bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validation of the Arabic translation of the caries impacts and experiences questionnaire for children
Authors: Azab Maha Moussa , Yousry Yasmin Mohamed 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe recently developed Caries Impacts and Experiences Questionnaire for Children (CARIES‐QC) is originally an English questionnaire targeting the assessment of caries‐related quality of life from a child's point of view.AimThis study aimed to translate and adapt the CARIES‐QC into the Arabic language and to test its reliability and validity on Arabic‐speaking children.DesignA total of 234 children aged 5–16 years answered the translated questionnaire. Internal consistency was measured using Cronbach's alpha; 62 children answered the questionnaire again to evaluate the test‐retest reliability by calculating the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Convergent validity was evaluated by correlating question scores with global question scores. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to evaluate cross‐cultural validity.ResultsCronbach's alpha of the CARIES‐QC/A was 0.905. The inter‐item correlation coefficients of the CARIES‐QC/A ranged from 0.240 to 0.850. The total ICC score was 0.960. CFA demonstrated acceptable fit to the data in the one‐factor model. Convergent validity indicated moderate correlation with the global question (rs = .740).ConclusionThe CARIES‐QC/A is a valid and reliable tool that could be used to evaluate oral health–related quality of life in Arabic‐speaking children.
The amputation and mortality of inpatients with diabetic foot ulceration in the COVID‐19 pandemic and postpandemic era: A machine learning study
Authors: Du Chenzhen , Li Yuyao , Xie Puguang , Zhang Xi , Deng Bo , Wang Guixue , Hu Youqiang , Wang Min , Deng Wu , Armstrong David G. , Ma Yu , Deng Wuquan 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis study aimed to explore the clinical characteristic and outcomes of inpatients with diabetic foot ulceration (DFU) in 2019 (prelockdown) and 2020 (postlockdown) due to the COVID‐19 pandemic, at an emergency medical service unit. Prediction models for mortality and amputation were developed to describe the risk factors using a machine learning‐based approach. Hospitalized DFU patients (N = 23) were recruited after the lockdown in 2020 and matched with corresponding inpatients (N = 23) before lockdown in 2019. Six widely used machine learning models were built and internally validated using 3‐fold cross‐validation to predict the risk of amputation and death in DFU inpatients under the COVID‐19 pandemic. Previous DF ulcers, prehospital delay, and mortality were significantly higher in 2020 compared to 2019. Diabetic foot patients in 2020 had higher hs‐CRP levels (P = .037) but lower hemoglobin levels (P = .017). The extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) performed best in all models for predicting amputation and mortality with the highest area under the curve (0.86 and 0.94), accuracy (0.80 and 0.90), sensitivity (0.67 and 1.00), and negative predictive value (0.86 and 1.00). A long delay in admission and a higher risk of mortality was observed in patients with DFU who attended the emergency center during the COVID‐19 post lockdown. The XGBoost model can provide evidence‐based risk information for patients with DFU regarding their amputation and mortality. The prediction models would benefit DFU patients during the COVID‐19 pandemic.
(Ti0.2V0.2Cr0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2)2AlC–(Ti0.2V0.2Cr0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2)C high‐entropy ceramics with low thermal conductivity
Authors: Liu Chao , Yang Yue‐yang , Zhou Zhi‐fang , Nan Ce‐wen , Lin Yuan‐hua 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn recent years, the microstructure and physicochemical properties of high‐entropy ceramics have received much interest by the combination of multiple principal elements. Herein, (Ti0.2V0.2Cr0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2)2AlC–(Ti0.2V0.2Cr0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2)C high‐entropy ceramics (M2AlC‐MC HECs) were prepared by the spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique, attributing to the structural and chemical diversity of MAX phases. The microstructure of M2AlC‐MC HECs was characterized from micron to atomic scales, and the phase composition of M2AlC‐MC HECs was analyzed by a combination of Maud and Rietveld analysis. The results indicate the successful solid solution of Ti, V, Cr, Nb, and Ta atoms in the M‐site of the 211‐MAX configuration, and all the samples show a classic layered structure. The weight percentage of (Ti0.2V0.2Cr0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2)2AlC in the M2AlC‐MC HECs was more than 90%. Furthermore, the thermoelectric properties of M2AlC‐MC HECs were investigated for the first time in this study, and the electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity of HECs are 3278 S cm−1 and 2.78 W m−1 K−1at 298 K, respectively.
Forgiveness and the Problem of Repeated Offences
Authors: Couto Alexandra 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACTAccording to the dominant account of forgiveness, to forgive is to overcome the reactive attitudes warranted by a wrongdoing. On one version of this ‘reactive attitudes’ account, forgiveness involves cognitive dissociation, while on another it involves affective dissociation. In this article, I will argue that reflection on cases of repeated offences – where a wrongdoer is forgiven but then keeps repeating an offence – raises two challenges to this account of forgiveness. First, I will argue that, on either way of developing the account, it has the implausible implication that those who forgive must avoid considering the forgiven wrongdoing in their deliberations. Second, I will argue that the reactive‐attitudes account of forgiveness is vulnerable to the objection that it is epistemically vicious. But the reactive‐attitudes account of forgiveness needn't be abandoned: I will examine possible ways in which the account can be revised or clarified in order to address the problem of repeated offences.
Does corporate culture impact audit pricing? Evidence from textual analysis
Authors: Chen Huimin (Amy) , Francis Bill B. , Hasan Tahseen , Wu Qiang 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis study examines whether auditors incorporate their clients’ corporate culture into audit pricing. We construct a measure of corporate collaboration culture using textual analysis of public firms’ 10‐K reports. We find that firms with more collaboration culture pay lower audit fees. We argue that firms with a culture of collaboration emphasize harmony among people, leading to lower litigation risk, which lowers auditor risk premiums. Collaboration culture also encourages employees’ reporting of errors and problems, leading to lower control risk, which lowers audit risk premiums. Using path analysis and a structural equation model, our findings support the argument. Moreover, we do not find evidence supporting alternative explanations of reduced audit quality and significant auditor changes. The negative relation between collaboration culture and audit fees is robust to multiple alternative measures of collaboration culture, but we caution about the interpretation of the economic significance of our finding.
Negative body size‐dependent resource allocation underlies conspicuous sexual ornaments in a territorial damselfly
Authors: Xu Mingzi , Fincke Ola M. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSexual ornaments, signalling individual quality to choosy females or rival males, often show steeper body size scaling compared with non‐sexually selected traits. Theory posits such steeper body size scaling is the result of differential resource allocation, reflecting trade‐offs between different components of fitness. Yet, the process of resource allocation towards body size‐dependent sexual ornaments has been rarely understood empirically. Using the Neotropical territorial damselflyMegaloprepus caerulatus, whose males and females carry wax‐based, sex‐specific white wing bands and white wing tips respectively, we investigated nutrition sensitivity and body size scaling of both traits by manipulating larval food availability and directly quantified both the fat allocated to wing ornaments and the fat reserve from which allocations are made. Both colour traits exhibited sensitivity to food availability during larval development and steeper body size scaling compared with control traits. Although the absolute amount of fat invested in developing the colour ornaments increased with body size, the proportion of total fat allocated to the ornaments decreased with body size, making exaggerated ornaments less affordable for smaller individuals. Our data demonstrate that measuring the proportion of resource pool from which an individual's ornaments are derived (i.e. its affordability) is essential for understanding the maintenance of honesty of sexual signals.
Characterization of toxicity and structure of PirABvc‐like proteins that are structurally almost identical to shrimp AHPND‐causing PirAB toxin
Authors: Bao Shuaiming , Gao Shuangshuang , Zhang Mengmeng , Wang Yongjie 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPirAB is a binary toxic protein that causes acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) in shrimp. Their closest homologs, PirAvc‐like and PirBvc‐like proteins, are encoded by two adjacent genes on a non‐pVH plasmid from a Vibrio campbellii strain. Herein, PirABvc‐like protein caused neither abnormalities nor death in shrimp postlarvae (Litopenaeus vannamei); furthermore, typical AHPND clinical signs were not observed. PirAvc‐like protein corresponds to Cry toxin domain III (ligand‐binding domain) and likely binds to N‐acetylgalactosamine. The C‐terminal and N‐terminal of PirBvc‐like resemble Cry toxin domain II (receptor‐binding domain) and domain I (pore‐forming domain), respectively. PirAvc‐like and PirBvc‐like proteins are structurally similar to PirA and PirB, respectively. Subtle structural differences between PirAvc‐like protein and PirA appear to be involved in ligand‐binding and binary protein complex formation. The difference in virulence of PirABvc‐like and PirAB may result from the specific binding of the protein complex to distinct host receptors. These results shed light on the potential functions and host receptors of PirABvc‐like proteins and their relationship with PirAB.
Population Structure of Macaca fascicularis aurea, and their Genetic Relationships with M. f. fascicularis and M. mulatta Determined by 868 RADseq‐Derived Autosomal SNPs—A consideration for biomedical research
Authors: Phadphon Poompat , Kanthaswamy Sree , Oldt Robert F. , Hamada Yuzuru , Malaivijitnond Suchinda 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundThis study examined the population structure of Macaca fascicularis aurea and their genetic relationships with M. f. fascicularis and M. mulatta.MethodsThe study analyzed 868 RADseq‐derived SNPs from samples representing the entire distribution range of M. f. aurea, including their inter‐ and intraspecific hybrid zones.ResultsThe study supports a M. mulatta/Indochinese M. f. fascicularis, Sundaic M. f. fascicularis, and M. f. aurea trichotomy; M. f. aurea was genetically distinct from both forms of M. f. fascicularis and M. mulatta. Hybridization between M. f. aurea and M. f. fascicularis occurred in two directions: south‐north (8°25′ to 15°56′) and west‐east (98°28′ to 99°02′). Low levels of M. mulatta introgression were also detected in M. f. aurea.ConclusionThis study showcases a complicated scenario of genetic relationships between the M. fascicularis subspecies and between M. fascicularis and M. mulatta and underscores the importance of these taxa's population structure and genetic relationships for biomedical research.
Multiple gonadotropin‐releasing hormone systems in non‐mammalian vertebrates: Ontogeny, anatomy, and physiology
Authors: Ogawa Satoshi , Yamamoto Naoyuki , Hagio Hanako , Oka Yoshitaka , Parhar Ishwar S. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThree paralogous genes for gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH; gnrh1, gnrh2, and gnrh3) and GnRH receptors exist in non‐mammalian vertebrates. However, there are some vertebrate species in which one or two of these paralogous genes have become non‐functional during evolution. The developmental migration of GnRH neurons in the brain is evolutionarily conserved in mammals, reptiles, birds, amphibians, and jawed teleost fish. The three GnRH paralogs have specific expression patterns in the brain and originate from multiple sites. In acanthopterygian teleosts (medaka, cichlid, etc.), the preoptic area (POA)‐GnRH1 and terminal nerve (TN)‐GnRH3 neuronal types originate from the olfactory regions. In other fish species (zebrafish, goldfish and salmon) with only two GnRH paralogs (GnRH2 and GnRH3), the TN‐ and POA‐GnRH3 neuronal types share the same olfactory origin. However, the developmental origin of midbrain (MB)‐GnRH2 neurons is debatable between mesencephalic or neural crest site. Each GnRH system has distinctive anatomical and physiological characteristics, and functions differently. The POA‐GnRH1 neurons are hypophysiotropic in nature and function in the neuroendocrine control of reproduction. The non‐hypophysiotropic GnRH2/GnRH3 neurons probably play neuromodulatory roles in metabolism (MB‐GnRH2) and the control of motivational state for sexual behavior (TN‐GnRH3).
Generations in context: The development of a new approach using Twitter and a survey
Authors: Peretz Hilla , Fried Yitzhak , Parry Emma 
Published: November 2021

Millennials (born between 1982 and 1999) and their work‐related values have received significant attention in recent years, but empirical evidence of Millennials’ characteristics is inconclusive. One possible reason behind these mixed results is the tendency to apply generational groupings universally and ignore the potential impact of the broader context, such as national culture. This study develops a contextual perspective on generational differences and proposes a new, hybrid approach to generations. First, we conducted an exploratory study using data mining of big data from Twitter, to test hypotheses regarding differences between age cohorts in four different countries (The United States, Russia, India, Argentina). Second, we conducted a follow‐up study to further investigate the between‐countries differences found in the first study, using survey data from the same four countries. The results highlight the importance of both global and local influences when considering generational differences, supporting a new hybrid theoretical approach to understanding generational differences. Millennials were shown to be different from Generation X (born 1965–1981) across countries in relation to the behavioural aspect of writing style on social media. In contrast, in relation to work values, generational groupings were not universal, as the distinction between the work values of Millennials and Generation X was only found in the individualistic culture of the United States, and not in other, more collectivistic, cultures.Practitioner points

Interest in generational differences has ballooned over recent years with both HR practitioners and consultants designing management practices based on the popular workforce segments of Generation X and Millennials. Despite this interest, empirical evidence for generational differences in work values is mixed and inconclusive.

In this study, we found that although Millennials demonstrated uniformity in their social media appearance, employers should not use the western notion of generations outside of the United States when addressing their needs as reflected by their work values.

Generational differences appear to be more pronounced in individualistic countries where individual’s choice and self‐expression and are more legitimate. As a result, managers should consider whether the work values of different generations are sufficiently distinct before adopting alternative recruitment, selection, and retention policies presumably aligned with these preferences.
Exosomes from dental pulp cells attenuate bone loss in mouse experimental periodontitis
Authors: Shimizu Yuta , Takeda‐Kawaguchi Tomoko , Kuroda Izumi , Hotta Yasuaki , Kawasaki Hideya , Hariyama Takahiko , Shibata Toshiyuki , Akao Yukihiro , Kunisada Takahiro , Tatsumi Junichi , Tezuka Ken‐ichi 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackground and objectiveExosomes are small vesicles secreted from many cell types. Their biological effects largely depend on their cellular origin and the physiological state of the originating cells. Exosomes secreted by mesenchymal stem cells exert therapeutic effects against multiple diseases and may serve as potential alternatives to stem cell therapies. We previously established and characterized human leukocyte antigen (HLA) haplotype homo (HHH) dental pulp cell (DPC) lines from human wisdom teeth. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of local administration of HHH‐DPC exosomes in a mouse model of periodontitis.MethodsExosomes purified from HHH‐DPCs were subjected to particle size analysis, and expression of exosome markers was confirmed by western blotting. We also confirmed the effect of exosomes on the migration of both HHH‐DPCs and mouse osteoblastic MC3T3‐E1 cells. A mouse experimental periodontitis model was used to evaluate the effect of exosomes in vivo. The morphology of alveolar bone was assessed by micro‐computed tomography (μCT) and histological analysis. The effect of exosomes on osteoclastogenesis was evaluated using a co‐culture system.ResultsThe exosomes purified from HHH‐DPCs were homogeneous and had a spherical membrane structure. HHH‐DPC exosomes promoted the migration of both human DPCs and mouse osteoblastic cells. The MTT assay showed a positive effect on the proliferation of human DPCs, but not on mouse osteoblastic cells. Treatment with HHH‐DPC exosomes did not alter the differentiation of osteoblastic cells. Imaging with µCT revealed that the exosomes suppressed alveolar bone resorption in the mouse model of periodontitis. Although no change was apparent in the dominance of TRAP‐positive osteoclast‐like cells in decalcified tissue sections upon exosome treatment, HHH‐DPC exosomes significantly suppressed osteoclast formation in vitro.ConclusionsHHH‐DPC exosomes stimulated the migration of human DPCs and mouse osteoblastic cells and effectively attenuated bone loss due to periodontitis.
Where are the beachmasters? Unexpectedly weak polygyny among southern elephant seals on a South Shetland Island
Authors: Nichols H. J. , Fuchs B. , Paijmans A. J. , Lewis G. , Bonin C. A. , Goebel M. E. , Hoffman J. I. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIntraspecific variation in animal mating systems can have important implications for ecological, evolutionary and demographic processes in wild populations. For example, patterns of mating can impact social structure, dispersal, effective population size and inbreeding. However, few species have been studied in sufficient detail to elucidate mating system plasticity and its dependence on ecological and demographic factors. Southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) have long been regarded as a textbook example of a polygynous mating system, with dominant ‘beachmaster’ males controlling harems of up to several hundred females. However, behavioural and genetic studies have uncovered appreciable geographic variation in the strength of polygyny among elephant seal populations. We, therefore, used molecular parentage analysis to investigate patterns of parentage in a small satellite colony of elephant seals at the South Shetland Islands. We hypothesised that dominant males would be able to successfully monopolise the relatively small numbers of females present in the colony, leading to relatively high levels of polygyny. A total of 424 individuals (comprising 33 adult males, 101 adult females and 290 pups) sampled over 8 years were genotyped at 20 microsatellites and reproductive success was analysed by genetically assigning parents. Paternity could only be assigned to 31 pups (10.7%), despite our panel of genetic markers being highly informative and the genotyping error rate being very low. The strength of inferred polygyny was weak in comparison to previous genetic studies of the same species, with the most successful male fathering only seven pups over the entire course of our study. Our results show that, even in a species long regarded as a model for extreme polygyny, male reproductive skew can vary substantially among populations.
The Pecora Escarpment (PCA) 91020 EL3 chondrite and deformation on the EL3 asteroid
Authors: Boleaga Y. , Weisberg M. K. , Friedrich J. M. , Ebel D. S. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWe present the results of our study of two thin sections of Pecora Escarpment (PCA) 91020, a heavily shocked EL3 chondrite, to characterize the sizes, shapes, orientations, and mineral compositions of its chondrules and opaque nodules. We also studied the mildly shocked Queen Alexandra Range (QUE) 94594 EL3 chondrite for comparison. PCA 91020 appears to show the evidence of deformation throughout the meteorite in both the chondrules and the opaque (metal–sulfide) nodules. Aspect ratios of the chondrules in PCA 91020 are greater than in the mildly shocked QUE 94594. Aspect ratios of the more ductile metal grains are higher than those of the chondrules in both sections of PCA 91020 and in QUE 94594. The data suggest that the chondrules and metal‐rich nodules in PCA 91020 were elongated (flattened) to a greater degree and show a preferred orientation in comparison to objects in typical EL3 chondrites such as QUE 94594. The chondrule and metal‐rich nodule deformation and foliation in PCA 91020 were likely produced by an impact on the EL3 asteroid. However, there are some inconsistencies in reconciling an impact hypothesis with all of the observations. Scenarios of hot accretion and/or overburden compaction during progressive (potentially rapid, hot) accretion to explain the deformation cannot be completely ruled out. Also, heavily shocked E3 chondrites, like PCA 91020, are relatively rare, suggesting the impacts that may have compacted chondrites, although potentially frequent, were of weak magnitude.
The Abraham Accords and Pakistan
Authors: Ahmed Zahid Shahab , Abbas Khurram 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn a major diplomatic realignment, the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain normalized their relations with Israel in September 2020 by signing the Abraham Peace Accords in Washington. However, this normalization has created a noticeable divide; other majority‐Muslim states, including Morocco and Sudan, have also accepted incentives to normalize relations with Israel, while pressure is mounting on Pakistan from its close allies in the Gulf region to recognize Israel. Pakistan, which enjoys multifaceted cooperative relations with all states of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), now faces a dilemma, as it has a longstanding position on the Palestine issue through which it views its policy on Israel. Considering the dilemma, this article focuses on the impact the Abraham Peace Accords have had on Pakistan's relations with the GCC states and its own Israel policy. Based on the examination of various ideational and geopolitical factors, it is argued that Pakistan has more to lose than gain by changing its historical position and recognizing the state of Israel.