bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Das gestresste Immunsystem und Autoimmunität
Authors: Pongratz Georg 
Published: March 2021

ZusammenfassungÜber einen möglichen Zusammenhang zwischen psychologischem Stress, Immunsystem und Autoimmunität wird schon lange debattiert. Erkenntnisse aus der Grundlagen- und epidemiologischen Forschung, die das Verständnis für diesen komplexen Zusammenhang erhöhen werden in dieser kurzen Übersicht zusammengestellt. Zunächst werden bekannte anatomisch-physiologische Grundlagen für einen Zusammenhang zwischen psychologischem Stress und Immunsystem dargestellt. Es wird beschrieben, dass die Interaktion zwischen Gehirn über autonomes Nervensystem und Hormonsystem bis zur Immunzelle mit entsprechenden Rezeptoren für Neurotransmitter und Hormone mittlerweile bis auf die molekulare Ebene gut beschrieben ist. Im Rahmen der akuten Stressreaktion treten charakteristische Veränderungen im Immunsystem auf, die ebenfalls gut dokumentiert sind. In einem zweiten Teil wird dann beschrieben welche Veränderungen im Rahmen einer chronischen Stressbelastung am Immunsystem auftreten können und zuletzt wird diskutiert inwiefern diese Veränderungen auch für pathophysiologische Zustände des Immunsystems, z. B. im Rahmen von Autoimmunerkrankungen, relevant sein könnten. Zusammenfassend führt akuter Stress, im Sinne der optimalen Vorbereitung einer fight&flight Situation, zu einer Steigerung der Immunfunktion v. a. der humoralen Immunität, wohingegen die Auswirkungen von chronischem Stress weniger klar definiert sind und es eher zu einer Immundysregulation mit verminderter basaler Immunfunktion, v. a. der zytotoxischen Funktion aber einer gesteigerten Reaktion nach Aktivierung, v. a. im angeborenen Immunschenkel kommt. Epidemiologische Daten belegen gut, dass chronischer Stress zu einer erhöhten Suzeptibilität für Autoimmunerkrankungen führt. Erste klinische Anwendungen, wie beispielsweise die gezielte neuronale Stimulation des N. vagus sind in Erprobung, für einen breiteren klinischen Einsatz sollten aber die biologischen Netzwerkstrukturen noch besser verstanden werden, um die besten Angriffspunkte zu finden.
Behandlung opioidabhängiger Inhaftierter – Einstellungen und Behandlungspraxis des medizinischen Personals in bayerischen Justizvollzugsanstalten
Authors: Weiss Maren , Geißelsöder Kerstin , Breuer Maike , Dechant Michael , Endres Johann , Stemmler Mark , Wodarz Norbert 
Published: March 2021

Zusammenfassung
Zielsetzung Die vorliegende Studie untersucht die Versorgungspraxis und die Einstellungen des medizinischen Personals bezüglich der Behandlung opioidabhängiger Inhaftierter in bayerischen Vollzugsanstalten.
Methodik Medizinische Mitarbeitende aus 18 bayerischen Haftanstalten (n=20) wurden im Rahmen teilstrukturierter Leitfadeninterviews zur Substitutionspraxis in den Anstalten und zu ihren Einstellungen hierzu befragt.
Ergebnisse In Bezug auf die Behandlungspraxis bei opioidabhängigen Inhaftierten zeigte sich ein gemischtes Bild, ebenso wie bei den Einstellungen des medizinischen Personals. Die Behandlungsentscheidung hängt aus Sicht der Befragten vom Patientenwunsch, von der Schwere und Dauer der Abhängigkeit, von der Strafdauer und von organisatorischen Faktoren ab. Problematisiert wurden insbesondere die Versorgungssituation innerhalb und außerhalb der Haftanstalten und Schwierigkeiten im Übergangsmanagement.
Schlussfolgerungen Substitutionstherapie wird mittlerweile in den Haftanstalten als Standard-Behandlungsmethode angesehen, wenn auch deren Nachteile (z. B. Weitergabe des Substituts) problematisiert wurden. Das Abstinenzziel wird zwar von einem Teil der Befragten grundsätzlich positiv bewertet, aber als wenig realistisch eingestuft. Besonderes Augenmerk sollte im Rahmen des Entlassmanagements auf die Kontinuität der gewählten Behandlungsstrategie gelegt werden.
ICAM-1 orchestrates the abscopal effect of tumor radiotherapy
Authors: Zhao Yang , Zhang Ting , Wang Yanpu , Lu Dehua , Du Jinhong , Feng Xun , Zhou Haoyi , Liu Ning , Zhu Hua , Qin Shangbin , Liu Chenxin , Gao Xianshu , Yang Zhi , Liu Zhaofei 
Published: March 2021

Significance
Although RT serves as a frontline therapy for more than 50% of patients with malignancies, its efficacy is limited to localized tumors. Efforts in harnessing the abscopal effect of RT could systemically eliminate metastatic lesions disseminated beyond the radiation field; however, success has been limited thus far, owing to an inadequate understanding of the underlying mechanisms and an absence of reliable biomarkers for early prediction. Here we demonstrate that noninvasive PET imaging of ICAM-1 expression confers predictive value for abscopal effect efficacy at an early stage. This strategy may also facilitate potential high-throughput screening of current or novel drugs to be used in combination with RT to achieve desired antitumor therapeutic outcomes that eliminate both primary and metastatic lesions.
CD11c+CD88+CD317+myeloid cells are critical mediators of persistent CNS autoimmunity
Authors: Manouchehri Navid , Hussain Rehana Z. , Cravens Petra D. , Esaulova Ekaterina , Artyomov Maxim N. , Edelson Brian T. , Wu Gregory F. , Cross Anne H. , Doelger Richard , Loof Nicolas , Eagar Todd N. , Forsthuber Thomas G. , Calvier Laurent , Herz Joachim , Stüve Olaf 
Published: March 2021

SignificanceThe bone marrow-derived CD11c+CD88+CD317+myeloid cells within the central nervous system are associated with clinical experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Transcriptional analyses identifyITGAX-(CD11c),C5AR1-(CD88), andBST2-(CD317) expressing cells as a distinct myeloid subset in human cerebrospinal fluid. The disease-propagating effects of these cells in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis can be effectively antagonized using anti-CD317 monoclonal antibody therapy.
A molecular link between cell wall biosynthesis, translation fidelity, and stringent response inStreptococcus pneumoniae
Authors: Aggarwal Surya D. , Lloyd Adrian J. , Yerneni Saigopalakrishna S. , Narciso Ana Rita , Shepherd Jennifer , Roper David I. , Dowson Christopher G. , Filipe Sergio R. , Hiller N. Luisa 
Published: March 2021

SignificanceDuring infection, microbes must survive the hostile environmental conditions of the human host. When exposed to stresses, bacteria activate an intracellular response, known as the stringent response pathway, to ensure their survival. This study connects two fundamental pathways important for cellular growth in a Gram-positive pathogen: it demonstrates that enzymes responsible for cell wall biosynthesis are connected to the stringent response pathway via their ability to ameliorate errors in protein translation. Our study was performed onS. pneumoniae, where the MurM cell wall biosynthesis enzyme, a tRNA-dependent amino acyl transferase, is linked to penicillin resistance. We now demonstrate the importance of MurM in translation quality control and establish that it serves as a gatekeeper of the stringent response pathway.
Azadirachta indica (neem tree).
Authors: Rojas-Sandoval Julissa , Acevedo-Rodríguez Pedro 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

A. indica, grown pantropically, has received worldwide attention in recent years. It is considered to be a 'wonder' tree with an unlimited number of uses. A report prepared by an ad hoc advisory panel has called it 'a tree for solving global problems' (Vietmeyer, 1992). The tree has great religious, economic, medicinal and ornamental value, and nearly every part of the tree (roots, trunk, bark, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds) can be used for some purpose (Tewari, 1992; Luna, 1996). Commonly known as 'neem', A. indica can be grown under a range of climatic and soil conditions. It produces timber, fuelwood, fodder, medicines, pesticides and oil. It is said that the value of its byproducts is greater than that of its wood and serves the role of 'village dispensary' (Vietmeyer, 1992; Gupta, 1993; Siddiqui, 1995).It is seldom leafless and the shade it provides in dry, hot climatic regions of India and Pakistan is highly valued. There are an estimated 18 million neem trees in India and Pakistan, most of them lined along roadsides or clustered around the backyards of houses and markets, providing relief from the sun (Vietmeyer, 1992).
Ferromagnetism and intrinsic half-metallicity of two-dimensional MnN monolayer with square–octagonal structure
Authors: Lin Xiang , Mao Zhuo , Dong Shengjie , Jian Xiaodong , Han Rong , Wu Ping 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The MnN monolayer with square–octagonal structure (so-MnN) is explored using density functional calculations. The results show that the so-MnN monolayer is energetically, dynamically, thermally and mechanically stable, and exhibits the ferromagnetism and intrinsic half-metallicity. The total magnetic moment is 16 μ
B in unit cell (Mn4N4). The energy band of spin-up crosses the Fermi energy level (E
F), while the spin-down channel has semiconductor characteristic with a direct band gap of 3.0 eV at Γ-point. By applying the biaxial strain, the band gap in spin-down channel can be tuned, and the so-MnN monolayer still possesses the characteristic of ferromagnetism and intrinsic half-metallicity. Finally, the Curie temperature T
C increases gradually under biaxial strains from 0 to +3%, while the T
C has a decreasing trend under the biaxial strains from 0 to −3%.
SEM-visualization of a spatial charge and a giant potassium peak in a corona-poled glass
Authors: Scherbak S A , Kaasik V P , Zhurikhina V V , Lipovskii A A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We visualized a region of a spatial electric charge in a corona-poled soda-lime glass using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The SEM image obtained perfectly coincides with a numerically calculated distribution of the spatial charge in the structure. Compositional depth profiles of the glass were characterized with energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) analysis. The measurements showed that K+ ions, the total concentration of which in pristine glass is practically negligible, pile-up significantly just beside a backfront of fast Na+ ions, and their peak concentration exceeds initial K+ content by about 15 times. This is in a good agreement with an analytical model recently presented by Oven. However, diffusion smearing of the spatial charge distribution and the poling profiles turns out to be much larger than the theory predicts.
Atomic forces from Dirac–Kohn–Sham equations: implementation in flexible (APW + lo/LAPW) + LO basis set
Authors: Kutepov A L 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The atomic forces formulation based on the Dirac–Kohn–Sham equation and the flexible (APW + lo/LAPW) + LO basis set is presented. The formulation was implemented in the code FlapwMBPT and allows a user to easily switch between different basis functions of the augmentation type (APW or LAPW) and between different kind of local orbitals. Similar to the work (2015 Phys. Rev. B
91 035105), the implementation takes into account small discontinuities of the wave functions, density, and potential at the muffin-tin sphere boundaries. Applications to the materials with strong relativistic effects, such as α-uranium, PuCoGa5, and FePt, demonstrate robustness of the method. The comparison of the calculated forces with the ones obtained by numerical differentiation of electronic free energy shows close agreement with deviations about 0.1% or less.
Magnetic field-controlled spin-dependent thermoelectric current in a single-molecule magnet transistor
Authors: Zhang Zhengzhong , Yin Fan , Wang Chao , Li Zhongwen , Liu Hao 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Control of the charge, spin, and heat currents in thermoelectric devices is an interesting research field that is currently experiencing a burst of activity. In this work, a new type of spin-current generator is proposed that consists of a single-molecule magnet sandwiched between a pair of nonmagnetic electrodes. By applying an external magnetic field, this tunneling junction can generate a 100% spin-polarized current via thermoelectric effects, and the flow direction and spin polarization can be changed by adjusting the gate voltage or magnetic field. Moreover, regardless of whether the external magnetic field exists, the thermoelectric current is always highly spin polarized and can be switched by using different gate voltage windows. This molecular electrical device can be realized with current technologies and may have practical use in spin caloritronics and quantum information processing.
The temperature–strain phase diagrams of ferromagnetic thin films under different magnetic fields
Authors: Wang Yu , Wang Jie 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The topological magnetic structures in ferromagnetic thin films, such as magnetic skyrmions, are considered as the potential information carriers for future spintronics memory and logic devices due to their topological stability and controllability. In the application, ferromagnetic thin films often experience different temperatures, strains and magnetic fields. To understand the stability of topological magnetic structures in ferromagnetic thin films under different external conditions is not only of scientific significance but also of practical importance. In this work, a temperature-dependent real space phase field model is proposed to investigate the stable topological magnetic structures in ferromagnetic thin films under different magnetic fields, temperatures and strains. The skyrmions phase, helical phase and ferromagnetic phase are predicted in the ferromagnetic thin films with different magnetic fields, temperatures and strains. The strain is applied in the plane of the films, whereas the magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the plane of the thin films. The temperature–strain phase diagrams of ferromagnetic thin films are constructed under different magnetic fields. It is found that a tensile biaxial strain enhances the stability of skyrmions while skyrmions gradually become unstable when the biaxial strain changes from tensile to compressive. For the uniaxial strain, however, skyrmions can be stabilized under both tensile and compressive strains, which indicates the uniaxial strain is more preferable than biaxial strain for the stability of skyrmions.
Real-time simulation of accidental passive transport of radioactive pollutant from a proposed nuclear power plant
Authors: Ahmad Idrees , Muhammad Osama Bin , Ahmed Rizwan , Ahmad Shakeel 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Power plant’s site selection is a complex task and involves through analyses of multi-disciplinary processes which are interlinked with each other. The site selection for nuclear power plants additionally requires an assessment of radiation doses to the environment and public during normal operation and in the case of an accident. This demands the problem of radioactive particles’ dispersion in atmosphere to be analysed in real time for a comprehensive set of radioactive release scenarios in prevailing meteorological conditions in the plant surroundings. In this study, a local scale atmospheric dispersion problem, considering a hypothetical accidental release (1 Bq s−1 of I-131) from a nuclear power plant is simulated with a combination of weather forecasting and particle dispersion codes on a multiprocessor computer system. The meteorological parameters are predicted with a weather research and forecasting (WRF) model and used in Lagrangian particle dispersion model based code FLEXPART to calculate the trajectory of released particles, and thereby, the estimation of spatial I-131 dose distribution. The concentration of particles and radiation doses were calculated for release heights of 10, 57, and 107 m and found in a reasonable agreement with the observed data and better than an earlier investigation done with regional atmospheric modelling system (RAMS) code. A comparison between the results of WRF and RAMS for various meteorological parameters revealed that better space–time predictions of wind speeds and directions by WRF had a profound effect on tracing the trajectories of particles and thereby the spatial dose distribution. The particles followed the changes in wind direction predicted by WRF that were known to prevail in the region.
Virtual estimation of effective dose in neutron fields
Authors: Eakins J , Abdelrahman M , Hager L , Jansen J T M , Kouroukla E , Lombardo P , Tanner R , Vanhavere F , Van Hoey O 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The PODIUM project aims to provide real-time assessments of occupationally exposed workers by tracking their motion and combining this with a simulation of the radiation field. The present work describes the approach that would be taken in mixed neutron-gamma fields, and details the methods for generating and applying an effective dose rate map; the required fluence to effective dose conversion coefficients at intercardinal angles are also presented. A proof-of-concept of the approach is demonstrated using a simple simulated workplace field within a calibration laboratory, with corroborative comparisons made against survey instrument measurements generally confirming good agreement. Simulated tracking of an individual within the facility was performed, recording a 1.25 μSv total effective dose and accounting for dose rates as low as 0.5 nSv h−1, which is much lower than anything that could be accurately measured by physical neutron dosemeters in such a field.
Three-dimensional Nanoporous Cu-Doped Ni Coating as Bifunctional Electrocatalyst for Hydrazine Sensing and Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Wang Yajing , Xie Taiping , Zhu Quanxi , Fu Junjie , Peng Yuan , Wang Jiankang , Liu Songli 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Developing a cost-effective and efficient bifunctional electrocatalyst with simple synthesis strategy for hydrazine sensing and H evolution reaction (HER) is of utmost importance. Herein, a three-dimensional porous Cu-doped metallic Ni coating on Ti mesh (Ni(Cu) coating/TM) was successfully electrodeposited by a facile electrochemical method. Electrochemical etching of the electrodeposited Ni(Cu) coating with metallic Ni and Cu mixed phase on a Ti mesh contributed to the formation of a three-dimensional porous Cu-doped metallic Ni coating. Owing to the large specific surface area and enhanced electroconductivity caused by the porous structure and Cu doping, respectively, the developed Ni(Cu) coating/TM exhibited superior hydrazine sensing performance and electrocatalytic activity toward hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The Ni(Cu) coating/TM electrode presented a good sensitivity of 3909 μA mM−1 cm−2 and two relatively broad linear ranges from 0.004 mM to 2.915 mM and from 2.915 mM to 5.691 mM as well as a low detection limit of 1.90 μM. In addition, the Ni(Cu) coating/TM required a relatively low HER overpotential of 140 mV to reach −10 mA cm−2 and exhibited robust durability in alkaline solution. The excellent hydrazine electrooxidation and HER performance guarantee its promising application in hydrazine detection and energy conversion.
The effect of short and continuous absorbent patch application on local skin temperature underneath
Authors: Klous Lisa , Folkerts Mireille , Daanen Hein , Gerrett Nicola 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Objective. By attaching absorbent patches to the skin to collect sweat, an increase in local skin temperature (T
sk) underneath the patches seems unavoidable. Yet this effect has not been quantified. The present study investigates the effect of absorbent patch application on local T
sk underneath. Approach. Ten healthy participants cycled for 60 min at an exercise intensity relative to their body surface area (40 W.m−2) in three environmental conditions (temperate: 25 °C 45% RH, hot-humid: 33 °C 65% RH and hot-dry: 40 °C 30% RH). The effect of short sweat sampling (i.e. from min 25–30 to min 55–60) on T
sk was examined on the right scapula. T
sk of the left scapula served as control. The effect of continuous sweat sampling (i.e. four consecutive 15 min periods) on T
sk was examined on the right upper arm. T
sk of the left upper arm served as control. Main results. Neither short nor continuous application of absorbent sweat patches affected T
sk underneath the patches in the hot-humid and hot-dry condition (P > 0.05). In the temperate condition, continuous application led to a significant increase in T
sk underneath the patches during the first and second minute. This increase remained throughout the experiment (1.8 ± 0.6 °C; P < 0.001). Short application of sweat patches did not affect the local T
sk underneath (P > 0.05) in the temperate condition. Significance. To avoid a significant increase in local T
sk underneath sweat patches, continuous application should be prevented in, especially, a temperate condition. Timely removal of sweat patches should be taken into account during longer periods of collecting sweat in field or laboratories settings.
Application of multiple regression for sensitivity analysis of helium line emissions to the electron density and temperature in Magnum-PSI
Authors: Kajita Shin , Nishijima Daisuke , Fujii Keisuke , Akkermans Gijs , van der Meiden Hennie 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Helium line intensities have been utilized to measure the electron density, n

e
, and temperature, T

e
, by comparing measured line intensities to a collisional-radiative model (CRM). In this study, we use multiple regression analysis to train a model of the helium line intensities and n

e
/T

e
obtained from a Thomson scattering system in the linear plasma device Magnum-PSI; based on the trained model, we predict n

e
and T

e
from line intensities. We show that this method can also obtain radial profiles of n

e
and T

e
. We discuss appropriate selections of line pairs for the prediction based on the multiple regression analysis. A big advantage of this method against the standard technique using CRM is that modeling of atomic population distributions is not required, which sometimes needs to take into account various effects such as radiation trapping, transport of helium atoms in metastable states, etc.
Properties of millisecond-scale modulated pulsed power magnetron discharge applied for reactive sputtering of zirconia
Authors: Kaziev Andrey V , Kolodko Dobrynya V , Sergeev Nikita S 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The electrical properties of a modulated pulsed power (MPP) magnetron discharge were experimentally and theoretically studied in case of reactive sputtering of metallic zirconium target in argon/oxygen mixtures. The high-power pulsing was assisted by pre-ionization provided by a low-power direct current (DC) magnetron discharge filling the pulse-off period. The ranges of stable discharge operation parameters (applied voltage and oxygen flow rate) were determined for pulse-on time of 3 ms and pulse-off time 100–1000 ms. The maximum stable peak power density was 2.1 kW cm−2. Strong dependence of the MPP discharge current waveforms on the pulse-off time was found, indicating the important role of the pre-ionizing DC discharge. In presence of oxygen, discharge peak current was observed with characteristic width up to 1.5 ms, followed by non-reactive-like plateau region. For theoretical treatment of the observed discharge current behavior, we modified the well-known Berg model of reactive sputtering by introducing the terms required for adequate description of time-dependent poisoning and sputtering processes. The reactive ion implantation term was also transformed to account for the process saturation at high ion current densities. Calculation results from the modified Berg model demonstrated good agreement between our experimental observations of discharge current evolution and target poisoning dynamics in the timescale of milliseconds.