bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sex differences in spatial learning and memory and hippocampal long-term potentiation at perforant pathway-dentate gyrus (PP-DG) synapses in Wistar rats
Authors: Safari Samaneh , Ahmadi Nesa , Mohammadkhani Reihaneh , Ghahremani Reza , Khajvand-Abedeni Maryam , Shahidi Siamak , Komaki Alireza , Salehi Iraj , Karimi Seyed Asaad 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Background
Recent studies show that gender may have a significant impact on brain functions. However, the reports of sex effects on spatial ability and synaptic plasticity in rodents are divergent and controversial. Here spatial learning and memory was measured in male and female rats by using Morris water maze (MWM) task. Moreover, to assess sex difference in hippocampal synaptic plasticity we examined hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) at perforant pathway-dentate gyrus (PP-DG) synapses.

Results
In MWM task, male rats outperformed female rats, as they had significantly shorter swim distance and escape latency to find the hidden platform during training days. During spatial reference memory test, female rats spent less time and traveled less distance in the target zone. Male rats also had larger LTP at PP-DG synapses, which was evident in the high magnitude of population spike (PS) potentiation and the field excitatory post synaptic potentials (fEPSP) slope.

Conclusions
Taken together, our results suggest that sex differences in the LTP at PP-DG synapses, possibly contribute to the observed sex difference in spatial learning and memory.
The effect of the Covid-19 pandemic on patient visits to the emergency department and hospitalizations in medical wards in an Israeli medical center
Authors: Frenkel Nir Yael , Levy Yuval , Gutkind Amit , Grossman Ehud 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Background
The Covid-19 pandemic began in Israel on February 2020. Between February and October 2020, 2 periods of lockdown were imposed on Israeli population.

Objective
To assess the effect of the Covid-19 pandemic on visits to the emergency department (ED) and on hospitalizations in medical wards in Israel’s Chaim Sheba Medical Center, and to compare the effect during the first and second lockdowns.

Methods
Data regarding the number of visits of non-Covid-19 patients to the ED and the number of admissions to the medical wards, were extracted from the computerized system of the hospital. Data were analyzed for patients' characteristics, length of stay in the medical wards, in hospital mortality and the rate of 7 and 30 days re-hospitalization, and compared to the same period during 2019.

Results
Total visits to the Sheba ED during March-October decreased by 18.5%. The most dramatic decrease occurred during the first lockdown. The number of patients admitted to the Sheba medical wards decreased by 28% (P < 0.05). The length of stay decreased from 3.69 days during 2019 to 3.42 days during 2020 (P < 0.01). The most pronounced decrease in the length of stay was observed during the second month of the first lockdown. During the pandemic, hospitalized patients at Sheba were older and were less likely to be males. The in-hospital absolute non-COVID mortality decreased from 913 to 858 respectively.

Conclusions
The Covid-19 crisis emphasizes the role of medical wards in the care of complex patients. Medical wards in Israel were at the frontline of Israel's battle against this pandemic, while continuing to treat very complex non-Covid patients. To avoid burnout of the medical staff who treat very intensively complex patients, we believe these wards should be strengthen with specialists having expertise in treating these patients. Due to our insights, the Sheba medical Center is now redesigning the concept of how intensive care beds should be managed in a big tertiary center.
Impacts of land use/land cover and climate changes on soil erosion in Muga watershed, Upper Blue Nile basin (Abay), Ethiopia
Authors: Belay Tatek , Mengistu Daniel Ayalew 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Background
Soil erosion is one of the major threats in the Ethiopian highlands. In this study, soil erosion in the Muga watershed of the Upper Blue Nile Basin (Abay) under historical and future climate and land use/land cover (LULC) change was assessed. Future LULC was predicted based on LULC map of 1985, 2002, and 2017. LULC maps of the historical periods were delineated from Landsat images, and future LULC was predicted using the CA–Markov chain model. Precipitation for the future period was projected from six regional circulation models. The RUSLE model was used to estimate the current and future soil erosion rate in Muga watershed.

Results
The average annual rate of soil erosion in the study area was increased from about 15 t ha−1 year−1 in 1985 to 19 t ha−1 year−1 in 2002, and 19.7 t ha−1 year−1 in 2017. Expansion of crop cultivation and loss of vegetation caused an increase in soil erosion. Unless proper measure is taken against the LULC changes, the rate of soil loss is expected to increase and reach about 20.7 t ha−1 year−1 in 2033. In the 2050s, soil loss is projected to increase by 9.6% and 11.3% under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively, compared with the baseline period. Thus, the soil loss rate is expected to increase under both scenarios due to the higher erosive power of the future intense rainfall. When both LULC and climate changes act together, the mean annual soil loss rate shows a rise of 13.2% and 15.7% in the future under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively, which is due to synergistic effects.

Conclusions
The results of this study can be useful for formulating proper land use planning and investments to mitigate the adverse effect of LULC on soil loss. Furthermore, climate change will exacerbate the existing soil erosion problem and would need for vigorous proper conservation policies and investments to mitigate the negative impacts of climate change on soil loss.
A decreased risk of meningioma in women smokers was only observed in American studies rather than studies conducted in other countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Zhong Ping , Lin Yiting , Chen Ting 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Background
Whether smoking is related to a decreased risk of meningioma in women is still controversial. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis examining the association between smoking and risk of meningiomas in women.

Methods
Two authors independently performed a systematic literature review in the PubMed, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE databases. We identified case-control and cohort studies quantifying associations between smoking and risk of meningioma in women. A meta-analysis by pooling studies was performed according to the multivariate-adjusted risk estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) preferentially. We further conducted additional subgroup and sensitivity analyses to explore possible explanations of the results.

Results
A total of seven observational studies were included, with a total of 2132 female patients diagnosed with meningiomas. Ever smoking was associated with a significantly reduced risk of meningioma in women, with pooled odds ratio (OR) of 0.83 (95% CI 0.70–0.98). Similar findings were noted for current (OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.66–0.93) and past (OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.71–0.94) smokers. However, considering the areas, the OR of ever smoking was 0.77 (95% CI 0.68–0.87) in three American studies, but 0.99 (95% CI 0.73–1.35) in four studies conducted in other countries.

Conclusions
Based on limited epidemiological evidence, a decreased risk of meningioma in women smokers was only observed in American studies rather than studies conducted in other countries.
Real-Time Ultrasound–Guided Versus Ultrasound-Assisted Spinal Anesthesia in Elderly Patients With Hip Fractures: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Chen Luying , Huang Jieling , Zhang Yuling , Qu Bo , Wu Xinyuan , Ma Wuhua , Li Yuhui 
Published: November 2021

BACKGROUND:
Traditional landmark-guided spinal anesthesia can be challenging in elderly patients with hip fractures. Ultrasound assistance (USAS) and real-time ultrasound guidance (USRTG) techniques can facilitate lumbar neuraxial blocks. However, it remains undetermined which method is optimal for use in elderly patients. This study aimed to evaluate which technique was associated with a higher success rate of spinal anesthesia in elderly patients with hip fractures: USAS or USRTG technique.

METHODS:
A total of 114 elderly patients (≥70 years of age) with hip fractures were randomly assigned to receive spinal anesthesia using either the USAS or USRTG technique. The primary outcome was the first-attempt success rate, analyzed using the χ2 test. Secondary outcomes included first-pass success rate, the number of needle attempts and passes, locating time, procedure time, total time, adverse reactions and complications, patient satisfaction, and procedural difficulty score.

RESULTS:
The first-attempt success rate (80.7% vs 52.6%; 95% confidence interval [CI], for the difference, 11.6–44.6) and first-pass success rate (63.2% vs 31.6%; 95% CI for the difference, 14.2–49) were both significantly higher in the USAS compared with the USRTG group (both P = .001). The number of attempts (1 [1–1] vs 1 [1–3]; P = .001) and median passes (1 vs 3; P < .001) were both significantly lower in the USAS group than in the USRTG group. The USRTG group had a shorter locating time (175 seconds [129–234 seconds] vs 315 seconds [250–390 seconds]; P < .001) but a longer procedure time (488 seconds [260–972 seconds] vs 200 seconds [127–328 seconds]; P < .001) and total time (694 seconds [421–1133 seconds] vs 540 seconds [432–641 seconds]; P = .036). There were no significant differences between the 2 groups with regard to the adverse reactions and complications. More patients in the USAS group had a high satisfaction score of 3 to 5 (P = .008). Overall, anesthesiologists rated the USRTG group procedure as “more difficult” (P = .008).

CONCLUSIONS:
In elderly patients with hip fractures, spinal anesthesia with the USRTG technique is not superior to the USAS technique since it has a lower success rate, longer procedure time, lower satisfaction score, and is more difficult to perform. So USAS technique may be more suitable for elderly patients.
Efficient induction and sustenance of pluripotent stem cells from bovine somatic cells
Authors: Pillai Viju Vijayan , Koganti Prasanthi P. , Kei Tiffany G. , Gurung Shailesh , Butler W. Ronald , Selvaraj Vimal 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
Although derivation of naïve bovine embryonic stem cells is unachieved, the possibility for generation of bovine induced pluripotent stem cells (biPSCs) has been generally reported. However, attempts to sustain biPSCs by promoting self-renewal have not been successful. Methods established for maintaining murine and human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) do not support self-renewal of iPSCs for any bovid species. In this study, we examined methods to enhance complete reprogramming and concurrently investigated signaling relevant to pluripotency of the bovine blastocyst inner cell mass (ICM). First, we identified that forced expression of SV40 large T antigen together with the reprogramming genes (OCT4, SOX2, KLF4 and MYC) substantially enhanced the reprogramming efficacy of bovine fibroblasts to biPSCs. Second, we uncovered that TGFβ signaling is actively perturbed in the ICM. Inhibition of ALK4/5/7 to block TGFβ/activin/nodal signaling together with GSK3β and MEK1/2 supported robust in vitro self-renewal of naïve biPSCs with unvarying colony morphology, steady expansion, expected pluripotency gene expression and committed differentiation plasticity. Core similarities between biPSCs and stem cells of the 16-cell-stage bovine embryo indicated a stable ground state of pluripotency; this allowed us to reliably gain predictive understanding of signaling in bovine pluripotency using systems biology approaches. Beyond defining a high-fidelity platform for advancing biPSC-based biotechnologies that have not been previously practicable, these findings also represent a significant step towards understanding corollaries and divergent aspects of bovine pluripotency.
This article has an associated First Person interview with the joint first authors of the paper.
Development of a scoring system for survival following surgery for metastatic bone disease
Authors: Baumber Rachel , Gerrand Craig , Cooper Michael , Aston William 
Published: November 2021

AimsThe incidence of bone metastases is between 20% to 75% depending on the type of cancer. As treatment improves, the number of patients who need surgical intervention is increasing. Identifying patients with a shorter life expectancy would allow surgical intervention with more durable reconstructions to be targeted to those most likely to benefit. While previous scoring systems have focused on surgical and oncological factors, there is a need to consider comorbidities and the physiological state of the patient, as these will also affect outcome. The primary aim of this study was to create a scoring system to estimate survival time in patients with bony metastases and to determine which factors may adversely affect this.MethodsThis was a retrospective study which included all patients who had presented for surgery with metastatic bone disease. The data collected included patient, surgical, and oncological variables. Univariable and multivariable analysis identified which factors were associated with a survival time of less than six months and less than one year. A model to predict survival based on these factors was developed using Cox regression.ResultsA total of 164 patients were included with a median survival time of 1.6 years (interquartile range 0.5 to 3.1) after surgery. On multivariable analysis, a higher American Society of Anesthesiologists grade (p < 0.001), a high white cell count (p = 0.002), hyponatraemia (p = 0.001), a preoperative resting heart rate of > 100 bpm (p = 0.052), and the type of primary cancer (p = 0.026) remained significant predictors of reduced survival time. The predictive model developed showed good discrimination and calibration to predict both six- and 12-month survival in patients with metastatic bone disease.ConclusionIn addition to surgical and oncological factors, the level of comorbidity and physiological state of the patient has a significant impact on survival in patients with metastatic bone disease. These factors should be considered when assessing the appropriateness of surgical intervention. This is the first study to examine other patient factors alongside surgical and oncological data to identify a relationship between these and survival. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(11):1725–1730.
Analisis Karakteristik Sumur Bor Sebagai Sumber Air Tanah pada Daerah Batu Karang dan Tandus
Authors: Simpen I Nengah , Indriana Rina Dwi , Koesuma Sorja 
Published: November 2021

Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang analisis karakteristik sumur bor. Penelitian ini merupakan suatu contoh penelitian tentang analisis karakteristik sumur bor di daerah batu karang dan tandus. Penelitian mengambil contoh di sumur RSPTN Universitas Udayana berlokasi di Jimbaran Badung Bali. Analisis yang dilakukan efisiensi sumur (Ew), faktor pengembangan sumur (Fd), perbaikan sumur (C) dan debit optimum (Q<sub>opt</sub>). Hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa berdasarkan hasil pengukuran geolistrik, pada sumur bor memang ada akuifer. Sumur yang dibikin termasuk sumur yang efesien dengan tingkat efisiensi 84,71%. Ini berarti sangat efesien untuk pengambilan air. Sumur memiliki faktor pengembang 0,077864 hari/m<sup>3</sup> Ini berarti sumur sangat baik untuk dikembangkan. Nilai C = 28994,2. Ini berarti apabila sumurnya ada kendala misalnya debitnya mengecil, maka sumur sulit dikembalikan menjadi seperti semula. Kapasitas jenis (Sc) rata-rata didapat: 0,0196908 m<sup>2</sup>/s, nilai ini lebih besar dari 0,005. Ini berarti sumur memiliki produktifitas tinggi. Debit optimum (Q<sub>opt</sub>) = 0,00782 m<sup>3</sup>/s = 28,152 m<sup>3</sup>/jam. Drowdown optimum (Sw<sub>opt</sub>) = 2,17 m. Nampak bahwa adanya keterbatasan kuantitas cadangan air. Uji sumur dengan debit konstan (0,00328 m<sup>3</sup>/s) telah dilakukan selama 7,5 jam ini berarti air sumur telah diambil 88,56 m<sup>3</sup>, tetapi sumur hanya mengalami penurunan permukaan air sebesar 22,2 cm secara konstan.
Quantitative measurement of spatial coherence of electron beams emitted from a thermionic electron gun
Authors: Hatanaka Shuhei , Yamasaki Jun 
Published: November 2021

In this study, quantitative measurement of the spatial coherence of electron beams emitted from a thermionic-emission gun was achieved for the first time, to our knowledge. For the measurement, Airy patterns were formed using a specially fabricated aperture with an effective diameter of approximately 10 nm at the specimen plane in a 200 kV transmission electron microscope. Subsequently, from the fitting analysis of the Airy patterns recorded with beam diameters ranging from 2.0 to

6.9

µ

m

, spatial coherence lengths from 7 to 19 nm were successfully measured in proportion to the beam diameters. In addition, considering time evolution of the total beam current measured at the specimen plane, the relation between the on-axis current density and the coherence length is shown, where the former is inversely proportional to the square of the latter. Compared with the result using a Schottky-type field emission gun measured in a previous study, the spatial coherence length in the

L
a
B

6

thermionic-emission gun transmission electron microscope is one to two orders of magnitude shorter when a similar beam intensity is formed at the specimen plane.
Instantaneous response and suppression of SBS process in a short fiber system with binary sequence phase modulation
Authors: Liu Meizhong , Li Binglin , Yang Yifeng , Shen Hui , Gao Heng , Chen Nanyu , Wang Hanbin , He Bing 
Published: November 2021

We study the instantaneous response of stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in a fiber system phase modulated by a binary sequence waveform. The buildup time constant of SBS kinetics is investigated analytically and experimentally. A series of binary sequences with adjustable dwell time and sequence period is constructed in order to examine both buildup and suppressing processes for SBS in 15 m short fiber. For a fiber system with SBS buildup time constant within several nanoseconds, the Stokes intensity can be effectively suppressed by implementing a binary sequence phase modulation with a dwell time close to or even less than the buildup time constant. Stokes intensity can be suppressed in several sequence periods, which exhibit a damped-oscillation-like trend.
Occupational exposures and mitigation strategies among homeless shelter workers at risk of COVID-19
Authors: Rao Carol Y. , Robinson Tashina , Huster Karin , Laws Rebecca L. , Keating Ryan , Tobolowsky Farrell A. , McMichael Temet M. , Gonzales Elysia , Mosites Emily 
Published: November 2021

ObjectiveTo describe the work environment and COVID-19 mitigation measures for homeless shelter workers and assess occupational risk factors for COVID-19.MethodsBetween June 9-August 10, 2020, we conducted a self-administered survey among homeless shelter workers in Washington, Massachusetts, Utah, Maryland, and Georgia. We calculated frequencies for work environment, personal protective equipment use, and SARS-CoV-2 testing history. We used generalized linear models to produce unadjusted prevalence ratios (PR) to assess risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection.ResultsOf the 106 respondents, 43.4% reported frequent close contact with clients; 75% were worried about work-related SARS-CoV-2 infections; 15% reported testing positive. Close contact with clients was associated with testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 (PR 3.97, 95%CI 1.06, 14.93).ConclusionsHomeless shelter workers may be at risk of being exposed to individuals with COVID-19 during the course of their work. Frequent close contact with clients was associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Protecting these critical essential workers by implementing mitigation measures and prioritizing for COVID-19 vaccination is imperative during the pandemic.
AMAZON TOURISM
Authors: Ferst Marklea da Cunha , Anjos Sara Joana Gadotti dos 
Published: November 2021

In this article areÂ presented the topics and approaches developed in this magazine number whose focus is tourism in the amazon. Besides presenting discussion about the topic that aimed at creating this special edition and providing an overview of the content of each article, this editorial article also provides a useful introduction to the potential and challenges of tourism in the Amazon that can be used by researchers as a starting point for your own research. This special edition itself contributes to solving the scarcity of theoretical reflections in this area.
Professional Perspectives of the Management Course Students – Class of 2015 of the Vale do Acaraú University – UVA/IDJ
Authors: Dayanne Silva Nogueira Lívia , Neris Torres de Sousa Felipe , Da Silva Saldanha Maria Eliete 
Published: November 2021

This article aims to analyze the premises, perspectives and professional expectations of students who enter the Administration course. For this purpose, the following specific objectives were listed: characterize the public investigated as to some social and economic aspects; identify the main justifications that influenced the choice of the course of Administration and analyze the perspectives and expectations regarding the choice of the same. The study was characterized from two aspects, as well as the ends and the means. According to the ends, the research will be descriptive and as to the means, the research will be bibliographical, field. The study is indicating as basic, descriptive, with a quantitative approach, it ran from January 2018 to December of the same year. Field research took place in November 2018 and was conducted with 10 university students of the administration course, who are attending the 8th semester. For the data collection, a structured questionnaire was used with closed questions, based on the Lickert scale, later on the tabulation of the data. In the analysis, it was noticed how much the course of administration has been growing in the country, as well as the multiple interests that correlate to the choice of administration course, as well as wage pretension, development of the entrepreneurial career and the importance of the course for local development.

Keywords: Professional Expectations. Perspectives. Management course.
O Impacto da Pandemia da COVID-19 no Cenário das Micro e Pequenas Empresas / The COVID-19 Pandemic impacts on the Micro and Small Business Scenario
Authors: Sales Isabelle Kristine Batista , Macêdo Maria Erilúcia Cruz 
Published: November 2021

Resumo: Não há dúvidas de que o ano de 2020 ficou marcado na história mundial pela pandemia da Covid-19, que trouxe grande impacto global. Diante deste cenário, em virtude do isolamento social, as micro e pequenas empresas acabam sendo as mais afetadas, visto que grande parte delas atua nos setores de comércio e serviço, além dos trabalhadores formais ou informais que estão incapacitados de exercer suas atividades. Assim sendo, o presente trabalho busca compreender o impacto que a pandemia da Covid-19 tem no cenário das micro e pequenas empresas, através de uma revisão bibliográfica com abordagem qualitativa. É imprescindível que o governo brasileiro se posicione de modo a apoiar aos empresários, principalmente donos de micro e pequenas empresas, a fim de que seja possível se reerguer e retomar a economia. Em suma, a retomada da economia deve ocorrer em passos lentos, e demandará estratégias administrativas e políticas de incentivos para que os empresários consigam ganhar fôlego e manter as empresas. Conclui-se que a recuperação da economia não será rápida e nem fácil, e para que os trabalhadores se mantenham empregados, consigam novos postos de trabalho e assim possam gastar dinheiro para fazer a economia girar e aumentar o faturamento dos estabelecimentos é preciso focar em políticas de renda.