bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Steel Fibers on the mechanical properties and thickness of precast concrete panels
Authors: Alrubaie Mays F. , Al-Goody Asrra Y. , Hameed Dalya H. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Concrete is well-known with its brittleness, low tensile strength and tensile strain capacities. This performance considered as one of the most crucial constraints that facing precast concrete industry. However, it could be improved by the addition of steel fibers which have been used widely in the last few decades. Hence, higher ductility and better arresting ability to crack propagation could be achieved. In Iraq, the precast concrete panels (flags) are commonly used for roofing and usually produced from plain concrete. This study aimed to add small volume fraction of steel fiber to the precast concrete panels to improve the handling and transportation process and assess their breaking load in according to the requirements of the Iraqi standard specification No.1107- 87. Concrete panels with (400×400mm) and different thicknesses (30 and 50mm) were produced. Different steel fiber volume fractions (0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1%) were incorporated. The mechanical properties (compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural strength) for the concrete mixes were investigated. The test results of this study encourage the incorporation of small volume fraction of steel fiber in production of precast concrete panels to reduce the spoilage upon handling and transportation of precast concrete panels. The breaking load of steel fiber concrete panels has been improved by 142% relative to reference concrete panels. It was also revealed that the concrete panel thickness could be reduced when the steel fiber content increased, which could be of great interest with regards to the economic side. This is because of reducing the amount of raw materials used in production of concrete panels and thereby reducing the impact on the environment. The statistical analysis was accomplished by using the SPSS program.
Green economy and sustainable development
Authors: Al-Taai Suaad Hadi Hassan 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The study of green economy and sustainable development is one of the important studies that has received the attention of researchers and scientists for its importance in the development and growth of society in all its aspects, as it is the nucleus of sustainable development and its main pillar for growth, development and prosperity. The green economy is considered a vivid and ideal model of sustainable development, especially economic development, which affects all aspects of life. Its concept emerged in the recent years due to its importance in reducing the manifestations of poverty and destitution and to raise the standard of living of the population and ensure their welfare. It is worth noting that the role of sustainable development can only be activated by implementing the green economy program and providing a healthy environment. This can only be executed by replacing the means of economy that are harmful to the lives of individuals with other healthy means such as generating thermal energy from healthy sources instead of from fuel sources as the fuel sources lead to environmental pollution therefore harm all forms of life. As for the concept of sustainable development, it is the exploitation of material and human energies, support and employment in an optimal manner, and work to develop them and increase their effectiveness in a way that guarantees the rights of everyone in the present and future, and includes people and natural resources, and affirms that the human being invested natural resources perfectly without depletion and leaves to future generations their right, and ensures the just distribution for the wealth.
Response of Young Olive (Olea europaea L.) Trees cv. “K18” to Foliar Application with Promalin and Salicylic Acid Under Field Conditions
Authors: Al-Dulaimi Ahmed Ali Khalaf , Ismail Al-Janabi Atheer Mohammed 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This study was conducted in the olive orchard of Horticulture and Landscape Gardening, College of Agriculture, University of Anbar, Iraq for the period from April 2019 to December 2019 to investigate the influence of foliar application with Promalin and Salicylic acid in some vegetative growth traits and chemical content of young olive (Olea europaea L.) trees cv.“K18”, Where 72 young trees were selected at the age of five years, homogeneous in their growth as much as possible. The experiment included a foliar spraying with growth regulator of promalin at three concentrations: (0, 25 and 50) mlL-1 which is symbolized by (P0, P1 and P2) respectively and foliar spraying with salicylic acid at four levels: (0, 50, 100 and 200) mgL-1 which is symbolized by (S0, S1, S2 and S3) respectively. A factorial experiment was conducted with Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates for each treatment. The two factors of the study showed a significant effect in all of the studied growth traits especially the foliar application treatment of promalin with P2 concentration and the spraying with salicylic acid at a concentration of S3 where achieved a significant superiority in average number and length of new branches, average increase in the number of leaves, leaf area, the percentage of dry matter in leaves, percentage of carbohydrates in branches, leaves content of nitrogen as well as total chlorophyll compared to the control treatment which achieved the lowest values.
Evaluating the urban structure of Al-Kut city according to sustainability
Authors: Jasim Ihsan Abbas , Hasan Haider Majid , Farhan Sabeeh Lafta , Bahat Khaleel H. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The research attempts to assess the urban structure of Kut city - as a sample of Iraqi cities - according to the requirements of sustainability and the extent of their consistency or their distance from the requirements of achieving sustainable urban development. By studying the main urban components of Kut city, analyzing the spatial distribution of land uses, the nature of the neighbourhood, and the spatial distribution of population densities in it, road network and spatial distribution of urban land prices. The research concludes that the study area’s urban spatial structure is ineffective and has many defects. The city is spread over a large area, and the population densities are distributed unorganized. Most of the population densities are far from the centre area; this leads to long, random and erratic trips. Traffic problems in the city are exacerbated by the absence of a hierarchy of roads and weak links between parts of the city as a result of the spread of the city between the two banks of the river and the lack of adequate bridges.
Detection of quantitative and qualitative for p.aeruginosa in contaminated and non-contaminated soil with oil residues targeting gyrb gene by QPCR
Authors: Mukhlif Suaad S. , Hussein Zainab T. , Taha Mohammed , Mukhlif Asma S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Comparison of P. aeruginosa counts is found in contaminated and non- contaminated soil with oil residue using a real-time quantitative PCR by Direct DNA extraction from soil samples as well as indirect DNA extraction from bacterial isolates. Sampling were collected randomly from ten different regions of the Ministry of Science &Technology during the period from October to December 2019. Twenty soil samples were investigated for hydrocarbon tolerance in selective broth containing hydrocarbon source, and then isolates diagnosed based on phenotype, microscopic, and biochemical tests, were used. Direct DNA extraction from soil samples using DNeasy Power Soil Pro Kit for the rapid detection of P. aeruginosa from soil, as well as wizard DNA extraction method from bacterial isolation. Quantitative and Qualitative PCR was performed with the Magnetic Induction Cycler (Mic), DNA extraction from soil and bacterial isolates amplified and detected using fluorescent reporter dye probes specific for Pseudomonas aeruginosa DNA and Internal Control IC. A total of twenty bacterial isolates were obtained from the different soil samples according to phenotyping tests, and also, we obtain 20 DNA samples from direct DNA extraction from soil, the results of purity were (1.70- 1.95) for wizard method and (1.46- 2.35) for direct extraction from soil. Pseudomonas aeruginosa counts in contaminated soil samples (8 x 107 Copies/μL) showed higher compared with the non- contaminated soil samples (2 x 102 Copies/μL) at maximum use of qPCR and soil DNA. Rapid and specific test (less than 4 hours) using Rt-PCR by targeting gyrB gene for Pseudomonas aeruginosa detection in contaminated and non-contaminated soil samples, combined with correctly adjusted samples processing methods, as well as soil DNA extraction were made which were applied within the sensitivity required for methods.
The role of sustainable to product stable architecture thought in times of crisis
Authors: Abbas Mohammed Ghazi , Kadim Ibrahim Jawad 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The research aims to employ the principles of sustainability as a knowledge of its scientific origin and from the thought of the principles of architecture science as an independent one where the basic thought is transmitted. Through the theory of nothingness that arises as a result of the crisis to produce an architecture thought that meets the need and meets the human desire in a time of crisis, it presents a contemporary intellectual path derived from trying to understand the components and contents of planning and architectural formations in a new way that follows the principles of sustainability to achieve social distancing and protect people. Accordingly, the research problem was (Architectural thought moves towards the human need as a result of the crisis that is generated from nothing, to represent a crisis in building a stable intellectual model that moves to a sustainable architectural form through the principles of sustainability. The results indicate the importance of adopting new methods in sustainable design to achieve an architecture that protects humans from the epidemic by adopting sustainable materials and employing climatic conditions in the design of buildings.
A study on solid waste generation, composition and management in Sulaimania city, Kurdistan region, Iraq
Authors: Hama Ako Rashed , Tahir Twana A. , Ali Bayad Jamal 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Municipal solid waste management became a major challenge due to the population growth, change of lifestyle in Sulaimania city, especially since the urban expansion increased from 2003, and when many villages in the countryside had already became a part of the city. The major part of generating solid waste in Sulaimania disposed in the Tanjaro area (an open dumping area southeast of Sulaimania city) without any treatment or proper landfilling. In this research, the compositions of generating solid waste of Sulaimania city and its properties were determined. Also, in this research, it was found that household waste generation is threatening the environment of Sulaimania city due to the huge amount of the produced leachate of solid waste which flowing into the Tanjaro dumping area and ultimately contaminating groundwater, surface and subsurface soil there. This research covered 12 different subzone areas within 5 major zones across the city a covering nearly 300 house samples. Also collected solid waste samples were categorized into the kitchen, plastic, glass, electronic and some other types of solid wastes. The results showed that the number of houses generating more than 2 kg of solid waste per day is higher than those with less than 1kg generated solid waste. It has also been inferred that the highest composition ratio of household solid waste was kitchen type and reached (63.1%) followed by plastic-type solid waste (10.2%), cardboard (5.4%), cans and other metals (2.8%), Glass waste (2.7%) and E-waste (0.1%), other wastes such as textile, nylon, wood and lethal around (15.7%). Besides that, the results showed that the amount of the waste is seasonally changing, for example, the amount of solid waste from April to October is higher than other months due to increasing human activities for producing solid waste. Furthermore, this study covered a survey of the main medical waste from 25 clinics across Sulaimania city and counted the main waste contributed elements of the medical waste that produced. The variation in the generation rate, varied and excuses for this variation clearly stated. Also, the clinic medical waste generation was also investigated for their constituents and quantity and also the possibility of its segregation and ways to dispose of it. All the clinics private and public ones were investigated and studied for having chimneys and the possibilities of air pollution due to the burning of the medical waste.
Identification of microflora associated with dust falling on Karbala province and seasonal distribution
Authors: Al-Salman Ibrahim M A , Mouhsen Thamer A A , Zwain Luma A H , Abdulmuhaimen Sundus , Alhesnawi Asaad Sh M , Najem Najem A 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Dust is considered one of the most important and most dangerous atmospheric pollutants due to its physical properties and its chemical and biological contents. As a result, the study started in March 2017 and ended in February 2018 to diagnose the microflora associated with dust falling in Karbala province. The results showed that 18 species of fungi belonging to ten genera are Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, Rhizopus, Mucor, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Absidia, Candida, Trichoderma. The highest frequency was recorded for genera Aspergillus, Penicillium and Cladosporium, while the highest occurrence of fungi was in the spring. The results showed the occurrence of two genera of bacteria, Bacillus spp. and Staphylococcus spp., where the first genus dominant in most sites and seasons. Identification of microorganisms associated with dust and their temporal and spatial distribution is in great health and economic importance because of the role of these organisms to cause diseases to humans and plants.
Assessment of ecological pollution of heavy metals in surface soils of different sites within northwest of iraq
Authors: Al Lami Muwafaq H. , Jawad Al Obaidy Abdul Hameed M. , Al Sudani Ibrahim M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Heavy metals pollution in surface soils of different urban areas in northwest Iraq were investigated. Correlation between screened metals’ spatial distribution (33 elements) and point and non-point pollution sources were performed. Obtained results showed that the levels of 15 elements (Hg, Ag, Cd, Sb, Sr, Ti, Mo, Rb, Sc, Zn, Ni, Cr, Cs, Te and Ca) exceeded the reference values of urban soil constituents. Higher observed levels of these metals, indicating that the urban soils of the studied areas are enriched with these contaminants. Further, higher concentrations of some “unexpected” toxic metals were detected in the studied locations. Estimated correlation coefficients of metal concentrations suggested three potential sources for soil pollution by heavy metals in the surveyed region. Different industrial activities, dominated by petroleum and petrochemical industries, are likely to be responsible for the releases of many heavy metals, e.g. Ni, Cr and Cu. Military activities were considered an important source for some toxic metals, e.g. Zr, Rb, V, and As, since these metals were observed at high levels in the studied sites. Trace metals such as Cu, Pb, Zn are found to be correlated with agricultural practices. However, the higher observed concentration of Ca in the surveyed locations can be attributed to natural processes’ impact. Overall, this research’s outcomes can be useful for the policymaking efforts dedicated to solving complex environmental problems related to soil pollution and being a guide for soil quality in northwest Iraq.
Experimental and numerical study on the degradation of mefenamic acid in a synthetic wastewater
Authors: Alwasiti Asawer A. , Shnain Zainb Y. , Abid Mohammad F. , Abdul Razak Adnan A. , Abdulhussein Basheer A. , Mahdi Gaidaa S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The present work aims to study the degradation of mefenamic acid (MFA) in synthetic wastewater experimentally and numerically. The experiments were carried out using utilizing homemade Cu doped TiO2 in a solar irradiated falling film reactor. Two operating variables are investigated; pH of the wastewater in the range of (3-10) and synthesis wastewater flow rate (1-3 L/min). The numerical study involves the optimization of the variables. The multifactorial design method, Design of Experiments (DOE), and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) were used to evaluate the interaction effect of the two variables on the degradation of mefenamic acid. The significance of 0the results was evaluated by statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results show that the removal efficiency increasing with increasing pH and decreases with wastewater flow rate. The results have shown that the interaction effects between mentioned factors were highly significant in influencing MFA degradation by analyzing statistics and ANOVA.
Design of vertical slot fish ladder: review paper
Authors: Hameed Iman H. , Hilo Ali N. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Fish ladders are structures that are designed and constructed at water barriers, such as dams, to assist fish to migrate and complete their life cycle between different habitats without interruption or delay. The design of the fish ladders is considered a complicated process. It depends on two essential aspects; the biological and environmental nature of the fish. Consequently, hydraulic parameters such as velocity, turbulent kinetic energy, and flow patterns have to be designed to suit the fish’s capabilities without affecting it. This study is dedicated to performing an overview of the design of one of the most common fish ladders, the vertical slot fish ladder. A brief on an empirical and numerical design method is presented first. Then, a review of the recent literature on the vertical slot fish ladder design is explored. From reviewing several works on the design of the vertical slot fish ladder, it was found that important design parameters, such as the velocity of the flow, the turbulence, the slope of the fish ladder channel, have already been investigated in previous studies. However, it was observed that other important parameters, such as the slot angle, have not been investigated or explored in the literature. It is predicted that this parameter has a vital influence on the velocity of the flow inside the fish ladder which controls all other design parameters.
Ionic Liquid Solvents as Advanced Treatment Method for CO2 Control: A Review Research
Authors: Sayar Shumous S. , Mohammed Thamer J. , Karim Abdul Mun’em Abbas 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Climate change issues have risen in recent years due to human activities produce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. By 2021, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts a temperature increase of 1.9 °C. CO2 reduction is crucial for humans and all other forms of life on Earth. To mitigate this potential issue, immediate improvements in CO2 separation processes are needed. One of the most efficient methods in separating it is to use water amine chemical absorption as an ionic liquid solvent. Therefore, this paper addresses common solvents used in this respect, such as alkanolamine, ionic liquid and their mixed aqueous solutions in the absorption process. The success factors in the mass are the transfer phenomenon between CO2 and solvent. The physical factors were examined, and the chemical properties of liquid ionic solvents were examined.
Simulation of Syngas Addition Effect on Emissions Characteristics, Combustion, and Performance of the Diesel Engine Working under Dual Fuel Mode and Lambda Value of 1.6.
Authors: Mahmood Hussein A. , Al-Sulttani Ali O. , Attia Osam H. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The present work aims to study the combustion characteristics related to syngas-diesel dual-fuel engine operates at lambda value of 1.6 operated by five different replacement ratios (RR) of syngas with diesel, which are (10%, 20%, 30 %, 40 % and 50%). ANSYS Workbench (CFD) was used for simulating the combustion of the syngas-diesel dual-fuel engine. The numerical simulations were carried out on the Ricardo-Hydra diesel engine. The simulation results revealed that the diesel engine’s combustion efficiency was enhanced by increasing the diesel replacement with Syngas fuel. The diesel engine’s combustion efficiency The peak in-cylinder temperature was enhanced from 915.9K to 2790.5K (50% RR). Moreover, the peak pressure was improved from 3659073 Pa to 4525366 pa (23% increase), 4947790 pa (35% increase), 5929709Pa (62% increase) and 6708188 Pa (83%) for diesel fuel mode and dual fuel mode (20%, 30%, 40% and 50%) respectively. Moreover, CO, NO, and CO2 emissions in the engine increased with the increase in syngas’ replacement ratio with diesel. Besides, the emission levels of NO, CO2 and CO from a diesel engine are lower than a dual fuel engine (syngas-diesel). The NO mass fraction values rise from 2.02505E-19 at diesel mode to 0.000834126 (20% RR), 0.004176854 (30% RR), 0.005021933 (40% RR) and 0.007554865 (50% RR). Moreover, the CO2 mass fraction values increase from 5.90944E-07 at diesel mode to 0.033849446 (50% RR).
Substratum preferences of juvenile Red belly Tilapia (Coptodon zilli, Gervais, 1848)
Authors: Nasir Noori Abdul-Nabi 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Substratum preferences of the young of Alien fish species known as Red belly Tilapia locally known Bultee (Coptodon zilli, Gervais, 1848) [1] with 30–40 mm TL were studied in the laboratory. The work tested the hypothesis that fishes vary in habitat preference and that they make use of the differences in substrates’ types within the water body in nature. Substratum preference for juvenile of C.zilli was calculated by the calculations of individuals noticed inside precise habitat kinds.
The fish species demonstrated significant changes in their substrate choices. Muddy sand appears to be usually more appropriate settlement ground for juvenile of this fish. Pebble, Gravel, Sand and Mud were less favorable. Plastic floor was unfavorable and the fish would generally settle in the other substrates preference to it. This work proposed that the particle size of the substrate influences settlement preference of the fish.
Proposed Urban Design of the Area Surrounding the Great Samarra Mosque
Authors: Hilal Maysoon Muhi , Al-badri Maan S. Mohammed 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This research attempts to put a proposal Sustainable Design Development of the area around the Great Mosque & its Minaret, which it for many years has become a symbol of Iraqi architecture and its history as a result of the skill of Iraqi sculptors and architects in using local materials like bricks in their buildings. The research problem is a knowledge gap about the(SWOT) factors (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) that faced area.. While Research methodology is descriptive and analytical. The Reasons for selecting this project is to raise the percentage of tourism in the area. Subsequently, to grow a good economic city; in addition to the importance of Samarra civilization in making it a destination for tourism for tours, students, poets, and others because it includes many cultural landmarks and needs a space to attract tourists and be a cultural outlet for the city as well as a recreational site embraces their activities and meet their needs. To the archaeological importance of the area near Al-Malwaiya, to attract tourists in the city, and it helps to identify the city heritage.