bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sex and morph differences in age‐dependent trait changes in a polymorphic songbird
Authors: Cain Kristal E. , Griffith Simon C. , Kruuk Loeske E. B. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThere is growing evidence of important variation in how animals age, in particular in how the expression of traits changes with age among different species and populations. However, less is known about variation within populations, which may include variation in ageing patterns between different types of individuals (e.g. sexes or distinct polymorphisms) and between different types of traits (e.g. general traits versus those used in social signalling contexts). We used 6 years of longitudinal data to examine age‐related changes in trait expression in a captive population of Gouldian finches (Erythrura gouldiae), a socially monogamous songbird with genetically determined colour morphs that differ in behaviour and physiology. We contrasted ageing patterns of different types of traits (social signalling vs. size‐related) in both sexes and in two colour morphs, using a mixed model approach to account for both within‐ and between‐individual effects. We found pronounced sex differences in how social signalling traits change with age, showing a quadratic pattern in males, but not changing with age in females. In contrast, we observed no sex‐specific ageing patterns in size traits. We also found subtle morph differences in how size‐related traits changed with age, with black morphs stable or increasing with age while red morphs showing a decline with age. Finally, we found an interesting sex by morph interaction in one important social signal (headband width). These results highlight the importance of using within‐individual approaches to understand ageing patterns across types of individuals (sex, morph, etc.) and the need for further research on the ageing patterns of traits that may experience different selective pressures.
Tapeworms as pathogens of fish: A review
Authors: Scholz Tomáš , Kuchta Roman , Oros Mikuláš 
Published: September 2021

AbstractTapeworms (Cestoda) represents a species rich (about 5000 species) group of flatworms (Neodermata) parasitizing all groups of vertebrates including humans, with about 1000 species parasitizing elasmobranchs and almost 500 occurring in teleosts as adults. They are common parasites of cultured fish, both as adults and larvae (metacestodes), but only few adult tapeworms are actually pathogenic for their fish hosts. In contrast, cestode larvae can be harmful for fish, especially plerocercoids migrating throughout their tissue and internal organs. Current knowledge of host–parasite relationships, including immune response of fish infected with tapeworms, is still insufficient to enable adequate control of cestodoses, and most data available were obtained several decades ago. Treatment of fish infected with adult tapeworms is effective, especially with praziquantel, whereas the treatment of metacestodes is problematic. Control measures include interruption of the complex life cycle and prevention of transport of uninspected fish to new region.
Liquidity risk and the beta premium
Authors: Gong Cynthia M. , Luo Di , Zhao Huainan 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAs opposed to the “low beta low risk” convention, we show that low beta stocks are illiquid and exposed to high liquidity risk. After adjusting for liquidity risk, low beta stocks no longer outperform high beta stocks. Although investors who “bet against beta” earn a significant beta premium under the Fama–French three‐ or five‐factor models, this strategy fails to generate any significant returns when liquidity risk is accounted for. Our work helps understand the beta premium from a new liquidity‐risk perspective, and draws useful implications for both fund and corporate managers.
Assessment of larvae killing pneumatic conveying system elbow: Screening the pressure drop and numerical simulation
Authors: Mohammadzadeh Peyman , Shahgholi Gholamhossein , Fanaei Adel Rezvanivand , Rostampour Vahid 
Published: September 2021

AbstractOptimum design of the conveying process plays a key role in the enhancement of system performance. In this study, a critical section of a larvae killing system in wheat conveying was evaluated experimentally and numerically. Three elbow angles of 105, 120, and 135° according to physical constraints were assessed to achieve the best conveying condition. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was used to obtain numerical results. Also, the Reynolds stress model (RSM) and discrete phase method (DPM) were applied to simulate the turbulences and interaction between solid–gas phases, respectively. The results showed that a minimum pressure drop of 131 Pa occurred in the 120° configuration, and this configuration has the best development from the velocity magnitude viewpoint. Of note, the lowest vorticity magnitude (as a positive factor in safe conveying) was obtained for the 120° configuration in which the vorticity magnitude 63% less than 105°. Also, the contours of turbulence intensity and erosion, comprehensively investigated. Considering all aspects, the 120° configuration was selected as the optimum conveying angle in the larvae killing system.Practical applicationsThe larvae killing system is the main part of the wheat conveying processes. The optimal condition of conveying could be obtained using new numerical methods. Computational fluid dynamics is a powerful method in the simulation of process phenomena. The results achieved from this research could be utilized for energy saving through decreasing the pressure drop, besides understanding of flow field within the system.
The willingness of UK adults with intellectual disabilities to take COVID‐19 vaccines
Authors: Hatton C. , Bailey T. , Bradshaw J. , Caton S. , Flynn S. , Gillooly A. , Jahoda A. , Maguire R. , Marriott A. , Mulhall P. , Oloidi E. , Taggart L. , Todd S. , Abbott D. , Beyer S. , Gore N. , Heslop P. , Scior K. , Hastings R. P. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundGiven the much greater COVID‐19 mortality risk experienced by people with intellectual disabilities (ID), understanding the willingness of people with ID to take a COVID‐19 vaccine is a major public health issue.MethodIn December 2020 to February 2021, across the United Kingdom, 621 adults with ID were interviewed remotely and 348 family carers or support workers of adults with ID with greater needs completed an online survey, including a question on willingness to take a COVID‐19 vaccine if offered.ResultsEighty‐seven per cent of interviewees with ID were willing to take a COVID‐19 vaccine, with willingness associated with white ethnicity, having already had a flu vaccine, gaining information about COVID‐19 from television but not from social media, and knowing COVID‐19 social restrictions rules. A percentage of 81.7% of surveyed carers of adults with ID with greater needs reported that the person would be willing to take a COVID‐19 vaccine, with willingness associated with white ethnicity, having a health condition of concern in the context of COVID‐19, having had a flu vaccine, being close to someone who had died due to COVID‐19, and having shielded at some point during the pandemic.ConclusionsReported willingness to take the COVID‐19 vaccine is high among adults with ID in the United Kingdom, with factors associated with willingness having clear implications for public health policy and practice.
Pressure–temperature–time–deformation (P–T–t–d) path for Devonian forearc deposits in the Imjingang Belt, South Korea: Implications for Permian–Triassic collisional orogenesis on the eastern margin of Eurasia
Authors: Kim Hyeong Soo , Ree Jin‐Han , Kang Hee‐Cheol , Yi Keewook 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe Taean Formation on the central western margin of the Korean Peninsula contains layered metapelite, quartzo‐feldspathic schist, amphibolite, calcsilicate, and impure marble. The layering was formed by tectonic transposition of the original bedding. The formation has lithologic and isotopic age signatures similar to those of metasedimentary rocks of the Imjingang Belt, which is the eastern extension of the Qinling–Dabie–Sulu Belt, and the depositional age of the formation can be constrained to the Late Devonian. The metamorphic pressure–temperature (P–T) path for the formation is characterized by a high ΔP/ΔT prograde part and subsequent near‐isothermal decompression with peak P–T conditions of 600–620°C and 9.0–10.5 kbar, based on observations of mineral assemblages and phase equilibria modelling. Strong compressional deformation (Dn) produced a N–S‐trending Sn foliation that transposed the earlier Sn–1 and isoclinal Fn folds and was coeval with an episode of medium‐ to high‐pressure amphibolite‐facies metamorphism. The NNE–SSW‐trending left‐lateral Ryeseonggang Fault played a key role in producing the N–S distribution of the metamorphosed forearc deposits along the western coast of the Korean Peninsula. The peak metamorphism and deformation occurred during the early Permian to Early Triassic (276–250 Ma), with retrogression taking place during the Late Triassic (c. 230 Ma), as inferred from new U–Pb zircon age data and previous titanite and muscovite ages for the formation. The clockwise P–T–t (time)–d (deformation) path for the Taean Formation indicates rapid burial during Dn followed by rapid exhumation during the Permian–Triassic collision between the Qinling microcontinent and the North China Craton.
Investigating the molecular mechanisms of learning and memory using Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Rahmani Aelon , Chew Yee Lian 
Published: September 2021

AbstractLearning is an essential biological process for survival since it facilitates behavioural plasticity in response to environmental changes. This process is mediated by a wide variety of genes, mostly expressed in the nervous system. Many studies have extensively explored the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying learning and memory. This review will focus on the advances gained through the study of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. C. elegans provides an excellent system to study learning because of its genetic tractability, in addition to its invariant, compact nervous system (~300 neurons) that is well‐characterised at the structural level. Importantly, despite its compact nature, the nematode nervous system possesses a high level of conservation with mammalian systems. These features allow the study of genes within specific sensory‐, inter‐ and motor neurons, facilitating the interrogation of signalling pathways that mediate learning via defined neural circuits. This review will detail how learning and memory can be studied in C. elegans through behavioural paradigms that target distinct sensory modalities. We will also summarise recent studies describing mechanisms through which key molecular and cellular pathways are proposed to affect associative and non‐associative forms of learning.
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Spanish nurses’ experiences with personal protective equipment and perceptions of risk of contagion from COVID‐19: A qualitative rapid appraisal
Authors: Romeu‐Labayen Maria , Tort‐Nasarre Glòria , Alvarez Bruna , Subias‐Miquel Martí , Vázquez‐Segura Eva , Marre Diana , Galbany‐Estragués Paola 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAims and ObjetivesExplore nurses' experiences and perception of risk regarding the use of personal protective equipment during the first wave of the pandemic in Spain.BackgroundThe contribution of our study is to use qualitative methods to understand nurses' experiences and perceptions of the risk of the contagion linked to the shortage of PPE during the first wave of the pandemic, whose explosive start strained health systems around the globe.DesignQualitative descriptive design according to the Rapid Research Evaluation and Appraisal model.MethodsSemi‐structured videoconference interviews were conducted to explore the experiences of 29 nurses including staff nurses, nursing supervisors and nursing directors from hospital and community services of the Spanish health system. Interviews lasted 30–45 min and were conducted in May 2020. We carried out a thematic analysis using Dedoose. The COREQ checklist was used to report findings.ResultsWe identified the following themes and subthemes: 1. Experiences with personal protective equipment: scarcity, inequality, reutilization, self‐protection, delegation of responsibility, and gap between protocols and reality; 2. Perception of the risk of contagion: lack of credibility, lack of trust, lack of support, and meeting subjective needs.ConclusionsThe scarcity of personal protective equipment and inequality in its distribution led nurses to take initiatives to feel more protected. Mid‐ranking supervisors were caught between the responsibility of monitoring and rationing personal protective equipment and providing the necessary protection to nurses. The disjuncture between protocols and the available supply of personal protective equipment caused confusion. Lack of credibility, lack of trust and lack of support from management influenced participants' perception of the risk of contagion. Mid‐ranking supervisors were often responsible for trying to alleviate fear among nursing staff.Relevance to clinical practiceUnderstanding the factors involved in risk perception can be helpful to decision‐makers who help protect nurses in clinical practice. These results can help administrators and policymakers because they point to the need for nurses to feel that their departments and centers look after their safety at work. Transparent communication and emotional support may contribute to their well‐being in the face of risk.
Brain mitochondrial dysfunction and driving simulator performance in untreated obstructive sleep apnea
Authors: Vakulin Andrew , Green Michael A. , D’Rozario Angela L. , Stevens David , Openshaw Hannah , Bartlett Delwyn , Wong Keith , McEvoy R. Doug , Grunstein Ronald R. , Rae Caroline D. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIt is challenging to determine which patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) have impaired driving ability. Vulnerability to this neurobehavioral impairment may be explained by lower brain metabolites levels involved in mitochondrial metabolism. This study compared markers of brain energy metabolism in OSA patients identified as vulnerable vs resistant to driving impairment following extended wakefulness. 44 patients with moderate‐severe OSA underwent 28hr extended wakefulness with three 90min driving simulation assessments. Using a two‐step cluster analysis, objective driving data (steering deviation and crashes) from the 2nd driving assessment (22.5 h awake) was used to categorise patients into vulnerable (poor driving, n = 21) or resistant groups (good driving, n = 23). 1H magnetic resonance spectra were acquired at baseline using two scan sequences (short echo PRESS and longer echo‐time asymmetric PRESS), focusing on key metabolites, creatine, glutamate, N‐acetylaspartate (NAA) in the hippocampus, anterior cingulate cortex and left orbito‐frontal cortex. Based on cluster analysis, the vulnerable group had impaired driving performance compared with the resistant group and had lower levels of creatine (PRESS p = ns, APRESS p = 0.039), glutamate, (PRESS p < 0.01, APRESS p < 0.01), NAA (PRESS p = 0.038, APRESS p = 0.035) exclusively in the left orbito‐frontal cortex. Adjusted analysis, higher glutamate was associated with a 21% (PRESS) and 36% (APRESS) reduced risk of vulnerable classification. Brain mitochondrial bioenergetics in the frontal brain regions are impaired in OSA patients who are vulnerable to driving impairment following sleep loss. These findings provide a potential way to identify at risk OSA phenotype when assessing fitness to drive, but this requires confirmation in larger future studies.
Correlates of inadequate sleep health among primary school children
Authors: Belmon Laura S. , Komrij Nina L. , Busch Vincent , Oude Geerdink Esmée , Heemskerk Danique M. , de Bruin Ed J. , Chinapaw Mai J.M. , van Stralen Maartje M. 
Published: September 2021

SummaryThe aim of the present study was to explore potential factors of inadequate sleep health (i.e. sleep duration, quality, and timing) of school‐aged children. Data were collected among 382 primary school children (aged 4–13 years) and their parents. Personal characteristics (i.e. age, sex), individual lifestyle behaviours (i.e. screen use, sleep hygiene behaviour), social and community factors (i.e. parental sleep‐related practices, parental barriers, perceived ethnicity), and living conditions (i.e. parental educational level, sleep environment) were assessed with a parental questionnaire. Sleep duration, quality, and timing were assessed with a sleep diary. Associations were analysed using linear mixed models and logistic regression analyses. In total, 332 children, with a mean (range) age of 7.5 (4–13) years, were included in the analyses. The mean sleep duration was 632 min/night, the mean sleep quality score was 40, on a scale from 10 to 50, and 25% had a bedtime that varied >40 min between weekdays. Factors negatively associated with children’s sleep health included older age, perceived non‐Dutch cultural background, lower parental pre‐sleep emotional support, the parental barrier to get their child to bed on time when siblings have a later bedtime, high parental educational level, sleeping in a darkened bedroom, and being brought to bed after falling asleep. On average, children in the present study had adequate sleep health. The factors found to be associated with children’s sleep health are useful for future healthy sleep research and intervention development.
Ethnic differences in response to lifestyle intervention for the prevention of type 2 diabetes in adults: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Chen Mingling , Moran Lisa J. , Harrison Cheryce L. , Ukke Gebresilasea Gendisha , Sood Surbhi , Bennett Christie J. , Bahri Khomami Mahnaz , Absetz Pilvikki , Teede Helena , Lim Siew 
Published: September 2021

SummaryThe risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) varies by ethnicity, but ethnic differences in response to diabetes prevention interventions remain unclear. This systematic review and meta‐analysis assessed ethnic differences in the effects of lifestyle interventions on T2DM incidence, glycemic outcomes (fasting glucose, 2‐h glucose, HbA1c), anthropometric measures (weight, BMI, waist circumference), and lifestyle behaviors (physical activity, energy intake, energy from fat, fiber intake). MEDLINE, EMBASE, and other databases were searched (to June 15, 2020) for randomized and non‐randomized controlled trials on lifestyle interventions (diet and/or physical activity) in adults at risk of T2DM. Ethnicity was categorized into European, South Asian, East and Southeast Asian, Middle Eastern, Latin American, and African groups. Forty‐four studies were included in meta‐analyses. Overall, lifestyle interventions resulted in significant improvement in T2DM incidence, glycemic outcomes, anthropometric measures, physical activity, and energy intake (all P < 0.01). Significant subgroup differences by ethnicity were found for 2‐h glucose, weight, BMI, and waist circumference (all P < 0.05) but not for T2DM incidence, fasting glucose, HbA1c, and physical activity (all P > 0.05). Few studies in non‐European groups reported dietary intake. Lifestyle interventions in different ethnic groups may have similar effects in reducing incidence of T2DM although this needs to be confirmed in further studies.
The impact of spectacle lenses for myopia control on visual functions
Authors: Gao Yi , Lim Ee Woon , Yang Adeline , Drobe Björn , Bullimore Mark A 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPurposeSpectacle lenses containing multiple small peripheral elements have been developed for myopia control in children. It is important that their effect on vision be quantified by (i) fixation through the peripheral portion, thereby using foveal vision and (ii) by fixation through the central portion and presentation of peripheral targets.MethodsThe above approaches were used in five studies to evaluate two novel spectacle lens designs: spectacle lenses with Highly Aspherical Lenslets (HAL) and Slightly Aspherical Lenslets (SAL). A single vision lens served as a control. Visually normal adults participated in each study. The first two studies had subjects fixate through the periphery of the lenses. High and low (10%) contrast visual acuity was measured with the Freiburg Vision Test and reading speed for high and low contrast words measured with a sentence generator. The other three studies assessed peripheral vision while subjects fixated through the central portion of the lens. Peripheral contrast sensitivity was measured using two cycles per degree drifting Gabor stimuli. Peripheral motion perception was further evaluated using random dot stimuli. Finally, attention was measured using an established test of useful field of view with three levels of complexity.ResultsThe periphery of the HAL lens significantly reduced low contrast visual acuity, but not high contrast visual acuity, while the effect of the SAL lens was not significant for either. Neither test lens affected reading speed for high contrast words, but the HAL lens significantly affected performance for low contrast words. Neither test lens affected peripheral motion perception or useful field of view.ConclusionsLow contrast visual acuity and reading was slightly reduced while high contrast visual acuity was unaffected when fixating through the periphery of the novel lens designs. None of the peripheral measures of vision was affected by the novel lens designs.
Successful treatment of complex regional pain syndrome type 1 of upper limb with cryoneurolysis of the stellate ganglion: A rare case report
Authors: Sarridou Despoina , Papadopoulou Dimitra , Paraskevopoulos Tilemachos , Stavropoulou Evmorfia 
Published: September 2021

AbstractComplex regional pain syndrome type I (CRPS I) is a multifactorial condition that is related to neural damage, and leads to chronic neuropathic pain. Due to its multifactorial nature, there are many methods that have been recruited for its management. Most of them limit the symptoms to some degree, but the most effective of them so far seems to be blockade of the sympathetic innervation of the region. We present the case of a 71‐year‐old woman, with an upper limb fracture which was treated conservatively, and later on developed CRPS type I. Analgesic medications and pregabalin were ineffective in controlling her symptoms. Blockade of the stellate ganglion was performed with local anesthetic and dexamethasone. After the stellate ganglion blockade was marked as successful in relieving her symptoms, cryoneurolysis was performed which was very effective. There are not many cases that have been treated with cryoneurolysis, and this is what makes this case interesting.