bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three‐dimensional study of the lingual papillae and their connective tissue cores in the Nile fox (Vulpes vulpes aegyptica) (Linnaeus, 1758)
Authors: Mahdy Mohamed A. A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe Nile fox (Vulpes vulpes aegyptica) is the largest Egyptian fox being distributed in different geographical regions in Egypt. The current study aims to investigate the three‐dimensional features of the lingual papillae and their connective tissue cores (CTCs) in the Nile fox by using scanning electron microscopy. Five types of lingual papillae were present on the dorsal aspect of the tongue: filiform, conical, fungiform, vallate, and foliate. Generally, the filiform papilla consisted of a main papilla and several accessory processes emerged from its basal part. Filiform papillae differed in their length, shape, and number of accessory processes according to the region of the tongue. Two types of filiform CTCs were present; either conical‐shaped or consisted of a main core and several accessory cores. Two types of conical papillae and two types of conical CTCs were demonstrated; elongated triangular‐shaped and large conical‐shaped. In addition, two types of fungiform papillae were demonstrated; rounded‐shaped and elongated fungiform papillae. The fungiform CTCs were thick columnar in shape with several parallel vertical folds. Six vallate papillae were present, they were surrounded by a groove and either conical papillae or an annular pad. The surface of the vallate CTCs and their surrounding pad had small protrusions. The foliate papillae were represented by 5–6 laminae separated by grooves. The foliate CTCs appeared as oval grooves limited by laminar projections. Regional variations of the filiform papillae and the presence of three types of gustatory papillae suggest specialization of the Nile foxes' tongue to their omnivorous diet.
Equal access of COVID‐19 vaccine distribution in Africa: Challenges and way forward
Authors: Aborode Abdullahi T. , Olofinsao Oluwatosin A. , Osmond Ekwebelem , Batubo Abiokpoyanam P. , Fayemiro Omowonuola , Sherifdeen Onigbinde , Muraina Luqman , Obadawo Babatunde S. , Ahmad Shoaib , Fajemisin Emmanuel A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe World Health Organization (WHO) in Africa and Africa Center Disease Control (Africa CDC) urge the international community and different countries in Africa to ensure sustainable and concrete action to ensure equal and easy access to the COVID‐19 vaccines, as different countries in Africa are still struggling to develop a safe and effective strategy to ensure equal vaccine distribution, if available. Africa CDC has called on the international community to come together to help Africa with COVID‐19 vaccines to make equal the vaccine distribution among African countries as many cannot afford the vaccine costs due to the level of poverty and other negative factors. The African Union has endorsed the need for Africa to develop a framework to actively engage in easy accessibility to COVID‐19 vaccines, which will allow different countries in Africa to take easy steps that will strengthen the local vaccine distribution system, building workforce skills and knowledge, and enrich outreach services in Africa. The article discusses the need for equal access in the distribution of COVID‐19 vaccines in Africa, the challenges, and the necessary recommendations that can help to mitigate these challenges.
A time to act and a time for restraint: Everyday sensegiving in the context of paradox
Authors: Benbenisty Yizhaq , Luria Gil 
Published: May 2021

SummaryUsing a mixed‐methods approach, this study examines how leaders' everyday sensegiving strategies shape followers' compliance with a paradoxical use‐of‐force policy. Building on performance data derived from 41 teams and interviews with their respective team leaders, our findings point to two sensegiving strategies: practical (connecting the policy to larger organizational goals) and internalization (connecting the policy to team members' personal norms, experiences, and values). We also identified a third communication strategy, which did not involve sensegiving: bureaucratic communication (ignoring the paradox and delivering the policy). Findings show that followers deviated less from the paradoxical policy when their leaders used either of the two sensegiving strategies (internalization and practical) compared with the bureaucratic strategy. The findings shed light on the interplay between sensegiving and leadership theories that relate to the dynamics of motivating followers in contexts of paradox, particularly meaning‐based leadership.
What Neanderthals and AMH ate: reassessment of the subsistence across the Middle–Upper Palaeolithic transition in the Vasco‐Cantabrian region of SW Europe
Authors: MarÍN‐Arroyo Ana B. , Sanz‐Royo Alicia 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTRecent research in northern Spain has revealed the disappearance of Neanderthal populations in the Vasco‐Cantabrian region a few millennia earlier than in eastern and southern Iberia and discovered a short period of overlap with modern humans, at least, in terms of radiocarbon dates. However, the causes of Neanderthal decline understood as a regional and temporal process remain open. Despite the abundance of technological studies, modern‐quality chronological dating, and the availability of archaeofaunal and palaeoenvironmental data, there is a lack of consensus about how climatic and environmental conditions could have affected ungulate prey and, therefore, Neanderthal subsistence strategies. In this paper, an analytical summary of the archaeofaunal and taphonomic data available for the Vasco‐Cantabrian region, combined with the most recent chronological evidence, present general knowledge about animal biogeography and ecology during the Middle–Upper Palaeolithic transition, and provides an interpretation of the behaviour of both human species in the region. This work reviews the palaeomammal community of animals represented in the record as exploited by human groups in several caves and rock shelters and pointing to continuing lacunae in knowledge. Further research is needed to verify and potentially explain the apparent hominin population gap and the ultimate fate of the Neanderthals.
Case‐specific three‐dimensional hologram with a mixed reality technique for tumor resection in otolaryngology
Authors: Mitani Sohei , Sato Eriko , Kawaguchi Naoto , Sawada Shun , Sakamoto Kayo , Kitani Takashi , Sanada Tomoyoshi , Yamada Hiroyuki , Hato Naohito 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectiveWe report our first experience of using a case‐specific three‐dimensional (3D) hologram for tumor resection in otolaryngology to show the proof of concept. In addition, a questionnaire was administered to assess the usefulness of the mixed reality technique in otolaryngology.MethodsA case‐specific 3D hologram was developed from enhanced images of dynamic computed tomography, with reference to contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance images, and used for preoperative planning and intraoperative image reference. To evaluate the usefulness of the 3D hologram with head mount displays (HMDs), 18 attendings and resident otolaryngologists completed a questionnaire with the Likert scale.ResultsThe case‐specific 3D hologram on HMDs was successfully used by means of easy gesture‐handling without any monitors preoperatively and intraoperatively. The experience of picturing the tumor localization and evaluating the surgical approach was statistically better using the 3D hologram on HMDs than using the computer images (P < .01). Similarly, the holograms were observed to be better for intraoperative application and surgical education than computer images (P < .01).ConclusionWe demonstrated the use of a case‐specific 3D hologram for tumor resection in otolaryngology. The technology may be useful for preoperative planning and intraoperative image reference, especially for challenging cases, and surgical education.Level of EvidenceNA.
Milk Polar Lipids Supplementation to Obese Rats During Pregnancy and Lactation Benefited Skeletal Outcomes of Male Offspring
Authors: Han Lihua , Du Min , Ren Fazheng , Mao Xueying 
Published: May 2021

ScopeDietary intervention to obese dams during pregnancy and lactation period provides avenues for improving metabolic profiles of the offspring. In the current study, the effects of polar lipids‐enriched milk fat globule membrane (MFGM‐PL) supplementation to obese dams during pregnancy and lactation on the skeletal outcomes of male offspring are investigated.Methods and ResultsMFGM‐PL is supplemented to obese rats induced by high‐fat diet during pregnancy and lactation at a dose of 400 mg kg‐1 body weight. Results show that maternal MFGM‐PL supplementation significantly ameliorates the stunted skeletal growth of male offspring at weaning. In adulthood offspring, maternal MFGM‐PL supplementation protects against high‐fat diet (HFD)‐induced bone microstructure degeneration and bone marrow adipocyte accumulation. Further investigation shows that maternal supplementation of MFGM‐PL significantly ameliorates insulin resistance and increases the mRNA expression of growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) in the hypothalamus of HFD offspring. The growth hormone (GH)/insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) axis is subsequently enhanced in MFGM‐PL + HFD offspring, contributing to the beneficial skeletal outcomes.ConclusionThe findings suggest that maternal MFGM‐PL supplementation of HFD dam during pregnancy and lactation shows desirable effects on fetal skeletal development, with lasting beneficial programming impacts on skeletal outcomes of offspring.
Moderate Folic Acid Supplementation in Pregnant Mice Results in Altered Methyl Metabolism and in Sex‐Specific Placental Transcription Changes
Authors: Luan Yan , Leclerc Daniel , Cosín‐Tomás Marta , Malysheva Olga V. , Wasek Brandi , Bottiglieri Teodoro , Caudill Marie A. , Rozen Rima 
Published: May 2021

ScopeMany pregnant women have higher folic acid (FA) intake due to food fortification and increased vitamin use. It is reported that diets containing five‐fold higher FA than recommended for mice (5xFASD) during pregnancy resulted in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) deficiency and altered choline/methyl metabolism, with neurobehavioral abnormalities in newborns. The goal is to determine whether these changes have their origins in the placenta during embryonic development.Methods and ResultsFemale mice are fed control diet or 5xFASD for a month before mating and maintained on these diets until embryonic day 17.5. 5xFASD led to pseudo‐MTHFR deficiency in maternal liver and altered choline/methyl metabolites in maternal plasma (increased methyltetrahydrofolate and decreased betaine). Methylation potential (S‐adenosylmethionine:S‐adenosylhomocysteine ratio) and glycerophosphocholine are decreased in placenta and embryonic liver. Folic acid supplemented diet results in sex‐specific transcriptome profiles in placenta, with validation of dietary expression changes of 29 genes involved in angiogenesis, receptor biology or neurodevelopment, and altered methylation of the serotonin receptor 2A gene.ConclusionModerate increases in folate intake during pregnancy result in placental metabolic and gene expression changes, particularly in angiogenesis, which may contribute to abnormal behavior in pups. These results are relevant for determining a safe upper limit for folate intake during pregnancy.
Recent advancements in corrosion inhibitor systems through carbon allotropes: Past, present, and future
Authors: Verma Chandrabhan , Quraishi M.A. , Ebenso Eno E. , Hussain Chaudhery Mustansar 
Published: May 2021

AbstractNano‐sized carbon allotropes, particularly graphene (G), graphene oxide (GO), single and multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs, SWCNTs, and MWCNTs) and their chemically modified derivatives are widely used in anticorrosive coating formulations. Generally, carbon allotropes acquire nanofiller property and high hydrophobicity which make them ideal anticorrosive materials. Along with various advantages, using carbon allotropes as anticorrosive materials are connected with some specific challenges including un‐controlled dispersion in polymer matrixes. Chemical functionalization using covalent and non‐covalent methods are widely used to enhance their dispersibility. Magnetic stirring, ultrasonic mixing, ball milling and shear emulsification are also widely used to enhance their dispersibility. Present review article describes the covalent and non‐covalent functionalization of G, GO, and CNTs and their application as corrosion inhibitors in various coating formulations and aqueous phase. Chemically modified GO shows remarkable solubility/dispersibility in the aqueous electrolytes. Advantages and challenges using these materials as corrosion inhibitors have also been discussed herein
Unraveling the cause of degradation in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 photovoltaics under potential induced degradation
Authors: Purohit Zeel , Carolus Jorne , Chaliyawala Harsh , Jain Shubhendra K. , Gundimeda Abhiram , Gupta Govind , Tripathi Brijesh , Daenen Michaël 
Published: May 2021

AbstractCopper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) based technology is actively competing in the global photovoltaic market with high conversion efficiency. Commercial CIGS modules are anticipated to perform on rated output in the field condition for 20 years. Potential induced degradation (PID) is considered as one of the critical concerns among all the current reliability assessment issues. PID accelerated tests have been performed on pre‐commercial CIGS modules to investigate reduction in electrical performance. We report the severe reduction in electrical performance after PID is correlated to the microstructural and chemical properties of the constituent materials. Under extreme PID stress, the cell surface reveals various defects including crater formation. The aim of this article is to explore the consequences of PID induced craters on the efficiency of CIGS solar cells by investigating material degradation kinetics. In this perspective, we present the root cause of PID in CIGS thin‐film modules in relation to microstructural defects by detailed investigation using J‐V analysis, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), Raman spectroscopy, X‐Ray diffraction (XRD), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL). This analysis can provide more effective and sustainable research strategies to cultivate more efficient and reliable CIGS technologies in the long run.
Chemical dynamics from the gas‐phase to surfaces
Authors: Auerbach Daniel J. , Tully John C. , Wodtke Alec M. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe field of gas‐phase chemical dynamics has developed superb experimental methods to probe the detailed outcome of gas‐phase chemical reactions. These experiments inspired and benchmarked first principles dynamics simulations giving access to an atomic scale picture of the motions that underlie these reactions. This fruitful interplay of experiment and theory is the essence of a dynamical approach perfected on gas‐phase reactions, the culmination of which is a standard model of chemical reactivity involving classical trajectories or quantum wave packets moving on a Born–Oppenheimer potential energy surface. Extending the dynamical approach to chemical reactions at surfaces presents challenges of complexity not found in gas‐phase study as reactive processes often involve multiple steps, such as inelastic molecule‐surface scattering and dissipation, leading to adsorption and subsequent thermal desorption and or bond breaking and making. This paper reviews progress toward understanding the elementary processes involved in surface chemistry using the dynamical approach.Key points
The fruitful interplay between chemistry and physics leads to an atomic scale view of reactions taking places at catalytically active surfaces.
Improved observations of chemical reactions taking place in complex environments drive the development of new approaches to theoretical chemistry.
Complex reaction networks from real catalysts are boiled down to their elementary steps and examined from first principles.
Polyacrylonitrile/natural loofah sponge with spider web structure as a novel platform for enhanced oil adsorption
Authors: Yang Yuhang , Luo Hao , Yang Huimin , Shi Huiyan , Hou Jiazi 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThree‐dimensional, inexpensive and environmentally friendly adsorbent materials were urgently in demand for the absorption of organic compounds. In this study, the 3D ultralight sponge was assembled from fragmented electrospun nanofibers of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and natural loofah. The PAN nanofibers and loofah short fibers were dispersed in an aqueous solution using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as the adhesive, and then formed the 3D ultralight sponge by freeze‐drying technology. By adjusting the content of loofah, a kind of spider web structure which was beneficial to enhance oil adsorption was developed arising from polymers dissolution and reconstruction. At the same time, the loofah was integrated with the PAN by ‐OH···N≡C‐ hydrogen bonds to stabilize the structure. Finally, due to the high porosity (99.3%), low density (7.63 kg/m3) and unique spider web structure, our prepared PAN/loofah sponges could absorb organic compounds up to 177 times of their own weight. Hence, the developed PAN/loofah sponge as an environmentally friendly adsorbent would be promising in wastewater treatment.
A structural perspective on targeting the RTK/Ras/MAP kinase pathway in cancer
Authors: Heppner David E. , Eck Michael J. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPrecision oncology is premised on identifying and drugging proteins and pathways that drive tumorigenesis or are required for survival of tumor cells. Across diverse cancer types, the signaling pathway emanating from receptor tyrosine kinases on the cell surface to RAS and the MAP kinase pathway is the most frequent target of oncogenic mutations, and key proteins in this signaling axis including EGFR, SHP2, RAS, BRAF, and MEK have long been a focus in cancer drug discovery. In this review, we provide an overview of historical and recent efforts to develop inhibitors targeting these nodes with an emphasis on the role that an understanding of protein structure and regulation has played in inhibitor discovery and characterization. Beyond its well‐established role in structure‐based drug design, structural biology has revealed mechanisms of allosteric regulation, distinct effects of activating oncogenic mutations, and other vulnerabilities that have opened new avenues in precision cancer drug discovery.
Valve and fitting pressure losses in compressible flow systems
Authors: Hendrickson Greg 
Published: May 2021

AbstractCompressible flow is commonplace in the chemical, energy and utilities sectors. The design and analysis of compressible flow systems is complicated by the relationships between the Mach number, gas density, and gas pressure. Consequently, shortcuts and rules of thumb are sometimes applied in order to simplify the calculations. One such practice is the use of head loss coefficients to estimate pressure losses through valves and fittings in the same manner for both incompressible and compressible flow calculations. The limitations of common practices involving use of head loss coefficients in compressible flow systems are explored using a direct integration method to estimate pressure losses. Several examples are provided to illustrate possible errors associated with some common practices.
Modeling the consequences of gas leakage and explosion fire in liquefied petroleum gas storage tank in Istanbul technical university, Maslak campus
Authors: Terzioglu Levent , Iskender Hikmet 
Published: May 2021

AbstractOne of the substances with high potential to cause damage that is used widely in chemical plants is liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). The aim of the present study is to model the consequences of leakage from a storage tank containing LPG using different scenarios. ALOHA software was used as one of the best modeling programs for identification of emergency responses required at the time of the gas leakage based on modeling results. According to ALOHA program modeling results, the area called TEEL‐3 was located within a distance of 187 m from the tank, and the threat to people in this area was determined. In case of LPG leakage from the storage tank, the concentration of LPG was about 2100 ppm which is equal to the lower explosive limit at the distance of 187 m. The consequences of combustion and explosion of LPG gas at a distance of 65 m from the storage tank were the most serious danger that threatens humans. This paper has an important role in modeling the harmful effects of the release of LPG and hazardous substances in different scenarios.
An insect isoscape of UK and Ireland
Authors: Newton Jason 
Published: May 2021

RationaleThe study of insect migration is problematic due to the small size of insects. Stable isotope analysis can be used to elucidate movement, either by geographic assignment of location of a species, or by simply distinguishing migrant from resident populations. There are few isoscapes of any kind in the UK/Ireland available for interrogation. Thus, I have measured stable isotope ratios (of H, C, N and S) of 299 individuals of the non‐migratory Brimstone moth (Opisthograptis luteolata) collected from 93 locations around the UK and Ireland by citizen scientists.MethodsAfter removing lipids, stable isotope ratios were measured by continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry, using either a conventional elemental analyser (C, N and S) or a high‐temperature, thermal conversion elemental analyser in reductive mode.ResultsMaps (isoscapes) were constructed that illustrate the stable isotope spatial distribution of this insect. These are the first isoscapes of H, C, N and S of biological samples covering both UK and Ireland.ConclusionsThe insect isoscape patterns can be explained from what we know of moth diet, climate and geology. Sulfur isotopes may be of particular use for distinguishing individuals from areas of unique geology. Isoscape patterns may (with care) predict isotope compositions of other, herbivorous, non‐aquatic, chitinous taxa. Such isoscapes, when extended beyond the UK and Ireland, would provide a useful tool to elucidate insect migration.
A hybrid learning‐based hysteresis compensation strategy for surgical robots
Authors: Gao Qian , Tan Ning , Sun Zhenglong 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe hysteretic forces arising from the electric cables that externally run along the robotic joints are the main disturbance to the precise parameter estimation of gravity compensation model, for the Master Tool Manipulator (MTM) of the da Vinci Research Kit (dVRK). Because such nonlinear disturbance forces and the gravitational forces are often hybrid and in the same magnitude.MethodsA strategy is proposed to separate these two hybrid forces, and model them by individual learning‐based algorithms. A specially designed Elastic Hysteresis Neural Network model is employed to capture the hysteresis nature of disturbance forces.ResultsThe experimental results show that our proposed strategy has higher compensation accuracy (78.64%–93.32%), and fewer real samples are required for model estimation (100 samples for each joint).ConclusionsOur proposed gravity compensation strategy for the MTM of the dVRK shows great improvement over existing state‐of‐the‐arts methods through conducted comparative experiments.