bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Faded Sun and a Wider World
Authors: Jenkins Philip 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The period from 1675 through the end of the century constituted one of the very coldest and most ruinous periods of that Little Ice Age. Most writing on the so-called General Crisis of the seventeenth century focus sharply on the parlous decades of the 1640s and 1650s and says little about that later crisis. Yet the religious consequences of those latter years were just as far-reaching, not least in redrawing frontiers between faiths. Unlike in the fourteenth century, Europeans now lived in a world of far-flung sea travel and colonial possessions, and persecuted populations amply exploited these opportunities to seek safe haven. Settlements in foreign lands also offered the prospect of new concepts of religious liberty removed far from the motherland, opening a dramatic new phase in attitudes to religious freedom and spiritual experimentation.
An Overview of Urban Self-Help Organizations
Authors: Delgado Melvin 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The self-help literature is almost half a century old, attesting to its longevity, and reviewing this literature is beyond the scope of this book. Its evolution now encompasses urban gun violence, introducing a new need and geographic context. Although gun violence does not have to have heavy racial overlays, in this instance, it does, making it significantly different from its predecessors, which ostensibly were a-racial and non-urban specific. It brings a geographical setting that historically was not emphasized by previous self-help movements. This chapter introduces readers to this field and how gun violence represents the latest evolution of the self-help movement.
Three Case Illustrations (Boston, Chicago, and Washington, D.C.)
Authors: Delgado Melvin 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
It is hoped the cases that are the focus of this chapter will inspire hope, with the passion they bring being contagious beyond their geographical confines. These illustrations, based in Boston, Chicago, and Washington, D.C., are not representative or generalizable across the country; they highlight key findings specific to the sites. Although themes are highlighted, combined with the scholarly literature presented in the next chapter implications for practice and disciplines interested in urban gun violence are presented. They represent different budgets, missions, developmental histories, staffing, and futures. Self-help organizations are best appreciated within a historical context. Healing and caregiving are topics rarely associated with communities of color, and nothing could be further from the truth. Even in the most dangerous communities, there are people who are fearless and have taken the challenge of helping, and sometimes risking and losing their lives in the process, and there are institutions that have also assumed this role.
Understanding the Crisis of Urban Gun Violence
Authors: Delgado Melvin 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
There is a place for a statistical portrait of urban gun violence, particularly when deconstructing how it is manifested at a neighborhood or community level, and this chapter provides it. This portrait provides the backdrop or canvas on which to better place and understand the stories associated with gun violence. Numerous publications provide a statistical portrait of gun violence to further pursue if interested. This chapter highlights key aspects from national and urban perspectives, including subjects that must be a part of any urban gun violence strategy, setting the stage for the introduction of key constructs in the following chapter that influence urban practice, research, and scholarship. This chapter’s statistical portrait is one dimensional but critical in shaping the argument about the saliency of gun violence in the communities served. This picture can best be conceptualized as a backdrop to the social, economic, political, and cultural perspectives, allowing for a more in-depth appreciation for the challenge ahead for those embracing this social justice mission. The narratives embraced to bring this subject to light can use statistics as a backdrop.
Social, Political, Economic, and Cultural Perspectives
Authors: Delgado Melvin 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Urban gun violence knowledge is evolving and promises to gain steam as it garners more attention. Interventions will necessitate a grounding in the social sciences and the urban practice experience, positioning professions to advance the knowledge base on how best to address gun violence at a neighborhood and social network level. This chapter provides a broad social-economic-political-cultural context for understanding the origins and broad reach of gun violence in the nation and its cities and touches on aspects rarely the focus of attention yet playing a prominent role in helping understand how urban gun violence emerges. Four viewpoints are covered in this chapter (social, political, economic, and cultural), allowing coverage of usual and unusual aspects of urban gun violence. These perspectives are not ranked in order of importance and must be present in any analysis of urban gun violence and search for solutions, more so when seeking a nuanced and localized approach. These perspectives interact in a highly dynamic manner; when one is particularly impacted, the others react accordingly. Gun violence permeates society, with few urban segments escaping its grasp.
Social Enterprises as Integrative Resources, Strategies, and Models
Authors: Miesing Paul 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter on “Social Enterprises as Integrative Resources, Strategies, and Models” provides the framework for the rest of this section and text. It first describes the global social and economic problems that neo-conservative orthodoxy and public policy have not been able to correct. That is followed by articulating the basic premise that enterprises that simultaneously pursue both financial and social objectives achieve greater impact. The next section presents characteristics of business models and social enterprises, along with a template to create a social business model. The “strategy tripod” integrates these strategy and organization aspects by considering the micro (enterprise resources and core competences), macro (national institutions), and mezzo (industry forces) levels of enterprise strategy. Last, 10 exemplars are provided that have synthesized these concepts to alleviate a variety of disparities in different countries. The conclusion provides general lessons, and Appendix A outlines the salient elements that a social enterprise plan should contain.
Displacement
Authors: Gross Kelly J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Through a literature review of economic development strategies and unintended negative consequences, including social entrepreneurship projects, this chapter on “Displacement: A Typology to Inform Social Entrepreneurs” categorizes and explains displacement induced by development projects. The typology can help to inform social entrepreneurs regarding the resulting harms of displacement dynamics. This knowledge can guide social entrepreneurs, compelling them to prevent displacement-induced harms by being attentive during the planning and implementation phases of projects. The harms in the proposed typology include those involving displacement of loci or place; community or social capital; resources, including natural resources; and financial systems. The typology defines each type of displacement, drawing on a case study, and further illuminates the effects of each type on communities. Recommendations are offered that address ways to prevent and interrupt displacements during social entrepreneurship projects while promoting more inclusive, participatory, locally sustainable development. In addition, this chapter focuses on the importance of informal networks and economic sectors.
Organizational Entrepreneurial Orientation
Authors: Wales William J. , Gupta Vishal K. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses “Organizational Entrepreneurial Orientation: Implications for Social Impact and Social Enterprise.” All too often social entrepreneurship is focused on celebrating individual entrepreneurs while excluding organizations with impactful change-making missions. Rather than being developed fully by a single entrepreneurial “hero,” impactful solutions are likely developed through social interactions aided by organizational frameworks. This research raises and explores several important questions. How is a strategic orientation toward entrepreneurial activity, or entrepreneurial orientation (EO), conceptualized in social enterprises? What are the antecedents and outcomes of EO within social enterprises? And how do we measure EO within social enterprises? Addressing these questions is important to understanding organizational entrepreneurship within the context of social enterprises pursuing prominent social missions. In sum, this chapter examines the critical manifestation of EO within social enterprise.
Immigrant Entrepreneurship
Authors: Lee Wonhyung , Black Stephanie L. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Many immigrants move to a new country seeking to create a new life with the hope of having more opportunities for themselves as well as other family members. Some of these immigrants use their former experience and ambition to create small businesses, which is often the only viable means available to them to achieve economic prosperity. In this chapter on “Immigrant Entrepreneurship: Economic and Social Development” the authors discuss immigrant entrepreneurship in the context of commercial and social entrepreneurships, focusing on the trends in the past three decades in the United States. First, the authors examine the contributions that these immigrant entrepreneurs make both on a local as well as national basis. Second, they discuss immigrant entrepreneurship in terms of social enterprise development. The authors then provide a discussion on the implications for research and practice.
UAlbany’s Small Enterprise Economic Development (SEED) Program as an Exemplar
Authors: Lee Wonhyung , Brigham William , Wacholder Stephanie H. , Baker Katherine , Stanley Bruce R. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Microlending provides small amount of loans to those entrepreneurs who are typically considered unbankable. These individuals lack collateral, steady employment, and a verifiable credit history and therefore cannot meet the minimal qualifications to gain traditional credit. While a number of microlending and microenterprise development programs exist that aim to serve low-income populations in the United States, only a few practice “character-based” lending, which focuses on the character of potential clients relative to other traditional components. This chapter on “UAlbany’s Small Enterprise Economic Development (SEED) Program as an Exemplar” discusses a collaborative project among a local university, a credit union, and a state agency which has provided microloans and business opportunities to underserved populations. This chapter discusses the SEED story from the process of creating such an innovative and unique program to the current model and status, including some lessons for those who hope to replicate its model.
Social Entrepreneurship and Corporate Social Responsibility in the Russian Federation
Authors: Sadyrtdinov Ruslan 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Implementing social entrepreneurship and corporate social responsibility (CSR) concepts in Russia is discussed in this chapter. CSR and social enterprises have been developing dynamically in Russia since the mid-2000s, and the author believes that they can be used to foster further social and economic transition. The issues related to the Russian success stories of social enterprises and socially responsible corporate behavior are outlined. An emphasis is made on identifying government and private institutions and instruments supporting the social activity of profit and nonprofit organizations. Techniques for evaluating CSR in Russia are described. Due to incomplete data in nonfinancial reports it is difficult to derive a cost-benefit analysis for CSR projects. Instead, indicators for nonfinancial reports are selected and indices are constructed by measuring the quality and frequency of their disclosure. The chapter concludes by outlining the main challenges and potential drivers to promote further development.
Social Entrepreneurship in Argentina
Authors: Mucarsel Leila , Bhat Meera , Ramos Blanca M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter, “Social Entrepreneurship in Argentina: The Role of Mission-Driven Organizations on the Pathway to Inclusive Growth,” presents an overview of Argentina’s socioeconomic trends and examines its social entrepreneurship ecosystem by analyzing key players, challenges, and opportunities. The authors find that the sector’s organizations bridged social and pro-employment policies with marginalized groups, channeled key social and environmental issues that inspired new public policies, and piloted social innovations within the development sector. The chapter highlights the need to increase their participation in policy since this is key to achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals, which require social legitimacy and bottom-up experimentation. Globally, many nations seeking to boost economic growth while tackling such complex issues as climate change and inequalities. This poses the question: How can growth become more inclusive, sustainable, and “smart” (innovation-led)? The Argentine experience illustrates how and why social enterprises and civil society organizations can play a strategic role in this agenda.
The Odd Couple
Authors: Taylor Henry-Louis 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter on “The Odd Couple: ‘Incomplete Socialism’ and Social Enterprises in Cuba,” uses an incomplete socialism and social enterprise framework to examine the impact of the 2011 Guidelines of the Economic and Social Policy of the VI Congress of the Communist Party of Cuba on Cuban society. It posits that market elements will exist in socialist societies throughout the age of capitalism, but that these market forces can be harnessed and used to produce desirable social outcomes. The 2011 Guidelines produced market forces and social policies that weakened egalitarianism in Cuba, triggered increments in racism, and increased hardship among Afro-Cubans, but they did not spark capitalist restoration. Cuba kept its eyes on the prize of social and human development and made improvements in these areas despite economic challenges. The conclusion is that market reforms will not necessarily generate capitalist restoration because they can be used to complement socialist construction by generating positive social outcomes.
Four Internets
Authors: O'Hara Kieron , Hall Wendy , Cerf Vinton 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The book describes the Internet, and how Internet governance prevents it fragmenting into a ‘Splinternet’. Four opposing ideologies about how data flows around the network have become prominent because they are (a) implemented by technical standards, and (b) backed by influential geopolitical entities. Each of these specifies an ‘Internet’, described in relation to its implementation by a specific geopolitical entity. The four Internets of the title are: the Silicon Valley Open Internet, developed by pioneers of the Internet in the 1960s, based on principles of openness and efficient dataflow; the Brussels Bourgeois Internet, exemplified by the European Union, with a focus on human rights and legal administration; the DC Commercial Internet, exemplified by the Washington establishment and its focus on property rights and market solutions; and the Beijing Paternal Internet, exemplified by the Chinese government’s control of Internet content. These Internets have to coexist if the Internet as a whole is to remain connected. The book also considers the weaponization of the hacking ethic as the Moscow Spoiler model, exemplified by Russia’s campaigns of misinformation at scale; this is not a vision of the Internet, but is parasitic on the others. Each of these ideologies is illustrated by a specific policy question. Potential future directions of Internet development are considered, including the policy directions that India might take, and the development of technologies such as artificial intelligence, smart cities, the Internet of Things, and social machines. A conclusion speculates on potential future Internets that may emerge alongside those described.
Governing the Internet
Authors: O’Hara Kieron 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes some of the controversies around the large US influence on Internet governance, and the attempts by the International Telecommunication Union Working Group on Internet Governance to exert more influence on behalf of other national governments, not least China and Russia. Internet governance multistakeholderism is described, with its mix of governments, NGOs and private sector organizations, using technology (code), regulation, and norms, and we see how the Internet decomposes into a stack of protocols. The discussion is exemplified by ICANN’s governance of the Domain Name System (DNS), and by the difficulties of the move from IPv4 to IPv6. The dual functions of openness as both an engineering standard and a moral standard are described. Openness implies transparency, bottom-up, permissionless innovation, the end-to-end principle, efficient data transport, resilience, redundancy, interoperability, scalability, and generativity.
The Vision of the Open Internet
Authors: O’Hara Kieron 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The open vision of the Silicon Valley Open Internet is described and shown to be an exceptionalist view of the uniqueness of cyberspace. Openness is described in terms of standards, transparency, interoperability, decentralization, and permissionlessness, and illustrated by the debates between UNIX and GNU in the 1980s, leading to the development of the Linux operating system. Companies like Google and Facebook have reasons to be both open and closed. The Open Internet is related to the idea of information as a public good, with open data and freedom of information. Net neutrality, the idea that all data should be treated equally as it travels through the Internet, is introduced.
Turning to the Dark Side
Authors: Garrard Virginia 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Chapter 3 deals with the dark side of Spiritual Warfare by examining the noncanonical popular saints and witches whose supernatural powers some Mexicans seek out for illegal activities or for the kinds of transactions that they believe fall on the other side of the Manichaean divide between good and evil—a repost to contemporary challenges that both draws from and innovates from traditional popular religiosity. It is only natural that we include both here, since they regularly meet on the battlefield of spiritual contestation, as Pentecostal practices such as Spiritual Warfare resignify social problems, conflict, and often “traditional” cultural as literally demonic in origin.
Earthquakes, Trauma, and Celestial Remedies
Authors: Garrard Virginia 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 examines the effects of trauma on religion, both as a spiritual refugee and as a source of conflict and encounter between competing cosmological epistemologies. It pursues this through an examination of Pentecostalism in Haiti, where many thousands of Haitians flocked to churches in the aftermath of the catastrophic earthquake of January 2010. Many Haitians used these spaces as spiritual safe sites from which they could begin to cope with psychological and physical trauma. At the same time, Haiti’s Pentecostal spiritual warriors, placing blame for the earthquake and its many other historical woes on Haiti’s Vodou religion, declared “celestial war” on Haiti’s native religion, setting off an embodied turf war for Haiti’s soul.
East Asia: The Commercial Peace
Authors: Mandelbaum Michael 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
China has ended the post–Cold War peace in East Asia by claiming, contrary to international law, sovereignty over most of the western Pacific Ocean, by rapidly increasing its military capability, and by bullying its neighbors. China’s aggressive policies stem from the Chinese version of nationalism, which sees China as having the right to exercise dominance in the region. Chinese aggression stems also from Xi Jinping’s desire to maintain public support for, or at least tolerance of, the dictatorship of his Communist Party—which the slowing of economic growth threatens—by presenting himself as China’s champion against foreign enemies. China has also increased the threat to the region through its support for North Korea, with its nuclear weapon program.
The Middle East
Authors: Mandelbaum Michael 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The undeniable threat that Iran poses to the other countries of the Middle East has its roots in the fundamentalist Islamist ideology that the ruling clerics there espouse. The clerics aspire to evict the long-engrained military forces, aid, and other influences of the United States from the region and to thus become the dominant power. In pursuit of these ambitious goals, Iran has trained and sponsored various proxy forces and terrorists in other nearby countries and has sought to acquire nuclear weapons for the state. Ultimately, these efforts have served to undermine the prospects of building peace in the region.
Groundwork for the Public
Authors: Holcomb Jesse 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Public-facing research institutions and university centers have played an outsized role in collecting and disseminating knowledge about local news trends in the United States. Philanthropic support, attention by policymakers, and a sense of urgency around the crisis facing local journalism have incentivized the emergence of this particular kind of research that sits adjacent to, but not fully inside, the scholarly environment. This material is well positioned to engage and activate interventions aiming to help address the crisis in local journalism and provide empirical grist for deeper scholarly work. At the same time, however, this line of public scholarship is sometimes unmoored from theoretical considerations, highly descriptive, and exists outside of peer review systems. Many of these institutions setting the agenda for research about local journalism are bound by their own norms and cultures from making robust normative claims about how the industry should respond and adapt to their findings. This chapter traces the brief history of para-scholarly groundwork mapping local news, outlines the strengths and weaknesses of this model, and suggests collaborative practices going forward that connect this important groundwork with theory-driven and peer review practices.
Advocating for Journalism Studies’ Impact on Policymaking
Authors: Weber Matthew S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Journalism has had difficulty to connect outside of the academy. Journalism Studies scholars are positioned with policy to connect disparate areas of knowledge and to forge connections that advance policymaking. In order to explore the issue, first, this chapter will explore the ways in which Journalism Studies have focused on policy issues. Second, it will advocate for the role of journalism researchers in policymaking, specifically on building on research focused on the brokerage of knowledge, meaning, translating research findings into policy and serving as key connectors who can bridge the gap between academic research and industry practice—and should take on this role more directly. And third, this chapter makes connections to broader epistemological conversations about the use of research evidence as a policymaking mechanism.