bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fluoride Release from Glass Ionomer Cement and Resin-modified Glass Ionomer Cement Materials under Conditions Mimicking the Caries Process
Authors: Brenes-Alvarado A , Cury JA 
Published: September 2021

SUMMARY
The anticaries potential of restorative ionomeric materials should be evaluated under a pH-cycling regime that simulates the caries process of demineralization and remineralization. Ten glass ionomer cement (GIC) materials and five resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) materials were evaluated. A resin composite was used as a negative control. Six discs of each material were immersed for 6 and 18 hours each day in demineralizing (De-) and remineralizing (Re-) solutions, respectively. The solutions were changed daily over 12 days, during which the fluoride concentration was determined using an ion-specific electrode. The results were expressed as (1) the daily fluoride concentration in the Deand Re- solutions (μg F/ml), (2) the amount of fluoride released daily in the De- + Re- solution per area of specimens (μg F/cm2/day), and (3) the cumulative release over the 12-day period (μg F/cm2). During the first days, all materials showed a surge in fluoride release, followed by a gradual decline; however, three distinct patterns were observed, specifically: (1) greater fluoride release in the De- solution compared to the Resolution during the study period; (2) an initial higher release in De- solution; and (3) a similar release in both solutions over the whole period. The materials differed statistically (p&lt;0.05) with respect to daily and cumulative fluoride release. One GIC (Maxxion R) and one RMGIC (Resiglass R) had the highest and lowest ability to release fluoride, respectively. In conclusion, the GICs and RMGICs evaluated exhibited distinct qualitative and quantitative patterns of fluoride release under conditions simulating the caries process, which might reflect their anticaries potential.
Applicability of Exposure Reciprocity Law for Fast Polymerization of Restorative Composites Containing Various Photoinitiating Systems
Authors: Tichy A , Bradna P 
Published: September 2021

SUMMARY

Objectives
The exposure reciprocity law (ERL) has been used to calculate the optimal irradiation time of dental composites. This study examined the applicability of ERL for fast polymerization of restorative composites containing various photoinitiating systems using a high-power multi-peak light-emitting diode (LED) lamp.

Methods
Three commercial composites differing in photoinitiating systems were tested: Filtek Ultimate Universal Restorative (FU) with a camphorquinone-amine (CQ-A) photoinitiating system, Tetric EvoCeram (TEC) with CQ-A and (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine oxide (TPO), and Estelite Σ Quick (ESQ) with CQ and a radical amplified photopolymerization (RAP) initiator. Specimens 2-mm thick were polymerized using a high-power multipeak LED lamp (Valo) at 3 pairs of radiant exposures (referred to as low, moderate, and high) ranging from 15.8–26.7 J/cm2. They were achieved by different combinations of irradiation time (5–20 seconds) and irradiance (1300–2980 mW/cm2) as determined with a calibrated spectrometer. Knoop microhardness was measured 1, 24, and 168 hours after polymerization on specimen top (irradiated) and bottom surfaces to characterize the degree of polymerization. The results were statistically analyzed using a three-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s post hoc tests, α = 0.05.

Results
Microhardness increased with radiant exposure and except for ESQ, top-surface microhardness was significantly higher than that on bottom surfaces. Combinations of high irradiance and short irradiation time significantly increased the top-surface microhardness of TEC at low and moderate radiant exposures, and the bottom-surface microhardness of FU at a low radiant exposure. In contrast, the microhardness of ESQ on both surfaces at high radiant exposure increased significantly when low irradiance and long irradiation time were used. With all tested composites, bottom-surface microhardness obtained at low radiant exposure was below 80% of the maximum top-surface microhardness, indicating insufficient polymerization.

Conclusion
Combinations of irradiance and irradiation time had a significant effect on microhardness, which was affected by photoinitiators and the optical properties of composites as well as spectral characteristics of the polymerization lamp. Therefore, ERL cannot be universally applied for the calculation of optimal composite irradiation time. Despite high irradiance, fast polymerization led to insufficient bottom-surface microhardness, suggesting the necessity to also characterize the degree of polymerization on the bottom surfaces of composite increments when assessing the validity of ERL.
Enhancing Security and Privacy in Local Area Network (LAN) with TORVPN Using Raspberry Pi as Access Point: A Design and Implementation
Authors: Osman Mohd Nizam , Sedek Khairul Anwar , Othman Nor Arzami , Rosli Muhammad Afiqhakimi , Maghribi Mushahadah 
Published: September 2021

Network security is designed to protect the integrity, confidentiality and accessibility of computer networks and data using both software and hardware technologies. Every person, including organization requires a degree of network security solutions in place to protect it from the ever-growing landscape of cyber threats in the wild today. This paper aims to design and implement TorVPN as an access point using Raspberry Pi in enhancing security and privacy in Local Area Network (LAN). This access point was implemented by using the combination of The Onion Router (Tor) and Virtual Private Network (VPN) services. Then, the graphical user interface application was developed to assist and facilitate the user to access the network securely without having the difficulties to configure and install any software. To determine the effectiveness of the proposed work, there were two experiments involved in this study. Firstly, the confidentiality test which to verify its privacy in keeping the information securely. Secondly, the performance test of the Internet connectivity in terms of ping, download and upload speed. The encourage results was expected as the confidentiality tested on the TorVPN access point network has shown the positive outcome by securing client’s Internet data packet. While, the Internet connectivity is not stable enough, when the client’s IP address changed in the network. Hence, the combination VPN and Tor service using Raspberry Pi as an access point inside the LAN is suitable and secure the information in the network, but do not suggest for user who wants a good Internet connectivity.
The problem of social selection in the system of higher ­education in the conditions of distance ­learning (through the prism of ­Pitrim Sorokin’s theory of social mobility)
Authors: Pidkurkova Iryna 
Published: September 2021

During the quarantine of a coronavirus pandemic, distance learning does not properly perform such a function of higher education as social selection. This is illustrated through the prism of P. Sorokin’s theory of social mobility. One of the provisions of the theory assumes that the school, the institute of education is a social elevator, through which there is an upward movement, and due to the social functions of the school (testing, selection, distribution) there is the selection of the best, most skilled and talented individuals and their promotion. Distance education in the modern Ukrainian version makes the openings of the social “sieves” too large. So, firstly, not only the best and most capable can go through them, and secondly, such a system of education can lead to improper acquisition of knowledge by the students.
Key words: social selection, social sieve, social mobility, social functions of education, distance learning.
Guiding Ethics Review in Pharmacy Education Research and Scholarship at UBC: Clarifying the Unclear
Authors: Albon Simon P , Hu Franklin 
Published: September 2021

While it goes without saying that ethically sound practices are imperative for high-quality educational scholarship, institutional ethics guidance is often unclear about how to treat educational scholarship generally, and quality improvement/assurance studies and the scholarship of teaching and learning, specifically. Amongst health profession education researchers, including those in pharmacy, this lack of clarity has led to confusion regarding existing ethics governance and ambivalence regarding ethics requirements. Drawing on the experiences of one pharmacy school in western Canada, this commentary describes an ethics vetting guide developed explicitly to address current uncertainty about ethics requirements for pharmacy education scholarship. Clarifying the problem, describing the guide, and exploring what was learned along the way provide a basis for re-centering ethics in the development of scholarly projects and decision-making regarding formal ethics review. The importance of instilling ethical intelligence, delineating research from quality improvement/assurance work, and addressing current gaps in ethics oversight and governance of educational scholarship are among key lessons learned during guide development along with suggestions for new institutional ethics guidance directly targeting educational scholarship to supplement current national guidelines.
The relationship of motor skills with performance: Meta-analysis study
Authors: Pasaribu Ahmad Muchlisin Natas , Candra Juli , Kamsurya Rizal , Zainur  , Nurkadri  , Laksana Anak Agung Ngurah Putra 
Published: September 2021

This study aims to test the effect size of motor skills on the performance of a person in the field of sports. The type of research used is meta-analysis Studyes. The data sources in this study are google scholar, Jurnal SINTA, Scopus, and Eric. The livelihood of literature from various sources uses the keywords motor skills and performance. Data analysis is conducted through the stages of variable identification, identification of r values, transforming the r value into the z distribution which is the size effect of each study, calculating variance, calculating the Error Standard of z, and calculating the summary effect. Summary effect calculation using Jeffreys's Amazing Statistics Program (JASP) software. The results showed that there was a significant positive correlation between motor skills and performace. The relationship of motor skills to performance falls into the moderate category with a random effect correlation value of 0.498.
Aequitas w poglądach Azona
Authors: Cimachowicz Konrad 
Published: September 2021

Przedmiot badań: W doktrynie bolońskiej szkoły glosatorów działającej od drugiej poł. XI w. do poł. XIII w. pojęcie aequitas zajmuje znaczące miejsce. Aequitas zaliczana jest do podstawo­wych pojęć prawa. Odnosi się zarówno do samej istoty prawa, jak i do jego stosowania. Szeroko prezentowana w poglądach rzymskiej jurysprudencji – w naturalny sposób stała się przedmio­tem analiz jurystów ze szkoły glosatorów zajmujących się badaniem kodyfikacji justyniańskiej. Średniowieczni juryści podjęli dyskusję dotyczącą znaczenia pojęć ius, iustitia i aequitas dla praktyki sądowej. Dyskusja przekształciła się w spór, który rozgorzał do tego stopnia, że do­prowadził do podziału szkoły na dwa obozy: „bulgarystów” i „martynistów”. W nauce polskiej pojęcie słuszności w doktrynie glosatorów było przedmiotem badań E. Szymoszka w relacji do pojęcia iurisdictio. Poza tym w literaturze polskiej analiza ius aequum i ius strictum w twórczości jurystów bolońskich pojawia się jedynie przyczynkowo.
Cel badawczy: Celem niniejszego opracowania jest analiza poglądów jednego z najwybitniej­szych przedstawicieli bolońskiej szkoły glosatorów – Azona – na temat pojęcia aequitas. Azon (Azzo Porcius), działający w schyłkowym okresie istnienia szkoły bolońskiej, podjął się synte­zy poglądów swoich poprzedników, dlatego też przedstawiane przez niego opinie pozwalają na uchwycenie ostatecznego kierunku, jaki nadała szkoła glosatorów swoim rozważaniom, również dotyczącym aequitas.
Metoda badań: W pracy dokonano analizy poglądów Azona w zakresie aequitas z wykorzysta­niem metody historyczno-prawnej, a także dogmatycznej.
Wyniki: W pracy wykazano, że poglądy Azona były częściowo zbieżne z poglądami prezento­wanymi przez Bulgarusa i skupionych wokół niego jurystów. Azon odrzucił koncepcję aequitas zaproponowaną przez „martynistów” jako niedającą się pogodzić z normami zawartymi w kody­fikacji justyniańskiej. Był natomiast zwolennikiem stosowania aequitas wtedy tylko, gdy wyni­kała ona z norm prawa stanowionego.
Prawo podatkowe w poglądach i polityce Andrew Mellona
Authors: Wojciechowski Karol 
Published: September 2021

Przedmiot badań: Jako autor oryginalnej doktryny podatkowej i inicjator wielu reform amerykań­skiego prawa podatkowego Andrew Mellon (1855−1937) był jedną z najważniejszych postaci w po­lityce amerykańskiej przed II wojną światową. Zapisał się w historii nie tylko jako magnat finansowy i przemysłowy, ale również jako jeden z najdłużej urzędujących sekretarzy skarbu i przewodniczących Rady Rezerwy Federalnej (w związku z tym sprawował on pieczę nad całością życia gospodarczego w USA zarówno w czasach silnego rozwoju „burzliwych lat 20.”, jak i na początku Wielkiego Kryzysu w latach 30. XX w.), a także jako prekursor neoliberalnej i propodażowej polityki finansowej.
Cel badawczy: Tekst prezentuje finansowo-prawne założenia doktrynalne poszczególnych re­form podatkowych Andrew Mellona z lat 1921−1929, w których opowiadał się on m.in. za niskim opodatkowaniem, redukcją zadłużenia publicznego i zrównoważonymi budżetami.
Metoda badawcza: historyczno-opisowa.
Wyniki: W artykule ukazane są zarówno pierwotne sukcesy reform Andrew Mellona (owocujące m.in. nadwyżkami budżetowymi i wzrostem gospodarczym), jak też ich długofalowe konsekwen­cje na przełomie lat 20. i 30., gdy − u progu wieloletniego kryzysu finansowego − Mellon wycofał się z niemałej części swoich wcześniejszych postulatów i tuż przed odejściem ze sprawowanych funkcji – pomimo spadku aktywności gospodarczej w USA i wzrastającego bezrobocia – za­proponował liczne podwyżki podatków, krytykując m.in. efekty wynikające z automatycznych stabilizatorów opodatkowania dochodowego.
Review of Single National Curriculum with Perspective of the Education of Children with Visual Impairment at Primary Level in Punjab Pakistan
Authors: Jahanzaib Muhammad , Fatima Ghulam , Nayab Dur e 
Published: September 2021

Purpose: The Single National Curriculum (SNC) is one of the basic items of manifesto of ruling party in Pakistan. The academic capability of Children with Visual Impairment (CWVI) is usually considered as that of non-disabled students due to their good cognitive skills. Directorate of Special Education Punjab adopted the same curriculum for CWVI. This study is an effort to identify the standards, benchmarks and SLOs which are difficult to accomplish for CWVI. It was a qualitative study by method and curriculum review/document analysis technique was applied to study the SNC. The complete curriculum of seven key learning areas at early childhood level and following six subjects of English, Urdu, Mathematics, General Knowledge, Islamiat and General Science were studied at primary level. The data was retrieved from the website of National Curriculum Council, Ministry of Federal Education and Professional Training, Islamabad, Government of Pakistan. Collected information was coded, major themes were derived and interpreted. Results revealed that a large number of standards, benchmarks and Student Learning Outcomes (SLOs) were easy to accomplish for CWVI as non-disabled children but many standards, benchmarks and SLOs were not easy to accomplish for CWVI due to their visual limitations and lack of sufficient need based support. The study recommended that proper adaptations, modifications and accommodations should be made for CWVI especially to attain the geometry, science and geography related standards, benchmarks and SLOs including adaptations proposed by Directorate of Special Education Punjab. Pictorial representations and visual tasks should be substituted with some other learning tasks for CWVI.
The regional decline and rise of tick-borne encephalitis incidence do not correlate with Lyme borreliosis, Austria, 2005 to 2018
Authors: Stiasny Karin , Santonja Isabel , Holzmann Heidemarie , Essl Astrid , Stanek Gerold , Kundi Michael , Heinz Franz X 
Published: September 2021

Background
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus is a human pathogen that is expanding its endemic zones in Europe, emerging in previously unaffected regions. In Austria, increasing incidence in alpine regions in the west has been countered by a decline in traditional endemic areas to the east of the country.

Aim
To shed light on the cause of this disparity, we compared the temporal changes of human TBE incidences in all federal provinces of Austria with those of Lyme borreliosis (LB), which has the same tick vector and rodent reservoir.

Methods
This comparative analysis was based on the surveillance of hospitalised TBE cases by the National Reference Center for TBE and on the analysis of hospitalised LB cases from hospital discharge records across all of Austria from 2005 to 2018.

Results
The incidences of the two diseases and their annual fluctuations were not geographically concordant. Neither the decline in TBE in the eastern lowlands nor the increase in western alpine regions is paralleled by similar changes in the incidence of LB.

Conclusion
The discrepancy between changes in incidence of TBE and LB support the contributions of virus-specific factors beyond the mere availability of tick vectors and/or human outdoor activity, which are a prerequisite for the transmission of both diseases. A better understanding of parameters controlling human pathogenicity and the maintenance of TBE virus in its natural vector−host cycle will generate further insights into the focal nature of TBE and can potentially improve forecasts of TBE risk on smaller regional scales.
Ações de extensão universitária na prevenção do parto prematuro
Authors: OLIVEIRA FERNANDES ELIZIA RAIANE , Moreira Rita de Cássia Rocha , Xavier de Melo Ana Gabrielle , Assis Oliveira Melo Maria Helena , De Azevêdo Sthefane Nogueira , Da Rocha Lorena Pires 
Published: September 2021

ResumoIntrodução: A assistência inadequada à mulher no pré-natal pode estar associada a maiores índices de intercorrências gestacionais como a prematuridade. Nesse contexto, a identificação precoce dos fatores de risco tem se mostrado uma estratégia indispensável na redução da incidência do parto prematuro. Objetivo: Descrever a experiência de ações extensionistas de promoção à saúde na assistência em pré-natal, a fim de contribuir positivamente na redução da incidência de partos prematuros. Método: Relato de experiência com abordagem qualitativa descritiva. Apresenta as atividades realizadas por discentes e docente integrantes do Núcleo de Extensão e Pesquisa em Saúde da Mulher. Produto das ações do plano de trabalho de extensão intitulado: “A importância do pré-natal na prevenção do parto prematuro” desenvolvido no período de julho de 2019 a março de 2020. Resultados: A assistência humanizada às gestantes possibilitou identificar fatores de risco associados à prematuridade, por meio do atendimento clínico pré-natal, ações de educação em saúde, e visita domiciliar. Ademais, as atividades de extensão mostraram-se favoráveis não somente às gestantes, mas também às discentes e a comunidade, e favoreceram a construção de caminhos que puderam contribuir no enfrentamento de problemas. Conclusão: As ações extensionistas fortalecem as experiências de popularização da ciência. Portanto, referendamos como uma forma de ofertar às gestantes assistência qualificada, que possa refletir positivamente na redução da incidência do parto prematuro.
Evaluation of effectiveness of chosen-plaintext attacks on the Rao-Nam cryptosystem over a finite Abelian group
Authors: Alekseychuk A.N. , Shevchuk O.S. 
Published: September 2021

The Rao-Nam cryptosystem is a symmetric version of the McEliece code-based cryptosystem proposed to get rid of the shortcomings inherent in the first symmetric code-based encryption schemes. Almost immediately after the publication of this cryptosystem, attacks on it based on selected plaintexts appeared, which led to the emergence of various improvements and modifications of the original cryptosystem.
The secret key in the traditional Rao-Nam scheme is a certain Boolean matrix and a set of binary vectors used to generate distortions during encryption. Such vectors must have different syndromes, that is, be different modulo of the code generated by the rows of the specified matrix. The original work of Rao and Nam considered two methods of forming the set of these vectors, the first of which consists in using predetermined vectors of sufficiently large weight, and the second is random selection of these vectors according to the equiprobable scheme. It is known that the first option does not provide the proper security of the Rao – Nam cryptosystem (due to the small number and simple structure of these vectors), but the second option is more meaningful and requires additional research. The purpose of this paper is to obtain estimates of the effectiveness (time complexity for a given upper bound of the error probability) of attacks on a cryptosystem, which generalizes the traditional Rao – Nam scheme to the case of a finite Abelian group (note that the need to study such versions of the Rao – Nam cryptosystem is due to their consideration in recent publications). Two attacks, based on selected plaintext, are presented. The first of them is not mentioned in the works known to the authors of this article and, under certain well-defined conditions, it allows recovering the secret key of the cryptosystem with quadratic complexity.
The second attack is a generalized and simplified version of the well-known Struik-van Tilburg attack. It is shown that the complexity of this attack depends on the power of the stabilizer of the set of vectors, which forms the second part of the key, in the translation group of the Abelian group, over which the Rao – Nam cryptosystem is considered. In this paper, a bound is obtained for the probability of triviality of the stabilizer under the condition of random choice of this set. From the obtained bound, it follows that Struik-van Tilburg attack is, on average, noticeably more efficient than the worst case considered earlier.