bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plasiticity in Normoxic Ventilation and Apnea Frequency in Neonatal Rats Exposed to Chronic Hyperoxia
Authors: Kavanagh Julia B. , Pratt Ashley E. , Lewallen Reed M. , Bavis Ryan W. 
Published: June 2021

Rats chronically exposed to hyperoxia exhibit hypopnea and lower metabolic rates when returned to room air (e.g., Bavis et al. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 198: 1–12, 2014), but we have not previously measured ventilation and metabolism simultaneously in the same individuals. In this study, we assessed these characteristics in 4–5 and 13–14 day old rats (i.e., P4–5 and P13–14) that were reared in 21% O2 (Control) or 60% O2 (Hyperoxia) from birth; ventilation and O2 consumption rates were measured via head‐body plethysmography paired with continuous monitoring of expired gas concentrations. The ventilation‐to‐O2 consumption ratio was lower in Hyperoxia rats at P4–5 (37.6±1.9 vs. 48.9±3.3 in Control; mean±SEM, P<0.01) and at P13–14 (24.3±1.3 vs. 31.7±2.9 in Control; P=0.04), consistent with hypoventilation. We also quantified the frequency and duration of apneas during the 30 minute recording period. When apnea was defined as a respiratory pause twice the average breath duration (TTot), apnea duration tended to be longer in Hyperoxia rats at P4–5 (1.87±0.15 s vs. 1.48±0.08 s in Control; P=0.03); apnea durations were not different between groups at P13–14. However, this analysis may be confounded by a significantly lower breathing frequency (and thus longer TTot) in Hyperoxia rats. Indeed, apnea durations were no longer different between groups when adjusted for TTot (ANCOVA, P=0.47). To confirm this result, we reanalyzed apneas at P4–5 using the average TTot for all Control rats (rather than for each individual) to identify apneas. This analysis yielded no significant difference in apnea duration between groups (P=0.20), but there was a greater apnea frequency in P4–5 Hyperoxia rats (0.8±0.2 apneas min−1 vs. 0.4±0.1 apneas min−1; P=0.04). We conclude that chronic hyperoxia causes a persistent hypoventilation in neonatal rats that may be accompanied by a modest increase in apnea frequency, but these effects generally diminish with age.Support or Funding InformationSupported by NIH grant P20 GM‐103423 (Maine INBRE).This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Prenatal Nicotinic Exposure Prolongs the Apneic Response to Activation of Bronchopulmonary C‐fiber 5‐HT3 Receptor with Upregulation of C‐neural 5‐HT3B Expression in Rat Pups
Authors: Zhao Lei , Gao Xiuping , Zhuang Jianguo , Shi Yuanyuan , Xu Fadi 
Published: June 2021

5‐HT3 receptor, an important ionic channel, is heavily expressed in bronchopulmonary C‐fibers (PCFs). Among five 5‐HT3 receptor subunits (5‐HT3A–E), only homomeric 5‐HT3A and heteromeric 5‐HT3AB form functional ion channels. It is reported that the recovery from channel desensitization is much faster in 5‐HT3AB receptor assemblies than that in 5‐HT3A receptor assemblies. Our previous studies have shown that prenatal nicotinic exposure (PNE) significantly prolongs the apneic response to stimulation of PCFs in rat pups. Here, we asked whether PNE would promote 5‐HT secretion in BALF and prolong the 5‐HT3‐mediated apneic response depending on PCFs. We further asked whether this augmented 5‐HT3‐mediated response was associated with alterations of protein and mRNA expressions of 5‐HT3A and/or 5‐HT3B subunits and changes of 5‐HT3 currents in vagal pulmonary C‐neurons. To this end, Ctrl and PNE rat pups were used to detect the differences in: 1) 5‐HT content in BALF; 2) the apneic response to right atrial bolus injection of phenylbiguanide (a selective 5‐HT3 agonist, 10 μg/kg) under PCF intact condition and degenerated condition induced by perivagal capsaicin treatment; 3) 5‐HT3A and 5‐HT3B mRNA (single cell RT‐PCR) and protein expression (immunohistochemistry) in the nodose/jugular ganglionic vagal pulmonary C‐neurons that were retrogradely traced by intratracheal instillation of DiI and marked with TRPV1 expression; and 4) 5‐HT3 currents on these neurons recorded by patch‐clamp in vitro. Our results show that PNE not only upregulates pulmonary 5‐HT concentration but also strengthens the 5‐HT3‐mediated apnea depending on PCF. PNE increases 5‐HT3B but not 5‐HT3A protein expression with little changes in their mRNA level in the vagal pulmonary C‐neurons. Interestingly, PNE significantly accelerates 5‐HT3 channel desensitization and shortens the half‐widths and decay times but has no effect on the rise‐times of these channels. Our results suggest that PNE prolongs PCF 5‐HT3‐mediated apnea likely through altering the formation of 5‐HT subunits (increasing 5‐HT3B) to enhance the sensitivities of 5‐HT3 channels.Support or Funding InformationHL119683 and HL107462This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Does Shipping Late‐Gestation Rats Alter Respiratory Control in Their Offspring?
Authors: Benevides Ethan S. , Kavanagh Julia B. , Wallace Josefine A. , Bavis Ryan W. 
Published: June 2021

Ordering timed‐pregnant rats is convenient for many developmental studies, but the shipping process may be stressful for the animals. Given the sensitivity of the developing respiratory control system to perinatal stress (e.g., Joseph et al., Respir Physiol Neurobiol 185:75–86, 2013), we investigated whether prenatal “shipping stress” alters the respiratory control of neonatal rats. In the first set of experiments, timed‐pregnant rats were shipped to arrive at our animal facility at embryonic age 17 (E17) and their pups were compared to those of rats bred in‐house (IH) at 8–9 days of age (P8–9). Normoxic ventilation (measured by head‐body plethysmography) was 30% greater in E17 pups than in IH pups (138±6 vs. 106±4 ml min−1 100g−1; mean±SEM, P<0.001), and their hypoxic ventilatory responses (HVR) to 12% O2 were lower (45±6 vs. 67±4 % increase from baseline; P=0.02). We then repeated the experiment with timed‐pregnant rats shipped to arrive at E13 or E19. At P4–5, ventilation was approximately 10% greater in E19 pups than in E13 or IH pups (treatment, P=0.02), but the magnitude and time course of the HVR was similar among groups (treatment × time, P=0.53). At P11–12, no differences in normoxic or hypoxic ventilation were detected among the treatment groups (treatment, P=0.24; treatment × time, P=0.08). Similarly, in vitro carotid body responses to hypoxia did not differ among E13, E19, and IH groups at either age (both P>0.05). The different outcomes of these studies could reflect the different gestational ages at which the rats were shipped or different origins/shipping distances of the pregnant rats (Portage, MI vs. Kingston, NY).Support or Funding InformationSupported by NIH grant P20 GM‐103423 (Maine INBRE).This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Cervical spinal cord injury in a transgenic mouse expressing fluorophores in neurons, microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes
Authors: Sunshine Michael Daniel , Streeter Kristi A. , Gaire Janak , Otto Kevin J. , Fuller David Dwight 
Published: June 2021

Spinal cord injury (SCI) most commonly occurs at cervical levels, and such injuries typically impair breathing. Reproducible cervical SCI models which facilitate high resolution evaluation of the tissue response to the injury will aide in the development and testing of therapeutics to improve respiratory function. These models can be evaluated by anatomical assessment of injury lesions. However, tissue processing using traditional immunohistochemistry is limited by the ability of antibodies to penetrate deep within the tissue sample. To address these issues, we studied the PRISM+ mouse, a genetically modified mouse with fluorophores tagging the four major cell types of the central nervous system endogenously express fluorophores, thereby eliminating the need for immunochemistry procedures. In the genetically modified mouse, neurons express YFP (512ex/529em), microglia express GFP (488ex/509em), astrocytes express DsRed (554ex/586em), and oligodendrocytes express CFP (435ex/485em). PRISM+ mice received a mid‐cervical (C3) dorsal‐lateral crush injury and tissues were harvested 3 days later. Initial histological evaluation of the injured spinal cords confirm an absence of neurons in the lesioned dorsal cord, as expected. However, YFP‐positive motor neurons were prominent in the ventral cord. The ipsilesional dorsal quadrant was clearly observed to have increased GFP‐positive microglial infiltration and lack of CFP‐positive oligodendrocytes. At this 3‐day post‐injury time point we detected no astroglial scar, and in fact there were fewer DsRed‐positive astrocytes in immediate vicinity of the lesion as compared to the rest of the spinal cord. Importantly, the fluorophores were robustly detected in all four cell types, and this enabled reliable and automated analysis of the histological sections. These data indicate that the Prism+ mouse provides a useful model for studying the histological response to SCI.Support or Funding InformationThis work was sponsored by T32‐HD043730 (MDS), 1F32NS095620‐01 (KS), SPARC OT2 OD023854 (DDF). 1 R01 NS080180‐01A1 (DDF), the University of Florida Preeminent Initiative, and by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) Microsystems Technology Office (MTO), under the auspices of Dr. Jack W. Judy (jack.judy@darpa.mil) and Dr. Doug Weber (Douglas.Weber@darpa.mil) as part of the Reliable Neural Technology Program, through the Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command (SPAWAR) Systems Center (SSC) Pacific grant No. N66001‐11‐1‐4013.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
A New, Noninvasive Method of Measuring Pulmonary Gas Exchange: Results in Normal Subjects and Patients with Lung Disease
Authors: Wang Daniel L. , Prisk Kim , West John B. 
Published: June 2021

MethodsThe person breathes through a device that continually measures and displays the inspired and expired PO2 and PCO2. An oximeter is worn, and the arterial PO2 is calculated from the SpO2 and the oxygen dissociation curve, using the end–tidal PCO2 to account for the effect of PCO2 on the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. The PO2 difference between the end‐tidal gas and the calculated arterial value is called the Oxygen Deficit. Since the calculation is only accurate when the arterial oxygen saturations are 94% or less, the normal subjects breathed 12.5% oxygen.ResultsStudies were made on 17 patients with a variety of pulmonary diseases who were attending an outpatient clinic. The mean oxygen deficit was 48.7 mm Hg, SE 3.1. This can be contrasted with a mean oxygen deficit of 4.0 mm Hg, SE 0.91 in a group of 30 normal subjects who were previously studied. The p value for the difference between the two groups was < 0.0001. Within the normal subjects, the mean oxygen deficit for the 19 younger participants (ages 22–31) was 2.02 mm Hg, SE 0.84 while that in the 11 older participants (ages 47–88) was 7.53 mm Hg, SE 1.55. The p value for the difference between the young and old groups was 0.0015. The mean oxygen deficit in younger normal subjects is remarkably small. This implies that there is very little difference between the calculated arterial PO2 and the alveolar PO2, consistent with little impairment of gas exchange. However, the mean oxygen deficit in older normal subjects is significantly higher consistent with the increased Alveolar‐arterial (A‐a) PO2 gradient with age, which has been well documented in the literature. Analysis of the factors determining the magnitude of the oxygen deficit showed that the end–tidal PO2 was the most important factor, followed by the end–tidal PCO2, and the calculated arterial PO2. Interestingly the SpO2 had a minor influence in spite of the fact that the oximeter reading is frequently used to guide therapy. The analysis emphasizes the value of measuring the composition of alveolar gas in determining ventilation‐perfusion ratio inequality. Remarkably, this factor is largely ignored in the classical index of impaired pulmonary gas exchange using the ideal alveolar PO2 to calculate the A‐a O2 gradient. We argue that ignoring the actual alveolar value gives an incomplete picture of gas exchange in the lungs because the traditional index is heavily biased by lung units with low ventilation‐perfusion ratios. Therefore, by using the new index of oxygen deficit, we derive a more comprehensive measurement of gas exchange in the lungs.Support or Funding InformationSupported by MediPines IncThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Development and implementation of a classroom‐based Authentic Research Experience, Physiological Models for Human Disease.
Authors: McGinnis Courtney L. 
Published: June 2021

The National Academies and the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) have acknowledged that undergraduate education could be improved by more opportunities in authentic research (1, 2). In addition, there appears to be strong correlations between research‐based laboratories fostering an increased interest in STEM disciplines and improved grades, over traditional “cookbook” laboratories. This is especially true for underrepresented minorities and given our changing demographics at Quinnipiac, designing courses that better engage and support the student body is an essential component to our mission (3). Authentic research experiences are being implemented at many colleges and universities, as a means of giving students hands on experience conducting real science. Since there are limited research opportunities for our students to conduct faculty‐mentored research, developing a course where students can have an authentic research experience can address these shortages and obstacles (4). Additionally, in a senior exit survey completed by students within the College of Arts and Science, they expressed an interest in having more authentic lab experiences, more independent research opportunities and they wished they participated in these opportunities earlier in their career. To address some aspects of these shortages an authentic research course was developed to give students the opportunity to design and carry out experiments using one of four model organisms. Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit Fly), Caenorhabditis elgans (Roundworm), Dugesia tigrina (Planaria), or Danio rerio (Zebrafish), were all selected as model organisms because of their adaptability to undergraduate research and breadth of research topics. Student groups designed a novel experiment and generated a hypothesis, based on the current literature. The students were responsible for the animal husbandry of the models; C. elegans, D. tigrina and D. melanogaster throughout the course and performed experiments for over 50% of the semester. Once the experimental design and materials list were submitted students conducted experiments in weeks 4–6 and then analyzed their data. Following this data analysis, student groups either: repeated the same experiment, refined their experiment or generated a new question and then performed experimentation in weeks 8–11. Repeating experiments is a necessary component of scientific research, one that is typically lost in a traditional cookie‐cutter laboratory design. Students spent the remaining weeks of the semester working in their groups, analyzing data and preparing their oral presentation. The course has ran twice (Fall 2015 and Fall 2017) since it was developed and student survey response reports general satisfaction with the course.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Neuroscience drug and alcohol education has impact on students
Authors: Yim Rathana , Esperanza Samantha , Puder Barb 
Published: June 2021

Prior research has shown the significant and positive impact that community outreach and involvement can have on a student's educational experience. The outreach component of this research project involved two elementary schools in Martinez (CA) and one middle school in Pleasant Hill (CA). Our neuroscience station – The Human Brain on Drugs – discussed the physiological effects of stimulants and depressants on the human brain. Each station began with a three‐minute pretest, ten‐minute poster presentation and activity, and three minute post‐test. Additionally, students were given a learning experience survey at their final station. After the outreach activity was finished, all qualitative and quantitative data were collected and analyzed using Microsoft Excel and scored for statistical analysis. The results from all three schools showed statistically significant increases in mean test scores from pretest to post test. Overall, the results provided some insight on the importance of educational outreach and its effectiveness to enhance a student's learning experience.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
EXPERT – EXercise for PEer Led Review and Teaching
Authors: Pizzimenti Marc A. 
Published: June 2021

Organizing a formalized review session for students prior to an exam, particularly for a lab‐based course, often presents challenges to time, content, and opportunities for learning. Here we present a focused and efficient approach to organizing student participation for a laboratory examination review session using peer‐teaching to provide detailed overviews of concepts. In this exercise, each student group (e.g., 4 students) prepares for the activity by becoming an ‘expert’ for an assigned region of anatomy or a set of anatomical concepts. Students prepare for the activity by working through learning issues and/or clearly identifying anatomical structures on cadaveric donors in the lab. Through independent and group preparation, each group member contributes to and offers strategies on how the teaching of the region/concept will be presented. The general outline of the session divides the groups so that for the first round, half of the students are teaching, while the other half are learning by visiting other groups. Students that participate as ‘experts' remain at their table/station and repeat the topic every 8 minutes, as student learners rotate to each station. For the second round, the role of each student reverses (Fig. 1). Students spent an average of 2.3 h (± 1.5) preparing for the activity, while the total time for the activity was approximately 1.5 h. Student feedback (5‐point Likert scale) on the activity (n=146) was very positive. Students thought that the exercise was well‐organized (4.5 ±0.4) and worthwhile (4.6 ±0.4). They reported that they were able to become an ‘expert’ (4.4 ±0.4) in their assigned area and that the activity allowed them to determine their areas of strength (4.5 ±0.4) and weakness (4.5 ±0.4). Moreover, students reported that they were able to demonstrate their knowledge (4.5 ± 0.4) and felt that their classmates at other tables were prepared for the activity (4.4 ± 0.4). Although this activity was applied to the laboratory setting it could be easily modified for other learning/teaching environments and courses. This session incorporates active learning strategies, social support for learning, and provides an efficient method for group interaction.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
A Virtual Learning Modality for Neuroanatomical Education
Authors: Heise Natascha , Hall Heather A. , Garbe Brendan A. , Eitel Chad M. , Clapp Tod R. 
Published: June 2021

One of the most difficult tasks for students in functional neuroanatomy is visualizing the routes of neuronal signaling through circuits and complete systems in 3 dimensions (3D). During class, instructors present 2 dimensional line diagrams and cross‐sections to help students visualize this anatomy on their own. Students are tasked to interpret these two‐dimensional images into 3D in order to understand a complete and functional system. This type of visualization and interpretation is necessary when applying pathologies and anticipating a resulting patient presentation. By using virtual reality (VR), students have the ability to build, visualize, and interact with an entire neuronal system. Here we describe a custom neuroanatomy VR program used by undergraduate students at Colorado State University (CSU). Virtual reality is a computer‐generated, 3D, artificial environment that allows users to interact in a simulated experience. We implemented the virtual reality software in the neuroanatomy laboratory where students had the option of interacting with the program. Students were asked to complete a survey that indicated their opinions about virtual reality in an educational setting. In addition, we collected data through faculty observations on the student's ability to solve novel neuroanatomical problems involving lesions and patient presentations. Results from opportunity sampling method, in conjunction with student surveys and faculty observations, suggested that students appreciated the introduction of VR into their curriculum and reported that VR helped them visualize and interpret the structure and function of the nervous system. Students also reported that the VR program reinforced anatomical structures and neuronal connections that are not visible on a gross specimen with the naked eye. In addition, students' ability to recognize the outcomes of neuroanatomical lesions increased. The implementation of a VR program created an authentic environment that enhanced student engagement and application of functional neuroanatomy. We believe that thoughtful deployment of virtual reality programming can improve student satisfaction and learning outcomes in neuroanatomy.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.