bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An echocardiographic study of breed‐specific reference ranges in healthy French Bulldogs
Authors: Vurucu Murat , Ekinci Gencay , Gunes Vehbi 
Published: June 2021

AbstractEchocardiography is a standard diagnostic tool for assessment of cardiac functions and cardiovascular diseases in dogs, however published echocardiographic measurements have varied widely based on dog breeds. The objective of this prospective reference interval study was to provide breed‐specific echocardiographic values for healthy French Bulldogs. A total of 42 healthy French Bulldogs of both sexes (23 females and 19 males) were sampled. Furthermore, measurements for a control group (n = 16) were also conducted in four other dog breeds (Cocker Spaniel [n = 2], Cavalier King Charles Spaniel [n = 4], Terrier [n = 5], and Crossbreed [n = 5]). Standard M‐mode, two‐dimensional (2D), pulse wave (PW) Doppler, and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) echocardiographic measurements were obtained from healthy French Bulldogs. The M‐mode echocardiographic data obtained from French Bulldogs were compared to the data obtained from the control group. The left ventricular internal dimension at end‐diastole (LVIDd; cm)/body surface area (BSA) (m2) ratio for the study group was 3.35/0.53 = 6.32. Left ventricular measurements for French bulldogs and internal dimension at end‐systole (21.23 ± 3.50 mm) and at end‐diastole (33.50 ± 4.12 mm) were found to be significantly higher (P < .001) compared to control group values (left ventricular internal dimension at end‐systole [LVIDs]; 17.46 ± 2.85 mm, LVIDd; 27.16 ± 4.20 mm, respectively). A significantly positive correlation in the French Bulldog group was noted between body weight and M‐mode measurements (EPSS, IVSd, IVSs, LVIDd, LVIDs, and LVPWd). French bulldogs had a greater systolic and diastolic left ventricular volume than the control group. As a result, values reported in this study could be used as specific reference ranges in French Bulldogs.
Response of Beams and Plates to Random Loads
Authors: Eringen A. C. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
With the use of generalized harmonic analysis the problem of vibrating damped beams and plates under stochastic loading is solved. The resulting equations give the cross-correlation functions for displacements, stresses, moments, and so on, in terms of the cross-correlation function of external pressure. Mean square values of these functions are special cases of these results. Using a method due to Rice, we also calculate the probable number of times per unit time the random displacements or stresses will exceed a given value. The case of simply supported bars, cantilever bars, clamped circular plates, and simply supported rectangular plates are worked out in detail.
Some New Data on High-Speed Impact Phenomena
Authors: Huth J. H. , Thompson J. S. , Van Valkenburg M. E. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a summary of some recent experimental work aimed at evaluating the role of various physical parameters in high-speed impact phenomena. It is shown that penetration into thick targets by projectiles of the same material, for certain common metals, can be expressed approximately through a single relationship of the form (p/d) = 2.5(V/c)1.4 in a range of about 0.1 ≤ (V/c) ≤ 1.0. Here p represents penetration (crater depth) measured from the initial target surface, d a characteristic dimension of the projectile, and V the impact velocity. c is the “sonic” velocity in the projectile and target material as expressed by the formula c = E / ρ , where E is Young’s modulus and ρ the density. Experimental results are given for steel, aluminum, brass, lead, magnesium, and a magnesium-lithium alloy.
A New Method for the Construction of Hencky-Prandtl Nets
Authors: Thomsen E. G. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
A graphical method for the rapid construction of Hencky-Prandtl nets has been developed. The principle employed has been stated in a theorem. It is shown that the method may be used for nets on both the physical plane and on the velocity plane or hodograph. The use is illustrated by examples.
A Mixed Boundary-Value Problem of Elasticity With Parabolic Boundary
Authors: Paria Gunadhar 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The problem of finding the stress distribution in a two-dimensional elastic body with parabolic boundary, subject to mixed boundary conditions, has been reduced to the solution of the nonhomogeneous Hilbert problem following the method of complex variable. The result has been compared with that for a straight boundary.
Min-Max Solutions for the Linear Mass-Spring System
Authors: Sevin Eugene 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Absolute upper and lower bounds have been determined for the maximum displacement of an undamped linear mass-spring system acted on by a non-negative forcing function characterized only by total impulse and duration. The upper bound is shown to result from applying the total impulse to the mass as an initial blow. The lower bound is shown to depend upon the ratio of load duration to natural period of the system, and this response results from a forcing function consisting of an initial and final impulse and an intermediate constant force. In the latter case, for sufficiently short durations, the forcing function reduces simply to equal initial and final impulses.
Reflection of Dilatational Waves at the Edge of a Plate
Authors: Kane T. R. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The reflection of straight-crested dilatational waves at the edge of a semi-inflnite plate is studied in terms of a two-dimensional plate theory and in terms of the theory of generalized plane stress. It is found that, in general, a dilatational wave propagated toward the edge at an arbitrary angle of incidence gives rise to three reflected waves; namely, two dilatational waves and a shear wave. A number of special cases are investigated in detail.
An Improvement of the Holzer Table Based on a Suggestion of Rayleigh’s
Authors: Crandall S. H. , Strang W. G. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The calculation of torsional natural frequencies is considerably facilitated by a simple auxiliary computation used in conjunction with the well-known Holzer table. The procedure is described and illustrated and several practical suggestions are given. In many cases the total computation time can be cut in half by adopting this method. Mathematical justification for the process is given in the Appendix.
The Response of Mechanical Systems to Random Excitation
Authors: Thomson W. T. , Barton M. V. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Mechanical systems are not always excited by a harmonic force of fixed frequency and amplitude. Often the excitation input is of random nature, and the response of the system displays no orderly trends. Instantaneous values and phase are meaningless in such cases, and the problem must be treated statistically. It is the purpose of this paper to outline such an approach as related to the dynamic response of structures.
A Theory of Adhesive Scarf Joints
Authors: Lubkin J. L. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This paper establishes conditions under which a wide or narrow adhesive scarf joint can have uniformly distributed adhesive stresses, and gives formulas for these stresses. The results are rigorously limited to linear adhesive stress-strain relations, but are such that they sometimes may be applicable in analyzing scarf-joint tests to destruction, even when appreciable inelastic deformation occurs. Previously published test data are found to have one of the failure-load variations with scarf angle to be considered in this paper. The analysis therefore should prove useful in design work within the elastic limit, and in some cases beyond it.
General Instability of a Ring-Stiffened, Circular Cylindrical Shell Under Hydrostatic Pressure
Authors: Bodner S. R. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The general instability load of a ring-stiffened, circular cylindrical shell under hydrostatic pressure is determined by analyzing an equivalent orthotropic shell. A set of differential equations for the stability of an orthotropic shell is derived and solved for the case of a shell with simple end supports. The solution is presented in terms of parameters of the ring-stiffened, isotropic shell, and a relatively simple expression for the general instability load is obtained. Some numerical examples and graphs of results are presented. In addition, an energy-method solution to the problem is outlined, and the energy and displacement functions that could be used in carrying out a Rayleigh-Ritz approximation are indicated.
On Radial Deflections of a Cylinder Subjected to Equal and Opposite Concentrated Radial Loads: Infinitely Long Cylinder and Finite-Length Cylinder With Simply Supported Ends
Authors: Yuan S. W. , Ting L. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The radial deformations of a thin-walled circular cylindrical shell subjected to a pair of equal and opposite concentrated radial loads were obtained in (1) for the cases of infinitely long cylinders and cylinders of finite length simply supported at the ends. Based on the mathematical method given in (1) this problem is reexamined in the present paper by using Flügge’s equations (2, 3). It is found that the results obtained in (1) are quite satisfactory for short-length cylinders (L/α ≤ 10) with simply supported ends but not satisfactory for infinitely long cylinders.
Unsteady Flow of Gas Through a Semi-Infinite Porous Medium
Authors: Kidder R. E. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This paper presents an analytic solution to a problem of the transient flow of gas within a one-dimensional semi-infinite porous medium. A perturbation method, carried out to include terms of the second order, is employed to obtain a solution of the nonlinear partial differential equation describing the flow of gas. The zero-order term of the solution represents the solution of the linearized partial differential equation of gas flow in porous media given by Green and Wilts (1).
Stresses in a Perforated Strip
Authors: Ling Chih-Bing 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This paper presents an analytic solution of the classical problem dealing with the stresses in an infinite strip having an unsymmetrically located perforating hole. The solution is applicable to any stress system acting in the strip, which is symmetrical with respect to the line of symmetry of the strip. The required stress function is constructed by using four series of biharmonic functions and a bihamonic integral. The four series of biharmonic functions are formed from a class of periodic harmonic functions specially constructed for the purpose. The solution can be regarded as a complete solution of the problem in the sense that, unlike the previous solutions by Howland, Stevenson, and Knight for a symmetrically perforated strip, it is valid in the entire strip. Numerical examples are given for the fundamental cases of longitudinal tension and transverse bending.
Finite Twisting and Bending of Thin Rectangular Elastic Plates
Authors: Reissner Eric 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
An exact solution is obtained of the nonlinear equations for finite deflections of thin elastic plates, for a rectangular plate acted upon by twisting moments T and bending moments M simultaneously applied to two opposite edges of the plate. The principal results of the paper are relations between the moments T and M, on the one hand, and the angle of twist per unit of length θ, and the curvature k of the plate, on the other hand. These relations which are of the form T = T(θ, k) and M = M(θ, k) generalize previously known relations for the special cases for which either k = 0 or θ = 0. A numerical evaluation of the functions T(θ, k) and M(θ, k) reveals the existence of a characteristic jump phenomenon.
Deformation of Elastic Paraboloidal Shells of Revolution
Authors: De Silva C. Nevin 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The present paper, using the contributions to the theory of shells of revolution given recently by Naghdi (1), is concerned with the axisymmetric problem of thin elastic paraboloidal shells of revolution which includes the effect of transverse-shear deformation. Following the general scheme given in (1), an asymptotic solution is obtained for paraboloidal shells of uniform thickness and is valid at the apex of the shell. In the limit, these results reduce to the predictions of the classical theory of H. Reissner-Meissner. Solutions are given by both theories for a specific example, namely, a second-degree paraboloidal shell loaded uniformly over a small region about the apex when the open edge is clamped.
The Specific Damping Energy of Fixed-Fixed Beam Specimens
Authors: Hagel W. C. , Clark J. W. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The internal-damping effects of varying composition, heat-treatment, cold work, magnetic-field strength, stress history, and static tension stress have been studied at room temperature using fixed-fixed beam specimens supported in a new bending vibration-decay apparatus. Experimental logarithmic decrements are converted to specific damping energies by a straightforward numerical method; such information is needed to extend a fundamental understanding of the physical nature of damping and to provide useful engineering-design data. Changing hardness from 225 to 388 Bhn was found to cause a wider variation in AISI 403 specimen damping than the application of a static tension stress or d-c magnetic field. Even at relatively low vibration stresses, considerable energy dissipation originates from microscopic plastic flow in soft materials.
On the Plane Plastic Flow of an Inset Block
Authors: Ross E. W. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The yield-point pressure is found for the plane-flow problem of a rectangular metal block, set into a rough entrenchment and squashed from above by a flat, smooth die. The pressure is a function of both the block width and depth, and for large ratios of width/depth approaches the linear pressure variation associated with the Prandtl (cycloidal) stress distribution.
Influence of Width on Velocities of Long Waves in Plates
Authors: Gazis D. C. , Mindlin R. D. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This paper contains a discussion of the velocities of propagation of long flexural and extensional waves in a plate or bar in the transition region between the states of generalized plane stress and plane strain; i.e., for arbitrary width-thickness ratios (h/a) of rectangular sections. The investigations are carried out mathematically on the basis of approximate equations of motion. It is found that, for flexural waves, as h/a increases from zero, the velocity remains close to that for generalized plane stress until quite large values of h/a are reached, after which the velocity rises asymptotically toward that for plane strain. For extensional waves the velocity is slightly smaller than that for generalized plane stress for all h/a &gt; 0.
Cylindrical Shells Under Line Load
Authors: Cooper R. M. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The problem of a line load along a segment of a generator of a simply supported circular cylindrical shell is treated using shallow cylindrical shell equations which include the effect of transverse-shear deformation. The line load is first treated as a sinusoidally-varying edge load over the length of the shell, with boundary conditions prescribed along the loaded generator such that the continuity of the shell is maintained. The solution for the problem of a uniform line load over a segment of a generator is obtained from the preceding solution, using the principle of superposition. By means of a numerical example it is shown that the results predicted by the Donnell equations for the stresses are in excellent agreement with those obtained from the system of equations employed here. However, the radial displacement predicted by the Donnell equations is in error by as much as 20 per cent in the range of shell geometry considered.
Behavior of Cylinders With Initial Shell Deflection
Authors: Lunchick M. E. , Short R. D. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Evidence is presented which indicates that, for stiffened cylinders fabricated by welding, initial deflections exist for the shell between frames. The initial deflections of the shell of a stiffened cylinder were measured and found to be approximated closely by a second-degree curve. Using the mathematical expression for the initial deflection curve, a theoretical analysis was made for a cylinder subjected to external hydrostatic pressure, resulting in expressions for the additional deflections and stresses caused by the initial deflection of the shell. Since the initial deflections of the shell for internally and externally framed cylinders were found to be of opposite sign, the theory is offered as a possible explanation of the observed differences in behavior between internally and externally framed cylinders.
Post-Test Analyses of the CMMR-4 Test
Authors: Yamashita Takuya , Madokoro Hiroshi , Sato Ikken 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Understanding the final distribution of core materials and their characteristics is important for decommissioning the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (1F). Such characteristics depend on the accident progression in each unit. However, boiling water reactor (BWR) accident progression involves great uncertainty. This uncertainty, which was clarified by MAAP-MELCOR crosswalk, cannot be resolved with existing knowledge and was thus addressed in this work through core material melting and relocation (CMMR) tests. For the test bundle, ZrO2 pellets were installed instead of UO2 pellets. A plasma heating system was used for the tests. In the CMMR-4 test, useful information was obtained on the core state just before slumping. The presence of macroscopic gas permeability of the core approaching ceramic fuel melting was confirmed, and the fuel columns remained standing, suggesting that the collapse of fuel columns, which is likely in the reactor condition, would not allow effective relocation of the hottest fuel away from the bottom of the core. This information will help us comprehend core degradation in boiling water reactors, similar to those in 1F. In addition, useful information on abrasive water suspension jet (AWSJ) cutting for debris-containing boride was obtained in the process of dismantling the test bundle. When the mixing debris that contains oxide, metal, and boride material is cut, AWSJ may be repelled by the boride in the debris, which may cut unexpected parts, thus generating a large amount of waste in cutting the boride part in the targeted debris. This information will help the decommissioning of 1F.
Energy Expenditure of Level Overground Walking in Young Adults: Comparison With Prediction Equations
Authors: Xue Jingjing , Li Shuo , Wen Rou , Hong Ping 
Published: June 2021

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the accuracy of the published prediction equations for determining level overground walking energy cost in young adults. Methods: In total, 148 healthy young adults volunteered to participate in this study. Resting metabolic rate and energy expenditure variables at speeds of 4, 5, and 6 km/h were measured by indirect calorimetry, walking energy expenditure was estimated by 3 published equations. Results: The gross and net metabolic rate per mile of level overground walking increased with increased speed (all P < .01). Females were less economical than males. The present findings revealed that the American College of Sports Medicine and Pandolf et al equations significantly underestimated the energy cost of overground walking at all speeds (all P < .01) in young adults. The percentage mean bias for American College of Sports Medicine, Pandolf et al, and Weyand et al was 12.4%, 16.8%, 1.4% (4 km/h); 21.6%, 15.8%, 7.1% (5 km/h); and 27.6%, 12%, 6.6% (6 km/h). Bland–Altman plots and prediction error analysis showed that the Weyand et al was the most accurate in 3 existing equations. Conclusions: The Weyand et al equation appears to be the most suitable for the prediction of overground walking energy expenditure in young adults.
Progradational slope architecture and sediment distribution in outcrops of the mixed carbonate-siliciclastic Bone Spring Formation, Permian Basin, west Texas
Authors: Walker Wylie , Jobe Zane R. , Sarg J.F. , Wood Lesli 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSediment transport and distribution are the keys to understanding slope-building processes in mixed carbonate-siliciclastic sediment routing systems. The Permian Bone Spring Formation, Delaware Basin, west Texas, is such a mixed system and has been extensively studied in its distal (basinal) extent but is poorly constrained in its proximal upper-slope segment. Here, we define the stratigraphic architecture of proximal outcrops in Guadalupe Mountains National Park in order to delineate the shelf-slope dynamics of carbonate and siliciclastic sediment distribution and delivery to the basin. Upper-slope deposits are predominantly fine-grained carbonate lithologies, interbedded at various scales with terrigenous (i.e., siliciclastic and clay) hemipelagic and gravity-flow deposits. We identify ten slope-building clinothems varying from terrigenous-rich to carbonate-rich and truncated by slope detachment surfaces that record large-scale mass wasting of the shelf margin. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) data indicate that slope detachment surfaces contain elevated proportions of terrigenous sediment, suggesting that failure is triggered by changes in accommodation or sediment supply at the shelf margin. A well-exposed terrigenous-rich clinothem, identified here as the 1st Bone Spring Sand, provides evidence that carbonate and terrigenous sediments were deposited contemporaneously, suggesting that both autogenic and allogenic processes influenced sediment accumulation. The mixing of lithologies at multiple scales and the prevalence of mass wasting acted as primary controls on the stacking patterns of terrigenous and carbonate lithologies of the Bone Spring Formation, not only on the shelf margin and upper slope, but also in the distal, basinal deposits of the Delaware Basin.
Introduction: Active Margins in Transition—Magmatism and Tectonics through Time: An Issue in Honor of Arthur W. Snoke
Authors: McGrew Allen J. , Schwartz Joshua J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The evolution of active margins through time is the record of plate tectonics as inscribed on the continents. This themed issue honors the eclectic contributions of Arthur W. Snoke (Fig. 1) to the study of active margins with a series of papers that amply demonstrate the broad scope of active margin tectonics and the diverse methods that tectonic geologists employ to decipher their histories. Taken together, this set of papers illustrates the diversity of boundary conditions that guide the development of active margins and the key parameters that regulate their evolution in time and space.