bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cognitive ability is a powerful predictor of political tolerance
Authors: Rasmussen Stig Hebbelstrup Rye , Ludeke Steven 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectivesDespite the broad appeal of abstract notions of political tolerance, people vary in the degree to which they support the political rights of groups they dislike. Prior research highlighted the relevance of individual differences in the cognitive domain, claiming the application of general tolerance ideals to specific situations is a cognitively demanding task. Curiously, this work has overwhelmingly focused on differences in cognitive style, largely neglecting differences in cognitive ability, despite compelling conceptual linkages. We remedy this shortcoming.MethodsWe explore diverse predictors of tolerance using survey data in two large samples from Denmark (N = 805) and the United States (N = 1,603).ResultsCognitive ability was the single strongest predictor of political tolerance, with larger effects than education, openness to experience, ideology, and threat. The cognitively demanding nature of tolerance judgments was further supported by results showing cognitive ability predicted tolerance best when extending such tolerance was hardest. Additional small‐sample panel results demonstrated substantial 4‐year stability of political tolerance, informing future work on the origins of political tolerance.ConclusionsOur observation of a potent role for cognitive ability in tolerance supports cognitively oriented accounts of tolerance judgments and highlights the need for further exploration of cognitive ability within the political domain.
Retrospective evaluation of a dose‐dependent effect of angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors on long‐term outcome in dogs with cardiac disease
Authors: Ward Jessica L. , Chou Yen‐Yu , Yuan Lingnan , Dorman Karin S. , Mochel Jonathan P. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundAngiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) are commonly prescribed in dogs, but the ideal dosage is unknown.Hypothesis/ObjectivesIn dogs with cardiac disease, a dose‐response relationship exists for ACEIs with respect to long‐term outcome.AnimalsOne hundred forty‐four dogs with cardiac disease, 63 with current or prior congestive heart failure.MethodsRetrospective medical record review. Cox proportional hazards models were used to determine variables associated with 2‐year survival or survival from first‐onset congestive heart failure (CHF).ResultsMedian initial ACEI dosage was 0.84 (interquartile range [IQR], 0.56‐0.98) mg/kg/day, and 108/144 (75%) of dogs received q12h dosing. No clinically relevant changes in renal function test results, serum electrolyte concentrations, or blood pressure occurred between initial prescription of ACEI and first reevaluation (median, 14 days later). In univariable analysis, higher ACEI dose was associated with increased survival from first‐onset CHF (P = .005), and within the subgroup of dogs in CHF at the time of ACEI prescription, higher ACEI dose was associated with improved survival at 2 years (P = .04). In multivariable analysis, q12h dose frequency of ACEI (hazard ratio [HR], 0.30; 95% CI, 0.10‐0.88;P = .03) and higher serum potassium concentration at visit 1 (HR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.16‐0.97;P = .04) were predictive of 2‐year survival. The ACEIs were well‐tolerated, with only 8/144 (5.6%) dogs having ACEI dose decreased or discontinued because of adverse effects.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceTwice daily dose frequency might optimize the cardioprotective benefit of ACEIs.
Co‐formulation of ketoprofen with tulathromycin alters pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of ketoprofen in cattle
Authors: De Koster Jenne , Boucher Joseph F. , Tena Jezaniah‐Kira , Gehring Ronette , Stegemann Michael R. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe current studies aimed to evaluate the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) profile and to establish a PK‐PD model for ketoprofen in a new fixed combination product containing tulathromycin (2.5 mg/kg) and ketoprofen (3 mg/kg) to treat bovine respiratory disease associated with pyrexia in cattle. Firstly, the effect of different ketoprofen doses as mono‐substance (1, 3, and 6 mg/kg subcutaneous) on lipopolysaccharide‐induced fever was evaluated which indicated that rectal temperature reduction lasted longer in the calves receiving 3 and 6 mg/kg ketoprofen. Secondly, the PK profile of the combination product was compared with mono‐substance products (3 mg/kg subcutaneous and intramuscular). The PK profile of ketoprofen in the combination product was characterized by longert1/2, lowerCmaxand increased AUC in comparison with mono‐substance products. Due to prolonged ketoprofen exposure in the combination product, the pyrexia reducing effect of the combination product lasted longer in a second lipopolysaccharide challenge study in comparison with mono‐substance products. Finally, a PK‐PD model for the anti‐pyretic effect of ketoprofen was developed based on the data from the different studies. The PK‐PD model eliminated the need for additional animal experiments and indicated that a 3 mg/kg ketoprofen dose in the combination product provided optimal efficacy.
Net neutrality and content provision
Authors: Garcia Pires Armando J. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe compare content provision in the media Internet market under net neutrality and no net neutrality. We show that content provision in the two regimes depends on the one hand on the level of content differentiation, and on the other hand on the relation between network capacity and network traffic. If content is not very differentiated, the net neutrality regime provides more content than the no net neutrality regime. In addition, in the no net neutrality regime, a monopolist can arise. If content is sufficiently differentiated, but network capacity is not large relatively to network traffic, the net neutrality regime again provides more content than the no net neutrality regime. The reason is that when network capacity is small relative to network traffic, the no net neutrality regime reduces competition. This is so since the Content Provider with priority has an advantage over the Content Provider with no priority, which allows the former to attract consumers even without investing in content, while for the latter investment in content becomes ineffective to attract demand.
Capabilities and limitations of using DNA metabarcoding to study plant–pollinator interactions
Authors: Arstingstall Katherine A. , DeBano Sandra J. , Li Xiaoping , Wooster David E. , Rowland Mary M. , Burrows Skyler , Frost Kenneth 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMany pollinator populations are experiencing declines, emphasizing the need for a better understanding of the complex relationship between bees and flowering plants. Using DNA metabarcoding to describe plant–pollinator interactions eliminates many challenges associated with traditional methods and has the potential to reveal a more comprehensive understanding of foraging behaviour and pollinator life history. Here we use DNA metabarcoding of ITS2 and rbcL gene regions to identify plant species present in pollen loads of 404 bees from three habitats in eastern Oregon. Our specific objectives were to (i) determine whether plant species identified using DNA metabarcoding are consistent with plant species identified using observations, (ii) compare characterizations of diet breadth derived from foraging observations to those based on plant species assignments obtained using DNA metabarcoding, and (iii) compare plant species assignments produced by DNA metabarcoding using a “regional” reference database to those produced using a “local” database. At the three locations, 31%–86% of foraging observations were consistent with DNA metabarcoding data, 8%–50% of diet breadth characterizations based on observations differed from those based on DNA metabarcoding data, and 22%–25% of plant species detected using the regional database were not known to occur in the study area in question. Plant–pollinator networks produced from DNA metabarcoding data had higher sampling completeness and significantly lower specialization than networks based on observations. Here, we examine some strengths and limitations of using DNA metabarcoding to identify plant species present in bee pollen loads, make ecological inferences about foraging behaviour and provide guidance for future research.
Bacterial approaches to sensing and responding to respiration and respiration metabolites
Authors: Price Erin E. , Román‐Rodríguez Franklin , Boyd Jeffrey M. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBacterial respiration of diverse substrates is a primary contributor to the diversity of life. Respiration also drives alterations in the geosphere and tethers ecological nodes together. It provides organisms with a means to dissipate reductants and generate potential energy in the form of an electrochemical gradient. Mechanisms have evolved to sense flux through respiratory pathways and sense the altered concentrations of respiration substrates or byproducts. These genetic regulatory systems promote efficient utilization of respiration substrates, as well as fine‐tune metabolism to promote cellular fitness and negate the accumulation of toxic byproducts. Many bacteria can respire one or more chemicals, and these regulatory systems promote the prioritization of high‐energy metabolites. Herein, we focus on regulatory paradigms and discuss systems that sense the concentrations of respiration substrates and flux through respiratory pathways. This is a broad field of study, and therefore we focus on key fundamental and recent developments and highlight specific systems that capture the diversity of sensing mechanisms.
Novel gain‐of‐function mutation ofTRPC6Q134Pcontributes to late onset focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in a Chinese pedigree
Authors: Liu Zhiying , Zhang Haiyan , Zhao Shipeng , Zhang Qian , Zhang Ruixiao , Han Yue , Shao Leping , Zhao Xiangzhong 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundFocal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS, OMIM®#603 965) is an overriding cause that leads to end‐stage renal disease (ESRD). As a member of TRP superfamily, mutations ofTRPC6gene are closely linked to FSGS. By now, 20 missense mutations have been reported, among them, nine gain‐of‐function (GOF), and five loss‐of‐function (LOF) mutations have been recognized according to the effect on TRPC6 channel activity. Systematic investigations of functional mutations will provide valuable evidences for understanding the pathophysiology of TRPC6 involved in FSGS. The aim of this study is to investigate the pathogenicity of a novel TRPC6 mutation p.Q134P in FSGS.MethodsHigh‐throughput sequencing was performed to analyse 436 genes which are associated with hereditary kidney diseases in a Chinese pedigree. Then we constructed TRPC6 expression plasmids of wide type and variant. Immunofluorescence, cell‐surface biotinylation assays and electrophysiology were used to analyse the localization, cell surface expression, and calcium transport activity of TRPC6.ResultsA novel variant c.401A>C (p.Q134P) in exon 2 ofTRPC6gene was found. There was no significant difference between the expression levels of p.Q134P mutant and WT TRPC6 protein in the whole cell lysate and cell‐surface fraction. Q134P mutant‐bearing TRPC6 elicited much higher Ca+current amplitude than WT.ConclusionWe identified a novel GOF mutation p.Q134P ofTRPC6which contributed to late‐onset FSGS. Our study expands the mutational spectrum ofTRPC6associated with FSGS and furtherly supports the hypothesis of calcium dose–response dependency that a moderate increased calcium influx elicited a mild FSGS phenotype.
The effectiveness of weight‐loss lifestyle interventions for improving fertility in women and men with overweight or obesity and infertility: A systematic review update of evidence from randomized controlled trials
Authors: Hunter Emma , Avenell Alison , Maheshwari Abha , Stadler Gertraud , Best Damian 
Published: August 2021

SummaryBeing overweight or obese can have a negative impact on fertility outcomes. This systematic review updates randomized controlled trial (RCT) findings on the effectiveness of weight loss interventions in reducing weight and improving reproductive outcomes of women and men with overweight or obesity and infertility. Eligible studies, published since the last review, were identified by searching databases from March 20, 2016 until March 31, 2020. RCTs involving any type of lifestyle intervention were considered. Eight RCTs were identified and aggregated with seven RCTs included in our previous review. Meta‐analyses revealed that women randomized to a combined diet and exercise intervention were more likely to become pregnant, risk ratio (RR) = 1.87 (95% CI 1.20, 2.93) and achieve a live birth RR = 2.20 (95% CI 1.23, 3.94), compared to women in control groups who received no or minimal intervention. This pattern was not replicated in trials where control groups received immediate access to assisted reproductive technology (ART). No eligible randomized trials involving men were identified. Data were largely obtained from small scale studies. Better designed, adequately powered, robust randomized trials are needed to better understand the effect of weight loss interventions on reproductive outcomes in both women and men.
Bearing fixing: A new computer algorithm method for subjective determination of astigmatism
Authors: Carkeet Andrew , Ng Jia Hao , Choo Jia Sheng 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPurposeThis article aims to illustrate the principles of bearing fixing, a new computer‐controlled procedure for subjective determination of astigmatism, and to compare it with conventional clinician‐controlled Jackson crossed‐cylinder refraction.MethodsThe principles and method for bearing fixing are described. Astigmatism was measured using bearing fixing and Jackson cross‐cylinder twice on 20 visually normal participants aged between 18 and 34 years. After final sphere adjustment, acuity measurements were made with each refraction estimate.ResultsBearing fixing results could be obtained for all participants. Mean bearing fixing cylinder magnitude was slightly higher than Jackson cross‐cylinder measures of cylinder magnitude, by 0.05D. Using vector analysis to take into account cylinder power and axis, mean bearing fixing astigmatism was not significantly different from cross‐cylinder astigmatism, but did have higher test‐retest variability (p < 0.05). Acuity with bearing fixing and cross‐cylinder corrections did not significantly differ in average value or repeatability.ConclusionsBearing fixing is a feasible method for subjective determination of astigmatism, and there are a number of potential improvements to the method which could make it faster and more precise.
Ulcerated amelanotic melanoma of the ear in an 11 year old with Fitzpatrick VI skin type: A case report
Authors: Roberts Matthew , Moxham J. Paul , Gregory Allison , Armstrong Linlea , Terry Jefferson , Courtemanche Douglas , Harvey Melissa , Rehmus Wingfield 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMelanoma is rare in pediatric patients and even more so in those with darker Fitzpatrick skin types. Although risk factors for conventional melanoma are similar in both adult and pediatric cases, the presentation of melanoma in pediatric patients is often distinct from adults. Here, we describe a case of amelanotic ulcerated nodular melanoma with regional lymph node metastases treated with nivolumab in a patient with Fitzpatrick skin type VI.
Effective, sustainable, and transferable physical exercise interventions for fall prevention among older people
Authors: Campani Daiana , Caristia Silvia , Amariglio Alex , Piscone Silvia , Ferrara Lidya Irene , Bortoluzzi Sara , Faggiano Fabrizio , Dal Molin Alberto ,   IPEST Working Group
Published: August 2021

AbstractIntroductionFalls among older people are preventable through exercise‐based programs. However, scientific evidence must be translated into practice to support professionals who implement such programs.AimThis study aimed to identify physical exercise interventions for fall prevention and to determine the best practice for implementing them in local community‐dwelling older adults.MethodWe used a narrative synthesis method to produce Effective, Sustainable, and Transferable Preventive Interventions. We reviewed guidelines, systematic reviews, and randomized controlled trials (RCT) to find the best evidence supporting physical exercises to prevent falls, followed by discussing the evidence with clinical experts to evaluate the best strategy for implementing them into the local context. These steps resulted in the development of a user manual.ResultsWe included two guidelines, one systematic review with a meta‐analysis, and one RCT. The developed draft manual includes activities, methods, infrastructural resources, human capital, stakeholders, frequency, and duration of the intervention, information, and educational materials, and implementation models. Our discussion of the intervention with a panel of experts considered resources, barriers, and similar experiences to ensure effectiveness and economic, social, and time sustainability.ConclusionThe developed manual could be implemented in the local context and adapted to the needs of the population while considering available resources.
PpSnRK1α overexpression alters the response to light and affects photosynthesis and carbon metabolism in tomato
Authors: Liang Jiahui , Zhang Shuhui , Yu Wenying , Wu Xuelian , Wang Wenru , Peng Futian , Xiao Yuansong 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSucrose nonfermentation 1 (SNF1) related kinase 1 (SnRK1) is a central energy sensor kinase in plants and a key switch regulating carbon and nitrogen metabolism. Fruit quality depends on leaf photosynthetic efficiency and carbohydrate accumulation, but the role of peach (Prunus persica) SnRK1 α subunit (PpSnRK1α) in regulating leaf carbon metabolism and the light signal response remains unclear. We studied the carbon metabolism of tomato leaves overexpressing PpSnRK1α and the responses of PpSnRK1α‐overexpressing tomato leaves to light signals. Transcriptome, metabolome, and real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses revealed that uridine 5′‐diphosphoglucose, glutamate, and glucose‐6‐phosphate accumulated in tomato leaves overexpressing PpSnRK1α. The expression of genes (e.g., GDH2, SuSy) encoding enzymes related to carbon metabolism (e.g., glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH2; EC: 1.4.1.3), sucrose synthase (SS; EC: 2.4.1.13)) and chlorophyllase (CLH) encoding chlorophyllase (EC: 3.1.1.14), which regulates photosynthetic pigments and photosynthesis, was significantly increased in PpSnRK1α‐overexpressing plants. PpSnRK1α overexpression inhibited the growth of hypocotyls and primary roots in response to light. The chlorophyll content of the leaves was increased, the activity of SS and ADPG pyrophosphatase (AGPase; EC: 2.7.7.27) was increased, and photosynthesis was promoted in PpSnRK1α‐overexpressing plants relative to wild‐type plants. Under light stress, the net photosynthetic rate of plants was significantly higher in plants overexpressing PpSnRK1α than in wild‐type plants. This indicates that PpSnRK1α promotes the accumulation of carbohydrates by regulating genes related to carbon metabolism, regulating genes related to chlorophyll synthesis, and then responding to light signals to increase the net photosynthetic rate of leaves.
Themulti‐agenciesdilemma of delegation: Why do policymakers choose one or multiple agencies for financial regulation?
Authors: Moschella Manuela , Pinto Luca 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe article asks the following question: Why do policymakers choose one (or more) agent(s) to perform new delegated policy functions? In order to shed light on the factors that drive policymakers' choice of a single or a multiple agencies delegation framework, the article investigates policymakers' choice to delegate macroprudential regulatory responsibility to either the central bank or to a committee made up of more than one financial regulator. Based on the analysis of an original dataset in 53 countries, we show that the choice among alternative delegation frameworks is driven by the logic of “policy control”: policymakers, who want to control policies with distributive consequences, choose the single agency model under conditions of political uncertainty and low agency independence.
Linking global leadership to domestic legitimacy: Comparative analysis of perceptions of Xi and Obama
Authors: Kim Myunghee , Cao Xiongwei 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectivesAs a one‐party state, the legitimacy of the Chinese Communist Party rule and the leader, Xi, stems from unique sources. This article examines those sources of legitimacy in China and compares those with the United States and its leader, President Obama.MethodsData from the 2014 Pew Global Attitude Survey are analyzed using ordered logistic regressions to test three main hypotheses: the vertical trust leakage hypothesis, the new Cultural Revolution hypothesis, and the parallel upward mobility hypothesis.ResultsXi's anti‐corruption efforts against governmental officials create perceptions of Xi as a moral leader who protects citizens from corrupt local officials. Growing censorship in China prevents intellectuals from questioning Xi's power. The Chinese Dream campaign spearheaded by Xi blends nationalism and populism.ConclusionThe findings suggest that Xi's strategy to portray him as a moral leader, the suppression of intellectuals and advocacy of the Chinese Dream campaign yields strong confidence from Chinese citizens.
Terraces mapping by using deep learning approach from remote sensing images and digital elevation models
Authors: Zhao Fei , Xiong Li‐Yang , Wang Chun , Wang Hao‐Ran , Wei Hong , Tang Guo‐An 
Published: August 2021

AbstractTerraces are striking artificial landforms on slopes and are widely distributed in the world. Terraces are vital to soil and water conservation and agricultural production. However, the automatic extraction of terraces entails certain drawbacks, such as low accuracy and poor generalization ability. This study proposes a novel approach to automatically extract terraces from remote sensing images and digital elevation models (DEMs) with high precision. First, terrace samples with annotated images are collected to train the model. Then, three sample areas with varying field conditions in the Loess Plateau are selected as the experimental data to extract the terraces. DEMs are used to eliminate the noise. Subsequently, the visual interpretation results are used to evaluate the accuracy of the extraction results. Furthermore, the proposed approach is compared with the spectral angle mapper approach. Results indicate the advantages of adopting the proposed approach, which is flexible and applicable to complex terrace conditions.