bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The morphological consequences of segmentation anomalies in the human sacrum
Authors: Krenn Viktoria A. , Fornai Cinzia , Webb Nicole M. , Woodert Mirella A. , Prosch Helmut , Haeusler Martin 
Published: December 2021

AbstractObjectivesDespite the high frequency of segmentation anomalies in the human sacrum, their evolutionary and clinical implications remain controversial. Specifically, inconsistencies involving the classification and counting methods obscure accurate assessment of lumbosacral transitional vertebrae. Therefore, we aim to establish more reliable morphological and morphometric methods for differentiating between sacralizations and lumbarizations in clinical and paleontological contexts.Materials and MethodsUsing clinical CT data from 145 individuals aged 14–47 years, vertebral counts and the spatial relationship between the sacrum and adjoining bony structures were assessed, while the morphological variation of the sacrum was assessed using geometric morphometrics based on varied landmark configurations.ResultsThe prevalence of lumbosacral and sacrococcygeal segmentation anomalies was 40%. Lumbarizations and sacralizations were reliably distinguishable based on the spatial relationship between the iliac crest and the upward or downward trajectory of the linea terminalis on the sacrum. Different craniocaudal orientations of the alae relative to the corpus of the first sacral vertebra were also reflected in the geometric morphometric analyses. The fusion of the coccyx (32%) was frequently coupled with lumbarizations, suggesting that the six‐element sacra more often incorporate the coccyx rather than the fifth lumbar vertebra.ConclusionsOur approach allowed the consistent identification of segmentation anomalies even in isolated sacra. Additionally, our outcomes either suggest that homeotic border shifts often affect multiple spinal regions in a unidirectional way, or that sacrum length is highly conserved perhaps due to functional constraints. Our results elucidate the potential clinical, biomechanical, and evolutionary significance of lumbosacral transitional vertebrae.
Unraveling the Function of Metal–Amorphous Support Interactions in Single‐Atom Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Liu Yang , Liu Xinghui , Jadhav Amol R. , Yang Taehun , Hwang Yosep , Wang Hongdan , Wang Lingling , Luo Yongguang , Kumar Ashwani , Lee Jinsun , Bui Huong T. D. , Gyu Kim Min , Lee Hyoyoung 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAmorphization of the support in single‐atom catalysts is a less researched concept for promoting catalytic kinetics through modulating the metal–support interaction (MSI). We modeled single‐atom ruthenium (RuSAs) supported on amorphous cobalt/nickel (oxy)hydroxide (Ru‐a‐CoNi) to explore the favorable MSI between RuSAs and the amorphous skeleton for the alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Differing from the usual crystal counterpart (Ru‐c‐CoNi), the electrons on RuSAs are facilitated to exchange among local configurations (Ru‐O‐Co/Ni) of Ru‐a‐CoNi since the flexibly amorphous configuration induces the possible d–d electron transfer and medium‐to‐long range p–π orbital coupling, further intensifying the MSI. This embodies Ru‐a‐CoNi with enhanced water dissociation, alleviated oxophilicity, and rapid hydrogen migration, which results in superior durability and HER activity of Ru‐a‐CoNi, wherein only 15 mV can deliver 10 mA cm−2, significantly lower than the 58 mV required by Ru‐c‐CoNi.
Pressure‐Driven Two‐Step Second‐Harmonic‐Generation Switching in BiOIO3
Authors: Jiang Dequan , Song Huimin , Wen Ting , Jiang Zimin , Li Chen , Liu Ke , Yang Wenge , Huang Hongwei , Wang Yonggang 
Published: December 2021

AbstractMaterials with multi‐stabilities controllable by external stimuli have potential for high‐capacity information storage and switch devices. Herein, we report the observation of pressure‐driven two‐step second‐harmonic‐generation (SHG) switching in polar BiOIO3 for the first time. Structure analyses reveal two pressure‐induced phase transitions in BiOIO3 from the ambient noncentrosymmetric phase (SHG‐high) to an intermediate noncentrosymmetric phase (SHG‐intermediate) and then to a centrosymmetric phase (SHG‐off). The three‐state SHG switching was inspected by in situ high‐pressure powder SHG and polarization‐dependent single‐crystal SHG measurements. Local structure analyses based on the in situ Raman spectra and X‐ray absorption spectra reveal that the SHG switching is caused by the step‐wise suppression of lone‐pair electrons on the [IO3]− units. The dramatic evolution of the functional units under compression also leads to subtle changes of the optical absorption edge of BiOIO3. Materials with switchable multi‐stabilities provide a state‐of‐art platform for next‐generation switch and information storage devices.
Preparation and characterization of compatibilized and toughened polylactic acid/cellulose acetate films by long‐chain hyperbranched polymers
Authors: Huang Yansong , Jin Yujuan , Wang Bo , Tian Huafeng , Weng Yunxuan , Sun Kangdi , Men Shuang 
Published: December 2021

AbstractA type of long‐chain hyperbranched polymers (LCHBPs) was prepared by grafting hydroxyl‐terminated flexible long chain onto hyperbranched polymers (HBPs). The structure of LCHBPs was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H‐NMR) analysis. It was then used as the modifier for toughening and compatibilizing the polylactic acid (PLA)/cellulose acetate (CA) blends. Upon the addition of LCHBPs, the compatibility between PLA and CA was improved, the dispersion of CA particles in PLA matrix was more uniform, and the brittle‐ductile tear transition of the PLA/CA blends was occurred. The crystallization of PLA was promoted by the addition of LCHBPs. By adding LCHBPs, glass transition temperature and cold crystallization temperature were reduced, the crystallizability was enhanced, and the crystallization temperature range was expanded. The thermal decomposition temperature of the PLA/CA was found increased with the addition of LCHBPs. When the content of LCHBPs was 1 phr, the elongation at break and the tear strength of the PLA/CA blends were increased by 484% and 38.24%, respectively. Meanwhile, the thermal stability and hydrophilic properties of the blend films were improved by adding LCHBPs.
Revival of Hückel Aromatic (Poly)benzenoid Subunits in Triplet State Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Silicon Substitution
Authors: Baranac‐Stojanović Marija , Stojanović Milovan , Aleksić Jovana 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBy employing density functional theory (DFT) calculations we show that mono‐ and disilicon substitution in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, having two to four benzene units, quenches their triplet state antiaromaticity by creating Hückel aromatic (poly)benzenoid subunit(s) and weakly antiaromatic, or almost nonaromatic silacycle. Therefore, such systems are predicted to be globally aromatic in both the ground state and the first excited triplet state. Putting the silicon atom(s) into various positions of a hydrocarbon provides an opportunity to tune the singlet‐triplet energy gaps. They depend on the global aromaticity degree which, in turn, depends on the type of aromatic carbocyclic subunit(s) and the extent of their aromaticity. On the basis of the set of studied compounds, some preliminary rules on how to regulate the extent of global, semiglobal and local aromaticity are proposed. The results of this work extend the importance of Hückel aromaticity concept to excited triplet states which are usually characterized by the Baird type of (anti)aromaticity.
Encapsulation of Metal Clusters within Porous Organic Materials: From Synthesis to Catalysis Applications
Authors: Yang Xiao‐Dong , Tan Liangxiao , Sun Jian‐Ke 
Published: December 2021

AbstractMetal clusters (MCs) with dimensions between a single metal atom and nanoparticles of >2 nm usually possess distinct geometric and electronic structures, and their outstanding performance in catalysis applications have underpinned a broad research interest. However, smaller‐sized MCs are easily deactivated by migration coalescence during the catalysis process because of their high surface energy. Therefore, the search of an appropriate stabilizer for MCs is urgently demanded. In recent years, porous organic polymers (POPs) and organic molecular cages (OMCs), as emerging functional materials, have attracted significant attention. Benefiting from the spatial confinement, encapsulating MCs into these porous organic materials is a promising approach to guarantee the uniform size distribution and stability. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive summary of the recent progress in the synthetic strategies and catalysis applications of the encapsulated MCs, and seek to uncover promising ideas that can stimulate future developments at both the fundamental and applied levels.
Inorganic Matrices Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Metabolic Analysis in Biofluids
Authors: Ding Yajie , Pei Congcong , Shu Weikang , Wan Jingjing 
Published: December 2021

AbstractMetabolic analysis in biofluids interprets the end products in the bioprocess, emerging as an irreplaceable disease diagnosis and monitoring platform. Laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (LDI MS)‐based metabolic analysis holds great potential for clinical applications in terms of high throughput, rapid signal readout, and minimal sample preparation. There are two essential elements to construct the LDI MS‐based metabolic analysis: 1) well‐designed nanomaterials as matrices; 2) machine learning algorithms for data analysis. This review highlights the development of various inorganic matrices to comprehend the advantages of LDI MS in metabolite detection and the recent diagnostic applications based on target metabolite detection and untargeted metabolic fingerprints in biological fluids.
Mild hydrotreatment of biocrude derived from hydrothermal liquefaction of agriculture waste: improving biocrude miscibility with vacuum gas oil to aid co‐processing
Authors: Badoga Sandeep , Alvarez‐Majmutov Anton , Chen Jinwen 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe co‐processing of biocrude in petroleum refineries is viewed as an economical and practical pathway to produce low‐carbon fuels. A major challenge to co‐processing is the poor miscibility of biocrudes with petroleum due to their high levels of oxygen. This study investigated the mild hydrodeoxygenation of biocrude derived from hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of agriculture waste as a means to enhance its miscibility with petroleum vacuum gas oil (VGO). Blending compatibility tests were performed to identify the extent of deoxygenation required to achieve blending of 10 wt% treated biocrude in VGO. The highest oxygen removal (~72%) was achieved by increasing the temperature in three steps (240, 280, and 300 °C), with pressure kept at 1400 psi and a catalyst‐to‐feed ratio of 0.19 g g−1. Under such conditions, the hydrotreated biocrude was found to be miscible in VGO and the resulting blend was stable over 7 days. The hydrotreated biocrude products were characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance to identify changes in oxygenated compound classes, such as carboxylic acids, alcohols, ethers, carbohydrates, carbonyls, and phenolics. Carboxylics and phenolics were identified as important contributors to the miscibility of the biocrude. In further testing, two 10 wt% blends of hydrotreated and raw biocrude in VGO were co‐processed through hydrotreating. These supplementary tests confirmed that the hydrotreated biocrude performed better in terms of catalytic activity than the raw biocrude. © 2021 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining © 2021 Society of Industrial Chemistry and John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Reproduced with the permission of the Minister of Natural Resources Canada.
Cole‐Cole modeling of real‐time capacitance data for estimation of cell physiological properties in recombinant Escherichia coli cultivation
Authors: Swaminathan Nivedhitha , Priyanka Priyanka , Rathore Anurag S. , Sivaprakasam Senthilkumar , Subbiah Senthilmurugan 
Published: December 2021

AbstractReal‐time estimation of physiological properties of the cell during recombinant protein production would ensure enhanced process monitoring. In this study, we explored the application of dielectric spectroscopy to track the fed‐batch phase of recombinant Escherichia coli cultivation for estimating the physiological properties, namely, cell diameter and viable cell concentration (VCC). The scanning capacitance data from the dielectric spectroscopy were pre‐processed using moving average. Later, it was modeled through a nonlinear theoretical Cole‐Cole model and further solved using a global evolutionary genetic algorithm (GA). The parameters obtained from the GA were further applied for the estimation of the aforementioned physiological properties. The offline cell diameter and cell viability data were obtained from particle size analyzer and flow cytometry measurements to validate the Cole‐Cole model. The offline VCC was calculated from the cell viability % from flow cytometry data and dry cell weight concentration. The Cole‐Cole model predicted the cell diameter and VCC with an error of 1.03% and 7.72%, respectively. The proposed approach can enable the operator to take real‐time process decisions to achieve desired productivity and product quality.
Influence of age and gender in the sensory nerve fibers excitability
Authors: Caetano André , Pereira Pedro , de Carvalho Mamede 
Published: December 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo assess the influence of age and gender on sensory nerve axonal excitability parameters.MethodsThirty‐three healthy subjects (21 women) were included, with a mean age of 34.6 (range 21–76). Median sensory nerve excitability measurements (index finger) were performed using the TRONDNF nerve excitability protocol of the QTRAC program.ResultsPeak sensory nerve action potential (SNAP) amplitude was significantly higher among women (27.1 vs. 9.2 μV; p = .022), and strength–duration time constant (SDTC) was significantly higher in men (0.7 vs. 0.5; p = .011), not dependent on age. Greater age was negatively correlated with resting I/V slope, not dependent on gender (r = –0.4; p = .024). No other changes in excitability properties with increasing age were found.ConclusionsPhysiological features like as age and gender do not have a relevant impact on sensory nerve excitability measurements, which can have implications regarding pharmacological treatments.
Multistage targeting and dual inhibiting strategies based on bioengineered tumor matrix microenvironment‐mediated protein nanocages for enhancing cancer biotherapy
Authors: Hu Fabiao , Deng Changping , Zhou Yiwen , Liu Yuping , Zhang Tong , Zhang Peiwen , Zhao Zhangting , Miao Hui , Zheng Wenyun , Zhang Wenliang , Wang Meiyan , Ma Xingyuan 
Published: December 2021

AbstractRegulation of the apoptotic pathway plays a critical role in inducing tumor cell death and circumventing drug resistance. Survivin protein is the strongest inhibitor of apoptosis found so far. It is highly expressed in several cancers and is a promising target for cancer therapy. However, clinical applications are limited by incomplete inhibition of survivin expression. Here, we present a novel strategy that extended the release of YM155 (an effective survivin inhibitor that works by inhibiting the activity of survivin promoter) and TATm‐survivin (T34A) (TmSm) protein (survivin protein mutant with penetrating peptide, a potential anticancer protein therapeutic) via tumor matrix microenvironment‐mediated ferritin heavy chain nanocages (FTH1 NCs), enabling significant inhibition of survivin activity at both transcript and protein levels. FTS (FTH1‐matrix metalloproteinase‐2‐TmSm)/YM155 NC synthesis was easily scaled up, and these NCs could sequentially release TmSm protein through matrix metalloproteinase‐2 and promote YM155 to enter the nucleus via transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) binding, which increased the cytotoxicity and apoptosis of Capan‐2 and A549 cells compared to that with individual drugs. Moreover, FTS/YM155 NCs enhanced drug accumulation at tumor sites and had a higher tumor inhibition rate (88.86%) than the compounds alone in A549 tumor‐bearing mice. In addition, FTS/YM155 NCs exerted significant survivin downregulation (4.43‐fold) and caspase‐3 upregulation (4.31‐fold) and showed better therapeutic outcomes without inducing organ injury, which highlights their promising future clinical application in precision therapy. This tumor microenvironment‐responsive platform could be harnessed to develop an effective therapy via multilevel inhibition of cancer targets.
Children building and having fun while they learn geometry
Authors: Puig Anna , Rodríguez Inmaculada , Baldeón Johan , Múria Sergi 
Published: December 2021

AbstractGeometry is a basic discipline in STEM education. Recent educational reports, however, suggest that geometry is one of the subjects that sees the lowest levels of performance in the math curriculum. This paper presents a gamified itinerary through digital activities designed to teach geometry. Our aim is to attract Primary School children into the world of geometry. First, we scaffold geometry outcomes to take students progressively from basic geometric shapes to a stronger understanding of complex three‐dimensional (3D) properties. Second, we use gamification to introduce fun into the learning process. Third, we propose digital activities in virtual environments, with which students can, in particular, develop 3D spatial perception. Concretely, children are immersed in a two‐dimensional (2D)–3D world in which they play the role of architects who manipulate 2D and 3D shapes to create buildings. Results obtained in the evaluation of the system with 60 children showed an improvement in both their learning and their interest in math. Both children and teachers rated the experience very positively.
Hypoxia promotes the tolerogenic phenotype of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Fan Cui , Wu Jichang , Shen Yilin , Hu Haixia , Wang Quan , Mao Yufeng , Ye Bin , Xiang Mingliang 
Published: December 2021

AbstractObjectiveWe aim to review the roles of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and explore the effects of hypoxia on the tolerogenic transformation of pDCs.BackgroundpDCs, best known as professional type I interferon‐secreting cells, play key roles in immune surveillance and antitumor immunity. Recently, pDCs have been shown to be tolerogenic and correlate with poor prognosis in a variety of cancers, including HNSCC. However, it remains unclear what drives the tolerogenic transformation of pDCs in the HNSCC microenvironment. Hypoxia, a prominent hallmark of the tumor microenvironment (TME) of HNSCC, can interfere with multiple immune cells and establish an immunosuppressive TME.MethodsIn this review, we summarize the antitumor and protumor functions of pDCs, explore the effects of hypoxia on the migration and maturation of pDCs, and discuss related mechanisms in HNSCC.ConclusionspDCs mainly display protumor functions in HNSCC. The hypoxic TME in HNSCC can enhance the migration of pDCs and inhibit the differentiation and maturation of pDCs, promoting the tolerogenic phenotype of pDCs.
Microbial Degradation of 2‐Methylisoborneol in Forest Soil**
Authors: Drummond Laura , von Wallbrunn Christian , Buchhaupt Markus 
Published: December 2021

AbstractMicroorganisms use a complex array of chemical compounds to interact with their surroundings. They produce and process different molecules in response to changes in the environment or in their metabolism. One of the most well‐known volatile organic compounds produced by microorganisms is the C11‐terpenoid 2‐methylisoborneol (2‐MIB), which has received attention because of the off‐flavor it confers to fresh and reservoir water as well as to cultured fish. Cleaning water supplies of the off‐flavor 2‐MIB has been of interest for the scientific community for years, with the use of techniques that are either expensive, e. g., activated carbon, or create toxic byproducts, e. g., ozonation. In the present study, soil samples from nature were collected from a forest and the volatile organic compounds produced by microbes were extracted and analyzed with focus on non‐canonical terpenoid structures. HS‐SPME‐GC/MS analysis of soil samples revealed 1‐methylcamphene (1‐MC), 2‐methylenebornane (2‐MB) and 2‐MIB as C11‐terpenoids. Due to the high 1‐MC/2‐MIB ratio compared to previous reports, it was hypothesized that microbial degradation of 2‐MIB was in place. Addition of synthetic 2‐MIB to biologically active soil revealed complete degradation of the pollutant to 2‐MB, 1‐MC and 2‐methyl‐2‐bornene (2‐M2B). The results suggest the potential of using respective natural microorganisms for biodegradation of 2‐MIB, with applications in water treatment, fishery and soil ecology.
Role of Phosphorus and Triethylene Glycol Incorporation on the Activity of Model Alumina‐Supported CoMoS Hydrotreating Catalysts
Authors: Garcia de Castro Ricardo , Devers Elodie , Digne Mathieu , Lamic‐Humblot Anne‐Félicie , Pirngruber Gerhard D. , Carrier Xavier 
Published: December 2021

AbstractEnvironmental regulations concerning fuel‐related sulfur emissions are currently experiencing worldwide expansion. This is motivating the research and development of improved hydrotreating (HDT) catalysts with carefully engineered synthesis methods that maximize activity as ultimate goal. In this contribution, the effect of phosphorus doping and triethylene glycol (TEG) incorporation on the genesis of the CoMoS phase of model HDT catalysts is assessed. Following a surface‐science approach, α‐Al2O3 single crystals with four orientations: C(0001), A(11
0), M(10
0), and R(1
02) are used as model supports of the traditional γ‐Al2O3 support for the study of active phase‐support interactions at the molecular scale. The model catalysts are prepared by traditional impregnation of a solution containing metal and phosphorus precursors and TEG. The catalysts are characterized in the sulfide phase by XPS, XAS, TEM, and AFM, revealing that the calcination step is key in the emergence of distinctive metal‐support interactions, which are directly related to the nature of alumina surface sorption sites. In addition, TEG incorporation on dried catalysts increases metal sulfidation and enhances promotion with respect to non‐additivated systems, especially at mild sulfidation temperatures. The catalytic activity of the model catalysts is tested in a thiophene hydrodesulfurization reaction, revealing the following activity trend with respect to alumina surface orientations: A
≫ M
>R
, C(0001). This trend is identical to the one observed for non‐phosphorus doped non‐TEG additivated model systems, confirming the predominance of surface effects on the catalytic activity over those exerted by P and TEG. By transposing these results to the industrial γ‐Al2O3 support, the (100) facet would provide surface sites that lead to better performing catalysts. This could result in the development of novel supports, engineered to expose surface sites that maximize hydrotreating activity.