bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Method of Inverse Kinematics Solution for a Class of Robotic Manipulators
Authors: Balkan Tuna , Özgören M. Kemal , Arikan M. A. Sahir , Baykurt H. Murat 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A semi-analytical method and a computer program are developed for inverse kinematics solution of a class of robotic manipulators, in which four joint variables are contained in wrist point equations. For this case, it becomes possible to express all the joint variables in terms of a joint variable, and this reduces the inverse kinematics problem to solving a nonlinear equation in terms of that joint variable. The solution can be obtained by iterative methods and the remaining joint variables can easily be computed by using the solved joint variable. Since the method is manipulator dependent, the equations will be different for kinematically different classes of manipulators, and should be derived analytically. A significant benefit of the method is that, the singular configurations and the multiple solutions indicated by sign ambiguities can be determined while deriving the inverse kinematic expressions. The developed method is applied to a six-revolute-joint industrial robot, FANUC Arc Mate Sr.
Prescribing Human Motion Patterns for Assembly Processes Associated With Manual Lifting
Authors: Chang Chien-Chi , Brown Don R. , Bloswick Donald S. , Hsiang Simon M. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Based on the spacetime optimization method, a computer simulation system using a five-link dynamic musculoskeletal human model was built to generate the optimum manual lifting motion patterns. Five subjects’ lifting motion data was collected by a motion tracking system. Using the anthropometric data from the subjects, the spacetime algorithm generated the optimal lifting patterns for each subject according to objective function and constraints. The simulation results indicated that:
• this computer system can create a suitable lifting motion patterns for each individual,
• various objective functions and constraints will create different lifting motion patterns, and
• prescribed lifting patterns can successfully reduce the overall value of lower back compressive force, which is associated with injury incidence rates in manual tasks, during the lifting period when compared to the value that was calculated from the original measured lifting motion patterns.
This system may provide a lifting techniques training tool or be used by ergonomists to help design or evaluate the workstation to prevent injury in manufacturing environments which require workers to perform lifting tasks.
Geometric Assistance for the Construction of Non-Polyhedral Solids From Orthographic Views
Authors: Hubbard Carol , Kim Yong Se 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
As the extensive use of solid models becomes widespread, it is important to have a mechanism by which existing engineering drawings can be converted into solid models. Therefore, a geometric assistant which can aid in the construction of solid models is beneficial. In this paper, we present key operations for a system called the Assistant for the Rapid Construction of Solids (ARCS), that provides this assistance given a set of two orthographic views. ARCS is based on the Visual Reasoning Tutor (VRT), a system we developed that provides users with the geometric framework to build polyhedral solids from their orthographic views. However, the geometric domain of ARCS encompasses non-polyhedral solids with cylindrical and spherical surfaces, such as those found in typical mechanical parts. We have devised the Cylindrical and Spherical Warping operations to create cylindrical and spherical surfaces, which use interactive computer graphics that guide a human user to build non-polyhedral faces of a solid. These operations are then illustrated with an example using ARCS to create the solid model of a typical mechanical part from its orthographic projections.
COVIRDS: Shape Modeling in a Virtual Reality Environment
Authors: Dani Tushar H. , Chu Chi-Cheng P. , Gadh Rajit 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Rapid shape creation and visualization of solid models remains a tedious task despite advances in the field of Computer Aided Design (CAD)/Solid Modeling. CAD systems require a significant level of detail, such as vertices, edges, and faces to be specified by the user, even before the simplest of shapes can be created and viewed. In addition, most CAD systems have an essentially 2D interface for designing artifacts. This makes artifact visualization, for example by interactive rotation, difficult since all manipulations have be achieved by 2D translation of the mouse or by typing in the required angles of rotation. The limited visualization capability and the requirement to create shapes through the specification of low level entities is especially cumbersome in the concept shape design stage. This paper describes the Conceptual Virtual Design System, COVIRDS, a tool for product concept design. COVIRDS provides an intuitive voice and hand input-based interface for modeling of products using a ‘construction’ approach. Product shape models are created by ‘attaching’ simpler parametrically defined ‘Shape Elements’ to other elements to create more complex models. Voice commands are used to instantiate shape elements and change their parameters, for example, the width, length and height of a block element. 3D hand input is used for positioning shape elements during element attachment. The voice and hand input-based interface together with a stereoscopic visual display facilitates rapid creation and visualization of concept shape models.
VR Based Integration of Technical and Shape Design Processes in Product Development
Authors: Brandt Christoph , Lemke Jörg 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The use of proven modules in engineering design is a common approach that can be understood as one of the key elements in engineering design helping to speed up product development. Today manufacturers have to be aware of the fact that there are tight links between a products shape, its functional design and the overall product structure. The “form follows function” paradigma is no longer valid for most modern products. It is obvious that there is a strong demand to reduce the expenses in technical design by supporting the communicational needs between the technical and industrial designers during the entire design process with the help of appropriate CAE tools. This paper presents an approach to integrate technical and shape design processes using advanced visualisation tools and VR technology.
Improved Interaction and Visualization of Finite Element Data for Virtual Prototyping
Authors: Haase Helmut , Preß Thilo 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper discusses the properties of possible virtual prototyping systems using finite element analysis and reports on a prototype implementation of such a system in order to illustrate the concepts.
Virtual reality user interfaces will improve some existing applications and lead to new application domains. Several crucial points such as overall system architecture, speed and intuitivity of interaction, and visualization quality of results are identified and possible solutions are suggested. This includes a flexible virtual hand interaction with adjustable finger size. In particular a level of detail technique for finite element data based on element shape functions is presented which can greatly improve visualization quality as compared to common visualization approaches. This level of detail technique provides a flexible tool to adjust the exactness of visualization to rendering time (i.e., degree of interactivity) constrains. The concepts are currently being implemented within a testbed called VEIFEL (Virtual Environment Investigation of Finite ELement data). A report of this work and of resulting experiences is given.
CAD Data Representations for Haptic Virtual Prototyping
Authors: Stewart Paul , Buttolo Pietro , Chen Yifan 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
For many years designers have relied on visual feedback and two-dimensional pointing devices to interact with Computer-Aided Design (CAD) models. The “sense of touch”, that is fundamental to interaction and manipulation in everyday life, is not yet a part of the standard human-computer interface. An on-going project at the Ford Research Laboratory has created an immersive virtual prototyping system with which a designer can not only visualize a CAD model but also “touch” it using a force-feedback device. This paper will briefly introduce human perception of haptic information and then describe the process of haptically rendering an object. Then the issues involved with the correct selection of a data representation for haptic rendering will be addressed. Lastly, a brief description of the experimental system implemented at the Ford Research Laboratory will be given.
MMCs and PPCs As Constructs of Curvature Regions for Form Feature Determination
Authors: Sonthi Ratnakar , Gadh Rajit 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Shape feature information about a part is required to analyze the part for downstream issues such as manufacturability and assemblability. One method of obtaining the feature information is feature recognition from the geometric model. This paper presents an approach called Curvature Region (CR) approach for feature determination in solid models. The CR-approach categorizes features into two primitive shape classes: protrusions and depressions. In the first step, these primitive shape classes are recognized from the solid model. In the next step, the primitive shape classes are analyzed using rules to obtain features. Primitive features are found by first converting the boundary representation (B-Rep) of the CAD model to a higher level of representation called Curvature Region Representation (CR-Rep). Curvature Regions are then grouped together to form Minus-Minus Centers (MMCs) and Plus-Plus Centers (PPCs). Primitive shapes are then defined in terms of these centers.
Use of Computational Techniques Applied to the Design and Performance Prediction of Diesel Engines
Authors: Campbell Niall A. F. , Hawley J. Gary , Wallace Frank J. , Wilson Mike , Banisoleiman Kian 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Integrated computational techniques using cycle simulation, finite element analysis (FEA) and gas flow modelling are currently being applied to enhance the design of automotive diesel engines by obtaining more accurate representations of the thermal boundary conditions on the gas side of the combustion chamber. This paper details the methodology of such an approach focusing on the development of a zonal gas flow model, as opposed to a full CFD analysis, to provide a quicker and more flexible means of achieving spatial gas side heat transfer models.
An Algorithm for Designing Conventional and Fuzzy Logic Control Systems
Authors: Edwards Dean B. , Canning John R. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper presents an algorithm that can be used to design either conventional or fuzzy logic control systems. In order to use the algorithm, the engineer must first choose a performance index for the system which he or she wants to optimize relative to some specified design parameters. For conventional state space controllers, the design parameters are the feedback constants associated with the state variables of the system. For fuzzy logic controllers, the design parameters are the parameters used to define the fuzzy sets for the input state and control variables. We use the algorithm to design proportional plus derivative (PD) and proportional, integral, and derivative (PID) control systems and their equivalent fuzzy logic control systems. The algorithm therefore provides a unifying approach for designing either conventional or fuzzy logic control systems.
An Optimization Procedure in a Sirocco Fan Using Experimental Data
Authors: Min H. S. , Rew H. S. , Ahn C. O. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The flow rate and the specific noise level of 18 sirocco fans were measured and these data were analyzed by the Taguchi method and the neural network. The optimal design value obtained by the neural network generally showed good agreement with that by the Taguchi method. The effects of eight important design variables on the flow rate and the specific noise level were discussed.
Interval Arithmetics Based Numerical Solution of Linear Systems of Equations for Non-Deterministic Analysis of Structures
Authors: Delcroix Franck , Braibant Vincent , Oudshoorn Adrien 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Industrial companies are being more and more interested in the non-deterministic aspects of system, structure and process design, and beyond, in the non-deterministic analysis and optimisation outcomes. The main difficulties of stochastic approaches lie in the evaluation of the statistical distributions of the structural responses. Current methods fall in two categories, with Monte-Carlo methods whose computational costs become prohibitive as the number of parameters increases or the expected confidence levels are high and Stochastic Finite Element methods whose assumptions may be restrictive. In order to calculate the statistical distributions of structural responses, an original method is proposed. The method, which uses interval arithmetics, seems promising in terms of performance and suitability for intensive numerical treatment.
Optimal Process Design for Maximum Heating and Cooling Rates of Pressure Vessels
Authors: Kok Schalk , Stander Nielen 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Optimal pressure and ambient temperature profiles are calculated to allow the rapid heating and cooling of pressure vessels during startup and shutdown. The ordinates of the ambient temperature and pressure at equally spaced time intervals are chosen as the design variables. Cubic splines are fitted through the ordinates to describe the ambient temperature profile required for the convective heat transfer analysis, and the pressure profile required during the structural analysis. Response surface methodology is used to construct approximations to temperature and stress in the transient thermoelastic nonlinear analysis. Linear response surfaces were found to be sufficiently accurate, thereby minimizing the number of finite element analyses. Three problems are solved to illustrate the methodology.
An Approach to Integrated Product/Process Design via Virtual Prototyping
Authors: Bauer Matthew D. , Rosen David W. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
With the introduction of virtual prototyping into the product development process, simultaneous product/process design is enabled. The research reported in this paper illustrates an integration of product and disassembly process design via virtual prototyping. In this context, a virtual prototype is an information model consisting of a product model and one or more process models. Virtual prototype generation is a hybrid process consisting of both automated and interactive tasks. Simultaneous product/process design is accomplished by formulating the integrated product/process design problem as a multiobjective optimization problem in which product/process requirements are evaluated via virtual prototyping. Solution of the integrated product/process design problems is achieved through the application of the MORPS algorithm. Application of the use of virtual prototypes is presented in the simultaneous product/process design of an automotive center console.
Methodology for Locking Feature Selection in Integral Snap-Fit Assembly
Authors: Genc Suat , Messler Robert W. , Gabriele Gary A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
While every step in a systematic approach to the design of an assembly for integral attachment using snap-fit features is important, none is more important than the selection of locking features. After all, it is these features that hold the assembly together. Comprised of a latch and catch component, locking pairs must themselves be selected using a systematic approach. This paper presents that approach as a six-step methodology, after defining and describing latch and catch components. It then demonstrates the methodology using a case study taken from real life.
Jamming Conditions for Multiple Peg and Hole Assemblies
Authors: Sathirakul Korntham , Sturges Robert H. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Multiple peg-in-hole insertion problems represent a practical assembly class. It is more complicated than single peg insertion since the interaction of all pegs with their holes need to be considered together. The physics of this class of assembly tasks needs to be analyzed, for us, to develop a fine-motion strategy, or to design devices to solve the insertion problems.
In this article, we present the geometric as well as quasi-static analyses of a dual peg-in-hole problem. We enumerate all the possible contact-states of the problem and derive the geometric conditions of each contact-state. We also derive the force-moment equations for static-equilibrium states of the dual-peg problem based on the quasi-static assumption, and obtain the jamming diagram of the problem. We find that pegs with different dimensions may have different jamming diagrams. A taxonomy of dual-peg problems is presented. Finally, we propose an approach to extend these results to general multiple-peg problems in 3 dimensions.
Automated Planning for Stacking of Bent Sheet Metal Parts
Authors: Ayyadevara Venkateswara R. , Sturges Robert H. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper deals with the automated generation of stacking plans for bent sheet metal parts which are difficult to stack due to their irregular geometry. A stacking plan consists of a set of homogeneous transformations describing the configuration of each constituent part of the stack with respect to a world coordinate system. Stacks are constructed incrementally by adding parts to an existing stack. The base part is positioned to maximize stability when placed on a special part buffer. Successive parts are added in a configuration minimizing the height of the stack c.g. and ensuring the stability of the stack and the constituent parts. Evaluation of part and stack stability and analysis of part-part interference and part instability are addressed. Three examples demonstrate the advantage of interference analysis, handling of non-90° part orientations, and effect of features like asymmetric flanges and large holes on computational efficiency.
Integration of Process Planning and Production Scheduling for Agile Manufacturing: A Case Study
Authors: Sadeh Norman M. , Hildum David W. , Smith Stephen F. , Kjenstad Dag , Laliberty Thomas J. , McA’Nulty John 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
As companies increasingly customize their products, move towards smaller lot production and experiment with more flexible customer/supplier arrangements, such as those made possible by Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), they increasingly require the ability to (1) respond quickly, accurately and competitively to customer requests for bids on new products and (2) efficiently work out supplier/subcontractor arrangements for these new products. This in turn requires the ability to (1) rapidly convert standard-based product specifications into process plans and (2) quickly integrate process plans for new orders into the existing production schedule to best accommodate the current state of the manufacturing enterprise.
This paper describes IP3S, an Integrated Process Planning/Production Scheduling shell for agile manufacturing. IP3S utilizes a blackboard architecture that supports (1) concurrent development and dynamic revision of integrated process planning/production scheduling solutions, (2) maintenance of multiple problem instances and solutions, (3) flexible user-oriented decision making, (4) declarative representation of control information, (5) the use of a common representation for exchanging information, (6) coordination with outside information sources and (7) portability and ease of integration with legacy systems. IP3S has been validated in the context of a large and highly dynamic machine shop at Raytheon’s Andover manufacturing facility. Empirical results show an average performance improvement of 23% in solution quality over a decoupled approach to building process planning/production scheduling solutions.
Analytical Method for the Prediction of Reliability and Maintainability Based Life-Cycle Labor Costs
Authors: Fitzpatrick Mark , Paasch Robert 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In today’s competitive marketplace, the quality of a product is becoming increasingly more important. The informed customer not only weighs the ability of the product to meet his/her requirements, and the purchase price of the product, but also the money that must be expended to maintain the function of the product. Hence, lowering the life-cycle cost of a product will increase its value and attractiveness to the customer.
Spatial Synthesis of Electro-Mechanical Products
Authors: Madhusudan T. N. , Gupta S. K. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In automated synthesis of electro-mechanical systems, considering both behavioral and spatial information is a challenging problem. This paper describes an approach to generate first-cut spatial configurations of electro-mechanical assemblies that satisfy side-effect constraints and also adhere to the basic behavioral interconnectivity specified during conceptual design. This approach is based on the branch-and-bound search technique and tightly integrated with conceptual design of electro-mechanical systems. We believe that by integrating behavioral and spatial information, one can provide a framework for effective exploration of a large number of design alternatives and increase the effectiveness of solid modelling-based assembly tools.
Signal Processing Approach for Geometric Detail Suppression
Authors: Lee Yong-Gu , Lee Kunwoo 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Given the widespread use of the Finite Element Method in strength analysis, automatic mesh generation is an important component in the computer-aided design of parts and assemblies. For a given resolution of geometric accuracy, the purpose of mesh generators is to discretize the continuous model of a part within this error limit. Sticking to this condition often produces many small elements around small features in spite that these regions are usually of little interest and computer resources are thus wasted. Therefore, it is desirable to selectively suppress small features from the model before discretization. This can be achieved by low-pass filtering a CAD model. In this paper a method to apply the techniques in signal processing to the manipulation of a 3D model is proposed.
Modeling and Evaluation of Product Design Problems in a Distributed Design Environment
Authors: Pahng Francis , Senin Nicola , Wallace David 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper proposes a framework for the modeling and evaluation of product design problems in a computer network-oriented design environment. The framework is intended to integrate designer-specified mathematical models for multi-disciplinary and multi-objective design problems. The goal is to provide the ability to rapidly construct integrated design problem models to facilitate collaborative design work, improve product quality and reduce development time. Ultimately, it should allow specialized engineering applications and design problem models to operate under a common design environment.
A product design problem is modeled in terms of interacting objects, called modules, each representing a specific aspect of the problem. Modules interact with one another through services that allow the exchange of information. Modules can encapsulate engineering models and data or software applications. The method is extended to create a distributed object-based modeling and evaluation framework for design problems.