Redeployment and changes in working patterns of healthcare workers during COVID-19 in the UK: a qualitative study
Authors: Lal Zainab Zuzer , Gogoi Mayuri , Qureshi Irtiza , Al-Oraibi Amani , Chaloner Jonathan , Papineni Padmasayee , Lagrata Susie , Nellums Laura B. , Martin Christopher A. , Woolf Katherine , Pareek Manish ,   on behalf of the UK-REACH Study Collaborative Group, Gray Laura , Nellums Laura , Guyatt Anna L. , John Catherine , McManus I. Chris , Abubakar Ibrahim , Gupta Amit , Aujayeb Avinash , Gregary Bindu , Reza Rubina , Simpson Sandra , Zingwe Stephen , Abrams Keith R. , Tobin Martin D. , Wain Louise , Carr Sue , Dove Edward , Khunti Kamlesh , Ford David , Free Robert 
Published: February 2025

Abstract

Background
Redeployment was critical in addressing the increased demands of COVID-19 on the healthcare system. Previous research indicates that ethnic minority healthcare workers (HCWs), those on visas, and in junior roles, were more likely to be redeployed to COVID-19 duties compared to White UK-born HCWs. There is limited evidence on how redeployment was practically organized, preparedness of HCWs and the NHS for rapid changes, and the decision-making processes involved. This paper discusses HCWs’ redeployment experiences, their alignment with NHS policy for deploying staff safely, and potential links to staff attrition.

Methods
As part of the United Kingdom Research study into Ethnicity And COVID-19 outcomes among Healthcare workers, we conducted a qualitative sub-study, between December 2020 and July 2021, consisting of interviews and focus groups with 164 HCWs from different ethnicities, genders, job roles, migration statuses, and UK regions. Sessions were conducted online or by telephone, recorded, transcribed and analysed with participants’ consent. We utilised the breadth-and-depth approach, initially identifying transcripts mentioning redeployment or changes in work patterns, followed by an in-depth thematic analysis.

Results
Of the 164 HCWs, 22 (13.4%) reported redeployment to a new role, while 42 (26.8%) reported changes in their working patterns. Redeployment experiences varied based on HCWs’ workplaces, skillsets, input into decisions, and perceived risks. Four themes were identified: 1. redeployment and the changing nature of work, 2. pandemic (un)preparedness, 3. redeployment decision-making, and 4. risk assessments in the context of redeployment. Our data revealed the practical realities of redeployment, including discrepancies between the NHS policy and actual practices, particularly early deployment without adequate training and supervision. The lack of planning and preparedness had an operational and emotional impact on HCWs, affecting their morale. Lastly, some HCWs felt disempowered and undervalued due to a lack of agency in redeployment decisions.

Conclusion
This study highlights HCWs’ redeployment experiences during COVID-19, the conditions under which it occurred, and its impacts. The findings, although rooted in the pandemic, remain relevant for addressing staffing challenges in the healthcare workforce. We recommend future redeployment strategies prioritise HCWs' training and supervision, ensure strategic planning with clear communication and support for all staff, foster a sense of value among HCWs, and integrate an intersectional equity lens into workforce planning to improve staff retention and morale.