bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
NGO Accountability: A Conceptual Review across the Engaged Disciplines
Authors: Kaba Marcel 
Published: March 2021

AbstractNon-governmental organizations (NGOs) are pivotal actors in international affairs. They manage billions of dollars in funding, work all around the world, and shape global policies and standards. It thus comes as no surprise that the subject of accountability has drawn the interest of an increasing number of scholars across disciplines. Though there seems to be agreement about its desirability, accountability is also described as chameleon-like and ambiguous. And despite calls for more cross-disciplinary learning and conceptual clarity, there does not exist a comprehensive review of accountability conceptualizations across and within disciplines, or how the different meanings relate to each other. Based on the conceptual review of 217 research articles published within the last twenty years, this study identifies and analyzes conceptualizations of accountability in the major journals of five engaged disciplines: accounting, development studies, international relations and political science, organization studies and management, and public administration. Integrating this broad scholarship reveals that: (1) there exist 113 different conceptualizations of accountability, 90 of which are rarely used and appear in less than 5 percent of all analyzed articles, (2) scholars have used forty-three different conceptualizations in 2019 compared to seventeen conceptualizations in 2009, (3) many conceptualizations refer to same phenomena by different name (duplication), and different phenomena by the same name (conflict), and that (4) conceptual ambiguity contributes to ambiguity among the forty different terms used to measure and operationalize accountability. These findings illustrate a lack of cross-disciplinary learning and accumulation of knowledge, and suggest that new conceptualizations be introduced only if one or more of the 113 existing ones don't already capture an idea sufficiently. The purpose of this article is to serve as a concept map for scholars when debating and charting new directions for the study of accountability.
Epidemiology, clinical aspects, outcomes and prognostic factors associated with Trichosporon fungaemia: results of an international multicentre study carried out at 23 medical centres
Authors: Nobrega de Almeida João , Francisco Elaine Cristina , Holguín Ruiz Alexis , Cuéllar Luis E , Rodrigues Aquino Valério , Verena Mendes Ana , Queiroz-Telles Flávio , Santos Daniel Wagner , Guimarães Thais , Maranhão Chaves Guilherme , Grassi de Miranda Bianca , Araújo Motta Fabio , Vargas Schwarzbold Alexandre , Oliveira Márcio , Riera Fernando , Sardi Perozin Jamile , Pereira Neves Rejane , França E. Silva Ivan Leonardo A , Sztajnbok Jaques , Fernandes Ramos Jéssica , Borges Botura Monica , Carlesse Fabianne , de Tarso de O. E Castro Paulo , Nyirenda Themba , Colombo Arnaldo L 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
Trichosporon fungaemia (TF) episodes have increased in recent years and mortality rates remain high despite the advances in the management of sepsis. New concepts about its clinical course, treatment and microbiology need to be investigated for the better management of this infection.

Objectives
To describe the aetiology, natural history, clinical management and prognostic factors of TF.

Methods
TF episodes documented between 2005 and 2018 in 23 South American centres were retrospectively investigated by using a standard clinical form. Molecular identification, antifungal susceptibility testing and biofilm production were also performed.

Results
Eighty-eight TF episodes were studied. Patients had several underlying conditions, including haematological diseases (47.7%), post-operative status (34%), solid organ transplants (n = 7, 7.9%), among others. Seventy-three (82.9%) patients had a central venous catheter (CVC) at TF diagnosis. The 30 day mortality rate was 51.1%. Voriconazole-based therapy was given to 34 patients (38.6%), with a 30 day mortality rate of 38.2%. Multivariate predictors of 30 day mortality were age (OR 1.036), mechanical ventilation (OR 8.25) and persistent neutropenia (OR 9.299). CVC removal was associated with over 75% decreased risk of 30 day mortality (OR 0.241). Microbiological analyses revealed that 77.7% of the strains were identified as Trichosporon asahii, and voriconazole showed the strongest in vitro activity against Trichosporon spp. Most of the strains (63%) were considered medium or high biofilm producers.

Conclusions
Older age, mechanical ventilation and persistent neutropenia were associated with poor prognosis. CVC may play a role in the pathogenicity of TF and its removal was associated with a better prognosis.
Probability of pharmacological target attainment with flucloxacillin in Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection: a prospective cohort study of unbound plasma and individual MICs
Authors: Moser Stephan , Rehm Sophia , Guertler Nicolas , Hinic Vladimira , Dräger Sarah , Bassetti Stefano , Rentsch Katharina M , Sendi Parham , Osthoff Michael 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Objectives
MSSA bloodstream infections (BSIs) are associated with considerable mortality. Data regarding therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) and pharmacological target attainment of the β-lactam flucloxacillin are scarce.

Patients and methods
We determined the achievement of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic targets and its association with clinical outcome and potential toxicity in a prospective cohort of 50 patients with MSSA-BSI. Strain-specific MICs and unbound plasma flucloxacillin concentrations (at five different timepoints) were determined by broth microdilution and HPLC–MS, respectively.

Results
In our study population, 48% were critically ill and the 30 day mortality rate was 16%. The median flucloxacillin MIC was 0.125 mg/L. The median unbound trough concentration was 1.7 (IQR 0.4–9.3), 1.9 (IQR 0.4–6.2) and 1.0 (IQR 0.6–3.4) mg/L on study day 1, 3 and 7, respectively. Optimal (100% fT&gt;MIC) and maximum (100% fT&gt;4×MIC) target attainment was achieved in 45 (90%) and 34 (68%) patients, respectively, throughout the study period. Conversely, when using the EUCAST epidemiological cut-off value instead of strain-specific MICs, target attainment was achieved in only 13 (26%) patients. The mean unbound flucloxacillin trough concentration per patient was associated with neurotoxicity (OR 1.12 per 1 mg/L increase, P = 0.02) and significantly higher in deceased patients (median 14.8 versus 1.7 mg/L, P = 0.01).

Conclusions
Flucloxacillin pharmacological target attainment in MSSA-BSI patients is frequently achieved when unbound flucloxacillin concentrations and strain-specific MICs are considered. However, currently recommended dosing regimens may expose patients to excessive flucloxacillin concentrations, potentially resulting in drug-related organ damage.
Haem is crucial for medium-dependent metronidazole resistance in clinical isolates of Clostridioides difficile
Authors: Boekhoud Ilse M , Sidorov Igor , Nooij Sam , Harmanus Céline , Bos-Sanders Ingrid M J G , Viprey Virginie , Spittal William , Clark Emma , Davies Kerrie , Freeman Jane , Kuijper Ed J , Smits Wiep Klaas ,   the COMBACTE-CDI Consortium, Bonten Marc , Davies Kerrie A , Kuijper Ed J , Rupnik Maja , Wingen-Heiman Sebastian , Tacconelli Evelina , Wilken Tuba , Petrosillo Nicolla 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
Until recently, metronidazole was the first-line treatment for Clostridioides difficile infection and it is still commonly used. Though resistance has been reported due to the plasmid pCD-METRO, this does not explain all cases.

Objectives
To identify factors that contribute to plasmid-independent metronidazole resistance of C. difficile.

Methods
Here, we investigate resistance to metronidazole in a collection of clinical isolates of C. difficile using a combination of antimicrobial susceptibility testing on different solid agar media and WGS of selected isolates.

Results
We find that nearly all isolates demonstrate a haem-dependent increase in the MIC of metronidazole, which in some cases leads to isolates qualifying as resistant (MIC &gt;2 mg/L). Moreover, we find an SNP in the haem-responsive gene hsmA, which defines a metronidazole-resistant lineage of PCR ribotype 010/MLST ST15 isolates that also includes pCD-METRO-containing strains.

Conclusions
Our data demonstrate that haem is crucial for medium-dependent metronidazole resistance in C. difficile.
Activity Impairment, Work Status, and Work Productivity Loss in Adults 5–7 Years After Burn Injuries
Authors: Spronk Inge , Van Loey Nancy E E , van der Vlies Cornelis H , Haagsma Juanita A , Polinder Suzanne , van Baar Margriet E ,   The Burden of Burn Injuries Study Group, Nieuwenhuis M K , Middelkoop E , Pijpe A , Stoop M M , Boekelaar A A , Trommel N , Hiddingh J , Meijer J , Akkerman M , Boekelaar A , Pijpe A , Roodbergen D , Stoop M M , van Zuijlen P P M , Dokter J , van Es A , van der Vlies C H , Beerthuizen G I J M , Eshuis J , Hiddingh J , Scholten-Jaegers S M H J , van Baar M E , Haanstra T M , Middelkoop E , Nieuwenhuis M K , Novin A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
An important aspect of the rehabilitation of burn patients is social participation, including daily activities and work. Detailed information on long-term activity impairment and employment is scarce. Therefore, we investigated activity impairment, work status, and work productivity loss in adults 5–7 years following burn injuries, and investigated associations with burn-specific health-related quality of life (HRQL) domains. Adult participants completed the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment General Health questionnaire and the Burn Specific Health Scale-brief (BSHS-B) 5–7 years post-burn. Outcomes were compared between participants with mild/intermediate and severe burns (&gt;20% total body surface area burned). Seventy-six (36%) of the 213 participants experienced some degree of activity impairment due to burn-related problems 5–7 years post-burn. Seventy percent of the population was employed; 12% of them experienced work productivity loss due to burn-related problems. Nineteen percent reported changes in their work situation (partly) because of the burn injury. A higher proportion of participants with severe burns had activity impairments (56% vs 29%; P = .001) and work productivity loss (26% vs 8%; P &lt; .001) compared to participants with mild/intermediate burns. Activity impairment and work productivity loss were both associated with burn-related work problems and lower mood, measured with the BSHS-B. In conclusion, a substantial part of the study population experienced activity impairment and work productivity loss, was unemployed, and/or reported changes in their work situation due to their injury. Particularly patients with severe burns reported productivity loss and had lower employment rates. This subscribes the importance of addressing work-related functioning in the rehabilitation of burn patients.
Synthetic construction of the Hopf fibration in a double orthogonal projection of 4-space
Authors: Zamboj Michal 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The Hopf fibration mapping circles on a 3-sphere to points on a 2-sphere is well known to topologists. While the 2-sphere is embedded in 3-space, four-dimensional Euclidean space is needed to visualize the 3-sphere. Visualizing objects in 4-space using computer graphics based on their analytical representations has become popular in recent decades. For purely synthetic constructions, we apply the recently introduced method of visualization of 4-space by its double orthogonal projection onto two mutually perpendicular 3-spaces to investigate the Hopf fibration as a four-dimensional relation without analogy in lower dimensions. In this paper, the method of double orthogonal projection is used for a direct synthetic construction of the fibers of a 3-sphere from the corresponding points on a 2-sphere. The fibers of great circles on the 2-sphere create nested tori visualized in a stereographic projection onto the modeling 3-space. The step-by-step construction is supplemented by dynamic three-dimensional models showing simultaneously the 3-sphere, 2-sphere, and stereographic images of the fibers and mutual interrelations. Each step of the synthetic construction is supported by its analytical representation to highlight connections between the two interpretations.
Changes in Relationships between the USDA Forest Service and Small, Forest-Based Communities in the Northwest Forest Plan Area amid Declines in Agency Staffing
Authors: Santo Anna R , Coughlan Michael R , Huber-Stearns Heidi , Adams Mark D O , Kohler Gabriel 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis article explores the changing relationships between the USDA Forest Service and 10 small, forest-based communities in the Northwest Forest Plan area in Washington, Oregon, and California. Interviews with 158 community members and agency personnel indicated that community member interviewees were largely dissatisfied with the agency’s current level of community engagement. Interviewees believed that loss of staff was the primary factor contributing to declining engagement, along with increasing turnover and long-distance commuting. Interviewees offered explanations for increasing employee turnover and commuting, including lack of housing, lack of employment for spouses, lack of services for children, social isolation, improving road conditions making long-distance commuting easier, agency incentives and culture, decreasing social cohesion among agency staff, unpaid overtime responsibilities, and agency hiring practices. Community member perceptions regarding long-term changes in community well-being and agency-community relationships were more negative than agency staff’s perceptions.
Field-based remote sensing models predict radiation use efficiency in wheat
Authors: Robles-Zazueta Carlos A , Molero Gemma , Pinto Francisco , Foulkes M John , Reynolds Matthew P , Murchie Erik H 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Wheat yields are stagnating or declining in many regions, requiring efforts to improve the light conversion efficiency, known as radiation use efficiency (RUE). RUE is a key trait in plant physiology because it links light capture and primary metabolism with biomass accumulation and yield, but its measurement is time consuming and this has limited its use in fundamental research and large-scale physiological breeding. In this study, high-throughput plant phenotyping (HTPP) approaches were used among a population of field-grown wheat with variation in RUE and photosynthetic traits to build predictive models of RUE, biomass, and intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (IPAR). Three approaches were used: best combination of sensors; canopy vegetation indices; and partial least squares regression. The use of remote sensing models predicted RUE with up to 70% accuracy compared with ground truth data. Water indices and canopy greenness indices [normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), enhanced vegetation index (EVI)] are the better option to predict RUE, biomass, and IPAR, and indices related to gas exchange, non-photochemical quenching [photochemical reflectance index (PRI)] and senescence [structural-insensitive pigment index (SIPI)] are better predictors for these traits at the vegetative and grain-filling stages, respectively. These models will be instrumental to explain canopy processes, improve crop growth and yield modelling, and potentially be used to predict RUE in different crops or ecosystems.
Synonymous mutation in Growth Regulating Factor 15 of miR396a target sites enhances photosynthetic efficiency and heat tolerance in poplar
Authors: Zhao Yiyang , Xie Jianbo , Wang Sha , Xu Weijie , Chen Sisi , Song Xueqin , Lu Mengzhu , El-Kassaby Yousry A , Zhang Deqiang 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Heat stress damages plant tissues and induces multiple adaptive responses. Complex and spatiotemporally specific interactions among transcription factors (TFs), microRNAs (miRNAs), and their targets play crucial roles in regulating stress responses. To explore these interactions and to identify regulatory networks in perennial woody plants subjected to heat stress, we integrated time-course RNA-seq, small RNA-seq, degradome sequencing, weighted gene correlation network analysis, and multi-gene association approaches in poplar. Results from Populus trichocarpa enabled us to construct a three-layer, highly interwoven regulatory network involving 15 TFs, 45 miRNAs, and 77 photosynthetic genes. Candidate gene association studies in a population of P. tomentosa identified 114 significant associations and 696 epistatic SNP–SNP pairs that were linked to 29 photosynthetic and growth traits (P&lt;0.0001, q&lt;0.05). We also identified miR396a and its target, Growth-Regulating Factor 15 (GRF15) as an important regulatory module in the heat-stress response. Transgenic plants of hybrid poplar (P. alba × P. glandulosa) overexpressing a GRF15 mRNA lacking the miR396a target sites exhibited enhanced heat tolerance and photosynthetic efficiency compared to wild-type plants. Together, our observations demonstrate that GRF15 plays a crucial role in responding to heat stress, and they highlight the power of this new, multifaceted approach for identifying regulatory nodes in plants.
Classification of 4XMM-DR9 sources by machine learning
Authors: Zhang Yanxia , Zhao Yongheng , Wu Xue-Bing 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
The ESA’s X-ray Multi-mirror Mission (XMM–Newton) created a new high-quality version of the XMM–Newton serendipitous source catalogue, 4XMM-DR9, which provides a wealth of information for observed sources. The 4XMM-DR9 catalogue is correlated with the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) DR12 photometric data base and the AllWISE data base; we then get X-ray sources with information from the X-ray, optical, and/or infrared bands and obtain the XMM–WISE, XMM–SDSS, and XMM–WISE–SDSS samples. Based on the large spectroscopic surveys of SDSS and the Large Sky Area Multi-object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope (LAMOST), we cross-match the XMM–WISE–SDSS sample with sources of known spectral classes, and obtain known samples of stars, galaxies, and quasars. The distribution of stars, galaxies, and quasars as well as all spectral classes of stars in 2D parameter space is presented. Various machine-learning methods are applied to different samples from different bands. The better classified results are retained. For the sample from the X-ray band, a rotation-forest classifier performs the best. For the sample from the X-ray and infrared bands, a random-forest algorithm outperforms all other methods. For the samples from the X-ray, optical, and/or infrared bands, the LogitBoost classifier shows its superiority. Thus, all X-ray sources in the 4XMM-DR9 catalogue with different input patterns are classified by their respective models that are created by these best methods. Their membership of and membership probabilities for individual X-ray sources are assigned. The classified result will be of great value for the further research of X-ray sources in greater detail.
Dense gas in local galaxies revealed by multiple tracers
Authors: Li Fei , Wang Junzhi , Gao Feng , Liu Shu , Zhang Zhi-Yu , Li Shanghuo , Gong Yan , Li Juan , Shi Yong 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
We present 3 mm and 2 mm band simultaneously spectroscopic observations of HCN 1–0, HCO+ 1–0, HNC 1–0, and CS 3–2 with the IRAM 30 m telescope, towards a sample of 70 sources as nearby galaxies with infrared luminosities ranging from several 10$^{5}\, \mathrm{L}_{\odot }$ to more than 10$^{12}\, \mathrm{L}_{\odot }$. After combining HCN 1–0, HCO+ 1–0, and HNC 1–0 data from literature with our detections, relations between luminosities of dense gas tracers (HCN 1–0, HCO+ 1–0, and HNC 1–0) and infrared luminosities are derived, with tight linear correlations for all tracers. Luminosities of CS 3–2 with only our observations also show tight linear correlation with infrared luminosities. No systematic difference is found for tracing dense molecular gas among these tracers. Star formation efficiencies for dense gas with different tracers also do not show any trend along different infrared luminosities. Our study also shows that HCN/HCO+ line ratio might not be a good indicator to diagnose obscured active galactic nucleus in galaxies.
The Impact of Varying Warning Color on E-Cigarette Advertisements: Results From an Online Experiment Among Young Adults
Authors: King Jessica L , Simper Connor , Razzouk Jacob , Merten Julie W 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIntroductionAdvertisement warnings are often overlooked, which reduces the opportunity for risk communication.MethodsWe used Prolific to survey 1131 young adults (18–35) who currently used e-cigarettes or tobacco products. We randomized participants to one of four warning conditions: black text on white background (BW), white on black (WB), black on yellow (BY), and yellow on black (YB). We examined associations between condition and attention, recall, ad appeal, perceived message effectiveness (PME), and intentions to use e-cigarettes using chi-square and analysis of variance (ANOVA) where appropriate. We conducted logistic regressions by condition for attention and recall controlling for demographics and tobacco use.ResultsThe warning was selected as the most attention-capturing area of the advertisement more often by those exposed to yellow warnings than white (59.9% vs. 46.8%), even after controlling for demographics and tobacco use (p &lt; .05). Recall was greater among those exposed to yellow warnings than white (44.2% vs. 37.3%), which held in controlled models. There were no significant differences between yellow and white warnings for ad appeals, PME, or intentions to use. In subanalyses, WB warnings generated higher PME (10.1 vs. 9.5) and lower intentions to use e-cigarettes (3.0 vs. 3.3) than black on white (BW) (each p &lt; .05).ConclusionsYellow warning color increases attention and recall of the warning, but this increase in attention did not translate to differences in downstream effects. Among currently mandated warning variations, the white text on black background warning appears more effective than the BW. Future research should examine whether differences translate to behavior change.ImplicationsWe tested color variations of the FDA-mandated nicotine text warning on e-cigarette advertisements. Yellow variations (yellow text on black background and BY) better-captured attention and increased warning recall compared to the mandated black and white warnings. Among the FDA-mandated BW and WB warnings, the WB variation appears more effective, generating higher perceived message effectiveness and lower intentions to use e-cigarettes. Given the difficulty in implementing pictorial warnings in the United States, color might represent an alternative to improve warning effectiveness. Findings may also be applicable to those designing tobacco-related health communications.