bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seismic analysis of high-speed railway irregular bridge–track system considering V-shaped canyon effect
Authors: Zhu Zhihui , Tang Yongjiu , Ba Zhenning , Wang Kun , Gong Wei 
Published: November 2021

AbstractTo explore the effect of canyon topography on the seismic response of railway irregular bridge–track system that crosses a V-shaped canyon, seismic ground motions of the horizontal site and V-shaped canyon site were simulated through theoretical analysis with 12 earthquake records selected from the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER) Strong Ground Motion Database matching the site condition of the bridge. Nonlinear seismic response analyses of an existing 11-span irregular simply supported railway bridge–track system were performed under the simulated spatially varying ground motions. The effects of the V-shaped canyon topography on the peak ground acceleration at bridge foundations and seismic responses of the bridge–track system were analyzed. Comparisons between the results of horizontal and V-shaped canyon sites show that the top relative displacement between adjacent piers at the junction of the incident side and the back side of the V-shaped site is almost two times that of the horizontal site, which also determines the seismic response of the fastener. The maximum displacement of the fastener occurs in the V-shaped canyon site and is 1.4 times larger than that in the horizontal site. Neglecting the effect of V-shaped canyon leads to the inappropriate assessment of the maximum seismic response of the irregular high-speed railway bridge–track system. Moreover, engineers should focus on the girder end to the left or right of the two fasteners within the distance of track seismic damage.
Uncertainty analysis of climate change potential assessments of five building energy renovation measures in Sweden
Authors: Farsäter Karin , Wahlström Åsa , Johansson Dennis 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The aim of this study is to assess the impact of the uncertainties of life cycle inventory (LCI) data for energy use and materials in life cycle assessments of standard energy renovation measures carried out in multi-family buildings in Sweden. Five energy renovation measures were assessed with regard to their climate change potential. Modules A1–A3 and module B6 were included in the assessment and the functional unit, 1 m2 heated floor area of a renovated building fulfilling the Swedish building regulations and with a calculation period of 20 years, was used. The uncertainty of LCI data for materials and energy were assessed using the Ecoinvent data quality system. This study shows that with two different energy mixes, all renovation measures result in a decrease in the climate change potential. The five renovation measures used in the simulations, with and without consideration to uncertainties, show a lower climate change potential when carried out than when not carried out. It is also shown in this study that the inclusion of the uncertainties of the input data did not have any impact on the overall decisions to renovate or not to renovate. However, this should not be regarded as a general conclusion. If a renovation measure were to have a higher level of material use, or if the “Future energy mix” were to be improved, uncertainty considerations could become much more important from a climate change perspective.

Article Highlights

All assessed energy renovation measures show a decrease in their climate change potential when carried out.

The energy renovation measures with the largest decreases of climate change potential are also the measures with largest energy saving potential.

When uncertainties are considered, there are no overlaps in the results when carrying out or not carrying out a renovation measure.
Zolpidem Maintains Memories for Negative Emotions Across a Night of Sleep
Authors: Simon Katharine C. , Whitehurst Lauren N. , Zhang Jing , Mednick Sara C. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractZolpidem, a common medication for sleep complaints, also shows secondary, unexpected memory benefits. We previously found that zolpidem prior to a nap enhanced negative, highly arousing picture memory. As zolpidem is typically administered at night, how it affects overnight emotional memory processing is relevant. We used a double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subject, cross-over design to investigate if zolpidem boosted negative compared to neutral picture memory. Subjects learned both pictures sets in the morning. That evening, subjects were administered zolpidem or placebo and slept in the lab. Recognition was tested that evening and the following morning. We found that zolpidem maintained negative picture memory compared to forgetting in the placebo condition. Furthermore, zolpidem increased slow-wave sleep time, decreased rapid eye movement sleep time, and increased the fast spindle range in NREM. Our results suggest that zolpidem may enhance negative memory longevity and salience. These findings raise concerns for zolpidem administration to certain clinical populations.
Acute Effect of High-Intensity Climbing on Performance and Muscle Oxygenation in Elite Climbers
Authors: Feldmann Andri , Lehmann Remo , Wittmann Frieder , Wolf Peter , Baláš Jiří , Erlacher Daniel 
Published: November 2021

AbstractHigh-intensity training (HIT) is known to have deteriorating effects on performance which manifest in various physiological changes such as lowered force production and oxidative capacity. However, the effect of HIT in climbing on finger flexor performance has not been investigated yet. Twenty-one climbers partook in an intervention study with three assessment time points: pre-HIT, post-HIT, and 24-h post-HIT. The HIT involved four five-minute exhaustive climbing tasks. Eight climbers were assigned to a control group. Assessments consisted of three finger flexor tests: maximum voluntary contraction (MVC), sustained contraction (SCT), and intermittent contraction tests (ICT). During the SCT muscle oxygenation (SmO2) metrics were collected via NIRS sensors on the forearm. The HIT had significant deteriorating effects on all force production metrics (MVC − 18%, SCT − 55%, ICT − 59%). Post-24 h showed significant recovery, which was less pronounced for the endurance tests (MVC − 3%, SCT − 16%, ICT − 22%). SmO2metrics provided similar results for the SCT with medium to large effect sizes. Minimally attainable SmO2and resting SmO2both showed moderate negative correlations with pre-HIT force production respectively;r = − 0.41,P = 0.102;r = − 0.361,P = 0.154. A strong association was found between a loss of force production and change in minimally attainable SmO2(r = − 0.734,P = 0.016). This study presents novel findings on the deteriorating effects of HIT on finger flexor performance and their oxidative capacity. Specifically, the divergent results between strength and endurance tests should be of interest to coaches and athletes when assessing athlete readiness.
Multilevel Picard iterations for solving smooth semilinear parabolic heat equations
Authors: E Weinan , Hutzenthaler Martin , Jentzen Arnulf , Kruse Thomas 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWe introduce a new family of numerical algorithms for approximating solutions of general high-dimensional semilinear parabolic partial differential equations at single space-time points. The algorithm is obtained through a delicate combination of the Feynman–Kac and the Bismut–Elworthy–Li formulas, and an approximate decomposition of the Picard fixed-point iteration with multilevel accuracy. The algorithm has been tested on a variety of semilinear partial differential equations that arise in physics and finance, with satisfactory results. Analytical tools needed for the analysis of such algorithms, including a semilinear Feynman–Kac formula, a new class of seminorms and their recursive inequalities, are also introduced. They allow us to prove for semilinear heat equations with gradient-independent nonlinearities that the computational complexity of the proposed algorithm is bounded by $$O(d\,{\varepsilon }^{-(4+\delta )})$$

O
(
d

ε

-
(
4
+
δ
)

)

for any $$\delta \in (0,\infty )$$

δ
∈
(
0
,
∞
)

under suitable assumptions, where $$d\in {{\mathbb {N}}}$$

d
∈
N

is the dimensionality of the problem and $${\varepsilon }\in (0,\infty )$$

ε
∈
(
0
,
∞
)

is the prescribed accuracy. Moreover, the introduced class of numerical algorithms is also powerful for proving high-dimensional approximation capacities for deep neural networks.
Homogenization of the G-equation: a metric approach
Authors: Siconolfi Antonio 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe aim of the paper is to recover some results of Cardaliaguet–Nolen–Souganidis in Cardaliaguet et al. (Arch Rat Mech Anal 199(2): 527–561, 2011) and Xin–Yu in Xin and Yu (Commun Math Sci 8(4): 1067–1078, 2010) about the homogenization of the G-equation, using different and simpler techniques. The main mathematical issue is the lack of coercivity of the Hamiltonians. In our approach we consider a multivalued dynamics without periodic invariants sets, a family of intrinsic distances and perform an approximation by a sequence of coercive Hamiltonians.
Modal approximation for plasmonic resonators in the time domain: the scalar case
Authors: Baldassari Lorenzo , Millien Pierre , Vanel Alice L. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWe study the electromagnetic field scattered by a metallic nanoparticle with dispersive material parameters in a resonant regime. We consider the particle placed in a homogeneous medium in a low-frequency regime. We define modes for the non-Hermitian problem as perturbations of electro-static modes, and obtain a modal approximation of the scattered field in the frequency domain. The poles of the expansion correspond to the eigenvalues of a singular boundary integral operator and are shown to lie in a bounded region near the origin of the lower-half complex plane. Finally, we show that this modal representation gives a very good approximation of the field in the time domain. We present numerical simulations in two dimensions to corroborate our results.
Brother, Uncle, and Patriarch: a Northern Song “Family Man”
Authors: Zhang Cong Ellen 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis is a case study of Han Qi (1008–1075), one of the most influential statesmen in the Northern Song. Drawing on his funerary biographical work and other writing, it places at the forefront Han's family life and relationships, especially his role as a brother, uncle, and family head. The goal of the study is threefold: first, to establish Han as a “family man,” in contrast to his conventional image as an outstanding political figure; second, to illustrate how seemingly random occurrences shaped Han's life and fortune in significant ways. Finally, this essay aims to enrich scholarly understanding of family preservation in the Northern Song. For many years, the possibility of the Hans failing in this regard remained a source of anxiety for Han Qi. This fear shaped his interaction with members of the younger generations in tangible ways and created noticeable undertones in his writing on family matters.
FRAGMENTED MOTIVES AND POLICIES: THE BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE IN CHINA
Authors: Ye Min 
Published: November 2021

AbstractObservers have portrayed the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) variously, as China's great-power strategy, global infrastructure initiative, or commercial projects. Each characterization has had logical reasoning and evidence to support it. But how? How has one initiative been shown to have such varied motives? This article unpacks the Chinese state and establishes that a “tri-block” structure consisting of political leadership, bureaucracy, and economic arms has accounted for such varied motivations and actors in the BRI in China. In the BRI process, the leadership employed strategic rhetoric, and bureaucracies imposed policy ideas. Yet, more pervasively, the implementers have followed commercial motives in specific projects. BRI's strategic rhetoric and hazardous investment have generated external critiques and anti-China backlash, forcing Beijing to readjust the initiative. However, given the tri-block state structure, Beijing's policy adjustment will not be sufficient. Economic actors’ incentives need to be shifted too.
Trends in intake and sources of dietary protein in Korean adults, 1998–2018
Authors: Lee Kyung Won , Shin Dayeon 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAlthough a decrease in carbohydrate intake and an increase in fat intake among Koreans have been reported, investigations of changes in protein intake have been limited. Thus, this study aimed to explore trends in the dietary intake of total, plant and animal proteins overall and by socio-demographic subgroups in Korea over the past two decades. A total of 78 716 Korean adults aged ≥ 19 years who participated in the seven survey cycles of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1998–2018 were included. Dietary protein intake, overall and by source, was calculated using a single 24-h dietary recall data. Changes in dietary protein over 20 years were estimated using multiple linear regression analysis after adjusting for potential covariates. For total protein intake, a significant decrease was reported from 1998 to 2016–2018 (P for trendlinearity < 0·001), whereas an increasing trend was observed from 2007–2009 to 2016–2018 (P for trendlinearity < 0·001). In terms of protein intake by source, plant protein intake decreased while animal protein intake increased over the past two decades, indicating steeper trends during the recent decade (P for trendlinearity < 0·001). These trends were more pronounced among younger adults and those with higher household income and education levels. These findings suggest that continuous monitoring of dietary protein intake overall and by source (plant v. animal) across socio-demographic group is needed.
Dietary supplementation of fructo-oligosaccharides alleviates enterotoxigenic E. coli-induced disruption of intestinal epithelium in a weaned piglet model
Authors: Luo Yuheng , Liu Lei , Chen Daiwen , Yu Bing , Zheng Ping , Mao Xiangbing , Huang Zhiqing , Yu Jie , Luo Junqiu , Yan Hui , He Jun 
Published: November 2021

AbstractDiarrhoea caused by pathogens such as enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) is a serious threat to the health of young animals and human infants. Here, we investigated the protective effect of fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) on the intestinal epithelium with ETEC challenge in a weaned piglet model. Twenty-four weaned piglets were randomly divided into three groups: (1) non-ETEC-challenged control (CON); (2) ETEC-challenged control (ECON); and (3) ETEC challenge + 2·5 g/kg FOS (EFOS). On day 19, the CON pigs were orally infused with sterile culture, while the ECON and EFOS pigs were orally infused with active ETEC (2·5 × 109 colony-forming units). On day 21, pigs were slaughtered to collect venous blood and small intestine. Result showed that the pre-treatment of FOS improved the antioxidant capacity and the integrity of intestinal barrier in the ETEC-challenged pigs without affecting their growth performance. Specifically, compared with ECON pigs, the level of GSH peroxidase and catalase in the plasma and intestinal mucosa of EFOS pigs was increased (P < 0·05), and the intestinal barrier marked by zonula occluden-1 and plasmatic diamine oxidase was also improved in EFOS pigs. A lower level (P < 0·05) of inflammatory cytokines in the intestinal mucosa of EFOS pigs might be involved in the inhibition of TLR4/MYD88/NF-κB pathway. The apoptosis of jejunal cells in EFOS pigs was also lower than that in ECON pigs (P < 0·05). Our findings provide convincing evidence of possible prebiotic and protective effect of FOS on the maintenance of intestinal epithelial function under the attack of pathogens.
Archaeometric analysis of a fragment of molded stucco cornice with rope from the House of the Mithraeum (Mérida, Spain)
Authors: Fernández Díaz Alicia , Bejarano Osorio Ana María , Bustamante-Álvarez Macarena , Yusá Marco Dolores Julia , Vicente Palomino Sofía , Castillo Alcántara Gonzalo 
Published: November 2021

AbstractDuring the excavations carried out since 2017 in the House of the Mithraeum (Casa del Mitreo) in Mérida a collection of paintings was recovered from Room 11, which had been abandoned in the late 3rd c. CE after a fire. The remains included fragments of molded stucco cornices, with braided esparto grass ropes on the reverse that were used to attach them to the ceiling. This article presents the descriptive and technical study of the finds and their compositional analysis using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Data resulting from these analyses allow us to understand the fragments’ composition and technical execution, and even the possible circulation of workshops and raw materials.
ON FUNDAMENTAL FOURIER COEFFICIENTS OF SIEGEL CUSP FORMS OF DEGREE 2
Authors: Jääsaari Jesse , Lester Stephen , Saha Abhishek 
Published: November 2021

AbstractLetFbe a Siegel cusp form of degree$2$, even weight$k \ge 2$, and odd square-free levelN. We undertake a detailed study of the analytic properties of Fourier coefficients$a(F,S)$ofFat fundamental matricesS(i.e., with$-4\det (S)$equal to a fundamental discriminant). We prove that asSvaries along the equivalence classes of fundamental matrices with$\det (S) \asymp X$, the sequence$a(F,S)$has at least$X^{1-\varepsilon }$sign changes and takes at least$X^{1-\varepsilon }$‘large values’. Furthermore, assuming the generalized Riemann hypothesis as well as the refined Gan–Gross–Prasad conjecture, we prove the bound$\lvert a(F,S)\rvert \ll _{F, \varepsilon } \frac {\det (S)^{\frac {k}2 - \frac {1}{2}}}{ \left (\log \lvert \det (S)\rvert \right )^{\frac 18 - \varepsilon }}$for fundamental matricesS.
The Impacts of Microphysics and Terminal Velocities of Graupel/Hail on the Rainfall of Typhoon Fitow (2013) as Seen From the WRF Model Simulations With Several Microphysics Schemes
Authors: Xu Huiyan , Zhang Dengrong , Li Xiaofan 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis study investigated cloud microphysical processes, and the upward and downward movement of precipitating particles with the Weather Research and Forecasting model during Typhoon Fitow (2013). The Purdue‐Lin single‐moment scheme and the Milbrandt‐Yau and National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) double‐moment microphysics schemes were utilized. The area‐mean rainfall simulated by the three schemes shared similar magnitudes and variations. The area‐mean rain rates were insensitive to microphysics schemes, as they were mainly determined by large‐scale water vapor convergence. However, the local rainfall intensity was sensitive to the schemes and graupel and hail parameterizations. This indicates great impacts of microphysics and terminal velocities of graupel/hail on the local rainfall intensity. Upward‐moving graupel had a stronger net source compared to the downward‐moving graupel over the spiral rainband in the Milbrandt‐Yau simulation due to the low terminal velocity; whereas the net source was much weaker for upward‐moving graupel than for downward‐moving graupel over the eyewall in the NSSL simulation due to the large terminal velocity. Decreasing the terminal velocities of graupel and hail (if hail exists) in the mid and lower troposphere significantly reduced the maximum local rainfall intensity via increasing the sources of upward‐moving graupel. This is because the upward‐moving graupel is prone to remaining in the clouds being advected out of the updraft region instead of directly converting to raindrops as the sinks of graupel. The microphysics and the terminal velocities were together responsible for the local rainfall intensity.
Effect of the Coriolis Force on Salt Dynamics in Convergent Partially Mixed Estuaries
Authors: Gong Wenping , Zhang Guang , Yuan Lirong , Zhang Heng , Zhu Lei 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn this study, we numerically investigate the effect of the Earth's rotation on the salt dynamics in an idealized convergent partially mixed estuary. The effect of the Coriolis force on salt transport is shown to vary in different parts of the estuary. Near the estuary mouth and in the upper estuary, compared with nonrotating environments, the Coriolis force weakens the longitudinal estuarine circulation and salinity stratification, thus decreasing the landward salt transport induced by the steady shear. On the other hand, the Coriolis force increases the magnitudes of the tidal variations of current and salinity, and decreases the phase shift between these two variables, resulting in enhanced landward transport of salt by the tidal oscillatory. In the middle estuary, the Coriolis force has less effect on the steady shear and tidal oscillatory transport. The Coriolis force decreases the salinity along the channel bottom by decreasing the vertical advection and increasing the vertical mixing, which results in a decreased salt intrusion. Sensitivity experiments show that in partially mixed estuaries with landward salt transport dominated by steady shear, the effect of the Coriolis force is proportional to the Coriolis parameter, and is more prominent for moderate tidal mixing and higher river discharge scenarios. However, when the tidal mixing is further increased and the estuary transits into a state of well‐mixed with landward salt transport dominated by tidal dispersion, the Coriolis force is shown to increase the stratification and estuarine circulation, and consequently enhances the salt intrusion.