bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of a novel inorganic metal oxide-based composite 54(BaO.TiO2)-46(K2O.SiO2) via melt-quench technique: physical, structural, optical, and morphological properties for CO2 gas sensing applications
Authors: Mishra Rajat Kumar , Singh Ajeet , Avinashi Sarvesh Kumar , Shweta  , Kumari Savita , Fatima Zaireen , Hussain Ajaz , Yadav Bal Chandra , Gautam Chandkiram 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Herein, a novel composite 54[BaO.TiO2]-46[K2O.SiO2], (BTKS) was synthesized via a melt-quenching approach for detection of CO2 gas. The measurements of CO2 gas sensing were performed in the range of 250–1500 ppm. XRD study reveals the polycrystalline nature of the composite with a major and minor phases of witherite (BaCO3), BaTiSi3O9 and BaTiO3. Further, UV-Visible spectroscopy was used and revealed the semiconducting nature of the composite. Further, SEM and TEM revealed rod-like morphology along with homogenous pores and voids within the composite, attributed for excellent sensing behaviour. FTIR and Raman spectroscopies were executed, revealing the bonds formation of Si–O–Si, Ti–O–Ti, and Si–O–Ti. The sensing response of the composite for CO2 gas at 1000 ppm was obtained 3.38 with response time 19.23s, and recovery time 21.54s respectively. The synthesized composite based portable, and cost-effective gas sensing device might be used for medical diagnostics to overcome health risks in the future.
Neural networks trained with SGD learn distributions of increasing complexity*
Authors: Refinetti Maria , Ingrosso Alessandro , Goldt Sebastian 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The uncanny ability of over-parameterised neural networks to generalise well has been explained using various ‘simplicity biases’. These theories postulate that neural networks avoid overfitting by first fitting simple, linear classifiers before learning more complex, non-linear functions. Meanwhile, data structure is also recognised as a key ingredient for good generalisation, yet its role in simplicity bias is not yet understood. Here, we show that neural networks trained using stochastic gradient descent initially classify their inputs using lower-order input statistics, such as mean and covariance, and exploit higher-order statistics only later during training. We first demonstrate this distributional simplicity bias (DSB) in a solvable model of a single neuron trained on synthetic data. We then demonstrate DSB empirically in a range of deep convolutional networks and visual transformers trained on CIFAR10, and show that it even holds in networks pre-trained on ImageNet. We discuss the relation of DSB to other simplicity biases and consider its implications for the principle of Gaussian universality in learning.
Design of 64 V 24 Ah Battery Pack with Li-Ion 1865 Cells for Two-Wheels Electric Vehicle
Authors: Izzaturrahman A , Athallah R A N , Raharjo J 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Electric vehicles have become increasingly popular in recent years, including in Indonesia. Many manufacturers are starting to produce their own versions of electric vehicles, including two-wheeled electric vehicles. Two-wheeled electric vehicles are known to be popular in Indonesia since it is used for running errands and other daily routines. As the popularity grows, the variety of battery packs are being produced and distributed. Battery packs variety is due to the lack of standardization in Indonesia. Therefore, this study aims to develop a battery with specifications of 64V and 24 Ah capacity. Test results show that the developed battery achieves a voltage of 69.67V when fully charged and a total capacity of 23.36 Ah. Dyno testing also demonstrates that the battery can generate power up to 1.54 HP with a maximum speed of 34 km/h. These specifications make the two-wheeled electric vehicles to be expected to travel further than others that are currently available in the market.
Design and Implementation of a Process Control System Using Bang-Bang Control and Polynomial Speed Acquisition for a Stirred Batch Reactor
Authors: Arifin  , Yulianti Lenni 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This research focuses on designing and implementing a process control system with data acquisition for temperature regulation and agitator speed on a stirred batch reactor used for alpha-cellulose production through alkalization, a key step in the manufacture of Ball Powder Propellant (BPP). The temperature control system utilizes a bang-bang controller with a 2-degree Celsius hysteresis, ensuring stable operation with minimum overshoot. Concurrently, the agitator speed control system integrates an Arduino-based speed acquisition module to maintain an average RPM close to the setpoint, while exhibiting slight overshoot and accuracy deviation. The system includes a human-machine interface (HMI) developed in LabVIEW, which provides real-time monitoring and control, experimental results demonstrate effective process management is critical for consistent product quality in chemical reactor operations and a complete full system running with chemical substances already producing alfa cellulose is required for the next production step.
Enhanced Feature Matching in Image Stitching Using ORB for Image-Based Mapping Using UAV
Authors: Anoraga Muhammad Imron Catur , Ekawati Estiyanti , Mukhlish Faqihza 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Image-based region mapping requires an image-stitching process to produce a complete map while preserving the details of the mapped objects. Image acquisition can be done using UAVs such as drones, and image stitching can be performed using the Oriented FAST and Rotated BRIEF (ORB) techniques. However, this algorithm has a drawback: There are many mismatches during feature matching. In this study, a maximum pixel displacement constraint between images was applied during the feature-matching process. Applying this constraint improved the feature-matching results due to a significant reduction of the mismatch rate from 84.28% to 25.17%. This reduction positively impacted subsequent stages, including map stitching. The mismatch removal process and the acquisition of transformation models during image registration became faster, reducing the processing time from 17m 36.8s to 1m 17.2s. Additionally, there was an improvement in the SSIM metric score, indicating that the stitched image results had a higher similarity to the reference image captured by a digital camera, increasing from 0.8423 to 0.8489.
Calibration of a Low-Cost Particulate Matter Sensor Using the Decay Method
Authors: Saputra Casmika , Faqiih Muhammad Nur , Thalia Asthari Fachsya , Safari Imel Aprilyana , Salam Rahmat Awaludin 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Air pollution, particularly particulate matter (PM), poses significant health risks and environmental challenges. Real-time air quality monitoring is crucial for effective management and mitigation strategies, especially in personal exposure contexts. Wearable devices, commonly utilizing low-cost optical PM sensors, offer a promising solution. However, these low-cost sensors often require recalibration to ensure accuracy and reliability. This study focuses on calibrating the SPS30 particulate matter sensor, a popular optical sensor, to improve its performance for wearable applications. The calibration process was conducted using the decay method in an aerosol chamber, aligning the SPS30’s readings with those of a reference sensor (HT-9600). The results demonstrated an excellent correlation between the SPS30 and the reference sensor for both PM2.5 and PM10 measurements. This study confirms that proper calibration can enhance the SPS30’s accuracy, making it a reliable tool for real-time, personal air quality monitoring, which is essential for public health and environmental management.
Combining Coagulation and Filtration Methods for the Treatment of Laundry Wastewater
Authors: Habibah K A , Wibowo E , Ulya N , Rosi M , Sutisna  
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Laundry wastewater containing fabric softeners and detergents is hazardous to the environment and requires treatment before being discharged. The government’s wastewater quality criteria for laundry enterprises and activities are often exceeded by this wastewater due to its high levels of total dissolved solids (TDS), pH, and turbidity. In this study, two treatment methods—coagulation and filtration—were combined. Calcium oxide (CaO) was used as the coagulant in varying amounts (5, 10, 15, and 20 grams). The treated wastewater was then filtered through silica sand, activated carbon, and zeolite. The parameters analyzed were TDS, pH, and turbidity. Results showed that using 20 grams of CaO followed by filtration with zeolite media, was able to reduce turbidity by 99.94%, with the pH and TDS of the laundry waste reaching 8.79 and 1770, respectively. The use of CaO as a coagulant combined with zeolite as a filtration medium is the best combination for treating laundry waste to meet the government’s regulatory standards. Hence, combining coagulation and filtration using these two materials can serve as an affordable and effective method for laundry waste treatment. By implementing this method, the treated laundry waste becomes environmentally friendly.
In-situ study on fatigue failure of plain woven SiCf/SiC composites based on X-ray computed tomography
Authors: Ma P H , Hu D Y , Liu Y , Liu X , Wang Y , Wang R Q 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
SiCf/SiC ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) have emerged as key materials for thermal protection systems owing to their high strength-to-weight ratio, high-temperature durability, resistance to oxidation, and outstanding reliability. However, due to the complex microstructure of composites, including fibres, matrix, interfaces and manufacturing defects, the damage mechanisms of CMCs are extremely complex. In this study, in-situ X-ray computed tomography (CT) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were combined to investigate the damage mechanisms of plain woven SiCf/SiC composites under fatigue. The X-ray CT system, combined with an in-situ loading stage, allowed for the detailed characterization of internal damage evolution at different stages of fatigue, including changes in geometry morphology and defects. Meanwhile, SEM was used to observe the fracture surfaces of the material. Key results indicated that delamination damage occurs due to crack propagation in the matrix, which reduces the load-bearing area and leads to fibre fracture.
High dynamic magnetic transport system for substrate alignment
Authors: Denkena Berend , Klemme Heinrich , Zhang Jingcai 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Optical waveguides can be manufactured using transfer processes. Therefore, the substrate needs to be transported and precisely aligned between different process steps. To achieve high productivity, a high dynamic transport system is necessary. However, for conventional transport systems, the dynamic positioning accuracy is limited due to friction of the contact-based guides. Thus, a friction-free transport system has the potential to achieve a higher dynamic positioning accuracy. In this paper a novel friction-free transport system with magnetic guide is presented. Its impressive load capacity and high dynamics have been verified through experiments. Based on the experimental data, the transport system is capable of providing loads of up to approximately 2000 N to meet printing requirements and a bandwidth of 75.0 Hz was achieved, which is 125% higher than the contact-based device.
Analysis of vibration due to combined misalignments in loaded spur gear systems
Authors: Tuiran R. , Ruge A. , Águila H. , Maury H. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This study investigates a single stage spur gear transmission system subjected to combined misalignments, such as parallel (radial and axial) and angular (yaw) misalignments, under varying load conditions. Two load levels were analysed: 0.1 Nm for "no load" and 1.2 Nm for "loaded" conditions. The input variables are combined misalignments and reaction loads, while the output variable is the vibration measurement taken at the bearing supports. These measurements were used to assess the effect of misalignment and load on the vibrational behaviour of the system. The test bench used for the experimental runs consists of a 2 hp motor and a hydraulic system that allows the reaction torques to be controlled. The results show that although the acceleration values vary under different load conditions, the overall trend remains consistent as long as no significant deformation occurs in the gears. Furthermore, the type of misalignment that most influences the variation in acceleration is yaw misalignment.
Design method for a hexapod curling robot with multiple tasks, multiple mechanism topologies, and multiple functions capabilities.
Authors: Xiao Y , Yin K , Chen X , Chen Z , Gao F 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
While current curling robots can perform the function of throwing the curling stone, their method of throwing differs significantly from that of human athletes. To better integrate robots into the sport of curling alongside athletes, they need to adopt a throwing technique similar to that of curlers. Consequently, the development of curling robots is confronted with the design challenges of multiple tasks, multiple mechanism topologies, and multiple functions capabilities. This paper proposes a four-step design method for legged robots to address this issue. First, the design requirements for the robot are determined by analyzing the curling stone throwing. Second, the robot's mechanism topology is established based on its functional needs. Then, the robot's configuration design is conducted based on the design requirements and mechanism topologies. Finally, the curling stone throwing for the robot is planned through task chains and behavior chains. Using this method, the design of a hexapod curling robot has been completed, and the robot's curling stone throwing function has been realized. The design method presented in this paper is also applicable to the development of other task-oriented legged robots, contributing to the advancement of legged robot applications.
Exercising Citizen’s Power: A Review of Social Movements Influencing Urban Forest Governance
Authors: Sylvia M. , Hasan M. M. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Amidst climate change challenges in urban areas, the interplay between development pressures and environmental sustainability intensifies. While cities integrate nature-based solutions like urban forests into planning, tensions arise when economic interests override environmental concerns, leading to the urban forest destruction for commercial development. Consequently, this discrepancy in priorities serves as a catalyst for social movements led by civic society, as citizens mobilize to advocate for the preservation and enhancement of urban forests. Thus, major civic society social movements are triggered when government decisions challenge the status quo, representing the last bastion of greenery in the community. This review investigates the motivations, organization, and communication strategies driving such movements and identifies the governance factors contributing to their success. By conducting an extensive literature review on citizen movements and employing a matrix-based comparative analysis of case studies from cities across Europe, Asia, and Latin America, we gained valuable insights into the dynamics of governance and citizen activism. From over 200 findings, 12 relevant case studies were meticulously selected to address these inquiries. Findings highlight those opaque governmental decisions, often disregarding public environmental concerns, are a key catalyst for mobilization, while climate crises serve as secondary motivators, reinforcing calls for transparent, participatory governance. Ultimately, this study contributed to the discourse on urban forest governance by elucidating the complex dynamics of citizen-led initiatives and offering pathways for enhancing citizen participation in decision-making processes towards co-governance of urban forests.
Biodiversity and Carbon Stocks of Mangrove Forests in Nusantara Capital City of Indonesia
Authors: Kiswanto  , Mardiany  , Jansi Budiawan Tekko , Farahdita Wanda Laras , Ola Rosa Penaten , Bola Stevanus Dolin , Diana Rita 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Degradation and conversion of mangrove forests, recognized as blue carbon ecosystems, have predominantly impacted Indonesia. The Indonesian government’s pronouncement to transfer the capital from Jakarta to Nusantara in East Kalimantan Province raises the possibility of causing ecosystem damage to mangrove forests during infrastructure reconstruction. The study pointed to identify the various species and calculate the total of carbon stocks in mangroves due to replacement of the Nusantara Capital City. This study will collect data using two 125-meter transect lines, each with three circular plots. The survey found several mangrove species, namely Rhizophora apiculata, R. mucronata, Sonneratia alba, Xylocarpus granatum, and Ceriops tagal. R. apiculata consistently has the maximum values of Importance Value Index (IVI), including seedlings, saplings, and trees. According to the findings, mangrove stands have a carbon dioxide storage capacity of 156.563 tonnes per hectare and a total biomass of 333.113 tonnes per hectare. This study proposes suggestions for preserving and restoring mangrove forest systems by using the smart forest city idea in Nusantara Capital City.
Species Diversity and Carbon Storage of Tanah Grogot Urban Forest in Paser Regency of East Kalimantan
Authors: Marjenah  , Ramadani  , Farahdita Wanda Laras , Kiswanto  
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Urban development has a negative impact on environmental quality and contributes to increased carbon emissions. Green open spaces, like urban forests, are essential for maintaining a harmonious balance between development and the environment. The study focuses on evaluating the Tanah Grogot Urban Forest’s species composition and carbon stock. Carbon stocks are calculated using a census tree inventory that covers an area of 0.85 hectares and measures the diameter and height of the trees. The study found that Samanea saman and Terminalia catappa have the maximum Important Value Index (IVI) scores between all types. These urban forests have moderately of species diversity, according to the Shannon Index (H’). Samanea saman, Terminalia catappa, and Tectona grandis were the trees with the greatest ability to store carbon. These tree species were widely distributed and had extensive tree diameters. Enrichment planting is needed in urban landscapes to enhance species diversity and increase carbon storage.
The Mammals of Indonesia’s New Capital: Baseline Mammalian Data for Forest City Management and Wildlife Monitoring
Authors: Rustam  , Matius Paulus , Boer Chandradewana , Sardjono Mustofa Agung , Syoim Mochamad , Ariyanto  , Prasetya Arie , Fredriksson Gabriella , Nuryani Ahmad , Nainggolan Kristina , Landon Nigel 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The “forest city” concept prioritizes green area management in the new Indonesian capital (IKN) of Nusantara, with key aspects including the protection of forested areas, restoration of deforestation and degradation areas, and monitoring of wildlife species. This study aimed to identify existing mammalian fauna in the IKN by direct and in-direct observation. Line transects were used for direct observation, and camera traps, cage traps, harp traps, mist nets, and documented animal sign were used for in-direct observation. Focal survey areas for this study included old and young secondary forests and forest plantations found in the area delineated for IKN. These sites included the Grand Forest Park of Bukit Soeharto, Bukit Bangkirai, and areas inside the PT Inhutani and PT ITCI Hutani Manunggal concessions within Mentawir village and the Gunung Parung region. Across these sites, from 2020-2023 a regular survey was conducted at 74 points in 9 focal areas to update and clarify historical mammalian data. The results showed that natural forested areas are very important for mammalian fauna, especially in old secondary forest. We found 52 species of mammal, including seven species of primates (e.g., Maroon Langur (Presbytis rubicunda), Proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus), Bornean Gibbon (Hylobates muelleri), Slow Loris (Nycticebus coucang)), four species of wild cats (e.g., Clouded leopard (Neofelis diardi), Marbled Cat (Pardofelis marmorata)), and five species of ungulates (e.g. Sambar (Rusa unicolor), Bornean Yellow Muctjac (Muntiacus atherodes)). There are many species that depend on forests in the IKN that need to be protected, and live monitoring using technologies, such as simple 4G camera traps, GPS collars, and bioacoustics recorders will be very helpful for forest protection, wildlife management, and minimizing human-wildlife conflict during IKN development.
Potential for developing Porang (Amorphopallus oncophyllus Prain) in logged over area forest TPTI system as a buffer area for IKN East Kalimantan Province
Authors: Kasransyah  , Marjenah  , Rujehan  , Karyati  , Ruslim Y , Matius P , Syahrinuddin  , Soetioso R , Maulidah N I 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The tropical rainforest landscape in East Kalimantan province has proven to be a pivotal driver of the regional and national economy. Spanning 6,055,793 hectares of production forest, a majority of which is under the management of 106 active forest utilization permit holders (PBPH), the region employs the Indonesian Planting Select Logging (TPTI) silviculture system to manage and enhance the value of logged over forest areas. This experiment aims to determine the growth rate of Porang plants in logged over areas forest under the TPTI system using a complete randomized design with six replicates and three treatment levels: without organic fertilizer/control (P0), application of 1000g/plant manure (P1), and biochar + 1000g/plant manure (P2). The data obtained were then subjected to ANOVA test. The test results revealed that the application of biochar + manure 1000g/plant (P2) significantly influenced average growth rate the plant height of 11.34 cm/month, Leave number of 6.17 sheet/month, and fresh tuber yield of 58.7 g. Whereas the control treatment only gave average results plant height of 9.09 cm/month, Leave number of 4.83 sheet/month, and fresh tuber yield of 22.2 g. These findings underscore the potential of Porang as a viable interstitial crop within production forest lands, emphasizing the feasibility of integrating it into agroforestry systems.
A review: investigation of post-mining treatment in coal production especially in East Kalimantan
Authors: Indrawan Wisnu , Andini Ulfa Niki , Yulia Fayza , Wahyono Yoyon , Rasjidin Roesfiansjah 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This study examines the post-mining treatment in coal production, with a particular emphasis on East Kalimantan. Mining activities have a substantial economic impact; however, they can also have detrimental effects on the environment and the communities in the vicinity if mining detritus is not properly managed. This study emphasises the utilisation of contemporary technology to monitor and mitigate coal dust contamination, as well as a variety of post-mining land management strategies, including reclamation, restoration, and rehabilitation. This study also examines the implementation of the “Water-Energy-Emission Nexus” (WEEN) model, which optimises the correlation between water consumption, energy consumption, and contaminant emissions in coal-fired power plants. Although the WEEN model has the potential to decrease emissions by up to 72%, the results indicate that this reduction is accompanied by a 17% increase in energy and water consumption. In order to achieve optimal mining results with minimal environmental impacts, it is imperative to strictly enforce regulations and involve local stakeholders. This research suggests that additional research be conducted to develop sustainable solutions and advocates for the implementation of advanced technology to mitigate pollution.