bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spent bio-slurry from “Adani” rice husk mixed with graded levels of cow dung in bio-gasification: Heavy metals identification and potentials
Authors: Ofomatah AC , Uzodinma EO , Ojike O 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Heavy metals identification and potentials of spent bio-slurry from “Adani” powdered rice husk (PRH) mixed with graded levels of cow dung (CD) in bio-gasification process was investigated. The waste complements include; 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40 and 50:50 PRH: CD, respectively. The PRH and CD separately served as control. Bio-wastes validity for the anaerobic digestion (AD) process based on physico-chemical properties and calorific values were determined using standard laboratory methods. All the wastes were gasified at ambient conditions using biogas plants of similar volume (48 L) for 30 days. The spent bio-slurry was evaluated for heavy metals (Ni, Cr, Cu, Zn, Mn, Pb, Fe and Ag) and macro elements (Ca, Mg and K) using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Nutrient contents of undigested wastes showed reliability for the bio-gasification and the waste systems yielded total gas volumes of123, 127, 125, 141, 127, 246 and 291 liters for 90:10; 80:20; 70:30; 60:40 and 50:50 PRH: CD, PRH and CD, respectively. Onset of flammable gas ignition by digester systems were recorded as 15, 15, 11, 9, 6, 8 and 4 days, for the composite and single wastes, respectively. Concentrations of the heavy metals in the spent bio-slurry composite (90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40 and 50:50 PRH: CD) ranged from 4.28- 21.37(Ni); 0.00-4.86 (Cr); 0.00-2.37 (Ag); 0.00-2.70(Cu); 0.00-10.42(Pb); 0.00- 9.46(Mn), 61.14-1,589.65(Fe)and 1.80-17.32 (Zn) ppm/g of sample, respectively. Concentrations for Ca range from 111.12-333.36; K: 9.67-35.45; Mg: 127.14-238.52 ppm/g of sample. Overall results showed that partially decayed ‘Adani’ powdered rice husk could generate biogas energy in single and co-digested forms for cooking and lighting, among other benefits. Secondly, the co-digested spent slurries contained low amounts of the heavy trace metals identified and have great potentials for application to organic farming and horticultural practices.
The Challenges of Estimated Billing on Electricity Consumers in Nigeria: A Review
Authors: Soyemi A O , Samuel I A , Ayobami A A Olajube , Akinmeji A 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Despite Government efforts, over 4.6 million Nigerians are on the estimated billing system. Nigeria has one of the highest aggregate technical, commercial and collection losses at 43.65%, which has been attributed to low investments in distribution networks exacerbated by the slow progress of metering of customers which has posed a protracted liquidity challenge to the industry. There is a need to reduce these losses; hence this paper examined the Nigerian electricity billing system through meta-analysis of literature, with a focus on estimated billing, the metering situation, and its challenges in Nigeria. Finally, solutions such as the implementation of a cost reflective tariff scheme are proffered through recommendations to distribution companies and the Federal Government of Nigeria.
Energy Efficiency and Conservation
Authors: Olughu O U 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Energy efficiency and energy conservation (EEAEC) is the forerunner to an ideal energy solution for sustainable development. Both EE and EC join forces to achieve and maintain optimum energy procurement and utilization in any household or organization. They help also to minimize energy costs, wastes as well as environmental ill-effects without affecting quality of work done in production process. Energy efficiency (EE) means saving energy while keeping the same level of service. It is the ability to capitalize on new technologies and equipment to do same work with less energy. On the other hand energy conservation (EC) is achieved when you adopt better ways of doing things using the same amount of available energy to perform more useful work. EC reduces the need for non-renewable sources of energy. The spin-offs can result in increased environmental quality, national and personal security together with higher cost saving which places EC at the top of the sustainable energy portfolio hierarchy in ranking. This paper therefore should be seen as stimulus to ginger us to adopt every acclaimed energy thrift procedures uniquely in our daily activities, anthropogenic lifestyles and processes in industries. The paper has tried to examine and demonstrate the technical differences between EE and EC, thus enabling us to develop an energy audit checklist relevant for home, commercial and industrial applications.
Solar electricity generation using a photovoltaic-thermoelectric system operating in Nigeria climate
Authors: Maduabuchi C , Eke M 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This paper presents the performance evaluation of a hybrid photovoltaic-thermoelectric (PV-TE) system operating under practical conditions in Nigeria climate. The thermoelectric generator (TEG) is directly attached to the back plate of the PV cell and is used to regulate the cell temperature while increasing its overall efficiency. A three-dimensional finite element model is developed in ANSYS 2020 R1 commercial software and is utilised in studying the temperature and electric distribution of the hybrid system operating under practical conditions. Temperature dependent material properties are also considered. The simulation is carried out for 24 h to encompass both day and night operation of the hybrid system. Results indicate that power output obtained from the hybrid PV-TE set up is higher than that harvested from the stand-alone PV system. Furthermore, the TEG acts as a heat sink by converting the waste infrared radiation from the PV to electricity. Hence, the incorporation of TEGs to PV systems is highly encouraged since this will result in better system performance at relatively low cost. The results obtained from this study will provide a reference for the design of hybrid photovoltaic-thermoelectric systems operating in Nigeria.
Electricity and Biofuel Production from Biomass in Nigeria: Prospects, Challenges and Way Forward
Authors: Ezealigo U S , Otoijamun I , Onwualu A P 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Nigeria currently produces less energy required for uninterrupted electricity supply. This situation has led to an energy crisis that is adversely affecting every sector of the economy. An exploration of energy contributions from different sources could help address the energy crisis in Nigeria. This paper aims at promoting the commercial availability of electricity from biomass in Nigeria. The biomass potentials identified include conventional crops, agricultural residues, tertiary residues; forest residues; energy crops; grasses and aquatic weeds including algae. Conversion of biomass to bioenergy can be achieved through anaerobic digestion, gasification, pyrolysis or esterification. Although the prospects are bright, challenges facing bioenergy in Nigeria, include inadequate information on feedstock; uncomprehensive research and development capacity; poor policy formulation and implementation; poor regulatory framework, poor investment climate and poor access to technology. An integrated approach is recommended to include the establishment of Nigerian Biofuel Corporation under a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) arrangement and a Nigerian Network on Bioenergy.
Assessing the Technical Offshore Wind Energy Potential in Lagos, Nigeria
Authors: Attah A R , Abubakar J , Badejo J 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Looking at the current state of things globally and the greenhouse effect renewable energy sources are no longer a matter of choice. The population of Lagos coupled with the perpetually erratic power supply makes renewable energy the new and sure way to go especially as an alternative supply of electricity. The nation as a whole has a peak generation of 5300MW on average which is only about 30% of its actual needs. The use of renewable energy in Nigeria is growing but so is the population this study seeks to ascertain the possibility of using offshore wind energy as an alternative power supply in Lagos Nigeria. The onshore wind energy resource has been fairly explored but its counterpart offshore wind energy has not been explored. This study focuses on the technical assessment of offshore wind resources on the Gulf of Guinea around the Lagos Nigeria region. Having analysed wind data from existing literature and analysed offshore wind farm construction the paper presents a technical layout of the number of turbines per the specified area and the potential output using Aerodyn SCD 8.0/168 as a case study. The results show that the annual energy demand of about 96.36TWh in Lagos can be met with the annual generation of about 191.2TWh for a wind farm at the shore and 200TWh for waters with depth less than 50m.
Addressing Household Cooking Fuel Options in Nigeria
Authors: Nnaji M , Eze A A , Uzoma C C , Nnaji C E 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Households constitute the most significant sector in energy consumption in Nigeria. A plethora of energy source endowments exists to fulfill this demand. However, addressing the cooking fuels need arises due to issues relating to the economy, health and the environment. This necessitates empirical evidence to effect national efficient choice making and policy to entrench modern energy services. Mixed methods of analysis were employed to assess the economics of household cooking fuel choice, and policy option that would enhance productivity and inform future policy for rapid economic growth and environmental sustainability in Nigeria. Given the study findings from survey, the best alternative household energy for cooking in Nigeria is liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Unimproved solid fuel use contributing 69.1% and 68.6% clearly dominates the household energy cooking choice over the five year period 2013 and 2018 despite its deleterious effects on the health, productivity and environmental sustainability of the economy. Government support and policy should be used to address the existing energy trilemma of productivity growth, access and security, and environmental sustainability to the economy by effectively utilizing the natural gas (LPG) endowments of Nigeria that was little used of as household cooking fuel choice in the ratio of 2.3% and 14.0% over the same period.
Deployment of energy technologies for sustainable rural agricultural development in Nigeria
Authors: Onah B. N. , Okafor I. F. , Oyigbo D. N. , Nnate K. N. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Renewable energy technology deployment is very critical for sustainable rural agricultural development. This study analyses renewable energy technologies for sustainable rural agricultural development in Nigeria. The National Centre for Energy Research and Development, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, has developed viable renewable energy technology devices which include solar powered dryers, solar chicken brooders, solar incubators and solar PV system and biogas production system. This study analyzed the applications of these renewable energy devices and challenges to their deployment for sustainable rural agricultural development. Rural adults mostly involved agricultural practices lack knowledge of modern technologies that could lead to boosting rural agriculture. Thus, exposing them to knowledge of renewable energy technologies, achieving sustainable rural agricultural development is possible.
Performance analysis of the synthetic storm technique rain attenuation prediction model on Nigerian climate
Authors: Tyokighir SS , Mom JM , Igwue GA 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This study analyzes the performance of the synthetic storm technique (SST) over the Nigerian climate. The location of interest was 9.91°N, 8.88°. Two months rain rate time-series data measured by a rain gauge located inside the University of Jos, Nigeria was utilized for the purpose of this work. The analysis is based on the time-series seasonal variation of rain statistics. Comparison was made between the SST model and measured values at 12.519 GHz for signal downlink from NIGCOMSAT-1R satellite. From results obtained, we observe peak predicted rain attenuation by SST model was 4.06dB with a minimum of 0dB for the month of June while the peak rain attenuation for July was 6.92dB. It can be observed that the SST predicts closely with measured rainfall values. However, disparities exist between the calculated attenuation and the measured values for a few rainfall events. The SST model performance was satisfactory for the period under observation.
Design and Construction of a Semi-batch Pyrolysis Reactor for the Production of Biofuel
Authors: Fombu A H , Ochonogor A E 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Due to the fast depletion of crude oil wells, increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, energy security challenges, etc. the world through its researchers is in search of sustainable energy sources. Renewable energy sources (RES) have been found to be among the best solutions to the world’s energy insecurity and other challenges, but due to Africa’s poor sustainable energy policies, the positive effect of renewable energy has not been felt in the continent though it has the necessary resources. Biofuel being one of the RES, during its production turns waste into wealth. Pyrolysis is an important method for the production of biofuel, but because of limitations facing the renewable energy technologies (RETs) in Africa (especially the sub-Saharan Africa), constructing a pyrolysis reactor that carries out this process is a challenge to many. A semi-batch reactor was designed (using SOLIDWORKS software) and constructed taking into consideration the process’ kinetics, temperature range (up to 1000 °C) and feedstock (quality and quantity). The system after being constructed was used to produce bio-oil from cashew nut shell, and polystyrene combined with cashew nut shell. They gave pyrolysis liquids of 61.3 % and 64.58 % respectively. This system was designed for laboratory usage; it can be used in homes if scaled to suit home usage.
Condensation inside smooth and inclined smooth tubes at low mass fluxes: A quick review
Authors: Ewim D.R.E. , Okafor I. F. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The focus of this research article is to provide a state of the art review on smooth and inclined tubes condensation with particular emphasis on low mass fluxes. The most relevant experimental investigations are explained with a view to identifying the gaps in the literature. Overall, it could be deduced that at low mass fluxes, there needs to be a fundamental understanding between the relationship between difference in temperature and inclination on transfer of heat and pressure drops to enable designers optimize heat exchangers.
Investigation of structural and morphological properties of high energy ion irradiated KNN films
Authors: Shyam Radhe , Negi Deepak , Das Apurba , Dobbidi Pamu , Nelamarri Srinivasa Rao 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The transfer of high localized energy density to target matrix via swift heavy ion provides a domain to engineer the properties of materials in a systematic and controlled mode. The present study describes the influence of ion irradiation on structural properties and surface morphology of (K,Na)NbO3 (KNN) films of thickness 650–750 nm irradiated with 100 MeV Ni ions at different fluences varying from 1 × 1012 to 1 × 1013 ions cm−2. Multiple ion impact induced reduction in crystalline behavior of KNN perovskite is observed as an effect of ion fluence. The films show partially amorphized nature with ion fluence, and are remained in crystalline perovskite phase after irradiation with decreased peak intensities. Quantitative surface roughness and surface scaling study via power spectral density (PSD) analysis were carried out using atomic force microscopy (AFM) micrographs. The root mean square roughness decreased at 1 × 1012 ions cm−2 and thereafter, increased monotonously with increasing ion fluence. The adatoms mobility and coalescence effect might have caused the variation in roughness. From the PSD results, modification of surface morphology of films irradiated at 1 × 1012 ions cm−2 is attributed to the competing mechanisms of viscous flow and evaporation-recondensation processes. At higher fluence, the evolution mechanism of morphology is turned out to be the combined effect of evaporation-recondensation and diffusion processes. The microstructures obtained using scanning electron microscopy are correlated with the AFM results. The dominating processes of irradiation induced modification in the morphology of KNN films are studied in detail, and this study will be useful from both fundamental and applied perspectives.
Control of magnetization dynamics by substrate orientation in YIG thin films
Authors: Gurjar Ganesh , Sharma Vinay , Patnaik S , Kuanr Bijoy K 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Yttrium Iron Garnet (YIG) and bismuth (Bi) substituted YIG (Bi0.1Y2.9Fe5O12, BYG) films are grown in-situ on single crystalline Gadolinium Gallium Garnet (GGG) substrates [with (100) and (111) orientations] using pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique. As the orientation of the Bi-YIG film changes from (100) to (111), the lattice constant is enhanced from 12.384 Å to 12.401 Å due to orientation dependent distribution of Bi3+ ions at dodecahedral sites in the lattice cell. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images show smooth film surfaces with roughness 0.308 nm in Bi-YIG (111). The change in substrate orientation leads to the modification of Gilbert damping which, in turn, gives rise to the enhancement of ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) line width. The best values of Gilbert damping are found to be (0.54 ± 0.06) × 10−4, for YIG (100) and (6.27 ± 0.33) × 10−4, for Bi-YIG (111) oriented films. Angle variation (ϕ) measurements of the Hr are also performed, that shows a four-fold symmetry for the resonance field in the (100) grown film. In addition, the value of effective magnetization (4πMeff) and extrinsic linewidth (ΔH0) are observed to be dependent on substrate orientation. Hence PLD growth can assist single-crystalline YIG and BYG films with a perfect interface that can be used for spintronics and related device applications.
Sn3O4-SnO2 heterostructure for highly sensitive and selective NO2 sensing at low operating temperature
Authors: Chen Guoliang , Lu Suyang , Shang Yunfan , Zeng Wenwen , Zhan Haoran , Mei Jun , He Zhoukun 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In this work, monophasic Sn3O4 and biphasic Sn3O4-SnO2 heterostructure composed of plentiful nanosheets were synthesized by using a simple one-step solvothermal method. Their morphology, structure, and composition were characterized by XRD, XPS, SEM and TEM. Also their NO2 sensing performance were tested systematacially. The results demonstrated that the gas sensor based on the Sn3O4-SnO2 composites exhibits excellent NO2 sensing performance including low operating temperature, high sensitivity and outstanding selectivity. Its sensitivity to 1 ppm NO2 is as high as 1395.0 ppm−1 while the operating temperature is as low as 50 °C. Its excellent NO2 sensing performance could be attributed to the formation of Sn3O4-SnO2 heterojunction which modulated the electrons effectively, abundant oxygen vacancies and high specific surface area which enhanced the adsorption of NO2.
Hyperelliptic integrals and mirrors of the Johnson–Kollár del Pezzo surfaces
Authors: Corti Alessio , Gugiatti Giulia 
Published: May 2021

For all integers

k
>
0

k>0

, we prove that the hypergeometric function
\[

I
^

k

(
α
)
=

∑

j
=
0

∞

(

(
8
k
+
4
)
j

)

!
j
!

(
2
j
)
!

(

(
2
k
+
1
)
j

)

!
2

(

(
4
k
+
1
)
j

)

!

α
j

\widehat {I}_k(\alpha )=\sum _{j=0}^\infty \frac {\bigl ((8k+4)j\bigr )!j!}{(2j)!\bigl ((2k+1)j\bigr )!^2 \bigl ((4k+1)j\bigr )!} \ \alpha ^j

\]
is a period of a pencil of curves of genus

3
k
+
1

3k+1

. We prove that the function

I
^

k

\widehat {I}_k

is a generating function of Gromov–Witten invariants of the family of anticanonical del Pezzo hypersurfaces

X
=

X

8
k
+
4

⊂

P

(
2
,
2
k
+
1
,
2
k
+
1
,
4
k
+
1
)

X=X_{8k+4} \subset \mathbb {P}(2,2k+1,2k+1,4k+1)

. Thus, the pencil is a Landau–Ginzburg mirror of the family. The surfaces

X
X

were first constructed by Johnson and Kollár. The feature of these surfaces that makes our mirror construction especially interesting is that

|

−

K
X

|

=

|

O

X

(
1
)

|

=
∅

|-K_X|=|\mathcal {O}_X (1)|=\varnothing

. This means that there is no way to form a Calabi–Yau pair

(
X
,
D
)

(X,D)

out of

X
X

and hence there is no known mirror construction for

X
X

other than the one given here. We also discuss the connection between our construction and work of Beukers, Cohen and Mellit on hypergeometric functions.
Proposed guidance on cost-avoidance studies in pharmacy practice
Authors: Patanwala Asad E , Narayan Sujita W , Haas Curtis E , Abraham Ivo , Sanders Arthur , Erstad Brian L 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Purpose
Cost-avoidance studies of pharmacist interventions are common and often the first type of study conducted by investigators to quantify the economic impact of clinical pharmacy services. The purpose of this primer is to provide guidance for conducting cost-avoidance studies pertaining to clinical pharmacy practice.

Summary
Cost-avoidance studies represent a paradigm conceptually different from traditional pharmacoeconomic analysis. A cost-avoidance study reports on cost savings from a given intervention, where the savings is estimated based on a counterfactual scenario. Investigators need to determine what specifically would have happened to the patient if the intervention did not occur. This assessment can be fundamentally flawed, depending on underlying assumptions regarding the pharmacists’ action and the patient trajectory. It requires careful identification of the potential consequence of nonaction, as well as probability and cost assessment. Given the uncertainty of assumptions, sensitivity analyses should be performed. A step-by-step methodology, formula for calculations, and best practice guidance is provided.

Conclusions
Cost-avoidance studies focused on pharmacist interventions should be considered low-level evidence. These studies are acceptable to provide pilot data for the planning of future clinical trials. The guidance provided in this article should be followed to improve the quality and validity of such investigations.
There is no tenable notion of global metainferential validity
Authors: Golan Rea 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe use of models to assign truth values to sentences and to counterexemplify invalid inferences is a basic feature of model theory. Yet sentences and inferences are not the only phenomena that model theory has to take care of. In particular, the development of sequent calculi raises the question of how metainferences are to be accounted for from a model-theoretic perspective. Unfortunately there is no agreement on this matter. Rather, one can find in the literature two competing model-theoretic notions of metainferential validity, known as the ‘global’ notion and the ‘local’ notion. In this article, I argue that, given certain plausible considerations about metainferential validity, the global notion collapses into the local notion.