bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Bayesian approach to the classification of Tungusic languages
Authors: Oskolskaya Sofia , Koile Ezequiel , Robbeets Martine 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The Tungusic language family is comprised of languages spoken in Siberia, the Russian Far East, Northeast China and
Xinjiang. There is a general consensus that these languages are genealogically related and descend from a common ancestral language.
Nevertheless, there is considerable disagreement with regard to the internal structure of the Tungusic family and the time depth of its
separation into daughter languages. Here we use computational Bayesian phylogenetic methods to generate a phylogeny of Tungusic languages
and estimate the time-depth of the family. Our analysis is based on the recently introduced Leipzig-Jakarta-Jena list, a dataset of 254
basic vocabulary items collected for 21 Tungusic doculects. Our results are consistent with two basic classifications previously proposed in
the literature, notably a Manchu-Tungusic classification, in which the break-up of Jurchenic constitutes the first split in the tree, as
well as a North-South classification, which includes a Jurchenic-Nanaic and an Orochic-Ewenic branch. In addition, we obtain a time-depth
for the age of Proto-Tungusic between the 8th century BC and the 12th century AD (95% highest posterior density interval). Previous
classifications of Tungusic were based on both classical historical comparative linguistic and lexicostatistic approaches, but the
application of Bayesian phylogenetic methods to the Tungusic languages has not so far been attempted. In contrast to previous approaches,
our Bayesian analysis adds an understanding of the statistical robustness of the proposed branches and infers absolute divergence dates,
allowing variation of rates of change across branches and cognate sets. In this way, our research provides a reliable quantitative basis for
previous estimates based on classical historical linguistic and lexicostatistic approaches.
Pharmacists’ Stigma Toward Patients Engaged in Opioid Misuse: When “Social Distance” does not Mean Disease Prevention
Authors: Werremeyer Amy , Mosher Sydney , Eukel Heidi , Skoy Elizabeth , Steig Jayme , Frenzel Oliver , Strand Mark A. 
Published: March 2021

Background Health professionals may stigmatize and prefer social distance from patients with opioid misuse, leading to poorer quality of care provided. The degree to which pharmacists prefer social distance from patients with opioid misuse and opioid use disorder (OUD) is not known. Methods Pharmacists ( n = 187) completed a survey comprised of demographics, attitudinal, and Social Distance Scale (SDS) questions based on a vignette patient who displayed opioid misuse. SDS question responses and total scores (maximum of 30; higher scores representing great preference for social distance) were tallied and associations with attitudes and demographics were examined. Results Mean SDS total score was 16.32 (range 9–23). More than 59% of respondents had an SDS score >15, indicating overall lack of willingness to interact with the vignette patient. Females had a higher mean SDS score vs male pharmacists (16.58 vs. 15.36, respectively; p = 0.023). Pharmacists were more likely to prefer social distance from the vignette patient in personal situations (i.e. renting a room) than work-related interactions (i.e. providing patient education). Pharmacists with >10 years of experience, those without personal experience with a substance use disorder, those who strongly agreed that patients with OUD require excessive time and effort, and those who agreed that some people lack self-discipline to use prescription pain medication without becoming addicted had significantly higher SDS scores than pharmacists without these characteristics. Conclusions Pharmacists expressed significant preference for social distance indicating stigmatization of patients with opioid misuse. Pharmacists were comfortable performing pharmacy tasks with patients with opioid misuse, but were less comfortable forming therapeutic relationships, an important tenet of patient-centered care. Efforts are needed to examine contributions to social distance preferences and implement measures to reduce them. Targeting of pharmacists with >10 years’ experience and without personal experience with OUD may also be most beneficial.
Two populations of LIGO-Virgo black holes
Authors: Hütsi Gert , Raidal Martti , Vaskonen Ville , Veermäe Hardi 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We analyse the LIGO-Virgo data, including the recently
released GWTC-2dataset, to test a hypothesis that the data contains
more than one population of black holes. We perform a maximum
likelihood analysis including a population of astrophysical black
holes with a truncated power-law mass function whose merger rate
follows from star formation rate, and a population of primordial
black holes for which we consider log-normal and critical collapse
mass functions. We find that primordial black holes alone are
strongly disfavoured by the data, while the best fit is obtained for
the template combining astrophysical and primordial merger
rates. Alternatively, the data may hint towards two different
astrophysical black hole populations. We also update the constraints
on primordial black hole abundance from LIGO-Virgo observations
finding that in the 2–400 mass range they must
comprise less than 0.2% of dark matter.
K-dynamics: well-posed 1+1 evolutions in K-essence
Authors: Bezares Miguel , Crisostomi Marco , Palenzuela Carlos , Barausse Enrico 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We study the vacuum Cauchy problem for K-essence, i.e. cosmologically relevant scalar-tensor theories that involve
first-order derivative self-interactions,
and which pass all existing gravitational wave bounds.
We restrict to spherical symmetry and show that there exists a large class of theories for which no breakdown of the Cauchy problem
occurs outside apparent black hole horizons, even in the presence of scalar shocks/caustics, except for a small set of initial data sufficiently close to critical black hole collapse.
We characterise these problematic initial data, and show that they lead to large or even diverging (coordinate) speeds for the characteristic curves.
We discuss the physical relevance of this problem and propose ways to overcome it.
Effectiveness of Application of Tissue Culture Textbook Based on Research on the Critical Thinking Skills of Biology Students at Universitas Negeri Medan
Authors: Pinem M D , Harahap F , Diningrat D S 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the application of research-based tissue culture textbooks based on the critical thinking skills of students at Universitas Negeri Medan. This type of research was a quasi-experimental study using a pre-test and post-test control group design. The population of this study were all students of the Department of Biology class of 2015. The research sample consisted of two randomly selected classes. In the experimental class, the learning used a research-based tissue culture textbook and the control class used conventional textbooks. The results showed that the research-based tissue culture textbook that had been developed was effective based on critical thinking skills (Z = 1.301 and P = 0.000). The improvement of students’ critical thinking skills (N-Gain score) was 0.47 in the moderate improvement category. Therefore, it can be concluded that the research-based tissue culture textbooks were developed effectively based on students’ critical thinking skills.
Building Learning Paths of Students’ Creative Thinking Circle Topics by Applying The Scaffolding Metacognition Approach
Authors: Fauzi K M A , Hia Yasifati 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Mathematics is knowledge which generally has prerequisite material that students must have to understand new material. This means that to understand a material in mathematics learning trajectory is needed. Prior knowledge is the most crucial thing that makes students able to connect all existing information so that they can construct new knowledge through the process of assimilation or accommodation. This study aims to: (1) build student learning trajectories in solving problems about circles, (2) find out how students’ creative thinking abilities with learning paths are designed that apply the Scaffolding metacognition approach. This type of research is Design Research to improve the quality of learning. In this study the researchers gave 3 items about the ability to think creatively. Two trials were conducted, the first trial was conducted in class A and the second trial was conducted in class B. The results of the study indicate (1) There are 3 phases in the learning trajectory of students’ creative thinking abilities, namely: 1. Analysing, including determining information from questions, selecting important information, and choosing the right strategy in solving it; 2. Identifying, including determining the adequacy of the elements in the problem, making mathematical models, and can describe the problem; 3. Evaluating, including finding and detecting important matters in the problem and drawing appropriate conclusions. (2) The results of students’ creative thinking ability tests in trial 1 shows that students have not been able to solve problems optimally. Students’ lack of understanding of the concept of a circle and determining the circumference of a circle make it difficult for students to solve problems regarding the length of the tangent circle. By developing the previous learning trajectory, in trial 2 there was an increase in students’ creative thinking abilities. The design of a correct learning trajectory is also very influential in increasing the ability of students. And make the learning process fun and meaningful so that students will remember knowledge in long-term memory.
Prediction of the number of Women Population in Medan City 2025 by using The Leslie Matrix
Authors: Mulyono  , Mansyur A , Marpaug F 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The Leslie matrix model is a model used to predict the number and rate of female population growth. This study aims to determine the number and rate of female population growth in the city of Medan in 2025 based on data on birth rates and life expectancy. The eigenvector is used to determine the number of female populations at each age interval, while the eigenvalues are used to determine the population growth rate. To determine the number of female populations from each age interval, a positive eigenvalue is sought. Based on positive eigenvalues, three cases occur, namely: 1) the population will tend to increase if; 2) the population will tend to decline if; 3) the population will tend to be stable if. Based on the research results, the eigenvalues were obtained λ = 1,3673 which means the number of the female population in the city ofMedan tends to increase
Genetic Analysis of White Leafhopper Cofana spectra (Distant) from Samosir Island, Indonesia Based on DNA Barcode
Authors: Manurung B , Hasairin A , Daulae A H 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
White leafhopper Cofana spectra is a pest of paddy and could act as a vector of pathogenic viruses on rice. This research aims to find out its genetic data, namely its identification, nucleotide composition and its phylogenetic based on DNA barcode-mtCOI gene. The researchmethods included leafhopper sampling in rice field, DNA isolation, PCR, electrophoresis, sequencing and blasting. The software Mega X was used to analyze the genetic data. The mtCOI DNA gene sequence obtained was 333 bp in size and blasting result showed that leafhopper belongto white leafhopper Cofana spectra (Distant) species. The dendrogram from the sequence showed that white leafhopper species from Samosir island had the closest relationship with species from Kerala, India. The frequency of nucleotide of T (U), C, A and G of leafhopper were 41.96, 15.47, 28.57 and 13.98%, respectively. Therefore, this mtCOI gene sequence was rich in A/T (70.53%), while G/C was 29.45%. The information obtained from this study stated that the identification of the white leafhopper C.spectra based on molecular character using mtCOI DNA gene sequence confirmed the identification result based on the morphological traits and can be used to control and in monitoring the spread of the white leafhopper.
The Effect of Problem Based Learning Based on Multiple Representations to the Students’ Science Conceptual Understanding
Authors: Simanjuntak MP , Marpaung N , Sinaga L , Siregar Nurdin 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effect of implementing problem based learning (PBL) model based on multiple representations to the science conceptual understanding of junior high school students in temperature and heat. This study was conducted by using experimental research method with pre-test-post-test design at one of the state junior high schools in Medan. The sampling technique was using cluster random sampling. The participants of this study consisted of two classes. The first was an experimental class which was treated by implementing PBL based onmultiplerepresentations and the second was control class which was treated by implementing traditional learning, 38 seventh grade students of each. The research instrument was multiple choices, 40 items with 4 optionswhich measured students’ conceptual understanding in temperature and heat. Pretest and posttest data were respectively31.71 and60.72 for control class, whereas for experimental class were 30.26and 74.01 respectively. Data were analyzed by using t-test. Based on the results of hypothesis testing, it was found that the application of PBL based on multiplerepresentations had an effect on students’ understanding of the science concept in temperature and heat. The percentage of increasing N-gain conceptual understanding was respectively 42 and 63 for control and experimental class. Both were in the moderate category.
Development of Learning Media for E-Learning Schoology Research Methodology Subjects for Students of the Department of Electrical Engineering Education Faculty of Engineering Universitas Negeri Medan
Authors: Sibuea A M , Amin M , Rambey J S 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
E-learning Schoology learning is one of the Learning Management Systems (LMS) of several existing LMS. The use of Schoology aims to show the effectiveness of e-learning Schoology in improving student learning outcomes. This can be achieved if the learning outcomes of students who use e-learning Schoology can achieve value following the provisions, process skills and student activity are better than learning, not e-learning Schoology. The research subjects were students of the Department of Electrical Engineering Education, Faculty of Engineering, State University of Medan. The sampling technique used is purposive random sampling technique. The research instrument consists of test questions and questionnaires. The research hypothesis was tested by t-test. Research data obtained from questionnaires that have been filled out by media experts, design experts, material experts and students are formulated into scores, which are then interpreted into assessment criteria consisting of Bad, Poor, Doubtful, Good, and Very Good. The result of this research showed that the students who used e-learning schoology media in the Research Methodology course in the Department of Electrical Engineering Education, had higher achievement than those who did not.
Analysis of Multi Rater with Facets on Instruments HOTS of Solution Chemistry based on Tawheed
Authors: Darmana A , Sutiani A , Nasution H A , A Sylvia N.S , Aminah N , Utami T 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis research is part of the development research in solution chemistry-HOTS-Tawheed. The purpose of this research is to develop of instrument test Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) based on Tawheed on solution chemistry. The stages of the research began by designing 40 multiple choice item with five options. The instrument assessed by five science education experts. Expert judgement analysis of the test item was carried out using the Rasch measurement model approach, facets software. The Multi-rater validation test results showed: (1) The five expert panels considered quality items 23 out of 40 (57.5%); (2) according to the five validators, the instrument items that are most difficult to fulfill from the questions are statements B4, K4, and K8 (logit>+1), while K10 (logit<-4) is the statement item that is easiest to fulfill from the questions; (3) aspect of statistical fit criteria, it can be seen that Val.A and Val.F experts are the most consistent (based on MNSQ and ZSTD); (4) the reliability of the items showed a good level (0.97); and (5) the similarity of assessment by the five experts (exact agreement) which reached 93.0% which shows that there was not much difference between the five experts in assessing all the items.
Utilization of Electrical Energy in Lecture Building at Universitas Bangka Belitung
Authors: Berutu L A , Puriza M Y , Sunanda W , Wijianti E S 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Electrical energy has become necessary in supporting human life activities, one of which is in higher education institutions. Universitas Bangka Belitung, as one of the public universities in the Province of Bangka Belitung Islands, currently has 12 lecture buildings to provide the best academic services in the 20 available undergraduate programs. Through measurements carried out during lecture activity hours in a few weeks at the main panel in 12 lecture buildings, also obtained the average current, average voltage, and average real power in the R phase, S phase, and T phase. lecture building with sampling data every 15 minutes. Based on measurements, the entire lecture building’s electrical energy consumption is in the range 2-5 kWh with electronic equipment used, including air conditioning, LCD computer projectors, and room lighting
Antidiabetic Activity and Immunostimulant Potential of Bosibosi (Timonius flavescens (Jacq) Baker) Leaves Ethanol Extract in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats
Authors: Lbn Gaol Adriana Y.D. , Ilyas Syafruddin , Hutahaean Salomo , Sipahutar Herbert 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe number of people with diabetes mellitus (DM) is increasing alarmingly from year to year. Efforts to find cheap, safe and effective natural ingredients for DM are becoming increasingly important. This study was aimed to study the antidiabetic and immunostimulant properties of bosibosi (Timonius flavescens) leaves ethanol extract (LEE) in alloxan-induced diabetic female Wistar rats. Diabetic animals (2 mo, 150-190 g bw) were induced by ip administration of alloxan (175 mg/kg bw) after 24 hrs fasting. Animals were randomly distributed into 4 different groups (5 rats each), group I (normal rats, treated with NaCl), gorup II (diabetic rats, treated with N aCl), group III (diabetic, treated with metformin, 250 mg/kg bw), and group IV (diabetic rats, treated with LEE, 500 mg/kg bw). All ingredients (total volume 1 mL) were administered orally for 14 consecutive days. Blood samples were taken from the ventral tail vein on days 0, 7 and 14 for blood glucose determination. On day 14, rats were fasted (24 hrs), anesthetized and cardiac punctured for blood sample (5 mL) for leucocyte analysis. Blood glucose level of diabetic rats with EED (IV) was significantly lower than diabetic mice without LEE (II) (p <0.05). There was no significant difference in blood glucose level between LEE (IV) and normal (I) and metformin (III) rats. LEE also significantly increased the relative weight of lymph, the number of lymphocyte compared to normal (normal, non-diabetic) animals. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the ethanol extract of bosibosi leaves has antidiabetic activity and immunostimulant properties.
Development of Vibration Sensor Media for Children with Special Needs at The Faculty of Sports Science, Medan State University
Authors: Marpaung Deni Rahman , Sari Rima Mediyana , Nasution Usman , Riza Ade Ros , Nogroho Sinung , Nababan Fitri Winda 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The purpose of this research is to describe the vibration sensor media as a learning medium for sprint competitions for blind children and to assist teachers and students in learning using vibration sensor media. This research was conducted in several steps, namely: identifying potentials and problems, gathering information, product design, product manufacturing, expert validation, product revision, testing, final production. This vibration sensor media as a learning medium for sprint competitions was first validated by material experts and media experts. Product trials were carried out on blind children in DPD Pertuni Medan with a population of 6 respondents. The small group test was 2 respondents, while the large group test was 6 respondents. This type of data collection used a questionnaire instrument. The results showed that the vibration sensor that has been made for learning sprint competitions was feasible. These results were obtained from the validation results of a) material experts at 92.5% or very feasible; b) media expert of 86.66% or Very feasible; c) small group trial of 92.5% or very feasible; d) large group trial with a result of 95% or very feasible. The vibration sensor media has been declared fit to use as a learning media for vibration sensor media.
Identification Pests and Diseases of the Borneo Black Sweet in Tropical Rainforest
Authors: Widians J A , Puspitasari N , Pakpahan H S , Budiman E , Alameka F 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The Borneo black sweet Coelogyne Pandurata is one of the mascots of flora in East Kalimantan Tropical Rainforest. This orchid species only grows on the Borneo. The uniqueness of The Borneo black orchid Coelogyne Pandurata, has a black tongue (labellum) with a few green and hairy stripes. This research is to develop an expert system for identifying pests and diseases of black orchids, as a support for the conservation of biodiversity in the East Kalimantan tropical rainforests. The expert system is equipped with a knowledge base in diagnosing pests, symptoms, and diseases of black orchid using Bayes theorem. In this research 4 pests disturbed black orchids, namely bare snail pests, caterpillars pests, grasshoppers pests, and ant pests. The diseases that attacked black orchids were obtained, namely brown spot disease, fusarium wilt disease, soft rot disease, and root rot disease. The result of the calculation of the Bayes Theorem based on 5 symptoms chosen by the user that black orchid has a 40% chance of experiencing root rot disease.