bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Demonstrating the general structure and cell types of the fat body in Blatta orientalis (Oriental Cockroach)
Authors: Zülfikaroğlu Tuğba , Turgay‐İzzetoğlu Gamze , Yikilmaz Mehmet Salih , İzzetoğlu Savaş 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe fat body is a tissue that originates from mesoderm in insects. It consists of several cell types. The basic cell of the fat body is trophocyte. Glycogen, protein and lipid which are required for energy are stored in these cells. Mycetocyte, urocyte, chromotocyte and haemoglobin cells are the other cell types which originate from differentiated trophocytes. Of the cells found in cockroaches, mycetocytes contain an endosymbiont species of bacteria while urocytes are specialized cells for storing and discharging uric acid. Oenocyte, which is not the fat body cell type but associated with epidermis and the fat body cells, is also found in cockroaches. In this research, the fat body distribution was shown for the first time in three selected sections (thorax, beginning and end of abdomen) in all stages of Blatta orientalis (Linnaeus, 1758). In addition, the fat body cell types and distribution were determined by histological, histochemical and ultrastructural studies. As a result, trophocytes, mycetocytes, urocytes of the fat body and oenocytes which are related to the fat body were determined in B. orientalis. Also, it was revealed that the fat body content increased in the selected regions of the stages depending on the development. We hope that these findings will contribute to data about the fat body and give some directions to insecticide studies.
Survival and morbidity outcomes after pelvic exenteration for pelvic sarcoma: an institutional series
Authors: Lee Peter J. , Meshkat Babak , Sasidharan Prashanth , Zahid Assad , Coker David J. , Solomon Michael J. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundTo describe our institutional experience in the management of locally advanced primary, and recurrent pelvic sarcoma through pelvic exenteration (PE).MethodsPatients undergoing PE for locally advanced primary or recurrent pelvic sarcoma between 2003 and 2017 were identified from a prospectively maintained database at a single quaternary referral hospital in Sydney, Australia were eligible for review. The primary outcomes measured were surgical resection margin and survival. Secondary outcome measures included 30‐day morbidity, in hospital length of stay (LOS) and return to theatre.ResultsThere were 29 patients who underwent PE for pelvic sarcoma during the study period, with 55% (n = 16) having advanced primary tumours and 45% (n = 13) having recurrent disease. The R0 resection rate was 52% (n = 15); and five‐year‐survival of 38% (n = 11). The R0 resection was noted to be higher in patients having primary advanced tumours (56%) compared to those with recurrent disease (46%), however this failed to reach statistical significance in this cohort. There was no recorded 30‐day mortality. Grade 3 or higher Clavien‐Dindo complications were uncommon (14%), but more likely in patients undergoing surgery for recurrent disease (75%).ConclusionIn our cohort of patients with locally advanced and recurrent disease, more than 50% achieved an R0 resection. Recurrent disease makes R0 resection more difficult and can lead to higher morbidity, need for 30‐day re‐intervention and longer in hospital LOS. PE surgery remains the only curative option for locally advanced, and recurrent sarcoma in the pelvis, and can be performed with acceptable survival and morbidity outcomes.
Caregiver social support and child toilet training in rural Odisha, India: What types of support facilitate training and how?
Authors: Sclar Gloria D. , Mosler Hans‐Joachim 
Published: October 2021

AbstractStudies show positive impacts of social support on childcare practices, but there is limited research on child toilet training. Social support with toilet training may be especially important for rural Indian caregivers as this is a new childcare practice for many and mothers face an already demanding workload. The aim of this study was to examine the role of social support in toilet training using mediation and conditional process analyses. We surveyed 570 caregivers of children <5 years old living in rural Odisha, India. We found certain types of support aid toilet training through three mechanisms: directly, by improving self‐efficacy, and by buffering against stress. Informational and instrumental support had a positive direct effect on toilet training while emotional support had no effect. Instrumental support also aided toilet training indirectly through bolstering a caregiver's perceived self‐efficacy. These effects of instrumental support were not moderated by the caregiver's support network size. Additionally, we found perceived stress had a negative indirect effect on caregivers' toilet training efforts through diminishing self‐efficacy, but this effect was buffered (i.e. moderated) by social support. These findings offer useful programmatic insights and expand the evidence‐base on how social support functions to another childcare practice and cultural context.
Inference in response‐adaptive clinical trials when the enrolled population varies over time
Authors: Russo Massimiliano , Ventz Steffen , Wang Victoria , Trippa Lorenzo 
Published: October 2021

AbstractA common assumption of data analysis in clinical trials is that the patient population, as well as treatment effects, do not vary during the course of the study. However, when trials enroll patients over several years, this hypothesis may be violated. Ignoring variations of the outcome distributions over time, under the control and experimental treatments, can lead to biased treatment effect estimates and poor control of false positive results. We propose and compare two procedures that account for possible variations of the outcome distributions over time, to correct treatment effect estimates, and to control type‐I error rates. The first procedure models trends of patient outcomes with splines. The second leverages conditional inference principles, which have been introduced to analyze randomized trials when patient prognostic profiles are unbalanced across arms. These two procedures are applicable in response‐adaptive clinical trials. We illustrate the consequences of trends in the outcome distributions in response‐adaptive designs and in platform trials, and investigate the proposed methods in the analysis of a glioblastoma study.
Histamine in murine narcolepsy: What do genetic and immune models tell us?
Authors: Melzi Silvia , Morel Anne‐Laure , Scoté‐Blachon Céline , Liblau Roland , Dauvilliers Yves , Peyron Christelle 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAn increased number of histaminergic neurons, identified by labeling histidine‐decarboxylase (HDC) its synthesis enzyme, was unexpectedly found in patients with narcolepsy type 1 (NT1). In quest for enlightenment, we evaluate whether an increase in HDC cell number and expression level would be detected in mouse models of the disease, in order to provide proof of concepts reveling possible mechanisms of compensation for the loss of orexin neurons, and/or of induced expression as a consequence of local neuroinflammation, a state that likely accompanies NT1. To further explore the compensatory hypothesis, we also study the noradrenergic wake‐promoting system. Immunohistochemistry for HDC, orexin, and melanin‐concentrating hormone (MCH) was used to count neurons. Quantitative‐PCR of HDC, orexin, MCH, and tyrosine‐hydroxylase was performed to evaluate levels of mRNA expression in the hypothalamus or the dorsal pons. Both quantifications were achieved in genetic and neuroinflammatory models of narcolepsy with major orexin impairment, namely the orexin‐deficient (Orex‐KO) and orexin‐hemagglutinin (Orex‐HA) mice respectively. The number of HDC neurons and mRNA expression level were unchanged in Orex‐KO mice compared to controls. Similarly, we found no change in tyrosine‐hydroxylase mRNA expression in the dorsal pons between groups. Further, despite the presence of protracted local neuroinflammation as witnessed by the presence of reactive microglia, we found no change in the number of neurons nor the expression of HDC in Orex‐HA mice compared to controls. Importantly, no correlation was found in all conditions between HDC and orexin. Our findings indicate that, in mice, the expression of histamine and noradrenalin, two wake‐promoting systems, are not modulated by orexin level whether the lack of orexin is constitutive or induced at adult age, showing thus no compensation. They also show no recruitment of histamine by local neuroinflammation. Further studies will be needed to further define the role of histamine in the pathophysiology of NT1.
The role of howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya) in the primary succession of the Paraná flooded forest (Argentina)
Authors: Bravo Susana Patricia 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn disturbed forests, Atelidae primates, such as howler monkeys, are known to play a key role in the dynamics of secondary succession. However, little is known about their role in primary succession. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of the howler monkey Alouatta caraya in the primary succession dynamics of the Paraná flooded forest, in northeastern Argentina. This was achieved by studying the recruitment of saplings in the latrines of A. caraya groups inhabiting the forest in the first stages of succession and the distribution of plant species in relation to the age of the forest. The results showed that: (a) young forest areas were dominated by tree species dispersed by water, wind, birds, bats and fishes, whereas older forest areas were dominated by species dispersed by A. caraya, with individuals of some species present in young forests; (b) the floristic composition of saplings growing in A. caraya latrines of young forest areas was similar to that of old forest areas; and (c) saplings growing in young forest areas were heavily associated with A. caraya latrines and corresponded to species from older forest areas. The results allow the conclusion that A. caraya plays a role in the last phase of primary succession of the Paraná flooded forest, as well as in contributing to an increase in the structural complexity and species diversity in the young areas of the Paraná islands.Abstract in Spanish is available with online material.
Implementation in Pakistan of the US Integrated Cargo Container Control program: Trade‐facilitating or not?
Authors: Ali Salamat , Kneller Richard , Milner Chris 
Published: October 2021

AbstractUsing novel firm‐level data, we examine the trade effect of the changed security arrangements for Pakistan's exports to the US following 9/11. The pre‐shipment scanning facility introduced by the Integrated Cargo Container Control (IC3) program, following the 100% scanning requirement, affected the beyond‐the‐border and behind‐the‐border costs of exporting. We exploit the exogenous nature of this shock and its specificity to one export market in the identification strategy. The estimates show Pakistan's exports dropped by between 8% and 11% because of IC3 but that the effect was heterogeneous across firms depending upon their pre‐IC3 port of departure and whether they switched following IC3. We also show that the export fall would have been even greater if 100% scanning had been introduced without a pre‐shipment scanning facility.
Input quality and speech perception development in bilingual infants’ first year of life
Authors: Kalashnikova Marina , Carreiras Manuel 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIndividual differences in infants’ native phonological development have been linked to the quantity and quality of infant‐directed speech (IDS). The effects of parental and infant bilingualism on this relation in 131 five‐ and nine‐month‐old monolingual and bilingual Spanish and Basque infants (72 male; 59 female; from white middle‐class background) were investigated. Bilingualism did not affect the developmental trajectory of infants’ native and non‐native speech perception and the quality of maternal speech. In both language groups, vowel exaggeration in IDS was significantly related to speech perception skills for 9‐month‐olds (r = −.30), but not for 5‐month‐olds. This demonstrates that bilingual and monolingual caregivers provide their infants with speech input that assists their task of learning the phonological inventory of one or two languages.
Mini managers: Children strategically divide cognitive labor among collaborators, but with a self‐serving bias
Authors: Baer Carolyn , Odic Darko 
Published: October 2021

AbstractStrategic collaboration according to the law of comparative advantage involves dividing tasks based on the relative capabilities of group members. Three experiments (N = 405, primarily White and Asian, 45% female, collected 2016–2019 in Canada) examined how this strategy develops in children when dividing cognitive labor. Children divided questions about numbers between two partners. By 7 years, children allocated difficult questions to the skilled partner (Experiment 1, d = 1.42; Experiment 2, d = 0.87). However, younger children demonstrated a self‐serving bias, choosing the easiest questions for themselves. Only when engaging in a third‐party collaborative task did 5‐year‐olds assign harder questions to the more skilled individual (Experiment 3, d = 0.55). These findings demonstrate early understanding of strategic collaboration subject to a self‐serving bias.
‘The Pandemic Affected My Life in a Negative Way’: The Experiences of Estonian Children in Child Protective Services During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic
Authors: Toros Karmen 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis study investigates children's experiences concerning the effect of the containment measures associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) on their daily lives. A small‐scale study using in‐depth, semi‐structured interviews was conducted in Estonia with 10 children registered with Child Protective Services (CPS) as in need of assistance. The COVID‐19 pandemic generally negatively affected the children, who struggled with e‐schooling, social relationships and emotional well‐being. Most of the children reported struggling with their emotional well‐being, using words such as anxiety, tension, fear, sadness, and depressing. Not all of the children received the necessary support or assistance from the CPS. The children reported a few positive experiences during the COVID‐19 pandemic, such as attaining a more personalised method and schedule for studying and receiving parental support during e‐schooling.
No implication of HIV coinfection on the plasma exposure to rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol in tuberculosis patients
Authors: Nardotto Glauco Henrique Balthazar , Bollela Valdes Roberto , Rocha Adriana , Della Pasqua Oscar , Lanchote Vera Lucia 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThere are contrasting findings regarding the effect of HIV on the pharmacokinetics of first‐line anti‐tubercular drugs (FLATDs) due to a lack of prospective controlled clinical studies, including patients with tuberculosis (TB) and patients with TB living with HIV. This study aims to assess the effect of HIV coinfection and antiviral therapy on the plasma exposure to FLATDs in patients with TB. HIV negative (TB‐HIV− group; n = 15) and HIV positive (TB‐HIV+ group; n = 18) adult patients with TB were enrolled during the second month of FLATDs treatment. All TB‐HIV+ patients were on treatment with lamivudine, tenofovir (or zidovudine), and raltegravir (or efavirenz). Serial blood sampling was collected over 24 h and FLATDs pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated using noncompartmental methods. In the TB‐HIV+ patients, dose‐normalized plasma exposure area under the curve from zero to 24 h (nAUC0–24; geometric mean and 95% confidence interval [CI]) values at steady‐state to rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol were 18.38 (95% CI 13.74–24.59), 238.21 (95% CI 191.09–296.95), and 18.33 (95% CI 14.56–23.09) µg∙h/ml, respectively. Similar plasma exposure was found in the TB‐HIV− patients. The geometric mean and 90% CI of the ratios between TB‐HIV− and TB‐HIV+ groups suggest no significant pharmacokinetic interaction between the selected antivirals and FLATDs. Likewise, HIV coinfection itself does not appear to have any effect on the plasma exposure to FLATDs.
Prevalence and predictors of left atrial appendage inactivity in patients of rheumatic mitral stenosis in sinus rhythm: An observational study
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Saibal , Dwivedi Yogesh , Yusuf Jamal , Uppal Abhimanyu , Mehta Vimal 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundSystemic thromboembolism is a known complication of rheumatic mitral stenosis (RMS) in sinus rhythm (SR). Left atrial appendage (LAA), the commonest site of thrombus formation is usually hypocontractile (inactive) in such patients. We aimed to study the prevalence of LAA inactivity (LAAI) in severe RMS and assess its independent predictors.MethodsThe study population consisted of 100 patients of severe RMS in SR. Transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography were done to assess LAA contractile function. Patients with LAA‐peak emptying velocity < 25 cm/seconds were defined as having LAAI.ResultsThe mean age of study subjects was 31.66±8.69 years and 56% were females. 73% patients had LAAI (Group A), while remaining 27% had normal LAA function (Group B). Mitral‐valve area (MVA) and lateral annulus systolic velocity (Sa‐wave) were significantly lower while mitral valve mean gradient (MVMG) and serum fibrinogen were significantly higher (all p‐values < 0.001) in group A patients. On multivariate binary logistic regression analysis, MVMG (p < 0.001), Sa‐wave (p = 0.02), and serum fibrinogen (p = 0.005) were independent predictors of LAAI. Optimal cut‐off values of MVMG, Sa‐wave and serum fibrinogen for predicting LAAI were 11.5 mm Hg, 6.8 cm/seconds and 300 mg/dl, respectively. Sixty‐Seven (90.55%) patients in group A compared to 13(48.1%) in group B had LA/LAA smoke. LAAI was the only independent predictor of left atrium (LA)/LAA smoke with or without associated thrombus.ConclusionThere is high prevalence of LAAI in patients of severe MS in SR. MVMG, Sa‐wave, and serum fibrinogen levels are independent predictors of LAAI. LAAI is an independent predictor of LA/LAA smoke with or without associated thrombus.
Practicing Best Practice: A 10‐Year Retrospective on Universal Risk Screening in a Mediation and Counseling Organization
Authors: Lee Jamie , Ralfs Claire , Booth Anna , McIntosh Jennifer E. 
Published: October 2021

Separation is a high‐risk time in families and for many it marks the onset or escalation of family safety and wellbeing risks like Intimate Partner Violence (IPV). Best practice for identifying such risks in court or community mediation services is systematic inquiry about safety risks with structured tools to overcome under‐reporting of risks. However, turning best practice recommendations into routine practice can take years – even when the evidence is strong that practitioners and their clients will ultimately benefit. Relationships Australia South Australia has addressed this evidence‐practice gap by engaging our leadership and undertaking whole‐of‐organization implementation of the Family DOORS framework. This includes the validated screening tool DOOR 1, that helps practitioners identify and respond to family‐wide risks during peak stress such as separation. In this article, we review our 10‐year implementation journey towards best practice in risk screening, reporting on 28,097 screens completed with clients to date. We describe the initiatives used to address practitioner and infrastructure barriers to implementation. We present both quantitative and qualitative indicators of practitioner change along with client survey data (n = 1,291), demonstrating changes in practices that have enhanced client engagement and led to an increase in client safety and wellbeing outcomes. We share recommendations for and innovations in translation to other service contexts. We hope that using the following recommendations and adopting the DOORS tools will encourage and enable others to implement best practice risk screening in far less than 10 years.
Factors regulating lake periphyton biomass and nutrient limitation status across a large trophic gradient
Authors: Ozersky Ted , Camilleri Andrew 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Because of the historical focus of limnology on pelagic processes, the factors controlling lake periphyton growth and nutrient limitation are understudied compared to the phytoplankton.

We deployed nutrient‐diffusing substrata at 28 sites spanning a wide trophic status gradient in Lakes Superior and Michigan to assess periphyton biomass accrual on control substrata and the response of periphyton to single and combined phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) additions.

Periphyton growth was unimodally related to a composite metric of site trophic status, with highest biomass at mesotrophic sites and lower growth at oligotrophic and highly eutrophic sites. Contrary to expectations, P limitation was rare. Instead, several lines of evidence pointed to primary N or N + P co‐limitation of periphyton. Limitation extent was negatively related to site trophic status, with stronger nutrient limitation at oligotrophic sites.

Our results support the hypothesis that phytoplankton and periphyton biomass respond differently to nutrient enrichment and suggest that different nutrients may limit pelagic and benthic primary production, even in the same system.

Our findings also support the use of periphyton as an early warning indicator of nutrient pollution and help explain why large, oligotrophic lakes may be especially susceptible to localised benthic algal blooms.
Marine and freshwater regime changes impact a community of migratory Pacific salmonids in decline
Authors: Wilson Kyle L. , Bailey Colin J. , Davies Trevor D. , Moore Jonathan W. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMarine and freshwater ecosystems are increasingly at risk of large and cascading changes from multiple human activities (termed “regime shifts”), which can impact population productivity, resilience, and ecosystem structure. Pacific salmon exhibit persistent and large fluctuations in their population dynamics driven by combinations of intrinsic (e.g., density dependence) and extrinsic factors (e.g., ecosystem changes, species interactions). In recent years, many Pacific salmon have declined due to regime shifts but clear understanding of the processes driving these changes remains elusive. Here, we unpacked the role of density dependence, ecosystem trends, and stochasticity on productivity regimes for a community of five anadromous Pacific salmonids (Steelhead, Coho Salmon, Pink Salmon, Dolly Varden, and Coastal Cutthroat Trout) across a rich 40‐year time‐series. We used a Bayesian multivariate state‐space model to examine whether productivity shifts had similarly occurred across the community and explored marine or freshwater changes associated with those shifts. Overall, we identified three productivity regimes: an early regime (1976–1990), a compensatory regime (1991–2009), and a declining regime (since 2010) where large declines were observed for Steelhead, Dolly Varden, and Cutthroat Trout, intermediate declines in Coho and no change in Pink Salmon. These regime changes were associated with multiple cumulative effects across the salmon life cycle. For example, increased seal densities and ocean competition were associated with lower adult marine survival in Steelhead. Watershed logging also intensified over the past 40 years and was associated with (all else equal) ≥97% declines in freshwater productivity for Steelhead, Cutthroat, and Coho. For Steelhead, marine and freshwater dynamics played approximately equal roles in explaining trends in total productivity. Collectively, these changing environments limited juvenile production and lowered future adult returns. These results reveal how changes in freshwater and marine environments can jointly shape population dynamics among ecological communities, like Pacific salmon, with cascading consequences to their resilience.