bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical Simulation and Analysis of the Three-Step Excavation of an Extra-Large Cross-Section and a Low Flat-Ratio Railway Tunnel
Authors: Huo Wenxing , Shifeng Xue , Zhao Zongzhi , Gao Zhiyu , Shao Mingyue 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The Xinbaishiyan tunnel in the reconstruction Chengdu-Kunming railway Ermeishan-Mipan section mainly runs through dolomite with dolomitic limestone, with an excavation area of 260 m2, a maximum span of 22.3 m, a maximum height of 14.4 m, a vector height of 7 m, and a rise-span ratio of 0.31. The tunnel has an extra-large cross-section and it is a low flat-ration railway tunnel. This paper mainly describes the the finite element analysis for this tunnel excavation that was used to guide the construction. Finite element software was used to model the tunnel according to the engineering geological conditions of the tunnel. These engineering geological conditions included the rock mass, system bolts, middle pipe shed, steel arch and shotcrete, grouting layer, second lining and so on. Nonlinear construction phase analysis was adopted. The results showed that the maximum vertical deformation of the tunnel vault and the middle of the invert was about 34 mm. The vertical deformation of the tunnel could be divided into an acceleration deformation section, linear deformation section, deceleration deformation section, and stable deformation section. The maximum horizontal deformation in the middle of the side wall was about 12.3 mm. Under the effect of the initial support, the equivalent stress of the side wall gradually increased with the excavation of the steps and the increase of the support structure. The axial force of the bolt in the middle of the side wall was larger than that in other places and the axial force of the middle pipe shed went along with the excavation of the tunnel in waves. The steel arch and the shotcrete had the maximum effective stress at the arch shoulder, which played the role of the deformation and pressure for the surrounding rock. During the construction, the length and height of the three-step method had to be set reasonably. The middle pipe shed and the system bolt supported the rock mass together. In the construction of the extra-large cross section and the flat tunnel, there was no need to set up temporary support, which was convenient for mechanical excavation.
Promoting sustainable proliferation of NK cells by up-regulating IL2 and IL12 through CRISPR-CAS9Promoting sustainable proliferation of NK cells by up-regulating IL2 and IL12 through CRISPR-CAS9
Authors: Huang Changxin , Yang Lili , Wang Congjie , Gao Lanlan , Zhu Ying , Li Yongqiang , Shi Yanfei , Zhang Siyu , Ge Zuanmin , Su Meng , Wang Xuechun , chen lingzhi 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
NK cells are an important part of human immunity and are often used in clinical antitumor adoptive cell immunotherapy.However, the small number and low activity of NK cells in the tumor microenvironment limit its clinical efficacy.Studies have found that cytokines IL2 and IL12 play key roles in the proliferation of NK cells and the improvement of the activity of killing tumor cells, the toxic and side effects, however, are relatively large when the systemic application reaches the effective concentration. To study the effect of autocrine secretion of IL2 and IL12 on proliferation and anti-tumor activity of NK92 cell lines by editing NK cells' genes, and to construct NK92 cells with sustainable proliferation. Lentivirus was transfected into NK92 cells through the synergistic effect of crispr/cas9 localization gene editing technology and VP64 transcriptional activation domain to construct NK92-IL2-IL12 cell lines. The expression levels of IL2 and IL12 in the cell lines were detected by qPCR and ELISA.NK92 cell lines were inoculated into mouse tumor and the proliferation and anti-tumor effect of NK cells in tumor were observed. The vector plasmids IL2 and IL12 were successfully transferred into NK92 cells, which activated the up-regulated expression of IL2/IL12 in NK92, significantly increased the activity and lethality of NK92 cells, and sustained the proliferation of NK92 cells in mouse tumor.IL2 and IL12 can significantly promote the proliferation and killing activity of NK92 cell lines through autocrine, which have stronger anti-tumor activity than the wild-type ones, with continuous proliferation in the tumor.
Comparing inductive and deductive methods to understand health service implementation problems: A case study of childhood vaccination barriers
Authors: Bonner Carissa , Tuckerman Jane , Kaufman Jessica , Costa Daniel , Durrheim David N , Trevena Lyndal , Thomas Susan , Danchin Margie 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background

Effective implementation requires a comprehensive understanding of individual, organisational and system determinants. This study aimed to compare inductive and deductive approaches to understand a complex implementation issue. We used childhood vaccination as a case study, an issue with wide-ranging barriers contributing to low vaccine uptake internationally.
Methods

The study is based on the Behaviour Change Wheel framework, which was derived from several levels of theory: the three components of the COM-B model (capability, opportunity and motivation) can be mapped to the 14 domains of the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF), which is based on 84 underlying constructs. We first conducted a review of systematic reviews of parent-level barriers to childhood vaccination. Subsequently we: 1) inductively coded these barriers into a data-driven framework, using thematic analysis; and 2) deductively mapped the barriers to COM-B and TDF domains and constructs. These processes were undertaken by two authors independently, and discrepancies were resolved through discussion. Inductive and deductive results were compared.
Results

The inductive process coded 583 descriptions of barriers identified from the literature into a framework of 74 barriers in 7 categories. The initial definitions used to map the barriers to deductive domains/constructs led to 89% agreement at the domain level. Resolving discrepancies required further definitions at the construct level. Of the 14 TDF domains, 10 were clearly identified in the data from the barrier reviews. Some domains were not specific enough to differentiate between types of barriers (e.g. Environmental Context and Resources), while other domains were not represented in the review data (e.g. Behavioural Regulation).
Conclusions

Using both inductive and deductive approaches can help achieve a more comprehensive understanding of barriers to health service implementation. The inductive categories represented the review data in a clearer way than the theoretical domains, with better differentiation; but the missing deductive domains were useful as a way to identify additional issues to investigate further. Both approaches resulted in a comprehensive list of barriers to vaccination that would not have been achieved using either approach alone. This will inform a diagnostic tool to measure the causes of under-vaccination, and has implications for refining theory.
Flow analysis of groundwater with seasonal variation of temperature, electric conductivity, and oxygen isotope for heat utilization in Sho River alluvial fan, Toyama, Japan
Authors: Iwatake Kaname , Ueda Akira 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Seasonal variation of water temperature, electric conductivity, and oxygen isotope composition was determined in the Sho River alluvial fan, western Toyama Prefecture, to examine groundwater heat utilization for indoor climate control. Samples were collected at 31 sites every 2 months for 1 year and at 11 representative sites monthly. The groundwater sources are a mixture of river water and precipitation. The contribution of precipitation to groundwater is generally small along the Sho River but reaches as much as 80% along the Oyabe River and in the south and west of the alluvial fan. Though the origin of the groundwater differs regionally, water temperature is fixed at about 15°C throughout the year in the northern part of the alluvial fan, and open ground source heat pump systems can be used for cooling and heating there.
Habitual and meal-specific carbohydrate quality index and their relation to metabolic syndrome in a sample of Iranian adults
Authors: Majdi Maryam , Imani Hossein , Bazshahi Elham , Hosseini Fatemeh , Djafarian Kurosh , Lesani Azadeh , Akbarzade Zahra , Shab-Bidar Sakineh 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Objective: Most studies on diet quality have focused on the habitual and overall intake of foods without considering intakes at specific eating occasions. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between habitual and meal-specific carbohydrate quality index (CQI) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Iranian adults.Methods: In this cross-sectional study, data from 850 participants were analyzed. Dietary information was obtained from a 3-day non-consecutive 24 hours recall. CQI was calculated from three criteria: dietary fiber, glycemic index, and solid carbohydrate/available carbohydrate ratio. The association between CQI and MetS was assessed by logistic regression.Results: The prevalence of MetS in the lowest and highest tertile of CQI were 30.1 and 33.7, respectively (P=0.6). We identified, the trend of elevated FBG with CQI in dinner meal was statistically significant. In habitual diet and all three meals, we failed to find any significant association between tertiles of CQI and MetS either before or after adjustment for covariates.Conclusion: The results of this study showed that CQI was not associated with MetS and its components. Further investigations into the mechanisms underlying the role of carbohydrate quality in developing metabolic disorders are warranted.
Amplifying the Response of a Driven Resonator via Nonlinear Interaction with a Secondary Resonator
Authors: Rosenberg Sahar , Shoshani Oriel 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We study the dynamics of a resonantly driven nonlinear resonator (primary) that is nonlinearly coupled to a non-resonantly driven linear resonator (secondary) with a relatively short decay time. Due to its short relaxation time, the secondary resonator adiabatically tracks the primary resonator and modifies its response. Our model, which is motivated by experimental studies on the interaction between nano- and microresonators, is relatively simple and can be analyzed analytically and numerically to show that the driven response of the primary resonator can be enhanced significantly due to the interaction with the secondary resonator. Such an arrangement may pave the way for systematic control of driven responses and signal amplification in engineering applications involving nano- and micro-electro-mechanical-systems.
High Prevalence of viral and bacterial coinfections in malaria in Venezuela
Authors: Forero-Peña David Alberto , Mora Marisol Sandoval de , Rodríguez Iván D. Amaya , Gamardo Ángel F. , Chavero Melynar , Figuera Luisamy , Camejo-Avila Natasha A. , Marcano María V. , Hidalgo Mariana , Arenas Cariagne J. , Arévalo-Herrera Myriam , Herrera Sócrates 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background

Malaria remains a significant public health problem worldwide. Simultaneous infections with other pathogens complicate its diagnosis and can also change the clinical course of the disease. The similarities in the clinical presentation of malaria and other infections and the superimposed endemicity result in underdiagnosis of coinfections and increase mortality. No studies have focused on the presence of coinfections in patients with malaria in Venezuela.
Methods

Between June and November 2018, we conducted a cross-sectional study in patients with malaria who presented to any of the three reference medical centers in Ciudad Bolívar, Venezuela. A clinical and laboratory evaluation searching for coinfections with Dengue (DENV), Chikungunya (CHIKV), Viral Hepatitis (VH) (A, B, and C), and Leptospirosis (LEP) was performed using ELISA to test each patient.
Results

We studied a total of 161 patients of whom 106 (65.8%) presented P. vivax infection, 43 (26.7%) P. falciparum, and 12 (7.5%) had mixed malaria infections. Coinfections were found in 55/161 (34.2%) patients and were more frequent in patients with P. falciparum (48.8%) than in those with P. vivax (29.2%), or mixed infection (25%) [OR = 2.43; 95% CI = 1.39–4.25; p = 0.018]. The most prevalent coinfection was with DENV (14.9%), followed by HAV (11.8%), HBV (6.2%), CHIKV (5.5%), and LEP (3.7%). Coinfection with HCV was absent. Complicated malaria was significantly more frequent in coinfected individuals (56.4%) than those without coinfection (35.8%) [OR: 2.31; 95% CI = 1.18–4.92; p = 0.013].
Conclusion

We found a high prevalence of coinfections in patients with malaria in this region, which was related to a worse outcome. Further prospective studies with samples at different points of infection and the use of molecular tools are needed.
Efficiently Enhancing Low-dielectric Properties and Chemical Resistances of Addition-cure Liquid Silicone Rubber by Filling With Silicone-modified Eucommia Gum Nanofiller
Authors: Li Chaohua , Su Shengpei , Wang Bikui , Zhou Jijia 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
It is of great interest and remains a challenge to simultaneously improve the low-dielectric properties and chemical resistances of addition-cure liquid silicone rubber (ALSR). In this work, we proposed an efficient approach to address this issue by filling silicone-modified eucommia gum nanofiller (SEUG) into ALSR. By adding 5 wt% SEUG, the dielectric constant of the SEUG/ALSR composite rubber was significantly lower than that of neat ALSR both at 102 Hz, 103 Hz and 104 Hz. Simultaneously, the SEUG/ALSR composite rubber exhibited better mechanical and insulation properties than the neat ALSR after HCl, NaCl, and oil resistance tests. Our findings demonstrated the great potential for fabricating silicone rubber with low-dielectric properties and erosion resistance by the utilization natural biomass rubber material, endowing it with excellent mechanical performance and degradability.
Phylogenetic Analysis of Kobuvirus and Astrovirus From Korean Wild Boars: 2016-2018
Authors: Shin Jihye , Choe SeEun , Hyun Bang-Hun , An Dong-Jun 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The prevalence of porcine kobuvirus (PKoV) and porcine astrovirus (PAstV) in 845 Korean wild boars (KWB) during 2016-2018 were 28.0% and 10.6%, respectively, and co-infection of two viruses showed 5.1%. Phylogenetic tree analysis also revealed that 236 PKoVs from KWB were divided to diverse lineages within Aichivirus C group but the one strain (WKoV16CN-8627) was included the same cluster with bovine kobuvirus (Achivirus B). Eighty-nine PAstVs from KWB was belonged predominantly to lineage PAstV4 and only one strain (WAst17JN-10931) included novel to lineage PAstV2. Two viruses are epidemic more in young (≤ 12 months) than in old pigs (> 12 months).
Observed changes in temperature and precipitation extremes and their association with atmospheric circulation patterns on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
Authors: Wang Xuyang , Li Yuqiang , Li Yulin , Wang Mingming , Lian Jie , Luo Yongqing , Duan Yulong , Wang Lilong 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, also known as the Earth’s “third pole”, is sensitive to climate change due to its extensive areas at high elevation, which are presently dominated by snow and ice. Based on daily maximum and minimum surface air temperature and precipitation records at 94 meteorological stations throughout the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the spatial and temporal variation of 16 temperature and 11 precipitation extremal indices were investigated during 1960 to 2016. The warmth indices, including the numbers of warm days, warm nights, summer days, and tropical nights showed significantly increasing trends. In contrast, the cold indices, including the numbers of cool days, cool nights, ice days, and frost days significantly decreased. The number of frost day and ice days showed the fastest decrease (3.9 and 2.7 days/decade, respectively), whereas the growing season length showed the fastest growth trend (2.8 days/decade). The frequency and intensity of cold temperature events increased at high elevations, whereas warm temperature events showed the opposite trend. The regionally averaged monthly maximum 1-day precipitation and maximum consecutive 5-day precipitation increased by 0.17 and 0.70 mm per decade, respectively. In contrast, the number of consecutive dry days (CDD) and consecutive wet days (CWD) decreased at rates of 1.11 and 0.03 days per decade, respectively. The extreme precipitation events were more frequent in low-latitude and high-longitude regions. The strengthening Subtropical High Area (SHA) and Subtropical High Intensity (SHI), westward movement of Subtropical High Western Ridge Point (SHW) have contributed to the changes in climate extremes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
A Small Natural Light-induced Bidirectional Promoter of Rapeseed (Brassica Napus)
Authors: Zhu Ruijia , Zhang Li , Wei Tao , Jiang Xuefei , Wang Maolin 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A bidirectional promoter is an intergenic region located between a pair of adjacent and oppositely transcribed genes (‘head-to-head’ genes) that concurrently promote both genes expression. In the genome of Brassica napus, we identified a bidirectional promoter (265bp long), named PBn265. PBn265 was located between the transcription initiation codons (ATG) of two genes that encode the homeodomain protein SHH2, and chloroplast GROUP II intron splicing factor CFM3. Its bidirectional promoting activity was verified by transient expression of Nicotiana benthamiana leaf tissue via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of PBn265-F::EGFP and PBn265-R::mCherry. The expression of both reporter genes, EGFP linked to one end and GUS on the other end of the PBn265 sequence, was observed in the various tissues of the transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana using histochemical staining and fluorescence microscopy. Furthermore, we also found that the promoting activity of this sequence was regulated by illumination. Considering its short sequence length and light inducible regulation, this promoter likely has application potential in bioengineering and agricultural molecular breeding.
Convolutional Neural Network Optimize the Application of Diffusion Kurtosis Imaging in Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Sun Junyan , Chen Ruike , Tong Qiqi , Ma Jinghong , Gao Linlin , Fang Jiliang , Zhang Dongling , Chan Piu , He Hongjian , Wu Tao 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Objectives: This work attempted to assess the feasibility of deep-learning based method in detecting the alterations of diffusion kurtosis measurements associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). Methods: A group of 68 PD patients and 77 healthy controls (HCs) were scanned on the scanner-A (3T Skyra) (DATASET-1). Meanwhile, an additional 5 healthy travelling volunteers were scanned with both the scanner-A and an additional scanner-B (3T Prisma) (DATASET-2). Diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) of DATASET-2 has an extra b shell than that of DATASET-1. In addition, a 3D convolutional neural network (CNN) was trained from Dataset 2 to harmonize the quality of scalar measures of scanner-A to a similar level of scanner-B. Whole-brain unpaired t-test and Tract-Based Spatial Statistics (TBSS) was performed to validate the differences between PD and control groups with model fitting method and CNN method respectively. We further clarified the correlation between clinical assessments and DKI results.Results: In the left substantia nigra (SN), an increase of mean diffusivity (MD) was found in PD group. In the right SN, fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean kurtosis (MK) values were negatively correlated with Hoehn & Yahr (H&Y) scales. In the putamen, FA values was positively correlated with H&Y scales. It is worth noting that, these findings were only observed with the deep-learning method. There was neither group difference, nor correlation with clinical assessments in the SN or striatum exceeding the significant level by using the conventional model fitting method.Conclusions: CNN method improves the robustness of DKI and can help to explore PD-associated imaging features.
Analytic modeling and risk assessment of aerial transmission of SARS-CoV-2 virus through vaping expirations in shared micro-environments
Authors: Sussman Roberto , Golberstein Eliana , Polosa Riccardo 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background. E-cigarettes are an important harm reduction tool that provides smokers an alternative for nicotine consumption that is much safer than smoking. It is important to asses its safety under preventive and containment measures undertaken during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods. We develop a theoretical risk model to assess the contagion risk by aerial transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus carried by e–cigarette aerosol (ECA) in shared indoor spaces, a home and restaurant scenarios, with natural and mechanical ventilation, with and without face masks. We also provide the theoretical elements to explain the visibility of exhaled ECA, which has important safety implications. Results. In a home or restaurant scenarios bystanders exposed to ECA expirations by an infectious vaper (and not wearing face masks) face a 1% increase of risk of contagion with respect to a “control case” scenario defined by exclusively rest breathing without vaping. This relative added risk becomes 5 - 17% for high intensity vaping, 44 - 176% and over 260% for speaking for various periods or coughing (all without vaping). Mechanical ventilation significantly decrease infective emissions but keep the same proportionality in risk percentages. Face masks of common usage effectively protect wearers from respiratory droplets and droplet nuclei possibly emitted by mask-less vapers as long as they avoid direct exposure to the visible exhaled vaping jet. Conclusions. Vaping emissions in shared indoor spaces involve only a minuscule added risk of COVID-19 contagion with respect to the already existing (unavoidable) risk from continuous breathing, significantly less than speaking or coughing. Protection of bystanders from this contagion does not require extra preventive measures besides those already recommended (1.5 meters separation and wearing face masks).