bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geographically Weighted Regression Modeling of Spatial Clustering and Determinants of Focal Typhoid Fever Incidence
Authors: Mohan Venkata Raghava , Srinivasan Manikandan , Sinha Bireshwar , Shrivastava Ankita , Kanungo Suman , Natarajan Sindhu Kulandaipalayam , Ramanujam Karthikeyan , Ganesan Santhosh Kumar , Karthikeyan Arun S , Kumar Jaganathan Senthil , Gunasekaran Annai , Arya Alok , Bavdekar Ashish , Rongsen-Chandola Temsunaro , Dutta Shanta , John Jacob , Kang Gagandeep 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
Typhoid is known to be heterogenous in time and space, with documented spatiotemporal clustering and hotspots associated with environmental factors. This analysis evaluated spatial clustering of typhoid and modeled incidence rates of typhoid from active surveillance at 4 sites with child cohorts in India.

Methods
Among approximately 24 000 children aged 0.5–15 years followed for 2 years, typhoid was confirmed by blood culture in all children with fever &gt;3 days. Local hotspots for incident typhoid cases were assessed using SaTScan spatial cluster detection. Incidence of typhoid was modeled with sociodemographic and water, sanitation, and hygiene–related factors in smaller grids using nonspatial and spatial regression analyses.

Results
Hotspot households for typhoid were identified at Vellore and Kolkata. There were 4 significant SaTScan clusters (P &lt; .05) for typhoid in Vellore. Mean incidence of typhoid was 0.004 per child-year with the highest incidence (0.526 per child-year) in Kolkata. Unsafe water and poor sanitation were positively associated with typhoid in Kolkata and Delhi, whereas drinking untreated water was significantly associated in Vellore (P = .0342) and Delhi (P = .0188).

Conclusions
Despite decades of efforts to improve water and sanitation by the Indian government, environmental factors continue to influence the incidence of typhoid. Hence, administration of the conjugate vaccine may be essential even as efforts to improve water and sanitation continue.
Adjuvant and neoadjuvant chemotherapy for osteosarcoma: JCOG Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor Study Group
Authors: Hiraga Hiroaki , Ozaki Toshifumi 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The usefulness of adjuvant chemotherapy for high-grade osteosarcoma was established by two randomized, controlled trials conducted in the 1980s, which used six drugs, doxorubicin, cisplatin, high-dose methotrexate, bleomycin, cyclophosphamide and actinomycin D. Since then, development has been promoted in the direction of introducing preoperative chemotherapy, changing post-operative adjuvant chemotherapy according to histological effects, adding ifosfamide as a key drug and strengthening adjuvant chemotherapy. No clinical trials, however, have shown the effectiveness of study treatment, and the improvement of treatment results during that time has been slight, although the JCOG0905 study is now going to verify the effectiveness of introducing ifosfamide for patients who experienced limited preoperative therapeutic effects. We are desperately looking for a breakthrough.
Mendelssohn on the Edge: Memory, Agency, and National Belonging in Weimar Germany
Authors: Steer Martina 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In times of great political unrest and disorientation, societies generally invent and reinvent myths. As unrest and disorientation were among the most striking characteristics of the Weimar era, it is not surprising that the bicentenary celebrations of Moses Mendelssohn’s birth, held in 1929, constituted the peak of the Enlightenment philosopher’s popularity as a German-Jewish patron saint. This article argues that the commemoration of Mendelssohn on the eve of catastrophe, four years before the Weimar Republic’s collapse, serves as a particularly precise indicator of ambivalent German-Jewish agency at the time, due to its political, social, and cultural implications. Whereas the bicentenary celebrations—featuring the Republic’s most prominent representatives, state-of-the-art exhibitions, cultural events in prestigious locations, and extensive media coverage—attest to the considerable leeway German Jewry had in shaping social reality, the continuing absence of Mendelssohn in the canon of German poets and thinkers illustrates the limits of German-Jewish agency in the cultural imaginary of the German nation.
The BACCO simulation project: exploiting the full power of large-scale structure for cosmology
Authors: Angulo Raul E , Zennaro Matteo , Contreras Sergio , Aricò Giovanni , Pellejero-Ibañez Marcos , Stücker Jens 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
We present the BACCO project, a simulation framework specially designed to provide highly-accurate predictions for the distribution of mass, galaxies, and gas as a function of cosmological parameters. In this paper, we describe our main suite of gravity-only simulations ($L\sim 2\,$ Gpc and 43203 particles) and present various validation tests. Using a cosmology-rescaling technique, we predict the non-linear mass power spectrum over the redshift range 0 &lt; z &lt; 1.5 and over scales $10^{-2} \lt k/(\, h\, {\rm Mpc}^{-1}) \lt 5$ for 800 points in an eight-dimensional cosmological parameter space. For an efficient interpolation of the results, we build an emulator and compare its predictions against several widely-used methods. Over the whole range of scales considered, we expect our predictions to be accurate at the $2{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ level for parameters in the minimal Lambda cold dark matter model and to $3{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ when extended to dynamical dark energy and massive neutrinos. We make our emulator publicly available under http://www.dipc.org/bacco
GRB jet structure and the jet break
Authors: Lamb Gavin P , Kann D Alexander , Fernández Joseph John , Mandel Ilya , Levan Andrew J , Tanvir Nial R 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
We investigate the shape of the jet break in within-beam gamma-ray burst (GRB) optical afterglows for various lateral jet structure profiles. We consider cases with and without lateral spreading and a range of inclinations within the jet core half-opening angle, θc. We fit model and observed afterglow light curves with a smoothly-broken power-law function with a free-parameter κ that describes the sharpness of the break. We find that the jet break is sharper (κ is greater) when lateral spreading is included than in the absence of lateral spreading. For profiles with a sharp-edged core, the sharpness parameter has a broad range of 0.1 ≲ κ ≲ 4.6, whereas profiles with a smooth-edged core have a narrower range of 0.1 ≲ κ ≲ 2.2 when models both with and without lateral spreading are included. For sharp-edged jets, the jet break sharpness depends strongly on the inclination of the system within θc, whereas for smooth-edged jets, κ is more strongly dependent on the size of θc. Using a sample of 20 GRBs, we find 9 candidate smooth-edged jet structures and 8 candidate sharp-edged jet structures, while the remaining 3 are consistent with either. The shape of the jet break, as measured by the sharpness parameter κ, can be used as an initial check for the presence of lateral structure in within-beam GRBs where the afterglow is well-sampled at and around the jet-break time.
SMILE: Search for MIlli-LEnses
Authors: Casadio C , Blinov D , Readhead A C S , Browne I W A , Wilkinson P N , Hovatta T , Mandarakas N , Pavlidou V , Tassis K , Vedantham H K , Zensus J A , Diamantopoulos V , Dolapsaki K E , Gkimisi K , Kalaitzidakis G , Mastorakis M , Nikolaou K , Ntormousi E , Pelgrims V , Psarras K 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
Dark matter (DM) haloes with masses below ∼108 M⊙, which would help to discriminate between DM models, may be detected through their gravitational effect on distant sources. The same applies to primordial black holes, considered as an alternative scenario to DM particle models. However, there is still no evidence for the existence of such objects. With the aim of finding compact objects in the mass range of ∼106–109 M⊙, we search for strong gravitational lenses on milliarcsec scales (&lt;150 mas). For our search, we used the Astrogeo very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) fits image data base – the largest publicly available data base, containing multifrequency VLBI data of 13 828 individual sources. We used the citizen science approach to visually inspect all sources in all available frequencies in search for images with multiple compact components on mas scales. At the final stage, sources were excluded based on the surface brightness preservation criterion. We obtained a sample of 40 sources that passed all steps and therefore are judged to be mas lens candidates. These sources are currently followed up with ongoing European VLBI network observations at 5 and 22 GHz. Based on spectral index measurements, we suggest that two of our candidates have a higher probability to be associated with gravitational lenses.
Integration host factor bends and bridges DNA in a multiplicity of binding modes with varying specificity
Authors: Yoshua Samuel B , Watson George D , Howard Jamieson A L , Velasco-Berrelleza Victor , Leake Mark C , Noy Agnes 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Nucleoid-associated proteins (NAPs) are crucial in organizing prokaryotic DNA and regulating genes. Vital to these activities are complex nucleoprotein structures, however, how these form remains unclear. Integration host factor (IHF) is an Escherichia coli NAP that creates very sharp bends in DNA at sequences relevant to several functions including transcription and recombination, and is also responsible for general DNA compaction when bound non-specifically. We show that IHF–DNA structural multimodality is more elaborate than previously thought, and provide insights into how this drives mechanical switching towards strongly bent DNA. Using single-molecule atomic force microscopy and atomic molecular dynamics simulations we find three binding modes in roughly equal proportions: ‘associated’ (73° of DNA bend), ‘half-wrapped’ (107°) and ‘fully-wrapped’ (147°), only the latter occurring with sequence specificity. We show IHF bridges two DNA double helices through non-specific recognition that gives IHF a stoichiometry greater than one and enables DNA mesh assembly. We observe that IHF-DNA structural multiplicity is driven through non-specific electrostatic interactions that we anticipate to be a general NAP feature for physical organization of chromosomes.
The Impact of Age and Severity on Dementia After Traumatic Brain Injury: A Comparison Study
Authors: Stopa Brittany M , Tahir Zabreen , Mezzalira Elisabetta , Boaro Alessandro , Khawaja Ayaz , Grashow Rachel , Zafonte Ross D , Smith Timothy R , Gormley William B , Izzy Saef 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Growing evidence associates traumatic brain injury (TBI) with increased risk of dementia, but few studies have evaluated associations in patients younger than 55 yr using non-TBI orthopedic trauma (NTOT) patients as controls to investigate the influence of age and TBI severity, and to identify predictors of dementia after trauma.

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the relationship between TBI and dementia in an institutional group.

METHODS
Retrospective cohort study (2000-2018) of TBI patients aged 45 to 100 yr vs NTOT controls. Primary outcome was dementia after TBI (followed ≤10 yr). Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess risk of dementia; logistic regression models assessed predictors of dementia.

RESULTS
Among 24 846 patients, TBI patients developed dementia (7.5% vs 4.6%) at a younger age (78.6 vs 82.7 yr) and demonstrated higher 10-yr mortality than controls (27% vs 14%; P < .001). Mild TBI patients had higher incidence of dementia (9%) than moderate/severe TBI (5.4%), with lower 10-yr mortality (20% vs 31%; P < .001). Risk of dementia was significant in all mild TBI age groups, even 45 to 54 yr (hazard ratio 4.1, 95% CI 2.7-7.8). A total of 10-yr cumulative incidence was higher in mild TBI (14.4%) than moderate/severe TBI (11.3%) and controls (6.8%) (P < .001). Predictors of dementia include TBI, sex, age, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, stroke, depression, anxiety, and Injury Severity Score.

CONCLUSION
Mild and moderate/severe TBI patients experienced higher incidence of dementia, even in the youngest group (45-54 yr old), than NTOT controls. All TBI patients, especially middle-aged adults with minor injury who are more likely to be overlooked, should be monitored for dementia.
Defining cardiac involvement in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: a systematic review
Authors: Fairley Jessica L , Wicks Ian , Peters Stacey , Day Jessica 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Objective
Recent advances in cardiac MRI (CMR) and other diagnostic techniques have made it easier to identify subclinical cardiac inflammation and dysfunction in the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM). Herein, we systematically review the literature regarding cardiac involvement in IIM.

Methods
We searched Medline and EMBASE from 1990 to 2020 using keywords related to IIM and cardiac disease. We included English language studies in adults with any immune-mediated, inflammatory muscle pathology.

Results
We identified 10 425 potentially relevant abstracts, of which 29 were included. Most frequently these included patients with PM or DM without symptomatic myocarditis. Five categories of cardiac investigation were used in these patients: cardiac enzyme testing, ECG, transthoracic echocardiography, CMR and nuclear medicine testing. Patients with clinical myocarditis had universally abnormal cardiac troponin levels and ECG. Elevated cardiac troponin T was more common than cardiac troponin I and may correlate with disease activity, whereas cardiac troponin I was more specific for cardiac involvement. Non-specific ECG changes were common. The major finding on transthoracic echocardiography was abnormal ejection fraction. Gross systolic dysfunction was unusual, but subclinical systolic dysfunction was reported in several studies. Abnormal diastolic function was common and may be associated with disease duration. Late gadolinium enhancement (reflecting regional necrosis or scarring) and abnormal myocardial mapping parameters (reflecting myocardial inflammation, fibrosis and oedema) were frequently identified on CMR, suggesting significant subclinical myocardial pathology (despite typically normal ejection fraction).

Conclusion
Abnormal cardiac investigations are commonly found in asymptomatic IIM patients, which has potential prognostic and treatment implications.
The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the treatment of allergic eye diseases
Authors: Leonardi Andrea , Salami Elena , Feuerman Oren Mark , Cavarzeran Fabiano 
Published: July 2021

Purpose of review
To analyze if recommendations given before and during the COVID-19 pandemic are still a valid option for patients suffering of ocular allergy (OA).

Recent findings
During the last year many doctors and patients requested suggestions for the treatment of OA patients in COVID-19 time. Most of them were given by phone calls and emails following the recommendations given by Scientific Societies.

Summary
Considering the current multiple problems related to the COVID-19 pandemic, OA has not been considered a priority, even though patients need treatments. Topical antiallergic drugs are still the first option to treat all kind of OA, with the addition of topical corticosteroids in the severe forms of vernal and atopic keratoconjunctivitis (VKC and AKC) even in patients at risk of COVID-19. Topical immunomodulation is still recommended in severe forms of VKC and AKC unless the patient is infected. The number of patients treated with these drugs in our Center was similar than previous years. The risk to have a VKC patient affected by COVID-19 is similar to the general pediatric population but with a lower OR. In 2021, still in COVID-time, the management of OA should follow the previous recommendations with an update due to the risk of infection.
Getting Them Back in the Game: When Can Athletes With Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Safely Return to Sports? A Mixed-effects Study of the Pediatric Orthopaedic Association of North America
Authors: Ho Dedi , Du Jerry Y. , Erkilinc Mehmet , Glotzbecker Michael P. , Mistovich R. Justin 
Published: July 2021

Background:
Despite the relative frequency of posterior spinal fusion (PSF) and instrumentation for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), there are limited guidelines for postoperative return to sports. Few studies explore factors influencing treating surgeons’ recommendations.

Methods:
A survey presenting several clinical vignettes of patients who had undergone PSF for AIS was distributed to 1496 Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America (POSNA) members. Of the 257 returned surveys, 170 met the inclusion criteria. Mixed-effects models were created to assess the effects of the surgeon and hypothetical patient characteristics on return to jogging, noncontact, contact, and collision sports.

Results:
Estimated marginal mean time to return to sporting activities increased for more physically demanding sports [jogging: 4.1 mo, 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.8-4.3; noncontact: 4.6 mo, 95% CI: 4.3-4.9; contact: 6.8 mo, 95% CI: 6.4-7.1; collision: 9.8 mo, 95% CI: 9.2-10.4]. Hypothetical patient characteristics (sex, age, obesity, skeletal maturity, levels fused, and fusions ending in thoracic versus lumbar spine) were not associated with changes in return to sport recommendations for jogging, noncontact, contact, or collision activities. Surgeon volume, experience, fellowship type, and practice setting all affected return to all activities (P<0.05). Surgeons with prior complications from return to sport delayed return to collision activities (9.4 mo, 95% CI: 8.4-10.3) versus surgeons without complications (7.2 mo, 95% CI: 5.7-8.7, P<0.001).

Conclusions:
Surgeons currently allow earlier return to high-intensity sports after PSF for AIS compared with previous studies. Protocol trends vary based on physician-related factors such as years in practice, case volume, fellowship training, practice type, and prior experience with complications. Patient-related factors were not found to impact return to sport protocols. This survey provides a portrait of current practice trends and serves as a foundation for future investigation.

Level of Evidence:
Level V—survey study.
High Incidence of Intra-articular Injuries With Segond Fractures of the Tibia in the Pediatric and Adolescent Population
Authors: Kushare Indranil , McHorse Grant , Ghanta Ramesh , Kastan Kristen , Stone Tracie , Wunderlich Nicole A. 
Published: July 2021

Background:
Segond fractures (avulsion fractures of the proximal lateral tibia) are highly associated with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears in adult patients. This large case series of pediatric Segond fractures describes the associated intra-articular knee injuries to determine if these fractures have a high incidence of ACL tears or its equivalent injury in young patients.

Methods:
Institutional review board approved retrospective study at a tertiary children’s hospital of patients under 19 years who were diagnosed with a Segond fracture between 2009 and 2019 was conducted. Demographics, clinical data, imaging features, associated injuries, and treatment information were collected.

Results:
Fifty-three patients (44 males and 9 females) with median age 15.4 (11.8 to 19) years with Segond fractures of the proximal tibia on radiographic imaging were included. Diagnosis of associated injuries was established based on clinical examination, radiology report, and arthroscopic findings. Median Segond fracture size was 2.0×9.0 mm measured on standard anteroposterior knee radiographs. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was obtained in 49/53 (92.5%) patients. Associated injuries included ACL tears (39 patients, 73.6%), tibial spine fractures (9, 17.0%), and other injuries (5, 9.4%). 37/53 (69.8%) patients had meniscal injury. Three (5.7%) patients sustained multiligament injuries. All associated injuries were confirmed by either MRI/computerized tomography or direct operative examination. Among Segond fractures found with ACL tears, 12 (30.8%) were contact injuries, 30 (76.9%) were sports injuries. In associated tibial spine fractures, 7 (78%) injuries were contact in nature and were sports related. There was a statistically significant difference (P=0.013) in age, patients with tibial spine fractures (median 13.6 y) being younger than those with ACL tears (median 15.4 y). 12/53 (22.6%) had associated articular cartilaginous injuries, 3 of which were treated surgically. Overall, 81.1% of patients were treated operatively for associated intra-articular injuries.

Conclusions:
This large case series of Pediatric Segond fractures suggests a high association with intra-articular injuries, specifically, ACL tears and its equivalent injury, that is, tibial spine fractures, the later more common in the younger patient population. An MRI is recommended in patients with a Segond fracture for characterizing the exact intra-articular injury to help plan the appropriate management.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV—prognostic.
Sarcopenia, Ectopic Fat Infiltration Into the Lumbar Paravertebral Muscles, and Lumbo-Pelvic Deformity in Older Adults Undergoing Lumbar Surgery
Authors: Lee Deokcheol , Kuroki Tomofumi , Nagai Takuya , Kawano Keisuke , Higa Kiyoshi , Kurogi Syuji , Hamanaka Hideaki , Chosa Etsuo 
Published: July 2021

Study Design.
A retrospective analysis of a prospective, non-randomized cohort dataset.

Objective.
To cross-sectionally examine the prevalence of sarcopenia and the association between spine-pelvic deformity and skeletal muscle volume loss and ectopic fat infiltration into lumbar paravertebral muscles (PVMs) in patients who underwent lumbar surgery.

Summary of Background Data.
Muscle quality deterioration has been considered the main pathology of sarcopenia, reducing muscle strength directly. The qualitative deterioration as well as volume loss in PVM, which contributes significantly to core body extension, might cause aging-related spine deformity.

Methods.
In total, 184 patients were included. Sarcopenia was diagnosed at baseline, and all patients underwent whole-body X-ray. The amount of fat in lumbar PVM was evaluated with the Goutallier classification in magnetic resonance imaging findings. The expression of adipogenesis- and atrophy-promoting factors in PVM was evaluated with quantitative polymerase chain reaction.

Results.
In total, 36.1% of adults aged ≥60 years were diagnosed with sarcopenia. The values of skeletal muscle indexes of the limb and trunk were inversely correlated with the sagittal vertical axis, pelvic tilt (PT), and pelvic incidence minus lumbar lordosis (PI-LL) values. The PT and PI-LL were greater, PVM area was smaller, and Goutallier grade was greater in sarcopenic adults than in non-sarcopenic older adults. Additionally, the PVM area correlated with the LL value, and Goutallier's grade correlated with the PT and PI-LL values. Moreover, the amount of ectopic fat in PVMs inversely correlated with skeletal muscle indexes. The expression levels of atrophy gene-1 and muscle ring-finger protein-1 did not differ between the groups and did not correlate with the PVM area. In contrast, the expression of Pparg and Cebpa was upregulated in sarcopenic older adults, where it correlated with Goutallier's grade.

Conclusion.
The volume loss of skeletal muscle, including lumbar PVM, and ectopic fat infiltration into the PVM, may cause the lumbo-pelvic deformity.

Level of Evidence: 3