bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determining the stability of accuracy of genomic estimated breeding values in future generations in commercial pig populations
Authors: Hollifield Mary Kate , Lourenco Daniela , Bermann Matias , Howard Jeremy T , Misztal Ignacy 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Genomic information has a limited dimensionality (number of independent chromosome segments [Me]) related to the effective population size. Under the additive model, the persistence of genomic accuracies over generations should be high when the nongenomic information (pedigree and phenotypes) is equivalent to Me animals with high accuracy. The objective of this study was to evaluate the decay in accuracy over time and to compare the magnitude of decay with varying quantities of data and with traits of low and moderate heritability. The dataset included 161,897 phenotypic records for a growth trait (GT) and 27,669 phenotypic records for a fitness trait (FT) related to prolificacy in a population with dimensionality around 5,000. The pedigree included 404,979 animals from 2008 to 2020, of which 55,118 were genotyped. Two single-trait models were used with all ancestral data and sliding subsets of 3-, 2-, and 1-generation intervals. Single-step genomic best linear unbiased prediction (ssGBLUP) was used to compute genomic estimated breeding values (GEBV). Estimated accuracies were calculated by the linear regression (LR) method. The validation population consisted of single generations succeeding the training population and continued forward for all generations available. The average accuracy for the first generation after training with all ancestral data was 0.69 and 0.46 for GT and FT, respectively. The average decay in accuracy from the first generation after training to generation 9 was −0.13 and −0.19 for GT and FT, respectively. The persistence of accuracy improves with more data. Old data have a limited impact on the predictions for young animals for a trait with a large amount of information but a bigger impact for a trait with less information.
Discovery of ammosesters by mining the Streptomyces uncialis DCA2648 genome revealing new insight into ammosamide biosynthesis
Authors: Luo Jun , Yang Dong , Hindra  , Adhikari Ajeeth , Dong Liao-Bin , Ye Fei , Yan Xiaohui , Rader Christoph , Shen Ben 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The ammosamides (AMMs) are a family of pyrroloquinoline alkaloids that exhibits a wide variety of bioactivities. A biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) that is highly homologous in both gene content and genetic organization to the amm BGC was identified by mining the Streptomyces uncialis DCA2648 genome, leading to the discovery of a sub-family of new AMM congeners, named ammosesters (AMEs). The AMEs feature a C-4a methyl ester, differing from the C-4a amide functional group characteristic to AMMs, and exhibit modest cytotoxicity against a broad spectrum of human cancer cell lines, expanding the structure–activity relationship for the pyrroloquinoline family of natural products. Comparative analysis of the ame and amm BGCs supports the use of a scaffold peptide as an emerging paradigm for the biosynthesis of the pyrroloquinoline family of natural products. AME and AMM biosynthesis diverges from a common intermediate by evolving the pathway-specific Ame24 O-methyltransferase and Amm20 amide synthetase, respectively. These findings will surely inspire future efforts to mimic Nature's combinatorial biosynthetic strategies for natural product structural diversity.
Death by Reinterpretation: Dynamics of Norm Contestation and the US Ban on Assassination in the Reagan Years
Authors: Trenta Luca 
Published: March 2021

AbstractRecent scholarship analyzes norm dynamics in the US context using the prohibition on assassination contained in Executive Order 12333 as the relevant norm. These studies argue that—before 9/11—the ban on assassination was largely uncontested and effectively constrained US foreign policy. In doing so, these studies overlook the impact of the Reagan administration on the evolution of the ban. This article establishes that the Reagan administration engaged in a concerted, and largely successful, effort to undermine the ban. The article relies on scholarship on norm contestation and norm robustness. The analysis identifies key features of the ban as a norm, including its ambiguity and executive character. It highlights the role and power of a cluster of US officials led by Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Director William Casey. Crucially, the analysis traces the prominence of dynamics of contestation of the ban in the context of unconventional warfare and counterterrorism. In line with existing scholarship, the analysis finds cases of validity contestation, meaning contestation, and applicatory contestation. Contrary to existing scholarship, however, the analysis stresses the radical nature of actors’ attempts to shrink the remit of the ban through applicatory contestation. This contestation was often made superfluous by the blurring—through meaning contestation—of the expectations set by the norm. A historically grounded analysis of contestation during the Reagan years provides a better understanding of how US officials (re)shaped the ban, establishing precedents for the legal, political, and discursive conventions surrounding assassination deployed after 9/11.
No Longer a ‘Lost Generation’? Opportunities and Obstacles of Online and Blended Learning Programmes for Syrian Refugees in Jordan and Lebanon
Authors: REINPRECHT CONSTANTIN , SUTER RENATA , PARRY BRONWYN , RAMPELT FLORIAN 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The displacement of a large number of Syrians has resulted in interrupted and protracted education pathways for many young Syrians. Although access to higher education (HE) has been recognised as central to avoid creating a ‘lost generation’, refugees in host countries face considerable barriers to access HE, such as cost, capacity and lack of documents. Online and blended learning opportunities have been proposed as one solution in resource-constrained environments. However, refugees’ online learning capabilities and preferences remain poorly understood, as existing research has mainly relied on key stakeholders without involving refugees directly. This article presents results from a survey of 350 secondary level educated Syrian refugees in Jordan and Lebanon conducted in 2017. We assess their online learning capabilities and subject preferences, and show how adapting online learning materials to enable smartphone learning with low bandwidth would significantly increase the potential pool of online education students. We discuss how educational organisations can best adopt these findings to improve access to HE for refugees.
Transversus abdominis plane block for lumboperitoneal shunt surgery in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: a case report
Authors: Cho Jinduck , Yeo Jinseok , Chang Sung Hyun , Yoon Sang-Youl , Park Seong-Hyun , Kang Kyunghun , Kim Chi-Hun , Hahm Myong Hun , Park Eunhee , Park Ki-Su 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block is an ideal pain control method used in surgeries that require abdominal wall incisions through the injection of an anesthetic solution into the plane between the internal oblique muscle and transversus abdominis muscle. Herein, we report an 83-year-old man who was diagnosed with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) and underwent lumboperitoneal shunt surgery (LPS). The TAP block was performed before LPS, and the numerical rating scale for pain was 0 at day 1 after the surgery. The patient was discharged early at day 3 after surgery despite the patient being extremely old, as he reported quick relief from the postoperative abdominal pain. The TAP block can hence be considered for use before LPS in elderly patients with iNPH.
Performing Berlin
Authors: Alexander Phil 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers a personal response to some of Berlin’s silent Jewish memorial spaces. It is a self-consciously symbolic and reflexive contrast to the sense of joyful noise that dominates the rest of the book. Beyond an aural version of erasure, unspeakability, or the space for reflection upon it, the chapter argues that these silent spaces must always be heard as part of their surrounding urban environment, refracting wider spatial practices and dis/order. When conventions are reversed—when the present is silent—the past can resound in surprising and provocative ways, collapsing spatial and temporal borders and escaping the ritualized boundaries of formal commemoration. This is explored through two different memorial situations: the disturbing resonances and transgressive processes of a collective silent walk and Gleis 17 railway memorial’s opening up of heterotopic “gaps” in time. Each of these examples, in different ways, frames a slippage between urban sound and memorial silence, creating a parallel symbolic space that the past and the present can inhabit simultaneously. In its unpredictable fluidity, silence becomes a mobile and subversive force, producing an imaginative space that is ambiguous, affective, and deeply meaningful. The chapter argues that the contemporary urban soundscape that slips through these silent cracks problematizes the narrative hegemony of memorial itself.
Women, Intimate Partner Violence, and the Law
Authors: Douglas Heather 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This book explores how women from diverse backgrounds interact with the law in response to intimate partner violence, over time. Every year, millions of women globally turn to law to help them live lives free and safe from violence. Women engage with child protection services and police. They apply for civil protection orders and family court orders to help them manage their children’s contact with a violent father, and take special visa pathways to avoid deportation following separation from an abuser. Women are often compelled to interact with law, through their abuser’s myriad legal applications against them. While separation may seem like a solution, it often accelerates legal engagement, providing new opportunities for continued abuse. Countless women who have experienced intimate partner violence are enmeshed in overlapping, complex, and often inconsistent legal processes. They have both fleeting and longer-term connections with legal system actors. Their stories demonstrate how abusers harness multiple aspects of the legal process, and its actors, to continue their abuse. They also highlight the regular failure of legal processes and actors to comprehend the significance of nonphysical abuse. Women show how legal system actors’ common expectation that separation is a single event, rather than a process, has implications for their connections with law and the outcomes they achieve. From time to time, the women in this study attained the safety and closure they sought from law, sometimes in circular and unexpected ways, but their narratives demonstrate the level of endurance, tenacity, and time this often required.
Transformations of Tradition
Authors: Quadri Junaid 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This book is a study of the Muslim world’s entanglement with colonial modernity. More specifically, it is an historical examination of the development of the long-standing, indigenous tradition of learning and praxis known as Islamic law (shariʿa, fiqh) as a result of its imbalanced interaction with new European modes of knowing during, and in the immediate aftermath of, the colonial experience. Drawing upon the writings of jurist-scholars from the Ḥanafī school of law writing in Cairo, Kazan, Lucknow, Baghdad, and Istanbul, Transformations of Tradition reveals several central shifts in Islamic legal writing that throw into doubt the possibility of reading its later trajectory through the lens of a continuous “tradition.” By focusing especially on the work of Muḥammad Bakhīt al-Muṭīʿī, Mufti of Egypt for a time and a leading scholar at the Azhar, Transformations of Tradition shows that the colonial moment of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries marked a significant rupture in how Muslim jurists understood history and authority, science and technology, and religion and the secular, thereby upending the very ground upon which Islamic law had until then functioned.
Introduction
Authors: Quadri Junaid 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The Introduction lays out the central themes, arguments, and problematics of the book. It introduces both Muḥammad Bakhīt al-Muṭīʿī, the figure at the center of our investigation, as well as the Irshād Ahl al-Milla ilā Ithbāt al-Ahilla, the treatise on which much of the book’s analysis focuses. A relatively unheralded text ostensibly written by Bakhīt as a response to questions forwarded to him on the ritual fasting of Ramadan in an age of increased communication, the Irshād serves as a signal example of a modern text written by a seemingly traditional scholar in conventional language that nonetheless adopts key premises of modernity. This text, I argue, raises qualms about the use of the category of “tradition” to explain the Islamic law of this period, which is instead conditioned by a colonial modernity and responsive to the demands of Egyptian modernists.
Colonialism, Translation, and Seduction
Authors: Quadri Junaid 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Chapter 3 considers what precisely it means to say that Bakhīt is a colonial figure. Given that this book places his ideas within the context of a modernity conditioned by the specter of colonialism, this chapter uncovers how colonialism figures in his writings. Examining his contributions to a new genre of literature that attempted to harmonize Islam and modern science, I argue that Bakhīt fits squarely within a colonial discourse premised on what Homi Bhabha has called mimicry. For Bhabha, mimicry does not mean a complete capitulation, but rather is indicative of an ambivalence and partiality characteristic of the native subject whose difference from the European always looms over the encounter. Bakhīt’s writings, then, constitute a partial discourse in which he at once reaffirms the modern scientism of the colonizing power and asserts an independent Arab-Islamic civilization with an illustrious past that is available for reactivation.
Religion, the Secular, and Language
Authors: Quadri Junaid 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Chapter 5 examines the impact of processes of secularization on Bakhīt’s thought. Despite being strongly opposed to the encroaching influence of secularist arguments such as that of ʿAlī ʿAbd al-Rāziq, this chapter seeks to outline how Bakhīt comes to reformulate the category of religion in a peculiarly modern way indicative of a certain type of secularity. This question emerges from the problematic with which I opened in the introduction: namely, the fiqhī validity of “religious reports” transmitted by new telegraphic technology. Whereas the prevailing Ḥanafī tradition was interested in regulating, constraining, and guiding human sociality through the maintenance of procedural parameters within which knowledge reports became “actionable” because they were circulated through the proper judicial authorities, Bakhīt is interested in emphasizing “religious matters” as intellectual entities, independent of the materiality of judicial institutions and new technologies. This stands in contrast to the integrated worldview which informed premodern shariʿa in which sociality and proceduralism were constitutive features of what it meant to do law.
Modeling Multisystemic Resilience
Authors: Ungar Michael 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Search for the term resilience and one finds definitions that vary widely between fields as diverse as ecology, disaster management, developmental psychology, neuroscience, engineering, and economics. Each definition emphasizes a shift in focus from breakdown and disorder to systemic recovery, adaptation, or systemwide transformation during and after exposure to adversity. Seldom, however, have researchers in the natural and human sciences explored the link between the resilience of one system and the resilience of mutually dependent, co-occurring supraordinate and subordinate systems. In this chapter, the author presents a comprehensive theory of resilience that draws together the research done by a range of disciplines where the term resilience has been used as an organizing concept. Using this diverse body of work, this chapter (a) starts with a discussion of definitions that both distinguish fields of resilience research from one another and suggests concurrence in how resilience is understood; (b) presents a model that accounts for the complex reciprocal relationships that enhance the resilience of co-occurring biological, psychological, social, built, and natural systems; (c) reviews seven principles that explain the processes of recovery, adaptation, and transformation of systems under stress; and (4) discusses the implications of a systemic understanding of resilience to the design of interventions that promote change to preferred patterns of functioning when systems are under stress.
Resilience Humanitarianism and Peacebuilding
Authors: Panter-Brick Catherine 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
How do we build the foundations for more resilient social, economic, and political systems and link individual with collective resilience to sustain change across generations? These are pressing questions in the fields of resilience humanitarianism and peacebuilding, fields that seek transformative, sustainable changes to achieve ambitious goals affecting research, policy and practice. This chapter provides three examples of systems-level thinking on resilience that have structured the architecture of the humanitarian and peacebuilding agenda. These examples offer proof-of-concept approaches to synergistically foster wealth, health, and peace, in ways that link: resilience and peacebuilding to household wealth and food security; resilience and social cohesion to individual health and stress regulation; and cultures of peace to caregiving and early child development. They emphasize a theory of change that strives to strengthen the social compact between state, civil society, and families in contexts of fragility, conflict, or forced displacement. Resilience is an everyday practice for crisis-affected communities, one rooted in the political economy of social action and structural transformation. Efforts to build systems-level resilience require careful work with respect to conceptual clarity, meaningful measurement, and grounded intervention.
Resilience of Legal Systems
Authors: Ruhl J. B. , Cosens Barbara , Soininen Niko 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Resilience theory, also known as resilience thinking, has emerged as a powerful theoretical framework for many disciplines. Legal theorists have, however, only in the past decade begun to contextualize resilience thinking for legal systems. This chapter summarizes where resilience thinking has gone thus far in legal theory and recommends where it should go from here. The authors start by asking the two fundamental questions of resilience thinking, putting them in the context of legal systems: resilience of what and resilience to what? Because of the special role legal systems play in the governance of complex social-ecological systems, the authors add a third question: resilience for what? We then explore five key features of system resilience as they relate to legal systems: (a) reliability, (b) efficiency, (c) scalability, (d) modularity, and (e) evolvability. Using environmental law as a case study, the discussion offers concrete examples of how each property manifests and operates in legal systems. The authors close with an exploration of how what has been learned thus far about legal system resilience from theoretical research and practical experiences should shape future research, in particular toward a deeper understanding of adaptive governance.
Courage
Authors: King Nathan L. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines intellectual courage, the virtue needed to persist in pursuit of our intellectual aims despite threats. It notes that courage is commonly exercised not just in our efforts to gain knowledge, but also in our efforts to keep and share it. It locates intellectual courage in relation to the vices of intellectual cowardice (a deficiency) and rashness (an excess). The chapter then argues that courage centrally concerns our persistence in the face of threats rather than fears, as is commonly thought. The chapter closes by examining courage in the context of psychological experiments on conformity, and by encouraging the reader to find opportunities to act courageously in the midst of intellectual activities.
Duplicated, Twisted, and in the Wrong Place
Authors: Scholtz Gerhard 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The study of malformations is an important tool to understand mechanisms and causes of development and regeneration. Moreover, malformations indicate the morphological potential of living beings. Hence, a deeper understanding of how, to what degree, and why organismal structures can deviate from their normal expression is interesting in an evolutionary and ecological context. Like other arthropods, and animals in general, crustaceans show a certain variety of naturally occurring malformations of different body parts. This review is restricted to those that affect the axes of appendages and the trunk. Hence, the various patterns of axis distortion are described and classified. At the general level, malformations concerning limbs are discriminated from those that alter other body outgrowths and those that affect the pattern of the trunk. Among malformation of limbs and other body appendages, misplaced structures, fissions, and fusions are classified. Conjoined twins and distorted body segments are the main features of trunk malformations. The putative causes of malformations are discussed with respect to comparative and experimental approaches. Furthermore, gene expression studies, theories, and models, such as Hans Meinhardt’s Boundary Model, are applied to explain malformations at the level of pattern formation. Apparently, many malformations are not genetic mutations and thus not inheritable, but are instead the result of distortions during early development and regeneration artifacts based on injuries, high temperature, and toxic substances. Compared with other arthropod groups, there are very few experimental studies addressing malformations in crustaceans. Hence, the causes for specific patterns of deformities remain largely obscure.
Hatching
Authors: Fritsch Martin , Olesen Jørgen , Møller Sten Ole , Loose Günther 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Hatching in crustaceans is an active mechanism in which free, mobile individuals are released from the egg envelopes. For the majority of species, this marks the transition from the embryonic phase of the life cycle, which is spatially constrained by the egg, and the free-living phase. The hatching process of crustaceans has so far not been subject to a detailed comparative treatment across taxa and thus we know little of the diversity of mechanisms, timing in relation to other developmental processes, or evolutionary history. Here we attempt to provide an overview of this diversity throughout the Crustacea. To this end, we treat a particular set of subjects that we consider relevant to the hatching process: the morphology of the involved structures (egg membranes, specialized hatching structures of the hatchling, morphology of the hatchling itself), mechanics of hatchling release, biochemical processes involved in egg shell degradation, maternal and embryonic control and initiation of hatching, as well as the temporal pattern of hatching-related events. A common feature of the hatching mechanism in the majority of crustacean species is an osmotic swelling of the embryo caused by active water uptake prior to hatching, which builds up pressure against the inside of the envelopes. The remaining features vary according to developmental mode and ecological parameters, but the causality behind many hatching-related features remains unclear. However, we conclude that the particular life history strategy can have a strong impact on the relative timing of hatching events.