bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Abstract 64: The Prevalence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in HIV-Infection: Results of Large-Scale Liver Ultrasound Screening Program in HIV-Infected Nigerians
Authors: Davwar Pantong , David Nyam , Odeghe Emuobor , Mary Duguru , Hawkins Claudia , Oyeleke Ganiyat , Okeke Edith , Olufunmilayo Lesi , Roberts Lewis , Sagay Atiene , Hou Lifang , Murphy Robert , Imade Godwin 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Purpose: In Nigeria, over 3 million people are infected with HIV (prevalence rates 6.1-8.0%). Rates of co-infection with HBV and HCV among HIV-infected are common ranging from 9-12.3% (HBV) and 6-20% (HCV). Given the high burden of HIV/HBV co-infection, it is hypothesized that there are high rates of HCC among HIV-infected individuals in Nigeria. This abstract describes the pattern of liver diseases detected by abdominal ultrasound, including abnormalities suggestive of HCC, from a screening program.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, all consenting adults (&gt;18) HIV-infected subjects underwent an abdominal ultrasound using the N2 full Digital Ultrasound and completed a structured questionnaire. Ultrasonography findings were recorded. Basic descriptive statistics was performed.
Results: Two thousand seven hundred and twenty-seven subjects were enrolled into the program [1950 (71.5%) females; mean age 46.40±10.15 years]. All subjects were receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). The majority of study subjects (2149, 78.8%) had a normal liver ultrasound scan. The most common liver abnormality was hepatomegaly, seen in 298 (10.9%) of the study subjects. One hundred and nine (4.0%) had a diffusely hyper-echogenic liver, suggestive of fatty liver. Seventy-two (2.6%) had a hypo-echogenic liver with starry sky appearance, suggestive of active inflammation. Thirty-eight (1.4%) of the study subjects had features consistent with liver cirrhosis. Liver nodules or solid masses were seen in 4 (0.01%) of the study subjects. Mean HIV viral load was significantly higher among those with hepatomegaly compared to those with a normal scan (log103.74 vs.log105.21 p=0.015).
Conclusion: The prevalence of HCC among HIV-infected was extremely low 4(0.01%). This is reassuring given the relatively large number of subjects screened and high prevalence of other risk factors for HCC in this population. An effect of ART on reducing incidence of HCC in this population is surmised, however, requires further exploration in long-term follow up studies.
Citation Format: Pantong Davwar, Nyam David, Emuobor Odeghe, Duguru Mary, Claudia Hawkins, Ganiyat Oyeleke, Edith Okeke, Lesi Olufunmilayo, Lewis Roberts, Atiene Sagay, Lifang Hou, Robert Murphy, Godwin Imade. The Prevalence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in HIV-Infection: Results of Large-Scale Liver Ultrasound Screening Program in HIV-Infected Nigerians [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 9th Annual Symposium on Global Cancer Research; Global Cancer Research and Control: Looking Back and Charting a Path Forward; 2021 Mar 10-11. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2021;30(7 Suppl):Abstract nr 64.
Abstract 67: Quantifying Transportation Barriers in Rwandan Patients Seeking Treatment for Breast Cancer
Authors: Fadelu Temidayo , Nguyen Cam , Nsabimana Nicaise , Bigirimana Evariste , Mukandayisenga Vestine , Tuyishime Hubert , Shulman Lawrence , Rebbeck Timothy 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Purpose: Comprehensive cancer care in many sub-Saharan African countries is concentrated within a few centers. With only two comprehensive treatment facilities in Rwanda, travel distance, travel time, and travel cost may represent underappreciated barriers to accessing cancer treatment. Here we describe travel and transportation experiences of patients receiving curative breast cancer treatment at Butaro Cancer Center of Excellence (BCCOE).
Methods: A cross-sectional telephone survey assessing contributors of care-continuum delays was administered to female patients receiving curative breast cancer treatment. Between July and November 2020, 89 (75%) of eligible patients were reached by phone, all of whom provided verbal consent and voluntarily participation. Patient demographic information and transportation experience were descriptively summarized.
Results Participants had a median age of 48 years, and they represented all five Rwandan provinces. Twenty-one patients (24%) belonged to the lowest of the four socioeconomic “ubudehe” strata, as defined by the local government, while none were in the highest stratum. Few patients' households owned transportation vehicles with only one owning a private car, 4 (4%) owning a motorbike, and 23 (26%) owning a bicycle. Most patients, 84 (94%) utilized public transport buses for a portion of their travel, while 48 (54%) utilized motorbikes. Median one-way travel time from patients' home to BCCOE was 7 hours (interquartile range: 6-8 hours). The median cost of transportation for each round-trip was RWF12000, approximately $12 USD, which equates to 75% of a Rwandan adult's total monthly consumption. Transportation costs were noted as a significant barrier by 43 patients (46%), and 35 (39%) received financial support from outside their household to pay for transportation.
Conclusion Transportation time and cost are significant burdens on patients receiving breast cancer treatment in Rwanda. Studies are needed to evaluate strategies for alleviating these burdens, such as comprehensive transportation financial support and innovative care delivery with telemedicine.
Citation Format: Temidayo Fadelu, Cam Nguyen, Nicaise Nsabimana, Evariste Bigirimana, Vestine Mukandayisenga, Hubert Tuyishime, Lawrence Shulman, Timothy Rebbeck. Quantifying Transportation Barriers in Rwandan Patients Seeking Treatment for Breast Cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 9th Annual Symposium on Global Cancer Research; Global Cancer Research and Control: Looking Back and Charting a Path Forward; 2021 Mar 10-11. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2021;30(7 Suppl):Abstract nr 67.
Abstract 69: To Triage or Not? Positive Predictive Value of Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid for Diagnosis of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia Grade 2 or Worse (CIN2+) among HIV-Positive Women in a Low-Resource Setting
Authors: Mungo Chemtai , Ogollah Cyrillus , Ambaka Jennifer , Randa Magdalene , Omoto Jackton , Cohen Craig 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Purpose: The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends human papillomavirus (HPV) as a primary screening test within "screen-and-treat" cervical cancer programs in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Following a positive test, two alternative strategies are endorsed within the single-visit approach. All HPV positive women can be offered immediate treatment, or visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) is used to triage. Thus, we calculated the positive predictive value (PPV) of VIA for histologically confirmed CIN2+ among HPV-positive women living with HIV (WLWH).
Methods: Between August 2019 and March 2020, as part of a clinical trial (NCT04191967) in western Kenya, high-risk HPV-positive WLWH age 25-65 years underwent VIA and colposcopy-directed biopsies regardless of VIA result. All women received treatment. The PPV of VIA for CIN2+ was determined.
Results: Three hundred and sixty-six HPV-positive WLWH were evaluated during the study period. Mean age was 40.2 years (SD 8.5), median CD4 count was 420 (IQR 359), and 94.5% were virally suppressed. Seventy-four (20.2%) women had CIN2+ on histology (14 CIN2, 54 CIN3, six microinvasive carcinoma), of whom only 33 were also VIA-positive. The PPV of VIA for diagnosis of CIN2+ was 44.6% (95% CI 33.0 – 56.6) and was similar when limited to CIN3+. The PPV decreased with age, ranging from 72.7% (95% CI 54.5–86.7), to 24.2% (95% CI 11.1 – 42.3) to 3.0% (95% CI 0.1 – 15.8) among ages 30-39 years, 40-49 years, and 50 years and greater, respectively.
Conclusions: While HPV testing has low specificity among WLWH, triage with VIA has a low positive predictive value for CIN2+ and would result in missed opportunities for treatment in this high-risk population. This highlights the need for more objective, affordable, and accessible triage tests, e.g. artificial intelligence-assisted cervicography or biomarkers of dysplasia to improve the PPV of the HPV-based screen-and-treat single-visit approach in LMICs.
Citation Format: Chemtai Mungo, Cyrillus Ogollah, Jennifer Ambaka, Magdalene Randa, Jackton Omoto, Craig Cohen. To Triage or Not? Positive Predictive Value of Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid for Diagnosis of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia Grade 2 or Worse (CIN2+) among HIV-Positive Women in a Low-Resource Setting [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 9th Annual Symposium on Global Cancer Research; Global Cancer Research and Control: Looking Back and Charting a Path Forward; 2021 Mar 10-11. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2021;30(7 Suppl):Abstract nr 69.
Abstract 75: Cost-effectiveness Analysis of CHOP and R-CHOP Treatment of Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma in Malawi
Authors: Painschab Matthew , Kohler Racquel , Kimani Stephen , Wheeler Stephanie , Gopal Satish 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Purpose: Cost-effectiveness data for cancer treatment are needed from sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a common, curable cancer. In high-income countries, the standard of care for DLBCL is R-CHOP (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone) chemoimmunotherapy. Rituximab is often not available in SSA due to cost, and treatment with CHOP is common.
Methods: We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of DLBCL treatment using Malawi-specific data. Clinical data were from a prospective observational cohort treated with CHOP, as well as a clinical trial of R-CHOP. We used a decision-tree model to calculate costs per disability adjusted life year (DALY) averted from the health system perspective and estimated a willingness to pay (WTP) threshold of three times GDP per capita.
Results: On a per-patient level, compared to no chemotherapy, CHOP is estimated to avert 7·9 DALYS, at an incremental cost of $1,500, for an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of $194 per DALY averted, which is well below WTP. In probabilistic sensitivity analysis, CHOP was cost-effective for DLBCL in &gt;99% of simulations. Compared to CHOP, R-CHOP is estimated to avert 2·9 DALYs, at an incremental cost of $3,198 and ICER of $1,104 per DALY averted, which is at the WTP threshold and was below WTP in 45% of simulations.
Conclusion: CHOP is cost-effective for DLBCL in Malawi, and the addition of rituximab may be cost-effective. Future studies in SSA and other LMIC settings should include rigorous economic evaluation to promote continued cancer treatment investments and prioritization.
Citation Format: Matthew Painschab, Racquel Kohler, Stephen Kimani, Stephanie Wheeler, Satish Gopal. Cost-effectiveness Analysis of CHOP and R-CHOP Treatment of Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma in Malawi [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 9th Annual Symposium on Global Cancer Research; Global Cancer Research and Control: Looking Back and Charting a Path Forward; 2021 Mar 10-11. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2021;30(7 Suppl):Abstract nr 75.
Abstract 82: Confirmation and Identification of Incident Cases of Breast Cancer in a Setting with Limited Cancer Registry Coverage: The Mexican Teachers' Cohort
Authors: Gómez-Flores-Ramos Liliana , Brochier Marion , Cortés-Valencia Adrian , Lozano-Esparza Susana , Solís Aura Erazo Valle , Méndez Aureliano Plácido , Ontiveros Olga Rosalinda Rivera , Núñez Alberto Cundapí , Méndez Angélica Pon , Lajous Martín 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Purpose: To present the use of administrative databases and registries to confirm and identify incident breast cancer (BC) cases in a prospective cancer cohort in Mexico where cancer registry coverage is limited.
Methods: The Mexican Teacher's Cohort (MTC) was established in 2006-2008 when 115,314 female teachers residing in a 12-state area in Mexico (cancer registry coverage, 13%) responded to a questionnaire on reproductive, lifestyle factors, and medical conditions. We projected 955 BC incident cases by the end of 2019. Study participants reported new BC diagnoses in follow-up questionnaires between 2008 and 2020. Self-reports were confirmed by directly contacting participants. Administrative (one medical claims database, two reimbursement databases, and electronic medical records from two institutions) and population-based cancer registry data were used to confirm previously self-reported BC and identify additional cases. Two independent national mortality registries were used to identify BC deaths (2006-2018).
Results: We have identified 632 self-reported cases and confirmed 300 through participant contact or presence in a database. We additionally identified and confirmed 100 cases from administrative databases, 25 from cancer registries, and 94 from mortality registries. Median age at diagnosis was 49.0 (± SD 6.9), 63.2% (n=538) of the cases were pre-menopausal and 4.8% (n=41) occurred in indigenous women. Thus far, we have identified 89% (n=851) of the projected number of BC cases by the end of 2019 and confirmed 60.8% (n=518). We know the treating hospital for 30.0% (n=255) of the total cases and obtained histopathology reports from 12.0% (n=62) of the confirmed cases.
Conclusion: Leveraging administrative databases for confirmation and identification of incident BC cases is feasible in the MTC. Low- and middle-income countries with limited cancer registry coverage seeking to develop prospective cancer cohorts should explore the use of administrative databases to confirm and identify incident cancer cases.
Citation Format: Liliana Gómez-Flores-Ramos, Marion Brochier, Adrian Cortés-Valencia, Susana Lozano-Esparza, Aura Erazo Valle Solís, Aureliano Plácido Méndez, Olga Rosalinda Rivera Ontiveros, Alberto Cundapí Núñez, Angélica Pon Méndez, Martín Lajous. Confirmation and Identification of Incident Cases of Breast Cancer in a Setting with Limited Cancer Registry Coverage: The Mexican Teachers' Cohort [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 9th Annual Symposium on Global Cancer Research; Global Cancer Research and Control: Looking Back and Charting a Path Forward; 2021 Mar 10-11. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2021;30(7 Suppl):Abstract nr 82.
Abstract 88: Clinical Characteristics of Incident Lymphoma in Malawi before and after Implementation of Universal ART
Authors: Gondwe Yolanda , Kudowa Evaristar , Painschab Matthew , Tomoka Tamiwe , Fedoriw Yuri , Kasonkanji Edwards , Kaimila Bongani , Zuze Takondwa , Mithi Victor , Mumba Noel , Kimani Stephen , Mulenga Maurice 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Purpose: In 2016, Malawi expanded eligibility for antiretroviral therapy (ART) to anyone with confirmed HIV infection. Here, we assess the impact on lymphoma presentation.
Methods: We enrolled patients with newly diagnosed lymphoproliferative disorders 2013-2020. We categorized patients pre-universal ART (pre-UART) (2013-June 2016) or post-universal ART (post-UART) (July 2016-2020) and evaluated clinical characteristics.
Results: There were 157 cases pre-UART and 256 post-UART. The most common diagnoses were diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) (43%), low-grade lymphoma (12%), Burkitt lymphoma (10%), Hodgkin lymphoma (9%), and multicentric Castleman disease (7%). HIV prevalence was 50%, mean age 43, and 62% male. 66% of pre-UART HIV+ knew their HIV status, for median 5 years (IQR 2-8), and 53% were on ART for median 4 years (IQR 2-7). 80% of post-UART HIV+ knew their HIV status (p=0.02), for median 4 years (IQR 2-9) and 70% were on ART for median 4 years (IQR 2-8). HIV was suppressed &lt;1000 copies/mL in 56% (n=33/59) pre-UART and 71% (n=73/103) post-UART (p=0.05). Among DLBCL, 61% (n=23/38) of pre-UART HIV+ knew their HIV status, for median 5 years (IQR 2-9), and 46% were on ART for median 4 years (IQR 2-6). 82% (n=51/62) of post-UART DLBCL HIV+ knew their HIV status (p=0.02), for median 5 years (IQR 2-9) and 68% were on ART for median 5 years (IQR 2-9). Post-UART DLBCL patients had median HIV viral load of 0 log copies/mL (IQR 0-10) compared to pre-UART (6.2 log copies/mL, IQR 0-10) (p=0.09). CD4 count, age adjusted-IPI and Ki67 proliferation index were similar between DLBCL in the two groups.
Conclusion: There were no significant differences in lymphoma subtypes diagnosed or in traditional DLBCL prognostic factors after implementation of universal ART in Malawi. However, HIV was better controlled in the post-UART period and differences in immunological status may have implications for therapy and prognosis.
Citation Format: Yolanda Gondwe, Evaristar Kudowa, Matthew Painschab, Tamiwe Tomoka, Yuri Fedoriw, Edwards Kasonkanji, Bongani Kaimila, Takondwa Zuze, Victor Mithi, Noel Mumba, Stephen Kimani, Maurice Mulenga. Clinical Characteristics of Incident Lymphoma in Malawi before and after Implementation of Universal ART [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 9th Annual Symposium on Global Cancer Research; Global Cancer Research and Control: Looking Back and Charting a Path Forward; 2021 Mar 10-11. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2021;30(7 Suppl):Abstract nr 88.
Abstract 94: Mammographic Density in Middle to Low Breast Cancer Incidence Settings: DDM-Colombia
Authors: Pedraza-Flechas Ana , Gaitan Sandra , Estrada Kelly , Camargo Julian , Castillo Adriana , Gonzalez Tania , Gonzalez Martha , Pinzón-Rondon Ángela , Ruíz-Sternberg Ángela , Pollán Marina , Perez-Gómez Beatriz 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Purpose: Mammographic density (MD) is a potential risk factor for breast cancer, which could be key to monitor prevention strategies and to detect high risk population. MD has been widely studied in high income countries; but not in countries of lower income levels. The aim of this study was to explore the determinants of MD among Colombian women (DDM-Colombia).
Methods: Cross sectional study in women aged 40-72 years recruited consecutively in a private BC screening unit in Bogotá-Colombia, 2019-2020. Personal history and anthropometric measures were collected the same day that patients went to their mammogram exams. The study was approved by Fundación Sanitas' IRB. All patients agreed to join the study and signed the informed consent. A trained researcher estimated the percentage of MD using a validated semiautomatic computer tool (DM-scan). The differences in MD by menopausal status were analysed in a linear regression model adjusted by age, body mass index (BMI) and reproductive factors.
Results: Preliminary results show the characteristics of 687 women (75 Premenopausal, 612 peri/postmenopausal). The mean age of the participants was 58 years (standard deviation (SD): 6.2) and the mean BMI was 27.6 (SD: 4.4). The overall percentage of MD was 25.3 (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 24.3 to 26.4); the percentage of MD in peri/postmenopausal was 9.6 points lower (CI: 6.3%-12.9) compare to premenopausal women.
Conclusions: High MD prevalence is less common in Colombian women compared to high income countries. It is necessary to continue studying MD prevalence and determinants in this population, to assess the need to develop different prevention strategies for them. Funding: Ministerio de Ciencia Tecnología e Innovación Colombiano 122280764284 (771-2018).
Citation Format: Ana Pedraza-Flechas, Sandra Gaitan, Kelly Estrada, Julian Camargo, Adriana Castillo, Tania Gonzalez, Martha Gonzalez, Ángela Pinzón-Rondon, Ángela Ruíz-Sternberg, Marina Pollán, Beatriz Perez-Gómez. Mammographic Density in Middle to Low Breast Cancer Incidence Settings: DDM-Colombia [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 9th Annual Symposium on Global Cancer Research; Global Cancer Research and Control: Looking Back and Charting a Path Forward; 2021 Mar 10-11. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2021;30(7 Suppl):Abstract nr 94.
Optineurin Guards IFNγ Signaling in Cancer Cells
Authors: Salvagno Camilla , Cubillos-Ruiz Juan R. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Summary:
In this issue, Du and colleagues uncover that optineurin functions as a key regulator of IFNγ receptor (IFNGR1) stability in malignant cells. Loss of optineurin in colorectal cancer cells causes IFNGR1 degradation, leading to impaired IFNγ signaling, decreased MHC-I expression, and enhanced ability to evade adaptive immune control.
See related article by Du et al., p. 1826.
Triple Therapy to Outwit the BRAF Oncogene
Authors: Zhang Chao , Bollag Gideon 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Summary:
BRAF-mutant cancers have been knocked down by BRAF and MEK inhibitor combos, yet the cancers always find a way to get back up. Adding a third medicine, namely, a dimer-selective BRAF inhibitor, can knock down longer and better.
See related article by Adamopoulos et al., p. 1716.
Long-Term Incidence of Stroke and Dementia in ASCOT
Authors: Whiteley William N. , Gupta Ajay K. , Godec Thomas , Rostamian Somayeh , Whitehouse Andrew , Mackay Judy , Sever Peter S. 
Published: July 2021

Background and Purpose:
Management of stroke risk factors might reduce later dementia. In ASCOT (Anglo-Scandinavian Outcome Trial), we determined whether dementia or stroke were associated with different blood pressure (BP)–lowering regimens; atorvastatin or placebo; and mean BP, BP variability, and mean cholesterol levels.

Methods:
Participants with hypertension and ≥3 cardiovascular disease risk factors were randomly allocated to amlodipine- or atenolol-based BP-lowering regimen targeting BP <140/90 mm Hg for 5.5 years. Participants with total cholesterol ≤6.5 mmol/L were also randomly allocated to atorvastatin 10 mg or placebo for 3.3 years. Mean and LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol, BP, and SD of BP were calculated from 6 months to end of trial. UK participants were linked to electronic health records to ascertain deaths and hospitalization in general and mental health hospitals. Dementia and stroke were ascertained by validated code lists and within-trial ascertainment.

Results:

Of 8580 UK participants, 7300 were followed up to 21 years from randomization. Atorvastatin for 3.3 years had no measurable effect on stroke (264 versus 272; adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.92 [95% CI, 0.78–1.09];
P
=0.341) or dementia (238 versus 227; adjusted HR, 0.98 [95% CI, 0.82–1.18];
P
=0.837) compared with placebo. Mean total cholesterol was not associated with later stroke or dementia. An amlodipine-based compared with an atenolol-based regimen for 5.5 years reduced stroke (443 versus 522; adjusted HR, 0.82 [95% CI, 0.72–0.93];
P
=0.003) but not dementia (450 versus 465; adjusted HR, 0.94 [95% CI, 0.82–1.07];
P
=0.334) over follow-up. BP variability (SD mean BP) was associated with a higher risk of dementia (per 5 mm Hg HR, 1.14 [95% CI, 1.06–1.24];
P
<0.001) and stroke (HR, 1.21 [95% CI, 1.12–1.32];
P
<0.001) adjusted for mean BP.

Conclusions:
An amlodipine-based BP regimen reduced the long-term incidence of stroke compared with an atenolol-based regimen but had no measurable effect on dementia. Atorvastatin had no effect on either stroke or dementia. Higher BP variability was associated with a higher incidence of later dementia and stroke.
Who’s Afraid of Religious Extremism?
Authors: Shestopalets Denys 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This article explores the dynamics of competition between Muslim organisations in Ukraine after the eruption of the Russian–Ukrainian crisis in March 2014. In particular, it deals with the issue of religious extremism as another ideological fault line between two main centres of Islamic religious authority, the Spiritual Administration of Muslims of Ukraine (SAMU) and the Spiritual Administration of Muslims of Ukraine ‘Umma’ (SAMU-Umma). Although these structures agreed that Islam as a religion should be completely dissociated from all manifestations of extremism and terrorism, their inherent theological and cultural differences led to the SAMU and the SAMU-Umma adopting mutually exclusive discursive strategies for achieving this goal.