bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermodynamic anomalies in silicon and the relationship to the phase diagram
Authors: Fijan Domagoj , Wilson Mark 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The evolution of thermodynamic anomalies are investigated in the pressure–temperature (pT) plane for silicon using the well-established Stillinger–Weber potential. Anomalies are observed in the density, compressibility and heat capacity. The relationships between them and with the liquid stability limit are investigated and related to the known thermodynamic constraints. The investigations are extended into the deeply supercooled regime using replica exchange techniques. Thermodynamic arguments are presented to justify the extension to low temperature, although a region of phase space is found to remain inaccessible due to unsuppressible crystallisation. The locus corresponding to the temperature of minimum compressibility is shown to display a characteristic ‘S’-shape in the pT projection which appears correlated with the underlying crystalline phase diagram. The progression of the anomalies is compared to the known underlying phase diagrams for both the crystal/liquid and amorphous/liquid states. The locations of the anomalies are also compared to those obtained from previous simulation work and (limited) experimental observations.
Validation of proton dose calculation on scatter corrected 4D cone beam computed tomography using a porcine lung phantom
Authors: Schmitz Henning , Rabe Moritz , Janssens Guillaume , Bondesson David , Rit Simon , Parodi Katia , Belka Claus , Dinkel Julien , Kurz Christopher , Kamp Florian , Landry Guillaume 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Proton therapy treatment for lungs remains challenging as images enabling the detection of inter- and intra-fractional motion, which could be used for proton dose adaptation, are not readily available. 4D computed tomography (4DCT) provides high image quality but is rarely available in-room, while in-room 4D cone beam computed tomography (4DCBCT) suffers from image quality limitations stemming mostly from scatter detection. This study investigated the feasibility of using virtual 4D computed tomography (4DvCT) as a prior for a phase-per-phase scatter correction algorithm yielding a 4D scatter corrected cone beam computed tomography image (4DCBCTcor), which can be used for proton dose calculation. 4DCT and 4DCBCT scans of a porcine lung phantom, which generated reproducible ventilation, were acquired with matching breathing patterns. Diffeomorphic Morphons, a deformable image registration algorithm, was used to register the mid-position 4DCT to the mid-position 4DCBCT and yield a 4DvCT. The 4DCBCT was reconstructed using motion-aware reconstruction based on spatial and temporal regularization (MA-ROOSTER). Successively for each phase, digitally reconstructed radiographs of the 4DvCT, simulated without scatter, were exploited to correct scatter in the corresponding CBCT projections. The 4DCBCTcor was then reconstructed with MA-ROOSTER using the corrected CBCT projections and the same settings and deformation vector fields as those already used for reconstructing the 4DCBCT. The 4DCBCTcor and the 4DvCT were evaluated phase-by-phase, performing proton dose calculations and comparison to those of a ground truth 4DCT by means of dose-volume-histograms (DVH) and gamma pass-rates (PR). For accumulated doses, DVH parameters deviated by at most 1.7% in the 4DvCT and 2.0% in the 4DCBCTcor case. The gamma PR for a (2%, 2 mm) criterion with 10% threshold were at least 93.2% (4DvCT) and 94.2% (4DCBCTcor), respectively. The 4DCBCTcor technique enabled accurate proton dose calculation, which indicates the potential for applicability to clinical 4DCBCT scans.
Corrigendum: Lightning network: a second path towards centralisation of the bitcoin economy (2020 New J. Phys.
22 083022)
Authors: Lin Jian-Hong , Primicerio Kevin , Squartini Tiziano , Decker Christian , Tessone Claudio J 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The bitcoin lightning network (BLN), a so-called ‘second layer’ payment protocol, was launched in 2018 to scale up the number of transactions between bitcoin owners. In this paper, we analyse the structure of the BLN over a period of 18 months, ranging from 12th January 2018 to 17th July 2019, at the end of which the network has reached 8.216 users, 122.517 active channels and 2.732,5 transacted bitcoins. Here, we consider three representations of the BLN: the daily snapshot one, the weekly snapshot one and the daily-block snapshot one. By studying the topological properties of the binary and weighted versions of the three representations above, we find that the total volume of transacted bitcoins approximately grows as the square of the network size; however, despite the huge activity characterising the BLN, the bitcoins distribution is very unequal: the average Gini coefficient of the node strengths (computed across the entire history of the Bitcoin Lightning Network) is, in fact, ≃0.88 causing the 10% (50%) of the nodes to hold the 80% (99%) of the bitcoins at stake in the BLN (on average, across the entire period). This concentration brings up the question of which minimalist network model allows us to explain the network topological structure. Like for other economic systems, we hypothesise that local properties of nodes, like the degree, ultimately determine part of its characteristics. Therefore, we have tested the goodness of the undirected binary configuration model (UBCM) in reproducing the structural features of the BLN: the UBCM recovers the disassortative and the hierarchical character of the BLN but underestimates the centrality of nodes; this suggests that the BLN is becoming an increasingly centralised network, more and more compatible with a core-periphery structure. Further inspection of the resilience of the BLN shows that removing hubs leads to the collapse of the network into many components, an evidence suggesting that this network may be a target for the so-called split attacks.
Suppressed light-induced phase transition of CsPbBr2I: Strategies, progress and applications in the photovoltaic field
Authors: Zhang Hushan , Jin Zhiwen 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The rapid rise in the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of CsPbBr2I-based perovskite solar cells (PSCs), from 4.7% in 2016 to 11.08% in 2020, render it a promising material for use in photovoltaic devices. However, the phase stability and current hysteresis caused by photo-induced phase segregation in CsPbBr2I represent major obstacles to further improvements in the PCE for such devices. In this review, we describe the basic structure and optical properties of CsPbBr2I, and systematically elaborate on the mechanism of the phase transition. We then discuss the strategies in progress to suppress phase transition in CsPbBr2I, and their potential application in the photovoltaic field. Finally, challenges and application prospects for CsPbBr2I PSCs are summarized in the final section of this article.
Efficient MAPbI3 solar cells made via drop-coating at room temperature
Authors: Zhang Lixiu , Zuo Chuantian , Ding Liming 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Here we demonstrate a room-temperature drop-coating method for MAPbI3 films. By using low-boiling-point solvent, high-quality MAPbI3 films were made by simply casting a drop of solution onto the substrate at room temperature. This approach took advantage of the synergistic effect of good wettability and volatility of the solvent, enabling high nuclei density and compact film at room temperature. The crystal growth in different solvents was in-situ observed by using optical microscope, which helped us to understand the mechanism for the formation of different film morphology. Perovskite solar cells gave a PCE of 18.21%.
A 15 Gbps-NRZ, 30 Gbps-PAM4, 120 mA laser diode driver implemented in 0.15-µm GaAs E-mode pHEMT technology
Authors: Wahba Ahmed , Cheng Lin , Lin Fujiang 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This paper presents the design and testing of a 15 Gbps non-return-to-zero (NRZ), 30 Gbps 4-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM4) configurable laser diode driver (LDD) implemented in 0.15-µm GaAs E-mode pHEMT technology. The driver bandwidth is enhanced by utilizing cross-coupled neutralization capacitors across the output stage. The output transmission-line back-termination, which absorbs signal reflections from the imperfectly matched load, is performed passively with on-chip 50-Ω resistors. The proposed 30 Gbps PAM4 LDD is implemented by combining two 15 Gbps-NRZ LDDs, as the high and low amplification paths, to generate PAM4 output current signal with levels of 0, 40, 80, and 120 mA when driving 25-Ω lasers. The high and low amplification paths can be used separately or simultaneously as a 15 Gbps-NRZ LDD. The measurement results show clear output eye diagrams at speeds of up to 15 and 30 Gbps for the NRZ and PAM4 drivers, respectively. At a maximum output current of 120 mA, the driver consumes 1.228 W from a single supply voltage of –5.2 V. The proposed driver shows a high current driving capability with a better output power to power dissipation ratio, which makes it suitable for driving high current distributed feedback (DFB) lasers. The chip occupies a total area of 0.7 × 1.3 mm2.
Structural and electrical characterization of Cu2ZnSnS4 ingot material grown by melting method
Authors: Kerour S. , Bouloufa A. , Lasladj M. , Djessas K. , Medjnoun K. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In this work, a Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) ingot is grown via a melting method, then cooled; the resulting molten stoichiometric mixture is sealed off in a quartz ampoule under vacuum. The CZTS powder chemical composition analyses are determined using energy dispersive spectroscopy, and revealing the slightly Cu-rich and Zn-poor character of the ingot. Powder X-ray diffraction analysis reveals a crystalline structure with a kesterite phase formation, and a preferred orientation of (112) plane. The lattice constants of the a- and c- axes, calculated based on the XRD analyses, are a = 5.40 Å and c = 10.84 Å. Based on Hall measurements at room temperature, we find that the crystal exhibits p-type conductivity, with a high concentration of 1018 cm–3, a resistivity of 1.7 Ω cm, and a mobility of 10.69 cm2V–1s–1. Activation energies are estimated based on an Arrhenius plot of conductivity versus 1/T, for a temperature range of 80–350 K, measuring 35 and 160 meV in low- and high-temperature regimes, respectively, which is attributed to complex defects (2CuZn+SnZn) and antisite defects (CuZn), respectively. The observed scattering mechanisms are attributed to ionized impurities and acoustic phonons at low and high temperatures, respectively. The extracted band-gap is 1.37 eV.
Fiber coupled high count-rate single-photon generated from InAs quantum dots
Authors: Chen Yao , Li Shulun , Shang Xiangjun , Su Xiangbin , Hao Huiming , Shen Jiaxin , Zhang Yu , Ni Haiqiao , Ding Ying , Niu Zhichuan 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In this work, we achieve high count-rate single-photon output in single-mode (SM) optical fiber. Epitaxial and dilute InAs/GaAs quantum dots (QDs) are embedded in a GaAs/AlGaAs distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) with a micro-pillar cavity, so as to improve their light emission extraction in the vertical direction, thereby enhancing the optical SM fiber’s collection capability (numerical aperture: 0.13). By tuning the temperature precisely to make the quantum dot exciton emission resonant to the micro-pillar cavity mode (Q ~ 1800), we achieve a fiber-output single-photon count rate as high as 4.73 × 106 counts per second, with the second-order auto-correlation g
2(0) remaining at 0.08.
Fabrication, characterization, numerical simulation and compact modeling of P3HT based organic thin film transistors
Authors: Dadhich Shubham , Dwivedi A. D. D. , Singh Arun Kumar 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This paper presents the fabrication, characterization and numerical simulation of poly-3-hexylthiophene (P3HT)-based bottom-gate bottom-contact (BGBC) organic thin film transistors (OTFTs). The simulation is based on a drift diffusion charge transport model and density of defect states (DOS) for the traps in the band gap of the P3HT based channel. It combines two mobility models, a hopping mobility model and the Poole–Frenkel mobility model. It also describes the defect density of states (DOS) for both tail and deep states. The model takes into account all the operating regions of the OTFT and includes sub-threshold and above threshold characteristics of OTFTs. The model has been verified by comparing the numerically simulated results with the experimental results. This model is also used to simulate different structure in four configurations of OTFT e.g. bottom-gate bottom-contact (BGBC), bottom-gate top-contact (BGTC), top-gate bottom-contact (TGBC) and top-gate top-contact (TGTC) configurations of the OTFTs. We also present the compact modeling and model parameter extraction of the P3HT-based OTFTs. The extracted compact model has been further applied in a p-channel OTFT-based inverter and three stage ring oscillator circuit simulation.
Design of unmanned plant monitoring system based on cloud platform
Authors: Tao Li , Wen Sha 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Aiming at the phenomenon that people are keen to cultivate green plants in life, but because of busy work and business trips. They forget to water in time and cause plants to die due to lack of water. Based on this, this paper proposes a plant unmanned monitoring system design based on cloud platform. Using STM32 as the main control chip and ESP8266 wireless module as the communication module. Using the Internet of Things cloud service technology to send the data collected in the smart home to the cloud combine various sensors and hardware circuit design to realize remote control of the intelligent watering system. The tested system has stable operation, low design cost, easy expansion of functions, strong real-time effect, high precision and broad application prospects. The system debug results show that the design can meet the unmanned online real-time monitoring of plants and it is suitable for home use.
Checking the X.509 Certificate Linter Zlint Based on Request for Comments 5280
Authors: Ren Pinghong , Chen Chu , Yang Donggang 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The X.509 certificate linter Zlint is helpful to trace changes that a certificate conforms to and violates rules in a process of certificate mutation. Therefore, the correctness of Zlint is very important. We put forward an approach for checking Zlint based on RFC 5280. First, rules adopted by Zlint are extracted from Zlint and checked against rules specified in RFC 5280 to reveal discrepancies. Second, certificates violating intersected rules are generated and employed to test the program of Zlint to find out whether Zlint outputs correct analytical results. Third, rules in RFC 5280 but not in Zlint are analyzed to find out latent missing functions of Zlint. We have implemented our approach and conducted comprehensive experiments. Experimental results show that some rules adopted by Zlint are informal, some analytical results produced by Zlint are not correct, and Zlint misses some functions related to the rules of RFC 5280.
Direct current distribution network protection scheme based on inductive current limiting
Authors: Lv Jiale , Liu Jianwen , Wu Zaijun , Cao Xiaoyong , Yang Jinggang 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Converter blocking in the case of pole-to-pole short circuit of the direct current (DC) distribution network can cause large-scale power outage and slow system recovery. Given this issue, a scheme of short circuit protection between poles of the DC distribution network based on the cooperation of fault current limiting module and DC circuit breaker is proposed in this paper. According to the inductive current limiting topology, the transient characteristics of the bridge arm current and the fault current on the DC side of the converter are analyzed, and the theoretical calculation method and selection principle of the current limiting inductor parameters are given. The proposed protection scheme can realize the fault ride-through of the converter during the pole-to-pole short circuit, reduce the scope of power outage and quickly restore the system. The simulation results under the PSCAD/EMTDC environment verify the correctness and feasibility of the protection scheme.
Design and technical verification of a new type of subscriber identity module card for internet of vehicles
Authors: Li Yimeng , Ren Xiaoming , Yue Zuhui , Liu Hui , Ding Lanhai 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The Internet of Vehicles communication security aims to solve the V2X communication security problems under several scenarios, including direct communication and communication based on cellular network, and provides guaranteed communication security for the achievement of business goals such as vehicle-road information collaboration and road safety. Currently, V2X communication security mostly adopts digital certificate technical proposal based on public key infrastructure and is implemented through the HSM security module. However, this solution requires to preset security data such as digital certificate in the HSM module of the vehicle terminal, which has high demands on the production line of the enterprise, the difficulty is predictable. This paper designs a new type of SIM card for Internet of Vehicles based on high performance chip, which can implement the writing and updating operation of security parameters (certificates, keys, etc.) online, which can reduce the requirements for the transformation of the production line of car companies and at the same time, the security of data management is also improved. The validation result indicates that the new SIM card can realize functions such as login authentication, certificate download, signature verification, etc., and its performance meets the requirements of V2X secure communication.
Shared Parking Behavioral Analysis Based on SEM
Authors: Xue Han , Dongdong Zhang , Di Wang , Chen Li 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Shared parking has become a widely studied topic among researchers due to a rise in urban expansion. Over the past years, several studies have been conducted to investigate the relationship between the choices of shared parking spaces by urban residents and the different factors influencing these choices. This paper analyzes the different factors that can possibly affect parking choice behavior and builds a structural equation model to determine the most influencing attributes.
Study on stability of portal section of High Slope Tunnel Based on numerical analysis
Authors: Ding Libo , Duan Yuxin , Wei Xiaohang , Wang Fuhua , Song Zhanping 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Due to the complexity of the portal section of high slope tunnel, unsafe accidents are prone to occur. Because of its convenience and accuracy, numerical simulation method is often used in tunnel stability analysis. In this paper, the excavation process of the slope and tunnel at the entrance of the tunnel is simulated by using the finite element software MIDAS-GTS, taking the No.6 tunnel project of the Kovi-Agvida E60 Highway Line in Georgia as an example. According to the results of numerical calculation, although the excavation volume of the slope is large, the displacement is small and the stability is good; the deformation of the surrounding rock of the tunnel is stable, and the displacement of the supporting structure is small, and the maximum displacement is about 20 mm, which is located at the vault. Therefore, the monitoring work should be done well and the support can be strengthened properly during the construction.
Research on Cold Chain Logistics Operation Mode Under Internet Technology
Authors: Fan Yanling , Li Huihui 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This article first introduces the theoretical basis and concepts related to cold chain logistics of agricultural products, analyzes the cold chain logistics market of agricultural products and the necessity of developing cold chain logistics, and then finds that there is a lack of overall planning for cold chain logistics of agricultural products. Subsequently, it carried out the “Internet +”-based agricultural product cold chain logistics system planning and based on agricultural product development logistics’ actual situation, and it gave cold chain system optimization suggestions. Finally, a cold chain logistics enterprise for agricultural products is used to construct a cold chain logistics system for agricultural products, including business models, information platforms, and system functions.
Influence of the Positive Slope of the Fire Source on Smoke Control of Tunnel Lateral Smoke Exhaust System
Authors: Chen Yuejing , Zhang Li , Han Xuefeng 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In order to study the influence of the positive slope of the fire source on the smoke control effect of the lateral smoke exhaust system of the tunnel, this paper established a tunnel fire model, reasonably divided the grid, and controlled variables such as the scale of the fire source, the amount of smoke, and the smoke outlet. Using FDS simulation software, by changing the forward slope of the fire source, study the temperature distribution, CO concentration, and smoke settlement height of the tunnel fire. The simulation shows that the effect of the tunnel lateral smoke exhaust system is different when the fire source is located on different slopes.
Platform of Attitude Monitoring for Freight High Speed Trains
Authors: Wang Jia-xin , Zou Ying , An Yun-tong , Li Peng 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
For freight high speed railways with increasing speed up to 250 km/h, it is vital to monitor the running attitude of the high-speed railways in real time. By reviewing and analyzing the existing train attitude detection technologies at home and abroad, this paper presents a novel platform of attitude monitoring for freight high speed trains. We take the inertial navigation unit as the core unit, and develop a platform system to detect the running attitude detection straightforwardly. Various tests are implemented in the laboratory to validate the platform, demonstrating the superiorities and potentialities in railway applications.
A Traffic Information Awareness Approach Based on Video Data and Millimeter Wave Radar Data Fusion
Authors: Yan Xuefan , Ding Feng , Liu Changjie , Liu Dong 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In order to solve the problems of using a single radar or video sensor in the traffic information detection process, such as susceptibility to environmental influences and non-intuitive target reflections, we propose a detection method using target correlation matching, target tracking, and target data fusion, and we show how to adjust the detection weights of the video sensor and radar sensor by adjusting the noise matrix parameters, which forms a flexible, simple, and nimble method. The efficient architecture allows accurate results in challenging environments. We show the effect on radar detection data and video detection data before and after adjustment. We test the proposed method by building a hardware verification platform and finally demonstrate it on video images. The experimental results show that the proposed method can significantly reduce the testing time while providing high detection rate in more environments.