bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of high‐intensity interval training on cardiometabolic component risks in persons with paraplegia: Protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Farrow Matthew T. , Maher Jennifer , Thompson Dylan , Bilzon James L. J. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIndividuals with a spinal cord injury (SCI) are at an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease and present with a multitude of elevated cardiometabolic component risks. Although upper‐body exercise appears an effective strategy to improve some of these outcomes, the effectiveness of high‐intensity interval training (HIIT) has yet to be determined for this population. Therefore, a randomized controlled trial will be conducted to determine the effectiveness of a 6 week home‐based upper‐body HIIT intervention on biomarkers of cardiometabolic health in persons with spinal cord injury, in comparison to a control (CON) group. We will recruit 40 individuals with chronic (>1 year post‐injury) paraplegia (spinal cord lesion between the second thoracic and second lumbar vertebrae), aged between 18 and 65 years. After baseline testing, participants will be assigned randomly, using a 2:1 allocation, to the home‐based exercise intervention (HIIT, n = 26) or control group (CON, n = 14). The HIIT intervention will consist of 30 min of arm crank‐based HIIT (60 s intervals at 80–90% peak heart rate) four times per week. Participants in the CON group will be asked to maintain their habitual diet and physical activity patterns over the study period. Baseline and follow‐up assessments will be made for determination of body composition, postprandial glycaemic control, fasting blood lipids and systemic inflammation, aerobic capacity, physical activity and energy intake, resting metabolic rate, resting blood pressure, and subjective measures of health and well‐being. ClinicalTrials.gov, ID: NCT04397250. Registered on 21 May 2020.
BDS: A Knowledge-Based Bumper Design System
Authors: Becker Beverly J. , Kaepp Gregory A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A knowledge-based Bumper Design System (BDS) has been developed which automatically generates optimized conceptual bumper beams which meet manufacturing and product performance requirement.
The BDS has captured and refined the corporate design knowledge of the product design engineer, the CAD designer, the CAE analyst and manufacturer. The BDS enables the bumper design engineers to evaluate multiple design alternatives quickly and early in the design process. It also automates repetitive bumper analysis tasks.
The purpose of the paper is to describe the BDS. A description of the Knowledge Based Engineering (KBE) methodology used to create the BDS is given, as well as an overview of bumper designs and design requirements. An overview of the BDS software design, user interface, and a sample run are also presented.
Automatic Recognition of Interacting Machining Features Based on Minimal Condition Sub-Graph
Authors: Gao Shuming , Shah Jami J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a new approach for automatic recognition of machining features from the B-Reps of the part. In this approach we combine the conventional graph based recognition method with the hint based feature recognition idea so as to efficiently handle feature interactions and provide alternative interpretations of interacting features. A Manufacturing Face Adjacency Graph proposed here is useful for improving the recognition of isolated features and effectively reducing the search space for virtual links, unifiable faces and features. Isolated (non-intersecting) features are recognized first based on the Manufacturing Face Adjacency Graph. Then, interacting features are recognized based on the Feature’s Minimal Condition Sub-Graph (MCSG) which is proposed as feature hint. The MCSGs for all types of features are defined, generated and completed in a uniform way, independent of feature type. Feature definitions are based on an extended Attributed Adjacency Graph, generated by graph decomposition and completed by adding related virtual links. An efficient algorithm for generating virtual links is developed. A new feature interaction classification and a virtual link classification are also described. Our approach can produce alternative interpretations of intersecting features. The main contribution of this paper is a methodology for recognizing interacting features in a uniform way.
An Integrated, Computer-Based Method for Rapid-Prototyping Weapons-Scale Marine Propulsors Using Stereolithography
Authors: Koch Robert M. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The present work describes an integrated, two-phase computer-based method for fabricating marine propulsors using stereolithography. This new methodology seamlessly integrates stereolithography rapid prototyping techniques with the hydrodynamic design, structural design, and prototype testing of advanced marine propulsors in order to greatly increase the design process efficiency and reduce development time. Its use as applied to the design, fabrication, and testing of advanced propulsor prototypes for small weapon’s-scale undersea vehicles (e.g., Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUVs), lightweight and heavyweight torpedoes, etc.) is described in order to demonstrate specific strengths of the new method.
Group Technology Code Generation Over the Internet
Authors: Kalyanapasupathy Venkatraman , Lin Edward , Minis Ioannis 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper discusses the use of the Internet to support the generation of Group Technology codes for mechanical parts. In our approach, we use a STEP-based product information model as a medium for the exchange of product information between designers and manufacturing service providers through an Internet broker. The designer uses a commercial CAD tool to create a feature-based mechanical design. The CAD design file is automatically translated into a standard STEP file. The latter is the input to the automated GT code generation tool which has been implemented as a manufacturing service available to the designer over the Internet. An Internet broker facilitates the entire exchange of product information between the designer and the service provider through the World Wide Web. We have found that automated GT code generation is a prime candidate for a distributed manufacturing service.
A Supply Chain Configuration Tool
Authors: Graser Thomas J. , McGiverin Brian J. , Barber K. Suzanne 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The manufacturing of complex products often involves the assembly of other products, or sub-assemblies. Furthermore, these sub-assemblies may be manufactured by different suppliers. As a result, the specification of the assembly process for the final product contains relationships between multiple supply chain components, including business entities, manufacturing processes, products, and parts. This specification, involving the coordination and arrangement of supply chain components to support final product assembly, is referred to as a supply chain configuration.
A supply chain configuration tool is used to recognize and modify the relationships between these components. Users of this tool may be engineers, purchasing agents, program managers, or other personnel concerned with the configuration’s dependencies. The focus of this paper is on the development of such a tool and its use from the perspective of a purchasing agent.
Real-Time and Exact Collision Detection for Interactive Virtual Prototyping
Authors: Zachmann Gabriel 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Many companies have started to investigate Virtual Reality as a tool for evaluating digital mock-ups. One of the key functions needed for interactive evaluation is real-time collision detection.
An algorithm for exact collision detection is presented which can handle arbitrary non-convex polyhedra efficiently. The approach attains its speed by a hierarchical adaptive space subdivision scheme, the BoxTree, and an associated divide-and-conquer traversal algorithm, which exploits the very special geometry of boxes.
The traversal algorithm is generic, so it can be endowed with other semantics operating on polyhedra, e.g., distance computations.
The algorithm is fairly simple to implement and it is described in great detail in an “ftp-able” appendix to facilitate easy implementation. Pre-computation of auxiliary data structures is very simple and fast.
The efficiency of the approach is shown by timing results and two real-world digital mock-up scenarios.
Generic Modular Operations for Virtual Manufacturing Process Engineering
Authors: Lee David E. , Hahn H. Thomas 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In order to address the computational costs of modeling and analyzing manufacturing processes, a novel approach to virtual manufacturing process engineering using generic modular operations is presented. Relying on a state based representation of operation control for a simplified virtual manufacturing workcell, the valid states for each sequence of generic modular operations are aggregated and both operation state and processing constraints applied to specify the subtasks required to complete each step in a product’s process plan. By adopting this state based control approach, virtual process engineering provides a direct mechanism to map virtual process representations onto actualized processes. Using these generic modular operations and their temporal and processing dependencies, the computationally complex elements of virtual manufacturing process simulation can be directly identified and an architecture for virtual process development specified. Examples from both machining and assembly processes are provided.
A Differential Equation of the First Law of Thermodynamics for Modeling the Indicator Process of a Diesel Engine
Authors: Danov Stanislav N. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Several improvements to the mathematical model of the indicator process taking place at a diesel engine cylinder are proposed. The thermodynamic behavior of working medium is described by the equation of state, valid for real gases. Mathematical dependencies between thermal parameters (P, T, v) and caloric parameters (u, h, cv, cp) have been obtained. An improved mathematical model, based on the first law of thermodynamics, has been developed, taking into account working medium imperfections. The numerical solution of the simultaneous differential equations is made by a method of Runge-Kutta type. The computing procedure is iterative. Calculations in respect to the caloric parameters (u, h, cv and cp) for various gases under pressure up to 25 MPa and temperature up to 3000°C have been carried out. The results show, that there are significant differences between the values, calculated by equations for ideal gases, and the proposed equations for real gases under high pressure and temperature. Actual applied problems for two-stroke turbocharged engines Sulzer-RLB66 and 8DKRN 74/160 have been solved. The comparison between the experimental data and numerical results show very good agreement. The numerical experiments show that if the pressure is above 8–9 MPa, the working medium imperfections must be taken into consideration.
Estimation and Improvement of Case Retrieval System for Finite Element Analysis Modeling
Authors: Nagasawa Shigeru , Hasegawa Hiroshi , Miyata Yasunori , Fukuzawa Yasushi , Sakuta Hiroshi 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper deals with performance of support system for finite element modeling and with a methodology for case retrieval. A support system was developed with the hypertext markup language and the common gateway interface facilities. The query response of proposed case retrieving method, based on the hamming distance with a vectorized attribute coding, was verified experimentally through an usage examples for a general purpose finite element program.
Hysteretic Mapping of Structural Wood Systems
Authors: Foliente G. C. , Ma F. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Any realistic model of structural wood systems must account for the equivalent hysteresis, which is the principal source of internal energy dissipation. Thus, determination of model parameters for hysteresis should be a first step in dynamic analysis. This paper presents a plan to use system identification techniques to estimate hysteresis model parameters for wood joints and structural systems from the extensive base of experimental data on cyclic tests that have been collected over the years around the world. A smoothly varying hysteresis loop, which represents an extension of the Bouc-Wen model, can be generated to bring about pinching as well as stiffness and strength degradation. The identified models will be used to study the dynamic response of single and multi-degree-of-freedom wood structures subjected to both deterministic and stochastic loads.
Dynamic Elasto-Plastic Response of a Generic Vehicle Floor Model to Coupled Transient Loads
Authors: Gupta Aaron D. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A dynamic elasto-plastic large displacement response analysis of the bottom floor of a generic vehicle hull model subjected to empirically obtained coupled blast and impact loads has been conducted using 3-D shell elements in the ADINA nonlinear dynamic finite-element analysis code. Although several simplifying assumptions are made regarding the structural model, material properties, and forcing functions, the investigation gives valuable insight into the nonlinear dynamic response behavior of a generic hull bottom floor to externally applied coupled blast and impact loads and provides an inexpensive method of evaluation of the structural integrity of modern vehicles subjected to spatially varying transient loads.
Normalization of Different Viewpoints on Product Development
Authors: Ghodous Parisa , Vandorpe Denis 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
One of the major problems for communication of information in a collaborative environment is how to transform the different experts’ viewpoints on the same application to a normalized view point. This paper presents our approach for transformation and unification of different experts’ viewpoints on product and process data models. Until now, the research works in this domain have considered only the mapping between the different product data models. In this paper, firstly we analyze the problems related to these works and then we present our approach which considers not only the unification between the product data models but also the unification between different process data models.
Dynamic Analysis of Spatial Four-Degree-of-Freedom Parallel Manipulators
Authors: Wang Jiegao , Gosselin Clément M. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The dynamic analysis of spatial four-degree-of-freedom parallel manipulators is presented in this article. First, expressions for the position, velocity and acceleration of each link constituting the manipulators are obtained. Then, the principle of virtual work is used to derive the generalized input forces of the manipulators. The corresponding algorithm is implemented and numerical examples are given in order to illustrate the results. The results obtained are verified using the classical Newton-Euler approach.
Multiobjective Collaborative Optimization
Authors: Tappeta Ravindra V. , Renaud John E. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This investigation focuses on the development of modifications to the Collaborative Optimization (CO) approach to multidisciplinary systems design, that will provide solution capabilities for multiobjective problems. The primary goal of this research is to provide a comprehensive overview and development of mathematically rigorous optimization strategies for MultiObjective Collaborative Optimization (MOCO). Collaborative Optimization strategies provide design optimization capabilities to discipline designers within a multidisciplinary design environment. To date these CO strategies have primarily been applied to system design problems which have a single objective function. Recent investigations involving multidisciplinary design simulators have reported success in applying CO to multiobjective system design problems. In this research three MultiObjective Collaborative Optimization (MOCO) strategies are developed, reviewed and implemented in a comparative study. The goal of this effort is to provide an in depth comparison of different MOCO strategies available to system designers. Each of the three strategies makes use of parameter sensitivities within multilevel solution strategies. In implementation studies, each of the three MOCO strategies is effective in solving two multiobjective multidisciplinary systems design problems. Results indicate that these MOCO strategies require an accurate estimation of parameter sensitivities for successful implementation. In each of the three MOCO strategies these parameter sensitivities are obtained using post-optimality analysis techniques.
An Analytical Model for Spur Gear Dynamics
Authors: Kuang Jao-Hwa , Lin Ah-Der 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A mathematical model for a spur gear pair with two-step mesh stiffness is proposed. Two constant values of mesh stiffness are used to approximate the complicated compliance alternation of contact tooth pairs between one and two during meshing. Analytical solutions of the dynamic loads are derived. The method has been employed to calculate the dynamic contact load, transmitted torque and the bearing forces. The results compared favorably with a more detailed model found in the literature.
Kinematics of Two Wheels Joined by a Variable-Length Axle on Uneven Terrain
Authors: Davis P. W. , Sreenivasan S. V. , Choi B. J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
If two thin wheels independently joined by a fixed-length axle are placed on a flat surface, the wheels can roll on the surface without slipping, regardless of the speed at which the wheels are driven. However, if the same system is placed on an uneven surface, such that the line joining the wheel contact points is not coplanar with the axle, rolling without slip is possible only if the wheels are driven at the same speed. Otherwise, the wheels must slip against the terrain due to kinematic constraints. One method to prevent slip on uneven terrain is to use a variable-length axle. This research explores the instantaneous and gross motion of two wheels joined by a variable-length axle on uneven terrain. The end result is an algorithm to simulate this vehicle rolling on two arbitrarily oriented planes.
Assembly Configurations of Planar Non-Single-Input-Dyadic Mechanisms
Authors: Foster David E. , Cipra Raymond J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper examines the problem of enumerating the assembly configurations (ACs), also called circuits, of planar non-single-input-dyadic (NSID) mechanisms. An SID mechanism is a multi-loop mechanism which can be defined by adding one loop at a time such that the mechanism has one degree of freedom (DOF) after each loop is added. An NSID mechanism is any mechanism that does not meet the SID criterion, i.e. it does not have one DOF after each loop is added. This includes all multi-DOF mechanisms, as well as some complex single-DOF mechanisms. The number of ACs of an NSID mechanism may be determined by defining the mechanism one loop at a time. The emphasis in this paper is on using graphical interpretation to determine the mobility regions of the mechanism which are preserved when each new loop is added to the mechanism. Several examples are given to demonstrate the use of this method, spanning the simpler NSID mechanisms, up to the three-loop, eight-bar linkage. The scope of this method includes mechanisms for which there are never more than 2 DOF when any loop is added. Only mechanisms with pin joints are considered in this paper.
Camera Placement Evaluation for Visual Servo Controlled Robotics
Authors: Rognvaldsson Magnus H. , McMurray Gary , Daley Wayne , Griffin Paul M. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The performance of a vision system for a robot using visual servo control is very dependent upon the placement of the camera. The placement on robot attached positions other than at the end-effector of the robot manipulator has generally not been considered. In this paper we examine the practical issues for different placements of the camera on the robot manipulator for the purpose of visual servo control. An animated computer model was developed to aid in the evaluation of various vision sensor placements. We present the results of the analysis and make recommendations.
Uniformity As the Guide to Evaluation of Dexterous Manipulator Workspaces
Authors: Canfield Stephen L. , Soper R. Randall , Reinholtz Charles F. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
While robotic dexterity is the common measure of a manipulator’s ability to adequately and effectively position and orient a tool, it is position and direction dependent and therefore variable throughout the manipulator’s workspace. Since the ability to pose (position and orient) is the robot’s fundamental task, a parameter for evaluating this ability over all the workspace, proposed and referred to in this paper as the “dexterous measure,” is extremely important for use in selecting and evaluating manipulators. This work demonstrates that uniformity in dexterity is the essential feature of a dexterous manipulator and thus provides a correct basis for comparison of manipulators, all other factors being equal. Uniformity of dexterity is of tantamount importance because of the ability to select the relative magnitude of dexterity at the actuator level, for example by means of transmission gearing or in actuator selection. Arguments are presented for a holistic evaluation of the dexterous properties of manipulators based on the variation of dexterity over the workspace for a specific task. Application of the new measure is demonstrated by the analysis of three mechanical pointing devices for two common tasks over a hemispherical workspace.
Topology Design of Structures Subjected to Thermal Loading by Evolutionary Optimization Procedure
Authors: Li Qing , Steven Grant P. , Querin Osvaldo M. , Xie Y. M. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper extends the algorithm of Evolutionary Structural Optimization (ESO) developed by Xie and Steven to the optimal design problems of thermoelastic structures. This extension simply incorporates an evolutionary iterative process into thermoelastic finite element analysis. During each iteration two basic steps are included. Firstly, a finite element thermoelastic analysis is carried out throughout the structure at current iterative step; secondly, a small part of the lowly stressed material is gradually removed from the structure by an evolving rejection criterion. Using such an evolution process, some existing solutions for 2D thermoelasticity optimization can be easily reproduced. The work presented in this paper demonstrates the capability of this approach in solving thermoelastic problems.
Prediction of Optimal Orientation of Orthotropic Materials Using Energy Based Method
Authors: Luo Jian Hui , Gea Hae Chang 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this paper, an analytical energy based method is proposed to determine the optimal orientation of orthotropic materials under static loading. Instead of assuming the strain or stress is fixed with respect to orientational variables, the dependency of strain and stress fields on material orientation is explored by introducing an energy factor in the inclusion model. From the derivations, the strain based method and the stress based method can be recovered and their limitations are discussed. Numerical examples from these methods are presented and compared.