bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Knockdown of METTL3 inhibits enterovirus 71-induced apoptosis of mouse Schwann cell through regulation of autophagy
Authors: Xiao Yulian , Yang Yanping , Hu Dandan 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71 or EV-71) is an RNA virus that causes hand, foot and mouse disease in children. The N6-methyladenosine (m6A) of RNA is a common RNA modification involved in various biological events. METTL3 is an m6A methyltransferase that regulates EV-71 replication. EV-71 infection induces autophagy, which also promotes EV-71 replication. In this study, we explored the role of METTL3 in EV-71 infection-induced autophagy. We constructed lentivirus expressing METTL3-specific shRNA and knocked down the endogenous METTL3 in mouse Schwann cells. We infected normal Schwann cells and METTL3 knockdown Schwann cells and compared the viral titer, expression of autophagy-related proteins and apoptosis-related protein. Transduction of lentivirus expressing METTL3 shRNA significantly decreased the endogenous METTL3. Knocking down METTL3 decreased the viral titer of EV-71 after infection. Knocking down METTL3 prevented EV-71-induced cell death and suppressed EV-71-induced expression of Bax while rescuing Bcl-2 expression after EV-71 infection. Knocking down METTL3 inhibited EV-71-induced expression of Atg5, Atg7 and LC3 II. Knocking down METTL3 inhibited EV-71-induced apoptosis and autophagy. In summary, our study describes the relationship of METTL3 and autophagy during EV-71 infection.
Constructing National Values: The Nationally Distinctive Turn in Russian IR Theory and Foreign Policy
Authors: Tsygankov Andrei P , Tsygankov Pavel A 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAs the world moves away from the West-centered international system, IR scholars are increasingly turning their attention to substance and formation of national values. Using the case of Russia, we show how distinct schools of IR theory and foreign policy dominant in the country have come to recognize the importance of national values as a lens through which to assess the country's means and goals of development. Each in its way, these schools—Civilizationists, Statists, and Westernizers—have prioritized “the national” in the country's future. We explain Russia's turn to the national by stressing the country's ontological insecurity, the role of the Russian state, and Western actions that contribute to creating and exacerbating the conditions of ontological insecurity. The case of Russia has important implications for understanding the role of national values in the formation of foreign policy and IR theory.
The Brachypodium distachyon cold-acclimated plasma membrane proteome is primed for stress resistance
Authors: Juurakko Collin L , Bredow Melissa , Nakayama Takato , Imai Hiroyuki , Kawamura Yukio , diCenzo George C , Uemura Matsuo , Walker Virginia K 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In order to survive subzero temperatures, some plants undergo cold acclimation (CA) where low, nonfreezing temperatures, and/or shortened day lengths allow cold-hardening and survival during subsequent freeze events. Central to this response is the plasma membrane (PM), where low temperature is perceived and cellular homeostasis must be preserved by maintaining membrane integrity. Here, we present the first PM proteome of cold-acclimated Brachypodium distachyon, a model species for the study of monocot crops. A time-course experiment investigated CA-induced changes in the proteome following two-phase partitioning PM enrichment and label-free quantification by nano-liquid chromatography-mass spectrophotometry. Two days of CA were sufficient for membrane protection as well as an initial increase in sugar levels and coincided with a significant change in the abundance of 154 proteins. Prolonged CA resulted in further increases in soluble sugars and abundance changes in more than 680 proteins, suggesting both a necessary early response to low-temperature treatment, as well as a sustained CA response elicited over several days. A meta-analysis revealed that the identified PM proteins have known roles in low-temperature tolerance, metabolism, transport, and pathogen defense as well as drought, osmotic stress, and salt resistance suggesting crosstalk between stress responses, such that CA may prime plants for other abiotic and biotic stresses. The PM proteins identified here present keys to an understanding of cold tolerance in monocot crops and the hope of addressing economic losses associated with modern climate-mediated increases in frost events.
Afr1p Regulates the Saccharomyces cerevisiae α-Factor Receptor by a Mechanism That Is Distinct From Receptor Phosphorylation and Endocytosis
Authors: Davis Colleen , Dube Peter , Konopka James B 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The α-factor pheromone receptor activates a G protein signaling pathway that induces the conjugation of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Our previous studies identified AFR1 as a gene that regulates this signaling pathway because overexpression of AFR1 promoted resistance to α-factor. AFR1 also showed an interesting genetic relationship with the α-factor receptor gene, STE2, suggesting that the receptor is regulated by Afr1p. To investigate the mechanism of this regulation, we tested AFR1 for a role in the two processes that are known to regulate receptor signaling: phosphorylation and down-regulation of ligand-bound receptors by endocytosis. AFR1 overexpression diminished signaling in a strain that lacks the C-terminal phosphorylation sites of the receptor, indicating that AFR1 acts independently of phosphorylation. The effects of AFR1 overexpression were weaker in strains that were defective in receptor endocytosis. However, AFR1 overexpression did not detectably influence receptor endocytosis or the stability of the receptor protein. Instead, gene dosage studies showed that the effects of AFR1 overexpression on signaling were inversely proportional to the number of receptors. These results indicate that AFR1 acts independently of endocytosis, and that the weaker effects of AFR1 in strains that are defective in receptor endocytosis were probably an indirect consequence of their increased receptor number caused by the failure of receptors to undergo ligand-stimulated endocytosis. Analysis of the ligand binding properties of the receptor showed that AFR1 overexpression did not alter the number of cell-surface receptors or the affinity for α-factor. Thus, Afr1p prevents α-factor receptors from activating G protein signaling by a mechanism that is distinct from other known pathways.
Mutational Analysis of the Tup1 General Repressor of Yeast
Authors: Carrico Pauline M , Zitomer Richard S 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The Tup1 and Ssn6 proteins of Saccharomyces cerevisiae form a general transcriptional repression complex that regulates the expression of a diverse set of genes including aerobically repressed hypoxic genes, a-mating type genes, glucose repressed genes, and genes controlling cell flocculence. To identify amino acid residues in the Tup1 protein that are required for repression function, we selected for mutations that derepressed the hypoxic genes. Three missense mutations that accumulated stable protein were isolated, and an additional three were generated by site-directed mutagenesis. The mutant protein L62R was unable to complex with Ssn6 or repress expression of reporter genes for the hypoxic and glucose repressed regulons or the flocculence phenotype, however, expression of the a-mating type reporter gene was still repressed. The remaining mutations fell within the WD repeat region of Tup1. These mutations had different effects on the expression of the four Tup1 repressed regulons assayed, indicating that the WD repeats serve different roles for repression of different regulons.
An Experimental Demonstration of Fisher's Principle: Evolution of Sexual Proportion by Natural Selection
Authors: Carvalho Antonio Bernardo , Sampaio Michelle Cristina , Varandas Flavia Roque , Klaczko Louis Bernard 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Most sexually reproducing species have sexual proportions around 1:1. This major biological phenomenon remained unexplained until 1930, when Fisher proposed that it results from a mechanism of natural selection. Here we report the first experimental test of his model that obeys all its assumptions. We used a naturally occurring X-Y meiotic drive system—the sex-ratio trait of Drosophila mediopunctata—to generate female-biased experimental populations. As predicted by Fisher, these populations evolved toward equal sex proportions due to natural selection, by accumulation of autosomal alleles that direct the parental reproductive effort toward the rare sex. Classical Fisherian evolution is a rather slow mechanism: despite a very large amount of genetic variability, the experimental populations evolved from 16% of males to 32% of males in 49 generations and would take 330 generations (29 years) to reach 49%. This slowness has important implications for species potentially endangered by skewed sexual proportions, such as reptiles with temperature sex determination.
The Transmission of Fragmented Chromosomes in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Ahmad Kami , Golic Kent G 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
We investigated the fate of dicentric chromosomes in the mitotic divisions of Drosophila melanogaster. We constructed chromosomes that were not required for viability and that carried P elements with inverted repeats of the target sites (FRTs) for the FLP site-specific recombinase. FLP-mediated unequal sister-chromatid exchange between inverted FRTs produced dicentric chromosomes at a high rate. The fate of the dicentric chromosome was evaluated in the mitotic cells of the male germline. We found that dicentric chromosomes break in mitosis, and the broken fragments can be transmitted. Some of these chromosome fragments exhibit dominant semilethality. Nonlethal fragments were broken at many sites along the chromosome, but the semilethal fragments were all broken near the original site of sister-chromatid fusion, and retained P element sequences near their termini. We discuss the implications of the recovery and behavior of broken chromosomes for checkpoints that detect double-strand break damage and the functions of telomeres in Drosophila.
Maternal Inheritance of Mouse mtDNA in Interspecific Hybrids: Segregation of the Leaked Paternal mtDNA Followed by the Prevention of Subsequent Paternal Leakage
Authors: Shitara Hiroshi , Hayashi Jun-Ichi , Takahama Sumiyo , Kaneda Hideki , Yonekawa Hiromichi 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The transmission profiles of sperm mtDNA introduced into fertilized eggs were examined in detail in F1 hybrids of mouse interspecific crosses by addressing three aspects. The first is whether the leaked paternal mtDNA in fertilized eggs produced by interspecific crosses was distributed stably to all tissues after the eggs' development to adults. The second is whether the leaked paternal mtDNA was transmitted to the subsequent generations. The third is whether paternal mtDNA continuously leaks in subsequent backcrosses. For identification of the leaked paternal mtDNA, we prepared total DNA samples directly from tissues or embryos and used PCR techniques that can detect a few molecules of paternal mtDNA even in the presence of 108-fold excess of maternal mtDNA. The results showed that the leaked paternal mtDNA was not distributed to all tissues in the F1 hybrids or transmitted to the following generations through the female germ line. Moreover, the paternal mtDNA leakage was limited to the first generation of an interspecific cross and did not occur in progeny from subsequent backcrosses. These observations suggest that species-specific exclusion of sperm mtDNA in mammalian fertilized eggs is extremely stringent, ensuring strictly maternal inheritance of mtDNA.
Comparison of spherical cap and rectangular harmonic analysis of airborne vector gravity data for high-resolution (1.5 km) local geopotential field models over Tanzania
Authors: Feizi Mohsen , Raoofian-Naeeni Mehdi , Han Shin-Chan 
Published: July 2021

SUMMARYThis study examines local geopotential field modelling over a mountainous region in Tanzania using vector airborne gravity data. We use the adjusted spherical cap and rectangular harmonic analyses. Both methods are based on expansion of gravitational potential into a series of orthogonal harmonic basis functions of local support in such a way that the expansion coefficients are determined by gravity observations. All three components of gravity vector are simultaneously inverted to derive the geopotential coefficients. In order to evaluate the accuracy of the local models, independent checkpoints are selected within the study region and around its boundary and the computed gravity vectors are compared with the independent gravity observations. The results show an excellent agreement with root mean square error (RMSE) of &lt; 1.6 mGal over the study area. On the contrary, the RMSEs of global geopotential models against the checkpoints data are 7 mGal for the models up to the maximum degree of 2190 (a resolution of ∼9.1 km) and 5 mGal to 5399 (∼3.7 km). Our local models are significantly more accurate than the state-of-the-art global models and fully exploit the airborne vector data with the measurement error of ∼1 mGal. We also present the regional models constrained only by radial (vertical) or by lateral (horizontal) gravity observations. Those models are considerably less accurate than the one from 3-D gravity data inversion. Lastly, the regional models are validated against topography data. It is found that the gravity–topography correlation is 0.8–0.9 at 100 km, 0.5 at 20 km and higher than the correlations of the global models at all frequencies. The gravity–topography admittances estimated from our regional models indicate ∼130 mGal km−1 and imply the effective density of 2500 kg m−3 for topographical mass.
Treatment of theWay-Construction in English-Chinese Learners’ Dictionaries: A Construction Grammar Approach
Authors: Cheng Gong , Xu Hai 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis article focuses on the treatment of the way-construction (work one’s way through, find one’s way to, etc.) in English-Chinese learners’ dictionaries (ECLDs). Despite its complexity in structure and meaning, little research has been conducted into the systematic organization of the way-construction in learners’ dictionaries. Adopting a construction grammar approach, we subdivide the way-construction into three interpretations. We suggest that the ‘path-creation’ interpretation is the basis, while the ‘manner’ and ‘accompaniment’ interpretations are its subtypes, and provide evidence for these claims. We then identify the deficiencies in addressing the way-construction in current ECLDs. In addition, we conduct an acceptability judgement test and a translation test to pinpoint the difficulties that Chinese EFL learners might encounter in acquiring the way-construction. Finally, we propose a refined version for ECLDs concerning the treatment of the way-construction. This study is not only intended to optimize the entry of the way-construction for ECLDs, but also to offer a possible solution through which constructions can be systematically organized in learners’ dictionaries.
An Lpspaces-based formulation yielding a new fully mixed finite element method for the coupled Darcy and heat equations
Authors: Gatica Gabriel N , Meddahi Salim , Ruiz-Baier Ricardo 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn this work we present and analyse a new fully mixed finite element method for the nonlinear problem given by the coupling of the Darcy and heat equations. Besides the velocity, pressure and temperature variables of the fluid, our approach is based on the introduction of the pseudoheat flux as a further unknown. As a consequence of it, and due to the convective term involving the velocity and the temperature, we arrive at saddle point-type schemes in Banach spaces for both equations. In particular, and as suggested by the solvability of a related Neumann problem to be employed in the analysis, we need to make convenient choices of the Lebesgue and ${\textrm {H}}(div)$-type spaces to which the unknowns and test functions belong. The resulting coupled formulation is then written equivalently as a fixed-point operator, so that the classical Banach theorem, combined with the corresponding Babuška–Brezzi theory, the Banach–Nečas–Babuška theorem, suitable operators mapping Lebesgue spaces into themselves, regularity assumptions and the aforementioned Neumann problem, are employed to establish the unique solvability of the continuous formulation. Under standard hypotheses satisfied by generic finite element subspaces, the associated Galerkin scheme is analysed similarly and the Brouwer theorem yields existence of a solution. The respective a priori error analysis is also derived. Then, Raviart–Thomas elements of order $k\ge 0$ for the pseudoheat and the velocity and discontinuous piecewise polynomials of degree $\le k$ for the pressure and the temperature are shown to satisfy those hypotheses in the two-dimensional case. Several numerical examples illustrating the performance and convergence of the method are reported, including an application into the equivalent problem of miscible displacement in porous media.
African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) show differences in diet composition across landscape types in Kruger National Park, South Africa
Authors: Crossey Bruce , Chimimba Christian , du Plessis Cole , Ganswindt Andre , Hall Grant 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The Kruger National Park (KNP) is home to the last genetically viable, minimally managed population of African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus, wild dogs) in South Africa. Until 2004, this population remained stable, but since has been declining. In this study, we aimed to improve our understanding of the ecology of KNP wild dogs by estimating the relative contribution of different prey types to their diet across landscape types. Based on a Bayesian mixing model, we assessed wild dog diet and foraging preferences using stable isotope analysis. We sampled 73 individuals from 40 packs found in six different landscape types. In thickets, packs predominantly prey on small browsing and mixed-feeding species (accounting for ~73% of their diet), but occasionally hunt large grazers (~24%) and large browsers (~3%). In open landscape types where lions (Panthera leo) are more or less absent, such as in the Lowveld sour bushveld, wild dogs prey on large browsers and large grazers (~67%). Our results demonstrate that KNP wild dogs occupy a broader ecological niche than previously thought, with small browsers forming an integral part of their diet. We also present the first data describing differences in wild dog diet–tissue discrimination factors for tail hair and whiskers compared to respective stable nitrogen (δ15N) and carbon (δ13C) values obtained from feces of captive wild dogs, as well as from those of South Africa’s broader managed metapopulation. While these data should be considered preliminary, we suggest that until wild dog diet–tissue discrimination factors are calculated through a controlled feeding study, the discrimination factors calculated for the gray wolf (Canis lupus) should be used for wild dog-related isotope studies, rather than the often cited values for red foxes (Vulpes vulpes).
Linguistic discourse in gifted students’ historical education
Authors: Kirillov Viktor , Smirnova Yulia , Malysheva Olga , Tokareva Elena , Orchakova Larisa 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In Russian educational practice, there are not many studies devoted to the approach of linguistic discourse of gifted students’ education from a historical point of view. The study considers giftedness as a complex system of abilities and analyzes approaches to the study of giftedness in accordance with the teaching of linguistic disciplines. Linguistics as a discipline studies various aspects of language and is closely related to the system of sciences, the study of which is necessary for the formation of students’ giftedness and the level of their worldview. In the course of the study, both qualitative (the dynamics of changes in the proportion of students participating in additional educational programs for children in 2015–19 in relation to their total number) and quantitative (the dynamics of changes in the total number of students participating in additional educational programs for children in 2015–19 and thoroughly studying certain areas in 2019) were collected. The information was collected in the course of the research using content search in open educational databases of Moscow and the Moscow region. The results of the study show that the availability of various types of modern educational technologies increases the pedagogical capabilities of teachers to develop the abilities and talents of children, as well as contributes to the efficient knowledge assimilation and broadens the horizons of learners. The practical use of the research results involves the exchange of the experience related to the application of additional methods to study linguistics, history and social studies.
Modelling neutron star mountains in relativity
Authors: Gittins Fabian , Andersson Nils 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACTRapidly spinning, deformed neutron stars have long been considered potential gravitational-wave emitters. However, so far only upper limits on the size of the involved quadrupole deformations have been obtained. For this reason, it is pertinent to ask how large a mountain can be before the neutron star crust fractures. This is the question we consider in this paper, which describes how mountains can be calculated in relativistic gravity. Formally, this is a perturbative calculation that requires a fiducial force to source the mountain. Therefore, we consider three simple examples and increase their deforming amplitudes until the crust yields. We demonstrate how the derived mountains depend on the equation of state by considering a range of models obtained from chiral effective field theory. We find that the largest mountains depend sensitively on both the mechanism that sources them and the nuclear-matter equation of state.
Flux conservation, radial scalings, Mach numbers, and critical distances in the solar wind: magnetohydrodynamics and Ulysses observations
Authors: Verscharen Daniel , Bale Stuart D , Velli Marco 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
One of the key challenges in solar and heliospheric physics is to understand the acceleration of the solar wind. As a super-sonic, super-Alfvénic plasma flow, the solar wind carries mass, momentum, energy, and angular momentum from the Sun into interplanetary space. We present a framework based on two-fluid magnetohydrodynamics to estimate the flux of these quantities based on spacecraft data independent of the heliocentric distance of the location of measurement. Applying this method to the Ulysses data set allows us to study the dependence of these fluxes on heliolatitude and solar cycle. The use of scaling laws provides us with the heliolatitudinal dependence and the solar-cycle dependence of the scaled Alfvénic and sonic Mach numbers as well as the Alfvén and sonic critical radii. Moreover, we estimate the distance at which the local thermal pressure and the local energy density in the magnetic field balance. These results serve as predictions for observations with Parker Solar Probe, which currently explores the very inner heliosphere, and Solar Orbiter, which will measure the solar wind outside the plane of the ecliptic in the inner heliosphere during the course of the mission.