bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Violence in Early Islam
Authors: Demichelis Marco 
Published: March 2021

The concept of jihad holds a prominent place in Islamic thought and history. Beyond its spiritual meanings, the term has historically been associated with the sweeping Arab-Believers conquests of the 7-8th century BCE. But given advances in our understanding of the historicity and chronology of the Qur'an and early Islamic texts, is it correct to identify jihad and Islam with violent conquest?
In this book, Marco Demichelis explores the history of the concept of jihad in the early proto-Islamic centuries (7-8th). Deploying an interdisciplinary approach which combines the hermeneutical study of the famous 'Verses of the Sword' within the Qur'an itself, with historical writing by Islamic chroniclers as well as non-Islamic sources, numismatics, epigraphical and architectural evidence, the book questions the relationship between the religious concept of jihad and the conquests. The book argues that Christian Byzantine Foederati forices who previously fought against the Persians may have had a formative effect on the later emergence of more bellicose rhetoric. In so doing, it calls into question assumptions about warlike attitudes inherent within Islamic doctrine, and reveals a more nuanced and complicated history of religious violence in the pre, proto and early Islamic period.
The Changing Boundaries and Nature of the Modern Art World
Authors: Kalina Richard , Carrier David , Gladston Paul 
Published: March 2021

Concentrating on the shifting boundaries and definition of art, Richard Kalina offers a panoramic view of the contemporary art scene over the last 30 years. His focus is on the ongoing development of concepts, the transformation of art worlds and the social matrices in which they are created.
Discussing painting in general and abstract painting in particular, his survey takes in photorealism, sculpture and art forms found outside of the modernist tradition. Kalina’s group of artists includes Mel Bochner, Joan Mitchell, Cy Twombly, Franz West, Alma Thomas and Richard Tuttle who, in their ongoing projects, explicitly or implicitly questioned the aesthetic assumptions of their times.
Merging an examination of animating philosophies and context – political, social, and personal – with a sharply focused look at the works of art themselves, Kalina brings us closer to understanding the social matrices in which art is embedded and responds to bigger questions about the object nature of the work of art in today’s world.
Religion, Power, and the Rise of Shinto in Early Modern Japan
Authors: Grapard Allan G. , Zhong Yijiang , Rambelli Fabio , Rots Aike P. , Teeuwen Mark , Breen John 
Published: March 2021

This book sheds new light on the relationship between religion and state in early modern Japan, and demonstrates the growing awareness of Shinto in both the political and the intellectual elite of Tokugawa Japan, even though Buddhism remained the privileged means of stately religious control.
The first part analyses how the Tokugawa government aimed to control the populace via Buddhism and at the same time submitted Buddhism to the sacralization of the Tokugawa dynasty. The second part focuses on the religious protests throughout the entire period, with chapters on the suppression of Christians, heterodox Buddhist sects, and unwanted folk practitioners. The third part tackles the question of why early Tokugawa Confucianism was particularly interested in “Shinto” as an alternative to Buddhism and what “Shinto” actually meant from a Confucian stance.
The final part of the book explores attempts to curtail the institutional power of Buddhism by reforming Shinto shrines, an important step in the so called “Shintoization of shrines” including the development of a self-contained Shinto clergy.
Individualized Religion
Authors: Wanless Claire 
Published: March 2021

Drawing on ethnographic research, this book explores individualized religion in and around Hebden Bridge in West Yorkshire. Claire Wanless demonstrates that counter to the claims of secularization theorists, the combination of informal structures and practices can provide a viable basis for socially significant religious activity that can sustain itself.
The subjects of this research claim a variety of religious identities and practices, and are suspicious of religious institutions, hierarchies, rules and dogmas. Yet they participate actively in an overlapping and cross-linking informal network of practice communities and other associations. Their engagements propagate and sustain a core ideology that prioritizes subjectivity, locates authority at the level of the individual, and also predicates itself on ideals of sharing, mutuality and community.
Providing a new theory of religious association, this book is a nuanced counterpoint to the secularization thesis in the UK and points the way to new research on individual religion.
Claude Lanzmann’s Shoah Outtakes
Authors: Vice Sue 
Published: March 2021

As we approach the end of the ‘era of the witness’, given the passing on of the generation of Holocaust survivors, Claude Lanzmann’s archive of 220 hours of footage excluded from his ground-breaking documentary Shoah (1985) offers a remarkable opportunity to encounter previously unseen interviews with survivors and other witnesses, recorded in the late 1970s.
Although the archive is all available freely to view online and includes extra footage of those who appear in Shoah, this book focuses on the interviews from which no extracts appear in the finished film or in any subsequent release. The material analysed features interviews with such significant figures as the former partisan Abba Kovner, wartime activist Hansi Brand, Kovno Ghetto leader Leib Garfunkel, rescuer Tadeusz Pankiewicz and members of Roosevelt’s War Refugee Board, and focuses throughout on the efforts at rescue and resistance by those within and outside occupied Europe.
Sue Vice contends that watching and analysing this wholly excluded footage gives us new insights into the making of Shoah through what was left out. Moreover, she reveals that the near-impossibility of rescue and often suicidal implications of resistance emerge through these excluded interviews as inextricable from the process of genocide. She concludes by arguing that the outtakes show the potential for new filmic forms envisaged on Lanzmann’s part in order to represent the crucial topics of attempted Holocaust rescue and resistance.
A preliminary evaluation of oxidative stress in patients with gastric cancer before chemotherapy
Authors: Jakubik Jarosław , Kołodziejczyk-Czepas Joanna , Kędzierska Magdalena , Kaczmarek Michał , Nowak Paweł , Potemski Piotr , Jeziorski Arkadiusz 
Published: March 2021

IntroductionBackground: Due to an imbalanced redox status, cancer cells generate intrinsically higher levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), compared to normal cells. Targeting ROS is an important therapeutic strategy for cancer as exemplified by cancer drugs, which induce ROS-dependent synergistic cytotoxicity in gastric cancer cells. The present study was designed to assess the level of selected oxidative stress biomarkers in blood plasma, derived from gastric cancer patients.Material and methodsThe study included the assessment of the oxidative/nitrative biomarkers in blood plasma isolated form 51gastric (adenocarcinoma) cancer patients, compared to a control group of 32 healthy volunteers. Oxidative stress was evaluated using a panel of biomarkers such as plasma protein thiol groups and 3-nitrotyrosine levels as well as indicators of plasma lipid peroxidation, i.e. lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH) and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS). Additionally, the total antioxidant capacity of blood plasma (non-enzymatic capacity of blood plasma, NEAC) was also estimated.ResultsOur results showed that patients with gastric cancer had changed levels of thiol groups (a decrease, p<0.001) and 3-nitrotyrosine (an increase, p<0.0001), LOOH (an increase, p<0.05), TBARS (an increase, p<0.05), NEAC (a decrease, p<0.0001), compared to the control group.ConclusionsThe presented study indicates on a considerable oxidative/nitrative stress in gastric cancer patients. Our pilot study shows that not a single marker, but a biomarkers panel may be a more reliable representation of oxidative stress in patients with gastric cancer.
Circular RNA circ_0001421 contributes to colony
formation, migration, invasion and glycolysis of non-small
cell lung cancer via the miR-409-3p/TMEM14A axis
Authors: Xu Yasheng , Liu Liang , Zou Can , Zeng Jing , Rong Feng 
Published: March 2021

IntroductionAccumulating evidence testifies to the considerably significant roles of circular RNAs (circRNAs) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
This report describes the exploration of the molecular mechanism of circRNA_0001421 (circ_0001421) in NSCLC.Material and methodsThe relative levels of circ_0001421, microRNA-409-3p
(miR-409-3p) and transmembrane protein 14A (TMEM14A) were assayed
through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Cell colony formation ability was detected by colony formation assay. Transwell assay was exploited for assessing cell migration and invasion. Glycolysis was
evaluated via ECAR measurement, glucose consumption, lactate production
and protein detection. The protein levels were examined using Western blot.
The target combination between miR-409-3p and circ_0001421 or TMEM14A
was analyzed by dual-luciferase reporter assay. Xenotransplantation assay
was applied for estimating the effect of circ_0001421 on NSCLC in 10 mice.ResultsCirc_0001421 was up-regulated in NSCLC tissues and cells.
Down-regulation of circ_0001421 suppressed colony formation, migration,
invasion and glycolysis of NSCLC cells. Circ_0001421 could sponge microRNA-409-3p (miR-409-3p) and miR-409-3p inhibition relieved the effects
of circ_0001421 knockdown on NSCLC cells. MiR-409-3p targeted transmembrane protein 14A (TMEM14A) and circ_0001421 modulated TMEM14A
expression via targeting miR-409-3p. Overexpression of miR-409-3p suppressed NSCLC progression by inhibiting TMEM14A. Circ_0001421 depression restrained tumor growth of NSCLC by the miR-409-3p/TMEM14A axis
in vivo.ConclusionsCirc_0001421 facilitated the development of NSCLC via the
regulation of the miR-409-3p/TMEM14A axis. Circ_0001421 may be a promising therapeutic target in NSCLC.
Effects of Zhuyu Annao on Hippocampal Neuronal Apoptosis and Cognitive Disorder in a Rat Model of Ischemic Brain Injury
Authors: Chen Wei , Jiang Lingfei , Hu Yueqiang , Tang Nong , Liang Ni , Li Xing-Feng , Chen Ye-Wen , Qin Hongling , Wu Lin 
Published: March 2021

IntroductionWe aimed to determine the effects of Zhuyu Annao (ZYAN) prescription on hippocampal neuronal apoptosis and cognitive disorder (CD) in ischemic brain injury (IBI).Material and methodsThe improved Rice-Vannucci method was used to prepare a rat model of IBI. Rats in the ZYAN prescription group were intragastrically administered 12.50 g/kg of ZYAN prescription 4 h after modeling; rats in the mock surgical group (MSG) and model group (MG) were administered an intraperitoneal injection of the same volume of normal saline twice daily.ResultsCompared with MG, the area of cerebral infarction, pathological changes, neuron apoptosis index, and neurodeficit score were significantly reduced in the ZYAN prescription group (P < 0.05). Morris water maze test showed that in the ZYAN prescription group, incubation period was significantly shortened and the number of platform crossings was significantly increased (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the rats in the ZYAN prescription group showed significantly reduced protein and mRNA expressions of cleaved caspase-3, Bax, p-53, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in the hippocampus, whereas the protein and mRNA expressions of Bcl-2 were significantly increased (P < 0.05).ConclusionsZYAN prescription reduced the area of cerebral infarction, attenuated neuronal apoptosis, and alleviated CD in the rats with IBI. The beneficial effect of ZYAN prescription in IBI may be mediated via the inhibition of the p38 MAPK signaling pathway and caspase-3 cascade reaction.
A study of the proteomic expression in patients with complicated parapneumonic pleural effusion
Authors: Wu Xin , Yang Wei , Gou Xiao-Hua , Xu Xiao-Yun , Lu Na , Jian Shi-Ning , Han Yu-Jie , Lv Tong-Shuai , Luo Li-Zhu 
Published: March 2021

IntroductionThe present study aimed to investigate the differences in the proteomic expression between uncomplicated parapneumonic pleural effusion (UPPE) and complicated parapneumonic pleural effusion (CPPE).Material and methodsThere were 10 patients with UPPE and 10 patients with CPPE. These patients were combined due to the complication of pleural effusion and further divided into group A and group B. An LC-MS analysis was conducted with the extraction of high-abundance proteins, and proteins with 1.5-fold or higher difference multiples were identified as differential proteins. Then, gene ontology (GO) and KEGG analyses were conducted on the differential proteins between the groups.ResultsCompared with the UPPE group, there were 38 upregulated proteins and 29 downregulated proteins in the CPPE group. The GO analysis revealed that the CPPE group had enhanced expressions in monosaccharide biosynthesis, glucose catabolism, fructose-6-phosphate glycolysis, glucose-6-phosphate glycolysis, and NADH regeneration as well as reduced expressions in fibrinogen complexes, protein polymerization, and coagulation. Moreover, the KEGG analysis showed that the CPPE group had enhanced expressions in amino acid synthesis, the HIF-1 signalling pathway, and glycolysis/glyco-isogenesis and decreased expressions in platelet activation and complement activation.ConclusionsIn pleural effusion in patients with CPPE, there are enhanced expressions of proteins concerning glucose and amino acid metabolism, NADH regeneration, and HIF-1 signalling pathways together with decreased expressions of proteins concerning protein polymerization, blood coagulation, platelet activation, and complement activation.
Elderly patients and the idea of having medication deprescribed: a mixed method study in Portuguese primary health care
Authors: Simões Pedro Augusto , Santiago Luiz Miguel , Xavier Beatriz , Simões José Augusto 
Published: March 2021

IntroductionDeprescribing is the process of tapering or stopping medications aiming at improving patient outcomes and optimising current therapy.
Some studies have tried to identify which patients will have inappropriate
medication deprescribed, but none have found any association with sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, number of prescribed medications
or duration of medication. Our aim was to determine Portuguese elderly patients’ attitudes and beliefs regarding medication use and their willingness
to have regular medications deprescribed.Material and methodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study in triangulation in primary care centres from mainland Portugal and its autonomous
regions. We used a random sample of 386 polymedicated older adult patients who answered the questionnaire between October 2018 and February
2019. For the quantitative analysis, we used sociodemographic characteristics, clinical profile and medication. For the qualitative analysis, we studied
an included open question by coding participants’ answers; common codes
were grouped together. A convergent mixed methods design was used.Results74.0% expressed the belief that medicines were generally beneficial. 19.9% reported a strong belief that medicines were harmful and 33.4%
that they were overused. 61.8% were against the idea of deprescribing and
24.6% were in favour of deprescription. Those against the idea had a lower
education level (p = 0.006) and a higher number of self-perceived morbidities (p = 0.001) than those not against it.ConclusionsMedication benefits were accepted by the majority of patients
who also were against the idea of deprescribing. It is important that doctors
are aware of this reality, namely in the primary care setting, addressing the
patients’ fears and beliefs and making the deprescribing process possible.
Longitudinal investigation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in older patients in the province of Palermo (Southern Italy) during the early wave of the pandemic
Authors: Matranga Domenica , Maniscalco Laura , Enea Marco , De Luca Dario , Brancato Davide , La Spada Emanuele , Scorsone Alessandro , Di Carlo Paola 
Published: March 2021

IntroductionClinical presentation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in old adults from Southern Italy is little known. This study aims to investigate the mortality risk related to risk factors, therapy and clinical course and to suggest prognostic indicators based on day-to-day follow-up of clinical and laboratory findings.Material and methodsIt was designed as a retrospective longitudinal cohort study of adult SARS-CoV-2 patients admitted at Partinico COVID Hospital in Palermo, Southern Italy. Patients were recruited between 4 March and 25 April and followed up until 31 May 2020, day-to-day until death or hospital discharge. Clinical data, laboratory tests and treatment data were extracted from medical records and epidemiologic information was obtained by clinical history and the medical interview.ResultsForty-seven patients (median age = 75 IQR: 59.50–86.00) were followed up during a 87 days observation period, accounting for a total of 1,035 person days. At the end of follow-up, 28 (60%) patients were discharged and 19 (40%) died, so that the estimated incidence density rate was 0.018 deaths per day (18 SARS-CoV-2-related deaths per 1,000 patient days). Diabetes (HR = 8.13, 95% CI: 1.91–34.67), chronic kidney failure (HR = 5.86, 95% CI: 1.36–25.21), dementia (HR = 7.84, 95% CI: 1.80–34.20), and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio > 7 (HR = 10.37, 95% CI: 2.24–48.14) were found as significant prognostic factors.ConclusionsThe joint evaluation of dementia, diabetes, chronic kidney failure and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio showed an optimal prognostic value already in the first week of follow-up. The day-to-day follow-up provides essential information for clinical monitoring and treatment of the disease in a hospital setting and improves the disease’s home management, especially for older patients with frailty.
Al lado o enfrente del imperio. La diplomacia de Nicaragua, México y El Salvador ante el Tratado Bryan-Chamorro
Authors: Avendaño Rojas Xiomara 
Published: March 2021

La caída del gobernante nicaragüense José Santos Zelaya, en 1909, puso fin a un lide razgo que pretendió impulsar la unidad centroamericana y la ampliación de las relaciones externas. En este contexto, Estados Unidos utilizó a Nicaragua para cerrar la posibilidad de construir otra vía interoceánica fuera de su control; para ello usó los mecanismos previamente impuestos en Cuba y Panamá. Así, la inestabilidad política y el apoyo abierto de los líderes conservadores nicaragüenses permitieron la firma del Tratado Bryan-Chamorro, que violentó la soberanía de los Estados centroamericanos y el marco jurídico internacional establecido.
ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 63, No. 713-714, 2008: 153-164.
Estados Unidos y El Salvador
Authors: Walter Knut 
Published: March 2021

Estados Unidos persiguió tres objetivos fundamentales en El Salvador durante la década de 1980. El primero, el de mayor importancia inmediata, fue impedir una victoria militar del FMLN. A tal efecto, el gobierno de Reagan incrementó los niveles de ayuda militar de manera sustancial. El segundo objetivo consistió en evitar el derrumbe de la economía salvadoreña, muy afectada por las acciones de sabotaje de la guerrilla, por la desarticulación de los circuitos comerciales internos y por los desplazamientos de población a causa de las operaciones militares. Y el tercero, que tendría un impacto tanto dentro como fuera de El Salvador, transformar el sistema político salvadoreño: de un autoritarismo militar surgido en la década de 1930 a una democracia liberal al estilo de Estados Unidos y los países de Europa occidental.
ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 63, No. 713-714, 2008: 197-208.
TÜRKİYE’DE KADININ YENİ İMAJININ OLUŞTURULMASINDA ATATÜRK’ÜN ROLÜ (1920-1938)
Authors: KOÇ Fatma 
Published: March 2021

Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin kurulması ile birlikte modernleşme projesinin en önemli hedeflerinden biri kadının toplumsal konumunun ve imajının değiştirilmesi ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Atatürk Türk ulusunu ileriye taşıyacak reformist hareketlere dayandırdığı devrimleri hiçbir ön yargı ve bağnazlığa izin vermeyecek şekilde Batı toplumlarını örnek alarak oluşturulmuştur. Atatürk, yapılan devrimlerle sağlam bir temel atmış, bu temelin sarsılmaması için güçlendirici uygulamalar geliştirmiştir Latin alfabesinin kabulü, Batı tarzı kılık kıyafet usullerinin benimsenmesi, medenî kanunun kabulü vb. inkılâplarla Batılılaşma süreci ivme kazanırken, hedef ve sonuç bakımından modernleşme tarihimizin en uzun menzilli girişimi ile gerçekleşmiştir.
Bu çalışma; Atatürk’ün inkılapları arasında yer alan erkekler için uygulamaya konan kıyafet kanununun ardından kadının dış görünümünün değişimini sağlamak, kadını Avrupalı hemcinsleri ile aynı düzeye getirebilmek amacıyla ne gibi uygulamalar üzerinde durduğu ve yapılması gerekenleri nasıl yönlendirdiğinin araştırılması ve dünyada benzeri olmayan söz konusu modernleşmenin nasıl gerçekleştirildiğinin öneminin vurgulanması amacıyla planlanmış ve yürütülmüştür.
Çalışmada, betimsel araştırma yöntemlerinden tarama modeli kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın evrenini 1920-1940 yılları arasında Türkiye Cumhuriyeti sınırları içerisinde yaşamış kadınlara ilişkin görsel dokümanlar ile döneme ait yazılı belgeler (gazete, dergi, doküman, belge vb.), giysi örnekleri ve ilgili literatür oluşturmaktadır. Atatürk’ün kurduğu cumhuriyetin kadınlarının özellikle batılı hemcinsleri gibi bir düzeye erişerek modern çağa ayak uydurabilmesi için söylemlerinde bahsettiği ve kanunlara dayanmayan ancak incelikle üzerinde düşünerek yaptırmış olduğu uygulamalar üzerine yorumlar getirilmeye çalışılmıştır.
Atatürk ile birlikte Ziya Gökalp, Halide Edip Adıvar, Atatürk’ün manevi kızı Afet İnan, İsmet İnönü’nün eşi Mevhibe İnönü vb. pek çok kişi yeni Türk kadınının imajının oluşturulmasında önemli rolleri üstlenmişler ve özellikle Atatürk tarafından kadınlara örnek olmaları için görevlendirilmişlerdir. Türkiye'de kadın giysilerindeki değişim, erkek giysilerinden daha yavaş ancak daha radikal olarak değişim göstermiştir. Dünyadaki kadının daha uzun bir zamanda geçirdiği değişimi, Türk kadını çok daha kısa bir zamanda gerçekleştirmiştir.
TÜRKİYE’NİN ULUSLARARASI SERGİ, FUAR VE PANAYIRLARA İŞTİRAKİ (1929-1939)
Authors: KURNAZ ŞAHİN Feyza 
Published: March 2021

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’nin 1929 Dünya Ekonomik Buhranı sonucunda durgunlaşan dış ticaretinin canlandırılmasını sağlamak ve memleketin iktisadî alanda gelişmesini hızlandırmak için sürdürülen propaganda faaliyetlerini ortaya koymak olarak tanımlanır. Bu kapsamda ülkenin belli başlı ihraç mallarının tanıtılması, yabancı memleketlerle olan ihracatın geliştirilmesi, iç ve dış pazarlarda Türk mallarının sürümünün artırılması için Türkiye’nin uluslararası alanda düzenlenen fuar, sergi ve panayırlara katılımını ve faaliyetlerini irdelemek temel amaçtır.
Araştırmada öncelikle 1929 Dünya Ekonomik Buhranı sonrasında Türkiye’nin dış ticareti geliştirmek için ürettiği dış ticaret politikası ve aldığı tedbirler üzerinde durulmuştur. Bu amaçla Türkiye’nin dış ticari münasebetlerini sağlamak, bir taraftan dünyada sık sık değişen politik ve ekonomik seyri göz önünde tutarak milli iktisadı koruyacak bir ticaret politikası tespit etmek, diğer taraftan mevcut engellere rağmen ihracatı ilerletmeye çalışmak için geliştirdiği politika irdelenmiştir. Bu bağlamda Türkiye’nin yurt dışında Türk malı ve mahsullerine mutlak bir itibar temin etmek için yapmış olduğu güçlü bir propaganda faaliyeti olan uluslararası fuar, sergi ve panayırlara katılımı ve bu organizasyonlarda göstermiş olduğu başarı/başarısızlık ortaya konulmuştur.
Çalışmanın temel kaynaklarını Cumhurbaşkanlığı Devlet Arşivleri Başkanlığı Cumhuriyet Arşivi belgeleri ve dönemin süreli yayınları oluşturmuştur.