bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two white collar proteins protect fungal cells from solar UV damage by their interactions with two photolyases in Metarhizium robertsii
Authors: Peng Han , Guo Chong‐Tao , Tong Sen‐Miao , Ying Sheng‐Hua , Feng Ming‐Guang 
Published: January 2021

SummaryThe photolyases PHR1 and PHR2 enable photorepair of fungal DNA lesions in the forms of UV‐induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) and (6‐4)‐pyrimidine‐pyrimidone (6‐4PP) photoproducts, but their regulation remains mechanistically elusive. Here, we report that the white collar proteins WC1 and WC2 mutually interacting to form a light‐responsive transcription factor regulate photolyase expression required for fungal UV resistance in the insect‐pathogenic fungus Metharhizum robertsii. Conidial UVB resistance decreased by 54% in Δwc1 and 67% in Δwc2. Five‐hour exposure of UVB‐inactivated conidia to visible light resulted in photoreactivation rates of 30% and 9% for the Δwc1 and Δwc2 mutants, contrasting to 79%–82% for wild‐type and complemented strains. Importantly, abolished transcription of phr1 in Δwc‐2 and of phr2 in Δwc1 resulted in incapable photorepair of CDP and 6‐4PP DNA lesions in UVB‐impaired Δwc2 and Δwc1 cells respectively. Yeast two‐hybrid assays revealed interactions of either WC protein with both PHR1 and PHR2. Therefore, the essential roles for WC1 and WC2 in both photorepair of UVB‐induced DNA lesions and photoreactivation of UVB‐inactivated conidia rely upon their interactions with, and hence transcriptional activation of, PHR1 and PHR2. These findings uncover a novel WC‐cored pathway that mediates filamentous fungal response and adaptation to solar UV irradiation.
Moral barriers to HIV prevention and care for gay and bisexual men: Challenges in times of conservatism in Brazil
Authors: da Silva Luís Augusto Vasconcelos , Duarte Filipe Mateus , Magno Laio , Dourado Inês , Squire Corinne 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis article examines narratives about promiscuity that are emphasized by some gay and bisexual men who are themselves living with HIV. We used semi‐structured interviews to assess the processes, outcomes, and meanings of HIV diagnosis among 10 young gay and bisexual men aged between 18 and 30 years old. Interviews were conducted in health service settings for the diagnosis and treatment of HIV and AIDS in Salvador, Brazil. Based on a socioculturally oriented approach, the narratives suggest that discourse about promiscuity seems to persist, or is even strengthened, in order to explain HIV infection among young gays/bisexual men and to emphasize a more restrained sexual life following HIV diagnosis. Despite the biotechnologies and biomedical advances, some difficulties and tensions also persist in the daily life of young people living with HIV. Difficulties in starting new relationships, dilemmas around responsibility for infection/transmission, fear and guilt are elements that stand out in these narratives, demonstrating that HIV discourses and practices may produce greater stigma and discrimination in current times, individualizing and blaming certain people for the infection/transmission of the virus, and marginalizing practices that do not conform to hegemonic heteronormativity.
Mechanisms by which morphological awareness contributes to Chinese and English reading comprehension
Authors: Qiao Shen , Liu Yingyi , Yeung Susanna Siu‐sze 
Published: January 2021

BackgroundResearch has established the link between morphological awareness and reading comprehension. However, the theoretical mechanisms underlying the association remain unclear. This study examined the direct and indirect effects of morphological awareness on reading comprehension in L1 Chinese and L2 English, with a sample of Chinese children who speak English as a second language (ESL). We tested theoretically driven predictions regarding the ways in which morphological awareness might impact reading comprehension.MethodsOne hundred and fifty‐six children in Grades 3 and 4 completed Chinese and English measures of morphological awareness (English: derivational awareness; Chinese: compound awareness), expressive vocabulary, word reading and reading comprehension, in addition to age, working memory and the other language's word definitions as control measures.ResultsFor both languages, analyses showed that morphological awareness had significant direct effects on both English and Chinese reading comprehension above and beyond mediators and control variables. In addition, morphological awareness had significant indirect effects on reading comprehension mediated by word reading (indirect path 1) as well as vocabulary and word reading in sequence (indirect path 2) after taking control variables into account. Vocabulary did not emerge as a mediator for either the English or the Chinese models.ConclusionsThe results underscore the importance of morphology for reading comprehension and reveal the potential mechanisms that underpin their relations in L1 Chinese and L2 English. Our findings further specify the role of morphology in the reading systems framework and highlight the value of incorporating morphology into reading instruction for Chinese ESL children.
Contextual factors that affect adolescents' detection of and memory for conflicts across multiple texts
Authors: Braasch Jason L. G. , Killion Samantha C. , Bråten Ivar 
Published: January 2021

BackgroundSchool‐aged children are increasingly engaging with multiple conflicting texts to understand complex societal issues; however, empirical research has not yet examined in what ways contextual factors affect detection of and memory for conflicts.MethodsThe current experiment manipulated contextual factors that included the vocabulary terms that authors of different texts used when describing the same concepts and the order with which students accessed contradictory information.ResultsAfter controlling for general science knowledge, adolescent students displayed longer reading times when contradictory stances were presented in an alternating fashion than they did when texts were blocked by stance. When text presentation was alternating, students also remembered more conflicts when the texts used the same vocabulary terms than they did when the texts used different vocabulary terms (non‐obvious synonyms). However, when adolescents read texts blocked by stance, they remembered a similar number of intertextual conflicts regardless of whether texts used the same or different vocabulary.ConclusionThe findings suggest that different contextual factors can facilitate (but also undermine) propensities to notice and remember conflicts across texts. As such, the findings have important implications for theories of text comprehension and applications for adolescents' everyday reading experiences.
How farmers develop local ecological knowledge for on‐farm tree management: The perspectives of some farming communities of Ghana
Authors: Awuah Raheal , Kyereh Boateng 
Published: January 2021

AbstractScientific insights into what it means to manage on‐farm trees by local farmers, is an essential step towards documenting local ecological knowledge for sustainable landscape management. A study was therefore conducted in the Kumawu Forest District in the Ashanti Region of Ghana to assess how farmers conceptualise on‐farm tree management and develop local knowledge for it. Using a case study approach, data were collected through informal interviews and focus group discussions with 120 farmers drawn from 15 communities who were involved in the management of three cropping systems; cocoa, maize and cassava‐cocoyam‐plantain mix. It was observed that the farmers regard on‐farm tree management as a continuous process which occurs in three phases of the farming cycle; land preparation, crop cultivation and fallow management. For each of the three phases, farmers are guided by specific principles that ensure enough light penetration in‐between tree crowns in the land preparation phase, suitable spacing between trees and crops in the crop cultivation phase and adequate tree regeneration in the fallow phase. The decisions made during the selection of tree species, spacing of trees adjudged suitable for any particular cropping system and recruitment of saplings prior to the fallow phase of farming constitute tree management. Farmers develop tree management knowledge by studying the physical characteristics of species, matching them to ecological functions they could perform and how they are likely to respond to treatments meant to control or enhance their development. Species are then subjected to trial and recommended or otherwise.
Emerging forward osmosis and membrane distillation for liquid food concentration: A review
Authors: Pei Jianfei , Gao Shanshan , Sarp Sarper , Wang Haihua , Chen Xiaonan , Yu Jin , Yue Tianli , Youravong Wirote , Li Zhenyu 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAs emerging membrane technologies, forward osmosis (FO) and membrane distillation (MD), which work with novel driving forces, show great potential for liquid food concentration, owing to their low fouling propensity and great driving force. In the last decades, they have attracted the attention of food industry scientists in global scope. However, discussions of the FO and MD in liquid food concentration advancement, membrane fouling, and economic assessment have been scant. This review aims to provide an up‐to‐date knowledge about liquid food concentration by FO and MD. First, we introduce the principle and applications of FO and MD in liquid food concentration, and highlight the effect of process on liquid food composition, membrane fouling mechanism, and strategies for fouling mitigation. Besides, economic assessment of FO and MD processes is reviewed. Moreover, the challenges as well as future prospects of FO and MD applied in liquid food concentration are proposed and discussed. Comparing with conventional membrane‐based or thermal‐based technologies, FO and MD show outstanding advantages in high concentration rate, good concentrate quality, low fouling propensity, and low cost. Future efforts for liquid food concentration by FO and MD include (1) development of novel FO draw solution (DS); (2) understanding the effects of liquid food complex compositions on membrane fouling in FO and MD concentration process; and (3) fabrication of novel membranes and innovation of membrane module and process configuration for liquid food processing.
Compositional and functional characteristics of goat milk and relevance as a base for infant formula
Authors: Prosser Colin G 
Published: January 2021

AbstractGoat milk has a long history of use for human nutrition. There are a number of studies investigating the technofunctional properties and nutritional value of goat milk for production of consumer products such as cheese, yoghurts, and Ultra‐high temperature (UHT) milks. Although fresh goat milk was traditionally used for feeding young children, use of goat milk for commercial production of formula for infants or young children has only been considered in the scientific literature since 2000s. In this review, the nutritional science relating to goat milk is discussed from the perspective of infant nutrition. A critical analysis of the scientific data concerning the composition and functional characteristics of goat milk that pertain to infant nutrition is included. From this overview, three key conclusions are possible: (1) there is a range of compositional data to support the application of goat milk for infants, provided it is fortified; (2) goat milk has the potential to influence the gastrointestinal environment differently to cow milk; and (3) the nutritional adequacy of fortified goat milk formula for newborn infants has been confirmed in clinical trials.
Estimation of water intake from food moisture in the Japanese diet using a cooking‐based conversion factor for water content
Authors: Murakami Megumi , Mizuma Keiko , Nakamura Yumi , Watanabe Reiji 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis study aimed to estimate the water intake of Japanese people from food moisture. For this purpose, we described a water conversion factor for cooking (WCFC) that focuses on how cooking changes the water content of complete dishes and not food ingredients, and investigated methods for calculating the water content of cooked dishes. In this study, we utilized 129 dishes commonly consumed by Japanese people. We measured the water content of the dishes before and after cooking and calculated the percentage of residual water after cooking. The dishes were divided into staple foods or side dishes, and categorized based on residual percentage in water content and cooking method. The percentage of residual water after cooking change in water content in each category was expressed in terms of the WCFC, which is the water content of the cooked dish relative to the uncooked dish. In total, there were 43 categories with a WCFC range of 0.40 to 1.33. Our results revealed that the water content of food is not simply changed by heating‐based cooking methods, but by a complex combination of cooking operations. Furthermore, by fitting WCFC to a culinary structuralism theory, it can potentially be utilized for all cuisines and not just dishes in Japan. Additionally, we found that the water content of a day's worth of food calculated using WCFC and actual measurements barely differed, indicating that WCFC could potentially be used to estimate water intake from food moisture.Practical ApplicationThis research can be used in nutrition surveys to estimate water intake from food moisture.
Yarrowia lipolyticachassis strains engineered to produce aromatic amino acids via the shikimate pathway
Authors: Larroude Macarena , Nicaud Jean‐Marc , Rossignol Tristan 
Published: January 2021

SummaryYarrowia lipolyticais widely used as a microbial producer of lipids and lipid derivatives. Here, we exploited this yeast’s potential to generate aromatic amino acids by developing chassis strains optimized for the production of phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan. We engineered the shikimate pathway to overexpress a combination ofY. lipolyticaand heterologous feedback‐insensitive enzyme variants. Our best chassis strain displayed high levels ofde novoEhrlich metabolite production (up to 0.14 g l−1in minimal growth medium), which represented a 93‐fold increase compared to the wild‐type strain (0.0015 g l−1). Production was further boosted to 0.48 g l−1when glycerol, a low‐cost carbon source, was used, concomitantly to high secretion of phenylalanine precursor (1 g l−1). Among these metabolites, 2‐phenylethanol is of particular interest due to its rose‐like flavour. We also established a production pathway for generating protodeoxyviolaceinic acid, a dye derived from tryptophan, in a chassis strain optimized for chorismate, the precursor of tryptophan.We have thus demonstrated thatY. lipolyticacan serve as a platform for the sustainablede novobio‐production of high‐value aromatic compounds, and we have greatly improved our understanding of the potential feedback‐based regulation of the shikimate pathway in this yeast.
Long read sequencing of Toona sinensis (A. Juss) Roem: A chromosome‐level reference genome for the family Meliaceae
Authors: Ji Yun‐Tao , Xiu Zhihui , Chen Chun‐Hai , Wang Youru , Yang Jing‐Xia , Sui Juan‐Juan , Jiang San‐Jie , Wang Ping , Yue Shao‐Yun , Zhang Qian‐Qian , Jin Ji‐liang , Wang Guo‐Shu , Wei Qian‐Qian , Wei Bing , Wang Juan , Zhang Hai‐Lin , Zhang Qiu‐Yan , Liu Jun , Liu Chang‐Jin , Jian Jian‐Bo , Qu Chang‐Qing 
Published: January 2021

AbstractChinese mahogany (Toona sinensis) is a woody plant that is widely cultivated in China and Malaysia. Toona sinensis is important economically, including as a nutritious food source, as material for traditional Chinese medicine and as a high‐quality hardwood. However, the absence of a reference genome has hindered in‐depth molecular and evolutionary studies of this plant. In this study, we report a high‐quality T. sinensis genome assembly, with scaffolds anchored to 28 chromosomes and a total assembled length of 596 Mb (contig N50 = 1.5 Mb and scaffold N50 = 21.5 Mb). A total of 34,345 genes were predicted in the genome after homology‐based and de novo annotation analyses. Evolutionary analysis showed that the genomes of T. sinensis and Populus trichocarpa diverged ~99.1–103.1 million years ago, and the T. sinensis genome underwent a recent genome‐wide duplication event at ~7.8 million years and one more ancient whole genome duplication event at ~71.5 million years. These results provide a high‐quality chromosome‐level reference genome for T. sinensis and confirm its evolutionary position at the genomic level. Such information will offer genomic resources to study the molecular mechanism of terpenoid biosynthesis and the formation of flavour compounds, which will further facilitate its molecular breeding. As the first chromosome‐level genome assembled in the family Meliaceae, it will provide unique insights into the evolution of members of the Meliaceae.
HLA‐B*27:04 associated with enthesitis and younger age of onset, and HLA‐B allele profile in patients with ankylosing spondylitis in Thailand: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Chiowchanwisawakit Praveena , Pithukpakorn Manop , Luangtrakool Komon , Permpikul Parichart 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAimThe aims of this study were to estimate human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐B allele frequency, to identify alleles associated with ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and to explore manifestations in various HLA‐B*27 in Thai AS patients.MethodsThis was a cross‐sectional study. Thai patients older than 18 years with diagnosed AS according to modified New York criteria who visited Siriraj Hospital (Bangkok, Thailand) were consecutively enrolled. HLA‐B alleles were determined by reverse sequence‐specific oligonucleotide assays, and were assigned at a 4‐digit resolution. HLA‐B alleles of 334 unrelated healthy Thai donors who participated in a previous phase 2b dengue vaccine clinical trial were included as controls. Odds ratio (OR) and Fisher's exact test were used to estimate association between allele and AS. The P value significance threshold was calculated according to Bonferroni.ResultsAmong the 88 patients who were recruited, 34 HLA‐B alleles were identified, and all patients were heterozygous. The prevalence of HLA‐B*27 was 89.8%, and 4 alleles of HLA‐B*27 were identified. HLA‐B*27:04 (OR: 39.4, P < .0001) and HLA‐B*27:05 (OR: 13.8, P = .0011) were associated with AS. In contrast, HLA‐B*27:06 was not found to be associated with AS (OR: 0.4, P = .241). AS patients carrying HLA‐B*27:04 were more likely to have enthesitis and younger age at onset than those carrying HLA‐B*27:05.ConclusionsHLA‐B*27:04 and HLA‐B*27:05 were both found to be strongly associated with Thai AS. HLA‐B*27:06 showed a neutral allele for Thai AS. AS patients with HLA‐B*27:04 had more enthesitis and younger age at onset than those with HLA‐B*27:05.
Elucidating the interaction of carbon, nitrogen, and temperature on the biosynthesis of Aureobasidium pullulans antifungal volatiles
Authors: Yalage Don Sashika M. , Gambetta Joanna M. , Steel Christopher C. , Schmidtke Leigh M. 
Published: January 2021

SummaryThe combined biochemical impact of carbon, nitrogen and temperature on the biosynthesis of the antifungal volatile organic compounds (VOCs): ethanol, 2‐methyl‐1‐propanol, 3‐methyl‐1‐butanol and 2‐phenylethanol produced by Aureobasidium pullulans A1 and A3 was investigated using a Box–Behnken experimental design and response surface methodology (RSM). Normalized peak areas derived from solid phase micro extraction‐gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (SPME‐GC–MS) analysis, indicated that initial carbon content had a significant influence on the biosynthesis of ethanol and alcohols with greater than three carbon atoms. This result suggests a dominant activity of the A. pullulans anabolic pathway to biosynthesize three higher alcohols via de novo biosynthesis of amino acids from sugar metabolism. Low concentrations of carbon (3–13 g l−1) with nitrogen as both ammonium and amino acids in the growth medium resulted in a higher number of significant linear and quadratic relationships. Nitrogen availability and growth temperature had significant negative linear and quadratic correlations with VOCs biosynthesis in most instances. Isolate‐dependant metabolic response was evident for all abiotic parameters tested on alcohol production. The findings of this study offer new perspectives to improve the production of key antifungal compounds by antagonists in biological control systems.
Novel prospective umbrella‐type lung cancer registry study for clarifying clinical practice patterns: CS‐Lung‐003 study protocol
Authors: Nishii Kazuya , Inoue Masaaki , Obata Hideto , Ueda Yutaka , Kozuki Toshiyuki , Yamasaki Masahiro , Moritaka Tomonori , Awaya Yoshikazu , Sugimoto Keisuke , Gemba Kenichi , Kuyama Shoichi , Ichikawa Hirohisa , Shibayama Takuo , Kubota Tetsuya , Kodani Masahiro , Kishino Daizo , Fujimoto Nobukazu , Ishikawa Nobuhisa , Tsubata Yukari , Ishii Tomoya , Fujitaka Kazunori , Hotta Katsuyuki , Kiura Katsuyuki 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIntroductionConventional cancer registries are suitable for simple surveillance of cancer patients, including disease frequency and distribution, demographics, and prognosis; however, the collected data are inadequate to clarify comprehensively diverse clinical questions in daily practice.MethodsWe constructed an umbrella‐type lung cancer patient registry (CS‐Lung‐003) integrating multiple related prospective observational studies (linked studies) that reflect clinical questions about lung cancer treatment. The primary endpoint of this registry is to clarify daily clinical practice patterns in lung cancer treatment; a key inclusion criterion is pathologically diagnosed lung cancer. Under this registry, indispensable clinical items are detected in advance across all active linked studies and gathered prospectively and systematically to avoid excessive or insufficient data collection. Researchers are to input information mutually, irrespective of the relevance to each researcher's own study. Linked studies under the umbrella of the CS‐Lung‐003 registry will be updated annually with newly raised clinical questions; some linked studies will be newly created, while others will be deleted after the completion of the analysis. Enrollment began in July 2017.DiscussionWe successfully launched the umbrella‐type CS‐Lung‐003 registry. Under this single registry, researchers collaborate on patient registration and data provision for their own and other studies. Thus, the registry will produce results for multiple domains of study, providing answers to questions about lung cancer treatment raised by other researchers. Through such analysis of each linked study, this registry will contribute to the comprehensive elucidation of actual daily practice patterns in lung cancer treatment.Key points
CS‐Lung‐003 registry directly integrates multiple linked studies created under the umbrella of this cancer registry to solve various clinical questions regarding daily practice patterns of lung cancer treatment.