bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphological study on the origin of the semitendinosus muscle in the long head of biceps femoris
Authors: Farfán Emilio , Rojas Santiago , Olivé‐Vilás Ramón , Rodríguez‐Baeza Alfonso 
Published: September 2021

Hamstring muscle injuries are the most prevalent among athletes who engage in sprinting activities. Their most frequent location is where the long head of the biceps femoris joins with the semitendinosus muscle to form the conjoint hamstring tendon. Just distal to this area, an additional group of fibers of the semitendinosus originate from medial aspect of biceps femoris. The objective of this study was to analyze the morphological characteristics of this union and to discuss its potential role in hamstring tears.Anatomical dissection was performed on 35 thighs. Samples obtained from this region were sectioned and stained with Masson's trichrome for further histological evaluation.A group of fibers from the semitendinosus muscle originating from the long head of the biceps femoris were observed in all 35 specimens. This origin was located 67 ± 12 mm from the ischial tuberosity and was 32 ± 14 mm in length. This group of muscle fibers had a width of 10.9 ± 5.3 mm and a thickness in the anteroposterior axis of 3.2 ± 1.4 mm. Its pennation angle was 9.2 ± 1.5 degrees. Microscopic examination showed muscle cells from both muscles contacting interposed tendinous tissue.In conclusion, fibers of the semitendinosus muscle consistently arise from the proximal aspect of the long head of biceps femoris. The morphological characteristics of this junction have functional implications. The horizontal component of the semitendinosus vector could pull the long head of the biceps femoris medially during its shortening—lengthening cycle, rendering it an intrinsic risk factor for hamstring injuries.
Generalizing the Presuppositional Approach to the Binding Conditions
Authors: Bruening Benjamin 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAlmost all current approaches to the binding theory (the conditions that regulate covaluation between NPs within a sentence) have accepted the view that the binding theory should regulate only syntactic binding and not coreference. In this article, I argue that this is incorrect and that we need a binding theory that regulates both binding and coreference, as the classical binding theory had it. I also show some problems with the idea that the binding conditions somehow involve or should reduce to syntactic movement or syntactic agreement (Agree), as many recent works argue. I suggest instead that we should pursue a presuppositional approach to the binding conditions, as has been proposed for Binding Condition A. I spell out such an analysis and illustrate some benefits of pursuing it.
Colocationist Answers to the Grounding Problem
Authors: Campdelacreu Marta 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAccording to colocationism, two different material objects can be colocated during their entire careers. The typical example is that of a statue and the lump of clay out of which it is made, both of which start to exist and cease to exist at exactly the same time. One of the main problems for colocationism is the grounding problem. Recently, several attractive colocationist answers to the problem have been formulated. In this paper I analyse the proposals by Kit Fine, Kathrin Koslicki, Noël Saenz and Catherine Sutton and conclude that all of them have problematic, unsatisfactory consequences, and this constitutes a strong reason against them. That, in turn, shows, I think, the difficulty of finding a satisfactory colocationist answer to the grounding problem, which continues to be a fundamental difficulty for the position.
Drivers of financial globalisation: The role of informational frictions
Authors: Haelg Florian 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSocial globalisation reduces informational frictions and is expected to promote international financial integration. This is because, the cost to obtain information constitutes a significant barrier to cross‐border financial flows. I examine how aspects of social globalisation influence financial integration by the revised KOF Globalisation Index. The index allows to disentangle trade and financial globalisation, different aspects of social globalisation, and de facto and de jure aspects of globalisation. The results suggest that de facto financial globalisation is associated with aspects of social globalisation that represent channels of information transmission. In particular, financial globalisation is positively associated with personal contacts but not associated with information flows and cultural proximity. I propose that personal contacts are important to overcome cross‐border informational frictions and promote international financial integration.
Intellectual property rights and trade: The exceptional case of GMOs
Authors: Smith Pamela , Kong Xiangwen 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis paper examines how foreign intellectual property rights (IPRs) affect US bilateral exports of genetically modified crops (GMOs). We apply the structural gravity model to examine GMO trade between the United States and the countries that comprise the rest of the world. Our econometric method includes the Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood estimator. We use panel data including measures of countries’ IPR regimes, plant patentability, plant variety rights, GMO regulations and asynchronous approvals of GMOs. Results show the United States tends to export fewer GMO crops to countries with strong IPR regimes, plant patentability and plant variety rights. These results are consistent with the market power effect, where the United States restricts exports to countries with strong protections to extract monopoly prices. Second, enforcement of IPRs strengthens the market power effect. Third, the market power effect is strong alongside with GMO regulations and asynchronous approvals. Fourth, the market power effect is larger for self‐pollinating crops vs. hybrids. These findings are robust across a variety of specifications. However, we also find a price premium in countries with less ease of US market access, with more domestic production of GMOs, and with weak traceability requirements. These features play a stronger role than IPRs in determining price.
Window Ventilation Behavior for Overheating Evaluation: Residents’ Survey and Derived Ventilation Profiles
Authors: Schiela David , Schünemann Christoph 
Published: September 2021

Studies have shown that night-time ventilation can greatly reduce indoor overheating during hot spells. Yet the relevant literature is largely silent on which specific time resolved window ventilation behavior can be applied for investigations with building performance simulations. The aim of this article is to close this gap in knowledge. Specifically, a survey was carried out in two German cities Dresden and Erfurt regarding window ventilation behavior on hot (outside temperature > 30 °C) and average summer days to determine how, when and for how long ventilation is actually implemented in residential buildings. The results show that approximately 80 % of respondents ventilate their living rooms and bedrooms mainly at night and/or in the early morning on both hot and average summer days – although the individual window ventilation behavior may vary significantly. The details provided by the respondents were processed to create characteristic window ventilation profiles in order to reflect the individual user behavior more realistically in future studies, especially for overheating evaluations by building performance simulation.
Engineering Knowledge Graph From Patent Database
Authors: Siddharth L. , Blessing Lucienne T. M. , Wood Kristin L. , Luo Jianxi 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe propose a large, scalable engineering knowledge graph, comprising sets of real-world engineering “facts” as &lt; entity, relationship, entity &gt; triples that are found in the patent database. We apply a set of rules based on the syntactic and lexical properties of claims in a patent document to extract facts. We aggregate these facts within each patent document and integrate the aggregated sets of facts across the patent database to obtain an engineering knowledge graph. Such a knowledge graph is expected to support inference, reasoning, and recalling in various engineering tasks. The knowledge graph has a greater size and coverage in comparison with the previously used knowledge graphs and semantic networks in the engineering literature.
Perspectives for Conventional Coating Processes Using High-Speed Laser Cladding
Authors: Vogt Sabrina , Göbel Marco , Fu Eliana 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The most commonly used surface protection technologies against wear and corrosion are electrochemical hard chromium plating or thermal spraying. But these coating technologies have limits. Additionally, due to health concerns, hard chromium plating is under increasingly restrictive use in Germany, the European Union, and the Asian market. One technology which is currently under investigation for replacing conventional coating processes, e.g., plating in these instances is the high-speed laser cladding. Using high-speed laser cladding (high-speed laser metal deposition, HS-LMD), which is a DED (directed energy deposition) process, a laser beam is heating powder particles, which are fed coaxially into the laser beam, to nearly melting temperature before these particles hit the surface. Using a laser as the heat source, the heat input into the workpiece can be minimized. This allows a very low dilution of additive material into workpiece—typically &lt; 10 µm—and high feed rates between 100 and 500 m/min can be achieved. Layers generated by this process can be locally adjusted in thickness between 50 and 300 µm per layer. Since each layer is metallurgically bonded to the metallic substrate or the adjacent layer before, multi layers or multi-material approaches are feasible. By use of the aforementioned unique process features, new and in properties tailored coating systems become possible. HS-LMD might be a promising candidate for replacement of hard chromium plating, for example, large rotational symmetric parts. In this paper, we have selected Rockit®401 as a hard, corrosion-resistant, and nearly “cracking-proof” material. Additionally, we have chosen the corrosion resistant Inconel® 625. We will investigate the influence of high surface rates on properties such as defects, hardness, and crack susceptibility, as well as achievable layer thicknesses.
Evaluating Quantitative Measures for Assessing Functional Similarity in Engineering Design
Authors: Nandy Ananya , Dong Andy , Goucher-Lambert Kosa 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe development of example-based design support tools, such as those used for design-by-analogy, relies heavily on the computation of similarity between designs. Various vector- and graph-based similarity measures operationalize different principles to assess the similarity of designs. Despite the availability of various types of similarity measures and the widespread adoption of some, these measures have not been tested for cross-measure agreement, especially in a design context. In this paper, several vector- and graph-based similarity measures are tested across two datasets of functional models of products to explore the ways in which they find functionally similar designs. The results show that the network-based measures fundamentally operationalize functional similarity in a different way than vector-based measures. Based upon the findings, we recommend a graph-based similarity measure such as NetSimile in the early stages of design when divergence is desirable and a vector-based measure such as cosine similarity in a period of convergence, when the scope of the desired function implementation is clearer.
Detached Eddy Simulation of Transition in Turbomachinery: Linear Compressor Cascade
Authors: Yin Zifei , Durbin Paul A. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe adaptive, ℓ2–ω delayed detached eddy simulation model was selected to simulate the flow in the V103 linear compressor cascade. The Reynolds number based on axial chord length is 138, 500. Various inflow turbulent intensities from 0% to 10% were tested to evaluate the performance of the adaptive model. The adaptive model is capable of capturing the laminar boundary layer and the large-scale perturbations inside it. The instability of large-scale disturbances signals the switch to a hybrid simulation of the turbulent boundary layer—thus, the transition front is predicted. In the case of separation-induced transition, the adaptive model, which uses eddy simulation in separated flow, can predict the separation bubble size accurately. Generally, the adaptive ℓ2–ω model can simulate the transitional separated flow in a linear compressor cascade, with a correct response to varying turbulent intensities.
Detailed Velocity and Heat Transfer Measurements in an Advanced Gas Turbine Vane Insert Using Magnetic Resonance Velocimetry and Infrared Thermometry
Authors: Benson Michael J. , Bindon David , Cooper Mattias , Todd Davidson F. , Duhaime Benjamin , Helmer David , Woodings Robert , Van Poppel Bret P. , Elkins Christopher J. , Clark John P. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This work reports the results of paired experiments for a complex internal cooling flow within a gas turbine vane using magnetic resonance velocimetry (MRV) and steady-state infrared (IR) thermometry. A scaled model of the leading edge insert for a gas turbine vane with multi-pass impingement was designed, built using stereolithography fabrication methods, and tested using MRV techniques to collect a three-dimensional, three-component velocity field data set for a fully turbulent test case. Stagnation and recirculation zones were identified and assessed in terms of impact on potential cooling performance. A paired experiment employed an IR camera to measure the temperature profile data of a thin, heated stainless steel impingement surface modeling the inside turbine blade wall cooled by the impingement from the vane cooling insert, providing complementary data sets. The temperature data allow for the calculation of wall heat transfer (HT) characteristics, including the Nusselt number distribution for cooling performance analysis to inform design and validate computational models. Quantitative and qualitative comparisons of the paired results show that the flow velocity and cooling performance are highly coupled. Module-to-module variation in the surface Nusselt number distributions is evident, attributable to the complex interaction between transverse and impinging flows within the apparatus. Finally, a comparison with internal HT correlations is conducted using the data from Florschuetz et al. [1981, “Streamwiseflow and Heat Transfer Distributions for Jet Array Impingement With Crossflow,” ASME 1981 International Gas Turbine Conference and Products Show, American Society of Mechanical Engineers. doi:10.1115/1.3244463]. Measurement uncertainty was assessed and estimated to be approximately ±7% for velocity and ranging from ±3% to ±10% for Nusselt number.
Heat Transfer Measurements for Array Jet Impingement With Castellated Wall
Authors: Kim Taehyun , Jung Eui Yeop , Bang Minho , Lee Changyong , Moon Hee Koo , Cho Hyung Hee 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Impingement cooling is one of the powerful cooling methods in high-temperature devices. For the gas turbine applications, impingement cooling is commonly applied in the transition piece of a combustor and in the leading edge, suction and pressure sides of a turbine blade/vane. In the suction side and pressure side, impingement cooling is applied as a form of an array jet. However, due to the small gap between the jet hole and target surface, the wall jet faces a crossflow inside of the gap. This crossflow has an adverse effect on the jets and deteriorates the heat/mass transfer performance. Therefore, several studies have been conducted to minimize the crossflow effect. The present study also investigated the effect of crossflow reduction in the gap by having a castellated hole plate. The heat/mass transfer was measured using the naphthalene sublimation method. Heat/mass transfer data are compared among three different cases. One is the baseline case which is simple array impinging jets. Others are the castellated cases with and without rib structures on the target wall. Jet-to-jet spacing(s/d) and jet-to-target spacing(z/d) are selected as geometrical variables. Also, the experiments were conducted for the Reynolds numbers (based on jet hole diameter) of 5,000, 15,000, and 30,000. The baseline case was named as B case, and the castellated case without rib structure as C case and with rib structure as CR case. Both C and CR cases showed the crossflow reduction effect and resulted high and similar Nusselt number values.
Evaluating the Influence of Rotor-Casing Eccentricity on Turbine Efficiency Including Time-Resolved Flow Field Measurements
Authors: DeShong Eric T. , Siroka Shawn , Berdanier Reid A. , Thole Karen A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The clearance that exists between the casing and turbine blade tips is one of the key drivers of efficiency in gas turbine engines. For this reason, engine manufacturers utilize precise manufacturing techniques and may use clearance control systems to minimize tip clearances to reduce associated losses. Despite these efforts, turbines typically exhibit some nominal casing ovality or rotor-casing eccentricity, and changes to blade tip clearance during operation commonly occur due to thermal and mechanical stresses. The present study investigates non-axisymmetric tip clearance effects by creating a rotor-casing eccentricity in a one-stage axial test turbine operating in a continuous-duration mode at engine-relevant conditions with engine representative hardware. A magnetic levitation bearing system was leveraged to move the turbine shaft to vary the rotor-casing eccentricity without test section disassembly. The results of this study indicate that rotor-casing eccentricity does not affect overall turbine efficiency over the range that was tested, but does locally influence efficiency and the rotor exit flow field. Comparisons of flow angle and secondary flow kinetic energy (SKE) agreed with previous studies and existing analytical methods, respectively. Collectively, these results indicate that tip clearance can be studied locally on an eccentric rotor.
Algorithmic Fingertip Repositioning for Enhanced In-Hand Manipulation of the Objects
Authors: Kumar Rajesh , Mukherjee Sudipto 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This article focuses on a method to relocate the robotic fingertips on the surface of the object when the fingertips instantaneously hold the object under precision grasp. Precision grasp involves holding the object using fingertips. Finger gaiting involves repositioning the fingertips on the surface of the object and then manipulation of the object. During repositioning, one contact point leaves the object surface and recontacts at the other point. A metric is defined on the set of feasible grasp configurations to limit deviation from force closure during repositioning of the fingertips. Then, a manipulability-based metric is described to search for the optimal goal grasp states on the object’s surface. The manipulability-based metric is used to search the grasp state to relocate the contacts, such that the range of object motion is increased.
Design, Development, and Characterization of a Flow Control Device for Dynamic Cooling of Liquid-Cooled Servers
Authors: Shahi Pardeep , Deshmukh Apruv Pravin , Hurnekar Hardik Yashwant , Saini Satyam , Bansode Pratik , Kasukurthy Rajesh , Agonafer Dereje 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Transistor density trends till recently have been following Moore's law, doubling every generation resulting in increased power density. The computational performance gains with the breakdown of Moore's law were achieved by using multicore processors, leading to nonuniform power distribution and localized high temperatures making thermal management even more challenging. Cold plate-based liquid cooling has proven to be one of the most efficient technologies in overcoming these thermal management issues. Traditional liquid-cooled data center deployments provide a constant flow rate to servers irrespective of the workload, leading to excessive consumption of coolant pumping power. Therefore, a further enhancement in the efficiency of implementation of liquid cooling in data centers is possible. The present investigation proposes the implementation of dynamic cooling using an active flow control device to regulate the coolant flow rates at the server level. This device can aid in pumping power savings by controlling the flow rates based on server utilization. The flow control device design contains a V-cut ball valve connected to a microservo motor used for varying the device valve angle. The valve position was varied to change the flow rate through the valve by servomotor actuation based on predecided rotational angles. The device operation was characterized by quantifying the flow rates and pressure drop across the device by changing the valve position using both computational fluid dynamics and experiments. The proposed flow control device was able to vary the flow rate between 0.09 lpm and 4 lpm at different valve positions.
Socio-Technical Modeling to Manage Power Distribution for Microgrid Systems With Limited Production Capacity
Authors: Suk Hailie , Sharma Ayushi , Nellippallil Anand Balu , Das Ashok , Hall John 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The quality of life (QOL) in rural communities is improved through electrification. Microgrids can provide electricity in areas where grid access to electricity is infeasible. Still, insufficient power capacity hinders the very progress that microgrids promote. Therefore, we propose a decision-making framework to manage power distribution based on its impact on the rural QOL. Parameters are examined in this paper to represent the QOL pertaining to water, safety, education, and leisure/social activities. Each parameter is evaluated based on condition, community importance, and energy dependence. A solution for power allocation is developed by executing the compromise decision support problem (cDSP) and exploring the solution space. Energy loads, such as those required for powering water pumps, streetlamps, and household devices, are prioritized in the context of the QOL. The technique also allows decision-makers to update the power distribution scheme as the dynamics between energy production and demand change over time. In this paper, we propose a framework for connecting QOL and power management. The flexibility of the approach is demonstrated using a problem with varying scenarios that may be time dependent. The work enables sustainable energy solutions that can evolve with community development.
Effects of Near-Surface Composites on Frictional Rolling Contact Solved by a Semi-Analytical Model
Authors: Zhang Mengqi , Yan Zhiqiang 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
A semi-analytical model (SAM) to tackle the steady-state elastic frictional rolling contact problem involving composites is presented. Specifically, the frictional rolling contact is categorized into two subtypes, namely, normal and tangential problems, and the conjugate gradient method (CGM) is used to figure out the normal pressure and tangential traction. In SAM, the equivalent inclusion method (EIM) is applied to analyze the influence of composites on the matrix, and the displacement disturbance resulting from such composites is added to the total surface displacement, which implements the coupling between surface contact and composites. The accuracy of the proposed model is verified by the finite element (FE) model. The effects of composites on the frictional rolling contact behavior are investigated. The results indicate that Young’s modulus, as well as the size and location of the composites, are correlated with the distributions of tangential traction, subsurface stresses, and the sizes of stick and sliding zones.