bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implementing a Mutual Profit and Loss
Authors: Eccles Robert G. , Laurent François 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Chapter 14 records how Mars is seeking to implement a mutual profit and loss (P&L) statement in its management accounts. It is being used to align the management systems of Mars with its purpose and signal to the business that performance in terms of human, social, and natural capital is as important as financial performance. The mutual P&L reflects that the boundary of the firm should not be restricted to its legal and contractual rights and obligations but should also embrace the ecosystem that is relevant to the delivery of its purposes. It includes expenditures in the ecosystem as part of its activities and crucially recognizes these as investments not just current operating expenditures where they contribute to human, social, and natural capital as well as material and financial capitals. In line with traditional accounting methods, it values these investments at cost not at market values.
Bel Group
Authors: Colin-Jones Alastair , Berreby Alexandra , Sorlin Caroline , Radvan Hannah , Ellis Justine Esta 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The case of the Bel Group illustrates the way in which a company has worked together with a variety of different parties in marketing and selling a brand around the world. The process began with investigating the structures and patterns of existing street vendors and then identifying those with whom it wished to partner. It involved running focus groups to determine pain points in the ecosystem and then providing training, health insurance, financing, and access to the formal sector of taxation, social security, and migrant registration. The programme became profitable within two years of its launch, graduated more than four hundred micro-entrepreneurs from training courses and provided health insurance to a thousand people. It is targeting eighty thousand street vendors around the world by 2025.
Sabka Dentist
Authors: Ouarzazi Yassine El , Khalil Lionel , Hadzic Aida , Roll Kate , Stroehle Judith , Vora Vikram 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The case of Sabka Dentist, which is the largest chain of dental clinics in India, is an illustration of the importance of clarity of purpose. The company’s mission is to provide affordable dental care to all people in India, with an emphasis on the poorest members of the urban population. At the heart of its business model is a high degree of standardization that involves fitting out clinics with pre-specified units that allow the company to set up a new clinic within three weeks. It invests heavily in training programmes and provides interest-free funding to patients. It measures its performance in terms of the number of patients it treats, its in-house audit scores, patient satisfaction, and average revenue per patient.
Z Zurich Foundation
Authors: Pickford Helen Campbell , Nash David , Ellis Justine Esta 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Zurich is one of the world’s leading insurance groups with a mission to help customers to ‘understand and protect themselves from risks’. It is seeking to reduce flood risk through preventive action and in 2013 it launched a global flood resilience programme. This involved building partnerships with several organizations including the Red Cross and Red Crescent, and Wharton Business School. It runs interventions with communities in Mexico, Indonesia, Nepal, Peru, and Bangladesh. Zurich believes that for every dollar spent on flood risk reduction, five dollars are saved through avoided and reduced losses.
Foundational Patents in Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Zingg Raphael 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Despite advocating openness, technology leaders have been patenting artificial intelligence (AI) inventions at an exponentially increasing rate. Patents on foundational techniques with broad applications have the potential to deter innovation in the field, should the privatization of key components of artificial intelligence be used to exclude third-party innovators. This chapter studies patent applications in the US and demonstrates the extent to which the field has grown over the last twenty years. It then seeks to explore foundational patents by focusing on triadic patents: patents filed jointly with the United States Patent and Trademark Office, the European Patent Office, and the Japanese Patent Office. The results of this chapter indicate an increasingly globalized AI field. A proverbial land grab seems to be occurring; an increase in AI patenting, particularly the protection of triadic patents, illustrates industry players aggressively attempting to own the building blocks of a rapidly emerging market. A number of policy levers are presented, highlighting how the patent offices and courts can counter the patenting of foundational patents by relying on strict and narrow patentability standards.
Computer-generated Works under the CDPA 1988
Authors: Lee Jyh-An 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Copyright protection in some commonwealth jurisdictions extends to computer-generated works. Although many scholars deem the right over computer-generated works to be a neighbouring right, it is still not clear under what circumstances a work is a computer-generated work. With the increasing application of artificial intelligence (AI), the copyright controversies associated with computer-generated works have become even more complicated. This chapter focuses on policy and legal issues surrounding the output of AI and copyright protection of computer-generated work under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act (CDPA) 1988 in the UK. The CDPA approach to computer-generated work deviates from the mainstream international copyright practices, where human creativity is essential for authorship and copyright protection. From a policy perspective, it is important to explore whether this deviation can be justified. This chapter also investigates authorship issues concerning computer-generated works based on case law and its application, in particular who the person making the necessary arrangements is, and what the necessary arrangements in the AI environment are. Other issues relevant to computer-generated work, such as copyright term and joint authorship will be analysed as well.
Copyright Exceptions Reform and AI Data Analysis in ChinaA Modest Proposal
Authors: He Tianxiang 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The development of artificial intelligence (AI) technology is firmly connected to the availability of big data. However, using data sets involving copyrighted works for AI analysis or data mining without authorization will incur risks of copyright infringement. Considering the fact that incomplete data collection may lead to data bias, and since it is impossible for the user of AI technology to obtain a copyright licence from each and every right owner of the copyrighted works used, a mechanism that can free the data from copyright restrictions under certain conditions is needed. In the case of China, it is crucial to check whether China’s current copyright exception model can take on the role and offer that kind of function. This chapter suggests that a special AI analysis and data mining copyright exception that follows a semi-open style should be added to the current exceptions list under the Copyright Law of China.
On the Road Again
Authors: Lindheim Sara H. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The space of empire also plays a starring role in Tibullus’ elegies; his obsession emerges around the word via, the road. It is not a great leap to assert that the road and the space of empire are inextricably intertwined. On the one hand, for Tibullus, the road and by extension the geographic expanse of empire are the root of all evils. Mobility belongs to the male world of commerce, exploration, and war—all activities he sets up in direct opposition to love. On the other hand, however, much as Tibullus struggles to divorce amor from the road, in particular, a dark and unholy alliance emerges between the two. Although he wishes to establish empire and amor as separate and opposing categories, bounded, fixed, and distinct, the fines do not hold. Characteristics of the man of politics, the warrior, and the merchant, players in the game of empire, turn up with increasing frequency as characteristics of the lover. And in the end, the viae appear on the very body of the puella, emblazoned on her most elegiac Coan clothing. Tibullus offers up a vision of the fallibility of fines, where things spill over the boundaries into places they are least welcome.
Conclusion
Authors: Lindheim Sara H. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The conclusion takes a final, closer look at empire’s toll on the subject in elegy. The juxtaposition of the puella of erotic elegy with the exiled Ovid in Chapter 5 highlights the differences between the ways that the aggressive pressure on Roman fines affect our textual characters. For the puellae, from Catullus to Ovid, the encounter, without fail, has consequences at the level of the body, although the specific manifestation is different in each text (or set of texts). The effects are not the same for the masculine subject. His corporeal self escapes the pressures, but as a subject he comes, or threatens to come, unhinged, incoherent, unstable.
Republic
Authors: Storey Mark 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter is the first of two “foundations” that form the second part of the book. Starting with an analysis of the analogies drawn between Donald Trump and Roman emperors across the mediascape of 2016, it introduces the temporal and political relationship between the Roman and American republics, via the work of Hannah Arendt and Ian Baucom. It then moves backwards through American history, from the twenty-first to the eighteenth centuries, bringing in a wide range of American writers: Ursula Le Guin, John Williams, Upton Sinclair, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Henry James, Louisa McCord, Mercy Otis Warren, and several others. Keeping the Roman analogy at the heart of its discussions, this chapter ultimately demonstrates the ways in which writers generate networks of coeval connection between ancient past and modern present in order to variously uphold and break down the seemingly contingent political, social, and racial logics of American empire.
Slave
Authors: Storey Mark 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Twinned with the first chapter, this takes up the subject of American slavery and its intricate connections to the political philosophies of Roman slavery. The subject here is both the racialized figure of the Atlantic slave trade and the metaphorized “slave” as the coerced and oppressed subject of capitalist modernity. Engaging with the fields of Black classicism and theoretical history, the chapter begins with the photography of Carrie Mae Weems before moving into a series of textual engagements with the Roman slave: Toni Morrison, Howard Fast, Ralph Ellison, W. E. B. Du Bois, and Robert Montgomery Bird all feature, amongst a host of other writers. The chapter argues that Rome has proved to be a way of suturing the embodied and contingent experience of American slavery and subjugation into a fuller apprehension of imperial sovereignty and its long-term conditions.
{ Epilogue }
Authors: Storey Mark 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This short concluding chapter considers the direction of Roman analogies in American political commentary by returning—via Twitter—to the Iraq War and the newest narratives of America’s Roman comparisons. The book’s central arguments and ideas are summarized at this moment at the “end of American empire,” seeing historical time not as a line of progress, or a circle of repetition, or even as layers of experience, but as a constellation of points between American history and Roman antiquity. The Great Seal of the United States serves as a telling closing symbol of the temporalities generated by historical analogies, and the imperial shape of America’s Roman redux.
GRAS transcription factor LOSS OF AXILLARY MERISTEMS is essential for stamen and runner formation in wild strawberry
Authors: Feng Jia , Cheng Laichao , Zhu Zhenying , Yu Feiqi , Dai Cheng , Liu Zhongchi , Guo Wen-Wu , Wu Xiao-Meng , Kang Chunying 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Axillary bud development is a major factor that impacts plant architecture. A runner is an elongated shoot that develops from axillary bud and is frequently used for clonal propagation of strawberry. However, the genetic control underlying runner production is largely unknown. Here, we identified and characterized loss of axillary meristems (lam), an ethyl methanesulfonate-induced mutant of the diploid woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca) that lacked stamens in flowers and had reduced numbers of branch crowns and runners. The reduced branch crown and runner phenotypes were caused by a failure of axillary meristem initiation. The causative mutation of lam was located in FvH4_3g41310, which encodes a GRAS transcription factor, and was validated by a complementation test. lamCR mutants generated by CRISPR/Cas9 produced flowers without stamens and had fewer runners than the wild-type. LAM was broadly expressed in meristematic tissues. Gibberellic acid (GA) application induced runner outgrowth from the remaining buds in lam, but failed to do so at the empty axils of lam. In contrast, treatment with the GA biosynthesis inhibitor paclobutrazol converted the runners into branch crowns. Moreover, genetic studies indicated that lam is epistatic to suppressor of runnerless (srl), a mutant of FveRGA1 in the GA pathway, during runner formation. Our results demonstrate that LAM is required for stamen and runner formation and acts sequentially with GA from bud initiation to runner outgrowth, providing insights into the molecular regulation of these economically important organs in strawberry.
Nambu dynamics and hydrodynamics of granular material
Authors: Sugamoto Akio , Bamba Kazuharu , Kawamura Tetuya , Kuwana Anna , Nagata Yusaku , Saitou Mayumi 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
On the basis of the intimate relation between Nambu dynamics and hydrodynamics, hydrodynamics on a non-commutative space (obtained by the quantization of space), proposed by Nambu in his last work, is formulated as hydrodynamics of granular material. In Sect. 2, the quantization of space is done using a Moyal product, and the hydrodynamic simulation is performed for the thus-obtained 2D fluid, which flows inside a channel with an obstacle. The obtained results differ between two cases in which the size of a fluid particle is zero and finite. The difference seems to come from the behavior of vortices generated by an obstacle. In Sect. 3, considering a vortex as a string, two models are examined; one is the hybrid model in which vortices interact with each other by exchanging Kalb–Ramond fields (a generalization of stream functions), and the other is the more general string field theory in which the Kalb–Ramond field is one of the excitation modes of string oscillations. In the string field theory, an Altarelli–Parisi-type evolution equation is introduced. This is expected to describe the response of the distribution function of a vortex inside turbulence, when the energy scale is changed. The behavior of viscosity differs in string theory compared with particle theory, so that the Landau theory of fluids to introduce viscosity may be modified. In conclusion, hydrodynamics and string theory are almost identical theories. It should be noted, however, that the string theory needed to reproduce a given hydrodynamics is not the usual string theory.
Industrial Elites, Philanthrocapitalism and the Institutionalisation of Visiting Nursing in Interwar Luxembourg
Authors: Dittrich Klaus 
Published: April 2021

Summary
In the Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg, rapid industrialisation since the late nineteenth century raised awareness of multiple public health issues, most urgently the wide spread of tuberculosis among the working population. Representatives of Luxembourg’s steel elite made use of private welfare organisations in order to implement their vision of public health philanthropy. Focusing on the introduction of visiting nurses in the early 1920s, this article discusses how Luxembourg appropriated new ideas and practices of public health that circulated globally in the wake of WWI. Young women were sent abroad to receive a nursing education. After their return to Luxembourg, the professional experience of these visiting nurses was characterised by hard work in anti-tuberculosis and infant dispensaries. While bringing the latest public health innovations to Luxembourg, the industrial philanthropy subjugated the nursing apparatus to private interests and forged and stabilised socio-economic patterns that worked to the advantage of the steel industry.
Guernsey foundations—an update
Authors: Kapp Natasha , Arstall Laila 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The Guernsey foundation has proven to be a unique, highly adaptable and flexible vehicle, and a number of extremely high value and innovative Guernsey foundations have been established to date. The ‘Private Trust Foundation’ is an attractive alternative to the classic private trust company structure; and Guernsey foundations are growing in popularity as vehicles for the structuring of international philanthropic giving. There is an increasing trend of migration of foundations to Guernsey from other jurisdictions. A Guernsey foundation is treated as a company for Guernsey tax purposes but is not subject to substance regulations.
The impact of maternal genetic merit and country of origin on ewe reproductive performance, lambing performance, and ewe survival
Authors: Fetherstone Nicola , McHugh Nóirín , Boland Tommy M , McGovern Fiona M 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe objective of this study was to investigate the impact of the ewe’s maternal genetic merit and country of origin [New Zealand (NZ) or Ireland] on ewe reproductive, lambing, and productivity traits. The study was performed over a 4-yr period (2016–2019) and consisted of three genetic groups: high maternal genetic merit (NZ), high maternal genetic merit Irish (High Irish), and low maternal genetic merit Irish (Low Irish) ewes. Each group contained 30 Suffolk and 30 Texel ewes, selected based on the respective national maternal genetic indexes; i.e., either the NZ Maternal Worth (NZ group) or the €uro-star Replacement index (Irish groups). The impact of maternal genetic merit on reproductive traits such as litter size; lambing traits such as gestation length, birth weight, lambing difficulty, mothering ability; and productivity traits such as the number of lambs born and weaned was analyzed using linear mixed models. For binary traits, the impact of maternal genetic merit on reproductive traits such as conception to first artificial insemination (AI) service; lambing traits such as dystocia and perinatal lamb mortality; and productivity traits such as ewe survival was analyzed using logistic regression. NZ ewes outperformed Low Irish ewes for conception to first AI (P &lt; 0.05) and litter size (P = 0.05). Irish ewes were more likely to suffer from dystocia [6.84 (High Irish) and 8.25 (Low Irish) times] compared to NZ ewes (P &lt; 0.001); birth weight and perinatal mortality did not differ between groups (P &gt; 0.05). Lambs born from NZ ewes were 4.67 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.89–11.55; P &lt; 0.001] and 6.54 (95% CI: 2.56–16.71; P&lt;0.001) times more likely to stand up and suckle unassisted relative to lambs born from High or Low Irish ewes, respectively. NZ and High Irish ewes had a greater number of lambs born and weaned throughout the duration of the study compared to their Low Irish counterparts (P&lt;0.001). NZ ewes tended to be more likely to survive from one year to the next compared with Low Irish ewes (P=0.07). Irish ewes of high maternal genetic merit outperformed their low counterparts in total number of lambs born and weaned per ewe, but performance did not differ across other traits investigated. This highlights the importance of continuous development of the Irish maternal sheep index to ensure favorable improvements in reproductive, lambing, and productivity traits at the farm level. Overall, results demonstrate the suitability of NZ genetics in an Irish production system.
Mentoring Migrants for Labor Market Integration: Policy Insights from a Survey of Mentoring Theory and Practice
Authors: Bagnoli Lisa , Estache Antonio 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe vast majority of international migrants from developing countries are of working age. And yet, their integration in the formal local labor market of their host countries continues to be a challenge. This paper reviews the scope of mentoring programs as a more systematic policy instrument to facilitate the integration of migrants into the labor market. It synthesizes the multidisciplinary academic research on mentoring. The review highlights the diversity of outcomes indicators and the relevance of context in the choice of mentoring program design. Determinants of success include the personal characteristics of the mentee and of the mentor and the efforts to match them but also the efforts made to account for the human, institutional, financial, and political context in the overall design of programs. Despite the significant progress achieved in understanding the determinants of mentoring effectiveness, the survey shows that there are still many sources of uncertainty on the optimal design of mentoring programs. This justifies a research agenda in a field with growing and significant political and social prominence of direct relevance to both developed and developing countries.
Combined Use of Aspirin and Statin is Associated With a Decreased Incidence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Singh Jasleen , Wozniak Amy , Cotler Scott J. , Dhanarajan Asha , Aldrich Daniel , Park David , Kasia Chris , Schmidt Benjamin , Scaglione Steven 
Published: April 2021

Background:
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer and cancer-related mortality worldwide. Studies have suggested that aspirin (ASA) and statins may be associated with a decrease in incident HCC.

Goals:
We aimed to evaluate the effect of ASA and statin use on the incidence of HCC in a prospective cohort of patients with liver cirrhosis and to identify if there was an increased risk of esophageal variceal hemorrhage (VH) in patients with ASA use.

Study:
We conducted a retrospective study of 521 patients with data collected from July 1, 2012 to December 31, 2017. We used competing risk analysis to assess the association between risk factors and HCC; and the association between ASA and VH.

Results:
ASA use alone was associated with a decreased incidence of HCC in the univariate and multivariate models; [hazard ratio (HR) confidence interval (CI): 0.348 (0.124-0.976); P=0.0448] and [HR (CI): 0.266 (0.094-0.755); P=0.0129, respectively]. The combination of ASA and statin use was associated with a decreased hazard of HCC [HR (CI): 0.15 (0.036-0.624); P=0.0090] and this remained statistically significant in the multivariable model [HR (CI): 0.113 (0.026-0.483); P=0.0033]. Among daily ASA users compared with non-users, there was not a significant increase in risk of VH.

Conclusions:
Daily ASA use was associated with a decrease risk of incident HCC. The combination of daily ASA use and statin use decreased the risk of incident HCC suggesting there is beneficial interaction. Finally, no excess VH was observed in daily ASA users compared with non-users.