bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sulfur Isotope Evidence for a Geochemical Zonation of the Samoan Mantle Plume
Authors: Dottin James W. , Labidi Jabrane , Jackson Matthew G. , Farquhar James 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBasalts from the Samoan volcanoes sample contributions from all of the classical mantle endmembers, including extreme EM II and high 3He/4He components, as well as dilute contributions from the HIMU, EM I, and DM components. Here, we present multiple sulfur isotope data on sulfide extracted from subaerial and submarine whole rocks (N = 16) associated with several Samoan volcanoes—Vailulu‘u, Malumalu, Malutut, Upolu, Savai‘i, and Tutuila—that sample the full range of geochemical heterogeneity at Samoa and upon exhaustive compilation of S‐isotope data for Samoan lavas, allow for an assessment of the S‐isotope compositions associated with the different mantle components sampled by the Samoan hotspot. We observe variable S concentrations (10–1,000 ppm) and δ34S values (−0.29‰ ± 0.30 to +4.84‰ ± 0.30, 2σ). The observed variable S concentrations are likely due to sulfide segregation and degassing processes. The range in δ34S reflects mixing between the mantle origin and recycled components, and isotope fractionations associated with degassing. The majority of samples reveal Δ33S within uncertainty of Δ33S = 0‰ ± 0.008. Important exceptions to this observation include: (a) a negative Δ33S (−0.018‰ ± 0.008, 2σ) from a rejuvenated basalt on Upolu island (associated with a diluted EM I component) and (b) previously documented small (but resolvable) Δ33S values (up to +0.027 ± 0.016) associated with the Vai Trend (associated with a diluted HIMU component). The variability we observed in Δ33S is interpreted to reflect contributions of sulfur of different origins and likely multiple crustal protoliths. Δ36S versus Δ33S relationships suggest all recycled S is of post‐Archean origin.
Mechanisms Driving Decadal Changes in the Carbonate System of a Coastal Plain Estuary
Authors: Da Fei , Friedrichs Marjorie A. M. , St‐Laurent Pierre , Shadwick Elizabeth H. , Najjar Raymond G. , Hinson Kyle E. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractUnderstanding decadal changes in the coastal carbonate system is essential for predicting how the health of these waters responds to anthropogenic drivers, such as changing atmospheric conditions and riverine inputs. However, studies that quantify the relative impacts of these drivers are lacking. In this study, the primary drivers of decadal trends in the surface carbonate system, and the spatiotemporal variability in these trends, are identified for a large coastal plain estuary: the Chesapeake Bay. Experiments using a coupled three‐dimensional hydrodynamic‐biogeochemical model highlight that, over the past three decades, the changes in the surface carbonate system of Chesapeake Bay have strong seasonal and spatial variability. The greatest surface pH and aragonite saturation state (ΩAR) reductions have occurred in the summer in the middle (mesohaline) Bay: −0.24 and −0.9 per 30 years, respectively, with increases in atmospheric CO2 and reductions in nitrate loading both being primary drivers. Reductions in nitrate loading have a strong seasonal influence on the carbonate system, with the most pronounced decadal decreases in pH and ΩAR occurring during the summer when primary production is strongly dependent on nutrient availability. Increases in riverine total alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon have raised surface pH in the upper oligohaline Bay, while other drivers such as atmospheric warming and input of acidified ocean water through the Bay mouth have had comparatively minor impacts on the estuarine carbonate system. This work has significant implications for estuarine ecosystem services, which are typically most sensitive to surface acidification in the spring and summer seasons.
Deep Emulators for Differentiation, Forecasting, and Parametrization in Earth Science Simulators
Authors: Nonnenmacher Marcel , Greenberg David S. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractTo understand and predict large, complex, and chaotic systems, Earth scientists build simulators from physical laws. Simulators generalize better to new scenarios, require fewer tunable parameters, and are more interpretable than nonphysical deep learning, but procedures for obtaining their derivatives with respect to their inputs are often unavailable. These missing derivatives limit the application of many important tools for forecasting, model tuning, sensitivity analysis, or subgrid‐scale parametrization. Here, we propose to overcome this limitation with deep emulator networks that learn to calculate the missing derivatives. By training directly on simulation data without analyzing source code or equations, this approach supports simulators in any programming language on any hardware without specialized routines for each case. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach, we train emulators on complete or partial system states of the chaotic Lorenz‐96 simulator and evaluate the accuracy of their dynamics and derivatives as a function of integration time and training data set size. We further demonstrate that emulator‐derived derivatives enable accurate 4D‐Var data assimilation and closed‐loop training of parametrizations. These results provide a basis for further combining the parsimony and generality of physical models with the power and flexibility of machine learning.
Instability Mechanisms for the F‐Region Plasma Irregularities Inside the Midlatitude Ionospheric Trough: Swarm Observations
Authors: Liu Yiwen , Xiong Chao , Wan Xin , Lai Yeping , Wang Yuhao , Yu Xiao , Ou Ming 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe midlatitude ionospheric trough (MIT) is a well‐known feature in the topside ionosphere. Previous MIT related studies mainly focused on the MIT structure itself, while few studies focused on irregularities inside the MIT region. In this study, we provided for the first time the magnetic latitude and magnetic local time distribution of irregularities within the MIT, by using the Swarm in situ plasma measurements. Orbital cases show that both the MIT equatorward and poleward walls are embedded with small‐scale irregularities. Further statistical analysis reveals that the particle precipitation is the dominant mechanism for the dayside MIT region irregularities, while nightside MIT region irregularities are strongly related with the temperature gradient drift instability. The Swarm observations show that the temperature gradient drift instability occur not only in MIT equatorward wall but also in MIT polarward wall, which is different to the theoretical prediction of Hudson and Kelley (1976,https://doi.org/10.1029/JA081i022p03913).
Recent progress in targeted delivery vectors based on biomimetic nanoparticles
Authors: Chen Li , Hong Weiqi , Ren Wenyan , Xu Ting , Qian Zhiyong , He Zhiyao 
Published: June 2021

AbstractOver the past decades, great interest has been given to biomimetic nanoparticles (BNPs) since the rise of targeted drug delivery systems and biomimetic nanotechnology. Biological vectors including cell membranes, extracellular vesicles (EVs), and viruses are considered promising candidates for targeted delivery owing to their biocompatibility and biodegradability. BNPs, the integration of biological vectors and functional agents, are anticipated to load cargos or camouflage synthetic nanoparticles to achieve targeted delivery. Despite their excellent intrinsic properties, natural vectors are deliberately modified to endow multiple functions such as good permeability, improved loading capability, and high specificity. Through structural modification and transformation of the vectors, they are pervasively utilized as more effective vehicles that can deliver contrast agents, chemotherapy drugs, nucleic acids, and genes to target sites for refractory disease therapy. This review summarizes recent advances in targeted delivery vectors based on cell membranes, EVs, and viruses, highlighting the potential applications of BNPs in the fields of biomedical imaging and therapy industry, as well as discussing the possibility of clinical translation and exploitation trend of these BNPs.
Enhancement of the nutritional value of fermented corn stover as ruminant feed using the fungi Pleurotus spp.
Authors: Wang Yuqiong , Luo Yang , Luo Lilong , Zhang Hang , Liao Yangci , Gou Changlong 
Published: June 2021

AbstractFourPleurotus spp.fungi (P. diamor, P. eryngii, P. sajor-caju, P. citrinopileatus) were compared for their potential to improve nutritional value of corn stover as ruminant feed. Corn stover was inoculated with the fungi under solid-state conditions and their results showed thatP. sajor-cajuandP. eryngiiwere better than the other two species ofPleurotuswith respect to decreasing the acid detergent lignin (ADL) (8.99 vs 9.88 vs 10.16 vs 10.46). In contrast,P. eryngiihad lower ability to degrade cellulose (13.38%). Corn stover treated withP. citrinopileatushad the highest crude protein (CP) content (7.65%), whereas treatment withP. sajor-cajuresulted in the highest increase in essential amino acids (55.11%). Although fungal pre-treatment of lignocellulosic biomass does not always result in high-quality feed, overall,P. eryngiiandP. sajor-cajuimproved the nutritive value of corn stover as a ruminant feed.
Preclinical immunogenicity testing using anti-drug antibody analysis of GX-G3, Fc-fused recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, in rat and monkey models
Authors: Kim Yun Jung , Koh Eun Mi , Song Chi Hun , Byun Mi Sun , Choi Yu Ri , Jeon Eun-Jeong , Hwang Kyunghwa , Kim Sang Kyum , Yang Sang In , Jung Kyung Jin 
Published: June 2021

AbstractHuman granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF, this study used Fc-fused recombinant G-CSF; GX-G3) is an important glycoprotein that stimulates the proliferation of granulocytes and white blood cells. Thus, G-CSF treatment has been considered as a crucial regimen to accelerate recovery from chemotherapy-induced neutropenia in cancer patients suffering from non-myeloid malignancy or acute myeloid leukemia. Despite the therapeutic advantages of G-CSF treatment, an assessment of its immunogenicity must be performed to determine whether the production of anti-G-CSF antibodies causes immune-related disorders. We optimized and validated analytical tools by adopting validation parameters for immunogenicity assessment. Using these validated tools, we analyzed serum samples from rats and monkeys injected subcutaneously with GX-G3 (1, 3 or 10 mg/kg once a week for 4 weeks followed by a 4-week recovery period) to determine immunogenicity response and toxicokinetic parameters with serum concentration of GX-G3. Several rats and monkeys were determined to be positive for anti-GX-G3 antibodies. Moreover, the immunogenicity response of GX-G3 was lower in monkeys than in rats, which was relevant to show less inhibition of toxicokinetic profiles in monkeys, at least 1 mg/kg administrated group, compared to rats. These results suggested the establishment and validation for analyzing anti-GX-G3 antibodies and measurement of serum levels of GX-G3 and anti-GX-G3 antibodies, which was related with toxicokinetic profiles. Taken together, this study provides immunogenicity assessment which is closely implicated with toxicokinetic study of GX-G3 in 4-week repeated administrated toxicological studies.
Anisotropic dielectric susceptibility matrix of anisotropic medium
Authors: Gao Wanrong 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn this work, we introduce the concept of anisotropic dielectric susceptibility matrix of anisotropic medium for both nondepolarizing and depolarizing medium. The concept provides a new way of analyzing light scattering properties of anisotropic media illuminated by polarized light. The explicit expressions for the elements of the scattering matrix are given in terms of the elements of the Fourier transform of the anisotropic dielectric susceptibility matrix of the medium. Finally, expressions for the elements of the Jones matrix of a thin layer of a deterministic anisotropic medium and the elements of the Mueller matrix of a depolarizing medium are given. The results obtained in this work is helpful for deriving information about the correlated anisotropic structures in depolarizing media from measured Mueller matrices. The findings in this work may also well prove stimulating to researchers working on new methods for analyzing light scattering properties.
Transmission of light signals from the light-oxygen-voltage core via the hydrophobic region of the β-sheet surface in aureochrome-1
Authors: Nakajima Hiroto , Kobayashi Itsuki , Adachi Yumiko , Hisatomi Osamu 
Published: June 2021

AbstractLight-Oxygen-Voltage (LOV) domains are responsible for detecting blue light (BL) and regulating the activities of effector domains in various organisms. Photozipper (PZ), an N-terminally truncated aureochrome-1 protein, contains a LOV domain and a basic leucin zipper (bZIP) domain and plays a role as a light-activatable transcription factor. PZ is monomeric in the dark state and undergoes non-covalent dimerization upon illumination with BL, subsequently increasing its affinity for the target DNA. To clarify the molecular mechanism of aureochromes, we prepared site-directed mutants of PZ and performed quantitative analyses in the dark and light states. Although the amino acid substitutions in the hinge region between the LOV core and A’α helix had minor effects on the dimerization and DNA-binding properties of PZ, the substitutions in the β-sheet region of the LOV core and in the A’α helix significantly affected these properties. We found that light signals are transmitted from the LOV core to the effector bZIP domain via the hydrophobic residues on the β-sheet. The light-induced conformational change possibly deforms the hydrophobic regions of the LOV core and induces the detachment of the A’α helix to expose the dimerization surface, likely activating the bZIP domain in a light-dependent manner.
Resonant X-ray emission spectroscopy from broadband stochastic pulses at an X-ray free electron laser
Authors: Fuller Franklin D. , Loukianov Anton , Takanashi Tsukasa , You Daehyun , Li Yiwen , Ueda Kiyoshi , Fransson Thomas , Yabashi Makina , Katayama Tetsuo , Weng Tsu-Chien , Alonso-Mori Roberto , Bergmann Uwe , Jan Kern  , Yachandra Vittal K. , Wernet Philippe , Yano Junko 
Published: June 2021

AbstractHard X-ray spectroscopy is an element specific probe of electronic state, but signals are weak and require intense light to study low concentration samples. Free electron laser facilities offer the highest intensity X-rays of any available light source. The light produced at such facilities is stochastic, with spikey, broadband spectra that change drastically from shot to shot. Here, using aqueous ferrocyanide, we show that the resonant X-ray emission (RXES) spectrum can be inferred by correlating for each shot the fluorescence intensity from the sample with spectra of the fluctuating, self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) source. We obtain resolved narrow and chemically rich information in core-to-valence transitions of the pre-edge region at the Fe K-edge. Our approach avoids monochromatization, provides higher photon flux to the sample, and allows non-resonant signals like elastic scattering to be simultaneously recorded. The spectra obtained match well with spectra measured using a monochromator. We also show that inaccurate measurements of the stochastic light spectra reduce the measurement efficiency of our approach.
MiR-27a-3p enhances the cisplatin sensitivity in hepatocellular carcinoma cells through inhibiting PI3K/Akt pathway
Authors: Yang Ying , Yang Zhifang , Zhang Ruili , Jia Chunli , Mao Rui , Mahati Shaya , Zhang Yuefen , Wu Ge , Sun Yan na , Jia Xiao yan , Aimudula Ainiwaer , Zhang Hua , Bao Yongxing 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in drug resistance, and it is reported that miR-27a-3p regulated the sensitivity of cisplatin in breast cancer, lung cancer and ovarian cancer. However, the relationship between miR-27a-3p and chemosensitivity of cisplatin in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was unclear, especially the underlying mechanism was unknown. In the present study, we analyzed miR-27a-3p expression levels in 372 tumor tissues and 49 adjacent tissues in HCC samples from TCGA database, and found that the miR-27a-3p was down-regulated in HCC tissues. The level of miR-27a-3p was associated with metastasis, Child–Pugh grade and race. MiR-27a-3p was regarded as a favorable prognosis indicator for HCC patients. Then, miR-27a-3p was overexpressed in HepG2 cell, and was knocked down in PLC cell. Next, we conducted a series of in vitro assays, including MTT, apoptosis and cell cycle assays to observe the biological changes. Further, inhibitor rate and apoptosis rate were detected with pre- and post-cisplatin treatment in HCC. The results showed that overexpression of miR-27a-3p repressed the cell viability, promoted apoptosis and increased the percentage of cells in G0/G1 phase. Importantly, overexpression of miR-27a-3p significantly increased the inhibitor rate and apoptosis rate with cisplatin intervention. Besides, we found that miR-27a-3p added cisplatin sensitivity potentially through regulating PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Taken together, miR-27a-3p acted as a tumor suppressor gene in HCC cells, and it could be useful for modulating cisplatin sensitivity in chemotherapy.
Bioprinting of kidney in vitro models: cells, biomaterials, and manufacturing techniques
Authors: Fransen Maaike F.J. , Addario Gabriele , Bouten Carlijn V.C. , Halary Franck , Moroni Lorenzo , Mota Carlos 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The number of patients with end-stage renal disease is continuously increasing worldwide. The only therapies for these patients are dialysis and organ transplantation, but the latter is limited due to the insufficient number of donor kidneys available. Research in kidney disease and alternative therapies are therefore of outmost importance. In vitro models that mimic human kidney functions are essential to provide better insights in disease and ultimately novel therapies. Bioprinting techniques have been increasingly used to create models with some degree of function, but their true potential is yet to be achieved. Bioprinted renal tissues and kidney-like constructs presents challenges, for example, choosing suitable renal cells and biomaterials for the formulation of bioinks. In addition, the fabrication of complex renal biological structures is still a major bottleneck. Advances in pluripotent stem cell-derived renal progenitors has contributed to in vivo-like rudiment structures with multiple renal cells, and these started to make a great impact on the achieved models. Natural- or synthetic-based biomaterial inks, such as kidney-derived extracellular matrix and gelatin-fibrin hydrogels, which show the potential to partially replicate in vivo-like microenvironments, have been largely investigated for bioprinting. As the field progresses, technological, biological and biomaterial developments will be required to yield fully functional in vitro tissues that can contribute to a better understanding of renal disease, to improve predictability in vitro of novel therapeutics, and to facilitate the development of alternative regenerative or replacement treatments. In this review, we resume the main advances on kidney in vitro models reported so far.
Orphan nuclear receptor 4A1 (NR4A1) and novel ligands
Authors: Safe Stephen , Shrestha Rupesh , Mohankumar Kumaravel 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily of transcription factors encodes expression of 48 human genes that are important for maintaining cellular homeostasis and in pathophysiology, and this has been observed for all sub-families including orphan receptors for which endogenous ligands have not yet been identified. The orphan NR4A1 (Nur77 and TR3) and other members of this sub-family (NR4A2 and NR4A3) are immediate early genes induced by diverse stressors, and these receptors play an important role in the immune function and are up-regulated in some inflammatory diseases including solid tumors. Although endogenous ligands for NR4A have not been identified, several different classes of compounds have been characterized as NR4A1 ligands that bind the receptor. These compounds include cytosporone B and structurally related analogs, bis-indole derived (CDIM) compounds, the triterpenoid celastrol and a number of other chemicals including polyunsaturated fatty acids. NR4A1 ligands bind different regions/surfaces of NR4A1 and exhibit selective NR4A1 modulator (SNR4AM) activities that are dependent on ligand structure and cell/tissue context. NR4A1 ligands exhibit pharmacologic activities in studies on cancer, endometriosis metabolic and inflammatory diseases and are promising agents with clinical potential for treating multiple diseases.
Magnetic fields in the accretion disks for various inner boundary conditions
Authors: Boneva D. V. , Mikhailov E. A. , Pashentseva M. V. , Sokoloff D. D. 
Published: June 2021

Context.The magnetic fields of accretion disks play an important role in studying their evolution. We may assume that its generation is connected to the dynamo mechanism, which is similar with that in the galactic disks.Aims.Here, we propose a model of the magnetic field of the accretion disk that uses the same approaches that have been used for galaxies. It is necessary to obtain the field, which is expected to be less than the equipartition value, and without destroying the disk. To do so, it is necessary to formulate the basic properties of the ionized medium and to estimate the parameters governing the dynamo.Methods.We used the no-zapproximation that has been developed for thin disks. We also take different boundary conditions that can change the value of the field significantly.Results.We show that the magnetic field strictly depends on the boundary conditions. Taking zero conditions and the fixed magnetic field condition on the inner boundary, which are connected to the physical properties of the accretion disk, we can avoid solutions that are greater than the equipartition field.