bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Palladium‐Catalyzed Regioselective and Stereospecific Ring‐Opening Suzuki‐Miyaura Arylative Cross‐Coupling of 2‐Arylazetidines with Arylboronic Acids
Authors: Takeda Youhei , Toyoda Kazuya , Sameera W. M. C. , Tohnai Norimitsu , Minakata Satoshi 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe have developed a palladium‐catalyzed regioselective and enantiospecific ring‐opening Suzuki–Miyaura arylative cross‐coupling of N‐tosyl‐2‐arylazetidines to give enantioenriched 3,3‐diarylpropylamines. This reaction represents an example of transition‐metal‐catalyzed ring‐opening cross‐coupling using azetidines as a non‐classical alkyl electrophile. Density functional theory rationalized the mechanism of the full catalytic cycle, which consists of the selectivity‐determining ring opening of the azetidine, reaction with water, rate‐determining transmetalation, and reductive elimination. Transition states of the selectivity‐determining ring‐opening step were systematically determined by the multi‐component artificial force induced reaction (MC‐AFIR) method to explain the regioselectivity of the reaction.magnified image
2D WSe2 Flakes for Synergistic Modulation of Grain Growth and Charge Transfer in Tin‐Based Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Wang Tianyue , Zheng Fangyuan , Tang Guanqi , Cao Jiupeng , You Peng , Zhao Jiong , Yan Feng 
Published: March 2021

AbstractTin (Sn)‐based perovskites with favorable optoelectronic properties and ideal bandgaps have emerged as promising alternatives to toxic lead (Pb)‐based perovskites for photovoltaic applications. However, it is challenging to obtain high‐quality Sn‐based perovskite films by solution process. Here, liquid‐exfoliated 2D transition‐metal dichalcogenides (i.e., MoS2, WS2, and WSe2) with smooth and defect‐free surfaces are applied as growth templates for spin‐coated FASnI3 perovskite films, leading to van der Waals epitaxial growth of perovskite grains with a growth orientation along (100). The authors find that WSe2 has better energy alignment with FASnI3 than MoS2 and WS2 and results in a cascade band structure in resultant perovskite solar cells (PSCs), which can facilitate hole extraction and suppress interfacial charge recombination in the devices. The WSe2‐modified PSCs show a power conversion efficiency up to 10.47%, which is among the highest efficiency of FASnI3‐based PSCs. The appealing solution phase epitaxial growth of FASnI3 perovskite on 2D WSe2 flakes is expected to find broad applications in optoelectronic devices.
Efficacy and predictors of survival in patients with solitary hepatocellular carcinoma larger than 5 cm undergoing transarterial chemoembolization
Authors: Chang Ke‐Bin , Chi Chen‐Ta , Lee Rheun‐Chuan , Hou Ming‐Chih , Huang Yi‐Hsiang , Lee I‐Cheng 
Published: March 2021

AbstractFor patients with solitary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) larger than 5 cm not suitable for surgical resection, transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is an alternative treatment. However, the response rate and survival predictors after TACE remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the treatment response and survival in this population. Consecutive 161 treatment‐naïve patients with solitary HCC larger than 5 cm undergoing TACE as the initial treatment were retrospective enrolled. Radiologic response after first TACE was evaluated by modified RECIST criteria. Factors associated with overall survival (OS) were analyzed. Complete response (CR), partial response (PR), stable disease (SD), and progressive disease (PD) were observed in 8.7%, 24.8%, 32.9%, and 36% of patients, respectively. The median OS in patients with CR, PR, SD, and PD were 71.4, 44.8, 17.7, and 14.3 months, respectively. By multivariate analysis, tumor size greater than 10 cm (odds ratio = 0.403, P = .023) was the only factor associated with radiologic response. By multivariate analysis, ALBI grade 2 or 3 (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.169, P = .001), tumor size greater than 7 cm (HR = 1.833, P = .010), and achieving complete or partial response (HR = 0.505, P = .003) were independent predictors of OS. An ALBI‐Response‐Size (ARS) score was developed to classify patients into low, intermediate and high risk of mortality (median OS of 68.6, 27.1, and 12.5 months, respectively, P < .001). In conclusion, ALBI grade, tumor size, and radiologic response are important predictors of survival in patients with solitary HCC larger than 5 cm undergoing TACE. A prognostic model can be applied to discriminate patient's survival after TACE.
Ancestry and admixture of a southernmost Chilean population: The reflection of a migratory history
Authors: Flores‐Alvarado Sandra , Orellana‐Soto Michael , Moraga Mauricio 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectivesPunta Arenas is a Chilean city situated on ancestral Aönikenk territory. The city was founded by 19th‐ and 20th‐century colonists from Chile (Chiloé) and Europe (Croatia). This work uses uniparental and ancestry‐informative markers (AIMs) to explore the effects of historic migratory and admixture patterns on the current genetic composition of Punta Arenas.MethodsWe analyzed mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), Y‐chromosome single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and 141 AIMs obtained from 129 DNA samples from male residents with regional ancestry. After characterizing uniparental lineages and ancestry proportions, multivariate analysis was used to explore relationships among the various types of data.ResultsPunta Arenas has an admixed population with three main genetic components: European (56.5%), northern Native (11.3%), and south‐central Native (28.6%). The Native component is preponderant in the mtDNA (83.76%), while the foreign component predominates in the Y‐chromosome (92.25%). Non‐Native mtDNA lineages are associated with European genetic ancestry, and Native mtDNA lineages originated mainly in the southern and southernmost regions of Chile. Most non‐Native Y‐chromosome SNPs originated in Spain, and secondly, in Croatia.ConclusionsThe population of Punta Arenas is mainly of Chilote origin with south‐central Native and Spanish ancestral components, as well as some Croatian components. The persistence of local Native lineages is notable, suggesting continuity with the ancestral populations of the region such as the Kawésqar, Aönikenk, Yámana, or Selknam peoples. This study contributes to our knowledge of local history and its links to national and global developments in genetic ancestry.
The mystery of monozygotic twinning II: What can monozygotic twinning tell us about Amyoplasia from a review of the various mechanisms and types of monozygotic twinning?
Authors: Hall Judith G. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMonozygotic (MZ) twins (“identical twins”) are essentially unique to human beings. Why and how they arise is not known. This article reviews the possible different types of MZ twinning recognized in the previous article on twins and arthrogryposis. There appear to be at least three subgroups of MZ twinning: spontaneous, familial, and those related to artificial reproductive technologies. Each is likely to have different etiologies and different secondary findings. Spontaneous MZ twinning may relate to “overripe ova.” Amyoplasia, a specific nongenetic form of arthrogryposis, appears to occur in spontaneous MZ twinning and may be related to twin–twin transfusion.
Topographic distribution of the EEG ad hoc broad bands during sleep and wakefulness in the spider monkey (Ateles Geoffroyi)
Authors: Hernández‐Arteaga Enrique , Cruz‐Aguilar Manuel Alejandro , Hernández‐González Marisela , Guevara Miguel Angel , Molina del Río Jahaziel , Sotelo Tapia Carolina 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThere is evidence that research on sleep among New World monkeys may provide important knowledge related to the evolution of sleep more broadly in the primate order. Digital electroencephalographic (EEG) analyses provide essential knowledge on sleep in the spider monkey. Recently, specific EEG bands related to sleep in these animals have been obtained using principal component analysis, but the exact spatio‐temporal distribution of these EEG bands in this species has not yet been analyzed. This study determined the topographic distribution of the EEG spectral power of ad hoc broad bands during rapid eye movement sleep, nonrapid eye movement sleep, and wakefulness. Superficial EEG activity was obtained from the occipital, frontal, and central areas of six young adult male monkeys housed in a laboratory. During wakefulness, occipital areas showed high absolute power in the 1–3, 3–12, and 11–30 Hz ranges, while during nonrapid eye movement 1 sleep the highest absolute power was in the 13–30 Hz range. During nonrapid eye movement 3 sleep, frontal and central areas showed a high absolute power in the 18–19 Hz range. Finally, the right central area showed a high absolute power in the 20–30 Hz range during rapid eye movement sleep. This topographic distribution of EEG bands could represent the brain organization required for arousal and mnemonic processing during sleep in the spider monkey.
The Human Bone Collection of the Faculty of Dentistry at the University of Hong Kong: History and description of cranial and postcranial skeletal remains
Authors: Savoldi Fabio , Montalvao Carla , Hui Liuling , Leung Carl K.K. , Jablonski Nina G. , Tsoi James K.H. , Bornstein Michael M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectivesThe present work describes the status and contents of The Human Bone Collection of the Faculty of Dentistry at the University of Hong Kong.Materials and methodsThe Collection originates from the 1980s and became officially established in 2017 for teaching and research purposes. Most of the Collection consists of unclaimed human remains of southern Chinese individuals exhumed from local cemeteries and donated to the Faculty in the last few decades. The demographic information was provided largely from burial records and forensic estimations. Since 2016, the Collection has undergone a process of reorganization into cranial and postcranial remains, followed by preservation procedures that included cleaning and classification.ResultsThe Collection currently consists of remains belonging to about 368 individuals (243 males, 54 females, 71 unknown), with ages ranging from 0.8 to 90 years (mean 57.4 years). It comprises cranial remains belonging to 260 individuals (169 males, 39 females, 52 unknown), and postcranial remains belonging to 248 individuals (180 males, 42 females, 26 unknown). The preservation status ranges from poor to good, with the cranial remains better preserved than the postcranial elements. For a large number of individuals, ear ossicles, soil samples, and other materials are also available.DiscussionThe Collection is accessible to local and international institutions for teaching and research.
Sex differences in diet and life conditions in a rural Medieval Islamic population from Spain (La Torrecilla, Granada): An isotopic and osteological approach to gender differentiation inal‐Andalus
Authors: Jiménez‐Brobeil Sylvia A. , Charisi Drosia , Laffranchi Zita , Maroto Benavides Rosa M. , Delgado Huertas Antonio , Milella Marco 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectivesGender differentiation can influence the diet, physical activity, and health of human populations. Multifaceted approaches are therefore necessary when exploring the biological consequences of gender‐related social norms in the past. Here, we explore the links between diet, physiological stress, physical activity, and gender differentiation in the Medieval Islamic population of La Torrecilla (Granada, Spain, 13th–15th century AD), by analyzing stable isotope patterns, stature, and long bone diaphyseal measurements.Materials and MethodsThe sample includes 96 individuals (48 females, 48 males) classified as young and middle adults (20–34 and 35–50 years of age respectively). Diet was reconstructed through the analysis of δ13C and δ15N. Stature, humeral and femoral diaphyseal shape and product of diaphyseal diameters served as proxies of physiological stress and physical activity.ResultsIsotopic ratios suggest a substantial dietary contribution of C4plants (e.g., sorghum, millet), a variable access to animal proteins, and no differences between the sexes. Sexual dimorphism in stature derives from a markedly low female stature. Long bone diaphyseal properties suggest that men performed various physically stressful activities, whereas women were involved in less physically demanding activities (possibly related to household work).DiscussionGender differentiation in La Torrecilla was expressed by a possibly differential parental investment in male versus female offspring and by culturally sanctioned gender differences in the performance of physical tasks. Diet was qualitatively homogenous between the sexes, although we cannot rule out quantitative differences. Our results shed new light on the effects of gender‐related social norms on human development and lifestyle.
Amylin Analog Pramlintide Induces Migraine‐like Attacks in Patients
Authors: Ghanizada Hashmat , Al‐Karagholi Mohammad Al‐Mahdi , Walker Christopher S. , Arngrim Nanna , Rees Tayla , Petersen Jakeb , Siow Andrew , Mørch‐Rasmussen Mette , Tan Sheryl , O'Carroll Simon J. , Harris Paul , Skovgaard Lene Theil , Jørgensen Niklas Rye , Brimble Margaret , Waite Jayme S. , Rea Brandon J. , Sowers Levi P. , Russo Andrew F. , Hay Debbie L. , Ashina Messoud 
Published: March 2021

ObjectiveMigraine is a prevalent and disabling neurological disease. Its genesis is poorly understood, and there remains unmet clinical need. We aimed to identify mechanisms and thus novel therapeutic targets for migraine using human models of migraine and translational models in animals, with emphasis on amylin, a close relative of calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP).MethodsThirty‐six migraine without aura patients were enrolled in a randomized, double‐blind, 2‐way, crossover, positive‐controlled clinical trial study to receive infusion of an amylin analogue pramlintide or human αCGRP on 2 different experimental days. Furthermore, translational studies in cells and mouse models, and rat, mouse and human tissue samples were conducted.ResultsThirty patients (88%) developed headache after pramlintide infusion, compared to 33 (97%) after CGRP (p = 0.375). Fourteen patients (41%) developed migraine‐like attacks after pramlintide infusion, compared to 19 patients (56%) after CGRP (p = 0.180). The pramlintide‐induced migraine‐like attacks had similar clinical characteristics to those induced by CGRP. There were differences between treatments in vascular parameters. Human receptor pharmacology studies showed that an amylin receptor likely mediates these pramlintide‐provoked effects, rather than the canonical CGRP receptor. Supporting this, preclinical experiments investigating symptoms associated with migraine showed that amylin treatment, like CGRP, caused cutaneous hypersensitivity and light aversion in mice.InterpretationOur findings propose amylin receptor agonism as a novel contributor to migraine pathogenesis. Greater therapeutic gains could therefore be made for migraine patients through dual amylin and CGRP receptor antagonism, rather than selectively targeting the canonical CGRP receptor. ANN NEUROL 2021;89:1157–1171
Nitrone and Alkyne Cascade Reactions for Regio‐ and Diastereoselective 1‐Pyrroline Synthesis
Authors: Zhang Guanqun , Alshreimi Abdullah S. , Alonso Laura , Antar Alan , Yu Hsien‐Cheng , Islam Shahidul M. , Anderson Laura L. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe synthesis of 1‐pyrrolines from N‐alkenylnitrones and alkynes has been explored as a retrosynthetic alternative to traditional approaches. These cascade reactions are formal [4+1] cycloadditions that proceed through a proposed dipolar cycloaddition and N‐alkenylisoxazoline [3,3′]‐sigmatropic rearrangement. A variety of cyclic alkynes and terminal alkynes have been shown to undergo the transformation with N‐alkenylnitrones under mild conditions to provide the corresponding spirocyclic and densely substituted 1‐pyrrolines with high regio‐ and diastereoselectivity. Mechanistic studies provide insight into the balance of steric and electronic effects that promote the cascade process and control the diastereo‐ and regioisomeric preferences of the 1‐pyrroline products. Diastereoselective derivatization of the 1‐pyrrolines prepared by the cascade reaction demonstrate the divergent synthetic utility of the new method.
Large‐area thin films of silk fibroin prepared by two methods with formic acid as solvent and glycerol as plasticizer
Authors: dos Santos Francisco Vieira , Yoshioka Sergio Akinobu , Branciforti Marcia Cristina 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis article reports on an evaluation of the physical, chemical, thermal, morphological, and thermomechanical behavior of silk fibroin (SF) films conducted by a casting process with formic acid as solvent. Thin films of SF with and without glycerol were produced by two different methods, namely M1, from degummed SF, and M2, after degumming, dissolution, dialysis, centrifuge, and freeze‐drying of SF. According to the results, those fabricated by M1 are thinner and the addition of glycerol increased their thickness. All films showed high‐surface area of approximately 1033 cm2, good transparency, flexibility, absence of bubbles, hydrophilic characteristics, and high‐thermal stability. They displayed a predominantly crystalline structure, no heat‐induced crystallization, and spontaneous formation of β‐sheet, favored by a chemical treatment with ethanol and the plasticization with glycerol. Their morphology was dependent on the production method adopted, and the nanofibril structure of SF was kept in the films obtained by M1. The films proved viable for the production of scaffolds for tissue engineering due to their adequate chemical, physical, and thermomechanical properties for this purpose. The preparation methods adopted enabled the regulation of both the structure and the material properties of SF films, and generated films of large dimensions and able for use in the treatment of patients with extensive burns on the body.
Sagittal suture morphological variation in human archaeological populations
Authors: Cheronet Olivia , Ash Abigail , Anders Alexandra , Dani János , Domboróczki László , Drozdova Eva , Francken Michael , Jovanovic Marija , Milasinovic Lidija , Pap Ildiko , Raczky Pál , Teschler‐Nicola Maria , Tvrdý Zdeněk , Wahl Joachim , Zariņa Gunita , Pinhasi Ron 
Published: March 2021

AbstractCranial sutures join the many bones of the skull. They are therefore points of weakness and consequently subjected to the many mechanical stresses affecting the cranium. However, the way in which this impacts their morphological complexity remains unclear. We examine the intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms of human sagittal sutures by quantifying the morphology from 107 individuals from archaeological populations spanning the Mesolithic to Middle ages, using standardized two‐dimensional photographs. Results show that the most important factor determining sutural complexity appears to be the position along the cranial vault from the junction with the coronal suture at its anterior‐most point to the junction with the lambdoid suture at its posterior‐most point. Conversely, factors such as age and lifeways show few trends in complexity, the most significant of which is a lower complexity in the sutures of Mesolithic individuals who consumed a tougher diet. The simple technique used in this study therefore allowed us to identify that, taken together, structural aspects play a more important role in defining the complexity of the human sagittal suture than extrinsic factors such as the mechanical forces imposed on the cranium by individuals' diet.
Embryology of the lower limb demonstrates that congenital absent fibula is a radiologic misnomer
Authors: Hootnick David R. , Levinsohn E. Mark 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe congenitally shortened limb (CSL) with fibular deficiency or absence has historically been graded by plain radiography, while associated cartilaginous and arterial soft tissue anomalies have been comparatively neglected. Consistent pathological evidence of remnant cartilaginous bodies in place of the fibula presupposes earlier existence of a preformed cartilaginous template of the fibula. In complete fibular radiographic absences, often associated with midline metatarsal deficiencies, the two usual nutrient arteries to the fibula fail to form, as they normally would have, around the (16–18 mm stage) sixth embryonic week. The histopathology of fallow persisting fibular anlagen, in association with missing arteries and retained primitive arteries, suggests the anlage is a dystrophic, but otherwise normally prefigured, cartilaginous scaffold of the fibula. Thus, the widely employed term absent fibula, which has been grounded in plain radiography, is a misnomer. Additionally, since the metatarsals missing in congenitally shortened limb are midline, the related term, fibular hemimelia, is similarly inaccurate. A new taxonomy, based on embryological principles rather than radiographic appearance alone, will promote limb dystrophism as a more accurate term combining arrested embryonic vascular development and congenitally shortened limb of the lower extremity.
The superior accuracy of the arc electrode magnetic flowmeter: A numerical study
Authors: Beck Kade J. , Barfuss Steven L. , Moon Todd K. , Sharp Zachary B. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe superior accuracy of the arc electrode magnetic flowmeter is demonstrated by optimizing its weight function and comparing its performance downstream of a 90° elbow and gate valve (50% open) with that of an optimized multipoint (six‐electrode) and single‐point electrode flowmeter. Research literature is inconclusive on the necessary angle of arc electrode magnetic flowmeters, as well as the required spacing for multipoint flowmeters to optimize meter accuracy. This article determines the optimum configurations for both arc and multipoint flowmeters using the coefficient of variation of the weight function as the basis for optimization. This study illustrates that the accuracy of multipoint electrode flowmeters exhibits the same oscillatory behavior of single‐point flowmeters, but the magnitude of the deviation is greatly reduced. The numerical study also provides supporting evidence that the optimized arc electrode flowmeter is superior to the optimized multipoint and single‐point electrode flowmeters.Article Impact StatementArc electrode flowmeters have the potential to increase the conservation of water through improved accuracy readings.
Tactical anger in negotiation: The expresser's perspective
Authors: Jang Daisung , Bottom William P. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPresenting programmed angry messages to a negotiator has increased concession rates in a series of recent experiments. But observing responses to a computer or confederate counterpart cannot yield insight into the perceptions, reactions, and negotiation outcomes experienced by those who actually deploy anger as a tactic. We report five studies examining the anger expression decision using a range of different methods. In the fully interactive two‐person integrative negotiation in Study 1, expressed anger generally degraded trust while damaging implementation of deals. That ultimately diminished value actually claimed by anger expressers. In the discrete choice experiment of Study 2, sending angry messages proved costly for expressers, who registered very high levels of measured disutility from using this tactic. In Study 3, survey respondents reported widespread unwillingness to misrepresent anger during negotiation. Recalling a past negotiation, anger correlated negatively with experienced success, indicating that disutility from expressing anger generalizes widely across different contexts. Study 4 revealed that negotiators generally consider the tactic to be unethical. More than just specific beliefs about the lack of efficacy, Study 5 revealed that the source of tactical disutility lies in generalized discomfort with the misrepresentation of anger. Implications for research, practice, and training are considered.