bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fishing during the early human occupations of the Atacama Desert coast: what if we standardize the data?
Authors: Rebolledo Sandra , Béarez Philippe , Zurro Débora 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe Atacama Desert coast (18–30° S) presents one of the earliest chronologies in the South America region, whose first occupations date from ~ 13,000 cal BP. Since that time, coastal and marine resources have been a common component at sites along the littoral zone. Fish species have been particularly important, as have the fishing technologies developed and used by the coastal communities. However, even though several archaeological sites have been studied, there is no systematic macro-regional analysis of early fisheries along the Atacama Desert coast. Furthermore, differences in theoretical and methodological approaches, as well as research objectives, hinder comparisons between ichthyoarchaeological assemblages. Here, we present a comparative analysis of the Atacama Desert fish data obtained from publications and gray literature from ten archaeological sites dating from the Terminal Pleistocene to the Early Holocene. Through the standardization of contextual and ichthyoarchaeological information, we compared data using NISP, MNI, and weight to calculate fish density, richness, and ubiquity, in order to identify similarities and differences between assemblages. This exploratory approach aims to contribute to studies of fish consumption in the area, as well as proposing new methodological questions and solutions regarding data heterogeneity in archaeozoology.
A new mathematical program with complementarity constraints for optimal localization of pressure reducing valves in water distribution systems
Authors: Dai Pham Duc 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWater loss reduction in water distribution systems (WDSs) is a challenging task for water utilities worldwide. One of the most reliable and cost-effective ways to reduce water loss is to properly regulate operational pressure of the system through optimizing pressure reducing valve (PRV) placements. This well-known engineering problem can be casted into a mixed-integer nonlinear program (MINLP) where binary variables are introduced to represent positions of PRVs. Many works in the literature applied heuristic algorithms to address the optimization problem. In this paper, at first, we proposed a new optimization model and reformulated it as the mathematical program with complementarity constraints (MPCCs). It is due to the fact that the stationary point of the MPCCs is likely to be trapped into bad local solutions, a soft heuristic method is then proposed to determine the MINLP local solution in each iteration before a stationary point of the MPCCs is reached. This method not only enhances the quality of MINLP solution, but also decreases computation time for solving the MPCCs. The newly formulated MPCCs is applied to determine optimal localization of PRVs for two WDS benchmarks and a real-world WDS in Vietnam. The results are compared with others in the literature demonstrating that using our new optimization model, better and more reliable MINLP solution can be found for large scale WDSs.
Repeated antigen testing among severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)–positive nursing home residents
Authors: Moritz Erin D. , McKay Susannah L. , Tobolowsky Farrell A. , LaVoie Stephen P. , Waltenburg Michelle A. , Lecy Kristin D. , Thornburg Natalie J. , Harcourt Jennifer L. , Tamin Azaibi , Folster Jennifer M. , Negley Jeanne , Brown Allison C. , McDonald L. Clifford , Kutty Preeta K. ,   for the CDC Infection Prevention and Control Group
Published: August 2021

AbstractRepeated antigen testing of 12 severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)–positive nursing home residents using Abbott BinaxNOW identified 9 of 9 (100%) culture-positive specimens up to 6 days after initial positive test. Antigen positivity lasted 2–24 days. Antigen positivity might last beyond the infectious period, but it was reliable in residents with evidence of early infection.
Homelands and Nationalism
Authors: Shelef Nadav G. , Koo Alex Zhi-Xiong 
Published: August 2021

AbstractHomelands are an integral component of nationalism. This recognition notwithstanding, the lines nationalism draws on the globe have received much less systematic attention than the lines drawn between in-groups and out-groups. This article argues that homelands, precisely because they are so central to nationalism, should be more consistently integrated into scholarship on international conflict, among other outcomes. We begin by detailing what homelands are, why they matter, and some suggested mechanisms for how they impact outcomes of interest. The next section considers the choices scholars make about identifying homelands, including the particular measurement strategy and the level of analysis used. Here, we highlight recent advances that enable the measurement and analysis of homelands in ways consistent with both constructivist insights about the possibility of variation in the homeland’s extent (both over time and within populations) and with positivist analysis. We conclude by sketching out future directions for research on homelands and nationalism.
Disentangling Dispositions from Powers
Authors: Buckareff Andrei A. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMany powers-realists assume that the powers of objects are identical with the dispositions of objects and, hence, that ‘power’ and ‘disposition’ are interchangeable. In this article, I aim to disentangle dispositions from powers with the goal of getting a better sense of how powers and dispositions relate to one another. I present and defend a modest realism about dispositions built upon a standard strong realism about powers. I argue that each correct disposition-ascription we can make of an object is made true by the manifestations towards which a given power or collection of powers of the object is directed.
Hospital social work and discharge planning for older people: challenges of working in a clinical setting
Authors: Heenan Deirdre 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAcross the world acute hospitals are under unprecedented pressures due to shrinking budgets and increasing demand, against this backdrop they are also experiencing record levels of activity in Accident & Emergency and delayed transfers of care. Reducing pressure on hospitals by avoiding unnecessary admissions and delayed discharges has risen up the global policy agenda. However, reviews of strategies and policies have rarely involved discussions about the role that hospital social workers play in achieving timely hospital discharge. Yet discharge planning has become a, if not the, central function of these professionals. This paper presents the results of a small-scale exploratory study of hospital social work in an acute hospital in Northern Ireland. The findings reveal that the work of hospital social workers is characterised by increased bureaucracy, an emphasis on targets and a decrease in the time afforded to forming relationships with older people. Hospital social workers highlight concerns that the emphasis on discharge planning and pressures associated with the austerity agenda limits their capacity to provide other more traditional roles such as advocacy and counselling. It is argued that hospital social work should not be narrowly defined as ‘simply’ co-ordinating discharge plans. The tension that arises between expediting hospital discharge and advocating for older people and their families is also discussed.
Degree of muscle-and-tendon tonus effects on kinesthetic illusion in wrist joints toward advanced rehabilitation robotics
Authors: Komura Hiraku , Kubo Takumu , Honda Masakazu , Ohka Masahiro 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDue to increasing demand for rehabilitation and therapy for cerebrovascular diseases, patients require advanced development of medical rehabilitation robots. In our laboratory, we focus on the formation capability of the substitute neural path caused by brain plasticity using the kinesthetic illusion (KI), which is effective for therapies using robots. In KI, people perceive an illusionary limb movement without an actual movement when a vibration stimulus is applied to a limb’s tendons. In previous research, the optimal frequency that induces the maximum KI has a correlation factor of about 0.5 with the tendon’s natural frequency when a human subject is in a state of laxity. However, we do not know whether the above finding can be applied to actual rehabilitation because muscles and tendons are sometimes in tonus during rehabilitation, a state that varies the natural frequency. In this study, we investigate the correlation between the optimal and natural frequencies of tendon by systematically changing their tension to clarify the effects on the illusion induced by the muscle and the tendon when they are in tonus. We identified a negative correlation between the optimal and natural frequencies when they are in tonus, although a positive correlation appeared when they are in laxity. This result suggests that KI’s optimal frequency should be changed based on the degree of the tendon and muscle tonus. Therefore, our present findings provide a suitable vibration frequency that induces KI due to the degree of the tendon and muscle tonus during robot therapies.
Household food insecurity during pregnancy as a predictor of anthropometric indices failures in infants aged less than 6 months: a retrospective longitudinal study
Authors: Karbin Karim , Khorramrouz Fatemeh , Farkhani Ehsan Mosa , Sobhani Seyyed Reza , Mosalmanzadeh Negin , Shahriari Zahra , Ranjbar Golnaz 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjective:To investigate the impact of household food insecurity during the third trimester of pregnancy on the growth indicators of infants aged less than 6 months.Design:Retrospective longitudinal study.Setting:137 healthcare centres (15 cities) in Khorasan Razavi province, Iran. Data were extracted from the Sina Electronic Health Record System (SinaEHR®).Participants:This study was conducted on 2481 mother and infant dyads during November 2016–March 2019. The Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (nine-item version) was used to measure food insecurity in the third trimester of pregnancy. Women who delivered singleton infants were included in the study, and anthropometric indices of infants were measured throughout the first 6 months of life.Results:Approximately 67 % of the participants were food secure, while 33 % had varying degrees of food insecurity. The children born to the mothers in the food-insecure households were, respectively, 2·01, 3·03, and 3·83 times more likely to be stunted at birth (95 % CI 1·17, 3·46), 4 months (95 % CI 1·21, 7·61) and 6 months of age (95 % CI 1·37, 10·68) compared to their counterparts in the food-secure households. However, there were no significant differences in mean birth weight, birth height and head circumference at birth between the two groups.Conclusions:Household food insecurity during pregnancy is a risk factor for stunting in infants aged less than 6 months. Therefore, national nutrition programs could considerably support women in food-insecure households during and before pregnancy.
Determining the nominal body contour image using wideband millimeter-wave radar for characterizing person-worn threats
Authors: Tajdini Mohammad M. , Rappaport Carey M. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPrecise characterization of concealed person-worn objects will speed up the passenger screening process by reducing the rate of nuisance alarms, while also enhancing the airport security imaging systems. This paper presents an automatic, real-time method for wideband millimeter-wave radar identification of the nominal surface contours of the human body – even with affixed foreign objects or when a segment of the body cross-section is not captured by the radar – without relying on the body's bilateral symmetry. The developed method is verified experimentally when applied to the actual images generated by a laboratory airport scanning prototype developed recently by the US Department of Homeland Security (DHS). Our method uses the noisy collection of radar cross-section reflectivity data to extract the main contours and estimates the nominal body surface cross-sections through fitting a small-term Fourier series of circumferential variation. This is a necessary step for accurate characterizing of concealed terrorist threat objects affixed to the body.
Detection and Height Measurement of Tenuous Clouds and Blowing Snow in ICESat‐2 ATLAS Data
Authors: Herzfeld Ute , Hayes Adam , Palm Stephen , Hancock David , Vaughan Mark , Barbieri Kristine 
Published: August 2021

AbstractTenuous atmospheric layers, such as high, thin cirrus clouds and blowing snow over Antarctica, play an important role in the climate system, affecting energy fluxes between the Earth and the atmosphere. Our knowledge of the structure of the atmosphere is largely derived from atmospheric satellite measurements. Yet tenuous layers can be hard to detect in satellite lidar data, especially in daylight data characterized by high solar background. In this study, we introduce an approach to detect tenuous atmospheric layers in the atmospheric lidar measurements of NASA's ICESat‐2. The density‐dimension algorithm for ICESat‐2 atmospheric data (DDA‐atmos) identifies atmospheric layers while automatically adapting to different background conditions of night, twilight, and daylight data. This capability, demonstrated for tenuous clouds and blowing snow, offers a data‐based solution to an important climate modeling problem. Atmospheric layer boundaries, detection confidence, and density fields resultant from the DDA‐atmos are reported in ICESat‐2 atmospheric data product ATL09.
Retreat of the Antarctic Ice Sheet During the Last Interglaciation and Implications for Future Change
Authors: Golledge N. R. , Clark P. U. , He F. , Dutton A. , Turney C. S. M. , Fogwill C. J. , Naish T. R. , Levy R. H. , McKay R. M. , Lowry D. P. , Bertler N. A. N. , Dunbar G. B. , Carlson A. E. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) response to past warming consistent with the 1.5–2°C “safe limit” of the United Nations Paris Agreement is currently not well known. Empirical evidence from the most recent comparable period, the Last Interglaciation, is sparse, and transient ice‐sheet experiments are few and inconsistent. Here, we present new, transient, GCM‐forced ice‐sheet simulations validated against proxy reconstructions. This is the first time such an evaluation has been attempted. Our empirically constrained simulations indicate that the AIS contributed 4 m to global mean sea level by 126 ka BP, with ice lost primarily from the Amundsen, but not Ross or Weddell Sea, sectors. We resolve the conflict between previous work and show that the AIS thinned in the Wilkes Subglacial Basin but did not retreat. We also find that the West AIS may be predisposed to future collapse even in the absence of further environmental change, consistent with previous studies.
Tissue-specific Tregs in cancer metastasis: opportunities for precision immunotherapy
Authors: Huppert Laura A. , Green Michael D. , Kim Luke , Chow Christine , Leyfman Yan , Daud Adil I. , Lee James C. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDecades of advancements in immuno-oncology have enabled the development of current immunotherapies, which provide long-term treatment responses in certain metastatic cancer patients. However, cures remain infrequent, and most patients ultimately succumb to treatment-refractory metastatic disease. Recent insights suggest that tumors at certain organ sites exhibit distinctive response patterns to immunotherapy and can even reduce antitumor immunity within anatomically distant tumors, suggesting the activation of tissue-specific immune tolerogenic mechanisms in some cases of therapy resistance. Specialized immune cells known as regulatory T cells (Tregs) are present within all tissues in the body and coordinate the suppression of excessive immune activation to curb autoimmunity and maintain immune homeostasis. Despite the high volume of research on Tregs, the findings have failed to reconcile tissue-specific Treg functions in organs, such as tolerance, tissue repair, and regeneration, with their suppression of local and systemic tumor immunity in the context of immunotherapy resistance. To improve the understanding of how the tissue-specific functions of Tregs impact cancer immunotherapy, we review the specialized role of Tregs in clinically common and challenging organ sites of cancer metastasis, highlight research that describes Treg impacts on tissue-specific and systemic immune regulation in the context of immunotherapy, and summarize ongoing work reporting clinically feasible strategies that combine the specific targeting of Tregs with systemic cancer immunotherapy. Improved knowledge of Tregs in the framework of their tissue-specific biology and clinical sites of organ metastasis will enable more precise targeting of immunotherapy and have profound implications for treating patients with metastatic cancer.
Structural basis for proficient oxidized ribonucleotide insertion in double strand break repair
Authors: Jamsen Joonas A. , Sassa Akira , Perera Lalith , Shock David D. , Beard William A. , Wilson Samuel H. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractReactive oxygen species (ROS) oxidize cellular nucleotide pools and cause double strand breaks (DSBs). Non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) attaches broken chromosomal ends together in mammalian cells. Ribonucleotide insertion by DNA polymerase (pol) μ prepares breaks for end-joining and this is required for successful NHEJ in vivo. We previously showed that pol μ lacks discrimination against oxidized dGTP (8-oxo-dGTP), that can lead to mutagenesis, cancer, aging and human disease. Here we reveal the structural basis for proficient oxidized ribonucleotide (8-oxo-rGTP) incorporation during DSB repair by pol μ. Time-lapse crystallography snapshots of structural intermediates during nucleotide insertion along with computational simulations reveal substrate, metal and side chain dynamics, that allow oxidized ribonucleotides to escape polymerase discrimination checkpoints. Abundant nucleotide pools, combined with inefficient sanitization and repair, implicate pol μ mediated oxidized ribonucleotide insertion as an emerging source of widespread persistent mutagenesis and genomic instability.
Achieving high strength and ductility in ODS-W alloy by employing oxide@W core-shell nanopowder as precursor
Authors: Dong Zhi , Ma Zongqing , Yu Liming , Liu Yongchang 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWith excellent creep resistance, good high-temperature microstructural stability and good irradiation resistance, oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) alloys are a class of important alloys that are promising for high-temperature applications. However, plagued by a nerve-wracking fact that the oxide particles tend to aggregate at grain boundary of metal matrix, their improvement effect on the mechanical properties of metal matrix tends to be limited. In this work, we employ a unique in-house synthesized oxide@W core-shell nanopowder as precursor to prepare W-based ODS alloy. After low-temperature sintering and high-energy-rate forging, high-density oxide nanoparticles are dispersed homogeneously within W grains in the prepared alloy, accompanying with the intergranular oxide particles completely disappearing. As a result, our prepared alloy achieves a great enhancement of strength and ductility at room temperature. Our strategy using core-shell powder as precursor to prepare high-performance ODS alloy has potential to be applied to other dispersion-strengthened alloy systems.
Gold-like activity copper-like selectivity of heteroatomic transition metal carbides for electrocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction reaction
Authors: Esmaeilirad Mohammadreza , Baskin Artem , Kondori Alireza , Sanz-Matias Ana , Qian Jin , Song Boao , Tamadoni Saray Mahmoud , Kucuk Kamil , Belmonte Andres Ruiz , Delgado Pablo Navarro Munoz , Park Junwon , Azari Rahman , Segre Carlo U. , Shahbazian-Yassar Reza , Prendergast David , Asadi Mohammad 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAn overarching challenge of the electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction (eCO2RR) is finding an earth-abundant, highly active catalyst that selectively produces hydrocarbons at relatively low overpotentials. Here, we report the eCO2RR performance of two-dimensional transition metal carbide class of materials. Our results indicate a maximum methane (CH4) current density of −421.63 mA/cm2 and a CH4 faradic efficiency of 82.7% ± 2% for di-tungsten carbide (W2C) nanoflakes in a hybrid electrolyte of 3 M potassium hydroxide and 2 M choline-chloride. Powered by a triple junction photovoltaic cell, we demonstrate a flow electrolyzer that uses humidified CO2 to produce CH4 in a 700-h process under one sun illumination with a CO2RR energy efficiency of about 62.3% and a solar-to-fuel efficiency of 20.7%. Density functional theory calculations reveal that dissociation of water, chemisorption of CO2 and cleavage of the C-O bond—the most energy consuming elementary steps in other catalysts such as copper—become nearly spontaneous at the W2C surface. This results in instantaneous formation of adsorbed CO—an important reaction intermediate—and an unlimited source of protons near the tungsten surface sites that are the main reasons for the observed superior activity, selectivity, and small potential.
Ultrahigh-speed graphene-based optical coherent receiver
Authors: Wang Yilun , Li Xiang , Jiang Zhibin , Tong Lei , Deng Wentao , Gao Xiaoyan , Huang Xinyu , Zhou Hailong , Yu Yu , Ye Lei , Xiao Xi , Zhang Xinliang 
Published: August 2021

AbstractGraphene-based photodetectors have attracted significant attention for high-speed optical communication due to their large bandwidth, compact footprint, and compatibility with silicon-based photonics platform. Large-bandwidth silicon-based optical coherent receivers are crucial elements for large-capacity optical communication networks with advanced modulation formats. Here, we propose and experimentally demonstrate an integrated optical coherent receiver based on a 90-degree optical hybrid and graphene-on-plasmonic slot waveguide photodetectors, featuring a compact footprint and a large bandwidth far exceeding 67 GHz. Combined with the balanced detection, 90 Gbit/s binary phase-shift keying signal is received with a promoted signal-to-noise ratio. Moreover, receptions of 200 Gbit/s quadrature phase-shift keying and 240 Gbit/s 16 quadrature amplitude modulation signals on a single-polarization carrier are realized with a low additional power consumption below 14 fJ/bit. This graphene-based optical coherent receiver will promise potential applications in 400-Gigabit Ethernet and 800-Gigabit Ethernet technology, paving another route for future high-speed coherent optical communication networks.