bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Towards Accurate State of Charge Estimation for Lithium-ion Batteries using Self-supervised Transformer Model: A Deep Learning Approach
Authors: Hannan M , How Dickson , Lipu M. S. Hossain , Mansor M , Ker Pin , Dong Z , Sahari K , Tiong S , Muttaqi Kashem , Mahlia T M I , Blaabjerg Fred 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Accurate state of charge (SOC) estimation of lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries is crucial in prolonging cell lifespan and ensuring its safe operation for electric vehicle applications. In this article, we propose the deep learning-based transformer model trained with self-supervised learning (SSL) for end-to-end SOC estimation without the requirements of feature engineering or adaptive filtering. We demonstrate that with the SSL framework, the proposed deep learning-enabled transformer model achieves the lowest root-mean-square-error (RMSE) of 1.2% and a mean-absolute-error (MAE) of 0.7% on the test dataset at various ambient temperatures. With SSL, the proposed model can be trained with as few as 5 epochs using only 20% of the total training data and still achieves less than 1.9% RMSE on the test data. Finally, we also demonstrate that the learning weights during the SSL training can be transferred to a new Li-ion cell with different chemistry and still achieve on-par performance compared to the models trained from scratch on the new cell.
Rickettsia burneti and Brucella melitensis co-infection: a case report and literature review
Authors: Song Jiangqin , Li Xiaolong , Hu Xiaorong , Ding Yan , Zhou Junyang , Yan Xiangyuan 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background Rickettsia burneti is the causative agent of Q fever, Brucella melitensis is the causative agent of brucellosis, both of which are intracellular parasitic gram-negative bacteria. Rickettsia burneti and Brucella melitensis coinfection is fairly rarely reported in clinical. Early diagnosis and treatment are of great significance to the treatment and prognosis of brucellosis and Q fever. Case Presentation Here, we report a case of Rickettsia burneti and Brucella melitensis co-infection. The patient is a 49-year-old sheepherder, was hospitalized for left forearm trauma. Three days after admission, the patient’s fever up to 39.0°C with excessive sweating, weakness, loss of appetite and headache. Rickettsia burneti IgM was detected positive by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). After 72 hours blood culture incubation, bacterial growth was detected in aerobic bottles, Gram-negative bacilli were found in culture medium smear, the colony was identified as Brucella melitensis by mass spectrometry. The patient accept therapy of doxycycline (100 mg bid, po) and rifampicin (600 mg qd, po) for a total duration of four weeks. After receiving treatment, the patient’s symptoms disappeared rapidly, there has been no relapse or signs of chronic infection.Conclusion For high-risk practitioners, Q fever and brucellosis may be present in one patient, we should routinely test for both pathogens through a variety of tests to prevent missed diagnosis.
Gate-tunable Charge Carrier Electrocaloric Effect in Trilayer Graphene
Authors: Cortés Natalia , Negrete Oscar , Peña Francisco J. , Vargas Patricio 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The electrocaloric (EC) effect is the change in temperature and entropy of a material driven by the application of an electric field. Our tight-binding calculations linked to Fermi statistics, show that the EC effect can be produced in trilayer graphene (TLG) structures connected to a heat source, triggered by changes in the electronic density of states (DOS) at the Fermi level when external gate fields are applied on the outer graphene layers. We demonstrate that entropy changes are sensitive to the stacking arrangement in TLG systems. The AAA-stacked TLG presents an inverse EC response (cooling) regardless of the temperature value and gate field potential strength, whereas the EC effect in ABC-stacked TLG remains direct (heating) above room temperature. We reveal otherwise the TLG with Bernal-ABA stacking generates both the direct and inverse EC response within the same sample, associated with gate-dependent electronic transitions of thermally excited charge carriers from the valence band to the conduction band in the band structure. The novel charge carrier electrocaloric effect we propose in quantum layered systems may bring a wide variety of prototype van der Waals materials that could be used as versatile platforms to controlling the thermal response in nanodevices.
Estimating the Spatial Distribution of Soil Organic Carbon and Soil Total Nitrogen Stocks by Remote Sensing Methods: A Case Study in a Forest-dominated Alpine Watershed, Western China
Authors: wang chao , Zhao Chuanyan , Li Kaiming , Peng Shouzhang , Wang Ying 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Soil organic carbon and soil total nitrogen stocks are important indicators for evaluating soil health and stability. Accurately predicting the spatial distribution of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen stocks is an important basis for mitigating global warming, ensuring regional food security, and maintaining the sustainable development of ecologically fragile areas. On the basis of field sampling data and remote sensing technology, this study divided the topsoil (0–30 cm) into three soil layers of 0–10 cm, 10–20 cm, and 20–30 cm to carry out soil organic carbon and soil total nitrogen stocks estimation experiments in the Qilian Mountains in western China. A multiple linear regression model and a stepwise multiple linear regression model were used to estimate soil organic carbon and soil total nitrogen stocks. A total of 119 topsoil samples and nine remotely sensed environmental variables were collected and used for model development and validation. The results indicated that these two linear regression models showed good performance. The modified soil-adjusted vegetation index (MSAVI), perpendicular vegetation index (PVI), aspect, elevation, and solar radiation were the key environmental variables affecting soil organic carbon and total nitrogen stocks. In topsoil, remote sensing technology could be used to predict the soil properties in layers; however, as the soil depth increased, the performance of the linear regression models gradually decreased.
Entomopathogenic nematode management of small hive beetles (Aethina tumida) in three native Alabama soils under low moisture conditions
Authors: Sanchez WinDi , Shapiro David , Williams Geoff , Lawrence Kathy 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The goal was to determine the efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) on Aethina tumida small hive beetle (SHB) in Alabama soils. The objectives were to (i) determine the pupation success of SHB wandering larvae; (ii) determine the efficacy of EPNs on SHB wandering larvae in natural and autoclaved soil; and (iii) determine the efficacy of EPNs on SHB wandering larvae in three Alabama soil types at typical low moisture levels. The Alabama soils were Kalmia loamy sand (KLS), Benndale fine sandy loam (BFSL), and Decatur silt loam (DSL). Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, H. indica, Steinernema carpocapsae, S. feltiae, S. kraussei, and S. riobrave were tested at population densities of 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 third-stage infective EPN juveniles (IJ3) per 130 cm3 soil. Pupation success in SHB population densities of 5, 10, and 20 wandering larvae per Petri dish were similar. Of the six EPN species, S. carpocapsae achieved the highest efficacy across all EPN population densities in both natural and autoclaved soil. Steinernema riobrave and H. indica achieved the next highest efficacies; however, they were significantly less effective than S. carpocapsae. Steinernema carpocapsae parasitized 87% SHB wandering larvae across all population densities tested. Steinernema carpocapsae achieved the best efficacy colonizing 94% of the SHB in the KLS soil, 80% in the BFSL soil, and 47% in the DSL soil. In conclusions, S. carpocapsae is be a promising biological control EPN to implement into a management system on SHB.
Effect of Sample Pooling on the Cycle Threshold Value in RT-PCR Testing for COVID-19 and Logistic Savings
Authors: Sami Hiba , Perween Nusrat , A. Khan Parvez , Khan Haris M. 
Published: July 2021

Background:
This ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a great challenge for our health-care systems and their infrastructure. Diagnostic confirmation of infected individuals based on RT-PCR is important for the containment of viral spread because, despite high viral loads, the infection can be asymptomatic. For overcoming the issue of limited supplies in low socio-economic countries like ours, pooling of specimens was proposed as a method to screen a large number of patients. To analyse the effect of pooling of samples on the sensitivity of RT-PCR, we compared Cycle threshold (Ct) values of pools with those of the deconvoluted (individual) samples.

Materials and Methods:
From March 2020 to October 2020, we performed COVID-19 testing by RT-PCR on samples from areas with varying prevalence of COVID-19 referred to VRDL, JNMCH, Aligarh. For circumventing the limited availability of RNA extraction and PCR reagents, pool testing was started. 5 samples were pooled together, and these pools were tested by RT-PCR. Negative pools were reported as negative, whereas positive pools were deconvoluted, and each sample was tested individually. In this study, 408 pools comprising of 2040 samples were analysed.

Observations and Results:
In our study, a ΔCt value of 0.96 (i.e., an increase in Ct value in the pooled sample as compared to individual sample) was found that shows a slight loss of PCR sensitivity in pooled samples, which is relatively small compared to the inherent clinical sensitivity of the standard assay. But the cost-effectiveness and the ability to reserve resources are considerably high.

Conclusion:
As pooling of samples is a cost-effective way for COVID--19 testing, the slight loss in the sensitivity of RT-PCR can be overcome by considering the Ct cut-off value for positive pools slightly above the kit cut off value to circumvent the dilution effect.
L'évolution de l'opinion publique belge : 1971-1974
Authors: Delruelle-Vosswinkel Nicole 
Published: July 2021

The article presents some of the results of public opinion polls that were carried out as a part of a panel poll, organized by the «Institut Universitaire de Sondage d'Opinion Publique» and covering 1.500 belgian voters.The article specifically deals with the following items
- the meaning of the votes shift between 1971 and 1974 (as far as voting intentions were concerned) ;- the moment at which voting decisions crystallized in the 10-3-74 elections;- the way in which the political climate was perceived, and the predominant cares voters had before the elections;- the impact of certain attitudes on votes shifting: an analysis of these processes (specifically by the latent class approach).
Le fédéralisme soviétique, un modèle possible pour l'Europe ?
Authors: Ferrier R. 
Published: July 2021

Could Soviet federalism provide a pattern for a European Union ? The similarity between the national diversity of the Soviet Union (this multinational state) and that of Europe could lead us to think so.A careful examination of Soviet federalism reveals certain particularities which could be adapted to a federal Europe, but the most powerful element of centralisation and unity in the USSR is the Communist Party, besidesa tough political police and a common language - Russian - another cement of the Union.Bearing in mind the present institutions of the European Community, it is difficult to imagine an evolution towards such a federal state.Nevertheless, if some principles were applied, such as the safeguard of the common interest as well as that of the member-states, it may be hoped to go further than a timid confederation.In such a prospect, some institutions of the Soviet Union could be taken as examples and an institutionalisation of the present «summit» conferences could be imagined to act as a European collective head of state, in the same way as the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.Furthermore, Europe would need a common language and this should be a neutral one (latin or esperanto), so as to achieve among member-nations strict equality, for this is an element of success as are two other basicprinciples of federalism : autonomy and participation. Since the Communist Party just would not fit within a free and democratic Europe, it is in the above principles that the Community should seek the ferments of itsunion.
La socialisation politique au sein des families
Authors: Delruelle Nicole 
Published: July 2021

The first part of this article deals with the problem of fidelity to the father's party allegiance.Socialization by the parents seems to be more effective in catholic and socialist families than in liberal (= conservative) families ; it may be intimitaly related to a socialization of a religious or a laicist nature.Socialization by the parents was more effective in the past; younger people show a tendency to be less influenced by it.Socialization by the parents is more effective when the ideological context tends in the same direction (catholics in Flanders, socialists in Wallonia).The second part of the article deals with the problem of voting homogeneity with couples. Results lead to the conclusion that the large uniformity of political behaviour within couples expresses two tendencies : the fact that in most cases one marries within the ideological «family». One belongs to and the fact that marriage exerts a socialization which is essentially influencing non-catholics.
Le Grand-Duché de Luxembourg : Aspects de sociologie politique
Authors: Delvaux Michel , Hirsch Mario 
Published: July 2021

The Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg remains largely unexplored as far as social science is concerned. An excellent study in electoral sociology by Jules Gérard-Libois gives interesting insights and points out rather convincingly that Luxembourg is endowed with a political system that has a marked degree of specificity, be it from the point of view of the electoral system, electoral habits or the social structure in general. It shows in particular that owing to the rather peculiar electoral system (ordinal proportional representation system allowing panachage), a large party diversity and a dynamic regionalism is fostered.Consequently, the systematic study of small political entities such as Luxembourg enables a considerable and genuine refinement of political analysis.
Henri de Man et le néo-socialisme belge
Authors: Brelaz Michel 
Published: July 2021

It is questioned whether Belgian planism of the 1930's has been a movement that broke with socialist internationalism and displayed a tendency to preempt fascism by emulating some of its positions, asS.P. Kramer argued in the previous issue of Res Publica. Unlike French neo-socialism, planism was a call to action within the party against the crisis. Whether it was merely a personalities' matter is doubtful. Byindividualizing its failure one leaves unsolved essential problems like the attraction of fascism for the masses and the real spread of the planist idea. Socialisme nationaI was a bow to the circumstances, not to the fascist spirit. The breach in socialist internationalism did not result from a deliberate political wilt but was rather forced upon it by the breakdown of collective security. As for internal policy de Man suggested an unequivocal partnership favouring structural reforms. His failure cannot be dissociated from the failure of democracy and socialism. He eventually blunderel against his own ethics by admitting the destructive revolutionary potentiality of the 1940 defeat. Nevertheless Belgian planism can only be understood along with its historical connections.
La formation du grand Tournai : Analyse de la décision
Authors: Verheyden Théo 
Published: July 2021

Tournai is a town of intermediate dimensions (32,890 inhabitants) with a regional vocation ; since a few years it has had to face serious budgetary problems. These are primarily due to a relative absence of resources as opposed to a constant growth of the financial burdens, actually stemming from this regional vocation.Therefore, the intention to start from the existing entity and to create a larger entity which ought to be financially viable, is quite right. In this respect, the governmental merger plan aims at reassembling Tournai - as the core of the mergers - with the neighbouring communes that actually are the town's suburbs, and with the recently created industrial areas. Moreover, merging Tournai with the rural communes serving as abuffer between Tournai and the French border, the new (enlarged) entity will directly touch the "urban community" Lille - a major pole of attraction from the economic and commercial as well as from the cultural point of view.A particular care to keep an equilibrium among rural and urban population accounts for the absorption of several communes that are rather distant and have no direct links with Tournai. Finally, there has been an underlying concern to ensure that in the new entity the christian-democratic and the socialist party would have an almost equal weight and the (federalist party) Walloon Gathering would have a chance to break through ; this seems to explain the fact that ( 1) Antoing and its peripheral communes, having a socialist majority, have been kept out of the merging operation, (2) one has on the contrary merged several rural communes with a clear christian-democratic tendency, and (3) the government eventually decided to realize a maximum merger (30 communes; 21,373 ha) which is supposed to electorally favour the Wallon Gathering.
Objectifs des partis politiques en Wallonie : A propos des élections communales
Authors: Philipart André 
Published: July 2021

As the restructuration of municipalities (local power) could bring along new local political alliances, one would have thought about the possibility of a relevant modification of the political map of Wallonie (French speaking region of Belgium) after the «elections communales» of October 10th, 1976.Some experts had even conceived that the reorganization of the local authority was a manoeuvre of the central government, made in order to neutralize a region in which the «Parti Socialiste Belge» had the majority (voices 36.8 % and 35.5 % of the deputies and senators mandates) . Others thought that the national political strategy would prevail.On the contrary, the results of the election have proved, that the «Parti Socialiste Belge» has kept its predominance in Wallonie (175 lists PSB in the 262 municipalities, 87 lists «en cartel» ; 58 got the majority of the votes and participation in the coalitions in more than half of the municipalities). The other political parties (PSC, PLP, etc.) have kept their position.The national strategy didn't appear neither in the program, nor in the constitution of the voting lists ( 445 lists for the national parties, 541 local lists).The national political «variables» (alternatives)(government versus opposition; Brussel v. the regions; center v. pheriphery ; community v. community), haven't brought modifications to the local objectives for which the main reason remains either to keep the power or to make its conquest.
De regering Tindemans, de partijen en het overleg onder de gemeenschappen
Authors: Ceuleers Jan 
Published: July 2021

1. Cabinet made small effort to start consultations between the communities.It left the initiative to the political parties and to Flemish employers (VEV, i.e. Flemish Economic Association).2. The president of the VEV played an active role bebind the curtains. He mediated between certain Flemish and W alloon political circles. He tried to get the Volksunie (i.e. the Flemish regional party) info the cabinet. He found himself sadly out in his reckoning on the Walloon side, because he overlooked the strong socialist opposition.3. The opposition Socialist Party overcame the deadlock by publishing a plan for the definitive state-reforms. Flemish, Walloon and Brussels socialists agreed to this plan. It became the beginning of negotiations between the communities, which started on November 30.4. The negotiations are difficult, mostly because the Walloons have no unified view on state-reforms.
Le Conseil Economique Régional pour le Brabant (CERB) : Son róle et ses perspectives dans la future organisation institutionnelle
Authors: Daurmont O. 
Published: July 2021

One of the main purposes of Terwagne's law is to associate the regions to the economic planning. Three regions : Flanders, Wallonia and Brabant are instituted and endowed with organs, the SDR (regional development society) and the CBR (regional economic council).The CERB (regional economic council for Brabant) took part to the regionalisation of the Plans. But various factors made this regionalisation insufficient.The CERB still expressed views on the used water purification, transport infrastructure, territory planning and institutional matters. Moreover, the ERB greatly developed its research mission rather than claiming activity. Meanwhile, the subsequent development of the ideas about regionalisation led to a delimitation of a central region not the same as that instituted by the economic decentralisation : the Brussels region restricted to nineteen communes.The activity of CERB makes it primarily a consultative organ of the future regional institutions. But as a preliminary, the geographical competence of the CERB and its composition must be modificated.To organize a real regionalisation, it is necessary to suppress technical impediments (deficiency in delays and information) and it is also necessary that the consultation should be complete and real.
L'impact du Parti Populaire Européen dans la première élection du Parlement Européen au suffrage universel
Authors: Jamar Joseph M. 
Published: July 2021

The European People's Party - with its 11 Members in 7 countries - represents, according to the latest legislative elections in the member countries of the EEC, about 40 million voters, and 28 % of the totalEEC electorate. Presenting itself as multi-classis! and open to individual adhesions, it refers also directly to the traditional values of Christian Democracy.Signs of heterogeneity can be seen, however, on three main levels - «ideological», political and economical -, which give the EPP a bipolar aspect : on the one hand, the traditional Christian-Democrat Parties of Italy and the Benelux, all playing a major role in their respective countries, and all backed by strong trade-unions; on the other hand, the German CDU/CSU and the French CDS, less concentrated onconfessional options, and more «right-wing». Between the two, the Fine Gail, only party to have joined the Christian-Democrat Group after the first enlargement.This heterogeneity is, however, compensated by strong pro-European options, which make the EPP the best organized political family on the European level, and enable its leaders to express strong hopes for the election in June.
Het gebruik van de voorkeurstem bij de parlementsverkiezingen van 17 december 1978
Authors: Deweerdt Mark 
Published: July 2021

At the general elections in Belgium, the voter has the possibility to bring out either a vote for a party or a vote for a candidate of the party (a preferential vote). At the general elections of December 17, 1978 for the House of Representatives the voters have voted for 51,86 % by preference, whereas for the Senate 41,82 % of them have done so. The use of preferential votes is varying from one electoral district toanother: from 68,30 % in the district of Oudenaarde to 35,74 % in Bergen. There is also a difference from one political party to another. The highest percentage is obtained by the CVP-PSC (catholic party) :61,12 % ; the lowest by the KPB-PCB (communist party) : 27,34 %. The preferential votes individual candidates obtain differ widely, pointing out not only their popularity but also to a certain extend their political power.