Comparison with other inscriptions from Halikarnassos underscores the continued existence of local groups, defined by ethnicity, familial affiliation, even neighbourhood, each vying with the other for preeminence. The “Pride of Halikarnassos” offers a vision of the reconciliation of local rivalries through shared narratives.
Semitismus und Antisemitismus. Über aktives und passives Othering
Authors: Koerrenz Ralf 
Published: June 2021

Zusammenfassung
In Anknüpfung an die Theorie des „Othering“ wird der Versuch unternommen, die Logik des Antisemitismus mit einem Verständnis der Andersheit des „Semitischen“ zu kontrastieren. Dabei werden zunächst die Unterschiede zwischen einer Begründungslogik und einer Funktionslogik erläutert. Anhand zweier Beispiele (Nirenberg, Salzborn) wird gezeigt, wie unterschiedlich Deutungen des Antisemitismus in Geschichte kontextualisiert werden können. Darauf aufbauend wird die Unterscheidung von passivem und aktivem Othering entwickelt. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird dann nach den Bedingungen der Möglichkeit von Konturen des „Semitischen“ gefragt.
Die Wahrheit beginnt mit zwei. Die Bibel als Ausgangspunkt einer antisemitismuskritischen außerschulischen Bildungsarbeit der Kirchen
Authors: Hecke Marie , Staffa Christian 
Published: June 2021

Zusammenfassung
Antisemitismuskritische Bildungsarbeit der Kirche wird angesichts des gegenwärtig sehr viel offener zu Tage tretenden Antisemitismus zwar oft gefordert, aber selten wird diese Forderung auch theoretisch und/oder praktisch eingelöst. Die Bibel und ihre Hermeneutik spielen für die Etablierung einer antisemitismuskritischen außerschulischen Bildungsarbeit, so die These des vorliegenden Aufsatzes, eine zentrale Rolle: Der Aufsatz beleuchtet den grundlegenden Zusammenhang von Antisemitismus und christlichem Selbst- und Schriftverständnis. Dabei arbeitet er die Gefahr einer eher üblichen „Hermeneutik der Projektion“ heraus und stellt dieser eine „Hermeneutik der Ambivalenz“ als Gelingensbedingung für eine antisemitismuskritische Bildungsarbeit entgegen. Diese Hermeneutik muss zunächst in der Aus-, Fort- und Weiterbildung von Multiplikatorinnen und Multiplikatoren kirchlicher Bildungsarbeit etabliert werden, damit antisemitismuskritische außerschulische Bildungsarbeit gelingen kann.
Functional characterization of disease/comorbidity‐associated lncRNA
Authors: Tang Jing , Wang Yongheng , Fu Jianbo , Wu Xianglu , Han Zhijie , Wang Chuan , Guo Maiyuan , Wang Yingxiong , Ding Yubin , Yang Bo , Zhu Feng 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundFunctional characterization of the long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in disease attracts great attention, which results in a limited number of experimentally characterized lncRNAs. The major problems underlying the lack of experimental verifications are considered to come from the significant false‐positive assignments and extensive genetic‐heterogeneity of disease. These problems are even worse when it comes to the functional characterization in comorbidity (simultaneous/sequential presence of multiple diseases in a patient, and showing much wider prevalence, poorer treatment‐response and longer illness‐course than a single disease).MethodsHerein, FCCLnc was developed to characterize lncRNA function by (1) integrating diverse SNPs that were associated with 193 diseases standardized by International Classification of Diseases (ICD‐11), (2) condition‐specific expression of lncRNAs, (3) weighted correlation network of lncRNAs and protein‐coding neighboring genes.ResultsFCCLnc can characterize lncRNA function in both disease and comorbidity by not only controlling false discovery but also tolerating their disease heterogeneity. Moreover, FCCLnc can provide interactive visualization and full download of lncRNA‐centered co‐expression network.ConclusionIn summary, FCCLnc is unique in characterizing lncRNA function in diverse diseases and comorbidities and is highly expected to emerge to be an indispensable complement to other available tools. FCCLnc is accessible at https://idrblab.org/fcclnc/.
Idea Paschy w sztuce średniowiecznej
Authors: Tabor Dariusz 
Published: June 2021

Studies on medieval images of the life of Jesus Christ have so far focused either on the narrative perspective of the Christological cycle, presenting in a holistic and synthetic way the life and work of the Saviour, or isolated the Passion cycle revealing the suffering and death of Christ. However, in the Middle Ages there was a clear trend which focused on the events of last days of his life and events following his death. Such events are referred to as the Passover of Christ or the Paschal Mystery. This study is aimed not only to indicate sample presentations of the Passover but also attempts to interpret them.
Nowoczesne techniki analityczne źródłem informacji o dokumencie przeszłości na przykładzie analizy metalowych nici z piętnasto- i szesnastowiecznych aksamitów ze zbiorów skarbca katedralnego na Wawelu
Authors: Krupa Natalia 
Published: June 2021

The article discusses the modern analytical techniques as a source of information on past documents as in the example of an analysis of metal threads from 15th and 16th century velvet from the collection of the Wawel Cathedral treasury
Działalność duszpasterska prymasa Stanisława Karnkowskiego
Authors: Bruździński Andrzej 
Published: June 2021

W XVI stuleciu Kościół stanął wobec problemu wyzwania rzuconegomu przez Marcina Lutra i jego zwolenników. Na głęboki i wielowarstwowy kryzys w Kościele u progów czasów nowożytnych, kiedy nastąpiło także zubożenie duszpasterskiego oddziaływania, będącego źródłem reformacji, Kościół odpowiedział odnową podjętą na Soborze Trydenckim. Również Kościół w Polsce dotknięty nauką reformatorów musiał poważnie przyjrzeć się swojemu obliczu i podjąć dzieło wewnętrznego odrodzenia w duchu odnowy soborowej. Warto więc prześledzić drogi, którymi „szło nowe” w naszej ojczyźnie w dwóch ostatnich dziesięcioleciach XVI wieku, w czasie których stał na czele polskiego episkopatu prymas Stanisław Karnowski (1581-1603).
Uroczystości pięćsetlecia kanonizacji św. Stanisława w Krakowie w r. 1753 okiem historyka sztuki
Authors: Walczak Marek 
Published: June 2021

On September 8, 1753 a celebration took place in the Wawel Cathedral to commemorate the five-hundredth anniversary of the canonisation of St. Stanislaus. The main element of a specially prepared decoration was a structure of considerable size as sembled in the middle of the nave, opposite the martyr’s tomb. It served as a throne on top of which a late Gothic reliquary, made by a Cracovian goldsmith Marcin Marciniec, for Stanislaus’ head was placed. The structure was embellished with the Saint’s coats of arms and candelabras and over it a canopy with wings spread to the sides was hung. On both sides of the reliquary two eagles were placed. Two more, holding a mitre and a crosier, stood underneath. In the four comers of the structure four obelisks adorned with candelabras were placed, while the sides of the altar of St. Stanislaus had two more with lights and bishop’s insignia painted on them. Among various forms of relics veneration propagated by the Church after the Council of Trent, one was their solemn presentation to the congregation. The article analyses different examples of decorations connected with such presentations. As a close analogy to Cracow’s celebrations a jubilee of the nine-hundredth anniversary of the translation of St. Liborius from Le Mans to Paderbom celebrated in 1736 was chosen. The analysis includes annual celebrations inhonour of St. Florian at Sackingen and customs connected with the translations of relics from the catacombs in Rome to churches in the Habsburg countries. The examples listed and the analysis of the written sources about Cracow allowed a hypothetical reconstruction of occasional architecture and an interpretation of its symbolic contents.
Pokuta w nauczaniu i praktyce kościoła dwóch pierwszych wieków
Authors: Janicki Jan 
Published: June 2021

Analiza dokumentów Kościoła pierwszych wieków wskazuje na szczególne miejsce pokuty w jego nauczaniu i życiu. Zachowane teksty ukazują nam pouczenia Kościoła, który wskazuje na konieczność pokuty, przedstawia „katalogi” grzechów, mówi o odpuszczeniu grzechów i rozważa bardzo ważny problem praktykowania pokuty w odniesieniu do zbawienia. Analizowane dokumenty ukazują ponadto praktykę pokutną Kościoła, która obejmuje: wyznanie grzechów, wzajemne przebaczenie i pojednanie, braterskie upomnienie oraz jałmużnę, post i modlitwę.
Księdza Konstantego Michalskiego życie i dzieło. W pięćdziesiątą rocznicę śmierci
Authors: Piech Stanisław 
Published: June 2021

Artykuł omawia życie i działalność ks. Konstantego Michalskiego, wykładowcy Wydziału Teologicznego UJ, w pięćdziesiątą rocznicę śmierci (zm. 1947).
Posługa chorym w myśli zakonotwórczej bł. Józefa Sebastiana Pelczara
Authors: Podsadnia Olga Ewa 
Published: June 2021

Józef Sebastian Pelczar (1842-1924) był profesorem (1877-1899) i rektorem 1882/83 Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. W 1899 r. został biskupem pomocniczym, a od 1901 r. biskupem diecezjalnym w Przemyślu. Posługa chorym była ważną częścią jego działalności.
Kilka aspektów pustelniczego doświadczenia wiary
Authors: Wencel Korneliusz 
Published: June 2021

Powołanie kamedulskie sprowadza się w swej istocie do posłuszeństwa głosowi Ojca, który wyprowadza człowieka na pustynię, by Jezus stał się jedynym przedmiotem jego myśli, pragnień, miłości. Eremickie doświadczenie samotności, postu i milczenia przenika w głąb paschalnego misterium Chrystusa, w którym wymiar hańby, ubóstwa i ogołocenia owocuje, paradoksalnie, pełnią życia. Pustelnik z całą świadomością żyje niejako „na marginesie” społeczeństwa, z własnego wyboru staje się nie-użyteczny, by tym mocniej podkreślić prawdę ukazaną w świetle logiki Bożego królestwa, a jednocześnie obnażyć jałowość życia zamkniętego w ramach „czasu marnego”. Artykuł prezentuje apekty pustelniczego doświadczenia wiary kamedulskiej.
Polemika muzułmańsko-chrześcijańska na podstawie korespondencji przypisywanej kalifowi Umajjadzkiemu ‘Umarowi II (zm. 720) i cesarzowi bizantyjskiemu Leonowi III (zm. 741)
Authors: Kościelniak Krzysztof 
Published: June 2021

Artykuł omawia polemiczne listy Umara II i Leona III, które dotykają większości aspektów teologicznych islamu i chrześcijaństwa. Ukrywający się pod imionami władców teologowie podnoszą nawzajem liczne zarzuty, ukazują wzajemne uprzedzenia i stereotypy. Na podstawie powyższych listów współczesny historyk może w pewnej mierze odtworzyć obraz chrześcijan w oczach muzułmanów i opinie wyznawców Chrystusa o islamie, które funkcjonowały w okresie od VIII do X wieku.
Pariacoto - misja Braci Mniejszych Konwentualnych
Authors: Gogola Zdzisław 
Published: June 2021

Pierwsze ślady obecności franciszkanów w Peru pochodzą sprzed 450-ciu lat. O. Marcos de Niza przybył na te ziemie wraz z ekspedycją Francisca Pizarra. Według kronik w roku 1532 wraz z dwunastoma współbraćmi rozpoczął pracę misyjną wśród tutejszej ludności. W 1985 roku Kuria Generalna Zakonu Braci Mniejszych Konwentualnych OFMConv w Rzymie opracowała projekt założenia nowej placówki misyjnej w Ameryce Łacińskiej w Peru, w Pariacoto.
Bielany – ulubione miejsce Krakowa. Związki bielańskich kamedułów z Krakowem w okresie staropolskim
Authors: Bruździński Andrzej 
Published: June 2021

Na początku XVII wieku pojawili się pejzażu krakowskim biali mnisi, kameduli, którzy przyszli do Krakowa po trudnym okresie reformacji i niepokojów, jakie dotknęły wszystkie dziedziny ludzkiego życia, przede wszystkim religijnego, ale także społecznego, umysłowego i obyczajowego. Kameduli przyszli po zaprowadzeniu ładu i porządku w Kościele poprzez postanowienia Tridentinum. Przyszli, aby poprzez przykład własnego umartwienia i milczenia wlać w rozgorączkowane sarmackie głowy spokój myślenia i postępowania – tak jak spokój bieli i harmonii ich monumentalnego klasztoru górującego nad miastem. Ich zakonna prostota i ubóstwo połączyła się tutaj z barokową „tendencją zmagającego się nadmiaru”, a wszystko po to, aby umocnić wiarę i pobożność katolików, a zawstydzić protestanckie obrazoburcze ubóstwo.