bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Learning from the Landscape: The European Tours of Charles A. Platt and Charles Eliot
Authors: Morgan Keith N. 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACTStudy and travel in Europe provided a foundation for the establishment of artists and architects in the United States, including landscape architects and urban planners. In the closing decades of the nineteenth century, Charles A. Platt (1859–1933) and Charles Eliot (1861–97), men from privileged backgrounds in New York and Boston respectively, spent years in Europe seeking training and direct knowledge of historic patterns in garden, park and city making. Both shared their observations in influential articles for professional and popular journals and in publications that discussed what they had observed abroad and showed how it could be applied to American needs. Separate publications about their work and ideas further reinforced their influence. Platt, originally trained as an etcher and painter, approached first landscape design and then architecture from the perspective of an artist. He became one of the earliest and most influential figures in the formal garden revival in the United States, especially in landscapes for country houses, for which he also became one of the country’s most admired designers. In contrast, Eliot studied European patterns as a landscape architect who was also interested in both land preservation and regional planning. He led in establishing the Trustees of Public Reservations (1891), America’s first private-sector state-wide landscape trust, and the Boston Metropolitan Park Commission (1893), the country’s earliest regional landscape-planning state agency. The two men and their work represent contrasting methods and objectives, yet their interlocking careers sketch a broader panorama of the European precedents for American conditions at the turn of the twentieth century and beyond.
Is cohabitation as a form of union formation a licence to intimate partner physical violence in Uganda?
Authors: Lwanga Charles , Kalule-Sabiti Ishmael , Fuseini Kamil , Wandera Stephen Ojiambo , Mangombe Kudzaishe , Maniragaba Fred 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe study examined the argument that cohabitation as a form of union increases physical violence victimization among women. The study’s aim was to assess the association between physical violence and other socio-demographic factors that influence physical violence among women. Self-reported data were extracted from the 2016 Uganda Demographic and Health Survey (UDHS), with a sample of 2479 couples, from the couple file. Chi-squared tests and multivariate Firth-logit regression models were used to examine the relationship between intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization and marital status controlling for other social-demographic factors. There was no significant evidence that women in cohabiting union have a higher risk of exposure to physical violence in the Ugandan context. The risk of experiencing physical violence perpetration varied by birth cohort, with the most recent cohorts exhibiting a slightly higher risk of experiencing partner violence than previous cohorts. Significant factors found to be associated with an increased risk of experiencing IPV included being in the poorer, middle and richer compared with the poorest wealth tertile of income, residing in Eastern or Northern regions compared with the Central region, being affiliated to the Catholic faith compared with Anglican and having five or more children compared with 4 or fewer children. In conclusion, there is no evidence that physical violence is more pronounced among women in cohabiting unions compared with married women in Uganda.
Disability from chronic ear disease in Nepal assessed using the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 instrument
Authors: Rudd J , Bohara R , Youngs R , Mcleod R W J , Elhassan H A , Gurung U 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectiveGlobally, South Asia has the highest proportion of disabling hearing loss. There is a paucity of data exploring the associated hearing loss and disability caused by chronic middle-ear disease in South Asia in the setting of surgical outreach. This study aimed to measure disability using the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 in patients undergoing ear surgery for chronic middle-ear disease in an ear hospital in Nepal.MethodThe World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 was translated into Nepali and administered by interview to patients before ear surgery, and results were correlated with pre-operative audiograms.ResultsOut of a total of 106 patients with a mean age of 23 years, the mean World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 score was 17.7, and the highest domain scores were for domain 6 ‘participation in society’ at a score of 34. There was a positive correlation of World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2 score with hearing level (r = 0.46).ConclusionPatients with ear disease in Nepal have had their disability measured using the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0. Our study demonstrated a correlation between impaired hearing and disability in a surgical outreach context, which was an expected but not previously reported finding.
Estimating measurement equivalence of the 12-item General Health Questionnaire across ethnic groups in the UK
Authors: King Kirby , Allum Nick , Stoneman Paul , Cernat Alexandru 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundThis study investigates the extent to which the GHQ-12 exhibits configural, metric and scalar invariance across six ethnic groups in Britain and Northern Ireland, using the UK Household Longitudinal Study (N = 35 410).MethodsA confirmatory factor analysis was carried out on a white British group in order to establish an adequate measurement model. Secondly, a multi-group confirmatory factor analysis was conducted in order to assess measurement invariance. A sensitivity analysis comparing summated and latent means across groups was carried out. Finally, revised estimates of scale reliability were derived using two different methods.ResultsA one-factor model including correlated error terms on the negatively phrased items showed superior fit in all ethnic groups. Tests for equal factor loadings and intercepts also showed adequate fit demonstrating metric and scalar invariance. Latent and summated scale estimates of mean group differences were similar for all groups. Scale reliability using McDonald's ω is lower than when using the more conventional Cronbach's α. Reliability across groups is reasonably consistent.ConclusionsWe find that the GHQ-12 does not display obvious bias in regard to ethnic groups in the UK and that valid comparisons across these groups can be made for the purposes of population research. Caution is needed when using as a screening tool for individuals.
Population age structures, persistence and flowering cues inCerberiopsis candelabra(Apocynaceae), a long-lived monocarpic rain-forest tree in New Caledonia
Authors: Read Jennifer , Sanson Gordon D. , Burd Martin , Allen Kathryn , Hua Quan , Kerr Stuart , Isnard Sandrine , McCoy Stephane , Carrasco Magdalena 
Published: September 2021

AbstractCerberiopsis candelabraVieill. is a long-lived, monocarpic (= semelparous) and mass-flowering rain-forest tree, endemic to New Caledonia. Population size structures suggest establishment has been episodic, followed by a recruitment gap that might signal population decline. Here, we use age structures based on tree rings to better assess population dynamics and persistence, and investigate influences of tree size, age and growth rate on flowering. Age structures of populations surveyed in 2007–2008 were unimodal, with establishment overc. 15–81 y, followed by a recruitment gap ofc. 23–79 y. Seedling mortality was generally high. High densities of flowering trees or large-scale exogenous disturbances may be necessary forin-situregeneration. There was no evidence of a simple flowering threshold: flowering in 2017 occurred across a wide range of tree size, age and growth rate. Instead, evidence suggested that size and age at flowering may vary among plants depending on their growth trajectory. Environmental triggers of flowering were not identified by dating tree establishment, but the last three mass-flowering events occurred in years of tropical cyclones. Regeneration and persistence might be facilitated if large-scale disturbances trigger flowering, improving reproductive efficiency by synchronising flowering and linking reproduction with environmental conditions that enhance seedling recruitment.
Effect of a conditional cash transference program on food insecurity in Mexican households: 2012–2016
Authors: Saldivar-Frausto Mariana , Unar-Munguía Mishel , Méndez-Gómez-Humarán Ignacio , Rodríguez-Ramírez Sonia , Shamah-Levy Teresa 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjective:To estimate the effects of the social inclusion programme PROSPERA on food insecurity (FI) in Mexican households during 2012 and 2016.Design:Quasi-experimental study using cross-sectional data from 2012 to 2016 National Household Income and Expenditure Survey – Socioeconomic Conditions Module (in Spanish, ENIGH-MCS).Setting:Data were used from a 2012 sample of 56 888 Mexican households (representative of 31 206 819 households) and a 2016 sample of 70 263 Mexican households (representative of 33 445 353 households). Severity of FI was estimated with the Mexican Food Security Scale (in Spanish, EMSA). The statistical analysis estimated a differences in differences (DD) model weighted by propensity score to compare program beneficiary and non-beneficiary households in 2012 than in 2016. We estimated the effect on households with and without children (< 18 years of age). We also compared this model to a DD model without propensity score weighting.Participants:Mexican households.Results:FI among all beneficiary households decreased 8·0pp as compared to non-beneficiary households over the study period. In beneficiary households with children, this decrease was 6·0pp and for beneficiary households without children, this decrease was 12·9pp (for all, P-value < 0·001).Conclusions:The PROSPERA program had a positive effect on FI reduction at the household level through increasing food access, which usually improves nutritional outcomes in vulnerable Mexican populations.
Effect of Heating on the Microstructure of NiAl + CrB2 Coatings Deposited by Mechanical Embedding in a Ball Mill
Authors: Szlezynger Maciej , Morgiel Jerzy , Pomorska Małgorzata , Maj Łukasz 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe thickness of NiAl + CrB2 coatings, produced by the mechanical embedding of powders, is limited due to the increasing brittleness of processed materials with milling time. Only the NiAl grain growth and resultant softening of the coating matrix could overcome this problem. Therefore, the effect of heating up to 750°C on the microstructure of NiAl + CrB2 coatings deposited in a ball mill rotating at 350 rpm was investigated through in situ TEM observations. The performed observations proved that defect annihilation starts at ~400°C in large intermetallic grains, which are first attached to the substrate. The growth in NiAl nanocrystallites forming most of the coating is activated only above ~600°C. The average crystallite size was measured to be 5, 14, and 19 nm at RT, 650°C, and 750°C, respectively. The first stage of nano-crystallite growth is relatively fast and connected with the reconstruction of crystallite boundaries using up the amorphous material accumulated in between them. The second stage is slower and involves the expansion of larger crystallites at the expense of smaller ones. The performed experiment proved that heating up to 750°C allows the microstructure recovery and grain coarsening of coatings to be activated.
Altered Mantle Fabric Beneath the Mid‐Continent Rift
Authors: Frederiksen A. W. , Pokar P. , Barrow E. , Revenaugh J. , van der Lee S. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe present new, densely sampled shear‐wave splitting results from southern Minnesota and adjacent areas of neighboring states, sampling the southwestern limit of the Archean Superior Province and straddling the Proterozoic Mid‐Continent Rift (MCR). The new measurements include data from the Earthscope Transportable Array (TA) as well as the Superior Province Rifting Earthscope Experiment (SPREE), yielding 99 new station‐averaged measurements. The split times show a consistent decrease from 1.1 s in the NE to 0.2 s in the SW, with the lowest values being associated with the Minnesota River Valley Terrane (MRVT). From modeling and other geophysical constraints, we interpret the split time variations to represent variations in fabric strength within a thick lithosphere, rather than lithospheric thinning or a multi‐layered effect, and propose that the weak fabric of the MRVT is associated with a different mechanism of formation than elsewhere in the Superior Province. The fast directions we measure range from NNE‐SSW to E‐W and vary on a shorter length scale than the split times, with a pattern of NE‐SW splits that closely follows the axis of the MCR. We interpret this as a perturbation of the net fast direction due to anisotropy in an underplate along the rift.
Higher Autumn Temperatures Lead to Contrasting CO2 Flux Responses in Boreal Forests Versus Tundra and Shrubland
Authors: Randazzo Nina A. , Michalak Anna M. , Miller Charles E. , Miller Scot M. , Shiga Yoichi P. , Fang Yuanyuan 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe future carbon balance of boreal ecosystems under increasing temperatures is highly uncertain. In particular, the net effects of a longer growing season versus enhanced respiration are poorly understood. Here, we use a geostatistical inverse model from 2012 to 2014 to determine temperature sensitivity in Alaskan biomes throughout the growing season, in order to identify the relative effects of these competing phenomena. We find that temperature explains a large portion of the disparities in autumn carbon flux between 2013 and 2014. Boreal forests experienced a growing season extension during the warm October of 2013 that offset increased respiration into autumn in years with high temperatures. In contrast, increased temperatures in the tundra and shrublands led to a large respiration signal during October 2013, producing a greater net carbon release. These results suggest a greater vulnerability of Alaskan tundra and shrubland carbon stocks compared to boreal forest carbon stocks under warming.
Inverse design of glass structure with deep graph neural networks
Authors: Wang Qi , Zhang Longfei 
Published: September 2021

AbstractDirectly manipulating the atomic structure to achieve a specific property is a long pursuit in the field of materials. However, hindered by the disordered, non-prototypical glass structure and the complex interplay between structure and property, such inverse design is dauntingly hard for glasses. Here, combining two cutting-edge techniques, graph neural networks and swap Monte Carlo, we develop a data-driven, property-oriented inverse design route that managed to improve the plastic resistance of Cu-Zr metallic glasses in a controllable way. Swap Monte Carlo, as a sampler, effectively explores the glass landscape, and graph neural networks, with high regression accuracy in predicting the plastic resistance, serves as a decider to guide the search in configuration space. Via an unconventional strengthening mechanism, a geometrically ultra-stable yet energetically meta-stable state is unraveled, contrary to the common belief that the higher the energy, the lower the plastic resistance. This demonstrates a vast configuration space that can be easily overlooked by conventional atomistic simulations. The data-driven techniques, structural search methods and optimization algorithms consolidate to form a toolbox, paving a new way to the design of glassy materials.
Sequences in the cytoplasmic tail of SARS-CoV-2 Spike facilitate expression at the cell surface and syncytia formation
Authors: Cattin-Ortolá Jérôme , Welch Lawrence G. , Maslen Sarah L. , Papa Guido , James Leo C. , Munro Sean 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe Spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 binds ACE2 to direct fusion with host cells. S comprises a large external domain, a transmembrane domain, and a short cytoplasmic tail. Understanding the intracellular trafficking of S is relevant to SARS-CoV-2 infection, and to vaccines expressing full-length S from mRNA or adenovirus vectors. Here we report a proteomic screen for cellular factors that interact with the cytoplasmic tail of S. We confirm interactions with the COPI and COPII vesicle coats, ERM family actin regulators, and the WIPI3 autophagy component. The COPII binding site promotes exit from the endoplasmic reticulum, and although binding to COPI should retain S in the early Golgi where viral budding occurs, there is a suboptimal histidine residue in the recognition motif. As a result, S leaks to the surface where it accumulates and can direct the formation of multinucleate syncytia. Thus, the trafficking signals in the tail of S indicate that syncytia play a role in the SARS-CoV-2 lifecycle.
ORP1L mediated PI(4)P signaling at ER-lysosome-mitochondrion three-way contact contributes to mitochondrial division
Authors: Boutry Maxime , Kim Peter K. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractMitochondrial division is not an autonomous event but involves multiple organelles, including the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and lysosomes. Whereas the ER drives the constriction of mitochondrial membranes, the role of lysosomes in mitochondrial division is not known. Here, using super-resolution live-cell imaging, we investigate the recruitment of lysosomes to the site of mitochondrial division. We find that the ER recruits lysosomes to the site of division through the interaction of VAMP-associated proteins (VAPs) with the lysosomal lipid transfer protein ORP1L to induce a three-way contact between the ER, lysosome, and the mitochondrion. We also show that ORP1L might transport phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PI(4)P) from lysosomes to mitochondria, as inhibiting its transfer or depleting PI(4)P at the mitochondrial division site impairs fission, demonstrating a direct role for PI(4)P in the division process. Our findings support a model where the ER recruits lysosomes to act in concert at the fission site for the efficient division of mitochondria.
Burns and biofilms: priority pathogens and in vivo models
Authors: Maslova Evgenia , Eisaiankhongi Lara , Sjöberg Folke , McCarthy Ronan R. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBurn wounds can create significant damage to human skin, compromising one of the key barriers to infection. The leading cause of death among burn wound patients is infection. Even in the patients that survive, infections can be notoriously difficult to treat and can cause lasting damage, with delayed healing and prolonged hospital stays. Biofilm formation in the burn wound site is a major contributing factor to the failure of burn treatment regimens and mortality as a result of burn wound infection. Bacteria forming a biofilm or a bacterial community encased in a polysaccharide matrix are more resistant to disinfection, the rigors of the host immune system, and critically, more tolerant to antibiotics. Burn wound-associated biofilms are also thought to act as a launchpad for bacteria to establish deeper, systemic infection and ultimately bacteremia and sepsis. In this review, we discuss some of the leading burn wound pathogens and outline how they regulate biofilm formation in the burn wound microenvironment. We also discuss the new and emerging models that are available to study burn wound biofilm formation in vivo.
Clinical consequences of BRCA2 hypomorphism
Authors: Castells-Roca Laia , Gutiérrez-Enríquez Sara , Bonache Sandra , Bogliolo Massimo , Carrasco Estela , Aza-Carmona Miriam , Montalban Gemma , Muñoz-Subirana Núria , Pujol Roser , Cruz Cristina , Llop-Guevara Alba , Ramírez María J. , Saura Cristina , Lasa Adriana , Serra Violeta , Diez Orland , Balmaña Judith , Surrallés Jordi 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe tumor suppressor FANCD1/BRCA2 is crucial for DNA homologous recombination repair (HRR). BRCA2 biallelic pathogenic variants result in a severe form of Fanconi anemia (FA) syndrome, whereas monoallelic pathogenic variants cause mainly hereditary breast and ovarian cancer predisposition. For decades, the co-occurrence in trans with a clearly pathogenic variant led to assume that the other allele was benign. However, here we show a patient with biallelic BRCA2 (c.1813dup and c.7796 A > G) diagnosed at age 33 with FA after a hypertoxic reaction to chemotherapy during breast cancer treatment. After DNA damage, patient cells displayed intermediate chromosome fragility, reduced survival, cell cycle defects, and significantly decreased RAD51 foci formation. With a newly developed cell-based flow cytometric assay, we measured single BRCA2 allele contributions to HRR, and found that expression of the missense allele in a BRCA2 KO cellular background partially recovered HRR activity. Our data suggest that a hypomorphic BRCA2 allele retaining 37–54% of normal HRR function can prevent FA clinical phenotype, but not the early onset of breast cancer and severe hypersensitivity to chemotherapy.
Phase field modeling for the morphological and microstructural evolution of metallic materials under environmental attack
Authors: Ansari Talha Qasim , Huang Haitao , Shi San-Qiang 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe complex degradation of metallic materials in aggressive environments can result in morphological and microstructural changes. The phase-field (PF) method is an effective computational approach to understanding and predicting the morphology, phase change and/or transformation of materials. PF models are based on conserved and non-conserved field variables that represent each phase as a function of space and time coupled with time-dependent equations that describe the mechanisms. This report summarizes progress in the PF modeling of degradation of metallic materials in aqueous corrosion, hydrogen-assisted cracking, high-temperature metal oxidation in the gas phase and porous structure evolution with insights to future applications.
Strong electron–phonon coupling influences carrier transport and thermoelectric performances in group-IV/V elemental monolayers
Authors: Wu Yu , Hou Bowen , Chen Ying , Cao Jiang , Shao Hezhu , Zhang Yiming , Ma Congcong , Zhu Heyuan , Zhang Rongjun , Zhang Hao 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe interactions between electrons and phonons play the key role in determining the carrier transport properties in semiconductors. In this work, comprehensive investigations on full electron–phonon (el–ph) couplings and their influences on carrier mobility and thermoelectric (TE) performances of 2D group IV and V elemental monolayers are performed, and we also analyze the selection rules on el–ph couplings using group theory. For shallow n/p-dopings in Si, Ge, and Sn, ZA/TA/LO phonon modes dominate the intervalley scatterings. Similarly strong intervalley scatterings via ZA/TO phonon modes can be identified for CBM electrons in P, As, and Sb, and for VBM holes, ZA/TA phonon modes dominate intervalley scatterings in P while LA phonons dominate intravalley scatterings in As and Sb. By considering full el–ph couplings, the TE performance for these two series of monolayers are predicted, which seriously downgrades the thermoelectric figures of merits compared with those predicted by the constant relaxation time approximation.