bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Regioisomerism in 9‐Anthracenyl‐Substituted Dithiodicyanoethene Derivatives on Photoinduced Electron Transfer Controlled By Intramolecular Charge Transfer
Authors: Schwarze Thomas , Kelling Alexandra , Sperlich Eric , Holdt Hans‐Jürgen 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we report on the fluorescence behaviour of three regioisomers which consist of two 9‐anthracenyl fluorophores and of differently substituted dithiodicyanoethene moieties. These isomeric fluorescent probes show different quantum yields (ϕf). In these probes, an oxidative photoinduced electron transfer (PET) from the excited 9‐anthracenyl fluorophore to the dithiodicyanoethene unit quenches the fluorescence. This quenching process is accelerated by an intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) of the push‐pull π‐electron system of the dithiodicyanoethene group. The acceleration of the PET depends on the strength of the ICT unit. The higher the dipole moment of the ICT unit, the stronger the observed fluorescence quenching. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a regioisomeric influence on an oxidative PET by an ICT.
Cellular O‐Glycome Reporter/Amplification (CORA): Analytical and Preparative Tools to Study Mucin‐Type O‐Glycans of Living Cells
Authors: Kudelka Matthew R. , Li Zhonghua , Chernova Tatiana A. , Smith David F. , Song Xuezheng , Cummings Richard D. , Ju Tongzhong 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMucin‐type O‐glycosylation (O‐glycans, O‐glycome) is among the most biologically important post‐translational modification in glycoproteins but O‐glycan structural diversity and expression are poorly understood due to the inadequacy of current analytical methods. We recently developed a new tool termed cellular O‐glycome reporter/amplification (CORA), which uses O‐glycan precursors, benzyl‐α‐GalNAc (Bn‐α‐GalNAc) or azido‐Bn‐α‐GalNAc (N3‐Bn‐α‐GalNAc), as surrogates of protein O‐glycosylation. Living cells metabolically convert these precursors to all types of O‐GalNAc glycans representative of the cells’ capabilities. The amplification and secretion of the O‐glycome products greatly facilitates their analysis and functional studies. Here we describe protocols for analytical and preparative applications. © 2021 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.Basic Protocol 1: Cellular O‐glycome reporter/amplification for the analysis of mucin‐type O‐glycans from living cellsBasic Protocol 2: Preparation of cellular O‐glycans from living cells for functional glycomics and glycan microarraysBasic Protocol 3: Conjugation of cellular O‐glycans with a bifunctional fluorescent tagBasic Protocol 4: 2D‐HPLC purification and MALDI‐TOF/MS identification of individual PYAB‐Bn‐O‐glycan
Electrophysiologic Analysis of Tight Junction Size and Charge Selectivity
Authors: Shashikanth Nitesh , Rizzo Heather E. , Pongkorpsakol Pawin , Heneghan John F. , Turner Jerrold R. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractTight junctions form selectively permeable barriers that limit paracellular flux across epithelial‐lined surfaces. Rather than being absolute barriers, tight junctions in many tissues allow ions, water, and other small molecules to cross on the basis of size and charge selectivity via the high‐capacity pore pathway. Most probes currently used to assess tight junction permeability exceed the maximum size capacity of the pore pathway. As a result, available analytical tools have generally been limited to measurement of transepithelial electrical resistances. These provide no information regarding size selectivity and, therefore, cannot be used to distinguish between the pore pathway and the leak pathway, a low‐capacity route that accommodates larger macromolecules. This article describes use of dilution potential and bi‐ionic potential measurements for analysis of tight junction size and charge selectivity within monolayers of cultured epithelial cells. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.This article was corrected on 25 August 2021. See the end of the full text for details.Basic Protocol 1: Culture of MDCK monolayers on semipermeable supports and induction of claudin‐2 expressionBasic Protocol 2: Configuring voltage/current clamp and other equipmentBasic Protocol 3: Measuring dilution and bi‐ionic potentialsBasic Protocol 4: Calculating ion permeabilities and pore diameterSupport Protocol: Preparation of agar bridges and electrophysiology rig setup
Fission Yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe: A Unicellular “Micromammal” Model Organism
Authors: Vyas Aditi , Freitas Anna V. , Ralston Zachary A. , Tang Zhaohua 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe is a rod‐shaped unicellular eukaryote, well known for its contributions as a model organism for our understanding of regulation and conservation of the eukaryotic cell cycle. As a yeast divergent from the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, S. pombe shares more common features with humans including gene structures, chromatin dynamics, and the prevalence of introns, as well as the control of gene expression through pre‐mRNA splicing, epigenetic gene silencing, and RNAi pathways. With the advent of new methodologies for research, S. pombe has become an increasingly used model to investigate various molecular and cellular processes over the last 50 years. Also, S. pombe serves as an excellent system for undergraduate students to obtain hands‐on research experience. Versatile experimental approaches are amenable using the fission yeast system due to its relative ease of maintenance, its inherent cellular properties, its power in classic and molecular genetics, and its feasibility in genomics and proteomics analyses. This article provides an overview of S. pombe’s rise as a valuable model organism and presents examples to highlight the significance of S. pombe as a unicellular “micromammal” in investigating biological questions. We especially focus on the advantages of and the advancements in using fission yeast for studying biological processes that are characteristic of metazoans to decipher the underlining molecular mechanisms fundamental to all eukaryotes. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.This article was corrected on 21 July 2021. See the end of the full text for details.
Understanding the Evolution of Cobalt‐Based Metal‐Organic Frameworks in Electrocatalysis for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Cai Xiaowei , Peng Fei , Luo Xingyu , Ye Xuejie , Zhou Junxi , Lang Xiaoling , Shi Meiqin 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMetal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted increasing attention as a promising electrode material for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Comprehending catalytic mechanisms in the OER process is of key relevance for the design of efficient catalysts. In this study, two types of Co based MOF with different organic ligands (ZIF‐67 and CoBDC; BDC=1,4‐benzenedicarboxylate) are synthesized as OER electrocatalysts and their electrochemical behavior is studied in alkaline solution. Physical characterization indicates that ZIF‐67, with tetrahedral Co sites, transforms into α‐Co(OH)2 on electrochemical activation, which provides continuous active sites in the following oxidation, whereas CoBDC, with octahedral sites, evolves into β‐Co(OH)2 through hydrolysis, which is inert for the OER. Electrochemical characterization reveals that Co sites coordinated by nitrogen from imidazole ligands (Co−N coordination) are more inclined to electrochemical activation than Co−O sites. The successive exposure and accumulation of real active sites is responsible for the gradual increase in activity of ZIF‐67 in OER. This work not only indicates that CoMOFs are promising OER electrocatalysts but also provides a reference system to understand how metal coordination in MOFs affects the OER process.
Fine resolution smart force sensor based on lever arm mechanism using shape memory alloy spring
Authors: G. Then Mozhi , M. Banu Sundareswari , K. Dhanalakshmi 
Published: June 2021

SummaryA novel force measurement technique using the variable resistance property of shape memory alloy (SMA) spring is presented. The unique abilities of SMA, a smart material make it a potential candidate to construct actuators and dampers and of late is added to the domain of sensing technology in the design of creative sensing systems. The sensing mechanism is realized using a lever arm made of less stiff acrylic material; one of the links of the lever arm is integrated with an SMA spring actuator that is connected perpendicular to the stationary base, and the unknown load is placed at the other link; the force due to the measurand and the transmitted force act on the arms of the lever. The displacement due to the application of force on one of the flexible arms causes a variation in the strain that leads to resistance variation of the Joule‐heated SMA spring attached at the other arm. The active sensor possesses static and dynamic sensing capabilities and can detect force in the range of a few millinewtons, and the sensor design is validated from the experimental measurements and analytical results. The performance of the sensor is evaluated from its static and dynamic characteristics and depicts promising results. The design methodology of the sensor mechanism and selection of material suitable to offer flexible transformation of force leads to the development of a force sensor with fine resolution.
Power and area‐efficient static current mode logic frequency divider in 180‐nm complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor technology
Authors: Maity Subhanil , Jana Sanjay Kumar , Som Indranil , Bhattacharyya Tarun Kanti 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis paper presents power and area optimized, high‐speed metal‐oxide‐semiconductor (MOS) current mode logic (MCML)‐based frequency dividers. Each differential pair in the divider is sized separately to minimize the overall power consumption. The divide‐by‐2 frequency divider has been realized in a 180‐nm complementary MOS (CMOS) process technology, and postlayout simulation results show that the proposed frequency divider can work up to an operating frequency of 18.8 GHz in the worst‐case process corner with a maximum power dissipation of 1.715 mW under 1.8‐V supply. It gives a bandwidth of 19.9 GHz which ranges from 1 to 20.9 GHz. The divider occupies a 0.106 × 0.09 mm2 area. The performance corresponds to the figure of merit (FoM) of 43.61 dB. The same optimized latches and two EX‐OR gates are used to design a divide‐by‐5 frequency divider that is also realized in 180‐nm CMOS process technology. The postlayout simulation results show that the proposed divide‐by‐5 frequency divider can faithfully work up to an operating frequency of 12.12 GHz in worst‐case process corner with an excellent power head performance. The maximum power dissipation of the core circuit is 1.39 mW under 1.8‐V supply. It occupies a 0.166 × 0.116 mm2 area. The performance corresponds to the FoM of 26.56 dB which compares favorably with the state of the art.
A survey on nature‐inspired algorithms and its applications in the Internet of Vehicles
Authors: Sharma Surbhi , Kaushik Baijnath 
Published: June 2021

SummaryThe concept of the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) was evolved to cater to the increasing demands of emerging and advanced vehicular applications such as intelligent transportation systems (ITS). IoV plays a vital role in the development of smart cities and smart transportation. As IoV involves real‐time data, so efficient routing mechanisms, as well as secure protocols, are very much needed to enhance the efficiency and security of the IoV network. In the existing literature, numerous researchers have focused on enhancing the efficiency of the IoV network. However, there still exist some flaws keeping in view the new security vulnerabilities that keep on emerging. So, there is a need to optimize the capabilities of existing frameworks for dealing with such issues. Nature‐inspired algorithms are a category of powerful tools to solve problems of optimization. In this first of its kind state‐of‐the‐art study, the potential of applicability of nature‐inspired algorithms in IoV networks for improving the overall performance of IoV is explored. First, various categories of nature‐inspired algorithms are presented to make the readers well acquainted with the concepts of nature‐inspired algorithms. Different nature‐inspired algorithms having their applicability in different aspects of IoV are studied with a special focus on security, routing, and parking space management for strengthening the existing IoV network. Various open issues and research challenges in the use of different nature‐inspired algorithms in IoV are also presented. Based upon the study conducted, it has been analyzed that nature‐inspired algorithms can optimize the overall performance of IoV networks.
Dasatinib protects against acute respiratory distress syndrome via Nrf2‐regulated M2 macrophages polarization
Authors: Liu Zishuang , Chen Shanshan , Zhang Xinfeng , Liu Fangfang , Yang Kai , Du Ge , Rui Xi 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDasatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has a protective effect on experimental acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). This study investigated the effect and mechanism of dasatinib in ARDS. C57BL/6 mice were administered with dasatinib (1 and 10 mg/kg) after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment to evaluate the effect of dasatinib on white blood cells (WBC), neutrophils, lymphocytes and macrophages in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). The levels and mRNA expressions of inflammation‐related cytokines in lung tissues and RAW 264.7 cells were detected by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and quantitative real‐time PCR, respectively. The protein expressions of nuclear factor E2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO1) were determined by Western blot. MTT assay was performed to detect the viability of RAW 264.7 cell. Rescue experiments were used to assess the effect of Nrf2 silencing on the LPS‐ and dasatinib‐treated mice. Under LPS treatment, levels of the WBC, neutrophils, lymphocytes and macrophages in BALF and mRNA expressions of IL‐6, TNF‐α and IL‐10 as well as expression of iNOS were increased, but the expression of arginase‐1 was inhibited, while no obvious changes of the protein expressions of Nrf2 and HO1 were observed. Dasatinib partially reversed the effects of LPS above, and further promoted the mRNA expression of IL‐10 and the protein expressions of Nrf2 and HO1, while Nrf2 silencing counteracted the effect of dasatinib. Dasatinib induced the polarization of M2 subtype of macrophages and alleviated LPS‐induced ARDS through activating Nrf2 signaling pathway, which may provide a new strategy for the treatment of ARDS.
Unraveling the roles of genotype and environment in the expression of plant defense phenotypes
Authors: Potts Abigail S. , Hunter Mark D. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPhenotypic variability results from interactions between genotype and environment and is a major driver of ecological and evolutionary interactions. Measuring the relative contributions of genetic variation, the environment, and their interaction to phenotypic variation remains a fundamental goal of evolutionary ecology.In this study, we assess the question: How do genetic variation and local environmental conditions interact to influence phenotype within a single population? We explored this question using seed from a single population of common milkweed,Asclepias syriaca, in northern Michigan. We first measured resistance and resistance traits of 14 maternal lines in two common garden experiments (field and greenhouse) to detect genetic variation within the population. We carried out a reciprocal transplant experiment with three of these maternal lines to assess effects of local environment on phenotype. Finally, we compared the phenotypic traits measured in our experiments with the phenotypic traits of the naturally growing maternal genets to be able to compare relative effect of genetic and environmental variation on naturally occurring phenotypic variation. We measured defoliation levels, arthropod abundances, foliar cardenolide concentrations, foliar latex exudation, foliar carbon and nitrogen concentrations, and plant growth.We found a striking lack of correlation in trait expression of the maternal lines between the common gardens, or between the common gardens and the naturally growing maternal genets, suggesting that environment plays a larger role in phenotypic trait variation of this population. We found evidence of significant genotype‐by‐environment interactions for all traits except foliar concentrations of nitrogen and cardenolide. Milkweed resistance to chewing herbivores was associated more strongly with the growing environment. We observed no variation in foliar cardenolide concentrations among maternal lines but did observe variation among maternal lines in foliar latex exudation.Overall, our data reveal powerful genotype‐by‐environment interactions on the expression of most resistance traits in milkweed.
Migration efficiency sustains connectivity across agroecological networks supporting sandhill crane migration
Authors: Donnelly J. Patrick , King Sammy L. , Knetter Jeff , Gammonley James H. , Dreitz Victoria J. , Grisham Blake A. , Nowak M. Cathy , Collins Daniel P. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPreserving avian flyway connectivity has long been challenged by our capacity to meaningfully quantify continental habitat dynamics and bird movements at temporal and spatial scales underlying long‐distance migrations. Waterbirds migrating hundreds or thousands of kilometers depend on networks of wetland stopover sites to rest and refuel. Entire populations may rely on discrete wetland habitats, particularly in arid landscapes where the loss of limited stopover options can have disproportionately high impacts on migratory cost. Here, we examine flyway connectivity in water‐limited ecosystems of western North America using 108 GPS tagged greater sandhill cranes. Bird movements were used to reconstruct wetland stopover networks across three geographically unique sub‐populations spanning 12 U.S.–Mexican states and Canadian provinces. Networks were monitored with remote sensing to identify long‐term (1988–2019) trends in wetland and agricultural resources supporting migration and evaluated using network theory and centrality metrics as a measure of stopover site importance to flyway connectivity. Sandhill crane space use was analyzed in stopover locations to identify important ownership and landscape factors structuring bird distributions. Migratory efficiency was the primary mechanism underpinning network function. A small number of key stopover sites important to minimizing movement cost between summering and wintering locations were essential to preserving flyway connectivity. Localized efficiencies were apparent in stopover landscapes given prioritization of space use by birds where the proximity of agricultural food resources and flooded wetlands minimized daily movements. Model depictions showing wetland declines from 16% to 18% likely reflect a new normal in landscape drying that could decouple agriculture–waterbird relationships as water scarcity intensifies. Sustaining network resilience will require conservation strategies to balance water allocations preserving agricultural and wetlands on private lands that accounted for 67–96% of habitat use. Study outcomes provide new perspectives of agroecological relationships supporting continental waterbird migration needed to prioritize conservation of landscapes vital to maintaining flyway connectivity.
Evaluating probabilistic ecological forecasts
Authors: Simonis Juniper L. , White Ethan P. , Ernest S. K. Morgan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractProbabilistic near‐term forecasting facilitates evaluation of model predictions against observations and is of pressing need in ecology to inform environmental decision‐making and effect societal change. Despite this imperative, many ecologists are unfamiliar with the widely used tools for evaluating probabilistic forecasts developed in other fields. We address this gap by reviewing the literature on probabilistic forecast evaluation from diverse fields including climatology, economics, and epidemiology. We present established practices for selecting evaluation data (end‐sample hold out), graphical forecast evaluation (times‐series plots with uncertainty, probability integral transform plots), quantitative evaluation using scoring rules (log, quadratic, spherical, and ranked probability scores), and comparing scores across models (skill score, Diebold–Mariano test). We cover common approaches, highlight mathematical concepts to follow, and note decision points to allow application of general principles to specific forecasting endeavors. We illustrate these approaches with an application to a long‐term rodent population time series currently used for ecological forecasting and discuss how ecology can continue to learn from and drive the cross‐disciplinary field of forecasting science.
The Effect of ThyroidߚStimulating Hormone on Stage of Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma
Authors: Soleimanisardoo Laya , Rouhani Mohsen , Sardoo Fatemeh Soleymani , Gozashti Mohammad Hossein 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIntroductionThyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy, and it has the fastest increase rate in incidence in both sexes, with a yearly increase of 3% over the last decade. Thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH) is the main driver for the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormone. The main purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between serum TSH level and the stage of malignancy in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study was performed on 77 patients with thyroid cancer. The demographic characteristics, TSH level and stage of malignancy were recorded for all patients in the data collection form. The data analysis was conducted by descriptive statistics using SPSS 20.0 software.ResultsThe results show a significant relationship (p‐value = .025) between the malignancy stage and serum TSH level. The mean TSH level in patients of stage 3 (5.70 ± 2.03) was significantly higher than patients in stage 2 (2.58 ± 0.52) and stage 1 (2.33 ± 0.28). No significant relationship was observed between the age of patients and serum TSH level. Although the mean serum TSH level in men (3.61 ± 0.98) was higher than in women (2.52 ± 0.25), the difference was not statistically significant.ConclusionsAccording to the results of this study, serum TSH level can be considered as a predictor of the stage of differentiated thyroid cancer. Therefore, it can be used to predict the likelihood of cancer and improve the outcome and extent of thyroidectomy in patients with thyroid cancer.