bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Early Low‐Temperature and Later High‐Temperature Diagenesis on Magnetic Mineral Assemblages in Marine Sediments From the Nankai Trough
Authors: Kars Myriam , Köster Male , Henkel Susann , Stein Rüdiger , Schubotz Florence , Zhao Xiang , Bowden Stephen A. , Roberts Andrew P. , Kodama Kazuto 
Published: October 2021

AbstractDiagenesis can have a major impact on sedimentary mineralogy. Primary magnetic mineral assemblages can be modified significantly by dissolution or by formation of new magnetic minerals during early or late diagenesis. At International Ocean Discovery Program Site C0023, which was drilled in the protothrust zone of the Nankai Trough during Expedition 370, offshore of Shikoku Island, Japan, non‐steady state conditions have produced a complex sequence of magnetic overprints. Detailed rock magnetic measurements, which characterize magnetic mineral assemblages in terms of abundance, grain size, and composition, were conducted to assess magnetic mineral alteration and diagenetic overprinting. Four magnetic zones (MZs) are identified down‐core from ∼200 to 1,100 m below sea floor based on rock magnetic variations. MZ 1 is a high magnetic intensity zone that contains ferrimagnetic greigite, which formed at shallow depths and is preserved because of rapid sedimentation. MZs 2 and 4 are low magnetic intensity zones with fewer magnetic minerals, mainly coarse‐grained (titano‐)magnetite and hematite. This magnetic mineral assemblage is a remnant of a more complex assemblage that was altered diagenetically a few million years after deposition when the site entered the Nankai Trough. MZ 3 is a high magnetic intensity zone between MZs 2 and 4. It contains authigenic single‐domain magnetic particles that probably formed from fluids that circulated through faults in the accretionary prism. Varying sediment supply and organic matter input through time, burial temperature, and tectonic fluid circulation are the primary drivers of magnetic mineral assemblage variations.
Roughness of Ice Shelves Is Correlated With Basal Melt Rates
Authors: Watkins Ray H. , Bassis Jeremy N. , Thouless M. D. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIce shelf collapse could trigger widespread retreat of marine‐based portions of the Antarctic ice sheet. However, little is known about the processes that control the stability of ice shelves. Recent observations have revealed that ice shelves have topographic features that span a spectrum of wavelengths, including basal channels and crevasses. Here we use ground‐penetrating radar data to quantify patterns of roughness within and between ice shelves. We find that roughness follows a power law with the scaling exponent approximately constant between ice shelves. However, the level of roughness varies by nearly an order of magnitude between ice shelves. Critically, we find that roughness strongly correlates with basal melt, suggesting that increased melt not only leads to larger melt channels, but also to increased fracturing, rifting and decreased ice shelf stability. This hints that the mechanical stability of ice shelves may be more tightly controlled by ocean forcing than previously thought.
Mapping the Pacific Slab Edge and Toroidal Mantle Flow Beneath Kamchatka
Authors: Zhao Long , Liu Xin , Zhao Dapeng , Wang Xiao , Qiao Qingyu 
Published: October 2021

AbstractTo clarify the upper mantle structure and dynamics of the Kamchatka subduction zone, we conduct Rayleigh‐wave phase‐velocity azimuthal anisotropy tomography beneath Kamchatka using amplitude and phase data of teleseismic fundamental mode Rayleigh‐waves at periods of 25–150 s. With the obtained anisotropic phase‐velocity model, a 3‐D azimuthal anisotropic shear‐wave velocity (Vs) model is determined down to ∼300 km depth. Beneath Kamchatka, the subducting Pacific slab is clearly imaged as a dipping high‐Vs zone on the south of the Shiveluch volcano at ∼57°N latitude, whereas this high‐Vs zone is absent on the north of the volcano, suggesting that a slab edge exists in the region. Visible low‐Vs anomalies are revealed around the slab edge. The subducting Pacific slab beneath Kamchatka generally exhibits a fast‐velocity direction (FVD) of ∼NE‐SW in the area south of ∼54°N latitude, whereas the dominant FVD in the slab rotates to ∼N‐S or ∼NNW‐SSE in the area of ∼54°–57°N latitude. The FVDs in the subducting Pacific slab are generally parallel to the Kamchatka trench, which may result from the shape‐preferred orientation of stratified oceanic lithosphere. At shallow depths (<∼150 km), the low‐Vs mantle wedge generally exhibits ∼ NW‐SE FVDs, whereas ∼ E‐W FVDs appear on the north of the slab edge, which form semi‐toroidal FVDs around the slab edge. The semi‐toroidal FVDs may reflect a combination of corner flow in the mantle wedge and toroidal mantle flow around the slab edge beneath Kamchatka, which may deform and heat or even melt the slab near its edge.
Numerical Investigation of Lunar Basin Formation Constrained by Gravity Signature
Authors: Lompa T. , Wünnemann K. , Wahl D. , Padovan S. , Miljković K. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractImpact basins on the Moon can serve as a benchmark for timing and intensity of the impact flux in the inner solar system. The basin morphology and morphometry depend on impactor size, mass, and velocity as well as the thermal state of the lunar lithosphere which is a function of the cooling history. Erosion by superimposed impact bombardment has altered the surface expression of basin structures over time, making it difficult to determine the size unequivocally solely based on topographic expression. The gravity signature of basins is thought to be a less altered measure of the size of impact structures. By a systematic study of basin formation using the iSALE‐2D shock‐physics code, we investigate the influence of the lunar thermal state and different impactor properties on the transient crater and final basin size and on the resulting gravity anomaly. As constraints we use gravity data of 16 farside basins and their assumed formation ages to estimate the subsurface temperature related to the cooling history of the Moon. Our modeling results confirm that the thermal state affects the basin formation process and the basin sizes significantly. We provide quantitative relationships between the observed gravity signal, the different basin sizes, and the impactor diameter considering the thermal state of the Moon upon impact, which correlates with the formation ages or periods in the literature. Our study allows for estimating the impactor size from the observed gravity field if the formation age and, thus, the thermal state of the lithosphere is approximately known.
The Effects of Planetary and Stellar Parameters on Brittle Lithospheric Thickness
Authors: Byrne Paul K. , Foley Bradford J. , Violay Marie E. S. , Heap Michael J. , Mikhail Sami 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe thickness of the brittle lithosphere—the outer portion of a planetary body that fails via fracturing—plays a key role in the geological processes of that body. The properties of both a planet and its host star can influence that thickness, and the potential range of those properties exceeds what we see in the Solar System. To understand how planetary and stellar parameters influence brittle lithospheric thickness generally, we modeled a comprehensive suite of combinations of planetary mass, surface and mantle temperature, heat flux, and strain rate. Surface temperature is the dominant factor governing the thickness of the brittle layer: smaller and older planets generally have thick brittle lithospheres, akin to those of Mercury and Mars, whereas larger, younger planets have thinner brittle lithospheres that may be comparable to the Venus lowlands. But certain combinations of these parameters yield worlds with exceedingly thin brittle layers. We predict that such bodies have little elevated topography and limited volatile cycling and weathering, which can be tested by future telescopic observations of known extrasolar planets.
Segmentation and Holocene Behavior of the Middle Strand of the North Anatolian Fault (NW Turkey)
Authors: Benjelloun Y. , de Sigoyer J. , Garambois S. , Carcaillet J. , Klinger Y. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe North Anatolian Fault (NAF) in the Marmara region is composed of three parallel strands all separated by ∼50 km. The activity of the middle strand, which borders the southern edge of the Marmara Sea, is much debated because of its present‐day very low seismicity. This contrasts with historical, archeological and paleoseismological evidence, which suggest several destructive earthquakes have occurred during the last 2000 years. Our study aims to better constrain seismic hazard on the middle strand by exploring its Holocene paleoseismicity. For this, we mapped 148 km of the eastern part of the middle strand, using high‐resolution satellite imagery. A series of landforms offset by the middle strand activity have been systematically measured to recover the past ruptures. Three Late Pleistocene‐Holocene terraces have been dated with the terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide method, constraining a horizontal slip rate of mm/yr. The statistical analysis of the offsets evidences several major ruptures preserved in the landscape, with coseismic lateral displacements ranging between 3 and 6.5 m. This corresponds to Mw ∼7.3 earthquakes able to propagate along several fault segments. Historical seismicity and paleoseismology data suggest that the last large earthquakes along the middle strand of the NAF (MNAF) happened in 1065 CE and between the 14th and 18th centuries CE. Since then, the MNAF may have accumulated enough stress to generate a destructive rupture.
Sources of Surface Water in Space and Time: Identification of Delivery Processes and Geographical Sources With Hydraulic Mixing‐Cell Modeling
Authors: Glaser Barbara , Hopp Luisa , Partington Daniel , Brunner Philip , Therrien René , Klaus Julian 
Published: October 2021

AbstractKnowledge of the sources of surface water in riparian zones and floodplains is critical to understanding its role in runoff generation and impact on biogeochemical and ecological processes. In this study, we demonstrate the potential of integrated surface‐subsurface hydrologic modeling (HydroGeoSphere) in combination with a hydraulic mixing‐cell approach to decipher different sources of surface water and their mixing in space and time. We present a novel approach to processing the model data that allowed us to compare which mechanisms ultimately transferred water to the surface (delivery processes) and from where the surface water originated (geographical sources) for varying wetness states and phases of wetting or drying across 36 test locations within the riparian‐stream continuum of an intensively‐studied, humid‐temperate, forested headwater catchment (45 ha). Consistent with current process understanding for the study site, water exfiltrating from the subsurface was simulated as the dominant source for riparian surface water and intermittent streamflow. The model further helped to specify the relevance of different subsurface stores, revealing a wetness‐dependent activation of upslope source areas. Contributions of riparian overland flow and precipitation were minor during all investigated phases of wetting and drying. Moreover, the spatial variability of surface water sources proved to be smaller than expected for the heterogeneous patterns and frequencies of the surface saturation observed and simulated. Based on these findings, we discuss the value of hydraulic mixing‐cell modeling to complement the planning and interpretation of field investigations and to enhance process understanding regarding the spatio‐temporal sources of surface water.
Indirect reduction of Ralstonia solanacearum via pathogen helper inhibition
Authors: Li Mei , Pommier Thomas , Yin Yue , Wang Jianing , Gu Shaohua , Jousset Alexandre , Keuskamp Joost , Wang Honggui , Wei Zhong , Xu Yangchun , Shen Qirong , Kowalchuk George A 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The rhizosphere microbiome forms a first line of defense against soilborne pathogens. To date, most microbiome enhancement strategies have relied on bioaugmentation with antagonistic microorganisms that directly inhibit pathogens. Previous studies have shown that some root-associated bacteria are able to facilitate pathogen growth. We therefore hypothesized that inhibiting such pathogen helpers may help reduce pathogen densities. We examined tripartite interactions between a model pathogen, Ralstonia solanacearum, two model helper strains and a collection of 46 bacterial isolates recovered from the tomato rhizosphere. This system allowed us to examine the importance of direct (effects of rhizobacteria on pathogen growth) and indirect (effects of rhizobacteria on helper growth) pathways affecting pathogen growth. We found that the interaction between rhizosphere isolates and the helper strains was the major determinant of pathogen suppression both in vitro and in vivo. We therefore propose that controlling microbiome composition to prevent the growth of pathogen helpers may become part of sustainable strategies for pathogen control.
Roles of mechanosensitive channel Piezo1/2 proteins in skeleton and other tissues
Authors: Qin Lei , He Tailin , Chen Sheng , Yang Dazhi , Yi Weihong , Cao Huiling , Xiao Guozhi 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMechanotransduction is a fundamental ability that allows living organisms to receive and respond to physical signals from both the external and internal environments. The mechanotransduction process requires a range of special proteins termed mechanotransducers to convert mechanical forces into biochemical signals in cells. The Piezo proteins are mechanically activated nonselective cation channels and the largest plasma membrane ion channels reported thus far. The regulation of two family members, Piezo1 and Piezo2, has been reported to have essential functions in mechanosensation and transduction in different organs and tissues. Recently, the predominant contributions of the Piezo family were reported to occur in the skeletal system, especially in bone development and mechano-stimulated bone homeostasis. Here we review current studies focused on the tissue-specific functions of Piezo1 and Piezo2 in various backgrounds with special highlights on their importance in regulating skeletal cell mechanotransduction. In this review, we emphasize the diverse functions of Piezo1 and Piezo2 and related signaling pathways in osteoblast lineage cells and chondrocytes. We also summarize our current understanding of Piezo channel structures and the key findings about PIEZO gene mutations in human diseases.
Viral genome wide association study identifies novel hepatitis C virus polymorphisms associated with sofosbuvir treatment failure
Authors: Smith David A. , Fernandez-Antunez Carlota , Magri Andrea , Bowden Rory , Chaturvedi Nimisha , Fellay Jacques , McLauchlan John , Foster Graham R. , Irving William L. ,   STOP-HCV Consortium, Ball Jonathan , Brainard Diana , Burgess Gary , Cooke Graham , Dillon John , Gore Charles , Guha Neil , Halford Rachel , Herath Cham , Holmes Chris , Howe Anita , Hudson Emma , Irving William , Khakoo Salim , Klenerman Paul , Koletzki Diana , Martin Natasha , Massetto Benedetta , Mbisa Tamyo , McHutchison John , McKeating Jane , Miners Alec , Murray Andrea , Shaw Peter , Spencer Chris C. A. , Targett-Adams Paul , Thomson Emma , Vickerman Peter , Zitzmann Nicole , Simmonds Peter , Pedergnana Vincent , Ramirez Santseharay , Bukh Jens , Barnes Eleanor , Ansari M. Azim 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPersistent hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major cause of chronic liver disease, worldwide. With the development of direct-acting antivirals, treatment of chronically infected patients has become highly effective, although a subset of patients responds less well to therapy. Sofosbuvir is a common component of current de novo or salvage combination therapies, that targets the HCV NS5B polymerase. We use pre-treatment whole-genome sequences of HCV from 507 patients infected with HCV subtype 3a and treated with sofosbuvir containing regimens to detect viral polymorphisms associated with response to treatment. We find three common polymorphisms in non-targeted HCV NS2 and NS3 proteins are associated with reduced treatment response. These polymorphisms are enriched in post-treatment HCV sequences of patients unresponsive to treatment. They are also associated with lower reductions in viral load in the first week of therapy. Using in vitro short-term dose-response assays, these polymorphisms do not cause any reduction in sofosbuvir potency, suggesting an indirect mechanism of action in decreasing sofosbuvir efficacy. The identification of polymorphisms in NS2 and NS3 proteins associated with poor treatment outcomes emphasises the value of systematic genome-wide analyses of viruses in uncovering clinically relevant polymorphisms that impact treatment.
COVA1-18 neutralizing antibody protects against SARS-CoV-2 in three preclinical models
Authors: Maisonnasse Pauline , Aldon Yoann , Marc Aurélien , Marlin Romain , Dereuddre-Bosquet Nathalie , Kuzmina Natalia A. , Freyn Alec W. , Snitselaar Jonne L. , Gonçalves Antonio , Caniels Tom G. , Burger Judith A. , Poniman Meliawati , Bontjer Ilja , Chesnais Virginie , Diry Ségolène , Iershov Anton , Ronk Adam J. , Jangra Sonia , Rathnasinghe Raveen , Brouwer Philip J. M. , Bijl Tom P. L. , van Schooten Jelle , Brinkkemper Mitch , Liu Hejun , Yuan Meng , Mire Chad E. , van Breemen Mariëlle J. , Contreras Vanessa , Naninck Thibaut , Lemaître Julien , Kahlaoui Nidhal , Relouzat Francis , Chapon Catherine , Ho Tsong Fang Raphaël , McDanal Charlene , Osei-Twum Mary , St-Amant Natalie , Gagnon Luc , Montefiori David C. , Wilson Ian A. , Ginoux Eric , de Bree Godelieve J. , García-Sastre Adolfo , Schotsaert Michael , Coughlan Lynda , Bukreyev Alexander , van der Werf Sylvie , Guedj Jérémie , Sanders Rogier W. , van Gils Marit J. , Le Grand Roger 
Published: October 2021

AbstractEffective treatments against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are urgently needed. Monoclonal antibodies have shown promising results in patients. Here, we evaluate the in vivo prophylactic and therapeutic effect of COVA1-18, a neutralizing antibody highly potent against the B.1.1.7 isolate. In both prophylactic and therapeutic settings, SARS-CoV-2 remains undetectable in the lungs of treated hACE2 mice. Therapeutic treatment also causes a reduction in viral loads in the lungs of Syrian hamsters. When administered at 10 mg kg-1 one day prior to a high dose SARS-CoV-2 challenge in cynomolgus macaques, COVA1-18 shows very strong antiviral activity in the upper respiratory compartments. Using a mathematical model, we estimate that COVA1-18 reduces viral infectivity by more than 95% in these compartments, preventing lymphopenia and extensive lung lesions. Our findings demonstrate that COVA1-18 has a strong antiviral activity in three preclinical models and could be a valuable candidate for further clinical evaluation.
Energy systems in scenarios at net-zero CO2 emissions
Authors: DeAngelo Julianne , Azevedo Inês , Bistline John , Clarke Leon , Luderer Gunnar , Byers Edward , Davis Steven J. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAchieving net-zero CO2 emissions has become the explicitgoal of many climate-energy policies around the world. Although many studies have assessed net-zero emissions pathways, the common features and tradeoffs of energy systems across global scenarios at the point of net-zero CO2 emissions have not yet been evaluated. Here, we examine the energy systems of 177 net-zero scenarios and discuss their long-term technological and regional characteristics in the context of current energy policies. We find that, on average, renewable energy sources account for 60% of primary energy at net-zero (compared to ∼14% today), with slightly less than half of that renewable energy derived from biomass. Meanwhile, electricity makes up approximately half of final energy consumed (compared to ∼20% today), highlighting the extent to which solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels remain prevalent in the scenarios even when emissions reach net-zero. Finally, residual emissions and offsetting negative emissions are not evenly distributed across world regions, which may have important implications for negotiations on burden-sharing, human development, and equity.
Longitudinal functional imaging of VIP interneurons reveals sup-population specific effects of stroke that are rescued with chemogenetic therapy
Authors: Motaharinia Mohamad , Gerrow Kim , Boghozian Roobina , White Emily , Choi Sun-Eui , Delaney Kerry R. , Brown Craig E. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractStroke profoundly disrupts cortical excitability which impedes recovery, but how it affects the function of specific inhibitory interneurons, or subpopulations therein, is poorly understood. Interneurons expressing vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) represent an intriguing stroke target because they can regulate cortical excitability through disinhibition. Here we chemogenetically augmented VIP interneuron excitability in a murine model of photothrombotic stroke and show that it enhances somatosensory responses and improves recovery of paw function. Using longitudinal calcium imaging, we discovered that stroke primarily disrupts the fidelity (fraction of responsive trials) and predictability of sensory responses within a subset of highly active VIP neurons. Partial recovery of responses occurred largely within these active neurons and was not accompanied by the recruitment of minimally active neurons. Importantly, chemogenetic stimulation preserved sensory response fidelity and predictability in highly active neurons. These findings provide a new depth of understanding into how stroke and prospective therapies (chemogenetics), can influence subpopulations of inhibitory interneurons.
Idler-free multi-channel discrimination via multipartite probe states
Authors: Harney Cillian , Pirandola Stefano 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe characterisation of Quantum Channel Discrimination (QCD) offers critical insight for future quantum technologies in quantum metrology, sensing and communications. The task of multi-channel discrimination creates a scenario in which the discrimination of multiple quantum channels can be equated to the idea of pattern recognition, highly relevant to the tasks of quantum reading, illumination and more. Although the optimal quantum strategy for many scenarios is an entangled idler-assisted protocol, the extension to a multi-hypothesis setting invites the exploration of discrimination strategies based on unassisted, multipartite probe states. In this work, we expand the space of possible quantum-enhanced protocols by formulating general classes of unassisted multi-channel discrimination protocols which are not assisted by idler modes. Developing a general framework for idler-free protocols, we perform an explicit investigation in the bosonic setting, studying prominent Gaussian channel discrimination problems for real-world applications. Our findings uncover the existence of strongly quantum advantageous, idler-free protocols for the discrimination of bosonic loss and environmental noise. This circumvents the necessity for idler assistance to achieve quantum advantage in some of the most relevant discrimination settings, significantly loosening practical requirements for prominent quantum-sensing applications.