bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Jasmonate‐ and abscisic acid‐activated AaGSW1‐AaTCP15/AaORA transcriptional cascade promotes artemisinin biosynthesis in Artemisia annua
Authors: Ma Ya‐Nan , Xu Dong‐Bei , Yan Xin , Wu Zhang‐Kuanyu , Kayani Sadaf Ilyas , Shen Qian , Fu Xue‐Qing , Xie Li‐Hui , Hao Xiao‐Long , Hassani Danial , Li Ling , Liu Hang , Pan Qi‐Fang , Lv Zong‐You , Liu Pin , Sun Xiao‐Fen , Tang Ke‐Xuan 
Published: February 2021

SummaryArtemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone widely used in malaria treatment, was discovered in the medicinal plant Artemisia annua. The biosynthesis of artemisinin is efficiently regulated by jasmonate (JA) and abscisic acid (ABA) via regulatory factors. However, the mechanisms linking JA and ABA signalling with artemisinin biosynthesis through an associated regulatory network of downstream transcription factors (TFs) remain enigmatic. Here we report AaTCP15, a JA and ABA dual‐responsive teosinte branched1/cycloidea/proliferating (TCP) TF, which is essential for JA and ABA‐induced artemisinin biosynthesis by directly binding to and activating the promoters of DBR2 and ALDH1, two genes encoding enzymes for artemisinin biosynthesis. Furthermore, AaORA, another positive regulator of artemisinin biosynthesis responds to JA and ABA, interacts with and enhances the transactivation activity of AaTCP15 and simultaneously activates AaTCP15 transcripts. Hence, they form an AaORA‐AaTCP15 module to synergistically activate DBR2, a crucial gene for artemisinin biosynthesis. More importantly, AaTCP15 expression is activated by the multiple reported JA and ABA‐responsive TFs that promote artemisinin biosynthesis. Among them, AaGSW1 acts at the nexus of JA and ABA signalling to activate the artemisinin biosynthetic pathway and directly binds to and activates the AaTCP15 promoter apart from the AaORA promoter, which further facilitates formation of the AaGSW1‐AaTCP15/AaORA regulatory module to integrate JA and ABA‐mediated artemisinin biosynthesis. Our results establish a multilayer regulatory network of the AaGSW1‐AaTCP15/AaORA module to regulate artemisinin biosynthesis through JA and ABA signalling, and provide an interesting avenue for future research exploring the special transcriptional regulation module of TCP genes associated with specialized metabolites in plants.
An amiRNA screen uncovers redundant CBF and ERF34/35 transcription factors that differentially regulate arsenite and cadmium responses
Authors: Xie Qingqing , Yu Qi , Jobe Timothy O. , Pham Allis , Ge Chennan , Guo Qianqian , Liu Jianxiu , Liu Honghong , Zhang Huijie , Zhao Yunde , Xue Shaowu , Hauser Felix , Schroeder Julian I. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractArsenic stress causes rapid transcriptional responses in plants. However, transcriptional regulators of arsenic‐induced gene expression in plants remain less well known. To date, forward genetic screens have proven limited for dissecting arsenic response mechanisms. We hypothesized that this may be due to the extensive genetic redundancy present in plant genomes. To overcome this limitation, we pursued a forward genetic screen for arsenite tolerance using a randomized library of plants expressing >2,000 artificial microRNAs (amiRNAs). This library was designed to knock‐down diverse combinations of homologous gene family members within sub‐clades of transcription factor and transporter gene families. We identified six transformant lines showing an altered response to arsenite in root growth assays. Further characterization of an amiRNA line targeting closely homologous CBF and ERF transcription factors show that the CBF1,2 and 3 transcription factors negatively regulate arsenite sensitivity. Furthermore, the ERF34 and ERF35 transcription factors are required for cadmium resistance. Generation of CRISPR lines, higher‐order T‐DNA mutants and gene expression analyses, further support our findings. These ERF transcription factors differentially regulate arsenite sensitivity and cadmium tolerance.
Unilesional granulomatous pigmented purpuric dermatosis in a 7‐year‐old boy
Authors: Zubkov Micaella R. , LaRosa Caroline L. , Makkar Hanspaul S. , Murphy Michael J. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractGranulomatous pigmented purpuric dermatoses (PPD) are rarely reported. We present a case of granulomatous PPD in a 7‐year‐old boy, one of only two pediatric cases with reported solitary disease. The pathogenesis of unilesional granulomatous PPD may be different from the more commonly described multifocal/widespread disease variant.
Clinical predictive value of the urine leukocyte esterase test positivity in childhood
Authors: Yavaş Damla Pınar , Arslansoyu Çamlar Seçil , Soylu Alper , Kavukçu Salih 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundFalse negative or positive results may occur in the urine dipstick test for leukocyte esterase (LE), which is used to determine urinary tract infection (UTI). We aimed to investigate the clinical importance of the presence or absence of pyuria in urine sediment for diagnosing UTI in the presence of positive LE in dipstick analysis.MethodsPatients admitted to the pediatric nephrology outpatient clinic with positive urine LE tests were divided into two groups: those without pyuria (Group 1) and those with pyuria (Group 2) in their urine sediment. Hospital files of the patients were evaluated retrospectively for demographic variables, lower or upper UTI symptoms, physical examination for phimosis and vulvovaginitis, urinalysis for LE and nitrite tests, urine sediment microscopy, urine culture, complete blood count and C‐reactive protein. Both groups were compared for the significant growth of pathogenic bacteria in urine cultures along with clinical and laboratory parameters.ResultsAmong 578 children giving samples for urinalysis, there were 287 cases with positive LE tests. Groups 1 and 2 included 123 and 164 cases, respectively. The proportion of girls was higher in Group 1 and vulvovaginitis rate was higher among the girls in Group 1. Girls with vulvovaginitis were mostly prepubertal. Upper UTI symptoms, significant pathogen growth rate, and elevated acute phase response were more common in Group 2. In addition, the phimosis rate was more common among the boys in Group 1 with false positive LE test.ConclusionsChildren with positive LE tests without pyuria are mostly prepubertal girls and there is a high rate of vulvovaginitis in these girls. Unnecessary tests and treatments for UTI may be avoided with detailed history and physical examination in prepubertal girls who have a false positive LE test. We also found, for the first time, that a false positive LE test is significantly associated with phimosis in boys.
Photobiomodulation Therapy by 820 nm Diode Laser on Nonsurgical Periodontal Treatment of Smoker and Nonsmoker Patients: A Single‐Blind Parallel Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Özdemir Hakan , Gündoğar Hasan , Akpınar Aysun 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe effect of smoking on nonsurgical periodontal treatment (SRP) is known, but the adjunct use of photobiomodulation (PBMT) to SRP has not been fully investigated in smokers. This study aimed to assess the effect of 820 nm diode laser on SRP in smoker/nonsmoker. Sixty patients (smokers/n = 30, nonsmokers/n = 30) were enrolled in this parallel‐arm clinical study. All patients were divided into two main groups: SRP and PBMT + SRP. In PMBT + SRP groups, 7.96 J cm−2 energy was applied by 820nm diode laser at baseline and first, second and third weeks after SRP. Periodontal pocket depth (PPD), gingival index (GI), plaque index (PI) and clinical attachment level (CAL) were recorded, and also gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples were collected at baseline and 6w after SRP. Total antioxidant capacity (TAOC) and total oxidative status (TOS) in GCF were analyzed. PBMT + SRP groups showed a statistically significant decrease in PPD and CAL, not in GI and PI compared with SRP alone. There were no statistically significant differences between smokers and nonsmokers in clinical data at six weeks after treatment. Although TAOC levels were increased in PMBT groups, TOS levels were decreased in all groups at the comparison of baseline and 6w after SRP. Adjunct use of 820 nm diode laser on SRP may improve the clinical parameters in smoker or nonsmoker patient with periodontitis.
The 1971 Bangladesh War and Policy Lessons for Climate Refugee Management in South Asia
Authors: Ravi Chaitanya 
Published: February 2021

This article responds to recent research highlighting the need for greater focus on the dynamics of climate mobility and destination state policies. Bangladesh's low‐lying landmass, dense population and long coastline has raised the risk of climate change‐induced destabilization due to sea‐level rise. There is increased risk of long‐term, cross‐border movement of climate refugees into India which previously experienced a short‐term, intense exodus of ten million East Pakistani refugees from the 1971 Bangladesh War. This study understands India's state, NGO, and societal responses to the 1971 crisis using the concept of framing and developing a “perception‐capability‐policy output” approach to garner policy lessons for potential future climate change‐induced migration. Limitations of the “conflict versus climate migration” comparison are acknowledged, even as its utility is highlighted. The article ends by noting the crucial role of NGOs and social capital in filling capability voids of the state, constrained by a polarizing political environment.Related ArticlesAsal, Victor, and Mitchell Brown. 2010. “A Cross‐National Exploration of the Conditions that Produce Interpersonal Violence.” Politics & Policy 38 (2): 175‐192. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2010.00234.xHarel‐Shalev, Ayelet. 2009. “Lingual and Educational Policy toward ‘Homeland Minorities’ in Deeply Divided Societies: India and Israel as Case Studies.” Politics & Policy 37 (5): 951‐970. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2009.00206.x/abstractHarel‐Shalev, Ayelet. 2013. “Policy Analysis beyond Personal Law: Muslim Women's Rights in India.” Politics & Policy 41 (3): 384‐419. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12016
Toxigenic strains of Azadinium poporum (Amphidomataceae, Dinophyceae) from Japan and Vietnam, with first reports of A. poporum (ribotype A) and A. trinitatum in Asian Pacific
Authors: Takahashi Kazuya , Lum Wai Mun , Benico Garry , Uchida Hajime , Ozawa Mayu , Oikawa Hiroshi , Suzuki Toshiyuki , Nguyen Nguyen Van , Ha Dao Viet , Iwataki Mitsunori 
Published: February 2021

SUMMARYMorphology and phylogeny of small armored dinoflagellate Azadinium species isolated from Japanese and Vietnamese coasts were examined by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and molecular phylogeny inferred from ITS and LSU rDNA (D1–D3) sequences. Dominant azaspiracids (AZAs) were analyzed by using liquid chromatography/triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (LC/MS/MS). Sixteen and four culture strains were established from Japan and Vietnam, respectively. A phylogenetic tree confirmed our species identifications of Japanese cultures as Azadinium poporum (ribotypes A, B and C), A. trinitatum and A. zhuanum, and Vietnamese cultures as A. poporum (ribotype B). Typical cells of A. poporum had the thecal tabulation of Po, cp, X, 4′, 3a, 6″, 6C, 5S, 6″′, 2″″, A. trinitatum had Po, cp, X, 4–5′, 3a, 6–7″, 6C, 5S, 5–6″′, 2″″ and A. zhuanum had Po, cp, X, 3–4′, 2a, 6″, 6C, 5S, 6″′, 2″″. Cellular morphology of the three species were congruent with those in the original reports, in terms of the presence/absence of antapical spine and the position of the ventral pore, nucleus and pyrenoids, although small differences were also found in the nucleus position of A. trinitatum and A. zhuanum. AZA‐2 was the dominant component in Japanese A. poporum (ribotypes A, B and C), and AZA‐40 in Vietnamese A. poporum (ribotype B). AZA‐2 and AZA‐40 were not detected in Vietnamese and Japanese A. poporum, respectively. AZA analogs were not detected from A. trinitatum and A. zhuanum. This is the first report of the toxigenic A. poporum from Japan and Vietnam, with identifications of the major AZAs. The ribotype A of A. poporum and A. trinitatum were the first records in Asia.
Frontal Asymmetry in an approach–avoidance conflict paradigm
Authors: Lacey Micayla F. , Gable Philip A. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe frontal cortex appears to be asymmetrically related to approach motivation, avoidance motivation, and motivational conflict. Much past work has investigated approach and avoidance motivation, but little work has investigated frontal asymmetry in the face of motivational conflict in part because of the inherent conflict between avoidance motivation and motivational conflict. The current study sought to disentangle the existing confound between avoidance motivation and motivational conflict. In the study, participants selected the likelihood of viewing negative (vs. positive) images for zero reward points (avoidance only condition), or negative (vs. positive) images for the chance to win reward points (approach–avoidance conflict conditions). Participants exhibited greater relative right frontal asymmetry while making percent likelihood selections in the approach–avoidance conflict conditions relative to the avoidance only conditions. Additionally, participants exhibited greater relative right frontal asymmetry while viewing disgust images during trials with the greatest approach–avoidance conflict relative to trials with the lowest approach–avoidance conflict. Together, these results suggest that motivational conflict, and not avoidance motivation, is associated with greater relative right frontal activity.
Maneuvering the bumps in the New Silk Road: Open innovation, technological complexity, dominant design, and the international impact of Chinese innovation
Authors: Brem Alexander , Nylund Petra A. 
Published: February 2021

Chinese innovation is again flowing westwards, which is fomented by China’s Belt and Road Initiative. In this context, we study the international impact of innovations from specific countries. Based on panel data of patents from 27 countries over 17 years, we find that levels of open innovation, technological complexity, and dominant design influence the international impact of innovations from a country. Contrary to earlier research, however, this influence is negative when open innovation activities are involved. This is particularly relevant in the context of Chinese innovation, in which the same innovation networks that promote efficient production may hinder the development of innovations. Due to the innate uncertainty and newness of innovation, partners beyond the common local and long‐term networks must be included. Hence, to effectively create a New Silk Road of Innovation, innovation ecosystems may need to expand across national borders. This opens up fruitful avenues for future research, and individuals with multiple cultural identities can bridge the gaps between contexts.
Estimation and Clustering in Popularity Adjusted Block Model
Authors: Noroozi Majid , Rimal Ramchandra , Pensky Marianna 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe paper considers the Popularity Adjusted Block model (PABM) introduced by Sengupta and Chen (Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B, 2018, 80, 365–386). We argue that the main appeal of the PABM is the flexibility of the spectral properties of the graph which makes the PABM an attractive choice for modelling networks that appear in biological sciences. We expand the theory of PABM to the case of an arbitrary number of communities which possibly grows with a number of nodes in the network and is not assumed to be known. We produce estimators of the probability matrix and of the community structure and, in addition, provide non-asymptotic upper bounds for the estimation and the clustering errors. We use the Sparse Subspace Clustering (SSC) approach for partitioning the network into communities, the approach that, to the best of our knowledge, has not been used for the clustering network data. The theory is supplemented by a simulation study. In addition, we show advantages of the PABM for modelling a butterfly similarity network and a human brain functional network.
Measuring the effectiveness of US monetary policy during the COVID‐19 recession
Authors: Feldkircher Martin , Huber Florian , Pfarrhofer Michael 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe COVID‐19 recession that started in March 2020 led to an unprecedented decline in economic activity across the globe. To fight this recession, policy makers in central banks engaged in expansionary monetary policy. This paper asks whether the measures adopted by the US Federal Reserve (Fed) have been effective in boosting real activity and calming financial markets. To measure these effects at high frequencies, we propose a novel mixed frequency vector autoregressive (MF‐VAR) model. This model allows us to combine weekly and monthly information within a unified framework. Our model combines a set of macroeconomic aggregates such as industrial production, unemployment rates, and inflation with high‐frequency information from financial markets such as stock prices, interest rate spreads, and weekly information on the Fed's balance sheet size. The latter set of high‐frequency time series is used to dynamically interpolate the monthly time series to obtain weekly macroeconomic measures. We use this setup to simulate counterfactuals in absence of monetary stimulus. The results show that the monetary expansion caused higher output growth and stock market returns, more favorable long‐term financing conditions and a depreciation of the US dollar compared with a no‐policy benchmark scenario.
Labeling Defective T*
Authors: Sugimoto Yushi 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis paper proposes a new analysis of so‐called ‘defective T’ (a postulate originally discussed in Chomsky 2000, 2001) and seeks a label‐based theoretical explanation of phenomena associated with the distribution of subjects in infinitival clauses. I argue that we do not need to postulate ‘defective T’ as an element of the lexicon. Following Chomsky’s (2013, 2015) labeling approach, which investigates only finite clauses, I argue here that the subject of infinitive‐tois pair‐merged structure <T, C> and the associated predicate forms an {XP, YP} structure, which is unlabelable. To attain labeling, the subject position ([spec, TP]) in the infinitival clause moves out and the label of the resulting structure is the amalgam <T, C>, which has no visible Spec (violating EPP). As a consequence, we eliminate the Merge‐over‐Move principle.
Ultrasonographic measurement of kidney‐to‐aorta parameters in Whippets
Authors: Costanza Dario , Pasolini Maria Pia , Greco Adelaide , Mennonna Giuseppina , Auletta Luigi , Lamagna Francesco , Meomartino Leonardo 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn a previous study, an ultrasonographic method to assess kidney size in dogs as a ratio of kidney length to aortic luminal diameter (KL/AoD ratio) was proposed. The main limitation of this method was the wide range of normal values (5.5‐9.1), which resulted in poor sensitivity and specificity. The aim of this prospective, observational, reference interval study was to determine whether the KL/AoD normal cut‐off values in a single breed (Whippets) would have a narrower range than the previously reported normal reference ranges. The influence of sex, age, weight, and side on kidney length (KL) and of sex, age, weight, and scanning plane (longitudinal vs transversal) on aortic luminal diameter (AoD) were also investigated. Thirty‐six clinically healthy Whippets (16 males, 20 females) without ultrasonographic renal lesions were included in this study. The 95% confidence interval of mean KL/AoD was found to be narrower than the previously reported range (ie, 6.3‐6.9 versus 5.5‐9.1). This was considered to be especially notable in that the KL in this breed exhibits marked sexual dimorphism. The KL/AoD ratio did not differ between right versus left sides or male versus female sexes in Whippets (P > .05). Findings from the current study provided KL/AoD ratio normal reference range cut‐off values for future use in Whippets and supported the use of breed‐specific KL/AoD ratio values for characterizing abnormal renal size in other canine breeds.
Convergent evolution: A new subfamily for bipaliin‐like Chilean land planarians (platyhelminthes)
Authors: Almeida Ana Laura , Francoy Tiago Maurício , Álvarez‐Presas Marta , Carbayo Fernando 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe monotypic genus of land planariansTimyma(Rhynchodeminae, Geoplanidae) has been suggested to be a relict that could reflect a pre‐Tertiary Antarctic connection between South America and Australia and New Zealand. Two species belonging to this genus,Timyma juliaeE. M. Froehlich, 1978 andTimyma olmuensisAlmeida & Carbayo sp. n., are (re)described herein. Both species present ventral testes and a semilunate headplate, the same as the members of the Oriental subfamily Bipaliinae.Timyma olmuensisAlmeida & Carbayo sp. n. is studied by means of an integrative approach. Two nuclear gene fragments (28S, EF) and a mitochondrial gene fragment (COI) were sequenced. Phylogenetic analyses pointed out thatTimymais the sister–group of the Neotropical Geoplaninae and is phylogenetically distant from Bipaliinae, contradicting the hypothesis ofTimymaas a South American relict of a Gondwanan taxon. These results indicate that the headplate evolved independently inTimymaand Bipaliinae. Morphological data reinforce this view. Accordingly, Timyminae subfam. n. is proposed forTimymaand a new diagnosis for the genus is proposed.
Neonatal Spinal Cord Transection Decreases Hindlimb Weight-Bearing and Affects Formation of Achilles and Tail Tendons
Authors: Theodossiou Sophia K. , Pancheri Nicholas M. , Martes Alleyna C. , Bozeman Aimee L. , Brumley Michele R. , Raveling Abigail R. , Courtright Jeffrey M. , Schiele Nathan R. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Mechanical loading may be required for proper tendon formation. However, it is not well understood how tendon formation is impacted by the development of weight-bearing locomotor activity in the neonate. This study assessed tendon mechanical properties, and concomitant changes in weight-bearing locomotion, in neonatal rats subjected to a low thoracic spinal cord transection or a sham surgery at postnatal day (P)1. On P10, spontaneous locomotion was evaluated in spinal cord transected and sham controls to determine impacts on weight-bearing hindlimb movement. The mechanical properties of P10 Achilles tendons (ATs), as representative energy-storing, weight-bearing tendons, and tail tendons (TTs), as representative positional, non-weight-bearing tendons were evaluated. Non- and partial weight-bearing hindlimb activity decreased in spinal cord transected rats compared to sham controls. No spinal cord transected rats showed full weight-bearing locomotion. ATs from spinal cord transected rats had increased elastic modulus, while cross-sectional area trended lower compared to sham rats. TTs from spinal cord transected rats had higher stiffness and cross-sectional area. Collagen structure of ATs and TTs did not appear impacted by surgery condition, and no significant differences were detected in the collagen crimp pattern. Our findings suggest that mechanical loading from weight-bearing locomotor activity during development regulates neonatal AT lateral expansion and maintains tendon compliance, and that TTs may be differentially regulated. The onset and gradual increase of weight-bearing movement in the neonate may provide the mechanical loading needed to direct functional postnatal tendon formation.