bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The structure and diversity of vegetation treelets of tropical mountain forest on mount Bawakaraeng
Authors: Wiharto M , Wijaya M , Lodang H , Karim H 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The study about the diversity and structure of treelet vegetation in three slope areas on the mountainous forest of mount Bawakaraeng, Regency of Gowa, Province of South Sulawesi had been done. There were 17 species of treelets throughout the study area, from 13 families and 16 genera. The Asteraceae family has the highest number of species with 3 species, followed by Fabaceae and Solanaceae which each has 2 species. Pteridium aquilinum, Chromolaena odorata, Breynia oblongifolia, and Pogostemon cablin are the species with the highest important value index. The number of treelet species ranges from 15-16. Treelet species were mostly found in the flat slope area. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H’) ranges from 2,033-2,161 and was found to be highest on steep slopes and lowest on flat slopes. The H’ has the same tendency as Simpson’s Diversity Index and Evenness Index of Pielou (E) and reverse relationship with Simpson’s Dominance Index.
Potential of papaya seeds as a heterogenous catalyst in biodiesel synthesis
Authors: Iriany  , Taslim  , Bani O , Purba H L M 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
A biomass based low-cost catalyst production has been attempted. This study evaluated papaya seeds as the catalyst precursor for biodiesel synthesis. Dried papaya seed powder was calcined at 500°C for 3 hours to produce papaya seed ash. Then, papaya seed ash was applied as catalyst for transesterification of palm oil and methanol. Catalyst load and reaction time was varied. Papaya seed ash was analyzed by SEM-EDX and biodiesel physical properties was analyzed according to the European standards (EN 14214). SEM-EDX results indicated that papaya seed ash contains a number of minerals such as K2O, MgO and CaO which can function as catalysts in biodiesel synthesis. The produced biodiesel also met European standards. Highest biodiesel yield of 95.6% was obtained for reaction temperature of 60°C, reaction time of 2 hours, catalyst load of 2%, methanol to oil ratio of 12:1. Preliminary research revealed that PSA may be applied as a catalyst in biodiesel synthesis.
Chemical content and fiber dimension of agarwood branches (Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk)
Authors: Batubara R , Wirjosentono B , Siregar A H , Harahap U , Lubis S M 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Potential utilization of agarwood residues from twigs and branches is supported by its chemical content and fiber quality. This study aimed to analyze the chemical content and fiber quality of agarwood branches (Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk). Parameters measured in this study were the chemical contents including extractives, holocellulose, alpha cellulose and lignin based on Technical Association of Pulp and Paper Industries (TAPPI) standard. Fibers were obtained after pulping and bleaching to determine its quality. Chemical analysis of the primary branch of agarwood revealed the composition of extractives which were soluble in cold water (2.71%), hot water (3.31%), ethanol benzene (3.81%), and 1% NaOH (10.03%). The proportion of holocellulose, alpha cellulose and lignin in the primary branch was 78.17%, 52.70% and 26.68%, respectively. In addition, the chemical analysis of the secondary branch of agarwood also revealed the soluble extractives in cold water (2.96%), hot water (3.49%), ethanol benzene (4.14%), and 1% NaOH (14.42%). The proportion of holocellulose, alpha cellulose and lignin in the secondary branch was 75.61%, 50.65% and 26.77%. Hence, the fiber quality of agarwood branches was categorized into class II.
Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) micropropagation via somatic embryogenesis from female inflorescences explants
Authors: Panggabean N H , Basyuni M , Nurwahyuni I , Elimasni  
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is a perennial woody oil crop in the Arecaceae family. Oil palm is well known for a long regeneration time, therefore, in vitro propagation received great enthusiasm from oil palm industries. Somatic embryogenesis (SE) has become one of the most promising clonal propagation techniques in recent times. This study was aimed to determine a protocol for micropropagation somatic embryogenesis from female inflorescences explants of oil palm. The explant used was obtained from the female inflorescences of the oil palm 2.5 years old Tenera variety. The basal media used was Y3 with the addition of the hormone 2,4-D with different concentrations (33,66,99 and 132 mg/L). Callus initiation was formed in 99 mg/L and 132 mg/L 2,4 – D concentration with the basal area and the percentage of callus formation is 31,25% and embryogenic callus was formed from primary callus development in the basal area of female florescence. Embryo somatic induction with cell suspension culture, because the liquid medium is more efficiently used in commercial-scale propagation. The embryogenic callus phase which is generally used in liquid medium is the nodular phase because it is still meristematic so that the potential for cell division is still high and can increase the percentage of embryogenic callus.
Isolation and genomic amplification of fish and shrimps from mangrove ecosystems in North Sumatra
Authors: Hairani H , Basyuni M , Susilowati A 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Mangrove is a very typical ecosystem with a high level of diversity of flora and fauna. However, mangrove ecosystems are also one of the most vulnerable locations to extinction due to the high disturbances that occur. Some of the species that are susceptible to such disturbances are fish and shrimp. The use of barcode DNA is considered a fairly effective way to evaluate the condition of fish and shrimp populations in North Sumatra. Therefore, this study aims to obtain information on the success of kit methods and amplification patterns of barcoding marks 16S for fish and shrimp in mangrove ecosystems North Sumatra. The results showed that the kit extraction method produced a pattern of band that varied thick, thin and even smear. PCR amplification results with the 16S gene showed a good band pattern and indicated that the 16S primer used can detect fish and shrimp species that are visualized in the form of DNA bands.
Factors affecting revenue of fisherman in Asamjawa Raya Village, South Labuhanbatu Regency, North Sumatra
Authors: Desrita  , Rambey R , Aritonang B D , Leidonald R , Harahap Z A 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
South Labuhanbatu Regency has quite large water resources with the Barumun River which crosses Pasir Tuntung Village, Asamjawa Village, Kotapinang Village and Sisumut Village. This study aims to determine the factors that influence the income of fishermen in Asamjawa Village, South Labuhanbatu Regency. This research method is a descriptive method with a questionnaire tool and the data obtained were analyzed using SPSS software. The variables observed were fisherman’s income, fisherman’s education, length of time working as a fisherman, area of fishing location, daily working time, number of fishing gear and number of fisherman catches. The linear regression model of fishermen’s income in Asamjawa Village was obtained as follows: Y = -19.344,10 + 392.699,10 X1 - 5.024,53 X2 + 73.255,48 X3 + 16.349,29 X4 + 135.819,41 X5 + 12.465,72 X6. The regression analysis results obtained three variables that significantly affect the income of fishermen in Asamjawa Village, Torgamba District, South Labuhanbatu Regency. Where the variables that have a significant effect are the education variable, the number of catches, and daily working time.
The role of betel (Piper betle) leaf extract and glycerol on physical properties of bioplastic based on sago starch
Authors: Nasution H , Julianti E , Dalimunthe N F , Wulandari G 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Starch-based bioplastic from sago is one of the potential sources in Indonesia. Since it is made from natural ingredients, it is easier to absorb water and susceptible to the activity of microorganisms. Betel leaf extract is one of natural antimicrobial agent that rich of tannin and flavonoid. This study aims to investigate physical properties and antimicrobial activity of sago (Metroxylon sp.) starch-based bioplastic. The betel leaf was extracted by using the ultrasonication method with ethanol as a solvent. Betel leaf concentrated extract is diluted using aquadest with a concentration of 2 g/100 mL (2%) to be applied as an antimicrobial agent in bioplastics. The compositions of glycerol were varied from 10-30% whereas betel leaf extract from 3-9%(v) in the manufacture of bioplastics. The results show that the highest density of 1.5 g/cm3 was achieved at the composition of glycerol and betel leaf extract, respectively, 30%(v) and 9%(v). The highest water absorption percentage was shown by sample with 30%(v) glycerol without addition of betel leaf extract, that was 83.31%. The antibacterial activity showed that the addition of betel leaf extract to bioplastics was able to inhibit the activity of bacteria (Bacillus cereus). The best inhibition were shown in bioplastics with a variation of 20%(v) glycerol and 9%(v) betel leaf extract addition. However, all variation did not show their inhibition with fungal activity (Aspergillus niger).
Distribution and association pattern of pasak bumi (Eurycoma longifolia) in Batang Lubu Sutam District, Padang Lawas, North Sumatra
Authors: Susilowati A , Rachmat H H , Yulita K S , Elfiati D , Ginting I M 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPasak bumi (Eurycoma longifolia) is a medicinal plant with various benefits and has long been used to cure various diseases such as cancer, gingivitis, intestinal worms, and anti-inflammatory anti-malarial, and tonic after childbirth. The root has high economic value leading to unsustainable harvest and drastic population decline. As initial data in conservation activities, information regarding the association of pasak bumi in Batang Lubu Sutam natural forest has not been obtained. Therefore, this research was conducted to determine the pasak bumi distribution and its association within their natural habitat in Batang Lubu Sutam forest. The study was conducted by using the vegetation analysis method using a plotted path determined by purposive sampling. Data analysis was performed by calculating association indices, including the Ochiai index (Oi), Dice index (Di), and Jackard index (Ji). The results showed that pasak bumi were found in the seedling and sapling stage in the research location and form a degree of association with several plants. The species that formed the highest degree of association with the pasak bumi at both levels of regeneration wasShorea leprosulawith an Ochiai index value of 0.85 at the seedling level and 0.94 at the sapling level.
Analysis of vegetation diversity at urban forest Balai Wilayah Sungai (BWS) II Medan
Authors: Arinah H , Sutiawan J 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The urban forest is part of the public green open space (RTH) formed from tree vegetation that affects temperature and humidity and reduces wind speed to provide comfort for residents in the vicinity. One of the urban forests in Medan is the Balai Wilayah Sungai (BWS) II Medan. Therefore, vegetation density has an influence on temperature and which affects the quality of urban forests. This study aimed to identify the structure and composition of the BWS II Medan urban forest vegetation. The vegetation analysis method used in this study is a combination method between the path method and the plotline method. The vegetation data that has been obtained is then processed to obtain the Important Value Index (IVI) and the Plant Species Diversity Index (H’). The results showed that the woody plants found in the urban forest of BWS II Medan were 20 species with the composition of seedlings of four species (26 individuals), saplings of twelve species (49 individuals), poles of eleven species (39 individuals) and trees of ten species (141 individuals). The species that dominates at the tree level is Trembesi (Samanea saman), with an IVI value of 118.16%. Meanwhile, the dominant plant species at the seedling, sapling, and pole levels were Mahoni (Swietenia mahagoni), with IVI values of 78.67%, 55.73%, and 103.62, respectively. Therefore, the level of diversity in the BWS II Medan Urban Forest for saplings is classified as moderate, while seedlings, poles, and trees are classified as low.
The analysis of landslide vulnerability level distribution in the Labuhanbatu Utara Regency, North Sumatera Province, Indonesia
Authors: Thoha A S , Slamet B , Harahap M M , Sari T Y , Hulu D L N 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Forest degradation can increase the level of disaster risk, particularly landslides. The impact of landslides, especially in Labuhanbatu Utara Regency, North Sumatera Province, socio-economic, physical and environmental losses that are directly perceived by the community in the disaster site. The study objective was to analyze the distribution of landslide vulnerability levels in the Labuhanbatu Utara Regency. The spatial distribution of landslide vulnerability level used spatial modeling with the Storie Index method with four variables, including rainfall, slope, soil type, and land cover type. The spatial distribution of landslide vulnerability level was mostly at a very low – low level with a percentage of 57.6% of the area of Labuhanbatu Utara Regency. Areas that occupied high – very high of landslide vulnerability level with the largest area were in three districts, including Na IX-X, Aek Natas, and Kualuh Selatan. Landslide prone areas are generally located on plantation and agricultural land use and also distribute on steep slopes. Various parties need to reorganize community activities in areas of high – very high landslide vulnerability to reduce disaster risk.
Utilization of low plants peat brickets for macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia) planting
Authors: Utomo B , Silalahi D C G , Dalimunthe A 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Currently, the use of organic materials as organic fertilizer has been widely used by farmers. The awareness of farmers to use organic fertilizers has made organic fertilizers increasingly difficult to obtain. Organic fertilizers from chicken, goat and cow farms have generally been ordered and purchased by certain farmers. Therefore, alternative uses of other organic fertilizers need attention. Lowland peat is quite widely available in Indonesia, especially in North Sumatra. Peatlands are spread from the east coast of Aceh Province to the east coast of the Riau Province border. This potential makes it possible for peat to be modified into alternative organic fertilizers. One of the disadvantages of organic fertilizers is the large volume and weight. To overcome this problem, peat is made into briquettes through a pressing process so that its volume can be reduced to 1/3 times its previous volume. In addition, the acidic nature of peat is also expected to be greatly reduced by wasting peat water content. After being made into briquettes, the briquettes are used as organic fertilizer treatment for planting macadamia plants in the field. The results showed that the provision of briquettes from peat could increase the growth of macadamia plants compared to control. However, giving briquettes at a dose of 0.5 kg was not significantly different from giving briquettes up to 1.5 kg.
Stay home practical: Effect of thickness and environmental conditions on drying kinetics of radish as the samples
Authors: Haryanto B , Sinuhaji T R F , Tarigan E A , Sitepu N A , Br Bukit R 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The world Health Organization (WHO) declared a pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 or Covid-19 in 2020. Indonesia in one of the countries affected by the Corona Virus Disease (Covid-19) for a long time. Education is one aspect of life that is affected. Research on drying is one solution for students to carry out scientific activities at home by utilizing solar energy and natural materials such as radishes as samples. This study found that the thickness of the sample and environmental conditions such as temperature of the surrounding operating conditions affect the drying rate and drying time.
Experimental study on the utilization of residue from particleboard’s recycling activity
Authors: Nuryawan A , Fatimah S , Hartini K S , Masruchin N 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Both solid and liquid residues derived from activity of particleboard (PB)’srecycling were investigated. The solid was attempted to make recycle particleboard (rPB) while the liquid was tried to use as fertilizer to seedling of Acacia crassicarpa. Objective of this study was to compare quality between PB and rPB and to evaluate seedling growth of A.crassicarpa exposed to liquid disposal from PB’s recycling activity. Methods of this study were consisted of testing of physical and mechanicalproperties of industrial PB, manufacturing rPB, and comparing the properties between PB and rPB. Prior to manufacture rPB, liquid disposal from PB’s recycling activity was released through water immersion of industrial waste’s PB comprised of predominant trimming residues. The liquid disposal was measured its nitrogen (N) content and then it was kept in a gallon for further use as fertilizer. Observation on growth parameters (height, diameter, leaves number and seedling’s strength) of both treated and untreated seedlings was conducted weekly for 2 months. Results of this study showed: 1)rPB was feasible to be produced but their quality was slightly decreased. 2) Liquid disposal during cyclist test and water immersion of PB’s residues contained 0.69% N. 3) Growth parameters of A.crassicarpa seedling showed response positively and significant statistically between treated and untreated seedlings. These findings suggested that both residues originated from PB’s recycling can be utilized further; the solid can be used as raw material of rPB while the liquid can be utilized as fertilizer to seedlings.
Identification of acem acem leaves as hand washing media for pesticide user
Authors: Mahyuni E L 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
To replace the unavailability of water and soap in the fields, Karo farmers use a type of wild plant known as “daun acem acem” to clean their hands that are exposed to pesticides. This study aims to identify wild plant species that were carried out on horticultural farms that were used by farmers to clean the pesticide exposure. The research location is in Sumber Mufakat village, Kabanjahe district, Karo district in 2019-2020. This is a descriptive survey where the leaf as samples were taken by making observation plots measuring 1mx1m and placing them at random research locations in 20 farmer fields. The data analyzed in descriptive by compare and tracing in exploration. The result found that acem acem leaves have a leaf shape like clover and have flowers. Generally grows wild around plants that contain lots of water. This plant also contains water, especially in the stems and roots. This mountain clover is included in the genus oxalis and the species Oxalis dehradunensis Raizada. Farmers are sure that these leaves are effective in cleaning the pesticides at the skin exposure. This plant contains saponins, flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins, and oxalic acid and is effective to increase the personal hygiene of farmers.
Endoparasite infestation of Indian Muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak) in Citra Pesona Ladangku Animal Park, North Sumatra
Authors: Rahmawati S N , Tanjung M 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
An investigation on the infestation by endoparasites in the fecal samples of Indian Muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak) captived at Citra Pesona Ladangku Animal Park, North Sumatera, Indonesia had been conducted from October to November 2020. The study aimed to determine the endoparasite species, prevalence, and intensity of the infestation. Fecal samples were prepared for microscopical examination using glass bead sedimentation method. Based the observation on 9 deers, three species of endoparasites were found namely Ascaris sp, Haemonchus sp and Paramphistomum sp. Observations in the first week revealed the prevalence of each species from often (Ascaris sp, Haemonchus sp) to common (Paramphistomum sp) with light (Haemonchus sp, Paramphistomum sp) to moderate (Ascaris sp). Observations in the second week only revealed the presence of Paramphistomum with often prevalency and light intensity of infection.
Phytochemicals and GC-MS of Aquilaria beccariana van Tiegh leaves growing naturally and cultivated in North Sumatera
Authors: Batubara R , Pulungan W , Hanum T I , Affandi O 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Aquilaria beccariana van Tiegh is one of the agarwood (gaharu) species that grows naturally and cultivatived. However, the chemical and antioxidant potential of its leaves have not been studied much. This research aimed to examine the chemical compounds and the antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract of the agarwood leaves A. beccariana van Tiegh which grows naturally and cultivatived. The leaves were processed into simplicia and then extracted using 96% ethanol as solvent. Phytochemical screening agarwood leaves to determine the chemical compounds such as of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, steroids/triterpenoids, saponins and tannis. The antioxidant activity test was carried out using the DPPH method to obtain the IC50 (Inhibitory Concentration) value. The compound tracing used GC-MS. The results showed that the simplicia and the extract of the leaves both natural-grown and cultivated contained secondary metabolites of alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids/triterpenoids, and tannins positively, whereas the glycosides were only found in cultivated type. The result of the antioxidant activity test showed that the ethanol extract of the leaves of A. beccariana van Tiegh both natural-grown and cultivated was categorized as very strong. The results of the identification of chemical compounds by GC-MS were identified 18 compounds in the natural-grown leaves, while 40 compounds were identified in the cultivated ones.
Analysis of potential and feasibility level of simarjarunjung nature tourism as part of Lake Toba national super priority destination
Authors: Purwoko A , Latifah S , Gurusinga D A B 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Simalungun Regency, North Sumatra Province, has Simarjarungjung Nature Tourism area which is one of the attractions along the north side of Lake Toba. The Simarjarunjung area is an alternative destination for tourists because this area is a location that can be used as a vantage point to see the landscape of Lake Toba, as well as a stopover location for tourists visiting various attractions in the Lake Toba surrounding area. The objective of this study is to analyze potential of the natural tourism objects and feasibility level of developing the natural attractions in the Simarjarunjung area. The analytical method used in this study refers to the guidelines for Operational Area Analysis of Natural Tourism Objects and Attractions (henceforth referred to as ADO-ODTWA) issued by the Director General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation (henceforth referred to as Dirjen PHKA) in 2003. Data are collected through surveys by direct observation and interviews using questionnaires to visitors. The Simarjarunjung Nature Tourism Area has several potential natural attractions, first, beauty of the natural scenery where visitors can look at the view of Lake Toba and green hills surrounding it and experience the microclimate of the mountains with cool, clean and comfortable air. Second; potential diversity of exotic flora and fauna such as pine (Pinus merkussi), red shoots (Syzygium oleana), various orchid plants, various flower plants, especially miana (Coleus scutellarioides), long-tailed monkey (M fascicularis) and eagle (Haliastur sp); and the third, natural recreational rides such as camping ground and parks. The results show that the potential objects in the Simarjarunjung Nature Tourism area are classified into “feasible to develop” category into tourism with a feasibility index of 79.56.