bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impacts of Wind and Current on the Interannual Variation of the Summertime Upwelling Off Southern Vietnam in the South China Sea
Authors: Ngo Mai‐Han , Hsin Yi‐Chia 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSummertime upwelling off the southern Vietnamese coast is one of the most essential oceanographic features in the South China Sea. Based on analyzing the 38‐year (1982–2019) sea surface temperature (SST) images, locations of summertime Vietnamese upwelling centers are found to be classified into three sub‐regions: the Southern Coastal Upwelling (SCU; south of 12.5°N), the Northern Coastal Upwelling (NCU; north of 12.5°N), and the Offshore Upwelling (OU; east of 110°E). Variations of upwelling intensities in the three sub‐regions are further quantified via an adaptive SST‐based upwelling index, and possible processes relevant to wind field (including wind stress and its curl) and currents are, respectively, proposed. The analyses show that the local along‐shore wind stress, inducing offshore Ekman transport, can produce the coastal upwelling‐favorable condition but is not the only one of main factors in controlling the interannual variability of the coastal upwelling. The enhancement of wind stress curl dipole off the southern Vietnamese coast, which accompanies the scaling up of the double‐gyre structure east of Vietnam and results in the reinforcement and southward shift of eastward‐flowing jet, and the exaggeration of the cyclonic gyre‐associated southward along‐shore current are responsible for the intensification of upwelling in the SCU, but suppress the development of upwelling in the NCU. The well‐developed double‐gyre structure serves as the essential condition for the OU occurrence and the OU is much more sensitive to the change of cyclonic gyre to the north of the jet.
The Impacts of Climate and Wildfire on Ecosystem Gross Primary Productivity in Alaska
Authors: Madani Nima , Parazoo Nicholas C. , Kimball John S. , Reichle Rolf H. , Chatterjee Abhishek , Watts Jennifer D. , Saatchi Sassan , Liu Zhihua , Endsley Arthur , Tagesson Torbern , Rogers Brendan M. , Xu Liang , Wang Jonathan A. , Magney Troy , Miller Charles E. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe increase in wildfire occurrence and severity seen over the past decades in the boreal and Arctic biomes is expected to continue in the future in response to rapid climate change in this region. Recent studies documented positive trends in gross primary productivity (GPP) for Arctic boreal biomes driven by warming, but it is unclear how GPP trends are affected by wildfires. Here, we used satellite vegetation observations and environmental data with a diagnostic GPP model to analyze recovery from large fires in Alaska over the period 2000–2019. We confirmed earlier findings that warmer‐than‐average years provide favorable climate conditions for vegetation growth, leading to a GPP increase of 1 Tg C yr−1, contributed mainly from enhanced productivity in the early growing season. However, higher temperatures increase the risk of wildfire occurrence leading to direct carbon loss over a period of 1–3 years. While mortality related to severe wildfires reduce ecosystem productivity, post‐fire productivity in moderately burned areas shows a significant positive trend. The rapid GPP recovery following fires reported here might be favorable for maintaining the region's net carbon sink, but wildfires can indirectly promote the release of long‐term stored carbon in the permafrost. With the projected increase in severity and frequency of wildfires in the future, we expect a reduction of GPP and therefore amplification of climate warming in this region.
Shifting Patterns of Summer Lake Color Phenology in Over 26,000 US Lakes
Authors: Topp Simon N. , Pavelsky Tamlin M. , Dugan Hilary A. , Yang Xiao , Gardner John , Ross Matthew R.V. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractLakes are often defined by seasonal cycles. The seasonal timing, or phenology, of many lake processes are changing in response to human activities. However, long‐term records exist for few lakes, and extrapolating patterns observed in these lakes to entire landscapes is exceedingly difficult using the limited number of available in situ observations. Limited landscape‐level observations mean we do not know how common shifts in lake phenology are at macroscales. Here, we use a new remote sensing data set, LimnoSat‐US, to analyze U.S. summer lake color phenology between 1984 and 2020 across more than 26,000 lakes. Our results show that summer lake color seasonality can be generalized into five distinct phenology groups that follow well‐known patterns of phytoplankton succession. The frequency with which lakes transition from one phenology group to another is tied to lake and landscape level characteristics. Lakes with high inflows and low variation in their seasonal surface area are generally more stable, while lakes in areas with high interannual variations in climate and catchment population density show less stability. Our results reveal previously unexamined spatiotemporal patterns in lake seasonality and demonstrate the utility of LimnoSat‐US, which, with over 22 million remote sensing observations of lakes, creates novel opportunities to examine changing lake ecosystems at a national scale.
Horton Index: Conceptual Framework for Exploring Multi‐Scale Links Between Catchment Water Balance and Vegetation Dynamics
Authors: Abeshu Guta Wakbulcho , Li Hong‐Yi 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis paper is motivated to understand the multi‐temporal scale characteristics of Horton Index (HI), an indicator of catchment‐scale plant water use defined as the ratio of catchment vaporization (total evapotranspiration) to catchment wetting (precipitation minus surface runoff). Based on the generalized proportionality hypothesis, we first develop an analytical framework of HI applicable at multi‐temporal scales as a single function of ecological aridity index (EAI), defined as the ratio of potential evapotranspiration to catchment wetting. We successfully validate this framework at the long‐term, annual, and monthly scales at 343 natural catchments over the conterminous United States under varying climate and vegetation regimes. We show that vegetation plays an important role in regulating not only the partitioning of catchment wetting into vertical vaporization and horizontal baseflow, but also further partitioning of vaporization into initial and continuing components. Aided by this framework, we reveal emergent space‐time similarity patterns between HI’s spatial (inter‐catchment, regional) and temporal (within‐catchment, inter and intra‐annual) variability. On the one hand, HI increases with EAI, both spatially and temporally, following similar trends predicted by the analytical framework. On the other hand, the slopes of HI ∼ EAI relationships, denoted as d (HI)/d (EAI), decreased with EAI both spatially and temporally and, again, following similar trends suggested by the analytical framework. These findings suggest the promising potential of Horton Index as a conceptual yet quantitative framework for improving understanding and modeling of multi‐scale ecological and hydrological processes and their interactions.
Inference of Precipitation in Warm Stratiform Clouds Using Remotely Sensed Observations of the Cloud Top Droplet Size Distribution
Authors: Sinclair Kenneth , van Diedenhoven Bastiaan , Cairns Brian , Alexandrov Mikhail , Dzambo Andrew M. , L'Ecuyer Tristan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractDrizzle is a common feature of warm stratiform clouds and it influences their radiative effects by modulating their physical properties and lifecycle. An important component of drizzle formation are processes that lead to a broadening of the droplet size distribution (DSD). Here, we examine observations of cloud and drizzle properties retrieved using colocated airborne measurements from the Research Scanning Polarimeter and the Third Generation Airborne Precipitation Radar. We observe a bimodal DSD as the aircraft transects drizzling open‐cells whereby the larger mode reaches a maximum size near cloud center and the smaller mode remains relatively constant in size. We review similarities between our observations with droplet growth processes and their connections with precipitation onset. We estimate droplet sedimentation using the cloud top DSD and find a correlation with rain water path of 0.82. We also examine how changes in liquid water paths and droplet concentrations may act to enhance or suppress precipitation.
Emergent Constraints on Regional Cloud Feedbacks
Authors: Lutsko Nicholas J. , Popp Max , Nazarian Robert H. , Albright Anna Lea 
Published: May 2021

AbstractLow‐cloud based emergent constraints have the potential to substantially reduce uncertainty in Earth’s equilibrium climate sensitivity, but recent work has shown that previously developed constraints fail in the latest generation of climate models, suggesting that new approaches are needed. Here, we investigate the potential for emergent constraints to reduce uncertainty in regional cloud feedbacks, rather than the global‐mean cloud feedback. Strong relationships are found between the monthly and interannual variability of tropical clouds, and the tropical net cloud feedback. These relationships are combined with observations to substantially narrow the uncertainty in the tropical cloud feedback and demonstrate that the tropical cloud feedback is likely >0Wm−2K−1. Promising relationships are also found in the 90°–60°S and 30°–60°N regions, though these relationships are not robust across model generations and we have not identified the associated physical mechanisms.
Substrate control of sulphur utilisation and microbial stoichiometry in soil: Results of 13C, 15N, 14C, and 35S quad labelling
Authors: Ma Qingxu , Kuzyakov Yakov , Pan Wankun , Tang Sheng , Chadwick David R , Wen Yuan , Hill Paul W , Macdonald Andy , Ge Tida , Si Linlin , Wu Lianghuan , Jones Davey L 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Global plant sulphur (S) deficiency is increasing because of a reduction in sulphate-based fertiliser application combined with continuous S withdrawal during harvest. Here, we applied 13C, 15N, 14C, and 35S quad labelling of the S-containing amino acids cysteine (Cys) and methionine (Met) to understand S cycling and microbial S transformations in the soil. The soil microorganisms absorbed the applied Cys and Met within minutes and released SO42− within hours. The SO42− was reutilised by the MB within days. The initial microbial utilisation and SO42− release were determined by amino acid structure. Met released 2.5-fold less SO42− than Cys. The microbial biomass retained comparatively more C and S from Met than Cys. The microorganisms decomposed Cys to pyruvate and H2S whereas they converted Met to α-ketobutyrate and S-CH3. The microbial stoichiometries of C, N, and S derived from Cys and Met were balanced after 4 d by Cys-derived SO42− uptake and Met-derived CO2 release. The microbial C:N:S ratio dynamics showed rapid C utilisation and loss, stable N levels, and S accumulation. Thus, short-term organic S utilisation by soil microorganisms is determined by amino acid structure whilst long-term organic S utilisation by soil microorganisms is determined by microbially controlled stoichiometry.
Serotonin-related rodent models of early-life exposure relevant for neurodevelopmental vulnerability to psychiatric disorders
Authors: Adjimann Tamara S. , Argañaraz Carla V. , Soiza-Reilly Mariano 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMental disorders including depression and anxiety are continuously rising their prevalence across the globe. Early-life experience of individuals emerges as a main risk factor contributing to the developmental vulnerability to psychiatric disorders. That is, perturbing environmental conditions during neurodevelopmental stages can have detrimental effects on adult mood and emotional responses. However, the possible maladaptive neural mechanisms contributing to such psychopathological phenomenon still remain poorly understood. In this review, we explore preclinical rodent models of developmental vulnerability to psychiatric disorders, focusing on the impact of early-life environmental perturbations on behavioral aspects relevant to stress-related and psychiatric disorders. We limit our analysis to well-established models in which alterations in the serotonin (5-HT) system appear to have a crucial role in the pathophysiological mechanisms. We analyze long-term behavioral outcomes produced by early-life exposures to stress and psychotropic drugs such as the selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants or the anticonvulsant valproic acid (VPA). We perform a comparative analysis, identifying differences and commonalities in the behavioral effects produced in these models. Furthermore, this review discusses recent advances on neurodevelopmental substrates engaged in these behavioral effects, emphasizing the possible existence of maladaptive mechanisms that could be shared by the different models.
CircRNAs: role in human diseases and potential use as biomarkers
Authors: Verduci Lorena , Tarcitano Emilio , Strano Sabrina , Yarden Yosef , Blandino Giovanni 
Published: May 2021

AbstractCircular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of endogenous RNAs characterized by a covalent loop structure. In comparison to other types of RNAs, the abundance of circRNAs is relatively low but due to the circular configuration, their stability is very high. In addition, circRNAs display high degree of tissue specificity. The sponging activity of circRNAs toward microRNAs is the best-described mode of action of circRNAs. However, the ability of circRNAs to bind with specific proteins, as well as to encode short proteins, propose alternative functions. This review introduces the biogenesis of circRNAs and summarizes the roles played by circRNAs in human diseases. These include examples of their functional roles in several organ-specific cancers, such as head and neck and breast and lung cancers. In addition, we review potential functions of circRNAs in diabetes, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative diseases. Recently, a growing number of studies have demonstrated involvement of circRNAs in a wide spectrum of signaling molecular pathways, but at the same time many different and controversial views on circRNAs role and function are emerging. We conclude by offering cellular homeostasis generated by networks comprising circular RNAs, other non-coding RNAs and RNA-binding proteins. Accordingly, it is predictable that circRNAs, due to their highly stable nature and remarkable tissue specificity, will emerge as reliable biomarkers of disease course and treatment efficacy.
Viral dosing of influenza A infection reveals involvement of RIPK3 and FADD, but not MLKL
Authors: Oltean Teodora , Van San Emily , Divert Tatyana , Vanden Berghe Tom , Saelens Xavier , Maelfait Jonathan , Takahashi Nozomi , Vandenabeele Peter 
Published: May 2021

AbstractRIPK3 was reported to play an important role in the protection against influenza A virus (IAV) in vivo. Here we show that the requirement of RIPK3 for protection against IAV infection in vivo is only apparent within a limited dose range of IAV challenge. We found that this protective outcome is independent from RIPK3 kinase activity and from MLKL. This shows that platform function of RIPK3 rather than its kinase activity is required for protection, suggesting that a RIPK3 function independent of necroptosis is implicated. In line with this finding, we show that FADD-dependent apoptosis has a crucial additional effect in protection against IAV infection. Altogether, we show that RIPK3 contributes to protection against IAV in a narrow challenge dose range by a mechanism that is independent of its kinase activity and its capacity to induce necroptosis.
CircRNA_2646 functions as a ceRNA to promote progression of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma via inhibiting miR-124/PLP2 signaling pathway
Authors: Zeng Bo , Liu Zhenguo , Zhu Haoshuai , Zhang Xin , Yang Weixiong , Li Xiaoxing , Cheng Chao 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMicroRNA-124 (miR-124) has been predicted as a tumor suppressor in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). However, factors contributing to miR-124 reduction remain unclear. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a new family of non-coding RNAs with gene regulatory potential via interacting with miRNAs. We predicted three circRNAs, including CircRNA_14359, CircRNA_2646, and CircRNA_129, that could interact with miR-124 by bioinformatics analysis and determined their expressions in ESCC tissues and adjacent normal tissues. We found that CircRNA_2646 was up-regulated in ESCC, negatively correlated with the expression of miR-124 and positively associated with TNM stage and lymph node metastasis of ESCC. Luciferase reporter assay showed that CircRNA_2646 interacted with miR-124 in ESCC Eca109 and TE-1 cells. Moreover, ectopical overexpression of CircRNA_2646 accelerated cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), but restoration of miR-124 abrogated these functions and promoted Bcl-2-dependent cell apoptosis. Furthermore, it was found that the oncogene Proteolipid Protein 2 (PLP2) was the target gene of miR-124. In Eca109 and TE-1 cells, restoration of miR-124 decreased the level of PLP2 and inhibited PLP2-induced cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and EMT, but enhanced cell apoptosis. The in vivo study confirmed that CircRNA_2646 promoted ESCC development by repressing miR-124 and activating PLP2. Taken together, we identified that CircRNA_2646 functioned as an inhibitor in miR-124 signaling pathway in ESCC for carcinogenesis and could be a promising target for ESCC therapy.
Experimental evidence for hydrogen incorporation into Earth’s core
Authors: Tagawa Shoh , Sakamoto Naoya , Hirose Kei , Yokoo Shunpei , Hernlund John , Ohishi Yasuo , Yurimoto Hisayoshi 
Published: May 2021

AbstractHydrogen is one of the possible alloying elements in the Earth’s core, but its siderophile (iron-loving) nature is debated. Here we experimentally examined the partitioning of hydrogen between molten iron and silicate melt at 30–60 gigapascals and 3100–4600 kelvin. We find that hydrogen has a metal/silicate partition coefficient DH ≥ 29 and is therefore strongly siderophile at conditions of core formation. Unless water was delivered only in the final stage of accretion, core formation scenarios suggest that 0.3–0.6 wt% H was incorporated into the core, leaving a relatively small residual H2O concentration in silicates. This amount of H explains 30–60% of the density deficit and sound velocity excess of the outer core relative to pure iron. Our results also suggest that hydrogen may be an important constituent in the metallic cores of any terrestrial planet or moon having a mass in excess of ~10% of the Earth.
Power of data in quantum machine learning
Authors: Huang Hsin-Yuan , Broughton Michael , Mohseni Masoud , Babbush Ryan , Boixo Sergio , Neven Hartmut , McClean Jarrod R. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe use of quantum computing for machine learning is among the most exciting prospective applications of quantum technologies. However, machine learning tasks where data is provided can be considerably different than commonly studied computational tasks. In this work, we show that some problems that are classically hard to compute can be easily predicted by classical machines learning from data. Using rigorous prediction error bounds as a foundation, we develop a methodology for assessing potential quantum advantage in learning tasks. The bounds are tight asymptotically and empirically predictive for a wide range of learning models. These constructions explain numerical results showing that with the help of data, classical machine learning models can be competitive with quantum models even if they are tailored to quantum problems. We then propose a projected quantum model that provides a simple and rigorous quantum speed-up for a learning problem in the fault-tolerant regime. For near-term implementations, we demonstrate a significant prediction advantage over some classical models on engineered data sets designed to demonstrate a maximal quantum advantage in one of the largest numerical tests for gate-based quantum machine learning to date, up to 30 qubits.
A cortico-collicular pathway for motor planning in a memory-dependent perceptual decision task
Authors: Duan Chunyu A. , Pan Yuxin , Ma Guofen , Zhou Taotao , Zhang Siyu , Xu Ning-long 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSurvival in a dynamic environment requires animals to plan future actions based on past sensory evidence, known as motor planning. However, the neuronal circuits underlying this crucial brain function remain elusive. Here, we employ projection-specific imaging and perturbation methods to investigate the direct pathway linking two key nodes in the motor planning network, the secondary motor cortex (M2) and the midbrain superior colliculus (SC), in mice performing a memory-dependent perceptual decision task. We find dynamic coding of choice information in SC-projecting M2 neurons during motor planning and execution, and disruption of this information by inhibiting M2 terminals in SC selectively impaired decision maintenance. Furthermore, we show that while both excitatory and inhibitory SC neurons receive synaptic inputs from M2, these SC subpopulations display differential temporal patterns in choice coding during behavior. Our results reveal the dynamic recruitment of the premotor-collicular pathway as a circuit mechanism for motor planning.
Linking functional traits and demography to model species-rich communities
Authors: Chalmandrier Loïc , Hartig Florian , Laughlin Daniel C. , Lischke Heike , Pichler Maximilian , Stouffer Daniel B. , Pellissier Loïc 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIt has long been anticipated that relating functional traits to species demography would be a cornerstone for achieving large-scale predictability of ecological systems. If such a relationship existed, species demography could be modeled only by measuring functional traits, transforming our ability to predict states and dynamics of species-rich communities with process-based community models. Here, we introduce a new method that links empirical functional traits with the demographic parameters of a process-based model by calibrating a transfer function through inverse modeling. As a case study, we parameterize a modified Lotka–Volterra model of a high-diversity mountain grassland with static plant community and functional trait data only. The calibrated trait–demography relationships are amenable to ecological interpretation, and lead to species abundances that fit well to the observed community structure. We conclude that our new method offers a general solution to bridge the divide between trait data and process-based models in species-rich ecosystems.
Interplay between electrochemical reactions and mechanical responses in silicon–graphite anodes and its impact on degradation
Authors: Moon Junhyuk , Lee Heung Chan , Jung Heechul , Wakita Shinya , Cho Sungnim , Yoon Jaegu , Lee Joowook , Ueda Atsushi , Choi Bokkyu , Lee Sihyung , Ito Kimihiko , Kubo Yoshimi , Lim Alan Christian , Seo Jeong Gil , Yoo Jungho , Lee Seungyeon , Ham Yongnam , Baek Woonjoong , Ryu Young-Gyoon , Han In Taek 
Published: May 2021

AbstractDurability of high-energy throughput batteries is a prerequisite for electric vehicles to penetrate the market. Despite remarkable progresses in silicon anodes with high energy densities, rapid capacity fading of full cells with silicon–graphite anodes limits their use. In this work, we unveil degradation mechanisms such as Li+ crosstalk between silicon and graphite, consequent Li+ accumulation in silicon, and capacity depression of graphite due to silicon expansion. The active material properties, i.e. silicon particle size and graphite hardness, are then modified based on these results to reduce Li+ accumulation in silicon and the subsequent degradation of the active materials in the anode. Finally, the cycling performance is tailored by designing electrodes to regulate Li+ crosstalk. The resultant full cell with an areal capacity of 6 mAh cm−2 has a cycle life of >750 cycles the volumetric energy density of 800 Wh L−1 in a commercial cell format.