bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impacts of Rehabilitation Gait Training on Functional Outcomes after Tibial Nerve Transfer for Patients with Peroneal Nerve Injury: A Nonrandomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Curran Matthew W. T. , Morhart Michael J. , Olson Jaret L. , DeSerres Joshua J. , Chan K. Ming 
Published: April 2021

Background:
Although there was initial success using tibial nerve transfer to restore ankle dorsiflexion following peroneal nerve injury, results from later series were less promising. A potential reason is coactivation of the much stronger antagonistic muscles during gait. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that gait training would improve functional performance following tibial nerve transfer.

Methods:
Using a prospective, nonrandomized, controlled study design, patients were divided into two groups: surgery only or surgery plus gait training. Of the 20 patients who showed reinnervation in the tibialis anterior muscle, 10 were assigned to the gait training group, and an equal number were in the control group. Those in the treatment group began training once reinnervation in the tibialis anterior muscle was detected, whereas those in the control group continued to use their ankle-foot orthosis full time. Differences in ankle dorsiflexion were measured using the Medical Research Council scale, and quantitative force measurement and functional disability was measured using the Stanmore Scale.

Results:
Patients in the gait training group attained significantly better functional recovery as measured by the Stanmore Scale (79.5 ± 14.3) (mean ± SD) versus (37.2 ± 3.5) in the control group (p = 0.02). Medical Research Council grades were 3.8 ± 0.6 in the training group versus 2.5 ± 1.2 in the surgery only group (p < 0.05). Average dorsiflexion force from patients with above antigravity strength (all from the training group) was 31 percent of the contralateral side.

Conclusion:
In patients with successful reinnervation following tibial nerve transfers, rehabilitation training significantly improved dorsiflexion strength and function.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, II.
Mandibular Distraction Osteogenesis as a Primary Intervention in Infants With Pierre Robin Sequence
Authors: Soto Edgar , Ananthasekar Shivani , Kurapati Srikanth , Robin Nathaniel H. , Smola Cassi , Maddox Mary Halsey , Boyd Carter J. , Myers René P. 
Published: April 2021

Background
Pierre Robin sequence (PRS) is a triad of congenital facial abnormalities that can present as a syndrome (syndromic PRS [sPRS]) or an isolated entity (isolated PRS [iPRS]). Patients with PRS can develop airway and feeding problems that may result in failure to thrive. Mandibular distraction osteogenesis (MDO) is a method for improving the functional issues associated with breathing and feeding. There is a Paucity of literature evaluating the outcomes of MDO between sPRS and iPRS patients.

Methods
An institutional review board–approved retrospective review of PRS patients managed by a single surgeon and treated with MDO between January 2015 and December 2019 at a tertiary referral hospital was performed. The patients were stratified into iPRS or sPRS based on gene testing. Airway outcome measures included avoidance of tracheostomy, relief of sleep apnea, and oxygen saturation improvement. Primary feeding measures included achievement of full oral feeds and growth/weight gain. Statistical analysis included t tests and χ2 tests where appropriate using SPSS.

Results
Over the study period, of the 29 infants with PRS, 55% identified as iPRS and 45% as sPRS. There were no significant differences in the patient characteristics, apnea-hypoxia index (22.27 ± 12.27) and laryngeal view (3 ± 0.79) pre-MDO. After MDO, 83% of the subjects achieved a positive feeding outcome and 86% achieved a positive airway outcome with no statistical significance between sPRS and iPRS (P = 0.4369). There was a statistically significant change post-MDO in apnea-hypoxia index (5.24 ± 4.50, P = 0.02) and laryngeal view (1.59 ± 1.00, P = 0.01).

Conclusions
Our recent experience would lead us to believe that sPRS patients have greater morbidities and challenging clinical developments that, when properly evaluated, can be managed by MDO. There is a potential role for MDO in reducing the need for traditional surgical interventions for respiratory and feeding problems in both iPRS and sPRS patients.
Racial and Ethnic Inequities in Mortality During Hospitalization for Traumatic Brain Injury: A Call to Action
Authors: Richie Emma A. , Nugent Joseph G. , Raslan Ahmed M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe health disparities which drive inequities in health outcomes have long plagued our already worn healthcare system and are often dismissed as being a result of social determinants of health. Herein, we explore the nature of these inequities by comparing outcomes for racial and ethnic minorities patients suffering from traumatic brain injury (TBI). We retrospectively reviewed all patients enrolled in the Trauma One Database at the Oregon Health & Science University Hospital from 2006 to October 2017 with an abbreviated injury scale (AIS) for the head or neck greater than 2. Racial and ethnic minority patients were defined as non-White or Hispanic. A total of 6,352 patients were included in our analysis with 1,504 in the racial and ethnic minority cohort vs. 4,848 in the non-minority cohort. A propensity score (PS) model was generated to account for differences in baseline characteristics between these cohorts to generate 1,500 matched pairs. The adjusted hazard ratio for in-hospital mortality for minority patients was 2.21 (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.43-3.41, p<0.001) using injury type, probability of survival, and operative status as covariates. Overall, this study is the first to specifically look at racial and ethnic disparities in the field of neurosurgical trauma. This research has demonstrated significant inequities in the mortality of TBI patients based on race and ethnicity and indicates a substantive need to reshape the current healthcare system and advocate for safer and more supportive pre-hospital social systems to prevent these life-threatening sequelae.
Beneath the surface: mental health, and harassment and abuse of athletes participating in the FINA (Aquatics) World Championships, 2019
Authors: Mountjoy Margo , Junge Astrid , Magnusson Christer , Shahpar Farhad Moradi , Ortiz Lizcano Edgar Ivan , Varvodic Josip , Wang Xinzhai , Cherif Mohamed Yahia , Hill Lee , Miller Jim 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo assess the mental health and experience of sport-related harassment and abuse of athletes participating in the FINA World Championships 2019, and to analyse it in relation to gender and the aquatic disciplines.DesignCross-sectional study using an anonymous questionnaire.MethodsDuring the Championships, registered athletes (swimmers, divers, high divers, water polo players, artistic swimmers, open-water swimmers) completed a survey including the main outcome measures of depression (CES-D-10), eating disorders (BEDA-Q), the subjective need for psychotherapeutic support, and the experience of harassment and/or abuse in their sports environment.ResultsA quarter of the athletes (n=62, 24.6%) were classified as depressed and more than a third (n=111, 35.0%) as having an eating disorder. More than 40% of the athletes stated that they wanted or needed psychotherapeutic support for mental health problems. Fifty-one athletes (14.9%) had experienced harassment/abuse in sport themselves, and 31 (9%) had witnessed it in another athlete. The experiences of harassment and abuse ranged from unwanted comments about body or appearance (40.2%) to rewards in sport for sexual favours (2.5%) and rape (0.3%). Athletes who had experienced harassment/abuse in sport themselves had higher average scores for depression and eating disorders, and more of them needed psychotherapeutic support. Up to a third would not talk to anybody if they saw or experienced harassment/abuse, and less than 20% would talk to an official for help.ConclusionTargeted initiatives are required to address the burden of mental health issues and harassment and abuse in sport in the FINA aquatic disciplines.
Time scale separation in the vector borne disease model SIRUV via center manifold analysis
Authors: Aguiar Maíra , Kooi Bob , Pugliese Andrea , Sensi Mattia , Stollenwerk Nico 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe investigate time scale separation in the vector borne disease model SIRUV, as previously described in the literature [1], and recently reanalyzed with the singular perturbation technique [2]. We focus on the analysis with a single small parameter, the birth and death rate µ, whereas all other model parameters are much larger and describe fast transitions. The scaling of the endemic stationary state, the Jacobian matrix around it and its eigenvalues with this small parameter µ is calculated and the center manifold analysis performed with the method described in [3] which goes back to earlier work [4, 5], namely a transformation of the Jacobian matrix to block structure in zeroth order in the parameter µ is used and then a family of center manifolds with µ larger than zero is obtained.
Immunosuppression broadens evolutionary pathways to treatment failure duringAcinetobacter baumanniipneumonia
Authors: Huo Wenwen , Busch Lindsay M. , Hernandez-Bird Juan , Hamami Efrat , Marshall Christopher W. , Geisinger Edward , Cooper Vaughn S. , van Opijnen Tim , Rosch Jason W. , Isberg Ralph R. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAcinetobacter baumanniiis increasingly refractory to antibiotic treatment in healthcare settings. As is true of most human pathogens, the genetic path to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and the role that the immune system plays in modulating AMR during disease are poorly understood. Here we reproduced several routes to fluoroquinolone resistance, performing evolution experiments using sequential lung infections in mice that are replete or depleted of neutrophils, providing two key insights into the evolution of drug resistance. First, neutropenic hosts acted as reservoirs for the accumulation of drug resistance during drug treatment. Selection for variants with altered drug sensitivity profiles arose readily in the absence of neutrophils, while immunocompetent animals restricted the appearance of these variants. Secondly, antibiotic treatment failure in the immunocompromised host was shown to occur without clinically defined resistance, an unexpected result that provides a model for how antibiotic failure occurs clinically in the absence of AMR. The genetic mechanism underlying both these results is initiated by mutations activating the drug egress pump regulator AdeL, which drives persistence in the presence of antibiotic. Therefore, antibiotic persistence mutations present a two-pronged risk during disease, causing drug treatment failure in the immunocompromised host while simultaneously increasing the emergence of high-level AMR.
Dopamine modulates adaptive forgetting in medial prefrontal cortex
Authors: Gallo Francisco Tomás , Saad María Belén Zanoni , Morici Juan Facundo , Miranda Magdalena , Anderson Michael C. , Weisstaub Noelia V. , Bekinschtein Pedro 
Published: April 2021

AbstractActive forgetting occurs in many species, but how the mechanisms that control behavior contribute to determining which memories are forgotten is still unknown. We previously found that when rats need to retrieve particular memories to guide exploration, it reduces later retention of other memories encoded in that environment. As with humans, this retrieval-induced forgetting relies on prefrontal control processes. The dopaminergic input to the prefrontal cortex is important for executive functions and cognitive flexibility. We found that, in a similar way, prefrontal dopamine signaling through D1 receptors is required for retrieval-induced forgetting in rats. Blockade of medial prefrontal cortex D1 receptors as animals encountered a familiar object impaired forgetting of the memory of a competing object in a subsequent long-term memory test. Inactivation of the ventral tegmental area produced the same pattern of behavior, a pattern that could be reversed by concomitant activation of prefrontal D1 receptors. We observed a bidirectional modulation of retrieval-induced forgetting by agonists and antagonists of D1 receptors in the medial prefrontal cortex. These findings establish the essential role of prefrontal dopamine in the active forgetting of competing memories, contributing to the shaping of retention in response to an organisms’ behavioral goals.
Experimental evidence pointing to rain as a reservoir of tomato phyllosphere microbiota
Authors: Mechan-Llontop Marco E. , Tian Long , Sharma Parul , Heflin Logan , Bernal-Galeano Vivian , Haak David C. , Clarke Christopher R. , Vinatzer Boris A. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTPlant microbiota play essential roles in plant health and crop productivity. Comparisons of community composition have suggested seeds, soil, and the atmosphere as reservoirs of phyllosphere microbiota. After finding that leaves of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants exposed to rain carried a higher microbial population size than leaves of tomato plants not exposed to rain, we experimentally tested the hypothesis that rain is a so far neglected reservoir of phyllosphere microbiota. Rain microbiota were thus compared with phyllosphere microbiota of tomato plants either treated with concentrated rain microbiota, filter-sterilized rain, or sterile water. Based on 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, one-hundred and four operational taxonomic units (OTUs) significantly increased in relative abundance after inoculation with concentrated rain microbiota but no OTU significantly increased after treatment with either sterile water or filter-sterilized rain. Some of the genera to which these 104 OTUs belonged were also found at higher relative abundance on tomatoes exposed to rain outdoors than on tomatoes grown protected from rain in a commercial greenhouse. Taken together, these results point to precipitation as a reservoir of phyllosphere microbiota and show the potential of controlled experiments to investigate the role of different reservoirs in the assembly of phyllosphere microbiota.
A novel non-catalytic scaffolding activity of Hexokinase 2 contributes to EMT and metastasis
Authors: Blaha Catherine , Ramakrishnan Gopalakrishnan , Jeon Sang-Min , Nogueira Veronique , Rho Hyunsoo , Kang Soeun , Bhaskar Prashanth , Terry Alexander R. , Aissa Alexandre F. , Frolov Maxim V. , Patra Krushna C. , Brooks Robey R. , Hay Nissim 
Published: April 2021

AbstractHexokinase 2 (HK2), a glycolytic enzyme that catalyzes the first committed step in glucose metabolism, is markedly induced in cancer cells. HK2’s role in tumorigenesis has been attributed to its glucose kinase activity. However, we uncovered a novel kinase-independent HK2 activity, which promotes metastasis. We found that HK2 binds and sequesters glycogen kinase 3 (GSK3) and acts as a scaffold forming a ternary complex with the regulatory subunit of protein kinase A (PRKAR1a) and GSK3b to facilitate GSK3b phosphorylation by PKA, and to inhibit its activity. Thus, HK2 functions as an A-kinase anchoring protein (AKAP). GSK3b is known to phosphorylate proteins, which in turn are targeted for degradation. Consistently, HK2 increased the level and stability of the GSK3 targets, MCL1, NRF2, and SNAIL. In a mouse model of breast cancer metastasis, systemic HK2 deletion after tumor onset inhibited metastasis, which is determined by the effect of HK2 on GSK3b and SNAIL. We concluded that HK2 promotes SNAIL stability and breast cancer metastasis via two mechanisms: direct modulation of GSK3-activity and SNAIL- glycosylation that decreases susceptibility to phosphorylation by GSK3.
Establishing gene regulatory networks from Parkinson’s disease risk loci
Authors: Farrow Sophie L. , Schierding William , Gokuladhas Sreemol , Golovina Evgeniia , Fadason Tayaza , Cooper Antony A. , O’Sullivan Justin M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe latest meta-analysis of genome wide association studies (GWAS) identified 90 independent single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across 78 genomic regions associated with Parkinson’s disease (PD), yet the mechanisms by which these variants influence the development of the disease remains largely elusive. To establish the functional gene regulatory networks associated with PD-SNPs, we utilised an approach combining spatial (chromosomal conformation capture) and functional (expression quantitative trait loci; eQTL) data. We identified 518 genes subject to regulation by 76 PD-SNPs across 49 tissues, that encompass 36 peripheral and 13 CNS tissues. Notably, one third of these genes were regulated viatrans-acting mechanisms (distal; risk locus-gene separated by > 1Mb, or on different chromosomes). Of particular interest is the identification of a noveltrans-eQTL-gene connection between rs10847864 andSYNJ1in the adult brain cortex, highlighting a convergence between familial studies and PD GWAS loci forSYNJ1 (PARK20)for the first time. Furthermore, we identified 16 neuro-development specific eQTL-gene regulatory connections within the foetal cortex, consistent with hypotheses suggesting a neurodevelopmental involvement in the pathogenesis of PD. Through utilising Louvain clustering we extracted nine significant and highly intra-connected clusters within the entire gene regulatory network. The nine clusters are enriched for specific biological processes and pathways, some of which have not previously been associated with PD. Together, our results not only contribute to an overall understanding of the mechanisms and impact of specific combinations of PD-SNPs, but also highlight the potential impact gene regulatory networks may have when elucidating aetiological subtypes of PD.
The first report and biological characteristics ofHelcococcus ovisisolated from clinical bovine mastitis in a Chinese dairy herd
Authors: Liu Kai , Deng Zhaoju , Zhang Limei , Gu Xiaolong , Liu Gang , Liu Yang , Chen Peng , Gao Jian , Han Bo , Qu Weijie 
Published: April 2021

AbstractHelcococcus ovis(H. ovis) was first reported in ovine subclinical mastitis milk and post-mortem examinated organs in Spain and the United Kingdom in 1999, subsequently, it appeared in cattle, horse, goat, and human. However, isolation and characterization of the strain in clinical bovine mastitis is unknown. Therefore, our objective was to identify the pathogen in clinical bovine mastitis. A total of 4 strains from 34 bovine mastitis milk samples were identified, there are tiny and transparent colonies from clinical bovine mastitis milk samples in a Chinese dairy farm, however, these colonies could not be identified using on-farm biochemical tests. The isolates were transported to Mastitis Diagnostic Laboratory of China Agricultural University in Beijing. The colonies were identified as a mixture ofH. ovisandArcanobacterium pyogenesaccording to microscopic examination and 16S rRNA gene sequencing and the phylogenetic tree was constructed using 16S rRNA gene sequence ofH. ovisisolates. In addition, the growth curve and biochemistry test were performed, we also examined the antimicrobial resistance profiles and constructed murine mammary infection model. Our results showed that theH. oviswere closely related to the strains isolated from China and Japan, growth speed ofH. oviswas relatively slower thanStrep.agalactiae, the phenotypic characteristics were similar to CCUG37441 and CCUG39041 except to lactose, isolates were sensitive to most of antimicrobials except daptomycin,H. oviscould lead to murine mastitis. In this report, we firstly described the characteristics ofH. ovisthat are associated with clinical bovine mastitis in China.
Fast and reliable knowledge-based design closure of antennas by means of iterative prediction-correction scheme
Authors: Koziel Slawomir , Pietrenko-Dabrowska Anna 
Published: April 2021

PurposeA novel framework for expedited antenna optimization with an iterative prediction-correction scheme is proposed. The methodology is comprehensively validated using three real-world antenna structures: narrow-band, dual-band and wideband, optimized under various design scenarios.Design/methodology/approachThe keystone of the proposed approach is to reuse designs pre-optimized for various sets of performance specifications and to encode them into metamodels that render good initial designs, as well as an initial estimate of the antenna response sensitivities. Subsequent design refinement is realized using an iterative prediction-correction loop accommodating the discrepancies between the actual and target design specifications.FindingsThe presented framework is capable of yielding optimized antenna designs at the cost of just a few full-wave electromagnetic simulations. The practical importance of the iterative correction procedure has been corroborated by benchmarking against gradient-only refinement. It has been found that the incorporation of problem-specific knowledge into the optimization framework greatly facilitates parameter adjustment and improves its reliability.Research limitations/implicationsThe proposed approach can be a viable tool for antenna optimization whenever a certain number of previously obtained designs are available or the designer finds the initial effort of their gathering justifiable by intended re-use of the procedure. The future work will incorporate response features technology for improving the accuracy of the initial approximation of antenna response sensitivities.Originality/valueThe proposed optimization framework has been proved to be a viable tool for cost-efficient and reliable antenna optimization. To the knowledge, this approach to antenna optimization goes beyond the capabilities of available methods, especially in terms of efficient utilization of the existing knowledge, thus enabling reliable parameter tuning over broad ranges of both operating conditions and material parameters of the structure of interest.
Adaptive stable grasping control strategy based on slippage detection
Authors: Chen Yang , Sun Fuchun 
Published: April 2021

Purpose
The authors want to design an adaptive grasping control strategy without setting the expected contact force in advance to maintain grasping stable, so that the proposed control system can deal with unknown object grasping manipulation tasks.

Design/methodology/approach
The adaptive grasping control strategy is proposed based on bang-bang-like control principle and slippage detection module. The bang-bang-like control method is designed to find and set the expected contact force for the whole control system, and the slippage detection function is achieved by dynamic time warping algorithm.

Findings
The expected contact force can adaptively adjust in grasping tasks to avoid bad effects on the control system by the differences of prior test results or designers. Slippage detection can be recognized in time with variation of expected contact force manipulation environment in the control system. Based on if the slippage caused by an unexpected disturbance happens, the control system can automatically adjust the expected contact force back to the level of the previous stable state after a given time, and has the ability to identify an unnecessary increasing in the expected contact force.

Originality/value
Only contact force is used as feedback variable in control system, and the proposed strategy can save hardware components and electronic circuit components for sensing, reducing the cost and design difficulty of conducting real control system and making it easy to realize in engineering application field. The expected contact force can adaptively adjust due to unknown disturbance and slippage for various grasping manipulation tasks.