bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Duplex-RT-PCR assay for the simultaneous detection and discrimination of Brome mosaic virus and Cocksfoot mottle virus in cereal plants
Authors: Trzmiel Katarzyna 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBrome mosaic virus (BMV) and cocksfoot mottle virus (CfMV) are pathogens of grass species including all economically important cereals. Both viruses have been identified in Poland therefore they create a potential risk to cereal crops. In this study, a duplex—reverse transcription—polymerase chain reaction (duplex-RT-PCR) was developed and optimized for simultaneous detection and differentiation of BMV and CfMV as well as for confirmation of their co-infection. Selected primers CfMVdiag-F/CfMVdiag-R and BMV2-F/BMV2-R amplified 390 bp and 798 bp RT-PCR products within coat protein (CP) region of CfMV and replicase gene of BMV, respectively. Duplex-RT-PCR was successfully applied for the detection of CfMV-P1 and different Polish BMV isolates. Moreover, one sample was found to be co-infected with BMV-ML1 and CfMV-ML1 isolates. The specificity of generated RT-PCR products was verified by sequencing. Duplex-RT-PCR, like conventional RT-PCR, was able to detect two viruses occurring in plant tissues in very low concentration (as low as 4.5 pg/µL of total RNA). In contrast to existing methods, newly developed technique offers a significant time and cost-saving advantage. In conclusion, duplex-RT-PCR is a useful tool which can be implemented by phytosanitary services to rapid detection and differentiation of BMV and CfMV.
Decomposability and Relative Invariance: the Structural Approach to Network Complexity and Resilience
Authors: Scazzieri Roberto 
Published: June 2021

AbstractEconomic complexity highlights the relationship between interdependence (a positional characteristic of elements belonging to a given network or structure) and connectivity (a functional characteristic of elements belonging to a given field of interaction). Positional interdependence (as the one between pieces in a jigsaw puzzle) is central to studies investigating the architecture of a complex system (Simon) while connectivity is central to the analysis of responsiveness patterns in social networks and strategic action fields. This paper discusses the fundamentals of a structural approach to economic and spatial complexity by highlighting the hierarchical arrangement of network elements as a distinctive feature of system identity. The positional distribution of network elements is a fundamental characteristic of complex networks and a central condition constraining the dynamics of those networks through the principle ofrelative structural invariance. The paper investigates the role of this principle by connecting it with the aggregation criterion followed in assigning network elements to specific subsystems. The type of aggregation is essential in determining the resilience properties of the network with respect to specific dynamic impulses. The paper concludes highlighting the need to combine the investigation of positional interdependence with the analysis of connectivity since positional interdependence is fundamental in determining which patterns of connection are more likely to arise (and which ones are excluded), due to the role of alternative properties of relative invariance constraining the feasible transformations in the positions of network elements.
Flood hazard mapping for data-scarce and ungauged coastal river basins using advanced hydrodynamic models, high temporal-spatial resolution remote sensing precipitation data, and satellite imageries
Authors: Trinh Manh Xuan , Molkenthin Frank 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis paper presents an integrated approach to simulate flooding and inundation for small- and medium-sized coastal river basins where measured data are not available or scarce. By coupling the rainfall–runoff model, the one-dimensional and two-dimensional models, and the integration of these with global tide model, satellite precipitation products, and synthetic aperture radar imageries, a comprehensive flood modeling system for Tra Bong river basin selected as a case study was set up and operated. Particularly, in this study, the lumped conceptual model was transformed into the semi-distributed model to increase the parameter sets of donor basins for applying the physical similarity approach. The temporal downscaling technique was applied to disaggregate daily rainfall data using satellite-based precipitation products. To select an appropriate satellite-derived rainfall product, two high temporal-spatial resolution products (0.1 × 0.1 degrees and 1 h) including GSMaP_GNRT6 and CMORPH_CRT were examined at 1-day and 1-h resolutions by comparing with ground-measured rainfall. The CMORPH_CRT product showed better performance in terms of statistical errors such as Correlation Coefficient, Probability of Detection, False Alarm Ratio, and Critical Success Index. Land cover/land use, flood extent, and flood depths derived from Sentinel-1A imageries and a digital elevation model were employed to determine the surface roughness and validate the flood modeling. The results obtained from the modeling system were found to be in good agreement with collected data in terms of NSE (0.3–0.8), RMSE (0.19–0.94), RPE (− 213 to 0.7%), F1 (0.55), and F2 (0.37). Subsequently, various scenarios of flood frequency with 10-, 20-, 50-, and 100-year return periods under the probability analysis of extreme values were developed to create the flood hazard maps for the study area. The flood hazards were then investigated based on the flood intensity classification of depth, duration, and velocity. These hazard maps are significantly important for flood hazard assessments or flood risk assessments. This study demonstrated that applying advanced hydrodynamic models on computing flood inundation and flood hazard analysis in data-scarce and ungauged coastal river basins is completely feasible. This study provides an approach that can be used also for other ungauged river basins to better understand flooding and inundation through flood hazard mapping.
Contracting for Catastrophe:Legitimizing Emergency Constitutions by Drawing on Social Contract Theory
Authors: Voigt Stefan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractStates of emergency are declared frequently in all parts of the world. Their declaration routinely implies a suspension of basic constitutional rights. In the last half century, it has become the norm for constitutions to contain an explicit ‘emergency constitution’, i.e., the constitutionally safeguarded rules of operation for a state of emergency. In this paper, I ask whether inclusion of an emergency constitution can be legitimized by drawing on social contract theory. I argue that there are important arguments, both against and in favor of constitutionalized emergency provisions, and that social contract theory—as applied by economists—can be of some help when deciding whether to have, or not to have an emergency constitution. This paper introduces a novel argument for justifying emergency constitutions. It argues that they can serve as a commitment mechanism protecting both citizens and politicians from overreacting to rare but significant threats.
Characterization of organic-rich mineral debris revealed by rapid glacier retreat, Indren Glacier, European Alps
Authors: Freppaz Michele , Williams Mark W. , Gabrieli Jacopo , Gorra Roberta , Mania Ilaria , Ascher-Jenull Judith , Egli Markus , Celi Luisella 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn the summer of 2003 and 2004, characterized by a rapid glacier retreat, a stony surface covered by well-structured organic-rich mineral debris was observed very close to the Indren glacier terminus (Monte Rosa Massif, NW Italy, 3100 m ASL), on an area covered by the glacier tongue till the year before. The origin and type of this organic-rich material were investigated, in order to detect their characteristics, potential sources and fate within the foreland system. The deposits were dated using Carbon-14 and analyzed for the chemical characteristics of the organic component, the elemental composition of the mineral fraction and presence of microbial markers. The material, granular and dark in color, had a total organic carbon (TOC) content ranging between 17.4 ± 0.39 and 28.1 ± 0.63 g kg−1 dry weight (dw), significantly higher than the surrounding glacial till (~ 1.4 g kg−1 dw), although only 0.33% of it was in water soluble form. Microbial carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) accounted for 10.6% and 3.13% of TOC and total N, respectively. Dissolved nitrogen (N), mainly present as ammonium, represented 2.40% of the total N. The low aromatic component and large presence of nitrogen (N)-derived compounds suggested that most of the organic carbon (OC) in these organic-rich mineral deposits was derived from microbial cells, although the high average radiocarbon age of about 2900 years may also point to the contribution of aeolian depositions of anthropogenic or natural origin. Elemental composition and the crustal enrichment factor of trace elements in the mineral fraction of the aggregates corroborated the hypothesis that most part of the accumulated material derived from ice meltwater. Some indicators of the colonization of these deposits by microbial communities were also reported, from the abundance of DNA and phylogenetic markers, to the presence of bacterial taxa commonly able to thrive in similar habitats. All these elements suggested that such kind of deposits may have a potential role as energy and nutrient sources in recently deglaciated areas, highlighting the necessity to better understand the processes underlying their formation and their evolution.
The intensity of slope and fluvial processes after a catastrophic windthrow event in small catchments in the Tatra Mountains
Authors: Strzyżowski Dariusz , Gorczyca Elżbieta , Krzemień Kazimierz , Żelazny Mirosław 
Published: June 2021

AbstractStrong wind events frequently result in creating large areas of windthrow, which causes abrupt environmental changes. Bare soil surfaces within pits and root plates potentially expose soil to erosion. Absence of forest may alter the dynamics of water circulation. In this study we attempt to answer the question of whether extensive windthrows influence the magnitude of geomorphic processes in 6 small second- to third-order catchments with area ranging from 0.09 km2 to 0.8 km2. Three of the catchments were significantly affected by a windthrow which occurred in December 2013 in the Polish part of the Tatra Mountains, and the other three catchments were mostly forested and served as control catchments. We mapped the pits created by the windthrow and the linear scars created by salvage logging operations in search of any signs of erosion within them. We also mapped all post-windthrow landslides created in the windthrow-affected catchments. The impact of the windthrow on the fluvial system was investigated by measuring a set of channel characteristics and determining bedload transport intensity using painted tracers in all the windthrow-affected and control catchments. Both pits and linear scars created by harvesting tend to become overgrown by vegetation in the first several years after the windthrow. The only signs of erosion were observed in 10% of the pits located on convergent slopes. During the period from the windthrow event in 2013 until 2019, 5 very small (total area <100 m2) shallow landslides were created. The mean distance of bedload transport was similar (t-test, p=0.05) in most of the windthrow-affected and control catchments. The mapping of channels revealed many cases of root plates fallen into a channel and pits created near a channel. A significant amount of woody debris delivered into the channels influenced the activity of fluvial processes by creating alternating zones of erosion and accumulation.
Anatomical work-up of an individual with multiple muscular variants on both forearms
Authors: Hagedorn Peter S. , Hirt Bernhard , Shiozawa Thomas , Neckel Peter H. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMuscular variants of the forearm are common and frequently cause neurovascular compression syndromes, especially when interfering with the compact topography of the carpal tunnel or the Canalis ulnaris. Here, we report on a male body donor with multiple muscular normal variations on both forearms. The two main findings are (1) an accessory variant muscle (AVM) on the right forearm originating from the M. brachioradialis, the distal radius, and the M. flexor pollicis longus. It spanned the wrist beneath the Fascia antebrachia and inserted at the proximal phalanx of the digitus minimus. (2) Moreover, we found a three-headed palmaris longus variant on the left arm with proximal origin tendon and a distal, trifurcated muscle belly, with separated insertions at the palmar aponeurosis, the flexor retinaculum, and, in analogy to the accessory muscle on the contralateral arm, at the base of the proximal phalanx of the digitus minimus. We found a considerable thickening of the left-hand median nerve right before entering the carpal tunnel indicative of a possible chronic compression syndrome adding clinical relevance to this anatomical case. We also discuss the notion that both, the AVM and the contralateral three-headed palmaris variant are developmental descendants of the M. palmaris longus. Additionally, we found a previously not recorded variant of the M. palmaris brevis on the left hand.
Dynamic Assessment of Global Maize Exposure to Extremely High Temperatures
Authors: Gao Yuan , Su Peng , Zhang Anyu , Wang Ran , Wang Jing’ai 
Published: June 2021

AbstractExposure to extreme heat can severely harm crop growth and development, and it is essential to assess such exposure accurately to minimize risks to crop production. However, the actual distribution of crops and its changes have neither been examined in sufficient detail nor integrated into the assessments of exposure to ensure their accuracy. By examining the distribution of maize at a high resolution through species distribution modeling, we assessed the past and future exposure of maize to temperatures above 37°C worldwide. Such exposure is likely to be widespread and severe, mainly in the subtropics, and may even expand to the mid-latitudes to encompass some major maize-producing areas. Many areas at both high and low latitudes may become exposed for the first time in the next 20 years. By the 2050s, the total area exposed could increase by up to 185% to 308.18 million ha, of which the area exposed for over 60 days may increase nearly sevenfold. The average length of exposure may increase by 69% to 27 days, and areas optimally suited to maize planting may see the fastest increase by up to 772%. Extreme heat can threaten global maize production severely, and measures to mitigate that threat and to adapt to it are urgently needed.
Seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 total antibody is higher in younger Austrian blood donors
Authors: Weidner Lisa , Nunhofer Verena , Jungbauer Christof , Hoeggerl Alexandra Domnica , Grüner Lydia , Grabmer Christoph , Zimmermann Georg , Rohde Eva , Laner-Plamberger Sandra 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Frequently the infection with coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can be asymptomatic or provoke only mild symptoms. These cases often remain unnoticed, so it is difficult to estimate the actual numbers of infections. Aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 total antibody in Austrian blood donors.

Methods
20,228 blood donors aged between 18 and 72 years resident in four Austrian federal states were screened for anti-SARS-CoV-2 total antibody between 5th of June and 4th of December 2020. To evaluate the impact of sex, age, AB0-blood group and donation period on the anti-SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence, multiple logistic regression was done.

Results
Our data reveal an anti-SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence of 2.5% overall, significantly depending on the time point of blood donation: after the first Austrian lockdown the seroprevalence was lower compared to the following months, when the rate was constantly rising. While younger blood donors showed significantly higher seroprevalence, no differences were found concerning sex or AB0 blood group.

Conclusion
Broad testing strategies are required to better determine the number of SARS-CoV-2 infections. Screening blood donors as a representative group for the adult population could be a valid tool to determine the number of recorded and unrecorded cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Newly proposed insulin resistance indexes called TyG-NC and TyG-NHtR show efficacy in diagnosing the metabolic syndrome
Authors: Mirr M. , Skrypnik D. , Bogdański P. , Owecki M. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Obesity and insulin resistance are considered cardinal to the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome. Several simple indexes of insulin resistance calculated from biochemical or anthropometric variables have been proposed. The study aimed to assess the diagnostic accuracy of indirect insulin resistance indicators in detecting metabolic syndrome in non-diabetic patients, including TG/HDLc, METS-IR, TyG, TyG-BMI, TyG-WC, TyG-WHtR, and new indicators TyG-NC (TyG-neck circumference) and TyG-NHtR (Tyg-neck circumference to height ratio).

Methods
The diagnostic accuracy of eight insulin resistance indexes was assessed using the receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC curves) in 665 adult non-diabetic patients. Then, the analysis was performed after the division into groups with proper body mass index, overweight and obese.

Results
All indexes achieved significant diagnostic accuracy, with the highest AUC (area under the curve) for TyG (0.888) and Tg/HDLc (0.874). The highest diagnostic performance in group with the proper body mass index was shown for TyG (0.909) and TyG-BMI (0.879). The highest accuracy in the group of overweight individuals was presented by TyG (0.884) and TG/HDLc (0.855). TG/HDLc and TyG showed the highest AUC (0.880 and 0.877, respectively) in the group with obesity. Both TyG-NC and TyG-NHtR reached significant areas under the curve, which makes them useful diagnostic tests in metabolic syndrome.

Conclusions
Indirect indices of insulin resistance, including proposed TyG-NC and TyG-NHtR, show an essential diagnostic value in diagnosing metabolic syndrome. TyG and TG/HDLc seem to be the most useful in the Caucasian population.
Charging station planning based on the accumulation prospect theory and dynamic user equilibrium
Authors: Heting Qiu , Shuihai Dou , Huayan Shang , Jun Zhang 
Published: June 2021

AbstractLarge-scale use of electric vehicles will greatly increase the traffic pressure on urban road network. Therefore, planning of charging stations for electric vehicles considering charging demand and transportation network is particularly important for the coordinated development of electric vehicles and intelligent transportation. Under the condition of bounded rationality, this paper considers such factors as the travel utility perception difference between the users of fuel vehicles and electric vehicles, the time-varying of traffic flow, the location and service level of charging stations. On this basis, combining the cumulative prospect theory, dynamic traffic flow allocation and charging demands, a two-level programming model is established to solve the problem of charging station site selection. The upper layer is a system optimal model, the goal is to minimize the travel time of the network. The lower model describes the time-variability of departure time and the randomness of charging and travel behaviors, establishes the dynamic user equilibrium model and designs the heuristic algorithm. The validity of the model and algorithm is verified by a numerical example. Through the simulation experiment, the optimal location scheme of charging station under different electric vehicle proportion is obtained, and the driving characteristics of two types of vehicles are analyzed. Compared with the traditional model, it is found that the charging station planning considering bounded rationality can achieve higher road network traffic efficiency with fewer charging piles.
Bringing sustainable urban planning down to earth through food: the experience of the food transects of Grenoble and Caen
Authors: Buyck Jennifer , Meyfroidt Aurore , Brand Caroline , Jourdan Gabriel 
Published: June 2021

AbstractOur contribution aims at pointing out how the food issue challenges metropolitan areas while at the same time identifying potential for sustainable urban planning. To that end, we investigate to what extent taking into account agricultural and food-related issues enables to rethink urban planning which is usually qualified as sustainable. Our analysis will be based upon the two French urban regions of Grenoble and Caen where participatory research was conducted through collective and prospective walks. These urban explorations, which provide insights on metropolitan spaces and the interrelations that underlie them, underly the disconnections of contemporary urban planning with the inhabitants, their vital needs and, more generally, the soil, while highlight working paths for a more nourishing, meaningful and rooted urban planning. By considering urban planning through the scope of agri-food stakes, we contribute then to the renewal of urban concepts and thus highlight three workshops aiming at further developing sustainable urban planning issues and tools.
Comorbidities in Dravet Syndrome and Lennox–Gastaut Syndrome
Authors: Marchese Francesca , Cappelletti Simona , Filippini Melissa , Guido Cristiana Alessia , Passamonti Claudia , Pucci Barbara , Sole Michela , Striano Pasquale 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis study aims to describe the main cognitive and behavioral comorbidities of Dravet syndrome (DS) and Lennox–Gastaut syndrome (LGS), their impact on the health-related quality of life (QOL) of patients and their caregivers, and provide a summary of the neuropsychological tools available for the evaluation of these comorbidities. The cognitive and behavioral comorbidities in patients with DS and LGS have a profound effect on the QOL of affected individuals and their caregivers and, as patients grow, tend to surpass the impact of the seizures. DS is a genetic condition associated with loss-of-function mutations in the SCNA1 sodium channel gene; LGS is an etiologically heterogeneous condition that is often secondary to structural brain abnormalities. The first seizures associated with DS typically present in the first year of life, and developmental delay becomes progressively evident thereafter. LGS usually starts between the ages of 3 and 8 years, with cognitive impairment becoming clinically evident in most patients within 5 years from the onset. In both DS and LGS, cognitive impairment is generally moderate to severe and is often accompanied by behavioral problems such as hyperactivity and inattention. In addition to optimal seizure control, regular assessment and active management of cognitive and behavioral comorbidities are required to meet the complex needs of patients with DS or LGS.