bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Congenital Malformations of the Heart: Vol. I: General Considerations
Authors: DOYLE E. F. 
Published: December 2021

This new edition of the famous textbook first published in 1947 includes all the most important data that have accumulated in the rapidly advancing field of congenital heart disease since that time. Medical students and pediatricians as well as cardiologists will be grateful for the lucid, meticulous treatment of a difficult subject which Dr. Taussig has made readily understandable.
Because of expansion of the chapters on the individual malformations and the addition of many new sections, such as those on pulmonary hypertension, aortic septal defect, Taussig-Bing anomaly and endocardial fibroelastosis, the text has doubled in length and is now divided into two volumes.
Volume I covers embryology, methods of diagnosis, special diagnostic procedures, cyanosis and medical care.
Letters to the Editor
Authors: SCHULMAN IRVING 
Published: December 2021

I have read with great interest the thoughtful commentary by Dr. Fred H. Harvie on the Special Report of the Committee on Fetus and Newborn relating to Standards for Planning and Design of Newborn Nurseries (Pediatrics, 25:1083, 1960). Inasmuch as this report was issued during my term as Chairman of the Committee, I have requested permission of Dr. William Silverman, the present Chairman, to submit a reply together with his.
Firstly, I believe that it is important to stress that the special meeting which resulted in the issuance of the report was concerned primarily with problems in the design and construction of newborn nurseries and not with the basic techniques which are to be followed in the actual operation of the nursery.
COMPREHENSIVE PEDIATRICS
Authors: Bleck E. E. , Headley Lee 
Published: December 2021

As a result of a 4-year experience with a preschool nursery program for children with cerebral palsy, the following conclusions have been reached.
The program should include parent participation, parent education, group psychotherapy for parents and individual counseling.
The services of a nursery school director, physical therapist, occupational therapist, speech therapist and graduate psychiatric social worker and a physician trained in cerebral palsy are essential to insure maximum success in treatment, delineating prognosis and directing the parents and the childern toward the future.
The program, as described, has eliminated not only a great deal of financial waste but emotional waste as well. Considering the continuous searching of parents for a cure as a result of misleading and incomplete medical information, coupled with virtually no counseling, the emotional waste for such parents is obvious. No substitute has been found for facing up to and understanding the problem objectively at an early age.
ACIDOSIS IN PREMATURE INFANTS DUE TO LACTIC ACID
Authors: Goldman Herbert I. , Karelitz Samuel , Seifter Eli , Acs Hedda , Schell Norman B. 
Published: December 2021

Sixteen premature infants were fed a proprietary lactic-acid milk preparation for 7 to 10 days and were compared to 16 control infants fed non-acidified half-skimmed milk. The experimental group gained less weight (6.5 gm/kg/day) than the controls (14.0 gm/kg/day). This poor weight gain in the experimental group was associated with the production of a metabolic acidosis, the average blood pH decreasing from 7.39 to 7.25, and the average carbon dioxide content in plasma decreasing from 19.6 to 14.8 meq/l. Corresponding averages in the control group showed no appreciable change.
A similar study was carried out in six pairs of premature infants, with a formula of half-skimmed milk compared with the identical formula to which lactic acid was added. The results were similar to those in the first study with regard to the poor weight gain and decrease in carbon dioxide content in plasma of the infants fed the acidified milk.
Addition of lactic acid to the feeding mixture was followed by a prompt increase in excretion of lactate in the urine, which corresponded to approximately 4% of the lactic acid fed. In four premature infants, 24-hour urine collections demonstrated an increase in excretion of sodium and ammonia, associated with the increased excretion of lactate. The increase in excretion of lactate is considered the major mechanism responsible for the observed acidosis.
Studies with intravenous injection of racemic sodium lactate failed to show any deficiency in lactate metabolism in the premature infants.
It is suggested that lactic-acid milks not be used for premature infants.
IDIOPATHIC HISTIOCYTOSIS
Authors: Oberman Harold A. 
Published: December 2021

The clinical and pathologic aspects of 40 cases of eosinophilic granuloma of bone, Hand-Schüller-Christian disease and Letterer-Siwe disease have been reviewed.
These cases were unified by a localized or generalized histiocytic proliferation. However, they could not be subdivided accurately on the basis of either clinical or microscopic findings.
Histologically there was inconstant correlation of foam cells, tissue eosinophilia and fibrosis with clinical course. Nevertheless there was a suggestion that the presence of a homogeneous histiocytic infiltrate, with no eosinophils or foam cells, pointed to a poor prognosis, whereas the presence of large aggregates of eosinophils augured a more favorable course.
With some exceptions, those patients presenting with disease confined to bone had little tendency toward dissemination, whereas those presenting with visceral on soft tissue lesions and generalized maculopapular skin eruptions usually died after a rapid course. Patients with skeletal and visceral or soft tissues lesions at onset had a variable outcome, with marked hepatomegaly and generalized cutaneous involvement being poor prognostic signs.
It is concluded that these conditions probably represent various manifestations of a single disease process and that clinical assessment of rapidity of progression is the best guide to ultimate outcome.
FREQUENCY OF CARDIAC ARREST ASSOCIATED WITH ANESTHESIA IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN
Authors: Rackow Herbert , Salanitre Ernest , Green Lynne T. 
Published: December 2021

At the Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, infants less than 1 year of age have a frequency of cardiac arrest during anesthesia, of 1:700, thought to be due to anesthesia, and a frequency of 1:600 attributed to anesthesia plus unknown causes. Children 1 to 12 years of age have a frequency of cardiac arrest during anesthesia of 1:2,300, thought to be due to anesthesia, and a frequency of 1:1,700 attributed to anesthesia plus unknown causes.
The mortality and frequency of cardiac arrest during anesthesia in children (as defined by the number of deaths, and cardiac arrests due to anesthesia, in proportion to the incidence of anesthesia) cannot be determined in most previous reports because the total incidence of anesthesia for children was not presented.
At the Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, the frequency of cardiac arrest during anesthesia in infants less than 1 year of age was found to be significantly higher than that in children 1 to 12 years of age or in adults 13 years of age or older. The rate for all children, infants plus children 1 to 12 years, is also significantly higher than the rate for adults. However, the rate of cardiac arrest during anesthesia in children 1 to 12 years of age was not significantly different from the rate in adults.
EDUCATION
Authors: Green Morris , Segar William E. 
Published: December 2021

This communication represents an effort to discharge the obligation implied by Spence: "The care of patients in hospitals is a subject which demands scientific study, and experience based on such study. . . . The need for this is greatest of all in children's hospitals."
The program presented here attempts to deal with a number of current problems in patient care and pediatric education through the development of an adequately staffed and equipped diagnostic center in the outpatient department, a new arrangement for domiciliary care, and reorganization of the inpatient service for the provision of intensive medical, surgical and nursing care.
Symptoms of Narcotic Withdrawal in a Newborn Infant Secondary to Medical Therapy of the Mother
Authors: FISCH GILBERT R. , HENLEY WALTER L. 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor:
In all published reports on the effect of maternal addiction on the newborn infant, the mothers were shown to be morphine or heroin addicts. We would like to call attention to a newborn infant who exhibited narcotic withdrawl symptoms secondary to medical treatment for regional ileitis in the mother.
The complex of clinical findings in narcotic withdrawal in a newborn infant has been well documented.1-5 The second baby of a mother afflicted with regional ileitis demonstrated hyperirritability, constant crying, vomiting and anorexia at 48 hours of age.
A New Transparent Infant Proctoscope
Authors: OEcoNoMoPouLAs Chris T. 
Published: December 2021

Proctological conditions are not uncommon in the pediatric age group and in many cases may present a challenging diagnostic problem. An example of this is the symptom of rectal bleeding. Approximately 10% of cases present with bleeding per rectum during infancy may be of obscure origin. These children may undergo painful and expensive investigations, such as barium enemas and hematologic tests, and may remain hospitalized for a week or more.
This is probably due to lack of proper investigation of the anal canal.
STEROID MYOPATHY
Authors: Byers R. K. , Bergman A. B. , Joseph M. C. 
Published: December 2021

Weakness developing during the administration of a variety of steroids has been reported both experimentally and clinically. The condition remains sufficiently unfamiliar to warrant an additional report of the clinical manifestations and pathologic findings as demonstrated on biopsy.
Ellis1 was regularly able to produce wide-spread necrosis in skeletal muscle of rabbits by the administration of 10 mg/kg/day of cortisone acetate, for 7 to 21 days. Though severe lesions were evident pathologically at the height of the reaction, complete restitution of function was reported 6 days after the omission of cortisone. In contrast to skeletal muscle, cardiac and smooth muscle remained unaffected both functionally and histologically. Mor phologically, cortisone-induced skeletal myopathy resembled that seen in potassium deficiency, but in the latter condition necrosis occurred in cardiac muscle as well. Oral administration of potassium did not protect the animals treated with cortisone, nor did generous doses of alpha-tocopherol. No evidence of virus infection could be discovered in the animals treated with cortisone, though pathologically similar lesions have been observed in a variety of infections.
Weakness incident to the treatment of various diseases by triamcinolone (9-alpha-fluoro-16 alpha-hydroxyprednisolone) has been reported.2-5 Recovery from weakness occurred in a relatively short time following the omission of the drug, or following the substitution of non-halogenated steroid, particularly methylprednisolone or prednisone in dosages thought to be pharmacologically comparable. Weakness with eletromyographic evidence of myopathy following 11 weeks of treatment of asthma with dexamethasone (9 alpha-fluoro-16 alpha methylprednisolone) in doses of 2.25 mg/day in an adult male has been reported.6
THE IMPACT OF INFANTILE AMAUROTIC FAMILIAL IDIOCY (TAY-SACHS DISEASE) ON THE FAMILY
Authors: Kanof Abram , Kutner Bernard , Gordon Norman B. 
Published: December 2021

Although in its sociologic implications infantile amaurotic familial idiocy (Tay-Sachs disease) bears some resemblance to other types of fatal illnesses in children, such as leukemia,1 muscular dystrophy2,3 and some forms of brain deficit,4 it is unique in several respects. The illness makes its appearance early in life, there is usually a period of uncertainty as to diagnosis, its course is steadily downward without periods of remission, it is of comparatively short duration, and it is hereditary. A fatal hereditary disease in an infant bears with it a large number of reactions and decisions, which involve an ever-widening circle of persons. Not only is there an invariable emotional effect upon the parents, but, as will be indicated in this report, close relatives, friends, neighbors and associates are to some extent also concerned. The disease represents a family crisis, and it is the purpose of this study to report and assess the major methods with which families cope with the crisis, the problems they face, the solutions they undertake, and the help we may be able to offer. Moreover close and prolonged contact with the parents of infants with amaurotic familial idiocy has given us many opportunities to observe the physician-parent relationship that develops during this illness. We are impressed with the need to understand the parental problems, and we hope to make suggestions to the physician confronted with this illness.
FAMILY BACKGROUNDS
The study is based upon interviews with parents of children who have or have had amaurotic familial idiocy. (Two of the families have had children with lipid histiocytosis of phosphalide type, also called Niemann-Pick disease.)
ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC STUDY OF PATIENTS WITH ACUTE ASEPTIC MENINGITIS
Authors: Gibbs Frederic A. , Gibbs Erna L. , Carpenter Phyllis R. , Spies Harold W. 
Published: December 2021

One hundred fifty-eight patients with aseptic meningitis were studied electroencephalographically during the acute phase of the illness. Slow activity was more common among children below 10 years of age (44%) than among adults (10%). With the exception of two cases, the electroencephalogram either normalized quickly after recovery from the acute illness or returned to what was believed to be the pre-illness abnormality. In one of the two persons who developed persistent abnormalities, slow activity continued long after the acute phase of the illness was over, and in the other the slow activity was complicated by the development of 6-per-second positive spike discharges.
See figure in the PDF.file
See table in the PDF.file
See figure in the PDF.file
Slow activity in the acute phase of the illness was more common when the infection was caused by ECHO virus (26%) than when it was caused by Coxsackie (14%). The sporadic cases of aseptic meningitis that were usually caused by a nonidentifiable agent were associated with a slightly higher electroencephalographic morbidity than the cases occurring in epidemics of known etiology.
From the electroencephalographic as well as from the clinical point of view, aseptic meningitis is relatively benign. It is associated with less disorder than measles, which produces slow activity in 50% of cases. About as many patients developed slow activity during the acute phase of aseptic meningitis (33%) as mumps, but like mumps (and various other virus infections) aseptic meningitis can be followed by persistent electroencephalographic abnormalities. Because the viruses that cause aseptic meningitis may produce lasting brain disorder, they cannot be considered innocuous or inconsequential.
ECHO 9 VIRUS INFECTION AND CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES: A NEGATIVE REPORT
Authors: Kleinman Herman , Prince James T. , Mathey Wayne E. , Rosenfleld Abraham B. , Bearman Jacob E. , Syverton Jerome T. 
Published: December 2021

Approximately 200,000 residents of Hennepin and Ramsey counties in Minnesota developed an aseptic meningitis syndrome during the summer and fall of 1957. One fourth of the patients had a maculopapular rash very similar to that of rubella. The etiologic agent was found to be ECHO virus type 9. This epidemic provided an opportunity to determine whether infection with this virus during the first trimester of pregnancy could be related to the appearance of congenital defects such as occurs in rubella.
From March 3 through June 13, 1958, 10,109 liveborn infants and 105 stillborn infants were delivered in the 12 Minneapolis and 10 St. Paul hospitals serving these two counties. All mothers had been exposed to the 1957 epidemic. Public health nurses interviewed 9,990 mothers in the hospitals within a few days after birth for detailed histories of infection during pregnancy. On the basis of these interviews it was judged that 6.5% of the mothers had historic evidence of an ECHO 9 infection during pregnancy. Serologic evidence of ECHO 9 infection in the recent past was present in 19% of 853 antibody titrations carried out on cord blood specimens from abnormals and normals (controls).
To discover anomalies not recognized at birth, a follow-up was carried out 11 to 12 months later by the public health nurses by telephone interviews of some 9,600 mothers.
There were 356 major and minor congenital anomalies recognized during the first year of life. An additional 63 hernias were diagnosed during the first year for a total of 419 anomalies found in 10,109 live births in the study. This rate of 41.4 total anomalies per 1,000 live births, or 4.1%, is well within the rates reported by other authors. A total of 39.6% of the anomalies were diagnosed at birth and 60.4% during the first year of life. Of the anomalies, 61% occurred in males and 39% in females; 1.5% of the infants had major abnormalities and 0.74% died as a result of these anomalies during their first year of life.
There were 105 stillbirths recorded, or 10.4 per 1,000 live births. This compares with a rate of 13.6 for Hennepin and Ramsey counties for the year. Among the stillbirths, 11.4% died from congenital anomalies, in comparison with 10.95% statewide for the year.
A statistical analysis of the findings which compares the ECHO 9 antibody titer distributions in the cord blood of the normal and the abnormal infants does not justify the conclusion that ECHO 9 infection in the mother increases the incidence of congenital anomalies in the offspring. The only exception to this generalization is in the case of skin abnormalities, where there is a statistical suggestion of association.
ANNUAL SUMMARY OF VITAL STATISTICS—1960
Authors: Wegman Myron E. 
Published: December 2021

Each year the National Vital Statistics Division (formerly, National Office of Vital Statistics), a unit of the Public Health Service, publishes a summary of the provisional vital statistics of the United States of America, based on estimates derived from monthly reports on certificates filed in registration offices around the country. For 1960, this is published in Volume 9, No. 13, May 31, 1961, of the Monthly Vital Statistics Report. Previous experience has shown that the estimates reflect quite well, with certain reservations, the final reports available much later.
As in previous years1 an abstract of the data most likely to interest pediatricians is presented herewith.
An Answer to the Breast Feeding Problem
Authors: Bates George 
Published: December 2021

I note a communication (Pediatrics, 28:851, 1961) in which Dr. William O. Jones of the National Institute at Bethesda is "saddened" to hear about mothers who fail in their attempts to breast feed. His theories about how to change this situation seem logical, but they have been tried by most of us long ago and found to be impractical.
Cheer up, Dr. Jones, you may take it from an old practitioner that these mothers and babies do very well in spite of the absence of breast feeding!
SOME PHYSICAL GROWTH STANDARDS FOR WHITE NORTH AMERICAN CHILDREN
Authors: Falkner Frank 
Published: December 2021

In another paper1 the author has commented upon physical growth and discussed the use of standards, growth charts, and indicators of growth progress and maturity. If the principles covered in this paper are kept in mind, the pediatrician and scientists investigating growth may find it useful to refer to a set of standards suitable for assessments of North American white children.
To produce a set of standards for the evaluation of growth in the United States poses many large problems. First, in such a large country, geographic considerations are important; comparing a Californian child to Eastern seaboard standards may be misleading. Second, children today are maturing earlier and earlier, and thus they are bigger age for age than children of yester year2-7; hence, it is important to use recently collected data. Third, ethnic factors must be considered; there really is no such things as a typical "North American white child" but data from studies of specific racial groups cannot be used. Clearly, then, with these, and with many other biometric considerations, we are not going to find any data published or unpublished that will give us exactly what we need. The standards that will be given here are therefore a compromise. They represent a collection of the best presently available data, and they are for guidance only, representing patterns of growth. The sources used are listed in Appendix I. It has been shown1 that known ranges of a measurement are more useful criteria in evaluating growth than are norms. Much attention has been given to such ranges in the production of these standards.
INFANTILE SCURVY AND NUTRITIONAL RICKETS IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors:   Committee on Nutrition, Blumberg Richard W. , Forbes Gilbert B. , Fraser Donald , Hansen Arild E. , Smith Nathan J. , Sweeney Michael J. , Fomon Samuel J. 
Published: December 2021

During the summer of 1960, the Committee on Nutrition of the Canadian Pediatric Society requested co-operation of the Committee on Nutrition of the American Academy of Pediatrics in evaluation of the problem of scurvy in Canada. Reports in the Canadian literature in 1958 and 19591-6 recorded occurrence of 180 cases of scurvy during the 15 years from 1945 through 1959, and personal communications accounted for 142 cases not recorded in the literature. It was somewhat difficult to derive a satisfactory estimate of the true incidence of scurvy from these figures. However, an unpublished report by Dr. J. W. Davies, Chief Medical Officer of Health, Newfoundland, indicated that 77 cases of scurvy had been diagnosed in 1959 for an estimated 30,000 children less than 2 years of age, an incidence of 2.5 cases per 1,000 children.
As an aid in evaluation of the problem of scurvy in Canada and to obtain information concerning the magnitude of the problem in the United States, a survey was carried out concerning incidence of scurvy in the United States during the years 1956 through 1960, inclusive. Questionnaires concerning the incidence of scurvy and rickets among children admitted to the hospital were mailed to 294 hospitals that maintain approved7 residency programs in pediatrics. Replies were received from 176 of the 294 hospitals (60%). Preliminary tabulation and analysis of results were then carried out, and a brief summary was mailed to each hospital. At the time of this mailing a second questionnaire was sent to those hospitals that had not responded to the initial questionnaire.