bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
People's Knowledge and Practice of Salt Iodization, as Well as the Assessment of Iodine Content in Salt in the Cumilla Region of Bangladesh
Authors: Jahan Sadia , Hossain Md. Saddam , Bhuiyan Md. Anisur Rahman , Lisa Susmita Roy , Chadni Somaia Haque 
Published: November 2021

Aim: To evaluate the household iodine content and knowledge, attitude, and behavior regarding salt iodization among the residents of Cumilla, Bangladesh.
Subjects and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 700 inhabitants in Cumilla's urban and rural areas to determine the iodine concentration of salt they consume. The participants were asked about what they know about iodine deficiency and salt iodization as well as how their salt was packaged and stored. Among them, 338 people provided a sample of salt to be tested of its iodine content by the titrimetric method.
Results: 46.57% of people knew that iodization was the best way to prevent iodine deficiency while 35.14% considered salt iodization during purchasing. Most people stored salt in plastic boxes (89.7%) and closed containers (84.14%).Among all participants, only 37.14% of people were aware of the iodine requirement during pregnancy.
In urban regions, the median iodine content was 36.76 ppm (OR=0.658, 95% CI, 0.469-0.925), while in rural areas, the median iodine content was 40.92 ppm (OR=1.188, 95% CI, 1.022-1.380). Iodine levels were less than 15 ppm (minimum limit) in 6.8% of samples and greater than 40 ppm (maximum limit) in 56.5%. Only 36.7% of the salt samples contained adequate iodine.
Conclusion: An effective and consistent approach for controlling iodine concentration in distributed salt is required at Cumilla, Bangladesh.
Prevalence, Clinical Profile and Outcome of Patients Presenting with Stroke
Authors: Thrinetrapriya N. Akshaya , Jagadeesan M. 
Published: November 2021

BACKGROUND: Stroke is a clinical condition that has a greatly increasing prevalence in the recent years owing to our ‘modern’ sedentary lifestyle. The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence, risk factors, clinical presentation and outcome of patients presenting with stroke in a tertiary care hospital.
METHODOLOGY: A prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of General Medicine, Saveetha Medical College & Hospital, Thandalam, Chennai for a period of 4 months, i.e., from January 2021 to April 2021.Stroke patients who met the eligibility criteria were included in the study. All sociodemographic and clinical data were recorded by reviewing the patient and his medical records regularly. Scores like NIHSS (National Institute of Health Stroke Scale) score and mRS (modified Rankin scale) scores were calculated and TOAST categorisation was done. Statistical analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software.
RESULTS: Out of 100 stroke patients, 65% were males and 35% were females. Mean age was 57.95 years. Ischemic strokes were seen in 85% of patients and the rest 15% had hemorrhagic stroke. The most common presentation was facial palsy (67%), followed by hemiparesis (62%) and hemiplegia (38%). The important risk factors were hypertension (70%), diabetes mellitus (48%) and obesity (42%). Based on mRS scores, 59% of the patients had bad outcome.
CONCLUSION: Hypertension and diabetes were the most common risk factor in our study population. Preventive measures include creating awareness, lifestyle changes and compliance to medications. National programmes on stroke prevention initiate and coordinate awareness campaigns to reduce the incidence, morbidity and mortality of stroke. Finally, a multidimensional approach involving the patient community, general population, medical fraternity and government authorities is essential to curtail this modern epidemic.
Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Various Extracts from Safou (Dacryodes edulis) Cultivated in Côte d’Ivoire
Authors: Emmanuelle Sika Andrée , Léonce Kadji Romuald , Ouattara Lacinan , Dabonné Soumaïla , Koffi-Nevry Rose 
Published: November 2021

Safou (Dacryodes edulis) is a fruit with very interesting nutritional and pharmacological properties. However, this fruit remains rather unknown to the Ivorian population.
Aims: The objective of this study was to highlight the antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of the seed and pulp of Safou (Dacryodes edulis) cultivated in Côte d'Ivoire for its valorization.
Study Design: Microbiological and biochemical studies
Place and Duration of Study: Laboratory of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology,Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire, between September 2020 and February 2021.
Methodology: Aqueous, ethanolic and methanolic extracts of the pulp and seed of Safou were prepared. Moisture content, pH, yield, total polyphenols,diphényl-2-picrylhydrazyle (DPPH) radical scavenging testof the different extracts were determined.Aqueous, ethanolicand methanolicextracts of the seed and pulp at varying concentrations of 200 mg/mL, 100 mg/mL, 50 mg/mL, 25 mg/mL, 12.5mg/mL and 6.25 mg/mL was tested against human pathogens such asEscherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiellapneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Aspergillus fumigatus and Penicilliumchrysogenum.
Results: pH, moisture content and yield ranged from 3.16 to 4.74; 9 to 18.30%; and 10.79 to 18.78%, respectively. Total polyphenol content ranged from 1.45 mgEAG/g to 4.56 mgEAG/g. The highest levels of total polyphenols were observed for the methanolic extracts of pulp. The different extracts strongly scavenged the DPPH radical with percentages of anti-free radical activity that varied from 50.76 to 64.43%.The antimicrobial susceptibility results of the methanolic extracts of D. edulis seed showed highest zones of inhibition to the microbial isolates tested. The microorganisms were resistant to the aqueous extracts of pulp and seed.
Conclusion: The presence of bioactive compounds and the antimicrobial activity of Safou extracts could justify its use in the food and pharmaceutical fields.
Carbon Fibers
Authors: Newcomb Bradley A. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractCarbon fibers are primarily used as reinforcing materials to increase the strength and stiffness of advanced composites and are commonly manufactured using polyacrylonitrile (PAN), isotropic pitch, mesophase pitch, or regenerated cellulose as a precursor fiber material. Commercially available carbon fibers from PAN or pitch possess low density (1.75–2.20 g/cm3), high tensile strength (3–7 GPa) and tensile modulus (200–935 GPa), as well as high compressive strength (1–3 GPa) and compressive modulus (100–300 GPa). Continued development of alternative precursor materials and lower energy intensive stabilization and carbonization process improvements in the carbon fiber manufacturing process are underway.
Chitin and Chitosan
Authors: Gierszewska Magdalena , Struszczyk‐Świta Katarzyna , Hudson Samuel 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Chitin is a structural polysaccharide widely found in nature. It occurs as highly ordered microfibrils in many species, such as yeast, fungi, insects, and marine invertebrates. Chitin is a homopolymer of 1‐4‐linked 2‐acetamido‐2‐deoxy‐β‐
d
‐glucopyranose, although some of the glucopyranose residues are deacetylated and occur as 2‐amino‐2‐deoxy‐β‐
d
‐glucopyranose. When chitin is deacetylated to more than 50% as the free amine form, it is referred to as chitosan. Biopolymerization of chitin is via the activated monomer
N
‐acetyl‐uridine diphosphate (UDP)‐glucosamine by synthase enzymes. The isolation of chitin is commonly from the shell fish waste of the shrimp and crab industries. Chitin is not soluble in any common solvents, while chitosan is dissolved in many common aqueous acid solutions. Industrially, chitin is mainly used as a powder and as a precursor to chitosan. Applications of chitosan are found in many primary industries, such as agriculture, paper, textiles, cosmetics, and waste water treatment. Chitosan has good film‐ and fiber‐forming properties. Many potential medical and pharmaceutical uses of chitosan have been described. It has also become a popular nutritional dietary additive.
Starch
Authors: Cai Xingzhe , Alee Mahafooj , Duan Qingfei , Liu Hongsheng , Chen Ling , Yu Long 
Published: November 2021

AbstractStarch, among the other biopolymers, is a very appealing biopolymer, due to its abundant supply, intrinsic biodegradability, and yearly renewability. Because they are inexpensive substances and are flexible to be handled using ordinary machines of plastic processing, starches make an appealing low cost basis for novel biodegradable polymers. Meanwhile, the well‐known concerns of fossil fuel scarcity and the rising demand of reducing the pressure on the environment caused by the widespread usage of petrochemically produced polymers, the production, and uses of starch‐based materials that are biodegradable have attracted a lot of attention. This article begins with a discussion of starch structures in general, including both physical and chemical features. Then, starch‐based material thermal processing is explained, which covers both basic sciences such as phase transition, rheology, and microstructure and processing methodologies, formulations, and circumstances.The multiphase transitions and distinct microstructure during heat processing make starch an excellent prototype system for illustrating and conceptualizing structure–processing–property connections in polymers. For processing starch‐based materials, several traditional methods, for example, injection compression molding, casting, and extrusion and few novel processes such as reactive extrusion have also been applied. Finally, the current advancements in starch‐based materials have been explained.
Scratch Behavior of Polymers
Authors: Molero Glendimar , Sue Hung‐Jue 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The apparent simplicity of scratch deformation is deceiving. The viscoelastic nature and complex constitutive behavior of polymers contribute to the complexity of the scratch testing and analysis. This article discusses how various experimental factors and material parameters influence the scratch behavior of polymers. Furthermore, significant advances have been made in the modeling of polymer scratch behavior using finite element methods, which supplements the experimental findings to offer a comprehensive understanding about how damage forms and evolves during the scratching process. This article emphasizes how the surface characteristics, material properties, and stress state and its magnitude can profoundly influence scratch damage mechanisms. By understanding the relationship between material properties and scratch behavior, the material properties needed to prevent the formation of undesirable scratch damage can begin to be assessed and even predicted. It is hoped that the information in the present article can help scientists and engineers identify the factors governing the scratch performance of polymers in order to develop polymers with superior scratch‐proof properties for vast engineering applications.
How posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms affect memory for new events and their “hotspots” over a long delay
Authors: Nielsen Niels Peter , Berntsen Dorthe 
Published: November 2021

AbstractMemory for traumatic events and their most distressing moments (hotspots) are typically examined in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) using retrospective memory reports for the index trauma. Effects of PTSD symptoms on memory for new (post‐trauma) events and their hotspots have received less attention. Here we used a prospective, experimental design to address this question. Participants completed measures of PTSD symptoms, were exposed to either an emotional (N = 54) or a neutral (N = 44) simulated event, reported hotspots, and rated them on memory characteristics. After a 1‐year delay, participants once again reported hotspots and rated their memory characteristics. PTSD symptoms obtained before the event predicted emotional intensity, bodily reaction, and distress associated with hotspots from the event after a 1‐year delay, irrespective of event type. This suggests that memory for events in general and not just memory of the index trauma is affected by PTSD symptoms.
Scaling of the Thermally Induced Sign Inversion of Longitudinal Spin Seebeck Effect in a Compensated Ferrimagnet: Role of Magnetic Anisotropy
Authors: Chanda Amit , Holzmann Christian , Schulz Noah , Seyd Johannes , Albrecht Manfred , Phan Manh‐Huong , Srikanth Hari 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe authors report on a systematic investigation of the longitudinal spin Seebeck effect (LSSE) in a GGG(Gd3Ga5O12)/GdIG(Gd3Fe5O12)/Pt film series exhibiting an in‐plane magnetic easy axis with a compensation temperature (TComp) that decreases from 270 to 220 K when decreasing GdIG film thickness from 272 to 31 nm, respectively. For all the films, the LSSE signal flips its sign below TComp. The authors demonstrate a universal scaling behavior of the temperature dependence of LSSE signal for the GdIG films around their respective TComp. Additionally, the authors demonstrate LSSE in a 31 nm GdIG film grown on a lattice‐mismatched GSGG (Gd3Sc2Ga3O12) substrate that exhibits an out‐of‐plane magnetic easy axis at room temperature. However, this sample reveals a spin reorientation transition where the magnetic easy axis changes its orientation to in‐plane at low temperatures. A clear distinction is observed in the LSSE signal for the GSGG/GdIG(31 nm)/Pt heterostructure, relative to GGG/GdIG(31 nm)/Pt showing an in‐plane magnetic easy axis. The findings underscore a strong correlation between the LSSE signal and the orientation of magnetic easy axis in compensated ferrimagnets and opens the possibility to tune LSSE through effective anisotropy.
Programmable Building of Radially Gradient Nanofibrous Patches Enables Deployment, Bursting Bearing Capability, and Stem Cell Recruitment
Authors: Du Jingtao , Yao Yueming , Wang Maidi , Su Ruigong , Li Xiaoran , Yu Jianyong , Ding Bin 
Published: November 2021

AbstractFibrous patches capable of withstanding bursting force and recruiting endogenous stem cells are of great demand for wound treatment. A programmable strategy for development of radially gradient nanofibrous patches with rapid deployment property, robust bursting bearing capability, and excellent mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) recruitment capability, is demonstrated. Benefiting from the royal water lily‐like radially branched architecture, the gradient fibrous (GF) patches exhibit fast deployment in aqueous solution (2 s), high bursting strength of 4.6 N, as well as “center‐to‐periphery” gradient immobilization of stromal‐cell‐derived factor 1α (SDF1α). The SDF1α gradient patches direct MSC migration from the periphery to the center along the aligned nanofibers, resulting in a 4.2 times higher migrated cell number and 2.6 times greater maximum migration distance than random fibrous patches with homogenous SDF1α. The gelatin methacryloyl coated GF patches respond to matrix metalloproteinase‐9 for “on‐demand” release of anti‐inflammatory drug diclofenac sodium (DS). Furthermore, repair of the mouse full‐thickness skin incision validates that SDF1α/DS/GF patches are able to provide feasible microenvironment to attenuate inflammation and improve endogenous MSC recruitment, leading to accelerated wound healing. This work may open a new pathway for development of smart tough fibrous patches for stimulating endogenous repair mechanisms during tissue regeneration.
TiO2‐Au NPs Heterojunction Arrays for Sensitive and Specific Detection of Copper Ions
Authors: Jia Liangbin , Tang Yao , Li Ming , Zhu Meiyan , Dong Xiaotong , Zhao Minggang , Ma Ye 
Published: November 2021

AbstractDeveloping simple and effective methods to detect heavy metals is a research focus in the field of environmental science and materials science. However, the interference in complex matrix is one of the main obstacles when applying those methods to in‐field detection. In this work, by anchoring Au nanoparticles (NPs) on TiO2 nanotube arrays (NTAs), a Schottky junction is successfully introduced into a Ti/TiO2/Au/chitosan heterostructure, which shows outstanding performance for sensing copper ions. The high specific surface area of TiO2 NTAs offer numerous binding sites of Au NPs and Cu2+, which increase the density of the nanoscale Schottky junctions and extend the effective detection range of the sensor. The excellent conductivity of Au NPs can reduce the impedance and improve the overall quality of the Schottky junction. Most importantly, two factors are designed to increase the specificity of the sensor: the energy barriers oriented from the Schottky junction and the Cu2+ absorbing layer composed by chitosan. The excellent sensing properties are further confirmed in real‐life samples, demonstrating its potential applications in complex scenarios.
Ultrasmall Copper–Gallic Acid Nanodots for Chemodynamic Therapy
Authors: Hao Ya‐Nan , Gao Yi‐Ru , Li You , Fei Teng , Shu Yang , Wan Jian‐Hua 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAn ultrasmall chemodynamic therapeutic (CDT) agent with favorable specificity to tumor microenvironment, i.e., high level of glutathione (GSH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), is reported. The coordination polymer nanodot between divalent copper (Cu2+) and gallic acid (GA) is shortly named as Cu–GA. The ultrasmall size of Cu–GA (2.16 ± 0.3 nm) results in a large specific surface area, which is beneficial for improving its catalytic performance. After endocytosis into tumor cell interior, Cu–GA promotes GSH‐activated and H2O2‐reinforced CDT in situ, wherein divalent Cu(II) is reduced to monovalent Cu(I) by GSH and induced GSH depletion. Subsequently, the generated Cu(I) catalyzes local H2O2 to generate toxic hydroxyl radical (•OH) via Fenton‐like reaction, and •OH leads to tumor cell apoptosis. The higher levels of GSH and H2O2 in the tumor cell interior significantly improve the efficiency of CDT, and meanwhile protect the normal cells. In addition, the ultrasmall size of Cu–GA facilitates its fast clearance and eliminates long‐term body retention, with minimized systemic toxicity during the treatment in vivo. Therefore, as a novel copper‐based nanoformulation specifically responsive to the tumor microenvironment, Cu–GA provides promising potentials in CDT.
Engineering Chemisorption of Fe4 Single‐Molecule Magnets on Gold
Authors: Poggini Lorenzo , Tancini Erik , Danieli Chiara , Sorrentino Andrea Luigi , Serrano Giulia , Lunghi Alessandro , Malavolti Luigi , Cucinotta Giuseppe , Barra Anne‐Laure , Juhin Amélie , Arrio Marie‐Anne , Li Weibin , Otero Edwige , Ohresser Philippe , Joly Loïc , Kappler Jean Paul , Totti Federico , Sainctavit Philippe , Caneschi Andrea , Sessoli Roberta , Cornia Andrea , Mannini Matteo 
Published: November 2021

AbstractGaining control over the grafting geometry is critically important for any application of surface‐supported single‐molecule magnets (SMMs) in data storage, spintronics, and quantum information science. Here, tetrairon(III) SMMs with a propeller‐like structure are functionalized with thioacetyl‐terminated alkyl chains to promote chemisorption on gold surfaces from solution and to evaluate differences in adsorption geometry and magnetic properties as a function of chain length. The prepared monolayers are investigated using X‐ray absorption techniques with linearly and circularly polarized light to extract geometrical and magnetic information, respectively. All derivatives remain intact and form partially oriented monolayers on the gold surface. A ligand‐field analysis of the observed X‐ray natural linear dichroism shows that the threefold molecular axis is invariably biased toward the surface normal, in agreement with ab initio calculations. This preferential orientation is most pronounced in monolayers of the shortest‐chain derivative, which are further studied with an ultralow temperature X‐ray magnetic circular dichroism setup operating down to 350 mK. The isothermal field sweeps with the magnetic field at normal incidence show an open hysteresis loop below 1 K, while measurements at different incidence angles prove the magnetic anisotropy of the monolayers.
Bioinspired Gas‐Confined Hollow Microfiber with 2D Conducting Polymer/Graphene Skeleton for Ultrasensitive Liquid Environment Sensor
Authors: Zou Xuejing , Jiang Qianqian , Wang Xusheng , He Yonglin , Chai Yuqiao , Ma Hui , Ma Xinlei , Wang Yapei , Xue Mianqi 
Published: November 2021

AbstractDue to the strong liquid intermolecular force, feasible sensing‐detection methods in liquid environments are absent. Inspired by fish swim bladder, herein, a hollow‐structured microfiber is designed to realize high‐performance sensing in liquid environments. It composes of 2D polypyrrole (2DPPy) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and its wall has a porous skeleton of 2DPPy/rGO/2DPPy (2DPrG2DP). The internal cavities of porous skeleton will be filled by the liquid, while leaving a bubble inside the hollow micropipe due to the liquid surface tension, thus forming a solid/liquid/gas triple‐phase interface. This hollow microfiber transforms the unmanageable liquid‐phase sensing into gas‐phase sensing. During this process, the good mechanical strength of 2DPPy enables the high sensing operability, and the reversible gas extrusion‐withdraw process enables the high sensitivity. The hollow 2DPrG2DP microfiber‐based sensor can be potentially used to machine trouble shooting, water level monitoring, ocean current monitoring, tsunami warning, body fluid and blood monitoring, and oil transportation monitoring.
Synthesis and Applications of Organic Selenols
Authors: Tanini Damiano , Capperucci Antonella 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe synthesis and the study of organoselenium compounds have received much attention over the past decades. Selenium‐containing organic molecules are widely used in organic synthesis, materials science, and medicinal chemistry. Selenium – and more specifically the amino acid selenocysteine, bearing a selenol (SeH) moiety – is present in at least 25 human protein families, whose biological functions have not been completely identified. Amongst the variety of organoselenium compounds, selenols are a versatile class of molecules easily undergoing a broad array of useful transformations. Because of the unique properties of the SeH group, selenol chemistry has important applications in chemical sciences, spanning from organic synthesis to materials chemistry and biology. This review summarises currently available methodologies for the synthesis of selenols and highlights applications of selenols in chemical sciences and biology.magnified image
Insight into the Fading Mechanism of the Solid‐Conversion Sulfur Cathodes and Designing Long Cycle Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Chen Xue , Ji Haijin , Rao Zhixiang , Yuan Lixia , Shen Yue , Xu Henghui , Li Zhen , Huang Yunhui 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe cathode electrolyte interface (CEI) formed on the surface of the sulfur cathode plays a vital role in determining whether lithium–sulfur batteries can function through a solid‐phase conversion reaction, which can effectively hinder the dissolution of polysulfides. However, there is still a lack of systematical research on the evolution and failure mechanism of the CEI for Li–S batteries. Here, it is found that the integrity of the as‐formed CEI is strongly related to the content of sulfur and the amount of electrolyte. When the volume of reduction product (Li2S/Li2S2) exceeds the maximal volume of the carbon host, the as‐formed CEI is unable to withstand the volume variation upon repeated lithiation/delithiation. The repeated fracture and repair of CEI unceasingly consumes electrolyte and active materials. Thus, to achieve prolonged cycle stability via solid‐phase conversion, the content of sulfur and the interior space of the host should be well matched. Based on the above understanding, the designed sulfur‐graphite full cell shows an excellent cyclability over 2000 cycles. This work reveals the failure mechanism of solid‐phase conversion reactions in Li–S batteries, and provides some inspiration for designing long‐life and high‐sulfur‐content cathode materials.