bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Racial Exclusion in the Antebellum North: An Analysis of Indiana's 1851 Vote to Ban African American Immigration
Authors: Milliman Scott 
Published: April 2021

ObjectiveTo econometrically model an Indiana referendum, held in 1851, on whether to ban African American immigration—the restriction passed easily—with a focus on identifying demographic groups that were less enthusiastic about this law.MethodsCensus data for 1850 is used in a fractional response regression model to assess the significant variation in support for this ban across Indiana's 91 counties.ResultsSupport for the ban fell in counties with few African Americans; a large percentage of adult White males born in New England, New York, and Pennsylvania; Quaker meetinghouses; and Church of the Brethren and Mennonite congregations. Support increased in counties with a high availability of unimproved farmland.ConclusionWhite fears of land competition with Blacks may have prompted higher support for the ban. Groups that provided less support were often out of step with dominant Hoosier religious and political mores.
Reviewer Acknowledgements
Authors: Young James 
Published: April 2021

International Journal of Social Science Studies (IJSSS) would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether IJSSS publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue.Reviewers for Volume 9, Number 3Abdul Azim Akhtar, Independent Academic & Researcher, Delhi, IndiaAmany Albert, Beni-Suef University, EgyptAnastasia Panagakos, Cosumnes River College, USAAntónio Calha, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, PortugalAurora Pestaño, University of San Jose Recoletos (USJR), PhilippinesAyşegül Sili Kalem, Necmettin Erbakan Universitesi, TurkeyBo Li, St Ambrose University, USADaniel Tia, University of Félix Houphouët-Boigny Abidjan, GRATHEL , Cote d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast)E.Ozan Aksoz, Anadolu University, TurkeyFahri ÖZSUNGUR, Adana Science and Technology University, TurkeyGülsüm Depeli, Hacettepe University, TurkeyHao Liu, Beijing Normal University, ChinaHenry Poduthas, West Texas A&M University, USAIoannis Makris, High School of Pedagogical and Technical Education, GreeceIvan Lenard, Elementary school Ladimirevci, CroatiaJibrin Ubale Yahaya, National Open University of Nigeria NOUN, NigeriaLaura Diaconu Maxim, "Alexandru Ioan Cuza University" of Iasi, RomaniaMałgorzata Haładewicz, Opole University of Technology, PolandMd. Nasir Uddin, Prime Minister’s Office, BangladeshMei-Ling Lin, National Open University, TaiwanMichael Brooks, North Carolina A&T State University, USAMohamed Mehdi Jelassi, IHEC Carthage, TunisiaNadarajah Pushparajah, University of Jaffna, Sri LankaPeriyasami Anbarasan, Indian Institute of technology Delhi, IndiaRachita Shrivastava Roy, Department of Higher Education,Chhatisgarh-India, IndiaRima Meilita Sari, STKIP Al-Washliyah, IndonesiaUğur DEMİRCİ, Turkish National Police, Turkey James YoungEditorial AssistantOn behalf of,The Editorial Board of International Journal of Social Science StudiesRedfame Publishing9450 SW Gemini Dr. #99416Beaverton, OR 97008, USAURL: http://ijsss.redfame.com
BUENOS TIEMPOS PARA EL NEOCONSTITUCIONALISMO (SOBRE LA APARICIÓN DE EL EXAMEN DE PROPORCIONALIDAD EN EL DERECHO CONSTITUCIONAL)
Authors: García Jaramillo Leonardo 
Published: April 2021

Laura Clérico. El examen de proporcionalidad en el derecho constitucional. 408 págs. Eudeba. Buenos Aires. (2009).
LA RESPONSABILIDAD DEL ANALISTA FINANCIERO COMO TERCERO DE CONFIANZA
Authors: Combatt Fandiño Adriana Carolina 
Published: April 2021

Los escándalos corporativos en los Estados Unidos y en Europa han llamadola atención sobre la importancia que tienen los terceros de confianza ogatekeepers en el mercado, provocando la necesidad inminente de regularsu actividad y responsabilidad. En los casos donde existe una relación contractual es claro cómo encauzar su responsabilidad, existiendo ambigüedaden la forma legal de proceder cuando ésta no existe. Este artículo analiza lasdistintas posiciones que se han sostenido y propone una visión unificada pararegular la actividad y responsabilidad del analista financiero como tercero deconfianza, ante la ausencia de una relación contractual. Se argumenta, sobrela base del análisis de derecho comparado, que el analista como tercero deconfianza será responsable ante terceros cuando éstos formen parte del grupode personas a las que va dirigida la información o se preveía que la podíanobtener, y el daño se cause en la realización de la operación para la cual fueelaborada. En los sistemas de derecho civil, la responsabilidad extracontractuales el instrumento más eficaz para resarcir estos casos.
A New General Methodology to Create Continuous Cooling Transformation Diagrams for Materials Fabricated by Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Ou Chun-Yu , Richard Liu C. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) is a manufacturing method that can build high-strength materials layer-by-layer to form complex geometries. Previous studies have reported large variations in the mechanical properties of materials made by this process. One of the key factors that may contribute to variations within and among parts made by this process is a difference in the material’s microstructural phase and composition. A continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagram is a useful tool that can be used with a thermal model for microstructure design and manufacturing process control. However, traditional CCT diagrams are developed based on slow and monotonic cooling processes such as furnace cooling and air cooling, which are greatly different from the repetitive heating and cooling processes in AM. In this study, a new general methodology is presented to create CCT diagrams for materials fabricated by AM. We showed that the effect of the segmented duration within the critical temperature range, which induced precipitate formation, could be cumulative. As multiple cooling processes occurred in a short time, and the temperature drops at a high cooling rate, a constant average cooling rate was assumed when constructing the CCT diagram. Inconel 718 parts fabricated by selective laser melting were analyzed. The accumulated duration required for γ′/γ″ precipitate formation was found to shift from at least 432 s to about 83.38 s. The large difference in the duration (around 518%) highlights the importance of creating CCT diagrams specifically for AM materials. The key factor contributing to phase transformation was identified as the accumulated duration within the critical temperature range. The presented methodology demonstrated the capability of combining a thermal model and experimental observation to quantitatively predict phase transformation and could be used to design microstructures and control AM processes.
Influence of Tool Runout on Force Measurement During Internal Void Monitoring for Friction Stir Welding of 6061-T6 Aluminum
Authors: Franke Daniel , Zinn Michael , Rudraraju Shiva , Pfefferkorn Frank E. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The goal of this research was to examine how altering the amount of friction stir tool eccentricity while controlling the amount of slant in the tool shoulder (drivers of oscillatory process forces) effects the generation of process force transients during sub-surface void interaction. The knowledge gained will help improve the accuracy of force-based void monitoring methods that have the potential to reduce the need for post-weld inspection. Process force transients during sub-surface void formation were examined for multiple tools with varying magnitudes of kinematic runout. The eccentric motion of the tool produced oscillations in the process forces at the tools rotational frequency that became distorted when features (flats) on the tool probe interacted with voided volumes, generating an amplitude in the force signals at three times the tool rotational frequency (for three-flat tools). A larger tool eccentricity generates a larger amplitude in the force signals at the tool’s rotational frequency that holds a larger potential to create a distortion during void interaction. It was determined that once void becomes large enough to produce an interaction that generates an amplitude at the third harmonic larger than 30% of the amplitude at the rotational frequency in a weld with no interaction (amplitude solely at rotational frequency), the trailing edge of the tool shoulder cannot fully consolidate the void, i.e., it will remain in the final weld. Additionally, once the void exceeds a certain size, the amplitudes of the third harmonics saturate at 70% of the amplitude at the rotational frequency during full consolidation. The interaction between the eccentric probe and sub-surface void was isolated by ensuring any geometric imperfection in the shoulder (slant) with respect to the rotational axis was removed. The results suggest that geometric imperfections (eccentricity and slant) with respect to the tool’s rotational axis must be known when developing a void monitoring method from force transients of this nature.
Validation of Monte Carlo Simulation Technique for Calibration of Cleavage Fracture Model Parameters, With the Calibrated Values From Experimental Results for Reactor Pressure Vessel Material 20MnMoNi55 Steel in the Lower Self of Ductile-to-Brittle Transition Region
Authors: Bhattacharyya K. , Acharyya S. K. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In the earlier work done by the author for the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) material 20MnMoNi55 steel, Monte Carlo simulation technique is shown as an effective statistical technique to calibrate Weibull modulus “m” and Weibull scale parameter “σu” for temperatures −100 °C, −110 °C, −120 °C, −130 °C, and −140 °C by performing only six fracture toughness tests instead of (30 × 5 = 150) number of tests. But it lacks validation with the experimental work. So, in this paper, huge numbers of fracture toughness tests (minimum 30 for each temperature) are performed experimentally at −100 °C, −110 °C, and −130 °C in the lower self of the ductile-to-brittle transition (DBT) region for the RPV material 20MnMoNi55 steel. Then, linear regression analysis of the experimental data is performed to calibrate Weibull modulus m and Weibull scale parameter σu of Beremin (a cleavage fracture model) for the above mentioned temperatures. The calibrate values show a matching trend with that of experimental calibrated values and justify the prediction capability of Monte Carlo simulation to predict the Beremin model parameters with the help of only six fracture toughness tests. This statistical simulation procedure can be considered as an effective technique for the proper calibration of Beremin model parameters for any material.
Microstructure and Properties of Nb Nanoparticles Reinforced Sn–0.7Cu Solder Alloy
Authors: Liu Zheng , Yang Li , Xiong Yifeng , Gao Huiming 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The effect of trace Nb nanoparticles on the thermal properties, wettability, microstructure, and mechanical properties of Sn–0.7Cu solder alloy was investigated. The results showed that the melting temperature of Sn–0.7Cu composite solder alloy is between 229 °C and 231 °C, and the effect of Nb nanoparticles on the melting temperature is not obvious. The wettability of the solder alloy is remarkably improved by adding Nb nanoparticles. Coarse β-Sn phase and β-Sn/Cu6Sn5 eutectic in the Sn–0.7Cu composite solder alloys are refined by adding appropriate Nb nanoparticles, and then the ultimate tensile strength (37.3 MPa) and the elongation (2.47 mm) of Sn–0.7Cu alloy are increased to the maximum 45.4 MPa and 4.59 mm for Nb-containing alloy. The fracture mechanism of Sn–0.7Cu–xNb composite solder alloys is plastic fracture.
Tolerance Representation Scheme in Solid Model: Part I
Authors: Roy U. , Pollard M. D. , Mantooth K. , Liu C. R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The major objective of this paper is to develop a front-end scheme necessary for interfacing the tolerance module with the solid model. This includes the development of (i) an efficient user interfacing system for inputing tolerance information, (ii) a suitable tolerancing data module (to be attached to the solid model), and (iii) an information retrieval system from the stored database for future tolerance analysis. This work has been developed with the help of the Quick Turnaround Cell (QTC) Design System [7], [8] and TWIN Solid Model Package [4], developed at the Purdue Engineering Research Center (ERC).
Reasoning on the Location of Components for Assembly Packaging
Authors: Kim J. J. , Gossard D. C. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The process of locating components in an available space while satisfying spatial relationships among the components is called packaging. The task requires extensive spatial reasoning about geometric shapes. It is a generic design task common to many domains. It is also very time-consuming, especially as machines become more compact and complex.
This paper describes progress toward automation of the packaging problem. An approach is proposed to determine the optimal locations of components in an assembly from spatial relationships between the components. The approach utilizes a novel combination of optimization and solid modeling techniques.
The Development and Implementation of a Design for Producibility Method for Precision Planar Stamped Products
Authors: Schmitz J. M. , Desa S. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this paper we establish the Design For Producibility Design Development Methodology for stamped products which integrates both the design and manufacture of the stamped product. The general concept of considering manufacturing techniques at the initial design stages, often termed Design For Manufacturability, is certainly not novel. However, the proper implementation of this concept is not so widely understood. Our proposed method permits the product designer to control both part functionality and subsequent manufacturing costs through an iterative re-design process. The key step in this method is the mapping scheme from the final part design to the manufacturing domains, namely the die sections, the punching tools, and the basics of the strip layout. We also describe the implementation of the design methodology in a knowledge-based computer environment, called the Producibility Evaluation Package (P.E.P.).
An Obstacle Detection and Avoidance Algorithm for a Planar Manipular
Authors: Cook K. F. , Cipra R. J. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper develops the modeling, simulation and path modification for obstacle avoidance capabilities in an application to a planar robotic mechanism. Geometric and computer models are developed for both the robotic mechanism, as well as for the obstacles which make up the workspace environment. Obstacle expansion is utilized to reduce the models of the robotic links to simple line segments.
Obstacle detection is achieved through the use of obstacle detection grids, which are constructed to cover the intended area of robotic motion. The classification of motion will be determined entirely from the initial and final configuration of the robot. This classification of robotic motion will determine the shape and type of the grid used to detect the obstacles. Upon obstacle detection, several path modification algorithms are implemented to circumvent these obstructions. The end result and goal of this paper is achieved through the final generation of an obstacle-free trajectory as illustrated by a comprehensive example.
A Contact Force Model With Hysteresis Damping for Impact Analysis of Multibody Systems
Authors: Lankarani H. M. , Nikravesh P. E. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A continuous contact force model for the impact analysis of a two-particle collision is presented. The model uses the general trend of the Hertz contact law. A hysteresis damping function is encorporated in the model which represents the dissipated energy in impact. The parameters in the model are determined, and the validity of the model is established. The model is then generalized to the impact analysis between two bodies of a multibody system. A continuous analysis is performed using the equations of motion of either the multibody system or an equivalent two-particle model of the colliding bodies. For the latter, the concept of effective mass is presented in order to compensate for the effects of joint forces in the system. For illustration, the impact situation between a slider-crank mechanism and another sliding block is considered.
Mechanical States in Wound Capacitors: Part I — Prediction
Authors: Reuter R. C. , Allen J. J. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The problem of determining the mechanical states inside wound capacitor rolls is addressed through the application of two dimensional, linear elasticity. Allowances are made for heterogeneous wound construction of the capacitor, orthotropic material behavior of the capacitor constituents, and arbitrary winding tension. A key element in the formulation is the derivation of material properties for a wound, orthotropic layer which is equivalent in behavior to a stack of dissimilar plies such as are actually wound on the capacitor simultaneously during one turn of the mandrel. The dissimilar plies are necessary by virtue of the conductor and dielectric materials which must be present in a capacitor. The derivation of predictive equations is based on winding the equivalent layer on an appropriate mandrel, followed by a recovery of the individual ply responses. The capability to explicitly calculate the winding tensions which would be necessary to produce a required wound tension dependence upon capacitor radius is also developed. Numerical results for typical capacitor design and construction are presented, and justification for the application of optimization theory in capacitor development is demonstrated.
Computer-Aided Selection and Performance Rating of Antifriction Bearings
Authors: Arikan M. A. S. , Kaftanoglu B. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A computer program is developed for selection and performance rating of antifriction bearings. For each bearing type, a data base which contains boundary dimensions, basic load ratings, limiting speeds and load factors of bearings is created. Properties of lubricants are also stored in separate data bases. Inputs required by the program are, loading and arrangement of bearings, minimum required life, rotational speed, operating temperature, minimum static factor of safety, dimensional constraints, reliability and type of lubrication. For each bearing type, alternative bearings are selected by the program and their performance variables are calculated for oils and greases stored in the data bases. It is left to the user to decide on the most suitable bearing among the ones given by the program. It is also possible to make preferences on bearing types and oils.
Development of New Method for Calculating Engaged Profiles of Gears
Authors: Wang D. , Qi Z. , Shiue F.-C. T. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In investigating the problems of engagement of different gear tooth profiles, the authors have found a generality for these problems. Meanwhile, according to the theory of computational geometry and numerical experiments, a parametric cubic spline function is found as a proper curve-fit technique to represent the tooth profiles of these gears. A general method and its numerical algorithm, based on the generality observed and the spline function chosen, is developed for the calculation of gear cutting tools and mating gears with arbitrary profiles. The cutting tools applied include: gear cutters, grinding wheels, and form milling cutters. The method can also be applied to the inspection of the manufacturing accuracy of the gear or helical screw profiles. A computational procedure is illustrated.
Synthesis and Analysis of Cam-Follower Systems With Two Degrees of Freedom
Authors: Tsay D. M. , Huey C. O. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A general, integrated, and systematic procedure for the synthesis and analysis of non-rigid cam-follower systems is presented. The method is based on a linear, lumped, two-degree-of-freedom (two-DOF) model and uses spline functions for the synthesis of output motions. Solution techniques for differential equations are identified that make the method sufficiently fast and efficient to be employed in an iterative design process. For the equations that occur in the determination of the cam profile the finite element spline collocation method is used to obtain approximate solutions. To analyze the vibrational response of the follower system, both the finite element spline collocation method and the Crank-Nicolson method are applied. The overall procedure offers the advantage over other procedures of greater generality yet requires only routine application procedures. An example is provided to illustrate the complete synthesis/analysis procedure and the results are compared to those obtained using a traditional polynomial approach.
Dynamic Calibration for Serial Robotic Manipulators Based on the Zero Position Analysis Method
Authors: Qian G. Z. , Kazerounian K. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In the continuation of a kinematic calibration method developed in a previous report, a new dynamic calibration model for serial robotic manipulators is presented in this paper. This model is based on the Zero Position Analysis Method. It entails the process of estimating the errors in the robot’s dynamic parameters by assuming that the kinematic parameters are free of errors. The convergence and effectiveness of the model are demonstrated through numerical simulations.
Analysis of 200 000 exome-sequenced UK Biobank subjects illustrates the contribution of rare genetic variants to hyperlipidaemia
Authors: Curtis David 
Published: April 2021

BackgroundA few genes have previously been identified in which very rare variants can have major effects on lipid levels.MethodsWeighted burden analysis of rare variants was applied to exome sequenced UK Biobank subjects with hyperlipidaemia as the phenotype, of whom 44 054 were designated cases and 156 578 controls, with the strength of association characterised by the signed log 10 p value (SLP).ResultsWith principal components included as covariates there was a tendency for genes on the X chromosome to produce strongly negative SLPs, and this was found to be due to the fact that rare X chromosome variants were identified less frequently in men than women. The test performed well when both principal components and sex were included as covariates and strongly implicated LDLR (SLP=50.08) and PCSK9 (SLP=−10.42) while also highlighting other genes previously found to be associated with lipid levels. Variants classified by SIFT as deleterious have on average a twofold effect and their cumulative frequency is such that they are present in approximately 1.5% of the population.ConclusionThese analyses shed further light on the way that genetic variation contributes to risk of hyperlipidaemia and in particular that there are very many protein-altering variants which have on average moderate effects and whose effects can be detected when large samples of exome-sequenced subjects are available. This research has been conducted using the UK Biobank Resource.