bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cosmological constraints with the Effective Fluid approach for Modified Gravity
Authors: Cardona Wilmar , Arjona Rubén , Estrada Alejandro , Nesseris Savvas 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Cosmological constraints of Modified Gravity (MG) models are seldom carried out rigorously. First, even though general MG models evolve differently (i.e., background and perturbations) to the standard cosmological model, it is usual to assume a ΛCDM background. This treatment is not correct and in the era of precision cosmology could induce undesired biases in cosmological parameters. Second, neutrino mass is usually held fixed in the analyses which could obscure its relation to MG parameters. In a couple of previous papers we showed that by using the Effective Fluid Approach we can accurately compute observables in fairly general MG models. An appealing advantage of our approach is that it allows a pretty easy implementation of this kinds of models in Boltzmann solvers (i.e., less error-prone) while having a useful analytical description of the effective fluid to understand the underlying physics. This paper illustrates how an effective fluid approach can be used to carry out proper analyses of cosmological constraints in MG models. We investigated three MG models including the sum of neutrino masses as a varying parameter in our Markov Chain Monte Carlo analyses. Two models (i.e., Designer f(R) [DES-fR] and Designer Horndeski [HDES]) have a background matching ΛCDM, while in a third model (i.e., Hu & Sawicki f(R) model [HS]) the background differs from the standard model. In this way we estimate how relevant the background is when constraining MG parameters along with neutrinos' masses. We implement the models in the popular Boltzmann solver CLASS and use recent, available data (i.e., Planck 2018, CMB lensing, BAO, SNIa Pantheon compilation, H
0 from SHOES, and RSD Gold-18 compilation) to compute tight cosmological constraints in the MG parameters that account for deviation from the ΛCDM model. For both the DES-fR and the HS model we obtain log10
b < -8 at 68% confidence when all data are included. In the case of the HDES model we find a somewhat weaker value of log10
Jc
> -5 at 68% confidence. We also find that constraints on MG parameters are a bit weakened when compared to the case where neutrinos' masses are held fixed in the analysis.
Photon-induced correlations of quantum systems via an excitation exchange operator
Authors: Shuker Reuben , Koganov Gennady A 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The sensitivities of optical magnetometers, atomic clocks and atom interferometers and other quantum metrology devices, whose signals are linear in the number N of active atoms, have practically arrived at their theoretical limit. Further enhancement of the sensitivities of such devices requires the introduction of new physical processes to improve on their present achievements. Many-body collective correlation among the atoms, spins or, in general, quantum systems may prove to be a suitable method. As such correlations introduce interference terms in the intensity of the scattering amplitudes they may enhance the signal as N(N − 1) for N correlated quantum systems. These correlations enhance the signal to noise ratio by a factor of N
2 and contribute to better sensitivity in quantum metrology. Moreover, atomic correlation may provide a quantum noise limit, the Heisenberg limit. In the present letter a novel operator is introduced that expresses photon-induced excitation exchange that takes into account energy conservation,

V

i
j

=

a
ˆ

†

σ
i

σ
j
†

a
ˆ

, where

σ
i

=

g

i

e

i

is the lowering operator of the i-th atom, and

a
ˆ

†

,

a
ˆ

are photon creation and annihilation operators. Here i and j stand for two different atoms. This operator describes real or virtual photon-assisted excitation exchange between two atoms. Moreover, it conserves the total number of excitations in the joint electromagnetic field and the quantum system. A photon-induced excitation exchange between two atoms is calculated and clearly exhibits correlation and collective effects.
Modelling the sputtering and reflection from a beryllium surface: atomistic analysis
Authors: Shermukhamedov Shokirbek , Chen Lei , Nazmutdinov Renat , Kaiser Alexander , Probst Michael 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Sputtering from plasma-facing surfaces upon particle impact can limit the lifetime of components in fusion devices, especially in the diverter region. Atomistic simulations of the processes associated with plasma–wall interactions allow for a detailed analysis of sputtering, reflection and adsorption. Most former works of beryllium sputtering by hydrogen isotopes were aimed mostly on the sputtering yield. We investigate the influence of impact energy and angle on sputtering, and analyze these quantities also for the outgoing particle. We model the sputtering by non-cumulative molecular dynamics simulations with a large number of trajectories for the various parameters. The underlying forces and energies are obtained from high-dimensional neural networks fitted to density functional calculations. We find a good agreement with the previously reported sputtering yields for perpendicular impact and a qualitative accordance with experimental data. In detail, the sputtering yield increases with increasing impact energy for angles of incidence larger than 45° with respect to the surface normal, while smaller angles show a maximal yield up to 100 eV. In cases where D reflection rather than sputtering occurs, a similar pattern is found for all angles, with the maximal reflection rate at 80°.
The future evolution of energy-water-agriculture interconnectivity across the US
Authors: Khan Zarrar , Wild Thomas B , Iyer Gokul , Hejazi Mohamad , Vernon Chris R 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Energy, water, and agricultural resources across the globe are highly interconnected. This interconnectivity poses science challenges, such as understanding and modeling interconnections, as well as practical challenges, such as efficiently managing interdependent resource systems. Using the US as an example, this study seeks to define and explore how interconnectivity evolves over space and time under a range of influences. Concepts from graph theory and input–output analysis are used to visualize and quantify key intersectoral linkages using two new indices: the ‘Interconnectivity Magnitude Index’ and the ‘Interconnectivity Spread Index’. Using the Global Change Analysis Model (GCAM-USA), we explore the future evolution of these indices under four scenarios that explore a range of forces, including socioeconomic and technological change. Analysis is conducted at both national and state level spatial scales from 2015 to 2100. Results from a Reference scenario show that resource interconnectivity in the US is primarily driven by water use amongst different sectors, while changes in interconnectivity are driven by a decoupling of the water and electricity systems, as power plants become more water-efficient over time. High population and GDP growth results in relatively more decoupling of sectors, as a larger share of water and energy is used outside of interconnected sector feedback loops. Lower socioeconomic growth results in the opposite trend. Transitioning to a low-carbon economy increases interconnectivity because of the expansion of purpose-grown biomass, which strengthens the connections between water and energy. The results highlight that while some regions may experience similar sectoral stress projections, the composition of the intersectoral connectivity leading to that sectoral stress may call for distinctly different multi-sector co-management strategies. The methodology we introduce here can be applied in diverse geographical and sectoral contexts to enable better understanding of where, when, and how coupling or decoupling between sectors could evolve and be better managed.
Do political systems have a lasting effect on climate change concern? Evidence from Germany after reunification
Authors: Kountouris Yiannis 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Support for climate policy depends on the public’s perception of climate change costs. Assessing the determinants of climate change attitudes contributes to explaining cross-country differences in climate policy implementation. In this paper, I examine the influence of experience with a political system on individuals’ concern for the consequences of climate change. To address biases introduced by the endogeneity of the political system, I use the natural experiment created by the division and reunification of Germany. I find evidence suggesting that experience with the political system of East Germany has a lasting negative effect on climate change concern that is discernible more than 20 years after reunification. Results suggest that the influence of political institutions on climate change attitudes and policy adoption can persist long after they have been replaced.
Increasing heat risk in China’s urban agglomerations
Authors: Zhang Guwei , Zeng Gang , Liang Xin-Zhong , Huang Cunrui 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A heat danger day is defined as an extreme when the heat stress index (a combined temperature and humidity measure) exceeding 41 °C, warranting public heat alerts. This study assesses future heat risk (i.e. heat danger days times the population at risk) based on the latest Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 projections. In recent decades (1995–2014) China’s urban agglomerations (Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Yangtze River Delta, Middle Yangtze River, Chongqing-Chengdu, and Pearl River Delta (PRD)) experienced no more than three heat danger days per year, but this number is projected to increase to 3–13 days during the population explosion period (2041–2060) under the high-emission shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.5). This increase will result in approximately 260 million people in these agglomerations facing more than three heat danger days annually, accounting for 19% of the total population of China, and will double the current level of overall heat risk. During the period 2081–2100, there will be 8–67 heat danger days per year, 60%–90% of the urban agglomerations will exceed the current baseline number, and nearly 310 million people (39% of the total China population) will be exposed to the danger, with the overall heat risk exceeding 18 times the present level. The greatest risk is projected in the PRD region with 67 heat danger days to occur annually under SSP5-8.5. With 65 million people (68% of the total population) experiencing increased heat danger days, the overall heat risk in the region will swell by a factor of 50. Conversely, under the low-emission pathways (SSP1-2.6 and SSP2-4.5), the annual heat danger days will remain similar to the present level or increase slightly. The result indicates the need to develop strategic plans to avoid the increased heat risk of urban agglomerations under high emission-population pathways.
Sensitivity of seasonal migration to climatic variability in central India
Authors: Choksi Pooja , Singh Deepti , Singh Jitendra , Mondal Pinki , Nagendra Harini , Urpelainen Johannes , DeFries Ruth 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Extreme climatic events and variability are on the rise around the world, with varying implications for populations across socio-economic conditions. Effective strategies for climate adaptation and development depend on understanding these differential sensitivities to climatic variability. This study focuses on a vulnerable population living in forest-fringe villages of central India, where seasonal migration is a common livelihood strategy for poor households to supplement their incomes with remittances. We quantify the relative sensitivity of a decision to migrate for the first time to climate and socio-economic variables and how the sensitivities vary for different segments of the population. We surveyed 5000 households in 500 forest-fringe villages to identify patterns of migration from 2013 to 2017. Using a mixed-effects logistic regression model, we predicted the probability of first-time migration of a household member based on climate variables and household- and district-level characteristics. We find that households in more agricultural and prosperous districts experience lower rates of migration but are more sensitive to climatic variability than households in poorer districts. The probability of first-time migration from a household in the most prosperous district increases by approximately 40% with one standard deviation in mean maximum temperature or rainfall from the 1981–2017 mean. However, the probability of migration does not vary as a function of climatic variability for households in the poorest district. We attribute this difference in sensitivities to the greater dependence on agriculture and irrigation in more prosperous districts and poverty-driven dependence on migration regardless of the climate in poorer districts. Households investing remittances from migration in agricultural intensification could become increasingly sensitive to climate variability, particularly with water shortages and projected increases in climate variability in the region. Promotion of non-agricultural livelihood options and climate-resilient agriculture could the reduce sensitivity of migration to climate variability in the study region.
Papaya peels as source of hydro char via hydrothermal carbonization
Authors: Hamid N A A , Zulkifli N Z 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Papaya peels was converted into hydro char via hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) and used as adsorbent for methylene blue removal. The carbonization of the papaya peels was executed at six different temperatures ranging from 150 °C to 200 °C with 50 °C interval with reaction time of 120 minutes mainly to study the effect of the carbonization temperature on the hydro char formed via HTC. The hydro char produced was assessed in terms of mass yield, elemental compositions, and higher heating value (HHV) prior to degradation of methylene blue (MB). For all sample, the mass yield of the hydro char was reduced as the reaction temperature increased whilst contradict to carbon contents which increased as the HTC temperature increased. The HHV also increased as the carbonization temperature rise, but it was observed a slight decline of the HHV for hydro char formed at 170 °C which because of the carbon content in the hydro char. Moreover, result shows removal percentage of MB increased significantly along with the carbonization temperature.
Potential health risk assessment of heavy metal content in Perlis soil
Authors: Ahmad N A , Ali U F M , Chan M F 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A determination of soil heavy metal (Cu, Mn and Ni) concentrations in Perlis state, Malaysia was performed to define the level of soil pollution. Six soil samples were collected at depth of 0 – 15 cm in industrial, residential and school areas around Perlis. The highest concentration of Mn (57.80 mg/kg) and Ni (2.83 mg/kg) were detected at limestone quarry in Bukit Air, Cu (17.43 mg/kg) in Kampung Wang Ulu. The concentration of Cu, Mn and Ni were well below their soil geochemical background values. The single pollution indices assessment revealed that the soil contamination due to heavy metals in Perlis is insignificant. On the basis of the heavy metal content, the potential health risk assessment for children and adults was calculated for a lifetime of exposure through ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact based on the USEPA model. The exposure assessment found that the exposure pathways of heavy metals to both children and adults are through ingestion. Both Hazard Quotient (HQ) and Hazard Index (HI) values are lower than 1, indicating no health risk. From the result, the HI values indicated that the soil heavy metal contamination could pose more impacts on children as compared to adults.
Comparison of sawdust and kenaf core fibre as cultivation substrates for grey oyster (Pleurotus sajor-caju) and black jelly (Auricularia auricular-judae) mushrooms
Authors: Ibrahim R , Shaharudin N F U 
Published: May 2021

AbstractUnlike plants, mushrooms are heterotrophic organisms which require external nutrients to grow the hypha network which supplies nutrients for the growth of reproductive stage. In this study, rubber tree sawdust, kenaf core fibre and mixture of sawdust-kenaf (50:50) were used as the cultivation substrates for grey oyster (Pleurotus sajor-caju) and black jelly (Auricularia auricula-judae) mushrooms. Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinusL.) composed of fibre-rich substances which consist of an internal woody core and a superficial fibrous bark. This study was conducted to compare between sawdust and kenaf core fibre as the cultivation substrates in terms of growth performance, yield and postharvest quality of grey oyster and black jelly mushrooms. There was no significant difference (P≥0.05) observed in the mycelium growth rate among the substrates used. However, grey oyster mushroom showed higher growth rate 0.74-0.77 cm/day) compared to black jelly mushroom (0.44-0.55 cm/day). Sawdust substrate showed the highest yield (415.5 g) for both mushroom species followed by mixture of sawdust-kenaf and lastly kenaf. There was also no significant different (P≥0.05) found in the postharvest quality of both mushrooms species among different substrates used. In conclusion, in terms of yield, sawdust was the best mushroom cultivation substrate for both grey oyster and black jelly mushrooms.
A comparative study on bioethanol production from rice straw and banana pseudostem through simultaneous saccharification and fermentation using Kluyveromyces marxianus
Authors: Gatdula K M , Blaquera M S F N , Jimena C M V , Elegado F B , Alcantara J Z , Guerrero G A M 
Published: May 2021

AbstractTo improve the efficiency of second-generation bioethanol production, simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) of top agricultural wastes in the Philippines such as rice straw and banana pseudostem was conducted using commercial enzymes and the thermotolerant yeastKluyveromyces marxianus. Residues were initially subjected to chemical treatment prior to SSF. A constant inoculum loading of 10% vv-1was introduced during SSF, and mixed with a nutrient supplemented solution. Aside from the enzyme loading, the effect of reaction temperature and reaction time on ethanol concentration was assessed. Among the tested parameters, only reaction time had a significant effect on the bioethanol concentration from both biomasses. For a pre-treated rice straw with 70.93% ww-1holocellulose, highest ethanol concentration obtained was 6.30+0.44 gL-1at 45°C, reaction time of 48 h and with enzyme loading of 30 FPUg-1. On the other hand, 5.35+0.29 gL-1ethanol was achieved from SSF of banana pseudostem with 67.75% ww-1holocellulose, also at 35°C, at a lower reaction time of 24 h and same enzyme loading of 30 FPUg-1. This study also proves that the thermotolerantK. marxianuswas capable of producing bioethanol from lignocellulosics through SSF, thereby considering it as a potential alternative toSaccharomyces cerevisiaefor bioethanol production.
Changes in the physical and chemical properties of C. nutans herbal leaves dried under different drying methods
Authors: Abdullah S , Nordin R , Rzemin M A A , Razak N Abdul 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Drying is a well-known preservation method that uses to extent the shelf life of food materials during storage. In herbal industry, the drying is conducted by using several methods. It is believed that drying methods could affect the herbs physical and chemical properties. In this project, the effects of different drying methods on colour changes, rehydration ratio and bioactive constituent of C. nutans herb were investigated. The herb was dried under sunlight, shade, vacuum oven, and microwave. Results showed that the dried leaves have better retention of TPC and higher antioxidant activity as compared to the fresh leaves. Vacuum oven dried samples showed the highest antioxidant activity and significantly high in TPC. Besides, vacuum and under shade dried herbal leaves had no significant effect on the colour changes. Moreover, leaves dried under vacuum oven was also observed to exert the highest rehydration ratio due to less cell breakdown during drying. Therefore, vacuum drying has greater performance in term of retaining colour, less microstructure changes and greater TPC and antioxidant activity. It could be suggested that by adding vacuum to other drying methods may able to enhance the herbal quality.
Tomato peel-cutin based film mitigates the deterioration of calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa)
Authors: Madzuki I N , Tan J M , Shalan N A A Mohamad , Isa N S Mohd 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The plant cuticle, cutin is the main component in tomato peel. The cutin was obtained through 3% (w/v) NaOH extraction by autoclave. The extract was then mixed with pectin, forming a film suspension before being used as a coating for calamansi. The calamansi samples were grouped (n=20) into: pectin; 1:1 pectin/cutin; 2:3 pectin/cutin; 3:2 pectin/cutin; and uncoated control. The calamansi were stored at 25°C for 10 days and were analysed for physio-chemical changes every two days. Calamansi samples coated with pectin/cutin showed a significant reduction in firmness and Brix as early as day 2 and the percentage of citric acid at day 6. After 10 days of storage, the 2:3 pectin/cutin treatment samples showed minimum changes in weight loss (23.52±3.20%), firmness (27.11±3.10 N), total soluble solids content (7.55±0.21°Brix), titratable acidity (25.60±0.32% citric acid) and colour. Therefore, it can be concluded that the 2:3 pectin/cutin film coating was the best treatment for harvested calamansi in attenuating the deterioration process.
Acetogenic Removal Efficiency of POME Under the Influence of Electromagnetic Field
Authors: Wajdi M , Muda K 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Palm oil mill effluent (POME) is categorized as high strength wastewater. The current treatment technology for POME is mostly depends on biological treatment through anaerobic and aerobic processes. Application of magnetic field was reported able to show effective removal performance of pollutant. The exposure of magnetic field will cause changes on the physical and chemical properties on a molecular level. The main objective of this research is to evaluate the application of EMF to enhance the performance of acetogenic microbes towards POME treatment. In this study, the EMF was evaluated in batch reactor system under an anaerobic acetogenic condition followed by aerobic reaction phase to treat POME. The hydraulic retention time and the intensity of EMF applied in this study were five days and ±15 mT respectively. The results indicated that using EMF improves the removal performance of color by 19%, chemical oxygen demand (COD) by 28%, ammonia nitrogen by 13%, nitrite by 17% and nitrate by 31%. Ultimately, the application of EMF helps to enhance anaerobic acetogenic bacteria and then enhanced the overall removal performance.