bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Horsch Martin Thomas , Chiacchiera Silvia , Cavalcanti Welchy Leite , Schembera Björn 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDigitalization is one of the driving forces of technological and social progress today. In the engineering sciences, in combination with a great variety of quantitatively reliable modelling and simulation approaches, it supports the development known as industry 4.0 by contributing to virtual manufacturing through cyber-physical systems. This is the main topic of this book, where the focus will be on the interoperability aspects of findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable (FAIR) data management, and the practical implementation on digital platforms and data infrastructures for materials modelling.
Algebraic Quantitative Semantics for Efficient Online Temporal Monitoring
Authors: Mamouras Konstantinos , Chattopadhyay Agnishom , Wang Zhifu 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe investigate efficient algorithms for the online monitoring of properties written in metric temporal logic (MTL). We employ an abstract algebraic semantics based on semirings. It encompasses the Boolean semantics and a quantitative semantics capturing the robustness of satisfaction, which is based on the max-min semiring over the extended real numbers. We provide a precise equational characterization of the class of semirings for which our semantics can be viewed as an approximation to an alternative semantics that quantifies the distance of a system trace from the set of all traces that satisfy the desired property.
A Flexible Proof Format for SAT Solver-Elaborator Communication
Authors: Baek Seulkee , Carneiro Mario , Heule Marijn J. H. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe introduce , a new proof format for unsatisfiable SAT problems, and its associated toolchain. Compared to , the format allows solvers to include more information in proofs to reduce the computational cost of subsequent elaboration to . The format is easy to parse forward and backward, and it is extensible to future proof methods. The provision of optional proof steps allows SAT solver developers to balance implementation effort against elaboration time, with little to no overhead on solver time. We benchmark our toolchain against a comparable toolchain and confirm >84% median reduction in elaboration time and >94% median decrease in peak memory usage.
Generating Extended Resolution Proofs with a BDD-Based SAT Solver
Authors: Bryant Randal E. , Heule Marijn J. H. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn 2006, Biere, Jussila, and Sinz made the key observation that the underlying logic behind algorithms for constructing Reduced, Ordered Binary Decision Diagrams (BDDs) can be encoded as steps in a proof in theextended resolutionlogical framework. Through this, a BDD-based Boolean satisfiability (SAT) solver can generate a checkable proof of unsatisfiability. Such proofs indicate that the formula is truly unsatisfiable without requiring the user to trust the BDD package or the SAT solver built on top of it.We extend their work to enable arbitrary existential quantification of the formula variables, a critical capability for BDD-based SAT solvers. We demonstrate the utility of this approach by applying a prototype solver to obtain polynomially sized proofs on benchmarks for the mutilated chessboard and pigeonhole problems—ones that are very challenging for search-based SAT solvers.
Digital Maturity Assessment – Bisherige Transformation, Typen digitaler Unternehmen, Branchen- und Ländervergleich
Authors: Proff Harald , Ahrens Claudia , Neuroth Wencke , Proff Heike , Knobbe Florian , Szybisty Gregor , Sommer Stefan 
Published: March 2021

ZusammenfassungWir entwickeln in diesem Kapitel einen Index zur Erfassung der digitalen Reife („Digital Maturity Index“, DMI) und haben damit bei 160 deutschen und 785 Unternehmen weltweit die bisherige digitale Transformation untersucht.Die Ergebnisse für Deutschland

stützen die Hypothesen, dass

die Gewinnwirkung umso höher ist, je stärker durch die Digitalisierung Technologien und Prozesse (Activities) und mehr noch Angebote und Geschäftsmodelle (Businesses) verändert werden,

die Gewinnwirkung der Digitalisierung umso höher ist, je stärker Veränderungsfähigkeiten (Dynamic Capabilities) aktiviert und dadurch operative Fähigkeiten (Operational Capabilities) neu konfiguriert werden

und belegen damit, dass die Gewinnwirkung der Digitalisierung mit der digitalen Reife steigt.

Die Ergebnisse lassen sich entlang der vier Teilindizes (Business Index, Activity Index, Dynamic Capability Index und Operative Capability Index) genauer betrachten.

identifizieren sechs Archetypen digitaler Unternehmen (Champions, Potenzialträger, Innovatoren, Optimierer, Folger und Nachzügler) und zeigen, dass nur fünf Prozent der deutschen Unternehmen zu den digitalen Champions zählen, die im Zuge der Digitalisierung sowohl ihre Leistungen als auch ihre Fähigkeiten radikal verändert haben.
Die sechs Typen digitaler Unternehmen unterscheiden sich darin, wie stark sie ihre Leistungen und Kompetenzen, aber auch ihre Wertschöpfung und die IT digitalisieren und wie schnell sie die digitale Transformation managen.

Die Ergebnisse der Unternehmen weltweit

ermöglichen einen Branchenvergleich, gemäß dem Anbieter von Industrieprodukten und Dienstleistungsanbieter bereits eine deutlich höhere digitale Reife aufweisen als z. B. Automobilunternehmen.

ermöglichen einen Vergleich der bisherigen digitalen Transformation von Unternehmen in der EU, in Amerika und Asien, der relativ große Ähnlichkeiten zwischen den Regionen zeigt.
Accelerating Digitalization – Ansatzpunkte zur Beschleunigung der Digitalisierung
Authors: Proff Harald , Ahrens Claudia , Neuroth Wencke , Proff Heike , Knobbe Florian , Szybisty Gregor , Sommer Stefan 
Published: March 2021

ZusammenfassungWir entwickeln in diesem Kapitel Ansatzpunkte zur Beschleunigung der digitalen Transformation:

Zunächst werden Wege aufgezeigt, wie die sechs in Kap. 10.1007/978-3-658-31456-9_5 unterschiedenen Archetypen digitaler Unter-nehmen die digitale Reife erhöhen können.
Dabei gilt es, konsequent die Schwachstellen zu beseitigen, die die vier Teilindizes (Digital Activity Index, Digtal Business Index, Dynamic Capability Index und Operational Capability Index) aufdecken.

Anschließend wird die Notwendigkeit begründet, die Digitalisierung angesichts des zunehmenden Wettbewerbs um optimale digitale Leistungen weiter zu beschleunigen.

Dafür werden Ansatzpunkte aufgezeigt:

Vernetzung und Skalierung von Leistungen über geeignete digitale Schlüssel – Accelerator of Digitalization (1),

rechtzeitige Quantifizierung von Einspar- und Erlöspotenzialen der Digitalisierung – Accelerator of Digitalization (2),

Umsetzung digitaler Fähigkeiten durch minimal lebensfähige Leistungen, d. h. durch organisationale Agilität, die in kapitalintensiven Branchen die Notwendigkeit der Fixkostendegression durch Erzielung von Größen- und Verbundvorteilen berücksichtigen muss (hybride Agilität – Accelerator of Digitalization (3) und

Schutz vor ungewolltem Datenabfluss (Cyber Security – Accelerator of Digitalization (4).
Conclusion
Authors: Strunz Ulrich G. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe aim of this thesis was to create a decision-making domain, in which multiple agents would collectively engage a problem, without being able to communicate with each other. Furthermore, the group decision making was structured such that each agent would always have an influence over the outcome, but could not control the impact of their decisions. Different information conditions simulated information asymmetries, from which potential behavioral changes were to be analyzed.
Einleitung
Authors: Oltmer Jochen 
Published: March 2021

ZusammenfassungDer Begriff „Schengen“ steht heute für den Verzicht auf regelmäßige stationäre Kontrollen an den Grenzen zwischen den 26 Mitgliedstaaten des Schengen-Raums. „Schengen“ bildet damit ein wesentliches Element der von der Europäischen Union (EU) als ein zentrales Ziel ihrer Politik formulierten Freizügigkeit, also der uneingeschränkten Bewegung aller Bürgerinnen und Bürger zwischen den Mitgliedstaaten der EU und der dort gewährten Freiheit der Niederlassung. „Schengen“ steht außerdem für die grenzpolizeiliche Zusammenarbeit der Staaten innerhalb Europas und an den Außengrenzen der EU.
Schluss
Authors: Oltmer Jochen 
Published: March 2021

ZusammenfassungSeit dem Abschluss des Schengener Übereinkommens ist das Gewicht der Asyl- und Migrationspolitik für die EU erheblich angewachsen. Bis weit in die 1990er Jahre waren gemeinsame Aktivitäten auf diesen Feldern durch Verfahren zur intergouvernementalen Entscheidung gekennzeichnet: Vor allem die Innen- und Justizministerien der EU-Staaten verständigten sich über gemeinsame politische Initiativen und Regularien. Seit Ende der 1990er Jahre aber sind die Verfahren vergemeinschaftet, das heißt Mitgliedstaaten und die supranationalen Organe der EU entscheiden gemeinsam: Gesetzesvorhaben gehen ausschließlich von der Europäischen Kommission aus, sie werden vom Parlament und dem Rat der EU verabschiedet.
Oh, wait, O8 de Sitter may be unstable!
Authors: Bena Iosif , De Luca G. Bruno , Graña Mariana , Monaco Gabriele Lo 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We analyze the stability of four-dimensional de Sitter vacua constructed by compactifying massive Type IIA supergravity in the presence of two O8 sources [1]. When embedded in String Theory the first source has a clear interpretation as an O8− plane, but the second one could correspond to either an O8+ plane or to an O8− plane with 16 D8-branes on top. We find that this latter solution has a tachyonic instability, corresponding to the D8 branes moving away from the O8− plane. We comment on the possible ways of distinguishing between these sources.
Probiotische Teilbäder bei atopischer Dermatitis
Authors: Axt-Gadermann Michaela , Chudomirova Krasimira , Noll Matthias 
Published: March 2021

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Die Bedeutung des epidermalen Mikrobioms bei der Pathogenese der atopischen Dermatitis (AD) rückt verstärkt in den Fokus aktueller Forschung.

Ziel der Arbeit
Die Wirkung eines probiotischen Badezusatzes auf die klinische Symptomatik und das epidermale Mikrobiom von Patienten mit AD wurde untersucht.

Material und Methoden
Die Studie wurde randomisiert und doppelblind durchgeführt: 22 Patienten wendeten 14 Tage täglich ein 10-minütiges Teilbad mit 4,5 × 109 oder 9 × 109 koloniebildenden Einheiten (KbE) lebensfähiger Milchsäurebakterien pro Liter an. Zu den Zeitpunkten Tag 0, Tag 7 und Tag 14 wurde die klinische Symptomatik mittels SCORAD (SCORing Atopic Dermatitis) und eines Fragebogens dokumentiert. Darüber hinaus wurden Hautabstriche zur Nukleinsäureextraktion für eine quantitative Staphylococcus (S.)-aureus-Polymerasekettenreaktion (PCR) und Mikrobiomanalyse mittels Amplikon-Sequenzierung gewonnen.

Ergebnisse
In beiden Behandlungsgruppen wurde eine vergleichbare Wirksamkeit dokumentiert: Probiotische Teilbäder mit einer Konzentration von 4,5 und 9 × 109 KBE/l konnten eine signifikante Reduktion des SCORADs (vor Therapiebeginn 63,04) und des lokalen SCORADs (14,68) an Tag 7 (SCORAD 47,09, lokaler SCORAD 10,99) und Tag 14 (SCORAD 35,26, lokaler SCORAD 8,54) erreichen. Die durch den Patienten erfassten Parameter Hauttrockenheit und Juckreiz verbesserten sich signifikant. Zeitgleich sank die mittlere Genkopienzahl von S. aureus um etwa 83 %, und die Mikrobiomanalyse zeigte eine tendenzielle Erhöhung der Diversität der bakteriellen Lebensgemeinschaft.

Fazit
Die topische Anwendung eines probiotischen Bades stellt eine vielversprechende unterstützende Behandlungsoption bei AD dar, die einer bestehenden Dysbiose entgegenwirkt.
Algorithm for error-free determination of the variance of all contiguous subsequences and fixed-length contiguous subsequences for a sequence of industrial measurement data
Authors: Chmielowiec Andrzej 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe article presents an algorithm for fast and error-free determination of statistics such as the arithmetic mean and variance of all contiguous subsequences and fixed-length contiguous subsequences for a sequence of industrial measurement data. Additionally, it shows that both floating-point and integer representation can be used to perform this kind of statistical calculations. The author proves a theorem on the number of bits of precision that an arithmetic type must have to guarantee error-free determination of the arithmetic mean and variance. The article also presents the extension of Welford’s formula for determining variance for the sliding window method—determining the variance of fixed-length contiguous subsequences. The section dedicated to implementation tests shows the running times of individual algorithms depending on the arithmetic type used. The research shows that the use of integers in calculations makes the determination of the aforementioned statistics much faster.
Characterization of changes in structural, physicochemical and mechanical properties of rigid polyurethane building insulation after thermal aging in air and seawater
Authors: Barszczewska-Rybarek Izabela , Jaszcz Katarzyna , Chladek Grzegorz , Grabowska Paulina , Okseniuk Agnieszka , Szpot Michalina , Zawadzka Magdalena , Sokołowska Aleksandra , Tarkiewicz Aleksandra 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe purpose of this study was the identification of qualitative and quantitative changes in the visual appearance, chemical structure, morphology and selected physicochemical and mechanical properties of the closed cell rigid PU foam while heated in air and seawater for predicting its performance and durability. Specimens were aged at constant temperatures of 40 and 80 °C for a period of 10 weeks. Aging caused a yellowing of the samples. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that foam pores lost their regularity. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that the glass transition temperature (Tg) increased on average by 15 and 80%, respectively for samples heated at 40 and 80 °C. Water absorption (WS) also increased over time, respectively, by a maximum of 15 and 25%. The flexural strength (σflex) and compressive (σcomp) strength showed a decreasing tendency, whereas for tensile strength (σtens), an increase was observed. The starting material was characterized by the σflex, σtens and σcomp of: 436, 413 and 284 kPa, respectively. The lowest determined σflex value was of 345 kPa, and σcomp value was of 158 kPa. The highest determined σtens equaled to 608 kPa, respectively. The changes in flexural modulus were statistically insignificant and its average value was of 4.0 MPa.
Equity-efficiency implications of a European tax and transfer system
Authors: Gürer Eren 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis study simulates three income tax scenarios in a Mirrleesian setting for 24 EU countries using data from the 2014 Structure of Earnings Survey. In scenario 1, each country individually maximizes its own welfare (benchmark). In scenarios 2 and 3, total welfare in the EU is maximized over a common budget constraint. Unlike scenario 2, the social planner of scenario 3 differentiates taxes by country of residence. If a common tax and transfer system were implemented in the EU, countries with a relatively higher mean wage rate—particularly those in Western and some of the Northern European countries—would transfer resources to the others. Scenario 2 implies increased labor distortions for almost all countries and, hence, leads to a contraction in total output. Scenario 3 produces higher (lower) marginal taxes for high- (low-) mean countries compared to the benchmark. The change in total output depends on the income effects on labor supply. Overall, total welfare is higher for the scenarios involving a European tax and transfer system despite more than two thirds of all the agents becoming worse off relative to the benchmark. A politically more feasible integrated tax system improves the well-being of almost half of all the EU but considerably reduces the aggregate welfare benefits.
A Newmark space-time formulation in structural dynamics
Authors: Bamer Franz , Shirafkan Nima , Cao Xiaodan , Oueslati Abdelbacet , Stoffel Marcus , de Saxcé Géry , Markert Bernd 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn this contribution, we present a space-time formulation of the Newmark integration scheme for linear damped structures under both harmonic and transient excitations. The incremental set of equations of motion and the Newmark approximations are transformed into their corresponding space-time equivalents. The dynamic system is then represented by one algebraic space-time equation only. This equation is projected into a coupled pair of space-time equations, which is solved via the fixed point algorithm. The solution is iteratively assembled by enrichments, each of which is decomposed by a dyadic product of spatial and temporal enrichment vectors. The evolution of the spatial enrichment vectors is investigated during convergence and interpreted by comparing them to the set of linear modes of vibration. The new method is demonstrated by means of four numerical examples, presenting not only the excellent convergence behavior and the numerical efficiency but also the limits of the proposed approach.
Reinforcement learning methods based on GPU accelerated industrial control hardware
Authors: Schmidt Alexander , Schellroth Florian , Fischer Marc , Allimant Lukas , Riedel Oliver 
Published: March 2021

AbstractReinforcement learning is a promising approach for manufacturing processes. Process knowledge can be gained automatically, and autonomous tuning of control is possible. However, the use of reinforcement learning in a production environment imposes specific requirements that must be met for a successful application. This article defines those requirements and evaluates three reinforcement learning methods to explore their applicability. The results show that convolutional neural networks are computationally heavy and violate the real-time execution requirements. A new architecture is presented and validated that allows using GPU-based hardware acceleration while meeting the real-time execution requirements.
Estimation of recharge in mountain hard-rock aquifers based on discrete spring discharge monitoring during base-flow recession
Authors: Segadelli Stefano , Filippini Maria , Monti Anna , Celico Fulvio , Gargini Alessandro 
Published: March 2021

AbstractEstimation of aquifer recharge is key to effective groundwater management and protection. In mountain hard-rock aquifers, the average annual discharge of a spring generally reflects the vertical aquifer recharge over the spring catchment. However, the determination of average annual spring discharge requires expensive and challenging field monitoring. A power-law correlation was previously reported in the literature that would allow quantification of the average annual spring discharge starting from only a few discharge measurements in the low-flow season, in a dry summer climate. The correlation is based upon the Maillet model and was previously derived by a 10-year monitoring program of discharge from springs and streams in hard-rock aquifers composed of siliciclastic and calcareous turbidites that did not have well defined hydrogeologic boundaries. In this research, the same correlation was applied to two ophiolitic (peridotitic) hard-rock aquifers in the Northern Apennines (Northern Italy) with well-defined hydrogeologic boundaries and base-outflow springs. The correlation provided a reliable estimate of the average annual spring discharge thus confirming its effectiveness regardless of bedrock lithology. In the two aquifers studied, the measurable annual outputs (i.e. sum of average annual spring discharges) could be assumed equal to the annual inputs (i.e. vertical recharge) based on the clear-cut aquifer boundaries and a quick groundwater circulation inferable from spring water parameters. Thus, in such setting, the aforementioned correlation also provided an estimate of the annual aquifer recharge allowing the assessment of coefficients of infiltration (i.e. ratio between aquifer recharge and total precipitation) ranging between 10 and 20%.
Welcoming mobile children at school: institutional responses and new questions
Authors: Kloetzer Laure , Clarke-Habibi Sara , Mehmeti Teuta , Zittoun Tania 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSwitzerland, like other countries in Europe, has long depended on migration and mobility for its economy. Facilitating the integration of migrant children in school, primarily through the acquisition of the local language, has therefore been a priority for policymakers. In recent years, mobility has been on the increase and mobility trajectories have become more diverse. A growing percentage of families arriving in the country have experienced repeated mobility and may not plan to settle in Switzerland for good. This paper examines institutional responses to the increasing number of mobile children in Swiss public schools, in particular, the manner in which such children are welcomed. It presents the main findings of an exploratory research project focused on children in repeated mobility, defined as having lived in multiple countries before their arrival in Switzerland, regardless of family background or legal status. Adopting a sociocultural psychological approach, the paper examines the macro-social level of cantonal educational policies regarding welcome processes, the meso-social level of local school policies, and the microsocial level of teachers’ practices and interactions in classrooms that welcome mobile children. Data include documentary analysis, interviews, and observations. Our analysis shows that a deficit view of mobile children and the preoccupation with language proficiency dominate policies and practices, resulting in the diversion of mobile children into special integration classes (so called “classes d’accueil” in the French speaking region, and “Integrationsklasse” in the Swiss German-speaking region). Mobility is conceptualized by Swiss policymakers, school directors, and teachers in terms of its challenges. In particular, school directors and teachers conceptualize mobility as increasing heterogeneity of the classroom. However, the situation varies greatly according to the personal orientations of school directors and teachers’ personal engagement. The paper emphasizes the ambiguous role of the integration classes: while they may impair the long-term chances of educational success by reducing academic expectations for non-native-speaking mobile children, they may also be used as “third spaces” which afford pedagogical freedom for dedicated teachers, potentially of benefit for children. The paper examines these propositions in the light of sociocultural educational literature and draws upon the case of welcoming mobile children to question a series of assumptions about the ultimate purposes of public schooling in Europe today.
Wie finanzieren wir die Corona-Schulden?
Authors: Ehnts Dirk , Paetz Michael 
Published: March 2021

ZusammenfassungDas Jahr 2020 war geprägt von der COVID-19-Pandemie und ihren wirtschaftlichen Folgen. In Deutschland stiegen staatliches Defizit sowie die Schuldenquote infolge des Rückgangs der Wirtschaftsleistung auf geschätzt 5 % bzw. 75 % des BIP an. Um die wirtschaftliche Erholung von der Pandemie nicht durch die Rückkehr zu einem rigiden Sparkurs zu gefährden, ist es jetzt von besonderer Bedeutung, sich von falschen Vorstellungen bezüglich der Finanzierung sowie der Nachhaltigkeit staatlicher Ausgabenüberschüsse zu verabschieden. Nur so können die Weichen für eine Wirtschaftspolitik des 21. Jahrhunderts richtig gestellt werden.