bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
C. Gas-Productive Areas Western Kentucky
Authors: Rose W. D. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Production of natural gas in western Kentucky has been minor in comparison to oil production. By far the largest gas reservoir discovered is the Midland gas field in northern Muhlenberg County. Here gas has accumulated in an isolated sand- filled Bethel channel cut to a depth of more than 200 ft into the underlying limestone. The Midland reservoir is from 0.5 to 2 mi wide and 10 mi long. Gas apparently has accumulated on the south (updip) flank of the main channel. At the western tip of the pool the channel turns northwestward, cutting obliquely downdip and thereby limiting hydrocarbon accumulation in that direction. The trap thus appears to be both stratigraph- ic and structural, with the gas confined to the area where the channel parallels the regional strike. Production is best at the western end, where pay thickness is more than 100 ft. Total reserve is estimated to be approximately 165 billion cu ft.
The most significant gas-productive areas discovered up to 1962 were the Luzerne, also known as “West Greenville,” and Sharon Consolidated fields, both in Muhlenberg County. These two fields are adjacent but apparently not continuous. The Bethel Sandstone is the reservoir formation in both.
Natural-Gas Liquids
Authors: Blackstock W. B. , McCullough G. W. , McCutchan R. C. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Casinghead gasoline or natural gasoline, now more suitably known as “natural-gas liquids” (NGL), was a nuisance when first found, but was developed into a major and profitable commodity. This part of the petroleum industry began at about the turn of the century, and more than 60 yrs later the petroleum industry recovers approximately 1 million bbls of natural-gas liquids a day from 30 billion cu ft of natural gas processed in more than 600 gasoline plants. Although casinghead gasoline first was used for automobile fuel, natural-gas liquids now are used for fuel, industrial solvents, aviation blending stock, synthetic rubber, and many other petrochemical uses. Production from the individual plants is shipped by tank car, tank truck, pipeline, and tankers all over the world.
Most of the natural-gas liquids come from wet natural gas which contains a considerable quantity of vapor, ranging from 0.5 to 6 gal/Mcf, and some particularly rich gases contain even more which can be liquefied. Nonassociated gas is generally clean, with a comparatively small quantity of gasoline, 0.1-0.5 gal/Mcf. The natural-gas liquids branch of the industry is built around the condensation of vapors in natural gas. Natural-gas liquids are processed either by the compression method or by adsorption processes. Substantial quantities of NGL are obtained from cycling operations. The gas is cycled continually through the reservoir and stripped of liquid hydrocarbons in plants.
Sheridan Field, Colorado County, Texas
Authors: Lofton Coleman L. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Sheridan field, in the Gulf Coastal Plain of Texas, is in west-central Colorado County about 85 mi west of Houston. The field is outstanding because of the large gas-condensate reserves found in the Wilcox section of Eocene age and unique for the trend because of the tremendous sandstone thickness and number of sandstone bodies found to be productive. The gross thickness of Wilcox sandstone ranges from 1,200 ft in the southwest part of the structure to 1,700 ft in the northeast part. Forty- three separate units have been recognized, of which 29 are producing or have produced in the past, and 5 others are indicated to be productive. Of the 29 productive Wilcox sandstone units, 8 are associated oil-gas reservoirs and the rest produce exclusively gas and condensate.
The structure, 14,900 acres in area, was first detected by use of reflection seismograph after a period of intensive exploration. In May 1940, Shell Oil Company completed the discovery well, the Plow Realty Company No. 1, as an oil-producing well in the upper Wilcox. Seismic interpretation, confirmed by later development, showed a simple, ovate anticline, uncomplicated by faulting, on the downthrown side of a normal, down-to-the-southeast fault which subsequently has been found to have a throw of approximately 150 ft. A total of 103 wells has been drilled in the field. Of the 95 which penetrated the Wilcox section, 86 were producing wells and 9 were dry holes. Of eight wells drilled exclusively to test the Yegua reservoir, six were producing wells and two were dry holes.
A gas-cycling plant was constructed just north of the central part of the field in 1944, and the first test runs were made in August 1945. The plant was built to cycle the Wilcox “L” and “P-5, Q” Sands. Subsequently, cycling programs have been undertaken for the “G-1” and “H” Sands. The program has now been discontinued for all except the “H” Sand. The “L” and “P-5, Q” are blanket sandstone bodies forming reservoirs of approximately 6,500 and 8,500 acres, respectively. The “H” Sand productive area is more than 7,000 acres, and that of the “G-1” Sand, which produces from a long, narrow stratigraphic trap on the west flank of the structure, is 1,850 acres.
G. Wild Goose Gas Field, Butte County, California
Authors: Hawley Arthur S. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The Wild Goose gas field is in Secs. 17 and 18, T. 17 N., R. 1 E., M.D.B.&M., 7 mi northwest of the Marysville Buttes, a topographically prominent volcanic plug in the center of the Sacramento Valley. The field was discovered August 9, 1951, with completion of Honolulu Oil Corporation No. 1 Honolulu-Humble Wild Goose, Sec. 17. This well had an initial production of 4,020 Mcf a day through a 24/64-in choke, with tubing pressure of 1,370 psi, from the Wild Goose Sand section of Late Cretaceous age.
C. Perkins Lake Gas Field, Butte County, California
Authors: Harding Tod P. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The Perkins Lake gas field is in Butte County, California, in the northern part of the Sacramento Valley, 75 mi northwest of Sacramento. The field was discovered by Humble Oil and Refining Company in September 1955, after a seismic survey had indicated the presence of an anticlinal structure in the area. The discovery well, Humble Parrott Investment Company No. 1 B, in projected Sec. 16, T. 20 N., R. 1 W., was completed for 4.06 million cu ft a day of 940 Btu dry gas through a 3/8-in choke. Production was from perforations opposite the interval 3,365-3,390 ft.
D. Maine Prairie Gas Field, Solano County, California
Authors: Arleth Karl H. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The geologic description of Maine Prairie gas field is based primarily on detailed analysis and correlation of electric logs by the writer.
The Maine Prairie gas field is a multizone dry- gas field consisting of five separate pools. The principal, or Wineman pool, which constitutes the northern two-thirds of the field, is the result of a combination trap and is unusual in that updip closure is provided by the impermeable Markley gorge, a channel-like feature of late Eocene age, traceable on the northeast and southwest for many miles.
The Maine Prairie gas field includes approximately 2,100 acres, and estimated ultimate recoverable reserves are approximately 75,000 million cu ft, according to the California Division of Oil and Gas. The nearly pure methane gas produced has a heating value of approximately 1,000 Btu/cu ft and is sold exclusively to Pacific Gas and Electric Company.
Gas Fields of the Alberta Foothills
Authors: Wells G. C. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Nineteen gas fields and one oil and gas field had been discovered in the Rocky Mountains Foothills of Alberta to the end of 1965. The Alberta Oil and Gas Conservation Board estimated remaining reserves of marketable gas at 4,878 billion cu ft, gas liquids at 116.2 million bbls, and sulfur at 32.685 million long tons.
Mississippian strata constitute the principal reservoir rock; Triassic strata are important in two fields; Devonian strata provide the reservoir in one field, and are of minor importance in another. The gas fields of the Foothills are in overthrust fault structures, overthrust from the west and striking parallel with the Mountains. Closure is afforded by the thrust fault on the east, the steeply dipping west flank, and the north and south plunges of the fault blocks. Subsurface structures generally are reflected at the surface by folds or imbricate fault zones, but seismic surveys normally are required to confirm dislocation in Paleozoic rocks, and to determine depths and configuration.
Outline of Occurrence of Pennsylvanian Gas in Four-Corners Region
Authors: Picard M. Dane , Brown Boyd R. , Loleit A. J. , Parker J. W. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Accumulations of gas and casinghead gas in Pennsylvanian rocks in the Four Corners region (junction of Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona) are in carbonate strata of Desmoinesian age in four lithologic zones (“substages”) of the Paradox Member of the Hermosa Formation. These zones, from oldest to youngest, have been named “Barker Creek,” “Akah,” “Desert Creek,” and “Ismay.” They are shelf counterparts of basinal evaporitic sequences.
Reservoir beds are calcirudite, calcarenite, and sparsely to moderately fossiliferous carbonate, which is nearly in place and was deposited in biostromal and biohermal complexes. Dolomitization and other diagenetic changes have affected these units. Vuggy and intercrystalline types of porosity are predominant; fracture porosity is important in places.
In only a few instances can the type of trap be defined from present subsurface control. Structurally, all of the gas fields are on surface or subsurface highs of varied relief and area. Sedimentary compaction has contributed to this relief in places, and Late Pennsylvanian-Permian warping has occurred. Most of the present structural relief of these features results from folding during the Laramide orogeny. Stratigraphic variations from porous reservoir beds to nonporous units contribute to trapping of most accumulations, and are the controlling factor of some.
The cumulative gas production during the years 1958-1962 inclusive in the Aneth complex was 100,753,592 Mcf. To January 1, 1964, the cumulative production in the Barker Creek field was 197,820,591 Mcf, or nearly two-thirds of the calculated original recoverable reserve of 315 billion cu ft of gas at Barker Creek. Gas from the Barker Creek and Alkali Gulch fields, and from the Aneth complex, is transmitted to Kirtland, New Mexico, and thence to Topock, Arizona. Buyers in Topock distribute to customers in southern California and southern Nevada.
These Pennsylvanian gas accumulations seem to be essentially in situ. The source beds are believed to be present in each zone; migration was predominantly local, not exceeding a few miles; and entrapment occurred in laterally adjacent, sparsely to moderately fossiliferous carbonate beds. After initial entrapment, later migration probably occurred in places.
Natural Gas in Atokan (Bend) Section of Northern Fort Worth Basin
Authors: Blanchard K. S. , Denman Orval , Knight A. S. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
There is extensive stratigraphic accumulation of natural gas in the numerous lenticular standstone and conglomerate bodies of Early Pennsylvanian age in Jack, Parker, and Wise Counties, Texas. These sandstone and conglomerate lenses, locally known as “Bend Conglomerates,” are characterized by extreme variability in lateral extent. Conglomerate bodies present in one well commonly are not present in the offset well. Some wells contain as many as eight separate lenses with a combined pay thickness of more than 100 ft.
The Boonsville (Bend Conglomerate) gas field and the Toto (lower Bend Conglomerate) gas field cover an area of approximately 450 sq mi in Jack, Parker, and Wise Counties and contain more than 875 gas wells producing from the Bend Conglomerate lenses. Monthly gas production from these wells is 5.75 billion cu ft, and estimated recoverable reserve is more than 1 trillion cu ft, making it the largest gas-producing area of North Texas.
Performance of the Abbott RealTime MTB and RIF/INH resistance assays for the detection of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis and resistance markers in sputum specimens
Authors: Araya Bezalem Tesfaye , Ali Kirubel Eshetu , Geleta Dereje Assefa , Tekele Saba Gebremichael , Tulu Kassu Desta 
Published: May 2021

BackgroundThe Abbott RealTime MTB is an assay for the detection ofMycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) complex DNA from respiratory specimens in combination with the Abbott RealTime RIF/INH assay for the detection of genetic resistance markers for isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RIF) from MTB positive isolates. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the performance of the Abbott RealTime MTB and RIF/INH assays.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted on 289 study subjects presumptive to have pulmonary tuberculosis at Nigist Eleni Mohammed Memorial Hospital, South Ethiopia from April 2017 to June 2018. Two morning expectorated sputum specimens were collected from each study participant. One sample was tested directly by Xpert MTB/RIF assay at Nigist Eleni Mohammed Memorial Hospital and the other sample was used for smear microscopy, TB culture, Abbott RealTime MTB, and Abbott RealTime INH/RIF assays at International Clinical Laboratories, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The diagnostic performance of the Abbott RealTime MTB and INH/RIF assays were calculated against MGIT liquid culture and phenotypic drug susceptibility testing (DST) as the gold standard.ResultsFor the detection of MTB the Abbott RealTime MTB assay exhibited sensitivity 92.4% (95% CI 83.6–96.9), specificity 95.4% (95% CI 91.1–97.7), PPV 89.0% (95% CI 79.7–94.5) and NPV 96.9% (95% CI 93.0–98.7). For the detection of RIF resistance MTB, Abbott RealTime MTB RIF/INH concurred with phenotypic DST and Xpert MTB/RIF, while for the detection of INH resistance MTB, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of the Abbott MTB RIF/INH assay was 84.2% (95% CI 60.4–96.6), 100% (95% CI 89.7–100), 100% and 91.9% (95% CI 80.0–96.9), respectively.ConclusionsThe Abbott RTMTB and RIF/INH assays revealed high sensitivity and specificity in MTB diagnosis and provided reliable INH and RIF resistance profiles. This assay has a similar diagnostic performance to the Xpert MTB/RIF assay with the advantages of high-throughput.
On the critical behavior for inhomogeneous wave inequalities with Hardy potential in an exterior domain
Authors: Jleli Mohamed , Samet Bessem , Vetro Calogero 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We study the wave inequality with a Hardy potential

∂

t
t

u
−

Δ

u
+

λ

|

x

|

2

u
≥

|

u

|

p

in
(
0
,
∞
)
×

Ω

,

$$\begin{array}{}
\displaystyle
\partial_{tt}u-{\it\Delta} u+\frac{\lambda}{|x|^2}u\geq |u|^p\quad \mbox{in } (0,\infty)\times {\it\Omega},
\end{array}$$

where Ω is the exterior of the unit ball in ℝ
N
, N ≥ 2, p > 1, and λ ≥ −

N
−
2

2

2

$\begin{array}{}
\displaystyle
\left(\frac{N-2}{2}\right)^2
\end{array}$

, under the inhomogeneous boundary condition

α

∂
u

∂
ν

(
t
,
x
)
+
β
u
(
t
,
x
)
≥
w
(
x
)

on
(
0
,
∞
)
×
∂

Ω

,

$$\begin{array}{}
\displaystyle
\alpha \frac{\partial u}{\partial \nu}(t,x)+\beta u(t,x)\geq w(x)\quad\mbox{on } (0,\infty)\times \partial{\it\Omega},
\end{array}$$

where α, β ≥ 0 and (α, β) ≠ (0, 0). Namely, we show that there exists a critical exponent pc
(N, λ) ∈ (1, ∞] for which, if 1 < p < p

c
(N, λ), the above problem admits no global weak solution for any w ∈ L
1(∂ Ω) with ∫
∂Ω

w(x) dσ > 0, while if p > p

c
(N, λ), the problem admits global solutions for some w > 0. To the best of our knowledge, the study of the critical behavior for wave inequalities with a Hardy potential in an exterior domain was not considered in previous works. Some open questions are also mentioned in this paper.
Ungewöhnliche Perspektiven auf Juden in der deutschen und italienischen Literatur des Spätmittelalters
Authors: Classen Albrecht 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We always face a certain danger when we investigate cultural-historical situations or conditions. Our chronicles and other documents tend to emphasize dramatic, if not tragic cases that color our understanding in rather dark light. This also applies to the relationship between Jews and Christians during the late Middle Ages, which has been discussed already from many different perspectives. Less consulted have been late German medieval verse narratives (verse-couplets, or mæren), where we encounter a number of times quite remarkable frameworks which situate the Jews in a much more mundane, ordinary context. As much as the poets endeavored, of course, to present the possibility of converting Jews to Christianity, as much they thereby also reveal a variety of different relationships characterized by a surprising degree of normalcy, free from the usual anti-Judaic hostility. We gain additional support for our approach by way of including two prose novellas by Boccaccio in his Decameron (ca. 1350).
Polynomially convex embeddings of odd-dimensional closed manifolds
Authors: Gupta Purvi , Shafikov Rasul 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIt is shown that any smooth closed orientable manifold of dimension2⁢k+1{2k+1},k≥2{k\geq 2}, admits a smooth polynomially convex embedding intoℂ3⁢k{\mathbb{C}^{3k}}. This improves by 1 the previously known lower bound of3⁢k+1{3k+1}on the possible ambient complex dimension for such embeddings (which is sharp whenk=1{k=1}). It is further shown that the embeddings produced have the property that all continuous functions on the image can be uniformly approximated by holomorphic polynomials. Lastly, the same technique is modified to construct embeddings whose images have nontrivial hulls containing no nontrivial analytic disks. The distinguishing feature of this dimensional setting is the appearance of nonisolated CR-singularities, which cannot be tackled using only local analytic methods (as done in earlier results of this kind), and a topological approach is required.
Priestley duality for MV-algebras and beyond
Authors: Fussner Wesley , Gehrke Mai , van Gool Samuel J. , Marra Vincenzo 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe provide a new perspective on extended Priestley duality for a large class of distributive lattices equipped with binary double quasioperators. Under this approach, non-lattice binary operations are each presented as a pair of partial binary operations on dual spaces. In this enriched environment, equational conditions on the algebraic side of the duality may more often be rendered as first-order conditions on dual spaces. In particular, we specialize our general results to the variety of MV-algebras, obtaining a duality for these in which the equations axiomatizing MV-algebras are dualized as first-order conditions.
The effect of data aggregation on dispersion estimates in count data models
Authors: Errington Adam , Einbeck Jochen , Cumming Jonathan , Rössler Ute , Endesfelder David 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
For the modelling of count data, aggregation of the raw data over certain subgroups or predictor configurations is common practice. This is, for instance, the case for count data biomarkers of radiation exposure. Under the Poisson law, count data can be aggregated without loss of information on the Poisson parameter, which remains true if the Poisson assumption is relaxed towards quasi-Poisson. However, in biodosimetry in particular, but also beyond, the question of how the dispersion estimates for quasi-Poisson models behave under data aggregation have received little attention. Indeed, for real data sets featuring unexplained heterogeneities, dispersion estimates can increase strongly after aggregation, an effect which we will demonstrate and quantify explicitly for some scenarios. The increase in dispersion estimates implies an inflation of the parameter standard errors, which, however, by comparison with random effect models, can be shown to serve a corrective purpose. The phenomena are illustrated by γ-H2AX foci data as used for instance in radiation biodosimetry for the calibration of dose-response curves.
Optimization of controller gains to enhance power quality of standalone wind energy conversion system
Authors: Subhash Bochu , Rajagopal Veeramalla , Salkuti Surender Reddy 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This article presents optimized gains for regulation of frequency and terminal voltage irrespective of the varying wind speeds in an autonomous wind power generation feeding linear and non-linear loads. Icosφ control algorithm is used to calculate and estimate reference source currents in a remote area wind energy conversion system (WECS) using an Induction Generator (IG). The Icosφ control algorithm do not have any phase locked loop or any conversions from one reference frame to other, which improves the dynamics and power system quality issues. The heart of the control algorithm is how quickly it estimates the reference source currents; this in turn depends on values of proportional and integral controller gains in the control algorithm. Here we are applying three optimization techniques to find the optimal proportional-integral (PI) controller output gains, the best convergence values are taken from optimization technique and applied for WECS. Battery energy storage system (BESS) connected to the direct current (DC) link of voltage source converter (VSC) manages the power of WECS. When load useful power level is less than the generated power level, the excess will be diverted and stored in the battery. But when generated power level is less than the load applied on WECS then the excess power requirement of the load is met by the battery, thus regulating the frequency under varying wind speeds. An isolated zigzag transformer is connected between point of common coupling and controller for neutral line current compensation. The controller is used for load balancing, current harmonic suppression, voltage and frequency regulation.
An approach to effectively improve the interfacial bonding of nano-perfused composites by in situ growth of CNTs
Authors: Chen Xingxing , Li Ying , Wang Ying , Song Dingquan , Zhou Zuowan , Hui David 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Nano molding technology (NMT) has shown great potential in the preparation of metal/resin composites, which can integrate resin and metal into a lightweight, high-strength metal matrix composite. However, due to the poor interfacial bonding strength between metal and polymer, the application of the metal/polymer composites is limited. In this paper, we proposed a novel method to improve the bonding strength between Fe–Co–Ni alloy and epoxy resin by Nano Perfusion Technology (NPT), featuring in situ growth of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in the pores on anodized Fe–Co–Ni alloy porous surface, followed by a perfusion of epoxy resin throughout the pores that had been in situ grown CNTs. Due to the “anchor effect” of CNTs, the bonding strength between the epoxy and the alloy matrix is improved. The results showed that the interfacial bonding between the in situ CNTs-modified alloy and the resin was significantly improved compared to the metal-resin composites surface treated with T-treatment in traditional method of NMT. The maximum interfacial bonding force of the alloy-CNTs/epoxy composite reached up to 691.80 N, which was 460, 315, and 267% higher than those by mechanical treatment, without CNTs and T-treatment, respectively. This work provides a new approach to protect metals or alloys from environmental corrosion, impact damage, and so on.