bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The environmental enrichment model revisited: A translatable paradigm to study the stress of our modern lifestyle
Authors: Rojas‐Carvajal Mijail , Sequeira‐Cordero Andrey , Brenes Juan C. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMounting evidence shows that physical activity, social interaction and sensorimotor stimulation provided by environmental enrichment (EE) exert several neurobehavioural effects traditionally interpreted as enhancements relative to standard housing (SH) conditions. However, this evidence rather indicates that SH induces many deficits, which could be ameliorated by exposing animals to an environment vaguely mimicking some features of their wild habitat. Rearing rodents in social isolation (SI) can aggravate such deficits, which can be restored by SH or EE. It is not surprising, therefore, that most preclinical stress models have included severe and unnatural stressors to produce a stress response prominent enough to be distinguishable from SH or SI—frequently used as control groups. Although current stress models induce a stress‐related phenotype, they may fail to represent the stress of our urban lifestyle characterized by SI, poor housing and working environments, sedentarism, obesity and limited access to recreational activities and exercise. In the following review, we discuss the stress of living in urban areas and how exposures to and performing activities in green environments are stress relievers. Based on the commonalities between human and animal EE, we discuss how models of housing conditions (e.g., SI–SH–EE) could be adapted to study the stress of our modern lifestyle. The housing conditions model might be easy to implement and replicate leading to more translational results. It may also contribute to accomplishing some ethical commitments by promoting the refinement of procedures to model stress, diminishing animal suffering, enhancing animal welfare and eventually reducing the number of experimental animals needed.
Eucalyptusspp. leaf traits determine litter processing by fungi and invertebrates
Authors: Simões Sara , Gonçalves Ana Lúcia , Canhoto Jorge M. , Gonçalves Guilherme , Canhoto Cristina 
Published: February 2021

AbstractEucalyptusis one of the most cultivated genera globally. Conversion of native forests intoEucalyptusspp. monocultures leads to species‐specific changes in the quality of the litter that contributes to the structure and function of allochthonous‐based aquatic systems.We used a microcosm approach to compare the relative importance of structural and chemical leaf trait variability among congeneric exoticEucalyptusspecies (E. camaldulensis,E. globulus,E. grandis, andE. nitens) and two Portuguese native species—alder (Alnus glutinosa) and oak (Quercus robur)—on microbial‐mediated decomposition and invertebrate shredder (Trichoptera:Sericostoma vittatum) consumption.Structural leaf traits, rather than chemical characteristics, appeared to be the main determinants of leaf‐processing dynamics. Differences between the exotic species were mainly determined by the persistence (E. globulus,E. grandis, andE. nitens) or detachment (E. camaldulensis) of the cuticular barrier soon after immersion. Detachment favoured an earlier and higher level of fungal colonisation, as well as a higher mass loss.Sericostoma vittatumexhibited higher consumption rates when fed by the nitrogen‐rich and softer alder leaves,E. camaldulensis, and oak. Consistently lower consumption rates were observed in the other threeEucalyptusspecies (64–77% lower thanE. camaldulensis). Leaf litter from these species was colonised by a lower number of fungal species and was dominated byFlagellospora curta.Results suggest that streams adjacent toE. camaldulensismonocultures receive a continuous supply of easily degradable organic matter throughout the year. The potential effect of subsidies from this species in alleviating the general negative impacts ofEucalyptusplantations on native bordered aquatic systems remains to be evaluated.
Data privacy and confidentiality from the perspectives of general public and health care providers in Jordan
Authors: Bardaweel Sanaa K. , AlMuhaissen Suha A. , Alkurdi Nujood H. , Tayyem Humzeh H. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo assess knowledge, attitude, and beliefs about the right to privacy and confidentiality from the viewpoints of the general public (GP) and the health system (HS) professionals in Jordan.MethodsAn online‐based cross‐sectional descriptive questionnaire was distributed across Jordan during May & June of 2020. A total number of 388 respondents filled in the online survey assessing their knowledge, attitude, and opinion about the right to privacy and confidentiality being practiced during the professional contact between the patients and their health care providers.ResultsAmongst the respondents, 44 (11.3%) participants were health care professionals, and 344 (88.6%) participants were from the general public. Most of the respondents were females (69.6%) and the mean age was about 27 years. The main sources of knowledge about patients’ right to privacy and confidentiality regulations were from school and media platforms. Only 18.1% of the GP respondents reported that they have been introduced to patients’ right to privacy and confidentiality regulations by medical staff during professional contact. Almost about 97% of GP respondents and 93.2% of HS professionals valued patients’ right to assure the level of their data privacy prior to receiving medical care. A significantly (P = .012) higher percentage (93%) of GP respondents believed that there should be no prioritisation of privacy based on the gender of the patient. Most of the GP respondents had concerns about electronic medical records being violated and their data being reached by unauthorised parties.ConclusionThe general public and health system professionals in Jordan are familiar with the patients’ right to privacy and confidentiality regulations. More efforts must be put in place to inform patients about their rights to privacy and confidentiality practices when they are in professional contact with their healthcare providers. In addition, rules, laws, and legal agreements must be effectively established and monitored to prevent privacy violations.
Pneumococcal pneumonia in adult hospitalised solid organ transplant recipients: Nationwide, population‐based surveillance
Authors: Huang Shih‐Ting , Yu Tung‐Min , Chuang Ya‐Wen , Chen Cheng‐Hsu , Wu Ming‐Ju , Wang I‐Kuan , Li Chi‐Yuan , Lin Cheng‐Li , Kao Chia‐Hung 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundPneumococcal disease poses a burden to the community in high risk population. Most early studies focused on invasive pneumococcal disease. However, the epidemiology of pneumococcal pneumonia (PP) requiring hospitalisation in solid organ transplant recipients (SOTRs) is poorly defined.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study (January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2012) to evaluate the risk of PP requiring hospitalisation in SOTRs. SOTRs and non‐SOT cohorts, propensity score‐matched at a 1:1 ratio for age, sex, index date and underlying comorbidities, were identified from the National Health Insurance Research Database.ResultsEach cohort consisted of 7507 patients. In the SOT cohort, 26 episodes of PP requiring hospitalisation were identified (incidence rate of 52.4 per 100,000 person‐years). The risk of PP requiring hospitalisation in the SOT cohort was 1.50 times greater than in the non‐SOT cohort [adjusted hazard ratio: 1.50, 95% confidence interval = 1.31‐1.71, P < .001]. The nested case control study identified older age, kidney transplant, and concomitant chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease and heart failure as predictors of PP requiring hospitalisation in the SOT cohort. The highest risk period for PP requiring hospitalisation occurred within the first year of transplantation (36.47 per 1000 patients). Amongst kidney transplant recipients, patients with PP requiring hospitalisation exhibited higher cumulative incidences of graft failure than those without PP (log‐rank test: P value = .004).ConclusionsSOTRs are at risk of PP requiring hospitalisation with its attendant morbidity. Strategies to reduce risk of PP requiring hospitalisation using preventive vaccinations warrant further study.
HDR brachytherapy with individual epithetic molds for facial skin cancer: techniques and first clinical experience
Authors: Diefenhardt Markus , Chatzikonstantinou Georgios , Meissner Markus , Köhn Janett , Scherf Christian , Trommel Martin , Licher Jörg , Ramm Ulla , Rödel Claus , Tselis Nikolaos 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundFacial skin cancer lesions in close proximity to critical organs require further development of radiotherapeutic techniques for highly conformal treatment, especially when treating elderly frail patients. We report on our treatment technique and first clinical experience for patients with perinasal/periorbital skin cancer treated with individualized epithetic mold high‐dose‐rate brachytherapy (BRT).MethodsFrom January 2019, patients with complex shaped or unfavorably located skin cancer not eligible for surgery or external beam radiotherapy (RT) were screened for mold‐based BRT. Six patients were identified. Toxicity and clinical response were documented during therapy and posttreatment follow‐up.ResultsMedian patient age was 80 years (74–92 years). Median prescription dose was 42 Gy (range, 33–44 Gy) delivered in once‐daily fractions of 3 or 4 Gy. Two patients had treatment interruptions caused by acute conjunctivitis grade 2 and a nontreatment‐related cardiac event, respectively. At a median follow‐up of 335 days (96–628 days), no ≥ grade 2 late toxicity was documented with all patients showing complete clinical response.ConclusionsHigh‐dose‐rate BRT with individualized epithetic molds for perinasal/periorbital skin cancer is a well‐tolerated and safe treatment option for patients not eligible for primary surgery or definitive external beam RT because of comorbidities or tumor location.
The development of infants’ sensitivity to native versus non‐native rhythm
Authors: Paillereau Nikola , Podlipský Václav Jonáš , Smolík Filip , Šimáčková Šárka , Chládková Kateřina 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSpeech rhythm is considered one of the first windows into the native language, and the taxonomy of rhythm classes is commonly used to explain early language discrimination. Relying on formal rhythm classification is problematic for two reasons. First, it is not known to which extent infants’ sensitivity to language variation is attributable to rhythm alone, and second, it is not known how infants discriminate languages not classified in any of the putative rhythm classes. Employing a central‐fixation preference paradigm with natural stimuli, this study tested whether infants differentially attend to native versus nonnative varieties that differ only in temporal rhythm cues, and both of which are rhythmically unclassified. An analysis of total looking time did not detect any rhythm preferences at any age. First‐look duration, arguably more closely reflecting infants’ underlying perceptual sensitivities, indicated age‐specific preferences for native versus non‐native rhythm: 4‐month‐olds seemed to prefer the native‐, and 6‐month‐olds the non‐native language‐variety. These findings suggest that infants indeed acquire native rhythm cues rather early, by the 4th month, supporting the theory that rhythm can bootstrap further language development. Our data on infants’ processing of rhythmically unclassified languages suggest that formal rhythm classification does not determine infants’ ability to discriminate language varieties.
Location‐routing problem: a classification of recent research
Authors: Mara Setyo Tri Windras , Kuo R.J. , Asih Anna Maria Sri 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe location‐routing problem (LRP) and its variants have been studied extensively over the past few years. The number of articles has grown more than ever, since the last surveys. Therefore, this study aims to perform a review of recent LRP research from 222 academic literature published from 2014 to 2019. The analysis of publication intensity, problem characteristics, solution methods, and application areas was executed to draw the state‐of‐the‐art of LRP research. As the main contributions to this study, a new taxonomy was proposed to capture some recently emerging issues in LRP and some suggestions for future research were listed and discussed.
Synthesis and microstructure evolution of β‐Sialon fibers/barium aluminosilicate (BAS) glass‐ceramic matrix composite with enhanced mechanical properties
Authors: Sun Shaojie , Xia Long , Zhang Tao , Yang Hua , Qin Chunlin , Zhong Bo , Xiong Li , Wu Xin , Wen Guangwu 
Published: February 2021

AbstractDense Sialon fibers/barium aluminosilicate (BAS) matrix self‐reinforced composite was synthesized by one‐step method without applying pressure before or during sintering process. In this work, BAS matrix and internal Sialon fibers were synthesized successfully by directly sintering precursor powders at 1400°C for 4 h. The BAS is not only introduced as a structural matrix material, but also as an effective liquid phase sintering aid to attain full densification bulk sample. The results show that the diameter of fibers is about 100–200 nm, and the quantity of the fibers can be changed with different temperatures. The obtained Sialon fibers/BAS matrix composites exhibit better toughness due to fiber bridging, crack deflection, and pullout. The sample with 3.5 wt% carbon content has maximum value of flexural strength (74.5 ± 3.5 MPa) and fracture toughness (3.2 ± 0.20 MPa·m1/2). The growth of the Sialon fibers follows a vapor‐liquid‐solid (V‐L‐S) mechanism. These findings featured with a green and simple preparation process provide a facile strategy to design and fabricate the bulk ceramic matrix composites in complex shapes and different sizes.
Glucokinase is required for high‐starch diet‐induced β‐cell mass expansion in mice
Authors: Tsuchida Kazuhisa , Nakamura Akinobu , Miyoshi Hideaki , Yang Kelaier , Yamauchi Yuki , Kawata Shinichiro , Omori Kazuno , Takahashi Kiyohiko , Kitao Naoyuki , Nomoto Hiroshi , Kameda Hiraku , Cho Kyu Yong , Seino Yusuke , Terauchi Yasuo , Atsumi Tatsuya 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAims/IntroductionWe aimed to determine whether glucokinase is required for β‐cell mass expansion induced by high‐starch diet (HSTD)‐feeding, as has been shown in its high‐fat diet‐induced expansion.Materials and MethodsEight‐week‐old male wild‐type (Gck+/+) or glucokinase haploinsufficient (Gck+/−) mice were fed either a normal chow (NC) or an HSTD for 15 weeks. The bodyweight, glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion and β‐cell mass were assessed.ResultsBoth HSTD‐fed Gck+/+ and Gck+/− mice had significantly higher bodyweight than NC‐fed mice. Insulin and oral glucose tolerance tests revealed that HSTD feeding did not affect insulin sensitivity nor glucose tolerance in either the Gck+/+ or Gck+/− mice. However, during the oral glucose tolerance test, the 15‐min plasma insulin concentration after glucose loading was significantly higher in the HSTD group than that in the NC group for Gck+/+, but not for Gck+/− mice. β‐Cell mass was significantly larger in HSTD‐fed Gck+/+ mice than that in NC‐fed Gck+/+ mice. In contrast, the β‐cell mass of the HSTD‐fed Gck+/− mice was not different from that of the NC‐fed Gck+/− mice.ConclusionsThe results showed that HSTD feeding would increase pancreatic β‐cell mass and insulin secretion in Gck+/+, but not Gck+/− mice. This observation implies that glucokinase in β‐cells would be required for the increase in β‐cell mass induced by HSTD feeding.
Exercise physiology in cirrhosis and the potential benefits of exercise interventions: A review
Authors: West Jack , Gow Paul J , Testro Adam , Chapman Brooke , Sinclair Marie 
Published: February 2021

AbstractReduction in muscle mass is a highly prevalent phenomenon in cirrhosis and is now well‐documented to be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Research into muscle loss in cirrhosis remains limited by an ongoing poor understanding of its relationship with muscle function, physical activity, and aerobic capacity. Alterations in exercise physiology have been documented in studies of individuals with cirrhosis that provide important information on physical function that is not captured by simple quantification of muscle mass. Despite expert consensus recommending regular exercise in end‐stage liver disease to maintain muscle mass and function, there is little evidence guiding clinicians as to which form of exercise or delivery mechanism is most effective. It also remains unproven whether any specific intervention can alter clinically relevant outcomes. This review article summarizes the available literature regarding the changes in exercise physiology observed in cirrhosis, the associated impact on physical capacity, and the results of existing trials that examine the potential benefits of exercise delivery in patients with cirrhosis, particularly pertaining to their impact on exercise physiology.
Consensus on the terminologies and methodologies for masticatory assessment
Authors: Gonçalves Thais Marques Simek Vega , Schimmel Martin , van der Bilt Andries , Chen Jianshe , van der Glas Hilbert W. , Kohyama Kaoru , Hennequin Martine , Peyron Marie‐Agnès , Woda Alain , Leles Claudio Rodrigues , José Pereira Luciano 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA large number of methodological procedures and experimental conditions are reported to describe the masticatory process. However, similar terms are sometimes employed to describe different methodologies. Standardisation of terms is essential to allow comparisons among different studies. This article was aimed to provide a consensus concerning the terms, definitions and technical methods generally reported when evaluating masticatory function objectively and subjectively. The consensus is based on the results from discussions and consultations among world‐leading researchers in the related research areas. Advantages, limitations and relevance of each method are also discussed. The present consensus provides a revised framework of standardised terms to improve the consistent use of masticatory terminology and facilitate further investigations on masticatory function analysis. In addition, this article also outlines various methods used to evaluate the masticatory process and their advantages and disadvantages in order to help researchers to design their experiments.
Digital Workflow for a Scleroderma Patient with Microstomia: A Clinical Report
Authors: Zhang Na , Mao Bochun , Yu Ping , Chen Shengkai , Chen Xin , Yu Haiyang 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMaking impressions in patients with microstomia is often rather problematic due to their restricted mouth opening. Herein, this report describes a novel digital workflow for making impressions with computer‐aided design and computer‐aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) custom sectional trays for a 58‐year‐old female patient with scleroderma and microstomia. CAD/CAM custom sectional trays were made based on digital dentition models from another case with similar arch scale. After the sectional impressions were obtained, the sectional casts were scanned and digitally aligned to form the final dentition models. The removable partial dentures were designed on the final digital models and printed using a 3D printer. This procedure was executed with a successful prosthetic outcome that included good fit and acceptable esthetics. The patient also reported a high level of satisfaction.
Respiratory syncytial virus subtype circulation and associated disease severity at an Australian paediatric referral hospital, 2014–2018
Authors: Saravanos Gemma L , Ramos Isabelle , Britton Philip N , Wood Nicholas J 
Published: February 2021

AimRespiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections in children and the development of vaccines to protect at‐risk groups is a global priority. The aim of this study was to describe RSV subtype circulation patterns and associated disease severity to inform on potential impact of an RSV‐specific prevention strategy.MethodsSingle‐centre retrospective observational study of children aged <16 years with laboratory‐confirmed RSV infection from 2014 to 2018 inclusive. We described the features and frequency of all RSV subtype detections. We selected a random sample of RSV‐A and RSV‐B cases from each year (n = 200), described demographic and clinical features of these cases, and compared indicators of disease severity between subtypes.ResultsWe identified 3591 RSV detections over a 5‐year period and found consistent co‐circulation of subtypes with alternating predominance. Demographic and clinical characteristics were similar between children presenting with RSV‐A and RSV‐B infections. There was no difference in indicators of severity between the subtypes except for paediatric intensive care unit length of stay which was longer in the RSV‐B group (3 vs. 5 days, P = 0.006). Respiratory co‐infections were more frequent in the RSV‐B group (41.8% vs. 27.4%, P = 0.035). When these were excluded there was no longer a detectable difference in paediatric intensive care unit length of stay.ConclusionsWe found co‐circulation of RSV subtypes and no convincing evidence of a difference in disease severity between subtypes. RSV‐specific interventions will need to be equally effective against both RSV‐A and RSV‐B to have the greatest impact on reducing severe RSV disease in this population.
The neurocognitive basis of skilled reading in prelingually and profoundly deaf adults
Authors: Emmorey Karen , Lee Brittany 
Published: February 2021

AbstractDeaf individuals have unique sensory and linguistic experiences that influence how they read and become skilled readers. This review presents our current understanding of the neurocognitive underpinnings of reading skill in deaf adults. Key behavioural and neuroimaging studies are integrated to build a profile of skilled adult deaf readers and to examine how changes in visual attention and reduced access to auditory input and phonology shape how they read both words and sentences. Crucially, the behaviours, processes, and neural circuity of deaf readers are compared to those of hearing readers with similar reading ability to help identify alternative pathways to reading success. Overall, sensitivity to orthographic and semantic information is comparable for skilled deaf and hearing readers, but deaf readers rely less on phonology and show greater engagement of the right hemisphere in visual word processing. During sentence reading, deaf readers process visual word forms more efficiently and may have a greater reliance on and altered connectivity to semantic information compared to their hearing peers. These findings highlight the plasticity of the reading system and point to alternative pathways to reading success.