bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Therapeutic Potential of Functional MRI in the Squamous Cell Cancer of Head and Neck
Authors: Zhen Jianqing , Zhang Yuqing , Wan Li , Li Zhen , Zeng Jia , Sun Jing 
Published: March 2021

Background:
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is frequently employed for the assessment
of therapy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients. Nonetheless, this technique
has its limitations, the most apparent being the inability to differentiate between after therapy effects
and the reoccurrence of tumor cells.

Objective:
This review was carried out to demonstrate the role of operative MRI in the treatment of
head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients, as well as the analysis of various methods like diffusion,
perfusion, and spectroscopy when used in conjugation.

Main Findings:
Techniques such as diffusion-weighted imaging can augment the reliability of the
detection of the main tumor site and local lymphatic nodes post-treatment. It was observed that diffusion
is the most facile of the methods in question and can be easily implemented in follow-up sessions
after therapy, though the evidential information is sometimes insufficient to validate. Perfusion
factors may become elevated in the proliferation of tumors or their reoccurrence, but they are
not employed for their accuracy in clinical settings. Spectroscopy methods pose some potential, but
the case is the same as diffusion; insufficient data cannot be deemed enough to validate its application.

Conclusion:
These operative MRI methods can significantly help in the initial discernment of disease,
thereby resulting in an improved therapeutic approach in patients. Prospective studies are necessary
to layout standard specifications for using operative MRI in routine clinical applications.
Rapid Identification of 44 Steroids in Human Urine Samples using HPLCESI-
QTOF-MS
Authors: Dabur Rajesh , Yadav Aarti 
Published: March 2021

Objective:
Detailed analysis of un-processed and un-derivatized free and conjugated
urinary steroids is useful to avoid miscalculations and to diagnose sports doping and adrenal
problems, including abnormal steroidogenesis, congenital deficiency of related enzymes, cancer,
and other disease conditions. Hence, the present study was conducted to develop a soft ionization
method to identify the maximum number of urinary steroids using ultra-performance liquid
chromatography coupled with quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometer (HPLC–Q-TOF-MS).

Material and Methods:
HPLC–Q-TOF-MS was carried out for the qualitative detection of steroids
and their conjugates in urine samples. The method provides high sensitivity and fast analysis
of steroids and their glucuronides without hydrolysis or sample preparation or extraction of steroids.

Results:
Using the method, 44 steroids belonging to C-18, C-19, and C-21 classes and their conjugates
were resolved and identified using positive and negative modes of ionizations by their
characteristic ionization and collision energy induced dissociation behaviors.

Conclusion:
The method is time-saving and good to compare samples from different peoples
with control or healthy ones as it does not require any kind of pre-treatment or sample processing.
It provides a complete picture of steroids metabolism and catabolism. It can be good for doping
control or to explore the effects of other drugs. However, in qualitative analysis, one may miss
the significant information unless direct methods of steroids analysis to be employed.
Identification of Disordered Regions of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins by Multi-features Fusion
Authors: Canzhuang Sun , Yonge Feng 
Published: March 2021

Background:
Intrinsically disordered proteins lack a well-defined three-dimensional structure
under physiological conditions. They have performed multiple functions in life activities and are closely
related to many human diseases. The identification of the disordered region of intrinsically disordered
proteins is important to protein function annotation.

Objective:
To accurately identify the disordered regions in intrinsically disordered proteins.

Methods:
In this study, we constructed a multi-feature fusion model based on a support vector machine to
predict disordered regions of intrinsically disordered proteins from the DisPort database. We extracted
codons usage frequencies, GC content, protein secondary structure components, hydrophilic-hydrophobic
amino acid components, and chemical shifts as features to predict the disordered regions of intrinsically
disordered proteins.

Results:
The best accuracy is 82.098% by using codon frequencies in single feature prediction. In order to
improve the performance, we fused these features and obtained the best result of 83.173% in combining
codons frequencies with chemical shifts as the feature.

Conclusion:
The results show that our model has achieved a good prediction result in predicting disordered
regions of intrinsically disordered proteins-moreover, the performances of our model are better than
those of existing methods.
Persons with Co-Existing Neurological Disorders: Risk Analysis, Considerations
and Management in COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Sharma Sumit , Batra Sonali , Gupta Saurabh , Sharma Vivek K. , Rahman Md. Habibur , Kamal Mohammad Amjad 
Published: March 2021

:
Increasing reports of neurological symptoms in COVID-19 patient’s warrant clinicians
to adopt and define the standardized diagnostic and managing protocols in order to investigate the
linkage of neurological symptoms in COVID-19. Encephalitis, anosmia, acute cerebrovascular disease
and ageusia are some of the emerging neurological manifestations which are reported in several
cohort studies on hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Although the COVID-19 pandemic is
primarily associated with infection of the respiratory tract system, but measures like lockdown and
restricted physical movements to control the spread of this infection will certainly have neurobehavioural
implications. Additionally, some of the patients with pre-existing neurological manifestations
like epilepsy, Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease are more prone to infection and demand
extra care as well as improvised treatment. In this review, we have focused on the neurovirological
clinical manifestations associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the prevalence of neurovirological
manifestations is rare increasing reports cannot be ignored and needs to be discussed
thoroughly with respect to risk analysis and considerations for developing a management strategy.
This also helps in defining the burden of neurological disorders associated with COVID-19 patients.
Feasibility of a Scale-down Production of [68Ga]Ga-NODAGA-Exendin-4
in a Hospital Based Radiopharmacy
Authors: Migliari Silvia , Sammartano Antonino , Scarlattei Maura , Baldari Giorgio , Janota Barbara , Bonadonna Riccardo C. , Ruffini Livia 
Published: March 2021

Background:
Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) is preferentially expressed in β-cells, but it is highly expressed in human insulinomas and gastrinomas. Several GLP-1 receptor–avid radioligands have been developed to image insulin-secreting tumors or to provide a quantitative in vivo biomarker of pancreatic β-cell mass. Exendin-4 is a high affinity ligand of the GLP1-R, which is a candidate for being labeled with a PET isotope and used for imaging purposes.

Objective:
Here, we report the development and validation results of a semi manual procedure to label [Lys40,Nle14(Ahx-NODAGA)NH2]exendin-4, with Ga-68.

Methods:
A 68Ge/68Ga Generator (GalliaPharma®,Eckert and Ziegler) was eluted with 0.1M HCl on an automated synthesis module (Scintomics GRP®).
The peptide contained in the kit vial (Radioisotope Center POLATOM) in different amounts (10-20-30 µg) was reconstituted with 2-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]ethansulfonic acid (HEPES) solution and 68GaCl3 (400–900 MBq), followed by 10 min incubation at 95°C. The reaction solution was then purified through an Oasis HLB column.
The radiopharmaceutical product was tested for quality controls (CQs), in accordance with the European Pharmacopoeia standards.

Results:
The synthesis of 68Ga]Ga-NODAGA-Exendin-4 provided optimal results with 10 µg of peptide, getting the best radiochemical yield (23.53 ± 2.4 %), molar activity (100 GBq/µmol) and radiochemical purity (91.69 %).

Conclusion:
The study developed an imaging tool [68Ga]Ga-NODAGA-Exendin-4, avoiding pharmacological effects of exendin-4, for the clinical community.
Rational Allocation of Guaranteed Time Slots to Support Real-Time Traffic in Wireless Body Area Networks
Authors: Soni Gulshan , Selvaradjou Kandasamy 
Published: March 2021

Background:
The main requirement of Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) is on-time
delivery of vital signs that are sensed through the delay-sensitive biological sensors that are implanted
in the body of the patient being monitored by the central gateway. The Medium Access Control
(MAC) protocol standard IEEE 802.15.4 supports real-time data delivery through its unique feature
called Guaranteed Time Slot (GTS) under its beacon-enabled mode. This protocol is considered suitable
for the WBAN Scenario. However, as per the standard, IEEE 802.15.4 uses a simple and straightforward
First Come First Served (FCFS) mechanism to distribute GTS slots among the contender
nodes. This kind of blindfolded allocation of GTS slots results in poor utilization of bandwidth and
also prevents the delay-sensitive sensor nodes from effectively utilizing the contention-free slots.

Objective:
The main objective of this work is to provide a solution for the unfair allocation of GTS
slots in the beacon-enabled mode of the IEEE 802.15.4 standard in WBAN.

Method:
We propose a Rational Allocation of Guaranteed Time Slot (RAGTS) protocol that distributes
the available GTS slots based on the delay-sensitivity of the contender nodes.

Results:
A series of simulation experiments has been performed to assess the performance of our
proposed RAGTS protocol. The simulations capture the dynamic nature of the real-time deadlines associated
with sensor traffic. Through simulations, we show that our proposed RAGTS protocol appears
to be more stable in terms of various performance metrics than that of the FCFS nature of the
GTS allocation technique.

Conclusion:
In this article, we introduced the RAGTS scheme that enhances the real-time traffic feature
of the beacon-enabled mode of IEEE 802.15.4 MAC.
Transmission, Prevention and Therapeutic Strategies for COVID-19: Updates and Challenges
Authors: Rahman Habibur 
Published: March 2021

Background:
Almost the whole world is observing a pandemic like never before in the last century, affecting the human lifestyle and economies known as coronavirus disease -2019 (COVID-19). A new severe acute respiratory syndrome that has emerged in China in late 2019 and spread in more than 210 countries makes a global health care emergency.

Objective:
Considering the epidemiological features of COVID-19, it is crucial to prevent the spread of such a highly infectious disease through effective control methods such as early detection, isolation, and treatment strategies.

Conclusion:
This review highlights the virus transmission routes among communities and control measure to improve the quarantine and isolation of infected individuals. The "gold standard" molecular and other rapid diagnostic tests used to detect SARS-CoV-2 and their benefits and limitations have reported. Several repurposed drugs, including antivirals, trailed for COVID-19 patients and supportive treatments such as general, cellular, and immune therapies with the role of vitamins in the safe deployment for COVID-19 patients, have also discussed. Finally, the review also encompasses an overview and update about the recent development of COVID-19 vaccines and ongoing clinical studies, which can provide further research advances.
Evidence on Digital Mental Health Interventions for Adolescents and Young People: Systematic Overview
Authors: Lehtimaki Susanna , Martic Jana , Wahl Brian , Foster Katherine T , Schwalbe Nina 
Published: March 2021

Background
An estimated 1 in 5 adolescents experience a mental health disorder each year; yet because of barriers to accessing and seeking care, most remain undiagnosed and untreated. Furthermore, the early emergence of psychopathology contributes to a lifelong course of challenges across a broad set of functional domains, so addressing this early in the life course is essential. With increasing digital connectivity, including in low- and middle-income countries, digital health technologies are considered promising for addressing mental health among adolescents and young people. In recent years, a growing number of digital health interventions, including more than 2 million web-based mental health apps, have been developed to address a range of mental health issues.

Objective
This review aims to synthesize the current evidence on digital health interventions targeting adolescents and young people with mental health conditions, aged between 10-24 years, with a focus on effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, and generalizability to low-resource settings (eg, low- and middle-income countries).

Methods
We searched MEDLINE, PubMed, PsycINFO, and Cochrane databases between January 2010 and June 2020 for systematic reviews and meta-analyses on digital mental health interventions targeting adolescents and young people aged between 10-24 years. Two authors independently screened the studies, extracted data, and assessed the quality of the reviews.

Results
In this systematic overview, we included 18 systematic reviews and meta-analyses. We found evidence on the effectiveness of computerized cognitive behavioral therapy on anxiety and depression, whereas the effectiveness of other digital mental health interventions remains inconclusive. Interventions with an in-person element with a professional, peer, or parent were associated with greater effectiveness, adherence, and lower dropout than fully automatized or self-administered interventions. Despite the proposed utility of digital interventions for increasing accessibility of treatment across settings, no study has reported sample-specific metrics of social context (eg, socioeconomic background) or focused on low-resource settings.

Conclusions
Although digital interventions for mental health can be effective for both supplementing and supplanting traditional mental health treatment, only a small proportion of existing digital platforms are evidence based. Furthermore, their cost-effectiveness and effectiveness, including in low- and middle-income countries, have been understudied. Widespread adoption and scale-up of digital mental health interventions, especially in settings with limited resources for health, will require more rigorous and consistent demonstrations of effectiveness and cost-effectiveness vis-à-vis the type of service provided, target population, and the current standard of care.
Mass Testing With Contact Tracing Compared to Test and Trace for the Effective Suppression of COVID-19 in the United Kingdom: Systematic Review
Authors: Mbwogge Mathew 
Published: March 2021

Background
Making testing available to everyone and tracing contacts might be the gold standard to control COVID-19. Many countries including the United Kingdom have relied on the symptom-based test and trace strategy in bringing the COVID-19 pandemic under control. The effectiveness of a test and trace strategy based on symptoms has been questionable and has failed to meet testing and tracing needs. This is further exacerbated by it not being delivered at the point of care, leading to rising cases and deaths. Increases in COVID-19 cases and deaths in the United Kingdom despite performing the highest number of tests in Europe suggest that symptom-based testing and contact tracing might not be effective as a control strategy. An alternative strategy is making testing available to all.

Objective
The primary objective of this review was to compare mass testing and contact tracing with the conventional test and trace method in the suppression of SARS-CoV-2 infections. The secondary objective was to determine the proportion of asymptomatic COVID-19 cases reported during mass testing interventions.

Methods
Literature in English was searched from September through December 2020 in Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Mendeley, and PubMed. Search terms included “mass testing,” “test and trace,” “contact tracing,” “COVID-19,” “SARS-CoV-2,” “effectiveness,” “asymptomatic,” “symptomatic,” “community screening,” “UK,” and “2020.” Search results were synthesized without meta-analysis using the direction of effect as the standardized metric and vote counting as the synthesis metric. A statistical synthesis was performed using Stata 14.2. Tabular and graphical methods were used to present findings.

Results
The literature search yielded 286 articles from Google Scholar, 20 from ScienceDirect, 14 from Mendeley, 27 from PubMed, and 15 through manual search. A total of 35 articles were included in the review, with a sample size of nearly 1 million participants. We found a 76.9% (10/13, 95% CI 46.2%-95.0%; P=.09) majority vote in favor of the intervention under the primary objective. The overall proportion of asymptomatic cases among those who tested positive and in the tested sample populations under the secondary objective was 40.7% (1084/2661, 95% CI 38.9%-42.6%) and 0.0% (1084/9,942,878, 95% CI 0.0%-0.0%), respectively.

Conclusions
There was low-level but promising evidence that mass testing and contact tracing could be more effective in bringing the virus under control and even more effective if combined with social distancing and face coverings. The conventional test and trace method should be superseded by decentralized and regular mass rapid testing and contact tracing, championed by general practitioner surgeries and low-cost community services.
Risk Factors of Extensively Drug Resistant Typhoid Fever Among Children in Karachi: Case-Control Study
Authors: Vighio Anum , Syed Muhammad Asif , Hussain Ishfaque , Zia Syed Masroor , Fatima Munaza , Masood Naveed , Chaudry Ambreen , Hussain Zakir , Iqbal Baig Mirza Zeeshan , Baig Mirza Amir , Ikram Aamer , S Khader Yousef 
Published: March 2021

Background
Extensively drug resistant typhoid fever (XDR-TF) has been responsible for an ongoing outbreak in Pakistan, which began in November 2016.

Objective
This study aimed to determine the risk factors associated with XDR-TF.

Methods
This age- and sex-matched case-control study was conducted during May-October 2018 in Karachi. All patients with XDR-TF were identified from the laboratory-based surveillance system data. Cases included patients aged <15 years living in Karachi with culture-positive Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi with resistance to chloramphenicol, ampicillin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, fluoroquinolones, and third-generation cephalosporins. Age- and sex-matched controls included children free from the symptoms of TF, aged under 15 years, and residing in Karachi. All controls were recruited from among those who attended outpatient clinics.

Results
A total of 75 cases and 75 controls were included in this study. On univariate analysis, the odds of having XDR-TF were 13-fold higher among participants who used piped municipal water than among those who did not (odds ratio [OR] 12.6, 95% CI 4.1-38.6). The use of bore water was significantly associated with XDR-TF (OR 5.1, 95% CI 1.4-19.0). Cases were more likely to report eating French fries with sauce (OR 13.5, 95% CI 3.9-47.0) and poppadum (OR 3.4, 95% CI 1.7-6.7) from street vendors than controls. Boiling water at home was negatively associated with XDR-TF (OR 0.3, 95% CI 0.2-0.7). On multivariate analysis, 2 factors were independently associated with XDR-TF. Using piped municipal water (OR 10.3, 95% CI 3.4-30.4) and eating French fries with sauce from street vendors (OR 8.8, 95% CI 2.1-36.2) were significantly associated with an increased odds of XDR-TF.

Conclusions
Community water supply and street food eating habits were implicated in the spread of the superbug S typhi outbreak, which continues to grow in Karachi. Therefore, it is recommended to improve the community water supply to meet recommended standards and to develop a policy to improve the safety of street food. In addition, health authorities are required to conduct mass vaccination for TF among high-risk groups.
O estágio supervisionado de inglês como lugar de conflitos para o desenvolvimento conceitual e identitário docente
Authors: Ruhmke-Ramos Nadia Karina , Luis Renata Gomes 
Published: March 2021

Neste trabalho, analisamos dados de duas pesquisas qualitativas na área de formação inicial de professores de inglês (AUTORE, 2017; AUTORE, 2018) realizadas no mesmo contexto, com o objetivo de identificar os pontos comuns entre os estudos. Os dados indicaram que esta etapa da formação é marcada por conflitos surgidos a partir da desestabilização tanto de conceitos (Vygotsky, 1987) sobre ensino-aprendizagem de inglês quanto de identidades profissionais em (re)construção (Wenger, 1998). Tais conflitos se deram principalmente em relação ao gerenciamento de sala de aula e a análise indicou que a mediação dos conflitos pareceu oportunizar transformações na prática pedagógica e na identidade das alunas-professoras ao longo do processo. Além disso, observamos a importância do diálogo entre pesquisas com perspectivas diferentes para uma compreensão mais ampla dos contextos investigados.