bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrolysis on a Chip with Tunable Thin Film Nanostructured PGM Electrocatalysts Generated from Self‐Assembled Block Copolymer Templates
Authors: Bhattacharya Deepra , Kole Subarna , Kizilkaya Orhan , Strzalka Joseph , Angelopoulou Polyxeni P. , Sakellariou Georgios , Cao Dongmei , Arges Christopher G. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSelf‐assembled block copolymers are promising templates for fabricating thin film materials with tuned periodic feature sizes and geometry at the nanoscale. Here, a series of nanostructured platinum and iridium oxide electrocatalysts templated from poly(styrene)‐block‐poly(vinyl pyridine) (PSbPVP) block copolymers via an incipient wetness impregnation (IWI) pathway is reported. Both nanowire and nanocylinder electrocatalysts of varying feature sizes are assessed and higher catalyst loadings are achieved by the alkylation of the pyridine moieties in the PVP block prior to IWI. Electrocatalyst evaluations featuring hydrogen pump and water electrolysis demonstrations are carried out on interdigitated electrode (IDE) chips flexible with liquid supporting electrolytes and thin film polymer electrolytes. Notably, the mass activities of the nanostructured electrocatalysts from alkylated block copolymer templates are 35%–94% higher than electrocatalysts from non‐alkylated block copolymer templates. Standing cylinder nanostructures lead to higher mass activities than lamellar variants despite their not having the largest surface area per unit catalyst loading demonstrating that mesostructure architectures have a profound impact on reactivity. Overall, IDE chips with model thin film electrocatalysts prepared from self‐assembled block copolymers offer a high‐throughput experimental method for correlating electrocatalyst nanostructure and composition to electrochemical reactivity.
Faecal concentrations of ceftiofur metabolites in finisher pigs administered intramuscularly with ceftiofur
Authors: Gaire Tara N. , Salas Jessica , Dunmire Kara M. , Paulk Chad B. , Tokach Mike D. , Nagaraja Tiruvoor G. , Volkova Victoriya V. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe objective of this study was to determine the effects of dietary fibre level and source on faecal ceftiofur metabolites concentrations after intramuscular administration of therapeutic ceftiofur hydrochloride in finisher pigs. Pens of finisher pigs (n = 36), with an equal number of barrows and gilts, were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 dietary treatment groups: basal diet composed of corn grain and soy bean meal with no supplement and formulated to contain 8.7% neutral detergent fibre (NDF), supplemented with 20% distillers dried grains with solubles (a byproduct of the ethanol production from corn grain) formulated to contain 13.6% NDF, primarily insoluble fibre or supplemented with 14.5% sugar beet pulp formulated to contain 13.6% NDF. Faecal samples were collected 6–8 hr after ceftiofur injection from treated and untreated pen‐mate pigs on days 1 and 3 of the 3‐day treatment regimen. Faecal concentrations of ceftiofur metabolites, including the major metabolite, desfuroylceftiofur, were analysed by reverse‐phase high pressure liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Overall, the faecal concentrations of ceftiofur metabolites did not differ significantly between the dietary treatments. The mean concentrations of metabolites tended to be lower (p = .1) on day 3 compared to day 1 of the 3‐day treatment regimen. Faecal concentrations of metabolites were not affected by the gender of the finisher pigs. The concentrations of ceftiofur metabolites in the faeces are likely reflective of the microbial activity in the hindgut. Our data suggest that the fibre level and source used in the study did not affect the faecal concentrations of ceftiofur metabolites.
Aeration in sludge holding tanks as an economical means for biosolids odor control—A case study
Authors: Luo Hao , Zhang Dian , Taylor Malcolm , Nguyen Caroline , Wang Zhi‐Wu 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAbnormally high‐odor detection threshold (DT) values were detected for biosolids produced at one of the water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs) of Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission. As an inexpensive countermeasure, aeration of thickened sludge holding tanks (SHTs) was tested as a solution for mitigating the subsequent biosolids odor emission. Experimental results indicated that the extremely low‐oxidation reduction potential (ORP) in the SHTs and the fermentation of high‐rate‐activated sludge were primarily contributors to the odor emission from the dewatered cake. Two rounds of bench‐scale experiments on different days confirmed that aerating the sludge in holding tanks reduced peak emission concentrations of sulfurous odorous compounds such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S), methanethiol (MT), and dimethyl sulfide (DMS) from 203, 110, and 20 mg m−3 g−1 dry to 119, 70, and 14 mg m−3 g−1 dry, respectively. Further preliminary full‐scale validation study showed that even a slight ORP improvement from −180 mV to −162 mV reduced the peak H2S concentration from 87 to 48 mg m−3 g−1 dry and decreased the biosolids DT value from 4266 to 1862. It was concluded that lifting ORP in SHTs through aeration can be used by utilities as a simple means for biosolids odor control.Practitioner points

Anaerobic storage of high‐rate active sludge was the main reason for the excessive biosolids odor.
Aeration of sludge holding tanks can effectively reduce biosolids odor.
A slight oxidation reduction potential improvement substantially reduced biosolids odor.
Modeling the anaerobic digestion of wastewater sludge under sulfate‐rich conditions
Authors: Piccolo Nicholas , Goel Rajeev , Snowling Spencer , Kim Younggy 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAnaerobic digestion (AD) is a biological treatment process to stabilize organic solids and produce biogas. If present, sulfate is reduced to sulfide by anaerobic sulfate‐reducing bacteria and the sulfide can be toxic to anaerobic microorganisms. Here, the effect of high initial sulfate concentration on AD of wastewater sludge was investigated using lab‐scale batch experiments. Additionally, a systematic mathematical modeling approach was applied for insight into the experimental results. Cumulative biogas and methane production decreased with increasing initial sulfate doses (0–3.300 mg S L−1). The correlation between the sulfate dose and methane production was consistent with theoretical predictions and model results, indicating no toxic effect of sulfide on methane production. The carbon dioxide content in the biogas decreased linearly with the increasing sulfate dose, which is consistent with the model‐predicted behavior of the bicarbonate and hydrogen sulfide buffering system. The examined high sulfate concentrations resulted in no clear negative effects on the COD removal or VSS destruction of the wastewater sludge, indicating negligible inhibition by sulfide toxicity. Even considering the possibility of ferrous sulfide precipitation and the low model estimates of residual sulfide concentration the residual sulfide concentration was higher than reported concentrations that trigger process inhibition.Practitioner points

The effect of sulfate loading on anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge was characterized.
The stoichiometry of sulfate reduction allows accurate prediction of CH4 loss.
High sulfate levels (up to 3300 mg/L as S) did not affect COD/VSS removal.
Sulfide formation increases effluent COD; often misinterpreted as sulfide toxicity.
Correcting COD for sulfide's contributions is crucial for results interpretation.
Mineralogy (XRD)
Authors: Al-Dousari Ali , Bahbahani Muntha 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

The two main particle size components of the dust samples were subjected to mineralogical analysis to identify the mineral constituents and determine their frequency percentage in each textural class; the fine sand (particle size between 0.125 and 0.063 mm) and Mud (less than 0.063 mm).

The average percentage of minerals was mapped out for each season i.e. March, June, September and December 2010 showing the high and low mineral concentration in areas in Kuwait covering the mineral concentrations of Calcite, Carbonate, clay minerals, dolomite, feldspars, and quartz.
Pollen in Dust
Authors: Ibrahim Mohamed Ismail , Al-Dousari Ali , Al-Saleh Abeer Hassan 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Twenty-eight pairs of pollen and aeolian dust traps covering the State of Kuwait were used to obtain seasonal pollen counts of the most eight dominant families during 2009–2011 i.e. Chenopodiaceae, Poaceae (Gramineae), Cyperaceae, Leguminosae (Fabaceae), Cyperaceae, Brassicaceae, Malvaceae, Compositae, and Plantaginaceae.

The sampling site locations were chosen to cover all the geomorphological sectors and native vegetation areas in Kuwait.

Generally, pollen counts show us a remarkable distinction between the year 2009–2010 and 2010–2011, It is also evident that pollen counts (concentration) vary from season to season. Pollen counts over four seasons for two years (October 2009–August 2011) reveal the presence of two peaks in spring (April–May) and autumn (October–November).

Map distribution of pollens in each of the dominant plant families in Kuwait is generated according to seasons showing higher and lower concentrations of dust pollen counts.
Other Properties (BET Surface Area, Conductivity, Organic Matter, and pH)
Authors: Ahmed Modi , Beg Khaliq 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) test were applied to dust samples in which samples (BET) surface area is highly related to the roundness of dust particles. The higher angularity and low roundness of the dust particles show a higher (BET) surface area. The roundness is also related to the particlesize distribution and mineralogical composition.

The electrical conductivity test relates very well with the chemical and physical properties of dust samples in the transmission of an electrical current.

The organic matter content was measured using the ignition method and the pH of the samples was recorded.

Maps of the distribution of high and low BET concentrations, electrical conductivity EC, organic matter content, pH.
Heterotic line bundle models on generalized complete intersection Calabi Yau manifolds
Authors: Larfors Magdalena , Passaro Davide , Schneider Robin 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The systematic program of heterotic line bundle model building has resulted in a wealth of standard-like models (SLM) for particle physics. In this paper, we continue this work in the setting of generalised Complete Intersection Calabi Yau (gCICY) manifolds. Using the gCICYs constructed in ref. [1], we identify two geometries that, when combined with line bundle sums, are directly suitable for heterotic GUT models. We then show that these gCICYs admit freely acting ℤ2 symmetry groups, and are thus amenable to Wilson line breaking of the GUT gauge group to that of the standard model. We proceed to a systematic scan over line bundle sums over these geometries, that result in 99 and 33 SLMs, respectively. For the first class of models, our results may be compared to line bundle models on homotopically equivalent Complete Intersection Calabi Yau manifolds. This shows that the number of realistic configurations is of the same order of magnitude.
Next-to-leading power threshold corrections for finite order and resummed colour-singlet cross sections
Authors: van Beekveld Melissa , Laenen Eric , Damsté Jort Sinninghe , Vernazza Leonardo 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We study next-to-leading-power (NLP) threshold corrections in colour-singlet production processes, with particular emphasis on Drell-Yan (DY) and single-Higgs production. We assess the quality of the partonic and hadronic threshold expansions for each process up to NNLO. We determine numerically the NLP leading-logarithmic (LL) resummed contribution in addition to the leading-power next-to-next-to-leading logarithmic (LP NNLL) resummed DY and Higgs cross sections, matched to NNLO. We find that the inclusion of NLP logarithms is numerically more relevant than increasing the precision to N3LL at LP for these processes. We also perform an analytical and numerical comparison of LP NNLL + NLP LL resummation in soft-collinear effective theory and direct QCD, where we achieve excellent analytical and numerical agreement once the NLP LL terms are included in both formalisms. Our results underline the phenomenological importance of understanding the NLP structure of QCD cross sections.
Cardy limits of 6d superconformal theories
Authors: Lee Kimyeong , Nahmgoong June 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We explore the supersymmetric partition functions of 6d SCFTs on ℝ4 × T2 with non-vanishing charges for compatible global symmetries. We utilize the elliptic genera for self-dual strings and compute the free energy of 6d SCFTs in the Cardy limit. For a 6d (2,0) theory on N M5-brane, we obtain the free energy proportional to N3. We find that the origin of N3 comes from the condensation of the self-dual strings, whose total number is proportional to $$ \frac{N^3-N}{6} $$

N
3

−
N

6

. We further extend our analysis to the general E-string theory and obtain its Cardy free energy.
The singly-charged scalar singlet as the origin of neutrino masses
Authors: Felkl Tobias , Herrero-García Juan , Schmidt Michael A. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We consider the generation of neutrino masses via a singly-charged scalar singlet. Under general assumptions we identify two distinct structures for the neutrino mass matrix. This yields a constraint for the antisymmetric Yukawa coupling of the singly-charged scalar singlet to two left-handed lepton doublets, irrespective of how the breaking of lepton-number conservation is achieved. The constraint disfavours large hierarchies among the Yukawa couplings. We study the implications for the phenomenology of lepton-flavour universality, measurements of the W-boson mass, flavour violation in the charged-lepton sector and decays of the singly-charged scalar singlet. We also discuss the parameter space that can address the Cabibbo Angle Anomaly.
Towards holographic flat bands
Authors: Grandi Nicolás , Juričić Vladimir , Landea Ignacio Salazar , Soto-Garrido Rodrigo 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Motivated by the phenomenology in the condensed-matter flat-band Dirac systems, we here construct a holographic model that imprints the symmetry breaking pattern of a rather simple Dirac fermion model at zero chemical potential. In the bulk we explicitly include the backreaction to the corresponding Lifshitz geometry and compute the dynamical critical exponent. Most importantly, we find that such a geometry is unstable towards a nematic phase, exhibiting an anomalous Hall effect and featuring a Drude-like shift of its spectral weight. Our findings should motivate further studies of the quantum phases emerging from such holographic models.
Topping-up multilepton plus b-jets anomalies at the LHC with a Z′ boson
Authors: Alvarez Ezequiel , Juste Aurelio , Szewc Manuel , Schroeder Tamara Vazquez 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
During the last years ATLAS and CMS have reported a number of slight to mild discrepancies in signatures of multileptons plus b-jets in analyses such as $$ t\overline{t}H $$
t

t
¯

H
, $$ t\overline{t}{W}^{\pm } $$
t

t
¯

W
±

, $$ t\overline{t}Z $$
t

t
¯

Z
and $$ t\overline{t}t\overline{t} $$
t

t
¯

t

t
¯

. Among them, a recent ATLAS result on $$ t\overline{t}H $$
t

t
¯

H
production has also reported an excess in the charge asymmetry in the same-sign dilepton channel with two or more b-tagged jets. Motivated by these tantalizing discrepancies, we study a phenomenological New Physics model consisting of a Z′ boson that couples to up-type quarks via right-handed currents: $$ {t}_R{\gamma}^{\mu }{\overline{t}}_R $$

t
R

γ
μ

t
¯

R

, $$ {t}_R{\gamma}^{\mu }{\overline{c}}_R $$

t
R

γ
μ

c
¯

R

, and $$ {t}_R{\gamma}^{\mu }{\overline{u}}_R $$

t
R

γ
μ

u
¯

R

. The latter vertex allows to translate the charge asymmetry at the LHC initial state protons to a final state with top quarks which, decaying to a positive lepton and a b-jet, provides a crucial contribution to some of the observed discrepancies. Through an analysis at a detector level, we select the region in parameter space of our model that best reproduces the data in the aforementioned $$ t\overline{t}H $$
t

t
¯

H
study, and in a recent ATLAS $$ t\overline{t}t\overline{t} $$
t

t
¯

t

t
¯

search. We find that our model provides a better fit to the experimental data than the Standard Model for a New Physics scale of approximately ∼500 GeV, and with a hierarchical coupling of the Z′ boson that favours the top quark and the presence of FCNC currents. In order to estimate the LHC sensitivity to this signal, we design a broadband search featuring many kinematic regions with different signal-to-background ratio, and perform a global analysis. We also define signal-enhanced regions and study observables that could further distinguish signal from background. We find that the region in parameter space of our model that best fits the analysed data could be probed with a significance exceeding 3 standard deviations with just the full Run-2 dataset.
Hints of gravitational ergodicity: Berry’s ensemble and the universality of the semi-classical Page curve
Authors: Krishnan Chethan , Mohan Vyshnav 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Recent developments on black holes have shown that a unitarity-compatible Page curve can be obtained from an ensemble-averaged semi-classical approximation. In this paper, we emphasize (1) that this peculiar manifestation of unitarity is not specific to black holes, and (2) that it can emerge from a single realization of an underlying unitary theory. To make things explicit, we consider a hard sphere gas leaking slowly from a small box into a bigger box. This is a quantum chaotic system in which we expect to see the Page curve in the full unitary description, while semi-classically, eigenstates are expected to behave as though they live in Berry’s ensemble. We reproduce the unitarity-compatible Page curve of this system, semi-classically. The computation has structural parallels to replica wormholes, relies crucially on ensemble averaging at each epoch, and reveals the interplay between the multiple time-scales in the problem. Working with the ensemble averaged state rather than the entanglement entropy, we can also engineer an information “paradox”. Our system provides a concrete example in which the ensemble underlying the semi-classical Page curve is an ergodic proxy for a time average, and not an explicit average over many theories. The questions we address here are logically independent of the existence of horizons, so we expect that semi-classical gravity should also be viewed in a similar light.
Greater daily glucose variability and lower time in range assessed with continuous glucose monitoring are associated with greater aortic stiffness: The Maastricht Study
Authors: Foreman Yuri D. , van Doorn William P. T. M. , Schaper Nicolaas C. , van Greevenbroek Marleen M. J. , van der Kallen Carla J. H. , Henry Ronald M. A. , Koster Annemarie , Eussen Simone J. P. M. , Wesselius Anke , Reesink Koen D. , Schram Miranda T. , Dagnelie Pieter C. , Kroon Abraham A. , Brouwers Martijn C. G. J. , Stehouwer Coen D. A. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Aims
CVD is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in individuals with diabetes. It is currently unclear whether daily glucose variability contributes to CVD. Therefore, we investigated whether glucose variability is associated with arterial measures that are considered important in CVD pathogenesis.

Methods
We included participants of The Maastricht Study, an observational population-based cohort, who underwent at least 48 h of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) (n = 853; age: 59.9 ± 8.6 years; 49% women, 23% type 2 diabetes). We studied the cross-sectional associations of two glucose variability indices (CGM-assessed SD [SDCGM] and CGM-assessed CV [CVCGM]) and time in range (TIRCGM) with carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity (cf-PWV), carotid distensibility coefficient, carotid intima–media thickness, ankle–brachial index and circumferential wall stress via multiple linear regression.

Results
Higher SDCGM was associated with higher cf-PWV after adjusting for demographics, cardiovascular risk factors and lifestyle factors (regression coefficient [B] per 1 mmol/l SDCGM [and corresponding 95% CI]: 0.413 m/s [0.147, 0.679], p = 0.002). In the model additionally adjusted for CGM-assessed mean sensor glucose (MSGCGM), SDCGM and MSGCGM contributed similarly to cf-PWV (respective standardised regression coefficients [st.βs] and 95% CIs of 0.065 [−0.018, 0.167], p = 0.160; and 0.059 [−0.043, 0.164], p = 0.272). In the fully adjusted models, both higher CVCGM (B [95% CI] per 10% CVCGM: 0.303 m/s [0.046, 0.559], p = 0.021) and lower TIRCGM (B [95% CI] per 10% TIRCGM: −0.145 m/s [−0.252, −0.038] p = 0.008) were statistically significantly associated with higher cf-PWV. Such consistent associations were not observed for the other arterial measures.

Conclusions
Our findings show that greater daily glucose variability and lower TIRCGM are associated with greater aortic stiffness (cf-PWV) but not with other arterial measures. If corroborated in prospective studies, these results support the development of therapeutic agents that target both daily glucose variability and TIRCGM to prevent CVD.

Graphical abstract
Status, issues, and future of computer-aided part orientation for additive manufacturing
Authors: Qin Yuchu , Qi Qunfen , Shi Peizhi , Scott Paul J. , Jiang Xiangqian 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPart orientation is a critical task in the process of additive manufacturing product realisation. Recently, various computer-aided methods for this task have been presented in the literature. The coexistence of different methods generates a series of questions: What are the common characteristics of these methods? What are the specific characteristics of each method? What are the main issues in computer-aided part orientation for additive manufacturing currently? What are the potential research directions in this field in the future? To approach these questions, a review of the existing computer-aided part orientation methods for additive manufacturing is presented in this paper. This review starts with a clarification of a part orientation problem and a classification of the existing methods into two categories according to their process of solving the problem. An overview of the representative methods in each category is then carried out from the aspects of approaches for orientation search, generation, or selection, estimation of build orientation factors, determination of weights of factors, establishment of overall objective function, and demonstration of effectiveness. After that, a discussion about the main issues in computer-aided part orientation for additive manufacturing is documented based on the overview. Finally, a suggestion of some future research directions in this field is reported.