bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intelligibility of dialectal discourse: a priori attitudes
Authors: Aliūkaitė Daiva 
Published: March 2021

The paper attempts to analyse the intelligibility of dialectal discourse. The analysis is based on anonymous questionnaires designed according to the principles suggested by Dennis R. Preston. The experiment was performed in several ethnic regions of Lithuania. Its overall sample includes 548 respondents. The a priori conceptualization of dialect intelligibility is related to a particular native polyglot horizon of the respondents. Only 1.39% of all female respondents and 2.39% of all male respondents a priori regard dialectal speech as completely unintelligible. Their comments help identify the image of dialectal speech within the following scenario: if I do not understand dialect X, no dialectal expression is intelligible. 69.44% of the female respondents and 59.62% of the male respondents think that dialectal speech is only partially intelligible. 19.44% of the female respondents and 20.77% of the male respondents claim that dialectal speech is nearly unintelligible. Thus dialectal speech could be described as partially intelligible due to its affinity to standard language (Mar6M10: part of the vocabulary is similar to that of standard language) or to the respondent's language (KauĄžM23: because the majority of words sound alike). Such arguments regarding the intelligibility of dialectal discourse are based on deductive reasoning (UkmDM32: since this language is nonetheless Lithuanian and therefore intelligible). Only 9.72% of the female respondents and 16.92% of the male respondents regarded dialectal speech as easily intelligible. However, such data is not enough to qualify dialectal speech as a speech code which does not require adequate knowledge and competence. Such distribution of the responses leads to a conclusion that young language users are not merely passive supporters of their own speech code. In fact, while qualifying dialectal speech as a distinct code of others mainly represented by the elder members of the speech community, young respondents place their own speech code in opposition to the described dialectal speech code. The data also shows that distinguishing young representatives of a particular region of Lithuania as those who understand the code of their native dialect better than any other member of the language community is hardly possible.
On the semantics of subordinate clauses of time
Authors: Pajėdienė Jūratė 
Published: March 2021

The paper sets out to discuss the correlation between the semantic relationships of de re and de dicto type of subordinate clauses of time and grammatical tense forms of predicates. The de dicto type of subordinate clauses is seen as correlating with the predicate expressed by the present and future tense forms of the verb and the usage of conjunctive words in the most general temporal meaning (kai/kada/kuomet/kol ‘when/while'). The above grammatical features of predicates and lexical preferences of conjunctive words usually determine that the meaning in the clauses of time is intertwined with other meanings. Preference to clauses of time over conditional clauses in particular discourses is mostly concerned with a well-developed communicative competence of the addressor. Displacing syntactic roles of components in a subordinate clause of time is only possible in very rare cases when reference is made to an idiosyncratic context of the situation of utterance.
The category of definiteness and its investigation in Lithuanian linguistics
Authors: Spraunienė Birutė 
Published: March 2021

The paper analyses the concept of definiteness and the semantics and formal expression of the category of definiteness. It also offers an overview of the concept of the category and its investigation in Lithuanian linguistics. Definiteness helps solve problems of the referent identification in the course of communication and is a universal semantic/pragmatic category. In languages with a grammatical expression of definiteness and formally marked by articles, the category of definiteness is grammatical. Articles mainly serve as a means of coordinating reference; however, eventually their usage might become wider and the number of functions might increase. As a result, they gradually seep into indefinite contexts. Since languages manifest a varied expression of definiteness, in contrastive studies only the semantic content of the category can serve as a tertium comparationis. It can be broadly defined in the following way: the semantics of definite description is characterised by its referent which is known to the addressee or can be easily and unambiguously identified and is the only one (unique and maximum) in a certain pragmatic set. The semantics of indefinite description is characterised by an addressee who/which is unable to identify the referent and in respect to uniqueness such description is neutral. The expression of definiteness in Lithuanian can hardly be treated as grammatical, with the pronominal morpheme of the definite form of adjectives being the only formal marker of definiteness. Previous research has been fairly scarce in identifying the contrast, distribution and functions of definite and indefinite forms in Lithuanian. For example, there has been no research done when the definite form is obligatory, when it is optional or when its usage is ungrammatical. Definiteness in Lithuanian is also expressed by demonstrative pronouns; and some of them, according to Albertas Rosinas, have become dysfunctional and presently perform the function of definite markers in spoken language. Definiteness also correlates with the functional sentence perspective and word order as well as the opposition between the nominative /accusative vs the genitive case. However, in Lithuanian to finally discriminate between the definite and the indefinite interpretation is only possible by referring to context.
Lithuanian and English request strategies and politeness
Authors: Hilbig Inga 
Published: March 2021

Requests are among the most studied speech acts in the area of interactional pragmatics and linguistic politeness. Empirical studies have proliferated over the past decades; however, although requests in many Western languages, including English, have received significant attention, this paper is the very first attempt to explore request strategies in Lithuanian. The research is based on an assumption about three main universal directness levels in requests as well as on a distinction between positive (closeness, solidarity) and negative (distance, deference) politeness systems. The data has been collected by means of the Discourse Completion Test, which is an open-ended questionnaire with socially divergent situations to prompt requests. It was filled in by 100 Lithuanian university undergraduates and 100 English university undergraduates. The findings demonstrate that while both groups mostly opted for conventionally indirect requests (e.g. indirect questions about the hearer's ability or willingness to fulfil a request), the Lithuanian responses spread much wider along the directness-indirectness continuum, the respondents employing notably more direct (e.g. imperatives, explicit performatives) as well as a slightly larger number of non-conventionally indirect strategies (hints). Indirect structures do not necessarily convey politeness, just as blunt requests per se are not impolite. No linguistic group of people can be legitimately considered more or less polite than the other, but rather polite in their own socio-culturally acceptable way. Conventionally indirect requests are commonly associated with the negative positive politeness system, whereas direct requests with the positive politeness orientation. The results of the present investigation reveal that Lithuanians are more inclined towards positive politeness, but this is still to be confirmed by further research.
Interrogative utterances in spoken Lithuanian: quantitative aspects of investigation
Authors: Balčiūnienė Ingrida , Simonavičienė Laura 
Published: March 2021

The paper introduces the results of an investigation into spoken Lithuanian based on the Corpus of Spoken Lithuanian and carried out in Vytautas Magnus University. In the course of investigation the interrogative utterances used in spontaneous language were classified according to function and structure. The quantitative analysis of the data accessed from the Corpus of Spoken Lithuanian was based on a special computer program CHILDES. The results have shown that spoken Lithuanian gives preference to closed interrogative utterances rather than open interrogative utterances. Closed interrogative utterances in most cases use no interrogative particles; utterances with interrogative particles are much less frequent. In the latter subgroup interrogative particles mostly occur in the utterance-initial (e.g. ar, gal etc.) rather than utterance-final position (e.g. taip, ne, ane etc.). In the class of open interrogative utterances adverbial modifier utterances prevail; in the latter subclass interrogative utterances of the adverbial modifier of place dominate.
Subordinate clauses of time with conjunctions referring to limito r boundary
Authors: Pajėdienė Jūratė 
Published: March 2021

Subordinate clauses of time with the conjunctions referring to a limit or boundary kol, iki, ligi can express not only relations of a sequence of events/situations or simultaneity, but also highlight duration and indicate efforts put into the performance of the action. Verbs in the main and subordinate clauses can make certain combinations of tense forms. The selection of a subordinate clause structure depends on the modality of the predicate in the main clause. In cases of epistemic modality, main and subordinate clauses are based on verb forms expressed by the same tense. Cases, when tense forms differ, in such sentences are concerned with the de dicto semantic relation. When the predicate of the main clause expresses deontic modality, for the subordinate clause of time the following type of structure is selected: a conjunction referring to a temporal limit or boundary + negation + verb in the past simple tense. Clauses of time are characterised by specific structural peculiarities and a higher degree of grammaticality, semantically they are related to a need to describe a situation of imminent change or a situation set against the background of the other situation.
Lexeme in a traditional dictionary and an electronic lexical database
Authors: Murmulaitytė Daiva 
Published: March 2021

Traditional dictionaries provide lexicographic data of the same type in different ways; such unrestricted freedom might result in imprecise information. Some such cases are explained by an attempt to compile traditional dictionaries so that they are handy for their users. The paper discusses several non-systemic cases of providing forms of lexicographic items, their meanings and shades of meaning, derivatives, proper and common lexis. The data has been drawn from more than ten dictionaries of several languages. The structure of the electronic database requires utmost precision; therefore, any non-systemic items are not justified. Due to the above reasons, a lexeme, or a lexicographic unit in one of its meanings, has been chosen as the key structural unit of the Database of Contemporary Lithuanian Lexicon (DCLL, Dabartinės lietuvių leksikos duomenų bazė). To produce a most precise card of a lexeme is much more rational and simpler than that of the whole lexicographic unit. In the process, a number of analogous cases and other cases of non-systemic description of data should be taken into account. Moreover, it is hardly possible to consider them all. Thus an attempt will be made to finally produce the DCLL as a card index of lexemes rather than lexicographic units (their entries). Dictionary entries are to be produced by joining the lexemes automatically.
Productivity of noun paradigms: the morphological integrations of loanwords and the variation of inflectional paradigms
Authors: Kamandulytė-Merfeldienė Laura 
Published: March 2021

The paper introduces the results of the synchronic analysis of the productivity of noun paradigms. On the basis of the theory of Natural Morphology, to identify productive paradigms, two criteria have been selected: a) the variation of inflectional paradigms and b) the morphological integration of new loanwords. The variation of inflectional paradigms is treated as confusing inflections of different paradigms. The new morphologically integrated loanwords refer to words of foreign origin of the last decade which have been used with Lithuanian inflections. Both criteria of paradigm productivity have been analysed on the basis of the Corpus of Spoken Lithuanian compiled in 2006-2008 (http://donelaitis.vdu.lt/~andrius/SKT5/5SKT-paiesk.php); it provides an opportunity to investigate samples of natural spontaneous language. The analysis of the morphological integration of loanwords has proved the initial hypothesis that new loanwords adopt natural inflections, i.e. inflections of productive paradigms. The investigation of the variation of inflectional paradigms has shown that the words undergo paradigm changes from unproductive to productive inflectional paradigms. The investigation has revealed that masculine paradigms are more productive in contemporary Lithuanian than feminine paradigms. The inflections of masculine paradigms are usually attached to new loanwords and replace the inflections of less productive paradigms. The 1st male paradigm (-as) seems to be the most productive. The 3rd male paradigm (-is, -ys) has turned out to be less productive. Rather stable but unproductive is the 6th female paradigm (-a); it has few loanwords; the nouns of this paradigm are not used with the inflections of other paradigms. Other paradigms of the noun could be treated either as stable (8th paradigm (-ė)) or unproductive (4th (-us), 11th (-, -iui) and 12th (-, -iai); 9th (-is, -iai) and 10th (-is, -iui) paradigms).
Agreement strategy in youth conversations: functions and expression
Authors: Galinskaitė Reda 
Published: March 2021

Applying the method of conversation analysis, the article investigates the functions and expression of the strategy of agreement in friendly conversations of Lithuanian youngsters. The analysis is based on one boys' conversation (duration – 1 hour and 50 minutes), one girls' conversation (2 hours and 2 minutes) and two mixed-type conversations (2 hours). Their total duration is 5 hours and 52 minutes.The analysis has demonstrated that one can perform the following functions in conversations by means of agreement: a) to support, justify the speaker; b) to defend and intercede the speaker or to let one's interlocutor defend him/herself; c) to mock at a person who is not participating in the conversation; d) to support the interlocutor's idea.The strategies of agreement depend on the type of conversation: in the conversations among boys and in mixed conversations it is common to mock at persons who are not participating in the conversation; in the case of conversations among girls the strategy is usually employed when one wants to support the interlocutor's idea.Agreement in Lithuanian youth conversations may be expressed in the following ways: a) by brief utterances showing reaction; b) by repeating the speaker's utterance; c) by finishing the speaker's utterance; d) by an example; e) by a compliment.The expression of the strategies of agreement is also related to the type of conversation: in boys' conversation it is most likely to express agreement by such phrases as ne, tai taip ("yeah, of course so"); ne, tai jo ("yeah, certainly") and the like; in same-sex conversations both boys and girls tend to strengthen the agreement by such words as aišku ("of course"), būtent ("exactly"), iš tikrųjų ("indeed") etc; in girls' dialogues agreement is often expressed by finishing the interlocutor's utterance or providing an example; in very rare cases in girls' conversation agreement is expressed by a compliment.
The pecularities of language at work in the largest Lithuanian cities
Authors: Ramonienė Meilutė 
Published: March 2021

The current article surveys the scope and the major assumptions of domestic critical discourse on literary translation from English into Lithuanian since 1990. The market conditions have changed enormously since Lithuania moved to a market-free economy and chose a democratic ruling system, thus affecting all the spheres of culture, including literary and translation production. Critical evaluation of quality, adequacy, norms and other related issues of literary translation does not seem to keep pace with a rapid production of literary translation. Since the publication of a textbook on translation by Armalytė and Pažūsis (1990), no other fundamental work has been published in this area. The current review of critical discourse on literary translation includes two major sources of periodical literature – that is, academic papers in scholarly magazines and critical reviews in newspapers and magazines targeting wider readership. The major aim of this review is to identify the potentials and limits of national critical discourse by examining topic areas, critical standards applied to the evaluation of actual translations, and some metadiscoursal issues.
Strands in literary English-to-Lithuanian translation criticizm in Lithuania since 1990
Authors: Šalčiūtė-Čivilienė Gabrielė 
Published: March 2021

The current article surveys the scope and the major assumptions of domestic critical discourse on literary translation from English into Lithuanian since 1990. The market conditions have changed enormously since Lithuania moved to a market-free economy and chose a democratic ruling system, thus affecting all the spheres of culture, including literary and translation production. Critical evaluation of quality, adequacy, norms and other related issues of literary translation does not seem to keep pace with a rapid production of literary translation. Since the publication of a textbook on translation by Armalytė and Pažūsis (1990), no other fundamental work has been published in this area. The current review of critical discourse on literary translation includes two major sources of periodical literature – that is, academic papers in scholarly magazines and critical reviews in newspapers and magazines targeting wider readership. The major aim of this review is to identify the potentials and limits of national critical discourse by examining topic areas, critical standards applied to the evaluation of actual translations, and some metadiscoursal issues.
Phraseologismen in Horoskopen
Authors: Lapinskas Saulius 
Published: March 2021

Die vorliegende Untersuchung ist dem Gebrauch von Phraseologismen in Horoskopen gewidmet. Der Belegkorpus (626 Belege) wurde der Zeitschrift „Žmonės“ („Leute") (1–39/ 2005) entnommen. Das Horoskop wurde als populärer Kleintext der Massenmedien definiert. Im Weiteren wurden die vorgefundenen Phraseologismen anhand dem Werk von H. Burger, D. Dobrovolʼskij, P. Kühn, N. R. Norrick (Hrsg.) Phraseologie. Ein internationales Handbuch zeitgenössischer Forschung (2007) typologisiert und beschrieben. Es ging um die Beantwortung der folgenden Fragen: Wie hoch ist der quantitative Gebrauch von Phraseologismen in einem solchen Kleintext wie Horoskop?; Welche Typen von Phraseologismen werden dabei vor allem verwendet? Welche Eigenschaften von Phraseologismen dominieren in den Horoskopen? Warum verwenden die Autoren in den Horoskopen so gern bestimmte Typen von Phraseologismen (Idiome, Sprichwörter, feste Vergleiche, Kollokationen, Gemeinplätze, Routineformeln u.a.). Nebenbei wurden auch einige aktuelle theoretische Probleme der Phraseologie berührt: Entstehung von phraseologischen Neubildungen, Verbindung der kognitiven Linguistik und der Sprichwörter, die Funktionen der Kinegramme in nonverbaler Kommunikation sowie die Rolle der Horoskope in der Phraseodidaktik.
Derivation of nominal verbs with the suffix -(i)auti, that belong to the categorial value ʿto be something/ someone or such as what is denoted by the base word’
Authors: Gaidienė Anželika 
Published: March 2021

The article deals with nominal verbs with the suffix -(i)auti that have common categorical meaning ‘to be something/someone or such as what is denoted by the base word.' The object of the research consists of 239 verbs found in the electronic Dictionary of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language and 236 corresponding verbs from the electronic version of the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language. According to the derivational meaning (darybos reikšmė), the verbs under investigation are classified into two groups: 1) verbs that mean ‘to be what is denoted by the base word' (they constitute 83% of all verbs that are analysed here) and 2) verbs, meaning ‘to be such as denoted by the base word' (17%). The verbs of the first category are further subdivided into four subclasses: 1) ‘to be someone denoted by the base word (not in the sense of work)' (they make up 69% of all the verbs of the first group), 2) ‘to work as what is denoted by the base word' (25%), 3) ‘to behave as behaves a person or another living being denoted by the base word' (5%) and 4) verbs denoting ‘states, processes that arise from the thing denoted by the base word' (only 1%).The derivatives of these subclasses are further divided according to the part of speech of the base words (nouns, adjectives or numerals) and the type of derivation (simple forms or derivatives: suffix, prefix, inflection or compounds). The investigation carried out has demonstrated that the verbs derived from nominals by adding the suffix -(i)auti which belong to the category meanings ‘to be something/someone or such as what is denoted by the base word' in standard language have few suffix and stem variants, they are not very characteristic of root vowel and consonant change, their base words do not vary a lot.
Again on Lith. SPALVÀ: accent and etymology
Authors: Kabašinskaitė Birutė , Klingenschmitt Gert 
Published: March 2021

There is no doubt that Lith. spalvà (4) ‘colour’, Latv. spalva ‘feather, plumage; hair of quadrupeds, fur; bristle; colour of fur, colour of bristles’ and their cognate Latv. spilva ‘cotton grass, seed wool (e. g of cotton grass); [pl.] down’ is derived from the IE. root *(s)pelh- ‘to split, separate, sever’. Alternative suggestions, e. g. a connexion with IE. pel- ‘to cover’, which at first sight might seem more attractive from a semantic point of view, are doomed to fail because the underlying root must have ended in a laryngeal. This is indicated by the intonation of Latv. spal-va. There are several cases where accent class 4 of Lithuanian disyllabic ā-stems matches Latvian level or broken tone. It can be demonstrated that in these cases Latvian is more conservative than Lithuanian (e. g. Lith. kalvà [4] and Latv. kalva < *kolh-ṷah₂-). Already in the IE. parent language the root (s)pelh- must have developed the special meanings: 1. ‘to separate the useless from the usable parts’; 2. ‘to remove the skin from the body of an animal’, cf. on the one hand OLith. pẽlūs pl. ‘chaff’< *pelh-u-, OInd. palāva- pl. ‘chaff’ < *pelh-oṷ- (acc. sg. *pelh-oṷ-ṃ< *pélh-oṷ-ṃ), Pruss. pelwo ‘chaff’, Sl. *'pélva ‘chaff’ < *pélh-ṷah₂-; Lith. spãlis (2) ‘shive’ < *spolh-iḭo-; on the other hand Lat. spolium ‘the skin removed from the body of an animal’ < *spolh-iḭo n. The latter meaning first resulted in ‘(generally) skin’, whence ‘parts covering the skin’, ‘hair, bristle, feathers’ and finnaly also ‘colour of the bristles of animals’. The same holds true of Latv. spilva. It seems possible that in the case of Lithuanian the last stage of the semantic development, the transition to the abstract meaning ‘colour’ is artificial.