bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prior Assumptions for Leak Localisation in Water Distribution Networks with Uncertainties
Authors: Blocher Caroline , Pecci Filippo , Stoianov Ivan 
Published: October 2021

AbstractHydraulic model-based leak (burst) localisation in water distribution networks is a challenging problem due to a limited number of hydraulic measurements, a wide range of leak properties, and model and data uncertainties. In this study, prior assumptions are investigated to improve the leak localisation in the presence of uncertainties. For example, $$\ell _2$$

ℓ
2

-regularisation relies on the assumption that the Euclidean norm of the leak coefficient vector should be minimised. This approach is compared with a method based on the sensitivity matrix, which assumes the existence of only a single leak. The results show that while the sensitivity matrix method often yields a better leak location estimate in single leak scenarios, the $$\ell _2$$

ℓ
2

-regularisation successfully identifies a search area for pinpointing the accurate leak location. Furthermore, it is shown that the additional error introduced by a quadratic approximation of the Hazen-Williams formula for the solution of the localisation problem is negligible given the uncertainties in Hazen-Williams resistance coefficients in operational water network models.
Machen Überzeugungen den Unterschied?
Authors: Hertel Silke , Karlen Yves 
Published: October 2021

ZusammenfassungImplizite Theorien sind für das Lernen und den Erfolg in Schule und Hochschule von Bedeutung. Sie beeinflussen die Motivation, das Lernverhalten sowie die Auswahl von Zielen und Strategien beim Lernen, und wirken sich auch auf die Bewertung und Einordnung von Lernerfahrungen sowie Erfolgen und Misserfolgen aus. Die Beiträge dieses Thementeils gehen über die bisherige Forschung mit einem starken Focus auf Überzeugungen zur Veränderbarkeit von Intelligenz und deren Zusammenhang mit akademischer Leistung hinaus. Sie adressieren implizite Theorien und Überzeugungen zum selbstregulierten Lernen, zum konstruktivistischen Mathematiklernen, zu Geschlechtsunterschieden im Mathematikunterricht, zu Fähigkeiten im schulischen Kontext sowie zur sozialen Eingebundenheit und analysieren auch deren Zusammenspiel mit weiteren Überzeugungen (z. B. Fähigkeitsselbstkonzept). Basierend auf einem breiten Bildungsbegriff für Schule und Hochschule werden als Abhängige Variablen selbstreguliertes Lernen, schulische Leistungen und fachspezifische Kompetenzen, Erfolgserwartungen und wahrgenommene schulische Herausforderungen, Arbeitsgedächtniskapazität sowie soziale Eingebundenheit und schulisches Wohlbefinden in den Blick genommen. Die Datenerhebungen erfolgten an Sekundarschulen sowie an Hochschulen in Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz. Die berichteten Befunde unterstreichen die Bedeutung unterschiedlicher impliziter Theorien für das Lernen in Schule und Hochschule. Gleichzeitig weisen Sie auf Situations- und Zeitabhängigkeiten in den Ausprägungen der Überzeugungen, Geschlechts- und Interventionseffekte sowie die Kontextabhängigkeit von Effekten und Wirkungen impliziter Theorien hin, die bei zukünftiger Forschung sowie beim Transfer in Schule und Hochschule berücksichtigt werden sollten.
Le christianisme oriental à l’époque ottomane : du postcolonial au global (1960-2020)
Authors: Heyberger Bernard 
Published: October 2021

Le christianisme oriental à l’époque ottomane : du postcolonial au global (1960-2020)Du fait de la place qui leur a été assignée dans l’idéologie coloniale, puis dans la lutte anticoloniale, les chrétiens du Proche-Orient, en tant qu’objet d’étude, sont longtemps restés à la marge de l’historiographie académique. La situation a néanmoins changé depuis une vingtaine d’années, et la prise en compte des minorités, chrétiennes et autres, s’avère à présent riche d’un point de vue épistémologique pour l’étude des sociétés du Proche-Orient et de la Méditerranée. Cet article retrace l’historiographie du sujet depuis les années 1960, pour montrer comment il a été progressivement investi par les historiens de la période moderne. L’histoire économique et sociale n’a pas voulu faire des minorités un objet d’études spécifique. À partir des années 1990, au contraire, dans une approche d’histoire des mentalités, l’étude des chrétiens est entrée dans le champ de recherche de la « religion populaire » et des « religions partagées », montrant ainsi les similitudes et les interactions entre chrétiens et musulmans. Les chrétiens, formant de petits groupes diasporiques, reliés par des individus mobiles constitués en réseaux, se prêtent désormais bien à des études microhistoriques, qui livrent d’utiles éléments de compréhension pour une histoire globale incluant la Méditerranée. Enfin, leur prise en compte en tant qu’acteurs permet une approche relationnelle de la construction des savoirs sur l’Orient, qui remet en cause une vision unidimensionnelle, axée sur les centres européens du savoir au service de l’impérialisme.
The Judiciary in Illiberal States
Authors: Kühn Zdeněk 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe Article deals with the actual functioning of the judicial power and the limits of its independence facing an illiberal or authoritarian state. The Article offers a skeptical analysis of the past and especially of the judiciary’s future in Central Europe, with a primary focus on Czechia and Slovakia. After a brief excursion into the times before the installment of communist regimes in the late 1940s, attention shifts to the development of the judiciary during the three decades after the fall of communist rule. In this context, the Article deals with different models of administration of the judiciary and shows how they can function in normal democracy and under the conditions of emerging authoritarianism. It also characterizes different perspectives on the judiciary in common law and continental law and posits different capacities of judges to resist authoritarians in various legal cultures. Finally, it sketches future prospects and attempts to define the typology of judiciary models in authoritarian and totalitarian states.
Meteotsunami Observed by the Deep‐Ocean Seafloor Pressure Gauge Network Off Northeastern Japan
Authors: Kubota Tatsuya , Saito Tatsuhiko , Chikasada Naotaka Y. , Sandanbata Osamu 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis study reports an ocean‐bottom pressure gauge (OBP) network, S‐net, which captured meteotsunamis with amplitudes as small as a few cm, and investigates its validity and limitation for meteotsunami research studies through data analyses and numerical simulations. On July 1, 2020, S‐net recorded tsunami‐like signals, although no earthquake was reported. These waves, propagating northward with a velocity of ∼110 m/s, were explained by an atmospheric low pressure with a maximum amplitude of −0.5 ± 0.1 hPa moving northeastward at a speed of 45–50 m/s. The maximum amplitudes of the sea‐surface height during the low‐pressure passing were up to twice larger than those directly converted from the ocean‐bottom pressure without considering the effect of the atmospheric pressure. Our results suggest that the S‐net with numerical simulations can detect the generation and propagation of meteotsunamis, which could not be achieved in the past when dense OBP networks were not available.
Design, characterization, and adsorption properties of Padina gymnospora/zeolite nanocomposite for Congo red dye removal from wastewater
Authors: Dryaz Asmaa Ragab , Shaban Mohamed , AlMohamadi Hamad , Al-Ola Khulood A. Abu , Hamd Ahmed , Soliman N. K. , Ahmed Sayed A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractA comprehensive study combined experimental, computational and field experiments was conducted to find out the most appropriate adsorbent system for industrial elimination of congo red (CR) dye from simulated industrial wastewater. Modification of the zeolite (Z) by the Padina gymnospora algae (PG) (Egyptian marine algae) was evaluated in terms of the adsorption capability of the zeolite (Z) to remove CR dye from aqueous solutions. The zeolite/algae composite (ZPG) was fabricated using the wet impregnation technique. Various techniques were used to characterize the PG, Z, and the produced ZPG nanocomposite. Batch experiments were performed to study the influence of various practical variables on adsorption processes. The isotherms and kinetics of dye adsorption were also studied. The newly synthesized ZPG nanocomposite exhibits much higher adsorption capacity, especially at low CR concentrations than that of Z. The computational calculations have shown that owing to the presence of intermolecular interactions, the adsorption of the CR molecule on zeolite surfaces is exothermic, energetically favorable, and spontaneous. For all configurations, increasing the zeolite size does not have a noticeable impact on the adsorption energies. The experimental results revealed that the ZPG nanocomposite can be applied as an economical nanoadsorbent to eliminate anionic dyes from simulated industrial wastewater at low CR dye concentrations. The adsorption isotherm of dye onto Z, PG, and ZPG almost agreed with Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetics. The sorption mechanism was also evaluated using Weber's intra-particle diffusion module. Finally, the field experiments revealed optimistic results for the newly synthesized adsorbent in removing dyes from industrial wastewater with 82.1% efficiency, which in turn confirmed the foundation of new eco-friendly materials that aid in the reuse of industrial wastewater.
Identifying early indicators of secondary peritonitis in critically ill patients with cirrhosis
Authors: Ruault Carole , Zappella Nathalie , Labreuche Julien , Cronier Pierrick , Claude Baptiste , Garnier Marc , Vieillard-Baron Antoine , Ortuno Sofia , Mallet Maxime , Cosic Olga , Crosby Laura , Lesieur Olivier , Pichon Nicolas , Galbois Arnaud , Bruel Cedric , Ekpe Kenneth , Sauneuf Bertrand , Roux Damien , Legriel Stephane 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAscitic fluid infection (AFI) is a life-threatening complication of cirrhosis. We aimed to identify early indicators of secondary peritonitis (SP), which requires emergency surgery, and to describe the outcomes of SP and spontaneous bacterial/fungal peritonitis (SBFP). Adults with cirrhosis and AFI admitted to 16 university or university-affiliated ICUs in France between 2002 and 2017 were studied retrospectively. Cases were identified by searching the hospital databases for relevant ICD-10 codes and hospital charts for AFI. Logistic multivariate regression was performed to identify factors associated with SP. Secondary outcomes were short- and long-term mortality and survivors’ functional outcomes. Of 178 included patients (137 men and 41 women; mean age, 58 ± 11 years), 21 (11.8%) had SP, confirmed by surgery in 16 cases and by abdominal computed tomography in 5 cases. Time to diagnosis exceeded 24 h in 7/21 patients with SP. By multivariate analysis, factors independently associated with SP were ascitic leukocyte count > 10,000/mm3 (OR 3.70; 95%CI 1.38–9.85; P = 0.009) and absence of laboratory signs of decompensated cirrhosis (OR 4.53; 95%CI 1.30–15.68; P = 0.017). The 1-year mortality rates in patients with SBFP and SP were 81.0% and 77.5%, respectively (Log-rank test, P = 0.92). Patients with SP vs. SBFP had no differences in 1-year functional outcomes. This multicenter retrospective study identified two indicators of SP as opposed to SBFP in patients with cirrhosis. Using these indicators may help to provide early surgical treatment.
Gestational diabetes mellitus and the role of intercurrent type 2 diabetes on long-term risk of cardiovascular events
Authors: Sun Jiyu , Kim Gyu Ri , Lee Su Jin , Kim Hyeon Chang 
Published: October 2021

AbstractRecent studies have shown that gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease. GDM has also been shown to be a risk factor for type 2 diabetes (T2DM) after pregnancy. However, there is limited evidence regarding the role of intercurrent T2DM on the relationship between GDM and future CVD. Thus, we investigated the risks of incident cardiovascular events among women with GDM during pregnancy compared to women without GDM and whether the increased CVD risk is dependent on intercurrent development of T2DM. We conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study using the Korean National Health Insurance Service claims database. Outcomes were the first occurrence of any CVD (myocardial infarction, treatment with coronary revascularization, heart failure, and cerebrovascular disease). Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess the association between GDM and incident CVD events, using landmark analysis at 4 years. A total of 1,500,168 parous women were included in the analysis, of which 159,066 (10.60%) had GDM. At a median follow-up of 12.8 years, 13,222 incident cases of total CVD were observed. Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio for total CVD among women with prior GDM, compared with those without GDM, was 1.08 (95% CI 1.02–1.14). Further classifying GDM by progression to T2DM in relation to total CVD risk indicated a positive association for GDM with progression to T2DM vs no GDM or T2DM (HR 1.74; 95% CI 1.40–2.15), and no statistically significant association for GDM only (HR 1.06; 95% CI 1.00–1.12). GDM with subsequent progression to T2DM were linked with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. These findings highlight the need for more vigilant postpartum screening for diabetes and the implementation of diabetes interventions in women with a history of GDM to reduce future CVD risk.
Language Decline Characterizes Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment Independent of Cognitive Decline
Authors: Sherman Janet Cohen , Henderson Charles R. , Flynn Suzanne , Gair James W. , Lust Barbara 
Published: October 2021

PurposeThis research investigated the nature of cognitive decline in prodromal Alzheimer's disease (AD), particularly in mild cognitive impairment, amnestic type (aMCI). We assessed language in aMCI as compared with healthy aging (HA) and healthy young (HY) with new psycholinguistic assessment of complex sentences, and we tested the degree to which deficits on this language measure relate to performance in other general cognitive domains such as memory.MethodSixty-one individuals with aMCI were compared with 24 HA and 10 HY adults on a psycholinguistic measure of complex sentence production (relative clauses). In addition, HA, HY, and a subset of the aMCI participants (n= 22) were also tested on a multidomain cognitive screen, the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination–Revised (ACE-R), and on a verbal working memory Brown–Peterson (BP) test. General and generalized linear mixed models were used to test psycholinguistic results and to test whether ACE-R and BP performance predicted performance on the psycholinguistic test similarly in the aMCI and HA groups.ResultsOn the psycholinguistic measure, sentence imitation was significantly deficited in aMCI in comparison with that in HA and HY. Experimental factorial designs revealed that individuals with aMCI had particular difficulty repeating sentences that especially challenged syntax–semantics integration. As expected, the aMCI group also performed significantly below the HY and HA groups on the ACE-R. Neither the ACE-R Memory subtest nor the BP total scores predicted performance on the psycholinguistic task for either the aMCI or the HA group. However, the ACE-R total score significantly predicted psycholinguistic task performance, with increased ACE-R performance predicting increased psycholinguistic task performance only for the HA group, not for the aMCI group.ConclusionsResults suggest a selective deterioration in language in aMCI, specifically a weakening of syntax–semantics integration in complex sentence processing, and a general independence of this language deficit and memory decline. Results cohere with previous assessments of the nature of difficulty in complex sentence formation in aMCI. We argue that clinical screening for prodromal AD can be strengthened by supplementary testing of language, as well as memory, and extended evaluation of strength of their relation.
Artigos definidos variáveis no português europeu dialetal
Authors: Nkollo Mikołaj 
Published: October 2021

ResumoO presente artigo visa esclarecer a presença do ataque nasal nos artigos definidos em variedades dialetais do Português europeu (PE) contemporâneo. Restringe-se a análise a um contexto nitidamente delimitado, abrangendo, por defeito, os ditongos nasais das sílabas finais da forma verbal conjugada e o artigo a ela posposto, produzindo assim as formasno,na,nos,nas. É um fenómeno inovador na história dos artigos definidos do PE, pois os textos das épocas prévias não comprovam a mudança nessa configuração. A análise baseia-se nos dados reunidos na secção ‘transcrição literal’ do CORDIAL-SIN –Corpus Dialectal para o Estudo da Sintaxe. Além da dimensão variacionista, o presente trabalho aprofunda a natureza flexiva de ambas as formas paralelas. São igualmente estudados os processos fonológicos concomitantes à presença do ataque, ou seja, a monotongação, a perda de nasalidade, bem como a alteração do timbre da primeira das vogais encadeadas. Foi adotado neste estudo o modelo de gramáticas competidoras permitindo assim destrinçar os métodos de processamento dos dados linguísticos. Concebe-se a variação que permeia as sequências:verbo+artigo definidocomo o desfecho da atuação da analogia, inspirada pelas mudanças que incidem na forma dos pronomes clíticos acusativos na ênclise, homónimos dos artigos definidos.
Investigation of SARS-CoV-2 Epsilon Variant and Hospitalization Status by Genomic Surveillance in a Single Large Health System During the 2020-2021 Winter Surge in Southern California
Authors: Yang Shangxin , Hemarajata Peera , Hilt Evann E , Price Travis K , Garner Omai B , Green Nicole M 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Objectives
This study aimed to assess whether the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Epsilon variant (B.1.429/427) is more virulent, leading to more hospitalization and more severe disease requiring intensive care unit (ICU) admission.

Methods
SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance was performed on respiratory samples from 231 unique patients, collected at a single large health system in Southern California between November 2020 and March 2021 during the winter surge.

Results
The frequencies of the Epsilon variant among outpatients, hospitalized patients, and ICU patients were indifferent.

Conclusions
Our study suggests that the Epsilon variant is not associated with increased hospitalization and ICU admission.
Searching for robust associations with a multi-environment knockoff filter
Authors: Li S , Sesia M , Romano Y , Candès E , Sabatti C 
Published: October 2021

SummaryIn this article we develop a method based on model-X knockoffs to find conditional associations that are consistent across environments, while controlling the false discovery rate. The motivation for this problem is that large datasets may contain numerous associations that are statistically significant and yet misleading, as they are induced by confounders or sampling imperfections. However, associations replicated under different conditions may be more interesting. In fact, sometimes consistency provably leads to valid causal inferences even if conditional associations do not. Although the proposed method is widely applicable, in this paper we highlight its relevance to genome-wide association studies, in which robustness across populations with diverse ancestries mitigates confounding due to unmeasured variants. The effectiveness of this approach is demonstrated by simulations and applications to UK Biobank data.
Perceptions of injectable therapies with cardiovascular benefit: an ACNAP survey of healthcare professionals to explore facilitators and barriers
Authors: Khatib Rani , Angus Neil , Hansen Tina B , Lambrinou Ekaterini , Vellone Ercole , Khan Mutiba , Lee Geraldine A 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Aims
Injectable medicines are increasingly used to manage risk factors for cardiovascular (CV) events, such as dyslipidaemia and diabetes. These include proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists. Little is known about perceptions of injectable therapies among CV healthcare professionals (HCPs). This study explores their views to identify relevant facilitators and barriers to the use of injectables with CV benefit.

Methods and results
A 22-question survey was distributed internationally via online channels. In total, 192 anonymous responses were received (43.7% physicians, 32.6% nurses, 16.8% pharmacists, 6.8% others). Among respondents with experience of these medicines, 69.1% had used an injectable PCSK9 inhibitor and 67.0% had used an injectable GLP-1 receptor agonist. Commonly raised issues were resource problems (36.5%), lack of knowledge among colleagues (32.3%), paperwork (32.3%), and lack of patient knowledge (28.1%). Key barriers respondents felt made patients decline these treatments were fear of injection (56.6%), lack of awareness or education (26.4%), and administration issues (15.1%); potential reasons for discontinuation included side effects (46.4%), perceived lack of benefit (28.6%), and local reactions (21.4%). The main topics around injectables requiring further support included managing non-adherent patients (16.2%), troubleshooting with patients (16.2%), and educating colleagues about injectables (12.2%). Preferred educational methods to support HCPs were face-to-face training (43.5%) and online learning (26.1%); favoured formats were based on role playing and case studies.

Conclusion
Healthcare professionals highlighted various potential barriers to initiation, continuation, and adherence with injectable therapies in CV medicine. Although some require healthcare system changes, many could be addressed through simple measures based primarily on enhanced training and support for patients and HCPs.
The Growing Socioeconomic Gap in Lifetime Social Security Retirement Benefits: Current and Future Retirees
Authors: Tamborini Christopher R , Reznik Gayle L , Iams Howard M , Couch Kenneth A 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Increasing socioeconomic disparities, including in life expectancy, have important implications for the U.S. Social Security program. This study examined inter- and intracohort trends in Social Security retirement benefits, paying special attention to how lifetime benefit trajectories by socioeconomic circumstance shift across cohorts encompassing current and future retirees.

Methods
Using a dynamic microsimulation model based on representative survey data linked to administrative records, we developed a set of cohort-specific projections that estimate monthly and lifetime Social Security retirement benefits for retirees spanning the early baby boom (1945–1954) to Generation X (1965–1974) cohorts.

Results
We found a widening socioeconomic gap in projected monthly and lifetime benefits for men and women, especially on a lifetime basis. This divergence is associated with stagnation of benefit levels among lower socioeconomic status groups coupled with upward shifts among higher strata groups. Distributional changes are linked with increasing differential mortality, but other factors also likely play a role such as rising education premiums, growing earnings inequality, and changes in women’s work and relationship histories.

Discussion
Widening mortality differentials can lead to distributional changes in the U.S. Social Security program. Microsimulation methodology lends insights into how the socioeconomic gap in monthly and lifetime benefit distributions may change among future older Americans in the context of differential mortality and other demographic changes. Moving forward in time, these complex patterns could offset some of the progressivity built into the system.