bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efavirenz Pharmacokinetics and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Viral Suppression Among Patients Receiving Tuberculosis Treatment Containing Daily High-Dose Rifapentine
Authors: Podany Anthony T , Pham Michelle , Sizemore Erin , Martinson Neil , Samaneka Wadzanai , Mohapi Lerato , Badal-Faesen Sharlaa , Dawson Rod , Johnson John L , Mayanja Harriet , Lalloo Umesh , Whitworth William C , Pettit April , Campbell Kayla , Phillips Patrick P J , Bryant Kia , Scott Nigel , Vernon Andrew , Kurbatova Ekaterina V , Chaisson Richard E , Dorman Susan E , Nahid Payam , Swindells Susan , Dooley Kelly E , Fletcher Courtney V 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Background
A 4-month regimen containing rifapentine and moxifloxacin has noninferior efficacy compared to the standard 6-month regimen for drug-sensitive tuberculosis. We evaluated the effect of regimens containing daily, high-dose rifapentine on efavirenz pharmacokinetics and viral suppression in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated tuberculosis (TB).

Methods
In the context of a Phase 3 randomized controlled trial, HIV-positive individuals already virally suppressed on efavirenz--containing antiretroviral therapy (ART) (EFV1), or newly initiating efavirenz (EFV2) received TB treatment containing rifapentine (1200 mg), isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and either ethambutol or moxifloxacin. Mid-interval efavirenz concentrations were measured (a) during ART and TB cotreatment (Weeks 4, 8, 12, and 17, different by EFV group) and (b) when ART was taken alone (pre- or post-TB treatment, Weeks 0 and 22). Apparent oral clearance (CL/F) was estimated and compared. Target mid-interval efavirenz concentrations were &gt; 1 mg/L. Co-treatment was considered acceptable if &gt; 80% of participants had mid-interval efavirenz concentrations meeting this target.

Results
EFV1 and EFV2 included 70 and 41 evaluable participants, respectively. The geometric mean ratio comparing efavirenz CL/F with vs without TB drugs was 0.79 (90% confidence interval [CI] .72–.85) in EFV1 and 0.84 [90% CI .69–.97] in EFV2. The percent of participants with mid-interval efavirenz concentrations &gt; 1mg/L in EFV1 at Weeks 0, 4, 8, and 17 was 96%, 96%, 88%, and 89%, respectively. In EFV2, at approximately 4 and 8 weeks post efavirenz initiation, the value was 98%.

Conclusions
TB treatment containing high-dose daily rifapentine modestly decreased (rather than increased) efavirenz clearance and therapeutic targets were met supporting the use of efavirenz with these regimens, without dose adjustment.

Clinical Trials Registration
NCT 02410772.
Safety and efficacy of direct oral anticoagulants in patients with anaemia and atrial fibrillation: an observational nationwide Danish cohort study
Authors: Al-Hussainy Nour , Kragholm Kristian Hay , Lundbye-Christensen Søren , Torp-Pedersen Christian , Pareek Manan , Therkelsen Susette Krohn , Lip Gregory Y H , Riahi Sam 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Aims
The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk of stroke and bleeding among patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) treated with direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) despite anaemia at treatment initiation time.

Methods and results
All Danish patients (N = 41 321) diagnosed with incident AF, having a baseline haemoglobin (Hb), and subsequently initiated DOAC therapy between 2012 and 2019 were identified through administrative registry databases. Patients with anaemia were subdivided according to the World Health Organization classification of anaemia and evaluated regarding risk of stroke and composite bleeding endpoint [hospitalization due to urogenital, gastrointestinal (GI), or intracranial bleeding or epistaxis]. Standardized absolute 1-year risks of stroke and composite bleeding endpoint were calculated using multivariable Cox regression analyses. The standardized absolute 1-year risk difference for composite bleeding increased by 0.96% [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.38–1.54] for patients with moderate/severe anaemia compared with patients with no anaemia. This risk was mainly driven by an increase in standardized absolute 1-year risk for serious GI bleeding, which increased by 0.41% (95% CI 0.19–0.63). No significant difference in standardized absolute 1-year bleeding risk was observed among patients with mild anaemia compared with patients with no anaemia 0.36% (95% CI −0.10 to 0.82). No significant difference in standardized absolute 1-year risk of stroke was observed among patients with mild anaemia, −0.16% (95% CI −0.13 to 0.15), and moderate/severe anaemia, −0.47% (95% CI −0.16 to 0.19), compared with patients with no anaemia.

Conclusion
For AF patients receiving DOACs, moderate/severe anaemia is a risk factor for serious GI bleeding, while stroke risk is the same regardless of whether anaemia was present at baseline or not.
Digoxin use and clinical outcomes in elderly Chinese patients with atrial fibrillation: a report from the Optimal Thromboprophylaxis in Elderly Chinese Patients with Atrial Fibrillation (ChiOTEAF) registry
Authors: Guo Yutao , Kotalczyk Agnieszka , Wang Yutang , Lip Gregory Y H 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Aims
Prior studies have reported conflicting results on digoxin’s impact on clinical outcomes and quality of life, and there are limited data from Asia. The aim of this study is to evaluate the use of digoxin and its impact on clinical outcomes and quality of life in a high-risk cohort of elderly Chinese atrial fibrillation (AF) patients.

Methods and results
The Optimal Thromboprophylaxis in Elderly Chinese Patients with Atrial Fibrillation (ChiOTEAF) registry is a prospective, multicentre nationwide study conducted from October 2014 to December 2018. Endpoints of interest were the composite outcome of all-cause death/any thromboembolism (TE), all-cause death, cardiovascular death, sudden cardiac death, and TE events, as well as the quality of life. The eligible cohort for this analysis included 6391 individuals, of whom 751 (11.8%) patients were treated with digoxin. On multivariate analysis, the use of digoxin was associated with a higher odds ratio (OR) of composite outcome [OR: 1.71; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.32–2.22], all-cause death (OR: 1.62; 95% CI: 1.23–2.14), and any TE (OR: 1.78; 95% CI: 1.08–2.95). Results were consistent in a subgroup of patients with diagnosed heart failure (HF) and patients with permanent AF. The use of digoxin was associated with worse health-related quality of life (mean EQ index: 0.76 ± 0.19 vs. 0.84 ± 0.18; P &lt; 0.001).

Conclusions
In this nationwide cohort study, digoxin use was associated with an overall higher risk of the composite outcome of all-cause death/any TE, all-cause death, and any TE, regardless of HF diagnosis. Patients treated with digoxin had a worse health-related quality of life.
Advertising appeals effectiveness: a systematic literature review
Authors: Yousef Murooj , Rundle-Thiele Sharyn , Dietrich Timo 
Published: December 2021

Summary
Positive, negative and coactive appeals are used in advertising. The evidence base indicates mixed results making practitioner guidance on optimal advertising appeals difficult. This study aims to identify the most effective advertising appeals and it seeks to synthesize relevant literature up to August 2019. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses framework a total of 31 studies were identified and analyzed. Emotional appeals, theory utilization, materials, results and quality were examined. Across multiple contexts, results from this review found that positive appeals were more often effective than coactive and negative appeals. Most studies examined fear and humour appeals, reflecting a literature skew towards the two emotional appeals. The Effective Public Health Practice Project framework was applied to assess the quality of the studies and identified that there remains opportunity for improvement in research design of advertising studies. Only one-third of studies utilized theory, signalling the need for more theory testing and application in future research. Scholars should look at increasing methodological strength by drawing more representative samples, establishing strong study designs and valid data collection methods. In the meantime, advertisers are encouraged to employ and test more positive and coactive advertising appeals.
Lessons from fatal re-expansion pulmonary oedema: case series
Authors: Nyamande Dambuza , Mazibuko Siphosenkosi 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The goal of this study was to investigate the extent of the alveolar-capillary membrane porosity in patients with severe re-expansion pulmonary oedema. The biochemistry of airway fluid of two patients who died of re-expansion oedema was compared to their blood biochemistry. The airway fluid was comparable to plasma, while no blood cells were observed across the alveolar-capillary membrane. The membrane was linked to a fishnet that traps cells on one side, while plasma sieved through.
Impact of COVID-19 on Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment in Canada: A Multicenter Analysis of 10 833 Patients
Authors: Geric Coralie , Saroufim Mariane , Landsman David , Richard Jonathan , Benedetti Andrea , Batt Jane , Brode Sarah K , Ahmad Khan Faiz 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We assessed the COVID-19 pandemic’s impact on treatment of latent tuberculosis, and of active tuberculosis, at 3 centers in Montreal and Toronto, using data from 10 833 patients (8685 with latent tuberculosis infection, 2148 with active tuberculosis). Observation periods prior to declarations of COVID-19 public health emergencies ranged from 219 to 744 weeks, and after declarations, from 28 to 33 weeks. In the latter period, reductions in latent tuberculosis infection treatment initiation rates ranged from 30% to 66%. At 2 centers, active tuberculosis treatment rates fell by 16% and 29%. In Canada, cornerstone measures for tuberculosis elimination weakened during the COVID-19 pandemic.
PhoP induces RyjB expression under acid stress in Escherichia coli
Authors: Siddiqui Namra , Gupta Amit Kumar , Dutta Tanmay 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Bacterial small RNAs (sRNAs) play a pivotal role in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression and participate in many physiological circuits. An ~80-nt-long RyjB was earlier identified as a novel sRNA, which appeared to be accumulated in all phases of growth in Escherichia coli. We have taken a comprehensive approach in the current study to understand the regulation of ryjB expression under normal and pH stress conditions. RpoS was not necessary for ryjB expression neither at normal condition nor under acid stress. Hfq also emerged to be unnecessary for RyjB accumulation. Interestingly, RyjB was detected as a novel acid stress induced sRNA. A DNA binding protein PhoP, a component of PhoP/Q regulon, was found to regulate ryjB expression at low pH, as the elimination of phoP allele in the chromosome exhibited a basal level of RyjB expression under acid stress. Ectopic expression of PhoP in ΔphoP cells restored the overabundance of RyjB in the cell. Overexpression of RyjB increased the abundance of sgcA transcripts, with which RyjB shares a 4-nt overlap. The current study increases our knowledge substantially regarding the regulation of ryjB expression in E. coli cell.
The COVID-19 Pandemic Impact on Households of Young Children With Special Healthcare Needs
Authors: Liu Sihong , Lombardi Joan , Fisher Philip A 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Objective
This study examined how the COVID-19 pandemic differently affected households of children with versus without special healthcare needs. We compared caregivers’ and children’s emotional well-being (Aim 1), the utilization of preventive healthcare services for young children (Aim 2), and the promotive effects of social support on well-being outcomes (Aim 3) during the pandemic between the two groups.

Methods
Data were drawn from an ongoing, large, longitudinal, and national survey that assessed the pandemic impact on households of young children (0–5). Analyses for Aims 1 and 2 were based on 10,572 households, among which 10.96% had children with special healthcare needs. Analyses for Aim 3 were based on a subsample of 821 families, among which 12.54% had children with special healthcare needs.

Results
Caregivers of children with special healthcare needs exhibited more emotional distress and reported higher levels of household children’s behavioral problems during the pandemic. The percentages of missed preventive healthcare visits and vaccinations were also higher in families of children with special healthcare needs due to structural barriers. Lastly, emotional social support was indirectly related to children’s decreased behavioral problems through caregivers’ reduced emotional distress, only among households of children without special healthcare needs. In other words, social support alone was not sufficient in promoting caregivers’ and children’s better well-being outcomes among households of children with special healthcare needs.

Conclusions
The pandemic has caused extensive burdens on families of children with special healthcare needs. Actions from policymakers and early intervention service providers are urgently needed to mitigate these impacts.
Robotic-assisted renal autotransplant as a novel treatment option for nutcracker syndrome
Authors: Harkrader Lacy , Alwatari Yahya , Daisuke Imai , Christanson Johanna , Khan Aamir , Bhati Chandra 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Nutcracker syndrome can present with various disabling symptoms. To our knowledge, there are no reports that describe a robotic-assisted approach in its management. We present a patient who underwent robotic-assisted nephrectomy after the failure of conservative management of nutcracker syndrome and a second patient who underwent robotic-assisted nephrectomy with autotransplant. Surgery and immediate post-op courses were uncomplicated. Robotic-assisted nephrectomy with or without autotransplant can be a feasible, minimally invasive option for select patients with nutcracker syndrome.
A silent giant staghorn renal calculus managed successfully with open pyelolithotomy: a case report
Authors: Kesharwani Damini , Samaddar Sohini , Ghose Aruni , Omorphos Nicolas Pavlos 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Staghorn calculi (SC) are associated with high morbidity and mortality; therefore, meticulous planning is required to minimize complications. In this case report, we will discuss the management of a giant right-sided SC (~ 8 cm in diameter), which was incidentally found in a 40-year-old male, who presented with left-sided renal colic symptoms with no associated renal impairment. This case was further complicated by multiple smaller calculi surrounding the giant SC. Hence, open surgery was preferred to minimally invasive techniques. The patient underwent an uncomplicated right-sided open pyelolithotomy for his staghorn calculus and was calculi free at 1-month follow-up. His renal function returned to normal levels, highlighting effective management of the stones.
A nationwide study of imported Plasmodium ovale and mixed infections in Israel 2008–2020
Authors: Manor Dr Uri , Grossman Dr Tamar , Vainer Julia , Schwartz Professor Eli 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Background
Plasmodium ovale is a rather neglected plasmodium. Rarity, a milder disease, and diagnostic difficulties compared with P. falciparum and P. vivax have led to this situation. This study’s objective is to present the epidemiological and diagnostical characteristics of imported P. ovale malaria in Israel.

Methods
Malaria is a reportable disease in Israel. All highly suspected cases are sent to the Ministry of Health central parasitology laboratory for molecular verification. We retrieved epidemiological and diagnostic data on all polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-proven P. ovale infections imported to between 2008 and 2020.

Results
In total, 508 malaria cases were identified, 489 monoinfections and 19 (3.7%) mixed. Fifty-one (10%) were due to P. ovale, among them 13 (25%) were mixed, comprising 68% of all mixed infections. Forty-eight of 51 (94%) underwent blood microscopy, with a sensitivity of 94% (45/48) for genus identification and 15% (7/48) for P. ovale identification. Only 8% (1/12) of mixed infections were identified as such by microscopy. Forty-two (82%) patients underwent RDTs, with a sensitivity of 69% (29/42) for genus identification, and 62% (26/42) for identifying non-falciparum infections. Cycle threshold (Ct) values of P. ovale were significantly higher compared with P. falciparum and P. vivax in both mono and mixed infections (P &lt; 0.05, P &lt; 0.005). Ct levels in RDT positive vs negative infections differed significantly (P &lt; 0.05).

Conclusions
P. ovale is commonly imported to Israel from Africa, with a high rate of mixed infections. The use of RDTs and microscopy is insufficient for the species-specific diagnosis of P. ovale, and must be complemented by PCR.
Ab initio thermodynamics of one-component plasma for astrophysics of white dwarfs and neutron stars
Authors: Baiko D A , Chugunov A I 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
Using path-integral Monte Carlo (PIMC) simulations, we have calculated energy of a crystal composed of atomic nuclei and uniform incompressible electron background in the temperature and density range, covering fully ionized layers of compact stellar objects, white dwarfs, and neutron stars, including the high-density regime, where ion quantization is important. We have approximated the results by convenient analytic formulae, which allowed us to integrate and differentiate the energy with respect to temperature and density to obtain various thermodynamic functions such as Helmholtz free energy, specific heat, pressure, entropy etc. In particular, we have demonstrated, that the total crystal specific heat can exceed the well-known harmonic lattice contribution by a factor of 1.5 due to anharmonic effects. By combining our results with the PIMC thermodynamics of a quantum Coulomb liquid, updated in the present work, we were able to determine density dependences of such melting parameters as the Coulomb coupling strength at melting, latent heat, and a specific heat jump. Our results are necessary for realistic modelling of thermal evolution of compact degenerate stars.
SU Lyn - a transient symbiotic star
Authors: Iłkiewicz Krystian , Mikołajewska Joanna , Scaringi Simone , Teyssier François , Stoyanov Kiril A , Fratta Matteo 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
SU Lyn is a binary system composed of a white dwarf and a red giant star. Although it is known to be bright and variable at X-ray wavelengths, the optical counterpart of the source appeared as a single red giant without prominent emission lines. Because of the lack of optical features typical for interacting systems, the system was classified as a hidden symbiotic star. We present the results of optical monitoring of the system. While SU Lyn did not show substantial photometric variability, the spectroscopic observations revealed a complex behaviour. The system showed strong emission line variability, including P Cygni profiles, changing line emission environments, and variable reddening. Both X-ray and optical observations indicate that the components of SU Lyn were interacting only for a short time during the last twelve years of monitoring. For the first time, we showed that SU Lyn resembled a classical symbiotic star when it was X-ray bright, and remained hidden afterwards. We also discuss the current evolutionary status of the red giant, as well as possible future evolution of the system. We suggest that SU Lyn could be a progenitor of a classical, persistent symbiotic system.
Families and clusters of diffuse interstellar bands: a data-driven correlation analysis
Authors: Fan Haoyu , Schwartz Madison , Farhang Amin , Cox Nick L J , Ehrenfreund Pascale , Monreal-Ibero Ana , Foing Bernard H , Salama Farid , Kulik Klay , MacIsaac Heather , van Loon Jacco Th , Cami Jan 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
More than 500 diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs) have been observed in astronomical spectra, and their signatures and correlations in different environments have been studied over the past decades to reveal clues about the nature of the carriers. We compare the equivalent widths of the DIBs, normalized to the amount of reddening, EB-V, to search for anticorrelated DIB pairs using a data sample containing 54 DIBs measured in 25 sightlines. This data sample covers most of the strong and commonly detected DIBs in the optical region, and the sightlines probe a variety of interstellar medium conditions. We find that 12.9 per cent of the DIB pairs are anticorrelated, and the lowest Pearson correlation coefficient is rnorm ∼ −0.7. We revisit correlation-based DIB families and are able to reproduce the assignments of such families for the well-studied DIBs by applying hierarchical agglomerative and k-means clustering algorithms. We visualize the dissimilarities between DIBs, represented by 1 − rnorm, using multidimensional scaling (MDS). With this representation, we find that the DIBs form a rather continuous sequence, which implies that some properties of the DIB carriers are changing gradually following this sequence. We also find that at that least two factors are needed to properly explain the dissimilarities between DIBs. While the first factor may be interpreted as related to the ionization properties of the DIB carriers, a physical interpretation of the second factor is less clear and may be related to how DIB carriers interact with surrounding interstellar material.
The interaction between rising bubbles and cold fronts in cool-core clusters
Authors: Fabian A C , ZuHone J A , Walker S A 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
We investigate whether the swirling cold front in the core of the Perseus cluster of galaxies has affected the outer buoyant bubbles that originated from jets from the active galactic nucleus in the central galaxy NGC 1275. The inner bubbles and the outer southern bubble lie along a north–south axis through the nucleus, whereas the outer northern bubble appears rotated about 45° from that axis. Detailed numerical simulations of the interaction indicate that the outer northern bubble may have been pushed clockwise accounting for its current location. Given the common occurrence of cold fronts in cool-core clusters, we raise the possibility that the lack of many clear outer bubbles in such environments may be due to their disruption by cold fronts.
On the tidal formation of dark matter-deficient galaxies
Authors: Ogiya Go , van den Bosch Frank C , Burkert Andreas 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
Previous studies have shown that dark matter-deficient galaxies (DMDG) such as NGC 1052-DF2 (hereafter DF2) can result from tidal stripping. An important question, though, is whether such a stripping scenario can explain DF2’s large specific frequency of globular clusters (GCs). After all, tidal stripping and shocking preferentially remove matter from the outskirts. We examine this using idealized, high-resolution simulations of a regular dark matter-dominated galaxy that is accreted on to a massive halo. As long as the initial (pre-infall) dark matter halo of the satellite is cored, which is consistent with predictions of cosmological, hydrodynamical simulations, the tidal remnant can be made to resemble DF2 in all its properties, including its GC population. The required orbit has a pericentre at the 8.3 percentile of the distribution for subhaloes at infall, and thus is not particularly extreme. On this orbit the satellite loses 98.5 (30) per cent of its original dark matter (stellar) mass, and thus evolves into a DMDG. The fraction of GCs that is stripped off depends on the initial radial distribution. If, at infall, the median projected radius of the GC population is roughly two times that of the stars, consistent with observations of isolated galaxies, only ∼20 per cent of the GCs are stripped off. This is less than for the stars, which is due to dynamical friction counteracting the tidal stirring. We predict that, if indeed DF2 was crafted by strong tides, its stellar outskirts should have a very shallow metallicity gradient.