bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why were there 231 707 more deaths than expected in England between 2010 and 2018? An ecological analysis of mortality records
Authors: Darlington-Pollock Frances , Green Mark A , Simpson Ludi 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundPolicy responses to the Global Financial Crisis emphasized wide-ranging fiscal austerity measures, many of which have been found to negatively impact health outcomes. This paper investigates change in patterns of mortality at local authority level in England (2010–11 to 2017–18) and the relation with fiscal austerity measures.MethodsData from official local authority administrative records are used to quantify the gap between observed deaths and what was anticipated in the 2010-based subnational population projections. Regression analyses are used to explore the relation between excess deaths, austerity and wider process of population change at local authority level.ResultsWe estimate 231 707 total excess deaths, the majority of which occurred since 2014–15 (89%) across the majority of local authorities (91%). Austerity is positively associated with excess deaths. For working age adults, there is a clear gradient to the impact of austerity, whereas for older adults, the impact is more uniform.ConclusionsFiscal austerity policies contributed to an excess of deaths for older people and widened social inequalities for younger populations. These results call for an end to all austerity measures and require further research into areas with the highest total excess deaths as a priority following the COVID-19 pandemic.
Zero-Coupon Yields and the Cross-Section of Bond Prices
Authors: Aaron Pancost N 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
I estimate a dynamic term structure model on an unbalanced panel of Treasury coupon bonds, without relying on an interpolated zero-coupon yield curve. A linearity-generating model, which separates the parameters that govern the cross-sectional and time-series moments of the model, takes about 8 min to estimate on a sample of over 1 million bond prices. The traditional exponential affine model takes about 2 hr, because of a convexity term in coupon-bond prices that cannot be concentrated out of the cross-sectional likelihood. I quantify the on-the-run premium and a “notes versus bonds” premium from 1990 to 2017 in a single, easy-to-estimate no-arbitrage model. (JEL G12, G14, C33)
Received: April 30, 2018; editorial decision November 3, 2020 by Editor Nikolai Roussanov
COVID-19 Prevalence and Mortality Among Schizophrenia Patients: A Large-Scale Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Tzur Bitan Dana , Krieger Israel , Kridin Khalaf , Komantscher Doron , Scheinman Yochai , Weinstein Orly , Cohen Arnon Dov , Cicurel Assi Albert , Feingold Daniel 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Objective
Individuals with schizophrenia may be at an increased risk for COVID-19 morbidity due to the disease characteristics. In this study, we aimed to explore the odds of significant COVID-19 morbidity and mortality among schizophrenia patients while controlling for potential sociodemographic and medical confounders.

Methods
Schizophrenia patients and age-and-sex matched controls (total n = 51 078) were assessed for frequency of COVID-19 positivity, hospitalizations, and mortality. The odds for COVID-19-associated hospitalization and mortality were calculated using logistic regression models, while controlling for age, sex, marital status, sector, socioeconomic status, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity, smoking, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Results
Individuals with schizophrenia were less likely to test positive for COVID-19; however, they were twice as likely to be hospitalized for COVID-19 (OR 2.15 95% CI 1.63–2.82, P &lt; .0001), even after controlling for sociodemographic and clinical risk factors (OR 1.88 95% CI 1.39–2.55, P &lt; .0001). Furthermore, they were 3 times more likely to experience COVID-19 mortality (OR 3.27 95% CI 1.39–7.68, P &lt; .0001), compared to controls.

Conclusions
We found evidence of associations between schizophrenia and increased COVID-19 morbidity and mortality compared to controls regardless of sociodemographic and medical factors. As these patients present with a combination of potential risk factors for mortality, efforts should be made to minimize the effects of the pandemic on this vulnerable population.
A LoRa sensor network for monitoring pastured livestock location and activity1
Authors: dos Reis B R , Easton Z , White R R , Fuka D 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Precision technologies for confinement animal agricultural systems have increased rapidly over the past decade, though precision technology solutions for pastured livestock remain limited. There are a number of reasons for this limited expansion of technologies for pastured animals, including networking availability and reliability, power requirements, and expense, among others. The objective of this work was to demonstrate a rapidly deployable long-range radio (LoRa) based, low-cost sensor suite that can be used to track location and activity of pastured livestock. The sensor is comprised of an inexpensive Arduino-compatible microprocessor, a generic MPU-9250 motion sensor which contains a 3-axis accelerometer, 3-axis magnetometer, and a 3-axis gyroscope, a generic GPS receiver, and a RFM95W generic LoRa radio. The microprocessor can be programmed flexibly using the open source Arduino IDE software to adjust the frequency of sampling, the data packet to send, and what conditions are needed to operate. The LoRa radio transmits to a Dragino LoRa gateway which can also be flexibly programmed through the Arduino IDE software to send data to local storage or, in cases where a web or cellular connection is available, to cloud storage. The sensor was powered using a USB cord connected to a 3,350 mAh lithium-ion battery pack. The Dragino gateway was programmed to upload data to the ThingSpeak IoT application programming interface for data storage, handling, and visualization. Evaluations showed minimal benefit associated with reducing sampling frequency as a strategy to preserve battery life. Packet loss ranged from 40% to 60%. In a 3 d evaluation on pastured sheep, the sensor suite was able to report GPS locations, inertial sensor readings, and temperature. Preliminary demonstrations of our system are satisfactory to detect animal location based on GPS data in real-time. This system has clear utility as a lower-cost strategy to deploy flexible, useful precision technologies for pasture-based livestock species.
Development of a Scale to Measure Synergy: A Tool to Evaluate Team-Based Learning in Nursing
Authors: Keister Kathy J. , Farra Sharon L. , Smith Sherrill J. , Bottomley Michael 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

AIM
The purpose of this study was to develop and pilot an instrument to assess group synergy and team-based learning among nursing students.

BACKGROUND
Little is known on how to evaluate soft nursing skills such as synergy.

METHOD
Nurse faculty were recruited through purposive and snowball sampling to serve on an expert panel. Using the DeVillis framework, three rounds of data were collected using semistructured online surveys. The resulting scale of 34 items was piloted with teams of undergraduate nursing students taking part in a simulation experience.

RESULTS
Item-content validity index ranged from .8 to 1.0 for each item. Scale-content validity index average was .93; scale-content validity index universal was .62. Exploratory factor analysis identified three factors.

CONCLUSION
This study suggests that synergy is multifactorial and can be assessed by faculty. However, further testing of the scale is needed.
Physician Mental Health: My Personal Journey and Professional Plea
Authors: Kirch Darrell G. 
Published: January 2021

Longitudinal surveys of adults in the United States have shown that approximately 1 in 5 individuals experienced a mental illness in the prior year, with an increase in the observed prevalence over the last decade. Studies of physicians, including medical students, residents, and fellows, have shown that they also experience mental disorders, with some research (e.g., on depression) showing prevalence rates higher than those in the general population. Tragically, physicians also have higher suicide rates than the general population.
In this commentary, the author discusses his own challenges with mental disorders beginning in early childhood. He shares how earlier trauma led to the emergence of symptoms that nearly caused him to withdraw from medical school during his first year, and he describes how support from a faculty member helped him receive psychiatric treatment that allowed him to successfully negotiate that serious crisis and experience a long, productive career. The author underscores how the idealized image of the physician as care giver rather than care receiver that many bring to their medical career, as well as the stigma associated with mental disorders, may prevent physicians from seeking care. He uses the narrative of his personal journey to make a plea to colleagues to share their own stories of mental illness and successful treatment, arguing that this is key to ultimately destigmatizing these issues for the profession of medicine.
Developmental Coordination Disorder Plus: A Diagnosis by Exclusion?
Authors: Santosuosso Jodi , Strand Kristin , Surran Brooke B. , Rosman N. Paul , Augustyn Marilyn 
Published: January 2021

CASE:
Cayden is a 6.3-year-old boy who you have been following in our practice since birth. He was born at 35.5 weeks at 6 pounds 4 ounces following a fraternal twin gestation. Both children were “on target” with their milestones, but Cayden did not seem to progress as quickly as his sister. He did not initiate play with his sister when they were toddlers and Cayden was the “shy” one.
“When the Prescription Pad Is Not Enough”: Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Management 2.0
Authors: Radesky Jenny , Reddy Arathi , Steiner Naomi , Augustyn Marilyn 
Published: January 2021

CASE: Jose is a 13-year-old boy who presents to his primary care provider after struggling in school for many years. When he was in the first grade, he was diagnosed at a tertiary center with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Multiple medication trials have produced few benefits and many side effects including poor sleep, morbid thoughts, lack of motivation, and, according to his parents, “he seemed like a robot.”
He comes now for his annual physical in April, and the parents tell you that the school is threatening that he be retained in the seventh grade. Parents are very adamant they do not want to try another medication. They have brought you their own and his advisor's Vanderbilt's, which each endorse 7 of 9 inattentive symptoms including trouble organizing, poor attention to detail, and easily distracted and forgetful in daily activities.
His birth history and developmental history before beginning formal schooling are unremarkable. His first language was English whereas his parents speak Spanish to each other but not the children. He is healthy and without a history of head trauma, seizures, meningitis, or lead poisoning. An aunt has “learning problems.”
Jose's family lives in a crowded section of a large urban area. They share an apartment with another family, and both parents are employed full time with his father holding 2 full time jobs working double shifts. Their annual income is at the poverty line. There are 4 children in the family aged between 6 and 13 years.
His school has been deemed a “recovery school” because of performing below standard on district-wide achievement tests. His classroom has 27 students, many of whom are English language learners, and he is not on an individualized education plan or 504 accommodations.
The family is very concerned about the possibility of retention but have decided that “medicine does not help,” and they look to you for other recommendations. Where do you go next?
Risk of Postoperative Venous Thromboembolism After Surgery for Colorectal Malignancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Lewis-Lloyd Christopher A. , Pettitt Eleanor M. , Adiamah Alfred , Crooks Colin J. , Humes David J. 
Published: January 2021

BACKGROUND:
Colorectal cancer has the second highest mortality of any malignancy, and venous thromboembolism is a major postoperative complication.

OBJECTIVE:
This study aimed to determine the variation in incidence of venous thromboembolism after colorectal cancer resection.

DATA SOURCES:
Following PRISMA and MOOSE guidelines (PROSPERO, ID: CRD42019148828), Medline and Embase databases were searched from database inception to August 2019 including 3 other registered medical databases.

STUDY SELECTION:
Two blinded reviewers screened studies with a third reviewer adjudicating any discordance. Eligibility criteria: Patients post colorectal cancer resection aged ≥18 years. Exclusion criteria: Patients undergoing completely endoscopic surgery and those without cancer resection. Selected studies were randomized controlled trials and population-based database/registry cohorts.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
Thirty- and 90-day incidence rates of venous thromboembolism per 1000 person-years following colorectal cancer surgery.

RESULTS:
Of 6441 studies retrieved, 28 met inclusion criteria. Eighteen were available for meta-analysis reporting on 539,390 patients. Pooled 30- and 90-day incidence rates of venous thromboembolism following resection were 195 (95% CI, 148–256, I
2 99.1%) and 91 (95% CI, 56–146, I
2 99.2%) per 1000 person-years. When separated by United Nations Geoscheme Areas, differences in the incidence of postoperative venous thromboembolism were observed with 30- and 90-day pooled rates per 1000 person-years of 284 (95% CI, 238–339) and 121 (95% CI, 82–179) in the Americas and 71 (95% CI, 60–84) and 57 (95% CI, 47–69) in Europe.

LIMITATIONS:
A high degree of heterogeneity was observed within meta-analyses attributable to large cohorts minimizing within-study variance.

CONCLUSION:
The incidence of venous thromboembolism following colorectal cancer resection is high and remains so more than 1 month after surgery. There is clear disparity between the incidence of venous thromboembolism after colorectal cancer surgery by global region. More robust population studies are required to further investigate these geographical differences to determine valid regional incidence rates of venous thromboembolism following colorectal cancer resection.
Infectious Complications Associated with the Use of Integra: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Authors: Gonzalez Santiago R. , Wolter Keith G. , Yuen James C. 
Published: January 2021

Background:
Dermal regeneration templates such as Integra are effective reconstructive biomaterials used in a variety of soft-tissue defects. Fully understanding the complications associated with their use is paramount to improve outcomes and maximize patient safety. In this study, our purpose is to perform a comprehensive literature review to assess the previously reported infectious complications linked to Integra-based wound closure.

Methods:
We conducted a systematic review of the literature to identify previous articles indexed in PubMed and Ovid for Integra and its synonymous terms. We used these search terms: [Integra OR (dermal regenerative matrix) OR (dermal regeneration matrix) OR (dermal regenerative template) OR (dermal regeneration template) OR (dermal substitute) OR (skin substitute) OR (artificial skin)] AND infection.

Results:
Of the 3508 articles for initial review, 69 reported rates of infection, of which 26 reported ≥1 infection within their cohort. Of these 26 articles, the patients (n = 602) underwent Integra-based reconstruction in 1254 sites and had reported infections in 212 of the sites (16.9%). Among these, we encountered a single report of a fatal case of toxic shock syndrome (TSS) related to the use of Integra in secondary burn reconstruction.

Conclusions:
While Integra offers many benefits, surgeons must be aware that infectious complications are not uncommon. As a result, a careful risk–benefit analysis of its use in reconstruction must be performed, and open discussion with the patient preoperatively regarding infection rate is of utmost importance.
Integrated Plastic Surgery Applicant Review: Important Factors and Selection Criteria
Authors: Schultz Kelly P. , Shih Linden , Davis Matthew J. , Reece Edward M. , Buchanan Edward P. , Maricevich Renata S. , Winocour Sebastian 
Published: January 2021

Summary:
Matching into integrated plastic surgery residency is highly competitive. Applicants to these programs are among the most accomplished graduating medical students, consistently demonstrating some of the highest United States Medical Licensing Examination scores, mean numbers of research publications, and rates of Alpha Omega Alpha Honor Medical Society membership. The applicant review process requires programs to rely on a number of objective and subjective factors to determine which of these qualified applicants have the most potential for success. We outline these factors, discuss their correlation with resident performance, and provide our institution’s applicant review process both for applicants hoping to optimize their applications for success in the National Resident Matching Program and for program faculty hoping to optimize their resident selection process.
Online Resources in Plastic Surgery Education: A Toolbox for Modern Trainees and Plastic Surgeons
Authors: Ali Kausar , Colchado Daniel , Davis Matthew J. , Abu-Ghname Amjed , Winocour Sebastian , Buchanan Edward P. , Reece Edward M. 
Published: January 2021

Summary:
Plastic surgery is a rapidly evolving field that requires novel approaches in providing continuous and dynamic educational resources to address the increasing time and skill demands from residents. Online resources in their various forms, such as books, journals, simulators, and applications, are increasingly used by residents, notably over traditional print and in-person counterparts. In this digital era, it is imperative to understand the scope and utility of online resources that have the potential to revolutionize plastic surgery education. In this review article, we first discuss the current model of plastic surgery education and the challenges of meeting its goals and then suggest reasons by which online resources close this gap. We also offer an exposition on the benefits of distinct types of resources and current trends regarding their use. Our goal is to create a framework within which learners and educators are able to organize online resources in plastic surgery.
The Effectiveness of Burn Scar Contracture Release Surgery in Low- and Middle-income Countries
Authors: Botman Matthijs , Hendriks Thom C. C. , de Haas Louise E. M. , Mtui Grayson S. , Nuwass Emanuel Q. , Jaspers Mariëlle E. H. , Niemeijer Anuschka S. , Nieuwenhuis Marianne K. , Winters Henri A. H. , Van Zuijlen Paul P. M. 
Published: January 2021

Background:
Worldwide, many scar contracture release surgeries are performed to improve range of motion (ROM) after a burn injury. There is a particular need in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) for such procedures. However, well-designed longitudinal studies on this topic are lacking globally. The present study therefore aimed to evaluate the long-term effectiveness of contracture release surgery performed in an LMIC.

Methods:
This pre-/postintervention study was conducted in a rural regional referral hospital in Tanzania. All patients undergoing contracture release surgery during surgical missions were eligible. ROM data were indexed to normal values to compare various joints. Surgery was considered effective if the ROM of all planes of motion of a single joint increased at least 25% postoperatively or if the ROM reached 100% of normal ROM. Follow-ups were at discharge and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively.

Results:
A total of 70 joints of 44 patients were included. Follow-up rate at 12 months was 86%. Contracture release surgery was effective in 79% of the joints (P < 0.001) and resulted in a mean ROM improvement from 32% to 90% of the normal value (P < 0.001). A predictive factor for a quicker rehabilitation was lower age (R
2 = 11%, P = 0.001). Complication rate was 52%, consisting of mostly minor complications.

Conclusions:
This is the first study to evaluate the long-term effectiveness of contracture release surgery in an LMIC. The follow-up rate was high and showed that contracture release surgery is safe, effective, and sustainable. We call for the implementation of outcome research in future surgical missions.
Risk Factors for Lymphedema after Thigh Sarcoma Resection and Reconstruction
Authors: Wu Peter , Elswick Sarah M. , Akhavan Arya , Molinar Vanessa E. , Mohan Anita T. , Curiel Daniel , Sim Frank H. , Martinez-Jorge Jorys , Saint-Cyr Michel 
Published: January 2021

Background:
Secondary lymphedema can be a lifelong and debilitating consequence of lower extremity oncologic resection and reconstruction. The goal of this study was to identify risk factors for the development of lymphedema in patients treated for thigh sarcoma.

Methods:
A retrospective review analyzed all patients who underwent thigh sarcoma resection and reconstruction by a plastic surgeon at the Mayo Clinic between 1997 and 2014. Patient demographics, tumor characteristics, surgical management, adjunctive therapies, and complications of patients who did and did not develop postoperative lymphedema were compared.

Results:
A total of 148 patients were identified. Twelve percent of patients developed lymphedema postoperatively during an average follow-up of 26 months. Risk factors for the development of lymphedema included defect location in the medial thigh (P = 0.04), arterial resection (P = 0.001), arterial reconstruction (P = 0.027), and a history of cardiac disease (P = 0.03). Twenty-two percent of patients who developed lymphedema also experienced wound dehiscence compared with 4.6% of patients without lymphedema (P = 0.02). There were no differences in age, body mass index, smoking, history of deep venous thrombosis or venous stasis, wound dimensions, or type of reconstruction performed in patients with and without lymphedema.

Conclusions:
Lymphedema is common following major oncologic resection. Preexisting cardiac disease, tumor location in the medial thigh, and arterial resection and reconstruction were associated with a higher risk of postoperative lymphedema. Noninfectious wound dehiscence may be secondary to lymphedema or represent an early indicator of patients who will ultimately develop lymphedema.