bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pratique NéO-Nétale, L. Michon. Paris: L'Expansion Scientifique Française, 1965, 216 pp., no price given
Authors: Cone Thomas E. 
Published: December 2021

This is a small pocket-sized, paperbound text tersely written in easily understandable French by a physician with a decade of daily and intimate hospital contact with the newborn infant. The author wrote the book not to compete with those already available for the specialist in neonatology but rather for the general practitioner who still is responsible for the care of most newborns even in affluent countries.
In an orderly and schematic fashion he outlines the essential items to be considered in examining the normal and in treating the ill newborn infant.
A Child Goes to the Hospital, by Harold Geist. Springfield, Illinois : Charles C Thomas, 1965, 128 pp., $5.75
Authors: Terrell John s. 
Published: December 2021

The medical aspects of a particular illness may often overshadow the need for adequate preparation and care of children before, during, and after the child's admission to the hospital. Hospitalization with the child's reaction to separation from the parents is more often than not a traumatic event, especially in the child under four, and a causative factor in disturbances of the child-parent relationship.
The author, a consulting clinical psychologist in Berkeley, California, outlines not only the effect of hospitalization on the child-parent relationship, but also the importance of the child-nurse and the nurse-parent relationship.
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT: INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS OF BLOOD SCREENING STUDIES FOR DETECTION OF PHENYLKETONURIA
Authors: Berry Helen K. , Sutherland Betty S. , Umbarger Barbara 
Published: December 2021

THE American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Fetus and Newborn recently recommended that a blood test for elevated concentration of phenylalanine be performed for all newborn infants prior to discharge. As results become available from wide application of blood screening tests, a number of questions have arisen regarding the interpretation of positive findings of elevated blood phenylalanine levels. Some reports suggest that diagnosis of phenylketonuria is determined by elevation of blood phenylalanine. The conclusion may be erroneously drawn that such a finding in an infant calls for immediate treatment with a low-phenylalanine diet. There are instances in which children were fed a phenylalanine restricted diet for periods up to 18 months and subsequently were proven not to have phenylketonuria. In another study plasma phenylalanine levels up to 40 mg/100 ml in a premature infant, accompanied by elevation of tyrosine, were shown not to result from phenylketonuria. Some investigators urge that tests for urinary metabolites characteristic of phenylketonuria be a necessary part of the diagnosis, while others consider urine testing of little value.
The cause for the mental defect in phenylketonuria has not been established with certainty. No satisfactory explanations have been proposed to account for the rare individuals with normal intelligence and biochemical phenylketonuria. It is not known whether elevation of phenylalanine from disorders other than phenylketonuria might result in mental impairment.
We have carried on a broad-scale urinescreening program since 1958 and a bloodscreening program since 1961. At the same time we have accumulated 70 patient years of experience in treatment of phenylketonuria.
THE ROLE OF THE SPLEEN IN IMMUNITY
Authors: Ellis Elliot F. , Smith Richard T. 
Published: December 2021

IN VIEW Of the success of splenectomy in dealing with certain clinical problems, and the lack of any clearly unfavorable effects of this procedure, the idea that the spleen is not physiologically essential has been widely accepted. The first serious challenge to this concept arose with the clinical observation of King and Schumaker of a high incidence of serious bacterial infection following splenectomy performed in infancy. This original report has been supplemented during the last decade by additional clinical data, and renewed interest in the role of the spleen in immunity has resulted.
Recent experimental data have defined more clearly immunological functions for the spleen that are of special significance during early development. The purposes of this are paper are (1) to review the clinical problem which led to re-examination of the role of the spleen in immunity, particularly, as it relates to the early development of the immune mechanism, and (2) to offer a hypothesis which may explain the clinical observation of overwhelming infection after splenectomy in the young infant.
THE CLINICAL PROBLEM
In 1952 King and Schumaker reported an unusual incidence of infection in infants who had undergone splenectomy for congenital hemolytic anemia. The hazards of splenectomy in early life were pointed out in a number of papers which appeared subsequently with large series of cases reinforcing the validity of the earlier observations. Most recently Horan and Colbatch have incisively reviewed the problem and added a number of their own cases to those already in the literature. In spite of the preponderance of evidence, dissenting reports have appeared and the subject remains somewhat controversial.
STUDY OF VIRAL ANTIBODIES BY THE PAPER-RADIOACTIVE VIRUS METHOD
Authors: Hodes Horace L. , Berger Ruth , Ainbender Eugene , Zepp Helen D. , Hevizy Maria M. 
Published: December 2021

1. A filter paper-radioactive virus method for the detection and study of viral antibodies in human serum is described. The method gives accurate and reproducible results. It is particularly suitable for antibody testing on a mass basis. A slight modification makes the method more sensitive than standard tissue culture neutralization tests.
2. The major poliovirus antibody in human serum combines with the virus to form a particle which is non-infectious and of low mobility.
THE EFFECT OF L-LEUCINE ON HEPATIC GLUCOSE FORMATION
Authors: Greenberg Robert , Reaven Gerald 
Published: December 2021

A direct inhibitory effect of leucine on hepatic glucose output has been suggested by previous observations in our laboratory. However, it has not been possible to separate the action of leucine from that of insulin. The current studies were undertaken in order to determine the effect of leucine on hepatic glucose formation in vitro, in the absence of insulin.
In liver slices from fasted mice, leucine was shown to inhibit the incorporation of C14 from various C14-labeled precursors into glucose. These results are consistent with the postulate that leucine inhibits the rate of gluconeogenesis, and thus hepatic glucose output, independent of insulin.
Accordingly, the effect of leucine on production of hypoglycemia cannot be regarded as a specific cause of hypoglycemia in certain infants. Assuming that the action of leucine is similar in all individuals, the induction of hypoglycemia by leucine in some individuals must reflect underlying defects in the intracellular regulation of the complex, multi-enzyme pathway of gluconeogenesis. Clarification of the mechanism of action of leucine on gluconeogenesis should contribute to current understanding of the means by which hepatic glucose output is regulated.
COMMITTEE ON FETUS AND NEWBORN
Authors:   COMMITTEE ON FETUS AND NEWBORN
Published: December 2021

THE Committee on Fetus and Newborn and consultants met in Chicago, Illinois, on October 23, 1965, to consider the problem of decontamination of fomites in neonatal units to reduce the incidence of nosocomial infections. It was agreed that there is insufficient evidence available to make authoritative recommendations for uniform procedures to deal with problems of decontamination of incubators, bassinets, respirators, and other equipment used in present day neonatal facilities. However, the participants suggested that certain statements could be made at this time which would serve to stimulate the interest of those concerned with the management of neonatal units and to emphasize the need to obtain objective information for a satisfactory solution to the problems posed.
Agreement was reached on the following statements:
1. Emphasis must be placed on cleansing and housekeeping procedures. Chemical disinfection is not a substitute for mechanical scrubbing and removal of dirt or organic matter. Moreover, organic matter inactivates many chemical disinfectants.
2. Manufacturers of equipment used in the newborn nursery must be encouraged to design equipment which can be easily cleaned and disinfected. Adequate cleansing of occupied incubators poses an almost insurmountable problem; ingenious engineering solutions are badly needed. Component pants of intricate devices should be removable for easier cleaning. Teflon coating of surfaces would ease mechanical cleansing. Nebulizing equipment should use air which has passed through a bacterial filter, sterile water from freshly opened bottles, and a closed system for delivery of water to the nozzle. Nebulizers should be designed for easy disinfection, preferably sterilization.
PKU, State Legislation, and Maltreatment of Children
Authors: WAKEMAN EDWARD T. 
Published: December 2021

I noted with interest Dr. Isabel P. Robinault's letter concerning mandatory PKU testing, published on page 147 of the July 1966 issue, Volume 38, of Pediatrics. In this letter she states,
There is no longer question about states' rights to protect a child from being battered physically (some 20 states now have this legal protection for children).
As of September 1965, 47 states had passed legislation dealing with the abused child (Committee Statement by the Committee on Infant and Pre-School Child, "Maltreatment of Children," Pediatrics, 37:377, 1966).
TB, PPD, AND INH
Authors: DAVIS STARKEY D. , WEDGWOOD RALPH J. 
Published: December 2021

EPIDEMIOLOGIC studies and prophylaxis trials over the last decade have radically altered our concepts of tuberculosis. Some old ideas have gone out the window and some important new methods have been developed. Vigorous application of these newer concepts will speed the eradication of tuberculosis in this country. Some of the important new ideas which pertain particularly to children will be discussed.
The annual infection rate is low and falling. The falling reactor rates in naval recruits illustrate this point. Among white, male, naval recruits (aged 17-21) 6.6% were reactors to tuberculin in 1949-1951. In 1958-1964 the reactor rate had fallen to 4.1%.
THE TOLBUTAMIDE TOLERANCE TEST IN THE EVALUATION OF CHILDHOOD HYPOGLYCEMIA
Authors: Schotland M. G. , Kaplan S. L. , Grumbach M. M. 
Published: December 2021

The intravenous tolbutamide tolerance test has been evaluated in normal children and in children with ketotic hypoglycemia, idiopathic hypoglycemia, and the leucine-sensitive form of idiopathic hypoglycemia.
Following tolbutamide administration to normal children, the concentration of blood glucose falls 26% below fasting levels within 15 to 30 minutes and returns to fasting levels at the end of 2 hours. This is similar to the response of normal adults.
Some children with idiopathic hypoglycemia and with the leucine-sensitive form of idiopathic hypoglycemia have a prolonged hypoglycemic response to tolbutamide similar to that seen in patients with insulin secreting tumors.
The tolbutamide tolerance test in children appears to be of little help in differentiating islet cell adenoma from leucine-sensitive, ketotic, or idiopathic hypoglycemia.
Further evidence is presented that leucine and tolbutamide mediate insulin release from the pancreas by different mechanisms of action.
THE CIRCUMFERENCE OF THE HEAD OF NEWBORN INFANTS FIRST MEASURED IN 1785
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

Dr. Joseph Clarke, physician to the Dublin Lying-In Hospital, was the first to measure the head circumference of newborn infants because he believed one reason males were more often stillborn than females was that their heads were larger than female infants and that this might add an extra hazard in the delivery of males. Not being able to find any previous study of head circumference of newborn infants, he measured 20 infants of each sex in July, August, and September 1785, "taking such children as appeared to have arrived at the full period of gestation promiscuously as they happened to be born. . . . For measuring their heads, I made use of a piece of painted or varnished linen tape, divided into inches, halves, and quarters. The varnish has the good effect of preventing the length of such a measure being readily affected by variations in the humidity of the atmosphere; and it has little or no elasticity.
Clarke found that the males had an average head circumference of 13.9 in. (35.3 cm) and the females 13.6 in. (34.5 cm). Perhaps, the present-day practitioner will be surprised to learn that Clarke's measurements of the average head circumference at birth are almost exactly the same as those obtained more than a century and a half later in a much larger and more sophisticated study by Vickers and Stuart (35.3 cm for the male and 34.7 cm for the female).
SOME ASPECTS OF CARDIAC PATHOLOGY IN INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD
Authors: Esterly John R. , Oppenheimer Ella H. 
Published: December 2021

Histologic material from 450 cases of congenital cardiac malformations was reviewed for myocardial, endocardial, and coronary artery lesions. Myocardial necrosis, calcification, or scarring were found in 106 cases. The myocardial changes appeared to result from reduced coronary perfusion rather than oxygen desaturation. The most frequent involvement was seen in defects which cause hypoperfusion; aortic and pulmonary valve defects and anomalous origin of the left coronary artery. The changes in these cases were also the most acute and widespread. Similar lesions were found in congenital mitral stenosis in the absence of shunting defects. Myocardial lesions were infrequent in defects which result in arterial desaturation—transposition and tetralogy of Fallot.
Significant coronary sclerosis was present in several types of malformation but was not always associated with myocardial lesions. Endocardial proliferation was found overlying myocardial scarring in some cases, but, in spite of its morphologic similarity, it could not be related to the coronary artery lesions.
Cystic Fibrosis: A Handbook for Parents
Authors: SHWACHMAN HARRY 
Published: December 2021

This well illustrated, 65 page handbook was written to give parents of children with cystic fibrosis an understanding of the present state of our knowledge of this disease. Although the text is written so the average parent would have no difficulty in understanding it, the author has thoughtfully added a five page glossary of medical terms commonly used in discussing cystic fibrosis.
The sections on mist tents and postural drainage are well done, as is the discussion of emotional difficulties.
The Year Book of Pediatrics, 1966-67 Series
Authors: CONE THOMAS E. 
Published: December 2021

Dr. Gellis' ability year in and year out to abstract and to interpret for us the great and ever-changing international advances in pediatrics continues to dazzle most of us. Again I find myself asking, "How can one man know so much about so many things, no matter how recondite?"
The Year Book, as in past years, is divided into 17 sections covering the major areas of pediatrics. The papers abstracted make up an international survey of pediatric achievement because they were culled from more than 75 different medical journals published in at least 15 different countries, including those of Central Africa.
Does Outpatient Teaching Need to be Upgraded?
Authors: WINEBERG JULIUS J. 
Published: December 2021

On reading the Supplement, "Pediatric Residency Training," I am struck by the disagreeable fact that the men we are seeking to modernize our pediatric residency training program are the same men largely responsible for our present manpower crisis. They are biased against practice and look upon it as a lower brand of medicine.
My reason for pointing this out is that the Council on Pediatric Practice of the American Academy of Pediatrics, in its booklet Looking Ahead, wisely recommends revising and upgrading the outpatient teaching programs.
Letters to the Editor
Authors: FRAAD LEWIS M. 
Published: December 2021

Dr. Wineberg's letter would have had a considerable degree of validity 10 to 15 years ago. However, times are indeed changing for various reasons. Outpatient departments in most teaching centers, which include large voluntary hospitals with residency training programs, have competent and well paid directors of pediatric outpatient services. Some recently appointed professors of pediatrics are products of the outpatient department: Haggerty, Morris Green, Olmstead.
A number of institutions have fellowship training in outpatient departments.
Use of Lambs in Pediatric Research
Authors: ALEXANDER GEORGE 
Published: December 2021

Medical research workers are hampered by the lack of opportunity to experiment on the animal (man) on which their professional interest is focussed. For many years now, and increasingly so of late, physiologists and pediatrics have been turning to the sheep to provide a readily available experimental subject of much the same birth weight as the human infant.
While most of these workers appear to realize that Homo sapiens and Ovis aries do have points of physiological dissimilarity, few could tell if their experimental material was normal and many could be trapped into errors of interpretation through unfamiliarity with ovine biology.
Letters to the Editor
Authors: Moss ARTHUR J. 
Published: December 2021

The Editor always jealous of those who know their ovine fetuses and newborns so much better than we know our human ones (yet not quite willing to exchange), received the following comment from Dr. Moss:
There is no question that the points made by Dr. Alexander are both important and well taken. We recognize that a record of mating dates is the best means of estimating gestational age, and members of our faculty have negotiated in the past with members of the Davis Campus in attempts to obtain these services. Unfortunately, this was never achieved. However, other means for provision of this service are currently being explored, and, hopefully, it will be forthcoming in the near future.
Dangerous Psychotherapy
Authors: LOW MERRITT B. 
Published: December 2021

Our Committee's attention has been drawn to a recent article (Medicine at Work, July 1966) suggesting that there are beneficial results if people have a chance to blow off steam and get rid of tensions through the use of fireworks. This has been called "psychotherapy with a bang."
The promulgator of this illogical, irresponsible absurd, potentially maiming concept is Dr. William E. Schumacher, Director of Mental Health for the State of Maine.
BEDSIDE CABINET FOR THE NEWBORN INFANT DESIGNED FOR ROOMING-IN FACILITIES
Authors: MCLENDON PRESTON A. , PARKS JOHN 
Published: December 2021

IT IS necessary to provide convenient and practical methods of infant handling in adopting the principle of rooming-in and selective feeding procedures. This is important, since the mother plays a prominent role in the daily care of her infant. The infant must be available to her for a greater part of the day. She deserves consideration in the ease with which she can handle her infant. The carriage for the newborn infant, therefore, becomes an all important link in this service.
The bassinet in use on the maternity service at the George Washington University Hospital fills most of these requirements. In the over-all planning of this service, the bassinet was designed to fulfill the following demands: 1. simplicity; 2. ease of cleaning; 3. mobility—to move to and from the mother's room; 4. drawers and compartments to store bedside and nursery equipment sufficient for complete care of the infant; 5. foolproof attachment to the mother's bed in adjustable positions; 6. moveable bassinet on top of the cabinet for convenient and easy lifting-out and replacing the infant; 7. clear plastic bassinet for observation of the infant by nurse and mother.
The cabinet-bassinet is easily moveable and is provided with 5 inch casters. The cabinet is 19 inches wide, 28½ inches long and 30 inches deep (legs included) surmounted by the bassinet held in a frame which can be pulled laterally for a distance of 18 inches, just clearing the top of the mother's bed. This places the infant in such a position that, without strain or awkwardness, he can be lifted out by the mother.
BRONCHIECTASIS IN CHILDHOOD
Authors: FIELD C. ELAINE 
Published: December 2021

In a study of 160 cases of irreversible bronchiectasis in childhood the following observations have been made:
From the history given by the parents, it was found that the age at onset of symptoms lay in the first year of life in approximately one fifth of the cases, the number thereafter declining with advancing age (except for a slight and possibly insignificant rise at age 5). In 55.6% of cases the parental history associated the onset of symptoms with an attack of pneumonia or pertussis.
The characteristic features of the disease included a constant cough with or without sputum (this is often swallowed by children). Haemoptysis was rare, but in 33.1% of cases there were associated asthmatic symptoms. More children were underweight than overweight for age and many had abnormal chest deformities. Clubbing occurred in 43.7% and when present was diagnostic of irreversible bronchiectasis in this series. Physical signs in the chest were variable, but the most useful diagnostic finding was localized rales on deep inspiration over the suspected area of lung.
In comparison with nonpulmonary and normal children, there was a marked increased incidence of pneumonia at all ages. There was, however, no suggestion that bronchiectasis increased or decreased susceptibility to tuberculosis.
Sinusitis is frequently associated with bronchiectasis although its exact relationship remains obscure.
In diagnosis, roentgenographic findings are frequently inconclusive, unless confirmed by bronchogram. Bronchography is by far the most important diagnostic procedure and is an invaluable method of studying the development of the disease.
Tubular dilatation was the commonest type of bronchiectasis.
In 85.6% of cases the disease was situated in the left lower lobe, and in 65.6%, in the lingula lobe, but in no case was the lingula affected as the only lobe. The disease has shown a predilection for lobes whose bronchi are directed upwards against gravity towards the main bronchus and those which have an anatomic peculiarity impeding drainage.
Massive collapse of the lung was associated with bronchiectasis in 74 (46.3%) cases.
It is important to recognize in children that bronchial dilatation may be reversible. In the diagnosis of irreversibility, duration of the dilatation and its contour are helpful.
Bronchoscopy was not helpful in diagnosis or localization of bronchiectasis.
The sedimentation rate was frequently raised, but was of little help in assessing activity of the disease. Alterations in the blood count were few and usually only of significance in severe active cases of the disease.
Complications were infrequent, the commonest being pneumonia which occurred in 16.3% of cases.