bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Attention allocation on mobile app interfaces when human interacts with them
Authors: Zhu Li , Cui Gaochao , Li Yan , Zhang Jianhai , Kong Wanzeng , Cichocki Andrzej , Li Junhua 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWith the popularity of smartphones and the pervasion of mobile apps, people spend more and more time to interact with a diversity of apps on their smartphones, especially for young population. This raises a question: how people allocate attention to interfaces of apps during using them. To address this question, we, in this study, designed an experiment with two sessions (i.e., Session1: browsing original interfaces; Session 2: browsing interfaces after removal of colors and background) integrating with an eyetracking system. Attention fixation durations were recorded by an eye-tracker while participants browsed app interfaces. The whole screen of smartphone was divided into four even regions to explore fixation durations. The results revealed that participants gave significantly longer total fixation duration on the bottom left region compared to other regions in the session (1) Longer total fixation duration on the bottom was preserved, but there is no significant difference between left side and right side in the session2. Similar to the finding of total fixation duration, first fixation duration is also predominantly paid on the bottom area of the interface. Moreover, the skill in the use of mobile phone was quantified by assessing familiarity and accuracy of phone operation and was investigated in the association with the fixation durations. We found that first fixation duration of the bottom left region is significantly negatively correlated with the smartphone operation level in the session 1, but there is no significant correlation between them in the session (2) According to the results of ratio exploration, the ratio of the first fixation duration to the total fixation duration is not significantly different between areas of interest for both sessions. The findings of this study provide insights into the attention allocation during browsing app interfaces and are of implications on the design of app interfaces and advertisements as layout can be optimized according to the attention allocation to maximally deliver information.
Assessing discharge periodicity in mountain catchments using classified environmental conditions (Tatra Mountains, Poland)
Authors: Borowska-Pakuła Joanna , Mięsiak-Wójcik Katarzyna 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe periodicity of a river expressed in cycles of various lengths (monthly, seasonal, multiannual) is a result of climatic factors and overlapping environmental conditions within its catchment. In uncontrolled or poorly surveyed catchments, it is very difficult to determine the duration of a stream’s hydrological activity. This is especially relevant for catchments with complicated water circulation in karstic rocks. The present study concerns the small catchment of the Strążyski Potok river located in the area of the Tatra National Park, in the Western Tatras. The observation period covered the 2015 hydrological year, which differed hydrologically from average conditions. This study aims to develop a simple method to explain the processes shaping the mountain stream discharge periodicity. The research employed periodic field observations linked with climatic and non-climatic factors. Environmental conditions were assessed as four classes reflecting their influence on appearance or disappearance of mountain stream water. Class boundaries were the values of quartiles. The degree of correspondence between environmental factors and stream field observations was described via the Index DC (Degree Correspondence Index) approach. Complete correspondence (Index DC =0) was found in 23% catchments, a weak relationship between conditions favouring discharge and actual condition (Index DC= -1, +1) was noted within 11 catchments, while in 9 catchments, no such relationship was found (Index DC = -2, +2). The obtained results indicate a correspondence or lack thereof between the environmental potential of the catchment and its discharge periodicity. The discrepancies between the assessment of the influence of climatic and non-climatic factors and the data collected during field observations provide a basis for more detailed studies. Continuation of these studies based on the proposed classifications will allow for a more complete explanation of water disappearance in river channels and the determination of their short- and long-term discharge periodicity.
Impact of rangeland enclosure and seasonal grazing on protected and unprotected rangelands in Chakwal region, Pakistan
Authors: Islam Muhammad , Razzaq Abdul , Zubair Muhammad , Hassan Sawsan , Ahmad Sarfraz , Gul Shamim , Rischkowsky Barbara , Louhaichi Mounir 
Published: December 2021

AbstractScrub rangelands support livestock grazing and provide ecosystem services to their inhabitants. The present study was conducted in Chakwal, an important tract of the Pothwar Plateau, which sustains herds of small domestic and nomadic ruminants. Urbanization and uncontrolled grazing practices have reduced rangeland productivity and increased soil erosion and resulted in poor land conditions. This study assessed the influence of two years of rangeland protection on aboveground vegetation biomass and the chemical composition of plants and aimed to determine the influence of seasonal grazing on the live-weight gain of small ewes. Using the line intercept method, vegetation data from protected and unprotected plots in 2015 and 2016 were collected at two sites, Dhulli and Begal. Vegetation cover was assessed from images using VegMeasure. Results showed that protected study sites displayed higher vegetation biomass (834 and 690 kg ha-1) compared to the unprotected study site (477 and 326 kg ha-1) during April and August of both years. In the seasonal grazing trial, the experimental ewes that grazed on protected rangelands showed higher live-weight gain (33–63 g day-1) compared to live weight of ewes (17–21 g day-1) that grazed on unprotected rangelands during the experimental period of 127 days at both sites. The results suggest that the Chakwal rangeland has tremendous potential to improve vegetation productivity but modern livestock management and seasonal grazing practices are needed to improve carrying capacity and livestock productivity.
CFD Modeling of Multiphase Flow in an SKS Furnace with New Tuyere Arrangements
Authors: Song Kezhou , Jokilaakso Ari 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
There has been a great deal of focus on the optimization of tuyere arrangements in SKS bottom blown copper smelting furnaces since the last decade, as the improved furnace operation efficiency of SKS technology has potential that cannot be ignored. New –x + 0 + x deg tuyere arrangements with 14 tuyeres are proposed in this research paper. Using a previously verified numerical model, CFD tests on the velocity distribution and wall shear stress for scaled-down SKS furnace models were conducted, with a constant total volumetric gas flow rate, and different operating parameters and furnace cross-section geometries. The results indicate that, at a relatively low gas injection speed compared with the previously optimized tuyere arrangement, although the –x +0 +x deg tuyere arrangements are unable to supply enhanced agitation in the typical round furnaces, they achieve better performance in elliptical furnaces. At a comparatively higher gas injection speed, the – x + 0 + x deg tuyere arrangements can improve the agitation performance in a round furnace while maintaining an acceptable wall shear stress on the bottom and side wall. The agitation enhancement with the − x +0 +x deg tuyere arrangements can essentially be attributed to stronger interactions between bubble plumes and furnace side walls. To further exploit the advantages of the new tuyere arrangements, an optimized tuyere angle was confirmed by a full-scale furnace model simulation.
Computational Fluid Dynamics Support for Fontan Planning in Minutes, Not Hours: The Next Step in Clinical Pre-Interventional Simulations
Authors: Frieberg Petter , Aristokleous Nicolas , Sjöberg Pia , Töger Johannes , Liuba Petru , Carlsson Marcus 
Published: December 2021

AbstractComputational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling may aid in planning of invasive interventions in Fontan patients. Clinical application of current CFD techniques is however limited by complexity and long computation times. Therefore, we validated a “lean” CFD method to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and an “established” CFD method, ultimately aiming to reduce complexity to enable predictive CFD during ongoing interventions. Fifteen Fontan patients underwent MRI for CFD modeling. The differences between lean and established approach, in hepatic and total flow percentage to the left pulmonary artery (%LPA), power loss and relative wall shear stress area were 1.5 ± 4.0%, -0.17 ± 1.1%, -0.055 ± 0.092 mW and 1.1 ± 1.4%. Compared with MRI, the lean and established method showed a bias in %LPA of -1.9 ± 3.4% and -1.8 ± 3.1%. Computation time was for the lean and established approach 3.0 ± 2.0 min and 7.0 ± 3.4 h, respectively. We conclude that the proposed lean method provides fast and reliable results for future CFD support during interventions.
Graphical abstract
Monte Carlo construction of cubature on Wiener space
Authors: Hayakawa Satoshi , Tanaka Ken’ichiro 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we investigate application of mathematical optimization to construction of a cubature formula on Wiener space, which is a weak approximation method of stochastic differential equations introduced by Lyons and Victoir (Proc R Soc Lond A 460:169–198, 2004). After giving a brief review on the cubature theory on Wiener space, we show that a cubature formula of general dimension and degree can be obtained through a Monte Carlo sampling and linear programming. This paper also includes an extension of stochastic Tchakaloff’s theorem, which technically yields the proof of our primary result.
Role of additives and surface passivation on the performance of perovskite solar cells
Authors: Abicho Samuel , Hailegnaw Bekele , Workneh Getachew Adam , Yohannes Teketel 
Published: December 2021

AbstractOutstanding improvement in power conversion efficiency (PCE) over 25% in a very short period and promising research developments to reach the theoretical PCE limit of single junction solar cells, 33%, enables organic–inorganic perovskite solar cells (OIPSCs) to gain much attention in the scientific and industrial community. The simplicity of production of OIPSCs from precursor solution either on rigid or flexible substrates makes them even more attractive for low-cost roll-to-roll production processes. Though OIPSCs show as such higher PCE with simple solution processing methods, there are still unresolved issues, while attempts are made to commercialize these solar cells. Among the major problems is the instability of the photoactive layer of OIPSCs at the interface of the charge transport layers and /or electrodes during prolonged exposure to moisture, heat and radiation. To achieve matched PCE and stability, several techniques such as molecular and interfacial engineering of components in OIPSCs have been applied. Moreover, in recent times, engineering on additives, solvents, surface passivation, and structural tuning have been developed to reduce defects and large grain boundaries from the surface and/or interface of organic–inorganic perovskite films. Under this review, we have shown recently developed additives and passivation strategies, which are strongly focused to enhance PCE and long-term stability simultaneously.
Examining the Effectiveness of Catch Crops as a Nature-Based Solution to Mitigate Surface Soil and Water Losses as an Environmental Regional Concern
Authors: Cerdà Artemi , Franch-Pardo Iván , Novara Agata , Sannigrahi Srikanta , Rodrigo-Comino Jesús 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe main goal of this research was to conduct a biophysical, economic, social, and perception-based approach to foresee the solutions that could be used to mitigate the soil loss problem cost-effectively in “La Ribera del Xúquer” district (Valencia Region, Spain). To achieve these goals, a farmer perception survey was carried out, and an assessment of the biophysical impact of catch crops on soil organic matter, bulk density, steady-state infiltration rate (double-ring infiltrometer) and runoff generation, and soil erosion (rainfall simulation experiments) was carried out in 2016. For the biophysical approach, two paired plots, i.e., catch crops vs. glyphosate herbicide treatment (in advance, control plot), were selected under clementine citrus production. The results show that soil organic matter increased from 1.14 to 1.63%, and bulk density decreased from 1.47 to 1.27 g cm−3 after 10 years of treatments using catch crops. They also facilitated higher infiltration rates from 16.7 to 171 mm h−1 and a delay in runoff generation from 149 to 654 s for control and catch crop plots. Both runoff rates (from 50.6 to 3.1%) and soil erosion (from 3.9 to 0.04 Mg ha−1 h−1) were reduced once the catch crops were deployed in the field. After surveying (2018–2019), farmers stated the use of catch crops as a speck of dirt and a cause of possible loss of reputation when used. Moreover, farmers (N = 73) would accept the catch crops as an effective nature-based alternative only if a subsidy of 131.17€ ha−1 would be paid. The survey results also demonstrated that the farmers' community would see catch crop more as a benefit for the planet's health and society. Few constraints, such as ageing of the farmers’ population, lack of education and negative perception for other management factors, are the critical detrimental factors for adopting catch crops as a nature-based solution to reduce soil and water losses. There is a need for an effective agrarian extension service to change the fate of the current agriculture and achieve sustainability by adopting new management strategies in contemporary agricultural practices.
Female Sexual Functioning in Women with a Symptomatic Pelvic Organ Prolapse; A Multicenter Prospective Comparative Study Between Pessary and Surgery
Authors: van der Vaart Lisa R. , Vollebregt Astrid , Pruijssers Bente , Milani Alfredo L. , Lagro-Janssen Antoine L. , Roovers Jan-Paul W.R. , van der Vaart Carl H. 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT

Background
Female pelvic organ prolapse (POP) has a negative effect on female sexual functioning and with an increasing life expectancy female sexual dysfunction caused by POP will be an arising global issue.

Aim
Improvement in female sexual functioning, measured with the Pelvic Organ Prolapse/Urinary Incontinence Sexual Questionnaire IUGA-Revised (PISQ-IR), 24-months after pessary or surgery, for both sexually active (SA) and sexually inactive women (NSA) presenting with POP.

Methods
A multicenter prospective comparative cohort study was conducted in 22 Dutch hospitals. Women referred with moderate to severe POP symptoms and POP stage ≥ 2 were included and chose either pessary therapy or surgical intervention. The PISQ-IR was filled in at baseline and 24-months, the delta of change was calculated and compared between both groups. Multivariate linear regression was performed to adjust for potential confounding factors in the association between the summary score of the PISQ-IR and therapy.

Outcomes
Change in PISQ-IR between pessary and surgical intervention.

Results
The delta of change at 24-months was calculated for 198 women in the pessary group and 129 women in the surgery group. SA women in the surgery group reported statistically significant more improvement on the condition-specific (-0.19 95%CI -0.35; -0.03, P = .02), and condition-impact (-0.48 95%CI -0.69; -0.28, P &lt; .001) domains as well as on the summary score (-0.15 95%CI -0.23; -0.08, P &lt; .001) as compared to the pessary group. No significant differences between pessary and surgery were found on the domains for NSA women. After controlling for potential baseline confounders, surgery still had a statistically significant effect on the summary score (B = 0.08; 95%CI interval 0.007–0.15, P = .03). Women having surgery had 2.62 times higher odds of changing from NSA to SA than pessary therapy.

Clinical implications
SA women who clearly express that POP-related symptoms limit their sexual functioning should be counseled that surgery results in a more remarkable improvement.

Strengths & Limitations
Our strengths include the large sample size, long-term follow-up, the use of the PISQ-IR as a validated outcome tool evaluating both SA and NSA women, and this study reflects real-life clinical practice that enhances the external validity of the findings. A limitation of our study is the considerable proportion of non-responders at 24-months follow-up.

Conclusion
Sexual function in SA women with POP is superior in case surgery is performed as compared to pessary therapy.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF AGE DISPARITIES IN CONIFER CHARCOAL FROM ARCHAEOLOGICAL STRUCTURES AND APPLICATIONS FOR TREE-RING-RADIOCARBON DATING
Authors: Kessler Nicholas V 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACTAge disparities between charcoal samples and their context are a well-known problem in archaeological chronometry, and even small offsets could affect the accuracy of high-precision wiggle-matched dates. In many cases of taphonomic or anthropogenic loss of the outermost rings, sapwood-based methods for estimating cutting dates are not always applicable, especially with charcoal. In these instances, wiggle-matchedterminus post quem(TPQ) dates are often reconciled with subjective or ad hoc approaches. This study examines the distribution of age disparities caused by ring loss and other factors in a large dendroarchaeological dataset. Probability density functions describing the random distribution of age disparities are then fit to the empirical distributions. These functions are tested on an actual wiggle-matched non-cutting date from the literature to evaluate accuracy in a single case. Simulations are then presented to demonstrate how an age offset function can be applied in OxCal outlier models to yield accurate dating in archaeological sequences with short intervals between dated episodes, even if all samples are non-cutting dates.
Ordinary Exemplars: Cultivating “the Everyday” in the Birthplace of Fascism
Authors: Heywood Paolo 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis paper examines the ways in which “ordinariness” can come to be exemplified as a virtue. It does so by comparing the status of ordinariness in historical and present-day Predappio, the town in which Mussolini was born and is buried. It describes the ways in which Predappio was mobilized by the Fascist regime as an exemplar of an ordinary Italian town, rendered extraordinary by its wholesale reconstruction as a jewel in the crown of Fascist urban planning. In similar fashion, Mussolini’s ordinary rural upbringing was mobilized in the service of propagandizing his extraordinary and exemplary leadership. In contemporary Predappio, by contrast, ordinariness is what locals reach for to contest understandings of their home as irrevocably associated with the extraordinary Fascist heritage they have inherited. One of the ways in which they do so is to celebrate a local exemplar of this ordinariness, Giuseppe Ferlini, the town’s first postwar mayor. In contrast to Mussolini, Ferlini’s ordinariness is not a backdrop to future greatness, but exactly the quality for which he is celebrated. I assert that these cases demonstrate the need for vigilance in analytic usage of the category of “the ordinary,” which sometimes tacitly assumes the existence of “the ordinary” as a scale in itself, independent of human action. I argue instead that “the ordinary” may be the object of ethical labor, rather than its site, and that exemplification may be a form of such labor, in both our accounts and the lives of those we study.
Some generating functions and inequalities for the andrews–stanley partition functions
Authors: Chen Na , Chern Shane , Fan Yan , Xia Ernest X. W. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractLet $\mathcal {O}(\pi )$ denote the number of odd parts in an integer partition $\pi$. In 2005, Stanley introduced a new statistic $\operatorname {srank}(\pi )=\mathcal {O}(\pi )-\mathcal {O}(\pi ')$, where $\pi '$ is the conjugate of $\pi$. Let $p(r,\,m;n)$ denote the number of partitions of $n$ with srank congruent to $r$ modulo $m$. Generating function identities, congruences and inequalities for $p(0,\,4;n)$ and $p(2,\,4;n)$ were then established by a number of mathematicians, including Stanley, Andrews, Swisher, Berkovich and Garvan. Motivated by these works, we deduce some generating functions and inequalities for $p(r,\,m;n)$ with $m=16$ and $24$. These results are refinements of some inequalities due to Swisher.
Local Content Requirements in Nigeria's Extractive Sector and the Implications for Sustainable Development
Authors: Abe Oyeniyi 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis article examines the framework of Nigeria's local content laws and policy, and the implications for sustainable development. The legislation is geared towards safeguarding local productivity and aiding the progressive aspirations of Nigeria's citizens. While commendable in principle, there have been questions about policy articulation, implementation and enforcement mechanisms, especially with regard to the Sustainable Development Goals. The article examines the local content legislation in Nigeria, and how policies have shaped the community-corporate nexus. This exposes the challenges facing extractive resource governance in a jurisdiction such as Nigeria and the discourses that have permeated legal scholarship on the practical deference to local content by non-state actors. It considers that well designed and implemented local content requirements are catalysts for structural development. To achieve sustainable development of its extractive sector, Nigeria requires state-led determination to stimulate economic growth and development. The article argues for continuous consultation as a bedrock for meaningful engagement.
Daniel Patrick Moynihan and the Politics of Tragedy
Authors: Fromer Yoav 
Published: December 2021

AbstractHow does tragedy, primarily a dramatic-literary experience, shape politics? While scholars have mostly looked to classical tragedy and expressions of public mourning to answer this, I employ a policy-oriented case study to do so: the politics of Daniel Patrick Moynihan. Widely known for his data-driven social science, I want to suggest the counterintuitive claim that the popular senator from New York was ironically also influenced deeply by literary tragedy. This article demonstrates how Moynihan cultivated a set of tragic sensibilities that informed his realist political calculations and implanted in his policies a tragic awareness that limited the goals of what government could achieve, while helping define what it should and how. Rather than evaluate the validity of his controversial proposals from the 1960s, I offer a critical reexamination that highlights the tragic impulses coloring them. In the process, I conceptualize a politics of tragedy as a “tamed” form of postwar liberalism.