bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Algebraic singularities of scattering amplitudes from tropical geometry
Authors: Drummond James , Foster Jack , Gürdoğan Ömer , Kalousios Chrysostomos 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We address the appearance of algebraic singularities in the symbol alphabet of scattering amplitudes in the context of planar $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 super Yang-Mills theory. We argue that connections between cluster algebras and tropical geometry provide a natural language for postulating a finite alphabet for scattering amplitudes beyond six and seven points where the corresponding Grassmannian cluster algebras are finite. As well as generating natural finite sets of letters, the tropical fans we discuss provide letters containing square roots. Remarkably, the minimal fan we consider provides all the square root letters recently discovered in an explicit two-loop eight-point NMHV calculation.
On genus-one string amplitudes on AdS5 × S5
Authors: Alday Luis F. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We study non-planar correlators in $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 super-Yang-Mills in Mellin space. We focus in the stress tensor four-point correlator to order 1/N4 and in a strong coupling expansion. This can be regarded as the genus-one four-point graviton amplitude of type IIB string theory on AdS5× S5 in a low energy expansion. Both the loop supergravity result as well as the tower of stringy corrections have a remarkable simple structure in Mellin space, making manifest important properties such as the correct flat space limit and the structure of UV divergences.
Production of nonulosonic acids in the extracellular polymeric substances of “Candidatus Accumulibacter phosphatis”
Authors: Tomás-Martínez Sergio , Kleikamp Hugo B.C. , Neu Thomas R. , Pabst Martin , Weissbrodt David G. , van Loosdrecht Mark C.M. , Lin Yuemei 
Published: April 2021

AbstractNonulosonic acids (NulOs) are a family of acidic carbohydrates with a nine-carbon backbone, which include different related structures, such as sialic acids. They have mainly been studied for their relevance in animal cells and pathogenic bacteria. Recently, sialic acids have been discovered as an important compound in the extracellular matrix of virtually all microbial life and in “CandidatusAccumulibacter phosphatis”, a well-studied polyphosphate-accumulating organism, in particular. Here, bioaggregates highly enriched with these bacteria (approx. 95% based on proteomic data) were used to study the production of NulOs in an enrichment of this microorganism. Fluorescence lectin-binding analysis, enzymatic quantification, and mass spectrometry were used to analyze the different NulOs present, showing a wide distribution and variety of these carbohydrates, such as sialic acids and bacterial NulOs, in the bioaggregates. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the potential of “Ca. Accumulibacter” to produce different types of NulOs. Proteomic analysis showed the ability of “Ca. Accumulibacter” to reutilize and reincorporate these carbohydrates. This investigation points out the importance of diverse NulOs in non-pathogenic bacteria, which are normally overlooked. Sialic acids and other NulOs should be further investigated for their role in the ecology of “Ca. Accumulibacter” in particular, and biofilms in general.Key Points•“Ca. Accumulibacter” has the potential to produce a range of nonulosonic acids.•Mass spectrometry and lectin binding can reveal the presence and location of nonulosonic acids.•The role of nonulosonic acid in non-pathogenic bacteria needs to be studied in detail.
Modification of the Thermal Spread by the Blade Shape of an Ultrasonically Activated Device
Authors: Kajiwara Shuhei , Noshiro Hirokazu , Kitagawa Hiroshi , Tanaka Tomokazu , Kai Keita 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundFew studies have focused on the spread of thermal damage from different blade shapes of ultrasonically activated devices (USADs) used during minimally invasive surgery.MethodsIn vivo experiments using pig arteries, nerves, and mesentery were used to compare the thermal spread of two different blade types of USADs, non‐tapered and tapered, under the same conditions. The tissue temperatures were monitored using a high‐resolution infrared thermographic camera and calculated using an image analysis program. The spread of heat denaturation was measured histologically.ResultsThe temperature was greater at the sides with greater curvature when non‐tapered USADs were activated (artery, 1 s, 2 mm: − 0.92 ± 0.5 °C vs. − 0.44 ± 0.5 °C, P = 0.022). This effect was more prominent in the tapered type (artery, 1 s, 0/1/2 mm: 9.14 ± 3.7 °C vs. 28.3 ± 16.2 °C/0.5 ± 1.4 °C vs. 9.76 ± 6.2 °C/ − 0.12 ± 0.9 °C vs. 1.44 ± 1.9 °C, P = 0.044/0.016/0.038, respectively). The temperatures in the tapered USAD were significantly higher at some time‐ and distance‐points than those in a non‐tapered USAD (artery, 1 s, 0 mm, Less/1 s, 1 mm, Gre: 4.2 ± 2.9 °C vs. 9.14 ± 3.7 °C /0.36 ± 0.5 °C vs. 9.76 ± 6.2 °C, P = 0.047/0.027; nerve, 2 s, 0 mm, Gre: 6.54 ± 3.9 °C vs. 17.66 ± 6.2 °C, P = 0.012). A three‐directional study revealed the thermal spread of the mesentery was greatest at the tip side of the non‐tapered type USAD (4.55 ± 2.53 °C vs. 12.43 ± 4.03 °C/12.43 ± 4.03 °C vs. 5.04 ± 1.91 °C, P = 0.003/0.005).ConclusionsThe thermal spread changed according to the blade shape of the USAD. This knowledge can be applied to more meticulous and complicated procedures, reducing surgical morbidity.
Strong for Surgery: Association Between Bundled Risk Factors and Outcomes After Major Elective Surgery in the VA Population
Authors: Liou Douglas Z. , Patel Deven C. , Bhandari Prasha , Wren Sherry M. , Marshall Nell J. , Harris Alex HS. , Shrager Joseph B. , Berry Mark F. , Lui Natalie S. , Backhus Leah M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundStrong for Surgery (S4S) is a public health campaign focused on optimizing patient health prior to surgery by identifying evidence‐based modifiable risk factors. The potential impact of S4S bundled risk factors on outcomes after major surgery has not been previously studied. This study tested the hypothesis that a higher number of S4S risk factors is associated with an escalating risk of complications and mortality after major elective surgery in the VA population.MethodsThe Veterans Affairs Surgical Quality Improvement Program (VASQIP) database was queried for patients who underwent major non‐emergent general, thoracic, vascular, urologic, and orthopedic surgeries between the years 2008 and 2015. Patients with complete data pertaining to S4S risk factors, specifically preoperative smoking status, HbA1c level, and serum albumin level, were stratified by number of positive risk factors, and perioperative outcomes were compared.ResultsA total of 31,285 patients comprised the study group, with 16,630 (53.2%) patients having no S4S risk factors (S4S0), 12,323 (39.4%) having one (S4S1), 2,186 (7.0%) having two (S4S2), and 146 (0.5%) having three (S4S3). In the S4S1 group, 60.3% were actively smoking, 35.2% had HbA1c > 7, and 4.4% had serum albumin < 3. In the S4S2 group, 87.8% were smokers, 84.8% had HbA1c > 7, and 27.4% had albumin < 3. Major complications, reoperations, length of stay, and 30‐day mortality increased progressively from S4S0 to S4S3 groups. S4S3 had the greatest adjusted mortality risk (adjusted odds radio [AOR] 2.56, p = 0.04) followed by S4S2 (AOR 1.58, p = 0.02) and S4S1 (AOR 1.34, p = 0.02).ConclusionIn the VA population, patients who had all three S4S risk factors, namely active smoking, suboptimal nutritional status, and poor glycemic control, had the greatest risk of postoperative mortality compared to patients with fewer S4S risk factors.
MRI index lesion radiomics and machine learning for detection of extraprostatic extension of disease: a multicenter study
Authors: Cuocolo Renato , Stanzione Arnaldo , Faletti Riccardo , Gatti Marco , Calleris Giorgio , Fornari Alberto , Gentile Francesco , Motta Aurelio , Dell’Aversana Serena , Creta Massimiliano , Longo Nicola , Gontero Paolo , Cirillo Stefano , Fonio Paolo , Imbriaco Massimo 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Objectives
To build a machine learning (ML) model to detect extraprostatic extension (EPE) of prostate cancer (PCa), based on radiomics features extracted from prostate MRI index lesions.

Methods
Consecutive MRI exams of patients undergoing radical prostatectomy for PCa were retrospectively collected from three institutions. Axial T2-weighted and apparent diffusion coefficient map images were annotated to obtain index lesion volumes of interest for radiomics feature extraction. Data from one institution was used for training, feature selection (using reproducibility, variance and pairwise correlation analyses, and a correlation-based subset evaluator), and tuning of a support vector machine (SVM) algorithm, with stratified 10-fold cross-validation. The model was tested on the two remaining institutions’ data and compared with a baseline reference and expert radiologist assessment of EPE.

Results
In total, 193 patients were included. From an initial dataset of 2436 features, 2287 were excluded due to either poor stability, low variance, or high collinearity. Among the remaining, 14 features were used to train the ML model, which reached an overall accuracy of 83% in the training set. In the two external test sets, the SVM achieved an accuracy of 79% and 74% respectively, not statistically different from that of the radiologist (81–83%, p = 0.39–1) and outperforming the baseline reference (p = 0.001–0.02).

Conclusions
A ML model solely based on radiomics features demonstrated high accuracy for EPE detection and good generalizability in a multicenter setting. Paired to qualitative EPE assessment, this approach could aid radiologists in this challenging task.

Key Points
• Predicting the presence of EPE in prostate cancer patients is a challenging task for radiologists.
• A support vector machine algorithm achieved high diagnostic accuracy for EPE detection, with good generalizability when tested on multiple external datasets.
• The performance of the algorithm was not significantly different from that of an experienced radiologist.
Personality traits, sex and food abundance shape space use in an arboreal mammal
Authors: Wauters Lucas A. , Mazzamuto Maria Vittoria , Santicchia Francesca , Martinoli Adriano , Preatoni Damiano G. , Lurz Peter W. W. , Bertolino Sandro , Romeo Claudia 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAnimal space use is affected by spatio-temporal variation in food availability and/or population density and varies among individuals. This inter-individual variation in spacing behaviour can be further influenced by sex, body condition, social dominance, and by the animal’s personality. We used capture-mark-recapture and radio-tracking to examine the relationship between space use and personality in Eurasian red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) in three conifer forests in the Italian Alps. We further explored to what extent this was influenced by changes in food abundance and/or population density. Measures of an individual’s trappability and trap diversity had high repeatability and were used in a Principal Component Analysis to obtain a single personality score representing a boldness-exploration tendency. Males increased home-range size with low food abundance and low female density, independent of their personality. However, bolder males used larger core-areas that overlapped less with other males than shy ones, suggesting different resource (food, partners) utilization strategies among personality types. For females, space use-personality relationships varied with food abundance, and bolder females used larger home ranges than shy ones at low female density, but the trend was opposite at high female density. Females’ intrasexual core-area overlap was negatively related to body mass, with no effect of personality. We conclude that relationships between personality traits and space use in free-ranging squirrels varied with sex, and were further influenced by spatio-temporal fluctuations in food availability. Moreover, different personality types (bold-explorative vs. shy) seemed to adopt different space-use strategies to increase access to food and/or partners.
Kurze Ketten im Lebensmittelbereich
Authors: Tuitjer Gesine 
Published: April 2021

ZusammenfassungShort Food Supply Chains (SFSC), also kurze Wertschöpfungsketten im Lebensmittelbereich, sind ein verbreiteter Ansatz in der Regionalentwicklung – im ländlichen wie auch im städtischen Kontext. Aufgrund der Breite des Konzeptes sind empirische Belege für die regionalen Auswirkungen von kurzen Ketten jedoch uneindeutig und ihrem konkreten Aufbau stehen teilweise große Herausforderungen gegenüber. Im vorliegenden Text werden Direktvermarktung, Regionalvermarktungsinitiativen und regionalisierte vertikale Wertschöpfungsketten behandelt. Der Text fasst Ergebnisse einzelner Fallstudien zusammen, die zwischen 2015 und 2019 in 6 ländlichen Kreisen durchgeführt wurden. Im Text werden Herausforderungen für die Entwicklung dieser kurzen Ketten skizziert und mögliche Chancen aufgezeigt. Der Ausbau von alternativen Vermarktungswegen kann beispielsweise durch Infrastruktur im Bereich der Lagerung und Logistik unterstützt werden. Ein weiteres zentrales Ergebnis stellt die Notwendigkeit von Netzwerkvermittlern dar, die Kooperationen zwischen Produzenten innerhalb einer Region entlang vertikaler Wertschöpfungsketten begleiten bzw. initiieren.
Adaptive time-step control for a monolithic multirate scheme coupling the heat and wave equation
Authors: Soszyńska Martyna , Richter Thomas 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe study the dynamics of a parabolic and a hyperbolic equation coupled on a common interface. We develop time-stepping schemes that can use different time-step sizes for each of the subproblems. The problem is formulated in a strongly coupled (monolithic) space-time framework. Coupling two different step sizes monolithically gives rise to large algebraic systems of equations. There, multiple states of the subproblems must be solved at once. For efficiently solving these algebraic systems, we inherit ideas from the partitioned regime. Therefore we present two decoupling methods, namely a partitioned relaxation scheme and a shooting method. Furthermore, we develop an a posteriori error estimator serving as a mean for an adaptive time-stepping procedure. The goal is to optimally balance the time-step sizes of the two subproblems. The error estimator is based on the dual weighted residual method and relies on the space-time Galerkin formulation of the coupled problem. As an example, we take a linear set-up with the heat equation coupled to the wave equation. We formulate the problem in a monolithic manner using the space-time framework. In numerical test cases, we demonstrate the efficiency of the solution process and we also validate the accuracy of the a posteriori error estimator and its use for controlling the time-step sizes.
A New Conceptual ‘Cylinder’ Framework for Sustainable Bioeconomy Systems and Their Actors
Authors: de Vries Hugo , Donner Mechthild , Axelos Monique 
Published: April 2021

AbstractConcepts for sustainable bioeconomy systems are gradually replacing the ones on linear product chains. The reason is that continuously expanding linear chain activities are considered to contribute to climate change, reduced biodiversity, over-exploitation of resources, food insecurity, and the double burden of disease. Are sustainable bioeconomy systems a guarantee for a healthy planet? If yes, why, when, and how? In literature, different sustainability indicators have been presented to shed light on this complicated question. Due to high degrees of complexity and interactions of actors in bioeconomy systems, trade-offs and non-linear outcomes became apparent. This fueled the debates about the normative dimensions of the bioeconomy. In particular, the behavior of actors and the utilization of products do not seem to be harmonized according to the environmental, social, and economic pillars of sustainability. Potential conflicts require a new conceptual framework that is here introduced. It consists of a ‘sustainability’ cylinder captured between an inner-cylinder, representing order, and an outer-cylinder for chaos, based on the laws of physics and complex adaptive systems. Such a framework permits (bioeconomy) systems to propagate in the sustainability zone only if they follow helical pathways serving as the new norms. Helices are a combination of two sinusoidal patterns. The first represents here the sustainable behavior of interacting actors and the second the balanced usage of resources and products. The latter counteracts current growth discourses. The applicability of the conceptual cylinder framework is positively verified via 9 cases in Europe, which encompass social-organizational and product-technological innovations. –
Valuing life and evaluating suffering in infants with life-limiting illness
Authors: Wilkinson Dominic , Zayegh Amir 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we explore three separate questions that are relevant to assessing the prudential value of life in infants with severe life-limiting illness. First, what is the value or disvalue of a short life? Is it in the interests of a child to save her life if she will nevertheless die in infancy or very early childhood? Second, how does profound cognitive impairment affect the balance of positives and negatives in a child’s future life? Third, if the life of a child with life-limiting illness is prolonged, how much suffering will she experience and can any of it be alleviated? Is there a risk that negative experiences for such a child (suffering) will remain despite the provision of palliative care? We argue that both the subjective and objective components of well-being for children could be greatly reduced if they are anticipated to have a short life that is affected by profound cognitive impairment. This does not mean that their overall well-being will be negative, but rather that there may be a higher risk of negative overall well-being if they are expected to experience pain, discomfort, or distress. Furthermore, we point to some of the practical limitations of therapies aimed at relieving suffering, such that there is a risk that suffering will go partially or completely unrelieved. Taken together, these considerations imply that some life-prolonging treatments are not in the best interests of infants with severe life-limiting illness.
Subjektive Belastung der Eltern durch die Beschulung ihrer Kinder zu Hause zu Zeiten des Corona-bedingten Lockdowns im Frühjahr 2020
Authors: Zinn Sabine , Bayer Michael 
Published: April 2021

ZusammenfassungDie Corona-bedingten Schulschließungen sowie die Schließung von Kinderbetreuungseinrichtungen im April und Mai 2020 haben viele Eltern vor eine immense Herausforderung gestellt. Plötzlich mussten Kinder ganztags Zuhause betreut und beschult werden. In diesem Beitrag beschäftigen wir uns mit der Frage nach der subjektiven Belastung, der sich Eltern durch die Beschulung ihrer Kinder Zuhause ausgesetzt sahen. Hierbei legen wir ein besonderes Augenmerk auf die individuelle Ressourcenausstattung der Eltern sowie auf ihre familiäre Situation und ihr Erwerbsleben. Insbesondere untersuchen wir das subjektive Belastungsempfinden alleinerziehender Eltern. Für unsere Analysen nutzen wir die Daten der SOEP-CoV Studie, einer Sonderbefragung an Panelteilnehmern des Sozio-Oekonomischen Panels (SOEP) zum Thema Corona. Insgesamt konnten wir bei allen befragten Eltern (N = 1508, davonN = 243 alleinerziehend) eine mäßige Belastung durch die Anforderungen der Beschulung ihrer Kinder Zuhause ausmachen. Besonders belastet fühlten sich jedoch Eltern mit einem niedrigen Bildungsabschluss und alleinerziehende Eltern, insbesondere wenn sie zur Zeit der Schulschließungen erwerbstätig waren. Unsere Analysen legen nahe, dass gerade diese Elterngruppen Probleme hatten, den Anforderungen, die eine Beschulung Zuhause mit sich bringt, unter den gegebenen Umständen umfassend nachzukommen.
The Toxicological Risk Assessment of Lead and Cadmium in Valeriana officinalis L., radix (Valerian root) as Herbal Medicinal Product for the Relief of Mild Nervous Tension and Sleep Disorders Available in Polish Pharmacies
Authors: Jurowski Kamil , Fołta Maria , Tatar Barbara , Berkoz Mehmet , Krośniak Mirosław 
Published: April 2021

AbstractStudies related to the toxicological risk assessment (TRA) of heavy metal impurities (HMIs) in pharmaceuticals are an important issue but there is a lack of refereed literature around the safety of Valeriana officinalis L., radix (Valerian root) as herbal medicinal product (HMP) for the relief of mild nervous tension and sleep disorders according to lead and cadmium impurities. The aim of the study was to estimate the TRA of lead and cadmium in Valeriana officinalis L., radix (Valerian root) as HMP (n = 5) available in Polish pharmacies. In the case of herbal pharmaceuticals, it is particularly important to control the level of HMIs accumulated during the plant’s growth. Perhaps, the exposure for a single dose is not relevant; however, justification of our studies is a fact that herbal therapies are usually long term. Therefore, even small HMI doses as present in particular plant may accumulate in patient body over a long period of time. Levels of lead and cadmium were measured by electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometry. The levels of lead and cadmium as HMIs (independently of the producer and declared composition) are quite similar. Our results are satisfactory, confirming the safety of Valeriana officinalis L., radix (Valerian root) as herbal medicinal product for the relief of mild nervous tension and sleep disorders available in Polish pharmacies according to ICH guideline Q3D. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first study about lead and cadmium content as HMIs in HMP containing Valeriana officinalis L., radix (Valerian root).
Malnutrition and cancer, diagnosis and treatment
Authors: Beirer Angelika 
Published: April 2021

Summary
Background
The prevalence of malnutrition in cancer patients ranges from about 20% to more than 70%. However, 10–20% of cancer patients’ deaths are related to malnutrition, not the malignancy itself. To reverse the pattern of weight loss, improve the patients’ quality of life, reduce the treatment toxicity, the psychological stress and the risk of mortality, the diagnosis of malnutrition should be made as early as possible to facilitate the best possible treatment.

Methods
A systematic literature search was conducted following guidelines of ESPEN (European Society for Clinical Nutrition), DGEM (German Society for Nutritional Medicine) and ASPEN (American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition).

Results and conclusion
To assess the risk of malnutrition, all cancer patients should be screened regularly with a valid screening tool (e.g., MUST [Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool], NRS [Nutritional Risk Screening] or PG-SGA [Scored Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment]). If risk of malnutrition is present, adequate nutritional therapy is recommended to stop involuntary weight loss. Patients should engage in exercise to maintain and improve muscle mass, strength and function. They should be offered regular dietetic counselling, and their muscle depletion should be monitored by determining fat-free mass. As cachectic patients in particular are at risk, the presence of cachexia should also be recognized at an early stage. Three consensus-based definitions are widely accepted: Fearon et al. and the EPCRC (European Palliative Care Research Collaborative) propose definitions specifically for cancer cachexia, while Evans et al. put forward a definition for cachexia associated with all types of underlying chronic diseases. However, if there is a cancer cachexia diagnosis, additional pharmacological and psychological treatment should be considered.