bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental Investigation of Lattice Deformation Behavior in S355 Steel Weldments Using Neutron Diffraction Technique
Authors: Biswal Romali , Mehmanparast Ali , Ganguly Supriyo , Kelleher Joe 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis study aims to investigate the influence of welding process on the elastic lattice deformation and its effects on fatigue and fracture behavior of S355 G10+M steel, which is widely used in fabrication of offshore wind turbine monopile structures. In situ neutron diffraction measurements were taken on cross-weld test samples at room temperature to monitor the evolution of intergranular strains under static and cyclic loading conditions. Both static and cyclic test results have shown that the {200} orientation exhibits the least load carrying capacity while {211} had the maximum stiffness. The hkl-specific response predicted using Reuss and Kröner model were found to agree well with experimental values obtained for the heat-affected zone for all the orientations; however, discrepancies between the experimental and model predictions have been observed for the base metal and weld metal. Moreover, the microstructural differences between the weld metal and heat-affected zone resulted in the maximum elastic–plastic strain mismatch at the interface of the two regions. The results from this experiment would be useful to understand the role of crystal-specific microstrains and lattice deformation on fatigue and fracture behavior of thick-walled monopile weldments.
Simulation Study of Hatch Spacing and Layer Thickness Effects on Microstructure in Laser Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing using a Texture-Aware Solidification Potts Model
Authors: Pauza Joseph , Rollett Anthony 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMicrostructure control in the laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing processes is a topic of major interest because of the submillimeter length scale at which the manufacturing process occurs. The ability to control the process at the melt pool scale allows for microstructure control that few other manufacturing techniques can match. The majority of work on microstructure control has focused on altering laser parameters to control solidification conditions (Ref (R.R. Dehoff, M.M. Kirka, W.J. Sames, H. Bilheux, A.S. Tremsin, L.E. Lowe, and S.S. Babu, Site Specific Control of Crystallographic Grain Orientation through Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing, Mater. Sci. Technol., 2014, 31(8), p 931–938. R. Shi, S.A. Khairallah, T.T. Roehling, T.W. Heo, J.T. McKeown, and M.J. Matthews, Microstructural Control in Metal Laser Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing Using Laser Beam Shaping Strategy, Acta Mater., 2020, 184, p 284–305, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2019.11.053.)). Other machine parameters, besides the laser parameters, have also been shown to affect the microstructure of AM parts (Ref (N. Nadammal, S. Cabeza, T. Mishurova, T. Thiede, A. Kromm, C. Seyfert, L. Farahbod, C. Haberland, J.A. Schneider, P.D. Portella, and G. Bruno, Effect of Hatch Length on the Development of Microstructure, Texture and Residual Stresses in Selective Laser Melted Superalloy Inconel 718, Mater. Des., 2017, 134, p 139–150, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2017.08.049. F. Geiger, K. Kunze, and T. Etter, Tailoring the Texture of IN738LC Processed by Selective Laser Melting (SLM) by Specific Scanning Strategies, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2016, 661, p 240–246, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2016.03.036.)). We propose an investigation of the effects of hatch spacing and layer thickness on microstructure development in laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing. A Monte Carlo Potts model with textured solidification capabilities is used to study the effects of these parameters on a unidirectional scan strategy. The simulation results reveal substantial changes in grain morphology as well as texture. Additionally, EVP-FFT crystal plasticity simulations were performed to evaluate the effect of the microstructural shifts on mechanical response. The conclusions from this work elucidate the effects of these parameters on part microstructure as predicted by the texture-aware solidification Potts model and inform understanding of how bulk texture is predicted by the simulation approach.
Calibrating SECCM measurements by means of a nanoelectrode ruler. The intrinsic oxygen reduction activity of PtNi catalyst nanoparticles
Authors: Tetteh Emmanuel Batsa , Löffler Tobias , Tarnev Tsvetan , Quast Thomas , Wilde Patrick , Aiyappa Harshitha Barike , Schumacher Simon , Andronescu Corina , Tilley Richard D. , Chen Xingxing , Schuhmann Wolfgang 
Published: August 2021

AbstractScanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) is increasingly applied to determine the intrinsic catalytic activity of single electrocatalyst particle. This is especially feasible if the catalyst nanoparticles are large enough that they can be found and counted in post-SECCM scanning electron microscopy images. Evidently, this becomes impossible for very small nanoparticles and hence, a catalytic current measured in one landing zone of the SECCM droplet cannot be correlated to the exact number of catalyst particles. We show, that by introducing a ruler method employing a carbon nanoelectrode decorated with a countable number of the same catalyst particles from which the catalytic activity can be determined, the activity determined using SECCM from many spots can be converted in the intrinsic catalytic activity of a certain number of catalyst nanoparticles.
Jurisdiction and Combatant’s Privilege in the MH17 Trial: Treading the Line Between Domestic and International Criminal Justice
Authors: Yanev Lachezar 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis article focuses on theMH17Trial that is currently underway in the Netherlands, dealing with the shooting down of a civilian aircraft over Eastern Ukraine and the resulting deaths of all 298 persons on board. Two legal questions arising from the prosecutorial strategy to charge the four accused with ‘ordinary’ crimes under the Dutch Criminal Code—instead of with war crimes—are studied here. First, the jurisdictional basis on which the District Court of The Hague is tryingMH17, and its effect on the applicable laws, is examined. It is argued that, contrary to what the Prosecution has submitted, jurisdiction over the killing of the 93 non-Dutch nationals on board of flight MH17 can only be established on the basis of the less known title of delegated (representative) jurisdiction: a conclusion that also brings certain legal requirements. Second, this paper analyzes the way theMH17Prosecutor defined the notion of ‘combatant’s privilege’ under international humanitarian law and his arguments for rejecting a combatant status for the separatist armed forces that shot down flight MH17 over Eastern Ukraine. All this analysis is then used to explain why it was indeed more sensible for the Prosecution to charge the four accused with murder and intentionally causing an aircraft to crash under Dutch criminal law, than with war crimes under international law.
Hybrid high-order semantic graph representation learning for recommendations
Authors: Zheng Canta , Cao Wenming 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe amount of Internet data is increasing day by day with the rapid development of information technology. To process massive amounts of data and solve information overload, researchers proposed recommender systems. Traditional recommendation methods are mainly based on collaborative filtering algorithms, which have data sparsity problems. At present, most model-based collaborative filtering recommendation algorithms can only capture first-order semantic information and cannot process high-order semantic information. To solve the above issues, in this paper, we propose a hybrid graph neural network model based on heterogeneous graphs with high-order semantic information extraction, which models users and items respectively by learning low-dimensional representations for them. We introduced an attention mechanism to allow the model to understand the corresponding edge weights adaptively. Simultaneously, the model also integrates social information in the data to learn more abundant information. We performed some experiments on related datasets. Our method achieved better results than some current advanced models, which verified the proposed model’s effectiveness.
Effect of Epidural Analgesia on Pelvic Floor Dysfunction at 6 Months Postpartum in Primiparous Women: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Du Jingran , Ye Juntong , Fei Hui , Li Mengxiong , He Juan , Liu Lixiang , Liu Yun , Li Tian 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Epidural analgesia has become a universal intervention for relieving labor pain, and its effect on the pelvic floor is controversial.

Aim
To investigate the effect of epidural analgesia on pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD) in primiparous women at 6 months postpartum.

Methods
We performed a prospective cohort study involving 150 primiparous women in preparation for vaginal delivery, with 74 (49.3%) receiving epidural analgesia. Baseline demographic and intrapartum data were collected. At 6 months postpartum, PFD symptoms, including stress urinary incontinence, overactive bladder, defecation disorder, pelvic organ prolapse, and 4 kinds of sexual dysfunction (arousal disorder, low sexual desire, dyspareunia, and orgasm disorder), were evaluated. Pelvic floor muscle (PFM) function and postpartum depression were also assessed. Multivariate logistic regression was applied to identify factors associated with the PFD symptoms affected by epidural analgesia.

Main outcome measure
PFD symptoms and sexual dysfunction were evaluated through Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory-20 (PFDI-20) and Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI-12). PFM function was examined with palpation and surface electromyography (sEMG). Postpartum depression was assessed using Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS).

Results
At 6 months postpartum, women who delivered with epidural analgesia had a higher incidence of dyspareunia (43.2% vs 26.3%, P &lt;0.05) and longer first, second, and total stage of labor durations (P &lt;0.01) than those who without. No significant difference in other PFD symptoms or PFM function was found between the 2 groups (P &gt;0.05). Multivariate logistic regression revealed that epidural analgesia (OR = 3.056, 95% CI = 1.217-7.671) and SDS scores (OR = 1.066, 95% CI = 1.009-1.127) were independent risk factors for dyspareunia.

Conclusion
At 6 months postpartum in primiparous women, epidural analgesia was associated with an increased risk of postpartum dyspareunia and longer labor durations, which deserves attention for rehabilitation after delivery. Future studies with a larger sample size are needed to evaluate the impact of epidural analgesia on other PFD symptoms.
Antimicrobial de-escalation in patients with high-risk febrile neutropenia: Attitudes and practices of adult hospital care providers
Authors: Gorsline Chelsea A. , Staub Milner B. , Nelson George E. , Nesbitt Whitney J. , Dholaria Bhagirathbhai R. , Satyanarayana Gowri 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In a survey of adult hospital providers regarding antibiotic use in the treatment of febrile neutropenia, clinical fellows, and pharmacists showed higher comfort levels with early antimicrobial de-escalation compared to hematology-oncology and transplant infectious diseases physicians. These frontline team members are ideal partners to champion antimicrobial stewardship interventions in febrile neutropenia.
Residents’ Concerns Regarding Schools Designated as Evacuation Shelters
Authors: Kawasaki Hiromi , Takeuchi Mika , Rahman Md Moshiur , Yamashita Kotomi 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjective:The purpose of this study was to investigate the perceptions of residents who are knowledgeable about the schools used as shelters.Methods:The target group was comprised of teachers and guardians of children enrolled in 4 schools, which were selected in the vicinity of District B, which was severely damaged by heavy rain in 2014. A qualitative descriptive study design was used.Results:The number of surveys collected was 1702 (collection rate 62.2%). A total of 1017 clauses were entered, and 85 codes were generated for 7 categories. The guardians and teachers believed that there was a discrepancy between shelter capacity and the real situation; citing a lack of information, and ill preparedness of the schools for disasters as some of the problems. Based on the knowledge and experiences from previous disasters, they responded that there was inadequate management, and evacuees faced difficulty living comfortably in the shelters.Conclusion:In order to use school facilities during any disaster, it is important for residents to recognize the need to solve problems, and to work with local governments to support improvements. This realization reveals a sense of ownership of emergency shelters and prevents confusion among residents. Also, this will help people to prepare for disasters and prevent disruption during evacuation.
Our past creates our present: a brief overview of racism and colonialism in Western paleontology
Authors: Monarrez Pedro M. , Zimmt Joshua B. , Clement Annaka M. , Gearty William , Jacisin John J. , Jenkins Kelsey M. , Kusnerik Kristopher M. , Poust Ashley W. , Robson Selina V. , Sclafani Judith A. , Stilson Kelsey T. , Tennakoon Shamindri D. , Thompson Carmi Milagros 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAs practitioners of a historical science, paleontologists and geoscientists are well versed in the idea that the ability to understand and to anticipate the future relies upon our collective knowledge of the past. Despite this understanding, the fundamental role that the history of paleontology and the geosciences plays in shaping the structure and culture of our disciplines is seldom recognized and therefore not acted upon sufficiently. Here, we present a brief review of the history of paleontology and geology in Western countries, with a particular focus on North America since the 1800s. Western paleontology and geology are intertwined with systematic practices of exclusion, oppression, and erasure that arose from their direct participation in the extraction of geological and biological resources at the expense of Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC). Our collective failure to acknowledge this history hinders our ability to address these issues meaningfully and systemically in present-day educational, academic, and professional settings. By discussing these issues and suggesting some ways forward, we intend to promote a deeper reflection upon our collective history and a broader conversation surrounding racism, colonialism, and exclusion within our scientific communities. Ultimately, it is necessary to listen to members of the communities most impacted by these issues to create actionable steps forward while holding ourselves accountable for the past.
Holocene geo-ecological evolution of Lower Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park (USA)
Authors: Schiller Christopher M. , Whitlock Cathy , Brown Sabrina R. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractChanges in climate and fire regime have long been recognized as drivers of the postglacial vegetation history of Yellowstone National Park, but the effects of locally dramatic hydrothermal activity are poorly known. Multi-proxy records from Goose Lake have been used to describe the history of Lower Geyser Basin where modern hydrothermal activity is widespread. From 10,300 cal yr BP to 3800 cal yr BP, thermal waters discharged into the lake, as evidenced by the deposition of arsenic-rich sediment, fluorite mud, and relatively high δ13Csediment values. Partially thermal conditions affected the limnobiotic composition, but prevailing climate, fire regime, and rhyolitic substrate maintained Pinus contorta forest in the basin, as found throughout the region. At 3800 cal yr BP, thermal water discharge into Goose Lake ceased, as evidenced by a shift in sediment geochemistry and limnobiota. Pollen and charcoal data indicate concurrent grassland development with limited fuel biomass and less fire activity, despite late Holocene climate conditions that were conducive to expanded forest cover. The shift in hydrothermal activity at Goose Lake and establishment of the treeless geyser basin may have been the result of a tectonic event or change in hydroclimate. This record illustrates the complex interactions of geology and climate that govern the development of an active hydrothermal geo-ecosystem.
Determinants of energy intake in Central African populations experiencing nutrition transition
Authors: Amougou Norbert , Pasquet Patrick , Bernard Jonathan Y. , Ponty Amandine , Fotso Martin , Said-Mohamed Rihlat , Cohen Emmanuel 
Published: August 2021

AbstractCentral Africa is experiencing rapid urbanisation, and this situation comes along with changes in food habits and an increased prevalence of obesity and associated health risks. Factors influencing dietary intake among the diverse African populations are not well understood. Our objective was to characterise the dietary intake and their determinants in the two main ethnic groups experiencing nutrition transition in Cameroon, the Bamiléké and the Béti. We sampled Bamiléké (381) and Béti (347) adults living in both rural and urban, collected socio-demographic variables, assessed dietary patterns by using a food portion photographs book to administrate a FFQ and a 24-h dietary recall technique and derived their BMI from measured weight and height. The dietary patterns of Bamiléké people were composed of more energy-dense foods than the Béti people, regardless of the living area. The energy intake (13·8 (sd 4·6)–15·4 (sd 4·8) MJ v. 9·7 (sd 3·5)–11·2 (sd 3·9 MJ) and the obesity (15–29 % v. 5–8 %) were therefore higher in Bamiléké than in Béti, respectively. Multivariable linear regression analyses showed strong associations of both ethnicities (4·02 MJ; P < 0·001), living area (0·21 MJ; P < 0·001) and education (0·59 MJ; P < 0·048) with energy intake, independently of each other and other socio-demographic factors. The ethnicity factor has been characterised as the more important determinant of diet. Our findings provide new insights and perspectives highlighting the importance of anthropological factors when building prevention campaigns against obesity in Central Africa.
Use of otolith morphology and morphometry for species discrimination of megrims Lepidorhombus spp. in the Central Eastern Adriatic Sea
Authors: Ugrin Nika , Škeljo Frane , Ferri Josipa , Krstulović Šifner Svjetlana 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSagittal otolith morphology and otolith shape of two megrim species, Lepidorhombus boscii and Lepidorhombus whiffiagonis, were compared using descriptive morphological characters and Wavelet shape coefficients. Differences in otolith shape were examined by linear discriminant analysis (LDA). The first discriminant axis explained 66.6% of the variation between the groups, and the second axis 28.5%. Otolith classification based on LDA showed that in 79.5% of cases an otolith can be correctly classified based only on its shape. Relationships between otolith morphometric parameters (length and width) and fish size (total length) were described by fitting simple linear regression models. For L. boscii the highest positive correlation was found between right otolith width and total body length (R2 = 0.82), and for L. whiffiagonis between left otolith length and total body length (R2 = 0.39).
The Responsibility to Protect: Locating Norm Entrepreneurship
Authors: Stefan Cristina G. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAs part of the roundtable “The Responsibility to Protect in a Changing World Order: Twenty Years since Its Inception,” this essay examines the issue of norm entrepreneurship as it has been used in conjunction with the Responsibility to Protect (RtoP), twenty years after the emergence of The Responsibility to Protect report produced by the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS). It examines norm entrepreneurs with enough drive, motivation, and resources to keep RtoP on the international agenda in a changing world order, after Western middle powers, such as Canada and some European Union member states, had previously acted as indispensable norm entrepreneurs. An examination of both Western and non-Western entrepreneurship efforts to date reveals three key observations. First, RtoP champions are now facing additional challenges in today's transitional global order, where nationalistic foreign policy agendas are replacing liberal agendas, such as RtoP. Second, the drive and adaptability of non-Western norm entrepreneurs with regional ambitions mean that small states can emerge as rather-unexpected RtoP champions. Third, giving non-Western states a visible regional or international platform allows them to display leadership in reframing prevention under the RtoP framework. The last two observations point to the increasing role of non-Western states in global governance and in the promotion of prevention measures to protect the most vulnerable, which in turn increases the legitimacy of the RtoP norm itself.
Implementation of a regulatory food policy to reduce availability of energy-dense foods in Costa Rican high schools
Authors: Jensen Melissa L , Gonzalez Wendy , Bolaños-Palmieri Carolina , Monge-Rojas Rafael , Frongillo Edward A 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjective:To assess the extent to which mandatory Guidelines to improve the school food environment were being implemented in Costa Rican high schools and to explore the perspectives of key policy actors towards the Guidelines.Design:Semi-structured interviews and site observations. Interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim and imported to NVivo 12 for analysis. Inductive and deductive themes were identified, and elements of the RE-AIM framework and the social process framework were used when classifying these themes.Setting:Sixteen public high schools in San José, Costa Rica.Participants:High school principal and kiosk concessionairesResults:Products that did not adhere to the Guidelines were still widely available in schools, and amongst the most prevalent challenges to implementation that emerged from our interviews, were a lack of understanding of the policy content, a lack of monitoring and accountability, and competing values amongst actors which affected their views on the role that the school must have in offering a healthy food environment.Conclusion:Most products offered in high schools did not meet the criteria required by the mandatory Guidelines, and several contextual factors were found to influence implementation. Strengthening the implementation of the Costa Rican Guidelines will require further actions at the governmental and school levels.