bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
QA4GIS: A novel approach learning to answer GIS developer questions with API documentation
Authors: Wang Wenbo , Li Yi , Wang Shaohua , Ye Xinyue 
Published: July 2021

AbstractCommunity‐based question answering websites have attracted more and more scholars and developers to discuss domain knowledge and software development. In this article, we focus on the GIS section of the Stack Exchange website and develop a novel approach, QA4GIS, a deep learning‐based system for question answering tasks with a deep neural network (DNN) model to extract the representation of the query–API document pair. We use the LambdaMART model to rerank the candidate API documents. We begin with an empirical analysis of the questions and answers, demonstrating that API documents could answer 52.93% of the questions. Then we evaluate QA4GIS by comparing it with 10 other baselines. The experiment results show that QA4GIS can improve 21.39% on the MAP score and 22.34% on the MRR score compared with the best baseline SIF.
Functional modulation of an aquaporin to intensify photosynthesis and abrogate bacterial virulence in rice
Authors: Chen Xiaochen , Ma Jinbiao , Wang Xuan , Lu Kai , Liu Yan , Zhang Liyuan , Peng Jinfeng , Chen Lei , Yang Minkai , Li Yang , Cheng Zaiquan , Xiao Suqin , Yu Jinfeng , Zou Shenshen , Liang Yuancun , Zhang Meixiang , Yang Yonghua , Ding Xinhua , Dong Hansong 
Published: July 2021

SUMMARYPlant aquaporins are a recently noted biological resource with a great potential to improve crop growth and defense traits. Here, we report the functional modulation of the rice (Oryza sativa) aquaporin OsPIP1;3 to enhance rice photosynthesis and grain production and to control bacterial blight and leaf streak, the most devastating worldwide bacterial diseases in the crop. We characterize OsPIP1;3 as a physiologically relevant CO2‐transporting facilitator, which supports 30% of rice photosynthesis on average. This role is nullified by interaction of OsPIP1;3 with the bacterial protein Hpa1, an essential component of the Type III translocon that supports translocation of the bacterial Type III effectors PthXo1 and TALi into rice cells to induce leaf blight and streak, respectively. Hpa1 binding shifts OsPIP1;3 from CO2 transport to effector translocation, aggravates bacterial virulence, and blocks rice photosynthesis. On the contrary, the external application of isolated Hpa1 to rice plants effectively prevents OsPIP1;3 from interaction with Hpa1 secreted by the bacteria that are infecting the plants. Blockage of the OsPIP1;3–Hpa1 interaction reverts OsPIP1;3 from effector translocation to CO2 transport, abrogates bacterial virulence, and meanwhile induces defense responses in rice. These beneficial effects can combine to enhance photosynthesis by 29–30%, reduce bacterial disease by 58–75%, and increase grain yield by 11–34% in different rice varieties investigated in small‐scale field trials conducted during the past years. Our results suggest that crop productivity and immunity can be coordinated by modulating the physiological and pathological functions of a single aquaporin to break the growth–defense tradeoff barrier.
Evaluation of the intervertebral disk, vertebral body, and spinal cord for changes secondary to percutaneous laser disk ablation
Authors: Irizarry Ivette Nikol , Dugat Danielle R. , Sippel Kate M. , Payton Mark E. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the intervertebral disk, vertebral endplates, and spinal cord for perioperative changes secondary to percutaneous laser disk ablation (PLDA) and correlate findings to clinical outcomes in dogs receiving thoracolumbar PLDA.Study DesignBlinded study.AnimalsThirty dogs.MethodsMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed before PLDA (control/Group C), immediately following PLDA (Group I), and 3 months later (perioperative/Group P). Dogs were followed 3 years. Groups and dogs were randomized for evaluation. Two radiologists were blinded to each MRI study and dog. Each radiologist evaluated the disk, vertebral body, and spinal cord at each disk space receiving PLDA.ResultsMean disk degeneration was increased in Group P at L1‐2 (p < .0001) and L2‐3 (p = .0081). Both radiologists identified mild diskitis (1%–15%) in Group P (radiologist 1,p < .0001; radiologist 2,p = .0012). Cranial endplate lesions were identified in Group P at T11‐12 (p = .0353), T13‐L1 (p = .0026), and L4‐5 (p = .0210). Lesions were identified in the caudal endplates of all eight disk spaces in Group P: T10‐11 (p = .0004), T11‐12 (p < .0001), T12‐13 (p < .0001), T13‐L1 (p < .0001), L1‐2 (p < .0001), L2‐3 (p < .0001), L3‐4 (p < .0001), and L4‐5 (p < .0001). There was no disk extrusion or spinal cord lesions identified.ConclusionThis study evaluated effects that may occur secondary to PLDA, using MRI. Although vertebral body changes were identified, they did not correlate with clinical complications.Clinical SignificancePLDA appears to be a safe, effective procedure performed on thoracolumbar disks to reduce recurrence of intervertebral disk herniation (IVDH) in dogs that previously experienced IVDH, despite the appearance of visible vertebral endplate lesions and mild diskitis on MRI.
Influence of intraoperative closed glove exchange on glove contamination during clean soft tissue surgeries
Authors: Sidhu Deepinder S. , Gull Tamara , Skinner Owen T. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo determine the influence of intraoperative glove exchange on glove contamination during clean soft tissue surgery.Study DesignProspective clinical study.Sample PopulationTwo hundred pairs of gloves and gowns from 50 clean soft tissue surgeries.MethodsGloves and gown cuffs were cultured from the primary surgeon and first assistant using a standardized protocol. Cultures were taken from outer surface of both gown cuffs prior to surgery and after gloves were removed at the end of surgery; gloves were cultured prior to surgery, at end of surgery and after a new pair was donned after closed glove exchange. Cultures were evaluated for colony‐forming units after 72 h of inoculation.ResultsBacterial contamination was documented in 41 of the 50 surgeries (82%). The most common species cultured was Streptocococcus spp. There was no difference (p = .719) in the bacterial contamination rate of gown cuffs prior to surgery (10%; 20/200) compared to after surgery (9.5%; 19/200). The bacterial contamination rate for gloves was 10.5% (21/200) prior to surgery, 19.5% (39/196) after surgery, and 11% (22/200) after regloving. Gloves cultured following surgery were significantly more contaminated than gloves cultured preoperatively (p = .010) or gloves cultured following regloving (p = .018).ConclusionGlove exchange did not increase bacterial contamination of gloves during the clean soft tissue surgeries tested here.Clinical SignificanceThe outside of the gown cuff does not seem to represent a major source of contamination during clean procedures. This study does not provide evidence to support a change in current practices for intraoperative closed glove exchange.
Direct swallowing training and oral sensorimotor stimulation in preterm infants: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Heo Ju Sun , Kim Ee-Kyung , Kim Sae Yun , Song In Gyu , Yoon Young Mi , Cho Hannah , Lee Eun Sun , Shin Seung Han , Oh Byung-Mo , Shin Hyung-Ik , Kim Han-Suk 
Published: July 2021

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of direct swallowing training (DST) alone and combined with oral sensorimotor stimulation (OSMS) on oral feeding ability in very preterm infants.DesignBlinded, parallel group, randomised controlled trial (1:1:1).SettingNeonatal intensive care unit of a South Korean tertiary hospital.ParticipantsPreterm infants born at <32 weeks of gestation who achieved full tube feeding.InterventionsTwo sessions per day were provided according to the randomly assigned groups (control: two times per day sham intervention; DST: DST and sham interventions, each once a day; DST+OSMS: DST and OSMS interventions, each once a day).Primary outcomeTime from start to independent oral feeding (IOF).ResultsAnalyses were conducted in 186 participants based on modified intention-to-treat (63 control; 63 DST; 60 DST+OSMS). The mean time from start to IOF differed significantly between the control, DST and DST+OSMS groups (21.1, 17.2 and 14.8 days, respectively, p=0.02). Compared with non-intervention, DST+OSMS significantly shortened the time from start to IOF (effect size: −0.49; 95% CI: −0.86 to –0.14; p=0.02), whereas DST did not. The proportion of feeding volume taken during the initial 5 min, an index of infants’ actual feeding ability when fatigue is minimal, increased earlier in the DST+OSMS than in the DST.ConclusionsIn very preterm infants, DST+OSMS led to the accelerated attainment of IOF compared with non-intervention, whereas DST alone did not. The effect of DST+OSMS on oral feeding ability appeared earlier than that of DST alone.Trial registration numberClinicalTrials.gov Registry (NCT02508571).
An omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrate administered for one year decreased triglycerides in simvastatin treated patients with coronary heart disease and persisting hypertriglyceridaemia
Authors: Durrington P N , Bhatnagar D , Mackness M I , Morgan J , Julier K , Khan M A , France M 
Published: July 2021

BACKGROUNDOmega-3 fatty acids, such as those present in fish oil, have been reported to prolong life in myocardial infarction survivors. These fatty acids can decrease serum triglyceride concentrations, but so far the doses used in trials examining their effects on coronary end points have had only minimal triglyceride lowering effects.OBJECTIVETo examine the triglyceride lowering effectiveness, safety, and tolerability of Omacor, a concentrate of omega-3, long chain, polyunsaturated fatty acids from fish oil (84% of the total as opposed to an average of 35% in fish oil) over one year in patients with established coronary heart disease (CHD) and persisting hypertriglyceridaemia, despite receiving simvastatin in doses similar to those employed in the Scandinavian simvastatin survival study.SUBJECTS AND METHODS59 patients with CHD, receiving simvastatin 10–40 mg daily with serum triglycerides > 2.3 mmol/l, were randomised to receive Omacor 2 g twice a day or placebo for 24 weeks in a double blind trial. Forty six patients accepted the offer of active treatment for a further 24 weeks in an open phase of the trial.RESULTSThere was a sustained significant decrease in serum triglycerides by 20–30% (p < 0.005) and in very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol by 30–40% (p < 0.005) in patients receiving active Omacor at three, six, and 12 months compared either to baseline or placebo. Omacor did not have any deleterious effect on low density or high density lipoprotein cholesterol or on biochemical and haematological safety tests. There was no adverse effect on glycaemic control in patients with diabetes, who showed a decrease in serum triglyceride, which was at least as great as in non-diabetic patients. One patient receiving placebo died of acute myocardial infarction. Three patients withdrew from the trial (two on placebo and one on active treatment). Omacor was generally well tolerated.CONCLUSIONOmacor was found to be a safe and effective means of lowering serum triglycerides over one year in patients with CHD and combined hyperlipidaemia, whose triglycerides remained elevated despite simvastatin treatment.
Echocardiographic assessment of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy
Authors: Lindström L , Wilkenshoff U M , Larsson H , Wranne B 
Published: July 2021

OBJECTIVETo evaluate new echocardiographic modes in the diagnosis of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC).DESIGNProspective observational study.SETTINGUniversity Hospital.SUBJECTS15 patients with ARVC and a control group of 25 healthy subjects.METHODSTransthoracic echocardiography included cross sectional measurements of the right ventricular outflow tract, right ventricular inflow tract, and right ventricular body. Wall motion was analysed subjectively. M mode and pulsed tissue Doppler techniques were used for quantitative measurement of tricuspid annular motion at the lateral, septal, posterior, and anterior positions. Doppler assessment of tricuspid flow and systemic venous flow was also performed.RESULTSAssessed by M mode, the total amplitude of the tricuspid annular motion was significantly decreased in the lateral, septal, and posterior positions in the patients compared with the controls. The tissue Doppler velocity pattern showed decreased early diastolic peak annular (EA) velocity and an accompanying decrease in early (EA) to late diastolic (AA) velocity ratio in all positions; the systolic annular velocity was significantly decreased only in the lateral position. Four patients had normal right ventricular dimensions and three were judged to have normal right ventricular wall motion. The patient group had also a significantly decreased tricuspid flow E:A ratio.CONCLUSIONSTricuspid annular measurements are valuable, easy to obtain, and allow quantitative assessment of right ventricular function. ARVC patients showed an abnormal velocity pattern that may be an early but non-specific sign of the disease. Normal right ventricular dimensions do not exclude ARVC, and subjective detection of early changes in wall motion may be difficult.
Quality of life and perceived health status in surviving adults with univentricular heart
Authors: Saliba Z , Butera G , Bonnet D , Bonhoeffer P , Villain E , Kachaner J , Sidi D , Iserin L 
Published: July 2021

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the quality of life in patients with univentricular heart and to determine the impact of sociodemographic and clinical characteristics.DESIGN AND SETTINGRetrospective, cross sectional study conducted in a regional paediatric cardiology centre.PATIENTSThe health records of 89 survivors with univentricular heart (median age 21 years; range 17–49 years) were reviewed. Sixty seven answered the Duke questionnaire. Sociodemographic and clinical variables were similar in the responders and non-responders. The impact of sociodemographic and clinical variables on individual Duke's measures was assessed.RESULTSThe Duke scores of adults with univentricular heart were similar to the normal population. Cyanosis predicted a worse score for physical (p = 0.05) and perceived health measures (p = 0.02). A higher educational level predicted a better score for physical (p = 0.004), mental (p = 0.01), and general health measures (p = 0.02). Orthopaedic problems worsened the social score (p = 0.05). Psychosocial problems worsened the pain score (p = 0.04). In comparison with the other anatomical types, mitral atresia worsened the perceived health score (p = 0.02). Patients younger than 23 years scored better for almost all health and dysfunction measures.CONCLUSIONSDespite repeated interventions and other disease related everyday stresses, a selected group of adults with univentricular heart had a satisfying quality of life.
Effect of levosimendan on myocardial contractility, coronary and peripheral blood flow, and arrhythmias during coronary artery ligation and reperfusion in the in vivo pig model
Authors: du Toit E , Hofmann D , McCarthy J , Pineda C 
Published: July 2021

OBJECTIVETo determine whether levosimendan, a calcium sensitiser that facilitates the activation of the contractile apparatus by calcium, improves myocardial contractile function during severe ischaemia and reperfusion without exacerbating the incidence of arrhythmias.DESIGNPigs were pretreated orally twice daily for 10 days with 0.08 mg/kg levosimendan or placebo. On day 11 the left main coronary artery was ligated for 30 minutes, followed by 30 minutes of reperfusion. A bolus dose of levosimendan, 11.2 μg/kg intravenously, or placebo was given 30 minutes before coronary ligation, followed by a continuous infusion of 0.2 μg/kg/min levosimendan or placebo for the remainder of the experiment.RESULTSDuring the ischaemic period, cardiac output was higher in the levosimendan group than in the placebo group (mean (SD): 2.6 (0.5) v 2.0 (0.2) l/min, p < 0.05) and systemic vascular resistance was lower (2024 (188) v 2669 (424) dyne.s−1.cm−5, p < 0.005). During reperfusion, cardiac output and contractility (LVmaxdP/dt (pos), 956 (118) v 784 (130) mm Hg/s, p < 0.05) were increased by levosimendan. The incidence of ischaemic ventricular fibrillation and tachycardia was similar in the two groups but there were more arrhythmic events (ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation) in the levosimendan treated group (8/12 levosimendan v 1/9 control p = 0.05).CONCLUSIONSLevosimendan improved cardiac output and myocardial contractility during coronary artery ligation and reperfusion. However, it increased the number of arrhythmic events during ischaemia in this model of in vivo regional ischaemia.
Impact of diabetes mellitus on long term survival after acute myocardial infarction in patients with single vessel disease
Authors: Ishihara M , Sato H , Kawagoe T , Shimatani Y , Kurisu S , Nishioka K , Kouno Y , Umemura T , Nakamura S 
Published: July 2021

OBJECTIVETo assess the influence of diabetes on long term prognosis after reperfusion treatment and its interaction with multivessel disease.DESIGNA retrospective observational study.SETTINGHiroshima City Hospital.PATIENTS1660 consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction who underwent coronary angiography within 24 hours after the onset of chest pain.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURESInfluence of diabetes on 10 year survival after infarction was assessed using the generalised Wilcoxon test and Cox's proportional hazards regression. Follow up was completed in 1622 patients (98%).RESULTSDiabetic patients had more multivessel disease than non-diabetic patients (53%v 34%, p < 0.001). When only patients with single vessel disease were compared, diabetes was associated with a reduced 10 year survival after infarction (p = 0.002). On the other hand, in patients with multivessel disease there was no significant difference in survival between diabetic and non-diabetic patients (p = 0.70). Multivariate analysis also showed that diabetes was an independent risk factor related to 10 year mortality after infarction in patients with single vessel disease (odds ratio (OR) 1.81, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.27 to 2.54; p = 0.001) and not in patients with multivessel disease (OR 1.17, 95% CI 0.85 to 1.60; p = 0.34).CONCLUSIONSDiabetes is an independent predictor of long term mortality after infarction in patients with single vessel disease. However, in the presence of multivessel disease, prognosis after infarction is impaired regardless of diabetes, and the influence of diabetes is less obvious.
Cross sectional study estimating prevalence of heart failure and left ventricular systolic dysfunction in community patients at risk
Authors: Nielsen O W , Hilden J , Larsen C T , Hansen J F 
Published: July 2021

OBJECTIVETo examine a general practice population to measure the prevalence of signs and symptoms of heart failure (SSHF) and left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD).DESIGNCross sectional screening study in three general practices followed by echocardiography.SETTING AND PATIENTSAll patients ⩾ 50 years in two general practices and ⩾ 40 years in one general practice were screened by case record reviews and questionnaires (n = 2158), to identify subjects with some evidence of heart disease. Among these, subjects were sought who had SSHF (n = 115). Of 357 subjects with evidence of heart disease, 252 were eligible for examination, and 126 underwent further cardiological assessment, including 43 with SSHF.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURESPrevalence of SSHF as defined by a modified Boston index, LVSD defined as an indirectly measured left ventricular ejection fraction ⩽ 0.45, and numbers of subjects needing an echocardiogram to detect one case with LVSD.RESULTSSSHF afflicted 0.5% of quadragenarians and rose to 11.7% of octogenarians. Two thirds were handled in primary care only. At ⩾ 50 years of age 6.4% had SSHF, 2.9% had LVSD, and 1.9% (95% confidence interval 1.3% to 2.5%) had both. To detect one case with LVSD in primary care, 14 patients with evidence of heart disease without SSHF and 5.5 patients with SSHF had to be examined.CONCLUSIONSSHF is extremely prevalent in the community, especially in primary care, but more than two thirds do not have LVSD. The number of subjects with some evidence of heart disease needing an echocardiogram to detect one case of LVSD is 14.
Sex dependent differences in physiological ageing in the immune system of lower airways in healthy non-smoking volunteers: study of lymphocyte subsets in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and blood
Authors: Mund E , Christensson B , Larsson K , Grönneberg R 
Published: July 2021

BACKGROUNDAge related changes in the immune system have been studied frequently but a possible relation to sex has not, to our knowledge, previously been examined. The effect of age and sex on the composition of lymphocyte subsets in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and peripheral blood was therefore examined.METHODSBronchoscopy with lavage was performed in 32 healthy non-atopic, non-smoking volunteers (16 women aged 26–63 years (mean 44) and 16 men aged 23–63 years (mean 39)). Cytospin preparations for differential counts of BAL fluid cells and surface antigen expression of lymphocytes from BAL fluid and blood were analysed by flow cytometry.RESULTSMost parameters in the BAL fluid changed with age in women. The percentage of CD4+ lymphocytes increased with age from a mean of 48 (SD10)% in women aged ⩽40 years to 69 (11)% in women aged >43 years (p=0.001). The percentage of CD8+ lymphocytes tended to decrease with age and the CD4/CD8 ratio was 5.8 (1.2) in women aged >43 years compared with 2.1 (0.7) in those aged ⩽40 years (p<0.0001). Women aged >43 years differed from men aged >43 years as well as from younger subjects of both sexes with respect to CD4+ cells and CD4/CD8 ratio, and from younger women with respect to CD8+ cells. There was no age related change in the CD4/CD8 ratio in blood. No sex related differences were seen in the blood or BAL fluid of adults below the age of 40 years.CONCLUSIONSThe composition of lymphocytes with different phenotypes in the lower respiratory tract changes with age in women but not in men. This may have implications for some clinical conditions such as chronic dry cough which are observed predominantly in women.