bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developments in fibre reinforced concrete in tunnelling
Authors: Thomas Alun , Bernard Erik Stefan 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis paper will provide an overview of the state of the art of the use of fibre reinforced concrete in tunnelling. The major applications for fibres are for the reinforcement of sprayed concrete and pre‐cast concrete segmental linings, but fibre reinforcement is also increasingly used for other applications such as trackbed/trackslab and minor precast concrete elements such as cable ducts, drip shields, and drainage elements. As the technology has matured, a wide variety of fibre types, made from different materials, has emerged. Standards have been developed for the manufacture, testing and application of all these fibre types. Moreover, design guidelines and codes have been published and new design methods are still being developed. The International Tunnelling Association has published several guidance documents in this field. Last but not least, FRC has an important role to play in reducing the carbon footprint of tunnelling projects.
Early motor network connectivity after stroke: An interplay of general reorganization and state‐specific compensation
Authors: Paul Theresa , Hensel Lukas , Rehme Anne K. , Tscherpel Caroline , Eickhoff Simon B. , Fink Gereon R. , Grefkes Christian , Volz Lukas J. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMotor recovery after stroke relies on functional reorganization of the motor network, which is commonly assessed via functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)‐basedresting‐state functional connectivity (rsFC)ortask‐related effective connectivity (trEC). Measures of either connectivity mode have been shown to successfully explain motor impairment post‐stroke, posing the question whether motor impairment is more closely reflected by rsFC or trEC. Moreover, highly similar changes in ipsilesional and interhemispheric motor network connectivity have been reported for both rsFC and trEC after stroke, suggesting that altered rsFC and trEC may capture similar aspects of information integration in the motor network reflecting principle, state‐independent mechanisms of network reorganization rather than state‐specific compensation strategies. To address this question, we conducted the first direct comparison of rsFC and trEC in a sample of early subacute stroke patients (n = 26, included on average 7.3 days post‐stroke). We found that both rsFC and trEC explained motor impairment across patients, stressing the clinical potential of fMRI‐based connectivity. Importantly, intrahemispheric connectivity between ipsilesional M1 and premotor areas depended on the activation state, whereas interhemispheric connectivity between homologs was state‐independent. From a mechanistic perspective, our results may thus arise from two distinct aspects of motor network plasticity: task‐specific compensation within the ipsilesional hemisphere and a more fundamental form of reorganization between hemispheres.
PD‐L1 is upregulated via BRD2 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma models of acquired cetuximab resistance
Authors: Bhola Neil E. , Njatcha Christian , Hu Lanlin , Lee Eliot D. , Shiah Jamie V. , Kim Mi‐Ok , Johnson Daniel E. , Grandis Jennifer R. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundTumor models resistant to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors or cisplatin express higher levels of the immune checkpoint molecule PD‐L1. We sought to determine whether PD‐L1 expression is elevated in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) models of acquired cetuximab resistance and whether the expression is regulated by bromodomain and extraterminal domain (BET) proteins.MethodsExpression of PD‐L1 was assessed in HNSCC cell line models of acquired cetuximab resistance. Proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC)‐ and RNAi‐mediated targeting were used to assess the role of BET proteins.ResultsCetuximab‐resistant HNSCC cells expressed elevated PD‐L1 compared to cetuximab‐sensitive controls. Treatment with the BET inhibitor JQ1, the BET PROTAC MZ1, or RNAi‐mediated knockdown of BRD2 decreased PD‐L1 expression. Knockdown of BRD2 also reduced the elevated levels of PD‐L1 seen in a model of acquired cisplatin resistance.ConclusionsPD‐L1 is significantly elevated in HNSCC models of acquired cetuximab and cisplatin resistance where BRD2 is the primary regulator.
Impact of initial chemotherapy regimen on outcomes for patients with double‐expressor lymphoma: A multi‐center analysis
Authors: D’Angelo Christopher R. , Hanel Walter , Chen Yi , Yu Menggang , Yang David , Guo Ling , Karmali Reem , Burkart Madelyn , Ciccosanti Colleen , David Kevin , Risch Zachary , Murga‐Zamalloa Carlos , Devata Sumana , Wilcox Ryan , Savani Malvi , Courville Elizabeth L. , Bachanova Veronika , Rabinovich Emma , Peace David , Osman Fauzia , Epperla Narendranath , Kenkre Vaishalee P. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDiffuse large B‐cell lymphoma featuring overexpression of MYC and B‐Cell Lymphoma 2 (double expressor lymphoma, DEL) is associated with poor outcomes. Existing evidence suggesting improved outcomes for DEL with the use of more intensive regimens than R‐CHOP is restricted to younger patients and based on limited evidence from low patient numbers. We retrospectively evaluated the impact of intensive frontline regimens versus R‐CHOP in a multicenter analysis across 7 academic medical centers in the United States. We collected 90 cases of DEL, 46 out of 90 patients (51%) received R‐CHOP and 44/90 (49%) received an intensive regimen, which was predominantly DA‐EPOCH‐R. Treatment cohorts were evenly balanced for demographics and disease characteristics, though the intensive group had a higher lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, 326 vs. 230 U/L p = 0.06) and presence of B‐symptoms (50% vs. 22%, p = 0.01) compared to the R‐CHOP cohort. There was no difference in PFS (median 53 vs. 38 months, p = 0.49) or overall survival (67 vs. not reached months, p = 0.14) between the R‐CHOP and intensive therapy cohorts, respectively. On multivariate analysis, intensive therapy was associated with a hazard ratio of 2.35 (95% CI 0.74–7.41), though this was not statistically significant. Additionally, a subgroup analysis of intermediate high‐risk lymphoma defined by IPI ≥3 did not identify a difference in survival outcomes between regimens. We conclude that in our multi‐center cohort there is no evidence supporting the use of intensive regimens over R‐CHOP, suggesting that R‐CHOP remains the standard of care for treating DEL.
Little River Experimental Watershed, a keystone in understanding of coastal plain watersheds
Authors: Bosch David D. , Coffin Alisa W. , Sheridan Joseph , Pisani Oliva , Endale Dinku M. , Strickland Tim C. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe US Department of Agriculture‐Agricultural Research Service Southeast Watershed Research Laboratory (SEWRL) initiated a hydrologic research program on the Little River Experimental Watershed (LREW) in 1967. Long‐term (52 years) streamflow data are available for nine sites, including rainfall‐runoff relationships and hydrograph characteristics regularly used in research on interactive effects of climate, vegetation, soils, and land‐use in low‐gradient streams of the US EPA Level III Southeastern Plains ecoregion. A summary of prior research on the LREW illustrates the impact of the watershed on building a regional understanding of hydrology and water quality. Climatic and streamflow data were used to make comparisons of scale across the nine nested LREW watersheds (LRB, LRF, LRI, LRJ, LRK, LRO, LRN, LRM, and LRO3) and two regional watersheds (Alapaha and Little River at Adel). Annual rainfall for the largest LREW, LRB, was 1200 mm while average annual streamflow was 320 mm. Annual rainfall, streamflow, and the ratio between annual streamflow and rainfall (Sratio) were similar (α = 0.05) across LREWs LRB, LRF, LRI, LRJ, LRK, and LRO. While annual rainfall within the 275 ha LRO3 was found to be similar to LRO and LRM (α = 0.05), annual streamflow and Sratio were significantly different (α = 0.05). Comparisons of annual rainfall, streamflow, and Sratio between LRB and the regional watersheds indicated no differences (α = 0.05). Based upon this analysis, most regional watersheds shared similar hydrologic characteristics. LRO3 was an exception, where increases in row crops and decreases in forest coverage resulted in increased streamflow. LREW data have been instrumental in building considerable scientific understanding of flow and transport processes for these stream systems. Continued operation of the LREW hydrologic network will support hydrologic research as well as environmental quality and riparian research programs that address emerging and high priority natural resource and environmental issues.
Evaporation from boreal reservoirs: A comparison between eddy covariance observations and estimates relying on limited data
Authors: Fournier Judith , Thiboult Antoine , Nadeau Daniel F. , Vercauteren Nikki , Anctil François , Parent Annie‐Claude , Strachan Ian B. , Tremblay Alain 
Published: August 2021

AbstractHydrological models used for reservoir management typically lack an accurate representation of open‐water evaporation and must be run in a scarce data context. This study aims to identify an accurate means to estimate reservoir evaporation with simple meteorological inputs during the open‐water season, using long‐term eddy covariance observations from two boreal hydropower reservoirs with contrasting morphometry as reference. Unlike the temperate water bodies on which the majority of other studies have focused, northern reservoirs are governed by three distinct periods: ice cover in the cold season, warming in the summer and energy release in the fall. The reservoirs of interest are Eastmain‐1 (52°N, mean depth of 11 m) and Romaine‐2 (51°N, mean depth of 42 m), both located in eastern Canada. Four approaches are analysed herein: a combination approach, a radiation‐based approach, a mass‐transfer approach, and empirical methods. Of all the approaches, the bulk transfer equation with a constant Dalton number of 1.2 x 10−3 gave the most accurate estimation of evaporation at hourly time steps, compared with the eddy covariance observations (RMSE of 0.06 mm h−1 at Eastmain‐1 and RMSE of 0.04 mm h−1 at Romaine‐2). The daily series also showed good accuracy (RMSE of 1.38 mm day−1 at Eastmain‐1 and RMSE of 0.62 mm day−1 at Romaine‐2) both in the warming and energy release phases of the open‐water season. The bulk transfer equation, on the other hand, was incapable of reproducing condensation episodes that occurred soon after ice breakup. Basic and variance‐based sensitivity analyses were conducted, in particular to measure the variation in performance when the bulk transfer equation was applied with meteorological observations collected at a certain distance (~10–30 km) from the reservoir. This exercise illustrated that accurate estimates of open water evaporation require representative measurements of wind speed and water surface temperature.
Declining discount rates in Singapore's market for privately developed apartments
Authors: Fesselmeyer Eric , Liu Haoming , Salvo Alberto 
Published: August 2021

SummarySingapore's market for new privately developed apartments exhibits wide quasi‐experimental variation in ownership tenure. We develop an empirical model in which prices are decomposed into the utility of housing services and a factor that shifts with asset tenure and the discount rate schedule, which we discipline to vary smoothly over time. We estimate discount rates that decline over time and, to accommodate the observed price differences, fall to 0.5–1.5% p.a. by year 400. The finding that households making sizable transactions do not entirely discount benefits accruing centuries from today is relevant, with the appropriate risk adjustment, for evaluating climate‐change investments.
Genes with specificity for expression in the round cell layer of the growth plate are enriched in genomewide association study (GWAS) of human height
Authors: Renthal Nora E. , Nakka Priyanka , Baronas John M. , Kronenberg Henry M. , Hirschhorn Joel N. 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT
Human adult height reflects the outcome of childhood skeletal growth. Growth plate (epiphyseal) chondrocytes are key determinants of height. As epiphyseal chondrocytes mature and proliferate, they pass through three developmental stages, which are organized into three distinct layers in the growth plate: (i) resting (round), (ii) proliferative (flat), and (iii) hypertrophic. Recent genomewide association studies (GWASs) of human height identified numerous associated loci, which are enriched for genes expressed in growth plate chondrocytes. However, it remains unclear which specific genes expressed in which layers of the growth plate regulate skeletal growth and human height. To connect the genetics of height and growth plate biology, we analyzed GWAS data through the lens of gene expression in the three dissected layers of murine newborn tibial growth plate. For each gene, we derived a specificity score for each growth plate layer and regressed these scores against gene-level p values from recent height GWAS data. We found that specificity for expression in the round cell layer, which contains chondrocytes early in maturation, is significantly associated with height GWAS p values (p = 8.5 × 10−9); this association remains after conditioning on specificity for the other cell layers. The association also remains after conditioning on membership in an “Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) gene set” (genes known to cause monogenic skeletal growth disorders, p &lt; 9.7 × 10−6). We replicated the association in RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) data from maturing chondrocytes sampled at early and late time points during differentiation in vitro: we found that expression early in differentiation is significantly associated with p values from height GWASs (p = 6.1 × 10−10) and that this association remains after conditioning on expression at 10 days in culture and on the OMIM gene set (p &lt; 0.006). These findings newly implicate genes highlighted by GWASs of height and specifically expressed in the round cell layer as being potentially important regulators of skeletal biology. © 2021 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
A novel multiplex qPCR method for assessing the comparative lengths of telomeres
Authors: Sun Guozhu , Cao Hui , bai Yang , Wang Jueheng , Zhou Yuxun , Li Kai , Xiao Jun‐hua 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe comparative length of telomeres is considered to be related to diseases such as cancer, aging, and cardiovascular diseases. qPCR is currently one of the main methods for detecting telomere length. However, due to the unique sequence of telomeres (highly repetitive six‐base sequence), it is difficult to design primers and probes to expand and detect telomere and to put internal reference gene and telomere into the same tube for detection to reduce the possible inter‐pore errors and improve amplification efficiency. Besides, the stability and accuracy of the test results are greatly affected by the difference between reference genes and telomere copy number.MethodsIn this study, the single‐copy genes were replaced with high‐copy genes (300 copies) as the internal control to reduce the copy number difference of the internal genes and telomere. In addition, a multiplex qPCR system was constructed to detect the telomeres and an internal reference gene product. We also detected the lengths of telomeres in the genomic DNA in immortalized cells (293T and Hela) from different generations of cells.ResultsWe detected the comparative telomere lengths of 1500 random Chinese volunteers of different ages with the multiplex qPCR method; the result shows that the comparative length of telomeres is negatively related to age. In addition, we compared our qPCR detection method with a terminal restriction fragmentation (TRF) method. Both of them were highly consistent, indicating that the qPCR method was reliable.ConclusionsIn conclusion, we developed a stable, convenient, and accurate comparative telomere length detection method.
Differential expression and regulation of MS4A family members in myeloid cells in physiological and pathological conditions
Authors: Silva-Gomes Rita , Mapelli Sarah N , Boutet Marie-Astrid , Mattiola Irene , Sironi Marina , Grizzi Fabio , Colombo Federico , Supino Domenico , Carnevale Silvia , Pasqualini Fabio , Stravalaci Matteo , Porte Rémi , Gianatti Andrea , Pitzalis Constantino , Locati Massimo , Oliveira Maria José , Bottazzi Barbara , Mantovani Alberto 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe MS4A gene family encodes 18 tetraspanin-like proteins, most of which with unknown function. MS4A1 (CD20), MS4A2 (FcεRIβ), MS4A3 (HTm4), and MS4A4A play important roles in immunity, whereas expression and function of other members of the family are unknown. The present investigation was designed to obtain an expression fingerprint of MS4A family members, using bioinformatics analysis of public databases, RT-PCR, and protein analysis when possible. MS4A3, MS4A4A, MS4A4E, MS4A6A, MS4A7, and MS4A14 were expressed by myeloid cells. MS4A6A and MS4A14 were expressed in circulating monocytes and decreased during monocyte-to-Mϕ differentiation in parallel with an increase in MS4A4A expression. Analysis of gene expression regulation revealed a strong induction of MS4A4A, MS4A6A, MS4A7, and MS4A4E by glucocorticoid hormones. Consistently with in vitro findings, MS4A4A and MS4A7 were expressed in tissue Mϕs from COVID-19 and rheumatoid arthritis patients. Interestingly, MS4A3, selectively expressed in myeloid precursors, was found to be a marker of immature circulating neutrophils, a cellular population associated to COVID-19 severe disease. The results reported here show that members of the MS4A family are differentially expressed and regulated during myelomonocytic differentiation, and call for assessment of their functional role and value as therapeutic targets.
Simple two‐stage weighting factor design for finite control set model predictive control of modular multilevel converters
Authors: Khosravi Mahyar , Arab Khaburi Davood , Rodriguez Jose 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDue to discrete nature of power converters, finite control set model predictive control (FCS‐MPC) is considered as an attractive choice for these systems. Since this control technique provides advantages like improved dynamic performance and inclusion of several control objectives in a single cost function, it is especially appropriate for topologies like modular multilevel converters (MMCs), where multiple control goals, that is, output and circulating currents control, and cells' capacitor voltage balancing should be satisfied. Despite these advantages, huge computational burden and weighting factor selection are two serious obstacles. In this work, a simple two‐stage weighting factor selection scheme is suggested for FCS‐MPC applied to MMCs. At the first stage, some offline tests are conducted for different weighting factors; and a pre‐optimal value is selected, based on minimizing the total harmonic distortion (THD) of output current and root mean square (RMS) value of the circulating current. However, since optimal performance at different operating conditions is achieved by different weighting factors, the pre‐optimal value will be updated at the second stage by a simple online algorithm. Moreover, a technique is suggested for effectively decreasing the computational burden. Finally, by conducting several simulation and experimental tests, the satisfactory performance of proposed controller is validated, compared to fixed weighting factor FCS‐MPC.
Soil organic carbon stocks in sugar beet rotations differing in residue management and associated rotational crop species
Authors: Grunwald Dennis , Götze Philipp , Koch Heinz‐Josef 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundCrop rotations with sugar beet (SB) vary in accompanying crops, affecting the organic matter input into the soil and thus the soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks. Furthermore, the impact of aboveground SB residues themselves on SOC stocks is unclear.AimsThe aims of this study were to analyze the effects of three SB rotations and different amounts of SB residues on SOC stock development.MethodsIn a field experiment started in 2006, three different SB crop rotations [(1) SB–winter wheat (WW)–WW, (2) SB–WW–silage maize (SM), and (3) SB–WW–winter oilseed rape (WOR)–WW–WW–grain pea (GP)] were sampled for SOC stocks in 0–10, 10–20 and 20–30 cm soil depth in spring of 2018 and 2019. Further plots with an SB–WW–WW rotation received either no or the doubled amount of aboveground SB residues and were sampled as described above.ResultsAfter four rotations, doubled SB residues led to significantly higher SOC stocks in 0–10 cm depth compared to the removal of SB residues. However, the effect was relatively low with 12% of the added residue‐C being recovered in the soil. Comparing different SB crop rotations, SOC stocks in 0–20 cm depth were significantly higher in the SB–WW–WW compared to the SB–WW–SM rotation, while the SB–WW–WOR–WW–WW–WW–GP rotation was intermediate. Differences in SOC stocks were likely due to the different amounts and possibly quality of crop residue C input.ConclusionIn total, the accompanying crops rather than the share of SB seem to be decisive for SOC development in SB rotations.
Edge delamination width prediction of 3D body‐in‐white part by finite element‐based corrosion simulation and neural networks
Authors: Waibel Ludwig , Kapfer Konstantin , Hepfner Christoph , Mittelbach Andreas , Funken Stefan , Krüger Lutz 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe edge corrosion simulation of Kapfer et al. is used to extract time‐dependent delamination widths of metal sheet edges with different spatial orientations, encoded by edge classes and angular displacements with respect to the ground. The corrosion behavior of the edges of a body‐in‐white part is examined with respect to the spatial orientation and compared to the simulated delamination widths, demonstrating that the edge corrosion simulation is also able to model more complex structures. Since scaling the finite element method‐based corrosion simulation to the whole part requires a lot of memory and computational time, different neural network types are evaluated to predict the delamination widths. Together with the geometric properties of the part edges, a fast and accurate prediction of edge delamination of body‐in‐white parts is possible, requiring few time‐consuming corrosion simulations only in the training phase of the networks.
Novel Polymer‐Based Organic/c‐Si Monolithic Tandem Solar Cell: Enhanced Efficiency using Interlayer and Transparent Top Electrode Engineering
Authors: Park HyunJung , Park So Hyun , Lee Sang‐Won , Kang Yoonmook , Kim Donghwan , Son Hae Jung , Lee Hae‐Seok 
Published: August 2021

AbstractTandem solar cells which are electrically connected with various photoactive materials have the potential to solve the current challenges by exceeding the theoretically limited efficiency of single junction solar cells. Here the first monolithic organic/silicon tandem cell is reported based on a semitransparent polymer on a crystalline silicon (c‐Si) substrate. Herein, experimental results are presented for four‐terminal (4‐T) and monolithic two‐terminal (2‐T) organic/c‐Si tandem cells using organic cells with an inverted n‐i‐p structure and c‐Si cells with an n‐type TOPCon structure with detailed analysis. The best 4‐T tandem cell efficiency is 15.22%, and 2‐T results show that the top (organic) and bottom (c‐Si) cells are electrically connected by an open‐circuit voltage over 1.4 V. Further, a simulated efficiency of over 20% using the organic/c‐Si tandem is achieved, implying the tandem efficiency can be enhanced through further improvement of electric and optical characteristics with the optimization.