bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental and field verifications of radial gates as flow measurement structures
Authors: Shayan Hossein Khalili , Farhoudi Javad , Vatankhah Alireza 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Radial gates are common structures in irrigation projects. This paper presents some theory-based equations for explicit estimation of the discharge from a radial gate under free and submerged flow conditions using energy and momentum (E-M) principles. The proposed equations were calibrated using extensive experimental data collected from the literature and this study for three types of radial gate under free and submerged flow conditions. The submergence threshold of radial gates is concluded, based on the concepts of hydraulic jump and the intersection of free and submerged head-discharge curves. The results indicated that the error in estimating the discharge increases under transition ( − 2.5 ≤ Sr% ≤ + 2.5), gate lip (1 &lt; y0/w ≤ 2), and high submerged (yt/y0 ≥ 0.95) flow conditions. However, in these flow limit conditions, the discharge error can be considerably decreased by adjusting the tailwater depth to flow depth just after the gate and using the energy equation for the sections before and after the gate. The efficiency of the proposed methods was evaluated based on the data series from field measurements of radial gates in 29 check structures at irrigation canals in the United States and Iran. The results showed that the discharge could be estimated using the proposed equations in field conditions with acceptable accuracy.
Carbamazepine removal from low-strength municipal wastewater using a combined UASB-MBR treatment system
Authors: Moya-Llamas M. J. , Trapote A. , Prats D. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
An Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket reactor combined with a two-stage membrane bioreactor were operated for 193 days in order to evaluate the biological removal of carbamazepine (CBZ) from low-strength municipal wastewater. The system worked in three different organic load stages (0.7 ± 0.1 kg COD·m−3·d−1, 0.4 ± 0.1 kg COD·m−3·d−1 and 0.1 ± 0.0 kg COD·m−3·d−1) to assess the impact of the influent OLR on operational parameters such as anaerobic and aerobic sludge retention time (SRT), acidity, volatile fatty acids (VFAs), biomass activity or biogas production. The highest carbamazepine removals were achieved during the anaerobic stage (UASB reactor), reaching averages of 48.9%, 48.0% and 38.2% operating at high, medium and low OLR, respectively. The aerobic treatment (MBR) served as post-treatment, improving the removals, and the global UASB-MBR system reached averages of 70.0%, 59.6% and 49.8% when the influent was at medium and low OLR, respectively. The results demonstrate the potential of combined biological systems on the removal of recalcitrant pharmaceuticals.
Wastewater treatment using plant-derived bioflocculants: green chemistry approach for safe environment
Authors: Das Nilanjana , Ojha Nupur , Mandal Sanjeeb Kumar 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The rapid expansion of global trade and human activities has resulted in a massive increase in wastewater pollution into the atmosphere. Suspended solids, organic and inorganic particles, dissolved solids, heavy metals, dyes, and other impurities contained in wastewater from various sources are toxic to the atmosphere and pose serious health risks to humans and animals. Coagulation–flocculation technology is commonly used in wastewater treatment to remove cell debris, colloids, and contaminants in a comfortable and effective manner. Flocculants, both organic and inorganic, have long been used in wastewater treatment. However, because of their low performance, non-biodegradability, and associated health risks, their use has been limited. The use of eco-friendly bioflocculants in wastewater treatment has become essential due to the health implications of chemical flocculants. Because of their availability, biodegradability, and protection, plant-derived coagulants/flocculants and plant-based grafted bioflocculants have recently made significant progress in wastewater treatment. This study will undoubtedly provide a clearer understanding of the current state, challenges, and solutions for bioflocculation in wastewater remediation using green materials for the sake of a cleaner climate.
Governança ambiental em construções de hidrelétricas
Authors: Costa Maria Clarice Alves , Silva Guilherme Giacon da , Souza Dercio Bernardes de , Souza Mariluce Paes de 
Published: March 2021

As hidrelétricas, que foi uma grande solução no passado para o desenvolvimento mundial, hoje é motivo de polêmicas em relação aos conflitos provocados nos diversos recursos do ecossistema global. O papel dos diferentes steakholders nem sempre é desempenhado como se espera de uma governança ambiental. Diante desse impasse é que se propôs este estudo com o objetivo de identificar quais os mecanismos de governança ambiental presentes nas construções de usinas hidrelétricas. Para a construção do artigo utilizou-se de análise sistemática de revisão, cuja busca utilizada para os artigos foi a base de dados Scopus, dos quais foram selecionados estudos relacionados a conflitos entre os recursos oriundos das construções de hidrelétricas em vários países. Dentre os diversos mecanismos da governança ambiental, observou-se em alguns países, como Brasil, Polônia, África e Indonésia, a existência de legislações na tentativa de solucionar tais impasses. No entanto, as ações não se constituem somente de normas, mas, também, verificou-se outros mecanismos como a participação de diversos atores internos e externos que direta ou indiretamente são afetados por esses tipos de projetos.
In situ Analysis of the Fate and Behavior of Inorganic Nanomaterials in
Biological Systems by Synchrotron Radiation X-ray Probe Techniques
Authors: Zhu Shuang , Wang Yaling , Chen Chunying 
Published: March 2021

Background:
The comprehensive understanding of nanomaterial behavior in biological systems is essential in accurately modeling and predicting nanomaterial fate and toxicity. Synchrotron radiation (SR) X-ray techniques, based on their ability to study electronic configuration, coordination geometry, or oxidative state of nanomaterials with high sensitivity and spatial resolution, have been introduced to analyze the transformation behavior of nanomaterials in biological systems.

Methods:
Previous research in this field are classified and summarized.

Results:
To start with, a brief introduction of a few widely used SR-based analytical techniques including X-ray absorption spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence microprobe, scanning transmission X-ray microscopy and circular dichroism spectroscopy is provided. Then, the recent advances of their applications in the analysis of nanomaterial behaviors are elaborated based on different nanomaterial transformation forms such as biodistribution, biomolecule interaction, decomposition, redox reaction, and recrystallization/agglomeration. Finally, a few challenges faced in this field are proposed.

Conclusion:
This review summarizes the application of SR X-ray techniques in analyzing the fate of inorganic nanomaterials in biological systems. We hope it can help the readers to have a general understanding of the applications of SR-based techniques in studying nanomaterial biotransformation and to stimulate more insightful researches in relevant fields.
The Biochemical Parameters and Vitamin D Levels in ICU Patients with
Covid-19: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Abdollahi Hamed , Salehinia Farahnaz , Badeli Mostafa , Karimi Elmira , Gandomkar Hossein , Asadollahi Amin , Sedighiyan Mohsen , Abdolahi Mina 
Published: March 2021

Background:
In Covid-19 infection, leukopenia, inflammation, and elevated liver enzymes
are found in most patients. Also, vitamin D deficiency attenuates the immune system and
predisposes a person to being more susceptible to infection. In this context, we aimed to evaluate vitamin
D, electrolytes, complete blood count, liver enzymes, urea, creatinine, albumin, CRP and
ESR levels in patients with Covid-19.

Methods:
We conducted a cross-sectional study on 118 patients with Covid-19 who were hospitalized
from 2020/2/19 to 2020/4/3 in ICU. Serum levels of electrolytes, liver enzymes, blood factors,
urea, creatinine, CRP and ESR, as well as anthropometric parameters and serum vitamin D concentration,
were measured.

Results:
A total of 118 patients (80 male and 38 female) were enrolled in the study (65.05±15.75
years). Only 5.08% of patients had no risk factors and 55.9% had ≥ 2 risk factors. Diabetes
(44.1%) and obesity (23.7%) were more common among patients. Laboratory findings showed that
80.50% of patients had hyponatremia, but other electrolytes including K, Mg, Ca and P were normal
in the majority of participants as well as CBC, Cr, Urea, Alb, ALT and ALKP. The AST concentration
increased in most patients (66.94%). All patients had high levels of inflammatory factors
such as CRP and ESR. The mean of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D levels in participants (25.95 ± 14.56
ng/mL) was lower than its levels in the general population. However, it was not statistically significant
(P= 0.88). A significant negative correlation was found between vitamin D and ALT (P= 0.02,
-0.21) as well as vitamin D and CRP (P= 0.05, -0.17).

Conclusion:
Due to the regulatory role of vitamin D in the immune system and low levels of vitamin
D in Covid-19 infected patients, the evaluation of vitamin D levels and prescribed supplements,
if necessary, is suggested.
Numerical Study on Bearing Capacity and Bulging of the Composite Stone Column
Authors: Salam Mahmood A. , Wang Qiyao 
Published: March 2021

Background:
In weak clay soil, a proper ground improvement technique using a stone column can be limited by the absence of sufficient lateral confining pressure. Stone columns should be strengthened to provide the minimum required lateral confining pressure.

Objective:
The aim of this study is to find out the significant improvement of the composite stone columns compared to the conventional stone columns by comparing the bearing capacity enhancement and the treated soil stiffness for both models. Composite stone columns with a solid concrete part at the top-head not only enhance the bearing capacity of the stone columns but also decrease the bulging failure and increase the surrounding soil stiffness.

Methods:
The 2D finite element analyses were carried out to simulate an experimental study conducted by Ambily and Gandhi on conventional stone columns. ABAQUS software program with the Mohr-Coulomb criterion for soft clay soil and stones was used in the simulation. First, a preliminary numerical model was created to simulate the experiment model. Similar material properties, boundary conditions, and constraints were considered in the preliminary model. The results were compared, and they were similar to the experimental results. During this process, the efficiency of the numerical model was confirmed. Second, the same numerical model was performed for the composite stone columns without modifying the material properties, boundary conditions, and constraints of the preliminary model. The parameters that influence the composite stone column bearing capacity as the length of the concrete part, the stress concentration ratio, and the shear strength of the surrounding soil, were all studied.

Results:
The data obtained from the aforesaid study was used along with ABAQUS software package. Compared to existing work, our approach achieves a significant correlation, and it indicates that the solid concrete part increases the surrounding soil stiffness, in addition to increasing the bearing capacity of the stone column. The solid concrete part resists bulging deformation by moving the bulging failure downward where the confining pressure is larger. The stress concentration ratio increases with the length of the solid concrete part.

Conclusion:
Composite stone columns have a significant influence on the improvement of weak clay soil and increase the bearing capacity of soil under superstructures. Furthermore, they also increase the stiffness of weak soil around the column. The magnitude of weak soil improvement by using composite stone columns is greater than conventional stone columns. Therefore, composite stone columns are more efficient and effective than conventional stone columns.
Ethnic Differences of Corneal Parameters: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Alsaqr Ali , Fagehi Raied , Abu Sharha Ali , Alkhudair May , Alshabrami Abrar , Muammar Alhanouf Bin , Abdulwahed Sultan , Alshehri Ali 
Published: March 2021

Purpose:
To investigate the ethnic differences of corneal parameters in Arabs and other ethnicities.

Methods:
This study recruited 250 Saudi Arabian participants, 18–45 years of age. The McMonnies questionnaire was used to exclude participants with dry eye. The KR8800 auto refractometer (Topcon, Japan) was used to measure the refractive error. Oculus Keratograph 4 topography was used to assess 16 corneal parameters, including the k-readings, horizontal visible iris diameter, mean eccentricity index, asphericity, corneal shape factor, corneal flattening factor, sagittal height, sagittal curvature, and vertical palpebral aperture.

Results:
A statistically significant difference was found between male and female participants. Corneal parameters were compared to other ethnicities, including Caucasians and Asians, and those of Mongoloid origin. The horizontal visible iris diameter was wider in Saudi Arabians than in Asians but similar to Caucasians. The sagittal height was deeper and the corneal shape factor was higher than in the other ethnicities, and the eccentricity index was lower than that in Caucasians and Asians of Mongoloid origin.

Conclusion:
Our data provided normative corneal parameters of Saudi Arabians that may be useful for ophthalmic clinicians and designers of contact lenses. Furthermore, the parameters suggest that the corneal characteristics of Arabians are distinct from those of major ethnicities.
Addiction Potential and its Correlates Among Medical Students
Authors: Amiri Mohammad , Khosravi Ahmad , Chaman Reza , Sadeghi Zakieh , Sadeghi Elham , Raei Mehdi 
Published: March 2021

Background:Drug dependency can be seen in all occupations, educational levels, and socioeconomic classes, and it is one of the most prevalent psychiatric disorders worldwide. The purpose of this study was to determine the addiction potential status and its correlates among medical students.Methods:In 2019, a total of 500 students were selected randomly from Shahroud University of Medical Sciences and asked to complete Addiction Potential Scale and Attitude to Addiction Questionnaires. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, Chi-square, t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression model at the significant level of 0.05.Results:The mean score of addiction potential was 32.7±17.2. In the majority of the students (62.8%), the addiction potential status was low. Most of the students (66.8%) had used no tobacco or addictive substance. There was a significant relationship between addiction potentialwithgender, marital status, student's current place of residence, student's economic status, student's economic activity, along with education and semester (P≤0.05). In the regression model, 6 predictor factors of the knowledge and awareness of drugs, tendency to use drugs, field of study, history of drug use, alcohol and smoking history had significant relationships with potential addiction (P≤0.05).Conclusion:Given the relationship between potential addiction score and drug use tendency and noting that more than one-third of students had moderate and high drug addiction, more attention to this issue and interventional measures can be effective in reducing the tendency to drug abuse, and control of drug abuse.
Implementasi Pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam Dalam Keluarga Santri
Authors: Izzah Lathifatul 
Published: March 2021

<p>This paper aims to describe and analyze the process and implications of the implementation of Islamic religious education learning in <em>santri</em> families in Wonolelo village, Pleret district, Bantul district. Qualitative methods with the type of case study research are used to reveal these expectations. Data collection was carried out by observation, interviews, and documentation. The collected data were analyzed by analytical induction.</p><p>The process of implementing Islamic religious education learning in the santri family can be carried out through planning, implementation and evaluation. The third process can be successful, influenced by various factors. Among them are materials, methods, environment, technology, and cooperation or cohesiveness between family members, especially both parents. Finally, family education can have an impact or have implications for the character of family members, especially children as themselves, relating to Allah, the Lord of the Universe, God's fellow creatures.</p><p> </p><p><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong><strong>: </strong>Implimentation, learning, Islamic religious education, <em>santri</em> families</p>
Using the Ensuring Quality Information for Patients Tool to Assess Patient Information on Appendicitis Websites: Systematic Search and Evaluation
Authors: Ghani Shahi , Fan Ka Siu , Fan Ka Hay , Lenti Lorenzo , Raptis Dimitri 
Published: March 2021

Background
Appendicitis is a common surgical problem among the young adult population, who are likely to use the internet to obtain medical information. This information may determine the health-seeking behavior of an individual and may delay medical attention. Little is known regarding the quality of patient information on appendicitis on the internet, as this has not been previously studied.

Objective
The aim of our study was to identify the quality of information regarding appendicitis on websites intended for the public.

Methods
We conducted a systematic review of information on appendicitis available online using the following 4 search terms in google: “appendicitis,” “appendix,” “appendectomy,” and “appendicectomy”. The top 100 websites of each search term were assessed using the validated Ensuring Quality Information for Patients (EQIP) tool (score 0-36).

Results
A total of 119 websites met the eligibility criteria for evaluation. The overall median EQIP score for all websites was 20 (IQR 18-22). More than half the websites originated from the USA (65/119, 54.6%), and 45.4% (54/119) of all websites originated from hospitals, although 43% (23/54) of these did not mention qualitative risks from surgery. Incidence rates were only provided for complications and mortality in 12.6% (15/119) and 3.3% (4/119) of all websites, respectively.

Conclusions
The assessment of the quality and readability of websites concerning appendicitis by the EQIP tool indicates that most sites online were of poor credibility, with minimal information regarding complication rates and mortality. To improve education and awareness of appendicitis, there is an immediate need for more informative and patient-centered websites that are more compatible with international quality standards.
A Mental Health–Informed Physical Activity Intervention for First Responders and Their Partners Delivered Using Facebook: Mixed Methods Pilot Study
Authors: McKeon Grace , Steel Zachary , Wells Ruth , Newby Jill , Hadzi-Pavlovic Dusan , Vancampfort Davy , Rosenbaum Simon 
Published: March 2021

Background
First responders (eg, police, firefighters, and paramedics) are at high risk of experiencing poor mental health. Physical activity interventions can help reduce symptoms and improve mental health in this group. More research is needed to evaluate accessible, low-cost methods of delivering programs. Social media may be a potential platform for delivering group-based physical activity interventions.

Objective
This study aims to examine the feasibility and acceptability of delivering a mental health–informed physical activity program for first responders and their self-nominated support partners. This study also aims to assess the feasibility of applying a novel multiple time series design and to explore the impact of the intervention on mental health symptoms, sleep quality, quality of life, and physical activity levels.

Methods
We co-designed a 10-week web-based physical activity program delivered via a private Facebook group. We provided education and motivation around different topics weekly (eg, goal setting, overcoming barriers to exercise, and reducing sedentary behavior) and provided participants with a Fitbit. A multiple time series design was applied to assess psychological distress levels, with participants acting as their own control before the intervention.

Results
In total, 24 participants (12 first responders and 12 nominated support partners) were recruited, and 21 (88%) completed the postassessment questionnaires. High acceptability was observed in the qualitative interviews. Exploratory analyses revealed significant reductions in psychological distress during the intervention. Preintervention and postintervention analysis showed significant improvements in quality of life (P=.001; Cohen d=0.60); total depression, anxiety, and stress scores (P=.047; Cohen d=0.35); and minutes of walking (P=.04; Cohen d=0.55). Changes in perceived social support from family (P=.07; Cohen d=0.37), friends (P=.10; Cohen d=0.38), and sleep quality (P=.28; Cohen d=0.19) were not significant.

Conclusions
The results provide preliminary support for the use of social media and a multiple time series design to deliver mental health–informed physical activity interventions for first responders and their support partners. Therefore, an adequately powered trial is required.

Trial Registration
Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN): 12618001267246; https://anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?ACTRN=12618001267246.