bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of an expanding circular fault
Authors: Madariaga Raul 
Published: September 2021

abstract
We study a plane circular model of a frictional fault using numerical methods. The model is dynamic since we specify the effective stress at the fault. In one model we assume that the fault appears instantaneously in the medium; in another, that the rupture nucleates at the center and that rupture proceeds at constant subsonic velocity until it suddenly stops. The total source slip is larger at the center and the rise time is also longer at the center of the fault. The dynamic slip overshoots the static slip by 15 to 35 per cent. As a consequence, the stress drop is larger than the effective stress and the apparent stress is less than one half the effective stress.
The far-field radiation is discussed in detail. We distinguish three spectral regions. First, the usual constant low-frequency level. Second, an intermediate region controlled by the fault size and, finally, the high-frequency asymptote. The central region includes the corner frequency and is quite complicated. The corner frequency is shown to be inversely proportional to the width of the far-field displacement pulse which, in turn, is related to the time lag between the stopping phases. The average corner frequency of S waves v0s is related to the final source radius, a, by v0s = 0.21 β/α. The corner frequency of P waves is larger than v0s by an average factor of 1.5.
The Oroville earthquake sequence of August 1975
Authors: Morrison Paul W. , Stump Brian W. , Uhrhammer Robert 
Published: September 2021

abstract
The characteristics of the Oroville, California earthquake sequence of 1975 are presented. Historically, the Oroville area is one of low seismicity; the largest earthquake in the region occurred with a magnitude (ML) 5.7 in 1940 some 50 km north of Oroville. The first foreshock of the sequence occurred on June 28, 1975. Twnety-one foreshocks (ML ≧ 1.6), the largest of magnitude 4.7, preceded the magnitude 5.7 main shock of August 1. All foreshocks and aftershocks of ML ≧ 3.0 were located using seismographs operated by the University of California at Berkeley, USGS, and the California Department of Water Resources. The aftershock region covers an area approximately 14 by 10 km southeast of the city of Oroville. The depth distribution of the earthquakes indicates a west dipping fault plane. The b value of 0.61 shows the sequence to be rich in larger magnitude aftershocks. Similar b values have been determined for other aftershock sequences in California, such as a sequence near Coalinga in August 1975. The aftershock occurrence rate follows an Omori relation with n(t∞t−0.70. Apparent variability in the earthquake mechanisms of the series makes interpretation of composite fault-plane solutions difficult, but the data indicate normal faulting striking NNW and a west dip of about 30°–40°, the Sierra Nevada moving up with respect to the Great Valley.
Focal depth determination from the signal character of long-period P waves
Authors: Herrmann Robert B. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
The shape of long-period teleseismic P-wave signals is a function of many factors, among which are focal depth, focal mechanism, the source time function, and the earth structures at both the source and receiver. The effect of focal depth is quite pronounced, so much so, that focal depths should be able to be determined to within 10 km on the basis of the long-period P-wave character. This resolution capability is demonstrated for events occurring in continental and oceanic crust as observed by seismographs in the 30° to 80° epicentral distance range.
Body waves in a layered anelastic solid
Authors: Silva W. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
A formulation extending the Haskell-Thompson matrix method to include the effects of anelastic attenuation is presented. The formulation is exact in that no low-loss approximations are made. Consideration is given to nonparallel propagation and attenuation directions with corresponding velocity anisotropy. Examples are presented for models representing soils, the crust, and the core-mantle boundary.
Short-period P-wave attenuation along various paths in North America as determined from P-wave spectra of the SALMON nuclear explosion
Authors: Der Zoltan A. , McElfresh Thomas W. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
Average Q values were determined for ray paths to various LRSM stations from the SALMON nuclear explosion by taking ratios of observed P-wave spectra to the estimated source spectrum. Most Q values for P-wave paths throughout eastern North America are in the range 1600 to 2000 while those crossing over into the western United States are typically around 400 to 500. These differences in Q for intermediate distances can sufficiently explain the differences in the teleseismic event magnitudes observed, 0.3 to 0.4 magnitude units, in the western versus the eastern United States, if one assumes that the low Q layer under the western United States is located at depths less than 200 km.
Reflection and refraction of type-II S waves in elastic and anelastic media
Authors: Borcherdt Roger D. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
The general theory of viscoelasticity, which accounts for elastic as well as anelastic linear behavior of materials, predicts that two types of S waves propagate in anelastic earth materials. The particle motion for an inhomogeneous plane S wave of type I is elliptical in the plane defined by the directions of propagation and attenuation, while the particle motion for an inhomogeneous plane S wave of type II is linear perpendicular to this plane. The general theory predicts that an S-wave incident upon a plane boundary perpendicular to the plane defined by the directions of propagation and attenuation generates S waves only of the same type. General characteristics of the type-II S waves reflected and refracted at plane anelastic boundaries are:
The general theory predicts these characteristics for the waves whenever a plane type-II S wave interacts with a plane anelastic boundary such as a soil-bedrock, crust-mantle, or core-mantle interface. None of these characteristics are predicted for the plane SH waves described by elasticity theory.
Discrete wave-number representation of seismic-source wave fields
Authors: Bouchon Michel , Aki Keiiti 
Published: September 2021

AbstractA method based on a discrete horizontal wave-number representation of seismic-source wave fields is developed and applied to the study of the near-field of a seismic source embedded in a layered medium. The discretization results from a periodicity assumption in the description of the source. The problem is basically two-dimensional but its extension to three dimensions is sometimes feasible. The source is quite general and is represented through its body-force equivalents. Tests of the accuracy of the method are made against Garvin's (1956) analytical solution (a buried line source in a half-space) and against Niazy's (1973) results for a propagating fault in an infinite medium. In both cases, a remarkably good agreement is found. The method is applied to the modeling of the San Fernando earthquake, and to the computation of synthetic seismograms at short distance from a complex source in a layered medium. In particular, we show that the high acceleration-high frequency phase of the Pacoima Dam records is due to the Rayleigh wave from the point of ground breakage. Other high-acceleration phases, predicted by our model, are associated with the shear-wave arrival from the hypocenter or result from changes in the fault orientation.
Ground-motion amplification by topographic depressions for incident P wave under acoustic approximation
Authors: Singh Shri Krishna , Sabina Federico J. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Ground-motion amplification caused by a semi-spherical and a semi-cylindrical cavity in a half-space for an incident P wave is calculated from analytic solutions under acoustic approximation. We expect this approximation to be valid for materials with a Poisson's ratio near 0.5, e.g., saturated soils. The ground motion is zero at the edges of the cavity and is normal to the free surface. An amplification of about 2 to 3 occurs near the bottom of the cavity for large wavelengths. Detailed numerical results are given for vertical incidence.
Ellipticity of Rayleigh waves recorded in the Midwest
Authors: Sexton John L. , Rudman A. J. , Mead Judson 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Measurements of ellipticity of Rayleigh waves recorded in the U.S. Midwest have been examined for azimuth dependence, effects of interference, and repeatability, as well as the hypothesis that a single station may be used to determine local structure. Time- and frequency-domain analyses were performed for each event, with more consistent results from the time-domain method. Results indicate that for the period range of 10 to 50 sec, ellipticity depends primarily upon local structure and does not exhibit significant azimuthal dependence. Most ellipticity values for a given period are repeatable within 5 per cent of other measured values from all source regions, with the greatest deviation being about 10 per cent. The cause of the deviations is attributed to interfering waves and/or poor signal-to-noise ratios. Interference effects result in scatter in ellipticity values. An ellipticity peak in the period range of 18 to 22 sec has variable magnitude for different events, depending upon the amount of interference present and the signal-to-noise ratio. Interference effects also manifest themselves as sharp decreases in group-velocity observations even after filtering. Model studies show that ellipticity peaks can exist, which are due to the layered structure and not necessarily to interference effects. Ellipticity measurements (10- to 50-sec-period range) from a single station are useful for determination of a crustal model for the vicinity of the recording station, but should be used in conjunction with other available geophysical and geological data. Ellipticity measurements are shown to be of special value for model determination in areas with sedimentary layering, a result in agreement with the Boore-Toksöz 1969) study.
The display-equalized filter for frequency-time analysis
Authors: Nyman Douglas C. , Landisman Mark 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Frequency-time analysis (FTAN) results are usually presented as an array of amplitude values associated with discrete intervals group velocity and log period. The display-equalized filter, a modified form of the Gaussian frequency-time filter, produces amplitude estimates for which the frequency-time “averaging region” is of approximately constant shape, although varying in size, throughout the display. The shape of the averaging region can be adjusted to permit greater frequency resolution, with a corresponding loss of time resolution, and vice versa. An improved time-variable filter effectively utilizes the optimum frequency-time resolution of the Gaussian filter.
Effectiveness of Clove Nano Biopesticides Against Mosaic Virus in Patchouli
Authors: Noveriza Rita , Mardiningsih Tri Lestari , Nefri John , Riffiah Siti 
Published: September 2021

Clove oil has the potential to suppress the development of the mosaic virus in patchouli plants, but its effectiveness in the field has not been studied. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of clove nano biopesticide on controlling patchouli mosaic disease. The research was conducted at the Manoko Experimental Garden, Bandung, West Java from March to November 2018. The patchouli used was Patchoulina-2 variety, which originated from the Seed Breeder Garden in Lembang, Bandung. This study was arranged in a Randomized Block Design (RBD), consisting of five treatments and ten replications within each treatment, with one hundred plants in each replication. The results obtained showed that nano biopesticides of citronella, clove, and commercial citronella (Asimbo) were able to reduce the incidence and intensity of mosaic diseases in patchouli plants, showing the efficacy levels of 14.68%, 9.06%, and 5.83%, respectively. The application of citronella and clove biopesticides on Patchoulina-2 every month could increase plant fresh weight, when compared to the plants without treatment. Patchoulina-2 plants treated with nano biopesticides of clove and commercial citronella (Asimbo) showed higher value of fresh weight compared to those treated with citronella nano biopesticide. The clove nano biopesticide can also be developed to control mosaic diseases in patchouli plants.
Devil’s trumpet poisoning: A case report
Authors: Bakkannavar Shankar M , Kidiyoor Yajnesh , Saravu Kavitha , James Ranjit Immanuel 
Published: September 2021

Datura is a common plant in India that grows abundantly in the wild across the country. The common names of datura plant are Jimson weed, Stinkweed, Devil’s trumpet, Mad apple and Thorn apple etc. It is considered as a deliriant poison. Very few cases of intentional poisoning with Datura are reported in the literature. But accidental poisonings are though rare but not uncommon.Hereby we present a case of 37 years old male, who got poisoned by datura accidentally, following which he developed giddiness and was brought to our hospital. The diagnosis and treatment of the datura poisoning will be discussed.
Accountability on Sustainability in Central and Eastern Europe: An Empirical Assessment of Sustainability-Related Assurance
Authors: Pasko Oleh , Balla Inna , Levytska Inna , Semenyshena Nataliia 
Published: September 2021

The paper explores how companies from Central and Eastern Europe adopt assurance practices to provide accountability for sustainability. Drawing on modified coding rules from prior research, a conventional content analysis of 36 assurance statements companies from nine countries was conducted. The results imply differences in the content of reports, processes, and implementation of the standards.
Exclusively large and multinational enterprises from the energy sectors domiciled in Poland and Hungary are a typical portrait of a company from the study’s sample, striving to issue and assure sustainability reporting. Of the nine countries represented in the study, sustainability assurance statements of companies from Poland, Hungary, and Romania tend to excel in terms of quality. The vast majority of assurance providers belong to the Big Four, who use ISAE3000 as opposed to AA1100AS. Yet, irrespective of the assurance provider type, stakeholders are neglected. It is argued that just transferring the experience of financial auditing to the field of sustainability, which, by and large, has taken place, is not an option. Authors state that following this route, we are heading in the wrong direction, and in technical terms, the wider proliferation of AA1100AS and its principles, with greater emphasis on reasonable assurance as opposed to the limited and enhanced role of stakeholders, are vital to get back on track.
The paper contributes to the emerging literature on accountability standards and stresses the need to enhance sustainability-related assurance.
Análisis De Las Aplicaciones De La Microalga Botryococcus Braunii En Procesos Industriales
Authors: Carrascal Rivera Derly Darleyn , Tasco Quintero Angie Camila , Barajas Solano Andres Fernando , García-Martínez Janet Bibiana , Machuca Martínez Fiderman 
Published: September 2021

Las microalgas y cianobacterias son la nueva plataforma biotecnológica par la producción de diversos metabolitos de interés industrial como carbohidratos, proteínas, lípidos, carotenoides e incluso metabolitos menos comunes como lo son los hidrocarburos y los exopolisacaridos. Una de las especies con la capacidad de producir un amplio espectro de metabolitos es Botryococcus braunii. Esta alga verde colonial posee la peculiaridad de sintetizar hidrocarburos, Exopolisacáridos y otros metabolitos. La presente contribución presenta un panorama bibliométrico de la investigación mundial sobre la producción de B. braunii y sus principales metabolitos de interés para procesos industriales. Los datos de publicaciones científicas durante los últimos 21 años (2000-2021) se obtuvieron de la base de datos SCOPUS© y se filtraron mediante una estrategia de búsqueda sistemática. A partir del análisis se obtuvo un total de 675 documentos científicos enfocados en el aislamiento, producción y mejoramiento de cepas pertenecientes a la especie Botryococcus braunii. De acuerdo con la información obtenida la mayor cantidad de trabajos publicados se han enfocado en la producción y mejoramiento de hidrocarburos tanto para la obtención de biocombustibles. Los principales países que mas han aportado a la investigación de esta especie son Estados Unidos, Japón, China e India; Sin embargo países con alta concentración de biodiversidad como Colombia presentan pocos trabajos con cepas aisladas dentro del territorio nacional. Este análisis bibliométrico permite evidenciar el alto grado de desarrollo obtenido en los últimos 20 años para generar plataformas biotecnológicas para la obtención de. nuevas materias primas para diferentes sectores industriales.
PENERAPAN SUPERVISI AKADEMIK UNTUMENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN GURU DALAM MENYUSUN RENCANA PELAKSANAAN PEMBELAJARAN KURIKULUM 2013
Authors: Idaham Idaham 
Published: September 2021

This study aims to improve teachers' ability to compile the lesson plan based on the 2013 curriculum through academic supervision at SDN Kepayang Tapin Regency. This research is a school action research conducted in two cycles. The subjects of this study were the three teachers (teachers grade 1, 2, and 3 at SDN Kepayang. The instrument used was the planning of the lesson plan observation sheet and the implementation of the lesson plan observation sheet. Quantitative descriptive techniques analyzed data. The results showed the ability of classroom teachers in developing lesson plans based on the curriculum in 2013 of five indicators are considered: (1) the percentage of individual completeness of 63.4 and classical completeness of 33.33 in cycle 1; (2) the percentage of individual completeness 76 and classical completeness of 100 in cycle 2. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that academic supervision can improve classroom teachers' ability to prepare lesson plans based on the 2013 curriculum.Keywords: Academic Supervision; 2013 Curriculum; Lesson plan; Teacher AbilityAbstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan meningkatkan kemampuan guru dalam menyusun Rencana Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran (RPP) berdasarkan kurikulum 2013 melalui supervisi akademik di Sekolah Dasar Negeri (SDN) Kepayang Kabupaten Tapin. Penelitian adalah penelitian tindakan sekolah yang dilaksanakan sebanyak dua siklus. Subjek penelitian ini adalah tiga orang guru (guru kelas 1, 2, dan 3) di SDN Kepayang. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah lembar observasi perencanaan RPP dan lembar observasi keterlaksanaan RPP. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan teknik deskriptif kuantitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kemampuan guru kelas dalam menyusun RPP berdasarkan kurikulum 2013 dari lima indikator yang dinilai yaitu (1) persentase ketuntasan individual 63,4 dan ketuntasan klasikal 33,33 pada siklus 1; (2) persentase ketuntasan individual 76 dan tuntas secara klasikal 100 pada siklus 2. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan supervisi akademik dapat meningkatkan kompetensi guru kelas dalam menyusun RPP berdasarkan kurikulum 2013. Kata Kunci: Supervisi Akademik; Kurikulum 2013; Rencana Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran;Kemampuan Guru
Should Pertrochanteric and Subtrochanteric Fractures Be Treated with a Short or Long Intramedullary Nail?
Authors: Viberg Bjarke , Eriksen Lasse , Højsager Katia D. , Højsager Frederik D. , Lauritsen Jens , Palm Henrik , Overgaard Søren 
Published: September 2021

Background:
The purpose of the present multicenter cohort study was to compare the rates of reoperation in elderly patients with pertrochanteric and subtrochanteric fractures that had been treated with a short or long intramedullary nail.

Methods:
Eleven orthopaedic departments across Denmark delivered data that had been obtained from the Danish Multidisciplinary Hip Fracture Registry (DMHFR) and a review of health-care records. With use of surgical procedure codes for pertrochanteric and subtrochanteric fractures that had been treated with an intramedullary nail, the DMRHF was searched to identify patients who had been ≥65 years of age between 2008 and 2013. The health-care records for patients who had had major reoperations, defined as any reoperation with the exclusion of simple hardware removal, were retrieved from the DMHFR, were reviewed for the type of intramedullary nail and missed reoperations, including peri-implant fractures, within 2 years of follow-up. Crude logistic regression analysis with adjustment for age, sex, and comorbidity was performed, yielding odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results:
Of 2,245 pertrochanteric fractures, 1,867 were treated with a short intramedullary nail and 378 were treated with a long intramedullary nail. The rate of major reoperations was 4.0% in the short intramedullary nail group and 6.3% in the long intramedullary nail group. This yielded a crude OR of 1.61 (1.01 to 2.60) and an adjusted OR of 1.67 (1.04 to 2.70). Of 909 subtrochanteric fractures, 308 were treated with a short intramedullary nail and 601 were treated with a long intramedullary nail. The rate of major reoperations was 8.4% in the short intramedullary nail group and 4.0% in the long intramedullary nail group, yielding a crude OR of 0.45 (0.25 to 0.80) and an adjusted OR of 0.45 (0.25 to 0.81).

Conclusions:
This is the first study confirming the theory that, for subtrochanteric fractures, a long intramedullary nail has a lower rate of major reoperations compared with a short intramedullary nail. In contrast, a short intramedullary nail has a lower rate of major reoperations compared with a long intramedullary nail for pertrochanteric fractures but with a lower absolute risk reduction compared with the results for subtrochanteric intramedullary nailing. There is a need for validation of these results in other large studies, especially for pertrochanteric fractures.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Enhancement of Heavy Oil Recovery with High CO2 Injection Rates in Silica Nanochannel
Authors: Zhang Shuo , Zhang Yanyu , Sun Xiaofei 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
CO2 injection enhanced oil recovery has become one of the most important approaches to develop heavy oil from reservoirs. However, the microscopic displacement behavior of heavy oil in the nanochannel is still not fully understood. In this paper, we use CO2 as the displacing agent to investigate the displacement of heavy oil molecules confined between the hydroxylated silica nanochannel by nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations. We find that for heavy oil molecules, it requires more much higher displacing speed to fully dissipate the residual oil which is found related to the decreased CO2 adsorption on the silica nanochannel. A faster CO2 gas injection rate will lower the CO2 adsorption inside the nanochannel, and more CO2 will participate in the displacement of the heavy oil. The results from this work will enhance our understanding of the CO2 gas displacing heavy oil recovery and design guidelines for heavy oil recovery applications.