bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Voluminous Silica Precipitated from Martian Waters during Late-stage Aqueous Alteration
Authors: Pan Lu , Carter John , Quantin-Nataf Cathy , Pineau Maxime , Chauviré Boris , Mangold Nicolas , Le Deit Laetitia , Rondeau Benjamin , Chevrier Vincent 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Mars’ transition from an early “warm and wet” to a “cold and dry” environment left fingerprints on the geological record of fluvial activity on Mars. The morphological and mineralogical observations of aqueous activity provided varying constraints on the condition and duration of liquid water on the Martian surface. In this study, we surveyed the mineralogy of Martian alluvial fans and deltas and investigated the hydrated silica-bearing deposits associated with some of these landforms. Using CRISM data, we identified 35 locations across Mars with hydrated silica in proximity to fans/deltas, where the spectral characteristics are consistent with immature or dehydrated opal-A. In a few stepped fans/deltas, we find hydrated silica occurs within the bulk fan deposits and form sedimentary layers correlated with elevation. Meanwhile, in the older fans/deltas, silica mostly occurs at distal locations, and the relation to primary sedimentary deposits is more complex. We propose that the hydrated silica-bearing deposits in stepped fans/deltas likely formed authigenically from Martian surface waters, mainly during the Late Hesperian and Early Amazonian. These silica-bearing deposits could be a tracer for the temperature or duration of water involved in the formation of these deposits, given more precise and detailed observations of the sedimentary context, accessory minerals, the concentration of hydrated silica, and sediment-to-water ratio. Therefore, we consider that silica-bearing deposits should be among the most critical samples to investigate for future Mars missions, which are accessible in the landing sites of Mars 2020 and ExoMars 2022 missions.
Some New Results and Perspectives Regarding the Kuiper Belt Object Arrokoth’s Remarkable, Bright Neck
Authors: Stern S. Alan , Keeney Brian , Singer Kelsi N. , White Oliver , Hofgartner Jason D. , Grundy Will ,   The New Horizons Team
Published: May 2021

Abstract
One of the most striking and curious features of the small Kuiper Belt Object (KBO), Arrokoth, explored by New Horizons is the bright, annular neck it exhibits at the junction between its two lobes. Here we summarize past reported findings regarding the properties of this feature and then report new results regarding its dimensions, reflectivity and color, shape profile, and lack of identifiable craters. We conclude by enumerating possible origin scenarios for this unusual feature. New results include a new estimated measurement of the observed neck area of 8 ± 1.5 km2, a total neck surface area of 32 km2, a 12.5:1 ratio of circumference to height, a normal reflectance histogram of the observed neck, and the fact that no significant (i.e., >2σ) neck color units were identified, meaning the neck’s color is generally spatially uniform at the 1.5 km pixel−1 scale of the best color images. Although several origin hypotheses for the bright material in the neck are briefly discussed, none can be conclusively demonstrated to be the actual origin mechanism at this time; some future tests are identified.
Erosion of Volatiles by Micrometeoroid Bombardment on Ceres and Comparison to the Moon and Mercury
Authors: Pokorný Petr , Mazarico Erwan , Schorghofer Norbert 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Ceres, the largest reservoir of water in the main belt, was recently visited by the Dawn spacecraft, which revealed several areas bearing H2O-ice features. Independent telescopic observations showed a water exosphere of currently unknown origin. We explore the effects of meteoroid impacts on Ceres by considering the topography obtained from the Dawn mission using a widely used micrometeoroid model and ray-tracing techniques. Meteoroid populations with 0.01–2 mm diameters are considered. We analyze the short-term effects Ceres experiences during its current orbit, as well as long-term effects over the entire precession cycle. We find that the entire surface is subject to meteoroid bombardment, leaving no areas in permanent shadow with respect to meteoroid influx. The equatorial parts of Ceres produce 80% more ejecta than the polar regions due to the large impact velocity of long-period comets. Mass flux, energy flux, and ejecta production vary seasonally by a factor of 3–7 due to the inclined eccentric orbit. Compared to Mercury and the Moon, Ceres experiences significantly smaller effects of micrometeoroid bombardment, with a total mass flux of 4.5 ± 1.2 × 10−17 kg m−2 s−1. On average, Mercury is subjected to a 50× larger mass flux and generates 700× more ejecta than Ceres, while the lunar mass flux is 10× larger and the ejecta generation is 30× larger than on Ceres. For these reasons, we find that meteoroid impacts are an unlikely candidate for the production of a water exosphere or significant excavation of surface features. The surface turnover rate from the micrometeoroid populations considered is estimated to be 1.25 Myr on Ceres.
Latitudinal Distribution of Ethane Precipitation on Titan Modulated by Topography and Orbital Forcing and Its Implication for Titan’s Surface Evolution
Authors: Tokano Tetsuya 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A general circulation model with geography constrained by Cassini is used to predict how ethane precipitation in Titan’s lower stratosphere varies with latitude, season, and orbital forcing over the past 100 kyr. Ethane precipitation is generally more prevalent near the winter pole, where stratospheric ethane is transported downward toward the cold trap, and this general pattern is relatively insensitive to orbital parameter variations and geography. However, eccentricity-driven seasonal temperature variations modulate the seasonal asymmetry of ethane precipitation to some extent. The annual ethane precipitation does not monotonically increase from equator to pole but maximizes at selected sites, preferentially over empty deep basins such as Hagal Planitia. Local enhancement of ethane precipitation is caused by katabatic winds from plateau to basin and an associated regional-scale thermally direct circulation over the slope, which induces strong adiabatic cooling near the tropopause. The observed putative ethane clouds off the poles are evidence that ethane condensation is affected by topography. Preferential ethane precipitation over basins may increase the irregularity of Titan’s shape by isostatic crustal subsidence after substitution of enclathrated methane by percolated ethane.
Detection of blaNDM-1 gene in ESBL producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from urine samples
Authors: Naeem Sohni , Bilal Hazrat , Muhammad Hafsah , Khan Muhammad Asif , Hameed Fareeha , Bahadur Sher , Rehman Tayyab Ur 
Published: May 2021

Introduction: Enterobacteriaceae such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae are the most prominent bacterial species resistant to almost all commonly used antibiotics. Carbapenem is one of the last resort drugs for treating such emerging multidrug-resistant bacteria. This study aimed to detect carbapenem-resistant blaNDM-1 gene in ESBL producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates.
Methodology: A total of 190 E. coli and 350 K. pneumoniae isolates were screened for extended spectrumβ-lactamase (ESBL), carbapenemase and metallo β-lactamase (MBL) production via double-disk synergy test (DDST), modified Hodge test and combined-disk diffusion method. The blaNDM-1 gene was detected by PCR and confirmed via Sanger sequencing method.
Results: Of the 540 isolates tested, 71.8% were found to be multidrug-resistant. Overall rate of ESBL-positive isolates were 57.89% E. coli and 31.42% K. pneumoniae. Among ESBL positive isolates, 49.09% E. coli and 40% K. pneumoniae were positive for carbapenemase production whereas MBL production was detected in 29% E. coli and 22% K. pneumoniae isolates. In MBL positive isolates, (37%) E. coli and (40%) K. pneumoniae isolates harboured blaNDM-1 gene. The pair-wise DNA was aligned with the NDM-1 sequence from GenBank. The alignment score was 243 and the blast nucleotide sequencing results showed 97% sequence similarity with the sequences in GenBank for the blaNDM-1 gene.
Conclusions: The blaNDM-1 gene was found to be the most prevalent in urine samples. There is a dire need to conduct screening tests in hospitals and communities to find out the exact prevalence of the blaNDM-1 spread in our population.
Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Ceftriaxone and Azithromycin for blood culture isolates of Salmonella enterica spp.
Authors: Kokare Rashmi Shankar , Bari Anurag Kumar , Pereira Joanna Valanie , Patel Kinjal , Poojary Aruna 
Published: May 2021

Introduction: Enteric fever caused by Salmonella enterica continues to be a major public health problem worldwide. In the last decade, ceftriaxone and azithromycin have become the drugs of choice for treating enteric fever caused by Nalidixic acid resistant Salmonella (NARS) enterica. This has led to reports of drug resistance to both drugs. Since enteric fever is endemic in India, accurate drug susceptibility surveillance is crucial to ensure empiric management of enteric fever is appropriate. The aim of this study is to evaluate the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ceftriaxone and azithromycin for blood culture isolates of NARS isolated at our centre.
Methodology: This is a retrospective study conducted in a tertiary care center in Mumbai for blood culture isolates of NARS from 2016 to 2018. Isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) against ceftriaxone and azithromycin using a manual broth microdilution method (BMD).
Results: Of 155 blood culture isolates of NARS: S. Typhi (n = 112) and S. Paratyphi A (n = 43) were included in the study. 81.9% (127 / 155) isolates were susceptible, 6.4% (10 / 155) isolates were intermediate while 11.6% (18 / 155) isolates were resistant to ceftriaxone. 100% susceptibility of NARS was observed to azithromycin.
Conclusions: This study documents an alarming increase in resistance to ceftriaxone among NARS in Mumbai while azithromycin continues to be susceptible in vitro. It is essential to know MICs to understand epidemiological trends and choose appropriate treatment regimens for treating enteric fever.
Nutritional status is closely related to the severity of COVID-19: a multi-center retrospective study
Authors: Li Yang , Zhu Chuanwu , Zhang Biao , Liu Longgen , Ji Fang , Zhao Yun , Cheng Juan , Shao Huaping , Guan Xinying , Ming Fang , Wu Chao , Du Zhi Xiang 
Published: May 2021

Introduction: Nutritional status has been defined as an individual's health condition. The relationship between the progression of COVID-19 and Nutritional status is still unclear. We analyzed the clinical characteristics of 342 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients, and analyzed the relationship between the progression of COVID-19 and Nutritional status.
Methodology: 342 COVID-19 were enrolled from ten different hospitals in China. The clinical characteristics were collected and analyzed.
Results: The body mass index (BMI) of the mild patients (Group A) was higher than those in severe patients (Group B) and critical patients (Group C); The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level of Group A was lower than those of the other two groups; Sex, age, and BMI, was strongly correlated with Clinical classification (CT); Among the laboratory test results, Neutrophil (NEU%), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), LDH, and blood glucose (BG) were positively correlated with CT; Lymphocyte ( LYM%), Platelet (PLT), Albumin (ALB), and Creatinine (Cr) were negatively correlated with CT. BMI, NEU%, LYM%, ALB, Cr, and PLT are all protective factors that affect CT.
Conclusion: People with poor nutritional status (lower BMI and ALB) have a higher risk of developing severe disease after infection with SARS-CoV-2. In the clinical treatment of COVID-19, individualized nutritional support is very important for the rehabilitation of patients.
Safety of the Methotrexate–leflunomide Combination in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Results of a Multicentric, Registry-based, Cohort Study (BiobadaBrasil)
Authors: Bredemeier Markus , Ranza Roberto , Kakehasi Adriana M. , Ranzolin Aline , da Silveira Inês G. , Ribeiro Ana C.M. , Titton David C. , Hayata André L.S. , Carvalho Hellen M.S. , Kahlow Bárbara S. , Fernandes Vander , Louzada Paulo , Bértolo Manoel B. , Duarte Ângela L.B.P. , Macieira José C. , Miranda José R.S. , Pinheiro Geraldo R.C. , Teodoro Reginaldo B. , Pinheiro Marcelo M. , Valim Valéria , Pereira Ivânio A. , Sauma Maria F.L.C. , de Castro Gláucio R.W. , da Rocha Laurindo F. , Studart Sâmia A.S. , Gazzeta Morgana O. , da Silveira Leticia G. , Lupo Cristiano M. , Laurindo Ieda M.M. 
Published: May 2021

Objective.To evaluate the safety of the methotrexate (MTX)–leflunomide (LEF) combination in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), comparing it with other therapeutic schemes involving conventional synthetic (cs-) and biologic (b-) disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) or Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKi).Methods.Patients with RA starting a treatment course with a csDMARD (without previous use of bDMARD or JAKi) or their first bDMARD/JAKi were followed up in a registry-based, multicentric cohort study in Brazil (BiobadaBrasil). The primary outcome was the incidence of serious adverse events (SAEs); secondary outcomes included serious infections. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models and propensity score matching analysis (PSMA) were used for statistical comparisons.Results.In total, 1671 patients (5349 patient-years [PY]) were enrolled; 452 patients (1537 PY) received MTX + LEF. The overall incidence of SAEs was 5.6 per 100 PY. The hazard of SAEs for MTX + LEF was not higher than for MTX or LEF (adjusted HR [aHR] 1.00, 95% CI 0.76–1.31, P = 0.98). MTX + LEF presented a lower hazard of SAEs (aHR 0.56, 95% CI 0.36–0.88, P = 0.01) and infectious SAEs (aHR 0.48, 95% CI 0.25–0.94, P = 0.03) than bDMARDs/JAKi with MTX or LEF. MTX + LEF presented lower hazard of SAEs than MTX + sulfasalazine (SSZ; aHR 0.33, 95% CI 0.16–0.65, P = 0.002). Analysis using PSMA confirmed the results obtained with traditional multivariate Cox analysis.Conclusion.In our study, MTX + LEF presented a relatively good overall safety profile in comparison to MTX + SSZ and schemes involving advanced therapies in RA.
Changes in Treatments and Outcomes After Implementation of a National Universal Access Program for Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Authors: Concha Sara , Morales Pamela S. , Talesnik Eduardo , Borzutzky Arturo 
Published: May 2021

ObjectiveTo evaluate the clinical and demographic characteristics of patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) in Chile and compare treatments and outcomes before and after the introduction in 2010 of the Explicit Health Guarantees (GES) for JIA, a national universal access program for diagnosis and treatment of this condition.MethodsThe clinical records of 280 patients with JIA followed at a private tertiary academic health network between 2007 and 2018 were reviewed.ResultsSeventy percent of patients with JIA were female, mean age at diagnosis was 8.5 ± 4.8 years and mean follow-up was 4.0 ± 3.7 years. After GES implementation (post-GES), time to evaluation by pediatric rheumatologist and diagnostic delay were significantly reduced (15.0 ± 4.5 vs 9.0 ± 4.2 months, P = 0.004). In addition, use of magnetic resonance imaging significantly increased post-GES (P < 0.001). In terms of JIA treatments, before GES implementation, no patients received biologics. Of the 67 patients diagnosed before 2010 with continued follow-up at our center, 34% began biologic treatment after GES implementation. Of 196 patients diagnosed post-GES, 46% were treated with biologics. JIA remission rates were significantly higher in patients diagnosed post-GES compared to pre-GES (43% vs 29%, P = 0.02). Post-GES, we observed a significant decrease in uveitis complications among JIA patients (45% vs 13%, P = 0.04).ConclusionThe implementation of a national government-mandated universal access program for guaranteed JIA diagnosis and treatment led to earlier access to a pediatric rheumatologist and JIA diagnosis, increased rates of treatment with biologic drugs, higher rates of clinical remission, and lower rates of uveitis complications in Chilean children with JIA.
L’Irak, terre d’accueil et de formation des étudiants chiites sénégalais
Authors: Diop Macoumba 
Published: May 2021

Tout au long de ces vingt dernières années, la communauté́ chiite sénégalaise a cherché à élargir sa présence et ses partenaires dans le monde arabe. Depuis 2010, grâce aux actions menées par la communauté chiite Mozdahir international, des groupes d’étudiants sénégalais convertis au chiisme se rendent en Iran et en Irak, et plus précisément dans les villes de Qom et de Nadjaf, pour y fréquenter les centres de formation théologique nommés Hawza al-ilmiyya, et y poursuivre un cursus d’enseignement religieux inexistant au Sénégal. Cet article met l’accent sur les étudiants chiites sénégalais en s’interrogeant sur leur parcours et leur intégration dans la société irakienne. L’objectif étant de démontrer la nature cruciale du rôle joué par la Hawza de Nadjaf en Irak, dans la formation des futures élites de la communauté chiite sénégalaise.
Cinq écrivains tourmentés par l’histoire contemporaine de l’Irak
Authors: Nawaf Shathil Shathil 
Published: May 2021

De l’accès au trône du roi d’Irak Fayçal Ier, le 23 août 1921, jusqu’à nos jours, l’histoire contemporaine de l’État-nation irakien a été jalonnée de nombreux événements politiques violents, dont des changements de régimes et des guerres, qui ont marqué la vie des Irakiens. Outre ses conséquences politiques, économiques et culturelles, cette violence a profondément déstructuré le tissu social irakien. Souvent contraints à l’exil ou à l’expatriation, les femmes et hommes de lettres irakiens ont été les premiers à rendre compte de cette violence qui a marqué l’identité irakienne contemporaine. Avec différentes histoires et trajectoires, les cinq écrivains irakiens Alia Mamdouh, Inaam Kachachi, Sinan Antoon, Hassan Blasim et Feurat Alani se sont exprimés sur cette terre natale qu’ils ont quitté. Ces cinq auteurs font partie du peu d’écrivains irakiens ayant été traduit en français. Leur œuvre, portant sur l’histoire contemporaine irakienne, marquée par les guerres, se recoupe avec la conscience collective nationale, humainement meurtrie par la violence politique et sociale qui a frappé leur pays.
Le mythe de la charge maximale
Authors: Ty Michelle , Neyrat Frédéric 
Published: May 2021

Cet article propose la critique d’un concept relativement nouveau en jeu dans la détention et l’exclusion des migrants « irréguliers », à savoir que l’État-nation a une « capacité d’accueil » limitée et objective quant à l’accueil des étrangers – une capacité qui, lorsqu’elle est dépassée, justifie une défense militarisée. Distincte des rationalités gouvernementales plus explicitement racistes qui ont sous-tendu les premiers quotas d’immigration aux États-Unis, la notion de « capacité d’accueil » nationale a une logique propre dans laquelle écologie et économie sont rendues fatalement inextricables. L’expression « charge maximale » d’un territoire donné s’est développée dans le contexte de l’environnementalisme américain comme moyen de régulation des populations de gibier non humain et s’est ensuite transformée en un langage pour évaluer le potentiel des marchés émergents. La théorie de Freud sur les blessures psychiques commence par postuler par contre une « capacité de réception » infinie [Aufnahmefähigkeit] propre au système perceptif humain – une capacité illimitée à accueillir ce qui est extérieur, qui est à la fois la condition d’origine de la vie incarnée et ce qui doit être géré et régulé pour survivre. Les spéculations de Freud dans Au-delà du principe de plaisir aident à dissoudre une conception mythopoétique de la Vie qui est depuis devenue centrale dans l’imaginaire racial anti-immigrant.
Désidentifiées
Authors: Bigé Romain/Emma-Rose 
Published: May 2021

« Nous savons que nous voulons nous retrouver. Tout ce dont nous avons besoin, c’est des cérémonies qui nous rassembleront » écrit la poétesse afro-féministe Alexis Pauline Gumbs. Les noms que nous utilisons pour nous dire font parfois office de cérémonies : un nom nous appelle, et nous répondons à son invocation. Ce peut être un cri de ralliement « Not GAY as in Happy but QUEER as in Fuck You ! », mais même les collectifs les plus émeutiers et les plus retors à l’identification courent le risque, en se nommant, de se voir réassigner à résidence par l’interpellation policière (« hé toi, là-bas ! »). Comment éviter les pièges de l’identité ? Les études queer ont élaboré le concept de désidentification pour décrire la tentative fugitive d’échapper aux marquages policiers des identités. Ce texte tente de détailler les enjeux politiques de ce refus d’identification en le situant dans les allers-retours franco-états-uniens des études et des activismes queer.
L’art queer de ne pas réussir
Authors: Halberstam Jack , Labar Morgan , Bigé Romain/Emma-Rose 
Published: May 2021

Passant du cinéma d’animation pour enfants (en suivant les exemples de films comme Chicken Run et Le monde de Nemo ) aux artistes queer contemporaines qui ont embrassé l’échec comme un style à part entière, Jack Halberstam part à la recherche de modèles de parentés, d’alliances et de communautés pour faire alternative au monde néo-libéral et à l’idéologie du succès qui en façonne les subjectivités. Cette idéologie se déploie notamment au travers des multiples injonctions à « réussir » dans les différents aspects de la vie sociale : il faut produire, accumuler et se reproduire – autant de maillons dans la chaîne de (re)production du capital. Dans The Queer Art of Failure, Halberstam propose une méthode de déviance joyeuse par rapport à cette idéologie du succès : « d’abord, résister à la maîtrise » ; « ensuite, privilégier la naïveté et l’absurdité (la stupidité) ».
L’expérience de la grande métropole, Grenoble-Alpes Métropole, en matière d’insertion professionnelle des bénéficiaires de la protection internationale
Authors: Rullière Sonia 
Published: May 2021

L’intégration des réfugiés constitue un enjeu majeur pour Grenoble-Alpes Métropole avec près de 400 demandeurs d’asile obtenant chaque année le bénéfice de la protection internationale sur son territoire et près de 2 000 réfugiés s’y étant installés durablement. Grenoble-Alpes Métropole a formalisé ses engagements auprès de l’État à travers la signature en 2019 d’un contrat territorial d’accueil et d’intégration des réfugiés avec la Délégation interministérielle à l’accueil et à l’intégration des réfugiés (Diair). Avec le soutien de la Banque des territoires et du ministère chargé du Travail, la Métropole est lauréate, avec un consortium de douze partenaires locaux, d’un appel à projets visant l’intégration professionnelle de réfugiés et a développé en ce sens un programme dédié appelé RISING (Refugees Inclusion and employment INtegrated program in Grenoble-Alpes Métropole).