bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of Plastic Magnetic Gears Utilized Magnetic Characteristic
Authors: Shoji Akira , Kawashima Giichi 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper discribes the manufacture of injection mold plastic magnetic gears. The pole of the right tooth face is difficult to that of the left tooth face in one teeth. Those gears mesh with the non-backlash. This paper is primarily to study the principles of plastic magnetic gears regarding the method of injection, mold method of magnetization and measurement of flux density and the results of a dynamic test (the noise test, wear test and measurement of temperature of plastic gears teeth) Regarding preventive gear noise, plastic magnetic gears are superior according to the results of the experiment. Those gears are used with no need for lubrication, but there is some degree of wear when a grease and oil lubrication is used. The shrink fit plastic magnetic gears were made as a non-lubricating type. Those types showed a slight degree of wear. The manufacture of plastic magnetic gears and polyamid coating plastic non-lubricating type. Those types showed a slight degree of wear. The manufacture of plastic magnetic gears (less than module:2) with the establishment of a new method for magnetic york. It was possible to provide a strong magnetic field by improving the magnetic york and this providing practical non-backlash gears.
Computer-Aided Structure Modification of Electromechancal Systems Using Singular Value Decomposition
Authors: Rai Subhendu , Asada Haruhiko 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A computer-aided design method for modifying the mechanical structure of electro-mechanical systems, eg. robots and positioning systems, is presented in this paper. The pole-zero locations and other system characteristics are represented in relation to the structural geometry by using a finite element method. The inverse problem of determining a geometry which will yield better dynamic characteristics is formulated and solved. Based on sensitivity analysis and the singular value decomposition of the sensitivity matrix, useful information is provided to the designer for making effective design changes and understanding trade-offs among multiple system characteristics to be improved. This decomposition also provides us with a new type of geometric design mode-shapes that characterizes all possible design changes affecting system characteristics. The design methodology is implemented to develop a computer-aided structure modification system. A design example of a flexible robot arm demonstrates the usefulness of the system.
An Extension of Design for Assembly Methods for Large and Heavy Parts
Authors: Wong John W. , Sturges Robert H. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Traditional Design for Assembly methods are limited to part sizes between a few millimeters to a few tens of centimeters in overall size and to part weights under a few kilograms. Parts in the range of a meter in overall size and weighing a few tens of kilograms are examined in this paper. An experimental plan separates weight, mass and inertia and correlates these properties with assembly difficulty and time. When windage, part flexibility and operator fatigue are absent, a set of three parameters serve to model these effects on human assembly performance. Adaptation of this result is made to extend a Design for Assembly methodology.
The Application of Intelligence Engineering to an Optimization Software: IIO
Authors: Cha Jianzhong , Dai Zuo , Lu Peng 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper describes an Integrated Intelligent Optimization (IIO) Software System, which has been developed based on the theory and technique of Intelligence Engineering[1]. IIO has provided an environment for a series of automatic processing on optimization models given by users, such as preprocess of mathematical models, algorithm selection, parameter adjustment, numerical process monitoring and debugging, error analysis of optimal results, sensitivity analysis, as well as contour drawing and so on. In the paper we also discuss the structure of object-oriented knowledge-base, the acguisition and representation of knowledge about algorithms, parameters and postprocessing of optimal results. The IIO has been built in C and C++ within Windows 3.0 environment, and implemented on PC/386 platform. A complete example of applying the IIO system to a real world optimization problem has been described, which has shown a great promising of the new system.
Comparison of Four Non-Derivative Optimization Methods on Two Problems Containing Heuristic and Analytic Knowledge
Authors: Borup Liana , Parkinson Alan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Hybrid engineering models — models that combine both analytic and heuristic knowledge — can address a wide range of design issues. However, models that combine these two types of information are often non-smooth and thus cannot be optimized by traditional derivative-based optimization algorithms. This paper is a study of four non-derivative optimization methods: Simulated Annealing, Genetic Algorithms, Flexible Polyhedron Search, and Function Approximation. Each algorithm was tested on two engineering problems that combine heuristic and analytic information. The algorithms were then evaluated with respect to ease of implementation, robustness, and efficiency.
Although each algorithm has advantages/disadvantages that may make it preferable for specific problems, in this study the Flexible Polyhedron Search was the best algorithm both in terms of ease of implementation and efficiency. This method found good designs in a relatively few number of design analyses. It was not, however, as robust as Simulated Annealing.
A Reduction Method for Nonhierarchichal Optimization-Based Design
Authors: Wu Bi-Chu , Azarm Shapour 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Nonhierarchical decomposition-based optimization, especially when compared to the hierarchical one, has the advantage that no restriction is imposed on how the decomposed subsystems should interact with one another. However, the difficulty inherent in nonhierarchically decomposed subsystems is how to coordinate their activities so that an overall optimum design can be achieved. In this paper, a new and simple method for optimization-based design of nonhierarchically decomposed systems is presented. The driving force behind the method is to formulate and iteratively solve a reduced-size problem so that the decomposed subsystems can be coordinated. Since the size reduction measures developed in the method does not include any problem-dependent assumptions, the procedure is applicable to a wide variety of optimization problems. To illustrate the application of the method, a simple numerical and a flywheel design example are presented.
Constraint Activity Revisited: Application to Global and Discrete Design Optimization
Authors: Pomrehn Leonard P. , Papalambros Panos Y. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The concept of constraint activity, widely used throughout the optimization literature, is extended and clarified to deal with global optimization problems containing either continuous or discrete variables. The article begins by presenting definitions applicable to individual constraints, followed by definitions of groups of constraints. Concepts are reinforced through the use of examples. The definitions are used to investigate the ideas of degrees of freedom, optimization “cases,” and monotonicity analysis, as applied to global and discrete problems. Applicability to local optimization is also noted.
Design-Optimization of Machine Elements
Authors: Funk Wolfram 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The incorporation of computer-aided methods in design and development requires the preparation of assessment and optimization algorithms for design purposes. With regard to generality and ease of handling, a random search procedure will be the only optimization method suitable for broad application. The multi-dimensional utility analysis, which has long been known as an assessment method for multi-dimensional systems of objectives, was employed within the framework of optimization calculations. These methods will be explained with the aid of some examples.
Runner System Balancing for Injection Molds Using Approximation Concepts and Numerical Optimization
Authors: Irani Rohinton K. , Kodiyalam Srinivas , Kazmer David O. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The goal during runner balancing is to vary the diameters of the runner segments such that all the cavities, in a multi-cavity injection mold, fill at the same time. If the runner system is unbalanced, some cavities will fill before others, begin to overpack, and result in material wastage and inconsistent part quality. Numerical optimization methods and finite element mold-filling simulation are used to solve this nonlinear discrete variable problem. Approximation concepts are used to reduce the computational effort required for solving this iterative problem. This automated system has been successfully tested on a number of family molds.
Helical Gear Design Optimization: A Random Search Methodology
Authors: Zarefar H. , Muthukrishnan S. N. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A modified random search methodology for the design of helical gears has been developed. The technique allows for the incorporation of non-linear design functions and constraints without the need for linearization. In addition, the random serarch based method is invariant to the feasibility of the initial design. Application of the proposed optimization method to the helical gear design problem have shown promisisng results. Futhermore, the methodology can be utilized in developing a robust algorithm to initiate a feasible design to be employed by other gradient-based optimization routines.
Catalog Design: Design Using Available Assets
Authors: Vadde S. , Allen J. K. , Mistree F. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Catalog design is a procedure in which a system is assembled by selecting standard components from catalogs of available components. Selection in design involves making a choice among a number of alternatives taking into account several attributes. The information available to a designer to do so during the early stages of project initiation may be uncertain. The uncertainty in information may be imprecise or stochastic. Under these circumstances, a designer has to balance limited resources against the quality of solution obtained or decisions made by accounting for uncertainty in information available. This complex task becomes formidable when dealing with coupled selection problems, that is problems that should be solved simultaneously. Coupled selection problems share a number of coupling attributes among them. In an earlier paper we have shown how selection problems, both coupled and uncoupled can be reformulated as a single compromise Decision Support Problem (DSP) using a deterministic model. In this paper, we show how the traditional compromise DSP can be extended to represent a nondeterministic case. We use fuzzy set theory to model imprecision and Bayesian statistics to model stochastic information. Formulations that can be solved with the same solution scheme are presented to handle both fuzzy and stochastic information in the standard framework of a compromise DSP. The approaches are illustrated by an example involving the coupled selection of a heat exchanger concept and a cooling fluid for a specific application. The emphasis in this paper is placed on explaining the methods.
Application of Expert System for a Compound Gear Train Design
Authors: Yang Saiwei , Yu Kenny 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A program, written in Turbo-Prolog, was developed to provide a quick and accurate design tool for a compound gear train. The program was based on the expert system methods of backward chaining/ depth first for solution search, fuzzy logic for uncertainty and solution priority, blackboard for opportunistic control of the pc memory space.
After initial input of needed information, the system will advise the user some of default design parameters such as the gear module, tooth number, safety factor., et al., by a friendly interactive explanatory facility. The program will then select a suitable material based on the design criteria-bending stress, wearing stress, and material fatigue strength. An optimal solution is then suggested based on the desired design constraints. This package can be used in either an English or a Chinese operating environment.
Three examples: lathe gearbox, helical gear set, five speed transmission were illustrated and validated. The program performed the same or compatible solutions to the recommended data in the examples.
Kinematic Synthesis of Ordinary and Epicyclic Gear Trains for a Prescribed Velocity Ratio
Authors: Pennestrì Ettore 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a new computer algorithm for the systematic kinematic design of ordinary and four-gear epicyclic gear trains. The main features of the algorithm are simplicity and compactness. The paper discusses various analytical techniques for approximating a rational number by a fraction. Several numerical examples have been developed with the purpose of comparison with other techniques.
manuFeature: A Framework for Recognizing CAD Interactions in Design-for-Manufacturing Analysis
Authors: Gadh Rajit , Prinz Fritz B. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The current paper discusses a fundamentally new approach to defining and finding interactions in computer-aided design (CAD) forms or features. The paper provides a classification of the various interactions found among CAD forms. The paper also illustrates a robust approach to defining and recognizing stand-alone as well as interacting forms. The problem of generic form definition is resolved using a set of high-level abstract entities called loops and links. The computational difficulty in finding the forms is resolved using a mathematically defined geometric filter called the Differential Depth Filter.
Incorporating Geometrical Tolerances and Processing Inaccuracy Into Dimensioning and Tolerancing
Authors: Porchet Michel , Zhang Genbao 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The geometrical tolerances and the processing inaccuracy have a great influence on dimensioning and tolerancing. However, it is quite difficult to integrate them into dimensioning and tolerancing. This paper presents a way in which geometrical tolerances and process inaccuracy can be taken into consideration. The distance between two surfaces is defined clearly. The relationship between distance tolerances, form errors and position errors is established. Different sources influencing a distance precision have been investigated. A model where geometrical tolerances and processing inaccuracy can be dealt with is proposed. This model closely approaches practice.
Using Error Diffusion With Ordered Dither Matrix Method in Displaying Shaded Graphics
Authors: Her I. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The error diffusion method and the ordered dither matrix method are the most frequently used techniques for displaying shaded graphics on bi-level devices. The error diffusion method generates images with a smooth intensity variation appearance while the ordered dither matrix method generates images composed of constant intensity areas. This paper is concerned with the use of the two methods together. It is found that the resulting images have a greater contrast than that of the input image.
Robust Fatigue Design for Combined Bending and Steady Torsion
Authors: Eggert Rudolph J. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The fatigue design of elements experiencing combined cyclic bending and steady torsion is presented. Von-Mises stresses are compared to strengths predicted by the ASME Elliptic and Langer failure relations. Propagation of variations due to materials, manufacturing, and usage is discussed. Stochastic fatigue design using random variable algebra and simulation is presented along with an illustrative transmission shaft example.
Chaotic Behavior of a Two Mass Bouncing System
Authors: Lee Chi-Wook , Seireg Ali , Duffy Joseph 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This study investigates the behavior of simple two mass bouncing systems which are released from a certain height. A nonlinearity exists in the discontinuity of the flight and the ground modes, although the behavior of the systems is linear in each mode. Such oscillators provide models for mechanical systems such as legged systems for hopping robots. The phase plane technique and the power spectrum analysis are used to investigate the stability of bouncing systems and the chaos that may occur. The effects of the spring constants and the damping coefficient at the ground contact on the bouncing behavior is also investigated.
Tilt-Wing Rotorcraft Dynamic Analysis Using Multibody Formulation
Authors: O’Heron Patrick J. , Nikravesh Parviz E. , Arabyan Ara , Kunz Donald L. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A model is presented that can be used to simulate the highly nonlinear transient dynamics associated with advanced rotorcraft conversion processes. Multibody equations of motion of the fuselage, the tilting wing, and the rotor assembly are derived using a minimal set of coordinates. An enhanced aerodynamics model is employed to account for unsteadiness and nonlinearity in the near-wake aerodynamics, with a dynamic uniform inflow to compute the far-wake aerodynamics, and a flight control system is employed to compute the blade pitch settings that are necessary to achieve a desired flight path. The model is subjected to a demanding flight path simulation to illustrate that it can perform vertical take-off, hover, tilt-wing conversion, and high-speed forward flight maneuvers effectively.
The Kinematic Control Equations of a Singularity Free Six Degree of Freedom Manipulator
Authors: Di Caprio F. , Stanišić M. M. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this paper, one symmetrically actuated double pointing system is used in the shoulder subassembly, and another is used in the wrist subassembly of a six degree-of-freedom manipulator. In a previous paper, this manipulator was shown to be free of singularities. In this paper, the position control equations are derived.
A Class of Hybrid-Chain Manipulators Based on Kinematically Simple Branches
Authors: Podhorodeski Ron P. , Pittens Kenneth H. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Hybrid-chain manipulators consisting of serial branches acting in parallel on a common end effector are examined. All non-redundant, six DOF hybrid manipulator structures are enumerated and a specific hybrid-chain structure is chosen as most promising based upon performance considerations. A class of kinematically simple (KS) serial-chain branches suitable for the chosen hybrid structure is defined. Arguments based upon kinematic equivalency of the branches and mobility of the assembled hybrid chain are used to show that there exist only five unique branch structures belonging to the KS class. It is demonstrated that the solution to the inverse displacement problem for hybrid structures based on the KS branches can be expressed in a closed form. Furthermore, the KS based hybrid-chains are shown to belong to a family of manipulator structures whose forward displacement solutions can be resolved through roots of a 16th order polynomial.
Solution of the Direct Position Kinematics Problem of the General Stewart Platform Using Advanced Polynomial Continuation
Authors: Sreenivasan S. V. , Nanua Prabjot 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this paper the direct position kinematics problem of the most general geometry of the Stewart platform has been solved numerically. It is found that this problem has exactly 40 distinct, finite solutions. No closed form solutions are available for this problem. This problem was addressed for the first time by Raghavan recently, and the results obtained here are in agreement with the ones obtained by Raghavan. The formulation and the variable set used in this work lead to a simpler polynomial system of lower overall degree. Further, the geometric parameters of the general Stewart platform have been used to generate a ‘near-general’ Stewart platform. Even though the near-general Stewart platform also has exactly 40 finite, distinct, configurations, it is represented by much simpler polynomial equations. The polynomial system obtained from this near-general Stewart platform is used as the start system in an advanced polynomial continuation scheme to solve the general Stewart problem. This process eliminates a large number of solutions at infinity that have no geometric significance. This leads to an efficient numerical algorithm that is about twenty times faster than traditional continuation schemes.
A Divide-and-Conquer Method for Planning Collision Free Paths for Cooperating Robots
Authors: Weaver Jonathan M. , Derby Stephen J. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a method for autonomously planning collision free paths for two cooperating robots in a static environment. Cooperating robots simultaneously grasp and manipulate a single object. Our method utilizes a divide-and-couquer type of heuristic and involves non-exhaustive mapping of configuration space. The method is applicable to all manipulators having any number of links and is suitable for path planning of single as well as cooperating robots. While there is no guarantee of finding a solution, the algorithm has been successfully applied to a variety of problems including two cooperating nine dof arms. Sample results are included.
Inverse Kinematic Solutions of a Rolling Disk Between Two Planar Manipulators
Authors: Agrawal Sunil Kumar , Pandravada R. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper describes the inverse kinematic solutions of a disk rolling between two planar manipulators. The problem, in essence, is to compute the joint angles of the manipulator links given the position and orientation of the rolling disk. An algebraic technique is used to find out the inverse solutions of the manipulator links and the maximum possible number of these solutions for a given position and orientation of the rolling disk. This problem is worthy of presentation due to the following reasons: (1) the inverse solutions are obtained after including the constraints of rolling between the disk and the manipulators, (2) the upper bound on the number of inverse solutions with rolling constraints is much higher than that demonstrated for structurally similar closed-chain manipulators without rolling, (3) the joint solutions are a function of the initial assembly configuration of the mechanism, (4) these solutions have potential use in the development of path-planning algorithms for planar manipulators with rolling constraints. From our study, we conclude that a disk manipulated by two planar 2R robots has a maximum of 24 feasible sets of joint angles for a given position and orientation of the disk.
Kinematic Analysis and Design of Articulated Manipulators With Joint Motion Constraints
Authors: Dwarakanath T. A. , Ghosal A. , Shrinivasa U. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper deals with kinematic analysis and design of articulated manipulators having constraints on joint motions. For an articulated manipulator with joint rotation constraints, the workspace is composed of several bounding surfaces and the number of bounding surfaces depend on the ranges and the mean positions of joint rotations. We show that the maximum workspace is not necessarily obtained for equal link lengths but is also determined by the range and mean positions of the joint motions. We present expressions for sectional area, workspace volume, overlap volume and work area in terms of link ratios, mean positions and ranges of joint motion.
To ensure maximum utilization of a manipulator in applications such as painting and welding, instead of the total workspace, it is often of more interest to obtain the maximum regular area or volume that can be embedded inside the workspace. In this paper, we present a numerical procedure to obtain the maximum rectangular area that can be embedded in the workspace of an articulated manipulator with joint rotation constraints.
The analytical expressions and the numerical plots are used for the kinematic design of an articulated manipulators with joint rotation constraints.