bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE TREATMENT OF WHOOPING COUGH AS GIVEN IN DR. NATHANIEL AMES' ALMANACK OF 1761
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

Dr. Nathaniel Ames (1708-1764) of Dedham, Massachusetts, made his almanacks [sic] a sort of annual cyclopedia of information on a variety of subjects, including medicine. The 1761 edition contained this "recipe to cure the whooping cough" which he claimed "has been tried with success."1
Take dried Colt's Foot, a good Handful, cut them small, and boil them in a Pint of Spring Water, till half the water is boiled away, then take it off the Fire; when almost cold, strain it through a Cloth, squeezing the Herbs as dry as you can; throw the Herb away, and dissolve in the Liquor Half an Ounce of brown Sugar Candy, finely powdered; when dissolv'd, add to them one spoonful & an Half of the Tincture of Liquorice—of which give a Child five Years old one Spoonful three or four Times a Day. Grown Persons may take four Spoonfuls at a Time, and as often. It will cure in two or three Days.
The name coltsfoot was given in England to describe the heart-shaped leaf of this plant. It is a cough remedy of long standing. More than 19 centuries ago, Pliny wrote, "Its root is placed on live coals of cypress wood and the fumes of it are inhaled through a funnel for chronic cough." The generic name Tussilago is derived from the Latin word for cough, tussis.2
Steady State Serum Digoxin Concentration in Relation to Digitalis Toxicity in Neonates and Infants
Authors: Halkin H. , Radomsky M. , Blieden L. , Frand M. , Millman P. , Boichis H. 
Published: December 2021

Steady state serum digoxin concentrations were determined in 34 neonates and infants receiving standard maintenance doses of the drug.
Digitalis intoxication, diagnosed by ECG criteria, occurred in four of 13 patients with a serum concentration above 2 ng/ml and not in any of 21 subjects with a serum digoxin concentration below this level.
This association was found to be significant. It seems that the concept of increased tolerance to digoxin hitherto ascribed to infants is not tenable and that the monitoring of serum digoxin concentration is essential to treatment in this age group.
THE TEN COMMANDMENTS OF PHOTOTHERAPY
Authors: Pramanik Arun K. 
Published: December 2021

Thou shalt
1. Not use phototherapy prior to determination of etiology.1,2
2. Not use phototherapy in infants with direct hyperbilirubinemia (conjugated direct bilirubin level &gt; 2 mg/100 ml).1,3
3. Not judge jaundice clinically in infants treated with phototherapy, but measure serum bilirubin level every 4 to 12 hours as indicated.1,2
4. Monitor temperature of infants placed under phototherapy initially every hour for the first four hours and thereafter every four to six hours.2,3
5. Weigh low-birth-weight infants receiving phototherapy twice daily. Increase their fluid intake above requirements by 2% to 10% depending on postnatal age, cardiac status, and whether the infant is under a radiant warmer or an adequately humidified incubator.1,3
6. Protect eyes with adequately designed patches. Turn off light and remove eye patches when parents are visiting.2,3
7. Monitor hematocrit value, particularly in hemolytic diseases.1,2
8. Watch for rebound of bilirubin level following discontinuation of phototherapy. Delay discharge by about 6 to 12 hours till rebound can definitely be ruled out.2
9. Change the lamps after 20% decrease of original irradiance output. Consult with the manufacturer of the individual lamps used, or energy output in the blue spectrum (425 to 475 mm) every 200 hours of use.1,2
10. Check all phototherapy units for proper electrical grounding.
Reevaluation of Levodopa-Propranolol as a Test of Growth Hormone Reserve in Children
Authors: Collu Robert , Brun Gérard , Milsant Françoise , Leboeuf Gilles , Letarte Jacques , Ducharme Jacques-Raymond 
Published: December 2021

The growth hormone (GH) reserve of 15 short children was evaluated with the levodopa-propranolol test (DPT) and the sequential arginine-insulin test (AIT). Four patients failed to respond to both tests and were classified as hyposomatotropic. In the other 11 children, the mean GH peak response to the DPT was significantly higher than that to the AIT, mainly because five subjects who had a normal response to the DPT failed to respond to the AIT. These children had a generally poor yearly growth increment prior to testing associated in three with an obvious emotional problem, and were found at follow-up to have resumed a normal growth pattern.
These data confirm the effectiveness of the DPT as a test of GH reserve. Although hypoglycemia can occur occasionally during the test, this procedure is safer and easier to perform than the widely used AIT. Finally, the DPT seems to detect a category of children who have a temporary growth failure and nonresponse to the usual GH tests but who are not hyposomatotropic and consequently do not require human GH.
Simultaneous Determination of α-Fetoprotein and Immunoglobulin Levels From a Microhematocrit Capillary Tube
Authors: Kohlschütter Alfried 
Published: December 2021

The α-fetoprotein (AFP) concentration in serum is an indicator of gestational age in preterm infants.1 IgM and IgA concentrations are helpful in the diagnosis of perinatal infections.2,3 Determination of all three protein levels can conveniently be made from one single microhematocrit capillary tube. The small blood volumes involved and the simplicity of the procedure make it a tool for routine use in newborn nurseries. The technique described can also be used for the determination of many other compounds.
MATERIALS
Heparinized microhematocrit capillary tubes (Propper Manufacturing Co., Inc., Long Island, N. Y.) are 75 mm long and have an internal diameter of 1.1 to 1.2 mm.
Use of pneumococcal vaccine in children
Authors: Klein Jerome O. , Mortimer Edward A. 
Published: December 2021

A 14-type pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine has been licensed for use in the United States (Pneumovax, Merck & Co., Inc.). Although there are more than 80 immunologically distinct capsular types of pneumococci, the strains incorporated into the vaccine have been responsible for approximately 80% of the cases of serious pneumococcal disease in the United States in recent years. The vaccine should be of value for selected children at risk for severe or life-threatening disease due to the pneumococcus.
Pneumococcal vaccines have been used since the turn of the century. In 1914, Sir Almroth Wright* and colleagues reported favorable results of a whole cell vaccine administered to gold miners in South Africa.1
Requests Information on Fatal Stings
Authors: Frazier Claude A. 
Published: December 2021

I am convinced that lives now needlessly lost due to severe systemic reactions to insect stings could be saved. How? By a greater awareness of the possibility of such fatal reactions plus knowledge of the existence of an insect sting kit. The kit is an emergency first aid measure to prevent anaphylaxis. Because of my convictions, I am presently collecting and correlating data on the incidence of such fatalities.
I am especially interested in time lapse between sting and death, although information concerning the following would be helpful:
Interpretation of Data Questioned
Authors: Weinberger Miles 
Published: December 2021

Analysis of data from the study of Blumberg et al. (Pediatrics 60:14, July 1977) is subject to alternative interpretations. Fortunately, when the same data (without mention
See image in the PDF file
Relationship of pulmonary function over time during administration of ephedrine (solid line) or placebo (dotted line). FEV1 = forced expiratory volume at one second; PFR = peak expiratory flow rate. of the terbutaline) were published in The Journal of the American Medical Association,1 the actual pulmonary function measurements of the patients were expressed in a standardized manner as percent of predicted.
Lymphoblastic Conversion in Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
Authors: Crist William M. , Ragab Abdelsalam H. , Ducos Rafael 
Published: December 2021

A child presented with "acute leukemia" in which the blast cells resembled lymphoblasts and had negative cytochemical staining (PAS, Sudan black, and myeloperoxidase). Remission was induced and typical adult-type chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) followed. Cytogenetic studies initially and during remission and subsequent "acute leukemia" relapses revealed the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome abnormality.
Terminal transferase assay performed on peripheral blood blast cells was markedly elevated and soft agar culture growth parameters were typical of acute lymphohlastic leukemia. T and B cell marker studies revealed no markers. This case report with supportive laboratory studies suggests that a cell line with lymphoid characteristics may predominate during acute leukemic transformation. This type of subclassification of leukemia may be of importance in therapeutic planning.
Unilateral Gluteal Hypoplasia and Brachysyndactyly: Lower Extremity Counterpart of the Poland Anomaly
Authors: Riccardi Vincent M. 
Published: December 2021

The Poland anomaly is characterized by unilateral upper extremity brachysyndactyly, ipsilateral aplasia/hypoplasia of the sternal head of the pectoralis major, and/or hypoplasia of the nipple or mammary gland. A case is presented here of a child with a comparable combination of findings in a lower extremity. Because her abnormalities are so similar to those seen in the Poland anomaly they may be instructive as to the developmental origin of the Poland anomaly.
CASE REPORT
A 21-month-old girl was referred for evaluation of a small left lower extremity.
Child-Resistant Locks in Poison Control
Authors: Godwin Richard H. 
Published: December 2021

Three child-resistant locks were incorporated into a medicine cabinet, an under-the-sink cabinet, and a vanity box. Three hundred 3- to 5-year-old children were tested against these locks. Only two were able to open the receptacles, whereas all 50 of a group of adults and teenagers similarly tested were able to open all of the containers.
The use of adequately protected medicine chests and under-the-sink cabinets is urged as a further step toward the complete prevention of poisoning in children.
WILL THE STETHOSCOPE EVER COME INTO GENERAL USE IN CLINICAL MEDICINE? A STRONGLY NEGATIVE VIEW EXPRESSED IN 1821
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

Sir John Forbes (1787-1861) in the preface to the first edition of his translation of Laënnec's De l'ausculation médiate, published in 1821, was guilty of one of the most famous false prophecies in medicine.1 He wrote of the newly invented stethoscope:
That it [the stethoscope] will ever come into general use, notwithstanding its value, I am extremely doubtful; because its beneficial application requires much time, and gives a good deal of trouble both to the patient and the practitioner; and because its whole hue and character is foreign, and opposed to all our habits and associations. It must be confessed that there is something even ludicrous in the picture of a grave physician formally listening through a long tube applied to the patient's thorax, as if the disease within were a living being that could communicate its condition to the sense without. Besides, there is in this method a sort of bold claim and pretension to certainty and precision of diagnosis, which cannot, at first sight, but be somewhat startling to a mind deeply versed in the knowledge and uncertainties of our art, and to the calm and cautious habits of philosophising to which the English physician is accustomed. On all these accounts, and others that might be mentioned, I conclude, that the new method will only in a few cases be speedily adopted, and never generally.2
This paragraph was omitted from subsequent editions.
Use of Codeine-and Dextromethorphan-Containing Cough Syrups in Pediatrics
Authors:   Committee on Drugs
Published: December 2021

In making decisions regarding the use of centrally acting antitussives, the practitioner must first consider the indications for the use of any antitussive agent; then, the efficacy and safety of the available agents as compared to those of a nondrug, alternative course of therapy must be considered. As stated in an editorial in the British Medical Journal,1 "the fact that a patient has a cough does not indicate that he needs treatment for it." Nevertheless, we acknowledge the traditional, frequent prescribing and self-administration of antitussive products and the almost placebo nature of many of them. Indications and Contraindications Coughs may be considered reflex responses to mechanical or chemical irritation of the tracheobronchial tree that are mediated by a brainstem "cough center." Thus, coughing serves the beneficial functions of clearing airways of obstructing or irritating material and warning against noxious substances in inspired air.2
In pathologic states (e.g., asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic bronchitis, and cystic fibrosis), the cough reflex serves to maintain airway patency by clearing excessive secretions. Cough suppression in patients with these conditions may be not only counterproductive but also directly harmful. Clearing of secretions filling the tracheobronchial tree of these patients is essential to management.
In other diseases (e.g., influenza), coughing simply may be a response to inflammation of the respiratory epithelium; however, a truly "nonproductive" cough is unusual in infants and young children. Rarely, nonproductive coughing may be severe enough to cause emesis, exhaustion, and loss of sleep.
A cough is usually a mild symptom of the common cold, but even in this instance clearing of secretions is probably beneficial.
Neonatal Death: Reflections for Physicians
Authors: Elliott Barbara A. , Hein Herman A. 
Published: December 2021

When an infant dies, a bereaved family is left to face the same mourning processes as any grieving family. However, recent reports indicate that these families often experience the process with more intensity and for a longer duration. Cullberg states that one third of the mothers in his study developed pathological mourning after one to two years. American fathers, as Kennell and Klaus2 point out, often react with overactivity and never completely resolve their grief. Blank3 explains that siblings with extended grief reactions are among the reasons for the development of her Early Crises Consultation Service. Clearly, the physician in contact with such a family has a role to play in their continuing recovery.
The purpose of this article is to focus on the physician's role as counselor to a family following neonatal loss. Our personal experience and a review of the literature form the basis for specific recommendations regarding the physician's role. (B.A.E. recently experienced the loss of twin newborn sons at 7 and 8 days of life. A coxsackievirus B2 septicemia was suspected as the cause of death in each case. H.A.H. is the neonatologist who counseled the family after the twins' death.) The various phases of mourning are described and recommendations for counseling are given at appropriate intervals.
The article is presented from the viewpoint of an intact, extended family that is interacting in the grieving process. We recognize that single parents and parents separated from relatives and friends may go through a more extended process. The skill of a caring physician is especially essential under these circumstances when support is minimal, and more frequent visits than recommended here may be required.
Some Guidelines for Uses of Hypnotherapy in Pediatrics
Authors: Olness Karen , Gardner G. Gail 
Published: December 2021

Hypnotherapy has many uses in pediatrics, and its value, not only as an adjunct but also as a primary therapy for certain conditions, justifies its inclusion in pediatric training programs. Suggestion and expectation have long been related to therapeutic outcomes in medicine, but not all physicians know how to apply them constructively and systematically in communication with patients. In pediatrics there is a tendency to overlook opportunities in which hypnosis might be the treatment of choice.
Because children engage in imagination and fantasy easily without the cognitive inhibitions of adults, they are able to use hypnosis more readily than adults. More research into the imaginative skills of children may facilitate understanding of learning mechanisms and make it possible for professionals to prevent the loss of the natural imaginative capacities in children and, therefore, enhance the ability of mature members of society to use these skills.
In addition to reduction of specific symptoms through hypnotherapy, children benefit by the sense of mastery which they acquire, a sense which is surely needed to overcome the feelings of hopelessness, loss of control, and depression induced by many diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in medicine.
Enteroviral meningitis: A reappraisal
Authors: Lepow Martha L. 
Published: December 2021

During the first half of this century, poliomyelitis was the most prevalent epidemic acute nonbacterial CNS disease. Indeed, the paralytic consequences were so severe and costly that scientific efforts were directed toward disease control through immunization for several decades. The absence of susceptible animal species apart from primates limited epidemiologic and preventive endeavors.
A spectrum of illness presumed to be due to poliomyelitis virus was recognized. In a given epidemic, there were always persons with acute CNS illnesses characterized by fever, headache with signs of meningeal irritation, and pleocytosis in the CSF who did not become paralyzed. In some outbreaks, little or no paralytic disease was identified.
Patterning treatment for retarded children
Authors: Fremont Albert C. , Halpern Daniel , Merrill Robert E. , Taft Lawrence T. 
Published: December 2021

It is likely that many pediatricians and other physicians are confused and frustrated by the actions and statements of pressure groups, by the news in the daily press, and particularly by the lack of informative data in regard to various treatment regimens which are advocated for all sorts and conditions of handicapped children. Particularly, the various points of view and controversies which have surrounded the socalled patterning regimens have frequently been sources of confusion rather than enlightenment.
Against this background, the study by Sparrow and Zigler published in this issue of Pediatrics (p. 137) is especially refreshing and welcome.
Sexual Abuse, Another Hidden Pediatric Problem: The 1977 C. Anderson Aldrich Lecture
Authors: Kempe C. Henry 
Published: December 2021

Each week we find among our pediatric-adolescent patients, among youngsters at the Kennedy Child Development Center, and among the children seen at our child psychiatric service, increasing numbers of sexually abused children whose presenting chief complaint is nonspecific.
The nonspecific symptoms I have described may be the only clues we physicians have that we may be dealing with sexual abuse. One requires sensitive attention to the patient, good listening, taking time, and always going beyond the presenting "chief complaint."
The runaway who is simply asked "Why did you run away?" will say, "I had afight with my folks." The next question is "What was your fight about?" The answer, "I was out late." Most professionals stop right there, but that's where we should all start. We simply have to know more. One needs to lead up to the relationships with the child's mother and father, and then one finally has to ask some direct questions, in as kind a way as possible, in order to give the child permission to relate his/her loneliness, shame, and fears.
Sexual abuse should always be viewed from a developmental point of view, and it is the point of each child's development which determines the ultimate impact that sexual abuse has. Early and decisive intervention, rescue, and supportive therapy work well, even if the family is not reunited. The child deserves a chance at therapy just as much as if there were any other insult to development.
Pediatricians routinely try to find children who have hearing and speech problems. Should we not be equally open and ready, intellectually and emotionally, for the condition of incest, which is the last taboo?
Thank you for allowing me to share with you this hour honoring the late Dr. Aldrich. I hope that I have done him honor.
The burned-out missionary
Authors: Work Henry H. 
Published: December 2021

In a recent commentary in response to Anders' article,2 Rothenberg pointed out that
individuals who have chosen pediatrics for any of these reasons [comfort with children rather than adults, need to be in control of patients, or reacting against basic dislike and discomfort with children] are obviously not going to be interested in becoming very involved in psychosocial and behavioral issues, since such involvement would inevitably lead to their being confronted with their own motivations for going into the field.
These comments endeavor to extend the truth expressed in his words to the on-going issue of pediatric comfort and discomfort in dealing with patients, in this case parents.
Fetal Growth Retardation: Femurs, Fontanels, and Follow-up
Authors: Philip Alistair G.S. 
Published: December 2021

Sixty-three term newborn infants with fetal growth retardation were evaluated within three days of birth. They were classified by length and head circumference. In group 1, both length and head circumference were less than the tenth percentile; in group 2, either length or head circumference was less than the tenth percentile; and in group 3, both length and head circumference were greater than the tenth percentile. Ponderal index (weight/length ratio), anterior fontanel size, and amount of epiphyseal ossification were also determined. Significantly lower birth weights and decreased ossification were found when groups 1 or 2 were compared separately with group 3.
These differences were most marked when the weight/length ratio was less than 2.25. When the ponderal index was less than 2.0, epiphyseal ossification was usually absent (suggesting a chronic process). Epiphyseal ossification was positively correlated with birth weight and length but was unrelated to anterior fontanel size. Ossification was more often absent in males than in females. There was a negative (inverse) correlation between birth weight and anterior fontanel size.
Follow-up of 32 of these infants at age 1 year showed marked individual variations, but there were significant differences in incremental linear growth between groups 1 and 3, a finding which supports results of animal studies showing that catch-up growth may be related to skeletal immaturity. Physical measurements at birth in the individual baby with fetal growth retardation do not reliably predict subsequent growth.
Congenital Vesicular Eruption Caused by Haemophilus influenzae Type b
Authors: Halal Fahed , Delorme Laurent , Brazeau Michel , Ahronheim Gerald 
Published: December 2021

We report a case of perinatal infection that we believe is the first documented report of a congenital vesicular eruption due to Haemophilus influenzae type b and the second report of puerperal sepsis with this organism.
A vesicular eruption was noted at birth on an infant delivered at 37 weeks following 34 hours' premature rupture of membranes. Gram-negative rods were seen on Gram stain of vesicular fluid, and H. influenzae type b grew on cultures of vesicular fluid. The mother sustained postpartum septicemia with the same organism. Amnionitis and funisitis were demonstrated histologically. Results of all viral studies were negative. Infant and mother did well with antibiotic therapy.