bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Crystallization Dynamics of Sn‐Based Perovskite Thin Films: Toward Efficient and Stable Photovoltaic Devices
Authors: Dong He , Ran Chenxin , Gao Weiyin , Sun Nan , Liu Xin , Xia Yingdong , Chen Yonghua , Huang Wei 
Published: November 2021

AbstractTin‐based perovskites show great potential in photovoltaic applications, and the development of the corresponding solar cells (PSCs) has made exciting progress during the past few years. However, owing to the high Lewis acidity and easy oxidation of Sn2+, Sn‐based perovskite films suffer from fast crystallization and easy formation of vacancy defects with low activation energy during the solution film‐forming process, resulting in poor film quality and inferior device performance. Therefore, an in‐depth understanding and rational control of film‐forming dynamics of Sn‐based perovskites is essential to improve the photovoltaic performance of their PSCs. In this review, the state‐of‐the‐art developments in crystallization dynamics control for Sn‐based perovskites and their impact on the photovoltaic performance of PSCs are systematically summarized. The review begins with the introduction of fundamentals and key difficulties for the control of the crystallization process of Sn‐based perovskites. Then, the advanced strategies that focus on regulating the crystallization process of Sn‐based perovskite films are comprehensively reviewed, including solvent engineering, additive engineering, cation engineering, and film‐forming technique engineering. Finally, future perspectives and research directions, regarding the smart control of crystallization dynamics of Sn‐based perovskite film, are discussed towards high‐performance and stable Sn‐based PSCs.
Unveiling the Role of Tetrabutylammonium and Cesium Bulky Cations in Enhancing Na‐O2 Battery Performance
Authors: de Larramendi Idoia Ruiz , Lozano Iñigo , Enterría Marina , Cid Rosalía , Echeverría María , Peña Sergio Rodríguez , Carrasco Javier , Manzano Hegoi , Beobide Garikoitz , Landa‐Medrano Imanol , Rojo Teófilo , Ortiz‐Vitoriano Nagore 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe use of two types of bulky cations, tetrabutylammonium (TBA+) and Cs+, as electrolyte additives in Na‐O2 batteries is investigated. These cations facilitate the stabilization of sodium superoxide in the electrolyte, promoting the solution‐mediated pathway. Both the addition of TBA+ and Cs+ favor the growth of larger NaO2 cubes than in the case of the electrolyte containing only sodium salt, particularly in the case of Cs+. In terms of full discharge capacity, both additives lead to an increase in the discharge capacity, which is greater in Cs+ (50% enhancement). TBA+ also provides an improved stabilization of superoxide; nevertheless, the interaction is not as strong as in the case of Cs+ due to the steric hindrance set by the alkyl groups. The presence of these additives not only affects the NaO2 formation mechanism, but also influences the nature of the solid electrolyte interphase. The presence of Cs+ generates a more stable solid‐electrolyte interphase, which increases the cycle life of Na‐O2 batteries. Overall, new insights are provided to control the growth of the discharge products, modify the oxygen reduction reaction mechanism, and protect the Na metal anode surface by adding bulky monovalent cations in the electrolyte formulation.
Nudge to insure: Can informational nudges change enrollment decisions in pasture, rangeland, and forage rainfall index insurance?
Authors: Davidson Kelly A. , Goodrich Brittney K. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThrough a framed field experiment with livestock farmers in the Northeast and Southeast United States, this research explores whether an informational nudge changes producers' selection of two‐month intervals and/or increases the likelihood of enrollment in pasture, rangeland, and forage (PRF) insurance. We find no evidence that a nudge influences interval choices; however, producers are more likely to enroll when PRF is framed as a risk management decision regarding forage loss. Risk aversion, familiarity with other United States Department of Agriculture livestock programs, and higher risk exposure increase the likelihood of enrollment. Past PRF and crop insurance participation decrease the amount insured during growing‐season months.
The strong impact of maternal marital status on birth body size before and during the Second World War in Poznań district, Poland
Authors: Liczbińska Grażyna , Králík Miroslav 
Published: November 2021

AbstractObjectivesThe study aims to examine whether maternal socio‐economic status, represented by marital status and the place of residence, affected birth body size (BBS) of babies in the pre‐war period and during the WWII.MethodsThe dataset consisted of 8934 unique individual information items on mothers and deliveries collected for two birth cohorts: born before (1934, 1935, 1936, and 1937) and during the WWII (1941, 1942, 1943 and 1944). BBS (weight, length, BMI) was compared according to mother's marital status and her place of residence in two cohorts separately. (ART)ANOVA was applied to test the effect of a child's sex, maternal marital status (MMS), and maternal place of residence (MPR) on birth weight/length/BMI of babies born alive before and during the WWII.ResultsBabies with greater BBS were born to married mothers than to single ones. This pattern applied to pre‐war and to the WWII cohort. In both pre‐war and the WWII cohorts the MMS had the strongest impact on BBS. The effect of mother's place of residence on BBS was observed in the pre‐war cohort only.ConclusionsMarital status could have acted through economic and social factors, level of psychosocial stress and support, social (in)stability. In the pre‐war period, the place of residence much more reflected socio‐economic differences between localities. Marginal economic, health and nutritional conditions associated with the WWII affected mothers regardless of the size of their place of residence.
Improved attention linked to sustained phenylalanine reduction in adults with early‐treated phenylketonuria
Authors: Bilder Deborah A. , Arnold Georgianne L. , Dimmock David , Grant Mitzie L. , Janzen Darren , Longo Nicola , Nguyen‐Driver Mina , Jurecki Elaina , Merilainen Markus , Amato Gianni , Waisbren Susan 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPegvaliase is approved to reduce phenylalanine (Phe) levels for people with phenylketonuria (PKU). PRISM‐1 (NCT01819727) and PRISM‐2 (NCT01889862) data were analyzed to evaluate the relationship between Phe and inattention in adult participants with PKU. In the modified‐intent‐to‐treat population (N = 156), baseline mean (SE) plasma Phe was 1263 (29) μmol/L and the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale‐IV Inattentive (IA) symptoms score was 9.8 (0.5). Mean (SE) IA scores fell 9.0 (1.1) in Quartile 1 (Phe reduction between 1166 and 2229 μmol/L) versus 4.3 (0.7) in Quartile 4 (Phe reduction of 139 μmol/L to increase of 934 μmol/L), p = 0.004. Least squares mean (SE) change from baseline IA score was −7.9 (0.7) for participants with final Phe ≤ 360 μmol/L and −4.5 (0.7) for final Phe > 360 μmol/L, p < 0.001. In the inattention subgroup, IA scores fell 13.3 (1.5) in Quartile 1 (Phe reduction between 1288 and 2229 μmol/L) versus 6.2 (1.3) in Quartile 4 (Phe reduction of 247 to increase of 934 μmol/L), p = 0.009. Inattention symptoms improved among those whose Phe levels decreased, particularly those with high baseline IA scores. IA improvements were larger among participants with the greatest plasma Phe reductions, supporting this value as a therapeutic goal.
One Pot Catalyst‐free Synthesis of Substituted Di‐amino N‐tosyl Benzoyl Thiazoles byRegioselective C−N Bond Cleavage and Its Anticancer Activity
Authors: Bangade Vikas M. , Dadmal Tulshiram L. , Popatkar Bhushan B. , Mali Prakash R. , Meshram Harshadas M. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe synthesis of hitherto unknown thiazole derivatives have been disclosed via purely green approach. This proposed work is novel in terms of C−C bond formation at guanidino carbon in 2‐amino benzimidazole moiety. The unstable benzimidazol‐hemiaminals have been used as a source of reactive intermediates.The catalyst‐free synthesis of diamino benzoyl N‐tosyl thiazole governed bythe sequential chemical conversions, which was steered by simple N‐tosylation of benzimidazol‐hemiaminal. The reaction was internally edge forward by thiazolidine ring opening, N‐tosylation, C−C bond formation and regioselective cleavage of C−N bondat guanidino carbon in a single step. Oxidation of tertiary alcohol to ketone with ring opening by C−N bond cleavage and N‐tosylation are the valuable conversions to accomplish the regioselectivity in the development of new desired thiazole ring. Moreover benzimidazol‐hemiaminal used as a storage of 2‐oxo‐2‐phenylethyl N′‐(1H‐benzo[d]imidazol‐2‐yl)‐N‐phenylcarbamimidothioate which is again highly unstable intermediate. The reverse back step mechanism was developed for the synthesis of thiazoles unlike other hemiaminals. The protocol is free of catalyst and toxic solvents.Use of ionic liquid, shorter reaction time, high yielding and easy isolation of products makes this strategy more environmental‐friendly. The importance of products attributed to the presence of active benzoyl and amino groups. Product thiazoles (T3) (IC50=7.906 μM), (T4) (IC50=5.250 μM) and (T7) (IC50=4.709 μM) were found potent anticancer agents against lung cancer with reference to doxorubicin as standard.
Multicomponent Domino Reactions for the Synthesis of Variable Hydrogenated Imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines
Authors: Kushch Svetlana O. , Goryaeva Marina V. , Surnina Elena A. , Burgart Yanina V. , Ezhikova Marina A. , Kodess Mikhail I. , Slepukhin Pavel A. , Saloutin Victor I. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAn effective synthetic approach was proposed to partially and fully hydrogenated imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines based on cyclizations of polyfluoroalkyl‐3‐oxo esters and ethylenediamine with aldehydes. It was found that acetic and propionic aldehydes react similar to the α,β‐unsaturated crotonic and cinnamic aldehydes. The cyclizations of trifluoroacetoacetic ester with ethylenediamine and aldehydes led to the formation of ethyl 5‐hydroxy‐5‐trifluoromethyloctahydroimidazo[1,2‐a]pyridin‐6‐carboxylates, except for the reaction with acetaldehyde, where the main product was 7‐hydroxy‐7‐trifluoromethylhexahydroimidazo[1,2‐a]pyridin‐5(1H)‐one. The cyclizations of polyfluoroalkyl‐3‐oxo esters resulted in 6‐(polyfluoroalkyl‐1‐hydroxyalkyl)‐tetrahydroimidazo[1,2‐a]pyridin‐5(3H)‐ones, except for transformations with cinnamaldehyde, from which ethyl 5‐hydroxy‐7‐phenyl‐5‐polyfluoroalkyloctahydroimidazo‐[1,2‐a]pyridin‐6‐carboxylates were isolated as by‐products. These bicycles containing long polyfluoroalkyl substituents (RF>C2F5) underwent haloform cleavage to form ethyl 7‐phenyl‐5‐oxooctahydroimidazo[1,2‐a]pyridin‐6‐carboxylate. The regio‐ and stereoisomeric structure of the synthesized bicycles was determined using 1H, 19F, 13C NMR spectroscopy and X‐ray. The domino mechanism was proposed for the formation of new tetra‐, hexa‐ and octahydroimidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines.
‘If I don't get a job in six months' time, I can see myself being back in there’: Post‐prison employment experiences of people in Canberra
Authors: Doyle Caroline , Yates Sophie , Bartels Lorana , Hopkins Anthony , Taylor Helen 
Published: November 2021

AbstractResearch has consistently shown that gaining employment after release helps to reduce recidivism, but also that people who have been in prison face many barriers to finding secure employment. This article presents qualitative data from the experiences of 11 people who had been released from prison in the Australian Capital Territory. We focus on the challenges these participants encountered with obtaining employment post‐release, including not having access to suitable housing, criminal background checks, managing post‐release commitments (such as attending substance abuse rehabilitation appointments) and a lack of confidence in approaching potential employers. Consequently, we recommend that policymakers ensure that there is a dedicated specialised employment team within the custodial environment providing individualised support for both unsentenced and sentenced people, both while they are incarcerated and post‐release.
Intensive adsorption of strontium ions by using the synthesized [Zn(bim)2(bdc)]n: Metal–organic framework in batch and fixed‐bed column experiments
Authors: Ammari Allahyari Sareh , Saberi Reza , Sadjadi Sodeh , Mehraban Omid 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn the present study, a metal–organic framework ([Zn(bim)2(bdc)]n, MOF‐ZBB) compound was prepared and applied as an adsorbent for the removal of strontium ions from aqueous solutions. The influences of several variables such as pH, contact time, and temperature were studied in batch experiments. The effect of interfering cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+) on the adsorption behavior was also investigated. The Freundlich, Langmuir, and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm models were used for the analysis of equilibrium data. The maximum adsorption capacity by applying the Langmuir equation was 123.451 mg g−1 at 75°C with a pH of 7. The thermodynamic study revealed that the adsorption process is endothermic and spontaneous. The results showed that the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model for adsorption strontium ions onto MOF‐ZBB better described the adsorption process. Finally, the fixed‐bed column experiments were carried out at different feed flow rates to investigate the dynamic capacity of the adsorption process. The results revealed a decrease of about 80% in the efficiency of the column by increasing the flow rate from 1 to 4 ml min−1.
Mechanism of enhanced lithium‐ion transport in solid polymer electrolytes assisted by ultrasonic vibration
Authors: Wang Hui , Ke Haoran , Wang Jinhuo , Yan Fei , Cui Xiaodong , Chen Yizhe 
Published: November 2021

AbstractDespite widespread attention to solid polymer electrolytes owing to their excellent safety performance and flexibility, low ionic conductivity at room temperature limits their practical applications. Here, the experimental method and molecular dynamics simulation method are performed to explore the effect of ultrasonic vibration on solid polymer electrolytes. The experimental results show that the electrolyte possesses good electronic insulation and electrochemical stability, and the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte with ultrasonic treatment is increased by 72.72% at room temperature. Molecular dynamics simulation results reveal that ultrasonic vibration promotes the dissociation of lithium salt and increases the number of effective Li+ ions in the electrolyte. In addition, ultrasonic vibration increases free volume of the electrolyte. It provides more space for the transmission of Li+ ions, thus benefits the conduction of Li+ ions of the solid polymer electrolyte.
The politics of undermining national fee‐free education policy: Insights from Papua New Guinea
Authors: Walton Grant W. , Hushang Husnia 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAround the world, policymakers have found it difficult to sustain fee‐free education policies. This article shows how politicians can significantly undermine national fee‐free education policies by redirecting resources to subnational administrations, where funds can be used to shore up political support. To do so it examines changes to political support towards Papua New Guinea’s longest running fee‐free education policy. The Tuition Fee Free (TFF) policy was introduced in 2012 under the government of Prime Minister Peter O’Neill before the policy was abolished, and the subsidy supporting it reduced, in 2019 by a new government led by Prime Minister James Marape. Following the introduction of the TFF policy in 2012, national politicians empowered subnational governments to control TFF subsidies, while education and other funding had started to flow to newly created district administrations. This paved the way for politicians to maintain fee‐free education policy in some subnational administrations when the Marape government cut the TFF subsidy. This article suggests that in Papua New Guinea, as in some other developing countries, politicians are incentivised to administer fee‐free education policies at subnational rather than national administrative scales. Sustaining universal fee‐free education policies will require changing these incentives.
Ontogeny of the human fetal, neonatal, and infantile basioccipital bone: Traditional and extended eigenshape geometric morphometric analysis
Authors: Zdilla Matthew J. , Pancake Jacob P. , Russell Michelle L. , Koons Aaron W. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe basioccipital bone is an essential developmental component to the occipital bone, occipital condyles, foramen magnum, clivus, and cranial base. The basioccipital bone joins each exoccipital bone with a basiexoccipital synchondrosis and the basisphenoid/sphenoid bone with a spheno‐occipital synchondrosis. The basioccipital is found intermediate to the petrous temporal bones and forms the bilateral petrooccipital/petroclival fissures otherwise known as the petrooccipital complex. Thus, the basioccipital bone is a central component to the developing cranial base. Despite the importance of basioccipital development in cranial ontogeny, there has been limited study of basioccipital ontogeny. This study assessed 98 disarticulated human basioccipital bones from a perinatal population ranging in age‐at‐death from 5‐months intrauterine to 5‐months post‐natal development. Size and shape of basioccipital bones were assessed with traditional and extended eigenshape geometric morphometric analysis. The results of this study demonstrate that the basioccipital bone grows in width at a faster rate than it grows in length. The maximum basioccipital width surpassed the midsagittal length at approximately 7‐months intrauterine development. Canonical variate analysis revealed statistically significant shape change occurring from a relatively narrow/elongate (anterior‐to‐posterior) basiocciput shape with mild concavity at the foramen magnum in the fifth and sixth intrauterine months to a relatively broad/stout basiocciput shape with more pronounced concavity in the postnatal months. Likewise, growth rate in total length was greater than midsagittal length, demonstrating enlargement of concavity in the anterior foramen magnum over time. This report provides insight into cranial development and aids in estimating age‐at‐death among fetuses and infants.
Correlation between circulating tumor DNA and carcinoembryonic antigen levels in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer
Authors: Osumi Hiroki , Shinozaki Eiji , Ooki Akira , Shimozaki Keitaro , Kamiimabeppu Daisaku , Nakayama Izuma , Wakatsuki Takeru , Ogura Mariko , Takahari Daisuke , Chin Keisho , Yamaguchi Kensei 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundCirculating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is a biomarker with potential to reflect comprehensive genomic information and overcome intratumor heterogeneity. In contrast, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a conventional tumor marker for predicting recurrence, survival, and chemotherapeutic efficacy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). However, the relationship between them remains unclear. Here, the relationship between plasma ctDNA and CEA levels was evaluated to clarify the advantages and disadvantages of their clinical use.MethodsA total of 110 patients with mCRC underwent chemotherapy were enrolled. Amplicon‐based plasma genomic profiling of 14 genes that are commonly mutated in CRC by next‐generation sequencing was compared to the CEA level and tumor diameter using Spearman’s correlation coefficient.ResultsThe overall concordance rate between the ctDNA and CEA levels was 75.5% (83/110). The correlation coefficient between the ctDNA and CEA levels was lower in the group of patients without liver and lymph node metastases (r = 0.18, p = 0.44) than in the group of patients with liver metastasis (r = 0.48, p < 0.0001). Although the correlation coefficients between tumor diameter and both ctDNA and CEA levels were high in the group of patients with liver metastasis, only the CEA correlation coefficient was maintained in the group of patients without liver and lymph node metastases (r = 0.53, p = 0.01). The characteristics that influenced discordance were liver metastasis and the sum of tumor diameter.ConclusionsThe status of ctDNA and CEA may not be consistent in patients with mCRC without liver metastasis or with a low tumor volume; both results should be considered when deciding a treatment strategy.
Indirect Electrooxidation of Methane to Methyl Bisulfate on a Boron‐Doped Diamond Electrode
Authors: Britschgi Joel , Bilke Marius , Schuhmann Wolfgang , Schüth Ferdi 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAlthough highly desired and studied for decades, direct methane functionalization to liquid products remains a challenge. We report an electrochemical system using a boron‐doped diamond (BDD) anode in concentrated sulfuric acid that is able to convert methane to methyl bisulfate and methanesulfonic acid without the use of a catalyst by indirect electrochemical oxidation. Due to its high material stability, BDD can be operated at high current densities. High temperature (140 °C) and pressure (70 bar) support the formation of methyl bisulfate to concentrations as high as 160 mM in 3 h and methanesulfonic acid to concentrations of up to 750 mM in 8 h. We present a novel way of catalyst‐free electrochemical methane oxidation and show general trends and limitations of this reaction.
A Trivalent Americium Organic Framework with Decent Structural Stability against Self‐Irradiation
Authors: Zhang Yugang , Li Kai , Zhang Sida , Wang Xia , Zhang Hailong , Wang Yanlong , Wang Yaxing , Chai Zhifang , Wang Shuao 
Published: November 2021

Comprehensive SummaryWe reported the synthesis, single crystal structure, and solid‐state UV‐Vis‐NIR spectroscopy of a new transplutonium metal‐organic framework (MOFs), Am(H2O)[PO[(C6H4)COO]3], denoted as AmTPO (TPO = tris(4‐carboxylphenyl)‐phosphineoxide). AmTPO forms a three‐dimensional metal−organic framework structure with americium dimers as the secondary building unit. Clear 5f → 5f transitions attributed to trivalent americium was observed in the absorption spectrum of AmTPO ranging from 300 to 1200 nm. Notably, AmTPO can maintain the crystallinity with no observable structural degradation within several months after being synthesized, revealing a long‐term radiation resistance of this structure and the potential application of MOFs as a platform for nuclear waste disposal.