bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Toward optimal probabilistic active learning using a Bayesian approach
Authors: Kottke Daniel , Herde Marek , Sandrock Christoph , Huseljic Denis , Krempl Georg , Sick Bernhard 
Published: May 2021

AbstractGathering labeled data to train well-performing machine learning models is one of the critical challenges in many applications. Active learning aims at reducing the labeling costs by an efficient and effective allocation of costly labeling resources. In this article, we propose a decision-theoretic selection strategy that (1) directly optimizes the gain in misclassification error, and (2) uses a Bayesian approach by introducing a conjugate prior distribution to determine the class posterior to deal with uncertainties. By reformulating existing selection strategies within our proposed model, we can explain which aspects are not covered in current state-of-the-art and why this leads to the superior performance of our approach. Extensive experiments on a large variety of datasets and different kernels validate our claims.
Impact of intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging on gross total resection, extent of resection, and residual tumor volume in pituitary surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Staartjes Victor E. , Togni-Pogliorini Alex , Stumpo Vittorio , Serra Carlo , Regli Luca 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
Residual tumor tissue after pituitary adenoma surgery, is linked with additional morbidity and mortality. Intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging (ioMRI) could improve resection. We aim to assess the improvement in gross total resection (GTR), extent of resection (EOR), and residual tumor volume (RV) achieved using ioMRI.

Methods
A systematic review was carried out on PubMed/MEDLINE to identify any studies reporting intra- and postoperative (1) GTR, (2) EOR, or (3) RV in patients who underwent resection of pituitary adenomas with ioMRI. Random effects meta-analysis of the rate of improvement after ioMRI for these three surgical outcomes was intended.

Results
Among 34 included studies (2130 patients), the proportion of patients with conversion to GTR (∆GTR) after ioMRI was 0.19 (95% CI 0.15–0.23). Mean ∆EOR was + 9.07% after ioMRI. Mean ∆RV was 0.784 cm3. For endoscopically treated patients, ∆GTR was 0.17 (95% CI 0.09–0.25), while microscopic ∆GTR was 0.19 (95% CI 0.15–0.23). Low-field ioMRI studies demonstrated a ∆GTR of 0.19 (95% CI 0.11–0.28), while high-field and ultra-high-field ioMRI demonstrated a ∆GTR of 0.19 (95% CI 0.15–0.24) and 0.20 (95% CI 0.13–0.28), respectively.

Conclusions
Our meta-analysis demonstrates that around one fifth of patients undergoing pituitary adenoma resection convert from non-GTR to GTR after the use of ioMRI. EOR and RV can also be improved to a certain extent using ioMRI. Endoscopic versus microscopic technique or field strength does not appear to alter the impact of ioMRI. Statistical heterogeneity was high, indicating that the improvement in surgical results due to ioMRI varies considerably by center.
In search of an ideal drug for safer treatment of obesity: The false promise of pseudoephedrine
Authors: Munafò Antonio , Frara Stefano , Perico Norberto , Di Mauro Rosaria , Cortinovis Monica , Burgaletto Chiara , Cantarella Giuseppina , Remuzzi Giuseppe , Giustina Andrea , Bernardini Renato 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObesity is a major public health problem worldwide. Only relatively few treatment options are, at present, available for the management of obese patients. Furthermore, treatment of obesity is affected by the widespread misuse of drugs and food supplements.Ephedra sinicais an old medicinal herb, commonly used in the treatment of respiratory tract diseases.Ephedraspecies contain several alkaloids, including pseudoephedrine, notably endowed with indirect sympathomimetic pharmacodynamic properties. The anorexigenic effect of pseudoephedrine is attributable primarily to the inhibition of neurons located in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), mediating satiety stimuli. Pseudoephedrine influences lipolysis and thermogenesis through interaction with β3 adrenergic receptors and reduces fat accumulation through down-regulation of transcription factors related to lipogenesis. However, its use is associated with adverse events that involve to a large extent the cardiovascular and the central nervous system. Adverse events of pseudoephedrine also affect the eye, the intestine, and the skin, and, of relevance, sudden cardiovascular death related to dietary supplements containingEphedraalkaloids has also been reported. In light of the limited availability of clinical data on pseudoephedrine in obesity, along with its significantly unbalanced risk/benefit profile, as well as of the psychophysical susceptibility of obese patients, it appears reasonable to preclude the prescription of pseudoephedrine in obese patients of any order and degree.
Mapping higher-level causal efficacy
Authors: Tarnovanu Horia 
Published: May 2021

AbstractA central argument for non-reductive accounts of group agency is that complex social entities (states, companies, churches, political parties) are capable of exerting causal influence independently of and superseding the causal efficacy of the individuals constituting them. A prominent counter is that non-reductionists run into an insuperable dilemma between identity and redundancy – with identity undermining independent higher-level efficacy and redundancy leading to overdetermination or exclusion. This paper argues that critics of non-reductionism can manage with a simpler and more persuasive reductio strategy calledmapping: allow that group agents are causally efficacious in their own right and chart (a) how their causal efficacy is carried out; (b) how it relates to the causal efficacy of individual determiners; (c) how it connects to the causal relevance of background structural factors. The focus exclusively on whether groupsareorare notcausally efficacious black-boxes implementation, while close attention to how causation is wired increases the visibility of individualist arguments and countenances structure-oriented explanations.
A (Dual) Network Model for Heat Transfer in Porous Media
Authors: Koch Timo , Weishaupt Kilian , Müller Johannes , Weigand Bernhard , Helmig Rainer 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe present a dual network model to simulate coupled single-phase flow and energy transport in porous media including conditions under which local thermal equilibrium cannot be assumed. The models target applications such as the simulation of catalytic reactors, micro-fluidic experiments, or micro-cooling devices. The new technique is based on a recently developed algorithm that extracts both the pore space and the solid grain matrix of a porous medium from CT images into an interconnected network representation. We simulate coupled heat and mass transfer in these networks simultaneously, allowing naturally to model scenarios with heterogeneous temperature distributions in both void space and solid matrix. The model is compared with 3D conjugate heat transfer simulations for both conduction- and convection-dominated scenarios. It is shown to reproduce effective thermal conductivities over a wide range of fluid to solid thermal conductivity ratios with a single parameter set. Morevoer, it captures local thermal nonequilibrium effects in a micro-cooling device scenario.
Reclaimed water driven lettuce cultivation in a hydroponic system: the need of micropollutant removal by advanced wastewater treatment
Authors: Kreuzig Robert , Haller-Jans Jaqueline , Bischoff Cornelia , Leppin Johannes , Germer Jörn , Mohr Marius , Bliedung Alexa , Dockhorn Thomas 
Published: May 2021

AbstractFor a novel approach of resource-efficient water reuse, a municipal wastewater treatment plant was extended at pilot scale for advanced wastewater treatment, i.e., ozonation and biological activated carbon filtration, and a hydroponic system for reclaimed water driven lettuce cultivation. The treatment specific wastewater lines with the corresponding lettuce plants, differentiated into roots and shoots, were monitored for priority wastewater micropollutants, i.e., acesulfame (sweetener), caffeine (stimulant), carbamazepine, diclofenac, ibuprofen, sulfamethoxazole with acetyl-sulfamethoxazole (human pharmaceuticals), 1H-benzotriazole, and 4/5-methylbenzotriazole (industrial chemicals). As clearly demonstrated, conventional tertiary treatment could not efficiently clean up wastewater. Removal efficiencies ranged from 3% for carbamazepine to 100% for ibuprofen. The resulting pollution of the hydroponic water lines led to the accumulation of acesulfame, carbamazepine, and diclofenac in lettuce root systems at 32.0, 69.5, and 135 μg kg−1 and in the uptake of acesulfame and carbamazepine into lettuce shoots at 23.4 and 120 μg kg−1 dry weight, respectively. In contrast, both advanced treatment technologies when operating under optimized conditions achieved removal efficiencies of > 90% also for persistent micropollutants. Minimizing the pollution of reclaimed water thus met one relevant need for hydroponic lettuce cultivation.
Graphical abstract
Konzeptualisierung und Diagnostik von Präsentationskompetenz
Authors: Herbein Evelin , Ruth Fabian , Lipphardt Carmen , Ringeisen Tobias 
Published: May 2021

ZusammenfassungDieser Beitrag in der Zeitschrift „Gruppe. Interaktion. Organisation (GIO)“ stellt einen konzeptionellen Rahmen der Präsentationskompetenz vor, auf dessen Basis ein Überblick zu validierten deutschsprachigen Instrumenten zur Erfassung von Präsentationskompetenz gegeben wird. Dieser umfasst sowohl Fremd- als auch Selbsteinschätzungsverfahren. Trotz der Bedeutsamkeit des Präsentierens sowohl im beruflichen als auch im (hoch)schulischen Kontext liegt bisher keine einheitliche Konzeptualisierung von Präsentationskompetenz vor. Zudem mangelt es an Ansätzen, die die Perspektiven unterschiedlicher Disziplinen, wie der Psychologie oder der Rhetorik, berücksichtigen. Basierend auf existierender Forschung wird mit Hilfe der beiden Disziplinen ein übergeordneter konzeptioneller Rahmen abgeleitet, der einen disziplinübergreifenden und differenzierten Zugriff auf die Präsentationskompetenz ermöglicht und sich auf den gesamten Arbeits- und Organisationskontext übertragen lässt. Den Abschluss des Beitrags bilden Implikationen zur spezifischen Erfassung und bedarfsorientierten Förderungen von Präsentationskompetenz.
Prospektive Kompetenzanalyse (ProKA) – Ein Verfahren zur Einschätzung von zukünftigen Kompetenzveränderungen
Authors: Kato-Beiderwieden Anna-Lena , Schlicher Katharina D. , Ötting Sonja K. , Heppner Holger , Maier Günter W. 
Published: May 2021

ZusammenfassungDieser Beitrag in der Zeitschrift Gruppe. Interaktion. Organisation. (GIO) stellt die Prospektive Kompetenzanalyse (ProKA) vor. Ziel der Methode ist es, zukünftig erforderliche Kompetenzen für die erfolgreiche Ausführung einer beruflichen Tätigkeit prospektiv zu erfassen, um die Auswirkungen anstehender organisationaler Veränderungen proaktiv in die Personalentwicklung einbeziehen zu können. Dazu wurden validierte Methoden der Kompetenzermittlung kombiniert und um einen prospektiven Ansatz erweitert. So entstand eine umfassende Methode, die ein evidenzbasiertes, theoriegeleitetes Vorgehen gewährleistet. Bei der Prospektiven Kompetenzanalyse werden in drei Phasen zunächst die derzeit benötigten Kompetenzen erfasst und in ihrer Wichtigkeit bewertet, um eine Vergleichsbasis zu erhalten. Anschließend wird mit verschiedenen Techniken eine Vision der zukünftigen Arbeitssituation in einer Vignette beschrieben, um zu bewerten, welche Kompetenzen zukünftig wichtig werden. Abschließend wird die Wichtigkeit derzeitiger und zukünftiger Kompetenzen verglichen, um anforderungsgerechte Maßnahmen für die Qualifizierung der Beschäftigten abzuleiten. Die Prospektive Kompetenzanalyse wurde in mehreren Praxisprojekten validiert und erprobt. In diesem Beitrag werden neben den theoretischen Grundlagen und den Gütekriterien der Prospektiven Kompetenzanalyse, deren Ablauf sowie praktische Einsatz- bzw. Nutzungsmöglichkeiten dargestellt.
Sleep Disorders in Mitochondrial Diseases
Authors: Brunetti Valerio , Della Marca Giacomo , Servidei Serenella , Primiano Guido 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPurpose of ReviewWe aim to summarize the sleep disorders reported in patients affected by primary mitochondrial dysfunctions and describe the association with their clinical and molecular characteristics.Recent FindingsSleep complaints are prevalent in mitochondrial disorders. Sleep-disordered breathing is the main sleep disorder reported in mitochondrial diseases. OSA and CSA are, respectively, more frequently associated with patients characterized by the prevalent involvement of the skeletal muscle and the predominant involvement of the central nervous system. Other sleep disorders, such as restless legs syndrome, have been rarely described.SummarySleep disorders are frequently associated with primary mitochondrial disorders, and the clinical phenotypes affect the type of sleep disturbance associated with the mitochondrial dysfunction. A polysomnographic study should be performed in every subject with this neurogenetic disorder both at diagnosis and during follow-up for the numerous adverse clinical outcomes associated with sleep disorders and the frailty of mitochondrial patients.
Targeted radioimmunotherapy with the iodine-131-labeled caerin 1.1 peptide for human anaplastic thyroid cancer in nude mice
Authors: Lin Ruoting , Ma Bowei , Liu Na , Zhang Lu , He Tiantian , Liu Xiongying , Chen Tongsheng , Liu Wenjuan , Liang Yongnan , Wang Tianfang , Ni Guoying , Liu Xiaosong , Yang Ning , Zhang Jinhe , Yuan Jianwei 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Objective
The combination of two or more drugs with different mechanisms is a promising strategy for cancer treatment, and radioimmunotherapy (RIT) is a trending antitumor strategy. Radiotherapy (RT) can promote and activate antitumor immune effects, and immunotherapy can strengthen the effects of selective internal radiotherapy (SIRT); the RIT combination is synergistic and can overcome the adverse side effects of monotherapy. In this study, we developed a radioimmunoconjugate (RIC)—the iodine-131 (131I)-labeled caerin 1.1 peptide—to treat human anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC).

Methods
Antitumor activity of caerin 1.1 peptide was determined by MTT assay, plate colony formation and cell wound scratch assays, and the mechanism of the inhibition of carein 1.1 peptide on the growth of CAL-62 cells was identified by cell cycle and western blot. Then, we investigated the efficacy of the caerin 1.1 peptide as a single drug and the 131I-labeled caerin 1.1 peptide for ATC. H&E and TUNEL staining was performed to detect dead cells in the tumor tissue sections.

Results
We found that caerin 1.1 arrested cells in the S phase to induce apoptosis and inhibited tumor growth to inhibit phosphorylation of Akt. In vivo, the iodine-131 (131I)-labeled caerin 1.1 peptide achieved better antitumor efficacy than radiotherapy alone and showed a good biosafety profile.

Conclusions
Our study demonstrates for the first time that the iodine-131 (131I)-labeled caerin 1.1 peptide can inhibit CAL-62 tumor growth and migration. The iodine-131 (131I)-labeled caerin 1.1 peptide, which represents a radioimmunotherapy strategy based on the combination of SIRT with a peptide–drug conjugate, could provide a treatment means for the radical cure of ATC.
An Intronic Variant of CHD7 Identified in Autism Patients Interferes with Neuronal Differentiation and Development
Authors: Zhang Ran , He Hui , Yuan Bo , Wu Ziyan , Wang Xiuzhen , Du Yasong , Chen Yuejun , Qiu Zilong 
Published: May 2021

AbstractGenetic composition plays critical roles in the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Especially, inherited and de novo intronic variants are often seen in patients with ASD. However, the biological significance of intronic variants is difficult to address. Here, among a Chinese ASD cohort, we identified a recurrent inherited intronic variant in the CHD7 gene, which is specifically enriched in East Asian populations. CHD7 has been implicated in numerous developmental disorders including CHARGE syndrome and ASD. To investigate whether the ASD-associated CHD7 intronic variant affects neural development, we established human embryonic stem cells carrying this variant using CRISPR/Cas9 methods and found that the level of CHD7 mRNA significantly decreased compared to control. Upon differentiation towards the forebrain neuronal lineage, we found that neural cells carrying the CHD7 intronic variant exhibited developmental delay and maturity defects. Importantly, we found that TBR1, a gene also implicated in ASD, was significantly increased in neurons carrying the CHD7 intronic variant, suggesting the intrinsic relevance among ASD genes. Furthermore, the morphological defects found in neurons carrying CHD7 intronic mutations were rescued by knocking down TBR1, indicating that TBR1 may be responsible for the defects in CHD7-related disorders. Finally, the CHD7 intronic variant generated three abnormal forms of transcripts through alternative splicing, which all exhibited loss-of-function in functional assays. Our study provides crucial evidence supporting the notion that the intronic variant of CHD7 is potentially an autism susceptibility site, shedding new light on identifying the functions of intronic variants in genetic studies of autism.
Visual analysis of droplet dynamics in large-scale multiphase spray simulations
Authors: Heinemann Moritz , Frey Steffen , Tkachev Gleb , Straub Alexander , Sadlo Filip , Ertl Thomas 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We present a data-driven visual analysis approach for the in-depth exploration of large numbers of droplets. Understanding droplet dynamics in sprays is of interest across many scientific fields for both simulation scientists and engineers. In this paper, we analyze large-scale direct numerical simulation datasets of the two-phase flow of non-Newtonian jets. Our interactive visual analysis approach comprises various dedicated exploration modalities that are supplemented by directly linking to ParaView. This hybrid setup supports a detailed investigation of droplets, both in the spatial domain and in terms of physical quantities . Considering a large variety of extracted physical quantities for each droplet enables investigating different aspects of interest in our data. To get an overview of different types of characteristic behaviors, we cluster massive numbers of droplets to analyze different types of occurring behaviors via domain-specific pre-aggregation, as well as different methods and parameters. Extraordinary temporal patterns are of high interest, especially to investigate edge cases and detect potential simulation issues. For this, we use a neural network-based approach to predict the development of these physical quantities and identify irregularly advected droplets.

Graphic Abstract
Incompatibility and the pessimistic induction: a challenge for selective realism
Authors: Boge Florian J. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractTwo powerful arguments have famously dominated the realism debate in philosophy of science: The No Miracles Argument (NMA) and the Pessimistic Meta-Induction (PMI). A standard response to the PMI is selective scientific realism (SSR), wherein only the working posits of a theory are considered worthy of doxastic commitment. Building on the recent debate over the NMA and the connections between the NMA and the PMI, I here consider a stronger inductive argument that poses a direct challenge for SSR: Because it is sometimes exactly the working posits which contradict each other, i.e., that which is directly responsible for empirical success, SSR cannot deliver a general explanation of scientific success.
On the calculation of prospective and retrospective reserves in non-Markov models
Authors: Christiansen Marcus C. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAlmost all life and health insurance models in the actuarial literature use either a Markov assumption or a semi-Markov assumption. This paper shows that non-Markov modelling is also feasible and presents suitable numerical and statistical tools for the calculation of prospective and retrospective reserves. A central idea is to base the calculation of reserves on forward and backward transition rates. Feasible estimators for the forward transition rates have been recently suggested in the medical statistics literature. This paper slightly extends them according to insurance needs and newly introduces symmetric estimators for backward transition rates. Only few adjustments are actually needed in the classical insurance formulas when switching from Markov modelling to as-if-Markov evaluations in order to avoid model risk.
The plasticity of ageing and the rediscovery of ground-state prevention
Authors: Blasimme Alessandro 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn this paper, I present an emerging explanatory framework about ageing and care. In particular, I focus on how, in contrast to most classical accounts of ageing, biomedicine today construes the ageing process as a modifiable trajectory. This framing turns ageing from a stage of inexorable decline into the focus of preventive strategies, harnessing the functional plasticity of the ageing organism. I illustrate this shift by focusing on studies of the demographic dynamics in human population, observations of ageing as an intraspecifically heterogenous phenotype, and the experimental manipulation of longevity, in both model organisms and humans. I suggest that such an explanatory framework about ageing creates the epistemological conditions for the rise of a peculiar form of prevention that does not aim to address a specific condition. Rather it seeks to stall the age-related accumulation of molecular damage and functional deficits, boosting individual resilience against age-related decline. I call this preventive paradigm “ground-state prevention.” While new, ground-state prevention bears conceptual resemblance to forms of medical wisdom prominent in classic Galenic medicine, as well as in the Renaissance period.