bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alteration of type I interferon response is associated with subclinical atherosclerosis in virologically suppressed HIV‐1‐infected male patients
Authors: Santinelli Letizia , De Girolamo Gabriella , Borrazzo Cristian , Vassalini Paolo , Pinacchio Claudia , Cavallari Eugenio Nelson , Statzu Maura , Frasca Federica , Scordio Mirko , Bitossi Camilla , Viscido Agnese , Ceccarelli Giancarlo , Mancone Massimo , Mastroianni Claudio Maria , Antonelli Guido , d'Ettorre Gabriella , Scagnolari Carolina 
Published: April 2021

AbstractGiven human immunodeficiency virus‐1 (HIV‐1)‐infected patients have alterations in the type I interferon (IFN‐I) pathway and are also at elevated risk of atherosclerosis, we evaluated IFN‐I response and subclinical cardiovascular disease (CVD) association in HIV‐1‐infected patients. Transcript levels of IFN‐α/β and IFN‐stimulated gene 56 (ISG56) were evaluated by RT/real‐time PCR in peripheral blood mononuclear cells collected from asymptomatic HIV‐1‐positive male patients at high risk of developing CVD (n = 34) and healthy subjects (n = 21). Stenosis degree (≥ or <50%), calcium volume score, calcium Agatston score, and myocardial extracellular volume were examined by coronary computerized tomography scan. Carotid intima‐media thickness (cIMT), Framingham risk score, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) score, and risk score developed by data collection on adverse effects of anti‐HIV drugs (D:A:D) were also measured. Increased IFN‐α, IFN‐β, and ISG56 levels were observed in all HIV‐1‐infected males compared to healthy controls (p < .001 for all genes analyzed). HIV‐1‐infected patients with a stenosis degree ≥50% showed a higher Framingham risk score (p = .019), which was correlated with IFN‐β and ISG56 levels. HIV‐1‐infected males with enhanced IFN‐I levels and stenosis displayed a higher ASCVD calculated risk (p = .011) and D:A:D score (p = .004). Also, there was a trend toward higher IFN‐α and ISG56 mRNA levels in HIV‐1‐positive patients with an increased cIMT (p > .05). Dysregulation of IFN‐I response might participate in the pathogenesis of HIV‐1‐associated CVD.
Evidence of the presence of SARS‐CoV‐2 virus in atmospheric air and surfaces of a dedicated COVID hospital
Authors: Dubey Abhishek , Kotnala Garima , Mandal Tuhin K. , Sonkar Subash C. , Singh Vijay K. , Guru Sameer A. , Bansal Aastha , Irungbam Monica , Husain Farah , Goswami Binita , Kotnala Ravindra K. , Saxena Sonal , Sharma Sudhir K. , Saxena Kirti N. , Sharma Chhemendra , Kumar Suresh , Aswal Dinesh K. , Manchanda Vikas , Koner Bidhan C. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe present study was conducted from July 1, 2020 to September 25, 2020 in a dedicated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) hospital in Delhi, India to provide evidence for the presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) virus in atmospheric air and surfaces of the hospital wards. Swabs from hospital surfaces (patient's bed, ward floor, and nursing stations area) and suspended particulate matter in ambient air were collected by a portable air sampler from the medicine ward, intensive care unit, and emergency ward admitting COVID‐19 patients. By performing reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) for E‐gene and RdRp gene, SARS‐CoV‐2 virus was detected from hospital surfaces and particulate matters from the ambient air of various wards collected at 1 and 3‐m distance from active COVID‐19 patients. The presence of the virus in the air beyond a 1‐m distance from the patients and surfaces of the hospital indicates that the SARS‐CoV‐2 virus has the potential to be transmitted by airborne and surface routes from COVID‐19 patients to health‐care workers working in COVID‐19 dedicated hospital. This warrants that precautions against airborne and surface transmission of COVID‐19 in the community should be taken when markets, industries, educational institutions, and so on, reopen for normal activities.
Characterization of T lymphocytes in severe COVID‐19 patients
Authors: Fenoglio Daniela , Dentone Chiara , Parodi Alessia , Di Biagio Antonio , Bozzano Federica , Vena Antonio , Fabbi Marina , Ferrera Francesca , Altosole Tiziana , Bruzzone Bianca , Giacomini Mauro , Pelosi Paolo , De Maria Andrea , Bassetti Matteo , De Palma Raffaele , Filaci Gilberto 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn this observational study, 13 patients with severe COVID‐19 and 10 healthy controls were enrolled. The data concerning the analysis of circulating T cells show that, in severe COVID‐19 patients, the expansion of these cell compartments is prone to induce antibody response, inflammation (CCR4+ and CCR6+ TFH) and regulation (CD8+ Treg). This pathogenic mechanism could lead us to envision a possible new form of biological target therapy.
Can molecular mimicry explain the cytokine storm of SARS‐CoV‐2?: An in silico approach
Authors: Obando‐Pereda Gustavo 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPARP14 and PARP9 play a key role in macrophage immune regulation. SARS‐CoV‐2 is an emerging viral disease that triggers hyper‐inflammation known as a cytokine storm. In this study, using in silico tools, we hypothesize about the immunological phenomena of molecular mimicry between SARS‐CoV‐2 Nsp3 and the human PARP14 and PARP9. The results showed an epitope of SARS‐CoV‐2 Nsp3 protein that contains consensus sequences for both human PARP14 and PARP9 that are antigens for MHC Classes 1 and 2, which can potentially induce an immune response against human PARP14 and PARP9; while its depletion causes a hyper‐inflammatory state in SARS‐CoV‐2 patients.
Possible effects of air temperature on COVID‐19 disease severity and transmission rates
Authors: Kang Dominique , Ellgen Clifford , Kulstad Erik 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCurrently available data are consistent with increased severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) replication at temperatures encountered in the upper airways (25–33°C when breathing room temperature air, 25°C) compared to those in the lower airways (37°C). One factor that may contribute to more rapid viral growth in the upper airways is the exponential increase in SARS‐CoV‐2 stability that occurs with reductions in temperature, as measured in vitro. Because SARS‐CoV‐2 frequently initiates infection in the upper airways before spreading through the body, increased upper airway viral growth early in the disease course may result in more rapid progression of disease and potentially contribute to more severe outcomes. Similarly, higher SARS‐CoV‐2 viral titer in the upper airways likely supports more efficient transmission. Conversely, the possible significance of air temperature to upper airway viral growth suggests that prolonged delivery of heated air might represent a preventative measure and prophylactic treatment for coronavirus disease 2019.
SARS‐CoV‐2 ORF9b antagonizes type I and III interferons by targeting multiple components of the RIG‐I/MDA‐5–MAVS, TLR3–TRIF, and cGAS–STING signaling pathways
Authors: Han Lulu , Zhuang Meng‐Wei , Deng Jian , Zheng Yi , Zhang Jing , Nan Mei‐Ling , Zhang Xue‐Jing , Gao Chengjiang , Wang Pei‐Hui 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe suppression of types I and III interferon (IFN) responses by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) contributes to the pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). The strategy used by SARS‐CoV‐2 to evade antiviral immunity needs further investigation. Here, we reported that SARS‐CoV‐2 ORF9b inhibited types I and III IFN production by targeting multiple molecules of innate antiviral signaling pathways. SARS‐CoV‐2 ORF9b impaired the induction of types I and III IFNs by Sendai virus and poly (I:C). SARS‐CoV‐2 ORF9b inhibited the activation of types I and III IFNs induced by the components of cytosolic dsRNA‐sensing pathways of RIG‐I/MDA5‐MAVS signaling, including RIG‐I, MDA‐5, MAVS, TBK1, and IKKε, rather than IRF3‐5D, which is the active form of IRF3. SARS‐CoV‐2 ORF9b also suppressed the induction of types I and III IFNs by TRIF and STING, which are the adaptor protein of the endosome RNA‐sensing pathway of TLR3‐TRIF signaling and the adaptor protein of the cytosolic DNA‐sensing pathway of cGAS–STING signaling, respectively. A mechanistic analysis revealed that the SARS‐CoV‐2 ORF9b protein interacted with RIG‐I, MDA‐5, MAVS, TRIF, STING, and TBK1 and impeded the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of IRF3. In addition, SARS‐CoV‐2 ORF9b facilitated the replication of the vesicular stomatitis virus. Therefore, the results showed that SARS‐CoV‐2 ORF9b negatively regulates antiviral immunity and thus facilitates viral replication. This study contributes to our understanding of the molecular mechanism through which SARS‐CoV‐2 impairs antiviral immunity and provides an essential clue to the pathogenesis of COVID‐19.
Varied spatiotemporal changes in wind speed over the Tibetan Plateau and its surroundings in the past decades
Authors: Ding Jin , Cuo Lan , Zhang Yongxin , Zhang Cunjie 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe means and changes of annual and monthly wind speed and their extremes over the Tibetan Plateau and its surroundings (TPS) in 1970–1999, 2000–2005 and 2006–2015 are investigated. The correlations between eight atmospheric circulation indices and wind speed variables are also investigated for possible mechanisms of wind speed change over the region. The study shows that the strongest wind appears during February–June, whereas the weakest wind appears in October–January. Weak annual extreme wind concentrates in the southern Gansu, the central Sichuan, the western Yunnan, and near the boarders of Qinghai, Tibetan Autonomous Region and Sichuan. Strong annual extreme wind occurs in the western and central Xinjiang, the central Tibetan Autonomous Region, and the western Qinghai and Gansu. Above 3,600 m, mean and extreme wind speed increases significantly with elevation. Monthly and annual mean wind speed show negative trends over the TPS in 1970–1999 as well as in 2006–2015 but to a lesser extent while 2000–2005 witnesses increasing wind speed. During 1970–1999, Tibetan Plateau High and westerlies respectively show the strongest negative and positive effects on wind speed changes but their influences weaken in 2000–2015 for which Western Pacific Subtropical High and Indian Summer Monsoon appear to play a more important role. The observed decreasing wind speed in 1970–1999 and 2006–2015 is largely due to decreasing zonal and meridional wind speed while for 2000–2005, the observed increasing wind speed is related to the increasing meridional wind speed.
Individuals following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction practice underloading strategies during daily activity
Authors: Chan Ming‐Sheng , Sigward Susan M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractUnderloading the surgical limb has been described in biomechanical studies across recovery time points following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLr). This study aimed to examine the extent to which laboratory findings translate to daily activities. Limb loading was quantified during a sit‐to‐stand task in laboratory testing and throughout 2 days of daily activity in 15 individuals 114.8 (17.2) days post‐ACLr and 15 controls. Vertical force impulse calculated from force platform (laboratory) and pressure insoles (daily) was used to quantify limb loading. Between‐limb symmetry was calculated for limb loading and knee strength measures, 2 × 2 GLM repeated measures determined a significant group‐by‐limb interaction on daily limb loading. Surgical limb daily loading was lower compared to nonsurgical (p < .001; effect sizes [ES] = 0.63), and control matched limbs (surgical: p = .037, ES = 0.80 and nonsurgical: p = .02, ES = 0.89). No group differences were found in total daily loading (summed loading between limbs; p = .18; ES = 0.50) and time performing weight‐bearing activities (p = .32; ES = 0.36). Pearson's correlation determined that between‐limb symmetry in daily loading was related to sit‐to‐stand loading (r = .62; p = .01) and knee extensor strength symmetry (r = .6; p = .02) in the ACLr group. These data support the presence of underloading behaviors in individuals 10–14 weeks following ACLr that are consistent with previous biomechanical studies and current biomechanical data. Knee extensor weakness was related to greater underloading. Asymmetrical loading quantified in the laboratory is practiced throughout the day in individuals post‐ACLr. Practice afforded by daily activities represents powerful contributors to learning of a pattern that contrasts the goal of rehabilitation exercises.
Preferences for Communication About End‐of‐Life Care in Atypical Parkinsonism
Authors: Saranza Gerard , Villanueva Emilio Q. , Lang Anthony E. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTBackgroundStudies on preferences regarding discussions on end‐of‐life care (EOLC), advance care planning (ACP), medical assistance in dying (MAiD), and brain donation have not yet been conducted in patients with atypical parkinsonism (AP).ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to know the preferences of patients with AP regarding discussions on EOLC, ACP, MAiD, and brain donation.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study was conducted in patients clinically diagnosed with AP. An adapted questionnaire that assessed various potential factors that affect patients' preferences regarding EOLC and ACP was sent through postal mail to 278 patients.ResultsA total of 90 completed questionnaires were returned. Most patients preferred to discuss at the time of diagnosis information about the disease, its natural course, treatment options, and prognosis. In contrast, they preferred that EOLC and ACP be discussed when the disease has progressed. No demographic or disease‐related factors were found to be predictors of the patient's preferences. Notably, most patients (63.3%) had previous actual discussions on these issues. Less than a third of patients were open to discussions about MAiD and brain donation; older age and the importance of spirituality and religion decreased the odds of discussing these.ConclusionsOur study demonstrates that patients with AP have preferences regarding the timing of the discussion of the different themes surrounding EOLC and ACP. A needs‐based approach in initiating and conducting timely discussions on these difficult but essential issues is proposed. A thorough explanation and recognition of a patient's beliefs are recommended when initiating conversations about MAiD and brain donation. © 2021 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Library‐driven approach for fast implementation of the voxel spread function to correct magnetic field inhomogeneity artifacts for gradient‐echo sequences
Authors: Liu Ying , Ye Qiong , Zeng Feiyan , Jiang Xiaohua , Cai Bin , Lv Weifu , Wen Jie 
Published: April 2021

PurposePreviously developed Voxel Spread Function (VSF) method (Yablonskiy, et al, MRM, 2013;70:1283) provides solution to correct artifacts induced by macroscopic magnetic field inhomogeneity in the images obtained by multi‐Gradient‐Recalled‐Echo (mGRE) techniques. The goal of this study was to develop a library‐driven approach for fast VSF implementation.MethodsThe VSF approach describes the contribution of the magnetic field inhomogeneity effects on the mGRE signal decay in terms of the F‐function calculated from mGRE phase and magnitude images. A pre‐calculated library accounting for a variety of background field gradients caused by magnetic field inhomogeneity was used herein to speed up the calculation of F‐function. Quantitative R2* maps from the mGRE data collected from two healthy volunteers were generated using the library as validation.ResultsAs compared with direct calculation of the F‐function based on a voxel‐wise approach, the new library‐driven method substantially reduces computational time from several hours to few minutes, while, at the same time, providing similar accuracy of R2* mapping.ConclusionThe new procedure proposed in this study provides a fast post‐processing algorithm that can be incorporated in the quantitative analysis of mGRE data to account for background field inhomogeneity artifacts, thus can facilitate the applications of mGRE‐based quantitative techniques in clinical practices.
Increased Brain Reward Responsivity to Food‐Related Odors in Obesity
Authors: Han Pengfei , Roitzsch Clemens , Horstmann Annette , Pössel Maria , Hummel Thomas 
Published: April 2021

ObjectiveFood odors serve as powerful stimuli signaling the food quality and energy density and direct food‐specific appetite and consumption. This study explored obesity‐related brain activation in response to odors related to high‐ or low‐energy‐dense foods.MethodsSeventeen participants with obesity (BMI > 30 kg/m2; 4 males and 13 females) and twenty‐one with normal weight (BMI < 25 kg/m2; 9 males and 12 females) underwent a functional magnetic resonance imaging scan in which they received chocolate (high‐energy‐dense food) and cucumber (low‐energy‐dense food) odor stimuli. Participants’ olfactory and gustatory functions were assessed by the “Sniffin’ Sticks” and “Taste Strips” tests, respectively.ResultsCompared with normal‐weight controls, participants with obesity had lower odor sensitivity (phenylethyl alcohol) and decreased odor discrimination ability. However, participants with obesity demonstrated greater brain activation in response to chocolate compared with cucumber odors in the bilateral inferior frontal operculum and cerebellar vermis, right ventral anterior insula extending to putamen, right middle temporal gyrus, and right supramarginal areas.ConclusionsThe present study provides preliminary evidence that obesity is associated with heightened brain activation of the reward and flavor processing areas in response to chocolate versus cucumber odors, possibly because of the higher energy density and reinforcing value of chocolate compared with cucumber.
MYOD1 as a prognostic indicator in rhabdomyosarcoma
Authors: Ahmed Atif A. , Habeebu Sultan , Farooqi Midhat S. , Gamis Alan S. , Gonzalez Elizabeth , Flatt Terrie , Sherman Ashley , Surrey Lea , Arnold Michael A. , Conces Miriam , Koo Selene , Dioufa Nikolina , Barr Frederic G. , Tsokos Maria G. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackground/objectivesRhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is characterized by the expression of the myogenic regulatory protein MYOD1. Histologic types include alveolar, embryonal (ERMS), and spindle cell sclerosing RMS (SRMS). SRMS harbors MYOD1 mutations in a subset of adult cases in association with poor prognosis.Design/methodsTo study the level of MYOD1 protein expression and its clinical significance, we have analyzed variable numbers of pediatric (<18 years of age) and adult (age range ≥18 to 35 years) ERMS and SRMS cases for presence or absence of MYOD1 immunoreactivity in correlation with clinical outcome and MYOD1 L122R mutations.ResultsLack of MYOD1 immunoreactivity, identified in 23.8% of nonalveolar RMS (non‐ARMS) cases, was more prevalent in SRMS (44%) than ERMS (17.2%) and was significantly associated with low overall survival and unfavorable tumor sites (p < .05). Lack of MYOD1 immunoreactivity was not associated with MYOD1 L122R mutations, which were identified in 3/37 (8%) cases including only two of 31 (6.5%) pediatric cases, one of 11 or 9% pediatric SRMS, and one case of infant ERMS.ConclusionThese studies highlight the prognostic role of MYOD1 in non‐ARMS. Lack of MYOD1 immunoreactivity is associated with poor prognosis in ERMS and SRMS. MYOD1 gene mutations are generally infrequent in pediatric RMS. Although mutations are predominant in SRMS, they may exceptionally occur in infantile ERMS.
Temperature‐dependent interlaminar behavior of unidirectional composite laminates: Property determination and mechanism analysis
Authors: Cao Junchao , Meng Xianghao , Gu Jiahui , Zhang Chao 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDelamination damage is a critical concern for composites—especially for aircraft structures—considering their complex service conditions, which include extreme temperatures and impact threats. This study considers the effect of temperature (−20°C to 110°C) on the mode‐I interlaminar failure behavior for unidirectional carbon/epoxy composite laminates, through a series of experiments. A simple double compliances method (DCM) without the measurement of crack length was employed to determine mode I interlaminar fracture toughness, and the accuracy of DCM at different temperatures was validated by comparing the results obtained from DCM with those calculated using ASTM methods. The comparison indicates that fracture toughness values determined from DCM are consistent with those from ASTM methods, and the predicted crack lengths from DCM show little difference with experimentally measured crack lengths. The experimental results reveal the significant sensitivity of mode I interlaminar failure behavior with the environmental temperature. Both the peak load and initial interlaminar fracture toughness increases with the increase of test temperature. It is found that propagation fracture toughness shows different temperature sensitivity at high temperatures (50°C to 110°C) than that under low temperatures (−20°C to 25°C). The crack propagation speed tends to be a constant value during the tests and decreases with the increase of test temperature. The fractography analysis illustrates a transition of the mode of failure from fiber–matrix interface debonding at lower temperatures to matrix cleavage at higher temperatures.
Assessing the current and future Arctic Ocean observing system with observing system simulating experiments
Authors: Lyu Guokun , Koehl Armin , Serra Nuno , Stammer Detlef 
Published: April 2021

AbstractArctic Ocean Observing System Simulation Experiments (OSSEs) were performed with a pan‐Arctic coupled ocean–sea ice data assimilation system to assess the impacts of assimilating available observations on the Arctic ocean–sea ice state. To this end, the adjoint method with a 3‐year assimilation window was used to assimilate synthetic observations sampled from a 4 km model simulation at the spatio‐temporal distribution of the existing observing system. After data assimilation, the sea ice state, including sea ice concentration (SIC), sea ice thickness (SIT), and sea ice volume (SIV), were significantly improved, benefiting from the high spatio‐temporal coverage of SIC observations and the wintertime SIT observations. In contrast, the ocean state is not very well constrained with the existing hydrographic observing system. An additional 1° × 1° ocean profiling array with a 10‐day sampling frequency was seen to substantially improve the estimated ocean temperature and freshwater content. Data from additional moorings deployed in the Fram Strait and continental slope of the Laptev Sea could also improve the pathway of Atlantic inflow to the Arctic Ocean and the temperature of the Atlantic inflow but degrade the mean volume transport through the Fram Strait. Moreover, estimated exchanges between the Arctic Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean through the Fram Strait, Davis Strait and the St. Anna Trough were found to benefit from the high‐density profiling array.