bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Utilizing timestamps of longitudinal electronic health record data to classify clinical deterioration events
Authors: Fu Li-Heng , Knaplund Chris , Cato Kenrick , Perotte Adler , Kang Min-Jeoung , Dykes Patricia C , Albers David , Collins Rossetti Sarah 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo propose an algorithm that utilizes only timestamps of longitudinal electronic health record data to classify clinical deterioration events.Materials and methodsThis retrospective study explores the efficacy of machine learning algorithms in classifying clinical deterioration events among patients in intensive care units using sequences of timestamps of vital sign measurements, flowsheets comments, order entries, and nursing notes. We design a data pipeline to partition events into discrete, regular time bins that we refer to as timesteps. Logistic regressions, random forest classifiers, and recurrent neural networks are trained on datasets of different length of timesteps, respectively, against a composite outcome of death, cardiac arrest, and Rapid Response Team calls. Then these models are validated on a holdout dataset.ResultsA total of 6720 intensive care unit encounters meet the criteria and the final dataset includes 830 578 timestamps. The gated recurrent unit model utilizes timestamps of vital signs, order entries, flowsheet comments, and nursing notes to achieve the best performance on the time-to-outcome dataset, with an area under the precision-recall curve of 0.101 (0.06, 0.137), a sensitivity of 0.443, and a positive predictive value of 0. 092 at the threshold of 0.6.Discussion and ConclusionThis study demonstrates that our recurrent neural network models using only timestamps of longitudinal electronic health record data that reflect healthcare processes achieve well-performing discriminative power.
The influence of xylanase on the fermentability, digestibility, and physicochemical properties of insoluble corn-based fiber along the gastrointestinal tract of growing pigs
Authors: Petry Amy L , Huntley Nichole F , Bedford Michael R , Patience John F 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In theory, supplementing xylanase in corn-based swine diets should improve nutrient and energy digestibility and fiber fermentability, but its efficacy is inconsistent. The experimental objective was to investigate the impact of xylanase on energy and nutrient digestibility, digesta viscosity, and fermentation when pigs are fed a diet high in insoluble fiber (&gt;20% neutral detergent fiber; NDF) and given a 46-d dietary adaptation period. A total of 3 replicates of 20 growing gilts were blocked by initial body weight, individually housed, and assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments: a low-fiber control (LF) with 7.5% NDF, a 30% corn bran high-fiber control (HF; 21.9% NDF), HF + 100 mg xylanase/kg (HF + XY [Econase XT 25P; AB Vista, Marlborough, UK]) providing 16,000 birch xylan units/kg; and HF + 50 mg arabinoxylan-oligosaccharide (AXOS) product/kg (HF + AX [XOS 35A; Shandong Longlive Biotechnology, Shandong, China]) providing AXOS with 3–7 degrees of polymerization. Gilts were allowed ad libitum access to fed for 36-d. On d 36, pigs were housed in metabolism crates for a 10-d period, limit fed, and feces were collected. On d 46, pigs were euthanized and ileal, cecal, and colonic digesta were collected. Data were analyzed as a linear mixed model with block and replication as random effects, and treatment as a fixed effect. Compared with LF, HF reduced the apparent ileal digestibility (AID), apparent cecal digestibility (ACED), apparent colonic digestibility (ACOD), and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), NDF, and hemicellulose (P &lt; 0.01). Relative to HF, HF + XY improved the AID of GE, CP, and NDF (P &lt; 0.05), and improved the ACED, ACOD, and ATTD of DM, GE, CP, NDF, ADF, and hemicellulose (P &lt; 0.05). Among treatments, pigs fed HF had increased hindgut DM disappearance (P = 0.031). Relative to HF, HF + XY improved cecal disappearance of DM (162 vs. 98 g; P = 0.008) and NDF (44 vs. 13 g; P &lt; 0.01). Pigs fed xylanase had a greater proportion of acetate in cecal digesta and butyrate in colonic digesta among treatments (P &lt; 0.05). Compared with LF, HF increased ileal, cecal, and colonic viscosity, but HF + XY decreased ileal viscosity compared with HF (P &lt; 0.001). In conclusion, increased insoluble corn-based fiber decreases digestibility, reduces cecal fermentation, and increases digesta viscosity, but supplementing xylanase partially mitigated that effect.
Astacus multicavatus Bell, 1863 is a marine lobster (Decapoda: Erymoidea: Erymidae), not a freshwater crayfish
Authors: Devillez Julien , Kawai Tadashi , Audo Denis 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Crayfishes comprise a large and diverse group of freshwater lobster-like crustaceans. Despite being abundant in the recent, they are extremely rare in the fossil record. We revise a putative occurrence of Astacus multicavatusBell, 1863 from the marine Hauterivian of Speeton Clay (Speeton, United Kingdom), which was used a few years ago as a calibration fossil representing AstacusFabricius, 1775 for divergence time analyses. This species is actually a senior synonym to Eryma sulcatumHarbort, 1905. It so appears that Eryma multicavatum (Bell, 1863) comb. nov. is not a freshwater crayfish but a marine representative of Erymidae. Two co-occurring isolated chelae, also from the Speeton Clay, may correspond to larger, older specimens of E. multicavatum comb. nov.
Using logging while drilling resistivity imaging data to quantitatively evaluate fracture aperture based on numerical simulation
Authors: Kang Zhengming , Li Xin , Ni Weining , Li Fei , Hao Xiao long 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Fractured formations are strongly heterogenous, and thus exhibit a complex logging response mechanism. By using the logging while drilling (LWD) resistivity imaging tool, fractures can be visually identified and their aperture quantitatively calculated. Because physical fracture model simulation is time consuming and costly, we propose using a 3D finite element method (FEM) numerical simulation to interpret the LWD resistivity imaging tool logging responses in conjunction with a new aperture calculation model based on the forward model. First, we used the single fracture model to investigate the effect of fracture aperture and formation resistivity contrast on the maximum current contrast at the fracture. The results showed that the aperture is linearly related to the maximum current contrast, while the formation resistivity contrast exhibits a pronounced exponential relationship with the maximum current contrast. Both of these relationships are affected by the fracture's dip angle, so segmented fitting is required when the fracture dip angles differ. Next, using the forward model, we developed the fracture aperture calculation model based on the maximum current contrast. The aperture calculation model was established in three segments in accordance with the different fracture dips, and the influence factors affecting the fracture inverting inclination were analyzed using multi-fracture simulation images. Finally, the accuracy of the new model was verified with the simulated fracture images. The novel model for calculating fracture aperture is of great significance for processing and interpreting LWD resistivity imaging logging data.
Clinical benefits of vessel sealing system (LigaSure™) during surgery for soft tissue sarcoma: a propensity score matching analysis
Authors: Shimada Eijiro , Matsumoto Yoshihiro , Endo Makoto , Setsu Nokitaka , Fujiwara Toshifumi , Yahiro Kenichiro , Kimura Atsushi , Nakashima Yasuharu 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Background
Soft tissue sarcomas arise in the deep sites of the buttocks and lower extremities. Since a tourniquet is not applied during surgery for soft tissue sarcomas at such sites, excessive intraoperative blood loss may occur. Various devices, including LigaSure™ (Medtronic, Dublin, Ireland), are used as electrothermal bipolar vessel sealers. However, its clinical relevance in soft tissue sarcomas surgery remains unclear. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of LigaSure™ in soft tissue sarcomas surgery.

Methods
This study included 168 patients who underwent surgeries for soft tissue sarcomas in the deep sites in the buttocks and lower extremities between January 2004 and March 2018. The primary outcome was intraoperative blood loss, and secondary outcomes were surgery duration, wound complications, perioperative haemoglobin concentrations and intraoperative blood transfusion. To reduce selection biases, propensity score matching was applied. We defined the matched cases wherein LigaSure™ was used as the ‘using group’ and the other matched cases as the ‘non-using group’. Outcomes were compared between both groups.

Results
From each group, 35 cases were selected using propensity score matching. The intraoperative blood loss was significantly smaller statistically in the using group (181.5 ± 240.4 ml vs. 394.7 ± 547.3 ml, respectively; P = 0.041). The duration of operation was longer in the using group (189.9 ± 97.6 min vs. 140.6 ± 75.7 min, respectively; P = 0.007). There were no significant differences in other outcomes.

Conclusion
By using LigaSure™ for soft tissue sarcomas occurring in the buttocks and lower extremities, we observed a trade-off between reduced intraoperative blood loss and longer operative time.
Phenomenology of Illness and the Need for a More Comprehensive Approach: Lessons from a Discussion of Plato’sCharmides
Authors: Klausen Søren Harnow 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPhenomenology informs a number of contemporary attempts to give more weight to the lived experience of patients and overcome the limitations of a one-sidedly biomedical understanding of illness. Susan Bredlau has recently presented a reading of Plato’s dialogue Charmides, which portrays Socrates as a pioneer of the phenomenological approach to illness. I use a critical discussion of Bredlau’s interpretation of the Charmides to show that the phenomenology of illness also has its shortcomings and needs to be complemented by still other approaches. While Bredlau does make a number of highly apt and relevant suggestions as to how a narrow biomedical approach to illness may be corrected, some (but not all) of which are related to phenomenology, the attribution to Plato’s Socrates of a phenomenological approach is mistaken. Characteristically, Socrates shows little interest in the personal experience of a patient. He is more concerned with the patient’s lifestyle and conduct and so suggests an alternative or complementary perspective, stressing the importance of education and prevention to health care.
Expanding Criteria for Prognostic Stage IA in Hormone Receptor–Positive Breast Cancer
Authors: Kantor Olga , King Tari A , Shak Steven , Russell Christy A , Giuliano Armando E , Hortobagyi Gabriel N , Burstein Harold J , Winer Eric P , Dey Tanujit , Sparano Joseph A , Mittendorf Elizabeth A 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Background
The prognostic significance of patients with low-risk recurrence score (RS) results in the context of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) eighth edition pathologic prognostic staging has not been investigated. We evaluated if expanded RS criteria can be considered for downstaging in AJCC pathologic prognostic staging.

Methods
Using Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results data, we identified patients with T1-3N0-3M0 hormone receptor–positive, HER2-negative breast cancer treated from 2010 to 2015 with follow-up data through 2016. We evaluated TNM categories, grade, and RS result. The primary outcome measured was 5-year disease-specific survival (DSS) of patients with low-risk RS results not already pathologic prognostic stage IA, determined by T and N categories per AJCC eighth edition. All statistical tests were 2-sided.

Results
Of 154 050 patients with median follow-up of 49 months (range = 0-83), RS results were obtained in 60 886 (39.5%): RS was less than 11 in 13 570 (22.3%); 11-17 in 22 719 (37.3%); 18-25 in 16 521 (27.1%); and 26 or higher in 8076 (13.3%). Five-year DSS for pathologic prognostic stage IA patients (n = 114 910, 74.6%) was 98.8%. Among N0-1 patients with a RS less than 18 not staged as pathologic prognostic stage IA by current criteria, 5-year DSS was excellent and not statistically significantly different than for pathologic prognostic stage IA patients (97.2%-99.7%; P &gt; .05). For those with a RS of 18-25, there was a small decrease in DSS for T2N0 (2.3%) and modest decrease for T1-2N1 (4.2%-6.4%) compared with pathologic prognostic stage IA patients (P &lt; .001).

Conclusion
Patients with a RS less than 18 have excellent 5-year DSS regardless of T category for N0-1 disease suggesting further modification of the AJCC staging system using this cutoff.
Vegetation context modifies selection on flowering start and plant height in an orchid perennial herb
Authors: Wu Yun , Duan Xu-Yu , Liu Guang-Li , Xiang Yong , Shu Bo , Li Qing-Jun 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Aims
Identifying the potential role of vegetation context (defined as the density, species identity/diversity and height of co-occurring plants) in modifying selection on floral traits is a critical step for clarifying and predicting the floral evolutionary trajectory in complex co-flowering species competition environments. It is also helpful to understand the variation in pollinator-mediated selection.

Methods
We experimentally reduced vegetation height around individual plants of Spiranthes sinensis (a bumblebee-pollinated perennial orchid herb) and estimated how vegetation context modified selection on four floral traits (flowering start, plant height, corolla size and number of flowers) through female function and pollen removal over two continuous years. We randomly selected independent plants in each year.

Important Findings
We demonstrated that vegetation context modified selection for earlier flowering start and shorter plant height of S. sinensis. The strength of selection differed between years. In addition, selection was stronger through female function than through pollen removal. Our findings indicate the potential role of vegetation context in shaping the differentiation and diversification of flowers in angiosperms.
UK Central Banking and Financial Stability
Authors: Morton Guy , Marsh Andrew 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter talks about the Bank of England as the UK's central bank, which was established in 1694 by a Charter granted by King William III and Queen Mary II under the authority of an Act of Parliament. It explains the principal object of the Act in creating the Bank as a vehicle for raising money for the government. It also discusses how the Bank was closely associated with the raising and management of the national debt since its inception, which is a function that the Bank retained until the creation of the UK Debt Management Office (DMO) in 1998. This chapter highlights how the Bank raised money by issuing of banknotes, which became widely used as a convenient means of making large—value payments. It points out that the Bank of England notes were not formally legal tender until 1833.
The Architecture of International Financial Regulation
Authors: Hüpkes Eva 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the term “international financial architecture”, which is of fairly recent origin and has been used only occasionally prior to the Asian crisis. It explains how international financial architecture provides a somewhat misleading impression of the nature of the process by which the institutions and policies that shape the global financial system came into being. It also describes international financial architecture as more of the outcome of an evolutionary process than the product of intelligent design. This chapter highlights changes in the international financial and monetary systems and in the arrangements for providing meaningful and cohesive oversight in response to changes in the world economy and in the political environment. It also analyses the development of a body of normative texts referred to as international financial regulation.
Global Custody
Authors: Yates Madeleine 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter draws attention to the service of custody, which in the context of the financial markets, is generally understood as an arrangement in which one entity agrees to hold securities on behalf of a custody client. It reviews the intention of custody, which is for the custody client to remain the owner of the securities and that the securities remain on the custody client's balance sheet. It also describes the service of custody in the matter of English law, in which securities may be held by a custodian as bailee or trustee and will not be available to creditors of the custodian. This chapter talks about the custody aspect of the services provided by Clearstream and Euroclear that falls under the Luxembourg law and Belgian law, respectively. It also mentions the escrow arrangement, in which the escrow agent may hold securities on behalf of one or both parties to the escrow agreement.
US Equity Market Structure
Authors: Pittman Edward L , Kramer Howard L 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the laws applicable to the markets and regulated market participants in the US. It recounts how US securities markets have evolved significantly over time due to advancements in technology and intervening efforts by lawmakers and securities regulators. It also notes the current US system of securities regulation, which was formulated in the early 1930s by the US Congress in an attempt to restore confidence in the financial system following a market collapse, bank failures, and widespread scandals. This chapter looks at the laws that directly affect the day—to—day operations of securities exchanges and equity markets in the US and are enforced by the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). It also mentions the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (Exchange Act) as the principal law that governs the US equity markets.
Hong Kong Markets and Exchanges
Authors: Arner Douglas W , Gibson Evan C , Hsu Berry F C 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes the main elements of the current financial sector activity in Hong Kong and the conditions under which they function. It highlights Hong Kong's financial markets and economy that have suffered an economic downturn following the 2019 protests and sustained by the Covid—19 pandemic. It also mentions how Hong Kong implements the principal standards and reforms adopted at the international level, particularly in relation to the resolution of Global Systemically Important Financial Institutions (G—SIFIs). This chapter provides an overview of the monetary, banking, equity, debt, insurance, and derivatives markets in Hong Kong. It talks about Hong Kong's de facto constitution, the Basic Law, which aids the economy in maintaining its capitalist system for fifty years from 1 July 1997.
Australia
Authors: Marshall Brooke 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter analyses the common law choice-of-law rules that determine the law applicable to international and intra-national commercial contracts in Australia. It compares those rules with the Hague Principles and evaluates the extent to which the Principles offer an improvement. The chapter demonstrates that Australia’s core choice-of-law rule for contract, which gives effect to the parties’ choices, is well-established. However, its ‘modal choice of law rules’ and rules that determine the scope of application of the chosen law are incomplete and, in several respects, ambiguous. Adoption of the Principles’ approach to assignment and renvoi, in particular, would redress significant uncertainties in the current law. The Australian Commonwealth government’s 2016 proposal to implement the Principles, via legislation, has since stagnated. It follows that incremental judicial development of the common law, by reference to some of the Principles’ solutions, is the most realistic prospect in the medium term.
Nova LMC 2009a as observed with XMM–Newton, compared with other novae
Authors: Orio Marina , Dobrotka Andrej , Pinto Ciro , Henze Martin , Ness Jan-Uwe , Ospina Nataly , Pei Songpeng , Behar Ehud , Bode Michael F , Her Sou , Hernanz Margarita , Sala Gloria 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
We examine four high-resolution reflection grating spectrometers (RGS) spectra of the February 2009 outburst of the luminous recurrent nova LMC 2009a. They were very complex and rich in intricate absorption and emission features. The continuum was consistent with a dominant component originating in the atmosphere of a shell burning white dwarf (WD) with peak effective temperature between 810 000 K and a million K, and mass in the 1.2–1.4 M⊙ range. A moderate blue shift of the absorption features of a few hundred km s−1 can be explained with a residual nova wind depleting the WD surface at a rate of about 10−8 M⊙ yr−1. The emission spectrum seems to be due to both photoionization and shock ionization in the ejecta. The supersoft X-ray flux was irregularly variable on time-scales of hours, with decreasing amplitude of the variability. We find that both the period and the amplitude of another, already known 33.3-s modulation varied within time-scales of hours. We compared N LMC 2009a with other Magellanic Clouds novae, including four serendipitously discovered as supersoft X-ray sources (SSS) among 13 observed within 16 yr after the eruption. The new detected targets were much less luminous than expected: we suggest that they were partially obscured by the accretion disc. Lack of SSS detections in the Magellanic Clouds novae more than 5.5 yr after the eruption constrains the average duration of the nuclear burning phase.
Rovibrationally resolved direct photodissociation of MgO
Authors: Bai Tianrui , Qin Zhi , Liu Linhua 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTThe photodissociation process of magnesium oxide (MgO) may be a main source of the magnesium atom in planetary exospheres due to the impact events on planets. In this work, we calculated the state-resolved cross-sections of the photodissociation of MgO for the transitions from the full range of rovibrational levels of the X1Σ+ and a3Π states, where the photon wavelength ranged from 50 to 5000 nm. The applications of the state-resolved cross-sections to the local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) conditions were also investigated for the temperatures ranging from 500 to 10 000 K. Based on the calculated LTE cross-sections, the photodissociation rates in the interstellar, solar, and blackbody radiation fields were obtained as well. The rates in all studied radiation fields increase with the temperature increasing and are dominated by the e3Σ− ← a3Π and F1Π ← X1Σ+ transitions. The knowledge of the photodissociation cross-sections and rates of MgO plays a key role in the investigations of the chemical behaviour of the alkaline-earth element Mg in planetary exospheres, atmospheres of cool stars, and envelopes of evolved stars.