bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Explanations of Research Misconduct, and How They Hang Together
Authors: Haven Tamarinde , van Woudenberg René 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we explore different possible explanations for research misconduct (especially falsification and fabrication), and investigate whether they are compatible. We suggest that to explain research misconduct, we should pay attention to three factors: (1) the beliefs and desires of the misconductor, (2) contextual affordances, (3) and unconscious biases or influences. We draw on the three different narratives (individual, institutional, system of science) of research misconduct as proposed by Sovacool to review six different explanations. Four theories start from the individual: Rational Choice theory, Bad Apple theory, General Strain Theory and Prospect Theory. Organizational Justice Theory focuses on institutional factors, while New Public Management targets the system of science. For each theory, we illustrate the kinds of facts that must be known in order for explanations based on them to have minimal plausibility. We suggest that none can constitute a full explanation. Finally, we explore how the different possible explanations interrelate. We find that they are compatible, with the exception of explanations based on Rational Choice Theory and Prospect Theory respectively, which are incompatible with one another. For illustrative purposes we examine the case of Diederik Stapel.
Decreased ATM Function Causes Delayed DNA Repair and Apoptosis in Common Variable Immunodeficiency Disorders
Authors: Hargreaves Chantal E. , Salatino Silvia , Sasson Sarah C. , Charlesworth James E. G. , Bateman Elizabeth , Patel Arzoo M. , Anzilotti Consuelo , Broxholme John , Knight Julian C. , Patel Smita Y. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Common variable immunodeficiency disorders (CVID) is characterized by low/absent serum immunoglobulins and susceptibility to bacterial infection. Patients can develop an infections-only phenotype or a complex disease course with inflammatory, autoimmune, and/or malignant complications. We hypothesized that deficient DNA repair mechanisms may be responsible for the antibody deficiency and susceptibility to inflammation and cancer in some patients.

Methods
Germline variants were identified following targeted sequencing of n = 252 genes related to DNA repair in n = 38 patients. NanoString nCounter PlexSet assay measured gene expression in n = 20 CVID patients and n = 7 controls. DNA damage and apoptosis were assessed by flow cytometry in n = 34 CVID patients and n = 11 controls.

Results
Targeted sequencing supported enrichment of rare genetic variants in genes related to DNA repair pathways with novel and rare likely pathogenic variants identified and an altered gene expression signature that distinguished patients from controls and complex patients from those with an infections-only phenotype. Consistent with this, flow cytometric analyses of lymphocytes following DNA damage revealed a subset of CVID patients whose immune cells have downregulated ATM, impairing the recruitment of other repair factors, delaying repair and promoting apoptosis.

Conclusion
These data suggest that germline genetics and altered gene expression predispose a subset of CVID patients to increased sensitivity to DNA damage and reduced DNA repair capacity.
Double mode model of size-dependent chaotic vibrations of nanoplates based on the nonlocal elasticity theory
Authors: Awrejcewicz Jan , Kudra Grzegorz , Mazur Olga 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn this paper vibrations of the isotropic micro/nanoplates subjected to transverse and in-plane excitation are investigated. The governing equations of the problem are based on the von Kármán plate theory and Kirchhoff–Love hypothesis. The small-size effect is taken into account due to the nonlocal elasticity theory. The formulation of the problem is mixed and employs the Airy stress function. The two-mode approximation of the deflection and application of the Bubnov–Galerkin method reduces the governing system of equations to the system of ordinary differential equations. Varying the load parameters and the nonlocal parameter, the bifurcation analysis is performed. The bifurcations diagrams, the maximum Lyapunov exponents, phase portraits as well as Poincare maps are constructed based on the numerical simulations. It is shown that for some excitation conditions the chaotic motion may occur in the system. Also, the small-scale effects on the character of vibrating regimes are illustrated and discussed.
Controlling grazing-induced multistability in a piecewise-smooth impacting system via the time-delayed feedback control
Authors: Zhang Zhi , Páez Chávez Joseph , Sieber Jan , Liu Yang 
Published: May 2021

AbstractGrazing events may create coexisting attractors and cause complex dynamics in piecewise-smooth dynamical systems. This paper studies the control of grazing-induced multistability in a soft impacting oscillator by using the time-delayed feedback control. The control switches from one of the coexisting attractors to a desired one to suppress complex dynamics near grazing events. We use path-following (continuation) techniques for non-smooth dynamical systems to investigate robustness of the controller and the parameter dependence of the controlled system. In particular, several newly developed computational methods are used, including a numerical method for analysing non-smooth delay equations and a method for calculating the Lyapunov exponents and the grazing point estimation. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the delayed feedback controller is effective, and a proper selection of the control gain and delay time can simplify the complex dynamics of the system near grazing.
Molecular, Solid-State and Surface Structures of the Conformational Polymorphic Forms of Ritonavir in Relation to their Physicochemical Properties
Authors: Wang Chang , Rosbottom Ian , Turner Thomas D. , Laing Sydney , Maloney Andrew G. P. , Sheikh Ahmad Y. , Docherty Robert , Yin Qiuxiang , Roberts Kevin J. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Application of multi-scale modelling workflows to characterise polymorphism in ritonavir with regard to its stability, bioavailability and processing.

Methods
Molecular conformation, polarizability and stability are examined using quantum mechanics (QM). Intermolecular synthons, hydrogen bonding, crystal morphology and surface chemistry are modelled using empirical force fields.

Results
The form I conformation is more stable and polarized with more efficient intermolecular packing, lower void space and higher density, however its shielded hydroxyl is only a hydrogen bond donor. In contrast, the hydroxyl in the more open but less stable and polarized form II conformation is both a donor and acceptor resulting in stronger hydrogen bonding and a more stable crystal structure but one that is less dense. Both forms have strong 1D networks of hydrogen bonds and the differences in packing energies are partially offset in form II by its conformational deformation energy difference with respect to form I. The lattice energies converge at shorter distances for form I, consistent with its preferential crystallization at high supersaturation. Both forms exhibit a needle/lath-like crystal habit with slower growing hydrophobic side and faster growing hydrophilic capping habit faces with aspect ratios increasing from polar-protic, polar-aprotic and non-polar solvents, respectively. Surface energies are higher for form II than form I and increase with solvent polarity. The higher deformation, lattice and surface energies of form II are consistent with its lower solubility and hence bioavailability.

Conclusion
Inter-relationship between molecular, solid-state and surface structures of the polymorphic forms of ritonavir are quantified in relation to their physical-chemical properties.
Singlet oxygen damages the function of Photosystem II in isolated thylakoids and in the green alga Chlorella sorokiniana
Authors: Bashir Faiza , Rehman Ateeq Ur , Szabó Milán , Vass Imre 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSinglet oxygen (1O2) is an important damaging agent, which is produced during illumination by the interaction of the triplet excited state pigment molecules with molecular oxygen. In cells of photosynthetic organisms 1O2 is formed primarily in chlorophyll containing complexes, and damages pigments, lipids, proteins and other cellular constituents in their environment. A useful approach to study the physiological role of 1O2 is the utilization of external photosensitizers. In the present study, we employed a multiwell plate-based screening method in combination with chlorophyll fluorescence imaging to characterize the effect of externally produced 1O2 on the photosynthetic activity of isolated thylakoid membranes and intact Chlorella sorokiniana cells. The results show that the external 1O2 produced by the photosensitization reactions of Rose Bengal damages Photosystem II both in isolated thylakoid membranes and in intact cells in a concentration dependent manner indicating that 1O2 plays a significant role in photodamage of Photosystem II.
Health-related quality of life in patients with chronic hepatitis C treated with sofosbuvir-based treatment at 1-year post-sustained virological response
Authors: Miyasaka Akio , Yoshida Yuichi , Suzuki Akiko , Takikawa Yasuhiro 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Long-term effects on patient health-related quality of life (HRQoL) after direct-acting antiviral (DAA) treatment for hepatitis C virus (HCV) are unknown. We assessed the impact of DAA-mediated HCV clearance on HRQoL from DAA initiation to 1 year after confirmed sustained virological response at 24 weeks post-treatment (SVR24).

Methods
HRQoL was evaluated using the eight-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-8). Chronic HCV-infected patients were treated for 12 weeks with sofosbuvir-based DAAs. SF-8 was administered at baseline, treatment cessation, SVR24, and 1-year post-SVR24.

Results
A total of 109 chronic HCV-infected patients were enrolled. The average SF-8 scores were higher than the Japanese national standard values for bodily pain (BP) and mental health at baseline and for general health at 1-year post-SVR24. None of the SF-8 scores differed significantly between baseline and 1-year post-SVR24. Regarding age, sex, liver status, and treatment regimen, the SF-8 scores at 1-year post-SVR24 were affected by only age; individuals aged < 65 years had significantly higher physical component score (PCS), physical functioning, role physical, and BP scores than older individuals. In the multivariable analysis, only age of ≥ 65 years was significantly associated with influencing PCS at 1-year post-SVR24. However, no significant factors were identified for mental component score.

Conclusion
Upon long-term assessment, although more factors trended higher than national standard values at 1-year post-SVR24 than at baseline, there were no significant changes within factors. As PCS tended to be associated with age, patients aged ≥ 65 years should be carefully monitored for PCS.
Evaluating the Activity and Stability of Perovskite LaMO3-Based Pt Catalysts in the Aqueous Phase Reforming of Glycerol
Authors: Inns Donald R. , Mayer Alexander J. , Skukauskas Vainius , Davies Thomas E. , Callison June , Kondrat Simon A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe aqueous phase reforming of glycerol, to hydrogen, alkanes and liquid phase dehydration/dehydrogenation products, was studied over a series of 1 wt% Pt/LaMO3(where M = Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) catalysts and compared to a standard 1 wt% Pt/γ-Al2O3catalyst. The sol–gel combustion synthesis of lanthanum-based perovskites LaMO3produced pure phase perovskites with surface areas of 8–18 m2g−1. Glycerol conversions were higher than the Pt/γ-Al2O3(10%) for several perovskite supported catalysts, with the highest being for Pt/LaNiO3(19%). Perovskite-based catalysts showed reduced alkane formation and significantly increased lactic acid formation compared to the standard catalyst. However, most of the perovskite materials undergo phase separation to LaCO3OH and respective M site oxides with Pt particle migration. The exception being the LaCrO3support which was found to remain structurally stable. Catalytic performance remained stable over several cycles, for catalysts M = Al, Cr and Ni, despite phase separation of some of these materials. Materials where M site leaching into solution was observed (M = Mn and Co), were found to be catalytically unstable, which was hypothesised to be due to significant loss in support surface area and uncontrolled migration of Pt to the remaining support surface. In the case of Pt/LaNiO3alloying between the exsoluted Ni and Pt was observed post reaction.
Health and Illness as Enacted Phenomena
Authors: Svenaeus Fredrik 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn this paper I explore health and illness through the lens of enactivism, which is understood and developed as a bodily-based worldly-engaged phenomenology. Various health theories – biomedical, ability-based, biopsychosocial – are introduced and scrutinized from the point of view of enactivism and phenomenology. Health is ultimately argued to consist in a central world-disclosing aspect of what is called existential feelings, experienced by way of transparency and ease in carrying out important life projects. Health, in such a phenomenologically enacted understanding, is an important and in many cases necessary part of leading a good life. Illness, on the other hand, by such a phenomenological view, consist in finding oneself at mercy of unhomelike existential feelings, such as bodily pains, nausea, extreme unmotivated tiredness, depression, chronic anxiety and delusion, which make it harder and, in some cases, impossible to flourish. In illness suffering the lived body hurts, resists, or, in other ways, alienates the activities of the ill person.
A Lightweight Chaos-Based Medical Image Encryption Scheme Using Random Shuffling and XOR Operations
Authors: Masood Fawad , Driss Maha , Boulila Wadii , Ahmad Jawad , Rehman Sadaqat Ur , Jan Sana Ullah , Qayyum Abdullah , Buchanan William J. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMedical images possess significant importance in diagnostics when it comes to healthcare systems. These images contain confidential and sensitive information such as patients’ X-rays, ultrasounds, computed tomography scans, brain images, and magnetic resonance imaging. However, the low security of communication channels and the loopholes in storage systems of hospitals or medical centres put these images at risk of being accessed by unauthorized users who illegally exploit them for non-diagnostic purposes. In addition to improving the security of communication channels and storage systems, image encryption is a popular strategy adopted to ensure the safety of medical images against unauthorized access. In this work, we propose a lightweight cryptosystem based on Henon chaotic map, Brownian motion, and Chen’s chaotic system to encrypt medical images with elevated security. The efficiency of the proposed system is proved in terms of histogram analysis, adjacent pixels correlation analysis, contrast analysis, homogeneity analysis, energy analysis, NIST analysis, mean square error, information entropy, number of pixels changing rate, unified average changing intensity, peak to signal noise ratio and time complexity. The experimental results show that the proposed cryptosystem is a lightweight approach that can achieve the desired security level for encrypting confidential image-based patients’ information.
Solvability Criterion for Convolution Equations on a Half-Strip
Authors: Dilnyi Volodymyr 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe obtain the criterion of solvability of homogeneous convolution equation in a half-strip. Proof is based on a new decomposition property of the weighted Hardy space. This result has relations to the spectral analysis-synthesis problem, cyclicity problem, information theory. All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article.
Importance of dashboard camera (Dash Cam) analysis in fatal vehicle–pedestrian crash reconstruction
Authors: Giovannini Elena , Giorgetti Arianna , Pelletti Guido , Giusti Alessio , Garagnani Marco , Pascali Jennifer Paola , Pelotti Susi , Fais Paolo 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe reconstruction of dynamic of traffic injuries remains a challenge in forensic pathology and is often based on circumstantial data. Dash Cams are digital video recorders which can be located inside a vehicle and continuously record the view through the windscreen, thus providing objective evidence. Here we present the case of a traffic crash in which a pedestrian was hit by an articulated lorry. The analysis of a video recorded from a Dash Cam retrieved inside the vehicle during the death scene investigation (DSI) was crucial in the reconstruction of the manner of death. Indeed, the death, which was initially assumed to be accidental, was finally deemed as a suicide on the basis of the video recording, which showed an intentional and sudden rush of the victim to the middle of the roadway. Advantages and disadvantages of the use of Dash Cams will be discussed, focusing on the profound differences in the related national and international regulations. Based on the present case, in traffic crashes, the search for Dash Cams during the DSI may be recommended and the video recordings should be analyzed in the setting of a multidisciplinary and multimodal evaluation of the case, for a proper reconstruction of the facts.
Development of a Real-time PCR Method Targeting an Unauthorized Genetically Modified Microorganism Producing Alpha-Amylase
Authors: Fraiture Marie-Alice , Marchesi Ugo , Verginelli Daniela , Papazova Nina , Roosens Nancy H. C. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractUsing a recently developed genetically modified microorganisms (GMM) detection strategy, unexpected contaminations of unauthorized GMM in commercialized microbial fermentation products have been reported. A first-line real-time PCR screening analysis was initially performed to determine the presence of key targets frequently found in genetically modified (GM) bacteria. A second-line real-time PCR analysis was subsequently applied to identify specific GMM, including to date a GM Bacillus velezensis producing protease and a GM B. subtilis producing vitamin B2. In this study, an additional real-time PCR method specific to a newly identified GMM producing alpha-amylase was developed to be integrated in such second-line real-time PCR analysis, allowing to strengthen the GMM detection strategy. This method was successfully validated based on the assessment of its specificity and sensitivity performance. In addition, its applicability was confirmed using several food enzyme products commercialized on the market. Finally, via its transfer to an external laboratory, the transferability of the in-house validated method was positively evaluated, allowing its easy implementation in enforcement laboratories.
Transcriptome Analyses Implicate Endogenous Retroviruses Involved in the Host Antiviral Immune System through the Interferon Pathway
Authors: Wang Miao , Wang Liying , Liu Haizhou , Chen Jianjun , Liu Di 
Published: May 2021

AbstractHuman endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are the remains of ancient retroviruses that invaded our ancestors’ germline cell and were integrated into the genome. The expression of HERVs has always been a cause for concern because of its association with various cancers and diseases. However, few previous studies have focused on specific activation of HERVs by viral infections. Our previous study has shown that dengue virus type 2 (DENV-2) infection induces the transcription of a large number of abnormal HERVs loci; therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between exogenous viral infection and HERV activation further. In this study, we retrieved and reanalyzed published data on 21 transcriptomes of human cells infected with various viruses. We found that infection with different viruses could induce transcriptional activation of HERV loci. Through the comparative analysis of all viral datasets, we identified 43 key HERV loci that were up-regulated by DENV-2, influenza A virus, influenza B virus, Zika virus, measles virus, and West Nile virus infections. Furthermore, the neighboring genes of these HERVs were simultaneously up-regulated, and almost all such neighboring genes were interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), which are enriched in the host’s antiviral immune response pathways. Our data supported the hypothesis that activation of HERVs, probably via an interferon-mediated mechanism, plays an important role in innate immunity against viral infections.
Causes of False-Positive Radioactive Iodine Uptake in Patients with Differentiated Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Wu Karin , Ozomaro Uzoezi , Flavell Robert , Pampaloni Miguel , Liu Chienying 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Radioactive iodine (RAI) whole-body scan is a sensitive imaging modality routinely used in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer to detect persistent and recurrent disease. However, there can be false-positive RAI uptake that can lead to misdiagnosis and misclassification of a patient’s cancer stage. Recognizing the causes of false positivity can avoid unnecessary testing and treatment as well as emotional stress. In this review, we discuss causes and summarize various mechanisms for false-positive uptake.

Recent Findings
We report a patient with differentiated thyroid cancer who was found to have Mycobacterium avium complex infection as the cause of false-positive RAI uptake in the lungs. Using this case example, we discuss and summarize findings from the literature on etiologies of false-positive RAI uptake. We also supplement additional original images illustrating other examples of false RAI uptake.

Summary
False-positive RAI uptake may arise from different causes and RAI scans need to be interpreted in the context of the patient’s history and corresponding cross-sectional imaging findings on workup. Understanding the potential pitfalls of the RAI scan and the mechanisms underlying false uptake are vital in the care of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer.
Dati evidence-based sulla affidabilità dei sistemi ecografici per la stratificazione del rischio di malignità del nodulo tiroideo (TIRADS)
Authors: Trimboli Pierpaolo , Scappaticcio Lorenzo , Castellana Marco 
Published: May 2021

SommarioL’esame strumentale più comunemente utilizzato per valutare il rischio di malignità del nodulo tiroideo è l’ecografia. Con questo esame è possibile individuare posizione, dimensioni e caratteristiche del nodulo. Dal momento che l’uso dei singoli aspetti ecografici di sospetto ha dimostrato una bassa riproducibilità nell’indicazione all’agoaspirato, nel corso degli ultimi anni sono stati sviluppati diversi sistemi per la stratificazione del rischio ecografico di malignità (Thyroid Image And Reporting Data Systems, TIRADS). Nella presente rassegna vengono riportati e discussi alcuni recenti studi relativi all’affidabilità dei sistemi ecografici.
Zur „culture continuée“ Gaston Bachelards
Authors: Ebner von Eschenbach Malte 
Published: May 2021

ZusammenfassungAls Pädagoge ist Gaston Bachelard in den deutschsprachigen erziehungswissenschaftlichen Diskursen wenig bekannt – als Erwachsenenpädagoge noch viel weniger. Vielmehr hat er sich als Wissenschaftsphilosoph einen Namen gemacht und übte als solcher großen Einfluss auf die französische Wissenschaftsgeschichte und Wissenschaftsphilosophie seiner Zeit und darüber hinaus aus. Vermittelt über den Ansatz der historischen Epistemologie erfahren die epistemologischen Konzepte Bachelards gegenwärtig Aufmerksamkeit in erziehungswissenschaftlichen Diskursen. Dadurch geraten auch Bachelards pädagogische Überlegungen in den Fokus. Diesem Sichtbarwerden des pädagogischen Gehalts in Bachelards Denken soll nachgegangen werden. Dies geschieht mit dem Ziel, Bachelards Konzeption einer „culture continuée“ (auf Deutsch „ununterbrochene Bildung“) nachzugehen. Mit diesem Konzept lässt sich einer Funktion von Erwachsenenbildung Kontur verleihen, die die Zuwendung zu epistemischen Brüchen betont.