bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MENGENAL PEMIKIRAN AL-MUBARRID DAN KONTRIBUSINYA TERHADAP PERKEMBANGAN ILMU BALĀGHAH
Authors: Ahyar Dasep Bayu 
Published: January 2021

<p>Ilmu Balaghah merupakan sebuah disiplin ilmu bahasa Arab yang terus mengalami perkembangan dan pembaharuan dikalangan para ulama, dengan lahirnya ilmu balāghah kita bisa memahami dan mengetahui bagaimana cara untuk mengomunikasikan sebuah makna kepada penerima pesan dengan bahasa yang indah, tepat sasaran, efektif, dan sesuai dengan situasi dan kondisi <em>(al-Muqtadhol Hal)</em>. Kajian ilmu balaghah telah banyak dilakukan oleh para ulama dalam menghasilkan karya terbaiknya. Dalam Artikel ini penulis akan membahas tentang pemikiran-pemikiran al-Mubarrid dan kontribusinya terhadap perkembangan ilmu Balāghah.</p><p>Abu al-‘Abbas Muhammad ibn Yazid (lebih dikenal dengan Al Mubarrid). Dia telah memberikan kontribusi pemikirannya terhadap ulama generasi setelahnya hal ini terbukti dengan banyaknya ulama ahli Balaghah yang berguru secara langsung kepadanya, dan diantara ulama-ulama (<em>Mutaakhkhirin</em>) yang menonjol, dan mengambil langsung sanad keilmuan dari Al Mubarrid adalah Ibnu Mu'taz, Qudamah, Abdul Qahir Al-Jurjani, dan Al Khatib Al Qazwaini.</p><p>Abu al-‘Abbas Muhammad ibn Yazid telah menyumbangkan pemikiran-pemikirannya dalam khazanah kebahasaraban dan telah banyak karya-karya beliau, dan karya yang paling menumental dalam kajian kebahasaaraban khususnya pada kajian Balaghah adalah kitab <em>al-Kâmil fi al-Lughah wa al-Adab</em>. Dimana kitab ini memuat pembahasan tentang linguistik, kebudayaan Islam, sastra, sejarah, dan gramatikal. Sastra Arab yang dimuat dalam buku ini tidak hanya berupa prosa dan puisi, melainkan juga pribahasa, kata-kata mutiara, syair-syair (puisi-puisi) dan khutbah-khutbah berbobot (bermutu).</p><p>Melalui artikel ini penulis memperkenalkan awal tentang pemikiran-pemikiran al-Balaghah al-Mubarrid dan kontribusinya bagi dunia sastra Arab.</p><strong>Kata Kunci: </strong><em>Al-Mubarrid, Pemikiran, Al-Balāghah</em>
Efficient CRISPR/Cas9 mediated Pooled - sgRNAs Assembly Accelerates Targeting Multiple Genes Related to Male Sterility in Cotton
Authors: Ramadan Mohamed , Alariqi Muna , Ma Yizan , Li Yanlong , Liu Zhenping , Zhang Rui , Jin Shuangxia , Min Ling , Zhang Xianlong 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background : Upland cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum ), harboring a complex allotetraploid genome, consists of A and D sub-genomes. Every gene has multiple copies with high sequence similarity that makes genetic, genomic and functional analysis extremely challenging. The recent accessibility of CRISPR/Cas9 tool provides the ability to modify targeted locus efficiently in various complicated plant genomes. However, current cotton transformation method targeting one gene requires a complicated, long and laborious regeneration process. Hence, optimizing strategy that targeting multiple genes is of great value in cotton functional genomics and genetic engineering. Results : To target multiple genes in a single experiment, 112 plant development-related genes were knocked out via optimized CRISPR/Cas9 system. We optimized the key steps of pooled sgRNAs assembly method by which 116 sgRNAs pooled together into 4 groups (each group consisted of 29 sgRNAs). Each group of sgRNAs was compiled in one PCR reaction which subsequently went through one round of vector construction, transformation, sgRNAs identification and also one round of genetic transformation. Through the genetic transformation mediated Agrobacterium , we successfully generated more than 800 plants. For mutants identification, Next Generation Sequencing technology has been used and results showed that all generated plants were positive and all targeted genes were covered. Interestingly, among all the transgenic plants, 85% harbored a single sgRNA insertion, 9% two insertions, 3% three different sgRNAs insertions, 2.5% mutated sgRNAs. These plants with different targeted sgRNAs exhibited numerous combinations of phenotypes in plant flowering tissues.Conclusion : All targeted genes were successfully edited with high specificity. Our pooled sgRNAs assembly offers a simple, fast and efficient method/strategy to target multiple genes in one time and surely accelerated the study of genes function in cotton.
The awareness and perceptions of dentists regarding medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw and its prevention: a cross-sectional survey
Authors: Han A lum 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: Accurate documentation of a patient’s prior medication use and awareness of side effects associated with anti-osteoporotic agents can assist dentists to prevent medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw. I aimed to determine the awareness of Korean dentists regarding medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw and the duration of drug holidays they prescribe to patients who need to undergo various dental procedures.Methods: An online, questionnaire-based survey was conducted among 1000 dentists registered in an online community in Korea. The following were determined: general characteristics; type of practice; recordkeeping regarding patients’ use of bone-modifying agents; requirement of a doctor’s referral letter; advice given regarding drug holidays of bone-modifying agents before dental surgery procedures; and experience with medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw. Differences between dentists with and without experience in treating patients with medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw were evaluated using the χ2 test.Results: Although a relatively high proportion (293/1000, 29.3%) of dentists had experienced cases of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw, only 650/1000 (65.0%) routinely documented the type of bone-modifying agent used by patients and the duration of its use. Moreover, only 591/1000 (59.1%) dentists routinely requested referral letters from doctors before performing dental surgery on patients. Although the recommended period for a drug holiday differs for each drug, 533/1000 (53.3%) dentists did not make such a distinction. There was a statistically significant difference in the level of detail documented in terms of anti-osteoporotic drug use between dentists who had no experience in medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (707/1000) and those who had such experience (P = 0.007). There was a statistically significant difference in the length of drug holidays prescribed between dentists with and without prior experience with the condition (P = 0.001).Conclusions: These results suggest that dentists do not respond consistently to patients' drug history prior to performing dental procedures. This implies the need for increased cooperation between dentists and physicians, as well as the development of targeted educational interventions for the dental profession, to reduce the risk of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw.Trial registration: Not applicable.
Beyond torture checklists. An exploratory study of the Reliability and Construct Validity of the Torturing Environment Scale (TES)
Authors: Pérez-Sales Pau , González-Rubio Raquel , Mellor-Marsá Blanca , Martínez-Alés Gonzalo 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: Torture methods have traditionally been quantified using checklists. However, checklists fail to capture accurately both the almost infinite range of available methods of torture and the victims' subjective experience. The Torturing Environment Scale (TES) was designed as a multidimensional alternative that groups torture methods according to the specific human function under attack. This study aims to do an exploratory assessment of the internal consistency reliability and discriminatory validity of the TES as part of a construct validity assessment in a sample of Basque torture survivors. Methods: We applied the TES to a sample of 201 torture survivors from the Istanbul Protocol Project in the Basque Country Study (IPP-BC) to profile torturing environments in detention. To estimate the internal consistency reliability of the scale, categorical omega values were obtained for each subscale of the TES. To assess its discriminatory validity, the "known groups" method was used comparing mean scorings by gender, state security forces involved in the detention, and decade (the 1980s to the present) when the events took place. Results: Men reported more physical pain, while women reported more attacks on self-identity and sexual integrity. The TES also showed significant differences as regards the security forces involved in the detention: Civil Guard (a militarised police) used more manipulation of the environment, threats, fear, pain and extreme pain, as compared to national and regional corps. Finally, although patterns of torture remained mostly unchanged across decades, more recent detentions included more emphasis on psychological attacks: context manipulation, humiliation linked to sexual identity, and attacks to meaning and identity. For all subscales of the TES, categorical omega values ranged from 0.44 to 0.72. Conclusion: The TES may be a useful tool in profiling torturing environments. Its sensitivity to key contextual variables supports the discriminatory validity of the scale. While some of the subscales showed an acceptable degree of internal consistency, others require further analysis to improve reliability. The scale provides unique insights into the profile of contemporary torture. It will allow for future quantitative research on the relationship between different torturing environments and the medical and psychological consequences thereof.
Targeted Immune Epitope Prediction to HHLA2 and MAGEB5 Protein Variants as Therapeutic Approach to Related Viral Diseases.
Authors: Achinko Daniel , Dormer Anton , Narayanan Mahesh , Norman Elton 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background Targeted immunotherapy is mostly associated with cancer treatment wherein designed molecules engage signaling pathways and mutant proteins critical to the survival of the cell. One of several genetic approaches is the use of in silico methods to develop immune epitopes targeting specific antigenic regions on related mutant proteins. In a recent study we showed a functional association between the gamma retrovirus HERV-H Long Terminal Associating (HHLA1, HHLA2 and HHLA3) proteins and melanoma associated antigen of the B class proteins (MAGEB5), with a resultant decrease in expression of HLA class I and II immune variants. HLA-C and HLA-DRB5 were the main HLA class I and II Immune variants, respectively, that showed expression changes across viral samples of interest. Specific immune variants for HLA-C and HLA-DRB5 were filtered for the top ten based on their relative frequency of counts across the samples. Results Protein variants for HHLA1, HHLA2, HHLA3 and MAGEB5 were used to predict antigenic epitope peptides to immune peptide-MHC class I and II binding using artificial neural networks. For IC50 peptide scores (PS) ³ 0.5 with a transformed binding ability between 0 and 1, the top 5 epitopes identified for all targeted genes HHLA1,2 & 3 and MAGEB5 were qualified as strong or weak binders according to the threshold. Domain analysis using NCBI Conserved Domain Database (CDD) identified HHLA2 with immunoglobulin-like domains (Ig_C1-set) and MAGEB5 with the MAGE Homology Domain (MHD). Linear regression showed a statistical correlation (P < 0.001) for HHLA2 and MAGEB5 predicted epitope peptides to HLA-C but not HLA-DRB5. The prediction model identified HLA-C variant 9 (HLA-C9, BAA08825.1 HLA-B*1511) at 1.1% as the most valuable immune target for clinical considerations. Identification of the 9-mer epitope peptide within the domain showed for HHLA2: YANRTSLFY (PS=0.5837) and VLAYYLSSSQNTIIN (PS=0.77) for HLA-C and HLA-DRB5, respectively and for MAGEB5, peptides: FVRLTYLEY (PS=0.5293) and YPAHYQFLWGPRAYT (PS=0.62) for HLA-C and HLA-DRB5, respectively. Conclusion Specific immune responses to targeted epitope peptides and their prediction models, suggested co-expression and co-evolution for HHLA2 and MAGEB5 in viral related diseases. HHLA2 and MAGEB5 could be considered markers for virus related tumors and targeted therapy for oncogenic diseases.
Remote Online Exams Anxiety during the COVID-19 Crisis: A Cross-Sectional Study among Medical Students
Authors: Mastour Haniye , Ghalibaf AmirAli Moodi , Niroumand Shabnam 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Introduction: Assessment and evaluation are major parts of the medical curriculum which motivate students to study, being a competent physician, and achieving the medical education eligible goals. Medical students, especially at undergraduate levels, experience a significant amount of anxiety due to frequent exams. Meanwhile, the coronavirus disease 2019 disaster forced higher educational institutes all over the world to adopt distance learning. So remote online exams were used as a kind of assessment that can lead to new paradigms.Methods: This cross-sectional study was planned to assess the remote online exams anxiety during COVID-19 Pandemic by analyzing test anxiety categories among basic science and pre-clinical medical students and its correlation between genders in the School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran, in 2020. Data collection tools were Demographic Questionnaire and Sarasons’s Test Anxiety Scale. Descriptive statistics (mean, percentages) and analytical statistics (t-test and one-way ANOVA) were used to analyze the data with SPSS version 11.5.Results: 290 medical students in basic science and pre-clinical courses were enrolled. 194 (66.4%) of participants were female and 177 (60.6%) were in basic sciences course. The prevalence of mild, moderate, and severe anxiety was 27.9%, 36.9%, and 35.2% respectively. The difference in the mean and SD of anxiety score in basic sciences students and pre-clinical students was not statistically significant (Pvalue=0.26), yet the results indicated that the level of anxiety in females (19.07+7.11) is significantly higher than males (14.44+7.15) (Pvalue<0.001).Conclusion: According to the current study, there is a critical need to take steps to recommend stress management techniques and bring reforms in E-learning and E-assessment systems to lower the anxiety in medical students while providing a stable and reliable electronic exam environment can be helpful.
Cannabinoid CB2 Receptor Functional Variation (Q63R) is Associated with COVID-19 Severity: from Human Study to Molecular Docking
Authors: Rastgar Mostafa , Samadizadeh Saeed , Yasaghi Mohammad , Moradi Abdolvahab , Tabarraei Alijan , Salimi Vahid , Tahamtan Alireza 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: Evidence supports the role of host genetic diversity for the clinical course variation of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Variation in the cannabinoid CB2 receptor gene (CNR2) could affect the endocannabinoids regulatory actions on the immune system, resulting in an increased risk of various inflammatory diseases. The present study investigated the relationship between the CNR2 rs35761398 (Q63R) functional variation and COVID-19 severity. Results: A total of 200 Iranian COVID-19 patients (100 expired and 100 discharged) were enrolled in the study and genotyped through TaqMan assay. The co-dominant, dominant, recessive, over-dominant, and additive inheritance models were analyzed using SNPStats software. In silico molecular docking was also performed to simulate the effects of Q63R variation on CB2 binding with a ligand and with G-protein. A significant difference in the Q63R allele and genotype distributions was found between COVID-19 expired and discharged patients in co-dominant (OR: 3.33, 95% CI: 1.25-8.88, p = 0.043), recessive (OR: 2.92, 95% CI: 1.16-7.33, p = 0.017), and additive inheritance (OR: 1.62, 95% CI: 1.06-2.48, p = 0.025) models. The molecular docking results showed that the predicted structure of mutant CB2 (63R type) could not bind to G-protein in the correct position.Conclusions: The data implied the involvement of the CNR2 gene in the severity of COVID-19 in Iranian patients. Identification of genes related to susceptibility and severity of COVID-19 may lead to specific targets for repurposing or drug development.
Influenza Vaccination During the Coronavirus Epidemic: Intention to Vaccinate among the at-risk Population in the Central Catalonia Health Region (VAGCOVID).
Authors: Bonet-Esteve Anna , Muñoz-Miralles Raquel , Gonzalez-Claramunt Carla , Rufas Ana M , Cruz Xavier Pelegrin , Vidal-Alaball Josep 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
BackgroundInfluenza is a major public health issue, with the primary preventive measure being an annual influenza vaccination. Nevertheless, vaccination coverage among the at-risk population is low. Our understanding of the behaviour of the influenza virus during the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic is limited, meaning the influenza vaccination is still recommended for individuals in high-risk groups. The aim of the study is to determine the intention to vaccinate against seasonal influenza among the at-risk population in the 2020-21 campaign during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and to analyse the factors which influence said intention.MethodsCross-sectional telephone survey of adults (aged over 18) with risk factors in central Catalonia where the need for the Seasonal Influenza Vaccine (SIV) was recommended.ResultsA total of 434 participants responded to the survey, 43.3% of whom intended to have the vaccination against influenza this year and 15.9% did not know or did not express an opinion. The intention to get vaccinated against influenza is associated with having dependents, the individual’s perception of the risk of them catching influenza and the perceived risk for dependents. It is also associated with age, whether the individual had received an influenza vaccination the year before and whether they had been vaccinated on another occasion. The best predictors of the intention to vaccinate are the individual’s perception of the risk of catching influenza and whether the individual had been vaccinated in the previous year.ConclusionsVaccination intention can be a good predictor of behaviour in relation to vaccination. During the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic many individuals are undecided. In order to improve vaccination coverage in people at risk, it is necessary to promote educational actions, especially in those people who express doubts.
Exploring the Anti-HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase, Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Cancer Activities and Cytotoxicity of Two Fermented Commercial Herbal Concoctions Sold in Limpopo Province of South Africa
Authors: Ntlhamu Matimba Ishmael , Ndhlala Ashwell Rungano , Masoko Peter 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background and objectives: The use of herbal concoctions is very popular in South Africa, including Limpopo Province. The herbal concoctions are claimed to be capable of treating numerous illnesses such as ulcers, cancer, HIV/AIDS, diabetes, certain STDs, blood cleansing to mention but a few. The focus of this study was to evaluate the anti-HIV 1 reverse transcriptase, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancerous activities as well as cytotoxic effects of 2 fermented herbal concoctions used for the treatment of the related ailments in Limpopo province of South Africa. Method: Two fermented herbal concoctions obtained from a herbalist in Polokwane were extracted with 80% acetone. The anti-HIV activity of the herbal concoctions was determined using the anti-HIV reverse transcriptase assay. The anti-cancer and cytotoxic effects of the herbal concoctions were evaluated using cancerous Human Colon (HT-29) cells and the normal human Hepatoma cells (C3A) respectively. Results: Notable anti-HIV reverse transcriptase activity was observed from the 80% acetone fraction of herbal concoction 1 (IC50 38.031 µg/mL) which exhibited better activity than the positive control Lamivudine (IC50 40.90 µg/mL). There was variation in the anti-inflammation activity as determined by the sPL2, 15-LOX and COX enzyme assays. The only concerning matter was the high COX-1 activity in some of the extracts, which is not desirable due to the mucosal protection action of COX-1 enzyme. The herbal concoctions did not exhibit cytotoxic effects on normal human cells, however, toxicity against cancerous cells was observed. Conclusion: The herbal concoctions displayed some considerable pharmacological effects against various ailments as claimed by the herbalist. More work to ascertain the toxicity of both concoctions against cancerous cells need to be followed as this could lead to the discovery of anticancer drugs.
Fluid Resuscitation via Colon Alleviates Systemic Inflammation in Early Stage of Rats With Severe Acute Pancreatitis
Authors: Ni Tongtian , Xu Lili , Sun Silei , Ma Li , Zhao Bing , Zhou Weijun , Wen Yi , Ning Ning , Chen Erzhen , Chen Ying , Mao Enqiang 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Fluid Resuscitation Via Colon (FRVC) is a complementary therapy for severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) in early stage. The expression of intestinal dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) has been found to regulate systemic inflammation. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of FRVC on the expression of DC-SIGN in the colon tissue of SAP rats and its effect on the early response of systemic inflammatory and multiple organ injury. SAP rats were induced by retrograding injection of sodium taurocholate into biliopancreatic duct. The expression of DC-SIGN was observed in the proximal and distal colons. Histological characteristics and inflammatory cytokines were examined to compare the effect of FRVC and intravenous fluid resuscitation (IVFR) treatment. The results showed that the expression of DC-SIGN in the proximal colon increased in a time-dependent manner in early stage of SAP rats. FRVC inhibits the expression of DC-SIGN in the proximal colon. Both FRVC and IVFR treatment alleviates histological injury of pancreas and colon. However, FRVC had an advantage over IVFR in alleviating lung injury and reducing Serum TNF-α, IL-6 and LPS. These results suggest that FRVC treatment might be helpful in suppressing systemic inflammation and preventing subsequent organ failure in early stage of SAP rats. The mechanism might be to inhibit the expression of DC-SIGN protein in the proximal colon.
Photocatalytic three-component asymmetric sulfonylation via direct C(sp3)-H functionalization
Authors: Cao Shi , Hong Wei , Ye Ziqi , Gong Lei 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The direct and selective C(sp3)-H functionalization of cycloalkanes and alkanes is a highly useful process in organic synthesis owing to the low-cost starting materials, the high step and atom economy. Its application to asymmetric catalysis, however, has been scarcely explored. Herein, we disclose our effort toward this goal by incorporation of dual asymmetric photocatalysis by a chiral nickel catalyst and a commercially available organophotocatalyst with a radical relay strategy through sulfur dioxide insertion. Such design leads to the development of three-component asymmetric sulfonylation involving direct functionalization of cycloalkanes, alkanes, toluene derivatives or ethers. The photochemical reaction of a C(sp3)-H precursor, a SO2 surrogate and a common α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound proceeds smoothly under mild conditions, delivering a wide range of biologically interesting α-C chiral sulfones with high regio- and enantioselectivity (> 50 examples, up to > 50:1 rr and 95% ee). This method is applicable to late-stage functionalization of bioactive molecules, and provides new access to enantioenriched compounds starting from the abundant hydrocarbon compounds.