bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Defect‐Assisted Anchoring of Pt Single Atoms on MoS2 Nanosheets Produces High‐Performance Catalyst for Industrial Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Zhu Jingting , Tu Yudi , Cai Lejuan , Ma Haibin , Chai Yang , Zhang Lifu , Zhang Wenjing 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPt‐based catalysts are currently the most efficient electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), but the scarcity and high cost of Pt limit industrial applications. Downsizing Pt nanoparticles (NPs) to single atoms (SAs) can expose more active sites and increase atomic utilization, thus decreasing the cost. Here, a solar‐irradiation strategy is used to prepare hybrid SA‐Pt/MoS2 nanosheets (NSs) that demonstrate excellent HER activity (the overpotential at a current density of 10 mA cm−2 (η10) of 44 mV, and Tafel slope of 34.83 mV dec−1 in acidic media; η10 of 123 mV, and Tafel slope of 76.71 mV dec−1 in alkaline media). Defects and deformations introduced by thermal pretreatment of the hydrothermal MoS2 NSs promote anchoring and stability of Pt SAs. The fabrication of Pt SAs and NPs is easily controlled using different Pt‐precursor concentrations. Moreover, SA‐Pt/MoS2 produced under natural sunlight exhibits high HER performance (η10 of 55 mV, and Tafel slope of 43.54 mV dec−1), which indicates its viability for mass production. Theoretical simulations show that Pt improves the absorption of H atoms and the charge‐transfer kinetics of MoS2, which significantly enhance HER activity. A simple, inexpensive strategy for preparing SA‐Pt/MoS2 hybrid catalysts for industrial HER is provided.
Amyloid Fibril Templated MOF Aerogels for Water Purification
Authors: Jia Xiangze , Peydayesh Mohammad , Huang Qiang , Mezzenga Raffaele 
Published: November 2021

AbstractDesign and fabrication of versatile adsorbents for universal water purification following green chemistry principles remain challenging. Here, it is shown that amyloid fibrils from protein waste can be used as a functional scaffold for metal organic framework (MOF) biomimetic mineralization. The resulting amyloid fibrils/ZIF‐8 hybrid aerogels can effectively remove nine different heavy metal ions from water due to their hierarchical porous structure. Importantly, amyloid fibrils/ZIF‐8 hybrid aerogels can efficiently remove Hg2+ and Pb2+ from water over five consecutive adsorption–regeneration cycles. Furthermore, a dual removal pathway of adsorption and catalytic degradation is observed in the synthetic dyes, indicating that the aerogel preserves its porous nature and maintains the integrity of versatile functional ligands within ZIF‐8. Finally, it is shown that these hybrid aerogels can also perform successfully in oil–water separation. Considering the facile synthesis procedure, high removal efficiency, affordable cost, and regeneration possibilities, the amyloid fibrils/ZIF‐8 hybrid aerogel stands as an ideal candidate for addressing open challenges in wastewater treatment and water purification.
Li2O2 Formation Electrochemistry and Its Influence on Oxygen Reduction/Evolution Reaction Kinetics in Aprotic Li–O2 Batteries
Authors: Liu Lili , Liu Yihao , Wang Chen , Peng Xiaohui , Fang Weiwei , Hou Yuyang , Wang Jun , Ye Jilei , Wu Yuping 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAprotic Li–O2 batteries are regarded as the most promising technology to resolve the energy crisis in the near future because of its high theoretical specific energy. The key electrochemistry of a nonaqueous Li–O2 battery highly relies on the formation of Li2O2 during discharge and its reversible decomposition during charge. The properties of Li2O2 and its formation mechanisms are of high significance in influencing the battery performance. This review article demonstrates the latest progress in understanding the Li2O2 electrochemistry and the recent advances in regulating the Li2O2 growth pathway. The first part of this review elaborates the Li2O2 formation mechanism and its relationship with the oxygen reduction reaction/oxygen evolution reaction electrochemistry. The following part discusses how the cycling parameters, e.g., current density and discharge depth, influence the Li2O2 morphology. A comprehensive summary of recent strategies in tailoring Li2O2 formation including rational design of cathode structure, certain catalyst, and surface engineering is demonstrated. The influence resulted from the electrolyte, e.g., salt, solvent, and some additives on Li2O2 growth pathway, is finally discussed. Further prospects of the ways in making advanced Li–O2 batteries by control of favorable Li2O2 formation are highlighted, which are valuable for practical construction of aprotic lithium–oxygen batteries.
Selected Physicochemical Properties of Starch Isolated from Colored Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) as Compared to Starch from Yellow Flesh Potatoes
Authors: Gumul Dorota , Areczuk Anna , Berski Wiktor , Juszczak Lesław , Khachatryan Gohar 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPotatoes, especially colored, are perceived as a valuable source of bioactive compounds, and they are also an important raw material for starch production. There is virtually no information about starch from colored potatoes grown in Central Europe. Therefore, starches from light and colored potato varieties are isolated, and their particle size distributions, molecular masses, phosphorus content, gelatinization properties, water binding capacity, and solubility are analyzed. It is found that the mean and minimum granule size is similar for all investigated varieties, but colored varieties have larger granules. Moreover, starches isolated from colored potatoes are characterized by a higher phosphorus content than those isolated from light ones. It is shown that the solubility and water‐binding capacity of starch from colored potatoes is greater than that of light flesh, especially at higher temperatures. Starches from light flesh potatoes are characterized by significantly higher gelatinization enthalpy values than those from colored potatoes.
Design of prefabricated footing connection using a coupled hydro‐mechanical finite element model
Authors: Teodosio Bertrand , Baduge Kasun Shanaka Kristombu , Mendis Priyan 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe use of prefabricated systems can alleviate the inadequate housing and skilled workers in most developed countries by expediting required construction time, reducing material wastage, decreasing the effect of weather impacts, minimizing unexpected costs, skilled labor dependence, and construction hazards. The full potential of prefabricated construction is yet to be realized in part due to most advancements being focused on its superstructure. The development of prefabricated substructures for lightweight buildings needs to consider the susceptibility to damage induced by the shrink‐swell movement of expansive soils causing significant global financial losses. Prefabricated substructures should have robust connections in discontinued regions to transfer forces and moments. Due to these issues, the aim of this study is to develop a connection for prefabricated raft substructures of single‐detached dwellings on expansive soils using a combined soil‐structure contact analysis and strut‐and‐tie model approach. The developed substructure system was validated using experiments and further investigated through numerical simulations. The developed prefabricated connection was observed to have satisfactory performance, potentially overcoming most construction limitations of conventional monolithic cast‐in‐place raft substructures, such as faster, safer, and more sustainable construction, while providing comparable strength and serviceability.
Pulmonary artery stenosis versus supravalvular pulmonic stenosis: Correctly describing a congenital stenosis of the pulmonic outflow tract in a domestic cat
Authors: Chrai Gurcharan Emily , Lawson P. Brent , Köster Liza S. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPulmonary artery stenosis and pulmonic stenosis are rare congenital heart diseases in domestic cats. This case describes the incidental finding of pulmonary artery stenosis in an asymptomatic cat that was originally described as pulmonic stenosis; it highlights the criteria for differentiation of the two conditions. This cat was initially diagnosed at 1.5 years with pulmonic stenosis. During a recheck at 13 years of age, the stenotic lesion was determined to be anatomically supravalvular rather than at the level of the valve. There was debate as to whether the lesion should be classified as supravalvular pulmonic stenosis, but ultimately, pulmonary artery stenosis was considered more appropriate. There are discrepancies in the literature regarding what the qualifications for these conditions are, and if supravalvular pulmonic stenosis is the appropriate terminology. The purpose of this case report is to further explore these qualifications to justify the diagnosis of pulmonary artery stenosis in this patient.
Mechanisms of COVID-19-induced kidney injury and current pharmacotherapies
Authors: Faour Wissam H. , Choaib Ali , Issa Elio , Choueiry Francesca El , Shbaklo Khodor , Alhajj Maryline , Sawaya Ramy Touma , Harhous Zeina , Alefishat Eman , Nader Moni 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic created a worldwide debilitating health crisis with the entire humanity suffering from the deleterious effects associated with the high infectivity and mortality rates. While significant evidence is currently available online and targets various aspects of the disease, both inflammatory and noninflammatory kidney manifestations secondary to COVID-19 infection are still largely underrepresented. In this review, we summarized current knowledge about COVID-19-related kidney manifestations, their pathologic mechanisms as well as various pharmacotherapies used to treat patients with COVID-19. We also shed light on the effect of these medications on kidney functions that can further enhance renal damage secondary to the illness.
Artificial intelligence utilising corneal confocal microscopy for the diagnosis of peripheral neuropathy in diabetes mellitus and prediabetes
Authors: Preston Frank G. , Meng Yanda , Burgess Jamie , Ferdousi Maryam , Azmi Shazli , Petropoulos Ioannis N. , Kaye Stephen , Malik Rayaz A. , Zheng Yalin , Alam Uazman 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Aims/hypothesis
We aimed to develop an artificial intelligence (AI)-based deep learning algorithm (DLA) applying attribution methods without image segmentation to corneal confocal microscopy images and to accurately classify peripheral neuropathy (or lack of).

Methods
The AI-based DLA utilised convolutional neural networks with data augmentation to increase the algorithm’s generalisability. The algorithm was trained using a high-end graphics processor for 300 epochs on 329 corneal nerve images and tested on 40 images (1 image/participant). Participants consisted of healthy volunteer (HV) participants (n = 90) and participants with type 1 diabetes (n = 88), type 2 diabetes (n = 141) and prediabetes (n = 50) (defined as impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance or a combination of both), and were classified into HV, those without neuropathy (PN−) (n = 149) and those with neuropathy (PN+) (n = 130). For the AI-based DLA, a modified residual neural network called ResNet-50 was developed and used to extract features from images and perform classification. The algorithm was tested on 40 participants (15 HV, 13 PN−, 12 PN+). Attribution methods gradient-weighted class activation mapping (Grad-CAM), Guided Grad-CAM and occlusion sensitivity displayed the areas within the image that had the greatest impact on the decision of the algorithm.

Results
The results were as follows: HV: recall of 1.0 (95% CI 1.0, 1.0), precision of 0.83 (95% CI 0.65, 1.0), F1-score of 0.91 (95% CI 0.79, 1.0); PN−: recall of 0.85 (95% CI 0.62, 1.0), precision of 0.92 (95% CI 0.73, 1.0), F1-score of 0.88 (95% CI 0.71, 1.0); PN+: recall of 0.83 (95% CI 0.58, 1.0), precision of 1.0 (95% CI 1.0, 1.0), F1-score of 0.91 (95% CI 0.74, 1.0). The features displayed by the attribution methods demonstrated more corneal nerves in HV, a reduction in corneal nerves for PN− and an absence of corneal nerves for PN+ images.

Conclusions/interpretation
We demonstrate promising results in the rapid classification of peripheral neuropathy using a single corneal image. A large-scale multicentre validation study is required to assess the utility of AI-based DLA in screening and diagnostic programmes for diabetic neuropathy.

Graphical abstract
The contralateral based Cervico-pectoral rotation flap for large neck defects
Authors: Kumar Naveena A. N. , Dikhit Punit Singh , Usman Nawaz , Rajan Keshava , Shetty Preethi S. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Purpose
We here describe our technique of contralateral based cervico-pectoral (CCP) flap for the reconstruction of large neck defect following resection of primary tumour or recurrence particularly due to the lymph node mass.

Methods
The study included the patients who underwent major head and neck surgical ablative procedures followed by CCP flap reconstruction between July 2020 and November 2020. Patients were kept on rigorous regular follow-up to evaluate for flap related complications like flap necrosis, flap dehiscence and oro-cutaneous fistula. Among the 5 patients included and presented in the series, 2 patients were salvage cases post adjuvant treatment.

Results
Five patients who have undergone head and neck reconstruction using CCP flap were included. No major flap related complications occurred in post-operative period.

Conclusion
The CCP flap is simple to perform and reproducible and can be added to the armamentarium for the reconstruction of large upper neck defect following resection of primary tumour or recurrence involving the cervical skin in resource limited setting and in contraindication for microvascular reconstruction. Proper planning, meticulous dissection and adequate release or rotation and tension free closure would provide best outcomes.
Mining sequences with exceptional transition behaviour of varying order using quality measures based on information-theoretic scoring functions
Authors: Schouten Rianne M. , Bueno Marcos L. P. , Duivesteijn Wouter , Pechenizkiy Mykola 
Published: November 2021

AbstractDiscrete Markov chains are frequently used to analyse transition behaviour in sequential data. Here, the transition probabilities can be estimated using varying order Markov chains, where order k specifies the length of the sequence history that is used to model these probabilities. Generally, such a model is fitted to the entire dataset, but in practice it is likely that some heterogeneity in the data exists and that some sequences would be better modelled with alternative parameter values, or with a Markov chain of a different order. We use the framework of Exceptional Model Mining (EMM) to discover these exceptionally behaving sequences. In particular, we propose an EMM model class that allows for discovering subgroups with transition behaviour of varying order. To that end, we propose three new quality measures based on information-theoretic scoring functions. Our findings from controlled experiments show that all three quality measures find exceptional transition behaviour of varying order and are reasonably sensitive. The quality measure based on Akaike’s Information Criterion is most robust for the number of observations. We furthermore add to existing work by seeking for subgroups of sequences, as opposite to subgroups of transitions. Since we use sequence-level descriptive attributes, we form subgroups of entire sequences, which is practically relevant in situations where you want to identify the originators of exceptional sequences, such as patients. We show this relevance by analysing sequences of blood glucose values of adult persons with diabetes type 2. In the experiments, we find subgroups of patients based on age and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), a measure known to correlate with average blood glucose values. Clinicians and domain experts confirmed the transition behaviour as estimated by the fitted Markov chain models.
Foundations of a Theory of Gravity with a Constraint and Its Canonical Quantization
Authors: Sobolev Alexander P. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe gravitational equations were derived in general relativity (GR) using the assumption of their covariance relative to arbitrary transformations of coordinates. It has been repeatedly expressed an opinion over the past century that such equality of all coordinate systems may not correspond to reality. Nevertheless, no actual verification of the necessity of this assumption has been made to date. The paper proposes a theory of gravity with a constraint, the degenerate variants of which are general relativity (GR) and the unimodular theory of gravity. This constraint is interpreted from a physical point of view as a sufficient condition for the adiabaticity of the process of the evolution of the space–time metric. The original equations of the theory of gravity with the constraint are formulated. On this basis, a unified model of the evolution of the modern, early, and very early Universe is constructed that is consistent with the observational astronomical data but does not require the hypotheses of the existence of dark energy, dark matter or inflatons. It is claimed that: physical time is anisotropic, the gravitational field is the main source of energy of the Universe, the maximum global energy density in the Universe was 64 orders of magnitude smaller the Planckian one, and the entropy density is 18 orders of magnitude higher the value predicted by GR. The value of the relative density of neutrinos at the present time and the maximum temperature of matter in the early Universe are calculated. The wave equation of the gravitational field is formulated, its solution is found, and the nonstationary wave function of the very early Universe is constructed. It is shown that the birth of the Universe was random.
Reformulation of Public Help Index θ Using Null Player Free Winning Coalitions
Authors: Stach Izabella 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis paper proposes a new representation for the Public Help Index θ (briefly, PHI θ). Based on winning coalitions, the PHI θ index was introduced by Bertini et al. in (2008). The goal of this article is to reformulate the PHI θ index using null player free winning coalitions. The set of these coalitions unequivocally defines a simple game. Expressing the PHI θ index by the winning coalitions that do not contain null players allows us in a transparent way to show the parts of the power assigned to null and non-null players in a simple game. Moreover, this new representation may imply a reduction of computational cost (in the sense of space complexity) in algorithms to compute the PHI θ index if at least one of the players is a null player. We also discuss some relationships among the Holler index, the PHI θ index, and the gnp index (based on null player free winning coalitions) proposed by Álvarez-Mozos et al. in (2015).
Continuous and controllable electro-fabrication of antimicrobial copper-alginate dressing for infected wounds treatment
Authors: Wang Shijia , Liu Xiaoli , Lei Miao , Sun Junjie , Qu Xue , Liu Changsheng 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe contamination of chronic wound with bacteria especially methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) is considered as the major factor interferencing normal wound healing. There still remain great challenges in developing safe and effective wound dressings with wide-spectrum antibacterial functions. Alginate hydrogel is a common dressing for wound treatment. Copper is one of the trace elements in human body with inherent antibacterial activity. Traditional methods for preparing a structure-controlled copper-alginate antibacterial matrix are difficult however, due to the fast and uncontrolled gelation between alginate and metal ions. In this work, we report an electrodeposition method for rapid fabrication of copper cross-linked alginate antibacterial films (Cu2+-Alg) with controlled structure and copper content, which is relied on an electrical signal controlled release of copper ions from the reaction of insoluble salt Cu2(OH)2CO3and the generated protons via water electrolysis on anode. The results prove that the physical structure and chemical composition of the electrodeposited Cu2+-Alg films can be continuously modulated by the imposed charges during electrodeposition. In vitro tests demonstrate the film has Cu2+content-dependent bactericidal activities. Film’s cytocompatibility is well controlled by the imposed charges for Cu2+-Alg fabrication. The MRSA infected wound model in vivo also indicates that Cu2+-Alg film can effectively eliminate bacterial infection and suppress host inflammatory responses. We believe this study demonstrates a convenient and controllable strategy to fabricate alginate antibacterial dressings with potential applications for infected wound treatment. More broadly, our work reveals electrodeposition is a general and simple platform to design alginate films with versatile functions.
Efficient implementation of advanced Richardson Extrapolation in an atmospheric chemical scheme
Authors: Zlatev Zahari , Dimov Ivan , Faragó István , Georgiev Krassimir , Havasi Ágnes 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe numerical treatment of an atmospheric chemical scheme, which contains 56 species, is discussed in this paper. This scheme is often used in studies of air pollution levels in different domains, as, for example, in Europe, by large-scale environmental models containing additionally two other important physical processes—transport of pollutants in the atmosphere (advection) and diffusion phenomena. We shall concentrate our attention on the efficient numerical treatment of the chemical scheme by using Implicit Runge–Kutta Methods combined with accurate and efficient advanced versions of the Richardson Extrapolation. A Variable Stepsize Variable Formula Method is developed in order to achieve high accuracy of the calculated results within a reasonable computational time. Reliable estimations of the computational errors when the proposed numerical methods are used in the treatment of the chemical scheme will be demonstrated by presenting results from several representative runs and comparing these results with “exact” concentrations obtained by applying a very small stepsize during the computations. Results related to the diurnal variations of some of the chemical species will also be presented. The approach used in this paper does not depend on the particular chemical scheme and can easily be applied when other atmospheric chemical schemes are selected.
Heat production in municipal and industrial waste as revealed by isothermal microcalorimetry
Authors: Pushp Mohit , Lönnermark Anders , Hedenqvist Mikael , Vikegard Peter 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSelf-ignited fires at municipal solid waste (MSW) storage sites are relatively common. The minimization of the phenomenon of self-heating in the waste can reduce the risks for smouldering combustion. The purpose of this work was to develop a method that can be used to measure and characterize the heat production in MSW. The method is based on isothermal heat conduction microcalorimetry (IMC). The heat production in MSW was determined based on sampling from two sites in two different geographical locations in Sweden. Both the original waste and milled/homogenised waste were tested. The heat production was measured at different temperatures together with gas analysis using micro-gas chromatography. The activity in the waste, in terms of its heat flow, increased when the temperature increased up to 60 °C and decreased at higher temperatures, e.g., 70 and 80 °C. The consumption of oxygen and the production of carbon dioxide, together with the heat production, indicated that aerobic metabolism was responsible for the heat production. This is further strengthened by the marginal heat production observed for ultraviolet treated waste. The results showed that IMC is a valuable tool for characterising the self-heating in municipal and industrial waste.