bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Campaign Finance Transparency Affects Legislators’ Election Outcomes and Behavior
Authors: Wood Abby K. , Grose Christian R. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractDo audits by executive agencies impact the behavior of those audited? Does revealing negative information about legislators affect electoral results and behavior? Institutions that encourage transparency, such as campaign finance disclosure, influence mass and elite behavior. Campaign finance transparency provides information to voters during legislative campaigns about the character of candidates, and this information affects voter and legislator behavior. The US Federal Election Commission conducted random audits of 10% of US House members in the 1970s. This FEC program is the only randomized experiment a US agency has conducted on federal legislators and their electorates. We find that audited legislators were more likely to retire and faced more competitive reelections relative to the control group, an effect that is amplified among incumbents whose audits revealed campaign finance violations. Further, campaign finance scandals are associated with lower incumbent vote shares and approval and more negative advertisements in the 2000s.
Convolution network model based leaf disease detection using augmentation techniques
Authors: Nagaraju Mamillapally , Chawla Priyanka , Upadhyay Shuchi , Tiwari Rajeev 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAgriculture plays a vital role in a country's economy. Thus, better yields of crops are required for growth of agriculture‐based industries. Deep Learning (DL) techniques have led to remarkable achievements in image classification and recognition. However, DL networks rely heavily on large data sets to prevent overfitting. Image augmentation is one of the DL techniques gaining attention in avoiding the risk of overfitting. The most common Image augmentation techniques like rotation, zoom, and shift used in the existing research allow to generate new images from the original set and increases the images quantity but cannot minimize the misclassification error. The present research can provide a better solution to provide sufficient quantity of training images to a convolutional neural network model to handle the overfitting and classification problems. Therefore, two learning algorithms image preprocessing and transformation algorithm (IPTA) and image masking and REC‐based hybrid segmentation algorithm (IMHSA) are proposed to address the problem of limited dataset and convolutional neural network model overfitting during classification. IPTA is an adaptive supervised learning approach to transform the original images into augmented ones and IMHSA is an unsupervised approach for Red, Green, Blue (RGB) image segmentation. Later, the Histogram threshold technique is applied to form all the possible regions used to split the diseased leaf into comparable regions. A novel convolutional neural network model is also proposed to evaluate the performance of the IPTA approach. The model is trained on two independent datasets, one generated before and one generated after IPTA was applied. Plots of precision and loss functions are used to assess the acquired results. The experimental results demonstrated that before using IPTA, the training accuracy was 83%, while the validation accuracy was 65%. After using IPTA, the proposed model attained a training accuracy of 74% and a validation accuracy of 73%, thereby solving the overfitting problem. The experimental results proved that the proposed model outperforms while classifying the RGB images with the support of image augmentation.
Outcomes of non‐myeloablative allogeneic stem cell transplant in older patients with acute myeloid leukaemia in first remission
Authors: Nguyen Phillip C. , Manos Kate , Fong Chun Y. , Schwarer Anthony P. , Tiong Ing S. , Wei Andrew H. , Kliman David , Curtis David J. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe benefits of non‐myeloablative stem cell transplant in older patients with acute myeloid leukaemia are unclear. We compare the long‐term outcomes of this regimen in those aged 55–65 years in first remission with a chemotherapy only cohort that achieved durable morphologic remission. Five‐year overall survival was similar (32% vs 33%, P = 0.90), as was relapse‐free survival (23% vs 20%, P = 0.37). There was a trend for decreased relapse that was balanced against increased non‐relapse mortality with transplantation.
Post‐acute care for asthma patients presenting to an Australian hospital network
Authors: Huang Joanna Y. , Liu David , Hew Mark , Dabscheck Eli 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWe evaluated post‐acute care in 1273 asthma patients presenting to our hospital network. Patients with respiratory unit admission (n = 413) or consultation from the respiratory service (n = 45) were more likely to have guideline adherent care compared with patients without respiratory input (n = 153). Patients aged greater than 60 years had higher rates of representation within 90 days and lower rates of asthma action plans. Post‐acute care of asthma at our centre falls short of guideline recommendations, and subspecialist involvement should be expanded.
Palliative care for adults with intellectual disability
Authors: Wallace Robyn A. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractContemporary disability principles and values suggest that adults with intellectual disability should be able to access and participate in any mainstream service rather than having a separate service for them. In the case of healthcare services, achievement of optimal access to and participation in healthcare by adults with intellectual disability requires the presence of both adequate disability supports for the person and reasonable adjustments to generic health systems to enable a person‐centred approach to care. Development of an interface between people with lived experience of intellectual disability, disability and health sectors help clarify the required nature of disability supports and types of adjustments to mainstream health services. The article describes a case study of an adult with intellectual disability with a serious illness warranting palliative care, and focusses on the reasonable adjustments to mainstream core palliative care principles for adults with intellectual disability.
Prevalence of early childhood caries in three regions of China: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Liao Ying , Zhou Chongchong , Zhang Qian , Wang Xing , Yan Fuhua , Xing Xianghui 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe burden of early childhood caries (ECC) in different regions of China with different levels of economic development has been of interest to policymakers and public health workers.AimTo investigate regional differences in ECC prevalence in China and to identify associated risk factors.MethodsA total of 11 612 three‐ to five‐year‐old children from three geographic regions of China were included in this cross‐sectional study. The dmft index was assessed for each child. A questionnaire regarding children's dietary habits, oral health behaviors, parents’ socioeconomic status, and attitudes toward oral health was administered. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated to evaluate associated factors.ResultsCaries prevalence in the Eastern, Central and Northwestern regions of China was 63.4% (95% CI: 61.4%‐64.5%), 59.4% (95% CI: 58.6%‐61.7%), and 59.0% (95% CI: 58.5%‐61.6%), respectively. Children from the Northwestern (OR = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.75‐0.92) and Central (OR = 0.83, CI: 0.75‐0.92) regions of China had a lower risk of experiencing ECC. Dietary habits and parents’ specific oral health knowledge and attitudes were associated with ECC.ConclusionsDifferences in ECC prevalence were found in the three regions of China. Multiple factors were associated with ECC. Overall, the burden of ECC was heavy in the examined regions.
Phospholipase C (AoPLC2) regulates mycelial development, trap morphogenesis, and pathogenicity of the nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora
Authors: Xie Meihua , Ma Ni , Bai Na , Zhu Meichen , Zhang Ke-Qin , Yang Jinkui 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAimsPhospholipase C (PLC) is a hydrolase involved in signal transduction in eukaryotic cells. This study aimed to understand the function of PLC in the nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora.Methods and ResultsOrthologous PLC (AoPLC2) of A. oligospora was functionally analysed using gene disruption and multi-phenotypic analysis. Disrupting Aoplc2 caused a deformation of partial hyphal cells (about 10%) and conidia (about 50%), decreased the number of nuclei in both conidia and hyphal cells, and increased the accumulation of lipid droplets. Meanwhile, the sporulation-related genes fluG and abaA were downregulated in ΔAoplc2 mutants than in the wild-type strain. Moreover, ΔAoplc2 mutants were more sensitive to osmotic stressors. Importantly, the number of traps, electron-dense bodies in traps, and nematicidal activity of ΔAoplc2 mutants were reduced, and the shape of the traps was deformed. In addition, AoPLC2 was involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in A. oligospora.ConclusionsAoPLC2 plays an important role in the development of hyphae, spores, and cell nuclei, responses to stress, formation of traps, and predation of nematodes in A. oligospora.Significance and Impact of studyThis study reveals the various functions of phospholipase C and elucidates the regulation of trap morphogenesis in nematode-trapping fungi.
The influence of probiotics on gastrointestinal tract infections among children attending childcare: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Ahmad Hafiz H. , Peck Blake , Terry Daniel 
Published: November 2021

AbstractCurrent literature related to the impact of probiotics on the incidence of gastrointestinal tract infections (GITIs) has shown mixed results and no systematic review available with pooled analysis exists. Thus, the aim of this systematic review was to provide contemporary evidence regarding the overall and strain-specific influence of probiotics in preventing GITIs among infants and children attending childcare centres. The review shortlisted 18 RCTs after screening through the initial search results of 779 articles. However, only 15 trials were deemed eligible, addressing at least one outcome in the pooled analysis. It is concluded that the supplementation of probiotics (overall effect) may reduce the risk of GITI episode by 26%, with Lacticaseibacillus paracasei, Limosilactobacillus reuteri and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG being specifically potent probiotic strains in reducing GITI episode, duration of infection and absence from childcare respectively. There is insufficient evidence to determine the effect of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 based on the findings of the trials included in this review.
A case of laparoscopically treated broad ligament ectopic pregnancy followed by spontaneous gestation
Authors: Iwai Shinnosuke , Kasahara Yuta , Kishi Hiroshi , Sato Takuma , Kusuhara Atsuko , Okamoto Aikou 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWe present a case of spontaneous pregnancy after laparoscopic surgery for a broad ligament pregnancy. A 34‐year‐old nulliparous woman presented with 6 weeks of amenorrhea. Due to the presence of an empty uterus with a 10 mm right adnexal mass on transvaginal ultrasonography and elevated serum human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), ectopic pregnancy was suspected. Upon diagnostic laparoscopy, the presence of a 2 cm broad ligament ectopic pregnancy was confirmed. Laparoscopic removal of the gestational tissues was performed. Six months after surgery, a spontaneous pregnancy was established. At the 40th week of gestation, a cesarean section was performed due to arrested labor, resulting in live birth. To the best of our knowledge, there have been no reports of a spontaneous pregnancy occurring after laparoscopic surgery for broad ligament pregnancy. Laparoscopic surgery as a treatment option for broad ligament pregnancy may be useful in early gestational age because it can be completed without complications.
A homozygous missense variant in laminin subunit beta 1 as candidate causal mutation of hemifacial microsomia in Romagnola cattle
Authors: Jacinto Joana G. P. , Häfliger Irene M. , Bernardini Marco , Mandara Maria Teresa , Bianchi Ezio , Bolcato Marilena , Romagnoli Noemi , Gentile Arcangelo , Drögemüller Cord 
Published: November 2021

AbstractHemifacial microsomia (HFM) was diagnosed in a 9‐day‐old Romagnola calf. The condition was characterized by microtia of the left ear, anotia of the right ear, asymmetry of the face, and deafness. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed agenesis of the right pinna and both tympanic bullae, asymmetry of the temporal bones and temporomandibular joints, and right pontine meningocele. Brainstem auditory evoked responses confirmed the impaired auditory capacity. At gross post mortem examination, there was agenesis and hypoplasia of the right and the left external ear, respectively. No histological abnormalities were detected in the inner ears. A trio whole‐genome sequencing approach was carried out and identified a private homozygous missense variant in LAMB1 affecting a conserved residue (p.Arg668Cys). Genotyping of 221 Romagnola bulls revealed a carrier prevalence <2%. This represents a report of a LAMB1‐related autosomal recessive inherited disorder in domestic animals and adds LAMB1 to the candidate genes for HFM.
Emergent nationalism in China's sociotechnical networks: How technological affordance and complexity amplify digital nationalism
Authors: Schneider Florian 
Published: November 2021

AbstractNationalism today interacts in complicated ways with advanced information and communication systems, regularly leading to unanticipated consequences. Popular online nationalism in the People's Republic of China (PRC) is a case in point: In the PRC, digital nationalism has become a central feature of political discourse and decision‐making, at times powerfully shaping the state's policy efforts. This article explores a missing puzzle piece in how state‐led and popular nationalism interact in Chinese politics: the role that advanced information and communication technologies play in such processes. This is a question that is not only relevant to scholars of China but also to anyone interested in the role that digital media and communication play in the formation and spread of contemporary nationalism. How do interactions in complex sociotechnical systems affect nationalism today? To answer this question, the article analyses and traces interaction and feedback loops in Chinese digital environments during Sino‐Japanese disputes over the East China Sea. It shows how the interactions between humans, organisations and technologies create unexpected variations in outcome that resonate through China's internet and create the conditions from which digital nationalism can powerfully emerge to shape legitimation and policy‐making processes.
Pseudomonas syringae activates ZAT18 to inhibit salicylic acid accumulation by repressing EDS1 transcription for bacterial infection
Authors: Gao Yuhan , Li Ze , Yang Chenyu , Li Guangyue , Zeng Hongmei , Li Zhonghai , Zhang Yi , Yang Xiufen 
Published: November 2021

Summary

Phytopathogens can manipulate plant hormone signaling to counteract immune responses; however, the underlying mechanism is mostly unclear.

Here, we report that Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato (Pst) DC3000 induces expression of C2H2 zinc finger transcription factor ZAT18 in a jasmonic acid (JA)‐signaling‐dependent manner. Biochemical assays further confirmed that ZAT18 is a direct target of MYC2, which is a very important regulator in JA signaling. CRISPR/Cas9‐generated zat18‐cr mutants exhibited enhanced resistance to Pst DC3000, while overexpression of ZAT18 resulted in impaired disease resistance.

Genetic characterization of ZAT18 mutants demonstrated that ZAT18 represses defense responses by inhibiting the accumulation of the key plant immune signaling molecule salicylic acid (SA), which is dependent on its EAR motif. ZAT18 exerted this inhibitory effect by directly repressing the transcription of Enhanced Disease Susceptibility 1 (EDS1), which is the key signaling component of pathogen‐induced SA accumulation. Overexpression of ZAT18 resulted in decreased SA content, while loss of function of ZAT18 showed enhanced SA accumulation upon pathogen infection. Furthermore, enhanced resistance and SA content in zat18‐cr mutants was abolished by the mutation in EDS1.

Our data indicate that pathogens induce ZAT18 expression to repress the transcription of EDS1, further antagonising SA accumulation for bacterial infection.
Proline, a multifaceted signalling molecule in plant responses to abiotic stress: understanding the physiological mechanisms
Authors: Ghosh U. K. , Islam M. N. , Siddiqui M. N. , Cao X. , Khan M. A. R. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAbiotic stresses have a detrimental impact on plant growth and productivity and are a major threat to sustainable crop production in rapidly changing environments. Proline, an important amino acid, plays an important role in maintaining the metabolism and growth of plants under abiotic stress conditions. Many insights indicate a positive relationship between proline accumulation and tolerance of plants to various abiotic stresses. Because of its metal chelator properties, it acts as a molecular chaperone, an antioxidative defence molecule that scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as having signalling behaviour to activate specific gene functions that are crucial for plant recovery from stresses. It also acts as an osmoprotectant, a potential source to acquire nitrogen as well as carbon, and plays a significant role in the flowering and development of plants. Overproduction of proline in plant cells contributes to maintaining cellular homeostasis, water uptake, osmotic adjustment and redox balance to restore the cell structures and mitigate oxidative damage. Many reports reveal that transgenic plants, particularly those overexpressing genes tailored for proline accumulation, exhibit better adaptation to abiotic stresses. Therefore, this review aims to provide a comprehensive update on proline biosynthesis and accumulation in plants and its putative regulatory roles in mediating plant defence against abiotic stresses. Additionally, the current and future directions in research concerning manipulation of proline to induce gene functions that appear promising in genetics and genomics approaches to improve plant adaptive responses under changing climate conditions are also highlighted.
The association between wildfire exposure in pregnancy and foetal gastroschisis: A population‐based cohort study
Authors: Park Bo Young , Boles Ian , Monavvari Samira , Patel Shivani , Alvarez Arriel , Phan Mie , Perez Maria , Yao Ruofan 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundGlobal climate change has led to an increase in the prevalence and severity of wildfires. Pollutants released into air, soil and groundwater from wildfires may impact embryo development leading to gastroschisis.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to determine the association between wildfire exposure before and during pregnancy and the risk of foetal gastroschisis development.MethodsThis was a retrospective cohort study using The California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development Linked Birth File linked to The California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection data between 2007 and 2010. Pregnancies complicated by foetal gastroschisis were identified by neonatal hospital discharge ICD‐9 code. Pregnancies were considered exposed to wildfire if the mother's primary residence zip code was within 15 miles to the closest edge of a wildfire. The exposure was further stratified by trimester or if exposed within 30 days prior to pregnancy. Multivariable log‐binomial regression analyses were performed to estimate the association between wildfire exposure in each pregnancy epoch and foetal gastroschisis.ResultsBetween 2007 and 2010, 844,348 (40%) births were exposed to wildfire in California. Compared with births without wildfire exposure, those with first‐trimester exposure were associated with higher rates of gastroschisis, 7.8 vs. 5.7 per 10,000 births (adjusted relative risk [aRR] 1.28, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.07, 1.54). Furthermore, those with prepregnancy wildfire exposure were also found to have higher rates of gastroschisis, 12.5 vs. 5.7 per 10,000 births, (aRR 2.17, 95% CI 1.42, 3.52). In contrast, second‐ and third‐trimester wildfire exposures were not associated with foetal gastroschisis.ConclusionsWildfire exposure within 30 days before pregnancy was associated with more than two times higher risk of foetal gastroschisis, whereas a 28% higher risk was demonstrated if exposure was in the first trimester.
Responsibility and the recursion problem
Authors: Davies Ben 
Published: November 2021

AbstractA considerable literature has emerged around the idea of using ‘personal responsibility’ as an allocation criterion in healthcare distribution, where a person's being suitably responsible for their health needs may justify additional conditions on receiving healthcare, and perhaps even limiting access entirely, sometimes known as ‘responsibilisation’. This discussion focuses most prominently, but not exclusively, on ‘luck egalitarianism’, the view that deviations from equality are justified only by suitably free choices. A superficially separate issue in distributive justice concerns the two–way relationship between health and other social goods: deficits in health typically undermine one's abilities to secure advantage in other areas, which in turn often have further negative effects on health. This paper outlines the degree to which this latter relationship between health and other social goods exacerbates an existing problem for proponents of responsibilisation (the ‘harshness objection’) in ways that standard responses to this objection cannot address. Placing significant conditions on healthcare access because of a person's prior responsibility risks trapping them in, or worsening, negative cycles where poor health and associated lack of opportunity reinforce one another, making further poor yet ultimately responsible choices more likely. It ends by considering three possible solutions to this problem.