bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The transformation of Caribbean coral communities since humans
Authors: Cramer Katie L. , Donovan Mary K. , Jackson Jeremy B. C. , Greenstein Benjamin J. , Korpanty Chelsea A. , Cook Geoffrey M. , Pandolfi John M. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe mass die‐off of Caribbean corals has transformed many of this region’s reefs to macroalgal‐dominated habitats since systematic monitoring began in the 1970s. Although attributed to a combination of local and global human stressors, the lack of long‐term data on Caribbean reef coral communities has prevented a clear understanding of the causes and consequences of coral declines. We integrated paleoecological, historical, and modern survey data to track the occurrence of major coral species and life‐history groups throughout the Caribbean from the prehuman period to the present. The regional loss of Acropora corals beginning by the 1960s from local human disturbances resulted in increases in the occurrence of formerly subdominant stress‐tolerant and weedy scleractinian corals and the competitive hydrozoan Millepora beginning in the 1970s and 1980s. These transformations have resulted in the homogenization of coral communities within individual countries. However, increases in stress‐tolerant and weedy corals have slowed or reversed since the 1980s and 1990s in tandem with intensified coral bleaching and disease. These patterns reveal the long history of increasingly stressful environmental conditions on Caribbean reefs that began with widespread local human disturbances and have recently culminated in the combined effects of local and global change.
Increased risk of prediabetes among virally suppressed adults with HIV in Central Kenya detected using glycated haemoglobin and fasting blood glucose
Authors: Njoroge Anne , Augusto Orvalho , Page Stephanie T. , Kigondu Christine , Oluka Margaret , Puttkammer Nancy , Farquhar Carey 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAimsAs survival among people living with HIV (PLHIV) improves with universal HIV treatment, new strategies are needed to support management of co‐morbidities like type 2 diabetes (T2D). We assessed prediabetes and T2D prevalence and risk factors using haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) among PLHIV on antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Central Kenya.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study, conducted at a rural and urban site, enrolled PLHIV aged ≥35 years on ART for at least 5 years. HbA1c was assayed using Cobas b 101®, a point‐of‐care device. HbA1c levels ≥6.5% were considered diagnostic of T2D. For pre‐diabetic HbA1c levels (5.7%–6.4%), participants were requested to return the following day for a fasting blood glucose (FBG) to rule out T2D. Risk factors were assessed using multivariable log‐binomial regression.ResultsOf the 600 completing study procedures, the prevalence of diabetes was 5% (30/600). Ten participants were known to have diabetes; thus, prevalence of newly diagnosed T2D was 3.4% (20/590). Prevalence of prediabetes (HbA1c 5.7%–6.4%) was 14.2% (84/590). Significant predictors of elevated HbA1c were increase in age (Prevalence ratio [PR]: 1.10, CI: 1.02, 1.18, p = .012), hypertension (PR: 1.43, CI: 1.07–2.3, p = .015), central adiposity (PR: 2.11, CI: 1.57–2.84, p < .001) and use of Efavirenz (PR: 2.09, CI: 1.48, 2.96, p < .001).ConclusionThere is a high prevalence of prediabetes, a significant predictor of T2D, among PLHIV in Central Kenya. Point‐of‐care HbA1c may help identify PLHIV with prediabetes in a single screening visit and provide an opportunity for early intervention.
Novel insights into marine fish biodiversity across a pronounced environmental gradient using replicated environmental DNA analyses
Authors: Czachur Molly Victoria , Seymour Mathew , Creer Simon , von der Heyden Sophie 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSafeguarding marine ecosystems is essential for maintaining ecosystem function and biodiversity, but effective monitoring of marine habitats can be logistically challenging, costly, and difficult to regularly implement. Environmental DNA‐based biomonitoring is a rapidly growing tool that is non‐destructive, cost‐effective, and reliable. However, discrepancies in eDNA sampling protocols and methodology persist, which can greatly impact the interpretations of biomonitoring results, particularly across highly diverse ecosystems with historically elevated biodiversity. The South African coastal system is a unique and highly diverse ecoregion consisting of two ocean boundary currents creating one of the most diverse biological regions on the planet. Here, we present the first eDNA‐based metabarcoding assessment of South African coastal fishes while also providing key management insights into study and sample design. We observed strong ecological associations with fish species richness across the extent of the South African coast, along with weaker associations with seasonality. We detected 466 operational taxonomic units across 112 of the 270 families described previously from the region, with greater species richness on the eastern subtropical coast compared to the western coast, which follows expected species richness patterns. Additionally, we provide evidence that biological replication is necessary to detect intra‐site fish diversity and that three biological replicates are sufficient for capturing species diversity dynamics. Our work highlights the value of eDNA biomonitoring across space and time enabling biodiversity characterizations for the management of a gradient of coastal marine environments.
Differential sensitivity of inflammatory macrophages and alternatively activated macrophages to ferroptosis
Authors: Piattini Federica , Matsushita Mai , Muri Jonathan , Bretscher Peter , Feng Xiaogang , Freigang Stefan , Dalli Jesmond , Schneider Christoph , Kopf Manfred 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAcumulation of oxidized membrane lipids ultimately results in ferroptotic cell death, which can be prevented by the selenoenzyme glutathione peroxidase 4 (Gpx4). In vivo conditions promoting ferroptosis and susceptible cell types are still poorly defined. In this study, we analyzed the conditional deletion of Gpx4 in mice specifically in the myeloid cell lineages. Surprisingly, development and maintenance of LysM+ macrophages and neutrophils, as well as CD11c+ monocyte‐derived macrophages and dendritic cells were unaffected in the absence of Gpx4. Gpx4‐deficient macrophages mounted an unaltered proinflammatory cytokine response including IL‐1β production following stimulation with TLR ligands and activation of several inflammasomes. Accordingly, Gpx4fl/flLysM‐cre mice were protected from bacterial and protozoan infections. Despite having the capacity to differentiate to alternatively activated macrophages (AAM), these cells lacking Gpx4 triggered ferroptosis both in vitro and in vivo following IL‐4 overexpression and nematode infection. Exposure to nitric oxide restored viability of Gpx4‐deficient AAM, while inhibition of iNOS in proinflammatory macrophages had no effect. These data together suggest that activation cues of tissue macrophages determine sensitivity to lipid peroxidation and ferroptotic cell death.
An Overview of Wearable and Implantable Electrochemical Glucose Sensors
Authors: Zhu Boyu , Li Xinru , Zhou Lin , Su Bin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractElectrochemical glucose sensors have garnered considerable attention because of their attractive prospect in point‐of‐care testing (POCT). In this review, we firstly introduce the principles and challenges of electrochemical glucose sensors. Subsequently, we present an overview of the application of electrochemical glucose sensors and discuss their advantages and drawbacks. Wearable and implantable devices based on diverse target biofluid and platforms provide a considerable prospect of accurate and continuous monitoring. Thus, we believe that the future development direction of electrochemical glucose sensors is non‐invasive, wearable devices and implantable devices with minimally invasive for continuous glucose monitoring in real time.
Floor spectra for bare and infilled reinforced concrete frames designed according to Eurocodes
Authors: Di Domenico Mariano , Ricci Paolo , Verderame Gerardo M. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn this study, nonlinear time‐history analyses are performed to assess the floor response spectra of bare and infilled reinforced concrete framed buildings with different number of stories and designed according to Eurocode provisions for different intensity levels of the seismic action. Infill walls are modeled by neglecting and by accounting for the effects of their out‐of‐plane response and of the in‐plane/out‐of‐plane interaction. To this aim, a recent out‐of‐plane response model is updated and improved.The results of the numerical analyses are compared in order to assess, first, the different floor spectra obtained for bare and infilled buildings and, second, the effect of the in‐plane/out‐of‐plane interaction on the results obtained for infilled buildings. The main parameters influencing the shape and the amplitude of floor response spectra are investigated, namely higher vibration modes, structural nonlinearity, and damping of the secondary element. This is also performed with the support of the discussion and application of current code and literature formulations.Based on the results of the numerical analyses, a simplified code‐oriented formulation for the assessment of floor response spectra in bare and infilled reinforced concrete framed structures is proposed. The proposed formulation may be a useful tool for the seismic assessment and safety check of acceleration‐sensitive nonstructural components.
Pu‐erh tea extraction alleviates intestinal inflammation in mice with flora disorder by regulating gut microbiota
Authors: Zhang Zhifang , He Fei , Yang Weixing , Yang Li , Huang Siqi , Mao Hongling , Hou Yan , Xiao Rong 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPu‐erh tea is very popular in Southwestern China and South Asian countries and is now becoming increasingly popular in Europe due to its well‐documented beneficial effects on human health. Pu‐erh tea aqueous extracts can maintain intestinal homeostasis. However, the mechanism of its beneficial effects on intestinal flora disorder is not clear. In this study, we focused on the effects of ripe Pu‐erh tea aqueous extracts on the intestinal microbiota in an intestinal flora disorder mouse model. Physiological indexes and the tissue section staining results showed that feeding Pu‐erh tea extract could help mice regain weight and alleviate intestinal inflammation. Further assessment of the intestinal microflora found that Pu‐erh tea extract could promote the growth of intestinal probiotics and inhibit pathogenic bacteria, thereby achieving a treatment effect for enteritis. This study provides new evidence for the therapeutic effect of Pu‐erh tea.
Extraction of phenol compound from Mentha piperita by ultrasonic waves based on a response surface methodology
Authors: Roshanpour Sareh , Tavakoli Javad , Beigmohammadi Faranak , Alaei Shima , Mousavi Khaneghah Amin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn this study, optimization of the extraction of phenol compounds from Mentha piperita using ultrasonic waves with response surface methodology (RSM) was assessed. In this regard, a central composite design with three independent variables of time (5, 27.5, and 50 min), temperature (25, 45, and 65°C), and concentrations of ethanol in the water–ethanol solution (0%, 50%, and 100%) was used. Besides, the antioxidant activity tests (DPPH radical scavenging assay, ferric reducing antioxidant power [FRAP], and oxidative stability indexes [OSI]) were examined. Significant effects of independent variables on the extraction of phenol compound, DPPH radical scavenging power, and OSI of M. piperita extract, with the regression coefficients of 0.89, 0.92, and 0.94, respectively, were noted. However, no significant difference in terms of the FRAP among different treatments was noted. Also, the best antioxidant activity of M. piperita was obtained by using the ultrasonic wave for 50 min at 65°C and 59.6% v/v ethanol/water solution. While the findings of RSM confirmed the experimental results, due to the favored properties of M. piperita extract by the proposed method, further research to investigate possible applications in the food industry is recommended.
Distribution and sources of secondary deposit archaeological obsidian in Rio Grande alluvium New Mexico, USA
Authors: Shackley Michael Steven 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn 2000, Tim Church published an excellent examination of the secondarily deposited obsidian in Rio Grande Quaternary alluvium for a relatively small section of the Rio Grande in southern New Mexico. Here, the goal is to complement Church's study to include six secondary deposits of a portion of the Rio Grande hydrological basin nearly 400 km in length, coupled with a comparison to 11 archaeological sites on or near the river basin. Additionally, the compositional and metric data on obsidian sources from the Jemez Lineament sources have also improved since 2000, providing useful data on nodule dimension as well as compositional data at the primary sources. By recording both nodule sizes against source provenance at these points along the Rio Grande, scholars can compare the results of nearby archaeological contexts and the source obsidian available at various points along the Rio Grande. It is often difficult to determine whether the raw material used to produce a chipped stone tool was originally procured at the source or in secondary contexts. That, however, can never be achieved anywhere in the world without firm secondary depositional data. This issue is the focus of this study.
Lessons learned? Intended and unintended effects of India's second‐generation maternal cash transfer scheme
Authors: von Haaren Paula , Klonner Stefan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe maternity benefit scheme piloted as Indira Gandhi Matritva Sahyog Yojana (IGMSY) since 2011 and recently rolled out as Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY) incentivizes mothers to participate in infant health‐promoting activities. It has become India's largest conditional cash transfer program ever, outrivaling the country's first‐generation maternity benefit scheme Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY), which incentivizes institutional delivery and has been criticized for its unintended side effects on fertility. We approach IGMSY's geographically targeted pilot phase as a natural experiment and use data from a large national health survey to estimate its effects by a matched‐pair difference‐in‐differences approach. Consistent with the program's conditions, we find increases in infant immunization. As side effect, long‐term utilization of public health facilities becomes more frequent and intervals between eligible births increase by 17%. Our findings suggest that India'ns second‐generation maternity benefit scheme has been more carefully designed than its predecessor, with side effects that support the program's broader objectives. But both direct and indirect effects are small and can make only a small contribution to redressing India's dismal maternal and child health record.
Rare case of anaplastic plasmacytoma in the sinonasal tract
Authors: Xing Monica H. , Shaari Ariana L. , Beute John E. , Mundi Neil , Matloob Ammar , Khorsandi Azita S. , Wisdom Gregory , Urken Mark L. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundExtramedullary plasmacytomas are tumors that develop from plasma cells and rarely express anaplastic features. To our knowledge, there have only been three reported cases of anaplastic plasmacytomas of the sinonasal tract in the English literature. We detail the fourth case.MethodsA 70‐year‐old male was seen with a 4‐month history of nasal congestion, bloody mucous, and left sided nasal obstruction. On positron emission tomography/computed tomography, the lesion was FDG‐avid with an SUVmax of 25.1. A biopsy of the lesion and subsequent immunohistochemical staining confirmed the diagnosis of an anaplastic plasmacytoma.ResultsThe patient is undergoing a 5‐week course of curative‐intent radiation therapy.ConclusionExtramedullary plasmacytomas with anaplastic features are very rare. We highlight the value of thorough histopathological review and detailed immunostains to arrive at a diagnosis of anaplastic extramedullary plasmacytoma.
Halogen Bonding of N‐Halosuccinimides with Amines and Effects of Brønsted Acids in Quinuclidine‐Catalyzed Halocyclizations
Authors: Li Jing , Kwon Eunsang , Lear Martin J. , Hayashi Yujiro 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAn arguable expectation in halogen chemistry is that an amine will react oxidatively with an N‐halosuccinimide (NXS) to form an N‐halogenated species bearing a covalent N−X bond. While likely for NCS under most conditions, we find this expectation simply not true for NIS and largely inaccurate for NBS. Herein, we disclose evidence through systematic NMR and X‐ray studies that non‐covalent halogen bonded amine complexes of NIS predominate over covalent N‐halogenated species, even with primary and secondary amines. For example, during the catalytic electrophilic halocyclization of gem‐disubstituted alkenes by cinchona‐like amines, the quinuclidine complexes of NIS and NBS display lower reactivity than their parent N‐halosuccinamides and require the presence of an appropriate Brønsted acid. Specifically, a Brønsted acid and quinuclidine jointly catalyze the halo‐cycloetherification of γ‐alkenyl alcohols with NIS or NBS, while only quinuclidine acts as a catalyst in the halolactonization of γ‐alkenoic acids. Although our evidence confirms a transient N‐halogenated quaternary ammonium salt as the halonium species, it is important to note that NIS predominantly forms ‘off‐cycle’ halogen bonded amine complexes in solution.
Are spatial patterns of soil moisture at plot scales generalisable across catchments, climates, and other characteristics? A synthesis of synoptic soil moisture across theMid‐Atlantic
Authors: Scaife Charles I. , Duncan Jonathan M. , Lin Laurence , Tague Christina , Bell Colin D. , Band Lawrence 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe spatial variation of soil moisture over very small areas (<100 m2) can have nonlinear impacts on cycling and flux rates resulting in bias if it is not considered, but measuring this variation is difficult over extensive temporal and spatial scales. Most studies examining spatial variation of soil moisture were conducted at hillslope (0.01 km2) to multi‐catchment spatial scales (1000 km2). They found the greatest variation at mid wetness levels and the smallest variation at wet and dry wetness levels forming a concave down relationship. There is growing evidence that concave down relationships formed between spatial variation of soil moisture and average soil moisture are consistent across spatial scales spanning several orders of magnitude, but more research is needed at very small, plot scales (<100 m2). The goal of this study was to characterise spatial variation in shallow soil moisture at the plot scale by relating the mean of measurements collected in a plot to the standard deviation (SD). We combined data from a previous study with thousands of new soil moisture measurements from 212 plots in eight catchments distributed across the US Mid‐Atlantic Region to (1) test for a generalisable mean–SD relationship at plot scales, (2) characterise how landcover, land use, season, and hillslope position contribute to differences in mean–SD relationships, and (3) use these generalised mean–SD relationships to quantify their impacts on catchment scale nitrification and denitrification potential. Our study found that 98% of all measurements formed a generalised mean–SD relationship like those observed at hillslope and catchment spatial scales. The remaining 2% of data comprised a mean–SD relationship with greater spatial variation that originated from two riparian plots reported in a previous study. Incorporating the generalised mean–SD relationship into estimates of nitrification and denitrification potential revealed strong bias that was even greater when incorporating mean–SD observations from the two riparian plots with significantly greater spatial variation.
A deterministic river temperature model to prioritize management of riparian woodlands to reduce summer maximum river temperatures
Authors: Jackson Faye L. , Hannah David M. , Ouellet Valerie , Malcolm Iain A. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIncreasing river temperatures are a threat to cold water species including ecologically and economically important freshwater fish, such as Atlantic salmon. In 2018, ca. 70% of Scottish rivers experienced temperatures which cause thermal stress in juvenile salmon, a situation expected to become increasingly common under climate change. Management of riparian woodlands is proven to protect cold water habitats. However, creation of new riparian woodlands can be costly and logistically challenging. It is therefore important that planting can be prioritized to areas where it is most needed and can be most effective in reducing river temperatures. The effects of riparian woodland on channel shading depend on complex interactions between channel width, orientation, aspect, gradient, tree height and solar geometry. Subsequent effects on river temperature are influenced by water volume and residence time. This study developed a deterministic river temperature model, driven by energy gains from solar radiation that are modified by water volume and residence time. The resulting output is a planting prioritization metric that compares potential warming between scenarios with and without riparian woodland. The prioritization metric has a reach scale spatial resolution, but can be mapped at large spatial scales using information obtained from a digital river network. The results indicate that water volume and residence time, as represented by river order, are a dominant control on the effectiveness of riparian woodland in reducing river temperature. Ignoring these effects could result in a sub‐optimal prioritization process and inappropriate resource allocation. Within river order, effectiveness of riparian shading depends on interactions between channel and landscape characteristics. Given the complexity and interacting nature of controls, the use of simple universal planting criteria is not appropriate. Instead, managers should be provided with maps that translate complex models into readily useable tools to prioritize riparian tree planting to mitigate the impacts of high river temperatures.