bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Weighting admission scores to balance predictiveness‐diversity: The Pareto‐optimization approach
Authors: Lievens Filip , Sackett Paul R. , De Corte Wilfried 
Published: August 2021

AbstractContextAlthough many medical schools seek to improve diversity, they grapple with the challenge of how to weight the scores of different admission methods to achieve a balance between obtaining high predictiveness and ensuring diversity in the selected student pool. Yet, in large‐scale employment settings, substantial progress has been made on this front: Pareto‐optimization has been introduced as an elegant statistical tool to assist decision makers in determining the weights assigned to selection methods in advance (before the selection has taken place) so that a selection system is designed to achieve an optimal balance as reflected by the trade‐off that one outcome (e.g., predictiveness) cannot be improved without harm to the other outcome (e.g., diversity).AimsThis paper reviews the theory and research evidence about Pareto‐optimization and explains how Pareto‐optimization permits medical schools to better balance predictiveness and diversity in medical admission systems.MethodsAfter reviewing common weighting schemes (unit, regression‐based and ad hoc weighting) and their drawbacks, we introduce the theory and logic of Pareto‐optimization for better balancing predictiveness and diversity. To this end, we also offer an illustrative example. Next, we review the mathematical basis and available research evidence regarding Pareto‐optimization. Finally, we discuss potential criticisms (i.e., complexity and legal concerns).ConclusionsCompared to traditional unit weighting, regression‐based weighting and ad hoc weighting, Pareto‐optimization leads to substantial increases in diversity intake (up to three times more), while keeping the predictiveness of the selection methods at the same level. Moreover, the Pareto‐optimization is robust to sampling variability and variability of the input selection parameters.
WIND transcription factors orchestrate wound‐induced callus formation, vascular reconnection and defense response in Arabidopsis
Authors: Iwase Akira , Kondo Yuki , Laohavisit Anuphon , Takebayashi Arika , Ikeuchi Momoko , Matsuoka Keita , Asahina Masashi , Mitsuda Nobutaka , Shirasu Ken , Fukuda Hiroo , Sugimoto Keiko 
Published: August 2021

Summary

Wounding triggers de novo organogenesis, vascular reconnection and defense response but how wound stress evoke such a diverse array of physiological responses remains unknown.

We previously identified AP2/ERF transcription factors, WOUND INDUCED DEDIFFERENTIATION1 (WIND1) and its homologs, WIND2, WIND3 and WIND4, as key regulators of wound‐induced cellular reprogramming in Arabidopsis. To understand how WIND transcription factors promote downstream events, we performed time‐course transcriptome analyses after WIND1 induction.

We observed a significant overlap between WIND1‐induced genes and genes implicated in cellular reprogramming, vascular formation and pathogen response. We demonstrated that WIND transcription factors induce several reprogramming genes to promote callus formation at wound sites. We, in addition, showed that WIND transcription factors promote tracheary element formation, vascular reconnection and resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000.

These results indicate that WIND transcription factors function as key regulators of wound‐induced responses by promoting dynamic transcriptional alterations. This study provides deeper mechanistic insights into how plants control multiple physiological responses after wounding.
Weight loss interventions on health‐related quality of life in those with moderate to severe obesity: Findings from an individual patient data meta‐analysis of randomized trials
Authors: Buckell John , Mei Xue W. , Clarke Philip , Aveyard Paul , Jebb Susan A. 
Published: August 2021

SummaryThe relationship between BMI and health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) critically affects regulatory approval of interventions for weight loss, but evidence of the association is inconsistent. A higher standard of evidence than that available was sought with an IPD meta‐analysis of 10,884 people enrolled in five randomized controlled trials of intentional weight loss interventions. Cross‐sectional and longitudinal associations of BMI and HRQoL were estimated in mixed effects models specifying a latent variable for HRQoL. Spline regressions captured nonlinear associations across the range of BMI. In cross‐sectional spline regressions, BMI was not associated with HRQoL for people with a BMI < 30 kg/m2 but was for those with a higher BMI. In longitudinal spline regressions, decreases in BMI were positively associated with HRQoL for people with a BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2. The impact of change in BMI was larger for people with higher BMIs than for those with BMIs under 30 kg/m2. Lower BMI and decreases in BMI were related to higher HRQoL for people living with obesity but not in the population without excess weight. HRQoL gains from weight loss are greater for more severe obesity. Commissioners should use these estimates for future decision making.
Immune mechanisms of Texel sheep to adult and egg stages of Haemonchus contortus
Authors: Weaver Andrew R. , Garza Javier J. , Greiner Scott P. , Bowdridge Scott A. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractExperimental Haemonchus contortus (Hc) infections revealed that Texel sheep have faecal egg counts (FEC) comparable to parasite‐resistant St. Croix but adult worm burden comparable to parasite‐susceptible Suffolk sheep. The aim of these studies was to further investigate the mechanism causing this disparity. Cellular and humoral immune responses to adult‐ and egg stage Hc were compared amongst St. Croix, Texel and Suffolk sheep. Adult worms and eggs were exposed to peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and serum from the three breeds in vitro. There was a greater IgA binding to eggs when treated with St. Croix and Texel serum (p < .05), and these eggs exhibited a lower hatch rate (p < .05) when exposed to serum and PBMC. Adult worms exposed to St. Croix and Texel‐derived PBMC, and serum had greater binding around the head and reproductive structures than worms exposed to Suffolk‐derived cells and serum. Consequently, egg release tended to be affected by breed (p = .09). To further examine differences, Suffolk and Texel lambs (n = 5/breed) were infected with 10,000 Hc L3 for 30 days. Suffolk sheep had greater egg release per worm than Texel (3.8 vs. 2.1 eggs/worm). Taken together, these data would indicate one of the mechanisms in Texel's targeting adult‐stage Hc reducing worm fecundity.
Comparing the population history of Neotropical annual species: The role of climate change and hybridization between Tithonia tubaeformis and T. rotundifolia (Asteraceae)
Authors: López‐Caamal A. , Tovar‐Sánchez E. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Historical climate changes and interspecific gene flow have played an important role in shaping the distribution and genetic diversity of the biota in the Neotropics. In this study, we explored the role of both the Pleistocene climate changes and hybridization on the contemporary geographic structure of two Neotropical weedy species: Tithonia tubaeformis and T. rotundifolia.

Distribution shifts under past and current climate conditions were explored through ecological niche modelling (ENM). We then tested these hypotheses using chloroplast microsatellite (cpSSR) data in T. tubaeformis and compared the patterns deduced with those previously reported for T. rotundifolia using the same cpSSR loci. Lastly, we searched for shared haplotypes between species.

Both species exhibited significant downwards altitudinal shifts during the last interglacial (LIG) and the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). For instance, T. rotundifolia showed large suitable habitat areas since the LIG at xeric conditions in western Mesoamerica. Tithonia tubaeformis showed a ~five‐fold range contraction during the LIG compared to current climate conditions, followed by a range expansion in the LGM. Despite the large shared refugial areas predicted through ENM, we found a low number of shared haplotypes, suggesting a minor role of hybridization in shaping the geographic structure of these species.

Our results provide additional patterns of the population history of the northern Neotropics during the Quaternary, and we suggest that weedy widespread species are a well‐suited group for the study of the effects of historic climatic changes on the biota of this region.
Policy or scientific messaging? Strategic framing in a case of subnational climate change conflict
Authors: Cann Heather W. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractClimate change and the implementation of climate‐energy policies remains highly contentious in the United States. Prior research makes clear that the way polices are “framed” powerfully shapes how they are conceptualized. This article explores framing dynamics within a 2015–2016 case of subfederal climate‐energy policy conflict in the state of Illinois, which culminated with the passage of the Future Energy Jobs Act: legislation that contained significant environmental initiatives. I investigate this episode through a process tracing case study, incorporating qualitative content analysis and semi‐structured interviews with stakeholders. Results suggest that stakeholders strategically framed their policies in terms of economic benefits, and other aspects of a policy's design, as opposed to focusing on climate change or climate science. In this way, Illinois was able to pass a comprehensive climate‐energy policy with bipartisan support—an outcome infrequently seen in other states around the country.
Climate and transportation policy sequencing in California and Quebec
Authors: Purdon Mark , Witcover Julie , Murphy Colin , Ziaja Sonya , Winfield Mark , Giuliano Genevieve , Séguin Charles , Kaiser Colleen , Papy Jacques , Fulton Lewis 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe compare flexible low‐carbon regulations in the transportation sector and their interaction and sequencing with greenhouse gas emissions trading systems in California and Quebec. As momentum builds for greater climate action, it is necessary to better understand how carbon markets and other low‐carbon transportation policies influence one another. First, we demonstrate that emissions trading between California and Quebec has been asymmetric, with linking having little influence on carbon prices from California's perspective but leading to a considerable cost reduction from the point of view of Quebec. Second, we present evidence that Quebec has replicated many of California's low‐carbon transportation policies that promote increased electric vehicle use, where Quebec has an advantage, while deferring to the Canadian federal government with regard to policies that incentivize the production of other low‐carbon transportation fuels. Third, we demonstrate that while the stringency of the policy mix of carbon pricing and flexible transportation regulations has increased over time in both jurisdictions, the stringency of flexible regulations has been more aggressively ratcheted up and is expected to continue to dominate. Overall, our findings suggest that the policy sequence observed in California and Quebec can be attributed to the political economy benefits that the selected instruments confer to governments seeking to move from the middle towards the bottom of the clean technology experience curve. We discuss a number of important research questions and associated hypotheses emanating from our findings, which provide the basis for more in‐depth studies involving a larger universe of cases and economic sectors.
A genome‐wide association study reveals that the 2‐oxoglutarate/malate translocator mediates seed vigor in rice
Authors: Li Wenjun , Yang Bin , Xu Jiangyu , Peng Liling , Sun Shan , Huang Zhibo , Jiang Xiuhua , He Yongqi , Wang Zhoufei 
Published: August 2021

SUMMARYSeed vigor is an important trait for the direct seeding of rice (Oryza sativa L.). In this study, we examined the genetic architecture of variation in the germination rate using a diverse panel of rice accessions. Four quantitative trait loci for germination rate were identified using a genome‐wide association study during early germination. One candidate gene, encoding the 2‐oxoglutarate/malate translocator (OsOMT), was validated for qGR11. Disruption of this gene (Osomt mutants) reduced seed vigor, including seed germination and seedling growth, in rice. Functional analysis revealed that OsOMT influences seed vigor mainly by modulating amino acid levels and glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle processes. The levels of most amino acids, including the Glu family (Glu, Pro, Arg, and GABA), Asp family (Asp, Thr, Lys, Ile, and Met), Ser family (Ser, Gly, and Cys), and others (His, Ala, Leu, and Val), were significantly reduced in the mature grains and the early germinating seeds of Osomt mutants compared to wild type (WT). The glucose and soluble sugar contents, as well as adenosine triphosphate levels, were significantly decreased in germinating seeds of Osomt mutants compared to WT. These results provide important insights into the role of OsOMT in seed vigor in rice.
Experimental Investigation of Secondary Flows and Length Reduction for a Low-Pressure Compressor Transition Duct
Authors: Tsakmakidou Dimitra , Mariah Ian , Walker A. Duncan , Hall Chris , Simpson Harry 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The need to reduce fuel-burn and emissions is pushing turbofan engines toward geared architectures with higher bypass ratios and small ultrahigh-pressure ratio cores. However, this increases the radial offset between compressor spools leading to a more challenging design for compressor transition ducts. For the duct connecting the fan to the engine core, this is further complicated by poor-quality flow generated at the fan hub, which is characterized by low total pressure and large rotating secondary flow structures. This paper presents an experimental evaluation of a new rotor designed to produce these larger flow structures and examines their effect on the performance of an engine sector stators (ESS) and compressor transition duct. Aerodynamic data were collected via five-hole probes, for time-averaged pressures and velocities and phase-locked hot-wire anemometry to capture the rotating secondary flows. The data showed that larger structures promoted mixing through the ESS increasing momentum exchange between the core and boundary layer flows. Measurements within the duct showed a continued reduction in the hub boundary layer, suggesting the duct had moved further from separation. Consequently, an aggressive duct with 12.5% length reduction was designed and tested and measurements confirmed the duct remained fully attached. Total pressure loss was slightly increased over the ESS, but this was offset by reduced loss in the duct due to improved flow quality. Overall, this length reduction represents a significant cumulative effect in reduced fuel-burn and emissions over the life of an engine.
Test and Theory for a Refined Structural Model of a Hirth Coupling
Authors: Kim Baik Jin , Oh Joseph , Palazzolo Alan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Hirth coupling transmits high torques in the rotating assemblies of compressors and turbines. Their mating surface contacts cause local changes in lateral shaft stiffness. This is affected by the teeth geometry, contact surface area, coupling preload, and surface finish at the contact faces. Industry practice ignores localized lateral flexibility from the Hirth coupling, or is guided by limited experience-based rules of thumb. The authors provide a novel modeling approach utilizing 3D solid finite elements which accounts for contact deformations, intricate interface teeth geometries, stress concentration, and surface finish. This provides an increased accuracy localized stiffness model for the Hirth coupling, to improve rotordynamic response predictions. Free–free natural frequencies of a test rotor including a Hirth coupling are experimentally measured. The rotor is instrumented with strain gauges for preload force measurements, and the Hirth coupling contacting surface profiles are measured with a stylus type surface profiler. A GW contact model is obtained from the measured surface profiles. An iterative computation algorithm is utilized to calculate Hirth coupling contact stiffness and contact pressure at the complex-shaped contact surfaces. Predicted and measured natural frequencies are compared versus preload.
Fretting Fatigue—An Integral Simulation Approach to Strengthening by Shot Peening
Authors: Gerken Patrick , Richter Christoph H. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Fretting fatigue is a limiting factor in blade attachment design for turbomachinery. Shot peening is known to be a strength increasing measure against fatigue. It is applied not only to free surfaces of components under fatigue but also to contacting surfaces subject to fretting fatigue. The present work examines the effect of shot peening on fretting fatigue resistance in fixtures of rotor blades. The chosen integral approach allows the consideration of shot peening and subsequent fretting loading in one simulation. Thus, the residual stresses and material strengthening as well as the surface waviness due to the shot peening process are included in the fretting fatigue simulation. To achieve reasonable computation times a two-dimensioinal model, calibrated to a three-dimensional unit cell model, is employed. A comparative study on fatigue endurance limits is presented for the cases with and without shot peening. With view to the different failure mechanisms met in these two cases, an initiation evaluation is carried out with the Sines criterion for the unpeened condition; a fracture mechanics approach is shown to be necessary for the evaluation of the shot peened condition.
Inflation with non-canonical scalar fields revisited
Authors: Lola Smaragda , Lymperis Andreas , Saridakis Emmanuel N. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe revisit inflation with non-canonical scalar fields by applying deformed-steepness exponential potentials. We show that the resulting scenario can lead to inflationary observables, and in particular to scalar spectral index and tensor-to-scalar ratio, in remarkable agreement with observations. Additionally, a significant advantage of the scenario is that the required parameter values, such as the non-canonicality exponent and scale, as well as the potential exponent and scale, do not need to acquire unnatural values and hence can accept a theoretical justification. Hence, we obtain a significant improvement with respect to alternative schemes, and we present distinct correlations between the model parameters that better fit the data, which can be tested in future probes. This combination of observational efficiency and theoretical justification makes the scenario at hand a good candidate for the description of inflation.
The Polynomial Solutions of Quadratic Diophantine Equation

X

2

−
p

t

Y

2

+
2
K

t

X
+
2
p

t

L

t

Y
= 0
Authors: Sankari Hasan , Abdo Ahmad 
Published: August 2021

In this study, we consider the number of polynomial solutions of the Pell equation

x

2

−
p

t

y

2

=
2

is formulated for a nonsquare polynomial

p

t

using the polynomial solutions of the Pell equation

x

2

−
p

t

y

2

=
1

. Moreover, a recurrence relation on the polynomial solutions of the Pell equation

x

2

−
p

t

y

2

=
2

. Then, we consider the number of polynomial solutions of Diophantine equation

E
:

X

2

−
p

t

Y

2

+
2
K

t

X
+
2
p

t

L

t

Y
=
0

. We also obtain some formulas and recurrence relations on the polynomial solution

X

n

,

Y

n

of

E

.
Allogeneic CAR Invariant Natural Killer T Cells Exert Potent Antitumor Effects through Host CD8 T-Cell Cross-Priming
Authors: Simonetta Federico , Lohmeyer Juliane K. , Hirai Toshihito , Maas-Bauer Kristina , Alvarez Maite , Wenokur Arielle S. , Baker Jeanette , Aalipour Amin , Ji Xuhuai , Haile Samuel , Mackall Crystal L. , Negrin Robert S. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Purpose:
The development of allogeneic chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies for off-the-shelf use is a major goal that faces two main immunologic challenges, namely the risk of graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) induction by the transferred cells and the rejection by the host immune system limiting their persistence. In this work we assessed the direct and indirect antitumor effect of allogeneic CAR-engineered invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells, a cell population without GvHD-induction potential that displays immunomodulatory properties.

Experimental Design:
After assessing murine CAR iNKT cells direct antitumor effects in vitro and in vivo, we employed an immunocompetent mouse model of B-cell lymphoma to assess the interaction between allogeneic CAR iNKT cells and endogenous immune cells.

Results:
We demonstrate that allogeneic CAR iNKT cells exerted potent direct and indirect antitumor activity when administered across major MHC barriers by inducing tumor-specific antitumor immunity through host CD8 T-cell cross-priming.

Conclusions:
In addition to their known direct cytotoxic effect, allogeneic CAR iNKT cells induce host CD8 T-cell antitumor responses, resulting in a potent antitumor effect lasting longer than the physical persistence of the allogeneic cells. The utilization of off-the-shelf allogeneic CAR iNKT cells could meet significant unmet needs in the clinic.
Compliance na área da saúde?
Authors: Siva Ana Paula Gonzatti da 
Published: August 2021

O objetivo deste artigo foi analisar a necessidade de programas de compliance na área da saúde de acordo com o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro. Para tanto, o método utilizado foi o levantamento bibliográfico e legislativo, perspectivando o tema a partir de uma análise teórico-legislativa. O trabalho está dividido em dois grandes blocos. Em um primeiro momento, buscou desvelar os principais contornos do compliance, a partir de suas raízes histórico-legislativas, seu conceito e sua finalidade. De posse desse referencial, definiram-se as razões pelas quais o instituto aplica-se aos serviços clínico-hospitalares, assim como os principais desafios que se colocam em sua adoção por essas pessoas coletivas.