bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nationalism and Secessionism
Authors: Lecours André 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
At the turn of the twentieth century, nationalist movements in Western democracies were not expected to feature strong secessionism. Catalonia and Scotland defied this expectation while Flanders and South Tyrol conformed to it. This divergence is the starting point for this chapter, which sets up the controlled comparison. The chapter discusses how to account for the strength of secessionism within nationalist movements in liberal-democratic contexts using historical institutionalism to build a framework where the nature of autonomy, more specifically its capacity to evolve in time, determines if a nationalist movement has a strong secessionist stream or not. It offers a conceptual innovation, distinguishing between static and dynamic autonomy. It lays out the expectation for the relationship between autonomy and secessionism analysed in the four case studies of the controlled comparison: static autonomy should stimulate secessionism because it reduces self-determination options to the status quo and independence while dynamic autonomy should weaken secessionism, since it involves on-going adjustments to the evolving identity and interests of the internal national community as defined by its political class. The chapter also discusses the research design for the controlled comparison and details the process-tracing methodology used to see how the nature of autonomy has impacted the self-determination claims of four nationalist movements in Western democracies.
Flanders
Authors: Lecours André 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers a case, Flanders, where secessionism has not gained strength despite many episodes fuelling tensions between the two main communities and significant, though episodic, cynicism about the future of the country. The singular political development of the Belgian state, which has involved an incremental and open-ended process of decentralization, has meant that Flemish autonomy is dynamic. Belgium is famous for its seemingly incessant constitutional politics leading to reforms of the state that transform the country’s institutional architecture in innovative ways. For Flanders, these state reforms have meant a gradual expansion of autonomy. Moreover, the reforms are never meant to conclude a process of decentralization; they always leave issues to be dealt with at an ulterior date. State reforms are high-profile events that often occur to manage a crisis between the two communities and are subject to government formation agreements in the context of the country’s consociational practices. Flemish parties can typically have a state reform if most of them want one or else the country remains without a government, which is something Francophone parties want to avoid for fear it makes Belgium seem unworkable and therefore feeds Flemish secessionist arguments. As Flemings know there is a forthcoming state reform that will enhance their collective autonomy and address some issues perceived as important for their national identity and interests, there is little incentive to support secessionist positions.
Nationalism, Secessionism, and Autonomy
Authors: Lecours André 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines three additional cases: the Basque Country, Puerto Rico, and Québec. The objective behind these supplemental case studies is twofold. First, for the Basque Country, the goal is to understand why there has not been a strengthening of secessionism like in Catalonia. The chapter explains that Basque nationalism is exceptional for its history of political violence, which renders extremely difficult the type of alliance between nationalist forces that has occurred in Catalonia. Next, the chapter looks at Puerto Rico and Québec to assess how a focus on the nature of autonomy to explain the strength of secessionism travels beyond Western Europe. The case of Puerto Rico, where secessionism has always been marginal, helps to tease out the potential importance of perceptions on autonomy. Although Puerto Rican autonomy has not been adjusted, political debates over the constitutional future of the island, namely through multiple referendums on status, have likely fed perceptions that Puerto Ricans can change their autonomy, either through an enhancement of the current status or by becoming a state of the American federation. In Québec, the weakening of secessionism in the last decades has corresponded with a switch from constitutional reform to intergovernmental agreements as instruments for managing the position of the province within the federation. Constitutional change is difficult in Canada; consequently, Québec’s autonomy has been static constitutionally. As a result, when the focus for managing autonomy is placed on constitutional negotiations, secessionism in the province strengthens. When autonomy is managed through intergovernmental agreements, secessionism weakens.
Modesty in the Anthropocene
Authors: Dancer Thom 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues that modesty offers an alternative, legitimate model of critical engagement with a world defined by limited human agency and perpetual crisis in which we are irrevocably implicated. This argument is situated in the context of the profound changes in worldview entailed by what I call “Anthropocene thinking.” With this phrase, I signal a departure from solely environmental approaches to the Anthropocene, instead focusing on how the era unsettles conventional habits of aesthetic expression and critical inquiry. The second section offers a defence of “modesty” as opposed to other possible key terms (such as humility or generosity) by showing how critical modesty has a precursor in the style of William James’s pragmatism. The chapter offers a reading of literary and narrative form in the writing of Bruno Latour. Despite Latour’s growing popularity in literary studies, critics have tended to overlook the crucial function of form, style, and technique in his writing. Attending to Latour’s writing at a more granular level illustrates how a work can be formally modest about its position with respect to what it studies while also being critical, insofar as any redescription offers a contrasting account of the world. The chapter’s literary approach allows that the Latourian style of inquiry and novelistic discourse are up to the same kind of thing: attempting to make sharable a process of thinking that opens up conversation about the composition of our world.
David Mitchell’s Inefficiency
Authors: Dancer Thom 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
David Mitchell’s fiction provides an opportunity to reconsider the claims of modesty in the context of globalization. This chapter draws upon the arguments of the previous ones to put critical modesty to its most difficult test. Are minor achievements enough given the massive scale of planetary life and of urgent global problems facing humanity, not the least of which is environmental ruin? I argue that Mitchell’s novels directly face the problems of scaling that cast into doubt the place and function of the novel as a relevant cultural force in the twenty-first century and beyond. Mitchell’s work helps us to reconcile realism as a kind of modest speculation. Where the novel has long been understood as a form that easily scales from the local to the global, Mitchell emphasizes the discontinuity afforded by novelistic thinking. The efficient causality that has subtended literary realism aims to retroactively recreate the events that lead inevitably from the past to the future. Mitchell’s formal investment in discontinuity resists the tyranny of the inevitable by narrating moments of bifurcation in which a new possibility for action suddenly and unexpectedly emerges. Thus, his novels adopt an inefficient causality that give expression to the feeling that things might be different than they are, that inevitability (optimistic or pessimistic) is a dangerous trap. The challenge that Mitchell poses for himself and other novelists is to imagine a disposition modest enough to nurture and shepherd into being these moments of bifurcation when, by definition, there is nothing in the prior state that predicts them.
Metals, Machinery, and Mining Equipment Industries in South Africa
Authors: Andreoni Antonio , Kaziboni Lauralyn , Roberts Simon 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The metals, machinery, and mining equipment industries have been at the heart of South Africa’s industrial ecosystem. Their central position is associated with the long-term importance of mining, with which there are extensive demand- and supply-side linkages. This chapter reviews key turning points in the development and restructuring of these value chains in post-apartheid South Africa, from 1994 to 2019. The overall record is of a basic steel industry that performed better in terms of value added relative to the more diversified downstream industries, despite government industrial policy targeting more labour-intensive downstream industries. The downstream machinery and equipment industry struggled to compete with imports in the 2000s and 2010s and only partially engaged with digitalization. In explaining these developments the grand bargains struck by the state with the main company producing basic steel and the use of procurement as a demand-side industrial policy are critically examined. The chapter also provides micro-level evidence of the evolving relationships between mining houses; engineering, procurement, and construction management services companies; and input suppliers along the value chain. Overall, it is argued that the relatively poor performance of this industry grouping in South Africa has been due to power asymmetries along the value chains, upstream concentration, high levels of fragmentation in the domestic ecosystem, the lack of key institutional ingredients, and poor policy design. Lessons for resource-endowed middle-income countries are discussed, and policy challenges for upgrading and diversification are presented.
The Basics and Origin of Functional Response Models
Authors: DeLong John P. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis chapter is the essential beginner’s guide to the functional response, its derivation, the various forms, its connection to other models in the literature, and what the parameters mean. It is the ground floor for the rest of the book, covering the four main types of functional response, what the parameters mean in biological terms, and how we arrived at these equations. Surprisingly, our understanding of the functional response as represented in the literature is quite muddled, with confusion ranging from the terminology used, to the various mathematical forms the functional response takes, to the biological interpretation of functional response model parameters. I provide a summary and forward-looking perspective on these issues.
What Causes Variation in Functional Response Parameters?
Authors: DeLong John P. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe parameters of the functional response are not traits. They represent processes such as hunting and digesting prey. Thus, all the traits that influence the way predators and prey encounter each other in space and the morphologies and behaviors that influence capture, evasion, or digestion are all potential sources of variation in the functional response parameters. In this chapter, I cover how we break the parameters down mathematically so that the connection between the parameters and traits is more transparent. I review the empirical evidence for the dependence of functional response parameters on phenotypic traits, temperature, and habitats, and I showcase some examples of these effects.
Selection on Functional Response Parameters
Authors: DeLong John P. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn this chapter I show why there should be selection on traits associated with functional response parameters. I describe this using standard quantitative genetics techniques to show how a classic evolutionary arms race arises and how it depends on key features of the functional response. I suggest this arms race is more aptly described as a tug-of-war. I then show that selection on the predator and prey components of space clearance rate is synchronous for predator and prey through population cycles but alternating between predator and prey for handling time. I suggest that trade-offs, ecological pleiotropy, and phenotypic plasticity can slow natural selection on traits that influence functional response parameters.
Breaking the Seal
Authors: Kizenko Nadieszda 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2 examines confession from the point at which it became a legal requirement. Shirkers of confession, most notably but not exclusively Old Believers, had to pay extra taxes. The 1722 Supplement to the Spiritual Regulation required priests to report to secular authorities anything treasonous they heard at confession. To many historians and theologians, this attempted breaking of the confessional seal, more than any other Petrine reform, embodied the reigning narrative of secularization, the submission of the Orthodox Church to the Emperor, and the beginning of the Church’s serving as the ‘handmaiden of the state’. But a closer study of confession in this period unsettles this picture. The impulse to harness confession in the service of the state came not only from Peter, but also from laypeople and his new ally among Ukrainian bishops. In the early eighteenth century as well as in the seventeenth, imperial Russia was well within broad European Enlightenment patterns, incorporating trends in Protestantism as well as Roman Catholicism.
Party Primaries and Women’s Representation in Ghana
Authors: Bauer Gretchen , Darkwah Akosua K. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chapter 3 asks how women fare during candidate selection within institutionalized parties. The chapter provides a unique analysis of the persistent barriers women are likely to face as aspirants in countries that lack legislative gender-based quotas. Focusing on Ghana’s two national parties, the National Democratic Congress and the New Patriotic Party, Bauer and Darkwah examine how the adoption of seemingly more inclusive and transparent primary processes affects women’s likelihood of being selected as party candidates. Drawing on qualitative interviews with party elites, women aspirants, and candidates, they find that women in Ghana report serious concerns with potential violence and harassment. In addition, they show that financial constraints pose a barrier for women aspirants and that party efforts to overcome these constraints through fee reductions and subsidies are largely insufficient.
Media Representation of Women Parliamentary Candidates in Africa
Authors: Coffie Amanda , Medie Peace A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chapter 6 focuses on how women candidates are portrayed in the media. The chapter analyzes the coverage of women candidates in Ghana’s Daily Graphic, one of the country’s largest newspapers, during the December 2016 general election. Studies of how the media cover women politicians are quite rare in Africa. In this study, Coffie and Medie find that women candidates do not face bias in the quantity or quality of media coverage. Instead, women candidates are somewhat more likely to be covered by the Daily Graphic and articles on women are slightly longer than articles on men. Moreover, the coverage of women is not disproportionately focused on women’s issues, nor is it disproportionately negative and focused on women’s appearance. To explain these surprising findings, Coffie and Medie draw on interviews with reporters and elected women representatives.
Jim Crow in Uniform
Authors: Guglielmo Thomas A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chapter 6 examines the military’s black-white boundaries in the context of troops’ training and stateside service during World War II. These boundaries, the handiwork above all of military officers and leaders, wended their way through nearly every aspect of military life, creating a dense and powerful structure of white domination and black subordination—or in the words of one wartime commentator, “Jim Crow in Uniform.” In the eyes of its creators, this version of Jim Crow was necessary both to win a war for freedom overseas and to shore up faltering white supremacy at home, faltering in part because of the military’s own unwitting actions. As with its civilian cousin, Jim Crow in uniform generated extensive protest, which managed to blur a small but important number of black-white lines. The number would have been higher had protesters not faced formidable opposition in the White House, in Congress, in the courts, and among military leaders.
The Material of Race
Authors: Leibman Laura Arnold 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
While the Lopez family struggled in Philadelphia, Sarah Brandon went east to London to attend a high-end Sephardic school. London presented Sarah with a new world of opportunities and connections. As in Philadelphia, many members of London’s Sephardic community had connections with Barbados, hence there was no hiding her past as a slave. Yet through friendship, trade ties, and money, Sarah Brandon made that past moot. Her most precious heirloom was part of the new self she constructed: an ivory miniature of herself painted in watercolor, beautiful and wide-eyed in a white empire-waist dress, her hair lifted in a Grecian knot. The portrait was an intimate gift to the man she would marry—Joshua Moses, a handsome and well-connected Jew from Philadelphia and New York. Ivories were a love token, but Sarah and Joshua’s marriage would also unite two major merchant families and change Sarah’s future, again.
Feverish Love
Authors: Leibman Laura Arnold 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In New York, Sarah and Joshua found their lives fluctuating wildly between joy and death, with death always seeming to win in the end. Although Sarah and her husband had been careful to inoculate their children against smallpox, there was no vaccine for yellow fever, which ravaged the city in 1819, 1821, and 1823. Yellow fever was one of the most dreaded diseases in early America: death rates were high, and the time between infection and death was short. One person who didn’t survive the plague years was Sarah’s mother. Yet mixed with the terror, there were blessings: Sarah gave birth to ten children in ten years, and, in 1823, her brother Isaac married Joshua Moses’s sister, Lavinia. Lavinia, too, would bring forth new life: a boy, then a girl. And while Sarah escaped the fevers, childbirth would claim both her and Lavinia between 1828 and 1829.
Power
Authors: Rhode Deborah L. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores ambition for power in politics and the workplace. Control over others can be advantageous in its own right and also in the wealth and recognition that it often confers. Although most politicians link their need for power to the service of public interests, the evidence often suggests otherwise. Drawing on prominent examples, such as Lyndon Johnson, Richard Nixon, John McCain, and Donald Trump, and those who served them, the chapter explores how prioritizing power can subvert principle and the institutional checks necessary to prevent abuse. By contrast, examples such as Nelson Mandela show how those who use power to empower others can serve the highest ideals of social justice. Power in the workplace can also serve stakeholder and societal interests, but it is too often sabotaged by egoistic interests, needs for control, and bullying behaviors. The chapter concludes with strategies to increase accountability for abusive conduct.
Gender
Authors: Rhode Deborah L. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the way that gender influences and blocks ambition. Despite recent progress, women still are grossly underrepresented at the top and overrepresented at the bottom in measures of power and economic reward. In explaining these disparities, research suggests that while women may be more ambivalent about ambition than men and ambitious for somewhat different things, the primary explanation for their different achievements lies elsewhere: in gender bias, stereotypes, and socialization patterns; and in inequalities in family responsibilities and inadequacies in workplace policies. Discussion focuses on the special obstacles to ambition for women of color, women leaders, and women politicians. Gender differences in mentors, sponsors, and allies and in the incidence of sexual harassment and online abuse compound the problems. These inequalities are not only unjust for individuals, but they also impair organizational performance. The chapter closes with strategies for ambitious women and for organizations seeking greater equity, diversity, and inclusion.
Popular Movies and Technology
Authors: Cutting James E. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
People’s aesthetic appreciation for any art is bound to the craft of its artists, and that craft is deeply affected by the technology available. Movies have evolved through a long series of venues and technological advances—theaters to shrinking personal devices; roll film with sprockets added; increased frame rates; the standardizations with added sound; experiments with color, aspect ratios, and contrast; and the move to a digital format. This chapter traces these and the consequent psychological improvements in viewer engagement that they fostered—for example, the creation of motion also created aversive flicker, but flicker was then diminished by increasing frame rates and was eliminated by digital delivery. Sound had profound effects, among other things creating a temporary deglobalization of cinema. Color increased discriminability and punctuated the change of scenes. And increased aspect ratios more firmly stimulated people’s systems of balance and the feeling of presence.
Mise-en-Cadre
Authors: Cutting James E. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Mise-en-cadre means “placed within the frame.” Filmmakers have exploited the use of screen positions over the course of whole movies. This chapter presents examples of how luminance, motion, and clutter are distributed across movies. In each case, the center of the screen is most important. It has the most light, the most motion, and the least amount of clutter in the frame, and this is where viewers have a strong tendency to look when watching a movie. The chapter then explains shot scale, a measure of the size of characters in the image, and notes that filmmakers strongly tend to place their characters’ faces at or near midscreen, regardless of scale, reinforcing the gaze tendencies of viewers. Moreover, when they do not, filmmakers follow the focal content of one shot with the screen placement of the focal content of the next shot.
An Interlude on Shots and Cultural Change
Authors: Cutting James E. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Popular culture has promoted a myth about why shot durations in movies have grown shorter during the past 50 years. The myth states that this is due to culturally shortened attention spans. There is no evidence for this urban legend. What there is strong evidence for, however, is people’s increased ability to extract visual information from displays of all kinds. IQs have increased throughout the world for at least a century, and the greatest increases have occurred for visual thinking and reasoning. This is called the Flynn effect. If people can discern images faster, filmmakers should have shortened shots. Moreover, the cultural adaptation to watching edited video invokes a concept from Michael Baxandall—the period eye. Imported to movies, viewers today are better able to see and discern visual information compared with viewers of a previous era. Examples are discussed from computer graphics.