bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fuzzy Model Reference Learning Control of Aircraft Forebody Model
Authors: Grudzinski James J. , Tarabishy Mohamed Nabeel 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Due to flow asymmetries created in the tip region, aircraft forebodies can experience large net side forces at high angles of attack. It has been shown that these forces can be controlled by the use of suction in the tip region. For this purpose, a control system that manipulated the flow near the tip was tested on an aircraft forebody model in a wind tunnel. Utilizing a conventional PD algorithm, the system was able to control the forebody satisfactorily when tuned for a particular Reynolds number; but the performance degraded as the Reynolds number was changed. Fuzzy logic control (FLC) was then applied and shown to be more robust than PD. However, the FLC also showed some degradation for flows at different Reynolds numbers. To address this problem, an adaptive fuzzy controller was used. This paper discusses fuzzy model reference learning control (FMRLC) as applied to the aircraft model. It is shown that FMRLC is able to quickly and automatically generate a rule base to control the model. It is then shown that he FMRLC is able to modify it’s rule base and adapt in real time when the Reynolds number of the system changes.
Criteria for Recovery of Zero Initial Condition Responses of Unstable Plants Under Input Saturation
Authors: Wu Wei , Jayasuriya Suhada 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we consider the sufficient and/or necessary conditions under which responses of unstable plants with zero initial conditions would be bounded under step inputs. Several possible unstable pole patterns are examined, and corresponding criteria are derived. It is shown that an unstable plant can be stabilized to have bounded responses using an alternate step input sequence. Step inputs simulate the saturated inputs in a feedback system with bounded control, where the closed-loop stability of an unstable plant is really difficult to study. Results from this open-loop study may lend some insight into the analysis and design of such feedback systems under input saturation nonlinearities.
Towards a Simulation Knowledge Network With Application to Coupled Physiological Systems
Authors: Gu Bei , Asada H. Harry 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A new approach is proposed for the simulation of interacting human physiological subsystems. The new simulation environment will allow users to build, analyze and solve coupled physiological system models based on available distributed subsystem models. The subsystem models as an abstract form of physiological knowledge are shared through the Internet. The simulation knowledge network includes a distributed model database, an information server, and an analysis and solution environment that can be downloaded from the server. To represent the coupled system, we use Differential Algebraic Equations (DAE) as the basic format. There are three common sources of algebraic constraints in models of physiological systems. They are causal conflict, simulation optimization, and multistage processes. The singularly perturbed sliding manifolds method is chosen for solving DAEs. Possible future improvements are discussed. Examples of simulation of coupled circulatory, thermoregulatory, and renal systems are presented to demonstrate the simulation environment.
Realization of an Arbitrary Elastic Behavior With an Elastic Mechanism Having Concurrent Axes
Authors: Huang Shuguang , Schimmels Joseph M. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In this paper, synthesis of an arbitrary elastic behavior with an elastic mechanism is addressed. The mechanisms considered are parallel and serial mechanisms with concurrent axes. We show that any stiffness matrix can be realized through a parallel mechanism with all spring axes intersecting at a unique point. This point is shown to be the center of stiffness. We also show that any compliance matrix can be realized through a serial mechanism with all joint axes intersecting at a unique point. This point is shown to be the center of compliance. Synthesis procedures for mechanisms with these properties are provided.
Assembly of Hybrid Magnetic Microdevices
Authors: Vikramaditya Barmeshwar , Nelson B. J. , Yang Ge , Enikov Eniko T. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In this paper we present results of our task of assembly of hybrid magnetic MEMS devices. The contact phase of assembly for MEMS devices is complicated by the presence of surface effect and magnetic forces. This forces a path planning strategy that accounts for the mechanics of part interactions at such scales for all contact phases in order to guarantee successful and repeatable assemblies. To validate and demonstrate the applicability of microassembly strategies, we have developed a flexible automated microassembly workcell with integrated part handling skills which is also described.
Development of a Piezoelectrically-Actuated Mesoscale Robot Quadruped
Authors: Gogola Michael , Goldfarb Michael 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper describes a minimalist mobile robot design approach that offers a high locomotive efficiency, and is therefore well suited to mesoscale robot design. The authors have incorporated this approach into the development of a dynamically controlled piezoelectrically actuated mesoscale robot quadruped. The design described utilizes a lightly damped skeletal structure that generates locomotion when vibrationally excited at a skeletal resonance by two piezoelectric unimorph actuators. The skeletal structure consists of four articulated legs used to produce a trot type gait. Each articulated leg moves in two degrees of freedom to create elliptical foot motions that enhance locomotion efficiency and rough surface capability. Directional control is achieved by tuning each leg to a slightly different resonant frequency, so that differential control of leg amplitude can be achieved by modulation of the actuator excitation frequency. Compact power electronics have been developed and self-powered (i.e., battery-powered) operation has been demonstrated. This paper describes the design of the robot quadruped, which has a footprint that measures 9 cm × 6.5 cm and weighs 51 grams without the electronics and 104 grams with them. Data is presented that characterizes the average speed and typical power consumption of the robot at various excitation frequencies.
Dynamics and Control of a 4C Mechanism
Authors: Hanchak Michael S. , Kashani Reza , Murray Andrew P. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper presents the dynamics and control of a two degree-of-freedom 4C mechanism synthesized to guide a body through a spatial trajectory. A CC dyad, a coupling of fixed and moving cylindric or C joints, can be designed to reach five spatial positions. Two seperate CC dyads designed to reach three positions are rigidly connected between the two moving C joints defining the 4C mechanism presented. Constrained Lagrangian formulation was used to determine the actuator forcing for a desired trajectory of the input joint (both displacement and rotation). The mechansim was implemented and controlled in ADAMS© software using a feed-forward, feedback control scheme. This technique produced a realistic model with excellent trajectory following characteristics.
Fingernail Sensors for Measurement of Fingertip Touch Force and Finger Posture
Authors: Mascaro Stephen , Asada H. Harry 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Improvements on the wearable fingernail sensor are presented. By measuring changes in the color pattern of the human fingernail, the sensor is capable of detecting finger posture as well as touch forces which are applied to the fingertip. The fingernail is instrumented with a fitted sensor containing arrays of miniature LEDs and photodiodes that measure the blood content underneath the nail. Dynamic pattern recognition is used to differentiate between changes due to touching and bending. Since the sensor is mounted on the fingernail, touch forces can be measured without covering the fingerpad and obstructing the human’s natural haptic sense. Similarly, finger bending can be measured without wearing a glove that hampers the motion of the fingers. This paper briefly discusses design of the sensors, and then demonstrates sensor capabilities for both touch force and posture measurement.
Translating In-Parallel Actuated Mechanisms for Haptic Feedback
Authors: Frisoli A. , Checcacci D. , Salsedo F. , Bergamasco M. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper introduces a novel design method based on Lie algebra to identify some screw systems that maintain invariable kinematic properties for finite motions. The results are applied to the synthesis and evaluation of novel translating in-parallel actuated mechanisms for haptic feedback.
Effects of Plastic Properties of Adherends on the Stress and Strength of Adhesive Joints
Authors: Liu Jiemin , Sawa Toshiyuki 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Effects of the plastic properties of adherends, such as yield stress, post-yield slop, ultimate stress, on the stress and strain distributions in adhesive and the strength of single-lap adhesive joints subjected to external tensile loads are examined by elasto-plastic finite element analysis. It is found that the gradient of stresses in the vicinity of the edge of adhesive interface reduces, and the joint strength increases as the yield stress of adherends increases in the situation plastic deformation of the adherends takes place. However, the yield stress will not affect the joint strength in the case where the joint strength is so small that the adherends are still in elastic state when the rupture takes place from the adhesive interfaces. The stress gradient in the vicinity of the edge of the adhesive interface decreases and the joint strength increases as the post-yield slope of the adherends increases when the joint is ruptured due to the plastic hardening of the adherends. In general, the ultimate stress of the adherends will not affect the joint strength for metal/epoxy/metal joints.
Bench-Top Validation Tests for Tissue-Engineered Arteries
Authors: Quee Shawn Chin , Han Hai-Chao , Ku David N. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Standard tests are needed for evaluating and comparing the mechanical and biological functions of tissue engineered arteries and other vascular grafts. We propose an ex vivo organ culture system as a living system for testing tissue-engineered vascular grafts. This bench-top organ culture system mimics the physiological environment of arteries including the flow, pressure, and the axial stretch. Arterial mechanical properties and physiologic functions including compliance, burst pressure, and contractile functions can be assessed before an expensive long-term animal test is initiated. Test results of natural arteries indicate that organ culture is a valid model for comprehensive evaluation of tissue-engineered vascular grafts.
Cathodal Migration of Chondrocytes to Applied DC Electric Fields: Effects of Neomycin
Authors: Chao Pen-hsiu G. , Liu Wendy , Roy Rani , Mauck Robert L. , Hung Clark T. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Cultured chondrocytes exhibit cathodal migration when subjected to applied direct current (DC) electric fields [1]. Our studies showed a 2-fold enhancement in migratory velocity at physiologic temperature (∼37°C) compared to room temperature (∼25°C). The inositol phosphate pathway antagonists, U-73122 and neomycin, were found to inhibit the directed response, indicating that it may be involved in chondrocyte migration. Further understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying chondrocyte migration and galvanotaxis may contribute to the development of new strategies for cartilage repair.
Mechanical Loading and Articular Cartilage Metabolism
Authors: Smith Robert Lane 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Articular cartilage provides diarthrodial joints with a loading-bearing surface that ensures functional motility. The physical characteristics of articular cartilage originate with the highly organized matrix of extracellular macromolecules that provide structural elements to the tissue. The matrix specialization rests with specific proteins produced by the cartilage cells, the chondrocytes that undergo extensive post-translational modification through addition of sulfated glycosaminoglycan and oligosaccharides. The matrix proteins fall into three major categories, the collagens, the proteoglycans and the glycoproteins, with each group contributing unique properties to cartilage form and function.
Albumin Uptake Into Endothelial Cells in Separated Flow
Authors: Kudo Susumu , Yamaguchi Ryuhei , Sato Masashi , Oka Kotaro , Tanishita Kazuo 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to reveal the albumin uptake into endothelial cells in the separated flow area. After 24 hr of exposure to flow induced in a back step flow channel, the endothelial cells were incubated in 37°C for 60 minutes in PBS containing tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate conjugated albumin (TRITC-albumin). Thereafter, the cell morphology and the albumin uptake were observed by a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). In a low shear stress area (stagnant and reattachment areas), the cells aligned randomly. In a high shear stress area (reversal and fully developed areas), the cells were elongated and aligned to flow direction. In low-shear-stress and high-shear-stress gradient areas (reattachment areas), the amount of albumin uptake into the cells was the largest in all areas. These data indicate that shear stress and shear stress gradient affect the endothelial cell morphology and the albumin uptake into endothelial cells.
Computational Mechanical Analysis of the Platelets Behavior in the Blood Flow Using Discrete Element Method
Authors: Miyazaki Hisako , Liu Hao , Yamaguchi Takami 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Platelets play an important role in blood coagulation, particularly in the formation of primary thrombi. It is thought that the aggregation of platelets, which initiates primary thrombi formation, is mediated by a macromolecule called von Willebrand Factor (vWF). vWF is a long chain macromolecule that exists in the blood flow as a soluble form and in the vessel wall as an insoluble form. Figure 1 schematically shows normal (a) and pathological (b) thrombus formation processes as illustrated by Ikeda (1998) In both cases, platelets adhere to the injured vessel wall and then form a thrombus in cooperation with the fibrin network, red cells, and other blood constituents. vWF is thought to play a more important role in pathological thrombosis formation than in the normal hemostatic process, particularly due to its ability to react to hemodynamic stress.
Using Computer Aided Speckle Interferometry to Measure Deformation in the Nonbeating Perfused Rabbit Heart
Authors: Gaudette Glenn R. , Krukenkamp Irvin B. , Todaro Joseph , Chiang Fu-Pen , Guan E. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Many diseases result in a heterogeneous distribution of regional function. This results in the need for a technique that can accurately measure deformation with high spatial resolution. We have developed computer aided speckle interferometry (CASI) to accomplish this task. Instead of tracking individual particles, CASI tracks clusters of particles. An isolated rabbit heart was arrested, and data was acquired in the perfused state, globally ischemic (15 min) state and reperfused state (10 min). CASI was used to determine the simultaneous deformation of over 1,000 points located in a region approximately 5.5 × 5.5 mm. A balloon was inserted into the left ventricle, and balloon pressure was increased from 5 to 20 mmHg. Ischemia and reperfusion resulted in a change in the epicardial deformation, leading to a change in principle strain from 2.8% to 4.5% (ischemia) to 2.8% (reperfused). A change in principle angle was also seen, with a 43° increase with 15 minutes of ischemia, and only a 10° change with reperfusion. In summary, we have a novel technique to measure regional deformation with high spatial resolution and found differences in the perfusion status of the heart.
Characterization of Enbucrilate Kinetics in a Model of Arteriovenous Malformation in Swine
Authors: Divani A. A. , Lieber B. B. , Wakhloo A. K. , Hopkins L. N. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Endovascular embolization of cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) has become an acceptable treatment. One commonly used embolic agent is n-butyl 2-cyanoacrylate (NBCA). The key to curative embolization of an AVM is complete glue casting of the arteriovenous transition (nidus) that requires precise knowledge of NBCA polymerization dynamics and its interaction with the arterial wall. We have created a model of a human AVM [1] in the rete of swine to investigate NBCA behavior. Embolizations were performed in both in acutely prepared endovascular AVM models as well as in surgically prepared AVM models where the vasculature was allowed to adjust to altered hemodynamic conditions. 30 AVM models were created and five embolic agent compositions were used to embolize the retia, yielding six samples for each glue composition. The retia were harvested and high-resolution radiographic images were obtained. The images were analyzed for penetration depth of the various mixtures vis-a-vis the prevailing hemodynamic condition just prior to embolization. Image processing tools and mathematical modeling were applied to predict the behavior of NBCA polymerization.
Investment Cast Biomedical Implants From Rapid Prototyping and Tooling Techniques
Authors: Walsh K. P. , Boyle D. G. , Wimpenny D. I. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Traditionally investment casting of biomedical implants has utilized the lost wax process, this paper is an investigation into the possibilities of casting small lots of custom specific medical implants directly and indirectly from various rapid prototyping & tooling techniques. Small batch quantities for quick turn arounds cost and lead times are the main contributing factors for the purpose of this investigation.
To directly produce parts means that a RP model will be used in the place of the wax pattern in the investment casting process.
To indirectly produce parts means that a mould, which has been generated from RP&T techniques, will be used to manufacture wax patterns that will then in turn be used to investment cast the parts.
The device to be manufactured is a non-sterile, referred to as ‘trial’ prosthetic implant. The implant is used by the operating surgeon to check the ‘fit’ of the cavity that will be made to receive the prosthesis plus bone cement that will be used to fix the implant in place.
Rotator Cuff Tendinosis in an Animal Model: The Role of Extrinsic and Overuse Factors
Authors: Thomopoulos S. , Esmail A. , Williamson J. D. , Flanagan C. L. , Iannotti J. P. , Carpenter J. E. , Soslowsky L. J. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
One of the most common soft tissue injuries of the musculoskeletal system is injury to the rotator cuff tendons of the shoulder. These injuries are commonly attributed to factors such as overuse activity and extrinsic compression. Previous studies on the rotator cuff have been based on surgical reconstructive or clinical retrospective standpoints and were not designed to test hypotheses related to the causes of rotator cuff tendinosis. Our previous study has identified the rat as an appropriate in vivo animal model in which to study rotator cuff disease based on anatomic and functional similarities [1]. The current study uses this animal model to study the roles of extrinsic compression, overuse, and overuse combined with extrinsic compression, on the development of rotator cuff tendinosis. It was hypothesized that a single injury factor would be insufficient to create persistent tendinosis and a combination of injury factors would be necessary.
Investigation of Forces Imposed Upon the Wrist During Activities of Daily Living
Authors: Nowak Michael D. , Rideout Christina J. , Newport Mary L. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Injury to the wrist commonly results from a traumatic blow or repetitive loading. The effects that these incidents have upon the wrist depend primarily upon the magnitude of force, the point of application, the direction of application, and the rate of loading. Most repetitive loading injuries occur in athletes (Rettig and Patel, 1995). However, concern has been growing among clinicians about wrist injuries caused by repetitive loading that occurs during activities of daily living (ADL) (Malchaire et al., 1996).
The purpose of this research was to investigate the amount of force applied to the wrist during various ADL. Hand contact forces were measured while subjects pushed on a door handle, did a standard push-up, and used their arms to help stand from a chair.
Polymerization of Enbucrilate/Lipiodol Mixtures In Vivo
Authors: Gounis Matthew J. , Lieber Baruch B. , Hopkins L. Nelson 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Embolization is an endovascular procedure used to treat cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). AVMs are pathological shunts between arteries and veins, which bypass normal brain structures. An embolic agent commonly used to occlude AVMs is n-butyl 2-cyanoacrylate (NBCA). Although NBCA has shown to be efficacious for this application, precise knowledge of its polymerization process in vivo is needed. Inadvertent occlusion of arterial feeders proximal to the AVM nidus will occur when polymerization of NBCA is too rapid. This may lead to revascularization of the AVM. Conversely, long polymerization times may result in the occlusion of draining veins, with subsequent brain hemorrhage and pulmonary emboli. It is therefore critical to understand the kinetics of the polymerization process to obtain a complete glue cast of the arteriovenous transition (nidus) thus, yielding safe obliteration of the AVM.
In order to elucidate the polymerization kinetics of NBCA, we examined the embolization process in the femoral and subclavian arteries of the rabbit. Various embolic agents composed of NBCA/lipiodol mixtures with and without the addition of glacial acetic acid (GAA) were injected. Blood flow through the femoral and subclavian arteries was measured prior to and during embolization. All studies were recorded with high-speed digital subtraction angiography (DSA). Preliminary analysis of the data suggests that flow decay during embolization exhibits a behavior that can be modeled via a lagged-normal density curve. Optimized model parameters vis a vis the experimental data are related to the polymerization kinetics. These parameters can be used to form a quantitative basis of comparison for the various liquid embolic mixtures.
Biological Responses of Fibroblasts to Cyclic Stretching: A Novel Culture Model Study
Authors: Wang James H.-C. , Stone David , Jia Fengyan , Celechovsky Chris , Woo Savio L.-Y. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Because of the advantage of better control of experimental conditions, in vitro model systems have been developed to examine the effects of mechanical loading on cells. Previous studies have shown that cyclic stretching causes cells to change orientation, proliferation and gene expression (Buck et al., 1980; Wang et al., 1995; Leung et al., 1976). However, one drawback of these model systems is that they are unable to control cell alignment and shape, and in addition, some provide heterogeneous strains to cells during stretching (See review by Schaffer, 1994). Consequently, cellular responses in these systems may not be similar to those in vivo. For example, tendon and ligament fibroblasts align with collagen fibers in vivo and are hence subjected to stretching along the tissue long axis. In contrast, in many existing systems, cells either randomly orient or orient away from the stretching direction.