bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparing medical cannabis use in 5 US states: a retrospective database study
Authors: Mahabir V. Kishan , Smith Christopher S. , Vannabouathong Christopher , Merchant Jamil J. , Garibaldi Alisha L. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
US states have been adopting their own medical cannabis laws since 1996. There is substantial variability in the medical cannabis programs between states, and these differences have not been thoroughly investigated in the literature. The objective of the study was to compare medical cannabis patient characteristics across five states to identify differences potentially caused by differing policies surrounding condition eligibility.

Methods
We conducted secondary analyses following a retrospective study of a registry database with data from 33 medical cannabis evaluation clinics in the US, owned and operated by CB2 Insights. This study narrowed the dataset to include patients from five states with the largest samples: Massachusetts (n = 27,892), Colorado (n = 16,434), Maine (n = 4591), Connecticut (n = 2643), and Maryland (n = 2403) to conduct an in-depth study of the characteristics of patients accessing medical cannabis in these states, including analysis of variance to compare average ages and number of conditions and chi-squared tests to compare proportions of patient characteristics between states.

Results
Average ages varied between the states, with the youngest average in Connecticut (42.2) and the oldest in Massachusetts (47.0). Males represented approximately 60% of the patients with data on gender in each state. The majority of patients in each state had cannabis experience prior to seeking medical certification. Primary medical conditions varied for each state, with chronic pain, anxiety, and back and neck problems topping the list in varying orders for Massachusetts, Maine, and Maryland. Colorado had 78.7% of patients report chronic pain as their primary condition, and 70.4% of patients in Connecticut reported post-traumatic stress disorder as their primary medical condition.

Conclusion
This study demonstrated the significant impact that policy has on patients’ access to medical cannabis in Massachusetts, Colorado, Maine, Connecticut, and Maryland utilizing real-world data. It highlights how qualifications differ between the five states and brings into question the routes through which patients in states with stricter regulations surrounding eligible conditions choose to seek treatment with cannabis. These patients may turn to alternative treatments, or to the illicit or recreational cannabis markets, where permitted.
Locally Advanced Breast Cancer (LABC): Real-World Outcome of Patients From Cancer Institute, Chennai
Authors: Dhanushkodi Manikandan , Sridevi Velusamy , Shanta Viswanathan , Rama Ranganathan , Swaminathan Rajaraman , Selvaluxmy Ganesarajah , Ganesan Trivadi S. 
Published: May 2021

PURPOSEThere are sparse data on the outcome of patients with locally advanced breast cancer (LABC). This report is on the prognostic factors and long-term outcome from Cancer Institute, Chennai.METHODSThis is an analysis of untreated patients with LABC (stages IIIA-C) who were treated from January 2006 to December 2013.RESULTSOf the 4,577 patients with breast cancer who were treated, 2,137 patients (47%) with LABC were included for analysis. The median follow-up was 75 months (range, 1-170 months), and 2.3% (n = 49) were lost to follow-up at 5 years. The initial treatment was neoadjuvant concurrent chemoradiation (NACR) (77%), neoadjuvant chemotherapy (15%), or others (8%). Patients with triple-negative breast cancer had a pathologic complete response (PCR) of 41%. The 10-year overall survival was for stage IIIA (65.1%), stage IIIB (41.2%), and stage IIIC (26.7%). Recurrence of cancer was observed in 27% of patients (local 13% and distant 87%). Multivariate analysis showed that patients with a tumor size > 10 cm (hazard ratio [HR], 2.19; 95% CI, 1.62 to 2.98; P = .001), hormone receptor negativity (HR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.22 to 1.72; P = .001), treatment modality (neoadjuvant chemotherapy, HR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.43 to 0.73; P = .001), lack of PCR (HR, 2.36; 95% CI, 1.85 to 3.02; P = .001), and the presence of lymphovascular invasion (HR, 1.97; 95% CI, 1.60 to 2.44; P = .001) had decreased overall survival.CONCLUSIONNACR was feasible in inoperable LABC and gave satisfactory long-term survival. PCR was significantly higher in patients with triple-negative breast cancer. The tumor size > 10 cm was significantly associated with inferior survival. However, this report acknowledges the limitations inherent in experience of management of LABC from a single center.
Sex Dimorphic Changes in Trh Gene Methylation and Thyroid-Axis Response to Energy Demands in Maternally Separated Rats
Authors: Jaimes-Hoy Lorraine , Pérez-Maldonado Adrián , Narváez Bahena Elian , de la Cruz Guarneros Natalia , Rodríguez-Rodríguez Adair , Charli Jean-Louis , Soberón Xavier , Joseph-Bravo Patricia 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis regulates energy balance through the pleiotropic action of thyroid hormones. HPT basal activity and stimulation by cold or voluntary exercise are repressed by previous chronic stress in adults. Maternal separation (MS) modifies HPT basal activity; we thus studied the response of the axis to energy demands and analyzed possible epigenetic changes on Trh promoter. Nonhandled (NH) or MS male Wistar rats were cold exposed 1 h at adulthood; Trh expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and serum thyrotropin (TSH) concentration were increased only in NH rats. Two weeks of voluntary exercise decreased fat mass and increased Trh expression, and thyroid hormones concentration changed proportionally to running distance in NH male rats and MS male rats. Although NH females ran more than MS and much more than males, exercise decreased body weight and fat mass only in NH rats with no change on any parameter of the HPT axis but increased Pomc expression in arcuate-nucleus of NH and Npy in MS females. Overall, the methylation pattern of PVN Trh gene promoter was similar in NH males and females; MS modified methylation of specific CpG sites, a thyroid hormone receptor (THR)-binding site present after the initiation site was hypomethylated in MS males; in MS females, the THR binding site of the proximal promoter (site 4) and 2 sites in the first intron were hypermethylated. Our studies showed that, in a sex-dimorphic manner, MS blunted the responses of HPT axis to energy demands in adult animals and caused methylation changes on Trh promoter that could alter T3 feedback.
Accurate arterial path length estimation for pulse wave velocity calculation in growing children and adolescents
Authors: Witbooi Lee-Roy C. , Page Ben , Pitcher Richard D. , Innes Steve 
Published: May 2021

Background: Most adult cardiovascular disease begins in childhood. Given the burgeoning obesity pandemic in children worldwide, there is a need for precise and scalable surveillance methods to detect subclinical cardiovascular disease in children and adolescents. Early detection allows early intervention and intensified primary prevention strategies in affected individuals. Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) directly measures arterial wall stiffness, an early feature of atherosclerosis. Calculation of PWV in growing children requires an accurate estimation of the true distance travelled by the aorto-femoral pressure wave, using surface anatomy landmarks. However, a variety of methods are used to estimate this distance, and these have not previously been investigated in growing children and adolescents. We sought to investigate this by comparing true arterial path length measured on computerized tomography (CT) scans, with a variety of estimations based on surface anatomy landmarks. Methods: Arterial path lengths were measured using multi-planar reformation (MPR) imaging software. These measurements were then compared with the surface anatomy measurements obtained using the same MPR imaging software. The fidelity of a variety of arterial path length estimation methods was tested. Results: The surface anatomy distance between the suprasternal notch and the angle of the mandible (PWV recording site in the neck), should be adjusted using the formula y=4.791+(1.0534*x). This value subtracted from the unadjusted distance from the suprasternal notch to the umbilicus, through the mid-inguinal crease to the femoral PWV recording site, provides the simplest reliable approximation of true intraluminal distance travelled. Conclusions: There is high correlation between the surface anatomy distances and the arterial path lengths they represent; however, these are not equal. Most surface anatomy measurements require adjustment using the formulae that we have provided, to accurately estimate the true distance travelled by the pulse wave.
DEVELOPING PANCASILA AND CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION LEARNING MODEL BASED ON CHARACTER EDUCATION THROUGH COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH
Authors: Wahono Joko , Kusumawati Intan , Bowo Ahmad Nasir Ari 
Published: May 2021

Education aims to educate and create the nation's future generation with character. However, problems like brawls, violence, abuse of narcotics, illegal drugs, and promiscuity still occur among students. It becomes the concern of parents and teachers in educating and leading students to develop their character. The teacher is obligated to develop Pancasila and Citizenship Education learning model suitable for students to have good character. Through character education, it hoped that it would produce a sound generation. The educational process that gives birth to the expected character is, of course, gradual. This study aimed to find out Pancasila and Citizenship Education learning model for developing students' character. Research using mixed methods research with data collection, analysis, and mixing both quantitative data and qualitative. This study used quantitative and qualitative approaches in collecting data through interviews and questionnaires. The results showed that Pancasila and Citizenship Education Learning model based on character education through a comprehensive approach could develop and shape the students' character, such as inculcation, modelling, values facilitation, and skill-building. Through character development, it hoped that good characters expected to form permanently.
Fitting Ideals in Number Theory and Arithmetic
Authors: Greither Cornelius 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe describe classical and recent results concerning the structure of class groups of number fields as modules over the Galois group. When presenting more modern developments, we can only hint at the much broader context and the very powerful general techniques that are involved, but we endeavour to give complete statements or at least examples where feasible. The timeline goes from a classical result proved in 1890 (Stickelberger’s Theorem) to a recent (2020) breakthrough: the proof of the Brumer-Stark conjecture by Dasgupta and Kakde.
Effectiveness of containment strategies and local cognition to control vehicular traffic volume in Dhaka, Bangladesh during COVID-19 pandemic: Use of Google Map based real-time traffic data
Authors: Zafri Niaz Mahmud , Afroj Sadia , Ali Mohammad Ashraf , Hasan Md. Musleh Uddin , Rahman Md. Hamidur 
Published: May 2021

Background
To prevent the viral transmission from higher infected to lower infected area, controlling the vehicular traffic, consequently public movement on roads is crucial. Containment strategies and local cognition regarding pandemic might be helpful to control vehicular movement. This study aimed to ascertain the effectiveness of containment strategies and local cognition for controlling traffic volume during COVID-19 pandemic in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Method
Six containment strategies were considered to explore their influence on traffic condition, including declaration of general holiday, closure of educational institution, deployment of force, restriction on religious gathering, closure of commercial activities, and closure of garments factories. Newspaper coverage and public concern about COVID-19 were considered as local cognition in this research. The month of Ramadan as a potential event was also taken into account considering it might have an impact on the overall situation. Average daily journey speed (ADJS) was calculated from real-time traffic data of Google Map to understand the vehicular traffic scenario of Dhaka. A multiple linear regression method was developed to comprehend the findings.

Results
The results showed that among the containment strategies, declaration of general holiday and closure of educational institutions could increase the ADJS significantly, thereby referring to less traffic movement. Besides, local cognition could not significantly affect the traffic condition, although the month of Ramadan could increase the ADJS significantly.

Conclusion
It is expected that these findings would provide new insights into decision-making and help to take appropriate strategies to tackle the future pandemic situation.
Boundedness of vector-valued sublinear operators on weighted Herz-Morrey spaces with variable exponents
Authors: Wang Shengrong , Xu Jingshi 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
If vector-valued sublinear operators satisfy the size condition and the vector-valued inequality on weighted Lebesgue spaces with variable exponent, then we obtain their boundedness on weighted Herz-Morrey spaces with variable exponents.
Three-dimensional plasmonic nano-router via optical antennas
Authors: Xu Yi , Gao Baowei , He Axin , Zhang Tongzhou , Zhang Jiasen 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A three-dimensional (3D) nanoscale optical router is a much-desired component in 3D stacked optical integrated circuits. However, existing 3D routers based on dielectric configurations suffer from large footprints and nanoscale routers based on plasmonic antennas only work in a 2D in-plane scene. Here, we propose and experimentally demonstrate cross-layered all-optical 3D routers with nanoscale footprints. Optical slot antenna pairs are used to realize the routing of plasmonic signals between different layers for arbitrary direction in a broadband wavelength range. The routers are also integrated with waveguide directly for exploring further applications. Based on these router elements, a 3D network of optical butterfly interconnection is demonstrated for multi-directional all-optical data communication. The proposed configuration paves the way for optical cross-layer routing on the nanoscale and advances the research and applications for 3D plasmonic circuits with high integration density in the future.
Preliminary assessment of an injectable extracellular matrix from decellularized bovine myocardial tissue
Authors: Ercan Hatice , Elçin Ayşe Eser , Elçin Yaşar Murat 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The goal of this study was to develop an injectable form of decellularized bovine myocardial tissue matrix which could retain high levels of functional ECM molecules, and could gel at physiological temperature. Dissected ventricular tissue was processed by a detergent-based protocol, lyophilized, enzymatically-digested, and neutralized to form the injectable myocardial matrix (IMM). Histochemical analysis, DNA quantification, and agarose gel electrophoresis demonstrated the efficiency of the applied protocol. Chemical, thermal, morphological, and rheological characterization; protein and sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) content analysis were performed, in vitro biological properties were evaluated. An in vivo histocompatibility and biodegradability study was performed. Histochemistry revealed complete removal of myocardial cells. DNA content analysis revealed a significant decrease (87%) in the nuclear material, while protein and sGAG contents were highly preserved following decellularization. Soluble IMM was capable of turning into gel form at ∼37 °C, indicating selfassembling property. In vitro findings showed the biomaterial was noncytotoxic, nonhemolytic, and supported the attachment and proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells. In vivo study demonstrated IMM was well-tolerated by rats receiving subcutaneous injection. This work demonstrates that the IMM from decellularized bovine myocardial tissue has the potential for use as a feasible regenerative biomaterial in prospective tissue engineering and regenerative medicine studies.
Uncovering Modifier Genes of X-Linked Alport Syndrome Using a Novel Multiparent Mouse Model
Authors: Takemon Yuka , Wright Valerie , Davenport Bernard , Gatti Daniel M. , Sheehan Susan M. , Letson Kelsey , Savage Holly S. , Lennon Rachel , Korstanje Ron 
Published: May 2021

Significance Statement
Kidney disease severity is partly determined by modifier genes. These genes can be important therapeutic targets but are difficult to identify in patient populations. Our study demonstrates a novel mouse genetic approach using Diversity Outbred mice to identify modifier genes for X-linked Alport Syndrome. We identify several candidate modifier genes and validate the candidacy of Fmn1. We show that a decrease in Fmn1 expression in Col4a5 knockout mice leads to a decrease in albuminuria and fewer podocyte protrusions in the glomerular basement membrane. Our approach can be easily adapted to identify modifier genes for other forms of kidney disease.

Background
Mutations in COL4A5 are responsible for 80% of cases of X-linked Alport Syndrome (XLAS). Although genes that cause AS are well characterized, people with AS who have similar genetic mutations present with a wide variation in the extent of kidney impairment and age of onset, suggesting the activities of modifier genes.

Methods
We created a cohort of genetically diverse XLAS male and female mice using the Diversity Outbred mouse resource and measured albuminuria, GFR, and gene expression. Using a quantitative trait locus approach, we mapped modifier genes that can best explain the underlying phenotypic variation measured in our diverse population.

Results
Genetic analysis identified several loci associated with the variation in albuminuria and GFR, including a locus on the X chromosome associated with X inactivation and a locus on chromosome 2 containing Fmn1. Subsequent analysis of genetically reduced Fmn1 expression in Col4a5 knockout mice showed a decrease in albuminuria, podocyte effacement, and podocyte protrusions in the glomerular basement membrane, which support the candidacy of Fmn1 as a modifier gene for AS.

Conclusion
With this novel approach, we emulated the variability in the severity of kidney phenotypes found in human patients with Alport Syndrome through albuminuria and GFR measurements. This approach can identify modifier genes in kidney disease that can be used as novel therapeutic targets.
A potential spice with multifunctional pharmacological properties can prevent COVID-19 disease
Authors: Banerjee Subha Bose 
Published: May 2021

Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is the major health crisis in the world. World Health Organisation has declared COVID-19 as a global pandemic. There are no effective drugs to treat COVID-19 infection. Till date include remdesivir, umifenovir, favipiravir, lopinavir/ritonavir, ribavirin, hydroxychloroquine, etc. are used to treat this disease. There is an urgent need for public health measures, not only to limit the spread of the virus, but also to implement preventive approaches to control severe COVID-19 disease. Most drugs on the market have shown unwanted symptoms and toxic effects related to these drugs. In this situation people are searching for safe herbal extracts and pharmacologically active molecules having numerous therapeutic properties. Garlic (Allium sativum L.; Family: Amaryllidaceae) is an aromatic herbaceous annual spice with numerous therapeutic properties. Garlic is one of the most efficient natural antibiotics against the wide spectrum of viruses and bacteria. Organosulfur (e.g. allicin and alliin) and flavonoid (e.g. quercetin) compounds are responsible for immunomodulatory effects of this healthy spice. The viral replication process is accelerated with the main structural protease of severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The formation of hydrogen bonds between this serine-type protease and garlic bioactives in the active site regions inhibits the COVID-19 outbreak. Intake of garlic and its derived-products in regular diet as an adjuvant therapy may minimise side effects and toxicity of the main therapeutic drugs of COVID-19 infection.
Pharmacognostical and physiochemical evaluation of bruhaniya gana siddha ksheerpak for ksheerpan and ksheerbasti in the management of garbhashosh
Authors: Shinde Sarika Trimbak 
Published: May 2021

Ayurveda is the most ancient medical science framed on evidence-based principles. So, the standardization of Ayurveda drugs is much needed work in view to asses and maintain the quality of Ayurveda drugs in present era. The WHO appreciated the importance of medicinal plants for public health care in developing nations and has evolved guidelines to support the member states in their efforts to formulate national policies on traditional medicine and to study their potential usefulness including evaluation, safety and efficacy. The quality assessment of Ayurveda drug formulations is very important in order to prove their acceptability in modern system of medicine. The present study aims to standardize bruhaniya gana siddha ksheerpaka formulation for ksheerpan and ksheerbasti in the management of garbhashosh (IUGR). The process of standardization is achieved by systematic pharmacognostical and physiochemical evaluative studies. The drug formulation bruhaniya gana siddha ksheer contains Bala, Ashwagandha, Shatawari, Vidari, Kakoli, and Kshirkakoli.2 Organoleptic characters revelled that formulation was light off white in colour, characteristic fragrant odour, and sweet in taste. The result of pharmacognostical study had shown presence of prismatic crystals of Bala, Scalariform vessels of Shatavari, and trichomes of Ashwagandha, cambial activity of the tubers of Vidari, etc. Physiochemical study showed loss on drying 2.96%, total ash 0.31%, acid insoluble ash 0.01%, pH 6.18%, total solids 34.68. Phyto-chemical analysis showed presence of alkaloids, tannins, steroids, proteins, carbohydrates, reducing sugar, etc. The formulation was prepared and screened for various standardization parameters as per ayurveda drug standard protocols in API.