bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dropless penetrating keratoplasty: immunosuppression by a subconjunctival dexamethasone implant, pilot tolerance and safety study
Authors: Thuret Gilles , Caroline Trone Marie , Crouzet Emmanuel , Ronin Caroline , Garcin Thibaud , Poinard Sylvain , Gain Philippe 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPurposePenetrating keratoplasty (PK) remains the first technic of corneal transplantation worldwide and rejection a common cause of graft failure. Its prevention has been based for decades on repeated instillation of steroid eye drops (dexamethasone, prednisolone, rimexolone). Nevertheless, the overall survival of corneal transplants, all indications combined, is lower than that of some organ transplants. Both compliance and the discontinuous nature of the eye drops may be involved. The improvement of immunosuppression could avoid numerous graft failures. In a rabbit model of PK, we previously demonstrated that a subconjunctival dexamethasone implant (Ozurdex) was well tolerated and prevented rejection as efficiently as steroid eye drops trice daily during the first 5‐6 weeks. We then designed a clinical trial to first investigate the tolerance and safety of subconjunctival Ozurdex after PK.MethodsSingle centre, phase II non‐randomized tolerance and safety pilot study on 14 patients (NCT02834260). Designed to analyze the risk of increased intraocular pressure (IOP, primary endpoint at month 1), possible discomfort, resorption time, and collect initial efficacy data. The implant was injected at the 12 o'clock position, 5 mm from the limbus, at the end of PK, in order to deliver dexamethasone immediately. A steroid eye drop relay was planned at the time of complete resorption of the implant. Patients were monitored at regular intervals during 12 months: IOP, discomfort and redness scores, implant status, rejection episode, endothelial cell density, and central corneal thickness by OCT. An independent adverse event committee gave its opinion after the first patient, then at regular intervals.ResultsNo increase in IOP, no adverse event related to the implant was observed. The average duration of resorption was 6 weeks. The therapeutic relay with dexamethasone eye drops was uneventful.ConclusionsHis is the first proof of concept that dropless immunosuppression is possible after penetrating keratoplasty. Ozurdex, chosen here because it was the only ophthalmological steroid implant marketed in France, obviously resorbs too quickly, but this work paves the way for the use of other implants that release a steroid or another immunosuppressive agent in the very long term.
Optical coherence tomography angiography findings in transcorneal electrical stimulation in retinitis pigmentosa
Authors: Maria Zabek Olga , Camenzind Zuche Hanna , Müller Ursula , Scholl Hendrik P. N. , Rickmann Annekatrin , Della Volpe Waizel Maria 
Published: January 2021

PurposeTranscorneal electrical stimulation (TES) is a novel treatment approach for patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP). The aim of our study was to observe changes in optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) that would be attributed to TES treatment.MethodsA total of 43 eyes of 22 subjects (11♀ 11♂) suffering from RP were examined at baseline (BL), after first stimulation (TS), 1 week after first stimulation (1W) and six months (6M) after treatment initiation. TES was performed simultaneously on both eyes for 30 minutes weekly. 9 × 15 mm OCTA scans were recorded with a PLEX Elite 9000 swept‐source OCTA device (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Jena). Vascular density metrics as perfusion density (PD) and vessel density (VD) were calculated automatically for the macular area by using standardized ETDRS grids. In addition, the capillary perfusion density (CPD) and the capillary flux index (CFI) of the peripapillary nerve fibre layer microvasculature in all four quadrants of an annulus centred at the optic disc were measured. All parameters were determined over all retinal layers and separately for the superficial (SCP) and deep capillary plexus (DCP). ANOVA‐based linear mixed‐effects models were calculated with SPSS®.ResultsThroughout the course of TES treatment, the macular VD and PD of all retinal layers in all subsections showed a slight decrement without reaching statistical significance (p > 0.05), also when analysed separately in the SCP (p > 0.06) and DCP (p > 0.11). In analogy, the average CPD and CFI also presented with a slight decrement (p > 0.19). When analysed in subsections, the temporal macular subsections showed significantly lower VD and PD values when compared to the other subsections of the ETDRS grid.ConclusionsOur preliminary data with SS‐OCTA indicate that vascular density metrics in the macular region and the peripapillary microvasculature remain unaffected despite ongoing TES treatment.
Eyelid melanoma: a population‐based comparative analysis of the lentigo, superficial spreading, and nodular subtypes
Authors: Mikhael Sandra , Tadrosse Abanoob , Yassa Arsany , Mikhael Mina , Eloy Jean‐Anderson 
Published: January 2021

PurposeTo study the epidemiological and survival trends of the most common eyelid melanoma (EM) subtypes, which are lentigo melanoma (LM), superficial spreading melanoma (SSM) and Nodular Melanoma (NM).MethodsData were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results U.S. cancer database. Incidence (IR) data were available from 2000 to 2017 and were calculated in number of cases/million/year. IR trends across the study’s timeframe were assessed by measuring the annual percent change (APC). 5‐year overall survival (OS) was calculated over the timeframe 1973–2011 using the Kaplan‐Meier method.ResultsA total of 570 cases with known melanoma subtypes were identified. The most common subtype was LM (41.0%), followed by SSM (35.2%), then NM (13.8%). IR for LM (0.153) was statistically higher than for NM (0.051, p < 0.001), but not for SSM (0.130, p = 104). Mean diagnostic ages in years were statistically different: LM (72.16), SSM (64.12), NM (69. 72) [p < 0.001]. From 2000 to 2017, IR increased for LM (APC 3.17, p = 0.034) but did not significantly change for SSM and NM. 5‐year OS was significantly lower for NM (57.0%) as compared to that of LM (73.8%) and SSM (81.0%) [p < 0.001]. Older age was a negative prognostic factor for all subtypes as patients older than 85 years old had the worst survival compared to all other age groups (LM 34.6%, SSM 47.6% and NM 30.0%) [p < 0.01]. Females showed higher survival patterns than males in LM (81.4% and 66.7%, p = 0.03) and SSM (89.1% and 74.1%, p=0.008), but there were no gender survival differences for the NM subtype (p = 0.405). Race and stage did not significantly affect survival in any of the three subtypes.ConclusionsAmong EM subtypes, incidence is highest for LM and SSM. Mean diagnostic age is significantly lowest in SSM. NM subtype portends the worst prognosis. Older age is a negative prognostic factor for all subtypes, while male gender portends a negative prognosis only in LM and SSM. Race and stage did not impact survival outcomes.BibliographySurveillance Research Program, National Cancer Institute SEER*Stat software (seer.cancer.gov/seerstat) version 8.3.6.
Corneal cross‐linking in advanced keratoconus, is it still effective?
Authors: Alenezi Bandar , Khoyratty Fadil , Biswas Susmito , Radhakrishnan Hema 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPurposeThe study aims to investigate the effectiveness of corneal cross‐linking (CXL) treatment in keratoconus patients.MethodsA total of 167 eyes of 159 progressive keratoconic patients (109 males and 58 females) aged 19 to 52 years old were included in the study. Epithelium debridement was performed for all patients, followed by riboflavin and UV‐A accelerated CXL (9.86 mW/cm2 for 9 min). To explore the effect of keratoconus severity on CXL outcomes, patients were divided into two groups based on the preoperative measurements of maximum keratometry (Kmax): Group A (Kmax < 62D) and Group B (Kmax ≥ 62 D). Corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), corneal curvature and thickness were measured pre‐CXL and at 1, 2 and 3 years post‐CXL treatment using the Oculus Pentacam.ResultsResults showed a significant improvement in CDVA on logMAR chart (0.19 ± 0.41, p = 0.04) at 3 years follow‐up. Kmax reduced significantly by 1.61 ± 3.02D, p = 0.02 (from 64.35 ± 6.85D to 63.19 ± 6.99D) at 3 years after CXL. Pachymetry measurements showed a significant reduction at 1 year (p = 0.01), 2 years (p = 0.00005) and 3 years (p = 0.000002) following CXL. CXL induced a significant reduction in Kmax measurements in Group A at 3 years follow‐up (1.50 ± 2.17D, p = 0.02); however, there was no significant change observed at 3 years following CXL in Group B (p = 0.19). Kmax reduced or at least stabilised in all patients in Group A at 3 years follow‐up; however, 25% of eyes in Group B showed a Kmax worsening of ≥1D.ConclusionsThe findings of the current study show the effectiveness of CXL to stabilise the progression of keratoconus and significantly improve corneal curvature measurements. The progression of keratoconus is more likely to stabilise after CXL in eyes with lower Kmax measurements.
A comparative epidemiological analysis of epithelioid, spindle cell, and mixed epithelioid‐spindle cell tumor subtypes of uveal melanoma, 1973–2016
Authors: Tadrosse Abanoob , Mikhael Sandra , Tadrosse Marina , Mikhael Mina , Eloy Jean A. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPurposeTo compare the epidemiology of epithelioid (ED), spindle cell (SC), and mixed epithelioid‐spindle cell (MES) tumor subtypes of uveal melanoma (UM).MethodsData were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results U.S. cancer database from 1975 to 2016. Incidence (IR) was estimated in number of cases/million/year. Incidence (IR) trends across the study's timeframe were assessed by measuring the annual percent change (APC). Disease‐specific survival (DSS) was calculated using the Kaplan‐Meier method. Cox regression analyses were conducted to evaluate hazard ratios (HR).ResultsTwo thousand nine hundred thirty‐eight cases were identified: MES‐UM (38%), SC‐UM (49%), ED‐UM (13%). Diagnostic age in years was significantly different (MES‐UM, 63; SC‐UM, 58; ED‐UM, 63; p < 0.01). Incidence (IR) also differed: MES‐UM, 0.8; SC‐UM, 0.7; ED‐UM, 0.2 (p < 0.01). Incidence (IR) declined over the study's time period with APC values of −4.5 (p < 0.01; MES‐UM), −2.8 (p < 0.01; SC‐UM), and −2.7 (p = 0.04; ED‐UM). Five‐year DSS for patients diagnosed during 1995–2000 were 74.6% (MES‐UM), 86.4% (SC‐UM), and 56.2% (ED‐UM). In comparison, Five‐year DSS during 2006–2011 was similar for SC‐UM (91.8%; p = 0.07) and ED‐UM (58.4%; p = 0.35), but significantly declined for MES‐UM (57.6%; p < 0.01). MES‐UM patients aged 30‐50 years old exhibited favorable prognosis compared to older or younger ones (HR: 0.53; p = 0.023). Asian and black races portended poor prognoses for ED‐UM (HR: 2.7; p = 0.04) and SC‐UM (HR: 2.9; p = 0.03), respectively. Advanced stage at diagnosis was not a survival predictor in MES‐UM patients, but it predicted poor prognosis in ED‐UM (HR: 4.8; p < 0.01) and SC‐UM (HR: 5.7; p < 0.001).ConclusionsDiagnostic age is youngest for SC‐UM. Incidence (IR) for all subtypes has declined. Disease‐specific survival (DSS) was stable over the study’s timeframe for SC‐UM and ED‐UM but substantially worsened for MES‐UM. Age impacts MES‐UM prognosis. Asian and black races are negative prognostic factors for ED‐UM and SC‐UM, respectively. Disease stage is a survival predictor only for ED‐UM and SC‐UM.
Effect of anionic substitution on the high temperature stability of polymer‐derived SiOC glasses
Authors: Sorarù Gian Domenico , Girardini Katia , Narisawa Masaki , Biesuz Mattia 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn this study the high temperature stability (crystallization and decomposition) of two silicon oxycarbide glasses with a similar amount of free carbon (8.3 vs 9.6 wt%) but different content of Si‐C bonds (SiC0.22O1.57 vs SiC0.07O1.86) is presented. The two SiOC glasses are obtained from the same precursor (2 µm methyl‐silsesquioxane spheres) via pyrolysis at 1100°C in inert (Ar) or reactive (CO2) atmospheres. Further annealing in Ar flow at temperatures above 1100°C and up to 1500°C is performed and the samples are characterized by Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FT‐IR) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). For comparison purposes the same precursor was annealed in air flow to obtain SiO2 and its high temperature evolution is also studied. Results suggest that the onset for the carbothermal reduction is not dependent on the amount of Si‐C bonds. Moreover, contrary to what is usually reported in the scientific literature, silica phase present in the SiOC glasses does not show, in the same experimental conditions, superior crystallization resistance compared to pure silica glass.
Full‐mouth adhesive rehabilitation of a severe case of erosion treated with v‐shaped veneers
Authors: Dallari Giacomo , Scalzo Ivan , Rosati Riccardo Maria , Sampaio Camila Sobral , Hirata Ronaldo 
Published: January 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo demonstrate a minimally invasive approach of a full‐mouth rehabilitation of a severe case of erosion treated with v‐shaped veneers, tabletops, overlays, veneerlays, laminate veneers, and a full contour veneer.Clinical considerationsThe present case report successfully rehabilitated a full‐mouth case of severely eroded teeth with minimal healthy structure removal, maintaining viability of all teeth that were vital before the treatment started, and promoting long‐lasting esthetic and functional results after 3 years of use.ConclusionsA deep knowledge of etiology, etiopathogenesis, and classifications of dental erosion will guide the clinician in the right direction for solving this issue correctly, according to modern prosthetic and conservative principles.Clinical significanceDental erosion represents today a relatively widespread phenomenon among the global population and a significant challenge in each of its clinical stages for the clinicians who must treat it. In advanced stages, a careful evaluation phase of the case, a great patient motivation and a wise use of materials and clinical protocols are the success key of the case. Moreover, an advanced knowledge of adhesive dentistry is strictly required to successfully manage a severe erosion case with a modern and minimally invasive approach.
Practical recommendations for timely, accurate diagnosis of symptomatic Alzheimer’s disease (MCI and dementia) in primary care: a review and synthesis
Authors: Liss J. L. , Seleri Assunção S. , Cummings J. , Atri A. , Geldmacher D. S. , Candela S. F. , Devanand D. P. , Fillit H. M. , Susman J. , Mintzer J. , Bittner T. , Brunton S. A. , Kerwin D. R. , Jackson W. C. , Small G. W. , Grossberg G. T. , Clevenger C. K. , Cotter V. , Stefanacci R. , Wise‐Brown A. , Sabbagh M. N. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe critical role of primary care clinicians (PCCs) in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) prevention, diagnosis and management must evolve as new treatment paradigms and disease‐modifying therapies (DMTs) emerge. Our understanding of AD has grown substantially: no longer conceptualized as a late‐in‐life syndrome of cognitive and functional impairments, we now recognize that AD pathology builds silently for decades before cognitive impairment is detectable. Clinically, AD first manifests subtly as mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to AD before progressing to dementia. Emerging optimism for improved outcomes in AD stems from a focus on preventive interventions in midlife and timely, biomarker‐confirmed diagnosis at early signs of cognitive deficits (i.e. MCI due to AD and mild AD dementia). A timely AD diagnosis is particularly important for optimizing patient care and enabling the appropriate use of anticipated DMTs. An accelerating challenge for PCCs and AD specialists will be to respond to innovations in diagnostics and therapy for AD in a system that is not currently well positioned to do so. To overcome these challenges, PCCs and AD specialists must collaborate closely to navigate and optimize dynamically evolving AD care in the face of new opportunities. In the spirit of this collaboration, we summarize here some prominent and influential models that inform our current understanding of AD. We also advocate for timely and accurate (i.e. biomarker‐defined) diagnosis of early AD. In doing so, we consider evolving issues related to prevention, detecting emerging cognitive impairment and the role of biomarkers in the clinic.
The Effect of Build Orientation on the Dimensional Accuracy of 3D‐Printed Mandibular Complete Dentures Manufactured with a Multijet 3D Printer
Authors: Gao Hanqi , Yang Zhen , Lin Wei‐Shao , Tan Jianguo , Chen Li 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPurposeTo compare the dimensional accuracy of 3D‐printed mandibular complete dentures with different build orientations.Material and MethodsA mandibular complete denture was digitized as a virtual reference file. The reference file was 3D‐printed at the 0°, 45°, and 90° build orientations with a MultiJet 3D printer (Projet MJP 3600 Dental, 3D systems, Rock Hill, SC). A total of 27 complete dentures were 3D‐printed with 9 samples for each orientation. All printed dentures were digitized and separated into teeth, denture extension and intaglio test surfaces. The dimensional accuracy (in root mean square, RMS) was evaluated by comparing whole denture and 3 test surfaces with the reference file. One‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a Post‐Hoc all pairs Bonferroni test were used to determine statistical differences (α = 0.05).ResultsFor the dimensional accuracy on whole denture, the 45° build orientation group showed the smallest RMS (0.170 ± 0.043 mm) than those of the 0° build orientation group (0.185 ± 0.060 mm, p < 0.001) and 90° build orientation group (0.183 ± 0.044 mm, p < 0.001). For the dimensional accuracy on the teeth, denture extension and intaglio test surfaces, the 45° build orientation group also show the smallest RMS values (0.140 ± 0.044 mm at teeth surface, 0.176 ± 0.058 mm at denture extension and 0.207 ± 0.006 mm at intaglio surface). The 0°and 90° build orientation groups had similar accuracy at the teeth (0.149 ± 0.056 mm versus 0.154 ± 0.056 mm, p = 0.164) and denture extension surfaces (0.200 ±0.025 mm vs 0.196 ± 0.013 mm, p = 1.000). However, 0° build orientation group (0.228 ± 0.010 mm) has significantly higher RMS values then those of 90° build orientation group (0.218 ± 0.057 mm) in the intaglio surface (p = 0.032). The teeth surfaces were most accurate in each build orientation groups, while the intaglio surfaces were least accurate.ConclusionsThe build orientation affected the dimensional accuracy of 3D‐printed mandibular complete dentures, and the 45° build orientation resulted in the most accurate 3D‐printed denture from a MultiJet 3D printer.
Longer term outcomes following serogroup B invasive meningococcal disease
Authors: Deng Lucy , Barton Belinda , Lorenzo Jennifer , Rashid Harunor , Dastouri Fereshteh , Booy Robert 
Published: January 2021

AimTo characterise the physical, psychological, and quality of life burden associated with serogroup B invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) in children.MethodsChildren aged up to 14 years at the time of serogroup B IMD, who were admitted to intensive care units of two tertiary paediatric hospitals in New South Wales, Australia between January 2009 and December 2013 were recruited. Children underwent clinical and neuropsychological assessments up to 6 years post‐disease.ResultsEleven children were assessed, with a median age of 16 months (range 4–46 months) at time of disease. The median follow‐up time was 50 months (range 10–67 months). Seven (63.6%) cases had one or more long‐term sequelae involving permanent and evolving physical disability. Three cases had ongoing medical conditions including two with seizures and one with ataxia and hypermetropia. Five required ongoing medical and allied health care. Other complications identified included anxiety, speech delay, low average full‐scale IQ score (median 85, interquartile range 89–103) and borderline memory impairment.ConclusionsSerogroup B IMD is associated with significant long‐term morbidity and burden on the child and family with substantial economic implications. The impact of this on the total cost of IMD needs to be further quantified, and better considered in vaccine cost‐effectiveness analyses.
A (conditional) role for labdane‐related diterpenoid natural products in rice stomatal closure
Authors: Zhang Juan , Li Riqing , Xu Meimei , Hoffmann Rachel I. , Zhang Yushi , Liu Bo , Zhang Mingcai , Yang Bing , Li Zhaohu , Peters Reuben J. 
Published: January 2021

Summary

Rice (Oryza sativa) is the staple food for over half the world’s population. Drought stress imposes major constraints on rice yields. Intriguingly, labdane‐related diterpenoid (LRD) phytoalexins in maize (Zea mays) affect drought tolerance, as indicated by the increased susceptibility of an insertion mutant of the class II diterpene cyclase ZmCPS2/An2 that initiates such biosynthesis. Rice also produces LRD phytoalexins, utilizing OsCPS2 and OsCPS4 to initiate a complex metabolic network.

For genetic studies of rice LRD biosynthesis the fast‐growing Kitaake cultivar was selected for targeted mutagenesis via CRISPR/Cas9, with an initial focus on OsCPS2 and OsCPS4. The resulting cps2 and cps4 knockout lines were further crossed to create a cps2x4 double mutant. Both CPSs also were overexpressed.

Strikingly, all of the cv Kitaake cps mutants exhibit significantly increased susceptibility to drought, which was associated with reduced stomatal closure that was evident even under well‐watered conditions. However, CPS overexpression did not increase drought resistance, and cps mutants in other cultivars did not alter susceptibility to drought, although these also exhibited lesser effects on LRD production.

The results suggest that LRDs may act as a regulatory switch that triggers stomatal closure in rice, which might reflect the role of these openings in microbial entry.
A novel pathogenicity determinant hijacks maize catalase 1 to enhance viral multiplication and infection
Authors: Jiao Zhiyuan , Tian Yiying , Cao Yanyong , Wang Juan , Zhan Binhui , Zhao Zhenxing , Sun Biao , Guo Chang , Ma Wendi , Liao Zhenfeng , Zhang Hengmu , Zhou Tao , Xia Yiji , Fan Zaifeng 
Published: January 2021

Summary

Pathogens have evolved various strategies to overcome host immunity for successful infection. Maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV) can cause lethal necrosis in maize (Zea mays) when it coinfects with a virus in the Potyviridae family. However, the MCMV pathogenicity determinant remains largely unknown.

Here we show that the P31 protein of MCMV is important for viral accumulation and essential for symptom development. Ectopic expression of P31 using foxtail mosaic virus or potato virus X induced necrosis in systemically infected maize or Nicotiana benthamiana leaves.

Maize catalases (CATs) were shown to interact with P31 in yeast and in planta. P31 accumulation was elevated through its interaction with ZmCAT1. P31 attenuated the expression of salicylic acid (SA)‐responsive pathogenesis‐related (PR) genes by inhibiting catalase activity during MCMV infection. In addition, silencing of ZmCATs using a brome mosaic virus‐based gene silencing vector facilitated MCMV RNA and coat protein accumulation.

This study reveals an important role for MCMV P31 in counteracting host defence and inducing systemic chlorosis and necrosis. Our results have implications for understanding the mechanisms in defence and counter‐defence during infection of plants by various pathogens.