bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trans-ethnic Mendelian-randomization study reveals causal relationships between cardiometabolic factors and chronic kidney disease
Authors: Zheng Jie , Zhang Yuemiao , Rasheed Humaira , Walker Venexia , Sugawara Yuka , Li Jiachen , Leng Yue , Elsworth Benjamin , Wootton Robyn E , Fang Si , Yang Qian , Burgess Stephen , Haycock Philip C , Borges Maria Carolina , Cho Yoonsu , Carnegie Rebecca , Howell Amy , Robinson Jamie , Thomas Laurent F , Brumpton Ben Michael , Hveem Kristian , Hallan Stein , Franceschini Nora , Morris Andrew P , Köttgen Anna , Pattaro Cristian , Wuttke Matthias , Yamamoto Masayuki , Kashihara Naoki , Akiyama Masato , Kanai Masahiro , Matsuda Koichi , Kamatani Yoichiro , Okada Yukinori , Walters Robin , Millwood Iona Y , Chen Zhengming , Davey Smith George , Barbour Sean , Yu Canqing , Åsvold Bjørn Olav , Zhang Hong , Gaunt Tom R 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
This study was to systematically test whether previously reported risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD) are causally related to CKD in European and East Asian ancestries using Mendelian randomization.

Methods
A total of 45 risk factors with genetic data in European ancestry and 17 risk factors in East Asian participants were identified as exposures from PubMed. We defined the CKD by clinical diagnosis or by estimated glomerular filtration rate of &lt;60 ml/min/1.73 m2. Ultimately, 51 672 CKD cases and 958 102 controls of European ancestry from CKDGen, UK Biobank and HUNT, and 13 093 CKD cases and 238 118 controls of East Asian ancestry from Biobank Japan, China Kadoorie Biobank and Japan-Kidney-Biobank/ToMMo were included.

Results
Eight risk factors showed reliable evidence of causal effects on CKD in Europeans, including genetically predicted body mass index (BMI), hypertension, systolic blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein A-I, lipoprotein(a), type 2 diabetes (T2D) and nephrolithiasis. In East Asians, BMI, T2D and nephrolithiasis showed evidence of causality on CKD. In two independent replication analyses, we observed that increased hypertension risk showed reliable evidence of a causal effect on increasing CKD risk in Europeans but in contrast showed a null effect in East Asians. Although liability to T2D showed consistent effects on CKD, the effects of glycaemic phenotypes on CKD were weak. Non-linear Mendelian randomization indicated a threshold relationship between genetically predicted BMI and CKD, with increased risk at BMI of &gt;25 kg/m2.

Conclusions
Eight cardiometabolic risk factors showed causal effects on CKD in Europeans and three of them showed causality in East Asians, providing insights into the design of future interventions to reduce the burden of CKD.
Quantifying impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic through life-expectancy losses: a population-level study of 29 countries
Authors: Aburto José Manuel , Schöley Jonas , Kashnitsky Ilya , Zhang Luyin , Rahal Charles , Missov Trifon I , Mills Melinda C , Dowd Jennifer B , Kashyap Ridhi 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundVariations in the age patterns and magnitudes of excess deaths, as well as differences in population sizes and age structures, make cross-national comparisons of the cumulative mortality impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic challenging. Life expectancy is a widely used indicator that provides a clear and cross-nationally comparable picture of the population-level impacts of the pandemic on mortality.MethodsLife tables by sex were calculated for 29 countries, including most European countries, Chile and the USA, for 2015–2020. Life expectancy at birth and at age 60 years for 2020 were contextualized against recent trends between 2015 and 2019. Using decomposition techniques, we examined which specific age groups contributed to reductions in life expectancy in 2020 and to what extent reductions were attributable to official COVID-19 deaths.ResultsLife expectancy at birth declined from 2019 to 2020 in 27 out of 29 countries. Males in the USA and Lithuania experienced the largest losses in life expectancy at birth during 2020 (2.2 and 1.7 years, respectively), but reductions of more than an entire year were documented in 11 countries for males and 8 among females. Reductions were mostly attributable to increased mortality above age 60 years and to official COVID-19 deaths.ConclusionsThe COVID-19 pandemic triggered significant mortality increases in 2020 of a magnitude not witnessed since World War II in Western Europe or the breakup of the Soviet Union in Eastern Europe. Females from 15 countries and males from 10 ended up with lower life expectancy at birth in 2020 than in 2015.
Retrofit or rebuild? The future of old residential buildings in urban areas of China based on the analysis of environmental benefits
Authors: Peng Zhen , Zhao Sanjun , Shen Luping , Ma Yuanli , Zhang Qianxi , Deng Wu 
Published: September 2021

Abstract:
From the 1970s to the 1990s, over 3.5 billion square meters of residential building areas were completed in China to accommodate the increased population in cities. Most of the constructed buildings were built without insulation and proper ventilation. Currently, these buildings are reaching the end of their designed service lifetime. Therefore, retrofitting and rebuilding represent two different options to upgrade or completely replace these old buildings. However, material utilization levels of retrofitting and the rebuilding plans are completely different, resulting in different embodied energy consumption and operation energy consumption levels. This study examines the old residential buildings located in the cold climate zone of China. The study found that rebuilding these old residential buildings normally attain higher embodied energy consumption and embodied CO2 emissions due to high material input. Therefore, rebuilding plans might not be the highest priority, and government managers should consider the environmental impacts from the embodied energy consumption when formulating decisions regarding the future of these old residential buildings. Additionally, the insulation thickness is an important parameter for the main building fabrics of retrofitted and rebuilt buildings to reduce heating and cooling energy demand. Although, this study has identified that the rebuilt buildings cause higher CO2 emissions than retrofitted buildings. However, various parameters, such as the materials’ embodied coefficient, the carbon intensity of the operation energy sources and ratios of the surface areas of the glazing windows to the external walls, should be considered by decision-makers.
Research on fault diagnosis of microgrid based on variational sparse Bayesian fuzzy H-network
Authors: Xu Aoran , Gu Cailian , Liu Baoliang , Leng Xuemin 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWith the aggravation of energy crisis and environmental problems, microgrid has become a research and application hotspot in the field of electric energy, which puts forward higher requirements for the security and reliability of microgrid, so the research on fault diagnosis of microgrid has become the focus. In this paper, the domestic and foreign fault diagnosis research is analysed. Based on Bayesian, the theory of variational sparse Bayesian and fuzzy h-network is studied. The variational sparse Bayesian fuzzy h-network is used for fault diagnosis of microgrid, and the fault diagnosis model of variational sparse Bayesian fuzzy h-network is constructed. Based on the analysis of Bayesian signal processing, a diagnosis method combining fuzzy h-network and variational sparse Bayesian is proposed. The variational sparse algorithm is used to improve Bayesian, reduce the complexity and computation of signal processing and solve the uncertainty problem of microgrid fault diagnosis. The dual fault signal filter based on Bayesian is designed, and the fault diagnosis method of microgrid based on variational sparse Bayesian fuzzy h-network is further studied and designed. The effectiveness of the proposed signal extraction method and fault diagnosis method is verified by simulation in Matlab/Simulink platform. In this paper, a new fault diagnosis method of microgrid based on variational sparse Bayesian fuzzy h-network is proposed, which improves the speed and accuracy of microgrid fault diagnosis.
A Comparison of Geosampling and Random Walk Methods for Household Sample Selection in Uttar Pradesh, India
Authors: Lau Charles Q , Unangst Jennifer , Eckman Stephanie , Bhatt Pramod , Evans Jonathan , McRoy Martha , Starr Kelsey , Thalji Lisa , Allpress Justine , Jones Kasey , Cajka Jamie , Bunker John David 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Our research evaluates an innovative sampling technique for household surveys called “geosampling” which leverages recent advances in geographic information systems, computer vision algorithms, and satellite imagery. We compare geosampling to the random walk method. We conducted two surveys in Uttar Pradesh, India: one using geosampling (1,026 completes) and another using random walk (939 completes). We compare the two sampling techniques along three dimensions: (a) performance indicators—response rates and contact attempts; (b) sample composition; and (c) components of variance. We help researchers understand the survey contexts for which geosampling and random walk are best suited.
Particularized Trust, Institutional Trust, and Generalized Trust: An Examination of Causal Pathways
Authors: Kim Seung Hyun , Kim Sangmook 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This study attempts to resolve two issues in social trust research: the negative or positive effect of particularized trust (PT) and the causality between institutional trust (IT) and generalized trust (GT). It analyzes two types of data from South Korea: pooled data of cross-sectional national probability surveys; and online experimental three-wave panel data. Analyses of cross-sectional data suggest new classifications of trust types, family trust (FT) qualitatively different from PT, and the covariates of GT. Panel data analyses bolster the findings from cross-sectional data analysis and confirm a causal antecedence and lagged effects of IT. These findings imply that keys to achieving a high trust society are overcoming intense FT, expanding the radius of PT, and enhancing IT.
Flooding the Zone: How Exposure to Implausible Statements Shapes Subsequent Belief Judgments
Authors: Ulusoy Ezgi , Carnahan Dustin , Bergan Daniel E , Barry Rachel C , Ma Siyuan , Ahn Suhwoo , McGraw Johnny 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Much scholarly attention has been paid to the effects of misinformation on beliefs and attitudes, but rarely have studies investigated potential downstream effects of misinformation exposure on belief judgments involving subsequent factual statements. Drawing from work on anchoring-and-adjustment and defensive reasoning, this study examines how exposure to initial falsehoods that vary in terms of their plausibility shapes subsequent belief judgments. Across two survey experiments, we find that initial exposure to a less plausible statement decreases belief in subsequent statements, whether true or false. This order effect has implications for misinformation research, as studies examining audience responses to a single falsehood may fail to capture the full range of misinformation effects. Other implications are discussed in this article.
Southeast Asia and the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees: Substance without Form?
Authors: Moretti Sébastien 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, supplemented by its 1967 Protocol, is the most comprehensive and universal instrument adopted to date to safeguard the fundamental rights of refugees and to regulate their status in countries of asylum. Yet, 70 years after its adoption, many countries – most of them in Asia – are unwilling to accede to it. Focusing on the ASEAN States, this article explores the reasons behind Southeast Asia’s resistance to the Refugee Convention, thereby highlighting some of its limitations. Contrary to the so-called ‘rejection’ of the international refugee law approach that currently prevails in the region, this article argues that Southeast Asian States have long recognized that refugees, as defined in the Refugee Convention, need protection. This is evidenced by their de facto different treatment of refugees compared to other irregular migrants, especially when it comes to arrest, detention, and deportation. The fact that non-signatory States act in conformity with the provisions of a treaty by which they are not bound reinforces the relevance of the Convention, if not as a formal source of obligation, at least as a model to delineate the contours of refugee protection. Somewhat ironically, their practice also contributes to the strengthening of international refugee law.
Error analysis of a discretization for stochastic linear quadratic control problems governed by SDEs
Authors: Wang Yanqing 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In this work, a time-implicit discretization for stochastic linear quadratic problems subject to stochastic differential equations with control-dependence noises is proposed, and the convergence rate of this discretization is proved. Compared to the existing results, the control variables are stochastic processes and can be contained in systems’ diffusion term. Based on this discretization, a gradient descent algorithm and its convergence rate are presented. Finally, a numerical example is provided to support the theoretical finding.
A least-squares Galerkin approach to gradient and Hessian recovery for nondivergence-form elliptic equations
Authors: Lakkis Omar , Mousavi Amireh 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
We propose a least-squares method involving the recovery of the gradient and possibly the Hessian for elliptic equation in nondivergence form. As our approach is based on the Lax–Milgram theorem with the curl-free constraint built into the target (or cost) functional, the discrete spaces require no inf-sup stabilization. We show that standard conforming finite elements can be used yielding a priori and a posteriori convergence results. We illustrate our findings with numerical experiments with uniform or adaptive mesh refinement.
Spectral Galerkin method for solving Helmholtz boundary integral equations on smooth screens
Authors: Jerez-Hanckes Carlos , Pinto José 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
We solve first-kind Fredholm boundary integral equations arising from Helmholtz and Laplace problems on bounded, smooth screens in three dimensions with either Dirichlet or Neumann conditions. The proposed Galerkin–Bubnov methods take as discretization elements pushed-forward weighted azimuthal projections of standard spherical harmonics onto the unit disk. By exactly depicting edge singular behaviors we show that these spectral or high-order bases yield super-algebraic error convergence in the corresponding energy norms whenever the screen is an analytic deformation of the unit disk. Moreover, we provide a fully discrete analysis of the method, including quadrature rules, based on analytic extensions of the spectral basis to complex neighborhoods. Finally, we include numerical experiments to support our claims as well as appendices with computational details for treating the associated singular integrals.
A Bombieri–Vinogradov Theorem for Higher-Rank Groups
Authors: Jiang Yujiao , Lü Guangshi , Thorner Jesse , Wang Zihao 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
We establish a result of Bombieri–Vinogradov type for the Dirichlet coefficients at prime ideals of the standard $L$-function associated to a self-dual cuspidal automorphic representation $\pi $ of $\operatorname {GL}_n$ over a number field $F$ when $\pi$ is not a quadratic twist of itself. Our result does not rely on any unproven progress towards the generalized Ramanujan conjecture or the nonexistence of Landau–Siegel zeros. In particular, when $\pi $ is fixed and not equal to a quadratic twist of itself, we prove the first unconditional Siegel-type lower bound for the twisted $L$-values $|L(1,\pi \otimes \chi )|$ in the $\chi $-aspect, where $\chi $ is a primitive quadratic Hecke character over $F$. Our result improves the levels of distribution in other works that relied on these unproven hypotheses. As applications, when $n=2,3,4$, we prove a $\textrm {GL}_n$ analogue of the Titchmarsh divisor problem and a nontrivial bound for a certain $\textrm {GL}_n\times \textrm {GL}_2$ shifted convolution sum.
Support for Integrable Hopf Algebras via Noncommutative Hypersurfaces
Authors: Negron Cris , Pevtsova Julia 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe consider finite-dimensional Hopf algebras $u$ that admit a smooth deformation $U\to u$ by a Noetherian Hopf algebra $U$ of finite global dimension. Examples of such Hopf algebras include small quantum groups over the complex numbers, restricted enveloping algebras in finite characteristic, and Drinfeld doubles of height $1$ group schemes. We provide a means of analyzing (cohomological) support for representations over such $u$, via the singularity categories of the hypersurfaces $U/(f)$ associated with functions $f$ on the corresponding parametrization space. We use this hypersurface approach to establish the tensor product property for cohomological support, for the following examples: functions on a finite group scheme, Drinfeld doubles of certain height 1 solvable finite group schemes, bosonized quantum complete intersections, and the small quantum Borel in type $A$.
Local Variants of the Dixmier Property and Weak Centrality for C*-algebras
Authors: Archbold Robert J , Gogić Ilja , Robert Leonel 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
We study variants of the Dixmier property that apply to elements of a unital C*-algebra, rather than to the C*-algebra itself. By a Dixmier element in a C*-algebra we understand one that can be averaged into a central element by means of a sequence of unitary mixing operators. Examples include all self-commutators and all quasinilpotent elements. We do a parallel study of an element-wise version of weak centrality, where the averaging to the centre is done using unital completely positive elementary operators (as in Magajna’s characterization of weak centrality). We also obtain complete descriptions of more tractable sets of elements, where the corresponding averaging can be done arbitrarily close to the centre. This is achieved through several “spectral conditions”, involving numerical ranges and tracial states.
Baseline Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Viral Load Is Associated With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Severity and Clinical Outcomes: Post Hoc Analyses of a Phase 2/3 Trial
Authors: Boyapati Anita , Wipperman Matthew F , Ehmann Peter J , Hamon Sara , Lederer David J , Waldron Alpana , Flanagan John J , Karayusuf Elif , Bhore Rafia , Nivens Michael C , Hamilton Jennifer D , Sumner Giane , Sivapalasingam Sumathi 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Elucidating the relationship between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) viral load and clinical outcomes is critical for understanding coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Methods
The SARS-CoV-2 levels were analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) of nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal swab specimens collected at baseline, and clinical outcomes were recorded over 60 days from 1362 COVID-19 hospitalized patients enrolled in a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled phase 2/3 trial of sarilumab for COVID-19 (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04315298).

Results
In post hoc analyses, higher baseline viral load, measured by both RT-qPCR cycle threshold and log10 copies/mL, was associated with greater supplemental oxygenation requirements and disease severity at study entry. Higher baseline viral load was associated with higher mortality, lower likelihood of improvement in clinical status and supplemental oxygenation requirements, and lower rates of hospital discharge. Viral load was not impacted by sarilumab treatment over time versus placebo.

Conclusions
These data support viral load as an important determinant of clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 requiring supplemental oxygen or assisted ventilation.
Hepatitis E in Bangladesh: Insights From a National Serosurvey
Authors: Azman Andrew S , Paul Kishor Kumar , Bhuiyan Taufiqur Rahman , Koyuncu Aybüke , Salje Henrik , Qadri Firdausi , Gurley Emily S 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundHepatitis E virus (HEV) genotypes 1 and 2 are a major cause of avoidable morbidity and mortality in South Asia. Despite the high risk of death among infected pregnant women, scarce incidence data has been a contributing factor to global policy recommendations against the introduction of licensed hepatitis E vaccines, one of the only effective prevention tools.MethodsWe tested serum from a nationally representative serosurvey in Bangladesh for anti-HEV immunoglobulin G and estimated seroprevalence. We used Bayesian geostatistical models to generate high-resolution maps of seropositivity and examined variability in seropositivity by individual-level, household-level, and community-level risk factors using spatial logistic regression.ResultsWe tested serum samples from 2924 individuals from 70 communities representing all divisions of Bangladesh and estimated a national seroprevalence of 20% (95% confidence interval [CI], 17%–24%). Seropositivity increased with age and male sex (odds ratio, 2.2 male vs female; 95% CI, 1.8–2.8). Community-level seroprevalence ranged widely (0–78%) with higher seroprevalence in urban areas, including Dhaka, with a 3.0-fold (95% credible interval, 2.3–3.7) higher seroprevalence than the rest of the country.ConclusionsHepatitis E infections are common throughout Bangladesh. Strengthening surveillance for hepatitis E, especially in urban areas, can provide additional evidence to appropriately target interventions.
Typhoid Conjugate Vaccines: Advancing the Research and Public Health Agendas
Authors: Birkhold Megan , Mwisongo Aziza , Pollard Andrew J , Neuzil Kathleen M 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The disease burden of typhoid fever remains high in endemic areas in Asia and Africa, especially in children. Recent clinical trials conducted by the Typhoid Vaccine Acceleration Consortium show typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV) to be safe, immunogenic, and efficacious at preventing blood culture-confirmed typhoid fever in African and Asian children. Pakistan, Liberia, and Zimbabwe recently introduced TCV through campaigns and routine childhood immunizations, providing protection for this vulnerable population. It is essential to continue this momentum while simultaneously filling data gaps—including typhoid complications—to inform decision-making on TCV introduction. A multidisciplinary approach including surveillance, water, sanitation, and hygiene investments, and large-scale TCV introduction is needed to decrease the burden and mortality of typhoid fever.