bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Intellectual Education of the Italian Renaissance Artist
Authors: Dressen Angela 
Published: August 2021

Scholars have traditionally viewed the Italian Renaissance artist as a gifted, but poorly educated craftsman whose complex and demanding works were created with the assistance of a more educated advisor. These assumptions are, in part, based on research that has focused primarily on the artist's social rank and workshop training. In this volume, Angela Dressen explores the range of educational opportunities that were available to the Italian Renaissance artist. Considering artistic formation within the history of education, Dressen focuses on the training of highly skilled, average artists, revealing a general level of learning that was much more substantial than has been assumed. She emphasizes the role of mediators who had a particular interest in augmenting artists' knowledge, and highlights how artists used Latin and vernacular texts to gain additional knowledge that they avidly sought. Dressen's volume brings new insights into a topic at the intersection of early modern intellectual, educational, and art history.
Re-appraising Success and Failure in the Life of the European Court of Justice
Authors: DE WAELE Henri 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe establishment of the Court of Justice of the European Union (‘CJEU’) is often still regarded today as an unequivocal success story, especially compared to the troubles experienced by kindred institutions elsewhere. For non-specialist audiences, it would even seem that its performance has only recently been cast in a more negative light, pursuant to the pushback of the German Federal Constitutional Court in theWeiss/PSPPsaga. The current article aims to unpack a collection of shortcomings that have accumulated gradually and persist right up to the present, which have however not been interrogated in sufficient depth so far. It starts off with a contextual depiction of the tug-of-war between the supranational and the national judiciaries, juxtaposing the earlier confrontations with contemporary debates and controversies. Subsequently, attention is drawn to the sustained imperfections of the judicial selection and appointment process, addressing a few pervasive questions of institutional propriety. Hereafter, the article engages in a meta-analysis of ongoing discussions on the quality of the case law, testing the veracity of popular contentions pertaining to its constant variability. Lastly, it canvasses the pressures and agitations internal to the CJEU that have become increasingly manifest since the creation of the Court of First Instance. Overall, this fourfold re-appraisal aims to put back on record some of the B-sides on the sountrack of the new legal order, so as to compensate for the lack of airplay they have received hitherto.
Simulating a Vertical Evacuation of a NICU and PICU to Examine the Relationship Between Training and Preparedness
Authors: Gist Ramon E. , Daniel Pia , Tejani Nizar , Grock Andrew , Aluisio Adam , Kohlhoff Stephan , Roblin Patricia , Arquilla Bonnie 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjective:The aim of this study was to implement pediatric vertical evacuation disaster training and evaluate its effectiveness by using a full-scale exercise to compare outcomes in trained and untrained participants.Methods:Various clinical and nonclinical staff in a tertiary care university hospital received pediatric vertical evacuation training sessions over a 6-wk period. The training consisted of disaster and evacuation didactics, hands-on training in use of evacuation equipment, and implementation of an evacuation toolkit. An unannounced full-scale simulated vertical evacuation of neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) patients was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the training. Drill participants completed a validated evaluation tool. Pearson chi-squared testing was used to analyze the data.Results:Eighty-four evaluations were received from drill participants. Forty-three (51%) of the drill participants received training and 41 (49%) did not. Staff who received pediatric evacuation training were more likely to feel prepared compared with staff who did not (odds ratio, 4.05; confidence interval: 1.05-15.62).Conclusions:There was a statistically significant increase in perceived preparedness among those who received training. Recently trained pediatric practitioners were able to achieve exercise objectives on par with the regularly trained emergency department staff. Pediatric disaster preparedness training may mitigate the risks associated with caring for children during disasters.
Effective Response to a Regional Outbreak of COVID-19: Experience of a Tertiary Emergency Center
Authors: Moon Sungbae , Ryoo Hyun Wook , Cho Jae Wan , Jung Haewon 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Objective:
This study evaluates the usefulness, safety, and outcomes of operating a pretriage screening clinic and an expanded preemptive quarantine area in the emergency department (ED) during a regional coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak.

Methods:
A descriptive cross-sectional, retrospective study conducted in a single institution. General patient demographic data, initial vital sign, symptoms, and patient outcome was collected from January to March of 2020. Data were compared according to the implementation of a new protocol involving pretriage screening and risk stratification. Outcome was also analyzed according to quarantine areas, including conventional, negative pressured, cohort, or preemptive quarantine area.

Results:
The pretriage clinic lowered the volume of low severity patients entering emergency department. Preemptive and cohort quarantine area provided more care to febrile patients compared with conventional quarantine area with longer length of hospital stay and lower mortality. After implementing the new protocol, emergency department in the study hospital was not closed again.

Conclusions:
In a regional outbreak of an epidemic, pretriage clinic safely screened infectious patients from entering ED. Expanded preemptive quarantine area increased surge capacity on quarantine area. An infectious disease protocol implementing 2 treatment areas may contribute to preserve and maintain ED function.
Correlates of conflict resolution across cultures
Authors: Garfield Zachary H. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractConflicts are ubiquitous between individuals as well as between groups. Effective conflict resolution is essential for individual well-being and group functioning and often involves leadership dynamics. The evolutionary human sciences have suggested that conflict resolution is shaped by psychological heuristics, norms and ecology. There are limited empirical data, however, on conflict resolution across cultures. Using a cross-cultural database of 109 leadership dimensions coded from over 1200 text records from the eHRAF ethnographic database, exploratory analyses investigated correlates of conflict resolution. The results revealed greater evidence of conflict resolution among kin groups than political groups and greater evidence of within-group conflict resolution than between-group, which did not vary across subsistence strategies or group contexts, with two exceptions – military group conflicts were biased towards between-group contexts and religious groups biased towards within-group contexts. The strongest predictors of conflict-resolution services were other prosocial functions and included group representation and providing counsel, protection and punishment, as well as qualities of interpersonal skills and fairness. Followers received social service benefits and reduced risk of harm. For leaders who resolve conflicts, status and social benefits were potential negative predictors. These results provide a comparative view of the correlates of conflict resolution suggesting diversity across social contexts.
Battle for the Soul of a City: John Roach Straton, Harry Emerson Fosdick, and the Fundamentalist-Modernist Controversy in New York, 1922–1935
Authors: Best Wallace 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe Fundamentalist-Modernist Controversy was a defining moment for New York in the 1920s and one of the most significant theological battles in the city's history, as key doctrines of the Christian tradition such as the Virgin Birth, the Atonement, and the bodily resurrection of Christ were debated in the mainstream as well as the religious press. The principal figures in the controversy were John Roach Straton and Harry Emerson Fosdick, two prominent clerics whose intellectual and oratorical confrontation showed just how deep this nationwide religious divide had become. Straton and Fosdick used their New York pulpits as public platforms to articulate their opposing theological visions and to justify them as the correct expression of historic Christianity in the present. In doing so, they made the Fundamentalist-Modernist Controversy very much a New York story, remapping the city's Protestant evangelical culture and reorienting one of the most important episodes in American religious history. The aftermath of the conflict, however, reveals that the lines between “fundamentalist” and “modernist” as distinct categories of religious experience became blurred as each embraced elements of the other. By 1935, both fundamentalists and modernists in New York City had been transformed, just as they had transformed the city.
Forced Displacement and Asylum Policy in the Developing World
Authors: Blair Christopher W. , Grossman Guy , Weinstein Jeremy M. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractLittle theoretical or empirical work examines migration policy in the developing world. We develop and test a theory that distinguishes the drivers of policy reform and factors influencing the direction of reform. We introduce an original data set of de jure asylum and refugee policies covering more than ninety developing countries that are presently excluded from existing indices of migration policy. Examining descriptive trends in the data, we find that unlike in the global North, forced displacement policies in the global South have become more liberal over time. Empirically, we test the determinants of asylum policymaking, bolstering our quantitative results with qualitative evidence from interviews in Uganda. A number of key findings emerge. Intense, proximate civil wars are the primary impetus for asylum policy change in the global South. Liberalizing changes are made by regimes led by political elites whose ethnic kin confront discrimination or violence in neighboring countries. There is no generalizable evidence that developing countries liberalize asylum policy in exchange for economic assistance from Western actors. Distinct frameworks are needed to understand migration policymaking in developing versus developed countries.
Maternal mental distress and cortisol levels in pregnancies with congenital heart disease
Authors: Wu Yao , Andescavage Nickie , Lopez Catherine , Quistorff Jessica Lynn , Donofrio Mary T. , du Plessis Adré J. , Limperopoulos Catherine 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectives:Prenatal maternal stress is associated with adverse offspring outcomes, which may be mediated by maternal stress hormones. However, evidence supporting the association between maternal stress and cortisol levels in high-risk pregnancies is limited. This study aims to determine the relationship between self-reported maternal mental distress and maternal salivary cortisol levels in pregnancies complicated by foetal CHD compared with healthy pregnancies.Methods:We recruited women with pregnancies complicated by foetal CHD and healthy pregnancies. Maternal saliva was collected between 22 and 40 gestational weeks. Standardized questionnaires measuring stress, depression, and anxiety were completed by patients. Generalized estimating equation was used to evaluate associations between maternal mental distress scales and cortisol levels.Results:We studied 165 women (55 CHD, 110 controls) and collected 504 cortisol samples (160 CHD, 344 controls). Women carrying CHD foetuses had higher stress, anxiety, and depression scores compared to women carrying healthy foetuses. However, maternal cortisol levels did not significantly differ in CHD and controls. Cortisol levels were higher in women carrying foetuses with functionally single-ventricle versus two-ventricle CHD. In both CHD and controls, there was no significant association between maternal stress, depression or anxiety scores and cortisol levels.Conclusion:Our data suggest that self-reported maternal stress, anxiety, and depression are not associated with maternal salivary cortisol levels in CHD and healthy pregnancies. The impact of maternal mental distress on foetal health may be through other mediating pathways other than maternal cortisol concentrations.
Nucleated red blood cells as a biomarker for mortality in neonates following cardiac surgery
Authors: Piggott Kurt D. , Maqsood Syeda , Warner Cynthia L. , Pettitt Timothy , Yang Shengping , Turner Jason , Soliman Amira , Norlin Casey , Lewis LaTasha , Bhatia Ajay 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIntroduction:Nucleated red blood cells (NRBCs) are immature red cells that under normal conditions are not present in the peripheral circulation. Several studies have suggested an association between elevated NRBC and poor outcome in critically ill adults and neonates. We sought to determine if elevations in NRBC value following cardiac surgery and following clinical events during the hospital stay can be used as a biomarker to monitor for mortality risk in neonates post-cardiac surgery.Materials and methods:We constructed a retrospective study of 264 neonates who underwent cardiac surgery at Children’s Hospital, New Orleans between 2011 and 2020. Variables included mortality and NRBC value were recorded following cardiac surgery and following peri-operative clinical events. The study was approved by LSU Health IRB. Sensitivity, specificity, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves with area under the curve (AUC) and logistic regression analysis were performed.Results:Thirty-six patients (13.6%) died, of which 32 had an NRBC value ≥10/100 white blood cell (WBC) during hospitalisation. Multi-variable analysis found extracorporeal membrane oxygenation use (OR 10, 95% CI 2.9–33, p=<0.001), NRBC ≥10/100 WBC (OR 16.1, CI 4.1–62.5, p ≤ 0.001) and peak NRBC in the 14-day period post-cardiac surgery (continuous variable, OR 1.05, 95% CI 1.0–1.09, p = 0.03), to be independently associated with mortality. Using a cut-off NRBC value of 10/100 WBC, there was an 88.9% sensitivity and a 90.8% specificity, with ROC curve showing an AUC of 0.9 and 0.914 for peak NRBC value in 14 days post-surgery and entire hospitalisation, respectively.Conclusions:NRBC ≥10/100 WBC post-cardiac surgery is strongly associated with mortality. Additionally, NRBC trend appears to show promise as an accurate biomarker for mortality.
Is iron deficiency a risk factor for postpartum depression? A case–control study in the Gaza Strip, Palestine
Authors: Hameed Samar , Naser Ihab A , Al Ghussein Mohamed A , Ellulu Mohammed S 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjective:This study aims to investigate the association between iron body status and postpartum depression (PPD) among mothers during the postpartum period.Design:This is a case–control study.Setting:Governmental primary health care centres in the Gaza Strip, Palestine.Participants:This study involved 300 mothers a month after delivery, with one 150 mothers that were recruited in the cases group who were diagnosed with PPD based on Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) ≥ 10. The control group included 150 mothers did not have PPD (EPDS < 10). Body iron status is represented by the index of sTfR/log ferritin.Results:Among PPD mothers, 43·3 % had low ferritin level v. 15·3 % for controls (P < 0·001) and cases v. controls difference in mean Hb level was −0·61 (95 % CI −0·86, −0·35). The results of the multiple logistic regression reported that there is a statistically significant association between PPD and the body iron status existed, as mothers who suffered from iron deficiency (ID) were three times more likely to have PPD (ORadj 3·25; P = 0·015). Furthermore, the results of the final regression model showed that the other factors that can lead to PPD are absence of psychological guidance services (ORadj 8·54; P = 0·001), suffering from undesired feeling in the last pregnancy (ORadj 1·77; P = 0·034), in addition to having one of the mental health disorders in the last pregnancy (P = 0·001).Conclusion:Body iron status might be a risk factor for postpartum depression and other possibilities of reverse causality may worsen the condition.
Parallel Mode Differential Phase Contrast in Transmission Electron Microscopy, II: K2CuF4 Phase Transition
Authors: Paterson Gary W. , Macauley Gavin M. , McVitie Stephen , Togawa Yoshihiko 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn Part I of this diptych, we outlined the theory and an analysis methodology for quantitative phase recovery from real-space distortions of Fresnel images acquired in the parallel mode of transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In that work, the properties of the method, termed TEM-differential phase contrast (TEM-DPC), were highlighted through the use of simulated data. In this work, we explore the use of the TEM-DPC technique with experimental cryo-TEM images of a thin lamella of a low-temperature two-dimensional (2D) ferromagnetic material, K2CuF4, to perform two tasks. First, using images recorded below the ordering temperature, we compare the TEM-DPC method with the transport of intensity one for phase recovery and discuss the relative advantages the former has for experimental data. Second, by tracking the induction of the sample as it is driven through a phase transition by heating, we extract estimates for the critical temperature and critical exponent of the order parameter. The value of the latter is consistent with the 2D XY class, raising the prospect that a Kosterlitz–Thoules transition may have occurred.
Incorporating Uncertainty Into Multiscale Parameter Regionalization to Evaluate the Performance of Nationally Consistent Parameter Fields for a Hydrological Model
Authors: Lane Rosanna A. , Freer Jim E. , Coxon Gemma , Wagener Thorsten 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSpatial parameter fields are required to model hydrological processes across diverse landscapes. Transfer functions are often used to relate parameters to spatial catchment attributes, introducing large uncertainties. Quantifying these uncertainties remains a key challenge for large‐scale modeling. This paper extends the multiscale parameter regionalization (MPR) technique to consider parameter uncertainties. We evaluate this method of producing nationally consistent parameter fields, which maintain a constant relationship between model parameters and catchment attributes, across 437 catchments in Great Britain (GB). By sampling multiple transfer function parameters, we produce thousands of possible model parameter fields which are constrained within an uncertainty framework. This is compared to spatially homogeneous parameter sets constrained for individual catchments. The nationally consistent MPR parameter fields perform well (KGE* > 0.75) across 60% of catchments. Performance is similar or better than catchment‐constrained parameters (KGE* drop < 0.1) across 82% of catchments. Advantages of our national parameter fields include (a) improved representation of flows within catchments, (b) more robust performance between calibration and evaluation periods, and (c) spatial parameter fields reflecting hydrologically meaningful variation in catchment characteristics. By including uncertainties, we show that hydrographs produced using MPR have smaller uncertainty bounds which are better able to encompass flows. As the first application of MPR to both the DECIPHeR modeling framework and GB, we developed transfer functions and identified key catchment attributes to constrain model parameters, which are transferrable to other models alongside the addition of uncertainty. Methodologies presented here are informative for future regionalization efforts in GB and elsewhere.
Hydraulic Model Calibration Using CryoSat‐2 Observations in the Zambezi Catchment
Authors: Kittel Cecile M. M. , Hatchard Simbidzayi , Neal Jeffrey C. , Nielsen Karina , Bates Paul D. , Bauer‐Gottwein Peter 
Published: August 2021

AbstractGeodetic altimeters provide unique observations of the river surface longitudinal profile due to their long repeat periods and densely spaced ground tracks. This information is valuable for calibrating hydraulic model parameters, and thus, for producing reliable simulations of water level for flood forecasting and river management, particularly in poorly instrumented catchments. In this study, we present an efficient calibration approach for hydraulic models based on a steady‐state hydraulic solver and CryoSat‐2 observations. In order to ensure that only coherent forcing/observation pairs are considered in the calibration, we first propose an outlier filtering approach for CryoSat‐2 observations in data‐scarce regions using a simulated runoff produced by a hydrologic model. In the hydraulic calibration, a steady‐state solver computes the water surface elevation (WSE) profile along the river for selected discharges corresponding to the days of CryoSat‐2 overpass. In synthetic calibration experiments, the global search algorithm generally recovers the true parameter values in portions of the river where observations are available, illustrating the benefit of dense spatial sampling from geodetic altimetry. The most sensitive parameters are the bed elevations. In calibration experiments with real CryoSat‐2 data, validation performance against both Sentinel‐3 WSE and in situ records is similar to previous studies, with Root Mean Square Deviation ranging from 0.43 to 1.14 m against Sentinel‐3 and from 0.60 to 0.73 against in situ WSE observations. Performance remains similar when transferring parameters to a one‐dimensional hydrodynamic model. Because the approach is computationally efficient, model parameters can be inverted at high spatial resolution to fully exploit the information contained in geodetic CryoSat‐2 altimetry.