bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphological, Chemical and Molecular Evaluations For Several Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) Races Grown Under Salt Stress Levels
Authors: Al-jana Mohammed H. N. , Al-Burki Fouad R.A. , Al-Taher Faisal M. M. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A field experiment was carried out at the Agricultural Research and Experiments Station of the College of Agriculture, Al-Muthanna University during the summer season 2020. Pots of 15 cm diameter were used for planting the genotypes, with (SS, F-RCBD) and three replications. Ten different genotypes rice were used (FRI, FR2, FR15, FR16, FR17, FR18, FR21, FR25, FR27), as well as the rice varieties, which are Pokkali, Anber-33 and Jasmine, were irrigated by three levels of salty water (4.5, 7.5 and 15 ds/m). The results of the experiment showed that the tolerance of the genotypes FR21 and FR12 to salinity was associated with containing low concentrations of sodium (0.38 and 0.42%) respectively in the shoot, and a high concentration of potassium in the shoot (1.22 and 1.23%) respectively, and this result was reflected in the ratio of potassium to sodium in the shoot total was (3.30 and 2.95%) compared to the salt-tolerant variety Pokkali. Salinity caused a significant decrease in all the studied traits of the genotypes, especially at levels 7.5 and 15 ds/m, in growth traits (plant height, flag leaf area and panicle length), yield and its components (number of productive tillers, weight of 1000 grains and yield per plant). The most potent varieties in salt tolerance were FR12 and FR21, as they gave the highest yield of grains (11.72 and 16.67 g/plant, respectively), flag leave area (30.47 and 27.76 cm2 respectively). Detection for OsHKT4 and OsHKT6 by PCR proved the presence of primary locus that utilized by each gene with successfully fused genes as well as their stability under Iraqi cultivation circumstances, particularly in the case of FR12 and FR21 where OsHKT4 lanes were very obvious (2840 Kb) and the bands of OsHKT6 at (2324 Kb), which resemble to that in Pokkali Japanese salt tolerance rice. These results suggested the variation among investigated rice varieties in their tolerance to salts, where FR12 and FR21 were best in their performance under applied the salt levels conditions.
Effect of Planting Dates on Growth and Yield of Four Cultivars of Wheat
Authors: Al-Jayashi Mahmood T. , Hawal Ali A.S. , Adham Alyaa Muayad 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A field experiment was applied at the research station in Al-Najmi district, Al-Muthanna governorate during the agricultural season 2020-2021, to determine evaluating several cultivars of wheat by changing the date of their cultivation. The experiment was applied using the split plot using the Randomized complete Block Design(RCBD) with three replicates experiment method, where the planting dates were occupied (1/11, 15/11, 1/12 and 12/15) the main plots, while the cultivars (Baghdad, Furat, Rashid, and Wafia) occupied the secondary plots and with three replicates. The results showed that the planting date (1/12) was superior to the number of days up to 75% of flowering, the number of spikes. m−2, and the grain yield ton. ha−1, which amounted to 109 days, 409.9 spikes and 5.77 tons, respectively. While the planting date (15/11) exceeded in both characteristics the leaf area and the number of grains in the spike, as it reached 46.18 cm and 49.78 grains. As for the cultivaries, the Baghdad cultivar surpassed in the characteristics of the area of the flag leaf, the number of fertile spikes, the number of grains per spike, and the grain yield, which reached 44.70 cm, 395.7 spikes.m−2, 48.38 grains, spike−1 and 6.16 tons.ha−1, respectively.
The Factors of Deterioration of Natural Pastures From The View Point of Agricultural Employees in Al-Muthanna Governorate
Authors: Al-Bahli Emad Fahad Nafeh , Al-Jumaili Mahmoud Hadis Jassim 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The research aimed to determine the impact studied factors represented by (people’s activities, government activities, natural factors) on the deterioration of natural pastures in the Governorate of Al-Muthanna the point of view of agricultural employees in the governorate. The research included all agricultural employees with a preparatory scientific qualification in agriculture and above in the governorate their number is (94) employees. A questionnaire was prepared to collect the data necessary to achieve the objectives of the research. It consisted of two parts. The first part included the factors related to the employees, which are (term of service, academic achievement, participation in extension activities, job position and work location). The second part included a measure to identify the agricultural employees’ the point of view of on the factors affecting the deterioration of natural pastures. It consists of (46) section spread over (3) field covered by the research. The results showed that government activities have the most impact on the deterioration of natural pastures, it was found a statistically significant difference in the respondents’ point of view about the influence of the studied factors according to their personal characteristics. The researchers concluded the necessity of agricultural expansion in pasture lands and industrial investments, as well as the importance of personal factors in assigning employees who can work in the development of natural pastures, and the researchers recommend activating government laws for the protection of natural pastures to prevent abuses (people’s activities, government activities) that contributed greatly to the deterioration of vegetation cover in the research area and taking into account the factors studied in the selection of workers in the development of natural pastures in the research area.
The Optimum Allocation For Irrigation Water of Agricultural Crops in Iraq During The Average Period (2017-2020) Using Linear Programming Method
Authors: Abdullah Assad A. , Kadhim Zuhal R. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The research aims to study the optimal allocation of irrigation water that is used to irrigate various agricultural crops at the level of Iraq. In order to achieve the research aim, two economic models were formulated according to the Simplex Algorithm. The two models included forty agricultural crops, which were restricted by twenty specific production resources. The estimated results indicated that there is a surplus of the water resource for both the actual crop composition plan and the proposed basic plans for the two estimated models amounting to about 30.943, 35.357 and 31.097 billion cubic meters for each plan, respectively, compared to the quantities of water available for agricultural use. The results of the analysis of the two estimated models indicated to prefer the results of plans with legislative restrictions due to the expansion of the area of strategic and important crops for local consumption, with less needs of water.
Study The Administrative Efficiency of The Agricultural Extension and Training Organization According to The Opinions of Agricultural Extension Workers and Its Relationship to Some Factors in The Southern of Iraq
Authors: Al hamdany Majeed h.S. , Ai_Rekibe Hakeem. S. , Ai_Janabi Thamir N. , Ai_Ansari Adnan. I. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The research aimed to identify the level of administrative efficiency of the agricultural extension organization and training organization according to the opinions of agricultural extension workers in the southern governorates of Iraq., To conduct this study the sample was randomly selected from the studied governorates (40 respondents from Maysan Governorate, 40 respondents from Thi-Qar province, 42 respondents from the Governorate Basra, the total of research sample was 122 respondents), To collect the data by questionnaire techniques and interviews with the respondents. The data was collected through the personal interviews were adopted (June to July 2020). Statistical tools were used to analyze the data and the SPSS statistical program. The study found that the efficiency of the extension organization in the studied governorates is on average and the degree of efficiency is low in the extension organization.
An Estimation of Dates Production Function in Karbala Governorate For The Agricultural Season 2020 (Al-jadual Al-gharby District A case Study)
Authors: Hussein Sadeq H. , Blaw Hayder Hamed 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This study aimed to detect the most important factor that affects dates production. About 108 questionary forms collecttted palm orchard farmers in Karbala to estimate the dates production function in Karbala governorate for the agricultural season 2021 (the district of Al-jadual Al-Gharby). The study distributed those formmmsss for about 10% of the total palm orchards in Al-jadual Al-Gharby district of the holy governorate of Karbala. The study used the method of ordinary Least squares (OLS) to estimate the mathematical model of the function. The results showed that the double Logarithmic function in terms of its estimation of the estimated Coefficients by one unit leads to a corresponding change in the produced quality of dates and the same direction by 0.188 0.808) % respectively, and that the capital variable is more in fluently in production than the work variable. As for the total production elasticity (the sum of the partial elasticities of the resources used), which represents returns to scale, it amounted to about (0.996), which indicates a decrease in the return to scale.
Optimal Use of Natural Resources in Al-Muthanna Desert (Soil as A model)
Authors: Al-Aajibi Muhammad Jaber , Al-Jiashi Jassim Wehwah 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Soil is one of the important natural resources in Al-Muthanna desert, and the climate has played an important role in its formation. The soil in the study area is classified into several types that vary in their quality for agriculture. I concluded that the soil of the depressions and the plains alluvial soils are among the best types of those soils, followed by the sandy desert soil, which is characterized by its large area and can be exploited when providing water for it. As for the gypsum desert soils, they are of medium quality for cultivation, due to the presence of gypsum in them in high quantities and the lack of water retention. While the sandy and rocky dune soils are unsuitable for agriculture due to their high permeability. Wind and water erosion works to expose rocky soil rocks and transfer sand dune soil particles, but they constitute an important resource in the manufacture of building materials and glass if they are used properly.
Effect of Climate on The Burial and Stripping of Remnants of War in Al-Muthanna Desert and Its Health Effects
Authors: Al-Aajibi Muhammad Jaber , Al-Jiashi Karar Majid 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Military remnants in the Al-Muthanna desert are one of the most important risks facing the local population in the desert, due to its presence in large quantities and in large areas and in many types. Climate factors interacted integrated with each other, which led to the burial of many of these wastes. Sometimes wind erosion shows it, and there is a big role for dust storms and air precipitation to hide the war remnants in Al-Muthanna desert, due to the nature of the dry climate in it, which helped in the disintegration of its soil, which makes up most of the surface of the study area. It was also found that there is a large role of rain in burying many wastes, led to its concealment and the difficulty of seeing it with the naked eye, which required the use of explosive detection devices or dogs trained in that to investigate it. As for the casualties caused by the remnants of war, it has been continuous throughout the years (2004-2020), which claimed the lives of many local residents in the Desert, led by the year 2013, when the number of victims was. When studying the distribution of these remnants in the Desert region, it appeared that there are many areas in which war remnants are scattered in large areas, all of which are explosive and dangerous, such as mines, cluster bombs of different types, mortars and artillery. The Busayeh desert took the largest share of the area and the largest amount of war remnants. The research found that there are areas in which there are war remnants that are not registered with the Civil Defense Department in Al-Muthanna Governorate, such as Al-Juyou, Faydat Al-Faris, and Kilo.
Effect of Some Abiotic Environmental Stresses on Some Physical Characteristics of Wheat Seeds(Triticum Aestivum L.)
Authors: Karim Sattar J. Abdel , Mahmoud Mohammed R. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The experiment was carried out in the laboratory of the General Company for Grain Trade, Al-Diwaniyah Governorate, variety Ibaa 99 during the season of 2021, to find out the effect of some abiotic environmental stresses (heat and humidity) on some physical characteristics of the wheat seeds(Triticum aestivum L.) The experiment was conducted according to a randomized complete block design (RCBD) for experiments, Factorial with three replications, the first factor included three levels of temperature (-7, 25 and 35°C) and the second factor three levels of humidity (12, 14 and 16%). The temperature level of 35 °C was superior to the specific weight and gave the highest specific weight of 77.02 kg/Hectoliter and the weight of 1000 grains 34.49 g, the moisture level of 16% exceeded the specific weight and gave the highest specific weight of 77.80 kg/Hectoliter, and the weight of 1000 grains 34.48 g.
Season Response of Bread Wheat Cultivars (Triticum Aestivum L.) to Different Planting Dates Under Samawa Desert Condition
Authors: Fouad Razzaq A. Al-Burki , Haider Abdulhussein Mohsin , Abdullah F. Sarheed 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A field experiment was carried out in Samawa desert (70 km west of Samawa city, Al-Muthanna governorate), during the 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 agricultural seasons, to study the response of three Iraqi cultivars of wheat (Tamooz2, Ibaa99, Abu Ghraib3) to three planting dates (November 15, 1st December and December 15) under Samawa desert conditions. The results showed the superiority of Tamooz2 cultivar in all traits of the yield components, it gave the highest averages of grain yield, which amounted 5.75 and 5.89 tons/ha−1, weight of 1000 grains, which amounted 29.79 and 31.06 gm, and the number of grains per spike, which amounted 73.02 and 73.76 for the 2019 and 2019-2020 seasons, respectively. The date of December 15th also surpassed in the traits of grain yield, weight of 1000 grains, number of spike grains, and the highest grain yield reached 5.62 and 5.58 tons/ha−1 for the two seasons 2018-2019 and 2019-2020, respectively, and the combination (Tamooz 2 x December 15) gave superiority over the other combinations in terms of grain yield which amounted 6.05 tons ha−1 (2018-2019 season) and Ibaa99 × December 1 gave the highest grian yield about 6.10 tons ha-1 (2019-2020 season).
Advances in efficiency in the groove milling of aluminium EN AW 2024-T3 with zig-zag and trochoidal strategies
Authors: Rodríguez O , Romero P E , Molero E , Guerrero G 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Manufacturing process engineers must continually take decisions to make the processes efficient. Manufacturing time, surface finish and energy consumption are aspects to be optimized in machining. This study analyzes the efficiency of groove milling in milling aluminum alloys EN AW 2024-T3 with zig-zag and trochoidal strategies. Dynamic milling is designed to maximize the removal rate and optimize the tool performance. This generates a discontinuous cutting with minimum of heat reducing build-up with an optimal chip removal minimizing cutting edge wear. The influence of lateral pitch, feed per tooth, cutting speed and coolant pressure has been analyzed. The depth of curt has been adapted for each strategy and tool type. The study was proposed through a factorial design of experiments by the Taguchi method. The machining time (T) and energy consumption (EC) show a strong influence of the lateral step (a

e
) in conventional milling. A similar level of influence appears with the feed per tooth (f

z
) on the trochoidal. The roughness (Ra) is more influenced by cutting speed (V

c
) for conventional milling and by feed per tooth (f

z
) and lateral pitch (a

e
) for the trochoidal.
Bioprinting of biomimetic self-organised cartilage with a supporting joint fixation device
Authors: Burdis Ross , Chariyev-Prinz Farhad , Kelly Daniel J 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Despite sustained efforts, engineering truly biomimetic articular cartilage (AC) via traditional top-down approaches remains challenging. Emerging biofabrication strategies, from 3D bioprinting to scaffold-free approaches that leverage principles of cellular self-organisation, are generating significant interest in the field of cartilage tissue engineering as a means of developing biomimetic tissue analogues in vitro. Although such strategies have advanced the quality of engineered cartilage, recapitulation of many key structural features of native AC, in particular a collagen network mimicking the tissue’s ‘Benninghoff arcade’, remains elusive. Additionally, a complete solution to fixating engineered cartilages in situ within damaged synovial joints has yet to be identified. This study sought to address both of these key challenges by engineering biomimetic AC within a device designed to anchor the tissue within a synovial joint defect. We first designed and fabricated a fixation device capable of anchoring engineered cartilage into the subchondral bone. Next, we developed a strategy for inkjet printing porcine mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) into this supporting fixation device, which was also designed to provide instructive cues to direct the self-organisation of MSC condensations towards a stratified engineered AC. We found that a higher starting cell-density supported the development of a more zonally defined collagen network within the engineered tissue. Dynamic culture was implemented to further enhance the quality of this engineered tissue, resulting in an approximate 3 fold increase in glycosaminoglycan and collagen accumulation. Ultimately this strategy supported the development of AC that exhibited near-native levels of glycosaminoglycan accumulation (>5% WW), as well as a biomimetic collagen network organisation with a perpendicular to a parallel fibre arrangement (relative to the tissue surface) from the deep to superficial zones via arcading fibres within the middle zone of the engineered tissue. Collectively, this work demonstrates the successful convergence of novel biofabrication methods, bioprinting strategies and culture regimes to engineer a hybrid implant suited to resurfacing AC defects.
Wear and corrosion behavior of nano carbide dispersed AISI304 stainless steel by laser surface processing
Authors: Chakraborty Amitesh , Dileep M , Krishna Shree , Pityana Sisa , Sen D , Manna I , Majumdar J Dutta 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In this study, dispersion of tungsten carbide on AISI 304 stainless steel substrate has been carried out by laser melting of the sand blasted substrate using a 5 kW continuous wave (CW) Nd:YAG laser (with the beam diameter of 3 mm) with an output power ranging from 1.5–2 kW, and scan speed varying from 12 to 16 mm s−1 and simultaneous feeding of premixed WC + Co powders in the ratio (wt) of 1:4 (with a flow rate of 10 mg s−1). The microstructure of the composite zone is dendritic or cellular in morphology and consists of nano-tungsten carbide (both WC and W2C) and M23C6 precipitates. There is an enhancement in hardness due to carbide dispersion from 220 VHN of the as-received substrate to 290–400 VHN. The wear resistance is improved significantly with a maximum enhancement observed in the sample processed with an applied power of 2 kW and a scan speed of 12 mm s−1. The corrosion rate in a 3.56 wt% NaCl solution is significantly reduced due to laser processing in most samples except when processed with 2.5 kW applied power and 12 mm s−1 scan speed. However, pitting corrosion resistance is found to be improved (shifting of Epit towards noble direction) for the sample processed with an applied power of 2 kW and a scan speed of 12 mm s−1.
Phylogenetic, ecological and intraindividual variability patterns in grass phytolith shape
Authors: Hošková Kristýna , Neustupa Jiří , Pokorný Petr , Pokorná Adéla 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackground and AimsGrass silica short cell (GSSC) phytoliths appear to be the most reliable source of fossil evidence for tracking the evolutionary history and paleoecology of grasses. In recent years, modern techniques that quantitatively assess phytolith shape variation have widened opportunities for the classification of grass fossil phytoliths. However, phylogenetic, ecological and intraindividual variability patterns in phytolith shape remain largely unexplored.MethodsThe full range of intraindividual phytolith shape variation [3650 two-dimensional (2-D) outlines] from 73 extant grass species, 48 genera, 18 tribes and eight subfamilies (particularly Pooideae) was analysed using geometric morphometric analysis based on semi-landmarks spanning phytolith outlines.Key ResultsThe 2-D phytolith shape is mainly driven by deep-time diversification of grass subfamilies. There is distinct phytolith shape variation in early-diverging lineages of Pooideae (Meliceae, Stipeae). The amount of intraindividual variation in phytolith shape varies among species, resulting in a remarkable pattern across grass phylogeny.ConclusionsThe phylogenetic pattern in phytolith shape was successfully revealed by applying geometric morphometrics to 2-D phytolith shape outlines, strengthening the potential of phytoliths to track the evolutionary history and paleoecology of grasses. Geometric morphometrics of 2-D phytolith shape is an excellent tool for analysis requiring large numbers of phytolith outlines, making it useful for quantitative palaeoecological reconstruction.
Comprehensive assessment of deep generative architectures for de novo drug design
Authors: Wang Mingyang , Sun Huiyong , Wang Jike , Pang Jinping , Chai Xin , Xu Lei , Li Honglin , Cao Dongsheng , Hou Tingjun 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Recently, deep learning (DL)-based de novo drug design represents a new trend in pharmaceutical research, and numerous DL-based methods have been developed for the generation of novel compounds with desired properties. However, a comprehensive understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of these methods is still lacking. In this study, the performances of different generative models were evaluated by analyzing the properties of the generated molecules in different scenarios, such as goal-directed (rediscovery, optimization and scaffold hopping of active compounds) and target-specific (generation of novel compounds for a given target) tasks. In overall, the DL-based models have significant advantages over the baseline models built by the traditional methods in learning the physicochemical property distributions of the training sets and may be more suitable for target-specific tasks. However, both the baselines and DL-based generative models cannot fully exploit the scaffolds of the training sets, and the molecules generated by the DL-based methods even have lower scaffold diversity than those generated by the traditional models. Moreover, our assessment illustrates that the DL-based methods do not exhibit obvious advantages over the genetic algorithm-based baselines in goal-directed tasks. We believe that our study provides valuable guidance for the effective use of generative models in de novo drug design.