bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
«  Nous sommes des sans-droits  ». La nécropolitique du VIH pour les sans-papiers en Belgique
Authors: Pezeril Charlotte 
Published: June 2021

Cet article analyse les atteintes au principe de biolégitimité, telle que définie par Didier Fassin en 2001, qui accorde le droit du sol aux personnes malades ne pouvant se faire soigner dans leur pays. À partir d’une enquête menée sur les plaintes pour discrimination liée au VIH reçues à Unia, le Centre interfédéral belge de lutte contre les discriminations, il s’intéresse à trois figures anthropologiques permettant de rendre compte de trajectoires emblématiques de sans-papiers originaires du Maghreb et vivant avec le VIH en Belgique. Les figures d’Ahmed, de Djamila et de Saïd renvoient à des trajectoires idéales-typiques, relevant d’enjeux de sexualité, de genre et de criminalisation, profondément modulées par les politiques migratoires, de régularisation, d’asile et d’expulsion. Dans la trajectoire d’Ahmed, le VIH se mêle aux enjeux de sexualité, dans la mesure où le diagnostic de séropositivité vient s’ajouter à une homosexualité difficilement vécue. Or les restrictions d’accès à la régularisation sur base de l’état de santé ne lui permettent plus d’être légal sur le territoire. La seconde figure, incarnée par Djamila, renvoie à l’histoire genrée du VIH car elle s’inscrit dans un parcours de dépendance à un homme et de violences sexuelles. Le VIH est alors le moindre de ses problèmes, noyé dans une accumulation de dénis de droits, surtout que le rapprochement familial nécessite des années de cohabitation. Enfin, dans la troisième figure, personnifiée par Saïd, le VIH s’inscrit dans une dimension criminelle, aggravant la double peine des étrangers enfermés pour des délits ou du simple fait d’avoir été arrêtés sans papier, voire permettant une triple peine du fait de la récente pénalisation de la transmission et de l’exposition au risque de transmission du VIH. Ainsi, le durcissement des politiques migratoires européennes s’apparente aujourd’hui davantage à une nécropolitique qui crée des mondes de sans-droits et finalement de « morts-vivants » pour reprendre l’expression d’Achille Mbembe (2006).
L’ethnographie militaire aux origines de la « politique berbère » du protectorat français au Maroc (1912-1915)
Authors: Marly Mathieu 
Published: June 2021

Cet article propose une analyse exhaustive des archives militaires produites dans le Moyen Atlas marocain entre 1912 et 1915 dans lesquelles l’ethnonyme « berbère » devient une catégorie opératoire du pouvoir colonial. En l’absence de vastes enquêtes ethnographiques dans cette région du Maroc, les officiers sont les premiers à collecter et à analyser les informations disponibles sur les populations berbères avec les outils, les modèles interprétatifs et les préjugés d’une ethnographie militaire inspirée des bureaux arabes et des cercles soudanais. Ces archives de l’ethnographie militaire sont des lieux d’expérimentation et d’incertitudes dans lesquels les militaires analysent les informations recueillies sur les populations « indigènes », élaborent des hypothèses souvent contradictoires, sélectionnent et oublient les données avant que leurs observations ne se figent sous l’effet de la « politique berbère » du protectorat marocain visant à « protéger » l’autonomie des coutumes berbères au Maroc.Dans un premier temps, l’article analyse les préjugés des officiers quant à la légitimité politique du Maghzen, la « tiédeur religieuse » des populations berbères et le rôle politique du cadre tribal au Maroc. Dans un deuxième temps, l’article montre que l’ethnonyme berbère est produit dans un contexte opérationnel lié à la « pacification » du Moyen Atlas. En effet, à partir de 1913, un groupe d’officiers élabore un nouveau plan d’action politique fondé sur l’unité supposée des « coutumes berbères », espérant obtenir ainsi le ralliement des populations et faciliter la « pacification » de la région. Dans les archives militaires, cette nouvelle approche se traduit par l’apparition des questionnaires ethnographiques sur les coutumes berbères en complément des « fiches de tribus ». À partir de 1915 seulement, les militaires font appel aux représentants du monde académique pour mettre en forme leurs propres conceptions des « coutumes berbères » inspirées de leurs expériences auprès des populations kabyles et touarèg.
Relation texte-image : pratiques d’enseignement dans les situations de lecture d’albums au cycle 3, apprentissages élèves et « schème collectif »
Authors: Specogna Antonietta 
Published: June 2021

Cet article est une contribution à l’analyse plurielle proposée par ce numéro. Il s’appuie sur trois études de cas en cycle 3 lors de la pratique d’enseignement de la lecture de littérature de jeunesse dans le but d’appréhender la relation texte-image, autant dans la mise en place effectuée par l’enseignant que dans la réception auprès des élèves. L’analyse se donne un cadre théorico-méthodologique issu de la psychologie et propose une analyse de l’activité d’enseignement au travers des productions langagières de la classe. Elle porte sur la pratique effective d’enseignement et sur ce qu’elle impacte chez les élèves au travers du concept de schème opératoire collectif. En se focalisant sur ce qui est visible de l’action produite, les régularités et les différences des pratiques d’enseignement qui émergent de ces trois études de cas sont mises en évidence. C’est ce qui permet de faire émerger les invariants opératoires pour chaque situation.
Les albums utilisés avec les élèves : approche quantitative des choix différenciés des enseignants de cycle 3
Authors: Bonnéry Stéphane , Crinon Jacques , Marin Brigitte 
Published: June 2021

À partir d’une enquête par questionnaire (n =284) l’article développe ce qui change ou perdure en cycle 3 par rapport aux niveaux inférieurs quant aux choix de lecture que les enseignants font pour leurs élèves. Plus précisément, sur le plan sociologique, ce sont les différences en la matière entre les contextes d’exercice (en ZEP / hors ZEP) qui sont étudiées pour comprendre les choix différents de lectures. L’enquête a mobilisé un grain d’analyse ﬁn pour le niveau quantitatif, avec une analyse qualitative de chaque ouvrage cité, aﬁn d’étudier la répartition sociologique de l’utilisation de livres et d’albums qui peuvent apparaitre faciles ou difficiles pour les différentes classes qui composent le cycle 3.
Parcours Problema Littérature : un dispositif didactique centré sur la théorie du questionnement
Authors: Simon François , Schmehl-Postaï Annette , Huchet Catherine 
Published: June 2021

Notre contribution interroge l’enseignement-apprentissage de la compréhension-interprétation des textes littéraires au cycle 3. Dans le cadre théorique de la problématisation, associé à la théorie du questionnement, nous développons une réflexion sur la base de collaborations avec des enseignants qui mettent en œuvre un dispositif didactique spécifique : Problema Littérature. Ce dispositif se définit comme champ des possibles pour l’enseignement-apprentissage de la compréhension-interprétation et privilégie trois grands axes : l’entrée dans l’œuvre comme moment-clé, des modalités de lecture réfléchies et la régulation médiée par l’enseignant. Dans cet article, nous analysons deux situations typiques et récurrentes de la pause de régulation : la reformulation et l’anticipation. Dans la mesure où la posture de lecteur présuppose l’évaluation du modèle du monde de l’élève confronté au modèle du monde du texte, ce dispositif privilégie la valorisation du lecteur singulier. Le Parcours Problema Littérature invite l’enseignant à réfléchir sa posture évaluative pour favoriser la confrontation de l’élève à des objets de savoir nouveaux d’ordre axiologique, épistémique et rhétorique.
Épistémologie et pédagogie chez Jean Piaget et Karl Popper
Authors: Firode Alain 
Published: June 2021

Cette étude se propose de comparer, sous l’angle de leurs implications pédagogiques, l’épistémologie génétique de Jean Piaget et l’épistémologie évolutionniste de Karl Popper. Les deux penseurs, en effet, ont en commun d’avoir proposé une théorie de l’esprit dans laquelle la connaissance humaine apparaît comme un prolongement de l’adaptation biologique et de l’activité vitale. Ils s’opposent néanmoins au moins sur deux points importants. La théorie de Popper, d’une part, se situe dans un cadre strictement néo darwinien qui exclut les notions (lamarcko-darwiniennes) d’« harmonie » ou d’« équilibre » (entre le sujet et le réel) que Piaget, quant à lui, utilise pour caractériser l’adaptation et la connaissance ; l’épistémologie poppérienne, d’autre part, accorde à la pensée une existence « objective » (c’est-à-dire extérieure au sujet), contrairement à la théorie piagétienne qui la considère comme une réalité exclusivement mentale. De là découlent des conséquences importantes touchant à fois la théorie de l’apprentissage et celle du développement mental de l’enfant.
A Comparative Study of Transdermal Nitroglycerine Patch and Oral Nifedipine in Preterm Labor
Authors: Kaur Prabhleen , Madan Anita , Sharma Sujata 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Currently, the main goal for the use of tocolytic therapy is to delay the birth so as to allow the use of corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturity and maternal transfer to a tertiary care center and thereby reducing neonatal morbidity and mortality.

Aims and Objectives:
The aims amd objectives were to compare the safety and efficacy of transdermal nitroglycerine patch with oral nifedipine as a tocolytic agent to arrest preterm labor and prevent preterm birth.

Materials and Methods:
Based on the selection criteria, 50 patients were selected randomly in Group A and Group B. Group A women were given transdermal nitroglycerin patch, which delivered 10 mg Nitroglycerin (NTG) over 24 h and it was applied to the woman's abdomen followed by another patch of 10 mg after 1 h if contractions persisted. After 24 h, it was replaced by a fresh patch. Group B women were given an oral loading dose of nifedipine 20 mg followed by a similar dose if contractions persisted after 1 h. A maintenance dose of 10 mg thrice daily was given if contractions were suppressed. Patients were monitored from the time of admission to the time of discharge.

Results:
The mean duration of prolongation of pregnancy in Group B (3.68 ± 1.91 days) was significantly more than Group A (2.78 ± 1.39 days). Headache was seen significantly more in Group A (42%) than group B (6%). Tachycardia, hypotension, and palpitation showed no statistically significant difference between them. There was no statistically significant difference in the birth weight of the babies in both the groups.

Conclusion:
Nifedipine is a safe and effective drug in prolonging preterm labor and has minimal maternal and neonatal side effects.
Pheochromocytoma and Glucoregulation Disorders
Authors: Derrou Sara , Bouziane Toumader , Salhi Houda , El Ouahabi Hanan 
Published: June 2021

Introduction:
Pheochromocytomas are catecholamine-producing tumors presenting with various clinical symptoms and a serious potentially lethal cardiovascular complications due to the potent effects of secreted catecholamines. Glucoregulation disorders could also occur leading to impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes mellitus. The aim of our study was to determine the effects of adrenalectomy on patient recovery with regard to their glycemic status.

Materials and Methods:
Case notes of all patients who underwent adrenalectomy surgery for pheochromocytoma from 2009 to 2018, followed up in the Department of Diabetology, Endocrinology, and Nutrition at University Hospital Center Hassan II of Fez, were retrieved, and data were collected from them to identify those with preoperative diagnosis of glucoregulation disorder and to verify if adrenalectomy can reverse or improve glycemic abnormality.

Results:
Overall, 23 patients underwent surgery for pheochromocytoma, 26% of cases had diabetes mellitus, whereas 34.78% had glucose intolerance. One year after surgery, diabetes and glucose intolerance were cured in 57.14% of cases. We noticed also that patients with large and symptomatic tumors were more likely to develop preoperative diabetes; it was also more likely to persist in patients who had an elevated body mass index (BMI).

Conclusions:
In our data, diabetes and glucose intolerance were found concurrently with pheochromocytoma in 60.78% of patients. Thus, it is important for clinicians to screen for glycemic disorder when pheochromocytoma is diagnosed, especially in patients with other risk factors for developing type 2 diabetes such as elevated BMI. Removal of these tumors can reduce insulin secretion and severe peripheral insulin resistance making early diagnosis important.
Impact of a Longitudinal Faculty Development Program on the Quality of Multiple-Choice Question Item Writing in Medical Education
Authors: Owolabi Lukman Femi , Adamu Bappa , Taura Magaji Garba , Isa Adamu Imam , Jibo Abubakar Muhammed , Abdul-Razek Reda , Alharthi Mufarrah Muhammed , Alghamdi Mushabab 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Like many other academic programs, medical education is incomplete without a robust assessment plan.

Objective:
The study aimed to evaluate the impact of longitudinal faculty development program (FDP) on the examination item quality (EIQ) from a cohort of medical college faculty members.

Methods:
Item analysis (IA) of multiple-choice questions (MCQs) from a cohort of medical tutors over a 3-year period (2017 [S1], 2018 [S2], and 2019 [S3]) before and following once-per-week FDP was conducted. The questions were from three randomly selected courses: man and his environment (MEV) from phase 1, central nervous system (CNS) from phase 2, and internal medicine (MED) from phase 3. Data assessed were 480 MCQs from the final exams in the courses. The parameters considered in IA were the difficulty index, index of discrimination, nonfunctional distractors (NFDs), distractor efficiency for each question item, and Cronbach's alpha (CA) for the test as a whole. Comparison over the 3 years was made using Fisher's exact test and repeated-measures ANOVA with Bonferroni test as post hoc test.

Results:
Overall, out of 480 MCQs, 272 had no NFD (52 [19.52%], 104 [38.24%], and 116 [42.65%] in 2017, 2018, and 2019, respectively) with a significant difference between S3, S2, and S1 (P < 0.0001). The mean CA for the exams in S1, S2, and S3, respectively, were 0.51, 0.77, and 0.84, P < 0.0001.

Conclusion:
There was an improvement in EIQ following the implementation of longitudinal FDP. Thus, the need for active training and retraining of the faculty for a better EIQ cannot be overemphasized.
Prevalence of Obesity and Associated Factors in Benue State, Nigeria
Authors: Osunkwo Damaris Amarachukwu , Nguku Patrick M. , Mohammed Amina , Umeokonkwo Chukwuma David , Kamateeka Moreen , Ibrahim Mohammed , Kefas Ibrahim Bekshak , Abolade Oladimeji S. , Nwokeukwu Hulda Ijeoma , Zoakah Ayuba Ibrahim 
Published: June 2021

Background:
The prevalence of obesity has risen to over 650 million adults in 2016, and accounts for 41 million deaths globally. It is a major contributor to the burden of noncommunicable diseases. We determined the prevalence and associated factors of obesity to inform policy decisions toward developing robust prevention and management strategies.

Materials and Methods:
We conducted a population-based cross-sectional study in July 2017 among 1265 adults in urban and rural communities in Benue State. We used multistage sampling technique in selecting the participants. The WHO standardized and validated tool were used to collect information on sociodemographic and anthropometric measurements. We calculated age standardized prevalence of obesity and determined factors associated with obesity using logistic regression at 5% level of significance.

Results:
The age standardized prevalence of obesity was 11.1% (rural 4.2%, urban 14.3%). The odds for obesity was higher among females (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 3.4; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.27–4.99), those with tertiary education (aOR: 3.3; 95% CI: 1.61–6.95), married (aOR: 2.1; 95% CI: 1.37–3.36), and those residing in urban areas (aOR: 3.0; 95% CI: 1.73–5.05) compared to rural dwellers.

Conclusions:
The prevalence of obesity was high among adults in Benue State. It is more prevalent among females, married, educated, and urban dwellers. Interventions targeted at healthy lifestyle choices should be directed at these populations for effective control.
Assessment of Renal Function Using Cystatin C and Creatinine in Saudi Patients after Transplantation
Authors: Jeraiby M 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Rapid and accurate assessment of kidney function in patients after transplantation is of utmost importance. The aim of this study was to compare the relationships of serum creatinine and serum cystatin C with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in kidney transplants Saudi patients after a certain period of transplantation.

Materials and Methods:
In this prospective study, 127 patients were categorized into three groups based on their length of survival after kidney transplantation; <1 year, from 1 to 5 years, and above 5 years after transplantation. Results of cystatin C and creatinine levels were compared by eGFR derived from estimation equation chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration.

Results:
In the three assessed periods, the mean (standard deviation) cystatin C level was 1.72 (0.57), 1.59 (0.64), and 1.82 (0.82), respectively, being highest after 5 years of transplantation, normal in 9.40%, and elevated in 90.60% of the participants, while creatinine level, decreased from 1.57 (0.53) to 1.52 (0.64) in 1–5 years, then it became the highest at 1.75 (0.69) in more than 5 years. The mean was normal in 21.30% and elevated in 78.70% of the patients. Both serum creatinine and cystatin C levels were negatively correlated with posttransplantation time in kidney transplant patients.

Conclusion:
The cystatin C level was statistically significantly higher after 5 years of transplantation. It is a better parameter to rule out renal dysfunction after transplantation.
Spectrum of Urological Cases in a West African Tertiary Hospital
Authors: Mungadi Isma'ila Arzika , Khalid Abdullahi 
Published: June 2021

Context:
Urological diseases vary from one geographical location to another worldwide. The knowledge of their distribution in each location could determine local workforce and facility needs and as well guide the areas of subspecialization.

Aims:
The aim of this study is to document the annual frequency and distribution of urological diseases at the Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto.

Settings and Design:
A cross-sectional retrospective study from January 2016 to December 2016 of all new patients seen at the urology outpatient clinic, emergency department as well as inpatient referrals from other departments of Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria.

Materials and Methods:
The relevant records were extracted from the patient's case notes and entered into a semistructured questionnaire.

Statistical Analysis Used:
Data were analyzed using the SPSS software version 20.

Results:
A total of 607 new patients were seen over the study period. There were 576 (94.9%) males and 31 (5.1%) females, with a male-to-female ratio of 18.6:1. The median age was 45 years, with age range of 1–106 years. Urological emergencies were seen in 35.0% patients. Ninety-one percent of cases were acquired, whereas 8.2% were of congenital etiology. Overall, the most commonly diagnosed urologic diseases among new patients in order of decreasing frequency were benign prostatic enlargement (BPE) (18.6%), bladder tumor (11.8%), upper tract urinary calculi (10.3%), urethral stricture (8.9%), and prostate adenocarcinoma (7.4%).

Conclusions:
BPE, bladder tumor, upper tract urinary calculi, urethral stricture, and prostate adenocarcinoma are common in our environment. Knowledge of these diseases distribution may guide service expansion and workforce needs, inspire subspecialization as well as direct research and government policy in this community. Nongovernmental organizations wanting to have impact will be suitably directed.
The Profile of Autoimmunity in Type 1 Diabetes Patients
Authors: Derrou Sara , El Guendouz Fayçal , Benabdelfedil Yousra , Chakri Imad , Ouleghzal Hassan , Safi Somaya 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disorder caused by pancreatic β-cells destruction. Anti-pancreatic antibodies are the witness of β-cell destruction and their dosage is mainly used for etiological diagnosis. Patients with T1DM are at increased risk of developing other autoimmune reactions, which may involve other organs, resulting in organ specific autoimmune disease. The most frequently encountered are autoimmune thyroid disease, followed by celiac and gastric disease and other rare autoimmune diseases.

Objectives:
The purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence of autoimmune markers in patients with T1DM.

Methods:
The study was conducted at the Department of Endocrinology of the Military Hospital Moulay Ismail in Meknes Morocco, from January 2016 to December 2018. All Type 1 diabetes patients consulting during the study period were included in the study. Their clinical and biochemical data were collected at their first presentation, made up of anti-pancreatic antibodies (glutamic acid decarboxylase [GAD] antibody, tyrosine phosphatase antibody, and islet cell antibody) and other organ-specific antibodies: the thyroid (antithyroid peroxidase antibody, antithyroglobulin antibody, and antithyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibody), the intestine (IgA antitissue transglutaminase antibody), the adrenal gland (anti-21 hydroxylase antibody), and the stomach (antigastric parietal cell antibody and anti-intrinsic factor antibody).

Results:
Fifty-four patients were included, with an average age of 26 years. GAD, tyrosine phosphatase, and islet cell antibodies were detected in 74%, 22%, and 3.7%, respectively, of the 54 patients examined. The prevalence of extrapancreatic autoimmunity was 45% with a large preponderance among different immunities of those from thyroid and celiac diseases (CDs).

Conclusion:
Our results confirm that patients with Type 1 diabetes should be investigated for the presence of autoimmune diseases mainly from thyroid and CDs.
Asymptomatic Bacteriuria among Antenatal Clients in a Secondary Facility in Southwestern Nigeria
Authors: Alao Abayomi Ibukun , Akunaeziri Uche Augustine , Afolabi Adeola Folashade , Pam Samuel , Igwemadu1 Gerald Tochukwu 
Published: June 2021

Context:
Asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) is the presence of bacteria in the properly collected urine of a patient that has no signs or symptoms of a urinary tract infection (UTI). If diagnosed early, UTI and its grave consequences can be prevented in pregnant women.

Aims:
The goal was to ascertain the prevalence of ASB in pregnant women attending antenatal clinic.

Subjects and Methods:
The study was a cross-sectional descriptive study. Data were collected using the proforma. Clean catch urine samples were taken and sent for microscopy, culture, and sensitivity. The data were analyzed by statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 23.

Results:
A total of 42 women had ASB on urine culture, giving a prevalence of 30.4%. The most common organism cultured was Escherichia coli (21[50%]) and most of the organisms isolated were sensitive to nitrofurantoin (88.3%).

Conclusions:
This study found that the prevalence of ASB among antenatal clients was 30.4%. The dominant organism was found to be E. coli. Majority of the organisms were sensitive to nitrofurantoin (88.3%), cefuroxime (78.6%), ceftazidime (78.6%), and ceftriaxone (71.4%). We found a positive association between the density/number of urinary pus cells of the participants and the occurrence of ASB.