bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Metacinematic Spectrum
Authors: Stewart Garrett 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Metacinematic moments in screen narrative regularly turn attention back toward film’s point of material origination—from story to the conditions of its technical mediation—without turning their back either on the plot or its cultural surround. This double slant of the screen story, both back toward medial operations and outward toward some thematic interface with its social setting, is what this chapter sets out to discriminate in its “technique\text/context” articulation. Revisiting moments of medial self-acknowledgment in films from Citizen Kane through Apocalypse Now to Blade Runner 2049 prepares terms for assessing a late installment in one of Hollywood’s ongoing CGI franchise blockbusters, Marvel’s Spiderman: Far from Home (2040). In that sci-fi plot both digital technique and context implode upon the developing narrative text in the irony of an international political deception perpetrated by Hollywood-schooled VFX (visual special effects) when deployed, not on some inset screen, but in real metropolitan space.
8½
Authors: Landy Joshua 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
What is the point of self-reflexivity? What is the value of artworks that, like Federico Fellini’s 8½, deliberately reveal their own fictionality? Some think reflexivity has no value at all, being just a symptom of modern skepticism; others that it is designed merely to inform us of something; a third group, more compellingly, that it does something for the writer, allowing her to take a distance from her own beliefs; and a fourth, even more interestingly, that it opens a space for pathos in an otherwise cynical world. Drawing on empirical psychology, this chapter suggests a fifth possibility: that reflexivity can help readers and viewers fine-tune a mental capacity, the capacity to hold two conflicting attitudes at the same time. It gives us practice at doubting what we believe and believing what we doubt, and by so doing it provides us with a cognitive workout, making us better at sustaining illusions we know to be false. What if the ideal is as much truth as one can stand, coupled with a handful of necessary illusions, at the same time as an awareness that they are exactly that? If so, we’d better start watching some movies like 8½.
Fight Club
Authors: Bernstein J. M. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
At the very beginning of Fight Club, the Platonic critique of art and everyday life is echoed when the nameless protagonist, the Edward Norton character, says that with insomnia “nothing’s real. Everything’s far away. Everything’s a copy of a copy of a copy.” With that clear invitation, this chapter argues that Fincher intends a conversation with the Platonic critique of appearances. Fight clubs—in their retreat from the world and providing for meaningless but intense feeling—are to be understood as allegories of works of art in a consumer society that enable temporary release from it through pain induced enlivenment. Fight Club goes on to track how a political aesthetic can topple into fascist aestheticized politics. Finally, enlisting T. W. Adorno’s “Freudian Theory and the Pattern of Fascist Propaganda,” the chapter argues that the bond between the charismatic Tyler Durden / Brad Pitt character and his fascist followers is deeply akin to that between Donald Trump and his followers.
Philosophy and the Moving Image
Authors: Carroll Noël 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Philosophy and the Moving image is a collection of articles by Noël Carroll involving many of the ways in which the moving image – including cinema, television, video, and computer generated imagery – can intersect with philosophy. These intersections can include discussions of movies that do philosophy outright, and movies that illustrate philosophical themes as well as discussions various philosophical issues that moving-image practices can provoke. The book shows that movies make contact with many of the established branches of philosophy, including metaphysics, epistemology, philosophical psychology, ethics, political philosophy, and the philosophy of the arts, specifically music and dance. The book also includes essays on the history of the philosophy of motion pictures, discussing the work of Balász, Eisenstein, Cavell, and Danto.
Moral Change
Authors: Carroll Noël 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter engages the question of how fictions can change the moral feelings of spectators. Fictions, of course, can activate and reinforce existing emotions. But given that function, how can they also change sentiments, especially moral sentiments? This chapter attempts to partially answer that question by explaining how imagery of the family can be a powerful rhetorical lever for altering affective commitments. The novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin and the movie Philadelphia are introduced as primary examples of this process.
Rough Heroes
Authors: Carroll Noël 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This essay is a response to Anne Eaton’s case for the position in the ethics of narrative fiction known as “immoralism,” or as she calls it “Robust Immoralism.” Her examples in behalf of immoralism include the cultivation of positive attitudes on the part of the audience toward characters like Tony Soprano in the television series The Sopranos. In contrast to Eaton, the author argues that the case for “rough heroes” is based on what he calls “the narrative fallacy” and that currying sympathy for rough heroes is not, pace Eaton, a very challenging artistic feat.
Everyday Racism and Rudeness
Authors: Bock Mary Angela 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter studies the way video serves as an indexical, albeit imperfect, discursive affordance to support complaints about everyday racism and rudeness. Smartphone video and social networks enable the production of video clips designed to shame apparently entitled or racist individuals who’ve come to be nicknamed “Karens” or “Kens” when they complain to police about barbecue grills, water stand hawking, or fellow park users who’ve asked them to leash their dog. An analysis of some of the most widely shared videos finds that in addition to their indexical affordance, such clips also present compelling phenomenological information: tone of voice, facial expression, and body language. Further, as they travel without gates through social media, such clips can be recontextualized in mistaken or even misleading ways, as with the episode involving private school student Nick Sandmann on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in 2019, which highlights the limits of video’s epistemology.
Science Denial
Authors: Sinatra Gale , Hofer Barbara 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
How do individuals decide whether to accept human causes of climate change, vaccinate their children against childhood diseases, or practice social distancing during a pandemic? Democracies depend on educated citizens who can make informed decisions for the benefit of their health and well-being, as well as their communities, nations, and planet. Understanding key psychological explanations for science denial and doubt can help provide a means for improving scientific literacy and understanding—critically important at a time when denial has become deadly. In Science Denial: Why It Happens and What to Do About It, the authors identify the problem and why it matters and offer tools for addressing it. This book explains both the importance of science education and its limitations, shows how science communicators may inadvertently contribute to the problem, and explains how the internet and social media foster misinformation and disinformation. The authors focus on key psychological constructs such as reasoning biases, social identity, epistemic cognition, and emotions and attitudes that limit or facilitate public understanding of science, and describe solutions for individuals, educators, science communicators, and policy makers. If you have ever wondered why science denial exists, want to know how to understand your own biases and those of others, and would like to address the problem, this book will provide the insights you are seeking.
What Motivates People to Question Science?
Authors: Sinatra Gale M. , Hofer Barbara K. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
From the safety of eating genetically modified organisms to whether mask-wearing reduces the spread of infectious diseases like COVID-19, battle lines are drawn around scientific issues once resolved outside of politics. Positions reflect less about familiarity with the scientific topic than they do about core beliefs and worldviews, leading to what psychologists call a motivated view of science. In Chapter 6, “What Motivates People to Question Science?,” the authors explain that even when individuals attempt to be rational and make decisions justified with evidence, motivations can bias their reasoning. Forming one’s views on science through the prism of social groups is also problematic. The notion that junk science is whatever is inconsistent with your social group’s preferences reinforces a negative perception that science, as a whole, is untrustworthy. The authors explain that when individuals crowdsource their views on science by polling their social group, rather than evaluating science claims on their own merit, they do not always make scientifically sound decisions. The chapter provides suggestions for what individuals can do to avoid motivated views of science and what science communicators can do to convey science to a skeptical audience.
Believing Miracles in 10th–11th Century Baghdad
Authors: Lamprakis Alexander 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Arguments from miracles have already received significant attention in the field of Islamic philosophy and theology. However, it is not yet clear how contemporary Christian authors thought about miracles, particularly whether and under which circumstances miracles can serve as a valid source of epistemic justification. This paper aims at shedding light on the epistemology of miracles of four Christian authors belonging to the 10th–11th century network of philosophers commonly known as the ‘Baghdad School.’ The author argues that this debate is characterized by encounters with positions held among kalām theologians, and an increasing disengagement from the Christian apologetic tradition in favor of an assessment of miracles in philosophical terms.
Thirteenth-Century Aristotelian Logic
Authors: Mora-Márquez Ana María 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The aims of this paper are to show (i) that thirteenth-century Aristotelian logic (AL-13) is a logical tradition that considers Aristotelian logic (AL: the logical curriculum at the University of Paris, that is, Porphyry’s Isagoge, Aristotle’s Organon, Boethius’s De divisione and De topicis differentiis, and the anonymous Sex principia) as a system that is organized around the syllogistic argument; and (ii) that AL-13 can be characterized as the study of scientific method, of which formal analyses are a part but by no means the crucial one. I give a diachronic account of AL-13, with its continuities and ruptures, by looking at the general accounts of AL by Nicholas of Paris (1230s), Albert the Great (1250s), and Radulphus Brito (1290s).
Methodological considerations
Authors: Schabas William A. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractEvidence for the existence of customary law is compiled, using the rights in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as a template. The pattern of treaty ratification is examined along with materials from the Universal Periodic Review, especially concerning States that are not parties to relevant treaties. The list is supplemented with rights omitted from the Declaration, such as the rights of minorities and indigenous peoples, as well as with so-called peoples’ rights, to development, peace, and self-determination. Particular attention is directed to the customary nature of economic, social, and cultural rights.
Fundamental freedoms
Authors: Schabas William A. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractFundamental freedoms is an allusion to Roosevelt’s ‘four freedoms’, although they now tend to be associated with those that fall under civil and political rights: freedom of expression, freedom of religion, freedom of peaceful assembly, and freedom of association. They have a degree of relativity, being subject to restrictions or limitations dictated by certain criteria including public morals and the rights of others. They have important links to political democracy, the rights of labour and trade unions, and minority rights. Other rights that may be labelled ‘fundamental freedoms’ are the right to private and family life, the right to marry and to found a family, mobility rights, nationality and the right to property.
Economic, social, and cultural rights
Authors: Schabas William A. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe subject of economic, social, and cultural rights has been greatly neglected. The evidence establishing customary legal norms in the area of economic, social, and cultural rights is very compelling and often as convincing, if not more so, as in the case of civil and political rights. Included in this category are the right to social security, to work, and the right to an adequate standard of living encompassing such necessities as food, clothing, housing, health and medical care, and water and sanitation. The right to education is also fundamental, with complex issues such as the role of parental choice in education. Education is not only an entitlement, it is also an obligation upon parents and children. Cultural rights are often associated with rights of minorities but their scope is much broader and more general, and includes the right to enjoy the arts and to benefit from scientific progress.
Introduction
Authors: Morrison Benedict 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This introduction explores—and questions—how art cinema’s enigmatic characterization and unconventional forms have often been interpreted as a series of puzzles to which criticism can provide the answers. Since David Bordwell’s seminal 1979 essay, one of the core approaches to explaining and resolving art cinema’s challenges has been through the logic that complex character explains complex form. This logic has resulted in reductive critical statements that have dismissed the intricate achievements of untidy form, sweeping them aside with the statement that disturbed form is simply the articulation of disturbed character. This introductory chapter argues that art cinema is eccentric, and that character-centric criticism overlooks the aesthetic and political challenges of complicatedly articulated form. The introduction interrogates the critic’s theological role in resolving art cinema’s fascinating complexities and offers a new ethics of criticism which acknowledges more fully the discrete achievements of characterization and form.
The Moral Status of Conscious Subjects
Authors: Shepherd Joshua 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Any account of moral status faces three difficulties simultaneously. The first is the grounding difficulty—how to account for the grounds of moral status. The second is the mapping difficulty—how to map the grounds to the moral reasons for action associated with the possession of (some level of) moral status. The third is the cases difficulty—how to navigate the grounds and mapping difficulties without running afoul of strong intuitions about a wide range of problem cases. One cannot navigate these difficulties perfectly. But this chapter argues that a coherent and relatively compelling view can be had by grounding moral status in aspects of a subject’s conscious mental life, by mapping the grounds to moral reasons in terms of respect for conscious subjects, and by taking the problem cases one by one.
Toward a Theory of Moral Status Inclusive of Nonhuman Animals
Authors: Faden Ruth R. , Beauchamp Tom L. , Mathews Debra J. H. , Regenberg Alan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues for a need for a theory of moral status that can help to provide solutions to practical problems in public policy that take account of the interests of diverse nonhuman animals. To illustrate this need, the chapter briefly describes two contemporary problems, one in science policy and one in food and climate policy. The first section provides a sketch of a way to think about a tiered or hierarchical theory of moral status that could be fit for such work. The second section considers in some depth the problem of human–nonhuman chimeras. This example is used to illustrate how a hierarchical theory of moral status should prove helpful in framing policy responses to this problem.
Chimeras, Superchimps, and Post-persons
Authors: Chan Sarah 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In the world of contemporary biotechnology, our thinking about species and moral status is being challenged in new ways. First, the creation of interspecies chimeras, in disrupting the human/non-human species boundary, forces us also to go beyond species boundaries in considering how to determine the moral status of these new beings. Second, the possibility of moral status enhancement (or at least enhancing the capacities that on some accounts give rise to moral status), both for non-human animals and for humans, may lead to members of existing biological species having new moral properties, or perhaps even the creation of new ‘moral species’. This chapter explores normative and conceptual challenges raised by the prospect of crossing both biological and moral ‘species boundaries’. It examines the implications of species transitions in relation to identity, obligations towards existing beings and beings that might be created via the species transition process; and reflects on how this might advance our thinking about moral status.
Britain's Levantine Empire, 1914-1923
Authors: MacArthur-Seal Daniel-Joseph 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Britain’s Levantine Empire, 1914-1923 explains the rise and decline and nature and extent of British military rule in the urban eastern Mediterranean during the course of the First World War and its aftermath. Combining novel case studies and theoretical approaches, the book reveals the extent of military control that Britain established and anticipated maintaining in the post-Ottoman world, before a series of confrontations with nationalist and socialist anti-imperialists forced a new division of the eastern Mediterranean, still visible in the political borders of the present day. It tells this story through the eyes and ears of the British servicemen who built this empire, analysing the testimony of over 100 such military personal sent to Alexandria, Thessaloniki, Istanbul and the towns and islands between them, as they voyaged, made camp, and explored and patrolled the city streets. Whereas histories examining soldiers’ experiences in the First World War have almost exclusively focused on their lives at the frontlines, this book provides a much needed in depth history of soldiers’ experience and impact on the urban hubs of the Eastern Mediterranean, where urban planning, nightlife and entertainment, policing and security were transformed by the presence of so many men at arms and the imperialist interventions that accompanied them.
Exploring the Levantine City
Authors: MacArthur-Seal Daniel-Joseph 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The chapter examines the succeeding leg of soldiers’ journeys to the eastern Mediterranean. It first explores the factors that shaped how soldiers viewed the city at a distance, informed by principles of the picturesque and the confidence of British predominance at sea, before examining their responses to arrival in port and their sensory immersion in the urban Levant. The chapter then shows how soldiers moved through and mentally constructed the image of the Levantine city, taking on the role of flaneur familiar from literary studies. Finally, it explores soldiers’ relationship with the crowd and their attempt to categorize the diverse population they encountered on city streets, using their writings to interrogate the notion of cosmopolitanism in history writing about the region.
The National Mission
Authors: Rybak Jan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The chapter analyses Zionist reactions to the outbreak of the First World War throughout the region. The war challenged traditional strategies and represented a severe crisis, both for the international Zionist movement, which fell apart and took new shape, and for local branches, drained of many of their members who were now in uniform. Zionists had vastly differing expectations of the war, which changed as the front moved eastwards and the Central Powers conquered much of Poland and the Baltic. As part of this German conquest of the East, several German Zionist activists travelled the region and tried to establish themselves as a leading force amongst East European Jewry. Their perception and representation of East European Jewry related to the type of nation-building they wanted to implement there. This project, which was fundamentally a ‘civilizing mission’, played out differently in the varying German occupation regimes of the Generalgouvernement Warschau and Ober Ost, and had profound impacts on local communities and activists, as well as on subsequent events. The chapter details the specific impact of the war on East-Central European Jewish societies, analysing the different occupation regimes and their diverse policies towards the Jewish population. It also demonstrates how Zionist concepts of nation, civilization, and modernity were adapted to local conditions and the immediate struggle for survival.
Welfare, Relief, Political Power
Authors: Rybak Jan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The chapter shows how different political and social circumstances shaped Zionist opportunities for influence in local communities. Relief work constituted the main battleground between the various parties and determined how Zionists worked to gain respect and credibility through their engagement. Welfare and relief were not only essential to reduce the suffering of the Jewish population but also became the primary field of activism for all Jewish political movements. Using local examples from German-occupied Poland and Ober Ost, from Galicia, Vienna, and Prague, the chapter investigates struggles for control over relief funds and the building of welfare institutions, as well as their connection with Zionist political ideas. It analyses welfare work for refugees in Vienna, soup kitchens in Białystok, and attempts to find work for unemployed Jews in Warsaw. Within months after the outbreak of the war, relief work became the only area in which activists were engaged. The ramifications of these efforts were often contradictory. Whereas in the Ober Ost region, for example, Zionists were integrated into the German administration and applied top-down, authoritarian policies towards local communities, in the Generalgouvernement Warschau, they remained outside the administration and had to rely on grassroots activities and on the energetic efforts of their members. The chapter also analyses relief efforts for refugees in Vienna and Prague, and shows how Zionist activists in Galicia acquired positions as leading figures in communities, taking over communal responsibilities after the Austrian order had disintegrated.