bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Burdens among familial caregivers of stroke survivors: a literature review
Authors: Suksatan Wanich , Collins Codey J. , Koontalay Apinya , Posai Vachira 
Published: July 2021

Purpose
This paper aims to identify and examine burden(s) among stroke survivors’ familial caregivers for the purposes of future mitigation of such burdens. The purpose is so because these caregivers become the persons responsible for monitoring the daily living activities of their patients and are thus tasked with providing and managing a whole host of recovery, therapy and re-integrative activities to rebalance and re-establish the physical, mental and social well-being of patients.

Design/methodology/approach
This literature review summarized and synthesized existing literature about the burden(s) caregivers experience and the effects upon them across four primary spheres of influence.

Findings
Familial caregivers of stroke survivors suffer from high levels of “care burden” because they are the primary participant in the planning and provisioning of care to the patients. Care burden is examined across four primary spheres of influence: physical, psychological, social and economic impacts. The current review shows that familial caregivers experience substantive impacts across all four spheres.

Originality/value
A professional multidisciplinary team should support caregivers of stroke survivors. To do this, support should be considered among the patient’s overall family system, as well as expanded to address and consider the specifically designated caregivers’ social circles which at a minimum often consists of co-workers, friends and inter-familial relationships. Ideally, caregiver support would also consist of medical and professional case workers that can address further, and in an integrative delivery approach, all four of the highlighted spheres of influence to establish a “best practices” orientation to familial caregivers.
It's a Small World: The Importance of Social Connections with Auditors to Mutual Fund Managers’ Portfolio Decisions
Authors: CHEN YANGYANG , HUANG JUN , LI TING , PITTMAN JEFFREY 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACTWe find that mutual funds whose managers are socially connected with firm auditors hold more shares of these firms and generate superior portfolio returns. Cross‐sectional results reveal that the relation between social connections and mutual fund stockholdings is more pronounced: when the social connections are stronger, when the auditor is in a better position or has stronger incentives to acquire private information, when the fund manager exercises more power, for small audit firms, for auditors in areas with poor investor protection, and for public firms with greater business opacity or private information. Other results are consistent with fund managers electing to schedule their corporate site visits to coincide with the fieldwork of their connected auditors, as would be expected if fund managers time their visits to meet with these auditors to facilitate information transfer. Additionally, we observe associations between fund trading prior to earnings surprises and audit opinions, and the presence of social connections between fund managers and firm auditors. Finally, we show that mutual funds and firms in which they invest tend to appoint connected auditors and pay them higher fees. Collectively, we document empirical patterns that would arise if socially connected auditors and mutual fund managers share information.
Growth assessment of children during the COVID‐19 pandemic—Can we rely on parental measurements?
Authors: Tenenbaum Ariel , Shefer‐Averbuch Noa , Lazar Liora , Yakobovitch‐Gavan Michal , Phillip Moshe , Oron Tal 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAimThe COVID‐19 pandemic prompted the rapid development of remote medical services. During lockdown periods, children's growth data were obtained from parents’ home assessments. This study aimed to assess the accuracy of home height and weight measurements and analyse their utility in clinical decision‐making.MethodsA retrospective, single‐centre observational study. Children aged 3–18 years were measured for weight and height at home using guidance provided to parents on proper measurements techniques before subsequent professional re‐evaluation at our endocrine institution clinic. The two sets of measurements were compared and analysed according to various clinical parameters.ResultsHeight measurements at home and in the clinic were comparable (diff = 0.1 ± 1.3cm, p = 0.42) amongst the 107 children (mean age 10.2 ± 3.7, 56.1% males) participating in the study, except in overweight and obese children where they were significantly higher in the clinic (diff = 0.86 ± 1.48cm, p = 0.018). Weight and BMI were significantly higher in the clinic (diff = 0.45 ± 0.8kg and diff = 0.3 ± 0.6kg/m2, p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively).ConclusionsHeight measurements of children by their parents were accurate except in obese and overweight children, whereas weight measurements tended to be lower than in the clinic. With proper guidance, parents’ home measurements of height and weight are accurate and suitable for clinical decision‐making.
The ability of Bayley‐III scores to predict later intelligence in children born extremely preterm
Authors: Månsson Johanna , Källén Karin , Eklöf Eva , Serenius Fredrik , Ådén Ulrika , Stjernqvist Karin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAimTo investigate the ability of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development—Third Edition (Bayley‐III), scores to predict later Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Fourth Edition (WISC‐IV), performances in a cohort of children born extremely preterm.Methods323 children, born <27 gestational weeks, were tested with the Bayley‐III at corrected age 2.5 years and with the WISC‐IV at 6.5 years. Regression analyses investigated the association between Bayley‐III scores and WISC‐IV full‐scale intelligence quotient (IQ). The ability of Bayley‐III Cognitive Index scores to predict low IQ was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic curves.ResultsBayley‐III Cognitive Index scores and IQ had a moderately positive correlation and accounted for 38% of the IQ variance. Using a Bayley‐III cut‐off score of 70, the sensitivity to detect children with IQ<70 was 18%, and false positive rate was 7%. A Bayley‐III cut‐off score of 85 corresponded to sensitivity and false positive rates of 44% and 7%, respectively.ConclusionsResults emphasise the relative importance of Bayley‐III Cognitive Index scores as predictors of IQ. An 85 score cut‐off for suspecting subnormal IQ is supported. A less conservative threshold would increase identification of true cases yet increase the risk of wrongly diagnosing children.
A review of okara (soybean curd residue) utilization as animal feed: Nutritive value and animal performance aspects
Authors: Rahman Mohammad Mijanur , Mat Khairiyah , Ishigaki Genki , Akashi Ryo 
Published: July 2021

AbstractYear by year, huge quantities of by‐products are generated during the manufacturing process of soybean‐based products. Okara is one of the by‐products, and it is an insoluble portion of the soybean. It consists of high moisture (8.4–22.9%); on dry matter basis, it contains high metabolizable energy (9.0–14.2 MJ/kg) and other components that include crude protein (20.9–39.1%), crude fiber (12.2–61.3%), crude fat (4.9–21.5%), and ash (3.4–5.3%). Fermentation of okara improves its nutritional quality and reduces its anti‐nutrient contents. Due to animals' palatability, okara can be used to replace the soybean meal/concentrate feed partially or completely in ruminant's diet and partially in nonruminant's diet. Okara feeding does not depress the intake, digestibility, growth, milk production, blood metabolic profiles, and meat quality of animals. However, this by‐product decays quickly due to its high moisture content, and its heavy weight and sticky nature make it difficult to process and expensive to dry using conventional methods. This paper thoroughly summarizes the utilization of okara as animal feed in the cause of developing a general guideline with favorable levels of inclusion in the diets of animals for its exploitation and valorization. This review will encourage further research to develop eco‐friendly and value added feed for animals.
Evidence of gene–gene interaction in hidradenitis suppurativa: a nationwide registry study of Danish twins
Authors: Kjærsgaard Andersen R. , Clemmensen S.B. , Larsen L.A. , Hjelmborg J.v.B. , Ødum N. , Jemec G.B.E. , Christensen K. 
Published: July 2021

Summary
Background
Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a recurrent inflammatory skin disease that, apart from rare causative loss-of-function mutations, has a widely unknown genetic aetiology.
Objectives
To estimate the relative importance of genetic and environmental factors underlying susceptibility to HS.
Methods
Via the Danish Twin Registry and the Danish National Patient Registry we pulled together information on zygosity with that of HS status. Cases of HS were identified by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-8 (705·91) and ICD-10 (L73·2). Heritability was assessed by the classic biometric model and the possibility of gene–gene interaction via the multilocus modelling approach.
Results
Among 100 044 registered twins, we found 170 twins (from 163 pairs) diagnosed with HS. The seven concordant pairs were all monozygotic. Monozygotic twins had a case-wise concordance rate of 28% [95% confidence interval (CI) 7–49], corresponding to a familial risk of 73 (95% CI 13–133) times that of the background population. The biometrical modelling suggested a heritability of 0·80 (95% CI 0·67–0·93), and the multilocus index estimate was 230 (95% CI 60–400). This is highly indicative of gene–gene interactions, with the possibility of up to six interacting loci.
Conclusions
This twin study was substantially larger and employed a more valid phenotype than previous studies. Genetics account for the majority of HS susceptibility, and HS is most likely caused by gene–gene interactions rather than monogenetic mutations or solely additive genetic factors. New approaches aimed at assessing potential interactions at a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)–SNP level should be implemented in future HS genome-wide association studies.
Direct measurement of near‐nano‐Newton forces developed by self‐organizing actomyosin fibers bound α‐catenin
Authors: Sonam Surabhi , Nguyen‐Vigouroux Clémence , Jégou Antoine , Romet‐Lemonne Guillaume , Le Clainche Christophe , Ladoux Benoit , Mège René Marc 
Published: July 2021

Background InformationActin cytoskeleton contractility plays a critical role in morphogenetic processes by generating forces that are then transmitted to cell–cell and cell‐ECM adhesion complexes. In turn, mechanical properties of the environment are sensed and transmitted to the cytoskeleton at cell adhesion sites, influencing cellular processes such as cell migration, differentiation and survival. Anchoring of the actomyosin cytoskeleton to adhesion sites is mediated by adaptor proteins such as talin or α‐catenin that link F‐actin to transmembrane cell adhesion receptors, thereby allowing mechanical coupling between the intracellular and extracellular compartments. Thus, a key issue is to be able to measure the forces generated by actomyosin and transmitted to the adhesion complexes. Approaches developed in cells and those probing single molecule mechanical properties of α‐catenin molecules allowed to identify α‐catenin, an F‐actin binding protein which binds to the cadherin complexes as a major player in cadherin‐based mechanotransduction. However, it is still very difficult to bridge intercellular forces measured at cellular levels and those measured at the single‐molecule level.ResultsHere, we applied an intermediate approach allowing reconstruction of the actomyosin‐α‐catenin complex in acellular conditions to probe directly the transmitted forces. For this, we combined micropatterning of purified α‐catenin and spontaneous actomyosin network assembly in the presence of G‐actin and Myosin II with microforce sensor arrays used so far to measure cell‐generated forces.ConclusionsUsing this method, we show that self‐organizing actomyosin bundles bound to micrometric α‐catenin patches can apply near‐nano‐Newton forces.SignificanceOur results pave the way for future studies on molecular/cellular mechanotransduction and mechanosensing.
How Do China's Importing Firms Respond to Non‐tariff Measures?
Authors: Hu Xiaodan , Tian Yunhua , Zhou Yanping , Feng Lu 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAfter the formation of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995, most countries gradually reduced their import tariffs to a fairly low level. However, the reduced tariffs could not be simply read as a reduction in trade barriers. Indeed, many suspect that countries tend to use more non‐tariff measures (NTMs), substituting them for tariff barriers, to protect their domestic economies. This paper uses newly compiled and detailed Chinese NTM data, together with highly disaggregated firm import data and manufacturing firm operational data, to investigate the impact of China's import‐related NTMs on firm imports. The main empirical results show that, as in the case of tariff barriers, China's trade policy NTMs mainly inhibit firms’ intermediate imports. In contrast, China's public policy NTMs significantly improve the intensive and extensive margins of firm's intermediate imports and raise the prices and quality of imported inputs. The greater the extent to which a firm engages in processing trade, the larger is the promoting effect of public policy NTMs on the firm's import margins for intermediate inputs, and the greater is the restricting effect on the prices and the quality of the firm's imported inputs.
Impacts of Import Refusals on Agricultural Exports during Pandemics: Implications for China
Authors: Mao Rui , Jia Ziyi , Chen Kevin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPandemic outbreaks disrupt agricultural trade. The possible strengthening of import barriers to products from countries at the epicenter of a pandemic by their trade partners could aggravate this situation. This paper examines the responses of the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), import refusals, and subsequent trade impacts on the agricultural exports from the developing countries that were the epicenters of four pandemics in the past two decades. Using monthly data for the period 2002–2020, we find increased import refusals and amplified trade‐impeding impacts on agricultural exports during pandemic outbreaks. Increased import refusals and the amplification of the trade‐impeding effect of import refusals were especially large when China was the epicenter. We further examine possible differences in these results across products and FDA inspection methods, and the main conclusions remain robust. This paper offers a better understanding of the economic outcomes of pandemic outbreaks and provides policy suggestions for China.
Figurierte Erytheme – Aktueller Stand und diagnostisches Vorgehen
Authors: Boehner Alexander , Neuhauser Ruth , Zink Alexander , Ring Johannes 
Published: July 2021

ZusammenfassungFigurierte Erytheme (FE) sind eine ätiopathophysiologisch heterogene Gruppe von Erkrankungen mit typischen anulären erythematösen Hautveränderungen. Die Diagnose wird in erster Linie aufgrund des klinischen Bildes in Verbindung mit histologischen Befunden gestellt; oft handelt es sich um Ausschlussdiagnosen. Während einige Autoren FE eher als Reaktionsmuster denn als eigenständige klinische Entitäten betrachten, identifizierten andere vier klassische FE: Erythema anulare centrifugum, Erythema gyratum repens, Erythema migrans und Erythema marginatum. Die Differenzialdiagnosen der FE sind vielfältig und oft schwierig. Wir schlagen daher einen diagnostischen Algorithmus für FE vor, der die Diagnosen nach zeitlicher Entwicklung und klinisch‐histologischem Phänotyp der verschiedenen Subtypen unterscheidet. Da einige FE in Verbindung mit Malignomen auftreten können, sind umsichtige Ärzte beim Umgang mit diesen Entitäten gefragt.
Known and new facts on basal cell carcinoma
Authors: Seidl‐Philipp Magdalena , Frischhut Nina , Höllweger Nicole , Schmuth Matthias , Nguyen Van Anh 
Published: July 2021

SummaryBasal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common malignant tumor in light‐skinned people and amounts to about 75 % of all cases of skin cancer. Increasing incidence rates have been reported for decades all over the world. The main risk factors include UV radiation, male sex, light skin type, advanced age, long‐term immunosuppression, a positive individual or family history, and certain genodermatoses. BCC metastasizes only rarely, and its mortality is low, but it is associated with significant morbidity. Genetic mutations especially in the hedgehog pathway play an important role in BCC pathogenesis. Non‐invasive procedures such as optical coherence tomography or confocal laser scan microscopy are increasingly utilized for diagnostics in addition to visual inspection and dermatoscopy, but only in exceptional cases can histological confirmation of the diagnosis be dispensed with. Various clinical and histological subtypes have been defined. Differentiating between BCC with high and low risk of recurrence has a significant influence on the choice of treatment. Most BCC can be treated effectively and safely with standard surgery, or in selected cases with topical treatment. Locally advanced and metastasized BCC must be treated with radiation or systemic therapy. Radiation is also an option for older patients with contraindications for surgery. The hedgehog inhibitors vismodegib and sonidegib are currently approved for systemic therapy of BCC in Europe. Approval for the PD1 inhibitor cemiplimab as second‐line therapy is expected in the near future.
Clinical conditions and echocardiographic parameters associated with mortality in COVID‐19
Authors: Silverio Angelo , Di Maio Marco , Scudiero Fernando , Russo Vincenzo , Esposito Luca , Attena Emilio , Pezzullo Salvatore , Parodi Guido , D'Andrea Antonello , Damato Antonio , Silvestro Antonio , Iannece Patrizia , Bellino Michele , Di Vece Davide , Borrelli Anna , Citro Rodolfo , Vecchione Carmine , Galasso Gennaro 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is a recently recognized viral infective disease which can be complicated by acute respiratory stress syndrome (ARDS) and cardiovascular complications including severe arrhythmias, acute coronary syndromes, myocarditis and pulmonary embolism. The aim of the present study was to identify the clinical conditions and echocardiographic parameters associated with in‐hospital mortality in COVID‐19.MethodsThis is a multicentre retrospective observational study including seven Italian centres. Patients hospitalized with COVID‐19 from 1 March to 22 April 2020 were included into study population. The association between baseline variables and risk of in‐hospital mortality was assessed through multivariable logistic regression and competing risk analyses.ResultsOut of 1401 patients admitted at the participating centres with confirmed diagnosis of COVID‐19, 226 (16.1%) underwent transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and were included in the present analysis. In‐hospital death occurred in 68 patients (30.1%). At multivariable analysis, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF, P < .001), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE, P < .001) and ARDS (P < .001) were independently associated with in‐hospital mortality. At competing risk analysis, we found a significantly higher risk of mortality in patients with ARDS vs those without ARDS (HR: 7.66; CI: 3.95‐14.8), in patients with TAPSE ≤17 mm vs those with TAPSE >17 mm (HR: 5.08; CI: 3.15‐8.19) and in patients with LVEF ≤50% vs those with LVEF >50% (HR: 4.06; CI: 2.50‐6.59).ConclusionsTTE might be a useful tool in risk stratification of patients with COVID‐19. In particular, reduced LVEF and reduced TAPSE may help to identify patients at higher risk of death during hospitalization.
Maternal genotypes of folate/one‐carbon metabolism gene variants and nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate risk in Chile
Authors: Inostroza Verónica , Salamanca Carlos , Recabarren Andrea S , Pantoja Roberto , Leiva Noemí , Pardo Rosa , Suazo José 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate, in a case‐control design, the association between maternal genotypes for variants in 23 genes involved in folate/one‐carbon metabolism and nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P) in a Chilean population. After applying several filters to an Illumina array, we extracted 175 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 150 mothers of NSCL/P cases and 150 control women. Association was evaluated using computed odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI) in additive, recessive, and dominant models. After multiple comparison correction, only SNP rs4451422 (A>C), located 237 bp downstream of the gene encoding the human folylpolyglutamate synthetase (FPGS), maintained a significant association with NSCL/P in the offspring (OR 3.03; 95% CI 1.69–5.26). The variant rs4451422 is associated with a decrease in FPGS expression according to database annotation. Our results lead to a new hypothesis that a lower activity of FPGS enzyme reduces intracellular folate levels and increases the risk of an offspring having NSCL/P.
Changes in cortical, cardiac, and respiratory activities in relation to spontaneous rhythmic jaw movements in ketamine‐anesthetized guinea pigs
Authors: Yano Hiroshi , Matsuura Yutaka , Katagiri Ayano , Higashiyama Makoto , Toyoda Hiroki , Sato Hajime , Ueno Yoshio , Uzawa Narikazu , Yoshida Atsushi , Kato Takafumi 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIt has been reported that rhythmic jaw movements (RJMs) spontaneously occur in ketamine‐anesthetized animals. The present study investigated the physiological processes that occur during the cortical, cardiac, and respiratory events which contribute to the genesis of RJMs in animals after supplemental ketamine injections. Fourteen guinea pigs were prepared to allow electroencephalographic, electrocardiographic, and electromyographic activities to be recorded from the digastric muscle, measurement of jaw movements, and nasal expiratory airflow under ketamine‐xylazine anesthesia. Rhythmic jaw movements spontaneously occurred with rhythmic digastric muscle contractions, 23–29 minutes after injection of supplemental ketamine (12.5 and 25.0 mg kg–1, intravenously). The cycle length of RJMs did not differ significantly between the two doses of ketamine (mean±SD: 12.5 mg kg–1, 326.5 ± 60.0 ms; 25 mg kg–1, 278.5 ± 45.1 ms). Following injection of ketamine, digastric muscle activity, heart and respiratory rates, and cortical beta power significantly decreased, while cortical delta and theta power significantly increased. These changes were significantly larger in animals given 25.0 mg kg–1 of ketamine than in those given 12.5 mg kg–1. With the onset of RJMs, the levels of these variables returned to pre‐injection levels, regardless of the dose of ketamine administered. These results suggest that, following supplemental ketamine injections, spontaneous RJMs occur during a specific period when the pharmacological effects of ketamine wear off, and that these RJMs are characterized by stereotypical changes in cardiac, respiratory, and cortical activities.