bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphological and Transcriptomic Analysis of Attenuated and Virulent Strains of Phytophthora Infestans
Authors: Liu Jiafang , Li Lei , wang yong , Yun Xingfu 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Phytophthora infestans is a hemibiotroph oomycete that primarily infects tomato. In this study, the growth status and pathogenicity of attenuated and virulent strains of Phytophthora infestans were determined. Furthermore, RNA-seq technology was used to explore the differences in gene transcription levels between attenuated and virulent strains. Gene Ontology (GO) classification and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were performed on the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) obtained by sequencing, and the significant DEGs related to the growth and pathogenicity of the strains were screened from the significantly enriched pathways. The results revealed that compared with the virulent strain, the growth of the attenuated strain was inhibited, the structure of hyphae was destroyed, and the disease index was decreased. The differences in the growth status and disease index of the attenuated strain were related to changes in several metabolic pathways, and the DEGs in the metabolic pathways indicated alterations in the attenuated strain growth and pathogenicity. There were 2,651 DEGs in the attenuated strain, of which 1,086 were up-regulated and 1,565 were down-regulated. The inhibited growth of the attenuated strain was associated with accumulation of excessive glucose, decomposition of serine/glycine, and reduction of tryptophan synthesis. The reduced pathogenicity of the strain was associated with degradation of the cell wall and reduced formation of melanin and α-keto butyric acid. These results could offer insights into the mechanisms of attenuation of Phytophthora infestans.
Development and Initial Validation of a Novel Prognostic Model in Adult Secondary Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis Patients: Experience From a Single-center Retrospective Study
Authors: Wang Dongguang , Tong Xiang , Wang Lian , Zhang Wentao , Zhang Shijie , Zhang Tianli , Wang Qian , Fan Hong 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Objectives: To describe the prognostic factors of adult patients diagnosed with secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), a rare disease caused by excessive immune activation and uncontrolled cytokine storm, and to establish and initially validate the predictive value of a prognostic model.Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 204 adult secondary HLH patients from January 2010 to December 2018 (the development cohort, n=161) and January 2019 to December 2020 (the validation cohort, n=43). All patients met ≥5 HLH-2004 criteria. Prognostic variables to death within three months at diagnosis were selected by logistic regression models, and performance of the predictive model was assessed in development and validation cohort, respectively.Results: Of all patients, malignancies were the most common trigger, accounting for 61.3%. Patients with poor prognosis showed lower hemoglobin (P<0.001), platelets (P<0.001), albumin (P=0.007) and fibrinogen (P=0.002), and higher levels of total bilirubin (P=0.007), LDH (P=0.033), BUN (P=0.006), and TG (P=0.015). Furthermore, patients with poor prognosis had a higher ISTH score (P<0.001). In the development cohort, a predictive model was established based on four variables (splenomegaly, hemoglobin, LDH and ISTH score) recognized by the multivariate logistic regression, with the cut-off value of 0.277 reaching a sensitivity of 87.7%, specificity of 49.0% and AUC of 0.731 (95%CI 0.651-0.810, P<0.001). Besides, the model could perform well in the validation cohort, with a sensitivity of 53.8%, specificity of 40.0% and accuracy of 44.2%.Conclusions: Our predictive model provides a possibility of forecasting the prognosis of adult patients within three months at diagnosis of secondary HLH, while more large sample, multicenter, randomized controlled clinical research are needed to confirm it.
Diagnostic value of endobronchial ultrasound elastography combined with rapid onsite cytological evaluation in endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration
Authors: Huang Jing , Lu Yuan , Wang Xihua , Zhu Xiaoli , Li Ping , Chen Jing , Chen Pinsheng , Ding Ming 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background: Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) elastography has been applied in EBUS-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) to identify malignant lymph nodes based on the tissue stiffness. Rapid onsite cytological evaluation (ROSE) has been widely used for onsite evaluation of the adequacy of the samples and guiding the sampling during EBUS-TBNA. The aim of the study is to investigate the diagnostic value of combined EBUS elastography and ROSE in evaluating of mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes status.Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed from December 2018 to September 2020. Patients’ demographic, EBUS elastography score, ROSE, pathologic and clinical outcomes were collected. The EBUS elastography scores were classified as follows: Type 1, predominantly non-blue; Type 2, partially blue and partially non-blue; Type 3, predominantly blue. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to compare the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, positive likelihood ratio, and negative likelihood ratio among EBUS elastography, ROSE, and EBUS combined with ROSE groups for evaluation of malignant lymph nodes.Results: A total of 247 patients (345 lymph nodes) were included in our study. The sensitivity and specificity of EBUS elastography group in the diagnosis of malignant lymph nodes were 90.51% and 57.26%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity in the ROSE alone group were 96.32% and 79.05%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, and negative likelihood ratio of EBUS elastography combined with ROSE group were 86.61%, 92.65%, 11.78, and 0.14, respectively, and the area under curve was 0.942.Conclusions: The combination of EBUS elastography and ROSE significantly increased the diagnostic value of EBUS-TBNA in evaluating mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes status.
“Dental anxiety and potentially traumatic events” “A cross-sectional study based on the Tromsø Study: Tromsø 7”
Authors: Nermo Hege , Willumsen Tiril , Rognmo Kamilla , Thimm Jens , Wang Catharina Elisabeth Arfwedson , Johnsen Jan-Are Kolset 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background The objectives of the study were to describe the prevalence of high dental anxiety and the possible associations between dental anxiety and potentially traumatic life events in an adult population.Method The study is based on cross-sectional questionnaire data from the 7th wave of the Tromsø Study, a study of the adult general population in the municipality of Tromsø carried out in 2015–2016. The Modified Dental Anxiety Scale was used to measure dental anxiety across potentially traumatic events, oral health, dental attendance (avoidance) and current mental health symptoms (Hopkins Symptom Checklist). Individuals with high and low dental anxiety scores were compared to investigate differences in the distribution of potentially traumatic events, current mental health symptoms, avoidance, sex and oral health, and hierarchical multivariable regression was used to study the influence of traumatic events on dental anxiety.Results High dental anxiety was reported by 2.9% of the sample and was most prevalent among women and in the youngest age groups. Individuals with high dental anxiety reported more current mental health symptoms, and they were more likely to report poorer oral health and more irregular dental visits compared to individuals with no or lower dental anxiety scores. Concerning traumatic life events, the reporting of painful or frightening dental treatment showed the biggest difference between those with high dental anxiety and low dental anxiety scores (a moderate effect). The hierarchical regression model indicated that reporting sexual abuse, traumatic medical treatment in hospital and childhood neglect significantly predicted dental anxiety in the step they were entered in, but only sexual abuse remained a significant individual contributor after controlling for current mental health symptoms.Conclusions The prevalence of high dental anxiety was lower than expected (2.9%), but dentally anxious individuals expressed a high burden of mental health symptoms, poor oral health and the avoidance of dental care. The regression analysis indicated that experiences with sexual abuse can also affect dental anxiety levels in the absence of generalised symptoms of anxiety and depression.
Face Masks may cause Visual Symptoms and Artifacts in Ophthalmic Patients
Authors: Ocansey Stephen , Akoto Yaw , Abraham Carl , Amoah-Smith Obed , Dzasimatu Selassie , Morny Enyam , Ntodie Micheal 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Purpose: To investigate the characteristics of mask wearing and the effect of masks on visual symptoms and clinical measurements in a sample of ophthalmic patients in Ghana. Methods: A clinic-based cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among ophthalmic patients who visited two primary care eye clinics in the Central Region of Ghana. Participants included 71 randomly sampled patients aged 18 years and above and consented to take part in the study. Their mean ages (SD) was 36.94±17.46 and they were made up of 27(38%) males and 44(62%) females. The patients responded to symptoms assessment questionnaire before their visual acuity (VA) for distance and near and IOPs with and without their face masks were measured. Results: The majority 45(63.4%) of the patients’ used fabric masks and 25(35.2%) reported ocular problems with the use of the masks. Of those who observed ocular problems, 8(32%) observed problems with the use of spectacles, and 5(20%) also observed problems with their vision. The mean difference in distance VA with and without face mask for the right eye was 0.08(0.36) and left eye was 0.05(0.25) MAR, indicating slight aberrations in vision. Mean differences in measurements with and without face masks were not statistically significantly different ( P < 0.05). A higher proportion of persons wearing KN95 experience nausea or headaches (ꭓ=18.610, p<0.001) and discomfort of wearing of nose mask (ꭓ=7.803, p=0.020). None of those wearing a fabric face mask reported of difficulty in accurately reaching for objects with the nose mask on. (ꭓ= 8.664, p=0.13). Conclusion: Face masks may exacerbate oculo-visual symptoms in ophthalmic patients, which practitioners must pay attention to.
Estimating Building Occupancy: A Machine Learning System for Day, Night and Episodic Events
Authors: Urban Marie , Stewart Robert , Basford Scott , Palmer Zachary , Kaufman Jason 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Building occupancy research increasingly emphasizes understanding the social and physical dynamics of how people occupy space. Opportunities in the open source domain including social media, Volunteered Geographic Information, crowdsourcing, and sensor data have proliferated, resulting in the exploration of building occupancy dynamics at varying spatiotemporal scales. At Oak Ridge National Laboratory, research into building occupancies through the development of a global learning framework that accommodates exploitation of open source authoritative sources, including governmental census and surveys, journal articles, real estate databases, and more, to report national and subnational building occupancies across the world continues through the Population Density Tables (PDT) project. This probabilistic learning system accommodates expert knowledge, experience, and open source data to capture local, socioeconomic, and cultural information about human activity. It does so through a systematic process of data harmonization techniques in the development of observation models for over 50 building types to dynamically update baseline models and report probabilistic diurnal and episodic building occupancy estimates. This discussion will explore how PDT is implemented at scale and expanded based on the development of observation model classes and will explain how to interpret and spatially apply the reported probability occupancy estimates and uncertainty.
Colossal Barocaloric Effects in The Complex Hydride Li2B12H12
Authors: Cazorla Claudio , Sau Kartik , Ikeshoji Tamio , Errandonea Daniel , Chu Dewei , Takagi Shigeyuki , Orimo Shin-ichi 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Traditional refrigeration technologies based on compression cycles of greenhouse gases pose serious threats to the environment and cannot be downscaled to electronic device dimensions. Solid-state cooling exploits the thermal response of caloric materials to external fields and represents a promising alternative to current refrigeration methods. However, most of the caloric materials known to date present relatively small adiabatic temperature changes (|ΔT| ~ 1 K) and/or limiting irreversibility issues resulting from significant phase-transition hysteresis. Here, we predict the existence of colossal barocaloric effects (isothermal entropy changes of |ΔS| ~ 100 JK-1 kg-1) in the energy material Li2B12H12 by means of molecular dynamics simulations. Specifically, we estimate |ΔS| = 367 JK-1 kg-1 and |ΔT| = 23 K for an applied pressure of P = 0.1 GPa at T = 480 K. The disclosed colossal barocaloric effects are originated by an fairly reversible order-disorder phase transformation involving coexistence of Li+ diffusion and (BH)12-2 reorientational motion at high temperatures.
An Efficient Algorithm of the Unified Stochastic Particle Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook Method for the Simulation of Multi-Scale Gas Flows
Authors: Fei Fei , Ma Yang , Wu Jie , Zhang Jun 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The unified stochastic particle method based on the Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook model (USP-BGK) has been proposed recently to overcome the low accuracy and efficiency of the traditional stochastic particle methods, such as the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method, for the simulation of multi-scale gas flows. However, running with extra virtual particles and space interpolation, the previous USP-BGK method cannot be directly transplanted into the existing DSMC codes. In this work, the implementation of USP-BGK is simplified using new temporal evolution and spatial reconstruction schemes. As a result, the present algorithm of the USP-BGK method is similar to the DSMC method and can be implemented efficiently based on any existing DSMC codes just by modifying the collision module.
Perceptions of medical students and teachers to online medical education: online surveys in Eastern China
Authors: Wang Yan , Liu Ying , Qian Wenyi , Yu Rongbin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background: Due to the quarantine measures during the outbreak of COVID-19, medical schools in China had to shift to online education overnight. Researchers wanted to find out the underlying problems and issues worth exploring of online medical education in China so as to enlighten future improvement.Methods: Researchers distributed structured and self-administered surveys on “Wechat”and “Wenjuanxing”. 3 online surveys were given out to the medical students on Feb. 17, Feb. 24 and Mar. 20 and 1 online survey was distributed to the medical teachers on Mar. 20 in Eastern China. Results: 76.42% of the students were satisfied with online medical education and it hardly changed after a month. At first, the biggest challenge of learning online was the lagging platform. But as time passed by, it became the learning motivation. Most students thought it suitable to teach theoretical content online and inappropriate to teach practical classes online. The opinions of PBL, CBL and TBL online were divided. Only 36.27% courses had quiz. 12.40% courses were live-stream and 51.91% course teachers answered questions online. About four fifths parents would remind their children to study online. 69.27% of teachers chose to change or use more learning platforms online.80.61% of parents would remind their children to study online.Most student thought it necessary to re-teach after online education while most teachers did not think so.Conclusion: Generally speaking, the infrastructure in eastern China can meet the requirement of online medical education. Students were not sure whether online PBL, CBL and TBL education could fulfill the goal of the course. Lack of learning motivation was the biggest problem of learning online if the lagging platform issue was fixed. Teachers in China were not skilled enough to teach online. Online medical education efficacy evaluation of teachers and students was entirely different.
Improving water deficit tolerance of Salvia officinalis L. using putrescine
Authors: Mohammadi-Cheraghabadi Maryam , Modarres-Sanavy Seyed Ali Mohammad , Sefidkon Fatemeh , Rashidi-Monfared Sajad , Mokhtassi-Bidgoli Ali 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
To study the effects of foliar application of putrescine (distilled water (0), 0.75, 1.5, and 2.25 mM) and water deficit stress (20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% available soil water depletion (ASWD)) on the physiological, biochemical, and molecular attributes of sage, a factorial experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with three replications in the growth chamber. The results of qRT-PCR analysis showed that putrescine concentration, irrigation regime, and the two-way interaction between irrigation regime and putrescine concentration significantly influenced cineole synthase, sabinene synthase, and bornyl diphosphate synthase relative expression. The highest concentration of 1,8-cineole, camphor, α-thujone, β-thujone, cineole synthase, sabinene synthase, and bornyl diphosphate synthase were obtained in the irrigation regime of 80% ASWD with the application of 0.75 mM putrescine. There was high correlation between expression levels of the main monoterpenes synthase and the concentration of main monoterpenes. The observed correlation between the two enzyme activities of APX and CAT strongly suggests they have coordinated action. On the other hand, the highest PO and SOD concentrations were obtained with the application of 0.75 mM putrescine under the irrigation regime of 40% ASWD. Putrescine showed a significant increase in LAI and RWC under water deficit stress. There was an increasing trend in endogenous putrescine when putrescine concentration was increased in all irrigation regimes. Overall, the results suggest that putrescine may act directly as a stress-protecting compound and reduced H2O2 to moderate the capacity of the antioxidative system, maintain the membrane stability, and increase secondary metabolites under water deficit stress.
Prediction model for thyrotoxic atrial fibrillation: a retrospective study.
Authors: Ponomartseva Daria Aleksandrovna , Derevitskii Ilia Vladislavovich , Kovalchuk Sergey Valerevich , Babenko Alina Yurevna 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background: Thyrotoxic atrial fibrillation (TAF) is a recognized significant complication of hyperthyroidism. Early identification of the individuals predisposed to TAF would improve thyrotoxic patients’ management. However, to our knowledge, an instrument that establishes an individual risk of the condition is unavailable. Therefore, the aim of this study is to build a TAF prediction model and rank TAF predictors in order of importance. Methods: In this retrospective study, we have investigated 36 demographic and clinical features for 420 patients with overt hyperthyroidism, 30% of which had TAF. At first, the association of these features with TAF was evaluated by classical statistical methods. Then, we developed several TAF prediction models with eight different machine learning classifiers and compared them by performance metrics. The models included ten features that were selected based on their clinical effectuality and importance for model output. Finally, we ranked TAF predictors, elicited from the optimal final model, by the machine learning tehniques. Results: The best performance metrics prediction model was built with the extreme gradient boosting classifier. It had the reasonable accuracy of 84% and AUROC of 0.89 on the test set. The model confirmed such well-known TAF risk factors as age, sex, hyperthyroidism duration, heart rate and some concomitant cardiovascular diseases (arterial hypertension and conjestive heart rate). We also identified premature atrial contraction and premature ventricular contraction as new TAF predictors. The top five TAF predictors, elicited from the model, included (in order of importance) PAC, PVC, hyperthyroidism duration, heart rate during hyperthyroidism and age. Conclusions: We developed a machine learning model for TAF prediction. It seems to be the first available analytical tool for TAF risk assessment. In addition, we defined five most important TAF predictors, including premature atrial contraction and premature ventricular contraction as the new ones. These results have contributed to TAF prediction investigation and may serve as a basis for further research focused on TAF prediction improvement and facilitation of thyrotoxic patients’ management.
The effect of parenting experience during childhood on the later awareness of children’s rights: The mediating effects of self-esteem and emotional intelligence
Authors: LEE SEOYEON 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A large body of literature has shown the close relationship between parents’ parenting attitudes and their parenting experiences during their own childhood. However, it is hard to find either theoretical or empirical studies explaining why and how such close relationships develop. This study fills this gap. To do so, we extensively review the related theories and hypothesize that mothers’ parenting experiences during their own childhood affect their later level of awareness of children’s rights through the mediation effects of two psychological factors: self-esteem and emotional intelligence. Applying structural equation modeling to a vast dataset acquired by surveying 1,011 Korean mothers we provide evidence that strongly supports the main hypothesis. We also find that this relationship holds in a roundabout way: while there is no direct relationship between mothers’ parenting experiences during childhood and their current level of awareness of children’s rights, the effects of the former on the latter are indirectly mediated by self-esteem and emotional intelligence. These findings may imply that psychological programs for parents can improve their emotional intelligence and self-esteem and thus improve their practices regarding children’s rights since psychological factors can change over one’s lifetime.