bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is elimination of HCV in 2030 realistic in Central Europe
Authors: Flisiak Robert , Zarębska‐Michaluk Dorota , Frankova Sona , Grgurevic Ivica , Hunyady Bela , Jarcuska Peter , Kupčinskas Limas , Makara Michael , Simonova Marieta , Sperl Jan , Tolmane Ieva , Vince Adriana 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAccording to the recent data presented by Central‐European HCV experts, the estimated prevalence of HCV is between 0.2% and 1.7% in certain countries in this region. There are no financial limitations to access to treatment in most countries. Patients in these countries have access to at least one pangenotypic regimen. The most common barriers to the elimination of HCV in Central Europe are a lack of established national screening programmes and limited political commitment to the elimination of HCV. Covid‐19 has significantly affected the number of patients who have been diagnosed and treated, thus, delaying the potential elimination of HCV. These data suggest that the elimination of HCV elimination projected by WHO before 2030 will not be possible in the Central Europe.
Hepatitis B cure: How and when
Authors: Dusheiko Geoffrey 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundFirst‐ and second‐ generation new treatments are being evaluated to provide a cure for hepatitis B. The life cycle of HBV includes several well‐ categorized steps that are targets for new treatments. A cure remains a major challenge even if it is measured by HBsAg seroclearance alone. The notion of a functional cure of hepatitis B has been accepted, while a partial functional cure has been more tentatively defined as a decline in HBsAg concentrations to lower levels after finite treatment.MethodsMore profound suppression of hepatitis B replication through the addition of capsid inhibitors with nucleoside analogues could improve patient prognosis and a sustained treatment response. Several strategies are being evaluated to achieve a cure: (a) deepening inhibition of HBV replication or (b) a reduction in HBsAg presentation for HBsAg seroclearance.ResultsFortunately, there are signs of important progress in the treatment of hepatitis B including improved on‐ treatment reductions or seroclearance of HBsAg in phase 2 studies that was not achieved with chain terminators and inhibitors of initiation of DNA synthesis. Progress in immunomodulatory therapy has lagged behind that of antiviral therapy.ConclusionsIncreasing the multilayered impaired and dysfunctional immune response in hepatitis B is perhaps more likely and feasible after a reduction in host antigen burden. Other potential experimental strategies include CRISPR‐ Cas9 genome‐ editing nucleases to specifically target and cleave cccDNA or novel monoclonal antibodies.
COVID‐19 and the liver – Lessons learned
Authors: Herta Toni , Berg Thomas 
Published: June 2021

AbstractLiver involvement, indicated by elevated liver function test results, is common in hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) and has been linked to disease severity and outcome. A dual pattern of elevated liver function tests can be observed especially in patients with severe or critical COVID‐19, characterized by an increase in aminotransferases early in the course of this disease, followed by an increase in cholestasis‐associated biochemistry markers at later stages. This dual pattern is associated with inflammatory response markers and poor outcome. Current notions on the mechanisms of liver injury in COVID‐19 include direct cytopathic effects of the virus on hepatocytes and cholangiocytes, ischemic and hypoxic liver damage, drug‐induced liver injury, activation of hepatic immune cells by excess cytokine production and exacerbation of pre‐existing liver disease. Patients with obesity‐related non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease and, in particular, patients with cirrhosis are at high risk of liver injury and a fatal outcome from COVID‐19. In contrast, individuals receiving stable immunosuppressive medication for autoimmune liver diseases or during long‐term follow‐up after liver transplantation do not have a higher case‐to‐infection ratio and have a fairly favourable outcome. The present review describes the epidemiology, characteristics and potential pathological mechanisms of COVID‐19‐related liver injury. Moreover, the influence of pre‐existing liver disease on the susceptibility and severity of liver injury in COVID‐19 are discussed.
Acute‐on‐chronic liver failure: Where do we stand?
Authors: Durand François , Roux Olivier , Weiss Emmanuel , Francoz Claire 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAcute‐on‐chronic liver failure (ACLF) is defined by the rapid development of organ(s) failure(s) associated with high rates of early (28‐day) mortality in patients with cirrhosis. ACLF has been categorized into three grades of increasing severity according to the nature and number of organ failures. In patients with grade 3 ACLF, 28‐day mortality is >70%. While the definition of ACLF has been endorsed by European scientific societies, North American and Asian Pacific associations have proposed alternative definitions. A prognostic score called the CLIF‐C ACLF score provides a more precise assessment of the prognosis of patients with ACLF. Although bacterial infections and variceal bleeding are common precipitating factors, no precipitating factor can be identified in almost 60% of patients with ACLF. There is increasing evidence that cirrhosis is a condition characterized by a systemic inflammatory state and occult infections or translocation of bacteria or bacterial products from the lumen of the GUT to the systemic circulation which could play a role in the development of ACLF. Simple and readily available variables to predict the occurrence of ACLF in patients with cirrhosis have been identified and high‐risk patients need careful management. Whether prolonged administration of statins, rifaximin or albumin can prevent ACLF requires further study. Patients with organ(s) failure(s) may needed to be admitted to the ICU and there should be no hesitation in admitting patients with cirrhosis to the ICU. No benefit to survival was observed with albumin dialysis and rescue transplantation is the best option in the most severe patients. One‐year post‐transplant survival rates exceeding 70%‐75% have been reported, including in patients with grade 3 ACLF but these patients were highly selected. Criteria have been proposed to define futile transplantation (too ill to be transplanted), but these criteria need to be refined to include age, comorbidities and frailty in addition to markers of disease severity.
Hepatocellular adenoma in men: A nationwide assessment of pathology and correlation with clinical course
Authors: van Rosmalen Belle V. , Furumaya Alicia , Klompenhouwer Anne J. , Tushuizen Maarten E. , Braat Andries E. , Reinten Roy J. , Ligthart Marjolein A. P. , Haring Martijn P. D. , de Meijer Vincent E. , van Voorthuizen Theo , Takkenberg R. Bart , Dejong Cornelis H. C. , de Man Robert A. , IJzermans Jan N. M. , Doukas Michail , van Gulik Thomas M. , Verheij Joanne ,   the Dutch Benign Liver Tumor Group and the PALGA group
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackground & AimsHepatocellular adenomas (HCA) rarely occur in males, and if so, are frequently associated with malignant transformation. Guidelines are based on small numbers of patients and advise resection of HCA in male patients, irrespective of size or subtype. This nationwide retrospective cohort study is the largest series of HCA in men correlating (immuno)histopathological and molecular findings with the clinical course.MethodsDutch male patients with available histological slides with a (differential) diagnosis of HCA between 2000 and 2017 were identified through the Dutch Pathology Registry (PALGA). Histopathology and immunohistochemistry according to international guidelines were revised by two expert hepatopathologists. Next generation sequencing (NGS) was performed to confirm hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and/or subtype HCA. Final pathological diagnosis was correlated with recurrence, metastasis and death.ResultsA total of 66 patients from 26 centres fulfilling the inclusion criteria with a mean (±SD) age of 45.0 ± 21.6 years were included. The diagnosis was changed after expert revision and NGS in 33 of the 66 patients (50%). After a median follow‐up of 9.6 years, tumour‐related mortality of patients with accessible clinical data was 1/18 (5.6%) in HCA, 5/14 (35.7%) in uncertain HCA/HCC and 4/9 (44.4%) in the HCC groups (P = .031). Four B‐catenin mutated HCA were identified using NGS, which were not yet identified by immunohistochemistry and expert revision.ConclusionsExpert revision with relevant immunohistochemistry may help the challenging but prognostically relevant distinction between HCA and well‐differentiated HCC in male patients. NGS may be more important to subtype HCA than indicated in present guidelines.
Proven COVID‐19—associated pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with severe respiratory failure
Authors: Fortarezza Francesco , Boscolo Annalisa , Pezzuto Federica , Lunardi Francesca , Jesús Acosta Manuel , Giraudo Chiara , Del Vecchio Claudia , Sella Nicolò , Tiberio Ivo , Godi Ilaria , Cattelan Annamaria , Vedovelli Luca , Gregori Dario , Vettor Roberto , Viale Pierluigi , Navalesi Paolo , Calabrese Fiorella 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundAn increasing number of reports have described the COVID‐19–associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) as being a further contributing factor to mortality. Based on a recent consensus statement supported by international medical mycology societies, it has been proposed to define CAPA as possible, probable, or proven on the basis of sample validity and thus diagnostic certainty. Considering current challenges associated with proven diagnoses, there is pressing need to study the epidemiology of proven CAPA.MethodsWe report the incidence of histologically diagnosed CAPA in a series of 45 consecutive COVID‐19 laboratory‐confirmed autopsies, performed at Padova University Hospital during the first and second wave of the pandemic. Clinical data, laboratory data and radiological features were also collected for each case.ResultsProven CAPA was detected in 9 (20%) cases, mainly in the second wave of the pandemic (7/17 vs. 2/28 of the first wave). The population of CAPA patients consisted of seven males and two females, with a median age of 74 years. Seven patients were admitted to the intensive care unit. All patients had at least two comorbidities, and concomitant lung diseases were detected in three cases.ConclusionWe found a high frequency of proven CAPA among patients with severe COVID‐19 thus confirming at least in part the alarming epidemiological data of this important complication recently reported as probable CAPA.
Change in children's perception of cancer in the last 10 years in Japan
Authors: Masumoto Daisuke , Yano Kanako , Matsui Honami , Ohta Asuka , Morita‐Tominaka Miyuki , Okumura Yosuke , Okamura Satoshi , Kurihara Kosuke , Linn Zayar , Hori Hiroki 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundSocial awareness of cancer can be changed with cancer education and proper distribution of cancer information. This study addressed the current situation and historical changes to children's perception of cancer.MethodsQuestionnaire surveys were conducted among healthy school children aged 10–15 years in 2008 and 2018. Knowledge of cancer was surveyed and compared with that of asthma, tuberculosis, and measles. The children were asked about their health information resources.ResultsThe numbers of participants and collection rates were 438 and 63.9% in 2008, and 320 and 44.7% in 2018. Children's perception of cancer changed significantly in the last decade. The proportion of respondents answering “cancer affects children” changed from 78.3 to 89.5% (P = 0.0001), “cancer is preventable” from 42.0 to 49.7% (P = 0.0425), and “cancer is curable,” from 52.4 to 66.0% (P = 0.0003). Significantly more junior high school students answered that cancer is preventable than elementary school children in 2018 (55.9 vs 42.7%, P = 0.0028). The major resources of information on health were television, parents, and books. The proportion of children choosing the Internet significantly increased from 15.3 to 47.8% (P < 0.0001). Significantly more junior high school students selected television and the Internet than elementary school children (94.5 vs 86.9%, P = 0.0202 for television; 57.1 vs 37.9%, P = 0.0007 for the Internet).ConclusionsThe proportion of children correctly perceiving cancer information had increased in the last decade. Junior high school students better understood the information. The Internet is of increasing importance as an information resource for school children.
Aura of decay: Fetishising ruins with Benjamin and Lacan
Authors: Pohl Lucas 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn recent years, geographers and related social scientists have worked intensively against the fetishisation of ruins. The ruin fetish is widely considered as being problematic, because it does not allow us to face the complex reality of processes of ruination and instead turns the ruin into an object with a fixed meaning and transcendental value. This paper supplements this current state of research via the fetish concepts of Walter Benjamin and Jacques Lacan, who both grasp fetishisation through the inscription of fantasy into an object. This fantasy is not inherently bound to the fetish object, but persists depending solely on our standpoint to it. The paper elaborates on the ruin having to be perceived from a certain distance to obtain a status as fetish object by turning into a nostalgic rem(a)inder of loss. While the fetishist maintains a distance to the fetish object, the explorative view of ruins, dismissively coined as “ruin porn,” is distinguished by its manner of getting as close as possible to it. Ruin porn is therefore not, as it is often stated, the most recent peak of the ruin fetish, but rather a way of losing sight of the ruin’s aura, a way of turning the fetish object into a pile of waste. Artists, on the other hand, bear witness to something that lies beyond the factual givenness of the ruin and thus reintroduce the fetish back into it. Shifting between these ways of fetishising, defetishising, and refetishising ruins, the paper investigates the conditions of the ruin fetish and ultimately calls for a more serious engagement with fantasies as a way of getting with the ruin fetish instead of getting over it.
EVALUATION ON THE EGFET PH SENSING PERFORMANCE OF SOL-GEL SPIN COATED TITANIUM DIOXIDE THIN FILM
Authors: Zulkefle Muhammad AlHadi , Herman Sukreen Hana , Abdul Rahman Rohanieza , Yusof Khairul Aimi , Rosli Aimi Bazilah , Abdullah Wan Fazlida Hanim , Zulkifli Zurita 
Published: June 2021

For this study, TiO2 thin film was fabricated using the sol-gel spin coating method. The fabricated film was then applied as a sensing membrane in an extended gate field effect transistor (EGFET) pH sensor system. The pH sensing performance of the sol-gel spin-coated TiO2 was evaluated in terms of sensitivity, linearity, and hysteresis where the value obtained was 58.70 mV/pH, 0.9922, and 86.17 mV respectively. The drift rate of the sample when being measured for 12 consecutive hours was also determined where measurement in pH 4, pH 7, and pH 10 yield drift rate of 1.72 mV/h, 4.14 mV/h, and 6.05 mV/h respectively. Besides that, the TiO2 was characterized for its thickness (24.32 nm) and surface roughness (5.129 nm). From the results obtained, it was found that sol-gel spin-coated TiO2 thin film with thickness between 20 - 29 nm will have high pH sensitivity (more than 50 mV/pH).
Necrólisis epidérmica tóxica asociada al aumento de dosis de carbamacepina: presentación de un caso en un paciente geriátrico
Authors: Moreno Echeverri Marìa Manuela , Correa Sandra Milena Caicedo , Carvajal Diego Andrès Chavarro 
Published: June 2021

Introducción El síndrome de Stevens Johnson (SJJ) y la necrólisis epidérmica tóxica (NET) son reacciones cutáneas severas, que se caracterizan por el daño de la epidermis y compromiso de mucosas. Los síntomas inician de 4-28 días posterior al inicio del medicamento. En el presente caso, la reacción adversa se presentó posterior a un aumento de dosis de carbamazepina. Si bien esta asociación ha sido poco descrita, es importante que el personal de salud la conozca, pues el retiro oportuno tiene implicaciones pronósticas importantes.
Métodos y resultados: Se describe caso de una paciente de 79 años con demencia frontotemporal e insomnio manejada con carbamazepina y con un ajuste de dosis a los 8 días, con lo que presentó SSJ con rápida progresión a NET.
Conclusiones: La identificación del agente causal es vital en pacientes con toxicodermias y no se debe descartar como agente etiológico un medicamento previamente tolerado por el paciente.
Algunas reflexiones sobre apnea obstructiva del sueño, ansiedad y consumo de alcohol
Authors: Mejía Avellaneda Carlos Augusto , Garciandia Jose Antonio 
Published: June 2021

Introducción: La apnea obstructiva del sueño (AOS) es un trastorno prevalente, caracterizado por episodios repetidos de obstrucción completa o parcial de las vías respiratorias superiores, en el cual ocurre un colapso faríngeo repetitivo durante el sueño que produce una respiración interrumpida durante la noche (hipoxia nocturna), fragmentación del sueño y excitación simpática. Adicionalmente se producen alteraciones en señales bioquímicas, manifestadas en episodios de ansiedad, desbalance en el equilibrio apetito/saciedad y la persistencia o mantenimiento del etilismo.
Objetivo: Plantear una hipótesis explicativa de la influencia de la apnea obstructiva como factor o elemento que influye en el origen y mantenimiento del consumo abusivo del alcohol.
Metodología: revisión sistemática de la literatura médica publicada en inglés, español en la biblioteca de bases de datos biomédicas [PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, Elsevier]. Con relación en las consecuencias bioquímicas de la AOS en los niveles de cortisol grelina y y leptina
Discusión: se encuentra información de las alteraciones de los niveles de cortisol grelina y leptina como consecuencia de la apnea obstructiva del sueño que permite pesar en una relación entre apnea como factor de riesgo para el consumo de alcohol.
Conclusiones: La Apnea Obstructiva de Sueño, al producir alteraciones a la alta, de la secreción de cortisol, grelina y leptina, contribuye a una mayor predisposición para el consumo de alcohol, el abuso y su expresión como alcoholismo.
Analytical and Numerical Simulation of Asymmetric Converging Flow of Gas Under Drill Bits in Reverse Circulation Gas Drilling
Authors: Yang Xu , Guo Boyun , Timiyan Tamaralayefa Ayemidi 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Reverse circulation gas drilling has been considered to solve engineering problems such as formation water influx, wellbore instability, and excess gas requirement in gas drilling. The performance of reverse circulation gas drilling depends to a large extent on the structure design of the drill bit. An analytical model and a numerical model were developed in this study to simulate the asymmetric converging flow of gas under the drill bit for reverse circulation gas drilling. The two models were compared and applied to the evaluation of a drill bit structure design for bottom hole cleaning capacity of gas flow. It was found that the pressure, velocity, and specific kinetic energy given by the analytical model are slightly lower than that given by the numerical model. The relative difference between the gas flowrates given by the analytical model and the numerical model is less than 5%. For the drill bit structure design considered in this study, the gas flow energy between the short blades is much higher than that between the long blades. A gas injection rate of 10 m3/min (360 ft3/min) is expected to clean the drill cuttings between the short blades, while a gas flowrate of 28 m3/min (990 ft3/min) is required to clean the drill cuttings between the long blades. Although the numerical model gives more accurate result than the analytical model in predicting hydraulics parameters, the analytical model is recommended for evaluating drill bit structure design because of its simplicity and conservativeness.
Aero-Thermal Aspects of Film Cooled Nozzle Guide Vane Endwall—Part 2: Thermal Measurements
Authors: Alqefl Mahmood H. , Nawathe Kedar P. , Chen Pingting , Zhu Rui , Kim Yong W. , Simon Terrence W. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Flow over gas turbine endwalls is complex and highly three-dimensional. As boundaries for modern engine designs are pushed, this already-complex flow is affected by aggressive application of film cooling flows that actively interact. This two-part study describes, experimentally, the aero-thermal interaction of cooling flows near the endwall of a first-stage nozzle guide vane passage (NGV). The approach flow conditions represent flow exiting a low-NOx combustor. The test section includes geometric and cooling details of a combustor-turbine interface in addition to endwall film cooling flows injected upstream of the passage. The first part of this study describes in detail, the passage aerodynamics as affected by injection of cooling flows. It reveals a system of secondary flows, including the newly discovered Impingement Vortex, which redefines our understanding of the aerodynamics of flow in a modern, film-cooled, first-stage vane row. The second part investigates, through thermal measurements, the distribution, mixing, and disruption of cooling flows over the endwall. Measurements are made with and without active endwall film cooling. Descriptions are made through adiabatic surface effectiveness measurements and correlations with in-passage velocity (presented in part one) and thermal fields. Results show that the newly discovered impingement vortex has a positive effect on coolant distribution through passage vortex suppression and by carrying the coolant to hard-to-cool regions in the passage, including the pressure surface near the endwall.
Knowledge, attitudes and experiences of self-harm and suicide in low-income and middle-income countries: protocol for a systematic review
Authors: McPhillips Rebecca , Nafees Sadia , Elahi Anam , Batool Saqba , Krishna Murali , Krayer Anne , Huxley Peter , Chaudhry Nasim , Robinson Catherine 
Published: June 2021

IntroductionOver 800 000 people die due to suicide each year and suicide presents a huge psychological, economic and social burden for individuals, communities and countries as a whole. Low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) are disproportionately affected by suicide. The strongest risk factor for suicide is a previous suicide attempt, and other types of self-harm have been found to be robust predictors of suicidal behaviour. An approach that brings together multiple sectors, including education, labour, business, law, politics and the media is crucial to tackling suicide and self-harm. The WHO highlights that evaluations of the knowledge and attitudes that priority groups, not only healthcare staff, have of mental health and suicidal behaviour are key to suicide prevention strategies. The aim of this systematic review is to examine the knowledge, attitudes and experiences different stakeholders in LMICs have of self-harm and suicide.Methods and analysisMEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, BNI, Social Sciences and Cochrane Library will be searched. Reviewers working independently of each other will screen search results, select studies for inclusion, extract and check extracted data, and rate the quality of the studies using the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology and Critical Appraisals Skills Programme checklists. In anticipation of heterogeneity, a narrative synthesis of quantitative studies will be provided and metaethnography will be used to synthesise qualitative studies.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval is not required. A report will be provided for the funding body, and the systematic review will be submitted for publication in a high-impact, peer-reviewed, open access journal. Results will also be disseminated at conferences, seminars, congresses and symposia, and to relevant stakeholders.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42019135323.