bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hyperlactacidemia as a risk factor for intensive care unit‐acquired weakness in critically ill adult patients
Authors: Yang Tao , Li Zhiqiang , Jiang Li , Xi Xiuming 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIntroduction/AimsIntensive care unit‐acquired weakness (ICUAW) is a severe neuromuscular complication of critical illness. Serum lactate is a useful biomarker in critically ill patients. The relationship between serum lactate level and ICUAW remains controversial. This study evaluated whether hyperlactacidemia (lactate level >2 mmol/L) was an independent risk factor for ICUAW in critically ill adult patients.MethodsAn observational cohort study was performed in a general multidisciplinary intensive care unit (ICU). Sixty‐eight consecutive adult critically ill patients without preexisting neuromuscular disease or a poor pre‐ICU functional status whose length of ICU stay was 7 or more days were evaluated. Patients were screened daily for signs of awakening. Muscle strength assessment using the Medical Research Council score was performed on the first day a patient was considered awake. Patients with clinical muscle weakness were considered to have ICUAW.ResultsAmong the 68 patients who achieved a satisfactory state of consciousness, the diagnosis of ICUAW was made in 30 patients (44.1%). After multivariate analysis, hyperlactacidemia (P = .02), Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score (P = .04), duration of mechanical ventilation (P = .02), and the use of norepinephrine (P = .04) were found to be significantly associated with the development of ICUAW in critically ill patients.DiscussionThis study shows a number of risk factors to be significantly associated with the development of ICUAW in critically ill adults. These factors should be considered when building early prediction models or designing prevention strategies for ICUAW in future studies.
A physician's approach and experience of managing patients with diabetes during COVID‐19
Authors: Ruslan Aliya , Williams David M , Purnell Oliver , Edwards Rhodri , Peter Raj , Stephens Jeffrey W , Chudleigh Richard 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSince the start of the COVID‐19 pandemic, the vulnerability of people with diabetes has been recognised with a greater risk of morbidity and mortality compared to the general population. The outcomes associated with diabetes may be a consequence of an impaired immune response, presence of composite comorbidities or the multi‐organ infectivity of SARS‐CoV‐2 affecting the pancreas. Emerging evidence suggests that both acute and chronic hyperglycaemia can exacerbate the clinical consequences of COVID‐19. Thus, the role of health care professionals in the observation and management of glucose control is increasingly recognised in people with diabetes in both the acute and chronic setting. In this review, we highlight the key biological implications of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in people with diabetes, the clinical outcomes of COVID‐19 in people with diabetes and management principles with respect to glucose control including our local experiences. Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons.
Diabetic hemiballismus in the context of euglycaemia
Authors: Majeed Muhammad Shakeel , May Julie , Ahmed Fahad Wali , Chakera Ali J 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAn 84‐year‐old white British woman with a background history of type 2 diabetes, Alzheimer's dementia, gout and hypothyroidism presented with a four‐day history of sudden, involuntary left arm and left leg movements. She had venous blood glucose of 4.4mmol/L with normal pH on admission. She had normal inflammatory markers with no signs of acute infection. Initial computed tomography brain imaging showed a known stable meningioma with no acute haemorrhage or infarct. Of note she had an admission, six weeks prior, with falls and raised capillary blood glucose readings. On that admission, her HbA1c was noted to have increased to 146mmol/mol having been 57mmol/mol six months earlier. Her oral hypoglycaemic agents were up‐titrated. There was no documented episode of hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state.Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI with contrast) showed right striatal T1 high signal typical of diabetes‐related hemiballismus. She was treated with tetrabenazine for two weeks which was stopped before discharge as there was complete resolution of involuntary arm and leg movements.Hemiballismus is a rare but well‐known complication of diabetes. It is typically seen in the setting of hyperglycaemia. Our patient presented with hemiballismus while euglycaemic in the setting of recent hyperglycaemia. Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons.
Adapting strategies to promote implementation reach and equity (ASPIRE) in school mental health services
Authors: Gaias Larissa M. , Arnold Kimberly T. , Liu Freda F. , Pullmann Michael D. , Duong Mylien T. , Lyon Aaron R. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDespite evidence that school mental health can enhance access to care for students from marginalized racial/ethnic groups, disparities remain in the appropriateness, quality, effectiveness, and outcomes of school mental health services. Implementation strategies hold some promise for addressing the disparities that emerge as result of inequitable implementation of mental health services. However, without explicitly examining implementation strategies through an equity lens, it is unclear the extent to which they will promote equitable implementation or student outcomes. Thus, the goal of the current paper is to describe the Adapting Strategies to Promote Implementation Reach and Equity framework, a generalizable process for adapting implementation strategies to explicitly center the goal of reducing disparities in implementation and service recipient outcomes. We outline a three‐step process for incorporating an equity lens into implementation strategies and provide examples of how this framework can be applied to implementation strategies in school mental health. We also discuss examples of projects where implementation strategies were intentionally paired with school mental health programs to enhance racial equity. Implications and recommendations for school mental health and implementation research and practice are discussed.
Microcrystalline PETN Prepared Using Microfluidic Recrystallization Platform and Its Performance Characterization
Authors: Yang Zhi , Zhu Peng , Zhang Qiu , Shi Jin‐yu , Wang Ke , Shen Rui‐qi 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe particle size of explosives plays a key role in the short‐duration pulse shock initiation, and explosives with small grain size and large specific surface area (SSA) generally have preferable sensitivity properties. We have constructed a high‐throughput microfluidic recrystallization platform, aiming to prepare ultrafine pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN, C(CH2NO3)4) via a precisely controllable solvent/nonsolvent recrystallization process. Through this platform, the recrystallized PETN was produced with a particle size of about 2 μm, and its SSA was above 70‐fold that of the raw PETN. The X‐ray diffraction results indicated that the raw and microcrystalline PETN had a similar diffraction spectrum. The thermal analysis demonstrated that compared with the raw PETN, the microcrystalline PETN revealed better decomposition performances. Importantly, the short‐duration pulse shock initiation sensitivity of microcrystalline PETN pellets was evaluated when subjected to an exploding foil initiator. The shock initiation threshold results were as follows: 50 % initiation voltage U (50 %)=1332 V, the corresponding capacitor storage energy was 195.2 mJ. Furthermore, the calculated shock pressure and shock duration imparting to the pellets were 9.61 GPa and 12.53 ns respectively, corresponding to the 3162 m/s threshold velocity. Finally, the enhanced sensitivity during the shock‐to‐detonation transition was further explained with the hot spot‐based mechanism.
Evaluation of global reanalysis winds and high‐resolution regional model outputs with the 205 MHz stratosphere–troposphere wind profiler radar observations
Authors: Sivan C. , Rakesh V. , Abhilash S. , Mohanakumar K. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA stratosphere–troposphere (ST) wind profiler radar operating at a high VHF range (205 MHz) installed at Cochin (10.03°N, 76.33°E), India, provides high‐resolution winds in time and altitude extending from 315 m to 20 km. We evaluated the horizontal and vertical winds obtained from atmospheric global reanalyses (ERA5, ERA‐Interim, MERRA‐2 and NCEP) data and the high‐resolution regional model (WRF) output winds with the ST radar (STR) wind observations at Cochin. The data for one whole year, from 1 August 2018 to 31 July 2019, for 0600 UTC and 1200 UTC were used. Wind data appraisal has been carried out at 24 levels from 315 m to 18.5 km altitude for the reanalyses datasets and 29 levels for model‐simulated winds in different seasons. Vertical profiles of horizontal winds from reanalysis and model‐simulated data somewhat catch the major changes observed from STR. The zonal winds match very well with the STR, whereas meridional winds show moderate similarity. Higher correlations in zonal winds are found during the summer monsoon, whereas meridional winds show apparent likeness during winter. The ERA5, ERA‐Interim, and model‐simulated winds have better agreement with the STR winds. Observed vertical winds from STR displays large fluctuations, while the estimated vertical winds in reanalysis are highly smoothed. Vertical profiles of vertical winds from the reanalysis datasets are not uniform. The reliability of vertical winds in reanalysis and WRF model output values are dubious compared to that of the directly observed winds from STR. The study indicates that improved quality of vertical and meridional winds in reanalysis data is needed by assimilating directly observed data from the available advanced facilities.
Phase II process monitoring for the balanced one‐way random effects model
Authors: Yao Yuhui , Chakraborti Subhabrata 
Published: April 2021

AbstractStatistical process control (SPC) and monitoring techniques are useful in a variety of applications. In this paper, we consider prospective (Phase II) process monitoring for the balanced random effects (variance components) model with Shewhart‐type charts when parameters are estimated from a Phase I study. Such a model is a nonstandard application of control charts and arises in a number of situations in practice. Effects of parameter estimation need to be accounted for or there maybe too many false alarms that will disrupt the monitoring regime. To this end, two types of corrected (adjusted) control limits are proposed, based on two perspectives, namely the unconditional and the conditional, as recommended in the recent literature. Results and derivations are provided along with tabulations and illustrations with real data. Robustness of the charts is examined and a summary and recommendations are given. An accompanying R package is provided for deploying the methodology. Other Phase II charts such as the EWMA and the CUSUM can be considered along similar lines and will be presented elsewhere.
Elucidation of glycosylation sites of kaempferol di‐O‐glycosides from methanolic extract of the leaves of Prunus domestica subsp. syriaca
Authors: Beszterda Monika , Frański Rafał 
Published: April 2021

RationaleFlavonol glycosides containing the glycosylation patterns 3,4′‐di‐O and 4′,7‐di‐O are rare in nature and they have not yet been studied in detail by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS(+/−), in contrast to the flavonol glycosides containing the glycosylation pattern 3,7‐di‐O.MethodThe leaves from Prunus domestica L. subsp. syriaca were extracted with pure methanol or, in order to perform hydrolysis and extraction simultaneously, with a 5% methanolic solution of hydrochloric acid. The high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)/ESI‐MS(+/−) analyses were performed using a Waters model 2690 HPLC pump and a Waters/Micromass ZQ2000 mass spectrometer.ResultsThree kinds of kaempferol di‐O‐glycosides have been identified, namely kaempferol‐3‐O‐hexoside‐7‐O‐rhamnosides, kaempferol‐3‐O‐pentoside‐4′‐O‐rhamnosides and kaempferol 4′,7‐di‐O‐rhamnoside. The identification was performed on the basis of the abundances of the respective Y‐type product ions.ConclusionsThe abundances of [Yn0 − H]−·, Yn0− and Yn0+ product ions were of crucial importance for the determination of glycosylation patterns. The obtained results can be useful for HPLC/ESI‐MS identification of rare flavonol‐di‐O‐glycosides.
COVID‐19 pneumonia and an indelible ground‐glass nodule
Authors: Yamanaka Sumitaka , Ota Shinichiro , Yoshida Yukihiro , Shinkai Masaharu 
Published: April 2021

Key messageWhen a chest computed tomography (CT) scan is performed in the diagnosis and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pneumonia, the possibility of lung neoplasm should be kept in mind if the ground‐glass nodule (GGN) shows features that are non‐specific for viral infection, such as solitary nature, relative roundness, well‐defined borders, and distance from the pleura.
The choice of value‐based strategies under rivalry: Whether to enhance value creation or bargaining capabilities
Authors: Almeida Costa Afonso , Zemsky Peter 
Published: April 2021

AbstractResearch SummaryThe value‐based perspective emphasizes the importance of both value creation and bargaining for firm performance. While formal theoretical work has focused on value creation strategies, empirical evidence suggests that substantial performance differences also arise from heterogeneity in bargaining. We develop a model where rival firms choose value‐based innovation strategies to enhance either value creation or bargaining capabilities. We show a tendency for homogeneous strategy choices, with coordination on bargaining promoting firm value capture at the expense of overall industry value creation. We identify conditions for strategic heterogeneity, wherein a firm that enhances its bargaining capability risks the sustainability of its competitive advantage. Our model incorporates a natural distinction between incremental and radical value‐creating innovations, which influences the risk‐return tradeoffs faced by firms in their strategies.Managerial SummaryA critical strategy choice for a firm's management is where to focus innovation efforts. Should it be on increasing the value the firm creates with other players, or on enhancing the firm's ability to bargain for a greater share of existing value creation? We develop a theory to inform such choices among rival firms. We show that there can be opportunities for rival firms to enhance their performance by coordinating innovation efforts on bargaining rather than on a race for value creation. However, the ability to coordinate on bargaining is undermined when value‐creating innovations allow firms to disrupt extant market structures, in which case the pursuit of high‐risk, high‐return value‐creating innovations may become attractive to individual firms even at the expense of overall industry profitability.
Modeling dynamic loads on oscillating airfoils with emphasis on dynamic stall vortices
Authors: Mohamed Ayman , Wood David H. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe present a modified version of the ONERA dynamic stall model for improving the prediction of the unsteady forces and load overshoots generated by the shedding of dynamic stall vortices. The modifications include modeling the chord‐axis forces instead of the wind‐axis forces used originally. A novel approach for defining the onset of a dynamic stall is based on the behavior of the chordwise force without correlating the onset empirically. Overshoots in the unsteady aerodynamic loads caused by vortex shedding are modeled by sine‐shaped functions added to the normal force and moment. The onset and duration of these pulses are empirically described in the time domain for convenient use in time‐marching simulations. The modified dynamic stall model is calibrated using a genetic algorithm and compared to experimental data of different airfoils relevant to wind turbine applications. The results show an excellent correlation with the experimental data, particularly in deep dynamic stall, which are characterized by large fluctuations in the aerodynamic loads.
First‐Row Transition Metals Complexes with Fused Oxazolidine (FOX) Ligands
Authors: Nachtigall Olaf , VanderWeide Andrew I. , Brennessel William. W. , Jones William D. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn this comprehensive study, we report the syntheses and crystal structures of 6 fused oxazolidine (FOX) bicycles and 22 complexes with FOX ligands. The structures are compared to the few FOX complexes found in literature. For our investigations, we developed synthetic strategies to selectively synthesize chiral or achiral FOX bicycles with pyridyl substituents. The coordination chemistry of the chiral and achiral FOX compounds with first‐row transition metals is discussed in an in‐depth analysis of the crystal structures. We found that the binding modes of the ligands are dependent on the configuration of the FOX backbone and on the steric demand of the substituents which were introduced to the pyridyl groups. The configuration of the FOX ligands is retained during the coordination of metal(II) ions such as Mn2+, Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+. Reactions of these metal ions with chiral FOX ligands lead to the formation of chiral complexes. In contrast, stronger Lewis acidic metal(III) ions, such as Fe3+ or Al3+, induce an isomerization of the chiral FOX ligands to their achiral diastereomers.
Introduction: The Case for Discrimination Research
Authors: Fibbi Rosita , Midtbøen Arnfinn H. , Simon Patrick 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIncreasing migration-related diversity in Europe has fostered dramatic changes since the 1950s, among them the rise of striking ethno-racial inequalities in employment, housing, health, and a range of other social domains. These ethno-racial disadvantages can be understood as evidence of widespread discrimination; however, scholarly debates reflect striking differences in the conceptualization and measurement of discrimination in the social sciences. Indeed, what discrimination is, as well as how and why it operates, are differently understood and studied by the various scholarships and scientific fields. It is the ambition of this book to summarize how we frame, study, theorize, and aim at combatting ethno-racial discrimination in Europe.
Concepts of Discrimination
Authors: Fibbi Rosita , Midtbøen Arnfinn H. , Simon Patrick 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis chapter gives an overview of some of the key concepts in the field of discrimination. It starts by distinguishing between direct and indirect discrimination in legal definitions. Next, we define the interrelated concepts of multiple discrimination and intersectionality, which increasingly are used in both legal studies and the social sciences, before giving an account of the interrelated concepts of organizational, institutional, and systemic discrimination. The chapter ends by reflecting on the complex relationship between discrimination and the endurance of categorical inequalities in societies where all members formally enjoy the principle of equality.
Combatting Discrimination
Authors: Fibbi Rosita , Midtbøen Arnfinn H. , Simon Patrick 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThere is a large variety of policies and actions contributing to tackling discrimination against immigrants and ethno-racial minorities, and countries vary greatly in their strategies to tackle ethnic and racial discrimination. This chapter distinguishes between three main types of measures – antidiscrimination legislation, affirmative action and other equal opportunity policies, and tools for promoting diversity – and describe their origins as well as whether they are implemented in different contexts. The chapter also reviews studies that have aimed at assessing the effectiveness of measures to combat discrimination and concludes by pointing out the necessity of statistics broken down by ethnicity or race to uncover unfair treatment and disadvantage faced by minorities.
Conclusion
Authors: Fibbi Rosita , Midtbøen Arnfinn H. , Simon Patrick 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis chapter briefly summarizes the content of the book, emphasizing how the impressive breadth of research reveal a worrying picture of enduring discrimination in immigrant-receiving societies across space and time, suggesting the contour of troubling “three P’s” in contemporary European societies: that ethno-racial discrimination appears to be pervasive, perpetuating, and persistent. The chapter also revisits the relationship between theories of integration and discrimination, and it concludes by pointing out promising for future research on discrimination.
Welfare and Mobility: Migrants’ Experiences of Social Welfare Protection in Transnational and Translocal Spaces
Authors: Ryndyk Oleksandr , Suter Brigitte , Odden Gunhild 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAs migrants throughout the world make important contributions to their families’ social welfare, migration often implies changes in the ways in which individual’s and families’ needs for economic and social-welfare protection are met. This book contributes to the existing literature on transnational mobility and social protection by bringing in empirical evidence from across the globe which illustrates the multitude of mechanisms in which welfare concerns shape individual and family decisions about mobility and vice versa. By focusing on individuals, households and families rather than on nation states, the book’s contributors distance themselves from the macro and nation-state level of analysis in the field of migration and welfare research. Despite the emphasis on migrants’ subjective rationalities, the book’s chapters often highlight the political nature of many dilemmas faced by migrants and their families and expose national-welfare systems’ inherent sedentary bias. This book is designed for a broad range of audiences, from established scholars and policy-makers to graduate students of Sociology, Political Science, Anthropology and Human Geography who are interested in transnational mobility and social protection. We hope that the readers will find the contributions to this book insightful and valuable for their understanding of migrants’ experiences of social-welfare protection in a globalised world.
Securing Old-Age Pensions Across Borders: Sudanese Transnational Families Across the Netherlands, the UK and Sudan
Authors: Serra Mingot Ester 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis chapter explores the social-protection domain of old-age pensions for Sudanese transnational families. The chapter is based on data collected during 14 months of multi-sited and partly matched-sample ethnographic fieldwork (2015–2017) with 21 Sudanese migrants in the Netherlands, 22 in the UK and 19 of their families in Sudan. Drawing on the life stories of members of different Sudanese families, this contribution addresses the question of what kinds of consideration underlie the decisions of Sudanese migrants when moving to certain places to secure their old-age pension. The chapter shows that the different mobilities in which Sudanese migrants engage have the double aim of both providing for their elderly parents back home now and securing their own pension in the future. The findings question the idea of ‘welfare shopping’ and show that migrants’ decision to move is not based so much on more or less generous welfare states but on the possibilities to arrange their own and their families’ social protection in a manner that is deemed better in the family’s understanding of social protection, which is strongly embedded in practices of generalised reciprocity.