bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PERSON‐SHAPED HOLES
Authors: Epstein‐Levi Rebecca J. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWhile much Jewish thought, culture, and professional ethics increasingly accommodate a range of gender roles and expressions, sexualities, and family structures, they also remain deeply pronatalist. This overwhelmingly frames reproduction as a core Jewish value and the choice not to bear or raise children as contrary to Jewish values. I argue that Jewish pronatalism masks the true extent to which the whole community must support the care and formation of all its generations. Through a counter‐reading of a passage from the Babylonian Talmud in which three sages neglect their wives and children in various ways that allow a careful reader to notice “person‐shaped holes”—narrative features whose presence implies various people’s nonparental labor—I argue that multiple people in multiple roles within a community make it possible to sustain its continuity in a robust and all‐encompassing way.
Natural interploidy hybridization among the key taxa involved in the origin of horticultural chrysanthemums
Authors: Qi Shuai , Twyford Alex D. , Ding Jun‐Yi , Borrell James S. , Wang Long‐Zhen , Ma Yue‐Ping , Wang Nian 
Published: August 2021

AbstractUnderstanding hybridization and introgression between natural plant populations can give important insights into the origins of cultivated species. Recent studies suggest differences in ploidy might not create such strong reproductive barriers as once thought, and thus studies into cultivated origins should examine all co‐occurring taxa, including those with contrasting ploidy levels. Here, we characterized hybridization between Chrysanthemum indicum L., Chrysanthemum vestitum (Hemsley) Ling and Chrysanthemum vestitum var. latifolium (Zhou & Chen), the most important wild species involved in the origins of cultivated chrysanthemums. We analyzed the population structure of 317 Chrysanthemum accessions based on 13 microsatellite markers and sequenced chloroplast trnL‐trnF for a subset of 103 Chrysanthemum accessions. We identified three distinct genetic clusters, corresponding to the three taxa. We detected 20 hybrids between species of different ploidy levels, of which 19 were between C. indicum (4x) and C. vestitum (6x) and one was between C. indicum and C. vestitum var. latifolium (6x). Fourteen hybrids between C. indicum and C. vestitum were from one of the five study sites. Chrysanthemum vestitum and C. vestitum var. latifolium share only one chloroplast haplotype. The substantially different number of hybrids between hybridizing species was likely due to different levels of reproductive isolation coupled with environmental selection against hybrids. In addition, human activities could play a role in the different patterns of hybridization among populations.
A remarkable legion of guests: Diversity and host specificity of army ant symbionts
Authors: von Beeren Christoph , Blüthgen Nico , Hoenle Philipp O. , Pohl Sebastian , Brückner Adrian , Tishechkin Alexey K. , Maruyama Munetoshi , Brown Brian V. , Hash John M. , Hall W. E. , Kronauer Daniel J. C. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractTropical rainforests are among the most diverse biomes on Earth. While species inventories are far from complete for any tropical rainforest, even less is known about the intricate species interactions that form the basis of these ecological communities. One fascinating but poorly studied example are the symbiotic associations between army ants and their rich assemblages of parasitic arthropod guests. Hundreds of these guests, or myrmecophiles, have been taxonomically described. However, because previous work has mainly been based on haphazard collections from disjunct populations, it remains challenging to define species boundaries. We therefore know little about the species richness, abundance and host specificity of most guests in any given population, which is crucial to understand co‐evolutionary and ecological dynamics. Here, we report a quantitative community survey of myrmecophiles parasitizing the six sympatricEcitonarmy ant species in a Costa Rican rainforest. Combining DNA barcoding with morphological identification of over 2,000 specimens, we discovered 62 species, including 49 beetles, 11 flies, one millipede and one silverfish. At least 14 of these species were new to science. Ecological network analysis revealed a clear signal of host partitioning, and eachEcitonspecies was host to both specialists and generalists. These varying degrees in host specificities translated into a moderate level of network specificity, highlighting the system's level of biotic pluralism in terms of biodiversity and interaction diversity. By providing vouchered DNA barcodes for army ant guest species, this study provides a baseline for future work on co‐evolutionary and ecological dynamics in these species‐rich host–symbiont networks across the Neotropical realm.
Impaired brain insulin signalling in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Bassil Fares , Delamarre Anna , Canron Marie‐Hélène , Dutheil Nathalie , Vital Anne , Négrier‐Leibreich Marie‐Laure , Bezard Erwan , Fernagut Pierre‐Olivier , Meissner Wassilios G. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAimsBrain insulin resistance (i.e., decreased insulin/insulin‐like growth factor‐1 [IGF‐1] signalling) may play a role in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD), and several anti‐diabetic drugs have entred clinical development to evaluate their potential disease‐modifying properties in PD. A measure of insulin resistance is the amount of the downstream messenger insulin receptor substrate‐1 that is phosphorylated at serine residues 312 (IRS‐1pS312) or 616 (IRS‐1pS616). We assessed IRS‐1pS312 and IRS‐1pS616 expression in post‐mortem brain tissue of PD patients and a preclinical rat model based on viral‐mediated expression of A53T mutated human α‐synuclein (AAV2/9‐h‐α‐synA53T).MethodsIRS‐1pS312 and IRS‐1pS616 staining intensity were determined by immunofluorescence in both neurons and glial cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and putamen of PD patients and controls without known brain disease. We further explored a possible relation between α‐synuclein aggregates and brain insulin resistance in PD patients. Both insulin resistance markers were also measured in the SNc and striatum of AAV2/9‐h‐α‐synA53T rats.ResultsWe found higher IRS‐1pS312 staining intensity in nigral dopaminergic neurons and a trend for higher IRS‐1pS312 staining intensity in putaminal neurons of PD patients. We observed no differences for IRS‐1pS616 staining intensity in neurons or IRS‐1pS312 staining intensity in glial cells. IRS‐1pS312 showed high co‐localisation within the core of nigral Lewy bodies. Like PD patients, AAV2/9‐h‐α‐synA53T rats showed higher IRS‐1pS312 staining intensity in the SNc and striatum than controls, whereas IRS‐1pS616 was not different between groups.ConclusionsOur results provide evidence for brain insulin resistance in PD and support the rationale for repurposing anti‐diabetic drugs for PD treatment.
The family intensive care unit syndrome: A qualitative content analysis
Authors: Saeid Yaser , Moradian Seyed Tayeb , Ebadi Abbas , Salaree Mohammad Mahdi 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundHospitalization of patients in an intensive care unit (ICU) is associated with a series of psychological problems for their family members called family intensive care unit syndrome (FICUS). Nonetheless, family members of patients in ICU often receive little attention from health care providers. Exploring family members' experiences of their patients' hospitalization in ICU helps health care providers focus more clearly on their problems.Aims and objectivesThis study aimed to explore FICUS‐related experiences among the family members of patients in ICU.DesignThis was a qualitative content analysis study.MethodsThis qualitative study was conducted in 2019. Participants were 14 family members of patients in ICU who were purposively selected from three hospitals in Tehran, Iran. Data were collected using semi‐structured interviews and were analyzed using qualitative content analysis.ResultsParticipants' experiences of FICUS fell into four categories, that is, threat to psychological well‐being (with four subcategories), threat to physical health (with three subcategories), threat to social health (with three subcategories), and change in spiritual orientation (with two subcategories). The 12 subcategories of these categories were emotional disturbances, hopelessness, changes in sleep pattern, mood changes, physical symptoms, aggravation of the existing illnesses, negligence towards personal health, alteration in social interactions, alteration in the burden of responsibility, alternation in the life process, resort to spiritual beliefs, and spiritual conflict, respectively.ConclusionFICUS symptoms are not limited to psychological problems, rather they include a wide range of psychological, physical, social, and spiritual problems, which can affect the different aspects of family members' lives. Along with care delivery to patients in ICU, health care providers should provide care and support to patients' family members.Relevance to clinical practiceFICUS is a major threat to health among the family members of patients in ICU. Careful assessment of these family members helps identify family members who are at risk for FICUS and identify FICUS effects on their decisions and health status.
Long‐term experience using CNI‐free immunosuppression in selected paediatric heart transplant recipients
Authors: Rosenthal Lisa‐Maria , Nordmeyer Johannes , Kramer Peter , Danne Friederike , Pfitzer Constanze , Berger Felix , Schmitt Katharina Rose Luise , Schubert Stephan 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundCNI‐free immunosuppression with conversion to mTORi‐based immunosuppression has been demonstrated to reduce CNI‐toxicity and to exhibit anti‐proliferative properties. However, the experience of CNI‐free immunosuppression in paediatric heart transplantation is limited.MethodsA retrospective analysis was conducted of 129 paediatric heart transplants performed between 1997 and 2015. Fifteen patients with clinically indicated conversion from CNI‐based to CNI‐free immunosuppression were identified. Survival data, rejection episodes, renal function, post‐transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder and CAV, including examination with OCT were analysed.ResultsImmunosuppression conversion was successful in all patients. Fourteen of 15 patients (93%) are currently living with good graft function. Median post‐transplant survival was 15 years (range, 5–23 years), and median follow‐up since conversion was 6 years (range, 1–11 years). Mild (grade 1R) ACR was present in three patients after discontinuation of CNIs. The recovery of renal function with a significant increase in eGFR was observed at 1 and 3 years after conversion. No patient had angiographic signs of macroscopic CAV according to the current ISHLT classification; however, OCT showed the signs of angiographically silent CAV in all patients. CAV did not progress in any patient, implying CAV was stabilised by mTORi‐based CNI‐free immunosuppression.ConclusionsCNI‐free immunosuppression based on mTORis is a safe and appropriate strategy for maintenance therapy in selected paediatric patients, significantly improves renal function and stabilises CAV. OCT revealed early development of angiographically silent CAV.
Pathogenic and genetic diversity ofPuccinia triticinafrom triticale in Poland between 2012 and 2015
Authors: Czajowski Grzegorz , Kosman Evsey , Słowacki Piotr , Park Robert F. , Czembor Paweł 
Published: August 2021

AbstractVariation amongPuccinia triticinaisolates collected from triticale in Poland between 2012 and 2015 was studied based on virulence and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Two hundred and forty‐two single‐uredinial isolates from four geographically separated locations were tested for virulence against 33 near‐isogenic Thatcher lines containing knownLrresistance genes, and their molecular genotypes were characterized with 34 SSR markers. Structure and relationships of the regional and annual populations ofP.triticinawere analysed using an assignment‐based approach for both the virulence and SSR data. The molecular marker analysis was based on two different models of SSR evolution: the stepwise mutation model with a variable mutation rate (SMMv) and the infinite alleles model (IAM). A highly significant deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium among SSR genotypes, a high proportion of heterozygotes, and a moderate association of relationships between virulence phenotypes and SSR genotypes were consistent with the occurrence of clonal lineages of related races within the population. While the results suggest that genetic drift and mutation affect variation within the pathogen population, it seems that migration has the most significant role in shaping the population structure ofP.triticinaoccurring on triticale in Poland.
Foliar melatonin stimulates cotton boll distribution characteristics by modifying leaf sugar metabolism and antioxidant activities during drought conditions
Authors: Khattak Wajid Ali , He Jiaqi , Abdalmegeed Dyaaaldin , Hu Wei , Wang Youhua , Zhou Zhiguo 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDrought is a severe abiotic stress affecting the plant's antioxidant system and interrupting compatible solute translocation processes, which leads to low productivity. Melatonin acts as a common growth regulator enhancing the plants defense system and regulates sugar metabolism in challenging environments. Melatonin treatments enable plants to be tolerant to abiotic stresses via enhancing their recovery potential, but its impact using various concentrations has not yet been studied in leaf physiological aspects when applied to cotton foliage during their peak flowering and boll loading stage. The overall objective of this research was to facilitate cotton boll distribution characteristics by modifying cotton leaf sugar metabolism and antioxidant activity by applying foliar melatonin (0, 25, 50, and 100 μmol l−1) under drought levels with a relative soil water content of 75%, 60%, and 45% ± 5 (FC1, FC2, and FC3, respectively). Higher rates of melatonin application (100 μmol l−1) enhanced boll distribution characteristics and controlled the boll shedding rate during drought conditions. An increase in melatonin rates proved to be more helpful in stimulating cotton sympodial leaf physiological attributes, including leaf gas exchange parameters, sugar metabolism, proline content, and antioxidants defense system as compared with less or no melatonin application during all FC conditions and showed the most significant effect at a higher melatonin concentration (M100) at 7–21 DAF. The total proline content and antioxidant activity were enhanced in the M100 treatment during all FC levels, which caused a reduction in the total malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentrations in cotton leaves. Moreover, sugar metabolism responsible genes GhSusA and SPS2 showed an upsurge in expression levels and enhanced sucrose degradation in M100 treatments during all FC levels. Furthermore, cotton boll attributes showed also a positive relation with leaf physiological and gas exchange attributes. The results suggested that foliar melatonin application during the flowering initiation stage improved the overall performance and is helpful for cotton crops productivity against drought stress.
The Law: “Beyond the Torture Memos: How the Office of Legal Counsel Matters for Executive Branch Scholarship”
Authors: Hollis‐Brusky Amanda , Cui Isaac 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe Office of Legal Counsel (OLC) in the U.S. Department of Justice offers binding legal advice to the executive branch, including the president. Its advice touches most aspects of law, but it is especially influential for its interpretation of constitutional provisions that rarely, if ever, are subject to judicial scrutiny. While its importance is acknowledged by journalists, law professors, and legal practitioners, political science has yet to incorporate OLC systematically into studies of the presidency outside the ambit of war and emergency powers—areas where OLC achieved notoriety during the George W. Bush administration. We argue that there are unique and important reasons for political scientists to study OLC beyond its War on Terror legacy. In this essay, we construct a theory‐driven research agenda for incorporating OLC into studies of the rhetorical and administrative presidencies, Neustadtian bargaining and the unilateral presidency, and transformative bureaucracy.
Bridging the ideological gap? How fairness perceptions mediate the effect of revenue recycling on public support for carbon taxes in the United States, Canada and Germany
Authors: Jagers Sverker C. , Lachapelle Erick , Martinsson Johan , Matti Simon 
Published: August 2021

AbstractCarbon taxes are frequently advocated as a means of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, yet their political feasibility remains a challenge. To enhance their political appeal, carbon tax proponents have proposed revenue recycling as a means of alleviating public concern with this instrument's visible costs. Analyzing data from identical survey‐experiments administered in the United States, Canada, and Germany, we examine the extent to which returning revenues to the public has the potential to broaden the political acceptability of carbon taxes across ideological and national contexts. While public opinion is sensitive to the cost attributes of carbon taxes, we find that in some cases, opposition to carbon taxes can be offset by a reduction in income taxes. However, these effects tend to be modest in size, limited to some ideological groups, and varied across countries. Moreover, we demonstrate that fairness perceptions are a crucial mechanism linking revenue recycling to carbon tax support in all countries examined.
Existence, uniqueness and stability of forced waves to the Lotka‐Volterra competition system in a shifting environment
Authors: Wang Hongyong , Pan Chaohong , Ou Chunhua 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe studied the existence, uniqueness, and stability of forced traveling waves for the Lotka–Volterra competition system in a shifting habitat. Based on the asymptotic behaviors of the wave profiles and by means of upper–lower solution method coupled with sliding technique, we showed that the forced wave for the system exists and is unique, when the forced speed lies in a specific interval. Explicit expressions of the two end pointsof this interval were derived and our finding indicated that they are related to the Fisher‐KPP‐type invasion speed. Furthermore, we established a squeezing theorem to show the local stability of the forced waves. Finally, with the aid of comparison principle, we established the global stability of the forced waves when the initial data were properly assigned.
Keratinocytes secrete multiple inflammatory and immune biomarkers, which are regulated by LL‐37, in a psoriasis mimicking microenvironment
Authors: Sigurgrimsdottir Hildur , Bjornsdottir Eva Osp , Eysteinsdottir Jenna Huld , Olafsson Jon Hjaltalin , Sigurgeirsson Bardur , Agnarsson Bjarni A. , Einarsdottir Helga Kristin , Freysdottir Jona , Ludviksson Bjorn Runar 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPsoriasis is an autoimmune disease driven by a Th17 response linked to the antimicrobial peptide (AMP) LL‐37 that has been connected to the induction and chronicity of psoriasis. We show that keratinocytes secrete various immune biomarkers with a direct link to psoriasis immunopathogenesis. Under pro‐inflammatory microenvironmental conditions, LL‐37 was found to regulate keratinocyte secretion of various immune biomarkers (eg C‐X‐C motif chemokine ligand (CXCL)8 and interleukin (IL)‐1β) and alter extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 signalling. However, during neutral conditions LL‐37 induced a different pattern of keratinocyte immune biomarker secretion (eg vascular endothelial growth factor, CXCL8 and IL‐6). Thus, an interesting pattern emerged regarding the immunomodulatory effects of LL‐37 on keratinocytes; in general, expression of immune biomarkers that were upregulated in a Th1‐like microenvironment was downregulated in the presence of LL‐37. In contrast, LL‐37 reinforced the Th17 response. In active psoriatic skin lesions, LL‐37 expression was found to be significantly upregulated, which was also evident from the unique diffuse epidermic expression pattern not found in healthy skin. Finally, successful phototherapy of psoriasis patients converted this LL‐37 inflammatory psoriatic skin pattern into a more localized basal layer expression as found in healthy controls. Thus, these findings demonstrate that LL‐37 has a significant role in skin immune homeostasis and that its interplay with keratinocytes may have a more direct role in the immunopathogenesis of psoriasis than previously thought.
Six weeks of intensive rehearsals for the Swan Lake ballet shows ultrasound tissue characterization changes of the Achilles tendons in dancers
Authors: Anker‐Petersen Charlotte , Juul‐Kristensen Birgit , Antflick Jarrod , Aagaard Henrik , Myers Christopher , Boesen Anders Ploug , Boyle Eleanor , Hölmich Per , Thorborg Kristian 
Published: August 2021

The objective was to investigate, first, whether six weeks of intensive ballet dance exposure is associated with structural and clinical changes in the Achilles tendon; second, the importance of demographics, self‐reported Achilles pain, and generalized joint hypermobility (GJH). Data were collected at baseline and at six weeks’ follow‐up, using Achilles tendon ultrasound tissue characteristics (UTC) as primary outcome (percentage distribution of echo‐type I–IV: type I = intact and aligned bundles, type II = discontinuous/wavy bundles, type III = fibrillar, and type IV = amorphous cells/fluid). Secondary outcomes included clinical signs of Achilles tendinopathy, Achilles tendon pain during single‐leg heel raise, self‐reported symptoms (VISA‐A questionnaire), and GJH. Sixty‐three ballet dancers (aged 18–41) participated. From baseline to follow‐up, UTC echo‐type I decreased significantly (β = −3.6, p = 0.001; 95% CI: −5.8;−1.4), whereas echo‐type II increased significantly (β = 3.2, p < 0.0001, 95% CI: 1.6;4.8). Furthermore, a significant effect of limb (left limb showed decreased echo‐type I and increased echo‐type III + IV) and sex (women showed decreased echo‐type I and increased in type II) was found. No significant changes in the remaining secondary outcomes were found. Ballet dancers showed structural changes in UTC, corresponding to a decreased echo‐type I distribution after six weeks of rehearsing for Swan Lake ballet. No changes in self‐reported symptoms, clinical signs of Achilles tendinopathy, and single‐leg heel raise test were seen from pre‐ to post‐rehearsal. Thus, UTC changes in the Achilles tendon seem to appear earlier than clinical signs of tendinopathy.