bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Correlation of antimicrobial fraction unbound and sieving coefficient in critically ill patients on continuous renal replacement therapy: a systematic review
Authors: Farrar Julie E. , Mueller Scott W. , Stevens Victoria , Kiser Tyree H. , Taleb Sim , Reynolds Paul M. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundFraction unbound has been used as a surrogate for antimicrobial sieving coefficient (SC) to predict extracorporeal clearance in critically ill patients on continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT), but this is based largely on expert opinion.ObjectivesTo examine relationships between package insert-derived fraction unbound (Fu-P), study-specific fraction unbound (Fu-S), and SC in critically ill patients receiving CRRT.MethodsEnglish-language studies containing patient-specific in vivo pharmacokinetic parameters for antimicrobials in critically ill patients requiring CRRT were included. The primary outcome included correlations between Fu-S, Fu-P, and SC. Secondary outcomes included correlations across protein binding quartiles, serum albumin, and predicted in-hospital mortality, and identification of predictors for SC through multivariable analysis.ResultsEighty-nine studies including 32 antimicrobials were included for analysis. SC was moderately correlated to Fu-S (R2 = 0.55, P &lt; 0.001) and Fu-P (R2 = 0.41, P &lt; 0.001). SC was best correlated to Fu-S in first (&lt;69%) and fourth (&gt;92%) quartiles of fraction unbound and above median albumin concentrations of 24.5 g/L (R2 = 0.71, P = 0.07). Conversely, correlation was weaker in patients with mortality estimates greater than the median of 55% (R2 = 0.06, P = 0.84). SC and Fu-P were also best correlated in the first quartile of antimicrobial fraction unbound (R2 = 0.66, P &lt; 0.001). Increasing Fu-P, flow rate, membrane surface area, and serum albumin, and decreasing physiologic charge significantly predicted increasing SC.ConclusionsFu-S and Fu-P were both reasonably correlated to SC. Caution should be taken when using Fu-S to calculate extracorporeal clearance in antimicrobials with 69%–92% fraction unbound or with &gt;55% estimated in-hospital patient mortality. Fu-P may serve as a rudimentary surrogate for SC when Fu-S is unavailable.
Strategies for building robust prediction models using data unavailable at prediction time
Authors: Yang Haoyu , Tourani Roshan , Zhu Ying , Kumar Vipin , Melton Genevieve B , Steinbach Michael , Simon Gyorgy 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Objective
Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) are associated with significant morbidity, mortality, and prolonged hospital length of stay. Risk prediction models based on pre- and intraoperative data have been proposed to assess the risk of HAIs at the end of the surgery, but the performance of these models lag behind HAI detection models based on postoperative data. Postoperative data are more predictive than pre- or interoperative data since it is closer to the outcomes in time, but it is unavailable when the risk models are applied (end of surgery). The objective is to study whether such data, which is temporally unavailable at prediction time (TUP) (and thus cannot directly enter the model), can be used to improve the performance of the risk model.

Materials and Methods
An extensive array of 12 methods based on logistic/linear regression and deep learning were used to incorporate the TUP data using a variety of intermediate representations of the data. Due to the hierarchical structure of different HAI outcomes, a comparison of single and multi-task learning frameworks is also presented.

Results and Discussion
The use of TUP data was always advantageous as baseline methods, which cannot utilize TUP data, never achieved the top performance. The relative performances of the different models vary across the different outcomes. Regarding the intermediate representation, we found that its complexity was key and that incorporating label information was helpful.

Conclusions
Using TUP data significantly helped predictive performance irrespective of the model complexity.
Transgender and nonbinary individuals and ICT-driven information practices in response to transexclusionary healthcare systems: a qualitative study
Authors: Wagner Travis L , Kitzie Vanessa L , Lookingbill Valerie 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectiveThis qualitative research examines how transgender and gender nonbinary (T/GNB) persons from South Carolina navigate informational barriers within healthcare systems. This navigation can be described through the lens of information practices, or how T/GNB participants create, seek, use, and share information to achieve desired healthcare outcomes. Special focus is given to the roles of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in shaping these practices.Materials and MethodsThe research utilizes participant data from semistructured interviews and focus groups conducted with 26 T/GNB individuals focusing on their health information practices. Data analysis utilized emic/etic coding and the constant comparative method to identify themes describing transexclusionary information barriers and respondent ICT-led information practices.ResultsFindings note healthcare systems producing cisnormativity by design resulting in T/GNB individuals viewing healthcare spaces as exclusionary. Exclusionary barriers included over reliance on medical, expert authority ignoring T/GNB embodiment, and a lack of contextual perspective to identities. In response, T/GNB seek, create, use, and share information via ICTs to challenge exclusionary practices.DiscussionT/GNB ICT use addresses systemic barriers within healthcare systems suggesting a need to reframe healthcare systems through the lens of design justice, one that values T/GNB agency in understanding and producing health knowledge.ConclusionWhile many healthcare providers are not intentionally being transexclusionary, the design of healthcare information systems rely on cisnormative values, thus excluding many T/GNB from accessing healthcare in comfortable and safe ways. Shifting toward the values and practices of T/GNB as informed by ICT use will afford healthcare providers ways to undo barriers to care.
Promoting health equity for deaf patients through the electronic health record
Authors: James Tyler G , Sullivan Meagan K , Butler Joshua D , McKee Michael M 
Published: October 2021

AbstractLanguage status can be conceptualized as an equity-relevant variable, particularly for non-English-speaking populations. Deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) individuals who use American Sign Language (ASL) to communicate comprise one such group and are understudied in health services research. DHH individuals are at high-risk of receiving lower-quality care due to ineffective patient–provider communication. This perspective outlines barriers to health equity research serving DHH ASL-users due to systems developed by large-scale informatics networks (eg, the Patient-Centered Clinical Outcomes Research Network), and institutional policies on self-serve cohort discovery tools. We list potential to help adequate capture of language status of DHH ASL-users to promote health equity for this population.
Organising Competition for the Market
Authors: Iossa Elisabetta , Rey Patrick , Waterson Michael 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
We study competition for the market in a setting where incumbents (and, to a lesser extent, neighbouring incumbents) benefit from a cost or information advantage. We first compare the outcome of staggered and synchronous tenders, before drawing the implications for market design. We find the timing of tenders interrelates with the likelihood of monopolisation. For high incumbency advantages and/or discount factors, monopolisation is expected, in which case synchronous tendering is preferable as it strengthens the pressure that entrants exercise on the monopolist. For low incumbency advantages and/or discount factors, other firms remain active, in which case staggered tendering is preferable as it maximises competitive pressure coming from the other firms. We use bus tendering in London to illustrate our insights and draw policy implications.
Relativistic scattering of a fast spinning neutron star by a massive black hole
Authors: Li Kaye Jiale , Wu Kinwah , Leung Po Kin , Singh Dinesh 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
The orbital dynamics of fast spinning neutron stars encountering a massive black hole (BH) with unbounded orbits are investigated using the quadratic-in-spin Mathisson–Papapetrou–Dixon (MPD) formulation. We consider the motion of the spinning neutron stars with astrophysically relevant speed in the gravity field of the BH. For such slow-speed scattering, the hyperbolic orbits followed by these neutron stars all have near the e = 1 eccentricity, and have distinct properties compared with those of e ≫ 1. We have found that, compared with geodesic motion, the spin–orbit and spin–spin coupling will lead to a variation of scattering angles at spatial infinity, and this variation is more prominent for slow-speed scattering than fast-speed scattering. Such a variation leads to an observable difference in pulse-arrival-time within a few hours of observation, and up to a few days or months for larger BH masses or longer spinning periods. Such a relativistic pulsar-BH system also emits a burst of gravitational waves (GWs) in the sensitivity band of Laser Interferometric Space Antenna, and for optimal settings, can be seen up to $100\, {\rm Mpc}$ away. A radio follow up of such a GW burst with SKA or FAST will allow for measuring the orbital parameters with high accuracy and testing the predictions of general relativity.
The application of ridgelines in extended radio source cross-identification
Authors: Barkus B , Croston J H , Piotrowska J , Mingo B , Best P N , Hardcastle M J , Mostert R I J , Röttgering H J A , Sabater J , Webster B , Williams W L 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
Extended radio sources are an important minority population in modern deep radio surveys, because they enable detailed investigation of the physics governing radio-emitting regions such as active galaxies and their environments. Cross-identification of radio sources with optical host galaxies is challenging for this extended population, due to their morphological complexity and multiple potential counterparts. In the first data release of the Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR) Two-metre Sky Survey (LoTSS DR1), the automated likelihood ratio for compact sources was supplemented by a citizen science visual identification process for extended sources. In this paper, we present a novel method for automating the host identification of extended sources by using ridgelines, which trace the assumed direction of fluid flow through the points of highest flux density. Applying a new code, RL-Xid, to LoTSS DR1, we demonstrate that ridgelines are versatile; by providing information about spatial structure and brightness distributions, they can be used both for optical host identification and morphological studies in radio surveys. RL-Xid draws ridgelines for 85 per cent of sources brighter than 10 mJy and larger than 15 arcsec, with an improved performance of 96 per cent for the subset &gt;30 mJy and &gt;60 arcsec. Using a sample of sources with known hosts from LoTSS DR1, we demonstrate that RL-Xid successfully identifies the host for 98 per cent of the sources with successfully drawn ridgelines, and performs at a comparable level to visual identification via citizen science. We also demonstrate that ridgeline brightness profiles provide a promising automated technique for morphological classification.
Constraining cosmology with a new all-sky Compton parameter map from the Planck PR4 data
Authors: Tanimura Hideki , Douspis Marian , Aghanim Nabila , Salvati Laura 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
We constructed a new all-sky Compton parameter map (y-map) of the thermal Sunyaev-Zel’dovich (tSZ) effect from the 100–857 GHz frequency channel maps delivered within the Planck data release 4. The improvements in terms of noise and systematic effects translated into a y-map with a noise level smaller by ∼7 per cent compared to the maps released in 2015, and with significantly reduced survey stripes. The produced 2020 y-map is also characterized by residual foreground contamination, mainly due to thermal dust emission at large angular scales and to cosmic infrared background and extragalactic point sources at small angular scales. Using the new Planck data, we computed the tSZ angular power spectrum and found that the tSZ signal dominates the y-map in the multipole range, 60 &lt; ℓ &lt; 600. We performed the cosmological analysis with the tSZ angular power spectrum and found $S_8 = 0.764 \, _{-0.018}^{+0.015} \, (stat) \, _{-0.016}^{+0.031} \, (sys)$, including systematic uncertainties from a hydrostatic mass bias and pressure profile model. The S8 value may differ by ±0.016 depending on the hydrostatic mass bias model and by +0.021 depending on the pressure profile model used for the analysis. The obtained value is fully consistent with recent Kilo-Degree Survey and Dark Energy Survey weak-lensing observations. While our result is slightly lower than the Planck CMB one, it is consistent with the latter within 2σ.
Resonant interactions of magneto-Poincaré and magneto-Rossby waves in quasi-two-dimensional rotating astrophysical plasma
Authors: Fedotova Maria , Klimachkov Dmitry , Petrosyan Arakel 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
Increased interest in research of non-linear resonant interactions of waves in rotating astrophysical plasma has taken place in recent years. This is due to the discovering solar magneto-Rossby waves and the emergence of new data on the effect of three-wave interactions of magneto-Rossby waves on solar activity. In context of large-scale magnetohydrodynamic flows in presence of rotation, magneto-Poincaré waves and magneto-Rossby waves are highlighted. The β-plane approximation is developed to simplify the theory of spherical Rossby waves. Nevertheless, the representation of the Coriolis force in this approximation contains a latitude-independent term that ensures the existence of magneto-Poincaré waves on β-plane along with magneto-Rossby waves. In this paper, it is shown that they satisfy the phase matching condition, which leads to emergence of new non-linear interactions mechanisms of waves: two magneto-Poincaré waves and one magneto-Rossby wave; two magneto-Rossby waves and one magneto-Poincaré. Complete dispersion equations on β-plane in quasi-two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic approximation is analysed both for homogeneous and stratified astrophysical plasma with vertical magnetic field. New dispersion relations for magneto-Poincaré waves on β-plane are obtained. Detailed qualitative analysis of the phase matching condition is carried out, and new types of three-wave interactions of magneto-Poincaré waves and magneto-Rossby waves are found. Three-wave interactions are studied and instabilities of the decay and amplification type are investigated.
Streaming instability with multiple dust species – II. Turbulence and dust–gas dynamics at non-linear saturation
Authors: Yang Chao-Chin , Zhu Zhaohuan 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
The streaming instability is a fundamental process that can drive dust–gas dynamics and ultimately planetesimal formation in protoplanetary discs. As a linear instability, it has been shown that its growth with a distribution of dust sizes can be classified into two distinct regimes, fast- and slow-growth, depending on the dust-size distribution and the total dust-to-gas density ratio ϵ. Using numerical simulations of an unstratified disc, we bring three cases in different regimes into non-linear saturation. We find that the saturation states of the two fast-growth cases are similar to its single-species counterparts. The one with maximum dimensionless stopping time τs,max = 0.1 and ϵ = 2 drives turbulent vertical dust–gas vortices, while the other with τs,max = 2 and ϵ = 0.2 leads to radial traffic jams and filamentary structures of dust particles. The dust density distribution for the former is flat in low densities, while the one for the latter has a low-end cut-off. By contrast, the one slow-growth case results in a virtually quiescent state. Moreover, we find that in the fast-growth regime, significant dust segregation by size occurs, with large particles moving towards dense regions while small particles remain in the diffuse regions, and the mean radial drift of each dust species is appreciably altered from the (initial) drag-force equilibrium. The former effect may skew the spectral index derived from multiwavelength observations and change the initial size distribution of a pebble cloud for planetesimal formation. The latter along with turbulent diffusion may influence the radial transport and mixing of solid materials in young protoplanetary discs.
Discovery of two bright high-redshift gravitationally lensed quasars revealed by Gaia
Authors: Desira Christopher , Shu Yiping , Auger Matthew W , McMahon Richard G , Lemon Cameron A , Anguita Timo , Neira Favio 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
We present the discovery and preliminary characterisation of two high-redshift gravitationally lensed quasar systems in Gaia Data Release 2 (DR2). Candidates with multiple close-separation Gaia detections and quasar-like colours in WISE, Pan-STARRS, and DES are selected for follow-up spectroscopy with the New Technology Telescope. We confirm DES J215028.71−465251.3 as a $z$ = 4.130 ± 0.006 asymmetric, doubly imaged lensed quasar system and model the lensing mass distribution as a singular isothermal sphere. The system has an Einstein radius of 1.202 ± 0.005 arcsec and a predicted time delay of ∼122.0 d between the quasar images, assuming a lensing galaxy redshift of $z$ = 0.5, making this a priority system for future optical monitoring. We confirm PS J042913.17+142840.9 as a $z$ = 3.866 ± 0.003 four-image quasar system in a cusp configuration, lensed by two foreground galaxies. The system is well modelled using a singular isothermal ellipsoid for the primary lens and a singular isothermal sphere for the secondary lens with Einstein radii 0.704 ± 0.006 and 0.241 ± 0.030 arcsec, respectively. A maximum predicted time delay of 9.6 d is calculated, assuming lensing galaxy redshifts of $z$ = 1.0. Furthermore, PS J042913.17+142840.9 exhibits a large flux ratio anomaly, up to a factor of 2.66 ± 0.37 in i band, that varies across optical and near-infrared wavelengths. We discuss LSST and its implications for future high-redshift lens searches and outline an extension to the search using supervised machine learning techniques.
Cosmic ray electrons released by supernova remnants
Authors: Morlino G , Celli S 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
The process that allows cosmic rays (CRs) to escape from their sources and be released into the Galaxy is still largely unknown. The comparison between CR electron and proton spectra measured at Earth suggests that electrons are released with a spectrum steeper than protons by Δsep ∼ 0.3 for energies above ∼10 GeV and by Δsep ∼ 1.2 above ∼1 TeV. Assuming that both species are accelerated at supernova remnant shocks, we here explore two possible scenarios that can in principle justify steeper electron spectra: (i) energy losses due to synchrotron radiation in an amplified magnetic field and (ii) time-dependent acceleration efficiency. We account for magnetic field amplification produced by either CR-induced instabilities or by magnetohydrodynamics instabilities my means of a parametric description. We show that both mechanisms are required to explain the electron spectrum. In particular, synchrotron losses can only produce a significant electron steepening above ∼1 TeV, while a time-dependent acceleration can explain the spectrum at lower energies if the electron injection into diffusive shock acceleration is inversely proportional to the shock speed. We discuss observational and theoretical evidences supporting such a behaviour. Furthermore, we predict two additional spectral features: a spectral break below ∼few GeV (as required by existing observations) due to the acceleration efficiency drop during the adiabatic phase, and a spectral hardening above ∼20 TeV (where no data are available yet) resulting from electrons escaping from the shock precursor.
Radio modelling of the brightest and most luminous non-thermal colliding-wind binary Apep
Authors: Bloot S , Callingham J R , Marcote B 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
Apep is the brightest and most luminous non-thermal colliding-wind binary by over an order of magnitude. It has been suggested from infrared observations that one of the Wolf–Rayet stars in Apep is launching an anisotropic wind. Here we present radio observations of Apep from 0.2 to 20 GHz taken over 33 yr. The spectrum reveals an extremely steep turnover in the flux density at low frequencies, where the flux density decreases by two orders of magnitude over only 325 MHz of bandwidth. This exponential decline is best described by free–free absorption, with a turnover frequency at 0.54 ± 0.01 GHz. Above the turnover, the spectrum is well described by a power-law and a high-frequency cut-off likely caused by inverse-Compton cooling. The light curve of Apep shows significant variation over the observing period, with Apep brightening by over 50 mJy in a span of 25 yr at 1.4 GHz. Models that assume spherical winds do not replicate all of the structure evident in the radio light curve. We derived a model that allows one of the winds in the system to be anisotropic. This anisotropic model recovers most of the structure of the light curve and is a significantly better statistical fit to the data than the spherical wind model. We suggest such a result is independent support that one of the Wolf–Rayet stars in Apep is launching an anisotropic wind. If the anisotropic wind model is correct, we predict a ∼25 per cent decrease of the 1.4 GHz flux density of Apep over the next 5 yr.
Upregulation of mNEIL3 inOgg1-null cells is a potential backup mechanism for 8-oxoG repair
Authors: Higgs Ellen B , Godschalk Roger , Langie Sabine A S , van Schooten Frederik-Jan , Hodges Nikolas J 
Published: October 2021

AbstractReactive oxygen species formation and resultant oxidative damage to DNA are ubiquitous events in cells, the homeostasis of which can be dysregulated in a range of pathological conditions. Base excision repair (BER) is the primary repair mechanism for oxidative genomic DNA damage. One prevalent oxidised base modification, 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG), is recognised by 8-oxoguanine glycosylase-1 (OGG1) initiating removal and repair via BER. Surprisingly, Ogg1 null mouse embryonic fibroblasts (mOgg1−/− MEFs) do not accumulate 8-oxoG in the genome to the extent expected. This suggests that there are backup repair mechanisms capable of repairing 8-oxoG in the absence of OGG1. In the current study, we identified components of NER (Ercc1, Ercc4, Ercc5), BER (Lig1, Tdg, Nthl1, Mpg, Mgmt, NEIL3), MMR (Mlh1, Msh2, Msh6) and DSB (Brip1, Rad51d, Prkdc) pathways that are transcriptionally elevated in mOgg1−/− MEFs. Interestingly, all three nucleotide excision repair genes identified: Ercc1 (2.5 ± 0.2-fold), Ercc4 (1.5 ± 0.1-fold) and Ercc5 (1.7 ± 0.2-fold) have incision activity. There was also a significant functional increase in NER activity (42.0 ± 7.9%) compared to WT MEFs. We also observed upregulation of both Neil3 mRNA (37.9 ± 1.6-fold) and protein in mOgg1−/− MEFs. This was associated with a 3.4 ± 0.4-fold increase in NEIL3 substrate sites in genomic DNA of cells treated with BSO, consistent with the ability of NEIL3 to remove 8-oxoG oxidation products from genomic DNA. In conclusion, we suggest that in Ogg1-null cells, upregulation of multiple DNA repair proteins including incision components of the NER pathway and Neil3 are important compensatory responses to prevent the accumulation of genomic 8-oxoG.