bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EL JURÁSICO SUPERIOR EN EL SECTOR NOROCCIDENTAL DE LA PEPENÍNSULA IBÉRICA (ESPAÑA): BIOESTRATIGRAFÍA Y PRINCIPALES GRUPOS DE BIVALVOS
Authors: Delvene Graciela , Pérez-Urresti Isabel , Meléndez Guillermo 
Published: February 2021

Los materiales del Jurásico Superior (Oxfordiense superior-Kimmeridgiense inferior) situados al noroeste de la Cordillera Ibérica (Rama Aragonesa), en los alrededores de la localidad de Ricla (Zaragoza), forman una potente sección carbonatada y margosa mostrando un incremento del contenido siliclástico hacia el techo de la serie. Se han muestreado detalladamente las secciones de Ri4 y Ri8, ubicadas a 5-10 km al norte de la población de Ricla, diferenciadose tres intervalos litológicos: un intervalo formado por calizas limosas ligeramente arenosas (Fm. Aldealpozo); y dos intervalos en la Fm. Sot de Chera, el inferior formado por margas y el intervalo superior más siliciclástico y rico en bivalvos. Las escasas asociaciones de ammonites registradas mejoran significativamente los datos bioestratigráficos actuales, permitiendo señalar de modo aproximado las zonas desde el Oxfordiense superior (Biozona Bimammatum) al Kimmeridgiense inferior (?) (Biozona Platynota). Las biozonas Bimammatum y Hauffianum están representadas en el intervalo inferior de caliza limosa ligeramente arenosa. La Biozona Planula está representada en el intervalo arenoso de la Fm. Sot de Chera. La antigua Subbiozona Galar del Oxfordiense superior, actualmente propuesta como la biozona basal del Kimmeridgiense inferior, se encuentra ampliamente desarrollada en la parte superior de la secuencia. Esto permite situar el límite Oxfordiense-Kimmeridgiense aproximadamente coincidiendo con la transición litológica entre ambos intervalos de la Fm. Sot de Chera.
Evaluation of full-length nanopore 16S sequencing for detection of pathogens in microbial keratitis
Authors: Low Liying , Fuentes-Utrilla Pablo , Hodson James , O’Neil John D. , Rossiter Amanda E. , Begum Ghazala , Suleiman Kusy , Murray Philip I. , Wallace Graham R. , Loman Nicholas J. , Rauz Saaeha ,   West Midlands Collaborative Ophthalmology Network for Clinical Effectiveness & Research by Trainees (WM CONCERT)
Published: February 2021

Background
Microbial keratitis is a leading cause of preventable blindness worldwide. Conventional sampling and culture techniques are time-consuming, with over 40% of cases being culture-negative. Nanopore sequencing technology is portable and capable of generating long sequencing reads in real-time. The aim of this study is to evaluate the potential of nanopore sequencing directly from clinical samples for the diagnosis of bacterial microbial keratitis.

Methods
Using full-length 16S rRNA amplicon sequences from a defined mock microbial community, we evaluated and benchmarked our bioinformatics analysis pipeline for taxonomic assignment on three different 16S rRNA databases (NCBI 16S RefSeq, RDP and SILVA) with clustering at 97%, 99% and 100% similarities. Next, we optimised the sample collection using an ex vivo porcine model of microbial keratitis to compare DNA recovery rates of 12 different collection methods: 21-gauge needle, PTFE membrane (4 mm and 6 mm), Isohelix™ SK-2S, Sugi® Eyespear, Cotton, Rayon, Dryswab™, Hydraflock®, Albumin-coated, Purflock®, Purfoam and Polyester swabs. As a proof-of-concept study, we then used the sampling technique that provided the highest DNA recovery, along with the optimised bioinformatics pipeline, to prospectively collected samples from patients with suspected microbial keratitis. The resulting nanopore sequencing results were then compared to standard microbiology culture methods.

Results
We found that applying alignment filtering to nanopore sequencing reads and aligning to the NCBI 16S RefSeq database at 100% similarity provided the most accurate bacterial taxa assignment. DNA concentration recovery rates differed significantly between the collection methods (p < 0.001), with the Sugi® Eyespear swab providing the highest mean rank of DNA concentration. Then, applying the optimised collection method and bioinformatics pipeline directly to samples from two patients with suspected microbial keratitis, sequencing results from Patient A were in agreement with culture results, whilst Patient B, with negative culture results and previous antibiotic use, showed agreement between nanopore and Illumina Miseq sequencing results.

Conclusion
We have optimised collection methods and demonstrated a novel workflow for identification of bacterial microbial keratitis using full-length 16S nanopore sequencing.
Prevalence of Xanthomonas euvesicatoria (formally X. perforans) associated with bacterial spot severity in Capsicum annuum crops in South Central Chihuahua, Mexico
Authors: Hernández-Huerta Jared , Tamez-Guerra Patricia , Gomez-Flores Ricardo , Delgado-Gardea Ma. Carmen E. , García-Madrid Margarita S. , Robles-Hernández Loreto , Infante-Ramirez Rocio 
Published: February 2021

Background
Xanthomonas spp. causes bacterial spot disease, which reduces quality and yield of pepper crops in Mexico. Identification of phytopathogen species is necessary to implement more effective control strategies.

Objective
The aim of this study was to isolate and identify infecting Xanthomonas species in South Central Chihuahua pepper-producing areas.

Methods
Diseased plants were collected from 30 cultivation lots and bacteria were isolated from damaged tissues. Potential causative agents were isolated, identified, and characterized by biochemical and molecular analysis. Pathogenicity tests from each isolate were then performed on 30-d-old pepper seedlings, exposing five leaves to 10 µL of 1 × 108 CFU/mL bacterial suspensions of each isolate, using sterile distilled water as a control. Disease severity was determined after 10 d by calculating leaf damage percentage. Furthermore, we evaluated the susceptibility of the highest bacterial spot severity-causing isolates (13 isolates) to copper sulphate (CuS), copper gluconate (CuG), copper oxychloride + oxytetracycline hydrochloride (Cu + Ox), gentamicin + oxytetracycline hydrochloride (Gen + Ox), and gentamicin sulphate (GenS). Copper-resistance genes (copLAB) were detected by PCR analysis among isolates.

Results
Thirty-seven foliage isolates were identified as Xanthomonas euvesicatoria (14%), which were associated with bacterial spot disease in jalapeño pepper. Tested Xanthomonas isolates were resistant to Cu-based compounds, but susceptible to Cu + Ox. All isolates were susceptible to Gen + Ox and GenS. CopLAB genes were detected in all but one strain.

Conclusions
X. euvesicatoria (formally X. perforans) may be considered as an emerging pathogen of bacterial spot pepper in Mexico. Among disease management strategies, alternatives to copper should be taken into consideration.
Occupational and Industrial Hygiene as a Profession: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow
Authors: Dawson Barbara J. , Dotson Kyle B. , Grimsley Faye , Grumbles Thomas , Mansdorf Zack , Roskelley David , Sahmel Jennifer , Tresider Noel , Tsai Candace 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe professional field of industrial hygiene/occupational hygiene has its roots in the profession of public health, which means the preservation of health and prevention of disease among people engaged in an occupation. The modern definition of industrial hygiene also includes protection of the health of persons living in the community or around a place of work from hazards that may arise from that place of work and affect overall health. This chapter focuses on various factors that are involved in relating exposure to health hazards to human health and well‐being and the rationale upon which the practice of industrial hygiene/occupational hygiene is based. Significant progress has been made during the past century in characterizing and controlling exposure to occupational health hazards. Comprehensive industrial hygiene programs are being used to effectively control exposures to work hazards in most developed countries, but this is less so in emerging economies. Today, the rationale for industrial hygiene practice continues to evolve to help address such important topics as how the occupational environment affects and relates to the physiological, psychological, and behavioral aspects of health and well‐being.
Computed Tomography in Industrial Hygiene
Authors: Todd Lori A. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAn innovative measurement technology for industrial hygiene and environmental air sampling has emerged to allow visualization of the spatial distribution of chemical concentrations in space over time. By combining optical remote sensing technologies with computed tomography, spatially and temporally resolved two‐dimensional concentration maps can be generated for a room or area. These maps could be used to evaluate pollutant dispersion in a workplace, characterize human exposures, support fundamental modeling research, and locate fugitive emissions.
Analytical Methods
Authors: Lieckfield Robert G. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The accurate determination of workplace exposures begins with the selection of an appropriate sampling device and continues through the analysis of the collected samples in the industrial hygiene laboratory. This chapter focuses on the various laboratory methodologies generally used for the analysis of industrial hygiene samples. The complexity of this field is compounded by the need to identify and quantify trace quantities of organic and inorganic substances in the presence of numerous potential interferences. As the technology of analytical instrumentation evolves with advances in hardware, software, and new measurement systems the industrial hygiene laboratory community must continue adoption of more sophisticated instrumentation to be able to achieve lower detection limits required of new health standards and chemical exposures.
Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems
Authors: Redinger Charles F. , Leibowitz Alan , Toy Victor M. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The advent of organizational management system ideas, approaches, frameworks, standards, etc. and their application to improving worker health is significant. Occupational health and safety management system (OHSMS) approaches provide industrial hygienists and occupational health and safety (OH&S) professionals with a robust set of tools: to reduce and eliminate workplace injuries, illness, and fatalities; and integrate OH&S with business and operational processes. As well, they assist in strengthening technical competencies and systems thinking skills.
In 2018, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) published ISO 45001: 2018, which was its first OHSMS. Prior to this, it had published ISO 9001 (quality) and ISO 14001 (environment) management systems (MS) which impacted the development of OHSMSs in numerous countries and at the International Labour Organization.
Historical background is provided on the evolution of the OHSMS arena. The distinction is made between a management system and its certification by a third party. It is often incorrectly assumed that having an OHSMS in place, or other system, means it has to be certified.
Important concepts associated with organizational MS are presented. These include the following: systems thinking, conformity assessment, risk‐based thinking, organizational context, and process focus. The most recent generation of management system approaches includes not only stronger risk management focus, but also a focus on performance improvement opportunities. This shift in thinking, while seemingly small, has potentially large implications for industrial hygienists and OH&S professionals. Opportunity‐thinking and business process integration–thinking provides a portal to make a larger contribution, for instance, in enterprise risk management efforts and in designing “the workplace of the future.”
Agriculture Hygiene
Authors: Donham Kelley J. , Nonnenmann Matthew 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis chapter aims to address the information needs and to encourage the interests of industrial hygienists to apply their skills and knowledge to the population of workers employed in the industrial sectors of agriculture, forestry, and fishing (AFF). Worker health and safety efforts in these three sectors are often lumped together under the category of agricultural health and safety or AFF workers as defined by NIOSH. Other agricultural health and safety reviews have been aimed at health professionals or a more general industrial health and safety professional audience. Herein, we bring the essentials of this subject to an Industrial Hygiene audience, as compared to a general health and safety audience. In order to assist the reader, we organized the sections by the hygienist's paradigm – anticipation, recognition, evaluation, and control. We also discuss how the information provided might be applied to potential policies to stimulate industrial hygiene and safety activity in AFF sectors.
The Mode of Absorption, Distribution, and Elimination of Toxic Materials
Authors: Mirer Franklin E. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Toxicology supports health risk assessments that generate exposure limits for chemicals. A toxic effect is presumed proportional to the concentration of the proximal toxicant at the target site of action. Uptake, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of a toxicant explain the action of the agent and the variation in potency between exposure circumstances, species, and agents with similar mode of action. The proximal toxicant may be the parent compound or a product of metabolism of the toxic agent. Portals for entry into the body in the occupational environment are primarily inhalation and skin absorption. The most prominent determinants of absorption are physical state, particle size, and lipid solubility. The liver is the most prominent organ for metabolism of toxicants, oxidation by Cytochrome P450 enzymes the most prominent metabolic pathway for activation and detoxification. Excretion pathways include exhalation of volatile compounds, transport of polar compounds to urine by the kidney, and transport of lipid‐soluble compounds to feces via bile. Examples of agents and detailed discussion of the structure of organ systems are given.
Real‐Time Assessment of Air Contaminants Using Video Exposure Monitoring (
VEM
) Methods and Techniques
Authors: McGlothlin James D. , Xu Fan , Cole Sandra S. , Huizen Dave 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
One of the fastest evolving areas of occupational exposure assessment is the development and use of real‐time sensors synchronized with video monitoring to evaluate and control occupational hazards. Occupational exposure assessment is one branch of exposure assessment and addresses the exposure problems that occur in the workplace. Through exposure assessment, we generally describe and identify the nature and size of the various populations exposed to hazards, the magnitude and duration of the exposures, and the causal factors of exposure. This chapter presents a general overview of this evolving science from its beginning, to where it is now (brief case study reports), to future development and applications. The goal is to demonstrate the efficacy of using VEM to establish an association between exposure levels and workplace events, to identify causal factors, and implement cost‐effective controls. The case studies represent the progression and evolution of technology in the development of real‐time monitoring of exposure to different types of hazardous materials. Current applications of real‐time exposure assessment systems point to integrated VEM systems that are more portable, powerful, practical, and profitable. Future applications for VEM using “Cloud‐based” data storage and management, 5G internet, big data analytics, and artificial intelligence to improve occupational exposure assessment are presented.
Control Banding: Background, Evolution, and Application
Authors: Zalk David M. , West Elaine , Nelson Deborah I. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractControl banding (CB) strategies offer a solution for controlling worker exposures to constituents that are found in the workplace in the absence of firm toxicological and exposure data. The CB approach is now recognized in developed countries and economically developing countries and is considered as the most practical approach for the prevention of work‐related risks. As CB strategies are more prevalent in practice, the need for newer professionals to understand their strengths and weaknesses becomes an essential component of their ongoing education.
Nonionizing Radiation: Broadband Optical
Authors: Phillips Margaret L. , Butler Allene H. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Optical radiation consists of the ultraviolet (UV), visible, and infrared (IR) regions of the nonionizing electromagnetic spectrum. The main target organs for optical radiation are the eye and skin. This chapter reviews the basic science of optical radiation, describes characteristics of common broadband optical radiation sources, discusses exposure criteria and methods for the quantitative assessment of optical radiation hazards, describes basic principles for control of these hazards, and provides practical discussion of hazard recognition and control for specific processes or sources, including solar UV, welding, germicidal radiation, and photocuring lamps.
Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields
Authors: Foster Kenneth R. , Tell Richard A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The radiofrequency (RF) part of the electromagnetic spectrum is conventionally defined as extending from 3 kilohertz (kHz) to 300 gigahertz (GHz) and includes a great many applications ranging in power level from very low (e.g. wireless key fobs, Wi‐Fi) to very high (e.g. some broadcast and radar facilities, industrial heaters). While RF energy is nonionizing, in the sense that its photons have insufficient energy to disrupt chemical bonds and form free radicals), exposure to RF energy at high levels can be quite hazardous. The presence of high‐powered RF sources in some occupational settings creates challenges for the industrial hygienist (IH), regarding both exposure assessment and control. This chapter reviews elementary aspects of RF safety, including RF sources in occupational settings with the potential of producing exposures above recommended limits, relevant exposure limits, elements of exposure assessment, and RF protection programs.
Nonionizing Radiation: Extremely Low Frequency
Authors: Shum Mona , Cooper Jesse 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The extremely low‐frequency (ELF) range generally consists of frequencies from greater than zero to 2 kHz. Electric fields are produced by charges, whereas magnetic fields are produced by charges in motion. Several organizations publish occupational and public exposure guidelines for electric and magnetic fields that are protective against acute effects and typical daily exposures are usually well below these levels. Medical device wearers can experience interference from electric and magnetic fields and wearers must be aware of the limitations near particular equipment or devices. There is limited evidence for any effects associated with chronic exposure to electric and magnetic fields. For measurement of electric and magnetic fields in the ELF range, these two fields must be measured independently. A number of different meters are available to measure electric and magnetic fields, the choice of which depends on what field (electric vs. magnetic) and frequency range is being measured, the anticipated field level, and the sensitivity desired. Controls for reducing electric and magnetic fields include engineering and design controls, increasing distance from the source, and for electric fields, certain personal protective equipment meant to insulate from contact with charged metallic surfaces.
Occupational Ergonomics: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Kotowski Susan , Davis Kermit , Bhattacharya Amit 
Published: February 2021

AbstractErgonomics is the science of properly balancing job demands with worker capabilities to prevent a mismatch in demands and capabilities. Mismatch between the capabilities and job demands can lead to cumulative trauma of the body. Using the traditional industrial hygiene methodology of anticipation, recognition, evaluation, and control, discussions will cover each area as it applies to the field of occupational ergonomics. Reflections of occupational ergonomics in the past, the current state of the field, and considerations for the future of the field will also be presented.
Product Stewardship: A Viable Practice for the Industrial Hygienist
Authors: Grumbles Thomas G. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the principles and practice of Product Stewardship (PS) to give the reader a working understanding of this growing professional opportunity. PS is a significant regulatory, health, and environmental protection activity increasingly required for all commercial entities, that create, market, transport, import, or dispose of commercial products of all types. Many of the major chemical manufacturing, processing, and distribution companies are committed to performance programs through their various trade associations. All of these programs define elements and expectations for PS. The number and complexity of PS‐related regulations continues to grow globally with the implementation of registration, evaluation, and authorization of chemical, GHS, expanded EPA Chemical Data Reporting requirements, and a growing list of participating countries implementing chemical control regulations impacting global commerce. The typical qualifications and capabilities of a professional industrial hygienist compare well with the competency requirements for the practice of PS. Also, the involvement of government agencies, private advocacy groups, and other institutions in PS activities have been addressed.
Health and Safety Issues of New Energy Technologies
Authors: Heramb Brian 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The demand for electricity is growing, and the generation of electricity is being transformed as renewable sources are increasingly replacing burning of fossil fuels to reduce emission of greenhouse gases and air pollutants. Solar electric and wind‐generated power are two of the fastest‐growing renewable sources, while other technologies such as hydrogen fuel cells are also being adopted. Microgrids are feasible to better distribute renewable generation for smaller communities. But electricity storage at night must be used to take advantage of daytime generation. Storage with lead‐acid batteries has been matched and surpassed by batteries with higher energy densities and other desirable characteristics, such as lithium‐ion and vanadium redox flow batteries. These new energy technologies provide benefits but also pose chemical and other hazards during steps of their life cycles. Industrial hygienists and others are being challenged to understand and manage risks of new energy technologies that can affect workers and members of the communities. This chapter provides a basic introduction to these technologies to assist professionals in anticipating, recognizing, evaluating, and controlling the potential health and safety risks. For this quickly evolving field, it is important to review in depth available references and stay abreast of risk assessment, engineering, policy, and management developments affecting new energy technologies.