bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Securing seabed cybersecurity, emphasizing intelligence augmentation
Authors: Arquilla John , Fusco Judi , Ruiz Pati , Roschelle Jeremy 
Published: June 2021

The
Communications
website, http://cacm.acm.org, features more than a dozen bloggers in the BLOG@CACM community. In each issue of
Communications
, we'll publish selected posts or excerpts.

twitter

Follow us on Twitter at http://twitter.com/blogCACM
http://cacm.acm.org/blogs/blog-cacm
John Arquilla considers the outlook for undersea cyberwar, while Judi Fusco, Pati Ruiz, and Jeremy Roschelle discuss how building equitable applications in education requires an emphasis on augmenting intelligence.
Targeting Pyruvate Kinase M2 Phosphorylation Reverses Aggressive Cancer Phenotypes
Authors: Apostolidi Maria , Vathiotis Ioannis A. , Muthusamy Viswanathan , Gaule Patricia , Gassaway Brandon M. , Rimm David L. , Rinehart Jesse 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive breast cancer subtype with low survival rate and a lack of biomarkers and targeted treatments. Here, we target pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), a key metabolic component of oncogenesis. In patients with TNBC, PKM2pS37 was identified as a prominent phosphoprotein corresponding to the aggressive breast cancer phenotype that showed a characteristic nuclear staining pattern and prognostic value. Phosphorylation of PKM2 at S37 was connected with a cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) pathway in TNBC cells. In parallel, pyruvate kinase activator TEPP-46 bound PKM2pS37 and reduced its nuclear localization. In a TNBC mouse xenograft model, treatment with either TEPP-46 or the potent CDK inhibitor dinaciclib reduced tumor growth and diminished PKM2pS37. Combinations of dinaciclib with TEPP-46 reduced cell invasion, impaired redox balance, and triggered cancer cell death. Collectively, these data support an approach to identify PKM2pS37-positive TNBC and target the PKM2 regulatory axis as a potential treatment.

Significance:
PKM2 phosphorylation marks aggressive breast cancer cell phenotypes and targeting PKM2pS37 could be an effective therapeutic approach for treating triple-negative breast cancer.
Genital Powder Use and Risk of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer in the Ovarian Cancer in Women of African Ancestry Consortium
Authors: Davis Colette P. , Bandera Elisa V. , Bethea Traci N. , Camacho Fabian , Joslin Charlotte E. , Wu Anna H. , Beeghly-Fadiel Alicia , Moorman Patricia G. , Myers Evan R. , Ochs-Balcom Heather M. , Peres Lauren C. , Rosenow Will T. , Setiawan Veronica W. , Rosenberg Lynn , Schildkraut Joellen M. , Harris Holly R. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Background:
Genital powder use is more common among African-American women; however, studies of genital powder use and ovarian cancer risk have been conducted predominantly in White populations, and histotype-specific analyses among African-American populations are limited.

Methods:
We used data from five studies in the Ovarian Cancer in Women of African Ancestry consortium. Participants included 620 African-American cases, 1,146 African-American controls, 2,800 White cases, and 6,735 White controls who answered questions on genital powder use prior to 2014. The association between genital powder use and ovarian cancer risk by race was estimated using logistic regression.

Results:
The prevalence of ever genital powder use for cases was 35.8% among African-American women and 29.5% among White women. Ever use of genital powder was associated with higher odds of ovarian cancer among African-American women [OR = 1.22; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.97–1.53] and White women (OR = 1.36; 95% CI = 1.19–1.57). In African-American women, the positive association with risk was more pronounced among high-grade serous tumors (OR = 1.31; 95% CI = 1.01–1.71) than with all other histotypes (OR = 1.05; 95% CI = 0.75–1.47). In White women, a significant association was observed irrespective of histotype (OR = 1.33; 95% CI = 1.12–1.56 and OR = 1.38; 95% CI = 1.15–1.66, respectively).

Conclusions:
While genital powder use was more prevalent among African-American women, the associations between genital powder use and ovarian cancer risk were similar across race and did not materially vary by histotype.

Impact:
This is one of the largest studies to date to compare the associations between genital powder use and ovarian cancer risk, overall and by histotype, between African-American and White women.
All Roads Lead to Rome (the Heart): Cell Retention and Outcomes From Various Delivery Routes of Cell Therapy Products to the Heart
Authors: Li Junlang , Hu Shiqi , Zhu Dashuai , Huang Ke , Mei Xuan , López de Juan Abad Blanca , Cheng Ke 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In the past decades, numerous preclinical studies and several clinical trials have evidenced the feasibility of cell transplantation in treating heart diseases. Over the years, different delivery routes of cell therapy have emerged and broadened the width of the field. However, a common hurdle is shared by all current delivery routes: low cell retention. A myriad of studies confirm that cell retention plays a crucial role in the success of cell‐mediated cardiac repair. It is important for any delivery route to maintain donor cells in the recipient heart for enough time to not only proliferate by themselves, but also to send paracrine signals to surrounding damaged heart cells and repair them. In this review, we first undertake an in‐depth study of primary theories of cell loss, including low efficiency in cell injection, “washout” effects, and cell death, and then organize the literature from the past decade that focuses on cell transplantation to the heart using various cell delivery routes, including intracoronary injection, systemic intravenous injection, retrograde coronary venous injection, and intramyocardial injection. In addition to a recapitulation of these approaches, we also clearly evaluate their strengths and weaknesses. Furthermore, we conduct comparative research on the cell retention rate and functional outcomes of these delivery routes. Finally, we extend our discussion to state‐of‐the‐art bioengineering techniques that enhance cell retention, as well as alternative delivery routes, such as intrapericardial delivery. A combination of these novel strategies and more accurate assessment methods will help to address the hurdle of low cell retention and boost the efficacy of cell transplantation to the heart.
Abstract 29: Porcine Decellularized Heart Tissue Enhance the Expression of Contractile Proteins in Human Cardiomyocytes and Differentiated Cardiac Progenitor Cells
Authors: Huby Anne-Cecile , Beigi Farideh , Xiang Qian , Gobin Andrea , Taylor Doris 
Published: June 2021

Tissue engineering is an evolving tool for repair of cardiovascular damage, in particular after myocardial infarction. Currently, most studies are focused on providing gel or thin synthetic matrices to provide structural support for injured valves, or ventricle. But little is known about how cardiac cells (eg, endothelial cells [ECs], cardiomyocytes [CMs] and cardiac progenitor cells [CPCs]) are modified by an exposure to a scaffold much less how a xenogeneic scaffold may affect cell physiology or function. Our study was designed to examine the effect of rat or pig collagen matrix and decellularized left ventricle extracellular matrix (dECM) tissues on the phenotype of human cardiac cells.
Human ECs, CMs and CPCs derived from IPs cells (Cellular Dynamics International) were cultured singly or together on rat or pig collagen matrices or on dECM. Protein and gene expression was investigated by immunohistochemistry, histology and real time PCR.
All 3 cell types survived on both types of support when delivered singly or together. Endothelial cell PECAM-1 expression was enhanced on decellularized tissues particularly on rat matrix. Cardiomyocyte contractile protein expression did not differ with support type, whereas CPC contractile protein gene expression increased on both decellularized tissues more so on pig matrix. Additionally, when the cells were co-cultured, single cell type gene expression was modified.
Our study showed that human cardiac cells are influenced by the structural support on which they are cultivated. Cardiac ECM enhanced the expression of contractile proteins and endothelial markers but matrix species had minimal influence on this effect. Furthermore, cell co-culture altered gene expression suggesting cell communication is intact on the matrix. This study shows that cell phenotype and behavior is impacted by the tissue matrix to a greater degree than occurs with a simple one protein support and suggests complex decellularized matrix may be superior to successfully engineer cardiac constructs with intact physiology. Additionally, the successful differentiation of IPs cells into cardiomyocytes on decellularized matrix opens avenue to build tissue engineer constructs from patients with heart disease as a screening tool.
Abstract TP112: Mechanism of Recurrent Stroke in Patients with Atherosclerotic Vertebrobasilar Disease in Relation to Hemodynamics
Authors: Schaafsma Joanna D , Silver Frank L , Kasner Scott E , Caplan Louis R , Rose-Finnell Linda , Pandey Dilip K , Charbel Fady T , Amin-Hanjani Sepideh ,   For the VERiTAS Study Group
Published: June 2021

Objectives:
Patients with symptomatic atherosclerotic vertebrobasilar disease are at high risk for recurrent stroke and we have demonstrated that distal flow status is independently associated with this risk. Our aim was to assess the mechanism of recurrent strokes in these patients related to their distal flow status.

Methods:
Patients with symptomatic atherosclerotic vertebrobasilar disease were enrolled in a prospective longitudinal cohort study (VERiTAS) with a median follow-up of 23 months. Large-vessel flow in the posterior circulation distal to the stenosis and/or occlusion was measured on quantitative MR angiography and dichotomized into normal or low flow. Three observers, who were blinded to the distal flow status, independently reviewed the imaging done at the time of the recurrent stroke to classify the most likely stroke mechanism.

Results:
Ten out of 72 enrolled patients had a recurrent stroke in the posterior circulation. Four patients were determined to have embolic infarcts, four patients had infarcts caused by plaques that occluded a branch or perforating artery (junctional plaques), and two patients had imaging that suggested hemodynamic infarction.

Five of the ten patients with recurrent strokes had low distal flow. Of these, two patients had hemodynamic infarcts, one patient had an embolic infarct, and two patients had a junctional plaque.
None of the five patients with normal flow had hemodynamic infarcts, three patients had embolic infarcts, and two patients had a junctional plaque.

Conclusion:
Despite the small numbers, there seems to be a higher risk of hemodynamic infarction in patients with low flow distal to symptomatic vertebrobasilar disease than in the presence of normal distal flow. This would confirm the hypothesis that in addition to embolic strokes and those related to junctional plaque, patients with low distal flow are at risk for hemodynamic infarction. Further studies are required to determine whether flow measurements could be used to select patients who may benefit from endovascular treatment of atherosclerotic vertebrobasilar disease.
Henry A. Wallace as Presidential Candidate: “Am I in America?”
Authors: Magnus Wijkman Per 
Published: June 2021

Henry A. Wallace challenged the bipartisan foreign policy of President Truman in 1948. The Progressive Citizens of America opposed Truman’s “get-tough policy” (the Truman Doctrine, loyalty investigations, Universal Military Training, and the Marshall Plan) and founded the Progressive Party. Other “liberals” formed Americans for Democratic Action and supported Truman, who claimed that the Progressive Party was a Soviet construction. Wallace refused to participate in segregated meetings during his campaign in the South and was violently attacked. He advocated the need for federal measures to prohibit segregation, discrimination, the poll tax, and lynching. Wallace was resoundingly defeated but proved right in the long run: military means could not solve social problems. Instead, it spread hatred of the United States in many countries. The 1948 election determined U.S. foreign policy for over 50 years, resulting in missed opportunities to improve housing, education, and social security at home, which still has repercussions today. JEL Classifications: N42, F50
Effects of structured home-based exercise training on circulating endothelial progenitor cells and endothelial function in patients with intermittent claudication
Authors: Pasqualini Leonella , Bagaglia Francesco , Ministrini Stefano , Frangione Maria Rosaria , Leli Christian , Siepi Donatella , Lombardini Rita , Marini Ettore , Naeimi Kararoudi Meisam , Piratinskiy Alexander , Pirro Matteo 
Published: June 2021

Introduction: Exercise training improves walking capacity in patients with intermittent claudication (IC). Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), endothelial microparticles (EMPs), and endothelial dysfunction could play a role in this process. Methods: We measured EPCs and EMPs in a group of 60 patients with IC, and in a control group of 20 individuals without IC, before a treadmill test and 2, 24, and 48 hours after the test. Thirty patients with IC were randomly assigned to perform a 12-week home-based exercise training program. The EPC count, flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery, pain-free walking time (PFWT), and maximum walking time (MWT) were measured at the baseline and after the exercise training program. Results: In patients with IC, EMPs significantly increased 2 hours after the treadmill test, whereas EPCs significantly increased after 24 hours. Among the subjects assigned to complete the training program, we observed a significant increase in the number of EPCs after 12 weeks, as well as an improvement in FMD, PFWT, and MWT. A significant correlation between the variation of EPCs, FMD, and MWT was found. The increase of EPCs and FMD were independent determinants of the walking capacity improvement, without significant interaction. Conclusion: Our results suggest that EPCs mobilization contributes to the improvement of walking capacity in patients with IC undergoing structured physical training. A number of different, partly independent, mechanisms are involved in this process, and our results highlight the potential role of EMPs release and endothelial function improvement. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04302571
Mangosteen Hinders Gamma Radiation-Mediated Oxidative Stress and Liver Injury by Down-Regulating TNF-α/NF-κB and Pro-Fibrotic Factor TGF-β1 Inducing Inflammatory Signaling
Authors: Hassan Asmaa A. , Moustafa Enas M. , EL-Khashab Iman Hesham , Mansour Somaya Z. 
Published: June 2021

Background: Liver injury due to ionizing radiation exposure either accidental or after radiotherapy treatment, may lead to many alterations in proteins expression related to inflammation or apoptosis. Our study investigated the curative effect of Mangosteen (MGS) extract (fruit rind) against ionizing radiation (IR) induced liver damage. Methods: Hepatotoxicity was induced in Wister rats by exposure to an acute single dose (6 Gy) of IR while MGS was given orally to rats (500 mg/kg bwt) and administered daily for 30 days after irradiation. Results: MGS treatment has significantly attenuated redox imbalance state and toxicity induced by protracted exposure to gamma-rays in liver tissues, which was substantiated by the significant amelioration of liver function tests, MDA contents, antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT) activities and NO level. MGS inhibited also the inflammatory markers (TNF-alpha, IL-6 and CRP) and downregulated transcriptional factor NF-Kappa-B/TGF-β1. These alterations were concomitant with an improvement of the Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) which is a protein expressed in the nuclei of cells during cell cycle and is important for both DNA synthesis and DNA repair. These results were confirmed by amelioration in histological and ultrastructural examinations. Conclusion: We concluded that MGS could ameliorate via minimizing significantly the amount of oxidative damage, inflammations disturbances and pro-apoptotic alternations induced by IR. MGS may be a promising supplement with protective effects from irradiation-induced injury such as TNF-α/NF-κB/TGF-β1 management.
Pregnancy outcomes in women receiving eculizumab for the management of paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria
Authors: Manning James E , Anderson Rachel M , Hill Anita , Zeidan Doaa , Ciantar Etienne 
Published: June 2021

Aims To report pregnancy outcomes and complications in women receiving eculizumab for the management of paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria. Methods A service evaluation of routinely collected medical records across 49 pregnancies in 21 women. Results Eculizumab was used in 37 pregnancies, 31 of which (83.8%) ended in live birth. Eight infants (25.8%) were born prematurely. Over half (54%) of women required increases in their dose of eculizumab to control their haemolysis. There were no reported cases of maternal thrombosis. Major ante/postpartum bleeding necessitating urgent intervention was reported in 10.8% of pregnancies. There were two cases of intrauterine death and three miscarriages. There were no maternal or neonatal deaths. Three newborns required prolonged hospital stays. Conclusions Eculizumab appears to benefit pregnant women with paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria and pregnancy outcomes following its use are largely good.
Postoperative Spinal Implant Infections (PSII)—A Systematic Review: What Do We Know So Far and What is Critical About It?
Authors: Karczewski Daniel , Schnake Klaus J. , Osterhoff Georg , Spiegl Ulrich , Scheyerer Max J. , Ullrich Bernhard , Pumberger Matthias 
Published: June 2021

Study Design: Systematic review. Objectives: Postoperative spinal implant infections (PSII) are an increasing challenge in the daily clinical routine. This review summarizes existing knowledge in the field of PSII, including definitions, epidemiology, classifications, risk factors, pathogenesis, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Methods: A systematic review was performed using a structured PubMed analysis, based on the PRISMA criteria. The search terminology was set as: “spinal implant associated infection OR spinal implant infection OR spinal instrumentation infection OR peri spinal implant infection.” PubMed search was limited to the categories randomized controlled trials (RCT), clinical trials, meta-analysis and (systematic) reviews, whereas case reports were excluded. Studies from January 2000 to December 2020 were considered eligible. A total of 572 studies were identified, 82 references included for qualitative synthesis, and 19 for detailed sub analysis (12 meta-analysis, 7 prospective RCT). Results: Structural problems in the field of PSII were revealed, including (1) limited level of evidence in clinical studies (missing prospective RCT, metanalyzes), (2) small patient numbers, (3) missing standardized definitions, (4) heterogeneity in patient groups, and (5) redundancy in cited literature. Conclusion: Evidence-based knowledge about spinal implant-associated infections is lacking. All involved medical fields should come together to define the term PSII and to combine their approaches toward research, training, and patient care.
Specialist Networks Influence Clinician Willingness to Treat Individuals with Special Needs
Authors: Lim M.A.W.T. , Liberali S.A.C. , Calache H. , Parashos P. , Borromeo G.L. 
Published: June 2021

Background: The South Australian Dental Service’s Special Needs Network was established to support oral health professionals working within their statewide government-funded dental service to treat patients with special needs. This study aimed to investigate how a structured network relationship with specialists in special needs dentistry influenced the willingness of dentists to treat this group of patients. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were used to explore the views of specialists and dentists involved in the South Australian Dental Service’s Special Needs Network. Inductive thematic analysis identified emerging themes enabling completion of a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats) analysis. Results: Dentists felt that a strength of the Network was a greater sense of collegiality, particularly for those working in rural areas. Although the inability to get immediate advice was seen as a weakness, dentists felt a more structured relationship with specialists improved communication pathways and resulted in more timely care. The aging workforce, systemic barriers in the public dental system, such as productivity pressures and infrastructure, and the lack of support from other health professionals were seen as ongoing barriers and threats. Regardless, dentists identified the use of telehealth and visiting specialists as future opportunities. Specialists felt that the Network was a valuable resource but were skeptical about its effectiveness, feeling that a limitation was the ability of dentists to recognize the complexity of cases. Conclusions: Ongoing support from and communication with specialists in special needs dentistry through a structured network improved the perceived ability and willingness of dentists to treat patients with special needs. Knowledge Transfer Statement: This research suggests that providing support to dentists through a hub-and-spoke network that facilitates additional training, professional interaction, and improved communication with specialists in special needs dentistry may help overcome some of the current barriers to access to care experienced by individuals with special needs, particularly those associated with the willingness and capability of clinicians treat them.
Optimizing a knowledge translation intervention: a qualitative formative study to capture knowledge translation needs in nursing homes
Authors: Steinskog Trine-Lise Dræge , Tranvåg Oscar , Nortvedt Monica Wammen , Ciliska Donna , Graverholt Birgitte 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Background
Knowledge translation (KT) has emerged as an important consideration to reduce knowledge-to-practice gaps in healthcare settings. Research on KT approaches in nursing homes (NHs) is lacking. There is a need to understand the challenges faced in NHs and how these can be managed. This study is part of the larger IMPAKT (IMPlementation and Action for Knowledge Translation) study which addresses KT in NHs. The aim of the study presented here was to identify crucial staff and organizational needs in order to inform the development of a KT intervention in NHs.

Methods
A multimethod qualitative approach was applied. We invited practice development nurses (PDNs) to describe current practice, and to identify problems and needs concerning KT in NHs. We followed the recommendations of the development phase of the MRC framework for developing complex interventions. Data were collected through four focus groups and participatory observations in six NHs. Analysis was conducted according to structural thematic analysis based on a phenomenological hermeneutic method.

Results
We identified three themes that expressed the PDNs’ perceived needs for successful KT implementation: (1) narrowing the PDN role, (2) developing an EBP culture and (3) establishing collaborative alliances. Nine subthemes derived from the PDNs’ experiences and current practice, illustrating needs at individual, relational and organizational levels.

Conclusions
Rigorous development of complex interventions may add relevance to the intervention, increase the likelihood of success and reduce research waste. Insight into the NH context and organization have helped us define problems and articulate needs that must be addressed when tailoring the IMPAKT intervention.

Trial registration
The IMPAKT trial was retrospectively registered in the ISRCTN Registry (Trial ID: 12,437,773) on March 19th, 2020.