bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Side Discharges From the Active Negative Leaders in a Positive Cloud‐To‐Ground Lightning Flash
Authors: Yuan Shanfeng , Jiang Rubin , Qie Xiushu , Wang Dongfang 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe found two kinds of side breakdowns from the active horizontal negative channel in a positive cloud‐to‐ground flash. During the propagation of the negative leader in the field‐of‐view, some decayed negative branches were reactivated, and most of them promoted the propagation of advancing negative leaders. The reactivations extended outward from the edge of the negative leader channel with an average speed of 2.2 × 106 m s−1, but they produced no distinct VLF‐VHF radiations, as confirmed by the lightning mapping results. The reactivations of decayed negative branches were different from recoil leaders in the decayed negative leader because we deduce the outward breakdown has changed its polarity. In addition, the negative channel that induced a downward positive leader was hot and conductive, as revealed by its brightness. The results indicate that disconnection or current cutoff on the negatively charged lightning channel is unnecessary for the inception of a downward positive leader.
Constraining the Date of a Seasonally Ice‐Free Arctic Using a Simple Model
Authors: Bonan David B. , Schneider Tapio , Eisenman Ian , Wills Robert C. J. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractState‐of‐the‐art climate models simulate a large spread in the projected decline of Arctic sea‐ice area (SIA) over the 21st century. Here we diagnose causes of this intermodel spread using a simple model that approximates future SIA based on present SIA and the sensitivity of SIA to Arctic temperatures. This model accounts for 70%–95% of the intermodel variance, with the majority of the spread arising from present‐day biases. The remaining spread arises from intermodel differences in Arctic warming, with some contribution from differences in the local sea‐ice sensitivity. Using observations to constrain the projections moves the probability of an ice‐free Arctic forward by 10–35 years when compared to unconstrained projections. Under a high‐emissions scenario, an ice‐free Arctic will likely (66% probability) occur between 2036 and 2056 in September and between 2050 and 2068 from July to October. Under a medium‐emissions scenario, the “likely” date occurs between 2040 and 2062 in September and much later in the 21st century from July to October.
Stochastic Simulation of the Suspended Sediment Deposition in the Channel With Vegetation and Its Relevance to Turbulent Kinetic Energy
Authors: Yang Liu , Huai Wenxin , Guo Yakun 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe aquatic vegetation patch plays a significant role on sediment net deposition in the vegetated channels. Particularly, the flow is decelerated at the leading edge of a patch that tends to induce vertical updraft, that is, a diverging flow region, in which vegetation greatly affects the pattern of sediment net deposition. This study focuses on the simulation of the sediment net deposition in the whole vegetation patch region through an innovative random displacement model, a Lagrange method, with probability‐based boundary conditions, instead of the reflection or sorption boundary at the channel bottom. The probability model of deposition and resuspension is proposed according to the flow field characteristics in the different regions of the vegetation patch. The variation of the sediment deposition and resuspension with the turbulent kinetic energy is analyzed to illustrate the effect of the turbulence induced by vegetation, represented by the dimensionless turbulent kinetic energy (ψ), on the sediment deposition and resuspension. The sediment deposition predicted by the proposed model agrees well with the experimental measurements. Results show that the effect of vegetation on the sediment deposition and resuspension motions begins to prevail when the vegetation‐induced ψ is larger than its threshold, ψ

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. The threshold of ψ is predicted to be within 6.8–10 according to the simulation results in this study. As the turbulent kinetic energy increases, the deposition probability decreases continuously when ψ > ψ

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.
The Amyloid-β Pathway in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Hampel Harald , Hardy John , Blennow Kaj , Chen Christopher , Perry George , Kim Seung Hyun , Villemagne Victor L. , Aisen Paul , Vendruscolo Michele , Iwatsubo Takeshi , Masters Colin L. , Cho Min , Lannfelt Lars , Cummings Jeffrey L. , Vergallo Andrea 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBreakthroughs in molecular medicine have positioned the amyloid-β (Aβ) pathway at the center of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathophysiology. While the detailed molecular mechanisms of the pathway and the spatial-temporal dynamics leading to synaptic failure, neurodegeneration, and clinical onset are still under intense investigation, the established biochemical alterations of the Aβ cycle remain the core biological hallmark of AD and are promising targets for the development of disease-modifying therapies. Here, we systematically review and update the vast state-of-the-art literature of Aβ science with evidence from basic research studies to human genetic and multi-modal biomarker investigations, which supports a crucial role of Aβ pathway dyshomeostasis in AD pathophysiological dynamics. We discuss the evidence highlighting a differentiated interaction of distinct Aβ species with other AD-related biological mechanisms, such as tau-mediated, neuroimmune and inflammatory changes, as well as a neurochemical imbalance. Through the lens of the latest development of multimodal in vivo biomarkers of AD, this cross-disciplinary review examines the compelling hypothesis- and data-driven rationale for Aβ-targeting therapeutic strategies in development for the early treatment of AD.
Wnt/β-catenin signaling in cancers and targeted therapies
Authors: Yu Fanyuan , Yu Changhao , Li Feifei , Zuo Yanqin , Wang Yitian , Yao Lin , Wu Chenzhou , Wang Chenglin , Ye Ling 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWnt/β-catenin signaling has been broadly implicated in human cancers and experimental cancer models of animals. Aberrant activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling is tightly linked with the increment of prevalence, advancement of malignant progression, development of poor prognostics, and even ascendence of the cancer-associated mortality. Early experimental investigations have proposed the theoretical potential that efficient repression of this signaling might provide promising therapeutic choices in managing various types of cancers. Up to date, many therapies targeting Wnt/β-catenin signaling in cancers have been developed, which is assumed to endow clinicians with new opportunities of developing more satisfactory and precise remedies for cancer patients with aberrant Wnt/β-catenin signaling. However, current facts indicate that the clinical translations of Wnt/β-catenin signaling-dependent targeted therapies have faced un-neglectable crises and challenges. Therefore, in this study, we systematically reviewed the most updated knowledge of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in cancers and relatively targeted therapies to generate a clearer and more accurate awareness of both the developmental stage and underlying limitations of Wnt/β-catenin-targeted therapies in cancers. Insights of this study will help readers better understand the roles of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in cancers and provide insights to acknowledge the current opportunities and challenges of targeting this signaling in cancers.
Clinical validation of a novel web-application for remote assessment of distance visual acuity
Authors: Thirunavukarasu Arun James , Mullinger Deborah , Rufus-Toye Remi Mohan , Farrell Sarah , Allen Louise E. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background/Objectives
Ophthalmic disorders cause 8% of hospital clinic attendances, the highest of any specialty. The fundamental need for a distance visual acuity (VA) measurement constrains remote consultation. A web-application, DigiVis, facilitates self-assessment of VA using two internet-connected devices. This prospective validation study aimed to establish its accuracy, reliability, usability and acceptability.

Subjects/Methods
In total, 120 patients aged 5–87 years (median = 27) self-tested their vision twice using DigiVis in addition to their standard clinical assessment. Eyes with VA worse than +0.80 logMAR were excluded. Accuracy and test-retest (TRT) variability were compared using Bland–Altman analysis and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Patient feedback was analysed.

Results
Bias between VA tests was insignificant at −0.001 (95% CI −0.017 to 0.015) logMAR. The upper limit of agreement (LOA) was 0.173 (95% CI 0.146 to 0.201) and the lower LOA −0.175 (95% CI −0.202 to −0.147) logMAR. The ICC was 0.818 (95% CI 0.748 to 0.869). DigiVis TRT mean bias was similarly insignificant, at 0.001 (95% CI −0.011 to 0.013) logMAR, the upper LOA was 0.124 (95% CI 0.103 to 0.144) and the lower LOA −0.121 (95% CI −0.142 to −0.101) logMAR. The ICC was 0.922 (95% CI 0.887 to 0.946). 95% of subjects were willing to use DigiVis to monitor vision at home.

Conclusions
Self-tested distance VA using DigiVis is accurate, reliable and well accepted by patients. The app has potential to facilitate home monitoring, triage and remote consultation but widescale implementation will require integration with NHS databases and secure patient data storage.
Using the IUCN Red List to map threats to terrestrial vertebrates at global scale
Authors: Harfoot Michael B. J. , Johnston Alison , Balmford Andrew , Burgess Neil D. , Butchart Stuart H. M. , Dias Maria P. , Hazin Carolina , Hilton-Taylor Craig , Hoffmann Michael , Isaac Nick J. B. , Iversen Lars L. , Outhwaite Charlotte L. , Visconti Piero , Geldmann Jonas 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe Anthropocene is characterized by unparalleled human impact on other species, potentially ushering in the sixth mass extinction. Yet mitigation efforts remain hampered by limited information on the spatial patterns and intensity of the threats driving global biodiversity loss. Here we use expert-derived information from the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List on threats to 23,271 species, representing all terrestrial amphibians, birds and mammals, to generate global maps of the six major threats to these groups: agriculture, hunting and trapping, logging, pollution, invasive species, and climate change. Our results show that agriculture and logging are pervasive in the tropics and that hunting and trapping is the most geographically widespread threat to mammals and birds. Additionally, current representations of human pressure underestimate the overall pressure on biodiversity, due to the exclusion of threats such as hunting and climate change. Alarmingly, this is particularly the case in areas of the highest biodiversity importance.
Mapping single-cell data to reference atlases by transfer learning
Authors: Lotfollahi Mohammad , Naghipourfar Mohsen , Luecken Malte D. , Khajavi Matin , Büttner Maren , Wagenstetter Marco , Avsec Žiga , Gayoso Adam , Yosef Nir , Interlandi Marta , Rybakov Sergei , Misharin Alexander V. , Theis Fabian J. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractLarge single-cell atlases are now routinely generated to serve as references for analysis of smaller-scale studies. Yet learning from reference data is complicated by batch effects between datasets, limited availability of computational resources and sharing restrictions on raw data. Here we introduce a deep learning strategy for mapping query datasets on top of a reference called single-cell architectural surgery (scArches). scArches uses transfer learning and parameter optimization to enable efficient, decentralized, iterative reference building and contextualization of new datasets with existing references without sharing raw data. Using examples from mouse brain, pancreas, immune and whole-organism atlases, we show that scArches preserves biological state information while removing batch effects, despite using four orders of magnitude fewer parameters than de novo integration. scArches generalizes to multimodal reference mapping, allowing imputation of missing modalities. Finally, scArches retains coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease variation when mapping to a healthy reference, enabling the discovery of disease-specific cell states. scArches will facilitate collaborative projects by enabling iterative construction, updating, sharing and efficient use of reference atlases.
A multi-site, multi-disorder resting-state magnetic resonance image database
Authors: Tanaka Saori C. , Yamashita Ayumu , Yahata Noriaki , Itahashi Takashi , Lisi Giuseppe , Yamada Takashi , Ichikawa Naho , Takamura Masahiro , Yoshihara Yujiro , Kunimatsu Akira , Okada Naohiro , Hashimoto Ryuichiro , Okada Go , Sakai Yuki , Morimoto Jun , Narumoto Jin , Shimada Yasuhiro , Mano Hiroaki , Yoshida Wako , Seymour Ben , Shimizu Takeshi , Hosomi Koichi , Saitoh Youichi , Kasai Kiyoto , Kato Nobumasa , Takahashi Hidehiko , Okamoto Yasumasa , Yamashita Okito , Kawato Mitsuo , Imamizu Hiroshi 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMachine learning classifiers for psychiatric disorders using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) have recently attracted attention as a method for directly examining relationships between neural circuits and psychiatric disorders. To develop accurate and generalizable classifiers, we compiled a large-scale, multi-site, multi-disorder neuroimaging database. The database comprises resting-state fMRI and structural images of the brain from 993 patients and 1,421 healthy individuals, as well as demographic information such as age, sex, and clinical rating scales. To harmonize the multi-site data, nine healthy participants (“traveling subjects”) visited the sites from which the above datasets were obtained and underwent neuroimaging with 12 scanners. All participants consented to having their data shared and analyzed at multiple medical and research institutions participating in the project, and 706 patients and 1,122 healthy individuals consented to having their data disclosed. Finally, we have published four datasets: 1) the SRPBS Multi-disorder Connectivity Dataset 2), the SRPBS Multi-disorder MRI Dataset (restricted), 3) the SRPBS Multi-disorder MRI Dataset (unrestricted), and 4) the SRPBS Traveling Subject MRI Dataset.
T-bet represses collagen-induced arthritis by suppressing Th17 lineage commitment through inhibition of RORγt expression and function
Authors: Shimizu Masaru , Kondo Yuya , Tanimura Reona , Furuyama Kotona , Yokosawa Masahiro , Asashima Hiromitsu , Tsuboi Hiroto , Matsumoto Isao , Sumida Takayuki 
Published: August 2021

AbstractT-bet is a key transcription factor for the T helper 1 lineage and its expression level is negatively correlated to inflammation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Our previous study using T-bet transgenic mice revealed over-expression of T-bet completely suppressed collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), a murine model of RA, indicating a potential suppressive role of T-bet in the pathogenesis of autoimmune arthritis. Here, we show T-bet-deficiency exacerbated CIA. T-bet in CD4 + T cells, but not in CD11c + dendritic cells, was critical for regulating the production of IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-22, and TNFα from CD4 + T cells. T-bet-deficient CD4 + T cells showed higher RORγt expression and increased IL-17A production in RORγt-positive cells after CII immunization. In addition, T-bet-deficient naïve CD4 + T cells showed accelerated Th17 differentiation in vitro. CIA induced in CD4-Cre T-betfl/fl (cKO) mice was more severe and T-bet-deficient CD4 + T cells in the arthritic joints of cKO mice showed higher RORγt expression and increased IL-17A production. Transcriptome analysis of T-bet-deficient CD4 + T cells revealed that expression levels of Th17-related genes were selectively increased. Our results indicate that T-bet in CD4 + T cells repressed RORγt expression and function resulting in suppression of arthritogenic Th17 cells and CIA.
Aggregation modeling of the influence of pH on the aggregation of variably charged nanoparticles
Authors: Xiong Yu , Liu Xinmin , Xiong Hailing 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe aggregation of variably charged nanoparticles is usually induced by the changes in internal and external conditions, such as solution temperature, pH, particle size, van der Waals force, and electrostatic repulsion among particles. In order to explore the effect of pH on the aggregation of variable charge nanoparticles, this paper proposed an extended model based on the 3D on-lattice Cluster–Cluster Aggregation (CCA) model. The extended model successfully established the relationship between pH and sticking probability, and used Smoluchowski theory to calculate the aggregation rate of nanoparticles. The simulation results showed that: (1) the change of the aggregation rate of the variable charge nanoparticles with pH conforms to the Gaussian distribution, (2) the initial particle concentration has a significant effect on the aggregation rate of the nanoparticles, and (3) pH can affect the competition between van der Waals force and electrostatic repulsion between particles, thereby affecting the degree of openness of clusters. The research demonstrated the extended CCA model is valuable in studying the aggregation of the variably charged nanoparticles via transforming the corresponding influence factors into the influence on the sticking probability.
Age is associated with unfavorable neuropathological and radiological features and poor outcome in patients with WHO grade 2 and 3 gliomas
Authors: Krigers Aleksandrs , Demetz Matthias , Thomé Claudius , Freyschlag Christian F. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWith the rising life expectancy and availability of neuroimaging, increased number of older patients will present with diffuse and anaplastic gliomas. The aim of our study was therefore to investigate age-related prognostic clinical, neuropathological and radiological features of lower-grade gliomas. All consecutive patients with diffuse or anaplastic glioma WHO grade 2 and 3 who underwent first tumor resection between 2010 and 2018, were selected from the institutional neuro-oncological database and evaluated. The mean age of 55 males and 44 females was 46 years (SD ± 16). Wild-type IDH1 (p = 0.012), persistent nuclear ATRX expression (p = 0.012) and anaplasia (p < 0.001) were significantly associated with higher age. The CE volume before resection was found to be increased in older patients (r = 0.42, p < 0.0001), and CE rate was higher in the IDH wild-type population only (p = 0.02). The extent of resection did not differ with age. Overall, one year of life resulted in a PFS reduction of 9 days (p = 0.047); in IDH sub-group analysis, this dependency was confirmed only in wild-type tumors (p = 0.05). OS was significantly reduced in older patients (p = 0.033). In conclusion, behavior and prognosis of WHO grade 2 and 3 glioma were unfavorable in correlation to patient’s age, even if the extent of resection was comparable. Older age imparted a poorer PFS and higher CE rate only in the IDH wild-type population.
Research on obstacle climbing gait of snake‐like robot on high‐voltage cables cables
Authors: Yang Zhiyong , Zhang Zihao , Fang Qiao , Zhang Daode , Liu Xing , Wang Fan 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAiming at the gait control problem of a snake‐like inspection robot performing variable‐diameter spiral motion on high‐voltage cables, a gait generation method is proposed here, the snake‐like robot can adapt to the change in diameter when it is winding around the obstacles of high‐voltage cables. The piecewise helix is fitted with the Bezier curve of degree 3, which solves the problem of discontinuous speed and abrupt change of joint angle when the snake‐like robot moves with variable diameter, and avoids periodic motion impact. The new idea provides for the application of a snake‐like robot on high‐voltage cables.
Face anti‐spoofing with refined triplet loss and multi‐level attention constraint network
Authors: Nong Xingzhong , Zeng Ying , Hu Haifeng 
Published: August 2021

AbstractOne critical issue for existing face recognition (FR) systems is to ensure its accuracy and robustness, which calls for the development of face anti‐spoofing (FAS) algorithms to work against presentation attacks (PA). This letter proposes a novel Multi‐level Attention Constraint Network with a Refined Triplet Loss (MACN‐RTL) for the task of FAS. Specifically, an MACN which consists of two components is designed, that is, Multi‐level Attention Network (MAN) and Distribution Constraint (DC). MAN aims to exploit effective information from different levels, while DC helps to learn a more compact and discriminative feature embedding for classification. Besides, a Refined Triplet Loss for better model optimisation is devised. Compared with existing FAS works, MACN is designed for better feature extraction and a better solution for optimisation by RTL. Experimental results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed approach.

To ensure the security of FR systems towards PA, a novel MACN‐RTL is proposed, which can generate a more informative and discriminative feature embedding for accurate classification.
The designed MACN leverages attention mechanisms to obtain effective representations and reduces the distributional discrepancy of cross‐domain samples.
An RTL is devised to refine the widely used triplet loss by adding a refinement term to achieve a better optimisation of the model.
Ohrgeräusche zutreffend begutachten: Möglichkeit, Plausibilität und Wahrscheinlichkeit
Authors: Michel Olaf 
Published: August 2021

ZusammenfassungOhrgeräusche als subjektive, individuelle Empfindung entziehen sich einem objektiven Nachweis. In der Begutachtungssituation sind sie zudem von physiologischen oder spontanen Hörsensationen abzugrenzen.In Bezug auf die neue Königsteiner Empfehlung und auf die Rechtsprechung des letzten Jahres ist vor dem Hintergrund der unterschiedlichen Kausalitätsbegriffe in der Gesetzlichen und Privaten Unfallversicherung eine stringente Prüfung zur Feststellung, ob eine ausreichend hohe Wahrscheinlichkeit eines unfallbedingten subjektiven Ohrgeräusches vorliegt, bei der Begutachtung erforderlich. Um eine nachvollziehbare und vergleichbare Grundlage zu schaffen, wurde der Vorschlag einer Plausibilitätsprüfung mit der Erfassung von 5 Kriterien – angemessenes Ereignis, Unmittelbarkeit, Reproduzierbarkeit auf der Basis der heutigen Untersuchungsmethoden von Tinnitus-Masking und -Matching, Fortdauer und Fixierung und die Erfassung mit nichtsuggestiven Fragen – einer Überprüfung unterzogen.Die Übersichtsarbeit zeigt, dass sich die Anforderungen an den jeweiligen Beweismaßstab mit den angegebenen Nachweisschritten erfüllen lassen. Die einfache Möglichkeit des Vorliegens von Ohrgeräuschen kann über die Plausibilitätskriterien, die psychoakustische Verfahren beinhalten, sowie offene Fragen systematisch zur Wahrscheinlichkeit des Vorliegens geführt werden. Damit sind die Voraussetzungen für eine nachvollziehbare Kausalbetrachtung zwischen Ereignis und angegebenen Tinnitus nach aktuellen medizinisch-wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnissen geschaffen.