bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simultane Implantation von Epithesenankern und Bonebridge zur Versorgung großer Ohrmissbildungen
Authors: Wickert Eva , Kurz Anja , Voelker Johannes , Hagen Rudolf , Kaulitz Stefan , Rak Kristen 
Published: February 2021

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund Die chirurgische Versorgung mit einem Hörimplantat und Epithesen bei Ohrmissbildungen bietet eine gute Kombination aus Hörrehabilitation und kosmetischer Rekonstruktion. Oft wird die Versorgung in 2-zeitigen Operationsschritten durchgeführt. Ziel der Arbeit war es, Erfahrungswerte mit einem Vorgehen zu gewinnen, bei dem das Hörimplantat und die Epithesenanker simultan eingesetzt werden.
Material und Methoden Vier Ohren von 3 Patienten (nw = 1, nm = 2) mit großen Ohrmissbildungen (Typ III nach Weerda) erhielten jeweils in einer Operation eine MedEL Bonebridge und einen Epithesenanker mit 3 Basispfosten. Zuvor war die Indikation mithilfe des Active Middle Ear Implant (aMEI)-Scores nach Frenzel (2013) gestellt worden.
Ergebnisse Alle Patienten erzielten jeweils 4 Punkte im aMEI-Score, was auf eine ungünstige Prognose für eine erfolgreiche Implantation eines aktiven Mittelohrimplantats hinwies. Die Versorgung mit der Bonebridge und einem Epithesenanker konnte daraufhin komplikationslos durchgeführt werden. Postoperativ erfolgten nach 4 Wochen die audiologische Erstanpassung und die Bestückung mit Magneten. In der Audiometrie bestand ein funktioneller Gewinn von bis zu 30 dB sowie ein verbessertes Sprachverständnis. Die Epithese wurde dem gesunden Ohr nachgebildet. Nach der Versorgung waren die Patienten mit dem audiologischen und kosmetischen Ergebnis zufrieden.
Schlussfolgerungen Das simultane chirurgische Vorgehen mit einem Hörimplantat und Epithesenankern stellt eine gute Option in der Versorgung von Ohrmissbildungen dar. Der aMEI-Score war ein hilfreiches Instrument zur Indikationsstellung. Durch das Vorgehen konnten das Operationsrisiko und der Aufwand der Versorgung reduziert werden.
Recent Advances in the Generation of Nitrilium Betaine 1,3-Dipoles
Authors: Jamieson Craig , Livingstone Keith , Little Gemma 
Published: February 2021

AbstractNitrilium betaine 1,3-dipoles are ubiquitous reagents in organic chemistry, with applications ranging from natural product synthesis to materials science. Given the high reactivity of these zwitterionic motifs, they are invariably generated in situ from a suitable precursor, prior to use. This short review summarises the recent progress in the development of modern approaches towards the formation of these 1,3-dipoles, and their applications within a diverse range of fields.1	Introduction2	Nitrile Ylides2.1	2H-Azirine Rearrangement2.2	Addition of Nitriles to Carbenes3	Nitrile Imines3.1	2,5-Tetrazole Thermolysis3.2	2,5-Tetrazole Photolysis3.3	Diaryl Sydnone Photolysis4	Nitrile Oxides4.1	Hypervalent Iodine4.2	The Nitroso Radical4.3	Green Chemistry Approaches4.4	Other Approaches5	Conclusions
1,3-Bifunctional Nucleophilic Allylation Reagents: Preparative Methods and Synthetic Applications
Authors: Chen Ming , Liu Jiaming 
Published: February 2021

Abstract1,3-Bifunctional nucleophilic allylation reagents play an important role in organic synthesis. In this short review, we summarize the methods for the preparation of 1,3-bifunctional reagents and their reactions with various electrophiles. Synthetic applications of these reagents in the context of complex molecule synthesis are also discussed.1	Introduction2	Reagent Synthesis2.1	Symmetrical Reagents2.2	Unsymmetrical Reagents2.2.1	Bis-silane and Silyl-stannane Reagents2.2.2	Bis-boron and Silyl-boron Reagents3	Synthetic Applications3.1	Allylation of Aldehydes3.2	Allylation of Ketones3.3	Allylation of Imines3.4	Allylation of Other Electrophiles with 1,3-Bifunctional Allylation Reagents4	Summary
Development of small high-voltage AC power supply for a dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuator
Authors: Suzuki Kento , Komuro Atsushi , Sato Shintaro , Sakurai Mahoro , Mitsuhashi Kodai , Sekiya Natsuko , Watanabe Yayoi , Kanagawa Keito , Ando Akira 
Published: February 2021

A dielectric-barrier discharge plasma actuator (DBDPA) is a promising flow control device that can prevent flow separation around an airfoil using electrical discharges. Miniaturizing the DBDPA power supply remains a crucial technological challenge because its size and weight determine the performance of fluid devices equipped with this type of actuator. In this study, we propose a compact high-voltage AC power supply for a DBDPA intended for installation on small airplanes, including unmanned aerial vehicles. The power supply, which consists of a power supply board, a main control board, and a DC/AC converter board, is ∼110 g in weight. It can drive a 300-mm long DBDPA without any substantial voltage drop. The power consumption in standby remains below 1 W, and the maximum consumption during discharge in burst mode at a burst ratio of 5% is 24 W. The power supply uses a lithium-ion battery with a capacity of 1800 mA h, which allows continuous DBDPA operation for ∼1.5 h. An experiment was conducted in a wind tunnel using an airfoil model whose cross-section corresponds to that of an airfoil from a commercial glider airplane. Experimental results reveal that the surface pressure around the airfoil is modified by DBDPA operation, clearly demonstrating the effectiveness of the developed power supply for operating a DBDPA as a flow control device. The size and weight of the proposed power supply can be established as a benchmark to further miniaturize and optimize DBDPA power supplies.
The genomics of ecological flexibility, large brains, and long lives in capuchin monkeys revealed with fecalFACS
Authors: Orkin Joseph D. , Montague Michael J. , Tejada-Martinez Daniela , de Manuel Marc , del Campo Javier , Cheves Hernandez Saul , Di Fiore Anthony , Fontsere Claudia , Hodgson Jason A. , Janiak Mareike C. , Kuderna Lukas F. K. , Lizano Esther , Martin Maria Pia , Niimura Yoshihito , Perry George H. , Valverde Carmen Soto , Tang Jia , Warren Wesley C. , de Magalhães João Pedro , Kawamura Shoji , Marquès-Bonet Tomàs , Krawetz Roman , Melin Amanda D. 
Published: February 2021

Significance
Surviving challenging environments, living long lives, and engaging in complex cognitive processes are hallmark human characteristics. Similar traits have evolved in parallel in capuchin monkeys, but their genetic underpinnings remain unexplored. We developed and annotated a reference assembly for white-faced capuchin monkeys to explore the evolution of these phenotypes. By comparing populations of capuchins inhabiting rainforest versus dry forests with seasonal droughts, we detected selection in genes associated with kidney function, muscular wasting, and metabolism, suggesting adaptation to periodic resource scarcity. When comparing capuchins to other mammals, we identified evidence of selection in multiple genes implicated in longevity and brain development. Our research was facilitated by our method to generate high- and low-coverage genomes from noninvasive biomaterials.
Political persuasion in a Spanish electoral debate
Authors: Hidalgo Downing Raquel , Nieto y Otero María Jesús 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we study the elements of political discourse where persuasion is present as communicative strategy. In particular, we focus on the analysis of intonation and affectivity in a two-candidate Spanish electoral debate (Hidalgo Downing and Nieto y Otero 2014;Ponsonnet 2014;Reber 2012).The methodology consisted in selecting the openings and closings of each turn, taking the act as analysis unit (Briz 2003); for the acoustic analysis we have examined three parameters – fundamental frequency, intensity and vowel durations –, and four strategies for the positive affective bonds: assertiveness, inclusion, specificity and naturalization, in order to pursue the initial hypothesis on whether it is possible to find relations between intonation and affectivity. The analysis shows that both candidates use affective bonds and intonation to enhance persuasion, although there are interesting differences between candidates and between openings and closings. While openings show greater number and variety of strategies, both verbal and intonational, closings show lower intonational contours and less variation, therefore openings showing higher use of positive persuasive strategies, whereas in closings, there are no strategies addressed to the hearer, the most frequent being assertiveness. As for intonational contours, there is a general lowering in all values.
Bulk viscosity in relativistic fluids: from thermodynamics to hydrodynamics
Authors: Gavassino L , Antonelli M , Haskell B 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The approach of extended irreversible thermodynamics consists of promoting the dissipative fluxes to non-equilibrium thermodynamic variables. In a relativistic context, this naturally leads to the formulation of the theory of Israel and Stewart (1979), which is, to date, one of the most successful theories for relativistic dissipation. Although the generality of the principle makes it applicable to any dissipative fluid, a connection of the Israel–Stewart theory with microphysics has been established, through kinetic theory, only for the case of ideal quantum gases. By performing a convenient change of variables, we provide, for the case of bulk viscosity, an equivalent reformulation of the equations at the basis of extended irreversible thermodynamics. This approach maps any thermodynamic process which contributes to the bulk viscosity into a set of chemical reactions, whose reaction coordinates are abstract parameters describing the displacement from local thermodynamic equilibrium of the fluid element. We apply our new formalism to the case of the relativistic fluids, showing that the Israel–Stewart model for bulk viscosity is just the second-order expansion of a minimal model belonging to a larger class of non-perturbative theories for bulk viscosity which include the nuclear-reaction-mediated bulk viscosity of neutron star matter as a particular case. Furthermore, we show with concrete examples that our formalism provides new ways of computing the bulk viscosity directly and defines a simple prescription for constructing the Israel–Stewart model for a generic bulk-viscous fluid.
The effect of capacitance on high-efficiency photovoltaic modules: a review of testing methods and related uncertainties
Authors: Pravettoni Mauro , Poh Daren , Prakash Singh Jai , Wei Ho Jian , Nakayashiki Kenta 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The effect of solar cell capacitance in the electrical characterization of photovoltaic (PV) modules at Standard Test Conditions (STC) is known since the 1990s. With the efficiency of solar modules increasing in the years, the corresponding measurement artefact has been generally resolved with long pulse simulators, from few milliseconds in the 2000 s and up to hundred milliseconds nowadays. With the last improvements in module technology, with the growing interest in n-type silicon and silicon heterojunction, and with the increasing wafer and cell sizes, it is demonstrated that even 100 ms simulators are no longer enough for accurate direct I–V measurements. The need for continuous simulators is therefore becoming more frequent even for accurate measurement of commercial size modules. This work summarizes the basic physics behind the effect of capacitance on the electrical characterization of silicon PV modules, with the simplest approach of a single diode capacitive model and with examples from high efficiency modules commercially available. It reviews eight measurement methods to mitigate the effect for accurate electrical characterization at STC; finally, it presents a novel and comprehensive analysis of the uncertainty contribution to the maximum power and open-circuit voltage determination of these measurement methods. The paper is a review of the best practices in advanced testing laboratories of silicon PV modules nowadays, and it represents a contribution addressed to metrologists, researchers and module manufacturers.
Fabrication of single-nanometer metallic gaps via spontaneous nanoscale dewetting
Authors: Zeng Pei , Shu Zhiwen , Zhang Shi , Liang Huikang , Zhou Yuting , Ba Dedong , Feng Zhanzu , Zheng Mengjie , Wu Jianhui , Chen Yiqin , Duan Huigao 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Ultrasmall metallic nanogaps are of great significance for wide applications in various nanodevices. However, it is challenging to fabricate ultrasmall metallic nanogaps by using common lithographic methods due to the limited resolution. In this work, we establish an effective approach for successful formation of ultrasmall metallic nanogaps based on the spontaneous nanoscale dewetting effect during metal deposition. By varying the initial opening size of the exposed resist template, the influence of dewetting behavior could be adjusted and tiny metallic nanogaps can be obtained. We demonstrate that this method is effective to fabricate diverse sub-10 nm gaps in silver nanostructures. Based on this fabrication concept, even sub-5 nm metallic gaps were obtained. SERS measurements were performed to show the molecular detection capability of the fabricated Ag nanogaps. This approach is a promising candidate for sub-10 nm metallic gaps fabrication, thus possessing potential applications in nanoelectronics, nanoplasmonics, and nano-optoelectronics.
A comparison of methods for fully automatic segmentation of tumors and involved nodes in PET/CT of head and neck cancers
Authors: Groendahl Aurora Rosvoll , Skjei Knudtsen Ingerid , Huynh Bao Ngoc , Mulstad Martine , Moe Yngve Mardal , Knuth Franziska , Tomic Oliver , Indahl Ulf Geir , Torheim Turid , Dale Einar , Malinen Eirik , Futsaether Cecilia Marie 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Target volume delineation is a vital but time-consuming and challenging part of radiotherapy, where the goal is to deliver sufficient dose to the target while reducing risks of side effects. For head and neck cancer (HNC) this is complicated by the complex anatomy of the head and neck region and the proximity of target volumes to organs at risk. The purpose of this study was to compare and evaluate conventional PET thresholding methods, six classical machine learning algorithms and a 2D U-Net convolutional neural network (CNN) for automatic gross tumor volume (GTV) segmentation of HNC in PET/CT images. For the latter two approaches the impact of single versus multimodality input on segmentation quality was also assessed. 197 patients were included in the study. The cohort was split into training and test sets (157 and 40 patients, respectively). Five-fold cross-validation was used on the training set for model comparison and selection. Manual GTV delineations represented the ground truth. Tresholding, classical machine learning and CNN segmentation models were ranked separately according to the cross-validation Sørensen–Dice similarity coefficient (Dice). PET thresholding gave a maximum mean Dice of 0.62, whereas classical machine learning resulted in maximum mean Dice scores of 0.24 (CT) and 0.66 (PET; PET/CT). CNN models obtained maximum mean Dice scores of 0.66 (CT), 0.68 (PET) and 0.74 (PET/CT). The difference in cross-validation Dice between multimodality PET/CT and single modality CNN models was significant (p ≤ 0.0001). The top-ranked PET/CT-based CNN model outperformed the best-performing thresholding and classical machine learning models, giving significantly better segmentations in terms of cross-validation and test set Dice, true positive rate, positive predictive value and surface distance-based metrics (p ≤ 0.0001). Thus, deep learning based on multimodality PET/CT input resulted in superior target coverage and less inclusion of surrounding normal tissue.
Al2O3:C optically stimulated luminescence dosimeters (OSLDs) for ultra-high dose rate proton dosimetry
Authors: Christensen Jeppe Brage , Togno Michele , Nesteruk Konrad Pawel , Psoroulas Serena , Meer David , Weber Damien Charles , Lomax Tony , Yukihara Eduardo G , Safai Sairos 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The response of Al2O3:C optically stimulated luminescence detectors (OSLDs) was investigated in a 250 MeV pencil proton beam. The OSLD response was mapped for a wide range of average dose rates up to 9000 Gy s−1, corresponding to a ∼150 kGy s−1 instantaneous dose rate in each pulse. Two setups for ultra-high dose rate (FLASH) experiments are presented, which enable OSLDs or biological samples to be irradiated in either water-filled vials or cylinders. The OSLDs were found to be dose rate independent for all dose rates, with an average deviation <1% relative to the nominal dose for average dose rates of (1–1000) Gy s−1 when irradiated in the two setups. A third setup for irradiations in a 9000 Gy s−1 pencil beam is presented, where OSLDs are distributed in a 3 × 4 grid. Calculations of the signal averaging of the beam over the OSLDs were in agreement with the measured response at 9000 Gy s−1. Furthermore, a new method was presented to extract the beam spot size of narrow pencil beams, which is in agreement within a standard deviation with results derived from radiochromic films. The Al2O3:C OSLDs were found applicable to support radiobiological experiments in proton beams at ultra-high dose rates.
Automatic attenuation map estimation from SPECT data only for brain perfusion scans using convolutional neural networks
Authors: Chen Yuan , Goorden Marlies C , Beekman Freek J 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In clinical brain SPECT, correction for photon attenuation in the patient is essential to obtain images which provide quantitative information on the regional activity concentration per unit volume (kBq.

ml

−
1

). This correction generally requires an attenuation map (

μ

map) denoting the attenuation coefficient at each voxel which is often derived from a CT or MRI scan. However, such an additional scan is not always available and the method may suffer from registration errors. Therefore, we propose a SPECT-only-based strategy for

μ

map estimation that we apply to a stationary multi-pinhole clinical SPECT system (G-SPECT-I) for 99mTc-HMPAO brain perfusion imaging. The method is based on the use of a convolutional neural network (CNN) and was validated with Monte Carlo simulated scans. Data acquired in list mode was used to employ the energy information of both primary and scattered photons to obtain information about the tissue attenuation as much as possible. Multiple SPECT reconstructions were performed from different energy windows over a large energy range. Locally extracted 4D SPECT patches (three spatial plus one energy dimension) were used as input for the CNN which was trained to predict the attenuation coefficient of the corresponding central voxel of the patch. Results show that Attenuation Correction using the Ground Truth

μ

maps (GT-AC) or using the CNN estimated

μ

maps (CNN-AC) achieve comparable accuracy. This was confirmed by a visual assessment as well as a quantitative comparison; the mean deviation from the GT-AC when using the CNN-AC is within 1.8% for the standardized uptake values in all brain regions. Therefore, our results indicate that a CNN-based method can be an automatic and accurate tool for SPECT attenuation correction that is independent of attenuation data from other imaging modalities or human interpretations about head contours.
Considerations for shoot-through FLASH proton therapy
Authors: Verhaegen Frank , Wanders Roel-Germ , Wolfs Cecile , Eekers Daniëlle 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Purpose. To discuss several pertinent issues related to shoot-through FLASH proton therapy based on an illustrative case. Methods. We argue that with the advent of FLASH proton radiotherapy and due to the issues associated with conventional proton radiotherapy regarding the uncertainties of positioning of the Bragg peaks, the difficulties of in vivo verification of the dose distribution, the use of treatment margins and the uncertainties surrounding linear energy transfer (LET) and relative biological effectiveness (RBE), a special mode of shoot-through FLASH proton radiotherapy should be investigated. In shoot-through FLASH, the proton beams have sufficient energy to reach the distal exit side of the patient. Due to the FLASH sparing effect of normal tissues at both the proximal and distal side of tumors, radiotherapy plans can be developed that meet current planning constraints and issues regarding RBE can be avoided. Results. A preliminary proton plan for a neurological tumor in close proximity to various organs at risk (OAR) with strict dose constraints was studied. A plan with four beams mostly met the constraints for the OAR, using a treatment planning system that was not optimized for this novel treatment modality. When new treatment planning algorithms would be developed for shoot-through FLASH, constraints would be easier to meet. The shoot-through FLASH plan led to a significant effective dose reduction in large parts of the healthy tissue. The plan had no uncertainties associated to Bragg peak positioning, needed in principle no large proximal or distal margins and LET increases near the Bragg peak became irrelevant. Conclusion. Shoot-through FLASH proton radiotherapy may be an interesting treatment modality to explore further. It would remove some of the current sources of uncertainty in proton radiotherapy. An additional advantage could be that portal dosimetry may be possible with beams penetrating the patient and impinging on a distally placed imaging detector, potentially leading to a practical treatment verification method. With current proton accelerator technology, trials could be conducted for neurological, head&neck and thoracic cancers. For abdominal and pelvic cancer a higher proton energy would be required.
Three-dimensional modulational instability of dust acoustic waves in the presence of generalized (r, q) distributed electrons
Authors: El-Taibany W F , El-Bedwehy N A , El-Shafeay N A , El-Labany S K 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A three-dimensional (3D) modulational instability (MI) of dust acoustic waves (DAWs) in a three-component magnetized dusty plasma system consisting of a negatively charged fluid, inertialess generalized (r, q) distributed electrons and Boltzmann distributed ions, is investigated. The basic system of the nonlinear hydrodynamic equations is reduced to a 3D nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLS) which is valid for small but finite amplitude DAWs using a reductive perturbation technique. The domain of the stability and instability regions is investigated that is strongly affected by the spectral parameters of the generalized (r, q) distribution and the electron-to-ion temperature ratio (T

e
/T

i
). The existence domains for observing the first-and second-order solutions of the dust acoustic rogue waves (DARWs) are determined and the basic features (viz the width and amplitude) for the first-order solution are found to be significantly dependent on the system physical parameters changes such as T

e
/T

i
, number density ratio [n

e0/(n

d0
z

d0)] and the dust cyclotron frequency (ω

cd
) as well as the spectral indexes r and q. A comparison between the first-and second-order DARW amplitudes is presented. Moreover, another comparison between the first-order DARW amplitudes obtained by generalized (r, q) distributed electrons and those corresponds to Maxwellian is provided. Finally, implication of our consequences in specific plasma situations are briefly discussed.