bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PRO score: predictive scoring system for visual outcomes after rhegmatogenous retinal detachment repair
Authors: Cai Louis Z , Lin Jeffrey , Starr Matthew R , Obeid Anthony , Ryan Edwin H , Ryan Claire , Forbes Nora J , Arias Diego , Ammar Michael J , Patel Luv G , Capone Antonio , Emerson Geoffrey Guy , Joseph Daniel P , Eliott Dean , Gupta Omesh P , Regillo Carl D , Hsu Jason , Yonekawa Yoshihiro 
Published: November 2021

Background/aimsTo compare risk factors for poor visual outcomes in patients undergoing primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) repair and to develop a scoring system.MethodsAnalysis of the Primary Retinal detachment Outcomes (PRO) study, a multicentre interventional cohort of consecutive primary RRD surgeries performed in 2015. The main outcome measure was a poor visual outcome (Snellen VA ≤20/200).ResultsA total of 1178 cases were included. The mean preoperative and postoperative logMARs were 1.1±1.1 (20/250) and 0.5±0.7 (20/63), respectively. Multivariable logistic regression identified preoperative risk factors predictive of poor visual outcomes (≤20/200), including proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) (OR 1.26; 95% CI 1.13 to 1.40), history of antivascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections (1.38; 1.11 to 1.71), >1-week vision loss (1.17; 1.08 to 1.27), ocular comorbidities (1.18; 1.00 to 1.38), poor presenting VA (1.06 per initial logMAR unit; 1.02 to 1.10) and age >70 (1.13; 1.04 to 1.23). The data were split into training (75%) and validation (25%) and a scoring system was developed and validated. The risk for poor visual outcomes was 8% with a total score of 0, 17% with 1, 29% with 2, 47% with 3, and 71% with 4 or higher.ConclusionsIndependent risk factors were compared for poor visual outcomes after RRD surgery, which included PVR, anti-VEGF injections, vision loss >1 week, ocular comorbidities, presenting VA and older age. The PRO score was developed to provide a scoring system that may be useful in clinical practice.
The Neural Basis of Semantic Prediction in Sentence Comprehension
Authors: Shao Ximing , Li Mingyang , Yang Yufang , Li Xiaoqing , Han Zaizhu 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Although prediction plays an important role in language comprehension, its precise neural basis remains unclear. This fMRI study investigated whether and how semantic-category-specific and common cerebral areas are recruited in predictive semantic processing during sentence comprehension. We manipulated the semantic constraint of sentence contexts, upon which a tool-related, a building-related, or no specific category of noun is highly predictable. This noun-predictability effect was measured not only over the target nouns but also over their preceding transitive verbs. Both before and after the appearance of target nouns, left anterior supramarginal gyrus was specifically activated for tool-related nouns and left parahippocampal place area was activated specifically for building-related nouns. The semantic-category common areas included a subset of left inferior frontal gyrus during the anticipation of incoming target nouns (activity enhancement for high predictability) and included a wide spread of areas (bilateral inferior frontal gyrus, left superior/middle temporal gyrus, left medial pFC, and left TPJ) during the integration of actually perceived nouns (activity reduction for high predictability). These results indicated that the human brain recruits fine divisions of cortical areas to distinguish different semantic categories of predicted words, and anticipatory semantic processing relies, at least partially, on top–down prediction conducted in higher-level cortical areas.
Time for Action: Neural Basis of the Costs and Benefits of Temporal Predictability for Competing Response Choices
Authors: Korolczuk Inga , Burle Boris , Coull Jennifer T. , Śmigasiewicz Kamila 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The brain can anticipate the time of imminent events to optimize sensorimotor processing. Yet, there can be behavioral costs of temporal predictability under situations of response conflict. Here, we sought to identify the neural basis of these costs and benefits by examining motor control processes in a combined EEG–EMG study. We recorded electrophysiological markers of response activation and inhibition over motor cortex when the onset-time of visual targets could be predicted, or not, and when responses necessitated conflict resolution, or not. If stimuli were temporally predictable but evoked conflicting responses, we observed increased intertrial consistency in the delta range over the motor cortex involved in response implementation, perhaps reflecting increased response difficulty. More importantly, temporal predictability differentially modulated motor cortex activity as a function of response conflict before the response was even initiated. This effect occurred in the hemisphere ipsilateral to the response, which is involved in inhibiting unwanted actions. If target features all triggered the same response, temporal predictability increased cortical inhibition of the incorrect response hand. Conversely, if different target features triggered two conflicting responses, temporal predictability decreased inhibition of the incorrect, yet prepotent, response. This dissociation reconciles the well-established behavioral benefits of temporal predictability for nonconflicting responses as well as its costs for conflicting ones by providing an elegant mechanism that operates selectively over the motor cortex involved in suppressing inappropriate actions just before response initiation. Taken together, our results demonstrate that temporal information differentially guides motor activity depending on response choice complexity.
Spatial and Feature-selective Attention Have Distinct, Interacting Effects on Population-level Tuning
Authors: Goddard Erin , Carlson Thomas A. , Woolgar Alexandra 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Attention can be deployed in different ways: When searching for a taxi in New York City, we can decide where to attend (e.g., to the street) and what to attend to (e.g., yellow cars). Although we use the same word to describe both processes, nonhuman primate data suggest that these produce distinct effects on neural tuning. This has been challenging to assess in humans, but here we used an opportunity afforded by multivariate decoding of MEG data. We found that attending to an object at a particular location and attending to a particular object feature produced effects that interacted multiplicatively. The two types of attention induced distinct patterns of enhancement in occipital cortex, with feature-selective attention producing relatively more enhancement of small feature differences and spatial attention producing relatively larger effects for larger feature differences. An information flow analysis further showed that stimulus representations in occipital cortex were Granger-caused by coding in frontal cortices earlier in time and that the timing of this feedback matched the onset of attention effects. The data suggest that spatial and feature-selective attention rely on distinct neural mechanisms that arise from frontal-occipital information exchange, interacting multiplicatively to selectively enhance task-relevant information.
Indigenous Peoples and Traditional Local Communities’ Mobilisation to Regain Control
Authors: Haugen Hans Morten 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The article reviews trends in international non-binding standards:
1) the equalisation of indigenous peoples and local communities as rights-holders;
2) the strength and weakness of the safeguards approach in the context of redd+;
3) the wide definition of who constitutes stakeholders; and 4) the scope of a due diligence requirement.
The article identifies and discusses two approaches:
1) mobilisation, understood as political or legal pressure exerted upon endogenous actors by other endogenous actors, and where international human rights serve as the norm basis for this pressure. 2) control, implying that power asymmetries in relation to external actors are challenged by alliances with human rights organisations and environmental organisations. Both benefit from being embedded in human rights principles: dignity, non-discrimination, rule of law, accountability, transparency, participation and empowerment. Human rights might, however, lead to tensions internally, as these principles can conflict with customary and exclusionary decision-making procedures.
Between Anglophone and Francophone Cameroon
Authors: Nfobin E. H. Ngwa , Minang Nchotu Veraline Nchang 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In 2016, the reputation for stability of the Republic of Cameroon, a state made up of Francophones that constitute the majority (three quarters of the population of 25000000) and Anglophones that constitute a minority abruptly came an end when Anglophone secessionists took up arms to fight for the independence of the former Southern Cameroons. It was no surprise to keen observers of the Cameroon political scene in the last decades, If the government of the day is determined to give what it will take to keep the country united, the secessionists are equally convinced of the rectitude of their cause which they base on the principle of self-determination in international law, contesting the legality of the UN-organised plebiscite of!961 that led to the Reunification of the country. This paper assesses the legality of the claims of the protagonists for better information of all the stakeholders in the ongoing conflict..
Optics, Aged Witnesses and Aged Defendants: Habré at the Extraordinary African Chambers
Authors: Matsiko Samuel 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The prosecution of international crimes in domestic and international criminal justice systems may involve aged defendants. Such prosecutions often implicate aged witnesses as well. There is a dearth of literature not only on the expressive value and optics of punishing aged defendants but also on the role of aged witnesses in the trial process. The need to interrogate these optics and perceptions—be it from an empirical or a theoretical perspective—is not only necessary, it is also timely. This article assesses the prosecution of Chadian dictator Hissène Habré in 2015–2016 at the Extraordinary African Chambers. This trial not only concerned an aged defendant, but also over 90 witnesses, the majority of whom was aged. This article explores the dialectics between the optics of punishing aged defendants and the optics of aged witnesses at the Habré trial.
How YouTube Mediations of Global Contemporary Congregational Songs Contribute to an Understanding of the Genre
Authors: Thornton Daniel 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Contemporary congregational songs (ccs) are a global genre of Christian worship, driven presently from Western production centres. Streaming media platforms, in particular YouTube, have become essential vehicles for disseminating these songs globally, as well as a way for fans to contribute to the popularity of songs through views, likes, comments, sharing, and uploading their own fan-created videos. While this activity has had some scholarly attention, it has not focussed on the varied forms these videos take and how they contribute to and nuance the definition of the genre. This article utilises the most sung songs data from recent Christian Copyright Licensing International reports across five regions to establish the 32 most sung ccs globally. A media studies analysis is then conducted, with contributions from musicology and theology, of the most viewed versions of those ccs on YouTube. Three typical video forms are identified and discussed in relation to the way they reflect and shape perceptions of the contemporary congregational song genre.
Colloquium 5 Commentary on Levin
Authors: Gartner Corinne 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In her rich and provocative paper, Susan Levin seeks to defend the value of anger against the views of Stoics and transhumanists, both of whom regard anger as irrational and to be eliminated. In her defense, Levin draws on Aristotle, relating his position to contemporary appraisal theorists as well as anti-racism activists and scholars, for Aristotle holds, in contrast with the Stoics, that some cases of anger are justified. The virtuous Aristotelian agent will become angry in response to injustice. I explore the extent to which Levin endorses Aristotle’s account of anger, complicating some of the associations she aims to establish. In particular, while the Stoics and Aristotle disagree about the rationality, morality, and prudential value of anger, they share a very similar conception of the emotion, according to which a desire for revenge partly constitutes anger. By contrast, Levin defends a forward-looking conception of anger, focusing on rectifying current injustice and preventing future injustice. It turns out, then, that Levin’s justified forward-looking anger may have more in common with the spirit of the Stoic response to injustice than with Aristotle’s retributive view.
Prevalence of Otolaryngology Diseases in an Urban Homeless Population
Authors: Ralli Massimo , Marinelli Alessia , De‐Giorgio Fabio , Crescenzi Domenico , de Vincentiis Marco , Greco Antonio , Arcangeli Andrea , Ercoli Lucia 
Published: November 2021

ObjectiveOtolaryngology diseases are common among people experiencing homelessness; however, they are seldom evaluated in a specialist setting, and investigations on their prevalence have rarely been conducted. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the prevalence of otolaryngology conditions in an urban homeless population.Study DesignRetrospective study.SettingPrimary health care facility.MethodsThe clinical records of patients referred to the medical facilities of the Primary Care Services of the Eleemosynaria Apostolica, Vatican City, between October 1, 2019, and July 31, 2021, were retrospectively reviewed; those reporting at least 1 otolaryngology disease were included in the study.ResultsA total of 2516 records were retrospectively reviewed, and 484 (19.24%) were included in the study. The most common otolaryngology disease was pharyngotonsillitis (n = 118, 24.13%), followed by rhinitis with nasal obstruction (n = 107, 21.88%), hearing loss (n = 93, 19.01%), otitis (n = 81, 16.56%), abscess (n = 46, 9.40%), and sinusitis (n = 33, 6.74%). Head and neck cancer or precancerous lesions were reported in 34 subjects (7.02%). More than 1 simultaneous otolaryngology disorder was found in nearly 50% of our sample. A wide range of comorbidities was also reported.ConclusionsOur results confirm an elevated otolaryngology demand in the homeless population and encourage the development of more efficient and effective strategies for a population‐tailored diagnosis and treatment of these conditions.
Impact of Tonsillectomy on Obesity in Pediatric Patients With Sleep‐Disordered Breathing
Authors: Voora Rohith S. , Carvalho Daniela , Jiang Wen 
Published: November 2021

ObjectiveBoth tonsillar hypertrophy and obesity contribute to pediatric sleep‐disordered breathing (SDB). Tonsillectomy addresses anatomical obstruction causing SDB; however, it may adversely affect the obesity profile postoperatively. Herein, we investigate posttonsillectomy body mass index (BMI) changes in pediatric patients.Study DesignRetrospective case series.SettingTertiary, pediatric urban academic center.MethodsAll patients undergoing tonsillectomy from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2016, were included. Patients’ age, sex, surgical indication, and preoperative BMI were recorded. Postoperative BMI data were collected between March 1, 2016, and December 31, 2017. Statistical analysis was performed using a generalized regression model, using BMI percentile‐for‐age weight status.ResultsA total of 1153 patients were included (50% female), with age ranging from 2.0 to 19.5 years (mean [SD], 7.6 [4.0]). The majority (87.8%) had tonsillectomy for SDB. Of the cohort, 560 (48.6%) had available follow‐up BMI data. The BMI percentile on the day of the surgery had a median of 65.8, and the BMI percentile on follow‐up had a median of 76.4. The median time to follow‐up was 197 days with a range of 50 to 605 days. Higher postoperative BMI percentile strongly correlated to higher preoperative BMI percentile (P <. 001), as well as younger age (P <. 001), male sex (P =. 0005), and SDB as a surgical indication (P =. 003).ConclusionWe observed a significant increase in BMI percentile following tonsillectomy, which accounted for a significantly higher proportion of the cohort being classified as overweight or obese postoperatively. These findings necessitate greater preoperative counseling, closer follow‐up, and adjunctive measures for obesity management in pediatric patients undergoing tonsillectomy.
Opportunity for Improved Transparency on Otolaryngology Residency Websites for Prospective Applicants
Authors: Mott Nicole M. , Guduguntla Bhavna A. , Bohm Lauren A. 
Published: November 2021

ObjectiveOtolaryngology residency applicants often struggle to gauge their competitiveness at programs due to the lack of information available, resulting in a rising number of applications. We aimed to evaluate otolaryngology websites for information pertaining to prospective applicants.Study DesignSystematic content analysis.SettingWeb.MethodsWe reviewed 50 otolaryngology websites from June to July 2021. We searched for information pertaining to the application process, including requirements, screening and/or selection processes, and average interviewee or matched resident statistics.ResultsAll websites had a page for prospective applicants. Under half (n = 24, 48%) explicitly listed required application components. Only 23 (46%) mentioned the desired number of letters of recommendation, and only 2 (4%) noted the need for a letter from the department chair. The majority (n = 35, 70%) provided no information regarding the number of applications received or interviews granted. Most (n = 35, 70%) did not mention how candidates are evaluated. A minority (n = 14, 30%) provided very general metrics on which candidates are scored or ranked. Almost all (n = 49, 98%) did not mention screening processes in place to select applicants for interview. None provided information about the academic characteristics or demographics of their interviewed applicants, and only 1 (2%) included this information for matched applicants.ConclusionOtolaryngology websites contain limited information pertaining to the residency application process for prospective applicants, making it difficult for candidates to discern their competitiveness at programs and potentially contributing to match inefficiency.
Sustained MRD Negativity Might Predict Successful Maintenance Discontinuation in Patients with Transplant-Eligible NDMM
Authors: Gu Jingli , Li Juan 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Background: Multiple myeloma is still an uncurable plasma cell malignancy. Maintenance plays an important role in the MM therapy for decreasing the probability of disease progression. However, prolonged maintenance therapy inevitably brings economic burdens and toxicities to the patients and families. Minimal residual disease (MRD) directed maintenance discontinuation might balance the disease progression and the toxicities. This study aimed to compare the risk of disease progression after maintenance discontinuation between transplant-eligible patients with and without achieving sustained MRD negativity for at least 2 years since post-induction.
Methods: One hundred and fifty-seven consecutive patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma who had received bortezomib based induction and subsequent single autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) between 2008 and 2018 in our institute were enrolled. Patients discontinued maintenance was identified during regular follow-up. These patients were then follow-up every 6-12 months until disease progression.
Results:
Twenty-five patients discontinued their maintenance therapy at the median of 29.3 months post-transplant because of intolerability. For these 25 patients, the median age was 50 years old (range 35-68), and 19 (76%) were male and 6 (24%) were female. The frequencies of IgG, IgA, IgD and light-chain-only subtype of MM were 6 (24.0 %), 7 (28.0 %), 1 (4.0 %) and 11 (44.0 %) patients, respectively. There were 10 (40.0 %), 7 (28.0 %), 8 (32.0 %) patients with ISS stages of 1, 2, and 3, respectively. High-risk iFISH was defined as 17p deletion-positive and/or t (4;14)-positive and/or t (14;16)-positive. Fifteen (60.0 %), four (16.0 %) and six (24.0 %) patients had high-risk, standard-risk and missing iFISH, respectively.
With the median follow-up time of 25.4 months after discontinuation, the cumulative disease progression rate was 35%±11% at 2 years after discontinuation (Fig1). Among the 16 patients who had received MRD monitoring since post-induction and thereafter every 3-6 months, 9 achieved sustained MRD negativity since post-induction and maintained for at least 2 years after the transplant. None of these 9 patients had disease progression.
No significant difference on age, sex, ISS staging, LDH level and high-risk cytogenetic rate was found between patients with and without sustained MRD negativity. The log-rank analysis showed that patients achieving sustained MRD negativity for at least 2 years since post-induction had significantly lower 2-year disease progression rate after maintenance discontinuation (0% vs. 78.6±17.8%, median time to PD since discontinuation were not reached vs. 14.3 months, as shown in Fig 2).
Conclusion: sustained MRD negativity since post-induction and maintained at least 2 years after transplant might predict successful maintenance discontinuation in patients with transplant-eligible NDMM.
Figure 1 Figure 1.

Disclosures
No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.