bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improved weather predictions through data assimilation for GFDL SHiELD
Authors: Tong Mingjing , Zhou Linjiong , Gao Kun , Harris Lucas , Kaltenbaugh Alex , Chen Xi , Xiang Baoqiang 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThe Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL)'s System for High‐resolution prediction on Earth‐to‐Local Domains (SHiELD) model typically uses the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Global Forecast System (GFS) analysis to initialize its medium‐range forecasts. A data assimilation (DA) system has been implemented for the global SHiELD to demonstrate the prediction skills of the model initialized from its own analysis. The DA system leverages the advanced DA techniques used in GFS and assimilates all the observations assimilated in GFS. Compared to the forecasts initialized from GFS analysis, SHiELD forecast skills are significantly improved by using its own analysis. Remarkable improvement is found in the southern hemisphere with positive impact lasting up to 10 days. The DA system is useful in identifying and understanding model errors. The most noticeable model error detected by the DA system originates from the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE)‐based moist eddy‐diffusivity mass‐flux vertical turbulent mixing (TKE‐EDMF) scheme. The model error leads to insufficient ensemble spread. Including two versions of the TKE‐EDMF scheme in the ensemble helps increase ensemble spread, further improves forecast skills and alleviate the systematic errors in marine stratocumulus regions. Applying interchannel correlated observation errors for Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) and Cross‐track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) also reduces the systematic errors and improves the forecast skill up to day 5. Further investigation of the forecast errors reveals that the ensemble spread is largely affected by the parameterization of eddy diffusivity through its impact on the gradient of the model state. The systematic forecast errors in marine stratocumulus regions are associated with the vertical location of the stratocumulus cloud, which is sensitive to model vertical resolution within the cloud layer. Enhancing eddy diffusion within the cloud or near cloud top elevates cloud top but reduces cloud amount.
“Cation‐Recognition” Effect of 2D Nanochannels in Graphene Oxide Membranes Intercalated with Ionic Liquid for High Desalination Performance
Authors: Yang Rujie , Liang Zhuolin , Wu Baolong , Di Yingjie , Lin Yuqing , Wu Shujin , Liu Quan , Liang Shanshan 
Published: January 2025

AbstractWater and ion transport in nanochannels is crucial for membrane‐based technology in biological systems. 2D materials, especially graphene oxide (GO), the most frequently used as the starting material, are ideal building blocks for developing synthetic membranes. However, the selective exclusion of small ions while maintaining in a pressured filtration process remains a challenge for GO membranes. Herein, a novel “cation‐recognition” effect is introduced within the nanochannels of reduced GO (rGO) membranes modified by ionic liquids (IL) to enhance the desalination performance. The resulting IL‐intercalated rGO (IL‐rGO) membranes exhibit remarkable stability even under prolonged exposure to acidic and basic conditions, without damage or delamination and maintain approximately ultrahigh water permeance (≈32.0 L m−2 h−1 bar−1) and high Na2SO4 rejection. The density functional theory calculations revealed that IL‐rGO nanochannels exhibited different exclusion effects on cations (Na+ and /or K+) and the attraction effect on water molecules, which led to the “cation‐recognition” effect. Overall, this work provides a theoretical framework in sub‐nanochannels for developing advanced 2D nanochannels to address the critical challenge of freshwater scarcity.
Electrochemical Migration of Zincophilic Metals for Stress Mitigation and Uniform Zinc Deposition in Aqueous Zinc‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Wang Zhenyu , Bao Lixia , Qu Shuangquan , Dong Weikang , Wu Jiayang , Cao Xinting , Wu Ziqi , Yang Wen , Liu Tiansheng , Hua Ze , Li Rujiang , Shao Ruiwen 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThe propensity of zinc (Zn) to form irregular electrodeposits at liquid‐solid interfaces emerges as a fundamental barrier to high‐energy, rechargeable batteries that use zinc anodes. So far, tremendous efforts are devoted to tailoring interfaces, while atomic‐scale reaction mechanisms and the related nanoscale strain at the electrochemical interface receive less attention. Here, the underlying atomic‐scale reaction mechanisms and the associated nanoscale strain at the electrochemical alloy interface are investigate, using gold‐zinc alloy protective layer as a model system. Leveraging multiscale spatial resolution imaging techniques, it is observed that gold element migration occurs universally at liquid‐solid interfaces and plays a pivotal role during the galvanic process. Gold (Au) migrates from the gold‐zinc alloy layer to the surface, where it accumulates at the interface. The remaining gold‐zinc alloy layer forms a porous microstructure while maintaining its interlayer position, leading to strain relaxation during zinc plating. This zincophilic interlayer effectively promotes uniform zinc nucleation while simultaneously enhancing the wettability of the electrodes in the aqueous electrolyte. Consequently, this modification strategy improves the cycling stability of zinc batteries. These findings significantly advance the fundamental understanding of the micro‐reaction mechanisms at the zinc anode interface.
Resolution of selective fetal growth restriction after laser surgery for twin‐to‐twin transfusion syndrome can be predicted by predisease growth discordance
Authors: Uribe K. A. , Birk A. , Shantz C. , Miller J. L. , Kush M. L. , Olson S. , Voegtline K. E. , Baschat A. A. , Rosner M. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractObjectiveTo determine if the resolution of fetal growth discordance after laser surgery in pregnancies with twin‐to‐twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) and coexisting selective fetal growth restriction (sFGR) can be predicted by estimated fetal weight (EFW) discordance recorded prior to the development of TTTS (pre‐TTTS).MethodsThis was a single‐center, retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data on monochorionic twins with concurrent TTTS and sFGR that underwent laser surgery and had available growth ultrasound records from a pre‐TTTS ultrasound evaluation. Maternal demographics, pregnancy characteristics and birth outcomes were compared between three outcome groups: double twin survival with resolved sFGR determined by birth weight discordance (BWD) < 20%; double twin survival with ongoing sFGR determined by BWD ≥ 20%; and single or double fetal demise after laser surgery. One‐way analysis of variance or the Kruskal–Wallis test was used for continuous variables. The chi‐square test or Fisher's exact test was used for categorical variables. A multivariate logistic regression model was constructed based on univariate associations.ResultsNinety‐seven patients with TTTS and concurrent sFGR underwent same‐ or next‐day laser surgery after a TTTS staging ultrasound at a median gestational age of 19.4 (interquartile range (IQR), 18.0–22.3) weeks, with a median EFW discordance of 28.8% (IQR, 22.9–34.0%). At delivery, 34 (35.1%) patients had resolved sFGR with a median BWD of 7.7% (IQR, 3.5–13.0%), 34 (35.1%) had ongoing sFGR with a median BWD of 30.6% (IQR, 24.4–43.9%) and 29 (29.9%) had a single or double fetal demise. Although some characteristics available at the time of TTTS diagnosis, such as the donor umbilical artery end‐diastolic velocity (P = 0.0087) and donor umbilical artery pulsatility index (P = 0.0061), also correlated with growth outcome, multivariate logistic regression analysis identified EFW discordance at the pre‐TTTS ultrasound as the primary determinant of the odds of resolved growth discordance at birth (P = 0.0063).ConclusionsIn patients undergoing laser surgery for TTTS with coexisting sFGR, a history of concordant growth at the pre‐TTTS scan prior to the development of TTTS was associated with the resolution of fetal growth discordance at birth. These findings suggest that TTTS pathophysiology can contribute to growth discordance noted at the time of TTTS diagnosis. © 2025 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Algebraic classification of Hietarinta’s solutions of Yang-Baxter equations: invertible 4 × 4 operators
Authors: Maity Somnath , Singh Vivek Kumar , Padmanabhan Pramod , Korepin Vladimir 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In order to examine the simulation of integrable quantum systems using quantum computers, it is crucial to first classify Yang-Baxter operators. Hietarinta was among the first to classify constant Yang-Baxter solutions for a two-dimensional local Hilbert space (qubit representation). Including the one produced by the permutation operator, he was able to construct eleven families of invertible solutions. These techniques are effective for 4 by 4 solutions, but they become difficult to use for representations with more dimensions. To get over this limitation, we use algebraic ansätze to generate the constant Yang-Baxter solutions in a representation independent way. We employ four distinct algebraic structures that, depending on the qubit representation, replicate 10 of the 11 Hietarinta families. Among the techniques are partition algebras, Clifford algebras, Temperley-Lieb algebras, and a collection of commuting operators. Using these techniques, we do not obtain the (2, 2) Hietarinta class.
Vacuum energy density from the form factor bootstrap
Authors: LeClair André 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The form-factor bootstrap is incomplete until one normalizes the zero-particle form factor. For the stress energy tensor we describe how to obtain the vacuum energy density ρvac, defined as 〈0|Tμν|0〉 = ρvac gμν, from the form-factor bootstrap. Even for integrable QFT’s in D=2 spacetime dimensions, this prescription is new, although it reproduces previously known results obtained in a different and more difficult thermodynamic Bethe ansatz computation. We propose a version of this prescription in D=4 dimensions. For these even dimensions, the vacuum energy density has the universal form $$ {\rho}_{\textrm{vac}}\propto {m}^D/\mathfrak{g} $$

ρ
vac

∝

m
D

/
g
where $$ \mathfrak{g} $$
g
is a dimensionless interaction coupling constant which can be determined from the high energy behavior of the S-matrix. In the limit $$ \mathfrak{g}\to 0 $$
g
→
0
, ρvac diverges due to well understood UV divergences in free quantum field theories. If we assume the observed Cosmological Constant originates from the vacuum energy density ρvac computed as proposed here, then this suggests there must exist a particle which does not obtain its mass from spontaneous symmetry breaking in the electro-weak sector, which we designate as the “zeron”. A strong candidate for the zeron is a massive Majorana neutrino.
Species scale, worldsheet CFTs and emergent geometry
Authors: Aoufia Christian , Basile Ivano , Leone Giorgio 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
We study infinite-distance limits in the moduli space of perturbative string vacua. The remarkable interplay of string dualities seems to determine a highly non-trivial dichotomy, summarized by the emergent string conjecture, by which in some duality frame either internal dimensions decompactify or a unique critical string becomes tensionless. We investigate whether this pattern persists in potentially non-geometric settings, showing that (a proxy for) the cutoff of the gravitational effective field theory in perturbative type II vacua extracted from a graviton scattering amplitude vanishes if and only if a light tower of states appears. Moreover, under some technical assumptions on the spectrum of conformal weights, the cutoff scales with the spectral gap of the internal conformal field theory in the same manner as in decompactification or emergent string limits, regardless of supersymmetry or whether the internal sector is geometric. As a byproduct, we elucidate the role of the species scale in (de)compactifications and show compatibility between effective field theory and worldsheet approaches in geometric settings with curvature.
How can the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfcFTA) help develop regional value chains across Africa? An exploration
Authors: de Melo Jaime , Solleder Jean-Marc 
Published: January 2025

AbstractAll African countries participate in the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) to boost intra-African trade to accelerate structural transformation. At the same time, increasing geopolitical tensions around the world are pressuring countries to ‘reshore’ by retreating from engagement in Global Value Chains (GVCs) towards Regional Value Chains (RVCs). High values for RVC indices would indicate that African exports have a high import content of intermediates originating in Africa and that exports destined to other African countries undergo further processing, an indication of structural transformation. The paper uses the EORA Multi-regional Input–Output (MRIO) data over 1995–2022 to present new, more comprehensive measures of participation in supply chains at several levels: across countries, regions, and sectors. Comparisons are with countries (e.g. China or India) and aggregates of countries (e.g. Europe, Americas, Asia) engaged in deep market integration. Measures for 50 African countries are compared with those for other regions. On average, African exports have a low content of imported intermediates and undergo further transformation in importing countries before reaching final consumers. Compared with other regions, African countries mostly engage in supply chain trade with countries outside Africa, displaying low values of RVC indices. In sum, compared to other regions, African Regional Economic Communities (RECs) and other regional trade agreements across the continent have failed to launch intra-African trade. The paper then explores the determinants of participation in supply chains. At the world level, from 1995 to 2022, geography factors and policy-related instruments like openness (captured by tariffs) and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) stimulate GVC trade. For Africa, low tariffs and FDI are positively associated with regional supply chain activity, an indication that AfCFTA implementation should stimulate intra-African trade.
Use of defatted cottonseed-derived biochar for biodiesel production: a closed-loop approach
Authors: Park Gyeongnam , Park Jonghyun , Kim Jee Young , Lee Doyeon , Kwon Eilhann E. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This study aimed to enhance the economic viability and sustainability of the cotton industry by converting cottonseed into energy. Cottonseed was subjected to lipid extraction for biodiesel production, and a pyrolysis test was conducted under N2 and CO2 conditions to valorise defatted cottonseed. Under CO2 conditions, the increase in CO concentration was due to homogeneous reaction of CO2 with volatile matters. Biochar, a pyrolytic product of defatted cottonseed, was used as a catalyst for thermally induced transesterification, and showed high performance in biodiesel conversion efficiency due to its abundant alkaline earth metals and meso-/macro-pores. For example, transesterification using silica at 250 ˚C yielded only 1.6 wt.% biodiesel, whereas using biochar at the same temperature resulted in a significantly higher biodiesel yield of 83.5 wt.%. This study experimentally proved that 7,900 tons (304 million MJ) of biodiesel could be produced annually, surpassing the diesel fuel requirement (145 million MJ) for cotton cultivation. These results indicate the potential to fully replace fossil fuels in the cotton industry.

Graphical Abstract
Therapeutic gene correction of HBB frameshift CD41-42 (-TCTT) deletion in human hematopoietic stem cells
Authors: Liu Qianyi , Li Xinyu , Xu Hui , Luo Ying , Cheng Lin , Liang Junbin , He Yuelin , Liu Haiying , Fang Jianpei , Huang Junjiu 
Published: January 2025

AbstractΒ-thalassemia is one of the global health burdens. The CD41-42 (-TCTT) mutation at HBB is the most prevalent pathogenic mutation of β-thalassemia in both China and Southeast Asia. Previous studies focused on repairing the HBB CD41-42 (-TCTT) mutation in β-thalassemia patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells, which were subsequently differentiated into hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) for transplantation. In this study, we directly applied the CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing therapy to correct the HBB CD41-42 (-TCTT) mutation in patient-derived HSPCs. The effective editing induced by Cas9:sgRNA ribonucleoprotein and single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides (ssODNs) was confirmed in HUDEP-2 cell lines harboring the HBB CD41-42 (-TCTT) mutation. Further correction of heterozygote and homozygote HBB CD41-42 (-TCTT) mutations in patient-derived HSPCs resulted in a 13.4–40.8% increase in the proportion of HBB-expressing (HBB +) cells following erythroid differentiation in vitro. At 16 weeks post-xenotransplantation of the edited HSPCs into coisogenic immunodeficient mice, the reparation efficiency in engrafted bone marrow was 17.21% ± 3.66%. Multiparameter flow cytometric analysis of the engrafted bone marrow showed an increase in the percentage of HBB + cells without impairing the ability of engraftment, self-renewal, and multilineage hematopoietic repopulation of HSPCs. For the safety evaluation, 103 potential off-target sites were predicted by SITE-seq and CRISPOR, with one site displaying significant off-target editing. Since this off-target site is located in the intergenic region, it is presumed to pose minimal risk. Taken together, our study provides critical preclinical data supporting the safety and efficacy of the gene therapy approach for HBB CD41-42 (-TCTT) mutation.
Thermodynamic Assessment of the Causes of the Death of the People Under the Debris in an Earthquake
Authors: Aslan Gülnihal , Olgun Hande , Yavuz Yavuz , Yılmaz Bayram , Özilgen Mustafa 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Mortality rate of the crush victims in the Marmara earthquake of August 1999 was compared with the conclusions arrived after making thermodynamic assessment of the data acquired in the previous earthquakes. Entropic age concept was found very helpful while assessing the data. Mortality rate in the age group of 0-9 years old crush victims was 0 because the basal metabolic rate (BMR) of these children was low. The earthquake happened at 3:03 a.m. in the morning and it was probably at the coldest time of the day; therefore, the victims were losing sufficient heat to avoid hyperpraxia, where body temperature reaches to 40°C or above. As the population and the age of the victims increase more people died and the survival rate decreased. The highest mortality rate was in the 60+ age group. According to the entropic age concept, these group of victims had already accumulated a lot of entropy (e.g., heath problems) in their bodies in previous stages of their lives; therefore, they were more prone to death.
The Level of Trauma and Hopelessness of Survivor Nursing Students of the February 6, 2023, Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes: The Case of Türkiye
Authors: Aytaç Sema , Ovayolu Özlem , Serçe Sibel 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Objectives
To assess the post-earthquake trauma and hopelessness levels of nursing students due to the earthquakes that occurred on February 6, 2023.

Methods
This study was conducted between April and May 2023 in the Nursing Department in a province located in Southeastern Türkiye using the face-to-face interview technique. The study was completed with 276 students in line with the power analysis. The data were collected using a questionnaire, the Scale that Determines the Level of Post-Earthquake Trauma (SDLPET), and the Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS).

Results
The mean SDLPET and BHS scores of the students were 55.45±13.58 and 9.38±4.53, respectively. Some 12.3% of the nursing students lost their friends due to the earthquake, 80.4% did not receive any earthquake training, 46% needed psychological support, 48.6% needed financial support, 49.6% needed social support, 37% had sleep problems, 72.8% experienced hopelessness, and the quality of life of 67.8% of the students was negatively affected due to the hopelessness they experienced.

Conclusions
It was found that the level of post-earthquake trauma and hopelessness of the students was moderate, and a positive and significant correlation was found between trauma and hopelessness scores.
Energy mapping of existing building stock in Cambridge using energy performance certificates and thermal infrared imagery
Authors: He Yinglong , Pan Jiayu , Debnath Ramit , Bardhan Ronita , Cullen Luke , Jenkins Marco Gomez , Mackie Erik , Hawker George , Parry Ian 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Both energy performance certificates (EPCs) and thermal infrared (TIR) images play key roles in mapping the energy performance of the urban building stock. In this paper, we developed parametric building archetypes using an EPC database and conducted temperature clustering on TIR images acquired from drones and satellite datasets. We evaluated 1,725 EPCs of existing building stock in Cambridge, UK, to generate energy consumption profiles. Drone-based TIR images of individual buildings in two Cambridge University colleges were processed using a machine learning pipeline for thermal anomaly detection and investigated the influence of two specific factors that affect the reliability of TIR for energy management applications: ground sample distance (GSD) and angle of view (AOV). The EPC results suggest that the construction year of the buildings influences their energy consumption. For example, modern buildings were over 30% more energy-efficient than older ones. In parallel, older buildings were found to show almost double the energy savings potential through retrofitting compared to newly constructed buildings. TIR imaging results showed that thermal anomalies can only be properly identified in images with a GSD of 1 m/pixel or less. A GSD of 1-6 m/pixel can detect hot areas of building surfaces. We found that a GSD > 6 m/pixel cannot characterize individual buildings but does help identify urban heat island effects. Additional sensitivity analysis showed that building thermal anomaly detection is more sensitive to AOV than to GSD. Our study informs newer approaches to building energy diagnostics using thermography and supports decision-making for large-scale retrofitting.
Mapping housing stock characteristics from drone images for climate resilience in the Caribbean
Authors: Tingzon Isabelle , Cowan Nuala Margaret , Chrzanowski Pierre 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Comprehensive housing stock information is crucial for informing the development of climate resilience strategies aiming to reduce the adverse impacts of extreme climate hazards in high-risk regions like the Caribbean. In this study, we propose an end-to-end workflow for rapidly generating critical baseline exposure data using very high-resolution drone imagery and deep learning techniques. Specifically, our work leverages the segment anything model (SAM) and convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to automate the generation of building footprints and roof classification maps. We evaluate the cross-country generalizability of the CNN models to determine how well models trained in one geographical context can be adapted to another. Finally, we discuss our initiatives for training and upskilling government staff, community mappers, and disaster responders in the use of geospatial technologies. Our work emphasizes the importance of local capacity building in the adoption of AI and Earth Observation for climate resilience in the Caribbean.