bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Pharynx of an Unknown Holothurian of the Family Dendrochirotae, in which the Calcareous Skeleton is remarkably developed
Authors: Moseley H. N. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The specimen of which an account is here given was found amongst a quantity of other material dredged in the Sulu Sea, in from ten to twenty fathoms, by Captain W. Chimmo, R.N., of H.M.S. “Nassau,’ 1871, and presented by him to the Anatomical Department of the Oxford Museum. The specimen is unfortunately isolated, and no traces can be found of the body of the Holothurian to which it belonged. Its actual length is about th inches, and because of its large size and the regularity of the arrangement of the calcareous plates with which it is protected, it forms a striking object, which attracts the eye of a naturalist at once. The anterior part of the pharynx itself is complete, with its contained tentacles and calcareous ring, but the retractor muscles are completely torn away, and posteriorly no trace remains of the water vascular ring or its appendages. The membrane which closed the intervals between the rows of radial pharyngealia has also disappeared. The calcareous plates composing the actual ring (annulus) around the anterior region of the pharynx will here be termed annularia; those disposed in rows posteriorly the pharyngealia.
On the Sexuality of the Fungi
Authors: Ward H. Marshall 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The fruitfulness and stimulus of the theory of descent have probably been felt in no province of biology with more effect than in the investigation of the more minute forms of plants; and the results obtained from the study of microscopic Fungi have absorbed attention and interest of late years to an extent which, whether commensurate or not with their importance, promises even more in the future than has been attained in the past.
Correction of an Error as to the Morphology of Welwitsohia Mirabilis
Authors: Bower F. O. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
At the conclusion of the second article on Welwitschia mirabilis communicated by me to this Journal (vol. xxi, New Series, 1881, p. 571), a postscript was appended, which suggested a possible explanation of the discrepancy between my observations of the process of development of this remarkable plant, and those of M. Naudin, who communicated an account of the germination of the same plant to the ‘ Gardener’s Chronicle,’ August 13th, 1881. The origin of the discrepancy was, however, soon after explained by a second letter from M. Naudin, published in the ‘Gardener’s Chronicle,’ January 7th, 1882, which began as follows: “ I find that by an accident, the seedling which I took to be that of Welwitschia, having sown the. seed as such, and which I described in your columns (1881, vol. xvi, p. 217), is really not a Welwitschia at all; all my Welwitschias (true) died, & c.”
E. Van Beneden’s Researches on the Maturation and Fecundation of the Ovum.1
Authors: Cunningham J T. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
A Great many elaborate researches have been made in recent years into the series of phenomena in ova and spermatozoa which precede and accompany fecundation. By the synthesis of these it has been found that the series of phenomena is in almost all cases essentially the same; the more accurate the research, the more similar have the phenomena appeared in different animals. With regard to the ovum, the formation of polar globules is the most constant and most conspicuous event of its history previous to fecundation. Some years ago it was firmly established that there is a very great similarity between the changes which the germinal vesicle undergoes in the formation of polar globules, and the process of karyokinesis in cell-division.
On the Suprarenal Bodies of Vertebrata
Authors: Weldon W. F. R. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The suprarenal bodies of Vertebrates are, as is well known, made up of two sets of elements, sharply distinguished from one another, both by their adult structure, and by their mode of origin in the embryo. The substance which from its position in the mammalian suprarenal is known as “ medullary “ is now almost universally admitted to consist of metamorphosed nerve-cells, which arise from one or more of the ganglia of the sympathetic system. As to the origin of the remainder, however, the so-called “ cortical” substance, little is certainly known. In Elasmobranchs, Balfour1 describes the homologue of this substance as “making its appearance … as a rod-like aggregate of mesoblast cells, rather more closely packed than their neighbours, between the two kidneys near their hinder ends ;” but he leaves it an open question, whether these cells arise from the general indifferent mesoblast surrounding them, or whether they are derived from any of the adjacent organs of the embryo.
Archerina Boltoni, nov. gen. et sp., a Chloro-phyllogenous Protozoon, allied, to Vampyrella, Cienk
Authors: Lankester E. Ray 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
During the months of June and July, 1884,1 received from. Mr. Thomas Bolton, of Birmingham, several gatherings from ponds in his neighbourhood which contained an abundance of a minute, green-coloured, Heliozoon-like organism, to which he directed my attention. Careful study of the material forwarded to me by Mr. Bolton established the fact that the little Protozoon was hitherto undescribed, and that it presented many features of considerable interest.
On the Skin and Nervous System of Priapulus and Halicryptus
Authors: Scharff Robert 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
During the past year I have had the opportunity of reinvestigating the anatomy and histology of Priapulus caudatus and Halicryptus spinulosus from specimens supplied by the liberality of my esteemed teacher Professor Bütschli, by whose help and advice I have greatly profited, and to whom my most cordial thanks are due.
The Eye and Optic Tract of Insects
Authors: Hickson Sydney J. , Cantab B. A. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The structure of the eyes of the Arthropoda has been, a favourite subject with morphologists for many years, and many beautiful monographs have been published detailing the results of the careful observations that have been made upon this subject. Until the last few years the observations stopped, short at the basilar membrane, and the tract lying between the percipient elements and the brain remained unknown. Of late years, however, several papers have appeared dealing with the optic tract and its relations to the eye proper, or ommateum (Lankester and Bourne), and as some of these have attempted to throw doubts upon what were formerly considered to be well-founded homologies, I have gathered together in this memoir some of the most interesting results of the researches I have been carrying on for the last two or three years with the hope of being able thereby to throw some light upon these obscure or disputed points. In order to make my memoir more complete I have carefully revised the structure of the ommateum. itself in Musca vomitoria, and I shall here give a detailed account of it based upon, my own observations before I proceed to describe the nervous elements which connect it with the brain.
On the Development of a Freshwater Macrurous Crustacean, Atyephira compressa, De Haan
Authors: Ishikawa Chiyomatsu 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The species on which the following observations were made, is very commonly found in freshwater streams and ponds in the vicinity of Tokio. Its specific determination has very kindly been made for me by Dr. Ed. J. Miers, of the British Museum, through the kind offices of Professor Whitman and Dr. Paul Mayer. Dr. Miers wrote a valuable paper on it, in the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History ‘for March, 1882 (pages 193, 194).
Observations on the Nervous System of Apus
Authors: Pelseneer Paul 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The nervous system of Phyllopods recalls, by its appearance, that of some Chætopods. The two lateral cords are rather distant from one another, and the commissures which join the corresponding ganglia are rather long in the anterior part. Zoologists agree to recognise that, among the living Crustacea, the Phyllopods show the most primitive condition of the nervous system, and that this has remained in a rather archaic condition. Its study will be, therefore, for the explanation of some morphological facts, more useful than that of the nervous system of superior Crustacea, which has undergone many alterations.
Morphological and Biological Observations on Criodrilus lacuum, Hoffmeister1
Authors: Örley L. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In Vejdovsky’s very complete work, ‘System und Morphologie der Oligochæten,’ Prag., 1884, which bears the character of a useful text-book on the morphology of the Oligochæta, I find only a scanty and incomplete account of the very interesting terricolous form, Criodrilus. On pages 16 and 58 he says: “Lage der Hoden, Eierstocke, Samenleiter und Samentaschen, sowie Gurtels unbekannt.” “Leider weiss Man sehr wenig von dem Leben eines so merkwiirdigen Oligochæten.” I think that these assertions by this wellknown investigator justify me in publishing my own observations, incomplete though they are, relative to this worm.
Notes on the Chromatology of Anthea cereus
Authors: Mac Munn C. A. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The colouring matters of Anthea cereus were first examined by Sorby,1 who found several present in this Actinia. Among others he found chlorofucin, the bands of which had been observed by Mr. Charles Horner, and the position of which led Mr. Horner to think that the supposed chlorophyll was different to that of land plants. Sorby had previously found chlorofucin in fresh-water algæ and subsequently in Fucus and other olive marine algæ; and in his paper on “Comparative Vegetable Chromatology” he gave directions for its separation from other pigments. Prof. Lankester, in the list of chlorophyll-containing animals in the English edition of Sachs’s ‘Botany’ includes Anthea cereus and puts “chlorofucin” after it, thus accepting Sorby’s statements.
The Development of the Cape Species of Peripatus: Part IV. The Changes From Stage G to Birth
Authors: Sedgwick Adam 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The changes which take place during and subsequent to Stage G are mainly changes of growth and histological differentiation, The most important organs which have not yet made their appearance by the close of Stage F, are the crural glands and tracheæ. The origin of the latter is, I regret to say, still hidden from me. The remaining organs have acquired, in all essential respects, the adult relations by the close of Stage F.
On our Present Knowledge of the Gregarinidæ, with Descriptions of Three New Species belonging to that class
Authors: Lankester E. Ray 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In Vol. I. of this Journal (1853), p. 211, an abstract appeared of some observations made by Kölliker and others on the Gregarinidæ, a group of animals of very simple structure, met with in the intestine and other parts of many insects and annelids, the nature of which was then, and is still, a matter of considerable interest to naturalists. Others have worked at the subject since that time, but little has. been published in England relating to these parasites, nor are they generally known to microscopic observers in this country. It may, therefore, be advantageous to give in a condensed form what is known of their structure and development, adding a list of species and a few original observations.
Some account of protoplasm, and the Part it Plays in the actions of living beings.
Authors: Duffin A. B. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
It will not be seriously contested that, of the constituents of the cell, the so-called “protoplasm” is deserving of particular attention, from its liability to change, its activity, and the marked manner in which it participates in the vital phenomena of living structures. Since the publication of H. v. Mohl’s remarkable work, the botanists have long arrived at the conclusion that, not only the formation of the cell-membrane, but also the inner nutritional changes of the cell itself, primarily depend upon the protoplasma.
On the Development of Striped Muscular Fibre in Man, Mammalia, and Birds
Authors: Clarke J. Lockhart 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In man the development of striped muscular fibre is on the same plan as in birds and mammalia, but presents some points of difference that deserve consideration. In its early stage one does not observe those striking forms that appear in the chick between the sixth and seventh days of incubation (Pl. XI, fig. 9), and in the sheep or ox at a corresponding period. From the fourth to the fifth week of utero-gestation is about the earliest period at which this tissue can be distinguished with certainty from some others. In a fœtus of three fourths of an inch in length it forms a gelatinous mass, consisting, as in the other cases described, of fibres and nuclei imbedded in a semifluid, granular blastema. Pl. I, fig. 18 represents fibres from a fœtus three fourths of an inch in length; and fig. 19 both fibres and free nuclei from another fœtus, of one inch in length. In the formation of these fibres, as in similar cases already described, granular processes of condensed blastema extend from the sides or-from around the nuclei; and along the surface of these a new substance forms, until they become partially or completely invested. At first the investing substance appears only on one side, in the form generally of a plain band or fibre (see fig. 18 a), but subsequently is seen also on the other. Sometimes, however, it is deposited in the shape of distinct, longitudinal fibrillæ, until the surface is completely covered (fig. 18 b); and sometimes these fibrillæ are at once or soon after divided into particles, which, when close together and on the same level, appear as transverse striæ (fig. 18 d). Seen under a power of 420 diameters, these two rows of particles had the appearance of short, transverse lines. On one side of them are the remains of the granular layer of blastema, ready to be converted into another fibrilla or row of particles. But even when the surface of the fibre is perfectly plain, with the exception of the two lateral borders, it may be resolved into fibrillæ by the influence of certain reagents, particularly chromic acid.
Note on Dr. Wallich’s Microscopic “Jaw?’
Authors: Busk G. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In the October number of the Annals of Natural History’ (p. 304) is described and figured an organism contained in a muddy deposit dredged up at St. Helena, and regarded at that time by its discoverer, Dr. Wallich, as the lower jaw of a vertebrate animal, although, as he confesses, he had not then submitted it to any detailed examination.
On the Germination, Development, and Fructification of the Higher Cryptogamia, and on the Fructification of the Coniferæ
Authors: Hoffmeister Wilhelm 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Whether or not Linnæus intended by the term Cryptogamia to express a doubt about the sexuality of flowerless plants which one day might be cleared up, there is no doubt that many of the earlier observers suspected that the same conditions of reproduction existed in the lower as well as the higher plants. It was not, however, till the remarkable discoveries of Suminski with regard to the fructification of ferns, and the demonstration, not only of the existence, but of the function of sperm-cells and germ-cells in these cryptogams, that general attention was drawn to the subject. A host of observers have come upon the field, and we are now almost in a position to lay it down as a law, that throughout the whole vegetable kingdom there is going on a reproductive process, involving the union of two dissimilar cells—a germcell and a sperm-cell. In the lower cryptogamia there are many cases in which this has not been demonstrated; but in the higher cryptogamia it has been done for the whole series. Science is largely indebted to the labours of Dr. Hoffmeister for this result; and he has not only laboured as an original observer, but has collected together, with an industry and pains-taking diligence which is altogether German, all that has been done by others on the subject. His first published work on this subject was produced at Leipzig, in 1847. Since that period, however, much has been done, and Dr. Hoffmeister, in the ‘Transactions’ of the Royal Academy of Saxony, and in the ‘Regensberg Flora’ has added much original matter to his first observations. In 1852, the Ray Society had brought before it a proposition for the translation of Hoffmeister’s work. This was, however, not entertained at the time, as a London publisher advertised a translation of the same. This translation, however, never saw the light; and in 1859 Mr. F. Currey, who was himself well acquainted with the subject, undertook to correspond with Dr. Hoffmeister on the subject of a translation of his labours on Cryptogamic Botany, and the result has been the production of this work. It should therefore be understood, that this present volume is not a translation of Dr. Hoffmeister’s original work, nor a new edition of it, but a new work. It is, indeed, founded on the author’s first work, but not only have the papers before alluded to been added, but the author has contributed also a large quantity of new matter, and revised the whole work, so that it is really a complete record of all that is known at present. This is not only the case with the letter-press, but also with the plates. The work is illustrated with no fewer than sixty fine plates, all of which have been prepared for this work by the author, and engraved by Mr. Tuffen West.
Contributions to the Anatomy of Earthworms, with Descriptions of some New Species
Authors: Beddard Frank E. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The present paper contains some of the results of the examination of a quantity of material which I have been gradually amassing during the last few years. For this material I am indebted to the kindness of numerous friends at home and abroad who have interested themselves in the matter. For the most part the specimens which are described here were in a fit state of preservation for microscopical study.
The Presence of Ranvier’s Constrictions in the Spinal Cord of Vertebrates
Authors: Townsend Porter William 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
No question in the controversy over Ranvier’s constrictions is more interesting than that of distribution. Torneaux and Le Goff1 declared in 1875 that constrictions are present in the spinal cord. Their discovery remained almost unnoticed until Schiefferdecker,2 not aware that he had been anticipated by the French observers, offered silver pictures as proof that the constrictions are not confined to the peripheral nerves. The statements of these authors have been contested. Boll3 wrote against Torneaux and Le Goff; and Kölliker,4 seeking to test the results of Schiefferdecker, worked over the same ground, but arrived at opposite results, and brought new arguments in favour of the old opinion.
Excretory Tubules in Amphioxus lauceolatus
Authors: Weiss F. Ernest 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In the spring of last year, through the kind permission of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, I had the privilege of occupying the table which the Association supports at the Zoological Station in Naples. By the admirable arrangements made at this station I was able to have a constant and unlimited supply of living specimens of Amphioxus lanceolatus, and thought this a good opportunity to undertake some experiments with a view to ascertaining whether the curious patches of modified epithelial cells on the ventral wall of the atrium of Amphioxus had any excretory function, as Johannes Müller (1) had held probable; and whether also the atrio-cœlomic funnels first described by Professor Ray Lankester (2) in 1874, and again more recently (3), had any such function.
On a Little-Known Sense-Organ in Salpa
Authors: Lee Arthur Bolles 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
This organ was mentioned and figured in 1876 by Ussow, in the Memoirs of the Imperial Society of Naturalists of Moscow (T. XVII, Bd. iii, 2, Moscow, 1876). Since then it has not been mentioned by any author, so far as I have been able to discover ; none of the text-books, at any rate, make any allusion to it. Ussow’s figure (pl. vii, fig. 49, of the memoir quoted) is very imperfect, missing all of what appear to me to be the most interesting points of the subject. His text is inaccessible to me, being in Russian. I shall do well, I think, to describe the organ as I find it, with only such further reference to the work of the eminent Russian naturalist as may appear useful.
On some Points in the Histology and Development of Myriothela phrygia
Authors: Hardy W. B. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
While working at the Marine Biological Laboratory at Plymouth during the summer of 1888 my attention was directed to the remarkable hydroid Myriothela phrygia. I was acquainted with Professor Allmann’s (1) memoir, and it appeared to me that there were several points which demanded further study—notably the development of the gonophore and the structure of the endoderm, especially in relation to the physiological processes taking place in the enteric cavity. My work was continued, so far as circumstances would permit, during the ensuing winter; but on the appearance of Korot-neff’s account (2) of the growth of the gonophore, published in the ‘Archives de Zoologie Experimentale ‘for that year (1888), I discontinued it, in the hope that at some future time I might find the opportunity of examining with something like completeness the physiology of Myriothela. That opportunity unfortunately has not arisen, and I am induced to publish my results as they stand, believing that though incomplete they contain certain points of interest.
On Motile Phenomena in Sponges
Authors: Lieberkühn N. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
(Abstracted from ‘Reichert and Du Bois-Reymond’s Archiv.), 1863, p. 717).
The motile phenomena hitherto observed in sponges are connected with larger or smaller portions of the external integument and of the exhalent tubules, or with isolated cells. When the exhalent tubules of Spongilla contract, their walls become shortened and thickened, and the previously smooth surface uneven, from the presence of the spherical contracted cells, whose outlines at the same time are rendered very distinct, whilst they were before invisible, or, at most, here and there indistinctly perceptible. This contraction may proceed so far as to give the entire tubule the appearance of a mass of cells. The external membrane with which the sponge is covered exhibits its contractile property most clearly when separated to some distance from the substance of the body; on contracting, it either approaches nearer, or applies itself closely to, the subjacent parts, whilst the inhalent orifices open and close. Other motile phenomena are witnessed when a Spongilla with external membrane and exhalent canals is produced from a cut-off portion. The fragment thus cut off may be so thin as to consist of only a single layer of reticular parenchymatous fibres. The interstitial rounded, oval, or irregular spaces, under these circumstances, become for the most part closed, owing to the gradual increase in breadth of the trabeculæ; or cavities may be left when their membranes are stretched over them only from the upper and under sides of the trabeculæ, which enclose a space between them, and may become portions of the outer membrane, with exhalent canals. It cannot be determined with certainty to what extent this change of form is connected with any multiplication of cells. Lastly, movements in the individual cells have been noticed, the globular cells having been described as assuming a stellate figure, the stellate ones in turn becoming globular, but also this without any locomotion. This phenomenon occurs, not only in the cells of the uninjured substance, but also in those which have been detached. But locomotion has not as yet been described, and it is to this point that the following observations relate.