bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The time-dependent Rayleigh–Taylor instability in interstellar shells and supershells, including the eROSITA bubbles
Authors: Schulreich Michael M , Breitschwerdt Dieter 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
The Rayleigh–Taylor (RT) instability is omnipresent in the physics of inversely density-stratified fluids subject to effective gravitational acceleration. In astrophysics, a steep stratification of the ambient medium can fragment a bubble shell faster due to a strongly time-dependent RT instability, causing the classical constant gravity models to fail. We derive the time-dependent instability criteria analytically for the cases of constant, exponential, and power-law accelerations, verifying them through high-resolution numerical simulations. Our results show that (1) even in the linear phase there is a term opposing exponential growth, (2) non-linear growth approaches asymptotically the solution found by Fermi and von Neumann, (3) the interpenetrating spikes and bubbles promote a significant mixing, with the fractal dimension of the interface approaching 1.6, only limited by numerical diffusion, and (4) the probability density function for the passive scalar to study mixing becomes increasingly sharper peaked for power-law and exponential accelerations. Applying our solutions to stellar wind bubbles, young supernova remnants (SNRs), and superbubbles (SBs), we find that the growth rate of the RT instability is generally higher in the shells of wind-blown bubbles in a power-law stratified medium than in those with power-law rising stellar mechanical luminosities, Tycho-like than Cas A-like SNRs, and one-sided than symmetric SBs. The recently observed eROSITA bubbles indicate smooth rim surfaces, implying that the outer shell has not been affected by RT instabilities. Therefore, the dynamical evolution of the bubbles suggests maximum final ages that are significantly above their current age, which we estimate to be about 20 Myr.
Probing the internal structure of baryons
Authors: Huang Guangshun , Baldini Ferroli Rinaldo ,   BESIII Collaboration
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Electromagnetic form factors are fundamental observables that describe the electric and magnetic structure of hadrons and provide keys to understand the strong interaction. At the Beijing Spectrometer (BESIII), form factors have been measured for different baryons in the time-like region for the first time or with the best precision. The results are presented with examples focused on but not limited to the proton/neutron, the Λ, with a strange quark, and the Λc, with a charm quark.
Proper motions of water masers in the star-forming region IRAS 23139+5939
Authors: Trinidad Miguel A , Imai Hiroshi , de la Fuente Eduardo , Toledano-Juárez Ivan , Masqué Joseph M , Rodríguez-Esnard Tatianna 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
We observed H2O (616→523) maser emission associated with the high-mass star-forming region IRAS 23139+5959 using the KaVA, a combination of very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) arrays between the Korean VLBI Network and the VLBI Exploration of Radio Astrometry (Japan). Through multi-epoch KaVA observations, we detected three groups of maser features, two of which coincide with those previously detected by the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array. By determining the maser proper motions, we found that the first of maser groups exhibits an expanding motion that traces a wide-angle outflow almost along the line of sight, while the second one seems to be associated with the envelope of an H ii region. We discuss the star formation activity in IRAS 23139+5939, which may be reflected in the high variability of H2O masers associated with an outflow seen from the front.
Pros and cons of different stunning methods from a Halal perspective: a review
Authors: Riaz Mian N , Irshad Fariha , Riaz Nooran M , Regenstein Joe M 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThere has always been a debate about the acceptability of stunning methods for preparing Halal slaughtered meat. Throughout the last few decades, stunning methods have become acceptable for Halal slaughtering due to an increasing majority of Muslim countries issuing Fatwas (religious rulings) that approve of stunning methods for the Halal slaughtering of food animals. With an increasing Muslim population worldwide, Halal meat provision is important for Muslims both economically and ethically. Moreover, there have been concerns regarding traditional Halal slaughter without the use of stunning from the standpoint of the animal’s welfare. This article reviews the different stunning methods available and the associated processing practices, addressing their pros and cons in the commercial production of Halal meat.
16Affect Theory
Authors: Ahern Stephen 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter reviews important research in affect studies published in 2020, a year that saw the appearance of a rich selection of scholarly books that further develop the insights and methods of affect theory or that apply established approaches to investigations of affective phenomena in a variety of areas of study. The chapter is divided into the following sections: 1. Critique and Affect, which focuses on Critical Affect: The Politics of Method, by Ashley Barnwell; 2. Literary Affect, which focuses on Affect and Literature, edited by Alex Houen; 3. Cultural Histories of Affect, which focuses on Peculiar Attunements: How Affect Theory Turned Musical, by Roger Mathew Grant, and Unfelt: The Language of Affect in the British Enlightenment, by James Noggle; 4. Race and Political Affect, which focuses on Black Feelings: Race and Affect in the Long Sixties, by Lisa M. Corrigan, and Reading Affect in Post-Apartheid Literature: South Africa's Wounded Feelings, by Mark Libin; and 5. Reflections.
Implementation of an Online External Ventricular Drain Training Module—An Educational Initiative to Improve Proficiency of Perioperative Health Care Providers: Results of a Retrospective Study
Authors: Lele Abhijit V. , Takala Riikka S.K. , Athiraman Umeshkumar , Schloemerkemper Nina , Gollapudy Suneeta , Vagnerova Kamila , Vincent Anita , Roberts Katherine E. , Wahlster Sarah , Vavilala Monica S. 
Published: October 2021

Background:
An external ventricular drain (EVD) training module may improve the knowledge and proficiency of perioperative health care providers (HCPs).

Methods:
We examined knowledge gaps, self-reported comfort in managing EVDs, and improvement in self-assessment scores among HCPs from 7 academic medical centers based on an online EVD training module.

Results:
Of the 326 HCPs who completed the module, 207 (70.6%) reported being uncomfortable managing EVDs. The median pretest scores were 6 (interquartile range=2), and posttest scores were 8 (interquartile range=1), out of a maximum possible score of 9. The most frequent incorrectly answered questions were: (a) maximum allowed hourly cerebrospinal fluid volume drainage (51%), (b) the components of a normal intracranial pressure waveform (41%), and (c) identifying the correct position of the stopcock for accurate measurement of intracranial pressure (41%). The overall gain in scores was 2 (interquartile range=2) and highest among HCPs who had managed 1 to 25 EVDs (2.51, 95% confidence interval: 2.23-2.80), and without self-reported comfort in managing EVDs (2.26, 95% confidence interval: 1.96-2.33, P<0.0001). The majority of participants (312, 95.7%) reported that the training module helped them understand how to manage EVDs, and 276 (84.7%) rated the module 8 or more out of 10 in recommending it to their colleagues.

Conclusions:
This online EVD training module was well-received by participants. Overall, improved scores reflect enhanced knowledge among HCPs following completion of the module. The greatest benefit was observed in those reporting less experience and feeling uncomfortable in managing EVDs. The impact on the reduction in EVD-associated adverse events deserves further examination.
Fracture Mapping of Both-Column Acetabular Fractures
Authors: Yin Yingchao , Zhang Ruipeng , Hou Zhiyong , Fan Shicai , Zhuang Yan , Yi Chengla , Chen Hua , Zhang Yingze 
Published: October 2021

Objectives:To characterize the location and frequency of the fracture lines and comminution zones of both-column fractures using fracture mapping.Methods:Both-column fractures were retrospectively reviewed in 4 Level 1 trauma centers. Mimics software was used to reconstruct the both-column fractures and simulate the fracture reduction. Then, the fracture lines and the intra-articular and extra-articular comminution zones were drawn on a 3-dimensional innominate bone template. The distribution of fracture lines and fracture fragments were also mapped on the two-dimensional template of the acetabulum. All the included patients were divided into low-variety group and high-variety group according to the anterior column fracture line above or below the anterior superior spine. The anatomical characteristics of the posterior wall fragment were also analyzed in these 2 groups.Results:Seventy-eight patients with both-column fracture were included. The T type or inverted Y type main fracture lines divided the innominate bone into low-variety (n = 11) and high-variety (n = 67) both-column fractures. The extra-articular comminution zones are usually distributed between the posterior iliac fragment and anterior column fragment. High-variety type both-column fractures are usually combined with high and sharp posterior wall fragments, whereas low-variety type both-column fractures are usually accompanied by low and flat posterior wall fragments. The comminution zones in the acetabulum are mostly concentrated in the anterior and inferior parts of the acetabulum.Conclusions:The innominate bone is divided into 3 major parts in the both-column fracture, and the fracture center is located at the proximal of the acetabular dome. The both-column fractures are divided into low-variety and high-variety patterns. The location of the anterior column fracture determined the characteristics of the posterior wall fragment.
Optimal Teicoplanin Dosing Regimen in Neonates and Children Developed by Leveraging Real-World Clinical Information
Authors: Yamada Takaaki , Emoto Chie , Fukuda Tsuyoshi , Motomura Yoshitomo , Inoue Hirosuke , Ohga Shouichi , Ieiri Ichiro 
Published: October 2021

Background:
Teicoplanin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. To ensure successful target attainment, therapeutic drug monitoring–informed dosage adjustment is recommended. However, it relies on the experience of the clinician and the frequency of drug measurements. This study aimed to design a new optimal dosing regimen of teicoplanin with a maintenance dosing strategy for neonates and children based on their physiological characteristics.

Methods:
Data from teicoplanin-treated patients (n = 214) were collected from electronic medical records. Covariate analyses were performed using population pharmacokinetic (PK) modeling with 399 serum teicoplanin concentrations from 48 neonates and 166 children. Multiple PK simulations were conducted to explore optimal dosing regimens that would allow control of the trough concentration to the target of 15–30 mg/L quicker than the current standard regimen.

Results:
Allometrically scaled body weight, postmenstrual age (PMA), renal function, and serum albumin were implemented as substantial covariates for teicoplanin clearance in a two-compartment PK model. Covariate analyses and comprehensive simulation assessments recommended the following modifications to the current regimen: (1) decreased dose for premature babies (PMA ≤28 weeks), (2) decreased dose for children with renal dysfunction, and (3) increased dose for children (0.5–11 years) with an estimated glomerular filtration rate of ≥90 mL/min/1.73 m2.

Conclusions:
This study leverages real-world clinical information and proposes new optimal dosing regimens for teicoplanin in neonates and children through PK modeling and simulation analyses, taking into account the age, including PMA, and renal function of patients.
Perceptions of secondary school teachers towards school expulsion of pregnant adolescents at Igunga District, Tanzania—a qualitative study
Authors: Nkata Hamida , Marques Sandra C.S. , Nyamhanga Tumaini , Barros Henrique 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Background:
In Tanzania, adolescent pregnancy results in a denial of the girl's fundamental right to education. School expulsion of pregnant adolescents is a common practice exercised by teachers in this country for decades. This study aimed to explore the perceptions and feelings of secondary school teachers towards this practice.

Methods:
The study used a qualitative approach comprising focus groups and individual semistructured interviews with a purposive sample of sixteen teachers and nine headmasters (n = 25) from nine secondary schools of the rural Igunga district, in Tabora region, Tanzania. Data was collected in March to June 2017 and submitted to thematic analysis.

Results:
Though most participants were not satisfied with the practice, their role on the expulsion of pregnant students was perceived as mandatory by law and regulations. Main argument in favor was its deterrent effect, yet the review of schools’ registries did not sustain that perception. Stigma and fear of contamination added a relevant contribution to its implementation. Conflicting feelings among teachers were also disclosed.

Conclusion:
This study was of most value to understand current perceptions and feelings of those who exercise the practice of banning pregnant adolescents from school in Tanzania, while having identified some of the cultural and social believes acting as influential factors in its pervasiveness. International and national human rights organizations should increase their efforts and campaigns in order to strength social awareness of the benefit of females’ education to society as a whole and of adopting policies and practices in support of their equal right to education.
Frostbite in Southwest China: A Single-Center Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Xiao Yue , Wen Ding-Ke , Hao Dan , Li Yan-Mei , Jiang Xian 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Objective:
The current study aimed to profile the demographics, hematological index, and extrinsic factors of patients treated for frostbite in a single center in Southwest China.

Methods:
We collected the clinical data of patients with frostbite admitted to a regional hospital from January 1st, 2009 to January 1st, 2019. The baseline information was summarized, and the causes and hematological indexes of frostbite were analyzed.

Results:
The study cohort comprised 27 patients. The median patient age was 22 years (range 14–81 years). All frostbite injuries occurred between September 22nd and April 27th. Half of the patients were Tibetans. Cold injuries in Tibetan patients were associated with pilgrimage (70%, 9/13) and grazing (15%, 2/13), while the leading causes of frostbite in Han residents of the Southwest China basin were mandatory fieldwork without protection (36%, 5/14) and loss of consciousness (36%, 5/14). The hematological examination findings did not significantly differ between amputees and those who did not undergo amputation. Several hematological indexes significantly differed between patients with good outcomes versus those with poor outcomes.

Conclusion:
To avoid severe frostbite damage, routine mandatory activities like pilgrimage should be conducted under proper protection in extreme weather. Hematological indexes such as the red blood cell count, hematocrit, and hemoglobin level should be monitored closely by first-line medical personnel during hospitalization, as these indexes might indicate the outcome of frostbite. Further research is needed to improve the management of patients with frostbite in Southwest China.
The Cochlear Implant Use Questionnaire: Assessing Habits and Barriers to Use
Authors: Holder Jourdan T. , Mayberry Lindsay S. , Gifford René 
Published: October 2021

Objective:
The objective was to design a questionnaire to identify daily cochlear implant (CI) use habits and barriers to daily CI use and to administer this questionnaire to adult CI users. We hypothesized that recipients who reported a greater number of barriers to daily CI use would show lower daily CI use.

Study Design:
Questionnaire.

Setting:
Academic medical center.

Patients:
Hundred adult CI recipients.

Main Outcome Measures:
Questionnaire responses and amount of CI use per day as measured from the CI software.

Results:
The cochlear implant use questionnaire (CIUQ) was created and responses were obtained from 100 participants. The CIUQ yielded an average overall score of 23 (range, 3–54) out of 100; responses were variable, and CI recipients experienced different barriers to using their CI processor. The CIUQ overall score was significantly correlated with recipients’ daily CI use (h/d) (r
s = –0.561, p < 0.0001, 95% confidence interval [–0.694, –0.391]), which provides evidence of construct validity. Responses were immediately useful for identifying and overcoming barriers to consistent CI use with our study participants.

Conclusions:
Increasing evidence suggests that daily CI use is correlated with speech recognition outcomes. To optimize outcomes, clinicians should consider implementing this questionnaire to identify and overcome barriers to consistent, full-time CI processor use.
Basic life support and systems saving lives
Authors: Olasveengen Theresa Mariero , Semeraro Federico 
Published: October 2021

Purpose of review
To describe recent science in basic life support (BLS) after cardiac arrest and how evolving knowledge in resuscitation is changing current guidelines and practices.

Recent findings
The core elements of BLS have remained mostly unchanged since 2005 when Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation recommendations were changed from 2 ventilations to 15 compressions and up to three stacked shocks for shockable rhythms, to 30 compressions to 2 ventilations and single shocks. Since 2010, basic life support has largely focused on the importance of providing high-quality CPR for professional and lay rescuers alike. The most recent resuscitation updates has seen an increased focus on the systems perspective. The ‘Systems Saving Lives’ concept emphasizes the interconnection between community and Emergency Medical Services (EMS). The main changes in current resuscitation practice are within three important basic life support domains: recognition of cardiac arrest, interaction between rescuers and EMS and improving resuscitation quality.

Summary
This review highlights the importance of strengthening both community and emergency medical services efforts to improve outcomes in cardiac arrest. Strategies that enhance the communication and collaboration between lay rescuers and professional resuscitation systems are important new avenues to pursue in developing systems that save more lives.
A 3-Dimensional Coculture Model to Visualize and Monitor Interaction Between Pancreatic Cancer and Islet β Cells
Authors: Kumar Sandeep , Jach Daria , Macfarlane Wendy , Crnogorac-Jurcevic Tatjana 
Published: October 2021

Objectives
To facilitate exploring a link between pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and diabetes mellitus, we constructed a novel 3-dimensional (3D) in vitro coculturing system for studying interactions between PDAC and islet cells.

Methods
Adopting a 3D rotary cell culture system, we have cocultured several PDAC cell lines and MIN6 islet β cells. The cellular morphology and viability of both cell types were investigated by time-lapse imaging, confocal and scanning electron microscopy, and immunohistochemistry.

Results
The developed coculture method enabled the formation of 3D PDAC and β-cell spheroids (pseudo islets). We showed that surface morphology and growth of cultured cells mimicked their in vivo appearance. In addition, the coculture demonstrated the affinity of the PDAC cells to grow around and invade the pseudo islets.

Conclusions
Using rotary cell culture system, we have established a simple in vitro 3D pancreatic model. It is a flexible culture system that can easily be expanded with the addition of various stromal/neural components to further mimic in vivo conditions, thus enabling holistic investigation of the endocrine and exocrine pancreas.
Clinical Significance of Postoperative Antibiotic Treatment for Positive Islet Cultures After Total Pancreatectomy With Islet Autotransplantation
Authors: Naples Robert , Perlmutter Breanna C. , Thomas Jonah D. , McMichael John , Bottino Rita , Solomina Julia , Trucco Massimo , Augustin Toms , Simon Robert , Walsh R. Matthew 
Published: October 2021

Objectives
Islet cultures are routinely performed in total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplantation (TPIAT), and the need for empiric antibiotic treatment based on culture results is unknown. We evaluated the effect of postoperative antibiotic treatment for positive islet cultures on clinical infection.

Methods
Seventy-nine patients undergoing TPIAT were reviewed. Prophylactic perioperative ceftriaxone and metronidazole were administered, and transplanted islet preparations included ciprofloxacin. Postoperative antibiotics were not routinely given for positive cultures unless a clinical infection was suspected. The primary end point was 30-day infectious complications.

Results
Fifty-one patients (65%) had a positive culture. Overall, 39 patients (87%) had organisms susceptible to our perioperative antibiotic regimen. There was no difference in the infectious complication rate between those with positive compared with negative cultures (16% vs 29%, P = 0.17). Patients with a positive culture had similar 30-day postoperative infectious complication rates whether receiving postoperative antibiotics (n = 7) or not (14% vs 16%, P = 0.91). Only 1 patient had a correlation of clinical and islet cultures.

Conclusions
Beyond prophylactic antibiotics, empiric antibiotic treatment for a positive culture is not warranted and provides a rationale for the abandonment of routine cultures in TPIAT.
Impact of Different Patterns of Organ Failure on Mortality in Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis
Authors: Singh Anupam K. , Samanta Jayanta , Shukla Jayendra , Birda Chhagan Lal , Dhar Jahnvi , Gupta Pankaj , Kumar-M Praveen , Gupta Vikas , Yadav Thakur Deen , Sinha Saroj K. , Kochhar Rakesh 
Published: October 2021

Objectives
Organ failure (OF) and infected necrosis (IN) are the most important predictors of mortality in necrotizing acute pancreatitis (AP). We studied the relationship between timing (onset and duration) and patterns of OF with mortality and the impact of IN on mortality.

Methods
Consecutive patients with necrotizing AP between January 2017 and February 2020 were analyzed retrospectively for OF and its impact on outcome. Organ failure was divided as single OF, simultaneous multiple OF (SiMOF) and sequential multiple OF (SeMOF). Mortality was compared for timing of onset, total duration and patterns of OF.

Results
Among 300 patients with necrotizing AP, 174 (58%) had OF. Mortality was not associated with onset of OF (P = 0.683) but with duration of OF (P = 0.006). Mortalities for single OF, SiMOF, and SeMOF were 11.8%, 30.4%, and 69.2% respectively (P < 0.001). On Cox proportional hazard analysis, adjusted hazard ratio of risk of mortality for OF with IN versus IN, SiMOF versus single OF and SeMOF versus single OF was 3.183, 2.878, and 8.956, respectively (P = 0.023, <0.030, and <0.001, respectively).

Conclusions
Duration of OF was associated with increased mortality and SeMOF had worse outcome than single OF and SiMOF.