bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Copolymerization of Ring-Opening Oxaspiro Comonomer with Denture Base Acrylic Resin by Free-Radical/Cationic Hybrid Polymerization
Authors: Ajay Ranganathan , Rakshagan Vikraman , Sreevarun Murugesan , Bhuvaneshkumar Dharanividhya , SajidaBegum Sekaran , Vignesh Veerakumar 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Polymerization shrinkage is an innate characteristic of thermo-polymerized denture base acrylic resin. Volumetric shrinkage is still a problem, although myriad material modifications. Ring-opening oxaspiro monomers have promising volumetric expansions of about 7%. These monomers have diminished the shrinkage in dental filling resins through copolymerization (CP). However, their CP with denture base resins is not reported yet.

Purpose:
The aim is to confirm the CP of an oxaspiro monomer with methyl methacrylate (MMA) by radical-cationic hybrid polymerization and to assess the degree of conversion (DC) of the formed copolymer.

Materials and Methods:
The oxaspiro monomer was synthesized by a transesterification reaction. The study groups were based on the composition and thermo-polymerization method. The control and E1 groups were thermo-polymerized in water-bath, whereas the E2 group in a laboratory autoclave. Both E1 and E2 groups contained the oxaspiro monomer and cationic initiator. E2 group had an additional radical initiator. The CP and DC were confirmed and assessed by infrared spectroscopy.

Results:
Accentuation of carbonyl peak, the disappearance of the spiro-carbon peak, and the appearance of ether linkages in experimental groups confirmed the ring-opening. E2 group had the highest DC.

Conclusion:
The oxaspiro monomer successfully copolymerized with MMA and had good DC.
Evaluation of Tensile Bonding Strength of Permanent Soft Relining Material to Denture Base Acrylic Resin after Erbium:Yttrium– Aluminum–Garnet Laser Treatment – An in vitro Study
Authors: Kumari Vinutha Varadharaju , Nadiger Ramesh K. , Aldhuwayhi Sami , Shaikh Saquib Ahmed , Joseph Angel Mary , Mustafa Mohammed Ziauddeen 
Published: June 2021

Purpose:
The purpose of the study was to assess the effectiveness of erbium:yttrium–aluminum–garnet (Er:YAG) laser surface pretreatment at various pulse durations of exposure on increasing the tensile bonding strength of permanent soft relining material and acrylic resin.

Materials and Methods:
Polymethyl methacrylate resin samples were fabricated and grouped as comparison group (no laser surface pretreatment) and three test groups (received Er:YAG laser surface pretreatment at various pulse durations of 10 s, 20 s, and 30 s) for bonding with the permanent soft relining material, Molloplast B. Following the surface pretreatment, the samples were tested for tensile stress using a universal testing machine. Loads at the point of failure were noted and the tensile bond strength values were obtained. Parametric tests of one-way-ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests were done.

Results:
The highest tensile bonding strength was recorded in Group C, and the control group recorded the lowest bonding strength.

Conclusion:
Er:YAG laser surface pretreatment at 10 Hz, 3 W, and 300 mJ for 30 s improved the bonding strength of the permanent soft relining material to heat-processed acrylic resin material.
A Comparative Assessment of Three Different Irrigating Systems in Root Canal Treatment: An In vitro Study
Authors: Mandhotra Prabhat , Rai Kulwant , Grewal Gurkirat Singh , Singh Kanwarpreet , Galhotra Vineet , Gagan Neel 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Exact diagnosis, efficient cleaning, shaping as well as disinfection of the root canals lead to successful root canal treatment. The present study compared three different irrigating systems in root canal treatment.

Methodology:
Sixty recently extracted permanent mandibular molars were classified into four groups: Group I, II, III, and IV with 15 teeth each. Group I comprised Endo-Irrigator Plus system. Group II comprised EndoActivator, Group III utilized passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), and Group IV was control, in which no activation of the irrigant was done. Stereomicroscope (X20) magnification was used for checking isthmus cleanliness. The scoring criteria were divided into score 1–5 depending on the amount of debris in root canal walls.

Results:
The mean ± standard deviation debris removal score in Group I was 2.6 ± 0.80, in Group II was 3.8 ± 0.72, in Group III was 3.9 ± 1.06, and in Group IV was 4.2 ± 0.82. The difference was significant (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:
Authors found that Endo-Irrigator Plus exhibited better cleaning efficacy followed by EndoActivator and PUI.
Assessment of Knowledge about Ergonomics and Determining Musculoskeletal Disorders in Dentists: An Original Research
Authors: Kumar Mukesh , Mishra Gaurav , Vaibhav Ramasubramoniam , Priyadarshini Sunayana , Simran  , Turagam Neeraja 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are commonly occurring disorders nowadays. The present study was conducted with the aim of determining MSDs in dentists and to assess knowledge about ergonomics.

Materials and Methods:
This questionnaire study was conducted among 460 dental professionals of different age groups. Parameters such as posture of dentists, working alone or with an assistant, and number of breaks were recorded. Type of MSDs and the type and effectiveness were recorded.

Results:
BDS students were seventy, interns were 112, general dentists were 186, and specialists were 92. Year of practice was <5 years in 215, 5–10 years in 70, 10–20 years in 35, and >20 years in 140 students. Fourteen percent of students, 18% interns, 45% general practitioners, and 32% of specialists had a prevalence of MSD. Most common MSDs in students were upper back pain seen in 6%, in interns were upper back pain seen in 8%, in general practitioners were shoulder pain seen in 21%, and in specialists were hand/wrist pain seen in 10%. Forty-five percent of students, 67% interns, 72% general dentists, and 80% of specialists had idea about ergonomics. Seventy-four percent of students, 80% of interns, 83% of general dentists, and 87% of specialists think that ergonomics may improve performance. Sitting position was preferred seen in 53% of students, 58% of interns, 65% general dentists, and 60% of specialists. Forty-five percent of students, 47% of interns, 56% of general dentists, and 52% of specialists perform physical activity during work. The difference was found to be statistically significant (P < 0.05). Seventy-nine percent of students, 83% of interns, 86% of general dentists, and 88% of specialists show prolong sitting or standing.

Conclusion:
Authors found that all prefer to apply ergonomic in clinical practice. There is a lack of knowledge among BDS students and interns about ergonomics.
Evaluation of Preoperative Salivary Cortisol Level in Patients Undergoing Major Maxillofacial Surgery
Authors: Kumari Archana , Chandra Praveen , Roy Sonali , Agarwal Ritika , Singh Aartika , Sharan Suprabha 
Published: June 2021

Aim:
The main purpose of the study was to compare the preoperative salivary cortisol levels 3 days before the major surgery under general anesthesia and to compare it with the patients undergoing extraction under local anesthesia.

Materials and Methods:
Forty-two patients were undergoing major surgery and 42 age- and sex-matched patients undergoing dental extraction were included and their salivary cortisol levels were analyzed before and after the dental procedure.

Results:
Results showed that there is a significant increase in the mean salivary cortisol concentration after extraction (23.7 ± 9.2) than before extraction (18.9 ± 23.7) in the study group (P = 0.015) as well as in the control group. The comparison between salivary cortisol in the study group before (18.9 ± 23.7) and after (23.7 ± 9.2) surgery was significantly higher than the control group (15.2 ± 5.5) (P = 0.013 and 0.005), respectively.

Conclusion:
We have concluded from this study that the salivary cortisol level shows a significant increase on the day of surgery.
Antibacterial Activity of Various Intracanal Medicament against Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus aureus: An In vitro Study
Authors: Govindaraju Lokhasudhan , Jenarthanan Sowjanyaa , Subramanyam Divya , Ajitha P. 
Published: June 2021

Aim:
The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the antimicrobial efficacy of triple antibiotic paste (TAP), calcium hydroxide, and Odontopaste which are used as intracanal medicaments against Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutants, and Staphylococcus aureus.

Materials and Methods:
Antibiotic sensitivity testing was done using agar well diffusion method of the following intracanal medicaments: Group 1: TAP (Ciprofloxacin, metronidazole, and doxycycline mixed in a ratio of 1:1:1; Group 2: Calcium hydroxide paste; Group 3: Odontopaste; Group 4: Sterile saline (0.9%) as a negative control. Each medicament was tested against E. faecalis, S. mutants, and S. aureus. The maximum zone of inhibition was noted by diameter size (mm) and analyzed with one-way ANOVA.

Results:
TAP showed the highest zone of inhibition. There is no significant difference between Odontopaste and calcium hydroxide against E. faecalis and S. aureus. There is a significant difference between TAP, Odontopaste, and calcium hydroxide against S. mutants. The order of the highest zone of inhibition is TAP > Odontopaste>Calciumhydroxide.

Conclusion:
With in the limitations of the study, TAP had better antibacterial activity against E. faecalis, S. mutants, and S. aureus followed by odontopaste and calcium hydroxide, Hence, Odontopaste can be used as an alternative for calcium hydroxide in the infected root canal.
Bone Graft and Intraosseous Anchorage of Dental Implants for Reconstruction of the Residual Alveolar Ridge
Authors: Bali Yashika , Singh Ravpreet , Gill Tarunpreet Kaur , Rela Rathi , Vatsa Ritesh , Priyadarshni Priyanka 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Bone grafting aims at better dental implant osseointegration and preserves the remaining alveolar bone in the socket. The success of various bone grafting materials plays a vital role in assessing future implant function.

Aims and Objectives:
The present clinical trial was aimed at evaluating the results of guided bone regeneration (GBR) with and without the bioresorbable membrane in the dental implant placement.

Materials and Methods:
The 20 patients were divided into two groups (n = 10). First was Group I- GBR with bioresorbable collagen membrane (BioGide™) and second was Group II- GBR without membrane. Bone gain and bone levels were analyzed for both groups. All the collected data were analyzed statistically.

Results:
For Group I, bone levels at baseline were nonsignificant (P = 0.2188) Similarly, nonsignificant values were seen in both groups at 3 months with bone level values of 0.25 ± 0.17 and 0.38 ± 0.24 for Group I and Group II, respectively. Changes in the bone levels were found to be 2.45 ± 0.349 and 2.58 ± 0.304 from Group I and II, respectively, inferring the nonsignificant difference with P value of 0.3723. The percentage of bone gain for intergroup at the end of 3 months was 89.15% ±0.678 for Group I and 88.68% ± 0.503%; these values were statistically nonsignificant (P = 0.982).

Conclusion:
Nonsignificant difference was observed between the two groups with and without membrane in terms of changes in bone level, percentage of bone gain, and bone defect reduction. This study concludes that the use of bone grafts significantly improves residual alveolar ridge irrespective of membrane used.
A Comparative Evaluation between the Use of Buccal Pad of Fat and Bovine Collagen Membrane in the Management of Oral Submucous Fibrosis
Authors: Kothari Sonal , Mittal Sahil , Shaik Izaz , Gufran Khalid , Daharwal Rimmi , Kolli Hemanadh 
Published: June 2021

Purpose:
This study is intended to assess and compare the effectiveness of BFP and BCM as reconstruction materials in treating oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF).

Materials and Methods:
This study comprised twenty patients of 20 and 60 years who were clinically diagnosed with OSMF. All patients were subjected to fibrotomy with reconstruction under general anesthesia. In all the patients, following fibrotomy reconstruction was done using the buccal pad of fat on the left and with the collagen membrane on the right. The temporal muscle insertions were released, and coronoidectomy was performed as and when required. Any third molars if present were removed. All patients were feeded for 7 days by Ryle's tube and were on intravenous antibiotics for 5 days. Clinical evaluation was done at periodic intervals of 7, 30, 90, and 180 days postoperatively for mouth opening, burning, pain on mouth opening, and recurrence.

Results:
The mean age of patients was 27.3 years. A 12 mm was mean preoperative mouth opening. Intraoperative mouth opening was 37 mm in all the patients and maintained at 36 mm at the 6th-month postoperative period. No significant difference was observed between both sides pertaining to pain on maximal mouth opening, burning sensation, or postoperative infection. However, there was a significant difference in the time taken for epithelization on both sides.

Conclusion:
The results of this study reveal that both Buccal Pad of Fat (BPF) and BCM are viable reconstruction options, but BFP as a reconstruction material exhibited prompt epithelization with the lowest wound contracture.
Impact of Noise in Operating Theater: A Surgeon's and Anesthesiologist's Perspective
Authors: Srivastava Pritika , Shetty Premalatha , Shetty Sameep , Upadya Madhusudan , Nandan Aditya 
Published: June 2021

Background and Aims:
Noise is often considered as an undesirable sound. Excess noise is a health threat that deteriorates one's concentration and communication. Noise in the operating theater can be disturbing, impairs communication, and can lead to stress. The aim of this survey was to assimilate information about the perspective of surgeons and anesthesiologists regarding noise in the operating theater and whether it affects their work atmosphere.

Methods:
A questionnaire consisting of 15 closed-ended questions excluding one open-ended question was given to surgeons from various specialties and anesthesiologists. The subjective response were analyzed and documented. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics. Association was found out using Chi-square test.

Results:
We collected a total of 290 responses, of which 87.6% (n = 254) considered noise to increase the stress level and deteriorates the quality of teamwork (83.8%, n = 243). Noise affects communication among the staff (86.2%, n = 250) and decreases their concentration level (85.5%, n = 248) which could be harmful in view of the patient's safety. 87.9% (n = 255) of the participants were in favor of limiting the number of people in the operating theater. Nonetheless, 73% (n = 211) considered music has a calming effect and were in favor of music in the operating theater.

Conclusion:
Noise in the operating theater can have distressing effects on surgeons, jeopardizing the patient's safety. However, a flip side to this is that music is considered to have a calming and soothing effect decreasing the anxiety and stress levels.
A Prospective Study to Assess the Efficacy of 4% Articaine, 0.5% Bupivacaine and 2% Lignocaine using a Single Buccal Supraperiosteal Injection for Maxillary Tooth Extraction
Authors: Chandrasekaran Deepak , Chinnaswami Ravindran , Shanthi K. , Dhiravia Sargunam A. Emmanuel , Kumar K. Santhosh , Satheesh Tharini 
Published: June 2021

Introduction:
The aim of this study was to demonstrate if articaine hydrochloride administered alone as a single buccal infiltration in maxillary tooth extraction can provide adequate palatal anesthesia as compared to buccal and palatal injection using lidocaine and bupivacaine.

Materials and Methods:
A prospective double-blinded trial was conducted on 150 patients who required maxillary tooth extraction. The patients were divided into three different groups consisting of 50 patients each. Each group was administered with 4% articaine into buccal vestibular mucosa of the tooth to be extracted, 2% lignocaine and 0.5% bupivacaine was injected into buccal and palatal side of the tooth to be extracted, respectively. Following the tooth extraction, all patients were asked to complete a 10-score Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and 5-score facial pain scale (FPS) to assess the pain on extraction.

Results:
According to the VAS and FPS scores, the pain on extraction between buccal infiltration of articaine and the routine buccal and palatal infiltration of lignocaine was statistically significant.

Conclusion:
The routine use of a palatal injection for extraction of maxillary teeth may not be required when articaine is used as a local anesthetic solution.
Cognizance and Use of Minimally Invasive Dentistry Approach by General Dentists: An Overlooked Companion
Authors: Kumar Santosh , Mala Nutan , Rana Kuldeep Singh , Namazi Nasim , Rela Rathi , Kumar Kunal 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Dental caries begins with the decalcification of the first nonorganic part, followed by the decay of the organic tooth matrix. Minimally invasive dentistry (MID) focuses on using the adhesive technique for restoration as these techniques allow minimum removal of healthy tooth structure.

Objective:
This study aimed to assess the attitude, knowledge, and behavior of the general dentists toward the use of MID and to evaluate if MID is considered as standard care measure among general dentists.

Materials and Methods:
This was a cross-section observational survey and included 285 practicing dentists. The survey questions were divided into two parts. The question related to the use of sharp explorer utilized response categories (1–5), with options of always, most of the time, often, sometimes, and never or rarely. The independent variables collected were age, gender, years of practice, clinical hours, type of practice, postgraduate education, and clinic environment. The data collected were tabulated and were statistically analyzed.

Results:
The results of the present study showed that MID meets the standard of care for the treatment of both primary teeth 85.96% (n = 245) as well as permanent teeth 78.24% (n = 223). ART, sandwich technique, in-office, and at-home topical fluoride application were considered active for treating dental caries. The use of sharp explorers, nonsharp explorers, radiographs, and magnification were considered common for caries detection.

Conclusion:
The more dentists who listened to about MID in the past responded that the MID concept is the standard of care for the treatment of primary and permanent teeth than dentists who have heard little or nothing about MID.
Stress Distribution in Cortical Bone around the Basal Implant – A Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Roy Anip Kumar , Dixit Nivedita , Punde Prashant , Sinha Koshika Tondon , Jalaluddin Mohammad , Kumar Ashish 
Published: June 2021

Aim:
The aim of the study was to develop a model that represents a basal implant with stress distribution in the cortical bone on application of loads emulating masticatory forces.

Materials and Methods:
In this study, the stress distribution in the bone and the implant is evaluated by applying various loads that emulate the masticatory forces. The geometric models of cortical bone representing the premolar area and a basal implant model of the following specifications, longitudinal oval threaded pin (1.95 mm × 2.1/2.3 mm ø), height of the implant head (7.2 mm), and width of the implant head (3.5 mm) (BOI BS, IDHEDENTAL), were generated with Ansys software, and both the implant model and the bone model are superimposed to mimic the bone implant system as a unit.

Results:
Overall comparison of stress distribution on both implant shaft and implant neck showed that maximum stresses are located at implant neck irrespective of forces applied and minimum stresses are located at implant shaft. On overall comparison of stresses seen within the bone and the implant, it was observed that the maximum stresses were seen in the implant neck followed by the implant shaft followed by the bone interface.

Conclusion:
The present study concluded that the stress transmission is greatest during application of oblique load (70 N) followed by horizontal load (10 N) and the least by vertical load (35 N).
An In vitro Study to Assess the Effectiveness of the Shear Bond Strength of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate with Different Adhesive Systems
Authors: Sindi Abdulelah Sameer 
Published: June 2021

Purpose of the Study:
Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) is a biocompatible material and has excellent sealing ability. It is proved and claimed that it provides double seal due to its physical sealing ability as well as ability to induce cementogenesis that provides biological seal.

Aim and Objectives:
The aim of the study was to assess the shear bond strength of MTA with three different types of adhesive systems: (1) self-adhering flowable composite, (2) etch and rinse (ER) adhesive system, and (3) self-etch (SE) adhesive system.

Materials and Methods:
Ninety MTA specimens were prepared using cylindrical acrylic blocks, having a central cavity with 2 mm depth and 4 mm diameter. MTA was mixed and placed in the prepared cavity and was covered with moist cotton pellet and temporary filling material (Cavit). They were further divided into three groups which were further divided into two subgroups. After the bonding agents was applied, the composite resin was placed over the MTA surface. The specimens were then tested for shear bond strength; statically analysis was done.

Result:
After 24 h, the mean value of ER group was found to be significantly higher than SE and the self-adhering composite groups. Among the 45 min groups, there was no significant difference observed.

Conclusion:
In single visit, after 45 min, self-adhering flowable can be used successfully as a final restorative material in place of conventional flowable composite without using any alternative adhesive system over MTA.
Knowledge and Awareness of Postextraction Complications among Dental Seniors and Interns in Riyadh Province
Authors: Alenazi Adel , Aleidan Abdulbari , Alotheem Mohammed , Alqahtani Rakan 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Postextraction complications are multifactorial. Taking proper medical and dental history, thorough planning, and a skillful dentist can help the prediction and reduction of these complications.

Objective:
This study aims to assess and compare the knowledge of senior students and interns regarding postextraction complications in government and private colleges in Riyadh Province.

Materials and Methods:
A random sampling technique was used to select a minimum of 250 participants for this study. A self-designed, close-ended questionnaire was disseminated through an online platform in a manner. Sixth-year (senior) dental students and interns were included in the study. Data were coded and entered into spreadsheet software and analyzed using Chi-square tests.

Results:
More than half were dental interns (54.04%), and the rest were senior students (45.96%). Male participants comprised 52.57% of the total participants, whereas females were 47.43%. Most participants were from government colleges (53.31%), whereas 46.69% belonged to private colleges. Male interns from government colleges demonstrated the best knowledge among all the participants. In private colleges, females demonstrated better knowledge than males in both the senior and intern groups, and the difference was statistically significant. The difference in knowledge between participants from government and private colleges was found to be statistically significant (P = 0.001). Government colleges were found to demonstrate more complications than private colleges, and the difference was statistically significant (P = 0.003).

Conclusion:
Male interns from government colleges had the best knowledge about the postextraction complications among the candidates.