bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fast Periodic Auditory Stimulation Reveals a Robust Categorical Response to Voices in the Human Brain
Authors: Barbero Francesca M. , Calce Roberta P. , Talwar Siddharth , Rossion Bruno , Collignon Olivier 
Published: May 2021

AbstractVoices are arguably among the most relevant sounds in humans’ everyday life, and several studies have suggested the existence of voice-selective regions in the human brain. Despite two decades of research, defining the human brain regions supporting voice recognition remains challenging. Moreover, whether neural selectivity to voices is merely driven by acoustic properties specific to human voices (e.g., spectrogram, harmonicity), or whether it also reflects a higher-level categorization response is still under debate. Here, we objectively measured rapid automatic categorization responses to human voices with fast periodic auditory stimulation (FPAS) combined with electroencephalography (EEG). Participants were tested with stimulation sequences containing heterogeneous non-vocal sounds from different categories presented at 4 Hz (i.e., four stimuli/s), with vocal sounds appearing every three stimuli (1.333 Hz). A few minutes of stimulation are sufficient to elicit robust 1.333 Hz voice-selective focal brain responses over superior temporal regions of individual participants. This response is virtually absent for sequences using frequency-scrambled sounds, but is clearly observed when voices are presented among sounds from musical instruments matched for pitch and harmonicity-to-noise ratio (HNR). Overall, our FPAS paradigm demonstrates that the human brain seamlessly categorizes human voices when compared with other sounds including musical instruments’ sounds matched for low level acoustic features and that voice-selective responses are at least partially independent from low-level acoustic features, making it a powerful and versatile tool to understand human auditory categorization in general.
Comparing Pediatric Gastroenteritis Emergency Department Care in Canada and the United States
Authors: Freedman Stephen B. , Roskind Cindy G. , Schuh Suzanne , VanBuren John M. , Norris Jesse G. , Tarr Phillip I. , Hurley Katrina , Levine Adam C. , Rogers Alexander , Bhatt Seema , Gouin Serge , Mahajan Prashant , Vance Cheryl , Powell Elizabeth C. , Farion Ken J. , Sapien Robert , O’Connell Karen , Poonai Naveen , Schnadower David 
Published: May 2021

BACKGROUND:
Between-country variation in health care resource use and its impact on outcomes in acute care settings have been challenging to disentangle from illness severity by using administrative data.

METHODS:
We conducted a preplanned analysis employing patient-level emergency department (ED) data from children enrolled in 2 previously conducted clinical trials. Participants aged 3 to &lt;48 months with &lt;72 hours of gastroenteritis were recruited in pediatric EDs in the United States (N = 10 sites; 588 participants) and Canada (N = 6 sites; 827 participants). The primary outcome was an unscheduled health care provider visit within 7 days; the secondary outcomes were intravenous fluid administration and hospitalization at or within 7 days of the index visit.

RESULTS:
In adjusted analysis, unscheduled revisits within 7 days did not differ (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 0.72; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.50 to 1.02). At the index ED visit, although participants in Canada were assessed as being more dehydrated, intravenous fluids were administered more frequently in the United States (aOR: 4.6; 95% CI: 2.9 to 7.1). Intravenous fluid administration rates did not differ after enrollment (aOR: 1.4; 95% CI: 0.7 to 2.8; US cohort with Canadian as referent). Overall, intravenous rehydration was higher in the United States (aOR: 3.8; 95% CI: 2.5 to 5.7). Although hospitalization rates during the 7 days after enrollment (aOR: 1.1; 95% CI: 0.4 to 2.6) did not differ, hospitalization at the index visit was more common in the United States (3.9% vs 2.3%; aOR: 3.2; 95% CI: 1.6 to 6.8).

CONCLUSIONS:
Among children with gastroenteritis and similar disease severity, revisit rates were similar in our 2 study cohorts, despite lower rates of intravenous rehydration and hospitalization in Canadian-based EDs.
LA AMENAZA DEL CÓLERA EN DANLÍ, HONDURAS (1867): XENOFOBIA, CONTROL SOCIAL Y OPOSICIÓN CIVIL
Authors: Cardona Amaya José Manuel , Sevilla Galeano Julio José 
Published: May 2021

En este artículo se discuten las acciones tomadas por la Corporación Municipal de Danlí, Honduras, ante la amenaza de un brote de cólera que se esperaba que llegase de Nicaragua en 1867. El problema es abordado desde la propuesta del control social de Michel Foucault, mientras que la técnica principal de análisis ha sido la problematización. Los datos han sido extraídos de fuentes primarias, en específico, de las actas municipales de la alcaldía. Se concluyó que las autoridades de Danlí aplicaron políticas excesivamente estrictas para aumentar su control sobre la población.
Evaluation of the Duration of Peripheral Venous Catheter in Vein in Hospitalized Children
Authors: DEMİR ACAR Mukaddes , ÇEVİK GÜNER Ümran , YILMAZ Gülçin 
Published: May 2021

Aim:This study was conducted to evaluate the duration of the peripheral venous catheter in vein, which is widely employed in the treatment of children who are hospitalized in pediatric clinics.
Materials and Methods: The study was conducted as a prospective and observational-descriptive study. The sampling of the study consisted of the parents/children (N=249), who were admitted to the pediatric clinic, who underwent peripheral venous catheter insertion, and who agreed to participate in the study. Institution and ethics committee permission was obtained for the study. The data were collected with the “Peripheral Venous Catheter Monitoring Form” and “Phlebitis Scale”, which were prepared according to the literature by the research nurse.
Results: It was determined that a total of 57.8% of the children who were included in the study were 1-36 months old, 42.2% were older than 37 months and 60.6% were male. It was also determined that the duration of the catheter in children was 58.76±28.07 hours and catheter was inserted 3,61±1,68 times during hospitalization. The negative correlation between “durations of peripheral ıntravenous catheters in veins" and "number of peripheral ıntravenous catheters inserted from hospitalization to discharge” was found to be statistically significant. It was determined that 73.5% of the catheters were removed because of the obstruction.
Conclusion: As a result of the present study, it was determined that the peripheral venous catheter in children under three years of age had a shorter duration of remaining in the veins, and these children were subjected to repeated peripheral venous catheter attempts because of obstructions before their treatments were completed.
Biological reconstruction of the Late Neolithic Lengyel Culture
Authors: Köhler Kitti 
Published: May 2021

Abstract of PhD thesis submitted in 2013 to the Doctoral School of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest under the supervision of Gyula Gyenis.
Between 2006 and 2009 rescue excavations preceding the construction of M6 Motorway were carried out, in the course of which a settlement and a related cemetery of more than two thousand graves of the Late Neo­lithic-Early Copper Age Lengyel culture have been excavated at the site of Alsónyék-Bátaszék, in Southeastern Transdanubia (Tolna county). Present study considers the northern, so-called 010/B part of the site (cemetery), comprising 862 graves. According to the current archaeological consensus earlier Central European Linearbandkeramik culture (LBK) played a crucial role in the formation of the Lengyel culture, but an infiltration or migration of new populations during this time period cannot be excluded. Present dissertation has been designed to investigate this fundamental question. In addition, I completed a detailed demographic analysis and published the frequency data of several pathological and dental alterations. In the course of the still ongoing investigation a case showing the classic symptoms of tuberculosis had been found.
A High Secured Ecc Based Iot Audiometric System For Cloud Based Dynamic Sensor Domain Environment
Authors: Et. al. N.Bhaskar, 
Published: May 2021

This paper is made based on the requirement of different domain users for effective hearing system. The system uses different devices to enhance the audio capability of different users at different application environment. The system uses IoT devices, sensors and different gateways for effective use of IoT based systems. The system will enhance the hearing capability of all users at different conference or personal or professional environments for the effective hearing capability among different hearing capabilities. It provides the environment to increase or decrease the volume of the source system based on the hearing capability of participants in the hearing environment. It can be used in any domain like conferences, home environment, education institutions and at public locations. It also adopts a security algorithm to protect the customer’s data in encrypted format at cloud system. It recognizes the candidate at any time based on the ID assigned to an individual.
Travel times of principal P and S phases over small distances in southern California*
Authors: Gutenberg B. 
Published: May 2021

Summary
Study of arrival times of the principal phases in fifty of the larger and better recorded earthquakes in southern California resulted in the following travel times t (seconds) and apparent velocities V (km/sec.): Pt = 0.1793DV = 5.577St = −0.5 + 0.3066DV = 3.26Pyt = 1.2+0.1654ΔV = 6.047Syt = 2.1 + 0.274ΔV = 3.65Pnt = x + 0.124ΔV = 8.06Snt = y + 0.225ΔV = 4.45 Δ = epicentral distance, D2 = Δ2 + h2, h = focal depth. x and y depend on the region; the following are characteristic values Coastal areas,Mountain areas,NorthernSierralow valleyssoutheastern Calif.Owens ValleyNevadax67910±sec.y8½9½12½14±sec. The average true velocities of Py and Sy are about one-third of one per cent, those of Pn and Sn about one-half of one per cent, smaller than the corresponding apparent velocities. In the uppermost 50 km. the velocity increases with depth. The order of magnitude of this increase is roughly 1 per cent per 10 kilometers, but larger in the uppermost one or two kilometers. It can be found from a study of amplitudes (Gutenberg, 1943c); its effect on the travel times exceeds the limits of error by too small an amount to be ascertained beyond doubt from the data of the present paper. The curvature of the earth can be disregarded within the range of distances used (in general not exceeding 800 km.). The effect of “mountain roots” on the travel times of Pn and Sn is investigated.
Reproduction of travel-time curves and recalculation of the thickness of the various layers must wait until a study of other (especially reflected) recorded phases now under way is finished. Preliminary values are 18 km. for the thickness of the granitic layer with small local variations, and about 35 km. for the total of the crustal layers in the coastal areas of southern California with an increase inland approaching twice that amount under the Sierra Nevada.
Earthquake magnitudes, efficiency of stations, and perceptibility of local earthquakes in the Lake Mead area*
Authors: Jones Austin E. 
Published: May 2021

Summary.
About a quarter of the local earthquakes recorded at Boulder City are from focal distances of five miles or less, and approximately another quarter are from distances between five and ten miles. As these earthquakes are so close to the Lake Mead stations, they are studied in somewhat different fashion from those which are so far away that focal depth of ten miles becomes negligible. It has been possible with a new formula to make an extrapolation of the Gutenberg-Richter Magnitude Scale down to one mile focal distance. With this extended scale the magnitudes of more than 1,000 local earthquakes are collected into frequency distribution tables and frequency polygons for the years 1941–1942. These tables show increase of efficiency or locating power of the Lake Mead seismograph system with better coverage and decrease of distance between stations when a fourth station is added. They show the increase of efficiency with an increase of instrumental magnification. The mode or the magnitude of the most frequently located shocks dropped from magnitude 3.0 in early 1941 to magnitude 2.5 when distances were cut between stations and probable epicenters by the station added at Boulder Dam. The magnitude dropped to 2.0 in the last half of 1942 after Benioff seismographs were placed in operation at the three other stations.
More than half the total local energy released annually is in the largest shock or group of shocks of maximum magnitude. The energy released in 1942 by local earthquakes is approximately equal to that released in 1941. The magnitude and perceptibility range of small shocks appears to be a linear function at local distances. Under exceptional circumstances, very small shocks are felt, apparently following the equation Δ=6M−2 where M is the magnitude and Δ the distance in miles. More generally, there is an equal chance that an earthquake will be felt and reported if the following equation is used: Δ=8M−11 This holds for local shocks of less than destructive magnitude. To extend approximately to earthquakes of large magnitude the following equation is derived: logΔ=0.5+0.25M−1/M
This is for earthquakes of shallow focus.
Amplitudes of surface waves and magnitudes of shallow earthquakes*
Authors: Gutenberg B. 
Published: May 2021

Summary.
A study of amplitudes of surface waves having periods of about 20 seconds is employed to improve the calculation of magnitudes of distant shallow earthquakes. Table 3 gives station corrections; table 4, revised figures for the effect of epicentral distance. It is found that for epicentral distances between about 20° and 175° the average observed amplitudes correspond closely to those calculated with an absorption coefficient k = 0.0003 per km. For paths completely outside or inside the Pacific Basin, k = 0.0002± per km., while for paths tangent to its boundary the amplitudes of surface waves with periods of about 20 seconds may be reduced by two-thirds or more (in extreme cases by almost nine-tenths) through reflection or refraction of energy; such seismograms of shallow shocks may be taken as indicating intermediate depth of focus.
A note on the Charleston earthquake*
Authors: Wood Harry O. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractData of observation presented in Dutton's report upon the Charleston earthquake are tested with formulas extracted from the paper by Gutenberg and Richter on “Earthquake Magnitude, Energy, Intensity, and Acceleration,” with the resulting suggestions that the depth of focus may have been near 40 kilometers (25 miles) and the shock magnitude a little less than 8 on the Richter scale. Definite conclusions cannot be reached with the inadequate data now available, but this would explain the large area of perceptibility of the Charleston shock as compared, for example, with those of earthquakes in California.
Amplitudes of P, PP, and S and magnitude of shallow earthquakes*
Authors: Gutenberg B. 
Published: May 2021

Summary
It is found that the absorption coefficient for longitudinal and transverse waves in the mantle of the earth as well as for longitudinal waves through the core is 0.00012 per km. In the average shallow earthquake about equal amounts of energy go into longitudinal and transverse waves. Equation (18), together with tables 2 and 4, permits the calculation of the magnitude of a shallow earthquake from the amplitudes of P, PP, or S.
Seismic investigations in the Boulder Dam area, 1940-1944, and the influence of reservoir loading on local earthquake activity*
Authors: Carder D. S. 
Published: May 2021

Recapitulation
An upward thrusting of masses of granitic rocks with accompanying slumping and partial upending of intermediary sedimentary and volcanic rocks has formed some of the ranges and intermontaine valleys of the Colorado River region westward from the mouth of the Grand Canyon. The Hemenway-Las Vegas-Callville Wash valley now occupied in part by the Callville basin of Lake Mead, a few miles north of Boulder Dam, is one of these intermontaine valleys, which has settled on faults separating this valley from the Black Mountains to the east and southeast, and on suspected faults which possibly are buried under detrital material along the southwest margin of the valley. These faults probably have been quiescent during Pleistocene and Recent times. However, we have strong evidence that this activity is being revived under the weight of the recently created Lake Mead. This lake has caused the underlying crustal blocks to be depressed probably several inches. In particular, the lower basin of the lake, which contains nearly one-third of the water load, has caused the block thereunder to undergo a downward movement along the above-mentioned faults, while the granitic masses on the opposite sides of the faults have remained relatively stationary. The semimountainous country several miles north of the lake probably is being affected in the downward movement. Evidence to support this belief is based in part on the following observations:
Location of local earthquake epicenters has been possible by the employment of three seismological stations using temporary equipment and, later, small-model Benioff seismographs, placed in a triangular net about Lake Mead, and a fourth supplementary station at Boulder Dam. Seismological work is carried on by means of a coöperative program between the Bureau of Reclamation and the Coast and Geodetic Survey with the assistance of the National Park Service.
A seismic investigation of the Witwatersrand earth tremors*
Authors: Gane P. G. , Hales A. L. , Oliver H. A. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The results are presented of an investigation of the foci of Witwatersrand earth tremors by means of 5 small mechanical seismographs. Timing accuracy of about 0.05 sec. was obtained by the use of synchronous electric clocks at each station, the time marks from which were correlated daily by means of radio time signals. The instruments are described, and an account of the locating procedure is given. The average velocities for the area were found to be Vp = 5.40 ± .07 km/sec., Vs = 3.19 ± .03 km/sec. The energy in a large tremor was estimated to be of the order of 1018 ergs.
Earthquakes in Southern California with geologic relations*
Authors: Wood Harry O. 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
A brief historical outline concerning the investigation is followed by description of the geologic faulting in the region. Data of the instrumentally recorded earthquakes of recent years, giving shock magnitudes and the location of epicenters, are tabulated, with notes, comments, and discussion of the quality of the location of the shocks and the incompleteness of the information. Summaries of the tabulation are made in different ways. Maps show the geographic interrelationships of the shocks tabulated, and the faults. These relationships are also discussed in the text. Earthquake magnitude is discussed with relation to the method used in mapping the epicenters, and its energy equivalence is considered. A table shows the geographic distribution of the seismic energy and the corresponding variation in the “density” of activity as well as the corresponding number of shocks. The correlation of the earthquake origins with the faulting is discussed. The prevailing depth of the origins is considered and, based upon the findings, a hypothesis is advanced to account for the random, or scatter, distribution of many small shocks away from the mapped faults—i.e., repeated, migrating slips of small area on nearly horizontal planes at or near the depth of origin, with resultant growth of regional strain. As yet this is only a hypothesis, but the importance of continuing consideration of it is emphasized. The possibility of such action elsewhere, with the production of great earthquakes having large areas of high intensity, is suggested. No basis for earthquake prediction has resulted from the investigation. Future needs are discussed briefly.
The Manix (California) earthquake of April 10, 1947*
Authors: Richter C. F. 
Published: May 2021

Summary
Instrumental epicenter and origin time for the Manix earthquake are 34°58′ N, 116° 32′ W., 07:58:04 P.S.T. (15:58:04 G.C.T.), April 10, 1947. The probable error of location does not exceed a few kilometers. Certain aftershocks originated south of the main shock. Initial recorded compressions and dilatations are consistent with left-hand strike-slip on a previously identified fault which trends about N 70° E. Trace phenomena, to be reported later, were produced. Other effects, including damage, in the heavily shaken area are described.
Earthquakes in Southern California with geologic relations
Authors: Wood Harry O. 
Published: May 2021

Summary and ConclusionsThe contents of the paper have been summarized in the Abstract. There is needed only a brief résumé of the gist of the study and its conclusions.Only tentative conclusions are warranted. The earthquakes instrumentally registered in the Southern California region over a span of less than twenty years, with several interruptions (especially in the earlier years), exhibit a very uneven geographic distribution with respect to number, and also to size (and strength) and thus to total energy.The larger shocks appear definitely to be associated with the major geologic faults (and so do many of the smaller shocks as well), and this relation is considered causal, slipping along these faults giving rise to the vibration in such earthquakes.However, a great many others of the smaller shocks do not cluster along any of the mapped faults, but exhibit a random distribution, singly or in groups.There is strong suggestion that most of all the shocks, both large and small, originate within a narrow range of depth at about 18 kilometers beneath the surface, and this is considered to be near the base of the “granitic” layer here (except in some parts of the region beneath the higher mountains). Though the evidence for this suggestion is strong it cannot be considered sufficient for proof. Notwithstanding this, such a concentration of the places of origin at such a depth appears so probable that it has led the writer to the hypothesis that many of the small shocks originate there as a result of small slips over small areas along nearly horizontal planes with migration of the successive slippings from one small area to another and another neighboring one, with resulting transfer of rock material at depth in such a way as to build up compression and shear along the major faults. With such a mechanism the small shocks in question need have no relation of clustering to these major faults, or to any of the mapped faults.In order to test either this hypothesis, or other or earlier views, the need is clearly indicated or still more intensive investigation with seismologic stations spaced more closely.
Seismic activity and topography of the sea floor off southern California*
Authors: Clements Thomas , Emery K. O. 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
The positions of submarine epicenters of seismic shocks occurring during a twelve and one-quarter year period were plotted on a bathymetric chart of the area off southern California. The data show: (1) that the sea floor is active seismically, and (2) that the seismic activity and the topography are related. It appears that the major topographic features are of tectonic origin and that the forces which brought them about are still active.