bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vision-Linked Traits Associated With Antenna Size and Foraging Ecology Across Ants
Authors: Jelley Chloe , Barden Phillip 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Visual systems in animals often conspicuously reflect the demands of their ecological interactions. Ants occupy a wide range of terrestrial microhabitats and ecological roles. Additionally, ant eye morphology is highly variable; species range from eyeless subterranean-dwellers to highly visual predators or desert navigators. Through a comparative approach spanning 64 species, we evaluated the relationship between ecology and eye morphology on a wide taxonomic scale. Using worker caste specimens, we developed two- and three-dimensional measurements to quantify eye morphology and position, as well as antennal scape length. Surprisingly, we find limited associations between ecology and most eye traits, however, we recover significant relationships between antennal scape length and some vision-linked attributes. While accounting for shared ancestry, we find that two- and three-dimensional eye area is correlated with foraging niche and ommatidia density is significantly associated with trophic level in our sample of ant taxa. Perhaps signifying a resource investment tradeoff between visual and olfactory or tactile acuity, we find that ommatidia density is negatively correlated with antennal scape length. Additionally, we find that eye position is significantly related to antennal scape length and also report a positive correlation between scape length and eye height, which may be related to the shared developmental origin of these structures. Along with previously known relationships between two-dimensional eye size and ant ecology, our results join reports from other organismal lineages suggesting that morphological traits with intuitive links to ecology may also be shaped by developmental restrictions and energetic trade-offs.
Multiplatform Assessment of Saliva for SARS-CoV-2 Molecular Detection in Symptomatic Healthcare Personnel and Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department
Authors: Potter Robert F , Ransom Eric M , Wallace Meghan A , Johnson Caitlin , Kwon Jennie H , Babcock Hilary M , Eby Charles S , Anderson Neil W , Parikh Bijal A , Burnham Carey-Ann D 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Saliva has garnered great interest as an alternative specimen type for molecular detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Data are limited on the relative performance of different molecular methods using saliva specimens and the relative sensitivity of saliva to nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs.

Methods
To address the gap in knowledge, we enrolled symptomatic healthcare personnel (n = 250) from Barnes-Jewish Hospital/Washington University Medical Center and patients presenting to the Emergency Department with clinical symptoms compatible with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19; n = 292). We collected paired saliva specimens and NP swabs. The Lyra SARS-CoV-2 assay (Quidel) was evaluated on paired saliva and NP samples. Subsequently we compared the Simplexa COVID-19 Direct Kit (Diasorin) and a modified SalivaDirect (Yale) assay on a subset of positive and negative saliva specimens.

Results
The positive percent agreement (PPA) between saliva and NP samples using the Lyra SARS-CoV-2 assay was 63.2%. Saliva samples had higher SARS-CoV-2 cycle threshold values compared to NP swabs (P &lt; 0.0001). We found a 76.47% (26/34) PPA for Simplexa COVID-19 Direct Kit on saliva and a 67.6% (23/34) PPA for SalivaDirect compared to NP swab results.

Conclusion
These data demonstrate molecular assays have variability in performance for detection of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva.
KOLs
Authors: Shorter Edward 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers the physicians who advised the pharmaceutical industry in the interest of bringing an effective compound to the attention of the profession. It mentions Roland Kuhn, the Swiss asylum psychiatrist who in 1957 discovered the effectiveness of imipramine in depression and advised about marketing strategies to use to sell the drug. It also highlights the true nature of the testimonials of physicians, which is well known to the industry. The industry’s contempt for them is shown by its vernacular term for sources, which are called “stables.” The chapter focuses on the “stables” of the 1980s that later became Key Opinion Leaders (KOLs). It points out that the sardonic term KOL first appeared in industry correspondence as an insider expression for academics.
‘In the tents of the King as well as the Muses’
Authors: Compston Alastair 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chapter 1, ‘In the tents of the King as well as the Muses: The life and reputation of Thomas Willis’, starts with the reaction to Willis’s death, aged 54, in 1675. From there, an account is given of Willis’s childhood and education in Oxford and his activities supporting the Royalist cause during the Civil War. After training in medicine, Willis’s casebook, involvement with the Oxford Experimental Philosophical Club and the episode of Anne Greene, spared from dissection through resuscitation after judicial hanging, and his lectures as Sedleian professor of Natural Philosophy in Oxford, are described. After moving to London in 1667, Willis was in demand as a physician and involved with the other Fellows of the Royal Society in reshaping ideas on respiration, fermentation, and muscular movement. The chapter ends with an analysis of the consolidation of Willis’s reputation as a major figure in the history of medicine.{146 words}
‘To delineate with most skillful hands’
Authors: Compston Alastair 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chapter 3: ‘To delineate with most skillful hands: illustration and the printed works of Thomas Willis’ explains methods for illustrating the printed works. The engraved frontispieces, three allegorical and one depicting Willis and his circle dissecting a human body, are described. Variations of the engraved portrait, first drawn by David Loggan, are documented. The features of 416 separate ornaments, used by twenty-three printers, are described. These include engraved title pages, head and tail pieces, fleurons and decorated capitals. The provenance and details of forty plates illustrating the texts, including work by Christopher Wren, their different states and copies ‘borrowed’ by other authors are documented. Many illustrations of each type are included. The chapter concludes with one table summarizing the number of images, printers’ plate, and leaves found in a complete copy; and another comparing the states used for each book described in the bibliography. {142 words}
‘To be avoided as if they were sick’
Authors: Compston Alastair 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chapter 11. ‘To be avoided as if they were sick: A plain and easie method for preserving those that are well from the infection of the plague (1691–1721)’ provides a detailed bibliography, using the system described in chapter 4, of five copies of Willis’s seventh published book in which is included one treatise: 14. A plain and easie method etc. These descriptions are preceded by a narrative highlighting the main bibliographic issues that characterize the various editions, states, and issues of these copies. Of these, some are already known but others newly identified. {91 words}
‘Of drudgery in pursuit of lucre’
Authors: Compston Alastair 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chapter 14. ‘Of drudgery in pursuit of lucre: The London practice of physick (1685–1695)’ provides a detailed bibliography, using the system described in chapter 4, of nine copies of Willis’s thirteenth and fourteenth published books containing extracts that relate to the practice of medicine contained in treatises 2, 6, 7, 11–13 (The London practice of physick, 1685), and one with unspecified contents but probably based on the same treatises (Dr Willis’s receipts for the cure of all distempers , 1701). These descriptions are preceded by a narrative highlighting the main bibliographic issues that characterize the various editions, states, and issues of these copies. Of these, some are already known but others newly identified. {109 words}
General principles and techniques
Authors: Kay Simon , McCombe David 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Plastic surgery pursues the amelioration of acquired or congenital defects, to restore both function and form. Uniquely among surgical specialties, plastic surgery is defined by concept rather than by tissue or anatomical region. The concepts and techniques that are its foundation may be applied throughout the body irrespective of tissue type, to reconstruct or repair deficiencies resulting from trauma, disease, or birth defects. To the uninformed, it appears a solely technical specialty, but in truth, the interactions between form, function, and human behaviour are so intimate that diagnosis and treatment must consider each of these aspects. In particular, it requires a detailed understanding of human behaviour and its variants in a wide variety of circumstances to treat the individual effectively.
Pigmented lesions and melanoma including premalignant conditions
Authors: Henderson Michael , Spillane John , Gyorki David , McCormack Christopher 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Throughout the world, each year, approximately 250,000 people develop melanoma and 40,000 die from the disease. Melanoma is characteristically a disease of fair-skinned persons exposed to high ambient levels of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The incidence has doubled over the last 20 years although unlike other countries the rate of increase in Australia has slowed in recent years, possibly due to public education campaigns targeting excessive UV exposure. Globally the incidence in patients over the age of 65 continues to increase and accounts for disproportionately more melanoma-related deaths. Nevertheless, melanoma in younger persons (&lt;35 years) is among the leading causes of cancer-related mortality in fair-skinned populations. Until the last decade, the outlook for patients with advanced melanoma was uniformly poor but the development of specific therapies targeting the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway (mutated BRAF melanoma) and immune checkpoint therapy has delivered enormous improvements in outcome.
Wound dressings
Authors: Stewart David 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The plastic surgeon is often called upon to manage the complex or chronic wound. While an understanding of the principles of surgical debridement and reconstruction is naturally required for plastic surgical practice, it behoves the surgeon to also have a thorough understanding of the non-surgical aspects of wound management. The choice of dressings should be based on an understanding of what one is trying to achieve. Dressings can be indicated to aid in closure, prevent contamination, maintain hydration, debride, temporize while waiting for surgery, treat infection, and reduce swelling and inflammation. Often the choice will be based on individual preference and local availability, but understanding the varied properties of available dressings will allow the plastic surgeon to have an algorithmic approach to wound dressing.
The Schwann cell
Authors: Kingham Paul J. , Wiberg Mikael 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Theodor Schwann, a German physiologist and one of the founding fathers of cellular theory, was the first to hypothesize the association between myelin (the insulating fatty substance surrounding peripheral nerve axons) and the cells that later took his name. In addition to their central role in facilitating the conduction of fast axon potentials, there exist a number of Schwann cell subtypes that are responsible for maintaining normal neural function and signalling at the neuromuscular junction. This chapter provides an overview of the development of the Schwann cells from their neural crest origin and the molecular changes associated with formation of the diverging myelinating and non-myelinating phenotypes. The role of Schwann cells in assisting peripheral nerve axon regeneration is also discussed.
Clinicopathological correlates with theoretical grades
Authors: Bains Robert , Kay Simon 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Nerve injury may present with temporary and short-lived loss of function progressing to full recovery or with complete loss of function, severe pain, and no prospect of spontaneous improvement. Many cases lie between these two extremes and the classification systems described in this chapter will aid identification and understanding of an individual injury with the intention to predict outcome and so guide management.
Neurophysiological assessments for peripheral nerve injury
Authors: Mallik Arup 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Neurophysiology is a useful investigation to assess peripheral nerve injury. It consists of nerve conduction studies and electromyography, providing information on anatomical distribution of the lesion (pre/postganglionic, single/multiple nerves), whether the lesion is primarily demyelinating or axonal, and whether the lesion is in continuity, as well as the overall prognosis.
Pathophysiology
Authors: Hart Andrew 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Compression neuropathy is the commonest form of peripheral nerve injury and refers to the symptoms and clinicopathological findings that arise when a peripheral nerve is subjected to acute or chronic external compression or impingement of sufficient magnitude to impair its microcirculation. As aerobic glycolysis fails, membrane potential regulation is impaired, and action potential transmission fails. The differential susceptibility of the various fibre types, which subserve different functions, results in a typical progression of symptoms from impaired fine touch and proprioception, through paraesthesia, to poorly localized pain. If compression persists, then secondary intraneural and vascular anatomical changes establish a downward spiral of worsening intraneural oedema and fibrosis, axonotmesis, and denervation atrophy of target muscles. The condition becomes refractory to decompression. The impact on the patient depends upon the severity of neuropathy, and the nerve affected. A small number of anatomical sites particularly predispose to compression (e.g. the carpal tunnel), resulting in the common clinical syndromes.
Orthopaedic management of congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia
Authors: Monsell Fergal 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Congenital pseudoarthrosis of the tibia is an uncommon but important condition, often associated with neurofibromatosis, in which the tibia has a region of abnormal bone prone to fracture and subsequent non-union with a fibrocartilaginous pseudoarthrosis forming at the fracture site. The limb is prone to malalignment and distal deformity. Management requires correction and stabilization of the deformity with excision of the affected tissue of the tibia and reconstruction either with bone grafting, transport, or transfer of vascularized fibula.
The skeletal consequences of meningococcal septicaemia
Authors: Monsell Fergal 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Meningococcal septicaemia and its complication of purpura fulminans has a significant impact upon the extremities as the ischaemic insult caused by the intravascular thrombosis typical of the fulminant infection can lead to gangrene and tissue loss in the acute phase of illness and the late sequelae of growth arrest and deformity. The initial management and long-term assessment and intervention are described in this chapter.
Hair restoration
Authors: Darhouse Nagham , Williams Greg 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Hair restoration focuses on replacing hair where it has been lost, although there is also a demand for hair to be placed where it is desired, but lacking, for a perceived aesthetic gain. For both men and women, hair loss can be devastating and lead to loss of confidence and self-esteem. Hair restoration can be beneficial but treatment should be tailored to the individual’s needs and the correct diagnosis for the hair loss needs to be determined through a detailed history, thorough examination, and appropriate investigations. The average human has over 5 million hair follicles of which only about 100,000 are located on the scalp. While it is loss of scalp hair that is often most noticeable and distressing, eyebrow and eyelash hair loss is also very obvious in both sexes, as is loss of beard and moustache hair in men. Hair loss may be localized or generalized, part of a medical condition, a side effect of medications, the result of a dermatological condition, or genetically predetermined. Hair restoration can be achieved through medical treatment, surgery, and non-surgical alternatives.
Management of midface fractures: maxilla
Authors: Parmar Jiten D. , Carter Lachlan M. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Maxillary fractures can be classified according to fracture pattern as described by the Le Fort classification. These are usually high-energy injuries and there are often other facial injuries associated with these fractures that need to be identified and managed in addition to the treatment of the fracture itself. Fracture treatment is by reduction and stabilization, usually with internal fixation. Complications of the injury and treatment are discussed in this chapter
Frontal sinus and nasoethmoidal injuries
Authors: Ahmed Nabeela , Carter Lachlan M. , Singh Rabindra P. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The frontal sinus and the adjacent naso-orbitoethmoid complex of bones in the midline are vulnerable to direct trauma and significant injuries can involve the adjacent skull base, the nasofrontal duct, and the medial orbit. The anatomy of this critical area is complex. Assessment of the injury includes ocular and neurological examination for associated injuries, and high-resolution computed tomography scanning is required for accurate definition of the injury. In this chapter, the principles of management and the complications of these fractures and their management are described.
Sequencing of panfacial fracture repair
Authors: Parmar Jiten D. , Carter Lachlan M. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Panfacial fractures involve multiple fractures of the upper, middle, and lower thirds of the face. In management of panfacial fractures, the individual fracture techniques and approaches described in the previous chapters in Section 7 are combined to restore bony continuity of the facial skeleton and provide an aesthetic and functional drape of the overlying soft tissues. The aim in treatment of panfacial fractures is to restore the anatomical buttresses of the face in three dimensions, thus restoring vertical face height, horizontal width, and anteroposterior projection.
Common orthognathic procedures
Authors: Bates Claire , Mannion Christopher J. , Carter Lachlan M. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The mainstays of orthognathic surgery are Le Fort I osteotomy of the maxilla, sagittal split osteotomy of the mandible, and genioplasty of the mandible. These procedures are described in this chapter together with the complications associated with them. The principles of distraction osteogenesis of the mandible and the indications for this procedure are also described.
Embryology and development of the chest wall and breast
Authors: Lam Quoc 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The concepts of embryogenesis of the chest and breasts intimately influence a surgeon’s approach to reconstruction of this region. Development of the chest and breasts begins in utero, but dramatic changes occur after birth during puberty, pregnancy, and menopause with intervals of relatively little change in between. The breasts have a complex multifaceted role in the physical and psychosocial development of a female. Plastic surgical approaches to congenital and acquired defects of the chest and breast are sensitive to these developmental phases in order to balance form, function, and psychosocial well-being. The many congenital disorders of the breast and chest exemplify errors at various stages of development.
Breast malignancy
Authors: Horgan Kieran , Dall Barbara , Millican-Slater Rebecca , Bramhall Russell , MacNeill Fiona , Dodwell David , Chaudhuri Indu , Trainor Sebastian 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Breast cancer is the commonest cancer to affect women in developed countries and is increasing in frequency in the Western world. Approximately 50,000 women and 400 men are diagnosed with breast cancer in the United Kingdom each year. Eighty per cent of these individuals will survive for at least 5 years after diagnosis. In 2012, 11,762 women died of breast cancer in the United Kingdom. Age-standardized rates of new invasive breast cancer diagnosis have increased from 75 to 126 per 100,000 population in the United Kingdom between 1977 and 2010.
Breast reconstruction
Authors: Dean Nicola R. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In post-mastectomy breast reconstruction, appropriate assessment of the patient’s requirements and evaluation of their suitability for any particular procedure is essential to ensuring a good outcome. The clinic environment, history taking, and examination are covered in this chapter. How to explain different types of procedures to patients and how to present them with evidence around different methods of breast reconstruction is a major focus of this chapter. Risk assessment and important elements of consent form the final part of the chapter.
TRAM flap breast reconstruction
Authors: Januszkiewicz Janek S. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap retains a prominent role in contemporary breast reconstruction surgery. This chapter reviews the origins and anatomy of the TRAM flap, both as a pedicled and free tissue transfer. Patient selection and flap planning are examined in the context of immediate and secondary breast reconstruction with attention to oncological considerations and patient risk factors. The elements influencing choice between a pedicled or free flap are discussed and some guidelines to decision-making for abdominal based breast reconstruction are offered. Detailed descriptions of surgical technique and perioperative care follow, illustrated by case examples.
Ancillary considerations in breast surgery
Authors: Clark Emily G. , Mueller Melissa A. , Evans Gregory R.D. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Debated topics and new and evolving techniques in breast surgery are discussed in this chapter. Antibiotics and the use of closed-suction drains vary among surgeons, but the existing evidence favours discontinuation of antibiotics within 24 hours in most cases, and the indications for drains are limited but include breast reconstruction with acellular dermal matrix (ADM). ADM is a biological tissue substitute with many applications in breast surgery. The product selected and surgical technique used are often case specific; cost and patient anatomy play major roles. Although not suitable for all patients, ADM is an asset to prosthetic breast reconstruction. In addition, ADM is useful in the correction of breast surgery complications, including malpositioning and capsular contracture. It may be combined with fat grafting to mask rippling. Fat grafting, or lipomodelling, is an evolving science with promising results. Technique is critical for good results, and is described in this chapter. Radiographic changes after fat grafting are usually discernible from suspicious lesions, and growing evidence supports the oncological safety of this procedure