bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conservation planning for people and nature in a Chilean biodiversity hotspot
Authors: Martinez‐Harms Maria Jose , Wilson Kerrie A. , Costa Micheli D. P. , Possingham Hugh P. , Gelcich Stefan , Chauvenet Alienor , Pliscoff Patricio , Marquet Pablo A. , Bryan Brett A. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe Mediterranean‐type climate region of Chile is a globally unique biodiversity hotspot but its protected area system does not adequately represent the biological diversity, nor does it provide equitable access to people.We explored options to expand the protected area system to cost‐effectively improve the conservation of forest ecosystem types while simultaneously enhancing social accessibility to protected areas. Social accessibility is defined as the access of municipalities to cultural ecosystem services provided by protected areas which depends on distance to highly demanded protected areas and income of the municipalities.Using systematic conservation planning methods, we identified priority areas for extending the existing protected area system that: (a) minimise land acquisition cost, (b) maximise social accessibility and (c) optimise for both cost and accessibility.The results show that it is possible to improve social accessibility while simultaneously minimising land cost. Considering cost alone, the protected area system could be expanded to improve biodiversity conservation by 86% at the cost of $47 million USD, which would also increase the accessibility of protected areas by 12%. Accessibility can be increased by a further 18% by jointly considering cost and accessibility without compromising the cost or biodiversity performance.New private conservation policy developed in Chile could help offset the costs of conservation through novel public–private partnerships. Our results can provide specific guidance to policymakers to strategically identify new locations for protected areas which cost‐effectively improve biodiversity conservation, while at the same time reducing inequality in social accessibility. The consideration of social access in reserve design could increase the success of protected areas as a conservation tool by bringing people closer to nature.A freePlain Language Summarycan be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
The impact of regulation changes in the spontaneous reporting system for vaccines on reporting trends and signal detection in Japan
Authors: Miyazaki Makoto , Sakai Takamasa , Obara Taku , Mano Nariyasu 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPurposeSpontaneous reporting constitutes one of the most fundamental and important systems for pharmacovigilance. In Japan, important regulation changes in the vaccine spontaneous reporting were implemented between 2009 and 2013; however, no studies had yet assessed the impact of the changes. The objective of this study was to assess the impact on the reporting trends in vaccine reports and on signal detection for vaccines.MethodsFor assessment of the impact on the reporting trends, we performed the joinpoint trend analysis and descriptively considered number of vaccine reports grouped by the timing of the regulation change. For assessment of the impact on signal detection, we performed signal detection using dataset during the pre or postperiod of the regulation changes, and compared their agreement rates, which was calculated with a reference set for vaccines, created by the Global Research in Paediatrics project.ResultsWe retrieved 467 635 spontaneous reports, including 12 287 vaccine reports from April 2004 to March 2019. The average number of vaccine reports per year increased from 231 reports during the preperiod to 1227 during the postperiod. The joinpoint trend analysis found two joinpoints and differentiated three trends, significant increased trend of which was observed when regulations had changed. For signal detection, the agreement rate was improved when using data during the postperiod.ConclusionWe concluded that the regulation changes increased the number of vaccine reports, and could have improved signal detection performance for vaccines by accelerating accumulation of reports, while more spontaneous reports are necessary to optimize signal detection.
Synthesis of waterborne acrylic copolymer resin as a binding agent for the development of water‐based inks in the printing application
Authors: Sharma Bhavna , Sauraj Singh , Kumar Bijender , Pandey Arun , Dutt Dharm , Negi Yuvraj Singh , Maji Pradip K. , Kulshreshtha Anurag 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn this study, a new waterborne acrylic copolymer resin (acrylic‐co‐resin) was synthesized to develop water‐based printing inks on polyester (PET) film. The synthesized acrylic resin showed good water solubility, high acid value (120 mg KOH/g), about 57% solid content. The developed water‐based inks (cyan, magenta, and yellow) exhibited small particle size (<1 μm) and optimum surface energy within required values (31.5, 32, and 30 mN/m) for good adhesion of ink upon PET films. The developed inks also showed good storage stability for 30 days. Further, to evaluate the application performance, the inks were printed on corona‐treated PET films at room temperature, and the ink drying time was measured. Further, the inks were printed on the corona‐treated PET film to evaluate the application performance. The developed inks showed a short drying time (7–9 s), which indicates their fast drying nature. Moreover, the developed inks showed good printability, color strength, high adhesion, and excellent rub‐resistant properties. Thus, the overall results demonstrated the potential of water‐based inks in printing applications.
Influence of Void Configurations on Hot Spot Temperature in PBXs under Impact Loading
Authors: Liu Chun , Ou Zhuo Cheng , Duan Zhuo Ping , Huang Feng Lei 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn this study, similarity analysis and mesoscale simulations were performed to investigate hot spot temperatures in triangular voids inside polymer‐bonded explosives (PBXs). We found that there are two different void collapse modes, namely single and double hydrodynamic jet modes. The hot spot temperatures achieved in the double hydrodynamic jet mode are much higher than previous predictions, such as predictions based on circular voids, which agrees with recent experimental observations. Additionally, we verified that void configuration (position and shape) plays a significant role in increasing hot spot temperatures, implying that when establishing a mesoscale reaction rate model, it is insufficient to use void volume alone to characterize the impact sensitivity of PBXs. Finally, two semi‐empirical analytical expressions are proposed to represent the dependence of hot spot temperature on both the void configuration and shock intensity. The resulting theoretical predictions are in good agreement with the numerically simulated results. Such mesoscale analytical expressions can be used for establishing theoretical mesoscale hot spot ignition rate models in the future.
High‐precision measurement of phenylalanine and glutamic acid δ15N by coupling ion‐exchange chromatography and purge‐and‐trap continuous‐flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry
Authors: Zhang Lin , Lee Wing‐man (Charlotte) , Kreider‐Mueller Ava , Kuhnel Evelyn , Baca Jesus , Ji Chongxiao , Altabet Mark 
Published: March 2021

RationaleNitrogen isotopic compositions (δ15N) of source and trophic amino acids (AAs) are crucial tracers of N sources and trophic enrichments in diverse fields, including archeology, astrobiochemistry, ecology, oceanography, and paleo‐sciences. The current analytical technique using gas chromatography‐combustion‐isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS) requires derivatization, which is not compatible with some key AAs. Another approach using high‐performance liquid chromatography‐elemental analyzer‐IRMS (HPLC/EA/IRMS) may experience coelution issues with other compounds in certain types of samples, and the highly sensitive nano‐EA/IRMS instrumentations are not widely available.MethodsWe present a method for high‐precision δ15N measurements of AAs (δ15N‐AA) optimized for canonical source AA‐phenylalanine (Phe) and trophic AA‐glutamic acid (Glu). This offline approach entails purification and separation via high‐pressure ion‐exchange chromatography (IC) with automated fraction collection, the sequential chemical conversion of AA to nitrite and then to nitrous oxide (N2O), and the final determination of δ15N of the produced N2O via purge‐and‐trap continuous‐flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry (PT/CF/IRMS).ResultsThe cross‐plots of δ15N of Glu and Phe standards (four different natural‐abundance levels) generated by this method and their accepted values have a linear regression slope of 1 and small intercepts demonstrating high accuracy. The precisions were 0.36‰–0.67‰ for Phe standards and 0.27‰–0.35‰ for Glu standards. Our method and the GC/C/IRMS approach produced equivalent δ15N values for two lab standards (McCarthy Lab AA mixture and cyanobacteria) within error. We further tested our method on a wide range of natural sample matrices and obtained reasonable results.ConclusionsOur method provides a reliable alternative to the current methods for δ15N‐AA measurement as IC or HPLC‐based techniques that can collect underivatized AAs are widely available. Our chemical approach that converts AA to N2O can be easily implemented in laboratories currently analyzing δ15N of N2O using PT/CF/IRMS. This method will help promote the use of δ15N‐AA in important studies of N cycling and trophic ecology in a wide range of research areas.
Architectural Engineering Achieves High‐Performance Alloying Anodes for Lithium and Sodium Ion Batteries
Authors: Guo Songtao , Feng Yuezhan , Wang Libin , Jiang Yingjun , Yu Yan , Hu Xianluo 
Published: March 2021

AbstractTremendous efforts have been dedicated to the development of high‐performance electrochemical energy storage devices. The development of lithium‐ and sodium‐ion batteries (LIBs and SIBs) with high energy densities is urgently needed to meet the growing demands for portable electronic devices, electric vehicles, and large‐scale smart grids. Anode materials with high theoretical capacities that are based on alloying storage mechanisms are at the forefront of research geared towards high‐energy‐density LIBs or SIBs. However, they often suffer from severe pulverization and rapid capacity decay due to their huge volume change upon cycling. So far, a wide variety of advanced materials and electrode structures are developed to improve the long‐term cyclability of alloying‐type materials. This review provides fundamentals of anti‐pulverization and cutting‐edge concepts that aim to achieve high‐performance alloying anodes for LIBs/SIBs from the viewpoint of architectural engineering. The recent progress on the effective strategies of nanostructuring, incorporation of carbon, intermetallics design, and binder engineering is systematically summarized. After that, the relationship between architectural design and electrochemical performance as well as the related charge‐storage mechanisms is discussed. Finally, challenges and perspectives of alloying‐type anode materials for further development in LIB/SIB applications are proposed.
Crystalline Porous Materials for Nonlinear Optics
Authors: Shi Rongchao , Han Xiao , Xu Jialiang , Bu Xian‐He 
Published: March 2021

AbstractCrystalline porous materials have been extensively explored for wide applications in many fields including nonlinear optics (NLO) for frequency doubling, two‐photon absorption/emission, optical limiting effect, photoelectric conversion, and biological imaging. The structural diversity and flexibility of the crystalline porous materials such as the metal–organic frameworks, covalent organic frameworks, and polyoxometalates provide numerous opportunities to orderly organize the dipolar chromophores and to systemically modify the type and concentration of these dipolar chromophores in the confined spaces, which are highly desirable for NLO. Here, the recent advances in the crystalline porous NLO materials are discussed. The second‐order NLO of crystalline porous materials have been mainly devoted to the chiral and achiral structures, while the third‐order NLO crystalline porous materials have been categorized into pure organic and hybrid organic/inorganic materials. Some representative properties and applications of these crystalline porous materials in the NLO regime are highlighted. The future perspective of challenges as well as the potential research directions of crystalline porous materials have been also proposed.
Engineering All‐Purpose Amorphous Carbon Nanotubes with High N/O‐Co‐Doping Content to Bridge the Alkali‐Ion Batteries and Li Metal Batteries
Authors: Zhang Xiao‐Hua , Jiang Ru , Fan Chao‐Ying , Xie Dan , Li Bao , Zhang Jing‐Ping , Wu Xing‐Long 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAll‐purpose electrode materials (APEMs), which can be effectively available on not only alkali‐ion batteries but also emerging Li metal batteries, are urgently pursued to open up cost‐efficient tactics for practical application of energy storage systems (ESSs), but still remain challenging. Herein, the hierarchical porous carbon nanotubes network (NOPCT) with well‐tailored nanoarchitecture and high N/O‐co‐doping content (20.6 at%) is developed to present large‐span application on ESSs. As for Li/Na‐ion batteries, the NOPCT delivered excellent cycle stability and robust rate performance in a conventional ester‐based electrolyte. Moreover, NOPCT also serving as a metal Li host can effectively guide smooth and uniform Li nucleation/growth to enhance the cycle stability of hybrid Li metal anodes. In addition, the NOPCT played an important role in the sustainability of sulfur electrodes, promising the feasibility of shared NOPCT for practical Li–S batteries. First‐principle calculations demonstrate that graphitic‐N and CO function groups favor for improving electron conductivity while the pyridinic‐N and CO function group make sense for improved Li/Na adsorption and affinity through Lewis acid‐base interaction, enlightening the interplay between various doped categories on improved electrochemical performance of NOPCT. This work provides profound theoretical and experimental insight into the design and development of APEMs for advanced ESSs.
Arrayed MoS2–In0.53Ga0.47As van der Waals Heterostructure for High‐Speed and Broadband Detection from Visible to Shortwave‐Infrared Light
Authors: Geum Dae‐Myeong , Kim Suhyun , Khym JiHoon , Lim Jinha , Kim SeongKwang , Ahn Seung‐Yeop , Kim Tae Soo , Kang Kibum , Kim SangHyeon 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA high‐speed and broadband 5 × 5 photodetector array based on MoS2/In0.53Ga0.47As heterojunction is successfully demonstrated to take full advantage of the type‐II band‐aligned multilayer MoS2/In0.53Ga0.47As. The fabricated devices exhibit good uniformity in the Raman spectrum and clear rectifying characteristics. The fabricated MoS2/In0.53Ga0.47As photodetectors show good optical performances at a broad wavelength range showing high responsivities corresponding to the detectivity of ≈1010 Jones at −3 V for the incident broadband light from 400 to 1550 nm. A very fast photoresponse is also obtained with a small rise/fall time in the order of microseconds both for visible (638 nm) and shortwave infrared (1310 nm). Finally, the image scanning properties of MoS2/In0.53Ga0.47As devices are demonstrated for visible and infrared light, indicating that the suggested device is one of the promising options for future broadband imager, which can be integrated on the focal plane arrays (FPAs).
Formierung der Montage zur Leitdisziplin des Stahlgroßbrückenbaus in den 1960er‐Jahren (Teil 4)
Authors: Pelke Eberhard , Kurrer Karl‐Eugen 
Published: March 2021

AbstractStand im Teil 3 dieser Aufsatzserie die Ausdifferenzierung des Freivorbaus als Hauptmontageverfahren im Zentrum, so wird im Folgenden der Pfadwechsel von der Material‐ zur Arbeitszeitökonomie im bundesdeutschen Stahlbrückenbau der 1960er‐Jahre in seiner Auswirkung auf die Montage exemplarisch dargestellt.
Simplified time‐dependent crack width prediction for fiber reinforced concrete flexural members
Authors: Watts Murray J. , Amin Ali , Gilbert Raymond I. , Kaufmann Walter , Minelli Fausto 
Published: March 2021

AbstractOne of the main areas where it is generally accepted that fibers play a significant contribution in construction practice is in the control of cracking. The primary objective of the fibers is to traverse cracks after they nucleate. The fibers provide some post‐cracking resistance to the otherwise brittle concrete. Much of the research contained in the literature on the cracking behavior of fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) members has focused on instantaneous load scenarios, without much consideration for the long‐term behavior (i.e., for members which are subjected to a sustained service moment). This is mirrored in design standards where limited guidance is provided to engineers to predict and assess the long‐term serviceability performance of FRC members. This paper presents a simplified model, which may be suitable for design, that can reliably predict the cracking behavior, over time, of FRC members subjected to a sustained in‐service flexural load. Predictions of the proposed model are compared to both instantaneous and long‐term data available in the literature. Satisfactory correlation is observed.
Uncommon Four‐Membered Building Blocks – Cyclobutenes, Azetines and Thietes
Authors: Didier Dorian , Reiners Felix 
Published: March 2021

AbstractStrained ring systems have gained considerable importance over the last few years for their implication in natural product syntheses or in drug discovery programs. We present herein a recollection of our work on the construction and functionalization of unsaturated four‐membered carbo‐ and heterocycles in the context of the literature, as well as their applications in further reactions.
Recent Advances in Multicomponent Reactions with Organic and Inorganic Sulfur Compounds
Authors: Tang Qinqin , Yin Xianjie , Kuchukulla Ratnakar Reddy , Zeng Qingle 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn recent years, multicomponent reactions with inorganic and organic sulfur compounds as one of reactants have achieved a remarkable development. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the multicomponent reactions involving sulfur components, which include elemental sulfur, sodium metabisulfite, sodium hyposulfite, potassium pyrosulfite, DABSO, sodium sulfide, thiocyanate, sulfur dioxide, carbon disulfide and other divalent, tetravalent and hexavalent organosulfur compounds.
Electrochemically Driven Radical Reactions: From Direct Electrolysis to Molecular Catalysis
Authors: Chen Na , Xu Hai‐Chao 
Published: March 2021

AbstractOrganic radicals are versatile synthetic intermediates that provide reactivities and selectivities complementary to ionic species. Despite its long history, electrochemically driven radical reactions remain limited in scope. In the past few years, there have been dramatic increase in research activity in organic electrochemistry. We have been developing electrochemical and electrophotocatalytic methods for the generation and synthetic utilization of organic radicals. In our studies, various radical species such as alkene and arene radical cations and carbon‐ and heteroatom‐centered radicals are generated from readily available precursors through direct electrolysis, molecular electrocatalysis or molecular electrophotocatalysis. These radical species undergo various inter‐ and intramolecular oxidative transformations to rapidly increase molecular complexity. The simultaneous occurrence of anodic oxidation and cathodic proton reduction allows the oxidative reactions to proceed through H2 evolution without external chemical oxidants.
Consequences of recurrent hypoglycaemia on brain function in diabetes
Authors: McCrimmon Rory J. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe discovery of insulin and its subsequent mass manufacture transformed the lives of people with type 1 and 2 diabetes. Insulin, however, was a drug with a ‘dark side’. It brought with it the risk of iatrogenic hypoglycaemia. In this short review, the cellular consequences of recurrent hypoglycaemia, with a particular focus on the brain, are discussed. Using the ventromedial hypothalamus as an exemplar, this review highlights how recurrent hypoglycaemia has an impact on the specialised cells in the brain that are critical to the regulation of glucose homeostasis and the counterregulatory response to hypoglycaemia. In these cells, recurrent hypoglycaemia initiates a series of adaptations that ensure that they are more resilient to subsequent hypoglycaemia, but this leads to impaired hypoglycaemia awareness and a paradoxical increased risk of severe hypoglycaemia. This review also highlights how hypoglycaemia, as an oxidative stressor, may also exacerbate chronic hyperglycaemia-induced increases in oxidative stress and inflammation, leading to damage to vulnerable brain regions (and other end organs) and accelerating cognitive decline. Pre-clinical research indicates that glucose recovery following hypoglycaemia is considered a period where reactive oxygen species generation and oxidative stress are pronounced and can exacerbate the longer-term consequence of chronic hypoglycaemia. It is proposed that prior glycaemic control, hypoglycaemia and the degree of rebound hyperglycaemia interact synergistically to accelerate oxidative stress and inflammation, which may explain why increased glycaemic variability is now increasingly considered a risk factor for the complications of diabetes.
Graphical abstract
Disuse Osteoporosis: Clinical and Mechanistic Insights
Authors: Rolvien Tim , Amling Michael 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDisuse osteoporosis describes a state of bone loss due to local skeletal unloading or systemic immobilization. This review will discuss advances in the field that have shed light on clinical observations, mechanistic insights and options for the treatment of disuse osteoporosis. Clinical settings of disuse osteoporosis include spinal cord injury, other neurological and neuromuscular disorders, immobilization after fractures and bed rest (real or modeled). Furthermore, spaceflight-induced bone loss represents a well-known adaptive process to microgravity. Clinical studies have outlined that immobilization leads to immediate bone loss in both the trabecular and cortical compartments accompanied by relatively increased bone resorption and decreased bone formation. The fact that the low bone formation state has been linked to high levels of the osteocyte-secreted protein sclerostin is one of the many findings that has brought matrix-embedded, mechanosensitive osteocytes into focus in the search for mechanistic principles. Previous basic research has primarily involved rodent models based on tail suspension, spaceflight and other immobilization methods, which have underlined the importance of osteocytes in the pathogenesis of disuse osteoporosis. Furthermore, molecular-based in vitro and in vivo approaches have revealed that osteocytes sense mechanical loading through mechanosensors that translate extracellular mechanical signals to intracellular biochemical signals and regulate gene expression. Osteocytic mechanosensors include the osteocyte cytoskeleton and dendritic processes within the lacuno-canalicular system (LCS), ion channels (e.g., Piezo1), extracellular matrix, primary cilia, focal adhesions (integrin-based) and hemichannels and gap junctions (connexin-based). Overall, disuse represents one of the major factors contributing to immediate bone loss and osteoporosis, and alterations in osteocytic pathways appear crucial to the bone loss associated with unloading.