bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Changes in Depression Levels of Bruxism Patients Treated With Botulinum Toxin-A
Authors: Erdil Deniz , Bagis Nilsun , Eren Hakan , Camgoz Melike , Orhan Kaan 
Published: April 2021

Aim: Bruxism is defined as the involuntary recurrent masticatory muscle activity characterized by gnashing, grinding, clenching of teeth, and/or pushing the mandible. Factors creating its etiology are peripheral (morphological) or central (physiopathological and physiological), and exogenous. Recently, among physiological factors, depression and bruxism were considered to be related. A definitive treatment method does not exist for bruxism; however, botulinum toxin-A (BT-A) application is an up-to-date and effective way of treatment. The present study is aimed to evaluate the levels of depression in bruxism patients treated with BT-A application. Materials and Methods: A total of 25 individuals (23 females and 2 males) who were diagnosed as bruxism patients were included in the study. 25 U of BT-A for each masseter muscle was injected into the patients. Patients were prospectively observed for a possible change in depression levels by using Beck’s Depression Inventory. The inventory was implemented before and six months after the BT-A application. Depression levels before and six months after the injection were compared. A paired t-test was used to compare “before” and “after” treatment values. One-way analysis of variance and post-hoc Tukey tests were used to evaluate the change in Beck’s Depression Inventory scores according to age groups. Results: The mean total score was 7.80 ± 8.10 before the treatment and 7.16 ± 6.52 six months after the treatment. The decrease in the mean score was not statistically significant ( P > .05). Conclusion: In conclusion, despite the decrease in the mean Beck’s Depression Inventory scores, a statistically significant decrease in the depression levels of patients was not observed.
The Role of Local Governing Bodies in the Management of Heritage Agricultural Landscapes: Italian Perspective
Authors: Salpina Dana 
Published: April 2021

The increasing interest in the protection of the agricultural landscape as a category of heritage can be observed both in the growing number of globally recognized agricultural landscapes and in the development of new legal and institutional tools for their protection. The multifunctionality of agriculture, involving the multiplicity of interests and actors, engenders the questions of how and who manages the heritage agricultural landscapes at the local level? The research aims to provide an empirical model for the identification and evaluation of the local governance models used in the management of multifunctional agricultural landscapes. It focuses on two heritage agricultural landscapes in Italy and bases on field observations, semi-structured in-depth interviews with the local stakeholders and comparative analysis of the case studies. The research draws the map of interaction between the local stakeholders. It outlines the crucial role played by the local governing bodies in the management of heritage agricultural landscapes, involving several administrative and sociocultural units.
Nail Changes in Psoriasis: Correlation Between Onychoscopy and NAPSI Scoring
Authors: Bindagi Anisha P. , Doshi Bhavana , Pandit Ashok , Manjunathswamy Basavapudda 
Published: April 2021

Background: Nail changes in psoriasis can present as a diagnostic challenge especially in the absence of cutaneous features. They occur in approximately 40% of psoriatics and in 5% as the sole presentation. Onychoscopy as a diagnostic tool aids in better visualization of nail matrix and bed abnormalities in psoriasis patients with nail involvement. Aim: To study onychoscopic features of nails in psoriasis and correlate it clinically using nail psoriasis severity index (NAPSI). Materials and Methods: A total of 60 patients of psoriasis with nail changes were recruited in this hospital based cross-sectional study over a period of one year. Cutaneous severity was assessed using psoriasis area severity index (PASI). NAPSI was used to determine the severity of nail involvement. Nails of the patients with psoriasis were examined clinically and onychoscopically. Statistical analysis was done using the software R i386.3.6.3. Results: Pitting was the most common nail change observed on clinical and onychoscopic examination, seen in 90% and 95% patients respectively. Leuconychia, red spots in lunula, onycholysis, and splinter hemorrhages were better visualized on onychoscopy. A statistically significant higher NAPSI (P < 0.05) was obtained on onychoscopy. There was a positive co- relation between the cutaneous severity of psoriasis and the extent of nail involvement. Conclusion: Onychoscopic examination coupled with NAPSI in nail psoriasis serves as a useful guide to assess the nail involvement and provides a better insight into the subtle nail changes in psoriatics which could have been missed clinically. Limitations: Small study population, lack of age and sex matched control group.
Transplant-associated thrombotic microangiopathy in pediatric patients: pre-HSCT risk stratification and prophylaxis
Authors: Higham Christine S. , Collins Griffin , Shimano Kristin A. , Melton Alexis , Kharbanda Sandhya , Winestone Lena E. , Huang James N. , Dara Jasmeen , Long-Boyle Janel R. , Dvorak Christopher C. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Transplant-associated thrombotic microangiopathy (TA-TMA) is an endothelial injury syndrome that complicates hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). Morbidity and mortality from TA-TMA remain high, making prevention critical. We describe our retrospective single-center experience of TA-TMA after pediatric allogeneic HSCT and present a novel pre-HSCT risk-stratification system and prophylaxis regimen. From January 2012 through October 2019, 257 patients underwent 292 allogeneic HSCTs. Prospective risk stratification was introduced in December 2016. High-risk (HR) patients were treated with combination prophylaxis with eicosapentaenoic acid and N-acetylcysteine. The 1-year cumulative incidence of TA-TMA was 6.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.2-9.4). Age ≥10 years, myeloablative conditioning with total body irradiation, HLA mismatch, diagnosis of severe aplastic anemia or malignancy, prior calcineurin inhibitor exposure, and recipient cytomegalovirus seropositivity were found to be pre-HSCT risk factors for development of TA-TMA. Before routine prophylaxis, TA-TMA rates were significantly different between the HR and standard-risk groups, at 28.2% (95% CI, 0-12.7) vs 3.2% (0.1-6.3), respectively (P &lt; .001). After introduction of prophylaxis, the 1-year cumulative incidence of TA-TMA in the HR group decreased to 4.5% (95% CI, 0-13.1; P = .062, compared with the incidence before prophylaxis). Multicenter pediatric studies are needed to validate these risk criteria and to confirm the efficacy of the prophylactic regimen.
Characteristics, complications, and sites of bleeding among infants and toddlers less than 2 years of age with VWD
Authors: Dupervil Brandi , Abe Karon , O’Brien Sarah H. , Oakley Meredith , Kulkarni Roshni , Thornburg Courtney D. , Byams Vanessa R. , Soucie J. Michael 
Published: April 2021

AbstractData on infants and toddlers (ITs) with von Willebrand disease (VWD) are lacking. We used data collected in the US Hemophilia Treatment Center Network (USHTCN) to describe birth characteristics, bleeding episodes, and complications experienced by 105 patients with VWD who were &lt;2 years of age. In 68% of the patients, the reason for diagnostic testing was a family history of a bleeding disorder. The mean age at diagnosis was 7 months, with little variation by sex. Patients with type 2 VWD were diagnosed earlier than those with types 1 or 3 (P = .04), and those with a family history were diagnosed ∼4 months earlier than those with none (P &lt; .001). Among the patients who experienced a bleeding event (70%), oral mucosa was the most common site of the initial bleeding episode (32%), followed by circumcision-related (12%) and intracranial/extracranial bleeding (10%). Forty-one percent of the initial bleeding events occurred before 6 months of age, and 68% of them occurred before the age of 1 year. Approximately 5% of the cohort experienced an intracranial hemorrhage; however, none was associated with delivery at birth. Bleeding patterns and rates were similar by sex (P = .40) and VWD type (P = .10). Forty-seven percent were treated with plasma-derived von Willebrand factor VIII concentrates. The results of this study indicate that a high percentage of ITs diagnosed with VWD and receiving care within the multidisciplinary structure of the USHTCN have a family history of VWD. In addition, bleeding events such as circumcision-related, oropharyngeal, and intracranial or extracranial episodes are common and are leading indicators for treatment.
Disability, quality of life, productivity impairment and employer costs of migraine in the workplace
Authors: Shimizu Toshihiko , Sakai Fumihiko , Miyake Hitoshi , Sone Tomofumi , Sato Mitsuhiro , Tanabe Satoshi , Azuma Yasuhiro , Dodick David W. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
Migraine is the leading cause of days lost due to disability in the world among people less than 50 years of age. There is a paucity of evidence on the impact of migraine and other headache disorders and the cost and productivity losses in the workplace.

Methods
Employee population survey assessed prevalence, characteristics, and disability of headache disorders at a Japanese information technology company. This study was supported by the World Health Organization Western Pacific Region Office and International Headache Society.

Results
2458 (1963men, 495 women) out of 2494 responded to the survey that utilized ICHD-3 beta criteria. Among these, 13% (205 male/123 female) had migraine (M), 53% (1093 male/207 female) had tension-type headache (TTH) and 4% (61 male/27 female) had migraine and TTH (M/TTH). The number of days when productivity at work was reduced by half or more because of headache was significantly higher in migraine compared to TTH. The norm-based scoring of SF-12v2 was significantly lower in M/TTH and M than TTH. The economic loss due to absenteeism for migraine was calculated to be $ 238.3US$/year/person for day-off and 90.2US$/year/person for half-day off using migraine disability assessment score (MIDAS). The economic loss due to presenteeism for migraine was calculated to be $ 375.4US$/year/person using MIDAS and 2217US$/year/person using work productivity and activity impairment questionnaire (WPAI). Furthermore, estimated cost of productivity loss associated with presenteeism using WPAI was calculated at 21.3 billion US$/year in Japan as a whole.

Conclusions
This study revealed a high prevalence and disease burden among employees with migraine that is associated with substantial losses in productivity and employer cost. These results support the development and implementation of workplace programs to improve migraine management in the workplace and reduce the burden and costs associated with lost workplace productivity.
OsPG1 Encodes a Polygalacturonase that Determines Cell Wall Architecture and Affects Resistance to Bacterial Blight Pathogen in Rice
Authors: Cao Yongrun , Zhang Yue , Chen Yuyu , Yu Ning , Liaqat Shah , Wu Weixun , Chen Daibo , Cheng Shihua , Wei Xinghua , Cao Liyong , Zhang Yingxin , Liu Qunen 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
Plant cell walls are the main physical barrier encountered by pathogens colonizing plant tissues. Alteration of cell wall integrity (CWI) can activate specific defenses by impairing proteins involved in cell wall biosynthesis, degradation and remodeling, or cell wall damage due to biotic or abiotic stress. Polygalacturonase (PG) depolymerize pectin by hydrolysis, thereby altering pectin composition and structures and activating cell wall defense. Although many studies of CWI have been reported, the mechanism of how PGs regulate cell wall immune response is not well understood.

Results
Necrosis appeared in leaf tips at the tillering stage, finally resulting in 3–5 cm of dark brown necrotic tissue. ltn-212 showed obvious cell death and accumulation of H2O2 in leaf tips. The defense responses were activated in ltn-212 to resist bacterial blight pathogen of rice. Map based cloning revealed that a single base substitution (G-A) in the first intron caused incorrect splicing of OsPG1, resulting in a necrotic phenotype. OsPG1 is constitutively expressed in all organs, and the wild-type phenotype was restored in complementation individuals and knockout of wild-type lines resulted in necrosis as in ltn-212. Transmission electron microscopy showed that thicknesses of cell walls were significantly reduced and cell size and shape were significantly diminished in ltn-212.

Conclusion
These results demonstrate that OsPG1 encodes a PG in response to the leaf tip necrosis phenotype of ltn-212. Loss-of-function mutation of ltn-212 destroyed CWI, resulting in spontaneous cell death and an auto-activated defense response including reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst and pathogenesis-related (PR) gene expression, as well as enhanced resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). These findings promote our understanding of the CWI mediated defense response.
Determinant Factors and Regulatory Systems for Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Rice Apiculi and Stigmas
Authors: Meng Lingzhi , Qi Changyan , Wang Cuihong , Wang Shuai , Zhou Chunlei , Ren Yulong , Cheng Zhijun , Zhang Xin , Guo Xiuping , Zhao Zhichao , Wang Jie , Lin Qibing , Zhu Shanshan , Wang Haiyang , Wang Zhonghua , Lei Cailin , Wan Jianmin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAnthocyanins cause purple, brown or red colors in various tissues of rice plants, but the specific determinant factors and regulatory systems for anthocyanin biosynthesis in almost all tissues remain largely unknown. In the present study, we mapped and isolated two complementary genes, OsC1 encoding a R2R3-MYB transcriptional factor and OsDFR encoding a dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, which are responsible for the purple coloration of apiculi and stigmas in indica cultivar Xieqingzao by the map-based cloning strategy. We also identified two tissue-specific pigmentation genes, OsPa for apiculi and OsPs for stigmas, by phylogenetic analysis of all anthocyanin biosynthesis-associated bHLH transcriptional factors in maize and rice, CRISPR/Cas9 knockout and transcriptional expression analysis. The OsC1, OsPa and OsPs proteins are all localized in the nucleus while the OsDFR protein is localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm, and the OsC1 and OsDFR genes are preferentially strongly expressed in both purple-colored tissues while the OsPa and OsPs genes are preferentially strongly expressed in apiculi and stigmas, respectively. OsC1 specifically interacts with OsPa or OsPs to activate OsDFR and other anthocyanin biosynthesis genes, resulting in purple-colored apiculi or stigmas. OsC1 itself does not produce color but can produce brown apiculi when functioning together with OsPa. Loss of function of OsDFR alone leads to brown apiculi and straw-white stigmas. Genotyping and phenotyping of a panel of 176 rice accessions revealed diverse genotypic combinations of OsC1, OsDFR, OsPa and OsPs that enable accurate prediction of their apiculus and stigma pigmentation phenotypes, thus validating the general applicability of the OsC1-OsDFR-OsPa and OsC1-OsDFR-OsPs models to natural populations. Our findings disclosed the biological functions of OsC1, OsPa and OsPs, and shed light on the specific regulatory systems of anthocyanin biosynthesis in apiculi and stigmas, a further step in understanding the regulatory network of anthocyanin biosynthesis in rice.
Association of temporary Environmental Protection Agency regulation suspension with industrial economic viability and local air quality in California, United States
Authors: Chang Emily , Zhang Kenneth , Paczkowski Margaret , Kohler Sara , Ribeiro Marco 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundThis study seeks to answer two questions about the impacts of the 2020 Environmental Protection Agency’s enforcement regulation rollbacks: is this suspension bolstering the economic viability of industries as oil and manufacturing executives claim they will and are these regulations upholding the agency’s mission of protecting the environment?ResultsTo answer the former question, we utilized 6 months of state employment level data from California, United States, as a method of gauging the economic health of agency-regulated industries. We implemented a machine learning model to predict weekly employment data and at-test to indicate any significant changes in employment. We found that, following California's state-issued stay-at-home order and the agency’s regulation suspension, oil and certain manufacturing industries had statistically significant lower employment values.To answer the latter question, we used 10 years of PM2.5levels in California, United States, as a metric for local air quality and treatment–control county pairs to isolate the impact of regulation rollbacks from the impacts of the state lockdown. Using the agency’s data, we performed at-test to determine whether treatment–control county pairs experienced a significant change in PM2.5levels. Even with the statewide lockdown—a measure we hypothesized would correlate with decreased mobility and pollution levels—in place, counties with oil refineries experienced the same air pollution levels when compared to historical data averaged from the years 2009 to 2019.ConclusionsIn contrast to the expectation that the suspension would improve the financial health of the oil and manufacturing industry, we can conclude that these industries are not witnessing economic growth with the suspension and state shutdown in place. Additionally, counties with oil refineries could be taking advantage of these rollbacks to continue emitting the same amount of PM2.5, in spite of state lockdowns. For these reasons, we ask international policymakers to reconsider the suspension of enforcement regulations as these actions do not fulfill their initial expectations. We recommend the creation and maintenance of pollution control and prevention programs that develop emission baselines, mandate the construction of pollution databases, and update records of pollution emissions.
Bayesian genomic models boost prediction accuracy for survival to Streptococcus agalactiae infection in Nile tilapia (Oreochromus nilioticus)
Authors: Joshi Rajesh , Skaarud Anders , Alvarez Alejandro Tola , Moen Thomas , Ødegård Jørgen 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundStreptococcosis is a major bacterial disease in Nile tilapia that is caused byStreptococcus agalactiaeinfection, and development of resistant strains of Nile tilapia represents a sustainable approach towards combating this disease. In this study, we performed a controlled disease trial on 120 full-sib families to (i) quantify and characterize the potential of genomic selection for survival toS. agalactiaeinfection in Nile tilapia, and (ii) identify the best genomic model and the optimal density of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for this trait.MethodsIn total, 40 fish per family (15 fish intraperitoneally injected and 25 fish as cohabitants) were used in the challenge test. Mortalities were recorded every 3 h for 35 days. After quality control, genotypes (50,690 SNPs) and phenotypes (0 for dead and 1 for alive) for 2472 cohabitant fish were available. Genetic parameters were obtained using various genomic selection models (genomic best linear unbiased prediction (GBLUP), BayesB, BayesC, BayesR and BayesS) and a traditional pedigree-based model (PBLUP). The pedigree-based analysis used a deep 17-generation pedigree. Prediction accuracy and bias were evaluated using five replicates of tenfold cross-validation. The genomic models were further analyzed using 10 subsets of SNPs at different densities to explore the effect of pruning and SNP density on predictive accuracy.ResultsModerate estimates of heritabilities ranging from 0.15 ± 0.03 to 0.26 ± 0.05 were obtained with the different models. Compared to a pedigree-based model, GBLUP (using all the SNPs) increased prediction accuracy by 15.4%. Furthermore, use of the most appropriate Bayesian genomic selection model and SNP density increased the prediction accuracy up to 71%. The 40 to 50 SNPs with non-zero effects were consistent for all BayesB, BayesC and BayesS models with respect to marker id and/or marker locations.ConclusionsThese results demonstrate the potential of genomic selection for survival toS. agalactiaeinfection in Nile tilapia. Compared to the PBLUP and GBLUP models, Bayesian genomic models were found to boost the prediction accuracy significantly.
Heritability of perching behavior and its genetic relationship with incidence of floor eggs in Rhode Island Red chickens
Authors: Wolc Anna , Settar Petek , Fulton Janet E. , Arango Jesus , Rowland Kaylee , Lubritz Danny , Dekkers Jack C. M. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
As cage-free production systems become increasingly popular, behavioral traits such as nesting behavior and temperament have become more important. The objective of this study was to estimate heritabilities for frequency of perching and proportion of floor eggs and their genetic correlation in two Rhode Island Red lines.

Results
The percent of hens observed perching tended to increase and the proportion of eggs laid on the floor tended to decrease as the test progressed. This suggests the ability of hens to learn to use nests and perches. Under the bivariate repeatability model, estimates of heritability in the two lines were 0.22 ± 0.04 and 0.07 ± 0.05 for the percent of hens perching, and 0.52 ± 0.05 and 0.45 ± 0.05 for the percent of floor eggs. Estimates of the genetic correlation between perching and floor eggs were − 0.26 ± 0.14 and − 0.19 ± 0.27 for the two lines, suggesting that, genetically, there was some tendency for hens that better use perches to also use nests; but the phenotypic correlation was close to zero. Random regression models indicated the presence of a genetic component for learning ability.

Conclusions
In conclusion, perching and tendency to lay floor eggs were shown to be a learned behavior, which stresses the importance of proper management and training of pullets and young hens. A significant genetic component was found, confirming the possibility to improve nesting behavior for cage-free systems through genetic selection.