bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterizing primate home‐ranges in Amazonia: Using ferns and lycophytes as indicators of site quality
Authors: Cárdenas Ramírez Glenda Gabriela , Jones Mirkka M. , Heymann Eckhard W. , Tuomisto Hanna 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe habitats present in research sites across Amazonia have usually been characterized only very broadly, for example, as inundated or non‐inundated (terra firma) forests. However, within each of these categories there is considerable variation in soil properties and floristic composition. This variation is likely to determine habitat quality for animal populations through its effects on primary productivity and food availability, thereby affecting carrying capacity. Therefore, comparison of edaphic properties across sites could provide new insight into which factors affect animal foraging patterns, population densities, and home‐range sizes. We provide an example from Estación Biológica Quebrada Blanco in Peruvian Amazonia, where behavioral studies on primates (especially tamarins) have been conducted for more than three decades but little is known about the edaphic or floristic characteristics of the forest they occupy. We used indicator plant species to estimate and map soil base cation concentration and its variability at Estación Biológica Quebrada Blanco. We found that soils in the study area are relatively cation‐poor in a western Amazonian context, which probably translates into low primary productivity. Some differences in soils among the home‐ranges of three tamarin groups were also observed, illustrating the usefulness of the method for detailed habitat mapping.Abstract in Spanish is available with online material.
Participation as a right to the city: Iranian children’s perspectives about their inclusion in urban decision‐making
Authors: Manouchehri Bahar , Burns Edgar A. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractTo assess children's willingness to participate in decision‐making about urban environments, Iranian children were invited to tell their stories about child inclusion in city affairs. The findings demonstrate children's enthusiasm to have a say, their suggestions of how their ideas can be integrated into planning, and their competency for participation. Despite their willingness, participants indicated awareness of patriarchal cultural views of children and childhood which continue to exclude them from planning involvement. Being denied the exercise of their rights to the city generates a marginalised status, alienating children from achieving appropriate engagement.
Female teachers and the rise of primary education in Italy and Spain, 1861–1921: evidence from a new dataset†
Authors: Cappelli Gabriele , Quiroga Valle Gloria 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis article provides the first harmonized quantitative evidence on the rise of mass education across the provinces (today's NUTS 3) of Italy and Spain in the period c. 1861–1921. Visual analysis of this new dataset suggests that an important factor linked to the expansion of schooling was the feminization of the teaching profession, something that has been largely neglected so far in quantitative historical studies of educational development. This hypothesis is put to the test using panel‐data models. The results show that the feminization of teaching went hand in hand with the rise of schooling rates by prompting more girls to enrol into primary education. By the beginning of the twentieth century, Italy's gross enrolment rate had surpassed that of Spain—partly as the result of increasing feminization within the primary‐school teaching profession.
A double‐blind sham‐controlled phase 1 clinical trial of tDCS of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in cocaine inpatients: Craving, sleepiness, and contemplation to change
Authors: Gaudreault Pierre‐Olivier , Sharma Akarsh , Datta Abhishek , Nakamura‐Palacios Ester M. , King Sarah , Malaker Pias , Wagner Ariella , Vasa Devarshi , Parvaz Muhammad A. , Parra Lucas C. , Alia‐Klein Nelly , Goldstein Rita Z. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractImpaired inhibitory control accompanied by enhanced salience attributed to drug‐related cues, both associated with function of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), are hallmarks of drug addiction, contributing to worse symptomatology including craving. dlPFC modulation with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) previously showed craving reduction in inpatients with cocaine use disorder (CUD). Our study aimed at assessing feasibility of a longer tDCS protocol in CUD (15 versus the common five/10 sessions) and replicability of previous results. In a randomized double‐blind sham‐controlled protocol, 17 inpatients with CUD were assigned to either a real‐tDCS (right anodal/left cathodal) or a sham‐tDCS condition for 15 sessions. Following the previous report, primary outcome measures were self‐reported craving, anxiety, depression, and quality of life. Secondary measures included sleepiness, readiness to change drug use, and affect. We also assessed cognitive function including impulsivity. An 88% retention rate demonstrated feasibility. Partially supporting the previous results, there was a trend for self‐reported craving to decrease in the real‐tDCS group more than the sham‐group, an effect that would reach significance with 15 subjects per group. Quality of life and impulsivity improved over time in treatment in both groups. Daytime sleepiness and readiness to change drug use showed significant Group × Time interactions whereby improvements were noted only in the real‐tDCS group. One‐month follow‐up suggested transient effects of tDCS on sleepiness and craving. These preliminary results suggest the need for including more subjects to show a unique effect of real‐tDCS on craving and examine the duration of this effect. After replication in larger sample sizes, increased vigilance and motivation to change drug use in the real‐tDCS group may suggest fortification of dlPFC‐supported executive functions.
Clinical advantages of robot‐assisted partial nephrectomy versus laparoscopic partial nephrectomy in terms of global and split renal functions: A propensity score‐matched comparative analysis
Authors: Kobayashi Satoshi , Mutaguchi Jun , Kashiwagi Eiji , Takeuchi Ario , Shiota Masaki , Inokuchi Junichi , Eto Masatoshi 
Published: March 2021

ObjectivesTo identify predictors of renal function preservation, and to compare the global and split renal function outcomes of robot‐assisted partial nephrectomy and laparoscopic partial nephrectomy.MethodsDemographic, operative and pathological data, as well as renal function outcomes, of 251 patients who underwent laparoscopic (n = 104) and robot‐assisted (n = 147) partial nephrectomy between 2008 and 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. Propensity score matching (1:1) was carried out to adjust for potential baseline confounders. Functional outcomes were assessed based on the estimated glomerular filtration rate and dynamic renal scintigraphy (using 99mTc‐mercaptoacetyltriglycine), including renal volumetric analysis.ResultsA total of 98 patients were allocated to each partial nephrectomy group. Ischemic (laparoscopic vs robot‐assisted partial nephrectomy: 29 vs 15 min, P < 0.001) and operative times (181 vs 100 min, P < 0.001) were shorter in robot‐assisted partial nephrectomy. The preservation ratio of global renal function at 3 months (88.3% vs 91.4%, P = 0.040) and 12 months (87.8% vs 91.5%, P = 0.010) postoperatively, and the renal function of the operated kidney (80.3% vs 88.2%, P < 0.001) were greater after robot‐assisted partial nephrectomy. In robot‐assisted partial nephrectomy, the volume of resected parenchyma was significantly smaller (27.2 vs 15.5 mL, P < 0.001), resulting in greater postoperative normal parenchymal volumes (120 vs 132 mL, P < 0.001) and a greater parenchymal preservation ratio (81.1% vs 90.1%, P < 0.001). The parenchymal preservation ratio was the strongest predictor of renal function preservation after surgery (P < 0.001, odds ratio 6.02).ConclusionsRobot‐assisted partial nephrectomy allows better preservation of split renal function than laparoscopic partial nephrectomy by increasing the parenchymal preservation ratio. This translates into better postoperative global renal function.
Enhanced thermal dissipation confers photoprotection in top leaves despite systemic regulation from lower leaves in cotton
Authors: Meng Haofeng , Yi Xiaoping , Jiang Chuangdao , Zhang Wangfeng , Chow Wah Soon , Zhang Yali 
Published: March 2021

AbstractTo better understand the photosynthetic regulation between lower leaves and top leaves, leaf gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence were examined in field and climate chamber grown cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. Xinluzao 45). Two planting density treatments were used in the field: low planting density (LD) and high planting density (HD), and two artificial shade treatments were used in the climate chamber: no shade (NS) and lower leaves shaded (LS). Our results show that the maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pmax), light saturation point (LSP) and light compensation point (LCP) of top leaves were decreased, but the apparent quantum efficiency of net carbon assimilation (AQE) of top leaves was increased in HD and LS, which had a similar trend to the lower leaves. Although top and lower leaves improved the utilization of light, the fractions of light absorbed by the PSII antenna that is utilized in PSII photochemistry Y(II) and photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) of top leaves and lower leaves were decreased in HD and LS. Furthermore, the fraction of absorbed light that is dissipated thermally via ΔpH and xanthophylls regulated processes Y(NPQ) and non‐photochemical quenching (NPQ) of top leaves were increased in HD and LS. In summary, these results suggest that the light energy utilization and photochemical efficiency of the top leaves in cotton are regulated by the light environment of the lower leaves, and the activation of thermal dissipation confers photoprotection of top leaves despite systemic regulation from lower leaves in cotton. Therefore, considering that cotton is cultivated in high density in most cotton areas of the world, the systemic regulation of photosynthetic capacity in top leaves affected by light environment of lower leaves caused by high‐density cultivation needs to be considered comprehensively in practical production. Then, the optimal photosynthetic capacity of the population can be obtained.
Customising flood damage functions to estimate the carbon footprint of flood‐related home repairs
Authors: Matthews Elizabeth , Friedland Carol , Alsadi Ahossin 
Published: March 2021

AbstractFlood damage functions are important tools used to estimate potential damage to the built environment from various types of flood‐related hazard events (e.g., hurricanes, riverine flooding). Oftentimes these damage estimates are used to determine the feasibility of flood protection or mitigation projects or to plan for future disasters. While existing standardised functions are used to estimate potential economic loss for residential buildings, functions can be customised to assess the environmental impacts of flood damages for specific building designs. This study presents a methodology for customising functions to estimate the carbon footprint of flood‐related building repairs. Unlike regular home repairs, which are based on material life expectancy, flood repairs are dependent on the severity of the flood hazard (i.e., flood depth) and probability of hazard occurrence within the lifespan of a building. To demonstrate the methodology, customised functions are developed for a case study home design in Saint Petersburg, Florida.
Screening of in vitro nutrient digestibility coefficients of selected insect meals in broiler chickens, black‐meat chickens and quails
Authors: Kovitvadhi Attawit , Chundang Pipatpong , Pliantiangtam Nichaphon , Thongprajukaew Karun , Tirawattanawanich Chanin , Suwanasopee Thanathip , Koonawootrittriron Skorn 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe objective of this study is to identify potential insect species comparing with commonly used protein sources based on efficiency of the in vitro digestibility on dry matter (DMd), organic matter (OMd) and crude protein (CPd) in broiler chickens, black‐meat chickens (Native breed) and quails. Each of gastric mucosa, pancreas and duodenal mucosa were obtained from proventriculus, pancreas and duodenum, respectively. Crude digestive enzyme extracts (CTE) were extracted from these organs to perform in vitro digestibility. Eighteen insect samples and six commonly used protein sources were served as substrates which were evaluated on DMd, OMd and CPd in triplicate for each substrate. The CTE from gastric mucosa was used to simulate proventriculus, whereas small intestine was simulation by adding the CTE from pancreas and duodenum. The large variation of chemical composition between insect meals was presented. For commonly used protein sources, animal proteins were higher on digestibility than plant proteins (p < .001). Quails represented a great potential to digest insect meals comparing other animals. Based on CPd results, there were potential insect species for broiler chickens (Achroia grisella: AG, Tenebrio molitor: TM and Musca domestica), black‐meat chickens (Patanga succincta, TM and AG) and quails (Hermetia illucens, Acheta domesticus and Locusta migratoria; p < .001). The evidences from this study suggest that these insect species contain a great potential to use as alternative protein sources promoting an animal production with sustainability. However, the in vivo experimentation must be performed to confirm in further study.
Acute changes to breast milk composition following consumption of high‐fat and high‐sugar meals
Authors: Ward Ellen , Yang Ni , Muhlhausler Beverly S. , Leghi Gabriela E. , Netting Merryn J. , Elmes Matthew J. , Langley‐Evans Simon C. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBreast milk composition is influenced by habitual diet, yet little is known about the short‐term effects of changes in maternal diet on breast milk macronutrient concentrations. Our aim was to determine the acute effect of increased consumption of sugar/fat on breast milk protein, lactose and lipids. Exclusively breastfeeding women (n = 9) were provided with a control, higher fat (+28 g fat) and higher sugar (+66 g sugar) diet over three separate days at least 1 week apart. Hourly breast milk samples were collected concurrently for the analysis of triglycerides, cholesterol, protein, and lactose concentrations. Breast milk triglycerides increased significantly following both the higher fat and sugar diet with a greater response to the higher sugar compared to control diet (mean differences of 3.05 g/dL ± 0.39 and 13.8 g/dL ± 0.39 in higher fat and sugar diets, respectively [P < 0.001]). Breast milk cholesterol concentrations increased most in response to the higher sugar diet (0.07 g/dL ± 0.005) compared to the control (0.04 g/dL) and the higher fat diet (0.05 g/dL) P < 0.005. Breast milk triglyceride and lactose concentrations increased (P < 0.001, P = 0.006), whereas protein decreased (p = 0.05) in response to the higher fat diet compared to the control. Independent of diet, there were significant variations in breast milk composition over the day; triglycerides and cholesterol concentrations were higher at end of day (P < 0.001), whereas protein and lactose concentrations peaked at Hour 10 (of 12) (P < 0.001). In conclusion, controlled short‐term feeding to increase daily sugar/fat consumption altered breast milk triglycerides, cholesterol, protein and lactose. The variations observed in breast milk protein and lactose across the 12 h period is suggestive of a circadian rhythm.
Symptomatic spinal cord compression: an uncommon symptom in pseudohypoparathyroidism
Authors: Tan Xiaoping , Guo Yang , Liu Yan , Liu Cong , Pei Lina 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe describe symptomatic spinal cord compression associated with pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP) in a young female patient and reviewed similar cases previously reported in the literature. The characteristics of these cases were analyzed from etiology, clinical subtypes, symptoms, treatment, and prognosis. Neurological examination revealed functional upper extremities with bilateral lower extremity paraplegia. Laboratory tests showed hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and elevated parathyroid hormone; high‐throughput sequencing showed a heterozygous GNAS mutation in exon 12, specifically c.1006C > T (p.R336W). Imaging findings showed multilevel spinal stenosis with significant spinal cord compression at the T2–T3 level. Seventeen cases with similar characteristics were reviewed. We found that the primary clinical manifestation of these patients was bilateral lower extremity spastic paraplegia. Multilevel spinal cord compression was commonly observed, especially at the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord. Most of the patients had poor surgical treatment outcome and prognosis. Clinicians should be aware of paraplegia due to spinal cord compression as a rare neurological complication in patients with PHP. Early diagnosis and treatment of PHP is one basis for preventing severe spinal cord–related complications.
Evaluation of HPV and EBV in OSCC and the expression of p53, p16, E‐cadherin, COX‐2, MYC, and MLH1
Authors: de Lima Marcos Antonio Pereira , Cavalcante Roberta Barroso , da Silva Cláudio Gleidiston Lima , Nogueira Renato Luiz Maia , Macedo Geamberg Einstein Cruz , de Galiza Lara Eduardo , Pinheiro Juliana Viana , Maia Filho Pedro Hugo Bezerra , Santos Sarah Ferreira , Rabenhorst Silvia Helena Barem 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and the expression of p53, p16, E‐cadherin, COX‐2, MLH1, and MYC in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).Materials and MethodsOne hundred OSCC specimens were submitted to in situ hybridization for HPV and EBV, and immunohistochemistry for detection of the human proteins.ResultsThirty‐one cases showed HPV in tumor tissue. EBV was not detected in any case investigated. The HPV(+) group demonstrated an increase of staining scores for nuclear p16 (p = .047), cytoplasmic MYC (p = .002), while a decrease for nuclear MLH1 (p = .048), suggesting that HPV may upregulate the expression of the first two proteins and down‐regulate the latter.ConclusionOur findings reinforce the hypothesis of the HPV‐related oral carcinogenesis involving the expression of p16 and MYC, and MLH1 suppression. Exclusively cytoplasmic stainings for p16, MLH1, and MYC were also associated with more advanced tumors. Finally, in view of the lack of studies correlating the HPV or EBV infection to the expression of oncoproteins, more researches assessing a broader panel of markers and employing different approaches are still necessary in order to understand the role of these viruses as well as the molecular mechanisms involved in the development and progression of oral carcinomas.
Evolution of salmon lice in response to management strategies: a review
Authors: Coates Andrew , Phillips Ben L. , Bui Samantha , Oppedal Frode , Robinson Nick A. , Dempster Tim 
Published: March 2021

AbstractEctoparasitic salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) present a major challenge to Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) aquaculture. The demand for effective louse control has produced diverse management strategies. These strategies essentially impose novel selection pressures on parasite populations, driving the evolution of resistance. Here we assess the potential for salmon lice to adapt to current prevention and control methods. Lice have evolved resistance to at least four of five chemical therapeutants, and use of these chemicals has declined significantly in recent years. The industry has shifted to alternative non‐chemical approaches, yet lice may adapt to these as well. Early research suggests that phenotypic variation exists in the louse population upon which non‐chemical selection pressures could act and that this variation may have a genetic basis. From the existing evidence, as well as an examination of evolutionary processes in other relevant parasite and pest systems, we conclude that the evolution of non‐chemical resistance is an emergent concern that must be considered by the industry. We recommend areas for focused research to better assess this risk. It is also important to determine whether phenotypic shifts in response to non‐chemical selection may shift the ecological niche of the parasite, as this may have cascading effects on wild salmon populations. We also recommend further research to identify strategy combinations that have antagonistic selective effects that slow louse evolution and those with synergistic effects that should be avoided. Greater understanding of evolutionary processes can inform aquaculture policies that counteract the rise of resistant parasite populations.
EMAT: An Engineering Methodology Application Tool
Authors: Wang Nanxin , Cheng Jie 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
More and more applications in today’s automotive industry call for integration of existing product design/analysis programs into packages to perform a higher level of system functionality, such as total engine analysis, model-based engine mapping, and powertrain system or vehicle optimization. The functional and procedural specifications for these integrations are often referred to as engineering methodologies. To enable the rapid prototyping of these methodologies, a generic software integration framework, EMAT (Engineering Methodology Application Tool) has been developed. EMAT consists of a high-level language environment MDL (Methodology Description Language) and a program for process execution scheduling and monitoring based on an artificial intelligence technology called Blackboard. Under the EMAT framework, a user can easily specify the control flow and data flow for any methodology in a declarative manner. Such a specification only needs to contain logical orders in which individual component programs will be executed (such as sequence, branching, or looping), and the input/output connections between the programs. EMAT will then dynamically interpret this specification into procedures that actually carry out the execution. In contrast to the conventional integration practices such as developing application specific scripts, EMAT provides a generic and high level means for integration, which improves hot only the efficiency of programing, but also the modularity, maintainability, and reusability of software. EMAT is currently being applied to the integration of multiple engine simulation programs to prototype complicated engineering methodologies for a wide range of applications within FORD.
A Concurrent Engineering System for Legal Reasoning About Defective Design
Authors: Sethi Achint , Fischer David A. , Butler Alley C. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Concurrent engineering is focused on improving the Product Realization Process by more effectively integrating manufacturing issues into engineering design. Expansion of the Concurrent Engineering paradigm to include a broader range of concerns is advocated, and this paper examines the integration of legal issues into the Product Realization Process. It describes a prototype legal expert system that focuses on product design based on defective design product liability law. The legal reasoning process is modeled using a fuzzy logic architecture. The goal for this prototype system is the development of a workstation based advisor to engineers that automates assessment of potential legal liability for defective design. As a Concurrent Engineering tool, this fuzzy system allows engineers to make modifications during preliminary design, thereby avoiding the more painful process of modifying designs after litigation. Results with this system are discussed, and it is concluded that the fuzzy logic architecture appears to offer a suitable approach.