bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Teoría de la pena
Authors: Ávila Aparicio Cesar Augusto 
Published: September 2021

El trabajo desarrollado, se basa en realizar un análisis de los fines de la pena en base a las teorías que buscan establecer su justificación, se parte por explicar el concepto de la misma, su naturaleza jurídica la cual tiene íntima relación con el principio de legalidad contenido en los artículos 17 de la Constitución Política de la República de Guatemala vigente, para explicar por último la actitud adoptada en la legislación guatemalteca. Dicho sistema jurídico cree en la rehabilitación de los reclusos y en teoría el sistema penitenciario debería estar adecuado para ese fin, preparado e instalado con programas reales de rehabilitación, sostenibles, funcionales y reales, donde se pueda palpar un cambio de actitud y aptitud.
Economic Evaluation of FebriDx®: A Novel Rapid, Point-of-Care Test for Differentiation of Viral versus Bacterial Acute Respiratory Infection in the United States
Authors: Dick Katherine , Schneider John 
Published: September 2021

Background: Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are commonly treated with antibiotics in outpatient settings, but many infections are caused by viruses and antibiotic treatment is therefore inappropriate. FebriDx®, a rapid point-of-care test that can differentiate viral from bacterial infections, can inform antibiotic treatment decisions. Objectives: The primary aim of this study is to conduct a literature-based US economic evaluation of a novel rapid point-of-care test, FebriDx®, that simultaneously measures two key infection biomarkers, C-reactive protein (CRP) and Myxovirus resistance protein A (MxA), to accurately differentiate viral from bacterial infection. Methods: A budget impact model was developed based on a review of published literature on antibiotic prescribing for ARIs in the United States. The model considers the cost of antibiotic treatment, antibiotic resistant infections, antibiotic-related adverse events, and point-of-care testing. These costs were extrapolated to estimate savings on a national level. Results: The expected national cost to treat ARIs under standard of care was US $8.25 billion, whereas the expected national cost of FebriDx point-of-care-guided ARI treatment was US $5.74 billion. Therefore, the expected national savings associated with FebriDx® rapid point-of-care testing was US $2.51 billion annually. Conclusions: FebriDx, a point of care test that can reliably aid in the differentiation of viral and bacterial infections, can reduce antibiotic misuse and, therefore, antibiotic resistant infections. This results in significant cost savings, driven primarily by the reduction in antibiotic resistant infections.
Biological production of citric acid in submerged culture of Aspergillus niger using cassava pulp wastes
Authors: Ezea Ifenayi Boniface , Ezaka Emmanuel , Iwuagwu Joy Onyekachi , Itubochi Calista Odinachi 
Published: September 2021

Utilization of cassava pulp wastes for citric acid production was investigated using Aspergillus niger in a submerged culture. A series of experiments were designed on various fermentation parameters to establish the optimal conditions for citric acid production from cassava pulp. This study revealed that production parameters such as cassava pulp concentration, initial pH, incubation temperature, agitation, and nitrogen source and fermentation period had effect on the amount of citric acid produced from cassava pulp. Citric acid concentration increased as the concentration of cassava pulp increases up to 20% with maximum citric acid concentration of 14.9 ± 0.413 g/l after 120 hours of fermentation. pH 5.5 was the optimum with maximum citric acid concentration of 16.8 ± 0.23 g/l after 120 hours of fermentation. Incubation temperature at 300 C was the optimum, with citric acid concentration of 19.15 ± 0.43 g/l. Increased in agitation speed from 100 to 225 rpm gave the maximum citric acid concentration of 25.2 ± 0.32 g/l after 120 hours of fermentation. Soybean meal supplementation was the best maximum citric acid concentration of 28.2 ± 0.51 g/l. Evaluating the effect of different concentration of soybean meal shows that 0.3 % supplementation was the optimum with maximum concentration of 31.2 ±0.35g/l from cassava pulp after 120 hours of fermentation. The result suggested that citric acid can be accumulated using cassava pulp by Aspergillus niger in submerged culture during fermentation. Cassava pulp if well harnessed can be used for large scale citric acid production.
Harnessing Acremonium zonatum (Sawada) Gams oil formulations as water hyacinth control mycoherbicides.
Authors: Mutebi Chrispo , Opande George 
Published: September 2021

The effect of formulating Acremonium zonatum (Saw.) Gams in corn oil, mineral oil and glycerol was determined in a glasshouse at Maseno University Botanic Garden and laboratory. The study was situated at latitude -100’ 00’’ S and longitude 340 36’ 00’’E. A. zonatum was aseptically isolated from symptomatic plants and inoculated upon healthy water hyacinth plants in a CRD experiment. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 20 computer software. Oil and spore density effects were statistically significant at p < 0.05. The main effect of oil yielded an effect size of 0.281 indicating that 28.1 % of the variance in disease severity was explained by the oil formulation (F(2, 28) = 5.459, p = 0.01). Spore density yielded an effect size of 0.326 indicating that 32.6% of the variance in the study was explained by spore density (F(3, 28) = 4.515, p = 0.011). The interaction effect was not significant (F(6, 28) = 0.199, p = 0.974) indicating that there was no combined effect for the kind of oil used in the formulation of the A. zonatum and the spore density. The results suggested that A. zonatum pathogenicity varies with different spore concentrations, 1x 108 spores/ml being the most potent. A. zonatum has favorable characteristics for consideration as a mycoherbicide. Corn oil as formulation material was concluded to be the best formulation material for A. zonatum.
MICROBIAL ASSESSMENT OF FROZEN FOODS SOLD IN AYOBO, LAGOS
Authors: Emmanuel-Akerele Hilda , Uchendu Favour 
Published: September 2021

This study seeks to investigate the microbial profile of frozen fish and meat. Forty samples consisting of Scomber scombrus (Titus), Clupea harengus (Shawa) and frozen meat (Chicken, Turkey) were purchased from different retail outlets in Ayobo-Ipaja markets for microbiological analysis. The samples were analysed for the total viable count using standard microbiological procedures. The mean bacterial and fungal counts for Scomber scombrus, Chicken, Clupea harengus and Turkey are 254.70±83.81 CFU/G and 5.50±4.45 CFU/G; 210.10±55.03 CFU/G and 6.80±3.39 CFU/G; 298.20±67.35 CFU/G and 6.10±3.87 CFU/G; 221.30±80.33 CFU/G and 4.30±2.00 CFU/G respectively. Clupea harengus has the highest bacterial count while Scomber scombrus has the lowest bacterial count. Chicken has the highest fungal count while Turkey had the lowest fungal count. The microbial isolates from the frozen food samples include species of S. aureus, E. coli, Salmonella, Micrococcus, Aspergillus, and Penicillium. Escherichia coli were susceptible to all the antibiotics while Salmonella sp., Staphylococcus aureus, and Micrococcus were resistance to Augmentin, Gentamycin, Tarivid, and susceptible to Sparfloxacin and Chloramphenicol. Although freezing retard pathogens multiplication, post-harvest contaminants can multiply during thawing to a level that can have a major impact on the quality of the final consumer product. It is advised that frozen foods must be properly cooked before consumption and effective hazard analysis and critical control point implemented.
Comparative characteristics of the quality of life of asthma patients with different types of airway hyperresponsiveness to physical stimules
Authors: Perelman N. L. 
Published: September 2021

Aim. To compare the nature and degree of influence of different types of airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) on the general and specific quality of life (QoL) of patients with asthma and control over the disease.Materials and methods. 234 patients with mild-to-moderate asthma, aged from 18 to 60 years old, were interviewed and examined. Depending on the presence of one or another type of AHR, 4 groups were formed: group 1 included 60 patients with cold AHR, group 2 – 75 patients with hypoosmotic AHR, group 3 – 35 patients with hyperosmotic AHR, group 4 – 64 patients with exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB). QoL and the state of the emotional sphere were assessed using the SF-36, AQLQ, HADS questionnaires. The level of asthma control was determined using the ACT questionnaire. Lung function was assessed by spirometry.Results. When comparing QoL between groups, statistical differences were obtained for most of the SF-36 scales, with the exception of the domains “Role Physical” (RP) and “Bodily Pain” (BP), and their presence and significance varied depending on the types of AHR being compared. The lowest QoL indices were found in group 1 of patients with cold AHR according to the domains “Physical Activity” (PA), RP, BP, and “Role Emotional” (RE). The lowest indices for the domains “General Health” (GH), “Vitality” (V) and “Mental health” (MH) were found in the respondents of the 2nd group. Most of the highest QoL indicators in the compared groups were found in patients of group 4 with EIB in the domains PA, RP, V, RE, and MH. When carrying out a comparative analysis, the maximum number of significant differences was found between the groups with cold AHR and EIB. A comparative study of QoL using a special AQLQ questionnaire showed the lowest indices for the “Activity” and “Symptoms” domains in groups 1 and 2 of asthma patients. In addition, in group 1, the minimum QoL values were recorded for the “General QoL” domain (3.6±0.2 points), and in group 2, for the “Environment” domain (2.9±0.3 compared with 3.9±0.2 points in group 3, p<0.01).Conclusion. This study has demonstrated the multifaceted effect of AHR on health-related QoL, dependent on sensitivity to a particular physical stimulus and the season of maximum trigger action. The subjective assessment of psychosocial functioning is most differentiated according to the GH domain of the SF-36 questionnaire. The greatest negative impact on the QoL indices is exerted by the cold and hypoosmotic AHR, the least – by the EIB. The assessment of QoL allows to get a full picture of the perception of the patient's health level at the moment and in the given conditions.
Ultrastructural characteristics of erythrocytes and their relationship with oxygen transport in patients with ischemic heart disease after coronary artery bypass grafting with artificial circulation
Authors: Sergeev E. A. , Shmelev M. E. , Geltser B. I. , Kotelnikov V. N. 
Published: September 2021

Aim. Evaluation of nanostructural and micromechanical characteristics of erythrocytes and their relationship with the parameters of oxygen transport in patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD) after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) under artificial circulation (AC).Materials and methods. The study involved 30 men with IHD aged 53 to 67 years with a median of 63 years, who underwent planned CABG with AC at the clinic of the Far Eastern Federal University. Blood sampling from patients was carried out before the AC and one day after it from a venous catheter located in the right atrium. Erythrocytes were scanned using a Bioscope Catalyst atomic force microscope (AFM) (Bruker, USA) in combination with an Axiovert 200 inverted microscope (Zeiss, Germany). The micromechanical properties of cell membranes were investigated with the PFQNM-LC-A-CAL cantilevers. The following were recorded: the diameter of erythrocytes, the height of their side, area, volume, membrane rigidity, strength of its adhesion, Young's modulus, elastic deformation. To assess oxygen transport, the oxygen delivery index (DO2I), consumption (VO2I), and extraction ratio (O2ER) were calculated.Results. In one day after CABG, a decrease in DO2I, VO2I, and O2ER was recorded by 14%, 33%, and 16%, respectively, which indicated a limitation in the gas transport function of the blood. Analysis of the AFM characteristics of erythrocytes showed an increase in their area by 35%, in diameter by 6%, in volume by 19%, and the height of the side by 5 times. At the same time, multidirectional changes in the micromechanical properties of erythrocyte membranes were noted: Young's modulus and stiffness decreased by 3.2 and 2 times, respectively; the adhesion force increased by 2.7 times, and the elastic deformation – by 2.2 times. Correlation analysis showed the presence of reliable relationships between indicators of oxygen transport and biomechanical parameters of erythrocyte membranes.Conclusion. A comprehensive analysis of the nanostructural parameters of erythrocytes and oxygen transport expands the understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of postperfusion disorders in patients with coronary artery disease after CABG under conditions of cardiopulmonary bypass.
Implementasi Pengelolaan Badan Usaha Milik Desa (BUMDesa) Jatimakmur Dalam Peningkatan Pendapatan Asli Desa (PADes) Di Desa Jatirejoyoso
Authors: Bin Abdullah Hasbullah 
Published: September 2021

The purpose of this study was to determine the implementation of Jatimakmur Village Owned Enterprise Management (BUMDes) in increasing Village Original Income (PADes) in Jatirejoyoso Village. The method used by researchers in this study is descriptive research with a qualitative approach. The data used in this study are primary data and secondary data. Primary data is data from interviews with respondents related to the implementation of Jatimakmur BUMDes management in increasing Jatirejoyoso Village Original Income. According to Article 1 Number (6) of Law Number 6 of 2014 concerning Villages, it is written that Village-Owned Enterprises, hereinafter referred to as BUMDes, are business entities whose entire or most of the capital is owned by separate villages to manage assets, services, and other businesses. for the welfare of rural communities. Then, amended through the Job Creation Act no. 11 of 2020 Article 117 and Article 185 explain that BUMDes is a legal entity established by villages and/or together with villages to manage businesses, assets, develop investment and productivity, provide services, and/or other businesses for the greatest welfare. public. Village Original Income (PADes) is all efforts made by the village government to support the implementation of Village Government in the context of implementing Village autonomy (Law Number 6 of 2014 concerning Villages Article 71). According to the explanation of Law Number 6 of 2014 Article 72 paragraph (1) letter a what is meant by "Original Village Income" is income that comes from village authority in managing village assets based on origin and local scale authority. , results of separated village wealth management, results of self-help, community participation and mutual cooperation, other legitimate village original income (Nurcholis, 2011: 82).
Keywords: Management Implementation, Village Original Income, Village Owned Enterprises.
Strategi Kebijakan Percepatan Perhutanan Sosial Di Provinsi Riau
Authors: A Zulkarnain Ariandi 
Published: September 2021

Abstrak: Perhutanan sosial adalah sistem pengelolaan hutan lestari yang dilakukan dalam kawasan hutan negara atau hutan hak/hutan adat yang dilaksanakan oleh masyarakat tempatan dan masyarakat hukum adat sebagai pelaku utama untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan, keseimbangan lingkungan dan dinamika sosial budaya. Perhutanan sosial menjadi mandat melalui Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan P-83 Tahun 2016 yang merupakan wujud nawacita Presiden Joko Widodo, capaian perhutanan sosial sampai saat ini masih jauh dari target 12,7 juta hektar pada tahun 2019, capaian perhutanan sosial diseluruh Indonesia baru mencapai 1,3 juta hektar. Riau dalam merealisasikan perhutanan sosial sangat lambat, dari 1,4 juta hektar yang ditargetkan untuk Provinsi Riau baru mencapai 83.928 Hektar di tahun 2018. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif, yakni berusaha menganalisis pengembangan dan strategi percepatan perhutanan sosial (meningkatkan komitmen kebijakan pemerintah daerah, harmonisasi lingkungan kebijakan dan sinergisitas pelaku kebijakan). Tujuan penelitian ini dilakukan guna menganalisis strategi kebijakan percepatan terhadap lambatnya realisasi perhutanan sosial di Provinsi Riau dan mengetahui faktor apa saja yang mempengaruhi kebijakan percepatan perhutanan sosial di Provinsi Riau. Teknik penggalian informasi penelitian ini dengan wawancara mendalam, studi kepustakaan dan observasi.Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan strategi percepatan perhutanan sosial ditentukan oleh komitmen pemerintah daerah dalam menyiapkan kelembagaan perhutanan sosial baik dalam upaya peningkatan alokasi anggaran, penguatan regulasi, memfasilitasi pengurusan izin dan pembinaan terhadap pengelolaan hutan. Harmonisasi lingkungan kebijakan berupa political will pemimpin daerah dan kondisi sosial ekonomi dipengaruhi oleh politik legilatif DPRD (Perda RTRW) dan iklim ekonomi kelapa sawit mendominasi penguasaan lahan, Selain itu juga penguatan peran serta sinergisitas pelaku kebijakan (Pokja PPS & KPH) sebagai subjek kebijakan menjadi kunci percepatan perhutanan sosial di Provinsi Riau.
Kata Kunci: Strategi, Perhutanan Sosial, Kebijakan Kehutanan.
Limites e contornos da responsabilidade civil dos agentes de tratamento de dados
Authors: Simão Filho Adalberto 
Published: September 2021

O ensaio apresenta proposta de um sistema interpretativo que leve em conta o diálogo necessário entre o CDC e a LGPD, a partir de seus fundamentos e princípios, complementado pelos princípios da Lei de Liberdade Econômica e de garantias de livre mercado, para melhor fixação dos níveis de responsabilidades que possam ser carreados aos agentes de tratamento de dados, em face de eventos de vazamento de dados que atinja o Consumidor titular destes, enquanto participe de relação de consumo.
Optic Canal Diameters According to Age in the Pediatric Population
Authors: Akdulum İsmail , Gürün Enes , Tiken Ramazan , Aydemir Ahmet Burak , Boyunaga Öznur Leman 
Published: September 2021

Purpose:
To determine the normal range of optic canal diameters in the Turkish pediatric population.

Methods:
Brain, orbital, and maxillofacial computed tomography examinations were evaluated retrospectively. Children with cranial bone disorders affecting the bone structure of the optic canal were excluded from the study. Oblique axial and oblique sagittal multiplanar reformatted images were created in accordance with the axis of the optic canal on both sides, and measurements were taken from the shortest transverse and craniocaudal diameters of the optic canal in these images.

Results:

Two hundred computed tomography examinations were evaluated. One hundred two of the patients were female and the rest were male. Patient ages ranged from 1 to 211 months (mean ± standard deviation: 86.42 ± 65.39 months). There was no significant difference between the transverse and craniocaudal optic canal diameters between sexes (
P
> .05). Therefore, the analyses were reevaluated in the entire patient series, regardless of sex. No significant correlation was found in the correlation test performed between optic canal diameters according to the age of the patients. No statistically significant difference was observed between the right and left optic canal diameters.

Conclusions:
The determination of normal values of tissues, structures, and organs that differs with age has an important role in pediatric radiology. The authors believe that the determination of normal optic canal diameters according to certain age groups will meet the needs of daily practice.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
. 2021;58(5):319–323.]
Evaluation of root canal morphology of mandibular premolars using cone-beam computed tomography in Rajasthan subpopulation - A retrospective study
Authors: Mittal Neha , Mital Prachi , Prasad Ashwini B. , Raisingani Deepak , Poonia Lalita , Udawat Garima 
Published: September 2021

Aim:
The purpose of this study was to evaluate root canal morphology in mandibular first and second premolars among Rajasthan subpopulation in Jaipur city using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).
Materials and Methods: CBCT scans of 740 fully erupted mandibular first and second premolars were taken and assessed by two endodontists. Inter-examiner reliability was determined.

Results:
The root canal morphology of 380 permanent mandibular first premolars was assessed which showed canal configurations of Type I in 73.5%, Type V in 11.57%, Type IV in 8.42%, Type III in 2.63%, Type II in 2.1%, Type VII in 2.1% and Type VI and VIII 0% of the scans. The root canal morphology of 360 permanent mandibular second premolars was assessed which showed canal configurations of Type I in 88.88%, Type II in 7.77%, Type IV in 2.2%, Type III and Type V in 0.55%, Type VI, VII, VIII in 0% respectively of the scans.

Conclusion:
The majority of the population in Rajasthan have Vertucci's Type I configuration in both mandibular first and second premolars. However, other canal configurations can also be found in these teeth.
Microbiologic evaluation of cotton, polytetrafluoroethylene tape, and foam as an endodontic spacer material in permanent premolars and molars
Authors: Pisal Nidhi Surendra , Shah Nimisha Chinmay , Dedania Meetkumar S , Bajpai Namrata Anil , Gandhi Namita 
Published: September 2021

Aims:
Microbiologic evaluation of cotton, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) tape, and foam as an endodontic spacer material in permanent premolars and molars – an ex vivo study.

Subjects and Methods:
After ethical approval, 72 patients who signed the informed consent form participated in the study. Following access opening and biomechanical preparation, the teeth were randomly assigned to cotton (n = 24), PTFE tape (n = 24), and foam group (n = 24). Samples obtained from the access cavity at baseline (sample one – S1) and after seven days (sample two – S2) were checked for an increase in the microbial load. They were placed on brain-heart infusion agar plates, incubated aerobically for 48 h, and the colony-forming units were calculated.

Statistical Analysis:
One-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were used and a P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results:
There was a statistically significant difference in all the three groups concerning baseline and after Seven-day mean values. An intergroup comparison revealed a statistically significant difference in the mean difference values between the cotton and PTFE tape group. Whereas, there was no statistically significant difference in the mean difference values between the cotton and foam and PTFE tape and foam group.

Conclusions:
Within the limitations of the study, it can be stated that the PTFE tape and foam group performed better than cotton.