bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of NaOH Concentration in Alkaline Treatment Process for Producing Nano Crystal Cellulose-Based Biosorbent for Methylene Blue
Authors: Mustikaningrum Mega , Cahyono Rochim Bakti , Yuliansyah Ahmad T. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The development of textile industry in Indonesia has been increasing rapidly. The vast and continuous development of the textile industry results in an evitable increase of wastewater. One of the wastewater ingredients that difficult to be treated is dye. Dye is a pollutant with complex aromatic structure that is difficult to degrade. There are many dyes could be used, however, methylene blue is mostly used. To treat MB, several treatment methods are available. Among the methods, adsorption has been widely applied, due to its simplicity and effectiveness. In this research, nano crystal cellulose (NCC), which has a large surface area dan better mechanical properties, was prepared from the oil palm trunk and it was proposed to adsorb the methylene blue. Briefly, the process of making NCC as a biosorbent consists of the raw material pretreatment, alkaline treatment, bleaching, hydrolysis, and sonication steps. Alkaline treatment plays an important role for extracting hemicellulose, lignin and other extractive substances, so that NCC is expected to have high cellulose purity. The alkaline treatment was conducted by extraction methode using NaOH at 80 °C for 2 hours. The result showed that the percent of removal of hemicellulose dan lignin were 50.0, 55.6, and 51.73 % for NaOH concentration of 3, 4, and 5 % (w/v) respectively. This result was also supported by the result of FTIR spectra analysis on each corresponding sample. Based on these data, it can be confirmed that the optimum NaOH concentration for alkaline treatment of oil palm trunk is 4 % (w/v). Furthermore, adsorption test of NCC using methylene blue solution gave percent removal of methylene blue in the range of 69.46-72.51%.
Prediction of continuous adsorption performance of cellulose acetate butyrate/poly(L-lactid acid) composite beads for dye removal
Authors: Rofaudin Muhammad Naufal Fatkhi , Qoidani Azizul Pradna , Puspitasari Desy , Arnanda Helmi Kurnia , Ni’mah Hikmatun , Roesyadi Achmad , Kurniawansyah Firman , Ningrum Eva Oktavia 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Continuous adsorption of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution was studied by using cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) and poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) composite beads. Various parameters such as PLLA composition (0 wt.% and 30 wt.%) and flowrate (7, 13, 23 ml/min) were applied in this experiment. Three different kinetic models, such as Adam-Bohart, Thomas, and Yoon Nelson were applied to the experimental data to analyze the column performance and predict the breakthrough curve of MB adsorption onto adsorbent beads. The value of adsorption capacity increased with the increase of flowrate. The highest maximum capacity was reached by adsorbent of pure CAB (0 wt.% of PLLA) at flowrate of 23 mL/min. Statistical methods such as Sigma Squared Error (SSE), Sigma Absolute Error (SAE) and percentage error were utilized to evaluate the obtained prediction data with the experimental data and to find out the fitted kinetic model for this continuous adsorption. The prediction results indicated that Thomas and Yoon-Nelson models fit well to the experimental data based on the correlation coefficient and error analysis.
Improvement of PES Nanocomposit Membrane Performance Through UV and ZNO Concentration for Refinery Waste Water Purification
Authors: Hidayah Malikhatul , Kusworo Tutuk Djoko , Susanto Heru 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Wastewater is generated from the process of purifying large amounts of water. Refinery wastewater can be purified with PES-ZnO nanocomposite membrane technology. Membrane modification to reduce membrane fouling. Therefore, it is important to provide a low-fouling (non-fouling) membrane. However, currently the formation of fouling and clean water quality standards has not been met. Therefore, researchers studied the use of materials that can overcome membrane impurities and an efficient clean water production system. In addition, one alternative to improve membrane performance is to use nanocomposites (ZnO). The membrane was made with a concentration of PES 18 wt% and ZnO 0.5; 1; 1.5% by weight. with the influence of UV light on the membrane for 1,5,10 minutes at a temperature of 180°C. SEM analysis was used to show that the PES membrane has larger pores. Angle contact analysis was also carried out to show ZnO nanoparticles can improve the hydrophilic properties of membranes. For this reason, a TDS analysis is carried out, namely Cl−, S2
− and turbidity. From this analysis shows significant results with membrane performance, modification with UV radiation and the addition of PVA / PEG have interrelated effects to improve membrane performance.
The Effect of Natural Rubber Composite using Monomer Diene Ethylene Propylene on Mechanical Properties in Tubes Collar
Authors: Nasruddin  , Agustini Sri 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Tube collar is a part of quad cane type patient sticks. Its function is to adjust the height of the stick when used. The materials widely used to make tube collars are plastic. This study aims to study the mechanical properties of tube collars made from natural rubber composite materials with ethylene propylene diene monomers. Natural rubber and ethylene propylene diene monomers vary in ratios (70: 30; 80: 20; 90: 10; and 100: 0) phr. The activator, coactivator, softener, filler, accelerator, antioxidant and vulcanizing agent are conditioned. The experiments were carried out through the process of mastication, compounding and vulcanization. Vulcanization is carried out at 135 °C for 8 minutes. Curing characteristic test results with a rheometer at a temperature of 150 °C showed &#x0394;S maximum of 9.70 kg/cm, maturation time (t90) 4.59 min, and scorch time (ts2) 0.02 min. The results of testing the mechanical properties of vulcanized rubber showed that the difference in the ratio of natural rubber with ethylene propylene diene monomer affects the mechanical properties of vulcanized rubber.
Operational parameters of small-scale anaerobic digester for rural areas in Indonesia to support sustainable development goals (SDGs)
Authors: Habibie Muhammad Haekal , Louhenapessy Bendjamin Benny , Aristiawan Yosi , Yopi  , Lenggono Agung 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Small-scale anaerobic digester (AD) has been widely used by society in rural areas of Indonesia to produce biogas. The use of biogas as a renewable energy source is in line with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) program, especially regarding Affordable and Clean Energy. In rural areas, biogas produced by small-scale AD is needed to produce fuel for cooking, produce the fertilizer for agriculture activities and as solution to environmental problems related to livestock manure disposal. This paper discusses the operational parameters of small-scale AD in Indonesia. These operational parameters are important to establish for standardizing the quality requirements of small-scale AD installed in rural areas of Indonesia. The research was conducted by review the literature from several previous studies that related to similar topic and discussed with biogas experts and practitioners to determine operational parameters for small-scale AD. The results of this research are obtaining the hydraulic retention time, pH value, temperature, and loading rate as operational parameters with respective range values. Information on the operational parameters of small-scale AD can be used as input for developing the Indonesian National Standards for the quality requirements of low-pressure biogas that is in line with this research.
Phytochemical Compound of Garlic (Allium sativum) as an Antibacterial to Staphylococcus aureus Growth
Authors: Yunus F T , Suwondo A , Martini  
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Antibiotics use to bacterial infection control causes many side effects from mild to severe. In addition to severe side effects such as shock, antibiotics can cause resistance. Therefore we need an alternative medicine that functions as an antimicrobial derived from plants. Garlic has minimal side effects and can be consumed daily. This study aims to know the phytochemical content and antibacterial effectiveness of Garlic in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. This study used a pure experimental design with randomized posttest. The control group design are giving fresh garlic, garlic extract and garlic powder to bacterial culture media through the dilution method. The phytochemical content in 3 types of preparations are tested using Flavonoid, GCMS, FTIR and HPLC Tests. Data analysis uses Kruskal Wallis test while the Mann Whitney test is used to measure the concentration significance. Out of the 3 types of preparations the one that has more phytochemical compound through the GCMS test is fresh garlic (18 active ingredients) compared to garlic extracts (14 active ingredients) and garlic powders (13 active ingredients). Fresh garlic with a concentration of 50% has more antibacterial activity compared to garlic extracts and garlic powder. When compared with positive control (amoxcilin), fresh garlic has not been able to provide effective results in inhibiting Staphylococcus aureus growth. Phytochemical compound in fresh garlic are more numerous compared to the 2 other preparations and fresh garlic has not been able to provide effective results in inhibiting the Staphylococcus aureus.
Hydrolysis optimization of tobacco stems with ultrasonic-assisted hydrolysis method
Authors: Palupi B , Fachri B A , Fadilah S N , Telussa M M 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The development of biofuel in Indonesia is rife to reduce the consumption of fuel oil. Bioethanol has advantages compared to fuel oil, such as lower carbon monoxide emissions making it environmentally friendly. Besides that, from being used as a fuel, bioethanol is used as raw material for alcohol, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics derivatives. Biomass is one of the bioethanol’s raw materials available in Indonesia, one of which is tobacco stem. In this research, the tobacco stem hydrolysis process carried out using the ultrasonic-assisted hydrolysis method. The variable of the hydrolysis process is H2SO4 solution, particle size, and time. The data analysis used Design Expert with a Central Composite Design method. The purpose of this research was to determine the optimum of particle size, H2SO4 concentration, and the time in the hydrolysis process of tobacco stems with the ultrasonic-assisted hydrolysis method. The optimum resulting in reducing sugar of ultrasonic-assisted hydrolysis is 6.921 µg/µL.
Intrinsic Viscosity and Reducing Sugar Profiles of Degraded Glucomannan using Cellulase
Authors: Wardhani D H , Cahyono H , Ulya H N , Kumoro A C , Aryanti N 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
High viscosity of glucomannan has been limit its applications. Hence, the long polysaccharide glucomannan which consists of β-linked glucoses and mannoses needs to be degraded to broaden its utilizations. Enzymatic degradation is known as a safe method for food material treatment. Specifically targeting at 1,4-β-D-glycosidic linkages, cellulase has potential as a cleavage for glucomannan. This work aimed to study performance of cellulase in degrading glucomannan. The change in intrinsic viscosity and reducing sugar during degradation was observed. Degradation of 1% glucomannan by 20 ppm cellulase for 300 min decreased the viscosity from 12,420 to 353 cps. This degradation was also confirmed by the increase of reducing sugar amount from 1,238.57 to 8,510.00 µg/ml. This work showed the success of glucomannan degradation by cellulase.
Modification of morphology and optic properties of TiO2 as photoreforming catalyst for H2 production from biomass derivatives: a review
Authors: Anggoro Didi Dwi , Udaibah Wirda , Prasetyaningrum Aji 
Published: February 2021

AbstractHydrogen is one of the solutions to overcome the problems facing the world today, the energy crisis and a decrease in environmental quality. Its has high chemical energy per mass and its combustion only results water and does not emit greenhouse gas. Nevertheless, hydrogen doesn’t exist in nature as H2form. Hence, it requires a sustainable production methods. Biomass (lignocellulose) and its derivatives can be renewable feedstock for producing biohydrogen via clean process i.e photoreforming. One of the keys to the success of this technology is the development of suitable photocatalysts that are able to maximize light harvesting from solar and hydrogen production. TiO2is the establish material because of its high photocatalytic activity, not toxic, biologically and chemically inert. Its main drawback are its band gap value (ca. 3.2 eV) and fast recombination of electron–hole that detrimental to the photocatalytic activity. The alternative to overcome these problems are modification of TiO2by nanotubes structure and doping of metals. In this paper, we will review about TiO2nanotubes and its preparation strategies. Then, we will describe role of metal to enhance photocatalytic performance of TiO2nanotubes. The Impact of both modification to morphology and optic properties and enhancement of H2production from biomass and its derivatives will be study. The future direction for photoreforming of biomass and its derivatives were also suggested. Modification of Titania by nanotube structure and doping it with bi-metal consist of transition metal like Ni-Cu opens up opportunities and challenges for other researchers.
One step catalytic oxidation process of methane to methanol at low reaction temperature : A Brief Review
Authors: Anggoro D D , Chamdani F T , Buchori L 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Methanol has good combustion properties, so it is projected to be a profitable alternative for future fuel. Single step oxidation of methane to methanol can be chosen as an alternative process, because this process is more economical than the conventional two-step process. Although in the thermodynamic analysis shows that partial oxidation of methane to methanol can be carried out at room temperature, but the low selectivity and side reactions are still to be challenge. To getting the methanol as a product or intermediate, it is important to determine the suitable materials that can activate methane in an efficient way at low temperatures. This is difficult because the C-H bond in CH4 has the highest bond energy (104 kcal / mol) among other organic compounds. Some oxide and metal oxide surfaces can dissociate CH4 at room temperature, which opens the possibility for a direct conversion methane to methanol. And the addition of water to the system causes a big change in the selectivity of methane activation yielding which only produces adsorbed CHx fragments. In this paper we will review one step catalytic oxidation process basicly, solid heterogeneous catalytic oxidation of methane, and some suitable catalysts and materials that can support the reaction of the conversion of methane into methanol.
Performance of free standing TiO2 nanostructures (FSTNS) photocatalysis for batik industry wastewater treatment
Authors: Ariyanti Dessy , Purbasari Aprilina , Widiyanti Marissa 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this work, the effectiveness and reusability of free standing TiO2 nanostructures (FSTNS) for batik industry wastewater treatment were investigated. The FSTNS photocatalyst were prepared via hydrothermal process at 180°C for 18 hours in the presence of acetone (5% v/v) as oxidation agent. Batik industry wastewater used in this study were analysed prior the photocatalysis, thus contained organic pollutants including dyes and phenolic compound with chemical oxygen demand (COD) 303.7 mg/L; total phenol 0.8 mg/L and measured pH 5.84. The results show FSTNS is able to degrade the majority of dyes which leads to the reduction of COD value up to 56,7 mg/L, total phenol to 0.3 mg/L and acidity level to 7.15. It is also found out that the effectiveness of FSTNS reduce less than 20% after it is reuse in three times cycles, confirming its fair reusability as photocatalyst for batik wastewater treatment.
Synthesis of Sodium Lignosulfonate (SLS) Surfactant and Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) as Surfactants in Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)
Authors: Dasilva Teodora , Sudrajat Ronny Windu , Kasmiyatun Mega , Priyanto Slamet , Suherman  , Pramudono Bambang , Elmushidi Azka Donan , Fauzan Ahmad 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The process of extracting oil from oil wells still uses the premier and secondary methods, another method that is not optimal is the tertiary method to increase oil recovery. The tertiary method is by chemical injection with surfactants, polymers, and alkalis, among others. Surfactants (surface active agents) can change the interface tension of insoluble liquids. One of the surfactants that can be used is sodium lignosulfonate (SLS). In this study, sodium lignosulfonate surfactant was made from lignin as raw material isolated from black liquor. In this study, the surfactant sodium lignosulfonate was reacted with polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a polymer so that it became a polymeric surfactant. The surfactant polymer that has been synthesized can control oil mobility due to its viscous nature in aqueous solutions. This study examines the effect of the molecular weight of polyethylene glycol and sodium lignosulfonate, temperature, the concentration of ammonium persulfate catalyst, the weight ratio of polyethylene glycol and sodium lignosulfonate. FTIR test results on sodium lignosulfonate surfactant have a wavelength of 3369 cm−1 hydroxyl groups -OH, 1593 cm−1 -C=O aromatic groups, 1456 cm−1 -S = O groups, 1423 cm−1 -CH aromatic groups, 1216 cm−1 asymmetric SO2 groups, =C= S, and 1102cm−1 symmetric groups SO2=C=S. The compatibility test of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) shows that SLS is compatible with the formation of water. Filtration test of enhanced oil recovery shows that SLS using membrane 42 produces greater FR solution.
Kinetics of Gliserolysis Reaction of Silkworm Pupae Oil on Synthese Surfactant Biodegradable
Authors: Purwaningtyas Ery Fatarina , Kasmiyatun Mega 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Continuing previous research entitled “The Innovation of Making MAG-DAG Biodegradable Surfactants Based on Silkworm Waste: Raw Material for Animal Oil”. So this study aims to determine the kinetics of the reaction. Determining the order of the reaction can only be done experimentally, the second-order reaction is not always bimolecular, but the bimolecular reaction must be of second order. The reaction is carried out at various temperature variations namely 65°C, 75°C, and 85°C at 1 atm pressure. Each interval of one hour, samples were taken from the process up to 4 hours of reaction time, to then be analyzed the residual content of triglycerides in each sample. The results showed that the higher the reaction temperature, the faster the reaction. Further analysis showed that the reaction that occurred was an alternating second-order reaction, the deviation was respectively 8.84% and 16.71%, with the values of k1 and k2 :

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The general equation for the reaction speed of pupa oil glycerolysis is r = k1 (CA) (CB) – k2 (CC) (CD)
Effect Soursop Leaf Extract For Oxidation Stability Of Palm Oil Biodiesel and Soybean Oil Biodiesel
Authors: Akbar Addin , Akli Khairul , Youfa Rita 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Biodiesel is one of the alternative energy sources for diesel oil substitutes. However, the unsaturated fatty acid contains in vegetable oils leads to the poor oxidation stability of biodiesel. One of the potential methods used to prevent or delay the oxidation reaction is the addition of antioxidants because the process is much more straightforward and efficient. Soursop leaf was reported to have the potential to be used as a natural antioxidant. Soursop leaf extracted using solvent n-hexane and ethyl acetate. The crude extract with concentration 0, 100, 200, 300, 400 ppm tested to palm oil and soybean oil biodiesel. Oxidation stability of biodiesel analyzed using the 873 Rancimat instrument biodiesel. The results show that a concentration of 100 ppm soursop leaf extracted with both n-hexane and ethyl acetate increased the Induction Period (IP) of palm oil biodiesel more than 16 h. This result meets the SNI biodiesel requirements in which the IP minimum for biodiesel is eighth.
A brief review on the characteristics, extraction and potential industrial applications of citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus) and lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oils
Authors: Kumoro A C , Wardhani D H , Retnowati D S , Haryani K 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Essential oils can be extracted from the leaves and stalk of aromatic grass plants, namely the citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus) and lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus), which grow primarily in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The word lemon denotes its unique lemon-like aroma, which is largely contributed by the existence of citral. This organic compound is an amalgamation of two stereoisomeric monoterpene aldehydes, in which the trans isomer geranial content is predominant over its cis isomer neral. The essential oil of lemongrass has been utilised since the old-times in traditional medicine as a natural remedy to improve circulation, control menstrual cycles, enhance digestion or improve immunity. It is also used to produce perfumes, flavours, detergents, and pharmaceuticals. Basically, citronella grass and lemongrass essential oil can be obtained by various extraction methods, such as conventional solvent extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), steam distillation, hydrodistillation (HD), microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD), and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with CO2. SFE is considered as the most selected consumer and environmentally friendly essential oil extraction method because its traceless solvent in the product. The quality of the essential oil from aromatic grass strongly depends on the extraction method and operating conditions. However, the chemical composition of the essential oil of C. nardus and C. citratus also varies with the geographical origin, cultivation practices, plant age, photoperiod, harvest period, cultivars, and extraction methods. The chemical markers which have consistently been identified in the essential oil of aromatic grass are aldehydes, hydrocarbon terpenes, alcohols, ketones, and esters. This article presents the recent information on extraction methods of aromatic grass essential oil, chemical composition and its potential in industrial applications.