bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterisation of the hydrospheres of TRAPPIST-1 planets
Authors: Acuña Lorena , Deleuil Magali , Mousis Olivier , Marcq Emmanuel , Levesque Maëva , Aguichine Artyom 
Published: January 2021

Context. Planetary mass and radius data suggest that low-mass exoplanets show a wide variety of densities. This includes sub-Neptunes, whose low densities can be explained with the presence of a volatile-rich layer. Water is one of the most abundant volatiles, which can be in the form of different phases depending on the planetary surface conditions. To constrain their composition and interior structure, models must be developed that accurately calculate the properties of water at its different phases.
Aims. We present an interior structure model that includes a multiphase water layer with steam, supercritical, and condensed phases. We derive the constraints for planetary compositional parameters and their uncertainties, focusing on the multi-planetary system TRAPPIST-1, which presents both warm and temperate planets.
Methods. We use a 1D steam atmosphere in radiative-convective equilibrium with an interior whose water layer is in supercritical phase self-consistently. For temperate surface conditions, we implement liquid and ice Ih to ice VII phases in the hydrosphere. We adopt a Markov chain Monte Carlo inversion scheme to derive the probability distributions of core and water compositional parameters.
Results. We refine the composition of all planets and derive atmospheric parameters for planets ‘b’ and ‘c’. The latter would be in a post-runaway greenhouse state and could be extended enough to be probed by space missions such as JWST. Planets ‘d’ to ‘h’ present condensed ice phases, with maximum water mass fractions below 20%.
Conclusions. The derived amounts of water for TRAPPIST-1 planets show a general increase with semi-major axis, with the exception of planet d. This deviation from the trend could be due to formation mechanisms, such as migration and an enrichment of water in the region where planet d formed, or an extended CO2-rich atmosphere.
Performance of a new integrated computer-assisted system (CADe/CADx) for detection and characterization of colorectal neoplasia
Authors: Weigt Jochen , Repici Alessandro , Antonelli Giulio , Afifi Ahmed , Kliegis Leon , Correale Loredana , Hassan Cesare , Neumann Helmut 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background Use of artificial intelligence may increase detection of colorectal neoplasia at colonoscopy by improving lesion recognition (CADe) and reduce pathology costs by improving optical diagnosis (CADx).
Methods A multicenter library of ≥ 200 000 images from 1572 polyps was used to train a combined CADe/CADx system. System testing was performed on two independent image sets (CADe: 446 with polyps, 234 without; CADx: 267) from 234 polyps, which were also evaluated by six endoscopists (three experts, three non-experts).
Results CADe showed sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 92.9 %, 90.6 %, and 91.7 %, respectively. Experts showed significantly higher accuracy and specificity, and similar sensitivity, while non-experts + CADe showed comparable sensitivity but lower specificity and accuracy than CADe and experts. CADx showed sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 85.0 %, 79.4 %, and 83.6 %, respectively. Experts showed comparable performance, whereas non-experts + CADx showed comparable accuracy but lower specificity than CADx and experts.
Conclusions The high accuracy shown by CADe and CADx was similar to that of experts, supporting further evaluation in a clinical setting. When using CAD, non-experts achieved a similar performance to experts, with suboptimal specificity.
Expansion and combustion of droplets that contain long-chain alcohol alternative fuels
Authors: Li Fengyu , Tian Junjian , Han Kai , Bao Lin , Meng Kesheng , Lin Qizhao 
Published: January 2021

This paper studies the expansion, micro-explosion, and combustion behaviors of base fuels blended with long-chain alcohols. Diesel, biodiesel, and aviation kerosene are chosen as the base fuels, while n-butanol and n-pentanol are representative long-chain alcohols. Upon addition of a long-chain alcohol, deformation of the blended-fuel droplet becomes more violent. Expansion and ejection of internal liquid and gas occur throughout the process; larger proportions of long-chain alcohols lead to larger ejection holes. The degree of expansion first increases and then decreases with the proportion of alcohol. The effect of the alcohol type on d* (normalized droplet diameter) is substantial at low φ (volume fraction of long-chain alcohol) but negligible at high φ. The aviation kerosene-based fuel exhibits the smallest changes in d*. The effects of φ and the alcohol type on the micro-explosion delay time are also analyzed. The ignition delay time of the diesel-based fuel decreases monotonically with the increasing alcohol proportion and that of the biodiesel-based fuel first decreases and then increases, while that of the aviation kerosene-based fuel increases and then decreases. The combustion rate of a pure base fuel accelerates upon addition of alcohol. The ignition delay time is greatly shortened at higher temperatures, and the combustion duration shortens significantly at temperatures lower than 800 °C. The biodiesel-based fuel offers the shortest ignition delay time and the longest combustion duration, while aviation kerosene exhibits the opposite characteristics. Finally, the micro-explosion and comprehensive combustion indices are proposed to estimate the comprehensive micro-explosion and combustion performances, respectively, of blended fuels.
ZFP57 dictates allelic expression switch of target imprinted genes
Authors: Jiang Weijun , Shi Jiajia , Zhao Jingjie , Wang Qiu , Cong Dan , Chen Fenghua , Zhang Yu , Liu Yuhan , Zhao Junzheng , Chen Qian , Gu Linhao , Zhou Wenjia , Wang Chenhang , Fang Zhaoyuan , Geng Shuhui , Xie Wei , Chen Luo-Nan , Yang Yang , Bai Yun , Lin Haodong , Li Xiajun 
Published: January 2021

Significance
This study provides further proof for ZFP57 as a master regulator of genomic imprinting since it maintains DNA methylation at most known imprinted regions and regulates allelic expression of the corresponding imprinted genes. We propose two alternate allelic switch models for ZFP57-dependent regulation of parent-of-origin–dependent expression of the imprinted genes based on allelic and quantitative expression analyses of the imprinted genes. Our results also shed light on the mechanistic link between DNA methylation imprint and monoallelic expression of the imprinted genes. The results indicate that ZFP57 regulates allelic expression of clustered imprinted genes through maintenance of DNA methylation at the imprinting control regions.
Neural network interpretation using descrambler groups
Authors: Amey Jake L. , Keeley Jake , Choudhury Tajwar , Kuprov Ilya 
Published: January 2021

SignificanceArtificial neural networks are famously opaque—it is often unclear how they work. In this communication, we propose a group-theoretical way of finding out. It reveals considerable internal sophistication, even in simple neural networks: our nets apparently invented an elegant digital filter, a regularized integral transform, and even Chebyshev polynomials. This is a step toward saving reductionism. For centuries, the philosophical approach to science has been to find fundamental laws that govern reality, to test those laws, and to use their predictive power. Black-box neural networks amount to blasphemy within that school, but they are irresistible because they “just work.” Explaining how they work is a notoriously difficult problem, to which this paper offers a partial solution.
Heat stress destabilizes symbiotic nutrient cycling in corals
Authors: Rädecker Nils , Pogoreutz Claudia , Gegner Hagen M. , Cárdenas Anny , Roth Florian , Bougoure Jeremy , Guagliardo Paul , Wild Christian , Pernice Mathieu , Raina Jean-Baptiste , Meibom Anders , Voolstra Christian R. 
Published: January 2021

Significance
Ocean warming is causing repeated mass coral bleaching, leading to catastrophic losses of coral reefs worldwide. Our ability to slow or revert this decline is hampered by an incomplete understanding of the processes underlying the breakdown of the coral–algal symbiosis. Here, we show that heat stress destabilizes the nutrient cycling between corals and their endosymbiotic algae long before bleaching becomes apparent. Notably, increased metabolic energy demands shift the coral–algal symbiosis from a nitrogen- to a carbon-limited state, reducing translocation and recycling of photosynthetic carbon. This effectively undermines the ecological advantage of harboring algal symbionts and directly contributes to the breakdown of the coral–algal symbiosis during heat stress.
Climate change adaptation and mitigation.
Authors: Taylor Mary 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Climate is a description of the typical weather conditions experienced over a specific period of time (usually a few decades) and for a particular location and time of year. Climate also describes typical year-to-year variations and weather extremes of a region. Natural variation of the Earth's climate occurs over a wide range of timescales. These timescales can be year-to-year and decade-to-decade and can be due to a range of forcings, both internal, such as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and external, such as the amount of incoming solar radiation to the climate system (Bindoff et al., 2013; Hartmann et al., 2013). Changes in the Earth's position relative to the Sun produced swings between glacial and interglacial conditions over much longer timescales (Masson-Delmotte et al., 2013). However, since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution the planet has experienced rapid changes in the climate, referred to as climate change (Stocker et al., 2013).
Mathematical modelling.
Authors: Durner Ed Rutgers 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Plants are studied to understand their growth and development so that their quality and productivity can be optimised. Models are developed that can be simple and descriptive, or quite complex with numerous mathematical equations; their level of complexity is linked to their purpose. This summary serves as an introduction to mathematical models in horticulture. It is not a manual for modelling itself, but rather an overview of how important mathematical models are in horticultural production. Mathematical models are used extensively in horticulture both extrinsically, i.e. when calculating chilling hour accumulations and intrinsically, i.e. when applying fertilizer to a crop. In chilling calculations, developed models are used directly. Fertilizer recommendations were probably developed using a mathematical model. The first part of this article discusses models in general and reviews general characteristics of mathematical models. The second part outlines the major uses of mathematical modelling in modern horticultural production. Presentations of specific models are limited in order to present a general discussion of models with examples that will interest most horticulturists.
Harvesting.
Authors: Morgan Lynette 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Harvesting involves gathering a mature crop from the field where it has been grown, and transporting it for postharvest handling with minimal damage or losses. Once the earliest crops came under cultivation, harvesting processes did not initially change much from those used for gathering from the wild, i.e. hand harvesting and basic stone or wooden tools used for cutting and digging. In Egypt, the first crops of wheat were cut with flint blades; the scythe was introduced into Europe by the Romans, but the sickle had been in widespread use for centuries. By the 1800s labour shortages in both Europe and the Western United States saw the development of new and more efficient methods of harvesting grain crops. The first reaper equipment pushed by horses with shears cutting the wheat in front was developed in the early 1800s. The early 'Bell' reapers could cut 10 acres a day compared with a hand worker at only 0.3 acres a day. While the first reapers cut wheat stalks in the field at harvest, the process still required workers to manually pick them up; later models would cut and stack stalks. Harvesting equipment and machinery progressed through to steam powered, and then onto internal combustion engines in the early 20th Century. By the 1930-1960s mechanical harvesters for grain, beans and cotton became increasingly available, but many fruits, flowers, vegetables and other crops were still largely harvested by hand. By the mid-1960s the self-propelled tomato fruit harvester was developed in response to concerns that expected shortages of labourers would prevent harvest of the increasing volumes of processing tomatoes being grown through the 1950s. Later inventions and developments in mechanical harvesting equipment then yielded further labour saving and product quality improvements. Increasing levels of harvest mechanisation allowed many farmers to remain profitable in highly competitive markets by lowering the costs of production and removing the reliance on finding a suitable labour force during the harvest season. Despite this, a large proportion of fruit and vegetable crops destined for fresh consumption worldwide are still hand harvested, while mechanised harvest now dominates large scale production of major agronomic crops such as wheat, maize, soybean, cotton, rice, potatoes and other crops destined for processing.
Occupational health and safety in horticulture.
Authors: Morgan Lynette 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

According to the International Labour Organisation (ILO), health is defined as the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations, while safety is freedom from unacceptable risk or harm. Occupational health and safety (OHS or OSH) is specifically concerned with the health, safety and welfare of people in their work environment, but it also encompasses any other people who may be present onsite, including customers, friends and family members, visitors and contractors. In addition it considers the fact that many horticultural properties have staff and owners who reside on the site.
Mussaenda philippica (queen of Philippines).
Authors: Rojas-Sandoval Julissa 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Mussaenda philippica is a large shrub or small tree that is native to the Philippines and frequently cultivated as an ornamental in tropical regions. It can be found growing in parks, botanical gardens, private and public gardens and along roadsides and highways. Although plants in cultivation usually do not produce fruits, they can spread vegetatively by stem fragments and cuttings. M. philippica is a species of environmental concern because it can grow up to 8 m tall and has a wide spreading crown that may shade out other vegetation including native plant species.
Effect of hydroxychloroquine on angiographic progression in routine treatment of Takayasu arteritis
Authors: Rongyi Chen , Zongfei Ji , Jiang Lin , Sifan Wu , Lingying Ma , Ying Sun , Wenshu Yu , Xiaomeng Cui , Xiufang Kong , Xiaomin Dai , Lili Ma , Yanshan Li , Lindi Jiang 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), an anti-malarial drug, is widely used in the treatment of rheumatic diseases. However, the benefits of HCQ in the treatment of Takayasu arteritis (TA) remain unclear, especially in terms of alleviation of vascular progression.

Methods
This longitudinal observational retrospective study was based on the East China TA cohort. Patients received routine treatment with prednisone and immunosuppressants. Fifty TA patients who underwent magnetic resonance angiography two times within a 1.5-year follow-up period of monitoring vascular changes were divided into HCQ and non-HCQ groups according to whether HCQ was prescribed. Changes in angiographic features were compared. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was employed to further validate the results.

Results
Of 50 TA patients, 21 were prescribed HCQ. The two groups shared a similar disease course, vascular types, prednisone with immunosuppressants intervention strategy, globin level, and disease remission rate at 6 months. The HCQ group showed greater reduction in the inflammatory indices erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein (CRP) level (p &lt; .05), and a significantly lower incidence of angiographic progression than the non-HCQ group (19.0% vs. 51.7%, p = .035). After adjustment for age and usage of tocilizumab, angiographic progression was found to be independently associated with CRP (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval], HR [95% CI]: 1.102 [1.000–1.024], p = .046), and the usage of HCQ (HR [95% CI]: 0.266 [0.075–0.940], p = .040).

Conclusion
HCQ enhanced the anti-inflammatory effect of routine treatment strategies with prednisone and immunosuppressants, and alleviated angiographic progression in TA.
Characteristics of rheumatoid arthritis with immunodeficiency-associated lymphoproliferative disorders to regress spontaneously by the withdrawal of methotrexate and their clinical course: A retrospective, multicenter, case–control study
Authors: Kuramoto Nobuo , Saito Shuntaro , Fujii Takao , Kaneko Yuko , Saito Rintaro , Tanaka Masao , Takada Hideto , Nakano Kazuhisa , Saito Kazuyoshi , Sugimoto Naoki , Sasaki Sho , Harigai Masayoshi , Suzuki Yasuo 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Objective
To investigate clinical characteristics and time course of lymphoproliferative disorders (LPDs) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients after methotrexate (MTX) discontinuation, in those who achieved spontaneous regression (SR).

Methods
We retrospectively reviewed clinical data from RA patients with LPDs obtained from eight institutions between 2000 and 2017 and compared clinical and pathological findings between SR and non-SR groups.

Results
Among 232 RA patients with LPDs, 216 were treated with MTX at the onset of LPD and 144 (66.7%) achieved SR after MTX discontinuation. Higher MTX doses, high titers of anti-CCP antibodies (&gt;13.5 U/mL), and lower LDH and soluble IL-2 receptor levels were associated with SR. Lymphocyte count was decreased at LPD onset and increased at 2 weeks after MTX discontinuation in the SR group. Epstein–Barr virus-positive mucocutaneous ulcer, reactive lymphoid hyperplasia and unclassifiable B-cell lymphoma, were more frequent in the SR than in the non-SR group. In multivariable analysis, diffuse large B-cell lymphomas was an independent predictive factor for non-SR. In the patients with SR, 73.9% achieved partial or complete regression as early as 2 weeks after MTX discontinuation.

Conclusion
SR and non-SR in RA patients with LPDs after MTX discontinuation were associated with certain clinical characteristics.
Hermann von Helmholtz and the aesthetics of the acoustics
Authors: Mion Marta , Martini Alessandro 
Published: January 2021

Objective
The aim of this study was to honour the 100-year birth jubilee of Hermann von Helmholtz (1821–1894), and his studies on the ‘aesthetics of acoustic’.

Methods
We will present original documents and historical references.

Results
After a brief section of biographical notes on von Helmholtz, we present the results of his acoustic studies and the analysis of his work ‘On the sensation of tone’.

Conclusion
von Helmholtz devoted part of his researches to acoustics, also creating new tools of his invention as his eponymy named resonators.
Multilayer graphene frequency doubler using direct-current bias and reflector networks
Authors: Hou Ying , Ding Manlai , Fang Yong , Hou Xueshi , Zhong Xiaoling , Guo Yong , Guo Tingting 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
A multilayer graphene frequency doubler (GFD) with inductance–capacitor resonators (LCRs) and microstrip reflective stubs (MRS) is proposed in this paper. Graphene has strong nonlinear characteristics. Under the excitation of electromagnetic waves, the output power of odd harmonic of graphene is greater than that of even harmonic. Under the joint excitation of electromagnetic wave and bias voltage, the even harmonic output power of graphene is enhanced and the odd harmonic is suppressed, which is very suitable for making GFD. On the basis of analyzing the conductivity of graphene, the symbolically defined device model of multilayer graphene is established, and the model is applied to GFD circuit, the simulation results are basically consistent with the experimental data. The multiplier efficiency of graphene can be effectively improved by the bias voltage and LCR and the MRS. At an operating frequency of 0.65–1.15 GHz, the minimum conversion loss (CL) of the GFD is 20.57 dB when the input power is 16 dBm.
Dominant heating mechanisms in a surface barrier discharge
Authors: Gilbart B , Dickenson A , Walsh J L , Hasan M I 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In computational models of atmospheric pressure surface barrier discharges (SBDs) the role of heating of the dielectric material and the quiescent gas is often neglected, impacting the accuracy of the calculated chemical kinetics. In this contribution, a two-dimensional fluid model of an SBD was developed and experimentally validated to determine the relative contribution of the dominant heat transfer mechanisms and to quantify the impact of discharge heating on the resultant chemistry. Three heating mechanisms were examined, including electron heating of the background gas due to inelastic collisions, ion bombardment of the dielectric surface and dielectric heating by the time-varying electric field. It was shown that electron heating of the background gas was not significant enough to account for the experimentally observed increase in temperature of the dielectric material, despite being the dominant heating mechanism of the gas close to the electrode. Dielectric heating was ruled out as the frequency response of typical dielectric materials used in SBD devices does not overlap with the experimentally observed power spectrum of an SBD excited at kHz frequencies. The ionic flux heating was found to be the dominant heating mechanism of the dielectric material and the downstream flow driven by the SBD. The largest impact of plasma heating on discharge chemistry was found in reactive nitrogen species (RNS) production, where the densities of RNSs increased when an appropriate treatment of heating was adopted. This had a marked effect on the discharge chemistry, with the concentration of NO2 increasing by almost 50% compared to the idealized constant temperature case.
The drag of photons by electric current in quantum wells
Authors: Budkin G V , Makhov I S , Firsov D A 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The flow of electric current in quantum well breaks the space inversion symmetry, which leads to the dependence of the radiation transmission on the relative orientation of current and photon wave vector, this phenomenon can be named current drag of photons. We have developed a microscopic theory of such an effect for intersubband transitions in quantum wells taking into account both depolarization and exchange-correlation effects. It is shown that the effect of the current drag of photons originates from the asymmetry of intersubband optical transitions due to the redistribution of electrons in momentum space. We show that the presence of dc electric current leads to the shift of intersubband resonance position and affects both transmission coefficient and absorbance in quantum wells.