bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of calcified epiglottis in postmortem computed tomography. Is there a correlation to failed endotracheal intubation?
Authors: Ampanozi Garyfalia , Franckenberg Sabine , Schweitzer Wolf , Thali Michael J , Chatzaraki Vasiliki 
Published: February 2021

Objectives:Calcification of the epiglottis is a normal physiological degenerative process, although it can also be a consequence of infection or trauma. There are three possible forensically relevant consequences from epiglottic calcification: misinterpretation as foreign bodies, dysphagia as a major contributing factor to aspiration, and association with difficult intubation or a misplaced ventilation tube. It is the aim of this study (I) to inquire about the prevalence of epiglottic calcification in postmortem CT in general and (II) to investigate whether calcification of the epiglottis is linked to a higher incidence of failed endotracheal intubation.Methods:We retrospectively analysed 2930 consecutive cases in postmortem CT at the Institute of Forensic Medicine.Results:The prevalence of epiglottic calcification was 4.1%. Higher age and male sex are associated with an increased risk of epiglottic calcification. There was no calcification of the epiglottis in the cases with misplacement of the ventilation tube in the esophagus.Conclusions:To verify the result of our study, that is, the calcification of the epiglottis is not linked to a higher incidence of failed endotracheal intubation, it might be reasonable to repeat this study with a more representative study population. The high interindividual variations of calcified epiglottis could be used for identification.
Ethnicity, pre-existing comorbidities, and outcomes of hospitalised patients with COVID-19
Authors: Santorelli Gillian , McCooe Michael , Sheldon Trevor A. , Wright John , Lawton Tom 
Published: February 2021

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in thousands of deaths in the UK. Those with existing comorbidities and minority ethnic groups have been found to be at increased risk of mortality. We wished to determine if there were any differences in intensive care unit (ICU) admission and 30-day hospital mortality in a city with high levels of deprivation and a large community of people of South Asian heritage. Methods: Detailed information on 622 COVID-19-positive inpatients in Bradford and Calderdale between February-August 2020 were extracted from Electronic Health Records. Logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards models were used to explore the relationship between ethnicity with admission to ICU and 30-day mortality, respectively accounting for the effect of demographic and clinical confounders.Results: The sample consisted of 408 (70%) White, 142 (24%) South Asian and 32 (6%) other minority ethnic patients. Ethnic minority patients were younger, more likely to live in deprived areas, and be overweight/obese, have type 2 diabetes, hypertension and asthma compared to white patients, but were less likely to have cancer (South Asian patients only) and COPD. Male and obese patients were more likely to be admitted to ICU, and patients of South Asian ethnicity, older age, and those with cancer were less likely. Being male, older age, deprivation, obesity, and cancer were associated with 30-day mortality. The risk of death in South Asian patients was the same as in white patients HR 1.03 (0.58, 1.82).Conclusions: Despite South Asian patients being less likely to be admitted to ICU and having a higher prevalence of diabetes and obesity, there was no difference in the risk of death compared to white patients. This contrasts with other findings and highlights the value of studies of communities which may have different ethnic, deprivation and clinical risk profiles.
How Do Nascent Social Entrepreneurs Respond to Rewards? A Field Experiment on Motivations in a Grant Competition
Authors: Ganguli Ina , Huysentruyt Marieke , Le Coq Chloé 
Published: February 2021

We conducted a field experiment to identify the causal effect of extrinsic reward cues on the sorting and performance of nascent social entrepreneurs. The experiment, carried out with one of the United Kingdom’s largest support agencies for social entrepreneurs, encouraged 431 nascent social entrepreneurs to submit a full application for a grant competition that provides cash and in-kind mentoring through a one-time mailing sent by the agency. The applicants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: one group received a standard mailing that emphasized the intrinsic incentives of the program, or the opportunity to do good (Social treatment), and the other two groups received a mailing that instead emphasized the extrinsic incentives—either the financial reward (Cash treatment) or the in-kind reward (Support treatment). Our results show that an emphasis on extrinsic incentives has a causal impact on sorting into the applicant pool: the extrinsic reward cues led fewer candidates to apply and “crowded out” the more prosocial candidates while “crowding in” the more money-oriented ones. The extrinsic reward cues also increased application effort, which led these candidates to be more successful in receiving the grant. Yet the selection resulting from the extrinsic incentive cues led to worse performance at the end of the one-year grant period. Our results highlight the critical role of intrinsic motives in the selection and performance of social enterprises and suggest that using extrinsic incentives to promote the development of successful social enterprises may backfire in the longer run.This paper was accepted by Toby Stuart, entrepreneurship and innovation.
The role of the school nurse in tackling serious youth violence: an analysis of healthcare provision
Authors: Stephens Amy , Sayer Lynn 
Published: February 2021

Background Incidents of serious youth violence have increased; however, the effectiveness of school nurse interventions in reducing these incidents lacks evidence. Aim To better understand the current role of the school nurse in relation to serious youth violence. Methods A mixed-method approach was taken, involving two key elements: a staff survey exploring school nurse experiences, interventions and confidence in delivering serious youth violence education and identifying vulnerable children and young people, and an audit of emergency department referrals and school nurse responses. Results The survey provided no evidence of interventions to reduce serious youth violence. Staff recognised their role in educating children and young people but lacked confidence and wanted further support. School nurse work with children and young people where serious youth violence had been identified mainly involved safeguarding. Only nine of the 62 emergency department referrals were followed up with a face-to-face contact. Conclusion School nurses recognise their role in serious youth violence but are not reflecting this in practice. Change is required to fulfil their public health role in helping to prevent or reduce serious youth violence.
Cast immobilization in bayonet position versus reduction and pin fixation of overriding distal metaphyseal radius fractures in children under ten years of age: A case control study
Authors: Laaksonen Topi , Puhakka Jani , Stenroos Antti , Kosola Jussi , Ahonen Matti , Nietosvaara Yrjänä 
Published: February 2021

Purpose Completely displaced distal radius fractures in children have been traditionally reduced and immobilized with a cast or pin fixed. Cast immobilization leaving the fracture displaced in the bayonet position has been recently suggested as a non-invasive and effective treatment alternative. This is a pilot comparative study between reduction and no reduction. Methods We assessed subjective, functional and radiographic outcome after a minimum 2.5-year follow-up in 12 children under ten years of age who had sustained a completely displaced metaphyseal radius fracture, which had been immobilized leaving the fracture in an overriding position (shortening 3 mm to 9 mm). A total of 12 age-matched patients, whose similar fractures were reduced and pin fixed, were chosen for controls. Results At follow-up none of the 24 patients had visible forearm deformity and the maximal angulation in radiographs was 5° Forearm and wrist movement was restored (< 10° of discrepancy) in all 24 patients. Grip strength ratio was normal in all but three surgically treated patients. All patients had returned to their previous activities. One operatively treated boy who was re-operated on reported of pain (visual analogue scale 2). Conclusion The results of this study do not demonstrate the superiority of reduction and pin fixation over cast immobilization in the bayonet position of closed overriding distal metaphyseal radius fractures in children under ten years with normal neurovascular findings. Level of evidence III
De orientalismos y occidentalismos: Porosidades trans/decoloniales desde las miradas de Franz Fanon, Edward W. Said y Hassan Hanafi
Authors: Quero Hugo Córdova , Torchiaro Belén 
Published: February 2021

Este artículo analiza la situación del mundo árabe/musulmán en la mitad del siglo XX. Explica los tipos de colonialidad que han vivido Egipto, Palestina y Argelia. Centramos el análisis de las acciones político-sociales a la colonialidad en sus pueblos. Recobramos el pensamiento de Frantz Fanon desde la experiencia argeliana, para luego retomar en los casos de Edward Said —autor palestino— y su concepto de «orientalismo» y Hassan Hanafi — autor egipcio— y su propuesta del «occidentalismo». La última parte ensaya una contextualización de la obra de estos tres autores desde nuestra mirada latinoamericana situada en los conceptos de «porosidad» e «hibridez».Palavras-chave: colonialismo, Occidente, Oriente, islam, hibridez, porosidad
Multi-reference ab initio calculations of Hg spectral data and analysis of magic and zero-magic wavelengths
Authors: Gogyan Anahit , Tecmer Paweł , Zawada Michał 
Published: February 2021

We have identified magic wavelengths for 1S0 ↔ 3P1,2 (m
J
= 0) transitions and zero-magic wavelengths for the 3P1,2 (m
J
= 0) states of 200Hg atoms, analysed the robustness of the magic conditions with respect to wavelength and polarization imperfections. We show that the most experimentally feasible magic wavelength for the 1S0 ↔ 3P2 transition is 351.8 nm of π polarized light. Relevant transition wavelengths and transition strengths are calculated using the state-of-the-art Complete Active Space Self-Consistent-Field (CASSCF) method with a perturbative inclusion of spin-orbit coupling. The transition wavelengths are a posteriori corrected for the dynamical energy using the second-order perturbation theory.
Strong light emission from a defective hexagonal boron nitride monolayer coupled to near-touching random plasmonic nanounits
Authors: Eftekhari Zeinab , Ghobadi Amir , Soydan Mahmut Can , Yildirim Deniz Umut , Cinel Neval , Ozbay Ekmel 
Published: February 2021

In this Letter, we demonstrate strong light emission from defective hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) defect centers upon their coupling with disorder near-touching plasmonic units. Based on numerical simulations and characterization results, the plasmonic design at thin layer thicknesses of 20 nm can provide above 2 orders of magnitude enhancement in photoluminescence (PL) spectra. Moreover, this plasmonic platform shortens the luminescence lifetime of the emitters. The proposed design can be easily extended to other plasmonic-emitter combinations where strong light–matter interaction can be achieved using large-scale compatible routes.
Narrow-linewidth self-injection locked diode laser with a high-Q fiber Fabry–Perot resonator
Authors: Hao Liyun , Wang Xiaohan , Guo Dongjie , Jia Kunpeng , Fan Pengfei , Guo Jian , Ni Xin , Zhao Gang , Xie Zhenda , Zhu Shi-ning 
Published: February 2021

Narrow-linewidth lasers are essential for various applications, but are limited by their size, weight, power, and cost requirements. Here we demonstrate a self-injection locked diode laser fabricated with a high quality factor fiber Fabry–Perot resonator, with a 145 Hz free-running linewidth. The locking scheme is all-fiber for plug-and-play operation. White frequency noise of

50

H
z

2

/

H
z

is measured with over 42 dB reduction from the low-cost TO-can distributed feedback laser diode, and shows its wide applications in a compact and cost-effective way.
Insecticide resistance and genetic structure of Aedes aegypti populations from Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil
Authors: Rahman Rafi Ur , Cosme Luciano Veiga , Costa Monique Melo , Carrara Luana , Lima José Bento Pereira , Martins Ademir Jesus 
Published: February 2021

Vector control largely relies on neurotoxic chemicals, and insecticide resistance (IR) directly threatens their effectiveness. In some cases, specific alleles cause IR, and knowledge of the genetic diversity and gene flow among mosquito populations is crucial to track their arrival, rise, and spread. Here we evaluatedAedes aegyptipopulations’ susceptibility status, collected in 2016 from six different municipalities of Rio de Janeiro state (RJ), to temephos, pyriproxyfen, malathion, and deltamethrin. We collected eggs ofAe.aegyptiin Campos dos Goytacazes (Cgy), Itaperuna (Ipn), Iguaba Grande (Igg), Itaboraí (Ibr), Mangaratiba (Mgr), and Vassouras (Vsr). We followed the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines and investigated the degree of susceptibility/resistance of mosquitoes to these insecticides. We used the Rockefeller strain as a susceptible positive control. We genotyped the V1016I and F1534C knockdown resistance (kdr) alleles using qPCR TaqMan SNP genotyping assay. Besides, with the use ofAe.aegyptiSNP-chip, we performed genomic population analyses by genotyping more than 15,000 biallelic SNPs in mosquitoes from each population. We added previous data from populations from other countries to evaluate the ancestry of RJ populations.All RJAe.aegyptipopulations were susceptible to pyriproxyfen and malathion and highly resistant to deltamethrin. The resistance ratios for temephos was below 3,0 in Cgy, Ibr, and Igg populations, representing the lowest rates since IR monitoring started in this Brazilian region. We found thekdralleles in high frequencies in all populations, partially justifying the observed resistance to pyrethroid. Population genetics analysis showed thatAe.aegyptirevealed potential higher migration among some RJ localities and low genetic structure for most of them. Future population genetic studies, together with IR data inAe aegyption a broader scale, can help us predict the gene flow within and among the Brazilian States, allowing us to track the dynamics of arrival and changes in the frequency of IR alleles, and providing critical information to improving vector control program.
Ulcerative skin lesions among children in Cameroon: It is not always Yaws
Authors: Ndzomo Ngono Jean-Philippe , Tchatchouang Serges , Noah Tsanga Mireille Victorine , Njih Tabah Earnest , Tchualeu Albert , Asiedu Kingsley , Giacani Lorenzo , Eyangoh Sara , Crucitti Tania 
Published: February 2021

Outbreaks of yaws-like ulcerative skin lesions in children are frequently reported in tropical and sub-tropical countries. The origin of these lesions might be primarily traumatic or infectious; in the latter case, Treponema pallidum subspecies pertenue, the yaws agent, and Haemophilus ducreyi, the agent of chancroid, are two of the pathogens commonly associated with the aetiology of skin ulcers. In this work, we investigated the presence of T. p. pertenue and H. ducreyi DNA in skin ulcers in children living in yaws-endemic regions in Cameroon.
Skin lesion swabs were collected from children presenting with yaws-suspected skin lesions during three outbreaks, two of which occurred in 2017 and one in 2019. DNA extracted from the swabs was used to amplify three target genes: the human β2-microglobulin gene to confirm proper sample collection and DNA extraction, the polA gene, highly conserved among all subspecies of T. pallidum, and the hddA gene of H. ducreyi. A fourth target, the tprL gene was used to differentiate T. p. pertenue from the other agents of human treponematoses in polA-positive samples. A total of 112 samples were analysed in this study. One sample, negative for β2-microglobulin, was excluded from further analysis. T. p. pertenue was only detected in the samples collected during the first 2017 outbreak (12/74, 16.2%). In contrast, H. ducreyi DNA could be amplified from samples from all three outbreaks (outbreak 1: 27/74, 36.5%; outbreak 2: 17/24, 70.8%; outbreak 3: 11/13, 84.6%). Our results show that H. ducreyi was more frequently associated to skin lesions in the examined children than T. p. pertenue, but also that yaws is still present in Cameroon. These findings strongly advocate for a continuous effort to determine the aetiology of ulcerative skin lesions during these recurring outbreaks, and to inform the planned mass treatment campaigns to eliminate yaws in Cameroon.
The prognostic value of comorbidity for the severity of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis study
Authors: Fathi Mobina , Vakili Kimia , Sayehmiri Fatemeh , Mohamadkhani Ashraf , Hajiesmaeili Mohammadreza , Rezaei-Tavirani Mostafa , Eilami Owrang 
Published: February 2021

Background and objectives
With the increase in the number of COVID-19 infections, the global health apparatus is facing insufficient resources. The main objective of the current study is to provide additional data regarding the clinical characteristics of the patients diagnosed with COVID-19, and in particular to analyze the factors associated with disease severity, lack of improvement, and mortality.

Methods
102 studies were included in the present meta-analysis, all of which were published before September 24, 2020. The studies were found by searching a number of databases, including Scopus, MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Embase. We performed a thorough search from early February until September 24. The selected papers were evaluated and analyzed using Stata software application version 14.

Results
Ultimately, 102 papers were selected for this meta- analysis, covering 121,437 infected patients. The mean age of the patients was 58.42 years. The results indicate a prevalence of 79.26% for fever (95% CI: 74.98–83.26; I2 = 97.35%), 60.70% for cough (95% CI: 56.91–64.43; I2 = 94.98%), 33.21% for fatigue or myalgia (95% CI: 28.86–37.70; I2 = 96.12%), 31.30% for dyspnea (95% CI: 26.14–36.69; I2 = 97.67%), and 10.65% for diarrhea (95% CI: 8.26–13.27; I2 = 94.20%). The prevalence for the most common comorbidities was 28.30% for hypertension (95% CI: 23.66–33.18; I2 = 99.58%), 14.29% for diabetes (95% CI: 11.88–16.87; I2 = 99.10%), 12.30% for cardiovascular diseases (95% CI: 9.59–15.27; I2 = 99.33%), and 5.19% for chronic kidney disease (95% CI: 3.95–6.58; I2 = 96.42%).

Conclusions
We evaluated the prevalence of some of the most important comorbidities in COVID-19 patients, indicating that some underlying disorders, including hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and chronic kidney disease, can be considered as risk factors for patients with COVID-19 infection. Furthermore, the results show that an elderly male with underlying diseases is more likely to have severe COVID-19.
Energy loss associated with in-vitro modeling of mitral annular calcification
Authors: Wiener Philip C. , Darwish Ahmed , Friend Evan , Kadem Lyes , Pressman Gregg S. 
Published: February 2021

Introduction
Study aims were to compare hemodynamics and viscous energy dissipation (VED) in 3D printed mitral valves–one replicating a normal valve and the other a valve with severe mitral annular calcification (MAC). Patients with severe MAC develop transmitral gradients, without the commissural fusion typifying rheumatic mitral stenosis (MS), and may have symptoms similar to classical MS. A proposed mechanism relates to VED due to disturbed blood flow through the diseased valve into the ventricle.

Methods
A silicone model of a normal mitral valve (MV) was created using a transesophageal echocardiography dataset. 3D printed calcium phantoms were incorporated into a second valve model to replicate severe MAC. The synthetic MVs were tested in a left heart duplicator under rest and exercise conditions. Fine particles were suspended in a water/glycerol blood analogue for particle image velocimetry calculation of VED.

Results
Catheter mean transmitral gradients were slightly higher in the MAC valve compared to the normal MV, both at rest (3.2 vs. 1.3 mm Hg) and with exercise (5.9 vs. 5.0 mm Hg); Doppler gradients were 2.7 vs. 2.1 mm Hg at rest and 9.9 vs 8.2 mm Hg with exercise. VED was similar between the two valves at rest. During exercise, VED increased to a greater extent for the MAC valve (240%) versus the normal valve (127%).

Conclusion
MAC MS is associated with slightly increased transmitral gradients but markedly increased VED during exercise. These energy losses may contribute to the exercise intolerance and exertional dyspnea present in MAC patients.
Caesarean section and severe upper and lower respiratory tract infections during infancy: Evidence from two UK cohorts
Authors: Alterman Neora , Kurinczuk Jennifer J. , Quigley Maria A. 
Published: February 2021

Background
Several studies have reported that birth by caesarean section is associated with increased risk of lower respiratory tract infections in the child, but it is unclear whether this applies to any caesarean section or specifically to planned caesareans. Furthermore, although infections of the upper respiratory tract are very common during childhood, there is a scarcity of studies examining whether caesarean is also a risk factor for this site of infection.

Methods
We obtained data from two UK cohorts: the Millennium Cohort Study (MCS) and linked administrative datasets of the population of Wales through the Secure Anonymised Information Linkage (SAIL) databank. The study focused on term-born singleton infants and included 15,580 infants born 2000–2002 (MCS) and 392,145 infants born 2002–2016 (SAIL). We used information about mode of birth (vaginal delivery, assisted vaginal delivery, planned caesarean and emergency caesarean) from maternal report in the MCS and from hospital birth records in SAIL. Unplanned hospital admission for lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) was ascertained from maternal report in the MCS and from hospital record ICD codes in SAIL. Information about admissions for upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) was available from SAIL only. Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratios for each outcome and cohort separately while accounting for a wide range of confounders. Gestational age at birth was further examined as a potential added, indirect risk of planned caesarean birth due to the early delivery.

Findings
The rate of hospital admission for LRTI was 4.6 per 100 child years in the MCS and 5.9 per 100 child years in SAIL. Emergency caesarean was not associated with LRTI admission during infancy in either cohort. In the MCS, planned caesarean was associated with a hazard ratio of 1.39 (95% CI 1.03, 1.87) which further increased to 1.65 (95% CI 1.24, 2.19) when gestational age was not adjusted for. In SAIL, the adjusted hazard ratio was 1.10 (95% CI 1.05, 1.15), which increased to 1.17 (95% CI 1.12, 1.22) when gestational age was not adjusted for. The rate of hospital admission for URTI was 5.9 per 100 child years in SAIL. Following adjustments, emergency caesarean was found to have a hazard ratio of 1.09 (95% CI 1.05, 1.14) for hospital admission for URTI. Planned caesarean was associated with a hazard ratio of 1.11 (95% CI 1.06, 1.16) which increased to 1.17 (95% CI 1.12, 1.22) when gestational age was not adjusted for.

Conclusions
The risk of severe LRTIs during infancy is moderately elevated in infants born by planned caesarean compared to those born vaginally. Infants born by any type of caesarean may also be at a small increased risk of severe URTIs. The estimated effect sizes are stronger if including the indirect effect arising from planning the caesarean birth for an earlier gestation than would have occurred spontaneously. Further studies are needed to confirm these results.