bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermal evolution of neutron stars described within the equation of state with induced surface tension
Authors: Tsiopelas Stefanos , Sagun Violetta 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe present a modeling of the thermal evolution of the neutron stars, incorporating an effect of neutron and proton pairing. The considered equation of state with induced surface tension (IST) reproduces properties of normal nuclear matter, fulfills the proton flow constraint, provides a high‐quality description of particle yields created in heavy‐ion collisions, and is equally compatible with the constraints from astrophysical observations and the GW170817 event. The model features strong direct Urca processes for the stars above 1.91 M⊙. Our results show a very good agreement with the available cooling data, including observational data of the compact object in the center of the Cassiopeia A (Cas A), even without introducing nuclear pairing. The rapid cooling rate of the Cas A can be also reproduced by a 1.66 M⊙ star with an atmosphere of light elements, high‐mass 1.955 − 1.96 M⊙ stars with paired and unpaired matter, as well as by a 1.91 M⊙ star with inclusion of neutron and proton pairings in the singlet channel.
Heterogeneity of Graphite Lithiation in State‐of‐the‐Art Cylinder‐Type Li‐Ion Cells
Authors: Petz Dominik , Mühlbauer Martin J. , Schökel Alexander , Achterhold Klaus , Pfeiffer Franz , Pirling Thilo , Hofmann Michael , Senyshyn Anatoliy 
Published: February 2021

AbstractInvited for this month's cover picture is the group of Anatoliy Senyshyn. The cover picture displays the lithium distribution in the graphite anode of an 18650‐type Li‐ion battery. A look into the cell's interior illustrates a non‐destructive character of the performed studies. The background template corresponds to the structure of lithiated graphite, referring to the diffraction technique as a tool for spatially resolved quantification of lithium concentration within the cell. Read the full text of the Article at 10.1002/batt.202000178.
Identification of the metabolites of tofacitinib in liver microsomes by liquid chromatography combined with high resolution mass spectrometry
Authors: Liu Ping , Wu Shuang , Dong Zhaoqin 
Published: February 2021

AbstractTofacitinib is an orally available Janus kinase inhibitor. The aim of this study was to investigate the metabolism of tofacitinib in mouse, rat, monkey, and human liver microsomes fortified with β‐nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate tetrasodium salt and uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid. The biotransformation was executed at a temperature of 37°C for 60 min, and the samples were analyzed by ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography combined with high‐resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC–HRMS) operated in positive electrospray ionization mode. The structures of the metabolites were elucidated according to their retention times, accurate masses, and MS/MS spectra. Under the current conditions, a total of 13 metabolites, including 1 glucuronide conjugate, were detected and structurally proposed. Oxygenation of the pyrrolopyrimidine ring, oxygenation of piperidine ring, N‐demethylation, oxygenation of piperidine ring side chain, and glucuronidation were the primary metabolic pathways of tofacitinib. Among the tested species, tofacitinib showed significant species difference. Compared with other species, rat showed similar metabolic profiles to those of humans. The present study provides some new information regarding the metabolism of tofacitinib in animals and humans, which would bring us considerable benefits for the subsequent studies focusing on the pharmacological effect and toxicity of this drug.
Holocene chloroplast genetic variation of shrubs (Alnus alnobetula, Betula nana, Salix sp.) at the siberian tundra‐taiga ecotone inferred from modern chloroplast genome assembly and sedimentary ancient DNA analyses
Authors: Meucci Stefano , Schulte Luise , Zimmermann Heike H. , Stoof‐Leichsenring Kathleen R. , Epp Laura , Bronken Eidesen Pernille , Herzschuh Ulrike 
Published: February 2021

AbstractClimate warming alters plant composition and population dynamics of arctic ecosystems. In particular, an increase in relative abundance and cover of deciduous shrub species (shrubification) has been recorded. We inferred genetic variation of common shrub species (Alnus alnobetula, Betula nana, Salix sp.) through time. Chloroplast genomes were assembled from modern plants (n = 15) from the Siberian forest‐tundra ecotone. Sedimentary ancient DNA (sedaDNA; n = 4) was retrieved from a lake on the southern Taymyr Peninsula and analyzed by metagenomics shotgun sequencing and a hybridization capture approach. For A. alnobetula, analyses of modern DNA showed low intraspecies genetic variability and a clear geographical structure in haplotype distribution. In contrast, B. nana showed high intraspecies genetic diversity and weak geographical structure. Analyses of sedaDNA revealed a decreasing relative abundance of Alnus since 5,400 cal yr BP, whereas Betula and Salix increased. A comparison between genetic variations identified in modern DNA and sedaDNA showed that Alnus variants were maintained over the last 6,700 years in the Taymyr region. In accordance with modern individuals, the variants retrieved from Betula and Salix sedaDNA showed higher genetic diversity. The success of the hybridization capture in retrieving diverged sequences demonstrates the high potential for future studies of plant biodiversity as well as specific genetic variation on ancient DNA from lake sediments. Overall, our results suggest that shrubification has species‐specific trajectories. The low genetic diversity in A. alnobetula suggests a local population recruitment and growth response of the already present communities, whereas the higher genetic variability and lack of geographical structure in B. nana may indicate a recruitment from different populations due to more efficient seed dispersal, increasing the genetic connectivity over long distances.
Diversity of kindling of limbic seizures after lateral fluid percussion injury in the rat
Authors: Medel‐Matus Jesús‐Servando , Shin Don , Sankar Raman , Mazarati Andrey 
Published: February 2021

AbstractLateral fluid percussion injury (LFPI) in rats is used to model post‐traumatic epilepsy (PTE), with spontaneous seizures occurring in up to ½ of the subjects. Using the kindling paradigm, we examined whether animals without detectable seizures had an altered seizure susceptibility. Male Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to LFPI. Seven‐nine months later, spontaneous seizures were monitored for two weeks. Afterward, the animals underwent kindling of basolateral amygdala. For kindling outcomes, the animals were categorized based on the 95% confidence intervals of mean number trials to kindling (ie 3 consecutive stage 4‐5 seizures). Spontaneous seizures were detected in 7 out of 24 rats. There was no correlation between the severity of LFPI and either baseline afterdischarge properties, or kindling rates. Six LFPI rats kindled at a rate comparable to those in sham‐LFPI (n = 10) and in naïve (n = 7) subjects. Ten LFPI rats kindled faster and 8—slower than controls. None of slow‐kindling rats had spontaneous seizures during the prekindling monitoring. During the same period, six fast‐kindling and three normal‐kindling rats had been seizure‐free. Thus, kindling reveals a diversity to seizure susceptibility after LFPI beyond an overt seizure symptomatology, ranging from the increased susceptibility to the increased resistance.
Stability enhancement of lycopene in Citrullus lanatus extract via nanostructured lipid carriers
Authors: Sirikhet Jutiporn , Chanmahasathien Wisinee , Raiwa Araya , Kiattisin Kanokwan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractLycopene is one of naturally occurring carotenoids in plants including watermelon (Citrullus lanatus). Heat, light, and oxygen effect on lycopene isomerization and degradation. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) are drug delivery system which can enhance the stability of active compound. Therefore, this study aimed to develop watermelon extract loaded in NLCs for lycopene stability improvement. The NLCs were prepared using a hot homogenization technique. Cocoa butter was used as solid lipid. Grape seed oil was used as liquid lipid. Span® 80 and Plantasens® HE20 were used as an emulsifier. The selected unloaded NLCs contained solid lipid to liquid lipid at the ratio of 3:1 and 10% (w/w) of total lipid. The particle size of watermelon extract‐loaded NLCs (WH‐loaded NLCs) was 130.17 ± 0.72 nm with low PDI and high zeta potential. It also presented high entrapment efficiency. For stability study, the WH‐NLC3 could enhance stability and maintain lycopene content after stability test. It exhibited the highest values of lycopene content (83.26 ± 2.30%) when stored at 4°C. It also possessed a prolonged release pattern over 48 hr. Therefore, the NLCs could improve stability and release profile of lycopene from watermelon extract.
Altered brain functional network dynamics in obsessive–compulsive disorder
Authors: Luo Lekai , Li Qian , You Wanfang , Wang Yuxia , Tang Wanjie , Li Bin , Yang Yanchun , Sweeney John A. , Li Fei , Gong Qiyong 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is a debilitating and disabling neuropsychiatric disorder, whose neurobiological basis remains unclear. Although traditional static resting‐state magnetic resonance imaging (rfMRI) studies have found aberrant functional connectivity (FC) in OCD, alterations in whole‐brain FC and topological properties in the context of brain dynamics remain relatively unexplored. The rfMRI data of 29 patients with OCD and 40 healthy controls were analyzed using group independent component analysis to obtain independent components (ICs) and a sliding‐window approach to generate dynamic functional connectivity (dFC) matrices. dFC patterns were clustered into three reoccurring states, and state transition metrics were obtained. Then, graph‐theory methods were applied to dFC matrices to calculate the variability of network topological organization. The occurrence of a state (State 1) with the highest modularity index and lowest mean FC between networks was increased significantly in OCD, and the fractional time in brain State 1 was positively correlated with anxiety level in patients. State 1 was characterized by having positive connections within default mode (DMN) and salience networks (SAN), and negative coupling between the two networks. Additionally, ICs belonging to DMN and SAN showed lower temporal variability of nodal degree centrality and efficiency in patients, which was related to longer illness duration and higher current obsession ratings. Our results provide evidence of clinically relevant aberrant dynamic brain activity in OCD. Increased functional segregation among networks and impaired functional flexibility in connections among brain regions in DMN and SAN may play important roles in the neuropathology of OCD.
Numerical study of heat and mass transfer in MHD flow of nanofluid in a porous medium with Soret and Dufour effects
Authors: Qureshi Imran Haider , Nawaz M. , Abdel‐Sattar M. A. , Aly Shaban , Awais M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis article models the transport mechanism of mass and heat energy under temperature and concentration gradients. Mathematical models in the form of partial differential equations based on conservation laws for fluid flow and transfer of heat and mass subjected to thermal diffusion and diffusion thermos, heat generation porous medium, and buoyancy forces are developed under boundary layer approximations. These models along with models of nanostructures are solved numerically using the shooting method with the Runge–Kutta method of order five. Convergent solutions are obtained and are used for parametric analysis regarding thermal enhancement of a working fluid having nanoparticles of CuO, Al2O3, and TiO2. Numerical experiments are performed and it is observed that the transport of heat is accelerated when the compositional gradient is increased. Similarly, a significant rise in the transport across concentration is noted when the temperature gradient is increased. The magnetohydrodynamic flow experienced retardation when the porous medium parameter and Hartmann number are increased. The temperature increased when the friction force produced heat and that heat is distributed to the particles of the fluid. Hence, viscous dissipation is responsible for widening the thermal boundary layer region.
First‐ and second‐degree family history of ovarian and breast cancer in relation to risk of invasive ovarian cancer in African American and white women
Authors: Bethea Traci N. , Ochs‐Balcom Heather M. , Bandera Elisa V. , Beeghly‐Fadiel Alicia , Camacho Fabian , Chyn Deanna , Cloyd Emily K. , Harris Holly R. , Joslin Charlotte E. , Myers Evan , Moorman Patricia G. , Peres Lauren C. , Rosenow Will , Setiawan Veronica W. , Wu Anna H. , Rosenberg Lynn , Schildkraut Joellen M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractFamily history (FH) of ovarian cancer and breast cancer are well‐established risk factors for ovarian cancer, but few studies have examined this association in African American (AA) and white women by histotype. We assessed first‐ and second‐degree FH of ovarian and breast cancer and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer in the Ovarian Cancer in Women of African Ancestry Consortium. Analyses included 1052 AA cases, 2328 AA controls, 2380 white cases and 3982 white controls. Race‐specific odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using multilevel logistic regression with adjustment for covariates. Analyses were stratified by histotype (high‐grade serous vs others). First‐degree FH of ovarian cancer was associated with high‐grade serous carcinoma in AA (OR = 2.32, 95% CI: 1.50, 3.59) and white women (OR = 2.48, 95% CI: 1.82, 3.38). First‐degree FH of breast cancer increased risk irrespective of histotype in AAs, but with high‐grade serous carcinoma only in white women. Associations with second‐degree FH of ovarian cancer were observed for overall ovarian cancer in white women and with high‐grade serous carcinoma in both groups. First‐degree FH of ovarian cancer and of breast cancer, and second‐degree FH of ovarian cancer is strongly associated with high‐grade serous ovarian carcinoma in AA and white women. The association of FH of breast cancer with high‐grade serous ovarian carcinoma is similar in white women and AA women, but may differ for other histotypes.
Fourth‐year dental hygiene students’ educational preparedness: Self‐confidence ratings of the Canadian Dental Hygienists Association baccalaureate competencies (2017‐2019)
Authors: Sunell Susanne , Laronde Denise M , Kanji Zul 
Published: February 2021

AbstractProblem statementThe Canadian Competencies for Baccalaureate Dental Hygiene Programs (CCBDHP) were first published in 2015 by the Canadian Dental Hygienists Association. They reflect the first articulation of dental hygiene baccalaureate competencies in North America. However, there is little evidence to support baccalaureate graduates acquire these abilities.ObjectiveTo examine the confidence levels of baccalaureate fourth‐year students in their ability to demonstrate the CCBDHPs.MethodsThis 3‐year longitudinal study rated the self‐confidence levels of fourth‐year students as they neared graduation from the University of British Columbia from 2017 to 2019. It involved an online, anonymous survey using a 5‐point scale ranging from not confident to confident. Respondents rated their self‐confidence in the 110 sub‐competencies articulated within the 13 competency domains of the CCBDHP.ResultsResponses were received from 54 of the 70 graduating students for a cumulative 77% response rate. Respondents expressed the most confidence in the competency domains of Clinical Therapy (100%), Collaboration (100%), Disease Prevention (100%), Professionalism (100%), and Oral Health Education (90%) but expressed less confidence in Research Use (73%), Health Promotion (70%), Leadership (67%), Policy Use (20%), and Advocacy (11%).ConclusionThese data suggest that curriculum revisions are needed in 5 domains but such changes may not be sufficient. Transition support may be warranted to assist graduates as they enter practice, while some competencies may be more appropriate for graduate studies. The study contributes to an international discussion about the educational preparedness of baccalaureate graduates, and the boundaries between diploma, baccalaureate and master's education.
Evaluation of the relationship between VRK2, rs4380187 polymorphisms, and genetic susceptibility to schizophrenia in the Chinese Han population
Authors: Liu Xianglai , Han Tianming , Xie Hailing , Fu Zejuan , Yao Qiankun , Lin Zhan , Zhu Hong , Zhan Dafei 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundSchizophrenia (SZ) is a serious hereditary mental disease with a low recovery rate, especially due to the lack of understanding about the cause of the disease. VRK2 is considered to be related to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. In this study, we analyzed the correlation between VRK2, rs4380187 single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), and schizophrenia.MethodsPeripheral blood DNA was extracted using a genomic DNA extraction kit. The DNA samples were genotyped using the Agena MassARRAY platform, and four genetic models were applied to compute the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using unconditional logistic regression. The p value was obtained by the chi‐square and t test for independent samples.ResultsThe C allele of rs4380187 SNP was significantly (p = 0.008) associated with decreased risk of SZ. The AA genotype of rs4380187 showed significantly (p = 0.009) lower frequency in cases with SZ than in controls and was associated with decreased risk of the disease. The frequency of the CA genotype of rs4380187 correlated with a 0.73‐fold decreased risk of SZ (p = 0.033). In the co‐dominant genetic model, the genotype of rs4380187 was associated with a decreased risk of SZ (p = 0.010). We also found that the log‐additive model of rs4380187 significantly reduced the risk of SZ disease (p = 0.007).ConclusionThis study provides further evidence that rs4380187 SNP is associated with SZ. This genotype variation could be associated with the psychopathology and cognitive function in SZ.
Superior Laryngeal Nerve Signal Attenuation Influences Voice Outcomes in Thyroid Surgery
Authors: Iwata Ayaka J. , Liddy Whitney , Barczyński Marcin , Wu Che‐Wei , Huang Tzu‐Yen , Van Slycke Sam , Schneider Rick , Dionigi Gianlorenzo , Dralle Henning , Cernea Claudio R. , Kamani Dipti , Ahmed Amr H. , Okose Okenwa C. , Wang Bo , Randolph Gregory W. 
Published: February 2021

Objectives/HypothesisThe objective was to identify whether injury of the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (EBSLN) or changes in EBSLN parameters after dissection during thyroidectomies correlate with changes in voice quality postoperatively.Study DesignProspective multicenter case series.MethodsA prospective multicenter study was conducted on patients undergoing thyroidectomies with intraoperative nerve monitoring. Electromyography waveforms of EBSLN stimulation before (S1) and after superior pole dissection (S2) were evaluated using endotracheal tube (ETT) and cricothyroid intramuscular (CTM) electrodes. Voice outcomes were assessed using Voice‐Related Quality of Life Surveys and Voice Handicap Index.ResultsA total of 131 at‐risk EBSLNs were evaluated in 80 patients. Two nerves showed loss of CTM twitch coupled with an absent S2 signal response. Complete EBSLN loss of signal was more likely with: 1) Cernea EBSLN anatomic classification Type 2B; 2) with a longer distance from the sternothyroid muscle insertion site; and 3) with larger lobar volumes (P < .05). Patients who experienced a more than 50% decrement in CTM amplitudes of S2 (n = 7) by CTM electrodes had a statistically significant decline in their voice outcomes compared to those who did not (n = 69) (P < .05).ConclusionsPatients experienced worse voice outcomes when at least one EBSLN response amplitude decreased by more than 50% after dissection when measured by CTM needle electrodes. CTM needle electrodes have an ability to measure finer amplitude changes compared to ETT electrodes, may represent a safe method to deduce subtle EBSLN injuries, and may serve to optimize voice outcomes during thyroidectomy. CTM needle electrodes are safe and tolerated well.Level of Evidence4 Laryngoscope, 131:1436–1442, 2021
The production, circulation, consumption, and ownership of scientific knowledge: Historical perspectives: Review
Authors: Hill Tom 
Published: February 2021

Key points
The paper is the product of a long period of research in the Royal Society's extensive archives.
Through an exploration of the evolution of Philosophical Transactions, this paper addresses the question of who owns scholarly content and who has the right to circulate it.
For much of its history, Philosophical Transactions has not operated on a commercial basis but instead as a component of the Royal Society's information dissemination efforts.
Commercial publishing is relatively new: it grew considerably in the early part of the Cold War.
While commercial publishers are well placed to respond to changes in the market, the paper vividly demonstrates no business model is invulnerable to change.
Metal–Protein Nanoparticles Facilitate Anti‐VSV and H1N1 Viruses Through the Coordinative Actions on Innate Immune Responses and METTL14
Authors: Zhu Xin‐Jie , Feng Jin‐Qiu , Zheng Meng‐Zhu , Yang Ze‐Ruo , Zhao Lei , Zhang Wei , Zhong Wu , Chen Ying‐Yu , Lin Jian 
Published: February 2021

AbstractHost defense systems can invade viral infection through immune responses and cellular metabolism. Recently, many studies have shown that cellular metabolism can be reprogrammed through N6‐methyladenosine (m6A) modifications during viral infection. Among of them, methyltransferase like‐14 enzyme (METTL14) plays an important role in m6A RNA modification, yet its antiviral function still remains unclear. In this work, it is uncovered that metal–protein nanoparticles designated GSTP1‐MT3(Fe2+) (MPNP) can polarize macrophages toward the M1 phenotype and activate immune responses to induce Interferon‐beta (IFN‐β) production in vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)‐infected macrophages. Further investigation elucidates that a high dose of IFN‐β can promote the expression of METTL14, which has a well anti‐VSV capacity. Moreover, it is found that other negative‐sense single‐stranded RNA viruses, such as influenza viruses (H1N1(WSN)), can also be inhibited through either immune responses or METTL14. Collectively, these findings provide insights into the antiviral function of METTL14 and suggest that the manipulation of METTL14 may be a potential strategy to intervene with other negative‐sense single‐stranded RNA viruses infections.