bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
BMP signaling stimulates chondrocyte maturation and the expression of Indian hedgehog
Authors: Grimsrud Christopher D. , Romano Paul R. , D'Souza Mary , Puzas J. Edward , Schwarz Edward M. , Reynolds Paul R. , Roiser Randy N. , O'Keefe Regis J. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractMutant BMP receptors were transfected into cultured embryonic upper sternal chrondrocytes using retroviral vectors to determine if BMP signaling is required for chondrocyte maturation and the expression of a key regulatory molecule, Indian hedgehog (Ihh). Chondrocytes infected with replication competent avian retroviruses (RCAS) viruses carrying constitutive active (CA) BMPR‐IA and BMPR‐IB had enhanced expression of type X collagen and Ihh mRNA. Addition of PTHrP, a known inhibitor of chondrocyte maturation, abolished the expression of type X collagen, BMP‐6, and Ihh mRNAs in control cells. In contrast, PTHrP treated cultures infected with of CA BMPR‐IA or CA BMPR‐IB had low levels of BMP‐6 and type X collagen, but high levels of Ihh expression. Although dominant negative (DN) BMPR‐IA had no effect, DN BMPR‐IB inhibited the expression of type X collagen and BMP‐6, and decreased alkaline phosphatase activity, even in the presence of exogenously added BMP‐2 and BMP‐6. DN BMPR‐IB also completely blocked Ihh expression. Overall, the effect of DN BMPR‐IB mimicked the effects of PTHrP. To determine if there is an autocrine role for the BMPs in chondrocyte maturation, the cultures were treated with noggin and follistatin, molecules that bind BMP‐2/‐4 and BMP‐6/‐7, respectively. While noggin and follistatin inhibited the effects of recombinant BMP‐2 and BMP‐6, respectively, they had only minimal effects on the spontaneous maturation of chondrocytes in culture, suggesting that more than one subgroup of BMPs regulates chondrocyte maturation. The results demonstrate that: (i) BMP signaling stimulates chondrocyte maturation; (ii) BMP signaling increases Ihh expression independent of maturational effects; and (iii) BMP signaling can partially overcome the inhibitory effects of PTHrP on maturation. © 2001 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Ankle ligament injury risk factors: a prospective study of college athletes
Authors: Beynnon Bruce D. , Renström Per A. , Alosa Denise M. , Baumhauer Judith F. , Vacek Pamela M. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractOver two million individuals suffer ankle ligament trauma each year in the United States, more than half of these injuries are severe ligament sprains; however, very little is known about the factors that predispose individuals to these injuries. The purpose of this study was to determine the risk factors associated with ankle injury. We performed a prospective study of 118 Division I collegiate athletes who participated in soccer, lacrosse, or field hockey. Prior to the start of the athletic season, potential ankle injury risk factors were measured, subjects were monitored during the athletic season, and injuries documented. The number of ankle injuries per 1000 person‐days of exposure to sports was 1.6 for the men and 2.2 for the women. There were 13 injuries among the 68 women (19%) and seven injuries among the 50 men (13%), but these proportions were not significantly different. Women who played soccer had a higher incidence of ankle injury than those who played field hockey or lacrosse. Among men, there was no relationship between type of sport and incidence of injury. Factors associated with ankle ligament injury differ for men relative to women. Women with increased tibial varum and calcaneal eversion range of motion are at greater risk of suffering ankle ligament trauma, while men with increased talar tilt are at greater risk. Generalized joint laxity, strength, postural stability, and muscle reaction time were unrelated to injury. © 2001 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Amyloid β peptide is not a candidate for the neurotrophic activities released from chromaffin cells
Authors: Legutko Beata , Staufenbiel Matthias , Krieglstein Kerstin 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWe have previously shown that chromaffin cells, the neuron‐like cells of the adrenal medulla, release proteins, which promote in vitro survival of a large number of peripheral and central nervous system neurons (cf. Lachmund, A., Gehrke, D., Krieglstein, K. and Unsicker, K, Trophic factors from chromaffin granules promote survival of peripheral and central nervous system neurons. Neuroscience, 1994, 62, 361–370). In a search for the active molecules we are testing compounds that are known to be synthesized and released by chromaffin cells. Amyloid precursor protein (βAPP) is one of these factors (Bieger, S., Klafki, H.‐W. and Unsicker, K., Synthesis and release of the β‐amyloid precursor protein by bovine chromaffin cells. Neurosci. Lett., 1993, 162, 173–175). In the present study we have investigated the possibility that amyloid β peptide (AβP) generated from βAPP may have survival supporting effects for neurons from embryonic chick ciliary (CG) and dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Embryonic rat hippocampal neurons, for which promotion of short‐term survival by AβP has been reported (Whitson, J. S., Selkoe, D. J. and Cotman, C. W., Amyloid β protein enhances the survival of hippocampal neurons in vitro. Science, 1989, 243, 1488–1490), were employed as a reference. AβP fragment 1–40, administered over a wide range of concentrations (1.5–100 μmg\ml) did not promote the survival of CG and DRG neurons isolated from embryonic day (E) 8 chick embryos. The peptide also failed to toxically suppress survival of these neuron populations in the presence of survival promoting factors. In confirmation of previous reports, the 1–40 peptide, in comparison to the reverse 40–1 peptide, significantly enhanced survival of hippocampal neurons. These results suggest that AβP is not a trophic factor for the peripheral neuron populations tested and, most likely, not a neurotrophic component among the neurotrophic factors released by chromaffin cells.
Founding family controlled firms: Efficiency and value
Authors: McConaughy Daniel L. , Walker Michael C. , Henderson Glenn V. , Mishra Chandra S. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWe examine the efficiency and value of founding family controlled firms (FFCFs), firms whose CEOs are either the founder or a descendant of the founder. We find that FFCFs are more efficient and valuable than non‐FFCFs that are similar with respect to industry, size, and managerial ownership. We also observe that descendant‐controlled firms are more efficient than founder‐controlled firms. Finally, we show that younger founder‐controlled firms are more efficient than older ones. These results are robust after controlling for the age of the firm and a variety of investment opportunity measures. Our results are consistent with the notions that managerial ownership is endogenous to the firm and that family relationships improve monitoring while providing incentives that are associated with better firm performance.
Cyclosporine pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in African American and white subjects
Authors: Stein C. Michael , Sadeque Abu J. , Murray John J. , Wandel Christoph , Kim Richard B. , Wood Alastair J. J. 
Published: July 2002

BackgroundRenal allograft survival is lower in African American patients compared with white patients. Interethnic differences in cyclosporine (INN, ciclosporin) pharmacokinetics in renal transplant recipients have been described but have not been well characterized. Pharmacodynamic responses to cyclosporine have not been compared among ethnic groups.MethodsHealthy men were studied after 5 days on a controlled diet. Cyclosporine concentrations were determined in whole blood drawn at intervals over 24 hours after administration of a microemulsion cyclosporine formulation (4 mg/kg; 9 African American subjects and 9 white subjects) and after a standard cyclosporine formulation (4 mg/kg; 10 African American subjects and 10 white subjects). Inhibition of phytohemagglutinin‐P–stimulated interleukin‐2 production in whole blood drawn 4 hours after cyclosporine was used as a pharmacodynamic measure to compare the effect of cyclosporine in African American and white subjects.ResultsThe microemulsion cyclosporine formulation (area under the cyclosporine concentration‐time curve, 7432 ± 560 ng · h/mL in African American subjects and 7043 ± 454 ng · h/mL in white subjects) was more bioavailable than the standard formulation (area under the cyclosporine concentration‐time curve, 4828 ± 319 ng · h/mL in African American subjects and 4538 ± 301 ng · h/mL in white subjects); this resulted in an approximately 50% greater area under the cyclosporine concentration‐time curve (P < .001 in both ethnic groups). There were no differences between African American subjects and white subjects in any pharmacokinetic measurement, with both the standard and the microemulsion cyclosporine formulations. Inhibition of phytohemagglutinin‐P–stimulated interleukin‐2 production 4 hours after the administration of cyclosporine was similar in African American subjects (70% ± 5% inhibition) and white subjects (64% ± 7% inhibition; P = .5).ConclusionsThe pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cyclosporine were similar in a matched group of African American and white subjects studied under controlled conditions. Environmental factors may contribute more than genetic variability to the lower bioavailability of cyclosporine reported in African American renal transplant recipients.Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2001) 69, 317–323; doi: 10.1067/mcp.2001.115073
Lung disorders induced by respirable organic chemicals
Authors: Morimoto Yasuo , Nishida Chinatsu , Tomonaga Taisuke , Izumi Hiroto , Yatera Kazuhiro , Sakurai Kazuo , Kim Yangho 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Respirable organic chemicals were originally thought to cause allergic respiratory diseases, such as bronchial asthma and hypersensitivity pneumonitis, and believed not to cause lung disorders derived from inflammatory or fibrotic processes such as pulmonary fibrosis and interstitial pneumonitis. It has recently been reported, however, that exposure to organic chemicals can cause interstitial lung diseases. In this review, we discuss the clinical features of occupational asthma and hypersensitivity pneumonitis, as well as other lung disorders, including interstitial pneumonitis, caused by humidifier disinfectants in Korea and by a cross-linked acrylic acid-based polymer (CL-PAA) in Japan.
Bird community recovery following removal of an invasive tree
Authors: O'Leary Benjamin A. , Burd Martin , Venn Susanna E. , Gleadow Roslyn M. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Faunal responses to plant invasions and their managed removal can expand our understanding of the nature of disturbance and the success of restored plant communities.
We examined how bird communities responded to the presence and removal of the invasive understorey tree Pittosporum undulatum Vent. (sweet pittosporum) in matched woodland areas in temperate south‐eastern Australia that were free of P. undulatum invasion, were invaded, or had been cleared up to 14 years prior to our sampling.
Overall bird species richness and individual abundance were insensitive indicators, as neither were significantly affected by the presence or removal of P. undulatum. However, richness and abundance were sharply lower in and beneath the P. undulatum canopies compared to the forest overstorey, pointing to a large structural modification by the invader. Bird community composition changed in fairly consistent ways at multiple sites upon invasion by P. undulatum, changes that were partly but not completely reversed by removal of P. undulatum. The suite of functional traits of the birds present at the sites was disrupted in idiosyncratic ways at sites invaded by P. undulatum and only very weakly restored upon clearing of P. undulatum. Functional and diversity indices are dependent on the type of management implemented.
We propose that a more nuanced approach to management such that some of the invaded forest in neighbouring areas is retained while new trees become established in the cleared areas, providing access to suitable habitat for birds during the transition phase. Such measures are challenging in terms of management and funding but are necessary to maintain avian diversity during and after restoration processes.
Anisotropically Fatigue‐Resistant Hydrogels
Authors: Liang Xiangyu , Chen Guangda , Lin Shaoting , Zhang Jiajun , Wang Liu , Zhang Pei , Wang Zeyu , Wang Zongbao , Lan Yang , Ge Qi , Liu Ji 
Published: June 2021

AbstractNature builds biological materials from limited ingredients, however, with unparalleled mechanical performances compared to artificial materials, by harnessing inherent structures across multi‐length‐scales. In contrast, synthetic material design overwhelmingly focuses on developing new compounds, and fails to reproduce the mechanical properties of natural counterparts, such as fatigue resistance. Here, a simple yet general strategy to engineer conventional hydrogels with a more than 100‐fold increase in fatigue thresholds is reported. This strategy is proven to be universally applicable to various species of hydrogel materials, including polysaccharides (i.e., alginate, cellulose), proteins (i.e., gelatin), synthetic polymers (i.e., poly(vinyl alcohol)s), as well as corresponding polymer composites. These fatigue‐resistant hydrogels exhibit a record‐high fatigue threshold over most synthetic soft materials, making them low‐cost, high‐performance, and durable alternatives to soft materials used in those circumstances including robotics, artificial muscles, etc.
Predictions of soybean harvest index evolution and evapotranspiration using STICS crop model
Authors: Crépeau Marianne , Jégo Guillaume , Morissette René , Pattey Elizabeth , Morrison Malcolm J. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn the last century, soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] genetic improvements have resulted in increased yield partly due to an increase in harvest index (HI). To account for these genetic improvements, an update of the soybean calibration of the STICS soil‐crop model was carried out. The model was calibrated and evaluated for two sets of soybean plant parameters using datasets from the Ottawa region (ON, Canada); a low HI cultivar calibrated using datasets (1993–2008) of cultivars of maturity groups (MGs) 00 and 0 and a high HI cultivar calibrated with more recent datasets (2016–2017) of cultivars of MGs 0 and I. The model succeeded in reproducing the HI increase. Leaf area index (LAI), shoot biomass, and yield were also well predicted for the high HI cultivars with a normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) of 34, 10, and 14%, respectively, which was a great improvement compared to the default parametrization proposed in STICS for soybean. Under rainfed conditions, accurate simulation of evapotranspiration is a critical point to achieve good model performance. A comparison of the two crop evapotranspiration approaches available in STICS was also carried out. It showed that the resistive approach (NRMSE of 36%) was more efficient than the crop coefficient approach (NRMSE of 67%). This good performance of the model in predicting evapotranspiration allowed the model to perform equally well under water stress and non‐water stressed conditions. The model could therefore be used in future studies to simulate the impact of water stress on soybean growth in eastern Canada.
Bee species visiting Medicago sativa differ in pollen deposition curves with consequences for gene flow
Authors: Santa‐Martinez Emmanuel , Cardoso Castro Cibele , Flick Andrew , Sullivan Michael , Riday Heathcliffe , Clayton Murray K. , Brunet Johanne 
Published: June 2021

PremisePollinator foraging behavior can influence pollen dispersal and gene flow. In many plant species a pollinator trips a flower by applying pressure to release its sexual organs. We propose that differences in tripping rate among grooming pollinators could generate distinct pollen deposition curves, the pattern of pollen deposition over successive flowers visited. This study compares the pollen deposition curves of two grooming pollinators, a social bumble bee and a solitary leafcutting bee, with distinct tripping rates on Medicago sativa flowers. We predict a steeper deposition curve for pollen moved by leafcutting bees, the pollinator with the higher tripping rate.MethodsMedicago sativa plants carrying a gene (GUS) whose product is easily detected by staining, were used as pollen donors. After visiting the GUS plants, a bee was released on a linear array of conventional M. sativa plants. The number of GUS pollen grains deposited over successive flowers visited or over cumulative distances was examined. Distinct mixed effect Poisson regression models, illustrating different rates of decay in pollen deposition, were fitted to the pollen data for each bee species.ResultsPollen decay was steeper for leafcutting bees relative to bumble bees for both models of flowers visited and cumulative distance, as predicted by their higher tripping rate.ConclusionsThis is the first report of a difference in pollen deposition curves between two bee species, both grooming pollinators. Such differences could lead to distinct impacts of bee species on gene flow, genetic differentiation, introgression, and ultimately speciation.
Venetoclax for the treatment of multiple myeloma: Outcomes outside of clinical trials
Authors: Sidiqi M. Hasib , Al Saleh Abdullah S. , Kumar Shaji K. , Leung Nelson , Jevremovic Dragan , Muchtar Eli , Gonsalves Wilson I. , Kourelis Taxiarchis V. , Warsame Rahma , Buadi Francis K. , Lacy Martha Q. , Kyle Robert A. , Go Ronald , Hobbs Miriam , Dispenzieri Angela , Dingli David , Hayman Suzanne R. , Gertz Morie A. , Rajkumar S. Vincent , Kapoor Prashant 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMultiple myeloma (MM) remains an incurable disease despite incorporation of novel agents. Venetoclax, a B‐cell lymphoma 2 (BCL‐2) inhibitor is approved for some hematologic malignancies but not yet for MM, although clinical trials have shown efficacy in patients with MM, particularly those harboring t(11;14). We reviewed the medical records of relapsed and/or refractory MM patients to study the efficacy and safety of venetoclax used outside of clinical trials at Mayo Clinic between December, 2016 and March, 2019. The data cut‐off date was August 06, 2020. We identified 56 patients of whom 42 (75%) harbored t(11;14). The median number of prior therapies was six (range 1–15) and 14% of patients had received ≥10 prior lines of therapy. Fifty‐three (95%) patients were refractory to an immunomodulatory drug and proteasome inhibitor. Venetoclax was used as monotherapy or doublet, in combination with dexamethasone in 55% (n = 31) and a triplet or quadruplet in 45% of patients. No patient experienced tumor lysis syndrome. Overall response rate in 52 evaluable patients was 44%. The median time to best response was 2 months and median duration of response was 13.6 months. The median PFS for the entire cohort was 5.8 (95% CI 4.9–10.3) months and median OS was 28.4 (95% CI 14.6‐not reached) months. The presence of t(11;14) was associated with improved PFS (median 9.7 months vs. 4.2 months, p = 0.019) and OS (median not reached vs. 10.8 9 months, p = 0.015). Venetoclax demonstrates encouraging activity in heavily‐treated patients with relapsed/refractory MM, particularly the t(11;14) patient‐population.
Matrilineal diversity and population history of Norwegians
Authors: Kristjansson Dana , Bohlin Jon , Jugessur Astanand , Schurr Theodore G. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundWhile well known for its Viking past, Norway's population history and the influences that have shaped its genetic diversity are less well understood. This is particularly true with respect to its demography, migration patterns, and dialectal regions, despite there being curated historical records for the past several centuries. In this study, we undertook an analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) diversity within the country to elaborate this history from a matrilineal genetic perspective.MethodsWe aggregated 1174 partial modern Norwegian mtDNA sequences from the published literature and subjected them to detailed statistical and phylogenetic analysis by dialectal regions and localities. We further contextualized the matrilineal ancestry of modern Norwegians with data from Mesolithic, Iron Age, and historic period populations.ResultsModern Norwegian mtDNAs fell into eight West Eurasian (N, HV, JT, I, U, K, X, W), five East Eurasian (A, F, G, N11, Z), and one African (L2) haplogroups. Pairwise analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) estimates for all Norwegians indicated they were differentiated from each other at 1.68% (p < 0.001). Norwegians within the same dialectal region also showed genetic similarities to each other, although differences between subpopulations within dialectal regions were also observed. In addition, certain mtDNA lineages in modern Norwegians were also found among prehistoric and historic period populations, suggesting some level of genetic continuity over hundreds to many thousands of years.ConclusionsThis analysis of mtDNA diversity provides a detailed picture of the genetic variation within Norway in light of its topography, settlement history, and historical migrations over the past several centuries.
All‐Resonance Controlled‐Phase Gate on Two Nonlocal Nitrogen‐Vacancy Center Ensembles Assisted by a Superconducting Quantum Circuit
Authors: Wu Hai‐Peng , Li Yan‐Mei , Tao Ming‐Jie , Hua Ming 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe realization of universal quantum logical gates on nonlocal nitrogen‐vacancy center ensembles (NVEs) is a basic task for universal quantum computing with NVEs. In contrast to previous works on the construction of gates, a one‐step all‐resonance scheme is proposed to construct a controlled‐phase gate on two nonlocal NVEs that are coupled to different superconducting transmission line resonators connected by a superconducting transmon qubit. The gate can be easily realized using only one step. Moreover, the all‐resonance operation allows the gate to be achieved within a short time. By considering the feasible parameters obtained in the experiments, this gate can be completed within 101 ns with a high fidelity of approximately 97.8%, which has reached the threshold of fault‐tolerance quantum computing.
Study of the rheological properties and solution microstructure of progressively cross‐linked aqueous gels
Authors: Lv Xin , Liang Shoucheng , Sun Fujie , Zhang Jian , Li Qiang , Ge Yang , Li Fenghui , Jing Bo , Li Lixia 
Published: June 2021

AbstractA stepwise cross‐linking polyacrylamide hydrogel was prepared using the laboratory homemade stepwise crosslinker PVC‐PP‐Cr and partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide. The microstructure was investigated by using the scanning electron microscope and dynamic light scattering. The results show that the system has a controllable cross‐linking time of 4 ~ 6 h, good heat resistance, and maximum gel strength of >300,000 mPa.S. In terms of viscoelastic behavior, a stepwise cross‐linking process between crosslinker and hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) is presented, and the viscoelasticity is increased step by step. During the stepwise cross‐linking process, the dendritic structure, network structure and lamellar structure to a stable spatial network structure is obtained. Here, the cross‐linked structure between polymer molecular chains is formed after addition of the crosslinker, which increases the steric hindrance of macromolecular chains and further enhances the stability of the system. With the gradual release of chromium ions from the PVC‐PP‐Cr stepwise crosslinker, the gel system is formed continuously. When intermolecular friction stopped increasing, intermolecular entanglement and interaction are enhanced, and elasticity is also increased.