bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Medicaid reimbursement for pharmacist services: A strategy for the pharmacy profession
Authors: Schweitzer Pamela , Atalla Mark 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Purpose
Reimbursement for pharmacist services is complex due to a different set of rules for each payer. State legislatures, regulators, and professional licensing bodies have expanded the scope of practice for pharmacists in many states, representing a significant opportunity for third-party payers, including the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, to enable and expand patient access to, and receipt of, care from pharmacists. This paper will introduce the term “other licensed practitioner” and describe how a state Medicaid program may include covered services provided by a pharmacist practitioner using the Medicaid state plan amendment process.

Summary
In recent years, states have made great strides in training and educating high-quality pharmacist practitioners, expanding the scope of practice in all states, incorporating a credentialing and privileging process, and expanding the use of collaborative practice agreements with physicians and nurse practitioners. Pharmacists are well-positioned, essential members of the healthcare team, providing a spectrum of clinical and prevention services that increase access to care and improve health outcomes.

Conclusion
A broad coalition of stakeholders including states, the federal government, pharmacy organizations, and other parts of the health ecosystem, working together, can better address the health needs of a state and its Medicaid beneficiaries. Pharmacist practitioners across different settings of care can augment public health efforts, as well as primary and specialty care practices. State efforts should include enrollment and reimbursement of pharmacist practitioners as Medicaid providers for pertinent Medicaid-covered services.
Description of a pharmacist-managed/administered penicillin allergy skin testing service at a community hospital
Authors: Torney Nicholas P , Tiberg Michael D 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPurposeTo describe how a pharmacist-managed and pharmacist-administered penicillin allergy skin testing (PAST) service was incorporated into an antimicrobial stewardship program at a community hospital.MethodsA pharmacist-managed/administered PAST service was initiated in October 2015. Patients 18 years of age or older were considered for PAST if they had a reported history of a type I or unknown type of allergic reaction to penicillin that occurred more than 5 years previously. Patients with a vague allergy history were considered for PAST if the provider was uncomfortable prescribing a preferred β-lactam out of concern for penicillin allergy. Patients were excluded if they were pregnant, had a history of a non–type I allergic reaction, or recently received antihistamines. The primary outcome was the percentage of patients who underwent PAST and were subsequently transitioned to a preferred β-lactam.ResultsPAST was initiated in 90 patients from October 2015 to December 2019. Eighty-five out of 90 patients (94%) completed PAST. Seventy-six out of 90 patients (84.4%) who underwent PAST were transitioned to a preferred β-lactam. The most commonly administered antibiotics prior to PAST were vancomycin, cefepime, and metronidazole. The most commonly used antibiotics after PAST were penicillin, piperacillin/tazobactam, and ampicillin/sulbactam. Among the 90 patients who underwent PAST, alternative antibiotics were avoided for a total of 1,568 days, with a median of 11 days (interquartile range, 6-18 days) avoided per patient.ConclusionIncorporating a pharmacist-managed/administered PAST service into a community hospital’s antimicrobial stewardship program can improve the utilization of preferred antimicrobial therapy and help avoid use of more toxic, costly antimicrobials.
Update on methylphenidate and dexmethylphenidate formulations for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Pheils Jim , Ehret Megan J 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPurposeCurrent literature on the safety and efficacy of intermediate- and long-acting formulations of methylphenidate and dexmethylphenidate for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is evaluated.SummaryMethylphenidate has been an established treatment for ADHD, but due to its relatively short half-life, numerous intermediate- and long-acting products have been developed. While these extended-release products provide efficacy similar to that of immediate-acting products, the pharmacokinetics and adverse effects can vary. Intermediate-acting methylphenidate products have effects that can last as long as 8 hours, but clinically patients have still required twice-daily dosing. Long-acting products have helped to address these challenges, with recently developed products including controlled-release and bimodal-delivery systems and a patch formulation. Many of these products can be opened and sprinkled on applesauce for ease of administration.ConclusionKnowledge of the various formulations of methylphenidate and dexmethylphenidate is crucial for appropriate medication selection for control of ADHD symptoms. Knowledge of differences between release mechanisms and the pharmacokinetic properties are essential for appropriate use of these products.
Browning of Maillard reaction systems containing xylose and 4-hydroxy-5-methyl-3(2H)-furanone
Authors: Nakamura Miki , Mikami Yoko , Noda Kyoko , Murata Masatsune 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
Pentose is involved in the browning through the Maillard reaction of food derived of plant origin. During research on the Maillard reaction between xylose (Xyl) and lysine (Lys), we detected 4-hydroxy-5-methyl-3(2H)-furanone (HMFO) as a major decomposition product of Xyl. To clarify the chemical pathway of the browning of pentose system, the formation and decomposition of dicarbonyls from HMFO and Xyl were examined. In the HMFO system, HMFO was oxidatively hydrolyzed to form 2-hydroxy-3,4-dioxopentanal, which leads to the formation of methylglyoxal (MGO) and then diacetyl (DA). In the Xyl system, MGO was also the major dicarbonyl degradation product from 1-deoxyxylosone (1-DX). Among Xyl, HMFO, MGO, and DA, MGO turned brown most rapidly in the presence of Lys and formed melanoidin-like brown pigments. In the Xyl system, MGO derived from HMFO and 1-DX most contributed to the browning, although some low-molecular-weight pigments, a colorless polymer, and fluorescent substances were also formed.
Regulation of the activity of maize glutamate dehydrogenase by ammonium and potassium
Authors: Zhao Yanjie , Gao Jie , Su Shengzhong , Shan Xiaohui , Li Shipeng , Liu Hongkui , Yuan Yaping , Li He 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) is an important enzyme in ammonium metabolism, the activity of which is regulated by multiple factors. In this study, we investigate the effects of ammonium and potassium on the activity of maize GDH. Our results show that both ammonium and potassium play multiple roles in regulating the activity of maize GDH, with the specific roles depending on the concentration of potassium. Together with the structural information of GDH, we propose models for the substrate inhibition of ammonium, and the elimination of substrate inhibition by potassium. These models are supported by the analysis of statistic thermodynamics. We also analyze the binding sites of ammonium and potassium on maize GDH, and the conformational changes of maize GDH. The findings provide insight into the regulation of maize GDH activity by ammonium and potassium and reveal the importance of the dose and ratio of nitrogen and potassium in crop cultivation.
Direct LC–ESI–MS/MS analysis of plant glucosylceramide and ceramide species with 8E and 8Z isomers of the long chain base
Authors: Yumoto Emi , Sato Masaki , Kubota Tomoyoshi , Enomoto Hirofumi , Miyamoto Koji , Yamane Hisakazu , Koga Jinichiro 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
Glucosylceramides and ceramides with 8E and 8Z isomers of the long chain base are found in plants. These isomers have been difficult to quantify separately using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) because the isomers have the same retention time, their precursor and product ions have the same m/z values, and plant ceramide standards are not commercially available. Here we tested trial separations using various ODS columns and prepared plant ceramide standards generated by human glucocerebrosidase (imiglucerase) using commercially available plant glucosylceramide standards as the substrates. Consequently, we were able to quantify the isomers based on differences in retention times in a TSKgel ODS-120A column (Tosoh, Tokyo Japan) using LC–electrospray ionization–MS/MS (LC–ESI–MS/MS).
(−)-Epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate at a high concentration may induce lipolysis via ATP consumption by activation of stress defense mechanisms
Authors: Suihara Satoki , Ishisaka Akari , Murakami Akira 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
Green tea catechins have thus far been demonstrated to have antiobesity effects in a variety of experimental models. However, upstream molecular events triggering those phenomena remain to be identified. In this study, we found that (−)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG) promoted lipolysis in lipid-loaded Huh7 human hepatoma cells. Notably, EGCG at a high concentration induced both oxidative stress and protein stress (proteo-stress), leading to activation of stress defense mechanisms, such as mRNA expressions of antioxidant and phase-2 detoxifying enzymes, and heat shock proteins. Furthermore, EGCG decreased the level of intracellular ATP, while glucose uptake from culture media was promoted possibly for energy homeostasis. EGCG also upregulated the expression of adipose triglyceride lipase, and activated AMP-activated protein kinase. Collectively, these results suggest that EGCG induces lipolysis to compensate for ATP reduction derived from activation of stress defense systems against its oxidative and proteo-stress properties.
Progression of electrocardiogram changes in an untreated fabry disease: a case report
Authors: Mattig Isabel , Canaan-Kühl Sima , Tillmanns Christoph , Knebel Fabian 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundFabry disease (FD) is a rare lysosomal storage disorder with multiorgan manifestation and associated with an increased morbidity and mortality. Fabry cardiomyopathy includes left ventricular ‘hypertrophy’ (LVH), cardiac arrhythmias, and heart failure. We report a case of an untreated FD with characteristic findings in electrocardiogram (ECG) over a follow-up period of 10 years.Case summaryA 53-year-old man with FD presented to our outpatient department. He suffered from symptomatic ventricular extrasystoles. Echocardiography detected LVH and reduced global longitudinal strain. Twelve years ago, first examination was conducted due to ventricular arrhythmias. Electrocardiogram showed a short PQ minus P-wave (PendQ) interval and negative T-waves. Over time, the number of leads with negative T-waves increased. Moreover, the echocardiography revealed a thickened left ventricular wall. Without any further examinations at that time, the patient was treated for arterial hypertension with proteinuria. Ten years after first symptoms appeared, FD was diagnosed utilizing cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and genetic tests. Hence, enzyme replacement therapy was initiated.DiscussionThe ECG is a fast diagnostic method and it may — even without additional organ manifestations — provide preliminary suspicion of FD. In particular, as shown in our case, a short PendQ and QT interval indicate FD. Over time, disease progression can be detected through ECG changes. T-waves correlate with an increasing LVH and a reduction in longitudinal function in echocardiographic examinations. Unexplained LVH must be followed by differential diagnosis. In case of confirmed FD, patients should be treated by multidisciplinary teams in experienced centres.
Subepicardial aneurysm with free wall rupture and its successful surgical intervention: a case report
Authors: Fukui Tomoki , Kitabayashi Katsukiyo , Ogasawara Nobuyuki , Hasegawa Shinji 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundSubepicardial aneurysm (SEA) is an uncommon but potentially fatal complication of acute myocardial infarction (MI) associated with an increased risk of free wall rupture (FWR) leading to sudden death. We describe a rare case of a silent myocardial infarction complicated by SEA and subsequent FWR, resulting in cardiac tamponade.Case summaryA 68-year-old man with no previous chest symptoms presented with syncope. Cardiac computed tomography incidentally revealed a small aneurysmal cavity at the inferolateral wall of the left ventricle, which was overlooked on initial transthoracic echocardiography. Coronary angiography demonstrated a narrowed first obtuse marginal branch with coronary slow flow, suggesting that spontaneous recanalization of the occluded obtuse marginal branch induced SEA and subsequent FWR. The patient underwent an emergency left ventricular aneurysm repair. The post-operative course was uneventful, and the patient was discharged from the hospital on post-operative day 20.DiscussionThis case emphasizes the importance of prompt detection and surgical intervention for SEA. Subepicardial aneurysm should be suspected in patients with pericardial effusion and suspected MI. Cardiac computed tomography is not only useful in the detection of such cases but also facilitates the development of a successful surgical strategy.
The effect of confounding data features on a deep learning algorithm to predict complete coronary occlusion in a retrospective observational setting
Authors: Brisk Rob , Bond Raymond , Finlay Dewar , McLaughlin James , Piadlo Alicja , Leslie Stephen J , Gossman David E , Menown Ian B , McEneaney D J , Warren S 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Aims
Deep learning (DL) has emerged in recent years as an effective technique in automated ECG analysis.

Methods and results
A retrospective, observational study was designed to assess the feasibility of detecting induced coronary artery occlusion in human subjects earlier than experienced cardiologists using a DL algorithm. A deep convolutional neural network was trained using data from the STAFF III database. The task was to classify ECG samples as showing acute coronary artery occlusion, or no occlusion. Occluded samples were recorded after 60 s of balloon occlusion of a single coronary artery. For the first iteration of the experiment, non-occluded samples were taken from ECGs recorded in a restroom prior to entering theatres. For the second iteration of the experiment, non-occluded samples were taken in the theatre prior to balloon inflation. Results were obtained using a cross-validation approach. In the first iteration of the experiment, the DL model achieved an F1 score of 0.814, which was higher than any of three reviewing cardiologists or STEMI criteria. In the second iteration of the experiment, the DL model achieved an F1 score of 0.533, which is akin to the performance of a random chance classifier.

Conclusion
The dataset was too small for the second model to achieve meaningful performance, despite the use of transfer learning. However, ‘data leakage’ during the first iteration of the experiment led to falsely high results. This study highlights the risk of DL models leveraging data leaks to produce spurious results.
Role of social support in the relationship between financial hardship and multimorbidity—a causal mediation analysis
Authors: Singh Ankur , Contreras Suarez Diana , You Emily , Fleitas Alfonzo Ludmila , King Tania 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Background
Social disadvantage is a key determinant of multimorbidity. Pathways through which social disadvantage leads to multimorbidity are yet undefined. In this study, we first examined the causal effect of moving into financial hardship on multimorbidity among Australian adults, and then the role of social support as a mediator of the relationship between financial hardship and multimorbidity.

Methods
Data were obtained from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey (2009–2013). We identified individuals who moved into financial hardship between 2010 and 2011 (n = 5775). Inverse probability treatment weighting with regression adjustment was used to examine the relationship between financial hardship and multimorbidity. Causal mediation analysis was applied to decompose the total effect of financial hardship on multimorbidity into the proportion attributable to social support and the proportion not occurring through measured pathways. We accounted for baseline covariates including age, sex, marital status, educational attainment, employment status, income, country of birth, multimorbidity and social support. Bootstrapping with 1000 replications was used to calculate 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results
The risk of multimorbidity was higher in those with financial hardship by 19% [relative risk 1.19 (95% CI: 1.02–1.37) and absolute risk difference 0.036 (95% CI: 0.004–0.067)] than those without financial hardship. Social support accounted for 30% of the total effect of financial hardship on multimorbidity, risk difference 0.009 (95% CI: 0.003–0.018).

Conclusions
Financial hardship leads to increased risk of multimorbidity. Interventions directed at increasing social support among those in financial hardship may reduce their risk of multimorbidity.
Identification of pathways modulating vemurafenib resistance in melanoma cells via a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screen
Authors: Goh Corinna Jie Hui , Wong Jin Huei , El Farran Chadi , Tan Ban Xiong , Coffill Cynthia R , Loh Yuin-Han , Lane David , Arumugam Prakash 
Published: February 2021

AbstractVemurafenib is a BRAF kinase inhibitor (BRAFi) that is used to treat melanoma patients harboring the constitutively active BRAF-V600E mutation. However, after a few months of treatment patients often develop resistance to vemurafenib leading to disease progression. Sequence analysis of drug-resistant tumor cells and functional genomic screens has identified several genes that regulate vemurafenib resistance. Reactivation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is a recurrent feature of cells that develop resistance to vemurafenib. We performed a genome-scale CRISPR-based knockout screen to identify modulators of vemurafenib resistance in melanoma cells with a highly improved CRISPR sgRNA library called Brunello. We identified 33 genes that regulate resistance to vemurafenib out of which 14 genes have not been reported before. Gene ontology enrichment analysis showed that the hit genes regulate histone modification, transcription and cell cycle. We discuss how inactivation of hit genes might confer resistance to vemurafenib and provide a framework for follow-up investigations.
Evaluating short-term forecasting of COVID-19 cases among different epidemiological models under a Bayesian framework
Authors: Li Qiwei , Bedi Tejasv , Lehmann Christoph U , Xiao Guanghua , Xie Yang 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Background
Forecasting of COVID-19 cases daily and weekly has been one of the challenges posed to governments and the health sector globally. To facilitate informed public health decisions, the concerned parties rely on short-term daily projections generated via predictive modeling. We calibrate stochastic variants of growth models and the standard susceptible-infectious-removed model into 1 Bayesian framework to evaluate and compare their short-term forecasts.

Results
We implement rolling-origin cross-validation to compare the short-term forecasting performance of the stochastic epidemiological models and an autoregressive moving average model across 20 countries that had the most confirmed COVID-19 cases as of August 22, 2020.

Conclusion
None of the models proved to be a gold standard across all regions, while all outperformed the autoregressive moving average model in terms of the accuracy of forecast and interpretability.
A study of the lateral heterogeneity with the ellipticity of Rayleigh waves derived from microtremors
Authors: Du Qingling , Liu Zhengping , Liu Shijie , Zhang Li , Yu Wenfu 
Published: February 2021

SUMMARYWe examine the potential of frequency-dependent Rayleigh wave ellipticity, derived from microtremors, for the investigation of heterogeneous subsurface structure. Based on numerical simulation, we analyse the effects of interference waves in microtremors, primarily the various propagation directions of the Rayleigh waves, linear polarization waves and white noise, on the ellipticity frequency-dependent estimation of the Rayleigh waves. A data processing scheme to separate the Rayleigh waves from the interference waves is proposed and verified by synthetic data. We performed a field experiment in the mountainous areas of Southwest China to show that the ellipticity frequency dependence of Rayleigh waves in the period range of 0.05–5 s can be estimated from the microtremor records with the proposed data processing scheme. In addition, the method is feasible for investigating lateral heterogeneity within the top several hundred metres in the mountain regions. The study also reveals that the features of the ellipticity anomaly of a local heterogeneity are related to the propagation directions of the Rayleigh waves, and to reduce the ambiguity of the anomaly, the propagation direction of the waves picked for the ellipticity estimation should be consistent with (along or opposite to) that of the survey line. Then, to eliminate the effects of the phase differences due to the propagation direction, or time, the ellipticity for each location should be estimated by a single event rather than multiple events from the derived Rayleigh wave arrivals.
The Epidemiology of Stunted Growth in Refugee Patients with Chronic Burn Injuries
Authors: Makkawi Kareem W , Hajjar Marwan S , Hatabah Dunia E , Abu-Sittah Ghassan S 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The aim of this study is to identify the prevalence of stunted growth in Syrian refugee children with chronic burn injuries and to compare it to other children (±burn) of similar socioeconomic status. This is a retrospective medical chart review conducted on 142 Syrian refugee children (≤18 years of age) who have sustained war-related and nonwar-related chronic burn injuries between 2014 and 2020. Stunted growth was measured using the height-for-age z score. The majority of burn injuries were among children below 5 years of age. The prevalence of stunting was 9.2% in our sample, with an overall mean z-score of –0.491 (SD = 1.1). There was no statistically significant difference in z-scores between males and females. The majority of stunted patients are those who sustain their burn injuries at an early age. Early management of burn injuries is key in preventing adverse outcomes associated with stunting. Further research, planning, funding, and targeted interventions are required by stakeholders to alleviate the burden of stunting in the pediatric refugee population, along with the health and economic consequences that it entails.