bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prehospital Disaster Triage Does Not Predict Pediatric Outcomes: Comparing the Criteria Outcomes Tool to Three Mass-Casualty Incident Triage Algorithms
Authors: Cicero Mark X. , Santillanes Genevieve R. , Cross Keith P. , Kaji Amy H. , Donofrio J. Joelle 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIntroduction:It remains unclear which mass-casualty incident (MCI) triage tool best predicts outcomes for child disaster victims.Study Objectives:The primary objective of this study was to compare triage outcomes of Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment (START), modified START, and CareFlight in pediatric patients to an outcomes-based gold standard using the Criteria Outcomes Tool (COT). The secondary outcomes were sensitivity, specificity, under-triage, over-triage, and overall accuracy at each level for each MCI triage algorithm.Methods:Singleton trauma patients under 16 years of age with complete prehospital, emergency department (ED), and in-patient data were identified in the 2007-2009 National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB). The COT outcomes and procedures were translated into ICD-9 procedure codes with added timing criteria. Gold standard triage levels were assigned using the COT based on outcomes, including mortality, injury type, admission to the hospital, and surgical procedures. Comparison triage levels were determined based on algorithmic depictions of the three MCI triage tools.Results:A total of 31,093 patients with complete data were identified from the NTDB. The COT was applied to these patients, and the breakdown of gold standard triage levels, based on their actual clinical outcomes, was: 17,333 (55.7%) GREEN; 11,587 (37.3%) YELLOW; 1,572 (5.1%) RED; and 601 (1.9%) BLACK. CareFlight had the best sensitivity for predicting COT outcomes for BLACK (83% [95% confidence interval, 80%-86%]) and GREEN patients (79% [95% CI, 79%-80%]) and the best specificity for RED patients (89% [95% CI, 89%-90%]).Conclusion:Among three prehospital MCI triage tools, CareFlight had the best performance for correlating with outcomes in the COT. Overall, none of three tools had good test characteristics for predicting pediatric patient needs for surgical procedures or hospital admission.
Minds in action: Evidence that linguistic diversity helps children build a theory of mind
Authors: Díaz Vanessa 
Published: August 2021

AbstractReports suggest that the development of a child's understanding of the mind (ToM) is enhanced in bilingual children. This is usually ascribed to different features of executive functioning (EF), though there is not a lot of empirical support for that position. Instead, published studies suggest an association between linguistic processes such as sociolinguistic sensitivity, metalinguistic awareness, language proficiency, and bilinguals’ ToM development. Coupled with evidence that bilinguals rely more on person-intention cues and show enhanced abilities to repair breakdowns in communication compared to monolinguals, this paper presents the argument that navigating sociolinguistic environments with agents differing in linguistic knowledge helps bilingual children develop an enhanced ToM. Additionally, this review includes relevant literature on deaf children and cultural variations and ToM, which are indicative of other situations in which contextual variants, especially those that are linguistically mediated, have an impact on the development of ToM that is independent of EF.
Association between acculturation and metabolic syndrome in Hispanic adults mediated by fruits intake
Authors: Liu Jialiang , Fulda Kimberly G , Tao Meng-Hua 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectives:Hispanic adults in the USA tend to have a disproportionate prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) as compared to other races.Design:We examined whether the association between acculturation and MetS and its components are mediated by the intake of fruit in Hispanics.Setting:Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2009–2016 were used in this study.Participants:A total of 2078 Hispanics aged ≥ 20 years were included in this analysis.Results:The mediating role of total fruit intake was assessed using multivariable-adjusted logistic structural equation models with the bootstrapping method by estimating indirect (IE) and direct (DE) effects from acculturation to MetS. High acculturation was associated with increased odds of MetS (adjusted OR = 1·20, 95 % CI 1·04, 1·39), central obesity (OR = 1·24, 95 % CI 1·07, 1·44) and high blood pressure (OR = 1·16, 95 % CI 1·02, 1·32) among Hispanic adults. Total fruits intake partially mediated the associations of acculturation with MetS (ORIE = 1·02, 95 % CI 1·00, 1·03) and central obesity (ORIE = 1·02, 95 % CI 1·00, 1·03), whereas fully mediated the association between acculturation and high blood pressure (ORIE = 1·03, 95 % CI 1·01, 1·06). Moreover, intake of total fruits fully mediated the acculturation–MetS association among Mexican Americans (ORIE = 1·02, 95 % CI 1·00, 1·05).Conclusions:Our findings suggested that increasing fruit consumption may reduce the impact of high acculturation on MetS development in Hispanic adults. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings.
The Impact of U.S. Re‐engagement in Climate on the Paris Targets
Authors: van de Ven Dirk‐Jan , Westphal Michael , González‐Eguino Mikel , Gambhir Ajay , Peters Glen , Sognnaes Ida , McJeon Haewon , Hultman Nathan , Kennedy Kevin , Cyrs Tom , Clarke Leon 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe Paris Agreement seeks to combine international efforts to keep global temperature increase to well‐below 2°C. Whilst current ambitions in many signatories are insufficient to achieve this goal, optimism prevailed in the second half of 2020. Not only did several major emitters announce net‐zero mitigation targets around mid‐century, but the new Biden Administration immediately announced the U.S.’s re‐entry into Paris and a net‐zero goal for 2050. U.S. federal re‐engagement in climate action could have a considerable impact on its national greenhouse gas emissions pathway, by significantly augmenting existing state‐level actions. Combined with U.S. re‐entry in the Paris Agreement, this could also serve as a stimulus to enhance ambitions in other countries. A critical question then becomes what such U.S. re‐engagement, through both national and international channels, would have on the global picture. This commentary explores precisely this question, by using an integrated assessment model to assess U.S. national emissions, global emissions, and end‐of‐century temperatures in five scenarios combining different climate ambition levels in both the U.S. and the rest of the world. Our analyses finds that ambitious climate leadership by the Biden Administration on top of enhanced climate commitments by other the major economies could potentially be the trigger for the world to fulfill the temperature goal of the Paris Agreement.
Widespread Grounding Line Retreat of Totten Glacier, East Antarctica, Over the 21st Century
Authors: Pelle Tyler , Morlighem Mathieu , Nakayama Yoshihiro , Seroussi Hélène 
Published: August 2021

AbstractTotten Glacier (TG), the primary ice discharger of East Antarctica, contains 3.85 m sea level rise equivalent (SLRe) ice mass and has displayed ocean‐driven dynamic change since at least the early 2000s. We project TG's evolution through 2100 in an asynchronously coupled ice‐ocean model, forced at the ocean boundaries with anomalies in CMIP6 projected temperature, salinity, and velocity. Consistent with previous studies, the Antarctic Slope Current continues to modulate warm water inflow toward TG in future simulations. Warm water (−0.5 – C) accesses TG's sub‐ice shelf cavity through depressions along the eastern ice front, driving sustained retreat of TG's eastern grounding zone that cannot be captured in uncoupled models. In high emission scenarios, warm water overcomes topographic barriers and dislodges TG's southern grounding zone around 2070, increasing the rate of grounded ice loss 3.5‐fold (10–35 Gt/yr) and resulting in a total 4.20 mm SLRe loss by 2100.
The Possible Effect of Seawater Total Alkalinity on Lightning Flash Intensity—An Experimental Approach
Authors: Silverman Jacob , Price Colin , Asfur Mustafa 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAtmospheric lightning has been the focus of many studies in atmospheric physics and chemistry. In previous studies we have shown that the intensity of electrical sparks discharged into natural and artificial saline solutions are strongly influenced by their salinity and pH. In this study we tested the effect of changes in the total alkalinity (TA) of Mediterranean seawater on its lightning flash intensity (LFI) by addition of concentrated HCl and NaOH. These experiments showed that the LFI was positively correlated with TA and varied by 40% between the lower and upper limit of our experimental range. These results imply that TA together with salinity and pH of natural waters, may also be a significant predictor of LFI, especially in oceanic regions where TA diverges positively from its conservation with salinity because of external inputs such as rivers and groundwater or upwelling of TA and CO2 enriched (low pH) deep waters.
Elevated Acidification Rates Due to Deposition of Atmospheric Pollutants in the Coastal Bay of Bengal
Authors: Sarma V. V. S. S. , Krishna M. S. , Srinivas T. N. R. , Kumari V. R. , Yadav K. , Kumar M. D. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractHuman inputs of pollutants to the atmosphere and subsequent deposition may decrease pH in the coastal waters. Significant rate of decrease in pH and increase in pCO2 by 3–5 times is noticed in the coastal Bay of Bengal (BoB) than the low‐latitude global ocean trends in the last few decades. We provide evidence for the first time for a rapid decrease in surface water pH due to atmospheric deposition of pollutants in the coastal BoB. The decrease in pH in the coastal BoB over the last decade is associated with concomitant increase in aerosol optical depth (AOD), total suspended particles (TSP) in air, sulfate and nitrate concentrations in TSP. This study suggests that contamination of surface coastal BoB by atmospheric pollutants not only acidifies surface ocean but also potentially amplifies CO2 emission with immediate implications to regional weather and climate.
Automatic detection of pathological myopia using machine learning
Authors: Rauf Namra , Gilani Syed Omer , Waris Asim 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPathological myopia is a severe case of myopia, i.e., nearsightedness. Pathological myopia is also known as degenerative myopia because it ultimately leads to blindness. In pathological myopia, certain myopia-specific pathologies occur at the eye’s posterior i.e., Foster-Fuchs’s spot, Cystoid degeneration, Liquefaction, Macular degeneration, Vitreous opacities, Weiss’s reflex, Posterior staphyloma, etc. This research is aimed at developing a machine learning (ML) approach for the automatic detection of pathological myopia based on fundus images. A deep learning technique of convolutional neural network (CNN) is employed for this purpose. A CNN model is developed in Spyder. The fundus images are first preprocessed. The preprocessed images are then fed to the designed CNN model. The CNN model automatically extracts the features from the input images and classifies the images i.e., normal image or pathological myopia. The best performing CNN model achieved an AUC score of 0.9845. The best validation loss obtained is 0.1457. The results show that the model can be successfully employed to detect pathological myopia from the fundus images.
Separation of surface oxide from bulk Ni by selective Ni 3p photoelectron spectroscopy for chemical analysis in coincidence with Ni M-edge Auger electrons
Authors: Born Artur , Johansson Fredrik O. L. , Leitner Torsten , Kühn Danilo , Lindblad Andreas , Mårtensson Nils , Föhlisch Alexander 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe chemical shift of core level binding energies makes electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) a workhorse analytical tool for science and industry. For some elements, close lying and overlapping spectral features within the natural life time broadening restrict applications. We establish how the core level binding energy chemical shift can be picked up experimentally by the additional selectivity through Auger electron photoelectron coincidence spectroscopy (APECS). Coincident measurement of Ni 3p photoemission with different MVV Auger regions from specific decay channels, narrows the 3p core-levels to a width of 1.2 eV, resolves the spin–orbit splitting of 1.6 eV and determines the chemical shift of Ni 3p levels of a Ni(111) single crystal and its oxidized surface layer to 0.6 eV.
Wood pellets transport with vibrating conveyor: experimental for DEM simulations analysis
Authors: Gelnar Daniel , Prokeš Rostislav , Jezerska Lucie , Zegzulka Jiri 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis work presents a comprehensive overview of the mechanical-physical parameters of the transport material affecting the vibratory transport. For this purpose, spruce pellets of different lengths, oak rods and spruce crush were tested. The determined parameters were particle size distribution and shape, internal friction, static and dynamic angle of repose. The samples were transported by a patented validation vibrating conveyor. Various settings were used. The results show that by changing the shape, it is possible to reduce friction or resistance as well as energy intensity during transport. It was observed that perfect shapes and lighter particles have lower friction, but a more pronounced bounce. Therefore, it does not form a typical pattern during transport, as in the case of an imperfectly shaped one. There is also included a simulation of the discrete element method. The study shows the possibility of the vibration machine where the material can be conveyed either directionally or sorted.
Assessment of macular function in patients with non-vascularized pigment epithelial detachment
Authors: Kitano Marie , Fujita Asahi , Asaoka Ryo , Inoue Tatsuya , Amari Tatsuaki , Komatsu Kayoko , Yamamoto Motoshi , Ogawa Asako , Aoki Nobuyori , Yamanari Masahiro , Sugiyama Satoshi , Aihara Makoto , Kato Satoshi , Azuma Keiko , Maruyama-Inoue Maiko , Kadonosono Kazuaki , Obata Ryo 
Published: August 2021

AbstractNon-vascularized pigment epithelial detachments (PED) are usually associated with dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD). In this study, we aimed to investigate the correlation between visual function and morphologic parameters. Seventeen eyes of eleven patients with non-vascularized AMD were enrolled. In addition to conventional optical coherence tomography (OCT), polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) measurements were performed by evaluating the regularity of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) entropy within the PED area. Retinal sensitivity was measured with MP-3 microperimetry, and retinal sensitivities within (RSin) and outside (RSout) the PED area were calculated. The relationship between OCT parameters and visual function was analyzed. As a result, there was a significant difference between the RSin and RSout (p < 0.001, Wilcoxon signed rank test). Moreover, RSin was significantly related to logMAR VA (p = 0.033, linear mixed model). The regularity of RPE entropy was significantly related to visual acuity and RSin (p = 0.00038, p = 0.031, linear mixed model), although neither the height nor area of PED correlated with visual function. Our results suggest that retinal sensitivity is significantly deteriorated within the PED area and RPE entropy measured with PS-OCT was closely related to visual function in eyes with non-vascularized PED.
Species and characteristics of volatile organic compounds emitted from an auto-repair painting workshop
Authors: Song M. Y. , Chun H. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractVolatile organic compounds (VOCs) are secondary pollutant precursors having adverse impacts on the environment and human health. Although VOC emissions, their sources, and impacts have been investigated, the focus has been on large-scale industrial sources or indoor environments; studies on relatively small-scale enterprises (e.g., auto-repair workshops) are lacking. Here, we performed field VOC measurements for an auto-repair painting facility in Korea and analyzed the characteristics of VOCs emitted from the main painting workshop (top coat). The total VOC concentration was 5069–8058 ppb, and 24–35 species were detected. The VOCs were mainly identified as butyl acetate, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene compounds. VOC characteristics differed depending on the paint type. Butyl acetate had the highest concentration in both water- and oil-based paints; however, its concentration and proportion were higher in the former (3256 ppb, 65.5%) than in the latter (2449 ppb, 31.1%). Comparing VOC concentration before and after passing through adsorption systems, concentrations of most VOCs were lower at the outlets than the inlets of the adsorption systems, but were found to be high at the outlets in some workshops. These results provide a theoretical basis for developing effective VOC control systems and managing VOC emissions from auto-repair painting workshops.
Tuning water-responsiveness with Bombyx mori silk–silica nanoparticle composites
Authors: Jung Yeojin , Sharifi Golru Samaneh , Li Tai-De , Biddinger Elizabeth J. , Tu Raymond S. , Chen Xi 
Published: August 2021

Silica nanoparticles mimic β-sheet nanocrystals and increase Bombyx mori silk's water-responsive actuation energy.
Chirurgie des Zwerchfells
Authors: Sklenar Stephan , Eggeling Stephan 
Published: August 2021

ZusammenfassungDas Zwerchfell befindet sich im wahrsten Sinne des Wortes im Randbereich verschiedener chirurgischer Disziplinen. Die Grundprinzipien der Chirurgie des Zwerchfells werden daher meist auch nur am Rande oder im Rahmen anderer Erkrankungen abgehandelt. In diesem Artikel soll nun das Zwerchfell in das Zentrum der Betrachtungen gerückt werden und chirurgische Aspekte von dessen häufigsten Erkrankungszuständen beleuchtet werden.
Oral Anticoagulant Use in Patients with Morbid Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Wang Tzu-Fei , Carrier Marc , Fournier Karine , Siegal Deborah M. , Le Gal Grégoire , Delluc Aurélien 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Objectives Obesity is associated with increased risks of atrial fibrillation (AF) and venous thromboembolism (VTE) for which anticoagulation is commonly used. However, data on the efficacy and safety of oral anticoagulants in patients with morbid obesity are limited.
Methods We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy and safety of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) or vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) for AF or VTE in patients with morbid obesity.
Results We included three randomized controlled trials (5 studies) and 18 observational studies in adult patients with a body weight ≥120 kg, body mass index ≥40 kg/m2, or classified as morbid obesity who received DOACs or VKAs for AF or VTE (N = 77,687). The primary efficacy outcome was stroke/systemic embolism or recurrent VTE, and the primary safety outcome was major bleeding. DOACs were associated with a pooled incidence rate of stroke/systemic embolism of 1.16 per 100 person-years, compared to 1.18 with VKAs. The incidence of recurrent VTE on DOACs was 3.83 per 100 person-years, compared to 6.81 on VKAs. In both VTE and AF populations, DOACs were associated with lower risks of major bleeding compared to VKAs. However, all observational studies had moderate to serious risks of bias.
Conclusion Patients with morbid obesity on DOACs had similar risks of stroke/systemic embolism, lower rates of recurrent VTE, and major bleeding events compared to those on VKAs. However, the certainty of evidence was low given that studies were mostly observational with high risk of confounding.
Prediction and Prevention of Preterm Birth: A Prospective, Randomized Intervention Trial
Authors: Branch D. Ware , VanBuren John M. , Porter T. Flint , Holmgren Calla , Holubkov Richard , Page Kent , Burchard Julja , Lam Garrett K. , Esplin M. Sean 
Published: August 2021

Objective The study aimed to determine if a program of mid-trimester serum proteomics screening of women at low risk for spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB) and the use of a PTB risk-reduction protocol in those whose results indicated an increased risk of sPTB would reduce the likelihood of sPTB and its sequelae.
Study Design Prospective comparison of birth outcomes in singleton pregnancies with mid-trimester cervical length ≥2.5 cm and at otherwise low risk for sPTB randomized to undergo or not undergo mid-trimester serum proteomics screening for increased risk of sPTB (NCT 03530332). Screen-positive women were offered a group of interventions aimed at reducing the risk of spontaneous PTB. The primary outcome was the rate of sPTB <37 weeks, and secondary outcomes were gestational age at delivery, total length of neonatal stay, and NICU length of stay (LOS). Unscreened and screen-negative women received standard care. The adaptive study design targeted a sample size of 3,000 to 10,000 women to detect a reduction in sPTB from 6.4 to 4.7%. Due to limited resources, the trial was stopped early prior to data unblinding.
Results A total of 1,191 women were randomized. Screened and unscreened women were demographically similar. sPTB <37 weeks occurred in 2.7% of screened women and 3.5% of controls (p = 0.41). In the screened compared with the unscreened group, there were no between-group differences in the gestational age at delivery, total length of neonatal stay, and NICU LOS. However, the NICU LOS among infants admitted for sPTB was significantly shorter (median = 6.8 days, interquartile range [IQR]: 1.8–8.0 vs. 45.5 days, IQR: 34.6–79.0; p = 0.005).
Conclusion Mid-trimester serum proteomics screening of women at low risk for sPTB and the use of a sPTB risk-reduction protocol in screen-positive patients did not significantly reduce the rate of sPTB compared with women not screened, though the trial was underpowered thus limiting the interpretation of negative findings. Infants in the screened group had a significantly shorter NICU LOS, a difference likely due to a reduced number of infants in the screened group that delivered <35 weeks.
Key Points
Ultrarapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA using a reverse transcription–free exponential amplification reaction, RTF-EXPAR
Authors: Carter Jake G. , Orueta Iturbe Lorea , Duprey Jean-Louis H. A. , Carter Ian R. , Southern Craig D. , Rana Marium , Whalley Celina M. , Bosworth Andrew , Beggs Andrew D. , Hicks Matthew R. , Tucker James H. R. , Dafforn Timothy R. 
Published: August 2021

Significance
We report a rapid COVID-19 assay that gives a sample-to-signal time of under 10 min. The current gold-standard COVID-19 assay uses PCR, where strands of DNA are copied (amplified) many times to generate a read-out signal. However, as the virus genome is RNA, first conversion into DNA is required using reverse transcription (RT) before amplification. While just as sensitive, our assay is faster because 1) we have designed a method for generating DNA (the trigger strand) from RNA, bypassing the lengthy RT step, and 2) a quicker amplification process than PCR, called exponential amplification reaction (EXPAR), is used to amplify the trigger. This methodology could ultimately be applied to any RNA-based assay, including the detection of other infectious agents.