bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From Circumstance to Mechanism in Pediatrics During the Hopkins Century
Authors: Eisenberg Leon 
Published: December 2021

In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was The Johns Hopkins. In the beginning, like Janus, the Roman God of thresholds, the new medicine was double-faced,1 the one visage gazing inward at the mechanisms of disease, the other outward at the social circumstances in which disease occurs. With time, the very success of the search for mechanisms displaced the concern for circumstances.
Is it hyperbole to aver that Hopkins was the Word for the education of American physicians in the scientific practice of medicine? This University began formal graduate education in the United States2; this Hospital introduced the graduated system of clinical instruction for house officers incorporated in a teaching hospital in place of preceptorships with specialist practitioners3-5; this Medical School inaugurated the full-time system in clinical departments, chose its faculty for competence in research as well as patient care, and became the prototype for academic excellence.4
Harvard's president, Charles W. Eliot, acknowledged this University's seminal role when he wrote2(p105):
The example of Johns Hopkins forced our faculty to put their strength into the development of education for graduates. . . . What was true of Harvard was true of every other university in the land.
Nor was Eliot6(p93) reticent in assessing the state of medical education B.H. (before Hopkins):
The ignorance and general incompetency of the average graduate of American medical schools at a time when he [sic] receives a degree which turns him loose upon the community, is something horrible to contemplate, considering the nature of the physician's functions and responsibilities.
Prevalence of Excess Lead Absorption and Associated Risk Factors in Children Enrolled in a Midwestern Health Maintenance Organization
Authors: Nordin James D. , Rolnick Sharon J. , Griffin Joan M. 
Published: December 2021

Objective. To assess the prevalence of lead intoxication in children in a defined low-risk population at the new levels recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Design. During an 11-month period, whole blood lead tests were performed on 4678 children at routine well-child visits at 9 months and 2 years of age. For the last 8 months of the study, parents were asked to complete a prescreening risk factor questionnaire at these visits. The questionnaire and blood lead results were then matched. Data were collected from October 1, 1991 through August 31, 1992.
Setting. The study subjects were all enrolled in Group Health, Inc, a large health maintenance organization. Its 17 staff model clinics serve urban and suburban populations in the Minneapolis-St. Paul area. More than 95% of the population had coverage based on employment, not Medicaid.
Results. Results indicated that 2.5% (n = 119) of the children had BPb levels ≥10 µg/dL. Urban clinics had rates of elevated BPb levels three to eight times those of suburban clinics (P &lt; .00001), but the number of elevated BPb levels at the suburban clinics was greater than expected. BPb levels were significantly higher in summer and fall (P &lt; .00001). The prescreening questionnaire addressed five areas potentially associated with risk according to the literature: housing, siblings with lead poisoning, parental hobbies or work involving lead, proximity to highways, and use of cultural medicines. Positive correlations were found between elevated BPb levels and residences built before 1950 (P &lt; .00001). For children living in housing built before 1950, positive correlations were found between elevated blood lead levels and peeling paint (P &lt; .01) or remodeling (P &lt; .0001).
Conclusions. Children who are at low socioeconomic risk but who live in housing built before 1950 are at increased risk for lead poisoning. The risk is greater if the house has peeling paint and especially if there is recent or ongoing renovation. Recommendations based on these results and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines are made for screening programs in similar populations, and for the need to increase community awareness concerning this issue.
Development of a Screening Tool for Prediction of Children at Risk for Lead Exposure in a Midwestern Clinical Setting
Authors: Rooney Brenda L. , Allen Brian K. , Strutt Pamela J. , Hayes Edward B. 
Published: December 2021

Objective. Universal screening for childhood lead poisoning is becoming quite common, with many states having legislation requiring screening. We set out to determine whether a questionnaire could be used to identify children at risk for exposure to lead to determine whether selective screening of those at risk was possible.
Methods. Parents of 370 children 12 to 36 months of age having well-child examinations completed a questionnaire and their children were screened by a fingerstick capillary blood lead test at two clinics.
Results. Of patients from clinic A, 5.4% had lead levels ≥10 µg/dL compared with 16.8% of those from clinic B (P &lt; .001). This difference between clinics could not be explained by the demographic characteristics of the patients or by differences in their potential exposures to lead. We evaluated the five questions suggested by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for anticipatory guidance for their ability to identify children with elevated blood lead levels. In clinic A, this instrument had a sensitivity of 76.9% and a negative predictive value of 96.5%. In clinic B, it had a sensitivity of 63.6% and a negalive predictive value of 81.4% . Based on an assessment of significant items from a large questionnaire, we determined five questions that were the best predictors of risk. On the basis of this risk assessment, 100% of the children from clinic A with elevated lead levels and 90.9% of the children from clinic B with elevated lead levels were classified as being at "high risk." Had this risk assessment been used as an initial screen in this sample, 40% of the patients from clinic A and 37% of the patients from clinic B would not have been screened with a blood lead test, because they were classified as being at "low risk."
Conclusions. Results of this study suggest that there is great variability in the prevalence of elevated lead levels and potential risks between clinics within a fairly homogeneous community; however, selective screening with a community-specific questionnaire may be feasible if the prevalence is low and the risks to the population are known.
Letter to the Editor
Authors: Reigart J. Routt 
Published: December 2021

Drs Gellert and Wagner have made some excellent points regarding the need to devise specific, local, lead poisoning prevention programs. Although the Letters to the Editor sections of journals are not the proper forum in which to devise such programs, several general comments should be made.
The Committee on Environmental Health carefully drafted its statement on childhood lead poisoning prevention to allow and encourage reasoned and reasonable discussion of screening strategies. The term "universal screening" is intentionally not used in the statement.
The effect of the food insecurities in farming and non-farming households: lesson learnt from households in the Francis Baard district municipality, Northern Cape Province of South Africa
Authors: Shushu MN , Swanepoel JW , Mmbengwa VM 
Published: December 2021

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of food insecurity in farming and non-farming households in the Francis Baard District Municipality. The research approach used in this study was quantitative. By using a cross-sectional survey, data was collected referring to the population of interest. A simple random sample comprising of 516 respondents from farming and non-farming households in the Frances Baard Municipality was selected. The data were analysed using multiple logistic regression (MLR) models. The results revealed that food shortages are more likely (B = 0.22, p = 0.01) to cause severe food insecurities in farming households when access to food gardens and smallholding is constant. On the other hand, non-farming households could also be affected by severe food insecurity due to food shortages (B = 0.29, p = 0.04) and lack of access to smallholding farming areas. The results further showed that food gardening is highly likely to reduce severe food insecurity. The results imply that the municipality has to provide access to food gardening facilities and smallholder plots for non-farming and farming households to combat severe food insecurity and promote food security. The policy on comprehensive producer support only recognises the support for the farmers' different categories than the households. Therefore, it is recommended that the policymakers amend this policy to enable the household to be empowered as beneficiaries.
Towards an efficient post Covid-19 ict based extension service delivery model for the sugar industry of eSwatini
Authors: Dlamini MM , Worth SH , Ajayi OA 
Published: December 2021

This study presents a designed ICT based extension service delivery system for the sugar industry of Eswatini. The model is an improvement of the current system and it presents a delivery system that is void of many limitations. This model emanates from findings of a survey which involved all smallholder sugarcane farmers (N=172) and their extension officers (N=17). The survey investigated how information and knowledge are currently managed within the sugar industry. Basically, the model revolves around the use of mobile phones to relay information among the sugar industry stakeholders in a timely, more organised, productive and cost-effective ways, without contravention of the COVID-19 pandemic protocols. Sugarcane stakeholders can now be able to exchange information using the model without having to meet physically, which is what most of the traditional approaches required. The exchange of information can be in a form of voiced, pre-recorded information in the form of texts, audio, or audio visuals. This would go a long way in enhancing smallholder farmer’s productivity as it has the potential of empowering more rural sugarcane farmers with crucial information for improved productivity. The model has the potential to sustain itself as the participation of the stakeholders is promoted.
Assessment of climate change training needs of agricultural extension agents in Abia state, Nigeria
Authors: Ifeanyi-obi CC , Ekere K 
Published: December 2021

The study assessed the agricultural extension agents' climate change training needs in Abia state. Eighty-three extension agents were chosen for the study using a simple random sampling procedure. Questionnaire was used to collect data, which was then summarized using percentages, frequency counts, and the mean. The findings indicated that male agricultural extension agents comprised a majority (53%) of the state's agricultural extension agents. The average household contained between one and five members (60%). Only 10% have a master's degree, while the majority (69%) have a bachelor's degree. The average length of employment was 15 years. The study's findings indicated that there are still extension agents who are unaware of climate change (1%). Agricultural extension agents in the study area have a limited understanding of all six climate change statements. Extension agents provide significant climate change services to farmers, including technical advice on climate change ( =2.0), the establishment of Small Plot Adaptation Techniques (SPAT) to monitor the impact of climate change (=2.1), and educating farmers on appropriate agrochemicals for climate change adaptation (weed and pest control) ( =2.2). Additionally, the results indicated that understanding fundamental climate change concepts ( =3.7), utilising cultural practises to mitigate and adapt to climate impacts ( =3.4), and environmentally friendly management practises to mitigate and adapt to climate change ( =3.4) were the primary areas of need for climate change training among extension agents. Inadequate funding for training (=3.4), a lack of financial support from organizations ( =3.3), and an inability to access financial support from funders (=3.3) were the major barriers to attending climate change training for extension agents. Regular climate change seminars and training workshops for agricultural extension agents at the federal and state levels will help to improve their overall knowledge of climate change issues. The Agricultural Development Program should utilize Forth nightly training (FNT) meetings to educate extension agents about climate change issues.
<i>Chlamydia Trachomatis</i> detection in different urogenital samples
Authors: Shalepo К. V. , Shinitsyna E. V. , Savitsheva A. N. , Domeika M. 
Published: December 2021

The results of Chlamydia trachomatis detection in different urogenital samples (vagina, cervix, urethra, urine) are presented in this report. The study was carried out for the period of 1999 to 2000. A total of 397 women and 253 men were examined. Cervical, urethral and vaginal swabs from women, and urethral, first voided urine (FVU) specimens from men were tested.
For diagnosis of Chlamydia, trachomatis the following methods were used: polymerase chain reaction (PCR), direct immunofluorescence test (DIF) and cell culture (CC). In male samples, more often chlamydiae were detected in the urethra (11,6%), more rarely - in the FVU (6%). When female samples were tested, more often C. trachomatis was found in the vagina (18,4%), and less often - in the cervix (14. 4) and the urethra (8. 8%).
The sensitivity and specificity of the methods used to test urogenital samples were determined. The PCR sensitivity and specificity was shown to be 75 and 100% for C. trachomatis detection in the cervix, 75 and 97. 5% - in the female urethra, and 63 and 99% - in the vagina, respectively. The PCR sensitivity and specificity was found to be 78 and 100% in the male urethral specimens and 100 and 99. 6% in the FVU, respectively.
The sensitivity of cell culture method used for chlamydiae detection in cervical, female and male urethral samples was low - 33. 9, 47. 1 and 50% respectively. The CC specificity was 100%.
Organy w kościołach dekanatu opatowskiego diecezji sandomierskiej. Instrumenty niezachowane w świetle źródeł archiwalnych
Authors: Szymanowicz Maria 
Published: December 2021

Niniejszy artykuł powstał w oparciu o XVIII, XIX i XX-wieczne źródła przechowywane w archiwach w Krakowie, Sandomierzu i Radomiu. Analiza uzyskanych danych pozwoliła na wysnucie następujących wniosków. Na terenie dekanatu opatowskiego w jedenastu kościołach stwierdzono istnienie dwudziestu dwóch niezachowanych instrumentów. Były to niewielkie organy, od sześciu do dziesięciu głosów, w zdecydowanej większości z jedną klawiaturą ręczną. Wyjątkiem był 24-głosowy instrument w kolegiacie w Opatowie, z dwoma manuałami i pedałem. Niektóre organy wyposażone były w urządzenia dodatkowe – tympan i dzwonki. Wszystkie znajdowały się na chórze muzycznym. Pełniły nie tylko funkcję muzyczną, malowane i zdobione snycersko stanowiły ważny element wystroju świątyń. Znane są nazwiska budowniczych sześciu instrumentów: Jugiewicz, Kiehl, Homan (2), Szrejbert i Kołodziejski.
Распространение и трофические связи дубовой кружевницы Corythucha arcuata (Say) (Heteroptera: Tingidae) в Крыму
Authors: Голуб В.Б. , Голуб Н.В. , Соболева В.А. 
Published: December 2021

Для инвазивного вида, клопа дубовая кружевница Corythucha arcuata (Say, 1832) (Heteroptera: Tingidae), по материалам сборов авторов в 2020 г. приводятся два новых пункта его обнаружения в Крыму – Карадагский природный заповедник и лесной массив Агармыш в окрестностях Старого Крыма. В обоих пунктах вид собран на дубе. Описано полное распространение вида в Крыму, с учётом предыдущих публикаций. Сходная по внешнему виду с дубовой кружевницей грушевая кружевница Stephanitis pyri (Fabricius, 1775) в лесу Агармыш заселяет в высокой численности деревья из семейства Rosaceae, а также вяз и дуб.

БлагодарностиРабота выполнена при финансовой поддержке РФФИ (грант 18-04-00464-а) (В.Б. Голуб, Н.В. Голуб, В.А. Соболева) и в рамках государственной темы № АААА-А19-119020790106-0 (Н.В. Голуб).
Сукцессионная динамика фитоценозов с участием полемохоров
Authors: Нотов Александр Александрович , Нотов Валерий Александрович , Зуева Людмила Викторовна , Иванова Светлана Алексеевна 
Published: December 2021

В 2019–2020 гг. в Тверской области исследованы территории в окрестностях ключевых перевалочных пунктов Ржевско-Вяземского плацдарма. Изучены фитоценозы с участием полемохоров. Проанализированы сведения о динамике растительного покрова. После окончания Великой Отечественной войны на некоторых участках модельных территорий стали формироваться мелколиственные леса из Alnus incana (L.) Moench, Populus tremula L., Betula pendula Roth. и кустарниковые ивняки. Большинство полемохоров представляют группу луговых растений. На этих участках происходило постепенное выпадение полемохоров. Современный состав фитоценозов с полемохорами зависит от следующих факторов: 1) объема и состава занесенных чужеродных диаспор; 2) характера динамики ландшафтов и растительного покрова; 3) экологических особенностей отдельных видов.

БлагодарностиРабота выполнена при финансовой поддержке гранта РФФИ № 18-04-01206. Авторы выражают глубокую благодарность А.В. Халиманчуку (Военно-исторический поисковый центр «Память 29 армии»), руководителю поискового отряда «Звезда» В.В. Стрельникову за ценные консультации и Е.А. Лубниной (ГБУЗ ГКБ им. М.П. Кончаловского ДЗМ) за помощь в организации исследований. Мы очень признательны С.Р. Майорову (Московский государственный университет им. М.В. Ломоносова) за проверку правильности определения гербарного материала.
Participatory Budget – An Effective Tool for Social Participation and Building Local Identity. A Case Study of the City of Lodz
Authors: Ślebocka Magdalena , Kilanowski Artur 
Published: December 2021

The aim of the article: The main aim of the article is to present the essence and significance the institution of civic budget as a tool not only allowing citizens to actively participate in the process of deciding about the directions of spending public funds, but also a tool to determine the directions of social expectations, the essence and importance of social participation.
Hypothesis: The hypothesis accepted in the study stipulates that the growing popularity of the civic budget makes it an effective tool for social participation.
Methodology: The study was based on a literature review, legal acts, information on the functioning of the civic budget in Lodz as well as a questionnaire conducted among the city residents.
Results of the research: The civic budget in Lodz has been functioning for eight years, and during this time it has been constantly contributing to the idea of citizen involvement in the decision-making process. Although the budget procedure itself is undergoing numerous corrections and transformations, as the ongoing political, social and macroeconomic changes must be taken into account, it is still a basic tool enabling active participation and involvement of citizens. The matters it concerns are important to the community, and the civic budget offers an opportunity to express their opinions on key issues. The conducted survey indicates that Lodz is a positive example of using the participatory budget mechanism in the city management process. The sustained high (on a Polish scale) turnout confirms the inhabitants’ interest and willingness to change the public space, thus positively influencing the building of a sense of local community.
Capital Structure of Companies Listed at the Warsaw Stock Exchange and the COVID-19 Pandemic Effect on Their Risk
Authors: Gajdka Jerzy , Szymański Marek 
Published: December 2021

Subject: The financial management of companies is examined in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Specifically, the relationship between their capital structure and risk changes during the pandemic is scrutinised.
The purpose of the article: To determine how companies’ total, systematic and idiosyncratic risks changed during the COVID-19 pandemic depending on their capital structure based on a sample of organisations listed at the Warsaw Stock Exchange.
Methodology: The study involves the use of a panel data regression model.
Results of the research: The COVID-19 pandemic had an impact on the risk of overleveraged companies and underleveraged ones alike. Its influence on their total risk was weaker among the underleveraged organisations. Regarding systematic risk, its levels did not generally change significantly in the wake of the pandemic, but idiosyncratic risk, only in the case of the overleveraged companies increased statistically significantly.
The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Changes in Competitiveness in the Public Procurement System
Authors: Szymański Jarosław 
Published: December 2021

The aim of the article/hypothesis: The impact of the pandemic on the European and global economy is unquestionable. The question is how the epidemiological situation has affected the European public procurement system. The study was limited to assessing the changes in the structure of the procedures used to award public contracts and the possible effects of a lack of dynamics in this respect. The aim of the work is to observe the effects of changes in the structure of tendering procedures and to identify other phenomena in the public procurement system, caused by the pandemic.
Methodology: Taking into account the diversity of national solutions in the field of public procurement, resulting both from the legal systems and national practice, an analysis of awarded public contracts was carried out, with particular emphasis on the domestic market. The research was conducted in the direction of determining the changes in preferences of selecting non-competitive procedures, new possibilities of awarding contracts and the analysis of changes in the preferences of the non-competitive procedure on the European Union market. The tools used for the analysis included basic statistical measures and the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test.
Results of the research: As a result of the analysis, it was found that there was a statistically significant increase in the share of the non-competitive procedure on the European market. The observation of individual national markets shows that in some Member States there has been a decrease or a very limited increase in the non-competitive mode. This may result from ad hoc legal changes and means that an unknown number of contracts of unknown value was awarded outside the control of the monitoring of the public procurement system.
Effect of oxytocin and cortisol levels on mother–infant bonding
Authors: Olivova Jana 
Published: December 2021

Oxytocin (OT) has been associated with mother–infant bonding, while cortisol levels have been associated with stressful response. The objective of this study was to explore the possible correlation between OT and cortisol levels and mother–infant quality of bonding. OT and cortisol levels were measured using urine and saliva tests. Maternal bonding was measured by observation and a post-partum bonding questionnaire. Our results, using a group of 29 mother–infant healthy dyads, found no correlation between OT and the nurturing condition, but we found positive correlations between OT and the expressed feelings of mothers towards their infants, as well as a negative correlation between cortisol and less intense bonding feelings (feel afraid or resents infant). Understanding the association between mother and infant bonding interactions and induced hormones should be a valuable tool for paediatricians and psychologist in promoting behaviours that will benefit future adult behaviour and society at large.

Keywords: Oxytocin, cortisol, mother, infant bonding, effect.