bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘She Should Not Be a Model’: The Effect of Exposure to Plus-Size Models on Body Dissatisfaction, Mood, and Facebook Commenting Behaviour
Authors: Talbot Daniel , Mansfield Hannah , Hayes Samantha , Smith Evelyn 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectives: The present study investigated the exposure effect of plus-size models on body dissatisfaction and mood, and the nature of participants’ commenting behaviour towards images of plus-size models. Method: The study was comprised of 92 female university students who were exposed to Facebook photos of plus-size models. Participants were randomly allocated to having the exposed photo paired with positive, negative, or neutral comments, and participants were asked to leave an anonymous comment on each picture. Results: Results showed that participants had less body dissatisfaction and better mood after exposure to plus-size models regardless of the comment condition. Additionally, comment condition significantly influenced the type of comments participants contributed — in photos paired with negative comments, participants were significantly more likely to leave negative comments themselves, with 40% of participants leaving negative comments compared with 4% in the positive condition, and 12% in the neutral condition. Conclusion: This study provides evidence that the negative comments of plus-size models can encourage bystanders to contribute negative comments themselves; reinforcing the need to develop better protocols to oppose cyberbullying and encourage an online environment of positivity.
Bacterial coinfection in influenza pneumonia: Rates, pathogens, and outcomes
Authors: Bartley Patricia S. , Deshpande Abhishek , Yu Pei-Chun , Klompas Michael , Haessler Sarah D. , Imrey Peter B. , Zilberberg Marya D. , Rothberg Michael B. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackground:Evidence from pandemics suggests that influenza is often associated with bacterial coinfection. Among patients hospitalized for influenza pneumonia, we report the rate of coinfection and distribution of pathogens, and we compare outcomes of patients with and without bacterial coinfection.Methods:We included adults admitted with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and tested for influenza from 2010 to 2015 at 179 US hospitals participating in the Premier database. Pneumonia was identified using an International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) algorithm. We used multiple logistic and gamma-generalized linear mixed models to assess the relationships between coinfection and inpatient mortality, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, length of stay, and cost.Results:Among 38,665 patients hospitalized with CAP and tested for influenza, 4,313 (11.2%) were positive. In the first 3 hospital days, patients with influenza were less likely than those without to have a positive culture (10.3% vs 16.2%; P < .001), and cultures were more likely to contain Staphylococcus aureus (34.2% vs 28.2%; P = .007) and less likely to contain Streptococcus pneumoniae (24.9% vs 31.0%; P = .008). Of S. aureus isolates, 42.8% were methicillin resistant among influenza patients versus 53.2% among those without influenza (P = .01). After hospital day 3, pathogens for both groups were similar. Bacterial coinfection was associated with increased odds of in-hospital mortality (aOR, 3.00; 95% CI, 2.17–4.16), late ICU transfer (aOR, 2.83; 95% CI, 1.98–4.04), and higher cost (risk-adjusted mean multiplier, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.59–1.96).Conclusions:In a large US inpatient sample hospitalized with influenza and CAP, S. aureus was the most frequent cause of bacterial coinfection. Coinfection was associated with worse outcomes and higher costs.
A higher-protein nut-based snack product suppresses glycaemia and decreases glycaemic response to co-ingested carbohydrate in an overweight prediabetic Asian Chinese cohort: the Tū Ora postprandial RCT
Authors: Lu Louise W. , Silvestre Marta P. , Sequeira Ivana R. , Plank Lindsay D. , Foster Meika , Middleditch Nikki , Acevedo-Fani Alejandra , Hollingsworth Kieren G. , Poppitt Sally D. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Nut-based products may aid low-glycaemic dietary strategies that are important for diabetes prevention in populations at increased risk of dysglycaemia, such as Asian Chinese. This randomised cross-over trial assessed the postprandial glycaemic response (0–120 min) of a higher-protein nut-based (HP-NB) snack formulation, in bar format (1009 kJ, Nutrient Profiling Score, NPS, −2), when compared with an iso-energetic higher-carbohydrate (CHO) cereal-based bar (HC-CB, 985 kJ, NPS +3). It also assessed the ability to suppress glucose response to a typical CHO-rich food (white bread, WB), when co-ingested. Ten overweight prediabetic Chinese adults (mean, sd: age 47⋅9, 15⋅7 years; BMI 25⋅5, 1⋅6 kg/m2), with total body fat plus ectopic pancreas and liver fat quantified using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy, received the five meal treatments in random order: HP-NB, HC-CB, HP-NB + WB (50 g available CHO), HC-CB + WB and WB only. Compared with HC-CB, HP-NB induced a significantly lower 30–120 min glucose response (P < 0⋅05), with an approximately 10-fold lower incremental area under the glucose curve (iAUC0–120; P < 0⋅001). HP-NB also attenuated glucose response by approximately 25 % when co-ingested with WB (P < 0⋅05). Half of the cohort had elevated pancreas and/or liver fat, with 13–21 % greater suppression of iAUC0–120 glucose in the low v. high organ fat subgroups across all five treatments. A nut-based snack product may be a healthier alternative to an energy equivalent cereal-based product with evidence of both a lower postprandial glycaemic response and modulation of CHO-induced hyperglycaemia even in high-risk, overweight, pre-diabetic adults.
Spinoza's Account of Blessedness Explored through an Aristotelian Lens
Authors: Soyarslan Sanem 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTIn this article, I examine whether Spinoza's account of blessedness can be identified with a contemplative ideal in the Aristotelian tradition. I first introduce the main features of the Aristotelian life of contemplation and its difference from the life of practically oriented virtues — a difference that is grounded in Aristotle's distinction betweenpraxisandtheoria. In highlighting the commonalities between Spinoza's two kinds of adequate cognition — that is, intuitive knowledge and reason — I show that there is no room for a similar distinction in Spinoza, which will enable us to identify intuitive knowledge and its attendant blessedness exclusively with the theoretical activity.
Philosophical Advice
Authors: Archard David 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPhilosophers who publish articles that make practical ethical recommendations are thereby offering advice. I consider what obligations they incur in advising. I analyse the giving of advice as a communicative act whose defining and characteristic aim is to secure acceptance of what is advised. Such advice need not be solicited or taken up. I distinguish advice from incitement and threats and specify the scope of the adviser's responsibility for others acting upon the advice. I explore how advice can be bad in how it is given and what is given. I consider, and criticise, various pleas for exemption from the responsibilities of philosophical advising: that advice was not meant; that it wouldn't make any difference anyway; and that the writing was not for those who might act on it. I examine the offering of philosophical advice to policy makers, comparing the views on this of Mary Warnock and Dan Brock. I conclude by asking practical normative philosophers to consider what they should do inasmuch as they are advising.
Is sustainable development bad for global biodiversity conservation?
Authors: Clémençon Raymond 
Published: April 2021

Non-technical summaryGlobal biodiversity is in dramatic decline. The general public appears to equate sustainable development with biodiversity conservation and environmental protection, whereas the international policy discourse treats sustainable development as little more than traditional economic development. This gap between public perception of what sustainable development entails and its translation into formal policy goals is an important barrier to mobilizing the public and critical financial support for meeting global biodiversity conservation objectives. This contribution argues that the goal of nature and biodiversity conservation must be much more clearly distinguished from the 2015 UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) than is currently the case.Technical summaryThe term ‘sustainable development’ has become widely used since it was popularized through the 1992 Rio UN Conference on Environment and Development. The UN SDGs adopted in 2015 further reinforce the normative centrality of the concept. Yet, the extent to which sustainable development covers nature and biodiversity conservation depends on how it is defined. A better understanding of how the public in different countries assesses the value of local and global biodiversity is crucial for building support for financing the vision to live ‘in harmony with nature by 2050’ currently under negotiation in the Convention on Biodiversity. This review essay discusses four distinct definitions of sustainable development, and considers how these different conceptualizations are used by political actors to serve particular interests. It then describes how this discourse has unfolded in international agreements related to sustainable development and biodiversity. The analysis shows that the prevalent economic cost–benefit approach used to value ecosystem services to make a case for conservation cannot resolve trade-off decisions between short-term economic and long-term societal interests. What is needed is a broad discourse about the ethical and cultural dimensions of biodiversity as a global heritage at the highest political level.Social media abstractThe goal of global biodiversity conservation must be more clearly distinguished from the 2015 SDGs economic objectives.
Lower‐Stage Plane Bed Topography Is an Outcome of Rarefied, Intermittent Sediment Transport
Authors: Ashley Thomas C. , Naqshband Suleyman , McElroy Brandon 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSedimentary bed configurations that are stable under weak fluid‐driven transport conditions can be divided into two groups: (1) mesoscale features that influence flow and sediment transport through roughness and drag partitioning effects (“mesoforms”) and (2) grain‐scale features that can effectively be ignored at the macroscopic scale (“microforms”). In practice, these groups delineate ripples and dunes from quasi‐planar bed configurations. They are thought to be separated by a transition in processes governing the relief of the bed; however, the physical mechanisms responsible for this transition are poorly understood. Previous studies suggest that planar topography is unstable when interactions between moving particles lead to stabilized bed disturbances that initiate morphodynamic pattern coarsening. This study presents a kinetic interpretation of this hypothesis in terms of parameters describing particle motion. We find that the microform/mesoform transition corresponds to a critical transition in particle behavior associated with increasing importance of particle collisions. This transition also corresponds to the point where continuum‐based morphodynamic models are permissible at the most unstable wavelength predicted from linear stability theory, providing a link between descriptive and mathematical theories of bedform initiation.
Assessing the Potential of Deep Learning for Emulating Cloud Superparameterization in Climate Models With Real‐Geography Boundary Conditions
Authors: Mooers Griffin , Pritchard Michael , Beucler Tom , Ott Jordan , Yacalis Galen , Baldi Pierre , Gentine Pierre 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe explore the potential of feed‐forward deep neural networks (DNNs) for emulating cloud superparameterization in realistic geography, using offline fits to data from the superparameterized community atmospheric model. To identify the network architecture of greatest skill, we formally optimize hyperparameters using ∼250 trials. Our DNN explains over 70% of the temporal variance at the 15‐min sampling scale throughout the mid‐to‐upper troposphere. Autocorrelation timescale analysis compared against DNN skill suggests the less good fit in the tropical, marine boundary layer is driven by neural network difficulty emulating fast, stochastic signals in convection. However, spectral analysis in the temporal domain indicates skillful emulation of signals on diurnal to synoptic scales. A closer look at the diurnal cycle reveals correct emulation of land‐sea contrasts and vertical structure in the heating and moistening fields, but some distortion of precipitation. Sensitivity tests targeting precipitation skill reveal complementary effects of adding positive constraints versus hyperparameter tuning, motivating the use of both in the future. A first attempt to force an offline land model with DNN emulated atmospheric fields produces reassuring results further supporting neural network emulation viability in real‐geography settings. Overall, the fit skill is competitive with recent attempts by sophisticated Residual and Convolutional Neural Network architectures trained on added information, including memory of past states. Our results confirm the parameterizability of superparameterized convection with continents through machine learning and we highlight the advantages of casting this problem locally in space and time for accurate emulation and hopefully quick implementation of hybrid climate models.
Role of the Tropical Atlantic for the Interhemispheric Heat Transport During the Last Deglaciation
Authors: Meier Karl J. F. , Bahr André , Chiessi Cristiano M. , Albuquerque Ana Luiza , Raddatz Jacek , Friedrich Oliver 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDuring the last deglaciation abrupt millennial‐scale perturbations of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation massively altered the interhemispheric heat distribution affecting, for example, continental ice volume and hydroclimate. If and how the related cross‐equatorial heat transport was controlled by the interplay between the southward‐flowing Brazil Current (BC) and northward‐flowing North Brazil Current (NBC) remains controversial. To assess the role of tropical heat transport during the last deglaciation, we obtained a high‐resolution foraminiferal Mg/Ca‐based sea surface temperature (SST) record from the BC domain at 21.5°S. The data reveal a yet undocumented warming of at least 4.6°C of the BC during Heinrich Stadial 1 at ∼16 ka indicating massive oceanic heat accumulation in the tropical South Atlantic. Simultaneously, a strongly diminished NBC prevented the release of this excess heat into the northern tropics. The observed magnitude of heat accumulation substantially exceeds numerical model simulations, stressing the need to further scrutinize atmospheric and oceanic heat transport during extreme climatic events.
How Much of the Earth's Surface is Underlain by Permafrost?
Authors: Obu J. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMore than 80% of studies reporting the area on Earth underlain by permafrost refer to the extent of the permafrost region, which accounts for around 21 million km2 (22% of the Northern Hemisphere's exposed land surface). Since each permafrost zone (continuous, discontinuous, sporadic, and isolated, which combined represent the permafrost region) is not entirely underlain by permafrost, the actual area underlain by permafrost (permafrost area) accounts for approximately 14 million km2 (15% of the exposed land surface area in the Northern Hemisphere). Such overstatements create a general impression that there is 6 million km2 more permafrost than currently estimated. I highlight the known differences between the terms permafrost region and permafrost area, along with explaining the possible reasons leading to these overstatements. Recent studies estimating permafrost area extent are summarized to provide a baseline for the geoscientific community and general public about the actual area underlain by permafrost for different parts of the globe.
High‐Precision Carrier Tracking Algorithm for Extremely Weak and High‐Dynamic Signals
Authors: Deng Tao , Ma Maoli , Liu Qinghui , Wu Yajun 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObtaining high‐precision Doppler frequencies for very weak and high‐dynamic signals in deep space exploration is challenging. Such signals are commonly encountered, including in soft landing of lunar probes and the entry, descent, and landing (EDL) phase of Mars probes. Phase‐locked loop (PLL) is a widely used method for measuring high‐precision Doppler frequencies. In this study, two major improvements are applied to PLL. The first is that high precision estimation of initial frequency is achieved by open loop maximum amplitude search algorithm. Second, a novel denoising method is proposed and a new type of phase detector is designed based on this new denoising method. By replacing arctangent phase detector with the novel phase detector, the tracking accuracy and weak‐signal tracking abilities of the PLL are improved. The actual data processing results of soft landing process of lunar probe further verify the excellent performance of the improved PLL.
Astroglial tracer BU99008 detects multiple binding sites in Alzheimer’s disease brain
Authors: Kumar Amit , Koistinen Niina A. , Malarte Mona-Lisa , Nennesmo Inger , Ingelsson Martin , Ghetti Bernardino , Lemoine Laetitia , Nordberg Agneta 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWith reactive astrogliosis being established as one of the hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), there is high interest in developing novel positron emission tomography (PET) tracers to detect early astrocyte reactivity. BU99008, a novel astrocytic PET ligand targeting imidazoline-2 binding sites (I2BS) on astrocytes, might be a suitable candidate. Here we demonstrate for the first time that BU99008 could visualise reactive astrogliosis in postmortem AD brains and propose a multiple binding site [Super-high-affinity (SH), High-affinity (HA) and Low-affinity (LA)] model for BU99008, I2BS specific ligands (2-BFI and BU224) and deprenyl in AD and control (CN) brains. The proportion (%) and affinities of these sites varied significantly between the BU99008, 2-BFI, BU224 and deprenyl in AD and CN brains. Regional binding studies demonstrated significantly higher 3H-BU99008 binding in AD brain regions compared to CN. Comparative autoradiography studies reinforced these findings, showing higher specific binding for 3H-BU99008 than 3H-Deprenyl in sporadic AD brain compared to CN, implying that they might have different targets. The data clearly shows that BU99008 could detect I2BS expressing reactive astrocytes with good selectivity and specificity and hence be a potential attractive clinical astrocytic PET tracer for gaining further insight into the role of reactive astrogliosis in AD.
Downregulation of miR-335 exhibited an oncogenic effect via promoting KDM3A/YAP1 networks in clear cell renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Zhang Wenqiang , Liu Ruiyu , Zhang Lin , Wang Chao , Dong Ziyan , Feng Jiasheng , Luo Mayao , Zhang Yifan , Xu Zhuofan , Lv Shidong , Wei Qiang 
Published: April 2021

AbstractClear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common type of renal cancer affecting many people worldwide. Although the 5-year survival rate is 65% in localized disease, after metastasis, the survival rate is <10%. Emerging evidence has shown that microRNAs (miRNAs) play a crucial regulatory role in the progression of ccRCC. Here, we show that miR-335, an anti-onco-miRNA, is downregulation in tumor tissue and inhibited ccRCC cell proliferation, invasion, and migration. Our studies further identify the H3K9me1/2 histone demethylase KDM3A as a new miR-335-regulated gene. We show that KDM3A is overexpressed in ccRCC, and its upregulation contributes to the carcinogenesis and metastasis of ccRCC. Moreover, with the overexpression of KDM3A, YAP1 was increased and identified as a direct downstream target of KDM3A. Enrichment of KDM3A demethylase on YAP1 promoter was confirmed by CHIP-qPCR and YAP1 was also found involved in the cell growth and metastasis inhibitory of miR-335. Together, our study establishes a new miR-335/KDM3A/YAP1 regulation axis, which provided new insight and potential targeting of the metastasized ccRCC.
Lead-halide Cs4PbBr6 single crystals for high-sensitivity radiation detection
Authors: Li Yang , Shao Wenyi , Chen Liang , Wang Juan , Nie Jing , Zhang Hang , Zhang Silong , Gao Runlong , Ouyang Xiao , Ouyang Xiaoping , Xu Qiang 
Published: April 2021

AbstractLow-dimensional perovskite materials and their derivatives with excellent optical performance are promising candidates for light-emission applications. Herein, centimeter lead-halide Cs4PbBr6 single crystals (SCs), which have been used for radiation detection with the indirect conversion method, were synthesized by a facile solution process. The Cs4PbBr6 scintillator exhibits bright green emission peaking at 525 nm and a high photoluminescence quantum yield (up to 86.7%) under 375 nm laser excitation. The Cs4PbBr6 SCs exhibit high sensitivity to 40 keV X-rays, with a favorable linearity with the X-ray exposure dose rate, and the detection limit is as low as 64.4 nGyair/s. The scintillation time-response performance of the Cs4PbBr6 SCs was acquired by a time-correlated single-photon counting system under alpha-particle excitation. The Cs4PbBr6 SCs exhibit a very fast time response (τav = 1.46 ns) to alpha particles from a 241Am radiation source. This value is comparable to that of the commercial plastic scintillator EJ-228 (τav = 1.31 ns) and much faster than that of the LYSO(Ce) scintillator (τav = 36.17 ns). Conceptual X-ray imaging and alpha-particle pulse height spectroscopy experiments were also performed. These results demonstrated the potential of Cs4PbBr6 SCs for radiation detection applications, including X-ray imaging and charged particle detection with fast scintillation decay time and high sensitivity.
VPS39-deficiency observed in type 2 diabetes impairs muscle stem cell differentiation via altered autophagy and epigenetics
Authors: Davegårdh Cajsa , Säll Johanna , Benrick Anna , Broholm Christa , Volkov Petr , Perfilyev Alexander , Henriksen Tora Ida , Wu Yanling , Hjort Line , Brøns Charlotte , Hansson Ola , Pedersen Maria , Würthner Jens U. , Pfeffer Klaus , Nilsson Emma , Vaag Allan , Stener-Victorin Elisabet , Pircs Karolina , Scheele Camilla , Ling Charlotte 
Published: April 2021

AbstractInsulin resistance and lower muscle quality (strength divided by mass) are hallmarks of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Here, we explore whether alterations in muscle stem cells (myoblasts) from individuals with T2D contribute to these phenotypes. We identify VPS39 as an important regulator of myoblast differentiation and muscle glucose uptake, andVPS39is downregulated in myoblasts and myotubes from individuals with T2D. We discover a pathway connecting VPS39-deficiency in human myoblasts to impaired autophagy, abnormal epigenetic reprogramming, dysregulation of myogenic regulators, and perturbed differentiation. VPS39 knockdown in human myoblasts has profound effects on autophagic flux, insulin signaling, epigenetic enzymes, DNA methylation and expression of myogenic regulators, and gene sets related to the cell cycle, muscle structure and apoptosis. These data mimic what is observed in myoblasts from individuals with T2D. Furthermore, the muscle ofVps39+/−mice display reduced glucose uptake and altered expression of genes regulating autophagy, epigenetic programming, and myogenesis. Overall, VPS39-deficiency contributes to impaired muscle differentiation and reduced glucose uptake. VPS39 thereby offers a therapeutic target for T2D.