bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improvement of the technological process of manufacturing bearing grades of steel at the 370/150 mill.
Authors: Puteev V. S. , Savchenko S. A. , Pankovets I. A. , Voznaja V. I. , Astapenko I. V. 
Published: September 2021

The actual problem of obtaining long products from bearing steel grades with specified microstructure characteristics is considered. The analysis of the capabilities of the existing equipment – a heating furnace and a rolling mill 370/150 of OJSC “BSW – Management Company of the Holding “BMC” was carried out in order to introduce technical measures aimed at reducing carbide heterogeneity in products made of bearing steel grades on the example of steel grade 100Cr6.The influence of different modes of preliminary thermal preparation of continuously cast billets from bearing steel grades on the carbide inhomogeneity in the finished rolling is studied. According to the results of the research, the optimal mode of heat treatment of a continuously cast billet was determined, which allows to produce rolled products that meet the highest requirements of consumers.
Failure Modes and Root-Cause Analyses of Advanced Drill-Collar Connections
Authors: Du Michael H. , Li Ke , Song Fei , Li Haoming , Smith David L. , Blackman Wesley 
Published: September 2021

Summary
Advanced drill-collar connections have been developed with 10 times extended fatigue life compared with the corresponding replaced connections. More than 4,000 advanced connections have been run in North America. Although these connections have demonstrated substantial fatigue-strength improvement in operation, some failures have occurred. Multiple failed connection samples have been retrieved and analyzed for their failure modes and the root causes.
In the failure analyses, manufacturing data were reviewed to identify any possible discrepancies between design specifications and manufactured components. The field run data were analyzed for the loading histories of the connections. The downhole fluid properties were also reviewed to identify their possible effects on the connection performances. The bottomhole assemblies (BHAs) were numerically analyzed to determine the loading distributions. The failed connection samples were physically processed and inspected in a metallurgical laboratory. Based on the combined numerical and testing analyses, the conclusions on the failure modes and the root causes were drawn.
It was found that the primary failure mode for these connections was fatigue. The root causes for the fatigue failures can be divided into two categories: manufacturing causes and operational causes. Among the manufacturing failure causes, incorrect cold rolling is the primary one. The operation-related failures were mainly caused by overloading.
Through failure mode and root-cause analyses, the manufacturing and operational related risks for the advanced drill-collar connections were mitigated accordingly. It therefore greatly improved the quality assurance of the advanced connections.
Drilling-Campaign Optimization Using Sequential Information and Policy Analytics
Authors: Morosov André Luís , Bratvold Reidar Brumer 
Published: September 2021

SummaryOptimally designed drilling campaigns are essential for improving oil recovery and value creation. They are required at different stages of the hydrocarbon-field life cycle, including exploration, appraisal, development, and infill. A significant fraction of the revenue risk comes from geological uncertainty, and for this reason, subsurface teams are frequently responsible for optimizing campaign parameters such as the number of wells, the corresponding locations, and the drilling sequence. Companies use the information and learning from drilled wells to adapt the remainder of the campaign, but classical optimization methods do not account for such learning and flexibility over time. Accounting for sequential geological information acquisition and decision making in the optimization of drilling campaigns adds value to the project.We propose a method to optimize drilling campaigns under geological uncertainty by using a sequential-decision model to obtain the optimal drilling policy and applying analytics over the policy to obtain the optimal number of wells and corresponding locations. The novel contribution of policy analytics provides better access to information within the complex data structure of the optimal policy, providing decision support for different decision criteria.The method is demonstrated in two different cases. The first case considers a set of eight candidate wells on predefined locations, mimicking the situation where the method is used after a prior subsurface optimization. The second case considers a set of 12 candidate wells regularly scattered in the same area and uses the method as the first optimization approach to filter out less-attractive regions. Exploiting the geological information on a well-by-well basis improved the expected campaign value by 65% in the first case and by 183% in the second case. The value of spatial geological information and value of flexibility from having more drilling candidates are two byproducts of the method application.
Modeling of Cutting Rock: From PDC Cutter to PDC Bit—Modeling of PDC Bit
Authors: Chen Pengju , Miska Stefan , Yu Mengjiao , Ozbayoglu Evren 
Published: September 2021

Summary
In this paper, we integrated our polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) cutter model (Chen et al. 2021) into a PDC bit model that can predict the weight on bit (WOB), torque on bit (TOB), and imbalanced side force on a bit under given drilling conditions. We first proposed a method to determine the actual cutting plane and depth of cut of each cutter on a PDC bit. Once the two parameters for each cutter are determined, the cutter model can then be applied to calculate the cutting force of each cutter. The final bit force and moment (i.e., WOB, TOB, and imbalanced side force) are calculated as the resultant force and moment of cutting forces of all cutters.
The PDC bit model in this paper considers all bit design parameters, including bit matrix geometry, blade profile, cutter layout, and the inclination of each cutter. Furthermore, the bit model also considers some bottomhole assembly (BHA) parameters (e.g., bit tilt angle, location of first fulcrum point, and tool face/steering plane angle), which allows the bit model to simulate a bit under different drilling modes. The bit model is also validated by published test data and field applications. Finally, case studies are conducted, and the influence of bottomhole stresses, BHA parameters, and drilling modes on bit force and moment are discussed. A field application of the bit model is also provided. The bit model can be directly used for PDC bit design and simulation. In fact, this paper presents a general way to integrate a cutter model into a PDC bit model. Readers are also encouraged to apply this method to integrate their own cutter model into a PDC bit model.
Application of multi hydrochemical indices for spatial groundwater quality assessment: Ziway Lake Basin of the Ethiopian Rift Valley
Authors: Mechal Abraham , Shube Hassen , Rango Tewodros , Walraevens Kristine , Birk Steffen 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The Ethiopian Rift Valley (ERV), which is characterized by arid and semi-arid climate, groundwater is the most important water resource used for drinking and irrigation purposes. However, in the region people are suffering from severe water scarcity exacerbated by climate effect. Besides water availability, endemic water quality issues are critical and affect the suitability of the water and human health risks. The present study evaluates the suitability of groundwater for drinking and agricultural purposes in the Ziway Lake Basin (ZLB) of the ERV. Groundwater used for drinking contains multiple inorganic contaminants in levels that surpass the World Health Organization recommended limits. The most frequent of these violations were for Na+, K+, HCO3-, F- and few samples for Mn, As, U, Pb and Mo. The modeled Drinking Water Quality Index (DWQI) values of the groundwater show wide variation ranging from 12.7 (Excellent category) to 714 (Unsuitable category) with mean value of 94. Likewise, Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI) computed by considering EC, SAR, Na%, RSC and PI of the groundwater vary from 13.2 to 520 with mean value of 106. Both DWQI and IWQI value suggest that groundwater is generally of Excellent quality for drinking and irrigation use in the headwater regions of the ZLB and progressively becomes extremely Unsuitable towards the rift floor. The exceptionally high DWQI values to the west of Lake Ziway is mainly associated with the co-occurrence of multiple toxic elements from a groundwater from the Quaternary sediments and rhyolitic volcanic aquifers.
Effect Different Donors And Acceptors On Quantum Chemical Parameters of Zigzag Graphene Nanoribbon
Authors: Shareefi Nidhal Mohammed Al , Moslem Rabab Abdulzahrah , Abbood Hamid Ibrahim 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Exchange-correlation functional B3LYP with standard 6-31G basis sets was carried out for DFT calculations of pure zigzag GNR and two of donor-GNR-acceptor structures. The results showed good relax was obtained for studied structures. Pure zigzag GNR has small energy gap and it was reduced by adding donors and acceptors to the ribbon depending on the type of both donor and acceptor. Donor-GNRs-Acceptor have low value of global electrochemical hardness and high electronic softness than those for pure GNR, an electron can be easily transfer from valence to conduction band. Also, the electrophilic index for GNR in case of presence of donors and acceptors is greater than that for pure GNR, therefore, donor-GNRs-acceptor can easily interact with surrounding species in comparison with pure GNR. Generally, 3-D materials was constructed based on 2-D graphene can be used for different electronic applications.
Choice of Levels in Selective Neck Dissection and Its Impact On Regional Control and Survival in 661 Patients With Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Bertlich Mattis , Zeller Nina , Freytag Saskia , Weiss Bernhard G. , Canis Martin , Haubner Frank , Ihler Friedrich , Spiegel Jennifer L. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Background: Selective Neck Dissection (SND) is the surgical treatment of choice in suspected or manifest nodal positive squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC). For SND to be successful, treated levels should be selected accordingly. Aim of this study was to identify neck dissection levels that had an impact on the individual prognosis.Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of SND as part of primary treatment of HNSCC. Overall survival (OS) and regional control rates (RCR) were calculated for all patients.Results: 661 patients with HNSCC were included, 644 underwent ipsilateral and 319 contralateral SND. Average follow up was 78.9 ± 106.4 months. 67 (10.1%) patients eventually developed nodal recurrence. Tumor sites were oral cavity (135), oropharynx (179), hypopharynx (118) and larynx (229). Tumor categories pT1 – pT4a, and all clinical and pathological nodal categories were included. Multivariate analysis indicated improved OS rates for patients undergoing SND in ipsilateral levels I and V as well as level III contralaterally. Analysis for tumor origin showed that SND in ipsilateral level I showed a significantly improved OS in HNSCC of the oral cavity.Conclusion: In HNSCC of the oral cavity, ipsilateral level I needs to be included when performing SND.
Eradicating Little Fire Ants (Wasmannia Auropunctata) from the Island of Kaua`I, Hawai`I: Process, Challenges, and Results to Date
Authors: Montgomery Michelle , Vanderwoude Casper , Lynch Jasmyn , Keanini Tiffani , Kaneshige Craig 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
First detected on the Island of Kauai in 1999, the little fire ant (Wasmannia auropunctata) has persisted despite early attempts at eradication by state agencies. A multi-agency collaboration was formed in 2011 to develop and implement a two-phase eradication plan. The infestation was delimited to 4.02 ha of rural residences and steep coastline habitat. Treatments regimens were divided between easily accessible infested areas (Phase I) and steep areas requiring rope safety systems (Phase II). The eradication plan included ground and arboreal treatment technologies and long-term post-treatment monitoring. Treatments consisted of broadcasting baits containing s-methoprene (0.25% a.i.), indocaxarb (0.18% a.i), or hydramethylnon (0.73% a.i.) eight times over the course of 12 months. Treatments effectively reduced the population to below detectable levels throughout much of the treatment area, however isolated remnant colonies were detected as recently as September 2019. Remnant colonies were associated with specific site features known to be difficult to treat, such as tall palm trees and large mulch piles. On one occasion, in 2017, two little fire ant detections were confirmed outside of the original treatment area, where no little fire ants had been detected before; highlighting the ability for little fire ants to remain undetected for many years. Current results stress the importance of long-term commitment to post-treatment monitoring and expanded surveys. We recommend development and incorporation of novel detection methods which could increase accuracy and improve efficiency of monitoring and detection surveys.
Universe: the dynamics of the minimum and maximum expansion states
Authors: Petrakis Sócrates 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Two hypotheses stand out in describing the evolution of the Universe. The predominant one predicts that the current expansion began at a certain instant and will not preserve any variation of energy that performs work; apparent flat Universe (Ω = 1) is advocated by relativistic calculations and observational data, with an end or thermal death at its maximum expansion (3D Space). The other hypothesis considers that the Universe is cyclical (always alternating phases of expansion and contraction). This proposal aims to demonstrate that both hypotheses can be correct by not being distinct, but complementary. Supported by the immutability of physical laws, analyses of concepts such as space, mass, energy, gravity, spin, and entropy define an exclusive presence of 1D Space in the minimum and maximum expansion states of the Universe. With our 3D Space Universe created and existing between these extreme states, every dynamic is outlined and completes the usual relativity. More objectively, the process that describes the formation of mass through energy conversion is defined. The concept of complete rest energy (1D Space) was able to be applied, demonstrating that the complete evolution of the Universe is spatially dynamic in a perpetual time dimension, always recreating our Universe.
Failure of Rock Slopes With Intermittent Joints: Failure Process and Stability Calculation Models
Authors: Zhou Zihan , Shen Yanjun , Chen Zhonghui 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Rock slopes with intermittent joints in open-pit mines are complex geological bodies composed of intact rock and discontinuous structural planes, and their stability analysis are necessary for mine disaster prevention. In this study, a series of base friction tests were performed to determine the failure process and displacement field evolution of rock slopes with intermittent joints using the speckle technique of a noncontact measurement system. Next, stability calculation models of the slopes were established from the energy perspective using the plastic limit analysis theory, and the effects of the joint inclination angle and coalescence coefficient of rock bridges on the slope stability were evaluated. The four main conclusions are as follows. (1) The failure of rock slopes with intermittent joints shows the feature of collapse-lower traction-upper push. (2) Based on the failure modes of rock bridges in slopes, the failure of rock slopes with intermittent joints could be divided into three types: tensile coalescence (Type A), shear coalescence (Type B), and tensile–shear coalescence (Type C). (3) Among the three slope types, the stability of the Type A slope is significantly influenced by rock cohesion, whereas that the Type B slope is significantly influenced by joint cohesion. The stability of the Type C slope is significantly influenced by the joint inclination angle and joint friction angle. (4) The local-stable slope is unstable while the first through-tensile crack in the zone of the potential sliding body higher than the critical instability height appeared. This study guides the stability evaluation and instability prediction of jointed rock slopes in open-pit mines.
Synthesis and Characterization of Solid-state Fe-exchanged Nano-bentonite and Evaluation of Methyl Orange Adsorption
Authors: Hajipour Nahid , Ghorbanpour Mohammad , Safajou-Jahankhanemlou Majid 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
A new adsorbent was synthesized using ion-exchange between iron salts and bentonite modified with acetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) in the solid phase. Ion exchange was performed in the solid-state at a temperature of 100 ° C for 2 min. Various analyzes such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), porosity measurement (BET), infrared Fourier transform (FT-IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray energy diffraction (EDX), and thermal weighing (TGA) were used to characterize the synthesized nano-adsorbents. Under optimal conditions (pH = 7, time 60 min, concentration of dye solution 150 ppm, and amount of nano-adsorbent 0.75 g / l), the modified nano-adsorbent absorbed 73% of the methyl orange (MO) dye. Adsorption isotherm studies and kinetic model showed that the pseudo-second-order model and Langmuir equation agree with the obtained results. After three reductions of the modified nano-adsorbent in the photo-Fenton process, the dye absorption percentage was 69.50%.
Reflecting on Public Behavior With Artificial Intelligence-assisted Detection of Face Mask Wearing During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Seresirikachorn Kasem , Ruamviboonsuk Paisan , Soonthornworasiri Ngamphol , Singhanetr Panisa , Kaothanthong Natsuda , Theeramunkong Thanaruk 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Background: COVID-19 has created health and socioeconomic damage worldwide, and face masks are a low-cost but effective method of preventing transmission of this disease. Artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted systems can come into play to help visualize the public’s awareness of mask wearing and gain a better picture of whether there is adequate practice of protection during the outbreak. We reported the rate of face mask wearing by the general public using the artificial intelligence-assisted face mask detector, AiMASK.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted between January 23 and April 22, 2021 in over 32 districts in Bangkok, Thailand. After the introduction of AiMASK, development and internal validation were performed, and average accuracy of 97.8% was found. Data were classified into a protected group (correct face mask wearing) and an unprotected group (incorrect or non-mask wearing). We analyzed the association between factors affecting the unprotected group using univariate logistic regression analysis.Results: No significant difference was found between results from human graders and those of AiMASK using two proportion Z test (p=0.74). AiMASK detected a total of 1,124,524 people, the majority of whom were in the protected group (95.98%). The unprotected group consisted of 2.06% who practised incorrect mask-wearing, and the other 1.96% were those who did not wear masks. A moderate negative correlation was found between the number of COVID-19 patients and the proportion of unprotected people (r= -0.507, p<0.001). People were 1.15 times more likely to be in the unprotected group during the holidays and in the evening than on working days and in the morning (OR=1.15, 95% CI 1.13-1.17, p<0.001). Districts in the city center were 1.31 times more likely to have higher proportions of unprotected individuals than suburban districts (OR=1.31, 95% CI 1.28-1.34, p<0.001). Conclusions: AiMASK was as effective as human graders in detecting face mask wearing. The prevailing number of COVID-19 infections affected people’s mask-wearing behavior, and half of the unprotected group were those who wore masks incorrectly. Public policies should communicate the importance of wearing masks consistently throughout the day and during holidays as well as providing instructions for effective mask wearing to prevent virus transmission.
A Survey of Globodera Rostochiensis on Potato Crops in Himachal Pradesh; Occurrence and Detection.
Authors: Pathania Ashvika , Dutta Joydeep , Garg Shashank 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
A survey was carried out to estimate the frequency and occurrence of potato cyst nematode (PCN) in potato cultivating fields in different districts of Himachal Pradesh. A total of 109 composite soil samples were collected from 5 districts of Himachal Pradesh, India. Nematode cysts were extracted from the soil using standard procedure. The population density and percentage of occurrence of cyst nematode were calculated. According to the results district, Mandi had the highest PCN cyst population density, and the percentage of occurrence is 100%. District Kangra had the least PCN cyst population density and the percentage of occurrence is 66.6%. This survey showed the occurrence Globodera rostochiensis district-wise. The collected cysts were identified by morphological and molecular techniques, up to species level based on nucleotide homology and phylogenetic analysis. According to morphometrics distance between the vulva and anus is very less (65.69 ±22.2) µm. The outcome sequences are showed 95-99.05% similarity with sequence I.D KJ636272.1 from the Netherlands. This survey indicates that PCN Globodera rostochiensis were widely distributed in the potato cultivating fields of Himachal Pradesh. The present study helped determine the distribution of PCN in the soil and species dominance in particular areas. Hence, it helps design different strategies against PCN management.