bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overconstrained models of time delay lenses redux: how the angular tail wags the radial dog
Authors: Kochanek C S 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The two properties of the radial mass distribution of a gravitational lens that are well constrained by Einstein rings are the Einstein radius RE and ξ2 = REα″(RE)/(1 − κE), where α″(RE) and κE are the second derivative of the deflection profile and the convergence at RE, respectively. However, if there is a tight mathematical relationship between the radial mass profile and the angular structure, as is true of ellipsoids, an Einstein ring can appear to strongly distinguish radial mass distributions with the same ξ2. This problem is beautifully illustrated by the ellipsoidal models in Millon et al. When using Einstein rings to constrain the radial mass distribution, the angular structure of the models must contain all the degrees of freedom expected in nature (e.g. external shear, different ellipticities for the stars and the dark matter, modest deviations from elliptical structure, modest twists of the axes, modest ellipticity gradients, etc.) that work to decouple the radial and angular structures of the gravity. Models of Einstein rings with too few angular degrees of freedom will lead to strongly biased likelihood distinctions between radial mass distributions and very precise but inaccurate estimates of H0 based on gravitational lens time delays.
The formation of isolated ultradiffuse galaxies in romulus25
Authors: Wright Anna C , Tremmel Michael , Brooks Alyson M , Munshi Ferah , Nagai Daisuke , Sharma Ray S , Quinn Thomas R 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
We use the romulus25 cosmological simulation volume to identify the largest-ever simulated sample of field ultradiffuse galaxies (UDGs). At z = 0, we find that isolated UDGs have average star formation rates (SFRs), colours, and virial masses for their stellar masses and environment. UDGs have moderately elevated H i masses, being 70 per cent (300 per cent) more H i rich than typical isolated dwarf galaxies at luminosities brighter (fainter) than MB = −14. However, UDGs are consistent with the general isolated dwarf galaxy population and make up ∼20 per cent of all field galaxies with 107 &lt; M⋆/M⊙ &lt; 109. The H i masses, effective radii, and overall appearances of our UDGs are consistent with existing observations of field UDGs, but we predict that many isolated UDGs have been missed by current surveys. Despite their isolation at z = 0, the UDGs in our sample are the products of major mergers. Mergers are no more common in UDG than non-UDG progenitors, but mergers that create UDGs tend to happen earlier – almost never occurring after z = 1, produce a temporary boost in spin, and cause star formation to be redistributed to the outskirts of galaxies, resulting in lower central SFRs. The centres of the galaxies fade as their central stellar populations age, but their global SFRs are maintained through bursts of star formation at larger radii, producing steeper negative g −r colour gradients. This formation channel is unique relative to other proposals for UDG formation in isolated galaxies, demonstrating that UDGs can potentially be formed through multiple mechanisms.
The IRX–β relation of high-redshift galaxies
Authors: Liang Lichen , Feldmann Robert , Hayward Christopher C , Narayanan Desika , Çatmabacak Onur , Kereš Dušan , Faucher-Giguère Claude-André , Hopkins Philip F 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
The relation between infrared excess (IRX) and UV spectral slope (βUV) is an empirical probe of dust properties of galaxies. The shape, scatter, and redshift evolution of this relation are not well understood, however, leading to uncertainties in estimating the dust content and star formation rates (SFRs) of galaxies at high redshift. In this study, we explore the nature and properties of the IRX–βUV relation with a sample of z = 2–6 galaxies ($M_*\approx 10^9\!-\!10^{12}\, \mathrm{M}_\odot$) extracted from high-resolution cosmological simulations (MassiveFIRE) of the Feedback in Realistic Environments (FIRE) project. The galaxies in our sample show an IRX–βUV relation that is in good agreement with the observed relation in nearby galaxies. IRX is tightly coupled to the UV optical depth, and is mainly determined by the dust-to-star geometry instead of total dust mass, while βUV is set both by stellar properties, UV optical depth, and the dust extinction law. Overall, much of the scatter in the IRX–βUV relation of our sample is found to be driven by variations of the intrinsic UV spectral slope. We further assess how the IRX–βUV relation depends on viewing direction, dust-to-metal ratio, birth-cloud structures, and the dust extinction law and we present a simple model that encapsulates most of the found dependencies. Consequently, we argue that the reported ‘deficit’ of the infrared/sub-millimetre bright objects at z ≳ 5 does not necessarily imply a non-standard dust extinction law at those epochs.
Dissecting and modelling galaxy assembly bias
Authors: Xu Xiaoju , Zehavi Idit , Contreras Sergio 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
Understanding the galaxy-halo connection is fundamental for contemporary models of galaxy clustering. The extent to which the haloes’ assembly history and environment impact galaxy clustering (a.k.a. galaxy assembly bias; GAB), remains a complex and challenging problem. Using a semi-analytic galaxy formation model, we study the individual contributions of different secondary halo properties to the GAB signal. These are obtained by comparing the clustering of stellar-mass selected samples to that of shuffled samples where the galaxies are randomly reassigned to haloes of fixed mass and a specified secondary halo property. We explore a large range of internal halo properties and environmental measures. We find that commonly used properties like halo age or concentration amount to only 20–30 per cent of the signal, while the smoothed matter density or the tidal anisotropy can account for the full level of GAB (though care should be given to the specific definition). For the ‘successful’ measures, we examine the occupancy variations and the associated changes in the halo occupation function parameters. These are used to create mock catalogues that reproduce the full level of GAB. Finally, we propose a practical modification of the standard halo occupation distribution model, which can be tuned to any level of assembly bias. Fitting the parameters to our semi-analytic model, we demonstrate that the corresponding mock catalogue recovers the target level of GAB as well as the occupancy variations. Our results enable producing realistic mock catalogues and directly inform theoretical modelling of assembly bias and attempts to detect it in the Universe.
SurVirus: a repeat-aware virus integration caller
Authors: Rajaby Ramesh , Zhou Yi , Meng Yifan , Zeng Xi , Li Guoliang , Wu Peng , Sung Wing-Kin 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
A significant portion of human cancers are due to viruses integrating into human genomes. Therefore, accurately predicting virus integrations can help uncover the mechanisms that lead to many devastating diseases. Virus integrations can be called by analysing second generation high-throughput sequencing datasets. Unfortunately, existing methods fail to report a significant portion of integrations, while predicting a large number of false positives. We observe that the inaccuracy is caused by incorrect alignment of reads in repetitive regions. False alignments create false positives, while missing alignments create false negatives. This paper proposes SurVirus, an improved virus integration caller that corrects the alignment of reads which are crucial for the discovery of integrations. We use publicly available datasets to show that existing methods predict hundreds of thousands of false positives; SurVirus, on the other hand, is significantly more precise while it also detects many novel integrations previously missed by other tools, most of which are in repetitive regions. We validate a subset of these novel integrations, and find that the majority are correct. Using SurVirus, we find that HPV and HBV integrations are enriched in LINE and Satellite regions which had been overlooked, as well as discover recurrent HBV and HPV breakpoints in human genome-virus fusion transcripts.
Identifying Content-Based Engagement Patterns in a Smoking Cessation Website and Associations With User Characteristics and Cessation Outcomes: A Sequence and Cluster Analysis
Authors: Perski Olga , Watson Noreen L , Mull Kristin E , Bricker Jonathan B 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Using WebQuit as a case study, a smoking cessation website grounded in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, we aimed to identify sequence clusters of content usage and examine their associations with baseline characteristics, change to a key mechanism of action, and smoking cessation.

Methods
Participants were adult smokers allocated to the WebQuit arm in a randomized controlled trial (n = 1,313). WebQuit contains theory-informed content including goal setting, self-monitoring and feedback, and values- and acceptance-based exercises. Sequence analysis was used to temporally order 30-s website usage segments for each participant. Similarities between sequences were assessed with the optimal matching distance algorithm and used as input in an agglomerative hierarchical clustering analysis. Associations between sequence clusters and baseline characteristics, acceptance of cravings at 3 months and self-reported 30-day point prevalence abstinence at 12 months were examined with linear and logistic regression.

Results
Three qualitatively different sequence clusters were identified. “Disengagers” (576/1,313) almost exclusively used the goal-setting feature. “Tryers” (375/1,313) used goal setting and two of the values- and acceptance-based components (“Be Aware,” “Be Willing”). “Committers” (362/1,313) primarily used two of the values- and acceptance-based components (“Be Willing,” “Be Inspired”), goal setting, and self-monitoring and feedback. Compared with Disengagers, Committers demonstrated greater increases in acceptance of cravings (p = .01) and 64% greater odds of quit success (ORadj = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.18, 2.29, p = .003).

Discussion
WebQuit users were categorized into Disengagers, Tryers, and Committers based on their qualitatively different content usage patterns. Committers saw increases in a key mechanism of action and greater odds of quit success.

Implications
This case study demonstrates how employing sequence and cluster analysis of usage data can help researchers and practitioners gain a better understanding of how users engage with a given eHealth intervention over time and use findings to test theory and/or to improve future iterations to the intervention. Future WebQuit users may benefit from being directed to the values- and acceptance-based and the self-monitoring and feedback components via reminders over the course of the program.
Anselm of Canterbury
Authors: Williams Thomas 
Published: January 2021

Anselm of Canterbury (b. 1033–d. 1109) is the most enduringly influential philosopher-theologian of the Latin West between Augustine and the thirteenth century. Best known among philosophers for his “ontological” argument for the existence of God in the Proslogion and among theologians for his account of the Atonement in Cur Deus Homo, he is regarded as the quintessential “classical theist,” and his accounts of the divine nature and attributes, of freedom and the fall, and of human redemption continue to attract attention. This article provides an annotated list of Anselm’s complete works as well as selected English translations and secondary literature.
William Dwight Whitney
Authors: Alter Stephen G. 
Published: January 2021

The American Sanskritist and linguist William Dwight Whitney (b. 1827–d. 1894) was his country’s most important professional language scholar and linguistic theorist of the 19th century. Whitney grew up in Northampton, Massachusetts, attended Williams College in that state, and for nearly three years did advanced study of “Oriental” languages in Germany at the universities of Berlin and Tübingen. In 1854 he began a long career at Yale College in Connecticut, teaching Sanskrit Language and Literature as well as modern languages, chiefly French and German. Whitney was a pillar of the American Oriental Society (established 1842), and a founder and the first president of the American Philological Association (established 1869). His research specialty was Indology: he was an expert in Sanskrit grammar. The focus of the present article, however, will be Whitney’s general linguistic thought, beginning with an overview of his ideas about language as a whole and about language prescriptivism. Then follows a description of the 18th-century sources of Whitney’s views, as well as of Whitney’s long debate with Friedrich Max Müller, who embodied all of the worst tendencies (as Whitney regarded them) of romanticist language theory. Responding to such tendencies made up a large portion of Whitney’s own theoretical output. Our discussion then considers Whitney’s legacy in three areas: (1) his influence on and critique of Neogrammarian doctrine, (2) the inspiration (both positive and negative) Whitney gave to Ferdinand de Saussure, and (3) the impetus he gave to aspects of 20th–21st-century sociolinguistic investigation, particularly by calling attention to the phenomenon of lexical diffusion. Whitney’s career as a language theorist began in 1864, with a lecture series on “The Principles of Linguistic Science” presented at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC, and, in an expanded version, at Boston’s Lowell Institute. These lectures became the basis of his book Language and the Study of Language (1867), a number of short pieces gathered and republished in Volume 1 of his Oriental and Linguistic Studies (1873), and his book The Life and Growth of Language (1875). All of these writings expressed Whitney’s quintessentially Anglo-American Common-Sense realist language philosophy. His 1867 and 1875 books were translated into the major European languages, the latter work being more successful in terms of the international attention it received and its impact, particularly on the German Neogrammarians, but also due to its long use as a linguistics textbook at institutions in the United States.
RhoA and Cdc42 in T cells: Are they targetable for T cell-mediated inflammatory diseases?
Authors: Guo Fukun 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Many inflammatory diseases are not curable, necessitating a better understanding of their pathobiology that may help identify novel biological targets. RhoA and Cdc42 of Rho family small GTPases regulate a variety of cellular functions such as actin cytoskeletal organization, cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and survival. Recent characterization of mouse models of conditional gene knockout of RhoA and Cdc42 has revealed their physiological and cell type-specific roles in a number of cell types. In T lymphocytes, which play an important role in the pathogenesis of most, if not all, of the inflammatory diseases, we and others have investigated the effects of T cell-specific knockout of RhoA and Cdc42 on T cell development in the thymus, peripheral T cell homeostasis, activation, and differentiation to effector and regulatory T cells, and on T cell-mediated allergic airway inflammation and colitis. Here we highlight the phenotypes resulting from RhoA and Cdc42 deletion in T cells and discuss whether pharmacological targeting of RhoA and Cdc42 is feasible in treating asthma that is driven by allergic airway inflammation and colitis.
Phytoplankton community composition and biomass in the oligotrophic Gulf of Mexico
Authors: E Selph Karen , Swalethorp Rasmus , R Stukel Michael , B Kelly Thomas , N Knapp Angela , Fleming Kelsey , Hernandez Tabitha , R Landry Michael 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Biomass and composition of the phytoplankton community were investigated in the deep-water Gulf of Mexico (GoM) at the edges of Loop Current anticyclonic eddies during May 2017 and May 2018. Using flow cytometry, high-performance liquid chromatography pigments and microscopy, we found euphotic zone integrated chlorophyll a of ~10 mg m−2 and autotrophic carbon ranging from 463 to 1268 mg m−2, dominated by picoplankton (&lt;2 μm cells). Phytoplankton assemblages were similar to the mean composition at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study site, but differed from the Hawaii Ocean Times-series site. GoM phytoplankton biomass was ~2-fold higher at the deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM) relative to the mixed layer (ML). Prochlorococcus and prymnesiophytes were the dominant taxa throughout the euphotic zone; however, other eukaryotic taxa had significant biomass in the DCM. Shallower DCMs were correlated with more prymnesiophytes and prasinophytes (Type 3) and reduced Prochlorococcus. These trends in ML and DCM taxonomic composition likely reflect relative nutrient supply—with ML populations relying on remineralized ammonium as a nitrogen source, and the taxonomically diverse DCM populations using more nitrate. These spatially separated phytoplankton communities represent different pathways for primary production, with a dominance of picoplankton in the ML and more nano- and microplankton at the DCM.
US-Guided Transforaminal Cervical Nerve Root Block: A Novel Lateral in-Plane Approach
Authors: Wu Junzhen , Xu Yongming , Pu Shaofeng , Zhou Jin , Lv Yingying , Li Cheng , Du Dongping 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Objective
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness and safety of a novel lateral in-plane approach for ultrasound-guided transforaminal cervical nerve root block (US-guided TF-CNRB) in the treatment of cervical radiculopathic pain.

Design
The design of the present study consisted of an institutional, retrospective case series.

Setting
The present study was conducted at a university hospital.

Subjects
Thirty-two patients with cervical radiculopathy who were resistant to conservative therapies and regular US-guided CNRB were included as participants.

Methods
The included patients were treated with US-guided TF-CNRB. During the treatments, using real-time fluoroscopy, we monitored the spreading patterns of a contrast medium and double confirmed the positions of needle tips. Pain numeric rating scales (NRS) and symptom relief grades were determined via telephone interviews at one, four, and 12 weeks after the procedures.

Results
US-guided TF-CNRB was performed at the C5 level in six patients, the C6 level in 18 patients, and the C7 level in eight patients. Compared with NRS at baseline, pain scores decreased throughout the observation period. Symptom relief rates of US-guided TF-CNRB at one, four, and 12 weeks were 72%, 69%, and 63%, respectively. Venous blood was aspirated during the procedures in two patients, and the needle tips were corrected. No intravascular injections or neurologic injuries were observed.

Conclusion
US-guided TF-CNRB produced circumferential spreading around the involved cervical nerve root and showed significant clinical effectiveness in patients resistant to regular US-guided CNRB.
The Association Between Smoking Abstinence and Pain Trajectory Among Veterans Engaged in U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Mental Health Care
Authors: Hammett Patrick J , Businelle Michael S , Taylor Brent C , Erbes Christopher R , Bastian Lori , Doran Neal , Sherman Scott E , Rogers Erin S , Burgess Diana J , Fu Steven S 
Published: January 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo prospectively examine associations between smoking and nicotine abstinence and pain trajectory over 12 months among smokers with low, moderate, and severe pain and to assess whether these associations differ over time.DesignA secondary analysis of the “Proactive Outreach for Smokers in VA Mental Health” study, a randomized controlled trial of proactive outreach for veteran smokers engaged in U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) mental health care.MethodsParticipants were categorized into “low” (n = 616), “moderate” (n = 479), and “severe” pain (n = 656) groups according to baseline pain score. Associations between self-reported abstinence from smoking and nicotine at 6 and 12 months and pain trajectory, measured via the PEG scale (Pain intensity, Enjoyment of life, General activity) composite score, were assessed through the use of general linear mixed models. Interaction tests assessed whether these associations differed at 6 and 12 months. Analyses were conducted within the overall sample and within the separate pain groups.ResultsThere were significant interactions in the overall sample and the low and moderate pain groups, such that 7-day point prevalence smoking abstinence was associated with lower pain scores at 6 but not 12 months. In the severe pain group, 7-day abstinence from both smoking and nicotine was associated with lower pain scores across both time points. Six-month prolonged abstinence was not associated with pain scores.ConclusionsIn this prospective analysis conducted among veteran smokers engaged in mental health services, 7-day abstinence from smoking and nicotine was associated with significantly lower levels of pain. Education efforts could help better inform smokers on the relationship between smoking and pain.
How Do People Communicate About Knee Osteoarthritis? A Discourse Analysis
Authors: Bunzli Samantha , Taylor Nicholas , O’Brien Penny , Dowsey Michelle , Wallis Jason , Choong Peter , Shields Nora 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Objective
To explore the ways in which people talk about knee osteoarthritis and how this may influence engagement in physical activity and activity-based interventions as recommended by clinical practice guidelines.

Design
A qualitative synthesis using discourse analysis methods.

Methods
Systematic review methods were used to identify qualitative studies exploring the perceptions of people with knee osteoarthritis, their carers, and/or clinicians. Methodological quality was evaluated through the use of the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme. Raw quotes extracted from each study were analyzed with inductive discourse analysis.

Results
A search of five electronic databases from inception until August 2019 yielded 778 articles. Sixty-two articles from 56 studies were included, reporting data (1,673 direct quotes) from people with knee osteoarthritis, carers, and clinicians in 16 countries. Two overarching discourses were identified—impairment and participation. The overarching impairment discourse prevailed in all participant groups and study settings. In this discourse, knee osteoarthritis was likened to a machine that inevitably wore down over time and required a doctor to repair. The overarching participatory discourse almost always coexisted alongside an impairment discourse. According to this discourse, a “busy body” was perceived as “healthy,” and people could remain active despite knee osteoarthritis.

Conclusion
The prevailing impairment discourse may potentially discourage people from using knees that have passed their “use-by date” and increase reliance on doctors to repair joint damage. Consistent with recommendations in clinical practice guidelines, a participatory discourse may provide an alternative way of communicating that may encourage people with knee osteoarthritis to continue to engage in physical activity by focusing on what they can do, rather than what they cannot do.