bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A K-means clustering method with feature learning for unbalanced vehicle fault diagnosis
Authors: Wang Bo , Wang Guanwei , Wang Youwei , Lou Zhengzheng , Hu Shizhe , Ye Yangdong 
Published: June 2021

Purpose
Vehicle fault diagnosis is a key factor in ensuring the safe and efficient operation of the railway system. Due to the numerous vehicle categories and different fault mechanisms, there is an unbalanced fault category problem. Most of the current methods to solve this problem have complex algorithm structures, low efficiency and require prior knowledge. This study aims to propose a new method which has a simple structure and does not require any prior knowledge to achieve a fast diagnosis of unbalanced vehicle faults.

Design/methodology/approach
This study proposes a novel K-means with feature learning based on the feature learning K-means-improved cluster-centers selection (FKM-ICS) method, which includes the ICS and the FKM. Specifically, this study defines cluster centers approximation to select the initialized cluster centers in the ICS. This study uses improved term frequency-inverse document frequency to measure and adjust the feature word weights in each cluster, retaining the top τ feature words with the highest weight in each cluster and perform the clustering process again in the FKM. With the FKM-ICS method, clustering performance for unbalanced vehicle fault diagnosis can be significantly enhanced.

Findings
This study finds that the FKM-ICS can achieve a fast diagnosis of vehicle faults on the vehicle fault text (VFT) data set from a railway station in the 2017 (VFT) data set. The experimental results on VFT indicate the proposed method in this paper, outperforms several state-of-the-art methods.

Originality/value
This is the first effort to address the vehicle fault diagnostic problem and the proposed method performs effectively and efficiently. The ICS enables the FKM-ICS method to exclude the effect of outliers, solves the disadvantages of the fault text data contained a certain amount of noisy data, which effectively enhanced the method stability. The FKM enhances the distribution of feature words that discriminate between different fault categories and reduces the number of feature words to make the FKM-ICS method faster and better cluster for unbalanced vehicle fault diagnostic.
External Voting Rights from a Citizen Perspective – Comparing Resident and Non‐resident Citizens' Attitudes towards External Voting
Authors: Himmelroos Staffan , Peltoniemi Johanna 
Published: June 2021

The number of countries that have adopted policies allowing emigrants to participate in home country elections from abroad has increased greatly in the last few decades. The enfranchisement of non‐resident citizens in home country elections is, nevertheless, somewhat controversial because it gives political influence to individuals who are unlikely to be affected by the outcome of an election. Despite an active debate on external voting rights among political theorists, little is known what the citizens themselves think of this practice. To examine how both non‐resident and resident citizens perceive external voting rights, we use two surveys of Finnish citizens from 2019. The first survey was directed to Finnish citizens living abroad (n = 1,949), and the second was conducted using an online panel consisting of Finnish citizens living in Finland (n = 994). Both surveys included items with normative questions about external voting rights, which allows us to compare what resident and non‐resident citizens think of the enfranchisement of external citizens. Our findings suggest that resident citizens view external voting rights more negatively than non‐resident citizens. The factors associated with these attitudes are also quite different for the two examined populations. For resident citizens more education and ideological self‐placement to the left is associated with more positive views of external voting rights, while experience of having voted from abroad and dissatisfaction with democracy in the host country is associated with more positive views among non‐resident citizens.
Development of a new tool to monitor and identify inadequate oral intake in hospital
Authors: Tan Jerrold , Lau Ka Man , Ross Lynda , Kinneally Jessica , Banks Merrilyn , Pelecanos Anita , Young Adrienne 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundThere is a need for quick and easy methods to monitor nutritional intake in hospital and identify patients with poor intake. Food record charts are often used in clinical practice, with low levels of accuracy and completion. This study aims to describe the development and evaluate the performance of a new tool to estimate energy and protein intake and identify poor nutritional intake amongst adult hospital patients.MethodsNinety trays were sampled and assessed independently using the new tool ‘Meal Intake Points’ and a weighed (reference) method. The performance was tested by measuring association (Spearman's correlation), agreement (proportion of meals within specified limits of reference method), and sensitivity and specificity to identify poor energy and protein intake.ResultsThis new tool achieved very strong association for energy estimates (r = .91) and strong association for protein estimates (r = .86). Estimates for energy and protein were within 450 kJ and 4.5 g of the reference method in 77.8% and 62.2% of meals, respectively. It also displayed excellent performance as a screening tool (sensitivity 100%; specificity 76%‐80%). Minor revision of the original tool was needed to optimise performance.ConclusionsMeal Intake Points accurately estimates energy and protein intake and identifies patients with poor nutritional intake, providing a clinically relevant tool for use in hospitals to monitor intake and identify patients for proactive nutrition support. Further validation studies are needed to determine its performance in clinical practice and whether it is useful in predicting hospital‐acquired malnutrition.
Different patterns of belowground fungal diversity along altitudinal gradients with respect to microhabitat and guild types
Authors: Park Ki Hyeong , Yoo Shinnam , Park Myung Soo , Kim Chang Sun , Lim Young Woon 
Published: June 2021

SummaryFungi are key components of belowground ecosystems with various ecological roles in forests. Although the changes in the richness and composition of belowground fungi across altitudinal gradients have been widely reported, only a few studies have focused on the microhabitat types along altitudinal gradients. Here, we analysed the effect of altitude on the ectomycorrhizal and non‐ectomycorrhizal fungal communities in belowground microhabitats. We collected root and soil samples from 16 Pinus densiflora forests at various altitudes across Korea, and measured the soil properties as potential factors. Fungal communities were analysed by high‐throughput sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region. We found that altitude negatively affected the species richness of root‐inhabiting fungi but did not influence that of soil‐inhabiting fungi. In addition, the composition of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi was less influenced by altitude than non‐ECM fungi. Most of the soil properties did not show a significant relationship with altitude, but the effect of soil properties was different across microhabitat types and ecological roles of fungi. Our results reveal that microhabitat types and altitudinal gradients differently affect the richness and composition of fungal communities associated with P. densiflora, providing a better understanding of plant‐associated fungal communities.
Novel Chlamydiae and Amoebophilus endosymbionts are prevalent in wild isolates of the model social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum
Authors: Haselkorn Tamara S. , Jimenez Daniela , Bashir Usman , Sallinger Eleni , Queller David C. , Strassmann Joan E. , DiSalvo Susanne 
Published: June 2021

SummaryAmoebae interact with bacteria in multifaceted ways. Amoeba predation can serve as a selective pressure for the development of bacterial virulence traits. Bacteria may also adapt to life inside amoebae, resulting in symbiotic relationships. Indeed, particular lineages of obligate bacterial endosymbionts have been found in different amoebae. Here, we screened an extensive collection of Dictyostelium discoideum wild isolates for the presence of these bacterial symbionts using endosymbiont specific PCR primers. We find that these symbionts are surprisingly common, identified in 42% of screened isolates (N = 730). Members of the Chlamydiae phylum are particularly prevalent, occurring in 27% of the amoeba isolated. They are novel and phylogenetically distinct from other Chlamydiae. We also found Amoebophilus symbionts in 8% of screened isolates (N = 730). Antibiotic‐cured amoebae behave similarly to their Chlamydiae or Amoebophilus‐infected counterparts, suggesting that these endosymbionts do not significantly impact host fitness, at least in the laboratory. We found several natural isolates were co‐infected with multiple endosymbionts, with no obvious fitness effect of co‐infection under laboratory conditions. The high prevalence and novelty of amoeba endosymbiont clades in the model organism D. discoideum opens the door to future research on the significance and mechanisms of amoeba–symbiont interactions.
COVID‐19 and Policy Responses by International Organizations: Crisis of Liberal International Order or Window of Opportunity?
Authors: Josepha Debre Maria , Dijkstra Hylke 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe liberal international order is being challenged and international organizations (IOs) are a main target of contestation. COVID‐19 seems to exacerbate the situation with many states pursuing domestic strategies at the expense of multilateral cooperation. At the same time, IOs have traditionally benefited from cross‐border crises. This article analyzes the policy responses of IOs to the exogenous COVID‐19 shock by asking why some IOs use this crisis as an opportunity to expand their scope and policy instruments? It provides a cross‐sectional analysis using original data on the responses of 75 IOs to COVID‐19 during the first wave between March and June 2020. It finds that the bureaucratic capacity of IOs is significant when it comes to using the crisis as an opportunity. It also finds some evidence that the number of COVID‐19 cases among the member states affects policy responses and that general purpose IOs have benefited more.
A patient with ALK‐positive lung adenocarcinoma who survived alectinib‐refractory postoperative recurrence for 4 years by switching to ceritinib
Authors: Matsumura Yuki , Inomata Sho , Yamaguchi Hikaru , Mine Hayato , Takagi Hironori , Watanabe Masayuki , Ozaki Yuki , Yamaura Takumi , Fukuhara Mitsuro , Muto Satoshi , Okabe Naoyuki , Hasegawa Takeo , Shio Yutaka , Suzuki Hiroyuki 
Published: June 2021

AbstractEchinoderm microtubule‐associated protein‐like 4‐anaplastic lymphoma kinase (EML4‐ALK) rearrangements are found in ~ 5% of patients with non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Several tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have been developed for treatment of so‐called ALK‐positive NSCLC. In cases of tumor progression during treatment with second‐generation ALK‐TKIs, such as alectinib, brigatinib, or ceritinib, National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines propose a switch to lorlatinib, a third‐generation ALK‐TKI, or to cytotoxic chemotherapy. However, they do not mention switching to other second‐generation ALK‐TKIs. Here, we present a rare case of a 53‐year‐old Japanese woman, who had never smoked, with ALK‐positive lung adenocarcinoma who survived alectinib‐resistant postoperative recurrence for 4 years by switching to ceritinib. She underwent curative resection for lung adenocarcinoma, but the cancer recurred at the bronchial stump and mediastinal lymph nodes. After platinum‐doublet chemotherapy, the patient still had a single growing liver metastasis, but the tumor was found to harbor EML4‐ALK rearrangement. Therefore, the patient started to take ALK‐TKIs. Alectinib was the second ALK‐TKI used to treat this patient. Alectinib shrank the liver metastasis, which was surgically resected. The tumor relapsed again during continued treatment with alectinib, which was switched to ceritinib. Ceritinib was effective for the relapsed tumor and treatment continued well for 4 years. This case report suggests that, in case of tumor progression during treatment with a second‐generation ALK‐TKI, switching to another second‐generation ALK‐TKI may be one of the treatment options. Further analyses are warranted to find robust markers to determine which ALK‐TKI is best for each patient.
Population models reveal the importance of early life‐stages for population stability of an imperiled turtle species
Authors: Knoerr M. D. , Tutterow A. M. , Graeter G. J. , Pittman S. E. , Barrett K. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDemographic models are useful for projecting population trends, identifying life stages, most important to population dynamics, and investigating the demographic effects of potential management scenarios. We incorporated site‐specific population parameters into stage‐based matrix models to estimate population growth and to assess potential management scenarios for five intensively sampled (>15 years) populations of federally threatened bog turtles (Glyptemys muhlenbergii) in North Carolina, USA. Only two of the five populations modeled were stable or growing under estimated vital rates. Long‐term sampling of bog turtle populations in NC suggests the declining populations in this study share several demographic characteristics with other populations in the region. Elasticity analysis revealed small changes in adult survival rates have the largest effect on population growth rate. These models also highlight that increased survival of egg and juvenile stages can sometimes buffer higher adult mortality and emigration, and reduced survival at multiple life stages can induce population‐level decline. Our results indicate that management scenarios targeting increased recruitment (especially a head‐start scenario) provide increased population growth among all populations, and allowed two of three declining populations to reach stability under current estimated vital rates. Population growth rates will be higher when population augmentation coincides with habitat restoration efforts that increase survival and site fidelity at all life stages. These models emphasize the importance of considering site‐specific dynamics when evaluating conservation interventions for an imperiled long‐lived species.
Declining drinking among adolescents: Are we seeing a denormalisation of drinking and a normalisation of non‐drinking?
Authors: Caluzzi Gabriel , Livingston Michael , Holmes John , MacLean Sarah , Lubman Dan , Dietze Paul , Vashishtha Rakhi , Herring Rachel , Pennay Amy 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundIn the early 2000s, alcohol use among young people began to decline in many western countries, especially among adolescents (ages between 12–17 years old). These declines have continued steadily over the past two decades, against the backdrop of much smaller declines among the general population.ArgumentHypotheses examining individual factors fail adequately to provide the necessary ‘big picture’ thinking needed to understand declines in adolescent drinking. We use the normalisation thesis to argue that there is strong international evidence for both processes of denormalisation of drinking and normalisation of non‐drinking occurring for adolescents in many western countries.ConclusionsResearch on declining adolescent drinking provides evidence of both denormalisation of alcohol consumption and normalisation of non‐drinking. This has implications for enabling policy environments more amenable to regulation and increasing the acceptability of non‐drinking in social contexts. Normalisation theory (and its various interpretations) provides a useful multi‐dimensional tool for understanding declines in adolescent drinking.
Efficacy of brief intervention for harmful and hazardous alcohol use: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of studies from low middle‐income countries
Authors: Ghosh Abhishek , Singh Pranshu , Das Nileswar , Pandit Prabhat Mani , Das Sauvik , Sarkar Siddharth 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackground and AimsLow and middle‐income countries (LMIC) have a disproportionately higher alcohol‐attributable disease burden, in conjunction with a minimal focus on primary prevention. Screening and brief interventions can be a promising approach to address this problem. This systematic review aimed to perform a qualitative and quantitative synthesis of studies of brief interventions for harmful and hazardous alcohol use in LMIC.MethodsSystematic review of randomized controlled trials of brief interventions for harmful and hazardous alcohol identified from four electronic databases, conducted in any country identified as LMIC as per the World Bank. We measured differences in intervention and control groups on risk‐scores using standard screening instruments, the frequency of heavy drinking, the drinking risk‐level, or quality of life and other mental health‐related outcomes.ResultsA total of 14 studies were included, seven of them from South Africa. On standardized screening instruments, the brief intervention (BI) group had significantly lower scores than controls at 3 months (Hedges’ g = − 0.34, P = 0.04), but the effects did not persist at 6‐ and 12‐month follow‐up (g = − 0.06, P = 0.68 and g = 0.15, P = 0.41, respectively). There was little evidence to suggest that BIs led to changes in the frequency of heavy drinking or change in the risk level of alcohol use. Surprisingly, a single session (g = −0.55, P < 0.001) fared better than multiple sessions (g = −0.03, P = 0.85). A nurse delivered brief intervention (g = −0.44, P = 0.02) showed better results than BIs delivered by others (g = −0.14, P = 0.66), whereas the outcomes were similar for young adults and middle‐age people.ConclusionBrief interventions for alcohol use show some promise in low‐ and middle‐income countries. Specifically, a single session, nurse‐delivered brief intervention for harmful and hazardous alcohol use appears to show a small but significant positive effect in low‐ and middle‐income countries.
Ecological momentary assessments of night‐time drinking among California adolescents: bases for informing night‐time preventive interventions
Authors: Lipperman‐Kreda Sharon , Mair Christina , Gruenewald Paul J. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackground and AimTo inform the development of effective night‐time preventive interventions, our goal was to assess adolescents’ residence (i.e. being at) and transitions across contexts during evening hours and risks for drinking and drinking‐related problems in relation to contexts and to these transitions.DesignEcological momentary assessment and survey methods.SettingTwelve mid‐sized cities (50 000–500 000 population) in California, USA from December 2014 to September 2015.Analytical sampleA total of 153 adolescents (mean age = 16.4, 46.2% female).MeasurementInitial conditions (e.g. past‐year heavy drinking, gender, best friend's approval of drinking); adolescents’ residence (i.e. being at) and transitions between (a) their own homes, (b) others’ homes and (c) public spaces (e.g. restaurants, parks, concert venues) at early, middle and late evening hours; drinking in these contexts at early, middle and late evening hours; and drinking‐related problems across evening hours.FindingsRisks for drinking were 23.5 times greater in others’ homes (P < 0.01) and somewhat less in public spaces [odds ratio (OR) = 6.01, P < 0.01], compared with own home. Risks for problems in any evening time were elevated in relation to being in others’ homes (OR = 2.37, P < 0.05) and public spaces (OR = 2.71, P < 0.01) versus at own home. Drinking in others’ homes was related to 5.9 times increase in odds of transitioning back to own home (OR = 5.93, P < 0.05), 11.9 times increase in odds of remaining in others’ homes (OR = 11.86, P < 0.01) or 7.3 times increase in odds of transitioning from others’ homes to public spaces (OR = 7.3, P < 0.05). Initial conditions were associated with being in states, drinking and problems during evening hours and transitions across states.ConclusionsIn California, adolescents who are older, female, Hispanic or have greater spending money may be more likely to be outside their own home during evening hours than adolescents who do not match those criteria. In turn, being outside one's home during evening hours appears to be related to greater risks for drinking and drinking‐related problems. Finally, transitions between contexts increased differential risks for drinking such that, for example, drinking in others’ homes was highly related to transitioning to public spaces and less to returning to own home.
Variation in fouling assemblages associated with prop roots of Rhizophora mangle L. in the Caribbean: The role of neutral and niche processes
Authors: Guerra‐Castro Edlin J. , Conde Jesús Eloy , Barcelo Amalia , Cruz‐Motta Juan J. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe discussion about the drivers that govern the spatial patterns of diversity has been focussed on two seemingly independent models: (1) neutral dynamics, mediated by larval supply and dispersal limitations, and (2) niche processes, mainly environmental control. However, metacommunity theory assumes that drivers evoked by both models (niche and neutral) might act simultaneously, but at different spatial scales, in shaping assemblage composition and structure. In this study, we use communities inhabiting prop roots of the Caribbean mangrove Rhizophora mangle L. as a model system to test hypotheses about the role of environmental control and neutral dynamics as potential synergic drivers at multiple spatial scales. For this, environmental, biological and spatial data were obtained from the southern Caribbean under a hierarchical sampling design that includes (1) mangrove systems distanced apart by hundreds of km, (2) sectors within each mangrove systems separated by a few km, (3) sites within each sector separated by tens of metres and (4) neighbouring roots in a site. Non‐parametric multivariate statistics were used to describe, link and test the environmental, biological and spatial patterns. In general, we found that environmental filtering, principally salinity and supply of energy/nutrients, could be the primary filters that sustain differences in composition and structure of the assemblages at the spatial scale of mangrove systems. At local spatial scales, shallow depths (<1 m) seem to be a critical environmental filter for these assemblages. Beyond this environmental filter, it seems that the distribution and abundance of species might be more affected by neutral processes. However, we detect a wide diversity of spatiotemporal trends of species distribution and abundance. These results support the conclusion that niche and neutral processes act simultaneously, affecting species and individuals, rather than as general drivers affecting the whole metacommunity.