bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Repeating caldera collapse events constrain fault friction at the kilometer scale
Authors: Segall Paul , Anderson Kyle 
Published: July 2021

Significance
Earthquake physics require understanding how the frictional resistance on faults varies leading up to and during seismic slip. Laboratory rock friction experiments have led to widely used friction laws that depend on sliding rate and slip history. However, these experiments are restricted to samples vastly smaller than natural faults. Highly repeatable, and exceptionally well instrumented, caldera collapse events at Kīlauea volcano can be treated as kilometer-scale rock friction experiments and entirely validate laboratory experiments. Caldera collapse is caused by rapid draining of magma from a shallow crustal reservoir. Collapse transfers weight to the underlying magma reservoir, thereby sustaining the eruption. Our results permit more accurate understanding of conditions leading to caldera collapse and high-rate basaltic eruptions.
Metastability and discrete spectrum of long-range systems
Authors: Defenu Nicolò 
Published: July 2021

Significance
The linear dynamics of closed quantum systems produce well-known difficulties in the definition of quantum chaos. This leads to several issues in the theoretical justification of the equilibration and thermalization dynamics observed in closed experimental systems. In the case of large harmonic baths these issues are partially resolved due to the continuous nature of the spectrum, which produces divergent Poincaré recurrence times. As is shown in the following, such a scenario does not apply to long-range interacting models, whose spectrum remains discrete up to the thermodynamic limit, in contradiction with the textbook description of infinitely extended systems.
Notch–Jagged signaling complex defined by an interaction mosaic
Authors: Zeronian Matthieu R. , Klykov Oleg , Portell i de Montserrat Júlia , Konijnenberg Maria J. , Gaur Anamika , Scheltema Richard A. , Janssen Bert J. C. 
Published: July 2021

SignificanceCommunication between cells is essential for the development and homeostasis of tissues and prevents diseases, including cancers. The Notch and Jagged transmembrane proteins interact to regulate cell–cell communication in all multicellular animals. Defining their interactions is critical to understand Notch-associated disorders. While structural studies have focused on short regions of both proteins, it is unclear how their entire extracellular domains collectively engage to activate signaling. Here, we identify several unreported, interacting regions in the Notch1–Jagged1 full extracellular complex. We show that Notch1 and Jagged1 ectodomains are not fully extended and reveal that activation-determining regions, previously thought to be distal, engage directly. This interaction network redefines our knowledge on Notch activation and provides avenues for therapeutic advances.
Three mutations repurpose a plant karrikin receptor to a strigolactone receptor
Authors: Arellano-Saab Amir , Bunsick Michael , Al Galib Hasan , Zhao Wenda , Schuetz Stefan , Bradley James Michael , Xu Zhenhua , Adityani Claresta , Subha Asrinus , McKay Hayley , de Saint Germain Alexandre , Boyer François-Didier , McErlean Christopher S. P. , Toh Shigeo , McCourt Peter , Stogios Peter J. , Lumba Shelley 
Published: July 2021

Significance
Parasitic plants like witchweed cause huge losses in crop yield in Africa. A key part to the success of witchweed is to start its life cycle upon sensing small molecules called strigolactones, which are exuded from roots of host plants into the soil. Witchweed sense host-derived strigolactones through receptors called HTLs. It is thought that the evolutionary origin of HTLs is a receptor called KAI2 in nonparasitic plants, which can respond to different small molecules such as karrikins. By making three changes in the protein sequence of KAI2, this hybrid receptor can now sense both strigolactones and karrikins. These results help in understanding how receptors can evolve to sense different signals and can lead to solutions for combating pesky witchweed.
Flowering in bursting bubbles with viscoelastic interfaces
Authors: Tammaro Daniele , Chandran Suja Vinny , Kannan Aadithya , Gala Luigi Davide , Di Maio Ernesto , Fuller Gerald G. , Maffettone Pier Luca 
Published: July 2021

Significance
The bursting bubbles are central in many natural and engineering processes because they influence the heat, mass, and momentum transfer; for example, fragmentation and cell death are influenced by the mechanical stresses produced by the hydrodynamic flows caused by the fast and frequent bubble bursting on viscoelastic surfaces in bioreactors. We investigate the bursting bubbles with viscoelastic interfaces and demonstrate that the interfacial viscoelasticity changes the bubble rupture mode. We present the characteristics of the bubble rupture mode that produces flower-shape bubble bursting and a validated modeling that can predict the number of petals formed during the rupture. This work presents insights for understanding and controlling the bursting bubbles with viscoelastic interfaces with both fundamental and practical implications.
Evolutionary dynamics of Indo-European alignment patterns
Authors: Carling Gerd , Cathcart Chundra 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This paper employs phylogenetic modeling to reconstruct the alignment system of Indo-European. We use a data set of
categorical morphosyntactic features, which take states such as ‘nominative-accusative’, ‘active-stative’, or ‘ergative’. We analyze these
characters with a standard Bayesian comparative phylogenetic method, inferring transition rates between character states on the basis of a
phylogenetic representation of the languages in the data. Using these rates, we then reconstruct the probability of presence of traits at
the root and nodes of Indo-European. We find that the most probable alignment system for Proto-Indo-European is a nominative-accusative
system, with low probabilities of neutral marking and ergativity in the categories lower in grammatical hierarchies (nouns, past). Using a
test of phylogenetic signal, we find that characters pertaining to categories higher in hierarchies show greater phylogenetic stability than
categories lower in hierarchies. We examine our results in relation to theories of Proto-Indo-European alignment as well as to general
typology.
Problematising characteristicness
Authors: Prentice Sheryl , Knight Jo , Rayson Paul , Haj Mahmoud El , Rutherford Nathan 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Keyness is a commonly used method in corpus linguistics and is assumed to identify key items that are characteristic of 1 corpus when compared to another. This paper puts this assumption to the test by comparing case study corpora in the fields of genetic, immunological and psychiatric biomedical association studies, using what we refer to as a ‘K-FLUX’ analysis to produce a set of key items. Experts from within these fields are asked to evaluate the extent to which identified key items are characteristic of their discipline. The paper concludes that less than 50% of the items identified by the method are rated as highly characteristic by experts and that this ranges between types of association study. Further, there is difficulty in reaching a consensus over what is deemed to be ‘characteristic’, thus posing a challenge to the ultimate aim of the keyness method. The paper demonstrates the value of supporting corpus linguistic studies with expert assessments to evaluate whether (and which) items can be said to be indicative of a particular field.
Apuntes sobre la expresión del neutro en español
Authors: Zulaica Hernández Iker 
Published: July 2021

Resumen
Por su naturaleza intrínsecamente compleja a nivel semántico y formal dentro del sistema de género gramatical, la
enseñanza del neutro generalmente se restringe a la exposición, un tanto marginal, de los usos referenciales más básicos de las
formas neutras. La realidad es que los elementos neutros del español son frecuentes en todos los registros, se presentan en
estructuras sintácticas diversas y presentan usos menos conocidos, pero igualmente importantes a nivel comunicativo. Este trabajo
tiene como objetivo ofrecer una visión exhaustiva sobre la expresión del neutro en español y presentar su riqueza referencial y
distribucional. Además de presentar exhaustivamente sus posibilidades referenciales y distribucionales más conocidas, se presentan
también otros usos y construcciones menos conocidos, pero igualmente frecuentes en la lengua coloquial. Asimismo se analizan
varias extensiones de significado y funcionales que incluyen formas neutras.
Bioelectrical impedance analysis as a means of quantifying upper and lower limb asymmetry in youth elite tennis players: An explorative study
Authors: D'Hondt Joachim , Chapelle Laurent , Droogenbroeck Linde Van , Aerenhouts Dirk , Clarys Peter , D'Hondt Eva 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACTThis study aimed to examine side‐to‐side differences in phase angle (PhA) in both upper and lower limbs of youth elite tennis players. Among other outcomes, PhA was directly determined using segmental multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) in 26 tennis players (11.6 ± 1.1 years, 54% boys) and compared against a sex‐ and age‐matched reference population. Significant upper limb asymmetry in PhA (p < 0.001), with a higher value on the dominant side of the body, was observed in the tennis players. At lower limb level, the tennis players showed a tendency towards a significantly higher PhA in the contralateral compared to the ipsilateral limb (p = 0.089). Using vector analysis (BIVA), a significant degree of PhA asymmetry (p = 0.002) was only reflected in the tennis players’ upper limb. Additional segmental outcomes also demonstrated a significant degree of upper limb asymmetry in terms of tennis players’ lean mass (p < 0.001), total segmental water (p < 0.001), fat mass (p < 0.001), extracellular water (p < 0.001) and extracellular water ratio (p < 0.001), whereas lower limb asymmetry was only observed in tennis players’ fat mass (p = 0.037) and extracellular water (p = 0.001). This is the first study to report significantly more pronounced BIA‐based side‐to‐side differences in youth elite tennis players compared to a non‐athletic reference population at the upper limb level, whereas no significant between‐group differences in the lower limbs were found. This explorative study should trigger future research to further scrutinize the role of BI(V)A as a promising field‐method in monitoring bodily asymmetries in youth elite tennis players in view of sport performance and athletic health.Highlights
Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis is a promising field‐method to monitor side‐to‐side asymmetry in youth elite tennis players.
Youth elite tennis players displayed a more pronounced degree of BIA‐based side‐to‐side differences compared to a non‐athletic reference population at the upper limb level, whereas whilst between‐group differences appeared to be less evident in the lower limbs.
Future research is warranted to scrutinize whether and to what extent these degrees of segmental bodily asymmetry may be related to injury risk (prevention) and athletic development of (pre)adolescent tennis players.
Estimating the modulating effect of lung tissue in particle therapy using a clinical CT voxel histogram analysis
Authors: Flatten Veronika , Michael Burg Jan , Witt Matthias , Derksen Larissa , Fragoso Costa Pedro , Wulff Jörg , Bäumer Christian , Timmermann Beate , Weber Uli , Vorwerk Hilke , Engenhart-Cabillic Rita , Zink Klemens , Baumann Kilian-Simon 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
To treat lung tumours with particle therapy, different additional tasks and challenges in treatment planning and application have to be addressed thoroughly. One of these tasks is the quantification and consideration of the Bragg peak (BP) degradation due to lung tissue: as lung is an heterogeneous tissue, the BP is broadened when particles traverse the microscopic alveoli. These are not fully resolved in clinical CT images and thus, the effect is not considered in the dose calculation. In this work, a correlation between the CT histograms of heterogeneous material and the impact on the BP curve is presented. Different inorganic materials were scanned with a conventional CT scanner and additionally, the BP degradation was measured in a proton beam and was then quantified. A model is proposed that allows an estimation of the modulation power by performing a histogram analysis on the CT scan. To validate the model for organic samples, a second measurement series was performed with frozen porcine lunge samples. This allows to investigate the possible limits of the proposed model in a set-up closer to clinical conditions. For lung substitutes, the agreement between model and measurement is within ±0.05 mm and for the organic lung samples, within ±0.15 mm. This work presents a novel, simple and efficient method to estimate if and how much a material or a distinct region (within the lung) is degrading the BP on the basis of a common clinical CT image. Up until now, only a direct in-beam measurement of the region or material of interest could answer this question.
Local and global stimuli in reinforcement learning
Authors: Jia Danyang , Guo Hao , Song Zhao , Shi Lei , Deng Xinyang , Perc Matjaž , Wang Zhen 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In efforts to resolve social dilemmas, reinforcement learning is an alternative to imitation and exploration in evolutionary game theory. While imitation and exploration rely on the performance of neighbors, in reinforcement learning individuals alter their strategies based on their own performance in the past. For example, according to the Bush–Mosteller model of reinforcement learning, an individual’s strategy choice is driven by whether the received payoff satisfies a preset aspiration or not. Stimuli also play a key role in reinforcement learning in that they can determine whether a strategy should be kept or not. Here we use the Monte Carlo method to study pattern formation and phase transitions towards cooperation in social dilemmas that are driven by reinforcement learning. We distinguish local and global players according to the source of the stimulus they experience. While global players receive their stimuli from the whole neighborhood, local players focus solely on individual performance. We show that global players play a decisive role in ensuring cooperation, while local players fail in this regard, although both types of players show properties of ‘moody cooperators’. In particular, global players evoke stronger conditional cooperation in their neighborhoods based on direct reciprocity, which is rooted in the emerging spatial patterns and stronger interfaces around cooperative clusters.
Spherical Fuzzy Labelling Graphs
Authors: Chellamani P , Ajay D 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Fuzzy graphs are a mathematical representation of networks and real-life problems. The spherical fuzzy model is a more versatile model that picture. In order to deal with the real-life problems, the bounded constraints have been relaxed and thus spherical fuzzy graph was introduced. In this research article, the main objective is to introduce the idea of spherical fuzzy labelling of graphs and the concepts of strong arc, partial cut node, bridge of spherical fuzzy labelling graphs, spherical fuzzy labelling tree and cycle along with their properties and results.
The Physical Time in Positive Direction is Associated with Matters only Whereas the Physical Time in Negative Direction is Associated with Anti – Matters
Authors: Debnath Prasenjit 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The physical time reverses its direction when switched to either side of the speed of light. The physical time is a scalar quantity at the speed of light. The physical time is just a number at the speed of light. Thus, no evolution (changes in matters) occurs at the speed of light. It is as if time is stagnant without any change at the speed of light. But time is a vector quantity below or above the speed of light. The time is a forward (say positive) vector for matters as the speed of matters is always below the speed of light. The time is a reverse (say negative) vector for anti – matters as the speed of anti – matters is always above the speed of light. A forward vector or positive vector means the physical time flows from past to present to future. And the physical time is a reverse vector or negative vector means the physical time flows from future to present to past. Both the forward vector and reverse vector are separated by the Time Constant or Temporal Gap (a scalar quantity of time which is a number just at the speed of light). Because of the Time Constant we never meet our anti – selves. We are separated permanently by the Temporal Gap. The same analysis can be explained in terms of gravity. Gravity is attractive, thus all matters clumps together in a particular place which is our Universe. Because the gravity between matters and anti – matters is repulsive, matters and anti – matters permanently secluded to form another Universe for anti – selves. Thus, parallel Universes do exist. And anti – gravity is attractive too (the gravity between two anti – matters).
Estimation of Soil Erosion using RUSLE Method in Tiruvallur District
Authors: Saran Kumar P. , Needhidasan S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) these technologies are used for various purposes and natural resources. GIS and RS are pixel based and are used as a spatial modeling method to forecast erosion. RUSLE is one of the methods developed to estimate the erosion. RUSLE is the tool used to forecast erosion from five parameters. This study will give you that how much soil erosion happening in Tiruvallur district. By using the Geo informatics techniques, we can be able to find out the soil erosion in an easy way and by using the data like LIS III satellite images and LANDSAT imagery data by using this we can able to predict the soil erosion in Tiruvallur district.
Cybersecurity in the Quantum Era-A Study of Perceived Risks in Conventional Cryptography and Discussion on Post Quantum Methods
Authors: Vaishnavi Anshika , Pillai Samaya 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Information security in communication networks is a persistent problem and essentially requires the usage of encryption methods. Quantum computing was first used to break encryption codes in the latter half of the 20th century with the introduction of the SHOR algorithm. Though the recent developments in QC capabilities have increased confidentiality, integrity, and availability of networks by protecting them against passive attacks like eavesdropping yet the transformation of classical to quantum computation can bear catastrophic implications as it has the potential to put the currently secure methods of transactions in jeopardy. This paper aims at the evaluation and comparison of traditional cryptographic techniques by the application of a SWOT framework. It takes up an exploratory study of the advanced quantum computing capabilities that can pose a massive risk to network security. The various security enhancements that can be adopted in data transmission to curtail these risks post-quantum are also discussed.
Blockchain and GDPR – A Study on Compatibility Issues of the Distributed Ledger Technology with GDPR Data Processing
Authors: Suripeddi Mani Karthik Suhas , Purandare Pradnya 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This research work aims to investigate Blockchain technology and GDPR compliance studies. This will analyze the data privacy perspective with respect to distributed ledger technology. Blockchain has become one of the most frequently discussed technologies for its ability to allow for peer-to-peer transactions without a centralized intermediary. The GDPR was implemented in May 2018 for EU member states to maintain data privacy. DLT, the underlying technology of blockchain as is a decentralized system without any monetary authority. This research conducted a thorough literature review on prior conducted research to investigate the problems and determine the gaps of GDPR compliance with blockchain technologies and discuss the technical, use-case designs or solutions that make blockchain more compliant GDPR in terms of privacy. This systematic literature review addresses the gaps, feasibility, efficiency, and data privacy issues on compatibility problems that are primarily concerned with how a distributed ledger technology system in which recorded data or transaction cannot be changed or erased is challenging the GDPR data subject access rights (DSAR), where every data subject’s personal data which is compliant to GDPR has a right to exercise their Rights to rectify, delete or limit the processing of your personal data at any time if necessary.
Secure B-IoT Based Smart Agriculture– A Brief Review
Authors: Raveena S , Shirly Edward A 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The future world is moving towards creating innovative technology where intelligent Smart lifestyles are created in homes, smart farming in the agriculture sector, and smart cities. The IoT is one of the world’s most famous inventions in the decade. Life is made comfortable by IoT by connecting devices and generating more than billions of data. However, a major concern in IoT is data security as it handles a large number of complex data. A security issue in IoT devices is a major concern. Blockchain IoT is a possible protection option. Blockchain IoT technology is used for enhancing protection in agriculture. The key focus is to resolve various phases of the farm supply chain by developing procedures. This paper discusses the security issues in IoT and how it overcomes by integrating IoT with Blockchain. Further, the discussion involves the application of IoT blockchain security in Precision farming.
Developing an Effective Graph Based Block Chain Framework
Authors: Ravi Prasad B , Saurav Swapnil , Sangeerani Devi A , Loganathan Venkateshwaran 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Blockchain’s decentralized characteristic is recognized as a potential technology to deliver secure and safe resources. However, the existing blockchain networks cannot fulfil the transaction given the limited bandwidth for practical application demand. In this article, the cubic design of the conventional public blockchain is strengthened with the Directed Graph Probabilistic model. In the current structure, blocks of the lightweight structure are ordered in grades and width. We develop protocols to position newly created blocks in order to make them more effective and secure. It increases confidentiality and time for authentication of transactions in contrast with standard blockchain protocols and enjoys the accuracy and liveliness of blockchain. This paper introduces two potential methods for targeting opposition parties and we also show that the procedure against them is safe and stable. Experiments will generate three hundred inputs every second that is 64 times the output of Bitcoin’s transaction. This time Bitcoin’s production will hit 27 times its Ethereum’s.
An Improved Scheduling Algorithm for Cognitive Radio Networks under Different Traffic Patterns
Authors: Shyamala Bharathi P 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In this paper we propose a spectrum sharing scheduling algorithm for an infrastructure based cognitive radio network. The problem is formulated to allocate channel to the secondary user (SU) based on the idle frequency band, distance, power, bit error rate and SINR. Two scheduling algorithms namely tournament scheduling (TMS) and optimized back–tracking scheduling (OBS) has been developed for the scenario where few primary and many secondary exist in a typical cognitive radio environment. The OBS and TMS algorithm has been implemented and simulated under different traffic patterns namely, Poisson and Pareto over constant bit rate (CBR), variable bit rate (VBR) and best effort services. The simulation result shows a considerable reduction in execution time for the OBS method under varying traffic load.