bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation of the global number of e-cigarette users in 2020
Authors: Jerzyński Tomasz , Stimson Gerry V. , Shapiro Harry , Król Grzegorz 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background
The combustion of tobacco is the main cause of tobacco-related morbidity and mortality. E-cigarettes are potentially disruptive innovations with considerable potential for population health. A key question is whether e-cigarettes are replacing tobacco cigarettes, which requires mapping their prevalence. Collecting information on nicotine use is difficult for many countries due to cost. The objective of this study was to derive a global estimate of e-cigarette use (vaping).

Methods
Since 2018 we have collected information on the prevalence of e-cigarette use. To estimate the prevalence of vaping in countries lacking information, we used the method of assumed similarity between countries in the same region and economic condition. Based on surveys, we calculated the average prevalence of vaping for each WHO region, World Bank income classification group, and the legal status of e-cigarettes in each country. For each of these groups the average prevalence of vaping was calculated. These values were used as substitutes for the prevalence figures in the countries with absent data. The number of vapers was calculated by taking as the denominator the adult population.

Results
Survey data on e-cigarette users were available for 49 countries covering 2.8 b of the adult population in 2018 and unavailable for 2.9 b. Information on vaping was lacking for half of the world's population. We estimated a total of 58.1 m vapers worldwide in 2018. By reference to market growth the data were adjusted to arrive at estimates for 2020. Results were fitted to revenue data at the 2018. For the year 2020, the projection is for 68 m vapers globally.

Conclusions
Many global epidemiological studies use the method of assumed similarity between countries with shared characteristics in order to estimate missing data. The methodological limitations are likely to overestimate the global number of vapers. Our estimate of 68 m vapers indicates considerable uptake given that: e-cigarettes have been available on most markets for only a decade; there is either no support, or there is opposition to vaping in many countries; and countries which regulate e-cigarettes have controls over advertising and promotion. However, given the global scale of tobacco smoking (at 1.1 billion people), progress in adoption of alternative products is slow. Those using e-cigarettes are still a small fraction of those who smoke.
Updated distribution maps of predominant Culex mosquitoes across the Americas
Authors: Gorris Morgan E. , Bartlow Andrew W. , Temple Seth D. , Romero-Alvarez Daniel , Shutt Deborah P. , Fair Jeanne M. , Kaufeld Kimberly A. , Del Valle Sara Y. , Manore Carrie A. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background
Estimates of the geographical distribution of Culex mosquitoes in the Americas have been limited to state and provincial levels in the United States and Canada and based on data from the 1980s. Since these estimates were made, there have been many more documented observations of mosquitoes and new methods have been developed for species distribution modeling. Moreover, mosquito distributions are affected by environmental conditions, which have changed since the 1980s. This calls for updated estimates of these distributions to understand the risk of emerging and re-emerging mosquito-borne diseases.

Methods
We used contemporary mosquito data, environmental drivers, and a machine learning ecological niche model to create updated estimates of the geographical range of seven predominant Culex species across North America and South America: Culex erraticus, Culex nigripalpus, Culex pipiens, Culex quinquefasciatus, Culex restuans, Culex salinarius, and Culex tarsalis.

Results
We found that Culex mosquito species differ in their geographical range. Each Culex species is sensitive to both natural and human-influenced environmental factors, especially climate and land cover type. Some prefer urban environments instead of rural ones, and some are limited to tropical or humid areas. Many are found throughout the Central Plains of the USA.

Conclusions
Our updated contemporary Culex distribution maps may be used to assess mosquito-borne disease risk. It is critical to understand the current geographical distributions of these important disease vectors and the key environmental predictors structuring their distributions not only to assess current risk, but also to understand how they will respond to climate change. Since the environmental predictors structuring the geographical distribution of mosquito species varied, we hypothesize that each species may have a different response to climate change.

Graphical abstract
Drivers of global media attention and representations for antimicrobial resistance risk: an analysis of online English and Chinese news media data, 2015–2018
Authors: Liao Qiuyan , Yuan Jiehu , Dong Meihong , Paterson Pauline , Lam Wendy Wing Tak 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background
How antimicrobial resistance (AMR) risk is communicated in news media can shape public understanding and the engagement of different sectors with AMR. This study examined online news media attention for AMR risk and analyzed how AMR risk was communicated using a global sample of English and Chinese news articles.

Methods
A total of 16,265 and 8335 English and Chinese news relevant to AMR risk, respectively, published in 2015–2018 were retrieved from a professional media-monitoring platform, to examine media attention for AMR and its drivers, of which, 788 articles from six main English-speaking countries and three main Chinese-speaking territories were drawn using constructed-week sampling for content analysis.

Results
Media attention mainly fluctuated around official reports or scientific discovery of AMR risks or solutions but seldom around reports of inappropriate antimicrobial use (AMU), and not consistently increased in response to World Antimicrobial Awareness Week. The content analysis found that (1) heterogeneous medical terminologies and the ‘superbug’ frame were most commonly used to define AMR or AMR risk; (2) a temporal increase in communicating microbial evolution as a process of AMR was identified but communication about inappropriate AMU in general consumers as the cause of AMR remained inadequate; and (3) the multifaceted consequences of AMR and individual actions that can be taken to tackle AMR were inadequately communicated.

Conclusions
The media should be encouraged or reoriented to communicate more about actions that can be taken by general consumers to enable collective actions and the multifaceted conseuqences of AMR to encourage one-health approach for tackling AMR.
Protective effects of some antioxidants against long-term intake of aspartame toxicity on liver and kidney: biochemical and histopathological approach in rats
Authors: Abdel-ghaffar Sary Kh. , Adly Mohamed Araf , El-Sayed Mohamed F. , Abd-Elsamei Walaa Magdy 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background
Aspartame is used to treat obesity, and the diabetic people could induce changes in liver and kidney structures and function. Garlic extract, melatonin and thymoquinone have an important role against aspartame toxicity due to their antioxidant properties. The current study was designed to examine the protective effects of garlic, melatonin and thymoquinone against aspartame-induced hepatorenal toxicity in albino rates.

Results
The results indicated that aspartame induced changes in the serum levels of liver parameters function (glucose, ALT, AST and ALP) and renal parameters function (urea and creatinine). Garlic, melatonin and thymoquinone reversed the values of liver and kidney enzymes levels near to or similar to that of control. The histopathological effects of aspartame on the histological structures of liver and kidney were either reduced or removed by garlic, melatonin and thymoquinone.

Conclusion
Long-term (6 months) administration of aspartame induced toxic effects on hepatorenal function and structure, whereas garlic, melatonin and thymoquinone resulted in hepatorenal ameliorative and protective effects.
Deaf signing diversity and signed language translations
Authors: Hodge Gabrielle , Goswell Della 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This article explores what deaf signing diversity means for the creation of effective online signed language translations in Australia and for language theory more generally. We draw on the translanguaging and enregisterment literature to describe the communication practices and individual repertoires of deaf Auslan signers, and to problematise the creation of translations from English into Auslan. We also revisit findings from focus group research with deaf audiences and translation practitioners to identify key elements of existing translations that were problematic for many deaf viewers, and to illuminate what makes an act of translation from English into Auslan effective for signers who need these translations the most. One main challenge is the inherent hybridity of signed communication practices, resulting from variable language learning circumstances and other factors. Instead, signed communication practices are often shaped by what we refer to as the nascency principle: the perpetual redevelopment of new forms of expression for understanding the specific discourse and spatiotemporal context, by and for the signers who are physically present. This affects possibilities for enregisterment and therefore translations. We conclude with suggestions for improving translations and some broader implications for understanding and researching signed languages.
Evaluation of circulating Dickkopf-1 as a prognostic biomarker in ovarian cancer patients
Authors: Klotz Daniel Martin , Link Theresa , Goeckenjan Maren , Wimberger Pauline , Poetsch Anna R. , Jaschke Nikolai , Hofbauer Lorenz C. , Göbel Andy , Rachner Tilman D. , Kuhlmann Jan Dominik 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Dickkopf-1 (DKK1) is a secreted protein, known for suppressing the differentiation and activity of bone-building osteoblasts by acting as an inhibitor of Wnt-signalling. Soluble DKK1 (sDKK1) has been proposed as prognostic biomarker for a wide range of malignancies, however, clinical relevance of sDKK1 as potential blood-based marker for ovarian cancer is unknown.

Methods
sDKK1 levels were quantified in a cohort of 150 clinically documented ovarian cancer patients by a commercially available DKK1 ELISA (Biomedica, Vienna, Austria).

Results
Median sDKK1 level was significantly elevated at primary diagnosis of ovarian cancer compared to healthy controls (estimated difference (ED) of 7.75 ng/mL (95% CI: 3.01–12.30 ng/mL, p=0.001)). Higher levels of sDKK1 at diagnosis indicated an increased volume of intraoperative malignant ascites (ED 7.08 pmol/L, 95% CI: 1.46–13.05, p=0.02) and predicted suboptimal debulking surgery (ED 6.88 pmol/L, 95% CI: 1.73–11.87, p=0.01). sDKK1 did not correlate with CA125 and higher sDKK1 levels predicted a higher risk of recurrence and poor survival (PFS: HR=0.507, 95% CI: 0.317–0.809; p=0.004; OS: HR=0.561, 95% CI: 0.320–0.986; p=0.044). Prognostic relevance of sDKK1 was partly sustained in wtBRCA patients (PFS: HR=0.507, 95% CI: 0.317–0.809; p=0.004).

Conclusions
This is the first study demonstrating the prognostic relevance of sDKK1 in ovarian cancer patients, including those with wtBRCA
1/2 status. Our data encourage further evaluation of sDKK1 in ovarian cancer patients, possibly in terms of a therapy monitoring marker or a response predictor for sDKK1-directed targeted therapies.
Articulatory features of phonemes pattern to iconic meanings: evidence from cross-linguistic ideophones
Authors: Thompson Arthur Lewis , Van Hoey Thomas , Do Youngah 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Iconic words are supposed to exhibit imitative relationships between their linguistic forms and their referents. Many studies have worked to pinpoint sound-to-meaning correspondences for ideophones from different languages. The correspondence patterns show similarities across languages, but what makes such language-specific correspondences universal, as iconicity claims to be, remains unclear. This could be due to a lack of consensus on how to describe and test the perceptuo-motor affordances that make an iconic word feel imitative to speakers. We created and analysed a database of 1,860 ideophones across 13 languages, and found that seven articulatory features, physiologically accessible to all spoken language users, pattern according to semantic features of ideophones. Our findings pave the way for future research to utilize articulatory properties as a means to test and explain how iconicity is encoded in spoken language. The perspective taken here fits in with ongoing research of embodiment, motivation, and iconicity research, three major strands of research within Cognitive Linguistics. The results support that there is a degree of unity between the concepts of imitative communication and the spoken forms through cross-domain mappings, which involve physical articulatory movement.
Towards an extended/higher correspondence
Authors: Alfonsi Luigi 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In this short paper, we will review the proposal of a correspondence between the doubled geometry of Double Field Theory and the higher geometry of bundle gerbes. Double Field Theory is T-duality covariant formulation of the supergravity limit of String Theory, which generalises Kaluza-Klein theory by unifying metric and Kalb-Ramond field on a doubled-dimensional space. In light of the proposed correspondence, this doubled geometry is interpreted as an atlas description of the higher geometry of bundle gerbes. In this sense, Double Field Theory can be interpreted as a field theory living on the total space of the bundle gerbe, just like Kaluza-Klein theory is set on the total space of a principal bundle. This correspondence provides a higher geometric interpretation for para-Hermitian geometry which opens the door to its generalisation to Exceptional Field Theory.
This review is based on, but not limited to, my talk at the workshop Generalized Geometry and Applications at Universität Hamburg on 3rd of March 2020.
Almost complex manifolds with small Nijenhuis tensor
Authors: Fernandez Luis , Shin Tobias , Wilson Scott O. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
We give several explicit examples of compact manifolds with a 1-parameter family of almost complex structures having arbitrarily small Nijenhuis tensor in the C
0-norm. The 4-dimensional examples possess no complex structure, whereas the 6-dimensional example does not possess a left invariant complex structure, and whether it possesses a complex structure appears to be unknown.
Ultra wideband bandpass filters with specified relative bandwidth
Authors: Nesic Dusan , Milosevic Tomislav , Kolundzija Branko 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Algorithm for the realization of the broad range of values of wide relative bandwidth (RBW) bandpass filter is introduced. Algorithm is based on periodic ideal cells each with short-ended stub. Theory is developed for a symmetrical cell with proportional transmission lines, nonuniform or uniform, in term of characteristic impedance. The theory is applied for the uniform transmission lines. Simple equation of the ratio between characteristic impendence of the short-ended stub and the characteristic impendences of the main lines is given for the broad range of RBW. Realizable filters are for the very wide RBW up to over 1.5 (150%). Technology is chosen in microstrip with vias for the short ends. It is without coupling, without defected ground structure (DGS) and only with a single layer. The procedure is tested on the fabricated filters for very wide RBW of 1.5 (150%). Agreement between measurements and simulations is excellent.
Agro-ecological services delivered by legume cover crops grown in succession with grain corn crops in the Mediterranean region
Authors: Boulet Anne Karine , Alarcão Carlos , Ferreira Carla , Kalantari Zahra , Veiga Adelcia , Campos Lara , Ferreira António , Hessel Rudi 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Grain corn is the main cereal produced in Portugal. It is grown in intensive monoculture cropping systems that may have negative effects on soil quality, affecting long-term fertility and productivity, and, therefore, the sustainability of the production. A promising management practice to mitigate soil degradation is to grow winter cover crops used as green manure. This study examined the effectiveness of six legume cover crops (LCCs) species in providing agro-ecological services for grain corn systems in the Mediterranean region, specifically in terms of nutrient leaching, nutrient recycling, weed control, and soil fertility. The study was performed in Central Portugal during 2 years, and it assessed legumes/weeds dry biomass yield, their nutrients content, and soil organic matter evolution. Results show that, in general, LCC are well adapted to Mediterranean conditions, yielding large amounts of biomass (up to 8 ton/ha for some clover species). In terms of nutrient leaching mitigation, the overall N–P–K nutrient uptake was 176–20–172 kg/ha. Green manure services enabled a reduction of 35% of N, 50% of P, and 100% of mineral fertilizers for a grain corn production of 12 ton/ha. Weed control by LCC was effective only in the second year of the study and for three clover species (crimson, balansa, and arrowleaf) due to their early establishment and/or high biomass production competing with weeds. Soil fertility was not improved in the short term, LCC incorporation into the soil to a slight depletion of the soil organic matter content.
How Much are Iranian Men Willing to Pay for Exemption from Military Service?
Authors: Fatemi Mohammad Hossein , Mehrara Mohsen , Taiebnia Ali 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Compulsory military service, due to its timing in the lives of men (at a young age, which is the key period for increasing human capital) and its length (in many cases, about a year and a half to two years), implies a significant cost (explicit or implicit) for them. Individual costs incurred as a result of compulsory military service is an important aspect to consider when measuring the economic and social costs of enforcing conscription. Compulsory military service has been a part of Iranian government policy since 1925. Accordingly, an attempt to estimate the cost for men in Iran is the main subject of this paper. We will estimate the willingness of men to pay for exemption from compulsory military service based on the dichotomous choice contingent valuation model (One-and-One-Half Bounded approach). The mean of willingness to pay is estimated at 1.61 billion Rials (38,000 USD) while the median of willingness to pay is 1.64 billion Rials. A calculation of the median of willingness to pay for sub-groups of respondents shows that individuals with an income of more than 70 million Rials (1670 USD) per month have the highest median of willingness to pay, followed by those with a Ph.D. degree, and finally, undergraduates are individuals with the lowest median of willingness to pay.
Patterns of pain complaints and insomnia symptoms are associated with abusive supervision in the Norwegian working population: a latent class analysis
Authors: Sannes Ann-Christin , Christensen Jan Olav , Matre Dagfinn , Nielsen Morten Birkeland , Gjerstad Johannes 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Previous findings suggest that abusive supervision, i.e., subordinates’ perceptions of their supervisor’s behaviours as hostile (excluding physical aggression), may increase the risk of health complaints. In addition, recent data suggest that the FKBP5 genotype rs9470080 important in the regulation of cortisol release, influences the same outcome. Adding to this complexity, different health complaints often co-occur. The present study aimed to (1) uncover patterns of pain complaints and insomnia symptoms by using latent class analysis, (2) determine whether abusive supervision or FKBP5 rs9470080 was associated with these patterns, and (3) examine the interaction between abusive supervision and FKBP5 genotype regarding pain and insomnia symptoms.

Methods
The data was collected through a national probability survey of 5,000 employees drawn from the National Central Employee Register by Statistics Norway. Abusive supervision was measured by a 5-item version of the Tepper’s 2000 scale. Pain and insomnia symptoms were measured by 5 items reflecting pain and 3 items reflecting insomnia. The FKBP5 rs9470080 genotyping was carried out using TaqMan assay.

Results
A total of 1,226 participants returned the questionnaire and the saliva kit sample. Based on these the latent class analyses revealed four classes based on response patterns of pain and insomnia symptoms. In the regression analysis, abusive supervision was a significant predictor for the response patterns. However, neither the FKBP5 nor the interaction between abusive supervision and FKBP5 showed significant contributions.

Conclusions
In conclusion, awareness of the association between abusive supervision and the revealed four pain- and insomnia subgroups, and what separates them, may be important for prognosis and an optimal follow-up for those affected.
SURGICAL SPERM RETRIEVAL IN AZOOSPERMIA: OUTCOME AND PREDICTIVE FACTORS
Authors: Ahmed Shyaw , Arkawazi Lusan , Mahmood Kawa , Aghaways Ismaeel 
Published: October 2021

Background
Before conducting any invasive surgical sperm retrieval in men with azoospermia, it is worth looking at certain factors to predict the chance of finding viable sperm eligible for Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection.
Objectives
Evaluating the outcome of percutaneous testicular sperm aspiration in men with azoospermia and the predictive value of serum Follicular Stimulating Hormone (FSH), testicular volume, and testicular strain elastography on the sperm retrieval rate
Methods
Cross-sectional prospective study on 73 men with azoospermia who have had their testicular volume and serum FSH measured before conducting percutaneous sperm aspiration. Fifteen men were also recruited to undergo testicular elastography. Age, FSH, testicular volume, and strain ratio on elastography were correlated with the outcome of sperm retrieval.
Results
Mean age was 36 years (range 19-69), 48% of them have had positive sperm retrieval. Twenty-five cycles of Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection were performed, 8 (32%) have had positive β-hCG test and 4 (16%) live-birth rates. Serum FSH was the only predictive factor of percutaneous sperm retrieval (p=0.013) on multivariate analysis. The strain ratio was shown to be significantly different between men with negative and positive sperm aspirations (p=0.02).
Conclusion
Percutaneous testicular sperm aspiration has a satisfactory retrieval rate in men with azoospermia. A combination of serum FSH and testicular strain elastography seems a promising tool that can potentially be used as guidance for predicting the outcome of surgical sperm retrieval.