bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparing the fit of N95, KN95, surgical, and cloth face masks and assessing the accuracy of fit checking
Authors: O’Kelly Eugenia , Arora Anmol , Pirog Sophia , Ward James , Clarkson P. John 
Published: January 2021

Introduction
The COVID-19 pandemic has made well-fitting face masks a critical piece of protective equipment for healthcare workers and civilians. While the importance of wearing face masks has been acknowledged, there remains a lack of understanding about the role of good fit in rendering protective equipment useful. In addition, supply chain constraints have caused some organizations to abandon traditional quantitative or/and qualitative fit testing, and instead, have implemented subjective fit checking. Our study seeks to quantitatively evaluate the level of fit offered by various types of masks, and most importantly, assess the accuracy of implementing fit checks by comparing fit check results to quantitative fit testing results.

Methods
Seven participants first evaluated N95 and KN95 respirators by performing a fit check. Participants then underwent quantitative fit testing wearing five N95 respirators, a KN95 respirator, a surgical mask, and fabric masks.

Results
N95 respirators offered higher degrees of protection than the other categories of masks tested; however, it should be noted that most N95 respirators failed to fit the participants adequately. Fit check responses had poor correlation with quantitative fit factor scores. KN95, surgical, and fabric masks achieved low fit factor scores, with little protective difference recorded between respiratory protection options. In addition, small facial differences were observed to have a significant impact on quantitative fit.

Conclusion
Fit is critical to the level of protection offered by respirators. For an N95 respirator to provide the promised protection, it must fit the participant. Performing a fit check via NHS self-assessment guidelines was an unreliable way of determining fit.
The independent factors associated with oxygen therapy in COVID-19 patients under 65 years old
Authors: Ni Yue-Nan , Wang Ting , Liang Bin-miao , Liang Zong-An 
Published: January 2021

Background
The number of hospitalized young coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients has increased significantly. However, specific data about COVID-19 patients under 65 years old who are admitted to the hospital are scarce.

Methods
The COVID-19 patients under 65 years old who were admitted to the hospital in Sichuan Province, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, and Wuhan Red Cross Hospital were included in this study. Demographic information, laboratory data and clinical treatment courses were extracted from electronic medical records. Risk factors associated with oxygen therapy were explored.

Results
Eight hundred thirty-three COVID-19 patients under 65 years old were included. Of the included patients, 29.4% had one or more comorbidities. Oxygen therapy was required in 63.1% of these patients, and the mortality was 2.9% among the oxygen therapy patients. Fever (odds ratio [OR] 2.072, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.312–3.271, p = 0.002), dyspnea (OR 2.522, 95% CI 1.213–5.243, p = 0.013), chest distress (OR 2.278, 95% CI 1.160–4.473, p = 0.017), elevated respiratory rate (OR 1.114, 95% CI 1.010–1.228, p = 0.031), and decreased albumin (OR 0.932, 95% CI 0.880–0.987, p = 0.016) and globulin levels (OR 0.929, 95% 0.881–0.980, p = 0.007) were independent factors related to oxygen therapy.

Conclusions
Oxygen therapy is highly required in COVID-19 patients under 65 years old who are admitted to the hospital, but the success rate is high. Respiratory failure-related symptoms, elevated respiratory rate, low albumin and globulin levels, and fever at admission are independent risk factors related to the requirement of oxygen.
Factors associated with breast cancer screening intention in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal
Authors: Bhandari Divya , Shibanuma Akira , Kiriya Junko , Hirachan Suzita , Ong Ken Ing Cherng , Jimba Masamine 
Published: January 2021

Background
Breast cancer burden is increasing in low-income countries (LICs). Increasing incidence and delayed presentation of breast cancer are mainly responsible for this burden. Many women do not participate in breast cancer screening despite its effectiveness. Moreover, studies are limited on the barriers associated with low utilization of breast cancer screening in LICs. This study identified breast cancer screening behavior and factors associated with breast cancer screening intention among women in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal.

Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted among 500 women living in five municipalities of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Data were collected from July to September 2018, using a structured questionnaire. Interviews were conducted among women selected through proportionate random household sampling. This study was conceptualized using the theory of planned behavior, fatalism, perceived susceptibility, and perceived severity. The outcome variables included: the intention to have mammography (MMG) biennially, the intention to have clinical breast examination (CBE) annually, and the intention to perform breast self-examination (BSE) monthly. Analysis was conducted separately for each outcome variable using partial proportional odds model.

Results
Out of 500 women, 3.4% had undergone MMG biennially, 7.2% CBE annually, and 14.4% BSE monthly. Women with a positive attitude, high subjective norms, and high perceived behavioral control were more likely to have the intention to undergo all three screening methods. Similarly, women were more likely to have intention to undergo CBE and MMG when they perceived themselves susceptible to breast cancer. Conversely, women were less likely to have intention to undergo CBE when they had high fatalistic beliefs towards breast cancer.

Conclusion
Women in this study had poor screening behavior. The practice of breast self-examination was comparatively higher than clinical breast examination and mammography. Multidimensional culturally sensitive interventions are needed to enhance screening intentions. Efforts should be directed to improve attitude, family support, and fatalistic belief towards cancer. Furthermore, the proper availability of screening methods should be ensured while encouraging women to screen before the appearance of symptoms.
Novel genetic variants of inborn errors of immunity
Authors: Almarzooqi Farida , Souid Abdul-Kader , Vijayan Ranjit , Al-Hammadi Suleiman 
Published: January 2021

Objectives
Inborn errors of immunity (IEI) are prevalent in tribal cultures due to frequent consanguineous marriages. Many of these disorders are autosomal recessive, resulting from founder mutations; hence they are amenable to prevention. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the pathogenicity of novel variants of IEI found among Emiratis.

Methods
This retrospective data collection study reports novel variants of IEI detected by diagnostic exome sequencing. Pathogenicity prediction was based on scoring tools, amino acid alignment, and Jensen–Shannon divergence values.

Results
Twenty-one novel variants were identified; nine were frameshift, three nonsense, four intronic (one pathogenic), and five missense (two pathogenic). Fifteen variants were likely pathogenic, of which 13 were autosomal recessive and two uncertain inheritance. Their clinical spectra included combined immunodeficiency, antibody deficiency, immune dysregulation, defects in intrinsic/innate immunity, and bone marrow failure.

Conclusion
The described novel pathogenic variants are core to a planned national screening program that aims toward IEI prevention. Future studies, however, are needed to confirm their natural history in individual patients and estimate their prevalence in the community.
Consideraciones en la estimación de costes de un sistema de atención domiciliaria para la atención de la dependencia en Chile.
Considerations in estimating costs of a home care system for dependency care in Chile
Authors: Matus-Lopez Mauricio , Cid-Pedraza Camilo 
Published: January 2021

El envejecimiento de la población ocurrido en los países ricos se está produciendo ahora en algunos países en vías de desarrollo. En América Latina, todo indica que este proceso se desarrollará más rápido, con peores estados de salud y menos recursos económicos que los de los países que hoy disponen de un sistema de cuidados a la dependencia. Chile es uno de los países latinoamericanos que se acerca más rápidamente a un punto de quiebre que presione la implementación de políticas formales de cuidados. Por ello, es necesario iniciar un proceso de evaluación de costes e impacto de estas posibles políticas. El objetivo de esta investigación fue realizar una estimación de coste de un sistema inicial para el cuidado de personas dependientes en Chile.
The ageing population in rich countries is now occurring in some developing countries. In Latin America, everything indicates that this process will develop faster, with worse health states and fewer economic resources than those in countries that now have a dependency care system. Chile is one of the fastest approaching Latin American countries to a breaking point that pushes for formal care policies. Therefore, it is necessary to initiate a process of cost and impact assessment of these possible policies. The objective of this research was to make a cost estimate of an initial system for the care of dependents in Chile.
Editorial Revista Ambiente & Educação
Authors: Roberto Machado Carlos , Cruz Portugal Gisleine , Botton Barcellos Sérgio 
Published: January 2021

Com satisfação trazemos o terceiro número do ano de 2020 da Revista Ambiente & Educação com o “Dossiê: Fenômenos ambientais costeiros em tempos de mudanças ambientais globais”. A organização foi realizada pelo Grupo de Pesquisas e Estudos em Educação e Gestão Ambiental, Mudanças Climáticas e Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável em áreas litorâneas – RIBOMBO, coordenado pelo Prof. Dr. José Vicente de Freitas (FURG) e pela Prof. Dra. Sandra Lestinge (UFPI). . Esse Dossiê reúne a partir de artigos pesquisas e práticas abordar a natureza costeira em sua própria historicidade, reconhecendo seus fenômenos, a partir das singularidades que compõem tal biodiversidade; como também um horizonte da ação antrópica sobre esses ecossistemas, fator que colabora para o acirramento de conflitos, que vão desde a ocupação humana da costa, como suas formas de uso ao longo das últimas décadas e suas possíveis implicações no cenário das mudanças ambientais globais. O presente debate ganha ainda mais relevância quando visa subsidiar o campo da Educação Ambiental dentro de uma discussão que, até então, permanece restrita ao universo das ciências naturais. É nesse contexto que esse dossiê visa destacar a produção acadêmica em ambos os campos e em suas conexões, qualificando o debate acadêmico e fortalecendo ações.
Além disso, após o Dossiê trazemos nesse número, como sempre, uma série de artigos submetidos ao fluxo livre da Revista com diferentes temas, enfoques, escopos teórico-metodológicos de pesquisa sobre a educação ambiental no Brasil. Além disso, destaca-se a diversidade regional dos autores e estudos apresentados que abarcam do sul ao norte do país.
Childhood and Adulthood Passive Smoking and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver in Midlife: A 31-year Cohort Study
Authors: Wu Feitong , Pahkala Katja , Juonala Markus , Jaakkola Johanna , Rovio Suvi P. , Lehtimäki Terho , Sabin Matthew A. , Jula Antti , Hutri-Kähönen Nina , Laitinen Tomi , Viikari Jorma S.A. , Magnussen Costan G. , Raitakari Olli T. 
Published: January 2021

INTRODUCTION:
Identifying early life risk factors remains key to the prevention of nonalcoholic fatty liver (hereinafter “fatty liver”) in adulthood. However, the longitudinal association of childhood passive smoking with adult fatty liver is not studied. We examined the association of childhood and adulthood passive smoking with fatty liver in midlife.

METHODS:
This was a 31-year prospective cohort study of 1,315 participants. Information on childhood passive smoking (parental smoking) was collected in 1980 (aged 3–18 years) and 1983 and adulthood passive smoking in 2001, 2007, and 2011. Fatty liver was determined by ultrasound in 2011 (aged 34–49 years).

RESULTS:
The prevalence of fatty liver was 16.3%. Both childhood and adulthood passive smoking were associated with higher risk of fatty liver, adjusting for potential confounders such as age, sex, childhood socioeconomic status, and adulthood physical activity and alcohol consumption (relative risk = 1.41, 95% confidence interval: 1.01–1.97 for childhood; 1.35, 1.01–1.82 for adulthood). Individuals with persistent exposure to passive smoking between childhood and adulthood had the highest risk (relative risk = 1.99, 95% confidence interval: 1.14–3.45) compared with those without passive smoking in either childhood or adulthood.

DISCUSSION:
Passive smoking in both child and adult lives are associated with increased risk of adult fatty liver, suggesting that the prevention of passive smoking should start as early as possible and maintain throughout lifetime.
Artillery Supported by Infantry: The Royal Artillery at the Battle of Monmouth Courthouse
Authors: Timpanaro and Victor Pidermann Michael 
Published: January 2021

This paper analyzes three questions concerning the Royal Artillery at the Battle of Monmouth Courthouse: how many artillery pieces were used during the battle, which units were employed, and what role the Royal Artillery played in relationship to its parent organizations, the British Army and the British Board of Ordnance. Each of these topics have been seldom discussed, especially in connection to the narrative of the Battle of Monmouth. It is hoped that these inquiries can provide some clarity on the Royal Artillery’s part in the battle, and might spark new efforts of research by future scholars of the American Revolutionary War. In examining these points, careful attention was made in discussing the overall structure of the Royal Artillery and offering a comparison/contrast with its opponent: the Continental Artillery. The main primary source consulted in this discussion was the official Papers of Brigadier-General James Pattison, commander of Royal Artillery forces in North America. These research endeavors resulted in a concrete number of guns used during the Monmouth campaign, some strong indications for the particular units employed, as well as some new insights concerning the traditional interpretation of the battle that may require future analysis.
On the theory and practice of thin-walled structures
Authors: Vashakmadze Tamaz 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The basic problem of satisfaction of boundary conditions is considered when the generalized stress vector is given on the surfaces of elastic plates and shells. This problem has so far remained open for both refined theories in a wide sense and hierarchic type models. In the linear case, it was formulated by I. N. Vekua for hierarchic models. In the nonlinear case, bending and compression-expansion processes do not split and in this context the exact structure is presented for the system of differential equations of von Kármán–Mindlin–Reisner (KMR) type, constructed without using a variety of ad hoc assumptions since one of the two relations of this system in the classical form is the compatibility condition, but not the equilibrium equation. In this paper, a unity mathematical theory is elaborated in both linear and nonlinear cases for anisotropic inhomogeneous elastic thin-walled structures. The theory approximately satisfies the corresponding system of partial differential equations and the boundary conditions on the surfaces of such structures. The problem is investigated and solved for hierarchic models too. The obtained results broaden the sphere of applications of complex analysis methods.
The classical theory of finding a general solution of partial differential equations of complex analysis, which in the linear case was thoroughly developed in the works of Goursat, Weyl, Walsh, Bergman, Kolosov, Muskhelishvili, Bers, Vekua and others, is extended to the solution of basic nonlinear differential equations containing the nonlinear summand, which is a composition of Laplace and Monge–Ampére operators.
The Epistemology of Collective Testimony
Authors: Townsend Leo 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In this paper, I explore what gives collective testimony its epistemic credentials, through a critical discussion of three competing accounts of the epistemology of collective testimony. According to the first view, collective testimony inherits its epistemic credentials from the beliefs the testimony expresses—where this can be seen either as the beliefs of all or some of the group’s members, or as the beliefs of group itself. The second view denies any necessary connection to belief, claiming instead that the epistemic credentials of collective testimony derive from the reliability or truth-conduciveness of the statement that expresses the testimony. Finally, the third view claims that the epistemic credentials of collective testimony derive from the fact that it involves undertaking a collective commitment to trustworthiness, which makes the group susceptible to rebuke and blame if its testimony is not trustworthy. I argue that this last account holds the most promise for preserving what is distinctive about testimonial knowledge while still underwriting a robust epistemology of collective testimony.
On identities involving generalized harmonic, hyperharmonic and special numbers with Riordan arrays
Authors: Koparal Sibel , Ömür Neşe , Duran Ömer 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In this paper, by means of the summation property to the Riordan array, we derive some identities involving generalized harmonic, hyperharmonic and special numbers. For example, for n ≥ 0,

∑

k
=
0

n

B

k

k
!

H

(

n
.
k
,
α

)

=
α
H

(

n
+
1
,
1
,
α

)

-
H

(

n
,
1
,
α

)

,

\sum\limits_{k = 0}^n {{{{B_k}} \over {k!}}H\left( {n.k,\alpha } \right) = \alpha H\left( {n + 1,1,\alpha } \right) - H\left( {n,1,\alpha } \right)} ,

and for n > r ≥ 0,

∑

k
=
r

n
-
1

(

-
1

)

k

s

(

k
,
r

)

r
!

α

k

k
!

H

n
-
k

(
α
)

=

(

-
1

)

r

H

(

n
,
r
,
α

)

,

\sum\limits_{k = r}^{n - 1} {{{\left( { - 1} \right)}^k}{{s\left( {k,r} \right)r!} \over {{\alpha ^k}k!}}{H_{n - k}}\left( \alpha \right) = {{\left( { - 1} \right)}^r}H\left( {n,r,\alpha } \right)} ,

where Bernoulli numbers Bn and Stirling numbers of the first kind s (n, r).
Electronic and magnetic properties of Fe-doped GaN: first-principle calculations
Authors: Abdalla Adam S. , Khan Muhammad Sheraz , Alameen Suliman , Eisa Mohamed Hassan , Aldaghri Osamah 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
We have systematically studied the effect of Fe co-doped on electronic and magnetic properties of wurtzite gallium nitride (GaN) based on the framework of density functional theory (DFT). It is found that GaN doped with Fe at Ga site is more stable than that at N-site. We calculate the electronic structure of pure and single Fe doped GaN within GGA and GGA + U method and find that Fe doped GaN is a magnetic semiconductor with the total magnetization of 5μ

B
. The magnetic coupling between Fe spins in Fe-doped GaN is an antiferromagnetic (AFM) under the super-exchange mechanism.
Zagovor i obrana kemije u djelu Frana Bubanovića
Authors: Raos Nenad 
Published: January 2021

Stav nekemičara prema kemiji je dvojak: pozitivan i negativan. Pozitivna percepcija kemije proizlazi iz njezine korisnosti (u tehnici, farmaciji, medicini, poljoprivredi), a negativna ponajviše iz straha od opasnih kemikalija (eksploziva, otrova). Na primjeru hrvatskog popularizatora znanosti Frana Bubanovića (1883. – 1956.), prvog profesora kemije na zagrebačkom Medicinskom fakultetu, pokazano je kako, da bi kemija bila najšire prihvaćena, nije dovoljno samo ukazivati na njezine uspjehe nego i otklanjati uzroke straha od kemije i kemikalija (kemofobija). Uz prikaz Bubanovićeva stava prema kemiji analizirani su uzroci kemofobije, kako u njegovo tako i u naše vrijeme.
Serum sclerostin is negatively associated with insulin sensitivity in obese but not lean women
Authors: Aznou Anouar , Meijer Rick , van Raalte Daniel , den Heijer Martin , Heijboer Annemieke , de Jongh Renate 
Published: January 2021

Objective
The mechanisms underlying the development of peripheral insulin resistance are complex. Several studies have linked sclerostin, an osteocyte-derived inhibitor of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, to obesity and insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate (1) whether serum sclerostin is associated with insulin sensitivity in lean and/or obese women; and (2) whether hyperinsulinaemia affects serum sclerostin concentrations.

Design
A cross-sectional study.

Methods
Insulin sensitivity was measured in lean (BMI < 25 kg/m2) and obese (BMI > 30 kg/m2) women using a hyperinsulinaemic–euglycaemic clamp. Serum sclerostin was measured at baseline and during the clamp procedure.

Results
We studied 21 lean and 22 obese women with a median age of 40 and 43 years and a median BMI of 22.4 and 33.5 kg/m2, respectively. Obese women had higher serum sclerostin than lean women (122 ± 33 vs 93 ± 33 nmol/L, P < 0.01). Higher serum sclerostin was associated with lower insulin sensitivity in obese, but not in lean individuals (difference in M-value between highest and lowest quartile: −7.02 mg/kg/min, P = 0.03 and 1.59 mg/kg/min, P = 0.50, respectively). Hyperinsulinaemia did not affect serum sclerostin in lean nor obese women (P > 0.5).

Conclusion
Serum sclerostin is negatively associated with insulin sensitivity as measured with the hyperinsulinaemic–euglycaemic clamp in obese, but not lean women. This indicates a potential role of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in regulating insulin sensitivity particularly in obese individuals. Our findings remain hypothesis-generating and should be confirmed by additional studies.