bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of cetuximab as preemptive postsurgical therapy for oral squamous cell carcinoma patients with major risk: a single‐center retrospective cohort study
Authors: Fukumoto Chonji , Sawatani Yuta , Shiraishi Ryo , Zama Manabu , Shimura Michiko , Hasegawa Tomonori , Komiyama Yuske , Fujita Atsushi , Wakui Takahiro , Kawamata Hitoshi 
Published: January 2021

SummaryA retrospective cohort study was performed to investigate the effectiveness of preemptive postsurgical therapy with cetuximab for patients with a major risk of recurrence or metastasis after clinical complete resection of primary oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The study period was from 2007 to 2019 for patients treated at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine. OSCC patients with major risk (n = 88) in the follow-up period were divided into groups with no postsurgical treatment (NP group), with standard postsurgical treatment (SP group), and with postsurgical treatment including cetuximab (CP group), and prognosis were compared among those groups. The 5-year overall survival rate was significantly higher in patients who received postsurgical treatment with cetuximab (CP) compared to that in the other two groups ((CP vs. NP, p = 0.028; CP vs. SP, p = 0.042). Furthermore, we performed multivariate analysis to evaluate the effects of the main components of the treatment. Among CDDP, radiotherapy, and cetuximab, only cetuximab significantly contributed to improved survival by univariate analysis (crude HR:0.228, 95%CI:0.05–0.968, p = 0.045). cetuximab also showed the same tendency in multivariate analysis, although p value did not reach significant level (Adjusted HR: 0.233, 95%CI: 0.053–1.028, p = 0.054). The results suggest that the postsurgical treatment with cetuximab as a preemptive postsurgical therapy after complete surgical resection of a visible tumor is considerably effective for OSCC patients with major risk, in other words, invisible dormant metastasis.
The Proteins of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS CoV-2 or n-COV19), the Cause of COVID-19
Authors: Yoshimoto Francis K. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The devastating effects of the recent global pandemic (termed COVID-19 for “coronavirus disease 2019”) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS CoV-2) are paramount with new cases and deaths growing at an exponential rate. In order to provide a better understanding of SARS CoV-2, this article will review the proteins found in the SARS CoV-2 that caused this global pandemic.
RNA and DNA Binding Epitopes of the Cold Shock Protein TmCsp from the Hyperthermophile Thermotoga maritima
Authors: von König Konstanze , Kachel Norman , Kalbitzer Hans Robert , Kremer Werner 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Prokaryotic cold shock proteins (CSPs) are considered to play an important role in the transcriptional and translational regulation of gene expression, possibly by acting as transcription anti-terminators and “RNA chaperones”. They bind with high affinity to single-stranded nucleic acids. Here we report the binding epitope of TmCsp from Thermotoga maritima for both single-stranded DNA and RNA, using heteronuclear 2D NMR spectroscopy. At “physiological” growth temperatures of TmCsp (≥ 343 K), all oligonucleotides studied have dissociation constants between 1.6 ((dT)7) and 25.2 ((dA)7) μM as determined by tryptophan fluorescence quenching. Reduction of the temperature to 303 K leads to a pronounced increase of affinity for thymidylate (dT)7 and uridylate (rU)7 heptamers with dissociation constants of 4.0 and 10.8 nM, respectively, whereas the weak binding of TmCsp to cytidylate, adenylate, and guanylate heptamers (dC)7, (dA)7, and (dT)7 is almost unaffected by temperature. The change of affinities of TmCsp for (dT)7 and (rU)7 by approximately 3 orders of magnitude shows that it represents a cold chock sensor that switches on the cold shock reaction of the cell. A temperature dependent conformational switch of the protein is required for this action. The binding epitope on TmCsp for the ssDNA and RNA heptamers is very similar and comprises β-strands 1 and 2, the loop β1–β2 as well as the loops connecting β3 with β4 and β4 with β5. Besides the loop regions, surprisingly, mainly the RNA-binding motif RNP1 is involved in ssDNA and RNA binding, while only two amino acids, H28 and W29, of the postulated RNA-binding motif RNP2 interact with the uridylate and thymidylate homonucleotides, although a high affinity in the nanomolar range is achieved. This is in contrast to the binding properties of other CSPs or cold shock domains, where RNP1 as well as RNP2 are involved in binding. TmCsp takes up a unique position since it is the only one which possesses a tryptophan residue instead of a usually highly conserved phenylalanine or tyrosine residue at the end of RNP2. NMR titrations suggest that neither (dT)7 nor (rU)7 represent the full binding motif and that non-optimal intercalation of W29 into these oligonucleotides blocks the access of the RNP2 site to the DNA or RNA. NMR-experiments with (dA)7 suggest an interaction of W29 with the adenine ring. Full binding seems to require at least one single purine base well-positioned within a thymine- or uracil-rich stretch of nucleic acids.
Italo-Mycenaean and other Aegean-influenced pottery in Late Bronze Age Italy: the case for regional production
Authors: Jones Richard E. , Levi Sara T. , Bettelli Marco , Cannavò Valentina 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDecorated Italo-Mycenaean (IM) pottery, a high-status class found and made over three centuries from the Italian Late Middle Bronze Age onwards, was the subject of a large archaeological and archaeometric enquiry published by the present authors in 2014. The present paper focuses on identifying IM’s centres of production. The results of chemical analysis of IM using mainly ICP-ES make a strong case for regional production, irrespective of findspots in several parts of Italy. This accords well with the relative stylistic individuality of IM observed among the finds of IM across many parts of Italy, suggesting that IM is a powerful archaeological indicator of the way local communities were constructing and negotiating their identities at this crucial time of social and economic change at the end of the Bronze Age. A picture of more dispersed intra-regional production emerges from the combined chemical and petrographic analysis of two other pottery classes displaying Aegean influence: wheel-made Grey ware and decorated Final Bronze Age/Early Iron Age (FBA/EIA) pottery from sites in present-day Apulia and from Broglio di Trebisacce in Calabria. Potters manufacturing the former applied their knowledge of the wheel and kiln firing to handmade impasto shapes which were largely shared by local communities within a region. The results obtained for the latter reflect demands of the new elites of the emerging FBA/EIA in southern Italy to create symbols expressing a new cultural identity: this pottery’s style, especially of Protogeometric, was uniform but its production was localised.
Improving diagnostics of rare genetic diseases with NGS approaches
Authors: Vinkšel Mateja , Writzl Karin , Maver Aleš , Peterlin Borut 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAccording to a rough estimate, one in fifteen people worldwide is affected by a rare disease. Rare diseases are therefore common in clinical practice; however, timely diagnosis of rare diseases is still challenging. Introduction of novel methods based on next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology offers a successful diagnosis of genetically heterogeneous disorders, even in case of unclear clinical diagnostic hypothesis. However, the application of novel technology differs among the centres and health systems significantly. Our goal is to discuss the impact of the implementation of NGS in the diagnosis of rare diseases and present advantages along with challenges of diagnostic approach. Systematic implementation of NGS in health systems can significantly improve the access of patients with rare diseases to diagnosis and reduce the dependence of national health systems for cross-border collaboration.
Assessing the efficacy of the Tiger Stamp: a policy tool approach
Authors: Murray Sheridan Kate , Brewitt Peter Kimball 
Published: January 2021

AbstractInternational conservation presents a unique challenge for American conservation agencies, demanding unique policy tools. To encourage American citizens to support overseas conservation, the Fish and Wildlife Service, the United States Postal Service, and environmental non-governmental organizations collaborated to create the Save Vanishing Species Stamp, a semipostal stamp featuring a tiger. In doing this, these actors relied on the flagship species approach, wherein a charismatic species attracts attention and support for ecological protection. The “Tiger Stamp” has been on sale since 2011, but its effectiveness as a policy tool is uncertain. In this paper, we discuss the Tiger Stamp and analyze its effectiveness from several angles. The stamp’s impact on species conservation is uncertain and its sales have been lower than those of past semipostal stamps, but this should be understood in the context of nationwide decline in traditional postal activities and the hortatory effect of the stamp beyond its economic effects. We conclude that the stamp is, on balance, a valuable policy tool, and should be continued.
Structures, Chemical Conversions, and Cytotoxicity of Tricholopardins C and D, Two Tricholoma Triterpenoids from the Wild Mushroom Tricholoma pardinum
Authors: Shi Chen , Peng Yue-Ling , He Juan , Li Zheng-Hui , Liu Ji-Kai , Feng Tao 
Published: January 2021

AbstractTwo undescribed Tricholoma triterpenoids, namely tricholopardins C (1) and D (2), were isolated from the wild mushroom Tricholoma pardinum. Their structures with absolute configurations were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, as well as the single crystal X-ray diffraction. Compounds 1 and 2 were further obtained by chemical conversions from the known analogues. Compound 1 showed significant cytotoxicity to MCF-7 and Hela cell lines with IC50 values of 4.7 μM and 9.7 μM, respectively. Its mechanism of inducing MCF-7 cell apoptosis was studied briefly.
Graphical Abstract
Multi-objective genetic algorithm optimization of linear proportional solenoid actuator
Authors: Wang Shi Jie , Weng Zhi Dan , Jin Bo , Cai Hong Xu 
Published: January 2021

AbstractLinear proportional solenoid (LPS) is widely applied in different linear motion control systems as the electromagnetic actuator since its high reliability and low cost. LPS is difficult to optimize by changing a single variable due to amounts of structural design parameters, and each design parameter has a nonlinear relationship with the static electromagnetic force. This paper aims to improve LPS’s push force and response performance through magnetostatic finite element analysis (FEA) by ANSYS MAXWELL. This study compares FEA 2D model, 3D model and measurement results underrated coil current to verify the accuracy of FEA 2D model. In order to reveal the nonlinear relationship between shape design parameters and electromagnet design objectives, this study compares the influence degree of each variable on each design objective by conventional type LPS 2D FEA model. And for the purpose of improving LPS’s push force and response performance, a multi-objective optimization method has been proposed in this study based on genetic algorithm (GA) and magnetostatic FEA 2D model for optimizing the shape design parameters. All the study results were validated in both static conditions and dynamic conditions. The comparison between manufactured optimal type and conventional type results shows that the static push force in working stroke is improved 30.1%, displacement step response rise time is reduced 5.2% and 43.4%, and force step response rise time is reduced 20.5% and 44.6% with different return spring stiffness. Above all, LPS static and dynamic performance has been improved directly and the validation of proposed optimization method is verified in this paper.
Melanotan Tanning Injection: A Rare Cause of Priapism
Authors: Mallory Chase W. , Lopategui Diana M. , Cordon Billy H. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Melanotan II, an injectable melanocortin analog, is illicitly available on the internet to generate a sunless tan through melanocyte induction. It is also used as a sexual stimulant in unlicensed performance enhancement clinics, and has been investigated as a possible treatment agent in erectile dysfunction. We describe in this case report a patient presenting with acute ischemic priapism after subcutaneous injection of melanotan II. The patient was initially managed with cavernosal aspiration and irrigation, and intracavernous injection of phenylephrine without achieving detumescence. After failing initial management, the patient underwent operative management with penoscrotal decompression, a promising alternative technique for the management of refractory ischemic priapism. Priapism after melanotan II injection has only been reported in the literature twice before. This case report highlights a rare presentation of acute ischemic priapism after melanotan II use, managed with surgical decompression. Future therapeutic applications of these agents and updated management guidelines should consider priapism as a possible side effect.
CW. Mallory, DM Lopategui, BH. Cordon. Melanotan Tanning Injection: A Rare Cause of Priapism. Sex Med 2021;9:100298.
Conflicting Approaches to the U.S. Common Law of Foreign Official Immunity
Authors: Bradley Curtis A. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractFor more than a decade, U.S. courts have struggled to develop a common law immunity regime to govern suits brought against foreign government officials, and they are now divided on a number of issues, including the extent to which they should defer to the executive branch and whether to recognize a jus cogens exception. This Editorial Comment considers a more conceptual division in the courts, between an “effect-of-judgment” approach that would confer immunity only when the judgment that the plaintiff is seeking would be directly enforceable against the foreign state, and a broader “nature-of-act” approach that would confer immunity whenever the plaintiff's case is challenging conduct carried out on behalf of the state. The Comment argues in favor of the nature-of-act approach and explains why analogies in this context to domestic civil rights litigation are misplaced.
Rethinking Derogations from Human Rights Treaties
Authors: Helfer Laurence R. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractNumerous governments have responded to the COVID-19 pandemic by declaring states of emergency and restricting individual liberties protected by international law. However, many more states have adopted emergency measures than have formally derogated from human rights conventions. This Editorial Comment critically evaluates the existing system of human rights treaty derogations. It analyzes the system's problems, identifies recent developments that have exacerbated these problems, and proposes a range of reforms in five areas—embeddedness, engagement, information, timing, and scope.
The BEAMISH hot water drill system and its use on the Rutford Ice Stream, Antarctica
Authors: Anker Paul G. D. , Makinson Keith , Nicholls Keith W. , Smith Andrew M. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDuring the 2018/19 Antarctic field season, the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) Basal conditions on Rutford Ice Stream: BEd Access, Monitoring and Ice Sheet History’ (BEAMISH) project drilled three holes through the Rutford Ice Stream, West Antarctica. At up to 2154 m, these are the deepest hot water drilled subglacial access holes yet created, enabling the recovery of sediment from the subglacial environment, and instrumenting the ice stream and its bed. The BEAMISH hot-water drill system was built on extensive experience with the BAS ice shelf hot-water drill and utilises many identical components. With up to 1 MW of heating power available, the hot water drill produces 140 L min−1of water at 85°C to create a 300 mm diameter access hole to the base of the ice stream. New systems and processes were developed for BEAMISH to aid critical aspects of deep access drilling, most notably the creation of cavities interlinking boreholes at 230 m below the surface and enabling water recirculation throughout the deep drilling operations. The modular design of the BEAMISH drill offers many benefits in its adaptability, redundancy, and minimal logistical footprint. These design features can easily accommodate the modifications needed for future deep, clean access hole creation in the exploration of subglacial environments.
Providing to belong: masculinities, hustling and economic uncertainty in Nairobi ‘ghettos’
Authors: van Stapele Naomi 
Published: January 2021

AbstractHustling as a concept has travelled through the global soundscapes of impoverished, neglected, racialized and otherwise marginalized urban settings. The widespread rearticulation of the term ‘hustling’ in a broad range of urban languages reveals that its use in particular forms of Black Atlantic music cultures speaks to shared experiences worldwide. Simultaneously, it shows the flexibility of this term to acquire new and unfolding meanings. This article focuses on the modes in which poor young men in Nairobi (re)deploy, translate and practise hustling to fit immediate circumstances and imagine possible futures, and on the meanings these men produce in the process. I argue that interrogating hustling as a practice provides insights into gendered experiences of urban life worlds in the underserved and highly policed areas of Nairobi, which may tentatively resonate with young men in comparable positions worldwide. I specifically examine how positions of (junior) manhood are configured by localized hustling practices to elucidate how navigating fear and hope, while facing extreme uncertainty, simultaneously defines and undermines their sense of manhood.
‘We are taught to act’: hustling on the move in Kampala and Nairobi
Authors: Monteith William , Mirembe George 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis article explores the question of what happens when highly socialized and contingent forms of provisioning go wrong, and young men are forced to start again in unfamiliar urban contexts. The decline of George Mirembe's moneylending business in Kampala pre-empted his departure from the country and his arrival in Nairobi in search of new socio-economic opportunities. Lacking the documents and language skills necessary to enter formal sectors of the economy, George claimed asylum as a sexual refugee while working as a smuggler and a voice actor in the shadow film industry. His activities illustrate the advantages and limitations of the hustle as a framework for understanding the activities of transnational ‘others’ in African cities. I argue that translational practices of acting and storytelling have become a generalized tactic of survival among migrants in urban East Africa. Such practices are illustrative of a form of ‘uprooted hustle’ – or hustling on the move – that is oriented towards individual survival and exit rather than place-based transformation.
Burying “Zik of Africa”: The Politics of Death and Cultural Crisis
Authors: Adebanwi Wale 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis article uses the death and burial of one of the most important political leaders in twentieth-century Africa, and Nigeria's first and only ceremonial president, Rt. Hon. (Dr.) Nnamdi Azikiwe, to reflect on how and why the deaths and burials of significant persons in Africa represent occasions for the (re)production and management of cultural crises. It argues that the extant literature on the death of consequential persons in Africa either understates or overlooks the generalizability of the “essential contestability” of the material and immaterial relations of the past, present, and future provoked by such deaths. This is particularly visible when these relations are disturbed or challenged by the absence of the person and the process of their burial or reburial.
Toward a Comparative History of Racial Thought in Africa: Historicism, Barbarism, Autochthony
Authors: Glassman Jonathon 
Published: January 2021

AbstractUsing material from the history of African thought, this essay proposes a strategy for writing a comparative history of race that ranges beyond a consideration of white supremacy and its anti-racist inflections. Studies of race outside the global north have often been hobbled by rigid modernist assumptions that over-privilege the determining influence of Western discourses at the expense of local intellectual inheritances. This essay, in contrast, proposes a focus on locally inherited discourses of difference that have shown signs of becoming racialized, at times through entanglement with Western ideas. It pays particular attention to discourses that arranged “human kinds” along a progression from barbarian to civilized, suggesting the presence of African historicisms that in modern times have converged with the stadial ideas that played a major role in Western racial thought.
Parsing preferences and individual differences in nonnative sentence processing: Evidence from eye movements
Authors: Cheng Yesi , Rothman Jason , Cunnings Ian 
Published: January 2021

AbstractUsing both offline and online measures, the present study investigates attachment resolution in relative clauses in English natives (L1) and nonnatives (L2). We test how relative clause resolution interacts with linguistic factors and participant-level individual differences. Previous L1 English studies have demonstrated a low attachment preference and also an “ambiguity advantage” suggesting that L1ers may not have as strong a low attachment preference as is sometimes claimed. We employ a similar design to examine this effect in L1 and L2 comprehension. Offline results indicate that both groups exhibit a low attachment preference, positively correlated with reading span scores and with proficiency in the L2 group. Online results also suggest a low attachment preference in both groups. However, our data show that individual differences influence online attachment resolution for both native and nonnatives; higher lexical processing efficiency correlates with quicker resolution of linguistic conflicts. We argue that the current findings suggest that attachment resolution during L1 and L2 processing share the same processing mechanisms and are modulated by similar individual differences.
The first evidence of intersexuality in Atka mackerel Pleurogrammus monopterygius (Hexagrammidae)
Authors: Zhukova Kristina , Golovatyuk Galina Yu. 
Published: January 2021

SummaryHistological examination of Atka mackerel ovotestes reveals the possibility of intersexuality. Individuals with bisexual gonads have been caught in the North Pacific near the south-east coast of the Kamchatka peninsula. While intersex appeared to be normal females with developing ovaries, histological analysis showed the presence of both female and male tissue in the same gonad. Specifically, primary growth, cortical alveolar and primary vitellogenic oocytes were located among spermatogonia cysts. The prevalence of intersexuality in the population was less than 0.1%.