bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular Mechanism of Heart Failure in Rats Induced by Chronic Systemic Hypoxia: Role of Hypoxia Inducible Factor‐1α in the Regulation of B‐type Natiuretic Peptide‐45 Gene Expression
Authors: Ferdinal Frans , Suyatna Franciscus D , Wanandi Septelia Inawati , Sadikin Mohamad 
Published: June 2021

Plasma BNP levels have been shown to correlate closely with the left ventricle pressure, makes it the first biomarker for heart failure. Although BNP has been applied broadly, its biochemistry is far from complete and its expression remained elusive. At the molecular level the reaction of the organism to hypoxia is mediated by HIF‐1α which activates more than 200 of target genes, but its linked to BNP has not reported yet. The aim of recent study is to develop heart failure model in rats. Rats, male, were randomized into 7 groups (n = 4 per group): control normoxia group exposed to room air, hypoxia group were caged in hypoxic chambers (O2 8%) for 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days.Resulthistopathologic examination shows massive hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes, accompanied by damage to the structure of intercalated disk (ID), necrosis, fibrosis and apoptosis as a hallmark of ventricular remodeling. Drastic increase in plasma BNP‐45 levels on 21 day exposure, BNP mRNA expression increased > 7 fold changed and activities of HIF‐1α were significantly increased, compared with control group.ConclusionsChronic systemic hypoxia causes: Ventricular hypertrophy accompanied by damage in the structure of ID and then progress to heart failure. There were changes in the gene expression either in transcription and post‐transcription level.
In‐Vitro Toxicity Assessment of Antimalarial Drug Toxicity on Cultured Embryonic Rat Neurons, Macrophage (RAW 264.7), and Kidney Cells (VERO‐CCl‐81)
Authors: Agboruche Rebecca Latice 
Published: June 2021

Malaria is endemic to 106 nations and currently threatens over half of the world's population. Today it is becoming increasingly important to find effective antimalarial drugs with substantial half‐lives and few adverse effects. In the United States, Mefloquine remains the primary drug of choice for U.S. military deployments and civilians traveling to regions where malaria is prevalent. However, in previous studies, mefloquine has been proven to be highly neurotoxic contributing to numerous adverse effects. Throughout this study, the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of eight antimalarial drugs will be compared to mefloquine in an attempt to compare their relative toxicity levels. For each drug, neurotoxicity was assessed by exposure of cultured embryonic rat neurons to graded concentrations of the drugs for 20 min. Mefloquine exhibited the highest level of neurotoxicity in relation to all other antimalarial drugs with the exception of Tafenoquine as indicated by the IC50 values. A general toxicity assay was also conducted to compare the effects of the antimalarial drugs in a rat macrophage (RAW 264.7) and African green monkey kidney (VERO‐CCl‐81) cell line. The general toxicity results indicated that mefloquine exhibited the highest degree of toxicity when compared to all eight antimalarial drugs as indicated by IC50 values. Collectively these data suggest that the profile of toxicity was analogous in all three cell lines investigated.The growing prevalence of malaria calls for antimalarial drugs which are highly effective and don't contribute to adverse side effects. This investigation demonstrates that mefloquine is considerably more toxic than all eight antimalarial drugs analyzed within the study. Therefore it is highly plausible that alternative antimalarial drugs with negligible degrees of toxicity can be administered as a substitute for mefloquine.
Sterol regulatory element‐binding protein 2 (SREBP‐2) couples cholesterol homeostasis and T cell activation to HIV‐1 transcription
Authors: Taylor Harry Eugene , Hildreth James E. K. 
Published: June 2021

HIV‐1 replication in primary human CD4+T cells requires cellular activation and host cholesterol for productive infection. Interestingly, both T cell activation and HIV‐1 infection independently induce SREBP‐2‐dependent transcription. Oxysterols that suppress host cell cholesterol‐dependent transcription by inhibiting SREBP‐2 processing also inhibit HIV‐1 replication in vitro. Using bioinformatic and molecular approaches, we have identified TFII‐I, a transcription factor critical for T cell receptor‐mediated HIV‐1 LTR transcription, as a novel SREBP‐2 target gene in CD4+T cells. Levels of TFII‐I in CD4+T cells increased after HIV‐1 infection and correlated with the level of T cell activation. Reduction of endogenous SREBP‐2 activity by 25‐hydroxycholesterol treatment or siRNA‐mediated silencing inhibited induction of TFII‐I in both activated and HIV‐1 infected primary CD4+T cells. Correspondingly, depletion of SREBP‐2 reduced HIV‐1 replication in CD4+T cells by more than 75%. Consistent with a role in HIV‐1 LTR transcription, siRNA‐mediated knockdown of either SREBP‐2 or TFII‐I reduced intracellular viral antigen levels in HIV‐1‐infected CD4+T cells. Collectively, these results demonstrate that control of TFII‐I expression via SREBP‐2 is essential for HIV‐1 replication. Inhibition of this pathway may provide a new therapeutic strategy for AIDS.Supported by NIH (R01 HD040772)
Dietary omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid deprivation lowers seizure threshold in rats
Authors: Taha Ameer Y , Burnham W McIntyre , Bazinet Richard P 
Published: June 2021

Several candidate genes that play a role in seizure etiology have been identified. Yet, the impact of environmental influences such as dietary omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n‐3 PUFA) is not known. We therefore tested the impact of chronic dietary n‐3 PUFA deprivation on seizure threshold in the cortex and amygdala. Rats were surgically implanted with electrodes in the cortex or amygdala, and subsequently randomized to the AIN‐93G diet containing n‐3 PUFA derived from soybean oil, or a modified n‐3 PUFA‐deficient version derived from coconut and safflower oil. The rats were maintained on the diets for 33 weeks. Seizure thresholds were measured monthly by electrically stimulating the cortex and amygdala. At the end of 33 weeks, seizure threshold was assessed following a bolus subcutaneous injection of oleic (OA) or docosahexaenoic acids (DHA). Dietary n‐3 PUFA deprivation resulted in a statistically significant decrease in cortical and amygdaloid thresholds by week 16, relative to baseline (P<0.05). The decrease in thresholds was not observed in rats on the control, soybean oil diet. Compared to a bolus injection of OA, acute injection of DHA raised seizure threshold in rats on the control diet but not the n‐3 PUFA deficient diet (P<0.05). These findings demonstrate for the first time that dietary n‐3 PUFA deficiency increases seizure susceptibility in rats.Grant Funding SourceCanadian Institutes of Health research
Effect of conjugated linoleic acid and n‐3 fatty acids on body composition and bone loss in aging C57Bl/6 mice
Authors: Halade Ganesh V , Rahman Md Mizanur , Williams Paul , Fernandes Gabriel 
Published: June 2021

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and n‐3 fatty acids (FA) have been proposed as an important pharmaconutrient for modulating cancer and obesity. We investigated effect of CLA and n‐3 FA alone or in combination to modulate bone loss and liver steaotosis in aging C57Bl/6 mice. Twelve months old C57Bl/6 mice were fed with 10% corn oil (CO) as control, with or without 0.5 % CLA (50:50 mixture of c9t11 and t10c12 isomers), 5% n‐3 FA and a combination of 0.5 % CLA and 5% n‐3 FA for 6 months. After 6 months dietary intervention, CLA and CLA+n‐3 FA fed mice reduced body weight and maintained bone mineral density compared to CO group. Importantly, CLA induced liver hypertrophy or steatosis was completely prevented by incorporation of n‐ 3 FA in CLA diet. The liver histology revealed that lipid filled vacuoles were significantly less in n‐3 FA and CLA+n‐3 FA diet fed mice compared to CO and CLA fed mice. The inherited property of n‐3 FA to reduce triglycerides may be responsible in modulating the liver hypertrophy induced by CLA. The DXA results showed that CLA and CLA+n‐3 FA diet also increased the lean mass in the hind leg. Furthermore, femoral bone histological sections stained with oil red O showed that CLA and CLA+n‐3 FA diet prevented bone adiposity. These findings demonstrate that CLA with n‐3 FA can be used for obesity as well as osteoporosis prevention strategy. Further studies in higher species and humans are needed to confirm this observation.Research support: NIH R21 AG027562
Effect on red blood cell membrane fatty acids of diets enriched with different sources of n‐3 fatty acids in healthy adults
Authors: Sabaté Joan , Wien Michelle , Oda Keiji , Rajaram Sujatha , Haddad Ella 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundConsumption of n‐3 fatty acids from algal‐oil supplements and plant sources produce health benefits, which may be dependent on the incorporation of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexanoic acid (DHA) into cell membranes.Aim and MethodsTo determine if plant sources (flaxseed oil and walnuts) of á‐linolenic acid (ALA) produce similar change in red blood cell (RBC) membrane fatty acids as algal‐oil (EPA/DHA) supplements, we performed a randomized cross‐over study (3 8‐week study periods) in 24 healthy adults (15 women, 9 men; mean±SE age 42±2.7 years; BMI 25.4±0.9 kg/m2). Under controlled feeding conditions, subjects consumed eucaloric lacto‐ovo vegetarian diets [Control, ALA (6‐7g/2400 kcal/d), EPA/DHA (0.20/0.72g EPA/DHA per 2400 kcal/d), and Combination (ALA + EPA/DHA)]. Fasting EPA and DHA levels were measured at baseline and at week 8 for the 3 study periods. Mixed model analyses were performed.ResultsIncreased EPA levels were observed in the RBC membrane with consumption of the EPA/DHA (41%, p<0.0001), ALA (54%, p=0.0064) and Combination (101%, p<0.0001) diets. DHA levels increased with consumption of the EPA/DHA (49%, p<0.0001) and Combination (36%, p=0.0025) diets.ConclusionN‐3 fatty acids from algal‐oil and plant sources produce similar increases in RBC membrane EPA levels; however DHA levels increased only in the algal‐oil containing diets.
Effect of high glycemic foods on blood glucose response, appetite and food intake in young Kuwaiti females
Authors: Zafar Tasleem Ara , Kabir Yearul 
Published: June 2021

High glycemic carbohydrates (CHO) foods provide an elevated glucose response resulting in lower food intake at a later meal. The present study was designed to test if the glycemic response of CHO predicts satiety and food intake (FI). Mashed potatoes (MP) and white bread (WB) were compared to oats, chick peas (ChP) and water (control). Twelve young normal‐weight female volunteers consumed the test foods providing 50g available CHO after an overnight fast once a week in random order. Both visual analogue questionnaires to measure appetite and finger prick blood glucose testing were taken at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min. An ad libitum pizza meal was consumed at 120 min to assess FI. Incremental area under the curve (iAUC) for both blood glucose and appetite was higher after MP and WB (p<0.001). FI (calories mean ± SD) was lower after ChP (533±112)b and oats (607± 128)b than after MP (745± 35)a, WB (742± 176) a and water (762 ± 147) a (p<0.0001). FI had a positive (p<0.0001) correlation with appetite yet no correlation (p=0.9) with glycemic response We conclude that 1) glycemic response is not a reliable predictor of food intake, 2) low glycemic foods prevent rapid rise in blood glucose and 3) suppress both appetite and FI in young female Kuwaiti adults.Supported by Kuwait University Research Grant.
Influence of honey versus sucrose on satiety and postprandial metabolism in healthy subjects
Authors: Cholish Dana , Nemoseck Tricia , Petrisko Yumi , Kern Mark 
Published: June 2021

We recently demonstrated that rats consuming a honey‐based diet gained less body weight and fat and ate less food versus rats consuming a sucrose‐based diet. The objectives of this study were to assess the effects of honey compared to sucrose on satiety and plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin and ghrelin in healthy humans. Thirteen healthy (BMI: 23.2±3.3) participants (6 men, 7 women) aged 21‐40 y fasted overnight (10 hours) then consumed isocaloric beverages (240 kcal) sweetened with sucrose, clover honey, or glucose in a randomized, crossover design where glucose served as a control. Fingerprick blood samples were collected and satiety ratings were assessed prior to beverage consumption and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 minutes following the start of ingestion. Plasma was analyzed for concentrations of glucose, insulin and ghrelin, and area under the curve (AUC) or over the curve was calculated for all variables. Satiety was not different between sucrose and honey. Lower (p<0.05) AUCs for plasma glucose were detected for honey (‐35±28%) and sucrose (‐27±29%) relative to glucose consumption. No differences in insulin or ghrelin responses were detected among groups. Honey promoted a potentially healthier response than glucose but not sucrose with regard to postprandial glucose metabolism, but no differences in the satiating effects of the sweeteners were detected.Supported by the American Heart Association.
Does Greater Variety Increase Consumption of Healthy Foods?
Authors: Raynor Hollie , Osterholt Kathrin , Wing Rena 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundGreater dietary variety increases intake. Most studies of variety have examined its effect on energy‐dense foods, emphasizing the negative impact variety has on intake. This investigation examined if greater variety increases intake of a healthy, low‐energy‐dense food, fruit.MethodsParticipants were 20 healthy adults (26.5 + 8.2 years, 50% female, 100 % Caucasian), who were non‐obese (body mass index [BMI] = 22.9 + 3.0), unrestrained eaters (6.4 + 3.2). Participants received 4 courses of the same fruit (NON‐VARIETY [NV]) and 4 courses of 4 different fruits (VARIETY [V]) to eat during a laboratory session. The conditions of NV and V were counterbalanced across participants, and participants received their highest liked fruit to consume in NV. Each course contained 200 g of fruit and participants were given 7 minutes to eat the fruit ad libitum before the next course.ResultsIntake decreased in each successive course (p < 0.01), but was greater in courses 3 and 4 in V as compared to NV, such that a significant (p < 0.05) interaction (condition x course) occurred, with intake in course 4 greater in V than in NV (65.2 + 42.2 g vs. 41.0 + 46.8 g). Intake across all 4 courses in V was 355.9 + 139.1 g vs. 330.1 + 168.7 g in NV.ConclusionIncreasing the variety of fruits eaten may be a dietary environmental strategy that can increase intake of healthy, low‐energy‐dense foods.Supported by grant ADA 7‐05‐HFC‐27
Effects of aerobic and resistance exercise on hunger and energy intake in young physically active adults
Authors: Laan Derek J , Leidy Heather J , Campbell Wayne W 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundAerobic exercise (AEx) has been shown to induce a transient anorexia of exercise. The impact of AEx on hunger and energy intake is controversial. The effects of resistance exercise (REx) on appetite and energy intake are undocumented.Methods19 young, fit adults (9M, 10F; age 22±1 y; VO2max 55.9±3.0 mL·kg−1·min−1) completed duplicate sessions of: 35 min AEx (cycling at 70% heart rate reserve); 35 min REx (3 sets at 70% one rep max for five exercises); and no exercise (CON). Perceived hunger was assessed throughout each session. 30 min post‐Ex a pasta meal was consumed ad libitum. Total (TEI) and relative (REI) energy intakes were determined [REI = TEI ‐ energy expenditure of exercise (EEEx)].ResultsHunger was reduced immediately after AEx and returned to CON levels 30 min later, whereas the hunger response after REx was not different than CON (session effect p<0.05). TEI of the pasta meal was higher after AEx and REx than control (897 ± 96, 928 ± 94, 784 ± 89 kcal, respectively; session effect p<0.05). The estimated EEEx of AEx and REx differed (290±7 vs. 80±2 kcal, p<0.05). REI was lower after AEx than REx and CON (607±94, 848±94, 784±89 kcal, p<0.05).ConclusionThe description that AEx induces anorexia of exercise is not consistent with the increased TEI, but reflects the transient decrease in hunger and lower REI attributable to the EEEx. REx stimulates energy intake and does not induce anorexia of exercise.Support: NIH R01 AG021911
Sialyllactose suppress TNF‐α stimulated IL‐8 secretion in vitro
Authors: Kunz Clemens , Kuntz Sabine , Rudloff Silvia 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundIntestinal epithelial cells play an important role in mucosal immune reactions via production and expression of chemokines such as interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) being involved in carbohydrate mediated neutrophil adhesion and infiltration. Sialylated milk oligosaccharides have previously been shown to inhibit these inflammatory processes.MethodsThe aim of this study was to examine the inhibitory effect of sialyllactose (SL) on IL‐8 production via mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPK) and nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐kB) in TNF‐alpha‐stimulated human colon epithelial cells (HT‐29). HT29 cells were stimulated with TNF‐alpha in the presence or absence of 3′‐ and 6′‐SL. IL‐8 secretion was determined by ELISA and expression of IL‐8 and NF‐kB p65 by real time PCR. MAPK activation was assessed using a proteome profiler array.Results3′‐ and 6′‐SL (1 mg/mL) suppressed IL‐8 mRNA expression (35.8 ± 5.4% and 38.6 ± 6.3% of controls) and secretion (66.8 ± 4.1% and 76.8 ± 8.4% of controls, respectively). Furthermore, SL significantly inhibited the TNF‐alpha induced phosphorylation of the MAPK ERK1/2 and p38‐delta as well as the expression of NF‐kB p65.ConclusionsThese observations suggest that milk oligosaccharides may reveal an anti‐inflammatory potential on intestinal epithelial cells possibly by interfering with the signaling pathway downstream of the ligand/receptor binding.
Qigong Therapy vs Progressive Resistance Exercise in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Pilot Study
Authors: Sun Guan‐Cheng , Lovejoy Jennifer , Bradley Ryan , Putiri Amy , Gillham Sara 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveNutrition and physical activity are cornerstones of Type 2 diabetes management yet compliance with lifestyle recommendations is often poor. This study compared metabolic and psychological effects of Qigong therapy (a traditional Chinese energy medicine practice), progressive resistance training (PRT), or usual care in Type 2 diabetes.Methods32 adults with Type 2 diabetes (age 58 ± 7.3 yr, BMI 31.8±6.0 kg/m2), were randomly assigned to Qigong, PRT, or control for 12 weeks. Fasting plasma glucose, HbA1C, insulin, HOMA‐IR (an estimate of insulin resistance) and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were determined before and after the intervention.ResultsQigong therapy reduced plasma glucose (184.9+35.3 to161.9+40.5, P=0.003), HOMA‐IR (5.3+2.3 to 4.7+2.2; NS) and HbA1c (8.8+1.1 to 8.1+1.3;NS). In contrast, both PRT and control groups had slight increases in glucose and HOMA‐IR (NS). Qigong decreased perceived stress by 29.3% (p=0.05) and depression scores by 14.3% (NS). PRT decreased BDI scores by 52% (p=0.03) but both PRT and control groups increased PSS scores. Dropout was greater in the PRT group (45%) than the Qigong group (18%).ConclusionQigong had beneficial effects on glycemia and psychological measures in patients with type 2 diabetes, while results were less consistent for PRT. Compliance and dropout were better with Qigong than with exercise.
Dietary intake of patients with Parkinson's disease: a pilot study
Authors: Quirk Meghan Elise , Hebbar Gautam , Ziegler Thomas R. , Evatt Marian L. 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveTo describe habitual nutrient intake of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) compared to age‐matched controls without PD and to nutrient‐specific Estimated Average Requirements (EARs).MethodsBlock '98 Food Frequency Questionnaires were collected from 31 patients with PD (16M/15F) and 14 cohabitating spousal controls (7M/7F). Gender‐stratified reported intakes of protein, fat, and carbohydrate and 15 micronutrients were compared between groups. PD intake was also compared to current EARs.ResultsIntake of micro‐ and macronutrients did not differ between patients with PD and controls (p>0.05). The estimated mean intake of PD patients did not significantly differ from EARs. However, reported magnesium intake was below the EAR in 56% of PD males and reported vitamin E intake was below the EAR in 53% of PD females.ConclusionReported dietary intake of micro‐ and macronutrients in patients with PD appears to conform to the EAR and is similar between PD patients and controls. Intake of certain micronutrients may be insufficient in this population. Further evaluation of chronic inadequate intake of specific micronutrients in PD may be warranted.Funded by NIH K12 RR17643Grant Funding SourceNIH
Quantitative Gas Chromatographic Method for C16:1t9, C18:1t9, C18:1t11, and C18:2tt9,12 trans Isomers Using Negative Chemical Ionization and Stable Isotope Internal Standards
Authors: Watson Amy D , Ribera Ashley , Vesper Hubert 
Published: June 2021

Trans fatty acids have long been associated with risk factors for cardiovascular disease, thus making their consumption a major public health concern. Since the individual trans isomers of fatty acids typically make up less than 5% the total fatty acid content in a given biological matrix, epidemiological studies on the subject have been difficult. In addition, the absolute concentrations of these analytes were oftentimes subject to high variability in earlier reports. As part of the CDC's ongoing biomonitoring activities, we report an improved, highly sensitive GC/MS method that enables the measurement of 31 fatty acids including the trans fatty acids C16:1t9, C18:1t9, C18:1t11, and C18:2tt 9,12 in human plasma. At present, no other methods reported in the literature have been able to detect all of the aforementioned trans isomers in a single chromatographic separation.In a set of 35 anonymous individuals, the median concentrations and ranges for the trans fatty acids were 0.0062 (0.0039‐0.0281), 0.0387 (0.0147‐0.2056), 0.0557 (0.0196‐0.5546), and 0.0016 (0.0000‐0.0074) µM for C16:1t9, C18:1t9, C18:1t11, and C18:2tt 9,12, respectively. The sum total concentration of the fatty acids analyzed was 12.13 µM. Therefore, the aforementioned trans fatty acids comprised only 0.73% of the fatty acids quantitated for this assay. The method reported herein will allow for more detailed studies on trans fatty acid intake and health effects associated with this intake.