bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Permissions, Deontic Voids, and the Karamazov Argument
Authors: Green Michael S 
Published: November 2021

Abstract:
This essay criticizes three positions concerning permissions taken by Christoph Kletzer in his book The Idea of a Pure Theory of Law. First, Kletzer argues that Hans Kelsen should have understood X has having a legal obligation to φ if and only if someone else is permitted (rather than empowered) to exercise force upon X for not-φ-ing. Kelsen in fact had good reasons to speak of empowerment rather than only of permission. The second topic concerns the type of strong permission that Joseph Raz calls exclusionary. Kletzer argues that Raz’s definition of an exclusionary permission generates an infinite regress. In what is arguably the most detailed account of the structure of exclusionary permissions in print, this essay defends Raz’s definition. The third and primary topic concerns Kletzer’s understanding of a permission to φ as a deontic void: the absence of duties to φ and of duties to not-φ. Many share Kletzer’s view. Joseph Raz understands weak permissions as absences. And the usual reading of Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld’s related idea of a privilege to φ is that it is the absence of a duty to not-φ. But the absence theory is mistaken. When a normative system does not exist, there is no permission to φ, even though there are no duties to φ or to not-φ either. The same is true when φ-ing is outside the system’s scope and when φ-ing (although within the system’s scope) falls in a gap in the system. Conversely, if a normative system is inconsistent, one can have a permission to φ and a duty to not-φ (or to φ). It follows that a permission, even a weak permission, is a deontic something, not a nothing, and that weak permissions can have an effect on our practical reasoning. The same points apply to Hohfeldian privileges.
Cross-Site Comparisons of Dryland Ecosystem Response to Climate Change in the US Long-Term Ecological Research Network
Authors: Hudson Amy R , Peters Debra P C , Blair John M , Childers Daniel L , Doran Peter T , Geil Kerrie , Gooseff Michael , Gross Katherine L , Haddad Nick M , Pastore Melissa A , Rudgers Jennifer A , Sala Osvaldo , Seabloom Eric W , Shaver Gaius 
Published: November 2021

abstract
Long-term observations and experiments in diverse drylands reveal how ecosystems and services are responding to climate change. To develop generalities about climate change impacts at dryland sites, we compared broadscale patterns in climate and synthesized primary production responses among the eight terrestrial, nonforested sites of the United States Long-Term Ecological Research (US LTER) Network located in temperate (Southwest and Midwest) and polar (Arctic and Antarctic) regions. All sites experienced warming in recent decades, whereas drought varied regionally with multidecadal phases. Multiple years of wet or dry conditions had larger effects than single years on primary production. Droughts, floods, and wildfires altered resource availability and restructured plant communities, with greater impacts on primary production than warming alone. During severe regional droughts, air pollution from wildfire and dust events peaked. Studies at US LTER drylands over more than 40 years demonstrate reciprocal links and feedbacks among dryland ecosystems, climate-driven disturbance events, and climate change.
Brain network segregation and integration during painful thermal stimulation
Authors: Kastrati Gránit , Thompson William H , Schiffler Björn , Fransson Peter , Jensen Karin B 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe present study aimed to determine changes in brain network integration/segregation during thermal pain using methods optimized for network connectivity events with high temporal resolution. Participants (n = 33) actively judged whether thermal stimuli applied to the volar forearm were painful or not and then rated the warmth/pain intensity after each trial. We show that the temporal evolution of integration/segregation within trials correlates with the subjective ratings of pain. Specifically, the brain shifts from a segregated state to an integrated state when processing painful stimuli. The association with subjective pain ratings occurred at different time points for all networks. However, the degree of association between ratings and integration/segregation vanished for several brain networks when time-varying functional connectivity was measured at lower temporal resolution. Moreover, the increased integration associated with pain is explained to some degree by relative increases in between-network connectivity. Our results highlight the importance of investigating the relationship between pain and brain network connectivity at a single time point scale, since commonly used temporal aggregations of connectivity data may result in that fine-scale changes in network connectivity may go unnoticed. The interplay between integration/segregation reflects shifting demands of information processing between brain networks and this adaptation occurs both for cognitive tasks and nociceptive processing.
Higher-order brain regions show shifts in structural covariance in adolescent marmosets
Authors: Quah Shaun K L , McIver Lauren , Bullmore Edward T , Roberts Angela C , Sawiak Stephen J 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Substantial progress has been made studying morphological changes in brain regions during adolescence, but less is known of network-level changes in their relationship. Here, we compare covariance networks constructed from the correlation of morphometric volumes across 135 brain regions of marmoset monkeys in early adolescence and adulthood. Substantial shifts are identified in the topology of structural covariance networks in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and temporal lobe. PFC regions become more structurally differentiated and segregated within their own local network, hypothesized to reflect increased specialization after maturation. In contrast, temporal regions show increased inter-hemispheric covariances that may underlie the establishment of distributed networks. Regionally selective coupling of structural and maturational covariance is revealed, with relatively weak coupling in transmodal association areas. The latter may be a consequence of continued maturation within adulthood, but also environmental factors, for example, family size, affecting brain morphology. Advancing our understanding of how morphological relationships within higher-order brain areas mature in adolescence deepens our knowledge of the developing brain’s organizing principles.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease-associated Fatty Liver Disease: the Potential Effect of Biologic Agents
Authors: Papaefthymiou Apostolis , Potamianos Spyros , Goulas Antonis , Doulberis Michael , Kountouras Jannis , Polyzos Stergios A 
Published: November 2021

AbstractInflammatory bowel diseases [IBD] exhibit intestinal and systemic manifestations. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease [NAFLD] is a common co-existing condition, possibly contributing to the cardio-metabolic burden and overall morbidity. Εmerging therapeutic choices of biologic agents have modified the clinical course of IBD; however, their impact on IBD-associated NAFLD has not been extensively evaluated. The prevalence of NAFLD varies among IBD patients, but it appears higher than in the general population in the majority of quality studies. In terms of pathogenetic and risk factors of NAFLD, they may vary with IBD activity. Dysbiosis, mucosal damage, and cytokine release have been implicated in the pathogenesis during the relapses, whereas metabolic risk factors seem to play a dominant role during the remissions of IBD. Considering biologics, although quality data are scarce, agents suppressing tumour necrosis factor may offer potential benefits in IBD-associated NAFLD, whereas anti-integrins do not appear to confer any therapeutic advantage.In conclusion, IBD-associated NAFLD possibly follows two different patterns, one manifested during the relapses and one during the remissions of IBD. Some, but not all, biologics may benefit NAFLD in patients with IBD. Further mechanistic and prospective cohort studies are warranted to illuminate the effects of various biologics on NAFLD.
Seismic data interpolation using streaming prediction filter in the frequency domain
Authors: Zheng Zhisheng , Liu Yang , Liu Cai 
Published: November 2021

SUMMARY
Surface conditions and economic factors restrict field geometries, so seismic data acquisition typically obtains field data with irregular spatial distribution, which can adversely affect the subsequent data processing and interpretation. Therefore, data interpolation techniques are used to convert field data into regularly distributed data and reconstruct the missing traces. Recently, the mainstream methods have implemented iterative algorithms to solve data interpolation problems, which require substantial computational resources and restrict their application in high dimensions. In this study, we proposed the f–x and f–x–y streaming prediction filters (SPFs) to reconstruct missing seismic traces without iterations. According to the streaming computation framework, we directly derived an analytic solution to the overdetermined least-squares problem with local smoothness constraints for estimating SPFs in the frequency domain. We introduced different processing paths and filter forms to reduce the interference of missing traces, which can improve the accuracy of filter coefficients. Meanwhile, we utilized a two-step interpolation strategy to guarantee the effective interpolation of the irregularly missing traces. Numerical examples show that the proposed methods effectively recover the missing traces in seismic data when compared with the traditional Fourier Projection Onto Convex Sets method. In particular, the frequency domain SPFs are suitable for high-dimensional seismic data interpolation with the advantages of low computational cost and reasonable non-stationary signal reconstruction.
Smoking and severe illness in hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Japan
Authors: Matsushita Yumi , Yokoyama Tetsuji , Hayakawa Kayoko , Matsunaga Nobuaki , Ohtsu Hiroshi , Saito Sho , Terada Mari , Suzuki Setsuko , Morioka Shinichiro , Kutsuna Satoshi , Mizoue Tetsuya , Hara Hisao , Kimura Akio , Ohmagari Norio 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Background
The aim of this study was to identify associations between smoking status and the severity of COVID-19, using a large-scale data registry of hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Japan (COVIREGI-JP), and to explore the reasons for the inconsistent results previously reported on this subject.

Methods
The analysis included 17 666 COVID-19 inpatients aged 20–89 years (10 250 men and 7416 women). We graded the severity of COVID-19 (grades 0 to 5) according to the most intensive treatment required during hospitalization. The smoking status of severe grades 3/4/5 (invasive mechanical ventilation/extracorporeal membrane oxygenation/death) and separately of grade 5 (death) were compared with that of grade 0 (no oxygen, reference group) using multiple logistic regression. Results were expressed as odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) adjusted for age and other factors considering the potential intermediate effects of comorbidities.

Results
Among men, former smoking significantly increased the risk of grade 3/4/5 and grade 5, using grade 0 as a reference group, with age- and admission-date-adjusted ORs (95% CI) of 1.51 (1.18–1.93) and 1.65 (1.22–2.24), respectively. An additional adjustment for comorbidities weakened the ORs. Similar results were seen for women. Current smoking did not significantly increase the risk of grade 3/4/5 and grade 5 in either sex.

Conclusions
The severity of COVID-19 was not associated with current or former smoking per se but with the comorbidities caused by smoking. Thus, smoking cessation is likely to be a key factor for preventing smoking-related disease and hence for reducing the risk of severe COVID-19.
Role sharing between minimally invasive oesophagectomy and organ preservation approach for surgically resectable advanced oesophageal cancer
Authors: Matsuda Satoru , Kawakubo Hirofumi , Irino Tomoyuki , Kitagawa Yuko 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Oesophageal cancer is a dismal disease since it metastasizes widely even from an early stage. In order to improve treatment outcomes, multidisciplinary treatments including surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy have been developed. While oesophagectomy is the mainstay in the treatment strategy, it is highly invasive since it requires two to three field approaches. To reduce surgical stress and morbidity, minimally invasive oesophagectomy including thoracoscopy, robotic assisted surgery and mediastinoscopy were introduced. Various clinical trials proved that these techniques decrease the post-operative morbidity rate. Furthermore, with the advancement of multidisciplinary treatment with a higher response rate, the possibility arose for omission of surgical resection in remarkable responders to neoadjuvant therapy. However, in order to safely provide organ preservation without increasing the risk of post-treatment recurrence, an accurate tumour monitoring system is required. Although endoscopy and computed tomography imaging have been a standard, the detection rate of residual tumours after treatment is still unsatisfactory. Utilizing liquid biopsy which could evaluate tumour derivative and host response, an appropriate monitoring system of tumour burden during multidisciplinary treatment can be developed. With the advancement of minimally invasive surgery and multidisciplinary treatment, the treatment strategy needs to be highly individualized based on the tumour biology, patients’ condition and their preferences. Along with the improvement of the tumour monitoring system, appropriate role sharing can be achieved between a minimally invasive surgery and the organ preservation approach.
Analysis of tweets regarding psychological disorders before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: The case of Turkey
Authors: Tankut Ülkü , Esen M Fevzi , Balaban Gülşah 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This study aimed to examine the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on Turkish society in relation to obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety disorder, and depression via content mining of tweets. Tweets were obtained by searching selected keywords via Twitter application programming interface in Python. The tweets were then filtered for psychopathology-related keywords. The sample consisted of 65,031 publicly available tweets that cover the period between 2 December 2019 and 31 May 2021. Latent Dirichlet allocation, was performed to uncover the latent semantic structures in the tweets. Data transformation and analysis were performed by using open-source R (version 4.0.2). As a result of the analysis, there were statistically significant differences in the total number of tweets, mean number of comments, likes, and retweets per tweet between the pre-pandemic and pandemic periods. From the topic modeling, it was also found that semantic strings of the tweets differed in the pandemic period compared to the pre-pandemic period. Topic analysis of social media shares can provide information on the mental health conditions of individuals and the use of tweet content can contribute to the research of psychopathologies, especially during the pandemic.
Intestinal mycobiome associated with diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease based on tissue biopsies
Authors: Cimická Jana , Riegert Jan , Kavková Miloslava , Černá Kateřina 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAnalysis of mycobiome from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) biopsies should preferentially detect only fungi which are actually present in the intestine wall, in contrast to stool samples, which are limited by the diet composition. Next generation sequencing provides the advantage of analyzing many species from a single sample. Consequently, canonical correspondence analysis divided fungal genera present in FFPE intestinal tissues into three well-defined experimental groups (negative controls - NC, Crohn's disease - CD, ulcerative colitis - UC). Simultaneously, the analysis showed that particular fungal genera are associated with these experimental groups and several fungal genera occurred in all experimental groups equally. Our results also showed a noticeable increase of Ascomycota proportion from NC, through CD to UC. Fungal genera Malassezia, Cladosporium and Toninia occurred in all experimental groups assuming that they are common components of the intestinal mycobiome. Other fungal genera found only in the NC experimental group were non-pathogenic and might bring some benefits. In contrast, CD and UC samples were characterized by an accumulation of genera with inhibitive effects on growth of other fungal genera and the presence of opportunistic pathogens. Furthermore, a decrease in the fungal genus Malassezia in inflammatory tissues was observed; Specifically, the UC experimental group showed a connection between the presence of Candida and seven time's lower amounts of Malassezia (compared to amounts found in NC). The CD experimental group was characterized by the simultaneous presence of Engyodontium album with Lecanicillium, and indicates a possible pathogenic effect of Ramularia in disease development.Lay summaryMycobiome analysis of formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded biopsies may highlight actual fungal genera composition in the intestinal wall. Interestingly, experimental groups of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis clearly differed by structure of their mycobiomes.
On the double-plane plasma lensing
Authors: Er Xinzhong , Wagner Jenny , Mao Shude 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
Plasma lensing is the refraction of low-frequency electromagnetic rays due to cold free electrons in the universe. For sources at a cosmological distance, there is observational evidence of elongated, complex plasma structures along the line of sight requiring a multi-lens-plane description. To investigate the limits of single-plane plasma lensing, we set up a double-plane lens with a projected Gaussian electron density in each lens plane. We compare double-plane scenarios with corresponding effective single-plane configurations. Our results show how double-plane lenses can be distinguished from single-plane lenses by observables, i.e. resolved multiple image positions, relative magnifications, time delays, and pulse shapes. For plasma lensing of fast radio bursts, the observed pulse shape may be dominated by the lensing effect, allowing us to neglect the intrinsic source pulse shape to distinguish different lensing configurations. The time-domain observables turn out to be the most salient features to tell multi- and single-plane lenses apart.
Constraining violations of the weak equivalence principle Using CHIME FRBs
Authors: Sen Kaustubha , Hashimoto Tetsuya , Goto Tomotsugu , Kim Seong Jin , Chen Bo Han , Santos Daryl Joe D , Ho Simon C C , On Alvina Y L , Lu Ting-Yi , Hsiao Tiger Y-Y 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
Einstein’s General relativity (GR) is the basis of modern astronomy and astrophysics. Testing the validity of basic assumptions of GR is important. In this work, we test a possible violation of the weak equivalence principle (WEP), i.e. there might be a time lag between photons of different frequencies caused by the effect of gravitational fields if the speeds of photons are slightly different at different frequencies. We use Fast radio bursts (FRBs), which are astronomical transients with millisecond time-scales detected in the radio frequency range. Being at cosmological distances, accumulated time delay of FRBs can be caused by the plasma in between an FRB source and an observer, and by gravitational fields in the path of the signal. We segregate the delay due to dispersion and gravitational field using the post-Newtonian formalism (PPN) parameter Δγ, which defines the space curvature due to gravity by a unit test mass. We did not detect any time delay from FRBs but obtained tight constraints on the upper limit of Δγ. For FRB20181117C with z = 1.83 ± 0.28 and νobs = $676.5\, {\rm MHz}$, the best possible constraint is obtained at log(Δγ) = $-21.58 ^{+0.10}_{-0.12}$ and log(Δγ/rE) = $-21.75 ^{+0.10}_{-0.14}$, respectively, where rE is the energy ratio of two photons of the same FRB signal. This constraint is about one order of magnitude better than the previous constraint obtained with FRBs, and five orders tighter than any constraint obtained using other cosmological sources.
Constraints on ultra-low-frequency gravitational waves from an eccentric supermassive black hole binary
Authors: Kikunaga Tomonosuke , Hisano Shinnosuke , Kumamoto Hiroki , Takahashi Keitaro 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
Millisecond pulsars with highly stable periods can be considered as very precise clocks and can be used for pulsar timing arrays (PTAs), which attempt to detect nanohertz gravitational waves (GWs) directly. The main sources of nanohertz GWs are supermassive black hole (SMBH) binaries with sub-parsec-scale orbits. On the other hand, an SMBH binary in an earlier phase with a parsec-scale orbit emits ultra-low-frequency ($\lesssim 10^{-9}\, \mathrm{Hz}$) GWs and cannot be detected with the conventional PTA methodology. Such binaries tend to attain high eccentricity, possibly ∼0.9. In this paper, we develop a formalism for extending the constraints on GW amplitudes from single sources obtained by PTAs toward ultra-low frequencies considering the waveform expected from an eccentric SMBH binary. GWs from eccentric binaries are contributed from higher harmonics and therefore have a different waveform to those from circular binaries. Furthermore, we apply our formalism to several hypothetical SMBH binaries at the centre of nearby galaxies, including M87, using the constraints from NANOGrav’s 11-yr data set. For a hypothetical SMBH binary at the centre of M87, the typical upper limit on the mass ratio is 0.16 for an eccentricity of 0.9 and a semimajor axis of a = 1 pc, assuming the binary phase to be the pericentre.
Measurements of the diffuse Galactic synchrotron spectral index and curvature from MeerKLASS pilot data
Authors: Irfan Melis O , Bull Philip , Santos Mario G , Wang Jingying , Grainge Keith , Li Yichao , Carucci Isabella P , Spinelli Marta , Cunnington Steven 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
21 cm intensity mapping experiments are bringing an influx of high spectral resolution observational data in the ∼100 MHz–1 GHz regime. We use pilot 971–1075 MHz data from MeerKAT in single-dish mode, recently used to test the calibration and data reduction scheme of the upcoming MeerKLASS survey, to probe the spectral index of diffuse synchrotron emission below 1 GHz within 145° &lt; α &lt; 180°, −1° &lt; δ &lt; 8°. Through comparisons with data from the OVRO Long Wavelength Array and the Maipu and MU surveys, we find an average spectral index of −2.75 &lt; β &lt; −2.71 between 45 and 1055 MHz. By fitting for spectral curvature with a spectral index of the form $\beta + c \, {\rm {ln}}(\nu / 73~{\rm MHz})$, we measure β = −2.55 ± 0.13 and c = −0.12 ± 0.05 within our target field. Our results are in good agreement (within 1σ) with existing measurements from experiments such as ARCADE2 and EDGES. These results show the calibration accuracy of current data and demonstrate that MeerKLASS will also be capable of achieving a secondary science goal of probing the interstellar medium.
Double-lined spectroscopic binaries in M11
Authors: Kovalev Mikhail , Straumit Ilya 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
We have developed a new method for spectral analysis of binaries. Our method successfully identifies double-lined spectroscopic binary (SB2) candidates from high-resolution Gaia-ESO spectra. Compared to the commonly used cross-correlation function analysis, it works for binaries with rapidly rotating components. We test our method on synthetic and observational spectra of BAFG stars with vsin i from 1 to $330~\, {\rm km}\, {\rm s}^{-1}$ in the open cluster M11. We confirm five previously detected SB2 candidates and find 19 new ones. For three SB2 candidates, we find circular orbits and obtain dynamical mass ratios.