bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trivializing Informational Consequence
Authors: Santorio Paolo 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis paper investigates the link between informational consequence and credence. I first suggest a natural constraint, namely that informational consequence should preserve certainty: on any rational credence distribution, when the premises of an informational inferences have credence 1, the conclusion also has credence 1. Then I show that the certainty‐preserving constraint leads to triviality. In particular, the following three claims are incompatible: (i) informational consequence is extensionally distinct from classical consequence; (ii) informational inferences preserve certainty; (iii) credences obey (a subset of) classical Bayesian constraints. The proof is straightforward, but the theoretical implications are substantial. Informational theorists need to either give up the idea that credence applies to epistemic discourse, or develop a nonclassical theory of credence and credal update. Moreover, the result also suggests that there is a connection between informational consequence and triviality results, including classical triviality results like Lewis's.
Transcriptome analysis revealed differences in the microenvironment of spermatogonial stem cells in seminiferous tubules between pre‐pubertal and adult buffaloes
Authors: Zhang Xiao‐Yuan , Li Ting‐Ting , Liu Ya‐Ru , Geng Shuang‐Shuang , Luo Ao‐Lin , Jiang Ming‐Sheng , Liang Xing‐Wei , Shang Jiang‐Hua , Lu Ke‐Huan , Yang Xiao‐Gan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe microenvironment in the seminiferous tubules of buffalo changes with age, which affects the self‐renewal and growth of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) and the process of spermatogenesis, but the mechanism remains to be elucidated. RNA‐seq was performed to compare the transcript profiles of pre‐pubertal buffalo (PUB) and adult buffalo (ADU) seminiferous tubules. In total, 17,299 genes from PUB and ADU seminiferous tubules identified through RNA‐seq, among which 12,271 were expressed in PUB and ADU seminiferous tubules, 4,027 were expressed in only ADU seminiferous tubules, and 956 were expressed in only PUB seminiferous tubules. Of the 17,299 genes, we identified 13,714 genes that had significant differences in expression levels between PUB and ADU through GO enrichment analysis. Among these genes, 5,342 were significantly upregulated and possibly related to the formation or identity of the surface antigen on SSCs during self‐renewal; 7,832 genes were significantly downregulated, indicating that genes in PUB seminiferous tubules do not participate in the biological processes of sperm differentiation or formation in this phase compared with those in ADU seminiferous tubules. Subsequently, through the combination with KEGG analysis, we detected enrichment in a number of genes related to the development of spermatogonial stem cells, providing a reference for study of the development mechanism of buffalo spermatogonial stem cells in the future. In conclusion, our data provide detailed information on the mRNA transcriptomes in PUB and ADU seminiferous tubules, revealing the crucial factors involved in maintaining the microenvironment and providing a reference for further in vitro cultivation of SSCs.
Preparing Nursing Contexts for Evidence‐Based Practice Implementation: Where Should We Go From Here?
Authors: Cassidy Christine E. , Flynn Rachel , Shuman Clayton J. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundContext is important to the adoption and sustainability of evidence‐based practices (EBPs). Currently, most published implementation efforts address context in relation to one specific EBP or a bundle of related EBPs. Since EBP and implementation are ongoing and dynamic, more discussion is needed on preparing nursing contexts to be more conducive to implementation generally.AimTo discuss the need to create contexts that are more adaptable to ongoing change due to the dynamic nature of EBPs and the ever‐changing healthcare environment.MethodsThis paper builds on a collection of our previous work, as nursing implementation scientists representing the Canadian and American healthcare contexts, and a literature review of the implementation science, knowledge translation, and sustainability literatures from 2006 to 2019.ResultsWe argue for a different way of thinking about the influence of context and implementation of EBPs. We contend that nursing contexts must be prepared to be more flexible and conducive to ongoing EBP implementation more generally. Contexts that embrace, facilitate, and have the capacity for change may be more likely to effectively de‐implement ineffective interventions or implement and sustain new EBPs. We outline future directions to build a program of research on preparing the soil for implementation of EBPs, including building capacity among nurses, supporting organizations to embrace change, co‐producing research evidence, and contributing to implementation science.Linking Evidence to ActionSupporting contexts to adopt and sustain evidence in nursing practice is essential for bridging the evidence to practice gap and improving outcomes for patients, clinicians, and the health system. Moving forward, we need to develop a better understanding of how to create contexts that embrace change prior to the implementation of EBPs in order sustain improvements to patient and health system outcomes.
Single- Versus Dual-Task Functional Movement Paradigms: A Biomechanical Analysis
Authors: Lempke Landon B. , Oh Jeonghoon , Johnson Rachel S. , Schmidt Julianne D. , Lynall Robert C. 
Published: January 2021

Context: Laboratory-based movement assessments are commonly performed without cognitive stimuli (ie, single-task) despite the simultaneous cognitive processing and movement (ie, dual task) demands required during sport. Cognitive loading may critically alter human movement and be an important consideration for truly assessing functional movement and understanding injury risk in the laboratory, but limited investigations exist. Objective: To comprehensively examine and compare kinematics and kinetics between single- and dual-task functional movement among healthy participants while controlling for sex. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Laboratory. Patients (or Other Participants): Forty-one healthy, physically active participants (49% female; 22.5 ± 2.1 y; 172.5 ± 11.9 cm; 71.0 ± 13.7 kg) enrolled in and completed the study. Intervention(s): All participants completed the functional movement protocol under single- and dual-task (subtracting by 6s or 7s) conditions in a randomized order. Participants jumped forward from a 30-cm tall box and performed (1) maximum vertical jump landings and (2) dominant and (3) nondominant leg, single-leg 45° cuts after landing. Main Outcome Measures: The authors used mixed-model analysis of variances (α = .05) to compare peak hip, knee, and ankle joint angles (degrees) and moments (N·m/BW) in the sagittal and frontal planes, and peak vertical ground reaction force (N/BW) and vertical impulse (Ns/BW) between cognitive conditions and sex. Results: Dual-task resulted in greater peak vertical ground reaction force compared with single-task during jump landing (mean difference = 0.06 N/BW; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.01 to 0.12; P = .025) but less force during dominant leg cutting (mean difference = −0.08 N/BW; 95% CI, −0.14 to −0.02; P = .015). Less hip-flexion torque occurred during dual task than single task (mean difference = −0.09 N/BW; 95% CI, −0.17 to −0.02). No other outcomes were different between single and dual task (P ≥ .053). Conclusions: Slight, but potentially important, kinematic and kinetic differences were observed between single- and dual-task that may have implications for functional movement assessments and injury risk research. More research examining how various cognitive and movement tasks interact to alter functional movement among pathological populations is warranted before clinical implementation.
Impacted urethral stone presenting as urinary retention in a child
Authors: Hoffmann Kelly Storm , Godse Alok 
Published: January 2021

A seven-year-old boy was referred to our Accident and Emergency department with a history of urinary retention secondary to urinary tract infection and an inability to pass a urethral catheter. He had been treated a month before for suspected pyelonephritis by the referring hospital. Attempts at urethral catheterisation failed, and he was taken to theatre for cystourethroscopy and catheter placement. At this time, an impacted urethral stone was discovered. Because it could not be dislodged, a suprapubic catheter was placed, and the child was brought back at a later date for definitive management. Investigations revealed a pure calcium oxalate stone that was secondary in origin. There has been no recurrence during a follow-up period of 6 months.This illustrates that while rare, urethral stones do occur in children and should be considered in children presenting with urinary retention, haematuria and/or abdominal pain.
Predicting clinical outcome by indexed mitral valve tenting in functional mitral valve regurgitation
Authors: von Stumm Maria , Dudde Florian , Holst Theresa , Sequeira-Gross Tatjana , Pausch Jonas , Müller Lisa , Sinning Christoph R , Reichenspurner Hermann , Girdauskas E 
Published: January 2021

ObjectivesMitral valve (MV) tenting parameters are indicators of left ventricular remodelling severity and may predict outcome in functional mitral regurgitation (FMR). We hypothesised that indexing of MV tenting area to body surface area (BSA), to mitral annulus diameter or gender-adjusted analysis of tenting parameters may improve their prognostic value.MethodsWe identified retrospectively 240 patients with consecutive FMR (mean age 68±10 years; men=135) from our institutional database who underwent isolated MV annuloplasty during a period of 7 years (2010–2016). Using preoperative two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiographic images, MV tenting parameters including tenting area, tenting height and annulus diameter were systematically assessed. Follow-up protocol consisted of chart review and structured clinical questionnaire. Primary study endpoint was the composite of death and adverse cardiac events (ie, MV reoperation, cardiac resynchronisation therapy implantation, ventricular assist device implantation or heart transplantation).ResultsBSA-indexed MV tenting area was identified as independent predictor of primary study endpoint (HR 1.9; 95% CI 1.1 to 3.5; p=0.02). After cut-off point analysis, BSA-indexed MV tenting area >1.35 cm2/m2was significantly associated with primary study outcome (HR 2.3; 95% CI 1.3 to 4.0; p=0.003). Annulus-indexed MV tenting area showed only a tendency towards primary study endpoint prediction (HR 2.8; 95% CI 0.6 to 12.6; p=0.17). Between female and male patients, BSA-indexed MV tenting area was similar (1.42±0.4 cm2/m2vs 1.45±0.4cm2/cm2; p=0.6) and gender was not associated with primary study outcome (HR 0.8; 95% CI 0.5 to 1.4; p=0.5).ConclusionIn our FMR cohort, BSA-indexed MV tenting area showed the strongest association with negative outcomes following isolated MV annuloplasty. Patients with BSA-indexed MV tenting area >1.35cm2/m2could potentially benefit from additional surgical maneuvers addressing left ventricular remodelling.
Acute effects of hemp protein consumption on glycemic and satiety control: results of 2 randomized crossover trials
Authors: Mollard Rebecca C. , Johnston Alie , Serrano Leon Alejandra , Wang Haizhou , Jones Peter J. , MacKay Dylan S. 
Published: January 2021

Research investigating hemp protein consumption on glycemic response is limited. The effects of hemp protein consumption on blood glucose (BG), insulin, and satiety compared with soybean protein and a carbohydrate control were examined. Two acute randomized repeated-measures crossover experiments were conducted. In both, participants consumed the following isocaloric treatments: 40 g of hemp protein (hemp40), 20 g of hemp protein (hemp20), 40 g of soybean protein (soy40), 20 g of soybean protein (soy20), and a carbohydrate control. In experiments 1 (n = 27) and 2 (n = 16), appetite and BG were measured before (0–60 min, pre-pizza) and after a pizza meal (80–200 min, post-pizza). In experiment 1, food intake was measured at 60 min by ad libitum meal; in experiment 2 a fixed meal was provided (based on body weight) and insulin was measured pre-pizza and post-pizza. In both experiments, BG response was affected by treatment (p < 0.01), time (p < 0.001) and time-by-treatment (p < 0.001) from 0–200 min. Protein treatments lowered 0–60-min BG overall mean and area under the curve compared with control (p < 0.05) dose-dependently. In experiment 2, hemp40 and soy40 lowered (p < 0.05) overall mean insulin concentrations compared with hemp20, soy20, and control pre-meal. Results suggest that hemp protein, like soybean, dose-dependently lowers postprandial BG and insulin concentrations compared with a carbohydrate control. Clinical trial registry: NCT02366598 (experiment 1) and NCT02458027 (experiment 2). Novelty: Hemp protein concentrate dose-dependently leads to lower postprandial BG response compared with a carbohydrate control. No differences were seen between hemp and soy protein.
New methods to reconstruct $$X_{\mathrm{max}}$$ and the energy of gamma-ray air showers with high accuracy in large wide-field observatories
Authors: Conceição R. , Peres L. , Pimenta M. , Tomé B. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractNovel methods to reconstruct the slant depth of the maximum of the longitudinal profile ($$X_{\mathrm{max}}$$Xmax) of high-energy showers initiated by gamma-rays as well as their energy ($$E_0$$E0) are presented. The methods were developed for gamma rays with energies ranging from a few hundred GeV to$$\sim 10$$∼10TeV. An estimator of$$X_{\mathrm{max}}$$Xmaxis obtained, event-by-event, from its correlation with the distribution of the arrival time of the particles at the ground, or the signal at the ground for lower energies. An estimator of$$E_0$$E0is obtained, event-by-event, using a parametrization that has as inputs the total measured energy at the ground, the amount of energy contained in a region near to the shower core and the estimated$$X_{\mathrm{max}}$$Xmax. Resolutions about$$40 \, (20)\,\mathrm{g/cm^2}$$40(20)g/cm2and about$$30 \, (20)\%$$30(20)%for, respectively,$$X_{\mathrm{max}}$$Xmaxand$$E_0$$E0at$$1 \, (10) \ \mathrm {TeV}$$1(10)TeVenergies are obtained, considering vertical showers. The obtained results are auspicious and can lead to the opening of new physics avenues for large wide field-of-view gamma-ray observatories. The dependence of the resolutions with experimental conditions is discussed.
An electromagnetic extension of the Schwarzschild interior solution and the corresponding Buchdahl limit
Authors: Sharma Ranjan , Dadhich Naresh , Das Shyam , Maharaj Sunil D. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWe wish to construct a model for charged star as a generalization of the uniform density Schwarzschild interior solution. We employ the Vaidya and Tikekar ansatz (Astrophys Astron 3:325, 1982) for one of the metric potentials and electric field is chosen in such a way that when it is switched off the metric reduces to the Schwarzschild. This relates charge distribution to the Vaidya–Tikekar parameter, k, indicating deviation from sphericity of three dimensional space when embedded into four dimensional Euclidean space. The model is examined against all the physical conditions required for a relativistic charged fluid sphere as an interior to a charged star. We also obtain and discuss charged analogue of the Buchdahl compactness bound.
Absence of Consistent Sex Differences in Outcomes From Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy and Stenting Randomized Trials
Authors: Howard Virginia J. , Algra Ale , Howard George , Bonati Leo H. , de Borst Gert J. , Bulbulia Richard , Calvet David , Eckstein Hans-Henning , Fraedrich Gustav , Greving Jacoba P. , Halliday Alison , Hendrikse Jeroen , Jansen Olav , Brown Martin M. , Mas Jean-Louis , Ringleb Peter A. , Brott Thomas G. ,   on behalf of the Carotid Stenosis Trialists’ Collaboration
Published: January 2021

Background and Purpose:
CREST (Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy Versus Stenting Trial) reported a higher periprocedural risk for any stroke, death, or myocardial infarction for women randomized to carotid artery stenting (CAS) compared with women randomized to carotid endarterectomy (CEA). No difference in risk by treatment was detected for women relative to men in the 4-year primary outcome. We aimed to conduct a pooled analysis among symptomatic patients in large randomized trials to provide more precise estimates of sex differences in the CAS-to-CEA risk for any stroke or death during the 120-day periprocedural period and ipsilateral stroke thereafter.

Methods:

Data from the Carotid Stenosis Trialists’ Collaboration included outcomes from symptomatic patients in EVA-3S (Endarterectomy Versus Angioplasty in Patients With Symptomatic Severe Carotid Stenosis), SPACE (Stent-Protected Angioplasty Versus Carotid Endarterectomy in Symptomatic Patients), ICSS (International Carotid Stenting Study), and CREST. The primary outcome was any stroke or death within 120 days after randomization and ipsilateral stroke thereafter. Event rates and relative risks were estimated using Poisson regression; effect modification by sex was assessed with a sex-by-treatment-by-trial interaction term, with significant interaction defined a priori as
P
≤0.10.

Results:

Over a median 2.7 years of follow-up, 433 outcomes occurred in 3317 men and 1437 women. The CAS-to-CEA relative risk of the primary outcome was significantly lower for women compared with men in 1 trial, nominally lower in another, and nominally higher in the other two. The sex-by-treatment-by-trial interaction term was significant (
P
=0.065), indicating heterogeneity among trials. Contributors to this heterogeneity are primarily differences in periprocedural period. When the trials are nevertheless pooled, there were no significant sex differences in risk in any follow-up period.

Conclusions:
There were significant differences between trials in the magnitude of sex differences in treatment effect (CAS-to-CEA relative risk), indicating pooling data from these trials to estimate sex differences might not be valid. Whether sex is acting as an effect modifier of the CAS-to-CEA treatment effect in symptomatic patients remains uncertain.

Registration:

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
; Unique identifier: NCT00190398 (EVA-3S) and NCT00004732 (CREST). URL:
https://www.isrctn.com
; Unique identifier: ISRCTN57874028 (SPACE) and ISRCTN25337470 (ICSS).
Sex, Age, and Socioeconomic Differences in Nonfatal Stroke Incidence and Subsequent Major Adverse Outcomes
Authors: Akyea Ralph K. , Vinogradova Yana , Qureshi Nadeem , Patel Riyaz S. , Kontopantelis Evangelos , Ntaios George , Asselbergs Folkert W. , Kai Joe , Weng Stephen F. 
Published: January 2021

Background and Purpose:
Data about variations in stroke incidence and subsequent major adverse outcomes are essential to inform secondary prevention and prioritizing resources to those at the greatest risk of major adverse end points. We aimed to describe the age, sex, and socioeconomic differences in the rates of first nonfatal stroke and subsequent major adverse outcomes.

Methods:
The cohort study used linked Clinical Practice Research Datalink and Hospital Episode Statistics data from the United Kingdom. The incidence rate (IR) ratio of first nonfatal stroke and subsequent major adverse outcomes (composite major adverse cardiovascular events, recurrent stroke, cardiovascular disease-related, and all-cause mortality) were calculated and presented by year, sex, age group, and socioeconomic status based on an individual’s location of residence, in adults with incident nonfatal stroke diagnosis between 1998 and 2017.

Results:

A total of 82 774 first nonfatal stroke events were recorded in either primary care or hospital data—an IR of 109.20 per 100 000 person-years (95% CI, 108.46–109.95). Incidence was significantly higher in women compared with men (IR ratio, 1.13 [95% CI, 1.12–1.15];
P
<0.001). Rates adjusted for age and sex were higher in the lowest compared with the highest socioeconomic status group (IR ratio, 1.10 [95% CI, 1.08–1.13];
P
<0.001). For subsequent major adverse outcomes, the overall incidence for major adverse cardiovascular event was 38.05 per 100 person-years (95% CI, 37.71–38.39) with a slightly higher incidence in women compared with men (38.42 versus 37.62; IR ratio, 1.02 [95% CI, 1.00–1.04];
P
=0.0229). Age and socioeconomic status largely accounted for the observed higher incidence of adverse outcomes in women.

Conclusions:
In the United Kingdom, incidence of initial stroke and subsequent major adverse outcomes are higher in women, older populations, and people living in socially deprived areas.
Female Stroke
Authors: Bonkhoff Anna K. , Karch André , Weber Ralph , Wellmann Jürgen , Berger Klaus 
Published: January 2021

Background and Purpose:
Men and women are differently affected by acute ischemic stroke (AIS) in many aspects. Prior studies on sex disparities were limited by moderate sample sizes, varying years of data acquisition, and inconsistent inclusions of covariates leading to controversial findings. We aimed to analyze sex differences in AIS severity, treatments, and early outcome and to systematically evaluate the effect of important covariates in a large German stroke registry.

Methods:
Analyses were based on the Stroke Registry of Northwestern Germany from 2000 to 2018. We focused on admission-stroke severity and disability, acute recanalization treatment, and early stroke outcomes. Potential sex divergences were investigated via odds ratio (OR) using logistic regression models. Covariates were introduced in 3 steps: (1) base models (age and admission year), (2) partially adjusted models (additionally corrected for acute stroke severity and recanalization treatment), (3) fully adjusted models (additionally adjusted for onset-to-admission time interval, prestroke functional status, comorbidities, and stroke cause). Models were separately fitted for the periods 2000 to 2009 and 2010 to 2018.

Results:
Data from 761 106 patients with AIS were included. In fully adjusted models, there were no sex differences with respect to treatment with intravenous thrombolysis (2000–2009: OR, 0.99 [95% CI, 0.94–1.03]; 2010–2018: OR, 1.0 [0.98–1.02]), but women were more likely to receive intraarterial therapy (2010–2018: OR, 1.12 [1.08–1.15]). Despite higher disability on admission (2000–2009: OR, 1.10 [1.07–1.13]; 2010–2018: OR, 1.09 [1.07–1.10]), female patients were more likely to be discharged with a favorable functional outcome (2003–2009: OR, 1.05 [1.02–1.09]; 2010–2018: OR, 1.05 [1.04–1.07]) and experienced lower in-hospital mortality (2000–2009: OR, 0.92 [0.86–0.97]; 2010–2018: OR, 0.91 [0.88–0.93]).

Conclusions:
Female patients with AIS have a higher chance of receiving intraarterial treatment that cannot be explained by clinical characteristics, such as age, premorbid disability, stroke severity, or cause. Women have a more favorable in-hospital recovery than men because their higher disability upon admission was followed by a lower in-hospital mortality and a higher likelihood of favorable functional outcome at discharge after adjustment for covariates.