bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Brief Motivational Intervention Differentially Reduces Sugar-sweetened Beverage (SSB) Consumption
Authors: Mason Ashley E , Schmidt Laura , Ishkanian Laura , Jacobs Laurie M , Leung Cindy , Jensen Leeane , Cohn Michael A , Schleicher Samantha , Hartman Alison R , Wojcicki Janet M , Lustig Robert H , Epel Elissa S 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
Environmental and behavioral interventions hold promise to reduce sugar-sweetened beverage (SSBs) consumption.

Purpose
To test, among frequent SSB consumers, whether motivations to consume SSBs moderated the effects of (a) a workplace SSB sales ban (environmental intervention) alone, and (b) a “brief motivational intervention” (BI) in addition to the sales ban, on changes in SSB consumption.

Methods
We assessed whether (1) baseline motivations to consume SSBs (craving, psychological stress, or taste enjoyment) impacted changes in daily SSB consumption at 6-month follow-up among frequent (&gt;12oz of SSBs/day) SSB consumers (N = 214); (2) participants randomized to the BI (n = 109) versus to the sales ban only (n = 105) reported greater reductions in SSB consumption at follow-up; and (3) motivations to consume SSBs moderated any changes in SSB consumption.

Results
In response to the sales ban alone, individuals with stronger SSB cravings (+1 SD) at baseline showed significantly smaller reductions in daily SSB consumption at 6-month follow-up relative to individuals with weaker (−1 SD) SSB cravings (2.5 oz vs. 22.5 oz), p &lt; .01. Receiving the BI significantly increased reductions for those with stronger SSB cravings: Among individuals with stronger cravings, those who received the BI evidenced significantly greater reductions in daily SSB consumption [M(SE) = −19.2 (2.74) oz] than those who did not [M(SE) = −2.5 (2.3) oz, p &lt; .001], a difference of 16.72 oz.

Conclusions
Frequent SSB consumers with stronger SSB cravings report minimal reductions in daily SSB consumption with a sales ban only, but report greater reductions if they also receive a motivational intervention. Future multilevel interventions for institutions should consider both environmental and individualized multi-level interventions.

Clinical Trial information
NCT02585336.
What Determines Step-Rate at Work? An Investigation of Factors at the Shift, Worker, Ward, and Nursing Home Levels in Eldercare
Authors: Stevens Matthew L , Karstad Kristina , Mathiassen Svend Erik , Januario Leticia Bergamin , Holtermann Andreas , Hallman David M 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Current knowledge on the determinants of step-rate at different organizational levels is limited. Thus, our aim was to identify, in eldercare, at what workplace level differences in step-rate occur and to identify determinants of workers’ step-rate at these levels.

Methods
Participants were 420 eldercare workers from 17 nursing homes (126 wards) in Denmark. Accelerometry was used to assess step-rate (steps per hour) of workers over multiple shifts. We assessed various determinants at different levels of the workplace, i.e. at the (i) shift, (ii) worker, (iii) ward, and (iv) nursing home levels. Variance components analysis identified the percentage contribution to total variance in step-rate from each respective level. Multi-level linear regression modelling was used to investigate the association between candidate determinants at each level and step-rate.

Results
Differences in eldercare workers’ step-rate occurred primarily between shifts (within workers; 44.9%) and between workers (within wards; 49.1%). A higher step-rate was associated with: (i) weekend and evening shifts (versus weekday/day); (ii) job as a care helper (versus care aide) and an increased proportion of time spent on direct care tasks; (iii) working in a somatic ward (versus dementia), an increased resident–staff ratio and permission to take unscheduled breaks; and (iv) lack of elevators.

Conclusions
We found that nearly all variability in step-rate in eldercare work occurs between shifts (within workers) and between workers (within wards). The main determinants of step-rate were related to the type of shift, type of work tasks, staffing ratio, break policy, and availability of elevators.
Grow or go? Energetic constraints on shark pup dispersal from pupping areas
Authors: McMillan M N , Semmens J M , Huveneers C , Sims D W , Stehfest K M , Gillanders B M 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMany sharks and other marine taxa use natal areas to maximize survival of young, meaning such areas are often attributed conservation value. The use of natal areas is often linked to predator avoidance or food resources. However, energetic constraints that may influence dispersal of young and their use of natal areas are poorly understood. We combined swim-tunnel respirometry, calorimetry, lipid class analysis and a bioenergetics model to investigate how energy demands influence dispersal of young in a globally distributed shark. The school shark (a.k.a. soupfin, tope), Galeorhinus galeus, is Critically Endangered due to overfishing and is one of many sharks that use protected natal areas in Australia. Energy storage in neonate pups was limited by small livers, low overall lipid content and low levels of energy storage lipids (e.g. triacylglycerols) relative to adults, with energy stores sufficient to sustain routine demands for 1.3–4 days (mean ± SD: 2.4 ± 0.8 days). High levels of growth-associated structural lipids (e.g. phospholipids) and high energetic cost of growth suggested large investment in growth during residency in natal areas. Rapid growth (~40% in length) between birth in summer and dispersal in late autumn–winter likely increased survival by reducing predation and improving foraging ability. Delaying dispersal may allow prioritization of growth and may also provide energy savings through improved swimming efficiency and cooler ambient temperatures (daily ration was predicted to fall by around a third in winter). Neonate school sharks are therefore ill-equipped for large-scale dispersal and neonates recorded in the northwest of their Australian distribution are likely born locally, not at known south-eastern pupping areas. This suggests the existence of previously unrecorded school shark pupping areas. Integrated bioenergetic approaches as applied here may help to understand dispersal from natal areas in other taxa, such as teleost fishes, elasmobranchs and invertebrates.
Low desiccation and thermal tolerance constrains a terrestrial amphibian to a rare and disappearing microclimate niche
Authors: Hoffmann Emily P , Cavanough Karen L , Mitchell Nicola J 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDrier and hotter conditions caused by climate change threaten species that exist close to their physiological limits, as well as those with limited ability to move. Habitat specialists may also be particularly vulnerable if they have specific abiotic requirements. Here we assess whether thermal and hydric constraints can explain the highly restricted and declining distributions of the critically endangered terrestrial-breeding frog, Geocrinia alba. We also evaluate the species’ vulnerability to climate change based on the similarity of current microclimatic conditions to their physiological limits. We found that G. alba had low thresholds of thermal and desiccation tolerance relative to other anuran species. The estimated thermal optimum (Topt) and critical thermal maxima (CTmax) were 23.3°C and 29.6°C, respectively, and adult frogs had an absorption threshold (AT, the lowest water potential at which water can be absorbed from a substrate) of −50 kPa, the lowest recorded for an amphibian. Comparing environmental conditions and water loss in the field using agar models showed that riparian habitats where frogs occur provide a unique microclimate in the landscape, offering significantly lower desiccation risk during extreme summer conditions compared to immediately adjacent riparian and terrestrial habitats. Monitoring of microclimate conditions within occupied frog habitats over 2 years showed that in extreme dry and hot years the AT was exceeded at six of eight sites, and Topt was exceeded at two of eight sites. Given their specific physiological limits, the apparent rarity of suitable microclimates and a regional drying–warming trend, we suggest that G. alba occupies a potentially disappearing niche and may be indicative of other habitat specialists that rely on ephemeral drainages. More broadly, this study highlights that desiccation thresholds may tightly constrain amphibian distributions and need to be considered along with thermal tolerance thresholds when predicting the impacts of climate change.
Prognostic implications of cardiac damage classification based on computed tomography in severe aortic stenosis
Authors: Hirasawa Kensuke , vanRosendael Philippe J , Fortuni Federico , Singh Gurpreet K , Kuneman Jurrien H , Vollema E Mara , Ajmone Marsan Nina , Knuuti Juhani , Bax Jeroen J , Delgado Victoria 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Aims
An echocardiographic staging system of severe aortic stenosis (AS) based on additional extra-valvular cardiac damage has been associated with prognosis after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). Multidetector row computed tomography (MDCT) is key in the evaluation of AS patients undergoing TAVI and can potentially detect extra-valvular cardiac damage. This study aimed at evaluating the prognostic implications of an MDCT staging system of severe AS in patients undergoing TAVI.

Methods and results
A total of 405 patients (80 ± 7 years, 52% men) who underwent full-beat MDCT prior to TAVI were included. The extent of cardiac damage was assessed by MDCT and classified in five categories; Stage 0 (no cardiac damage), Stage 1 (left ventricular damage), Stage 2 (left atrium and mitral valve damage), Stage 3 (right atrial damage), and Stage 4 (right ventricular damage). Twenty-seven (7%) patients were stratified as Stage 0, 96 (24%) as Stage 1, 152 (38%) as Stage 2, 78 (19%) as Stage 3, and 52 (13%) as Stage 4. During a median follow-up of 3.7 (IQR 1.7–5.5) years, 150 (37%) died. On multivariable Cox regression analysis, cardiac damage Stage 3 (HR vs. Stage 0: 4.496, P = 0.039) and Stage 4 (HR vs. Stage 0: 5.565, P = 0.020) were independently associated with all-cause mortality.

Conclusion
The MDCT-based staging system of cardiac damage in severe AS effectively identifies the patients who are at higher risk of death after TAVI.
Colchicine and the heart
Authors: Imazio Massimo , Nidorf Mark 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Colchicine is a unique, sophisticated anti-inflammatory agent that has been used for decades for the prevention of acute inflammatory flares in gout and familial Mediterranean fever. In recent years, clinical trials have demonstrated its potential in a range of cardiovascular (CV) conditions. Colchicine is avidly taken up by leucocytes, and its ability to bind to tubulin and interfere with microtubular function affects the expression of cytokines and interleukins, and the ability of neutrophils to marginate, ingress, aggregate, express superoxide, release neutrophil extracellular traps, and interact with platelets. In patients with acute and recurrent pericarditis, clinical trials in &gt;1600 patients have consistently shown that colchicine halves the risk of recurrence [relative risk (RR) 0.50, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.42–0.60]. In patients with acute and chronic coronary syndromes, multicentre randomized controlled trials in &gt;11 000 patients followed for up to 5 years demonstrated that colchicine may reduce the risk of CV death, myocardial infarction, ischaemic stroke and ischaemia-driven revascularization by &gt;30% (RR 0.63, 95% CI 0.49–0.81). The use of colchicine at doses of 0.5–1.0 mg daily in CV trials has proved safe. Early gastrointestinal intolerance limits its use in ∼10% of patients; however, ∼90% of patients tolerate it well over the long term. Despite isolated case reports, clinically relevant drug interactions with moderate to strong CYP3A4 inhibitors/competitors or P-glycoprotein inhibitors/competitors are rare if this dosage of colchicine is used in the absence of advanced renal or liver disease. The aim of this review is to summarize the contemporary data supporting the efficacy and safety of colchicine in patients with CV disease.
Linear and Nonlinear Associations Between Physical Activity, Body Composition, and Multimorbidity Over 10 Years Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Authors: Balogun Saliu A , Aitken Dawn , Wu Feitong , Scott David , Jones Graeme , Winzenberg Tania 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
This study aims to describe the relationships between physical activity (PA), body composition, and multimorbidity over 10 years.

Method
Participants (N = 373; 49% women; average age 61.3 ± 6.7 years) were followed for 10 years. Multimorbidity was defined by self-report as the presence of 2 or more of 12 listed chronic conditions. PA (steps per day) at baseline was assessed by pedometer, handgrip strength (HGS) by dynamometer, and appendicular lean mass (ALM) and total body fat mass by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Relative HGS and ALM were calculated by dividing each body mass index (BMI). Regression cubic splines were used to assess evidence for a nonlinear relationship.

Results
After 10 years, 45% participants had multimorbidity. There was a nonlinear relationship between PA and multimorbidity—PA was associated with lower multimorbidity risk among individuals who engaged in &lt;10 000 steps/d (relative risk [RR] = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.85, 0.97, per 1 000 steps/d), but not among those who participated in ≥10 000 steps/d (RR = 1.04, 95% CI: 0.93, 1.09, per 1 000 steps/d). Higher BMI (RR = 1.05, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.08, per kg/m2) and fat mass (RR = 1.03, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.04, per kg), and lower relative HGS (RR = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.77, 0.94, per 0.1 psi/kg/m2) and ALM (RR = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.88, 0.98, per 0.1 kg/kg/m2) were linearly associated with a higher risk of multimorbidity. Absolute HGS and ALM were not significantly associated with multimorbidity.

Discussion
These findings highlight the potential clinical importance of maintaining adequate levels of PA and of reducing adiposity and maintaining muscle function for minimizing the risk of multimorbidity in older adults.
The Association Between Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Resting-State Prefrontal Cortex Oxygenation Is Modified by Self-Reported Physical Activity: Results From The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing
Authors: McDowell Cillian P , Newman Louise , Monroe Derek C , O’Connor John D , Knight Silvin P , Kenny Rose Anne , Herring Matt P 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIndividuals with anxiety disorders exhibit lower intrinsic functional connectivity between prefrontal cortical areas and subcortical regions. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is sensitive to the acute and chronic effects of physical activity (PA), while the anxiolytic effects of PA are well known. The current study examined the association of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and its interaction with PA, with resting-state, left PFC oxygenation. This cross-sectional study used data from participants (N = 2444) from The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing, a nationally representative prospective study of community-living adults aged 50 and older in Ireland. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview Short-Form determined fulfillment of criteria for GAD. The short-form International Physical Activity Questionnaire determined adherence to the World Health Organization PA guidelines. Resting-state, left PFC oxygenation was continuously measured via a Portalite. Tissue saturation index (TSI) was calculated as the ratio of oxygenated hemoglobin to total tissue hemoglobin (expressed as a percentage) for the final minute of a 5-minute supine-rest period. Multivariable linear regression quantified associations of GAD with TSI in the total population and population stratified by PA status. Participants with GAD had lower TSI (b = −1.416, p = .008) compared to those without GAD. However, this association was modified by PA. Among participants who met the PA guidelines, TSI did not differ according to GAD status (b = −0.800, p = .398). For participants who did not meet the guidelines, TSI was significantly lower among those with GAD (b = −1.758, p = .004). These findings suggest that PA may help to protect brain health among older adults with GAD.
“Don’t Talk to Them About Goals of Care”: Understanding Disparities in Advance Care Planning
Authors: Ashana Deepshikha Charan , D’Arcangelo Noah , Gazarian Priscilla K , Gupta Avni , Perez Stephen , Reich Amanda J , Tjia Jennifer , Halpern Scott D , Weissman Joel S , Ladin Keren 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
Structurally marginalized groups experience disproportionately low rates of advance care planning (ACP). To improve equitable patient-centered end-of-life care, we examine barriers and facilitators to ACP among clinicians as they are central participants in these discussions.

Method
In this national study, we conducted semi-structured interviews with purposively selected clinicians from 6 diverse health systems between August 2018 and June 2019. Thematic analysis yielded themes characterizing clinicians’ perceptions of barriers and facilitators to ACP among patients, and patient-centered ways of overcoming them.

Results
Among 74 participants, 49 (66.2%) were physicians, 16.2% were nurses, and 13.5% were social workers. Most worked in primary care (35.1%), geriatrics (21.1%), and palliative care (19.3%) settings. Clinicians most frequently expressed difficulty discussing ACP with certain racial and ethnic groups (African American, Hispanic, Asian, and Native American) (31.1%), non-native English speakers (24.3%), and those with certain religious beliefs (Catholic, Orthodox Jewish, and Muslim) (13.5%). Clinicians were more likely to attribute barriers to ACP completion to patients (62.2%), than to clinicians (35.1%) or health systems (37.8%). Three themes characterized clinicians’ difficulty approaching ACP (preconceived views of patients’ preferences, narrow definitions of successful ACP, and lack of institutional resources), while the final theme illustrated facilitators to ACP (acknowledging bias and rejecting stereotypes, mission-driven focus on ACP, and acceptance of all preferences).

Conclusions
Most clinicians avoided ACP with certain racial and ethnic groups, those with limited English fluency, and persons with certain religious beliefs. Our findings provide evidence to support development of clinician-level and institutional-level interventions and to reduce disparities in ACP.
Crustal Lg-wave attenuation in Southeast Asia and its implications for regional tectonic evolution
Authors: Luo Yi , Zhao Lian-Feng , Ge Zeng-Xi , Xie Xiao-Bi , Yao Zhen-Xing 
Published: March 2021

SUMMARYThe crustal attenuation structure can effectively reveal the rheology and thermal properties of different geological blocks, and can provide seismological constraints on regional tectonic evolution. Based on 11 306 vertical-component Lg-wave seismograms recorded at 111 broad-band stations from 891 crustal earthquakes that occurred between 1994 and 2020, a broad-band Lg-wave attenuation model is obtained for Southeast Asia. This study demonstrates the capability of applying crustal Lg-wave attenuation inversion in a complex region mixed with continents, islands and marginal seas. The resolution approaches 2° in most parts in the study region. Lg blockages are observed at places with sharp Moho depth changes. The resultant Q models are consistent with regional geologic structures provided by previous studies. Prominent low-attenuation anomalies are located in the Sundaland Core containing stable ancient crust, including Indochina, Malay Peninsula, East Sumatra, Sunda Shelf and Borneo Core. Regions with strong attenuation are associated with complex tectonic conditions, such as the Indo–Australian subduction zone, sutures in Sarawak and Sabah. The observed Lg-wave attenuation characteristics provide constraints on the tectonic affinities and evolutions of the geological blocks. The results show that the Borneo Core remained stable since its accretion with the Sundaland Core. Ancient blocks are characterized by weak Lg attenuation, whereas geologically younger terranes are often characterized by strong Lg attenuation, which can be exploited to better understand the separation and convergence of plates during the tectonic evolution.
Crystal rotations and alignment in spatially varying magma flows: 2-D examples of common subvolcanic flow geometries
Authors: Vachon Rémi , Bazargan Mohsen , Hieronymus Christoph F , Ronchin Erika , Almqvist Bjarne 
Published: March 2021

Summary
Elongate inclusions immersed in a viscous fluid generally rotate at a rate that is different from the local angular velocity of the flow. Often, a net alignment of the inclusions develops, and the resulting shape preferred orientation of the particle ensemble can then be used as a strain marker that allows reconstruction of the fluid’s velocity field. Much of the previous work on the dynamics of flow-induced particle rotations has focused on spatially homogeneous flows with large-scale tectonic deformations as the main application. Recently, the theory has been extended to spatially varying flows, such as magma with embedded crystals moving through a volcanic plumbing system. Additionally, an evolution equation has been introduced for the probability density function of crystal orientations. Here, we apply this new theory to a number of simple, 2-D flow geometries commonly encountered in magmatic intrusions, such as flow from a dyke into a reservoir or from a reservoir into a dyke, flow inside an inflating or deflating reservoir, flow in a dyke with a sharp bend, and thermal convection in a magma chamber. The main purpose is to provide a guide for interpreting field observations and for setting up more complex flow models with embedded crystals. As a general rule, we find that a larger aspect ratio of the embedded crystals causes a more coherent alignment of the crystals, while it has only a minor effect on the geometry of the alignment pattern. Due to various perturbations in the crystal rotation equations that are expected in natural systems, we show that the time-periodic behaviour found in idealized systems is probably short-lived in nature, and the crystal alignment is well described by the time-averaged solution. We also confirm some earlier findings. For example, near channel walls, fluid flow often follows the bounding surface and the resulting simple shear flow causes preferred crystal orientations that are approximately parallel to the boundary. Where pure shear deformation dominates, there is a tendency for crystals to orient themselves in the direction of the greatest tensile strain rate. Where flow impinges on a boundary, for example in an inflating magma chamber or as part of a thermal convection pattern, the stretching component of pure shear aligns with the boundary, and the crystals orient themselves in that direction. In the field, this local pattern may be difficult to distinguish from a boundary-parallel simple shear flow. Pure shear also dominates along the walls of a deflating magma chamber and in places where the flow turns away from the reservoir walls, but in these locations, the preferred crystal orientation is perpendicular to the wall. Overall, we find that our calculated patterns of crystal orientations agree well with results from analogue experiments where similar geometries are available.