bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conductivity and Stability Properties of Anion Exchange Membranes: Cation Effect and Backbone Effect
Authors: Han Juanjuan , Song Wenfeng , Cheng Xueqi , Cheng Qiang , Zhang Yangyang , Liu Chifeng , Zhou Xiaorong , Ren Zhandong , Hu Meixue , Ning Tianshu , Xiao Li , Zhuang Lin 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe rise of heterocycle cations, a new class of stable cations, has fueled faster growth of research interest in heterocycle cation‐attached anion exchange membranes (AEMs). However, once cations are grafted onto backbones, the effect of backbones on properties of AEMs must also be taken into account. In order to comprehensively study the influence of cations effect and backbones effect on AEMs performance, a series of AEMs were prepared by grafting spacer cations, heterocycles cations, and aromatic cations onto brominated poly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide) (BPPO) or poly(vinylbenzyl chloride) (PVB) backbones, respectively. Spacer cation [trimethylamine (TMA), N,N‐dimethylethylamine (DMEA)]‐attached AEMs showed general ion transportation and stability behaviors, but exhibited high cationic reaction efficiency. Heterocycle cation [1‐methylpyrrolidine (MPY), 1‐methylpiperidine (MPrD)]‐attached AEMs showed excellent chemical stability, but their ion conduction properties were unimpressive. Aromatic cation [1‐methylimidazole (MeIm), N,N‐dimethylaniline (DMAni)]‐attached AEMs exhibited superior ionic conductivity, while their poor cations stabilities hindered the application of the membranes. Besides, it was found that PVB‐based AEMs had excellent backbone stability, but BPPO‐based AEMs exhibited higher OH− conductivity and cation stability than those of the same cations grafted PVB‐based AEMs due to their higher water uptake (WU). For example, the ionic conductivities (ICs) of BPPO‐TMA and PVB‐TMA at 80 °C were 53.1 and 38.3 mS cm−1, and their WU was 152.3 and 95.1 %, respectively. After the stability test, the IC losses of BPPO‐TMA and PVB‐TMA were 21.4 and 32.2 %, respectively. The result demonstrated that the conductivity and stability properties of the AEMs could be enhanced by increasing the WU of the membranes. These findings allowed the matching of cations to the appropriate backbones and reasonable modification of the AEM structure. In addition, these results helped to fundamentally understand the influence of cation effect and backbone effect on AEM performance.
Hydrothermal Degradation of Amino Acids
Authors: Körner Paul 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWithin the past years, hydrothermal processes have gathered much attention as promising conversion technologies for especially wet biomass. Amino acids are an integral component of biomass, zoo biomass in particular. However, what happens to them during hydrothermal treatment? Reviewing the available literature going back to the mid of the 20th century revealed an astonishing, but still fragmentary view. In fact, two universal degradation reactions could be identified (i. e., deamination and decarboxylation), competing with each other. Thereby, small structural differences may obviously have huge impacts on the fate of individual amino acids. Nevertheless, the amount of available experimental data is relatively scarce in many cases. In this work, the available knowledge about the degradation of 20 proteinogenic amino acids under hydrothermal conditions was presented and discussed critically. The hydrothermal conversion of proteinaceus biomass as well as the Maillard reaction, both extensively reviewed elsewhere, were only touched on.
Effect of resistor tolerance on the performance of resistor network—An application of the statistical design of experiment
Authors: Pandey Vimal Kant , Tan Cher Ming 
Published: September 2021

AbstractResistors come with different tolerances, but they are generally not seriously considered in circuit simulation as only the exact resistances are used. In actual implementation of a resistor network, the tolerance of the resistors used can affect the performances of the network, especially when the network consists of large number of resistors. This work demonstrates the use of the statistical design of experiment methods combined with circuit simulator to obtain the optimum value of the tolerances for different resistors in a resistor network for an application used in proton therapy. The discretized positioning circuit consisting of 86 resistors of four different values (R1 = 1KΩ, R2 = 600 Ω, R3 = 300 Ω, and R4 = 100 Ω) is analyzed for three tolerances of 0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.5%, respectively, and maximum variation in the output signal is observed for 0.5% tolerance. Resistors with values of R1 and R4 are dominant in numbers (56 with R1 and 22 with R4 out of 86 resistors) in the network, and hence, their effect is observed to be significant on the output as expected. Significant interactions between resistors are also observed.
High expression of CD38 and MHC class II on CD8+ T cells during severe influenza disease reflects bystander activation and trogocytosis
Authors: Jia Xiaoxiao , Chua Brendon Y , Loh Liyen , Koutsakos Marios , Kedzierski Lukasz , Olshansky Moshe , Heath William R , Chang So Young , Xu Jianqing , Wang Zhongfang , Kedzierska Katherine 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectivesAlthough co‐expression of CD38 and HLA‐DR reflects T‐cell activation during viral infections, high and prolonged CD38+HLA‐DR+ expression is associated with severe disease. To date, the mechanism underpinning expression of CD38+HLA‐DR+ is poorly understood.MethodsWe used mouse models of influenza A/H9N2, A/H7N9 and A/H3N2 infection to investigate mechanisms underpinning CD38+MHC‐II+ phenotype on CD8+ T cells. To further understand MHC‐II trogocytosis on murine CD8+ T cells as well as the significance behind the scenario, we used adoptively transferred transgenic OT‐I CD8+ T cells and A/H3N2‐SIINKEKL infection.ResultsAnalysis of influenza‐specific immunodominant DbNP366+CD8+ T‐cell responses showed that CD38+MHC‐II+ co‐expression was detected on both virus‐specific and bystander CD8+ T cells, with increased numbers of both CD38+MHC‐II+CD8+ T‐cell populations observed in immune organs including the site of infection during severe viral challenge. OT‐I cells adoptively transferred into MHC‐II−/− mice had no MHC‐II after infection, suggesting that MHC‐II was acquired via trogocytosis. The detection of CD19 on CD38+MHC‐II+ OT‐I cells supports the proposition that MHC‐II was acquired by trogocytosis sourced from B cells. Co‐expression of CD38+MHC‐II+ on CD8+ T cells was needed for optimal recall following secondary infection.ConclusionsOverall, our study demonstrates that both virus‐specific and bystander CD38+MHC‐II+ CD8+ T cells are recruited to the site of infection during severe disease, and that MHC‐II presence occurs via trogocytosis from antigen‐presenting cells. Our findings highlight the importance of the CD38+MHC‐II+ phenotype for CD8+ T‐cell recall.
T‐cell response after first dose of BNT162b2 SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccine among healthcare workers with previous infection or cross‐reactive immunity
Authors: Casado Jose L , Haemmerle Johannes , Vizcarra Pilar , Rodriguez‐Dominguez Mario , Velasco Tamara , Velasco Hector , Centenera Elena , Romero‐Hernandez Beatriz , Fernandez‐Escribano Marina , Vallejo Alejandro 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectivesAntibody response to the first dose of BNT162b2 SARS‐CoV‐2 is greater in COVID‐19‐convalescent than in infection‐naïve individuals. However, there are no data about T‐cell response in individuals with pre‐existing cellular immunity.MethodsWe evaluated T‐cell responses in parallel with SARS‐CoV‐2 antibody level after first dose of BNT162b2 vaccine in 23 infection‐naïve and 27 convalescent healthcare workers (HCWs) previously included in a study about humoral and T‐cell immunity.ResultsOverall, the antibody response was lower in the infection‐naïve group than in convalescent individuals (18 895 vs 662.7 AU mL−1, P < 0.001), and intermediate but significantly lower in convalescent HCWs with previous negative serology (25 174 vs 1793 AU mL−1; P = 0.015). Indeed, anti‐spike IgG titres after the first dose correlated with baseline anti‐nucleocapsid IgG titres (rho = 0.689; P < 0.001). Pre‐existing T‐cell immunity was observed in 78% of convalescent and 65% of the infection‐naïve HCWs. T‐cell response after the first dose of the vaccine was observed in nearly all the cases with pre‐existing T‐cell immunity, reaching 94% in convalescent HCWs and 93% in those with cross‐reactive T cells. It was lower in the infection‐naïve group (50%; P = 0.087) and in convalescent HCWs with negative serology (56%; P = 0.085). Notably, systemic reactogenicity after vaccination was mainly observed in those with pre‐existing T‐cell immunity (P = 0.051).ConclusionHere, we report that the first dose of BTN162b2 elicits a similar S‐specific T‐cell response in cases of either past infection or cross‐reactive T cells, but lower in the rest of infection‐naïve individuals and in convalescent HCWs who have lost detectable specific antibodies during follow‐up.
Astragaloside IV enhances the sensibility of lung adenocarcinoma cells to bevacizumab by inhibiting autophagy
Authors: Li Liang , Li Gao , Chen Minbiao , Cai Renzhong 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBevacizumab (BV) has an inhibitory effect on tumor growth including lung adenocarcinoma. However, its efficacy is greatly affected by drug resistance. Astragaloside IV (AST‐IV) is effective in combination with other drugs is effective to treat cancer. This study aimed to investigate the effect of AST‐IV on enhancing the sensibility of lung adenocarcinoma cells to BV. A549 cells were treated by different concentrations of BV and AST‐IV. Cell viability, cell cycle, and apoptosis were detected by thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and flow cytometry, respectively. Quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) and western blotting were performed to detect the expression levels of autophagy‐ and apoptosis‐related proteins, protein kinase B (AKT), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). The results showed that BV or AST‐IV could inhibit the viability and promote the apoptosis of A549 cells in a concentration‐dependent manner. Moreover, BV or AST‐IV inhibited Bcl‐2 expression and increased the expressions of Bax and Cleaved caspase‐3, and promoted apoptosis. BV and AST‐IV in combination acted synergistically on viability and apoptosis of A549 cells. However, BV alone down‐regulated P62 expression, LC3I/LC3II level, the number of cells arrested at S phase and the phosphorylation levels of AKT and mTOR, but upregulated the number of cells arrested at G0/G1 phase and Beclin1 expression, whereas AST‐IV alone could reverse the effect of BV on autophagy‐related proteins, the phosphorylation levels of AKT and mTOR. This paper demonstrates that AST‐IV enhances the effect of BV on inhibiting proliferation and promoting apoptosis of lung adenocarcinoma cells through inhibiting autophagy pathway.
Efficacy of 6‐mm diameter fully covered self‐expandable metallic stents in preoperative biliary drainage for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Kataoka Fumiya , Inoue Dai , Watanabe Masato , Fukuda Keita , Nobusawa Tsubasa , Umemura Kayo , Miura Natsuki , Yokota Takuya , Yoshioka Astushi , Shimoji Kohei , Nakazono Ayano , Horike Hideyuki , Ogura Yuki , Hayashi Tatsuya , Morita Yasuhiro , Namiki Shin 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectivesPlastic stents (PS) used for preoperative biliary drainage (PBD) of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAC) tend to be associated with a high incidence of recurrent biliary obstruction (RBO). Although 10‐mm diameter fully covered self‐expanding metallic stents (FCSEMS) have come into use, vigilance is still required to prevent complications, such as cholecystitis and surgical site infection. The present study examined the efficacy and safety of the 6‐mm diameter FCSEMS for PBD.MethodsThe present retrospective study compared the incidence of complications associated with the use of 6‐mm FCSEMS and PS. The inclusion criteria were a diagnosis of PDAC and preoperative endoscopic biliary tract drainage performed at our institution between April 2012 and June 2019.ResultsOf the 51 patients enrolled, 25 and 26 patients received a PS and a 6‐mm FCSEMS, respectively. The RBO incidence was significantly lower in the 6‐mm FCSEMS group (7.7%) than in the PS group (40.0%) (p = 0.009), and time to RBO was significantly longer in the 6‐mm FCSEMS group (HR = 6.008, p = 0.021). The patency rate at three months after stent placement was significantly higher in the latter group (83.5% vs. 45.3%, p = 0.009, Log‐rank test). The groups did not differ significantly in terms of complications associated with PBD, such as cholecystitis and surgical site infection.ConclusionThe present findings suggested that the 6‐mm FCSEMS may be an effective drainage device for use in PBD in PDAC treatment.
Camera‐trap data do not indicate scaling of diel activity and cathemerality with body mass in an East African mammal assemblage
Authors: Clauss Marcus , Scriba Miriam , Kioko John , Ganzhorn Jörg U. , Kiffner Christian 
Published: September 2021

AbstractDiel activity patterns of animal species reflect constraints imposed by morphological, physiological, and behavioral trade‐offs, but these trade‐offs are rarely quantified for multispecies assemblages. Based on a systematic year‐long camera‐trap study in the species‐rich mammal assemblage of Lake Manyara National Park (Tanzania), we estimated activity levels (hours active per day) and circadian rhythms of 17 herbivore and 11 faunivore species to determine the effects of body mass and trophic level on activity levels and cathemerality (the degree to which species are active throughout the day and night). Using generalized least squares and phylogenetic generalized least squares analyses, we found no support for the hypothesis that trophic level is positively associated with activity levels. We found no support for activity levels to scale positively with body mass in herbivores or to differ between ruminants and nonruminants; in faunivores, we also did not detect relationships between body mass and activity levels. Cathemerality was positively associated with activity levels but did not scale significantly with body mass. Overall, our findings caution against trophic level or body mass‐associated generalized conclusions with regard to diel activity patterns.
Benchmarking care outcomes for young adults with type 1 diabetes in Australia after transition to adult care
Authors: Rueter Phidias , Farrell Kaye , Phelan Helen , Colman Peter , Craig Maria E. , Gunton Jenny , Holmes‐Walker D. Jane ,   the ADDN study group, ANDA study group
Published: September 2021

AbstractAimTo determine advantages conferred by a youth‐specific transition clinic model for young adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D) at Westmead Hospital (WH) as compared with Australian registry data.MethodsProspectively collected data included age, diabetes duration, visit frequency, post code, BMI, mode of insulin delivery, continuous glucose monitoring, HbA1c, albumin creatinine ratio, BP, retinopathy and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) for all WH T1D clinic attendees aged 16–25 between January 2017 and June 2018 (n = 269). Results were compared with data collected during the same time period from 2 separate Australian data registries, one longitudinal (Australasian Diabetes Data Network, ADDN) and one a spot survey (the Australian National Diabetes Audit, ANDA).ResultsAcross the three cohorts, HbA1c was similar (respectively, WH, ADDN, ANDA; 8.7%[72mmol/mol], 8.7%[72mmol/mol], 8.5%[69mmol/mol]) and HbA1c was significantly higher in young adults <21 years (8.7–8.9%[73‐75mmol/mol]) as compared with ≥21 years (8.5%[69mmol/mol], p < .002). In the WH cohort, median interval between visits was shorter than in ADDN (4.5 vs. 9.0 months) and DKA was lower (respectively, 3.6 and 9.2/100 patient years; p < .001).ConclusionsWhile suboptimal HbA1c was recorded in all centres, the WH model of care saw increased attendance and reduced admissions with DKA as compared with other Australian adult centres.
Unprecedented Reversal of Regioselectivity during Methanolysis and an Interception of Curtius Rearrangement
Authors: Mandal Mihirbaran , Buevich Alexei V. , Wang Hongwu , Brunskill Andrew , Orth Peter , Caldwell John P. , Liu Xiaoxiang , Mazzola Robert , Cumming Jared , McKittrick Brian , Zhu Zhaoning , Stamford Andrew 
Published: September 2021

AbstractUnprecedented reversal in regioselectivity during methanolysis of anhydrides due to the change in substitution pattern of fluorine in the phenyl moiety, and the formation of nitrene intercepted intermediates during Curtius rearrangement of the acids were the major impediments for discovering bioactive molecules in beta amyloid cleaving enzyme‐1 (BACE1) program. Solutions to these synthetic challenges, and our investigation into this unexpected change in reactivity are discussed.
Combinatorial peptides: A library that continuously probes low‐abundance proteins
Authors: Boschetti Egisto , Zilberstein Gleb , Righetti Pier Giorgio 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAfter a decade of experimental applications, it is the objective of this review to make a point on combinatorial peptide ligand libraries dedicated to low‐abundance proteins from animals to plants and to microorganism proteomics. It is, thus, at the light of the recent technical developments and applications that we will examine the state of the art, its usage within the scientific community, and its openness to unexplored fields. The improvements of the methodology and its implementation in connection with analytical determinations of combinatorial peptide ligand library (CPLL)‐treated samples are extensively reviewed and commented upon. Relevant examples covering few critical aspects describe the performance of the technology. Finally, a reflection on the technological future is attempted in particular by involving new concepts adapted to the limited availability of certain biological samples.
Effect of extraction method on the chemical profiles and bioactivities of soybean hull polysaccharides
Authors: Han Lin , Song Hong , Fu Licheng , Li Jun , Yang Lina , Liu He 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe yields, properties, and bioactivities of polysaccharides extracted by three methods from soybean hulls (SSCPs) were evaluated: hot water extraction (H‐SSCP), microwave‐assisted ammonium oxalate extraction (A‐SSCP), and microwave‐assisted sodium citrate extraction (S‐SSCP). A‐SSCP gave the highest yield of polysaccharides (9.3 ± 0.5%) although all three products had similar physicochemical characteristics and FT‐IR spectra. A‐SSCP and S‐SSCP produced polysaccharides with lower molecular weight distributions and higher total reducing power and scavenging ability for ABTS+• and DPPH• free radicals. Furthermore, the effect of SSCPs on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)‐induced liver injury was investigated in the mice. When compared with H‐SSCP and S‐SSCP, A‐SSCP significantly decreased the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), malondialdehyde (MDA), and reactive oxygen (ROS) to normal (p < .05) and increased the level of glutathione (GSH) to normal (p < .05). A‐SSCP was the most effective polysaccharide, yielding an approximately normal hepatic appearance with well‐preserved cytoplasm, obvious cell boundaries, with legible nuclei and nucleoli. This study indicates that polysaccharides extracted from soybean hulls via microwave‐assisted ammonium oxalate extraction have the potential to be developed as a new functional food contributing to the alleviation of liver damage.
Preservatives from food—For food: Pea protein hydrolysate as a novel bio‐preservative against Escherichia coli O157:H7 on a lettuce leaf
Authors: Mohan Niamh M. , Zorgani Amine , Earley Leah , Chauhan Sweeny , Trajkovic Sanja , Savage John , Adelfio Alessandro , Khaldi Nora , Martins Marta 
Published: September 2021

AbstractFresh‐cut fruits and vegetables are becoming particularly popular as healthy fast‐food options; however, they present challenges such as accelerated rates of decay and increased risk for contamination when compared to whole produce. Given that food safety must remain paramount for producers and manufacturers, research into novel, natural food preservation solutions which can help to ensure food safety and protect against spoilage is on the rise. In this work, we investigated the potential of using a novel protein hydrolysate, produced by the enzymatic hydrolysis of Pisum sativum (PSH), as a novel bio‐preservative and its abilities to reduce populations of Escherichia coli O157:H7 after inoculation on a lettuce leaf. While unhydrolyzed P. sativum proteins show no antimicrobial activity, once digested, and purified, the enzymatically released peptides induced in vitro bactericidal effects on the foodborne pathogen at 8 mg/ml. When applied on an infected lettuce leaf, the PSH significantly reduced the number of bacteria recovered after 2 hr of treatment. PSH may be preferred over other preservation strategies based on its natural, inexpensive, sustainable source, environmentally friendly process, nontoxic nature, good batch to batch consistency, and ability to significantly reduce counts of E. coli both in vitro and in a lettuce leaf.
Effect of freezing treatment of soybean on soymilk nutritional components, protein digestibility, and functional components
Authors: Li Meng‐jia , Cao Ru‐ge , Tong Li‐tao , Fan Bei , Sun Ruo‐qi , Liu Li‐ya , Wang Feng‐zhong , Wang Li‐li 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSoymilk is a popular beverage in many countries owing to its nutrition and health effects. To increase household consumption of soymilk, instant soybeans were developed by freezing and subsequent drying pretreatment, which overcome the time‐consuming need of soaking during soymilk preparation for home making. However, compared with the traditional soymilk making, the nutritional quality and functional properties of this soymilk made from the soybean by direct grinding in water without soaking are not clear yet. Soymilk made from untreated soybeans, soaked soybeans, and soaking, freezing, and air‐drying soybeans (FADTS) were compared on their properties including nutritional components, in vitro protein digestibility, and functional components. It was found that FADTS was the best at extracting lipid and Ca, good at extracting of protein, carbohydrate, oligosaccharides, Fe, phytic acids, and tannins, and in producing soymilks with highest in vitro protein digestibility. The soluble protein and protein digestibility of FADTS (4 day) increased significantly from 44.4% and 78.5% of control to 56.2% and 85.0%, respectively. Soymilk from 4 days FADTS contained similar protein content and higher Fe content (4.40 mg/kg) compared to soaked sample (3.82 mg/kg). The results revealed that FADTS performed better at producing soymilk than untreated and soaked soybeans.