bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three new extinct species from the endemic Philippine cloud rat radiation (Rodentia, Muridae, Phloeomyini)
Authors: Ochoa Janine , Mijares Armand S B , Piper Philip J , Reyes Marian C , Heaney Lawrence R 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe 18 extant members of the Tribe Phloeomyini, the “cloud rats,” constitute an endemic Philippine radiation of arboreal herbivores that range in size from ca. 18 g to 2.7 kg, most occurring in cloud forest above 1,200 m elevation. Although calibrated phylogenies indicate that the Phloeomyini is estimated to have begun diversifying within the Philippines by ca. 10–11 million years ago, no extinct fossil species have been described, severely limiting our understanding of this distinctive radiation. Our studies of fossil and subfossil small mammal assemblages from the lowland Callao Caves complex in NE Luzon, Philippines, have produced specimens of Phloeomyini that date from ca. 67,000 BP to the Late Holocene (ca. 4,000 to 2,000 BP). We identify three extinct species that we name as new members assigned to the genera Batomys, Carpomys, and Crateromys, distinguished from congeners by body size, distinctive dental and other morphological features, and occupancy of a habitat (lowland forest over limestone) that differs from the high-elevation mossy forest over volcanic soils occupied by their congeners. Batomys cagayanensis n. sp. is known only from two specimens from ca. 67,000 BP; Carpomys dakal n. sp. and Crateromys ballik n. sp. were present from ca. 67,000 BP to the Late Holocene. These add to the species richness and morphological diversity of this endemic Philippine radiation of large folivores, and show specifically that the lowland fauna of small mammals on Luzon was more diverse in the recent past than it is currently, and that Luzon recently supported five species of giant rodents (ca. 1 kg or more). All three occurred contemporaneously with Homo luzonensis, and two, the new Carpomys and Crateromys, persisted until the Late Holocene when multiple exotic mammal species, both domestic and invasive, were introduced to Luzon, and new cultural practices (such as making pottery) became evident, suggesting that modern humans played a role in their extinction.
Acute abdomen due to pancreatic pseudocyst with splenic extension and rupture
Authors: Navarro Francisco , Leiva Lissette , Norero Enrique 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Pancreatic pseudocyst is a common complication of acute and chronic pancreatitis. However, spleen involvement in pancreatitis is rare. We present a patient with a pancreatic tail pseudocyst with splenic extension and rupture. Due to initial stability, conservative management was decided. However, he developed tachycardia with severe abdominal pain associated with signs of peritoneal irritation, requiring an emergency laparotomy. A large pancreatic tail pseudocyst was identified in addition to a ruptured spleen. Splenectomy and double layer hand-sewn gastrocystic anastomosis were performed. The patient had a satisfactory recovery and was discharged on the 11th postoperative day. Conservative management is an option in stable patients but with a high rate of failure. Surgery remains the standard choice in these cases.
Inflight transmission of COVID-19 based on experimental aerosol dispersion data
Authors: Wang Zhaozhi , Galea Edwin R , Grandison Angus , Ewer John , Jia Fuchen 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Background
An issue of concern to the travelling public is the possibility of in-flight transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) during long- and short-haul flights. The aviation industry maintains that the probability of contracting the illness is small based on reported cases, modelling and data from aerosol dispersion experiments conducted on-board aircraft.

Methods
Using experimentally derived aerosol dispersion data for a B777-200 aircraft and a modified version of the Wells-Riley equation we estimate inflight infection probability for a range of scenarios involving quanta generation rate and face mask efficiency. Quanta generation rates were selected based on COVID-19 events reported in the literature while mask efficiency was determined from the aerosol dispersion experiments.

Results
The MID-AFT cabin exhibits the highest infection probability. The calculated maximum individual infection probability (without masks) for a 2-hour flight in this section varies from 4.5% for the ‘Mild Scenario’ to 60.2% for the ‘Severe Scenario’ although the corresponding average infection probability varies from 0.1% to 2.5%. For a 12-hour flight, the corresponding maximum individual infection probability varies from 24.1% to 99.6% and the average infection probability varies from 0.8% to 10.8%. If all passengers wear face masks throughout the 12-hour flight, the average infection probability can be reduced by ~73%/32% for high/low efficiency masks. If face masks are worn by all passengers except during a one-hour meal service, the average infection probability is increased by 59%/8% compared to the situation where the mask is not removed.

Conclusions
This analysis has demonstrated that while there is a significant reduction in aerosol concentration due to the nature of the cabin ventilation and filtration system, this does not necessarily mean that there is a low probability or risk of in-flight infection. However, mask wearing, particularly high-efficiency ones, significantly reduces this risk.
Power-law behavior of transcription factor dynamics at the single-molecule level implies a continuum affinity model
Authors: Garcia David A , Fettweis Gregory , Presman Diego M , Paakinaho Ville , Jarzynski Christopher , Upadhyaya Arpita , Hager Gordon L 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Single-molecule tracking (SMT) allows the study of transcription factor (TF) dynamics in the nucleus, giving important information regarding the diffusion and binding behavior of these proteins in the nuclear environment. Dwell time distributions obtained by SMT for most TFs appear to follow bi-exponential behavior. This has been ascribed to two discrete populations of TFs—one non-specifically bound to chromatin and another specifically bound to target sites, as implied by decades of biochemical studies. However, emerging studies suggest alternate models for dwell-time distributions, indicating the existence of more than two populations of TFs (multi-exponential distribution), or even the absence of discrete states altogether (power-law distribution). Here, we present an analytical pipeline to evaluate which model best explains SMT data. We find that a broad spectrum of TFs (including glucocorticoid receptor, oestrogen receptor, FOXA1, CTCF) follow a power-law distribution of dwell-times, blurring the temporal line between non-specific and specific binding, suggesting that productive binding may involve longer binding events than previously believed. From these observations, we propose a continuum of affinities model to explain TF dynamics, that is consistent with complex interactions of TFs with multiple nuclear domains as well as binding and searching on the chromatin template.
TbSAP is a novel chromatin protein repressing metacyclic variant surface glycoprotein expression sites in bloodstream form Trypanosoma brucei
Authors: Davies Carys , Ooi Cher-Pheng , Sioutas Georgios , Hall Belinda S , Sidhu Haneesh , Butter Falk , Alsford Sam , Wickstead Bill , Rudenko Gloria 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The African trypanosome Trypanosoma brucei is a unicellular eukaryote, which relies on a protective variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) coat for survival in the mammalian host. A single trypanosome has &gt;2000 VSG genes and pseudogenes of which only one is expressed from one of ∼15 telomeric bloodstream form expression sites (BESs). Infectious metacyclic trypanosomes present within the tsetse fly vector also express VSG from a separate set of telomeric metacyclic ESs (MESs). All MESs are silenced in bloodstream form T. brucei. As very little is known about how this is mediated, we performed a whole genome RNAi library screen to identify MES repressors. This allowed us to identify a novel SAP domain containing DNA binding protein which we called TbSAP. TbSAP is enriched at the nuclear periphery and binds both MESs and BESs. Knockdown of TbSAP in bloodstream form trypanosomes did not result in cells becoming more ‘metacyclic-like'. Instead, there was extensive global upregulation of transcripts including MES VSGs, VSGs within the silent VSG arrays as well as genes immediately downstream of BES promoters. TbSAP therefore appears to be a novel chromatin protein playing an important role in silencing the extensive VSG repertoire of bloodstream form T. brucei.
Disruption of exon-bridging interactions between the minor and major spliceosomes results in alternative splicing around minor introns
Authors: Olthof Anouk M , White Alisa K , Mieruszynski Stephen , Doggett Karen , Lee Madisen F , Chakroun Almahdi , Abdel Aleem Alice K , Rousseau Justine , Magnani Cinzia , Roifman Chaim M , Campeau Philippe M , Heath Joan K , Kanadia Rahul N 
Published: February 2021

AbstractVertebrate genomes contain major (&gt;99.5%) and minor (&lt;0.5%) introns that are spliced by the major and minor spliceosomes, respectively. Major intron splicing follows the exon-definition model, whereby major spliceosome components first assemble across exons. However, since most genes with minor introns predominately consist of major introns, formation of exon-definition complexes in these genes would require interaction between the major and minor spliceosomes. Here, we report that minor spliceosome protein U11-59K binds to the major spliceosome U2AF complex, thereby supporting a model in which the minor spliceosome interacts with the major spliceosome across an exon to regulate the splicing of minor introns. Inhibition of minor spliceosome snRNAs and U11-59K disrupted exon-bridging interactions, leading to exon skipping by the major spliceosome. The resulting aberrant isoforms contained a premature stop codon, yet were not subjected to nonsense-mediated decay, but rather bound to polysomes. Importantly, we detected elevated levels of these alternatively spliced transcripts in individuals with minor spliceosome-related diseases such as Roifman syndrome, Lowry–Wood syndrome and early-onset cerebellar ataxia. In all, we report that the minor spliceosome informs splicing by the major spliceosome through exon-definition interactions and show that minor spliceosome inhibition results in aberrant alternative splicing in disease.
Cervical 1-2 Posterior Instrumented Fusion Utilizing Computer-Assisted Navigation With Harvest of Rib Strut Autograft: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Yee Timothy J , Strong Michael J , Willsey Matthew S , Oppenlander Mark E 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Nonunion of a type II odontoid fracture after the placement of an anterior odontoid screw can occur despite careful patient selection. Countervailing factors to successful fusion include the vascular watershed zone between the odontoid process and body of C2 as well as the relatively low surface area available for fusion. Patient-specific factors include osteoporosis, advanced age, and poor fracture fragment apposition. Cervical 1-2 posterior instrumented fusion is indicated for symptomatic nonunion. The technique leverages the larger posterolateral surface area for fusion and does not rely on bony growth in a watershed zone. Although loss of up to half of cervical rotation is expected after C1-2 arthrodesis, this may be better tolerated in the elderly, who may have lower physical demands than younger patients. In this video, we discuss the case of a 75-yr-old woman presenting with intractable mechanical cervicalgia 7 mo after sustaining a type II odontoid fracture and undergoing anterior odontoid screw placement at an outside institution. Cervical radiography and computed tomography exhibited haloing around the screw and nonunion across the fracture. We demonstrate C1-2 posterior instrumented fusion with Goel-Harms technique (C1 lateral mass and C2 pedicle screws), utilizing computer-assisted navigation, and modified Sonntag technique with rib strut autograft.
Posterior C1-2-instrumented fusion with rib strut autograft is an essential technique in the spine surgeon's armamentarium for the management of C1-2 instability, which can be a sequela of type II dens fracture. Detailed video demonstration has not been published to date.
Appropriate patient consent was obtained.
Only Project
Authors: Oatley Keith 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The kind of truth that is usually approached in psychology is of correspondence: whether a hypothesis corresponds with an aspect of behavior or physiology. But two further kinds of truth are important: a truth of coherence of several co-occurring processes, as instantiated in simulations, and a truth that is personal, as can occur when people come to know something important about others or themselves. The aim of literature that is artistic is to explore truths of all three kinds in an integrated way, so that deeper recognition may sometimes be achieved. A novel that enables us to understand the psychological principle of projection, in this way, is Apple Tree Yard, by Louise Doughty. As readers run the simulation of this novel in their minds, not only is it entertaining, as the better kinds of detective stories and courtroom dramas can be, but also it enables readers to understand—and resonate personally with—what can happen when a person becomes caught up in a projection motivated by a phantasy.
Entertainment Is a Journey, Not Just a Destination
Authors: Fahr Andreas , Früh Hannah 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter takes a process view of the entertainment experience by discussing how one can define an experience as a process and how media experience processes contribute to entertainment. Against the background of general theories about time, process, and measurement, an entertainment process is conceptualized as a set of characteristic sequences of intelligibly connected events based on specific rules and parameters of time. These characteristic events could be seen as entertainment experiences themselves, but they also contribute to a final evaluation after media exposure. Although most communication scholars concur that entertainment has processual aspects and therefore measure responses or experiences during exposure, a perspective on the process as a whole (i.e., its time dependency and consequences) is rarely investigated. Therefore, the process perspective is analyzed using a number of entertainment theories. This research posits that entertainment theories as well as the measurement of entertainment processes could benefit from a more detailed exposition about the theoretical assumptions on the shape of a process.
Cooling Down or Charging Up?
Authors: Vandebosch Heidi , Poels Karolien 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues that the selection of, and engagement with, aggressive entertainment contents can be an emotion regulation strategy, or a way of influencing the nature, expression and intensity of an experienced emotion. It explains this in the context of two, often experienced, negative emotions that have been linked to aggression in the general emotion literature: anger and boredom. By first defining these two emotions and describing their typical action tendencies, it aims to show how the engagement with aggressive media content can be a way of regulating these emotions, sometimes in functional but also in dysfunctional ways. It thereby extends the scope from passively watching aggressive entertainment contents to actively participating and enjoying aggressive acts in the online environment (e.g., online bashing, trolling and cyberbullying).
Cinematic Entertainment
Authors: Soto-Sanfiel Maite 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Despite claims that “cinema is dead” or that it only interests nostalgic old-timers, statistics indicate a global increase in theater attendance. Not only is moviegoing still one of the favorite forms of entertainment, but it especially appeals to young people. Moreover, communication research seems to have neglected cinema, but the relationship between modern-day teenagers and the silver screen needs to be observed. This chapter reports the results of a cross-cultural study based on the uses and gratifications paradigm with youngsters from eight European countries. It presents their cinematographic uses and consumption, their motivations for going to the movies, and their preferences and conceptions regarding different movie traditions. The study also performs cross-cultural contrasts to reveal more about the impact of regional, national, and global forces on the psychological relationship between today’s teenagers and cinema.
How Do People Evaluate Movies?
Authors: Schneider Frank M. , Vogel Ines C. , Gleich Uli , Bartsch Anne 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Most people have one or more favorite pieces of media entertainment (e.g., movies, TV shows, novels, video games), and some personal candidates for the worst of them ever. But how exactly are such evaluative judgments formed? What are the underlying psychological processes of media entertainment evaluations? And why do we sometimes feel that the heart and mind are in conflict about those evaluations? To cover the whole complexity of individual media entertainment ratings, this chapter applies the associative–propositional evaluation (APE) model to the case of movie evaluation processes before, during, and after exposure. After defining evaluation and introducing the APE model, it discusses its theoretical and methodological implications for movies and entertainment research. Moreover, it highlights similarities and differences concerning common related concepts (e.g., enjoyment).
TV Series Fandom as Eudaimonic Consumption
Authors: Muñiz-Velázquez José Antonio , Lozano Delmar Javier 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Serial narratives consumption is today more complex and richer than it was a few years ago. As a consequence, active audiences or fans interact with the content, explore additional information, discuss episodes and even create related material. In this sense, TV shows as Game of Thrones, Westworld, or SKAM, among many others, are cultivating a way of consumer experience that goes beyond mere viewing and pleasure. Fans follow stories that are rich and complex, looking for a certain cognitive, intellectual and personal growth. In short, consuming serial narratives as a fan can be effectively considered a paradigmatic example of “eudaimonic spending,” a growing phenomenon that is not limited to media entertainment. After reviewing the literature on the topic, this chapter offers a comprehensive view of why investing money and time in being an active TV series fan can be considered a great way of finding eudaimonic happiness.
Players’ Moral Decisions in Virtual Worlds
Authors: Melzer André , Holl Elisabeth 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Video games and their expressive and interactive potential may fulfill simple needs for hedonic pleasure, but they are also suited for generating meaningful interaction and eudaimonic experiences. As moral actors, players can make their own decisions in a safe “as-if” space without direct real-life consequences. Not surprisingly, implementing meaningful eudaimonic elements based on moral decision-making has become increasingly popular. This chapter describes the role of morality in video games, together with an overview of current theories on psychological processing of moral decision-making in video games. It suggests a novel integrating approach that comprises game-related factors, personal characteristics, and moral decision-making processes and their effects on the player. The integrative model unites leading theoretical assumptions of morality in video games, but also allows for predictions when players make moral decisions or suppress their moral concerns, and how this may affect their entertainment outcome.
Media Entertainment as a Self-Regulatory Resource
Authors: Reinecke Leonard , Rieger Diana 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In recent years, the perspective on media use and its contribution to positive outcomes for its users has been expanded toward the media’s potential to facilitate recovery from stress and strain and to support the replenishment of physical and psychological resources. The accumulation of empirical findings in this area calls for a systematization and theoretical integration. The present chapter therefore reviews latest developments in recovery theory and systematically summarizes previous research on the effects of recreational media use. It then presents a new model, the recovery and resilience in entertaining media use model (R²EM-model), linking entertainment use to the short-term experience of recovery and to the contribution to long-term development of resilience-enhancing factors. The chapter concludes with a discussion of open questions and future challenges in this field of research.
Life-Span Developmental Changes in Media Entertainment Experiences
Authors: Mares Marie-Louise , Bonus James Alex 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
What are the implications of life-span cognitive, affective, and social development for media entertainment attractions and responses? There are only piecemeal answers, because researchers tend to focus on different topics with different age-groups, and because theories of media entertainment tend not to consider developmental contexts. We describe the types of questions that tend to be asked about entertainment media by scholars studying different life stages and we highlight theoretical frameworks that have been used with particular ages that could usefully be applied more broadly. We note the emphasis on learning and negative affect (rather than fun, playful media experiences) in early childhood, the focus on risky outcomes and hedonic attractions (rather than meaning-making) in adolescence, the lack of research on middle-age, and the emphasis on affective and meaning-making preferences in old age (with relatively minimal consideration of social and cognitive changes).
Entertainment Media and Social Consciousness
Authors: Sanders Meghan S. , Yang Chun , Ciaramella Anthony , Italiano Rachel , Whitenack Stephanie L. , Hickerson Hope M. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Over the past decade and a half, scholarship in media psychology has significantly expanded to investigate the role entertainment media and experiences play in encouraging audiences to think more deeply, feel inspired, encourage prosocialness, and otherwise serve in the interest of social good. Many scholars suggest that media, including entertainment, are a significant cultural force in that they can articulate identities and values of a culture, but also serve as sites where these same values and identities are discussed and challenged. Much content presents narratives that discuss some of the toughest challenges faced by organizations, governments, and societies. This chapter introduces the term “socially conscious entertainment” (SCE), discussing its similarities with meaningful and hedonic entertainment experiences, entertainment-education, and various theoretical frameworks from which to examine its usefulness in prompting audiences to challenge existing social attitudes.