bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hand Hygiene Practices and the Risk of Human Coronavirus Infections in a UK Community Cohort
Authors: Beale Sarah , Johnson Anne M. , Zambon Maria ,   Flu Watch Group, Hayward Andrew C. , Fragaszy Ellen B. 
Published: June 2021

Background: Hand hygiene may mitigate the spread of COVID-19 in community settings; however, empirical evidence is limited. Given reports of similar transmission mechanisms for COVID-19 and seasonal coronaviruses, we investigated whether hand hygiene impacted the risk of acquiring seasonal coronavirus infections. Methods: Data were drawn from three successive winter cohorts (2006-2009) of the England-wide Flu Watch study. Participants (n=1633) provided baseline estimates of hand hygiene behaviour. Coronavirus infections were identified from nasal swabs using RT-PCR. Poisson mixed models estimated the effect of hand hygiene on personal risk of coronavirus illness, both unadjusted and adjusted for confounding by age and healthcare worker status. Results: Moderate-frequency handwashing (6-10 times per day) predicted a lower personal risk of coronavirus infection (adjusted incidence rate ratio (aIRR) =0.64, p=0.04). There was no evidence for a dose-response effect of handwashing, with results for higher levels of hand hygiene (>10 times per day) not significant (aIRR =0.83, p=0.42). Conclusions: This is the first empirical evidence that regular handwashing can reduce personal risk of acquiring seasonal coronavirus infection. These findings support clear public health messaging around the protective effects of hand washing in the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic.
Quantitative and qualitative analysis of exception reporting at a district general hospital
Authors: Underwood Charlotte G , Yunus Qamrunnisa U , Gibson Alexander B 
Published: June 2021

Background/aims Exception reporting is a function by which junior doctors report when their work has varied from expected. This study analysed the reporting at the authors' hospital. Methods The authors analysed 204 reports submitted across 12 months to investigate the nature and pattern of the exception reports. Results The majority of reports (86%) were for ‘hours and rest’, 5% for education and 9% for both. On average doctors reported an additional 1.32 hours of work per report. The most common response was time off in lieu, but 13% of reports were never responded to. Qualitative analysis showed the most common reasons for reporting were ‘work outside of rostered hours’, ‘workload’ and ‘staffing issues’. Over 10% of the reports discussed an educational issue. Conclusions The data were not specific and there was fewer than one report per junior doctor in the period analysed. It is therefore unlikely that the reports submitted represent the additional work done by junior doctors at the hospital. Guardians should investigate local attitudes to exception reporting and educate both seniors and juniors on the importance of submitting accurate exception reports.
Effect of pH and pH-Shifting on Adhesion Performance and Properties of Lignin-Protein Adhesives
Authors: Pradyawong Sarocha , Qi Guangyan , Zhang Meng , Sun Xiuzhi S. , Wang Donghai 
Published: June 2021

HighlightsLignin improved the wet adhesion strength of soy protein adhesives when pH shifted from 8.5 to 4.5.Lignin increased the water resistance of soy protein adhesives from 5% to 40% at pH 12.Lignin improved the thermal resistance of soy protein adhesives.pH and pH-shifting treatments led to property changes of lignin, soy protein, and lignin-soy protein.Abstract. Concerns about public health and the environment have created strong interest in developing alternative green products. The focus of this research was to study the effect of lignin on soy protein (SP) adhesives under different pH and pH-shifting treatments. Additionally, this research was designed to understand the consequence of pH and pH-shifting treatments on the adhesion performance of SP and lignin-SP (LSP) adhesives as well as the characteristics, solubility, glue line patterns, and physiochemical properties. To study the aggregation, soluble, and denatured stages of protein, the protein solutions were adjusted to pH 4.5, 8.5, and 12, respectively. In addition, the study of pH-shifting treatments was performed at pH 8.5 and 12 to unfold and denature the protein, respectively. The protein structure was then refolded by adjusting the pH to 4.5 in adhesive slurries. The adhesives presented good adhesion performance under dry conditions with wood failure in most treatments, while satisfactory wet adhesion performance was obtained at pH 4.5, 8.5 to 4.5, and 12. Shifting the pH from 8.5 to 4.5 increased the lignin-protein interaction and provided the best improvement in adhesion performance. Lignin strengthened the protein structure, increased the water resistance, and improved the thermal stability of SP adhesives. At an extremely high pH, the water resistance of SP increased from 5% to 40% with the addition of lignin. Lignin showed great potential for increasing the wet strength of SP adhesives. The SP and LSP properties and adhesion performance could be adjusted and improved by pH and pH-shifting processes. Lignin-SP interactions, water resistance, and glue line pattern proved to be significant factors contributing to adhesion performance. Keywords: Adhesive, Lignin, Lignin-protein interactions, pH, pH-Shifting, Protein.
Water-stable CsPbBr3 perovskite quantum-dot luminous fibers fabricated by centrifugal spinning for dual white light illumination and communication
Authors: Yu Binhai , Liang Shunming , Zhang Fengyi , Li Zongtao , Liu Bin , Ding Xinrui 
Published: June 2021

Lead halide perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) display remarkable photoelectric performance. However, defects such as weak stability in air and water environments limit the development of lead halide PQDs in solid-state light applications. Herein, centrifugal spinning is used for the fabrication of stable luminous

CsPbBr

3

PQD nanofibers. After immersion in water for 11 months, the PQD fibers still maintained considerable photoluminescence quantum yield, showing high stability in hostile environments. The water-stability mechanism of the fibers can be explained by the changing defect density, crystal growth of PQDs, and the molecular transformation at the fiber surface. The white LED based on the

CsPbBr

3

fibers exhibits satisfying color gamut performance (128% of National Television System Committee). Due to the short photoluminescence lifetime of

CsPbBr

3

PQDs, the communication potential is also considered. The

CsPbBr

3

fibers obtained by centrifugal spinning present a bandwidth of 11.2 MHz, showing promising performance for solid-state light and visible light communication applications.
Universitäre Großgruppenveranstaltung während der Corona-Pandemie – ein Fallbeispiel
Authors: Voigt Christin , Blömer Linda , Hoppe Uwe 
Published: June 2021

ZusammenfassungDas Aufkommen der Corona-Pandemie hat das öffentliche Leben weltweit beschränkt. Um die Ausbreitung des Virus einzudämmen, wurden im Frühjahr 2020 die Türen deutscher Bildungseinrichtungen geschlossen, was eine Verlagerung zahlreicher Veranstaltungen in den digitalen Raum erforderte. Um aus bisherigen Erfahrungen lernen zu können, wird in diesem Beitrag die Digitalisierung einer Großgruppenveranstaltung mit mehr als 400 Teilnehmer*innen aufgezeigt, die während der Corona-Pandemie an einer deutschen Universität umgesetzt wurde. Neben dem Vorgehen, welches Bestandteile der agilen Entwicklung und Methoden des Change Managements beinhaltet, werden quantitative und qualitative Ergebnisse der Kursevaluation vorgestellt. Die daraus abgeleiteten Erkenntnisse und Handlungsempfehlungen sollen Lehrende zukünftig bei der Entwicklung digitaler Lehrveranstaltungen unterstützen.
The prevalence and associated factors of hepatitis B and C virus in hemodialysis patients in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Adane Tiruneh , Getawa Solomon 
Published: June 2021

Background
Due to its invasive procedure patients on hemodialysis (HD) are at high risk of infections. Infections acquired in dialysis units can prolong hospitalization date and/or prolong illness in patients, and increase treatment cost. There are no adequate data on the prevalence of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections in HD patients. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence and associated factors of HBV and HCV infections among HD patients in Africa.

Method
The databases PubMed, Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane library, web of science, African Journals Online, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were searched to identify relevant studies. The review was performed based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Data were extracted independently by two authors and analyzed using STATA 11. A random-effect model was fitted to estimate the pooled prevalence with their 95% confidence interval. To detect publication bias funnel plots analysis and Egger weighted regression tests were done.

Results
The overall pooled prevalence of HBV and HCV infection among HD patients in Africa was 9.88% (95% CI: 7.20–12.56) I2 = 97.9% and 23.04% (95% CI: 18.51–2757) I2 = 99.6%, respectively. In addition, the pooled prevalence of HBV and HCV co-infection was 7.18% (95% CI: 3.15–11.20) I2 = 99.6%. Duration of dialysis was found to be the contributing factor for the occurrence of HBV and HCV among HD patients (OR = 1.44; 95% CI: 1.04, 2.01).

Conclusion
This study showed that there is high prevalence of HBV and HCV infections in HD patients in Africa. Therefore, strict adherence to precautions of infection control measures, isolation of seropositive patients, improvement in infrastructures, adequate screening of HBV and HCV for the donated blood, and decentralized HD services is needed to minimize the risk of HBV and HCV infections in HD facilities.
Assessment of caregivers’ perspectives regarding speech-language services in Saudi Arabia during COVID-19
Authors: Al Awaji Nisreen Naser , Almudaiheem Alanoud A. , Mortada Eman M. 
Published: June 2021

Background
As a consequence of stay-at-home and other lockdown measures, such as social distancing, all health care service provisions during the COVID-19 pandemic have been affected, including the provision of speech therapy. Telehealth services can play a major role in maintaining access to health care, help speech and language pathologists (SLPs) overcome physical barriers by providing patients and caregivers with access to health care, and limit the discontinuity of patient care. To have a better understanding of the changes that have occurred in these services during COVID-19, this research was conducted to explore the nature and current situation of speech-language services in Saudi Arabia based on caregivers’ perspectives. It also investigated whether changes have occurred in these services during the COVID-19 lockdown. The study also determined the perception of caregivers in delivering SLS sessions remotely.

Method
A cross-sectional study was conducted with 385 caregivers in Saudi Arabia. An online survey asked whether children were experiencing any SLS problems and if they had received any intervention. The survey also assessed the perception of changes in service during the COVID-19 lockdown and the perceptions, acceptance, and willingness of the caregivers to deliver telehealth speech services in Saudi Arabia.

Results
About 50% of the respondents had or were suspected to have a child with SLS problems, and just over half of them had accessed SLS services. Most of the respondents reported suspension of therapy sessions as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic. While the respondents had little experience using telehealth prior to the pandemic, they generally showed a willingness to use telehealth in therapy sessions, expressing a preference for video calls over other options.

Conclusion
The study revealed that SLS services in Saudi Arabia are limited and that accessing these services is challenging. Alternative service delivery using remote services could help caregivers overcome such challenges. When telehealth was introduced as an option for service delivery, the caregivers showed welcoming responses, particularly with video calls.
Development of a social contact self-efficacy scale for ‘third agers’ in Japan
Authors: Oki Moemi , Tadaka Etsuko 
Published: June 2021

Background
“Third agers” are people over retirement age in relatively good health; third agers make up an increasing percentage of the global population as the world’s longevity increases. Therefore, the challenge of prolonging a healthy third age and shortening the unhealthy period during the “fourth age” in the global health and social contexts is important in this process. However, no means to measure and support this has been developed as yet. We developed the Social Contact Self-Efficacy Scale for Third Agers (SET) and evaluated its reliability and validity.

Methods
We used a self-administered mail survey covering 2,600 randomly selected independent older adults living in Yokohama, Japan. The construct validity of the SET was determined using exploratory factor and confirmatory factor analyses. Its criterion-related validity was assessed using the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), the Japan Science and Technology Agency Index of Competence (JST-IC), and subjective health status.

Results
In total, 1,139 older adults provided responses. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses identified eight items within two factors: social space mobility and social support relationship. The final model had a Cronbach’s alpha 0.834, goodness-of-fit index 0.976, adjusted goodness-of-fit index 0.955, comparative fit index 0.982, and root mean square error of approximation 0.050. There was good correlation between scale scores and the GSES (r = 0.552, p < 0.001), JST-IC (r = 0.495, p < 0.001) and subjective health status (r = 0.361, p < 0.001).

Conclusions
The SET showed sufficient reliability and validity to assess self-efficacy in promoting social contact among third agers. This scale may help third agers in gaining and expanding opportunities for social contact, which can improve their physical health and quality of life and contribute to care prevention and healthy longevity.
The Text of theABC of Aristotlein the ‘Winchester Anthology’
Authors: Cornelius Ian 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe Middle EnglishABC of Aristotleis an alliterative abecedary poem that survives in fifteen manuscript copies dating between the mid-fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. The most eccentric copy, bearing the greatest number of unique textual variants, is in London, British Library, Additional 60577, a commonplace book and miscellany of verse and prose known today as the ‘Winchester Anthology’. The Winchester copy of theABC of Aristotleis distinguished from all others by changes to vocabulary, idiom, and prosody. The result is a unique redaction, illustrating the kind of literary composition that could be expected to grow out of late medieval English grammar schools. The Winchester redaction also expresses a shift in prosodic allegiance. The traditional alliterative line is subtly reshaped into an accentual-syllabic form.
Prediction of thyroid nodule histopathology by expert ultrasound evaluation
Authors: Håskjold Olav Inge , Foshaug Henrik Stenestø , Iversen Therese Benedikte , Kjøren Helga Charlotte , Brun Vegard Heimly 
Published: June 2021

Objective
The basis of thyroid nodule diagnostics is ultrasound-guided fine needle biopsy with cytological evaluation (FNC) if ultrasound appearance is not clearly benign. The aim of this study was to investigate the predictive potential of dedicated, expert high-resolution ultrasound, to see if histopathological entities of thyroid nodules can be diagnosed without invasive FNC biopsies.

Design
Prospective case-cohort study.

Methods
187 patients with 221 thyroid nodules were examined with ultrasound and prospectively assigned to the expected histopathological diagnosis: colloid nodule, adenomatoid colloid nodule, follicular adenoma, follicular carcinoma, follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma, papillary thyroid carcinoma, or other thyroid cancer. In 101 of these, we later obtained histopathological reports for comparison.

Results
Overall accuracy for classification into discrete histopathological categories by expert ultrasound was 71.3% and Cohen’s Kappa was 0.62. The sensitivity and specificity for detecting malignancy were 97.3% and 78.1%. The diagnostic accuracy for malignancy was 85.1%. ACR-TIRADS scores for the same nodules had a sensitivity of 97.3%, specificity of 26.6%, and accuracy of 52.5%.

Conclusion
Dedicated expert high-resolution ultrasound without FNC can reliably distinguish benign vs malignant nodules, but also differentiate between several histopathological entities in thyroid nodules. There is potential for a reduction in the number of invasive FNC biopsies and diagnostic operations.
Improving Isotonic Maintenance Intravenous Fluid Use in the Emergency Department
Authors: Akinsola Bolanle , Cheng John , Iyer Srikant B. , Jain Shabnam 
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUND
Maintenance intravenous fluids (IVFs) are commonly used in the hospital setting. Hypotonic IVFs are commonly used in pediatrics despite concerns about high incidence of hyponatremia. We aimed to increase isotonic maintenance IVF use in children admitted from the emergency department (ED) from a baseline of 20% in 2018 to &gt;80% by December 2019.

METHODS
We included patients aged 28 days to 18 years receiving maintenance IVFs (rate &gt;10 mL/hour) at the time of admission. Patients with active chronic medical problems were excluded. Interventions included institutional discussions on isotonic IVF based on literature review, education on isotonic IVF use per the American Academy of Pediatrics guideline (isotonic IVF use with appropriate potassium chloride and dextrose), electronic medical record changes to encourage isotonic IVF use, and group practice review with individual physician audit and feedback. Balancing measures were the frequency of serum electrolyte checks within 24 hours of ED admission and occurrence of hypernatremia. Data were analyzed by using statistical process control charts.

RESULTS
Isotonic maintenance IVF use improved, with special cause observed twice; the 80% goal was met and sustained. No difference was noted in serum electrolyte checks within 24 hours of admission (P &gt; .05). There was no increase in occurrence of hypernatremia among patients who received isotonic IVF compared with those who received hypotonic IVF (P &gt; .05).

CONCLUSIONS
The application of improvement methods resulted in improved isotonic IVF use in ED patients admitted to the inpatient setting. Institutional readiness for change at the time of the American Academy of Pediatrics guideline release and hardwiring of preferred fluids via electronic medical record changes were critical to success.
Mild SARS-CoV-2 Infections and Neutralizing Antibody Titers
Authors: Bonfante Francesco , Costenaro Paola , Cantarutti Anna , Di Chiara Costanza , Bortolami Alessio , Petrara Maria Raffaella , Carmona Francesco , Pagliari Matteo , Cosma Chiara , Cozzani Sandra , Mazzetto Eva , Di Salvo Giovanni , Da Dalt Liviana , Palma Paolo , Barzon Luisa , Corrao Giovanni , Terregino Calogero , Padoan Andrea , Plebani Mario , De Rossi Anita , Donà Daniele , Giaquinto Carlo 
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUND
Recent evidence suggests that neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 may persist over time; however, knowledge regarding pediatric subjects is limited.

METHODS
A single-center, prospective observational study was conducted on 57 family clusters of coronavirus disease 2019, including children of neonatal and pediatric age attending the University Hospital of Padua (Italy). For each patient, blood samples were collected for both the quantification of nAbs through a plaque reduction neutralizing test and the detection of antinucleocapsid-spike protein immunoglobulin G and/or immunoglobulin M.

RESULTS
We analyzed 283 blood samples collected from 152 confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 cases (82 parents and 70 children or older siblings of median age of 8 years, interquartile range: 4–13), presenting asymptomatic or with mildly symptomatic disease. Despite the decrease of immunoglobulin G over time, nAbs were found to persist up to 7 to 8 months in children, whereas adults recorded a modest declining trend. Interestingly, children aged &lt;6 years, and, in particular, those aged &lt;3 years, developed higher long-lasting levels of nAbs compared with older siblings and/or adults.

CONCLUSIONS
Mild and asymptomatic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infections in family clusters elicited higher nAbs among children.
The orthotropic viscoelastic characterisation of sub-zero 3D-printed poly(vinyl alcohol) cryogel
Authors: Crolla J. P. , Britton M. M. , Espino D. M. , Thomas-Seale L. E. J. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPoly(vinyl alcohol) cryogel (PVA) is a versatile biomaterial used to replicate the biomechanics of tissues. Additive manufacture (AM) at sub-zero (°C) temperatures enables the manufacture of PVA with complex geometry; however, the effect of processing parameters on the mechanical properties of PVA has not been evaluated. The aim of this study is to understand the impact of print nozzle diameter and orientation on the viscoelastic mechanical properties of PVA. Samples of sub-zero AM PVA, with different filament thicknesses, were tested under tension relative to the print direction, to calculate the storage and loss moduli. As the nozzle size was decreased, AM PVA exhibited more pronounced orthotropic properties; the smallest size showed a 33% decrease in storage moduli when tested perpendicular to the print direction, as opposed to parallel. This study has demonstrated the ability of sub-zero AM to tailor the orthotropic properties of PVA.Graphic abstract