bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of a helix–turn–helix motif for high temperature dependence of vanilloid receptor TRPV2
Authors: Liu Beiying , Qin Feng 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPain and thermosensation rely on temperature‐sensitive ion channels at peripheral nerve endings for transducing thermal cues into electrical signals. Members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) family are prominent candidates for temperature transducers in mammals. These thermal TRP channels possess an unprecedentedly steep temperature dependence, allowing them to discriminate small temperature variations. Thermodynamically, it is understood that the strong temperature sensitivity of the channel arises because opening of the channel undergoes reactions involving large enthalpy and entropy changes. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms have remained elusive. Here we investigated the molecular basis for heat activation of TRPV2, a thermal TRP channel in the vanilloid subfamily with the strongest temperature dependence among TRP channels. We unravel a minimum molecular region in the proximal N‐terminus which dictates the slope temperature sensitivity of the channel. Structurally, the region comprises a helix–turn–helix motif and is positioned among the TRP helix from the C‐terminus, the S2–S3 linker from the transmembrane domain and the ankyrin repeats from the distal N‐terminus. Chimeric exchanges of the subregion alone sufficed to diminish the high temperature dependence in the wild‐type TRPV2. Our results support a pivotal role for the structural assembly around the TRP domain in the gating of thermal TRP channels by temperature. The findings also shed insight into how the proximal N‐terminal domain plays its role in the heat activation of vanilloid receptors.Key points
The vanilloid receptor subtype 2 (TRPV2) is a heat‐sensitive transient receptor potential (TRP) channel with the strongest temperature dependence among thermal TRP channels.
The channel also has a high temperature activation threshold above 50°C which has rendered it difficult to study by conventional patch‐clamp methods.
Here we utilize fast laser temperature jumps to address the challenges of technical accessibility and explore the molecular basis underlying the high temperature dependence of the channel.
We unravel a short helix–turn–helix motif in the proximal N‐terminus, which controls the heat activation profile of the channel.
Chimeric exchanges of the subregion alone sufficed to diminish the high temperature dependence in the wild‐type TRPV2.
Our results provide insights on how the proximal N‐terminal domain plays its role in the heat activation of vanilloid receptors.
Serotonin activates paraventricular thalamic neurons through direct depolarization and indirect disinhibition from zona incerta
Authors: Ye Qiying , Zhang Xiaobing 
Published: September 2021

AbstractParaventricular thalamus (PVT) is a midline thalamic area that receives dense GABA projections from zona incerta (ZI) for the regulation of feeding behaviours. Activation of central serotonin (5‐HT) signalling is known to inhibit food intake. Although previous studies have reported both 5‐HT fibres and receptors in the PVT, it remains unknown how 5‐HT regulates PVT neurons and whether PVT 5‐HT signalling is involved in the control of food intake. Using slice patch‐clamp recordings in combination with optogenetics, we found that 5‐HT not only directly excited PVT neurons by activating 5‐HT7 receptors to modulate hyperpolarization‐activated cyclic nucleotide‐gated (HCN) channels but also disinhibited these neurons by acting on presynaptic 5‐HT1A receptors to reduce GABA inhibition. Specifically, 5‐HT depressed photostimulation‐evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents (eIPSCs) in PVT neurons innervated by channelrhodopsin‐2‐positive GABA axons from ZI. Using paired‐pulse photostimulation, we found 5‐HT increased paired‐pulse ratios of eIPSCs, suggesting 5‐HT decreases ZI–PVT GABA release. Furthermore, we found that exposure to a high‐fat–high‐sucrose diet for 2 weeks impaired both 5‐HT inhibition of ZI–PVT GABA transmission and 5‐HT excitation of PVT neurons. Using retrograde tracer in combination with immunocytochemistry and slice electrophysiology, we found that PVT‐projecting dorsal raphe neurons expressed 5‐HT and were inhibited by food deprivation. Together, our study reveals the mechanism by which 5‐HT activates PVT neurons through both direct excitation and indirect disinhibition from the ZI. The downregulation in 5‐HT excitation and disinhibition of PVT neurons may contribute to the development of overeating and obesity after chronic high‐fat diet.
imageKey points
Serotonin (5‐HT) depolarizes and excites paraventricular thalamus (PVT) neurons. 5‐HT7 receptors are responsible for 5‐HT excitation of PVT neurons and the coupling of hyperpolarization‐activated cyclic nucleotide‐gated (HCN) channels to 5‐HT receptors in part mediates the excitatory effect of 5‐HT.
5‐HT depresses the frequency of spontaneous inhibitory but not excitatory postsynaptic currents in PVT neurons. 5‐HT1A receptors contribute to the depressive effect of 5‐HT on inhibitory transmissions.
5‐HT inhibits GABA release from zona incerta (ZI) GABA terminals in PVT.
Chronic high‐fat diet not only impairs 5‐HT inhibition of the ZI–PVT GABA transmission but also downregulates 5‐HT excitation of PVT neurons.
PVT‐projecting dorsal raphe neurons express 5‐HT and are inhibited by food deprivation.
A High-Voltage High-Frequency Subnanosecond Pulse Generator Based on Gallium Arsenide Drift Step-Recovery Diodes
Authors: Rozhkov A. V. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The prospect of using high-voltage GaAs drift step-recovery diodes for the formation of subnanosecond pulses is shown. The electrical circuit of a generator is described, which provides (with a total efficiency of at least 25%) the formation of pulses at a load of 50 Ω with an amplitude of up to 550 V, a voltage rise time of 0.43 ns, a full width at half maximum of 0.73 ns, and a repetition frequency of up to 200 kHz.
A High-Power Diode–Dynistor Generator for Gas-Discharge Technologies
Authors: Korotkov S. V. , Zhmodikov A. L. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
A high-voltage pulse generator is considered that contains an output circuit based on series-connected assemblies of reverse switched-on dynistors and drift step-recovery diodes. It forms voltage pulses with a rise time of 4 ns and an amplitude of 24 kV across a load of 50 Ω. The results of using the generator for creating discharges in atmospheric air are presented. The generator forms discharge-current pulses with an amplitude of 1.7 kА and a rise time of 900 ns at a frequency of 100 Hz and switches an energy of ~3 J to the charge channel. The possibility of a significant increase in the switched energy has been shown.
Investigation on Low Cost Optical Fiber Sensor Interrogator
Authors: Gong Yandong , Li Ke , Zhang Zhuo 
Published: September 2021

Abstract—
Optical fiber sensor is attracting more attention in the structural health monitoring of civil applications. A general interrogator which can be used for both SOFO and fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors has been proposed, it has a lower cost with a much simpler design. Its accuracy can reach up to ~2.5 με, it has a niche market where it can compete with the conventional sensors.
One-Step Synthesis of Bimetallic Cobalt–Palladium Nanoparticles and a Carbon Support Based on Pyrolyzed Chitosan
Authors: Efimov M. N. , Muratov D. G. , Vasiliev A. A. , Karpacheva G. P. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
A procedure is proposed for synthesizing monometallic (Co, Pd) and bimetallic Co–Pd nanoparticles immobilized in a carbon support based on pyrolyzed chitosan. A feature of the procedure is the simultaneous formation of metal nanoparticles and a carbon support during the heat treatment of a precursor based on a joint solution of a polymer and metal compounds under the effect of IR radiation. The phase composition, morphology of samples, and structural features of the carbon support are shown, depending on the nature of the metals that are used.
Role of affective reactivity induced by cigarette packaging including graphic warning labels: the CASA Study
Authors: Stone Matthew , Strong David , Dimofte Claudiu , Brighton Elizabeth , Oratowski Jesica , Yang Tingyi , Alkuzweny Manar , Asslani Atean , Velasco Katherine , Skipworth Michael , Crespo Noe C , Hurst Samantha , Leas Eric C , Pulvers Kim , Pierce John P 
Published: September 2021

ObjectiveTo identify whether three types of cigarette pack designs, including three versions of graphic warning label (GWL) plain packs, one GWL absent and branding absent pack (blank) and the smoker’s own GWL absent and branding present pack (US), elicit different valence, type and levels of affect.DesignUS daily smokers (n=324) were asked to handle each of the five pack types and ‘think aloud’ their reactions. To avoid a muted familiarity response, exposure to their own US pack followed exposure to at least one GWL plain pack. Reactions were scored on a reactivity scale (−3 to +3) and the text was coded for speech polarity (−1 to +1) and emotive word frequency.ResultsReactivity scores had excellent inter-rater reliability (agreement ≥86%; intraclass correlation coefficient ≥0.89) and were correlated with speech polarity (r=0.21–0.37, p<0.001). When considering their US pack, approximately two-thirds of smokers had a low (31.5%) to medium (34.6%) positive response (reactivity=1.29; polarity=0.14) with expressed feelings of joy and trust. Blank packaging prompted a largely (65.4%) neutral response (reactivity=0.03; polarity=0.00). The gangrenous foot GWL provoked mostly medium (46.9%) to high (48.1%) negative responses (reactivity=−2.44; polarity=−0.20), followed by neonatal baby (reactivity=−1.85; polarity=−0.10) and throat cancer (reactivity=−1.76; polarity=−0.08) warnings. GWLs varied in their elicitation of disgust, anger, fear and sadness.ConclusionInitial reactions to GWL packs, a blank pack, and smokers’ current US pack reflected negative, neutral, and positive affect, respectively. Different versions of the GWL pack elicited different levels and types of immediate negative affect.
Study of $$B_{(s)} \rightarrow (\pi \pi )(K\pi )$$ decays in the perturbative QCD approach
Authors: Li Ya , Yan Da-Cheng , Rui Zhou , Xiao Zhen-Jun 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn this work, we provide estimates of the branching ratios, direct CP asymmetries and triple product asymmetries in $$B_{(s)} \rightarrow (\pi \pi )(K\pi )$$

B

(
s
)

→

(
π
π
)

(
K
π
)

decays in the perturbative QCD approach, where the $$\pi \pi $$

π
π

and $$K\pi $$

K
π

invariant mass spectra are dominated by the vector resonances $$\rho (770)$$

ρ
(
770
)

and $$K^*(892)$$

K
∗

(
892
)

, respectively. Some scalar backgrounds, such as $$f_0(500,980) \rightarrow \pi \pi $$

f
0

(
500
,
980
)

→
π
π

and $$K^*_0(1430) \rightarrow K\pi $$

K
0
∗

(
1430
)

→
K
π

are also accounted for. The $$\rho (700)$$

ρ
(
700
)

is parametrized by the Gounaris-Sakurai function. The relativistic Breit-Wigner formula for the $$f_0(500)$$

f
0

(
500
)

and Flatté model for the $$f_0(980)$$

f
0

(
980
)

are adopted to parameterize the time-like scalar form factors $$F_S(\omega ^2)$$

F
S

(

ω
2

)

. We also use the D.V. Bugg model to parameterize the $$f_0(500)$$

f
0

(
500
)

and compare the relevant theoretical predictions from different models. While in the region of $$K\pi $$

K
π

invariant mass, the $$K^*_0(1430)$$

K
0
∗

(
1430
)

is described with the LASS lineshape and the $$K^*(892)$$

K
∗

(
892
)

is modeled by the Breit-Wigner function. We find that the decay rates for the considered decay modes agree with currently available data within errors. As a by-product, we extract the branching ratios of two-body decays $$B_{(s)} \rightarrow \rho (770)K^*(892)$$

B

(
s
)

→
ρ

(
770
)

K
∗

(
892
)

from the corresponding four-body decay modes and calculate the relevant polarization fractions. Our prediction of longitudinal polarization fraction for $$B^0\rightarrow \rho (770)^0 K^*(892)^0$$

B
0

→
ρ

(
770
)

0

K
∗

(
892
)

0

decay deviates a lot from the recent LHCb measurement, which should be resolved. It is shown that the direct CP asymmetries are large due to the sizable interference between the tree and penguin contributions, but they are small for the tree-dominant or penguin-dominant processes. The PQCD predictions for the “true” triple product asymmetries are small which are expected in the standard model, and consistent with the current data reported by the LHCb Collaboration. Our results can be tested by the future precise data from the LHCb and Belle II experiments.
Incidence, Mechanism, and Outcomes of On‐Plane Versus Off‐Plane Cardiac Arrest in Air Travelers
Authors: Chatterjee Neal A. , Kume Kosuke , Drucker Christopher , Kudenchuk Peter J. , Rea Thomas D. 
Published: September 2021

Background
Air travel affords an opportunity to evaluate resuscitation performance and outcome in a setting where automated external defibrillators (AEDs) are readily available.

Methods and Results
The study cohort included people aged ≥18 years with out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) traveling through Seattle‐Tacoma International Airport between January 1, 2004 and December 31, 2019 treated by emergency medical services (EMS). The primary outcomes were pre‐EMS therapies (cardiopulmonary resuscitation, application of AED), return of spontaneous circulation, and survival to hospital discharge. Over the 16‐year study period, there were 143 OHCA occurring before EMS arrival, 34 (24%) on‐plane and 109 (76%) off‐plane. Cardiac etiology (81%) was the most common mechanism of arrest. The majority of arrests were bystander‐witnessed and presented with a shockable rhythm; these characteristics were more common in off‐plane OHCA compared with on‐plane (witnessed: 89% versus 74% and shockable: 72% versus 50%). Pre‐EMS therapies including cardiopulmonary resuscitation and AED application were common regardless of arrest location. Compared with on‐plane OHCA, off‐plane OHCA was associated with greater rates of return of spontaneous circulation (68% versus 44%) and 3‐fold higher rate of survival to hospital discharge (44% versus 15%). All survivors of on‐plane OHCA had AED application with defibrillation before EMS arrival.

Conclusions
When applied to air travel volumes, we estimate 350 air travel‐associated OHCA occur in the United States and 2000 OHCA worldwide each year, nearly a quarter of which happen on‐plane. These events are survivable when early arrest interventions including rapid arrest recognition, AED application, and CPR are deployed.
Adapting evidence-based group therapies following COVID-19 restrictions
Authors: Dark Frances , Miles Anne , Madson Kathy , Strochnetter Ellen 
Published: September 2021

Aim: The COVID-19 pandemic has created barriers to the running of group therapies due to the need to maintain social distance. This paper aims to describe modifications of existing therapeutic groups delivered to people diagnosed with serious and enduring mental illnesses (SMIs) to enable the therapies to continue in an online format due to the COVID-19 restrictions. Conclusions: Therapists and consumers were motivated to find a way to continue the therapies described despite the context of the restrictions imposed due to COVID-19. This paper describes what was involved in ‘pivoting’ to a new mode of practice and modifications that were required over time and as new regulations were put in place. Formal research is required to establish an evidence base if these therapies were required to be regularly delivered in an online mode.
Upper Limb Performance in Daily Life Approaches Plateau Around Three to Six Weeks Post-stroke
Authors: Lang Catherine E. , Waddell Kimberly J. , Barth Jessica , Holleran Carey L. , Strube Michael J , Bland Marghuretta D. 
Published: September 2021

Background. Wearable sensors allow for direct measurement of upper limb (UL) performance in daily life. Objective. To map the trajectory of UL performance and its relationships to other factors post-stroke. Methods. Participants (n = 67) with first stroke and UL paresis were assessed at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 weeks after stroke. Assessments captured UL impairment (Fugl-Meyer), capacity for activity (Action Research Arm Test), and performance of activity in daily life (accelerometer variables of use ratio and hours of paretic limb activity), along with other potential modifying factors. We modeled individual trajectories of change for each measurement level and the moderating effects on UL performance trajectories. Results. Individual trajectories were best fit with a 3-parameter logistic model, capturing the rapid growth early after stroke within the longer data collection period. Plateaus (90% of asymptote) in impairment (bootstrap mean ± SE: 32 ± 4 days post-stroke) preceded those in capacity (41 ± 4 days). Plateau in performance, as measured by the use ratio (24 ± 5 days), tended to precede plateaus in impairment and capacity. Plateau in performance, as measured by hours of paretic activity (41 ± 6 days), occurred at a similar time to that of capacity and slightly lagged impairment. Modifiers of performance trajectories were capacity, concordance, UL rehabilitation, depressive symptomatology, and cognition. Conclusions. Upper limb performance in daily life approached plateau 3 to 6 weeks post-stroke. Individuals with stroke started to achieve a stable pattern of UL use in daily life early, often before neurological impairments and functional capacity started to stabilize.
Real-World Functional Grasping Activity in Individuals With Stroke and Healthy Controls Using a Novel Wearable Wrist Sensor
Authors: Yang Chieh-ling , Liu Johnson , Simpson Lisa A. , Menon Carlo , Eng Janice J. 
Published: September 2021

Background. While wrist-worn accelerometers have been used to measure upper extremity use in the past, they primarily measure arm motion and lack the ability to capture functional hand opening and grasping activities which are essential for activities of daily living. Objectives. To characterize real-world functional hand opening and grasping activities captured over multiple days in adults with stroke and in matched controls using a novel wrist-worn device. Methods. Twenty-eight individuals (fourteen individuals with stroke and 14 healthy controls) wore the devices on both wrists for 3 days. Functional hand activity was characterized by daily hand counts, hourly hand counts, and asymmetry between hands. The Mann–Whitney U test was used to evaluate differences in functional hand activities between the two groups. Results. The stroke group had 1480 and 4691 daily hand counts in their affected and nonaffected hands, respectively. The control group had 3559 and 5021 daily hand counts in their nondominant and dominant hands, respectively. Significantly fewer daily hand counts (P = .019), fewer hourly hand counts (P = .024), and a larger asymmetry index (P = .01) of the affected hand in the stroke group were found compared to that of the nondominant hand in the control group. Conclusions. Real-world functional upper extremity activity can be measured using this novel wrist-worn device. Unlike wrist-worn accelerometers, this wrist-worn device can provide a measurement of functional grasping activity. The findings have implications for clinicians and researchers to monitor and assess real-world hand activity, as well as to apply specific doses of repetitions to improve neural recovery after stroke.
Titanium Mesh Exposure After Bone Grafting: Treatment Approaches—A Systematic Review
Authors: Cunha Giovanni , Carvalho Pedro Henrique de Azambuja , Quirino Lílian Caldas , Torres Luiz Henrique Soares , Filho Valfrido Antônio Pereira , Gabrielli Mario Francisco Real , Gabrielli Marisa Aparecida Cabrini 
Published: September 2021

Study Design:A systematic review according to PRISMA statement has been designed to answer the preliminary question: “ In titanium mesh exposures, is there a treatment alternative which leads to an increased graft maintenance?” and fill the PICO assessment out.Objective:To review studies published in the past 20 years (1999-2019) in which mesh exposure has occurred, detecting the suitable approaches to treat exposure allowing the graft maintenance.Methods:Initial search on PUBMED, SCOPUS, and COCHRANE databases resulted in 777 articles, and hand-searching identified 6 articles. After removing duplicates and unrelated articles, eligibility criteria were applied, and 31 studies were selected (randomized clinical trials, retrospective/prospective clinical trials, and case series).Results:A total of 677 surgical sites and 225 cases of mesh exposure were identified. Eleven treatments have been identified. Chlorhexidine was the primary approach in 46% of cases, followed by oral hygiene instructions and follow-up with 22.5% of occurrences. In 21% of clinical situations, titanium mesh removal was the treatment of choice, associated with other measures (i.e., antibiotic prescription). There seems to be a consensus in cases of infection. When this complication was associated with tissue dehiscence, the primary treatment was mesh removal. The same does not occur when the site needs to be cleaned for long-term periods.Conclusion:In 2 decades of use of titanium meshes, the available treatments do not seem to have evolved, and there is not enough data to establish a guideline.
Triazole susceptibility of Aspergillus species: environmental survey in Lagos, Nigeria and review of the rest of Africa
Authors: Campbell Cynthia Abosede , Osaigbovo Iriagbonse Iyabo , Oladele Rita Okeoghene 
Published: September 2021

Background: Triazole resistance is an emerging problem in the management of human aspergillosis globally and can arise in Aspergillus species which have been exposed to azole fungicides in the environment. We surveyed local government and council development areas in Lagos, Nigeria, to determine the distribution of Aspergillus species in the environment and their susceptibility to locally available triazole antifungal agents. We also reviewed the literature on the subject from the rest of Africa. Methods: A total of 168 soil samples from six locations in Lagos, Nigeria were processed and cultured on Saboraud dextrose agar impregnated with chloramphenicol to isolate Aspergillus species. Isolates were tested for susceptibility to itraconazole and voriconazole by microbroth dilution according to the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing reference method. Relevant databases were searched to identify published work pertaining to triazole susceptibility of Aspergillus species in Africa. Results: A total of 117 Aspergillus species were isolated. Aspergillus niger was the most frequently isolated species (42.7%). Other species isolated were Aspergillus flavus, 37 (31.6%), Aspergillus terreus, 20 (17.1%), Aspergillus fumigatus, 5 (4.3%) and Aspergillus nidulans, 5 (4.3%). All isolates were susceptible to itraconazole and voriconazole. The literature review showed documented evidence of triazole-resistant Aspergillus species from East and West Africa. Conclusions: We found no triazole resistance in environmental isolates of Aspergillus in Lagos, Nigeria. Nevertheless, regular surveillance in clinical and environmental isolates is necessary in the light of findings from other African studies.