bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the verge of life: Distribution of nucleotide sequences in viral RNAs
Authors: Husev Mykola , Rovenchak Andrij 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The aim of the study is to analyze viruses using parameters obtained from distributions of nucleotide sequences in the viral RNA. Seeking for the input data homogeneity, we analyze single-stranded RNA viruses only. Two approaches are used to obtain the nucleotide sequences; In the first one, chunks of equal length (four nucleotides) are considered. In the second approach, the whole RNA genome is divided into parts by adenine or the most frequent nucleotide as a "space''. Rank--frequency distributions are studied in both cases. The defined nucleotide sequences are signs comparable to a certain extent to syllables or words as seen from the nature of their rank--frequency distributions. Within the first approach, the P\'olya and the negative hypergeometric distribution yield the best fit. For the distributions obtained within the second approach, we have calculated a set of parameters, including entropy, mean sequence length, and its dispersion. The calculated parameters became the basis for the classification of viruses. We observed that proximity of viruses on planes spanned on various pairs of parameters corresponds to related species. In certain cases, such a proximity is observed for unrelated species as well calling thus for the expansion of the set of parameters used in the classification. We also observed that the fourth most frequent nucleotide sequences obtained within the second approach are of different nature in case of human coronaviruses (different nucleotides for MERS, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 versus identical nucleotides for four other coronaviruses). We expect that our findings will be useful as a supplementary tool in the classification of diseases caused by RNA viruses with respect to severity and contagiousness.
The GCMS Analysis of the Diethylether and Ethylacetate Fraction of the Peel of Solanum incanum and the Study of Their Antibacterial Activity
Authors: Ravichandran Yesudass Dominic , Yetayih Molla Mequanint 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The ethyl acetate and diethyl ether extracts of the peel of the fruit of Solanum incanum. (S. incanum) was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). 105 compounds were identified in the diethyl ether extract and 75 compounds were identified in ethyl acetate extract. Among them, the mass spectral data of 5 compounds were analyzed, discussed and compared with NIST database. The antibacterial screening was also conducted for both the diethyl ether and ethyl acetate fraction of the fruit peel S.incanum using four pathogens, two Gram positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus ) and Streptococcus pyogenes ( S. pyogenes ) ant two Gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli ( E. coli ), Klebsiella pneumoniae ( K. pneumonia ), at four different concentrations (250, 500, 750 and 1000 μg/mL). The diethyl ether and ethyl acetate extracts of the peel of S. incanum exhibited activity against E. coli and K. pneumonia at 1000 μg/mL concentration
Does increasing the number of channels during neuromuscular electrical stimulation reduce fatigability and produce larger contractions with less discomfort?
Authors: Barss Trevor Scott , Sallis Bailey WM , Miller Dylan J , Collins David F 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Purpose: Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) recruits motor units (MUs) at unphysiologically high rates, leading to contraction fatigability. Rotating NMES pulses between multiple electrodes recruits different MUs from each site, reducing MU firing rates and fatigability. This study aimed to determine whether rotating pulses between an increasing number of stimulation channels (cathodes) reduces contraction fatigability and increases the ability to generate torque during NMES. A secondary outcome was perceived discomfort. Methods: Fifteen neurologically-intact volunteers completed 4 sessions. NMES was delivered over the quadriceps through 1 (NMES1), 2 (NMES2), 4 (NMES4) or 8 (NMES8) channels. Fatigability was assessed over 100 contractions (1s on/1s off) at an initial contraction amplitude that was 20% of a maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). Torque-frequency relationships were characterized over 6 frequencies from 20-120Hz. Results: NMES4 and NMES8 resulted in less decline in torque (42% and 41%) and generated more torque over the 100 contractions than NMES1 and NMES2 (53% and 50% decline in torque). Increasing frequency from 20-120Hz increased torque by 7, 13, 21 and 24% MVC, for NMES1, NMES2, NMES4 and NMES8, respectively. Perceived discomfort was highest during NMES8 . Conclusion: NMES4 and NMES8 reduced contraction fatigability and generated larger contractions across a range of frequencies than NMES1 and NMES2 . NMES8 produced the most discomfort, likely due to small electrodes and high current density. During NMES, more is not better and rotating pulses between 4-channels may be optimal to reduce contraction fatigability and produce larger contractions with minimal discomfort compared to conventional NMES configurations.
Influence of Sparshanam, a medical humanities module and personal and professional development – perspectives of the first batch of medical graduates
Authors: Shankar Pathiyil Ravi , Dhakal Ajaya Kumar , Piryani Rano Mal , Shrestha Devendra , Dwa Yam Prasad 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Medical humanities (MH) programs are common in developed nations. However, in Nepal a developing country in South Asia these programs are not common. A module was conducted for all first-year undergraduate medical students at a medical college in Nepal (2009-2012). This study obtained the perception of the first batch of students about Sparshanam, the MH module and its perceived impact on their personal and professional life. Responses were collected using an online form. Participants’ perceptions about the strengths and weaknesses of the module, and the contribution of the module to their personal and professional development was studied. Information about gender, specialization, place, and country of work and marital status was noted.
Thirty-nine of the 75 alumni (52%) participated. Teamwork, interactive group sessions and providing a holistic perspective about the patient were the strengths and modules during the clinical years and postgraduate training were recommended. The module enhanced respondents’ teamwork, communication, and leadership skills, ability to empathize with patients, and their clinical observation skills. Participants perceived the module to have an important influence of their development. The results from the evaluation of this module by working doctors may serve as a facilitating factor to introduce MH in Nepalese medical schools.
Robust Three-dimensional (3D) Expansion of Bovine Intestinal Stem Cells: A Model for Replacement of Animal Experiments
Authors: Lee Bo Ram , Yang Hyeon , Lee Sang In , Haq Inamul , Ock Sun A , Wi Hayeon , Lee Hwi Cheul , Lee Poongyeon , Ryu Jae Goo 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background Intestinal organoids offer great promise for disease modelling based host-pathogen interactions and nutritional research for feed efficiency measurement in livestock as well as regenerative medicine for therapeutic purposes. However, very limited studies are available on the functional characterization and three-dimensional (3D) expansion of adult stem cells in livestock species compared to mammals. Therefore, we characterized intestinal stem cells derived from small intestine in adult bovine and cultivated intestinal organoids under in vitro 3D culture system.Results In this study, we successfully established intestinal organoids in bovine. Intestinal organoids were long-term cultivated over several passages of culture without loss of the recapitulating capacity of crypts and they had the specific expression of several specific markers involved in intestinal stem cells, intestinal epithelium and nutrient absorption. In addition, they showed the key functionality with regard to a high permeability for compounds of up to FITC-dextran 4 kDa, while FITC-dextran 40 kDa failed to enter the organoid lumen. Furthermore, the genetic properties of intestinal organoids were highly similar to those of in vivo based on QuantSeq 3’ mRNA-Seq. data.Conclusions Collectively, these results provide a reliable method for efficient isolation of intestinal crypts from small intestine and robust 3D expansion of intestinal stem cells in adult bovine and demonstrate the in vitro 3D organoids mimics the in vivo tissue topology and functionality. Finally, intestinal organoids are potential alternatives to in vivo system and will facilitate the practical use of a model to replace animal experiments in the fields of animal biotechnology for various purposes.
The characteristic equation of the exceptional Jordan algebra: its eigenvalues, and their possible connection with the mass ratios of quarks and leptons
Authors: Singh Tejinder P. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The exceptional Jordan algebra [also known as the Albert algebra] is the ﬁnite dimensional algebra of 3x3 Hermitean matrices with octonionic entries. Its automorphism group is the exceptional Lie group F4. These matrices admit a cubic characteristic equation whose eigenvalues are real and depend on the invariant trace, determinant, and an inner product made from the Jordan matrix. Also, there is some evidence in the literature that the group F4 could play a role in the uniﬁcation of the standard model symmetries, including the Lorentz symmetry. The octonion algebra is known to correctly yield the electric charge values (0, 1/3, 2/3, 1) for standard model fermions, via the eigenvalues of a U(1) number operator, identiﬁed with U(1)em. In the present article, we use the same octonionic representation of the fermions to compute the eigenvalues of the characteristic equation of the Albert algebra, and compare the resulting eigenvalues with the known mass ratios for quarks and leptons. We ﬁnd that the ratios of the eigenvalues correctly reproduce the [square root of the] known mass ratios for up, charm and top quark. We also propose a diagrammatic representation of the standard model bosons, Higgs and three fermion generations, in terms of the octonions, exhibiting an F4 symmetry. We motivate from our Lagrangian as to why the eigenvalues computed in this work could bear a relation with mass ratios of quarks and leptons. In conjunction with the trace dynamics Lagrangian, the Jordan eigenvalues also provide a ﬁrst principles theoretical derivation of the low energy value of the ﬁne structure constant, yielding the value 1/137.04006. The Karolyhazy correction to this value gives an exact match with the measured value of the constant, after assuming a speciﬁc value for the electro-weak symmetry breaking energy scale.
Preparation of Ni2P decorated black phosphorus nanosheets supported on two-dimensional α-zirconium phosphate and its catalysis for hydrodesulfurization of dibenzothiophene
Authors: Li Jia , Ma Hongqin , Wang Jie , Yu Luqi , Luo Xinyue , Gao Junyu 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The hybrid material of a novel Ni2P/black phosphorus (Ni2P/BP) supported on two-dimensional α-zirconium phosphate (α-ZrP) was prepared, and its catalytic activity for hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of dibenzothiophene (DBT) was investigated in a batch autoclave reactor. The results indicate that a high yield of BP nanosheets from bulk BP crystals can be easily obtained adopting a freeze-assisted exfoliation method, and Ni2P/BP can be sucessfully synthesized by a facial one-step solvothermal reaction. Through the reaction of the nickel salt with BP nanosheets, Ni2P nanoparticles formed in situ are firmly anchored on the surface of BP, effectively preventing themselves from aggregating. BP is not only used as the phosphorus source for the synthesis of Ni2P, but its superior electron mobility can significantly promote the catalytic HDS activity of Ni2P species. Moreover, the support of two-dimensional α-ZrP nanosheets with a large specific surface area has a strong structure and adjustable performance, which greatly improves the stability and service life of the catalyst. With the Ni/P molar ratio of 1:2 in the supported Ni2P/BP nanosheets, Ni2P/BP@ZrP has a conversion rate of 87.4% for the HDS reaction of DBT within 6 h at 260 ℃, much higher than the traditional NiMo/Al2O3 catalyst (65.6%), showing a good promising application to industrial catalytic desulfurization.
Effect of Laser Parameters on Sequential Laser Beam Micromachining and Micro Electro-Discharge Machining
Authors: Rashid Mir Akmam Noor , Saleh Tanveer , Noor Wazed Ibne , Ali Mohamed Sultan Mohamed 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Laser beam micromachining (LBMM) and micro electro-discharge machining (µEDM) based sequential micromachining technique, LBMM-µEDM has drawn significant research attention to utilizing the advantages of both methods, i.e. LBMM and µEDM. In this process, a pilot hole is machined by the LBMM and subsequently finishing operation of the hole is carried out by the µEDM. This paper presents an experimental investigation on the stainless steel (type SS304) to observe the effects of laser input parameters (namely laser power, scanning speed, and pulse frequency) on the performance of the finishing technique that is the µEDM in this case. The scope of the work is limited to 1-D machining, i.e. drilling micro holes. It was found that laser input parameters mainly scanning speed and power influenced the output performance of µEDM significantly. Our study suggests that if an increased scanning speed at a lower laser power is used for the pilot hole drilling by the LBMM process, it could result in significantly slower µEDM machining time. On the contrary, if the higher laser power is used with even the highest scanning speed for the pilot hole drilling, then µEDM processing time was faster than the previous case. Similarly, µEDM time was also quicker for LBMMed pilot holes machined at low laser power and slow scanning speed. Our study confirms that LBMM-µEDM based sequential machining technique reduces the machining time, tool wear and instability (in terms of short circuit count) by a margin of 2.5 x, 9 x and 40 x respectively in contrast to the pure µEDM process without compromising the quality of the holes.
Quadricuspid Pulmonary Valve in a neonate with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
Authors: Krishna Mani Ram 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Quadricuspid pulmonary valve is a rare abnormality which has been reported in isolation or with structural ehart diseases. We report a neonate who presented with supra-ventricular tachycardia and Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome who had a structurally normal heart. The recognition of a phasic ejection click on clinical examination led to the identification of a normally functioning quadricuspid pulmonary valve
Gene count from target sequence capture places three whole genome duplication events in Hibiscus L. (Malvaceae)
Authors: Eriksson Jonna Sofia , Bacon Christine D. , Bennett Dominic J. , Pfeil Bernard E. , Oxelman Bengt , Antonelli Alexandre 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: The great diversity in plant genome size and chromosome number is partly due to polyploidization (i.e. genome doubling events). The differences in genome size and chromosome number among diploid plant species can be a window into the intriguing phenomenon of past genome doubling that may be obscured through time by the process of diploidization. The genus Hibiscus L. (Malvaceae) has a wide diversity of chromosome numbers and a complex genomic history. Hibiscus is ideal for exploring past genomic events because although two ancient genome duplication events have been identified, more are likely to be found due to its diversity of chromosome numbers. To reappraise the history of whole-genome duplication events in Hibiscus, we tested three alternative scenarios describing different polyploidization events. Results: Using target sequence capture, we designed a new probe set for Hibiscus and generated 87 orthologous genes from four diploid species. We detected paralogues in >54% putative single-copy genes. 34 of these genes were selected for testing three different genome duplication scenarios using gene counting. All species of Hibiscus sampled shared one genome duplication with H. syriacus, and one whole genome duplication occurred along the branch leading to H. syriacus. Conclusions: Here, we corroborated the independent genome doubling previously found in the lineage leading to H. syriacus and a shared genome doubling of this lineage and the remainder of Hibiscus. Additionally, we found a previously undiscovered genome duplication shared by the /Pavonia and /Malvaviscus clades (both nested within Hibiscus) with the occurrences of two copies in what were otherwise single-copy genes. Our results highlight the complexity of genomic diversity in some plant groups, which makes orthology assessment and accurate phylogenomic inference difficult.
Financial fair play in football - social program
Authors: Жукова О.В. 
Published: January 2021

Футбольным клубам Российской Премьер-Лиги (РПЛ), которые обязаны выполнять правила и критерии финансового «фейр-плей» (ФФП), предстоит серьёзная перестройка финансовой политики, так как отказываться от социальной (солидарной) программы поддержки УЕФА спортивных футбольных школ не выгодно и не этично. Это чревато штрафами, не допуском к кубковым сезонам УЕФА и отрицательно влияет на имидж клубов. Нужна целевая программа клубов РПЛ по развитию альтернативных источников доходов с одной стороны, с другой - жесткий национальный контроль соблюдения клубами РПЛ правил и принципов ФФП.
Football clubs of the Russian Premier League (RPL), which are required to comply with the rules and criteria of the financial «fair - play» (FFP), will have a serious restructuring of financial policy, as it is not profitable or ethical to refuse the social (solidarity) program of support of UEFA sports football schools. This is fraught with fines, not being allowed to participate in UEFA Cup seasons, and negatively affects the image of clubs. We need a targeted program of RPL clubs to develop alternative sources of income on the one hand, on the other - strict national control of compliance by RPL clubs with the rules and principles of the FFP.
Digital economy as a source of social and economic transformations of modern society
Authors: Измайлова М.А. 
Published: January 2021

Цифровая трансформация общества несет в себе огромные возможности для создания новых технологических секторов и бизнес-моделей, экономического роста страны и повышения качества жизни населения. Одновременно с этим предъявляются новые требования к квалификации кадров, включающие умение управлять цифровыми технологиями. Основным актором цифровых преобразований становится молодежь, демонстрирующая свою возрастающую активность в экономической сфере и общественной жизни. На молодое поколение как носителя инновационного потенциала возлагается немало надежд в прорывном научно-технологическом развитии российской экономики.
The digital transformation of society brings huge opportunities for creating new technological sectors and business models, economic growth of the country and improving the quality of life of the population. At the same time, there are new requirements for the qualification of personnel, including the ability to manage digital technologies. The main factor of digital transformation is young people, demonstrating their increasing activity in the economic sphere and public life. The young generation as a carrier of innovative potential has a lot of hopes in the breakthrough scientific and technological development of the Russian economy.
Realization of the internal resources of the regional economy in conditions of intensified spatial competition
Authors: Остапенко Е.А 
Published: January 2021

В статье проведена идентификация потенциала внутренних ресурсов региональной экономики и ее конкурентных преимуществ на примере Ставропольского края, представлен анализ и определены основные направления развития человеческого капитала региона. Предложена структура стратегических целей региональной экономики в зависимости от выбора внутренних ресурсов. Ее использование позволит системно вести работу по развитию внутренних ресурсов, и способствовать социально-экономической модернизации региона.
The article identifies the potential of internal resources of the regional economy and its competitive advantages using the example of the Stavropol Territory, presents an analysis and identifies the main directions region. The structure of the strategic goals of the regional economy depending on the choice of domestic resources is proposed. Its use will allow systematic work to develop internal resources, and contribute to the socio-economic modernization of the region.
Classification of threats to economic security of enterprises of the military-industrial complex
Authors: Орлов Н.С. 
Published: January 2021

Настоящая статья освещает текущую ситуацию в области экономической безопасности субъектов (предприятий), относящихся к военно-промышленному комплексу, дает характеристику присущей ему проблематике, трансформирующейся в ряд угроз. Кроме того, обусловлены параметры и критерии данных угроз с приведением их детализации, классификационных групп.
This article highlights the current situation in the field of economic security of subjects (enterprises) belonging to the military-industrial complex, gives a characteristic of its inherent problems, which are transformed into a number of threats. In addition, the parameters and criteria for these threats are determined, including their details and classification groups.
Assessment of regional features of state and municipal procurements
Authors: Пиньковецкая Ю.С. 
Published: January 2021

Целью исследования является оценка показателей, описывающих региональные особенности закупок для государственных и муниципальных нужд. Рассматривались следующие показатели: средняя стоимость одного контракта по каждому из регионов, средняя стоимость контрактов, в выполнении которых участвуют субъекты малого предпринимательства, экономия при заключении контрактов, доля количества контрактов, в выполнении которых участвуют субъекты малого предпринимательства, и их доля в общей стоимости контрактов. В исследовании использованы данные, сформированные на основании Единой информационной системы по 82 регионам России.
The purpose of the study is to evaluate indicators describing regional features of procurement for state and municipal needs. The following indicators were considered: the average cost of one contract for each of the regions, the average cost of contracts in which small business entities participate, savings in concluding contracts, the share of the number of contracts in which small business entities participate, and their share in the total cost of contracts. The study uses data generated on the basis of a Unified information system for 82 regions of Russia.