bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design of bimetallic Au/Cu nanoparticles in ionic liquids: Synthesis and catalytic properties in 5‐(hydroxymethyl)furfural oxidation
Authors: Uzunidis Georgios , Schade Oliver , Schild Dieter , Grunwaldt Jan‐Dierk , Behrens Silke 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn alloyed nanoparticles, synergistic electronic and/or geometric effects may enhance the catalytic properties compared to their monometallic counterparts. Herein, we address the synthesis of bimetallic Au/Cu nanoparticles with different compositions by wet chemical reduction in ionic liquids. The nanoparticles were successively supported on carbon. The ionic liquid could be recycled after synthesis. Annealing of the carbon‐supported NPs at 400 °C led to NPs of the ordered intermetallic L10 AuCu phase. The nanoparticle‐derived catalysts were characterized by X‐ray diffraction analysis, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and optical emission spectroscopy with inductively coupled plasma. Oxidation of biomass‐derived furans is a prominent process for biomass transformation into value‐added chemicals. Herein, the oxidation of 5‐hydroxymethyl‐2‐furfural (HMF) to 2,5‐furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) was chosen as a model reaction to evaluate the effect of Cu addition and intermetallic structure on the catalytic performance. Particularly Au/Cu nanoparticles with an Au/Cu ratio of 3 : 1 showed very high conversion to FDCA.
Metastable Nanoporous Palladium Evolving from Palladium Nanocrystals
Authors: Teraji Satoshi , Samitsu Sadaki , Tran‐Cong‐Miyata Qui , Norisuye Tomohisa , Nakanishi Hideyuki 
Published: July 2021

AbstractNanoporous metals can be used in many technological applications, and continuous interest has been focused on their preparation. In this study, we describe a different type of preparation method, in which nanoporous palladium (Pd) is prepared from Pd nanocrystals by the elimination of stabilizers. The resulting nanoporous Pd has a bimodal pore structure with an extensive surface area, and its surfaces are electrochemically accessible and exhibit higher catalytic activity toward ethanol electrooxidation than that of the commercial Pd black catalyst. An interesting feature is that the atomic surface structure can be sensitively altered by the preparation temperature and solvent, thereby increasing the catalytic activity of nanoporous Pd. The proposed method is simple and available for mass production and is expected to be a new alternative for producing electrochemically active nanoporous Pd.
Asymptotic Stability of Harmonic Maps on the Hyperbolic Plane under the Schrödinger Maps Evolution
Authors: Lawrie Andrew , Lührmann Jonas , Oh Sung‐Jin , Shahshahani Sohrab 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe consider the Cauchy problem for the Schrödinger maps evolution when the domain is the hyperbolic plane. An interesting feature of this problem compared to the more widely studied case on the Euclidean plane is the existence of a rich new family of finite energy harmonic maps. These are stationary solutions, and thus play an important role in the dynamics of Schrödinger maps. The main result of this article is the asymptotic stability of (some of) such harmonic maps under the Schrödinger maps evolution. More precisely, we prove the nonlinear asymptotic stability of a finite energy equivariant harmonic map under the Schrödinger maps evolution with respect to non‐equivariant perturbations, provided obeys a suitable linearized stability condition. This condition is known to hold for all equivariant harmonic maps with values in the hyperbolic plane and for a subset of those maps taking values in the sphere. One of the main technical ingredients in the paper is a global‐in‐time local smoothing and Strichartz estimate for the operator obtained by linearization around a harmonic map, proved in the companion paper [36]. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Moderately Discontinuous Homology
Authors: de Bobadilla Javier Fernández , Heinze Sonja , Pereira María Pe , Sampaio José Edson 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe introduce a new metric homology theory, which we call Moderately Discontinuous Homology, designed to capture Lipschitz properties of metric singular subanalytic germs. The main novelty of our approach is to allow “moderately discontinuous” chains, which are specially advantageous for capturing the subtleties of the outer metric phenomena. Our invariant is a finitely generated graded abelian group for any and homomorphisms for any . Here is a “discontinuity rate”. The homology groups of a subanalytic germ with the inner or outer metric are proved to be finitely generated and only finitely many homomorphisms are essential. For Moderately Discontinuous Homology recovers the homology of the tangent cone for the outer metric and of the Gromov tangent cone for the inner one. In general, for ‐Homology recovers the homology of the punctured germ. Hence, our invariant can be seen as an algebraic invariant interpolating from the germ to its tangent cone. Our homology theory is a bi‐Lipschitz subanalytic invariant, is invariant by suitable metric homotopies, and satisfies versions of the relative and Mayer‐Vietoris long exact sequences. Moreover, fixed a discontinuity rate b we show that it is functorial for a class of discontinuous Lipschitz maps, whose discontinuities are b‐moderated; this makes the theory quite flexible. In the complex analytic setting we introduce an enhancement called Framed MD homology, which takes into account information from fundamental classes. As applications we prove that Moderately Discontinuous Homology characterizes smooth germs among all complex analytic germs, and recovers the number of irreducible components of complex analytic germs and the embedded topological type of plane branches. Framed MD homology recovers the topological type of any plane curve singularity and relative multiplicities of complex analytic germs. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Genome‐wide association mapping for kernel shape and its association with β‐glucan content in oats
Authors: Zimmer Cristiano M. , McNish Ian G. , Esvelt Klos Kathy , Eickholt David P. , Arruda Klever M. A. , Pacheco Marcelo T. , Smith Kevin P. , Federizzi Luiz C. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractKernel shape and β‐glucan content are important attributes for oat (Avena sativa L.) millers. The identification of genomic regions controlling these traits, as well as their effect on phenotype, will enable rapid gain from selection. The objectives of this study were (a) to identify the genomic regions associated with kernel shape in an oat panel adapted to subtropical environments and (b) to clarify the relationship between kernel shape and β‐glucan content in oat. An elite oat panel comprising 406 inbred lines was assessed in Londrina and Eldorado do Sul, Southern Brazil. Genome‐wide association analyses were performed for each environment separately and also in a multi‐environment analysis. Phenotypic and genetic correlation coefficients were estimated between kernel shape traits and β‐glucan content. Genomic regions influencing kernel length were identified on Mrg06, Mrg21, and Mrg24. Kernel width and kernel thickness were genetically correlated and shared a quantitative trait locus, located on Mrg13 of the oat consensus map. Phenotypic and genetic correlations were found between kernel shape traits and β‐glucan content, indicating a negative relationship between kernel width or kernel thickness and β‐glucan content. Oat breeding programs that aim to maintain minimum levels of β‐glucan for nutrition and minimum kernel widths for milling will need to screen for both traits; otherwise, indirect selection will lead to unfavorable results. However, the negative correlation was not too strong (–0.4), suggesting that improvement for both traits can be made simultaneously.
Upgrading of Ethanol to 1,1‐Diethoxyethane by Proton‐Exchange Membrane Electrolysis
Authors: Kawaguchi Daisuke , Ogihara Hitoshi , Kurokawa Hideki 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe direct acetalization of ethanol is a significant challenge for upgrading bioethanol to value‐added chemicals. In this study, 1,1‐diethoxyethane (DEE) is selectively synthesized by the electrolysis of ethanol using a proton‐exchange membrane (PEM) reactor. In the PEM reactor, a Pt/C catalyst promoted the electro‐oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde. The Nafion membrane used as the PEM served as a solid acid catalyst for the acetalization of ethanol and electrochemically formed acetaldehyde. DEE was obtained at high faradaic efficiency (78 %) through sequential electrochemical and nonelectrochemical reactions. The DEE formation rate through PEM electrolysis was higher than that of reported systems. At the cathode, protons extracted from ethanol were reduced to H2. The electrochemical approach can be utilized as a sustainable process for upgrading bioethanol to chemicals because it can use renewable electricity and does not require chemical reagents (e. g., oxidants and electrolytes).
Smooth muscle actin immunostain is useful for the diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis in vaginal smears
Authors: Fang Ni , Tang Deng , Zhang Hanjie , Zeng Jie 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectiveThe parasite Trichomonas vaginalis (T. vaginalis) causes one of the most common non‐viral sexually transmitted infections in humans. T. vaginalis is notorious for its inconspicuous appearance in vaginal smears. It can be missed under the microscope.MethodIn the present study, we investigate the immunoreactivity of T. vaginalis to smooth muscle actin (SMA) in the vaginal smear.ResultT. vaginalis trophozoite and pseduocyst are immunoreactive for SMA in all of the study group cases (n = 21) and in none of the control group cases (n = 21). Thus, SMA immunostain is a sensitive method for the demonstration of T. vaginalis. Moreover, the protozoan attains a conspicuous and unique appearance. By SMA immunohistochemical stain, the apperance of T. vaginalis floated freely or located in the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells is easily identified.ConclusionWe recommend performing SMA immunostain in every vaginal smear with clinical or pathologic suspicion of trichomoniasis.
Associations between infant–mother physiological synchrony and 4‐ and 6‐month‐old infants’ emotion regulation
Authors: Abney Drew H. , daSilva Elizabeth B. , Bertenthal Bennett I. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn this study we assessed whether physiological synchrony between infants and mothers contributes to infants’ emotion regulation following a mild social stressor. Infants between 4 and 6 months of age and their mothers were tested in the face‐to‐face‐still‐face paradigm and were assessed for behavioral and physiological self‐regulation during and following the stressor. Physiological synchrony was calculated from a continuous measure of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) enabling us to cross‐correlate the infants’ and mothers’ RSA responses. Without considering physiological synchrony, the evidence suggested that infants’ distress followed the prototypical pattern of increasing during the Still Face episode and then decreasing during the reunion episode. Once physiological synchrony was added to the model, we observed that infants’ emotion regulation improved if mother–infant synchrony was positive, but not if it was negative. This result was qualified further by whether or not infants suppressed their RSA response during the Still Face episode. In sum, these findings highlight how individual differences in infants’ physiological responses contribute significantly to their self‐regulation abilities.
Using different methods for calculating frontal alpha asymmetry to study its development from infancy to 3 years of age in a large longitudinal sample
Authors: Vincent Katherine M. , Xie Wanze , Nelson Charles A. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractFrontal electroencephalography (EEG) alpha asymmetry (FAA), defined as the difference in frontal alpha power observed over the right and left frontal scalp regions, has been widely used in developmental research as a measure of multiple aspects of child behavior, such as temperament. Studies have used different equations to calculate FAA, which renders comparison of results across studies challenging. Furthermore, few studies have examined FAA's longitudinal stability across infancy and early childhood, which is a desirable feature of a temperament measure. We investigated the cross‐sectional and the longitudinal correlations of FAA values from four different equations to calculate FAA used in the literature. We used baseline EEG data from a longitudinal sample of 321 infants and 168 3‐year‐old children (149 of whom had data at both timepoints). Consistent with previous work, FAA values calculated using two commonly used equations were highly correlated with each other cross‐sectionally but not with values from a different equation that used log‐transformed relative power. The log‐transformed relative power FAA values were the only values that showed significant longitudinal stability. These findings suggest that researchers interested in FAA as a trait‐like measure in children should consider using the relative power equation that renders stability across ages.
Maternal trait anxiety symptoms, frontolimbic resting‐state functional connectivity, and cognitive development in infancy
Authors: Dufford Alexander J. , Salzwedel Andrew P. , Gilmore John H. , Gao Wei , Kim Pilyoung 
Published: July 2021

AbstractExposure to maternal anxiety symptoms during infancy has been associated with difficulties in development and greater risk for developing anxiety later in life. Although previous studies have examined associations between prenatal maternal distress, infant brain development, and developmental outcomes, it is still largely unclear if there are associations between postnatal anxiety, infant brain development, and cognitive development in infancy. In this study, we used resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine the association between maternal anxiety symptoms and resting‐state functional connectivity in the first year of life. We also examine the association between frontolimbic functional connectivity and infant cognitive development. The sample consisted of 21 infants (mean age = 24.15 months, SD = 4.17) that were scanned during their natural sleep using. We test the associations between maternal trait anxiety symptoms and amygdala–anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) functional connectivity, a neural circuit implicated in early life stress exposure. We also test the associations between amygdala–ACC connectivity and cognitive development. We found a significant negative association between maternal trait anxiety symptoms and left amygdala–right ACC functional connectivity (p < .05, false discovery rate corrected). We found a significant negative association between left amygdala–right ACC functional connectivity and infant cognitive development (p < .05). These findings have potential implications for understanding the role of postpartum maternal anxiety symptoms in functional brain and cognitive development in infancy.
Irritability‐related neural responses to frustrative nonreward in adolescents with trauma histories: A preliminary investigation
Authors: Hodgdon Elizabeth A. , Yu Qiongru , Kryza‐Lacombe Maria , Liuzzi Michael T. , Aspe Gabriela Ibarra , Menacho Valeria Cordeiro , Bozzetto Lauren , Dougherty Lea , Wiggins Jillian Lee 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIrritability, conceptualized as a lowered frustration response threshold to blocked goal attainment (i.e., frustrative nonreward), is a common, detrimental symptom in adolescence. Yet, neural mechanisms of irritability are not well understood. This preliminary study aims to identify irritability‐related neural patterns using a novel frustrative nonreward paradigm. Our study used a diverse sample of N = 31 non‐White adolescent participants (mean age 14.53 years, SD = 1.74; 83.87% Hispanic/Latinx) to improve generalizability. During fMRI acquisition, participants performed a child‐friendly monetary incentive delay task, modified to provide incorrect, negative feedback on performance. Irritability was associated with alterations in amygdala connectivity with basal ganglia, prefrontal, temporal, and parietal regions, and in activation of prefrontal and posterior cortical structures. Across clusters, youths with greater irritability showed activation/connectivity differences between reward blocked versus received conditions in the opposite direction compared to youths with lowered irritability. Alterations in amygdala‐temporoparietal connectivity and lingual gyrus activation demonstrated an altered irritability‐related recovery effect from the previous trial. These findings support the central role of frustrative nonreward as a key irritability pathway. Our work is one of the first to document neural correlates of difficult recovery from frustration characteristic of irritability and provides insight into novel treatment targets for irritability in diverse populations.
Parasympathetic response to challenge in infancy moderates the effects of sociodemographic risk on academic achievement at school entry
Authors: Propper Cathi B. , Gustafsson Hanna C. , Holochwost Steven J. , Coffman Jennifer L. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractExposure to higher levels of sociodemographic risk is associated with lower levels of academic achievement among young children. However, there is variability in the strength of this association, which may be traced to individual differences in physiological processes underlying self‐regulation. In the current study, we examined whether the response of the parasympathetic nervous system to challenge, indexed by change in respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), moderated the association between risk and school readiness at 5 years of age in a diverse sample of young children. We found that parasympathetic response to the Still‐Face Paradigm moderated the effects of risk on a measure of school readiness, such that there was no association between risk and school readiness among children who exhibited RSA decreases during challenge at 6 months of age, a purported index of self‐regulation at this age. For those infants who did not exhibit RSA withdrawal during this challenge, exposure to early cumulative risk was associated with lower scores on achievement assessment. These results speak to the possibility that certain patterns of parasympathetic response can serve as a protective factor for young children growing up in disadvantaged environments.
Is the grass always greener? Land surface phenology reveals differences in peak and season‐long vegetation productivity responses to climate and management
Authors: Wood David J. A. , Powell Scott , Stoy Paul C. , Thurman Lindsey L. , Beever Erik A. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractVegetation phenology—the seasonal timing and duration of vegetative phases—is controlled by spatiotemporally variable contributions of climatic and environmental factors plus additional potential influence from human management. We used land surface phenology derived from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer and climate data to examine variability in vegetation productivity and phenological dates from 1989 to 2014 in the U.S. Northwestern Plains, a region with notable spatial heterogeneity in climate, vegetation, and land use. We first analyzed interannual trends in six phenological measures as a baseline. We then demonstrated how including annual‐resolution predictors can provide more nuanced insights into measures of phenology between plant communities and across the ecoregion. Across the study area, higher annual precipitation increased both peak and season‐long productivity. In contrast, higher mean annual temperatures tended to increase peak productivity but for the majority of the study area decreased season‐long productivity. Annual precipitation and temperature had strong explanatory power for productivity‐related phenology measures but predicted date‐based measures poorly. We found that relationships between climate and phenology varied across the region and among plant communities and that factors such as recovery from disturbance and anthropogenic management also contributed in certain regions. In sum, phenological measures did not respond ubiquitously nor covary in their responses. Nonclimatic dynamics can decouple phenology from climate; therefore, analyses including only interannual trends should not assume climate alone drives patterns. For example, models of areas exhibiting greening or browning should account for climate, anthropogenic influence, and natural disturbances. Investigating multiple aspects of phenology to describe growing‐season dynamics provides a richer understanding of spatiotemporal patterns that can be used for predicting ecosystem responses to future climates and land‐use change. Such understanding allows for clearer interpretation of results for conservation, wildlife, and land management.
Feeding ecology and diet of the southern geladas (Theropithecus gelada obscurus) in human‐modified landscape, Wollo, Ethiopia
Authors: Kifle Zewdu , Bekele Afework 
Published: July 2021

AbstractStudying the dietary flexibility of primates that live in human‐modified environments is crucial for understanding their ecological adaptations as well as developing management and conservation plans. Southern gelada (Theropithecus gelada obscurus) is an endemic little‐known subspecies of gelada that inhabits human‐modified landscapes in the northern central highlands of Ethiopia. During an 18‐month period, we conducted this intensive study in an unprotected area of a human‐modified landscape at Kosheme in Wollo to investigate the feeding ecology of southern geladas and their dietary responses to seasonal variations. We quantified the monthly and seasonal diet data from a band of southern geladas using instantaneous scan sampling method at 15‐min intervals, and green grass phenology and availability using visual inspection from the randomly selected permanent plots. The overall average diet of southern geladas at Kosheme constituted grass blades 55.4%, grass undergrounds 13.2%, grass bulbs 5.6%, grass seeds 5.4%, herb leaves 4.0, fruits 7.3%, and cereal crops 5.6%. Grass blade consumption increased with increasing green grass availability, while underground food consumption increased with decreasing green grass availability, and vice versa. Southern geladas spent significantly more time feeding on the grass blades and herb leaves and significantly less time on bulbs during the wet season than the dry season. Underground grass items (rhizomes and corms) were not consumed during the wet season, but made up 22.3% of the dry season diet. Thus, although grass blades are staple diet items for geladas, underground diet items are important “fallback foods” at Kosheme. Our result shows insights into the dietary flexibility southern geladas adopt to cope with human‐modified landscapes of the north‐central Ethiopian Highlands. Thus, the study contributes to a better understanding of how changing environments shape primate ecology and evolution.