bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Policy Decoupled from Practice: Children’s Participation in Swedish Social Assistance
Authors: Pålsson David , Wiklund Stefan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In many countries, there are calls for children to be allowed to participate in social work decision-making. This article analyses child participation vis-à-vis social assistance (SA), which is a municipal cash benefit representing the last safety net. In Sweden, SA is part of the professional field of social work and national policy recommends that children are consulted. The aim is to analyse local policies and practices regarding child participation, and the data are based on case studies in six social service offices. Unlike most participation studies, children’s participation is conceived as an institutional pressure and the concept of decoupling is used to examine how local authorities relate to participation. The findings show that in local policies there is a general openness towards participation, but in practice no efforts are being made to promote participation. The absence of participation is analysed as deriving from organisational barriers (practices are adult-centred and child welfare units are seen as responsible for participation) and the scepticism of social workers (participation is an infringement on parental obligations and children should be protected from involvement in financial issues). The article ends with a discussion on the decoupling and adequacy of children’s participation in settings comparable with Swedish SA.
Rapid Neural Representations of Personally Relevant Faces
Authors: Bayer Mareike , Berhe Oksana , Dziobek Isabel , Johnstone Tom 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The faces of those most personally relevant to us are our primary source of social information, making their timely perception a priority. Recent research indicates that gender, age and identity of faces can be decoded from EEG/MEG data within 100 ms. Yet, the time course and neural circuitry involved in representing the personal relevance of faces remain unknown. We applied simultaneous EEG-fMRI to examine neural responses to emotional faces of female participants’ romantic partners, friends, and a stranger. Combining EEG and fMRI in cross-modal representational similarity analyses, we provide evidence that representations of personal relevance start prior to structural encoding at 100 ms, with correlated representations in visual cortex, but also in prefrontal and midline regions involved in value representation, and monitoring and recall of self-relevant information. Our results add to an emerging body of research that suggests that models of face perception need to be updated to account for rapid detection of personal relevance in cortical circuitry beyond the core face processing network.
Modernized uniform representation of carbohydrate molecules in the Protein Data Bank
Authors: Shao Chenghua , Feng Zukang , Westbrook John D , Peisach Ezra , Berrisford John , Ikegawa Yasuyo , Kurisu Genji , Velankar Sameer , Burley Stephen K , Young Jasmine Y 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Since 1971, the Protein Data Bank (PDB) has served as the single global archive for experimentally determined 3D structures of biological macromolecules made freely available to the global community according to the FAIR principles of Findability–Accessibility–Interoperability–Reusability. During the first 50 years of continuous PDB operations, standards for data representation have evolved to better represent rich and complex biological phenomena. Carbohydrate molecules present in more than 14,000 PDB structures have recently been reviewed and remediated to conform to a new standardized format. This machine-readable data representation for carbohydrates occurring in the PDB structures and the corresponding reference data improves the findability, accessibility, interoperability and reusability of structural information pertaining to these molecules. The PDB Exchange MacroMolecular Crystallographic Information File data dictionary now supports (i) standardized atom nomenclature that conforms to International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry-International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUPAC-IUBMB) recommendations for carbohydrates, (ii) uniform representation of branched entities for oligosaccharides, (iii) commonly used linear descriptors of carbohydrates developed by the glycoscience community and (iv) annotation of glycosylation sites in proteins. For the first time, carbohydrates in PDB structures are consistently represented as collections of standardized monosaccharides, which precisely describe oligosaccharide structures and enable improved carbohydrate visualization, structure validation, robust quantitative and qualitative analyses, search for dendritic structures and classification. The uniform representation of carbohydrate molecules in the PDB described herein will facilitate broader usage of the resource by the glycoscience community and researchers studying glycoproteins.
Integrative genomics analysis reveals a 21q22.11 locus contributing risk to COVID-19
Authors: Ma Yunlong , Huang Yukuan , Zhao Sen , Yao Yinghao , Zhang Yaru , Qu Jia , Wu Nan , Su Jianzhong 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The systematic identification of host genetic risk factors is essential for the understanding and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). By performing a meta-analysis of two independent genome-wide association summary datasets (N = 680 128), a novel locus at 21q22.11 was identified to be associated with COVID-19 infection (rs9976829 in IFNAR2-IL10RB, odds ratio = 1.16, 95% confidence interval = 1.09–1.23, P = 2.57 × 10−6). The rs9976829 represents a strong splicing quantitative trait locus for both IFNAR2 and IL10RB genes, especially in lung tissue (P = 1.8 × 10−24). Integrative genomics analysis of combining genome-wide association study with expression quantitative trait locus data showed the expression variations of IFNAR2 and IL10RB have prominent effects on COVID-19 in various types of tissues, especially in lung tissue. The majority of IFNAR2-expressing cells were dendritic cells (40%) and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (38.5%), and IL10RB-expressing cells were mainly nonclassical monocytes (29.6%). IFNAR2 and IL10RB are targeted by several interferons-related drugs. Together, our results uncover 21q22.11 as a novel susceptibility locus for COVID-19, in which individuals with G alleles of rs9976829 have a higher probability of COVID-19 susceptibility than those with non-G alleles.
Hate Speech and the European Court of Human Rights: Whatever Happened to the Right to Offend, Shock or Disturb?
Authors: Mchangama Jacob , Alkiviadou Natalie 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In Handyside v. The United Kingdom, the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) held that the right to freedom of expression, as provided for in Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights protects not only expressions that are favorably received but also those that ‘offend, shock or disturb’. 1 Yet, the Court has since developed a substantial body of inconsistent case-law allowing restrictions on ‘hate speech’ that severely questions the degree to which offensive, shocking and disturbing speech is truly protected by the ECHR. Against a qualitative and quantitative backdrop, the authors argue that the Court and previously the Commission, have adopted an overly restrictive approach to hate speech, which fails to provide adequate protection to political speech on controversial issues, including criticism of public officials and government institutions and has created an inconsistent and even arbitrary body of case law. Instead, jurisdictions that recognize a need to balance the freedom of expression with limits on hate speech have adopted more convincing approaches of hate speech, providing a robust protection of free speech while leaving room for the State to curtail the most extreme forms of non-violent hate speech.
Tracheobronchial stents in patients with malignant airway disease: Finnish tertiary care experience
Authors: Routila Johannes , Herhi Eino , Korpi Jarkko , Pulkkinen Jaakko , Koivunen Petri , Rekola Jami 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
Tracheobronchial stenting has an established role in the palliation of malignant central airway obstruction (CAO). The purpose of this study is to describe the experience with self-expanding metal airway stents in 2 tertiary referral centres, covering a third of the population of Finland.

METHODS
Patients referred to and treated with airway stenting for malignant CAO using self-expanding metal-stents were identified from electronic patient records, and data were collected using a structured Endoscopic Lower Airway Management instrument. Statistical analysis to reveal factors affecting patient benefit and survival was carried out.

RESULTS
A total of 101 patients (mean age 65.8) and 116 procedures were identified. Procedure-related mortality was rare (3/101 patients) and complications infrequent. The median survival was 2.3 months [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.4–3.1). Stent benefit was not significantly affected by clinical characteristics. Survival was impacted by the use of adjunct procedures [hazard ratio (HR) 0.36, 95% CI: 0.23–0.58, P &lt; 0.001), procedural urgency (HR 0.40; 95% CI: 0.23–0.71, P = 0.002) and post-treatment chemoradiotherapy (HR 0.29, 95% CI: 0.15–0.56, P &lt; 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS
The beneficial impact observed supports the further use of tracheobronchial stenting in malignant CAO. The use of self-expanding metal stents is encouraged.
Early Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy Following In Utero HIV Infection Is Associated With Low Viral Reservoirs but Other Factors Determine Viral Rebound
Authors: Millar Jane R , Bengu Nomonde , Vieira Vinicius A , Adland Emily , Roider Julia , Muenchhoff Maximilian , Fillis Rowena , Sprenger Kenneth , Ntlantsana Vuyokazi , Fatti Isabella , Archary Moherndran , Groll Andreas , Ismail Nasreen , García-Guerrero Maria C , Matthews Philippa C , Ndung’u Thumbi , Puertas Maria C , Martinez-Picado Javier , Goulder Philip 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundEarly HIV diagnosis allows combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) initiation in the first days of life following in utero (IU) infection. The impact of early cART initiation on infant viral reservoir size in the setting of high-frequency cART nonadherence is unknown.MethodsPeripheral blood total HIV DNA from 164 early treated (day 0–21 of life) IU HIV-infected South African infants was measured using droplet digital PCR at birth and following suppressive cART. We evaluated the impact of cART initiation timing on HIV reservoir size and decay, and on the risk of subsequent plasma viremia in cART-suppressed infants.ResultsBaseline HIV DNA (median 2.8 log10 copies/million peripheral blood mononuclear cells, range 0.7–4.8) did not correlate with age at cART initiation (0–21 days) but instead with maternal antenatal cART use. In 98 infants with plasma viral suppression on cART, HIV DNA half-life was 28 days. However, the probability of maintenance of plasma aviremia was low (0.46 at 12 months) and not influenced by HIV DNA load. Unexpectedly, longer time to viral suppression was associated with protection against subsequent viral rebound.ConclusionsWith effective prophylaxis against mother-to-child transmission, cART initiation timing in the first 3 weeks of life is not critical to reservoir size.
Smartwatch User Authentication Based on the Arm-Raising Gesture
Authors: Zhao Yanchao , Gao Ran , Tu Huawei 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Smartwatches have arguably become a popular wearable device nowadays. It is important to protect privacy data stored in smartwatches from being stolen. This study proposes a novel smartwatch user authentication technique based on the arm-raising gesture, which is the process of moving the arm from one side of the body to the chest height. We conducted two experiments to verify the effectiveness of the proposed technique. In Experiment 1, we investigated the performance of identifying users with the arm-raising gesture. We selected a set of features and applied them to five basic machine learning algorithms (i.e. random forest, simple logistic, naive Bayes, multilayer perceptron and linear classifier). Results with 32 participants show that with combined features, these classifiers generally achieved high authentication accuracy with high true accept rate (TAR) ($\geq $92.1% for random forest, simple logistic and multilayer perceptron), low false accept rate (FAR) ($\leq $0.6%) and large area under the curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristics) ($\geq $92.4%). In Experiment 2, we examined the performance of identifying the arm-raising gesture across different day-to-day gestures. Results show that the arm-raising gesture can be identified from other eight common gestures with high TAR ($\geq $99.5%), low FAR ($\leq $3.6%) and large AUC ($\geq $99%). Overall, the results indicate that our technique could be a viable alternative for smartwatch user authentication.
Research Handbook on Feminist Engagement with International Law
Authors: Coray Erica 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
This review analyzes the efficacy of the collection in engaging with international law through the lens of feminist jurisprudence. The editors have compiled a diverse collection that applies feminist thought to varying topics of international law, including economic topics that do not obviously lend themselves to feminist engagement, that demonstrates the benefits of such analysis. The handbook effectively illustrates the potential for feminist thought to apply broadly to international law topics and provides a path forward for continued engagement with feminist theories in international law.
The potential protective effect of the Polygonum hydropiper L against the development of fructose-induced oxidative stress and metabolic disorders in male Sprague-Dawely rats
Authors: Batool Amna , Saleem Muhammad , Alamgeer  , Mushtaq Muhammad Naveed , Alotaibi Nasser Hadal , Alharbi Khalid Saad , Bukhari Syed Nasir Abbas 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Polygnum hydropiper L (Polygonaceae) is commonly known as smart weed. This study was designed to assess the effect of aqueous methanolic extract of P. hydropiper on oxidative stress and metabolic changes in fructose-induced hypertensive rats.

Methods
Male Sprague-Dawely rats were divided into six groups of five animals each (n = 5) and designated as normotensive group with distilled water, fructose-fed group with 10% fructose, standard control group with 10% fructose plus amlodipine (10 mg/kg) and treated groups with different doses of the aqueous methanolic extract of P. hydropiper (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) plus 10% fructose daily for 6 weeks. Body weight gain was checked every week. Blood pressure parameters [systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR)] and reactivity of extract with phenylephrine and adrenaline were measured by invasive method. Metabolic changes and oxidative stress parameters were measured from blood samples. Phytochemical analysis was also performed.

Key findings
Aqueous methanolic extract of P. hydropiper at 400 mg/kg decreased the blood pressure, heart rate, body weight and produced significant effect on metabolic and oxidative stress changes as compared to fructose-fed group. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of polyphenols and flavonoids in it.

Conclusion
The present results showed that aqueous methanolic extract of P. hydropiper possesses effect on oxidative stress and metabolic changes due to polyphenols and flavonoids.
Behcet’s disease and multiple arterial aneurysms: 4 case reports
Authors: Salimi Javad , Omrani Zahra , Cheraghali Roozbeh 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Behcet’s disease (BD) is a vasculitis of unknown origin. BD is rare in Western countries and the southern hemisphere and is mainly seen in countries along the Silk Road such as the Middle East and Mediterranean regions including Iran. We report four interesting cases of BD with multiple aneurysms three of which had subclavian aneurysms. We chose different surgical approaches for each of these patients due to the different presentations and unique circumstances of each case. Endovascular stent graft used for patients and we discussed open vs. endovascular treatment for BD aneurysms in the discussion.
Conserved and unique transcriptional features of pharyngeal arches in the skate (Leucoraja erinacea) and evolution of the jaw
Authors: Hirschberger Christine , Sleight Victoria A , Criswell Katharine E , Clark Stephen J , Gillis J Andrew 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe origin of the jaw is a long-standing problem in vertebrate evolutionary biology. Classical hypotheses of serial homology propose that the upper and lower jaw evolved through modifications of dorsal and ventral gill arch skeletal elements, respectively. If the jaw and gill arches are derived members of a primitive branchial series, we predict that they would share common developmental patterning mechanisms. Using candidate and RNAseq/differential gene expression analyses, we find broad conservation of dorsoventral (DV) patterning mechanisms within the developing mandibular, hyoid, and gill arches of a cartilaginous fish, the skate (Leucoraja erinacea). Shared features include expression of genes encoding members of the ventralizing BMP and endothelin signaling pathways and their effectors, the joint markers nkx3.2 and gdf5 and prochondrogenic transcription factor barx1, and the dorsal territory marker pou3f3. Additionally, we find that mesenchymal expression of eya1/six1 is an ancestral feature of the mandibular arch of jawed vertebrates, whereas differences in notch signaling distinguish the mandibular and gill arches in skate. Comparative transcriptomic analyses of mandibular and gill arch tissues reveal additional genes differentially expressed along the DV axis of the pharyngeal arches, including scamp5 as a novel marker of the dorsal mandibular arch, as well as distinct transcriptional features of mandibular and gill arch muscle progenitors and developing gill buds. Taken together, our findings reveal conserved patterning mechanisms in the pharyngeal arches of jawed vertebrates, consistent with serial homology of their skeletal derivatives, as well as unique transcriptional features that may underpin distinct jaw and gill arch morphologies.
Reconstructing the Human Genetic History of Mainland Southeast Asia: Insights from Genome-Wide Data from Thailand and Laos
Authors: Kutanan Wibhu , Liu Dang , Kampuansai Jatupol , Srikummool Metawee , Srithawong Suparat , Shoocongdej Rasmi , Sangkhano Sukrit , Ruangchai Sukhum , Pittayaporn Pittayawat , Arias Leonardo , Stoneking Mark 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Thailand and Laos, located in the center of Mainland Southeast Asia (MSEA), harbor diverse ethnolinguistic groups encompassing all five language families of MSEA: Tai-Kadai (TK), Austroasiatic (AA), Sino-Tibetan (ST), Hmong-Mien (HM), and Austronesian (AN). Previous genetic studies of Thai/Lao populations have focused almost exclusively on uniparental markers and there is a paucity of genome-wide studies. We therefore generated genome-wide SNP data for 33 ethnolinguistic groups, belonging to the five MSEA language families from Thailand and Laos, and analyzed these together with data from modern Asian populations and SEA ancient samples. Overall, we find genetic structure according to language family, albeit with heterogeneity in the AA-, HM-, and ST-speaking groups, and in the hill tribes, that reflects both population interactions and genetic drift. For the TK speaking groups, we find localized genetic structure that is driven by different levels of interaction with other groups in the same geographic region. Several Thai groups exhibit admixture from South Asia, which we date to ∼600–1000 years ago, corresponding to a time of intensive international trade networks that had a major cultural impact on Thailand. An AN group from Southern Thailand shows both South Asian admixture as well as overall affinities with AA-speaking groups in the region, suggesting an impact of cultural diffusion. Overall, we provide the first detailed insights into the genetic profiles of Thai/Lao ethnolinguistic groups, which should be helpful for reconstructing human genetic history in MSEA and selecting populations for participation in ongoing whole genome sequence and biomedical studies.
Discordant regulation of eIF2 kinase GCN2 and mTORC1 during nutrient stress
Authors: Misra Jagannath , Holmes Michael J , T. Mirek Emily , Langevin Michael , Kim Hyeong-Geug , Carlson Kenneth R , Watford Malcolm , Dong X Charlie , Anthony Tracy G , Wek Ronald C 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Appropriate regulation of the Integrated stress response (ISR) and mTORC1 signaling are central for cell adaptation to starvation for amino acids. Halofuginone (HF) is a potent inhibitor of aminoacylation of tRNAPro with broad biomedical applications. Here, we show that in addition to translational control directed by activation of the ISR by general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2), HF increased free amino acids and directed translation of genes involved in protein biogenesis via sustained mTORC1 signaling. Deletion of GCN2 reduced cell survival to HF whereas pharmacological inhibition of mTORC1 afforded protection. HF treatment of mice synchronously activated the GCN2-mediated ISR and mTORC1 in liver whereas Gcn2-null mice allowed greater mTORC1 activation to HF, resulting in liver steatosis and cell death. We conclude that HF causes an amino acid imbalance that uniquely activates both GCN2 and mTORC1. Loss of GCN2 during HF creates a disconnect between metabolic state and need, triggering proteostasis collapse.
LIMS1 risk genotype and T cell–mediated rejection in kidney transplant recipients
Authors: Caliskan Yasar , Karahan Gonca , Akgul Sebahat Usta , Mirioglu Safak , Ozluk Yasemin , Yazici Halil , Demir Erol , Dirim Ahmet B , Turkmen Aydin , Edwards John , Savran Fatma Oguz , Sever Mehmet S , Kiryluk Krzysztof , Gharavi Ali , Lentine Krista L 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
This study aims to examine the association of LIM zinc finger domain containing 1 (LIMS1) genotype with allograft rejection in an independent kidney transplant cohort.

Methods
We genotyped 841 kidney transplant recipients for the LIMS1 rs893403 variant by Sanger sequencing followed by polymerase chain reaction confirmation of the deletion. Recipients who were homozygous for the LIMS1 rs893403 genotype GG were compared with the AA/AG genotypes. The primary outcome was T cell–mediated or antibody-mediated rejection (TCMR or ABMR, respectively) and secondary outcome was allograft loss.

Results
After a median follow-up of 11.4 years, the rate of TCMR was higher in recipients with the GG genotype (n = 200) compared with the AA/AG genotypes (n = 641) [25 (12.5%) versus 35 (5.5%); P = 0.001] while ABMR did not differ by genotype [18 (9.0%) versus 62 (9.7%)]. Recipients with the GG genotype had 2.4 times higher risk of TCMR than those who did not have this genotype [adjusted hazard ratio2.43 (95% confidence interval 1.44–4.12); P = 0.001]. A total of 189 (22.5%) recipients lost their allografts during follow-up. Kaplan–Meier estimates of 5-year (94.3% versus 94.4%; P = 0.99) and 10-year graft survival rates (86.9% versus 83.4%; P = 0.31) did not differ significantly in the GG versus AA/AG groups.

Conclusions
Our study demonstrates that recipient LIMS1 risk genotype is associated with an increased risk of TCMR after kidney transplantation, confirming the role of the LIMS1 locus in allograft rejection. These findings may have clinical implications for the prediction and clinical management of kidney transplant rejection by pretransplant genetic testing of recipients and donors for LIMS1 risk genotype.