bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Finite element analysis on the thermal fatigue life of full vs peripheral array packages
Authors: Gharaibeh Mohammad A. 
Published: November 2021

PurposeThis paper aims to examine the thermal cycling fatigue life performance of two-common solder array configurations, full and peripheral, using three-dimensional nonlinear finite element analysis.Design/methodology/approachThe finite element simulations were used to identify the location of the critical solder interconnect, and using Darveaux's model, solder thermal fatigue life was computed.FindingsThe results showed that the solder array type does not significantly influence thermal fatigue life of the interconnect. However, smaller size packages result in improved life by almost 45% compared to larger package designs. Additionally, this paper provided an engineered study on the effect of the number of rows available in a perimeter array component on solder thermal fatigue performance.Originality/valueGeneral design recommendations for reliable electronic assemblies under thermal cycling loaded were offered in this research.
Exploring trade‐offs in mixed fisheries by integrating fleet dynamics into multispecies size‐spectrum models
Authors: Novaglio Camilla , Blanchard Julia L. , Plank Michael J. , van Putten Elizabeth I. , Audzijonyte Asta , Porobic Javier , Fulton Elizabeth A. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Ecosystem‐based fisheries management aims to ensure ecologically sustainable fishing while maximising socio‐economic benefits. Achieving this goal for mixed fisheries requires better understanding of the effects of competing fishing fleets on shared resources and economic performance. Proposed management strategies that promote either specialisation or diversification of catches may result in unintended consequences for ecosystem‐based management. Here, we ask the following questions: does increased or decreased competition among fleets lead to better ecological and socio‐economic fishery outcomes? How effective are currently proposed management strategies for achieving these outcomes?

We integrated fleet dynamics into a multispecies size‐spectrum model and parameterised this model to represent Australian Southern and Eastern Scalefish and Shark Mixed Fishery. We compared the fishery status quo to two extreme scenarios: no competition, where each species is fished only by one fleet (specialisation); and maximal competition, where all fleets catch all species (diversification). To answer our second question, we considered three more plausible scenarios resulting from proposed management strategies: decreased competition due to reduced bycatch, and increased competition due to increased catches of under‐utilised or valuable species. We used indicators to explore scenarios' outcomes.

Our model reproduced observed trends in fishing effort and yield. Extreme scenarios showed that a fishery dependent on single species management structures is more likely to achieve ecosystem‐based management objectives if fleets do not compete, while maximal competition can lead to socio‐economic loss as management buffers the ecological impact of diversifying. The more plausible scenarios showed little improvement over the status quo, with mixed ecological and negative economic effects.

Synthesis and applications. Our model can be applied to assess mixed fisheries ecosystem‐based management strategies. Our results show that, under single species management approaches, greatest outcomes can be achieved when fleets are specialised, whereas managing fleets that catch similar species is unlikely to be successful. They question the effectiveness of these management approaches in providing resilience for mixed fisheries facing changes and highlight the need to account for fleet interactions in the evaluation of management strategies to avert unintended risks.
Phylogenetic organization in the assimilation of chemically distinct substrates by soil bacteria
Authors: Dang Chansotheary , Walkup Jeth G.V. , Hungate Bruce A. , Franklin Rima B. , Schwartz Egbert , Morrissey Ember M. 
Published: November 2021

SummarySoils are among the most biodiverse habitats on earth and while the species composition of microbial communities can influence decomposition rates and pathways, the functional significance of many microbial species and phylogenetic groups remains unknown. If bacteria exhibit phylogenetic organization in their function, this could enable ecologically meaningful classification of bacterial clades. Here, we show non‐random phylogenetic organization in the rates of relative carbon assimilation for both rapidly mineralized substrates (amino acids and glucose) assimilated by many microbial taxa and slowly mineralized substrates (lipids and cellulose) assimilated by relatively few microbial taxa. When mapped onto bacterial phylogeny using ancestral character estimation this phylogenetic organization enabled the identification of clades involved in the decomposition of specific soil organic matter substrates. Phylogenetic organization in substrate assimilation could provide a basis for predicting the functional attributes of uncharacterized microbial taxa and understanding the significance of microbial community composition for soil organic matter decomposition.
Public management in turbulent times: COVID‐19 as an ecosystem disruptor
Authors: Eriksson Erik , Gadolin Christian , Lindahl Göran , Alexandersson Patrik , Eriksson Johanna 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe decentralisation of Swedish healthcare closer to citizens has been slow. Drawing from empirical material of the reform prior and amidst the COVID‐19 pandemic, this paper argues that the pandemic has disrupted the healthcare ecosystem. Consequently, citizen‐centred collaborations have accelerated integration of resources (such as knowledge and skills) across organisational, hierarchical and professional borders. However, collaborations have been delimited to traditional healthcare providers, neglecting the resources of citizens and other actors to be used to improve service delivery. The pandemic has revealed strengths and weaknesses with the prevailing healthcare ecosystem that post‐COVID‐19 public management must address, both theoretically and practically. Theoretically, the paper contributes to the development of a public service logic, addressing both strengths and difficulties with the logic in turbulent times. Practically, the empirical descriptions contribute to improved understanding of public service delivery reform and how it is impacted during the pandemic.
A US State Index of Successful Aging: Differences Between States and Over Time
Authors: REHKOPF DAVID H. , FURSTENBERG FRANK F. , ELSER HOLLY , JACKSON CHRISTIAN , LEVY NICOLE , ROWE JOHN W. ,   THE AGING SOCIETY RESEARCH NETWORK
Published: November 2021

Policy Points
The focus of successful aging is on the social contexts that enable individuals to be productively engaged and secure, with an emphasis on equity. There is currently no index to measure progress towards this goal at the US state level.
We developed an empirical index for the evaluation of US state adaptation to societal aging across five critical domains that support successful population aging: (1) productivity and engagement, (2) security, (3) equity, (4) cohesion, and (5) well‐being.
Our index shows substantial variability over time and is not overly influenced by the performance of an individual domain. This suggests that it can be used to monitor state progress over time toward the goal of supporting successful aging.
Rather than a major national trend, there are large between‐state differences and changes in our index over time. This suggests individual US state policies and programs, as well as local economic conditions, may have a substantial impact on adaptations to societal aging.
ContextAlthough it is recognized that aspects of US state environments impact the likelihood that older adults age successfully, there is currently no reliable and comprehensive measure of contexts that best support successful aging at a state level. The current project adapts a multidimensional index previously used to assess adaptation to successful aging in developed countries and applies it to the 50 US states and the District of Columbia.MethodsWe obtained data from multiple sources for all 50 US states and the District of Columbia from 2003 to 2017 in order to measure five distinct domains that define successful population aging: (1) productivity and engagement, (2) security, (3) equity, (4) cohesion, and (5) well‐being. We created a ranking of states for the year 2017 based on these domains, and also examined how individual US state rankings changed over time from 2003 to 2017.FindingsThe level of adaptation to successful aging varied substantially between states and over time. The highest‐ranked states in 2017 were Vermont, Hawaii, Iowa, Colorado, and New Hampshire, and the lowest‐ranked states were Louisiana, Arkansas, Kentucky, West Virginia, and Mississippi. Mississippi, South Carolina, Iowa, Arizona, and Delaware had the greatest improvement in their ranking over the period of 2003 to 2017. Our findings were generally robust to the weighting scheme used and were not overly influenced by any particular domain.ConclusionsThe US State Index of Successful Aging can be used to monitor US state progress in promoting the well‐being and health of aging populations. Factors driving the changes in the index remain to be elucidated.
First Things First: How to Elicit the Initial Program Theory for a Realist Evaluation of Complex Integrated Care Programs
Authors: SMEETS ROWAN G. M. , HERTROIJS DORIJN F. L. , MUKUMBANG FERDINAND C. , KROESE MARIËLLE E. A. L. , RUWAARD DIRK , ELISSEN ARIANNE M. J. 
Published: November 2021

Policy Points
Realist evaluation (RE) is an emerging and promising research approach for evaluating integrated care, addressing what works, how, for whom, and in what circumstances.
The rich philosophical foundation of RE, critical realism, can help to systematically unravel an integrated care program's initial theory prior to implementation, as a first step within RE.
RE can be considered a robust methodological asset in integrated care research by facilitating a deeper level of insight into program functioning than traditional forms of evaluation do and by shaping a realist‐informed monitoring and evaluation process.
ContextThe complexity of integrated care and the need for transferable evaluation insights ask for a suitable evaluation paradigm. Realist evaluation (RE), underpinned by the philosophy of critical realism, is a theory‐driven approach that addresses what works, how, for whom, and in what circumstances. The current study illustrates the process needed for RE's first step: eliciting the initial program theory (IPT). The TARGET program, a Dutch primary care initiative to facilitate more integrated care for chronically ill patients, i.e., care that is efficient, tailored, and holistic, was taken as a real‐world case.MethodsAn RE approach informed the phased IPT elicitation: (1) identifying an abstract theory framework; (2) formulating the preliminary IPT, building on the abstract theory and informed by previous scientific studies that underpin TARGET; and (3) refining the preliminary IPT, informed by RE expert interviews (n = 7). An RE heuristic tool, specifying the interplay between intervention‐context‐actors‐mechanisms‐outcomes (ICAMO) and retroductive reasoning, was applied to synthesize the underlying theory of individual TARGET components into TARGET's IPT.FindingsSeparate but related IPTs were identified for the two main types of actors involved in TARGET: primary care professionals (PCPs) and patients. For both actors, two sorts of mechanisms are assumed to be activated by TARGET, which—via instrumental outcomes—contribute to long‐term quadruple aim targets. The first is confidence to enhance PCPs’ person‐centered conversational skills and to increase patients’ active engagement in TARGET. The second is mutual trust, between PCPs and patients and between PCPs and their network partners. A supportive context is assumed crucial for activating these mechanisms—for example, sufficient resources to invest in integrated care.ConclusionsAlthough the IPT elicitation process is time intensive and requires a mind shift, it facilitates a deeper insight into program functioning than accommodated by the prevailing experimental designs in integrated care. Furthermore, the design of a realist‐informed evaluation process can be informed by the IPT.
Refugees’ caring and commoning practices against marginalisation under COVID‐19 in Greece
Authors: Tsavdaroglou Charalampos , Kaika Maria 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis article documents and juxtaposes two side effects of the COVID‐19 pandemic on refugee health, housing, and living conditions in Greece. First is the intensification of state‐led practices of what is increasingly known as “campisation,” hyper‐isolation, and ultimately the stigmatisation of refugee populations. Second is the intensification of refugee‐led “commoning” practices of self‐ and community care and the creation of “caringscapes” inside and outside the camps, which has produced new sociospatial connections that have challenged isolation. Documenting these interrelated processes side by side, we draw attention to two important insights. First is that the proliferation of caringscapes acts as an important, but ultimately insufficient, antidote against increased exclusion marginalisation and stigmatisation of refugees. Second is that new ethics and new forms of collective care that have emerged alongside repeated mantras about individual responsibility and social distancing can become levers to imagine a less individualistic, less divisive, and less isolated world.
Postoperative pain treatment after lumbar discectomy. A protocol for a systematic review with meta‐analysis and trial sequential analysis
Authors: Zachodnik Josephine , Bech‐Azeddine Rachid , Udby Peter M. , Sandberg Magnus , Thybo Kasper H. , Geisler Anja 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundPatients undergoing lumbar discectomy usually suffer from moderate to severe pain during the postoperative period. Multimodal, or balanced analgesia, is the leading treatment principle for managing postoperative pain. The rationale is to achieve optimal pain treatment through additive or synergistic effects of several non‐opioid analgesics, and thereby, reducing the need for postoperative opioids, facilitating early mobilization and functional rehabilitation. For discectomy surgery, evidence of both the benefit and harm of different analgesic interventions is unclear.ObjectivesThis systematic review aims to investigate the benefits and harms of analgesic interventions in adult patients after lumbar discectomy.MethodsThis protocol for a systematic review is written according to The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis Protocols guidelines. We will search The Cochrane Library's CENTRAL, PubMed, EMBASE, and ClinicalTrails.gov for published and ongoing trials. All randomized clinical trials assessing the postoperative analgesics effect of an intervention with a control or no‐intervention group undergoing lumbar discectomy will be included. Two authors will independently screen trials for inclusion using Covidence, extract data and assess the risk of bias using Cochrane's risk‐of‐bias 2 tool. We will analyse the data using Review Manager and Trial Sequential Analysis. Meta‐analysis will be performed according to the Cochrane guidelines. We will present our primary findings in a ‘summary of findings’ table and evaluate the overall certainty of evidence using the GRADE approach.DiscussionThis systematic review will assess the benefits and harms of analgesic interventions after lumbar discectomy and have the potential to improve best practices and advance research.
Health‐related quality of life and days alive without life support or out of hospital: Protocol
Authors: Granholm Anders , Schjørring Olav Lilleholt , Jensen Aksel Karl Georg , Kaas‐Hansen Benjamin Skov , Munch Marie Warrer , Klitgaard Thomas Lass , Crescioli Elena , Kjær Maj‐Brit Nørregaard , Strøm Thomas , Perner Anders , Rasmussen Bodil Steen , Møller Morten Hylander 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundMortality is often the primary outcome in randomised clinical trials (RCTs) conducted in critically ill patients. Due to increased awareness on survivors after critical illness and outcomes other than mortality, health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) and days alive without life support (DAWOLS) or days alive and out of hospital (DAAOOH) are increasingly being used. DAWOLS and DAAOOH convey more information than mortality, are easier to collect than HRQoL, and are usually assessed at earlier time points, which may be preferable in some situations. However, the associations between DAWOLS–DAAOOH and HRQoL are uncertain.MethodsWe will assess associations between DAWOLS–DAAOOH at day 28 and 90 (independent variables/predictors) and HRQoL assessed using the EuroQol EQ‐5D‐5L questionnaire (EQ‐VAS and EQ‐5D‐5L index values) at 6 or 12 months (dependent variables) in two RCTs: the COVID STEROID 2 RCT conducted in adult patients with COVID‐19 and severe hypoxaemia and the Handling Oxygenation Targets in the Intensive Care Unit (HOT‐ICU) RCT conducted in adult intensive care patients with acute hypoxaemic respiratory failure. We will describe associations using best‐fitting fractional polynomial transformations separately in each dataset, with the resulting models presented and assessed in both datasets graphically and using measures of fit and prediction adequacy (i.e., internal performance and external validation). We will use multiple imputation if missingness exceeds 5%.DiscussionThe outlined study will provide important knowledge on the associations between DAWOLS–DAAOOH and HRQoL in adult critically ill patients, which may help researchers and clinical trialists prioritise and select outcomes in future RCTs conducted in this population.
Gelatin and the risk of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery
Authors: Koponen Timo , Musialowicz Tadeusz , Lahtinen Pasi 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundGelatin has been used as a plasma volume expander because of its ability to preserve intravascular volume more effectively than crystalloids. However, gelatin may have detrimental effects on kidney function and increase the risk of acute kidney injury (AKI).MethodWe investigated by retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data whether the administration of 4% succinyl gelatin is associated with an increased risk of AKI after cardiac surgery. We compared two propensity score‐matched groups of 1,187 patients (crystalloid group and gelatin group).ResultsThe incidence of AKI was similar in both groups (gelatin 21% and crystalloid 20%) (p = 0.414). The incidence of moderate AKI (8% vs. 6%) was higher in the gelatin group, but there was no difference in mild or severe AKI. Postoperative serum creatine on the first (70 vs. 70 μmol L−1, p = 0.689) or fourth (71 vs. 70, p = 0.313) postoperative day was similar between groups and there was no difference in the need for new renal replacement therapy (p = 0.999). Patients in the gelatin group received less crystalloids (2080 ml vs. 4130 ml, p = 0.001) and total fluids (3760 ml vs. 4180 ml, p = 0.001), their fluid balance was less positive (p = 0.001) and they required less vasoactive and inotropic medication (p = 0.001). Gelatin was not associated with increased mortality compared to the crystalloid group.ConclusionGelatin was not associated with AKI after cardiac surgery.
Induction of somatopause in adult mice compromises bone morphology and exacerbates bone loss during aging
Authors: Dixit Manisha , Duran‐Ortiz Silvana , Yildirim Godze , Poudel Sher Bahadur , Louis Leeann D. , Bartke Andrzej , Schaffler Mitchell B. , Kopchick John J. , Yakar Shoshana 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSomatopause refers to the gradual declines in growth hormone (GH) and insulin‐like growth factor‐1 throughout aging. To define how induced somatopause affects skeletal integrity, we used an inducible GH receptor knockout (iGHRKO) mouse model. Somatopause, induced globally at 6 months of age, resulted in significantly more slender bones in both male and female iGHRKO mice. In males, induced somatopause was associated with progressive expansion of the marrow cavity leading to significant thinning of the cortices, which compromised bone strength. We report progressive declines in osteocyte lacunar number, and increases in lacunar volume, in iGHRKO males, and reductions in lacunar number accompanied by ~20% loss of overall canalicular connectivity in iGHRKO females by 30 months of age. Induced somatopause did not affect mineral/matrix ratio assessed by Raman microspectroscopy. We found significant increases in bone marrow adiposity and high levels of sclerostin, a negative regulator of bone formation in iGHRKO mice. Surprisingly, however, despite compromised bone morphology, osteocyte senescence was reduced in the iGHRKO mice. In this study, we avoided the confounded effects of constitutive deficiency in the GH/IGF‐1 axis on the skeleton during growth, and specifically dissected its effects on the aging skeleton. We show here, for the first time, that induced somatopause compromises bone morphology and the bone marrow environment.
Current status and future perspectives on immunotherapy in neoadjuvant therapy of resectable non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Liu Xingyu , Xing Huifang , Liu Hongyu , Chen Jun 
Published: November 2021

AbstractResectable non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is defined as stage I‐II, and some locally advanced (stage III) tumor. Despite the associated relatively high recurrence rates after surgery, surgical treatment remains the standard treatment for patients with early‐stage NSCLC. At present, neoadjuvant therapy is becoming an increasingly popular therapeutic strategy for resectable NSCLC. However, studies have reported that neoadjuvant chemotherapy only slightly improves recurrence rates, making it inadequate for extending patient survival. The significant survival benefits of immunotherapy in advanced NSCLC have greatly stimulated researchers’ interests in applying immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) for treating early‐stage resectable NSCLC. A few recent phase II radomized clinical trials suggested that ICIs yield better major pathologic response (MPR) rates than neoadjuvant chemotherapy alone, demonstrating their potential as alternatives to the existing fixed therapy pattern for early‐stage NSCLC. Most initial studies regarding neoadjuvant immunotherapy selected MPR and pathologic complete response (pCR) as primary or secondary endpoints, leading to a significant reduction in the time and cost of research and development compared with the use of overall survival time and median survival time as endpoints. Meanwhile, to confirm these benefits, more phase III clinical trials are being conducted, and there is a growing demand for research on related problems, including the screening of population, formulation of treatment strategies, duration and course of immunotherapy, influence of neoadjuvant immunotherapy on the safety of surgery, standardization of treatment effect evaluation and pathologic evaluation, and ways to effectively identify pseudoprogression and avoid resultant misjudgment in surgery and adjuvant therapy.