bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Co‐Constructing Interfaces of Multiheterostructure on MXene (Ti3C2Tx)‐Modified 3D Self‐Supporting Electrode for Ultraefficient Electrocatalytic HER in Alkaline Media
Authors: Lv Zepeng , Ma Wansen , Wang Meng , Dang Jie , Jian Kailiang , Liu Dong , Huang Dejun 
Published: May 2021

AbstractElectrocatalysis is a potential method for sustainable hydrogen production, and the development of non‐noble metal‐based effective electrocatalysts for electrochemical water splitting is the core of exploiting and utilizing renewable energy. Herein, a stupendous electrocatalyst with multiheterostructure interfaces and 3D porous structure is synthesized, and the mechanisms of enhanced electrocatalytic activity combining multicharacterizations and density functional calculations are clarified. Especially, the fabricated Co2P/N@Ti3C2Tx@NF (denoted as CPN@TC) exhibits an ultralow overpotential of 15 mV to arrive at a current density of 10 mA cm−2 with the long‐term durability and a small Tafel slope of 30 mV dec−1 in 1 m KOH, which even compares with noble metal catalysts favorably. The outstanding HER activity is ascribed to multiheterointerfaces for adsorbing H2O and H*, fine conductivity for the electronic transmission, and well‐designed structure for rapid transport of ions and gases. It is reasonable to think that the synthetic strategy of CPN@TC can be extended to the preparation of transition‐metal‐based phosphides for enhanced catalytic performance.
One‐Step Synthesis of a Durable and Liquid‐Repellent Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Coating
Authors: Liu Jie , Sun Yuling , Zhou Xiaoteng , Li Xiaomei , Kappl Michael , Steffen Werner , Butt Hans‐Jürgen 
Published: May 2021

AbstractCoatings with low sliding angles for liquid drops have a broad range of applications. However, it remains a challenge to have a fast, easy, and universal preparation method for coatings that are long‐term stable, robust, and environmentally friendly. Here, a one‐step grafting‐from approach is reported for poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) brushes on surfaces through spontaneous polymerization of dichlorodimethylsilane fulfilling all these requirements. Drops of a variety of liquids slide off at tilt angles below 5°. This non‐stick coating with autophobicity can reduce the waste of water and solvents in cleaning. The strong covalent attachment of the PDMS brush to the substrate makes them mechanically robust and UV‐tolerant. Their resistance to high temperatures and to droplet sliding erosion, combined with the low film thickness (≈8 nm) makes them ideal candidates to solve the long‐term degradation issues of coatings for heat‐transfer surfaces.
Highly Material Selective and Self‐Aligned Photo‐assisted Atomic Layer Deposition of Copper on Oxide Materials
Authors: Miikkulainen Ville , Vehkamäki Marko , Mizohata Kenichiro , Hatanpää Timo , Ritala Mikko 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThere is a growing need for bottom‐up fabrication methods in microelectronic industry as top‐down, lithography‐based methods face increasing challenges. In Photo‐assisted atomic layer deposition (Photo‐ALD), photons supply energy to the deposition reactions on the surface. Here, a process and patterning for Photo‐ALD of copper is reported, with inherently selective, self‐aligned film growth without any photomasking or additive layers. Highly conductive and pure copper films are selectively deposited on tantalum oxide for over hundred nanometers of film thickness, while no copper deposits on silicon or aluminum oxide. On anatase titanium dioxide, copper deposition is crystal‐facet selective. Selective deposition of a metal is realized on oxides, which has been especially challenging for ALD. This study indicates that the growth mechanism is closely related to photocatalysis: the photons interact with the material under the growing copper film, enabling the inherent selectivity. The findings provide promising material engineering schemes for microelectronics, photocatalysis, and photovoltaics.
Trending Technology of Glucose Monitoring during COVID‐19 Pandemic: Challenges in Personalized Healthcare
Authors: Phan Le Minh Tu , Vo Thuy Anh Thu , Hoang Thi Xoan , Selvam Sathish Panneer , Pham Hoang Lan , Kim Jae Young , Cho Sungbo 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe COVID‐19 pandemic has continued to spread rapidly, and patients with diabetes are at risk of experiencing rapid progression and poor prognosis for appropriate treatment. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), which includes accurately tracking fluctuations in glucose levels without raising the risk of coronavirus exposure, becomes an important strategy for the self‐management of diabetes during this pandemic, efficiently contributing to the diabetes care and the fight against COVID‐19. Despite being less accurate than direct blood glucose monitoring, wearable noninvasive systems can encourage patient adherence by guaranteeing reliable results through high correlation between blood glucose levels and glucose concentrations in various other biofluids. This review highlights the trending technologies of glucose sensors during the ongoing COVID‐19 pandemic (2019–2020) that have been developed to make a significant contribution to effective management of diabetes and prevention of coronavirus spread, from off‐body systems to wearable on‐body CGM devices, including nanostructure and sensor performance in various biofluids. The advantages and disadvantages of various human biofluids for use in glucose sensors are also discussed. Furthermore, the challenges faced by wearable CGM sensors with respect to personalized healthcare during and after the pandemic are deliberated to emphasize the potential future directions of CGM devices for diabetes management.
On the Investigation of the Thermal Degradation of Waste Printed Circuit Boards for Recycling Applications
Authors: Khalil Mohamed , Chaouki Jamal , Harvey Jean‐Philippe 
Published: May 2021

AbstractElectronic products contain a wide range of materials including pure metals and alloys, ceramics, and polymers. Disassembling each individual component of such products to recycle is impossible. For that reason, end‐of‐life electronic products like waste printed circuit boards (WPCB) are shredded and sent to pyrometallurgical processes to recover valuable metals. One major issue with recycling is the release of gaseous brominated species that need to be captured or stabilized. It is crucial to have a fundamental understanding of the chemical interactions that occur between each component of the WPCB in these processes. The thermal degradation mechanism of WPCB is investigated here using differential scanning calorimetry coupled to thermogravimetric analysis of both synthetic samples and shredded WPCB. Computational thermochemistry is used to support the identified reaction mechanisms which involve the release of gaseous hydrogen bromide evolving from Tetrabromobisphenol A used as a flame retardant. The chemical reactivity between this compound and each major WPCB component is quantified. It is proven that HBr(g) reacts with copper, iron, and CaO to form bromides which stay in the solid pyrolysis residue up to a temperature of 580 °C. Above this temperature, CuBr2 and FeBr2 start to evaporate and are lost in the gas phase.
Degradation Behavior, Biocompatibility, Electrochemical Performance, and Circularity Potential of Transient Batteries
Authors: Mittal Neeru , Ojanguren Alazne , Niederberger Markus , Lizundia Erlantz 
Published: May 2021

AbstractTransient technology seeks the development of materials, devices, or systems that undergo controlled degradation processes after a stable operation period, leaving behind harmless residues. To enable externally powered fully transient devices operating for longer periods compared to passive devices, transient batteries are needed. Albeit transient batteries are initially intended for biomedical applications, they represent an effective solution to circumvent the current contaminant leakage into the environment. Transient technology enables a more efficient recycling as it enhances material retrieval rates, limiting both human and environmental exposures to the hazardous pollutants present in conventional batteries. Little efforts are focused to catalog and understand the degradation characteristics of transient batteries. As the energy field is a property‐driven science, not only electrochemical performance but also their degradation behavior plays a pivotal role in defining the specific end‐use applications. The state‐of‐the‐art transient batteries are critically reviewed with special emphasis on the degradation mechanisms, transiency time, and biocompatibility of the released degradation products. The potential of transient batteries to change the current paradigm that considers batteries as harmful waste is highlighted. Overall, transient batteries are ready for takeoff and hold a promising future to be a frontrunner in the uptake of circular economy concepts.
The evolution of cereal yields in Italy over the last 150 years: The peculiar case of rice
Authors: Mariani Luigi , Ferrero Aldo , Cola Gabriele 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis study examined Italian yields for wheat (Triticum spp.), maize (Zea mays L.), and rice (Oryza sativa L.) over the period 1870–2018, in order to identify the periods when the most significant growth in yields occurred, compared to France, United Kingdom, and United States. From 1870 to 2018, yields in Italy increased by 347, 865, and 178% for wheat, maize, and rice, respectively. In wheat and maize, 84 and 95% of the increase, respectively, occurred since the end of World War II. Similar trends can also be observed in France, United Kingdom, and the United States. However the timing is slightly different. For wheat and maize in the United States, rapid yield growth occurred during the 1930s, whereas wheat yield growth occurred in the United Kindom during the 1940s, and in France yield growth occurred after World War II. The significant post‐war trend of increasing yields in Italy, which is still going on for wheat, almost stopped for maize about 20 yr ago, probably due to the lack of availability of genetically modified (GM) varieties and related technologies. If the current approach against the adoption of new plant‐breeding techniques is maintained, the yield gap between Italy and Europe, as a whole, is likely to widen further. In the case of rice, a significant increase in yields began to occur as early as the end of the 19th century. Between 1895 and 1940 yields in this crop increased by about three times. In the United States, a similar increase in rice yields occurred only after World War II.
Environmental DNA reveals the temporal and spatial extent of spawning migrations of European shad in a highly fragmented river basin
Authors: Antognazza Caterina Maria , Britton J. Robert , De Santis Vanessa , Kolia Konstantina , Turunen Ossi A. , Davies Peter , Allen Laura , Hardouin Emilie A. , Crundwell Charles , Andreou Demetra 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Artificial barriers on lowland rivers impede the spawning migrations of anadromous fishes, preventing access to historical spawning areas. In the cryptic European shads Alosa alosa and Alosa fallax (‘shad’ hereafter), this has resulted in population declines across their range. Conservation programmes aim to facilitate the passage of migrators over these barriers and so require baseline information on the spatial and temporal extent of current migrations.
Here, a shad‐specific environmental DNA (eDNA) assay was used to quantify the spatial extent of shad spawning migrations in the River Severn basin, western England. This basin is characterized by the presence of multiple barriers in the lower catchment. In 2017, the eDNA assay was piloted in the River Teme, an important shad spawning tributary, and then applied in 2018 and 2019 across the lower Severn basin.
In all years, shad DNA was detected between mid‐May and mid‐June, with the maximum spatial extent of shad distribution being in early June when shad eDNA was detected upstream of weirs that were generally considered as impassable. In 2018, this included the detection of shad above the most upstream weir on the main River Severn that required individual fish to have passed six weirs.
Although barriers inhibit the spawning migrations of shad, this eDNA assay showed that some highly vagile individuals might be able to ascend these barriers and migrate considerable distances upstream. This suggests that efforts to increase the permeability of these barriers could result in relatively high numbers of migrating shad reaching upstream spawning areas. These results demonstrate that this eDNA assay could also be used across their range, to further quantify the spatial extent of their spawning, including in highly fragmented rivers and those where shad are believed to spawn only occasionally and are rarely observed.
The Role of Sulphonamides and N‐Sulphonyl Ketimines/Aldimines as Directing Groups in the Field of C−H Activation
Authors: Galla Mary Sravani , Bora Darshana , Shankaraiah Nagula 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSulphonamides and N‐sulphonyl ketimines/aldimines have turned out to be versatile motifs in the field of synthetic and medicinal chemistry. The field of C−H activation/functionalization flourished remarkably due to their synthetic applicability and directing group plays a remarkable role to achieve regioselectivity in these reactions. The current review summarizes recent tactics by utilizing sulphonamides and N‐sulphonyl ketimines/aldimines as directing groups for C−H activation or functionalization. As a directing group, they also facilitate site selectivity and late‐stage functionalization of drug molecules in order to construct complex scaffolds of therapeutic importance by C−H activation.
Nonlinear sensorless speed tracking control for PMSM with unmodeled electromotive forces
Authors: Yang Qiang , Cheng Yongchao , Zhu Ming , Zhang Hongyuan , Yu Chenglin , Liu Peng 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn this paper, a sensorless speed tracking control scheme is proposed for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) with unmodeled electromotive forces. Specifically, one observer is developed to estimate the angular velocity of PMSM and the estimated value is injected into a novel nonlinear feedback controller. The unmodeled electromotive forces are not estimated. The influences of the unmodeled electromotive forces on the speed tracking performance are overcome by constructing corresponding nonlinear damping terms in the controller. Under certain assumptions, the rigorous proof of the stability of the closed‐loop system is completed with Lyapunov theory. All the dynamic signals are bounded. Furthermore, the estimation error and the tracking error can converge to an arbitrarily small value by choosing the control parameters appropriately large. Finally, the simulation results of constant and time‐vary speed tracking illustrated the effectiveness of the proposed controller.
How do boreal forest soils store carbon?
Authors: Adamczyk Bartosz 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBoreal forests store a globally significant pool of carbon (C), mainly in tree biomass and soil organic matter (SOM). Although crucial for future climate change predictions, the mechanisms underlying C stabilization are not well understood. Here, recently discovered mechanisms behind SOM stabilization, their level of understanding, interrelations, and future directions in the field are provided. A recently unraveled mechanism behind C stabilization via interaction of root‐derived tannins with fungal necromass emphasizing fungal necromass chemistry is brought forth. The long‐lasting dogma of the stability of SOM on minerals is challenged and the newest insights from the field of soil fauna and their influence on SOM stabilization are provided. In conclusion, mechanisms unraveled during the last decade are crucial steps forward to draw a holistic view of the main drivers of SOM stabilization.
Postformation alliance capabilities and environmental innovation: The roles of environmental in‐learning and relation‐specific investments
Authors: Donbesuur Francis , Zahoor Nadia , Adomako Samuel 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis paper draws insights from the relational view perspective to examine the effects of two postformation alliance capabilities—interorganizational coordination and communication, and relation‐specific investments on small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises' (SMEs') environmental innovation. Analysis of time‐lagged survey data from a sample of 223 SMEs from the United Arab Emirates (UAE) shows a positive interactive effect of interorganizational coordination and communication on environmental innovation, and this relationship is mediated by environmental in‐learning. The results further indicate that relation‐specific investment moderates the indirect relationship between the complementary effect of interorganizational coordination and communication and environmental innovation. These findings extend the environmental innovation literature by exploring the interactive effect of interorganizational coordination and communication on environmental innovation.
What was behind the first recognition and characterization of autochthonous SARS‐CoV‐2 transmission in Italy: The impact on European scenario
Authors: Micheli Valeria , Mancon Alessandro , Malara Annalisa , Mileto Davide , Villani Pier Giorgio , Rizzo Alberto , Pagani Cristina , Alquati Omar , Gismondo Maria Rita 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAn Italian male with no link to China Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) epidemic presented at Emergency Room (ER) with severe respiratory impairment. The RT‐PCR on 20 February 2020, nasopharyngeal swab revealed SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, confirmed with viral culture and sequencing. This was the first identified autochthonous SARS‐CoV‐2 transmission in Italy, that unveiled global pathogen diffusion. This clinical case highlights an underestimation of SARS‐CoV‐2 circulation, making initial containment measures unfit to face the real situation and delaying the management of potentially affected SARS‐CoV‐2 patients.
Removal of the Anionic Dye Reactive Orange 16 by Chitosan/Tripolyphosphate/Mushroom
Authors: Yildirim Ayfer 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe green composite chitosan/tripolyphosphate/mushroom (C‐TPP‐PEE) was synthesized and evaluated for its adsorption performance of the dye Reactive Orange 16 (RO16), by using the batch technique. Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and field emission scanning electron microscopy were employed to characterize the C‐TPP‐PEE. The maximum adsorption capacity of the RO16 dye for batch adsorption was determined as 736 mg g−1. The experimental kinetic data at equilibrium was found to be best fitted to the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model. The results showed that the adsorption isotherm was best correlated to the Langmuir model. The thermodynamic data indicated that the adsorption process was spontaneous, favorable, and endothermic.
The Effect of Naphthalene‐Based Additives on the Kinetics of Tin Electrodeposition on Boron‐Doped Diamond Electrodes
Authors: Aranzales Diana , Wijenberg Jacques H. O. J. , Koper Marc T. M. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe effect of naphthalene‐based additives: naphthalene (NPT), naphthalenesulfonate (NPTS) and hydroxynaphthalenesulfonate (HNPTS) on the kinetics of tin electrodeposition on a boron‐doped diamond (BDD) electrode has been studied by means of chronoamperometry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Potentiostatic current transients in the absence and the presence of naphthalene‐based additives are analyzed by using the Scharifker‐Hills model. A strong decrease of the kinetics of tin nucleation on BDD was observed in the presence of naphthalene‐based additives, NPT showing the smallest effect and HNPTS showing the largest effect. From the long‐term Cottrell behavior of the transients, similar values of tin(II) diffusion coefficients were obtained for all additives, suggesting that there is no complexation of Sn(II) by the additives and that the charge‐transfer kinetics itself is not substantially influenced by the presence of the additives. In the absence of additives, tin deposition on BDD displays a progressive nucleation and growth mechanism at the least negative potentials, switching to instantaneous nucleation and growth at more negative potential. In the presence of NPTS and HNPTS, progressive nucleation and growth transients are observed. The growth mode results are confirmed by the tin features observed in the scanning electron micrographs. In conclusion, NPT, NPTS and HNPTS mainly decrease the rate of the nucleation of tin deposition, most likely by blocking or reducing access to active nucleation sites. In comparison, ethoxylated α‐napthalenesulfonic acid (ENSA, a commonly used additive in the tin plating industry) inhibits tin deposition process on BDD even more strongly. These observations show a striking similarity to our previous study of tin deposition on gold electrodes.
Chemistry4Climate
Authors: Große Entrup Wolfgang 
Published: May 2021

AbstractDie Chemieindustrie ist im Klimaschutz eine Schlüsselbranche: Einerseits durch ihre Produkte, die helfen, Treibhausgase in vielen Bereichen zu mindern und Energie einzusparen. Andererseits ist sie auch für etwa 7 % der gesamten deutschen Treibhausgasemissionen verantwortlich. Dr. Wolfgang Große Entrup ist Präsidiumsmitglied und Hauptgeschäftsführer des Verbands der Chemischen Industrie (VCI). Auf dem Deutschen Ingenieurtag am 20. Mai gibt er als einer der Referenten der Breakout Session „Industry4Climate“ einen Impuls für eine treibhausgasneutrale Chemie bis 2050.
GAR, EN 161, DVGW – und jetzt?
Authors: Hess Michael 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIm Bereich der Feuerungsanlagen/Kesselanlagen gab es in den letzten Jahren eine Reihe von Normenänderungen und ‐ergänzungen, sodass viele Fragen bei den Anwendern und Herstellern der Geräte aufgekommen sind. Durch den Wegfall der Ventilklasse E, sowohl in der DIN EN 161 als auch in der DIN EN 16678, dürfen die vormals sehr häufig eingesetzten Hubventile mit der Anströmung „Medium öffnet“ nicht mehr verwendet werden. Dies zwingt viele Anwender, auf alternative Bauformen auszuweichen. Parallel bestehende Gesetze, Normen und Regelwerke erschweren die Suche nach sicheren Armaturen mit den notwendigen Zertifikaten. Dieser Artikel gibt einen Überblick zum aktuellen Stand der Technik und zeigt eine kurze Historie der unterschiedlichen Regelwerke. Darüber hinaus unterstützt er bei der Auswahl geeigneter Produkte aus dem Hause VETEC und beantwortet praktische Fragen von Anwendern.
Leckagefreie entkuppeln
Authors: Störp Michael 
Published: May 2021

AbstractNeben Normkupplungen zählen nun auch Schnellverschlusskupplungen für Spezialanwendungen zum Produktportfolio von Schwer Fittings. Ein spezielles Augenmerk hat der Spezialist in der Edelstahl‐Rohrverbindungstechnik dabei von Anfang an auf die Entwicklung von Kupplungssystemen für die Übertragung von Lacken und Lösungsmitteln gelegt.
Wann ist „dicht“ wirklich dicht?
Authors: Böhme Alexander 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWo immer gefährliche Stoffe im Einsatz sind, seien sie toxisch, explosiv, wasser‐ oder umweltgefährdend oder eine beliebige Kombination dieser Risiken, müssen alle betroffenen Anlagenteile dauerhaft zuverlässig dicht sein. Aber was heißt eigentlich „dicht“? Wann ist „dicht“ wirklich dicht? Und wie sieht es bei Bauteilen wie mechanischen Sicherheitseinrichtungen aus, die doch gerade dafür gemacht sind, „undicht“ zu werden, wenn unzulässige Überdrücke entstehen.