bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance evaluation of video surveillance in fire-fighting systems
Authors: Chlenov A. N. , Butcinskaya T. A. 
Published: July 2021

Introduction. Rationale of the topic of this article is the need to improve the effectiveness of fire detection. One of the modern solutions to this problem is the use of video technology. The article is aimed at developing a method to assess the effectiveness of video surveillance in the fire protection system on the basis of the formed mathematical model.Methods of research. The fire risks theory is used for formation of mathematical model. The potential fire detection risk is introduced as a quantitative measure of the possibility of undetected fire occurrence at the protected facility, development and implementation of its consequences for people and material valuables. It is calculated as the product of the maximum probability of fire by the probability of its non-detection by the technical means and alarm systems used. The efficiency of video surveillance use in the fire protection system is determined on the basis of compliance of the complex risk index of fire non-detection with the permissible value.Research results. The possibilities of increasing the efficiency of fire detection through the use of video technology are considered. Reducing the fire detection risk can be achieved by using video channel fire detectors that reduce the time it takes to reliably detect a fire. The probability of reliable detection is an important parameter of the detector during its operation in the fire alarm system and characterizes the degree of performance of its main function. The main ways to improve the efficiency of fire detection are the improvement of fire detectors with video channel, the joint use of fire video detectors and other detection devices, such as automatic multi-criteria detectors, thermal imaging сamera, as well as the use of photo and video in centralized surveillance systems.Conclusions. The offered method of estimation of efficiency of application of video surveillance in fire protection systems can be used for a substantiation of parameters of technical means (systems) of the fire alarm system and passive fire-fighting measures established on the facility.
Determination of conditions for spontaneous combustion of combustible dust deposits on equipment, in ventilation systems, and aspiration systems of buildings and structures
Authors: Vogman L. P. , Korolchenko D. A. , Khryukin A. V. 
Published: July 2021

Introduction. Determination of the scientifi cally substantiated frequency of cleaning the ducts of local exhausts of industrial buildings and structures is one of the tasks in the fi eld of fi re safety of industrial enterprises. The paper describes design methods, in particular, a method for determination of the induction period during spontaneous combustion of dust deposits in air ducts of ventilation systems and equipment, which can be used in solving problems focused on the development of preventive measures to ensure their fi re and explosion safety.Methods. In order to solve the problem set in this paper and compare the indicators obtained in the calculation and analytical part of the studies with the growth dynamics of deposits in real facilities, fi eld tests have been accomplished in the production facilities of the fl our mill of OJSC MK “Voronezhsky” and JSC Concern “Sozvezdiye”.Results and discussion. The timeframes for cleaning of deposits on ventilation (aspiration) equipment of buildings and structures cannot be universal for various industries and must take into account the dynamics of the growth of deposits depending on the specifi cs of combustible deposits, the workload of the production facilities of the protected object in a given period of time, and the operating conditions of the equipment. As a result of the experiments, it was found that the places of maximum accumulations of deposits are most often formed on the surfaces of joints and on the bends of pipelines of ventilation systems. The conditions of spontaneous combustion of combustible dust are studied by calculation and analytical method, depending on such process characteristics as the speed of the dust-air mixture fl ow in the duct, as well as the diameter of the duct’s cross section.Conclusions. The nomograms built on the basis of the studies performed can be used to determine the multiplicity of cleaning of combustible dusts of equipment and air ducts of industrial ventilation systems. The paper provides a calculation of the period of induction of spontaneous combustion of combustible dust deposits using the example of rye fl our with asymmetric heat transfer. Its signifi cance is due to the process of accumulation of deposits of combustible dust to a critical thickness in terms of spontaneous combustion conditions.
The potential use of new impulse fire-fighting machinery for qualitatively new large-scale disinfection
Authors: Zakhmatov V. D. , Chernyshov M. V. , Shcherbak N. V. 
Published: July 2021

Introduction. This paper is an overview of the use of standard equipment capable of spraying disinfectants and powders and fi ghting viral infections during a pandemic.Aims and objectives. The objective of the paper is to substantiate the need to develop a new method of combined disinfection. The following problems are to be tackled to meet this challenge: 1) the study of shock waves and their effi ciency if applied to microorganisms; 2) the substantiation of the effi cient use of the available fi re-fi ghting machinery, standard charges and sample equipment for shock-wave disinfection; 3) the search for the optimal and effective cycle of large-scale disinfection; 4) the compatibility substantiation of the shock-wave mode of large-scale spraying of chemical disinfectants; 5) the development and adjustment of impulse fi re-fi ghting equipment to ensure fl exible disinfection control in a wide range of areas.Materials and methods. The weaknesses of disinfection by spraying disinfectants and the impossibility of their elimination by upgrading traditional hydraulic and pneumatic equipment, without changing their operating principles, have been demonstrated.Results and discussion. A new disinfection method, based on the accumulated experience of operation of impulse fi re equipment, is proposed. A disinfection methodology that contemplates the shock-wave destruction of microorganisms has a strong potential. The optimal cycle of spraying disinfectant chemical solutions (DCS) and powders has been substantiated; it assures comprehensive disinfection based on various mechanisms of action: 1) impact compression and prompt heating; 2) pressure relief that destroys microorganisms; 3) convection heating using a squall front that has high-temperature steam whirls; 4) chemical disinfection using micro-drops and DCS vapors sprayed on various surfaces that have irregularities, slots, cracks, irregular shape items.Conclusions. The proposed advanced equipment has no close substitutes in the world. It is protected by the Russian, Ukrainian and Chinese patents. Its production is expedient if launched at defense plants in operation if suffi cient funding is available.
On A.D. Sheremetev’s fire reform project in Russia
Authors: Smirnova A. A. , Nemchenko S. B. , Prokofieva S. M. , Musienko T. V. , Titova E. V. 
Published: July 2021

Introduction. One of the directions of the state policy in the fi eld of fi re safety is the improvement of national standards in the fi eld of protection of the population from the fi re threat, which should be developed not only taking into account modern challenges and threats, but also based on the historical traditions of state management of the fi re protection of Russia, including pre-revolutionary ones. The purpose of this article is to eliminate gaps in the history of the development of the fi re protection of the Russian Empire at the end of the 19th century on the basis of archival data; to identify the reasons for the failed attempt of the fi re reform in Russia; show the progressive ideas of Count A.D. Sheremetev to reform the fi re service in Russia: the fi rst attempt to unite fi refi ghting teams of different types into a single fi re-fi ghting organization, the creation of a single governing body for fi refi ghting teams and the inclusion of voluntary fi refi ghting teams in a unifi ed state system of fi re control.Main part. This paper presents the main provisions of the fi re reform project by A.D. Sheremetev. Archival data from A.D. Sheremetev’s papers in the Russian State Historical Archive (RSHA), allowing to explain little-known chapters of the United Russian Fire-Fighting Society history, are introduced into scientifi c expression. The reasons for the need to implement fi re reform in Russia are explained. The discussion on the ways of reforming the fi re protection of the Russian Empire is considered. The role of A.D. Sheremetev is defi ned not only in the formation of national fi refi ghting voluntary work, but also in the development and discussion of reforming the country’s fi refi ghting industry.Conclusions. The fi re reform project presented by A.D. Sheremetev clearly illustrates the process of fi lling the state function on emergency prevention and response with specifi c content and shows the dynamics of such specifi cation after the registration of this function in 1853.
Prompt forecasting of heat ﬂows under ﬁre conditions in a vertical steel tank having an ANFIS protective wall
Authors: Stankevich T. S. , Balner D. , Trcka M. , Thomitzek A. 
Published: July 2021

Introduction. Tanks and tank farms are widespread in many constituent entities of the Russian Federation and are among the most important elements of the model for the production, treatment, transportation and processing of oil and oil products. It is relevant both at the Russian and global levels to ensure that ﬁre safety is arranged for tank farms to reduce highest risk levels according to the risk-based safety model. In the context of information and communication technology (ICT) developments and introduction of ICT into the operation and management of various facilities, over the past decades advanced methods have emerged for predicting the occurrence and development of emergency situations at facilities and enhancing management decisions on containment and elimination of emergency situations including ﬁres.Goals and objectives. In this paper, the authors present a model that they developed to promptly forecast heat ﬂows using artiﬁcial neural networks. The forecast model will improve the safety of ﬁre brigade personnel responsible for extinguishing ﬁres inside ground-based vertical steel tanks having protective walls. In the research, the authors place special emphasis on identifying dependence between the heat ﬂow and the wind load. Methods. To achieve this goal, the authors arranged and conducted a series of experiments, collected experimental data on heat ﬂows, and created training and test samples.Results. Dependences between heat ﬂows and environmental factors were identiﬁed by constructing adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems or adaptive network-based fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS). Various types of membership functions, optimisation and system generation methods were compared and it was found out that for ANFISs, prediction of heat ﬂows with regard to and disregarding wind loads were optimal, if subcluster and hybrid optimisation methods were used, as they had lowest error values for samples.Discussion. The analysis shows that wind speed and tank location can rise temperatures of the air, tank wall and petrol. Therefore, despite the complexity of the analysis, the regard for all these factors makes it possible to identify a safe distance between a burning tank and ﬁreﬁghters.Conclusions. The research made it possible to develop a model for prompt heat ﬂow forecasting with the help of artiﬁcial intelligence elements (ANFIS). The results obtained in the course of the work make it possible to increase the efﬁciency of prompt forecasting of the dynamic behaviour of ﬁre inside tanks and tank farms and optimize managerial decision-making by responsible persons.
Field modeling of the ﬁre dynamics as an answer to the question about the ﬁre alarm performance
Authors: Khasanov I. R. , Karpov A. V. , Lobova S. F. , Petrova N. V. 
Published: July 2021

Introduction. The performance of a ﬁre alarm needs to be analyzed to answer the question about its compliance with ﬁre safety requirements. This type of research is frequently performed in the course of a forensic ﬁre investigation. Therefore, it is necessary to identify conditions of ﬁre escalation and safe evacuation of people to assess the ﬁre alarm performance.Purposes and objectives. The purpose of this work is the numerical study of the impact, produced by mathematical models of combustion, characteristics of ﬁre loads and locations of ﬁre beds, on ﬁre alarm performance. Methods. Fire dynamics was ﬁeld modeled to achieve the goal of this research. The analysis of ﬂame propagation was performed with regard for various ﬁre bed locations to simulate the ﬁre alarm operation.Results and discussion. The fulﬁllment of safe evacuation conditions for cases of irregular arrangement of smoke detectors was analyzed to develop and test the algorithm for the calculation of the evacuation start time. It is shown that the estimated time of ﬁre detection depends on combustion models employed (their average or complex level), the size of the computational grid, ﬁre load speciﬁcations and the location of the ﬁre bed.Conclusions. It is shown that the results of the ﬁeld modeling of ﬁre propagation and detection time are inﬂuenced by combustion models used, ﬁre load speciﬁcations and the location of the ﬁre bed in relation to smoke detectors. If the ﬁre alarm fails to perform its functions and, consequently, safe evacuation conditions are not fulﬁlled, it is necessary either to improve the combustion model or to compare the modeling results obtained for actual and standard smoke detector location patterns.
Various electrical ﬁres and ﬁreﬁghting methods
Authors: Aleshkov M. V. , Ioshchenko D. A. , Olkhovsky I. A. 
Published: July 2021

Introduction. Fires of voltage-carrying electrical units are most dangerous and difﬁcult to put out. Personnel of ﬁre emergency response units are at high risk of electric shock when extinguishing such ﬁres. Electrical units have recently obtained a new are of application, that is, electric cars. Electric car design entails the use of high-capacity batteries and high voltage electrical equipment, which pose a higher ﬁre hazard. The objective of this article is to analyze potential assets to be protected and assess existing electrical ﬁre extinguishing methods to substantiate principal areas of research into design of safe ﬁre extinguishing systems designated for electrical units installed on motor vehicles.Main (Analytical) part. The ﬁre extinguishing of the items, that have electrical units to be extinguished without any electricity outage, must be performed by the ﬁre departments that have appropriately trained and equipped personnel. However, in the event of an electric car ﬁre, it is impossible to forecast which ﬁre department will be nearby and how well it will be equipped. The design features of electric vehicles show that potential sources of the ﬁre hazard include lithium batteries and electrical circuit elements. These factors explain the need to consider the problem of extinguishing self-contained electrical ﬁres inside motor vehicles from the standpoint of electrical safety. It is suggested to identify the ﬁre extinguishing method in furtherance of the analysis of a set of principal ﬁre extinguishing methods with regard for the design of efﬁcient ﬁreﬁghting appliances that ensure safe extinguishing of electric car ﬁres.Conclusions. It is expedient to use the pulse application of a ﬁre-extinguishing agent that prevents current leakage while extinguishing various types of electrical appliances, including those installed on motor vehicles. The effects of exothermic reactions, involving lithium-containing elements, were not analyzed when solving this problem. This research will serve as the basis for conceptual technological solutions designated for ﬁre emergency response units responsible for extinguishing electric car ﬁres.
Using the flammability potential and the exergy indicator to assess the fire hazard of the rail transportation of cargoes
Authors: Koroleva L. A. , Khaydarov A. G. , Ivakhnyuk G. K. , Akterskiy Yu. E. 
Published: July 2021

Introduction. Problems of fire safety of dangerous goods (DG) in the process of their rail transportation have not been fully resolved. The flammability assessment of substances and materials is insufficiently impartial; an integrated indicator, that allows to apply a consolidated methodological standpoint to improve their energy efficiency and environmental/fire safety is unavailable.The purpose of this work is to substantiate the feasibility and advantages of the exergy approach to assessing the fire hazard of the exhaust gas emitted from railroad transport.Materials and methods. The use of the flammability potential as an integrated indicator of the fire hazard of cargoes has a number of limitations. The exergy approach has a strong potential if applied to the assessment and prediction of fire hazards. Present-day and potential railroad cargoes serve as examples that substantiate the feasibility of this approach.Results and its discussion. Dependences between fire hazard indicators (flash points, flame propagation limits, auto-ignition points, heat of combustion) demonstrated by the components of liquid and gaseous fuels and the chemical exergy were identified.A study of changes in the physical exergy triggered by spills and combustion were illustrated by liquefied natural gas and liquefied hydrocarbon gases having various compositions. Physical exergy change patterns depending on the temperature and pressure of the above products were developed.For self-ignitable cargoes, dependences between the physical exergy and activation energy, critical ambient temperature, and heat capacity of self-heating materials were identified. The influence of thermal conductivity and humidity coefficients on the exergy value is established.Exergy changes were determined depending on the elemental composition of solid municipal waste, ash, volatile matter and fixed carbon content. Polymers and rubbers have the highest values of this indicator.An exergy indicator was introduced to assess fire and environmental hazards of substances and materials; it serves as the basis for the classification of cargoes.Conclusions. The use of the exergy indicator allows to increase the objectivity of assessments and take account of technical, economic, environmental criteria and indicators of fire hazards within an integrated system.
Tent fabric used by seasonal children’s camps: fire risk assessment
Authors: Konstantinova N. I. , Zuban A. V. , Poedintsev E. A. , Golov N. V. 
Published: July 2021

Introduction. The use of fireproof tent fabric at children’s tent camps remains a relevant problem. It may be resolved by developing a special flammability assessment methodology and criteria applicable to materials, used as the structural framework of tents. This solution will determine the choice of fabric.Aims and purposes. Materials, currently used to make tents, include natural or synthetic fabric and various polymers, that may be a fire hazard. In case of fire, safe evacuation of people may be unfeasible, although it is particularly important for children’s seasonal tent camps designated for sports and leisure.Domestic regulatory documents, that are currently in force, contain solely general technical requirements applicable to travel tents or ensuring fire safety in the territory of children’s tent camps, but there are neither fire safety requirements applicable to tent materials, nor any methods of their assessment. Meanwhile, there were cases of fire at children’s tent camps.The purpose of this work is to establish fire safety requirements applicable to tent materials used at children’s tent camps, to develop their testing criteria and methodology.The main objectives to be accomplished in order to achieve the pre-set purpose include the analysis of effective regulatory requirements and methods used to determine the flammability of tent materials, the establishment of parameters and criteria designated for their assessment and the development of a standard testing methodology.Results and discussion. Experimental studies were carried out to assess a set of flammability-related parameters of several types of fabric and polymers used to make outer/inner tents and ground sheets. It has been determined that currently used materials are fire-hazardous; therefore, it is advisable to limit the production of tents from combustible and flammable materials whose combustion may be triggered by low-calorie ignition sources, including those that can melt or release toxic combustion products.Currently used standard methods were applied to develop modified methodologies and classification criteria needed to assess the flammability of tent materials for children’s summer camps; experimental studies were also carried out.Conclusions. A draft national standard has been developed; it implies the establishment of the flammability assessment methodology and criteria and restricts the use of tent materials, that are extremely hazardous in terms of the toxicity of their combustion products.
Assessment of the electrical conductivity of thermally activated water jets containing injections of inhibiting salt used to extinguish electrical equipment at gas compressor stations
Authors: Roenko V. V. , Chistyakov T. I. , Tarakanov D. V. , Khalikov R. V. 
Published: July 2021

Introduction. One of the main problems of fire extinguishing at gas compressor stations is fires in confined spaces where electrical installations can be under voltage. To extinguish these fires, the co-authors propose to use jets of thermally activated water containing salts that inhibit burning. It is necessary to assess the electrical conductivity of water jets to prevent the exposure of fire-fighting units to electrical injuries.Materials and methods. In the experimental study, the principal electricity measuring instrument is digital dc megaohmmeter M4122U, which takes readings if operated from a laptop. The flow rate was measured using IT 2518 measurement complex and TDR14–2–3 primary flow converter of the turbine type. Termit T-35 hardness converter performed electromagnetic water treatment.Theoretical fundamentals. Measurements of leakage currents in jets of thermally activated water, fed through fire nozzles mounted onto a multi-purpose fire truck, were taken, and the maximum permissible distance to an electrical installation was determined experimentally and analytically using an experimental stand.Results and discussions. Averaged values of resistance of a jet of thermally activated water fed from a long-range nozzle at control points do not leave the confidence corridor with a probability of 0.95, which means that they do not cause a significant change in dc resistance. Inhibiting salt, injected into the water, reduces the resistance of jets of thermally activated water by no more than 2–3 % compared to under-heated water. The treatment of the inhibiting salt, injected into the under-heated water, using Termit T-35 hardness converter, does not significantly change the resistance of thermally activated water jets.Conclusions. It is theoretically and experimentally proved that the injection of inhibiting salts into the underheated water, as well as the electromagnetic treatment of water using low-power stiffness converters, do not significantly affect the electrical conductivity of jets of thermally activated water if compared to jets that contain no inhibiting admixtures. The extinguishing of surfaces of electrical installations using jets of thermally activated water containing flame inhibiting injections of salts, as well as the development of an inerting concentration in confined spaces of gas compressor stations is electrically safe for any person engaged in fire extinguishing.