bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Going beyond Security Community and Balance of Power: South America's Hybrid Regional Security Governance
Authors: Villa Rafael Duarte , Chagas-Bastos Fabrício H , Braga Camila de Macedo 
Published: October 2021

AbstractRegional security in South America cannot be explained simply by considering balance of power or security-community governance mechanisms. In this article, we present and discuss a hybrid security-governance approach for talking about governance security in the Americas, particularly, South America. We hypothesize that there exists a new security-governance configuration in which the traditional governance mechanisms—balance of power and security community—are not mutually exclusive, but overlap and coexist, leading to the emergence of a regional hybrid security architecture. Beyond explaining the reasons and causes for the overlap between security community and balance of power, we show the hybrid nature of regional security governance and point out how taking the hybridity conceptual approach fills the gaps within current research. We first offer a critique of two leading approaches to thinking about security in the Americas (balancing and security communities). Next, we show how the overlapping configurations in South America's regional security governance happen, testing Adler and Greve's (2009, “When Security Community Meets Balance of Power: Overlapping Regional Mechanisms of Security Governance.” Review of International Studies 35[S1]: 59–84) framework against historical evidence. Last, we provide evidence of a hybrid security governance in the region. We complement our analysis with qualitative data from interviews with scholars, political, diplomatic, and military actors conducted in various countries across the region. Our contribution is a significant step toward understanding how security-governance formations come about in non-Western regions of the world, privileging its specificities. More importantly, we offer a novel angle to escape straitjacket hypotheses to security governance grounded in Western hegemonic ideal types, which have focus either on balance of power or on security-community models.
N klA Case Report on a IV-degree Thermal Crush Injury of Right Upper Arm: The Application of Functional Prosthesis Implantation Technology
Authors: Wang Xue-Xin , Wang Hong-Shu , Xiao Shi-Chu , Wang Chun-Yang , Ji Shi-Zhao , Chai Yi-Min , Wen Gen 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Severe IV-degree thermal crush injury of limbs involved the subcutaneous fascia, muscle and bone, which may lead to amputation and has a great impact on the patient’s quality of life. We can repair wounds with pedicle flaps or even free flaps, However, there are still huge challenges in bone defect of extremities and functional reconstruction. In recent years, with the development of functional prostheses, we have reconstructed limb functions in many patients helping them to complete their daily lives. We report a case where the right upper arm was injured by thermal crush, leading severe burns to the skin, fascia, muscle and bone. We applied a pedicled latissimus dorsi flap and a free anterolateral thigh flap to repair the wound, and realized the function of limb salvage and movement of the right upper arm by implanting 3D printed scapula, upper arm, and elbow joint prostheses. This case illustrates that IV-degree burns involving bones have new technologies to repair and achieve mobility now.
Beyond the Acute Phase: Understanding Relationships Among Cardiorespiratory Response to Exercises, Physical Activity Levels, and Quality of Life in Children After Burn Injuries
Authors: Elnaggar Ragab K , Osailan Ahmad M , Mahmoud Waleed S , Alqahtani Bader A , Azab Alshimaa R 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The long-term cardiorespiratory function in burn-injured children can be jeopardized due to complications brought on by the injury. This study sought to assess the cardiorespiratory responses to maximal exercise in children who sustained a burn injury and explore the relationships among cardiorespiratory response, physical activity levels (PALs), and health-related quality of life (HRQL). Forty-five burn-injured children (age: 13.89 ± 2.43 years; duration since burn injury: 3.13 ± 0.93 years) and 52 age- and gender-matched healthy children (14.15 ± 2.27 years) participated in this study. Both cohorts were evaluated for the maximal exercise capacity (defined by peak oxygen uptake [VO2peak], maximum heart rate [HRmax], minute ventilation [VE], ventilatory equivalent [VEq], respiratory rate [RR], and respiratory exchange ratio [RER]), PALs, and HRQL. The burn-injured children had significantly lower VO2peak (P = .0001) and VE (P = .003) and higher VEq (P &lt; .0001) and RR (P = .007) than their healthy controls, indicating less-efficient cardiorespiratory capacity. However, the HRmax (P = .092) and RER (P = .251) were similar. The burn-injured children reported significantly lower PALs (P = .014) and HRQL (P &lt; .0001). The PALs (r [95% CI] = .411 [0.132–0.624]; P = .005) and HRQL (r [95% CI] = .536 [0.284–0.712]; P = .0001) were significantly correlated with the cardiorespiratory capacity represented by VO2peak in burn-injured group. The variations in VO2peak explained ~17% and 28.7% of the variations in PALs and HRQL, respectively. In conclusion, the cardiorespiratory efficiency of the burn-injured children may remain limited, even up to a few years following the injury. The limited cardiorespiratory capacity accounts in part for the reduced PALs and HRQL.
Setting Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Breakpoints: A Primer for Pediatric Infectious Diseases Specialists on the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute Approach
Authors: Pierce Virginia M , Mathers Amy J 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Breakpoints are the values used by clinical microbiology laboratories to interpret the results of antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) and classify isolates as susceptible or resistant. Whether the breakpoints applied by laboratories accurately predict the likelihood of successful treatment with a particular antimicrobial is an issue of critical importance to quality clinical care. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) sets breakpoints, and globally, breakpoints are also set by 2 standards development organizations, the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST); individual laboratories may choose which breakpoints to implement. Many CLSI breakpoints are recognized by FDA, facilitating their incorporation into widely used commercial AST devices. The CLSI Subcommittee on AST’s consensus approach to establishing (and as needed, revising) breakpoints involves integration of currently available microbiological, pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic, and clinical data. Here, an overview of the CLSI process for establishing breakpoints is provided.
Significance of boost radiotherapy in early invasive ductal breast cancer with ductal carcinoma in situ component under negative surgical margins
Authors: Shimizu Naoko , Myojin Miyako , Tamura Motoshi , Nishiyama Noriaki , Yamashiro Katsushige , Yuyama Yuichi , Okazaki Yutaka , Suzuki Yasuhiro , Takahashi Masato 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
We hypothesize that there is a risk of ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR) in surgical margin-free invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) in the presence of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) component affecting surgical margins in early stage. From 1990 to 2014, 343 patients with IDC in which the DCIS component constitute have received radiotherapy (RT) following breast-conserving surgery (BCS). All patients received whole breast irradiation with a prescribed dose of 50 Gy in 20 fractions (four times a week). This one-arm cohort with boost RT (253 patients) was compared for IBTR with a non-cohort group receiving no boost RT because of freedom from positive margins (90 patients). Median observation months were 98 (boost group) vs 119 (no boost group), respectively. The 15-year local recurrence-free survival (LRFS) rates were 98.5% and 85.6% in the boost and no boost groups, respectively (Cox proportional hazards model univariate analysis; p = 0.013, HR 0.13). Similarly, for other background factors, there was a significant difference in the LRFS between age groups. The 15-year LRFS rate was 91.8% in patients aged 45 years or younger and 94.6% in patients older than 46 years (p = 0.031, HR 0.21), respectively. Only these two factors were independently significant in Cox proportional hazards model multivariate analysis. IBTR risk in margin-free IDC with DCIS component was independently decreased by boost RT in the cohort setting. Tumor size, extensive intraductal component (EIC), boost dose, the presence of lymph node (LN) metastasis and hormonal therapy were not IBTR risk factors in this study.
Light in the Dark/Luz en lo Oscuro:Gloria Anzaldúa’s Response to 9/11
Authors: Simmons Caitlin 
Published: October 2021

Abstract“Light in the Dark/Luz en lo Oscuro: Gloria Anzaldúa’s response to 9/11” examines Gloria Anzaldúa’s experimental dissertation—a collection of essays, poetry, and art—that she intermittently edited until her untimely passing in 2004. Published and edited in 2015 with annotations by multicultural scholar, AnaLouise Keating, Anzaldúa’s final text has not received its fair share of scholarly attention, as most is paid to Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza (1987). This article focuses specifically on the first chapter from Luz en lo Oscuro titled “Let us be the healing of the wound,” which responds directly to the events of 9/11. Anzaldúa’s postnational imaginary, her reflection on Azteca goddesses, and the bilingual nature of her writing set the essay radically apart from the canon of post-9/11 literature in English. Anzaldúa’s post-structuralist philosophy of conocimiento—“the potential of knowing within, an awareness and intelligence not grasped by logical thought” (117)—rejects the theory that atrocity is “beyond words,” and instead “voices” critiques and complaints that embrace the value of shared vulnerability. “Let us be the healing of the wound,” therefore, should also be read in light of Judith Butler’s Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence (2004), which similarly situates the attacks of 9/11 not in relationship to silencing (via trauma theory) but to the historical precarity of excluded populations in a global community—populations living often in national borderland contexts with long-standing legacies of colonialism and slavery that render their lives both precarious and disposable. As this article indicates, Light in the Dark/Luz en lo Oscuro deserves more scholarly attention as Anzaldúa’s last work and also as an important text in the post-9/11 canon.
Comparing different closure relations for cosmic ray hydrodynamics
Authors: Thomas T , Pfrommer C 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
Cosmic ray (CR) hydrodynamics is a (re-)emerging field of high interest due to the importance of CRs for the dynamical evolution of the interstellar, the circumgalactic, and the intracluster medium. In these environments, CRs with GeV energies can influence large-scale dynamics by regulating star formation, driving galactic winds, or altering the pressure balance of galactic haloes. Recent efforts have moved the focus of the community from a one-moment description of CR transport towards a two-moment model as this allows for a more accurate description of the microphysics impacting the CR population. Like all hydrodynamical theories, these two-moment methods require a closure relation for a consistent and closed set of evolution equations. The goal of this paper is to quantify the impact of different closure relations on the resulting solutions. To this end, we review the common P1 and M1 closure relations, derive a new four-moment H1 description for CR transport, and describe how to incorporate CR scattering by Alfvén waves into these three hydrodynamical models. While there are significant differences in the transport properties of radiation in the P1 and M1 approximations in comparison to more accurate radiative transfer simulations using the discrete ordinates approximation, we only find small differences between the three hydrodynamical CR transport models in the free-streaming limit when we neglect CR scattering. Most importantly, for realistic applications in the interstellar, circumgalactic, or intracluster medium where CR scattering is frequent, these differences vanish and all presented hydrodynamical models produce the same results.
Lymphatic Dysfunction Detected by Multi-lymphosome Indocyanine Green Lymphography and Lymphatic Ultrasound
Authors: Hara Hisako , Mihara Makoto 
Published: October 2021

Summary:
Investigation into the cause of lower extremity edema is essential for successful treatment; however, it is sometimes difficult to diagnose. In this case report, we present a patient with bilateral lower extremity edema in whom abnormalities were detected with multi-lymphosome indocyanine green (ICG) lymphography and lymphatic ultrasound. An 87-year-old woman underwent total hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy for uterine cancer when she was 55 years old. Ten years ago, she was prescribed with a diuretic agent for bilateral edema of the lower extremities; however, the edema did not subside. Conventional general examination, including blood tests, electrocardiography, echocardiography, duplex ultrasound for the legs, and lymphoscintigraphy, did not show any significant abnormalities that may occur with lower limb edema. We performed multi-lymphosome ICG lymphography by injecting ICG in the first web space of the foot, the lateral ankle, and the lateral thigh. This helped us detect lymphatic dysfunction in both lower extremities. Additionally, we performed lymphatic ultrasound and found dilated lymphatic vessels in both lower limbs, indicating lymphatic accumulation within these vessels. Injecting ICG into multiple lymphosomes appears to be useful in diagnosing the causes of lower extremity edema as well as evaluating the lymphatic function of those lymphosomes. Furthermore, lymphatic ultrasound can be used to scan the whole lower extremity because it does not rely on the flow of a contrast agent to produce an image. We believe that combining these diagnostic examinations will make it possible to diagnose patients who have previously been misdiagnosed due to insufficient screening measures.
Nasal prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection by intranasal influenza-based boost vaccination
Authors: Zhou Runhong , Wang Pui , Wong Yik-Chun , Xu Haoran , Lau Siu-Ying , Liu Li , Mok Bobo Wing-Yee , Peng Qiaoli , Liu Na , Woo Kin-Fai , Deng Shaofeng , Tam Rachel Chun-Yee , Huang Haode , Zhang Anna Jinxia , Zhou Dongyan , Zhou Biao , Chan Chun-Yin , Du Zhenglong , Yang Dawei , Au Ka-Kit , Yuen Kwok-Yung , Chen Honglin , Chen Zhiwei 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundVaccines in emergency use are efficacious against COVID-19, yet vaccine-induced prevention against nasal SARS-CoV-2 infection remains suboptimal.MethodsSince mucosal immunity is critical for nasal prevention, we investigated an intramuscular PD1-based receptor-binding domain (RBD) DNA vaccine (PD1-RBD-DNA) and intranasal live attenuated influenza-based vaccines (LAIV-CA4-RBD and LAIV-HK68-RBD) against SARS-CoV-2.FindingsSubstantially higher systemic and mucosal immune responses, including bronchoalveolar lavage IgA/IgG and lung polyfunctional memory CD8 T cells, were induced by the heterologous PD1-RBD-DNA/LAIV-HK68-RBD as compared with other regimens. When vaccinated animals were challenged at the memory phase, prevention of robust SARS-CoV-2 infection in nasal turbinate was achieved primarily by the heterologous regimen besides consistent protection in lungs. The regimen-induced antibodies cross-neutralized variants of concerns. Furthermore, LAIV-CA4-RBD could boost the BioNTech vaccine for improved mucosal immunity.InterpretationOur results demonstrated that intranasal influenza-based boost vaccination is required for inducing mucosal and systemic immunity for effective SARS-CoV-2 prevention in both upper and lower respiratory systems.FundingThis study was supported by the Research Grants Council Collaborative Research Fund (C7156-20G, C1134-20G and C5110-20G), General Research Fund (17107019) and Health and Medical Research Fund (19181052 and 19181012) in Hong Kong; Outbreak Response to Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) by the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations; Shenzhen Science and Technology Program (JSGG20200225151410198); the Health@InnoHK, Innovation and Technology Commission of Hong Kong; and National Program on Key Research Project of China (2020YFC0860600, 2020YFA0707500 and 2020YFA0707504); and donations from the Friends of Hope Education Fund. Z.C.’s team was also partly supported by the Theme-Based Research Scheme (T11-706/18-N).
Interpreting old texts with new tools: digital multimodal composition for a high school reading assignment
Authors: Higgs Jennifer M. , Kim Grace MyHyun 
Published: October 2021

PurposeResearch on nonschool settings suggests young people benefit from digital multimodal composition. Less is known about how digital composing can support students as they interpret required literary class texts. To understand the potential benefits and challenges of digitally composing for literary analysis, design interviews with two high school students were conducted to examine their processes as they designed digital multimodal compositions to interpret Anglo-Saxon poems. Grounded in the social semiotic theory of multimodality, this study aims to examine how students engaged in literary analysis and interpretive digital composition within secondary ELA.Design/methodology/approachQualitative classroom data were collected through digital means over a six-week period: a whole-class student survey, focal student semistructured design interviews, emails, field notes, analytic memos and student-created digital artifacts.FindingsStudents’ print-based literary engagements and digital multimodal composition processes were mutually shaped. Additionally, digital multimodal composition offered entry points into challenging print-based literary texts, resulting in understandings enacted across multiple forms of mediation.Research limitations/implicationsThe study focused on one cycle of multimodal composition. Additional studies of students’ digital multimodal composition processes in ELA classrooms over time could be beneficial to the field.Practical implicationsThe study identifies an approach to digital multimodal composition that may help teachers address and integrate core disciplinary objectives.Originality/valueThis study contributes to scholarship concerned with how “new” technologies and “old” literacies co-exist in contexts requiring students to engage in expanded communication modes alongside specific academic literacies.
RNN-based multispectral satellite image processing for remote sensing applications
Authors: Marri Venkata Dasu , P. Veera Narayana Reddy , S. Chandra Mohan Reddy 
Published: October 2021

Purpose
Image classification is a fundamental form of digital image processing in which pixels are labeled into one of the object classes present in the image. Multispectral image classification is a challenging task due to complexities associated with the images captured by satellites. Accurate image classification is highly essential in remote sensing applications. However, existing machine learning and deep learning–based classification methods could not provide desired accuracy. The purpose of this paper is to classify the objects in the satellite image with greater accuracy.

Design/methodology/approach
This paper proposes a deep learning-based automated method for classifying multispectral images. The central issue of this work is that data sets collected from public databases are first divided into a number of patches and their features are extracted. The features extracted from patches are then concatenated before a classification method is used to classify the objects in the image.

Findings
The performance of proposed modified velocity-based colliding bodies optimization method is compared with existing methods in terms of type-1 measures such as sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, net present value, F1 Score and Matthews correlation coefficient and type 2 measures such as false discovery rate and false positive rate. The statistical results obtained from the proposed method show better performance than existing methods.

Originality/value
In this work, multispectral image classification accuracy is improved with an optimization algorithm called modified velocity-based colliding bodies optimization.
Analyzing procurement fraud in the US Navy
Authors: Rendon Juanita M. , Rendon Rene G. 
Published: October 2021

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to analyze an ongoing fraud case in the US Navy involving the procurement of ship-husbanding services. The fraud acts will be analyzed from three perspectives–contract life cycle, internal controls and fraud schemes.

Design/methodology/approach
A data search was conducted to collect publicly available documents issued by the US Department of Justice (DOJ). A content analysis was used to analyze the fraud acts by aligning them with the contracting phase, internal control component and fraud scheme category.

Findings
The majority of the fraud occurred in the contracting phases of contract administration, followed by procurement planning and then source selection. The majority of the fraud occurred because of internal control component weaknesses in the control environment followed by information and communications. The majority of the fraud was aligned with the fraud scheme of collusion, followed by billing, cost and pricing.

Research limitations/implications
Because this is an ongoing investigation, additional DOJ information will become available and provide additional insight on the contracting phase, internal control component and fraud scheme.

Practical implications
The analysis suggests that the Navy’s lack of trained personnel, capable processes and effective internal controls result in the increased vulnerability to procurement fraud in its husbanding support services program.

Originality/value
To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to analyze fraud through the lens of auditability theory, specifically by the contracting phase and internal control component. Public agencies can enhance fraud detection and deterrence efforts by understanding how weaknesses in contracting processes and internal controls may increase an organization’s vulnerabilities for fraudulent activities.