bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antimicrobial peptides and proteins: Interaction with the skin microbiota
Authors: Rademacher Franziska , Gläser Regine , Harder Jürgen 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe cutaneous microbiota comprises all living skin microorganisms. There is increasing evidence that the microbiota plays a crucial role in skin homeostasis. Accordingly, a dysbiosis of the microbiota may trigger cutaneous inflammation. The need for a balanced microbiota requires specific regulatory mechanisms that control and shape the microbiota. In this review, we highlight the present knowledge suggesting that antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) may exert a substantial influence on the microbiota by controlling their growth. This is supported by own data showing the differential influence of principal skin‐derived AMPs on commensal staphylococci. Vice versa, we also illuminate how the cutaneous microbiota interacts with skin‐derived AMPs by modulating AMP expression and how microbiota members protect themselves from the antimicrobial activity of AMPs. Taken together, the current picture suggests that a fine‐tuned and well‐balanced AMP‐microbiota interplay on the skin surface may be crucial for skin health.
Vascular and immunopathological role of Asymmetric Dimethylarginine (ADMA) in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Singh Inderjit , Kim Judong , Saxena Nishant , Choi Seungho , Islam S. M. Touhidul , Singh Avtar K. , Khan Mushfiquddin , Won Jeseong 
Published: July 2021

SummaryAsymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is an endogenous nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor/uncoupler inducing vascular pathology. Vascular pathology is an important factor for the development and progression of CNS pathology of MS, yet the role of ADMA in MS remains elusive. Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) are reported to have elevated blood levels of ADMA, and mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE, an animal model of MS) generated by auto‐immunization of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) and blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption by pertussis toxin also had increased blood ADMA levels in parallel with induction of clinical disease. To explore the role of ADMA in EAE pathogenesis, EAE mice were treated with a daily dose of ADMA. It is of special interest that ADMA treatment enhanced the BBB disruption in EAE mice and exacerbated the clinical and CNS disease of EAE. ADMA treatment also induced the BBB disruption and EAE disease in MOG‐immunized mice even without pertussis toxin treatment, suggesting the role of ADMA in BBB dysfunction in EAE. T‐cell polarization studies also documented that ADMA treatment promotes TH1‐ and TH17‐mediated immune responses but without affecting Treg‐mediated immune response in EAE mice as well as in in vitro T‐cell culture. Taken together, these data, for the first time, document the vascular and immunopathogenic roles of ADMA in EAE, thus pointing to the potential of ADMA‐mediated mechanism as a new target of potential therapy for MS.
European Guidelines (S3) on diagnosis and management of mucous membrane pemphigoid, initiated by the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology – Part II
Authors: Schmidt E. , Rashid H. , Marzano A.V. , Lamberts A. , Di Zenzo G. , Diercks G.F.H. , Alberti‐Violetti S. , Barry R.J. , Borradori L. , Caproni M. , Carey B. , Carrozzo M. , Cianchini G. , Corrà A. , Dikkers F.G. , Feliciani C. , Geerling G. , Genovese G. , Hertl M. , Joly P. , Meijer J.M. , Mercadante V. , Murrell D.F. , Ormond M. , Pas H.H. , Patsatsi A. , Rauz S. , van Rhijn B.D. , Roth M. , Setterfield J. , Zillikens D. , C.Prost  , Zambruno G. , Horváth B. , Caux F. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis guideline has been initiated by the task forceAutoimmune Blistering Diseasesof the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, including physicians from all relevant disciplines and patient organizations. It is a S3 consensus‐based guideline that systematically reviewed the literature on mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP) in the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases until June 2019, with no limitations on language. While the first part of this guideline addressed methodology, as well as epidemiology, terminology, aetiology, clinical presentation and outcome measures in MMP, the second part presents the diagnostics and management of MMP. MMP should be suspected in cases with predominant mucosal lesions. Direct immunofluorescence microscopy to detect tissue‐bound IgG, IgA and/or complement C3, combined with serological testing for circulating autoantibodies are recommended. In most patients, serum autoantibodies are present only in low levels and in variable proportions, depending on the clinical sites involved. Circulating autoantibodies are determined by indirect IF assays using tissue substrates, or ELISA using different recombinant forms of the target antigens or immunoblotting using different substrates. The major target antigen in MMP is type XVII collagen (BP180), although in 10–25% of patients laminin 332 is recognized. In 25–30% of MMP patients with anti‐laminin 332 reactivity, malignancies have been associated. As first‐line treatment of mild/moderate MMP, dapsone, methotrexate or tetracyclines and/or topical corticosteroids are recommended. For severe MMP, dapsone and oral or intravenous cyclophosphamide and/or oral corticosteroids are recommended as first‐line regimens. Additional recommendations are given, tailored to treatment of single‐site MMP such as oral, ocular, laryngeal, oesophageal and genital MMP, as well as the diagnosis of ocular MMP. Treatment recommendations are limited by the complete lack of high‐quality randomized controlled trials.
Gene expression profiling of DNA methyltransferase genes in Siniperca chuatsi based on transcriptome sequencing
Authors: Zhou Min , Zhao Ziwei , Zhao Jinliang , Wu Minglin , Chen Xiaowu 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) DNA methyltransferase gene 1 (dnmt1) was highly expressed in the mesonephros, head kidney and gonad, whereas dnmt2 was expressed in most tissues. dnmt3a was highly expressed in the brain and spleen, but dnmt3b was mainly expressed in the brain and head kidney. The genes dnmt1 and dnmt2 were highly expressed in the early stages of embryonic development, and dnmt3a and dnmt3b were expressed later. These genes also showed certain changes after artificial diet acclimation, salinity adaptation and immune stress.
Increase of Ki‐67 index and influence on mortality in patients with neuroendocrine neoplasms
Authors: Holmager Pernille , Langer Seppo W. , Federspiel Birgitte , Willemoe Gro Linno , Garbyal Rajendra Singh , Melchior Linea , Klose Marianne , Kjaer Andreas , Hansen Carsten Palnaes , Andreassen Mikkel , Knigge Ulrich 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAn increase in the Ki‐67 index in neuroendocrine neoplasms over time in relation to prognosis has scarcely been investigated. We aimed to assess whether the Ki‐67 index changed over time and also whether a change influenced prognosis. Second, we investigated the difference in the Ki‐67 index between primary tumour and metastases. From 1 January 1995 to 31 December 2019, 108 consecutive patients with gastroenteropancreatic tumours were included. Patients were followed with regard to an increase in the Ki‐67 index and all‐cause mortality. Ki‐67 determination of the primary tumour at diagnosis and at the time of radiological progression, including developed metastases, was performed. A significant increase in the Ki‐67 index was defined as a doubling of the value at disease progression compared to the value at diagnosis. In addition, in 14 patients, the Ki‐67 index of the primary tumour and present metastases at the time of diagnosis was investigated. At diagnosis, there were no differences in the Ki‐67 index between primary tumours and metastases (P = .41). Sixty‐five patients had a doubling of the Ki‐67 index. The median Ki‐67 index at the time of progression 17% (1%‐90%) vs 5% (1%‐60%) at the time of diagnosis (P = .006). A doubling of the Ki‐67 index was independently associated with all‐cause mortality (hazard ratio = 2.7 [1.3‐6.3], P = 0.02), after adjustment for relevant co‐variables including the Ki‐67 index at baseline. Doubling of the Ki‐67 index at the time of disease progression was associated with a significantly higher risk of all‐cause mortality. We recommend that a Ki‐67 index is obtained whenever disease progression is recorded by demonstrated progression because it may have impact on the choice of treatment.
Integrating mental health care into home‐based nursing services: A qualitative study utilising normalisation process theory
Authors: Ohlsen Sally , Sanders Tom , Connell Janice , Wood Emily 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAims and objectivesTo identify barriers and facilitators to implementing community nurses being trained as psychological wellbeing practitioners and integrating this practice into home‐based primary care nursing, through key stakeholders’ perceptions.BackgroundCurrent drivers in UK primary care aim to increase access to mental health services and treatment, to achieve parity of esteem between physical and mental health care for patients who are housebound. However, there remains limited evidence on how to successfully implement this. Training community nurses as psychological wellbeing practitioners to offer mental health care alongside their current home‐based services is one option.DesignA pluralistic qualitative study. This study followed the COREQ checklist for reporting qualitative research.MethodsTwenty key stakeholders were purposively recruited and interviewed including twelve health professionals and eight patients. Semi‐structured interviews were analysed using a theoretical thematic analysis informed by normalisation process theory concepts of coherence, cognitive participation, collective action and reflexive monitoring, to explore the barriers and facilitators to implementation.ResultsStaff and patients reported high coherence and cognitive participation, valuing the integrated roles. Facilitators included the development of clearer referral pathways and increased mental health knowledge in the wider team. However, sustainability and current siloed healthcare systems were identified as barriers to implementation.ConclusionsA key obstacle to long‐term implementation was the practical structures and financial boundaries of siloed healthcare systems, making long‐term sustainability unviable.Relevance to clinical practiceCommunity nurses with additional mental health training can integrate these skills in practice and are valued by their team and patients offering holistic care to patients within their home and informal knowledge transfer to the wider team. However, long‐term sustainability is required if this is to be adopted routinely. Further evidence is needed to better understand the positive outcomes to patients and potential cost savings.
A Comparative Study of the Accuracy of Dental CAD Programs in Designing a Fixed Partial Denture
Authors: Lee Yong‐sang , Kim Sung Yong , Oh Kyung Chul , Moon Hong‐Seok 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPurposeError testing at each stage of prosthetic manufacturing remains relatively underdeveloped for computer‐aided design/computer‐aided manufacturing methods, and no experimental studies have validated the computer‐aided design programs. This study aimed to test the accuracy and trueness of the computer‐aided design of a three‐unit fixed prosthesis.Materials and MethodsThree computer‐aided design programs (Exocad, Dental System™, and inLab 16) were tested on the designs of a three‐unit fixed partial denture, and a three‐dimensional analysis program was used to calculate the internal clearance error for the computer‐aided design prostheses. The Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn's post hoc tests were used to reveal significant differences in trueness between the three computer‐aided design programs (α < 0.05).ResultsDental System™ showed the lowest mean error values for #24 and #26 at the mesial margin (both 0 µm), mesial wall (0.10, 0.12 µm, respectively), occlusal surface (–0.05, 0.10 µm), distal wall (0.23, –0.02 µm), and distal margin (both 0 µm). In sum, except for the mesial margin and distal margin site of tooth #26, the mean error value of Dental System™ was statistically the lowest, followed by those of Exocad and inLab 16 (p < 0.003).ConclusionsThe accuracy of computer‐aided design differed according to the type of computer‐aided design program. Dental System™ achieved the best trueness at the margins, axial walls, and occlusal surface, followed by Exocad and inLab 16.
Insurance fraud detection with unsupervised deep learning
Authors: Gomes Chamal , Jin Zhuo , Yang Hailiang 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe objective of this paper is to propose a novel deep learning methodology to gain pragmatic insights into the behavior of an insured person using unsupervised variable importance. It lays the groundwork for understanding how insights can be gained into the fraudulent behavior of an insured person with minimum effort. Starting with a preliminary investigation of the limitations of the existing fraud detection models, we propose a new variable importance methodology incorporated with two prominent unsupervised deep learning models, namely, the autoencoder and the variational autoencoder. Each model's dynamics is discussed to inform the reader on how models can be adapted for fraud detection and how results can be perceived appropriately. Both qualitative and quantitative performance evaluations are conducted, although a greater emphasis is placed on qualitative evaluation. To broaden the scope of reference of fraud detection setting, various metrics are used in the qualitative evaluation.
Protecting image rights in the face of digitalization: A United States and European analysis
Authors: Heugas Alix C. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe star of the movie “Rebel without a Cause,” James Dean, died in 1955. Yet the latest film he will officially be credited in, dates back to no sooner than 2020. Indeed, the movie “Finding Jack” will incorporate a hologram of James Dean, resurrected from the dead to play a character in this brand new performance under his name. This does not represent an exceptional singular case however. Technology is advancing at a drastic pace; which legislation sometimes struggles to keep up with. The novel ways of digitally reproducing human beings have brought along with them serious questions concerning Personality Rights protection. These rights diverge considerably from one jurisdiction to another, on a variety of topics such as the acknowledgement of posthumous protection or the scope of the right to privacy versus publicity rights, for example. This paper offers an evaluation of these rights, based on a comparative analysis across different civil and common law countries, which will hopefully provide an insight into how image rights are being safeguarded at present. The paper concludes proposing a potential future framework to ensure personality right protection in an increasingly digitized world.
A tool to assess underlying factors to water provision among Guinean children
Authors: Ninamou Nèmanan Richard , Dupuis Jérémie B. , Zagré Noël‐Marie , Daffé Mamady , Blaney Sonia 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn many countries, water is provided to children under 6 months of age (CU6M) in addition to breast milk (BM), hence increasing the risk of child mortality and morbidity. Factors related to this practice have not been thoroughly investigated either a tool to assess them. Based on the extended theory of planned behaviour (eTPB), we aim to develop and validate a questionnaire to assess psychosocial and environmental factors that may contribute/limit the water provision in addition to BM by mothers of CU6M in the Republic of Guinea. A three‐step process was used. Ten focus group discussions (FGDs) were held to identify salient beliefs related to each of the four constructs of the eTPB. Data from FGDs were used to develop a questionnaire composed of 88 items administered to 428 mothers. Exploratory factor analyses were conducted to identify latent factors for each construct. A shorter version of the questionnaire was administered to another sample of 300 mothers. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) were performed. Hancock and Mueller's H reliability indices were computed on final models to assess the tool's validity and reliability. The final questionnaire included 57 items. For all four final models, most criteria for fit indices of CFA were generally met. Reliability coefficients were all equal to or above 0.90 for each construct. This research offers a tool that could be used to investigate determinants of water provision besides BM among mothers of CU6M. Further validation in other contexts is warranted.
Transcendentality and the Gift: On Gunton, Milbank, and Trinitarian Metaphysics
Authors: Leung King‐Ho 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis article considers the compatibility between the doctrine of the Trinity and the theory of the transcendental properties by offering an account of the notion of the ‘gift’ as a transcendental term. In particular, this article presents a re‐reading of John Milbank’s influential theology of the gift through Colin Gunton’s project of developing ‘trinitarian transcendentals’. Showing how Milbank’s notion of the gift could be systematically understood in terms of what Gunton calls a ‘trinitarianly developed transcendental’ which nonetheless avoids many of the problems found in Gunton’s original project, this article argues that understanding ‘gift’ as a transcendental term not only provides new ways of conceiving the relationship between the philosophy of transcendental properties and various traditional doctrines, it can moreover demonstrate how the traditional and biblical names of the Holy Spirit as ‘the Gift’ and the Son as ‘the Word’ can offer new ways of developing distinctively trinitarian accounts of metaphysics.
Evidence for selectively constrained 3D flower shape evolution in a Late Miocene clade of Malagasy Bulbophyllum orchids
Authors: Artuso Silvia , Gamisch Alexander , Staedler Yannick M. , Schönenberger Jürg , Comes Hans Peter 
Published: July 2021

Summary

Questions concerning the evolution of complex biological structures are central to the field of evolutionary biology. Yet, still little information is known about the modes and temporal dynamics of three‐dimensional (3D) flower shape evolution across the history of clades.

Here, we combined high‐resolution X‐ray computed tomography with 3D geometric morphometrics and phylogenetic comparative methods to test models of whole‐flower shape evolution in the orchid family, using an early Late Miocene clade (c. 50 spp.) of Malagasy Bulbophyllum as model system.

Based on landmark data of 38 species, our high‐dimensional model fitting decisively rejects a purely neutral mode of evolution, suggesting instead that flower shapes evolved towards a primary adaptive optimum. Only a small number of recently evolved species/lineages attained alternative shape optima, resulting in an increased rate of phenotypic evolution.

Our findings provide evidence of constrained 3D flower shape evolution in a small‐sized clade of tropical orchids, resulting in low rates of phenotypic evolution and uncoupled trait–diversification rates. We hypothesise that this deep imprint of evolutionary constraint on highly complex floral structures might reflect long‐term (directional and/or stabilizing) selection exerted by the group’s main pollinators (flies).
Early encounters
Authors: Fischer‐Lichte Erika 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis essay discusses two early encounters of theater that took place in different parts of the world at approximately the same time: in the German‐speaking countries in Europe and on the islands of Japan in Asia during the second half of the sixteenth century and the first decades of the seventeenth century. In both cases a particular kind of “national” theater emerged from these developments, which was able to embrace elements of highly diverse origins: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe’s Weimar theater plays and devices from different European performance cultures, and Izumo no Okuni’s kabuki elements stemming from a range of genres, including the Christian mystery plays. These new forms, recognized as a national theater, came into existence by way of intercultural performances. Ultimately, what came into being out of an “intercultural” encounter was later deemed genuinely “intracultural.”
Norm Entrepreneurship in Global Cybersecurity
Authors: Glen Carol M. 
Published: July 2021

New technologies create new challenges for global security that leave even the most militarily powerful countries vulnerable to attack. Countries are gearing up for electronic warfare and, in this realm, the old rules of international conflict either do not apply or have not been developed. Governments have yet to find stable policy solutions to match potential cyber threats. The challenge then is to establish new global norms concerning acceptable behavior in cyberspace. This article analyzes the attempts to construct global cybersecurity norms. It differs from much of the existing literature on norm‐construction since it moves beyond the interstate level to examine subnational groups and private sector actors that function as norm entrepreneurs in this policy area. The article posits that while nation states remain central, nonstate actors are playing an increasingly important role in cybersecurity norm‐building, supplementing state action, and, to some degree, compensating for state inaction when cooperation reaches an impasse.Related ArticlesGlen, Carol M. 2014. “Internet Governance: Territorializing Cyberspace?” Politics & Policy 42 (5): 635‐657. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12093Hellmeier, Sebastian. 2016. “The Dictator's Digital Toolkit: Explaining Variation in Internet Filtering in Authoritarian Regimes.” Politics & Policy 44 (6): 1158‐1191. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12189Zeng, Jinghan, Tim Stevens, and Yaru Chen. 2017. “China's Solution to Global Cyber Governance: Unpacking the Domestic Discourse of ‘Internet Sovereignty.’” Politics & Policy 45 (3): 432‐464. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12202
A competitive PCR‐based method to detect a single copy of T‐DNA insertion in transformants
Authors: Fan Hua , Huang Liu‐Yuan , Tong Xin , Yang Liu‐Jie , Shi Jiao‐Jiao , Jiao Jiao , Xu Hua‐Quan , Li Ying‐Chao , Wang Dan‐Yang 
Published: July 2021

AbstractGene function studies benefit from the availability of mutants. In plants, Agrobacterium‐mediated genetic transformation is widely used to create mutants. These mutants, also called transformants, contain one or several transfer‐DNA (T‐DNA) copies in the host genome. Quantifying the copy number of T‐DNA in transformants is beneficial to assess the number of mutated genes. Here, we developed a competitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based method to detect a single copy of a T‐DNA insertion in transformants. The competitor line BHK−‐1 that contains a single copy of competitor BHK− (BHK, Basta, Hygromycin, Kanamycin‐resistant genes) was crossed with test transformants and the genomic DNA of F1 plants was subjected to competitive PCR. By analyzing the gray ratio between two PCR products, we were able to determine whether or not the test transformants contained a single copy of T‐DNA insertion. We also generated the control lines BHK±1:1 and BHK±2:1, which contain the target (BHK+) and competitor (BHK−) in a ratio of 1:1 and 2:1, respectively. The ratios of their PCR products are useful references for quantitative analysis. Overall, this method is reliable and simple in experimental manipulations and can be used as a substitute for Southern‐blot analysis to identify a single copy of T‐DNA insertion in transformants.