bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prophylaxe der Post-ERCP-Pankreatitis
Authors: Dolak Werner 
Published: March 2021

ZusammenfassungDie Post-ERCP-Pankreatitis ist die häufigste Komplikation einer ERCP und wird durch eine Vielzahl an Faktoren beeinflusst. Zu deren Prophylaxe ist eine strenge Indikationsstellung zur ERCP erforderlich. Sofern keine Gegenanzeigen bestehen, sollen die Patienten vor, während und nach der Untersuchung eine forcierte i.v.-Flüssigkeitszufuhr mit Ringer-Laktat erhalten (in unserer Praxis wird beispielsweise ein Liter Ringer-Laktat vor Beginn der Untersuchung angehängt und zumindest ein weiterer Liter während oder nach der Untersuchung nachgegeben). Vor jeder ERCP sollen ferner 100 mg Diclofenac oder Indometacin rektal verabreicht werden, sofern keine Kontraindikationen bestehen. Je nach Eingriffsart und zusätzlichen intraprozeduralen Risikofaktoren kann schließlich die Platzierung eines Pankreasschutzstents erforderlich sein, um das Risiko weiter minimieren zu können.
Microcrystal alignment in drawn fiber over sub-meter to kilometer length scales
Authors: Tauzer Laurel , Mescher Ann 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis paper describes a method for aligning stiff, high-aspect-ratio microcrystals over macro-length scales using a polymer fiber drawing process. A composite preform was constructed with an interfacial, liquid shell layer of grapeseed oil suspending ytterbium-doped potassium lutetium fluoride microcrystals (30% Yb:K2LuF5, KLF) between adjacent cylindrical surfaces of acrylic (polymethyl methacrylate, PMMA). The mean length of synthesized KLF microcrystals was 67 microns, and the mean aspect ratio, equivalent to crystal length divided by diameter, was eight. The acrylic-host preform was drawn into fiber, resulting in uniform reduction of all cross-sectional dimensions by a factor of approximately 20 in the final fiber. A corresponding width reduction of the interstitial liquid-filled gap, containing microcrystals between the polymer surfaces, constrains the microcrystals and causes alignment of the crystal long axes parallel to the axis of the drawn composite fiber. Alignment was best for clearly separated microcrystals and improved even further with the longest lengths, or highest aspect-ratio microcrystals.
Simple synthesis of gold-decorated silica nanoparticles by in situ precipitation method with new plasmonic properties
Authors: Félix Lizbet León , Porcel Joaquin Martinez , Aragón Fermín Fidel Herrera , Pacheco-Salazar David Gregorio , Sousa Marcelo Henrique 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe describe a simple method for the preparation of gold-decorated silica (SiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) by the in situ precipitation method using simple BH4− ions reduction as a procedure, where BH4− ions are adsorbed onto PEI-functionalized SiO2 NPs for stabilizing and reducing gold ions onto PEI-SiO2 surface in water under ambient conditions. The result was 3-nm gold nanoshell NPs attached to SiO2 core (~ 75 nm) with a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) at ~ 680 nm. SPR band is associated with Au NP aggregates that arise from strong interparticle interaction. This is an alternative to the gold-seeding methods and the use of anionic gold species for the obtention of gold-decorated SiO2 NPs with an important red-shift in UV–Vis absorption and with potential applications in biosensors and photothermal therapy.
On averaged exponential integrators for semilinear wave equations with solutions of low-regularity
Authors: Buchholz Simone , Dörich Benjamin , Hochbruck Marlis 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn this paper we introduce a class of second-order exponential schemes for the time integration of semilinear wave equations. They are constructed such that the established error bounds only depend on quantities obtained from a well-posedness result of a classical solution. To compensate missing regularity of the solution the proofs become considerably more involved compared to a standard error analysis. Key tools are appropriate filter functions as well as the integration-by-parts and summation-by-parts formulas. We include numerical examples to illustrate the advantage of the proposed methods.
Theory of language: a taxonomy
Authors: Austin Patrik 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe study of language has been historically proposed as a model for human sciences. For the structuralists, it is because languages, like society, and cultural habits, are man-made rule-based systems. For the Darwinists, it is because cultures and societies are like living species, and can be studied with biological methodology. Sociology, biology and linguistics are considered analogous in different ways. To support work in theoretical and applied linguistics, this paper discusses the problem of the nature of language, investigating how the question “What is language?” has been approached from different angles. Textbook answers guide us in many different directions: language is a tool for communication—and for thinking. It is a collection of words and instructions how to use them. It is the characteristic which—arguably—separates humans from other animals. It is a social construction, a system of symbols, a system of systems, and so on. To classify perspectives, the intellectual history of schools of linguistic thought is examined, connecting linguistic theory with related disciplines. A taxonomy is proposed based on two axes: humanistic versus biological; and historical versus systemic. Main linguistics frameworks are identified and placed into a fourfold table based on these axes. They include the Bloomfieldian school (Type 1); Saussurean structuralism and its derivatives (Type 2); generative grammar and biolinguistics (Type 3); and cognitive‒evolutionary linguistics (Type 4).
The Economics and Productivity of Organic versus Conventional U.S. Dairy Farms
Authors: Nehring Richard F. , Gillespie Jeffrey , Greene Catherine , Law Jonathan 
Published: March 2021

AbstractUnited States certified organic and conventional dairy farms are compared on the basis of economic, financial, and technological measures using dairy data from the 2016 USDA Agricultural Resource Management Survey. A stochastic production frontier model using an input distance function framework is estimated for U.S. dairy farms to examine technical efficiency and returns to scale (RTS) of farms of both systems and by multiple size categories. Financial and economic measures such as net return on assets and input costs, as well as technological adoption measures are compared by system and size. For both systems, size is the major determinant of competitiveness based on selected measures of productivity and RTS.
Burden of healthcare-associated infections among hospitalized children within community hospitals participating in an infection control network
Authors: Akinboyo Ibukunoluwa C. , Young Rebecca R. , Smith Michael J. , Lewis Sarah S. , Smith Becky A. , Anderson Deverick J. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe describe the frequency of pediatric healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) identified through prospective surveillance in community hospitals participating in an infection control network. Over a 6-year period, 84 HAIs were identified. Of these 51 (61%) were pediatric central-line–associated bloodstream infections, and they often occurred in children <1 year of age.
RADIOCARBON DATING OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIAL RECOVERED FROM THE BASIN OF MEXICO
Authors: Balcorta Yépez Francisco Antonio , Alavez Ortúzar Montserrat , Flores Montes de Oca Zulema Berenice , Martínez-Carrillo Miguel Ángel , Solís Corina , Rodríguez-Ceja María , Ortiz María Esther 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTThe Mexico City Basin has had exceptional plant and animal diversity since ancient times due to its varied orography and benign climate. This environment attracted diverse human groups, from hunter-gatherers to one of the most influential pre-Hispanic cultures of Mesoamerica: the Mexica, also known as the Aztec. The subsoil of Mexico City hides a rich and varied cultural heritage. The Archaeological Rescue Department works to preserve cultural heritage, review archaeological studies, and expand archaeological information with new findings. We report on archaeological rescue works carried out at two sites in the Mexico City Basin prior to the beginning of new construction projects. The first one is the Reforma Hidalgo Complex Office in Teocaltitlán, one of the neighborhoods of ancient Mexica City, Mexico-Tenochtitlan. Some wooden post samples were selected for accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon (AMS 14C) dating, believed to have been used as chinampa supports. We seek to determine their temporality and possible reuse by Hispanic builders. The second one, the La Otra Banda Site, is part of the human settlements that were founded around Cuicuilco, one of the main ancient urban centers of the highlands of Central Mexico. Some human bones and coal samples were selected to be dated, aiming to establish the site’s occupation time.
A Well-Adjusted Debt: How the International Anti-Debt Movement Failed to Delink Debt Relief and Structural Adjustment
Authors: Baillot Hélène 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis article analyses the process by which the issues of debt and structural adjustment were redefined by a plurality of actors, from institutional experts to activists, during the 1980s and 1990s. Although it mainly focuses on the 1990s, when the Jubilee 2000 campaign emerged, blossomed, and died, it takes into account the institutional mobilization preceding it. It then points to the need to think about the dynamics of competition and the division of labour among international players. While the leading Jubilee 2000 coalition in the Global North opposed debt on economic and religious grounds, African anti-structural adjustment programme (SAP) activists who joined the Jubilee Afrika campaign promoted an alternative framework: according to them, debt was not just economically “unsustainable”; it was first and foremost “illegitimate”, as were any conditions attached to its reduction, beginning with the implementation of SAPs. The story of the anti-debt campaign is the story of their failure.
Is newborn survival influenced by place of delivery? A comparison of home, public sector and private sector deliveries in India
Authors: Verma Asmita , Cleland John 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn 2005 and again in 2011, the Government of India launched schemes to encourage institutional delivery among poor women, with the aim of improving maternal and newborn health outcomes. Partly as a result of these initiatives, the proportion of children born in a health facility rose steeply from 42% in 2000–2005 to 81% a decade later. In this context, the objective of this paper was to determine the association between place of delivery (public sector, private sector, home) and early neonatal mortality, defined as death in the first 7 days after birth. The focus was on early neonatal mortality because over half of all under-five deaths occur in his period and because the protective effect of an institutional place of birth should be strongest in those few early days. Both bivariate methods and multivariate logistic regression analysis were applied to data from the fourth round of the National Family Health Survey conducted in 2015–16. For the country as a whole, it was found that the adjusted odds of death in the early neonatal period were lower for deliveries in public health facilities than for home deliveries (OR 0.833 p<0.01), but no significant difference was found between deliveries in private health facilities and at home. Adjusted odds of death were higher for deliveries in private than public sector facilities (OR 1.41 p<0.01). On further investigation, for the poor in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, it was found that the risks of dying in the early neonatal period were even higher for babies delivered in private health facilities than for home deliveries with adjusted odds of over 2.0. These results raise serious questions about quality of care in the private sector in India. In the context of increased emphasis on public–private partnerships in health services provision in the country, it becomes imperative to enforce better inspection, licensing and quality control of private sector facilities, especially in the states of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.
Modelling liquefied natural gas ship traffic in port based on cellular automaton and multi-agent system
Authors: Liu Jingxian , Liu Yang , Qi Le 
Published: March 2021

AbstractOver the past few decades, the number of liquefied natural gas (LNG) ships and terminals has been increasing, playing an important role in global clean energy transportation. However, the traffic capacity of LNG shipping in port areas is limited because of its high safety requirements. In view of this problem, a novel model is proposed to study the ship traffic in a port area by combining cellular automaton (CA) and multi-agent methods. Taking the CNOOC Tianjin LNG Terminal as an example, the ship traffic in Tianjin Port is simulated. Based on the simulation results, the LNG ship traffic capacity and its impact on the general shipping traffic flow under different special traffic rules are obtained. This model can provide theoretical support for optimising the port traffic organisation for LNG ships.
Sperm-borne small RNAs improve the developmental competence of pre-implantation cloned embryos in rabbit
Authors: Qin Hongyu , Qu Pengxiang , Hu Huizhong , Cao Wenbin , Liu Hengchao , Zhang Yanru , Zhao Jinpeng , Nazira Fatima , Liu Enqi 
Published: March 2021

SummaryThe low efficiency of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) greatly limits its application. Compared with the fertilized embryo, cloned embryos display abnormal epigenetic modification and other inferior developmental properties. In this study, small RNAs were isolated, and miR-34c and miR-125b were quantified by real-time PCR; results showed that these micro-RNAs were highly expressed in sperm. The test sample was divided into three groups: one was the fertilized group, one was the SCNT control group (NT-C group), and the third group consisted of SCNT embryos injected with sperm-borne small RNA (NT-T group). The level of tri-methylation of lysine 9 on histone H3 (H3K9me3) at the 8-cell stage was determined by immunofluorescence staining, and the cleavage ratio, blastocyst ratio, apoptotic cell index of the blastocyst and total cell number of blastocysts in each group were analyzed. Results showed that the H3K9me3 level was significantly higher in the NT-C group than in the fertilized group and the NT-T group. The apoptosis index of blastocysts in the NT-C group was significantly higher than that in the fertilized group and the NT-T group. The total cell number of SCNT embryos was significantly lower than that of fertilized embryos, and injecting sperm-borne small RNAs could significantly increase the total cell number of SCNT blastocysts. Our study not only demonstrates that sperm-borne small RNAs have an important role in embryo development, but also provides a new strategy for improving the efficiency of SCNT in rabbit.
Porcine oocyte preincubation in oviductal fluid flush beforein vitrofertilization in the presence of oviductal epithelial cells improves monospermic zygote production
Authors: Batista Ribrio Ivan Tavares Pereira , Moro Lucia N. , Corbin Emilie , Alminana Carmen , Souza-Fabjan Joanna Maria Gonçalves , Freitas Vicente José de Figueirêdo , Mermillod Pascal 
Published: March 2021

SummaryThe present study was designed to evaluate the effect of the combination of oviduct fluid flush (OFF) and oviduct epithelial cells (OEC) in modulating the incidence of polyspermy in pigs. Therefore, forin vitrofertilization (IVF), oocyte and sperm were co-cultured in Tris-buffered medium (TBM) either supplemented with 10% OFF (OFFD group), or in the presence of a bovine OEC monolayer (OEC group), or the oocytes were exposed to OFF for 30 min before IVF (OFFB group), or in the presence of an OEC monolayer (OFFB + OEC group). Regardless of sperm concentration used (0.5, 1.5, and 4.5 × 105cells/ml), supplementation of IVF medium with 10% OFF led to an increased (P< 0.05) monospermy rate, without alteration (P> 0.05) of the penetration rate in comparison with the control and OEC groups. When the IVF medium was supplemented with heparin, an overall increase (P< 0.05) of the final output of the IVF system in terms of zygotes with two pronuclei (2PN) was observed in the OFFD group, compared with the control and OEC groups, at a sperm concentration of 4.5 × 105cells/ml. At this concentration, OFFB improved the monospermy rate but decreased the penetration rate, resulting in low efficiency of monospermic zygotes production. Despite this, no major effect was observed in the developmental competence of the presumed zygotes up to the blastocyst stage. The combination of OFFB with OEC improved the penetration rate, while maintaining the high monospermic rate induced by OFFB. In conclusion, the combination of treatment of oocytes by diluted OFF 30 min before IVF, followed by IVF in the presence of OEC, improved monospermic zygote production without reducing the penetration rate, when the IVF medium was supplemented with heparin.
Fire takes no vacation: impact of fires on tourism
Authors: Otrachshenko Vladimir , Nunes Luis C. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMany Mediterranean-type climates around the world will face increased risks of wildfires as a consequence of climate change. In this study we consider the case of Portugal and estimate the impact of the increasing risk of forest fires on tourism. Using data for 278 municipalities for the 2000–2016 period, we find a considerable negative impact of burned areas on the number of tourist arrivals, both domestic and inbound. We go beyond the traditional impact analysis and provide predictions for 2030 and 2050. The estimated annual costs to the Portuguese economy due to the impact of burned areas in 2030 range between €17.03 and 24.18 million for domestic tourist arrivals and between €18.26 and 38.08 million for inbound ones. In 2050, those costs will increase at least fourfold. These findings underscore the importance of taking the forest fire risks into account when planning local investments.
Novel use of a vaginal cylinder purposed dually as obturator and localiser for stereotactic ablative radiotherapy delivery
Authors: Thompson J. Spencer , Chen Yong , Ali Imad , Henson Christina , Arntzen Julie , Holman Laura , Cantrell J. Nathan , Ahmad Salahuddin 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackground:Vaginal cancer is a rare malignancy that poses a challenge to treat and cure, as surgical excision requires life-changing procedures because of the proximity and involvement of rectum, bladder and anus. We report in this case study the successful delivery of stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) for a patient with vaginal cancer after previous radiotherapy.Methods:A 71-year-old white female who presented with dyspareunia and irritative urinary symptoms proven by biopsy was our candidate patient. Subsequent PET/CT revealed a hypermetabolic 3 cm lesion at the 12–1 o’clock position in the distal vagina involving the clitoris. The patient was initially treated with volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) with simultaneous integrated boost technique to the involved nodes, and later upon recurrence treated with SABR using 30 Gy in six fractions.Findings:To our knowledge, this is the first report of a vaginal cylinder used to physically distance organs at risk from the treatment target and also as a localising device with image guidance for the delivery of SABR using an external beam.
Presidential power effects on government and ministerial durability: evidence from Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Semenova Elena , Dowding Keith 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn this article, we examine the variation in the institutional powers granted to president to terminate cabinets (by dismissing prime ministers), and appointing ministers to show how variations affect both cabinet durability (and the mode of cabinet termination) and ministerial durability (i.e., the overall time a minister remains in cabinet). Using the most extensive survival data set on ministers in 14 Central and Eastern European countries available to date alongside data on government survival, our Cox regression models demonstrate that the institutional rules granting extensive powers to the presidents are powerful determinants of ministerial durability. We show that the effect of presidential powers reduces cabinet durability but increases ministerial durability. These results demonstrate that the specific powers given to chief executives are essential for issues surrounding implications for ministerial and cabinet durability, institutional choice, policy stability, and governmental accountability.
MMS Observation on the Cross‐Tail Current Sheet Roll‐up at the Dipolarization Front
Authors: Zhang L. Q. , Wang C. , Dai L. , Fu H. S. , Lui A. T. Y. , Baumjohann W. , Yu Y. , Ren Y. , Burch James L. , Khotyaintsev Yu. V. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe perform a case study on the evolution of the current sheet in different regions around the dipolarization front (DF), including magnetic‐dip preceding the DF, front at the DF, and magnetic pileup region (MPR) behind the DF based on magnetospheric multiscale (MMS) observation on July 31, 2017. In this event, MMS1 stays inside the current sheet during the whole bursty bulk flow (BBF) interval. Our analysis reveals that the cross‐tail current sheet at the DF is rolled up, signified by the depression (−Vz/−Bz) at the dip and elevation (+Vz/+Bz) at the front. The minimum variance analysis on the magnetic field method is applied to obtain the normal direction of the current sheet. The result confirms the roll‐up, that is, downward at the depressed current sheet and upward at the elevated current sheet. The current sheet roll‐up at the DF is asymmetric, with steeper elevation than depression. The elevation angle of the elevated current sheet is evaluated to be ∼30°. Strong duskward and predominantly perpendicular J spike (∼90 nA/m2) concentrate at the interface between the dip and the front. The strength of the current of the J‐spike is about nine/three times the current at the dip/front. The front is characterized by positive E·J. In the dip/MPR, no such preference is seen. Ion/Electron pitch angle distributions exhibit significant and different evolutions in the roll‐up current sheet from dip to front, including their energy‐dependence and distributions. Finally, the roll‐up current sheet could decelerate BBF and change the flow structure. The potential significance of the roll‐up current sheet on BBF evolution is emphasized.
Detection and Characterization of Circular Expanding UV‐Emissions Observed in Jupiter's Polar Auroral Regions
Authors: Hue V. , Greathouse T. K. , Gladstone G. R. , Bonfond B. , Gérard J.‐C. , Vogt M. F. , Grodent D. C. , Versteeg M. H. , Kammer J. A. , Clark G. , Ebert R. W. , Giles R. S. , Davis M. W. , Haewsantati K. , Bolton S. J. , Levin S. M. , Connerney J. E. P. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractJupiter's polar auroral region hosts UV auroral emissions that relate to the magnetospheric dynamics from the outer magnetosphere. Juno‐UVS has discovered intriguing features characterized by expanding emission circles of UV‐brightness <140 kR. These events are located at the border of the previously defined swirl region, nearby the polar dark region. The features expand into a circular shape up to ∼1,000 km in radius, at expansion velocities from 3.3 ± 1.7 up to 7.7 ± 3.5 km/s, as measured over the four best observed cases. Using color ratio measurements as a proxy for the depth of the recorded features, the mean electron energy responsible for these emissions is 80–160 keV. Events occurring in the outer magnetosphere at distances >100 RJ are likely causing for these features. Dayside magnetopause reconnection and Kelvin‐Helmholtz instabilities resulting from the shear flows near the magnetopause are expected to generate field‐aligned currents that could potentially be the cause of these features.