bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Congenital CMV Infection Presenting with Massive Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: deVrijer Barbra , Crowley Diana , Cosma Delaney , Muscedere Giulio , Hammond Robert 
Published: July 2021

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is among the most common of intrauterine infections against which we have no effective preventative or therapeutic options. The developing nervous system is a frequent target of CMV and while most injuries are subclinical, severe insults leading to microcephaly and migration defects are well known. A 20-week gestational age fetus was found to have several abnormalities on prenatal ultrasound, the most prominent of which was a large echogenic focus in one cerebral hemisphere. Congenital CMV infection was identified by amniocentesis and maternal serology. The pregnancy was ended by early induction of labour for a 368g stillborn infant. Postmortem examination revealed massive intracerebral hemorrhage as the correlate for the sonographic finding. The microscopic examination of the brain was also striking for extensive polymicrogyria, a high burden of CMV and abundant angiocentric CMV pathology. Catastrophic intracerebral hemorrhage has not been previously reported in association with congenital CMV infection. The present case expands the range of potential injuries the developing brain is subject to in the setting of CMV infection and raises the possibility of a direct vascular injury.Learning ObjectivesConsider intracerebral hemorrhage in the range of potential outcomes in congenital CMV infectionDescribe how polymicrogyria may result from an insult during proliferation and migrationDiscuss possible mechanisms of injury to the developing brain by CMV
Complex Protein Astrogliopathy in an Octogenarian
Authors: Kovacs G.G. , Klotz S. , Fischer P. , Hinterberger M. , Ricken G. , Hönigschnabl S. , Gelpi E. 
Published: July 2021

Combination of multiple neurodegenerative proteinopathies is frequent in the elderly. We report the case of an octogenarian who attempted suicide and deceased after hospital admission. Anatomical mapping was performed in several cortical and subcortical brain regions using antibodies against phospho-tau, 4R tau, 3R tau, phospho-TDP-43, ubiquitin, α-synuclein, Aβ and p62. Unexpectedly, histopathologic examination showed prominent subpial, subependymal, grey and white matter, and perivascular aging-related tau astrogliopathy (ARTAG) affecting cortical and subcortical brain regions. This pathology was associated with intermediate Alzheimer’s disease neuropathologic change, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, Lewy-body-type and astroglial synuclein proteinopathy and a multiple system TDP-43 proteinopathy involving also the astroglia. This unusual case of extensive and widespread ARTAG with a complex multiproteinopathy may represent an independent disease entity in the elderly with tau astrogliopathy as the leading force.Learning ObjectiveRecognize astroglial protein deposits in neurodegeneration
Somatotroph Adenoma with Dual Transcription Factor Expression
Authors: Pejhan Shervin , VanUum Stan , Duggal Neil , Rotenberg Brian , Mayich Michael , Hammond Robert , Zhang Qi 
Published: July 2021

A 20-year-old male presented with evidence of gigantism/acromegaly. Endocrinological investigations identified elevated growth hormone levels and a failed glucose tolerance test. Imaging revealed a macroadenoma expanding the sella with encroachment on the optic chiasm and cavernous sinuses. Trans-sphenoidal resection was undertaken and a gross total removal was achieved. Histopathological features were typical of a densely granulated somatotroph adenoma with abundant growth hormone expression, scattered prolactin expression and sparse examples of fibrous bodies. Unexpectedly, the adenoma not only expressed PIT-1 but also SF-1 transcription factors. This finding suggests that the adenoma may have been pluripotent. The prognostic significance of this finding is uncertain although the patient is stable from an endocrinological and imaging perspective approximately one-year post-op. A pituitary adenoma of this nature has not been previously reported. The recent literature on atypical transcription factor expression patterns and revisions to the classification of pituitary adenomas will be reviewed.Learning ObjectivesAppreciate the rarity of dual transcription factor expression in pituitary adenomasRationalize the use of transcription factor characterization in the revised WHO classification of pituitary adenomas
‘A method for safe transmission’: the microscope slides of the American Postal Microscopical Club
Authors: Beiermann Lea 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn the 1870s, microscopy societies began to proliferate in the United States. Most of these societies attracted microscopists from surrounding cities, but the American Postal Microscopical Club, modelled on the British Postal Microscopical Society, used the postal system to connect microscopists scattered across the country. Club members exchanged microscope slides and notes following a chain-letter system. The main objective of the club was to teach its members how to make permanent slides. Preparation and mounting methods required technical skill, which was, as even club members had to admit, difficult to learn without personal instruction. Yet members developed ways to share craft knowledge through the post. Drawing on the private notes of a member and published reports on the slides circulated, this paper challenges the widespread assumption that the generation of craft knowledge depended on the co-location of artisans. It argues that microscopists’ knowledge of preparation methods was intertwined with their skill in building and navigating information infrastructures, and that by tracing these infrastructures we gain a better understanding of how craft knowledge travelled in the late nineteenth century.
Elusive hypersomnolence in seasonal affective disorder: actigraphic and self-reported sleep in and out of depressive episodes
Authors: Wescott Delainey L. , Franzen Peter L. , Hasler Brant P. , Miller Megan A. , Soehner Adriane M. , Smagula Stephen F. , Wallace Meredith L. , Hall Martica H. , Roecklein Kathryn A. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundHypersomnolence has been considered a prominent feature of seasonal affective disorder (SAD) despite mixed research findings. In the largest multi-season study conducted to date, we aimed to clarify the nature and extent of hypersomnolence in SAD using multiple measurements during winter depressive episodes and summer remission.MethodsSleep measurements assessed in individuals with SAD and nonseasonal, never-depressed controls included actigraphy, daily sleep diaries, retrospective self-report questionnaires, and self-reported hypersomnia assessed via clinical interviews. To characterize hypersomnolence in SAD we (1) compared sleep between diagnostic groups and seasons, (2) examined correlates of self-reported hypersomnia in SAD, and (3) assessed agreement between commonly used measurement modalities.ResultsIn winter compared to summer, individuals with SAD (n = 64) reported sleeping 72 min longer based on clinical interviews (p < 0.001) and 23 min longer based on actigraphy (p = 0.011). Controls (n = 80) did not differ across seasons. There were no seasonal or group differences on total sleep time when assessed by sleep diaries or retrospective self-reports (p's > 0.05). Endorsement of winter hypersomnia in SAD participants was predicted by greater fatigue, total sleep time, time in bed, naps, and later sleep midpoints (p's < 0.05).ConclusionDespite a winter increase in total sleep time and year-round elevated daytime sleepiness, the average total sleep time (7 h) suggest hypersomnolence is a poor characterization of SAD. Importantly, self-reported hypersomnia captures multiple sleep disruptions, not solely lengthened sleep duration. We recommend using a multimodal assessment of hypersomnolence in mood disorders prior to sleep intervention.
The effect of food insecurity during college on graduation and type of degree attained: evidence from a nationally representative longitudinal survey
Authors: Wolfson Julia A , Insolera Noura , Cohen Alicia J , Leung Cindy W 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Objective:
To examine the effect of food insecurity during college on graduation and degree attainment.

Design:
Secondary analysis of longitudinal panel data. We measured food insecurity concurrent with college enrollment using the 18-question USDA Household Food Security Survey Module. Educational attainment was measured in 2015-2017 via two questions about college completion and highest degree attained. Logistic and multinomial-logit models adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics were estimated.

Setting:
United States (US)

Participants:
A nationally representative, balanced panel of 1,574 college students in the US in 1999-2003 with follow-up through 2015-2017 from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics.

Results:
In 1999-2003, 14.5% of college students were food insecure and were more likely to be older, non-White, and first-generation students. In adjusted models, food insecurity was associated with lower odds of college graduation (OR 0.57, 95% CI: 0.37, 0.88, p=0.01) and lower likelihood of obtaining a Bachelor’s degree (RRR 0.57 95% CI: 0.35, 0.92, p=0.02) or graduate/professional degree (RRR 0.39, 95% CI: 0.17, 0.86, p=0.022). These associations were more pronounced among first-generation students. 47.2% of first-generation students who experienced food insecurity graduated from college; food insecure first-generation students were less likely to graduate compared to first-generation students who were food secure (47.2% vs. 59.3%, p=0.020) and non-first-generation students who were food insecure (47.2% vs. 65.2%, p=0.037).

Conclusions:
Food insecurity during college is a barrier to graduation and higher degree attainment, particularly for first-generation students. Existing policies and programs that help mitigate food insecurity should be expanded and more accessible to the college student population.
Insecurity and the reintegration of former armed non-state actors in Colombia
Authors: Meernik James , Gaviria Henao Juan , Baron-Mendoza Laura 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we focus on the completion of a government reintegration program in Colombia for former non-state armed actors, such as rebel forces and militias, in the post-conflict period. As the members of these groups lay down their arms and return to a peaceful existence, the effectiveness of their transition to ‘normal’ lives can be critical in preventing the re-emergence of conflict and violence. Former combatants face numerous challenges and hardships such as criminal violence, political violence, economic hardship that, if not properly addressed, may increase the likelihood that some of them become involved in criminal work, political violence, or other activities that undermine peace. We develop a theory of the impact of violence and insecurity challenges facing former, non-state armed actors (henceforth, ANSAs). We suggest that the numerous challenges involved in leading a normal life under conditions of abnormal security will likely make successful completion of government reintegration programs more difficult for ANSAs. We also consider and account for the powerful effects of gender and family in the successful completion of a reintegration program. We test our theoretical model on the successful completion of a government reintegration program in Colombia, and test our hypotheses on a large database of ANSAs. We find support for our hypotheses, as well as social factors that greatly influenced the likelihood of successful completion of the Colombian government’s reintegration program.
Private Processes and Public Values: Disciplining Trade in Forest and Ecosystem Risk Commodities via Non-Financial Due Diligence
Authors: Partiti Enrico 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis article takes stock of the many private and public instruments enacted transnationally to tackle the pressing problem of deforestation, ecosystem conversion, and associated human rights violations caused by international demand for and trade in agricultural commodities. The article argues that non-financial due diligence based on no-conversion criteria, and in line with the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, holds considerable potential for ensuring deforestation-free value chains by enrolling and scaling up firm-level supply-chain management systems and private standards. The article introduces the main features of a possible European Union measure that disciplines via non-financial due diligence the placing on the market of commodities and products associated with deforestation, ecosystem conversion, degradation of forests and ecosystems, and associated human rights violations. Such a measure would also have the effect of streamlining initiatives enacted by private authority.
Association Between Cognitive Decline and Oral Health Status in the Aging Population
Authors: Bumb Swapnil Sunil , Govindan Charu Chitra , Kadtane Safalya S. , Chawla Roshani , Gupta Ruchika , Khoriya Sarvesh S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract. Background: To date, no longitudinal prospective study has investigated the association between oral health status and cognitive decline in the geriatric Indian population, possibly because past studies differed in their target groups and methodologies. We investigated the association between tooth loss, as evaluated through clinical oral examinations, and the development of cognitive decline in older adults while considering baseline cognitive function. Objectives: This study served to find an association between oral health status and the subsequent development of cognitive decline in older adults of Maharashtra state while considering baseline cognitive function. Material and Methods: This 5-year prospective cohort study followed 140 participants without cognitive impairment aged ≥ 65 years (mean age: 70.9 ± 4.3 years) living in the Dhule region of Maharashtra, India. Cognitive function was evaluated with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) in baseline and follow-up surveys, while oral health examination was carried out using Oral Hygiene Index. To investigate the association between oral health status and cognitive decline, we applied a multiple logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, cerebrovascular/cardiovascular disease, hypercholesterolemia, depressive symptoms, body mass index, smoking status, drinking status, duration of education, and baseline MMSE score. Results: In the 5 years after the baseline survey, we obtained an overall incidence of 20.71% in the population that developed cognitive decline (i.e., MMSE scores of ≤ 24). A multivariable logistic regression analysis indicated that participants with compromised oral health were more likely to develop cognitive decline than those with mild to moderate oral health were (odds ratio: 3.31; 95% confidence interval: 1.07–10.2). Age, male sex, and baseline MMSE scores were also significantly associated with cognitive decline. Conclusion: Among the geriatric population of India, poor oral health status was independently associated with the development of cognitive decline within 5 years. This finding corroborates the hypothesis that oral health may be a predictor or risk factor for cognitive decline.
Variability in Indonesian Throughflow Upper Hydrology in Response to Precession‐Induced Tropical Climate Processes Over the Past 120 kyr
Authors: Zhang Peng , Xu Jian , Beil Sebastian , Holbourn Ann , Kuhnt Wolfgang , Li Tiegang , Xiong Zhifang , Yan Hong , Cui Rui , Liu Heng , Wu Hanning 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe Indonesian Throughflow (ITF), as the sole low‐latitude conduit connecting the Pacific and Indian Oceans, regulates the thermohaline balance between these oceans. Thus, investigating the variability in the ITF and its relationship with the precessional forcing is crucial for understanding the drivers of tropical climate change. Here, we reconstruct the history of the ITF over the past ∼120 kyr based on high‐resolution (∼400 years) δ18O and Mg/Ca records of Globigerinoides ruber and Pulleniatina obliquiloculata from core SO217‐18540 retrieved from the Flores Sea upwelling region within the main pathway of the ITF. A comparison of these new records with published paleo‐oceanographic and climatological data from the western tropical Pacific Ocean suggests that annual mean conditions in the Flores Sea were controlled by ITF variability rather than by monsoonal upwelling. Our results further indicate that precessional insolation was a major forcing for the hydrological evolution of the ITF during the past 120 kyr. We suggest that the precessional insolation forcing paced ITF variability by modulating the mean state of El Niño‐Southern Oscillation‐like conditions and latitudinal shifts and/or expansion/contraction of the Intertropical Convergence Zone.
Crustal SiO2 Content of the Emeishan Large Igneous Province and its Implications for Magma Volume and Plumbing System
Authors: Li Wei , Chen Yun , Xu Yi‐Gang 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe Permian Emeishan large igneous province (LIP) in Southwestern China is recognized as a remnant of mantle plume activity. Its crust composition has a significant bearing on understanding the magmatic plumbing system in a LIP and the volume of magmas generated, which is critical to the viability of the mantle plume model and its potential environmental impact but is difficult to constrain. Here, a SiO2‐VP/VS‐VS relationship, compiled from existing laboratory measurements, is used to estimate the crustal SiO2 content of the Emeishan LIP based on the joint constraint of the crustal bulk VP/VS ratio and average VS. The crust underneath the northeastern inner zone of the Emeishan LIP has a SiO2 content of ∼55.7 wt%, in contrast with the bulk continental crust's SiO2 content of 62.1 ± 2.1 wt% but largely overlapping with the exposed mafic‐ultramafic intrusions. Such an unusually “mafic” crust is attributable to the intensive magmatic underplating and intraplating associated with the Emeishan mantle plume. It further allows a minimum estimate of the volume of ∼1.45 × 106 km3 for erupted magmas and ∼2.39 × 106 km3 for total emplaced magmas, which is comparable to the volume of typical plume‐generated LIPs.
The Role of Strong Meridional Neutral Winds in the Formation of Deep Equatorial Ionization Trough in CHAMP Observations
Authors: Tian Yaoyu , Hao Yongqiang , Li Quanhan , Guo Jianguang , Zhang Xiaoxin , Zhang Donghe , Xiao Zuo 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIonospheric plasma density data from the Planar Langmuir Probe onboard the CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) are used to investigate the latitudinal profile of the ionospheric plasma density. Along with the well‐known profiles with features of the equatorial ionization anomaly and equatorial plasma bubbles, a third type is observed as smooth profiles with large‐scale deep equatorial trough (DET) where the plasma density is extremely low. A global survey focusing on magnetically quiet conditions reveals that the DET profiles are generally a post‐sunset phenomenon, and their appearance depends on longitude and season. During equinoxes in active solar years, the strong pre‐reversal enhancement electric field is believed to uplift the ionosphere and produce the DET profiles. While around June solstice, the DET profiles are clustered at W– E longitude, where the zonal electric field is weak but the magnetic meridional component of the neutral wind is most significant. The SAMI2 model is then employed to simulate the ionospheric plasma distribution in the magnetic meridional plane with enhanced neutral wind, which successfully reproduced the main features of the observed DET profile. The results indicate that the neutral wind can obviously affect the equatorial ionosphere by transporting plasma in the magnetic flux tube through neutral‐ion interaction. The neutral wind is previously known to work with the inclined magnetic field at mid‐latitude, while this study emphasizes its effect around the magnetic equator especially when the electric field forcing () is weak or absent.
Characterization of Wind‐Blown Sand With Near‐Wall Motions and Turbulence: From Grain‐Scale Distributions to Sediment Transport
Authors: Jin Ting , Wang Ping , Zheng Xiaojing 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe impact and lift‐off parameters of particles play a key role in the understanding of the saltation mechanisms in aeolian environment. However, limitations of experimental instruments and numerical simulation may result in unreliable motion parameters near the bed surface. Here, we report on the impact and lift‐off parameters of saltating particles in wind‐blown sand predicted with Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) or large eddy simulation (LES) and the three‐dimensional stochastic particle‐bed collision model. Simulation results showed new phenomena, including: (a) a reduced mean impact velocity and an increased probability of lift‐off velocities distribution at left extreme with increasing free stream velocity, and (b) two peaks of the impact angle distribution. These phenomena disappear when the statistical height is increased to five times the particle diameter, suggesting that the near‐wall motions are not negligible. In addition, when turbulence is considered and wind velocity increases, the extreme value of velocity distribution increases, impact angle distribution shows a longer tail, and mean impact and lift‐off parameters increase (except impact velocity). We conclude that new velocity distribution with near‐wall motions and turbulence will significantly improve the prediction of aeolian transport flux.
Evaluation of the New Background Covariance Model for the Ionospheric Data Assimilation
Authors: Forsythe Victoriya V. , Azeem Irfan , Blay Ryan , Crowley Geoff , Gasperini Federico , Hughes Joe , Makarevich Roman A. , Wu Wanli 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis paper presents the evaluation of the recently developed covariance model for the Ionospheric Data Assimilation Four‐Dimensional (IDA4D) technique. The ionospheric data are generated using the Observation System Simulation Experiment Tool from the known ionospheric state produced by the physics‐based Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Mesosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model. Several experiments are conducted to assess performance of IDA4D with data‐driven vertical and horizontal covariance matrices. We show that the vertical part of the covariance model plays the most important role because it preserves the vertical structure of the F‐region density layer and helps to correct a tomographic issue that arises when the slant total electron content is assimilated along the intersecting rays. The results show that the new covariance model improves the fidelity of IDA4D algorithm, making it more suitable for the regional assimilation with dense ground‐based Global Positioning System data coverage.
In Memoriam
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: July 2021

William B. Joyner died on March 30, 2001, at age 70. He had been an AGU member (Seismology) since 1953.Bradford Sturtevant died in October 2000, at age 67. He had been an AGU member (Volcanology Geochemistry, Petrology) since 1985.