bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Empirical Antimicrobial Therapy of Neonates with Necrotizing Enterocolitis: A Systematic Review
Authors: Donà Daniele , Gastaldi Andrea , Barbieri Elisa , Bonadies Luca , Aluvaala Jalemba , English Mike 
Published: June 2021

Objective Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is an inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract characterized by ischemic necrosis of the intestinal mucosa, mostly affecting premature neonates. Management of NEC includes medical care and surgical approaches, with supportive care and empirical antibiotic therapy recommended to avoid any disease progression. However, there is still no clear evidence-based consensus on empiric antibiotic strategies or surgical timing. This study was aimed to review the available evidence on the effectiveness and safety of different antibiotic regimens for NEC.
Study Design MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane CENTRAL, and CINAHL databases were systematically searched through May 31, 2020. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and nonrandomized interventions reporting data on predefined outcomes related to NEC treatments were included. Clinical trials were assessed using the criteria and standard methods of the Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomized trials, while the risk of bias in nonrandomized studies of interventions was evaluated using the ROBINS-I tool. The certainty in evidence of each outcome's effects was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach.
Results Five studies were included in this review, two RCTs and three observational studies, for a total amount of 3,161 patients. One RCT compared the outcomes of parenteral (ampicillin plus gentamicin) and oral (gentamicin) treatment with parenteral only. Three studies (one RCT and two observational) evaluated adding anaerobic coverage to different parenteral regimens. The last observational study compared two different parenteral antibiotic combinations (ampicillin and gentamicin vs. cefotaxime and vancomycin).
Conclusion No antimicrobial regimen has been shown to be superior to ampicillin and gentamicin in decreasing mortality and preventing clinical deterioration in NEC. The use of additional antibiotics providing anaerobic coverage, typically metronidazole, or use of other broad-spectrum regimens as first-line empiric therapy is not supported by the very limited current evidence. Well-conducted, appropriately sized comparative trials are needed to make evidence-based recommendations.
Key Points
Gingival Biotype: A Secret for Esthetic Success
Authors: Sarma Marjita , Shenoy Nina , Bhandary Rahul 
Published: June 2021

AbstractGingival biotype, in the recent years, has gained substantial interest as one of the important pillars for esthetic success. This review provides recommendations to be considered prior to performing any dental procedure to attain best clinical results. Several methods for measuring biotype have been suggested. Gingiva is often subjected to various insults during routine dental procedures. Hence, understanding the gingival biotype can provide insights into precautions rendered necessary during tissue handling to avoid undesirable treatment outcomes.
I know the name well, but cannot read it correctly: difficulties in reading recent Japanese names
Authors: Ogihara Yuji 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPrevious literature has mentioned the difficulty in reading recent Japanese names correctly. However, this difficulty has not been empirically demonstrated. Thus, it is unclear to what extent and how it is difficult. Therefore, this paper provides empirical evidence of the difficulty in reading Japanese names correctly. Data including names of babies born between 2004 and 2018 were analyzed. The results showed that common writings have many variations in reading, which makes it difficult (or almost impossible) to choose the correct reading among many options. For example, one of the common writings for boys, 大翔 had 18 variations in reading, and for girls, 結愛 had 14 variations in reading. These variations differed remarkably in pronunciation, length, and meaning. Empirically reporting this difficulty in reading Japanese names correctly contributes to a better understanding of naming practices not only in Japan but also in vast regions where Chinese characters are/were used.
A compact electron beam ion trap in support of high-temperature plasma diagnostics based on conduction-cooled superconducting coils
Authors: Bin B. , Lyu B. , Yang Y. , Zhang H. M. , Hao Q. W. , Wang F. D. , Dai C. , Du X. W. , Fu J. , Li Y. Y. , Li J. , Wang Q. P. 
Published: June 2021

Spectroscopic diagnostics of future fusion reactor plasmas require information on impurity line emissions, especially for relevant high-Z metal elements (e.g., tungsten). These materials will be widely used as plasma facing components for their high heat tolerance and low sputtering yield. Based on an electron beam ion trap, a compact impurity spectra platform is developed to mimic the high-temperature environment of a fusion reactor. The proposed platform can deliver a focused e-beam at energies over 30 keV using a confining magnetic field of ∼1.0 T generated by two superconducting coils (NbTi). Cooled by a closed-loop cryocooler, the coils can avoid the usage of a complicated cryogenic system involving the handling of liquid helium. For spectroscopic studies of highly charged ions, a spherically curved crystal spectrometer is proposed to measure a wavelength range around 2–4 Å covering the typical wavelength range expected to be emitted by metal ions in a fusion plasma. This paper reports the design and development progress of the platform.
A multi-orientation low-frequency rotational accelerometer
Authors: McCann J. J. , Winterflood J. , Ju L. , Zhao C. 
Published: June 2021

We present a low frequency rotational accelerometer coined ALFRA with a few nrad/Hz readout sensitivity above 20 mHz and 0.1 nrad/Hz above 50 mHz. The ALFRA is a beam-balance style rotation sensor, which pivots about a cross flexure designed to allow mounting with any orientation, the axis of the pivot determining which rotational component is measured. The high sensitivity is achieved through the use of a walk-off sensor readout used in a feedback loop with an electromagnetic coil to keep the beam dynamically locked. The ALFRA is relatively compact for a ground rotation sensor, measuring at 780 × 240 × 55 mm3.
Forced convective heating for low-temperature sterilization
Authors: Lee Seung Hun , Jeon Hyun Jeong , Lim Youbong , Kim Jun Young , Choe Wonho 
Published: June 2021

A novel impermeable sterile pouch is developed to allow the forced convective heating mechanism for improving the sterilization cycle. The heating process is parametrically investigated to obtain an optimized condition in which a sterilization load is heated from 20 to 45 °C within 2 min, and the forced convection is experimentally and numerically analyzed to find that the convection coefficient is dramatically increased to 450 W/m2 K when compared with the conventional natural convection coefficient of 80 W/m2 K. The optimized heating process is applied to a sterilization cycle using the impermeable pouch, and the overall sterilization cycle is found to be completed within 7.5 min whose performance is validated by using a process challenge device.
A millikelvin scanning tunneling microscope in ultra-high vacuum with adiabatic demagnetization refrigeration
Authors: Esat Taner , Borgens Peter , Yang Xiaosheng , Coenen Peter , Cherepanov Vasily , Raccanelli Andrea , Tautz F. Stefan , Temirov Ruslan 
Published: June 2021

We present the design and performance of an ultra-high vacuum scanning tunneling microscope (STM) that uses adiabatic demagnetization of electron magnetic moments for controlling its operating temperature ranging between 30 mK and 1 K with an accuracy of up to 7 μK rms. At the same time, high magnetic fields of up to 8 T can be applied perpendicular to the sample surface. The time available for STM experiments at 50 mK is longer than 20 h, at 100 mK about 40 h. The single-shot adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator can be regenerated automatically within 7 h while keeping the STM temperature below 5 K. The whole setup is located in a vibrationally isolated, electromagnetically shielded laboratory with no mechanical pumping lines penetrating its isolation walls. The 1 K pot of the adiabatic demagnetization refrigeration cryostat can be operated silently for more than 20 days in a single-shot mode using a custom-built high-capacity cryopump. A high degree of vibrational decoupling together with the use of a specially designed minimalistic STM head provides outstanding mechanical stability, demonstrated by the tunneling current noise, STM imaging, and scanning tunneling spectroscopy measurements, all performed on an atomically clean Al(100) surface.
Disrupted osteocyte connectivity and pericellular fluid flow in bone with aging and defective TGF-β signaling
Authors: Schurman Charles A. , Verbruggen Stefaan W. , Alliston Tamara 
Published: June 2021

Significance
Bone fragility increases with age as the result of the concurrent decline of bone mass, quality, and mechanosensitivity. While the coordinated decline of these behaviors remains unexplained, the role of osteocytes in each of these processes and the age-related degeneration of the lacunocanalicular network (LCN) in which they reside implicate osteocytes in bone aging. In this work, we identify canalicular loss as a driver behind declining mass transport and mechanostimulation within the LCN of aged bone and of bone with osteocyte-intrinsic defects in transforming growth factor beta signaling. We identify the ability to restore physical stimulation to osteocytes through expansion of the pericellular space. Future studies will determine if therapeutic stimulation of osteocyte function can improve bone health with age.
An ecophysiological explanation for manganese enrichment in rock varnish
Authors: Lingappa Usha F. , Yeager Chris M. , Sharma Ajay , Lanza Nina L. , Morales Demosthenes P. , Xie Gary , Atencio Ashley D. , Chadwick Grayson L. , Monteverde Danielle R. , Magyar John S. , Webb Samuel M. , Valentine Joan Selverstone , Hoffman Brian M. , Fischer Woodward W. 
Published: June 2021

SignificanceRock varnish is a prominent feature of desert landscapes and the canvas for many prehistoric petroglyphs. How it forms—and, in particular, the basis for its extremely high manganese content—has been an enduring mystery. The work presented here establishes a biological mechanism for this manganese enrichment, underpinned by an apparent antioxidant strategy that enables microbes to survive in the harsh environments where varnish forms. The understanding that varnish is the residue of life using manganese to thrive in the desert illustrates that, even in extremely stark environments, the imprint of life is omnipresent on the landscape.
Formulation and resolutions of the red sky paradox
Authors: Kipping David 
Published: June 2021

Significance
Red dwarf stars are the most numerous and long-lived stars in the cosmos, and recent exoplanet discoveries indicate an abundance of rocky, temperate planets around them. This presents an apparent paradox as to why we do not see a red dwarf in our sky. This “red sky paradox” could plausibly be random chance at the 1-in-100 level but would then come into tension with the Copernican principle. Three additional resolutions to the paradox are outlined, which broadly inhibit the opportunities for complex life to develop around such stars: attenuated emergence rates, truncated evolutionary windows, and/or a paucity of suitable habitats. All three appear viable given our present limited knowledge but the potential for future observational tests is explored.
Anthropogenic lead pervasive in Canadian Arctic seawater
Authors: De Vera Joan , Chandan Priyanka , Pinedo-González Paulina , John Seth G. , Jackson Sarah L. , Cullen Jay T. , Colombo Manuel , Orians Kristin J. , Bergquist Bridget A. 
Published: June 2021

Significance
Anthropogenic lead (Pb) is widespread and far reaching in the environment. However, it was thought that western Arctic Ocean seawater was pristine based on low dissolved Pb and proxy data. By measuring Pb isotopes on seawater with extremely low concentrations, this study shows that anthropogenic Pb is pervasive in western Arctic Ocean seawater, and much of the dissolved Pb is from remobilization of previously deposited aerosols from the high-Pb emission period of the 20th century. Thus, historic Pb pollution still impacts Arctic seawater, and accelerated melting of permafrost and ice and increased coastal erosion may enhance this remobilization. This study also demonstrates that dissolved Pb isotopes are a sensitive tracer of contaminant and particulate sources in Arctic seawater.
Information-theoretic measures of superconductivity in a two-dimensional doped Mott insulator
Authors: Walsh Caitlin , Charlebois Maxime , Sémon Patrick , Sordi Giovanni , Tremblay André-Marie S. 
Published: June 2021

Significance
Quantum information can provide an overarching perspective on phases of matter in interacting quantum systems. We use tools of quantum information to characterize the entanglement-related properties of unconventional superconductivity in a doped Mott insulator—a phase of matter realized in cuprates and one that could soon be emulated with ultracold atoms. Using the canonical model of interacting quantum particles, we predict how key measures of correlations—thermodynamic entropy, local entropy, and total mutual information—detect the superconducting phase in a 2D doped Mott insulator. The local entropy reflects the source of condensation energy. In the superconducting phase, the thermodynamic entropy is suppressed, and the total mutual information is amplified. Our work provides a route to studying superconductivity with information-theoretic measures.
Long‐term evolution of cartilage abnormalities and osteophytes in the fingers of elite sport climbers: A cross‐sectional 10‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Pastor Torsten , Schweizer Andreas , Reissner Lisa , Pastor Tatjana , Spörri Jörg , Fröhlich Stefan 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACTThe sequelae of high mechanical stress to the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) and distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints of the fingers in elite sport climbers and its contribution to the development of osteoarthritis are still relatively unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the evolution of cartilage abnormalities of the PIP and DIP joints, as well as the progress of osteophytes, in the fingers of elite sport climbers with a minimum of 25 years of climbing history over the time period of the last 10 years. Moreover, their actual cartilage abnormalities and osteophyte occurrence were compared to non‐climbing age‐matched controls. Thirty‐one elite male sport climbers and 15 male non‐climbers underwent a sonographic examination of the PIP and DIP joint cartilage and osteophyte thickness in the frontal and sagittal plane of digits II–V of both hands. The same cohort had already been measured with an identical protocol 10 years earlier (follow‐up rate of 100%). Compared to the baseline assessment 10 years earlier, the cartilage thickness of sport climbers has significantly decreased; however, it was still greater than in age‐matched controls. Moreover, sport climbers showed significantly higher relative frequencies of osteophyte occurrence than non‐climbers (all fingers and joints). Nevertheless, despite a substantial (and compared to baseline a further increased) occurrence of osteophytes in elite sport climbers, there was no association between the radiological signs of osteoarthritis and pain within the last six months prior the follow‐up investigation.
The circumstellar matter of type II intermediate luminosity optical transients (ILOTs)
Authors: Soker Noam 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
I find that a ≃ 0.1 − 1 M
⊙ outflowing equatorial dusty disk (torus) that the binary system progenitor of an intermediate luminosity optical transient (ILOT) ejects several years to several months before and during the outburst can reduce the total emission to an equatorial observer by two orders of magnitude and shifts the emission to wavelengths of mainly λ ≳ 10 μm. This is termed a type II ILOT (ILOT II). To reach this conclusion, I use calculations of type II active galactic nuclei and apply them to the equatorial ejecta (disk/torus) of ILOTs II. This reduction in emission can last for tens of years after outburst. Most of the radiation escapes along the polar directions. The attenuation of the emission for wavelengths of λ < 5 μm can be more than three orders of magnitude, and the emission at λ ≲ 2 μ m is negligible. Jets that the binary system launches during the outburst can collide with polar CSM and emit radiation above the equatorial plane and dust in the polar outflow can reflect emission from the central source. Therefore, during the event itself the equatorial observer might detect an ILOT. I strengthen the previously suggested ILOT II scenario to the event N6946-BH1, where a red giant star disappeared in the visible.
The stellar system HIP 101227: is it a binary, a triple or a quadruple system?
Authors: Yousef Zahra Talal , Annuar Adlyka , Hussein Abdallah Mohammad , Al-Naimiy Hamid , Al-Wardat Mashhoor , Hamid Nurul Shazana Abdul , Talafha Mohammed Fadil 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we present the analysis of the stellar system HIP 101227 to determine the actual number of components in the system, and their properties. We use dynamical modeling and complex spectrophotometric (involving atmospheric modeling) techniques with recent data, to determine the physical properties and orbital solution for the system, respectively, with better accuracy than past studies. Based on our analysis, we found that the system is more consistent with being a quadruple rather than a binary or a triple system as suggested by previous studies. The total mass of the system determined from our SED analysis is 3.42 ± 0.20 M
⊙, which is distributed almost equally between the four stars. The stars are found to be zero-age main sequence stars; i.e., at the last stage of pre-main sequence, with age less than 200 Myr and spectral types K0. All four stars have very similar physical characteristics, suggesting that the fragmentation process is the most likely theory for the formation and evolution of the system.
Ground experiments and performance evaluation of the Low-Frequency Radio Spectrometer onboard the lander of Chang’e-4 mission
Authors: Zhu Xin-Ying , Su Yan , Ji Yi-Cai , Zhang Hong-Bo , Zhao Bo , Li Jun-duo , Dai Shun , Xue Xi-Ping , Li Chun-Lai 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The Low-Frequency Radio Spectrometer (LFRS) is a scientific payload onboard the Chang’e-4 lunar lander launched in December 2018. The LFRS provides in-situ measurements of the low-frequency radio phenomena on the far-side of theMoon for the first time in human history. To evaluate the performance of the LFRS, a series of ground experiments are conducted using an engineering model of the LFRS. It is not easy to perform the experiments because the Electro Magnetic Interference (EMI) from the Chang’e- 4 lunar lander itself and the environment is very intense. The results after EMI mitigation show that the sensitivity of the LFRS may be 10−18 W m−2 Hz−1.
Evolutionary and Hereditary Traits of an Albatross and its Aerodynamic Optimality
Authors: Mathew Bilji C , Lal Jeyan J V Muruga , Dutta Prantik , Savale Rushikesh R. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The aerodynamic efficiency of the albatross has always fascinated researchers and the designing of drones mimicking the albatross’s aerodynamic traits have been a major area of interest for the aerospace industry. This review sheds light on the traits behind an albatross’s aerodynamic efficiency such as dynamic soaring, bell shaped lift distribution and provides insights into its hereditary posed encodings and evolutions. The soaring techniques have been introduced and discussed along with the albatross’s morphology and structure which is responsible for its efficiency. In addition, the albatross’s navigational and foraging strategies are briefly discussed to provide a better understanding of the effects of atmospheric conditions on the albatross’s flight characteristics and the limitations.
A microclimatic study of urban neighbourhood parks
Authors: Nawani Akhil , Kaur Harsimran 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Green spaces are considered important natural and human-centric spaces in a city. They are considered essential to allow the proper functioning of the natural ecosystem in an urban environment. The study aims to determine the thermal impact of a neighbourhood park upon its residential surroundings in a rapidly urbanising city. The city of Gurugram, India, was chosen for a study as it has seen unprecedented growth, increasing the need to develop green spaces. A traverse survey is conducted in some chosen neighbourhood parks of Gurugram, and microclimatic variables are recorded. Three sites in different wards are surveyed multiple times to record on-site climatic data, building typology, building heights, survey points, and characteristics. These are then denoted graphically, and specific trends are generated and explained. The study also provides a path towards the study’s future scope, further enhancing the research topic’s overall understanding.
Natural Microalgae Biofilm As A Tool To Clean-Up Mining Wastewater
Authors: Anbu Kumar S. , Gupta Shivam , Kumar Shubham , Meena Pawan Kumar 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Pollutants in amphibian conditions will in general change the network arrangement and exercises of biofilm cells. The making of excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) which is caused due to the stress induced out of these pollutants play a major role in debasement of pollutants in oceanic conditions. This smaller than expected audit is pointed toward anticipating the proficiency of the utilisation of regular biofilm in water treatment coming about because of mining exercises. Additionally, it sums up the idea of mining by briefly expressing the stages engaged with mining and how the toxins delivered during mining can make harmful impacts on amphibian vegetation. Discussion on how the advancement of biodiversity is impacted by the ecological issues resulting from activities of mining was done. Microalgae assume a significant part in the alleviation of the effect of contamination coming about because of mining exercises. The cycle of toxins expulsion in freshwater by miniature green growth biofilm is by debasement and biosorption. Biosorption of hefty metals in mining wastewater was caused because of the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). The kinetic model should be understood properly which explains the biosorption of hefty metals through physical and chemical reactions.