bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
11 Metal Amino Acid Chelates/complexes with Emphasis on Molecule Absorption and Efficacy Differences in Swine
Authors: Wedekind Karen J 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The objective of this presentation will be to discuss differences in the molecular structures between various organic trace minerals (OTM) and inorganic trace minerals (ITM) and discuss how these properties impact stability, absorption, bioavailability and retention. The Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) lists several different categories of OTM including chelates, complexes and proteinates. Typical ligands include organic acids, amino acids, peptides and polysaccharides. It is widely known that bioavailability of ITM is low, primarily due to the presence of antagonisms such as phytate and/or fiber or excesses of other minerals. For this reason, inclusions of trace minerals (e.g. Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe) are often added in commercial livestock diets at 2–3-fold higher concentrations than recommended by NRC. Feeding highly bioavailable trace minerals is important. These minerals are required components of thousands of the proteins, enzymes and transcription factors that support a wide variety of biochemical processes in the cells and tissues of animals. These functions include gene regulation, cell growth and division, immune development and function, tissue development and integrity, reproduction and oxidative stress management. Low bioavailability of these trace minerals can reduce animal performance, immune function, reproductive performance and increase lameness. Numerous in vitro and in vivo methodologies have been used to compare bioavailability and demonstrate higher stability, tissue retention and digestibility of OTM vs ITM. Sow longevity is a key factor in commercial swine herd profitability. Reproductive problems and lameness are the most common reasons for premature sow culling from breeding herds. Compared to ITM, OTM reduced gilt and sow mortality 9–17% (P &lt; 0.10), culling rate 20–35% (P &lt; 0.01) and increased sow retention (through parity 3) 5–10%; (P &lt; 0.01). Greater bioavailability translates to biological benefits to the producer, however, our findings demonstrate that not all OTM perform better than ITM.
131 Zilpaterol Hydrochloride and Heat Stress Each Alter the Cattle Adipose Transcriptome and Predicted to Alter Molecular Pathways After 21 Days
Authors: Reith Rachel R , Sieck Renae L , Grijalva Pablo Cesar , Diaz Duarte E , Schmidt Ty B , Yates Dustin T , Petersen Jessica L 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Heat stress reduces livestock performance while supplementation of beta-adrenergic agonists (βAA) such as zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH) improve production efficiency; both stimulate lipolysis. The objective of this study was to understand the effects (independent, interacting) of heat stress and ZH on the subcutaneous adipose transcriptome in fed steers. 24 Red Angus steers were assigned to thermoneutral (TN; THI=68) or heat stress (HS; THI=83) conditions and fed no supplement (NS) or ZH (8.33 mg/kg/day) for 21d in a 2x2 factorial. TN steers were pair-fed the HS daily average. Subcutaneous adipose samples were collected at day -3, 3, 10, and 21. RNA was isolated and sequenced using 3’ Tag-Seq reads to a depth of 3.6 million reads/sample. Transcripts were mapped to ARS-UCD1.2 and quantified. After quality control, differential expression (DE) analyses were performed in DESeq2 with a significance threshold (FRD) of 0.05. Pathway analysis was used to explore pathways affected by HS, ZH, and their interaction using DE loci (P &lt; 0.05). The acute phase response signaling pathway was predicted to be activated at 3d, but inhibited at 10d and 21d by the combination of HS and ZH. At multiple time points, inflammatory pathways including those for interferon and IL-8 were predicted to be activated by HS. Mitochondrial function pathways including oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and TCA cycle II were altered by ZH. Adipose centric pathways for phospholipase-C and protein kinase-A signaling were altered by HS/ZH interaction while glycolysis was altered solely by HS. These data support the hypothesis that exposing cattle to HS conditions and ZH supplementation alters the subcutaneous adipose transcriptome, but not necessarily in an additive fashion. These data provide information regarding the supplementation of βAA in heat stress environments, especially if it mediates the effects of HS.
23 Effects of Rubber Matting on Cattle Locomotion Scores in Slatted Facilities
Authors: Dawson Cody , Henley Parker , Schroeder Adam , Hayes Courtney , Felix Tara , Shike Daniel W , McCann Joshua C 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The objective was to determine effects of interlocking rubber floor matting in slatted indoor cattle feeding facilities on cattle locomotion. In experiment 1, Fall-born Angus × Simmental steers (N = 206; BW = 228 ± 34 kg) were blocked by weight and assigned to 32 pens. Pens were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments: new Max Grip Animat matting (MG), new Animat Pebble matting (PEB), old Animat Pebble matting (OLD), and no matting/concrete slating (CONC). Steers were fed a common diet for 209 d with an average stocking density of 3.70 m2 per steer. Locomotion scores were assigned by two trained staff using a 0–3 scale of the Step-Up® Locomotion Scoring System (Zinpro, Eden Prairie, MN) throughout both experiments. There was no treatment by day interaction (P = 0.88) observed. Treatment affected (P &lt; 0.01) locomotion scores with CONC being the greatest and MG, PEB, and OLD being lesser and not different from each other. Locomotion scores also increased (P &lt; 0.01) over time. In experiment 2, Fall-born Angus × Simmental steers (n = 189; BW = 352 ± 43 kg) were blocked by weight and assigned to 21 pens. Pens were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: new Animat Pebble matting (PEB2), old Animat Pebble matting (OLD2), or no matting/concrete slating (CONC2). Steers were fed a common diet for 152 d with an average stocking density of 2.64 m2 per steer. There was no treatment by day interaction (P = 0.42) observed. However, both treatment and day affected (P ≤ 0.02) locomotion scores. Steers on CONC2 had the greatest locomotion score, while PEB2 and OLD2 were not different from each other. Locomotion scores were the greatest on d 152. Overall, results suggest new and old rubber floor matting improved locomotion scores of feedlot steers in slatted indoor cattle feeding facilities.
31 Using Caloric Efficiency to Estimate the Energy Value of Expelled, Extruded Soybean Meal Relative to Dehulled, Solvent-extracted Soybean Meal and Its Effects on Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs
Authors: Blomme Allison K , Wecker Haley , Stark Charles R , Paulk Chad B 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This study aimed to estimate the net energy value of expelled, extruded soybean meal (MSBM) relative to dehulled, solvent-extracted soybean meal (SBM) and determine its effects on growth performance of late nursery pigs. Analyzed values for CP, EE, CF, and lysine for the SBM were 47.28%, 0.47%, 3.80%, and 3.00% while the MSBM contained 47.41%, 6.88%, 5.32%, 2.99% respectively. A total of 297 pigs (DNA 200 x 400) were placed into 60 pens (2 rooms of 30 pens) with 5 pigs per pen balanced by gender and weaning weight. Pigs were fed common diets for 21 days. Then, pens of pigs (BW 9.3 kg) were randomly assigned to one of five treatments to provide 12 replications per treatment. Treatments consisted of increasing amounts of MSBM replacing SBM in the diet (0, 25, 50, 75, 100%). All diets were fed for 28 days and were formulated to 1.30% standardized ileal digestible lysine and met or exceeded NRC (2012) recommendations for lysine:amino acids, calcium, and phosphorus. The SBM diet was formulated to 2421 kcal/kg and net energy (NE) was not balanced between diets. Data were analyzed using Proc GLIMMIX (SAS 9.4; Cary, NC) with pen as the experimental unit and room as the blocking factor. There was no evidence of differences in ADG and ADFI in pigs fed diets with increasing concentrations of MSBM. Pigs fed diets with increasing concentrations of MSBM had improved (linear, P &lt; 0.001) G:F and caloric efficiency on an NE basis. In conclusion, using caloric efficiency to estimate NE of the MSBM relative to SBM, MSBM was estimated to have a value of 123% of SBM NE or 2566 kcal/kg. This increase in NE resulted in improved feed efficiency of nursery pigs.
32 Assessment of Dry-Aged Beef from Commercial Aging Locations Across the United States
Authors: Lancaster Jessica M , Smart Jaxon , Buseman Brianna , Van Buren Jessie B , Weber Tanya , Insausti Kizkitza , Nasados James , Glaze Benton B , Price William , Colle Michael , Bass Phillip 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Dry-aging is a practice that involves storing meat at refrigerated temperatures without protective packaging. Despite the increase in dry-aged beef popularity, relatively little is known about commercial dry-aging parameters. Thus, the objectives of this study were to determine dry-aging parameters of commercial aging facilities and their influence on eating quality (acceptability, flavor, tenderness, and juiciness) of dry-aged beef from locations across the United States. Sixty-six Certified Angus Beef® brand bone-in beef strip loins (IMPS #175) were randomly assigned to ten commercial dry-aging facilities across the United States. An additional six strip loins were wet-aged for 45-days as a negative control. Strip loins were shipped overnight to aging locations where a 45-day dry aging period transpired before being returned for subsequent analysis, upon completion of aging. Objective color, pH, and water activity were measured post aging, at the time of processing. Strip loins were then fabricated, and steaks were vacuum packaged and frozen until further analysis. Intrinsic quality parameters objective color (L*, a*, b*), pH, and water activity were not different (P &gt; 0.05) between strip loins aged 45 days by location. Cooler conditions including temperature, percent relative humidity, and air speed were different (P &lt; 0.01) across aging locations. Pacific Northwest consumer panelists indicated a difference in overall acceptability (P &lt; 0.01), tenderness (P = 0.01), and flavor (P &lt; 0.01) based on aging location. Additionally, consumers detected (P &lt; 0.01) unique dry-aging flavors for individual aging locations including cheesy and nutty attributes. Research indicates individual dry-aging facility conditions aid in producing unique dry-aged beef products according to U.S. consumers from the Pacific Northwest Region.
34 Effect of Feeding Vitamin D Supplementation on Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism When Piglets Are Fed a DON Contaminated Diet
Authors: Sauvé Béatrice , Létourneau-Montminy Marie-Pierre , Guay Frédéric 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
DON has been shown to induce anorexia, oxidative stress, and more recently, alterations in calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) metabolism. It was thus hypothesized that vitamin D3 or 25-OH-D3 can counteract the effects of DON in piglets. The objectives were to confirm the DON effect and to evaluate the impact of a vitamin D supplementation on growth performance and Ca and P metabolism on piglets receiving a DON contaminated feed. A total of 66 piglets received one of the 6 treatments in 2 x 3 factorial design: control treatments (CON) or DON unsupplemented or supplemented with VitD3 or 25-OH-D3. After 21 days, piglets were weighted and feed intake was measured. Bone mineral content of each piglet was measured with dual-intensity X-ray absorptiometry at 21 days. Blood samples were taken to assess concentrations for VitD, P and Ca. Results showed that, DON reduced average daily feed intake and average daily gain (P &lt; 0.001). DON increased BMC per kg live body weight (P &lt; 0.001). Piglets fed DON diet had lower plasma concentrations of 25-OH-D3, 1,25-(OH)2-D3 and phosphate (P &lt; 0.001). The sodium-dependent phosphate transporter 1 (SLC20A2; P &lt; 0.050), sodium/calcium exchanger 1 (SLC8A1; P &lt; 0.032) and Klotho (P &lt; 0.014) gene expression was downregulated by DON contamination in intestinal mucosae. The calbindin d28K (CALB-1) (P &lt; 0.042), SLC8A1 (P &lt; 0.026), TRPV5 (P &lt; 0.041), calbindin d9K (S100G) (P &lt; 0.029) and Klotho (P &lt; 0.013) gene expression was downregulated by DON contamination in the kidney. The 1α-hydroxylase gene expression tended to be downregulated by DON contamination in the kidney as well. The VitD3 and 25-OH-D3 supplementation upregulated vitamin D receptor (VDR, DON x VitD, P &lt; 0.014), SLC8A1 (DON x VitD, P &lt; 0.036) and Klotho (DON x VitD, P &lt; 0.025) in intestinal mucosae, although those gene expressions were downregulated by DON contamination. Thus, DON induced an alteration of vitamin D-calcium-phosphorus metabolism by modifying Ca utilization from mechanisms still under investigation.
39 Muddy Environmental Conditions Cause Conceptus Free Live Weight Loss but Not a Decrease in Calf Birth Weight When Compared with Cows Housed on Wood Chips
Authors: Nickles Kirsten , Relling Alejandro E , Garcia-Guerra Alvaro , Fluharty Francis L , Parker Anthony J 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Future climate projections for the Midwest U.S.A. predict increased winter rainfall. The increase in winter rainfall will consequently increase soil moisture and allow for muddy conditions in paddocks. Muddy conditions can directly affect cows during late gestation by compromising insulative properties of the hair coat. It is likely that cold climatic conditions and mud increase a cow’s maintenance requirement during gestation and may affect growth of the fetus. The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of muddy conditions on cow body weight (BW) and fetal growth during late gestation. Sixteen multiparous Angus cows (n = 8/treatment) were paired based on initial BW. One cow from each pair was randomly allocated to either the mud (MUD) or control (CON) treatment. Pens in the CON group were bedded with wood chips, while pens in the MUD group were designed to create a muddy lot (average depth of 23.6 ± 5.8 cm). Cows were housed individually and fed the same diet. Each pair was fed based on the NRC recommendations for maintenance and gestation. From day 213 to 269 of gestation, cows were weighed weekly. Conceptus free live weight (CFLW) was then calculated by subtracting the estimated weight of the gravid uterus from the cow’s weekly BW. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design with repeated measurements (SAS 9.4). At time of study initiation, cows were of a similar BW (P &gt; 0.05). By day 269 of gestation, the CFLW of the cows in the MUD group weighed 37.4 kg less compared with the CON group (P &lt; 0.01), though calf birth weight was not different (P = 0.72). Cows in the CON group maintained CFLW throughout the treatment period, however, cows in the MUD group did not maintain CFLW during the treatment period.
36 Evaluation of Compensatory Growth of 90-kg Finishing Pigs Previously Fed a Low Lysine Diet
Authors: Rao Zhong-Xing , Tokach Mike D , Gebhardt Jordan T , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Goodband Robert D 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A total of 346 pigs (241×600, DNA, Columbus, NE; initially 88.6 kg) were used in a 44-day trial to evaluate compensatory growth of pigs previously fed very low lysine diets. Two diets [control and corn (98% corn and 2% vitamins and minerals)] were arranged into 4 nutritional strategies. One group of pigs (control) was fed the control diet from d 0 to 44. The other three groups of pigs were fed the corn diet for 14, 21, or 28-d and then fed the control diet until day 44. The control and corn diets contained 0.70 and 0.18% standardized ileal digestible Lys, respectively. Pens were assigned to nutritional strategies in a randomized complete block design based on initial BW with 9 pens per treatment. On average, pigs fed the corn diet grew 49% slower than the control. Pigs previously fed the corn diet had 28% increased (P &lt; 0.05) ADG during the first week of switching to the control diet and 12% faster (P &lt; 0.05) ADG than the control for the rest of the trial. Despite this increase in ADG, final BW on d 44 was lower (P &lt; 0.05) compared to the control for pigs fed the corn diet for 21 or 28-d. From d 0 to 44, control pigs and pigs fed the corn diet for only 14-d had increased (P &lt; 0.05) ADG compared to pigs fed the corn diet for 21 and 28-d. Feed efficiency was decreased (P &lt; 0.05) when the corn diet was fed and increased (P &lt; 0.05) during the period of compensatory growth; however, overall G:F decreased (P &lt; 0.05) as pigs were fed the corn diet longer. The data suggest that compensatory growth was observed when pigs fed the corn diet for 21 or 28-d followed by the control diet within a 6-week-period, but overall growth performance was still reduced compared to the control.
41 Effect of Biochar Supplementation in Beef Cattle Finishing Diets on Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Carcass Performance
Authors: Sperber Jessica L , Troyer Braden , Norman Mitch , McPhillips Levi J , Watson Andrea K , Erickson Galen E 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of feeding biochar in a finishing diet on cattle performance, carcass quality, methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Biochar was sourced from ponderosa pine wood waste (High Plains Biochar, Laramie, WY) and was 83% C with 426 m2/g surface area. Crossbred steers (n = 128; initial BW = 480 kg ± 82 kg) were utilized in a randomized block design (blocked by BW), steers assigned randomly to pen (n = 16), and pen was assigned randomly to treatment. Two treatments were evaluated, a finisher control (CON) without biochar and the same finisher with biochar included at 1.0% of diet dry matter replacing corn (CHAR). Four pen replications per treatment were paired within BW block and rotated randomly through an emissions barn with two chambers (each treatment evaluated simultaneously) to capture average weekly emissions of CH4 and CO2. Pen was experimental unit and chamber was included as a fixed effect for emissions data. Dry matter intake (DMI; P &lt; 0.01) and average daily gain (ADG; P = 0.02) were 2.4 and 5.9% lower for CHAR steers, respectively. Feed efficiency (P = 0.22) and production of CO2 and CH4 (P ≥ 0.60) did not differ between treatments. Methane production was numerically lower for CHAR steers when reported as g per day (1.8% lower) or g per kg of DMI (4.8% lower). Hot carcass weight tended to be lighter (P = 0.10) and calculated USDA yield grade was decreased (P = 0.02) for CHAR steers. There was no difference between treatments for LM area, USDA quality grade, or 12th rib fat (P ≥ 0.12). In conclusion, biochar supplementation at 1.0% of diet DM reduced DMI and ADG and had no effect on CH4 and CO2 emissions in finishing steers.
37 Evaluation of Methane and Carbon Dioxide Production in Growing and Finishing Cattle Raised in Conventional or Confinement-based Herds
Authors: McPhillips Levi J , Erickson Galen E , MacDonald James C , Carlson Zachary E 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Cattle originating from 2 different herds were used during growing and finishing programs to evaluate differences in CH4 and CO2 production. The conventional (CONV) herd used spring calving, summer grass grazing, and winter corn residue grazing. An alternate (ALT) herd housed cows in confinement pens during summer, calved in summer, grazed cover crops in fall and grazed corn residue before returning to confinement pens in spring. Each herd had 4 groups of 20 cows. For 2 years calves from each herd were weaned at the same age and then fed ad libitum for a 120-d growing (GR) period and fed a forage-based diet (NEg 1.23 Mcal/kg). Cattle were then adapted to a grain-based finishing (FIN) diet (NEg 1.51 Mcal/kg) and fed until reaching 1.27 cm backfat. Both CH4 and CO2 were collected in two pen-scale chambers by collecting air samples continuously from each pen ambient air. Each group was evaluated in the pen-scale chambers for 5 days during both the GR and FIN phases. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with day in barn as a repeated measure. Whether cattle originated from CONV or ALT had no impact (P &gt; 0.25) on CH4 or CO2 production. Feeding GR resulted in greater (P &lt; 0.03) CH4 than FIN in grams per day (125.4 vs 117.5), grams per kg of intake (16.1 vs 11.5), or g per kg of body weight (0.50 vs 0.24). Greater CO2 production was observed for FIN as compared to GR which is due to greater size and energy intake. Diet impacts CH4 more so than cow-calf production system cattle originate from.
219 Managing Beef Cattle Growth Amidst a Global Pandemic: Lessons Learned from 2020 and Strategies for the Future
Authors: Johnson Bradley J , Smith Zachary K 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The coronavirus disease-19 related events of 2020 had severe detrimental effects on meat animal production in the United State. Due to harvest facility slowdowns and shutdowns, many market animals, including beef cattle, were on feed greater than 60 d past their optimal endpoint. These dramatic changes caused many changes in feeding and growth technologies management. The two major growth enhancing compounds used in feedlot cattle production are steroidal implants (IMP) and β-adrenergic agonists (β-AA). Implementation of β-AA during the pandemic was extremely difficult due to the lack of knowledge on exact shipping dates. The β-AA are fed the last 28 to 42 d on feed. Ractopamine was approved for cattle with essential a 12-h withdrawal. Many questions arose about the maximum length of withdrawal on ractopamine before losing any of the added growth response in both the live animal and carcass. Many feedlot operators relied on IMP administration to achieve added growth response in cattle held for longer days on feed. With zero-day withdrawal on implants, it was a cost-effective means to hold cattle in an efficient manner. Many producers simply could not manage β-AA feeding during the pandemic period and used other management technologies to enhance growth and efficiency during the end of the feeding period.
60 Effect of a Novel Consensus Bacterial 6-phytase Variant on Mineral Digestibility and Bone Ash in Young Growing Pigs Fed Diets with Different Concentrations of Phytate
Authors: Espinosa Charmaine D , Velayudhan Deepak E , Dersjant-Li Yueming , Stein Hans H 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that increasing levels of phytase increases mineral digestibility and bone ash by pigs fed diets containing 0.23%, 0.29%, or 0.35% phytate-P. Within each level of phytate, 5 diets were formulated based on corn, soybean meal, and canola meal to contain 0, 500, 1,000, 2,000, or 4,000 phytase units (FTU)/kg of a novel consensus bacterial 6-phytase variant (PhyG). In addition, 3 reference diets were formulated by adding a commercial Buttiauxella phytase (PhyB) at 1,000 FTU/kg to the 3 diets containing no PhyG. A randomized complete block design with 144 pigs (12.70 ± 4.01 kg), 18 diets, and 8 replicate pigs per diet was used. Pigs adapted to diets for 15 d followed by 4 d of fecal collection. Femurs were collected on the last day. Data were analyzed as a 3 × 5 factorial with 3 levels of phytate-P and 5 levels of phytase, and contrast statements were used to compare 1,000 FTU of PhyG with PhyB. Pig was the experimental unit. Diets containing 0.35% phytate-P had reduced (P &lt; 0.01) apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of Ca, P, Mg, and K compared with diets containing 0.23% or 0.29% phytate-P, but inclusion of phytase increased (P &lt; 0.01) ATTD of Ca, Na, and K (Table 1). Phytase increased ATTD of P and Mg, but to a greater extent in diets with 0.23 or 0.29% phytate-P than in diets with 0.35% phytate-P (interaction, P &lt; 0.05). Phytase increased bone ash, but to a greater extent if there was 0.35 rather than 0.23 or 0.29% phytate-P in the diets (interaction, P &lt; 0.05). PhyG increased ATTD of P more (P &lt; 0.05) than PhyB. In conclusion, the novel consensus phytase is effective in increasing bone ash and ATTD of Ca, P, Na, Mg and K.