bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The impact of natural disturbance dynamics on lichen diversity and composition in primary mountain spruce forests
Authors: Langbehn Thomas , Hofmeister Jeňýk , Svitok Marek , Mikoláš Martin , Matula Radim , Halda Josef , Svobodová Kristýna , Pouska Václav , Kameniar Ondrej , Kozák Daniel , Janda Pavel , Čada Vojtěch , Bače Radek , Frankovič Michal , Vostarek Ondřej , Gloor Rhiannon , Svoboda Miroslav 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAimNatural disturbances influence forest structure, successional dynamics and consequently, the distribution of species through time and space. We quantified the long‐term impacts of natural disturbances on lichen species richness and composition in primary mountain forests, with a particular focus on the occurrence of endangered species.LocationTen primary mountain spruce forest stands across five mountain chains of the Western Carpathians, a European hotspot of biodiversity.MethodsLiving trees, snags and downed logs were surveyed for epiphytic and epixylic lichens in 57 plots. Using reconstructed disturbance history, we tested how lichen species richness and composition was affected by the current forest structure and disturbance regimes in the past 250 years. We also examined differences in community composition among discrete microhabitats.ResultsDead standing trees as biological legacies of natural disturbances promoted lichen species richness and the occurrence of threatened species at the plot scale, suggesting improved growing conditions for rare and common lichens during the early stages of recovery post disturbance. However, high‐severity disturbances compromised plot‐scale species richness. Both species richness and the number of old‐growth specialists increased with time since disturbance (i.e., long‐term uninterrupted succession). No lichen species was strictly dependent on live trees as a habitat, but numerous species showed specificity to logs, standing objects or an admixture of tree species.ConclusionsLichen species richness was lower in regenerating, young and uniform plots compared with overmature and recently disturbed areas. Natural forest dynamics and its legacies are critical to the diversity and species composition of lichens. Spatio‐temporal consequences of natural dynamics require a sufficient area of protected forests for provisioning continual habitat variability at the landscape scale. Ongoing climatic changes may further accentuate this necessity. Hence, we highlighted the need to protect the last remaining primary forests to ensure the survival of regionally unique species pools of lichens.
Comparative and predictive phylogeography in the South American diagonal of open formations: Unravelling the biological and environmental influences on multitaxon demography
Authors: Bonatelli Isabel A. S. , Gehara Marcelo , Carstens Bryan C. , Colli Guarino R. , Moraes Evandro M. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPhylogeography investigates historical drivers of the geographical distribution of intraspecific lineages. Particular attention has been given to ecological, climatic and geological processes in the diversification of the Neotropical biota. Several species sampled across the South American diagonal of open formations (DOF), comprising the Caatinga, Cerrado and Chaco biomes, experienced range shifts coincident with Quaternary climatic changes. However, comparative studies across different spatial, temporal and biological scales on DOF species are still meagre. Here, we combine phylogeographical model selection and machine learning predictive frameworks to investigate the influence of Pleistocene climatic changes on several plant and animal species from the DOF. We assembled mitochondrial/chloroplastic DNA sequences in public repositories and inferred the demographic responses of 44 species, comprising 70 intraspecific lineages of plants, lizards, frogs, spiders and insects. We then built a random forest model using biotic and abiotic information to identify the best predictors of demographic responses in the Pleistocene. Finally, we assessed the temporal synchrony of species demographic responses with hierarchical approximate Bayesian computation. Biotic variables related to population connectivity, gene flow and habitat preferences largely predicted how species responded to Pleistocene climatic changes, and demographic changes were synchronous primarily during the Middle Pleistocene. Although 22 (~31%) lineages underwent demographic expansion, presumably associated with the spread of aridity during the glacial Pleistocene periods, our findings suggest that nine lineages (~13%) exhibited the opposite response due to taxon‐specific attributes.
Genetic diversity and the origins of parthenogenesis in the teiid lizard Aspidoscelis laredoensis
Authors: Barley Anthony J. , Cordes James E. , Walker James M. , Thomson Robert C. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractUnisexual vertebrates typically form through hybridization events between sexual species in which reproductive mode transitions occur in the hybrid offspring. This evolutionary history is thought to have important consequences for the ecology of unisexual lineages and their interactions with congeners in natural communities. However, these consequences have proven challenging to study owing to uncertainty about patterns of population genetic diversity in unisexual lineages. Of particular interest is resolving the contribution of historical hybridization events versus post formational mutation to patterns of genetic diversity in nature. Here we use restriction site associated DNA genotyping to evaluate genetic diversity and demographic history in Aspidoscelis laredoensis, a diploid unisexual lizard species from the vicinity of the Rio Grande River in southern Texas and northern Mexico. The sexual progenitor species from which one or more lineages are derived also occur in the Rio Grande Valley region, although patterns of distribution across individual sites are quite variable. Results from population genetic and phylogenetic analyses resolved the major axes of genetic variation in this species and highlight how these match predictions based on historical patterns of hybridization. We also found discordance between results of demographic modelling using different statistical approaches with the genomic data. We discuss these insights within the context of the ecological and evolutionary mechanisms that generate and maintain lineage diversity in unisexual species. As one of the most dynamic, intriguing, and geographically well investigated groups of whiptail lizards, these species hold substantial promise for future studies on the constraints of diversification in unisexual vertebrates.
Explicit teaching in the operating room: Adding the why to the what
Authors: Nieboer Patrick , Huiskes Mike , Cnossen Fokie , Stevens Martin , Bulstra Sjoerd K. , Jaarsma Debbie A. D. C. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractContextResidents need their supervisors in the operating room to inform them on how to use expertise in present and future occasions. A few studies hint at such explicit teaching behaviour, however without explaining its underlying mechanisms. Understanding and improving explicit teaching becomes more salient nowadays, as access of residents to relevant procedures is decreasing, while end‐terms of training programs remain unchanged: high quality patient care.ObjectivesA structured analysis of (1) the practices supervisors use for explicit teaching and (2) how supervisors introduce explicit teaching in real time during surgical procedures.MethodsAn observational qualitative collection study in which all actions of nine supervisor–resident dyads during a total hip replacement procedure were videotaped. Interactions in which supervisors explicitly or implicitly inform residents how to use their expertise now and in future occasions were included for further analysis, using the iterative inductive process of conversation analysis.Results1. Supervisors used a basic template of if/then rules for explicit teaching, which they regularly customised by adding metaphors, motivations, and information about preference, prevalence and consequence.2. If/then rules are introduced by supervisors to solve a (potential) problem in outcome for the present patient in reaction to local circumstances, for example, what residents said, did or were about to do.ConclusionsIf/then rules add the why to the what. Supervisors upgrade residents' insights in surgical procedures (professional vision) and teach the degree of individual freedom and variation of their expert standards for future occasions. These insights can be beneficial in improving supervisors' teaching skills.
Vendetta and Jihadist Infighting
Authors: Souleimanov Emil A. , Colombo Roberto 
Published: October 2021

AbstractReflecting on the rise of jihadist groups across the world, the burgeoning literature has focused on the threat posed by such groups to their non‐jihadist adversaries, while paying less attention to the widespread incidents of jihadist infighting. According to various estimates, thousands of jihadists have been killed in inter‐jihadist civil wars since 2014 alone. While the extant research has interpreted these clashes as a consequence of power outbidding, sectarian splits, and political competition, the driving incentive behind jihadist infighting has so far escaped scholarly attention. This article is the first in the literature to explain jihadist infighting as a consequence of deeply embedded sociocultural norms, namely, of the custom of vendetta.
Physiological roles of Casparian strips and suberin in the transport of water and solutes
Authors: Calvo‐Polanco Monica , Ribeyre Zoe , Dauzat Myriam , Reyt Guilhem , Hidalgo‐Shrestha Christopher , Diehl Patrick , Frenger Marc , Simonneau Thierry , Muller Bertrand , Salt David E. , Franke Rochus B. , Maurel Christophe , Boursiac Yann 
Published: October 2021

Summary

The formation of Casparian strips (CS) and the deposition of suberin at the endodermis of plant roots are thought to limit the apoplastic transport of water and ions. We investigated the specific role of each of these apoplastic barriers in the control of hydro‐mineral transport by roots and the consequences on shoot growth.

A collection of Arabidopsis thaliana mutants defective in suberin deposition and/or CS development was characterized under standard conditions using a hydroponic system and the Phenopsis platform.

Mutants altered in suberin deposition had enhanced root hydraulic conductivity, indicating a restrictive role for this compound in water transport. In contrast, defective CS directly increased solute leakage and indirectly reduced root hydraulic conductivity. Defective CS also led to a reduction in rosette growth, which was partly dependent on the hydro‐mineral status of the plant. Ectopic suberin was shown to partially compensate for defective CS phenotypes.

Altogether, our work shows that the functionality of the root apoplastic diffusion barriers greatly influences the plant physiology, and that their integrity is tightly surveyed.
The three‐dimensional construction of leaves is coordinated with water use efficiency in conifers
Authors: Trueba Santiago , Théroux‐Rancourt Guillaume , Earles J. Mason , Buckley Thomas N. , Love David , Johnson Daniel M. , Brodersen Craig 
Published: October 2021

Summary

Conifers prevail in the canopies of many terrestrial biomes, holding a great ecological and economic importance globally. Current increases in temperature and aridity are imposing high transpirational demands and resulting in conifer mortality. Therefore, identifying leaf structural determinants of water use efficiency is essential for predicting physiological impacts due to environmental variation.

Using synchrotron‐generated microtomography imaging, we extracted leaf volumetric anatomy and stomatal traits in 34 species across conifers with a special focus on Pinus, the richest conifer genus.

We show that intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi) is positively driven by leaf vein volume. Needle‐like leaves of Pinus, as opposed to flat leaves or flattened needles of other genera, showed lower mesophyll porosity, decreasing the relative mesophyll volume. This led to increased ratios of stomatal pore number per mesophyll or intercellular airspace volume, which emerged as powerful explanatory variables, predicting both stomatal conductance and WUEi.

Our results clarify how the three‐dimensional organisation of tissues within the leaf has a direct impact on plant water use and carbon uptake. By identifying a suite of structural traits that influence important physiological functions, our findings can help to understand how conifers may respond to the pressures exerted by climate change.
Soil salinization accelerates microbiome stabilization in iterative selections for plant performance
Authors: King William L. , Kaminsky Laura M. , Gannett Maria , Thompson Grant L. , Kao‐Kniffin Jenny , Bell Terrence H. 
Published: October 2021

Summary

Climate change‐related soil salinization increases plant stress and decreases productivity. Soil microorganisms are thought to reduce salt stress through multiple mechanisms, so diverse assemblages could improve plant growth under such conditions. Previous studies have shown that microbiome selection can promote desired plant phenotypes, but with high variability. We hypothesized that microbiome selection would be more consistent in saline soils by increasing potential benefits to the plants.

In both salt‐amended and untreated soils, we transferred forward Brassica rapa root microbiomes (from high‐biomass or randomly selected pots) across six planting generations while assessing bacterial (16S rRNA) and fungal (ITS) composition in detail. Uniquely, we included an add‐back control (re‐adding initial frozen soil microbiome) as a within‐generation reference for microbiome and plant phenotype selection.

We observed inconsistent effects of microbiome selection on plant biomass across generations, but microbial composition consistently diverged from the add‐back control. Although salt amendment strongly impacted microbial composition, it did not increase the predictability of microbiome effects on plant phenotype, but it did increase the rate at which microbiome selection plateaued.

These data highlight a disconnect in the trajectories of microbiomes and plant phenotypes during microbiome selection, emphasizing the role of standard controls to explain microbiome selection outcomes.
Location matters: from changing a presumption about the Citrus tristeza virus tissue tropism to understanding the stem pitting disease
Authors: Sun Yong‐Duo , Folimonova Svetlana Y. 
Published: October 2021

Summary

Stem pitting is a common virus‐induced disease phenotype that tremendously impacts growth of perennial woody plants. How stem pitting develops in the infected trees remains unclear.

Here, we assessed the development of stem pits upon infection of citrus by Citrus tristeza virus (CTV), which has been regarded as ‘phloem‐limited’. By taking advantage of a highly susceptible virus host – Citrus macrophylla – and a CTV isolate lacking a viral effector – the p33 protein, the development pattern of stem pitting was revealed via time‐course observations and histological analyses.

The stem pits result from the virus‐colonized nonlignified ‘gumming’ malformations which are initiated by virus invasion into multiple spatially separated tissue layers – protophloem, metaphloem, and, unexpectedly, metaxylem. Notably, invasion of CTV into the unspecialized metaxylem cells interrupted the differentiation of the xylem tracheary elements. With the radial spread of CTV into the adjacent cells towards the stem periphery, the clusters of virus‐colonized immature metaxylem cells extended in size, merging, at a certain stage, with virus‐bearing cells in the protophloem and metaphloem layers.

Collectively, our data provide a new insight into the process of the stem pitting development and the role of the xylem tissue in the virus pathogenicity.
Transdermal anti‐inflammatory therapy for aqueous deficiency
Authors: McMonnies Charles W 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPurposeLacrimal gland inflammation has been identified as an important limitation on aqueous production and associated dry eye disease. Ocular surface inflammation in dry eye disease can be a downstream response to reduced quantities of warmer hyperosmotic aqueous being delivered from an inflamed lacrimal gland with high concentrations of inflammatory mediators. This review examines evidence which shows how topical applications of anti‐inflammatory drugs have very limited access to the lacrimal gland and an associated limited capacity to increase aqueous flow by reducing inflammation in the main lacrimal gland.Recent findingsUsing cyclosporine as an exemplar immunomodulatory drug, this review examines problems associated with the topical administration of all anti‐inflammatory drugs in the treatment of dry eye disease.SummaryLimited access to the lacrimal gland for topical applications and their very short on‐eye residence times are compared with the therapeutic potential of prolonged therapeutic episodes that could be achieved with transdermal applications of a drug to the skin at the site of the lacrimal gland. Poor access to the lacrimal gland for topically administered drugs is a major barrier to the treatment of aqueous deficiency. While topical inflammatory drug access to the ocular surface is direct, poor access to the lacrimal gland is partly due to drop placement being downstream to the flow of aqueous (Eye Vis 2020;7:1; Eye Vis 2019;6:1). This barrier is much greater according to the degree that reflex tear flow is stimulated by irritation associated with adverse drop temperature, and/or pH and/or tonicity for example.
Point‐of‐care ultrasound to confirm endotracheal tube cuff position in relationship to the cricoid in the pediatric population
Authors: Wani Tariq M. , John Jiju , Rehman Saif , Bhaskar Pradeep , Sahabudheen Aslam F , Mahfoud Ziyad R. , Tobias Joseph D. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundAnatomically, the subglottic area and the cricoid ring are the narrowest portions of the larynx. To limit the potential for damage related to mucosal pressure injuries from the presence of an endotracheal tube, the cuff should be placed below the cricoid in children. Previously, no clinical or imaging method has been used in real time to determine the exact location of the endotracheal tube cuff after endotracheal intubation. Point‐of‐care ultrasound may provide an option as a safe and rapid means of visualizing the endotracheal tube cuff and its relationship to the cricoid ring thereby achieving ideal endotracheal tube cuff positioning—below the cricoid.MethodsIn this prospective, nonrandomized trial, point‐of‐care ultrasound was used following endotracheal intubation in children to evaluate the position of the endotracheal tube cuff in relationship to the cricoid and tracheal rings. After anesthesia was induced and the trachea was intubated, the endotracheal tube cuff and its position in relation to the cricoid and tracheal rings were identified in the longitudinal plane using point‐of‐care ultrasound. With the patient's neck in a neutral position, the level of the proximal (cephalad) margin of the saline‐filled cuff of the endotracheal tube was identified and recorded in relationship to the cricoid and tracheal rings. The ideal position is defined as the cephalad margin of the endotracheal tube cuff below the level of the cricoid.ResultsThe study cohort included 80 patients, ranging in age from 1 to 78 months. In all patients, the cuff of the ETT, cricoid, and tracheal rings were identified. The cephalad end of the endotracheal tube cuff was found at the level of the cricoid in 16.3% of patients, at the first tracheal ring in 27.5% of patients, at the second tracheal ring in 23.8% of patients, at the third tracheal ring in 17.5% of patients, and at below the fourth tracheal ring in 15% of patients. Initial endotracheal tube cuff position had no significant association with age, height, weight, endotracheal tube size, and endotracheal tube type.ConclusionPoint‐of‐care ultrasound provides a rapid and effective means of identifying the position of the endotracheal tube cuff in relationship to the cricoid ring. The technique may have applications in the perioperative arena, emergency departments, and intensive care units.
Age differences in affective responses to inclusion experience: A daily diary study
Authors: Li Yixuan , Kleshinski Catherine E. , Wilson Kelly Schwind , Zhang Kaili 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe global trend of increasing age diversity in workforces has called for research on understanding and managing age differences to better integrate employees across the lifespan into organizations. Integrating aging and lifespan development research and inclusion work, we conduct a daily diary study to investigate age differences in employees’ responses to inclusion experience on a daily basis. In light of socioemotional selectivity theory, we argue that older workers exhibit stronger affective shifts (i.e., increase or upshift in positive affect and decrease or downshift in negative affect) in response to inclusion experience because they are likely to put higher value on social relationships, such that the daily effects of inclusion experience on changes in positive and negative affect are stronger for older (vs. younger) workers through the mediating mechanism of relationship value. We tested our hypotheses by surveying 128 employees from a manufacturing company for 10 consecutive workdays (N = 1248). We found that the daily effects of inclusion experience on affective changes were stronger for older workers through the mediation of higher relationship value. Changes in positive and negative affect, in turn, related to employees’ work engagement over the course of a workday. Our study serves as an important initial step that examines age differences in affective responses to daily inclusion and sheds light on the importance of promoting workplace inclusion for older workers in particular.
Improving equitable access to care via telemedicine in rural public libraries
Authors: DeGuzman Pamela B. , Abooali Setareh , Jain Neha , Scicchitano Alec , Siegfried Zachary C. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectiveRural public libraries have been proposed as ideal locations from which individuals can access a telemedicine visit, but limited adoption of this practice suggests significant barriers remain. The purpose of this study was to determine rural public librarians’ perspectives on the benefits and barriers to offering patrons the ability to use their public library for a telemedicine video visit, and to suggest strategies for moving this practice forward.DesignQualitative content analysis.SampleFifteen rural US librarians and library directors.MeasurementsIndividual interviews were conducted to determine perspectives on the benefits of and barriers to implementing telemedicine in public libraries.ResultsWe identified four themes from the data: rural public libraries increase healthcare access in a trustworthy location, librarians are supportive of telemedicine, but have concerns, limited resources drive barriers to telemedicine implementation in rural libraries, and small rural libraries continued in‐person service during the COVID‐19 pandemic.ConclusionRural public libraries can be an important part of achieving equitable access to care, particularly with regard to chronic disease management in rural populations. Rural public health nurses can be instrumental in promoting collaborations between local libraries and regional health systems that may help libraries overcome financial barriers to this practice.