bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A conceptual framework for understanding financial burden during serious illness
Authors: Lee Joonyup , Cagle John G. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractLife‐threatening illness is associated with financial burden among families. During this time, care‐related expenses often increase. The concept of financial burden has not fully been explored nor conceptually described in the literature. Our study coalesces the empirical literature on financial burden into a more comprehensive multidimensional theoretical framework to understand financial burden among patients and families dealing with serious illness. Using Jabareen's phased approach for building conceptual frameworks, we synthesized the existing scientific literature (including existing measures of financial burden) to construct an empirically derived model. Definitions of financial burden are overlapping with similarities, but also inconsistencies. Many studies have focused more on objective and operational definitions, than subjective and conceptual aspects. Regarding measures for financial burden, many studies have only used a few items. The financial burden is dependent on the illness trajectories and duration. By considering multidimensionality, we illustrate potential financial burden factors (objective, coping, and subjective). Although anticipation and expectations about future financial issues are important, patients and caregivers generally experience objective aspects of burden, followed by subjective impressions of burden. Coping skills likely reduce subjective burden. Based on the results, we redefine the financial burden among patients with life‐threatening illness and caregivers.
Dynamics of the accommodative response after smoking cannabis
Authors: Ortiz‐Peregrina Sonia , Ortiz Carolina , Martino Franceso , Castro‐Torres José J , Anera Rosario G 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPurposeCannabis is the most widely consumed illicit drug worldwide. It has been suggested that cannabis could generate blurred vision during reading tasks. The goal of this study was to objectively assess the acute effects of smoking cannabis on the dynamics of ocular accommodation. The influence of other factors, including target distance and the direction of accommodation, as well as personal characteristics, were also analysed.MethodsNineteen young people who were occasional cannabis users participated in the study (mean age 22.53 [3.12] years). Their usage profiles were evaluated by means of the Cannabis Use Disorders Identification Test‐revised (CUDIT‐r). The dynamics of the accommodative response were evaluated using an open‐field auto refractor (Grand Seiko WAM‐5500). The participants completed two different experimental sessions, one week apart, and in random order (baseline session and after smoking cannabis). During these sessions, the amplitude of the response (D), mean velocity (D/s), peak velocity (D/s), response time (s), accommodative lag (D) and accommodation variability (D) were measured.ResultsThe results indicated that cannabis use had a significant main effect on the mean accommodation/disaccommodation velocity (F1,13 = 7.21; p = 0.02; = 0.396). Cannabis consumption also interacted significantly with other factors. Response time showed a significant two‐way interaction between condition × target distance (F1,13 = 11.71; p = 0.005; = 0.474) and condition × accommodation direction (F1,13 = 8.71; p = 0.01; = 0.401). For mean velocity, two‐way interactions were found between condition × age (F1,13 = 6.03; p = 0.03; = 0.354), condition × CUDIT‐r score (F1,13 = 6.03; p = 0.03; = 0.356) and condition × target distance (F1,13 = 7.20; p = 0.02; = 0.396).ConclusionsThese findings suggest that cannabis use can alter the accommodation process, although further studies should be carried out to explore the role of attention deficits. According to these results, certain daily activities that depend on an accurate accommodative function may be affected by cannabis use.
Clinical outcomes of herpes simplex keratitis: Two‐year experience from a quaternary eye care centre in Sydney, Australia
Authors: Cabrera‐Aguas Maria , Kerdraon Yves , Watson Stephanie L 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPurposeTo report anti‐viral therapy and outcomes for patients with herpes simplex keratitis (HSK) in a quaternary centre in Sydney, Australia.MethodsA retrospective case review of patients who received anti‐viral medications for any form of HSK was conducted. Cases were identified from pathology results, pharmacy records and hospital coding data from 2012 to 2013. Clinical details including initial anti‐viral treatment and outcome were collated from the medical records. Outcome was determined from when initial anti‐viral treatment was stopped or changed, and classified as either clinically resolved, partially resolved or worsened for therapeutic indication; or as either success or failure for prophylaxis.ResultsAnti‐viral therapy was given for therapeutic and prophylactic indications at presentation in 252 (85%) and 44 patients (15%), respectively. Topical aciclovir five times daily and valaciclovir in doses ranging from 500 mg to 1 g, one to three times daily were the preferred anti‐viral therapies. One hundred and fourteen patients (n = 114/296, 38.5%) also received topical corticosteroids. An outcome was determined for 210/296 (71%) patients. For therapeutic indication, half of the patients (90/174) partially resolved within 8 days, with best outcomes achieved for endothelial HSK (8/11, 73%) and keratouveitis (21/36, 58%). Adverse events, observed in 20% (35/174) of patients, included corneal perforation (n = 8) and secondary bacterial keratitis (n = 6). Prophylaxis with antiviral therapy was successful in two‐thirds of patients after 6 months.ConclusionsClinical and visual outcomes varied with the type of HSK and prescribed therapies. Diverse initial anti‐viral therapies were identified; standardising them may improve outcomes.
The U‐box E3 ubiquitin ligase PalPUB79 positively regulates ABA‐dependent drought tolerance via ubiquitination of PalWRKY77 in Populus
Authors: Tong Shaofei , Chen Ningning , Wang Deyan , Ai Fandi , Liu Bao , Ren Liwen , Chen Yang , Zhang Junlin , Lou Shangling , Liu Huanhuan , Liu Jianquan , Ma Tao , Jiang Yuanzhong 
Published: August 2021

SummaryThe abscisic acid (ABA) signalling pathway is involved in the plant response to osmotic stress caused by drought and/or salinity. Although the ABA signalling pathway has been elucidated in Arabidopsis, it remains elusive in woody poplars. In this study, genome‐wide analyses of U‐box genes in poplars revealed that a U‐box E3 ubiquitin ligase gene, PalPUB79, is significantly induced following drought, salinity and ABA signalling. PalPUB79 overexpression enhanced drought tolerance in transgenic poplars, while PalPUB79 RNAi lines were more sensitive to drought. PalPUB79 positively regulated ABA signalling pathway. Furthermore, PalPUB79 interacted with PalWRKY77, a negative transcriptional regulator of ABA signalling, and mediated its ubiquitination for degradation, therefore counteracting its inhibitory effect on PalRD26 transcription. However, the finding that PalWRKY77 negatively regulates PalPUB79 expression was indicative of a negative feedback loop between PalWRKY77 and PalPUB79 during ABA signalling in poplar. These findings provide novel insight into the mechanism through which PalPUB79 enhances the ABA‐mediated stress response in woody poplars.
Prescribed by law and therefore realized? Analyzing rules and their implied actor interactions as networks
Authors: Herzog Laura , Ingold Karin , Schlager Edella 
Published: August 2021

AbstractManaging environmental problems requires cross‐sectoral and cross‐level collaboration among actors. Scholars of institutional arrangements investigate how rules shape such collaboration. Scholars of the Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) look for explanations for collaboration in actors' values and beliefs. Rarely have these two factors been considered together when studying collaborative behavior. This paper considers institutional arrangements and actor values to examine the structure and potential drivers of actor collaboration. The study combines the Institutional Analysis and Development framework and the ACF, applying social network analysis to explore an interaction network prescribed by rules and a surveyed collaboration network. It tests the influence of actor beliefs, reputation, and institutional arrangements on collaboration investigating water management in the German Ruhr catchment. The study finds that perceived power and actor beliefs explain actor collaboration better than institutional arrangements and that perceived interactions are more diverse and denser than hierarchically structured networks of prescribed interactions.
The upside‐down self: One's own face recognition is affected by inversion
Authors: Alzueta Elisabet , Kessel Dominique , Capilla Almudena 
Published: August 2021

AbstractOne's own face is recognized more efficiently than any other face, although the neural mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain poorly understood. Considering the extensive visual experience that we have with our own face, some authors have proposed that self‐face recognition involves a more analytical perceptual strategy (i.e., based on face features) than other familiar faces, which are commonly processed holistically (i.e., as a whole). However, this hypothesis has not yet been tested with brain activity data. In the present study, we employed an inversion paradigm combined with event‐related potential (ERP) recordings to investigate whether the self‐face is processed more analytically. Sixteen healthy participants were asked to identify their own face and a familiar face regardless of its orientation, which could either be upright or inverted. ERP analysis revealed an enhanced amplitude and a delayed latency for the N170 component when faces were presented in an inverted orientation. Critically, both the self and a familiar face were equally vulnerable to the inversion effect, suggesting that the self‐face is not processed more analytically than a familiar face. In addition, we replicated the recent finding that the attention‐related P200 component is a specific neural index of self‐face recognition. Overall, our results suggest that the advantage for self‐face processing might be better explained by the engagement of self‐related attentional mechanisms than by the use of a more analytical visuoperceptual strategy.
Repeatability of the searching process in reviews of restoration outcomes
Authors: Romanelli João Paulo , Silva Luiz G. M. , Gonçalves Maria Carolina P. , Naves Rafaela P. , de Almeida Danilo Roberti Alves , de Resende Angélica Faria , Rodrigues Ricardo Ribeiro 
Published: August 2021

In the recently declared United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration (2021–2030), evidence‐based research has an essential role in summarizing restoration outcomes toward broad generalizations to advance restoration practice and science globally. However, to present trustworthy, high‐quality recommendations, evidence reviews should be based on rigorous methods that minimize bias and enhance systematicity, transparency, objectivity, comprehensiveness, and repeatability. To assess the current value of restoration reviews in terms of methodological repeatability at the searching stage, a fundamental review stage, we evaluated a sample of meta‐analyses and narrative syntheses (n = 79) and critically appraised how searches were conducted based on the information reported within each study. By assessing whether review methods were reported in sufficient detail to be repeated by an independent party, we found that repeatability varied substantially by the standard we used. Overall, reviews performed relatively poorly, with a median score of 3 out of 9 points available, and a mean score of 3.6. Most reviews (n = 76/79) failed in effectively reporting all necessary information to allow repeatability at this stage. We found no statistically significant differences considering review types, suggesting that the type of synthesis alone does not solely reflect the repeatability of a review. Toward increasingly repeatable, reliable reviews in restoration ecology, we recommend that authors incorporate and apply principles of systematic reviews and maps in their review process, and suggest that environmental journals should broadly emphasize ways of performing rigorous reviews, as well as increase efforts for the publication of open access review protocols.
Family caregivers’ experiences of end‐of‐life care in the acute hospital setting. A qualitative study
Authors: Robertson Svala Berglind , Hjörleifsdóttir Elísabet , Sigurðardóttir Þórhalla 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundAcute hospital settings are generally not considered adequate places for end‐of‐life care, but terminally ill patients will continue to die in acute medical wards in the unforeseeable future.AimThe aim of this study was to investigate family caregivers’ experiences of end‐of‐life care in an acute community hospital in Iceland.MethodsFifteen in‐depth qualitative semi‐structured interviews were conducted with participants who had been primary caregivers. The transcribed interviews were analysed using thematic content analysis.FindingsFindings indicated that the acute hospital setting is not a suitable environment for end‐of‐life care. Effective communication and management of symptoms characterised by warmth and security give a sense of resilience. Three main themes emerged: (1) Environmental influences on quality of care; (2) Communication in end‐of‐life care; (3) The dying process. Each of the themes encompassed a variety of subthemes.ConclusionsFindings suggest that effective communication is the cornerstone of quality of care in the acute hospital environment and essential for establishing a sense of security. The severity of symptoms can deeply affect family caregivers’ well‐being. Acknowledging and appreciating the meaning of respect and dignity at the end‐of‐life from family caregivers’ perspective is vital.
Politically connected companies are less likely to shutdown due to COVID‐19 restrictions
Authors: Kubinec Robert , Lee Haillie Na‐Kyung , Tomashevskiy Andrey 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectiveWhile the aim of COVID‐19 policies is to suppress the pandemic, many fear that the burden of the restrictions will fall more heavily on less privileged groups. We show one potential mechanism for COVID‐19 responses to increase inequality by examining the intersection of business restrictions and business political connections.MethodsWe fielded an online survey of 2735 business employees and managers in Ukraine, Egypt, and Venezuela over the summer of 2020 to collect data on companies' closures due to COVID‐19 and nuanced information about their political connections.FindingsWe show that businesses with political connections to government officials were significantly less likely to shut down as a result of COVID‐19 policies. This finding suggests that measures designed to mitigate COVID‐19 are ineffective in countries with a weak rule of law if politically connected firms are able to circumvent restrictions by leveraging political connections to receive preferential treatment. In addition, politically connected firms are no more likely—and sometimes even less likely—to engage in social‐distancing policies to mitigate the pandemic despite the fact that they are more likely to remain open.
LiDAR point cloud and ICESat‐2 evaluation of 1 second global digital elevation models: Copernicus wins
Authors: Guth Peter L. , Geoffroy Tera M. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWidely available LiDAR point clouds show that the Copernicus digital elevation model (DEM) consistently outperforms four other 1ʺ (arc second) global DEMs (ALOS, ASTER, NASA, and SRTM). Typical airborne LiDARs have 2–20 returns per square meter, or 1,500–10,000 points corresponding to each elevation posting in a 1″ DEM. The LiDAR point cloud approximates the 3D earth surface observed by visible, near‐infrared, and radar sensors used to create freely available global DEMs, and allows estimation of the canopy penetration by the sensor. Canopy is broadly defined as the range of elevations within the 1″ cell including effects from vegetation, slope, and human‐made features. In open terrain, all five DEMs approximate the ground surface. With significant canopy, the Copernicus DEM elevations cluster tightly near the center of the canopy, while the other DEMs are spread throughout and even outside the canopy defined by LiDAR. The superiority of the Copernicus DEM is evident in tests against both LiDAR and ICESat‐2 data, in all eight (high‐relief) test areas, in different vegetation types, and on both gentle and steep slopes.
HvLEAFY controls the early stages of floral organ specification and inhibits the formation of multiple ovaries in barley
Authors: Selva Caterina , Shirley Neil J. , Houston Kelly , Whitford Ryan , Baumann Ute , Li Gang , Tucker Matthew R. 
Published: August 2021

SUMMARYTransition to the reproductive phase, inflorescence formation and flower development are crucial elements that ensure maximum reproductive success in a plant’s life cycle. To understand the regulatory mechanisms underlying correct flower development in barley (Hordeum vulgare), we characterized the multiovary 5 (mov5.o) mutant. This mutant develops abnormal flowers that exhibit mosaic floral organs typified by multiple carpels at the total or partial expense of stamens. Genetic mapping positioned mov5 on the long arm of chromosome 2H, incorporating a region that encodes HvLFY, the barley orthologue of LEAFY from Arabidopsis. Sequencing revealed that, in mov5.o plants, HvLFY contains a single amino acid substitution in a highly conserved proline residue. CRISPR‐mediated knockout of HvLFY replicated the mov5.o phenotype, suggesting that HvLFYmov5 represents a loss of function allele. In heterologous assays, the HvLFYmov5 polymorphism influenced protein–protein interactions and affinity for a putative binding site in the promoter of HvMADS58, a C‐class MADS‐box gene. Moreover, molecular analysis indicated that HvLFY interacts with HvUFO and regulates the expression of floral homeotic genes including HvMADS2, HvMADS4 and HvMADS16. Other distinct changes in expression differ from those reported in the rice LFY mutants apo2/rfl, suggesting that LFY function in the grasses is modulated in a species‐specific manner. This pathway provides a key entry point for the study of LFY function and multiple ovary formation in barley, as well as cereal species in general.
Biomechanical comparison of humeral condyles with experimental intracondylar fissures immobilized with a transcondylar positional or a lag screw: An ex‐vivo study in dogs
Authors: Serrano Crehuet Tomas , de Linares Tuduri Pablo , Biskup Jeffery 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the axial biomechanical properties of intracondylar humeral osteotomies fixed with 4.5 mm transcondylar positional or cortical lag screws.Study designEx vivo study.Sample populationPaired humeri from 21 canine cadavers.Materials and methodsAn intracondylar osteotomy was created on each humerus to mimic an intracondylar fissure. Paired humeri were randomly assigned to fixation with a positional or a lag screw. All specimens were radiographed postinstrumentation to document proper screw placement. Axial load was applied to the distal articular surface of the trochlea at a rate of 1 mm/s until a 40% decrease in load was measured. Specimens were assessed for mode of failure with visual inspection and radiographs.ResultsStiffness (1236.7 ± 181 N/mm vs. 1050.8 ± 265 N/mm), yield load (3284.3 ± 1703 N vs. 2071.1 ± 740 N), and maximum load (7378.0 ± 1288 vs. 5793.7 ± 2373 N) were greater in constructs fixed with a positional rather than a lag screw (p = .0008, .044, and .040, respectively).ConclusionIn our model, mechanical properties were improved when the transcondylar osteotomy was stabilized with a 4.5 mm positional screw rather than a lag screw.Clinical significanceThis ex vivo study suggests that a transcondylar lag screw and positional screw are not biomechanically equal. Additional in vivo studies are need to help with clinical decision making when prophylactically treating HIF.
Analysis of Foot-Ankle-Leg Injuries in Various Under-Foot Impact Loading Environments With a Human Active Lower Limb Model
Authors: Huang Jing , Huang Can , Mo Fuhao 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Lower limb injuries caused by under-foot impacts often appear in sport landing, automobile collision, and antivehicular landmine blasts. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a foot-ankle-leg model of the human active lower limb (HALL) model, and used it to investigate lower leg injury responses in different under-foot loading environments to provide a theoretical basis for the design of physical dummies adapted to multiple loading conditions. The model was first validated in allowable rotation loading conditions, like dorsiflexion, inversion/eversion, and external rotation. Then, its sensitivity to loading rates and initial postures was further verified through experimental data concerning both biomechanical stiffness and injury locations. Finally, the model was used to investigate the biomechanical responses of the foot-ankle-leg region in different under-foot loading conditions covering the loading rate from sport landing to blast impact. The results showed that from −15 deg plantarflexion to 30 deg dorsiflexion, the neutral posture always showed the largest tolerance, and more than 1.5 times tolerance gap was achieved between neutral posture and dorsiflexion 30 deg. Under-foot impacts from 2 m/s to 14 m/s, the peak tibia force increased at least 1.9 times in all postures. Thus, we consider that it is necessary to include initial posture and loading rate factors in the definition of the foot-ankle-leg injury tolerance for under-foot impact loading.
An Energetic Approach to Modeling Cytoskeletal Architecture in Maturing Cardiomyocytes
Authors: Sherman William F. , Asad Mira , Grosberg Anna 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThrough a variety of mechanisms, a healthy heart is able to regulate its structure and dynamics across multiple length scales. Disruption of these mechanisms can have a cascading effect, resulting in severe structural and/or functional changes that permeate across different length scales. Due to this hierarchical structure, there is interest in understanding how the components at the various scales coordinate and influence each other. However, much is unknown regarding how myofibril bundles are organized within a densely packed cell and the influence of the subcellular components on the architecture that is formed. To elucidate potential factors influencing cytoskeletal development, we proposed a computational model that integrated interactions at both the cellular and subcellular scale to predict the location of individual myofibril bundles that contributed to the formation of an energetically favorable cytoskeletal network. Our model was tested and validated using experimental metrics derived from analyzing single-cell cardiomyocytes. We demonstrated that our model-generated networks were capable of reproducing the variation observed in experimental cells at different length scales as a result of the stochasticity inherent in the different interactions between the various cellular components. Additionally, we showed that incorporating length-scale parameters resulted in physical constraints that directed cytoskeletal architecture toward a structurally consistent motif. Understanding the mechanisms guiding the formation and organization of the cytoskeleton in individual cardiomyocytes can aid tissue engineers toward developing functional cardiac tissue.