bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conjugate Heat Transfer Simulation and Entropy Generation Analysis of Gas Turbine Blades
Authors: Ju Yaping , Feng Yi , Zhang Chuhua 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) model-based conjugate heat transfer (CHT) method is so far popularly used in simulations and designs of internally cooled gas turbine blades. One of the important factors influencing the RANS-based CHT method's prediction accuracy is the choice of turbulence models for different fluid regions because the blade passage flow and internal cooling have considerably different flow features. However, most studies in the open literature adopted the same turbulence models in the blade passage flow and internal cooling. Another important issue is the comprehensive evaluation of the losses caused by the flow and heat transfer for both fluid and solid regions. In this study, a RANS-based CHT solver suitable for subsonic/transonic flows was developed based on OpenFOAM and then validated and used to explore suitable RANS turbulence model combinations for internally cooled gas turbine blades. Entropy generation, being able to weigh the losses caused by both flow friction and heat transfer, was used in the analyses of two vanes with smooth and ribbed cooling ducts to reveal the loss mechanisms. Findings indicate that the combination of the k–ω SST–γ–Reθ transition model for passage flow and the standard k–ε model for internal cooling provided the best agreement with measurement data. The relative error of vane surface dimensionless temperature was less than 3%. The variations of entropy generation with different internal cooling inlet velocities and temperatures indicate that reducing entropy generation was contradictory with enhancing heat transfer performance. This study, which provides a reliable computing tool and a comprehensive performance parameter, has an important application value for the design of advanced internally cooled gas turbine blades.
Bayesian Surrogate Learning for Uncertainty Analysis of Coupled Multidisciplinary Systems
Authors: Ghoreishi Seyede Fatemeh , Imani Mahdi 
Published: January 2021

AbstractEngineering systems are often composed of many subsystems that interact with each other. These subsystems, referred to as disciplines, contain many types of uncertainty and in many cases are feedback-coupled with each other. In designing these complex systems, one needs to assess the stationary behavior of these systems for the sake of stability and reliability. This requires the system level uncertainty analysis of the multidisciplinary systems, which is often computationally intractable. To overcome this issue, techniques have been developed for capturing the stationary behavior of the coupled multidisciplinary systems through available data of individual disciplines. The accuracy and convergence of the existing techniques depend on a large amount of data from all disciplines, which are not available in many practical problems. Toward this, we have developed an adaptive methodology that adds the minimum possible number of samples from individual disciplines to achieve an accurate and reliable uncertainty propagation in coupled multidisciplinary systems. The proposed method models each discipline function via Gaussian process (GP) regression to derive a closed-form policy. This policy sequentially selects a new sample point that results in the highest uncertainty reduction over the distribution of the coupling design variables. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated in the uncertainty analysis of an aerostructural system and a coupled numerical example.
An Efficient Multi-Objective Robust Optimization Method by Sequentially Searching From Nominal Pareto Solutions
Authors: Xia Tingting , Li Mian 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Multi-objective optimization problems (MOOPs) with uncertainties are common in engineering design. To find robust Pareto fronts, multi-objective robust optimization (MORO) methods with inner–outer optimization structures usually have high computational complexity, which is a critical issue. Generally, in design problems, robust Pareto solutions lie somewhere closer to nominal Pareto points compared with randomly initialized points. The searching process for robust solutions could be more efficient if starting from nominal Pareto points. We propose a new method sequentially approaching to the robust Pareto front (SARPF) from the nominal Pareto points where MOOPs with uncertainties are solved in two stages. The deterministic optimization problem and robustness metric optimization are solved in the first stage, where nominal Pareto solutions and the robust-most solutions are identified, respectively. In the second stage, a new single-objective robust optimization problem is formulated to find the robust Pareto solutions starting from the nominal Pareto points in the region between the nominal Pareto front and robust-most points. The proposed SARPF method can reduce a significant amount of computational time since the optimization process can be performed in parallel at each stage. Vertex estimation is also applied to approximate the worst-case uncertain parameter values, which can reduce computational efforts further. The global solvers, NSGA-II for multi-objective cases and genetic algorithm (GA) for single-objective cases, are used in corresponding optimization processes. Three examples with the comparison with results from the previous method are presented to demonstrate the applicability and efficiency of the proposed method.
Pt Nanoparticles on Carbon Nanodots-Titania Composite for Enhanced Electro Oxidation of Alcohol Fuels
Authors: Gwebu Sandile Surprise , Matthews Thabo , Maxakato Wendy Nobanathi 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The severe corrosion of carbon supports in harsh fuel cell conditions has attracted the development of ceramic-based catalyst supports. Platinum nanoparticles supported on the carbon nanodots (CNDs)-titania (TiO2) composite were synthesized in three steps: Firstly, an inorganic support, titania (TiO2) was synthesized by a hydrolysis method. Secondly, the (CNDs-titania) nanocomposite support was prepared by sonicating pre-synthesized carbon nanodots (CNDs) and TiO2 in equal volumes of ethylene glycol/water solution. Lastly, nanosized Pt particles were deposited onto the CNDs-titania composite by a polyol method to form a platinum/(CNDs-titania nanocatalyst. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and X-ray difractommetry (XRD) were used to study surface morphology of the synthesized materials. Platinum loading onto the (CNDs-titania) composite support was quantified by ICP-OES. The electrooxidation of alcohol fuels was investigated in acidic electrolytes using chronoamperometric and voltammetric techniques. It was noted that the addition of TiO2 increases electroactivity of the nanocatalysts. The platinum/(CNDs-titania) nanocatalyst exhibited superior electroactivity during methanol and ethanol electrooxidation compared to the platinum/CNDs and Pt/C benchmark standards. Chronoamperometry (CA) curves showed that the platinum/(CNDs-titania) nanocatalyst exhibited outstanding anti-poisoning properties relative to the platinum/CNDs and commercial Pt/C nanocatalysts.
Investigation of the Matching Relation Between Impeller and Flow Channel of Regenerative Flow Pumps
Authors: Li Qian-qian , Wu Cheng-shuo , Qian Bo , Wu Peng , Huang Bin , Wu Da-zhuan 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
As a specific radial flow pump, the regenerative flow pump (RFP) usually has a low efficiency. In this study, in order to explore the matching mechanism, three cases with various matching relations were investigated by the methods of theoretical calculation, computational fluids dynamics (CFD) simulation, and experiment test. The results illustrate that the theoretical prediction, numerical simulation, and experimental data are in good agreement. Furthermore, when the matching relation expressed by a ratio of the channel's and blade's radial length is equal to 1, the geometrical profiles of RFP can well guide the circulation flow into the channel at large radii and into the impeller at small radii, forming intense longitudinal vortex. The steady, strong exchange flow is characterized by the inflow and outflow regions approximately half of the isosurface. The axial vortex motion without apparent flow separation and irregular flow is observed in the impeller, a low velocity annulus exists in the medium radii of the impeller without other distinct velocity clouds, and a low velocity strip and a high velocity annulus in the channel are, respectively, performed along the blade's pressure surface and the channel's outer radii. All of this corresponds to the best pump's performance and the largest efficiency of the impeller and channel. This work promotes a systematical understanding of the matching mechanism between impeller and flow channel in the RFP and could provide some reference for the design and performance optimization for RFP.
Onset of IgA nephropathy in a patient treated with infliximab for ankylosing spondylitis
Authors: Baert Charlotte Anne , Aydin Selda , Leroy Philippe , Durez Patrick 
Published: January 2021

We report the case of a 43-year-old man, suffering from ankylosing spondylitis and treated with Infliximab 5 mg/kg every 2 months, with an excellent disease control. During a follow-up consultation, an incipient renal insufficiency is detected. A urine analysis showed haematuria and proteinuria and a renal puncture-biopsy revealed an image of IgA nephropathy.Several cases of IgA nephropathy have been reported in the literature associated with ankylosing spondylitis. Some of them occur in patients treated with antitumour necrosis factor, but it is unclear whether this pathology is caused by the treatment or whether treatment failed to prevent its occurrence.Our clinical case highlights the importance of regular monitoring of renal function in patients with ankylosing spondylitis, as well as urinary spotting.The question of whether the disease itself, the treatment or other factors such as immune dysregulation could be held responsible for kidney disease will be addressed in the discussion.
Misoprostol-augmented induction of labour for third trimester fetal demise in a patient with prior hysterotomies
Authors: Beshar Isabel , Thomson Karolina , Byrne James 
Published: January 2021

A 31-year-old G3P2002 with history of two prior caesarean sections presented with influenza-like illness, requiring intubation secondary to acute respiratory distress syndrome. Investigations revealed intrauterine fetal demise at 30-week gestation.She soon deteriorated with sepsis and multiple organs impacted. Risks of the gravid uterus impairing cardiopulmonary function appeared greater than risks of delivery, including that of uterine rupture. Vaginal birth after caesarean was achieved with misoprostol and critical care status rapidly improved.Current guidelines for management of fetal demise in patients with prior hysterotomies are mixed: although the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends standard obstetric protocols rather than misoprostol administration for labour augmentation, there is limited published data citing severe maternal morbidity associated with misoprostol use. This case report argues misoprostol-augmented induction of labour can be a reasonable option in a medically complex patient with fetal demise and prior hysterotomies.
Understanding abortion-related complications in health facilities: results from WHO multicountry survey on abortion (MCS-A) across 11 sub-Saharan African countries
Authors: Qureshi Zahida , Mehrtash Hedieh , Kouanda Seni , Griffin Sally , Filippi Veronique , Govule Philip , Thwin Soe Soe , Bello Folasade Adenike , Gadama Luis , Msusa Ausbert Thoko , Idi Nafiou , Goufodji Sourou , Kim Caron Rahn , Wolomby-Molondo Jean-Jose , Mugerwa Kidza Yvonne , Bique Cassimo , Adanu Richard , Fawole Bukola , Madjadoum Thierry , Gülmezoglu Ahmet Metin , Ganatra Bela , Tunçalp Özge 
Published: January 2021

IntroductionComplications due to unsafe abortions are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in many sub-Saharan African countries. We aimed to characterise abortion-related complication severity, describe their management, and to report women’s experience of abortion care in Africa.MethodsA cross-sectional study was implemented in 210 health facilities across 11 sub-Saharan African countries. Data were collected on women’s characteristics, clinical information and women’s experience of abortion care (using the audio computer-assisted self-interviewing (ACASI) system). Severity of abortion complications were organised in five hierarchical mutually exclusive categories based on indicators present at assessment. Descriptive bivariate analysis was performed for women’s characteristics, management of complications and reported experiences of abortion care by severity. Generalised linear estimation models were used to assess the association between women’s characteristics and severity of complications.ResultsThere were 13 657 women who had an abortion-related complication: 323 (2.4%) women were classified with severe maternal outcomes, 957 (7.0%) had potentially life-threatening complications, 7953 (58.2%) had moderate complications and 4424 (32.4%) women had mild complications. Women who were single, multiparous, presenting ≥13 weeks of gestational age and where expulsion of products of conception occurred prior to arrival to facility were more likely to experience severe complications. For management, the commonly used mechanical methods of uterine evacuation were manual vacuum aspiration (76.9%), followed by dilation and curettage (D&C) (20.1%). Most frequently used uterotonics were oxytocin (50∙9%) and misoprostol (22.7%). Via ACASI, 602 (19.5%) women reported having an induced abortion. Of those, misoprostol was the most commonly reported method (54.3%).ConclusionThere is a critical need to increase access to and quality of evidence-based safe abortion, postabortion care and to improve understanding around women’s experiences of abortion care.
Pneumatic femoral broaching in direct anterior approach hip arthroplasty
Authors: Nizam Ikram , Batra Ashish Vinodkumar , Gogos Sophia , Alva Avinash 
Published: January 2021

AimThe aim of this study is to report the safety and efficacy of the Woodpecker pneumatic broaching system in direct anterior hip arthroplasty.Methods649 primary elective anterior bikini total hip arthroplasties (THA) using Woodpecker broaching over a 5-year period were included. Patients undergoing a THA through a different surgical approach, revision THA or arthroplasties for hip fractures were excluded (n=219). Preoperative and postoperative Harris Hip Scores (HHS) and postoperative radiographs were analysed to identify femoral fractures and femoral component positioning. Complications and component survivorship until most recent follow-up were analysed.ResultsThe average time taken for femoral preparation using Woodpecker broaching system was 2.8 min (1.4–7.5 min) in both cemented and uncemented THAs. Radiographic analysis revealed 67.3% of the stems were placed in 0°–1.82° of varus and 32.7% placed in 0°–1.4° of valgus. Average HHS were 24.4 preoperatively, with significant improvements at 6 weeks (80.95), 6 months (91.91) and 12 months (94.18) of follow-up. Complications not directly attributed to Woodpecker broaching included three intraoperative femoral fractures (0.4%), three periprosthetic postoperative fractures (0.3%), two cases of stem subsidence (0.3%) and two wound infections (0.3%). At the most recent follow-up, the survivorship of the acetabular component was 99.7% and the femoral component was 99.1%, with mean follow-up of 2.9 years (0.5–5 years).ConclusionThe pneumatic Woodpecker device is a safe and effective alternative tool in minimally invasive direct anterior hip replacement surgery for femoral broaching performed on a standard table.
Evaluation of early medication persistence with omidenepag isopropyl, a topical selective prostaglandin EP2 agonist, in patients with glaucoma: a retrospective two-institute study
Authors: Nakakura Shunsuke , Kanamori Akiyasu , Fukuma Yasuko , Wakabayashi Seita , Nagata Yuki , Adachi Miku 
Published: January 2021

ObjectivesWe evaluated early medication persistence with new topical antiglaucoma eyedrops, omidenepag isopropyl 0.002% (a selective prostaglandin EP2 agonist).Design and settingRetrospective two-institute study in Himeji and Akashi in Japan.ParticipantsWe analysed patients with glaucoma who were prescribed topical omidenepag isopropyl from November 2018 to December 2019. From the last outpatient visit of patients until February 2020, 235 patients were prescribed a new solution of omidenepag isopropyl (129 patients in the initial monotherapy group, 85 in the switching group (switched from another topical antiglaucoma eyedrops), 19 added to another topical antiglaucoma eyedrops group, and 2 were lost to follow-up)). Additionally, we recruited 98 patients (3 were lost to follow-up) who received initial latanoprost 0.005% monotherapy during the same period as a control group.OutcomesMedication persistence failure was defined as drug discontinuation due to any adverse effects or change of therapy. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed with a Cox regression analysis.ResultsAmong 233 patients, 48 (20%) showed failure of treatment; the median persistence time of all patients was 165 days, and the median time until discontinuation of omidenepag isopropyl was 45 days. The total persistence rates were 85%, 80% and 70% at 3, 6 and 12 months, respectively. Risk factors for failure were male gender (HR: 1.45, p=0.023) and monotherapy/switching (HR: 1.715, p=0.002). Comparison between latanoprost and omidenepag isopropyl monotherapy, only male gender (HR: 1.43, p=0.016) was a significant risk factor. Failures associated with omidenepag isopropyl were due to insufficient intraocular pressure-lowering efficiency (n=26, observed during all the period), followed by conjunctival hyperaemia (n=10) and visual acuity disturbance (n=5) in patients who were observed until 3 months.ConclusionMedication persistence with omidenepag isopropyl is mostly positive; however, clinicians should also be cautious of early failure.
Rugby Health and Well-Being Study: protocol for a UK-wide survey with health data cross-validation
Authors: Panagodage Perera Nirmala Kanthi , Radojčić Maja R , Filbay Stephanie R , Griffin Steffan A , Gates Lucy , Murray Andrew , Hawkes Roger , Arden Nigel K 
Published: January 2021

Introduction
Rugby football (Union and League) provides physical activity (PA) with related physical and mental health benefits. However, as a collision sport, rugby research and media coverage predominantly focus on injuries in elite players while the overall impact on health and well-being remains unclear. This study aims to provide a greater understanding of the risks and benefits of rugby participation in a diverse sample of men and women, current and former rugby Union and League players from recreational to the elite level of play. We will explore: (1) joint-specific injuries and concussion; (2) joint pain and osteoarthritis (OA); (3) medical and mental health conditions; (4) PA and sedentary behaviour and (5) well-being (quality of life, flourishing and resilience).

Methods and analysis
The Rugby Health and Well-being Study is designed in two phases: (1) a UK-wide cross-sectional survey and (2) cross-validation using health register data from Scotland. Participants will be at least 16 years old, current or former rugby players who have played rugby for at least one season. We will report standardised, level of play-, sex- and age-stratified prevalence of joint injury, concussion, medical conditions and PA. We will describe injury/concussion prevention expectations and protective equipment use. Rugby-related factors associated with injury, pain, OA, PA, health and well-being will be explored in regression models. We will compare joint pain intensity and duration, elements of pain perception and well-being between recreational and elite players and further investigate these associations in regression models while controlling for confounding variables. In the second phase, we will validate self-reported with health register data, and provide further information on healthcare use.

Ethics and dissemination
The Yorkshire and the Humber—Leeds East Research Ethics Committee (REC reference: 19/HY/0377) has approved this study (IRAS project ID 269424). The results will be disseminated through scientific publications, conferences and social media.
‘Not just a piece of skin in front of you’—a qualitative exploration of the experiences of adolescents with eczema and psoriasis with healthcare professionals
Authors: de Vere Hunt Isabella Joy , McNiven Abigail , Roberts Amanda , Parmar Himesh , McPherson Tess 
Published: January 2021

BackgroundThere is little qualitative research in the UK focussing on adolescents’ experience of their healthcare providers, and inflammatory skin conditions are a common heath problem in adolescence.AimTo explore the experiences of adolescents with eczema and psoriasis with healthcare professionals, and to distil the participants’ key messages for their healthcare providers.DesignThis is a secondary thematic analysis of interviews with adolescents with eczema or psoriasis.ParticipantsThere were a total of 41 text transcripts of interviews with young people with eczema or psoriasis who had given permission for secondary analysis; 23 of the participants had eczema, and 18 psoriasis. Participants were living in the UK at time of interview, and aged 15–24 years old.ResultsWe have distilled the following key messages from young people with eczema and psoriasis for healthcare providers: (1) address the emotional impact; (2) give more information, with the subtheme and (3) appreciate patient research. We identified the following eczema-specific themes: (ECZ-4) ‘It’s not taken seriously’; (ECZ-5) offer choice in treatment and (ECZ-6) lack of structure/conflicting advice. Two psoriasis-specific themes were identified: (PSO-4) feeling dehumanised/treat me as a person; and (PSO-5) think about how treatments will affect daily life.ConclusionThis qualitative data analysis highlights the need for greater recognition of the emotional impact of skin disease in adolescence, and for more comprehensive provision of information about the conditions. We call for greater sensitivity and flexibility in our approach to adolescents with skin disease, with important implications for healthcare delivery to this group.