bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Examining the Learning Characteristics of Nursing Students: A Literature Review
Authors: Cadet Myriam Jean 
Published: April 2021

Background:
Research findings have revealed that some students are not prepared to face the challenges associated with online learning, and attrition rates have been found to be a major concern. This review aimed to investigate the learning characteristics nursing students need before enrolling in online learning to ensure success.

Method:
Electronic databases were searched to investigate the learning characteristics of students for the literature review.

Results:
The search identified a final selection of 24 quantitative and qualitative studies. Readiness to learn, self-efficacy, motivation, persistence, and autonomy are learning characteristics for students to possess when enrolling in online learning environments. However, not all students have these learning characteristics; thus, their learning needs should be assessed.

Conclusion:

More mixed-methods and randomized control trial studies are needed to examine online students' learning characteristics. Nurse educators must evaluate their students to investigate whether online learning fits their learning goals.

[
J Nurs Educ
. 2021;60(4):209–215.]
Exploring Nursing Students' Experiences in the Anatomy Laboratory to Optimize Their Learning
Authors: Antonacci Rosetta , Curiale Lianna Marie , Ventura Nicole , MacMillan Kathleen Elyse , Tsimicalis Argerie 
Published: April 2021

Background:
In medicine, dissecting human cadavers is vital for learning anatomy, developing professional skills, and fostering a relationship with the body. This opportunity has received little pedagogical attention in nursing. The purpose of this study was to understand the experiences of nursing students in the human anatomy laboratory to inform strategies that may be implemented to optimize learning.

Method:
A qualitative descriptive study was conducted to analyze reflective assignments completed by undergraduate and graduate nursing students following participation in a required session in the human cadaver anatomy laboratory.

Results:
Overall, 168 assignments were included in the analysis. Three themes were identified: Coping With the Initial Shock, Reflecting on the Salience of Death and Dying, and Acknowledging Impacts on Future Practice.

Conclusion:

The students' reflections support the integration of a human anatomy laboratory session into the nursing curriculum and inform strategies to foster learning and development.

[
J Nurs Educ
. 2021;60(4):221–224.]
Volkssagen der Gottscheer: Aspekte des Raumes
Authors: Birk Matjaž 
Published: April 2021

Die Sagen der Gottscheer, enthalten in dem für die Sammlung und den Transfer ihrer Volksdichtung grundlegenden, von dem Gottscheer Wilhelm Tschinkel veröffentlichten Werk Gottscheer Volkstum in Sitte, Brauch, Märchen, Sagen, Legenden und anderen volkstümlichen Überlieferungen (1932), weisen wegen des inselhaften Charakters des Gottscheer Sprachgebietes außerordentliche stoffliche und thematische Urwüchsigkeit auf.
Bei der ästhetischen Verräumlichung kommt in den Sagen neben Pflanzen und Gegenständen besondere Bedeutung den magischen Handlungen zu, die an karsttypische, auf die Vergangenheit bezogene Naturräume gebunden sind. Die Raumpraxis besteht aus einer Kette von Stimmung erzeugenden Handlungsrekurrenzen, die von Herausforderung bis Bezwingung des Übernatürlichen reichen, für eine Reihe von Verrückungen in den Beziehungen zwischen dem Unheimlichen und dem Vertrauten am angestammten Ort sorgen und die Unergründbarkeit des menschlichen Lebens deutlich in Erscheinung treten lassen. Die innere Raumdialektik lässt die Gottscheer als von vormodernen und modernen Verhaltens- und Handelspraxen geprägte, in einem nach Innen und Außen hin offenen Kommunikationsraum verortete und durch zahlreiche Transgressionen von geographischen, ethnischen, sozialen, kulturellen und geschlechtlich kodierten Räumen gekennzeichnete Individuen erscheinen. Während ihre als Bestandteil der deutschen Volkskultur repräsentierten Sagen sie im Repräsentationsraum eines universale Geltung beanspruchenden Nationalkonzepts positionieren, erfahren Raumtransgressionen durch sittliche Abgrenzungen in der Beziehung zu den Eindringlingen, wie Franzosen und Türken, und nicht zuletzt in ihrer Eigenschaft der verfremdeten Andersheit auch zu den Slowenen sichtbare Risse.
Gegen den Bedeutungsverlust einer Kultur: John Eiselmeier und der Status der deutschsprachigen Minderheit in den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts
Authors: Coignard Tristan 
Published: April 2021

Dem bei Linz geborenen John Eiselmeier, der sich in den 1870er Jahre mit seiner Familie im südlichen Teil Illinois’ niederließ, wurde bisher in der Forschung wenig Achtung geschenkt. Er wurde zum Lehrer ausgebildet, sammelte an verschiedenen Schulen in Illinois, Missouri, Nebraska und Wisconsin Lehrerfahrungen, die er später als Ausbilder im Rahmen des National German-American Teachers‘ Seminary an angehende Lehrkräfte weitergeben konnte. So wurde er zu einem Akteur, der sich für den Erhalt der deutschen Sprache und eines deutsch-amerikanischen Schulsystems einsetzte.
Eiselmeier wurde zum Zeugen des zunehmenden Bedeutungsverlustes der deutschen Kultur und der Spannungen, denen die deutsche Gemeinschaft ausgesetzt war. Selbstreflektierung wurde dabei zum Ausgangspunkt für seine Diagnose über die Veränderungen in der amerikanischen Wahrnehmung der deutschsprachigen Einwanderer.
Eiselmeier verschwieg keineswegs die Krisenerscheinungen, die sich innerhalb der deutschsprachigen Gemeinschaft offenbarten und ihren Status bedrohten. Er thematisierte sowohl den Rückgang der Sprache, die Anfeindungen gegen Deutsche in Kontext des Ersten Weltkriegs als auch das zunehmende Desinteresse an einer intensiven Pflege der deutschen Kultur in den Einwandererkreisen. Diese Aspekte bieten den Anlass für eine Diskussion über folgende Hypothese: Stellten die ersten Jahrzehnte des 20. Jahrhunderts eine Etappe dar, bei der es zum Übergang von einem offenen Integrationsmodell zum Assimilationsmodell kam?
Salmonella Dublin associated with abortion in dairy cattle in Algiers and comparison of different diagnostic methods
Authors: Hezil Dj , Zaidi S. , Benseghir H. , Zineddine R. , Benamrouche N. , Ghalmi F. 
Published: April 2021

Background: In cattle, many serotypes of Salmonella enterica are responsible for a wide variety of clinical manifestations, which can cause considerable economic loss. Some serotypes can cause cows to abort sporadically, such as the Dublin serotype. This study was carried out on different cattle farms in the Algiers region to determine the prevalence of Salmonella Dublin using bacteriological and immunological methods.Methodology: The prevalence of Salmonella was determined by bacteriological analysis in accordance with the reference method AFNOR NF U 47-100 on faecal samples collected from 184 cattle belonging to 19 different farms, and serotyping for S. Dublin. Immunological analysis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for S. Dublin was carried out on milk samples collected from 91 cattle. A survey of case (n=5) and control (n=14) farms for comparative analysis was performed to demonstrate a link between abortion in cows and prevalence of S. Dublin with both bacteriological and immunological methods. Sensitivity, specificity, Cohen Kappa coefficient, McNemar test odds ratios, and confidence intervals were calculated using Winepiscope 2.0 and StatA 9.1 software,and p<0.05 was considered as statistically significant.Results: The bacteriological results showed a prevalence of 7.6% (95%CI: 3-10), for Salmonella and serotyping revealed a prevalence for S. Dublin of 2.7%. The immunological analysis of milk by the ELISA technique revealed a prevalence of 13.2% (95%CI: 5-20) for S. Dublin. The comparative study between immunological results from milk and bacteriological results from faeces for detecting S. Dublin showed poor agreement between the two tests (k=0.25), with enzyme immunoassay being significantly more sensitive than the bacteriological test (p<0.05). The results of the survey did not demonstrate a clear association between bacteriological detection of S. Dublin in faeces and abortion in cows (OR=8.66, 95%CI: 0.58-130.12). However, with the immunological analysis of milk for S. Dublin, there was a significant positive association (OR=62.33, 95%CI: 2.13-18.22) between a positive antibody response to S. Dublin in milk and the presence of abortions on the farm.Conclusion: In view of these results, we can conclude that Salmonella infections should systematically feature in the differential diagnosis of abortions in dairy cattle in Algeria.
Keywords: S. Dublin, cattle, faeces, milk, abortion, immunology, bacteriology, Algiers
Prevalence, characteristics and antibiogram profile of Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolated from raw and fermented (nono) milk in Benin City, Nigeria
Authors: Igbinosa I.H. , Chiadika C. 
Published: April 2021

Background: Most Escherichia coli strains are harmless commensals, but some serotypes can cause serious food poisoning in their hosts, and are infrequently responsible for product recalls due to food contamination. The present study was carried out to determine the occurrence of E. coli O157:H7 and other E. coli strains from raw and fermented (nono) milk in Benin City, Nigeria.Methodology: A total of 66 (33 raw and 33 nono) milk samples were obtained from retailers from 3 different stations in Aduwawa market, Benin City, Nigeria between January and June, 2017. Samples were analysed by cultural methods for faecal coliforms using M-Fc agar, E. coli using Chromocult coliform agar, and E. coli O157:H7 using sorbitol MacConkey agar supplemented with cefixime and potassium tellurite. Presumptive E. coli andE. coli O157:H7 isolates were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay using specific primers. Antimicrobial susceptibility profile of confirmed isolates was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, with zones of inhibition interpreted according to the guidelines of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Data were analysed using the SPSS version 21.0.Results: From the 66 nono and raw milk samples assessed in this study, all (100%) were phenotypically positive for E. coli O157:H7. A total of 19 E. coli O157:H7 and 41 other strains of E. coli were confirmed by PCR. The resistance profile of the 19 E. coli O157:H7 isolates showed 100% (19/19) resistance to penicillin G and ampicillin; 94.7% (18/19) to chloramphenicol; 89.5% (17/19) to erythromycin; and 78.9% (15/19) to sulfamethoxazole and oxytetracycline, while the sensitivity profile showed that 100% (19/19) E. coli O157:H7 isolates were sensitive to gentamicin and ofloxacin. The resistance profile of other 41 E. coli isolates showed 100% (41/41) resistance to penicillin G and ampicillin; 97.6% (40/41) to chloramphenicol; and 92.7% (38/41) to erythromycin, while 97.6% (40/41) were sensitive to gentamicin and kanamycin. Ten E. coli O157:H7 isolates (52.6%) showed extensive drug resistance pattern to 11 antibiotics in 7 antimicrobial classes with multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index of 0.46.Conclusion: Findings from the present study clearly indicated that the safety and quality of fresh and fermented milk were not satisfactory and could be of public health concern.
Key words: Nono, Escherichia coli; Pathotypes, Resistance index, Public health, Milk
Point prevalence survey of antimicrobial consumption and resistance: 2015-2018 longitudinal survey results from Nigeria
Authors: Umeokonkwo C.D. , Oduyebo O.O. , Fadeyi A. , Versporten A. , Ola-Bello O.I. , Fowotade A. , Elikwu C.J. , Pauwels I. , Kehinde A. , Ekuma A. , Goossens H. , Adedosu A.N. , Nwafia I.N. , Nwajiobi-Princewill P. , Ogunsola F.T. , Olayinka A.T. , Iregbu K.C. 
Published: April 2021

Background: Nigeria joined the global community in monitoring antimicrobial prescribing practices since 2015. Results of individual hospital Global Point Prevalence Survey (Global-PPS) have stimulated efforts at instituting hospital-based antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programmes. We report the trends of antimicrobial prescribing rates and quality indicators for 3 surveillance periods; 2015, 2017 and 2018.Methodology: The web-based Global-PPS for surveillance of antimicrobial use in hospitals (www.globalpps.com) was completed by each participating hospital site for all inpatients receiving antimicrobials on a selected day in 2015, 2017 and 2018. Data included details on antimicrobial agents, reasons and indications for treatment and a set of quality prescribing indicators. Data were validated by the web-based data management system of University of Antwerp, exported into Microsoft Excel and analyzed with EPI INFO version 7.2.Results: Thirteen hospitals participated in the survey involving a total of 5,174 inpatients. Mean weighted overall antimicrobial prescribing prevalence was 70.7% which declined over the years from 71.7% in 2015 to 59.1% in 2018 (p<0.001). The rate of documentation of date for post prescription review improved from 27.9% in 2015 to 48.5% in 2018 (p<0.001) while the rates of targeted treatment declined from 12.0% in 2015 to 5.2% in 2018 (p<0.001). There was no significant change in the choice of parenteral drug administration (64.5% in 2015, 65.1% in 2017 and 62.6% in 2018; p=0.6803), and but there was significant increase in documentation of reasons for prescription in case notes (62.2% in 2015, 74.5% in 2017, and 70.9% in 2018; p=0.008). Overall, the main indications for therapeutic prescribing were skin and soft tissue infections (20.8%), sepsis (15.9%) and pneumonia (11.6%). The top three antibiotics for therapeutic use were ceftriaxone (18.2%), metronidazole (15.3%) and ciprofloxacin (10.4%).Conclusions: The survey showed reduction in the overall antimicrobial prescribing rate especially in hospitals that had introduced AMS programmes. Among the quality prescribing indicators, documentation of post prescription review date showed improvement. The Global-PPS serves as a cost effective, flexible and userfriendly tool in instituting AMS programmes in hospitals.
Keywords: antimicrobial prescribing, hospital, global-point prevalence survey, quality indicators
A review of COVID-19 vaccines strategies and anti-vaxxers theories
Authors: Adesokan A. , Obeid M.A. 
Published: April 2021

In what is a global record time of getting the COVID-19 vaccines available within 11 months, the world has equally been faced with several myths and conspiracy theories dissuading the public from accepting vaccination as an important measure in the response to the pandemic. We reviewed the leading conspiracy theories and balanced these with the scientific basis of viral transmission and replication and the broad role of vaccination in tackling this challenge. We briefly examined the design of the leading vaccines, and provided recommendations for worldwide COVID-19 distribution, acceptance and use.
Keywords: COVID-19, vaccine, anti-vaxxer, review

French Title: Un examen des stratégies de vaccins COVID-19 et des théories anti-vaxxers
Dans ce qui est un temps record mondial pour obtenir les vaccins COVID-19 disponibles en 11 mois, le monde a également été confronté à plusieurs mythes et théories du complot dissuadant le public d'accepter la vaccination comme une mesure importante dans la réponse à la pandémie. Nous avons passé en revue les principales théories du complot et les avons équilibrées avec la base scientifique de la transmission et de la réplication virales et le rôle général de la vaccination dans la lutte contre ce défi. Nous avons brièvement examiné la conception des principaux vaccins et formulé des recommandations pour la distribution, l'acceptation et l'utilisation du COVID19 dans le monde.
Mots clés: COVID-19, vaccin, anti-vaxxer, revue
Quality of metagenomic DNA extracted for molecular identification of microorganisms from CSF samples of patients with suspected cerebrospinal meningitis in northern Nigeria
Authors: Peletiri I.C. , Ikeh E.I. , Nna E. , Ndike U.P. , Usman Y.B. , Durfa L.D. , Okonkwo C.N. , Murtala R. , Nnajide C.R. 
Published: April 2021

Background: Following an increase in the practice of starting antimicrobial therapy prior to clinical sample collection, the ability to confirm pathogenic microorganisms of bacterial meningitis has decreased by approximately 30%. Culture results may be false negative when fastidious or culture-resistant bacteria are involved or when patient samples are obtained after antimicrobial therapy has started. Molecular diagnosis using PCR can be performed directly on clinical samples after metagenomic DNA (mDNA) extraction not requiring live organisms for a positive result. The specific objectives of this study are to perform mDNA extraction directly from cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) using appropriate spin column method, and to determine the quality of the mDNA elute.Methodology: Cerebrospinal fluid specimens were collected from 210 patients with suspected acute cerebrospinal meningitis (CSM) in the Federal Capital Territory and some States in Northern Nigeria during the 2017 and 2018 outbreak seasons. Metagenomic DNA was extracted from approximately 200µL of CSF specimens using the Qiagen QIAamp(R) DNA Mini kit specific for bacterial agents only. DNA quality check was performed on all DNA elutes using fluorometric, spectrophotometric and agarose gel electrophoresis methods.Results: Of the 210 CSF samples analyzed microbiologically, Gram reaction was positive in 94 cases (44.8 %) but only 17 (8.1 %) were culture positive for two of the three major bacterial causes of meningitis. One hundred and eighty (85.7%) samples had DNA concentrations ≥ 0.005 ng/µL, 55 (30.6 %) of these had DNA purity (A260/A280) of ≥ 1.7, 103 (57.2%) had purity value between 1.0 - 1.69, 14 (7.8%) had value of 0.57 - 0.99, and 8 (4.4%) failed purity evaluation with value of 0.00 at A260/A280.Conclusion: The essence of mDNA extraction is multipurpose. A multiplex PCR can be performed on the extracted mDNA to interrogate the presence of microbial pathogens of interest using specific primers and probes (when applicable). Quality mDNA from CSF samples will ensure successful qPCR results for rapid and accurate detection of bacterial pathogens in meningitis. This will eliminate the challenges associated with traditional culture methods.
Keywords: Meningitis, CSF, DNA Quality Check, Fluorometry
Characterization of biofilm formation in clinical urinary isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from five hospitals in Lagos State, Nigeria
Authors: Orjih C.I. , Ajayi A. , Alao F.O. , Adeleye A.I. , Smith S.I. 
Published: April 2021

Background: Biofilm formation by pathogens is of great clinical importance as it mediates persistence and resistance to antibiotics, hence posing difficulty in treatment and management of diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biofilm forming potential of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from urine samples of females with urinary tract infection and to detect the presence of clumping factor (clfA) and intracellular adhesion (icaA) encoding genes.Methodology: A total of 50 S. aureus were obtained from urine samples of women in five hospitals in Lagos State, Nigeria. Isolates were confirmed by standard biochemical and novobiocin susceptibility tests. The isolates were screened for biofilm formation using three methods; Congo-red agar (CRA), tube, and tissue culture plate (TCP) methods. Detection of clfA and icaA genes was done by PCR.Results: The Congo red agar method showed that 39 (78%) of the isolates were biofilm producers while 11 (22%) were non-biofilm producers. However, the tube method indicated that 12 (24%) were strong biofilm producers, 26 (52%) were moderate biofilm producers, and 12 (24%) were non-biofilm producers. The standard TCP assay showed that strong biofilm producers (OD > 0.240) were 13 (26%), moderate biofilm producers were 22 (44%), and weak or non-biofilm producers (OD < 0.120) were 15 (30%). The tube method showed a good correlation with the TCP method for strong biofilm production. Ten (20%) isolates possessed clfA gene and 31 (62%)possessed icaA gene.Conclusion: The ability of S. aureus to form biofilm is a key risk factor that can increase morbidity and mortality from infections they cause. Hence, rapid and sensitive phenotypic methods can be used in screening for biofilm formation thereby providing data that can guide therapy and control of the pathogen.
Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus, Biofilm, Clumping factor, Intracellular adhesion
Comparative analysis of poliovirus-specific IgA and cytokine levels in the sera of Ascaris lumbricoides-infected and helminth-negative Nigerian children after oral poliovirus vaccination
Authors: Akinwande K.S. , Arinola G.O. 
Published: April 2021

Background: Intestinal helminth infection is associated with altered immune responses and compromised vaccine efficacy in infected children. Altered immune response due to Ascaris lumbricoides infection may compromise efficacy of oral poliovirus vaccination in children. There is no information on humoral immune response during oral poliovirus (OP) vaccination of A. lumbricoides–infected Nigerian children. The objective of this study is to determine the serum levels of cytokines (tumour necrosis factor–alpha TNF-α, interferongamma IFN–γ, interleukins -4, -6, -8, -10) and poliovirus-specific IgA (PV-IgA) antibody in children infected with A. lumbricoides compared with helminth-negative children (control) before and after oral poliovirus vaccination.
Methodology: Twenty-three A. lumbricoides-infected children between ages 5-15 years (13 males and 10 females) and 23 age (4-15 years) and sex-matched helminth-negative children who met selection criteria were enrolled into the study after ethical approval and informed consent. Their stool samples were examined for helminth ova using concentration technique. Sera were collected before and 3 weeks after OP vaccinations, and serum concentrations of IFN–γ, TNF–α, IL-4, -6, -8, -10, and poliovirus-specific IgA concentrations were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The level of statistical significance was set at α0.05.
Results: Pre-vaccination serum levels of IFN–γ, IL–4, IL-6 and IL-8 were significantly higher in A. lumbricoides–infected children compared with pre-vaccination levels in helminth-negative children. Postvaccination serum levels of IFN–γ, IL–4 and IL-8 were significantly higher in A. lumbricoides–infected children compared with post-vaccination serum levels in helminth-negative children. In the A. lumbricoides-infected children, pre-vaccination serum levels of IL-6 and IL-8 were significantly higher compared with post vaccination levels while pre-vaccination serum levels of IFN–γ, IL–4 and IL-8 were significantly higher in helminth-negative children compared with the post-vaccination levels. There was no significant reduction in post-vaccination median serum level of PV-IgA compared with level before vaccination in A. lumbricoides-infected children. Also, there was no significant increase in post-vaccination median serum level of PV-IgA compared with level before vaccination in helminth-negative children.
Conclusion: Oral polio vaccine administration caused decrease expression of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-8) in A. lumbricoides-infected school children, and A. lumbricoides infection may reduce PV-IgA production following OP vaccination.
Keywords: Ascaris lumbricoides infection, cytokines, children, poliovirus vaccination