bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Punitive Damages and the Place of Punishment in Private Law
Authors: Goudkamp James , Katsampouka Eleni 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIt has long been orthodoxy that punitive damages, because they are awarded in order to punish, are an anomalous remedy. So entrenched is this understanding that it has never been seriously challenged. However, even apparent truisms about the law should be questioned and, accordingly, this article offers a rival account. It contends that the deeply ingrained view that punitive damages are an aberration is a half‐truth because several other remedial rules are also aimed, at least in certain circumstances, at punishment. We concentrate in this regard on the doctrine of remoteness and its attenuation where the defendant has intentionally injured the claimant, aggravated damages, the account of profits remedy and general damages. Overthrowing the orthodox understanding regarding punitive damages has important prescriptive implications. In particular, it follows that the belief that punitive damages are an alien presence in private law supplies no basis for confining the jurisdiction to award them.
Modification of oxytocin use through a coaching‐based intervention based on the WHO Safe Childbirth Checklist in Uttar Pradesh, India: a secondary analysis of a cluster randomised controlled trial
Authors: Marx Delaney M , Kalita T , Hawrusik B , Neal BJ , Miller K , Ketchum R , Molina RL , Singh S , Kumar V , Semrau KEA 
Published: August 2021

ObjectiveTo understand the prevalence of intrapartum oxytocin use, assess associated perinatal and maternal outcomes, and evaluate the impact of a WHO Safe Childbirth Checklist intervention on oxytocin use at primary‐level facilities in Uttar Pradesh, India.DesignSecondary analysis of a cluster‐randomised controlled trial.SettingThirty Primary and Community public health facilities in Uttar Pradesh, India from 2014 to 2017.PopulationWomen admitted to a study facility for childbirth at baseline, 2, 6 or 12 months after intervention initiation.MethodsThe BetterBirth intervention aimed to increase adherence to the WHO Safe Childbirth Checklist. We used Rao‐Scott Chi‐square tests to compare (1) timing of oxytocin use between study arms and (2) perinatal mortality and resuscitation of infants whose mothers received intrapartum oxytocin versus who did not.Main outcome measuresIntrapartum and postpartum oxytocin administration, perinatal mortality, use of neonatal bag and mask.ResultsWe observed 5484 deliveries. At baseline, intrapartum oxytocin was administered to 78.2% of women. Two months after intervention initiation, intrapartum oxytocin (I) was administered to 32.1% of women compared with 70.6% in the control (C) (P < 0.01); this difference diminished after the end of the intervention (I = 48.2%, C = 74.7%, P = 0.03). Partograph use remained at <1% at all facilities. Resuscitation was performed on 7.5% of infants whose mother received intrapartum oxytocin versus 2.0% who did not (P < 0.0001).ConclusionsIn this setting, intrapartum oxytocin use was high despite limited maternal/fetal monitoring or caesarean capability, and was associated with increased neonatal resuscitation. The BetterBirth intervention was successful at decreasing intrapartum oxytocin use. Ongoing support is needed to sustain these practices.Tweetable abstractCoaching + WHO Safe Childbirth Checklist reduces intrapartum oxytocin use and need for newborn resuscitation.
A comparison between visible wavelength hyperspectral imaging and digital photography for the detection and identification of bloodstained footwear marks
Authors: Crowther Matthew , Li Bo , Thompson Timothy , Islam Meez 
Published: August 2021

AbstractOne of the first challenges that crime scene examiners have is determining if a substance is blood before performing analysis. Conventional methods of detecting blood involve the use of chemicals and different wavelengths of light in tandem with digital photography. However, these methods are destructive or provide false positives. Visible wavelength hyperspectral imaging (HSI) is a noncontact blood detection method that has been proven to provide accurate and reliable results. A novel application of this technique has been used for the detection and positive identification of bloodstained footwear marks, of different dilutions ranging from undiluted to 1:50 with distilled water, and on a range of substrates, and colors. Comparisons between HSI and conventional digital photography were made using a grading scale and analyzed using Mann‐Whitney U‐tests. The HSI technique was able to detect a statistically significant greater amount of tread detail on white tiles, laminate, carpet, and blue tiles compared with the digital photography technique, which was only superior on black tiles. Critically, the HSI technique was also able to determine that the footwear marks were made in blood. These results show that HSI will be useful in forensic investigations, where it is known that the perpetrator has walked through the victim's blood and left a trail of footwear marks at the crime scene. Even if the perpetrator had time to clean up afterward resulting in diluted stains, HSI would still be able to detect bloodstained footwear marks with a greater amount of detail compared with digital photography.
Occupational mortality in the New Mexico oil and gas industry
Authors: Faturos Andrew , Bodor Garon , Proe Lori , Lathrop Sarah 
Published: August 2021

AbstractNew Mexico's oil and natural gas industry has the second highest occupational fatality rate among oil and gas workers in the nation. There is currently limited data available regarding the top contributing factors to occupational mortality specific to the state's oil and gas industry. This study seeks to understand causes of mortality among oil and gas workers in New Mexico between 2008 and 2018. To facilitate this study, case reports were obtained from the New Mexico Office of the Medical Investigator, and population data was acquired from the US Department of Labor. In this 11‐year span, there were 73 cases, with an average annual mortality rate of 37 deaths per 100,000 oil and gas workers. Leading causes of death were vehicle accidents (36%), cardiovascular incidents (22%), and crush injuries (19%). The majority of vehicle accidents involved single vehicle accidents, and correct seat belt use was only documented 23% of the time. The majority of cardiovascular deaths were due to arteriosclerotic and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Alcohol was present in 18% of cases, and drugs were present in 19% of cases with methamphetamine present in 10% of investigated deaths. This is the first study to directly include cardiovascular incidents in the leading causes of death; otherwise, this study reflects national data reporting vehicle accidents and crush injuries as the leading causes of death. Going forward, prevention measures should effectively target safe driving practices focusing on seatbelt use, and mitigation of workplace drug and alcohol consumption.
Roads as ecological traps for giant anteaters
Authors: Noonan M. J. , Ascensão F. , Yogui D. R. , Desbiez A. L. J. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWildlife‐vehicle collisions (WVCs) represent a serious source of mortality for many species, threatening local populations’ persistence while also carrying high economic and human safety costs. Animals may adapt their behaviour to road‐associated threats, but roadside resources can also attract individuals to dangerous roadside habitats, ultimately acting as an ecological trap. Yet, the extent to which individuals modify their behaviour and space use to roads is largely unknown for most taxonomic groups. Using fine‐scale movement data from 38 giant anteaters Myrmecophaga tridactyla tracked in the Brazilian Cerrado, we aimed to identify facets of movement behaviour that might exhibit plasticity to roads and traffic volume. Specifically, the analysis of daily and instantaneous movement speeds, home‐range characteristics and crossing rates/times allowed us to test for an effect of road proximity, traffic volume and natural linear features on movement behaviour. We found no effect of road proximity or traffic volume on space use or movement behaviour. While individuals tended to reduce their movement speed when approaching roads and crossed roads ~3 times less than would have been expected by random chance, none of the three highways we monitored were impervious. The majority of tracked anteaters living near roads (<2 km) crossed them, with higher crossing rates for males than females. Habitat near roads may function as an ecological trap where healthy individuals occupy the territories nearby or bisected by roads but eventually are road‐killed given their regular crossings, leaving the territory vacant for subsequent occupation. Crucially, we found no evidence that anteaters actively searched for passage structures to cross the roads. This suggests that crossing structures alone are unlikely to mitigate WVC‐induced mortality in giant anteaters. Our research reinforces the need to implement fencing, leading to existing passages, and minimizing the amount of night‐time driving to reduce the number of WVCs.
Disentangling craving‐ and valence‐related brain responses to smoking cues in individuals with nicotine use disorder
Authors: Haugg Amelie , Manoliu Andrei , Sladky Ronald , Hulka Lea M. , Kirschner Matthias , Brühl Annette B. , Seifritz Erich , Quednow Boris B. , Herdener Marcus , Scharnowski Frank 
Published: August 2021

AbstractTobacco smoking is one of the leading causes of preventable death and disease worldwide. Most smokers want to quit, but relapse rates are high. To improve current smoking cessation treatments, a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of nicotine dependence and related craving behaviour is needed. Studies on cue‐driven cigarette craving have been a particularly useful tool for investigating the neural mechanisms of drug craving. Here, functional neuroimaging studies in humans have identified a core network of craving‐related brain responses to smoking cues that comprises of amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex and ventral striatum. However, most functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) cue‐reactivity studies do not adjust their stimuli for emotional valence, a factor assumed to confound craving‐related brain responses to smoking cues. Here, we investigated the influence of emotional valence on key addiction brain areas by disentangling craving‐ and valence‐related brain responses with parametric modulators in 32 smokers. For one of the suggested key regions for addiction, the amygdala, we observed significantly stronger brain responses to the valence aspect of the presented images than to the craving aspect. Our results emphasize the need for carefully selecting stimulus material for cue‐reactivity paradigms, in particular with respect to emotional valence. Further, they can help designing future research on teasing apart the diverse psychological dimensions that comprise nicotine dependence and, therefore, can lead to a more precise mapping of craving‐associated brain areas, an important step towards more tailored smoking cessation treatments.
Posterior fronto‐medial atrophy reflects decreased loss aversion, but not executive impairment, in alcohol use disorder
Authors: Gianelli Claudia , Basso Gianpaolo , Manera Marina , Poggi Paolo , Canessa Nicola 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDecreased punishment sensitivity in alcohol use disorder (AUD) might reflect a reduction in the typical human tendency to overweigh negative choice outcomes compared with equivalent positive ones, that is, ‘loss aversion.’ While this hypothesis is supported by previous reports of reduced loss aversion in AUD, it is still unknown whether such decreased sensitivity to prospective losses represents a specific facet of altered decision‐making or a secondary effect of executive/working‐memory impairments. We addressed this issue by assessing whether lower loss aversion in 22 AUD patients compared with 19 healthy controls is explained by their differential executive or working‐memory performance and by investigating its neural basis in terms of grey matter density and cortical thickness via voxel‐ and surface‐based morphometry, respectively. A significant decrease of loss aversion in patients, unrelated to their impaired executive/working‐memory performance, reflected the reduction of posterior fronto‐medial grey matter density and right frontopolar cortical thickness. Rather than their executive deficits, patients' reduced loss aversion reflects the structural damage of the posterior fronto‐medial cortex previously associated with solving conflicts at the response level, where earlier functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have shown a ‘neural loss aversion’ pattern of steeper deactivation for losses than activation for gains, and of the frontopolar cortex in charge of managing competing goals. These findings highlight possible directions for addressing AUD patients' high relapse rate, for example, cognitive‐behavioural rehabilitative interventions enhancing the awareness of the adverse outcomes of addiction or neurostimulation protocols targeting the regions processing their salience.
Cocaine hydrolase blocks cocaine‐induced dopamine transporter trafficking to the plasma membrane
Authors: Deng Jing , Kim Kyungbo , Zheng Xirong , Shang Linyue , Zhan Chang‐Guo , Zheng Fang 
Published: August 2021

AbstractCocaine blocks dopamine uptake via dopamine transporter (DAT) on plasma membrane of neuron cells and, as a result, produces the high and induces DAT trafficking to plasma membrane which contributes to the drug seeking or craving. In this study, we first examined the dose dependence of cocaine‐induced DAT trafficking and hyperactivity in rats, demonstrating that cocaine at an intraperitoneal dose of 10 mg/kg or higher led to redistribution of most DAT to the plasma membrane while inducing significant hyperactivity in rats. However, administration of 5‐mg/kg cocaine (ip) did not significantly induce DAT trafficking or hyperactivity in rats. So the threshold (intraperitoneal) dose of cocaine that can significantly induce DAT trafficking or hyperactivity should be between 5 and 10 mg/kg. These data suggest that when a cocaine dose is high enough to induce significant hyperactivity, it can also significantly induce DAT trafficking to the plasma membrane. Further, the threshold brain cocaine concentration required to induce significant hyperactivity and DAT trafficking was estimated to be ~2.0 ± 0.8 μg/g. Particularly, for treatment of cocaine abuse, previous studies demonstrated that an exogenous cocaine‐metabolizing enzyme, for example, CocH3‐Fc(M3), can effectively block cocaine‐induced hyperactivity. However, it was unknown whether an enzyme could also effectively block cocaine‐induced DAT trafficking to the plasma membrane. This study demonstrates, for the first time, that the enzyme is also capable of effectively blocking cocaine from reaching the brain even with a lethal dose of 60‐mg/kg cocaine (ip) and, thus, powerfully preventing cocaine‐induced physiological effects such as the hyperactivity and DAT trafficking.
The prevalence of oval‐shaped root canals: A morphometric study using cone‐beam computed tomography and image analysis software
Authors: Papic Mirjana , Papic Milos , Zivanovic Suzana , Vuletic Miona , Zdravkovic Dejan , Misic Aleksandra , Miletic Kovacevic Marina , Popovic Milica 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of oval‐shaped root canals at the apical, medial and coronal cross sections of all tooth groups using CBCT and image analysis software. Based on the diameter values, the long/short diameter ratio was calculated and each root canal was classified regarding its shape. Oval‐shaped canals were present in 45% at the apical, 50% at the medial and 56% at the coronal level of all teeth. The mandibular central incisors presented oval canals in 24%, long oval in 28% and flat in 2% at the apical level. Mandibular molars showed a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) in the distribution of oval‐shaped canals between cross‐sectional levels. Analysis of CBCT scans with an image analysis software could be a reliable and reproducible method and a valuable tool for objective determination of root canal shape in further research.
Transformational leadership and team performance in sports teams: A conditional indirect model
Authors: Mach Merce , Ferreira Aristides I. , Abrantes António C. M. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis study tests how transformational leadership fosters team performance through team cohesion and how that relationship is moderated by previous team performance and leadership consensus. We computed a moderated‐mediation model based on a sample of 690 professional players in 59 top professional teams in interactive team sports leagues (basketball, handball, roller hockey, and indoor football/soccer) in Spain. Our findings suggest that transformational leadership indirectly influences objective team performance through the mediation role of team cohesion and that this indirect effect is more prominent when the level of previous performance is higher. We also found that the indirect effect of transformational leadership on team performance via cohesion is stronger in teams with higher consensus regarding their coaches' leadership. Overall, our results demonstrate the importance of integrating dispersion and contextual variables into research models, in particular, previous performance and leadership consensus.
Does female human capital constrain earning management: The case of the United Kingdom
Authors: Ali Aribi Zakaria , Kostov Philip , Aghab Emhemmed 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis paper examines how the presence of female directors on corporate boards influences the practice of real and accrual earning management in U.K. firms. We account for the endogeneity of a range of corporate governance measures, including female board representation, with regards to earning management and demonstrate that ignoring this problem may lead to perverse results. We find that female board representation constrains both forms of earning management. Our results provide evidence that female directors bring considerable and diverse human capital, enhance board monitoring and contribute to a qualitative shift in the decision‐making process in the boardroom. We suggest that boards’ gender diversity and earning management is an overlooked area in the United Kingdom and globally and may require the attention of regulators.
The role of parents’ autonomy support and psychological control in sibling relationship functioning through children’s need‐based experiences
Authors: van der Kaap‐Deeder Jolene 
Published: August 2021

This study aimed to examine whether parents’ autonomy support and psychological control during sibling conflict would relate to children’s need‐based experiences and relationship functioning within the sibling relationship. Two siblings (Mage = 8.61 years, SD = 0.91 and Mage = 10.50 years, SD = 0.94) of 205 families filled out questionnaires. Results showed that parental autonomy support related positively to siblings’ relationship satisfaction via children’s need satisfaction. Additionally, fathers’ psychological control related negatively to provided autonomy support and positively to provided psychological control from one sibling to the other (as reported by the other sibling) and negatively to satisfaction with this relationship via need frustration. These findings highlight the importance of the quality of parents’ involvement during sibling conflict.
Holocene vegetation and hydroclimate changes in the Kansk forest steppe, Yenisei River Basin, East Siberia
Authors: Mikhailova Alexandra B. , Grenaderova Anna V. , Kurina Irina V. , Shumilovskikh Lyudmila S. , Stojko Tamara G. 
Published: August 2021

Our study focuses on the Holocene hydroclimate long‐term trends in southern East Siberia and places them in the context of the adjacent areas of the Siberian taiga in the north and the arid central Asia in the south. We present a new record from the eutrophic mire, in the forest‐steppe region, covering the last 9000 years. Our multi‐proxy approach includes physiochemical (ash content, grain size, micro‐charcoal, peat decomposition) and biological indicators (pollen, non‐pollen palynomorphs, plant macrofossils, testate amoebae, molluscs). The record indicates increased humidity during the Holocene Thermal Maximum at 8150–7400 cal. a BP, and drier conditions with evidence for fires at 7400–5100 cal. a BP. Next, wetter conditions occurred at the coring site at 5100–1400 cal. a BP based on evidence of fluvial influence, which is consistent with other records in the wider region. A short‐term dry episode occurred at 1400–1300 cal. a BP, followed by a wet Medieval Warm Period (1300–650 cal. a BP) and Little Ice Age (450–300 cal. a BP) and a moderately wet environment from 300 cal. a BP to the present day. These results are consistent with the previously published palaeoenvironmental reconstructions from the steppe and forest‐steppe regions in the south of East and West Siberia and taken together reveal a common trend towards wetter conditions with a maximum wetness between 4500 and 3000 cal. a BP. This differs from the taiga region further north and from the Altai‐Sayan Mountains and Kazakhstan Hills further south, which show the trend from dry to wet and then to drier conditions in the Holocene, and from the Trans‐Baikal region where the Holocene trend is to drier conditions. This study supports the predominant influence of the North Atlantic on the regional palaeoclimate changes in the forest‐steppe region of East Siberia during the Holocene.
Transient Receptor Potential channels, TRPV1 and TRPA1 in melanocytes synergize UV‐dependent and UV‐independent melanogenesis
Authors: Jia Qi , Tian Weifeng , Li Binbin , Chen Wen , Zhang Wenjie , Xie Yang , Cheng Na , Chen Qi , Xiao Jianru , Zhang Yiwang , Yang Jian , Wang Shu 
Published: August 2021

Background and PurposeMelanogenesis is essential for pigmentation and deregulated melanogenesis causes pigmentary diseases. Psoralen and ultraviolet A (PUVA) therapy strongly stimulates pigmentation, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are elusive.Experimental ApproachMelanin content of cultured human melanocytes was spectrophotometrically measured. Patch‐clamp recordings were made in human melanocytes or HEK 293 cells transiently expressing wild type or mutant human TRPV1 and TRPA1 channels. Endogenous expression of TRPV1 and TRPA1 in melanocytes was analysed by western blotting and was knocked down with siRNA. In vivo pigmentary responses were measured by a colorimeter in mouse ear skin. The expression of TRPV1 and TRPA1 in human pigmented lesions was examined by immunohistochemical staining.Key ResultsPUVA strongly stimulated melanogenesis and PUVA‐induced TRPV1 and TRPA1 channel activation in melanocytes and the resulting Ca2+ influx were required for the stimulated melanogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. Agonists‐induced TRPV1 and TRPA1 activation alone did not stimulate melanogenesis, but it synergized UVA or intrinsic cAMP and NO signalling pathways to stimulate UV‐dependent or UV‐independent melanogenesis. Moreover, the expressions of TRPV1 and TRPA1 were increased in human melanocytic lesions and inhibition of both channels decreased melanin content in melanoma cells.Conclusion and ImplicationsTRPV1 and TRPA1 are key molecular sensors and enhancers of extrinsic and intrinsic melanogenic signals in both physiological and pathological conditions, and activation of both channels in melanocytes contributes to PUVA therapy‐induced pigmentation. Our work provides a common mechanism of melanogenic regulation and highlights TRPV1 and TRPA1 as potential therapeutic targets for pigmentary disorders.