bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Skin barrier response to active chlorine hand disinfectant—An experimental study comparing skin barrier response to active chlorine hand disinfectant and alcohol‐based hand rub on healthy skin and eczematous skin
Authors: Yüksel Yasemin Topal , Sonne Mie , Nørreslet Line Brok , Gundersen Glenn , Fazli Magnus Mustafa , Agner Tove 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundAlcohol‐based hand rub (ABHR) is widely used for hand disinfection in the health care sector. ABHR is, however, known to cause discomfort when applied on damaged skin emphasizing the unmet need for alternative and better tolerated types of disinfectants. Active chlorine hand disinfectants (ACHDs) are potential new candidates; however, the effect on the skin barrier function compared to ABHR remains to be assessed.Materials and methodsIn Study A, the forearm skin of healthy adults was repeatedly exposed to ACHD and ABHR. Skin barrier function was assessed by measurement of transepidermal water loss, electrical conductance, pH, and erythema at baseline and at follow‐up after 2 days, and subjective discomfort was likewise assessed. Study B was performed in the same way; however, in order to induce an experimental irritant contact dermatitis, sodium lauryl sulfate patch tests were applied to forearms before exposure to ACHD and ABHR.ResultsIn both studies, the skin barrier function was unaffected after repetitive exposure to ACHD and ABHR, and with no significant differences between the products. Subjective discomfort was reported as sporadic or very mild in relation to both products.ConclusionOur results illustrate that use of ACHD does not affect the skin barrier function negatively, neither in intact skin nor in skin with experimentally induced contact dermatitis. Future studies should include real‐life evaluation of skin barrier function and subjective discomfort following ACHD use in individuals with and without hand eczema.
Trade policy review of Australia
Authors: Pomfret Richard 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe WTO Trade Policy Review Body met virtually on 11 and 13 March 2020 to review Australia’s trade policies. The meeting took place as Australia was completing three decades of uninterrupted economic growth and as the run was being ended by COVID‐19 and associated lockdowns. This paper provides a commentary on the Review. It begins by examining the evolution of Australia’s trade policies, with emphasis on the period covered by the TPR, 2015‐19. The second section evaluates the discussion at the TPR meeting, when WTO members raised questions about the policies described in the Review and the Australian delegation responded. The third section considers developments in the year after the meeting. The paper concludes that, despite its stellar economic performance in the three decades before COVID and strong record on trade liberalisation within and beyond the WTO, Australia faces a difficult post‐COVID policy environment. The final section focuses on two challenges: rapidly deteriorating relations with China, Australia’s largest trade partner, and the impact of climate change policies.
The role of human capital in structural change and growth in an open economy: Innovative and absorptive capacity effects
Authors: Bye Brita , Fæhn Taran 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSince the financial crisis in 2008, slow growth has riddled Europe and the COVID‐19 pandemic is amplifying the challenge. Promoting economic growth and transforming to a more knowledge‐based industrial structure will be high on the agenda for the coming decades. We study how more and better human capital can contribute to knowledge accumulation and structural change by means of a dynamic endogenous growth model, with Norway as a numerical case. Human capital has two main roles in productivity growth: to increase the innovative capacity by participating in research and development (R&D), and to increase the absorptive capacity in sectors that trade and can learn from abroad. We find that in a small, open economy, sectors where human capital, R&D and trade interact and enable absorption, tend to grow fastest.
Expression of human CD47 in pig glomeruli prevents proteinuria and prolongs graft survival following pig‐to‐baboon xenotransplantation
Authors: Takeuchi Kazuhiro , Ariyoshi Yuichi , Shimizu Akira , Okumura Yuichiro , Cara‐Fuentes Gabriel , Garcia Gabriela E. , Pomposelli Thomas , Watanabe Hironosuke , Boyd Lennan , Ekanayake‐Alper Dilrukshi K. , Amarnath Dasari , Sykes Megan , Sachs David H. , Johnson Richard J. , Yamada Kazuhiko 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundNephrotic syndrome is a common complication of pig‐to‐baboon kidney xenotransplantation (KXTx) that adversely affects outcomes. We have reported that upregulation of CD80 and down‐regulation of SMPDL‐3b in glomeruli have an important role in the development of proteinuria following pig‐to‐baboon KXTx. Recently we found induced expression of human CD47 (hCD47) on endothelial cells and podocytes isolated from hCD47 transgenic (Tg) swine markedly reduced phagocytosis by baboon and human macrophages. These observations led us to hypothesize that transplanting hCD47 Tg porcine kidneys could overcome the incompatibility of the porcine CD47‐baboon SIRPα interspecies ligand‐receptor interaction and prevent the development of proteinuria following KXTx.MethodsTen baboons received pig kidneys with vascularized thymic grafts (n = 8) or intra‐bone bone marrow transplants (n = 2). Baboons were divided into three groups (A, B, and C) based on the transgenic expression of hCD47 in GalT‐KO pigs. Baboons in Group A received kidney grafts with expression of hCD47 restricted to glomerular cells (n = 2). Baboons in Group B received kidney grafts with high expression of hCD47 on both glomerular and tubular cells of the kidneys (n = 4). Baboons in Group C received kidney grafts with low/no glomerular expression of hCD47, and high expression of hCD47 on renal tubular cells (n = 4).ResultsConsistent with this hypothesis, GalT‐KO/hCD47 kidney grafts with high expression of hCD47 on glomerular cells developed minimal proteinuria. However, high hCD47 expression in all renal cells including renal tubular cells induced an apparent destructive inflammatory response associated with upregulated thrombospondin‐1. This response could be avoided by a short course of weekly anti‐IL6R antibody administration, resulting in prolonged survival without proteinuria (mean 170.5 days from 47.8 days).ConclusionData showed that transgenic expression of hCD47 on glomerular cells in the GalT‐KO donor kidneys can prevent xenograft nephropathy, a significant barrier for therapeutic applications of xenotransplantation. The ability to prevent nephrotic syndrome following KXTx overcomes a critical barrier for future clinical applications of KXTx.
Synthesis and Cytotoxic Activity of the Products of Addition of Thiophenol to Sesquiterpene Lactones
Authors: Semakov A. V. , Anikina L. V. , Klochkov S. G. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract—
Derivatives of sesquiterpene lactones modified at the lactone ring with a thiophenol residue have been synthesized. The resulting conjugates with thiophenol have capacity for the oxidation–elimination reaction by the action of ROS of a tumor cell with the release of initial cytotoxic lactones. It has been proposed to use the resulting sulfur-containing conjugates as ROS-activated prodrugs of sesquiterpene lactones. The antiproliferative properties of the conjugates have been examined on tumor and pseudonormal cell lines. The cytotoxicity of the conjugates is lower than that of parent lactones; however, in some cases, as with the conjugates of alantolactone with artemisiten, it remains moderate in all tumor cell lines tested.
Preparing Modified Hyaluronic Acid with Tunable Content of Vinyl Groups for Use in Fabrication of Scaffolds by Photoinduced Crosslinking
Authors: Sochilina A. V. , Savelyev A. G. , Akasov R. A. , Zubov V. P. , Khaydukov E. V. , Generalova A. N. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Materials based on hyaluronic acid (HA) are extensively used in tissue engineering as scaffolds. Photoinduced crosslinking is one way to prepare them, and, for this, HA must be modified with vinyl groups, which are capable of participating in free-radical reactions upon exposure to light. The quantity of grafted vinyl groups, represented as the degree of substitution (DS), is an important parameter of modified HA (mHA) that is related to the mechanical, chemical, and biological properties of scaffolds. Here, we demonstrate the feasibility of tuning DS by varying the reaction parameters (composition and concentration of reaction components and reaction conditions) and investigate the effect of DS on the viscosity of mHA solutions. As example, we consider the photoinduced reaction of mHA in the presence of flavin mononucleotide as the initiator, which can be used in fabrication of noncytotoxic scaffolds by 3D printing. The growth behavior of fibroblasts on the scaffold surface is studied.
Gauged inverse seesaw from dark matter
Authors: Abada Asmaa , Bernal Nicolás , Hernández Antonio E. Cárcamo , Marcano Xabier , Piazza Gioacchino 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe propose an economical model addressing the generation of the Inverse Seesaw mechanism from the spontaneous breaking of a local $$U(1)_{B-L}$$

U

(
1
)

B
-
L

, with the Majorana masses of the sterile neutrinos radiatively generated from the dark sector. The field content of the Standard Model is extended by neutral scalars and fermionic singlets, and the gauge group is extended with a $$U(1)_{B-L}$$

U

(
1
)

B
-
L

and a discrete $${\mathbb {Z}}_4$$

Z
4

symmetries. Besides dynamically generating the Inverse Seesaw and thus small masses to the active neutrinos, our model offers two possible dark matter candidates, one scalar and one fermionic, stable thanks to a remnant $${\mathbb {Z}}_2$$

Z
2

symmetry. Our model complies with bounds and constraints form dark matter direct detection, invisible Higgs decays and $$Z'$$

Z
′

collider searches for masses of the dark sector at the TeV scale.
Higher-order generalized uncertainty principle corrections to the Jeans mass
Authors: Feng Zhong-Wen , He Guansheng , Zhou Xia , Mu Xue-Ling , Zhou Shi-Qi 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe Jeans instability is regarded as an important tool for analyzing the dynamics of a self-gravitating system. However, this theory is challenging since astronomical observation data show some Bok globules, whose masses are less than the Jeans mass and still have stars or at least undergo the star formation process. To explain this problem, we investigate the effects of the higher-order generalized uncertainty principle on the Jeans mass of the collapsing molecular cloud. The results in this paper show that the higher order generalized uncertainty principle has a very significant effect on the canonical energy and gravitational potential of idea gas, and finally leads to a modified Jeans mass lower than the original case, which is conducive to the generation of stars in small mass Bok globules. Furthermore, we estimate the new generalized uncertainty principle parameter $$\gamma _0$$

γ
0

by applying various data of Bok globules, and find that the range of magnitude of $$\gamma _0$$

γ
0

is $${10^{11}} {-} {10^{12}}$$

10
11

-

10
12

.
Parallel Murine and Human Aortic Wall Genomics Reveals Metabolic Reprogramming as Key Driver of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Progression
Authors: Gäbel Gabor , Northoff Bernd H. , Balboa Amanda , Becirovic‐ Agic Mediha , Petri Marcelo , Busch Albert , Maegdefessel Lars , Mahlmann Adrian , Ludwig Stefan , Teupser Daniel , de Waard Vivian , Golledge Jonathan , Wanhainen Anders , Wågsäter Dick , Holdt Lesca M. , Lindeman Jan H. N. 
Published: August 2021

Background
While numerous interventions effectively interfered with abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) formation/progression in preclinical models, none of the successes translated into clinical success. Hence, a systematic exploration of parallel and divergent processes in clinical AAA disease and its 2 primary models (the porcine pancreatic elastase and angiotensin‐II infusion [AngII] murine model) was performed to identify mechanisms relevant for aneurysm disease.

Methods and Results
This study combines Movat staining and pathway analysis for histological and genomic comparisons between clinical disease and its models. The impact of a notable genomic signal for metabolic reprogramming was tested in a rescue trial (AngII model) evaluating the impact of 1‐(4‐pyridinyl)‐3‐(2‐quinolinyl)‐2‐propen‐1‐one (PFK15)‐mediated interference with main glycolytic switch PFKFB3. Histological evaluation characterized the AngII model as a dissection model that is accompanied by adventitial fibrosis. The porcine pancreatic elastase model showed a transient inflammatory response and aortic dilatation, followed by stabilization and fibrosis. Normalization of the genomic responses at day 14 confirmed the self‐limiting nature of the porcine pancreatic elastase model. Clear parallel genomic responses with activated adaptive immune responses, and particularly strong signals for metabolic switching were observed in human AAA and the AngII model. Rescue intervention with the glycolysis inhibitor PFK15 in the AngII model showed that interference with the glycolytic switching quenches aneurysm formation.

Conclusions
Despite clear morphological contrasts, remarkable genomic parallels exist for clinical AAA disease and the AngII model. The metabolic response appears causatively involved in AAA progression and provides a novel therapeutic target. The clear transient genomic response classifies the porcine pancreatic elastase model as a disease initiation model.
The Intersection of Type 2 Myocardial Infarction and Heart Failure
Authors: McCarthy Cian P. , Jones‐O’Connor Maeve , Olshan David S. , Murphy Sean , Rehman Saad , Cohen Joshua A. , Cui Jinghan , Singh Avinainder , Vaduganathan Muthiah , Januzzi James L. , Wasfy Jason H. 
Published: August 2021

Background
Type 2 myocardial infarction (T2MI) is common and associated with high cardiovascular event rates. However, the relationship between T2MI and heart failure (HF) is uncertain.

Methods and Results
We identified patients with T2MI at a large tertiary hospital between October 2017 and May 2018. Patient characteristics, causes of T2MI, and subsequent HF hospitalizations were determined by physician chart review. We identified 359 patients with T2MI over the study period; 184 patients had a history of HF. Among patients with ejection fraction (EF) assessment (N=180), the majority had preserved EF (N=107; 59.4%), followed by reduced EF (N=54; 30.0%), and mid‐range EF (N=19; 10.6%). Acute HF was the most common cause of T2MI (20.9%). Of those whose T2MI was precipitated by HF (N=75), the mean EF was 53.0±16.8% and 16 (21.3%) were de novo diagnoses of HF. Among patients with T2MI who were discharged alive with available follow‐up (N=289), 5.5% were hospitalized with acute HF within 30 days, 17.3% within 180 days, and 22.1% within 1 year. In subgroup analyses, among patients with T2MI with prevalent or new HF (N=161), the rate of HF hospitalization at 1 year was 34.2%, considerably higher than those with T2MI and no HF diagnosis at discharge (7.0%; N=9/128).

Conclusions
Index presentations of HF or worsening chronic HF represent the most common causes of T2MI. ≈1 in 5 patients with T2MI will be readmitted for HF within 1 year of their event. Strategies to prevent HF events after a T2MI are needed.
“Still Holding the Pipa to Hide Half Her Face”: Visions of Bai Juyi’s ‘Song of the Pipa’ in Republican China
Authors: Estep Chloe 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
A recurring subject of manhua (comics) in Republican-era China was the pipa player, a woman whose genealogy can be traced back to the disgraced and displaced subject of Bai Juyi’s ninth-century poem Pipa xing (Song of the pipa). This paper traces this woman’s development from her conception in Pipa xing and follows her as she is re-imagined by modern poets and manhua artists into a variety of figures, from scorned politicians to modern feminine archetypes.
This paper argues that these artists leverage her precarity and anachronism to portray contemporary political turmoil and national insecurity, as they look back at China’s imperial past and towards its uncertain future. And instead of reifying the distinction between the prosody of classical and New Poetry, this paper finds classical poetics not only in poems themselves, but also in tropes and images that reveal how poets and poetry reckoned with the rise of new media.
Conflicting Masculinities in Ha Jin’s Waiting: Talented Scholars and Ruthless Men of Action in China’s Mao and Post-Mao Eras
Authors: Su Lezhou , Hird Derek 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
As a highly acclaimed novel for which Ha Jin won the U.S. National Book Award in 1999, Waiting covers the period from the early 1960s to the early 1980s, encompassing the Cultural Revolution through the early reform era. Its oft-noted central concern is the suppression of emotional life, and by extension humanity, in the totalitarian climate of Mao’s regime. This article offers a new reading, which foregrounds the novel’s use of masculinities as a central theme and driver of the plot. Through the prism of Kam Louie’s wen-wu (literary accomplishment – military prowess) dyad, this study focuses on Ha Jin’s critique of the socialist-era trajectories of two historically prominent Chinese male character types: the intellectually-oriented man of book learning and the physically-driven man of action. It shows how Waiting illuminates the conditions underlying a pervasive social and psychological paralysis of male intellectuals and the contrasting empowerment of a predatory class of nouveau riche entrepreneurs.
Leftover Men and Masculine Grievance: Making Sense of Rural Migrant Men’s Emotional Hardships
Authors: Sun Wanning 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The social problem of “leftover men” among the most marginalized members of China’s rural migrant population has become widely known, but how these rural migrants themselves talk about and make sense of their failures to secure a marriage partner is relatively less understood. Answering this question may also shed light on how socioeconomic marginalization makes an impact on rural migrant men’s masculine identity. This paper is a longitudinal study of a cohort of unmarried rural migrant men born in the 1980s. This study shows that the emotional experience of cohort members is marked by a mixture of persistent feelings of loneliness, bitterness, and dissatisfaction with the status quo of their lives, and a quiet yearning for the possibility – however remote – of “finding someone” in the future. The paper also points to “masculine grievance” as a useful concept for understanding how unmarried migrant men rationalize their emotional hardships.
The Necessity of Community Collaborations in Supporting Newcomer Student Learning: Lessons Learned from the covid-19 Pandemic
Authors: Pillay Thashika , Ghahari Setareh , Xavier Merin Shobhana , Wali Halima , James Suchetan , Sani Muhammad H. , Alexander Libby 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This article captures the results of a study illustrating the challenges experienced by newcomer youth to Canada in adapting to online learning between March and June 2020. A collaborative research team consisting of a local immigrant-serving agency, local school board and educators, and a group of interdisciplinary university researchers conducted a qualitative study to explore educational challenges from the perspectives of high school-aged youth and parents of elementary school students. We found that the covid-19 crisis exposed the fissures in the education system whereby those most in need of the supposed support offered by the education system were not intentionally included in organizational policies and procedures, thus further exacerbating educational inequities and compounding the pre-Covid challenges students experienced. This study also models collaborative and community-centred research on how educators and school boards could work with community supporting agencies to provide support for newcomer youth during and beyond the Covid-19 pandemic.
Combating Anti-Asian Racism and Xenophobia in Canada: Toward Pandemic Anti-Racism Education in Post-covid-19
Authors: Guo Shibao , Guo Yan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Canada is often held up internationally as a successful model of immigration. Yet, Canada’s history, since its birth as a nation one hundred and fifty-four years ago, is one of contested racial and ethnic relations. Its racial and ethnic conflict and division resurfaces during covid-19 when there has been a surge in racism and xenophobia across the country towards Asian Canadians, particularly those of Chinese descent. Drawing on critical race theory and critical discourse analysis, this article critically analyzes incidents that were reported in popular press during the pandemic pertaining to this topic. The analysis shows how deeply rooted racial discrimination is in Canada. It also reveals that the anti-Asian and anti-Chinese racism and xenophobia reflects and retains the historical process of discursive racialization by which Asian Canadians have been socially constructed as biologically inferior, culturally backward, and racially undesirable. To combat and eliminate racism, we propose a framework of pandemic anti-racism education for the purpose of achieving educational improvement in post-covid-19.
Embracing a Practice of Care During Challenging Times: Voices of Social Justice Leaders
Authors: Niño Juan Manuel 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In an attempt to mitigate community spread of covid 19, many school districts cancelled face to face sessions and shifted to online instruction. As communities enacted quarantines, schools were pressed to transition learning environments to students’ homes while policymakers and leaders implemented a number of new policies and procedures. The purpose of this study explored how the covid 19 transformed the leadership of educators in three southwest Texas school districts when instruction was modified to e-learning. This qualitative study centered on the accounts and experiences of 25 elementary and secondary educators from 3 different Title I school districts in southwest Texas. The participants were graduate students in a nationally recognized program for the development of social justice leaders. As a result, this study uncovered how the practice of these educational leaders evolved to serve the Latino students in their communities. This study will highlight how the teachers’ agency helped leverage services to provide the learning opportunity for the learners.
Pausing for Answerability: A Critical Investigation of U.S. Assessment and Accountability Decisions Amidst the covid-19 Pandemic
Authors: Carter Cee , Mcintee Kimberly 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This paper takes up Leigh Patel’s (2016) methodological stance of pausing to consider how and whether the U.S. federal government’s theory of educational change, or their plan for educational equity and accountability, is answerable to Black, Indigenous, and students of color in the context of the global pandemic, the switch to remote learning, and global uprisings for Black lives. To discuss the federal government’s current theory of educational change, we (the authors) conducted a policy document review, outlining the U.S.’s educational response(s) to the ongoing global health crisis. The paper reports on current federal law requirements and waivers for: assessments, accountability, reporting, and school identification. We also discuss how the federal educational response is limited for addressing the context and learning of Black, Indigenous and students of color. We practice answerability by positing alternative approaches for educational policymaking in the age of covid-19.