bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Toward High Mobility Green Solvent‐Processable Conjugated Polymers: A Systematic Study on Chalcogen Effect in Poly(Diketopyrrolopyrrole‐alt‐Terchalcogenophene)s
Authors: Wang Zhongli , Shi Yibo , Deng Yunfeng , Han Yang , Geng Yanhou 
Published: July 2021

AbstractNine diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)‐based conjugated polymers (CPs), that is, poly(diketopyrrolopyrrole‐alt‐terchalcogenophene)s, via combinations of furanyl‐(FDPP), thienyl‐(TDPP), selenophenyl‐DPP (SeDPP) and furan, thiophene, selenophene comonomers, are synthesized to explore the chalcogen effect on the solubility, film morphology/microstructure, and charge transport property of the resultant polymers. All polymers except for SeDPP‐Se are soluble in non‐chlorinated solvents such as o‐xylene and tetralin. Flanking of DPP with furan in FDPP‐F, FDPP‐T, and FDPP‐Se enables even good solubility in green solvent anisole. TDPP‐Se exhibits the highest reliable hole mobility over 10 cm2 V−1 s−1 in organic thin film transistors (OTFTs) bar‐coated from o‐xylene/tetralin (20/80 v/v) solution. With anisole as the processing solvent, FDPP‐F‐based bar‐coated OTFTs displays a reliable hole mobility up to 3.50 cm2 V−1 s−1. This is the first report on green solvent processed OTFTs with mobility above 1 cm2 V−1 s−1. Charge transport property of all the polymers is correlated with the film morphology and microstructure that are noticeably influenced by the type and position of chalcogenophenes. The current work sheds light on the design of high mobility CPs processable with green solvents.
A pH‐Triggered Self‐Unpacking Capsule Containing Zwitterionic Hydrogel‐Coated MOF Nanoparticles for Efficient Oral Exendin‐4 Delivery
Authors: Zhou Yuhao , Chen Zhixiong , Zhao Dan , Li Dong , He Chaoliang , Chen Xuesi 
Published: July 2021

AbstractOral peptide or protein delivery is considered a revolutionary alternative to daily subcutaneous injection; however, major challenges remain in terms of impediments of the gastrointestinal environment and the intestinal epithelium consisting of mucus and the epithelial cell layer, leading to low bioavailability. To protect against gastrointestinal degradation and promote penetration across the intestinal mucosa, a pH‐triggered self‐unpacking capsule encapsulating zwitterionic hydrogel‐coated metal‐organic framework (MOF) nanoparticles is engineered. The MOF nanoparticles possess a high exendin‐4 loading capacity, and the zwitterionic hydrogel layer imparts unique capability of permeation across the mucus layer and effective internalization by epithelial cells to the nano‐vehicles. In addition to the gastro‐resistant feature, the pH‐responsive capsules are dissociated drastically in the intestinal environment due to the rapid generation of abundant CO2 bubbles, which triggers a sudden release of the nanoparticles. After oral administration of the capsules containing exendin‐4‐loaded nanoparticles into a diabetes rat model, markedly enhanced plasma exendin‐4 levels are achieved for over 8 h, leading to significantly increased endogenous insulin secretion and a remarkable hypoglycemic effect with a relative pharmacological availability of 17.3%. Owing to the low risk of hypoglycemia, this oral exendin‐4 strategy will provide a vast potential for daily and facile diabetes treatment.
Persistent Room‐Temperature Phosphorescence from Purely Organic Molecules and Multi‐Component Systems
Authors: Wu Zhu , Nitsch Jörn , Marder Todd B. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractRecently, luminophores showing efficient room‐temperature phosphorescence (RTP) have gained tremendous interest due to their numerous applications. However, most phosphors are derived from transition metal complexes because of their intrinsic fast intersystem crossing (ISC) induced by strong spin–orbit coupling (SOC) constants of the heavy metal. Metal‐free RTP materials are rare and have become a promising field because they are inexpensive and environmentally friendly. This review summarizes organic molecular materials with long triplet lifetimes at room temperature from the perspective of whether they stem from a molecular or multi‐component system. Among purely organic phosphors, heteroatoms are usually introduced into the backbone in order to boost the singlet–triplet ISC rate constant. In multi‐component systems, useful strategies such as host–guest, polymer matrix, copolymerization, and supramolecular assembly provide a rigid matrix to restrict nonradiative pathways thus realizing ultralong RTP.
Fluorescent Carbon Nitride Macrostructures Derived from Triazine‐Based Cocrystals
Authors: Barrio Jesús , Barzilai Shmuel , Karjule Neeta , Amo‐Ochoa Pilar , Zamora Félix , Shalom Menny 
Published: July 2021

AbstractCarbon nitride (CN) based materials have emerged as efficient photo‐ and electrocatalysts for various reactions. However, despite their intriguing optical properties (i.e., fluorescence), their utilization as solid‐state sensing platforms remains in its infancy, owing to the formation of defect states during the materials synthesis, leading to low emission for the CN powder. Here, a bottom‐up synthesis of CN macrostructures with good photoluminescence properties in both liquid and solid state is introduced, from designed triazine‐based cocrystals with ordered morphology and tailored chemical composition. Upon calcination at 500 °C, the starting morphology and chemical composition are retained, resulting in the alteration of the HOMO‐LUMO distribution of the CN materials, as further supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The good photoluminescence properties of the new CN materials enable their exploitation as environmentally friendly, robust, and cheap sensing material for latent fingerprints labeling and metal‐ion detection in water.
Cascade Skeletal Rearrangement of Gold Carbene Intermediates: Synthesis of Medium‐Sized Pyrimidine‐Fused Benzolactones
Authors: Wang Ali , Hu Xiaoping , Xie Xin , Liu Yuanhong 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA gold‐catalyzed cyclization/cascade skeletal rearrangement of o‐cyanophenylalkynones with 3‐amino‐benzo[d]‐isoxazoles has been developed, which provides an approach for synthesizing medium‐sized benzolactones. Based on the experimental results, we postulate that the initial nucleophilic attack occurs preferentially at the keto moiety instead of the gold‐carbene. This reactivity initiates an attractive cascade process involving carbene transfer, 1,2‐aryl migration, cycloaddition, ring‐expansion etc. resulting in multiple bonds cleavage of the initial substrates.magnified image
Potential amendments for improving productivity of low carbon semiarid soil
Authors: Maharjan Bijesh , Panday Dinesh , Blanco‐Canqui Humberto , Mikha Maysoon M. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractApplying soil amendments with high C content can potentially improve soil properties and increase crop yields. The objective of this 3‐yr field study was to evaluate the effects of organic amendments on soil organic C (SOC), chemical properties, crop nutrient uptake, and crop yields in a low C sandy loam soil near Scottsbluff, NE. The field was planted to dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in 2017, maize (Zea mays L.) in 2018, and sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) in 2019. Char at 22.3, 44.6, 66.9, 89.2, and 133.8 Mg ha–1; biochar at 5.6 and 11.2 Mg ha–1; and composted manure and municipal compost each at 33.6 and 67.2 Mg ha–1 were applied and incorporated into the soil. In 1 yr after application, organic amendments increased SOC level in top 20 cm by 7–60%. In the second year, maize leaf tissue Fe was greater with char treatments and high biochar rate compared with the control. Greater Fe uptake in beet leaf tissue or trend for such was observed in amendment treatments at high rates compared with low rates and the control in the third year. Maize yield was enhanced with char, municipal compost, and high compost manure rate. Biochar was applied at lower rates than other amendments, and it had no effects on the parameters studied. Results suggest that locally available organic products can be potential soil amendments to increase SOC and enhance productivity. Care needs to be taken to prevent salt buildup and unwanted toxic material accumulation associated with amendments.
Recognition of the True and False Resonance Raman Optical Activity
Authors: Machalska Ewa , Zajac Grzegorz , Wierzba Aleksandra J. , Kapitán Josef , Andruniów Tadeusz , Spiegel Maciej , Gryko Dorota , Bouř Petr , Baranska Malgorzata 
Published: July 2021

AbstractResonance Raman optical activity (RROA) possesses all aspects of a sensitive tool for molecular detection, but its measurement remains challenging. We demonstrate that reliable recording of RROA of chiral colorful compounds is possible, but only after considering the effect of the electronic circular dichroism (ECD) on the ROA spectra induced by the dissolved chiral compound. We show RROA for a number of model vitamin B12 derivatives that are chemically similar but exhibit distinctively different spectroscopic behavior. The ECD/ROA effect is proportional to the concentration and dependent on the optical pathlength of the light propagating through the sample. It can severely alter relative band intensities and signs in the natural RROA spectra. The spectra analyses are supported by computational modeling based on density functional theory. Neglecting the ECD effect during ROA measurement can lead to misinterpretation of the recorded spectra and erroneous conclusions about the molecular structure.
The mediating effect of life satisfaction and the moderated mediating effect of social support on the relationship between depression and suicidal behavior among older adults
Authors: Won Mi‐Ra , Choi Eun‐Joo , Ko Eunjung , Um Youn‐Joo , Choi Yun‐Jung 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate the effect of depression on suicidal behavior among older adults and identify the mediating effect of life satisfaction on the relationship between depression and suicidal behavior. The moderated mediating effects of social support through life satisfaction were also verified in the relationship between depression and suicidal behavior among older adults.MethodsA total of 1375 people aged 65 years or older living in J city, South Korea, were recruited to complete a survey on depression, life satisfaction, suicidal behavior, and social support. Data were analyzed using SPSS24.0 and SPSS PROCESS Macro.ResultsThe results showed that the effect of depression on suicidal behavior was mediated by life satisfaction, and the effect of life satisfaction on suicidal behavior varied according to the level of social support. Moreover, depression negatively affected life satisfaction, increasing the risk of suicidal behavior, and social support decreased suicidal behavior. Finally, the mediating effect of depression leading to suicidal behavior through life satisfaction was moderated by social support.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that it is necessary not only to find interventions for older adults to increase their physical, mental, and socioeconomical satisfaction with life, but also to build social networks that increase social support for them.
Thermal‐hydraulic analysis of UO2 and MOX fuel considering different cladding materials at various burnup levels in pressurized water reactor
Authors: Farha Farhana Islam , Sahadath Md. Hossain , Nishat Sadek Hossain 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThermal analysis of fuel elements with UO2 and mixed‐oxide (MOX) fuels at different fuel burnup levels has been performed analytically and by simulation using ANSYS. Results showed that UO2 incurred a lower fuel temperature than MOX under all conditions. Higher fuel element temperatures were obtained for higher levels of burnup for UO2 fuel. For MOX fuel, higher temperatures were obtained for low and high burnup fuel. Radial temperature, thermal gradient, and thermal heat flux were determined across reactor pressure vessel (RPV), demonstrating the highest value at the center of the RPV. The maximum linear power density was determined for UO2 and MOX, showing that using UO2 fuel at 2 at% burnup rendered the highest allowable linear power density. Furthermore, the transient analysis showed that there was a small rise in fuel temperature for a decrease in mass flow rate from 100% to 60% followed by a rapid increase in temperature for further reduction in flow rate.
Vaccination‐hesitancy and vaccination‐inequality as challenges in Pakistan's COVID‐19 response
Authors: Perveen Shama , Akram Muhammad , Nasar Asim , Arshad‐Ayaz Adeela , Naseem Ayaz 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis study explores the mechanism for timely and equitable distribution of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) vaccination among the various communities in Pakistan. It examines the factors that support and/or impede peoples' access and response towards COVID‐19 vaccination in Pakistan. The study uses a literature synthesis approach to examine and analyze the situation of the COVID‐19 vaccination in Pakistan. The research results show “hesitancy” and “inequality” as two fundamental challenges that hinder the successful delivery of COVID‐19 vaccination in Pakistan. People are reluctant to use vaccines due to conspiracy theories and religious beliefs. However, inequality, especially unequal accessibility to all social groups appears to be a more significant barrier to getting a vaccine. We argue that there is a need to mobilize community influence, social media, and mass media campaigns for public education on vaccination programs along with the engagement of religious leaders to endorse the vaccination for the masses. The area of this study is underdeveloped; thereby, future studies are recommended to investigate the possible way for equitable distribution of vaccines in multiple regions.
Synthetic bacterial vesicles combined with tumour extracellular vesicles as cancer immunotherapy
Authors: Park Kyong‐Su , Svennerholm Kristina , Crescitelli Rossella , Lässer Cecilia , Gribonika Inta , Lötvall Jan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMV) have gained attention as a promising new cancer vaccine platform for efficiently provoking immune responses. However, OMV induce severe toxicity by activating the innate immune system. In this study, we applied a simple isolation approach to produce artificial OMV that we have named Synthetic Bacterial Vesicles (SyBV) that do not induce a severe toxic response. We also explored the potential of SyBV as an immunotherapy combined with tumour extracellular vesicles to induce anti‐tumour immunity. Bacterial SyBV were produced with high yield by a protocol including lysozyme and high pH treatment, resulting in pure vesicles with very few cytosolic components and no RNA or DNA. These SyBV did not cause systemic pro‐inflammatory cytokine responses in mice compared to naturally released OMV. However, SyBV and OMV were similarly effective in activation of mouse bone marrow‐derived dendritic cells. Co‐immunization with SyBV and melanoma extracellular vesicles elicited tumour regression in melanoma‐bearing mice through Th‐1 type T cell immunity and balanced antibody production. Also, the immunotherapeutic effect of SyBV was synergistically enhanced by anti‐PD‐1 inhibitor. Moreover, SyBV displayed significantly greater adjuvant activity than other classical adjuvants. Taken together, these results demonstrate a safe and efficient strategy for eliciting specific anti‐tumour responses using immunotherapeutic bacterial SyBV.
Surface wind and vertical extent features of the explosive cyclones in the Northern Hemisphere based on the ERA‐I reanalysis data
Authors: Jiang Li‐Zhi , Fu Shen‐Ming , Sun Jian‐Hua , Fu Rui , Li Wan‐Li , Zhao Si‐Xiong , Wang Hui 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAlthough explosive cyclones (ECs) have long been a focus of research, there remains a lack of knowledge of the statistical characteristics of their associated maximum surface winds and vertical extents. This study fills this gap by conducting a targeted statistical analysis of ECs in the Northern Hemisphere using the ERA‐I reanalysis data during a 40‐year period. Some new findings are obtained: (a) The average location of formation of ECs undergoes a notable westward and equatorward shift from September to April in the next year which is consistent with the location variations of sea surface temperature's strong gradients in subtropical regions. (b) Extreme ECs with a deepening rate more than 2.0 Bergeron or with a longer lifespan more than 10 days tend to have a larger occurrence number over the Northern Atlantic Ocean than over the Northern Pacific. (c) The maximum surface wind associated with an EC tends to appear between the EC reaching its maximum deepening rate and reaching its minimum central pressure. (d) The northeastern quadrant of ECs accounts for the highest proportion of maximum surface wind and strongest wind speed, as the baroclinic energy conversion is generally strongest in this quadrant. (e) Over 60% of ECs belong to a type of vertically deep cyclone (ECs' top levels show close relationship to ascending motions within their central regions), and they tend to reach their maximum vertical extent around the time when they reach their minimum central pressures. (f) The highest top levels of ECs exhibit an overall upward extending trend as their minimum central pressure decreases or their maximum deepening rate increases.
Constraining growth rates and the ratio of living to nonliving particulate carbon using beam attenuation and adenosine‐5′‐triphosphate at Station ALOHA
Authors: Henderikx‐Freitas Fernanda , Karl David M. , Björkman Karin M. , White Angelicque E. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractCarbon is not only the foundation of all life on our planet, but also an element that persists in detrital material long after living organisms die. Quantifying the relative amount of living and nonliving carbon in suspended particles in the ocean is challenging and rarely done; yet it is key to understanding the fate of organic matter and informing food web models. Here, we use particulate adenosine‐5′‐triphosphate (ATP) and particulate carbon (PC) data collected as a component of the Hawaii Ocean Time‐series program to show that living particles comprise only ~ 26–42% of the total PC pool in the surface waters of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre, regardless of time of year. Diel‐resolving particulate beam attenuation data are then used in conjunction with PC and ATP data to constrain living particle net growth rates for this system, yielding rates of ~ 0.5–0.7 d−1 year‐round. These estimates are realistic and consistent with previous microscopy and incubation‐based work in the region.
Adaptive Nanoparticle‐Polymer Complexes as Optical Elements: Design and Application in Nanophotonics and Nanomedicine
Authors: Talianov Pavel , Fatkhutdinova Landysh I. , Timin Alexander S. , Milichko Valentin A. , Zyuzin Mikhail V. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractOver the last few decades, nanomaterials have attracted significant attention in diverse applications. Today, a new generation of nanomaterials, which demonstrate tunable physical and chemical properties, is able to address modern challenges in personalized medicine, adaptive optics and smart chemistry. Here, a special class of such nanomaterials – biointegrated nanoparticle‐polymer complexes and their ensembles with tunable optical properties are reviewed. Key aspects of the design and synthesis of such complexes exhibiting dynamic structural changes to different external and internal stimuli (e.g., light, chemical, temperature, electric/magnetic fields and others) are discussed. Consequently, these changes allow one to tune the optical response in reversible or irreversible manner. The application of such complexes is considered as functional adaptive elements for optical filters, sensors, Bragg mirrors, artificial muscles, and drug delivery. The current state and the perspectives of further development of this research area are discussed.
Effect of Polypyrimidine Structure and Purity of Semiconducting SWCNTs on Thin‐Film Transistor Performance
Authors: Yimamu Mireguli , Maimaitiyiming Xieraili , Abliz Ablat 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAdvancements in the selective isolation and purification of semiconducting single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) through the use of conjugated polymers have allowed for incorporation of high‐quality SWCNTs into solution‐processed thin‐film transistors (TFTs). In this study, copyrimidine‐alt‐diethynyl, copyrimidine‐alt‐carbazole, and copyrimidine‐alt‐dioctylfluorene that are capable of selectively dispersing semiconducting SWCNTs are reported and obtained polymer/SWCNTs dispersion solution is applied to TFTs for observing relationship between carrier mobilities and purity of sc‐SWCNTs. The exceptional sc‐SWCNT purity of the dispersion is confirmed by UV‐vis and Raman spectroscopy, of which the pyrimidine‐alt‐fluorene polymer‐selected sc‐SWCNT purity is up to 99.9%. On the contrary, among the average carrier mobility of TFTs prepared by the polymer‐SWCNT complex, the carrier mobility based on the pyrimidine‐alt‐ethynyl complex is the highest (4.47 cm2 V−1 s−1). The results indicate that the relationship between carrier mobility and sc‐SWCNTs purity reveals that polymer structure has great impact more than sc‐SWCNTs purity.
Dendrite‐Suppressing Polymer Materials for Safe Rechargeable Metal Battery Applications: From the Electro‐Chemo‐Mechanical Viewpoint of Macromolecular Design
Authors: Kwon Da‐Sol , Kim Hee Joong , Shim Jimin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractMetal batteries have been emerging as next‐generation battery systems by virtue of ultrahigh theoretical specific capacities and low reduction potentials of metallic anodes. However, significant concerns regarding the uncontrolled metallic dendrite growth accompanied by safety hazards and short lifespan have impeded practical applications of metal batteries. Although a great deal of effort has been pursued to highlight the thermodynamic origin of dendrite growth and a variety of experimental methodologies for dendrite suppression, the roles of polymer materials in suppressing the dendrite growth have been underestimated. This review aims to give a state‐of‐the‐art overview of contemporary dendrite‐suppressing polymer materials from the electro‐chemo‐mechanical viewpoint of macromolecular design, including i) homogeneous distribution of metal ion flux, ii) mechanical blocking of metal dendrites, iii) tailoring polymer structures, and iv) modulating the physical configuration of polymer membranes. Judiciously tailoring electro‐chemo‐mechanical properties of polymer materials provides virtually unlimited opportunities to afford safe and high‐performance metal battery systems by resolving problematic dendrite issues. Transforming these rational design strategies into building dendrite‐suppressing polymer materials and exploiting them towards polymer electrolytes, separators, and coating materials hold the key to realizing safe, dendrite‐free, and long‐lasting metal battery systems.