bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lubrication study of representative fluid foods between mimicked oral surfaces
Authors: Xu Wenhu , Xu Qixiang , Zhong Min 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe lubricities of glycerol solutions with different viscosities were investigated at various frictional pairs, speeds, and loads to explore the lubrication regulations of diverse foods in mouths of different people. The friction pairs were characterized in terms of mechanical properties, surface morphology, and hydrophobicity. The results showed that the partial or complete Stribeck curves occurred with different speeds and viscosities. Various friction pairs had great influences on the boundary lubrication zone, but little influences on the elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) zone. Increasing loads caused the friction coefficient decreasing in boundary lubrication zone; however, the friction coefficient changed a little in the mixed lubrication and EHL zones.
Advances in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis in dogs
Authors: Cridge Harry , Twedt David C. , Marolf Angela J. , Sharkey Leslie C. , Steiner Jörg M. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn the last 20 years, the diagnosis of pancreatitis has become more frequent as a result of improved diagnostic modalities such as abdominal ultrasound examination, advanced imaging, and immunoassays for the measurement of pancreatic lipase. Our aim is to provide a state‐of‐the‐art overview of the clinical diagnosis of acute pancreatitis (AP) in dogs with a particular focus on pancreatic lipase assay validation and clinical performance, in addition to advanced imaging modalities. We also discuss the potential indications for cytology and histopathology in dogs with suspected AP.
Monetary rewards in employee referral programs
Authors: Ekinci Emre 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis paper examines the conditions under which employee referrals serve as a screening function when there is a conflict of interest between the firm and the current employees concerning referral recruitment. In particular, I consider two potential mechanisms that lead to a conflict of interest: the employee’s social connection with the applicant and her promotion prospects. Specifically, I posit that the employee will have an incentive to refer low‐ability applicants if she has a strong social connection with them or if she faces the possibility of competing against her own referral to earn a promotion at the firm. Taking these potential sources for conflicting interests, I investigate the extent to which the firm can make use of financial incentives (fixed fees and bonuses) to align incentives of the employee with those of the firm.
Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion Combined with Foraminotomy Assisted by High‐Definition 3‐Dimensional Exoscope in the Treatment of Cervical Spondylotic Radiculopathy Secondary to Bony Foraminal Stenosis
Authors: Bai Lu Lu , Wang Wen Tao , Wang Jian Feng , Du Jin Peng , Xue Xu Kai , Hao Ding Jun 
Published: November 2021

ObjectiveTo evaluate the outcomes of cervical spondylotic radiculopathy secondary to bony foraminal stenosis treated with anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) combined with anterior cervical foraminotomy (ACF) assisted by High‐Definition 3‐Dimensional Exoscope.MethodsIn this retrospective study, a total of 19 consecutive patients (12 males and seven females, with an average of 49.2 years, range from 40 to 59 years) with spondylotic radiculopathy caused by bony foraminal stenosis underwent ACDF combined with ACF assisted by High‐Definition 3‐Dimensional Exoscope in our hospital between January 2019 and December 2019 were included in this study. All patients signed the consent form before the surgery. The patient baseline information such as gender, age, body mass index (BMI), surgery time, blood loss, hospital stay, lesion segment, side, follow‐up time and postoperative complications were recorded. The Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA), Neck Disability Index (NDI), and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) were measured and compared before surgery, 1 months and final follow‐up after surgery. The radiographic outcomes were evaluated using the C2‐C7 angel, disc height, foraminal height, superior diagonal distance, inferior diagonal distance, and foraminal area.ResultsThe involved levels included C4‐C5 (six cases), C5‐C6 (10 cases), C6‐C7 (three cases). The mean duration of the surgery, mean blood loss, mean hospital stay, and mean follow‐up were 100 ± 11.10 min, 19.4 ± 7.05 mL, 7.1 ± 0.99 days, and 12.1 ± 2.25 months, respectively. The average preoperative JOA score was 11.9 ± 1.31, then improved to 15.7 ± 0.73 (t = −13.45, P < 0.001) and 16.2 ± 0.74 (t = −14.39, P < 0.001) at 1 month after operation and at last follow‐up, respectively. The average preoperative NDI score was 27.3 ± 3.36, then decreased to 5.1 ± 1.79 (t = 20.63, P < 0.001) and 4.5 ± 1.21 (t = 25.53, P < 0.001) 1 month after operation and at last follow‐up, respectively. The average preoperative VAS score was 6.7 ± 0.93, then decreased to 2.4 ± 0.69 (t = 15.05, P < 0.001) and 1.9 ± 0.78 (t = 16.40, P < 0.001) 1 month after operation and at last follow‐up, respectively. As compared with the condition before surgery, there was a significant improvement in the C2‐C7 angel, disc height, foraminal height, and foraminal area (P < 0.05). None of the patients developed postoperative vascular injury, nerve injury, loosening and rupture of the internal fixation, displacement of interbody fusion cage, and pseudarthrosis.ConclusionACDF combined with ACF assisted by High‐Definition 3‐Dimensional Exoscope is effective and safe for the treatment of CSR caused by secondary to bony foraminal stenosis.
Evaluating the Efficacy of Combined P188 Treatment and Surgical Intervention in Preventing Post-Traumatic Osteoarthritis Following a Traumatic Knee Injury
Authors: Narez Gerardo E. , Brown Gabriel , Herrick Ashley , Ek Ryan J. , Dejardin Loic , Wei Feng , Haut Roger C. , Haut Donahue Tammy L. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Previous studies have shown that reconstructive surgery alone following injury to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) does not prevent the development of post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA). Poloxamer 188 (P188) has been shown to prevent cell death following trauma in both articular cartilage and meniscal tissue. This study aims to test the efficacy of single or multiple administrations of P188 in conjunction with reconstructive surgery to help prevent or delay the onset of the disease. Thirty skeletally mature rabbits underwent closed-joint trauma that resulted in ACL rupture and meniscal damage and were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups with varying doses of P188. ACL reconstruction was then performed using an autograft from the semitendinosus tendon. Animals were euthanized 1-month following trauma, meniscal tissue was assessed for changes in morphology, mechanical properties, and proteoglycan content. Femurs and tibias were scanned using microcomputed tomography to determine changes in bone quality, architecture, and osteophyte formation. The medial meniscus experienced more damage and a decrease in the instantaneous modulus regardless of treatment group, while P188 treatment tended to limit degenerative changes in the lateral meniscus. Both lateral and medial menisci had documented decreases in the equilibrium modulus and inconsistent changes in proteoglycan content. Minimal changes were documented in the tibias and femurs, with the only significant change being the formation of osteophytes in both bones regardless of treatment group. The data suggest that P188 was able to limit some degenerative changes in the meniscus associated with PTOA and may warrant future studies.
Simulated Environmental Tests for Selected Advanced Technology Fuel Cladding Solutions
Authors: Penttilä Sami , Autio Juha-Matti , Lydman Jari , Toivonen Aki , Peltonen Seppo , Lukin Johanna 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Current development on advanced technology fuel (ATF) claddings is aiming at improved high temperature integrity of new candidate materials designed on existing zirconium cladding materials. To assess their performance in commercial use, characterization of newly proposed materials is essential. The primary requirement for the cladding materials is the ability to tolerate loss of cooling for a significant period without failing. The tests in this work were performed on different types of coated Zr-alloys in a high temperature steam furnace in flowing steam conditions at 1100 °C for 500 s, 1200 °C for 1800s, and 1300 °C for 300 s. In addition, autoclave exposures were performed in simulated pressurized water reactor (PWR) water chemistry to confirm the material viability in normal light water reactor (LWR) operating conditions. After autoclave and steam furnace tests, exposed specimens were characterized using a Zeiss Crossbeam 540 field emission gun-scanning electron microscope (FEG-SEM) equipped with a semiquantitative energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS). Oxide and coating layers were imaged using secondary electrons and elemental composition of the layers were determined using selected area (SA) and point analyses. In addition, elemental maps were collected from specific areas of interest. Most of the tested specimens indicated detached coating layer. Varying amounts of cracking in the coating materials were present. Some of the cracks extended even into the base material. Based on this study, further developments of ATF cladding solutions are needed through international collaboration.
Buckling and Post-Buckling of Thin Elastoplastic Cylindrical Shells With Finite Rotations
Authors: Le Grognec Philippe , Le Van Anh 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
An elastoplastic thin shell model is presented in this work in order to compute the buckling and post-buckling behavior of cylindrical shell-type structures. Standard assumptions in the shell kinematics allow us to develop a large deformation and finite rotation model for thin shells from the three-dimensional continuum.
An elastoplastic constitutive model for thin shells is derived from the three-dimensional framework, assuming the plane stress condition. The von Mises yield criterion is adopted including non-linear isotropic and linear kinematic hardening.
The resulting non-linear system is solved by a Newton-Raphson solution procedure, including the consistent linearization of the shell kinematics and the elastoplastic material model.
The high non-linearities due to the buckling-type instabilities, especially those occuring in the neighbourhood of critical points, necessitate the use of an appropriate step-length control. An arc-length method has been successfully implemented for passing through limit points (load or displacement peaks) where pure load or displacement controls fail. The proposed method is effective in handling both sharp snap-throughs and snap-backs.
Two numerical examples are presented in view of the assessment of the proposed approach and a particular attention is devoted to the post-buckling of hollow cylinders under axial compression. We identify several types of buckling mode for these structures, among which the axisymmetric mode, the “diamond” mode and the “elephant foot” mode, depending on geometry and boundary conditions.
Problems of Nonlinear Multiple-Mode Vibrations of Thin Elastic Shells of Revolution
Authors: Kubenko Veniamin D. , Kovalchuk Piotr S. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A method is suggested for the calculation of nonlinear free and forced vibrations of thin elastic shells of revolution, which are modeled as dynamic systems of multiple degrees of freedom. Cases are investigated in which the shells are characterized by two or more closely-spaced eigenfrequencies. Based on an analysis of averaged equations, obtained by making use of asymptotic methods of nonlinear mechanics, a number of new first integrals is obtained, which state a regular energy exchange among various modes of cylindrical shells under conditions of nonlinear resonance. Amplitude-frequency characteristics of multiple-mode vibrations are obtained for shells subjected to radial oscillating pressure.
Risk Analysis and Jurisprudence: A Recent Example
Authors: Cooke Roger , Kraaikamp Cor 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We discuss a recent incident in which risk analysts appeared as expert witnesses in a civil tort case. The problems which this generated illustrate how the role of expert witness has drifted away from its traditional mooring. Unclarities on both sides of the bench with regard to the difference between subjective and objective probability combined with fallacies of probabilistic reasoning give pause to those who might expect a rapid entry of risk analysis into tort law and jurisprudence.
A Web-Based Process/Material Advisory System
Authors: Chen Yusheng , Gupta Satyandra K. , Feng Shaw 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper describes a web-based process/material advisory system that can be used during conceptual design. Given a set of design requirements for a part during conceptual design stage, our system produces process sequences that can meet the design requirements. Quite often during conceptual design stage, design requirements are not precisely defined. Therefore, we allow users to describe design requirements in terms of parameter ranges. Parameter ranges are used to capture uncertainties in design requirements. Our system accounts for uncertainties in design requirements in generating and evaluating process/material combinations. Our system uses a two step algorithm. During the first step, we generate a material/process option tree. This tree represents various process/material options that can be used to meet the given set of design requirements. During the second step, we evaluate various alternative process/material options using a depth first branch and bound algorithm to identify and recommend the least expensive process/material combination to the designer. Our system can be accessed on the World Wide Web using a standard browser. Our system allows designs to consider a wide variety of process/material options during the conceptual design stage and allows them to find the most cost-effective combination. By selecting the process/material combination during the early design stages, designers can ensure that the detailed design is compatible with all of the process constraints for the selected process.
Information Modeling of Conceptual Design Integrated With Process Planning
Authors: Feng Shaw C. , Song Eugene Y. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Information modeling is critical to the integration of conceptual design and process planning. An information model for conceptual design is provided in this paper. Conceptual design is a key activity in early product development. It determines product functions, form, and the basic structure. Major manufacturing cost is committed in early conceptual design process. The model presented in this paper includes an activity model for the conceptual design process and an object model for classes used in conceptual design. The activity model sets the context in which the objects are defined and used. The object model describes the data and functions used in conceptual design and integration with process planning. The main purpose of the model development is to initiate standard interface specifications that are necessary for design and process planning integration.
A Method for Measuring Deformation Rates in Hydrogel Structures: Multi-Plane Imaging and Measurement Limitations
Authors: Bauer Joseph M. , Beebe David J. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A technique for determining the three dimensional motions of hydrogel structures in microchannels is introduced. In developing this technique, we have adapted microscopic particle image velocimetry (μPIV), a method for measuring velocity fields in microfluidic devices. The motions of 1 μm fluorescent seed particles that are incorporated into a hydrogel microstructure (200 μm tall × 400 μm diameter) are tracked over several expansion cycles using microscopy. Combining measurements taken in different planes produces a three-dimensional representation of the motions present during volume changes can be reconstructed. By providing cross sections of the local deformation rates in hydrogel microstructures, this technique allows for the optimization of device designs as well as providing a better understanding of the processes by which hydrogels change volume under mechanical constraints.
An Optical Cross-Connect Switch Based on Micro-Bubbles
Authors: Chen D. , Close S. , Fouquet J. , Haven R. , Reynolds H. , Schiaffino S. , Schroeder D. , Troll M. , Venkatesh S. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
An all optical cross-connect for communications networks is presented here. Optical switching is accomplished in a planar silica lightwave circuit where the switching array matrix is defined by a system of intersecting waveguides. Small microchannels are fabricated at the waveguide intersection and are filled with an index matched liquid. Microbubbles are thermally manipulated to allow light to be either transmitted or reflected by total internal reflection. The physics associated with the bubble behavior and the requirements of a reliable package present a slew of challenges for the mechanical engineer.
Development of a MEMS-Based Active Control System for Flow Separation in the Transonic Regime
Authors: Tung Steve , Maines Brant , Jiang Fukang , Tsao Tom 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A MEMS-based active system is currently under development for flow separation control in the transonic regime. The system consists of micro shear stress sensors for flow sensing and micro balloon actuators for separation control. We have successfully completed the first phase of the program in which the micro sensors and actuators were fabricated and tested in a wind tunnel facility. In the test, the sensors and actuators were flush mounted on a 3D model, which is representative of the upper surface of a wing with a deflected trailing edge flap. The model was installed in the wind tunnel and tested at a series of Mach numbers between 0.2 and 0.6. For all Mach numbers, the sensor output indicates that flow separates over the trailing edge when the micro balloons are in the ‘down’ position. When the micro balloons are inflated, the shear stress level on the trailing edge increases substantially, indicating an improvement of the separation characteristics. This result demonstrates the feasibility of using MEMS sensors and actuators to control flow separation. It is the first step toward the development of a revolutionary closed loop flow control system applicable to existing and future aircraft to enhance aerodynamic performance.
MEMS Impinging-Jet Cooling
Authors: Lin Qiao , Wu Shuyun , Yuen Yin , Tai Yu-Chong , Ho Chin-Ming 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper presents an experimental investigation on MEMS impinging jets as applied to micro heat exchangers. We have fabricated MEMS single and array jet nozzles using DRIE technology, as well as a MEMS quartz chip providing a simulated hot surface for jet impingement. The quartz chip, with an integrated polysilicon thin-film heater and distributed temperature sensors, offers high spatial resolution in temperature measurement due to the low thermal conductivity of quartz. From measured temperature distributions, heat transfer coefficients are computed for single and array micro impinging jets using finite element analysis. The results from this study for the first time provide extensive data on spatial distributions of micro impinging-jet heat transfer coefficients, and demonstrate the viability of MEMS heat exchangers that use micro impinging jets.
Design of Piezoresistive Cantilevers for Low Force Electrical Contact Measurements
Authors: Pruitt Beth , Partridge Aaron , Bartsch Michael , Liang Yiching , Kenny Thomas , Wenzel Stuart , Reynolds Carl 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Micromachined piezoresistive cantilevers were fabricated to measure contact resistance and force for low force and small area electrical contacts. The intended application is the evaluation of contact tip geometries and metal films manufactured using standard semiconductor processing techniques. Prototype cantilevers are evaluated for force sensitivity, range, and noise as well as for feasibility of 4 wire contact resistance measurements at the end of the cantilever. The piezoresistors have a gage factor of about 35 and noise of about 1mV/Hz at 1Hz (the lowest frequency of intended measurements). Initial measurements of one cantilever design tested indicate sensitivity of 0.24mV/μN and force resolution of about 0.41mN for a piezoresistor drive voltage of about 9V and 100X gain on the bridge output. Force measurements are noise limited at the 5 Hz sampling rates used. 4-wire contact resistance measurements were made synchronously with piezoresistor bridge output voltage measurements.
High Amplitude Secondary Mass Drive
Authors: Dyck Christopher W. , Allen James J. , Huber Robert J. , Sniegowski Jeffry J. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In this paper we describe a high amplitude electrostatic drive for surface micromachined mechanical oscillators that may be suitable for vibratory gyroscopes. It is an advanced design of a previously reported dual mass oscillator (Dyck, et. al., 1999). The structure is a 2 degree-of-freedom, parallel-plate driven motion amplifier, termed the secondary mass drive oscillator (SMD oscillator). During each cycle the device contacts the drive plates, generating large electrostatic forces. Peak-to-peak amplitudes of 54 μm have been obtained by operating the structure in air with an applied voltage of 11 V. We describe the structure, present the analysis and design equations, and show recent results that have been obtained, including frequency response data, power dissipation, and out-of-plane motion.
Fabrication and Test of an Electromagnetic Micro Actuator With a Planar Coil on a Parylene Diaphragm
Authors: Kim Ki Hoon , Yang Sang Sik 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper presents the fabrication and test results of an electromagnetic micro actuator for peristaltic micropumps. The actuator consists of a parylene diaphragm, spiral Cu coils and magnets. Parylene is waterproof and the Young’s modulus of it is small compared with metals or silicon and its compounds. So, it is adequate for the actuator diaphragm of a micropump. The deflection of the fabricated actuator diaphragm is measured using a laser displacement meter. The deflections of the flat and corrugated diaphragms are 20 μm and 30 μm at 1 Hz, respectively, when input current amplitude is 100 mA and duty ratio is 50%.
Two-Dimensional Arrays of Out-of-Plane Needles
Authors: Stoeber Boris , Liepmann Dorian 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In order to make frequent injections of insulin and other therapeutic agents more efficient, a new painless way to inject drug subcutaneously is investigated. Injecting such agents just under the stratum corneum is a painless and very effective way of drug delivery, since the nerve endings occur deeper under the skin, and the presence of a large number of capillaries help to absorb the drugs efficiently into the body. The critical component for the successful development of this methodology is an array of robust, sharp, hollow microneedles. Arrays of needles that fulfill these requirements have been fabricated using a new fabrication process based on a combination of isotropic and anisotropic etching. Prototypes of these type of single crystal needles have been successfully tested by injection of fluid into chicken thighs. The flow characteristics of these needles have been modeled using the modified Bernoulli equation. This model has been validated through experimental results.