bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Committee on Radiology Water-Soluble Contrast Material
Authors:   Committee on Radiology
Published: December 2021

Contrast agents available in North America for excretory urography are combinations of sodium and/or meglumine salts of diatrizoate and iothalamate in 50% to 60% solutions (Conray-60, Hypaque Meglumine 60%, Reno-M-60, Renografin-60, and Hypaque Sodium 50%). There is no substantive reason for choosing between these various iodinated contrast agents: packaging, pricing, and quality control are the determinants for their selection.
Because of their high osmolarity, the intravenous injection of Renografin-60 (1,400 mOsm/ liter) and Hypaque Sodium 50% (1,170 mOsm/ liter) may result in profound changes in the hemostatic mechanisms of small infants. Blood samples of infants obtained at regular intervals after an injection of 5 ml/kg of Renografin-60 disclosed changes in serum osmolarity, serum sodium levels, and hematocrit values. The mean increase in serum osmolarity three minutes after injection was 15 mOsm/liter, or a 5.3% increase. Hematocrit values decreased by a mean of 7.4%, and the serum sodium concentrations fell by a mean of 4.6 mEq/liter. These values gradually returned to normal in one to four hours.1
Acute expansion of blood volume after the intravenous administration of contrast agents might precipitate heart failure in infants with tenuously compensated congenital heart disease, and the ensuing diuresis may intensify a mild state of dehydration. The magnitude of increase in the intravascular volume may be diminished by slow injections of the contrast material (90 seconds or more) and by injecting a smaller volume (3 ml/kg). Repeat injections should not be administered at less than 30-minute intervals.
Occasionally after intravenous contrast materials are injected, Tamm-Horsfall protein will precipitate in the renal tubules, and renal failure may result.
IS DR. PATRICK BLAIR'S DESCRIPTION OF PYLORIC STENOSIS IN 1717 THE EARLIEST ON RECORD?
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

The first description of pyloric stenosis in infants has been attributed successively to earlier and earlier writers. Hezekiah Beardsley of Connecticut described such a case in 1788.1 George Armstrong recorded the case of an infant similarly affected in 1777.2 However, the credit for drawing attention to the earliest description on record belongs to the late Ernest Caulfield of Connecticut, who pointed out that in 1717 Patrick Blair (1665-1728) reported to the Royal Society a clinical history and autopsy report of a 5-month-old boy who had pyloric stenosis. Blair's description follows:
The Child was five months old and was so emaciated that he appear'd rather to have decreased than to have encreased [sic] in Bulk from the time of his Birth, the whole Body not weighing above five Pounds. The Skin and Muscles of the Abdomen were very thin, but the Peritoneum was preternaturally thick. The Ventriculus was more like to an Intestine than to a Stomach, its length being five inches and its breadth but one inch. The Coats of it were thick and fleshy, and the cavity very inconsiderable. The Pylorus and almost half the Duodenum were cartilaginous and something inclined to an ossification, so that no nourishment could have passed into the Intestines tho' the Stomach had been capable of Containing it, which makes it no wonder that the Body was so emaciated....
Upon enquiring after the Symptoms this Child had been affected with, his Mother told me he seem'd to be healthy till he was about a Month old, when he was seized with a violent Vomiting and a Stoppage of Urine and Stool. Some time after both these became more regular, but the Vomiting still continued. He seem'd to have a great Appetite, taking what Suck, Drink, or other Food was offer'd him with a kind of eagerness but he immediately threw it all up again.... There could be nothing more emaciated than this Child was.
INFANTICIDE
Authors: Harris Martin 
Published: December 2021

According to a demographic survey of over 600 primitive populations carried out by William T. Divale of the American Museum of Natural History, there is an extraordinary consistent imbalance of boys over girls in the junior and infant age ranks (up to about 15 years old). [Divale says] that many primitive groups follow a practice of overt female infanticide. Female children are suffocated or simply left unattended in the bush. But more often infanticide is covert, and people usually deny that they practice it....
Warfare inverts the relative value of the contribution made by males and females to a group's prospects for survival. By placing a premium upon maximizing the number of combat-ready adult males, warfare obliges primitive societies to limit their nurturance of females. It is this, and not combat per se, that makes warfare an effective means of controlling population growth....
Lacking any safe and effective means of contraception or abortion, primitive peoples must focus their institutionalized means of population control on individuals who are already alive. Children are the logical victims of these efforts—the younger the better—since number one, they can't resist; number two, there is less of a social and material investment in them; and number three, the emotional ties to infants are easier to cut than those between adults.
Anyone who finds my reasoning depraved or "uncivilized" should read about eighteenth-century England. Gin-soaked mothers by the tens of thousands regularly dropped their babies into the Thames or wrapped them in the clothing of smallpox victims, left them in trash barrels, rolled over on top of them during drunken stupors, and otherwise contrived to shorten their babies' lives by direct or indirect means.
Pyloroduodenal Atresia (Diaphragm Type): An Autosomal Recessive Disease
Authors: Mishalany Henry C. , Idriss Ziad H. , Der Kaloustian Vazken M. 
Published: December 2021

In 1970,1 1971,2 and 19743 we described two families, each with two siblings who had atresia of the first portion of the duodenum. The four patients were first cousins to each other. We suggested a genetic etiology with an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance, which has been accepted.4 The source of the proposed gene for both families was traced to a single individual.
Recently, a third family, linked to the previous two with strong consanguineous ties, had a pair of twins affected with the same anomaly. The purpose of this article is to bring the weight of new evidence afforded by this third family to further substantiate the genetic etiology of this condition.
Letter To The Editor
Authors: McMillan Julia A. , Oski Frank A. 
Published: December 2021

We appreciate the opportunity to respond to Dr. Homan's concern about possible contradictory statements by the Committee on Nutrition and those made in the conclusion of our study.
It is important to focus on the statement made by the Committee on Nutrition that reads, "The needs of breast-fed infants for supplemental iron require more investigation." This statement was then followed by a recommendation that was unsupported by facts. The recommendation should be viewed in that context.
X-RAY TREATMENT OF TONSILS AND ADENOIDS IN CHILDREN, VIEWED AS ABSOLUTELY HARMLESS IN 1921
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

Medical literature when read with the advantage of hindsight is filled with many false statements, as is evident from these which were abstracted from a pediatric paper published in 1921.
The development of x-ray therapy of tonsils and adenoids and the absolute safety of this method as compared with the incomplete and partial removal of tonsils and adenoids, not to mention the possible dangers and complications attending operative procedure, indicate a marked advance in the therapy of rheumatism, endocarditis, pericarditis, and all those conditions resulting from the focal infection of the throat. . . .
That the x-ray method of treating tonsils and adenoids is not only safe but absolutely harmless has been definitely proven by the large number of cases of tubercular glands of the neck that have been treated by x-ray in the past 10 years throughout the world. These cases require vastly more treatment and a much more extensive area of exposure than the x-ray treatment of tonsils. . . .
The possibility of an x-ray burn is even more remote than injury to the adjacent glands provided the technique is properly carried out. This is largely due to the perfection and constancy of the present day interrupterless machine and Coolidge tube.
Traveler Beware! (of Over-the-Counter Drugs in Spain)
Authors: Hervada Arturo R. 
Published: December 2021

The letter of Dr. Julian H. Fisher concerning the abuses of the pharmaceutical industry in Peru (Pediatrics 59: 476, March 1977) poignantly describes what has become a serious, worldwide public health problem.
In Spain, two decades of industrial and economic growth have attracted a multitude of Swiss, French, German, British, American, and Italian pharmaceutical firms. These companies, together with the Spanish pharmaceutical firms, enjoy total freedom to literally inundate the market with all kinds of dubious and, at times, dangerous products.
Urinary Tract Infection in School-Age Girls: Correlations Among Significant Bacteriuria and Symptoms, Patient History, and Family History
Authors: Etkin Tom , O'Shea John S. 
Published: December 2021

Significant bacteriuria affects between 0.5% and 3% of school-age girls.1.2 Currently controversy exists regarding the benefit of screening apparently healthy girls, the need for radiologic contrast studies in evaluating infected patients, the appropriate duration of antibiotic treatment, and the relationship of acute infection to chronic renal disease.3-6
Perhaps some of the disagreement about which patients should be screened would be resolved if certain characteristics were found more often in infected patients (even in those often described as "asymptomatic") than in noninfected ones. In fact, symptoms have been reported at the time of diagnosis in from 33% to 77% of infected patients.2.7
Letter To The Editor
Authors: Sane Shashikant M. 
Published: December 2021

I am pleased to respond to the thoughtful comments of Dr. Baker and Dr. Berdon.
The number of children showing abnormal preoperative chest roentgenograms is illustrated in the Figure by their age group. Although a greater number of abnormal chest roentgenograms were present in children less than 5 years of age, the age distribution of the patients admitted to Minneapolis Children's Health Center during the time period of the study showed a similar pattern. Hence, one could conclude that there is probably no significant variation in the frequency of abnormality on the preoperative chest roentgenograms in different pediatric age groups.
Group B Streptococcal Colonization
Authors: Herrera Alfredo J. 
Published: December 2021

I read with interest the article by Speck et al. (Pediatrics 60:356, September 1977) about group B streptococcal colonization rate. They point out that infants receiving cord treatment had a higher incidence of group B streptococcal colonization.1
I think that this statement may be misleading. We know of the effectiveness of triple dye in controlling staphylococcal colonization and infection. This was proven after the routine use of hexachlorophene was discontinued in nurseries around the country when its neurotoxicity was discovered.
President's Address—The Politics of Pediatrics
Authors: Robinson Saul J. 
Published: December 2021

It took a long time for pediatrics to be recognized as a separate specialty, and it was only after World War II that medical schools and teaching institutions gave this area a recognizable identity in their programs. The "baby boom" of the postwar era gave the pediatrician a busy practice, limited only by the large amount of "well-baby care" that caused him to have little time for difficult cases. The end of that same baby boom in the late sixties, however, along with the regionalization of care, the involvement of closed panel health programs at contract rates, and the use of public health clinics for routine procedures, forced the pediatrician to reassess once again his changing and, in many cases, diminishing practice. The question still remains: What must the pediatrician do now to convince others that he or she is, indeed, the specialist to handle children's problems, be they physical, developmental, mental, or behavioral? How can pediatricians present their role as preventionists and ambulatory care specialists so that they will be recognized among colleagues and by community agencies as the center of comprehensive care and the spokespersons for the child in our society?
By an overview of the nature of the changes in our population and practice since World War II, and an evaluation of where the pediatrician now stands in relation to other professionals who handle the health and well-being of the child, I believe we can once again answer the question so often posed by presidential addresses to the pediatric societies in the early 1960s: "Whither pediatrics?"
THE CHILDLESS FUTURE?
Authors: Westoff C. F. 
Published: December 2021

...there seems to be little doubt that work and fertility are negatively correlated and that an increasing proportion of women will work in the future. Imagine, ultimately, a society in which men and women have the same incomes, in which there are as many women as men who are lawyers, engineers, corporation executives, physicians, and salespeople. What would the consequences be for marriage and fertility?
Certainly the institution of marriage would lose one of its few remaining sociological rationales, if one thinks of marriage in functional economic terms as a system whereby the woman offers her childbearing and domestic services in exchange for the security and status of a man's income and occupation. This concept of marriage is unromantic, but there is no doubt that it goes a long way toward explaining the universality and persistance of the institution. If the economic rationale were lost, what then would provide the motivation for marriage? It is hardly necessary these days for companionship or for sexual gratification. Given the growing acceptability of cohabitation (and the ease of divorce), does it not seem likely that traditional marriage will become still less prevalent?
Letter To The Editor
Authors: Cook Donald E. 
Published: December 2021

The Committee on School Health would like to thank the journal for the opportunity to answer the comments by Drs. Stern, Boat, et al. The problem of medication in the schools was researched at great length over a two-year period before publication of the aforementioned guidelines. Competent school administrators from across the country were consulted, as were numerous school physicians, so the recommendations were not made lightly or without the utmost consideration.
We agree that many of the concerns of Dr. Stern and his colleagues seem logical and have considerable immediate emotional appeal to the practicing physician.
What Is the Best Treatment for Wegener's Granulomatosis?
Authors: Moorthy A. Vishnu , Chesney Russell W. 
Published: December 2021

We have read with interest the article by Orlowski et al. (Pediatrics 61:83, January 1978) in which they describe six patients between the ages of 13 and 20 years who have Wegener's granulomatosis (WG). The authors recommend initial treatment using nitrogen mustard and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) for induction of remission, followed by oral cyclophosphamide and prednisone as maintenance drugs.
We have recently reported our experience in treating two children with the generalized form of WG.
Ketotic Hypoglycemia and Hypopituitarism
Authors: Lorentz William B. 
Published: December 2021

A 5-year-old girl had hypoglycemia and was of short stature. Studies of pituitary function demonstrated combined growth hormone and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) deficiency. She was shown to have ketotic hypoglycemia. In contrast to patients previously reported with hypopituitarism and ketotic hypoglycemia, she had no deficiency of gluconeogenic substrate. Serum levels of alanine and other gluconeogenic amino acids were normal during fasting and hypoglycemia.
These studies suggest that inadequate gluconeogenic precursors are not the cause of her ketotic hypoglycemia. Ketotic hypoglycemia in association with hypopituitarism may be secondary to multiple biochemical defects.
HEALTH CARE PLANNING: STRATEGY AND TACTICS—ENDS AND MEANS
Authors: White K. L. 
Published: December 2021

Much health and health care planning has been preoccupied with tactical minutiae at the expense of overall strategic thinking. Plans are made for training new types of health care manpower or for designing new laboratories, with no consideration being given to what each is to do, whether it meets a perceived need, or how it is to be related to other modalities of care. Health and health care planning, particularly with respect to resource allocation, is much more a matter of strategy than of tactics; what to do should take precedence over how to do it.
A clear ordering of the objectives of a health care system provides a guide to the planning of solutions. Every major objective can be thought of in terms of a set of immediate objectives that are a series of necessary steps towards acheiving that major objective. If immediate objectives are properly formulated and carefully planned, the allocation of resources and the implementation of measures will probably be effective, as immediate objectives are usually more realistic and more easily attainable within a specified time than are higher-level objectives.
Hyperbilirubinemia in Association With Late Onset Group B β-Hemolytic Streptococcal Infection
Authors: Leitner Marc , Clarke Thomas A. , Feldman Bernard H. 
Published: December 2021

Various features of late onset group B β-hemolytic streptococcal disease reported previously include asymptomatic bacteremia, otitis media, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, ethmoditis, cellulitis, pleural empyema, conjunctivitis, breast abscess, and impetigo.1.2 The following case report demonstrates that jaundice can be another manifestation of late onset group B β-hemolytic streptococcal disease.
The patient, weighing 3.3 kg, was the product of a full-term, uncomplicated pregnancy and was in good health until 5½ weeks of age, when she developed fever and jaundice.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION: FROM 1948 TO 1990
Authors: Mahler H. 
Published: December 2021

In the early days of WHO, efforts were concentrated on trying to control specific diseases. But the world itself has changed and we realize this is only a part of the story. As stated in WHO's constitution, health is much more than the absence of disease. Health development has to go hand in hand with social and economic development, and all activities for such development have to be properly coordinated. Elaborate technology is no longer seen as the key to health care. Similarly our health manpower policies seek to make the best possible use of the health personnel that can be made available in a reasonable time at a reasonable cost.
It is a tremendous achievement that the world has agreed on certain specific health targets—the access of all the world's children by 1990 to immunization against the six major infectious diseases of childhood, and the supply of safe drinking water to all families by the same year. In an entirely different field, confidence is growing that certain cardiovascular diseases can be tackled at the community level through active programmes of prevention.
Hirschsprung's Disease and Waardenburg's Syndrome
Authors: Brancki David , Dennis Nicholas R. , Neale John M. , Brooks Lee J. 
Published: December 2021

There are several reports of an association of congenital deafness with Hirschsprung's aganglionic megacolon.1,2 This patient is described because she has Hirschspning's disease in association with Waardenburg's syndrome. The genetic mechanisms and a possible causal relationship are discussed.
CASE REPORT
A black girl was born at 37 weeks' gestation, with a birth weight of 2,380 gm, following an uncomplicated pregnancy and a breech delivery. Apgar scores were 2 at one minute and 6 at five minutes, and the perinatal course was uncomplicated. On day 2, when no stools had been passed and abdominal distention was noted, the infant was transferred to Buffalo Children's Hospital.
α1-ANTITRYPSIN AND EMPHYSEMA
Authors: Lieberman J. 
Published: December 2021

Preliminary data from a study of 917 California seventh graders reinforces the suspicion that Caucasians are at most risk of both an inherited deficiency of α1-antitrypsin, and the emphysema with which the genetically-formulated blood chemical has been linked.
A serum protein, α1-antitrypsin inactivates trypsin, one of the enzymes that checks bacteria infecting the lungs. When α1-antitrypsin is reduced or absent, the trypsin can attack and destroy the lung tissue itself. The result is a particularly devastating form of emphysema that strikes during the productive years. An inherited deficiency of α1-antitrypsin may be one reason why some nonsmokers develop emphysema.
All 25 of the students in this study found to have deficiencies of α1-antitrypsin were Caucasian, as were nearly 90% of those discovered to have "variants" of α1-antitrypsin molecules....Abnoraml results include a severe deficiency, inherited from both parents; intermediate deficiencies, inherited from one parent; and a number of antitrypsin variants also suspect in the development of emphysema. Although those with severe deficiencies nearly always develop emphysema, intermediate deficiencies and combinations of variants also predispose a person to the disease, particularly if they smoke cigarett.
Report by The Latin-American Committee on Pediatric Residencies
Authors: Golden Archie S. , Carey Donald , Fleshman J. Kenneth , Neumann Charlotte Grantz , Sifontes Jose E. 
Published: December 2021

Since 1970, the Committee on International Child Health of the American Academy of Pediatrics has supported COPREP, The Latin American Committee for Promotion of Residency Programs in Pediatrics. During the coming year, 1978-1979, the Academy will phase out its present level of economic support and the Latin American group will continue more independently. A report, educational in nature, is in order at this time.
BACKGROUND
During the 12th International Pediatric Congress in Mexico City in 1968, the American Academy of Pediatrics proposed discussions concerning the quality and content of pediatric residencies in Latin America. Two years later this was brought to fruition in Paipa, Colombia as the First Seminar on Education for Pediatric Residents under the sponsorship of the Committee on International Child Health (COICH) of the American Academy of Pediatrics with the support of the Johnson and Johnson Institute for Pediatric Service. This Seminar was organized by a Committee of District X of the Academy, under the leadership of Dr. Jorge Camacho Gamba, Chairman of that District, and with consultation by Dr. Nelson Ordway, Chairman of the COICH.
From this first seminar emerged COPREP, the Comité Latinoamericano para la Promocion de Programas de Residencia en Pediatria. This Committee has held a seminar on the training of pediatric residents every three years at the time of the Pan-American Congress of Pediatrics and elected committee membership at each seminar, one faculty member and one resident from each Latin-American district of the Academy plus a consultant from the previous committee for purposes of continuity.
Failure to Thrive
Authors: Laws Harry F. 
Published: December 2021

Failure to Thrive
There once was a baby named Nell
Who at three weeks we could tell
Her growth was small hardly an ounce at all
Breast milk wasn't doing so well
Her mother was quite well endowed
but when watching of feeding was allowed
A scar so neat was below each teat
To mark where the Surgeon had ploughed
I wanted them smaller, said she
So they explained the complications to me
It all sounded so simple, (no sensation to the nipple)