bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Peripheral Distribution of Non-Medullated Nerve-Fibres
Authors: Klein E. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Safter the terminations of non-medullated nerve-fibres had been discovered in the tactile corpuscles of the skin and in the Pacinian bodies; after Max Schultze had come forward with his surprising and stirring doctrine as to the special terminations of some of the nerves of the higher senses, and Krause had described what were named by him the “clubshaped extremities “in many nerves of common sensibility, as well as in those of the conjunctiva, oral mucous membrane, and genital organs; and after special terminal-apparatus had been found out in the striated muscles,—the doctrine of a terminal network of nerves in general seemed to be finally set aside, especially in the case of the nerves of common sensibility, which, according to it, break up into a network in the most superficial layers of the skin and mucous membranes, consisting sometimes of thin fibres partly medullated, partly non-medullated, or bending round to form a loop. Indeed, within the last ten years a great number of treatises have appeared on the modes of termination of the peripheral non-medullated nerves, showing in general that special terminal apparatus are to be found in the most various organs and in the most various nerves. Here I can call to mind only the termination of the nerves of common sensibility in the branching corpuscles lying between the epithelial cells of the rete Mal-piffhii of the skin (1); the so-called terminal corpuscles of the genital nerves (2); the termination of nerves in the nucleolus of the smooth muscular fibre (3); the knob-shaped termination of the corneal nerves in the precorneal fluid (4); the ending of nerves in the corneal corpuscles (5); the nervetermination in the nucleoli of the epithelium of the tail of the tadpole (6); and in the branched cells (7) of the same organ; the terminations of nerves in the pear-shaped structures of the tissue of the epiglottis (8); in the nuclei of capillary bloodvessels (9); in special bodies in the mucous membrane of the urinary bladder (10); and in structures which lie between the epithelial cells of the mucous membrane of the stomach of the frog (11); the freely outrunning nerve-fibres in the tissue of certain serous membranes (12); the termination of nerve-fibres in the cells of the alveoli and of the ducts of the salivary glands (13); in the cells of the liver (14); and so on.
A Note of some Circumstances Affecting the Value of Glycerine in Microscopy
Authors: Ord W. M. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Glycerine being very generally used in the making and keeping of many kinds of microscopic preparations, it is of some importance to be aware that in certain cases the action of this fluid is more than a simple penetration, more than an illustration of osmose. When, for example, the enamel of teeth is found after long stay in glycerine to have so far departed from original flinty hardness that it can be cut by a sharp knife, the exertion of either a solvent or a disintegrant power by the glycerine is suggested. Everybody knows that glycerine, even when pure and free from acid is a solvent of many substances (such as carbonate of lime ; see Carpenter, ‘The Microscope,’ p. 220). But, perhaps, everybody does not know what glycerine is capable of doing in the way of changing the molecular arrangement of many other substances, and of altering their consistence. It may help to set people thinking on this point, if I quote a few instances from my own observations.
On the Structure of the Stem of the Screw Pine
Authors: Dyer W. T. Thiselton 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Species of the genus Pandanus, or screw pines proper, are a conspicuous element in the vegetation of the East Indian islands. Representatives of them are to be found in all large collections of tropical plants ; yet, notwithstanding this, the few notices of their structure to be met with in books are meagre and incomplete in the extreme.
On Students’ Microscope
Authors: Payne J. F. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The regulations of the College of Surgeons, now coming into force, which require all medical students to become practically acquainted with histology, and are giving so great an impulse to this study in England, will impose upon many students the necessity of providing themselves with a microscope, and upon many teachers the responsibility of aiding their choice. It is with the view of assisting both classes that we have compiled the information contained in the following table. It is constructed entirely from data obligingly furnished us by the makers themselves, who are, therefore, solely responsible for the correctness of the statements made therein.1 We do not, furthermore, undertake to recommend any one of these instruments,2 but no makers’ names have been admitted into the list except those of good repute ; while the materials for a comparison are given by the table itself.
Remarks on the Structure of the GregarinÆ
Authors: Van Beneden Edward 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In a work published in the 1 Bulletins of the Royal Academy of Belgium’ (vol. xxxi, No. 5, 1871), and 1 Quart. Journ. Micro. Science’ (vol. xi, new ser.), I have made known the successive conditions of the evolution of a new Gregarin found in the intestines of the lobster, and described on a former occasion under the name of Gregarina grgantea (‘ Report of the Royal Academy of Belgium/vol. xxix, No. 11, 1869, and ‘Quar. Journ. Micro. Science,’ vol. ix, new ser.). I have established through my investigations that the psorosperms give birth to small protoplasmic globes, which differ from Amœbæ in that they are devoid of all cell-nucleus, and in that they never show any trace of vacuole. They represent, from a morphologic point of view, the Monera of Haeckel, and the Gregarinæ pass, during the course of their autogenic evolution, through the Monerian condition. At that time they are simple gymnocytods, and only become cells when a nucleus develops itself in their interior. On the surface of each cytod grow two protoplasmic prolongations. Simple buds in their beginning, these prolongations stretch out, absorbing at the same time the body of the cytod, and when they become free they move in the intestines of the lobster, like little nematod worms. From thence the name of Pseudofilaria, which I have given them. Not long after, they become shorter, and at the same time their movements become less active; they soon cease altogether; a voluminous nucleolus then appears inside the body, this at once becoming surrounded by a nuclear coating. From this time the cytod has become a cell; the separation of the chemical elements of the nucleolus and of the nucleus from the essential elements of the body of the cell has led to the differentiation of the original matter, which I have called“plas-son,” into three distinct layers—the nucleolus, the nucleus, and the protoplasma.?
On the Term Endothelium
Authors: Foster Michael 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The word “endothelium ” has been recently introduced into histology, and the use of it has rapidly become common, if not general. The speedy acceptance of a new term may, in many cases, but not in all, be taken as an indication that something of the kind was wanted; and the already frequent use of “endothelium,” both by Continental and English histologists, would seem to show the need of some other phrase besides” epithelium.“Nevertheless, there are cogent reasons why the new term should not be allowed to take any further root.
On Arranging and Cataloguing Microscopic Specimens
Authors: Groves J. W. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
This subject seems to be one of some difficulty, from the fact that most authors who have written upon it, and most people who possess collections, follow different methods without being altogether satisfied with any of them ; moreover, it is a question of importance, for upon the arrangement adopted, and the convenience of the catalogue, depends the space gained or wasted in the cabinet, and the comparative ease or difficulty of finding any given preparation.
Note on “Picro-Carminate of Ammonia.”
Authors: Baber E. Cresswell 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In this note I wish to draw attention to a microscopic staining fluid which, as far as I am aware, is very little, if at all, known or used in England. This fluid is the picrocarminate of ammonia, invented by M. Ranvier, and largely used in his laboratory at Paris.
An Asexual Growth from the Prothallus of Pteris Cretica
Authors: Farlow William G. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
While studying the development of the archegonium in the Polypodiaceœ, in the botanical laboratory of the University of Strassburg, a peculiarity was first noticed in the prothallus of Pteris cretica which seems to have an important bearing on the question of the fern prothallus in general.
Résumé of recent contributions to our knowledge of “ freshwater rhizopoda.” Part IV
Authors: Archer WM. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Lecyhium, hyalinum, Hertwig et Lesser1 (Plate XIII, figs. 1, 2), is the name applied to a form identified by the authors as equivalent to that named Gromia hyalina by Schlumberger2 , and by Ehrenberg and Fresenius3 called Arceilla hyalina, and again by Schneider identified as Diffiugia enchelys. No doubt these authors were each wrong in referring such a form to any of these genera. For that reason, seemingly, Hertwig and Lesser conceived they were compelled to institute a new genus, therefore named as above; Cienkowski4 accepts this genus. But it occurs to me to suggest that, just ąs in Schulze’s form referred to Gromia (as G. granulata), there is little, if anything, to separate either from the genus Plagiophrys, Clap, et Lachm. The test of Lecyhium hyalinum, Hertwig et Lesser, is roundish, pellucid, membranous (structureless), thin—according to Hertwig and Lesser not flexible, but according to Cienkowski it is flexible—according to the former bilaterally symmetrical, but according to the latter only accidentally so, with a short neck. The body-mass completely fills the test, anterior portion granular and vacuolar, posterior homogeneous and bearing a nucleolated nucleus ; pseudopodia filiform, homogeneous, much branched, sometimes anastomosing. (See fig. 1, showing a dorsal or posterior view. Fig. 2, after Cienkowski, perhaps doubtfully identical, shows a lateral view.) There seems nothing here requiring a new genus distinct from Plagiophrys. Possibly, too, the same would apply to the following:
The minute anatomy of the Alimentary Canal.
Authors: Watney Herbert 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
THE following is an abstract of a paper published in the ‘ Philosophical Transactions,’ vol. 166, part 2. The research was commenced and carried on under the direction of Dr. Klein for the first fifteen months; during the last year it was continued independently. The paper was read in January, 1876. It is illustrated by forty-three drawings, most of them having been made by means of the camera lucida.
On a new genus and species of zoanthina malaco-dermata (panceria spongiosa, sp. n.).
Authors: Andres Angelo 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
THIS new kind of polyp was found in Port Natal, like the allied species Xanthus viridis, Kr., and Pales Cliftonii, Gr. It has a cylindrical shape, and is four centim. in length and six millim. in diameter (Pl. XVI, fig. 1).
Experimental Contribution to the Etiology of Infectious Diseases with special reference to the Doctrine of Contagium Vivum
Authors: Klein E. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The present communication has for its object to bring before the Royal Society the results of an experimental inquiry 1 into the etiology of an infectious disease of the pig, known as Hog Plague, Mai Rouge, Red Soldier, Malignant Erysipelas, or also Typhoid Fever of the Pig. Their are English and continental writers who describe the disease as Anthrax or Splenic Fever of the Pig. I shall show, however, conclusively in my Report to the Medical Officer of the Local Government Board, that it is neither typhoid fever nor anthrax, but is an infectious disease of its own kind, which I propose to call “ Infectious Pneumo-Enteritis of the Pig” (Pneumo-enteritis contagiosa).
Further Communication on the Structure of the Cell-Nucleus, with Observations on Ciliate Epithelium1
Authors: Eimer H. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Continuing his researches on the structure of nuclei of cells (Archiv fur Mikroskop. Anatom. Bd. vii and viii), in which he demonstrated within the membrane of the nucleus of various kinds of cells the presence of a hyaline zone round the nucleolus, which he called “ Hyaloid;” Professor Eimer found this surrounded by a zone of minute granules, which he called “ Körnchenkreis “ (granular sphere); between this and the membrane lies the peripheral opaque part of the nuclear contents. His more recent observations enable the author to say that the above elements of the cell-nucleus are not the result of reagents (Auerbach), but are present in the living unaltered nucleus of various cell-species.
Recent Researches on Bacteria
Authors: LANKESTER E. RAY 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The progress of knowledge with regard to the life-history of Bacteriahas been carefully recorded in the pages of this Journal during the past ten years, sometimes by original memoirs, sometimes by more or less extended notices of foreign publications :—’The Origin and Development of Bacterium Termo,’ by Frau Lfiders, vol. viii, p. 32. ‘Spontaneous Generation,’ by Professor Dyer, vol. x, p. 333. ‘Relations of Torula, Pénicillium, and Bacterium,’ by Prof. Huxley, vol. x, p. 355. ‘Bacteria and their Relations to Putrefaction and Contagion,’ by Prof. Cohn, vol. xii, p. 20 7. ‘Natural History of the Vibriones,’ by Oscar Grimm, vol. xii, p. 411. ‘The Origin of Bacteria,’ by Prof. Sanderson, vol xi, p. 323. ‘Bacteria and the Germ Theory,’ by Prof. Lister, vol. xiii, p. 380. ‘Researches on Bacteria’ (first series), by Prof. Cohn, vol. xiii, p. 156. ‘A Peach-Coloured Bacterium,’ by E. Ray Lankester,’ vol. xiii, p. 408. ‘The Theory of Fermentations,’ by Louis Pasteur, vol. xiii, p. 351. ‘Bacteria in Malignant Pustule,’ by Drs. Frankel and Orth, vol. xiv, p. 288. ‘Bacterium Rubescens,’ by Wm. Archer, vol. xv, p. 206. ‘Bacteria in Disease,’ by Dr. Payne, vol. xv, p. 327. ‘A Pink-Coloured Spirillum,’ by Dr. Klein, vol. xv, p. 381. ‘Account of Cohn’s Researches into the History of Bacteria’ (second series), vol. xvi, p. 259. ‘Further Observations on Bacterium Rubescens,’ by E. Ray Lankester, vol. xvi, p. 27. ‘Account of Cohn’s Researches on Bacteria (third series), vol. xvii, p. 81. ‘Atmospheric Bacteria,’ by G. F. Dowdeswell, vol. xviii, p. 83. ‘Life-History of Bacillus Authracis, by Dr. Cossar Ewart, vol. xviii, p. 161. ‘The Nature of Fermentation,’ by Prof. Lister, vol. xviii, p. 177.
General Outline of the Organization of the Animal Kingdom
Authors: Jones Thomas Rymer 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
This work has been, for many years, the most complete manual of comparative anatomy in our language, and we are glad to find that the demand for such a volume has led to the publication of a third edition. Although but a limited number of the subjects embraced in a complete survey of the animal kingdom demand investigation with the aid of the microscope, yet we imagine, at the present day, that few persons study comparative anatomy without using the microscope; and that those who use this instrument do not confine themselves to the study alone of those structures and forms which are invisible to the naked eye. It is on this account that we would draw the especial attention of our readers to this new edition of Professor Jones’ book. As a complete survey of the whole field of animal structure, it has long occupied a prominent place in the scientific literature of this country; but it is the extensive additions and alterations, more particularly in the microscopic organisms, in which the work claims more particularly the attention of the student of the microscope. In the opening chapters devoted to the lower organisms, a rearrangement of these forms is presented, and a large quantity of new matter is added. Professor Jones does not follow in this work any particular system of classification, but satisfies himself with indicating the characters and structure which belong to certain great groups of recognised objects. This has enabled him to dispense with a good deal of discussion, and leaves the student free to construct his zoological arrangement from other sources. There may be a difference of opinion as to the desirability of this course, but we have no doubt that each plan has its merits and demerits. It would be impossible, in a volume like the present, to bring together all the observations that have been made on any particular group of organisms; but taking the Protozoa and Infusoria as examples, we think that Professor Jones has been very happy in his selections. We are reminded by his chapter on the Infusoria, that he was one of the earliest writers in this country to throw doubt upon some of the conclusions of the great Ehrenberg. Since the first edition of this book was written an immense advance has been made in our knowledge of microscopic organisms, and the great family of Infusoria of Ehrenberg have been almost threatened with extinction. We are glad, however, to find our author holding by some of the Infusoria as genuine examples, and not following Agassiz in his hasty annihilation of such organisms.
Description of a New Parasite Found In The Heart Of The Edible Turtle
Authors: Leared Arthur 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
While dissecting the heart of the common turtle in August, 1860, I observed certain elongated, flattened white bodies, upon the interior of the cavities, and on the valves. The number of the bodies was considerable, and they existed in all the chambers of the organ, but I had no opportunity of examining the blood-vessels. Their average length was aline and a half, and the breadth about one third of this. On examining with the microscope, I found them to be fluke worms which presented some novel features.
On True Sexual Reproduction in the infusoria.—Recherches sur les phenomenes sexuels des infusoires
Authors: Docteur Par Le 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The Infusoria have long been known to multiply by spontaneous fission, external germination, and the production, internally, of variously formed bodies, which many observers, somewhat hastily, have described under the name of “embryoes.” The phenomena of “encysting,” “conjugation,” and “alternate generation” (so called), which these animals frequently exhibit, and the relation, real or supposed, between such processes and their various modes of propagation, have, from time to time, afforded subject-matter for not a little controversy. Stein’s theory of Acinetism, once universally received, then skilfully assailed by Lachmann and Cienkowsky, and again defended by D’Udekem, has now virtually been abandoned by its distinguished author. But, although some knowledge was gained, and many false notions dispelled by these and other investigations, it is surprising how little, before 1858, had really been done towards proving the occurrence among the Infusoria of a true reproduction, similar to that which takes place in all the higher classes of animals. An English anatomist had, in 1851, recorded the presence of ova and spermatozoa in one of the marine sponges (Tethya), thus, for the first time, showing that the Protozoa formed no exception to the four remaining sub-kingdoms of animals in the possession of these essential elements. Five years later his observations were corroborated by Lieberkühn, in the case of the fresh-water sponge (Spongilla). Even then, the existence of generative elements still remained to be demonstrated in the Infusoria—a class which might well be considered as ranking above sponges in the scale of organisation. Ehrenberg, it is true, had described their “nucleus” as a male organ—an opinion which received a qualified support from Stein, though it met with less favour at the hands of other observers. And the late Johannes Müller, with some of his most able pupils, took note of various minute filaments seen by them within the bodies of several Infusoria, which filaments they were disposed to regard as spermatozoa. Such researches and conjectures, in themselves by no means useless, were very far from settling the questions really at issue; for it has now conclusively been shown that the nucleus does not perform the function of a testis, and that Müller’s filaments were, in all probability, parasitic organisms, belonging to the lower Algæ.
On the reproduction of thaumantias inconspicua
Authors: Wright T. Strethill 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
I Have for several years taken much interest in the reproduction of the naked-eyed Medusæ, and have endeavoured to obtain the polypoid larvæ of these creatures ; hitherto, however, with very indifferent success, having only succeeded in hatching two, Æquorea vitrina and Furris neglecta. Various species of Thaumantias swarm in the Firth of Forth, near Edinburgh, but when confined they almost invariably “cast” their ova, which never become developed into planuloid larvæ. This summer I have succeeded in obtaining the polyps in the following manner.
On True Sexual Reproduction in the Infusoria.—recherches sur les phénomènes sexuels des infusoires
Authors: Balbiani Par le Docteur 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
TEN or twelve hours after the commencement of copulation, yolk-granules begin to be deposited on the outer surface of the germ-vesicle, around which they speedily increase in number and form a homogeneous layer, which does not, however, succeed in reaching the vitelline membrane ; albeit that the latter becomes more and more encroached upon from without. Its distinctness may, at any time, be demonstrated by the addition of water or acetic acid; as may also that of the germ-vesicle, even when wholly concealed by its fully formed investment of yolk-substance.
Studies on the Pollen-Bodies of the Angiosperms
Authors: Elfving Fred. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Until very recently botanists believed it to be a well-established fact that the Pollen-bodies of the Angiosperms were one-celled, that when once formed as tetrades in the pollen mother-cell they underwent no further divisions. This was thought, too, to form a direct contrast with the Pollen-bodies of the Gymnosperms, in which, as is well known, shortly before the period of pollination, one or more so called vegetative cells are formed, which are regarded as constituting a rudimentary male prothallus.
On the Development of the Spermatozoa. Part I. Lumbricus
Authors: Bloomfield J. E. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The investigation into the structure of the testis and the development of the spermatozoa, of which the present chapter on Lumbricus is an instalment, was undertaken at the suggestion and with the kind supervision of Prof. Lankester, and has been carried out partly in the laboratory of Exeter College, Oxford, partly in the new zootomical laboratories at University College, London.