bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maltase Glucoamylase (MGAM): Putting Diabetes in its Place! (LB85)
Authors: Burwash Andrew , Eid‐Ricci Alessandro , Muradia Priya , Ero Adesuwa , Dolganow Alexandra , Liu Iris , Wall Susan , Sim Lyann 
Published: June 2021

By 2050 1 in 3 Americans will have type 2 diabetes, a disease characterized by excessively high blood glucose levels. Typically, diabetes is treated with regular insulin injections and blood sugar monitoring. For centuries, Aryuvedic medicine has had a massive following, in part due to its natural remedies for diabetes deriving from an Indian herb, Salacia reticulata. These extracts were found to contain α‐glucosidase inhibitors, a class of anti‐diabetic drugs that competitively inhibit intestinal starch‐digesting enzymes such as human Maltase Glucoamylase (MGAM). As MGAM is responsible for catalyzing the final glucose‐releasing step of starch digestion, inhibiting MGAM would delay glucose absorption into the bloodstream. The Ashbury SMART (Students Modeling a Research Topic) Team modeled MGAM in complex with two inhibitors, salacinol and Acarbose, (PDBID 2QMJ & 3L4Z) using Jmol and 3D printing technology. The binding of ‐glucosidase inhibitor salacinol, derived from Salacia reticulata extracts and Acarbose, a currently prescribed α‐glucosidase inhibitor will be compared in the MGAM active site. Notably, both inhibitors interact with MGAM residues Asp327 and His600 through ring hydroxyl groups, however salacinol contributes additional electrostatic interaction between its sulfonium center and the catalytic nucleophile Asp443.Grant Funding Source: Supported by grants from the NIH‐SEPA and NIH‐CTSA.
Assay Modifications to a Streptococcal Pharyngitis Rapid Lateral Flow Test for Mobile Health Applications (LB854)
Authors: Federico Niksha , Federico Francesca , Sternik Gabriel , Esmaeli‐Azad Babak 
Published: June 2021

Streptococcal tonsillitis, streptococcal pharyngitis,or streptococcal sore throat (known commonly as strep throat) is a type of pharyngitis caused by a group A streptococcal infection. It affects the pharynx including the tonsils and possibly the larynx. Common symptoms include fever, sore throat, and enlarged lymph nodes. It is the cause of 37% of sore throats among children and 5‐15% in adults.Strep throat is contagious, typically spread via close contact with an infected individual. A preliminary diagnosis is made based on the results of a rapid lateral flow test. A follow up definitive diagnosis is made based on the results of a throat culture. However, these tests are not always needed as diagnosis for administration of treatment may also be made by a physician based on the symptoms.We have previously developed a wireless mobile health application for diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis using a smart phone enabled avatar system which uses medical algorithms for diagnosis of this disease, taking advantage of the standard questions and answers typically used by physicians in practice. To further provide confirmation testing of this analysis system, we here describe customization, refinements, and modifications to assay procedures and chemical components of an FDA approved lateral flow rapid diagnostic test for Streptococcal Pharyngitis with a focus on mobile health applications. Specifics of our findings can be applied to other lateral flow assays currently in use for confirmatory tests of other diseases.
Multiple United States Medical Licensing Examination Attempts and the Estimated Risk of Disciplinary Actions Among Graduates of U.S. and Canadian Medical Schools
Authors: Arnhart Katie L. , Cuddy Monica M. , Johnson David , Barone Michael A. , Young Aaron 
Published: June 2021

Purpose
The United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) recently announced 2 policy changes: shifting from numeric score reporting on the Step 1 examination to pass/fail reporting and limiting examinees to 4 attempts for each Step component. In light of these policies, exam measures other than scores, such as the number of examination attempts, are of interest. Attempt limit policies are intended to ensure minimum standards of physician competency, yet little research has explored how Step attempts relate to physician practice outcomes. This study examined the relationship between USMLE attempts and the likelihood of receiving disciplinary actions from state medical boards.

Method
The sample population was 219,018 graduates from U.S. and Canadian MD-granting medical schools who passed all USMLE Step examinations by 2011 and obtained a medical license in the United States, using data from the NBME and the Federation of State Medical Boards. Logistic regressions estimated how attempts on Steps 1, 2 Clinical Knowledge (CK), and 3 examinations influenced the likelihood of receiving disciplinary actions by 2018, while accounting for physician characteristics.

Results
A total of 3,399 physicians (2%) received at least 1 disciplinary action. Additional attempts needed to pass Steps 1, 2 CK, and 3 were associated with an increased likelihood of receiving disciplinary actions (odds ratio [OR]: 1.07, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01, 1.13; OR: 1.09, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.16; OR: 1.11, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.17, respectively), after accounting for other factors.

Conclusions
Physicians who took multiple attempts to pass Steps 1, 2 CK, and 3 were associated with higher estimated likelihood of receiving disciplinary actions. This study offers support for licensure and practice standards to account for physicians’ USMLE attempts. The relatively small effect sizes, however, caution policy makers from placing sole emphasis on this relationship.
Not Frail and Elderly: How Invasive Can We Go in This Different Type of Adult Spinal Deformity Patient?
Authors: Passias Peter G. , Pierce Katherine E. , Passfall Lara , Adenwalla Ammar , Naessig Sara , Ahmad Waleed , Krol Oscar , Kummer Nicholas A. , O’Malley Nicholas , Maglaras Constance , O’Connell Brooke , Vira Shaleen , Schwab Frank J. , Errico Thomas J. , Diebo Bassel G. , Janjua Burhan , Raman Tina , Buckland Aaron J. , Lafage Renaud , Protopsaltis Themistocles , Lafage Virginie 
Published: June 2021

Study Design.
Retrospective review of a single-center spine database.

Objective.
Investigate the intersections of chronological age and physiological age via frailty to determine the influence of surgical invasiveness on patient outcomes

Summary of Background Data.
Frailty is a well-established factor in preoperative risk stratification and prediction of postoperative outcomes. The surgical profile of operative patients with adult spinal deformity (ASD) who present as elderly and not frail (NF) has yet to be investigated. Our aim was to examine the surgical profile and outcomes of patients with ASD who were NF and elderly.

Methods.
Patients with ASD 18 years or older, four or greater levels fused, with baseline (BL) and follow-up data were included. Patients were categorized by ASD frailty index: NF, Frail (F), severely frail (SF]. An elderly patient was defined as 70 years or older. Patients were grouped into NF/elderly and F/elderly. SRS-Schwab modifiers were assessed at BL and 1 year (0, +, ++). Logistic regression analysis assessed the relationship between increasing invasiveness, no reoperations, or major complications, and improvement in SRS-Schwab modifiers [Good Outcome]. Decision tree analysis assessed thresholds for an invasiveness risk/benefit cutoff point.

Results.
A total of 598 patients with ASD included (55.3 yr, 59.7% F, 28.3 kg/m2). 29.8% of patients were older than 70 years. At BL, 51.3% of patients were NF, 37.5% F, and 11.2% SF. Sixty-sis (11%) patients were NF and elderly. About 24.2% of NF-elderly patients improved in SRS-Schwab by 1 year and had no reoperation or complication postoperatively. Binary regression analysis found a relationship between worsening SRS-Schwab, postop complication, and reoperation with invasiveness score (odds ratio: 1.056 [1.01–1.102], P = 0.011). Risk/benefit cut-off was 10 (P = 0.004). Patients below this threshold were 7.9 (2.2–28.4) times more likely to have a Good Outcome. 156 patients were elderly and F/SF with 16.7% having good outcome, with a risk/benefit cut-off point of less than 8 (4.4 [2.2–9.0], P < 0.001).

Conclusion.
Frailty status impacted the balance of surgical invasiveness relative to operative risk in an inverse manner, whereas the opposite was seen amongst elderly patients with a frailty status less than their chronologic age. Surgeons should perhaps consider incorporation of frailty status over age status when determining realignment plans in patients of advanced age.

Level of Evidence: 3
Adaptive rapid neural observer-based sensors fault diagnosis and reconstruction of quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle
Authors: Taimoor Muhammad , Lu Xiao , Maqsood Hamid , Sheng Chunyang 
Published: June 2021

Purpose
The objective of this research is to investigate various neural network (NN) observer techniques for sensors fault identification and diagnosis of nonlinear system in consideration of numerous faults, failures, uncertainties and disturbances. For the importunity of increasing the faults diagnosis and reconstruction preciseness, a new technique is used for modifying the weight parameters of NNs without enhancement of computational complexities.

Design/methodology/approach
Various techniques such as adaptive radial basis functions (ARBF), conventional radial basis functions, adaptive multi-layer perceptron, conventional multi-layer perceptron and extended state observer are presented. For increasing the fault detection preciseness, a new technique is used for updating the weight parameters of radial basis functions and multi-layer perceptron (MLP) without enhancement of computational complexities. Lyapunov stability theory and sliding-mode surface concepts are used for the weight-updating parameters. Based on the combination of these two concepts, the weight parameters of NNs are updated adaptively. The key purpose of utilization of adaptive weight is to enhance the detection of faults with high accuracy. Because of the online adaptation, the ARBF can detect various kinds of faults and failures such as simultaneous, incipient, intermittent and abrupt faults effectively. Results depict that the suggested algorithm (ARBF) demonstrates more confrontation to unknown disturbances, faults and system dynamics compared with other investigated techniques and techniques used in the literature. The proposed algorithms are investigated by the utilization of quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle dynamics, which authenticate the efficiency of the suggested algorithm.

Findings
The proposed Lyapunov function theory and sliding-mode surface-based strategy are studied, which shows more efficiency to unknown faults, failures, uncertainties and disturbances compared with conventional approaches as well as techniques used in the literature.

Practical implications
For improvement of the system safety and for avoiding failure and damage, the rapid fault detection and isolation has a great significance; the proposed approaches in this research work guarantee the detection and reconstruction of unknown faults, which has a great significance for practical life.

Originality/value
In this research, two strategies such Lyapunov function theory and sliding-mode surface concept are used in combination for tuning the weight parameters of NNs adaptively. The main purpose of these strategies is the fault diagnosis and reconstruction with high accuracy in terms of shape as well as the magnitude of unknown faults. Results depict that the proposed strategy is more effective compared with techniques used in the literature.
Public-private partnership in health care organizations. How to cope with complexity issues: a comparative case-study between Italy and the US
Authors: Pratici Lorenzo , Singer Phillip McMinn 
Published: June 2021

Purpose
Health-care systems around the globe share several pressing challenges – including increasing costs and patient outcomes. Innovative arrangements, such as public–private partnerships (PPP) can be adopted to help address these challenges. Although the promise of PPPs is great, so are its peril if the arrangements are not managed and regulated adequately through the contracting process. Yet, PPP arrangements can introduce their own unique set of problems. This paper aims to analyze how PPPs contracting accounts for three major problems identified reviewing the: performance measurement and audit; determination of compensation and risk management–related issues.

Design/methodology/approach
The authors used a case study approach to analyze contracting among health-care PPPs in two countries: Italy and the USA. With a structured review performed on Scopus database using a keywords Boolean research, the authors identified three recurring major issues to investigate in two selected cases, one per country. For each major issue, the authors defined several sub-issues retrieved from a widely used institutional framework. In each sub-issue, a documental analysis on all published information related to the signed contract has been performed identifying the approaches used by the two organizations.

Findings
The authors find that PPP contracting in the USA case seems to be oriented more toward managing institutional change as well as more flexibility in the deductibility and compensation determination for organizations and providers, suggesting this organization is more oriented to change in general. The authors find that PPP contracting in Italy more clearly delineate the allocation of risk between organizations that engage in PPPs, suggesting a more practical approach.

Practical implications
PPP is complex. Contracting helps manage the complexity of these arrangements. This case study approach to PPP contracting highlights the variation in contracting approaches across two different countries. Policymakers and health-care managers need to ensure that PPP contracting clearly delineates auditing and performance measurement, compensation and risk management.

Originality/value
The authors’ analysis sheds light on the different approaches to arranging health-care PPPs in two different country settings. More research should be done to connect these different approaches to important outcomes, such as patient and organizational finances, as well as expanding the scope of countries adopting PPP in health care.
Imitation learning of a wheeled mobile manipulator based on dynamical movement primitives
Authors: Yang Zeguo , Li Mantian , Zha Fusheng , Wang Xin , Wang Pengfei , Guo Wei 
Published: June 2021

Purpose
This paper aims to introduce an imitation learning framework for a wheeled mobile manipulator based on dynamical movement primitives (DMPs). A novel mobile manipulator with the capability to learn from demonstration is introduced. Then, this study explains the whole process for a wheeled mobile manipulator to learn a demonstrated task and generalize to new situations. Two visual tracking controllers are designed for recording human demonstrations and monitoring robot operations. The study clarifies how human demonstrations can be learned and generalized to new situations by a wheel mobile manipulator.

Design/methodology/approach
The kinematic model of a mobile manipulator is analyzed. An RGB-D camera is applied to record the demonstration trajectories and observe robot operations. To avoid human demonstration behaviors going out of sight of the camera, a visual tracking controller is designed based on the kinematic model of the mobile manipulator. The demonstration trajectories are then represented by DMPs and learned by the mobile manipulator with corresponding models. Another tracking controller is designed based on the kinematic model of the mobile manipulator to monitor and modify the robot operations.

Findings
To verify the effectiveness of the imitation learning framework, several daily tasks are demonstrated and learned by the mobile manipulator. The results indicate that the presented approach shows good performance for a wheeled mobile manipulator to learn tasks through human demonstrations. The only thing a robot-user needs to do is to provide demonstrations, which highly facilitates the application of mobile manipulators.

Originality/value
The research fulfills the need for a wheeled mobile manipulator to learn tasks via demonstrations instead of manual planning. Similar approaches can be applied to mobile manipulators with different architecture.
SEC updates regulatory framework for good faith determinations of fair value
Authors: Palmer Christopher , Delligatti Paul , Zutz Andrew , Lane William 
Published: June 2021

Purpose
To explain the new U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) Rule 2a-5 (the “Fair Value Rule”) under the Investment Company Act of 1940 (the “1940 Act”), which addresses the valuation practices of registered investment companies and business development companies.

Design/methodology/approach
Provides an overview of the Fair Value Rule, followed by a more detailed summary of the key provisions, including relevant guidance provided by the SEC in the release adopting the Fair Value Rule.

Findings
The Fair Value Rule establishes a specific framework, a standard of baseline practices across funds, and a set of required functions that must be performed in order to determine in good faith the fair value of a fund’s investments for purposes of applying Section 2(a)(41) of the 1940 Act.

Originality/value
Practical guidance from experienced investment management lawyers.
A human-centric participatory approach to energy-efficient housing based on occupants' collaborative image
Authors: Asad Poor Javad , Goh Yong Wah , Thorpe David 
Published: June 2021

PurposeThis study aims to develop a photo-based methodology to identify occupants' collaborative image of the energy-efficient small-size housing.Design/methodology/approachEmploying qualitative and quantitative approaches, 24 photos were randomly selected from different urban areas of Brisbane (Australia) city for an online survey. A total of 36 participants evaluated the photos 159 times.FindingsConducted content analysis resulted in the identification of 5 attribute-based factors, generated from 16 semantic categories and 74 attributes. Using a non-parametric Chi-square test, the factors were categorised in two levels, i.e. (1) envelope elements (primary and secondary) and passive climatic principles; and (2) architectural composition principles and neighbourhood quality.Social implicationsThe discussion on the results via the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) suggests that regarding the external aspects, the people's image of energy-efficient housing could be influenced by their perceived control over changeable and adjustable attributes.Originality/valueThe photo-based methodology developed by this paper has the potential to quantify occupants' collaborative image of small-size housing energy efficiency, which would be essential in assisting them to adjust their dwelling units regarding the congruity of the energy efficiency attributes with their preferences.
Entrepreneurs’ impact on the wider community: a comparative study of commercial beekeepers through the lens of social role theory
Authors: Duarte Alonso Abel , O’Shea Michelle , Kok Seng , Bressan Alessandro 
Published: June 2021

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine how commercial beekeepers operating in two different nations perceive their role towards their community and society. The realms of role theory will be adopted.Design/methodology/approachData among 144 commercial beekeepers operating in both New Zealand and the United Kingdom (UK) were gathered through an online questionnaire. The design of the questionnaire, which allowed extended comments from the participating commercial beekeepers, validated the use of the inductive analysis approach that enabled the emergence of various distinctive themes, and the development of a theoretical framework.FindingsParticipants from both New Zealand and UK recognised similar ways of making a positive impact. Moreover, they agreed that their contribution spanned from pollinating fields and orchards, to improving food production and preserving nature. Nevertheless, the two groups also differed in their views, notably, of the degree of knowledge or awareness among stakeholders concerning beekeepers’ contribution.Originality/valueBy using a comparative view of how commercial beekeepers perceive their rolevis-à-vistheir wider community, this study addresses a call for rethinking the social value added that emanates from entrepreneurial activities, and how such value can affect society. Furthermore, in adopting social role theory, the study proposes a framework where strong associations between the empirical results and the tenets of social role theory are revealed. This framework affords a lens through which food-producing activities aimed at balancing producers’ commercial and environmental imperatives and their relationship with broader societal expectations could be reflected upon.
The clinical course of COVID‐19 in pregnant versus non‐pregnant women requiring hospitalisation: results from the multicentre UK CA‐COVID‐19 study
Authors: Crossette‐Thambiah Christina , Nicolson Phillip , Rajakaruna Indika , Langridge Alexander , Sayar Zara , Perelta Maria R. , Essex Sarah , Oakes Roderick , Mounter Philip , Lewis Sarah , Dutt Tina , Scott Ian , Aung Nini , Shapiro Susie , Laffan Mike , Arachchillage Deepa R. J. 
Published: June 2021

SummaryThe impact of COVID‐19 infection on pregnant women remains relatively unknown but the physiological changes of pregnancy and hypercoagulability of COVID‐19 may further increase thrombotic risk. In this retrospective multicentre observational study, we report clinical characteristics and outcomes in 36 pregnant women requiring hospitalisation for COVID‐19 compared to a propensity‐matched cohort of non‐pregnant women. Pregnant women had a lower haemoglobin and higher lymphocyte counts but no differences in other haematological or biochemical parameters on admission compared to non‐pregnant women. There was no significant difference in the duration of hospitalisation; median two days (1–77) for pregnant versus eight days (1–49) for non‐pregnant women. A higher proportion of non‐pregnant women required mechanical ventilation [11/36 (31%) vs 3/36 (8%), P = 0·03] and received thromboprophylaxis with low‐molecular‐weight heparin (LMWH) within 24 h of admission [25/36 (69%) vs 15 /36(42%), P = 0·03] compared to pregnant women. One pregnant woman required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. The rate of thrombosis was similar in both groups (one in each group). No women developed major bleeding or died. Data suggest that although non‐pregnant women had a severe clinical course, overall outcomes were not different between women with or without pregnancy. The use of thromboprophylaxis was inconsistent, demonstrating a need for establishing evidence‐based guidance for COVID‐19 during pregnancy.