bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Universal newborn screening for congenital cytomegalovirus infection: feasibility and relevance in a French type‐III maternity cohort
Authors: Letamendia‐Richard E , Périllaud‐Dubois C , de La Guillonnière L , Thouard I , Cordier A‐G , Roque‐Afonso A‐M , de Luca D , Benachi A , Vauloup‐Fellous C 
Published: November 2021

ObjectiveEvaluation of relevance and feasibility of universal newborn congenital cytomegalovirus infection (cCMVI) screening in saliva.DesignRetrospective, population‐based cohort study.SettingClamart, France, 2016–2020.PopulationAll neonates born consecutively in our level III maternity unit.MethodsCMV PCR in saliva for all neonates at birth, and, if positive, CMV PCR in urine to confirm or exclude cCMVI. Prospective and retrospective characterisation of maternal infections. ROC curve analysis to assess saliva PCR performances. Acceptability of screening among staff members evaluated by a survey.Main outcome measuresNumber of cCMVI neonates; number of expected and unexpected cCMVI.ResultsAmong 15 341 tested neonates, 63 had cCMVI (birth prevalence of 0.4%, 95% CI 0.3–0.5). In 50% of cases, maternal infection was a non‐primary infection (NPI) during pregnancy. cCMVI was expected or suspected (maternal primary infection [PI], antenatal or neonatal signs) in 24/63 neonates (38%), and unexpected in 39/63 neonates (62%). The best CMV saliva threshold to predict cCMVI was 356 (2.55 log) copies/ml [95% CI 2.52 log–3.18 log], with an area under the ROC curve of 0.97. Over 90% of the 72 surveyed staff members reported that the screening was easy and quick. No parent refused the screening.ConclusionsUniversal screening for cCMVI with CMV PCR on saliva samples is feasible and highly acceptable to parents and healthcare providers. Over half (62%) of the cases had no prenatal/neonatal signs of cCMVI or a maternal history of CMV infection during pregnancy and would probably not have been diagnosed without universal screening.Tweetable abstractIn 62% of congenital cytomegalovirus infection cases, only universal neonatal screening in saliva can detect infection.
Unifying individual differences in personality, predictability and plasticity: A practical guide
Authors: O'Dea Rose E. , Noble Daniel W. A. , Nakagawa Shinichi 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Organisms use labile traits to respond to different conditions over short time‐scales. When a population experiences the same conditions, we might expect all individuals to adjust their trait expression to the same, optimal, value, thereby minimising phenotypic variation. Instead, variation abounds. Individuals substantially differ not only from each other, but also from their former selves, with the expression of labile traits varying both predictably and unpredictably over time.

A powerful tool for studying the evolution of phenotypic variation in labile traits is the mixed model. Here, we review how mixed models are used to quantify individual differences in both means and variability, and their between‐individual correlations. Individuals can differ in their average phenotypes (e.g. behavioural personalities), their variability (known as ‘predictability’ or intra‐individual variability), and their plastic response to different contexts.

We provide detailed descriptions and resources for simultaneously modelling individual differences in averages, plasticity and predictability. Empiricists can use these methods to quantify how traits covary across individuals and test theoretical ideas about phenotypic integration. These methods can be extended to incorporate plastic changes in predictability (termed ‘stochastic malleability’).

Overall, we showcase the unfulfilled potential of existing statistical tools to test more holistic and nuanced questions about the evolution, function, and maintenance of phenotypic variation, for any trait that is repeatedly expressed.
Insights into T‐cell dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Dai Linbin , Shen Yong 
Published: November 2021

AbstractT cells, the critical immune cells of the adaptive immune system, are often dysfunctional in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and are involved in AD pathology. Reports highlight neuroinflammation as a crucial modulator of AD pathogenesis, and aberrant T cells indirectly contribute to neuroinflammation by secreting proinflammatory mediators via direct crosstalk with glial cells infiltrating the brain. However, the mechanisms underlying T‐cell abnormalities in AD appear multifactorial. Risk factors for AD and pathological hallmarks of AD have been tightly linked with immune responses, implying the potential regulatory effects of these factors on T cells. In this review, we discuss how the risk factors for AD, particularly Apolipoprotein E (ApoE), Aβ, α‐secretase, β‐secretase, γ‐secretase, Tau, and neuroinflammation, modulate T‐cell activation and the association between T cells and pathological AD hallmarks. Understanding these associations is critical to provide a comprehensive view of appropriate therapeutic strategies for AD.
Correlation between computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and cross‐sectional anatomy of the head of the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus, Linnaeus 1758)
Authors: Mahdy Mohamed A.A. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe current work aimed to study the anatomical features of the guinea pig's head by two medical imaging techniques: computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and their correlation with the anatomical cross‐sectional images. Six adult healthy guinea pigs were used in the present study. Two heads were imaged by CT scanner and then by MRI. The examined heads were cut sagittally and transversely, and two skulls were macerated. The anatomical features were identified on the anatomical sections and compared with the tomographic and MRI images obtained. Data were presented as three‐dimensional reconstructed images of the head. In addition, representative combinations of the sagittal and transverse anatomical sections and the corresponding CT scans and MRI images were also presented. Reconstruction of CT images enabled the visualization of different bony structures and airways of the guinea pig head. In addition, skull bones were easily visualized on CT scans, while different parts of the brain were identified on MRI images. Air cavities could be identified by their different contrast on the CT scans and their low intensity on MRI images. The study showed that guinea pig had poorly developed paranasal sinus system represented by rostral and caudal maxillary sinuses. On the contrary, the guinea pig had two tympanic bullae: a small dorsal and a large ventral bulla. In conclusion, this study provides one of the first investigations that uses the multislice CT scans and MRI to study the guinea pig's head and their correlation with the corresponding anatomical sections.
Conventional versus restricted anti‐Xa‐guided heparin protocol in adult patients undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Authors: Alkazemi Afrah , Eche Ifeoma Mary , Adra May , Cabezas Fausto , Patel Parth , Rick Katelyn , Grandin E. Wilson 
Published: November 2021

AbstractObjectiveThe optimal intensity of anticoagulation for adult patients supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) remains uncertain. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of two anticoagulation protocols using conventional (0.3–0.7 IU/ml) versus restricted (0.2–0.5 IU/ml) anti‐factor Xa (anti‐Xa) targets for the management of unfractionated heparin (UFH) in adult ECMO patients.MethodsThis retrospective before‐after cohort study compared two groups of ECMO patients who received UFH for at least 24‐h from March 2016 to May 2019. The primary outcome was the composite rate of major bleeding or thrombotic events per ECMO day. Secondary outcomes included the mean amount of blood products transfused per ECMO day, the proportion of patients who were within the target anti‐Xa at 24‐h, the time to achieve target anti‐Xa, and the number of heparin infusion adjustments to reach target anti‐Xa.ResultsForty‐one patients were included in this analysis (conventional, n = 25; restricted, n = 16). There was no difference in the composite rate of major bleeding or thrombotic events per ECMO day (p = .090). The restricted group had lower rates of packed red blood cells (pRBC) transfusion per ECMO day (mean 1 ± 1 vs 3 ± 2 units, p = .003) and required fewer heparin infusion adjustments to reach the target (p = .007). There was no difference between the groups in the number of patients who achieved target anti‐Xa at 24‐h (p = .940).ConclusionIn adult ECMO patients, anticoagulation with a restricted anti‐Xa target was associated with lower pRBC transfusions and did not provoke an excess of thrombotic events.
Analysis of the CHARM Cu‐alloy reference materials using excimer ns‐LA‐ICP‐MS: Assessment of matrix effects and applicability to artefact provenancing
Authors: Steenstra Edgar S. , Berndt Jasper , Klemme Stephan , van Westrenen Wim , Heginbotham Arlen , Davies Gareth R. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractExcimer nano‐second laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ns‐LA‐ICP‐MS) is an important tool in chemical characterization of Cu alloys. However, variable matrix‐induced elemental fractionation in Cu alloys poses a significant challenge. We systematically investigate this issue by analysing the Cultural Heritage Alloy Reference Material Set (CHARM) of Cu alloy targets. The extent to which silicate glass reference materials can be used when analysing Cu alloy targets is determined, as is the optimal internal standard, for a wide range of Cu alloy compositions. Analyses were further optimized by quantitative assessments of the use of CHARM end‐member materials as external standards for other CHARM Cu alloy targets. The variable magnitude of the observed matrix effects is most readily explained by variations in Cu/Zn ratios and resulting differences in melting and boiling points, compared with external reference materials, making the Zn‐rich Cu alloy targets most prone to matrix effects. With the correct choice of an external matrix‐matched standard (Pb‐rich CHARM reference material 32X LB14F) and internal element standardization, an accuracy of < 20% can be achieved for virtually all elements of interest in brass and bronze artefacts, which is a significant improvement compared with the use of glass external reference materials.
Crop type and management are key filtering factors of functional traits in the weed communities of regions with contrasting soils and climates
Authors: Rauber Ruth B. , Demaría Manuel R. , Arroyo Daniel N. , Poggio Santiago L. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractQuestionsWeed community composition responds to the interactions between environmental and management factors at different scales. The aim of this study was to disentangle the relative contributions of factors defining the composition of weed communities through crop type and agronomic management at the field scale, and climate and soil factors at the regional scale.LocationThe study was carried out in croplands in the phytogeographic provinces of Espinal and Pampas in central Argentina.MethodsThe floristic and functional compositions of weed communities in maize and soybean crops were characterized and compared using permutational multivariate analysis of variance and non‐metric multidimensional scaling in the two regions. The Espinal and the Pampas differ in soil and climatic characteristics, but crops are grown with similar management strategies due to the widespread use of no‐tillage and agrochemicals.ResultsYears of continuous cropping, previous crop and sowing date were the most important factors modulating the species composition of both crops at field scale. Perennials and exotics were more abundant in the Pampas, whereas natives were more abundant in the Espinal. Moreover, mechanically dispersed species were more abundant in maize crops in the Pampas. Annuals and barochoric species were closely related to the years of continuous cropping in maize. In soybean, more monocotyledonous species were observed in fields previously cropped with maize, whereas more dicotyledonous and C3 species were observed in fields previously cropped with soybean.ConclusionsDifferences in species composition depend mainly on climatic and biogeographical factors. In contrast, the functional composition of the weed communities in maize and soybean is mostly determined by local factors at field level, which are mostly related to crop identity and agronomic management. The effects of farming practices determine the functional composition of weed communities, which makes crop rotation and thorough cleaning of harvester machines key strategies in the development of weed management.
Obesity as a predictor of treatment‐related toxicity in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
Authors: Egnell Christina , Heyman Mats , Jónsson Ólafur Gisli , Raja Raheel A. , Niinimäki Riitta , Albertsen Birgitte Klug , Schmiegelow Kjeld , Stabell Niklas , Vaitkeviciene Goda , Lepik Kristi , Harila‐Saari Arja , Ranta Susanna 
Published: November 2021

SummaryObesity is associated with poor outcomes in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). We explored whether severe treatment‐related toxicity and treatment delays could explain this observation. This study included 1 443 children aged 2·0–17·9 years with ALL treated with the Nordic Society of Pediatric Haematology and Oncology (NOPHO) ALL2008 non‐high‐risk protocol. Prospective treatment‐related toxicities registered every three‐month interval were used. Patients were classified according to sex‐ and age‐adjusted international childhood cut‐off values, corresponding to adult body mass index: underweight, <17 kg/m2; healthy weight, 17 to <25 kg/m2; overweight, 25 to <30 kg/m2; and obese, ≥30 kg/m2. Obese children had a higher incidence rate ratio (IRR) for severe toxic events {IRR: 1·55 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1·07–2·50]}, liver and kidney failures, bleeding, abdominal complication, suspected unexpected severe adverse reactions and hyperlipidaemia compared with healthy‐weight children. Obese children aged ≥10 years had increased IRRs for asparaginase‐related toxicities compared with healthy‐weight older children: thromboses [IRR 2·87 (95% CI 1·00–8·21)] and anaphylactic reactions [IRR 7·95 (95% CI 2·15–29·37)] as well as higher risk for truncation of asparaginase [IRR 3·54 (95% CI 1·67–7·50)]. The high prevalence of toxicity and a higher risk of truncation of asparaginase may play a role in the poor prognosis of obese children aged ≥10 years with ALL.
Morphology of four common and phylogenetically distant ant species varies along disturbance and aridity gradients in the Caatinga dry forest
Authors: Oliveira Fernanda M. P. , Silva Lucas Lima , Leal Inara R. , Arnan Xavier 
Published: November 2021

AbstractUnderstanding species adaptations to human‐modified ecosystems is central to evolutionary and conservation biology. It is essential to evaluate trait variations in populations that occur along environmental gradients to understand the adaptive potential of species to human‐driven environmental change. We analyzed morphological trait variations in the workers of four common and phylogenetically distant ant species (Dinoponera quadriceps, Dorymyrmex goeldii, Pheidole radoszkowskii, and Ectatomma muticum) along disturbance and aridity gradients in the Caatinga dry forest. Ants were collected using pitfall traps in 20 0.1‐ha plots distributed over an area of 213.75 km2. Up to five individuals per species were selected from each plot to measure eight morphological traits. Between‐plot variability contributed considerably (~37%) to the total variability of morphological traits. This pattern of high between‐plot variability was consistent across species and traits. Such morphological intraspecific variations between plots were not strongly related to the aridity or disturbance gradients. However, when ant morphology did respond to environmental change, the response was stronger to aridity rather than disturbance, and responses were most conspicuous in P. radoskowskii. Our results suggest that ants in the Caatinga may have substantial potential for morphological adaptation to environmental changes and that disturbance intensity and variations in aridity are not strong determinants of ant worker morphology despite influencing morphological variation over small geographical distances. These morphological variations are likely to represent key assets, by enabling individuals and population to inhabit the variety of habitats provided by Caatinga and to cope with upcoming changes in land use and climate.Abstract in Portuguese is available with online material.
Imaging immune responses in neuroinflammatory diseases
Authors: Amor Sandra , Nutma Erik , Owen David 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Innate and adaptive immune responses in the central nervous system (CNS) play critical roles in the pathogenesis of neurological diseases. In the first of a two-part special issue, leading researchers discuss how imaging modalities are used to monitor immune responses in several neurodegenerative diseases and glioblastoma and brain metastases. While comparative studies in humans between imaging and pathology are biased towards the end stage of disease, animal models can inform regarding how immune responses change with disease progression and as a result of treatment regimens. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) are frequently used to image disease progression, and the articles indicate how one or more of these modalities have been applied to specific neuroimmune diseases. In addition, advanced microscopical imaging using two-dimensional photon microscopy and in vitro live cell imaging have also been applied to animal models. In this special issue (Parts 1 and 2), as well as the imaging modalities mentioned, several articles discuss biomarkers of disease and microscopical studies that have enabled characterization of immune responses.
Future developments of imaging modalities should enable tracking of specific subsets of immune cells during disease allowing longitudinal monitoring of immune responses. These new approaches will be critical to more effectively monitor and thus target specific cell subsets for therapeutic interventions which may be applicable to a range of neurological diseases.
Methods for wildlife monitoring in tropical forests: Comparing human observations, camera traps, and passive acoustic sensors
Authors: Zwerts Joeri A. , Stephenson P. J. , Maisels Fiona , Rowcliffe Marcus , Astaras Christos , Jansen Patrick A. , van der Waarde Jaap , Sterck Liesbeth E. H. M. , Verweij Pita A. , Bruce Tom , Brittain Stephanie , van Kuijk Marijke 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWildlife monitoring is essential for conservation science and data‐driven decision‐making. Tropical forests pose a particularly challenging environment for monitoring wildlife due to the dense vegetation, and diverse and cryptic species with relatively low abundances. The most commonly used monitoring methods in tropical forests are observations made by humans (visual or acoustic), camera traps, or passive acoustic sensors. These methods come with trade‐offs in terms of species coverage, accuracy and precision of population metrics, available technical expertise, and costs. Yet, there are no reviews that compare the characteristics of these methods in detail. Here, we comprehensively review the advantages and limitations of the three mentioned methods, by asking four key questions that are always important in relation to wildlife monitoring: (1) What are the target species?; (2) Which population metrics are desirable and attainable?; (3) What expertise, tools, and effort are required for species identification?; and (4) Which financial and human resources are required for data collection and processing? Given the diversity of monitoring objectives and circumstances, we do not aim to conclusively prescribe particular methods for all situations. Neither do we claim that any one method is superior to others. Rather, our review aims to support scientists and conservation practitioners in understanding the options and criteria that must be considered in choosing the appropriate method, given the objectives of their wildlife monitoring efforts and resources available. We focus on tropical forests because of their high conservation priority, although the information put forward is also relevant for other biomes.
Ibrutinib skin toxicities: Report of two cases
Authors: Bloomquist Maria Suzanne , Curry Jonathan L. , Krishnan Bhuvaneswari , Rivero Gustavo , Curry Choladda V. , Diwan Abdul Hafeez 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIbrutinib is a Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor used to treat many hematologic conditions, most commonly B‐cell lymphomas and leukemias. Reportedly, skin rash is an adverse event in up to 27% of treated patients. Histopathologic description of these lesions is limited. We present two cases of ibrutinib‐associated skin toxicities showing diverse histopathologic features. Case 1: A 72‐year‐old man was started on ibrutinib for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Two months later, he developed multiple erythematous crusted papules on the chest, abdomen, and extremities. Biopsies revealed varied histopathology including poorly formed granulomatous dermatitis, epidermal necrosis, ulceration, and panniculitis. Ibrutinib was discontinued and his skin lesions resolved within 1 month. Case 2: A 48‐year‐old man received ibrutinib after failing standard therapy for primary central nervous system EBV positive diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma. Two months after initiation of ibrutinib, he developed multiple firm, red, non‐tender nodules on the forehead, buttock, and thigh. Biopsies revealed “pseudolymphoma”‐like reaction with dense pandermal lymphohistiocytic inflammation and granulomas. His skin toxicity resolved without cessation of therapy. Awareness of the spectrum of histopathologic features that may be encountered in skin lesions of patients treated with ibrutinib, as illustrated by these two cases, will be critical for optimal patient management.