bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Postoperative Patient-reported Pain and Opioid Consumption After Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Comparison of the Direct Anterior and Posterior Approaches
Authors: Bovonratwet Patawut , Chen Aaron Z. , Shen Tony S. , Ondeck Nathaniel T. , Kunze Kyle N. , Su Edwin P. 
Published: August 2021

Introduction:
Although one of the touted benefits of the direct anterior approach (DAA) includes decreased postoperative pain, there is no consensus on the effect of surgical approach on postoperative pain and subsequent analgesic consumption.

Methods:
Consecutive patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty by a single surgeon from May 2016 to March 2020 were identified. Procedures were categorized as DAA or posterior approach. Patient demographics and surgical details were assessed. Patient-reported maximum pain by postoperative day (POD), total opioid consumption during hospitalization, and whether the patient required a refill of opioid prescription within 3 months after discharge were compared between the two surgical approaches through multivariate analyses.

Results:
A total of 611 patients were included in this study (447 DAA and 164 posterior approaches). On multivariate analyses that controlled for preoperative/intraoperative differences, patients in the DAA group had lower average maximum reported pain (0 to 10 scale) on POD #0 (6.5 versus 6.8, P = 0.034) and POD #1 (5.4 versus 6.1, P = 0.018). However, the DAA was not associated with a statistically significant reduction in total inpatient oral morphine equivalents consumed (79.8 versus 100.1, P = 0.486). Furthermore, there was no association between surgical approach and opioid prescription refill within 3 months after discharge (P = 0.864).

Discussion:
The DAA was associated with slightly lower patient-reported pain. Furthermore, statistical analysis did not provide the necessary evidence to reject the null hypothesis, which was that there would be no difference in opioid utilization between the two approaches. Other perioperative factors may be more important to opioid use reduction than the surgical approach alone.
Study on Dynamic Positioning Capacity Analysis Method Considering Wind Shielding Effect of Offshore Structure
Authors: He Jinhui , Zhang Haibin , Zhu Renchuan 
Published: August 2021

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Offshore structures floating at sea should use their dynamic positioning (DP) system to maintain position and heading against environmental loads, including wave loads, current loads, and wind loads. It is difficult to calculate environmental loads accurately and quickly, especially for wind loads due to the shielding effect of different parts on offshore structures. To improve the accuracy of wind load calculation, a new method considering shielding effect is proposed. With the new method, calculated wind force becomes much closer to wind tunnel test than the traditional method. As input data of DP capacity analysis, the environmental loads have critical impact on the design of DP system. A static method and a time-domain simulation method of DP capacity are also proposed, and a case study of drillship is carried out. The results of both static analysis and time-domain simulation of DP capacity show that the new wind load calculation method has improved the accuracy of environmental load calculation and DP capacity analysis.

Introduction
As the offshore oil and gas exploitation is going further into deep sea, offshore structures are to be used in harsh marine environments, including strong wind, current, and waves. Especially for wind, it can make great effect on the dynamic positioning (DP) system of offshore structures, which is designed to maintain position and heading. Once the DP system is not able to keep the offshore structures’ position and heading, it will cause an accident such as oil leakage and oil pollution in the ocean. Because of the wind shielding effect among all parts on offshore structures, such as deckhouse, derricks, cranes, pipe racks, the wind load is difficult to calculate accurately and quickly.
Assessing Access to Five Types of Insurance by People with Multiple Sclerosis Using a Cross-sectional Online Survey
Authors: Miller Deborah M. , Cofield Stacey S. , Planchon Sarah M. , Givens Sarah E. , Salter Amber , Schmidt Hollie K. , Corlette Sabrina , Musil Carol C. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Background:
Many individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) depart the workforce prematurely. In the United States, access to insurance, including health, disability income, long-term care, and life insurance, is largely employment-based or purchased from earnings. Many individuals we see in the clinic experience financial hardship because of a lack of insurance, even if working. We sought to determine the proportion of workers who are financially protected through insurance coverage and the sources of this coverage in a large sample.

Methods:
We developed an online survey and opened it to individuals aged 18 to 65 years registered with the North American Research Committee on Multiple Sclerosis, iConquerMS, or the National Multiple Sclerosis Society Minority Advisory Council. Data collected included demographic and disease characteristics, current information about each insurance type (coverage vs no coverage), and when the current insurance policies were obtained relative to MS diagnosis.

Results:
Of 2507 survey respondents, 82.9% were female, 3.8% Hispanic/Latino, and 91.2% White. The mean ± SD age was 53.5 ± 8.5 years and disease duration was 16.4 ± 8.5 years after diagnosis. The most frequently held insurance types were health (96.3%) and life (58.8%). Only 9.7% of respondents had long-term care insurance. Except for life insurance, most current policies were obtained after MS diagnosis.

Conclusions:
Individuals with MS might not prioritize the possible short- and long-term benefits of these types of insurance. Health care providers can direct patients to nonprofit agencies that educate about of these insurance types and emphasize that others with MS have obtained these insurance types after their diagnosis.
A Biography of the Pixel
Authors: Smith Alvy Ray 
Published: August 2021

The pixel as the organizing principle of all pictures, from cave paintings to Toy Story.
The Great Digital Convergence of all media types into one universal digital medium occurred, with little fanfare, at the recent turn of the millennium. The bit became the universal medium, and the pixel—a particular packaging of bits—conquered the world. Henceforward, nearly every picture in the world would be composed of pixels—cell phone pictures, app interfaces, Mars Rover transmissions, book illustrations, videogames. In A Biography of the Pixel, Pixar cofounder Alvy Ray Smith argues that the pixel is the organizing principle of most modern media, and he presents a few simple but profound ideas that unify the dazzling varieties of digital image making.
Smith's story of the pixel's development begins with Fourier waves, proceeds through Turing machines, and ends with the first digital movies from Pixar, DreamWorks, and Blue Sky. Today, almost all the pictures we encounter are digital—mediated by the pixel and irretrievably separated from their media; museums and kindergartens are two of the last outposts of the analog. Smith explains, engagingly and accessibly, how pictures composed of invisible stuff become visible—that is, how digital pixels convert to analog display elements. Taking the special case of digital movies to represent all of Digital Light (his term for pictures constructed of pixels), and drawing on his decades of work in the field, Smith approaches his subject from multiple angles—art, technology, entertainment, business, and history. A Biography of the Pixel is essential reading for anyone who has watched a video on a cell phone, played a videogame, or seen a movie. 400 pages of annotations, prepared by the author and available online, provide an invaluable resource for readers.
Good Ethics and Bad Choices
Authors: Blumenthal-Barby Jennifer S. 
Published: August 2021

An analysis of how findings in behavioral economics challenge fundamental assumptions of medical ethics, integrating the latest research in both fields.
Bioethicists have long argued for rational persuasion to help patients with medical decisions. But the findings of behavioral economics—popularized in Thaler and Sunstein's Nudge and other books—show that arguments depending on rational thinking are unlikely to be successful and even that the idea of purely rational persuasion may be a fiction. In Good Ethics and Bad Choices, Jennifer Blumenthal-Barby examines how behavioral economics challenges some of the most fundamental tenets of medical ethics. She not only integrates the latest research from both fields but also provides examples of how physicians apply concepts of behavioral economics in practice.
Blumenthal-Barby analyzes ethical issues raised by “nudging” patient decision making and argues that the practice can improve patient decisions, prevent harm, and perhaps enhance autonomy. She then offers a more detailed ethical analysis of further questions that arise, including whether nudging amounts to manipulation, to what extent and at what point these techniques should be used, when and how their use would be wrong, and whether transparency about their use is required. She provides a snapshot of nudging “in the weeds,” reporting on practices she observed in clinical settings including psychiatry, pediatric critical care, and oncology. Warning that there is no “single, simple account of the ethics of nudging,” Blumenthal-Barby offers a qualified defense, arguing that a nudge can be justified in part by the extent to which it makes patients better off.
Discriminant Analysis with Biomedical Examples
Authors: Wernecke Klaus‐D. , Lüttke Constanze D. , Multmeier Jan , von Schild Marie , Krannich Alexander 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This article describes discriminant analysis. First, a brief overview is provided followed by exploratory data analysis, discussions of allocation rules and their error rates, Bayes allocation rules, discrimination using normal models, nonparametric discrimination, logistic discriminant analysis, discrimination using artificial networks, tree‐based models, further methods of discrimination, and judging reliability. Finally, a section on software packages concludes the article. Numerous examples from medical applications support the understanding of the procedures presented.
Unsupervised and Semisupervised Learning
Authors: Li Jia , Pisztora Vincent A. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Methodologies for unsupervised and semisupervised learning are reviewed. For unsupervised learning, or clustering, the focus is on mixture‐model‐based approaches under both the classic and mode association frameworks. High‐dimensional data pose a major challenge for clustering. We thus discuss in detail variable selection and the hidden Markov model on variable blocks, which exploits a graph structure to simplify the dependence among variables. We also present topics that emerged relatively recently such as clustering distributional data under the Wasserstein metric and uncertainty assessment for cluster analysis. Semisupervised learning has attracted growing interest in the machine learning community in recent years. We review foundational approaches including self‐training, semisupervised generative models, and graphical models. We then describe in greater depth entropy minimization, consistency regularization, and mixup augmentation, methods that are utilized in state‐of‐the‐art models such as MixMatch.
Stochastic Control of Dam Discharges
Authors: Yoshioka Hidekazu 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Dam is a dynamical system receiving stochastic inflows while releasing controlled outflows. Its optimal control requires considering a state constraint on the stored water volume and should use an objective function considering both human activities and downstream environmental management. In addition, the system dynamics are not always known exactly. We briefly explain a robust modeling framework of dam discharges based on a dynamic programming approach and constrained viscosity solutions with a demonstrative computational example. We focus on a single problem rather than reviewing diverse examples because it has key features that stochastic control in real applications encounters.
Cortical microstructural changes associated with treated aphasia recovery
Authors: Chang Allen J. , Wilmskoetter Janina , Fridriksson Julius , McKinnon Emilie T. , Johnson Lorelei P. , Basilakos Alexandra , Jensen Jens H. , Rorden Chris , Bonilha Leonardo 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo investigate the hypothesis that language recovery in post‐stroke aphasia is associated with structural brain changes.MethodsWe evaluated whether treatment‐induced improvement in naming is associated with reorganization of tissue microstructure within residual cortical regions. To this end, we performed a retrospective longitudinal treatment study using comprehensive language‐linguistic assessments and diffusion MRI sequences optimized for the assessment of complex microstructure (diffusional kurtosis imaging) to evaluate the relationship between language treatment response and cortical changes in 26 individuals with chronic stroke‐induced aphasia. We employed elastic net statistical models controlling for baseline factors including age, sex, and time since the stroke, as well as lesion volume.ResultsWe observed that improved naming accuracy (Philadelphia Naming Test) was statistically associated with increased post‐treatment microstructural integrity in the left posterior superior temporal gyrus. Moreover, increase in microstructural integrity in the left middle temporal gyrus and left inferior temporal gyrus was specifically associated with a decrease in semantic paraphasias. This longitudinal relationship between brain tissue integrity and language improvement was not observed in other non‐language related brain regions.InterpretationOur findings provide evidence that structural brain changes in the preserved left hemisphere regions are associated with treatment‐induced language recovery in aphasia and are part of the mechanisms supporting language and brain injury recovery.
Modifying Li@Mn6 Superstructure Units by Al Substitution to Enhance the Long‐Cycle Performance of Co‐Free Li‐Rich Cathode
Authors: Li Zhibo , Li Yiwei , Zhang Mingjian , Yin Zu‐Wei , Yin Liang , Xu Shenyang , Zuo Changjian , Qi Rui , Xue Haoyu , Hu Jiangtao , Cao Bo , Chu Mihai , Zhao Wenguang , Ren Yang , Xie Lin , Ren Guoxi , Pan Feng 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAs one of the most promising cathodes for Li‐ion batteries, Li‐rich layered oxides suffer from low Coulombic efficiency, severe capacity fading, and voltage decay, which are related to the aggregated Li@Mn6 superstructure units. Herein, a Co‐free Li‐rich oxide Li[Li1/4Mn1/2Ni1/6Al1/12]O2 through Al substitution of Co in Li[Li1/4Mn1/2Ni1/6Co1/12]O2, is designed. Combining the average structural refinement with the detailed local structural/chemical analysis, it is found that the introduced Al ions occupy the Mn sites in Li@Mn6 superstructure units, which further induces the partial replacement of the central Li ions in Li@Mn6 units by Ni2+. The modified superstructure units stabilize the anionic framework and suppress structural degradation during long‐term cycling. A superior cyclability (a capacity retention of 91.4% after 500 cycles at 1 C) is achieved. This work not only deepens the understanding into the mechanism of Al substitution, but also provides a novel route to design high‐performance Li‐rich cathodes by modifying the local functional units.
Analysis of energetics and economics of sub‐ambient hybrid post‐combustion carbon dioxide capture
Authors: DeWitt Stephen J. A. , Awati Rohan , Octavio Rubiera Landa Héctor , Park Jongwoo , Kawajiri Yoshiaki , Sholl David S. , Realff Matthew J. , Lively Ryan P. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAdsorption of CO2 from post‐combustion flue gas is one of the leading candidates for globally impactful carbon capture systems. This work focused on understanding the opportunities and limitations of sub‐ambient CO2 capture processes utilizing a multistage separation process. A hybrid process design using a combination of pressure‐driven separation of CO2 from flue gas (e.g., adsorption‐ or membrane‐based separation) followed by CO2‐rich product liquefaction to produce high‐purity (>99%) CO2 at pipeline conditions is considered. The operating pressure of the separation unit is a key cost parameter and also an important process variable that regulates the available heat removal necessary to reach the sub‐ambient operating conditions. The economic viability of applying pressure swing adsorption (PSA) processes using fiber sorbent contactors with internal heat management was found to be most influenced by the productivity of the adsorption system, with productivities as high as 0.015 /kgsorb−1 sec−1 being required to reduce costs of capture below $60/ton CO2 captured. This analysis was carried out using a simplified two‐bed process, and thus there is opportunity for further cost reduction with exploration of more complex cycle designs. Three exemplar fiber sorbents (MIL‐101(Cr), UiO‐66, and zeolite 13X) were considered for application in the sub‐ambient process of PSA unit. Among the considered sorbents, zeolite 13X fiber composites were found to perform better at ambient temperatures as compared to sub‐ambient. MIL‐101(Cr) and UiO‐66 fiber composites had improved purity, recovery, and productivity at colder temperatures reducing costs of capture as low as $61/ton CO2. Future economic improvement could be achieved by reducing the required operating pressure of the PSA unit and pushing the Pareto frontier closer to the final pipeline requirement via a combination of PSA cycle design and material selection.
Technical note: Artificial Resynthesis Technology for the experimental formation of dental microwear textures
Authors: Krueger Kristin L. , Chwa Evan , Peterson Alexandria S. , Willman John C. , Fok Alex , van Heel Bonita , Heo Young , Weston Michael , DeLong Ralph 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDental microwear formation on the posterior dentition is largely attributed to an organism's diet. However, some have suggested that dietary and environmental abrasives contribute more to the formation process than food, calling into question the applicability of dental microwear to the reconstruction of diet in the fossil record. Creating microwear under controlled conditions would benefit this debate, but requires accurately replicating the oral environment. This study tests the applicability of Artificial Resynthesis Technology (ART 5) to create microwear textures while mitigating the challenges of past research. ART 5 is a simulator that replicates the chewing cycle, responds to changes in food texture, and simulates the actions of the oral cavity. Surgically extracted, occluding pairs of third molars (n = 2 pairs) were used in two chewing experiments: one with dried beef and another with sand added to the dried beef. High‐resolution molds were taken at 0, 50, 100, 2500, and 5000 simulated chewing cycles, which equates to approximately 1 week of chewing. Preliminary results show that ART 5 produces microwear textures. Meat alone may produce enamel prism rod exposure at 5000 cycles, although attrition cannot be ruled out. Meat with sand accelerates the wear formation process, with enamel prism rods quickly obliterated and “pit‐and‐scratch” microwear forming at approximately 2500 cycles. Future work with ART 5 will incorporate a more thorough experimental protocol with improved controls, pH of the simulated oral environment, and grit measurements; however, these results indicate the potential of ART 5 in untangling the complex variables of dental microwear formation.
Generation of α‐Boryl Radicals by H. Transfer and their Use in Cycloisomerizations
Authors: Shi Shicheng , Salahi Farbod , Vibbert Hunter B. , Rahman Maleeha , Snyder Scott A. , Norton Jack R. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractCarbon‐centered radicals can be stabilized by delocalization of their spin density into the vacant p orbital of a boron substituent. α‐Vinyl boronates, in particular pinacol (Bpin) derivatives, are excellent hydrogen atom acceptors. Under H2, in the presence of a cobaloxime catalyst, they generate α‐boryl radicals; these species can undergo 5‐exo radical cyclizations if appropriate double bond acceptors are present, leading to densely functionalized heterocycles with tertiary substituents on Bpin. The reaction shows good functional group tolerance with wide scope, and the resulting boronate products can be converted into other useful functionalities.
A Simple Gas–Solid Treatment for Surface Modification of Li‐Rich Oxides Cathodes
Authors: Ye Zhengcheng , Zhang Bin , Chen Ting , Wu Zhenguo , Wang Daqiang , Xiang Wei , Sun Yan , Liu Yuxia , Liu Yang , Zhang Jun , Song Yang , Guo Xiaodong 
Published: August 2021

AbstractLi‐rich layered oxides with high capacity are expected to be the next generation of cathode materials. However, the irreversible and sluggish anionic redox reaction leads to the O2 loss in the surface as well as the capacity and voltage fading. In the present study, a simple gas–solid treatment with ferrous oxalate has been proposed to uniformly coat a thin spinel phase layer with oxygen vacancy and simultaneously realize Fe‐ion substitution in the surface. The integration of oxygen vacancy and spinel phase suppresses irreversible O2 release, prevents electrolyte corrosion, and promotes Li‐ion diffusion. In addition, the surface doping of Fe‐ion can further stabilize the structure. Accordingly, the treated Feox‐2 % cathode exhibits superior capacity retention of 86.4 % and 85.5 % at 1 C and 2 C to that (75.3 % and 75.0 %) of the pristine sample after 300 cycles, respectively. Then, the voltage fading is significantly suppressed to 0.0011 V per cycle at 2 C especially. The encouraging results may play a significant role in paving the practical application of Li‐rich layered oxides cathode.
Platinum Modulates Redox Properties and 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural Adsorption Kinetics of Ni(OH)2 for Biomass Upgrading
Authors: Zhou Bo , Li Yingying , Zou Yuqin , Chen Wei , Zhou Wang , Song Minglei , Wu Yujie , Lu Yuxuan , Liu Jilei , Wang Yanyong , Wang Shuangyin 
Published: August 2021

AbstractNickel hydroxide (Ni(OH)2) is a promising electrocatalyst for the 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural oxidation reaction (HMFOR) and the dehydronated intermediates Ni(OH)O species are proved to be active sites for HMFOR. In this study, Ni(OH)2 is modified by platinum to adjust the electronic structure and the current density of HMFOR improves 8.2 times at the Pt/Ni(OH)2 electrode compared with that on Ni(OH)2 electrode. Operando methods reveal that the introduction of Pt optimized the redox property of Ni(OH)2 and accelerate the formation of Ni(OH)O during the catalytic process. Theoretical studies demonstrate that the enhanced Ni(OH)O formation kinetics originates from the reduced dehydrogenation energy of Ni(OH)2. The product analysis and transition state simulation prove that the Pt also reduces adsorption energy of HMF with optimized adsorption behavior as Pt can act as the adsorption site of HMF. Overall, this work here provides a strategy to design an efficient and universal nickel‐based catalyst for HMF electro‐oxidation, which can also be extended to other Ni‐based catalysts such as Ni(HCO3)2 and NiO.