bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Imaging of Aberrant Internal Carotid Arteries
Authors: Altay Sedat 
Published: June 2021

Objective
Aberrant internal carotid arteries (ICAs) may take abnormal courses in the cervical region. We present the ICA imaging features that suggest the presence of a submucosal mass in the posterior pharyngeal wall caused by such an aberration.

Methods
Cervical computed tomography angiography images of 2400 patients obtained over 5 years were retrospectively reviewed. The ICA courses at the levels of the hypopharynx and oropharynx were evaluated. Aberrant ICAs running posterior to the pharynx were selected. Vessel location was classified into 3 types: lateral to the vertebral foramen (normal, type I); between the lateral foramen and the uncovertebral joint (type II); and medial to the uncovertebral joint (type III). Medical records were examined, and relationships between symptoms, the ICA variations, and imaging features evaluated.

Results
Cervically aberrant ICAs of type II were detected in 45 patients and aberrations of type III in 18. In the latter group, the mean patient age was 66 years, 12 were men and 6 were women. Six (33%) patients (4 men) had clinical symptoms associated with their aberrant ICA courses. In 2 men (11%), both ICAs took aberrant courses. Otherwise, the right ICA was affected in 9 (50%) cases and the left ICA in 7 (39%).

Discussion
Parapharyngeal ICA aberrations were both common and asymptomatic. Such ICAs may be damaged during pharyngeal surgery or intubation. The ICA location should be investigated before any interventional procedure.
Chyloid Fat Carried Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Accelerate Wound Healing Via Promoting Angiogenesis
Authors: Geng Yinan , Yang Jinxiu , Li Shiyi , Chen Minliang 
Published: June 2021

AbstractImpaired wound healing is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is necessary to find a stable, efficient, and safe method to promote soft tissue wound healing. Fat grafting has become increasingly popular in contouring procedures. However, more recently, there has been an emphasis on its regenerative potential. In this study, we established the wound healing model using nude mice. Hematoxylin and eosin and Masson stainings were performed to assess the effect of chyloid fat on the histology of wound healing. A laser Doppler perfusion imager was used to evaluate the blood perfusion of wounds. Immunohistochemistry was carried out to detect the expression of CD31 in wound tissues. The results suggested that after treatment with granule fat or chyloid fat, wound healing was accelerated and blood perfusion was promoted. In addition, granule fat or chyloid fat treatment promoted the angiogenesis of the wound. In addition, we evaluated the amount of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in chyloid fat and granule fat. It was found that chyloid fat contained more adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells than granule fat did. In conclusion, we proved that chyloid fat could significantly accelerate the wound healing process via promoting angiogenesis. The adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell plays a critical role in this effect of chyloid fat.
Secondary Surgeries After Oncoplastic Reduction Mammoplasty
Authors: Brown Ciara A. , Mercury Oblaise A. , Hart Alexandra M. , Carlson Grant W. , Losken Albert 
Published: June 2021

Purpose
The oncoplastic reduction approach is a popular option for women with breast cancer and macromastia. Although the benefits of this approach are numerous, data on the need for secondary surgeries are limited. We evaluated the need for all secondary surgeries after oncoplastic reduction in an attempt to understand the incidence and indications.

Methods
All patients with breast cancer who underwent an oncoplastic breast reduction at the time of the tumor resection were queried from a prospectively maintained database from 1998 to 2020 (n = 547) at a single institution. Secondary surgical procedures were defined as any unplanned return to the operating room. Demographic and clinical variables were analyzed, and secondary surgeries were classified and evaluated. The timing and rates of secondary surgery were evaluated and compared with clinical variables.

Results
There were 547 patients included in this series with a mean age of 55 years and body mass index of 33.5. Mean duration of follow-up was 3.8 years. One hundred and seventeen (21%) patients underwent 235 secondary surgeries, with an average of 1.4 operations until stable reconstruction was obtained. The reason for the secondary surgery was involved margins (7.5%), major complications (8.6%), aesthetic improvement (13.3%), and completion mastectomy (5.3%). Age 65 years and younger age was associated with any subsequent procedure (P = 0.023) and revision for cosmesis (P = 0.006). Patients with body mass index greater than 35 had increased secondary surgeries for operative complications (P = 0.026).

Conclusions
Secondary surgeries after oncoplastic breast reduction procedures are common. Management of margins and complications, such as hematoma and infection, are early indications, with aesthetic improvement, wound healing complications, fat necrosis, and recurrence being late reasons. The most common reason for reoperation is aesthetic improvement, especially in younger patients. Attention to surgical technique and patient selection will help minimize secondary surgeries for the nononcological reasons.
Independent or Integrated Plastic Surgery Residency Pathways
Authors: Erpenbeck Sarah P. , Bustos Samyd S. , Smith Brandon T. , Egro Francesco M. , Nguyen Vu T. 
Published: June 2021

Introduction
The training pathway for plastic surgery has evolved in recent years with the adoption and rise in popularity of the integrated model. Studies have demonstrated that there may be differences between integrated graduates and independent graduates, specifically in career choices and type of practice. This study seeks to understand if there are differences in representation at academic and leadership positions between graduates of the 2 pathways.

Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted in June of 2018 to assess integrated and independent pathway graduate's representation in academic plastic surgery in the United States. Factors examined were career qualifications, academic productivity, faculty positions, and influence of pathway on career advancement.

Results
A total of 924 academic plastic surgeons were analyzed, 203 (22.0%) of whom were integrated graduates and 721 (78.0%) of whom were independent graduates. Independent graduates had greater National Institutes of Health funding (integrated, $40,802; independent, $257,428; P = 0.0043), higher h-index (integrated, 7.0; independent, 10.0; P < 0.001), and higher publication number (integrated, 17; independent, 25; P = 0.0011). Integrated graduates were more likely to be assistant professors (integrated, 70%; independent, 40.7%; P < 0.001) and required a shorter postresidency time to reach all positions examined compared with independent graduates.

Conclusions
Residency training pathway influences academic plastic surgeons in research output, qualifications, and academic positions. This is likely due to the relatively new nature of the integrated program compared with the independent, as well as the shorter length of training for integrated graduates. However, trends are moving toward integrated graduates showing increased interest and productivity in academic medicine.
When the human brain goes diving: using near-infrared spectroscopy to measure cerebral and systemic cardiovascular responses to deep, breath-hold diving in elite freedivers
Authors: McKnight J. Chris , Mulder Eric , Ruesch Alexander , Kainerstorfer Jana M. , Wu Jingyi , Hakimi Naser , Balfour Steve , Bronkhorst Mathijs , Horschig Jörn M. , Pernett Frank , Sato Katsufumi , Hastie Gordon D. , Tyack Peter , Schagatay Erika 
Published: June 2021

Continuous measurements of haemodynamic and oxygenation changes in free living animals remain elusive. However, developments in biomedical technologies may help to fill this knowledge gap. One such technology is continuous-wave near-infrared spectroscopy (CW-NIRS)—a wearable and non-invasive optical technology. Here, we develop a marinized CW-NIRS system and deploy it on elite competition freedivers to test its capacity to function during deep freediving to 107 m depth. We use the oxyhaemoglobin and deoxyhaemoglobin concentration changes measured with CW-NIRS to monitor cerebral haemodynamic changes and oxygenation, arterial saturation and heart rate. Furthermore, using concentration changes in oxyhaemoglobin engendered by cardiac pulsation, we demonstrate the ability to conduct additional feature exploration of cardiac-dependent haemodynamic changes. Freedivers showed cerebral haemodynamic changes characteristic of apnoeic diving, while some divers also showed considerable elevations in venous blood volumes close to the end of diving. Some freedivers also showed pronounced arterial deoxygenation, the most extreme of which resulted in an arterial saturation of 25%. Freedivers also displayed heart rate changes that were comparable to diving mammals both in magnitude and patterns of change. Finally, changes in cardiac waveform associated with heart rates less than 40 bpm were associated with changes indicative of a reduction in vascular compliance. The success here of CW-NIRS to non-invasively measure a suite of physiological phenomenon in a deep-diving mammal highlights its efficacy as a future physiological monitoring tool for human freedivers as well as free living animals.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Measuring physiology in free-living animals (Part II)’.
Mesobaculum littorinae gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel bacterium isolated from a sea snail Littorina scabra
Authors: Li Fei , Huang Yuanlin , Hu Wenjin , Li Zhe , Wang Qiaozhen , Huang Shushi , Yu Lian , Liu Shaowei , Sun Chenghang , Pan Xinli 
Published: June 2021

Members within the family Rhodbacteraceae are morphologically and genetically highly diverse, and originate mostly from coastal marine environments. In this study, a novel species of this family, designated M0103T, was isolated from the surface of a sea snail Littorina scabra. Strain M0103T is Gram-stain-negative, halophilic, non-motile and non-Bacteriochlorophyll a-producing bacterium. Several phenotypic characteristics of the isolate were similar to other species within this family, such as the sole respiratory quinone Q-10 and major fatty acid components C18 : 1
ω7c, C18 : 0 and C16 : 0. Strain M0103T contains a diphosphatidylglycerol, a phosphatidylglycerol, a phosphatidylcholine, a phosphatidy ethanolamine, a phosphatidylinositol, five unidentified phospholipids and four unidentified polar lipids. Based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, this isolate showed the closest phylogenetic relationship with ‘

Palleronia pontilimi

’ GH1-23T (95.1 %). Values of average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA–DNA hybridization (dDDH) of genome sequences were of 70.1–76.4 % and 18.3–20.9 % between the isolate and 24 closely related type strains. Analysis the 4.0 Mb genome of strain M0103T revealed several putative genes associated with cellular stress resistance, which may play protective roles for the isolate in the adaptation to a marine environment. Phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic analyses suggested that strain M0103T represents a novel genus and novel species of the family

Rhodobacteraceae

, for which the name Mesobaculum littorinae gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is M0103T (=MCCC 1K03619T=KCTC 62358T).
The development and usability testing of digital knowledge translation tools for parents of children with bronchiolitis
Authors: Le Anne , Hartling Lisa , Scott Shannon D. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBronchiolitis is an acute infection of the lower respiratory tract that predominantly affects children less than two years old. Although self-limiting, symptoms of bronchiolitis can be distressing for young children. Research has demonstrated that parents may not have the necessary information to be able to identify bronchiolitis symptoms, resulting in emergency department (ED) visits and hospitalizations. Parents have expressed that they feel unprepared, afraid, and that they lack information on their child’s condition. Digital knowledge translation (KT) tools have the potential to convey complex health information to parents to support their healthcare decision-making needs.We worked with parents of children with bronchiolitis to develop and evaluate three digital tools on bronchiolitis (whiteboard animation video, infographic, and e-Book). Following prototype completion, usability testing was conducted using iPads in two Alberta ED waiting rooms. Parents were randomized to one out of the three tools. Overall, the tools were highly rated, suggesting that arts-based digital tools are useful in delivering complex health information to parents.
Distribution of 54 polygenic risk scores for common diseases in long lived individuals and their offspring
Authors: Gunn Sophia , Wainberg Michael , Song Zeyuan , Andersen Stacy , Boudreau Robert , Feitosa Mary F. , Tan Qihua , Montasser May E. , O’Connell Jeffrey R. , Stitziel Nathan , Price Nathan , Perls Thomas , Schork Nicholas J. , Sebastiani Paola 
Published: June 2021

AbstractA surprising and well-replicated result in genetic studies of human longevity is that centenarians appear to carry disease-associated variants in numbers similar to the general population. With the proliferation of large genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in recent years, investigators have turned to polygenic scores to leverage GWAS results into a measure of genetic risk that can better predict risk of disease than individual significant variants alone.We selected 54 polygenic risk scores (PRSs) developed for a variety of outcomes and we calculated their values in individuals from the New England Centenarian Study (NECS, N = 4886) and the Long Life Family Study (LLFS, N = 4577). We compared the distribution of these PRSs among exceptionally long-lived individuals (ELLI), their offspring and controls and we also examined their predictive values, using t-tests and regression models adjusting for sex and principal components reflecting ancestral background of the individuals (PCs). In our analyses we controlled for multiple testing using a Bonferroni-adjusted threshold for 54 traits.We found that only 4 of the 54 PRSs differed between ELLIs and controls in both cohorts. ELLIs had significantly lower mean PRSs for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), coronary artery disease (CAD) and systemic lupus than controls, suggesting genetic predisposition to extreme longevity may be mediated by reduced susceptibility to these traits. ELLIs also had significantly higher mean PRSs for improved cognitive function. In addition, the PRS for AD was associated with higher risk of dementia among controls but not ELLIs (p = 0.0004, 0.3 in NECS, p = 0.03, 0.93 in LLFS respectively). Interestingly, ELLIs did not have a larger number of homozygous risk genotypes for AD (TNECS= -1.72, TLLFs= 0.83) and CAD (TNECS= -5.08, TLLFs= -0.31) in both cohorts, but did have significantly larger number of homozygous protective genotypes than controls for the two traits (AD: TNECS=3.10, TLLFs= 2.2, CAD: TNECS= 6.57, TLLFs=2.36, respectively).ELLIs have a similar burden of genetic disease risk as the general population for most traits, but have significantly lower genetic risk of AD, CAD, and lupus. The lack of association between AD PRS and dementia among ELLIs suggests that their genetic risk for AD is somehow buffered by protective genetic or environmental factors.
Developmental Effects on Relative Use of PEPCK and NADP-ME Pathways of C4Photosynthesis in Maize
Authors: Arp Jennifer J. , Kambhampati Shrikaar , Chu Kevin L. , Koley Somnath , Jenkins Lauren M. , Mockler Todd C. , Allen Doug K. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractC4photosynthesis is an adaptive photosynthetic pathway which concentrates CO2around Rubisco in specialized bundle sheath cells to reduce photorespiration. Historically, the pathway has been characterized into three different subtypes based on the decarboxylase involved, although recent work has provided evidence that some plants can use multiple decarboxylases, with maize in particular using both the NADP-malic enzyme (NADP-ME) pathway and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) pathway. Parallel C4pathways could be advantageous in balancing energy and reducing equivalents between bundle sheath and mesophyll cells, in decreasing the size of the metabolite gradients between cells and may better accommodate changing environmental conditions or source to sink demands on growth. The enzyme activity of C4decarboxylases can fluctuate with different stages of leaf development, but it remains unclear if the pathway flexibility is an innate aspect of leaf development or an adaptation to the leaf microenvironment that is regulated by the plant. In this study, variation in the two C4pathways in maize were characterized at nine plant ages throughout the life cycle. Two positions in the canopy were examined for variation in physiology, gene expression, metabolite concentration, and enzyme activity, with particular interest in asparagine as a potential regulator of C4decarboxylase activity. Variation in C4and C3metabolism was observed for both leaf age and canopy position, reflecting the ability of C4pathways to adapt to changing microenvironments.One Sentence SummaryThe proportion of the two C4pathways in maize plants is dependent on canopy position and not the age of the leaf.
Herbicidal activity of fluoroquinolone derivatives
Authors: Wallace Michael D. , Debowski Aleksandra W. , Sukhoverkov Kirill V. , Mylne Joshua S. , Stubbs Keith A. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDevelopment of herbicides with novel modes of action are crucial for weed control and to hinder herbicide resistance. An attractive novel herbicidal target is plant DNA gyrase, which has been demonstrated to be effectively inhibited by the known antimicrobial ciprofloxacin. Despite this good herbicidal activity ciprofloxacin is not suitable as a herbicide due to its antimicrobial activity, therefore, a diverse library of analogues was analysed to gain insight into the aspects required for herbicidal activity. This analysis revealed significant structural modifications were tolerated and that the fluoride at C-6 and a cyclic amino group at C-7 were not crucial for herbicidal activity. The analysis also revealed that these modifications also affected the antibacterial activity with one compound demonstrating good herbicidal activity and weak antibacterial activity, against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
Pancreatic cancer risk predicted from disease trajectories using deep learning
Authors: Placido Davide , Yuan Bo , Hjaltelin Jessica X. , Zheng Chunlei , Haue Amalie D. , Chmura Piotr J , Yuan Chen , Kim Jihye , Umeton Renato , Antell Gregory , Chowdhury Alexander , Franz Alexandra , Brais Lauren , Andrews Elizabeth , Marks Debora S. , Regev Aviv , Ayandeh Siamack , Brophy Mary , Do Nhan , Kraft Peter , Wolpin Brian M. , Fillmore Nathanael , Rosenthal Michael , Brunak Søren , Sander Chris 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPancreatic cancer is an aggressive disease that typically presents late with poor patient outcomes. There is a pronounced medical need for early detection of pancreatic cancer, which can be addressed by identifying high-risk populations. Here we apply artificial intelligence (AI) methods to a dataset of 6 million patient records with 24,000 pancreatic cancer cases in the Danish National Patient Registry (DNPR) and, for comparison, a dataset of three million records with 3,900 pancreatic cancer cases in the United States Department of Veterans Affairs (US-VA) healthcare system. In contrast to existing methods that do not use temporal information, we explicitly train machine learning models on the time sequence of diseases in patient clinical histories and test the ability to predict cancer occurrence in time intervals of 3 to 60 months after risk assessment.For cancer occurrence within 36 months, the performance of the best model (AUROC=0.88, DNPR), trained and tested on disease trajectories, exceeds that of a model without longitudinal information (AUROC=0.85, DNPR). Performance decreases when disease events within a 3 month window before cancer diagnosis are excluded from training (AUROC[3m]=0.83). Independent training and testing on the US-VA dataset reaches comparable performance (AUROC=0.78, AUROC[3m]=0.76). These results raise the state-of-the-art level of performance of cancer risk prediction on real-world data sets and provide support for the design of prediction-surveillance programs based on risk assessment in a large population followed by affordable surveillance of a relatively small number of patients at highest risk. Use of AI on real-world clinical records has the potential to shift focus from treatment of late-stage to early-stage cancer, benefiting patients by improving lifespan and quality of life.
GTL1 is required for a robust root hair growth response to avoid nutrient overloading
Authors: Shibata Michitaro , Favero David S. , Takebayashi Ryu , Kawamura Ayako , Rymen Bart , Hosokawa Yoichiroh , Sugimoto Keiko 
Published: June 2021

SummaryRoot hair growth is tuned in response to the environment surrounding plants. While most of previous studies focused on the enhancement of root hair growth during nutrient starvation, few studies investigated the root hair response in the presence of excess nutrients.We report that the post-embryonic growth of wild-type Arabidopsis plants is strongly suppressed with increasing nutrient availability, particularly in the case of root hair growth. We further used gene expression profiling to analyze how excess nutrient availability affects root hair growth, and found that RHD6 subfamily genes, which are positive regulators of root hair growth, are down-regulated in this condition.On the other hand, defects in GTL1 and DF1, which are negative regulators of root hair growth, cause frail and swollen root hairs to form when excess nutrients are supplied. Additionally, we observed that the RHD6 subfamily genes are mis-expressed in gtl1-1 df1-1. Furthermore, overexpression of RSL4, an RHD6 subfamily gene, induces swollen root hairs in the face of a nutrient overload, while mutation of RSL4 in gtl1-1 df1-1 restore root hair swelling phenotype.In conclusion, our data suggest that GTL1 and DF1 prevent unnecessary root hair formation by repressing RSL4 under excess nutrient conditions.
Mechanism of actin-dependent activation of nucleotidyl cyclase toxins from bacterial human pathogens
Authors: Belyy Alexander , Merino Felipe , Mechold Undine , Raunser Stefan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSeveral bacterial human pathogens secrete nucleotidyl cyclase toxins, that are activated by interaction with actin of the eukaryotic host cells. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of this process which protects bacteria from self-intoxication is unclear. Here, we report structures of ExoY from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Vibrio vulnificus in complex with their corresponding activators F-actin and profilin-G-actin. The structures reveal that in contrast to the apo state, two flexible regions become ordered and interact strongly with actin. The specific stabilization of these regions results in an allosteric stabilization of the distant nucleotide binding pocket and thereby to an activation of the enzyme. Differences in the sequence and conformation of the actin-binding regions are responsible for the selective binding to either F- or G-actin. This specificity can be biotechnologically modulated by exchanging these regions from one toxin to the other.Other bacterial nucleotidyl cyclases, such as the anthrax edema factor and CyaA from Bortedella pertussis, that bind to calmodulin undergo a similar disordered-to-ordered transition during activation, suggesting that the allosteric activation-by-stabilization mechanism of ExoY is paradigmatic for all bacterial nucleotidyl cyclase toxins.