bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transport and Localization of Elastic Waves in Two‐Dimensional Fractured Media: Consequences on Scattering Attenuation
Authors: Lei Qinghua , Sornette Didier 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe present numerical simulations of elastic wave transport in two‐dimensional fractured media. Natural fracture systems, following a power‐law length scaling, are modeled by the discrete fracture network approach for geometrically representing fracture distributions and the displacement discontinuity method for mechanically computing fracture‐wave interactions. The model is validated against analytical solutions for wave reflection, transmission, and scattering by single fractures, and then applied to solve the wavefield evolution in synthetic fracture networks. We find that the dimensionless angular frequency ῶ = ωZ/κ plays a crucial role in governing wave transport, where ω, Z, and κ are the angular frequency, seismic impedance, and fracture stiffness, respectively. When ῶ is smaller than the critical frequency ῶc (≈5), waves are in the extended mode, either propagating (for small ῶ) or diffusing by multiple scattering (for intermediate ῶ); as ῶ exceeds ῶc, waves become trapped, entering either the Anderson localization regime (kl* ≈ 1) in well‐connected fracture systems or the weak localization regime (kl* > 1) in poorly‐connected fracture systems, where k is the incident wavenumber and l* is the mean free path length. Consequently, the inverse quality factor Q−1 scales with ῶ obeying a two‐branch power‐law dependence, showing significant frequency dependence when ῶ < ῶc and almost frequency independence when ῶ > ῶc. Furthermore, when ῶ < ῶc, the wavefield exhibits a weak dependence on fracture network geometry, whereas when ῶ > ῶc, the fracture network connectivity has an important impact on the wavefield such that strong attenuation occurs in well‐connected fracture systems.
Sediment Transport Potential in a Hydraulically Connected River and Floodplain‐Channel System
Authors: Sumaiya Sumaiya , Czuba Jonathan A. , Schubert John T. , David Scott R. , Johnston Graham H. , Edmonds Douglas A. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMeandering river floodplains often contain intermittently flooded complex channel networks. Many questions remain as to the pervasiveness, function, and evolution of these floodplain channels. In this present work, we analyzed size‐specific sediment transport potential and assessed whether the channelized floodplain of the meandering East Fork White River near Seymour, Indiana is on a net erosional or depositional trajectory. We applied a two‐dimensional hydrodynamic model and used simulated model results to estimate the largest sediment size that can be moved in suspension and as bedload at various flows for grain size classes between 4 µm and 64 mm. We developed a probabilistic method that integrates the largest sediment size that can be moved at various flows to compute an effective grain size, which we compared to measured field data. Results show that the river is capable of supplying sand to the floodplain and these floodplain channels can transport sand in suspension and gravel as bedload. This suggests that sediment supplied from the river could be transported as bedload in floodplain channels. These floodplain channels are supply limited under the current hydrologic regime and the grain size distribution of the bed surface is set by the flow conditions; thus, these floodplain channels are net erosional. Finally, our proposed method of probabilistically integrating the largest sediment size that can be moved at various flows can be used to predict the upper end of the grain size distribution in suspension and in bed material, which is applicable to floodplains as well as coastal areas.
Self-organized phase-transition lithography for all-inorganic photonic textures
Authors: Zhang Bo , Tan Dezhi , Wang Zhuo , Liu Xiaofeng , Xu Beibei , Gu Min , Tong Limin , Qiu Jianrong 
Published: April 2021

AbstractRealizing general processing applicable to various materials by one basic tool has long been considered a distant dream. Fortunately, ultrafast laser–matter interaction has emerged as a highly universal platform with unprecedented optical phenomena and provided implementation paths for advanced manufacturing with novel functionalities. Here, we report the establishment of a three-dimensional (3D) focal-area interference field actively induced by a single ultrafast laser in transparent dielectrics. Relying on this, we demonstrate a radically new approach of self-organized phase-transition lithography (SOPTL) to achieve super-resolution construction of embedded all-inorganic photonic textures with extremely high efficiency. The generated textures exhibit a tunable photonic bandgap (PBG) in a wide range from ~1.3 to ~2 μm. More complicated interlaced textures with adjustable structural features can be fabricated within a few seconds, which is not attainable with any other conventional techniques. Evidence suggests that the SOPTL is extendable to more than one material system. This study augments light–matter interaction physics, offers a promising approach for constructing robust photonic devices, and opens up a new research direction in advanced lithography.
Age and sex specific effects of APOE genotypes on ischemic heart disease and its risk factors in the UK Biobank
Authors: Li Mengyu , Zhao Jie V. , Kwok Man Ki , Schooling C. Mary 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAPOE genotypes are associated with ischemic heart disease (IHD), several other cardiovascular diseases and dementia. Previous studies have not comprehensively considered all genotypes, especially ε2ε2, nor associations by age and sex, although IHD incidence differs by sex. In the UK Biobank, including 391,992 white British participants, we compared effects of APOE genotypes on IHD and its risk factors. Compared to the ε3ε3 genotype, ε2ε2 was not clearly associated with IHD but was associated with lower plasma apolipoprotein B (apoB). The ε2ε3 genotype conferred lower IHD risk, systolic blood pressure (SBP), pulse pressure and plasma apoB than ε3ε3. ε3ε4 and ε4ε4 conferred higher IHD risk, higher pulse pressure and plasma apoB, but lower glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) than ε3ε3. The associations by age and sex were fairly similar, except ε2ε2 compared to ε3ε3 was marginally positively associated with IHD in the younger age group and nominally inversely associated with SBP in men. ε3ε4 compared to ε3ε3 was nominally positively associated with SBP in women. APOE genotypes affect IHD risk increasingly from ε2ε3, ε3ε3, ε3ε4 to ε4ε4, with similar patterns for pulse pressure and plasma apoB, but not for diabetes. Associations with blood pressure differed by sex. Greater understanding of products of APOE and their effects might generate targets of intervention.
Rheological and technological characterization of red rice modified starch and jaboticaba peel powder mixtures
Authors: Almeida Raphael Lucas Jacinto , dos Santos Pereira Tamires , Almeida Renata Duarte , Santiago Ângela Maria , de Lima Marsiglia Wanda Izabel Monteiro , Nabeshima Elizabeth Harumi , de Sousa Conrado Líbia , de Gusmão Rennan Pereira 
Published: April 2021

AbstractProperties of modified starch and its interaction with functional raw materials are of great interest to the food industry. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the rheological and technological characterization of starches modified by the action of the enzymes α-amylase and amyloglucosidase and their mixtures with jaboticaba peel powder. The parameters of firmness, gumminess, and final viscosity of starches paste increased, and the tendency to setback was reduced with the addition of jaboticaba peel powder. Starches and mixtures presented shear-thinning behavior. The addition of jaboticaba peel powder to starches increased water, oil, and milk absorption capacity, while syneresis remained stable over the storage period. The addition of jaboticaba peel powder had a positive effect on native and modified starches' rheological and technological properties, qualifying it as an alternative for developing new functional food products.
An analytical method reduces noise bias in motor adaptation analysis
Authors: Blustein Daniel H. , Shehata Ahmed W. , Kuylenstierna Erin S. , Englehart Kevin B. , Sensinger Jonathon W. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWhen a person makes a movement, a motor error is typically observed that then drives motor planning corrections on subsequent movements. This error correction, quantified as a trial-by-trial adaptation rate, provides insight into how the nervous system is operating, particularly regarding how much confidence a person places in different sources of information such as sensory feedback or motor command reproducibility. Traditional analysis has required carefully controlled laboratory conditions such as the application of perturbations or error clamping, limiting the usefulness of motor analysis in clinical and everyday environments. Here we focus on error adaptation during unperturbed and naturalistic movements. With increasing motor noise, we show that the conventional estimation of trial-by-trial adaptation increases, a counterintuitive finding that is the consequence of systematic bias in the estimate due to noise masking the learner’s intention. We present an analytic solution relying on stochastic signal processing to reduce this effect of noise, producing an estimate of motor adaptation with reduced bias. The result is an improved estimate of trial-by-trial adaptation in a human learner compared to conventional methods. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the new method in analyzing simulated and empirical movement data under different noise conditions.
Tethered Cord
Authors: Thomale Ulrich W. , Finger Tobias , Schulz Matthias 
Published: April 2021

ZusammenfassungDas tethered cord (TC), welches im Rahmen von angeborenen Fehlbildungen entsteht, ist ein heterogenes Krankheitsbild. Offene Neuralrohrdefekte bedürfen einer unmittelbaren Versorgung nach Geburt. Bei geschlossenen Fehlbildungen ist eine operative Behandlungsindikation in Abhängigkeit von folgenden Faktoren zu stellen: Komplexität der Fehlbildung, Erfahrung des Operateurs mit spinalen Dysraphien und Progression von assoziierten neurologischen Symptomen. Das intraoperative Neuromonitoring und die Mikrochirurgie sind unabdingbare Vorrausetzungen für die Operation. Ein interdisziplinäres Team, bevorzugt in einem spezialisierten Zentrum, ist Voraussetzung für die langfristige Versorgung der durchaus komplexen Begleiterscheinungen eines TCs. Der Funktionserhalt und ggf. auch die Funktionsverbesserung mit Erhalt der Lebensqualität muss das primäre Ziel der Behandlung darstellen.
Blasenkarzinom − Komplikationen der Harnableitung
Authors: Pfister David , Niegisch Günter 
Published: April 2021

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGAuch heute noch stellt die radikale Zystektomie mit Anlage einer Harnableitung einen der komplikationsträchtigsten Eingriffe in der Uro-Onkologie dar. Insbesondere im Langzeitverlauf, aber auch perioperativ spielen dabei durch die Harnableitung bedingte Probleme eine wesentliche Rolle.Perioperativ stehen dabei im Wesentlichen gastrointestinale Probleme wie etwa ein Ileus, aber auch Infekte und frühe Komplikationen der unterschiedlichen Anastomosen im Vordergrund. Während ein Ileus ebenso wie perioperative Infekte i. d. R. medikamentös behandelt werden können, erfordern Insuffizienzen der intestinalen Anastomose regelhaft und Insuffizienzen der ureterointestinalen Anastomosen häufig operative Revisionen.Im Langzeitverlauf können Narbenbildungen zu chronischen Harnabflussbehinderungen und bei kontinenten Harnableitungen zur Steinbildung führen und ebenso wie parastomale Hernien weitere Therapien erforderlich machen. Funktionelle Darmprobleme können die Lebensqualität der Patienten nachhaltig beeinflussen.Durch eine verbesserte Vorbereitung präoperativ und die begleitenden Maßnahmen während des stationären Aufenthalts können nicht operationsbedingte Komplikationen signifikant reduziert werden.Die Zystektomie mit der therapieassoziierten Morbidität ist ein Paradebeispiel für eine zentrumsbasierte Operation um Komplikationen sowohl perioperativ als auch im weiteren Follow-up zu reduzieren.
Operabilität und pathologisches Ansprechen des Lungenkarzinoms nach neoadjuvanter Therapie mit Immun-Checkpoint-Inhibitoren
Authors: Lücke E. , Ganzert C. , Föllner S. , Wäsche A. , Jechorek D. , Schoeder V. , Walles T. , Genseke P. , Schreiber J. 
Published: April 2021

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
Hintergrund Eine Blockade von Immun-Escape-Mechanismen (z. B. PD1/PD-L1) mit Immun-Checkpoint-Inhibition (ICI) kann das Überleben von Patienten mit fortgeschrittenem NSCLC wesentlich verlängern und ausgeprägte Remissionen induzieren. Eine neoadjuvante ICI bei Patienten mit resektablem (UICC-Stadium III) oder oligometastasiertem (UICC-Stadium IVA) NSCLC wurde bisher kaum untersucht.
Patienten/Methoden Es wurden Biopsien von Patienten mit lokal fortgeschrittenem oder oligometastasiertem NSCLC untersucht. Es erfolgte bei einer PD-L1-Expression > 50 %, gutem ECOG-Status und zu erwartender Operabilität die ICI-Applikation und nach ca. 4 Wochen die thoraxchirurgische OP. Alle Patienten erhielten ein komplettes Staging einschließlich PET-CT, cMRT und endobronchialem Ultraschall. Es wurden die Verträglichkeit, das radiologische und histologische Tumoransprechen und das chirurgische Outcome analysiert.
Ergebnisse 4 Patienten (2 männlich, 2 weiblich, Alter 56–78 Jahre, n = 3 Adenokarzinom, n = 1 Plattenepithelkarzinom) erhielten präoperativ einen ICI. Alle Patienten hatten lokal fortgeschrittene Tumore, und die mediastinalen Lymphknoten waren in 3 Fällen positiv. Bei einem Patienten lag eine isolierte Hirnmetastase vor, welche stereotaktisch radiotherapiert wurde. Alle Patienten erhielten präoperativ komplikationslos 2–6 Zyklen eines ICI (3 × Pembrolizumab; 1 × Atezolizumab). Dies führte nicht zu einer Verzögerung der OP. Nach iRECIST zeigten 3 Tumore eine partielle response (PR), und ein Patient wies ein stable disease (SD) auf. Alle Tumore wurden komplett reseziert, und die OP erwies sich trotz inflammatorischer Veränderungen als technisch unproblematisch. Es gab keine behandlungsbezogene Morbidität oder Mortalität und keine perioperativen Komplikationen. In den Resektaten waren jeweils 2-mal ein komplettes pathologisches Ansprechen (CPR), Regressionsgrad III nach Junker, und 2-mal ein Regressionsgrad IIa nach Junker nachweisbar. Das mittlere Follow-up betrug 12 (1–24) Monate. Die PPR-Patienten entwickelten entweder Fernmetastasen nach 6 Monaten oder ein Lokalrezidiv nach 4 Monaten. Die CPR-Patienten sind bisher rezidivfrei.
Schlussfolgerungen Eine neoadjuvante Therapie mit ICI ist gut verträglich und kann bei ausgewählten Patienten eine komplette Tumorremission induzieren. Die Behandlung hat keinen negativen Einfluss auf den chirurgischen Eingriff. Die Prognose ist vielversprechend bei CPR und eingeschränkt bei PPR.
Schutz und Regeneration der Betazellen
Authors: Solimena Michele , Lickert Heiko , Schürmann Annette 
Published: April 2021

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDer Typ-1-Diabetes sowie das fortgeschrittene Stadium des Typ-2-Diabetes sind durch den Verlust oder die Fehlfunktion der Insulin-produzierenden Betazellen in der Bauchspeicheldrüse gekennzeichnet. Bislang gibt es keine Möglichkeit, das Fortschreiten des Betazellverlusts durch eine medikamentöse Behandlung aufzuhalten oder umzukehren. In dem Forschungsschwerpunkt Schutz und Regeneration der Betazellen arbeitet das Deutsche Zentrum für Diabetesforschung (DZD) u. a. an Verfahren, um die Insulin-produzierenden Betazellen besser zu schützen bzw. sie wiederherzustellen oder zu ersetzen.
Entwicklung und Validierung einer deutschsprachigen Kurzform des Coping Strategies Inventory
Authors: Schetsche Christian , Jaume Luis Carlos , Gago-Galvagno Lucas , Elgier Angel Manuel 
Published: April 2021

ZusammenfassungWenn festgestellt wird, dass eine externe und/oder interne Anforderung die eigenen Ressourcen erschöpft, werden bestimmte Strategien verwendet, um mit dem damit verbundenen Stress umzugehen. Obwohl ein Zusammenhang zwischen der emotionalen Unterdrückung und einem höheren Grad an pathologischen Zuständen nachweisbar ist, existieren keine deutschsprachigen Kurzinstrumente, die diese Stressbewältigungsstrategie beinhalten. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war es daher, das Coping Strategies Inventory zu übersetzen und eine Kurzversion des Instruments zu entwickeln. Die Stichprobe (N=272) wurde über eine web-basierte Umfrage erhoben und eine explorative Faktoranalyse zeigte anstelle von 8 die Existenz von 9 Stressbewältigungsstrategien, die mit dem Instrument erfasst werden. Die Ergebnisse der konfirmatorischen Faktoranalyse zeigten nicht nur angemessene psychometrische Eigenschaften der 9-Faktorenstruktur, sondern auch deren Überlegenheit im Vergleich zu einer übergeordneten Faktorenstruktur. Signifikante Korrelationen mit allen Persönlichkeitsmerkmalen bestätigen die konvergente Validität des Instruments, sodass seine Kurzversion im deutschsprachigen Raum eingesetzt werden kann.
Applications of the Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons Olefination in Modern Natural Product Synthesis
Authors: Beemelmanns Christine , Roman Dávid , Sauer Maria 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons (HWE) reaction is one of the most reliable olefination reaction and can be broadly applied in organic chemistry and natural product synthesis with excellent selectivity. Within the last few years HWE reaction conditions have been optimized and new reagents developed to overcome challenges in the total syntheses of natural products. This review highlights the application of HWE olefinations in total syntheses of structurally different natural products covering 2015 to 2020. Applied HWE reagents and reactions conditions are highlighted to support future synthetic approaches and serve as guideline to find the best HWE conditions for the most complicated natural products.1 Introduction and Historical Background2 Applications of HWE2.1 Cyclization by HWE Reactions2.2.1 Formation of Medium- to Larger-Sized Rings2.2.2 Formation of Small- to Medium-Sized Rings2.3 Synthesis of α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Groups2.4 Synthesis of Substituted C=C Bonds2.5 Late-Stage Modifications by HWE Reactions2.6 HWE Reactions on Solid Supports2.7 Synthesis of Poly-Conjugated C=C Bonds2.8 HWE-Mediated Coupling of Larger Building Blocks2.9 Miscellaneous3 Summary and Outlook
Comparing metapopulation dynamics of infectious diseases under different models of human movement
Authors: Citron Daniel T. , Guerra Carlos A. , Dolgert Andrew J. , Wu Sean L. , Henry John M. , Sánchez C. Héctor M. , Smith David L. 
Published: April 2021

Significance
Newly available large-scale datasets of human population movement represent an opportunity to model how diseases spread between different locations. Combining infectious disease models with mechanistic models of host movement enables studies of how movement drives disease transmission and importation. Here we explore how modeled epidemiological outcomes may be sensitive to the modeler’s choice of movement model structure. We use three different mathematical models of disease transmission to show how a model’s epidemiological predictions can change dramatically depending on the chosen host movement model. We find these different outcomes are robust to using the same data sources to parameterize each candidate model, which we illustrate using an example of real-world malaria transmission and importation in Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea.
Microwave absorption properties of amorphous Fe–B particle composites in K band
Authors: Li Wenliang , Zhang Junming , He Donglin , Wang Guowu , Wang Tao 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this study, spherical amorphous Fe–B submicron particles were synthesized via aqueous chemical reduction, and a composite with a mass fraction of 80% was prepared by compounding them with polyurethane. By measuring the electromagnetic parameters and calculating the microwave absorption properties, we found that the composite had excellent absorption performance in a frequency range of 18–26.5 GHz. When the absorber was 0.88 mm thick, the reflection loss (RL) peak reached a maximum (−47.94 dB) with a bandwidth (RL < −10 dB) of 5.01 GHz. The absorption mechanism of the composite in the K band was also investigated. The results showed that the Fe–B particle composite effectively reduced the absorber’s thickness, maintaining a good absorption performance in the K band.
Enhancement of thermoelectric performance of CH3NH3PbI3 through strain driven topological phase transition and doping
Authors: Kore Ashish , Murari Himanshu , Singh Poorva 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The effects of compressive strain, doping and temperature on the thermoelectric properties of CH3NH3PbI3 have been investigated by employing first principles based calculations and semi-classical Boltzmann theory. CH3NH3PbI3 displays a topological phase transition under 9.9% external compressive strain. Thermoelectric studies reveal that application of strain enhances the Seebeck coefficient for electron and hole-doped regions. This increment is attributed to the strain induced band inversion and modifications in the electronic density of states at the topological transition point. The strain driven topological phase transition produces a ZT value of 0.89 for hole-doped CH3NH3PbI3 at 800 K.
Influence of anisotropic strain and temperature on hydrogen dissolution in tungsten
Authors: Han Quan-Fu , Zhang Ying , Yang Kun Jie , Liu Yue-Lin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We have studied the double effects of anisotropic strain and temperature on the dissolution behavior of hydrogen (H) in tungsten (W) by using first-principles calculation combined with thermodynamic model. The strain and temperature effects are reflected by uniaxial/biaxial strain loading and vibrational Helmholtz free energy, respectively. We calculated the dissolution energy of the H atom at four different interstitial sites of TIS(1), TIS(2), OIS(1) and OIS(2). For TIS(2), OIS(1) and OIS(2), the dissolution energy of H changes monotonically as the biaxial strain rises from −5% to 5%. However, the dissolution ability of H at TIS(1) can be promoted by employing either compressive or tensile biaxial strain. There are more interesting results, the temperature-dependent dissolution energy of H at TIS(1) shows a significant decrease with the compressive biaxial strain loading, but this phenomenon does not occur at other three positions, i.e., TIS(2), OIS(1) and OIS(2). Besides, with the same anisotropic strain loading, the dissolution energy of H for all four kinds of positions increase as the temperature rises from 300 to 1800 K, which is mainly originated from the contribution of the vibrational Helmholtz free energy. Our results indicate that H atoms are more easily to accumulate in the anisotropic strain enrichment region in W as the temperature rises, which will make it more easier to form H bubbles in W.
Video analysis of the fall and vertical downward launch of Styrofoam balls with air drag
Authors: de Oliveira A L , de Jesus V L B , Sasaki D G G 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The drag effect on a falling ball caused by air is a conventional subject in the most well-known textbooks of classical mechanics and fluid dynamics. Further, there are some papers that employ video analysis to track objects movements in the air making it possible to obtain position data as a function of time and its graphs. However, none of them addresses the case of a ball thrown downwards, maybe because this situation is neglected by textbooks or probably due to the experimental difficulty to perform this kind of launch manually. In this paper, both the fall and the vertical launch down of five different Styrofoam balls are filmed with an ordinary smartphone camera and analysed by using the free software Tracker. The position and velocities graphs depicted clearly the air drag effect on the ball’s movements. The entire raw data are compared with a theoretical model and therefore terminal and initial velocities can be extracted as adjusted parameters from simple mathematical fits. The Reynolds number and the drag coefficient calculated for each ball agree with those found in the literature.