bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EVOLUTION IN NATURE AND CULTURE
Authors: Schurz Gerhard 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe goal of this paper is to defend the theory of generalized evolution (GE) against criticisms by laying down its theoretical principles and their applications in a unified way. Section 2 develops GE theory and its realization in biological evolution (BE) and cultural evolution (CE). The core of GE theory consists of the three Darwinian principles together with the models of population dynamics (PD). Section 3 reconstructs the most important differences between BE and CE. While BE is predominantly based on the replication of genes, CE is based on the reproduction of memes. Memes are understood as the informational “software” of human brains transmitted through social learning processes. The ontology of memes and the concept of cultural fitness is carved out and refined. Finally, section 4 articulates the minimal ontological assumptions of GE theory and the quantitative principles of generalized PD that unify biological PD and evolutionary game theory.
Er jeg musikalsk? Barnehagelærerstudenters oppfatning av egen musikalitet
Authors: Torgersen Jan Ketil , Sæther Morten 
Published: January 2021

This article presents results from a quantitative study of Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) student teacher’s relationship to music and musicality. Survey data was collected among first-year students at a university college for ECEC at the start of studies in 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2017. The survey consists in its entirety of ten different questions. This article discusses four questions from the survey that deal with the students’ perception of their own musicality and what it means to be musical.
1,019 responses have been registered, which gives a response rate of approximately 91% of the total number of students in the four study years the survey was conducted. Frequency analyzes and cross-table analyzes have been performed.
Results show that perceptions of one’s own musicality can be put in context with different understandings of what it means to be musical. Musical activity in close family in childhood is important when it comes to musical interest and perception of one’s own musicality.
The article discusses the significance of the results in relation to music teaching in higher education.
Dilemmaer i skandinavisk korlederutdanning
Authors: Jansson Dag , Balsnes Anne Haugland 
Published: January 2021

Within higher education, programmes in choral conducting are offered of varying kinds and at different levels, from dedicated programmes to single courses that are embedded in other music programmes. The choral practice field is varied; choral leadership is partly a generic music competence and partly a profession. The variety and social reach of the choral movement suggest that the educational offering in choral conducting should be manifold in type and quantity in order to supply the practice field with qualified conductors.
n this chapter we take a renewed look at material from three previous studies: (1) a mapping of Scandinavian choral leader education, based on document analysis and interviews with tutors and newly graduated conductors; (2) a quantitative survey on choral conducting competencies, where more than 600 conductors in Norway, Sweden, and Germany participated; and (3) an interview study of twenty Norwegian choral conductors on their professional careers. Although the findings from these studies were salient enough, the implications for choral conducting education were not equally clear. The point of departure for this chapter is that this is due to a series of difficult trade-offs, and we ask the question: What dilemmas do we face when educating choral conductors, and how might we understand these in light of the composite data? The material is analysed by drawing on established pedagogic categories, Wenger’s theory of communities of practice (1998), Jansson’s competence model for choral conductors (2018), and Varvarigou and Durrant’s discussion framework for choral conducting (2011).
INFESTASI PENGGEREK BUAH KAKAO KEDALAM PERKEBUNAN KAKAO DI KAWASAN KERKAP, BENGKULU UTARA DAN PENGENDALIANNYA
Authors: Suparno Teddy 
Published: January 2021

Infestation of cocoa pod borer into cacao plantation in kerkap area, north bengkulu and their control. Cocoa pod borer (CPB), Conopomorpha cramerella Snellen, has known as a primary pest on cacao plantation and caused much yield loss. This pest was newly infest into cacao plantation in Bengkulu Province. Objective of the research was to know infestation of CPB into Cacao Plantation in Kerkap area, North Bengkulu. The result showed that all location on cacao plantation area at Kerkap area was gain infestation by cocoa pod borer except the Cacao Plantation at Serumbung Village. Their attack on all plant population was in range between 0.01 and 0.23%, while in produced plant population was in range between 0.20 and 3.06%. The control could be apply are early pick up the pods, used the resistant clones for juvenilization, and spraying by synthetic.
EFIKASI SERBUK TUMBUHAN DALAM MENGENDALIKAN PENYAKIT BUSUK PANGKAL BATANG LADA DI LAPANGAN
Authors: Ginting Cipta , R.J. Sembodo Dad , Susanto Herry 
Published: January 2021

The efficacy of plant powder to control foot rot on black pepper in field condition. One of the problems in cultivating black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) is foot rot caused by Phytophthora capsici Leonian (P. palmivora MF4), that could kill the plants in only few days especially during rainy season. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the efficacy of several plant powder to control the disease in semi-field condition. The experiment was conducted at the experiment station located at the campus of the University of Lampung from May to October of 2000. The semi-field condition was made by pushing a barrel into the soil to isolate the field soil as testing medium from the rest of the field soil. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with five replications and consisted of the rhizomes of Zingiber officinale, Alpinia galanga, and Kaempferia galanga, whole plant of Cymbopogon citratus and Elephantopus scaber, metalaxyl, and untreated control. To prepare the plant powder, each material was cut into small pieces then dried in oven at 50o C for 4 days and then ground in a blender. The powder was applied 3 days after inoculum infestation. The powder and inoculum was mixed with soil to the depth of 12 cm so that the soil contained 2% each. After one week, four plants were planted. As additional bioindicator to detect infective inoculum, eight leaf portions were pressed into the soil so that half of the leaf was bellowed the soil line. The plants were watered and observed daily. To determine viable fungal propagules, soil sample was taken weekly for five weeks. Soil assay was done with dilution technique using PDA supplemented with rosebengal. The results of the observation show that the treatments did not influence significantly the disease intensity on leaf portions or the whole plants. There were no significant differences on viable fungal propagules in soils received different treatments.
PENGGUNAAN PERANGKAP UNTUK PENGENDALIAN HAMA TIKUS SAWAH (RATTUS RATTUS ARGENTIVENTER)
Authors: Wibowo Lestari , Gede Swibawa I , Muryanto Tejo 
Published: January 2021

The use of traps to control lowland rats. The lowland rat (Rattus rattus argentiventer ) is one of the importance pests of rice in Indonesia. The rat may cause serious damage on rice and other crops. This study was aimed to determine the affectivity of rat trappings. Traps were set in Pekalongan Central Lampung, from October to December 2002. The treatments were arranged in a factorial experiment in randomized complete block design. The first factor was the type of traps (bamboo trap and wired “bubu” trap) while the second factor was the location of traps (rice field, swamp, tertiary irrigation canal, and rice plot borders). The catches show that there were no interaction between the trap type and trap location. In addition, more rats were caught in bamboo than those in wired “bubu” trap. The highest number of rat catches was from the swamp area.
ASPEK FISIOLOGIS DAN BIOKIMIAWI INFEKSI JAMUR PATOGEN TUMBUHAN
Authors: Gafur Abdul 
Published: January 2021

Physiological and biochemical aspects of plant fungal pathogen infections. Interaction between plants and pathogens is a major subject of interest in the field of contemporary plant pathology. Specificity of this kind of interaction is a very comprehensive phenomenon involving complicated mechanisms at different levels. Elucidation of this phenomenon including physiological and biochemical aspects is therefore an important task. From this point of view, enzymes play one of the most important roles in the infection process and pathogenesis. Our current understanding in this area is quite limited. A relatively limited number of enzymes have so far been studied in relation to the infection process and pathogenesis in plants. In this review, ivolvement of the enzymes, i. e. cutinases, esterases, hydrolases, lyases, cellulases, depolymerases and proteases, during the pathogenesis and their role in different stages of disease development is analyzed.
EFFECTS OF TILLAGE SYSTEM – CORN VARIETY COMBINATIONS ON AIRBORNE DISEASES
Authors: Prasetyo Joko 
Published: January 2021

Pengaruh Kombinasi Sistem Olah Tanah dan Varietas Jagung terhadap Penyakit-penyakit Terbawa Udara. Suatu percobaan telah dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh kombinasi sistem olah tanah dan varietas jagung terhadap beberapa penyakit atau patogen terbawa udara, yaitu patogen bulai, karat, dan hawar daun. Percobaan ini disusun secara faktorial (2 x 3) dalam rancangan acak kelompok lengkap dengan enam ulangan. Percobaan terdiri dari enam kombinasi perlakuan, yaitu varietas RR-corn ditanam pada sistem olah tanah konservasi (RRCT), C7 ditanam pada sistem olah tanah konservasi (C7CT), Bisma ditanam pada sistem olah tanah konservasi (BCT), RR-corn ditanam pada sistem olah tanah sempurna (RRFT), C7 ditanam pada sistem olah tanah sempurna (C7FT), dan Bisma ditanam pada sistem olah tanah sempurna BFT). Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa secara nyata kombinasi sistem olah tanah dan varietas jagung mempengaruhi intensitas penyakit. Kombinasi sistem olah tanah dan varietas jagung berpengaruh terhadap penyakit bulai. Varietas jagung yang ditanam pada sistem olah tanah konservasi secara nyata menurunkan intensitas penyakit bulai dibandingkan dengan varietas jagung yang ditanam pada sistem olah tanah sempurna, kecuali varietas Bisma. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa varietas Bisma dapat menurunkan intensitas penyakit bulai dibandingkan dengan varietas RR-corn dan C7 pada sistem olah tanah sempurna. Kombinasi sistem olah tanah dan varietas jagung berpengaruh terhadap intensitas penyakit karat. Pada sistem olah tanah konservasi, secara nyata varietas C7 menurunkan intensitas penyakit karat dibandingkan dengan RR-corn dan Bisma. Varietas RR-corn dan Bisma menurunkan intensitas penyakit karat bila ditanam pada sistem olah tanah sempurna bila dibandingkan dengan yang ditanam pada sistem olah tanah konservasi. Kombinasi sistem olah tanah dan varietas jagung juga secara nyata berpengaruh terhadap intensitas penyakit hawar daun. Varietas RR-corn dan Bisma yang ditanam pada sistem olah tanah sempurna menurunkan intensitas penyakit hawar daun bila dibandingkan dengan yang ditanam pada sistem olah tanah konservasi.
POLYTOMOUS QUANTAL RESPONSE OF CROCIDOLOMIA PAVONANA (F.) (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) TO EXTRACTS OF AGLAIA SPP. AND DYSOXYLUM SPP. (MELIACEAE)
Authors: Prijono Djoko 
Published: January 2021

Polytomous Quantal Response of Crocidolomia pavonana (F.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) to Extracts of Aglaia spp. and Dysoxylum spp. (Meliaceae). This work was done to study the polytomous binary response of the cabbage head caterpillar Crocidolomia pavonana (F.) to extracts of two species each of Aglaia and Dysoxylum (Meliaceae). Second-instar larvae C. pavonana were fed extract-treated broccoli leaves for 2 days and then the surviving larvae were maintained on untreated leaves until pupation. Relationship between extract concentration and the number of dead larvae in different instars was analyzed using polytomous quantal response analysis based on the conditional logit model. The results showed that twig extract of Dysoxylum acutangulum and seed extract of D. mollissimum possessed strong insect growth regulating activity against C. pavonana larvae as reflected by highly significant responses in the later insect life stages after the feeding treatment was removed, including the significant occurrence of malformed pupae. On the contrary, the feeding treatment with twig extract of Aglaia odorata and seed extract of A. odoratissima resulted in highly significant responses only in the treated larval instar, and after the feeding treatment was removed, responses in the later life stages were insignificant or much less significant. Overall, the above results suggest that Dysoxylum extracts interfered with hormonally-controlled insect development and metamorphosis, whereas the activity of Aglaia extracts was more insecticidal rather than insect growth regulating.
ASOSIASI KETERJADIAN KOLONI VERTICILLIUM DAN INTENSITAS NAUNGAN SERTA LETAK DAUN KOPI
Authors: Mujim Subli , Ruswandi Rudi , Ginting Cipta , Evizal Rusdi 
Published: January 2021

Association of Verticillium colony intensity and shade and coffee leaf position. Since conventional control methods of leaf rust of coffee is still unsatisfactory, it is needed to study toward the possibility of using biocontrol agents including factors that may influence the occurrence of the agents. The objective of this study was to determine the strength of the association of Verticillium colony occurrence and shade and leaf position. Leaf samples were taken from four sites at three coffee fields at Sumberjaya Sub district, West Lampung. Samples were taken from plants with and without shade. From each shade level, leaves showing symptoms were taken from the plants and from the ground (fallen leaves). The samples were placed individually on plastic bag and transported to the laboratory, where the samples were incubated for four days at room temperature. The proportion of lesion caused by H. vastatrix on coffee leaves that showed whitish Verticillium colonies was recorded and modified to score 0 (without Verticillium colony) to 4 (colony 50% or more). Data were analyzed with log linear saturated model. Data suggested that the occurrence of Verticillium colony was higher on plant with canopy compared to that on plants without canopy. In addition, Verticillium occurred more frequently on leaves still on the plants compared to that on leaves on the ground. Canopy factor was relatively stronger than leaf position factor in influencing the occurrence of Verticillium colony.
PENGARUH WAKTU INFEKSI VIRUS KERDIL PISANG TERHADAP KERENTANAN TIGA KULTIVAR
Authors: Widyastuti Dewi , Hendrastuti Hidayat Sri 
Published: January 2021

Effects of time of infection of banana bunchy top virus on susceptibility of three banana cultivars. Banana Bunchy Top, caused by Banana Bunchy Top Virus (BBTV), is one of the most important banana diseases in Indonesia. Approach to reduce disease incidence involves prevention of early infection especially on susceptible cultivars. This study was conducted to evaluate the response of three banana cultivars, Ambon Kuning, Tanduk, and Kepok, to different time of infection of BBTV i.e., one week and three week after adaptation period, and one week during adaptation period. Banana plants used in the study were prepared through in vitro propagation (tissue culture) and virus transmission was done using aphid vector, Pentalonia nigronervosa. In addition to observation on symptom expression, inhibition of plant height, and reduction of leaf size, conformation of virus infection was done through indirect ELISA. Virus concentration on different part of the plant, young leaf, stem, and root, tends to decrease over the time due to the ability of BBTV to move from cell to cell before replication takes place. It is evidenced that BBTV was able to infect banana in all growth stages although the younger plant is more susceptible to BBTV. Although concentration of the virus in the tested plant is considered high, symptoms expression of BBTV infection can be differentiated from moderate to very severe. Response of banana plants to infection of BBTV can be grouped into susceptible (Ambon Kuning), moderate tolerant (Tanduk), and tolerant (Kepok).
PENGARUH PERLAKUAN SORTASI, NATRIUM HIPOKLORIT DAN FUNGISIDA PADA KACANG TANAH UNTUK MENGELIMINASI KONTAMINASI ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS
Authors: Avivi Sholeh 
Published: January 2021

The Effect of Sorting, Sodium hypochloride (NaClO), and Fungicide Treatment on Peanut in Elimination the Aspergillus flavus Contamination. The humid tropical condition of Indonesia, the post harvest treatment, and the storage practices favour rapid growth and wide spread Aspergillus infestation on peanut. The objectives of this research was to find the best technique in controlling the Aspergillus infection on peanut. To achieve those objectives, complete randomised design in factorial with three factors was applied. The factors were grading and colour sorting (A1 = grading and colour sorting; A2 = without grading and colour sorting), NaClO blanching (B1 = without blanching; B2 = 1.25% NaClO blanching; B3=2.5% NaClO blanching), and Benlate T-20 WP treatment (C1 = 2,5 g/L; C2 = 3 g/L; C3 = 3,5 g/L). The result showed that the best combination treatment was A2B2C3 with the minimum amount of spore on peanut seed. With those combination treatment we concluded that the grading and colour sorting, the 1.25% NaClO blanching, and the application of 3,5 g/L Benlate T-20 WP could reduced the Aspergillus contamination up to 80% compare with A1B1C3 treatment.
PENGARUH FRAKSI AKTIF AGLAIA HARMSIANA PERKINS (MELIACEAE) TERHADAP FISIOLOGI LARVA SPODOPTERA LITURA (F.) (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: Candra Lina Eka , Prijono Djoko , Dadang Dadang 
Published: January 2021

The effect of active fraction Aglalia harmsiana Perkins (Meliaceae) to physiology of Spodoptera litura (F.) (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) larvae. This study was conducted to evaluate the physiological interferences in the soybean armyworm Spodoptera litura caused by active fractions of Aglaia harmsiana seed extract. The activity of the test materials was assessed by dietary preparation and topical application method. Repeated fractionations of A. harmsiana extract by chromatographic methods yielded two active fractions, designated as fraction 2-7 (0.0184%) and 2-8 (0.3773%). The results showed that fraction 2-8 had strong insecticidal activity against S. litura larvae, with LC50 by topical application and dietary preparation were 0.49% and 0.0044%, respectively. A sublethal treatment with the active fraction (LC25) reduced the relative growth rate, efficiency of conversion of ingested food, and efficiency of conversion of digested food by 52.9%, 42.9%, 49.6% with topical application and 66.7%, 50%, 63.8% with dietary preparation method. The treatments with that fraction at LC10 and LC25 to the fourth instars reduced the activity of invertase enzyme by 34% and 47%, but increased the activity of trehalase by 6.2% and 12.5% as compared with controls.
SEBARAN DAN EFIKASI BERBAGAI GENUS CENDAWAN ENTOMOPATOGEN TERHADAP Riptortus linearis PADA KEDELAI DI LAMPUNG DAN SUMATRA SELATAN
Authors: Prayogo Yusmani 
Published: January 2021

Distribution and efficacy on various entomopathogenic fungi at Lampung and South Sumatra as a biological control agent against Riptortus linearis. This study was conducted from June to September 2005. The fungi were isolated from insect cadavers, insect bait, and soil sample from the soybean land. Each fungal sample was identified base on their morphology using determination keys. The fungal isolates were inoculated to the pod sucking bug Riptortus linearis. The results showed that there were six genera of entomopathogenic fungi that can be isolated, i.e. Fusarium sp., Penicillium sp., Metarhizium sp., Verticillium sp., Paecilomyces sp., and Beauveria sp. The fungus-induced mortality of R. linearis varied between 5 - 30%. Paecilomyces sp. isolated from Lebak Batang Baru induced 25%; Beauveria sp. isolated from Pulung Kencana 25%; Verticillium sp. isolated from Kaliungu 20%. Metarhizium sp. isolated from Terbanggi Subing 20% and Verticillium sp. isolated from Lebak batang Baru 20% mortality. It was suggested that these fungi have potential as biological control agents for the pod sucking bug in dry acid land.
PERKECAMBAHAN UREDOSPORA HEMILEIA VASTATRIX PADA EKSTRAK RIMPANG JAHE DAN KUNYIT SERTA DAUN CENGKEH DAN SIRIH
Authors: Ginting Cipta 
Published: January 2021

Germination of Hemileia vastatrix uredospores on crude water extracts of zinger and turmeric rhizome and clove and Piper betle leaves. Coffee leaf rust caused by H. vastatrix especially on Arabica coffee is one of most important diseases in coffee and conventional control methods of leaf coffee rust is still unsatisfactory. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of crude water extract on the germination of H. vastatrix uredospores. The study was conducted from January to September 2004 in the Laboratory of Plant Pathology at Unila. In each test, treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Crude water extract was prepared by homogenizing 100 g of material in 100 ml sterilized distilled water. After being passed through four layers of sterilized cheesecloth, the mixture was defined as the aliquot (100% extract) and dilutions were made with sterile distilled water to obtain concentrations of 2.5 to 10%. Each of four materials (zinger, turmeric, clove, and Piper betle) was tested separately in five aliquot concentration levels. One ml of each extract was mixed with 0.25 ml of uredospora suspension (4 x 105 per ml), and 0.2 ml of the mixture was incubated. The variable was germinated uredospora (%) that was determined under a mikroscope. The results show that significant reduction in spore germination occurred by turmeric, clove, and P. betle extracts at > 2.5% and by zinger extract at > 5%. Some uredospora exposed to plant extract germinated abnormally: germ tubes shorten, swollen, or malform.
KEANEKARAGAMAN HYMENOPTERA PARASITOID PADA STURUKTUR LANSKAP PERTANIAN BERBEDA DI DAERAH ALIRAN SUNGAI (DAS) CIANJUR, JAWA BARAT
Authors: Yaherwandi Yaherwandi , Manuwoto S. , Buchori D. , Hidayat P. , Prasetyo L.B. 
Published: January 2021

Diversity of Hymenoptera Parasitoid in Different Agricultural Landscape at Cianjur Watershed, West Java. Understanding how the landscape structure affect the interaction between crops, pests and their natural enemies is a complex problem that can significantly impact on the success or failur of insect biological control. Hymenoptera parasitoid are particularly important natural enemies because of their great diversity and effectiveness as agents of biological control. The objective of this research is to study the diversity of Hymenoptera parasitoid in rice field at Cianjur Watershed. Insects were sampled using three trapping techniques (farmcop, insect net and yellow pan trap). Species accumulative curves, Jackknife-1 estimator, indices of diversity, indices of community similarities and cluster analysis were applied to analyze the data. Results indicated that there were 2750 speciment consist of 26 family and 325 species of Hymenoptera parasitoid in rice fields at Cianjur Watershed. Diversity of Hymenoptera parasitoid were found to be influenced by the landscape structure and seasone of ricefield. Species richness and diversity were higher in Nyalindung landscape than Gasol and Selajambe landscape.