bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONS
Authors:   Student
Published: December 2021

. . . Revolutions born in the laboratory are to be sharply distinguished from revolutions born in society. Social revolutions are usually born in the minds of millions, and are led up to by what the Declaration of Independence calls "a long train of abuses," visible to all; indeed, they usually cannot occur unless they are widely understood by and supported by the public. By contrast, scientific revolutions usually take shape quietly in the minds of a few men, under cover of the impenetrability to most laymen of scientific theory, and thus catch the world by surprise. . . .
But more important by far than the world's unpreparedness for scientific revolutions are their universality and their permanence once they have occurred. Social revolutions are restricted to a particular time and place; they arise out of particular circumstances, last for a while, and then pass into history. Scientific revolutions, on the other hand, belong to all places and all times. . . .
Works of thought and many works of art have a . . . chance of surviving, since new copies of a book or a symphony can be transcribed from old ones, and so can be preserved indefinitely; yet these works, too, can and do go out of existence, for if every copy is lost, then the work is also lost. The subject matter of these works is man, and they seem to be touched with his mortality. The results of scientific work, on the other hand, are largely immune to decay and disappearance.
Osteosarcoma in Early Childhood
Authors: Levy Moise L. , Jaffe Norman 
Published: December 2021

Osteosarcoma is most commonly encountered in the teenage individual.1 The recent referral of a 20-month-old boy with this tumor to the M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute prompted a comparison of characteristics of the disease reported in early childhood with those of older patients.
CASE REPORT
A 20-month-old Filipino boy was admitted with a provisional diagnosis of osteosarcoma involving the left femur. He had been in good health until a few months prior to admission when he began limping. Radiographs obtained at his local hospital revealed a lytic-blastic lesion at the distal left femur and a needle biopsy suggested a diagnosis of osteoblastoma.
Immunohemolytic Anemia and Hodgkin Disease
Authors: Carpentieri Ugo , Daeschner C. W. , Haggard Mary Ellen 
Published: December 2021

The proteiform presentation of Hodgkin disease is well known. Also recognized are the immune disorders such as immunohemolytic anemia and immunothrombocytopenia which may be associated with, and sometimes precede, the disease.1(pp1025-1030)
A diagnosis of warm agglutinin Coombs positive hemolytic anemia of unknown etiology was made in an 8-year-old black boy after the most common causes, such as chemical agents, viral syndromes, malignancies, infectious diseases, collagen diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, and thyroid problems were apparently excluded. The patient was treated with erythrocyte transfusion and steroids.
Letter to the Editor
Authors: Bartoshesky Louis E. , Pashayan Hermine 
Published: December 2021

We would agree with both writers that there were certain features of the child described in our report that were not typical of the so-called fetal hydantoin syndrome, particularly the birth weight. It is certainly true that single case reports do nothing more than suggest possible associations between malformations and in utero exposure, but much information has been accumulated associating clefts and congenital heart malformations with phenytoin.
The baby described had a normal male karyotype. Attempts were made to do karyotyping on tissue obtained at autopsy but were unsuccessful.
Vitamin E and Retrolental Fibroplasia in 1982
Authors: Phelps Dale L. 
Published: December 2021

The retrolental fibroplasia (RLF) blind are an increasingly tragic shadow in the otherwise brightening picture for extremely premature infants1,2; thus, it is natural to feel eager anticipation at the report of vitamin E as an effective prophylactic.3 However, in seeking a solution to this frustrating disease, we must remain cautious about the price to be paid for prevention. I believe the time is ripe to ask "Where do we stand in our current knowledge of RLF; what is the history of vitamin E in this disorder; what is the strength of the evidence for its efficacy and safety; and finally is the risk/benefit ratio tipped in favor of treating the estimated 37,000 susceptible infants born annually in the United States, or must we await further evidence?"
RLF OR RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY
Through the combination of meticulous clinical observations4-7 and innovative studies in animal models,8,9 we have come to understand that acute, proliferative RLF occurs when the retina becomes ischemic following oxygen-related vaso-obliteration of immature, developing retinal arterioles. In the most immature infants (weight &lt; 1 kg) this occurs as frequently as 75% of the time.7 There, however, our understanding of RLF ends inasmuch as cicatricial RLF (or retinopathy of prematurity with idiopathic fibrosis10), the scarred, occasional sequelae of acute RLF, is the output from a classic "black box." Prematurity, illness, and acute retinopathy go into one side, but we have no idea what determines healing vs cicatrix, the outputs on the far side. Animal models offer no help in this regard as none progress from acute vasculopathy to cicatricial sequelae (with perhaps one promising11).
Theophylline Toxicity and Viral Infections
Authors: Walker Susannah B. , Middelkamp J. Neal 
Published: December 2021

We were most interested in the article by Kraemer et al1 concerning altered theophylline clearance in asthmatic patients during an influenza B outbreak. We have studied two compliant asthmatic patients who had sudden changes in theophylline clearance at the time of symptomatic viral infections.
The first patient was a steroid-dependent asthmatic child who was maintained on 10.54 mg/kg/dose of Theo-Dur for six months with theophylline levels in the therapeutic range of 10 to 20 µg/ ml.
Letter to the Editor
Authors: Kraemer Michael J. , Furukawa Clifton T. , Koup Jeffrey , Shapiro Gail G. , Pierson William E. , Bierman C. Warren 
Published: December 2021

We thank Walker and Middelkamp for sharing their experiences. We also would like to emphasize Weinberger's point that when nausea, vomiting, or headache are present in nonwheezing children, additional theophylline administration should always be withheld until a serum theophylline level is measured.
Theophylline continues to be very effective in the treatment of chronic asthma, and its use is to be encouraged. However, for optimal benefits with minimal risks, serum theophylline determinations must be rapidly obtainable.
Adoption: An Option for the Imperfect Child
Authors: HILL REBA MICHELS , CALDWELL Jo ANN 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor.—
With the angry outcry by the public regarding the ethics of withholding of nutrients from infants with handicaps to promote early death, or death by neglect, I would like to propose an alternate method for handling cases of malformed or damaged infants who are unacceptable to biologic parents. Susie Q was born November 1975, after 28 weeks' gestation. She weighed 1,000 g and had virilization of her external genitalia due to a maternal ovarian tumor.
Percutaneous Insertion of Central Venous Catheters
Authors: EVANS JACQUELYN R. , ALLEN ALEXANDER C. , STINSON DORA A. 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor.—
We have also used the percutaneous technique for insertion of Silastic catheters in neonates as described by Dolcourt and Bose1 and have seen results similar to theirs. From July 1981 to July 1982 we used this technique successfully on 18 occasions in 14 infants with two failed attempts. All infants except one weighed &lt;1,400 g at the time of insertion. Although the catheters were often removed because sepsis was suspected clinically, there were in fact two episodes of documented septicemia both due to Staphylococcus albus in infants receiving total parenteral nutrition.
Improved Method for Administration of Aerosol in Young Children
Authors: JOOS THAD H. , NICKLES PETER A. , PIERANTONI WAYNE N. 
Published: December 2021

The child less than 3 years of age with bronchospastic lung disease often poses a challenge to the effective administration of β2-agonists as proposed in a review article by Tabachnik and Levison.1 A mask that fits properly over the nose and mouth is viewed by the patient as an unwanted therapeutic intervention.
Since Jan 1, 1982, we have employed an Ohio Face Tent type enclosure for the administration of aerosolized isoetharine to a group of 20 such children (Fig 1). Nebulization in the home or office was provided by a portable electrically powered unit, whereas in the hospital either central compressed air or oxygen was used.
Automobile Accidents: Potential Years of Life Lost
Authors: CHRISTOPHERSEN EDWARD R. 
Published: December 2021

Regular readers of Pediatrics have been kept apprised of advancements in the prevention of childhood deaths and injuries from automobile accidents. The American Academy of Pediatrics initiated the "First Ride—A Safe Ride," which has endorsed programs ranging from prenatal education of parents to state legislation.
In March 1982, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in Atlanta revised its Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report to include "Potential Years of Life Lost by Cause of Death" (March 12, 1982;31:110). This is derived for persons aged 1 to 65 years at the time of death by taking the number of deaths in each age category as reported by the National Center for Health Statistics, Monthly Vital Statistics Report, multiplied by the difference between 65 years and the age at the midpoint of each category.
Temperature, Mitochondria, and Reye's Syndrome
Authors: DON BROWN R. , WILSON JOHN T. 
Published: December 2021

In Reply.—
El-Mallakh raises hypothetical questions about an enhancing effect of fever on mitochondrial damage associated with Reye's syndrome. Our article on aspirin and Reye's syndrome1 emphasized the role of prodromal illness in use of aspirin. Fever was only one of several
[See table in the PDF]
prodormal illness events that were different in patients as compared with control subjects.
Results of our analysis of the epidemiologic data from the Ohio study reveal a statistically significant higher temperature in those children which Reye's syndrome as compared with unmatched control subjects (Table) as well as in patients and control subjects matched for record temperatures.1
GEORGE ARMSTRONG ON THE TREATMENT OF INGUINAL HERNIAS IN MALE INFANTS (1783)
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

George Armstrong (1719-1789), the founder, in 1769, of the first children's dispensary in Europe and author of one of the best pediatric works of the period, treated inguinal hernias in male infants as follows:
Hernia scroti ... in very young children, for the most part readily yields to the following treatment. If the child is of a costive habit, an emollient glyster[enema] is requisite, consisting of three or four ounces of thin water-gruel, a tablespoonful or two of salad-oil, and the same quantity of brown sugar, which must be repeated occasionally. At the same time, a gentle laxative should be given from day to day, just sufficient to open the body moderately, and thereby preventing the straining during the time of going to stool, which, from the child being costive, pushed down the intestine. On the other hand, if the child is of a lax habit of body, and especially if it is purged, the indication of cure is to remove the stimulus attending, or sometimes occasioning the looseness, and thereby prevent the straining in this case also ... I direct the groins and scrotum to be well dabbled with cold pump-water, or lime-water when it can conveniently be had night and morning, the rupture being first reduced, if it was down. By this simple method I have cured a great number of infants (many of whom were born with ruptures) in a few months, and some in a few weeks. But if the disease is stubborn, and the child a little grown up, for example a year or two old, or upwards, I recommend the elastic steel truss to be used, which if skilfully made, answers the purpose very well, without hurting, and should be worn until the cure is perfectly completed, and the part has gathered sufficient strength.1
Breast or Bottle: A Personal Choice
Authors: FISHER PATRICIA J. 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor.—
Many women throughout the country have chosen not to breast-feed or have been unable to do so. Their relationships with their husbands and/or children have suffered while they have tried unsuccessfully to satisfy the needs of the new baby. They have lost confidence in themselves as mothers, and lack of sleep and routine have brought about general chaos in their households. When they have considered bottle-feeding in the best interest of baby and family, they have been pressured by extremist groups into believing that breast-feeding is "vital" to the survival of their babies, and have been urged to continue by peers and medical professionals.
Optimism and Myths
Authors: KLEIN MICHAEL 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor.—
This is a letter about optimism and myths. St. Geme1 commenting on the challenging article by Starfield2 writes an extremely positive and optimistic forecast for the future of pediatrics. He addresses the issue of the changing curricular content of the newer ambulatory pediatric programs and expresses confidence that they will produce the "Oslerian" "consultative generalists" or "generalists-specialists" of the future, especially in the area of the new morbidity.
It is important to be optimistic, but one also should be realistic and acknowledge the fact that few of the new ambulatory programs have such depth as to be able to compete successfully with traditionally subspecialist-dominated training programs.
Burn Injury Related to the Improper Use of a Microwave Oven
Authors: PUCZYNSKI MARK , RADEMAKER DENNIS , GATSON ROBERT L. 
Published: December 2021

Microwave ovens are found in nearly one quarter of all households and are a potential source of accidents (Business Week, March 8, 1982, p 28). They pose a threat to individuals with pacemakers and misuse can cause burns and lacerations secondary to exploding containers. We wish to report a microwave-related burn injury to emphasize the danger that improper use of this appliance poses for children.
CASE REPORT
A 1-week-old male infant was admitted to our hospital with second degree scald burns over 6% of his body surface area. According to his mother, the burns resulted from overheated formula burning the child. The formula was poured into a commercial nurser, which consisted of a disposable plastic liner with a rubber nipple tightly stretched over the bottle top.
Theophylline Toxicity
Authors: KOSSOY ALLEN F. , WEIR MICHAEL R. , BRYANT MAX V. 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor.—
The recent review of theophylline intoxication by Sahney et al,1 was of interest to us because of our experience with patients with high theophylline blood levels but without symptoms.
Five patients were seen; one patient [Figure, A(1), A(2)] had a second ingestion. Theophylline blood levels ranged from 55 µg/mL (14 hours after ingestion) to 140 µ/mL. We followed standard emergency procedures including the use of oral removal, absorption, and catharsis. We then placed the patients under close scrutiny to watch for further symptoms.
Circumcision
Authors: WALLERSTEIN EDWARD 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor.—
The paper by Maisels et al1 circumcision calls for a response. The failure to achieve a significant reduction in the circumcision rate in a small sample (N = 23), solely in the dissemination of printed material to mothers, is not surprising. The researchers themselves suggest potential methodologic problems—whether the material was understandable, the lack of reinforcement (verbal or written), and the fact that additional information was given to the mothers from other health care sources (was it pro or con?). Such problems invalidate the study.
Misconceptions About Sleep
Authors: VAN SOMEREN V. , STOTHERS J. K. 
Published: December 2021

In Reply.—
We were interested in the comments of Guilleminault et al and were pleased to see that they agree that efforts should be made to recognize obstructive events appropriately.
As indicated in our paper, when we began monitoring infants we had difficulty in distinguishing between movement and obstructive apnea. We turned to the "Methods" section of papers published by experienced investigators, including Guilleminault, for enlightenment. After careful reading, it was not clear to us that Guilleminault et al used endoesophageal pressure analysis, the presence of bradycardia, oxygen saturation, and behavioral observation to define obstructive apnea.
Sports and the Child with Epilepsy
Authors:   Committee on Children with Handicaps,   Committee on Sports Medicine
Published: December 2021

The 1968 statement of the Committee on Children with Handicaps, "The Epilpetic Child and Competitive School Athletics," is restated with considerable modification.1
The responsibility for weighing the risks involved in athletic participation should be shared by the parents, the physician, and the child. Such risks should be weighed against the psychological trauma resulting from unnecessary restriction of physical activities. Parents should participate in all decisions. To the degree appropriate to the age and judgment of the child, his or her wishes should be considered. The young athlete must be taught that there is a risk of injury and he or she should be prepared to impose voluntary restrictions on physical activity depending upon the nature and frequency of seizures.
Proper medical management, good seizure control, and proper supervision are essential if children with epilepsy are to participate fully in physical education programs and interscholastic athletics. Common sense dictates that situations in which a seizure could cause a dangerous fall should be avoided. These situations include rope climbing, activity on parallel bars, and high diving. Swimming should be supervised; no competitive underwater swimming is acceptable Participation in contact or collision sports should be given individual consideration according to the specific problem of the athlete. Epilepsy per se should not exclude a child from hockey, baseball, football, basketball, and wrestling.
Physicians who take care of childen who are involved in athletics should realize that in today's culture, sports and athletic activity are extremely important to young people and that unnecessarily strict interpretation of medical conditions may in fact do more harm than good.
Gastroesophageal Reflux and Apnea
Authors: ORENSTEIN SUSAN R. 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor.—
The series of papers on infant apnea in the May 1983 issue of Pediatrics was interesting reading. I am curious about two aspects of the esophageal pH probe studies reported by Rosen et al.1
The authors do not specify the temporal relationship between feeding and their polygraphic studies; presumably infants were fed during both the 12-hour nocturnal studies and the eight-hour daytime studies. The material fed is quite important in pH probe studies, because frank vomiting may occur following a milk meal without a drop in esophageal pH.
A Hospice for Children in England
Authors: BURNE S. R. 
Published: December 2021

Despite enormous advances toward complete cure of many of the previously fatal illnesses of childhood, modern medicine remains unable to help a small but important minority of children. In cases of malignant disease, failure to respond to curative treatment may lead quickly to a terminal phase of illness, while at another extreme, the long-term degenerative illnesses may cause a child to deteriorate mentally and physically for up to two decades before an inevitably fatal outcome.
During the last 30 years, the hospice movement had had great success in providing continuing care and symptom relief for incurably ill adults.1 More recent work has demonstrated that similar principles of care can be used to help relieve the distress of dying children2,3 whereas a hospice setting has been suggested in order to allow humane natural death for malformed and extremely premature neonates.4
Prevention of Perinatal Transmission of Chronic Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) Carrier State
Authors: SALVIOLI GIAN PAOLO , FALDELLA GIACOMO , ALESSANDRONI ROSINA , LANARI MARCELLO 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor.—
All over the world, groups with the highest risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection are being identified in order to define correct immunoprophylaxis programs.1,2 It has been suggested that all infants born to HBsAg-positive mothers, irrespective of whether they are HBeAg positive or not, are in need of immediate protection.3,4 In support of this necessity, Sinatra and colleagues5 report three cases of perinatal transmitted acute icteric hepatitis B in infants born to HBsAg-positive and anti-HBe-positive carrier mothers.
Malpractice Issues
Authors: BRENT ROBERT L. 
Published: December 2021

In Reply.—
As Hecht points out, certain physicians and scientists appear repetitively as expert witnesses. This is less important than the fact that some witnesses, whether they testify frequently or rarely, are not experts and present a distorted and partisan view of the scientific material that they are presenting to the court. I agree with Hecht that the fees are soaring and frequently unreasonable. Although there appears to be a correlation of the very high fees with the most irresponsible witnesses, this is not necessarily always an accurate assumption.
Hemorrhagic Periventricular Leukomalacia and Spastic Diplegia
Authors: LEVENE M. I. , WIGGLESWORTH J. S. , DUBOWITZ V. 
Published: December 2021

In Reply.—
We are in complete agreement with Kuban and Gilles on the continued importance of pathologic verification as the gold standard to which clinical diagnostic techniques are compared, and this remains the major basis of our own work, although such verification is inevitably limited by low mortality rates and problems in obtaining consent for autopsy. The points they make on the specificity of the areas of increased echodensity which we have equated with hemorrhagic periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) are important.
Watch Out for `Old' Ipecac
Authors: HUFF MARVIN R. , MANSKE THOMAS A. , FORSYTH CLAIRE , DRIVER PAUL 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor.—
The use of Syrup of Ipecac by poison centers and hospital emergency room physicians has become a valuable means of gastric removal of various orally ingested poisonous substances. In the domestic poisoning situation, the efficacy of this method is even more important as it is frequently the "only" available therapy in the home, due to its over-the-counter status. With the availability, awareness, and use of Syrup of Ipecac by the general public, health professionals must ensure appropriate use and storage of the product.