bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early Ontogenetic Phenomena in Mammals and their Bearing on our Interpretation of the Phylogeny of the Vertebrates
Authors: Hubrecht A. A. W. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In the present paper I have attempted to bring together the results of new investigations and recent reflexions with such as had already been published on earlier occasions, but which, having appeared in very different periodicals and publications (’89,’90,’94,’95,’96,’99,’02,’05,’07), could not be easily brought into the necessary connection with each other by the reader.
On the Occurrence of Nuclear Dimorphism in a Halteridium parasitic in the Chaffinch, and the probable connection of this parasite with a Trypanosome
Authors: Woodcock H. M. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In the course of an investigation on the Hæmatozoa of birds, undertaken as Mackinnon Student, I have recently observed certain forms which are of great importance in reference to Schandinn’s view of the ontogenetic relationship between a Trypanosome anda Halteridium of the “Little Owl.”
Physiological Degeneration and Death in Entamæba ranarum
Authors: Dobell C. Clifford 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In the following pages, I wish to call attention to some remarkable events which I have observed in the life-history of Entamœba ranarum Grussi, an organism which I have been studying for some time, and whose life-cycle—so far as I had succeeded in following it—I have already described in a previous paper (2). I will divide my remarks into two sections —I, a description of the phenomena actually observed, and II, a discussion of their significance.
The Structure of Trypanosoma lewisi in Relation to Microscopical Technique
Authors: Minchin E. A. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Much has been written of late years about the minute structure of trypanosomes, and also about the merits or demerits of the various methods in vogue for preparing them for examination with the microscope, that is to say, the technique of fixing, staining, and preserving these tiny creatures. Since our knowledge of the structure of trypanosomes is based almost entirely on the results of a number of complicated chemical and physical processes practised on a very delicate protoplasmic body, it is clear that a knowledge of the effects produced by these processes on the organisms are most important in interpreting the microscopic image finally obtained, in order to estimate, in any given case, how far the trypanosome may have undergone deformation or change as the result of the treatment it has gone through. In a perfect state of scientific knowledge it would, no doubt, be possible to deduce exactly such results from the known action of the reagents employed upon the protoplasmic body, but in the present condition of our knowledge it is only possible to arrive empirically at an approximate estimate of the effects of technique by comparing carefully the results yielded by it.
The Structure, Development, and Bionomics of the House-fly, Musca domestica, Linn.: Part III.—The Bionomics, Allies, Parasites, and the Relations of M. domestica to Human Disease
Authors: Hewitt C. Gordon 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The present paper concludes this study of the structure, development, and bionomics of Musca domestica (the previous parts were published in 1907 and 1908). In it I have described the bionomics, certain of its allies which may occur in houses, its parasites, and its relation to man, especially as the carrier of the bacilli of certain infectious diseases.
Studies in the Experimental Analysis of Sex
Authors: Smith Geoffrey 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
During my occupation of the British Association Table at Naples this winter I took the opportunity of re-examining certain points connected, with the effect of Sacculina neglecta on the spider-crab Inachus mauretanicus, with the especial purpose of trying to settle the exact way in which the gonad of infected individuals degenerates and is absorbed. The mid-winter months being the most favourable season-at Naples for finding numerous individuals of Inachus very profoundly modified by the presence of the parasite, I was able to re-invéstigate many crucial stages in the modification of the external and internal sexual organs, with the result that, while certain new facts of interest have come to light, I see no reason whatever for departing in any respect from the statement of facts made in my earlier work, or from the deductions drawn from them (‘Naples Monograph,’ No. 29, Chap. V). In this paper, besides giving the results arrived at in respect to the degeneration of the gonad, I propose to describe certain new instances of infected Inachus which afford incontestable proof that male crabs with differentiated though reduced male internal organs can assume all the adult female secondary sexual characters. It will also be shown both for the male and female sex that the effect of parasitic castration can on no account bé interpreted as a return to a juvenile undifferentiated condition.
On the Anatomy of Histriobdella Homari.’
Authors: Shearer Cresswell 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Our knowledge of the anatomy of Histriobdella is based on the papers of Van Beneden (1858), Foettinger (1884), and Haswell (1900). Of these, Foettinger’s account is the most extensive, while Haswell’s paper is perhaps the most valuable. Both accounts contain a more or less detailed description of the internal structure and organisation of the adult. Several years ago I described the presence of solenocytes in connection with the nephridia of Dinophilus. This discovery rendered it probable that these peculiar structures would also be found in Histriobdella, with which Dinophilus shows many relationships. Moreover, the different description of the nephridial system given by Haswell in Stratiodrilus from that of Foettinger for Histriobdella called for a re-investigation of these organs. For these reasons the present work was begun. I was soon led to undertake a detailed examination of the animal. It is some twenty-five years since the publication of Foettinger’s paper, and during this interval the European species of Histriobdella has received no further attention. In the following account I have endeavoured to clear up Foettinger’s description of several of the organs. I have had the advantage of having made use of the methyl-blue method of intra vitam impregnation, which has proved most valuable. With its use I have experienced no difficulty in determining the number of the nephridia and their relationship to the segments, and to make out new details in their structure quite impossible from ordinary sections of fixed material.
Studies on Avian Hæmoprotozoa. I. On certain Parasites of the Chaffinch (Friagilla cœiebs) and the Redpoll (Linota rufescens).I
Authors: Woodcock H. M. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
My reason for taking up the study of Avian Hæmoprotozoa has been the desire to obtain, if possible, some definite enlightenment on the important question of their life-cycle. The far-reaching conclusions bearing upon this subject, to which the celebrated protozoologist, the late Fritz Schaudinn, was led as the result of his well-known researches (27) on certain parasites of thelittleowl (Athene noctua), have been largely discredited by many subsequent workers in this field. This is chiefly due to the suggestion, first put forward by the American workers, Novy and McNeal, that there is nothing in Schaudinn’s description to show that the author took sufficient precaution against the liability of confusing the lifehistories of what were really separate and independent parasites. Novy and McNeal, in their endeavour to confirm Schaudinn’s views, investigated the trypanosomes of various birds (14), and also made a study of the flagellates occurring naturally in mosquitoes (15). As a result of their work they have maintained that Schaudinn was entirely wrong in regard to all his main conclusions. They consider, on the contrary, that the trypanosomes of birds are quite distinct from intra-cellular parasites (such as Halteridium), and further, that they do not undergo any part of their life-cycle in an insectan host, the flagellates occurring in the latter having no connection with the trypanosomes.
Studies on Ceylon Hæmatozoa. No. II.—Notes on the Life-Cycle of Hæmogregarina nicoriæ, Cast, and Willey
Authors: Robertson Muriel 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In 1904 Drs. Castellani and Willey (3) described a hæmogregarine from the blood of the common lake-tortoise of Ceylon, Nicoria trijuga. They named the parasite Hæmogregarina nicoriæ after its host. Shortly afterwards these authors gave a somewhat fuller account of their observations in the’ Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science’ (4).
On the Origin and Migration of the Stinging-Cells in Craspedote Medusæ
Authors: Boulenger Charles L. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Lewis Murbach (1), in 1894, definitely established the fact that the stinging-cells of the Hydromedπsæ have the power of active movement in the tissues by the formation of pseudo-podial processes from the cnidoblasts.
On the Morphology of the Cranial Muscles in Some Vertebrates
Authors: Edgeworth F. H. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In the following paper I have described and compared the development of some of the cranial muscles in Scyl-lium canicula, Squalus acanthias, Acipenser sturio, LepidoSteus osseus, Amia calva, Salmo fario, Cera-todus Forsteri, Triton cristatus, Rana temporaria, Alytes ohstetricans, Bufo lentiginosus, Pelobates fuscus, Chrysemys marginata, Lacerta agilis, chick, rabbit, and pig.
A Monograph of the Tape-worms of the Subfamily Avitellininæ, being a Revision of the Genus Stilesia, and an Account of the Histology of Avitellina centripunctata (Riv.)
Authors: Henry Gough Lewis 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTThe following paper was commenced at Leeds; it was originally intended only to give an account of the anatomy of Stilesia hepática, Wolffhügel, which has been very imperfectly known until now, as much of the original description is not only incorrect but actually misleading. That section of this paper treating of Stilesia hepática, Wolffhiigel, was prepared at Leeds. I am much indebted to Prof. Garstang for his hospitality in placing his laboratory at my disposal and for the encouragement I received from him, and desire to express my thanks to him for it here.
Brief Notes on the Structure and Development of Spirochæta anodontæ Keysselitz
Authors: Bosanquet W. Cecil 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Much uncertainty still prevails as to the structure and biological relationships of the spirochætes. Earlier observers —not altogether influenced perhaps by a desire to prove their affinities with the hæmoflagellates—equipped them with an undulating membrane and a complicated nuclear apparatus, the existence of which is very problematical; and much controversy has existed as to their mode of division, longitudinal or transverse. The very claim of the organisms found in Mollusca, as well as that of the smaller spirochætes, to be called by this name, depending as it must on their relationship to Sp. plicatilis Ehrenberg, the type-species, is not very firmly established, since the structure of the latter—a system of large waves, each broken by smaller undulations superposed on them, with a central axial rod and a series of dots, regarded as nuclei—is markedly different from that of the later additions to the genus. It is desirable, therefore, to record any observations which may tend to throw light on the morphology and life-history of these organisms.
Note on the Mechanism of Discharge of the Cuvierian Organs of Holothuria nigra
Authors: Mines George Kalpli 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
It is well known that when Holothuria nigra (the large sea-cucumber common at Plymouth) is irritated, it responds by emitting a number of white conical bodies. These, the Cuvierian organs, rapidly elongate, shooting through the water while remaining attached at their bases to the animal, to form long, intensely sticky tubes. The phenomenon has been described by Minchin (1), Barthels (2), Herouard (3) and others, but there appears to be much divergence of opinion as to the mechanism by which the elongation of the tubes is brought about. Herouard ascribes it to the forcible injection of the tubes with water, while Minchin denies that water-pressure plays any part in the discharge, and attributes the whole affair to the intrinsic activity of the organs themselves. The latter view is adopted by Sedgwick (4).
On the Histological Structure of the Retina of the Lateral Eyes of Sphenodon punctatus, with Special Reference to the Sense-cells
Authors: Rage Freda 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The following work on the structure of the retina in the lateral eyes of Sphenodon punctatus has been done in the Zoological Department at King’s College (University of London), at the suggestion and with the help of Professor Dendy. I have to thank him both for his help and advice throughout, and for the use of his valuable collection of Sphenodon material. I have not only had a considerable number of eyes at my disposal, but I found them in an excellent state of preservation for histological work. I should like here to thank, also, Mr. R. W. H. Row, B.Sc., for his kindness in taking photographs. The investigations are based entirely on microscopical preparations made from this already preserved material. No fresh material has been available, and for this reason I have found it advisable to confine the detailed work for the most part to the structure of the visual cells, dealing, as regards the remainder of the retina, only with those parts which are visible without special treatment for nerve-fibres.
The Structure and Development of Reissner’s Fibre and the Sub-commissural Organ.
Authors: Nicholls George E. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTIn October, 1907, when working in the Zoological Laboratory of the Imperial College of Science and Technology, I undertook, upon the suggestion of Professor Dendy, an investigation into the structure known as Reissner’s fibre. Since January, 1908, the work has been carried on in the Zoological Department at King’s College (University of London).
Transverse Segmentation and Internal Differentiation of Chromosomes
Authors: Agar W. E. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The material for this paper was partly the same as was used for my former paper on the spermatogenesis of Lepidosiren, partly Lepidosiren larvæ obtained during the same expedition, and partly larvæ collected by Prof. Graham Kerr on his previous expedition to the Paraguayan Chaco.
The Life-Cycle of Moina rectirostris
Authors: Grosvenor G. H. , Smith Geoffrey 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In the summer of 1904 the late Mr. G. H. Grosvenor began some experimental observations on the life-cycle of Moina, with the object of testing Weismann’s hypothesis (1) that the succession of parthenogenetic and sexual individuals is controlled by an internal rhythm independently of external circumstances. The species of the genus Moina, as pointed out by Weis man n, belong to the polycyclic group of Cladocera which inhabit small ponds and which produce sexual individuals with great frequency, and this fact, together with the ease with which they can be cultivated, renders them convenient for experimental purposes.
The Development of Symbranchus marmoratus
Authors: Taylor Monica 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The Symbranchii are a, small group of eel-like fishes which are generally placed near the Apodes in recent systems of classification, though lack of sufficient anatomical description and embryological material has made it difficult to determine exactly their affinities. Tate Regan, in his “Anatomy and Classification of the Symbranchoid Eels” (9), derives them from the Acanthopterons physoclists. The embryology of a Symbranchid has, up till now, not been investigated.
Studies on Parasitic Protozoa. II (a) The Encystment of Rhizomastix gracilis Alexeieff; (b) Tetratrichomastix parisii n. sub-gen., n. sp
Authors: Miickimion Doris L. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The intestine of that common grub, the larval Tipula, contains a rich bacterial flora, at the expense of which there flourish a surprising number of protozoa.’ Among these are at least eight flagellates and two amoebte.1
The Gregarines of Glycera siphonostoma
Authors: Pixell-Goodrich Helen L. M. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The large Polychaet, Glycera siphonostoma D. Ch. (sometimes placed in a separate genus Rhynchobolus), is at times infested with numerous gregarines, both intestinal and coelomic. On this account it is somewhat difficult to differentiate the stages in the life-history of anyone of them. Out of fifty-two specimens examined at Naples in March and April, 1914, twelve (I to IX, XII, XIV, and XXVI) were infected with a species of Gonospora which presented some interesting points. The affinities of this form with previously established species will be discussed later. It does not agree in detail with the published account of any, notwithstanding the fact that Léger (11) has already recorded Gonospora sparsa as occurring in some undetermined species of Glycera at Belle Isle.
On the Development and Morphology of the Pharyngeal, Laryngeal, and Hypobranchial Muscles of Mammals
Authors: Edgeworth F. H. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
This paper is a continuation of one published in this Journal (1914, vol. 59) on “The Development and Morphology of the Mandibular and Hyoid Muscles of Mammals.” It deals with the structure of the pharyngeal, laryngeal, and hypo-branchial muscles of Ornithorhynchus and Echidna, with the development of these muscles in Dasyurus viverrinus and some other Marsupials, in the pig and rabbit. The last few pages contain a summary of the similarities and differences between the cranial muscles of Monotremes, Marsupials; and Eutheria.
The Early Development of the Spleen of Lepidosiren and Protopterus
Authors: Purser G. L. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
My first words must be those of thanks to Professor Graham Kerr for providing me with every facility for carrying out the research, the results of which are embodied in this short paper. He invited me to work in his laboratory, provided me with material already stained and mounted, and was especially helpful in suggestion and criticism.
A Note concerning the Collar Cavities of the Larval Amphioxus
Authors: Smith K. M. , Newth H. G. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Notwithstanding the great volume of literature dealing with the development of Amphioxus, there are many points still outstanding on which the light of further investigation must he thrown. The present short communication attempts to dispose of one of these.
It is well known that in Amphioxus the cavities of the typical somites give rise, on the one hand, to all the myocœls except the first pair, and, on the other hand—by the fusion of their ventral moieties on each side—to longitudinal spaces which are the splanchnocœls. But the fate of the so-called “collar cavities” has not hitherto been satisfactorily established. It was known that from the walls of their dorsal parts were formed the first pair of myotomes; but there has been difference of opinion about the behaviour of their ventral parts.
The Cytoplasmic Inclusions of the Germ-Cells: PART I. LEPIDOPTERA
Authors: Brouté Gatenby J. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
(1) In Smerinthus populi, Pieris brassica), and a number of other species of moths and butterflies the cytoplasmic bodies have been followed out.
(2) The micromitosome has been followed from the spermatocyte back into the secondary spermatogonium. It is very probably present in the primordial germ-cell.
(3) The micromitosome has been definitely found in the female.
(4) The micromitosome seems to divide in all divisions, and I consider that it is a constant factor in the spermatids of Smerinthus.
(5) The probable nature and function of the micromitosome is discussed.
(6) The mitochondria have been carefully’ examined in the male and female germ-cell in all stages except in the maturation division of the female and in fertilisation.
(7) It has been shown that in early stages the cytoplasmic bodies of the female resemble those of the male.
(8) There is a definite period, judged to be about the beginning of growth stage, when the subsequent fate of the mitochondria in the male becomes different from that of tlm female.
(9) The remarkable formation of chromophobe and chromophile zones in the male mitochondrial body and the use of these zones are described.
(10) The formation of the macromitosome from the mitochondria is described.
(11) The changes undergone by the macromitosome in sperm formation are followed out.
(12) The presence of the acroblasts in the fairly early growth period of the spermatocyte is described.
(13) The complicated evolutions of these bodies in division of the cells, their subsequent fate and’ their probable nature are discussed.
(14) The staining and fixing reactions of the cytoplasmic bodies are fully described.
(15) A number of abnormalities have been described.
(16) The centrosome has been shown to divide in the young spermatid, and one centrosome is probably lost, but definite evidence is not forthcoming.
On Oxnerella maritima, nov. gen., nov. spec., a New Heliozoon, and Its Method of Division; with Some Remarks on the Centroplast of the Heliozoa
Authors: Dobell Clifford 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In 1913 I found a minute and pretty heliozoon in some small tanks of sea-water in which I had been cultivating Foraminifera, Trichosphaerium, and other marine Protozoa. For some weeks the organisms multiplied rapidly and became very abundant. I studied them alive as carefully as possible, and made a number of fixed and stained preparations in order to study their method of division in detail. I also made a number of notes and drawings at the time, but was too much occupied with other work to set them in order for publication. As the organisms seem not to have been described hitherto, and as their division presents certain features of interest, I now take the opportunity of putting my observations on record.
Note on an Amœba-like Parasite from Clavellina
Authors: Huxley Julian S. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In the summer of 1910 at Naples I noticed that the stomach of small (and therefore semi-transparent) individuals of the social Ascidian, Clavellina lepadif ormis, sometimes contained a number of solid objects. When this was so it was obvious, because the ciliary action in the stomach kept these objects in constant and rapid motion.
On the anatomy and affinities of Paludestrina ventrosa, Montague
Authors: Robson Guy C. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Paludestrina ventrosa possesses the general Taenioglossate organization. It represents a genus of Paludestrinidae equivalent to Bythinella and Vitrella. It is peculiar within the family as possessing: Folded gills; A slit connecting the style sac through nearly all its length with the intestine ; A typhlosole; A non-ciliated roof to the median part of the pharynx. It represents an intermediate stage in the acquirement of the fresh-water mode of life, being essentially a brackish-water form with a fairly well-marked euryhaline tendency. Several structures not fully described by previous authors are discussed in this paper (e.g. the accessory female and circulatory organs), and it is not certain in what form these structures occur in other Taonioglossa. Within the Order Taenioglossa, Paludestrina is referable to the group which possesses : a brevicommissurate visceral commissure ; a single otolith ; an osphradium with basal ganglion ; a renal-portal system and blood-gland ; an ‘oviducal’ gland immediately adjacent to the receptaculum seminis.