bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sanitation Ladder and Undernutrition Among Under-Five Children in Pakistan
Authors: Khan Asfand Yar , Fatima Kaneez , Ali Muhammad 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
While the state of sanitation in Pakistan has improved in the last decade, a significant proportion of its population is still using inadequate sanitation or no toilet facility at all. Open defecation has decreased over the years; however, it has been replaced by poor quality sanitation in rural areas that might still cause diarrhoea and undernutrition. The research regarding inadequate sanitation in Pakistan, especially in terms of the sanitation ladder, remains limited. The present research thus fills this research gap by assessing the impact of different types of sanitation on the prevalence of stunting and underweight (moderate as well as severe) among under-five children in Pakistan using the nationally representative micro survey, Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (2017-18). The sanitation ladder comprises of Piped to Sewer (highest level, base) followed by Flush to Septic Tank, Flush to Pit Latrine, Other Improved, Unimproved Sanitation, and Open Defecation. In order to estimate the adjusted and unadjusted odds ratios of the determinants, this research uses logistic regressions are used to estimate adjusted and unadjusted odds ratios of the determinants. We show that toilets connected to piped sewerage network are rare in the rural areas of Pakistan and a large segment of the rural population is still practicing open defecation. The logistic regressions show that piped sewerage network and flush to septic tanks are associated with lowest odds (both adjusted and unadjusted) of stunting and underweight among under-five children. In multivariate regressions, pit latrines are associated with even higher adjusted odds of severe and moderate and severe stunting as well as underweight among under-five children, showing that poor quality pit latrines may bring the source of faecal contamination to the doorstep of the households. Therefore, interventions targeting reduction in open defecation should promote good quality toilets for sustainable long-term improvements in child health.
Development of non-enzymatic glucose electrode based on Au nanoparticles decorated single-walled carbon nanohorns
Authors: Bi Cheng , Lv Hong-Wei , Peng Hui-Ling , Li Quan-Fu 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A composite with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) decorating single-walled carbon nano-horns (SWCNHs) is synthesized and used to modify a gold electrode for non-enzymatic glucose detection. The composite was synthesized by a simple covalent bonding method. The AuNPs with an average particle size of 40 nm are dispersed homogeneously on the surface of the SWCNHs. Therefore, the synergistic effect of the AuNPs and the SWCNHs leads to an excellent glucose sensing performance. The glucose sensing tests indicate that the electrode fabricated has a linear response in the 0.5-2 mM and 4–12 mM glucose concentration range, a high sensitivity (275.33 and 352.5 µA cm− 2 mM− 1), and a low detection limit (0.72 µM) (S/N = 3) at + 0.3 V, as well as strong resistance to the interference by ascorbic acid (AA), uric acid (UA), dopamine (DA), galactose, and lactose. When the electrode was used for the detection of glucose in blood samples, the glucose contents detected by the electrode was in right agreement with real. The performance level reached makes the electrode a potential alternative tool for the detection of glucose.
DFF40 translocates to the mitochondria during apoptosis and regulates mitochondrial integrity and function
Authors: Kulbay Merve , Johnson Bruno , Ricaud Guillaume , Séguin-Grignon Marie-Noelle , Malboeuf Valérie , Bernier Jacques 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
DNA fragmentation factor 40 (DFF40), or the caspase-activated DNase (CAD), is an endonuclease specific for double-stranded DNA. Alterations in its function and expression have been linked to apoptosis resistance, a mechanism likely used by cancer cells. Although, how the DFF40-related apoptosis resistance pathway occurs remains unclear. Here we sought to determine if DFF40 could localize to the mitochondrion, a localization not reported in the literature until now, and further regulate cell metabolism when apoptosis is activated. We demonstrated that DFF40 localizes in mitochondria through its N-terminal domain, and its agglomeration is accentuated in apoptosis-activated cells. We also found that a loss of DFF40 expression induces a higher mitochondrial mass, mtDNA copy number, mitochondrial membrane potential, and glycolysis rates in resting T cells. The induction of apoptosis in DFF40 deficient cells doesn’t alter ATP production levels, basal respiration, and mitochondrial membrane integrity. Our study reveals that DFF40 may act as a regulator of mitochondria, and its loss could compromise mitochondrial integrity in pathologies such as cancer.
Direct Evidence for a Surface and Bulk Specific Response in the Sum-Frequency Generation Spectrum of the Water Bend Vibration
Authors: Moll Carolyn , Versluis Jan , Bakker Huib 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Spectroscopic studies of aqueous surfaces can provide a fundamental understanding of interfacial processes. These studies have largely focused on the OH stretch vibrations of water, which is unfortunate as the bending mode is an attractive feature to probe as it is relatively free of inter- and intramolecular couplings. However, the origin of the response of the bending mode is highly debated and has been assigned to either surface-specific or to bulk effects. Here, we study the bending mode of pure water and charged aqueous surfaces using heterodyne-detected vibrational sum frequency generation spectroscopy (HD-VSFG) to quantify the two effects. Our results show a low - (1626 cm-1) and a high - (1656 cm-1) frequency component which can be unambiguously assigned to an interfacial dipole and a bulk quadrupolar response, respectively. We thus demonstrate that probing the bending mode provides structural and quantitative information on both the surface and the bulk.
Construction 7-Membered Ring via Ni-Al Bimetal-Enabled C-H Cyclization for Synthesis of Tricyclic Imidazoles
Authors: Ye Mengchun , Li Jiang-Fei , Xu Wei-Wei , Wang Rong-Hua , Li Yue , Yin Ge 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The construction of 7-membered ring via direct C7−H cyclization of benzoimidazoles with alkenes would provide a more atom- and step economical route to tricyclic imidazoles and derivatives that widely exist in a broad range of bioactive molecules. However, transition metal-catalyzed C−H cyclization for medium-ring synthesis has been limited to reactive C−H bonds, instead, the activation of unreactive C−H bonds towards medium synthesis still remains an elusive challenge. Herein, we report a direct construction of 7-membered rings via Ni−Al co-catalyzed unreactive C7−H cyclization of benzoimidazoles with alkenes, providing a series of tricyclic imidazoles in 40−98% yield and with up to 95:5 er.
Breastfeeding Technique and Associated Factors among Lactating Mothers Visiting Gondar Town Health Facilities, Northwest Ethiopia: Observational method
Authors: Kassie Destaye Guadie , Safayi Boko Loka , Assimamaw Nega Tezera 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background

The breastfeeding technique (BFT) is explained positioning, attachment, and suckling during breastfeeding. Ineffective BFT is one of the factors leading to premature discontinuation of breastfeeding and malnutrition. There is a limited study on the assessments of BFT and associated factors among lactating mothers in the study area. Therefore, the study aimed to assess breastfeeding technique and the associated factors among lactating mothers visiting Gondar town health facilities, Northwest Ethiopia.
Methods

An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from February 20th to March 20th, 2020. An observational checklist and structured interviewer-administered questionnaire were used to collect the data. The data were entered into Epi-Data 4.6 version and transferred to analyzed using SPSS version 20. Bi-variable and multivariable logistic regressions were performed to identify the association. The strength of association was identified using an odds ratio with a 95 % confidence interval (CI), and a p-value of ≤ 0.05 was declare as statistically significant.
Results

The proportion of effective BFT was 48% (95%, CI: 43.0%- 53.0%). The likelihood of applying proper BFT was reduced by 70% (AOR = 0.3; 95% CI: 0.11–0.83) among the age group < 20 compared to the age group > 30 years. The odds of effective BFT in primipara mothers were 49% (AOR = 0.51; 95% CI: 0.32–0.82) lower compared to multiparous mothers. Likewise, the likelihood of effective BFT was 55% (AOR = 0.45; 95% CI: 0.29–0.70) times lower in women who had no counseling immediately after delivery compared to their counterparts. Moreover, effective BFT was reduced by 78% (AOR = 0.22; 95% CI: 0.07–0.68) times in mothers with breast problem and 46% (AOR = 0.54; 95% CI: 0.30–0.97) less in mothers who bottle-fed their baby compared breast-milk mothers.
Conclusion

Just under half of the women in the study area applied proper BFT. Younger mothers and primipara mothers poorly performed to effective BFT. Likewise, women having counseling during ANC follow-up and immediately after delivery, similar to not having breast problems and bottle feeding practices BFT effectively. Hence, special emphasis should be given to younger and primipara mothers. Besides, preventing breast problems and working on enhancing counseling would improve BFT.
Learning Self-regulated L2 Writing Under a Cognitive Model
Authors: Dutta Manashi Gogoi , Danvivath Uthaivan 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This research study has been conducted to experiment an innovative teaching approach believing that when less use of self-regulated learning strategy leads to lower metacognitive learning attitude which results in low proficiency. This study has investigated the consequences of instructionally aroused cognitive involvement load for self-monitoring and self-assessment through facilitation of metacognitive learning strategy use for improving L2 writing skills of Thai undergraduate students. This innovative instructional model for teaching self-regulated L2 writing has been named as Strategic Self-Regulated Metacognitive Activities or S2RMCA. The approach of this model has been developed to promote self-regulated learning management. For stimulating the use of learning strategies, a set of self-monitoring and self-evaluating assessment rubric named Strategy Inventories for Learning L2 Writing (SILL2W) has also been devised. A set of questionnaire, pre-post-tests, checklist, and interviews were employed for collecting and analyzing the data. Results of data analyses have shown effectiveness and feasibility of the S2RMCA model for teaching self-regulated L2 writing. Satisfactory results have also been shown by participants in their L2 writing skills. So far, research studies conducted on cognitive involvement load, a continuing challenge has always been there regarding the accurate measurement of load via self-reporting and this study has also faced that challenge.
A Neutron Diffraction Investigation of High Valent Doped Barium Ferrite With Super-wide Tunable Microwave Absorption
Authors: Li J. , Hong Yang , He San , Li Weike , Bai Han , Xia Yuanhua , Sun Guangai , Zhou Zhongxiang 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The Barium ferrite BaTixFe12-xO19 (x = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8) ceramics doped by Ti4+ (BFTO-x) were synthesized by a modified sol-gel method. The crystal structure and magnetic structure of the samples were determined by neutron diffraction, and confirm that the BFTO-x ceramics were high quality single phase with sheet micro-structure. With x increasing from 0.2 to 0.8, the Ms decreases gradually but the change of Hc is complex under the synergy of the changed grain size and the magnetic crystal anisotropy field. Relying on the high valence of Ti4+, double resonance peaks are obtained in the curves of μ′′ and the resonance peaks could move towards the low frequency with the increase of x, which facilitate the samples perform an excellent wide-band modulation microwave absorption property. In the x = 0.2 sample, the maximum reflection loss can reach –44.9 dB at the thickness of only 1.8 mm, and the bandwidth could reach to 5.28 GHz at 2 mm when the RL is less than –10 dB. All the BFTO-x ceramics show excellent frequency modulation ability varying from 18 GHz (x = 0.8) to 4 GHz (x = 0.4), which covers 81% of the investigated frequency in microwave absorption field.
New Two-layer Ruddlesden-popper Cathode Materials for Protonic Ceramics Fuel Cells
Authors: Ling Y.H. , Ling Yihan , Guo Tianming , Guo Yangyang , Yang Yang , Tian Yunfeng , Wang Xinxin , Ou Xuemei , Feng Peizhong 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
New two-layer Ruddlesden-popper (RP) oxide La0.25Sr2.75FeNiO7-δ (LSFN) in the combination of Sr3Fe2O7-δ and La3Ni2O7-δ was successfully synthesized and studied as the potential active single-phase and composite cathode for protonic ceramics fuel cells (PCFCs). LSFN with the tetragonal symmetrical structure (I4/mmm) is confirmed, and the co-existence of Fe3+ /Fe4+ and Ni3+/Ni2+ couples is demonstrated by XPS analysis. The LSFN conductivity is apparently enhanced after Ni doping in Fe-site, and nearly three times those of Sr3Fe2O7-δ, which is directly related to the carrier concentration and conductor mechanism. Importantly, anode supported PCFCs using LSFN-BZCY composite cathode achieved high power density (426 mW·cm-2 at 650°C) and low electrode interface polarization resistance (0.26 Ω cm2). Besides, relaxation time distribution function (DRT) technology was further used to analysis the electrode polarization processes. The observed three peaks (P1, P2, P3) separated by DRT shifted to the high frequency region with the decreasing temperature, suggesting that the charge transfer at the electrode-electrolyte interfaces become more difficult at reduced temperature. Preliminary results demonstrate new two-layer PR phase LSFN can be a promising cathode candidate for PCFCs.
Can a COVID-19 vaccination program guarantee the return to a pre-pandemic lifestyle?
Authors: Yu Hongjie , Yang Juan , Marziano Valentina , Deng Xiaowei , Guzzetta Giorgio , Zhang Juanjuan , Trentini Filippo , Cai Jun , Poletti Piero , Zheng Wen , Wang Wei , Wu Qianhui , Zhao Zeyao , Dong Kaige , Zhong Guangjie , Viboud Cecile , Merler Stefano , Ajelli Marco 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
COVID-19 vaccination programs have been initiated in several countries to control SARS-CoV-2 transmission and return to a pre-pandemic lifestyle. However, understanding when non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) can be lifted as vaccination builds up and how to update priority groups for vaccination in real-time remain key questions for policy makers. To address these questions, we built a data-driven model of SARS-CoV-2 transmission for China. We estimated that, to prevent local outbreaks to escalate to major widespread epidemics, stringent NPIs need to remain in place at least one year after the start of vaccination. Should NPIs be capable to keep the reproduction number (Rt) around 1.3, a vaccination program could reduce up to 99% of COVID-19 burden and bring Rt below the epidemic threshold in about 9 months. Maintaining strict NPIs throughout 2021 is of paramount importance to reduce COVID-19 burden while vaccines are distributed to the population, especially in large populations with little natural immunity.
Integrated and Superaerophilic Ni-O-C Electrode enables Fast and Stable Electrochemical H2O2 Production for Electro-Fenton-like Process
Authors: Xu Wenwen , Liang Zheng , Gong Shun , Zhang Baoshan , Su Linfeng , Wang Hui , Chen Xu , Han Nana , Tian Ziqi , Kallio Tanja , Chen Liang , Lu Zhiyi , Sun Xiaoming 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Fast and stable production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) through electrochemical pathways is crucial for wastewater treatment applications. With this objective, herein we report an integrated and superaerophilic electrode composed of atomically dispersed Ni-O-C sites enriched carbon nanosheets (IS-NiOC electrode) for electrochemical oxygen reduction to produce H2O2. Both experimental and theoretical results have proven that atomically dispersed Ni-O-C sites enable a low overpotential (260 mV at 0.1 mA cm− 2) and high selectivity (> 90% at 0.0 ~ 0.5 V vs. RHE) in neutral electrolyte. Compared with a commercial gas-diffusion electrode, the IS-NiOC electrode offers stronger affinity to oxygen bubbles and more robust three-phase contact points, resulting in high current density (~ 106 mA cm− 2 at 0.25 V vs. RHE) and superior stability (~ 200 h). These merits allow the application of the IS-NiOC electrode in an electro-Fenton-like process, which enables fast degradation of representative organic pollutants in both steady state and flow state.
Experimental disclosing the composition- and structure-dependent deep-level defect in photovoltaic antimony trisulfide materials
Authors: Lian Weitao , Jiang Chen-Hui , Yin Yiwei , Tang Rongfeng , Li Gang , Zhang Lijian , Che Bo , Chen Tao 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Antimony trisulfide (Sb2S3) represents a kind of emerging light-harvesting material with excellent stability and abundant elemental storage. Due to the low-symmetry, theoretical investigation has pointed out that there exists complicated defect properties. However, there is no experimental verification on the defect property. Here, we conduct optical deep-level transient spectroscopy to investigate defect properties in Sb2S3 and show that there are maximum three kinds of deep level defects observed, depending on the composition of Sb2S3. We also find that the Sb-interstitial (Sbi) defect does not show critical influence on the carrier lifetime, indicating the high tolerance of the one-dimensional crystal structure where the space of (Sb4S6)n ribbons is able to accommodate impurities to certain extent. This work provides basic understanding on the defect properties of quasi-one-dimensional materials and a guidance for the efficiency improvement of Sb2S3 solar cells.
Topological Frustration can modify the nature of a Quantum Phase Transition
Authors: Marić Vanja , Torre Gianpaolo , Franchini Fabio , Giampaolo Salvatore 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Ginzburg-Landau theory of continuous phase transitions implicitly assumes that microscopic changes are negligible in determining the thermodynamic properties of the system. In this work we provide an example that clearly contrasts with this assumption. In particular, we consider the 2-cluster-Ising model, a one-dimensional spin-1/2 system that is known to exhibit a quantum phase transition between a magnetic and a nematic phase. By imposing boundary conditions that induce topological frustration we show that local order is completely destroyed on both sides of the transition and that the two thermodynamic phases can only be characterized by string order parameters.
Having proved that topological frustration is capable of altering the nature of a system's phase transition, this result is a clear challenge to current theories of phase transitions in complex quantum systems.
What is the Impact of Physical Activities in Home Isolation on Residents’ Well-Being: A Cross-Sectional Survey During the COVID-19 Social Quarantine
Authors: Zuo Yifan , Zhang Mu , Xu Shaogui , Liang Liqi , Wu Xiaoyuan , Chen Kevin W , Han Jiayu , Ren Zhanbing 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background: During isolation, physical activity can enhance residents’ well-being. The objective of the present study was to examine the associations between residents’ physical activity, health values, and well-being during isolation.Methods: Based on the physical activity rating scale, health values scale, subjective well-being scale, and the satisfaction with life scale, 505 valid questionnaires were collected online from 31 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions in China. A series of multiple linear regression models were established to study the relationship between variables, and the bootstrap confidence interval was selected to test the mediating effect.Results: The results showed that during the period of isolation, physical activity directly(b =0.463, p < 0.001) or indirectly(b =0.358, p < 0.001) had a positive impact on residents’ well-being through the mediating effect of health values. There is a positive correlation between physical activity and health values(b =0.710, p < 0.001), while health values had a direct positive impact on well-being(b =0.504, p < 0.001). In addition, moderate amount of physical activity is more likely to improve the well-being of residents during home isolation compared to small and large amount of physical activity.Conclusions: Moderate exercise at home and regular physical activity are beneficial to our physical and mental health, especially to improve the overall well-being. At the same time, it is necessary for the World Health Organization and governments at all levels to strengthen the guidance and publicity of health values, so as to eliminate the impact of COVID-19 on people to a greater extent.
Intersecting Systemic and Personal Barriers to Accessing Social Services: Qualitative Interviews in Northern California
Authors: Placzek Hilary , Cruz Stephanie , Chapdelaine Michelle , Carl Mary , Levin Sara , Hsu Clarissa 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background. Addressing social risks in the clinical setting can increase patient confidence in the availability of community resources and may contribute to the development of a therapeutic alliance which has been correlated with treatment adherence and improved quality of life in mental health contexts. It is not well understood what barriers patients face when trying to connect to community resources that help address social risks.Methods. This is a qualitative assessment of patient-reported barriers to accessing and using social needs assistance programs. We conducted over 100 in-depth interviews with individuals in Northern California who participated in a navigation and referral program to help address their social needs and describe a unique framework for understanding how policies and systems intersect with an individual's personal life circumstances.Results. Individuals described two distinct domains of barriers: 1) systems-level barriers that were linked to the inequitable distribution of and access to resources, and 2) personal-level barriers that focused on unique limitations experienced by each patient and impacted the way that they accessed services in their communities. While these barriers often overlapped or manifested in similar outcomes, this distinction was key because the systems barriers were not things that individuals could control or overcome through their own initiative or by increasing individual capacity.Conclusions. Respondents describe intersecting systemic and personal barriers that compound patients’ challenges to getting their social needs met; this includes both a picture of the inequitable distribution of and access to social services and a profile of the limitations created by individual life histories. These results speak to the need for structural changes to improve adequacy, availability, and accessibility of social needs resources. These findings highlight the need for advocacy to address systems barriers, especially the stigma that is faced by people who struggle with a variety of health and social issues, and investment in incentives to strengthen relationships between health care settings and social service agencies.