bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protective impact of Spirulina platensis against γ-irradiation and thioacetamide-induced nephrotoxicity in rats mediated by regulation of micro-RNA 1 and micro-RNA 146a
Authors: Salem Asmaa A , Ismail Amel F M 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Chronic kidney disease develops popular and medical health problems, especially in developing countries. The objective of this study is to investigate the protective mechanism of Spirulina platensis against γ-irradiation (R) and/or thioacetamide (TAA)-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Rats intoxicated with R or TAA showed alterations in kidney function markers (urea, creatinine, albumin, and total protein contents), oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione), antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase), and several inflammatory markers (including, the high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interferon-gamma, some interleukins, and nuclear factor-kappa B). Rats also acquired apoptosis, evinced by high caspase-3 efficacy. This nephrotoxicity mediated by upregulation of the messenger RNA (mRNA) gene expression of the autophagy markers: Beclin-1, microtubule-associated protein LC3, p62 binding protein, immunoglobulin G receptor Fcγ receptor (FcγR), micro-RNA-1 (miR-1), protein expression of phospho-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, and phospho-mammalian target of rapamycin, along with downregulation of miR-146a mRNA gene expression and alteration of calcium and iron levels. The combined treatment R/TAA enhanced the observed oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy that mediated by higher upregulation of miR-1 and downregulation of miR-146a mRNA gene expression. Spirulina platensis administration exhibited a nephroprotective impact on R, TAA, and R/TAA toxicities via regulating miR-1 and miR-146a mRNA gene expression that monitored adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling.
Phylogeny of Chrysopidae (Neuroptera), with emphasis on morphological trait evolution
Authors: Breitkreuz Laura C V , Garzón-Orduña Ivonne J , Winterton Shaun L , Engel Michael S 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We present a phylogeny of Chrysopidae inferred from combining molecular and morphological data. Apochrysinae were recovered as sister to the rest of the family (Nothochrysinae and Chrysopinae). The monogeneric tribe Nothancylini is confirmed as sister to the remaining Chrysopinae. The other four tribes are grouped in two clades: Belonopterygini + Leucochrysini and Ankylopterygini + Chrysopini. The Nineta-group is herein transferred from Chrysopini to Ankylopterygini. Within the diverse and species-rich Chrysopini we recognize five genus-group clades: Chrysopa, Chrysoperla, Chrysopodes, Eremochrysa and Meleoma generic groups. The mapping of characters, such as the parameres, the tignum, the im cell or the tibial spurs, on the phylogeny provides insights into the evolution of these traits in the family. In addition, we propose the following taxonomic changes to the classification of the family: the inclusion of Chrysopidia, Nineta and Tumeochrysa in the tribe Ankylopterygini, and the synonymization of Furcochrysa with Chrysopa.
Genome Sequence Resource for Nigrospora oryzae, an Important Pathogenic Fungus Threatening Crop Production
Authors: Wang Yafei , Yao Jinai , Li Zhiqiang , Huo Jianfei , Zhou Shaoqun , Liu Wende , Wu Hanxiang 
Published: March 2021

Nigrospora oryzae is an important phytopathogenic fungus with a broad host range. Here, we report an annotated draft of the genome of N. oryzae field strain GZL1 collected from maize assembled from PacBio and Illumina sequencing reads. The assembly we obtained has 15 scaffolds with an N50 length of 4,037,616 bp. The resulting GZL1 draft genome is 43,214,190 bp, with GC content of 58.19%. The completeness of GZL1 genome assembly is 99.30%. This study is the first report of the genome sequence of N. oryzae, which can facilitate future study of the genetic variation and pathogenic mechanism of this important fungal pathogen. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Emerging developments in the forefront of peanut oral immunotherapy
Authors: Pepper Amber N. , Sriaroon Panida , Casale Thomas B. 
Published: March 2021

Purpose of review
Despite the COVID-19 pandemic, progress continued in the field of peanut oral immunotherapy over the past 12 to 18 months. Of importance, the first oral immunotherapy product for the treatment of peanut allergy was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in January 2020.

Recent findings
Suggested modifications to the practice of oral immunotherapy, some of which may have lasting impacts, were circulated as a result of the pandemic. New advances in pathophysiology, sustained unresponsiveness, quality of life, safety, and cost effectiveness were also published.

Summary
During 2020, COVID-19 influenced the daily practice of allergy and immunology, with peanut oral immunotherapy being no exception. However, clinicians now have a FDA-approved treatment option for peanut allergy in children, a welcome development for a difficult disease. Future research is needed to clarify several knowledge deficits surrounding the best use of peanut OIT.
Current Parental Leave Policies for Medical Students at U.S. Medical Schools: A Comparative Study
Authors: Kraus Molly B. , Talbott Jennifer M.V. , Melikian Ryan , Merrill Sarah A. , Stonnington Cynthia M. , Hayes Sharonne N. , Files Julia A. , Kouloumberis Pelagia E. 
Published: March 2021

Purpose
Parental leave for new parents is essential as they adjust to the physical and psychological changes that accompany childbirth and caring for a newborn. This study sought to determine the current state of parental leave policies for medical students at medical schools in the United States.

Method
From November to December 2019, 2 researchers independently reviewed the websites of 199 U.S. MD-granting and DO-granting medical schools (including in U.S. territories). Online student handbooks and school webpages were searched for the following keywords: “pregnant” OR “pregnancy” OR “maternity” OR “parent” OR “family” OR “child” OR “birth.” Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Fisher’s exact tests evaluated differences in proportion by group.

Results
Of 199 schools, 65 (32.66%) had parental leave policies available online or in the handbook: 39 of 155 (25.16%) MD-granting and 26 of 44 (59.09%) DO-granting schools. Of those policies, 59 (90.77%) were included in the student handbook. Most policies (28, 43.08%) were included as an option within the school’s general leave of absence policy. Both parents were included in 38 (58.46%) policies; 23 (35.38%) policies mentioned only mothers; and 4 (6.15%) were unknown. An option to maintain original graduation date was offered in 21 (32.1%) schools’ policies. Three schools (4.62%) included adoption as qualifying for parental leave. When comparing MD and DO programs, DO programs were statistically more likely to have a parental leave policy: 39 (25.16%) vs 26 (59.09%); P < .001.

Conclusions
Balancing medical school with pregnancy and childbirth necessitates administrative support to address the inherent scheduling challenges. Currently, many schools lack parental leave policies for medical students that are easily accessible, are separate from formal leaves of absence, allow for at least 12 weeks, and are tailored to the student academic year to ensure on-time completion of medical education.
Surgical Versus Nonsurgical Treatment of Lateral Clavicle Fractures: A Short-Term Follow-Up of Treatment and Complications in 122 Patients
Authors: Kihlström Caroline , Hailer Nils P. , Wolf Olof 
Published: March 2021

Objectives:
To assess the total number of procedures in initially surgically and nonsurgically treated patients with lateral clavicle fractures and to compare patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs).

Design:
Retrospective cohort study.

Setting:
Level 1 trauma center.

Patients:
One hundred twenty-two patients with lateral clavicle fractures treated at Uppsala University Hospital from 2013 to 2015 were included in a patient record review. A subgroup of 30 patients was assessed at a study follow-up visit at a median of 3 years postinjury.

Intervention:
Comparisons between initially surgically and nonsurgically treated patients.

Main Outcome Measurements:
Rates of surgical treatment, reoperations, and delayed surgeries. PROM subgroup: Constant score; Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand score; and Visual Analog Scale over satisfaction with the cosmetic results and interview-based information on subjective complaints and reflections.

Results:
Of 23 surgically treated patients (22 Neer type II and V fractures), 10 underwent subsequent implant removal, after which 1 developed symptomatic nonunion. Of 99 nonsurgically treated patients (36 Neer type II and V fractures), 2 underwent delayed surgery because of symptomatic nonunion. In the PROM subgroup, the surgically treated patients had worse Constant scores, complained of infraclavicular sensory deficits, and were less satisfied with the cosmetic result than the nonsurgically treated patients.

Conclusions:
Half of the surgically treated patients underwent implant removal, whereas delayed surgeries in nonsurgically treated patients were very rare. Nonsurgical treatment should be considered more often as an alternative to surgery even for the usually surgically treated Neer type II and V lateral clavicle fractures.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Spine Surgeons Burnout and Quality of Life
Authors: Abduljabbar Fahad H. , Teles Alisson R. , Ouellet Jean A. , Ferland Catherine E. , Wong Chung Chek , Barbagallo Giuseppe , Brodke Darrel , Al-Mutair Abdulaziz , Riew K. Daniel , Falavigna Asdrubal 
Published: March 2021

Study Design.
Cross-sectional survey study.

Objective.
To evaluate the prevalence of burnout, assess the personal and professional characteristics associated with burnout in spine surgeons and determine their quality of life.

Summary of Background Data.
Burnout is a syndrome characterized by emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and decreased sense of accomplishment that leads to decreased effectiveness at work. To date, there has been a lack of information on the prevalence of burnout among spine surgeons worldwide and the risk factors associated with this condition.

Methods.
An electronic survey with members of AO Spine was performed in May 2018. The survey evaluated demographic variables, practice characteristics, burnout, and quality of life. Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and EuroQol 5-dimensions (EQ5D) were used to evaluate burnout and quality of life, respectively.

Results.
A total of 818 surgeons from 86 countries completed the survey. The prevalence of burnout was 30.6%. In the multiple linear model, emotional fatigue was independently associated with younger age (B = –0.17, CI95% = –0.26 to –0.07, P < 0.0001), and longer working hours per week (B = –2.71, CI95% = –4.34 to –1.07, P = 0.001); depersonalization was independently associated with younger age (B = –0.13, CI95% = –0.19 to –0.07, P < 0.0001), practicing outside Latin America (LA) (B = 0.71, CI95% = 0.41–1.01, P < 0.0001) and currently being a fellow (B = 0.54, CI95% = 0.06–1.02, P = 0.02); and higher scores of personal fulfilment was associated with practicing in LA (B = –1.27, CI95% = –1.69 to –0.85, P < 0.0001).

Conclusion.
Burnout is a common condition among spine surgeons worldwide. There is a significant association between burnout scores and decreased general quality of life. These results highlight the need to develop interventional programs to better identify, prevent, and manage this condition among practicing spine surgeons.

Level of Evidence: 4
Global Trends of Researches on Lumbar Spinal Stenosis
Authors: Yin Mengchen , Wang Hongshen , Sun Yijun , Xu Chongqing , Ye Jie , Ma Junming , Wang Dan , Mo Wen 
Published: March 2021

Study Design:
Bibliometric and visualization analysis.

Objective:
Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) has become a common health problem and the most frequent indication for spinal surgery. This study aimed to illustrate the overall knowledge structure, and development trends of LSS, using a bibliometric analysis and newly developed visualization tools.

Materials and Methods:
Research data sets were acquired from the Web of Science. The time span was defined as “2000–2019”. VOS viewer and Citespace software was provided to analyze the data and generate visualization knowledge maps. Annual trend of publications, distribution, H-index status, co-authorship status and research hotspots were analyzed.

Results:
A total of 1934 publications met the requirement. The United States published most papers (521, 26.9%), both total citations (17,626) and H-index (61) ranked first of all the countries. The most productive organizations on LSS is Seoul National University (50). Spine (43) published the most papers on LSS. Quality of life, risk factor, disability, double blind trials, and decompression surgery are the research hotspots in the recent years.

Conclusion:
The number of publications showed an upward trend with a stable rise in recent years. The United States is a country with the highest productivity, not only in quality, but also in quantity. Seoul National University has been the largest contributor in this field. Spine is the best journal related to LSS. Quality of life, risk factor, disability, and decompression surgery are the research hotspots in the recent years. Indeed, this study provides a new insight to the growth and development of LSS. Moreover, it will contribute to the growth of the international frontier of LSS.
Proximal Fixation in Adolescent Scoliosis Lenke 1 and 3 Treated by Posteromedial Translation Using Sublaminar Bands
Authors: Langlais Tristan , Rougereau Grégoire , Bruncottan Baptiste , Bolzinger Manon , Accadbled Franck , Compagnon Roxane , Sales de Gauzy Jérôme 
Published: March 2021

Study Design:
This is retrospective comparative study.

Summary or Background Data:
Numerous studies have focused on the efficacy, safety, and restoration of thoracic kyphosis in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis surgery using posteromedial translation method with sublaminar bands and hook claws at the top. The relevance of exchanging the penultimate anchor, that is, the pedicle hook with a pedicle screw in a hybrid construction has not yet been assessed.

Objective:
Our objective was to assess, in adolescent scoliosis Lenke 1 and 3 operated by posteromedial translation using sublaminar bands, the proximal fixation claw influence (transverse-pedicular hook vs. transverse hook-pedicular screw) for postoperative correction and the proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK) at 2 years follow-up.

Materials and Methods:
A comparative monocentric retrospective study included adolescent idiopathic scoliosis thoracic requiring surgery, between 2015 and 2017, with 2 years follow-up. Clinical (complications, revision surgery, and scoliosis research society-30) and radiographic (coronal and sagittal parameters) assessment were reported. Radiologic PJK was defined by a proximal junctional angle increase of 10 degrees or more between postoperative period and the last follow-up.

Results:
Sixty patients (age at surgery=16±2 y; mean Cobb angle=58.2±12 degrees) were divided into 2 similar groups according to upper fixation: transverse-pedicular hook (H-H) and transverse hook-pedicle screw (S-H). No statistical differences were found for correction parameters (P>0.05). We reported 2 cases of PJK in H-H group (N=2/30=6.6%) and none in S-H group (N=0/30) (P=0.1) none requiring revision. No infectious or neurological events were reported. Mean scoliosis research society-30 was 126±12.7 in H-H group whereas 129.3±10 in S-H group (P=0.4).

Conclusions:
No differences in postoperative correction and clinical results at 2 years follow-up were found. A claw with transverse-pedicular hook increase proximal junctional angle without significant increase on radiographic PJK incidence compared with a claw with transverse hook and pedicle screws.
Clinical Comparison of Combined Cortical Bone Trajectory and Transarticular Surface Screw Versus Standard Pedicle Screw Insertion by Wiltse Approach for L5 Isthmic Spondylolisthesis
Authors: Terai Hidetomi , Tamai Koji , Takahashi Shinji , Umano Masayuki , Iwamae Masayoshi , Toyoda Hiromitsu , Suzuki Akinobu , Hoshino Masatoshi , Nakamura Hiroaki 
Published: March 2021

Study Design:
This was a retrospective cohort study.

Objective:
The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness and invasiveness of a combined screw insertion technique [using cortical bone trajectory (CBT) screw and transarticular surface screw (TASS)] for patients with L5 isthmic spondylolisthesis.

Summary of Background Data:
Lumbosacral posterior fixation using TASS is safe, with high biomechanical strength. However, data regarding its clinical outcomes, effectiveness, and invasiveness, are lacking.

Materials and Methods:
This study included 111 patients who underwent single-level L5–S1 posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) for L5 isthmic spondylolisthesis. The cohort was stratified into 2 groups: the Wiltse group included patients who underwent PLIF between 2008 and 2013 with standard pedicle screw fixation via Wiltse approach and the CBT/TASS group included those who underwent PLIF from 2014 onward with CBT/TASS fixation. After propensity score matching of the CBT/TASS and Wiltse groups, the surgical times, estimated blood loss (EBL), length of in-hospital stays, clinical scores, serum creatine kinase concentration, radiographic parameters, and bone union rate were compared using the χ2 test or Mann-Whitney U test. In addition, multivariate linear regression analyses, with surgical time and EBL as objective variables applied after Box-Cox transformation, were performed.

Results:
The matched CBT/TASS group showed significantly shorter surgical times (P<0.001), lower EBL (P=0.032), shorter in-hospital stays (P=0.005), and lower 3-day postoperative serum creatine kinase concentrations (P=0.014) than the matched Wiltse group. However, neither the postoperative grade of spondylolisthesis, the L5–S1 lordotic angle, nor the clinical scores were significantly different between matched groups. The bone union rates were 94.7% and 96.2% in the matched CBT/TASS and Wiltse groups, respectively (P=1.000). Regression analysis showed that CBT/TASS was an independent factor significantly related to shorter surgical times and lower EBL (P<0.001 and P=0.001, respectively).

Conclusion:
Compared with Wiltse approach, CBT/TASS is a less invasive technique, with a shorter surgical time and sufficient clinical outcomes for patients with L5 isthmic spondylolisthesis.

Level of Evidence:
Level III—treatment benefits.
Genome-wide long non-coding RNA association study on Han Chinese women identifies lncHSAT164 as a novel susceptibility gene for breast cancer
Authors: Xu Jing-Kai , Li Guo-Zheng , Li Zhi , Li Wen-Jing , Chen Run-Sheng , Zhang Bo , Zhang Xue-Jun 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background:
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)-associated genes and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) can contribute to human disease. To comprehensively investigate the contribution of lncRNAs to breast cancer, we performed the first genome-wide lncRNA association study on Han Chinese women.

Methods:
We designed an lncRNA array containing >800,000 SNPs, which was incorporated into a 96-array plate by Affymetrix (CapitalBio Technology, China). Subsequently, we performed a two-stage genome-wide lncRNA association study on Han Chinese women covering 11,942 individuals (5634 breast cancer patients and 6308 healthy controls). Additionally, in vitro gain or loss of function strategies were performed to clarify the function of a novel SNP-associated gene.

Results:
We identified a novel breast cancer-associated susceptibility SNP, rs11066150 (P
meta = 2.34 × 10−8), and a previously reported SNP, rs9397435 (P
meta = 4.32 × 10−38), in Han Chinese women. rs11066150 is located in NONHSAT164009.1 (lncHSAT164), which is highly expressed in breast cancer tissues and cell lines. lncHSAT164 overexpression promoted colony formation, whereas lncHSAT164 knockdown promoted cell apoptosis and reduced colony formation by regulating the cell cycle.

Conclusions:
Based on our lncRNA array, we identified a novel breast cancer-associated lncRNA and found that lncHSAT164 may contribute to breast cancer by regulating the cell cycle. These findings suggest a potential therapeutic target in breast cancer.
Immunohistochemical ALK Expression in Granular Cell Atypical Fibroxanthoma: A Diagnostic Pitfall for ALK-Rearranged Non-neural Granular Cell Tumor
Authors: Brown Ryanne A. , Cloutier Jeffrey M. , Bahrani Eman , Liman Agnes , Tasso David , Palmer Adrian , Manning Melanie A. , Galperin Ilana , Rieger Kerri E. , Novoa Roberto A. , Lau Hubert , Louie Christine Y. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract:Atypical fibroxanthoma (AFX) is a neoplasm that most commonly occurs on sun-damaged skin of the head and neck in elderly patients and that usually exhibits indolent clinical behavior with complete excision. The granular cell variant of AFX demonstrates overlapping histopathologic features with dermal non-neural granular cell tumor (NNGCT), which typically arises on the extremities of young to middle aged adults with rare reports of regional metastasis. A subset of NNGCT harborsALKrearrangements and expresses ALK by immunohistochemistry. Here, we present 2 cases of granular cell AFX occurring on the scalp of males aged 73 and 87 with ALK expression by immunohistochemistry and no evidence of anALKrearrangement on fluorescence in situ hybridization, representing a diagnostic pitfall for NNGCT.
Novel Approach to Removal of Rectal Foreign Bodies
Authors: Chilakamarry Sitaram , Klipfel Adam A. 
Published: March 2021

BACKGROUND:
Retained rectal foreign bodies are a common concern in patients presenting to the emergency department. Thankfully, the rates of injury from these retained objects are low. Numerous techniques have been described for the extraction of these foreign bodies, including using endoscopic snares, Foley catheters to break suction mechanisms, and various kinds of clamps to grasp the objects. Some foreign bodies may not be amenable to snaring or grasping with forceps. We describe the use of laparoscopic specimen extraction bags to remove such objects.

TECHNIQUE:
The patient is placed in the lithotomy position under the appropriate level of anesthesia. The extraction bag is opened out of the pouch, and the metallic ring is lubricated. The ring is then compressed with 1 hand and gently guided into the rectum between the rectal wall and the foreign body with the other hand. The ring is then allowed to expand, and the foreign body is encircled. The bag is then closed around it, and the object is removed.

RESULTS:
The specimen-extraction bag works especially well for spherical objects and objects that are hard to grasp with clamps. We were able to extract a billiard ball and a glitter ball with this technique. It has minimal risk of injury to the rectum.

CONCLUSIONS:
Colorectal surgeons have a wide array of tools to use, and it is prudent to cater the tool to the task at hand. We can refashion the laparoscopic specimen extraction bag for removal of certain foreign bodies. It behooves the surgeon to consider all the tools at his or her disposal and to consider the best one for the job.