bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
UK Nutrition Research Partnership ‘Hot Topic’ workshop report: A ‘game changer’ for dietary health – addressing the implications of sport sponsorship by food businesses through an innovative interdisciplinary collaboration
Authors: Gokani Nikhil , Garde Amandine , Philpott Matthew , Ireland Robin , Owens Rebecca , Boyland Emma 
Published: December 2021

AbstractOverweight and obesity is a global concern as a significant risk factor for non‐communicable diseases. Increased energy intake due to greater consumption of energy‐dense food or non‐alcoholic beverages high in fat, saturated fat, sugar or salt (‘HFSS food’) is the main explanation for population weight gain. The principal drivers underlying this consumption are the commercial determinants of health in the food chain, particularly the marketing of HFSS food. In the UK, some rules do regulate certain forms of HFSS food marketing (such as television and online advertising to children) and the government is considering strengthening these. However, although sports sponsorship by ‘HFSS food businesses’ (defined as a business preparing, cooking, storing, handling, distributing, supplying or selling food and whose products are primarily HFSS) is increasingly recognised as linked to HFSS food consumption, it has received little attention. This is all the more concerning in light of the recent proliferation of ‘HFSS food businesses’ and HFSS products partnering with sports organisations. Against this background, we hosted a workshop to focus on the relationship between health, nutrition and the sponsorship of sport and related marketing by ‘HFSS food businesses’ and to consider the implications for obesity prevention strategies in the UK and beyond. This innovative workshop capitalised on, and contributed to, ongoing efforts to conceptually unite existing research by bringing together an interdisciplinary team of experts providing unique and complementary perspectives on how to address sports sponsorship as one of the channels through which ‘HFSS food businesses’ contribute to poor nutrition and diet‐related diseases. This report summarises the structure, participants and discussions from the workshop; the existing evidence base; and the future research and policy opportunities we plan to pursue.
Norway spruce deploys tissue‐specific responses during acclimation to cold
Authors: Vergara Alexander , Haas Julia C. , Aro Tuuli , Stachula Paulina , Street Nathaniel R. , Hurry Vaughan 
Published: December 2021

AbstractClimate change in the conifer‐dominated boreal forest is expected to lead to warmer but more dynamic winter air temperatures, reducing the depth and duration of snow cover and lowering winter soil temperatures. To gain insight into the mechanisms that have enabled conifers to dominate extreme cold environments, we performed genome‐wide RNA‐Seq analysis from needles and roots of non‐dormant two‐year Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst), and contrasted these response to herbaceous model Arabidopsis We show that the main transcriptional response of Norway spruce needles exposed to cold was delayed relative to Arabidopsis, and this delay was associated with slower development of freezing tolerance. Despite this difference in timing, Norway spruce principally utilizes early response transcription factors (TFs) belonging to the same gene families as Arabidopsis, indicating broad evolutionary conservation of cold response networks. In keeping with their different metabolic and developmental states, needles and root of Norway spruce showed contrasting results. Regulatory network analysis identified both conserved TFs with known roles in cold acclimation (e.g. homologs of ICE1, AKS3, and of the NAC and AP2/ERF superfamilies), but also a root‐specific bHLH101 homolog, providing functional insights into cold stress response strategies in Norway spruce.
Erythematous rash and postinfectious acral desquamation due to Streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis infection in a child
Authors: Soler‐Simón Jose A. , Andina‐Martínez David , Antoñanzas‐Bernar Valeria , Di Campli‐Zaghlul Marianna A. , Villalobos‐Pinto Enrique , Hernández‐Martín Ángela 
Published: December 2021

AbstractStreptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis infection is an emerging pathogen. Cutaneous and systemic manifestations resemble those of other pyogenic streptococci. However, the rapid group A antigen detection test used to diagnose Streptococcus pyogenes infection is usually negative, making the diagnosis difficult. If clinical suspicion of streptococcal infection is high, a tonsillar culture should be performed to confirm the diagnosis.
Automated discovery systems, part 1: Historical origins, main research programs, and methodological foundations
Authors: Giza Piotr 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAutomated scientific discovery is a discipline which lies at the boarder of artificial intelligence, natural sciences and philosophy of science, and deals with the application of artificial intelligence methods to scientific discovery. Its origins go back to the end of 1960s when a few AI researchers in the USA turned their attention to a domain often considered the realm of genius–scientific discovery. There have been at least three major research programs in the field, each of them having different objectives, concerns, and methodology: machine learning systems in the Turing tradition, normative theory of scientific discovery formulated by Herbert Simon's group, and the programs called HHNT, proposed by J. Holland, K. Holyoak, R. Nisbett, and P. Thagard. In this paper I briefly analyze those programs to figure out their methodological assumptions, goals, achievements and drawbacks.
Knowing in Aristotle part 1: Epistēmē, Nous, and non‐rational cognitive states
Authors: Cohoe Caleb Murray 
Published: December 2021

AbstractI present an overview of the features Aristotle attributes to gnōsis (cognition or knowledge), a term Aristotle applies to true cognitive states, whether rational or non‐rational. Gnōsis is being in contact with reality. This, for Aristotle, happens when the soul takes on the form of the object known, which is what makes gnōsis factive. I present Aristotle’s account of non‐rational cognitive states, discussing perception and experience (empeiria) and the role they play in acquiring knowledge. I then cover Aristotle's understanding of belief (hupolēpsis) and opinion (doxa) and lay out why he thinks they cannot be excellences. I conclude with an overview of two of the most important and foundational excellences of reason, nous (comprehension or understanding) and epistēmē (scientific knowledge).
Air pollution and preterm birth: A time‐stratified case‐crossover study in the San Joaquin Valley of California
Authors: Ha Sandie , Martinez Valerie , Chan‐Golston Alec M. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundAir pollution is linked to preterm birth (PTB), but existing studies are primarily focused on chronic exposures, conducted in areas with moderate pollution, and/or subject to confounding.ObjectivesWe investigated short‐term associations between two pollutants [particulate matter <2.5 microns (PM2.5) and ozone] and PTB, and estimated excess PTB cases potentially attributed to these pollutants.MethodsThis time‐stratified case‐crossover study includes 196,970 singleton pregnancies affected by PTB and early term birth from the San Joaquin Valley (SJV), California, USA (2007–2015). Daily ozone and PM2.5 concentrations were estimated by the SJV Air Pollution Control District and geospatially linked to maternal zip code. We used conditional logistic regression models to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the associations between an interquartile range (IQR) increase in pollutants and very preterm (VPTB, 20–34 weeks), moderate preterm (MPTB, 34–36 weeks) and early term births (ETB, 37–38 weeks). We adjusted all models for co‐pollutants and meteorological factors.ResultsDuring warm seasons (May‐October), an IQR increase in ozone was associated with 9–11% increased odds of VPTB from lag 0 (ORlag0 1.09, 95% CI 1.04,1.16) to lag 7 (ORlag7 1.11, 95% CI 1.04,1.16). Findings were consistent for MPTB and ETB. Ozone was potentially responsible for an excess of 3–6 VPTBs, 7–9 PTBs and 24–42 ETBs per 1,000 singleton deliveries. During cold seasons (November‐April), increased PM2.5 exposure was associated with 5–6% increased odds of VPTB beginning at lag 3 (ORlag3 1.06, 95% CI 1.02,1.11). PM2.5 was associated with an excess of 1–3 VPTBs, 0–3 MPTBs and 6–18 ETBs per 1,000 singleton deliveries.ConclusionsPM2.5 and ozone are associated with increased risk of VPTB, MPTB and ETB within one week of exposure and are potential contributors to the increasing PTB trend. More research is needed to further understand the role of air pollution on PTB risk.
Wave‐influenced deposition of carbonate‐rich sediment on the insular shelf of Santa Maria Island, Azores
Authors: Zhao Zhongwei , Mitchell Neil C. , Quartau Rui , Moreira Sandra , Rusu Liliana , Melo Carlos S. , Ávila Sérgio P. , Das Diya , Afonso Pedro , Pombo Joaquim , Duarte João , Rodrigues Aurora 
Published: December 2021

AbstractFormulae for sediment thresholds of motion are commonly based on flume experiments on rounded quartz particles and it is unclear how well they predict thresholds in natural settings. Here, sediment threshold shear stresses were calculated from one such formula using surface grain‐size data from 112 sites around Santa Maria Island, Azores. To compare with those stresses, a Simulating Waves Nearshore model was run for three typical winter months to predict shelf stress maxima due to waves. As wind‐driven and other circulations also increase stresses, the model predictions are under‐estimates. Comparison of the two stress estimates suggests that the whole shelf of the island was mobile during extreme conditions. However, three forms of evidence contradict this. First, 129 rollovers of sandy clinoforms lying in 30 to 200 m water depths around the island were identified from boomer seismic data. It has been suggested that such rollovers mark depths at which hydrodynamic stresses fall beneath the sediment threshold of motion. Second, differences in grain‐size diversity between carbonate‐free and whole sediment indicate where carbonate particle fragmentation occurs. Third, seabed images reveal variations in ripple character and presence. The combined data suggest that deposition has occurred in the middle and outer shelf, overlapping where the model predicts sediment mobilization. However, by decreasing the model bottom shear stress or increasing the shear stress at threshold of motion by a factor of two to three, deposition is predicted to have occurred immediately deeper than the shallow active rollovers. Therefore, in practice, the ratio of wave‐imposed shear stress to stress at threshold of motion is two to three times smaller than predicted. This is speculated to be due to the presence of widespread hard substrates and other features shielding particles between them from wave stresses. Alternatively, the threshold of motion is higher than expected from the formulae for these sediments dominated by bioclastic particles.
CMV screening of group‐specific orders—good stewardship of the blood supply
Authors: Francis Tara , Delk Alexander , Gammon Richard R. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundIn addition to antigen‐negative red blood cells (RBC), Immunohematology Reference Laboratories (IRL) must provide RBCs that are cytomegalovirus (CMV) seronegative. Due to high percentage of CMV seropositive individuals, it is challenging to find CMV and antigen‐negative RBC. The IRL selects predominantly group O donors tested for CMV, and these RBC are sometimes needed to fill orders for nongroup O patients. This study evaluated units sent that were out of group to fulfill CMV‐seronegative requests.Study Design and MethodsRequests for CMV‐seronegative and antigen‐negative RBCs were divided into Period 1 (January 1, 2019–February 29, 2020) before intervention and Period 2 (March 1, 2020–May 31, 2020) post intervention. ABO Rh units requested were compared to ABO Rh units provided.ResultsPeriod 1: 537 CMV‐seronegative RBC units were provided. 99/188(52.66%) B‐positive requests were fulfilled using O RBCs. 58/504 (11.51%) of D‐negative units were sent to D‐positive patients.Period 2: 119 CMV‐seronegative RBC units were provided. 18/51 (35.29%) B positive requests were fulfilled using O RBCs. Only 7/113 (6.19%) D‐negative units were sent to D‐positive patients.DiscussionFor 239/656 (36.43%) CMV‐seronegative antigen orders requested for B‐positive patients, more than half of these orders were filled with O RBCs. To decrease group O usage for nongroup O patients, the IRL practice has changed to increase CMV testing for group B donors. Since the change in algorithm, there was a 17.37% decrease group O usage for group B patients.
Diagnostic performance of predicted ionized calcium in dogs with total hypercalcemia and total hypocalcemia
Authors: Lebastard Matthieu , Cuq Benoît , Sharman Mellora J. , Danner Julie , Le Boedec Kevin 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundAbnormal total calcium (tCa) values do not necessarily imply dysregulated ionized calcium.ObjectivesWe aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of predicted ionized calcium (piCa) regarding true calcium status in dogs with abnormal tCa.MethodsThis was a cross‐sectional multicenter study. piCa and its prediction interval (PI) were calculated in 114 dogs, from three different hospitals, with either increased (62) or decreased tCa (52), All dogs also had ionized calcium and a biochemical profile available. The sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and diagnostic discordance of piCa to confirm ionized hypercalcemia (iHyperCa) and ionized hypocalcemia (iHypoCa) were calculated using logistic regression analysis.ResultsiHyperCa was found in 28% and 66% of hyperphosphatemic and non‐hyperphosphatemic dogs with tCa above the reference interval upper limit, respectively. The piCa correctly classified dogs with iHyperCa in 72.2% of those with hyperphosphatemia and 93.2% of those without hyperphosphatemia. Comparatively, elevating the tCa threshold to 12 mg/dL properly classified dogs 50% and 75% of the time in hyperphosphatemic and non‐hyperphosphatemic dogs, respectively. iHypoCa was found in only 31/52 (60%) dogs with decreased tCa. The piCa correctly classified 55.2 to 100% of dogs with iHypoCa depending on the hospital. The PI demonstrated high sensitivity for iHyperCa (100%) and high specificity for both iHyperCa (100%) and iHypoCa (100%).ConclusionsEvaluating tCa alone does not reliably determine ionized calcium status. Even with hyperphosphatemia, piCa and its PI represent a reliable alternative to interpret abnormal tCa values when ionized calcium measurements are not available. However, if the tCa reference interval is notably different from 7.6 to 11.4 mg/dL, piCa values might be under/overestimated.
Case‐based intensive veterinary radiology clerkship improves students’ radiographic interpretation skills and overall course satisfaction scores
Authors: Gallastegui Aitor , Spoldi Elisa , Billhymer Audrey C. , Stefanou Candice R. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe variability in diagnostic imaging caseload, increasing class sizes, high hospital workloads, and the progressive departure of veterinary radiologists from academia can lead to inconsistent and reduced teaching opportunities. This one group pretest, posttest study aimed to compare the learning outcomes of students enrolled in two veterinary radiology clerkship models. Our hypothesis was that the learning and satisfaction scores of students in a case‐based veterinary radiology clerkship would be higher than those in a clinical veterinary radiology clerkship. During the spring and summer semesters of 2019, students were assigned to a clinical (CRC) or case‐based (CBRC) radiology clerkship model, respectively. Prior to starting the clerkship and at the conclusion thereof, all students took identical radiographic interpretation quizzes. Four major areas of learning were assessed: knowledge base (KB), diagnostic test interpretation (DTI), problem prioritization and differential diagnosis (PPDDX), and critical thinking (CrT). A total of 41 of 48 (CRC) and 130 of 151 (CBRC) students enrolled in this study; 15 and 34, respectively, were off‐shore students, while the remainder were in‐house students. In‐house students improved their scores with CRC and CBRC, but achieved better scores in the four areas with CBRC. Off‐shore students only improved their scores with CBRC. In both groups, there was a negative effect of CRC on DTI. Course satisfaction score was 3.21 on CRC and 4.38 on CBRC (range 1‐5). An intensive, case‐based, discussion‐focused veterinary radiology clerkship can improve students’ radiographic interpretation skills and overall course satisfaction scores.
Franz Unger and plant evolution: Representations of plants through time
Authors: Collins Larry B. 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
This chapter will highlight a series of lithographs produced by Franz Unger and Josef Kuwasseg that emphasize how Unger used plants to represent different periods of earth history. While Henry De la Beche is credited with the first depiction of ancient life through art (Duria antiquior), Unger’s work was the first to illustrate how plants could be used as indicators of changes in life history. In collaboration with artist Josef Kuwasseg, he embarked on a project entitled The Primitive World in Its Different Periods of Formation that consisted of 14 lithographs that were published in 1851. The title was unique in that it combined the concepts of a “primitive world,” or the widely accepted contemporary idea of undifferentiated deep time, with our modern concept of different periods of earth history. Unger selected periods for this project based upon major strata, but his botanical roots led him to emphasize the importance of plants in each lithograph. The series begins with the “Transition Period,” or the strata that contain the most fossil evidence to develop a reconstruction, and ends with a depiction of the arrival of man in a plant-filled world. This series of lithographs offers a unique contribution to the history and philosophy of geology as Unger recognized the importance of plants to our understanding of geology and deep time in the nineteenth century.
Association of persistent acute kidney injury and renal recovery with mortality in hospitalised patients
Authors: Ozrazgat-Baslanti Tezcan , Loftus Tyler J , Ren Yuanfang , Adiyeke Esra , Miao Shunshun , Hashemighouchani Haleh , Islam Rubab , Mohandas Rajesh , Gopal Saraswathi , Shenkman Elizabeth A , Pardalos Panos , Brumback Babette , Segal Mark S , Bihorac Azra 
Published: December 2021

ObjectivesAcute kidney injury (AKI) affects up to one-quarter of hospitalised patients and 60% of patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). We aim to understand the baseline characteristics of patients who will develop distinct AKI trajectories, determine the impact of persistent AKI and renal non-recovery on clinical outcomes, resource use, and assess the relative importance of AKI severity, duration and recovery on survival.MethodsIn this retrospective, longitudinal cohort study, 156 699 patients admitted to a quaternary care hospital between January 2012 and August 2019 were staged and classified (no AKI, rapidly reversed AKI, persistent AKI with and without renal recovery). Clinical outcomes, resource use and short-term and long-term survival adjusting for AKI severity were compared among AKI trajectories in all cohort and subcohorts with and without ICU admission.ResultsFifty-eight per cent (31 500/54 212) had AKI that rapidly reversed within 48 hours; among patients with persistent AKI, two-thirds (14 122/22 712) did not have renal recovery by discharge. One-year mortality was significantly higher among patients with persistent AKI (35%, 7856/22 712) than patients with rapidly reversed AKI (15%, 4714/31 500) and no AKI (7%, 22 117/301 466). Persistent AKI without renal recovery was associated with approximately fivefold increased hazard rates compared with no AKI in all cohort and ICU and non-ICU subcohorts, independent of AKI severity.DiscussionAmong hospitalised, ICU and non-ICU patients, persistent AKI and the absence of renal recovery are associated with reduced long-term survival, independent of AKI severity.ConclusionsIt is essential to identify patients at risk of developing persistent AKI and no renal recovery to guide treatment-related decisions.
Randomised, quadruple blinded, placebo controlled, multicentre trial investigating prophylactic tamsulosin in prevention of postoperative urinary retention in men after endoscopic total extraperitoneal inguinal hernia repair (STOP-POUR trial): a study protocol
Authors: Bieri Uwe , Slieker Juliette , Hefermehl Lukas John , Soppe Sebastian , Teufelberger Gerfried , Tedaldi Regula , Graf Nicole , Bieri Marco , Nocito Antonio 
Published: December 2021

IntroductionPostoperative urinary retention (POUR) is a common complication after inguinal hernia repair with a reported incidence up to 34%. It can be described as the inability to initiate urination or insufficient bladder emptying following surgery. It usually requires the use of catheterisation to empty the bladder in order to prevent further injury to the bladder or kidneys and to relief from pain. Tamsulosin is a medication that is commonly used in men with urinary symptoms related to an enlarged prostate. There is some evidence to suggest that it may also potentially be beneficial for preventing POUR.Methods and analysisThis is a multicentre, blinded, prospective, phase IV randomised controlled trial with parallel allocation. Six hundred and thirty-four patients scheduled for elective endoscopic inguinal hernia repair surgery will be recruited. There will be effective (concealed) randomisation of the subjects to the intervention/control groups. Group assignment will be performed using a covariate-adaptive allocation procedure to provide a balance for selected covariates. The interventional group receives 0.4 mg tamsulosin hydrochloride and the control-group receives one placebo capsule matching the active study drug, both daily, starting from 5 days prior to the day of surgery, at the day of surgery and for 1 day following surgery. The primary outcome is any need for urinary catheterisation postoperatively as a binary outcome. Secondary outcome measures include postoperative pain, change in International Prostate Symptom Score from baseline prior to surgery to after surgery and hospital stay.Ethics and disseminationThe study has been approved by the Northwestern and Central Switzerland Ethics Committee (2020–00569) and it is being conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practice. Study results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals and national and international scientific conferences.Trial registration numbersSNCTP000003904.NCT04491526.