bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Knowledge, socio-cognitive perceptions and the practice of hand hygiene and social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study of UK university students
Authors: Barrett Christine , Cheung Kei Long 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background
During the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, social distancing and hand hygiene have been the primary means of reducing transmission in the absence of effective treatments or vaccines, but understanding of their determinants is limited. This study aimed to investigate knowledge and socio-cognitive perceptions, and their associations with such protective behaviours, in UK university students.

Methods
A cross-sectional online survey of 293 students was undertaken on 13 May 2020. Survey questions addressed demographics, knowledge of the disease and effectiveness of the protective measures, risk perception, socio-cognitive perceptions (e.g. attitude, social support, and self-efficacy), habit, time factors and trust, as well as the hand hygiene and social distancing behaviours. Multiple linear regression was used to identify the strongest associations of potential determinants with behaviour.

Results
Participants reported high levels of social distancing with 88.9% answering “Mostly” or “Always” for every activity, but only 42.0% reporting the same for all hand hygiene activities. Knowledge of the effectiveness of each activity in preventing transmission was high, with 90.7% and 93.5% respectively identifying at least 7 of 8 hand hygiene or 9 of 10 social distancing activities correctly. Habit (β = 0.39, p = 0.001) and time factors (β = 0.28, p = 0.001) were the greatest contributors to unique variance in hand hygiene behaviour, followed by ethnicity (β = − 0.13, p = 0.014) and risk perception (β = 0.13, p = 0.016). For social distancing behaviour, the determinants were self-efficacy (β = 0.25, p < 0.001), perceived advantages (β = 0.15, p = 0.022), trust in policy (β = 0.14, p = 0.026) and gender (β = − 0.14, p = 0.016). Regression models explained 40% hand hygiene and 25% social distancing variance.

Conclusions
This study indicated that communications about effectiveness of hand hygiene and social distancing behaviours had been effective in terms of knowledge acquisition. However, in the light of likely second waves of COVID-19, attention to maintaining social distancing behaviour and improving hand hygiene behaviour may need to address more difficult areas of changing habits, overcoming time factors and building trust, as well as interventions to increase self-efficacy and address risk perception concerns.
Circulating inflammatory markers may mediate the relationship between low carbohydrate diet and circadian rhythm in overweight and obese women
Authors: Tavakoli Atefeh , Mirzababaei Atieh , Sajadi Forough , Mirzaei Khadijeh 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundLow carbohydrate diet (LCD) can improve inflammation and obesity and also circadian rhythm disorders can lead to increased inflammation in obese individuals. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the association between adherence of LCD and circadian rhythm mediated by inflammatory markers including transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and Galectin-3 in overweight and obese women.Methods304 women affected by overweight and obesity were enrolled. We evaluated LCD scores by Semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) of 147 items. The morning-evening questionnaire (MEQ) was applied to evaluate the circadian rhythm. Biochemical parameters such as inflammatory markers and anthropometric components were assessed.ResultsThere was a negative significant correlation between adherence of LCD and circadian rhythm status. In other words, as the LCD scores increased, the odds of circadian rhythm disturbance in intermediate group and morning type persons decreased compared to evening type. It was showed that, IL-1β and Galectin-3 in intermediate and morning type groups, destroyed the significance of this relationship and may be considered as mediating markers.ConclusionAdherence of LCD can improve the circadian rhythm by reducing levels of inflammatory markers and may be considered as a treatment for obesity.
Deciphering potential pharmacological mechanism of Sha-Shen-Mai-Dong decoction on primary Sjogren’s syndrome
Authors: Jiang Yuepeng , Zhao Xiaoxuan , Yu Jie , Wang Qiao , Wen Chengping , Huang Lin 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundSha-Shen-Mai-Dong decoction (SSMD) is a classical prescription widely used in primary Sjogren’s Syndrome (pSS) therapy. This study aims to explore the potential pharmacological mechanism of SSMD on pSS.MethodsActive components of SSMD were obtained from Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrative Database and Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology databases and targets of SSMD were predicted by Pharmmapper and STITCH database. Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis were carried out to explore the function characteristics of SSMD. The expression matrix of microarray of pSS was obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus and we obtained 162 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed to identify the hub targets. Principal component analysis (PCA) and molecular docking were conducted to further elucidate the possibility of SSMD for pSS.ResultsSSMD contained a total of 1056 active components, corresponding to 88 targets, among which peripheral myelin protein 2(PMP2), androgen receptor (AR) and glutamic acid decarboxylase 1(GAD1) are associated with multiple active components in SSMD and may be the core targets. Moreover, these targets were closely related to tissue pathological injury in SS, such as lacrimal gland, salivary gland and nervous system injury. GO and KEGG analysis showed that 88 targets enriched in REDOX process, transcriptional regulation and negative regulation of apoptosis process. Besides, SSMD may influence the cell proliferation, gene transcription through regulating Ras and cAMP-related signaling pathways. In addition, SSMD may show effects on immune regulation, such as macrophage differentiation, Toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway and T-helper 1 in SS. Moreover, PPI network suggested that FN1, MMP-9 may be the hub targets in SSMD. Result of PCA and molecular docking analysis further determined the feasibility of SSMD in treating pSS.ConclusionSSMD can regulate multiple biological processes by virtue of its multiple active components, thus showing prominent advantage in the treatment of pSS. The discovery of active ingredients and targets in SSMD provides valuable resources for drug research and development for pSS.
The carbon footprint of dietary guidelines around the world: a seven country modeling study
Authors: Kovacs Brittany , Miller Lindsey , Heller Martin C. , Rose Donald 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background
Do the environmental impacts inherent in national food-based dietary guidelines (FBDG) vary around the world, and, if so, how? Most previous studies that consider this question focus on a single country or compare countries’ guidelines without controlling for differences in country-level consumption patterns. To address this gap, we model the carbon footprint of the dietary guidelines from seven different countries, examine the key contributors to this, and control for consumption differences between countries.

Methods
In this purposive sample, we obtained FBDG from national sources for Germany, India, the Netherlands, Oman, Thailand, Uruguay, and the United States. These were used to structure recommended diets using 6 food groups: protein foods, dairy, grains, fruits, vegetables, and oils/fats. To determine specific quantities of individual foods within these groups, we used data on food supplies available for human consumption for each country from the UN Food and Agriculture Organization’s food balance sheets. The greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) used to produce the foods in these consumption patterns were linked from our own database, constructed from an exhaustive review of the life cycle assessment literature. All guidelines were scaled to a 2000-kcal diet.

Results
Daily recommended amounts of dairy foods ranged from a low of 118 ml/d for Oman to a high of 710 ml/d for the US. The GHGE associated with these two recommendations were 0.17 and 1.10 kg CO2-eq/d, respectively. The GHGE associated with the protein food recommendations ranged from 0.03 kg CO2-eq/d in India to 1.84 kg CO2-eq/d in the US, for recommended amounts of 75 g/d and 156 g/d, respectively. Overall, US recommendations had the highest carbon footprint at 3.83 kg CO2-eq/d, 4.5 times that of the recommended diet for India, which had the smallest footprint. After controlling for country-level consumption patterns by applying the US consumption pattern to all countries, US recommendations were still the highest, 19% and 47% higher than those of the Netherlands and Germany, respectively.

Conclusions
Despite our common human biology, FBDG vary tremendously from one country to the next, as do the associated carbon footprints of these guidelines. Understanding the carbon footprints of different recommendations can assist in future decision-making to incorporate environmental sustainability in dietary guidance.
Exploring mechanisms that explain how coalition groups are formed and how they work to sustain political priority for maternal and child health in Nigeria using the advocacy coalition framework
Authors: Okeke Chinyere , Manzano Ana , Obi Uche , Etiaba Enyi , Onwujekwe Obinna , Mirzoev Tolib , Uzochukwu Benjamin 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background
The unacceptably high rate of maternal and child mortality in Nigeria prompted the government to introduce a free maternal and child health (MCH) programme, which was stopped abruptly following a change in government. This triggered increased advocacy for sustaining MCH as a political priority in the country and led to the formation of advocacy coalitions. This study set out to explain the process involved in the formation of advocacy coalition groups and how they work to bring about sustained political prioritization for MCH in Nigeria. It will contribute to the understanding of the Nigerian MCH sector subsystem and will be beneficial to health policy advocates and public health researchers in Nigeria.

Methods
This study employed a qualitative case study approach. Data were collected using a pretested interview guide to conduct 22 in-depth interviews, while advocacy events were reviewed pro forma. The document review was analysed using the manual content analysis method, while qualitative data audiotapes were transcribed verbatim, anonymized, double-coded in MS Word using colour-coded highlights and analysed using manual thematic and framework analysis guided by the advocacy coalition framework (ACF). The ACF was used to identify the policy subsystem including the actors, their belief, coordination and resources, as well as the effects of advocacy groups on policy change. Ethics and consent approval were obtained for the study.

Results
The policy subsystem identified the actors and characterized the coalitions, and described their group formation processes and resources/strategies for engagement. The perceived deep core belief driving the MCH agenda is the right of an individual to health. The effects of advocacy groups on policy change were identified, along with the factors that enabled effectiveness, as well as constraints to coalition formation. External factors and triggers of coalition formation were identified to include high maternal mortality and withdrawal of the free MCH programme, while the contextual issues were the health system issues and the socioeconomic factors affecting the country.

Conclusion
Our findings add to an increasing body of evidence that the use of ACF is beneficial in exploring how advocacy coalitions are formed and in identifying the effects of advocacy groups on policy change.
Diabetes, obesity, and insulin resistance in COVID-19: molecular interrelationship and therapeutic implications
Authors: Santos Andrey , Magro Daniéla Oliveira , Evangelista-Poderoso Rosana , Saad Mario José Abdalla 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background
Our understanding of the pathophysiology of the COVID-19 manifestations and evolution has improved over the past 10 months, but the reasons why evolution is more severe in obese and diabetic patients are not yet completely understood.

Main text
In the present review we discuss the different mechanisms that may contribute to explain the pathophysiology of COVID-19 including viral entrance, direct viral toxicity, endothelial dysfunction, thromboinflammation, dysregulation of the immune response, and the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system.

Conclusions
We show that the viral infection activates an integrated stress response, including activations of serine kinases such as PKR and PERK, which induce IRS-1 serine phosphorylation and insulin resistance. In parallel, we correlate and show the synergy of the insulin resistance of COVID-19 with this hormonal resistance of obesity and diabetes, which increase the severity of the disease. Finally, we discuss the potential beneficial effects of drugs used to treat insulin resistance and diabetes in patients with COVID-19.
Steps toward preregistration of research on research integrity
Authors: Sijtsma Klaas , Emons Wilco H. M. , Steneck Nicholas H. , Bouter Lex M. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background
A proposal to encourage the preregistration of research on research integrity was developed and adopted as the Amsterdam Agenda at the 5th World Conference on Research Integrity (Amsterdam, 2017). This paper reports on the degree to which abstracts of the 6th World Conference in Research Integrity (Hong Kong, 2019) reported on preregistered research.

Methods
Conference registration data on participants presenting a paper or a poster at 6th WCRI were made available to the research team. Because the data set was too small for inferential statistics this report is limited to a basic description of results and some recommendations that should be considered when taking further steps to improve preregistration.

Results
19% of the 308 presenters preregistered their research. Of the 56 usable cases, less than half provided information on the six key elements of the Amsterdam Agenda. Others provided information that invalidated their data, such as an uninformative URL. There was no discernable difference between qualitative and quantitative research.

Conclusions
Some presenters at the WCRI have preregistered their research on research integrity, but further steps are needed to increase frequency and completeness of preregistration. One approach to increase preregistration would be to make it a requirement for research presented at the World Conferences on Research Integrity.
High expression of NDRG3 in osteoarthritis patients
Authors: Chen Long , Wang Yuanzheng , Li Senlei , Zhou Wei , Sun Li 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundOsteoarthritis (OA), as a common disease, seriously affects the quality of life of the victims, but its pathogenesis remains unclear. It has been confirmed that hypoxia-induced factor (HIF)-mediated hypoxia response plays an important role in the development and progression of OA. As a member of the N-myc downstream regulatory gene families, NDRG3 has been reported to independently regulate the hypoxic response of tumour cells, but the relationship between NDRG3 and OA development has not been reported so far.MethodsIn this study, seven OA patients were admitted to Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital from January 2017 to December 2018. The OA group included 5 patients clinically diagnosed with hip/knee OA, which required arthroplasty. The normal group included 2 patients with no previous history of OA and rheumatoid arthritis, which required amputation due to trauma or tumour. The articular cartilage samples were collected to detect the expression of HIF-1α, HIF-2α and NDRG3 using immunohistochemical (IHC), haematoxylin and eosin (HE) and toluidine blue (TB) staining.ResultsHE and TB staining indicated that the cartilage surface of the normal group was smooth and intact, with a columnar arrangement of hyaline chondrocytes, while the cartilage surface of the OA group was discontinuous, with cartilage missing and fibrous soft tissue growing into the defect site. HIF-1α staining was positive in both groups. Moreover, HIF-2α and NDRG3 staining was weakly positive in the normal group, but were uniformly and strongly positive in the OA group. The positively stained areas and integral optical density for NDRG3 were significantly greater in OA group than in the normal group (p < 0.05).ConclusionsNDRG3 might be closely related to the development and progression of OA. However, the relationship between NDRG3 and OA, which is independent of the HIF pathway, warrants further research.
Benchmark Method for Cost Computations Across Health Care Systems: Cost of Care per Patient per Day in Breast Cancer Care
Authors: Blayney Douglas W. , Seto Tina , Hoang Nhat , Lindquist Craig , Kurian Allison W. 
Published: March 2021

PURPOSE: To estimate the value of cancer care and to compare value among episodes of care, a transparent, reproducible, and standardized cost computation methodology is needed. Charges, claims, and reimbursements are related to cost but are nontransparent and proprietary. We developed a method to measure the cost of the following phases of care: (1) initial treatment with curative intent, (2) surveillance and survivorship care, and (3) relapse and end-of-life care. METHODS: We combined clinical data from our electronic health record, the state cancer registry, and the Social Security Death Index. We analyzed the care of patients with breast cancer and mapped Common Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes to the corresponding cost conversion factor and date in the CMS Medicare fee schedule. To account for varying duration of episodes of care, we computed a cost of care per day (CCPD) for each patient. RESULTS: Median CCPD for initial treatment was $29.45 in US dollars (USD), the CCPD for surveillance and survivorship care was $2.45 USD, and the CCPD for relapse care was $13.80 USD. Among the three breast cancer types (hormone receptor-positive or human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 [HER2]-negative, HER2-positive, and triple-negative), there was no difference in CCPD. Relapsed patients in the most expensive surveillance CCPD group had significantly shorter survival. CONCLUSION: We developed a method to identify high-value oncology care—cost of care per patient per day (CCPD)—in episodes of initial, survivorship, and relapse care. The methodology can help identify positive deviants (who have developed best practices) delivering high-value care. Merging our data with claims data from third-party payers can increase the accuracy and validity of the CCPD.
Vulnerability and resilience of social engagement: Equilibrium theory
Authors: Wang Shang-Nan , Cheng Luan , Zhou Hai-Jun 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSocial networks of engagement sometimes dramatically collapse. A widely adopted paradigm to understand this catastrophe dynamics is the threshold model but previous work only considered the irreversibleK-core pruning process and the resulting kinetic activity patterns. Here we study the network alliance problem as a simplified model of social engagement by equilibrium statistical mechanics. Our theory reveals that the surviving kinetic alliances are out-of-equilibrium and atypical configurations which may become highly vulnerable to single-node–triggered cascading failures as they relax towards equilibrium. Our theory predicts that if the fraction of active nodes is beyond certain critical value, the equilibrium (typical) alliance configurations could be protected from cascading failures by a simple least-effort local intervention strategy. We confirm these results by extensive Monte Carlo simulations.
Ordering kinetics of canted and uniform states in nematic liquid crystals
Authors: Birdi Nishant , Banerjee Varsha , Puri Sanjay 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We undertake a comprehensive Monte Carlo (MC) study of the ordering kinetics in nematic liquid crystals (NLCs) in 3 dimensions

by performing deep quenches from the isotropic (T > T

c
) to the nematic (T < T

c
) phase. The inter-molecular potential between the nematogens, represented by continuous O(3) spins with inversion symmetry, is accurately mimicked by the generalised Lebwohl Lasher (GLL) model. It incorporates second- and fourth-order Legendre interactions, and their relative interaction strength is λ. For

, we observe canted morphologies with a λ-dependent angle of tilt between the neighbouring rod-like molecules. For

, the molecules align to yield uniform states. The coarsening morphologies obey generalized dynamical scaling in the two regimes, but the scaling function is not robust with respect to λ. The structure factor tail in the canted regime follows the Porod law:

, implying that the coarsening dynamics is due to the annihilation of interfacial defects. This is unexpected, as the GLL model is characterised by a continuous order parameter. The uniform regime on the other hand, exhibits the expected generalized Porod decay:

, characteristic of scattering from string defects. Finally, the domain growth obeys the Lifshitz-Allen-Cahn law:

for all values of λ. Our results for the novel canted regime are relevant for a large class of systems with orientational ordering, e.g., active matter, membranes, LC elastomers, etc. We hope that our work triggers off stimulating investigations in them.
P. Staff
Authors: Gossett Che , Hayward Eva 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The following is an interview with visual performance artist P. Staff conducted by Che Gossett and Eva Hayward. In the interview Staff thinks about kinship and AIDS, “desire and dispossession,” AIDS and art, justice and ACT UP, and a trans aesthetics of refusal. How might art and art-making refuse to represent AIDS and trans? How is the imperative to represent trans and AIDS part of the violence of trans/AIDSphobia? Staff questions the progressive projects of social uplift, of well-being, and the endlessly reparative subject. Working through a “trans negativity,” Staff's work tracks the corrosive and unbinding force of sexuality that is hidden by contemporary trans and AIDS discourses.
Undetectability in a Time of Trans Visibility
Authors: Lee Christopher Joseph 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The advancement of medical treatments of HIV has given rise to the term undetectability, which has become synonymous with HIV survival and the promise of an otherwise normal life. This article explores the concept of undetectability as it relates to a theory of trans visibility as protection, epitomized by Time Magazine's 2014 declaration of a “trans tipping point.” Following critiques that trans visibility offers little guarantee of safety, the author traces the emergence of the term undetectability alongside calls for and against trans recognition. The author grounds arguments about undetectability's possibilities through a critique of the documentary Death and Life of Marsha P. Johnson (2017), examining its framing as a detective story that seeks answers around Johnson's mysterious death. More specifically, the author analyzes how the murder-mystery form reinforces a carceral fantasy of individual culpability running adjacent to the privatization of HIV as a matter of personal management. The article concludes by turning to Tourmaline and Sasha Wortzel's Happy Birthday, Marsha!, not just to pose a divergent narrative frame for Johnson's life but to also understand how undetectability might offer a resource in navigating the violence of exposure itself, toward a space of trans opacity.