bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Politics of Wider Share Ownership
Authors: Heinemann Kieran 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The question of whether ordinary people should own stocks and shares has a long political trajectory in Britain. When the idea of creating a property-owning democracy of small shareholders took shape in the interwar period, there was still a consensus among Britain’s political elites that ordinary people should stay away from the stock market. By the end of the century, however, politicians welcomed the fact that there were more private shareholders in Britain than trade union members. In the post-war decades, wider share ownership had some supporters in all major parties, but no government took legislative action because schemes were difficult to reconcile with the mixed economy. Eventually, the economic hardship of the 1970s brought a noticeable shift in attitudes towards mass participation in the stock market. Conservative politicians, journalists, and businessmen of the increasingly influential New Right advocated a return to economic individualism that was motivated by a perceived decline of allegedly middle-class, bourgeois, or ‘Victorian’ values. This ‘declinism’ shaped Thatcherite plans in opposition for a new tax code that would encourage direct involvement with capitalist enterprise. Throughout the decades, however, policymakers and advocates of wider share ownership realized that stock market investment not only lent itself to an exercise in bourgeois values of thrift and deferred gratification, but could also foster speculation and gambling. The line between prudent saving, beneficial investment, and speculative risk-taking always proved difficult to draw and crossing it demanded careful communication.
The Profit Motive
Authors: Heinemann Kieran 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Throughout the twentieth century, Britain was haunted by debates over its allegedly poor relationship between domestic industry and the financial sector. This controversy reached a climax in 1976 with the Committee to Review the Functioning of Financial Institutions chaired by the former Labour Prime Minister Harold Wilson. Tasked to investigate the claim that British finance was starving out domestic industry, the Wilson Committee gathered evidence from the financial sector, businesses, and organized labour. What has been overlooked is that the committee also invited members of the public to provide testimony of their experiences with financial institutions and between 1976 and 1980 the committee received letters from 258 small savers and retail investors. These personal testimonies allow us to gain a rare insight into the ways in which ordinary savers and investors navigated through a decade of economic turmoil. Making sense of these everyday experiences with the financial markets allows us to better understand the appeal of Margaret Thatcher’s market populism that eventually offered a more optimistic future to an electorate weary of inflation. It also adds colour to our notion of the 1970s as a traumatic period for British savers and investors, at the end of which a more welcoming appraisal of the profit motive emerged in public discourse. But at the same time, with many investors feeling compelled by inflation rates to take higher risks, the decade heralded the acquisitive, short-term, and speculative approach to finance that came to dominate the 1980s.
Popular Capitalism? Privatization and Demutualization in the 1980s and 1990s
Authors: Heinemann Kieran 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
While Margaret Thatcher publicly promoted a Puritan emphasis on thrift, hard work, and asceticism, the outcome of her policies stood in stark contrast to this side of her rhetoric. Her way of selling off nationalized industries allowed the British to have a heavily subsidized flutter on the stock market and increased the shareholder population to ten million investors. Reality, however, was a far cry from Thatcher’s slogan of a ‘share-owning democracy’, not least because the continued growth of large financial institutions meant that small shareholders had very little influence on corporate governance. Millions of people merely ‘stagged’ the privatization issues, meaning that they sold for a quick and easy profit in early trading. ‘Investors’ new and old applied the same short-term logic during the demutualization of major building societies like Halifax or Northern Rock during the 1990s, when ‘carpet-bagging’ became a national sport. Carpetbaggers opened accounts in societies ripe for demutualization not in order to save for a house, but to make a quick profit from selling their accounts once they were converted into shares due to the building society becoming a public company. This chapter places centre stage prominent carpetbaggers such as the former royal butler, Michael Hardern, who during the late 1990s campaigned to become a board member of all remaining building societies. The extent of ‘stagging’ and ‘carpet-bagging’ shows that popular capitalism was less an economic enfranchisement of the nation, and more an expressive culture of self-referential speculation, personal enrichment, and stock market gambling.
Corporatization and privatization
Authors: Abbott Malcolm , Cohen Bruce 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In this chapter the issues of corporatization and privatization are examined. This means looking at the reasons behind the dissatisfaction with the performance of the government business enterprises that arose in the 1980s and 1990s, and exploring some of the steps taken to address them. In addition to providing an account of the process and elements of corporatization, a survey of the privatization of government-owned enterprises in Australia since the 1980s is presented. This includes an analysis of the sequence and pace of the sales, the industries in which they occurred, and by jurisdiction. In addition, the quantum of Australia’s privatisations since 1990 is illustrated, with estimations of sale prices shown in terms of Constant $ values.
Regulation, corporatization, and privatization—assessing the economic impacts of reform
Authors: Abbott Malcolm , Cohen Bruce 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter presents the results of the arguments made earlier in the book, with in-depth discussions to illuminate and explain the sector reform process. The performance of the utilities since they have been reformed has been varied and variable, with some seeing very substantial improvements, which have been passed onto consumers, while in other cases the results have been mixed. As part of this process of examination a range of studies that look at the post-reform performance of the utilities are examined. In doing so the nature and extent of performance change since the reform of the utilities occurred is evaluated.
Disclaiming America
Authors: Yu Timothy 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Understanding the way the category of “Asian” writing circulates transnationally offers us a new framework for the study of Asian American writing that decenters the nation. In contrast to the cultural nationalist project of “claiming America,” the work of poets Myung Mi Kim and Cathy Park Hong “disclaims America,” establishing “Asian” spaces that refuse identification with the US while remaining implicated in, and critical of, American history and global power. Although Kim’s work at times thematizes Korean immigration to the US, it is equally engaged with the colonial history of Korea and with a broader critique of capitalism and militarism. Hong’s poetry inhabits a dystopian realm that resembles, but diverges from, the American landscape. Both evoke of diasporic identity that emerges from an understanding of global structures of power.
Conclusion
Authors: Yu Timothy 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The conclusion will propose that the Asian American, Asian Canadian, and Asian Australian writers discussed represent different modes of an Asian diasporic poetics; linked by a shared history of exclusion and racialization, their poems express formally the intersection of national and transnational forces that give a political meaning to “Asian” identity. A brief discussion of the Facebook group subtle asian traits illustrates the way diasporic Asian cultures are emerging online. The group, founded by young Asian Australians and now including over a million members from around the world, explores the images, tropes, and languages that can be used to express diasporic “Asianness,” while facing continual reminders of the political nature of what is often seen as a purely cultural identity.
Introduction
Authors: Titi Catharine 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The book’s first chapter introduces the concept of equity in international law, with an emphasis on the various attempts that have been made to define it and its significance for contemporary international law. It gives an overview of one of the most controverted discussions about equity, and one that remains at the heart of the book, concerning the relationship between equity, law, and justice. This introductory chapter further presents the book’s overall purpose and main arguments; it explains the coverage of international courts and tribunals and of specialised fields of international law, and it outlines the book’s structure and chapters.
Reasons First
Authors: Schroeder Mark 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The last fifty years or more of ethical theory have been preoccupied by a turn to reasons. The vocabulary of reasons has become a common currency not only in ethics, but in epistemology, action theory, and many related areas. It is now common, for example, to see central theses such as evidentialism in epistemology and egalitarianism in political philosophy formulated in terms of reasons. And some have even claimed that the vocabulary of reasons is so useful precisely because reasons have analytical and explanatory priority over other normative concepts—that reasons in that sense come first. Reasons First systematically explores both the benefits and burdens of the hypothesis that reasons do indeed come first in normative theory, against the conjecture that theorizing in both ethics and epistemology can only be hampered by neglect of the other. Bringing two decades of work on reasons in both ethics and epistemology to bear, Mark Schroeder argues that some of the most important challenges to the idea that reasons could come first are themselves the source of some of the most obstinate puzzles in epistemology—about how perceptual experience could provide evidence about the world, and about what can make evidence sufficient to justify belief. And he shows that along with moral worth, one of the very best cases for the fundamental explanatory power of reasons in normative theory actually comes from knowledge.
Reasons are Competitors
Authors: Schroeder Mark 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2 introduces the classical argument for the analytic and explanatory priority of reasons, and articulates a minimal characterization of normative reasons to be relied on throughout the remainder of the book. According to the classical argument, which derives from W.D. Ross, reasons play an important role in the analysis of what we ought to do because they compete in the determination of what we ought to do. This argument is developed and expanded to treat the contrasting explanatory perspective of consequentializing moral theories and extended to apply to a wide range of moral concepts. In addition to competing, it is argued that to play their explanatory role, reasons must support actions rather than outcomes, and must in general be the kind of thing that can be acted on.
Epistemic Reasons as Right-Kind Reasons
Authors: Schroeder Mark 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Chapter 7 takes up the question of how we can determine whether some putative reasons for or against belief count as epistemic or not. It is argued that this is a special case of a much broader question as to how we can determine whether some putative reasons for or against any attitude count as bearing on the distinctive rationality of that kind of attitude, and that answers to the narrower question about belief should be informed by answers to the broader question about attitudes in general. The object-given/state-given theory is introduced as a prominent candidate to answer the general question, but shown to be inadequate. The alternative idea that the right-kind/wrong-kind distinction for each attitude derives from the nature of that attitude is defended and illustrated with representative cases. Finally, the implications of this account of the right-kind/wrong-kind distinction are drawn out for the case of belief by showing how different plausible theories of the nature of belief can result in different plausible answers to which of the reasons against belief identified in Chapter 6 are genuinely epistemic.
The Right of Access under EU Data Protection Law
Authors: Vrabec Helena U. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Chapter 5 focuses on Article 15 of the GDPR and explains the scope of the information that can be accessed under the right. The chapter then discusses the importance of the interface to submit data subject access requests. The core part of Chapter 5 is the analysis of the regulatory boundaries of the right of access and various avenues to limit the right, for instance, a conflict with the rights of another individual. Finally, the chapter illustrates how the right of access is applied in the data-driven economy by applying it to three different contexts: shared data, anonymised/pseudonymised data, and automated decision-making.
Resultant Luck and the Irrelevance Intuition
Authors: Lang Gerald 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter investigates the ‘Irrelevance Intuition’, which is the intuition that judgements of blameworthiness containing any element of resultant luck are irrelevant for judging agents. It deploys a number of claims against the Irrelevance Intuition. It holds that our interest in outcomes is fundamental, and these outcomes must in principle be relevant to the moral appraisal of agents who have acted wrongly (‘Relevance Claim’). It denies an agent a complaint against the fact her blameworthiness may exceed the blameworthiness of an identically motivated agent whose act caused less harm on the grounds that this agent had the option of not acting wrongly in the first place (‘Denial Claim’). And it holds that agents acting from descriptively identical mental states may differ in badness as a result of how their acts turn out on the grounds that their mental states differ in badness (‘Determination Claim’). The Determination Claim confirms that the main argument given for the Restricted Account is thoroughly externalist. The Restricted Account makes some allowance for acts prompted by ignorance or irrationality, and for acts that turn out in entirely unforeseeable ways.
Restraining Situational Luck
Authors: Lang Gerald 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines circumstantial luck, or the luck of being in circumstances where a moral response or course of action is called for. The anti-anti-luckist programme is maintained for circumstantial luck as well as resultant luck. The argument proceeds, first, through an examination of Good Cases, calling for praiseworthiness. The fact that a well-intentioned agent is not in a position to collect praise for performing a meritorious act does not generate any serious moral concern. We can still praise this inactive agent for her dispositions if we wish to, and morality does not insist, in any case, upon equal opportunities for collecting praise. These lessons are then transferred to Bad Cases, calling for blameworthiness. The chapter also engages in detail with Michael Zimmerman’s argument involving situational luck, which combines circumstantial luck with constitutive luck. Zimmerman’s radical argument suggests that one agent should be no more blameworthy than another agent if they are separated only by luck, whether of the resultant, circumstantial, or constitutive variety. It is suggested here that Zimmerman’s argument misfires, due to an inconsistency between two principles he relies upon: the ‘Control Principle’ and the ‘No-Difference Claim’.
Confessional Mobility of Secular Catholics
Authors: Ó hAnnracháin Tadhg 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Chapter 3 analyzes how religion structured and inflected the migration and internal movement of Catholics. It explores the confessional dimension of the periodic exodus of large numbers of mercenary soldiers and the development of Catholic mercantile networks in exile. It also examines how famine and war resulted in displacement of large numbers of Irish Catholics, some of whom found refuge on the continent, but many of whom perished without record.
The Established Church
Authors: Ó hAnnracháin Tadhg 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 provides an overview of the role played by migration in creating the Church of Ireland and its body of adherents. It discusses the manner in which secular Protestants derived great benefit from their religion and the manner in which they came to emphasize religious ‘reliability’ as a touchstone of loyalty, and the central role of the rebellion of 1641 in developing Irish Protestants’ understanding of their situation and role in Ireland. The chapter demonstrates the profoundly migratory character of Early Modern Irish Protestantism and the manner in which its leadership was dominated primarily by British-born bishops and then secondarily by New English migrants, to the almost complete exclusion of figures of native provenance. As a result, both the church and its community acquired a migrant stamp which contributed to its evangelical inefficacy in Ireland.
Path-Dependence
Authors: Levinthal Daniel A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The intertemporal linkages that both constrain and enable an organization are central to its adaptive properties. The most narrow expression of path-dependence is the process of state-dependence—having a particular asset stock at one point in time impacts the distribution of asset stocks that can be reached at a subsequent period. Development, how an organizational form unfolds over time, can change those dynamics. A considerable literature has sprung up around the idea of “dynamic capabilities.” This broad idea is broken down into five distinct facets: accessibility of organizational states, robustness of organizations to changes in the state of nature, capacity to influence future states of “nature,” cost of accessing future sets of attributes, and capacity to value the set of organizational attributes. However, this discourse tends to treat “capabilities” as isolated attributes and not to view the organization as a complex adaptive system, a perspective developed here.
Auxin controls the division of root endodermal cells
Authors: Seo Deok Hyun , Jeong Haewon , Choi Yang Do , Jang Geupil 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The root endodermis forms a selective barrier that prevents the free diffusion of solutes into the vasculature; to make this barrier, endodermal cells deposit hydrophobic compounds in their cell walls, forming the Casparian strip. Here, we showed that, in contrast to vascular and epidermal root cells, endodermal root cells do not divide alongside the root apical meristem in Arabidopsis thaliana. Auxin treatment induced division of endodermal cells in wild-type plants, but not in the auxin signaling mutant auxin resistant3-1. Endodermis-specific activation of auxin responses by expression of truncated AUXIN-RESPONSIVE FACTOR5 (ΔARF5) in root endodermal cells under the control of the ENDODERMIS7 promoter (EN7::ΔARF5) also induced endodermal cell division. We used an auxin transport inhibitor to cause accumulation of auxin in endodermal cells, which induced endodermal cell division. In addition, knockout of P-GLYCOPROTEIN1 (PGP1) and PGP19, which mediate centripetal auxin flow, promoted the division of endodermal cells. Together, these findings reveal a tight link between the endodermal auxin response and endodermal cell division, suggesting that auxin is a key regulator controlling the division of root endodermal cells, and that PGP1 and PGP19 are involved in regulating endodermal cell division.
The emerging role of GABA as a transport regulator and physiological signal
Authors: Xu Bo , Sai Na , Gilliham Matthew 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
While the proposal that γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acts a signal in plants is decades old, a signaling mode of action for plant GABA has been unveiled only relatively recently. Here, we review the recent research that demonstrates how GABA regulates anion transport through aluminum-activated malate transporters (ALMTs) and speculation that GABA also targets other proteins. The ALMT family of anion channels modulates multiple physiological processes in plants, with many members still to be characterized, opening up the possibility that GABA has broad regulatory roles in plants. We focus on the role of GABA in regulating pollen tube growth and stomatal pore aperture, and we speculate on its role in long-distance signaling and how it might be involved in cross talk with hormonal signals. We show that in barley (Hordeum vulgare), guard cell opening is regulated by GABA, as it is in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), to regulate water use efficiency, which impacts drought tolerance. We also discuss the links between glutamate and GABA in generating signals in plants, particularly related to pollen tube growth, wounding, and long-distance electrical signaling, and explore potential interactions of GABA signals with hormones, such as abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene. We conclude by postulating that GABA encodes a signal that links plant primary metabolism to physiological status to fine tune plant responses to the environment.
Imaging plant cells and organs with light-sheet and super-resolution microscopy
Authors: Ovečka Miroslav , Sojka Jiří , Tichá Michaela , Komis George , Basheer Jasim , Marchetti Cintia , Šamajová Olga , Kuběnová Lenka , Šamaj Jozef 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe documentation of plant growth and development requires integrative and scalable approaches to investigate and spatiotemporally resolve various dynamic processes at different levels of plant body organization. The present update deals with vigorous developments in mesoscopy, microscopy and nanoscopy methods that have been translated to imaging of plant subcellular compartments, cells, tissues and organs over the past 3 years with the aim to report recent applications and reasonable expectations from current light-sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) and super-resolution microscopy (SRM) modalities. Moreover, the shortcomings and limitations of existing LSFM and SRM are discussed, particularly for their ability to accommodate plant samples and regarding their documentation potential considering spherical aberrations or temporal restrictions prohibiting the dynamic recording of fast cellular processes at the three dimensions. For a more comprehensive description, advances in living or fixed sample preparation methods are also included, supported by an overview of developments in labeling strategies successfully applied in plants. These strategies are practically documented by current applications employing model plant Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh., but also robust crop species such as Medicago sativa L. and Hordeum vulgare L. Over the past few years, the trend towards designing of integrative microscopic modalities has become apparent and it is expected that in the near future LSFM and SRM will be bridged to achieve broader multiscale plant imaging with a single platform.