bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of progressive temporal visual field defects in patients with myopia
Authors: Lee Jiyun , Park Chan Kee , Jung Kyoung In 
Published: April 2021

AbstractTemporal visual field damage (VFD) is the common type of non-glaucomatous VF defects found in eyes with myopia. However, little is known about the factors associated with its progression. We investigated the characteristic of myopic eyes with progressive temporal VF defects. This retrospective, observational study included a total of 116 eyes: 39 eyes with temporal VFDs and an axial length greater than 24.5 mm, 77 eyes with typical glaucomatous VFDs who were followed up more than 5 years. VF progression was evaluated with Trend-based global progression analysis. In the temporal VFD group, the greater tilt ratios, the higher prevalence of β-zone peripapillary atrophy (β-PPA), the substantial increase in β-PPA were found, compared to the typical glaucomatous VFD groups (all P-values ≤ 0.001). The temporal VFD group had the slower progression than the typical glaucomatous VFD group on trend-based GPA (P = 0.047). In the multivariate linear regression analysis, the change of β-PPA area over years was related to temporal VFD progression (B, − 0.000088, P = 0.003). In conclusion, myopic eyes with the temporal VFD, which come with growing β-PPA area, should be monitored with extra caution.
Synthetic single cell RNA sequencing data from small pilot studies using deep generative models
Authors: Treppner Martin , Salas-Bastos Adrián , Hess Moritz , Lenz Stefan , Vogel Tanja , Binder Harald 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDeep generative models, such as variational autoencoders (VAEs) or deep Boltzmann machines (DBMs), can generate an arbitrary number of synthetic observations after being trained on an initial set of samples. This has mainly been investigated for imaging data but could also be useful for single-cell transcriptomics (scRNA-seq). A small pilot study could be used for planning a full-scale experiment by investigating planned analysis strategies on synthetic data with different sample sizes. It is unclear whether synthetic observations generated based on a small scRNA-seq dataset reflect the properties relevant for subsequent data analysis steps. We specifically investigated two deep generative modeling approaches, VAEs and DBMs. First, we considered single-cell variational inference (scVI) in two variants, generating samples from the posterior distribution, the standard approach, or the prior distribution. Second, we propose single-cell deep Boltzmann machines (scDBMs). When considering the similarity of clustering results on synthetic data to ground-truth clustering, we find that the$$scVI_{posterior}$$scVIposteriorvariant resulted in high variability, most likely due to amplifying artifacts of small datasets. All approaches showed mixed results for cell types with different abundance by overrepresenting highly abundant cell types and missing less abundant cell types. With increasing pilot dataset sizes, the proportions of the cells in each cluster became more similar to that of ground-truth data. We also showed that all approaches learn the univariate distribution of most genes, but problems occurred with bimodality. Across all analyses, in comparing 10$$\times$$×Genomics and Smart-seq2 technologies, we could show that for 10$$\times$$×datasets, which have higher sparsity, it is more challenging to make inference from small to larger datasets. Overall, the results show that generative deep learning approaches might be valuable for supporting the design of scRNA-seq experiments.
Messenger RNA biomarkers of Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus infection in the whole blood of dairy calves
Authors: Johnston Dayle , Earley Bernadette , McCabe Matthew S. , Kim JaeWoo , Taylor Jeremy F. , Lemon Ken , Duffy Catherine , McMenamy Michael , Cosby S. Louise , Waters Sinead M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV) is a primary viral cause of Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) in young calves, which is responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality. Infection with BRSV induces global gene expression changes in respiratory tissues. If these changes are observed in tissues which are more accessible in live animals, such as whole blood, they may be used as biomarkers for diagnosis of the disease. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to elucidate the whole blood transcriptomic response of dairy calves to an experimental challenge with BRSV. Calves (Holstein–Friesian) were either administered BRSV inoculate (103.5 TCID50/ml × 15 ml) (n = 12) or sterile phosphate buffered saline (n = 6). Clinical signs were scored daily and whole blood was collected in Tempus RNA tubes immediately prior to euthanasia, at day 7 post-challenge. RNA was extracted from blood and sequenced (150 bp paired-end). The sequence reads were aligned to the bovine reference genome (UMD3.1) and EdgeR was subsequently employed for differential gene expression analysis. Multidimensional scaling showed that samples from BRSV challenged and control calves segregated based on whole blood gene expression changes, despite the BRSV challenged calves only displaying mild clinical symptoms of the disease. There were 281 differentially expressed (DE) genes (p < 0.05, FDR < 0.1, fold change > 2) between the BRSV challenged and control calves. The top enriched KEGG pathways and gene ontology terms were associated with viral infection and included “Influenza A”, “defense response to virus”, “regulation of viral life cycle” and “innate immune response”. Highly DE genes involved in these pathways may be beneficial for the diagnosis of subclinical BRD from blood samples.
Comparative study of the environmental footprints of marinas on European Islands
Authors: Cruz-Pérez Noelia , Rodríguez-Martín Jesica , García Celso , Ioras Florin , Christofides Nicholas , Vieira Marco , Bruccoleri Manfredi , Santamarta Juan C. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPorts have been key elements in Europe's economic development. This situation is even more relevant on islands, which are highly dependent on the maritime sector. Consequently, over the years, ports with diverse functionalities have been established both in mainland Europe and on its outlying islands. This article discusses the environmental impact of leisure marinas on European islands, especially as they are closely linked to economic development through tourism. The aim is to study the environmental impact of these infrastructures by determining the carbon and water footprints of marinas on European islands in the Atlantic and the Mediterranean. The results obtained enable the authors to make recommendations in order to reduce the overall environmental footprint of marinas on islands, considering that these territories are much more vulnerable to climate change than mainland locations in Europe.
Polymer coated gold nanoshells for combinational photochemotherapy of pancreatic cancer with gemcitabine
Authors: Emamzadeh Mina , Pasparakis George 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal malignancies with limited therapeutic options and dismal prognosis. Gemcitabine is the front-line drug against pancreatic cancer however with limited improvement of therapeutic outcomes. In this study we envisaged the integration of GEM with gold nanoshells which constitute an interesting class of nanomaterials with excellent photothermal conversion properties. Nanoshells were coated with thiol-capped poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate polymers of different molecular weight via Au–S attachment. It was found that the molecular weight of the polymers affects the in vitro performance of the formulations; more importantly we demonstrate that the EC50 of nanoshell loaded GEM can be suppressed but fully restored and even improved upon laser irradiation. Our proposed nanoformulations outperformed the cytotoxicity of the parent drug and showed confined synergism under the tested in vitro conditions.
A long-term longitudinal study of the osteoarthritic changes to the temporomandibular joint evaluated using a novel three-dimensional superimposition method
Authors: Han Kyungjae , Kim Mun Cheol , Kim Youn Joong , Song Yunheon , Tae Ilho , Ryu Jae-Jun , Lee Dong-Yul , Jung Seok-Ki 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe aim of this study was to assess the changes in individual condyles from 5 to 8 years in patients with temporomandibular joint (TMJ) osteoarthritis using 3-dimensional cone beam computed tomography (3D CBCT) reconstruction and superimposition. To assess the longitudinal TMJ changes, CBCT was performed at initial (T0) and final (T2) timepoints that were at least 5 years apart and at a middle (T1) timepoint. To improve the accuracy, we used a novel superimposition method that designated areas of coronoid process and mandibular body. The differences in the resorption and apposition amounts were calculated between each model via maximum surface distances. The greatest resorption and apposition observed were − 7.48 and 2.66 mm, respectively. Evaluation of the changes in each condyle showed that osteoarthritis leads to both resorption and apposition. Resorption was mainly observed in the superior region, while high apposition rates were observed (in decreasing order) in the posterior, lateral, and anterior regions. The medial parts showed greater apposition than the lateral parts in all regions. Our superimposition method reveals that both resorption and apposition were observed in condyles with TMJ osteoarthritis, and resorption/apposition patterns depend on the individual condyle and its sites.
Thermodynamic equilibrium theory revealing increased hysteresis in ferroelectric field-effect transistors with free charge accumulation
Authors: Bizindavyi Jasper , Verhulst Anne S. , Sorée Bart , Vandenberghe William G. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAt the core of the theoretical framework of the ferroelectric field-effect transistor (FeFET) is the thermodynamic principle that one can determine the equilibrium behavior of ferroelectric (FERRO) systems using the appropriate thermodynamic potential. In literature, it is often implicitly assumed, without formal justification, that the Gibbs free energy is the appropriate potential and that the impact of free charge accumulation can be neglected. In this Article, we first formally demonstrate that the Grand Potential is the appropriate thermodynamic potential to analyze the equilibrium behavior of perfectly coherent and uniform FERRO-systems. We demonstrate that the Grand Potential only reduces to the Gibbs free energy for perfectly non-conductive FERRO-systems. Consequently, the Grand Potential is always required for free charge-conducting FERRO-systems. We demonstrate that free charge accumulation at the FERRO interface increases the hysteretic device characteristics. Lastly, a theoretical best-case upper limit for the interface defect density DFI is identified.
Effectiveness of Simulation Training on Graduate Audiology Students' Auditory Brainstem Response Testing Skills
Authors: Reed Amanda , Andre Alexandra , Ananthakrishnan Saradha , Korczak Peggy 
Published: April 2021

Purpose
Simulation is a tool commonly used in the clinical training of students within the health professions fields, such as medicine and nursing. The effectiveness of simulation as a teaching technique has been extensively documented in numerous health care professions; however, little is known about the effectiveness of simulation techniques in audiology education. This study assesses the effectiveness of a simulation activity focused on auditory brainstem response (ABR) testing conducted with students of an applied doctoral program in audiology.

Method
Twelve 2nd year audiology graduate students enrolled in the auditory electrophysiology course at Towson University in Fall 2018 participated in this pre–post study. Over a 3-week period, each student (a) received didactic instruction in ABR testing, (b) underwent a presimulation exercise skills assessment, (c) participated in a simulation exercise, and (d) underwent a postsimulation exercise skills assessment.

Results
Significant improvements were observed in clinical skill level for the ABR tasks evaluated in terms of both accuracy and efficiency (time in seconds needed to complete the task). The tasks evaluated included skin preparation, identification of scalp electrode placement sites, and scalp electrode placement in a variety of configurations (single- and two-channel arrays, horizontal and vertical electrode montages). Benefits associated with simulation-based instruction varied by clinical skill as well as by student.

Conclusions
The data described in this study reinforce the need to incorporate simulation in audiology training programs, especially for complex clinical skills. It also emphasizes the need for additional research that can be useful in the design and implementation of simulation-based exercises.
Observations of distant comet C/2011 KP36 (Spacewatch): photometry, spectroscopy, and polarimetry
Authors: Ivanova Oleksandra , Rosenbush Vera , Luk’yanyk Igor , Kolokolova Ludmilla , Kleshchonok Valery , Kiselev Nikolai , Afanasiev Viktor , Renée Kirk Zachary 
Published: April 2021

Aims. The main objective of our study is to obtain new observational results for the active long-period comet C/2011 KP36 (Spacewatch). This comet has unusual orbital properties and moves at distances larger than 5 au from the Sun.
Methods. We carried out extensive observations of comet C/2011 KP36 (Spacewatch) at the 6-m BTA telescope of the Special Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences with the focal reducer SCORPIO-2. We obtained quasi-simultaneous long-slit spectra in the visible, as well as photometric and linear polarimetric images with the g-sdss and r-sdss filters on November 25, 2016 when the heliocentric and geocentric distances of the comet were 5.06 au and 4.47 au, respectively. We modeled the behavior of the color and polarization in the coma, considering the dust as an ensemble of polydisperse nonspherical particles.
Results. Two strong jet-like structures in solar and antisolar directions and two short and narrow jet features in the perpendicular direction were revealed in the coma. Our simulations showed that the latter two jets originated from the same active area. We determined the orientation of the rotation axis of the nucleus and the position of three active areas. High activity of the comet was characterized by Afρ values of 1065 ± 11 cm in the g-sdss filter and 1264 ± 17 cm in the r-sdss filter. The comet was found to be rich in CO+, while there was no clear detection of CN, C3, C2, and N2+. The dust color g–r varies over the coma from about 0.2m to 0.7m, and the linear polarization degree from about −1% to −6% at the phase angle 9.6°. The color of the nucleus of comet C/2011 KP36 (Spacewatch) is ultrared, B – R = 1.9m ± 0.3m.
Conclusions. The high variability of the observed characteristics over the coma of comet C/2011 KP36 (Spacewatch) indicates significant and variable activity of the nucleus with, probably, numerous small active areas. Together with the three identified large active areas, they are characterized by different combinations of water ice, CO2 ice, and refractory dust and sizes of their particles, which are in the micron-size range.
Maximum helium content of multiple populations in the globular cluster NGC 6752
Authors: Martins F. , Chantereau W. , Charbonnel C. 
Published: April 2021

Context. Multiple populations in globular clusters are usually explained by the formation of stars out of material with a chemical composition that is polluted to different degrees by the ejecta of short-lived, massive stars. But the nature of the “polluters” remains elusive. Different types of stars have been proposed to account for the observed chemical patterns of multiple populations. Among other things, these differ by the amount of helium they spread in the surrounding medium.
Aims. In this study we investigate whether the present-day photometric method used to infer the helium content of multiple populations indeed gives the true value or underestimates it by missing very He-rich, but rare stars. This check is important to discriminate between the different polluter scenarios. We focus on the specific case of NGC 6752.
Methods. We compute atmosphere models and synthetic spectra along isochrones produced for this cluster for a very broad range of He abundances covering the predictions of the different scenarios, including the extreme case of the fast-rotating massive star (FRMS) scenario. We use the same abundances in isochrones and atmosphere models to ensure consistency. We calculate synthetic photometry in HST filters best suited to study the helium content. We subsequently build synthetic clusters with various distributions of stars. We finally determine the maximum helium mass fraction of these synthetic clusters using a method similar to that applied to observational data. In particular, we select nonpolluted and very He-rich stars from the so-called chromosome map.
Results. We re-determine the maximum helium mass fraction Y in NGC 6752, and find a value consistent with published results. We build toy models of clusters with various distributions of multiple populations and ensure that we are able to recover the input maximum Y. We then build synthetic clusters with the populations predicted by the FRMS scenario and find that while we slightly underestimate the maximum Y value, we are still able to detect stars much more He-rich than the current observed maximum Y. This result still holds even in synthetic clusters that contain less He-rich stars than predicted by the FRMS scenario. It is easier to determine the maximum Y on main sequence stars than on red giant branch stars, but qualitatively the results are unaffected by the sample choice.
Conclusions. We show that in NGC 6752 it is unlikely that stars more He-rich than the current observational limit of about 0.3 (in mass fraction) are present.
Seltene Erkrankungen des Larynx, der Trachea und der Schilddrüse
Authors: Hackenberg Stephan , Kraus Fabian , Scherzad Agmal 
Published: April 2021

ZusammenfassungDer Übersichtsartikel beinhaltet eine Zusammenstellung seltener Erkrankungen von Larynx, Trachea und Schilddrüse. Im Speziellen werden angeborene Fehlbildungen, seltene Formen der entzündlichen Larynxerkrankungen, gutartige und bösartige epitheliale sowie nicht-epitheliale Tumoren, laryngeale und tracheale Manifestationen von Allgemeinerkrankungen und schließlich seltene Erkrankungen der Schilddrüse besprochen. Die einzelnen Kapitel beinhalten eine Übersicht über die Datenlage in der Literatur, das jeweilige klinische Erscheinungsbild, wichtige Stichpunkte zur Diagnostik und zur Therapie und eine abschließende Stellungnahme zur Prognose der Erkrankung. Des Weiteren finden sich Hinweise zu Studienregistern und Selbsthilfegruppen.
Akut erworbene konkomitante Esotropie Typ 2 – eine retrospektive Analyse
Authors: Geiger Hans-Georg , Simonsz-Toth Brigitte , Gerth-Kahlert Christina 
Published: April 2021

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund Akutes erworbenes konkomitantes Einwärtsschielen (acute acquired comitant esotropia, AACE) ist eine seltene Schielform. Es besteht Konsens, dass zu den klinischen Merkmalen des AACE Typ 2 im Kindesalter folgende Merkmale gehören: akuter Schielbeginn im etwa 3. Lebensjahr, relativ großer konkomitanter, nicht akkommodativer Schielwinkel, Hyperopie von maximal 3,0 dpt und eine normale Sensorik. Die Diagnose eines AACE Typ 2 stellt eine dringliche Therapieindikation dar, um einen irreversiblen Verlust des bereits erworbenen binokularen Sehens zu vermeiden. Um die klinischen Charakteristika von AACE Typ 2 zu analysieren, wählten wir folgendes Studiendesign.
Patienten und Methoden Retrospektive Datenanalyse der Patienten, die zwischen Oktober 2011 und September 2019 eine Strabismusoperation aufgrund der Verdachtsdiagnose eines AACE Typ 2 an unserer Klinik erhielten, welche sich auch postoperativ anhand von Stellung und Binokularitätsgrad bestätigen ließ. Analysierte Daten beinhalteten: Alter und Symptome bei Erstuntersuchung, Visus, Refraktion, Brillenkorrektur, Alter bei Operation, Intervall von Erstsymptomatik bis zur Operation, Operationsverfahren, Schielwinkel und Binokularitätsgrad (präoperativ und postoperativ 1 Tag, postoperativ 3 und 12 Monate). Die Analyse wurde durch die kantonale Ethikkommission Zürich genehmigt.
Ergebnisse Daten von 18 Patienten (12 männlich, 6 weiblich) konnten in die Studie eingeschlossen werden mit einer Hyperopie von 1,4 ± 0,6 dpt. Eine Amblyopie lag in 2 Fällen vor. Das Alter bei Operation lag zwischen 2,0 und 11,1 Jahren mit einem Intervall zwischen Erstsymptomatik und der Operation von 0,4 bis 24,6 Monaten. Eine Operation wurde innerhalb von 6 Monaten nach Schielbeginn bei 12/18 Kindern durchgeführt. Der präoperativ gemessene Schielwinkel lag in der Nähe bei 38 ± 10 Prismendioptrien (PD) und reduzierte sich nach 3 und 12 Monaten auf 3 ± 3 PD resp. 2 ± 2 PD. Stereosehen erreichten am 1. operativen Tag 5/18 Kinder, nach 12 Monaten dann 18/18 Kinder.
Schlussfolgerung Die Evaluation unserer Patientengruppe mit postoperativ gesicherter Diagnose AACE Typ 2 zeigt, dass in allen Fällen eine geringe Hyperopie, eine große konkomitante, nicht akkommodative Esotropie bestand und die Prognose zur Wiederherstellung von normaler Stereopsis ausgezeichnet ist. Das Vorliegen einer präoperativen Amblyopie schließt eine Normosensorik nach erfolgter Strabismuskorrektur nicht aus. Eine zeitnahe therapeutische Intervention sollte bei Vorliegen o. g. Charakteristika angestrebt werden.