bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The usefulness of graphic illustrations in online dictionaries
Authors: Dziemianko Anna 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe aim of the paper is to investigate the usefulness of different illustration formats in online English learners’ dictionaries for the accuracy and speed of meaning comprehension as well as immediate and delayed retention. In a controlled online experiment, the meaning of selected English words and phrases had to be explained with the help of purpose-built monolingual dictionary entries. Four experimental conditions were created, which reflected the presence and format of illustrations in the entries: color pictures, greyscale pictures, line drawings, no illustrations. Meaning retention was checked immediately after exposure and two weeks later. The results show that it is worthwhile to include illustrations in online learners’ dictionaries and suggest the most beneficial illustration formats. Line drawings prove the most recommendable; they considerably improve meaning comprehension, reduce reception time, and stimulate the best immediate and delayed retention. Color pictures emerge as the second best. They produce results comparable with those for line drawings, except they do not help so much to remember meaning in the long run. Entries with greyscale pictures are the least recommendable. They do not contribute more to meaning comprehension and delayed retention. Yet, they even shorten reception time and help users to remember more words immediately after exposure.
Timing of congenital cardiac surgery in children who turned COVID-19 positive
Authors: Tulsi Anagha , Chellappan Subramanian , Manohar Krishna 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe report a series of four patients with CHD who tested positive for COVID-19, got treated, and underwent cardiac surgery in the same sitting. All had an uneventful perioperative course similar to COVID-19-negative patients. We conclude that children with asymptomatic or mild COVID-19 disease may be subjected to surgery as early as within 1 week since COVID-19 negative.
Mortgage debt and time-varying monetary policy transmission
Authors: Finck David , Schmidt Jörg , Tillmann Peter 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis paper studies the role of monetary policy for the dynamics of US mortgage debt, which accounts for the largest part of household debt. A time-varying parameter vector autoregressive (VAR) model allows us to study the variation in the sensitivity of mortgage debt to monetary policy. We find that an identically sized policy shock became less effective over time. We use a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model to show that a fall in the share of adjustable rate mortgages (ARMs) can replicate this finding. Calibrating the model to the drop in the ARM share since the 1980s yields a decline in the sensitivity of housing debt to monetary policy which is quantitatively similar to the VAR results. A sacrifice ratio for mortgage debt reveals that a policy tightening directed toward reducing household debt became more expensive in terms of a loss in employment. Counterfactuals show that this result cannot be attributed to changes in monetary policy itself.
Effects of compost, cover crops, and local conditions on degradation of two agricultural mulches in soil
Authors: Samuelson M. B. , Reid E. V. , Drijber R. , Jeske E. , Blanco-Canqui H. , Mamo M. , Kadoma I. , Wortman S. E. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBiobased and biodegradable mulches (BDM) are a potentially sustainable alternative to polyethylene plastic mulch because they can be tilled into the soil at the end of the growing season. However, their degradation rate in the soil is uncertain, limiting their on-farm adoption. The objective of this study was to determine whether organic soil management practices could be leveraged to speed degradation of two potentially BDM across two diverse agroecoregions [Lincoln (LNK) and Scottsbluff (SBF), NE, USA]. Management treatments included compost, compost extract, cover crops, all three of these practices combined and a control. The two mulch types studied were a nonwoven polylactic acid fabric with embedded wood particles (PLA), and a starch-polyester mulch film (BLK). Mulches were applied in spring 2017 for vegetable production and removed in fall after harvest. Recovered mulch was sectioned into squares 10 cm2and buried in mesh bags for 22 months. Mulch degradation, and soil chemical, physical and biological properties were measured at four times over 2 years. Management treatments applied seasonally across 2 years led to expected changes in soil properties, yet they had no effect on mulch degradation. Instead, mulch degradation was driven by the interaction of location and mulch type. The BLK mulch had degraded by 98% at LNK after 12 months, but only by half after 22 months at SBF. Degradation of PLA after 22 months was similar between locations with 29 ± 4% mulch mass remaining at SBF and 33 ± 4% remaining at LNK. Climate and soil characteristics at each location were strong determinants of mulch degradation. Specifically, soils at LNK were finer textured, lower in pH, higher in soil water content, organic matter and nitrates, and with greater bacterial abundance compared to SBF. The strong location by mulch type interaction observed could inform the development of regionally specific predictive models of degradation.
Transnational constitutional engagement: A contextualization of global constitutionalism by the Constitutional Court of South Korea
Authors: Shin Yoon Jin 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThrough the analytical framework of ‘transnational constitutional engagement’, this article examines the dynamically developing practices of the South Korean Constitutional Court as it engages with international and foreign elements, both within and beyond constitutional adjudication processes. Diverse underlying factors and orientations in varied contexts, and the complex interactions between them, are responsible for shaping the modes of a local constitutional actor’s engagement with the transnational. In the vertical aspect, the court adopts international human rights law as a substantive standard of constitutional review through a version of cosmopolitan constitutional interpretation, while it has nevertheless exhibited ambiguity and incoherency in concrete applications. The horizontal aspects of transnational engagement include the court’s practice of referencing foreign law and cases in constitutional adjudication. The vibrancy and the evolving patterns of its citation practice reflect the court’s growing self-perception vis-à-vis the world – although limitations remain, such as geographical asymmetries among referenced jurisdictions. The court has also been enthusiastic in interacting with various transnational counterparts beyond adjudication processes, demonstrating eminent leadership in regional network-building among constitutional courts in Asia. With both cosmopolitan aspirations and nationalist ambitions playing a role in their shaping, the modes of transnational constitutional engagement are not to be generalized, but require contextualization, and the relevant practices should be subject to constant evaluations for their contribution in producing sound and effective concretizations of the values of global constitutionalism.
Evaluation of a Coupled Modeling Approach for the Investigation of the Effects of SST Mesoscale Variability on the Atmosphere
Authors: Szunyogh Istvan , Forinash Eric , Gyarmati Gyorgyi , Jia Yinglai , Chang Ping , Saravanan R. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis study further evaluates the modeling approach of Jia et al. (2019), https://doi.org/10.1029/2019gl081960 (JEA19) to investigate the potential effects of mesoscale sea surface temperature (SST) variability on the atmospheric circulation. The approach employs a global atmospheric circulation model coupled to a slab ocean model to produce two ensembles of simulations: one in which the SST exhibits realistic mesoscale variability, and another in which the mesoscale SST variability is suppressed. The results of the present study suggest that the modeling approach yields the desired SST differences between the two ensembles at the mesoscales. They also show, however, that the approach can lead to undesirable SST differences at the large scales, if the prescribed pair of oceanic heat flux fields have large scale differences. In the experiments of JEA19, such forced, large scale SST differences dominate over the large scale differences that may develop in response to changes in the large scale atmospheric circulation by nonlinear interactions with the SST. This result suggests that finding a proper pair of estimates of the oceanic heat flux fields is necessary for the investigation of the potential upscale impact of mesoscale SST variability on the atmosphere by the approach of JEA19. The paper concludes with proposing a potential improved strategy to obtain such a pair of estimates.
Tectonic Underplating and Dismemberment of the Maclaren‐Kluane Schist Records Late Cretaceous Terrane Accretion Polarity and ~480 km of Post‐52 Ma Dextral Displacement on the Denali Fault
Authors: Waldien T. S. , Roeske S. M. , Benowitz J. A. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractTerrane accretion introduces irregular geometry and allochthonous material to obliquely convergent margins, which create opportunities to quantify strike‐slip displacement along otherwise margin‐parallel fault systems. We present new bedrock geologic mapping and U‐Pb and40Ar/39Ar geochronology from the Alaska Range suture zone in the eastern Alaska Range, which confirm a long‐hypothesized correlation between the Maclaren Glacier metamorphic belt (Alaska, USA) and the Kluane metamorphic assemblage (Yukon Territory, Canada) across the right‐lateral Denali fault. The new data inform a palinspastic reconstruction showing that the dissected metamorphic belts and associated plutons record ~480 km of dextral displacement along the Denali fault since ca. 52 Ma. Before strike‐slip separation, the Maclaren‐Kluane schist formed by west‐vergent forearc underplating in the waning stage of the ca. 100–90 Ma arc built upon the Yukon‐Tanana terrane. The prograde structural and metamorphic evolution of the Maclaren‐Kluane schist records the final collision of the Wrangellia composite terrane at ca. 75–65 Ma along a set of east‐dipping thrust shear zones, which we infer to record the polarity of the Late Cretaceous plate boundary between the composite terrane and North America. Paleogene extension partially exhumed the schists to the upper crust and may be a consequence of regionally distributed strike‐slip faulting at that time. Localization of the modern Denali fault after ca. 52 Ma dismembered the schists and four neighboring belts of plutonic, metasedimentary, and volcanic rocks. The transition to Yakutat oblique flat slab subduction at ca. 30–25 Ma marks the onset of transpressional deformation in the Denali fault system, which reactivated Late Cretaceous collisional structures bounding the Maclaren schist. Neogene reactivation of the Totschunda fault reduced strike‐slip motion on the Denali fault east of the Denali‐Totschunda intersection and continues to transfer residual plate boundary slip onto the Denali fault west of the intersection. Key outcomes of our synthesis include: (a) Much of the ~480 km of displacement on the Denali fault accumulated after strike‐slip on the neighboring Tintina and Border Ranges fault systems had largely shut down; (b) The modern Denali fault system should not be grouped with strike‐slip faults credited with large‐scale margin‐parallel transport of Cordilleran terranes in the Cretaceous. Instead, a poorly understood proto‐Denali fault system may be a candidate for large‐scale Cretaceous translation; and (c) the longevity (≥33 Myr) of the highly localized Denali fault master strand (≤1 km wide) implies that it occupies a major mechanical boundary that penetrates the lithosphere.
Potential Drought Mitigation Through Microbial Induced Calcite Precipitation‐MICP
Authors: Liu Bo , Tang Chao‐Sheng , Pan Xiao‐Hua , Zhu Cheng , Cheng Yao‐Jia , Xu Jin‐Jian , Shi Bin 
Published: September 2021

AbstractExtreme drought events occur more frequently due to climate change. Soil water loss through evaporation is therefore significantly intensified. This study introduces an environment‐friendly and sustainable bio‐mediated technique, known as microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP), for water evaporation suppression in clayey soils. Through lab‐scale evaporation tests, we investigate the effects of cementation solution concentration (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mol/L) and MICP treatment procedure (one‐phase and two‐phase MICP methods) on both macroscale (e.g., water loss, desiccation cracking) and microscale (e.g., microstructure variations) behaviors of soils. Experimental results show that MICP is capable of improving water retention capacity and enhancing the inter‐particle bonding of clayey soils. Both water evaporation rate and total water loss decrease with the increasing concentration of cementation solution and the number of MICP treatment cycle. For most testing samples, both one‐phase and two‐phase MICP treatment methods have a similar influence on soil properties. Further microstructure characterizations reveal four key factors contributing to the improved soil response under drying, including dense surface crust, remediated desiccation cracks, smaller pore size and residual solutes. Dense structure of surface crust suppresses the migration of water vapor into the atmosphere. Calcite crystals tend to reduce the evaporation surface if precipitated within cracks, and clog the movement of pore water if precipitated within the soil pore space. This study is expected to improve the fundamental understanding of soil‐atmosphere interactions under MICP treatment and provide insights into the potential application of bio‐mediated technologies as a nature‐based solution for drought mitigation in arid and semi‐arid region.
A Review on the Elemental and Isotopic Geochemistry of Gallium
Authors: Yuan Wei , Chen JiuBin , Teng Henry , Chetelat Benjamin , Cai Hongming , Liu Jincun , Wang Zaicong , Bouchez Julien , Moynier Frederic , Gaillardet Jérôme , Schott Jacques , Liu Congqiang 
Published: September 2021

AbstractGallium exhibits weak metallic properties owing to its proximity to non‐metals in the periodic table, yet is volatile in extra‐terrestrial bodies and fairly reactive in nature. It has been used extensively to elucidate the Solar System evolution, planet interior differentiation, and terrestrial processes. However, Ga speciation and transformation in various planetary compartments and the dynamics of its trans‐reservoir pathways remain to be fully resolved. Although recent studies and the development of modern analytical techniques for Ga isotopes have markedly improved our understanding of Ga geochemistry, a systematical summary of state‐of‐the‐art knowledge appears to be long overdue. Here we provide an overview of the geochemical properties of Ga in different reservoirs, including meteorites and Earth's interior and exterior compartments, and a timely review of Ga isotopic geochemistry. We also provide a first tentative estimate of total masses of Ga in different compartments and the trans‐reservoir Ga flux, based on the published data. This compilation reveals clearly the lack of geochemistry data of Ga in Earth's interior, the imbalance of oceanic Ga budget and the potential implications of Ga isotopes, stimulating future systematic studies of Ga and its isotopes in geosciences and related fields.
Augmenting the Standard Operating Procedures of Health and Air Quality Stakeholders With NASA Resources
Authors: Duncan Bryan N. , Malings Carl A. , Knowland K. Emma , Anderson Daniel C. , Prados Ana I. , Keller Christoph A. , Cromar Kevin R. , Pawson Steven , Ensz Holli 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe combination of air quality (AQ) data from satellites and low‐cost sensor systems, along with output from AQ models, have the potential to augment high‐quality, regulatory‐grade data in countries with in situ monitoring networks and provide much needed AQ information in countries without them, including Low and Moderate Income Countries (LMICs). We demonstrate the potential of free and publicly available USA National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) resources, which include capacity building activities, satellite data, and global AQ forecasts, to provide cost‐effective, and reliable AQ information to health and AQ professionals around the world. We provide illustrative case studies that highlight how global AQ forecasts along with satellite data may be used to characterize AQ on urban to regional scales, including to quantify pollution concentrations, identify pollution sources, and track the long‐range transport of pollution. We also provide recommendations to data product developers to facilitate and broaden usage of NASA resources by health and AQ stakeholders.
Thermal Ionization of Hydrogen in Hydrous Olivine With Enhanced and Anisotropic Conductivity
Authors: He Yu , Dai Lidong , Kim Duck Young , Li Heping , Karato Shun‐ichiro 
Published: September 2021

AbstractTrace amounts of hydrogen in olivine can significantly increase its conductivity. However, the conduction mechanism in hydrous olivine is still unclear, which hinders the in‐depth understanding of the high conductivity structures of the asthenosphere. We investigate the proton conduction mechanism in hydrous olivine usingab initiocalculations. Several models were examined using climbing image nudged elastic band andab initiomolecular dynamics methods. We found that hydrogen trapped at the Mg (or Fe) defect is more mobile than hydrogen trapped at the Si defect. At high temperature, we observed the ionization of hydrogen from cation defects leading to high and anisotropic proton conductivity along the [100] direction. The highly anisotropic conductivity caused by thermal ionized hydrogen at high temperature explains the experimental observations on olivine single crystals.
Mangrove Creeks Are a Sink for Isoprene—A Functional Link Between Ecosystems
Authors: Hrebien Victoria , Deschaseaux Elisabeth , Rosentreter Judith , Eyre Bradley D. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIsoprene is an important biogenic volatile organic compound with atmospheric emissions contributing to climate regulation. Because isoprene is predominantly sourced terrestrially, there is limited knowledge on the role it might play in marine systems. Here, we report for the first time isoprene concentrations and tidal fluxes from two subtropical mangrove creeks in Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia: Jacob's Creek and Turkey Boat Creek in 2017 and 2019. Isoprene concentrations tracked the tide height with higher concentrations at high tide and lower concentrations at low tide in both creek systems, showing that isoprene was imported into the creeks on the flood tide. Mangrove creeks in Moreton Bay were a sink (−9.53 ± 9.10 nmol m−2 h−1) for isoprene. Isoprene was most likely produced in the open water by either phytoplankton or nearby seagrass beds and then consumed by bacterial communities as a carbon source within the mangrove creek sediments. Mangrove creeks in Moreton Bay are estimated to uptake isoprene at a rate of −6 mg m−2 y−1, leading to a total global isoprene sink of −0.69 Gg C y−1. While only a small component of the global marine atmospheric flux of 11,600 Gg C y−1, isoprene constitutes an important functional link between marine ecosystems.
Open Issues in Statistical Forecasting of Solar Proton Events: A Machine Learning Perspective
Authors: Stumpo Mirko , Benella Simone , Laurenza Monica , Alberti Tommaso , Consolini Giuseppe , Marcucci Maria Federica 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSeveral techniques have been developed in the last two decades to forecast the occurrence of Solar Proton Events (SPEs), mainly based on the statistical association between the 10 MeV proton flux and precursor parameters. The Empirical model for Solar Proton Events Real Time Alert (ESPERTA; Laurenza et al., 2009, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007sw000379) provides a quite good and timely prediction of SPEs after the occurrence of M2 soft x‐ray (SXR) bursts, by using as input parameters the flare heliolongitude, the SXR and the 1 MHz radio fluence. Here, we reinterpret the ESPERTA model in the framework of machine learning and perform a cross validation, leading to a comparable performance. Moreover, we find that, by applying a cut‐off on the M2 flares heliolongitude, the False Alarm Rate (FAR) is reduced. The cut‐off is set to where the cumulative distribution of M2 flares associated with SPEs shows a break which reflects the poor magnetic connection between the Earth and eastern hemisphere flares. The best performance is obtained by using the SMOTE algorithm, leading to probability of detection of 0.83 and a FAR of 0.39. Nevertheless, we demonstrate that a relevant FAR on the predictions is a natural consequence of the sample base rates. From a Bayesian point of view, we find that the FAR explicitly contains the prior knowledge about the class distributions. This is a critical issue of any statistical approach, which requires to perform the model validation by preserving the class distributions within the training and test datasets.
In situ cryo-electron tomography reveals gradient organization of ribosome biogenesis in intact nucleoli
Authors: Erdmann Philipp S. , Hou Zhen , Klumpe Sven , Khavnekar Sagar , Beck Florian , Wilfling Florian , Plitzko Jürgen M. , Baumeister Wolfgang 
Published: September 2021

AbstractRibosomes comprise a large (LSU) and a small subunit (SSU) which are synthesized independently in the nucleolus before being exported into the cytoplasm, where they assemble into functional ribosomes. Individual maturation steps have been analyzed in detail using biochemical methods, light microscopy and conventional electron microscopy (EM). In recent years, single particle analysis (SPA) has yielded molecular resolution structures of several pre-ribosomal intermediates. It falls short, however, of revealing the spatiotemporal sequence of ribosome biogenesis in the cellular context. Here, we present our study on native nucleoli in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, in which we follow the formation of LSU and SSU precursors by in situ cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) and subtomogram averaging (STA). By combining both positional and molecular data, we reveal gradients of ribosome maturation within the granular component (GC), offering a new perspective on how the liquid-liquid-phase separation of the nucleolus supports ribosome biogenesis.
Suppressing mosquito populations with precision guided sterile males
Authors: Li Ming , Yang Ting , Bui Michelle , Gamez Stephanie , Wise Tyler , Kandul Nikolay P. , Liu Junru , Alcantara Lenissa , Lee Haena , Edula Jyotheeswara R. , Raban Robyn , Zhan Yinpeng , Wang Yijin , DeBeaubien Nick , Chen Jieyan , Sánchez C. Héctor M. , Bennett Jared B. , Antoshechkin Igor , Montell Craig , Marshall John M. , Akbari Omar S. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe mosquito Aedes aegypti is the principal vector for arboviruses including dengue/yellow fever, chikungunya, and Zika virus, infecting hundreds of millions of people annually. Unfortunately, traditional control methodologies are insufficient, so innovative control methods are needed. To complement existing measures, here we develop a molecular genetic control system termed precision-guided sterile insect technique (pgSIT) in Aedes aegypti. PgSIT uses a simple CRISPR-based approach to generate flightless females and sterile males that are deployable at any life stage. Supported by mathematical models, we empirically demonstrate that released pgSIT males can compete, suppress, and even eliminate mosquito populations. This platform technology could be used in the field, and adapted to many vectors, for controlling wild populations to curtail disease in a safe, confinable, and reversible manner.