bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social behavior in 16p11.2 and 22q11.2 copy number variations: Insights from mice and humans
Authors: Benedetti Arianna , Molent Cinzia , Barcik Weronika , Papaleo Francesco 
Published: December 2021

AbstractGenetic 16p11.2 and 22q11.2 deletions and duplications in humans may alter behavioral developmental trajectories increasing the risk of autism and schizophrenia spectrum disorders, and of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder. In this review, we will concentrate on 16p11.2 and 22q11.2 deletions' effects on social functioning, beyond diagnostic categorization. We highlight diagnostic and social sub‐constructs discrepancies. Notably, we contrast evidence from human studies with social profiling performed in several mouse models mimicking 16p11.2 and 22q11.2 deletion syndromes. Given the complexity of social behavior, there is a need to assess distinct social processes. This will be important to better understand the biology underlying such genetic‐dependent dysfunctions, as well as to give perspective on how therapeutic strategies can be improved. Bridges and divergent points between human and mouse studies are highlighted. Overall, we give challenges and future perspectives to sort the genetics of social heterogeneity.
Engaging veteran stakeholders to identify patient‐centred research priorities for optimizing implementation of lung cancer screening
Authors: Yan Alice , Hooyer Katinka , Asan Onur , Flower Mark , Whittle Jeff 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundPatient engagement in research agenda setting is increasingly being seen as a strategy to improve the responsiveness of healthcare to patient priorities. Implementation of low‐dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening for lung cancer is suboptimal, suggesting that research is needed.ObjectivesThis study aimed to describe an approach by which a Veteran patient group worked with other stakeholders to develop a research agenda for LDCT screening and to describe the research questions that they prioritized.MethodsWe worked with Veterans organizations to identify 12 Veterans or family members at risk for or having experience with lung cancer to form a Patient Advisory Council (PAC). The PAC met repeatedly from June 2018 to December 2020, both independently and jointly, with stakeholders representing clinicians, health administrators and researchers to identify relevant research topics. The PAC prioritized these topics and then identified questions within these areas where research was needed using an iterative process. Finally, they ranked the importance of obtaining answers to these questions.ResultsPAC members valued the co‐learning generated by interactions with stakeholders, but emphasized the importance of facilitation to avoid stakeholders dominating the discussion. The PAC prioritized three broad research areas—(1) the impact of insurance on uptake of LDCT; (2) how best to inform Veterans about LDCT; and (3) follow‐up and impact of screening results. Using these areas as guides, PAC members identified 20 specific questions, ranking as most important (1) innovative outreach methods, (2) the impact of screening on psychological health, and (3) the impact of outsourcing scans from VA to non‐VA providers on completion of recommended follow‐up of screening results. The latter two were not identified as high priority by the stakeholder group.ConclusionsWe present an approach that facilitates co‐learning between Veteran patients and providers, researchers and health system administrators to increase patient confidence in their ability to contribute important information to a research agenda. The research questions prioritized by the Veterans who participated in this project illustrate that for this new screening technology, patients are concerned about the practical details of implementation (e.g., follow‐up) and the technology's impact on quality of life.Patient or Public ContributionVeterans and Veteran advocates contributed to our research team throughout the entire research process, including conceiving and co‐authoring this manuscript.
Impact of COVID‐19 on the burden of care of families of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities
Authors: Navas Patricia , Verdugo Miguel Ángel , Martínez Sergio , Amor Antonio M. , Crespo Manuela , Deliu Madalin M. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAimThis study analysed the impact that COVID‐19 and the response measures implemented by the Spanish Government have had on families of individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities.MethodData on 323 family members (M = 52.3 years old; SD = 10.5) were collected through an online survey, which was focused on analysing difficulties experienced and service provision during lockdown.ResultsMany families (66.3%) have seen their level of stress increased during lockdown because of, among other reasons, a greater burden of care. Difficulties were associated with the closure and changes in disability‐related services. Families of people with extensive support needs have generally experienced greater difficulties.ConclusionSupport services should have been considered essential services during lockdown. The failure to receive support has resulted in excessive burden on families, who had to assume a multitude of roles to support their family member with intellectual and developmental disability.
Impact of blood pressure changes on myocardial work indices in hypertensive patients in a day
Authors: Li Xinhao , Liu Quande , Bao Wuyun , Li Mengmeng , Zhang Yu , Wan Xiaoyu , Zhang Mei 
Published: December 2021

AbstractEvaluating left ventricular function through instantaneous left ventricular deformation parameters might not always be accurate for patients with high fluctuations in blood pressure value due to afterload dependence. Myocardial work (MW) is a more advanced tool that combines global myocardial longitudinal strain (GLS) with LV (left ventricular) systolic pressure. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of blood pressure changes on MW indices in the population with normal blood pressure and hypertension in a day. A total of 117 participants (34 control subjects and 83 hypertensive patients) underwent echocardiographic measurements at rest, twice a day. Simultaneously, the brachial blood pressure was also measured. LV pressure‐strain loop (PSL) was used to calculate global work index (GWI), global constructive work (GCW), global wasted work (GWW), and global work efficiency (GWE). The differences in the GLS and MW indices between the groups were compared, and the correlation of blood pressure changes with the changes in GLS and MW indices were evaluated. Compared to the control group, the hypertensive group showed higher GWI, GCW, and GWW but lower GLS and GWE. Absolute changes in blood pressure, GLS, and MW indices in hypertensive patients were significantly higher than that of the control subjects. Blood pressure changes had significant univariate correlation with changes in GLS and MW indices. In conclusion, significant fluctuations in blood pressure could induce changes in MW indices to preserve left ventricular systolic function. Repeated assessment of MW indices is necessary for hypertensive patients with large blood pressure fluctuations.
Production of stable emulsions using β‐glucans extracted from Pleurotus ostreatus to encapsulate oxidizable compounds
Authors: Gallotti Francesca , Turchiuli Christelle , Lavelli Vera 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe basidiomycete Pleurotus ostreatus is a sustainable food source known to be rich in β‐glucans, functional compounds in mushrooms recognized for their numerous health, nutraceutical, and physicochemical properties. The aim of the present study was to extract β‐glucans from P. ostreatus powder and to study the feasibility of using the extract to prepare oil‐in‐water emulsions formulated for the encapsulation of lipophilic antioxidants by spray drying, for example, with an oil droplet size about 2 μm, a dry matter content of 40% w/w, and with a physical stability of at least 2 hrs. Hot‐water soluble β‐glucans fraction was extracted from P. ostreatus powder following a method adapted from literature. Emulsions were prepared by rotor‐stator homogenization using maltodextrin as wall material, β‐glucans extract as emulsifier, and commercial sunflower oil as a model for lipophilic active compounds. The emulsion stability was estimated from the evolution over time of the oil droplet size distribution measured by laser light diffraction and experimental data were investigated using one‐way ANOVA. Extracts containing up to 27% w/w water‐soluble β‐glucans were produced. Physically stable mono‐modal emulsions were obtained when maltodextrin/β‐glucans weight ratio was lower than about 500 to avoid depletion and β‐glucans/oil weight ratio was more than 0.014 to stabilize oil droplets. The usage of emulsifiers made‐up by polymeric constituents with inherent bioactivity, such as mushroom β‐glucans, could be a sustainable and healthy alternative to common emulsifiers.Practical applicationsA great deal of interest has been expressed in a unique dietary fiber, named β‐glucans, from the basidiomycete Pleurotus ostreatus, a mushroom which can grow efficiently on various clean by‐products of food processing, thus representing a sustainable food source. β‐Glucans' functionality is associated with their many healthy and physicochemical properties, for instance emulsifying properties. The usage of emulsifiers made‐up by polymeric constituents with inherent bioactivity, such as mushroom β‐glucans, could be a sustainable and healthy alternative to common emulsifiers.
Differential misclassification of cognitive impairment by sex among hip fracture patients
Authors: Mutchie Heather L. , Albrecht Jennifer S. , Orwig Denise L. , Huang Yi , Boscardin W. John , Hochberg Marc C. , Magaziner Jay S. , Gruber‐Baldini Ann L. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundMales have worse outcomes after hip fracture than female counterparts. Cognitive impairment (CI) also increases the risk of poor recovery from hip fracture; however, CI is under‐recognized. Patient sex may contribute to this under‐recognition through differential misclassification. The objective of this study was to measure under‐recognition and differential misclassification of CI by patient sex.MethodsA cross‐sectional analysis of baseline data from an observational cohort study of community‐dwelling hip fracture patients aged 65 and older (n = 339; females = 171, males = 168) recruited from eight hospitals in the greater Baltimore, MD area within 15 days of hospitalization for surgical repair with cognitive testing within 22 days of admission. Indication of Alzheimer's disease or related dementias and/or delirium as a postoperative complication in the medical record was considered evidence of documented CI. Observed CI was measured with the Modified Mini‐Mental State Examination (3MS, ≤78). Source of cognitive impairment identification (SCI) was defined as: “3MS Only,” “Hospital Record Only,” “Both,” “No CI” was compared between males and females using logistic regression.ResultsMales had more comorbidities and worse physical status upon admission, but otherwise had similar hospital experiences. SCI distribution was 12.7% “3MS Only” (n = 42), 11.5% “Hospital Record Only” (n = 38), 9.4% “Both” (n = 31), and “No CI” (n = 219). Males were more likely to be identified with CI using the “3MS Only” and “Both,” and females were more likely to have no indication of CI.ConclusionThere were sex differences in the documentation of CI versus observed impairment. Males had more CI using direct testing. This may be contributing to sex differences in recovery outcomes after hip fracture. Results support the implementation of cognitive testing in hip fracture patients to reduce the impact of differential misclassification by patient sex.
CmNF‐YB8 affects drought resistance in chrysanthemum by altering stomatal status and leaf cuticle thickness
Authors: Wang Tianle , Wei Qian , Wang Zhiling , Liu Wenwen , Zhao Xin , Ma Chao , Gao Junping , Xu Yanjie , Hong Bo 
Published: December 2021

AbstractDrought is a major abiotic stress that limits plant growth and development. Adaptive mechanisms have evolved to mitigate drought stress, including the capacity to adjust water loss rate and to modify the morphology and structure of the epidermis. Here, we show that the expression of CmNF‐YB8, encoding a nuclear factor Y (NF‐Y) B‐type subunit, is lower under drought conditions in chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium). Transgenic chrysanthemum lines in which transcript levels of CmNF‐YB8 were reduced by RNA interference (CmNF‐YB8‐RNAi) exhibited enhanced drought resistance relative to control lines, whereas lines overexpressing CmNF‐YB8 (CmNF‐YB8‐OX) were less tolerant to drought. Compared to wild type (WT), CmNF‐YB8‐RNAi plants showed reduced stomatal opening and a thicker epidermal cuticle that correlated with their water loss rate. We also identified genes involved in stomatal adjustment (CBL‐interacting protein kinase 6, CmCIPK6) and cuticle biosynthesis (CmSHN3) that are more highly expressed in CmNF‐YB8‐RNAi lines than in WT, CmCIPK6 being a direct downstream target of CmNF‐YB8. Virus‐induced gene silencing of CmCIPK6 or CmSHN3 in the CmNF‐YB8‐RNAi background abolished the effects of CmNF‐YB8‐RNAi on stomatal closure and cuticle deposition, respectively. CmNF‐YB8 thus regulates CmCIPK6 and CmSHN3 expression to alter stomatal movement and cuticle thickness in the leaf epidermis, thereby affecting drought resistance.
Breaking the UIP: A Model‐Equivalence Result
Authors: YAKHIN YOSSI 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBreaking the uncovered interest rate parity (UIP) is essential to accounting for exchange rate dynamics, and is required for modeling sterilized foreign exchange interventions. Gabaix and Maggiori (2015) account for many exchange rate puzzles by introducing financial intermediaries that absorb savings imbalances for a premium, thereby deviating from the UIP. Fanelli and Straub (2021) analyze foreign exchange interventions. In their model, regulatory exposure limits and participation cost in the international financial markets drive a wedge in the UIP. This paper demonstrates that, to a first‐order approximation, introducing a reduced‐form portfolio adjustment cost is isomorphic to these modeling strategies.
The ethics of nudging: Using moral foundations theory to understand consumers' approval of nudges
Authors: Chowdhury Rafi M. M. I. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis study examines the ethics of nudging and consumers' approval of nudges through the prism of moral foundations theory. Results showed that binding foundations (loyalty/betrayal, authority/subversion, sanctity/degradation) are, in general, positively related to approval of System 1 (relying on automatic information processing) and System 2 (relying on deliberative information processing) nudges. Individualizing foundations (care/harm, fairness/cheating) are, in general, positively related to supporting System 2 nudges. Some exceptions to these relationships exist, based on the issue the nudge is addressing. Binding foundations mediate the effects of empathy and conservatism on approval of both types of nudges. Individualizing foundations mediate the effects of empathy on approval of System 2 nudges. Moral foundations theory is useful for examining acceptance of nudges as it identifies diverse ethical reasons (welfare, fairness, loyalty, authority deference, sanctity) for supporting nudges, linking ethical evaluations with consumers' approval of nudges. Findings provide insights for persuading consumers to support nudges.
The rational construction of a universal register for distinctive wines and spirits GIs against dilution
Authors: Friedmann Danny 
Published: December 2021

AbstractArticle 23.4 TRIPs instructs World Trade Organisation members to negotiate a multilateral system of notification and registration of geographical indications (GIs) for wines (extended to spirits at the 1996 Singapore Ministerial Conference) to facilitate the protection of GIs. Much has been written about moral rights, law and economics and cultural protection as less rational justifications for the enhanced protection of wines and spirits GIs. This article explores the rational justifications of enhanced protection of wines and spirits GIs against dilution through the lens of universality, and distinctiveness. Subsequently, this article provides an updated analysis of four proposals for a multilateral register for wines and spirits GIs that have not led to a consensus between the Old and New World countries. Therefore, this article is proposing the construction of a multilateral register by combining the best elements of these proposals, measured along the yardstick of universality and distinctiveness and maps the contours of the bargaining space between the Old and New World countries in regard to the determination of genericism, to spark new interest in breaking the stalemate between the Old and New World countries in regard to fulfilling the mandate of Article 23.4 TRIPs.
Medical student engagement in small‐group active learning: A stimulated recall study
Authors: Grijpma Jan Willem , Mak‐van der Vossen Marianne , Kusurkar Rashmi A. , Meeter Martijn , de la Croix Anne 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundActive learning relies on students' engagement with teachers, study materials and/or each other. Although medical education has adopted active learning as a core component of medical training, teachers have difficulties recognising when and why their students engage or disengage and how to teach in ways that optimise engagement. With a better understanding of the dynamics of student engagement in small‐group active learning settings, teachers could be facilitated in effectively engaging their students.MethodsWe conducted a video‐stimulated recall study to explore medical students' engagement during small‐group learning activities. We recorded one teaching session of two different groups and selected critical moments of apparent (dis)engagement. These moments served as prompts for the 15 individual semi‐structured interviews we held. Interview data were analysed using Template Analysis style of thematic analysis. To guide the analysis, we used a framework that describes student engagement as a dynamic and multidimensional concept, consisting of behavioural, cognitive and emotional components.ResultsThe analysis uncovered three main findings: (1) In‐class student engagement followed a spiral‐like pattern. Once students were engaged or disengaged on one dimension, other dimensions were likely to follow suit. (2) Students' willingness to engage in class was decided before class, depending on their perception of a number of personal, social and educational antecedents of engagement. (3) Distinguishing engagement from disengagement appeared to be difficult for teachers, because the intention behind student behaviour was not always identifiable.DiscussionThis study adds to the literature by illuminating the dynamic process of student engagement and explaining the difficulty of recognising and influencing this process in practice. Based on the importance of discerning the intentions behind student behaviour, we advise teachers to use their observations of student (dis)engagement to initiate interaction with students with open and inviting prompts. This can help teachers to (re‐)engage students in their classrooms.
FRAMES OF REFERENCE: Cloth, Community, and Knowledge Ideology in Morocco
Authors: Nicholas Claire 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis paper explores how one type of traditional Moroccan cloth comes to be known through different epistemological frameworks or “knowledge ideologies.” The case in question involves a rural women’s weaving cooperative and Moroccan state strategies to rationalize cloth production, which here takes the form of technical training and product development workshops. A struggle over the right to determine the present and future of cloth‐making manifests in part as differing perspectives among weavers and government officials about legitimate quality assessment criteria and methods, and the appropriate color of the local cloth. At the center of these competing ways to evaluate or define traditional cloth is the question of authority: who has the right to assess quality and what aspects of their identity should factor into this right? The case of traditional weaving in Morocco underscores how “knowing” and “knowing what’s best” are thoroughly entangled in the domain of cultural heritage and its management.
Systemic antifungal therapy with isavuconazonium sulfate or other agents in adults with invasive mucormycosis or invasive aspergillosis (non‐fumigatus): A multicentre, non‐interventional registry study
Authors: Thompson George R. , Garcia‐Diaz Julia , Miceli Marisa H. , Nguyen M. Hong , Ostrosky‐Zeichner Luis , Young Jo‐Anne H. , Fisher Cynthia E. , Clark Nina M. , Greenberg Richard N. , Spec Andrej , Kovanda Laura , Croos‐Dabrera Rodney , Kontoyiannis Dimitrios P. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundIsavuconazole, administered as isavuconazonium sulfate (ISAVUSULF), is a broad‐spectrum triazole agent for the treatment of invasive fungal disease. In phase 3 studies, ISAVUSULF showed comparable efficacy to voriconazole and amphotericin B for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis (IA) and invasive mucormycosis (IM), respectively.ObjectivesThe objective of this study is to determine all‐cause mortality and safety outcomes among adults with IM and/or IA non‐fumigatus (nf) treated with ISAVUSULF or other antifungal therapies (AFT).Patients and methodsThis multicentre, non‐interventional registry enrolled patients aged ≥18 years with IM or IA‐nf who received systemic AFT from January 2016 to November 2018. Patients received primary ISAVUSULF, non‐primary ISAVUSULF, or other AFT, as monotherapy or combination therapy. The primary end point was all‐cause mortality at Days 42 and 84; safety outcomes were adverse drug reactions (ADRs) to ISAVUSULF.ResultsOf 204 patients enrolled, 74 received primary ISAVUSULF, 30 non‐primary ISAVUSULF, and 100 other AFT. All‐cause mortality through Day 42 was numerically lower in the non‐primary ISAVUSULF group than in the primary ISAVUSULF and other AFT groups, for patients with IM (20.0% vs. 33.3% and 41.3%, respectively) or IA‐nf (0% vs. 14.8% and 17.8%, respectively). All‐cause mortality tended to be lower with combination therapy than with monotherapy, except for patients with IM receiving primary ISAVUSULF. Of 111 patients receiving ISAVUSULF, 14 (12.6%) reported ADRs, of whom three (2.7%) developed serious ADRs. There were no drug‐related deaths.ConclusionsThis study supports the effectiveness and tolerability of ISAVUSULF in clinical practice. Further research is required to confirm the value of ISAVUSULF combination therapy over monotherapy.
Dermatologic complications of orthopedic casts in pediatric patients
Authors: Ravi Manisha , Fernandez Faith Esteban , Whitaker Amanda , Kaffenberger Jessica 
Published: December 2021

AbstractCast immobilization is performed in pediatric patients to support fracture healing, provide post‐operative protection, or correct congenital deformities. Pediatric dermatologists will likely encounter the casted patients in their practice. These patients may present with cast‐related complications that can arise due to the cast application or removal process, the inner cast environment, direct physical effects of the cast, or other external factors. This article provides a review of the dermatologic complications of cast immobilization, as well as useful recommendations for patients and their families.