bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE MINIMUM NUMBER OF GENES CONTRIBUTING TO QUANTITATIVE VARIATION BETWEEN AND WITHIN POPULATIONS
Authors: Lande Russell 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
A procedure is outlined for estimating the minimum number of freely segregating genetic factors, nE,contributing to the difference in a quantitative character between two populations that have diverged by artificial or natural selection. If certain simple criteria are satisfied approximately on an appropriate scale of measurement, nEcan be estimated by comparing the phenotypic means and variances in the two parental populations and in their F1 and F2 hybrids (and backcrosses). This generalizes the method of WRIGHtTo genetically heterogeneous (or wild) parental populations, as well as inbred lines. Standard errors of the estimates are derived for large samples. The minimum number of genes involved in producing a large difference between populations in a quantitative trait is typically estimated to be about 5 or IO, with occasional values up to 20. This strongly supports the neo-Darwinian theory that large evolutionary changes usually occur by the accumulation of multiple genetic factors with relatively small effects.
Amyrel, a novel glucose-forming α-amylase from Drosophila with 4-α-glucanotransferase activity by disproportionation and hydrolysis of maltooligosaccharides
Authors: Feller Georges , Bonneau Magalie , Da Lage Jean-Luc 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The α-amylase paralogue Amyrel present in true flies (Diptera Muscomorpha) has been classified as a glycoside hydrolase in CAZy family GH13 on the basis of its primary structure. Here, we report that, in fact, Amyrel is currently unique among animals as it possesses both the hydrolytic α-amylase activity (EC 3.2.1.1) and a 4-α-glucanotransferase (EC 2.4.1.25) transglycosylation activity. Amyrel reacts specifically on α-(1–4) glycosidic bonds of starch and related polymers but produces a complex mixture of maltooligosaccharides, which is in sharp contrast with canonical animal α-amylases. With model maltooligosaccharides G2 (maltose) to G7, the Amyrel reaction starts by a disproportionation leading to Gn − 1 and Gn + 1 products, which by themselves become substrates for new disproportionation cycles. As a result, all detectable odd- and even-numbered maltooligosaccharides, at least up to G12, were observed. However, hydrolysis of these products proceeds simultaneously, as shown by p-nitrophenyl-tagged oligosaccharides and microcalorimetry, and upon prolonged reaction, glucose is the major end-product followed by maltose. The main structural determinant of these atypical activities was found to be a Gly-His-Gly-Ala deletion in the so-called flexible loop bordering the active site. Indeed, engineering this deletion in porcine pancreatic and Drosophila melanogaster α-amylases results in reaction patterns similar to those of Amyrel. It is proposed that this deletion provides more freedom to the substrate for subsites occupancy and allows a less-constrained action pattern resulting in versatile activities at the active site.
Estrogenic Modulation of Retinal Sensitivity in Reproductive Female Túngara Frogs
Authors: Leslie Caitlin E , Walkowski Whitney , Rosencrans Robert F , Gordon William C , Bazan Nicolas G , Ryan Michael J , Farris Hamilton E 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAlthough mate searching behavior in female túngara frogs (Physalaemus pustulosus) is nocturnal and largely mediated by acoustic cues, male signaling includes visual cues produced by the vocal sac. To compensate for these low light conditions, visual sensitivity in females is modulated when they are in a reproductive state, as retinal thresholds are decreased. This study tested whether estradiol (E2) plays a role in this modulation. Female túngara frogs were injected with either human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) or a combination of hCG and fadrozole. hCG induces a reproductive state and increases retinal sensitivity, while fadrozole is an aromatase inhibitor that blocks hCG-induced E2 synthesis. In an analysis of scotopic electroretinograms (ERGs), hCG treatment lowered the threshold for eliciting a b-wave response, whereas the addition of fadrozole abolished this effect, matching thresholds in non-reproductive saline-injected controls. This suggests that blocking E2 synthesis blocked the hCG-mediated reproductive modulation of retinal sensitivity. By implicating E2 in control of retinal sensitivity, our data add to growing evidence that the targets of gonadal steroid feedback loops include sensory receptor organs, where stimulus sensitivity may be modulated, rather than more central brain nuclei, where modulation may affect mechanisms involved in motivation.
Behavioral Sex Differences and Hormonal Control in a Bird with an Elaborate Courtship Display
Authors: Schlinger Barney A , Chiver Ioana 
Published: April 2021

Synopsis
Gonadal hormones can activate performance of reproductive behavior in adult animals, but also organize sex-specific neural circuits developmentally. Few studies have examined the hormonal basis of sex differences in the performance of elaborate, physically complex, and energetic male courtship displays. Here we describe our studies over more than 20 years examining sex difference and hormonal control of courtship in Golden-collared manakins (Manacus vitellinus) of Panamanian rainforests. Our recent studies of birds studied in an artificial “lek” in a rainforest aviary provide many new insights. Wild and captive males and females differ markedly in their performance of male-typical behaviors. Testosterone (T) treatment augments performance of virtually all of these behaviors in juvenile males with low levels of circulating T. By contrast, T-treatment of females (with low circulating T) either failed to activate some behaviors or activated male behaviors weakly or strongly. These results are discussed within a framework of our appreciation for hormonal versus genetic basis for sex differences in behavior with speculation about the neural mechanisms producing these patterns of hormonal activation.
Gelfand’s Trick for the Spherical Derived Hecke Algebra
Authors: Gehrmann Lennart 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Gelfand’s trick shows that the spherical Hecke algebra of a $p$-adic split reductive group is commutative. We adapt this strategy in order to show that the spherical derived Hecke algebra is graded commutative under mild assumptions on the coefficient ring.
A Combination of N and S Antigens With IgA and IgG Measurement Strengthens the Accuracy of SARS-CoV-2 Serodiagnostics
Authors: Jalkanen Pinja , Pasternack Arja , Maljanen Sari , Melén Krister , Kolehmainen Pekka , Huttunen Moona , Lundberg Rickard , Tripathi Lav , Khan Hira , Ritvos Mikael A , Naves Rauno , Haveri Anu , Österlund Pamela , Kuivanen Suvi , Jääskeläinen Anne J , Kurkela Satu , Lappalainen Maija , Rantasärkkä Kaisa , Vuorinen Tytti , Hytönen Jukka , Waris Matti , Tauriainen Sisko , Ritvos Olli , Kakkola Laura , Julkunen Ilkka 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
Primary diagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is based on detection of virus RNA in nasopharyngeal swab samples. In addition, analysis of humoral immunity against SARS-CoV-2 has an important role in viral diagnostics and seroprevalence estimates.

Methods
We developed and optimized an enzyme immunoassays (EIA) using SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein (N), S1 and receptor binding domain (RBD) of the viral spike protein, and N proteins from SARS, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and 4 low-pathogenic human CoVs. Neutralizing antibody activity was compared with SARS-CoV-2 IgG, IgA, and IgM EIA results.

Results
The sensitivity of EIA for detecting immune response in COVID-19 patients (n = 101) was 77% in the acute phase and 100% in the convalescent phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection when N and RBD were used as antigens in IgG and IgA specific EIAs. SARS-CoV-2 infection significantly increased humoral immune responses against the 229E and NL63 N proteins. S1 and RBD-based EIA results had a strong correlation with microneutralization test results.

Conclusions
The data indicate a combination of SARS-CoV-2 S1 or RBD and N proteins and analysis of IgG and IgA immunoglobulin classes in sera provide an excellent basis for specific and sensitive serological diagnostics of COVID-19.
Pharmacokinetic modelling to estimate intracellular favipiravir ribofuranosyl-5′-triphosphate exposure to support posology for SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Pertinez Henry , Rajoli Rajith K R , Khoo Saye H , Owen Andrew 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectivesFavipiravir has discrepant activity against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro, concerns about teratogenicity and pill burden, and an unknown optimal dose. This analysis used available data to simulate the intracellular pharmacokinetics of the favipiravir active metabolite [favipiravir ribofuranosyl-5′-triphosphate (FAVI-RTP)].MethodsPublished in vitro data for intracellular production and elimination of FAVI-RTP in Madin–Darby canine kidney cells were fitted with a mathematical model describing the time course of intracellular FAVI-RTP as a function of favipiravir concentration. Parameter estimates were then combined with a published population pharmacokinetic model in Chinese patients to predict human intracellular FAVI-RTP. In vitro FAVI-RTP data were adequately described as a function of concentrations with an empirical model, noting simplification and consolidation of various processes and several assumptions.ResultsParameter estimates from fittings to in vitro data predict a flatter dynamic range of peak to trough for intracellular FAVI-RTP (peak to trough ratio of ∼1 to 1) when driven by a predicted free plasma concentration profile, compared with the plasma profile of parent favipiravir (ratio of ∼2 to 1). This approach has important assumptions, but indicates that, despite rapid clearance of the parent from plasma, sufficient intracellular FAVI-RTP may be maintained across the dosing interval because of its long intracellular half-life.ConclusionsPopulation mean intracellular FAVI-RTP concentrations are estimated to be maintained above the Km for the SARS-CoV-2 polymerase for 9 days with a 1200 mg twice-daily regimen (following a 1600 mg twice-daily loading dose on day 1). Further evaluation of favipiravir as part of antiviral combinations for SARS-CoV-2 is warranted.
Association Between Alcohol, Substance Use, and Inpatient Burn Outcomes
Authors: Williams Felicia N , Chrisco Lori , Strassle Paula D , Navajas Emma , Laughon Sarah L , Sljivic Sanja , Nizamani Rabia , Charles Anthony , King Booker 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The use of alcohol and illicit substances has been associated with impaired judgment and health, but the effect on inpatient outcomes after burn injury remains unsettled. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of alcohol and illicit substance use on our inpatient burn outcomes. Adult patients admitted with burn injury—including inhalation injury only—between January 1, 2014 and June 30, 2019 were eligible for inclusion. Alcohol use and illicit drug use were identified on admission. Outcomes of interest included requiring mechanical ventilation, admission to the intensive care unit, length of stay, and inpatient mortality. Multivariable linear and logistic regression models were used to estimate the effects of use on inpatient outcomes. A total of 3476 patients were included in our analyses; 8% (n = 284) tested positive for alcohol, 10% (n = 364) tested positive for cocaine, and 27% (n = 930) tested positive for marijuana and at admission. Two hundred and eighty adults (18% of all positive patients) tested positive for at least two substances. Patients who tested positive for alcohol had longer lengths of stay and were more likely to be admitted to the intensive care unit. Patients who tested positive for cocaine had longer overall and intensive care unit lengths of stay. No differences in inpatient outcomes were seen among patients who tested positive for marijuana. Neither alcohol nor illicit substance use appears to affect inpatient mortality after burns. Alcohol and cocaine use significantly increased overall length of stay. Marijuana use had no impact on inpatient outcomes.
Exploring Grower-sourced Data to Understand Spatiotemporal Trends in the Occurrence of a Vector, Pseudococcus maritimus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) and Improve Grapevine Leafroll Disease Management
Authors: MacDonald Sarah L , Schartel Tyler E , Cooper Monica L 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Grapevine leafroll disease is a significant concern in the wine grape industry, as it spreads rapidly and contributes to economically significant reductions in yield and grape quality. Our objective was to utilize 5 yr of grower-sourced data from Napa (California, USA) to improve local and regional disease management efforts. Specifically, we applied a spatially integrated multivariate clustering technique to improve understanding of spatiotemporal trends in Pseudococcus maritimus (Ehrhorn) male populations—the primary vector in the region. We also implemented generalized linear mixed models to evaluate the effects of two key practices, insecticide sprays and roguing, on disease incidence. Results show P. maritimus has a biannual flight pattern in the study area, with the first flight peaking in early May and the second between early August and early September. Clusters of P. maritimus flight data fall largely within the vineyard footprints of individual growers, but also showed clear neighborhood effects. We found that when disease incidence within a block is &lt;1%, consistent monitoring and removal of diseased vines is required to contain within-block spread. As within-block disease incidence grows to 1–20%, both insecticide applications and roguing are effective practices to reduce spread. At incidence levels &gt;20%, roguing is a critical practice. Our results emphasize the importance of individual management efforts, but also the value of programs that engage the wider neighboring community and highlight the power of community data collection to guide decision-making.
Expression Profiles of Digestive Genes in the Gut and Salivary Glands of Tarnished Plant Bug (Hemiptera: Miridae)
Authors: Perera Omaththage P , Shelby Kent S , Pierce Calvin A , Snodgrass Gordon L 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Host plant preference of agricultural pests may shift throughout the growing season, allowing the pests to persist on wild hosts when crops are not available. Lygus Hahn (Hemiptera: Miridae) bugs are severe pests of cotton during flowering and fruiting stages, but can persist on alternative crops, or on weed species. Diversity of digestive enzymes produced by salivary glands and gut tissues play a pivotal role in an organism’s ability to utilize various food sources. Polyphagous insects produce an array of enzymes that can process carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. In this study, the digestive enzyme repertoire of the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), was identified by high-throughput sequencing followed by cDNA cloning and sequencing. This study identified 87 digestive genes, including 30 polygalacturonases (PG), one β-galactosidase, three α-glucosidases, six β-glucosidases, 28 trypsin-like proteases, three serine proteases, one apyrase-like protease, one cysteine protease, 12 lipases, and two transcripts with low similarity to a xylanase A-like genes. RNA-Seq expression profiles of these digestive genes in adult tarnished plant bugs revealed that 57 and 12 genes were differentially expressed in the salivary gland and gut (≥5-fold, P ≤ 0.01), respectively. All polygalacturonase genes, most proteases, and two xylanase-like genes were differentially expressed in salivary glands, while most of the carbohydrate and lipid processing enzymes were differentially expressed in the gut. Seven of the proteases (KF208689, KF208697, KF208698, KF208699, KF208700, KF208701, and KF208702) were not detected in either the gut or salivary glands.
Personalized medicine drugs and the burden of disease in Germany
Authors: Kohler Stefan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Objectives
This study aimed to assess the burden attributable to diseases with subtypes that are indications for the personalized medicine (PM) drugs approved in Germany.

Methods
A secondary analysis of a PM drug database and Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019 data was conducted. Indications of the PM drugs approved in Germany for biomarker-targeted therapy were matched with disease burden causes to quantify the portion of the disease burden attributable to causes that, in some instances, may be treated with PM drugs.

Results
Between 1995 and 2020, the number of PM drugs approved in Germany rose from 0 to 83. Accordingly, the portion of the disease burden due to causes of disease with subtypes that are PM drug indications has risen. Indications for use of the 83 PM drugs approved in Germany by the end of 2020 related to 39 of 369 GBD causes, to which 7825 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) or 24.3% of the total burden of 32 162 DALYs per 100 000 population in Germany were attributed. Twenty years earlier, in 2000, 5 PM drugs related to 2 GBD causes, to which 978 DALYs (3.1%) of a total burden of 31 878 DALYs per 100 000 population were attributed. Considering the median frequency of biomarkers that can change pharmacological treatment resulted in estimating that not more than 3.0% (interquartile range: 1.1–7.3) of the current German disease burden is affected by personalized pharmacotherapy.

Conclusions
Mapping PM drug indications to disease burden causes allowed to quantify the disease burden within and outside the domain of personalized pharmacotherapy in Germany.
Totally implanted chemotherapy port catheters: literature review and report of four cases
Authors: Farshidmehr Pezhman , Omrani Zahra , Cheraghali Roozbeh 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Totally implantable catheters tend to be the most popular choice because once installed they allow permanent access to a deep vein, which is gained by puncturing the port rather than a vein.
In this article, we explain four cases of chemotherapy port complications: superior vena cava (SVC) syndrome in a metastatic colorectal cancer patient who presented with bilateral mastitis, snare technique for removal of migrated catheter line, carotid artery placement of a port in a 5-year-old child that was referred to our hospital from a pediatric center and adhesive port tip in the heart that finally we left the port in situ.
In SVC syndrome, treatment should be guided by the severity of symptoms, etiology of the obstruction, prognosis of the patient and treatment goals. We propose timely removal of port-a-cath following completion of intended chemotherapeutic regimen.
Laparoscopic liver cyst fenestration with real-time indocyanine green fluorescence-guided surgery: a case report
Authors: Une Norikazu , Fujio Atsushi , Mitsugashira Hiroaki , Kanai Norifumi , Saitoh Yoshikatsu , Ohta Mineto , Sasaki Kengo , Miyazawa Koji , Kashiwadate Toshiaki , Nakanishi Wataru , Tokodai Kazuaki , Miyagi Shigehito , Unno Michiaki , Kamei Takashi 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Laparoscopic fenestration (LF) has recently been considered a standard procedure for nonparasitic symptomatic liver cysts. Here, we report a case of LF that was safely performed using real-time indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence-guided surgery. A 74-year-old woman presented with right upper abdominal pain and poor dietary intake. The patient was diagnosed with symptomatic liver cysts and underwent LF. One hour before surgery, ICG (2.5 mg) was intravenously administered to the patient. ICG fluorescence imaging clearly showed the biliary ducts and distinguished the cysts from the liver parenchyma. We could resect only the cyst walls as wide as possible under the guidance of both white light and fluorescence imaging. There were no signs of postoperative symptom recurrence. Detection of ICG fluorescence in the liver parenchyma is as important as ICG cholangiography for fenestration. Laparoscopic liver cyst fenestration with real-time ICG fluorescence-guided surgery is safe and can be used as a standard procedure.
Psychiatric Conditions During Pregnancy and Postpartum in a Universally Insured American Population
Authors: Andriotti Tomas , Ranjit Anju , Hamlin Lynette , Koehlmoos Tracey , Robinson Julian N , Lutgendorf Monica A 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTBackgroundMental health conditions are common and can have significant effects during the perinatal period. Our objective was to determine the incidences and predictors of psychiatric conditions during pregnancy and postpartum among universally insured American women.Material and MethodsThis was an Institutional Review Board (IRB)-approved protocol using a retrospective cohort of 104,866 deliveries covered by TRICARE from 2005 to 2014. We used TRICARE claims data to identify pregnant women without current psychiatric conditions who developed new psychiatric condition(s) during pregnancy or postpartum compared with those who did not, as identified by International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-9 CM codes. Predictors of psychiatric conditions during pregnancy or postpartum were determined using stepwise logistic regression models.ResultsA total of 104,866 women met the inclusion criteria; of these, 35% (n = 36,192) were diagnosed with a new psychiatric condition during pregnancy or within 1 year of delivery, 15% (n = 15,636) with a psychiatric condition during pregnancy, and 20% (n = 20,556) with a psychiatric condition within 1 year of delivery. We demonstrated that the African-American race (odds ratio [OR] 1.16, 95% CI 1.10-1.22), active duty status (OR 1.20, 95% CI 1.14-1.25), and severe maternal morbidity during delivery (OR 1.18, 95% CI 1.02-1.35) were significantly associated with the occurrence of a psychiatric condition within 1 year of delivery. For Asian women, there was a 28% higher odds of developing a psychiatric disorder during pregnancy (adjusted OR 1.28, 95% CI 1.17-1.40) compared with White women. Active duty women were twice as likely to be diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (adjusted OR 2.31, 95% CI 1.83–2.90).ConclusionIn a universally insured population, the incidences of psychiatric conditions in pregnancy and within a year of delivery were similar to the American population. Additionally, the development of psychiatric conditions in pregnancy and within a year of delivery may be associated with race, active duty status, and complicated births.
Non-Measurability, Imprecise Credences, and Imprecise Chances
Authors: Isaacs Yoaav , Hájek Alan , Hawthorne John 
Published: April 2021

Abstract–
We offer a new motivation for imprecise probabilities. We argue that there are propositions to which precise probability cannot be assigned, but to which imprecise probability can be assigned. In such cases the alternative to imprecise probability is not precise probability, but no probability at all. And an imprecise probability is substantially better than no probability at all. Our argument is based on the mathematical phenomenon of non-measurable sets. Non-measurable propositions cannot receive precise probabilities, but there is a natural way for them to receive imprecise probabilities. The mathematics of non-measurable sets is arcane, but its epistemological import is far-reaching; even apparently mundane propositions are liable to be affected by non-measurability. The phenomenon of non-measurability dramatically reshapes the dialectic between critics and proponents of imprecise credence. Non-measurability offers natural rejoinders to prominent critics of imprecise credence. Non-measurability even reverses some of the critics’ arguments—by the very lights that have been used to argue against imprecise credences, imprecise credences are better than precise credences.