bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SOFC Components Production – An Interesting Challenge for DC- and RF-Plasma Spraying
Authors: Henne R. , Schiller G. , Borck V. , Mueller M. , Lang M. , Ruckdaschel R. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) are expected to gain a high importance as direct converters for transforming chemical into electrical energy. They have the potential of working with considerably higher efficiency and much less environmental problems compared to systems used so far. SOFCs of present technology operate at temperatures in the range of 950 °C. Besides an increase in performance and stability, a main precondition for a technical breakthrough of SOFCs is a drastic reduction of their production costs. Approaches are the use of less-expensive materials, new SOFC designs with thinner components and the improvement of presently applied production routes, or their replacement by other techniques such as thermal spray methods. DC- and RF-VPS show very attractive properties particularly if the cell will be manufactured in one consecutive combined process. The state of SOFC spray design will be described together with results of the process adaptation and the SOFC components development.
A Contribution to Methodology and Protocol Definition for Thermal Spray Coated Surface Compatibility Analysis in Food Processing Applications
Authors: Scrivani A. , Antolotti N. , Bertini S. , Viola G. , Groppetti R. , Gutema T. , Mangia A. , Mucchino C. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The paper discusses the testing methodology and identifies the analytical protocols, with proper validation, in order to evaluate the compatibility of thermal spray coatings in the food production technology, according to EU and FDA applicable standards. A brief state-of-the-art analysis of the international standards on food additives and human health is given, namely on indirect food additives (as defined in 21 CFR 170.3(e)), that can migrate into the food during the process. An outline of the test protocols, based on contact between coating and food simulating solvents in a set time/temperature conditions, are presented, and the main phases for the proposed testing methodology, as the choice of the simulating solvent, the migration cell design and the time/temperature conditions, are discussed. Finally the proposed methodology and protocols are validated through a thermal spray coating for food process application test case.
The Influence of Coated Mould on Heat Transfer and Microstructure for Horizontal Strip Casting of Aluminium Alloys
Authors: Isac M. , Netto P. , Guthrie R.I.L. , Tavares R. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Experimental apparatus simulating a horizontal belt caster has been constructed for the study of thin strip casting of steels and light metal alloys. In this apparatus, the solidifying metal is deposited onto a moving substrate. The substrate was flame sprayed with various commercial coatings while its speed and the thicknesses of strip produced matched industrial values. The main objective of the present work was to determine the influence of various operational variables on local cooling rates and final microstructures. To this end, experiments were carried out to study the effects of various types of coating, roughness of the substrate, initial superheat, and strip thickness on heat fluxes. An interesting feature of this equipment is that the strip is subjected to different rates of cooling at the lower and upper surfaces, allowing two different rates of solidification to be studied simultaneously.
Plasma Spray Ceramic Plunger for Polymer Pump
Authors: Wu C.J. , Shao T.M. , Mu A.G. , Du W.L. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Polymer injection is an effective technique for increasing oil production in the later stage of petroleum exploitation. The pumps used typically incorporate ceramic plungers because they do not produce metal ions which tend to decrease polymer viscosity. This paper compares the performance of plasma sprayed and sintered alumina plungers and includes the results of stress analysis using finite elements and field testing. Under real working conditions, plasma sprayed plungers achieved an average lifetime of 12,000 hours, approximately double that of their sintered ceramic counterparts.
Applications of HVOF Sprayed WC Cermet Coatings for Paper Mills
Authors: Tani K. , Nakahira A. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Some applications of high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) flame sprayed WC cermet coatings in paper mills are summarized. The WC cermet sprayed coating is one of the most widely used in the thermal spray industry. HVOF sprayed WC cermet coatings have such excellent physical and chemical properties that they are extensively employed in the industrial field. Typical properties for example, are wear resistance, high stress rotating bending or rolling contact fatigue strength, frictional characteristics, wettability for aqueous agent, non picking or non adhesive property against foreign material, thermal conductivity, mirror finished surface property and so on. They are derived from the compact, denser microstructure, containing fine-sized hard WC particles, high bond strength onto substrate. These characteristics obtained by HVOF sprayed WC cermet coatings are utilized to improve the surface functions of machine parts which are installed mainly in the press department, drying department, size press, calender department and finishing department of paper mills. In this study, examples of some application of WC cermet coatings in several types of rolls in paper mills are introduced.
The Application of Thermal Spraying Technology in the Oil and Gas Industry
Authors: Price J.C. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The last decade has seen a rapid increase in the use of Thermally Sprayed Coatings for Oil and Gas production applications. In particular, since 1982 the Offshore Oil and Gas Industry has considered Thermally Sprayed Aluminum (TSA) for protection of steel structures in the splash zone and other areas in the marine environment. Experience to date has indicated that when TSA is properly applied with a specific sealer system a service life in excess of 30 years with zero maintenance is possible. This produces a corresponding reduction in life cycle costs. Other coating systems such as nickel-based alloys, ceramics and thermoplastics are also finding useful applications. This paper discusses recent advances in thermal spraying technology and current and future applications in the Oil and Gas Industry. This is illustrated with reference to several projects and details on life cycle costs. In particular, thermal spraying of pressure vessels, risers, pipelines and structural components are detailed.
Fabrication of Composite SiC-MoSi2 Powders Through Plasma Reaction Process
Authors: Fan X. , Ishigaki T. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This study was aimed at the production of SiC-MoSi2 composite powders through a high-temperature plasma reaction route. The addition of SiC appears to be the best second phase reinforcement for improving the mechanical properties of MoSi2 material for high-temperature structural application. The in-flight carbonization of MoSi2 powders was carried out in an Ar-H2-CH4 induction plasma process. Using methane served as both the powder carrier gas and the "precursor" to react with the MoSi2 powders forming the SiC phase in-situ. Under the experimental conditions employed in this investigation, up to about 8.0 wt. % of carbon was incorporated into the MoSi2 powder particles. The chemical composition, phase content and the microstructure of the composite powder products were examined by XRD, SEM, EDS etc. analysis methods. The reaction mechanisms are discussed in terms of the calculated thermodynamic equilibria.
Plasma Spray Forming of Free Standing W-AI Functionally Graded Materials
Authors: Blein F. , Freslon A. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The aim of this study is to produce free-standing functionally-graded structures in which density varies continuously from 2.2 to 17.3 g/cm3 through a total thickness of 4.5 mm. In order to optimize material performance, it is necessary to account for the different combinations or ratios of materials (i.e., tungsten and aluminum) in the plasma jet when determining mixture laws. A relationship based on the deposition efficiency, powder feed rate, and density of individually sprayed materials has been established and was used to predict the density, thickness, and deposition efficiency of the combined materials. The mixture laws were found to be in good agreement with experimental results, making it possible to build up coatings with a parabolic density profile and uniform layer thickness.
Increasing Performance of Plasma Spray Formed Components
Authors: O’Dell J.S. , Mckechnie T.N. , Holmes R.R. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Near-net-shape spray forming reduces the cost and complexity of fabricating certain types of structures. Although such components perform adequately as-sprayed, improvements achieved through alloying, thermal treatments, and additional coating steps are often worth pursuing. In tungsten components, for example, additions of rhenium, nickel, or iron can significantly improve material strength and ductility; thermal treatments such as heat treating and hot isostatic pressing can change and densify microstructures; and coating exposed surfaces can improve environmental compatibility. Such improvements in plasma spray formed refractory metal components are presented in this paper.
A Gas Shroud Nozzle for HVOF Spray Deposition
Authors: Pershin V. , Mostaghimi J. , Chandra S. , Coyle T. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Properties of MCrAlY coatings obtained by High Velocity Oxy-Fuel (HVOF) thermal spray process operated in a standard configuration were compared with those obtained using a gas shroud attachment to the HVOF gun. Our measurements show that the attached gas (nitrogen) shroud nozzle considerably reduces the oxygen content in the coating without an appreciable change in the microstructure. The particle temperatures were decreased by an average of 100 °C at a standoff distance of 0.275 m (11 inches). There was also a large reduction in the particle velocity at this distance. Both these effects were related to the excessive amount of nitrogen used for shrouding.
Reactive Plasma Spraying of 80:20 Ni/Cr and MCrAlY Powders with Hydrocarbon Reactive Gases
Authors: Al-Sabouni O. , Stephenson D.J. , Nicholls J.R. , Creffield G. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Reactive plasma spraying (RPS) with hydrocarbon (HC) gas has been studied as a way to improve the mechanical properties of Ni-Cr alloys and reduce the oxygen content of MCrAlY coatings. A conventional dc plasma torch has been modified by attaching a conical graphite tube (reactor) onto the end of the gun and spraying parameters were adjusted accordingly. Significant improvements have been achieved in terms of both objectives. As test results indicate, the hardness of Ni-Cr alloys has been doubled and the oxygen content in MCrAlY coatings has been reduced by an order of magnitude.
Ceramic Coatings Obtained on Superalloys Modified by Laser Treatment
Authors: Kobylanska-Szkaradek K. , Swadzba L. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The paper presents the influence of laser-beam remelting of Al2O3-Ni ceramic layers spread on creep-resisting alloy by means of plasma spray upon the quality of ceramic coatings, which form thermal barrier and high temperature corrosion shield of these alloys. The examination showed that 0.103.109 W/m2 power density laser-beam scanning ensures good quality of coatings at beam moving rate 1 to 2 m/min. At smaller scanning rate, laser remelted ceramic layer spalls and chips. Better quality of the ceramic coatings can be obtained by diffusive chromoaluminizing applied prior to laser remelting. Laser-beam remelting conditions of such layers, elaborated in the course of examination, ensure pores fading, decrease of remelted layer thickness and increase of base adhesion without cracks, chips and spalls. Additionally remelted zone features either strong break up of structure or the structure is amorphic with unchanged chemical composition as to the matrix chemical composition. Obtained results are the base for the elaboration of thermal barrier technology and the technology of anticorrosion shield for creep - resisting alloys applied in high temperature power engineering.
Phase Transformations in Laser Treated Hydroxyapatite Coatings
Authors: Ranz X. , Aslanian T. , Pawlowski L. , Sabatier L. , Fabbro R. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Hydroxyapatite (HA) was plasma sprayed onto titanium alloy substrates. One set of samples had a crystalline content of 25%, the other set, 30%. The coatings were then subjected to CO2 laser treatments at different power levels and scanning rates while surface temperatures ware monitored with a pyrometer. XRD analysis verified the crystallinity of HA and the content of amorphous calcium phosphate as well as foreign phases. Optical microscopy revealed the microstructure and depth of the laser modified zone.
Study on Underwater Thermal Spraying
Authors: Minami N. , Hongawa T. , Nojiri Y. , Nishida M. , Araki T. , Katsumura M. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The objective of this study is to develop viable surface-treatment technologies for offshore and underwater structures. The study focused on cavity formation, which is a prerequisite to underwater plasma spraying using a fluid-stabilized local dry-wet method. Factors affecting cavity formation that were investigated in the study include slit angles on protection tubes, jet velocity of water curtains, and clearances between protection tubes and plate surfaces. All plasma-sprayed coatings formed underwater were made with pure Ti wire and then assessed to determine the influence of various factors on cavity formation. Macroscopic examination of the coatings revealed neither cracks nor peelings. X-ray analysis confirmed that coatings consisted mostly of Ti phase.
Practical Experiences with a New Portable HVOF Spraying and Cutting System
Authors: Voronetsky A.V. , Jagodnikov D.A. , Filimonov L.A. , Suchkov S.A. , Shirjaeva N.V. , Elisseev A.A. , Boronin E.V. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Current HVOF systems available on the world market are relatively complicated to operate and expensive. At the Bauman State Technical University in Moscow (BMSTU) a new portable HVOF spraying and cutting system MiniJet-30 has been developed. This rugged system offers the ease of operation of conventional gas welding equipment and produces high quality HVOF coatings. In this paper, the results of numerical simulation calculations of supersonic gas/powder flows, with and without a particle mask, are presented and compared with experimental outcomes. Additionally, typical HVOF coatings were sprayed and evaluated for bond strength, porosity, microhardness, abrasive wear, and phase composition (OM, XRD). The results are compared to those of other HVOF systems. Lastly, the cutting efficiencies for stainless steel, cast iron, and non-ferrous metals are discussed.
The High-Velocity Plasma Spraying
Authors: Klubnikin V.S. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This paper summarizes the results of several studies on the velocity of powder particles during plasma spraying. It presents and compares experimental data collected by numerous authors for a wide range of materials. An analysis of the data shows how plasma jets are affected by stream velocity, process parameters, and the density and size of powder particles. It also sheds light on the maximum velocity that particles can attain in different plasma streams.
Supersonic Induction Plasma Spraying of Yttria Stabilised Zirconia Films
Authors: Mailhot K. , Gitzhofer F. , Boulos M.I. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In this paper, supersonic RF induction plasma deposition of Yttria Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) has been developed in order to produce dense solid electrolyte membranes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC). Different RF induction plasma torch configurations were tested. The results show that high density layers could be obtained using a supersonic Laval nozzle integrated on a standard torch. 50 to 100 um YSZ coatings with porosity of near 1% could be obtained using this technique at relatively high deposition rates (10g/min.). Attention has been given to the thin coating porosity measurement by using a proper calibration and back scattered electron micrographs of the deposit cross-section coupled with image analysis. Absolute porosity has been measured by using this technique described in another paper of the same conference.
An Improvement of Cr3C2-NiCr Sprayed Coatings Followed by Chromium Diffusion Treatment
Authors: Takeuchi J. , Murata Y. , Harada Y. , Tomita T. , Nakahama S. , Go T. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A hybrid technique that combines plasma spraying and metal diffusion treatment was developed to improve the density, hardness, and adhesion of carbide cermet coatings. In this study, which was conducted to assess the process, Cr3C2-NiCr was deposited on stainless steel substrates by atmospheric plasma spraying. The test specimens were then embedded in a powder mixture of chromium, alumina, and ammonium chloride and diffusion treated. Cross-sectional SEM imaging, X-ray diffraction, and microhardness testing found the resulting surface layer to be extremely dense with outstanding hardness and exceptional bonding strength.
Characterisation of Molybdenum Coatings by a Newly Developed Flame Spray Process
Authors: Calla E. , Modi S.C. , Niku-Lari A. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This paper assesses the performance of a supersonic flame spraying gun along with the quality of molybdenum coatings produced with it. The hardness of the wire sprayed molybdenum was compared to coatings made using conventional flame spraying methods. The coatings were also evaluated for porosity, bond strength, and phase distribution by X-ray diffraction. The results indicate that the supersonic gun performs better than conventional flame spray equipment when depositing refractory metals such as molybdenum.
A New Arc Spray System to Spray High Density, Low Oxide Coatings
Authors: Unger R.H. , Belashchenko V.E. , Kratochvil W.R. , Dunkerley J.P. , Sedov V. , Smith E.A. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A new arc spray system has been designed which produces coatings with very high density and low oxide content. Advantages of the new process are illustrated by a comparison of coating properties sprayed by a conventional arc process and the new system for various metals.
The Effect of Bond Coat Creep on Residual Stresses and Debonding in Plasma Sprayed Thermal Barrier Systems
Authors: Tsui Y.C. , Thompson J.A. , Clyne T.W. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Test pieces were machined from vacuum plasma sprayed (VPS) deposits of the bond coat materials Ni-22Cr-10Al-1Y and Co-32Ni-21Cr-8Al-0.5Y. Changes in gauge length at high temperatures under various applied stresses were measured using a scanning laser extensometer. In this way, isothermal creep data and, using no applied load, expansivity data were obtained. The CoNiCrAlY creeps faster than the NiCrAlY at low stresses, but the reverse is true at high stresses. The CoNiCrAlY has an appreciably higher expansivity than the NiCrAlY. These data were used in a numerical process model to evaluate the effect of bond coat creep on the stress state of a TBC system. Comparisons between measured and predicted curvature histories during deposition were used to evaluate the quenching stress for the two materials. This is considerably higher for the CoNiCrAlY. Although creep generally results in reduced stress levels at service temperatures, it can generate residual stresses which are raised after cooling down to ambient temperature, particularly for the CoNiCrAlY. Evaluation of the strain energy release rates associated with various stress distributions, and comparison with measured interfacial fracture energy values, confirmed that debonding will tend to occur at the top coat / bond coat interface, rather than between the bond coat and the substrate. However, bond coat spallation is more likely with CoNiCrAlY than with NiCrAlY.
Comparison of Thermal Cycling Experiments on Thick Thermal Barrier Coatings
Authors: Haubold T. , Wigren J. , Gualco C. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In the Brite Euram Project COMBCOAT Thermal Barrier Coatings for improved thermal protection with a thickness up to 2 mm have been developed for combustor applications. As a typical experiment to evaluate the quality of the coatings, life cycles to spallation by means of thermal cycling tests have been determined at ANSALDO Ricerche, BMW Rolls- Royce and Volvo Aero Corporation. To ensure that the ranking on the different cycling experiments are equivalent and to compare cycles to spallation reached in the different rigs, a comparison of 6 different coatings, highly porous as well as segmented ones, has been performed on the three different rigs. Results of the different tests demonstrated that a direct comparison of the result is not possible. The ranking and the number of cycles to spallation have been inconsistent for different specimen and rigs. Detailed simulation of experiments need to be performed to understand the differences between results.
Vacuum Plasma Sprayed ZrO2-Based Thermal Barrier Coatings for Aerospace Applications
Authors: Brzezinski T. , Cavasin A. , Grenier S. , Kharlanova E. , Kim G. , Tsantrizos P. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Zirconia-based thermal barrier coatings (TBCs), produced using Vacuum Plasma Spray (VPS) technology, were recently subjected to burner rig testing. The VPS TBC performance was compared to TBCs deposited using conventional Atmospheric Plasma Sprayed (APS) and Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition (EB-PVD) techniques. All of the coatings consisted of an MCrAlY bond coat and a partially stabilized ZrO2-8%Y2O3 (PSZ) top coat. The TBC coated pins (6.35 mm in diameter) were tested using gas temperatures ranging from 110CC to 1500°C. The pins were tested to failure under severe conditions (1500°C gas temperature, with no internal cooling). The initial testing indicated that under typical operating gas temperatures (1400°C), the VPS TBC performance was comparable, if not superior, to conventional TBCs. Following the encouraging results, thick composite TBCs, produced in a single-step operation, were investigated. Preliminary work on ZrO2-8% Y2O3/Ca2SiO4 composite TBCs with interlayer grading included thermal shock testing and temperature drop measurements across the TBC. The composite TBC thicknesses ranged from 850µm to 1.8 mm. Initial results indicate that thick adherent composite TBCs, with high resistance to severe thermal shock, can be produced in a single step using the VPS process.
Properties of Functionally Graded Zirconia Coating by Gas Tunnel Type Plasma Spraying
Authors: Kobayashi A. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The one problem of zirconia (ZrO2) coatings is control of the porosity, because the functionality of wear resistance, corrosion resistance, and so on are required for their application in the extreme environment. In this study, a high hardness and dense ZrO2 coatings is formed by a gas tunnel type plasma spraying under the condition of a short spraying distance. The properties of this ZrO2 coating formed are investigated about coating qualities, such as Vickers hardness characteristics, wear characteristic, etc. The graded functionality of this coating is clarified by the coating qualities.