bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PROTOCOL: What are the effects of different elements of media on radicalization outcomes? A systematic review
Authors: Wolfowicz Michael , Hasisi Badi , Weisburd David 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectivesIn this systematic review and meta analysis we will collate and synthesize the evidence on media‐effects for radicalization, focusing on both cognitive and behavioral outcomes. The goal is to identify the relative magnitudes of the effects for different mediums, types of content, and elements of human‐media relationships.MethodologyRandom‐effects meta analysis will be used and the results will be rank‐ordered according to the size of the pooled estimates for the different factors. Meta‐regressions, moderator analysis, and sub‐group analyses will be used to investigate sources of heterogeneity.ImplicationsThe results of this review will provide a better understanding of the relative magnitude of the effects of media‐related factors. This information should help the development of more evidence‐based policies.
Beyond spider personality: The relationships between behavioral, physiological, and environmental factors
Authors: Hernández Duran Linda , Wilson David Thomas , Briffa Mark , Rymer Tasmin Lee 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSpiders are useful models for testing different hypotheses and methodologies relating to animal personality and behavioral syndromes because they show a range of behavioral types and unique physiological traits (e.g., silk and venom) that are not observed in many other animals. These characteristics allow for a unique understanding of how physiology, behavioral plasticity, and personality interact across different contexts to affect spider's individual fitness and survival. However, the relative effect of extrinsic factors on physiological traits (silk, venom, and neurohormones) that play an important role in spider survival, and which may impact personality, has received less attention. The goal of this review is to explore how the environment, experience, ontogeny, and physiology interact to affect spider personality types across different contexts. We highlight physiological traits, such as neurohormones, and unique spider biochemical weapons, namely silks and venoms, to explore how the use of these traits might, or might not, be constrained or limited by particular behavioral types. We argue that, to develop a comprehensive understanding of the flexibility and persistence of specific behavioral types in spiders, it is necessary to incorporate these underlying mechanisms into a synthesized whole, alongside other extrinsic and intrinsic factors.
Temporal patterns in the social network of core units in Rwenzori Angolan colobus monkeys: Effects of food availability and interunit dispersal
Authors: Adams Frances V. , Arseneau‐Robar T. Jean M. , Bonnell Tyler R. , Stead Samantha M. , Teichroeb Julie A. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMulti‐level societies are complex, nested social systems where basic social groups (i.e., core units) associate in a hierarchical manner, allowing animals to adjust their group sizes in response to variables such as food availability, predation, or conspecific threat. These pressures fluctuate over time and examining the extent to which this variation affects the clustering of core units into different tiers may be instrumental in understanding the evolution of multi‐level societies.The goal of our study was to determine the degree of temporal variability in interunit associations in a multi‐level society of Rwenzori Angolan colobus monkey (Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii), and to determine the social and ecological factors that underlie association patterns. TheC. a. ruwenzoriimulti‐level society consists of at least three tiers, with core units clustering into clans that share a home range in a band tier.We performed social network analyses on 21 months of association data from 13 core units (totaling 139 identifiable individuals) at Lake Nabugabo, Uganda. We described the patterns of variation in core‐unit associations over time and investigated how changes in rainfall, food availability, and interunit dispersals were correlated with these associations over the short‐term (month to month) and long‐term (year to year).Although clans were relatively stable, larger‐scale changes in association patterns included the formation of an all‐male unit and the transfer of one core unit between clans (within the band tier). Seasonally, core units associated significantly more when fruit, their preferred food source, was abundant (i.e., social networks were denser and more clustered) and there was no direct effect of rainfall seasonality or young leaf availability. Male dispersals also occurred more during periods of high fruit availability, suggesting that greater band cohesion allowed males to prospect and transfer between core units. Once males transferred, their previous and new units associated significantly more with one another than with other core units for 1–2 months postdispersal. The dispersal of five males from one core unit to another in a different clan co‐occurred with this core unit switching its clan affiliation.By examining temporal shifts in social network structure among core units, this study shows the interconnected roles that food availability and dispersal have in shaping theC. a. ruwenzoriimulti‐level social system. Our findings highlight how ecological conditions can drive association patterns, impact interunit relationships, and influence social organization.
Formation of Mixed‐Valence Luminescent Silver Clusters via Cation‐Coupled Electron‐Transfer in a Redox‐Active Ionic Crystal Based on a Dawson‐type Polyoxometalate with Closed Pores
Authors: Haraguchi Naoya , Okunaga Tomoki , Shimoyama Yuto , Ogiwara Naoki , Kikkawa Soichi , Yamazoe Seiji , Inada Miki , Tachikawa Takashi , Uchida Sayaka 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA redox‐active ionic crystal based on a Dawson‐type polyoxometalate (POM) [α‐P2WVI18O62]6− is utilized to form and stabilize small mixed‐valence luminescent silver clusters without the aid of protecting ligands at room temperature. A reduced ionic crystal of Cs3H5[Cr3O(OOCH)6(etpy)3]3[α‐P2WV5WVI13O62] ⋅ 5H2O (etpy=4‐ethylpyridine) is formed by a cation‐coupled electron‐transfer (CCET) reaction with sodium ascorbate as a reducing reagent to provide electrons and Cs+ as counter cations of POM. Then, silver is introduced via ion‐exchange between Cs+ and Ag+ jointly with CCET reaction: X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and elemental analysis show that the ionic crystal is oxidized via electron‐transfer from the POM (W5+) to Ag+, and [Ag01.5AgI1.5]H4.5[Cr3O(OOCH)6(etpy)3]3[α‐P2WV3WVI15O62] ⋅ 7H2O is formed. Photoluminescence and X‐ray absorption fine structure suggest that the silver species exist as mixed‐valence luminescent clusters with an average formula of [Ag4]2+ probably in a tetrahedral geometry.
A remark on mean‐semivariance behaviour: Downside risk and capital asset pricing
Authors: Venkataraman Sree Vinutha 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn the conventional capital asset pricing model (CAPM), standard deviation as a measure of risk penalizes both upward and downward movements. However, while downward movements in investments are risky, upward movements are favourable. Therefore, standard semideviation that treats only those negative differences in returns over the benchmark as risky was proposed as a measure of downside risk. Attempts have been made to obtain the formulation of beta in this context, called downside beta. In this work, CAPM in the mean‐semivariance framework (D‐CAPM), with semivariance measured in terms of negative deviation around expected return, is derived and established that the model proposed earlier with a version of downside beta with respect to this definition of semivaraince is invalid. The appropriate version of downside beta is obtained, and under the rectified formulation, the validity of the true D‐CAPM is empirically tested during July 2013–July 2018. The solution to the tangent point is also obtained. The proportion of investment in the stocks in the tangent portfolio and the downside beta for the stocks in the tangent portfolio are determined. We find that there is no evidence to disprove that D‐CAPM holds true considering either Nifty 50 or S&P BSE Sensex as market portfolio.
Individual factors and cisgender college students' attitudes and behaviors toward transgender individuals
Authors: Hackimer Laura , Chen Cliff Y.‐C. , Verkuilen Jay 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe present study is one of few to investigate both anti‐trans discrimination and anti‐trans prejudice. It examined four individual factors (religiosity; political beliefs; affiliation with LGBTQ [lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer] people; gender role beliefs) through a lens of hetero‐cis‐normativity to understand their association with anti‐trans attitudes and reported behaviors. Using a sample of 302 cisgender college students from across the United States, hierarchical multiple regressions on bootstrap samples were used to analyze how these factors are associated with anti‐trans attitudes and behaviors. More liberal political beliefs, affiliation with more LGBTQ friends and family members, and less traditional gender role beliefs were related to more positive attitudes toward transgender people. Less traditional gender role beliefs and more positive attitudes were associated with more positive reported behaviors toward transgender individuals. Interventions designed to challenge traditional gender role beliefs and approximate affiliation with LGBTQ persons may be most effective to reduce pervasive hetero‐cis‐normative prejudice and discrimination within schools.
Downregulation of connexin43 potentiates noradrenaline‐induced expression of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor in primary cultured cortical astrocytes
Authors: Morioka Norimitsu , Kondo Syun , Harada Nanase , Takimoto Tomoyo , Tokunaga Nozomi , Nakamura Yoki , Hisaoka‐Nakashima Kazue , Nakata Yoshihiro 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDecreased expression of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is involved in the pathology of depressive disorders. Astrocytes produce BDNF following antidepressant treatment or stimulation of adrenergic receptors. Connexin43 (Cx43) is mainly expressed in central nervous system astrocytes and its expression is downregulated in patients with major depression. How changes in Cx43 expression affect astrocyte function, including BDNF production, is poorly understood. The current study examined the effect of Cx43 knockdown on BDNF expression in cultured cortical astrocytes after stimulation of adrenergic receptors. The expression of Cx43 in rat primary cultured cortical astrocytes was downregulated with RNA interference. Levels of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) or proteins were measured by real‐time PCR and western blotting, respectively. Knockdown of Cx43 potentiated noradrenaline (NA)‐induced expression of BDNF mRNA in cultured astrocytes. NA treatment induced proBDNF protein expression in astrocytes transfected with small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting Cx43, but not with control siRNA. This potentiation was mediated by the Src tyrosine kinase‐extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) pathway through stimulation of adrenergic α1 and β receptors. Furthermore, the Gq/11 protein‐Src‐ERK pathway and the G‐protein coupled receptor kinase 2‐Src‐ERK pathway were involved in α1 and β adrenergic receptor‐mediated potentiation of BDNF mRNA expression, respectively. The current studies demonstrate a novel mechanism of BDNF expression in cortical astrocytes mediated by Cx43, in which downregulation of Cx43 increases, through adrenergic receptors, the expression of BDNF. The current findings indicate a potentially novel mechanism of action of antidepressants, via regulation of astrocytic Cx43 expression and subsequent BDNF expression.
In vitro activity of itraconazole against SARS‐CoV‐2
Authors: Van Damme Ellen , De Meyer Sandra , Bojkova Denisa , Ciesek Sandra , Cinatl Jindrich , De Jonghe Steven , Jochmans Dirk , Leyssen Pieter , Buyck Christophe , Neyts Johan , Van Loock Marnix 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAlthough vaccination campaigns are currently being rolled out to prevent coronavirus disease (COVID‐19), antivirals will remain an important adjunct to vaccination. Antivirals against coronaviruses do not exist, hence global drug repurposing efforts have been carried out to identify agents that may provide clinical benefit to patients with COVID‐19. Itraconazole, an antifungal agent, has been reported to have activity against animal coronaviruses. Using cell‐based phenotypic assays, the in vitro antiviral activity of itraconazole and 17‐OH itraconazole was assessed against clinical isolates from a German and Belgian patient infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). Itraconazole demonstrated antiviral activity in human Caco‐2 cells (EC50 = 2.3 µM; 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay). Similarly, its primary metabolite, 17‐OH itraconazole, showed inhibition of SARS‐CoV‐2 activity (EC50 = 3.6 µM). Remdesivir inhibited viral replication with an EC50 = 0.4 µM. Itraconazole and 17‐OH itraconazole resulted in a viral yield reduction in vitro of approximately 2‐log10 and approximately 1‐log10, as measured in both Caco‐2 cells and VeroE6‐eGFP cells, respectively. The viral yield reduction brought about by remdesivir or GS‐441524 (parent nucleoside of the antiviral prodrug remdesivir; positive control) was more pronounced, with an approximately 3‐log10 drop and >4‐log10 drop in Caco‐2 cells and VeroE6‐eGFP cells, respectively. Itraconazole and 17‐OH itraconazole exert in vitro low micromolar activity against SARS‐CoV‐2. Despite the in vitro antiviral activity, itraconazole did not result in a beneficial effect in hospitalized COVID‐19 patients in a clinical study (EudraCT Number: 2020‐001243‐15).
Ipsilateral motor pathways to the lower limb after stroke: Insights and opportunities
Authors: Cleland Brice T. , Madhavan Sangeetha 
Published: March 2021

AbstractStroke‐related damage to the crossed lateral corticospinal tract causes motor deficits in the contralateral (paretic) limb. To restore functional movement in the paretic limb, the nervous system may increase its reliance on ipsilaterally descending motor pathways, including the uncrossed lateral corticospinal tract, the reticulospinal tract, the rubrospinal tract, and the vestibulospinal tract. Our knowledge about the role of these pathways for upper limb motor recovery is incomplete, and even less is known about the role of these pathways for lower limb motor recovery. Understanding the role of ipsilateral motor pathways to paretic lower limb movement and recovery after stroke may help improve our rehabilitative efforts and provide alternate solutions to address stroke‐related impairments. These advances are important because walking and mobility impairments are major contributors to long‐term disability after stroke, and improving walking is a high priority for individuals with stroke. This perspective highlights evidence regarding the contributions of ipsilateral motor pathways from the contralesional hemisphere and spinal interneuronal pathways for paretic lower limb movement and recovery. This perspective also identifies opportunities for future research to expand our knowledge about ipsilateral motor pathways and provides insights into how this information may be used to guide rehabilitation.
Exploring the prognostic and therapeutic utility of expanded mutation profiling in appendix peritoneal metastasis managed with CRS/HIPEC
Authors: Zhang Chunmeng , Plambeck Benjamin D. , Craig Margaret E. , Tu Alexander , Mikus Ryan J , Shostrom Valerie , McDermott Sean P. , Igbinigie Ikponmwosa , Brown Krista , Cushman‐Vokoun Allison , Foster Jason M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIntroductionInterrogation of cancers with next‐generation sequencing (NGS) mutation panels has become widely utilized, identifying prognostic and actionable mutations. This study explored the value of expanded mutation analysis in appendix peritoneal metastases (APM).MethodsForty‐eight APM patients treated 2013–2018 were retrospectively collected from a registry. Fifty‐gene NGS analysis was performed in CLIA approved lab to obtain mutation profiles. All patients underwent cytoreductive surgery (CRS)/hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) with mitomycin C. Peritoneal cancer index (PCI), optimal CRS, survival (overall survival [OS] and progression‐free survival [PFS]) data were collected. Survival analyses were performed on all APM, high‐grade (HG), and low grade (LG) subsets, evaluating the impact of specific mutations on the outcome.ResultsEighty‐three percent of APM had a mutation identified. KRAS was most frequent, 65% (88% LG 42% HG) with GNAS identified in 92% of LG‐APM. SMAD4 and/or TP53 mutations occurred in 25% of APM with observed decreased OS (46 vs. 81 months p = .0029); worse in HG‐APM (26 vs. 49 months p = .0451). SMAD4 was associated with the most significant reduction in PFS in APM (p = .0085). Actionable mutations were identified in 73% of APM patients.ConclusionsMost frequent mutations were KRAS, TP53, and SMAD4, and actionable mutation detection was common. SMAD4 and TP53 were associated with decreased OS. NGS mutation profiling has potential utility in APM.
Emergency Department Point‐of‐Care Ultrasonography Can Reduce Length of Stay in Pediatric Appendicitis: A Retrospective Review
Authors: E. Kasmire Kathryn , Davis Joshua 
Published: March 2021

ObjectivesAppendicitis is the most common pediatric surgical emergency. Ultrasonography is recommended as first‐line imaging for appendicitis in children; however, this is often followed by more advanced imaging. Our goal was to determine if point‐of‐care ultrasonography (POCUS) could reduce cost and length‐of‐stay (LOS) in suspected pediatric appendicitis.MethodsWe performed a chart review of patients presenting to our pediatric emergency department (ED) from August 1, 2017 to June 30, 2019 who had imaging for appendicitis. We compared cost and LOS for patients who received POCUS to those who had magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as first‐line imaging, which is standard at our institution.ResultsWe identified 695 visits of 685 unique patients. Patients who received POCUS (n = 209) had a significantly shorter mean LOS (274 minutes) in the ED compared to patients who did not (317 minutes, P <.001). This was true regardless of the month of their visit. The POCUS group was younger, less likely to have right lower quadrant pain/tenderness, less likely to be admitted, and less likely to have appendicitis than the MRI group. Average appendix imaging cost per patient was lower in the POCUS group at $1308 compared to the MRI group at $1371 (P <.001), although patients who had both POCUS and MRI (n = 102) had the highest average imaging costs ($2010).ConclusionPOCUS can reduce LOS and imaging cost in suspected pediatric appendicitis. Further study is warranted to determine which patients benefit the most from POCUS and whether the results are applicable in other settings.
Consumer reactions to nudity in print advertising: Comparing same‐gender and opposite‐gender effects
Authors: Trivedi Rohit H. , Teichert Thorsten 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIt is often assumed that exposure to nude stimuli in advertising influences consumer behavior positively. However, the empirical evidence concerning the effects of nudity on consumer reactions is inconclusive. The goal of this study is to disentangle the effects of opposite‐gender and same‐gender nudity on female and male consumers' reactions. This study, thereby, offers a framework for the appropriate choice of seminude or fully clothed human stimuli based on advertisers' objectives and consumer–model gender interactions. The empirical data were derived from a large‐scale market research initiative from Germany with 61,399 consumer evaluations of 147 real ads from 16 product categories. Female consumers show positive same‐gender results for both seminude and fully clothed female models, indicating strong homophily, but nonsignificant opposite‐gender effects on information search, positive attitude change, integration of brand into consideration set, and purchase intentions. In contrast, male consumers demonstrate a significantly positive and equally strong influence of opposite‐gender and same‐gender seminude stimuli on all of the four variables.
Cannabinoid use for appetite stimulation and weight gain in cancer care: Does recent evidence support an update of the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism clinical guidelines?
Authors: Johnson Stephani , Ziegler Jane , August David A. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractCannabinoids have been used medicinally for thousands of years. Clinical trials support their use for treatment of chemotherapy‐induced nausea and vomiting and HIV‐ and AIDS‐related anorexia. Cancer anorexia cachexia syndrome (CACS) is a common debilitating condition and is associated with poor prognosis. The 2016 European Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition clinical guidelines on nutrition in cancer patients concluded that “there are insufficient consistent clinical data to recommend cannabinoids to improve taste disorders or anorexia in cancer patients.” The increased attention that cannabinoids have received in recent years warrants an updated evaluation of the literature on this topic, as practitioners are likely to encounter cancer patients interested in cannabinoid use. A systematic literature search was performed to assess the current body of evidence concerning cannabinoid use for the stimulation of appetite and oral intake by cancer patients. Over the past 20 years, 6 randomized controlled trials have evaluated the impact of cannabinoids on appetite‐related outcomes in oncology patients in comparison with a control group or placebo. Based on this literature, cannabinoids do not appear to improve appetite, oral intake, weight, chemosensory function, or appetite‐related quality of life. Limitations of the literature include small sample sizes, lack of adjustment for confounding variables, and difficulties conducting true placebo‐controlled trials with a drug that may result in psychoactive side effects. Further exploration of the impact of cannabinoid use on CACS by using large, well‐designed clinical trials is needed.
A procedural and flexible approach for specification, modeling, definition, and analysis for self‐adaptive systems
Authors: Araújo‐de‐Oliveira Patrícia , Durán Francisco , Pimentel Ernesto 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAn adaptive system can modify its settings at runtime as a response to changes in its operational environment. To analyse this kind of systems at design time is a difficult task since it requires considering the system together with the adaptation operations, and taking into account how such adaptations act on the system. In order to use simulation‐based techniques for the analysis of such systems, we not only need precise executable models of the systems to be analyzed, but also to capture the semantics of their adaptation mechanisms. Given the wide range and flexibility of adaptation operations, we need ways to allow the definition of new operations. We present a flexible approach for the definition and simulation‐based analysis in design‐time of adaptive component‐based systems. Our approach combines an extension of the Palladio component model in e‐Motions, a model of the adaptation mechanisms, and elastic requirements specification using the SYBL language. From the model of the system, its adaptation mechanisms, and its requirements, an executable Maude specification is generated for simulation. The application of the approach is illustrated on a use case that comprises some components and adaptations rules. The example is then analyzed using simulations. It is also shown that it is indeed possible to define additional metrics, specify adaptation requirements and rules which conduct simulations of the models in a more flexible way, and that the results of the simulation performed from these definitions can be used to carry on a valuable predictive performance analysis.