bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oral versus extra‐oral plasmablastic lymphoma: A comparative analysis of 101 cases
Authors: Meer Shabnum , Perner Yvonne , Willem Pascale 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAimsOriginally described exclusively orally in HIV‐infected patients, plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) is increasingly described extra orally and in non‐HIV‐infected persons. The study comparatively analysed the clinico‐pathologic features of oral PBLs (n = 55) to previously published extra‐oral PBLs (n = 45 + 1) diagnosed over a seven‐year period at the same institution in an HIV prevalent setting in South Africa in order to clarify any distinction between oral and extra‐oral PBLs.Methods and resultsTumours were assessed histologically and immunohistochemically with CD45 (LCA), CD3, CD20, CD79a, PAX5, CD138, MUM1, BLIMP1, VS38c, Ki‐67, BCL6 and CD10 using standard protocols. Age ranged from 22 to 76 years (oral) and 9 and 59 years (extra‐oral). Most PBL patients were HIV positive [oral (84%); extra‐oral (65%)]. Male:female ratio was 2.7:1 for oral and 1.4:1 for extra‐oral PBLs. Favoured oral and extra‐oral sites were the maxilla and anus. PBLs displayed an indistinguishable immunohistochemical profile with unusually high CD45 expression (oral: 98%, extra‐oral: 84%). EBV assessed by chromogenic in situ hybridisation (ISH) showed positivity in all oral PBLs and 95% extra‐oral PBLs. MYC rearrangements (fluorescence ISH MYC break‐apart probe) were similar in all the PBLs.ConclusionsExtra‐oral PBL is identical to its oral counterpart in gender and age distribution, HIV status, morphological appearances, immunophenotypic profile and EBV association. PBL should be regarded as the same tumour irrespective of oral or extra‐oral site of origin.
Soft power struggles: A diasporic perspective on the competing ideologies and innovative practices regarding the Chinese writing system
Authors: Wei Li , Hua Zhu 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis critical essay aims to assess the linguistic ideologies regarding the Chinese writing system by locating them in historical and diasporic contexts and the new digital communication space. Drawing data from a long‐term and ongoing digital ethnography of online communication and creative Sinographs in the global Chinese diaspora, it analyses how multilingual Chinese language users manipulate the affordances of the writing system in combination with the affordances of new, digital communication platforms to challenge the dominant language ideologies and policies, to articulate a new sense of transnationalism, and to participate in social activism. It argues that the diasporic perspective is not simply a context for the study of language variation and change but a crucial space for radical new thinking and actions that challenge orthodoxies of various kinds and enables cultural flow as well as social participation at a global scale.
Commentary: Sociolinguistics of diaspora
Authors: Vigouroux Cécile B. , Mufwene Salikoko S. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn this commentary we respond to the articles of this special issue focusing on the proposal for a sociolinguistics of diaspora. We discuss especially whether diaspora as conceptualized in the articles helps sociolinguists better understand the intersection of migration, globalization, and language. Central to our comments is the question of whether the concept of diaspora is operationalized clearly enough to do the metalinguistic job it is invoked to do.
Understanding the textures of Apollo 11 high‐Ti mare basalts: A quantitative petrographic approach
Authors: Xue Zhuqing , Welsh Donald F. , Neal Clive R. , Xiao Long 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis paper represents a comprehensive crystal size distribution (CSD) study of ilmenite and plagioclase from 12 Apollo 11 basalts from four of the five compositional groups (Groups A, B1, B2, B3, and one unclassified basalt—Group “U” basalt 10062). Ilmenite was saturated in the magma at/before eruption, resulting in subsurface growth of phenocrysts (Group B1) and many small crystals upon eruption. Plagioclase always exhibits linear CSDs representing a single cooling regime in each sample, which is interpreted as crystallizing within isolated magma pockets late in the cooling of the erupted lava flow. Latent heat of crystallization and insulating effects of crystallized phases produced slower cooling and lower plagioclase nucleation densities. Exceptions are the Group B2 and B3 basalts, indicating relatively earlier crystallization of plagioclase on the lunar surface. Our study demonstrates that textures of the Apollo 11 basalts are a product of the interplay among cooling rate, bulk composition, and nucleation density during crystallization. Group A basalts have the highest cooling rates compared to the other Apollo 11 samples (except 10072,53), and were erupted through high effusion rates producing thick flows that underwent extended cooling that induced textural coarsening in both early crystallizing ilmenite and late‐stage plagioclase. Group B1 lavas had the lowest effusion rates producing the thinnest flows. The Groups B2, B3, and U basalts are intermediate between these end members. Our approach can be used to define eruption environment, crystallization sequence, and cooling rate of samples collected on the Moon from non‐bedrock sources.
Dietary diversity and diet quality with gestational weight gain and adverse birth outcomes, results from a prospective pregnancy cohort study in urban Tanzania
Authors: Yang Jiaxi , Wang Molin , Tobias Deirdre K. , Rich‐Edwards Janet W. , Darling Anne‐Marie , Abioye Ajibola I. , Noor Ramadhani A. , Madzorera Isabel , Fawzi Wafaie W. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractHealthy maternal diets during pregnancy are an important protective factor for pregnancy‐related outcomes, including gestational weight gain (GWG) and birth outcomes. We prospectively examined the associations of maternal dietary diversity and diet quality, using Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women (MDD‐W) and Prime Diet Quality Score (PDQS), with GWG and birth outcomes among women enrolled in a trial in Tanzania (n = 1190). MDD‐W and PDQS were derived from a baseline food frequency questionnaire. Women were monthly followed until delivery, during which weight was measured. GWG was classified based on the 2009 Institute of Medicine guidelines. Adverse birth outcomes were classified as low birth weight (LBW), small for gestational age, large for gestational age, and preterm birth. 46.2% participants had MDD‐W ≥ 5. Mean score of PDQS was 23.3. Maternal intakes of nuts, poultry, and eggs were low, whereas intakes of sugar‐sweetened beverages and refined grains were high. MDD‐W was not associated with GWG or birth outcomes. For PDQS, compared to the lowest tertile, women in the highest tertile had lower risk of inappropriate GWG (risk ratio [RR] = 0.93, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.87–1.00). Women in the middle tertile group of PDQS (RR = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.51–1.00) had lower risk of preterm birth. After excluding women with prior complications, higher PDQS was associated with lower risk of LBW (middle tertile: RR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.31–0.99, highest tertile: RR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.29–0.94; continuous per SD: RR = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.60–0.99). Our findings support continuing efforts to improve maternal diet quality for optimal GWG and infant outcomes among Tanzanian women.
Environmental DNA metabarcoding reveals comparable responses to agricultural stressors on different trophic levels of a freshwater community
Authors: Beentjes Kevin K. , Barmentlo S. Henrik , Cieraad Ellen , Schilthuizen Menno , van der Hoorn Berry B. , Speksnijder Arjen G. C. L. , Trimbos Krijn B. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractFreshwater habitats are under stress from agricultural land use, most notably the influx of neonicotinoid pesticides and increased nutrient pressure from fertilizer. Traditional studies investigating the effects of stressors on freshwater systems are often limited to a narrow range of taxa, depending heavily on morphological expertise. Additionally, disentanglement of multiple simultaneous stressors can be difficult in field studies, whereas controlled laboratory conditions do not accurately reflect natural conditions and food webs. To overcome these drawbacks, we investigated the impacts of two agricultural stressors (the neonicotinoid insecticide thiacloprid and fertilizer) in full‐factorial design in a semi‐natural research site, using environmental DNA sampling to study three different taxonomic groups representing three trophic levels: bacteria (decomposers), phytoplankton (primary producers), and chironomids (consumers). The results show considerable impact of both stressors across trophic levels, with an additive effect of fertilizer and thiacloprid on community composition at all levels. These findings suggest that agricultural stressors affect the entire food web, either directly or through cascade reactions. They are also consistent with morphological assessments that were performed in the same study site, even at a lower number of replicates. The study presented shows that the use of multimarker environmental DNA provides a more comprehensive assessment of stressor impacts across multiple trophic levels, at a higher taxonomic resolution than traditional surveys. Additionally, many putative novel bioindicators for both agricultural stressors were discovered. We encourage further investigations into stressors impacts at different trophic levels, which will lead to more effective monitoring and management of freshwater systems.
Japanese Students’ Emotional Lived Experiences in English Language Learning, Learner Identities, and Their Transformation
Authors: NG CLARENCE 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe Vygotskian concept of perezhivanie, or emotional lived experience, was adopted to examine the learner identities of 2 Japanese university students in English language learning. Current studies on language learner identities have given analytic primacy to either psychological processes or social influences. In contrast, perezhivanie offers a holistic unit of analysis for examining simultaneous influences derived from internal and external realms on identity pursuits. Misaki and Hina participated in a 60‐minute interview designed to understand their English learning experiences and how they made sense of them in school and university settings. In addition, a series of class observations—each followed by an informal interview—were conducted to examine their learning experiences in a conversational English course. Their reflective postings on the course online blog were also collected. The analytical process located identifiable instances of perezhivanie (perezhivaniya), based on participants’ memorable events or personally significant moments, and elaborated how these perezhivaniya brought forth different learner identities. Using the concept of perezhivanie, this study draws attention to a dynamic perspective on researching language‐learner identities that foregrounds an identity‐making process whereby students relived, refracted, and transformed through emotional–cognitive events or episodes characterized by complex transactions between the person and context.
Multiple Arabidopsis galacturonosyltransferases synthesize polymeric homogalacturonan by oligosaccharide acceptor‐dependent or de novo synthesis
Authors: Engle Kristen A. , Amos Robert A. , Yang Jeong‐Yeh , Glushka John , Atmodjo Melani A. , Tan Li , Huang Chin , Moremen Kelley W. , Mohnen Debra 
Published: December 2021

SUMMARYHomogalacturonan (HG), the most abundant pectic glycan, functions as a cell wall structural and signaling molecule essential for plant growth, development and response to pathogens. HG exists as a component of pectic homoglycans, heteroglycans and glycoconjugates. HG is synthesized by members of the GALACTURONOSYLTRANSFERASE (GAUT) family. UDP‐GalA‐dependent homogalacturonan:galacturonosyltransferase (HG:GalAT) activity has previously been demonstrated for GAUTs 1, 4 and 11, as well as the GAUT1:GAUT7 complex. Here, we show that GAUTs 10, 13 and 14 are also HG:GalATs and that GAUTs 1, 10, 11, 13, 14 and 1:7 synthesize polymeric HG in vitro. Comparison of the in vitro HG:GalAT specific activities of the heterologously‐expressed proteins demonstrates GAUTs 10 and 11 with the lowest, GAUT1 and GAUT13 with moderate, and GAUT14 and the GAUT1:GAUT7 complex with the highest HG:GalAT activity. GAUT13 and GAUT14 are also shown to de novo synthesize (initiate) HG synthesis in the absence of exogenous HG acceptors, an activity previously demonstrated for GAUT1:GAUT7. The rate of de novo HG synthesis by GAUT13 and GAUT14 is similar to their acceptor dependent HG synthesis, in contrast to GAUT1:GAUT7 for which de novo synthesis occurred at much lower rates than acceptor‐dependent synthesis. The results suggest a unique role for de novo HG synthesis by GAUTs 13 and 14. The reducing end of GAUT13‐de novo‐synthesized HG has covalently attached UDP, indicating that UDP‐GalA serves as both a donor and acceptor substrate during de novo HG synthesis. The functional significance of unique GAUT HG:GalAT catalytic properties in the synthesis of different pectin glycan or glycoconjugate structures is discussed.
Retention of hemostatic and immunological properties of frozen plasma and COVID‐19 convalescent apheresis fresh‐frozen plasma produced and freeze‐dried in Canada
Authors: Sheffield William P. , Bhakta Varsha , Howell Anita , Jenkins Craig , Serrano Katherine , Johnson Nathaniel , Lin Yi‐Chan J. , Colwill Karen , Rathod Bhavisha , Greenberg Brianna , Gingras Anne‐Claude , Evans David H. , Flaumenhaft Elissa , Beckett Andrew , Drews Steven J. , Devine Dana V. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundRandomized clinical trial data show that early plasma transfusion may save lives among trauma patients. Supplying plasma in remote environments is logistically challenging. Freeze‐dried plasma (FDP) offers a possible solution.Study Design and MethodsA Terumo BCT plasma freeze‐drying system was evaluated. We compared pooled frozen plasma (FP) units with derived Terumo BCT FDP (TFDP) units and pooled COVID‐19 convalescent apheresis fresh‐frozen plasma (CC‐AFFP) with derived CC‐TFDP units. Parameters measured were: coagulation factors (F) II; V; VII; VIII; IX; XI; XIII; fibrinogen; Proteins C (PC) and S (PS); antithrombin (AT); α2‐antiplasmin (α2AP); ADAMTS13; von Willebrand Factor (vWF); thrombin–antithrombin (TAT); D‐dimer; activated complement factors 3 (C3a) and 5 (C5a); pH; osmolality; prothrombin time (PT); and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT). Antibodies to SARS‐CoV‐2 in CC‐AFFP and CC‐TFDP units were compared by plaque reduction assays and viral protein immunoassays.ResultsMost parameters were unchanged in TFDP versus FP or differed ≤15%. Mean aPTT, PT, C3a, and pH were elevated 5.9%, 6.9%, 64%, and 0.28 units, respectively, versus FP. CC‐TFDP showed no loss of SARS‐CoV‐2 neutralization titer versus CC‐AFFP and no mean signal loss in most pools by viral protein immunoassays.ConclusionChanges in protein activities or clotting times arising from freeze‐drying were <15%. Although C3a levels in TFDP were elevated, they were less than literature values for transfusable plasma. SARS‐CoV‐2‐neutralizing antibody titers and viral protein binding levels were largely unaffected by freeze‐drying. In vitro characteristics of TFDP or CC‐TFDP were comparable to their originating plasma, making future clinical studies appropriate.
Experimental Investigation of Melt Coolability Behavior in an Ex-Vessel Core Catcher: The Effect of Flooding Time
Authors: V Ganesh , Kulkarni Parimal P. , Nayak Arun K. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Some of the advanced nuclear reactors employ an ex-vessel core catcher to mitigate core melt scenarios by stabilizing and cooling the corium for a prolonged period by strategically flooding it. The side indirect cooling with top flooding strategy described in this study may lead to water ingression through the melt crust, which may lead to interaction between unoxidized metal and water, leading to hydrogen production. In order to avoid this deleterious scenario, water ingression into the interior region of the melt should be avoided. The studies described in this paper show that water ingression depends on the flooding strategy, i.e., the time delay between top flooding and melt relocation. Two experiments under identical conditions of simulant temperature, melt material, and test section geometry were conducted with simulated decay heat of 1 MW/m3. Sodium borosilicate glass was used as the corium simulant. In the first experiment, water was flooded onto the top of melt pool soon after melt relocation. In the second experiment, water flooding at the top of melt pool was made after 30 min of the melt relocation. The results show that a finite time delay of introduction of water onto the top of the melt pool is paramount to engender the development of a stable crust around the melt and therefore eliminating water ingression into melt pool and ensuring controlled coolability of the melt.
Normalized Ratcheting Diagram Under Sinusoidal Vibration Waves
Authors: Lyu Jinqi , Kasahara Naoto , Ichimiya Masakazu , Sasaki Ryunosuke 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Ratcheting is a progressive incremental inelastic deformation or strain which can occur in a component that is subjected to variations of mechanical stress, thermal stress, or both. This study concentrated on the ratcheting occurrence of the piping model under the combined effect of constant external force and dynamic cyclic vibrations. Bent solid bars represented piping models, and sinusoidal acceleration waves were loaded. Characteristics of seismic loads between load-controlled and displacement-controlled properties were studied from the viewpoint of the frequency ratio of the forcing frequency to the natural frequency of the piping model. Besides, the ratcheting occurrence conditions of the beam and the piping model were compared in one normalized diagram to display the general mechanism of ratcheting with the consideration of the effect from the difference of shape and material. Results show that ratcheting occurs easily with a lower frequency ratio in both beam and piping models. In addition, it is meaningful to use beam models to understand the ratcheting mechanism of piping models. Describing the occurrence of ratcheting using the normalized ratcheting diagram for different components is feasible.
Fracture Assessment for Pressurized Water Reactor Vessel Nozzles Subjected to Pressure and Thermal Loading
Authors: Qibao Chu , Qing Wang , Yonggang Fang , Wei Tan 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
To ensure the structure integrity of the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) in pressure water reactor plants, the main challenge is the embrittlement of beltline materials. However, the stress at inlet or outlet nozzles of the RPV which are reinforced in comparison with the beltline is more complex, especially under the thermal loads. In recent studies, significant research efforts have been conducted to show that the nozzle region may be more challenging under some conditions. In this paper, a fracture assessment for the RPV nozzles subjected to pressure and thermal loading is studied using the software abaqus 6.12 and Zen Crack 7.9-3. It includes: stress intensity factor calculation based on three-dimensional finite element method; structural integrity assessment under a typical loss of coolant accident (LOCA) transient; and the fatigue crack growth evaluation under cyclic loading situations. The results show that the stress intensity factor along the crack front is evidently asymmetric, and only to assess the safety of the deepest point along the crack front in the ASME and RCC-MR codes may be unreasonable. If the KIa criteria is applied, under a typical LOCA transient, it is difficult to obtain an effective fracture safety margin for a 1/4 thickness crack, while based on the KIC criteria, the nozzle is shown to be safe in the case study. The long shallow surface crack (which is often easily produced in the nozzle area) tends to be circle type under the cyclic pressure loading situation which shows that the crack shape assumed in the ASME and RCC-MR codes is reasonable.
A Statically Balanced Compliant Ortho-Planar Mechanism for Low-Frequency Energy Harvesting
Authors: Blad T.W.A. , van Ostayen R.A.J. , Herder J.L. , Tolou N. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The usually high eigenfrequencies of miniaturized oscillators can be significantly lowered by reducing the stiffness through stiffness compensation. In this work, a mechanical design for a compliant ortho-planar mechanism is proposed in which the stiffness is compensated to such a degree that it can be identified as statically balanced. The mechanism was fabricated using laser micro-machining and subsequently preloaded through packaging. The statically balanced property of the mechanism was experimentally validated by a measurement of the force–deflection relation. A piezoelectric version of the design was fabricated for the purpose of energy harvesting from low-frequency motion. For a sub 1 Hz excitation, the device demonstrated an average power output of 21.7 μW and an efficiency that compares favorably to piezoelectric energy harvesters reported in the literature. Therefore, it was found that stiffness compensation is a promising method for the design of piezoelectric energy harvesters for low-frequency motions.
Dynamic Analysis of a Slant-Cracked Functionally Graded Rotor-Bearing System
Authors: Batchu Aneesh , Sathujoda Prabhakar 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The dynamic response of a power law based functionally graded (FG) rotor-bearing system with a slant crack has been analysed in the present work. The vibration response of an FG rotor-bearing system with a slant crack has been simulated using the Houbolt time marching scheme for different crack depths. The time-domain vibration responses are converted into the frequency domain using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) to identify the crack features in order to detect and monitor the cracks. The sub-harmonic frequency components of the steady-state frequency spectrum were centred on the FG rotor’s operating speed, separated by the interval frequency corresponding to the torsional frequency. The sub-harmonic frequency components of the transient state frequency domain were found to be centred on the critical speed of the FG rotor system. The subharmonic frequency components of the dynamic response confirm the existence of a crack in the FG rotor system, which could be used to detect the crack in an FG rotor system.