bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detecting Scene-Plausible Perceptible Backdoors in Trained DNNs Without Access to the Training Set
Authors: Xiang Zhen , Miller David J. , Wang Hang , Kesidis George 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Backdoor data poisoning attacks add mislabeled examples to the training set, with an embedded backdoor pattern, so that the classifier learns to classify to a target class whenever the backdoor pattern is present in a test sample. Here, we address posttraining detection of scene-plausible perceptible backdoors, a type of backdoor attack that can be relatively easily fashioned, particularly against DNN image classifiers. A post-training defender does not have access to the potentially poisoned training set, only to the trained classifier, as well as some unpoisoned examples that need not be training samples. Without the poisoned training set, the only information about a backdoor pattern is encoded in the DNN's trained weights. This detection scenario is of great import considering legacy and proprietary systems, cell phone apps, as well as training outsourcing, where the user of the classifier will not have access to the entire training set. We identify two important properties of scene-plausible perceptible backdoor patterns, spatial invariance and robustness, based on which we propose a novel detector using the maximum achievable misclassification fraction (MAMF) statistic. We detect whether the trained DNN has been backdoor-attacked and infer the source and target classes. Our detector outperforms existing detectors and, coupled with an imperceptible backdoor detector, helps achieve posttraining detection of most evasive backdoors of interest.
Two Types of Mid-High-Latitude Low-Frequency Intraseasonal Oscillations near the Ural Mountains during Boreal Summer
Authors: Zhu Tao , Yang Jing 
Published: February 2021

AbstractTwo types of mid-high-latitude low-frequency intraseasonal oscillations (LF-ISOs), featuring eastward and westward propagation, have been identified over the Eurasian continent in the past 37 summers (1982–2018). The eastward and westward propagating modes commonly have a dominant periodicity of 30–50 days near the Ural Mountains (UM) but have different origins and evolutions. The eastward propagating LF-ISO initiates over eastern North America, migrates northeastward across northeastern North America–western North Atlantic, central North Atlantic, western Europe, and the UM, then propagates southeastward to northwestern and eastern China, which is the Atlantic-Eurasian continental mode. In contrast, the westward propagating mode is quasi-circumpolar, initiating over the East Siberian Sea and moving southwestward across the UM and northern Europe and eventually reaching Greenland and the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. These two mid-high-latitude LF-ISOs are accompanied by significant tropical intraseasonal variations with evident tropical–extratropical interactions. Meanwhile, these two LF-ISOs have different decadal preferences before and after 2000, which are ascribed to the decadal change of both intraseasonal efficient kinetic energy obtained from the mean flow over their genesis region and their background flow associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation/Arctic Oscillation decadal change. This study deepens the understanding of subseasonal variations for mid-high latitudes and subseasonal prediction sources for low-latitude regions.
Intranasal oxytocin may help maintain romantic bonds by decreasing jealousy evoked by either imagined or real partner infidelity
Authors: Zheng Xiaoxiao , Xu Xiaolei , Xu Lei , Kou Juan , Luo Lizhu , Ma Xiaole , Kendrick Keith M 
Published: February 2021

Background: While romantic jealousy may help to maintain relationships, following partner infidelity and an irretrievable loss of trust it can also promote break-ups. The neuropeptide oxytocin can enhance the maintenance of social bonds and reduce couple conflict, although its influence on jealousy evoked by imagined or real infidelity is unclear. Aims: This study aimed to investigate the effects of intranasal oxytocin (24 IU) on romantic jealousy in both males and females in imagined and real contexts. Methods: Seventy heterosexual couples participated in this double-blind, placebo-controlled, between-subject design study. Jealousy was firstly quantified in the context of subjects imagining partner infidelity and secondly in a Cyberball game where their partner interacted preferentially with an opposite-sexed rival stranger to simulate partner exclusion, or rejected a neutral stranger but not the partner. Results: Oxytocin primarily decreased jealousy and arousal ratings towards imagined emotional and sexual infidelity by a partner in both sexes. During the Cyberball game, while male and female subjects in both groups subsequently threw the ball least often to the rival stranger, under oxytocin they showed reduced romantic jealousy and arousal ratings for stranger players, particularly the rival one, and reported reduced negative and increased positive feelings while playing the game. Conclusions: Together, our results suggest that oxytocin can reduce the negative emotional impact of jealousy in established romantic partners evoked by imagined or real infidelity or exclusive social interactions with others. This provides further support for oxytocin promoting maintenance of relationships.
Scaling Up Delivery of Biofortified Staple Food Crops Globally: Paths to Nourishing Millions
Authors: Foley Jennifer K. , Michaux Kristina D. , Mudyahoto Bho , Kyazike Laira , Cherian Binu , Kalejaiye Olatundun , Ifeoma Okonkwo , Ilona Paul , Reinberg Chelsea , Mavindidze Donald , Boy Erick 
Published: February 2021

Background: Micronutrient deficiencies affect over one quarter of the world’s population. Biofortification is an evidence-based nutrition strategy that addresses some of the most common and preventable global micronutrient gaps and can help improve the health of millions of people. Since 2013, HarvestPlus and a consortium of collaborators have made impressive progress in the enrichment of staple crops with essential micronutrients through conventional plant breeding. Objective: To review and highlight lessons learned from multiple large-scale delivery strategies used by HarvestPlus to scale up biofortification across different country and crop contexts. Results: India has strong public and private sector pearl millet breeding programs and a robust commercial seed sector. To scale-up pearl millet, HarvestPlus established partnerships with public and private seed companies, which facilitated the rapid commercialization of products and engagement of farmers in delivery activities. In Nigeria, HarvestPlus stimulated the initial acceptance and popularization of vitamin A cassava using a host of creative approaches, including “crowding in” delivery partners, innovative promotional programs, and development of intermediate raw material for industry and novel food products. In Uganda, orange sweet potato (OSP) is a traditional subsistence crop. Due to this, and the lack of formal seed systems and markets, HarvestPlus established a network of partnerships with community-based nongovernmental organizations and vine multipliers to popularize and scale-up delivery of OSP. Conclusions: Impact of biofortification ultimately depends on the development of sustainable markets for biofortified seeds and products. Results illustrate the need for context-specific, innovative solutions to promote widespread adoption.
Facilitators and Barriers to Nurse Practitioners Prescribing Methadone for Opioid Use Disorder in Nova Scotia: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Bates Aaron E. , Martin-Misener Ruth 
Published: February 2021

Background Opioid use has escalated dramatically resulting in an increase in deaths. Access to treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD) is poor. The addition of nurse practitioners (NPs) as prescribers of methadone for OUD offers potential for improving access. Little is known about what support NPs will require as they prescribe methadone. Purpose This paper identifies facilitators and barriers to NPs prescribing methadone. Methods In this qualitative study, in-person and phone semi-structured interviews were conducted with 18 participants. Participants included NPs (n=5), physicians (n=5), and stakeholders including members of professional regulatory bodies and government, academics and other clinicians (n=8). Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using thematic analysis and software (NVivo 12.4.0) for data management. Results Four themes emerged: 1) Pervasive Barrier of Stigma; 2) Perceived Complexity of Patients Living with OUD; 3) NP Education and Practice Supports and; 4) Health Care Context and NP Role Implementation. Conclusions Barriers and facilitators to NP prescribing are similar to those encountered by physicians. Factors unique to NPs include the identification of role clarity as a facilitator and navigation of physician networks as a barrier. Research conducted with current NP methadone prescribers is required to evaluate implementation of this service.
Investigation of thermal performance of double-layered thermally activated building system in heating mode
Authors: Çalişir Oğuzhan , Öztürk Müjdat , Genç Gamze 
Published: February 2021

Main principle of the thermally active building system (TABS) which is a type of radiant heating system operating at low temperatures range as 30–50 ˚C is to bring the ambient temperature to the desired level by heating the building mass. TABS system is also a system that can heat at low temperatures such as underfloor heating systems, and both systems can be applied in multi-story buildings. Because these systems operate at low temperatures, they are compatible with both each other and with renewable energy sources. At the same time, heating and cooling at temperatures close to room temperature can also increase the coefficient of performance (COP) in these systems. In this study, a double-layered system which is a new concept was designed by using both underfloor heating and TABS on the same floor; and the thermal performance of the double-layered TABS system (DLTS) was examined using the FLUENT/ANSYS programs. In the calculations, different supply water temperatures (30, 35 and 40 °C) and the pipe positions on the vertical axis (0.001 m, 0.050 m, and 0.100 m) were considered. It can be obtained from the results that the efficiency of the heating systems can be increased by using the new DLTS proposed in this study.
Evaluation of cabergoline for lactation inhibition in women living with HIV
Authors: Boucoiran Isabelle , Roy Melissa , Poliquin Vanessa , Elwood Chelsea , Sheehan Nancy L , Thibaudeau Rosie , Ferreira Ema , Autmizguine Julie , Kakkar Fatima , Boucher Marc , Money Deborah , Tulloch Karen 
Published: February 2021

We wished to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and acceptability of cabergoline for lactation inhibition in women who live with HIV. In this multicenter prospective observational study, cabergoline was offered as a single oral dose of 1 mg within the first 48 h postpartum. Women were recruited if they delivered a live infant after 35 weeks of gestational age. Participants filled out a questionnaire regarding symptoms of lactation and cabergoline adverse effects on day 2 and day 14 postpartum. On day 14, they also completed a questionnaire about their satisfaction with cabergoline treatment. Prolactin serum level was measured on both visits. Among 68 participants, all but one received cabergoline. The overall effectiveness defined by partial or complete success at day 14 was 98.3% (confidence intervals: 89.5–99.9). At day 14, 67.4% of women who received cabergoline had prolactin serum levels <25 mcg/L (threshold necessary for galactopoiesis). Mild nonspecific adverse effects were experienced by 24 (29.9%) women on day 2 and 24 (41.4%) on day 14, and lasted 48 h or less. Overall, 96% of women were satisfied with cabergoline’s ability to prevent postpartum lactation symptoms. In conclusion, cabergoline is an effective, well-accepted, and well-tolerated medication for lactation inhibition in WLWH.
A Quantitative Analysis of Facial Asymmetry in Torticollis Using 3-Dimensional Photogrammetry
Authors: Baratta Vanessa M. , Linden Olivia E. , Byrne Margaret E. , Sullivan Stephen R. , Taylor Helena O. 
Published: February 2021

Objective: To assess whether children with torticollis have quantifiably greater facial asymmetry than their age-matched controls using 3-dimensional (3D) photogrammetry. Design: We retrospectively analyzed patients diagnosed with torticollis and age-matched volunteers who underwent 3D photogrammetry of their faces. We calculated the root mean square deviation (RMSD) between native and reflected facial images, as a measure of asymmetry. Two observers independently measured RMSD values for all study participants. The Spearman correlation coefficient evaluated interobserver reliability. The Wilcoxon rank-sum test with Bonferroni adjusted P values for multiple comparisons. Setting: Institutional. Participants: Twenty patients diagnosed with torticollis and 12 age-matched volunteers. Patients were analyzed on a computer database and volunteers were selected and consented in the hospital. We excluded patients with a history of facial trauma, facial operations, or other craniofacial diagnoses. Interventions: Facial surface scans were obtained using the Canfield Vectra stereophotogrammetry system. The technology captures surface anatomy without radiation. Main Outcome Measures: RMSD comparisons between patients with torticollis and age-matched controls. Results: Compared to controls, patients with torticollis had statistically significant greater full face, upper third, and middle third facial asymmetry. There was a trend toward greater asymmetry of the lower facial third. Conclusions: We used 3D photogrammetry to quantitate facial asymmetry from torticollis. We found greater asymmetry in patients with torticollis than in their unaffected peers. All areas of the face appeared to be affected, though the asymmetry in the lower facial third just failed to reach significance.
Safety and efficacy of bone-modifying agents among multiple myeloma patients: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Billias Christina , Langer Megan , Ursu Sorana , Schorr Rebecca 
Published: February 2021

Objective To determine the incidence of skeletal-related events among multiple myeloma patients who received chemotherapy without a bone-modifying agent (zoledronic acid and denosumab) versus those who received chemotherapy with a bone-modifying agent. The secondary objective was to determine the incidence of skeletal-related events in patients without any prior history of skeletal-related events and who were treated with zoledronic acid every four weeks versus those who received zoledronic acid at an extended interval of every twelve weeks. Additional secondary objectives included the incidence of nephrotoxicity, hypocalcemia and osteonecrosis of the jaw in all patients. Methods This institutional review board-approved, retrospective cohort study included patients 18 to 89 years old with a diagnosis of multiple myeloma, who were being treated with chemotherapy between July 1, 2016 and October 31, 2019. Safety and efficacy were assessed through analysis of pertinent data collected: patient demographics, baseline skeletal-related events, development of new skeletal-related events, number and type of bone-modifying agent doses administered, and drug-related toxicities such as nephrotoxicity, hypocalcemia, and osteonecrosis of the jaw. Results A total of 73 patients were included. New skeletal-related events occurred in 12 patients (27%) in the chemotherapy without a bone-modifying agent group and in 5 patients (17%) in the chemotherapy with a bone-modifying agent group (OR = 0.56, 95% CI [0.172–1.8]; P = 0.32). The incidence of skeletal-related events was similar among patients receiving zoledronic acid every four weeks versus every twelve weeks in patients without a prior skeletal-related event (N = 0 vs. N = 2 respectively; P = 0.47). There were no statistically significant differences observed in each of the three secondary safety endpoints: incidence of hypocalcemia, nephrotoxicity and osteonecrosis of the jaw. Conclusion Multiple myeloma patients receiving chemotherapy without a bone-modifying agent had higher rates of skeletal-related events compared to those being treated with chemotherapy and a bonemodifying agent. Our results highlight the benefit of utilizing bonemodifying agents for the prevention of skeletal-related events in all multiple myeloma patients being treated with chemotherapy.
Scepter mini assisted angiographic cure of a Vein of Galen Malformation with n-butyl cyanoacrylate
Authors: White Timothy G , Dehdashti Amir R , Woo Henry H 
Published: February 2021

Background Even in the modern endovascular era, the treatment of Vein of Galen Malformations (VOGM) is extremely challenging. While their natural history is very poor, endovascular embolization has emerged as the standard of care. These lesions often require multiple treatment sessions to decrease shunting, with each treatment including multiple pedicles. Here we present the first reported use of the Scepter Mini (Microvention, Aliso Viejo, CA) in the treatment of vein of Galen malformations. Clinical presentation A 7 month old female presented with an enlarging VOGM that was initially identified on prenatal ultrasound. Given the enlarging size of the lesion and failure to meet developmental milestones, the patient underwent planned endovascular embolization of the VOGM. The novel Scepter Mini balloon catheter was used for treatment of this lesion affording easy access to the target pedicle and immediate flow arrest which allowed for immediate cure of the lesion. Conclusion The novel Scepter Mini Balloon (Microvention, Aliso Viejo, CA) afforded excellent distal access with subsequent immediate flow arrest therefore facilitating endovascular cure. Initially, a staged approach was favored for the treatment of the lesion, but the flow arrest achieved by the Scepter mini facilitated immediate occlusion from a single pedicle.
Endovascular treatment of extracranial carotid artery aneurysms using self-expandable covered stent grafts: A single center retrospective study
Authors: Gao Peixian , Qi Jiaxin , Wang Mo , Li Gang , Yang Le , Dong Dianning , Wu Xuejun 
Published: February 2021

Objectives This study was aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of endovascular treatment of extracranial carotid artery aneurysms (ECAAs) using self-expandable covered stent grafts. Methods All patients with ECAA at a single institution were reviewed from February 2014 to February 2020. Eight consecutive patients (three men, mean age 64.5 years) treated with endovascular repair with self-expandable covered stent graft were retrospectively reviewed. Patient characteristics, angiographic results, and follow-up outcomes were retrospectively recorded. Access to ECAA was gained via a femoral approach or a direct puncture of common carotid artery after surgical exposure because of kinking of the aortic arch and common carotid artery. A self-expandable covered stent graft (Viabahn; W. L. Gore, Flagstaff, AZ) was deployed to exclude the aneurysm. Results Based on imaging features, there were five peudoaneurysms and three true aneurysms. The technical success rate was 100%. Cerebral protection devices were not used in all the patients during the procedures. Immediate absolute obliteration of the ECAA with no endoleak was documented in all the patients. Perioperative complications included one internal carotid-cavernous sinus fistula, one bleeding at the puncture site, and one stroke. The mean follow-up period was 35.5 months (range, 9–72 months). All the patients were alive, with an obligation rate of 100%. No transient ischemia attack, stroke, or reoccurrence of symptoms was identified during the follow-up period. Radiological examinations identified patency of the stent grafts and revealed no endoleaks, stent fracture, stent migration, or aneurysm rupture. Conclusions Endovascular treatment of ECAAs with self-expandable covered stent grafts appears to be a safe and feasible alternative for traditional open surgery, especially in the challenging anatomy and instable physical conditions. Although cerebrovascular accidents can occur as the result of hemodynamic changes during the perioperative period, the minimal alternative can yield satisfactory midterm follow-up clinical outcomes.
Changing practice to increase rates of spinal anaesthesia for total joint replacement
Authors: Eklund Susan E , Vodonos Alina , Ryan-Barnett Sheila M 
Published: February 2021

Background Neuraxial anaesthesia for lower extremity total joint replacement surgery has several advantages over general anaesthesia; however, we encountered resistance to routine use of spinal anaesthesia and standardised analgesic regimens at our large, tertiary hospital. Our Perioperative Surgical Home led to multidisciplinary education and enhanced communication to change practice, with the purpose of increasing rates of neuraxial anaesthetics for these surgeries. Methods Team members from anaesthesia, nursing and surgery participated in the development and adoption of the care pathway. After implementation, we performed a retrospective analysis to examine the impact of the pathway on primary anaesthetic choice. Data were analysed using Student’s t-test and interrupted time series analysis. Results The rate of neuraxial anaesthetics increased following implementation of the total joint pathway. Conclusion With multidisciplinary collaboration, we were able to change practice towards spinal anaesthesia, despite a large and diverse group of practitioners.
SARS-CoV-2 Viability on 16 Common Indoor Surface Finish Materials
Authors: Ronca Shannon E. , Sturdivant Rodney X. , Barr Kelli L. , Harris Debra 
Published: February 2021

Aim: This study investigated the stability of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on 16 common environmental surface materials. Background: SARS-CoV-2 is the causative agent of severe coronavirus disease, a significant public health concern that quickly led to a pandemic. Contamination of environmental surface materials is of concern, with previous studies identifying long-term detection of infectious particles on surfaces. These contaminated surfaces create an increased risk for contact transmission. Methods: Surface materials were inoculated with 10,000 plaque forming units and samples were collected 4, 8, 12, 24, 30, 48, and 168 hours post infection (hpi). Viral titers were determined for each sample and time point using plaque assays. Nonparametric modeling utilized the Turnbull algorithm for interval-censored data. Maximum likelihood estimates for the survival curve were calculated. Parametric proportional hazards regression models for interval censored data were used to explore survival time across the surface materials. Results: There was a sharp decline in recoverable virus after 4 hpi for all tested surfaces. By 12 hpi, infectious SARS-CoV-2 was recoverable from only four surfaces; and by 30 hr, the virus was recoverable from only one surface. There were differences in survival curves based on the materials although some groups of materials are similar, both statistically and practically. Conclusions: While very low amounts of infectious SARS-CoV-2 are recoverable over time, there remains a risk of viral transmission by surface contamination in indoor environments. Individuals and institutions must follow appropriate procedures to decontaminate indoor environment and increase diligence for hand hygiene and personal protective equipment.