bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optymalizacja warunków oznaczania wody metodą miareczkowania kulometrycznego z odparowaniem dla olejów smarowych
Authors:   Instytut Nafty i Gazu – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy, Jędrychowska Sylwia 
Published: July 2021

The knowledge of the water content of various petroleum products, including lubricating oils, additives and various innovative products, is important from the point of view of manufacturing, purchasing or selling them, due to the impact on their quality and performance characteristics. In the case of lubricating oils, the presence of water can lead to premature corrosion and wear, the formation of deposits, which leads to reduced lubrication and premature clogging of filters, reduced action of additives or undesirable bacterial growth. The article presents the study on the selection of optimal conditions for the determination of water content by coulometric Karl-Fischer titration with evaporation in lubricating oils. The tests were carried out using a coulometer with a titration cell without a diaphragm by Metrohm, 917 Coulometer model with an automatic sample feeder equipped with a heating chamber 885 Compact Oven Sample Changer. Various types of lubricating oils were selected for testing, namely engine oils of different viscosity classes (5W/40, 10W/40, 15W/40, 5W/30), gear oil, hydraulic oil, turbine oil, base oil and hydraulic fluid. All selected samples of lubricating oils were tested in four different measuring conditions: 110°C and 20 ml/min; 150°C and 50 ml/min, 180°C and 50 ml/min and 150°C and 70 ml/min. It was found that for all the lubricating oils, the best results were obtained with a furnace temperature setting of 150°C and a carrier gas flow of 50 ml/min or 70 ml/min. The influence of various factors, such as the sample weight, the furnace temperature, the carrier gas flow velocity on the test course and the analysis speed, was determined. Increased carrier gas flow of up to 70 ml/min does not shorten the analysis time. In some cases, an increase in the oven temperature may speed up the analysis, but this is quite risky for some samples that decompose at given temperature. It is therefore safer to conduct the test at an oven temperature of 150°C. The speed of analysis is most influenced by an appropriate selection of the sample quantity under analysis. Depending on the water content in the tested sample, the appropriate sample weight should be selected. It should be small enough not to excessively extend the analysis, but also large enough that the amount of titrated water is at least twice as large as in the blank.
Key Factors Contributing to the Anchorage Loss of Maxillary First Molars: A Retrospective Study of 726 Extraction Cases
Authors: Su Hong , Xu Kaiyuan , Han Bing , Chen Gui , Xu Tianmin 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background: Anchorage control is one of the key components in the treatment of extraction cases. However, why anchorage loss happens is still an unanswered question. The purpose of this study was to investigate the most important factors contributing to the anchorage loss of maxillary first molars in premolar extraction cases. Methods：The study enrolled 726 upper premolar extraction cases, including 214 male patients and 512 female patients, and the average age was 14 (range: 9-45 years old).Factors including physiological characteristics, treatment mechanics and cephalometric variables were collected and their influences on the angulation changes of maxillary first molars were analyzed. Results: The average angulation change of maxillary first molar after treatment was 2.81°, meaning the molar tipped forward during treatment by 2.81°. The change of UM/PP showed statistically significant difference in different sex ( male 3.84°±5.26 ° vs female 2.38°±5.10°), age (adult -0.05°±4.73 ° vs teenager 3.46°±5.07°), and molar relationship(Class II 3.28°±5.15°vs Class I 2.36°±5.19°). There are six variables accounted in the regression analysis (R=0.608, R²=37.0%). Among them, the pre-treatment molar tipping (Standardized Coefficients：-0.65) and the pre-treatment incisor/molar height ratio (Standardized Coefficients：-0.27)were the most important factors influencing anchorage loss during treatment.Conclusion: Compared with treatment-related factors, the patient’s physiological characteristics play a more important role in anchorage loss. The pre-treatment angulation of the maxillary first molar is the most contributing factor of the maxillary molar angulation changes, which are often predisposing anchorage loss.
Expressway Traffic Accidents Involving Human Injuries and Fatalities in Ethiopia: Negative Binomial Regression Model
Authors: Mustefa Yesuf Abdela , Belayhun Addis 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Objective

The purpose of this study is to provide insights and to model significant determinants of accidents involving injuries and fatalities using Ethiopian Toll Roads Enterprise data. Besides, we utilized recent dataset recorded from September, 2014 to December, 2019. We applied the most appropriate but forwent statistical model. Moreover, we examined the significance of the effects of drivers’ age and gender that have not been the cases in the literatures.
Results

We found that the number of injuries in accidents were significantly determined by type of vehicles, ownership status of vehicles, accident time weather condition, driver-vehicle relationship, drivers’ level of education, and drivers’ age. Heavy trucks were more likely to cause more number of injuries than medium or small vehicles. Hot and windy weather conditions were associated with higher probability of the number of injuries. The likelihood of the number of injuries were lower when drivers are owner of the vehicle; drivers level of education is above secondary school; and the age of the driver is between 18 and 23 years old. Moreover, due concern needs to be given for traffic road rules.
Robust tracking control design for fractional-order interval type-2 fuzzy systems
Authors: Ramasamy Kavikumar , Rathinasamy Sakthivel , O.M Kwon , Palanisamy Selvaraj 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In this paper, a robust control strategy is proposed to deal with the state tracking problem of fractional-order interval type-2 fuzzy system with external disturbance, model uncertainties and state delay. In particular, footprints of uncertainty of the underlying fuzzy system is taken into account to capture and model different level of uncertainties. The uncertainty and disturbance estimator is used to promote the tracking behavior of rejecting disturbance in the control system. First, by applying Lyapunov approach, we focus on the examination of stability and performance of the fractional-order tracking error system. Next, unknown system uncertainties, external disturbances and nonlinearities are accurately estimated via an appropriate filter design. Especially, the proposed control technique does not require any prior knowledge about above said unknown factors and it only require the bandwidth information about low-pass filter.Finally, the feasibility and advantages of the proposed design scheme are confirmed by three numerical examples.
Agent-based Multi-tier SLA Negotiation for Intercloud
Authors: Li Lin , Lin Kaibiao , Zhu Shunzhi 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The evolving intercloud enables idle resources to be traded among cloud providers to facilitate optimizing utilization and to improve the cost-effectiveness of service for cloud consumers. However, several challenges are raised for this multi-tier dynamic market, where cloud providers not only compete for consumer requests but also cooperate with each other. To establish a healthier and more efficient intercloud ecosystem, this paper proposed a multi-tier agent-based fuzzy constraint-directed negotiation (AFCN) model for a fully distributed negotiation environment without a broker to coordinate the negotiation process. The novelty of AFCN is the use of a fuzzy membership function to represent imprecise preferences of the agent, which not only reveals the opponent’s behavior preference but can also specify the possibilities prescribing the extent to which the feasible solutions are suitable for the agent’s behavior. Moreover, this information can pass and guide each tier of negotiation to generate a more favorable proposal. Thus, the multi-tier AFCN can not only improve the performance of negotiation, but also enforce global consistency to improve the integrated solution capacity in the intercloud. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed multi-tier AFCN model outperforms other agent negotiation models and gives full play to the efficiency and scalability of the intercloud in terms of the level of satisfaction, the ratio of successful negotiation, the average revenue of the cloud provider, and the buying price of the unit cloud resource.
Random World and Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Król Jerzy , Bielas Krzysztof , Asselmeyer-Maluga Torsten 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Quantum mechanics (QM) predicts probabilities on the fundamental level which are, via Born probability law, connected to the formal randomness of infinite sequences of QM outcomes. Recently it has been shown that QM is algorithmic 1-random in the sense of Martin-Löf. We extend this result and demonstrate that QM is algorithmic ω-random and generic precisely as described by the ’miniaturisation’ of the Solovay forcing to arithmetic. This is extended further to the result that QM becomes Zermelo-Fraenkel Solovay random on infinite dimensional Hilbert spaces. Moreover it is more likely that there exists a standard transitive model of ZFC M where QM is expressed in reality than in the universe V of sets. Then every generic quantum measurement adds the infinite sequence, i.e. random real r ∈ 2ω , to M and the model undergoes random forcing extensions, M[r]. The entire process of forcing becomes the structural ingredient of QM and parallels similar constructions applied to spacetime in the quantum limit. This shows the structural resemblance of both in the limit. We discuss several questions regarding measurability and eventual practical applications of the extended Solovay randomness of QM. The method applied is the formalization based on models of ZFC, however, this is particularly well-suited technique to recognising randomness questions of QM. When one works in a constant model of ZFC or in axiomatic ZFC itself the issues considered here become mostly hidden.
Understanding Precipitation Characteristics of Afghanistan at Provincial Scale
Authors: Suryavanshi Shakti , Joshi Nitin , Maurya Hardeep Kumar , Gupta Divya , Sharma Keshav Kumar 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This study examines the pattern and trend of seasonal and annual precipitation along with extreme precipitation events in a data scare, south Asian country, Afghanistan. Seven extreme precipitation indices were considered based upon intensity, duration and frequency of precipitation events. The study revealed that precipitation pattern of Afghanistan is unevenly distributed at seasonal and yearly scales. Southern and Southwestern provinces remain significantly dry whereas, the Northern and Northeastern provinces receive comparatively higher precipitation. Spring and winter seasons bring about 80% of yearly precipitation in Afghanistan. However, a notable declining precipitation trend was observed in these two seasons. An increasing trend in precipitation was observed for the summer and autumn seasons, however; these seasons are the lean periods for precipitation. A declining annual precipitation trend was also revealed in many provinces of Afghanistan. Analysis of extreme precipitation indices reveals a general drier condition in Afghanistan. Large spatial variability was found in precipitation indices. In many provinces of Afghanistan, a significantly declining trends were observed in intensity-based (Rx1-day, RX5-day, SDII and R95p) and frequency-based (R10) precipitation indices. The duration-based precipitation indices (CDD and CWD) also infer a general drier climatic condition in Afghanistan. This study will assist the agriculture and allied sectors to take well-planned adaptive measures in dealing with the changing patterns of precipitation, and additionally, facilitating future studies for Afghanistan.
Performance measurement of small-cells deployed under a heterogeneous network: an analysis of the co-existence of small-cells with the macro‑cell in 5G NR
Authors: Mahbub Mobasshir , Barua Bobby 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Advancements of cellular networks such as 4G and 5G proposed the collaboration of small-cell technologies in mobile networks and constructed a heterogeneous network (HetNet) for collaborative connectivity. There are many benefits of small-cell-based collective communication such as the increase of device capability in indoor/outdoor locations, enhancement of wireless coverage, improved signal efficiency, lower implementation costs of gNB (Next-generation Base Station introduced in 5G), etc. The integration of small-cells by deploying low-power BSs (base stations) in conventional macro-gNBs was investigated as a convenient and economical way of raising the potentials of a cellular network with high demand from consumers. The fusion of small-cells with macro-cells offers increased coverage and capacity for heterogeneous networks. Therefore, the research aimed to realize the performance of a small-cell deployed under a macro-cell in a two-tier heterogeneous network. The research first modified the reference equation for measuring the received power by introducing the transmitter and receiver gain. The paper then measured the SINR, throughput, spectral efficiency, and power efficiency for both downlink and uplink by empirical simulation. The research further enlisted the notable outcomes after examining the simulation results and discussed some relevant research scopes in the concluding sections of the paper.
Visual Assessment of Coronary Artery Calcium in Non-ECG Gated Chest CT: A Multicenter Study
Authors: Yamamoto Hideya , Fujimoto Shinichiro , Aoshima Chihiro , Minamino Tohru , Fujii Takashi , Wakabaayshi Shinichi , Urabe Yoji , Ueda Hironori , Kunita Eiji , Abe Mitsunori , Higashino Hiroshi 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Purpose: We sought to evaluate the visual measurements of coronary artery calcium (CAC) in chest CT without ECG gating, and to compare their predictive abilities for obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods: We analyzed 163 subjects who underwent both coronary and chest CT examinations at 6 centers within 3 months. Agatston scores were calculated on standard ECG-gated scans and then classified into none (0), mild (1–99), moderate (100–400), and severe (>400) grades. Chest CT images were reconstructed with standard 5.0 mm axial slices. CAC in chest CT scans was measured using two methods: Weston score (sum of the assigned score of each vessel, range: 0–12) and number of slices showing CAC (Ca-slice#). Results: We found excellent inter-observer agreement in the estimates of the Weston score and Ca-slice# (R² = 0.913 and 0.955, respectively). When each of the two scores was divided into four levels, good agreement with the 4-grade Agatston score was observed (kappa value = 0.604 and 0.794, respectively). Of the 155 patients remaining after excluding non-diagnostic studies, obstructed CAD, defined as the presence of ≥70% stenosis on CT angiography, was found in 43 (27%). Receiver-operator characteristic curves of 4-grade hierarchies of Agatston score, Weston score, and Ca-slice# provided similar diagnostic powers to detect obstructed CAD (0.722, 0.706, and 0.718, respectively).Conclusion: The visual assessments of CAC detected by ECG non-gated chest CT scans were in good agreement with the ECG-gated Agatston score and also provided equivalent power to detect obstructive CAD. This study was registered at UMIN-CTR (identifier: UMIN000039178; registered date; Jan 16, 2020)
Designing LoRaWAN Network For Unbiased Communication Between Nodes and Gateway
Authors: Maurya poonam , Singh Aatmjeet , Kherani Arzad Alam 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Proper cell designing is required to achieve a target system performance in Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN). This paper addresses a suitable selection of network designing parameters problem, such as the dimension of different spreading factors’ annuli (zones or SF boundaries) in a LoRaWAN cell. We propose a mathematical framework for designing the LoRaWAN network. The main objective is to ensure that distributed end devices in the network can have the same success probability, irrespective of the spreading factor usage and their locations, unlike Equal Area Based (EAB) based network. We further enhance the performance of the network based on the proposed dimensions by adopting the k-tolerance algorithm. When the network follows the proposed dimensions, simulation results show an improvement in overall success probability over the traditional EAB scheme. In the later part of the paper, we address urbanization issues that degrade the system performance. In our approach to recoup the degradation in the system performance, we implement k−tolerance algorithm in the network.
Investigating The Efficiency of Photothrombosis-Associated Focal Cerebral Ischemia By Monitoring Histopathological Changes and Neurobehavioral Performance in Model of Mouse
Authors: Shabani Zahra , Farhoudi Mehdi , Rahbarghazi Reza , Karimipour Mohammad , Mehrad Hossein 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background: Photothrombotic (PT) stroke model is a reliable, reproducible, noninvasive and accessible method to induce ischemic stroke in the target site using excitation of photosensitive agents such as Rose Bengal (RB) dye after light illumination. Methods: The thirty animals were assigned into three groups of Laser irradiation, RB, and Laser irradiation+RB. We assessed ischemic stroke outcomes through multiple cellular and behavioral approaches. Laser irradiation+ RB promoted pale ischemic changes after 7 days. Microscopic staining revealed neural tissue degeneration and demarcated necrotic site and neuronal injury plus prominent astrogliosis in the periphery of irradiated sites. We performed (BrdU/NeuN) staining to examine the neurogenesis on day 28. The volume of the lesion site was calculated using unbiased stereological study and Cavalier’s principle. To assess the efficiency of ischemic stroke, modified neurological severity score (mNSS) and cylinder tests were done on days 1, 7, 14, and 28. Results: BrdU+/NeuN+ staining showed a significant increase in the number of proliferating cells in the Laser irradiation+ RB group compared to the other groups (p<0.05), while the percent of NeuN+ cells reduced. In Laser irradiation + RB group, we found the largest infarct cavity volume and functional deficits during post ischemic days 1-7 that reduced thereafter. Conclusion: Our study revealed that the PT although increased the cell proliferating in the periphery of the lesion site, but due to an undesirable microenvironment, the neurogenesis decreased concomitantly with the functional and infarct size alleviation.
Development of a Functional and Psychosocial Evaluation Toolkit Using Mixed Methodology in a Community-Based Physical Activity Program for Childhood Cancer Survivors
Authors: Shank Jena , Chamorro-Viña Carolina , Guilcher Gregory , Schulte Fiona , Culos-Reed S. Nicole 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Purpose

The evidence demonstrating the benefits of exercise and PA in patients and survivors of childhood cancer has been translated into a handful of community-based programs, such as the Pediatric cancer patients and survivors Engaging in Exercise for Recovery Program (PEER). In order to support the translation of research to practice, the next step in knowledge translation is to evaluate program effectiveness. An evaluation must consider the goals of the PEER program, feedback from key stakeholders and logistics of this program. Thus, the purpose of this study was to develop an evaluation toolkit with an algorithm for implementation for the PEER program.
Methods

Semi-structured interviews were conducted with three different groups (stakeholders in pediatric oncology, PEER parents and PEER participants). The interviews were transcribed and coded by two independent reviewers.
Results

Key themes extracted from the interviews were split into physical and psychosocial themes. The most commonly reported psychosocial themes were QOL, fatigue/energy levels, fun and confidence levels; and physical themes included motor skills, physical literacy and physical activity levels. Tools were compiled into the evaluation based on key themes identified as well as logistics of PEER. An algorithm was developed to tailor the evaluation to participants based on age, cognitive ability and mobility.
Conclusion

To date, this is the first evaluation toolkit and algorithm developed for a specific community-based PA program, the PEER program. The next step in knowledge-translation will be to implement the evaluation to assess feasibility, and share the evaluation for adoption within other developing programs.
Comparison of 3-Factor Versus 4-Factor Prothrombin Complex Concentrate For Emergent Warfarin Reversal: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis
Authors: Margraf David , Brown Sarah J , Blue Heather L , Bezdicek Tamara L , Wolfson Julian , Chapman Scott A 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background: Patients requiring emergent warfarin reversal (EWR) have been prescribed three-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC3) and four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC4) to reverse the anticoagulant effects of warfarin. There is no existing systematic review and meta-analysis of studies directly comparing PCC3 and PCC4. Methods: The primary objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the effectiveness of achieving study defined target INR goal after PCC3 or PCC4 administration. Secondary objectives were to determine the difference in safety endpoints, thromboembolic events (TE), and survival during the patients’ hospital stay. Random-effects meta-analysis models were used to estimate the odds ratios (OR), and heterogeneity associated with the outcomes. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to assess study quality, and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. Results: Ten full-text manuscripts and 5 abstracts provided data for the primary and secondary outcomes. Patients requiring emergent warfarin reversal had more than three times the odds of reversal to goal INR when they were given PCC4 compared to PCC3 (OR = 3.61, 95% CI: 1.97-6.60, p < 0.001). There was no meaningful clinical association or statistically significant result between PCC4 and PCC3 groups in TE (OR = 1.56, 95% CI: 0.83-2.91, p = 0.17), or survival during hospital stay (OR = 1.34, 95% CI: 0.81-2.23, p = 0.25). Conclusion: PCC4 is more effective than PCC3 in meeting specific predefined INR goals, and has similar safety profiles in patients requiring emergent reversal of the anticoagulant effects of warfarin.