bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perylene‐Cy3 FRET System to Analyze Photoactive DNA Structures
Authors: Kawai Hayato , Doi Tetsuya , Ito Yuka , Kameyama Tatsuya , Torimoto Tsukasa , Kashida Hiromu , Asanuma Hiroyuki 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe report a new Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) system for structural analyses of DNA duplexes using perylene and Cy3 as donor and acceptor, respectively, linked at the termini of a DNA duplex via D‐threoninol. Experimentally obtained FRET efficiencies were in good agreement with theoretical values calculated based on canonical B‐form DNA. Due to the relatively long Förster radius, this system can be used to analyze large DNA structures, and duplexes containing photo‐reactive molecules can be analyzed since perylene can be excited with visible light. The system was used to analyze a DNA duplex containing stilbene, demonstrating that in the region of the stilbene cluster the duplex adopts a ladder‐like structure rather than helical one. Upon photodimerization between stilbene residues, FRET efficiencies indicated the reaction does not disturb DNA duplex. This FRET system will be useful for analysis of photoreactions of nucleobases as well as a wide range of nucleic acid structures.
Walter Reppe Revival – Identification and Genesis of Copper Acetylides Cu2C2 as Active Species in Ethynylation Reactions
Authors: Bruhm Tobias , Abram Andrea , Häusler Johannes , Thomys Oliver , Köhler Klaus 
Published: July 2021

AbstractMore than six decades after proposing copper acetylide, Cu2C2, as catalytically active species in ethynylation reactions by Walter Reppe, the explosive species have been experimentally identified and investigated during catalysis in detail now. Taking into account specific safety precautions, unequivocal qualitative characterization was achieved by Raman spectroscopy and X‐ray powder diffraction of supported copper catalysts Cu/Bi/SiO2 during and after activation and catalysis in comparison to bulk Cu2C2 materials. Quantification of Cu2C2 succeeded by thermal analysis and Raman spectroscopy. Its formation in aqueous suspension is studied starting from copper(II) oxide catalysts including dissolution, reduction and precipitation steps. Copper acetylide formation can be correlated with catalytic performance in the ethynylation of formaldehyde to 1,4‐butynediol.
Chirality without Stereoisomers: Insight from the Helical Response of Bond Electrons
Authors: Xu Tianlv , Nie Xing , Li Shuman , Yang Yong , Früchtl Herbert , van Mourik Tanja , Kirk Steven R. , Paterson Martin J. , Shigeta Yasuteru , Jenkins Samantha 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe association between molecular chirality and helical characteristics known as the chirality‐helicity equivalence is determined for the first time by quantifying a chirality‐helicity measure consistent with photoexcitation circular dichroism experiments. This is demonstrated using a formally achiral SN2 reaction and a chiral SN2 reaction. Both the achiral and chiral SN2 reactions possess significant values of the chirality‐helicity measure and display a Walden inversion, i. e. an inversion of the chirality between the reactant and product. We also track the chirality‐helicity measure along the reaction path and discover the presence of chirality at the transition state and two intermediate structures for both reactions. We demonstrate the need for the chirality‐helicity measure to differentiate between steric effects due to eclipsed conformations and chiral behaviors in formally achiral species. We explain the significance of this work for asymmetric synthetic reactions including the intermediate structures where the Cahn‐Ingold‐Prelog (CIP) rules cannot be used.
Valeric Biofuel Production from γ‐Valerolactone over Bifunctional Catalysts with Moderate Noble‐Metal Loading
Authors: Martínez Figueredo Karla G. , Virgilio Emanuel M. , Segobia Darío J. , Bertero Nicolás M. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSiO2‐Al2O3‐supported Ru, Ir and Pt‐based catalysts with moderate metal loading (1 %) were tested for the first time in the production of pentyl valerate (PV) in liquid phase from γ‐valerolactone, pentanol (in excess) and H2. The acidity of these bifunctional catalysts, plays a key role in the one‐pot process comprising two consecutive acid‐catalyzed reactions and a metal‐catalyzed one. Metal dispersion also shown to be relevant for the conversion of the pentyl pentenoate intermediate into PV by hydrogenation over the metal sites. Pt/SA catalyst with the highest surface acidity and metal dispersion reached optimal GVL conversion with a PV yield of 90.0 % after 10 h, exhibiting a PV productivity of 300 mmol/gM.h, i. e. a value between three and four times higher than the best result reported until now (91.8 mmol/gM.h). These findings highlight the potential that noble metal‐based catalyst with moderate metal loading have in the valorization of biomass‐derived platform molecules such as γ‐valerolactone.
Radiation‐hardened read‐decoupled low‐power 12T SRAM for space applications
Authors: Pal Soumitra , Divya Dodla , Ki Wing‐Hung , Islam Aminul 
Published: July 2021

SummaryIn advanced technology, static random‐access memory (SRAM) cells used in space are highly sensitive to charge variations caused by high‐energy particle strikes, which cause soft‐error. Therefore, it is imperative for an SRAM to withstand this harsh environment. However, 6T cells are unable to function reliably in such a place. In order to address this, a radiation‐hardened read‐decoupled 12T (RHRD12T) SRAM cell is proposed in this paper. The relative strength of RHRD12T is estimated by comparing it with other contemporary cells such as NS10T, PS10T, RHBD10T, QUATRO12T, QUCCE12T, and RHD12T on various major design metrics. Due to the read‐decoupled nature of RHRD12T, it shows the highest read stability. It also consumes the lowest hold power compared to all other considered cells, except NS10T. Moreover, RHRD12T exhibits the highest write ability due to the use of two extra access transistors and the poor driving ability of the internal nodes. In terms of write delay, RHRD12T shows an improvement of 1.02×/1.06×/1.07×/1.08× over NS10T/RHD12T/PS10T/RHBD10T at VDD = 1 V. Moreover, RHRD12T is capable of tolerating the highest amount of critical charge among all other comparison cells and is the least susceptible to single‐event upsets. All the aforementioned improvements are obtained at the cost of longer read delay.
Human augmentation of historical red pine fire regimes in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness
Authors: Kipfmueller Kurt F. , Larson Evan R. , Johnson Lane B. , Schneider Elizabeth A. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe Border Lakes Region of Minnesota and Ontario has long been viewed as a fire‐dependent ecosystem. High‐severity fire in the region's near‐boreal forests has been a focus of ecological research and public fascination. However, the surface fire history within this transnational wilderness landscape has received more limited attention. We used an interdisciplinary, dendroecological approach to characterize the surface fire history of the region, assess potential drivers of historical surface fires, and document the ecological legacies of frequent fires within the red pine forests of the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness (BWCAW) in northern Minnesota. We used tree‐ring and fire atlas data to reconstruct multi‐century surface fire records for 101 sites and document age structure and composition at 32 sites across the BWCAW. Stratification of these sites relative to their proximity to a primary travel and trade corridor used first by Indigenous groups and later by Euro‐American fur traders through the late 1800s provided strong evidence of human augmentation of fires. The patterns of fire activity, fire–climate relationships, and forest development indicate that traditional landuse by Anishinaabeg (Ojibwe) increased rates of local surface fire and played an important role in shaping the landscape. The decline of traditional subsistence practices by the Border Lakes Anishinaabeg coincided with a sharp decline in surface fires and a period of abundant tree establishment. In the absence of repeat surface fires, many red pine sites have shifted in composition, increased in stem density, and grown vulnerable to forest‐type conversion through future high‐severity fire. These results highlight the need for active fire reintroduction to red pine forests of the Great Lakes Region and underscore the importance of collaboration and guidance from Indigenous Knowledge Keepers in this process. A blended knowledge approach to fire restoration that directly engages with Indigenous perspectives and cultural practices can perpetuate the distinctive character of the largest remaining tracts of long‐lived pine forest in the Great Lakes Region. Carefully developed fire restoration practices would enhance the visitor use experience within one of the most frequently visited wilderness areas in the United States while re‐engaging directly with Indigenous knowledge and traditional cultural practices.
Heart failure and promotion of physical activity before and after cardiac rehabilitation (HF‐aPProACH): a study protocol
Authors: Limpens Marlou A.M. , Gürgöze Muhammed T. , Lenzen Mattie J. , Roest Stefan , Voortman Trudy , Kavousi Maryam , ter Hoeve Nienke , Sunamura Madoka , den Uijl Iris , van der Spek Peter J. , Brugts Jasper J. , Manintveld Olivier C. , IJpma Arne S. , Boersma Eric 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAimsLifestyle changes, such as increasing physical activity (PA), are a cornerstone of treatment of patients with chronic heart failure (HF). However, improving PA in HF patients is challenging, and low participation rates for cardiac rehabilitation (CR) as well as relapse to low PA levels after CR are major issues. We designed a randomized controlled trial to investigate if PA monitoring with motivational feedback before and after centre‐based CR in HF patients with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) will lead to a clinically meaningful increase in physical fitness.Methods and resultsA randomized controlled trial will be conducted in a sample of 180 HFrEF patients (New York Heart Association Class II/III) who are referred to 12‐week standard CR. Patients will be randomized (2:1) to (1) standard of care (SoC) plus wearing a PA monitoring device (Fitbit Charge 3) with personalized step goals, feedback and motivation or (2) SoC only. The intervention lasts ±7 months: 4–5 weeks before CR, 12 weeks during CR and 12 weeks after CR. Measurements will take place at three time points. The primary endpoint is the change in the distance in 6‐min walking test (6MWT) over the entire study period. Other endpoints include step count, grip strength, quality of life and all‐cause mortality or hospitalization.ConclusionsHF‐aPProACH will provide novel information on the effectiveness of remote PA stimulation and feedback before, during and after standard CR using a commercially available device to improve physical fitness in HFrEF patients.
WBC count predicts heart failure in diabetes and coronary artery disease patients: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Kawabe Atsuhiko , Yasu Takanori , Morimoto Takeshi , Tokushige Akihiro , Momomura Shin‐ichi , Sakakura Kenichi , Node Koichi , Inoue Taku , Ueda Shinichiro ,   The CHD Collaborative Investigators
Published: July 2021

AbstractAimsWhite blood cell (WBC) count in healthy people is associated with the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) and mortality. This study aimed to determine whether WBC count predicts heart failure (HF) requiring hospitalization as well as all‐cause death, acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and stroke in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus and established CAD.MethodsWe conducted this retrospective registry study that enrolled consecutive patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus and CAD based on coronary arteriography records and medical charts at 70 teaching hospitals in Japan from 2005 to 2015. A total of 7608 participants (28.2% women, mean age 68 ± 10 years) were eligible. In the cohort, the median (interquartile range) and mean follow‐up durations were 39 (16.5–66.1 months) and 44.3 ± 32.7 months, respectively. The primary outcome was HF requiring hospitalization. The secondary outcomes were AMI, stroke, all‐cause death, 3‐point major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) (AMI/stroke/death) and 4‐point MACE (AMI/stroke/death/HF requiring hospitalization). Outcomes were reported as cumulative incidences (proportion of patients experiencing an event) and incidence rates (events/100 person‐years). The primary and secondary outcomes were assessed using the Kaplan–Meier method and were compared using the log‐rank test stratified by the baseline WBC count. The association between the WBC count at baseline and each MACE was assessed using the Cox proportional hazard model and expressed as the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) after adjusting for other well‐known risk factors for MACE.ResultsDuring the follow‐up, 880 patients were hospitalized owing to HF. The WBC Quartile 4 (≥7700 cells/μL) had significantly lower HF event‐free survival rate (log‐rank test, P < 0.001). The HRs for HF events requiring hospitalization with each WBC quartile compared with the lowest in the first WBC quartile were 1 for Quartile 1 (WBC < 5300 cells/μL), 1.20 (95% CI, 0.96–1.5; P = 0.1) for Quartile 2 (5300 ≤ WBC < 6400), 1.34 (95% CI, 1.08–1.67; P = 0.009) for Quartile 3 (6400 ≤ WBC < 7700) and 1.62 (95% CI, 1.31–2.00; P < 0.001) for Quartile 4 after adjusting for covariates. Similar findings were observed for the risk of AMI and death; however, no significant difference was found for stroke. WBC Quartile 4 patients had a significantly lower 3‐ or 4‐point MACE‐free survival rate (log‐rank test, P < 0.0001).ConclusionsA higher WBC count is a predictor of hospitalization for HF, all‐cause death and AMI but not for stroke in patients with concurrent Type 2 diabetes mellitus and established CAD.
Oxidative Stability and In Vitro Release Properties of Encapsulated Wheat Germ Oil in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cell‐Based Microcapsules
Authors: Cetinkaya Nilgun , Koc Tugca Bilenler , Karabulut Ihsan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis research aims to evaluate the feasibility of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell‐based microencapsulation for wheat germ oil (WGO) based on oxidative stability and in vitro release properties. Microencapsulation of samples is achieved by freeze‐drying WGO‐in water emulsions containing alive, non‐plasmolyzed, and plasmolyzed yeast cells. The encapsulation efficiency (EE), loading capacity (LC), release characteristics, and oxidative stability of WGO are determined before and after microencapsulation. The amount of β‐carotene in the digesta is used to evaluate the release properties. Plasmolyzed yeast cells yield the highest EE (43.1%) and LC (216.5 g kg−1). In cases where alive and non‐plasmolyzed yeast cells were used as an encapsulant, a higher release rate was obtained in esophagus‐stomach conditions, while higher digestion took place mainly in the duodenum and ileum with plasmolyzed cells. Encapsulation of WGO in plasmolyzed yeast cells provide the lowest peroxide and p‐anisidine values and the highest oxidative protection during the accelerated oxidation test at 60 °C for 24 days. This result is also confirmed by Rancimat induction time.Practical Applications: Removing the plasma content by plasmolysis changes the structure of the yeast cell membrane and improves the encapsulation ability and release properties. Encapsulation of WGO with plasmolyzed yeast cells provides superiority in oxidative stability compared to native WGO. The potential value of WGO as an ingredient in the preparation of functional foods could be achieved by yeast cell encapsulation.
Synthesis and Functionalization of C6/C7 Substituted Pyrido[3,2‐d]pyrimidines
Authors: Hofmann Philipp E. , Meinecke Jannick , Harms Klaus , Koert Ulrich 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAn efficient synthesis of functionalized pyrido[3,2‐d]pyrimidines is reported. Starting from 4‐aminopyrimidine‐3‐carbaldehydes, a Horner‐Wadsworth‐Emmons olefination followed by a photoisomerization/cyclization installed the fused pyridine ring. Using substituted HWE‐reagents various substituents could be introduced in the 7‐position of the pyrido[3,2‐d]pyrimidines. Functionalization of the pyridone substructure allowed late variation in the 6‐position. In order to obtain amine‐linked bis‐pyridopyrimidines, 7‐bromo‐pyridopyrimidines were converted with their 7‐amino‐counterpart by Hartwig–Buchwald amination.
Amorphous Carbon Film with Self‐modified Carbon Nanoparticles Synthesized by Low Temperature Carbonization of Phenolic Resin for Simultaneous Sensing of Dopamine and Uric Acid
Authors: Li Jilong , Wang Yanhui , Li Rushuo , Lu Bowen , Yuan Yungang , Gao Hongwei , Song Shiwei , Zhou Shuyu , Zang Jianbing 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA self‐modified film electrode consisting of homogeneous snowflake‐shaped nanoparticles on the amorphous carbon substrate (HNAC) was prepared by low temperature carbonization of phenolic resin. Such a unique structure was beneficial to enhance the electroanalysis signal responds. Simultaneous detection of DA and UA was performed on the HNAC using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) at pH 8 phosphate buffer. The well‐defined oxidation peak potential separation reached 260 mV between DA and UA. Meanwhile, the detection limit of HNAC were 0.401 μM (DA) and 2.800 μM (UA).
The Institutional Grammar Tool meets the Narrative Policy Framework: Narrating institutional statements in consultation
Authors: Dunlop Claire A. , Kamkhaji Jonathan C. , Radaelli Claudio M. , Taffoni Gaia 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe compare the Narrative Policy Framework (NPF) and the Institutional Grammar Tool (IGT). Given the focus of this special issue on the NPF, we first theorize how the IGT can contribute to the development of NPF categories, but also how the former gains conceptual leverage from the latter. We argue that it is useful to consider jointly NPF and IGT as this expands the benefit of NPF usage for policy researchers—uncovering not only the stories policy actors tell but also what these stories mean in terms of institutional statements. We provide a demonstration of how the conversation between these two policy lenses may develop by analyzing original data on the design of consultation procedures in the European Union, Finland, Ireland, and Malta.
Between virus correlations in the outcome of infection across host species: Evidence of virus by host species interactions
Authors: Imrie Ryan M. , Roberts Katherine E. , Longdon Ben 
Published: July 2021

AbstractVirus host shifts are a major source of outbreaks and emerging infectious diseases, and predicting the outcome of novel host and virus interactions remains a key challenge for virus research. The evolutionary relationships between host species can explain variation in transmission rates, virulence, and virus community composition between hosts, but it is unclear if correlations exist between related viruses in infection traits across novel hosts. Here, we measure correlations in viral load of four Cripavirus isolates across experimental infections of 45 Drosophilidae host species. We find positive correlations between every pair of viruses tested, suggesting that some host clades show broad susceptibility and could act as reservoirs and donors for certain types of viruses. Additionally, we find evidence of virus by host species interactions, highlighting the importance of both host and virus traits in determining the outcome of virus host shifts. Of the four viruses tested here, those that were more closely related tended to be more strongly correlated, providing tentative evidence that virus evolutionary relatedness may be a useful proxy for determining the likelihood of novel virus emergence, which warrants further research.
Safety assessment of HEA‐enriched Cordyceps cicadae mycelia on the central nervous system (CNS), cardiovascular system, and respiratory system in ICR male mice
Authors: Fu Hsin‐I , Hsu Jui‐Hsia , Li Tsung‐Ju , Yeh Shu‐Hsing , Chen Chin‐Chu 
Published: July 2021

AbstractCordyceps cicadae, an entomopathogenic fungus, is a source of traditional Chinese medicine in China. Due to the low yield of wild C. cicadae, artificial cultivation approaches will be needed to meet the increasing market demand. Using bioreactor culture can increase mass production and the abundance of the active component, N6‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐adenosine (HEA). Here, we describe a safety assessment for a novel mycelium preparation method. Many studies have confirmed the safety of C. cicadae mycelia. However, the acute safety pharmacology of the C. cicadae enriched with the high HEA (3.90 mg/g) compound has not been evaluated. This study evaluated the central nervous system (CNS), cardiovascular system, and respiratory system in ICR male mice via oral gavage administration. For each requested item, two batches of eight mice tested on a vehicle (0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose, CMC) and C. cicadae mycelia (1,000 mg/kg) were performed. The heart rate at 60 min for the vehicle and C. cicadae mycelium treatment was 700.3 ± 55.4 and 603.0 ± 42.3 bpm, respectively (p = .4279). For echocardiographic analysis, the LV mass of the vehicle and drug treatment was 86.7 ± 6.4 and 80.2 ± 7.7, respectively (p = .0933). In the respiratory test, the tidal volume of the vehicle and drug treatments was 0.11 ± 0.01 and 0.14 ± 0.01 at 60 min, respectively (p = .4262). These results demonstrate that the oral administration of HEA‐enriched C. cicadae mycelia is safe for the CNS, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems.
Neuroanatomical norms in the UK Biobank: The impact of allometric scaling, sex, and age
Authors: Williams Camille Michèle , Peyre Hugo , Toro Roberto , Ramus Franck 
Published: July 2021

AbstractFew neuroimaging studies are sufficiently large to adequately describe population‐wide variations. This study's primary aim was to generate neuroanatomical norms and individual markers that consider age, sex, and brain size, from 629 cerebral measures in the UK Biobank (N = 40,028). The secondary aim was to examine the effects and interactions of sex, age, and brain allometry—the nonlinear scaling relationship between a region and brain size (e.g., total brain volume)—across cerebral measures. Allometry was a common property of brain volumes, thicknesses, and surface areas (83%) and was largely stable across age and sex. Sex differences occurred in 67% of cerebral measures (median |β| = .13): 37% of regions were larger in males and 30% in females. Brain measures (49%) generally decreased with age, although aging effects varied across regions and sexes. While models with an allometric or linear covariate adjustment for brain size yielded similar significant effects, omitting brain allometry influenced reported sex differences in variance. Finally, we contribute to the reproducibility of research on sex differences in the brain by replicating previous studies examining cerebral sex differences. This large‐scale study advances our understanding of age, sex, and brain allometry's impact on brain structure and provides data for future UK Biobank studies to identify the cerebral regions that covary with specific phenotypes, independently of sex, age, and brain size.