bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A neurologist’s perspective on serum neurofilament light in the memory clinic: a prospective implementation study
Authors: Willemse E. A. J. , Scheltens P. , Teunissen C. E. , Vijverberg E. G. B. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
Neurofilament light in serum (sNfL) is a biomarker for axonal damage with elevated levels in many neurological disorders, including neurodegenerative dementias. Since within-group variation of sNfL is large and concentrations increase with aging, sNfL’s clinical use in memory clinic practice remains to be established. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the clinical use of serum neurofilament light (sNfL), a cross-disease biomarker for axonal damage, in a tertiary memory clinic cohort.

Methods
Six neurologists completed questionnaires regarding the usefulness of sNfL (n = 5–42 questionnaires/neurologist). Patients that visited the Alzheimer Center Amsterdam for the first time between May and October 2019 (n = 109) were prospectively included in this single-center implementation study. SNfL levels were analyzed on Simoa and reported together with normal values in relation to age, as part of routine diagnostic work-up and in addition to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarker analysis.

Results
SNfL was perceived as useful in 53% (n = 58) of the cases. SNfL was more often perceived as useful in patients < 62 years (29/48, 60%, p = 0.05) and males (41/65, 63%, p < 0.01). Availability of CSF biomarker results at time of result discussion had no influence. We observed non-significant trends for increased perceived usefulness of sNfL for patients with the diagnosis subjective cognitive decline (64%), psychiatric disorder (71%), or uncertain diagnosis (67%). SNfL was mostly helpful to neurologists in confirming or excluding neurodegeneration. Whether sNfL was regarded as useful strongly depended on which neurologist filled out the questionnaire (ranging from 0 to 73% of useful cases/neurologist).

Discussion
Regardless of the availability of CSF biomarker results, sNfL was perceived as a useful tool in more than half of the evaluated cases in a tertiary memory clinic practice. Based on our results, we recommend the analysis of the biomarker sNfL to confirm or exclude neurodegeneration in patients below 62 years old and in males.
A Systematic Approach in the Development of the Morphologically-Directed Raman Spectroscopy Methodology for Characterizing Nasal Suspension Drug Products
Authors: Farias Gonçalo , Shur Jagdeep , Price Robert , Bielski Elizabeth , Newman Bryan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractDemonstrating bioequivalence (BE) of nasal suspension sprays is a challenging task. Analytical tools are required to determine the particle size of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and the structure of a relatively complex formulation. This study investigated the utility of the morphologically-directed Raman spectroscopy (MDRS) method to investigate the particle size distribution (PSD) of nasal suspensions. Dissolution was also investigated as an orthogonal technique. Nasal suspension formulations containing different PSD of mometasone furoate monohydrate (MFM) were manufactured. The PSD of the MFM batches was characterized before formulation manufacture using laser diffraction and automated imaging. Upon formulation manufacture, the droplet size, single actuation content, spray pattern, plume geometry, the API dissolution rate, and the API PSD by MDRS were determined. A systematic approach was utilized to develop a robust method for the analysis of the PSD of MFM in Nasonex® and four test formulations containing the MFM API with different particle size specifications. Although the PSD between distinct techniques cannot be directly compared due to inherent differences between these methodologies, the same trend is observed for three out of the four batches. Dissolution analysis confirmed the trend observed by MDRS in terms of PSD. For suspension-based nasal products, MDRS allows the measurement of API PSD which is critical for BE assessment. This approach has been approved for use in lieu of a comparative clinical endpoint BE study [1]. The correlation observed between PSD and dissolution rate extends the use of dissolution as a critical analytical tool demonstrating BE between test and reference products.
Automatic optical inspection platform for real-time surface defects detection on plane optical components based on semantic segmentation
Authors: Karangwa Jules , Kong Linghua , Yi Dingrong , Zheng Jishi 
Published: May 2021

The tendency to increase the accuracy and quality of optical parts
inspection can be observed all over the world. The imperfection of
manufacturing techniques can cause different defects on the optical
component surface, making surface defects inspection a crucial part of
the manufacturing of optical components. Currently, the inspection of
lenses, filters, mirrors, and other optical components is performed by
human inspectors. However, human-based inspections are time-consuming,
subjective, and incompatible with a highly efficient high-quality
digital workflow. Moreover, they cannot meet the complex criteria of
ISO 10110-7 for the quality pass and fail optical element samples. To
meet the high demand for high-quality products, intelligent visual
inspection systems are being used in many manufacturing processes.
Automated surface imperfection detection based on machine learning has
become a fascinating and promising area of research, with a great
direct impact on different visual inspection applications. In this
paper, an optical inspection platform combining parallel deep
learning–based image-processing approaches with a high-resolution
optomechanical module was developed to detect surface defects on
optical plane components. The system involves the mechanical modules,
the illumination and imaging modules, and the machine vision
algorithm. Dark-field images were acquired using a

2448

×

2048

-pixel line-scanning CMOS camera with
3.45 µm per-pixel resolution. Convolutional neural networks and
semantic segmentation were used for a machine vision algorithm to
detect and classify defects on captured images of optical bandpass
filters. The experimental results on different bandpass filter samples
have shown the best performance compared to traditional methods by
reaching an impressive detection speed of 0.07 s per image and an
overall detection pixel accuracy of 0.923.
Aerial holographic 3D display with an enlarged field of view by the time-division method
Authors: Sando Yusuke , Barada Daisuke , Yatagai Toyohiko 
Published: May 2021

We propose a method to enlarge the field of view (FOV) of holographic 3D displays in both the horizontal and vertical directions. The FOV was enlarged by using two galvano mirrors and a high-speed spatial light modulator. These optical elements were placed so that the imaging relation was satisfied among them and they were synchronously driven at a high speed to implement the time-division method. Using this method, a floating 3D object could be successfully reconstructed in mid-air near the focal point of the final lens at the rate of 10 Hz. The FOV was enlarged five times and two times in the horizontal and vertical directions, respectively.
C and L band room-temperature continuous-wave InP-based microdisk lasers grown on silicon
Authors: Lin Liying , Xue Ying , Li Jie , Luo Wei , Huang Jie , Lau Kei May 
Published: May 2021

Quantum-dot (QD) and quantum-dash (QDash) have been shown to be promising gain materials for lasers directly grown on Si due to their better tolerance to crystal defects and thermal stability. Here we report optically pumped InP-based InAs QDash microdisk lasers (MDLs) directly grown on on-axis (001) Si. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of room-temperature continuous-wave lasing of a QDash MDL on Si in the C band and L band. To the best of our knowledge, the lowest threshold of around 400 µW and highest operation temperature of 323 K have been achieved. An analysis of experimental results shows that the dominant lasing wavelength of MDLs varies with the thickness and diameter of the MDLs. Our demonstration shows potential application of MDLs for multi-channel operation in densely integrated Si-photonics.
Large refractive index modulation based on a BDK-doped step-index PMMA optical fiber for highly reflective Bragg grating inscription
Authors: Hu Xuehao , Yue Xiaoyu , Cheng Xin , Gao Shixin , Min Rui , Wang Heng , Qu Hang , Tam Hwa-Yaw 
Published: May 2021

We experimentally report high reflectivity on the poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-based polymer optical fiber Bragg gratings by means of a 266 nm pulsed laser and phase mask technique. In the first recipe, fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) were manufactured with a single pulse up to 3.7 mJ. After post-annealing, a stable refractive index change up to

4.2

×

10

−
4

was obtained. In the second recipe, FBGs were inscribed by 22 pulses with a lower pulse energy of 1.4 mJ, showing a stable refractive index change of

6.2

×

10

−
4

. Both behaviors may mainly be attributed to the movement of initiating radicals arising from benzyl dimethyl ketal (BDK) under UV irradiation. The high refractive index change in step-index fibers paves the way to tilted FBG manufacturing with large tilt angles potentially for biomedical applications.
Real-world outcomes for a complete nationwide cohort of more than 3200 teriflunomide-treated multiple sclerosis patients in The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry
Authors: Papp Viktoria , Buron Mathias Due , Siersma Volkert , Rasmussen Peter Vestergaard , Illes Zsolt , Kant Matthias , Hilt Claudia , Mezei Zsolt , Roshanisefat Homayoun , Sejbæk Tobias , Weglewski Arkadiusz , van Wingerden Janneke , Geertsen Svend Sparre , Bramow Stephan , Sellebjerg Finn , Magyari Melinda 
Published: May 2021

Objective
Teriflunomide is a once-daily, oral disease-modifying therapy (DMT) for relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS). We studied clinical outcomes in a real-world setting involving a population-based large cohort of unselected patients enrolled in The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (DMSR) who started teriflunomide treatment between 2013–2019.

Methods
This was a complete nationwide population-based cohort study with prospectively enrolled unselected cases. Demographic and disease-specific patient parameters related to treatment history, efficacy outcomes, and discontinuation and switching rates among other clinical variables were assessed at baseline and during follow-up visits.

Results
A total of 3239 patients (65.4% female) started treatment with teriflunomide during the study period, 56% of whom were treatment-naïve. Compared to previously treated patients, treatment-naïve patients were older on average at disease onset, had a shorter disease duration, a lower Expanded Disability Status Scale score at teriflunomide treatment start and more frequently experienced a relapse in the 12 months prior to teriflunomide initiation. In the 3001 patients initiating teriflunomide treatment at least 12 months before the cut-off date, 72.7% were still on treatment one year after treatment start. Discontinuations in the first year were due mainly to adverse events (15.6%). Over the full follow-up period, 47.5% of patients discontinued teriflunomide treatment. Sixty-three percent of the patients treated with teriflunomide for 5 years were relapse-free, while significantly more treatment-naïve versus previously treated patients experienced a relapse during the follow-up (p<0.0001). Furthermore, 85% of the patients with available data were free of disability worsening at the end of follow-up.

Conclusions
Solid efficacy and treatment persistence data consistent with other real-world studies were obtained over the treatment period. Treatment outcomes in this real-world scenario of the population-based cohort support previous findings that teriflunomide is an effective and generally well-tolerated DMT for relapsing MS patients with mild to moderate disease activity.
Seasonality, molecular epidemiology, and virulence of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV): A perspective into the Brazilian Influenza Surveillance Program
Authors: Vianna Lucas A. , Siqueira Marilda M. , Volpini Lays P. B. , Louro Iuri D. , Resende Paola C. 
Published: May 2021

Background
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is the main cause of pediatric morbidity and mortality. The complex evolution of RSV creates a need for worldwide surveillance, which may assist in the understanding of multiple viral aspects.

Objectives
This study aimed to investigate RSV features under the Brazilian Influenza Surveillance Program, evaluating the role of viral load and genetic diversity in disease severity and the influence of climatic factors in viral seasonality.

Methodology
We have investigated the prevalence of RSV in children up to 3 years of age with severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) in the state of Espirito Santo (ES), Brazil, from 2016 to 2018. RT-qPCR allowed for viral detection and viral load quantification, to evaluate association with clinical features and mapping of local viral seasonality. Gene G sequencing and phylogenetic reconstruction demonstrated local genetic diversity.

Results
Of 632 evaluated cases, 56% were caused by RSV, with both subtypes A and B co-circulating throughout the years. A discrete inverse association between average temperature and viral circulation was observed. No correlation between viral load and disease severity was observed, but children infected with RSV-A presented a higher clinical severity score (CSS), stayed longer in the hospital, and required intensive care, and ventilatory support more frequently than those infected by RSV-B. Regarding RSV diversity, some local genetic groups were observed within the main genotypes circulation RSV-A ON1 and RSV-B BA, with strains showing modifications in the G gene amino acid chain.

Conclusion
Local RSV studies using the Brazilian Influenza Surveillance Program are relevant as they can bring useful information to the global RSV surveillance. Understanding seasonality, virulence, and genetic diversity can aid in the development and suitability of antiviral drugs, vaccines, and assist in the administration of prophylactic strategies.
Physician skin cancer screening among U.S. military veterans: Results from the National Health Interview Survey
Authors: Coups Elliot J. , Xu Baichen , Heckman Carolyn J. , Manne Sharon L. , Stapleton Jerod L. 
Published: May 2021

Introduction
Although military veterans are at increased risk for skin cancer, little is known about the extent to which they have been screened for skin cancer. The study objective was to examine the prevalence and correlates of physician skin cancer screening among U.S. military veterans.

Methods
Data were drawn from the National Health Interview Survey. The study sample consisted of 2,826 individuals who reported being military veterans. Receipt of a physician skin examination was measured using a single question that asked participants whether they had ever had all of their skin from head to toe checked for cancer by a dermatologist or some other kind of doctor.

Results
Less than a third (30.88%) of participants reported ever having a physician skin examination. Factors positively associated with receipt of a physician skin examination in a multivariable logistic regression analysis included: older age, greater educational level, non-Hispanic white race/ethnicity, having TRICARE (military) health insurance, greater skin sensitivity to the sun, and engagement in more sun protection behaviors.

Conclusions
The majority of military veterans have never been screened for skin cancer by a physician. Screening rates were higher among individuals with one or more skin cancer risk factors. Future research is warranted to test targeted skin cancer screening interventions for this at risk and understudied population.
Pansu–Wulff shapes in ℍ1
Authors: Pozuelo Julián , Ritoré Manuel 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We consider an asymmetric left-invariant norm

∥
⋅

∥
K

{\|\cdot\|_{K}}

in the first Heisenberg group

ℍ
1

{\mathbb{H}^{1}}

induced by a convex body

K
⊂

ℝ
2

{K\subset\mathbb{R}^{2}}

containing the origin in its interior. Associated to

∥
⋅

∥
K

{\|\cdot\|_{K}}

there is a perimeter functional, that coincides with the classical sub-Riemannian perimeter in case K is the closed unit disk centered at the origin of

ℝ
2

{{\mathbb{R}}^{2}}

. Under the assumption that K has

C
2

{C^{2}}

boundary with strictly positive geodesic curvature we compute the first variation formula of perimeter for sets with

C
2

{C^{2}}

boundary. The localization of the variational formula in the non-singular part of the boundary, composed of the points where the tangent plane is not horizontal, allows us to define a mean curvature function

H
K

{H_{K}}

out of the singular set. In the case of non-vanishing mean curvature, the condition that

H
K

{H_{K}}

be constant implies that the non-singular portion of the boundary is foliated by horizontal liftings of translations of

∂
⁡
K

{\partial K}

dilated by a factor of

1

H
K

{\frac{1}{H_{K}}}

. Based on this we can define a sphere

𝕊
K

{\mathbb{S}_{K}}

with constant mean curvature 1 by considering the union of all horizontal liftings of

∂
⁡
K

{\partial K}

starting from

(
0
,
0
,
0
)

{(0,0,0)}

until they meet again in a point of the vertical axis. We give some geometric properties of this sphere and, moreover, we prove that, up to non-homogeneous dilations and left-translations, they are the only solutions of the sub-Finsler isoperimetric problem in a restricted class of sets.
Mass Concentration and Asymptotic Uniqueness of Ground State for 3-Component BEC with External Potential in ℝ2
Authors: Kong Yuzhen , Wang Qingxuan , Zhao Dun 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We investigate the ground states of 3-component Bose–Einstein condensates with harmonic-like trapping potentials in

ℝ
2

{\mathbb{R}^{2}}

, where the intra-component interactions

μ
i

{\mu_{i}}

and the inter-component interactions

β

i
⁢
j

=

β

j
⁢
i

{\beta_{ij}=\beta_{ji}}

(

i
,
j

=
1

,

2
,
3

{i,j=1,2,3}

,

i
≠
j

{i\neq j}

) are all attractive. We display the regions of

μ
i

{\mu_{i}}

and

β

i
⁢
j

{\beta_{ij}}

for the existence and nonexistence of the ground states, and give an elaborate analysis for the asymptotic behavior of the ground states as

β

i
⁢
j

↗

β

i
⁢
j

*

:=

a
∗

+

1
2

⁢

(

a
∗

-

μ
i

)

⁢

(

a
∗

-

μ
j

)

{\beta_{ij}\nearrow\beta_{ij}^{*}:=a^{\ast}+\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{{(a^{\ast}-\mu_{i% })(a^{\ast}-\mu_{j})}}}

, where

0
<

μ
i

<

a
∗

:=

∥
w
∥

2
2

{0<\mu_{i}<a^{\ast}:=\|w\|_{2}^{2}}

are fixed and w is the unique positive solution of

Δ
⁢
w

-
w

+

w
3

=
0

{\Delta w-w+w^{3}=0}

in

H
1

⁢

(

ℝ
2

)

{H^{1}(\mathbb{R}^{2})}

. The energy estimation as well as the mass concentration phenomena are studied, and when two of the intra-component interactions are equal, the nondegeneracy and the uniqueness of the ground states are proved.
Antihyperglycemic effect and phytochemical investigation of Rubia cordifolia (Indian Madder) leaves extract
Authors: Khan Muhammad Shafiq , Aziz Shahid , Khan Muhammad Zakryya , Khalid Zafar Mahmood , Riaz Muhammad , Ahmed Dawood , Ali Iftikhar , Arif Nazia , Wang Deiji , Ahmad Muhammad Sheeraz , Zahid Nafeesa 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Medicinal plants are used as an important source of medicines in pharmaceutical industry. Rubia cordifolia is widely used to cure diabetes mellitus. Present study was aimed to investigate the antihyperglycemic effects of different fractions of R. cordifolia leaves and to analyze its antioxidant effect and phytochemical composition. Male albino mice were randomly distributed into seven groups (n = 7). Group-I was normal control, group-II was Alloxan (100 mg/kg)-induced diabetic control, and group-III was standard drug (Glibenclamide 0.5 mg/kg)-treated group. Animals in groups IV–VII were treated with n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, n-butanol fraction and aqueous fraction of R. cordifolia, orally administered (100 mg/kg) once daily up to 28 days after Alloxan induction, respectively. Methanolic extract (ME) and fractions of R. cordifilia were analyzed for antioxidant activity and quantification of total phenolic content and total flavonoid content. HPLC of ME and most active fractions were performed. The results showed that RCEF (G-V) and RCBF (G-VI) have significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the increased level of glucose as compared to toxicant control group. It was further revealed that EF and BF have higher antioxidant activity (having IC50 34.9, 36.86 (µg/mL)) owing to phenolic and flavonoid identified by HPLC.
Mosque design strategy for energy and water saving
Authors: Harsritanto Bangun Indrakusumo Radityo , Nugroho Satrio , Dewanta Favian , Prabowo Aditya Rio 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The built environment plays an essential role as a climate change agent. Natural resource exploitation, energy consumptions, and waste management need to be built for more environment-friendly. The Mosque is a religious building built in every space on earth since a quarter of the world population is Muslim. This situation brought an urgency for making Mosques more sustainable and friendly to the natural environment. Carrying these facts, this study aimed to suggest a design strategy for making a sustainable mosque. Through a collaboration of passive design strategy, present technologies work of literature, and a study case, this study shortlisted primary design strategies in (1) building layouts, (2) lighting strategy, (3) HVAC strategy, (4) water conservation strategy, and (5) IT strategy. By keeping these major design strategies, Mosques can be made more environmentally sustainable. Several design recommendations are suggested in each major design strategy that may bring help for making sustainable Mosque on every space on this earth.
A nonseparable invariant extension of Lebesgue measure – A generalized and abstract approach
Authors: Basu Sanjib , Sen Debasish 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we use some methods of combinatorial set theory, in particular, the ones related to the construction of independent families of sets and also some modified version of the notion of small sets originally introduced by Riečan and Neubrunn, to give an abstract and generalized formulation of a remarkable theorem of Kakutani and Oxtoby related to a nonseparable invariant extension of the Lebesgue measure in spaces with transformation groups.