bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing the extinction risk of insular, understudied marine species
Authors: Thomas Elin A. , Böhm Monika , Pollock Caroline , Chen Chong , Seddon Mary , Sigwart Julia D. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractHydrothermal vents are rare deep‐sea oases that house faunal assemblages with a similar density of life as coral reefs. Only approximately 600 of these hotspots are known worldwide, most only one‐third of a football field in size. With advancing development of the deep‐sea mining industry, there is an urgent need to protect these unique, insular ecosystems and their specialist endemic faunas. We applied the IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature) Red List criteria to assess the extinction risk of vent‐endemic molluscs with varying exposure to potential deep‐sea mining. We assessed 31 species from three key areas under different regulatory frameworks in the Indian, West Pacific, and Southern Oceans. Three vent mollusc species were also examined as case studies of different threat contexts (protected or not from potential mining) to explore the interaction of local regulatory frameworks and IUCN Red List category assignment. We found that these assessments were robust even when there was some uncertainty in the total range of individual species, allowing assessment of species that have only recently been named and described. For vent‐endemic species, regulatory changes to area‐based management can have a greater impact on IUCN Red List assessment outcomes than incorporating additional data about species distributions. Our approach revealed the most useful IUCN Red List criteria for vent‐endemic species: criteria B and D2. This approach, combining regulatory framework and distribution, has the potential to rapidly gauge assessment outcomes for species in insular systems worldwide.
Multimodal opioid‐sparing pain management after lung transplantation and the impact of liposomal bupivacaine intercostal nerve block
Authors: Lewis Tyler C. , Sureau Kimberly , Katz Alyson , Fargnoli Anthony , Lesko Melissa , Rudym Darya , Angel Luis F. , Chang Stephanie H. , Kon Zachary N. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractOpioid analgesics are commonly used post‐lung transplant, but have many side effects and are associated with worse outcomes. We conducted a retrospective review of all lung transplant recipients who were treated with a multimodal opioid‐sparing pain protocol. The use of liposomal bupivacaine intercostal nerve block was variable due to hospital restrictions. The primary objective was to describe opioid requirements and patient‐reported pain scores early post‐lung transplant and to assess the impact of intraoperative liposomal bupivacaine intercostal nerve block. We treated 64 lung transplant recipients with our protocol. Opioid utilization decreased to a mean of 43 milligram oral morphine equivalents by postoperative day 4. Median pain scores peaked at 4 on postoperative day 1 and decreased thereafter. Only three patients were discharged home with opioids, all of whom were taking opioid agonist therapy pre‐transplant for opioid use disorder. Patients who received liposomal bupivacaine intercostal nerve block in the operating room had a significant reduction in opioid consumption over postoperative day 1 through 4 (228 mg vs. 517 mg, P= .032). A multimodal opioid‐sparing pain management protocol is feasible and resulted in weaning of opioids prior to hospital discharge.
Dapsone in hidradenitis suppurativa: A case series of 56 patients
Authors: López‐Llunell Cristina , Riera‐Martí Núria , Gamissans Marta , Romaní Jorge 
Published: October 2021

AbstractHidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory disease with a challenging treatment. Current guidelines reserve dapsone as a third line agent for patients with mild to moderate HS. To our knowledge, only four small case series have been reported. The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness and safety of dapsone in our clinical practice. A retrospective observational single‐center study of 56 HS patients who underwent treatment with dapsone from May 1, 2015, to June 1, 2021, was performed. The Hidradenitis Suppurativa Clinical Response (HiSCR) scale was used to evaluate the response to treatment. Fifty‐six patients were included, 66% of which were men, with a median age of 33 years. Most of them had mild or moderate disease and belonged to LC2 follicular phenotype. All patients had been refractory to first‐line treatments. Dapsone was prescribed at doses of 50–150 mg/day. 62.5% of the patients achieved HiSCR after 12 weeks of treatment. No serious adverse reactions were detected. The median duration of treatment was 8 months. After multivariate analysis, an association was found between the presence of fistulous tracts and the risk of non‐response to the drug. In four of the dapsone responders, oral retinoids were added to achieve a sustained response. Limitations include the retrospective and non‐controlled nature of this study. In conclusion, dapsone is an effective and well‐tolerated option for long‐term HS treatment, and in this series, it was mainly chosen for patients with LC2 phenotype. It would be interesting to study combination with retinoids and other management options.
Systematic over‐crediting in California's forest carbon offsets program
Authors: Badgley Grayson , Freeman Jeremy , Hamman Joseph J. , Haya Barbara , Trugman Anna T. , Anderegg William R. L. , Cullenward Danny 
Published: October 2021

AbstractCarbon offsets are widely used by individuals, corporations, and governments to mitigate their greenhouse gas emissions on the assumption that offsets reflect equivalent climate benefits achieved elsewhere. These climate‐equivalence claims depend on offsets providing real and additional climate benefits beyond what would have happened, counterfactually, without the offsets project. Here, we evaluate the design of California's prominent forest carbon offsets program and demonstrate that its climate‐equivalence claims fall far short on the basis of directly observable evidence. By design, California's program awards large volumes of offset credits to forest projects with carbon stocks that exceed regional averages. This paradigm allows for adverse selection, which could occur if project developers preferentially select forests that are ecologically distinct from unrepresentative regional averages. By digitizing and analyzing comprehensive offset project records alongside detailed forest inventory data, we provide direct evidence that comparing projects against coarse regional carbon averages has led to systematic over‐crediting of 30.0 million tCO2e (90% CI: 20.5–38.6 million tCO2e) or 29.4% of the credits we analyzed (90% CI: 20.1%–37.8%). These excess credits are worth an estimated $410 million (90% CI: $280–$528 million) at recent market prices. Rather than improve forest management to store additional carbon, California's forest offsets program creates incentives to generate offset credits that do not reflect real climate benefits.
Glass with hydration‐induced compressive stress profiles
Authors: Gross Timothy M. , Wu Jingshi , Aaldenberg Emily M. , Zheng Zheming , Sarafian Adam R. , Jones Joshua A. , Dimond Timothy E. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractA novel potassium phospho‐aluminosilicate composition is described that can be strengthened by water vapor to achieve deep compressive stress (CS) profiles. Water vapor treatment at (A) 85°C and 85% relative humidity for 40 days results in a CS of 389 ± 20 MPa and a compressive depth of layer (DOL) of 18 ± 2 μm. When treated at (B) 160°C and 0.1 MPa for 7 days, a CS of 245 ± 20 MPa and a DOL of 40 ± 2 μm is achieved. Glasses with hydration‐induced stress profiles can provide high retained strength following flaw introduction compared with ion‐exchanged soda‐lime silicate glass. Sample treatment B also has an exemplary Vickers indentation cracking threshold value greater than 20 kgf. The hydration profile determined by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) is shown to closely match the stress profile for these samples. SIMS analysis also shows that the depth of water enrichment correlates well with the depletion depth of phosphorus. The high tendency towards water‐induced strengthening for this new type of glass even enables self‐strengthening by the generation of a near‐surface CS profile following exposure to ambient conditions.
The microbiome of dental and peri‐implant subgingival plaque during peri‐implant mucositis therapy: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Philip Juliana , Buijs Mark J. , Pappalardo Vincent Y. , Crielaard Wim , Brandt Bernd W. , Zaura Egija 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAimTo assess the microbial effects of mechanical debridement in conjunction with a mouthrinse on sites with peri‐implant mucositis and gingivitis.Materials and methodsEighty‐nine patients with peri‐implant mucositis were included in a double‐blinded, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial with mechanical debridement and 1‐month use of either delmopinol, chlorhexidine (CHX), or a placebo mouthrinse. Submucosal and subgingival plaque samples of implants and teeth were collected at baseline and after 1 and 3 months, processed for 16S V4 rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, and analysed bioinformatically.ResultsThe sites with peri‐implant mucositis presented with a less diverse and less anaerobic microbiome. Exposure to delmopinol or CHX, but not to the placebo mouthrinse resulted in microbial changes after 1 month. The healthy sites around the teeth harboured a more diverse and more anaerobe‐rich microbiome than the healthy sites around the implants.ConclusionsPeri‐implant sites with mucositis harbour ecologically less complex and less anaerobic biofilms with lower biomass than patient‐matched dental sites with gingivitis while eliciting an equal inflammatory response. Adjunctive antimicrobial therapy in addition to mechanical debridement does affect both dental and peri‐implant biofilm composition in the short term, resulting in a less dysbiotic subgingival biofilm.
Perception, knowledge and attitudes on advance medical directives among hospital staff: Using mixed methodology
Authors: Park Mi Hee , Seong Mihyeon , Sok Sohyune 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundIt is necessary to examine the level of perception, knowledge and attitudes of the medical staff for advance medical directives, which are practical alternatives to good practice for end‐of‐life care in the actual medical field.PurposeThis study was conducted to determine the degree of perception, knowledge and attitude of cancer hospital medical staff about advance medical directives, and to confirm the relationship between them. It also explored their experiences with advance medical directives.MethodsThis study used a convergent design to collect quantitative and qualitative data separately in the mixed methodology. This design adheres to the STROBE guidelines. Participants were a total of 140 subjects (70 doctors and 70 nurses) with more than 3 years and considered to have sufficient experience related to the study purpose. Focus group participants were a total 19 persons (9 doctors and 10 nurses).ResultsMean score for perception was 35.40, which indicates lower perception when compared to the median value (37.50 points). Perception of advance medical directives had significant, positive relations with attitude of advance medical directives (p = .032). The perception on attitude of advance medical directives factor was significantly influencing (p = .021). As a result of the analysis based on qualitative research questions, six subjects and 11 categories were created by deriving meaningful sentences from the statements.ConclusionThis study suggests that the perception of medical professionals about advance medical directives has a positive correlation with attitudes, as well as a causal relationship.Relevance to clinical practiceBased on the finding from this study, concrete strategies and interventions to improve the perception of advance medical directives among cancer hospital medical staff are needed.
Why and Under What Conditions Does Loss Aversion Emerge?1
Authors: Nagaya Kazuhisa 
Published: October 2021

AbstractA person's propensity to attribute more weight to a loss than a gain of equal magnitude is known as “loss aversion.” Loss aversion is a component of the prospect theory (which provides a descriptive account of a person's value judgments) and has broad effects in terms of market transactions, intrapersonal decision‐making, and behavioral regulations. Previous studies have considered loss aversion as an omnipresent fundamental psychological bias; however, recent studies have highlighted the limitations of its impact. Accordingly, this paper summarizes the process and boundary conditions of loss aversion in decision‐making under risk, considering four distinct approaches: the absolute magnitude of losses, the bias of attentional allocation, the ranking of losses relative to gains, and the preference for inaction. A comprehensive overview of studies that examined loss aversion from these different perspectives reveals detailed boundary conditions for loss aversion and provides an in‐depth perspective on the mechanism of its occurrence. Based on these findings, specific directions for future loss‐aversion studies are discussed.
Telomerase activity in ecological studies: What are its consequences for individual physiology and is there evidence for effects and trade‐offs in wild populations
Authors: Smith Steve , Hoelzl Franz , Zahn Sandrine , Criscuolo François 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIncreasing evidence at the cellular level is helping to provide proximate explanations for the balance between investment in growth, reproduction and somatic maintenance in wild populations. Studies of telomere dynamics have informed researchers about the loss and gain of telomere length both on a seasonal scale and across the lifespan of individuals. In addition, telomere length and telomere rate of loss seems to have evolved differently among taxonomic groups, and relate differently to organismal diversity of lifespan. So far, the mechanisms behind telomere maintenance remain elusive, although many studies have inferred a role for telomerase, an enzyme/RNA complex known to induce telomere elongation from laboratory studies. Exciting further work is also emerging that suggests telomerase (and/or its individual component parts) has a role in fitness that goes beyond the maintenance of telomere length. Here, we review the literature on telomerase biology and examine the evidence from ecological studies for the timing and extent of telomerase activation in relation to life history events associated with telomere maintenance. We suggest that the underlying mechanism is more complicated than originally anticipated, possibly involves several complimentary pathways, and is probably associated with high energetic costs. Potential pathways for future research are numerous and we outline what we see as the most promising prospects to expand our understanding of individual differences in immunity or reproduction efficiency.
Three cases of GFAP astrocytopathy, one with bilateral ovarian teratoma
Authors: Osakada Yosuke , Omote Yoshio , Taira Yuki , Matsuoka Chika , Ikegami Ken , Tadokoro Koh , Nomura Emi , Kawahara Yuko , Sato Kota , Terasawa Yuka , Hishikawa Nozomi , Morihara Ryuta , Takemoto Mami , Kimura Akio , Shimohata Takayoshi , Yamashita Toru , Abe Koji 
Published: October 2021

AbstractGlial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) astrocytopathy is a novel autoimmune meningoencephalomyelitis. Case 1 is a 26–year‐old (yo) woman with a bilateral ovarian teratoma. She presented neck stiffness, hyperreflexia, bilateral postural tremor, and urinary retention. Three courses of a methylprednisolone pulse and subsequent enucleation of the bilateral ovarian teratoma improved her neurological symptoms with no recurrence. Case 2 is a 46‐year‐old man who showed infectious‐like symptoms with elevated creatine kinase. Case 3 is a 76‐year‐old man with preceding weight loss, a hyperintensity lesion in the hypothalamus, and increased uptake of the spinal cord, assessed by Fluorine18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F‐FDG PET). We compared the clinical features of the present three cases with previous reports. Consciousness disturbance, neck stiffness, tremors, and urinary dysfunction were observed in all three cases. These findings suggest widespread damage of the brain and spinal cord.
Cellulose synthase‐like protein OsCSLD4 plays an important role in the response of rice to salt stress by mediating abscisic acid biosynthesis to regulate osmotic stress tolerance
Authors: Zhao Hui , Li Zixuan , Wang Yayun , Wang Jiayi , Xiao Minggang , Liu Hai , Quan Ruidang , Zhang Haiwen , Huang Rongfeng , Zhu Li , Zhang Zhijin 
Published: October 2021

SummaryCell wall polysaccharide biosynthesis enzymes play important roles in plant growth, development and stress responses. The functions of cell wall polysaccharide synthesis enzymes in plant growth and development have been well studied. In contrast, their roles in plant responses to environmental stress are poorly understood. Previous studies have demonstrated that the rice cell wall cellulose synthase‐like D4 protein (OsCSLD4) is involved in cell wall polysaccharide synthesis and is important for rice growth and development. This study demonstrated that the OsCSLD4 function‐disrupted mutant nd1 was sensitive to salt stress, but insensitive to abscisic acid (ABA). The expression of some ABA synthesis and response genes was repressed in nd1 under both normal and salt stress conditions. Exogenous ABA can restore nd1‐impaired salt stress tolerance. Moreover, overexpression of OsCSLD4 can enhance rice ABA synthesis gene expression, increase ABA content and improve rice salt tolerance, thus implying that OsCSLD4‐regulated rice salt stress tolerance is mediated by ABA synthesis. Additionally, nd1 decreased rice tolerance to osmotic stress, but not ion toxic tolerance. The results from the transcriptome analysis showed that more osmotic stress‐responsive genes were impaired in nd1 than salt stress‐responsive genes, thus indicating that OsCSLD4 is involved in rice salt stress response through an ABA‐induced osmotic response pathway. Intriguingly, the disruption of OsCSLD4 function decreased grain width and weight, while overexpression of OsCSLD4 increased grain width and weight. Taken together, this study demonstrates a novel plant salt stress adaptation mechanism by which crops can coordinate salt stress tolerance and yield.
Counterpossibles
Authors: Kocurek Alexander W. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAcounterpossibleis a counterfactual with an impossible antecedent. Counterpossibles present a puzzle for standard theories of counterfactuals, which predict that all counterpossibles are semantically vacuous. Moreover, counterpossibles play an important role in many debates within metaphysics and epistemology, including debates over grounding, causation, modality, mathematics, science, and even God. In this article, we will explore various positions on counterpossibles as well as their potential philosophical consequences.
Moral Testimony, Knowledge and Understanding
Authors: Viswanathan Kumar 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis article explains why relying on moral testimony leaves an agent short of moral understanding. Hills’ version of that thesis and Sliwa’s contrary thesis are criticised, and their whole debate about whether moral knowledge is necessary and sufficient for moral understanding is found questionable. Following a line of thinking in Gaita’s philosophy, the assumption that the object of moral understanding must be a true proposition is rebutted and a more personal approach to moral understanding is developed. Relying on testimony for your moral beliefs leaves you short of moral understanding because you fail to make the beliefs your own.
Solvent‐ and Wavelength‐Dependent Photolysis of Estrone
Authors: Adriano Natalie , Ahearn Ceilidh , Black Cory , Cracchiolo Michael , Ghere Daniel , Nuñez Alexandra , Olivan Lars , Patel Raj , Saner Stephanie , Smith Krista R. , Watkins Barbie , Hare Patrick M. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe direct photolysis of estrone in solvents ranging from water to cyclohexane is reported. The photodegradation is dominated by lumiestrone, an epimer of estrone resulting from the inversion of the methyl group at carbon 13, regardless of solvent and photolysis wavelength in the range 254–320 nm. Solvent addition products are also observed in lesser amounts. The photodegradation rate in water is an order of magnitude slower than in nonaqueous solvents. Short wavelength excitation enhances photodegradation. Together, these results suggest complicated photophysics underlie the photochemistry with implications for the remediation of environmental estrogens.
Handgrip strength as a simple measure for screening prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus risk among adults in Malawi: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Manda Chrispin Mahala , Nakanga Wisdom P. , Mkandawire Joseph , Muula Adamson S. , Nyirenda Moffat J. , Crampin Amelia Catherine , Wagatsuma Yukiko 
Published: October 2021

AbstractOBJECTIVEHandgrip strength, a simple measure of muscle strength, has been reported as a predictor of both prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and has been suggested for screening prediabetes and T2DM risk. This study examined the relationship of handgrip strength with prediabetes and T2DM among rural‐ and urban‐dwelling adults in Malawi.METHODSThis was a cross‐sectional study nested in a follow‐up study of prediabetic and prehypertensive individuals identified during an extensive noncommunicable disease survey in Malawi. A total of 261 participants (women: 64%) were recruited. Univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the association of prediabetes and T2DM with relative handgrip strength.RESULTSThe mean (SD) age of the participants was 49.7 (13.6) years, and 54.0% were between the ages of 40 and 59 years. The mean (SD) absolute handgrip strength and relative handgrip strength were 28.8 (7.3) kg and 1.16 (0.40) kg/BMI, respectively, and the mean relative handgrip strength differed significantly (p < 0.001) by T2DM status. In unadjusted model, the odds ratio (OR) of prediabetes and T2DM per unit increase in relative handgrip strength was 0.12 [95% CI; 0.04–0.33]. The result remained significant after adjusting for age (continuous), sex, place of study, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and level of education (aOR [95% CI]; 0.19 [0.03–0.95]).CONCLUSIONSThe findings suggest that handgrip strength could be a relatively inexpensive, noninvasive measure for contributing to risk scores to identify high‐risk individuals for screening diabetes in SSA.
Effect of Wear on Thermoelastic Instability Involving Friction Pair Thickness in Automotive Clutches
Authors: Qiao Yijun , Yi Yun-Bo , Wang Tie , Cui Hongwei , Lian Zisheng 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Wear is an inevitable phenomenon in the working process of clutch and brake system. With the increase of transmission speed and power density, the thermoelastic instability (TEI) of clutch and brake system is becoming more serious over time. It is difficult to obtain the practical solution for conventional materials of clutches and brakes and their actual geometry with finite thickness using the existing analytical method. To study the comprehensive effects of wear and friction pair thickness on TEI, Archard Wear Law is combined with the Fourier Reduction Method to develop a finite element model, the accuracy of which is validated using the existing analytical method. Within the usual ranges of thickness and wear coefficient of friction pair, the increase of friction material thickness or the decrease of steel material thickness will suppress the TEI. Nonetheless, if the wear-rate is increased significantly, the effect of friction material thickness will be reversed. The worst thickness, which must be avoided in the design, and the local optimum thickness exist for the steel material.