bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Democratic Speech in Divided Times
Authors: Lepoutre Maxime 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Democratic Speech in Divided Times offers a comprehensive account of the norms that should govern public discourse in circumstances marked by deep and often unjust social divisions. Part I investigates what forms of democratic speech are desirable in these settings. This part shows, firstly, that some forms of public discourse that are symptomatic of division can nevertheless play a crucial democratic function. In particular, it argues that emotionally charged speech—and most notably, speech voicing deep anger—plays a fundamental role in overcoming entrenched epistemic divisions and in facilitating the exchange of shared reasons. This part also examines how, in contrast, other characteristic features of the public discourse of divided societies endanger democratic life. Here, the argument considers the proliferation of hate speech and misinformation, and examines what forms of democratic speech should be used to combat them. Part II considers how realistic the foregoing account of public discourse is. Specifically, it assesses the complications that arise from intergroup antipathy, pervasive political ignorance, and the fragmentation of the public sphere. The normative picture of public discourse that this book defends can largely withstand these problems. And, while these social conditions do qualify the value of democratic speech in some respects, they are at least as problematic for political ideals that give up on inclusive democratic speech altogether. Accordingly, while realising the ideal of democratic speech that this book outlines is challenging, we should not lose patience with this task.
Financial crises and the limits of reforms
Authors: Keller Eileen 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The introductory chapter presents the main themes of the book. It illustrates the recurrence of financial crises and discusses the contours and limits of the financial sector reforms implemented in response to the global financial crisis from 2007 to 2009. It spells out the specificities of banking and outlines the implications of the crisis for the future role of banks in so-called bank-based financial systems. The chapter spells out the empirical puzzle and discusses the shortcomings of existing theoretical approaches in accounting for it. The social learning approach and the methodology of the research on which the book builds are presented. The chapter summarizes the book’s main argument and closes with a short chapter outline.
Social learning in response to the crisis
Authors: Keller Eileen 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter explains the differing conclusions drawn from the financial crisis in France and Germany. The chapter provides original empirical data that shows that the banks’ lending behaviour during the crisis cannot account satisfactorily for the differing reform priorities identified in France and Germany. The second part of the chapter explores the pre-crisis developments that triggered the differing reactions. Simply put, while social learning was about the conditions and the availability of bank lending in France, in Germany it was related to the risks and the benefits associated with innovative market-based banking and financial sector concentration. The chapter confirms the respective narratives by systematically comparing and crosschecking the diverging dynamics in the two cases, building on extensive empirical data.
Comparative lessons
Authors: Keller Eileen 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter takes stock of the previous chapters and discusses the findings. It summarizes the book’s main argument and examines the nature of social learning with respect to true learning, the institutional dispositions in place, the role of politics, and contingency. The validity of the argument is discussed using Bayesian updating, presenting additional evidence that confirms the findings in a comparative perspective and in the light of competing hypotheses. The relevance of the social learning framework is demonstrated by applying it to the British and the US-American crisis responses and to differing outcomes on bank structural reform. The chapter closes with a brief discussion of the theoretical merits of social learning for ideational scholarship in institutional analysis, public policy-making, and economic sociology.
Efficiency of Dynamic Portfolio Choices: An Experiment
Authors: Magnani Jacopo , Rabanal Jean Paul , Rud Olga A , Wang Yabin 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
We study the efficiency of dynamic portfolio choices using the nonparametric methods of Dybvig (1988) and Post (2003). We compare a dynamic portfolio task against an equivalent static Arrow-Debreu problem under two alternative environments: (1) nonpooled with $2^T$ terminal states and (2) pooled with $T+1$ unique terminal states. The results suggest that, within each environment, efficiency is lower in a static format and when the number of final states is larger. In the nonpooled dynamic task, which allows for path dependent strategies, we find that a form of stop-loss strategy drives efficiency losses.
Role of the sphingolipid biostat in pancreatic βcell apoptosis induced by gluco‐lipotoxicity
Authors: COANT Nicolas , Veret Julien , Giussani Paola , Portha Bernard , Berdyshev Evgeny V , Le Stunff Herve 
Published: June 2021

Accumulated evidence suggests that Type 2 diabetes is often associated with abnormalities in lipids metabolism. Adverse effects of fatty acids on β cell function and viability are potentiated by the presence of hyperglycemia; this phenomenon is called gluco‐lipotoxicity. Sphingoid base‐1‐phosphates and ceramides are potent bioactive lipids involved in different patho‐physiological processes. This study was undertaken to determine whether these lipids are produced in palmitate‐treated pancreatic β cells and what role they play in palmitate‐induced beta cell apoptosis.Our lipidomic analysis revealed that palmitate at low and high glucose supplementation increased (dihydro)‐sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P) and (dihydro)‐ceramides levels in INS‐1 β cells. This increase is associated with an increase of SphK1 and Cers4 proteins. Interestingly, we show that the over‐expression of Cers4 or the inhibition of SphK1 induces an increase of apoptosis induced by palmitate with 30 mM glucose, whereas down‐regulation of CerS4 by siRNA or over‐expression of SphK1 reduced apoptosis.Taken together, our results suggest an important role of the balance between S1P and ceramide (i.e. sphingolipid biostat) in β cell death induced by gluco‐lipotoxicity. These data suggest that targeting specific sphingolipid metabolites could be a novel therapeutic strategy to reduce the development of TD2.
Muscle Enriched A‐Type Lamin Interacting Protein (MLIP) a novel regulator cardiac growth and function
Authors: Cattin Marie‐Elodie , Mak‐Washburn Esther , Burgon Patrick G 
Published: June 2021

The newly discovered Muscle‐enriched A‐type lamin interacting protein (MLIP) is most abundantly expressed in the heart. Its biological function remains elusive but it may be of high relevance for cardiac function as it has no paralogous homologue suggesting no functional redundancy.To elucidate MLIP's function, we generated both hemizygous (MLIP+/‐) and homozygous (MLIP−/−) null mice. At 8 weeks of age, they both develop dilated cardiomyopathy characterized by enlarged hearts (heart to body weights MLIP+/+ 5.62mg/g vs MLIP+/− 10.73mg/g & MLIP −/− 11.03mg/g), functionally dilated (LVDD : +/+ 2.89mm; +/− 3.93mm; −/− 4.11mm) with reduced function (LVFS : +/+ 47%; +/− 31%; −/− 29%). Histological analysis shows no overt abnormalities of both MLIP+/− and MLIP−/− hearts. Preliminary data indicate a preserved cardiomyocyte size in MLIP+/− and MLIP−/− mice, suggesting that the increase in heart size might be due to hyperplasia rather than cellular hypertrophy. Moreover, cardiac gene expression of 12 week‐old MLIP+/− and MLIP−/− mice reveals an upregulation of genes involved in cardiac development and control of cell cycle. Cardiomyocytes proliferation of post‐natal MLIP+/− and MLIP−/− hearts and cardiac response to pro‐hypertrophic stimulus are currently under investigation.In conclusion, MLIP is a newly discovered protein that impacts genes involved in cardiac development, growth and function.
A‐kinase anchoring protein (AKAP)‐Lbc coordinates protein kinase A (PKA) phosphorylation and inhibition of Src homology 2 domain‐containing phosphatase 2 (Shp2)
Authors: Burmeister Brian T. , Taglieri Domenico M. , Wang Li , Carnegie Graeme K. 
Published: June 2021

Pathological cardiac hypertrophy (an increase in cardiac mass resulting from stress‐induced cardiac myocyte growth) is a major factor underlying heart failure. Shp2 is a tyrosine phosphatase that is critical for cardiac function. Mutations resulting in loss of Shp2 catalytic activity are associated with cardiac hypertrophy and congenital heart defects.We have identified a novel mechanism of Shp2 inhibition that may promote cardiac hypertrophy. We demonstrate that Shp2 is a component of the A‐kinase anchoring protein (AKAP)‐Lbc complex. AKAP‐Lbc facilitates PKA phosphorylation of Shp2, which inhibits its protein tyrosine phosphatase activity.Overall, our data indicate that AKAP‐Lbc integrates PKA and Shp2 signaling in the heart and that AKAP‐Lbc‐associated Shp2 activity is reduced in hypertrophic hearts in response to chronic β‐adrenergic stimulation and PKA activation. Thus, while induction of cardiac hypertrophy is a multifaceted process, inhibition of Shp2 activity through AKAP‐Lbc‐anchored PKA is a previously unrecognized mechanism that may promote compensatory cardiac hypertrophy. We are currently mapping the PKA phosphorylation site(s) on Shp2 and investigating downstream hypertrophic signaling mechanisms.
An Oxygen‐chelate Precious Metal‐based Complex, Palladium bis‐Acetylacetonate, Induces Apoptosis in Lung Cancer H460 cells via Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Pathway rather than interacting with DNA
Authors: Wang Yi , Li Xiaokun , Zhou Huiping , Liang Guang 
Published: June 2021

Although some of palladium (Pd) complexes possess promising anti‐tumor activities, they are all chelated with N‐containing ligands and function by interacting with DNA. Few studies on the bio‐activities and mechanism of Pd‐O chelates have been conducted. In this study, a Pd complex containing four O‐donor ligands, Pd(acac)2, has been synthesized and evaluated as an anticancer agent. Solution stability test through 1H‐NMR spectra reveals that Pd(acac)2 maintained chemical stability being in the S‐donor containing DMSO solution. MTT assay shows that Pd(acac)2 exhibited significant cytotoxicity against BGC 823, HL‐60, KB, LS‐174T, and Hela cells. Flow cytometric assay reveals that treatment with Pd(acac)2 significantly induced apoptosis in H460 cells. Interestingly, gel electrophoresis and ultraviolet absorption assay show that Pd(acac)2 did not act directly on DNA. Immunoblotting assay indicates that the anti‐tumor effects of Pd(acac)2 are associated with ER stress‐mediated apoptosis pathway, followed by caspase activation. CHOP knockdown by specific siRNA significantly attenuated Pd(acac)2‐induced cell apoptosis, indicating that the apoptotic pathway is partly ER stress‐dependent. In summary, these data may provide us a novel mechanistic strategy for the development of metal‐based anticancer drugs.This work was supported by National Natural Science Funding of China (81102452).
Wagonin inhibits LPS‐induced expression of inflammatory cytokines by promoting mRNA degradation in macrophages
Authors: Wan Xiaoshan , Huang Yi , Liang Guang , Xiao Jian , Li Xiaokun , Gurley Emily C , Zhou Huiping 
Published: June 2021

Wagonin is a major active component of Scutellaria baicalensis, a widely used Chinese herbal medicine for treatment of inflammatory diseases. It has been well‐documented that wagonin inhibits inflammatory cytokine gene expression. However, the underlying cellular/molecular mechanisms remain to be fully identified. Our previous studies demonstrated that LPS upregulates inflammatory cytokines by modulating RNA binding proteins and increasing mRNA stability. The aim of current study was to examine the effect of wagonin on LPS‐induced expression of inflammatory cytokines and further identify its underlying cellular/molecular mechanisms in macrophages.MethodsCultured mouse RAW264.7 macrophages and human THP‐1‐derived macrophages were used in this study. The mRNA and protein levels of IL‐1β, IL‐6, TNF‐α, MCP‐1 were detected by real time RT‐PCR and ELISA, respectively. The expression and intracellular translocation of RNA binding proteins, HuR and CUGBP‐1, were determined by Western blot and immunofluorescence staining.ResultsWagonin significantly inhibited LPS‐induced expression of IL‐1β, IL‐6, TNF‐α, and MCP‐1 by promoting mRNA degradation through regulating intracellular translocation of HuR and CUGBP‐1 in macrophages.ConclusionWagonin exerts its anti‐inflammatory effect through regulating intracellular translocation of HuR and CUGBP‐1 in macrophages.
Role of DLC1 in Regulating Cellular and Focal Adhesion Dynamics
Authors: Kaushik Shelly , Low Boon Chuan 
Published: June 2021

Deleted in Liver Cancer‐1 (DLC1) is a RhoGTPase‐activating protein that is down‐regulated in a number of cancers. It specifically acts on RhoA and to some extent Cdc42, but has no discernible effect on Rac1 activity. DLC1 has been shown to localize to the focal adhesions and its absence leads to enhanced cell migration. However, its role at the focal adhesions and its subsequent effect on cell migration is still unclear. Using immunofluorescence techniques, Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy (TIRFM) and quantitative image analysis we examined the effect of DLC1 on cell migration and cell spreading and determined its localization and dynamics at focal complexes, focal adhesions and fibrillar adhesions to understand how these cellular dynamics are affected. We found that DLC1 inhibits cell spreading in a RhoA‐dependent, substrate‐independent manner whereas it inhibits cell migration in a RhoA‐independent manner. DLC1 also localizes to all three adhesion types, with a specific spatial distribution in the focal adhesions during early and late stages of cell spreading when compared to focal adhesion proteins such as paxillin and Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK). In summary, DLC1 regulates cellular dynamics by its down‐regulation of RhoA as well as its effects on focal adhesion dynamics.Supported by Mechanobiology Institute and Ministry of Education, Singapore (Academic Research Fund T208A3121)
Iron deficiency and anemia are not associated with food insecurity in pregnant women in the United States: NHANES 1999–2008
Authors: Park Clara , Eicher‐Miller Heather A 
Published: June 2021

Food insecurity (FI) has been associated with low iron (Fe) intake in US children, adolescents, and non‐pregnant adults. Pregnant women may be at higher risk of FI and Fe deficiency (ID) as nutritional needs increase throughout pregnancy and more resources are needed to secure food. Maternal ID and anemia are associated with low birth weight and life‐long cognitive impairment in the child. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of ID and FI among pregnant women ages 13 to 54 y (n=1,023) using data from NHANES 1999–2008. Food security was classified using the US Food Security Survey Module. ID was indicated using total body Fe, soluble transferrin receptor, or ferritin, and anemia by hemoglobin or hematocrit. The odds of ID, indicated by ferritin status, were 2.9 times higher for FI compared with food secure (FS) pregnant women. However, after excluding for inflammation, indicated by C‐reactive protein, the odds of ID were not significantly greater for FI compared with FS pregnant women. Models created for other indicators of ID and anemia were not significant. In conclusion, evidence for a significant association of food insecurity with iron deficiency or anemia in pregnant US women is insufficient, yet efforts to reduce the prevalence of ID and anemia should continue among both FS and FI pregnant women.Grant Funding Source: Purdue University Department of Nutrition Science
Using principal component analysis to characterize dietary patterns in children from Uruguay
Authors: Lee Yujin , Hsiao Pao Ying , Queirolo Elena , Peregalli Fabiana , Kordas Katarzyna 
Published: June 2021

Few studies have investigated dietary patterns of people in Uruguay, especially children. The purpose of this study was to identify dietary patterns of 217 children aged 6–8 y in Montevideo, Uruguay (Mean±SD BMI=21.2± 4.5 kg/m2). Diet data were collected via 2 non‐consecutive 24‐hour recalls completed by mothers. Principal component analysis with Varimax rotation was used to identify dietary patterns. Three patterns were identified (explaining 29.1% of variance): 1) ‘Less healthy’ characterized by high consumption of sweetened beverages, sweets, fats and oils, breads, and processed meats, 2) ‘Refined grains’ characterized by high consumption of pizza and dinner pies, pastries, pasta, milk and fruits, 3) ‘More healthy’ characterized by dark green, red and orange vegetables, beans and peas, eggs and white meats. For each component, each child was allocated a score derived from the component's coefficients for food groups and the reported amount of consumption. Spearman correlation coefficients were used to test correlations between total calorie consumption and component scores. Total calorie consumption was correlated with ‘Less healthy’ and ‘Refined grains’ patterns (r= 0.56, r=0.39, respectively). Further studies need to investigate possible associations between dietary patterns and biomarkers of nutritional status in this population.Grant Funding Source: NIEHS 4231251X1
Comparison of dynamic model predicted and actual weight gain during overfeeding: An energy balance analysis
Authors: Begum Yasmin , Cupidon Shanakey , Aftab Tasnia , Anazodo Michael 
Published: June 2021

PurposeDynamic models that predict weight gain from standardized overfeeding protocols overestimate weight gain. The measured components of energy balance from overfeeding experiments in which adherence to energy intake was objectively established offer direction for model revisions.MethodsData was obtained from two different overfeeding studies. The Bouchard study, which was supervised in a confined environment, overfed 12 pairs of male twins by an average of 857 kcal/d for 100 days. The adherence in the 8‐week Levine overfeeding study (1000 kcal/d over baseline) was determined using the sum of changed body energy stores and energy expenditures.Two validated and widely applied weight change prediction models (the Thomas model and the Hall model) were tested against individual weight gain data and model terms (resting energy expenditure and total energy expenditure) from the Bouchard and Levine studies. A Bland Altman analysis comparing actual versus predicted final weight was performed.ResultsThere was good correlation between model predicted and actual final weight from the Bouchard study (Thomas: R2=0.93, Hall: R2=0.89). However, the Bland Altman analysis resulted in negative bias; Hall model: bias=−2.9 kg, 95% confidence intervals −8.3, 2.1; Thomas model: bias=−1.7 kg, 95% confidence intervals −6.6, 3.0. Term by term comparison of energy expenditure in the Levine study revealed resting metabolic rate is overestimated during weight gain.ConclusionChanges in the components of energy expenditure during weight gain need to be re‐examined to correct for over‐estimation in weight gain.
Associations Between Socioeconomic Status and Dietary Patterns in the REGARDS Study Population
Authors: Kell Kenneth Patton , Judd Suzanne E , Shikany James M , Fernandez Jose R 
Published: June 2021

Socioeconomic status (SES), typically assessed by education and income, has been associated with measures of diet quality; however, such measures have not directly captured individuals’ overall eating practices. Based on factor analysis of 56 food groups from food frequency questionnaires, patterns of food consumption were examined for their associations with SES in a nationally representative sample of 21,636 black and white participants (age >; 45) from the REGARDS study. Logistic regression adjusted for age, race, geographic region and sex was used to examine adherence to three emergent dietary patterns (Sweets, Southern, and Plant‐based) according to education (college graduate or high school non‐graduate) and income (>;$75K or <$20K). Based on odds‐ratios (OR) at a p<0.05, college graduates were less likely to adhere to Sweets or Southern dietary patterns than those who did not complete high school (OR=0.76, OR=0.38). Subjects making >;$75k were less likely to adhere to Sweets or Southern patterns than those making <$20k (OR=0.62, OR=0.43). When evaluating Plant‐based patterns, greater adherence was observed in college graduates (OR=1.84), with white college graduates having greater adherence than black (OR=2.18, OR=1.41). Further research is needed to understand the interactions of SES, food intake and health risk in the diverse US population.Grant Funding Source: UAB NORC Grant: P30DK056336 and NHLBI Grant: T32HL105349
Metabolic status of adipocytes triggers rapid adjustments of systemic glucose tolerance
Authors: Kless Caroline , Klingenspor Martin 
Published: June 2021

Adipose tissue expansion is one potential cause for impaired systemic glucose tolerance (GT). In three inbred mouse strains with different susceptibility to diet‐induced obesity (DIO) we monitored GT after high fat feeding and in response to caloric restriction.Male AKR/J, SWR/J and C57BL/6J mice received high‐fat diet (HFD, 48 kJ% fat) or control diet (CD, 12 kJ% fat) for 12 weeks, followed by either refeeding of CD or restricted pair‐feeding with HFD. Body mass, body composition, energy intake, energy expenditure and oral GT were measured regularly.Acutely, HFD feeding for 1.5 days increased energy intake and reduced GT in all three strains. During prolonged HFD feeding, DIO prone AKR/J and B/6J mice, but not DIO resistant SWR/J mice, maintained impaired GT. Refeeding CD or pair‐ feeding HFD of obese AKR/J mice normalized normalized GT rapidly.These results demonstrate that HFD triggers a fast reduction of GT, independent of DIO susceptibility. This is an acute metabolic response to the increased utilization of fatty acids as energy substrates. Impaired GT is only maintained in mouse strains prone to DIO suggesting an important contribution of anabolic metabolism of adipocytes whereas shifting towards a catabolic state of adipocytes rapidly normalizes GT.This work was supported by BMBF FKZ 0315674 to MK.