bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Across the Pond: How US Firms' Boards of Directors Adapted to the Passage of the General Data Protection Regulation†
Authors: Klein April , Manini Raffaele , Shi Yanting (Crystal) 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACTOne of the prime responsibilities of the board of directors is to understand and oversee its firm's risk profile. We exploit a recent European Union (EU) regulation, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), as a quasi‐exogenous shock to the cyber risk landscape to assess whether boards of US firms changed their focus and governance structures to deal with this new challenge. The GDPR encompasses a sweeping set of regulations aimed at protecting EU citizens from unwanted uses of their personal Internet data. Although an EU regulation, the GDPR applies to all US public firms with at least one EU user. Adopting a difference‐in‐differences methodology, we use firms that already fall under a US data privacy regulation as a control group and find that boards of treated US firms, on average, increase their focus on cyber risk, add more directors with cyber/IT expertise, and more frequently assign cyber risk oversight to the board or to a board committee. In cross‐sectional tests, we show that these changes are positively associated with a firm's ex ante cyber risk, but are unrelated to whether a firm had a large EU presence, suggesting a more global reaction to the GDPR. In addition, we examine some of the consequences of these board changes. We find boards that promptly responded by changing their board focus, expertise, and monitoring assignment of cyber risk around the passage of GDPR had fewer future cyberattacks/data breaches and less related media attention. Our findings suggest that, on average, American corporate boards promptly responded to changes in the cyber risk environment in ways that reduced their firms' overall future cyber risk. Our results have implications for the efficacy and flexibility of US corporate boards to respond to unexpected changes in risk.
Inattention, availability bias, and attribute premium estimation for a biobased product
Authors: Cheng Haotian , Lambert Dayton M. , DeLong Karen L. , Jensen Kimberly L. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBiobased productsare non‐food goods derived from agricultural and forestry materials. Products made from biomaterials could substitute for petroleum‐based inputs used to make everyday household goods. This studyestimates consumer willingness to pay (WTP) for the attributes of single‐use eating‐ware (SUEW) plates made from biobased materials. Attributes considered are product material, degradability, product labeling, and biomass origin. The study controls for inattention and availability bias on attribute premium. Results suggest that inattention bias decreased consumer WTP for SUEW products by $0.36 to $3.69/25‐count package. Consumers valued most product degradability and using non‐plastic materials to make SUEW plates. Availability bias did not affect WTP. Consumer surplus increases by $2 million if the marginal cost of producing a SUEW product made with wheat straw is less than $6.
Delete and survive: strategies of programmed genetic material elimination in eukaryotes
Authors: Dedukh Dmitrij , Krasikova Alla 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACTGenome stability is a crucial feature of eukaryotic organisms because its alteration drastically affects the normal development and survival of cells and the organism as a whole. Nevertheless, some organisms can selectively eliminate part of their genomes from certain cell types during specific stages of ontogenesis. This review aims to describe the phenomenon of programmed DNA elimination, which includes chromatin diminution (together with programmed genome rearrangement or DNA rearrangements), B and sex chromosome elimination, paternal genome elimination, parasitically induced genome elimination, and genome elimination in animal and plant hybrids. During programmed DNA elimination, individual chromosomal fragments, whole chromosomes, and even entire parental genomes can be selectively removed. Programmed DNA elimination occurs independently in different organisms, ranging from ciliate protozoa to mammals. Depending on the sequences destined for exclusion, programmed DNA elimination may serve as a radical mechanism of dosage compensation and inactivation of unnecessary or dangerous genetic entities. In hybrids, genome elimination results from competition between parental genomes. Despite the different consequences of DNA elimination, all genetic material destined for elimination must be first recognised, epigenetically marked, separated, and then removed and degraded.
Arboreal monkeys facilitate foraging of terrestrial frugivores
Authors: Havmøller Linnea W. , Loftus J. Carter , Havmøller Rasmus W. , Alavi Shauhin E. , Caillaud Damien , Grote Mark N. , Hirsch Ben T. , Tórrez‐Herrera Lucia L. , Kays Roland , Crofoot Margaret C. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractTerrestrial animals feed on fruit dropped by arboreal frugivores in tropical forests around the world, but it remains unknown whether the resulting spatial associations of these animals are coincidental or intentionally maintained. On Barro Colorado Island, Panama, we used a combination of acoustic playback experiments, remote camera monitoring, and GPS tracking to quantify the frequency of such interactions, determine who initiates and maintains spatial associations, and test whether terrestrial animals adopt a strategy of acoustic eavesdropping to locate fruit patches created by foraging primates. Indeed, 90% of fruits collected in fruit fall traps had tooth marks of arboreal frugivores, and terrestrial frugivores visited fruit trees sooner following visits by GPS‐collared monkeys. While our play back experiments were insufficient to support the hypothesis that terrestrial frugivores use auditory cues to locate food dropped by arboreal primates, analyses of movement paths of capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus), spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi), and coatis (Nasua narica) reveal that observed patterns of interspecific attraction are not merely a byproduct of mutual attraction to shared resources. Coatis were significantly more likely to initiate close encounters with arboreal primates thanvice versaand maintained these associations by spending significantly longer periods at fruiting trees when collared primates were present. Our results demonstrate that terrestrial frugivores are attracted to arboreal primates, likely because they increase local resource availability. Primates are often among the first species in a habitat to be extirpated by hunting; our results suggest that their loss may have unanticipated consequences for the frugivore community.Abstract in Spanish is available with online material.
Spitzer Haaransatz: ein oft übersehenes, aber charakteristisches morphologisches Zeichen
Authors: Kyriakou Georgia , Glentis Apostolos , Papanikolaou Sofia 
Published: September 2021

ZusammenfassungEin spitzer Haaransatz (englisch:widow’s peak) galt ursprünglich als Omen für eine frühe Witwenschaft. Mittlerweile ist bekannt, dass es sich bei dieser V‐förmig abfallenden Verlängerung des vorderen Haaransatzes in der Stirnmitte um ein morphogenetisches Merkmal handelt. Obwohl ein spitzer Haaransatz in den meisten Fällen eine Normvariante ist, wurde er auch schon mit verschiedenen genetischen Syndromen in Verbindung gebracht.
Topische Calcineurininhibitoren und das Risiko für Lymphome: eine systematische Übersicht und Metaanalyse
Authors: Wu Po‐Chien , Huang I‐Hsin , Liu Che‐Wei , Huang Yu‐Chen 
Published: September 2021

ZusammenfassungDie topischen Calcineurininhibitoren (TCI) Tacrolimus und Pimecrolimus haben breite Anwendung als Kortikosteroid‐einsparende Wirkstoffe zur Behandlung vieler Hautkrankheiten gefunden. Allerdings wird das Risiko maligner Erkrankungen bei Therapie mit TCI weiterhin kontrovers diskutiert. Unser Ziel war es, den Zusammenhang zwischen TCI und Lymphomen in einer systematischen Übersicht und Metaanalyse zu untersuchen. Dazu wurden geeignete Studien in Online‐Datenbanken vom Tag ihrer Einführung bis zum 30. August 2020 identifiziert. Um das TCI‐bedingte Risiko für die Lymphom‐Entstehung zu bewerten, wurden Kohortenstudien analysiert, in denen die Inzidenzen von Lymphomen mit und ohne TCI‐Behandlung verglichen wurden. Es wurden auch Subgruppen von Hodgkin‐ und Non‐Hodgkin‐Lymphomen analysiert. Die zusammengefassten Ergebnisse zeigten, dass topisch angewandtes Tacrolimus (RR 1,68, 95 %‐KI 1,39–2,04) oder Pimecrolimus (RR 1,40, 95 %‐KI 1,13–1,74) das Risiko für die Lymphom‐Entstehung signifikant erhöhten. Bei TCI‐Anwendern war zudem die Inzidenz von Lymphomen mit 0,02–0,09 % im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe mit 0,02–0,06 % erhöht. Außerdem zeigte die Subgruppenanalyse sowohl für Tacrolimus (RR 1,89; 95 %‐KI 1,53–2,32) als auch für Pimecrolimus (RR 1,38; 95 %‐KI 1,09–1,74) ein signifikant höheres Risiko für Non‐Hodgkin‐Lymphome, jedoch nicht für Hodgkin‐Lymphome. Zusammenfassend war bei mit TCI behandelten Patienten das Risiko für die Entstehung eines Lymphoms, insbesondere eines Non‐Hodgkin‐Lymphoms, signifikant erhöht.
The dual glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist tirzepatide improves cardiovascular risk biomarkers in patients with type 2 diabetes: A post hoc analysis
Authors: Wilson Jonathan M. , Lin Yanzhu , Luo M. Jane , Considine Gary , Cox Amy L. , Bowsman Lenden M. , Robins Deborah A. , Haupt Axel , Duffin Kevin L. , Ruotolo Giacomo 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn a phase 2 trial of once‐weekly tirzepatide (1, 5, 10, or 15 mg), dulaglutide (1.5 mg), or placebo, the dual glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist tirzepatide dose‐dependently reduced HbA1c and body weight in patients with type 2 diabetes. In this post hoc analysis, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and cellular stress biomarkers were measured at baseline, 4, 12, and 26 weeks to evaluate the additional effects of tirzepatide on cardiovascular risk factors. At 26 weeks, tirzepatide 10 and 15 mg decreased YKL‐40 (also known as chitinase‐3 like‐protein‐1), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM‐1), leptin, and growth differentiation factor 15 levels versus baseline, and YKL‐40 and leptin levels versus placebo and dulaglutide. Tirzepatide 15 mg also decreased ICAM‐1 levels versus placebo and dulaglutide, and high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hsCRP) levels versus baseline and placebo, but not dulaglutide. GlycA, interleukin 6, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, and N‐terminal‐pro hormone B‐type natriuretic peptide levels were not significantly changed in any group. YKL‐40, hsCRP, and ICAM‐1 levels rapidly decreased within 4 weeks of treatment with tirzepatide 10 and 15 mg, whereas the decrease in leptin levels was more gradual and did not plateau by 26 weeks. In this hypothesis‐generating exploratory analysis, tirzepatide decreased several biomarkers that have been associated with cardiovascular risk.
Ocular involvement and complications of lichen planus, lichen planus pigmentosus, and lichen planopilaris: A comprehensive review
Authors: Ruiz‐Lozano Raul E. , Hernández‐Camarena Julio C. , Valdez‐Garcia Jorge E. , Roman‐Zamudio Mariana , Herrera‐Rodriguez Monica I. , Andrade‐Carrillo Daniela , Garza‐Garza Lucas A. , Cardenas‐de la Garza Jesus A. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractOcular involvement of lichenoid dermatoses, such as lichen planus (LP), lichen planus pigmentosus (LPP), and lichen planopilaris (LPL), although uncommon, is associated with skin manifestations. Isolated ocular involvement is very rare. When lesions are confined to the skin, the dermatologist inquires and evaluates for oral and genital symptoms and lesions, respectively; hence, eye manifestations are commonly neglected by the non‐ophthalmologist. Ocular involvement in LP, LPP, and LPL may result in significant morbidity. An ophthalmic interrogatory and a gross ophthalmic evaluation performed by the dermatologist may unravel ocular signs and symptoms that require evaluation by an eye specialist. Ocular surface inflammation and scarring, when untreated, results in serious complications such as corneal perforation and permanent vision loss. This review aims to present an up‐to‐date overview for the dermatologist of the ocular involvement and complications of LP, LPP, and LPL, and when to refer to the ophthalmologist to prevent blinding complications.
Kintsugi—Identity change and reconstruction following an episode of psychosis: A systematic review and thematic synthesis
Authors: Harris Olivia , Lawes Anna , Andrews Carina , Jacobsen Pamela 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAimResearch has shown that experiences of psychosis can have a significant impact on an individual's identity. Moreover, the way those who experience psychosis make sense of these changes appears to affect their recovery journey and hold clinical significance. However, this area of research is still very much developing, and there is a need for reviews, which look to synthesise and understand this process of identity change to guide clinicians working in this area as well as future research. This study looks to meet that gap and aims to synthesise qualitative literature exploring the lived experience of identity change amongst people who experience psychosis.MethodsA systematic review using thematic synthesis was carried out. The PRISMA and ENTREQ guidelines were followed in reporting the study.ResultsNinety‐one papers were identified which met criteria for inclusion and 31 papers included in the synthesis at which point conceptual saturation was judged to have been reached. Five themes were created: psychosis as an obliteration of the old self; the futile fight against psychosis; mourning for who I was; the battle for self as a battle against disempowerment; and recovery as rebirth.ConclusionsResults highlighted the substantive impact an experience of psychosis has on an individual's identity, the key role sense making around these identity changes plays in recovery and the crucial impact of clinicians on the sense‐making process. The implications for theory, future research and clinical practice are discussed.
Effective connectivity differs between focal cortical dysplasia types I and II
Authors: Shahabi Hossein , Taylor Kenneth , Hirfanoglu Tugba , Koneru Shreekanth , Bingaman William , Kobayashi Katsuya , Kobayashi Masako , Joshi Anand , Leahy Richard M. , Mosher John C. , Bulacio Juan , Nair Dileep 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether brain connectivity differs between focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) types I and II.MethodsWe compared cortico‐cortical evoked potentials (CCEPs) as measures of effective brain connectivity in 25 FCD patients with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy who underwent intracranial evaluation with stereo‐electroencephalography (SEEG). We analyzed the amplitude and latency of CCEP responses following ictal‐onset single‐pulse electrical stimulation (iSPES).ResultsIn comparison to FCD type II, patients with type I demonstrated significantly larger responses in the electrodes near the ictal‐onset zone (<50 mm). These findings persisted when controlling for the location of the epileptogenic zone, as noted in patients with temporal lobe epilepsies, as well as controlling for seizure type, as noted in patients with focal to bilateral tonic‐clonic seizures (FBTCS). In type II, the root mean square (RMS) of CCEP responses dropped substantially from the early segment (10–60 ms) to the middle and late segments (60–600 ms). The middle and late CCEP latency segments showed the largest differences between FCD types I and II.SignificanceFocal cortical dysplasia type I may have a greater degree of cortical hyperexcitability as compared with FCD type II. In addition, FCD type II displays a more restrictive area of hyperexcitability in both temporal and spatial domains. In patients with FBTCS and type I FCD, the increased amplitudes of RMS in the middle and late CCEP periods appear consistent with the cortico‐thalamo‐cortical network involvement of FBTCS. The notable differences in degree and extent of hyperexcitability may contribute to the different postsurgical seizure outcomes noted between these two pathological substrates.
Gingival approach to correct wry nose using locking compression plates in two foals
Authors: Sapper C. B. , Suárez Sánchez‐Andrade J. , Theiss F. , Fürst A. 
Published: September 2021

SummaryWry nose (campylorrhinus lateralis) in foals leads to breathing and weaning problems as well as reduced performance. The objective of this retrospective study was to describe a new gingival approach for, and report the outcome after, surgical correction of wry nose in two foals. Two young foals with wry nose were surgically treated using a gingival approach. Osteotomy of the incisive and maxillary bones was carried out, and a 3.5‐mm locking compression plate (LCP) with screws was inserted in the incisive and maxillary bones and in several teeth to stabilise the gap. The rostral part of the nasal septum was resected, and osteotomy and plate fixation were used to correct the nasal bone deviation. A 2.4‐mm UniLOCK plate was used in one foal and 2.7‐mm LCP in the other. Respiratory difficulties and facial malformation were markedly reduced in both foals. The existing brachygnathia superior and nasal bone deviation could not be completely eliminated. Main limitation was the small sample size of only two foals. In conclusion surgical correction of wry nose through a gingival approach resulted in a good outcome with a significant reduction in the deviation and associated clinical signs.
Acute hindlimb paresis caused by extension of a peripheral nerve sheath tumour into the spinal canal of a horse
Authors: Biermann N. M. , Doyle A. J. , Hanna P. , Stoughton W. B. 
Published: September 2021

SummaryA 10‐year‐old Quarter Horse gelding presented for a large, slowly growing mass in the right thoracic region caudal to the withers (approximately at the level of thoracic vertebrae 10 to 16). The mass was surgically removed, the horse returned to normal riding activity, and no external regrowth was observed. Two years after surgery, the horse developed progressive signs of hindlimb weakness, ataxia and adopting a dog‐sitting stance. Post‐mortem examination confirmed spinal canal infiltration and spinal cord compression (at the level of the 12th thoracic vertebra) by a similar soft tissue sarcoma as diagnosed previously. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the tumour as a peripheral nerve sheath tumour (PNST) likely originating from the twelfth thoracic spinal nerve. This report demonstrates that with incomplete tumour resection, local recurrence and extension of a PNST into the central nervous system can occur even years after initial tumour removal. Immunohistochemistry to differentiate the type of soft tissue sarcoma in cases with close association to the nervous system may prove beneficial to anticipate this uncommon complication. Early surgical resection with adjunctive therapies should be considered in these cases.
Diffuse osteomyelitis of the fourth metacarpal bone in a horse caused by Clostridium perfringens
Authors: Smith C. E. , Cullen M. D. , Forman I. M. , Talbot A. M. , Stack J. D. 
Published: September 2021

SummaryOsteomyelitis in adult horses, often associated with trauma or iatrogenic infection following surgery, usually presents as a focal area of infected bone. Diffuse osteomyelitis, affecting both the cortex and medulla, along the full length of a bone is encountered less frequently and treatment of such infections is not well reported in horses. The 2‐year‐old Warmblood mare in this case was diagnosed with diffuse osteomyelitis affecting the 4th metacarpal bone with concurrent unicortical fracture of the third metacarpal bone following traumatic injury. Computed tomography (CT) aided diagnosis in this case, providing critical additional detail to that obtained with radiography and ultrasound. This case highlights the value of CT in the diagnosis of diffuse osteomyelitis. This is the first reported case of diffuse osteomyelitis caused by Clostridium perfringens in horses. Successful treatment in this case consisted of surgical debridement of the associated abscess, followed by systemic and locoregional antimicrobial therapies.
Climate‐associated decline of body condition in a fossorial salamander
Authors: Moldowan Patrick D. , Tattersall Glenn J. , Rollinson Njal 
Published: September 2021

AbstractTemperate ectotherms have responded to recent environmental change, likely due to the direct and indirect effects of temperature on key life cycle events. Yet, a substantial number of ectotherms are fossorial, spending the vast majority of their lives in subterranean microhabitats that are assumed to be buffered against environmental change. Here, we examine whether seasonal climatic conditions influence body condition (a measure of general health and vigor), reproductive output, and breeding phenology in a northern population of fossorial salamander (Spotted Salamander, Ambystoma maculatum). We found that breeding body condition declined over a 12‐year monitoring period (2008–2019) with warmer summer and autumn temperatures at least partly responsible for the observed decline in body condition. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that elevated metabolism drives the negative association between temperature and condition. Population‐level reproduction, assessed via egg mass counts, showed high interannual variation and was weakly influenced by autumn temperatures. Salamander breeding phenology was strongly correlated with lake ice melt but showed no long‐term temporal trend (1986–2019). Climatic warming in the region, which has been and is forecasted to be strongest in the summer and autumn, is predicted to lead to a 5%–27% decline in salamander body condition under realistic near‐future climate scenarios. Although the subterranean environment offers a thermal buffer, the observed decline in condition and relatively strong effect of summer temperature on body condition suggest that fossorial salamanders are sensitive to the effects of a warming climate. Given the diversity of fossorial taxa, heightened attention to the vulnerability of subterranean microhabitat refugia and their inhabitants is warranted amid global climatic change.