bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Challenges of Hate Speech Detection in Social Media
Authors: Kovács György , Alonso Pedro , Saini Rajkumar 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe detection of hate speech in social media is a crucial task. The uncontrolled spread of hate has the potential to gravely damage our society, and severely harm marginalized people or groups. A major arena for spreading hate speech online is social media. This significantly contributes to the difficulty of automatic detection, as social media posts include paralinguistic signals (e.g. emoticons, and hashtags), and their linguistic content contains plenty of poorly written text. Another difficulty is presented by the context-dependent nature of the task, and the lack of consensus on what constitutes as hate speech, which makes the task difficult even for humans. This makes the task of creating large labeled corpora difficult, and resource consuming. The problem posed by ungrammatical text has been largely mitigated by the recent emergence of deep neural network (DNN) architectures that have the capacity to efficiently learn various features. For this reason, we proposed a deep natural language processing (NLP) model—combining convolutional and recurrent layers—for the automatic detection of hate speech in social media data. We have applied our model on the HASOC2019 corpus, and attained a macro F1 score of 0.63 in hate speech detection on the test set of HASOC. The capacity of DNNs for efficient learning, however, also means an increased risk of overfitting. Particularly, with limited training data available (as was the case for HASOC). For this reason, we investigated different methods for expanding resources used. We have explored various opportunities, such as leveraging unlabeled data, similarly labeled corpora, as well as the use of novel models. Our results showed that by doing so, it was possible to significantly increase the classification score attained.
State anxiety influences P300 and P600 event-related potentials over parietal regions in the hollow-mask illusion experiment
Authors: Ioakeimidis Vasileios , Khachatoorian Nareg , Haenschel Corinna , Papathomas Thomas A. , Farkas Attila , Kyriakopoulos Marinos , Dima Danai 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The hollow-mask illusion is an optical illusion where a concave face is perceived as convex. It has been demonstrated that individuals with schizophrenia and anxiety are less susceptible to the illusion than controls. Previous research has shown that the P300 and P600 event-related potentials (ERPs) are affected in individuals with schizophrenia. Here, we examined whether individual differences in neuroticism and anxiety scores, traits that have been suggested to be risk factors for schizophrenia and anxiety disorders, affect ERPs of healthy participants while they view concave faces. Our results confirm that the participants were susceptible to the illusion, misperceiving concave faces as convex. We additionally demonstrate significant interactions of the concave condition with state anxiety in central and parietal electrodes for P300 and parietal areas for P600, but not with neuroticism and trait anxiety. The state anxiety interactions were driven by low-state anxiety participants showing lower amplitudes for concave faces compared to convex. The P300 and P600 amplitudes were smaller when a concave face activated a convex face memory representation, since the stimulus did not match the active representation. The opposite pattern was evident in high-state anxiety participants in regard to state anxiety interaction and the hollow-mask illusion, demonstrating larger P300 and P600 amplitudes to concave faces suggesting impaired late information processing in this group. This could be explained by impaired allocation of attentional resources in high-state anxiety leading to hyperarousal to concave faces that are unexpected mismatches to standard memory representations, as opposed to expected convex faces.
Ambition, ‘failure’ and the laboratory: Birmingham as a centre of twentieth-century British scientific psychiatry
Authors: Wynter Rebecca 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis article will reveal how local scientific determination and ambition, in the face of rejection by funders, navigated a path to success and to influence in national policy and international medicine. It will demonstrate that Birmingham, England's ‘second city’, was the key centre for cutting-edge biological psychiatry in Britain in the 1920s and 1930s. The ambitions of Frederick Mott – doyen of biochemistry, neuropathology and neuropsychiatry, until now celebrated as a London figure – to revolutionize psychiatric treatment through science, chimed with those of the City and University of Birmingham's Joint Board of Research for Mental Diseases. Under Mott's direction, shaped by place and inter-professional working, the board's collaborators included psychiatrist Thomas Chivers Graves and world-renowned physiologist J.S. Haldane. However, starved of external money and therefore fresh ideas, as well as oversight, the ‘groupthink’ that emerged created the classic UK focal sepsis theory which, it was widely believed, would yield a cure for mental illness – a cure that never materialized. By tracing the venture's growth, accomplishments and contemporary potential for biochemical, bacterial and therapeutic discoveries – as well as its links with scientist and key government adviser Solly Zuckerman – this article illustrates how ‘failure’ and its ahistorical assessment fundamentally obscure past importance, neglect the early promise offered by later unsuccessful science, and can even hide questionable research.
L'influence du facteur religieux dans le financement des écoles privées au Québec et en Ontario
Authors: Lachance Anne 
Published: February 2021

RésuméCet article vise à expliquer les motifs pour lesquels le Québec finance les écoles privées alors que la province voisine, l'Ontario, ne leur apporte aucune aide directe. L'auteure avance que ces politiques sont liées à la configuration religieuse des provinces au moment de l’établissement de leur système d’éducation. Au Québec, où la religion catholique était dominante, l'autorité de l'État sur l'éducation a été contestée jusqu'au milieu du 20esiècle par l’Église catholique. En revanche, en Ontario, les églises protestantes, qui étaient majoritaires, ne sont pas opposées au développement des écoles publiques. L'État s'est alors rapidement imposé comme l'autorité suprême en matière d'éducation. Au 20esiècle, les politiques des gouvernements des deux provinces ont été influencées par l'héritage des décisions prises un siècle plus tôt.
“Do Not Believe Every Spirit”: Discerning the Ethics of Prophetic Agency in Early Christian Culture
Authors: Tibbs Eugene C. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn early Christian culture, prophets went into ecstasies while having visions and speaking by means of a spirit (enthusiasm). With the waning of prophetic activity in the second century, enthusiasm was not seen in many communal gatherings. When enthusiasm reemerged in Montanism during the late second century, church leaders claimed that speaking in ecstasy never existed as true prophecy in early Christian culture. They argued that true prophets always prophesied with a sound mind. The ecstasy of Montanism exhibited an unsound mind and looked like demonic possession; thus, Montanist prophecy was rejected as false. This paper theorizes that enthusiasm's absence contributed to the critics of Montanist ecstasy who were not used to enthusiasm and therefore did not recognize it as an early Christian practice.
Influence of nutrient availability on in vitro growth of major bovine mastitis pathogens
Authors: Stürmlin Remo , Gross Josef J. , Wellnitz Olga , Wagner Lea A. , Monney Camille , Oevermann Anna , Bruckmaier Rupert M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of milk composition changes on the in vitro growth of bovine mastitis pathogens. Nutritional requirements of three major bovine mastitis pathogens Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), and Streptococcus uberis (S. uberis) were investigated in vitro. We used ultra-high temperature (UHT) treated milk with different contents of fat, protein, and carbohydrates to test the influence of the availability of various milk constituents on pathogen growth characteristics. Additionally, the bacterial growth was investigated under experimentally modified nutrient availability by dilution and subsequent supplementation with individual nutrients (carbohydrates, different nitrogen sources, minerals, and different types of B vitamins) either to milk or to a conventional medium (thioglycolate broth, TB). Varying contents of fat, protein or lactose did not affect bacterial growth with the exception of growth of S. uberis being promoted in protein-enriched milk. The addition of nutrients to diluted whole milk and TB partly revealed different effects, indicating that there are media-specific growth limiting factors after dilution. Supplementation of minerals to diluted milk did not affect growth rates of all studied bacteria. Bacterial growth in diluted whole milk was decreased by the addition of high concentrations of amino acids in S. aureus, and by urea and additional B vitamins in E. coli and S. aureus. The growth rate of S. uberis was increased by the addition of B vitamins to diluted whole milk. The present results demonstrate that growth-limiting nutrients differ among pathogen types. Because reduced bacterial growth was only shown in diluted milk or TB, it is unlikely that alterations in nutrient availability occurring as a consequence of physiological changes of milk composition in the cow's udder would directly affect the susceptibility or course of bovine mastitis.
Interventions to improve vitamin D status in at-risk ethnic groups during pregnancy and early childhood: a systematic review
Authors: Tanna Nuttan K , Alexander Emma C , Lee Charlotte , Lakhanpaul Monica , Popat Rickin M , Almeida-Meza Pamela , Tuck Alice , Manikam Logan , Blair Mitch 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjective:To systematically review the literature with the primary aim of identifying behavioural interventions to improve vitamin D stores in children from at-risk ethnic groups.Design:Review based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42017080932. Health Behaviour Model and Behaviour Change Wheel framework constructs used to underpin evaluation of interventions. Methodological quality evaluated using Cochrane Risk of Bias, Cochrane ROBINS-I and NHLBI tools.Setting:Databases Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL with secondary search of Google Scholar. No country limits set. Papers between January 1990 and February 2018, published in English included. Anticipating study heterogeneity, outcome measures not pre-specified and identified from individual full papers. Updated literature search November 2020.Participants:Patient or population including pregnant women, newborns and children aged under 18 years, from Asian or African ethnic groups.Results:Of 10 690 articles screened, 298 underwent full-text review, with 24 ultimately included for data extraction. All identified studies conducted a vitamin D pharmacological supplementation intervention, with two also incorporating a behavioural intervention strategy. No study explicitly defined a primary aim of evaluating a behavioural intervention, undertaken to study its effect on vitamin D supplement uptake.Conclusions:There is a need to address the paucity of data in ethnic at-risk children on how behavioural interventions ideally developed and co-produced with the community under study, affect and help improve vitamin D uptake, within the antenatal and pregnancy phase as well as during childhood.
Role of Lithospheric Buoyancy Forces in Driving Deformation in East Africa From 3D Geodynamic Modeling
Authors: Rajaonarison Tahiry A. , Stamps D. Sarah , Naliboff John 
Published: February 2021

AbstractDespite decades of investigation, the origin of forces driving continental rifting remains highly debated. Deciphering their relative contributions is challenging due to the nonlinear and depth‐dependent nature of lithospheric rheology. Recent geodynamic studies of the East African Rift (EAR) report contradicting results regarding the relative contribution of horizontal mantle tractions and lithospheric buoyancy forces. Here, we use high‐resolution 3D regional numerical modeling of the EAR to isolate the contribution lithospheric buoyancy forces to observed deformation. Modeled surface velocities closely match kinematic models of the Somalian Plate, Victoria Block, and Rovuma Block motions, but provide poor fit to along‐rift surface motions in deforming zones. These results suggest that lithospheric buoyancy forces primarily drive present‐day ∼E‐W extension across the EAR, but intrarift deformation may result from viscous coupling to horizontal asthenospheric flow.
The Footprint of the 11‐Year Solar Cycle in Northeastern Pacific SSTs and Its Influence on the Central Pacific El Niño
Authors: Lin Yong‐Fu , Yu Jin‐Yi , Wu Chau‐Ron , Zheng Fei 
Published: February 2021

AbstractApplying statistical analyses to reanalysis products during the period 1900–2018, this study finds the 11‐year solar cycle to have a significant correlation with sea surface temperature (SST) variations in the Northeastern Pacific. The solar influence is first manifested and amplified in the lower stratosphere, which then alters the strength of Hadley circulation in the troposphere. Lastly, the changes in the sinking branch of the Hadley circulation modulate surface heat fluxes to give rise to the SST footprint. The footprint has a structure similar to that of the Pacific meridional mode (PMM) that is known to be an important trigger of the central Pacific (CP) type of the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The 11‐year solar cycle is thus shown to contribute to the slow modulation of the CP ENSO and, in particular, to be associated with more CP El Niño (La Niña) events during the active (inactive) phase of the cycle.
Morphological Characteristics of Thousand‐Kilometer‐Scale Es Structures Over China
Authors: Sun Wenjie , Zhao Xiukuan , Hu Lianhuan , Yang Sipeng , Xie Haiyong , Chang Shoumin , Ning Baiqi , Li Jianyong , Liu Libo , Li Guozhu 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSporadic E (Es) structures have been observed occasionally covering a large horizontal scale of more than 1,000 km over China. Their onset locations and propagation features, and related generation mechanisms still remain unknown. In this study, a statistical analysis of large‐scale Es structures is performed based on the ionospheric total electron content obtained from ground‐based receiver networks, in combination with data from multiple ionosondes in China. The large‐scale strong Es structures mainly occur during summer months, with dominant horizontal azimuth in the east‐west and northwest‐southeast directions and dimensions of 1,000–3,000 km along the elongation. They predominantly drift southwestward at the speed of 30–210 m/s. The main onset region for the large‐scale Es structures over China is identified for the first time, which is around 20°–45°N and 100°–125°E. Based on the morphological features of large‐scale Es structures, and the observation of concurrent cases of traveling ionospheric disturbances, we surmise that gravity waves could play an important role in the generation of large‐scale Es structures.
Vortex Generation and Auroral Response to a Solar Wind Dynamic Pressure Increase: Event Analyses
Authors: Zhao Jinyan , Shi Quanqi , Tian Anmin , Shen Xiao‐Chen , Weygand James M. , Wang Huizi , Yao Shutao , Ma Xiao , Degeling Alexander William , Rae I. Jonathan , Zhang Hui , Zhang Xiao‐Jia , Bai Shi‐Chen , Shang Wensai , Park Jong‐Sun 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn this study, we investigate ionospheric responses, including currents and aurorae, to solar wind dynamic pressure (SW Pdyn) sudden increases, which are critical for understanding solar wind‐magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling. We focus on two similar SW Pdyn pulse events that occurred on January 24, 2012 and November 12, 2010. In both cases, equivalent ionospheric currents (EIC) vortices were generated within about 10 min after the pressure pulse arrival, with a counter‐clockwise rotating vortex (viewed from above) observed on the dusk side in the former case, and a clockwise vortex observed on the dawn side in the latter. Simultaneous ground‐based All‐Sky Imager (ASI) observations in the vicinity of the observed EIC vortex in each case showed that aurorae intensified on the dusk side and diminished on the dawn side. These observations provide direct evidence of the scenario proposed by Shi et al. (2014) that magnetospheric flow vortices generated by a solar wind pressure pulse carry field‐aligned currents into the ionosphere and thereby modulate auroral activity. The dawn/dusk asymmetry in the auroral intensification is a direct result of the opposite sense of vortex rotation on the dawn and dusk sides, which generate oppositely directed field‐aligned currents into/out of the ionosphere.
The 2004–2005 Mt. Etna Compound Lava Flow Field: A Retrospective Analysis by Combining Remote and Field Methods
Authors: Fornaciai Alessandro , Andronico Daniele , Favalli Massimiliano , Spampinato Letizia , Branca Stefano , Lodato Luigi , Bonforte Alessandro , Nannipieri Luca 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMapping lava flows frequently during effusive eruptions provides crucial parameters to better understand their dynamics, in turn improving our ability to model lava flow behavior. New photogrammetric methods have recently been developed, shifting the paradigm of photogrammetry from pure method to a multidisciplinary approach able to reduce the cost of volcanic monitoring and widen the potential spectrum of application. In this work, we demonstrate how multi‐view and single‐view photogrammetry methods can be used effectively to extract accurate quantitative information from photographs taken during routine surveys over an active lava flow. One intriguing advantage of these methods is that they can re‐use images acquired previously to extract new data from past eruptions. In particular, we reconstructed quantitatively the evolution of the lava flow field emplaced during 2004–2005 at Mt. Etna, subdivided in five eruptive phases from the earliest simple lava flows to the final compound lava field about 6 months later. Our results show that, in the first week of eruption, lava field formation was characterized by an increasing lava length that followed a power law growth and by a decreasing front velocity that followed a power law as well. Thereafter, the length increasing became almost constant until the developed lava tube system was able to drain the lava for long distances, with the area inundated by lava that grew linearly in the first 20 days. Finally, we demonstrate the crucial role that the syn‐eruptive DEMs acquisition could have to improve our understanding of the emplacement dynamics of complex lava fields.
Reconstructing Ocean Surface Current Combining Altimetry and Future Spaceborne Doppler Data
Authors: Ubelmann Clement , Dibarboure Gérald , Gaultier Lucile , Ponte Aurélien , Ardhuin Fabrice , Ballarotta Maxime , Faugère Yannice 
Published: February 2021

AbstractTwo methods for the mapping of ocean surface currents from satellite measurements of sea level and future current vectors are presented and contrasted. Both methods rely on the linear and Gaussian analysis framework with different levels of covariance definitions. The first method separately maps sea level and currents with single‐scale covariance functions and leads to estimates of the geostrophic and ageostrophic circulations. The second maps both measurements simultaneously and projects the circulation onto four contributions: geostrophic, ageostrophic rotary, ageostrophic divergent, and inertial. When compared to the first method, the second mapping moderately improves the resolution of geostrophic currents but significantly improves estimates of the ageostrophic circulation, in particular near‐inertial oscillations. This method offers promising perspectives for reconstructions of the ocean surface circulation. Even the hourly dynamics can be reconstructed from measurements made locally every few days because nearby measurements are coherent enough to help fill the gaps. Based on numerical simulation of ocean surface currents, the proposed SKIM mission that combines a nadir altimeter and a Doppler scatterometer with a 300 km wide swath (with a mean revisit time of 3 days) would allow the reconstruction of 50% of the near‐inertial variance around an 18 h period of oscillation.
Influences of Physical and Biogeochemical Variability of the Central Red Sea During Winter
Authors: Zarokanellos Nikolaos D. , Jones Burton H. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe Central Red Sea (CRS) has been characterized by significant eddy activity throughout the year. Weakened wintertime stratification contributes to enhanced vertical exchange. In winter 2014–2015, an extended glider time series in the CRS captured this variability. Surface cooling and stronger winds resulted in deepening of the mixed layer (ML) to nearly 90 m. The vertical distributions of density and oxygen suggest that the ML did not penetrate the nutricline. However, mixing events dispersed phytoplankton from the deep CHL maximum (DCM) throughout the ML, increasing near‐surface chlorophyll. Following the mixing events, a mesoscale cyclonic eddy (CE) grew and intensified, weakening stratification and decreasing the ML depth within the eddy. Where the CE interfaced with an adjacent anticyclonic eddy (AE), the CE DCM subducted beneath the shallower AE DCM leading to a local integrated chlorophyll maximum. Low salinity water containing relatively high chlorophyll and CDOM concentrations, originating from the Gulf of Aden, appeared in late winter. Mesoscale eddy activity resulted in a 160 m upward displacement of the nutricline to ∼60 m, well within the euphotic layer. Remote sensing imagery indicates that these eddies contribute to horizontal dispersion, including exchange between the open sea and coastal coral reefs. When the phytoplankton is distributed through the ML, clear diel variability was evident in the temporal CHL distribution. Because not all of the biogeochemical responses were apparent at the surface, sustained glider observations were essential to understand the temporal and spatial scales and their impact on these processes.