bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intensified job demands in healthcare and their consequences for employee well‐being and patient satisfaction: A multilevel approach
Authors: Huhtala Mari , Geurts Sabine , Mauno Saija , Feldt Taru 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAimsIntensified job demands (IJDs) and their effects on employee burnout, work engagement and patient satisfaction were investigated across different work units and occupational groups in a healthcare setting.DesignA multilevel study.MethodsOne thousand twenty‐four healthcare employees responded to a survey in 2019 and rated their experiences of IJDs, burnout and work engagement. Nine hundred fifty‐one patients rated their satisfaction with care received from healthcare staff.ResultsWork units and occupational groups who shared more experiences of increased time pressure and multitasking reported higher exhaustion. Shared perceptions of increased planning and performing one's work autonomously correlated with higher exhaustion and lower patient satisfaction at the work‐unit level. Moreover, work intensification was found to be highest in emergency care and among nurses, while job‐related planning demands were highest in leadership services.ConclusionIJDs are a shared risk to employee well‐being among heterogeneous healthcare staff and relate negatively to customer‐rated patient satisfaction. We found that high time‐pressure demands increase the shared risk of burnout—especially among nurses and healthcare staff working in emergency care. Furthermore, increased independence and self‐determination in planning and executing work tasks also increase the shared risk of burnout especially among those in leadership services. This can lead to lower customer/care satisfaction among patients.ImpactWith the accelerating pace of socio‐economic change, the pace of work is also getting faster. Our findings help understand how IJDs are experienced among heterogeneous healthcare staff. Because different occupational groups and work units had different demands, this research shows that attempts to mitigate the negative effects of IJDs need to be planned and implemented in a context‐specific way. It seems crucial to pay more attention especially to adequate nurse staffing so that the adverse effects of IJDs could be mitigated among them.
Description of control programmes for Salmonella in pigs in Europe. Progress to date?
Authors: Correia‐Gomes Carla , Leonard Finola , Graham David 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSalmonella spp. are one of the main causes of foodborne disease in Europe and have been associated with consumption of pig meat. However, Salmonella monitoring programmes in pigs and pig meat are not harmonized between those European countries where they exist. In general, current control programmes in Europe can be split into those aiming for: (a) elimination of infection and (b) control and reduction. Elimination programmes for Salmonella were introduced by Sweden, Norway, and Finland several decades ago. They have several elements in common including: prevalence at farm level at the start of the programmes was low, the programmes focus on the entire food chain and use bacteriology as the main detection method. If Salmonella contamination is detected stringent measures are applied. These programmes have achieved their target of a very low level of positive carcase swabs. Other European countries (e.g., Denmark, Germany, Netherlands, Belgium, UK, Ireland) have aimed for control and reduction of Salmonella in pigs rather than elimination. The main component that these programmes have in common is that their monitoring system is based on serology and farms are assigned to risk categories based on their serological profile, with control measures being targeted to high seroprevalence farms. The degree of success of each programme has varied but overall, the programmes described here have not achieved a consistent reduction of farm‐level prevalence. This review describes these programmes in detail and discusses reasons for the failure to achieve the desired outcome of reducing Salmonella prevalence at farm level.
Demographics and Monetary Policy Shocks
Authors: BERG KIMBERLY A. , CURTIS CHADWICK C. , LUGAUER STEVEN , MARK NELSON C. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe show that consumption expenditures for older households are more responsive to monetary policy shocks than for young‐ or middle‐aged households. A one‐standard‐deviation expansionary monetary policy shock induces a statistically significant and quantitatively large (1.7%) increase in aggregate consumption for old households over the ensuing 3 years. The responses for young‐ and middle‐aged households are smaller and not statistically significant. We also present evidence, suggesting that life‐cycle wealth effects play a role in driving the responses. We then build the wealth mechanism into a partial equilibrium life‐cycle model, which can qualitatively match the empirical patterns.
The Trueness of Obturator Prosthesis Base Manufactured by Conventional and 3D Printing Techniques
Authors: Alfaraj Amal , Yang Chao‐Chieh , Levon John A. , Chu Tien‐Min G. , Morton Dean , Lin Wei‐Shao 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPurposeTo compare the intaglio surface trueness of obturator prosthesis bases manufactured by traditional compression molding, injection molding, and 3D printing techniques.Materials and MethodsA complete edentulous master cast with Aramany Class I maxillary defect was selected for this in vitro study. Four study groups (n = 10/group) were included in this study, Group A: Compression Molding, Group B: Injection Molding, and Group C: Cara Print 3D DLP Printer, and Group D: Carbon 3D DLS Printer. All obturator prostheses' intaglio surfaces were scanned with a laboratory scanner (E4; 3Shape Inc, New Providence, NJ) and the dimensional differences between study samples and their corresponding casts were calculated as the root mean square (measured in mm, absolute value) using a surface matching software (Geomagic design X; 3D Systems, Rock Hill, SC). One‐way Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Fisher's least significant difference (LSD) test were used to compare groups differences in RMS (α = 0.05).ResultsThere was a significant effect of manufacturing technique on the RMS values for the 4 conditions [F(3,36) = 5.743, p = 0.003]. Injection Molding (0.070 mm) and Compression Molding groups (0.076 mm) had a lower interquartile range, and the Cara Print 3D‐Printer group (0.427 mm) and Carbon 3D‐Printer (0.149 mm) groups had a higher interquartile range. The Injection Molding group showed the best and uniform surface matching with the most area in green in the color maps. The Injection Molding group (0.139 ± 0.049 mm) had significantly lower RMS than all other groups (p < 0.001 for all comparisons). Compression Molding (0.269 ± 0.057 mm), Cara Print 3D‐Printer (0.409 ± 0.270 mm), and Carbon 3D‐Printer (0.291 ± 0.082 mm) groups were not significantly different from each other (Compression Molding versus Carbon 3D‐Printer, p = 0.59; Compression Molding versus Cara Print 3D‐Printer, p = 0.25; Cara Print 3D‐Printer versus Carbon 3D‐Printer, p = 0.40).ConclusionObturator prosthesis bases manufactured with injection molding technique showed better intaglio surface trueness than ones made by the compression molding technique and 3D printers. Although obturator prosthesis bases manufactured from different 3D printers showed similar trueness, a DLP 3D printer produced less consistent outcome than a DLS 3D printer.
The Milwaukee youth engagement pilot: Evidence of reciprocal legal socialization in Juvenile Court
Authors: Buss Emily 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis paper describes a pilot project implemented in Milwaukee's Juvenile Court, which was designed as a preliminary feasibility study to assess whether a change in court procedures could alter young offenders’ engagement in the court process and enhance their relationship with the juvenile court judge. Participants in the pilot engaged in regular monthly conversations with the juvenile judge and other legal actors in an informal context focused on collaborative planning and problem solving. The procedural justice and legal socialization literature suggests that these changes in interactions and relationships might facilitate the development of a “consensus” orientation to legal authority associated with a shared trust in the law and a voluntary acceptance of its legitimacy. This paper offers an evaluation of the pilot project using a quasi‐ethnographic approach based on observational data and interviews with participants. Although the original focus of the pilot was on the relationship between the young offenders and the judge and on the impact of that relationship on the youths’ attitudes, it became evident, over the course of the study, that the impact of the engagement was felt on both sides of the relationship, and that it was not limited to the judge and the youth. The paper explores the potential value of “reciprocal socialization”—socialization of legal authorities by the subjects with whom they interact—to the successful achievement of the juvenile justice system's aims.
Injecting network structure determines the most efficient strategy to achieve Hepatitis C elimination in people who inject drugs
Authors: Brown Chloe , Siegele Martin , Wright Mark , Cook Charlotte , Parkes Julie , I Khakoo Salim , Sacks‐Davis Rachel , Buchanan Ryan M 
Published: May 2021

AbstractTransmission of Hepatitis C (HCV) continues via sharing of injection equipment between people who inject drugs (PWID). Network‐based modelling studies have produced conflicting results about whether random treatment is preferable to targeting treatment at PWID with multiple partners. We hypothesise that differences in the modelled injecting network structure produce this heterogeneity. The study aimed to test how changing network structure affects HCV transmission and treatment effects. We created three dynamic injecting network structures connecting 689 PWID (UK‐net, AUS‐net and USA‐net) based on published empirical data. We modelled HCV in the networks and at 5 years compared prevalence of HCV 1) with no treatment, 2) with randomly targeted treatment and 3) with treatment targeted at PWID with the most injecting partnerships (degree‐based treatment). HCV prevalence at 5 years without treatment differed significantly between the three networks (UK‐net (42.8%) vs. AUS‐net (38.2%),p< 0.0001 and vs. USA‐net (54.0%),p< 0.0001). In the treatment scenarios UK‐net and AUS‐net showed a benefit of degree‐based treatment with a 5‐year prevalence of 1.0% vs. 9.6%p< 0.0001 and 0.15% vs. 0.44%,p< 0.0001. USA‐net showed no significant difference (29.3% vs. 29.2%,p= 0.0681). Degree‐based treatment was optimised with low prevalence, moderate treatment coverage conditions whereas random treatment was optimised in low treatment coverage, high prevalence conditions. In conclusion, injecting network structure determines the transmission rate of HCV and the most efficient treatment strategy. In real‐world injecting network structures, the benefit of targeting HCV treatment at individuals with multiple injecting partnerships may have been underestimated.
Consistent investment of sophisticated rank‐dependent utility agents in continuous time
Authors: Hu Ying , Jin Hanqing , Zhou Xun Yu 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe study portfolio selection in a complete continuous‐time market where the preference is dictated by the rank‐dependent utility. As such a model is inherently time inconsistent due to the underlying probability weighting, we study the investment behavior of a sophisticated consistent planners who seek (subgame perfect) intra‐personal equilibrium strategies. We provide sufficient conditions under which an equilibrium strategy is a replicating portfolio of a final wealth. We derive this final wealth profile explicitly, which turns out to be in the same form as in the classical Merton model with the market price of risk process properly scaled by a deterministic function in time. We present this scaling function explicitly through the solution to a highly nonlinear and singular ordinary differential equation, whose existence of solutions is established. Finally, we give a necessary and sufficient condition for the scaling function to be smaller than one corresponding to an effective reduction in risk premium due to probability weighting.
Environmental association modelling with loci under divergent selection predicts the distribution range of a lizard
Authors: Llanos‐Garrido Alejandro , Briega‐Álvarez Andrea , Pérez‐Tris Javier , Díaz José A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractDuring the historical building of a species range, individual colonizers have to confront different ecological challenges, and the capacity of the species to broaden its range may depend on the total amount of adaptive genetic variation supplied by evolution. We set out to increase our understanding of what defines a range and the role of underlying genetics by trying to predict an entire species’ range from the geographical distribution of its genetic diversity under selection. We sampled five populations of the western Mediterranean lizard Psammodromus algirus that inhabit a noticeable environmental gradient of temperature and precipitation. We correlated the genotypes of 95 individuals (18–20 individuals per population) for 21 SNPs putatively under selection with environmental scores on a bioclimatic gradient, using 1 × 1 km2 grid cells as sampling units. By extrapolating the resulting model to all possible combinations of alleles, we inferred all the geographic cells that were theoretically suitable for a given amount of genetic variance under selection. The inferred distribution range overlapped to a large extent with the realized range of the species (77.46% of overlap), including an accurate prediction of internal gaps and range borders. Our results suggest an adaptability threshold determined by the amount of genetic variation available that would be required to warrant adaptation beyond a certain limit of environmental variation. These results support the idea that the expansion of a species’ range can be ultimately linked to the arising of new variants under selection (either newly selected variants from standing genetic variation or innovative mutations under selection).
Proposal of New Radiological Classification and Treatment Strategy for Transverse Fractures of the C2 Axis Body
Authors: Kim Sung‐Kyu , Ko Jong‐Hyun , Park Jong‐Beom , Seo Hyoung‐Yeon , Chang Dong‐Gune , Chang Kibong 
Published: May 2021

ObjectiveTo investigate the characteristics of transverse fractures of the C2 axis body diagnosed on sagittal computed tomography (CT) and to propose new classification and appropriate treatment strategies.MethodsA retrospective study was performed by enrolling 49 patients (26 men and 23 women) with transverse fractures of the C2 axis body who were treated at four national trauma centers of tertiary university hospitals from January 2000 to December 2017. The mean age of the patients was 60.8 years (ranging from 21 to 90 years). We classified 49 transverse fractures of the C2 body into three types based on fracture trajectories involving superior articular facet (SAF) and lateral cortex (LC) of the C2 body on coronal CT as follows: Type 1, involvement of C2 SAF on both sides; Type 2, unilateral involvement of C2 SAF on one side and LC on the other side; Type 3, involvement of LC on both sides. The characteristics, treatment methods, and results of 49 transverse fractures of the C2 body were analyzed. Mean follow‐up was 12.6 months (ranging from 12 to 26 months).ResultsTwenty‐six (53.1%) patients were Type 1, 21 (42.9%) were Type 2, and 2 (4.0%) were Type 3. Correlation coefficients for intra‐observer and inter‐observer reliabilities of classification were 0.723 and 0.598 (both, P < 0.001), respectively. About 40.8% (7 Type 1 and 13 Type 2) of the patients had fracture displacement >3 mm; Incidence of fracture displacement >3 mm was higher in Type 2 than Type 1 (61.9% vs 26.9%, P < 0.05). About 79.6% (20 Type 1, 17 Type 2 and 2 Type 3) of the patients were treated conservatively, and 20.4% (6 Type 1 and 4 Type 2) underwent surgery. At last follow‐up, 47 out of 49 patients achieved fusion; overall fusion rate was 95.9%. All conservatively treated Type 1 and Type 3 patients achieved fusion. Out of 17 conservatively treated Type 2 patients, 15 achieved fusion but two developed nonunion; however, two nonunion patients opted not to undergo surgery. Subgroup analysis showed that Philadelphia brace caused nonunion significantly in fracture displacement >3 mm compared to Minerva brace/Halovest (100% vs 0%, P < 0.05). All surgically treated Type 1 and 2 patients achieved fusion. In terms of clinical outcomes, neck pain visual analog scale and neck disability index were significantly improved (both, P < 0.01). According to Odom's criteria, 93.9% (46/49) of the patients achieved satisfactory outcomes. No major complications occurred.ConclusionsThe majority of transverse fractures of C2 body can be treated conservatively. However, surgery or rigid Minerva brace/Halovest should be considered for Type 2 transverse fractures of the C2 body with fracture displacement >3 mm.
Alterations of the pigmentation system in the aging process
Authors: Kang Hee Young , Lee Jin Wook , Papaccio Federica , Bellei Barbara , Picardo Mauro 
Published: May 2021

AbstractHuman skin aging is a natural phenomenon that results from continuous exposure to intrinsic (time, genetic factors, hormones) as well as extrinsic factors (UV exposure, pollution, tobacco). In areas that are frequently exposed to the sun, photoaging blends with the process of intrinsic aging, resulting in an increased senescent cells number and consequently accelerating the aging process. The severity of photodamage depends on constitutional factors, including skin phototype (skin color, tanning capacity), intensity, and duration of sunlight/UV exposure. Aging affects nearly every aspect of cutaneous biology, including pigmentation. Clinically, the phenotype of age pigmented skin has a mottled, uneven color, primarily due to age spots, with or without hypopigmentation. Uneven pigmentation might be attributed to the hyperactivation of melanocytes, altered distribution of pigment, and turnover. In addition to direct damage to pigment‐producing cells, photodamage alters the physiological crosstalk between keratinocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and melanocytes responsible for natural pigmentation homeostasis. Interestingly, age‐independent diffuse expression of senescence‐associated markers in the dermal and epidermal compartment is also associated with vitiligo, suggesting that premature senescence plays an important role in the pathology.
Wild Legalities: Animals and Settler Colonialism in Palestine/Israel
Authors: Braverman Irus 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis article examines the underlying biopolitical premises of wildlife management in Palestine/Israel that make, remake, and unmake this region's settler colonial landscape. Drawing on interviews with Israeli nature officials and observations of their work, the article tells several animal stories that illuminate the hierarchies and slippages between wild and domestic, nature and culture, native and settler, and human and nonhuman life in Palestine/Israel. Animal bodies are especially apt technologies of settler colonialism, I show here. They naturalize and normalize settler modes of existence, while criminalizing native livelihoods and relations. Utilizing the terra nullius doctrine, creating biblical landscapes by reintroducing extirpated wild animals, controlling the movement of Palestinians and their animals while letting Jewish settlers and their animals roam unhindered, criminalizing the Palestinians’ more‐than‐human relations, and introducing restrictions on native engagement with animals are all an inherent part of nature administration in Palestine/Israel. But while they serve as tools for advancing colonial practices, nonhuman animals are also subject to the same violence that afflicts humans. Understanding the more‐than‐human dimensions of the settler colonial order is instrumental for thinking about how to subvert this order and redirect its violence toward decolonized, or “wild,” legalities. [animal studies, settler colonialism, biopolitics, nature conservation, Palestine/Israel]
Commensal bacteria‐immunity crosstalk shapes mucosal homeostasis in teleost fish
Authors: Yu Yong‐Yao , Ding Li‐Guo , Huang Zhen‐Yu , Xu Hao‐Yue , Xu Zhen 
Published: May 2021

AbstractFish harbour complex and dynamic microbiota in their mucosal surfaces. Due to the vital role of commensal microbiota in many biological functions including growth enhancement, nutrition, development, metabolism and immune response, many scholars have begun to refer to the microbiome as an ‘extended self’. Several studies have indicated that a normal microbiota contributes to fish health, and disturbances in microbial communities may lead to secondary infections and disease. Under evolutionary selective forces, fish have developed excellent innate immune mechanisms and an adaptive immune system composed of B cells and T cells to discriminate between beneficial and opportunistic bacteria for microbiome homeostasis. Many functional studies have demonstrated the involvement of immune cells, cytokines and Igs in maintaining microbiome homeostasis, and many beneficial microbes contribute to improving the immune barrier against external threats. Additionally, many host‐derived probiotics have been empirically used in the aquaculture sector and have been demonstrated to provide effective protection against fish diseases. Although little is known about the interactions between microbiota and the mucosal immune system in fish compared to mammals, managing aquaculture system microbiota may represent a promising alternative to antibiotics for disease prevention and control. This review thus provides an updated and comprehensive summary of currently characterized microbe compositions in fish mucosal tissues. Thereafter, the current knowledge on the crosstalk between microbiota and the mucosal immune system and probiotics in application is also discussed herein, thereby providing a theoretical basis for the development of microbe‐based disease control technologies in aquaculture.
Cavitary pulmonary disease in a patient on dialysis
Authors: Lamech Tanuj M. , Nithya Govindasamy , Aiswarya Dhanapalan , Sastry Bhagavatula V. R. H. , Arumugam Venkatesh , Gopalakrishnan Natarajan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractA 24‐year‐old man on maintenance hemodialysis presented with bilateral cavitary consolidations and methicillin‐sensitiveStaphylococcus aureus(MSSA) bacteremia following ulceration of the skin over his arteriovenous (AV) fistula cannulation site. A diagnosis of septic pulmonary embolism was made, which presumptively originated from a localized MSSA infection of his AV access. He had an excellent response to a 28‐day course of cloxacillin, with the resolution of the pulmonary lesions.
The psychology of lay beliefs about economic mobility
Authors: Davidai Shai , Wienk Margaux N. A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAlthough economic mobility is an objectively defined term, lay beliefs about mobility—the configuration of ideas and attitudes about economic mobility that is not necessarily grounded in economic data—are often formed in a subjective manner. Drawing on research from the United States and beyond, we propose a novel framework for understanding how people construe, think about, and understand economic mobility. We highlight the importance of systematically examining the type, time frame, trajectory, and target of mobility that people have in mind for understanding when they most and least strongly believe in it. In addition, our framework offers a conceptual roadmap for examining the factors that influence lay beliefs about mobility, including individual differences in these lay beliefs and their important downstream consequences. Finally, we outline several important open questions that are highlighted by our framework as a guide for future research on lay beliefs about economic mobility.