bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magazines for Women
Authors: Sillars Stuart 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Women’s magazines had a dual aim in the period, providing fiction and other forms of entertainment reading and offering practical advice about childcare, cookery and household management. They also nurtured skills including knitting and dressmaking, offering designs for clothes for children and themselves. Pictorial covers presented both the twin aims, through precise wording of contents matched by images offering more attractive ways of living. Fiction combined image and text in advancing or delaying events, and often making moral points. Woman’s Life in the 1920s matched these aims with illustrated fiction mingling escape and guidance: it also included occasional comic strips for young children. The more expensive Woman and Home attracted readers from a slightly higher income bracket but covered similar material. Launched in 1932, Woman’s Own used the newer forms of printing and design, reflecting greater confidence of its readers and newer material including film reviews.
Introduction
Authors: Hawes Greta 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces Pausanias as a compiler, narrator, and critic of Greek myth. It surveys some different approaches to Pausanias as a mythographer over the past 130 years. It places him in his literary and cultural context by considering the significance of Greek myth in the Roman empire and determines the particular characteristics of his approach to geographical description. Using the case study of Boreas and Oreithyia at Athens, it argues in particular that the relationship between place and stories was intricate, complex, and inextricable and that the influence of earlier canonical literature was ever-present.
Encounters
Authors: Hawes Greta 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the various ways in which landmarks relate—and relate to—the spatium mythicum (period of myth). It begins with a survey of the strong conceptual associations of toponyms absent their physical instantiations (‘Replicas’) then considers the specific experience of encountering objects left behind by the heroes still surviving in the present (‘Relics’). ‘Residues’ describes those immaterial connections to the world of myth, and the impact of spoliation on the Greek conception of the mythic past. The final section considers the very different mythic networks that persist in cities fallen into ruins and builds up a concept of storytelling infrastructures: on- and off-site phenomena that scaffold the ability of a place to continue to proclaim its mythic importance. Without a community of resident-storytellers—the most significant of the on-site storytelling infrastructures—the myths of those places changes.
Legal and Political Factors at Work Within the Article 50 TEU Process
Authors: Dougan Michael 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the legal and political factors that decisively shaped the conduct of the EU–UK Brexit negotiations under Article 50 TEU. As concerns the EU, those factors include: the institutional roles laid down in the Treaties and further developed in practice; the core EU constitutional law principles governing withdrawal; and the EU’s basic political priorities for Brexit as articulated by the European Council in April 2017. As concerns the UK, those factors include: the lack of advance preparations for the consequences of a Leave victory in the 2016 referendum; the difficulty of formulating a Brexit plan capable of commanding sufficient political support; and uncertainty over who was constitutionally entitled to decide on UK withdrawal, which was only finally resolved by the UK Supreme Court in Miller.
Citizens’ Rights
Authors: Dougan Michael 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides a detailed evaluation of one of the key separation challenges raised by Brexit and addressed in Part Two of the EU–UK Withdrawal Agreement: protecting the rights of EU citizens and UK nationals who had already exercised their free movement rights under EU law before the end of the transition period on 31 December 2020. EU free movement law provides the general baseline for calculating entitlement to protection and the content of future rights in fields such as residency, employment, and social security. However, the Withdrawal Agreement also contains various deviations from that EU law baseline, e.g. the UK’s EU Settlement Scheme is based on compulsory registration by EU citizens; e.g. the ‘golden cage’ whereby UK nationals are protected only in their state of residence, not across the whole EU. The Withdrawal Agreement also contains special rules on enforcement and interpretation of citizens’ rights—but they will not be sufficient to protect against the full effects of social exclusion or discrimination.
Social Interaction in Infancy
Authors: Schuwerk Tobias , Rakoczy Hannes 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The present chapter reviews the early development of various forms of social cognition guiding social interaction in infancy. There is wide agreement that very early in the first year of life infants reveal remarkable sensitivity to social information, and engage in remarkable forms of contingent social interaction. It is equally undisputed that towards the end of the first year of life infants begin to operate with basic forms of folk psychology, understanding others and themselves as intentional agents who perceive their surroundings and act intentionally, and that from their second year on infants engage in shared intentionality with others. What is controversial, however, is whether infants already operate with fully fledged meta-representational Theory of Mind, or whether this capacity develops in more protracted ways, depending on language acquisition and cultural experience. This chapter reviews theoretical debates and empirical findings related to this controversy in detail.
Comparing Cabinets
Authors: Weller Patrick , Grube Dennis , Rhodes R.A.W. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Why is cabinet government so resilient? Despite many obituaries, why does it continue to be the vehicle for governing across most parliamentary systems? This book answers these questions by examining the structure and performance of cabinet government in five democracies: the United Kingdom, Denmark, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and Australia. The book is organized around the dilemmas that cabinet governments must solve: how to develop the formal rules and practices that can bring predictability to the daily business and allow consistent decision making; how to balance good policy with good politics; how to ensure cohesion between the factions and parties that constitute the cabinet while allowing levels of self-interest to be advanced; how leaders can balance persuasion and command; and how to maintain support through accountability at the same time as being able to make unpopular decisions. All these dilemmas are continuing challenges to cabinet government, never solvable, and constantly reappearing in different forms. We ask how traditions, beliefs, and practices shape the answers. The different practices between the democracies examined show there can be no single definition of cabinet government. This comparative approach provides analysis and insights into the process of cabinet government that cannot be achieved in the study of any single political system. We better understand the pressures on each system by appreciating the options that are elsewhere accepted as common beliefs.
The United Kingdom
Authors: Weller Patrick , Grube Dennis C. , Rhodes R. A. W. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the traditions that underpin government in the United Kingdom, with its traditional stress on strong prime ministers dominating their cabinets which control the parliament. Some of these traditions may be myths, but they still create expectations about the way that cabinet government should work. The chapter examines the relations between prime ministers and their ministers. It then uses some of the defining insights from Walter Bagehot’s famous work, The English Constitution, as a lens to understand how this unwritten constitution works. It considers the selection of ministers, the confidentiality of proceedings, and the lack of transparency of cabinet practices.
Australia: Traditions and Practices
Authors: Weller Patrick , Grube Dennis C. , Rhodes R. A. W. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The chapter describes the conventions and practices of Australian government. A variant of the Westminster system, it has a number of characteristics that define its workings and conventions: a written constitution, a federal system with potentially powerful state governments, and a High Court that can interpret that constitution. It also has a brutal political culture. These characteristics explain the ways in which Australian cabinet government differs from the English model from which it was derived, and the vulnerability of Australian prime ministers to removal by their own parties. These factors lead to a different form of parliamentary government with distinctly different practices.
The Process Dilemma
Authors: Weller Patrick , Grube Dennis C. , Rhodes R. A. W. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The chapter explores the practices and conventions of cabinet government. Consistent and predictable processes are seen as underpinning good government. They can illustrate how governments solve the core dilemmas: the need for predictability, a process to allow the negotiation and conciliation of differences, and means for determining hard choices. The chapter interprets the idea of norms, rules, and conventions, considering the influence of handbooks and manuals and of scheduling and the choice of forums. It illustrates how these routines have an impact on the dilemmas of predictability, negotiation, and difficult choices.
Introduction
Authors: Greer Sarah 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This introductory chapter presents the importance of memory as a theme within the study of medieval history and explains the ability of monasteries to function as memorial sites in multiple different ways. It introduces the main argument of the book, that the development of Ottonian female monasteries reveals how these communities of women deployed memory and history-writing to achieve their own aims as active participants in power politics rather than passive bearers of familial memory.
Rewriting the Origins of Gandersheim
Authors: Greer Sarah 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Hrotsvitha of Gandersheim’s version of her monastery’s origin story is a central source for our understanding of the early history of the Liudolfing family and the role that monastic commemoration played in their rise to political power. This chapter offers a close reading of Hrotsvitha’s text within the political context of the 970s, revealing how the image of Gandersheim’s origins was being reshaped by contemporary concerns. It argues that the Primordia coenobii Gandeshemensis was a sophisticated attempt to appeal to influential new patrons after its abbess faced the loss of her closest supporters. In doing so, we can see that Gandersheim, far from falling out of favour after the foundation of Quedlinburg in 936, remained at the heart of Ottonian politics because of its precarious position between rival branches of Henry I’s descendants.
Conclusion
Authors: Greer Sarah 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This concluding chapter elucidates the larger points which emerged over the preceding chapters. Memorial centres like Gandersheim and Quedlinburg were able to embody and articulate concepts of identity, dynasty, and legitimacy to a broad audience. In an environment where various members of a new dynasty were trying to assert their claim to royal power, the centres tied to the family of Henry I and Queen Mathilda were positioned at the heart of political conflicts amongst their descendants. The women of Gandersheim and Quedlinburg were not passive figures in these conflicts, but instead carefully deployed new historical texts to shape their relationships with Ottonian rulers and external patrons for their own benefit.
Armies and Political Change in Britain, 1660-1750
Authors: Smith Hannah 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Armies and Political Change in Britain, 1660–1750 argues that armies had a profound impact on the major political events of late seventeenth- and early eighteenth-century Britain. Opening with the controversial creation of a permanent army to protect the restored Stuart monarchy in 1660–1, this original and important book examines how armies defended or destroyed regimes during the Exclusion Crisis, Monmouth’s Rebellion, the Revolution of 1688–9, and the Jacobite rebellions and plots of the post-1714 period, including the ’15 and ’45. The book explores the political ideas of ‘common soldiers’ and army officers and analyses their political engagements in a divisive, partisan world. The threat or hope of military intervention into politics preoccupied the era. Would a monarch employ the army to circumvent parliament and annihilate Protestantism? Might the army determine the succession to the throne? Could an ambitious general use armed force to achieve supreme political power? These questions troubled successive generations of men and women as the British army developed into a lasting and costly component of the state and emerged as a highly successful fighting force during the War of the Spanish Succession. Armies and Political Change in Britain, 1660–1750 deploys an innovative periodization to explore significant continuities and developments across the reigns of seven monarchs spanning almost a century. Using a vivid and extensive array of archival, literary, and artistic material, the book presents a striking new perspective on the political and military history of Britain
Popery, Arbitrary Government, and War, 1670–8
Authors: Smith Hannah 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines Charles II’s political and military problems during the Third Anglo-Dutch War as he once again attempted a policy of religious toleration. With the country at war, Charles was confronted with the dilemma of appointing a commander for his army and with the problem of how to discipline this newly increased force. But even more difficult was his relationship with parliament, which was intensely suspicious of the army. Parliament remained deeply concerned that the army had been infiltrated by Catholics. Moreover, parliament continued to be apprehensive of Charles’s plans for his army, particularly when the army was enlarged to fight a war with France in 1678.
Why Reform?
Authors: Calvo-Gonzalez Oscar 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWhat drives economic policy reform? This is one of the most fundamental questions in the political economy of reform. This chapter tackles this question for the case of Spain. If economic crisis did not lead to the adoption of policy reforms, what did? The chapter provides archival and other evidence, including a novel quantitative analysis of public speeches, in support of an alternative explanation for why significant economic policy reforms were adopted. In contrast with most of the literature, this chapter argues that economic reforms in Spain can be better understood not as the result of economic instability but of political stability. The increase in stability extended the time horizons of policymakers, as well as reduced the perception of external threats. With security concerns minimized, one would expect the regime to be ready to trade off short-term costs for long-term gain. The result was a gradual shift of policies because the underlying political realities also changed gradually. As the political environment changed and the regime achieved greater stability, it paid increasing attention to economic issues.
Policy Tinkering
Authors: Calvo-Gonzalez Oscar 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis chapter reconciles the conclusion that an increase in contestability played a role in Spain’s economic takeoff, as argued in the previous chapter, with the fact that much of the economy remained tightly controlled. The chapter provides an account of policy changes during the 1960s, described here as a period of policy tinkering, that contrasts with the standard view in the literature of a period of policy reversals. The chapter provides evidence that, while there was some backtracking in policy reforms, there were also numerous areas in which policies kept being finetuned but not reversed. The chapter speaks to the broader literature on the extent to which reforms are induced by crisis, and its corollary than in the absence of crisis, the reform momentum dissipates—a finding which is not confirmed in the case under study.
Interpersonal Epistemic Entitlements
Authors: Goldberg Sanford C. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues that the nature of our epistemic entitlement to rely on certain belief-forming processes—perception, memory, reasoning, and perhaps others—is not restricted to one’s own belief-forming processes. It argues as well that we can have access to the outputs of others’ processes, in the form of their assertions. These two points support the conclusion that epistemic entitlements are “interpersonal.” It then proceeds to argue that this opens the way for a non-standard version of anti-reductionism in the epistemology of testimony, and a more “extended” epistemology—one that calls into question the epistemic significance that has traditionally been ascribed to the boundaries separating individual subjects.
The Epistemic Costs of Politeness
Authors: Goldberg Sanford C. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter investigates some of the epistemic cost of politeness. One obvious cost has to do with lost opportunities for correcting errors: communities that are polite will tend to allow known falsehoods to pass without comment. But this chapter will focus on another, less familiar epistemic cost of politeness: communities that are polite sap the signaling potential of conversational silence, thereby losing out on the prospects of a cheap way to distribute the burden of testimonial monitoring. We do not claim that these costs should prompt us to give up our commitment to politeness; only to recognize the cost, in the spirit of an honest accounting.
Should Have Known
Authors: Goldberg Sanford C. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues that there are cases in which a subject, S, should have known that p, even though, given her state of evidence at the time, she was in no position to know it. In particular, S should have known that p when (i) another person has, or would have, legitimate expectations regarding S’s epistemic condition, (ii) the satisfaction of these expectations would require that S knows that p, and (iii) S fails to know that p. I argue that these three conditions are sometimes jointly satisfied. There are (at least) two main sources of legitimate expectations regarding another’s epistemic condition: participation in a legitimate social practice; and moral and epistemic expectations more generally. In developing my position on this score, I will have an opportunity (i) to contrast practice-generated entitlements to expect with epistemic reasons to believe; (ii) to compare the “should have known” phenomenon with the phenomenon of culpable ignorance; and finally (iii) to suggest the bearing of the “should have known” phenomenon to epistemology itself.
Women’s Representation on High Courts
Authors: Escobar-Lemmon Maria C. , Hoekstra Valerie J. , Kang Alice J. , Kittilson Miki Caul 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Chapter 1 poses the central question of the book: Why has women’s representation advanced on high courts worldwide? After theorizing why women’s presence is essential for the judicial process, the chapter argues that monocausal explanations for women’s representation on high courts are insufficient. The appointment of judges involves multiple sources of influence. This chapter builds an analytic framework to explain the gains women have made on high courts by focusing on three sets of explanations: pipelines to high courts, domestic institutions including selection mechanisms, and international influences. The book’s global lens and combination of quantitative time-serial analyses and five country studies (Canada, Colombia, Ireland, South Africa, the United States) allows for examining these influences across a variety of structures, institutions, and regional contexts. The chapter also lays out the plan of the book, with the first part highlighting the book’s cross-national quantitative comparisons, and the second part examining pathways and processes to investigate how and why women are appointed.
Pipelines to High Courts
Authors: Escobar-Lemmon Maria C. , Hoekstra Valerie J. , Kang Alice J. , Kittilson Miki Caul 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 offers case study evidence to appraise whether and how the supply of women judges and lawyers corresponds with the appointment of women to high courts. Understanding that the typical career path differs across the cases, the chapter sketches the conventional pipeline to the supreme court or constitutional court in each country (Canada, Colombia, Ireland, South Africa, and the United States). The chapter examines the proportion of women in the feeder professions in each case, taking into account a lag in time from graduating from law school to becoming a judge. The efficacy of the pipeline theory varies substantially across the five countries. At certain points in time, the appointment of women to the highest court outpaced the presence of women in the typical feeder professions in Canada and South Africa. For many years, women were plentiful but were not selected to the highest bench in Colombia, Ireland, and the United States. It reveals that there is a rich and deep eligible pool of women qualified to sit on high courts.
Conclusion
Authors: Escobar-Lemmon Maria C. , Hoekstra Valerie J. , Kang Alice J. , Kittilson Miki Caul 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The final chapter, chapter 7, weaves together the findings from both the cross-national, time-serial statistical analyses and the in-depth case studies to offer overarching arguments for why women’s representation advanced on high courts around the world. Despite differences in socioeconomic and legal contexts, a common denominator emerges: high courts are gendered. Taken together, both the cross-national and cross-temporal evidence shows that women’s appointments to the peak bench is not automatic, and that both domestic and international factors are influential. In general, despite relatively full pipelines, gendered institutions in the selection process have limited women’s advancement. In different ways, changing global norms have raised the profile of women’s appointments, placing pressure on those with the power to transform the bench, although with varying degrees of success. A chain of favorable influences emerge: new norms of gender equality encourage reimagining the composition of courts; advocacy organizations challenge the status quo; and windows of opportunity enable change. For women to make significant and sustainable strides, it is necessary to go beyond equal treatment and access to the same opportunities. Instead, what is needed is an equity-minded approach: a fundamental transformation of the processes that were built around the traditional all-men norm. The chapter offers a multi-pronged set of approaches for diversifying the judiciary. Reimagining high courts is not only about gender parity; it means building inclusive judiciaries that reflect the full range of lived experiences in society.