bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Césaire’s Contribution to African Philosophy
Authors: Ochieng’-Odhiambo Frederick 
Published: June 2021

The essay explicates Aimé Césaire’s contribution to the discipline of African philosophy, which ironically, is unknown to many scholars within African philosophy, especially in Anglophone Africa. In his Return to my Native Land, Césaire introduced two new concepts: “négritude” and “return”. These would later turn out to be crucial to the discourse on African identity and African philosophy. In his Discourse on Colonialism, Césaire raised two very closely related objections against Placide Tempels’ Bantu Philosophy. His first dissatisfaction was that Tempels merely followed Lévy-Bruhl and his adherents by proposing another point of view in support of the misguided theory of the prelogical. Secondly, in so doing, his aim was nothing more than to make a presentation of an argument insupport of European imperialism and colonialism. His Discourse on Colonialism, therefore, set the ground for later criticisms that were levelled against ethnophilosophy as an approach to African philosophy.
Keywords: Négritude, Return, Thingification, Ethnophilosophy, Philosophic sagacity.
The Racial and Olfactory Origin of Social Distancing
Authors: Zhang Dunfu , Nyelade Richard Atimniraye 
Published: June 2021

With the rise of the coronavirus crisis, "social distancing," has emerged as a new buzzword. Politicians, journalists, commentators, news readers, senior executives, and experts use this term blindly. However, scrutinizing the word reveals a terminological mismatch between "physical distancing" and "social distancing." While revisiting the history of physical distancing and social distancing, this article attempts to show how the term "social distancing" moved through time and winded up floating in the atmosphere. This study is based on Critical race theory, which has as its aim to uncover the ideologies that have been constructed to perpetuate the oppression of some social categories on the fallacious pretext of race superiority and purity. After going down to the ancient roots of physical distancing practices, this work will recall social distancing behaviors during the slave trade era before delving into the current confusion between both terms in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. This work stresses the importance of social scientists to assess some official terminologies before their popularization.
Keywords: Social distancing, physical distancing, buzzwords, Black, racism, smell
Устойчивое формирование физической подготовки студентов на основе индивидуальных педагогических технологий
Authors: Каримов Санжарбек 
Published: June 2021

В условиях качественных изменений во всех сферах жизни общества растет спрос на физическую подготовку молодежи, на успешную работу. Реструктуризация системы образования поставила перед высшими учебными заведениями задачу радикально и всесторонне улучшить профессиональную подготовку и физическое воспитание будущих специалистов. Меняя цель физического воспитания, его сущность направлена на формирование физической культуры человека, повышение качества обучения, разработку новых педагогических, личностно-ориентированных и организационных основ, обеспечивающих личностно-ориентированное образование и воспитание.
Differentiating instructions by utilizing “Flipped classroom” model in ESP teaching
Authors: Berdiyorova Shahnoza 
Published: June 2021

It is crucial for teachers to be awareof newly developedtechnologies and enhance their digital literacy to meet students’ expectations and increase effectiveness of learners’ outcomes both in and out of the classroom. The main features of human beings, such as, invention, creation, and implementation of the flipped classroom has become a significant expansion in recent pedagogy. Due to the new methods of the target model students can benefit in terms offlexibilityas they are able todo research and obtain new knowledge whenever they want. Furthermore, after basic concepts have been practiced in a flipped class model, teachers coordinate seminars making them more interactive and focusedon discussions and analyzing given topics in more details. However, some of the drawbacks also can occur in the process of implementation of the “Flipped Classroom” model. One of the most essential issue which should be considered is challenges of learning provided materials due to the inexistence of either device or net connection.The current article describes both advantages and disadvantages of the model effectiveness, and provides evidence of reliability of model implementation among the students of various majors.
Перспективы занятости сельского населения производством щелка-сырца в домашных условиях
Authors: Абдуллаева Комила , Элмуродов Нуриддин 
Published: June 2021

В статье предлагается альтернативный способ занятии шелководством и получения технической шелка-сырца в домашних условиях на сельских местности в многодетных семьях республики, как дополнительный доход семейного бюджета и повышение занятости.
How to pronounce silent letters in English and French
Authors: Nosirova Dilfuza , O’ktamova Mehrigiyo 
Published: June 2021

According to the Law on Education, the National Training Program, new educational institutions have been built, and the existing ones have been reconstructed and repaired in accordance with modern standards. In the framework of the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Education" and the National Program of Personnel Training, a comprehensive system of teaching foreign languages, is the formation of a harmoniously developed, educated, modern-minded young generation , a system aimed at further integration of the republic into the world community has been created.
Silent letter is part of a word that written but not spoken. Silent letter can sometimes join with other letters to form part of a word. Silent letters exist in many English words and French words as well. Because of this, they often cause confusion and sometimes embarrassment when they are accidentally spoken.One of the reasons why silent letters are used in English, French and some other languages relates to following. During the formation evolution of English and French many foreign words were assimilated or absorbed in the language in Latin ,Germanic , Greek words were readily added to early English and French as was the spelling. All natural languages change and because they change, they have histories. Every language changes in different ways, so their histories are unique and different. The history of a given language is the description of how it has changed over time.
PENDEKATAN PROBLEM SOLVING DALAM PENGAJARAN BAHASA ARAB DI MASA PANDEMI
Authors: Busiri Achmad 
Published: June 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis lebih dalam tentang proses pembelajaran bahasa Arab di SMA Sunan Kalijogo Malang; dan memetakan permasalahan yang muncul dalam proses pembelajaran bahasa Arab tersebut; serta berupaya menemukan solusi guna mengatasi kendala-kendala dan permasalahan yang muncul dalam pembelajaran bahasa Arab di SMA Sunan Kalijogo Malang. Penelitian ini merupakan sebuah penelitian kualitatif yang berbentuk deskriptif analitis dan hasilnya digambarkan dengan kata-kata menurut kategori untuk memperoleh kesimpulan. Pengumpulan data penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode; (1) Observasi; (2) Wawancara; (3) Dokumentasi. Subjek dalam penelitian ini yaitu guru di kelas VII, dan objek dalam penelitian ini adalah murid kelas VII di SMA Sunan Kalijogo Malang.
Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa; (1) Proses pembelajaran bahasa Arab di SMA Sunan Kalijogo Malang masih dalam proses pemantapan dan evaluasi menuju ke tahap yang lebih baik dan maju. (2) Problematika yang muncul dalam pembelajaran bahasa Arab di SMA Sunan Kalijogo Malang adalah: kurangnya pemahaman siswa terhadap materi yang diberikan oleh guru, motivasi belajar siswa rendah, minimnya kompetensi beberapa guru dan permasalahan manajemen kurikulum. (3) Upaya yang dilakukan sebagai solusinya adalah dengan meningkatkan kepedulian guru kepada murid, memberi nasihat dan mendiklatkan guru agar lebih kompeten.
Kata kunci: Problematika, Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab, Guru, SMA Sunan Kalijogo Malang
The important roles of surface tension and growth rate in the contribution of new particle formation (NPF) to cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) number concentration: evidence from field measurements in southern China
Authors: Cai Mingfu , Liang Baoling , Sun Qibin , Liu Li , Yuan Bin , Shao Min , Huang Shan , Peng Yuwen , Wang Zelong , Tan Haobo , Li Fei , Xu Hanbin , Chen Duohong , Zhao Jun 
Published: June 2021

Abstract. The contribution of new particle formation (NPF) to cloud condensation
nuclei (CCN) number concentration (NCCN) varies largely under different
environments and depends on several key factors such as formation rate (J),
growth rate (GR), distribution of preexisting particles, and properties of
new particles during NPF events. This study investigates the contribution of
NPF to the NCCN and its controlling factors based on measurements
conducted at the Heshan supersite, in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region of
China during fall 2019. The size-resolved cloud condensation nuclei
activity and size-resolved particle hygroscopicity were measured by a cloud
condensation nuclei counter (CCNc) and a hygroscopic tandem differential
mobility analyzer (HTDMA), respectively, along with a scanning mobility
particle sizer (SMPS) and a diethylene glycol scanning mobility particle
sizer (DEG-SMPS) for particle number size distribution (PNSD). A typical NPF
event on 29 October was chosen to investigate the contribution of the
NPF to NCCN under several supersaturation (SS) ratios. Two particle
properties (hygroscopicity and surface tension) affect CCN activation with
the latter being more important in terms of the CCN concentration
(NCCN). A lower value of surface tension (i.e., 0.06 N m−1) than the
pure-water assumption (0.073 N m−1) could increase the NCCN at
SS  =  1.0 % by about 20 % during the nonevent period and by about 40 % during the event. In addition, an earlier peak time corresponding to a lower
critical diameter (D50) was also observed. The results show that high
formation rate, growth rate, and low background particle concentration lead
to high number concentrations of newly formed particles. The high growth
rate was found to have the most significant impact on the NCCN, which
can be attributed to the fact that a higher growth rate can grow particles
to the CCN size in a shorter time before they are scavenged by preexisting
particles. Two other NPF events (an event on 18 October in this
campaign and an event on 12 December 2014 in Panyu) were chosen to
perform sensitivity tests under different scenarios (growth rate, formation
rate, and background particle concentration). The calculated NCCN at
SS = 1.0 % on 12 December 2014 was significantly lower than that
from the other two events. The event on 12 December was re-simulated
using the growth rate taken from the event on 18 October which
resulted in similar CCN concentrations between the two events (12 December and 18 October), implying that the growth rate is the major
impact factor for CCN activation. Our results highlight the importance of
growth rate and surface tension when evaluating the contribution of NPF to
the NCCN.
Measurement of iodine species and sulfuric acid using bromide chemical ionization mass spectrometers
Authors: Wang Mingyi , He Xu-Cheng , Finkenzeller Henning , Iyer Siddharth , Chen Dexian , Shen Jiali , Simon Mario , Hofbauer Victoria , Kirkby Jasper , Curtius Joachim , Maier Norbert , Kurtén Theo , Worsnop Douglas R. , Kulmala Markku , Rissanen Matti , Volkamer Rainer , Tham Yee Jun , Donahue Neil M. , Sipilä Mikko 
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Iodine species are important in the marine atmosphere for
oxidation and new-particle formation. Understanding iodine chemistry and
iodine new-particle formation requires high time resolution, high
sensitivity, and simultaneous measurements of many iodine species. Here, we
describe the application of a bromide chemical ionization mass spectrometer
(Br-CIMS) to this task. During the iodine oxidation experiments in the
Cosmics Leaving OUtdoor Droplets (CLOUD) chamber, we have measured gas-phase
iodine species and sulfuric acid using two Br-CIMS, one coupled to a
Multi-scheme chemical IONization inlet (Br-MION-CIMS) and the other to a
Filter Inlet for Gasses and AEROsols inlet (Br-FIGAERO-CIMS). From offline
calibrations and intercomparisons with other instruments, we have
quantified the sensitivities of the Br-MION-CIMS to HOI, I2, and
H2SO4 and obtained detection limits of 5.8 × 106,
3.8 × 105, and 2.0 × 105 molec. cm−3,
respectively, for a 2 min integration time. From binding energy
calculations, we estimate the detection limit for HIO3 to be
1.2 × 105 molec. cm−3, based on an assumption of maximum
sensitivity. Detection limits in the Br-FIGAERO-CIMS are around 1 order of
magnitude higher than those in the Br-MION-CIMS; for example, the detection
limits for HOI and HIO3 are 3.3 × 107 and 5.1 × 106 molec. cm−3, respectively. Our comparisons of the performance
of the MION inlet and the FIGAERO inlet show that bromide chemical
ionization mass spectrometers using either atmospheric pressure or reduced
pressure interfaces are well-matched to measuring iodine species and
sulfuric acid in marine environments.
A survey of proximal methods for monitoring leaf phenology in temperate deciduous forests
Authors: Soudani Kamel , Delpierre Nicolas , Berveiller Daniel , Hmimina Gabriel , Pontailler Jean-Yves , Seureau Lou , Vincent Gaëlle , Dufrêne Éric 
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Tree phenology is a major driver of forest–atmosphere
mass and energy exchanges. Yet, tree phenology has rarely been
monitored in a consistent way throughout the life of a flux-tower
site. Here, we used seasonal time series of ground-based NDVI
(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), RGB camera GCC (greenness chromatic coordinate), broadband NDVI, LAI (leaf area index), fAPAR
(fraction of absorbed photosynthetic active radiation), CC (canopy closure),
fRvis (fraction of reflected radiation) and GPP (gross primary productivity) to predict six phenological markers detecting the start,
middle and end of budburst and of leaf senescence in a temperate deciduous
forest using an asymmetric double sigmoid function (ADS) fitted to
the time series. We compared them to observations of budburst and leaf
senescence achieved by field phenologists over a 13-year period. GCC, NDVI
and CC captured the interannual variability of spring phenology very well
(R2>0.80) and provided the best estimates of the
observed budburst dates, with a mean absolute deviation (MAD) of less than 4 d. For the CC and GCC methods, mid-amplitude (50 %) threshold dates
during spring phenological transition agreed well with the observed
phenological dates. For the NDVI-based method, on average, the mean observed
date coincides with the date when NDVI reaches 25 % of its amplitude of
annual variation. For the other methods, MAD ranges from 6 to 17 d. The ADS
method used to derive the phenological markers provides the most biased
estimates for the GPP and GCC. During the leaf senescence stage,
NDVI- and CC-derived dates correlated significantly with observed dates
(R2=0.63 and 0.80 for NDVI and CC, respectively), with an MAD
of less than 7 d. Our results show that proximal-sensing methods can be used
to derive robust phenological metrics. They can be used to retrieve
long-term phenological series at eddy covariance (EC) flux measurement sites and help
interpret the interannual variability and trends of mass and energy
exchanges.
Locating rock slope failures along highways and understanding their physical processes using seismic signals
Authors: Chang Jui-Ming , Chao Wei-An , Chen Hongey , Kuo Yu-Ting , Yang Che-Ming 
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Regional monitoring of rock slope failures using the seismic technique is rarely undertaken due to significant source location errors; this method also still lacks
the signal features needed to understand events of this type because of the complex mass movement involved. To better comprehend these types of events, 10 known events along highways in Taiwan were analyzed. First, a hybrid method (GeoLoc) composed of cross-correlation-based and
amplitude-attenuation-based approaches was applied, and it produced a maximum location error of 3.19 km for the 10 events. We then
analyzed the ratio of local magnitude (ML) and duration magnitude (MD) and found that a threshold of 0.85 yields
successful classification between rock slope failure and earthquake. Further, GeoLoc can retrieve the seismic parameters, such as signal
amplitude at the source (A0) and ML of events, which are crucial for constructing scaling law with source volume (V). Indeed,
Log(V) = 1.12 ML + 3.08 and V = 77 290 A00.44 derived in this study provide the lower bound of
volume estimation, as the seismic parameters based on peak amplitudes cannot represent the full process of mass loss. Second, while video records
correspond to seismic signals, the processes of toppling and sliding present column- and V-shaped spectrograms, respectively. The impacts of
rockfall link directly to the pulses of seismic signals. Here, all spectrogram features of events can be identified for events with volumes larger than
2000 m3, corresponding to the farthest epicenter distance of ∼ 2.5 km. These results were obtained using the GeoLoc
scheme for providing the government with rapid reports for reference. Finally, a recent event on 12 June 2020 was used to examine the GeoLoc scheme's
feasibility. We estimated the event's volume using two scalings: 3838 and 3019 m3. These values were roughly consistent with the volume
estimation of 5142 m3 from the digital elevation model. The physical processes, including rockfall, toppling, and complex motion
behaviors of rock interacting with slope inferred from the spectrogram features were comprehensively supported by the video record and field
investigation. We also demonstrated that the GeoLoc scheme, which has been implemented in Sinwulyu catchment, Taiwan, can provide fast reports,
including the location, volume, and physical process of events, to the public soon after they occur.
Planning of Shipyard Layouts in Madura State Polytechnics Using Corelap Algorithm
Authors: Musta'in Muhammad , Siswanti Heni , Lungiding Angga R Anauta , Amanatul Rohmah Arifah 
Published: June 2021

As a campus that has a maritime mission, Madura State Polytechnic has made a master plan for campus development by building a shipyard. This is also supported by the campus located on the beach. In preparing the shipyard, facilities are very important, so a careful planning is needed in doing the layout.
In this paper, we will propose a layout process based on the production flow pattern of shipbuilding, comparison with the layout design using the CORELAP algorithm method, by calculating the percentage value of material handling and planning tools and facilities for the POLTERA shipyard.
The facility layout planning obtained new and repaired building types with an area of ??5.16 hectares and a layout design with an L layout production flow pattern. The design had a material handling percentage value of 21.62%.
STUDI PERACANCANGAN SISTEM JANGKAR DAN TAMBAT PADA KAPAL KARGO 14.715 DWT BERDASARKAN BKI CLASS
Authors: Irmiyana Triyanti , Maulidi Akhmad , Siswanti Heni , Iswidodo Windra 
Published: June 2021

Perencanaan Kapal Kargo sangat berperan penting bagi transportasi laut. Salah satu faktor penting dalam perencanaan kapal adalah penentuan sistem jangkar dan tambat yang berfungsi sebagai Alat untuk membatasi gerak kapal pada waktu berlabuh di luar pelabuhan, agar kapal tetap pada kedudukannya meskipun mendapat tekanan oleh arus laut, angin dan gelombang.
Rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini adalah berapa jumlah jangkar dan daya motor sistem jangkar pada Kapal Cargo berdasarkan BKI class Sedangkan tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui jumlah jangkar dan daya motor sistem jangkar pada kapal kargo berdasarkan BKI class. Metode penelitian analisis sistem jangkar dilakukan dengan metode studi literature yang berdasarkan BKI class 2014 volume II.
Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah diketahuinya jumlah jangkar sebanyak 2 buah, dengan panjang rantai jangkar dengan panjang rantai jangkar 522,5 m, diameter rantai jangkar sebesar 60 mm, dan daya motor penggerak windlass sebesar 1,7 HP. Sedangkan panjang tali tambat sepanjang 280 m sebanyak 4 buah.
Correction of the organoleptic characteristics of milk with a protein ingredient in the development of a product for herodietic nutrition
Authors: Фелик Светлана Валерьевна , Антипова Татьяна Алексеевна , Андросова Надежда Леонидовна , Симоненко Сергей Владимирович 
Published: June 2021

В статье представлены результаты исследований, направленных на корректировку органолептических характеристик молока с сухим гидролизатом говяжьего белка при разработке продукта для геродиетического питания. Описаны подходы, направленные на достижение поставленной цели. Подобрано оптимальное количество вносимого гидролизата говяжьего белка, и показан сравнительный график аминокислотных скоров молока и смеси молока с белковым ингредиентом, указывающий на целесообразность его использования. Приведен перечень технологических операций, применяемых при выработке опытных образцов продукта. Представлены результаты подбора корректирующих компонентов и параметры технологических операций, применяемых для выработки опытных образцов. Приведены данные органолептической оценки опытных образцов, и сделан вывод о наиболее приемлемых корректирующих компонентах применительно к сочетанию молока и гидролизата говяжьего белка.
The article presents the results of research aimed at correcting the organoleptic characteristics of milk with dry beef protein hydrolysate in the development of a product for herodietic nutrition. Approaches aimed at achieving this goal are described. The optimal amount of beef protein hydrolysate is selected and a comparative graph of the amino acid pressure of milk and a mixture of milk with a protein ingredient is shown, indicating the feasibility of its use. The list of technological operations used in the development of product prototypes is given. The results of the selection of corrective components and the parameters of technological operations used for the development of prototypes are presented. The data of the organoleptic evaluation of the experimental samples are presented and the conclusion is made about the most acceptable corrective components in relation to the combination of milk and beef protein hydrolysate.
PEMANTAUAN PERKEMBANGAN ANAK DENGAN DDST II PGTK PAUD PELITA HATI RANCABANGO GARUT
Authors: Widadi Sri yekti , Patimah Iin , Nurani Zesi , Safaat Riswan , Tri Endah Nur , Sofyan Aa , Suci Hesti , Suwandi Yudi 
Published: June 2021

Latar Belakang : Proses perkembangan pada anak-anak didasari pada aspek perkembangan fisik yang meliputi motorik halus dan motorik kasar, serta perkembangan sosio emosional, bahasa, dan perkembangan kognitif. Metode yang digunakan untuk menilai perkembangan anak salah satunya menggunakan instrumen Denver Development Screening Test II (DDST II). PGTK Paud Pelita Hati merupakan play group dan taman kanak-kanak yang berada di kota Garut. Belum dilakukannya pemeriksaan perkembangan pada anak PGTK Pelita Hati dikarenakan sebagian besar dari guru belum memiliki keterampilan dalam melakukan pemeriksaan perkembangan. Tujuan : Mengetahui gambaran bagaimana perkembangan anak di PGTK Pelita Hati melalui instrumen screening DDST II. Penyelesaian dengan dilakukan dengan melakukan screening perkembangan anak dan melakukan DDST pada anak PGTK Pelita Hati. Hasil : Setelah dilakukan kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat ini diperoleh hasil pemeriksaan perkembangan di PGTK Pelita Hati dapat disimpulkan hampir seluruh anak berada pada kategori normal (87.8%) dalam penilaian ke empat aspek yang di ujian meliputi personal social, fine motor-adaptive, languange dan gross motor