bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical Analysis of Elbow Erosion Mitigation Using Swirl Pipes in Gas-Particle Two-Phase Flows
Authors: Farokhipour A. , Mansoori Z. , Saffar-Avval M. , Ahmadi G. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In the oil and gas industry, sand particle erosion damage to elbows is a common problem. The ability to predict erosion patterns is of great importance for sizing lines, analyzing failures, and limiting production rates. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) can be utilized to study the erosion behavior and mitigate the erosion problem for safety purposes and greater equipment longevity. In order to alleviate the adverse results of sand erosion in elbows, the current study investigated the potential of the geometrically induced swirl flow generated from flow passing through a four-lobed twisted pipe upstream of an elbow. To this end, first, the airflow in a standard elbow equipped with different swirl pipes was simulated using the SIMPLE method, then an Eulerian-Lagrangian approach was employed to track the particles, and finally, the erosion rate was computed. The simulation results indicated that the elbow’s maximum erosion rate with twisted pipes placed upstream of the elbow is lower than the one obtained for the standard pipe. In addition, as the twisted pipe position gets closer to the bend, the erosion rate further reduces. Thus, swirling flows provide a promising prospect as a mechanism to control the erosion rate in elbows.
Modelling Optical Properties of Algae Using the Finite-Difference Time Domain Method
Authors: Samadi Zahra , Johlin Eric , DeGroot Christopher , Peerhossaini Hassan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Photosynthetic microorganisms are important to the Earth’s ecosystem, since about half of the atmospheric oxygen is produced by photosynthesis. Microalgae and photosynthetic bacteria are also utilized in a wide range of industries in photobioreactors. In order to have better control over photobioreactors under various operating conditions, it is necessary to accurately characterize the propagation of light in the reactor. Theoretical methods are able to calculate the optical properties of microorganisms through the solution of Maxwell’s equations of electromagnetic wave theory. To solve Maxwell’s equations, various methods can be used including Lorenz-Mie, T-Matrix, Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD), and Volume Integral methods. Most theoretical methods predict the optical properties of microorganisms by Lorenz-Mie theory. Lorenz–Mie theory is applicable for homogeneous and spherical particles, homogeneous concentric spheres, or coated spheres.
This work seeks to determine the suitability of the commonly used homogenous-sphere, coated-sphere, and heterogenous-sphere approximation by simulating the optical behavior of photosynthetic microorganism (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii) using FDTD and an accurate geometric model. Here, each of the key cell organelles will be included in the model with the appropriate optical properties specified. These results allow for a more accurate optical model to be developed while studying the effects of different growth regimes.
Does prevention pay off? Economic aspects of sports injury prevention: a systematic review
Authors: Lutter Christoph , Jacquet Christophe , Verhagen Evert , Seil Romain , Tischer Thomas 
Published: October 2021

ObjectiveTo identify, summarise and critically assess economic evaluation studies on sports injury prevention strategies.DesignSystematic review.Data sourcesPubMed, SportDiscuss.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesThe current literature was searched following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Economic analyses published since 2010 were checked for inclusion. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed using the Oxford Level of Evidence for economic and decision analysis; underlying randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were rated according to the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) Scale, and risk of bias was assessed using the Revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool.ResultsTen studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The quality assessment revealed limited data quality. For trial-based analysis, underlying RCTs were of good quality and had a low risk of bias. Prevention concepts for general injury reduction showed effectiveness and cost savings. Regarding specific injury types, the analysis of the studies showed that the best data are available for ankle, hamstring and anterior cruciate ligament injuries. Measures using specific training interventions were the predominant form of prevention concepts; studies investigating these concepts showed cost-effectiveness with total cost savings between €24.82 and €462 per athlete.ConclusionInjury prevention strategies that were studied are cost-effective. However, estimates and outcomes vary throughout the included studies, and precluded pooling of existing data. Knowledge about the cost-effectiveness of evaluated prevention measures will help improve the acceptance and application of prevention initiatives.
Engaging with the private healthcare sector for the control of tuberculosis in India: cost and cost-effectiveness
Authors: Arinaminpathy Nimalan , Nandi Arindam , Vijayan Shibu , Jha Nita , Nair Sreenivas A , Kumta Sameer , Dewan Puneet , Rade Kiran , Vadera Bhavin , Rao Raghuram , Sachdeva Kuldeep S 
Published: October 2021

BackgroundThe control of tuberculosis (TB) in India is complicated by the presence of a large, disorganised private sector where most patients first seek care. Following pilots in Mumbai and Patna (two major cities in India), an initiative known as the ‘Public–Private Interface Agency’ (PPIA) is now being expanded across the country. We aimed to estimate the cost-effectiveness of scaling up PPIA operations, in line with India’s National Strategic Plan for TB control.MethodsFocusing on Mumbai and Patna, we collected cost data from implementing organisations in both cities and combined this data with models of TB transmission dynamics. Estimating the cost per disability adjusted life years (DALY) averted between 2014 (the start of PPIA scale-up) and 2025, we assessed cost-effectiveness using two willingness-to-pay approaches: a WHO-CHOICE threshold based on per-capita economic productivity, and a more stringent threshold incorporating opportunity costs in the health system.FindingsA PPIA scaled up to ultimately reach 50% of privately treated TB patients in Mumbai and Patna would cost, respectively, US$228 (95% uncertainty interval (UI): 159 to 320) per DALY averted and US$564 (95% uncertainty interval (UI): 409 to 775) per DALY averted. In Mumbai, the PPIA would be cost-effective relative to all thresholds considered. In Patna, if focusing on adherence support, rather than on improved diagnosis, the PPIA would be cost-effective relative to all thresholds considered. These differences between sites arise from variations in the burden of drug resistance: among the services of a PPIA, improved diagnosis (including rapid tests with genotypic drug sensitivity testing) has greatest value in settings such as Mumbai, with a high burden of drug-resistant TB.ConclusionsTo accelerate decline in TB incidence, it is critical first to engage effectively with the private sector in India. Mechanisms such as the PPIA offer cost-effective ways of doing so, particularly when tailored to local settings.
Isolated oral clefts and school grades: population-based cohort study from Norway
Authors: Gjerdevik Miriam , Lie Rolv Terje , Haaland Øystein Ariansen , Berg Erik , Feragen Kristin Billaud , Sivertsen Åse 
Published: October 2021

ObjectiveTo compare school grades of adolescents in Norway born with isolated cleft with those of their unaffected peers.DesignPopulation-based cohort study.SettingNorway.PatientsA total of 347 419 individuals born in Norway between 1986 and 1992, including 523 isolated cleft cases which were identified using data from Norway’s two treatment centres. Individuals were followed from birth through compulsory school.Main outcome measuresGrade point average (GPA) from middle school graduation (around the age of 16). Specific subject grades were also investigated.ResultsUsing a grade scale from 1–6, the observed mean GPA for the reference group was 3.99. Both cleft lip only (CLO) and cleft lip with cleft palate (CLP) had a mean GPA similar to the reference group (adjusted GPA differences from the reference with 95% CIs of 0.06 (−0.04 to 0.16) and −0.08 (−0.19 to 0.03), respectively). Cleft palate only (CPO) had a marginally lower GPA (adjusted GPA difference: −0.18 (−0.28 to −0.08)). These comparisons were consistent across specific subjects. Overall, the evidence suggests a larger difference in GPA between cases and controls in males compared with females. Females with CLO even had a higher estimated GPA than females in the reference group (adjusted GPA difference: 0.19 (0.013 to 0.36)). Grades were similar regardless of laterality of cleft lip (CLO or CLP).ConclusionIn Norway, individuals born with isolated CLO or CLP did not have lower average school grades when graduating from middle school. Individuals born with isolated CPO had marginally lower grades.
Adolescent time use and mental health: a cross-sectional, compositional analysis in the Millennium Cohort Study
Authors: Atkin Andrew J , Dainty Jack R , Dumuid Dorothea , Kontostoli Elli , Shepstone Lee , Tyler Richard , Noonan Robert , Richardson Cassandra , Fairclough Stuart J 
Published: October 2021

ObjectiveTo examine the association of 24-hour time-use compositions with mental health in a large, geographically diverse sample of UK adolescents.DesignCross-sectional, secondary data analysis.SettingMillennium Cohort Study (sixth survey), a UK-based prospective birth cohort.ParticipantsData were available from 4642 adolescents aged 14 years. Analytical samples for weekday and weekend analyses were n=3485 and n=3468, respectively (45% boys, 85% white ethnicity).Primary and secondary outcome measuresPrimary outcome measures were the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ, socioemotional behaviour), Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (MFQ, depressive symptoms) and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE, self-esteem). Behavioural exposure data were derived from 24-hour time-use diaries.ResultsOn weekdays, participants spent approximately 54% of their time in sleep, 3% in physical activity, 9% in school-related activities, 6% in hobbies, 11% using electronic media and 16% in domestic activities. Predicted differences in SDQ, MFQ and RSE were statistically significant for all models (weekday and weekend) that simulated the addition or removal of 15 min physical activity, with an increase in activity being associated with improved mental health and vice versa. Predicted differences in RSE were also significant for simulated changes in electronic media use; an increase in electronic media use was associated with reduced self-esteem.ConclusionSmall but consistent associations were observed between physical activity, electronic media use and selected markers of mental health. Findings support the delivery of physical activity interventions to promote mental health during adolescence, without the need to specifically target or protect time spent in other activities.
Spirometry parameters used to define small airways obstruction in population-based studies: systematic review protocol
Authors: Knox-Brown Ben , Mulhern Octavia , Amaral Andre F S 
Published: October 2021

IntroductionIn recent years, there has been increasing interest in the use of spirometry for the assessment of small airways obstruction (SAO) driven by the idea that these changes occur prior to development of established obstructive lung disease. Maximal mid-expiratory and distal flow rates have been widely used despite a lack of agreement regarding parameter selection or definition of an abnormal result. We aim to provide evidence from population-based studies, describing the different parameters, definitions of normal range and the resulting impact on prevalence estimates for SAO. Summarising this evidence is important to inform development of future studies in this area.Methods and analysisA systematic review of population-based studies will be conducted. MEDLINE, Web of Science and Google Scholar will be searched from database inception to May 2021. Primary outcomes will include the spirometry parameter used to define SAO, and the definition of an abnormal result. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines will be followed for study selection. Study methods will be assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation working group methodology. Narrative synthesis will be conducted for all included studies. Meta-analysis will also be conducted for prevalence estimates and associated risk factors where data quality and availability allow. Random effects models will be used to conduct the meta-analysis and I2statistics will be used to assess heterogeneity across studies. Where appropriate subgroup analysis will be conducted to explore heterogeneity.Ethics and disseminationThere is no requirement for ethical approval for this project. Findings will be disseminated via peer-reviewed publications and other formats, for example, conferences, congresses or symposia.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42021250206.
Assessing feasibility of establishing antimicrobial stewardship programmes in two provincial-level hospitals in Vietnam: an implementation research study
Authors: Huong Vu Thi Lan , Ngan Ta Thi Dieu , Thao Huynh Phuong , Quang Le Minh , Hanh Tran Thi Thu , Hien Nguyen Thi , Duc Tran , Vinh Vu Hai , Duc Chau Minh , Dung Em Vo Thi Hoang , Bay Phan Van Be , Oanh Nguyen Thi Thuy , Hang Pham Thi Thuy , Tu Nguyen Thi Cam , Quan Truong Anh , Kesteman Thomas , Dodds Ashley Elizabeth , Anderson Deverick , van Doorn H Rogier 
Published: October 2021

ObjectivesTo investigate the feasibility of establishing hospital-based antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programmes comprising action-planning, educational interventions and data feedback in two provincial-level hospitals in Viet Nam.Design and settingThis was an implementation research using participatory action process and existing resources from the Duke Antimicrobial Stewardship Outreach Network with local adjustments. A national stakeholder meeting and Strengths-Weaknesses-Opportunities-Threats (SWOT) analysis were conducted to identify gaps and potential interventions.ParticipantsHospital AMS staff implemented activities throughout the study phases. Routinely collected patient data were analysed to support planning, implementation and evaluation.InterventionsHospitals were considered as a complex adaptive system and leveraged their unique characteristics and interconnections to develop 1-year plans containing core interventions (data use, educational training, prospective audit with feedback (PAF) and evaluations).Outcome measuresWe assessed feasibility using outputs from stakeholder meeting, SWOT analysis, baseline data, planning process and implementation.ResultsThe stakeholder meeting identified three gaps for AMS at national level: supportive policies, AMS training and core competencies and collaboration. At the hospitals, AMS programmes took 1 year for planning due to lack of hospital-specific procedures and relevant staff competencies. Baseline data (January–December 2019) showed variations in antibiotic consumption: 951 days of therapy (DOT) per 1000 days present in the control and 496 in the intervention wards in hospital 1, and 737 and 714 in hospital 2, respectively. During 1-year implementation, clinical pharmacists audited 1890 antibiotic prescriptions in hospital 1 (June 2020–May 2021) and 1628 in hospital 2 (July 2020–July 2021), and will continue PAF in their daily work.ConclusionOur data confirmed the need to contextualise AMS programmes in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) and demonstrated the usefulness of implementation research design in assessing programme feasibility. Developing staff competencies, using local data to stimulate actions and integrating programme activities in routine hospital work are key to success in LMICs.
Cost-effectiveness of a quality improvement project, including simulation-based training, on reducing door-to-needle times in stroke thrombolysis
Authors: Ajmi Soffien Chadli , Kurz Martin W , Ersdal Hege , Lindner Thomas , Goyal Mayank , Issenberg S Barry , Vossius Corinna 
Published: October 2021

BackgroundRapid revascularisation in acute ischaemic stroke is crucial to reduce its total burden including societal costs. A quality improvement (QI) project that included streamlining the stroke care pathway and simulation-based training was followed by a significant reduction in median door-to-needle time (27 to 13 min) and improved patient outcomes after stroke thrombolysis at our centre. Here, we present a retrospective cost-effectiveness analysis of the QI project.MethodsCosts for implementing and sustaining QI were assessed using recognised frameworks for economic evaluations. Effectiveness was calculated from previously published outcome measures. Cost-effectiveness was presented as incremental cost-effectiveness ratios including costs per minute door-to-needle time reduction per patient, and costs per averted death in the 13-month post-intervention period. We also estimated incremental cost-effectiveness ratios for a projected 5-year post-intervention period and for varying numbers of patients treated with thrombolysis. Furthermore, we performed a sensitivity analysis including and excluding costs of unpaid time.ResultsAll costs including fixed costs for implementing the QI project totalled US$44 802, while monthly costs were US$2141. We calculated a mean reduction in door-to-needle time of 13.1 min per patient and 6.36 annual averted deaths. Across different scenarios, the estimated costs per minute reduction in door-to-needle time per patient ranged from US$13 to US$29, and the estimated costs per averted death ranged from US$4679 to US$10 543.ConclusionsWe have shown that a QI project aiming to improve stroke thrombolysis treatment at our centre can be implemented and sustained at a relatively low cost with increasing cost-effectiveness over time. Our work builds on the emerging theory and practice for economic evaluations in QI projects and simulation-based training. The presented cost-effectiveness data might help guide healthcare leaders planning similar interventions.
Bochdalek Hernia in a Soldier
Authors: Connor D. J. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractCongenital diaphragmatic hernias are most often seen in infants. They may rarely be discovered in adulthood. This case report describes the management of a soldier presenting with acute bowel obstruction and respiratory embarrassment in a military hospital. The surgical repair was achieved with a laparotomy. Effective epidural analgesia and early physiotherapy were axiomatic of his un-complicated post-operative course.
Cutaneous Myiasis with Dermatobia Hominis (Human Bot Fly*) Larvæ Treated both Conservatively and Surgically
Authors: Wild G. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractA case is presented of infestation with the larvae of Dermatobia hominis (human bot fly). This case is unusual in that it provides an example of three different outcomes for separate lesions in the same patient; spontaneous resolution, conservative treatment and surgical intervention. It also illustrates that myiasis should be included in the differential diagnosis of any skin lesion of a patient returning from the tropics.
Rotating spacetime: black-bounces and quantum deformed black hole
Authors: Xu Zhaoyi , Tang Meirong 
Published: October 2021

AbstractRecently, two kinds of deformed schwarzschild spacetime have been proposed, which are the black-bounces metric (Simpson and Visser in J Cosmol Astropart Phys 2019:042, 2019, Lobo et al. in Phys Rev D 103:084052, 2021) and quantum deformed black hole (BH) (Berry et al. in arXiv:2102.02471, 2021). In present work, we investigate the rotating spacetime of these deformed Schwarzschild metric. They are exact solutions to the Einstein’s field equation. We analyzed the properties of these rotating spacetimes, such as event horizon (EH), stationary limit surface (SIS), structure of singularity ring, energy condition (EC), etc., and found that these rotating spacetime have some novel properties.
Establishing a Primary Care Alliance for Conducting Cancer Prevention Clinical Research at Community Sites
Authors: Parker Bernard W. , McAneny Barbara L. , Mitchell Edith P. , López Ana María , Russo Sandra A. , Maxwell Pamela , Ford Leslie G. , McCaskill-Stevens Worta ,   for the National Cancer Institute PARTNRS Planning Committee
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In September 2020, the National Cancer Institute convened the first PARTNRS Workshop as an initiative to forge partnerships between oncologists, primary care professionals, and non-oncology specialists for promoting patient accrual into cancer prevention trials. This effort is aimed at bringing about more effective accrual methods to generate decisive outcomes in cancer prevention research. The workshop convened to inspire solutions to challenges encountered during the development and implementation of cancer prevention trials. Ultimately, strategies suggested for protocol development might enhance integration of these trials into community settings where a diversity of patients might be accrued. Research Bases (cancer research organizations that develop protocols) could encourage more involvement of primary care professionals, relevant prevention specialists, and patient representatives with protocol development beginning at the concept level to improve adoptability of the trials within community facilities, and consider various incentives to primary care professionals (i.e., remuneration). Principal investigators serving as liaisons for the NCORP affiliates and sub-affiliates, might produce and maintain “Prevention Research Champions” lists of PCPs and non-oncology specialists relevant in prevention research who can attract health professionals to consider incorporating prevention research into their practices. Finally, patient advocates and community health providers might convince patients of the benefits of trial-participation and encourage “shared-decision making.”
Down, but Not Out: A Role for SMARCB1 in Synovial Sarcoma
Authors: Maxwell Matthew B. , Hargreaves Diana C. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Summary:
Reduced protein expression of the BAF complex (also known as SWI/SNF) tumor suppressor SMARCB1 is frequently observed in human synovial sarcoma, a soft-tissue malignancy driven by the oncogenic SS18–SSX fusion, which competes with wild-type SS18 for BAF complex incorporation. In this issue of Cancer Discovery, Li and Mulvihill reveal that low-expressed SMARCB1 has a functional role in synovial sarcomagenesis in mouse models expressing the SS18–SSX2 fusion and present evidence that SMARCB1 reduction in synovial sarcoma is due to wholesale degradation of canonical BAF complexes.
See related article by Li et al., p. 2620.
Where Attractiveness and Comprehensibility Collide: Representing Verbal and Visual Information
Authors: Koetsenruijter Willem 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The question of this article is: can we define certain types of information that are specifically suitable for a visual representation while other types of information can be better represented verbally? The concept of space is introduced as the central notion to make this distinction in combination with the knowledge of metaphors. Three conditions are formulated when text does a better job than a visualization.