bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discontent with democracy in Latin America
Authors: Segovia Joselin , Pontarollo Nicola , Orellana Mercy 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSatisfaction with democracy registered its lowest global score in 2019, with Latin America being the worst-performing region and the most seized by social protest. This paper briefly surveys and assesses the main narratives that attempt to explain the causes of this discontent in the region. The results show that discontent has different roots, which are mostly explained from an individual point of view rather than from a contextual one. Inequality of opportunity and institutional weaknesses play the main role. Considering the COVID-19 social and economic crisis, our results shed light on the key elements to address whether discontent is to be contained.
Oncological results and morbidity following intended curative resection and free jejunal graft reconstruction of cervical esophageal cancer: a retrospective Danish consecutive cohort study
Authors: Erichsen Sune Brinck , Slater Josefine , Kiil Birgitte Jul , Petersen Torben Ingemann , Katballe Niels , Nielsen Mette Bak , Pikelis Arunas , Nordsmark Marianne , Kjaer Daniel 
Published: July 2021

Summary

Background
The role of surgery in treatment of locally advanced cervical esophageal cancer (CEC) remains debated. In the European and American treatment guidelines, definitive chemoradiotherapy (dCRT) is preferred over surgery, while in the Danish guidelines, the two treatment modalities are equally recommended. Surgical treatment of CEC is centralized at our center in Denmark. We present our outcomes following neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) when possible and resection as first-line therapy for CEC and compare with recent published dCRT results.

Method
We retrospectively reviewed the medical charts of patients treated for cervical esophageal cancer at Aarhus University Hospital from 2001–2018 with nCRT when possible and pharyngolaryngectomy followed by reconstruction with a free jejunal graft.

Results
Forty consecutive patients were included. About, 45% received nCRT. The median survival was 21 months. The overall, disease-specific and disease-free 5-year survival was 43.6%, 53.2%, and 47.4%, respectively. The rate of microscopically radical resection was 85%. The recurrence rate was 47% and 81% of recurrences were locoregional. The in-hospital and 30-day mortality rate was 0%. Major complications occurred in 27.9%. Anastomotic leakage, graft failure, fistulas and strictures occurred in 10%, 7.5%, 30%, and 30%, respectively.

Conclusion
Our treatment offers equal oncological results compared to the best internationally published results for dCRT for CEC. Results vary considerably between dCRT studies. Morbidity appears more pronounced following surgery. Future studies are warranted to investigate the Danish national outcomes following dCRT as first-line treatment for curable locally advanced CEC.
Inhibition of Botrytis cinerea and control of gray mold on table grapes by calcium propionate
Authors: Sun Chenxu , Zhu Chuanxi , Tang Ying , Ren Dandan , Cai Yunfei , Zhou Ganghan , Wang Yiwen , Xu Ling , Zhu Pinkuan 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Objectives
The gray mold fungus Botrytis cinerea (B. cinerea) infects a wide range of crops before and after harvest, causing huge losses worldwide. Inhibition mechanisms of B. cinerea in vitro and in plants by calcium propionate (CP), generally recognized as a safe substance, are described in this study.

Materials and methods
Wild-type and transgenic mutant strains of B. cinerea were used in the study to evaluate the effects of CP on fungal growth and development in vitro. Plant materials including tomato leaves and table grapes were tested for controlling efficiency of CP against gray mold deterioration in vivo.

Results
Mycelial growth of B. cinerea was inhibited by CP in a dose-dependent manner with occasional disruption of hyphal tips, causing cellular collapse and efflux of cell contents. Staining with fluorescein diacetate and propidium iodide indicated that CP decreased fungal cell viability. Inhibition efficiency of CP against B. cinerea was enhanced by reducing pH. In contrast, the vel1 mutant, which exhibited deficiency in acid production, was more resistant to CP, suggesting that inhibition of B. cinerea by CP is enhanced by the acidification ability of the fungus itself. Additionally, CP inhibited infection cushion development by germlings of B. cinerea. Infection assays with tomato leaves and table grapes showed that CP inhibited decay development in both host tissues. Moreover, application of CP on grapes 3 days prior to harvest could contribute to management of deterioration caused by spontaneous fungal diseases during storage.

Conclusion
CP can suppress hyphal growth, inhibit infection cushion development, and reduce the virulence of B. cinerea. CP is thus promising for practical management of gray mold in fruit crops and merits further evaluation.
PromethION Sequencing and Assembly of the Genome of Micropoecilia picta, a Fish with a Highly Degenerated Y Chromosome
Authors: Charlesworth Deborah , Graham Chay , Trivedi Urmi , Gardner Jim , Bergero Roberta 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
We here describe sequencing and assembly of both the autosomes and the sex chromosome in Micropoecilia picta, the closest related species to the guppy, Poecilia reticulata. Poecilia (Micropoecilia) picta is a close outgroup for studying the guppy, an important organism for studies in evolutionary ecology and in sex chromosome evolution. The guppy XY pair (LG12) has long been studied as a test case for the importance of sexually antagonistic variants in selection for suppressed recombination between Y and X chromosomes. The guppy Y chromosome is not degenerated, but appears to carry functional copies of all genes that are present on its X counterpart. The X chromosomes of M. picta (and its relative Micropoecilia parae) are homologous to the guppy XY pair, but their Y chromosomes are highly degenerated, and no genes can be identified in the fully Y-linked region. A complete genome sequence of a M. picta male may therefore contribute to understanding how the guppy Y evolved. These fish species’ genomes are estimated to be about 750 Mb, with high densities of repetitive sequences, suggesting that long-read sequencing is needed. We evaluated several assembly approaches, and used our results to investigate the extent of Y chromosome degeneration in this species.
Longitudinal Comparison of Stability and Sensitivity in Quality of Life Scores Among Nursing Home Residents With and Without Diagnoses of Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias
Authors: Qin Xuanzi , Baker Zachary G , Jarosek Stephanie , Woodhouse Mark , Chu Haitao , McCarthy Teresa , Shippee Tetyana P 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background and Objectives
Prevalence of nursing home residents with Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD) has increased along with a growing consensus that person-centered ADRD care in nursing homes should maximize quality of life (QoL). However, concerns about whether residents with ADRD can make appropriate QoL judgments persist. This study assesses the stability and sensitivity of a self-reported, multidomain well-being QoL measure for nursing home residents with and without ADRD.

Research Design and Methods
This study linked the 2012–2015 Minnesota Nursing Home Resident QoL and Satisfaction with Care Survey, Minimum Data Set 3.0 (nursing home assessments), and Minnesota Department of Human Services Cost Reports. The QoL survey included cohort–resident pairs who participated for 2 consecutive years (N = 12 949; 8 803 unique residents from 2012–2013, 2013–2014, and 2014–2015 cohorts). Change in QoL between 2 years was conceptualized as stable when within 1.5 SD of the sample average. We used linear probability models to estimate associations of ADRD/Cognitive Function Scale status with the stability of QoL summary and domain scores (eg, social engagement) and the absolute change in QoL summary score, controlling for resident and facility characteristics.

Results
Most (86.82%) residents had stable QoL summary scores. Residents with moderate to severe cognitive impairment, irrespective of ADRD, were less likely to have stable summary scores than cognitively capable residents without ADRD (p &lt; .001), but associations varied by QoL domains. Among those with stable summary QoL scores, changes in health/functional status were associated with absolute changes in summary QoL score (p &lt; .001), suggesting sensitivity of the QoL measure.

Discussion and Implications
QoL scores were similarly stable over time for most residents with and without ADRD diagnoses and were sensitive to changes in health/functional status. This self-reported QoL measure may be appropriate for nursing home residents, regardless of ADRD diagnosis, and can efficaciously be recommended to other states.
Beyond Memorization: Exercises that Help Students Forge, Remember, and Apply their Knowledge
Authors: Hiebert Sara M 
Published: July 2021

SynopsisThis personal retrospective describes what I consider to be the two most important learning practices in my classroom: A form of interactive engagement that I call collaborative exercises and general principles exercises. The power of interactive engagement had already been described and evaluated in the pedagogical literature of the physical sciences, but was not yet used widely in biology when I began teaching. Here, I discuss practical suggestions for implementing IE successfully and strategies for inviting students to try a new way of learning. General principles are everywhere we look—in lectures, titles of textbooks, and in our own minds as we process new information. Many of our students, however, are only marginally familiar with how general principles can revolutionize the way they learn, remember information, and solve novel context problems. The general principles exercise stimulates students not only to engage actively with received general principles from lecture, reading, and other sources, but also to develop the transferable skill of discovering (not just being told about) the patterns that permeate the natural world and our study of it.
DoE-Based Analytical-FMCEA for Enhanced AQbD Approach to MEER-RP-HPLC Method for Synchronous Estimation of 15 Anti-Hypertensive Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms
Authors: Prajapati Pintu B , Patel Ankita S , Shah Shailesh A 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
In the recent scenario of green chemistry, the usage of organic solvents should be minimized in the development of analytical methods for the safety of the environment and analysts.

Objective
An RP-HPLC method has been developed as an economical and eco-friendly alternative to published RP-HPLC methods for the analysis of fixed-dose combinations (FDCs) of anti-hypertensive drugs, for saving time, resources, costs, and organic solvent.

Methods
The method has been developed through the implementation of an enhanced analytical quality by design (AQbD) approach using a design of experiment (DoE)-based analytical failure mode critical effect analysis (AFMCEA). The AFMCEA was performed by identifying potential analytical failure modes and assessing their risk using risk priority number ranking and filtering. The DoE-based AFMCEA was implemented for response surface analysis and mitigation of high-risk analytical failure modes by Box-Behnken design (BBD). The method operable design ranges and control strategy were set for lifecycle management of the developed method.

Results
The RP-HPLC method was developed using a Shimpack octadecyl silane (ODS) C18 column and acetonitrile–water (pH 6.2; 42:58 %, v/v). The method was validated as per ICH Q2 (R1) guidelines. The method was applied for the synchronous assay of 15 FDCs of anti-hypertensive drugs.

Conclusion
The developed method has fulfilled the requirements of numerous published RP-HPLC and HPTLC methods. Hence, this method is a multipurpose chromatography method for synchronous estimation of FDC products of anti-hypertensive drugs. This method can be used as a multipurpose (M), economical (E), eco-friendly (E), and rapid (R), MEER-RP-HPLC for quality control of multiple FDCs of anti-hypertensive drugs in the pharmaceutical industry.

Highlights
Development of a MEER-RP-HPLC method for synchronous estimation of 15 pharmaceutical dosage forms of anti-hypertensive drugs. Implementation of an enhanced AQbD approach using a DoE-based AFMCEA to develop the method which was applied to the assay of 15 anti-hypertensive dosage forms.
Evaluating Discrepancies in Percent Total Body Surface Area Burn Assessments Between Prehospital Providers and Burn Center Physicians
Authors: Tran Duy P , Arnold Donald H , Thompson Callie M , Richmond Neal J , Gondek Stephen , Kidd Rebecca S 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Burns are routinely assessed at the scene of the incident by prehospital or emergency medical services providers. The initial management of burns is based on the calculation of the extent of the injury, reported as percent total body surface area (TBSA). This study evaluates discrepancies in the estimation of TBSA between prehospital providers and burn team physicians over a 3-year period at an academic, university medical center serving as the regional burn center. A total of 120 adult and 27 pediatric patients (younger than age 16 years) were included in this study; 95 (65%) patients were male, 67 (46%) patients were Caucasian, 62 (42%) patients had no healthcare insurance, and the median age was 35 years (interquartile range [IQR] 27). The most common etiology of burns was hot liquid, 39 (26.5%). Median [IQR] and mean (SD) estimated TBSA (%) were 4 [1–10] and 8.6 (12.8) for prehospital providers and 2 [1–6] and 5.9 (9.9) for burn team physicians. Bland–Altman plots evaluating second- and third-degree burns separately and combined demonstrated that, as burns involved more surface area, agreement decreased between emergency medical service providers and burn physicians. Agreement between prehospital providers and burn physicians decreased as TBSA of burns increased. This finding reaffirms the need for more standardized education and training for all medical personnel.
A Comparative Spatial and Climate Analysis of Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis and Human Babesiosis in New York State (2013–2018)
Authors: O’Connor Collin , Prusinski Melissa A , Jiang Shiguo , Russell Alexis , White Jennifer , Falco Richard , Kokas John , Vinci Vanessa , Gall Wayne , Tober Keith , Haight Jamie , Oliver JoAnne , Meehan Lisa , Sporn Lee Ann , Brisson Dustin , Backenson P Bryon 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) and human babesiosis are tick-borne diseases spread by the blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis Say, Acari: Ixodidae) and are the result of infection with Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Babesia microti, respectively. In New York State (NYS), incidence rates of these diseases increased concordantly until around 2013, when rates of HGA began to increase more rapidly than human babesiosis, and the spatial extent of the diseases diverged. Surveillance data of tick-borne pathogens (2007 to 2018) and reported human cases of HGA (n = 4,297) and human babesiosis (n = 2,986) (2013–2018) from the New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH) showed a positive association between the presence/temporal emergence of each pathogen and rates of disease in surrounding areas. Incidence rates of HGA were higher than human babesiosis among White and non-Hispanic/non-Latino individuals, as well as all age and sex groups. Human babesiosis exhibited higher rates among non-White individuals. Climate, weather, and landscape data were used to build a spatially weighted zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) model to examine and compare associations between the environment and rates of HGA and human babesiosis. HGA and human babesiosis ZINB models indicated similar associations with forest cover, forest land cover change, and winter minimum temperature; and differing associations with elevation, urban land cover change, and winter precipitation. These results indicate that tick-borne disease ecology varies between pathogens spread by I. scapularis.
First Record of an Established Population of Triatoma sanguisuga (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in Richardson County, Nebraska
Authors: Nielsen David H , Koch Kyle , Roachell Walter , Delgado Bernardo , Bast Joshua 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In 2017, a single adult Triatoma sanguisuga (LeConte) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) was identified from Indian Cave State Park in Nemaha County, NE. The following summer, a single adult specimen was found in a 4-H insect collection at the Nebraska State Fair from Richardson County. A subsequent investigation found that these were collected from a residence in Richardson County and three more adults were collected in 2019. In 2020, the latter three kissing bugs were submitted to Public Health Command-Central’s DoD Food Analysis and Diagnostic Laboratory (DOD FADL) for confirmatory species identification and diagnostic testing for Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease. One specimen tested positive for T. cruzi using a real-time dual-target PCR screen followed by confirmatory dual-target traditional PCR. Based on these findings, a survey plan was developed for Richardson and surrounding counties in southeast Nebraska. In July of 2020, two adult and seven nymphs (multiple instars) of T. sanguisuga were collected in Richardson County, one of which tested positive for T. cruzi. This is the first record of an established population of T. sanguisuga and T. cruzi-infected kissing bugs in Nebraska.
Effects of Cell Phone Use on Caregiver Supervision and Child Injury Risk
Authors: Cosottile McKenna , Damashek Amy 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Objective
Unintentional injuries are the leading killer of children in the United States. Caregiver supervision decreases child injury risk; however, little research has examined the effects of distractions (e.g., cell phone use) on caregiver supervision and subsequent ability to protect children from injury. In particular, despite the prevalence of cell phone use, no research has examined the degree to which caregiver cell phone use may impair caregivers’ ability to supervise their children effectively. The present study used a within-subjects design to examine whether caregiver cell phone use impacted caregiver vigilance and child engagement with potential hazards.

Methods
A total of 51 caregiver–child dyads were observed in a pseudo hazards room across three conditions (cell phone distraction, pen-and-paper distraction, no distraction) to examine the effects of cell phone use on caregiver vigilance and child behavior (i.e., engagement with hazards) related to injury risk.

Results
Caregiver vigilance was higher in the no distraction condition compared to the two distraction conditions (cell phone and pen-and-paper). Moreover, child engagement with hazards was lower in the no distraction condition than in the two distraction conditions. Although both distraction conditions impaired caregiver vigilance, caregivers were more impaired in the pen-and-paper condition compared to the cell phone condition.

Discussion
Regardless the form, distracting tasks (both cell phone use and pen-and-paper task) impacted both caregiver and child behavior associated with injury risk. It is important that professionals working with parents educate them about the risks of supervising children while distracted and encourage mindful supervision to ensure safety.
miRge3.0: a comprehensive microRNA and tRF sequencing analysis pipeline
Authors: Patil Arun H , Halushka Marc K 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
MicroRNAs and tRFs are classes of small non-coding RNAs, known for their roles in translational regulation of genes. Advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) have enabled high-throughput small RNA-seq studies, which require robust alignment pipelines. Our laboratory previously developed miRge and miRge2.0, as flexible tools to process sequencing data for annotation of miRNAs and other small-RNA species and further predict novel miRNAs using a support vector machine approach. Although miRge2.0 is a leading analysis tool in terms of speed with unique quantifying and annotation features, it has a few limitations. We present miRge3.0 that provides additional features along with compatibility to newer versions of Cutadapt and Python. The revisions of the tool include the ability to process Unique Molecular Identifiers (UMIs) to account for PCR duplicates while quantifying miRNAs in the datasets, correct erroneous single base substitutions in miRNAs with miREC and an accurate mirGFF3 formatted isomiR tool. miRge3.0 also has speed improvements benchmarked to miRge2.0, Chimira and sRNAbench. Finally, miRge3.0 output integrates into other packages for a streamlined analysis process and provides a cross-platform Graphical User Interface (GUI). In conclusion miRge3.0 is our third generation small RNA-seq aligner with improvements in speed, versatility and functionality over earlier iterations.
Introduction
Authors: Schellenberg Ryan S. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWhat could it mean for Paul to express contentment and joy in prison? This question lies at the heart of this book. Its force is often blunted, however, by heroizing depictions of Paul that render his joy the singular feat of a legendary apostle. Misleading juxtapositions with other ancient prison letters have only reinforced this tendency, and comparisons with Stoic discourses of eupathic joy have failed to reckon with the concrete social and somatic location from which Paul writes. This introductory chapter sets the theoretical groundwork for a different mode of comparison, one rooted in the premise that Paul’s letter to the Philippians is an artifact of Paul’s imprisoned body. A history of Paul’s emotions, it argues, is also a history of his body, which is itself a history of his social interaction. Comparison with modern prisoners serves to defamiliarize the ancient evidence and suggest how it might be redescribed.
Bricks and Boxes
Authors: Nathan Marco J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides an introduction and synopsis of the entire book. It begins by presenting the traditional “brick-by-brick” conception of scientific knowledge, discussing its shortcomings. Next, a puzzle is raised: why hasn’t this old-fashioned characterization been replaced? There are currently two competing models of science: reductionism and antireductionism. Neither provides an accurate depiction of the productive interaction between knowledge and ignorance, supplanting the old image of the wall. The chapter then presents the conceptual heart of the constructive proposal developed here: the black box. The final sections of the chapter sketch a synopsis of the book, and address its aim and scope.
Between Scylla and Charybdis
Authors: Nathan Marco J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter outlines the development of the reductionism vs. antireductionism debate, which has set the stage for philosophical analyses of science since the early decades of the twentieth century. The point of departure is the rise and fall of the classical model of reduction, epitomized by the work of Ernest Nagel. Next is the subsequent forging of the “antireductionist consensus” and the “reductionist anti-consensus.” The chapter concludes by arguing how modest reductionism and sophisticated antireductionism substantially overlap, making the dispute more terminological than it is often appreciated. Even more problematically, friends and foes of reductionism share an overly restrictive characterization of the interface between levels of explanation. Thus, it is time for philosophy to move away from these intertwining strands, which fail to capture the productive interplay between knowledge and ignorance in science, and to develop new categories for charting the nature and advancement of science.