bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors and Risk of Pancreatic Cancer: A Nationwide Case–Control Study Based on the French National Health Data System (SNDS)
Authors: Lassalle Marion , Le Tri Thien , Afchain Pauline , Camus Marine , Kirchgesner Julien , Zureik Mahmoud , Dray-Spira Rosemary 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Background:
Only a few studies investigated the association between proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use and pancreatic cancer, with inconsistent results. Moreover, these studies had a number of methodologic limitations. Our objective was to assess this association in a nationwide case–control study.

Methods:
We used the French National Health Data System (SNDS), covering 99% of the French population since 2006. Incident cases of pancreatic cancer, identified between 2014 and 2018, were matched with up to four controls on year of birth, sex, frequency of hospitalization within 8 years prior to index date, and department of residence. Associations between PPIs and pancreatic cancer were estimated using conditional logistic regression models adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, risk factors of pancreatic cancer (including diabetes mellitus, tobacco-related diseases, and morbid obesity), and other comorbidities.

Results:
A total of 23,321 cases of pancreatic cancer (mean age, 69.8 years; 51.7% males) and 75,937 matched controls were included. Overall, 77.8% of cases and 75.5% of controls were PPI ever users. Ever (vs. never) PPI use was associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer [adjusted OR (aOR) = 1.05, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.01–1.09]. A dose–response relationship was observed [1–30 cumulative defined daily dose (cDDD): aOR = 0.92, 95% CI, 0.87–0.97; 31–180 cDDD: aOR = 1.05, 95% CI, 1.00–1.11; 181–1,080 cDDD: aOR = 1.18, 95% CI, 1.12–1.24; &gt;1,080 cDDD: aOR = 1.17, 95% CI, 1.10–1.23].

Conclusions:
On the basis of these findings, a slight increase in the risk of pancreatic cancer associated with high cumulative doses of PPIs cannot be excluded.

Impact:
Given the overuse of PPIs, efforts should be continued to limit treatments to appropriate indications and durations.
Reversing T-cell Exhaustion in Cancer: Lessons Learned from PD-1/PD-L1 Immune Checkpoint Blockade
Authors: Budimir Natalija , Thomas Graham D. , Dolina Joseph S. , Salek-Ardakani Shahram 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAnti–PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy has revolutionized the treatment of many types of cancer over the past decade. The initial therapeutic hypothesis underlying the mechanism of anti–PD-1/PD-L1 ICB was built around the premise that it acts locally in the tumor, reversing the exhaustion of PD-1hiCD8+ T cells by “releasing the brakes.” However, recent studies have provided unprecedented insight into the complexity within the CD8+ T-cell pool in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Single-cell RNA sequencing and epigenetic profiling studies have identified novel cell surface markers, revealing heterogeneity within CD8+ T-cell states classified as unique. Moreover, these studies highlighted that following ICB, CD8+ T-cell states within and outside the TME possess a differential capacity to respond, mobilize to the TME, and seed an effective antitumor immune response. In aggregate, these recent developments have led to a reevaluation of our understanding of both the underlying mechanisms and the sites of action of ICB therapy. Here, we discuss the evidence for the reversibility of CD8+ T-cell exhaustion after ICB treatment and its implication for the further development of cancer immunotherapy.
Trends in Premature Mortality From Acute Myocardial Infarction in the United States, 1999 to 2019
Authors: Dani Sourbha S. , Lone Ahmad N. , Javed Zulqarnain , Khan Muhammad S. , Zia Khan Muhammad , Kaluski Edo , Virani Salim S. , Shapiro Michael D. , Cainzos‐Achirica Miguel , Nasir Khurram , Khan Safi U. 
Published: December 2021

Background
Evaluating premature (<65 years of age) mortality because of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) by demographic and regional characteristics may inform public health interventions.

Methods and Results
We used the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s WONDER (Wide‐Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research) death certificate database to examine premature (<65 years of age) age‐adjusted AMI mortality rates per 100 000 and average annual percentage change from 1999 to 2019. Overall, the age‐adjusted AMI mortality rate was 13.4 (95% CI, 13.3–13.5). Middle‐aged adults, men, non‐Hispanic Black adults, and rural counties had higher mortality than young adults, women, NH White adults, and urban counties, respectively. Between 1999 and 2019, the age‐adjusted AMI mortality rate decreased at an average annual percentage change of −3.4 per year (95% CI, −3.6 to −3.3), with the average annual percentage change showing higher decline in age‐adjusted AMI mortality rates among large (−4.2 per year [95% CI, −4.4 to −4.0]), and medium/small metros (−3.3 per year [95% CI, −3.5 to −3.1]) than rural counties (−2.4 per year [95% CI, −2.8 to −1.9]). Age‐adjusted AMI mortality rates >90th percentile were distributed in the Southern states, and those with mortality <10th percentile were clustered in the Western and Northeastern states. After an initial decline between 1999 and 2011 (−4.3 per year [95% CI, −4.6 to −4.1]), the average annual percentage change showed deceleration in mortality since 2011 (−2.1 per year [95% CI, −2.4 to −1.8]). These trends were consistent across both sexes, all ethnicities and races, and urban/rural counties.

Conclusions
During the past 20 years, decline in premature AMI mortality has slowed down in the United States since 2011, with considerable heterogeneity across demographic groups, states, and urbanicity. Systemic efforts are mandated to address cardiovascular health disparities and outcomes among nonelderly adults.
Revisiting the Boundary between ASR and NLU in the Age of Conversational Dialog Systems
Authors: Faruqui Manaal , Hakkani-Tür Dilek 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
As more users across the world are interacting with dialog agents in their daily life, there is a need for better speech understanding that calls for renewed attention to the dynamics between research in automatic speech recognition (ASR) and natural language understanding (NLU). We briefly review these research areas and lay out the current relationship between them. In light of the observations we make in this article, we argue that (1) NLU should be cognizant of the presence of ASR models being used upstream in a dialog system’s pipeline, (2) ASR should be able to learn from errors found in NLU, (3) there is a need for end-to-end data sets that provide semantic annotations on spoken input, (4) there should be stronger collaboration between ASR and NLU research communities.
How Green Is Sugarcane Ethanol?
Authors: Sant'Anna Marcelo 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Biofuels offer one approach for reducing carbon emissions. However, the necessary agricultural expansion may endanger tropical forests. I use a dynamic model of land use to disentangle the roles of acreage and yields in the supply of sugarcane ethanol in Brazil. The model is estimated using remote sensing (satellite) information of sugarcane activities. Estimates imply that, at the margin, 92% of new ethanol comes from increases in area and only 8% from increases in yield. Direct deforestation accounts for 19% of area expansion at the margin in the long run. I further assess carbon emissions and deforestation implications from ethanol policies.
How Does Improvement in Commuting Affect Employees? Evidence from a Natural Experiment
Authors: Lu Yao , Shi Xinzheng , Sivadasan Jagadeesh , Xu Zhufeng 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We collect worker month-level panel data from two companies in Beijing for a two-year period before and after the opening of a nearby subway station, which significantly improved public transportation commutes for some workers. We find a significant difference-in-differences increase (12.6% of the standard deviation) in bonus pay, which is strongly correlated to worker-level performance measures, for affected workers relative to unaffected coworkers. We find no evidence that the improved performance is a result of affected workers spending extra time at the workplace. We find suggestive evidence for a relative decline in turnover, consistent with a gain in utility for affected workers.
(Non-)Parametric Recoverability of Preferences and Choice Prediction
Authors: Zrill Lanny 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Simple functional forms for utility require restrictive structural assumptions that are often contrary to observed behavior. Even so, they are widely used in applied economic research. I address this issue using a two-part adaptive experimental design to compare the predictions of a popular parametric model of decision making under risk to those of non-parametric bounds on indifference curves. Interpreting the latter as an approximate upper bound, I find the parametric model sacrifices very little in terms of predictive success. This suggests that, despite their restrictiveness, simple functional forms may nevertheless be useful representations of preferences over risky alternatives.
Credible School Value-Added with Undersubscribed School Lotteries
Authors: Angrist Joshua , Hull Peter , Pathak Parag A. , Walters Christopher 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We introduce two empirical strategies harnessing the randomness in school assignment mechanisms to measure school value-added. The first estimator controls for the probability of school assignment, treating take-up as ignorable. We test this assumption using randomness in assignments. The second approach uses assignments as instrumental variables (IVs) for low-dimensional models of value-added and forms empirical Bayes posteriors from these IV estimates. Both strategies solve the underidentification challenge arising from school undersubscription. Models controlling for assignment risk and lagged achievement in Denver and New York City yield reliable value-added estimates. Estimates from models with lower-quality achievement controls are improved by IV.
An Experimental Study on the Effects of Communication, Credibility, and Clustering in Network Games
Authors: Charness Gary , Feri Francesco , Meléndez-Jiménez Miguel A. , Sutter Matthias 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We examine how preplay communication and clustering affect play in a challenging hybrid experimental game on networks. Free-form chat is impressively effective in achieving the nonequilibrium efficient outcome, but restricted communication has little effect. We support this result with a model about the credibility of cheap-talk messages. We also offer a model of message diffusion that correctly predicts more rapid diffusion without clustering. We show an interaction effect of network structure and communication technologies. A remarkable result is that restricted communication is quite effective in a network stag hunt but not in our extended game.
How Sticky Is Retirement Behavior in the United States?
Authors: Deshpande Manasi , Fadlon Itzik , Gray Colin 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We study how increases in the U.S. Social Security full retirement age (FRA) affect benefit-claiming behavior and retirement behavior separately. Using long panels of Social Security administrative data, we implement complementary research designs of a traditional cohort analysis and a regression-discontinuity design. We find that while claiming ages strongly and immediately shift in response to increases in the FRA, retirement ages exhibit persistent “stickiness” at the old FRA of 65. We use several strategies to explore the likely mechanisms behind the stickiness in retirement, and we find suggestive evidence that employers play a role in workers’ responses to the FRA.
Anti-Muslim Voting and Media Coverage of Immigrant Crimes
Authors: Couttenier Mathieu , Hatte Sophie , Thoenig Mathias , Vlachos Stephanos 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We study how news coverage of immigrant criminality impacts voting in one of the most controversial referendums in recent years—the 2009 Swiss minaret ban. We combine a comprehensive crime detection data set with detailed information on newspaper coverage. We first document a large upward distortion in media reporting of immigrant crime during the prereferendum period. Exploiting quasi-random variations in crime incidence, we find a positive first-order effect of news coverage on support for the ban. Our quantification shows that, in absence of the media bias, the pro-ban vote would have decreased from 57.6% to 53.5% at the national level.
Through the Rule of Law Looking Glass
Authors: Burci Gian Luca , Hasselgård-Rowe Jennifer 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Transposing rule of law principles from the national to the international level, in particular to international organizations, still raises questions and can be problematic. However, rule of law considerations play an important role when international organizations exercise a substantial amount of public authority and may directly affect states as well as individuals. The World Health Organization (WHO), unlike other international organizations, has a constitutional mandate to prevent and respond to international acute emergencies in the form of disease outbreaks and pandemics. Its main normative tool is the 2005 International Health Regulations (IHR), that represent a breakthrough from past instruments but also raise questions and challenges that can be effectively analyzed from a rule of law perspective. This approach applies in particular to ambiguities in important parts of the IHR affecting their relevance and effectiveness; lack of clarity for processes leading to sensitive executive decisions; the absence of compliance assessment mechanisms resulting in lack of accountability for states parties; and an inadequate inclusion of human rights guarantees. The analysis is extended beyond WHO’s functions, to the impact of COVID-19 on the organization’s governance as well as its internal management.
In Search of Coherence: Burden and Standard of Proof in International Administrative Law
Authors: Boulanger-Bonnelly Jérémy , Otis Louise 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The authors explore the rules governing the burden and standard of proof in international administrative law, both from a general perspective and in specific contexts such as termination for misconduct, harassment, retaliation, performance and promotions, and service-incurred illnesses. They compare the rules applied by various international administrative tribunals with those applied by courts in domestic jurisdictions. They conclude that some international organizations should review their rules in the interest of coherence, and revert back to a contextualized application of the usual civil standard of proof instead of applying different standards depending on the circumstances.
Orthodox Mobilizations and Political Identities in Post-Soviet Georgia
Authors: Serrano Silvia 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Based on field research carried out over the last two decades, this article analyzes the labile nature of the relationship between religion and politics in Georgia. It aims to understand not only the rational and deliberate processes in which elites engage for political ends but also to grasp the diversity of actors and patterns of religion mobilization. It argues that three main types of articulations have developed since the 1990s: the mobilization of Orthodoxy (1) in the service of nation-building; (2) in the construction of an anti-elite popular identity; and (3) as a moral crusade. Each type of articulation involves specific social actors, organizational forms, and relations with political institutions.
Limits at the Limes. Diffracted Sovereignty inside the Border Zones
Authors: Basilien-Gainche Marie-Laure 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This paper questions state sovereignty at borders, by referencing the contradictions that a border control approach based upon security concerns creates, and the distortions between societies of norms and situations of exception that the European migration and asylum policies generate. Meanwhile, whilst sovereignty should correspond in a legal theory perspective to authority, its expressions manifested in the European borders consists essentially in domination as bare violence is deployed. By investigating the hiatus between how sovereignty ought to be in theory and how it is observed in practice, it is possible to consider that the very sovereignty is diffracted in the thickness of the frontiers (i). This paper explores the methods states develop directly or indirectly in the borders, inside the border zones, basing the analysis on the notion of heterotopia Michel Foucault forged. Such a conceptual tool is deployed in order to underscore how states construct and exploit frontiers as useful margins and establish them as dissolution zones. Three methods – extraction, classification and obliteration – are highlighted that correspond to the main purposes of border surveillance – control, selection and removal – (ii).
Becoming Fluent in Fieldwork: (Un)learning What Is Good/Ethical/Responsible Fieldwork
Authors: Poopuu Birgit , van den Berg Karijn 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This running theme’s introduction rethinks fieldwork as an ongoing process. It explores experiences and conceptions of ‘becoming fluent in fieldwork’: the contextual processes through which we do, learn, and unlearn practices of fieldwork. It sees fieldwork as a collective project. Recognising the entanglement of field sites and travelling with fields to certain other fields, we become multiply entangled, and thus we ask: what do these plural relations demand from us? We turn to the concept and praxis of love as it considers the responsibility, care work and thinking-working together that is needed to respect other people’s realities together with them. We foreground the notion of ‘becoming fluent’ that reflects fieldwork as a work in process, and emphasises the processual aspects of fieldwork: the journey that spans the time before, during and after the fieldwork. This process involves engaging meaningfully with relations, relationality and collaboration, ‘ongoingness’ and ethics in motion.
Diversity of mosses in some underexplored regions of Manipur, Northeast India
Authors: ASTHANA ASHISH KUMAR , SAHU VINAY , AWASTHI VISHAL 
Published: December 2021

The present paper deals with the investigation of moss taxa of some underexplored regions of Manipur, Northeast India. During the assessment of moss diversity in various localities of Manipur a total 126 species of mosses belonging to 84 genera in 34 families have been investigated and enumerated. Ten species, namely Amblystegium serpens,Entodontopsis leucostega, Entodontopsis tavoyensis, Homalia trichomanoides, Lindbergia duthiei, Philonotis mollis, Philonotis thwaitesii, Taxiphyllum giraldii,Tortella humilis and Thuidium sparsifolium are new additions to Eastern Himalaya, while 92 species of mosses have been reported for the first time from Manipur. Ten Indian endemic taxa have also been identified from the explored sites. The majority of the taxa were recorded from epiphytic habitats.
Caring Now and Later: Black Boys’ Schooling Experiences of Relational Care
Authors: Brooms Derrick R. , Wint Keisha M. 
Published: December 2021

Background/Context: Black boys’ schooling experiences in the United States are an important area of inquiry, given the ways they are systematically repositioned away from schooling success in dominant narratives about their lives. Scholars suggest that Black boys need to be cared for and nurtured in schools. However, few studies have explicitly explored their subjective experience of care. A cumulative understanding of the educational trajectories of Black boys suggests that their early experiences can influence later schooling years. This exploration considers the role of relationships and contexts across two distinct time periods of development in shaping their educational experiences. Purpose/Research Question/Focus of Study: In this study, we use a relational care framework to investigate how Black boys, during preschool and high school, make sense of their experiences of care within the school context. Based on their relationships with teachers, other adults, and peers, care is discussed through three important constructs: tangible care, time-related care, and personal support. The major questions we explore are: (1) In what ways do Black boys feel cared for in school? and (2) How does being cared for matter in their schooling experiences? Participants: This study comprises two groups of Black boys at different developmental stages. The first group comprised 11 Black boys enrolled in the same state-funded preschool program, and the second group of participants consisted of 20 Black boys who graduated from the same all-male, all-Black secondary school. Research Design: This qualitative investigation explored how Black boys (N = 31) make meanings of their school-based relationships. It was conducted across two distinct time periods within two separate studies, one during preschool and one during high school. Findings/Results: We found that Black boys at both stages of development place primacy on care through school-related relationships with teachers, other adults, and peers. The Black boys in this study delineated distinctions in the dimensions of care, source of care, and their perspectives of the care they received from peers and adults in school. Taken together, caring for others and being cared for were critical to the educational experiences and well-being of Black boys in this study. Conclusions/Recommendations: This research contributes to understandings of Black boys’ school-related needs across two distinct developmental periods. As such, it is important for educators to see relational care as a vital tool for educational success of Black boys during the early years and continuously throughout their educational trajectories. Relatedly, educators must seek to incorporate care within the context of a relationship centered on a unique appreciation of each Black boy and his individual care needs, educational aspirations, and possibilities.