bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphometric analysis of the lumbar vertebrae and intervertebral discs in relation to abdominal aorta: CT-based study
Authors: Kot Anna , Polak Jarosław , Klepinowski Tomasz , Frączek Maciej J. , Krzyżewski Roger M. , Grochowska Anna , Popiela Tadeusz J. , Kwinta Borys M. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Although lumbar discectomy is the most common procedure in spine surgery, reports about anatomical relations between discs and prevertebral vessels are limited. Aim of this research was to investigate morphometric of the lumbar region and the relations between intervertebral discs (IVDs) and abdominal aorta.

Methods
557 abdominal computed tomography scans were assessed. For each spinal column level from Th12/L1 down to L4/L5, we investigated: intervertebral disc’s and vertebra’s height, width, length, and distance from aorta or common iliac artery (CIA). Those arteries were also measured in two dimensions and classified based on location.

Results
54.58% of patients were male. There was a significant difference in arterial-disc distances (ADDs) between genders at the levels: L1/L2 (1.32 ± 1.97 vs. 0.96 ± 1.78 mm; p = 0.0194), L2/L3 (1.97 ± 2.16 vs. 1.15 ± 2.01 mm; p < 0.0001), L3/L4 (2.54 ± 2.78 vs. 1.71 ± 2.61 mm; p = 0.0012), also for both CIAs (left CIA 3.64 ± 3.63 vs. 2.6 ± 3.06 mm; p = 0.0004 and right CIA: 7.96 ± 5.06 vs. 5.8 ± 4.57 mm; p < 0.001)—those ADDs were higher in men at all levels. The length and width of IVD increased alongside with disc level with the maximum at L4/L5.

Conclusion
Bifurcations of the aorta in most cases occurred at the L4 level. Collected data suggest that at the highest lumbar levels, there is a greater possibility to cause injury of the aorta due to its close anatomical relationship with discs. Females have limited, in comparison to males, ADD at L1/L2, L2/L3, and L3/L4 levels what should be taken into consideration during preoperative planning of surgical intervention.
Internetberatung und Psychotherapie: reflektierte Erfahrungen von Psychotherapeut_innen und Klient_innen
Authors: Finger-Ossinger Margarete 
Published: December 2021

ZusammenfassungInternetberatung ist in Österreich durch die Internetrichtlinie für Psychotherapeut_innen festgelegt, jedoch erlaubt diese nicht die psychotherapeutische Behandlung mittels Medien. Es wird darauf hingewiesen, dass derzeit keine Psychotherapie via Internet eines wissenschaftlich begründeten und evaluierten Vorgehens existiert. Interessen dies zu ändern, gibt es schon seit Jahren; die Herausforderung des Lockdown in der Covid19-Krise haben es – zumindest zeitbeschränkt – möglich gemacht, psychotherapeutische Behandlung mittels Medien durchzuführen.Die reflektierten Erfahrungen, die Psychotherapeut_innen und Klient_innen mit dieser ausnahmsweise gewährten Form von Psychotherapie gemacht haben, können ein kleiner Beitrag dazu sein, herauszufinden, ob Psychotherapie – weitere Forschung vorausgesetzt – auch mittels Internet oder Telefon stattfinden sollte, welche Faktoren zu beachten sind oder ob optimale Krankenbehandlung immer unmittelbar, im engeren Verständnis dieses Wortes, fachlich vertretbar ist.
Parasitism, seasonality, and diversity of trombiculid mites (Trombidiformes: Parasitengona, Trombiculidae) infesting bats (Chiroptera) in Poland
Authors: Zajkowska Paula , Mąkol Joanna 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe study aims to ascertain the diversity of trombiculid species associated with Chiroptera in Poland, and for the first time in the case of research on Central European Trombiculidae, we use both DNA and morphology in an integrative taxonomic approach to determine species identities of trombiculids. The research was carried out from 2015 to 2019. In total, 2725 larvae were collected from 300 specimens of bats belonging to 11 species. Deutonymphs were obtained through laboratory rearing of larvae; few larvae and deutonymphs were collected also from bats' daily roosts. The presence of trombiculid larvae on hosts was observed between July and April of the following year, with the highest numbers recorded in autumn, during bat swarming. Male bats were infested more often than females (16.4 vs. 6.6%). The highest infestation rate was recorded forBarbastella barbastellus,Myotis nattereriandPlecotus auritus, and the highest prevalence of chiggers (> 30%) forMyotis bechsteiniiandP.auritus. The larvae found on bats occupied the areas with free access to the host’s skin: auricles, tragus, and snout. Morphological identification of specimens to the species level was hindered by the mosaic distribution of diagnostic traits. Morphological analyses indicated the presence ofLeptotrombidium russicumandLeptotrombidiumspp. in the examined material, whereas molecular analyses additionally suggested three other potential species assigned to the same genus based on the assessed scope of intrageneric variation (ASAP method). We argue that the identification of the parasitic larvae (chiggers) using morphological characters does not address the question of actual species boundaries, which, in turn, affects the inferences about host specificity and host range.
Crime and punishment in times of pandemics
Authors: Sarel Roee 
Published: December 2021

AbstractHow should we think about crime deterrence in times of pandemics? The economic analysis of crime tells us that potential offenders will compare the costs and the benefits from crime and from innocence and then choose whichever option is more profitable. We must therefore ask ourselves how this comparison is affected by the outbreak of a pandemic and the policy changes which may accompany it, such as governmental restrictions, social distancing, and responses to economic crises. Using insights from law and economics, this paper investigates how the various components in the cost-benefit analysis of crime might change during a pandemic, focusing on Covid-19 as a test case. Building on classical theoretical models, existing empirical evidence, and behavioral aspects, the analysis reveals that there are many potentially countervailing effects on crime deterrence. The paper thus highlights the need to carefully consider which aspects are applicable given the circumstances of the pandemic, as whether crime deterrence will increase or decrease should depend on the strength of the effects at play.
Sustainable development and national cultures: a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the research field
Authors: Piwowar-Sulej Katarzyna 
Published: December 2021

AbstractNational culture (NC) plays a crucial role in transitioning societies toward sustainable development (SD) which is based on the triple bottom line (TBL) approach. The impact of NC should be broadly analyzed, taking into account the perspective of individuals, organizations, societies, etc. This constitutes the general field of “national culture sustainable development” (NCSD). To the author’s knowledge, this is the first literature review conducted on the above-defined NCSD field and based on a mixed-methods analysis. It contributes to the development of knowledge by presenting the scientific structure of the general NCSD research field and the main detailed problems addressed in the papers assigned to this field, synthesizing the previous research findings, and emphasizing the need to examine SD holistically. This study revealed that the interest of academics in the NCSD field is growing. The scientific structure of this field is formed by 80 articles, including 63 empirical papers which were based mostly on the analysis of secondary data. The most popular topic in previous studies was the relationship between cultural dimensions (authored by Hofstede) and practices related to reporting on sustainability. Cultural characteristics were combined with the data from different sources and covered different numbers of countries. Subsequent research projects were methodologically separate from the previous ones which implied inconsistent results. Papers discussing the linkage between national culture and all elements of the TBL concept together are rare. The above highlights, i.e., the need for more research based on a holistic approach to SD, methodological rigor and continuity.
Paradoxical Aspects of the Russellian Conception of Existence
Authors: Usó-Doménech J. L. , Nescolarde-Selva J. A. , Gash H. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn this paper, the authors try to clarify the relations between Meinong’s and Russell's thoughts on the ontological ideas of existence. The Meinongian theory on non-existent objects does not in itself violate the principle of non-contradiction, since the problem that this hypothesis offers to the theory of definite descriptions is not so much a logical problem as an ontological problem. To demonstrate this we will establish what we believe are the two main theses basic to the theory of descriptions: the epistemological thesis and logical thesis.
Search results diversification for effective fair ranking in academic search
Authors: McDonald Graham , Macdonald Craig , Ounis Iadh 
Published: December 2021

AbstractProviding users with relevant search results has been the primary focus of information retrieval research. However, focusing on relevance alone can lead to undesirable side effects. For example, small differences between the relevance scores of documents that are ranked by relevance alone can result in large differences in the exposure that the authors of relevant documents receive, i.e., the likelihood that the documents will be seen by searchers. Therefore, developing fair ranking techniques to try to ensure that search results are not dominated, for example, by certain information sources is of growing interest, to mitigate against such biases. In this work, we argue that generating fair rankings can be cast as a search results diversification problem across a number of assumed fairness groups, where groups can represent the demographics or other characteristics of information sources. In the context of academic search, as in the TREC Fair Ranking Track, which aims to be fair to unknown groups of authors, we evaluate three well-known search results diversification approaches from the literature to generate rankings that are fair to multiple assumed fairness groups, e.g. early-career researchers vs. highly-experienced authors. Our experiments on the 2019 and 2020 TREC datasets show that explicit search results diversification is a viable approach for generating effective rankings that are fair to information sources. In particular, we show that building on xQuAD diversification as a fairness component can result in a significant ($$p<0.05$$

p
<
0.05

) increase (up to 50% in our experiments) in the fairness of exposure that authors from unknown protected groups receive.
Instrument policy mix and firm size: is there complementarity between R&D subsidies and R&D tax credits?
Authors: Petrin Tea , Radicic Dragana 
Published: December 2021

AbstractNowadays, a rising number of evaluations investigates a multifaceted concept of the policy mix. Our study specifically focuses on the mix of two most frequently used supply-side instruments–R&D subsidies and R&D tax credits. Drawing on the longitudinal sample of Spanish manufacturing firms, we investigate whether there is a complementary interaction between these policy instruments with respect to product and process innovations. Moreover, by employing a dynamic random-effects probit estimator, we account for the persistence of innovation and endogeneity of public support. The results, that are separately estimated for SMEs and large firms, uniformly show evidence of no interplay between two policy instruments either in SMEs or large firms. However, among factors that influence the propensity to product and process innovations, by far, the largest effect is generated by true state dependence. These findings provide some policy implications for fostering product and process innovations in the long run.
A sample efficient sparse FFT for arbitrary frequency candidate sets in high dimensions
Authors: Kämmerer Lutz , Krahmer Felix , Volkmer Toni 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn this paper, a sublinear time algorithm is presented for the reconstruction of functions that can be represented by just few out of a potentially large candidate set of Fourier basis functions in high spatial dimensions, a so-called high-dimensional sparse fast Fourier transform. In contrast to many other such algorithms, our method works for arbitrary candidate sets and does not make additional structural assumptions on the candidate set. Our transform significantly improves upon the other approaches available for such a general framework in terms of the scaling of the sample complexity. Our algorithm is based on sampling the function along multiple rank-1 lattices with random generators. Combined with a dimension-incremental approach, our method yields a sparse Fourier transform whose computational complexity only grows mildly in the dimension and can hence be efficiently computed even in high dimensions. Our theoretical analysis establishes that any Fourier s-sparse function can be accurately reconstructed with high probability. This guarantee is complemented by several numerical tests demonstrating the high efficiency and versatile applicability for the exactly sparse case and also for the compressible case.
Emirates Mars Mission Characterization of Mars Atmosphere Dynamics and Processes
Authors: Almatroushi Hessa , AlMazmi Hoor , AlMheiri Noora , AlShamsi Mariam , AlTunaiji Eman , Badri Khalid , Lillis Robert J. , Lootah Fatma , Yousuf Maryam , Amiri Sarah , Brain David A. , Chaffin Michael , Deighan Justin , Edwards Christopher S. , Forget Francois , Smith Michael D. , Wolff Michael J. , Christensen Philip R. , England Scott , Fillingim Matthew , Holsclaw Gregory M. , Jain Sonal , Jones Andrew R. , Osterloo Mikki , Jakosky Bruce M. , Luhmann Janet G. , Young Roland M. B. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe Emirates Mars Mission (EMM) – Hope Probe – was developed to understand Mars atmospheric circulation, dynamics, and processes through characterization of the Mars atmosphere layers and its interconnections enabled by a unique high-altitude (19,970 km periapse and 42,650 km apoapse) low inclination orbit that will offer an unprecedented local and seasonal time coverage over most of the planet. EMM has three scientific objectives to (A) characterize the state of the Martian lower atmosphere on global scales and its geographic, diurnal and seasonal variability, (B) correlate rates of thermal and photochemical atmospheric escape with conditions in the collisional Martian atmosphere, and (C) characterize the spatial structure and variability of key constituents in the Martian exosphere. The EMM data products include a variety of spectral and imaging data from three scientific instruments measuring Mars at visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths and contemporaneously and globally sampled on both diurnal and seasonal timescale. Here, we describe our strategies for addressing each objective with these data in addition to the complementary science data, tools, and physical models that will facilitate our understanding. The results will also fill a unique role by providing diagnostics of the physical processes driving atmospheric structure and dynamics, the connections between the lower and upper atmospheres, and the influences of these on atmospheric escape.
Integrated HPS? Formal versus historical approaches to philosophy of science
Authors: Vos Bobby 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe project of integrated HPS (‘integrated history and philosophy of science’) has occupied philosophers of science in one form or another since at least the 1960s. Yet, despite this substantial interest in bringing together philosophical and historical reflections on the nature of science, history of science andformalphilosophy of science remain as divided as ever. In this paper, I will argue that the continuing separation between historical and formal philosophy of science is ill-founded. I will argue for this in both abstract and concrete terms. At the abstract level, I reconstruct two possible arguments for the incompatibility of historical and formal philosophy of science and argue that they are both wanting. At the concrete level, I discuss how historical and formal philosophy of science have been brought together in practice, namely: in the form of a largely forgotten research tradition that I will refer to here as the study offormalized macro-units. After a brief exposition, I argue that this research tradition has been unduly overlooked by historically minded philosophers of science. Bringing together these observations, I argue that the divide between historical and formal philosophy of science is not grounded in any substantive arguments, but can be primarily attributed to disciplinary happenstance.
Obtaining Nickel Concentrates from Sludge Produced in the Process of Electrochemical Metal Surface Treatment
Authors: Świnder Henryk , Lejwoda Paweł 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe article presents the possibility of recovering nickel from waste produced as a result of wastewater neutralization during the electrochemical surface treatment of metals. Leaching the sludge with concentrated hydrochloric acid enabled the metals contained in the sludge from precipitate to the solution with the efficiency of 74.4% (Se) to 100% (Zn). The content of elements was determined using the ICP-OES method. The next step was the precipitation of metals from the obtained solution using various reagents. The precipitating reagents used were 0.5 M sodium hydroxide solution, 0.5 M sodium sulphide solution and 1% dimethylglyoxime solution. Selective precipitation made it possible to obtain nickel concentrates with the content of nickel ranging from 15.3 to 98.2% for the first two methods, whereas in the case of the third method based on a dimethylglyoxime solution, the obtained nickel concentrate purity was 94.3%. The process of leaching nickel-dimethylglyoxime complex (Ni-DMG) with sulphuric acid and crystallization enabled obtaining 99.4% purity nickel sulphate, which can be reused in the nickel plating of selected metals. The research shows that waste generated in the process of neutralization of wastewater from electroplating plants is a potentially important source of recycled nickel concentrates.
Recent advances in the enzymatic synthesis of lipophilic antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds
Authors: Zieniuk Bartłomiej , Białecka-Florjańczyk Ewa , Wierzchowska Katarzyna , Fabiszewska Agata 
Published: December 2021

AbstractDue to the increase in the consumption of highly processed food in developed countries, as well as, a growing number of foodborne diseases, exploration of new food additives is an issue focusing on scientific attention and industrial interest. Functional compounds with lipophilic properties are remarkably desirable due to the high susceptibility to the deterioration of lipid-rich food products. This paper in a comprehensive manner provides the current knowledge about the enzymatic synthesis of lipophilic components that could act as multifunctional food additives. The main goal of enzymatic lipophilization of compounds intentionally added to food is to make these substances soluble in lipids and/or to obtain environmentally friendly surfactants. Moreover, lipase-catalyzed syntheses could result in changes in the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of phenolic compounds, carbohydrates, amino acids (oligopeptides), and carboxylic acids. The review describes also the implementation of a new trend in green chemistry, where apart from simple and uncomplicated chemical compounds, the modifications of multi-compound mixtures, such as phenolic extracts or essential oils have been carried out.
No Common Ground: A Spatial-Relational Analysis of EU-China Relations
Authors: Levy Katja , Révész Ágota 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIt is no secret that EU member states cannot come to terms on a unified China-policy. Most studies on EU-China relations come to the conclusion that disagreement exists and that this fragmentation is utilized by Chinese foreign policy in a kind of divide and rule strategy. However, the question as to why the EU members disagree has not been answered satisfactorily. This paper investigates the reasons for this discord from the perspective of the core-periphery theory. We illustrate how the spatial position of nations within Europe–in a geographical and political sense–shapes their outlook on China. As a case study to illustrate the differences in the outlook on China of among EU member countries, we analyse the discourses on Chinese COVID-19 vaccines in the Hungarian and German press from April 2020 until summer 2021. We argue that these differences have their grounds in the spatial-relational positioning at either the core or the semi-periphery of the EU. Based on our findings we suggest that a sustainable EU China-policy has first to address these differences in foreign policy outlook and then find a common ground.
Harm, Forgiveness and the Subjectivity of the Victim
Authors: Horowski Jarosław 
Published: December 2021

AbstractForgiveness is one of the most valued decisions in contemporary culture, although it has been emphasised that imprudent forgiveness can cause more harm than good in human relationships. In this article, I focus on the rarely discussed aspect of forgiveness, namely the recovery of subjectivity by the victim in their relationship with the perpetrator. I divide my reflection into three parts. In the first, I deal with the issue of the subjectivity of individuals in social relations. In the second part I present the consequences of the victim’s experience of harm, which include, first, the evoking of negative emotions, and subsequently the impact of these emotions on the way the victim functions as a subject in the relationship with the perpetrator. In the third part I show how – thanks to forgiveness – the victim regains subjectivity. Furthermore, I address the moral value of forgiveness. I argue that the regaining of subjectivity by the victim is a premise for recognising forgiveness as a morally good act and illustrate that forgiveness – properly defined – does not pose a threat to the good of people creating a relationship with the perpetrator.
Application of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine: An Overview
Authors: Liu Peng-ran , Lu Lin , Zhang Jia-yao , Huo Tong-tong , Liu Song-xiang , Ye Zhe-wei 
Published: December 2021

AbstractArtificial intelligence (AI) is a new technical discipline that uses computer technology to research and develop the theory, method, technique, and application system for the simulation, extension, and expansion of human intelligence. With the assistance of new AI technology, the traditional medical environment has changed a lot. For example, a patient’s diagnosis based on radiological, pathological, endoscopic, ultrasonographic, and biochemical examinations has been effectively promoted with a higher accuracy and a lower human workload. The medical treatments during the perioperative period, including the preoperative preparation, surgical period, and postoperative recovery period, have been significantly enhanced with better surgical effects. In addition, AI technology has also played a crucial role in medical drug production, medical management, and medical education, taking them into a new direction. The purpose of this review is to introduce the application of AI in medicine and to provide an outlook of future trends.