bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New Insights into Physical, Morphological, Thermal, and Pasting Properties of HHP‐Treated Starches: Effect of Starch Type and Industry‐Scale Concentration
Authors: Heydari Ali , Razavi Seyed Mohammad Ali , Hesarinejad Mohammad Ali , Farahnaky Asgar 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe impact of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) (600 MPa‐20 min) on the physical, morphological, pasting, and thermal properties of waxy corn starch (WCS), normal corn starch (NCS), and wheat starch (WS) at different concentrations (10%, 15%, and 20% w/w) was examined. By applying the HHP, water absorption capacity (WAC) and oil absorption capacity (OAC) of the native starches increased tremendously; however, augmenting the concentration of starches from 10% to 20% w/w cause a slight decrease (for WS and NCS) or increase (for WCS) in WAC and a considerable increase in OAC of the HHP‐treated starches. Morphological analysis shows that by increasing the concentration of HHP‐treated starches, the destruction of starch granules is quite detectable; however, this destruction is lower for NCS and the granules show high resistance to degradation and higher inflation than that of WCS and WS. By employing HHP and augmenting the concentration, the zeta potential of the selected starches increased considerably. Rapid visco analysis revealed that HHP and increasing starch concentration from 10% to 20% caused a remarkable decrease in peak, trough, breakdown, final, and setback viscosities of the starches. The native starches depict higher gelatinization, peak, and conclusion temperatures likewise gelatinization enthalpy than the HHP‐treated starches.
Discrimination Across Social Domains
Authors: Fibbi Rosita , Midtbøen Arnfinn H. , Simon Patrick 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDiscrimination can take place in all spaces and places where people interact. However, both the forms of discrimination and how it can be measured vary across social domains, depending on whether the domain in question is based primarily on what we coin “systems of differentiation” or “systems of equality”. Social domains that involve some kind of market transaction are heavily dominated by processes of selection and differentiation. By contrast, social domains such as schools, health systems or public services should, in essence, provide all individuals with equal assistance. This chapter builds on the distinction between systems of differentiation and systems of equality, reviewing a selection of studies of discrimination in various social domains. This way of categorizing research demonstrates that there is an interesting interplay between social domains and their respective rationale (differentiation/equality), the types of methods employed and the forms of discrimination detected. The chapter concludes by a critical reflection on the ability of social science research to capture forms of discrimination that are less easy to spot.
Labour Mobility from Eastern European Welfare States: Zooming in on Romania and Slovakia
Authors: Rogoz Mădălina , Sekulova Martina 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn the last two decades, care deficits in Western Europe have been fuelled by demographic and social transformations, such as population ageing, changes in household structures, welfare programme reforms and an altogether lesser involvement of the state in care provision. These care deficits, particularly in high-income countries, have been addressed through migrant labour which, in turn, contributes to increasing care needs in the migrants’ sending countries. Through the example of Romanian and Slovak caregivers working in 2- and 4-week shifts in Austria, this chapter explores the linkages between care workers’ strategies to address the care deficits in their families, the features of relevant welfare provisions in their respective countries of origin and the workers’ mobility patterns. The chapter argues that existing (limited) care needs in their respective families allow carers to engage in transnational work, while extensive care needs at home are a hindrance for working abroad. In other words, there seems to be a tipping point in the care needs of workers’ families, which results in care workers no longer wanting to work abroad but needing to remain in their countries of origin and care for family members instead. Furthermore, the chapter argues that labour mobility patterns are also influenced by the ‘familialistic’ orientation of relevant welfare provisions in sending countries. As limited formal services put pressure on families to continue providing care informally, institutional frameworks for childcare and care for the elderly also influence care workers’ mobility strategies.
When the Expatriate Wife Returns Home: Swedish Women Navigating National Welfare Politics and Ideals of Gender Equality in Expatriate Family Migration
Authors: Lundström Catrin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis chapter analyses how expatriate women navigate national political ideals formulated around gender equality and the dual-earner model upon their return to Sweden. The study is based on 46 in-depth interviews and participant observation conducted in a network for returning migrant women in Sweden. The vast majority were married to Swedish men working in transnational companies and had returned to Sweden due to their husbands’ completed expatriate contracts. As the women had been situated outside the formal labour market during their time abroad, they had no work experience or pensionable income in the Swedish welfare system, which is based on the idea that women and men share labour- and family-related work. Hence, their positions as ‘trailing spouses’ had a severe impact on their opportunities for reintegration into Swedish society. On the one hand, the women’s work enabled their husband’s mobility and working life in transnational companies. On the other, national social benefits did not take this (gendered) work into account. Thus, the women continued to depend on their husband’s income and private insurances back in Sweden, located in-between different ‘global’ market-based solutions and a national welfare system.
Reconciling State Immunity with Remedies for War Victims in a Legal Pluriverse
Authors: Peters Anne , Volpe Valentina 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe chapter explains the threefold aspiration of the book as an academic, societal, and diplomatic project. It introduces the three interwoven themes of international law arising in the German-Italian saga: state immunity, reparation for serious human rights violations committed during World War II, and the interplay between international and domestic law, notably the role of courts therein. The chapter proposes an approach of ‘ordered pluralism’ to coordinate this interplay, and finally tables a ‘modest proposal’ for a way out of the current impasse.
The Consequences of Sentenza 238/2014: What to Do Now?
Authors: König Doris 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis chapter illustrates the two ways in which national constitutional courts can deal with a conflict between international or European law on the one hand and national constitutional law on the other hand. The dualist approach of not complying with international or European law comes at the risk of undermining respect for an external legal order and in the author’s view should thus be used in exceptional cases only. The chapter argues that the test of equivalent protection is more constructive but requires a close relationship between the legal orders involved. Therefore, this option is difficult to apply in cases which are about conflicts with international and not with European law. In Sentenza 238/2014, the Italian Constitutional Court chose a dualist approach. Although the legal path has not been exhausted yet (Germany could bring another case before the International Court of Justice), the author advocates negotiations with the aim of achieving a political solution which takes into account the interests of all parties involved.
Would the World Be a Better Place If One Were to Adopt a European Approach to State Immunity? Or, ‘Soll am Europäischen Wesen die Staatenimmunität Genesen’?
Authors: Zimmermann Andreas 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis chapter argues not only that there is no European Sonderweg (or ‘special way’) when it comes to the law of state immunity but that there ought not to be one. Debates within The Hague Conference on Private International Law in the late 1990s and those leading to the adoption of the 2002 UN Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States, as well as the development of the EU Brussels Regulation on Jurisdiction and Enforcement, as amended in 2015, all demonstrate that state immunity was not meant to be limited by such treaties but ‘safeguarded’. Likewise, there is no proof that regional European customary law limits state immunity when it comes to ius cogens violations, as Italy and (partly) Greece are the only European states denying state immunity in such cases while the European Court of Human Rights has, time and again, upheld a broad concept of state immunity. It therefore seems unlikely that in the foreseeable future a specific European customary law norm on state immunity will develop, especially given the lack of participation in such practice by those states most concerned by the matter, including Germany. This chapter considers the possible legal implications of the jurisprudence of the Italian Constitutional Court for European military operations (if such operations went beyond peacekeeping). These implications would mainly depend on the question of attribution: if one where to assume that acts undertaken within the framework of military operations led by the EU were to be, at least also, attributable to the troop-contributing member states, the respective troop-contributing state would be entitled to enjoy state immunity exactly to the same degree as in any kind of unilateral military operations. Additionally, some possible perspectives beyond Sentenza 238/2014 are examined, in particular concerning the redress awarded by domestic courts ‘as long as’ neither the German nor the international system grant equivalent protection to the victims of serious violations of international humanitarian law committed during World War II. In the author’s opinion, strengthening the jurisdiction of international courts and tribunals, bringing interstate cases for damages before the International Court of Justice, as well as providing for claims commissions where individual compensation might be sought for violations of international humanitarian law would be more useful and appropriate mechanisms than denying state immunity.
A Dangerous Last Line of Defence: Or, A Roman Court Goes Lutheran
Authors: Tams Christian J. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe chapter addresses questions of international law implicated bySentenza238/2014. It begins by revisiting the longstanding debate about state immunity and its limits, arguing that notwithstanding decades of discussion, a ‘grave breaches’ exception has never had more than marginal support in positive international law. Against that background, it comes as no surprise that the Italian Constitutional Court (ItCC), in Judgment 238/2014, did not assert the existence of a grave breaches exception as a matter of international law. Instead, the ItCC relied on what might be termed a ‘foreign relations law’ approach, holding that Italian constitutional law required it not to give domestic effect to the international law of state immunity. This ‘foreign relations law’ approach offers a last line of defence for those seeking to limit the reach of rules of state immunity. As is set out in this chapter, it is an effective line of defence because international law does not ‘by itself, possess the force to amend or repeal internationally unlawful domestic (…) acts’ (Antonio Cassese). At the same time it is a dangerous line, as it risks weakening international law generally and not just in the area of immunity. This chapter suggests that, when read as a foreign relations law decision,Sentenza238/2014 is not as such unusual: it is one of many decisions accepting some form of ‘constitutional override’ that limits the effects of international law within domestic legal orders. However,Sentenza238/2014 stands out because—unlike other decisions—it seems to refuse international law any place in the construction of constitutional law: in the ItCC’s ‘separatist treatment’ (Kolb) international law is denied a directive function (‘Orientierungswirkung’); it is not factored into the equation. Seen in that light,Sentenza238/2014 (counter-intuitively, for a ‘Roman’ decision) has a ‘Lutheran’ quality; it is informed by a stubborn ‘here I stand, I can do no other’ aspect, which limits the potential for a constructive dialogue between domestic and international judiciaries.
Deadlocked in Dualism: Negotiating for a Final Settlement
Authors: von Arnauld Andreas 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWhile on the international plane Germany has as strong a position as one could wish for, a second appeal to the ICJ does not seem advisable. Though not formally estopped from challenging Sentenza 238/2014, Germany would at least face a principled contradiction (Wertungswiderspruch). Like Italy, Germany takes the position that international obligations must be disregarded should they be found incompatible with fundamental rights enshrined in the national constitution. Concerning the underlying conflict, another formally strong German position proves to have inherent shortcomings. To argue that, as far as Italian citizens are concerned, all matters of compensation had been dealt with comprehensively in the German–Italian lump sum agreement of 1961 carries some conviction. However, the limitations of that agreement, the erosion of the individual’s strict mediatisation in international law, and recent German compensation schemes for other victims of World War II (WWII) have fuelled a growing discontent with this final settlement. Having been doubly denied recognition as victims by the injustices of non-retroactivity and of differentiation, the Italian WWII victims ‘in oblivion’ have pursued compensation claims for over a decade now. It would go too far to argue an individual claim for financial compensation under international law for historic wrongs. The principle of intertemporal law, however, has its merits as well as its defects. This chapter argues in favour of mildly piercing the veil of intertemporality by reliance on fundamental ethical principles as part of the law in force already at the time of the original violation. A breach in this kind of obligation should give rise to an obligatio de negotiando under the principle of just satisfaction. Such a legal construction takes up the idea that in most of the recent cases of ‘history taken to court’, compensation is but a secondary aim, the primary aim being to ‘tell one’s own story’ as a counter-narrative to hegemonic discourse. By entering into negotiations with the victims ‘in oblivion’, Germany—and Italy—could and should attempt to finally solve what has been and remains a fundamentally unjust situation.
Field theories with higher-group symmetry from composite currents
Authors: Brauner Tomáš 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Higher-form symmetries are associated with transformations that only act on extended objects, not on point particles. Typically, higher-form symmetries live alongside ordinary, point-particle (0-form), symmetries and they can be jointly described in terms of a direct product symmetry group. However, when the actions of 0-form and higher-form symmetries become entangled, a more general mathematical structure is required, related to higher categorical groups. Systems with continuous higher-group symmetry were previously constructed in a top-down manner, descending from quantum field theories with a specific mixed ’t Hooft anomaly. I show that higher-group symmetry also naturally emerges from a bottom-up, low-energy perspective, when the physical system at hand contains at least two different given, spontaneously broken symmetries. This leads generically to a hierarchy of emergent higher-form symmetries, corresponding to the Grassmann algebra of topological currents of the theory, with an underlying higher-group structure. Examples of physical systems featuring such higher-group symmetry include superfluid mixtures and variants of axion electrodynamics.
Leading order corrections to the quantum extremal surface prescription
Authors: Akers Chris , Penington Geoff 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We show that a naïve application of the quantum extremal surface (QES) prescription can lead to paradoxical results and must be corrected at leading order. The corrections arise when there is a second QES (with strictly larger generalized entropy at leading order than the minimal QES), together with a large amount of highly incompressible bulk entropy between the two surfaces. We trace the source of the corrections to a failure of the assumptions used in the replica trick derivation of the QES prescription, and show that a more careful derivation correctly computes the corrections. Using tools from one-shot quantum Shannon theory (smooth min- and max-entropies), we generalize these results to a set of refined conditions that determine whether the QES prescription holds. We find similar refinements to the conditions needed for entanglement wedge reconstruction (EWR), and show how EWR can be reinterpreted as the task of one-shot quantum state merging (using zero-bits rather than classical bits), a task gravity is able to achieve optimally efficiently.
Constraining the weights of Stokes polytopes using BCFW recursions for ϕ4
Authors: Srivastava Ishan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The relationship between certain geometric objects called polytopes and scattering amplitudes has revealed deep structures in QFTs. It has been developed in great depth at the tree- and loop-level amplitudes in $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 SYM theory and has been extended to the scalar ϕ3 and ϕ4 theories at tree-level. In this paper, we use the generalized BCFW recursion relations for massless planar ϕ4 theory to constrain the weights of a class of geometric objects called Stokes polytopes, which manifest in the geometric formulation of ϕ4 amplitudes. We see that the weights of the Stokes polytopes are intricately tied to the boundary terms in ϕ4 theories. We compute the weights of N = 1, 2, and 3 dimensional Stokes polytopes corresponding to six-, eight- and ten-point amplitudes respectively. We generalize our results to higher-point amplitudes and show that the generalized BCFW recursions uniquely fix the weights for an n-point amplitude.
Bounds on multiscalar CFTs in the ε expansion
Authors: Hogervorst Matthijs , Toldo Chiara 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We study fixed points with N scalar fields in 4 − ε dimensions to leading order in ε using a bottom-up approach. We do so by analyzing O(N) invariants of the quartic coupling λijkl that describes such CFTs. In particular, we show that λiijj and $$ {\lambda}_{ijkl}^2 $$

λ
ijkl
2

are restricted to a specific domain, refining a result by Rychkov and Stergiou. We also study averages of one-loop anomalous dimensions of composite operators without gradients. In many cases, we are able to show that the O(N) fixed point maximizes such averages. In the final part of this work, we generalize our results to theories with N complex scalars and to bosonic QED. In particular we show that to leading order in ε, there are no bosonic QED fixed points with N < 183 flavors.
A Large Deviation Principle in Many-Body Quantum Dynamics
Authors: Kirkpatrick Kay , Rademacher Simone , Schlein Benjamin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe consider the many-body quantum evolution of a factorized initial data, in the mean-field regime. We show that fluctuations around the limiting Hartree dynamics satisfy large deviation estimates that are consistent with central limit theorems that have been established in the last years.
Projecting results of zoned multi-environment trials to new locations using environmental covariates with random coefficient models: accuracy and precision
Authors: Buntaran Harimurti , Forkman Johannes , Piepho Hans-Peter 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Key message
We propose the utilisation of environmental covariates in random coefficient models to predict the genotype performances in new locations.

Abstract
Multi-environment trials (MET) are conducted to assess the performance of a set of genotypes in a target population of environments. From a grower’s perspective, MET results must provide high accuracy and precision for predictions of genotype performance in new locations, i.e. the grower’s locations, which hardly ever coincide with the locations at which the trials were conducted. Linear mixed modelling can provide predictions for new locations. Moreover, the precision of the predictions is of primary concern and should be assessed. Besides, the precision can be improved when auxiliary information is available to characterize the targeted locations. Thus, in this study, we demonstrate the benefit of using environmental information (covariates) for predicting genotype performance in some new locations for Swedish winter wheat official trials. Swedish MET locations can be stratified into zones, allowing borrowing information between zones when best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) is used. To account for correlations between zones, as well as for intercepts and slopes for the regression on covariates, we fitted random coefficient (RC) models. The results showed that the RC model with appropriate covariate scaling and model for covariate terms improved the precision of predictions of genotypic performance for new locations. The prediction accuracy of the RC model was competitive compared to the model without covariates. The RC model reduced the standard errors of predictions for individual genotypes and standard errors of predictions of genotype differences in new locations by 30–38% and 12–40%, respectively.
Erschwerte Diagnosestellung eines Osteoidosteoms der Großzehe
Authors: Thiemann Ruth , Seide Hans-Werner , Luitjens Klaus-Dieter , Beil Frank Timo , Rolvien Tim , Krüger Lara 
Published: April 2021

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Osteoidosteome zählen zu den benignen ossären Neoplasien und können am gesamten Skelett auftreten. Die verlängerte Diagnosestellung eines Osteoidosteoms der Großzehe veranlasste uns, einen Fallbericht mit Review der Literatur zu verfassen, um mögliche Fehlerquellen zu identifizieren und einen Beitrag zur zügigeren Diagnosefindung und Therapie zu leisten.

Literatur
In der deutschen Literatur sind aktuell nur zwei Fallberichte zu Osteoidosteomen der Zehen bekannt. International wurde allerdings eine Vielzahl an Fällen beschrieben, die in der Zusammenschau ein homogenes Bild ergeben. Eine sehr deutliche Häufung von Osteoidosteomen am Endglied der Großzehe lassen eine posttraumatische Ätiologie möglich erscheinen. Der typische NSAR-sensible Nachtschmerz ist klinisch eindeutig und sollte an jeder Lokalität des Körpers an ein Osteoidosteom denken lassen. Auffällig ist das an den Zehen einzigartige Symptom der Makrodaktylie, was ein dankbarer Hinweis zur Diagnosefindung sein kann. Die mittlere Zeit vom Symptombeginn bis zur korrekten Diagnosestellung betrug 12 Monate. Häufig wurden Fehldiagnosen und Fehltherapien unter einer anderen Verdachtsdiagnose beschrieben. Eine mögliche Ursache ist die häufig atypische und uneindeutige Bildgebung. Die operative Therapie stellt bei Osteoidosteomen der Zehen die Methode der Wahl dar und sollte stets durch eine histopathologische Untersuchung ergänzt werden.