bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Astronomical Observatories related to the World Heritage List
Authors: Cotte M. 
Published: July 2021

The article examines the existing relationship between two important concepts, but which are different a priori. First is the heritage of astronomy, generally associated with modern European science and its development through the construction of aseries of famous observatories with large fixedinstruments, all along lgth - 20th centuries. Second is the successful implementation of the World Heritage convention from around 50 years, with its famous List of heritage sites, monuments, ancient cities and landscapes.The article shows the relatively limited number, but already notable, of places nowadays registered on the World Heritage List or even sometime places aiming to be nominated for next years. Additional questions raise, asked by a partnership between Astronomy and World Heritage List; e.g.: the existing astronomical heritage from ancient civilizaions or indigenous societies; astronomy as associated value of broader nominations including classical heritage as palaces, monuments, historical cities and etc. In conclusion, we shortly examine the perspectives of the joint field of Astronomy and World Heritage.
Kazan University Observatory building in the context of the development of architecture in Russia and Western Europe
Authors: Nadyrova Kh. 
Published: July 2021

The Article analyzes the architecture of the Kazan city Observatory building and identifies its General and special features in the context of the development of architecture of structures and complexes built in the nineteenth century in Russia and Western Europe for observing celestial bodies. The result of the analysis is the unique identity of the building of the Kazan (Volga region) Federal University observatory.
OPERATIONAL CONCEPTS APPLICABLE TO AIR SPACE SECURITY IN THE LAND FORCES’ AREA OF RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE INTEGRATION OF VSHORAD, SHORAD, SAM AIR DEFENCE MISSILE SYSTEMS
Authors: ROMAN Daniel 
Published: July 2021

Airspace security is regulated at the level of each state according to the international treaties and conventions, in all possible situations, in times of peace, crisis or war, by integrating all the civilian and military air traffic control systems. The deep concern reaching the level of worry of the specialists in the field of airspace security is the reality of the complex operational environment of the land forces operations. In this context, due to the upgrades in the air space technology and the scale of the air actions at different altitudes, the need for the operational conceptualization of the air defence systems is well justified. For this, we redefined the airspace in the land forces area of responsibility from the perspective of two directions of research. The first direction of research is the threat and the aggression of a hypothetical air enemy, and the second direction of research is the conduct of the air defence response at different altitudes. In order to obtain results, in this article, we have developed several directions of analysis and conceptualization on the possibilities of integrating the VSHORAD, SHORAD, SAM air defence missile systems. Through this scientific approach, we consider to have opened new series of possibilities of planning the air combat and of probabilistic configuration on the notion of event of the air defence response, in a manner which is appropriate to the new challenges arising in the current airspace.

Keywords: aerial threat and aggression; air defence response; air defence event; air defence probability; operational art.
OPERATIONAL APPROACH OF LAND FORCES IN THE HIBRID CONTEXT
Authors: TUDORACHE Paul 
Published: July 2021

Visualizing the various operational contexts of recent Land Forces’ employment, there were many situations where the nominated structures also faced unconventional adversaries, even though, initially, the nature of operation had been identified as having a conventional pattern. This particularity is perpetuated more and more aggressively, determining the conventional military structures of the Land Forces to operate in order to face both regular and irregular forces, even within the same AO. Based on these coordinates, the article triggers to identify the principles needed to adjust the operational approach of Land Forces, so that the organic structures can perform in engaging the adversary from AOs within current and future operations. Also, a subsidiary objective of the present research is to identify the mutations at the level of ACOAs based on which the adjustment of FFCOAs will be made.

Keywords: hybrid operational approach; ACOA, FFCOA; regular forces; irregular forces.
THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION ENERGY POLICY, AN INSTRUMENT FOR RECONSOLIDATING THE STATUS OF HIGH POWER
Authors: BĂNCILĂ Andi Mihail 
Published: July 2021

The disintegration of the USSR in December 1991 marked the end of the Cold War. Many foreign policy analysts were quick to point out that Russian Federation had ceased to be a threat to the Western world. Despite facing a multitude of economic, social and military problems, under the leadership of Vladimir Putin the Russian state managed to be reborn. Russian Federation's miraculous return was made possible by the successful implementation of a policy of economic centralization that overlapped with a period of rising global oil prices. Economic prosperity encouraged the Russian Federation government to return to the old practices of the Soviet period, succeeding in unbalancing the fragile states of Eastern Europe and once again endangering the peace of the entire continent.

Keywords: Russian Federation; Cold War; Crimea; hydrocarbons; conflict.
A KEY ELEMENT IN ENSURING THE CONTINUITY OF THE MILITARY CENTERS ACTIVITIES, UNDER THE CONSTANT PRESSURE OF CONTAMINATION WITH THE SARS-COV-2 VIRUS
Authors: COTOARBĂ Ionel 
Published: July 2021

In the event of a pandemic, the priorities for any commander must be focused on protecting their own personnel, maintaining combat capability and carrying out the missions. The personnel protection measures are implemented in a unitary and gradual conception depending on the pandemic evolution in the area of responsibility. The appearance of increasingly contagious viruses and the promotion of their rapid spread globally through the diversity and complexity of land, air and naval transport, forces us to reconsider our position on the following issues: training and recruitment of staff; making stocks; adaptation of protection measures, in particular of personnel; optimization of operating procedures based on clearly defined principles.

Keywords: military centers; planning; personnel protection; protection measures; circuits; risk areas.
UKRAINE BETWEEN PEACE AND WAR WITH RUSSIA
Authors: DUMITRU Ilie Răsvan 
Published: July 2021

After the Crimean Peninsula was invaded and the amplification of conflicts in South-Eastern Ukraine, it has become obvious that Russia's policy is concentrated on preserving its influence and strategic control over the decisions and political directions taken by the States from the former Soviet bloc. To understand the consequences of the Russian-Ukrainian war on the West, as well as to anticipate and counteract a possible future evolution of similar events not only in geopolitical risk states such as Moldavia, but also even in NATO members such as the Baltic countries, Romania or Bulgaria, it is worth paying attention to the geopolitical consequences of the loss of Crimea and the South-Eastern provinces by Ukraine. The article analyses the reason, mechanisms and stakes behind the Russian-Ukrainian war, from both a geopolitical and historical perspective. To understand the way in which different hybrid instruments can be used by the Russian Federation to influence the States in its proximity and, in particular, how their combination leads to effective satisfaction of the aims, it is useful to assess and address the systemic risks and vulnerabilities of States in the concerned areas of Russia and the West in recent years.

Keywords: Ukraine; Russian Federation; Crimea; Russian-Ukrainian war; hybrid warfare; limited warfare; maskirovka.
COMMON VALUES OF THE MILITARY ORGANIZATION AND OF THE FIELD OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT
Authors: ISTRATE Marius Constantin , BĂLĂCEANU Ion 
Published: July 2021

The military organization, due to its fundamental role in defending and maintaining the sovereignty and security of any state in the world, has undergone a natural evolutionary process. In this process man plays the main role. Thus, the continuous transformation to which the military organization was and is still subjected to, being permanently conditioned by the constantly changing threats and challenges, was achieved simultaneously with human evolution, under the impact of all discoveries and technologies developed and implemented by it. In this article, we will analyze two important areas of human activity, military organization and sports, focusing on finding common values for the two areas and generating relevant answers to the question: Is a sports team equivalent to a military structure?

Keywords: military organization; physical education and sports; common values; connections.
Evaluation of Soil Seed Banks in Different Aged Caragana microphylla Plantation in Desert Steppe Ecosystems
Authors: Li Guoqi , Li Shujun , Shao Wenshan , Chen Yanyun , Yafang Wang 
Published: July 2021

Soil seed bank (SSB) represents potential plant communities, which is essential in the restoration of degraded ecosystems. Consequently, SSB is crucial in the reconstruction and recovery of aboveground plants because they largely determine the process and direction of vegetation restoration. SSB is also important indicators that can be used to evaluate the effects of management on degraded desert steppe. Here, field sampling and soil seed germination experiments were used to investigate the role of SSB in the recovery of degraded desert steppe. Results indicated that (1) the species composition of SSB and ground vegetation significantly differed in different aged Caragana microphylla plantation and control in the Yanchi County. (2) The abundance of SSB was significantly promoted by C. microphylla plantation. The average seed density in Caragana plantation SSB was 11248.75 m−2, which was 17 times than that of SSB in areas without C. microphylla plantation. (3) The ages of C. microphylla plantation were closely related to the composition and density of SSB.
Model Test Comparisons of TLP, Spar-buoy and Semi-submersible Floating Offshore Wind Turbine Systems
Authors: Kimball Richard W. , Goupee Andrew J. , Coulling Alexander J. , Dahger Habib J. 
Published: July 2021

Results of wave basin tests on three 1/50th scale floating wind turbine systems tested at the MARIN model basin are presented. The tests included a fully functional model wind turbine and a novel wind machine to produce swirl free inflow at a turbulence intensity of about 5%. Simultaneous stochastic wind and waves as well as multidirectional sea conditions were tested. This paper presents the experimental work as well as validation comparisons to NREL’s FAST floating offshore wind turbine dynamic modeling code. The paper also discusses the testing methodology and presents means to more closely match full scale performance at the low-Reynolds number operation regimes of the model test.
Analyses presented include response amplitude operator and power spectral density plots for the spar-buoy, tensionleg platform and semi-submersible designs. The results presented for the systems highlight both turbine response effects and second-order wave diffraction forcing effects.
New Development in Aluminum Welding Wire - Alloy 4943
Authors: Anderson Bruce , Anderson Tony , White Galen , Berube Patrick 
Published: July 2021

Aluminum alloy 4943 filler metal is the first aluminum filler alloy to be developed for wrought commercial applications since the 1960’s and has recently received AWS A5.10 approval. It is designed to provide a high strength alternative to 4043 while maintaining the ease of welding and other advantages of 4043. Alloy 4043 filler metal is a popular aluminum/silicon filler alloy for general purpose welding applications but can show significant variability in strength based on welding conditions and the level of base metal dilution. Alloy 4943 filler metal is formulated to be welded with the same weld procedure specifications as 4043, address 4043 shortcomings while maintaining the same excellent corrosion characteristics, low melting temperature, low shrinkage rate, higher fluidity, and low hot cracking sensitivity in most applications. Alloy 4943 welds exhibit low welding smut and low discoloration similar to 4043. In addition to the higher as welded strength, the new 4943 filler alloy is heat treatable and has demonstrated its improved strength characteristics in the post weld solution heat treated and artificially aged condition when compared to the currently used heat treatable filler alloy 4643, which has been generally employed for welding the 6xxx series base materials that are post weld heat treated.
This article explains the test results of this alloy development project, shows the alloy properties compared to the traditional filler metal alloys and offers potential applications and benefits. The fundamentals of aluminum-silicon alloys are also presented. Also included are 4043 baseline test results highlighting 4043 property variability susceptibility from the weld procedure.
An In Vitro Mat‐on‐Gel Construct for Engineering Cardiac Tissue
Authors: Liang Yeshi , Goh James Cho‐Hong 
Published: July 2021

AbstractTopographical and mechanical features are two key factors for cell development. Here, an easy‐to‐make Mat‐on‐Gel construct is introduced to study the co‐effects of nanogeometry and stiffness on cardiomyocyte (CM) functional development in vitro. The construct consists of electrospun fibers and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) gel, providing both nanofibrillar structure and adjustable stiffness. Comparison studies of three different stiffness ranging from 19 to 52 kPa are conducted using a CM cell line: HL‐1 cells. Physical characterization shows that Mat‐on‐Gel constructs possess improved hydrophilicity than PDMS gel and reduced Young's modulus than electrospun mat. It results in better cell adhesion and enhanced cell metabolic activities. CMs on the Mat‐on‐Gel constructs also present more synchronous electrophysiological activities than those cultured on electrospun fibers or PDMS gel alone. In particular, lower gel stiffness results in more rapid calcium waves. This study collectively demonstrates the feasibility of this Mat‐on‐Gel construct and its potential usage as an in vitro platform for pharmaceutical studies.
A Flexible Self‐Powered UV Photodetector and Optical UV Filter Based on β‐Bi2O3/SnO2 Quantum Dots Schottky Heterojunction
Authors: Praveen Shanigaram , Veeralingam Sushmitha , Badhulika Sushmee 
Published: July 2021

AbstractRecently reported ultraviolet (UV) detectors majorly focus on exploration of photodetection properties like photon absorption and electron‐hole pair generation to improve the photoresponsivity. However, UV sensors also have a potential advantage of monitoring the excessive UV exposure on skin. In this work, bismuth oxide/SnO2 quantum dots (QDs) vertical‐junction‐based self‐powered UV photodetector and optical UV filter are demonstrated. β‐Bi2O3 nanofibers are synthesized via electrospinning technique and SnO2 QDs are synthesized using a facile, single step hydrothermal process. Detailed morphological studies reveal the formation of 1D‐Bi2O3 and 0D‐SnO2. The fabricated self‐powered Bi2O2/SnO2‐based p–n heterojunction device exhibits a maximum responsivity of 62.5 µA W−1 and specific detectivity (D*) of 4.5 × 109 Jones attributing to the high absorption coefficient of β‐Bi2O2 nanofibers and SnO2 QDs in the UV region. Further, the 1D β‐Bi2O3 nanofibers and 0D SnO2 QDs are coated onto disposable cloth substrate to fabricate the UV optical filter which exhibits an exceptional ultraviolet protection factor of 159 and the photodetector device demonstrates high stability and reproducibility even after 1000 bending cycles. The strategy outlined here paves the way for development of bifunctional, cost‐effective design and construction of wearable UV sensors and protective devices for advanced nano‐electronic applications.
A New Allotrope of Carbon—Graphdiyne (g‐CnH2n−2) Boosting with Mn0.2Cd0.8S form S‐Scheme Heterojunction for Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Jin Zhiliang , Gong Haiming 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAs a new 2D carbon hybrid material, graphdiyne has attracted much attention due to its good conductivity, adjustable electronic structure, and special electron transfer enhancement properties. It has great potential in the field of hydrogen evolution by photocatalytic water splitting due to its special properties. In this paper, layered graphdiyne is prepared by crosscoupling method, using CuI instead of typical copper film as catalyst. Graphdiyne/CuI is used to modify Mn0.2Cd0.8S (MCS) solid solution for the first time, which greatly improves the optical properties and hydrogen production performance of the photocatalyst. The S‐scheme heterojunction constructed between graphdiyne and MCS greatly improves the transfer rate of photoinduced electrons. In addition, the results of fluorescence spectra and photoelectrochemical tests show that the nanocomposites have longer carrier lifetime, lower recombination rate, faster carrier migration rate, and lower hydrogen evolution overpotential. Therefore, the hydrogen evolution rate of the MnCdS/graphdiyne/CuI with the best performance can reach 9.904 mmol g−1 h−1, which is 4.02 times of that of pure MCS. This work not only proposes the possible mechanism of photocatalytic hydrogen production but also provides an important strategy for the application of graphdiyne in the field of photocatalytic hydrogen production.
mTOR Repression in Response to Amino Acid Starvation Promotes ECM Degradation Through MT1‐MMP Endocytosis Arrest
Authors: Colombero Cecilia , Remy David , Antoine‐Bally Sandra , Macé Anne‐Sophie , Monteiro Pedro , ElKhatib Nadia , Fournier Margot , Dahmani Ahmed , Montaudon Elodie , Montagnac Guillaume , Marangoni Elisabetta , Chavrier Philippe 
Published: July 2021

AbstractUnder conditions of starvation, normal and tumor epithelial cells can rewire their metabolism toward the consumption of extracellular proteins, including extracellular matrix‐derived components as nutrient sources. The mechanism of pericellular matrix degradation by starved cells has been largely overlooked. Here it is shown that matrix degradation by breast and pancreatic tumor cells and patient‐derived xenograft explants increases by one order of magnitude upon amino acid and growth factor deprivation. In addition, it is found that collagenolysis requires the invadopodia components, TKS5, and the transmembrane metalloproteinase, MT1‐MMP, which are key to the tumor invasion program. Increased collagenolysis is controlled by mTOR repression upon nutrient depletion or pharmacological inhibition by rapamycin. The results reveal that starvation hampers clathrin‐mediated endocytosis, resulting in MT1‐MMP accumulation in arrested clathrin‐coated pits. The study uncovers a new mechanism whereby mTOR repression in starved cells leads to the repurposing of abundant plasma membrane clathrin‐coated pits into robust ECM‐degradative assemblies.
Probing Mechanistic Insights into Highly Efficient Lithium Storage of C60 Fullerene Enabled via Three‐Electron‐Redox Chemistry
Authors: Qiu Haifa , Wan Jing , Zhang Junxian , Wang Xin , Zhang Nianji , Chen Rouxi , Xia Yu , Huang Li , Wang Hsing‐Lin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractRenewable organic cathodes with abundant elements show promise for sustainable rechargeable batteries. Herein, for the first time, utilizing C60 fullerene as organic cathode for room‐temperature lithium‐ion battery is reported. The C60 cathode shows robust electrochemical performance preferably in ether‐based electrolyte. It delivers discharge capacity up to 120 mAh g−1 and specific energy exceeding 200 Wh kg−1 with high initial Coulombic efficiency of 91%. The as‐fabricated battery holds a capacity of 90 mAh g−1 after 50 cycles and showcases remarkable rate performance with 77 mAh g−1 retained at 500 mA g−1. Noteworthily, three couples of unusual flat voltage plateaus recur at ≈2.4, 1.7, and 1.5 V, respectively. Diffusion‐dominated three‐electron‐redox reactions are revealed by cyclic voltammogram and plateau capacities. Intriguingly, it is for the first time unveiled by in situ X‐ray diffraction (XRD) that the C60 cathode underwent three reversible phase transitions during lithiation/delithiation process, except for the initial discharge when irreversible polymerization in between C60 nanoclusters existed as suggested by the characteristic irreversible peak shifts in both in situ XRD pattern and in situ Raman spectra. Cs‐corrected transmission electron microscope corroborated these phase evolutions. Importantly, delithiation potentials derived from density‐functional‐theory simulation based on proposed phase structures qualitatively consists with experimental ones.
Verifying earplug attenuation and evaluating the effectiveness of one‐on‐one training along with earplug fit testing at nine facilities in China
Authors: Gong Wei , Zhang Jingjing , Liu Xin , Ding Enmin , Zhu Baoli 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to measure the personal attenuation ratings (PARs) in Chinese workers wearing hearing protection devices (HPDs), to evaluate the effectiveness of the single number rating (SNR), the noise reduction rating (NRR), and the associated derated values of earplugs; and (2) to evaluate the effectiveness of one‐on‐one training along with earplug fit testing on PAR improvement.MethodsNoise exposure measurements, one‐on‐one training, and fit tests to measure earplug attenuation were conducted at nine manufacturing facilities located in eastern China from 2016 to 2017. 503 workers participated in the study. Ninety‐three percent were male. 199 workers were provided one‐on‐one training.ResultsBefore training, 14% and 15% of the workers achieved the attenuation predicted by the manufacturer's SNR and NRR, 56% and 65% exceeded the derated SNR and NRR, respectively. Following one‐on‐one training, mean PAR improved significantly by 15 dB (p < 0.01); 26% of the workers achieved SNR and NRR, 79% and 91% met the associated derated values, respectively.ConclusionsLabeled noise attenuation ratings and their derated values overestimated the actual level of attenuation among workers wearing HPDs. One‐on‐one training along with earplug fit testing contributed to improved PARs.
American Rhinologic Society expert practice statement: Postoperative pain management and opioid use after sinonasal surgery
Authors: Lee Jivianne T. , Levine Corinna G. , Overdevest Jonathan B. , Higgins Thomas S. , Manes R. Peter , Myhill Jeffrey A. , Soler Zachary M. 
Published: July 2021

SummaryThe goal of this American Rhinologic Society expert practice statement (EPS) is to provide clinically applicable, evidence‐based recommendations regarding pain management in sinonasal surgery. This EPS was developed following the recommended methodology and approval process as previously outlined. The topics of interest included preoperative counseling, local anesthesia, use of opioids for postoperative pain, use of nonopioid medication for postoperative pain, nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs and bleeding, and use of gabapentin for pain control. Following a modified Delphi approach, 6 statements were developed, 5 of which reached consensus and 1 that did not. These statements and accompanying evidence are summarized along with an assessment of future needs.