bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Convolutional neural network inversion of airborne transient electromagnetic data
Authors: Wu Sihong , Huang Qinghua , Zhao Li 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACTAs an efficient geophysical exploration technique, airborne transient electromagnetics shows strong adaptability to complex terrains and can provide subsurface resistivity information rapidly with a dense spatial coverage. However, the huge volume of airborne transient electromagnetic data obtained from a large number of spatial locations presents a great challenge to real‐time airborne transient electromagnetic interpretation due to the high computational cost. Moreover, the inherent non‐uniqueness of the inverse problem also limits our ability to constrain the underground resistivity structure. In this study, we develop an entirely data‐driven convolutional neural network to solve the airborne transient electromagnetic inverse problem. Synthetic tests show that the convolutional neural network is computationally efficient and yields robust results. Compared with the Gauss–Newton method, convolutional neural network inversion does not depend on the choices of an initial model and the regularization parameters and is less prone to getting trapped in a local minimum. We also demonstrate the general applicability of the convolutional neural network to three‐dimensional synthetic airborne transient electromagnetic responses and the field observations acquired from Leach Lake Basin, Fort Irwin, California. The efficient convolutional neural network inversion framework can support real‐time resistivity imaging of subsurface structures from airborne transient electromagnetic observations, providing a powerful tool for field explorations.
Acoustic, perceptual and clinical correlates of speech and voice in isolated dystonia: Preliminary findings
Authors: Cuartero Marie‐Charlotte , Bertrand Roxane , Rauzy Stéphane , Véron‐Delor Lauriane , Atkinson‐Clement Cyril , Grabli David , Vidailhet Marie , Pinto Serge 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundHyperkinetic dysarthria is often present in isolated dystonia (ID) and is still understudied. Four main clusters of deviant speech dimensions in dystonia hyperkinetic dysarthria were initially provided: articulatory inaccuracy, phonatory stenosis, prosodic excess and prosodic insufficiency.AimThe aim of our exploratory study was to provide preliminary data on both perceptual and acoustic analyses in relation to three out of these four main clusters.Methods & ProceduresEleven patients with ID and 11 healthy controls (HC) participated in this study. Clinical/perceptual assessments and acoustic analyses of speech recordings were performed, the latter allowing for the analysis of parameters referring to aerophonatory control, voice quality, prosodic features and speech intelligibility estimated by nine listeners. Between‐group statistical comparisons were performed (Wilcoxon tests, p < 0.05). Single‐case differences between each patient and the control group were also carried out (effect size index and t < 0.05).Outcomes & ResultsBetween‐group comparisons confirmed the presence of a ‘phonatory stenosis’; in addition, deficit in aerophonatory control and hypophonia was also displayed. ‘Prosodic insufficiency’ was confirmed, but not at the individual level. ‘Prosodic excess’ manifested only in patients with marked and severe dysarthria. Correlations between altered maximum phonation time, loudness variation, speech and articulatory rates on the one hand, and several clinical speech assessments on the other hand, were also found.Conclusions & ImplicationsFrom these findings, altogether, perceptual characteristics of hyperkinetic dysarthria, as suggested by Darley et al., were quantified by the acoustic parameters we measured. As regards to our data obtained in a small participant sample, we would suggest that Darley et al.’s clusters of excess and insufficiency prosody should be questioned in future studies involving larger numbers of dystonic patients. Our study provides novel and preliminary results that demonstrate the relevance of using quantitative measures to further characterise speech/voice deficits in patients with ID.
The effect of intense pulsed light on the sensory properties of nonfat dry milk
Authors: Kang Myung‐Woo , Chen Dongjie , Ruan Roger , Vickers Zata M. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractOur objectives were to examine (1) how intense pulsed light (IPL) processing parameters (exposure time and initial temperature) affected aroma, flavor, and mouthfeel of nonfat dry milk, (2) which levels of each parameter produced aroma, flavor, and mouthfeel changes from an untreated control sample, and (3) whether minimal or intense processing conditions produced a noticeable appearance change from the control. Four exposure times (1, 2, 3, and 4 passes through the IPL chamber) and three initial temperatures (25, 30, and 35℃) were studied with untreated milk powder as the control. The samples were prepared as both milk powder and reconstituted milk for sensory evaluation. Using standard evaluating protocols, trained descriptive analysis panelists rated the aroma, flavor, and mouthfeel of these samples. Panelists compared the appearance of the IPL‐treated samples that underwent a minimal or intense processing condition to the control by using a two‐out‐of‐five difference test. Increasing the exposure time led to increased intensities of overall flavor, burnt flavor, and umami taste in both milk powder and reconstituted milk, while increasing temperature increased animal and sulfur aromas in reconstituted milk only. Compared to the control, all levels of exposure time at any initial temperature resulted in increased aroma and flavor including cardboard aroma, sulfur aroma, and brothy flavor in both milk powder and reconstituted milk. Only the 4‐pass exposure at the initial temperature of 25℃ changed the appearance of milk powder. However, the appearance change was not noticeable in reconstituted milk.Practical ApplicationThe standard evaluation protocols and lexicons provide useful tools for research on milk powder. Additionally, the understanding of critical factors impacting sensory properties will contribute to a better implementation of this decontamination technology.
Variation of color with baking time in snacks made with pregelatinized cassava
Authors: Cazzaniga Amanda , Brousse María M. , Linares Ramón A. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractColor is an importantaspect when formulating products, as the consumer will evaluate this aspect in the first instance. There is a growing interest in non‐wheat producing regions to replace it with local sources of starches. However, the substitution of wheat flour affects characteristics such as texture, flavor, and color of the intermediate and final products. The objective of this work was to determine if the variation of the baking time allows reducing the color difference that the replacement of flour generates by dehydrated cassava puree (DCP). For that, four replacement levels were evaluated using the CIE‐L * a * b * and CIE‐L * C * H * methodology. The browning index and total color difference (ΔE) between samples with different replacement levels and between different stages of production were also evaluated. It was proved that the decrease in the baking time allowed the development of a similar coloring between snacks made with DCP and those made without substitution. Also, moisture values of less than 5% (dry basis) were obtained in the snacks. The browning index increased with the proportion of DCP in flour and doughs, but not in baked snacks. The pregelatinization of starches could be a mechanism to improve the quality of products with substitutions of wheat flour.Practical ApplicationColor is a critical attribute of foods in consumer acceptance. The accelerated color development that pregelatinized cassava starch produces in the appearance of baked goods can be useful for food development. A quick color development can mean shorter exposure time to heat, which is important for some products with heat‐sensitive components. Also, it is interesting to note that the cassava dehydrated puree is a gluten‐free product.
Comparison of free, conjugated, and insoluble‐bound phenolics and their antioxidant activities in oven‐drying and freeze‐drying bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) shoot tips
Authors: Li Jiaqiao , Li Wenting , Deng Zeyuan , Li Hongyan , Yu Yan , Zhang Bing 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBamboo(Phyllostachys edulis) shoot was reported to be rich in phenolics. In the present study, free phenolics, conjugated phenolics, and insoluble‐bound phenolics of oven‐drying and freeze‐drying bamboo shoot tips were extracted and separated, of which total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and their antioxidant activities were determined. Phenolics of different binding forms were qualitatively analyzed using HPLC–ESI–QqQ‐MS. A total of 22, 41, and 28 compounds were confirmed or tentatively identified in free, conjugated, and insoluble‐bound phenolic extraction, respectively. The majority of the identified compounds were organic acids and phenolic acids. Oven‐drying samples exhibited higher TPC (10.53–24.92 mg GAE/100 g DW) and TFC (5.80–33.27 mg CE/100 g DW) values, and stronger antioxidant activities (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP) than freeze‐drying (TPC: 1.67–15.28 mg GAE/100 g DW, TFC: 1.43–29.05 mg CE/100 g DW). Insoluble‐bound phenolics were the major contributor to the total antioxidant activity. The present study investigated the phenolics composition and antioxidant activities of different binding forms in bamboo shoot tip comprehensively, and provided available information for their high‐value deep‐processing.
Cross‐cultural adaptation and validation of revised WHO‐ILAR‐COPCORD core English questionnaire translated to Bangla
Authors: Islam Md Ekramul , Ahmed Shamim , Shahin Md Abu , Islam Md Ariful , Shazzad Md Nahiduzzamane , Haq Syed Atiqul 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe Community‐Oriented Program for Control of Rheumatic Diseases (COPCORD) is intended to reduce the information deficit about the epidemiology of rheumatic diseases, particularly in rural communities in high‐income countries. Multiple studies have been conducted using the WHO‐International League of Associations for Rheumatology (ILAR)‐COPCORD core questionnaire in Bangladesh using the translated version in the Bangla language. Cross‐cultural adaptation and validation of the questionnaire are important to achieve better outcomes.AimTo develop a culturally adapted, valid, and reliable Bangla version of the WHO‐ILAR‐COPCORD Core English Questionnaire to use as a rheumatic screening instrument among Bangla‐speaking people.MethodsThe original English WHO‐ILAR‐COPCORD questionnaire was translated into Bangla and adapted in the local socio‐cultural context maintaining idiomatic, semantic, experiential, and conceptual equivalence between the English and Bangla versions. Pretesting was carried out among 30 patients and healthy attendants, following standard international recommendations. Content validity of the adapted Bangla version was assessed by the item‐ and scale‐level content validity indices (I‐CVI and S‐CVI). The adapted Bangla version of the WHO‐ILAR‐COPCORD questionnaire was used to assess 120 patients with rheumatic problems and healthy individuals. Test‐retest reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients.ResultsThe Bangla version of the WHO‐ILAR‐COPCORD questionnaire showed excellent content validity (I‐CVI = 1, S‐CVI = 1). The test‐retest reliability was also acceptable (intraclass correlation coefficient > 0.7).ConclusionThe adapted Bangla version of the WHO‐ILAR‐COPCORD questionnaire demonstrated acceptable psychometric properties, in terms of content validity and test‐retest reliability, for evaluating rheumatic problems in Bangladeshi patients.
Intraoperative management of combined general anesthesia and thoracic epidural analgesia: A survey among German anesthetists
Authors: Schlesinger Tobias , Weibel Stephanie , Steinfeldt Thorsten , Sitter Magdalena , Meybohm Patrick , Kranke Peter 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundEvidence concerning combined general anesthesia (GA) and thoracic epidural analgesia (EA) is controversial and the procedure appears heterogeneous in clinical implementation. We aimed to gain an overview of different approaches and to unveil a suspected heterogeneity concerning the intraoperative management of combined GA and EA.MethodsThis was an anonymous survey among Members of the Scientific working group for regional anesthesia within the German Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (DGAI) conducted from February 2020 to August 2020.ResultsThe response rate was 38%. The majority of participants were experienced anesthetists with high expertise for the specific regimen of combined GA and EA. Most participants establish EA in the sitting position (94%), prefer early epidural initiation (prior to skin incision: 80%; intraoperative: 14%) and administer ropivacaine (89%) in rather low concentrations (0.2%: 45%; 0.375%: 30%; 0.75%: 15%) mostly with an opioid (84%) in a bolus‐based mode (95%). The majority reduce systemic opioid doses intraoperatively if EA works sufficiently (minimal systemic opioids: 58%; analgesia exclusively via EA: 34%). About 85% manage intraoperative EA insufficiency with systemic opioids, 52% try to escalate EA, and only 25% use non‐opioids, e.g. intravenous ketamine or lidocaine.ConclusionsAlthough, consensus seems to be present for several aspects (patient's position during epidural puncture, main epidural substance, application mode), there is considerable heterogeneity regarding systemic opioids, rescue strategies for insufficient EA, and hemodynamic management, which might explain inconsistent results of previous trials and meta‐analyses.
Robust mapping of human–wildlife conflict: controlling for livestock distribution in carnivore depredation models
Authors: Kuiper Timothy , Loveridge Andrew J. , Macdonald David W. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractShifting human–wildlife conflict towards coexistence requires a robust understanding of where conflict happens and why. Spatial models of livestock depredation by wild predators commonly identify depredation hotspots in areas where livestock are most abundant (e.g. nearer villages or pasture). This may reflect underlying livestock distribution, rather than imply these areas are inherently risky for livestock. This limits the predictive power of these models and their usefulness for conflict mitigation and wild carnivore conservation. Here, we build spatial models of both cattle depredation (530 attacks mostly by lions and hyenas; 2009‐2013), and cattle presence (14 GPS‐collared herds; 2010‐2012) near Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe. We use Bayes’ theorem to combine the cattle depredation and presence models to quantify risk as the conditional probability of depredation given livestock presence. Our raw depredation models predicted higher depredation rates where cattle presence was more likely (near villages and in more open habitats). By contrast, our risk model predicted higher risk further from human activity and in more dense vegetation (where depredation rates were higher than expected given the low probability of cattle presence). Risk has also increased sharply towards protected areas (core carnivore habitat). Our formulation of risk captures high‐risk areas as those where livestock are most accessible (i.e. vulnerable) to predators as opposed to simply where they are most available (as in much previous work). We make recommendations for livestock protection and wild carnivore conservation based on our quantification of risk, such as where to avoid herding livestock and which areas to prioritize for livestock protection. Our approach may be profitably applied to guide safer livestock grazing or herding in other contexts where depredation and livestock movement data are available. We hope that the concepts and methods that we develop here will help advance the future study and mitigation of human–wildlife conflict more generally.
Environmental associations and effects of disturbances by common wombats in alpine Tasmania
Authors: Guy Thomas R. , Kirkpatrick Jamie B. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe common wombat (Vombatus ursinus) is the largest extant fossorial mammal in Tasmania. Fossorial mammals have substantial edaphic and geomorphic effects, which, in turn can affect vegetation. We asked whether wombat disturbances were associated with particular environments in an alpine environment in Tasmania, and whether, and to what degree, they altered topography, soil or vegetation. Soil analyses, vegetation surveys and topographic transects were used to test for the effects of wombat activity. We contrasted toilets and controls. We compared adjacent burrows, mounds and paths. We also mapped burrows and animal trails. Wombat burrowing created distinct topography and was linked to feeding areas by path systems. There was no difference in bulk density, pH or phosphorus among burrow mounds, paths and undisturbed areas. Burrow mounds, usually used as toilets, were higher in nitrogen (mg L−1) (9. 8 ± 6.3) than either paths (2.3 ± 2.0) or controls (1.08 mg L−1 ± 1.5). Herbs were favoured by wombat disturbance, having a mean percentage cover of 27.8 ± 4.1 on burrow mounds compared to 14 ± 2.69 on controls, and a mean percentage cover of 51.6 ± 7.8 in toilets compared to 25.6 ± 4.8 in control plots. In contrast, shrubs have greater percentage cover in controls than on mounds (47.2 ± 12.0 cf. 12.7 ± 5.0) and toilets (37.3 ± 10 cf. 17.8 ± 6.5). Overall, wombat activity and modification of the alpine environment were concentrated in grassy vegetation above the winter water table, although paths, burrows and toilets extended into less grassy alpine communities. Our results imply that common wombats have a major role in engineering topography and soils with subsequent effects on vegetation, directly affecting at least 1.2% of the study area. Their reduction, or loss, is likely to lead to substantial changes in patterns of geodiversity and biodiversity.
The effect of prior appropriation water rights on land‐allocation decisions in irrigated agriculture
Authors: Cobourn Kelly M. , Ji Xinde , Mooney Siân , Crescenti Neil F. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe doctrine of prior appropriation, which administers water rights based on seniority, may introduce heterogeneity in the risk of a water shortage among otherwise similar agricultural irrigators. We develop a theoretical model that describes how farmers with differing seniority in water rights adjust land‐allocation decisions in response to an anticipated change in water deliveries. Using a fine‐scale dataset of spatially referenced surface water rights for Idaho's Eastern Snake River Plain, we find evidence that irrigators with differing water rights make systematically different land‐allocation decisions, and that farmers with the most junior (least secure) water rights are most responsive to an expected water shortage. These irrigators adapt to anticipated dry conditions by increasing land fallowed and planting a less profitable, drought‐resilient mix of crops. Relatively dry growing season conditions exacerbate the potential for prior appropriation to introduce inefficiencies by driving a divergence in resource‐use decisions between otherwise similar irrigators with differing water rights.
Evidence that workers recognize unfertilized queen‐laid eggs for male production in stingless bees
Authors: Serra Raissa Santana , Campos Lúcio Antônio Oliveira , Serrão José Eduardo 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe behavioural variation in bee workers raises questions about the reproduction in eusocial bees, as well as possible triggers for ovarian activation and oviposition. However, there are no data on possible differences between queen‐laid eggs found alone or together with worker‐laid eggs in a brood cell. This study evaluated the ploidy of eggs from queens found together with worker‐laid eggs in the brood cells of the stingless bee Scaptotrigona xanthotricha. In the brood cells with two eggs, there was a difference in size between them, with the smaller one being a similar size to those found in brood cells with only one egg. The frequency of diploid eggs in brood cells with one egg was 96.6%, whereas, in those with two or more, it was 39.3%. These results suggest that egg fertilization can be identified by workers, because when there is a worker‐laid egg, those from the queen are often haploid, supporting a prediction from Hamilton's theory of kin selection.
RORγt inhibitor SR1001 alleviates acute pancreatitis by suppressing pancreatic IL‐17‐producing Th17 and γδ‐T cells in mice with ceruletide‐induced pancreatitis
Authors: Wang Jianfa , Xu Yayun , Jing Hui , Chang Qimeng , Wu Xubo , Zhang Ziping 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe management of acute pancreatitis (AP) remains a challenge to clinicians worldwide for limited effective interventions. Retinoid orphan receptor gamma t (RORγt) is a therapeutic target for several diseases; however, it is unclear whether inhibiting RORγt can ameliorate AP. The relative expression of RORγt, IL‐17 and IL‐23 in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of AP patients was measured by RT‐PCR. An AP mouse model was induced by ceruletide, and SR1001 was injected before ceruletide administration. RORγt+ cells, T helper 17 cells (Th17), regulatory T cells (Tregs) and γδ T cells were assessed in the pancreas and spleen by flow cytometry. Higher RORγt expression in patients indicated the potential role of RORγt in AP progression. Analyses of the IL‐17/IL‐23 axis confirmed its role. SR1001 significantly alleviated AP histologically in the mouse model. Serum levels of amylase, IL‐6, TNFalpha, IL‐17 and IL‐23 decreased upon SR1001 treatment. SR1001 selectively decreased the number of RORγt+, Th17, Tregs and γδ T cells in the pancreas but not the spleen. Collectively, these results showed that SR1001 exerted therapeutic effects on AP by suppressing IL‐17‐secreting Th17 and γδ T cells in the pancreas. Thus, SR1001 may be a promising drug for the treatment of AP in the clinic.
“The world we live in now”: A qualitative investigation into parents’, teachers’, and children’s perceptions of social networking site use
Authors: Hayes Beatrice , James Alana , Barn Ravinder , Watling Dawn 
Published: August 2021

BackgroundYounger children are increasingly using social networking sites (SNS; Ofcom, Children and Parents: Media Use and Attitudes Report, 2019, https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/108182/children‐parents‐media‐use‐attitudes‐2017.pdf). In doing so, they may experience both benefits (e.g., enhanced social capital) and risks (e.g., cyberbullying). Parents and teachers play an important role in shaping children’s perceptions via internet mediation behaviours (Livingstone et al., 2017, J. Commun., 67, 82).AimsAn understanding of both children’s and adults’ perceptions of the risks and benefits of SNS use within the home and school contexts is limited within current literature. This study explored parents’, teachers’, and children’s perceptions of the risks and benefits of SNS use and how adults mediate this.Sample(s)A sample of 42 participants, including 13 parents (aged 28–48), 14 teachers (aged 26–54), and 15 children (aged 7–12), participated within this study.MethodsParticipants took part in one‐to‐one semi‐structured interviews exploring SNS use and risk and benefit perceptions, as well as internet mediation behaviours with adult participants.ResultsFindings highlight bonding social capital as the main benefit. Children recognize stranger danger as a risk but fail to perceive the wider online risks (e.g., cyberbullying). Parents’ and teachers’ restrictive mediation behaviours are informed by perceptions of stranger danger, safeguarding, and children lacking online responsibility.ConclusionsFindings highlight the importance of shifting guidance from stranger danger to discussing the wider SNS risks, as well as the benefits; it is crucial for greater financial investment and policy to overcome barriers to e‐safety education.