bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some Little-Known Designs by Louis-Pierre Baltard and Jean-Baptiste Rondelet for the Transformation of the Church of the Madeleine into a Temple of Glory
Authors: Booth David W. 
Published: January 2021

Napoléon au sommet de sa gloire et de sa puissance ordonna le 2 décembre 1806 par décret, la tenue d’un concours pour la transformation de l’église de la Madeleine en un temple civique dédié à la Grande Armée. Evénement artistique extraordinaire de l’Empire auquel participèrent tous les architectes en vue et qui demeure mal connu faute de documents. Pour ajouter à la difficulté de connaître toute l’histoire de ce concours, les candidats, qui furent jugés dans l’anonymat, eurent le droit de récupérer leurs travaux après le concours. L’issue du concours fut encore compliquée par le rejet du 1er prix accordé à Claude Etienne de Beaumont; l’Empereur préféra le projet de Pierre Vignon qui gagna le 2e prix, car il fut plus conforme à sa conception du « beau antique ».
Le cca possède un album élaboré par Louis-Pierre Baltard (1764-1846) et par Jean-Baptiste Rondelet (1743-1829) qui nous présente quelques renseignements nouveaux sur certains aspects du concours. Les deux architectes, arrivés au cinquième rang, furent autorisés à soumettre à nouveau leur projet à l’Empereur, vraisemblablement entre le 4 avril 1807, date de la publication des résultats du concours, et le 9 juin 1807, jour où le choix de Napoléon fut officiellement connu, ou peu de temps après. Rien ne prouve que Napoléon ait vu ce projet hors concours qui a pourtant le mérite de répondre parfaitement aux exigences édictées dans le programme. Cinq rendus spectaculaires nous montrent un temple à portique, de forme longitudinale, entouré de colonnes et terminé par une abside en hémicycle; l’édifice est bien adapté aux cérémonies solennelles, civiques, et militaires pour lesquelles l’Empereur voulait un sanctuaire commératif. Ces dessins, qu’on peut attribuer à Louis Pierre Baltard, sont très révélatrices de ses talents et prouvent qu’il jouissait d’une assez grande réputation bien avant la réalisation en 1815 de sa première oeuvre connue, la chapelle du Prison de Sainte-Pélagie. Selon l’inscription de la page frontispice, le temple romain de Mars Ultor fut choisi par Baltard et Rondelet comme prototype de leur projet de transformer l’église de la Madeleine. Cette suggestion faite à un moment où Napoléon aimait à se comparer à Alexandre le Grand et prisait l’antiquité grecque, a-t-elle nui au sort du projet de Baltard et Rondelet ? Quoi qu’il en soit, l’album de Baltard et de Rondelet constitue un des derniers documents de l’histoire tumultueuse de l’église de la Madeleine et vient s’ajouter aux témoignages sur l’évolution du goût dans la domaine de l’architecture pendant l’époque qu’on appelle néo-classique.
The Chancel of St. Paul’s Anglican Church, Halifax, Nova Scotia: Form Follows Convenience?
Authors: McAleer J. Philip 
Published: January 2021

Lors de sa construction en 1750, l’église anglicane St. Paul d’Halifax n’était qu’une simple structure rectangulaire dont l’intérieur se divisait en une nef flanquée de bas-côtés surmontés de galeries. Le choeur occupait les travées à l’extrémité de la nef, et était défini seulement par un « mobilier approprié » — comme la chaire et la sainte table. Ce ne fut que cent ans plus tard, soit en 1872, que le choeur tel un espace architectural bien définie fut ajouté à l’église sous la forme d’une boîte en saillie à l’extrémité de la nef. Cet ajout à ce moment-là n’était pas une conséquence, même tardive, comme d’aucuns pouvaient s’y attendre, du mouvement ecclésiologique et de sa revendication d’un espace distinct, séparé de celui de la nef, comme étant nécessaire à la bonne marche des rituels anglicans. Son apparition à l’église St. Paul correspond plutôt à un don spontané d’un laïc dont le seul souci était que le clergé ne disposait pas suffisamment d’espace. Son offre, faite lors d’une réunion paroissiale, fut immédiatement acceptée par la congrégation et le clergé sans aucunement discuter des répercussions éventuelles que cette forme pourraient avoir d’un point de vue liturgique ou symbolique, ou encore sans évaluer l’impact de cet ajout sur l’histoire structurale de l’église.
Selon les écrits de l’époque, il semble que seule la question pratique soit venue à l’esprit. On rencontre cette attitude à d’autres occasions lorsque l’on considérait apporter des changements à la structure physique de l’église. Aucun pasteur, marguillier, conseil paroissial ou paroissien n’a apparemment pensé à la signification, la portée ou le symbolisme d’un tel geste. Ceci est par ailleurs démontré du fait qu’à l’époque où l’église fut pour la première fois peinte en blanc à l’extérieur (en 1962), après plus d’un siècle pendant lequel elle fut brune, grise, ou même rouge brique, on ne l’a pas fait en tenant compte de sa couleur originale, de son style palladien, ou encore d’une quelconque influences des églises blanc « colonial » de la Nouvelle-Angleterre ou de son association avec celles-ci. On a plutôt choisi cette couleur pour égayer un endroit très terne du centre de la ville.
Bien qu’il y eut des différends dans l’histoire de l’église pour des questions liturgiques et rituelles, ils apparaissent plutôt isolés de la forme et du style architectural de l’édifice, qui n’étaient donc pas affectés par eux. Cette tradition de l’église St. Paul sert à nous rappeler que, dans l’interprétation de l’architecture, les historiens cherchent trop souvent des explications dans des idées et des idéaux intellectuels et spirituels, lorsque, en réalité, des actions ont été motivées par des préoccupations beaucoup plus terre-à-terre.
Albrecht Altdorfer's Susanna and the Elders: Female Virtues, Male Politics
Authors: Bischoff Cordula 
Published: January 2021

Cet article propose une analyse de la signification symbolique et du contexte historique de la peinture d’Albert Altdorfer, Suzanne et les vieillards (1526). Deux parties s’opposent dans la composition : l’architecture évoque la culture, la justice temporelle et la masculinité pendant que le jardin, avec sa symbolique mariale inhérente, signifie la nature, la religion et la féminité. À la lumière d’un scandale judiciaire de l’époque (Argula von Grumbach et l’affaire Seehofer), on découvre les mobiles du mécène, le duc Guillaume IV de Bavière, l’un des « leaders » de la Contre-Réforme. En effet, on peut interpréter la figure de la vertueuse Suzanne et l’insistance sur sa virginité comme une réaction contre le nouveau concept luthérien du mariage. Dès lors, la représentation d’une conception très conventionnelle de la femme qui promeut l’idée d’un souverain catholique, juste et humaniste.
Surrealism and Esoteric Feminism in the Paintings of Leonora Carrington
Authors: Helland Janice 
Published: January 2021

Leonora Carrington place des êtres mythiques dans des décors étranges dans la tradition onirique du surréalisme. Cependant elle ignore un certain nombre d’éléments fréquents chez les surréalistes masculins : la violence érotique, la misogynie et la figure de la femme-objet ou de la femme-muse. Afin de mieux saisir leur spécificité, l’article étudie les peintures et les oeuvres littéraires de Carrington sans nécessairement tenir compte de son appartenance surréaliste. Pour Carrington l’humanité toute entière aurait beaucoup à gagner si l’on accordait une plus grande attention aux caractéristiques spécifiquement féminines. Entre autres, l’existence d’une divinité féminine importante pourrait établir un meilleur équilibre entre le masculin et le féminin.
De telles considérations, enracinées dans l’onirisme et dans la révolte surréalistes, ont conduit Leonora Carrington à la quête d’une origine ou d’un dieu féminin. L’article divise la production de l’artiste en deux périodes : dans un premier temps, la révolte surréaliste caractérise ses textes les plus anciens et ses premières peintures; une deuxième période, d’ésotérisme féminin, suit la lecture de The White Goddess de Robert Graves (1949) et s’accentue lorsque le peintre intègre dans ses oeuvres les idées de Carl Jung. Une transition entre ces deux périodes à lieu entre 1945 et 1950. Carrington se préocccupe de l’origine mythique de la femme en termes surréalistes et en tenant compte de la théorie junguienne. Dans la mouvance surréaliste certes, l’art de Leonora Carrington s’en éloigne ainsi à bien des égards.
À propos d’un fragment de lécythe grec à Québec
Authors: De Haître Ford Micheline 
Published: January 2021

Funerary lekythos were placed in graves in Greek cemeteries. The use of such huge marble vases as funerary monuments appeared in Greece by the middle of the fifth century and became fashionable until 317 b.c. Lekythos were decorated with paintings or with carved reliefs. The figure of the deceased was represented alone or with his family. The representation often included an inscription and sometimes the figures were identified with their names.
A fragment of one of these lekythos at Laval University represents a farewell scene in low-relief. The author discusses the meaning of the representation, the usual shaking-hands gesture of the figures. Comparisons with dated, better-known funerary lekythos enable the author to propose a date for the Quebec fragment.
Le tympan dans les portails flamboyants en France
Authors: Sanfaçon Roland 
Published: January 2021

In thirteenth-century France, tympanums were the focus of interest in great portals. With their horizontal registers of reliefs and statues, they displayed major iconographic themes, while jambs and archivolts appeared to be a complementary frame. On the other hand, the multiplication of archivolts created deep recesses at the bottom of which tympanums could seem submissive to their environment.
In the fifteenth century, the flamboyant style stressed both the independence of elements and their intimate interrelations. Prominent elements were mouldings of jambs, arches, and gables of doors, niches, statues, and canopies anywhere. All of them overlapped with tympanums in an intense search for liaisons. Nevertheless, surfaces of tympanums could be defended as independent elements, as they could be of any shape or proportion without regard to the forms of adjacent framing arches.
Quite often, on the other hand, tympanums were rather understressed. They were just treated as true or false windows with open or blind tracery. As such, their submissive placement behind prominent jambs and buttresses must have appeared inferior. They were progressively eliminated as in some cases the tympanum was just either an ambiguous and small part of wall between two superimposed arches, or a taller window or retable above a rather independent doorway. This paved the way for the Renaissance. It marked the end of the medieval tympanum, and the end of the medieval mind as well.
A High Seebeck Voltage Thermoelectric Module with P‐type and N‐type MAPbI3 Perovskite Single Crystals
Authors: Xie Zuoxiang , Feng Kai , Xiong Yan , Chen Xu , Liang Yudong , Abid Kamran , Xu Ling 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn recent years, organic–inorganic hybrid halide perovskite materials have been found to have low thermal conductivity and a large Seebeck effect, giving them great potential for thermoelectric applications. More stable single crystals make this possible. In this work, high‐quality MAPbI3 single crystals are prepared using a modified solvent engineering method, and their trap density is as low as 2.5 × 109 cm−3. It is noticed that the reaction between the crystal a metal electrode causes different degrees of doping effect along the vertical direction, leading to an increase in the intrinsic P‐type with Au metal, and forming N‐type semiconductor characteristics with Ag metal. A high Seebeck voltage thermoelectric module is obtained by combining the perovskite single crystal with different conductive characteristics. After device optimization, the thermoelectric potential of the champion module reaches a high voltage of 337 mV at 115 °C, the maximum output power with load reaches about 30 nW, and the theoretical maximum power reaches 65 nW. It is hoped that this research can promote the development of low thermal conductivity perovskite materials in the thermoelectric field.
Modeling drop breakage using the full energy spectrum and a specific realization of turbulence anisotropy
Authors: Bagkeris Ioannis , Michael Vipin , Prosser Robert , Kowalski Adam 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe assumption of homogeneous isotropic turbulence when modeling drop breakage in industrially relevant geometries is questionable. We describe the development of an anisotropic breakage model, where the anisotropy is introduced via the inclusion of a perturbed turbulence spectrum. The selection of the perturbed spectrum is itself motivated by our previous large‐eddy simulations of high‐pressure homogenizers. The model redistributes energy from small to large scales, and assumes that the anisotropic part of the Reynolds stresses is confined to the energy‐containing range. The second‐order structure function arising from the perturbed spectrum is used in the standard framework of Coulaloglou and Tavlarides to calculate breakage frequency. While the base model exhibits non‐monotonic behavior (by predicting a maximum value for a certain drop size), the effect of anisotropy is shown to increase breakage frequency in length scales larger than this peak, thereby reducing non‐monotonicity. This effect is more pronounced for small turbulence Reynolds numbers.
Exclusive and fast water channels in zwitterionic graphene oxide membrane for efficient water–ethanol separation
Authors: Liang Feng , Zheng Jing , He Meigui , Mao Yangyang , Liu Guozhen , Zhao Jing , Jin Wanqin 
Published: January 2021

AbstractGraphene oxide (GO) membranes have shown great prospects as the next‐generation membranes to tackle many challenging separation issues. However, the employment of GO membranes remains difficult for the precise separation of molecules with strong coupling effect and small size discrepancy such as water–ethanol. Herein, a new strategy of constructing exclusive and fast water channels in GO membrane was proposed to achieve high‐performance water–ethanol separation via the synergy between zwitterion‐functionalized GO and hydrophilic polyelectrolyte. The as‐formed ordered and stable channels possess high‐density ionic hydrophilic groups, which benefit from inhibiting the strong coupling between water and ethanol, facilitating the fast permeation of water molecules while suppressing ethanol molecules. As a result, the ultrathin GO‐based membrane acquires exceptionally high separation performance with a flux of 3.23 kg/m2 h and water–ethanol separation factor of 2,248 when separating water–ethanol (10 wt%/90 wt%) mixture at 343 K. This work paves a feasible way to construct 2D channels for the high‐efficiency separation of strong‐coupling mixtures.
Clinical and molecular characterization of four patients with Robinow syndrome from different families
Authors: Rai Archana , Patil Siddaramappa J. , Srivastava Priyanka , Gaurishankar Kalpana , Phadke Shubha R. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractRobinow syndrome (RS) is a rare heterogeneous disorder characterized by short stature, short‐limbs, craniofacial, oro‐dental abnormalities, vertebral segmentation defects, and frequently genital hypoplasia. Both autosomal dominant and recessive patterns of inheritance are observed with many causative genes. Here, we present the phenotypes and genotypes of four children with RS from different Indian families. Sequence variants were identified in genes ROR2, DVL1, and DVL3. Our results expand the mutational spectrum of RS and we also highlight the radiological changes in the radius and ulna in patients with ROR2 sequence variants which are primarily characteristic for ROR2 related RS but have been reported in WNT5A related RS.
Metal–Organic‐Framework‐Supported Molecular Electrocatalysis for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Liang Zuozhong , Guo Hongbo , Zhou Guojun , Guo Kai , Wang Bin , Lei Haitao , Zhang Wei , Zheng Haoquan , Apfel Ulf‐Peter , Cao Rui 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSynthesizing molecule@support hybrids is appealing to improve molecular electrocatalysis. We report herein metal–organic framework (MOF)‐supported Co porphyrins for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) with improved activity and selectivity. Co porphyrins can be grafted on MOF surfaces through ligand exchange. A variety of porphyrin@MOF hybrids were made using this method. Grafted Co porphyrins showed boosted ORR activity with large (>70 mV) anodic shift of the half‐wave potential compared to ungrafted porphyrins. By using active MOFs for peroxide reduction, the number of electrons transferred per O2 increased from 2.65 to 3.70, showing significantly improved selectivity for the 4e ORR. It is demonstrated that H2O2 generated from O2 reduction at Co porphyrins is further reduced at MOF surfaces, leading to improved 4e ORR. As a practical demonstration, these hybrids were used as air electrode catalysts in Zn‐air batteries, which exhibited equal performance to that with Pt‐based materials.
TM LDH Meets Birnessite: A 2D‐2D Hybrid Catalyst with Long‐Term Stability for Water Oxidation at Industrial Operating Conditions
Authors: Chen Zhuwen , Ju Min , Sun Mingzi , Jin Li , Cai Rongming , Wang Zheng , Dong Lei , Peng Luming , Long Xia , Huang Bolong , Yang Shihe 
Published: January 2021

AbstractEfficient noble‐metal free electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is critical for large‐scale hydrogen production via water splitting. Inspired by Nature's oxygen evolution cluster in photosystem II and the highly efficient artificial OER catalyst of NiFe layered double hydroxide (LDH), we designed an electrostatic 2D‐2D assembly route and successfully synthesized a 2D LDH(+)‐Birnessite(−) hybrid. The as‐constructed LDH(+)‐Birnessite(−) hybrid catalyst showed advanced catalytic activity and excellent stability towards OER under a close to industrial hydrogen production condition (85 °C and 6 M KOH) for more than 20 h at the current densities larger than 100 mA cm−2. Experimentally, we found that besides the enlarged interlayer distance, the flexible interlayer NiFe LDH(+) also modulates the electronic structure of layered MnO2, and creates an electric field between NiFe LDH(+) and Birnessite(−), wherein OER occurs with a greatly decreased overpotential. DFT calculations confirmed the interlayer LDH modulations of the OER process, attributable to the distinct electronic distributions and environments. Upshifting the Fe‐3d orbitals in LDH promotes electron transfer from the layered MnO2 to LDH, significantly boosting up the OER performance. This work opens a new way to fabricate highly efficient OER catalyst for industrial water oxidation.
Decarboxylative Polyfluoroarylation of Alkylcarboxylic Acids
Authors: Sun Xiang , Ritter Tobias 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPolyfluoroarenes are useful building blocks in several areas such as drug discovery, materials, and crop protection. Herein, we report the first polyfluoroarylation of aliphatic carboxylic acids via photoredox decarboxylation. The method proceeds with broad substrate scope and high functional group tolerance. Moreover, small complex molecules such as natural products and drugs can be modified by late‐stage modification.
Enantioselective Reductive Cyanation and Phosphonylation of Secondary Amides by Iridium and Chiral Thiourea Sequential Catalysis
Authors: Chen Dong‐Huang , Sun Wei‐Ting , Zhu Cheng‐Jie , Lu Guang‐Sheng , Wu Dong‐Ping , Wang Ai‐E , Huang Pei‐Qiang 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe combination of transition‐metal catalysis and organocatalysis increasingly offers chemists opportunities to realize diverse unprecedented chemical transformations. By combining iridium with chiral thiourea catalysis, direct enantioselective reductive cyanation and phosphonylation of secondary amides have been accomplished for the first time for the synthesis of enantioenriched chiral α‐aminonitriles and α‐aminophosphonates. The protocol is highly efficient and enantioselective, providing a novel route to the synthesis of optically active α‐functionalized amines from the simple, readily available feedstocks. In addition, the reactions are scalable and the thiourea catalyst can be recycled and reused.
Formation of Nanoscale [Ge4O16Al48(OH)108(H2O)24]20+ from Condensation of ϵ‐GeAl128+ Keggin Polycations**
Authors: Shohel Mohammad , Bjorklund Jennifer L. , Smith Jack A. , Kravchuk Dmytro V. , Mason Sara E. , Forbes Tori Z. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractKeggin‐type polyaluminum cations belong to a unique class of compounds with their large positive charge, hydroxo bridges, and divergent isomerization/oligomerization. Previous reports indicated that oligomerization of this species can only occur through one isomer (δ), but herein we report the isolation of largest Keggin‐type cluster that occurs through self‐condensation of four ϵ‐isomers ϵ‐GeAl128+ to form [Ge4O16Al48(OH)108(H2O)24]20+ cluster (Ge4Al48). The cluster was crystallized and structurally characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction (SCXRD) and the elemental composition was confirmed by ICP‐MS and SEM‐EDS. Additional dynamic light scattering experiments confirms the presence of the Ge4Al48 in thermally aged solutions. DFT calculations reveal that a single atom Ge substitution in tetrahedral site of ϵ‐isomer is the key for the formation of Ge4Al48 because it activates deprotonation at key surface sites that control the self‐condensation process.
Nitrogen‐Doped Amorphous Zn–Carbon Multichannel Fibers for Stable Lithium Metal Anodes
Authors: Fang Yongjin , Zeng Yinxiang , Jin Qi , Lu Xue Feng , Luan Deyan , Zhang Xitian , Lou Xiong Wen (David) 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe application of lithium metal anodes for practical batteries is still impeded by safety issues and low Coulombic efficiency caused mainly by the uncontrollable growth of lithium dendrites. Herein, two types of free‐standing nitrogen‐doped amorphous Zn–carbon multichannel fibers are synthesized as multifunctional hosts for lithium accommodation. The 3D macroporous structures endow effectively reduced local current density, and the lithiophilic nitrogen‐doped carbon and functional Zn nanoparticles serve as preferred deposition sites with low nucleation barriers to guide uniform lithium deposition. As a result, the developed anodes exhibit remarkable electrochemical properties in terms of high Coulombic efficiency for more than 500 cycles at various current densities from 1 to 5 mA cm−2, and symmetric cells show long‐term cycling duration over 2000 h. Moreover, full cells based on the developed anode and a LiFePO4 cathode also demonstrate superior rate capability and stable cycle life.
Thermal and electrical properties of aluminum nitride/boron nitride filled polyamide 6 hybrid polymer composites
Authors: Yıldız Görkem , Akkoyun Meral 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe effects of boron nitride (BN) and aluminum nitride fillers on polyamide 6 (PA6) hybrid polymer composites were investigated. In particular, the thermal and electrical conductivity, thermal transition, thermal degradation, mechanical and morphological properties and chemical bonds characteristic of the materials with crystal structure of BN and aluminum nitride (AlN) filled PA6 prepared at different concentrations were characterized. Thermal conductivity of hybrid systems revealed a 1.6‐fold gain compared to neat PA6. The highest thermal conductivity value was obtained for the composite containing 50 vol% additives (1.040 W/m K). A slight improvement in electrical conductive properties of composites appears and the highest value was obtained for the 50 vol% filled composite with only an increase by 3%. The microstructure of these composites revealed a homogeneous dispersion of AlN and BN additives in PA6 matrix. For all composites, one visible melting peak around 220°C related to the α‐form crystals of PA6 was detected in correlation with the X‐ray diffraction results. An improved thermal stability was obtained for 10 vol% AlN/BN filled PA6 composite (from 405.41°C to 409.68°C). The tensile strength results of all composites were found to be approximately 22% lower than pure PA6.