bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patterns of antibiotic prescribing and appropriateness for respiratory tract infections in a teaching hospital in Jordan
Authors: Alkhaldi Sireen M. , Yaseen Nada A. , Bataineh Elaf A. , Al‐Rawashdeh Baeth , Albadaineh Mones A. , Mubarak Sura M. , Jaras Razan E. , Taha Hana A. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundInappropriate use of antibiotics is a public health concern that promotes antibiotic resistance globally. This study aimed to investigate the patterns of antibiotic prescribing for respiratory tract infections (RTIs) in Jordan to encourage judicious antibiotic prescribing.MethodsThe researchers conducted a retrospective secondary analysis of oral antibiotics prescribed in the family medicine clinics in a teaching university hospital in Jordan in 2017. Antibiotic prescribing rates and the types of antibiotics prescribed were analysed. Patients' age, gender, type of insurance, and the RTIs diagnosis were investigated as possible factors that could be associated with inappropriate antibiotic prescribing for RTIs.ResultsOur findings revealed that 20 133 prescriptions, (27.3%) of all the prescriptions issued in the family medicine clinics included an antibiotic. Penicillins accounted for 52.7% of all the antibiotics prescribed, followed by macrolides (21.6%) and cephalosporins (16.4%). The most common indication for prescribing the antibiotics was RTIs (51.1%). The majority of antibiotics prescribed for respiratory diagnosis were for upper RTIs (URTI) (61.5%), followed by otitis media (16.9%) and tonsillitis (15.4%). Only 28.8% of all the antibiotics prescribed were appropriate and indicated. Older patients were significantly more likely to be prescribed an antibiotic compared to the younger (P < .001). Also, hospital employees and university employees were significantly more likely to be prescribed an antibiotic compared to the Ministry of Health employees (P < .001).ConclusionsAntibiotics were inappropriately prescribed, and their prescribing rate was high in the outpatient setting in the family medicine clinics studied in Jordan. This calls for policy‐level interventions to promote judicious antibiotic prescribing to minimise the avoidable burden of microbial resistance and unnecessary expenditure.
The association between Sugars Sweetened Beverages (SSBs) and lipid profile among children and youth: A systematic review and dose‐response meta‐analysis of cross‐sectional studies
Authors: Nikniaz Leila , Abbasalizad‐Farhangi Mahdieh , Vajdi Mahdi , Nikniaz Zeinab 
Published: February 2021

SummaryBackgroundThe relationship between sugar‐sweetened beverages (SSBs) intake and serum lipids among children and youth has been reported in several studies, but the results are still controversial.ObjectiveIn the current study, we summarized the results of studies that assessed the relationship between SSBs consumption and serum lipids among children and youth in a systematic review and dose‐response meta‐analysis.MethodsThe PubMed, Web of Sciences, Cochrane and Scopus electronic databases were searched for observational studies reporting an association between SSBs intake and serum lipids among children and youth that were published before May 2020. For data extracted from cohort studies, only cross‐sectional baseline data were included in the current meta‐analysis. The Random effects model was used to estimate the pooled weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Heterogeneity was assessed with the Cochran Q test and I2 statistics.ResultsIn our search, 1845 studies were retrieved of which 13 studies (two cohorts and eleven cross‐sectional) were included. High SSB consumption was associated with 1.21 mg/dL increase in low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C; pooled WMD: 1.21 mg/dL; 95% CI: 0.23, 2.20; P = .01), 1.45 mg/dL decrease in high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C, pooled WMD: −1.46 mg/dL; 95% CI, −2.25, −0.67; P < .0001) and 2.49 mg/dL decrease in total cholesterol (TC, pooled WMD: −2.49 mg/dL; 95% CI, −2.89, −2.10; P < .0001). In dose‐response meta‐analysis, there was an evidence of departure from linearity in the relationship between SSB consumption and change in LDL‐C (P‐nonlinearity = .03) and TC (P‐nonlinearity = .01). However, no departure from linearity was observed between SSB intake and change in HDL‐C (P‐nonlinearity = .56) or triglyceride (TG) values (P‐nonlinearity = .85).ConclusionAccording to our results, high SSB consumption was significantly associated with higher LDL‐C and lower HDL‐C and TC among children and youth. However, owing to the limited number of the included studies, further well‐designed interventional studies are needed to better elucidate causality.
Efficacy of an educational program for medical staff in preventing incidents related to Foley catheter insertion and maintenance: A single‐institution retrospective study
Authors: Komiya Akira , Kitamura Hiroshi , Wakasugi Masahiro , Okudera Hiroshi 
Published: February 2021

ObjectivesTo analyze incidents related to Foley catheter insertion and maintenance, and to compare the rate of incidents before and after a medical staff education program.MethodsData regarding Foley catheter insertion incidents and maintenance were collected at Toyama University Hospital, Toyama, Japan. The degree of harm for each incident was assessed. In the middle of the study period, a medical staff education program by urologists was implemented to help understand basic urological anatomy, urethral catheter insertion techniques and catheter safety. The incidents before and after the intervention were then compared.ResultsDuring the study period, Foley catheter insertion was carried out in 12 476 patients. Related incidents were reported in 66 (0.53%), including 22 (0.18%) occurring during catheter insertion and 44 (0.35%) occurring during catheter maintenance. A total of 13 (0.10%) cases of urethral injury were reported. The degree of harm associated with catheter insertion incidents was moderate in 13. Nine of these incidents occurred before the education program (9/6799, 0.13%), and four were reported after the end of the program (4/5677, 0.07%, P = 0.4303). Transient suprapubic cystostomy was required in two due to urethral injury reported before the program. Among 44 incidents occurring during catheter maintenance, 37 catheters were removed or cut by the patient. Such incidents occurred regardless of the education program.ConclusionsThe rate of incidents related to Foley catheter use at our institution is low. A specific medical staff education program might prevent iatrogenic catheter‐related urethral injury requiring cystostomy.
Estimating the potential impact of interventions to reduce over‐calling and under‐calling of melanoma
Authors: Gibson M. , Scolyer R.A. , Soyer H.P. , Ferguson P. , McGeechan K. , Irwig L. , Bell K.J.L. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundPathologists sometimes disagree over the histopathologic diagnosis of melanoma. ‘Over‐calling’ and ‘under‐calling’ of melanoma may harm individuals and healthcare systems.ObjectivesTo estimate the extent of ‘over‐calling’ and ‘under‐calling’ of melanoma for a population undergoing one excision per person and to model the impact of potential solutions.MethodsIn this epidemiological modelling study, we undertook simulations using published data on the prevalence and diagnostic accuracy of melanocytic histopathology in the U.S. population. We simulated results for 10 000 patients each undergoing excision of one melanocytic lesion, interpreted by one community pathologist. We repeated the simulation using a hypothetical intervention that improves diagnostic agreement between community pathologist and a specialist dermatopathologist. We then evaluated four scenarios for how melanocytic lesions judged to be neither clearly benign (post‐test probability of melanoma < 5%), nor clearly malignant (post‐test probability of melanoma > 90%) might be handled, before sending for expert dermatopathologist review to decide the final diagnosis. These were (1) no intervention before expert review, (2) formal second community pathologist review, (3) intervention to increase diagnostic agreement and (4) both the intervention and formal second community pathologist review. The main outcomes were the probability of ‘over‐calling’ and ‘under‐calling’ melanoma, and number of lesions requiring expert referral for each scenario.ResultsFor 10 000 individuals undergoing excision of one melanocytic lesion, interpreted by a community pathologist, a hypothetical intervention to improve histopathology agreement reduced the number of benign lesions ‘over‐called’ as melanoma from 308 to 164 and the number of melanomas ‘under‐called’ from 289 to 240. If all uncertain diagnoses were sent for expert review, the number of referrals would decrease from 1500 to 737 cases if formal second community pathologist review was used, and to 701 cases if the hypothetical intervention was additionally used.ConclusionsInterventions to improve histopathology agreement may reduce melanoma ‘over‐calling’ and ‘under‐calling’.
Integrative taxonomy reveals the historically poorly defined armoured catfish Hypostomus variipictus (Ihering 1911), from the upper rio Paraná basin, Brazil (Siluriformes, Loricariidae)
Authors: Azevedo Filipe Manoel , Zawadzki Cláudio Henrique , Soria Thatiana Vanessa , Fabrin Thomaz Mansini Carrenho , Oliveira Alessandra Valéria De , Prioli Sônia Maria Alves Pinto , Prioli Alberto Jose 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn a recent expedition to the rio Grande basin, a tributary of the rio Paraná in southern Brazil, individuals of the armoured catfish genus Hypostomus with a peculiar and beautiful colour pattern composed of pale vermiculations on the head and four to five horizontal stripes on the flanks were collected. Initially, the specimens were identified as a colour morph of the pale‐spotted H. margaritifer. However, when we compared their partial cytochrome C oxidase subunit I (COI) mitochondrial gene to sequences of some typically pale‐spotted H. margaritifer, the striped specimens were genetically distinct. Further analysis of the striped individuals revealed that they are the poorly known but valid species Hypostomus variipictus, which was described by Ihering in 1911 from the rio Pardo, a tributary of the rio Grande, upper rio Paraná basin, in São Paulo State, Brazil. Since its descriptions, no robust taxonomic work has been published concerning this species. In this study, the newly sampled population was compared to the original description and to the holotype of H. variipictus, providing the foundation for a complete redescription, proper diagnosis, and first live colour illustration and description of the previously hidden H. variipictus.
High environmental temperature and low pH stress alter the gill phenotypic plasticity of Hoven's carp Leptobarbus hoevenii
Authors: Mohamad Suhaini , Liew Hon Jung , Zainuddin Rabiatul Adawiyyah , Rahmah Sharifah , Waiho Khor , Ghaffar Mazlan Abd , Nhan Hua Thai , Loh Jiun‐Yan , Lim Leong‐Seng , Chang Yumei , Liang Liqun , De Boeck Gudrun 
Published: February 2021

AbstractClimate warming and low pH environment are known to negatively impact all levels of aquatic organism from cellular to organism and population levels. For ammonotelic freshwater species, any abiotic factor fluctuation will cause disturbance to the fish, specifically at the gills which act as a multifunctional organ to support all biological processes. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the effect of temperature (28 vs. 32°C) and pH (7.0 vs. 5.0) stress on the gill plasticity of Hoven's carp after 20 days of continuous exposure. The results demonstrated that high temperature and low pH caused severe changes on the primary and secondary lamellae as well as the cells within lamellae. An increasing trend of the proportion available for gas exchange was noticed at high temperature in both pH exposures, which resulted from a reduction of the primary lamellae width with elongated and thinner secondary lamellae compared to fishes at ambient temperature. Following exposure to high temperature and acidic pH, Hoven's carp experienced gill modifications including aneurysm, oedema, hypertrophy, curling of secondary lamellae, epithelial lifting, hyperplasia and lamellae fusion. These modifications are indicators of the coping mechanism of Hoven's carp to the changing environment in order to survive.
Cave‐dwelling populations of Rhamdia (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae) from the Sierra de Zongolica, Veracruz, Mexico: an evidence‐based checklist with comments on their evolutionary history and taxonomy
Authors: Arroyave Jairo , De La Cruz Fernández Dalia A. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn this study, the authors present a comprehensive checklist of cave‐dwelling populations of Rhamdia from the Sierra de Zongolica (SdZ) in Veracruz, Mexico, including two new records, based on permanent and verifiable evidence in the form of voucher specimens. The authors use phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses of voucher‐derived comparative cytochrome b data to shed light on the evolutionary history of these populations. The results of this study, while preliminary, suggest that hypogean forms of Rhamdia from the SdZ are cave‐adapted populations of the more widespread and epigean species R. laticauda.
Risk of metachronous neoplastic lesions during post‐polypectomy surveillance in individuals with advanced colorectal neoplasia at initial screening colonoscopy
Authors: Sekiguchi Masau , Kakugawa Yasuo , Takamaru Hiroyuki , Yamada Masayoshi , Sakamoto Taku , Saito Yutaka , Matsuda Takahisa 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackground and AimThe evidence of associations between some types of advanced colorectal neoplasia (ACN) at baseline and the risk of metachronous neoplasia is inconsistent. This study aimed to elucidate the incidence of metachronous neoplasia during post‐polypectomy surveillance in individuals with ACN at baseline and examine the risk factors for its high incidence.MethodsData from individuals who underwent endoscopic resection for ACN and received surveillance colonoscopy were analyzed. Data from individuals with no neoplastic lesions at baseline were used as reference. The incidence of metachronous ACN and clinically significant neoplasia (ACN and nonadvanced adenomas sized ≥ 5 mm) were evaluated. Risk factors for the higher incidence of these lesions were examined in individuals with ACN at baseline.ResultsDuring the median follow‐up period of 61.8 months, metachronous ACN and nonadvanced adenomas sized ≥ 5 mm were detected in 9.6% and 32.4% of individuals with ACN at baseline (n = 136), respectively. The cumulative incidence of metachronous ACN and clinically significant neoplasia in individuals with ACN at baseline (3‐year incidence: 5.5% and 16.9%, respectively) was higher than that in individuals with no neoplastic lesions at baseline (P < 0.01 for both). The presence of advanced histology at baseline, ≥ 5 neoplastic lesions at baseline, and family history of colorectal cancer were identified as risk factors for the higher incidence of clinically significant neoplasia.ConclusionsThe relatively high incidence of metachronous neoplasia in individuals with ACN at baseline was confirmed; careful surveillance is required for these individuals, particularly in those with the risk factors.
Tetanus and tetanus neurotoxin: From peripheral uptake to central nervous tissue targets
Authors: Megighian Aram , Pirazzini Marco , Fabris Federico , Rossetto Ornella , Montecucco Cesare 
Published: February 2021

AbstractTetanus is a deadly but preventable disease caused by a protein neurotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani. Spores of C. tetani may contaminate a necrotic wound and germinate into a vegetative bacterium that releases a toxin, termed tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT). TeNT enters the general circulation, binds to peripheral motor neurons and sensory neurons, and is transported retroaxonally to the spinal cord. It then enters inhibitory interneurons and blocks the release of glycine or GABA causing a spastic paralysis. This review attempts to correlate the metalloprotease activity of TeNT and its trafficking and localization into the vertebrate body to the nature and sequence of appearance of the symptoms of tetanus.
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Exploring the functional morphology of the Gorilla shoulder through musculoskeletal modelling
Authors: van Beesel Julia , Hutchinson John R. , Hublin Jean‐Jacques , Melillo Stephanie M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMusculoskeletal computer models allow us to quantitatively relate morphological features to biomechanical performance. In non‐human apes, certain morphological features have long been linked to greater arm abduction potential and increased arm‐raising performance, compared to humans. Here, we present the first musculoskeletal model of a western lowland gorilla shoulder to test some of these long‐standing proposals. Estimates of moment arms and moments of the glenohumeral abductors (deltoid, supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles) over arm abduction were conducted for the gorilla model and a previously published human shoulder model. Contrary to previous assumptions, we found that overall glenohumeral abduction potential is similar between Gorilla and Homo. However, gorillas differ by maintaining high abduction moment capacity with the arm raised above horizontal. This difference is linked to a disparity in soft tissue properties, indicating that scapular morphological features like a cranially oriented scapular spine and glenoid do not enhance the abductor function of the gorilla glenohumeral muscles. A functional enhancement due to differences in skeletal morphology was only demonstrated in the gorilla supraspinatus muscle. Contrary to earlier ideas linking a more obliquely oriented scapular spine to greater supraspinatus leverage, our results suggest that increased lateral projection of the greater tubercle of the humerus accounts for the greater biomechanical performance in Gorilla. This study enhances our understanding of the evolution of gorilla locomotion, as well as providing greater insight into the general interaction between anatomy, function and locomotor biomechanics.
Preview long hair follicular unit excision: An up‐and‐coming technique
Authors: Trivellini Roberto , Perez‐Meza David , Renaud Helen J. , Gupta Aditya K. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundFollicular unit excision (FUE) is a popular hair transplant technique, but requires shaving the donor area. This is a deterrent for some patients wishing to keep their hair transplant discreet. The new long hair FUE technique avoids shaving the donor area, which appeals to a wider patient population; however, it has a reputation of being technically challenging and slow.AimsWe review the tools and techniques developed for long hair FUE and present our experience using the Trivellini Long Hair System and Long Hair punch.DiscussionWith the new advances in tools and techniques for long hair FUE, this method is gaining momentum and has the potential to be the next trend in the hair transplant industry. There are a few different punch designs marketed specifically for long hair FUE (window/slotted, Trivellini Long Hair, and bi‐pronged). Although this technique is slower to perform than shaven FUE, graft survival and final outcome are comparable.ConclusionsInnovations in technology have made the long hair FUE technique more accessible to hair transplant surgeons. It is important for hair restoration surgeons to keep knowledgeable about this technique in order to maintain a competitive business.
Pseudofolliculitis barbae treatment: Efficacy of topical eflornithine, long‐pulsed Nd‐YAG laser versus their combination
Authors: Shokeir Hisham , Samy Nevien , Taymour Mai 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundPseudofolliculitis barbae (PFB) is a chronic inflammatory disorder occurring mostly in regions of thick hair growth after shaving. PFB is characterized clinically by multiple painful, pruritic erythematous papules and, less commonly, pustules, nodules, or abscesses.AimTo evaluate the efficacy of topical eflornithine cream only, long‐pulsed Nd‐YAG laser, versus their combination for PFB management.Patients and MethodsOverall, 40 male patients with PFB were allocated into 3 treatment groups; Group 1 (n = 12): Treated by topical eflornithine cream twice daily for 16 weeks, Group II (n = 13): Treated by long‐pulsed Nd‐YAG laser for 4 sessions 4‐week interval, Group III (n = 15): Treated by this combination for 16 weeks. The patients were evaluated after 16 weeks and for a further 12 weeks through serial photographs, Folliscopic evaluation, and a quartile grading system for improvement.ResultsAfter 16 weeks of treatments, the mean improvement percentages of the inflammatory papules, as well as hair density in the long‐pulsed Nd‐YAG laser +eflornithine cream, treated group were significantly higher compared with either eflornithine cream treated group or laser‐only treated group. The same relationship was demonstrated after 12 weeks of follow‐up but with lower improvements compared with 16 weeks of treatment outcome.ConclusionsTopical eflornithine cream exerts an additive effect on long‐pulsed Nd‐YAG laser in enhancing the rate and degree of hair reduction and inflammatory papules in PFB cases with a further follow‐up improvement. This combined approach should be long‐established in larger sample sizes and long‐term studies.
A mindfulness intervention promoting work–life balance: How segmentation preference affects changes in detachment, well‐being, and work–life balance
Authors: Althammer Sarah Elena , Reis Dorota , van der Beek Sophie , Beck Laura , Michel Alexandra 
Published: February 2021

This study evaluates a three‐week online self‐training intervention teaching mindfulness as a cognitive–emotional segmentation strategy. Daily effects on psychological detachment, affective well‐being, psychological and strain‐based work–family conflict, and satisfaction with work–life balance were assessed, with a particular focus on whether segmentation preferences moderate training responsiveness. A randomized wait‐list control group design was used for administering daily questionnaires to 190 participants. Psychological detachment, affective well‐being, and work–life interface measures were assessed daily. As expected, growth curve analyses revealed positive effects on psychological detachment, psychological work–family conflict, and work–life balance satisfaction. No effects were found for strain‐based work–family conflict. Additionally, segmentation preferences moderated the intervention effect on psychological detachment, such that participants with low segmentation preference reported stronger intervention effects. Unexpectedly, affective well‐being increased in both groups.Practitioner points

Practicing mindfulness as a cognitive–emotional segmentation strategy enables detachment from work.

Mindfulness training reduces psychological work–life conflict and enhances work–life balance satisfaction, irrespective of preferences for segmentation or integration.

Mindfulness training increases detachment from work most successfully for integrators.

Organizational practices and policies are advised to include brief mindfulness interventions in work–life balance programmes.