bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Smoking Cessation Program Registration, Participation, Smoking Cessation Medication Utilization, and Abstinence Rates Between Smokers With and Without Schizophrenia, Schizo-affective Disorder, or Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Kertes Jennifer , Stein Reisner Orit , Grunhaus Leon , Nezry Ronit , Alcalay Tamar , Azuri Joseph , Neumark Yehuda 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Introduction
People with serious mental illness (SMI) are three times more likely to smoke and be heavy smokers than smokers without SMI. Counseling combined with smoking cessation medication (SCM) is the recommended treatment. However, until 2017, SCM prescription for SMI smokers was discouraged (FDA black box warning). This study compared use of smoking cessation programs (SCP) and SCM between smokers with and without SMI.

Aims and Methods
Data regarding SCP and SCM use were extracted from the database of a large HMO that offers free Group and telephone SCP. SCP registration, participation, completion, and abstinence rates between July 2013 and December 2019 were compared between smokers with and without SMI, controlling for demographic and health variables.

Results
48 000 smokers registered for a SCP during the study period. Smokers with SMI were 1.8 times more likely to register for a SCP than smokers without SMI. Smokers without SMI were, however, 1.2 times more likely to start the SCP, 1.5 times more likely to complete the SCP, and 1.6 times more likely to have quit by the end of the program. The strongest factors predicting abstinence were SCP completion and SCM use. Smokers with SMI were less likely to purchase SCM, although their purchase rate increased after the black box warning was lifted.

Conclusions
Smoking cessation programs and SCM use should be encouraged in the SMI population. Providing support during the quit attempt and adapting SCP to the needs of smokers with SMI, combined with SCM prescription promotion, should improve abstinence.

Implications
Smokers with serious mental illness (SMI) were more likely to seek professional help to quit smoking than non-SMI smokers, with over 30% achieving abstinence, discrediting healthcare professional beliefs that SMI smokers don’t want to and cannot quit. Smoking cessation program (SCP) completion and smoking cessation medication (SCM) utilization were the strongest predictors of abstinence. SMI smokers were more likely to drop out of SCPs and less likely to use SCMs. Providing support during the quit attempt and adapting SCPs to the needs of smokers with SMI, combined with SCM prescription promotion, should improve abstinence.
Potential risk factors associated with COVID-19 in health care workers
Authors: Spilchuk V , Arrandale V H , Armstrong J 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Background
Health care workers (HCWs) have been recognized as being at higher risk for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection; however, relevant factors and magnitude have not been clearly elucidated.

Aim
This study was aimed to describe COVID-19 infections among hospital employees at a large tertiary care hospital located in Ontario, Canada from March to July 2020, towards better understanding potential risk factors.

Methods
Data on all HCWs with either a positive COVID test or a high-risk exposure from March to July 2020 were analyzed. HCWs with positive COVID test results and high-risk exposures were described. Those who developed COVID-19 following high-risk exposure were compared to those who did not. Data were also analyzed to determine trends over time.

Results
Over the period of observation, 193 staff (2% of total working staff) had a positive COVID-19 test. Incidence of HCW infections closely followed community incidence. Overall, 31% of COVID-19 cases were deemed occupationally acquired. Of these, 41% were acquired from a patient, with the remainder (59%) from fellow staff. Over the same period, 204 staff were identified as having a high-risk exposure. The majority of exposures (55%) were patient-associated, with the remaining (45%) resulting from staff-to-staff contact. Overall, 13% went on to develop COVID-19. Of these cases, 58% were patient-associated and 42% were a result of staff-to-staff transmission.

Conclusions
HCWs are at risk for work-related COVID-19. Given the number of infections attributed to staff–staff transmission, greater attention could be paid to implementing prevention measures in non-clinical areas.
Rebels in Parliament: The Effects of Candidate Selection Methods on Legislative Behaviours
Authors: Sozzi Fabio 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn this article, we concentrate on the question whether candidate selection mechanisms affect the propensity of members of parliament (MPs) to defect from party line. Literature suggests that MPs selected by more inclusive procedures (i.e. party primaries) are more likely to be rebels than legislators nominated directly by party leaders. Despite the increasing attention that scholars devote to candidate selection methods, empirical evidences are still limited and they are inconsistent, especially for as to concern the Italian case. Empirically, we focus our attention on the Democratic Party (Partito Democratico—PD) during the XVII legislature in Italy. The PD is an ideal laboratory to test whether candidate selection affects MPs’ propensity to vote against party line because PD’s legislators are both selected by party primaries and appointed by party leader. Our results suggest, in contrast to previous findings, that candidate selection is a strong predictor in explaining voting defection.
Fluid Fluxing and Accumulation Drive Decadal and Short-Lived Explosive Basaltic Andesite Eruptions Preceded by Limited Volcanic Unrest
Authors: Utami S B , Costa F , Lesage Ph , Allard P , Humaida H 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSome volcanoes are known for repeatedly producing explosive but short-lived eruptions (&lt; half a day) every decade or so. These eruptions are often preceded by limited unrest signals and short run-up times to eruption (a few hours to months), and thus they are difficult to anticipate. Some well-documented examples are the 1990 and 2014 eruptions of Kelud volcano in Indonesia, or the 2015 Calbuco eruption in Chile. Here we interrogate the rock record and obtain insights into the processes and pre-eruptive conditions that led to the 1990 Kelud eruption, which we integrate with monitoring data (seismicity, lake temperature and hydro-acoustics, sulfur emissions) towards a conceptual model for this type of events. Mineral-melt geothermobarometers indicate that the basaltic andesite magma carried a crystal cargo from as deep as 15–19 km, and reached volatile saturation at 4–9 km with 2–4 wt.% water in the melt. The textures and compositional zoning of orthopyroxene and plagioclase do not support intrusion of more primitive magma as the driver for the eruption, and we instead propose that pre-eruptive fluid accumulation and high-temperature fluid fluxing from depth (likely dominated by CO2) played a major role in priming the eruption to occur. Such pre-eruptive gas accumulation is also supported by mass balance calculation of the emitted excess SO2 gas. Mg-Fe diffusion profiles in reversely zoned pyroxenes constrain timescales of weeks to months before eruption for fluid addition to the reservoir, and such events may be recorded in the monitoring signals, especially in the change of hydroacoustics and water lake temperature, and probably in the seismic swarms. We propose that fluid exsolution and accumulation in the shallow reservoir plays a crucial role in modulating and triggering short-lived explosive eruptions with brief unrest at Kelud and probably other volcanoes worldwide.
Telehealth Increases Access to Brief Behavioral Interventions in an Orofacial Pain Clinic During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Sangalli Linda , Fernandez-Vial Diego , Moreno-Hay Isabel , Boggero Ian 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Objective
The aim of the study was to test whether patients with orofacial pain were more likely to start and complete a brief psychological intervention for managing certain chronic orofacial pain conditions (physical self-regulation [PSR]) via telehealth (during the COVID-19 pandemic) vs. in-person (before the COVID-19 pandemic). The exploratory aim was to describe demographic factors that could influence patients’ likelihood of starting and completing PSR.

Methods
Retrospective medical charts of all patients seen at a university-affiliated tertiary orofacial pain clinic between July–December 2019 (in-person; before the pandemic) and July–December 2020 (telehealth; during the pandemic) were reviewed. Charts were examined for demographic information and to compare the number of patients who started and completed PSR during each study period (chi-squared test).

Results
Of 248 new patients seen in the clinic during the 2019 period, 25 started PSR in-person (10.08%). Of 252 new patients seen during the 2020 period, 53 started PSR via telehealth (21.03%). Patients were more likely to start PSR (odds ratio = 6.21, p &lt; 0.001, 95% confidence interval = 2.499 to 15.435) and more likely to complete all three sessions of PSR (odds ratio = 5.69, p &lt; 0.001, 95% confidence interval = 2.352 to 13.794) when it was offered via telehealth than when it was offered in-person. Among those who started PSR via telehealth, patients from metropolitan areas were more likely to start the intervention than those from non-metropolitan areas (p = 0.045).

Conclusions
Offering brief psychological pain interventions via telehealth in tertiary orofacial pain clinics has demonstrated feasibility and may improve patients’ willingness to participate in psychological treatments. Results need to be replicated with prospective data, as modality was confounded with the pandemic in the present study.
Mapping the Visual Icon
Authors: Clarke Sam 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIt is often claimed that pre-attentive vision has an ‘iconic’ format. This is seen to explain pre-attentive vision's characteristically high processing capacity and to make sense of an overlap in the mechanisms of early vision and mental imagery. But what does the iconicity of pre-attentive vision amount to? This paper considers two prominent ways of characterising pre-attentive visual icons and argues that neither is adequate: one approach renders the claim ‘pre-attentive vision is iconic’ empirically false while the other obscures its ability to do the explanatory work, which motivates positing pre-attentive visual icons in the first place. With this noted, I introduce the (heretofore unarticulated) notion of an ‘Analogue Map’ and argue that it provides a superior characterisation of pre-attentive vision's iconicity. I then argue that this forces a reassessment of debates which have traditionally presupposed the iconicity of pre-attentive vision, emphasising ramifications for the viability of a format-based perception-thought border.
Explaining Defederalization in Ghana
Authors: Penu Dennis Amego Korbla 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Why do federal arrangements become extinct, and how? In Africa, the conventional expectation is that this would come about through overthrows of the constitution such as through coup d’états. However, using a not-so-well-known federal experiment in Ghana, this study demonstrates gradual “defederalization” through various constitution reviews across sixty-three years. Using evidence from diverse documentary sources and combining gradual change with critical juncture/path-dependence analyses, the study shows that the abolishment of regional autonomies in 1959 was possible, despite constitutional safeguards, because of political developments that weakened veto possibilities for defenders of the constitution’s quasi-federal features. Subsequently, defenders of federalism missed an opportunity in 1968 to reinstate those features, which consequently sealed the fate of Ghana’s federal experiment and has led to defunct regional autonomy. With this insight, the findings call attention to endogenous change mechanisms as key to understanding the path-dependent evolution of federal systems in Africa.
Foreign Banks, Liquidity Shocks, and Credit Stability
Authors: Belton Daniel , Gambacorta Leonardo , Kokas Sotirios , Minetti Raoul 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This paper investigates whether foreign banks help mitigate the effects of domestic liquidity shocks by exploiting a policy-induced shock to the U.S. wholesale market for liquidity and matched bank-syndicated loan data. We find that, following the 2011 Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) regulatory change to the cost of wholesale liquidity, foreign banks, which faced a relatively positive liquidity shock, accumulated more reserves by engaging in liquidity hoarding, but did not expand their lending. These responses are more pronounced for foreign banks affiliated with complex global bank holding companies and whose parent banking systems experienced distress at the moment of the shock. (JEL G21, G28, E44)
Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
Disregarding the Shoulders of Giants: Inferences from Innovation Research
Authors: Reeb David M , Zhao Wanli 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Studies proposing new determinants of corporate innovation include previously identified factors in an ad hoc manner. We find that only a sparse set of recently proposed innovation determinants provide material, independent information about patents and citations. We document that inferences in recent empirical studies often change when we include previously discovered innovation determinants. Commonly used econometric methods, including fixed effects and plausible shocks, do not always mitigate the need to condition on previously identified innovation determinants. Rather than randomly selecting a subset of control variables from prior studies, our analysis offers researchers a framework to consider previously proposed variables. (JEL G30, O30, G32, O34).
Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
RADON AND THORON EXHALATION RATES FROM EARTHEN BUILDING MATERIALS USED IN HIGH BACKGROUND RADIATION AREAS OF HOMA AND RURI, KENYA
Authors: Odongo Willis Otieno Gor , Chege Margaret , Tokonami Shinji , Hashim Nadir , Kranrod Chutima , Nyambura Catherine 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
222Rn and 220Rn surface exhalation rates from earthen building materials used in high background radiation areas of Homa and Ruri, Kenya have been measured using an accumulation chamber coupled with RAD7 detector. Activity concentrations of 226Ra and 232Th in the building materials were determined by γ-ray spectroscopy. In Homa the average 222Rn surface exhalation was 1 ± 0.1 mBqm−2 s−1, while that of 220Rn was 18 ± 2 Bqm−2 s−1; in Ruri 222Rn was 0.9 ± 0.1 mBqm−2 s−1 and 220Rn was 25 ± 3 Bqm−2 s−1. 222Rn was 26 times lower than world average and 220Rn was higher by a factor of 21. Average 232Th in Ruri was 1094 ± 55 Bq/kg, three times that in Homa; 226Ra was 129 ± 10 and 111 ± 6 Bq/kg in Homa and Ruri, respectively. There was a strong correlation between exhalation rate of 222Rn and concentration of 226Ra, as well as between 232Th and 220Rn. Thus, 220Rn was the major contributor to the inhaled dose in earthen dwellings of the two regions.
PATIENT-SPECIFIC ORGAN DOSE EVALUATION BASED ON MONTE CARLO SIMULATION AND DOSE METRICS IN PAEDIATRIC CHEST–ABDOMEN–PELVIS CT EXAMINATIONS
Authors: Fujii Keisuke , Nomura Keiichi , Muramatsu Yoshihisa , Ota Hiroyuki 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This study aimed to determine organ doses based on Monte Carlo (MC) simulations for individual paediatric patients undergoing chest–abdomen–pelvis computed tomography (CT) examinations and to evaluate correlations of organ doses with dose metrics. MC simulations were performed by inputting detailed descriptions of a CT scanner, scanning parameters and CT images of 51 paediatric patients aged from 0 to 10 years into the simulation software. Organ doses for six radiosensitive organs were determined from dose distribution images obtained as the simulation results. The correlations of organ doses with dose metrics such as volume CT dose index, size-specific dose estimates (SSDEs), and organ-specific SSDEs were evaluated from the corresponding coefficients of determination. Organ doses for ages of 0–1 and 1–5 years were 22%–32% lower than those for ages of 5–10 years. Organ doses exhibited higher linear correlations with SSDEs and organ-specific SSDEs, and can be easily estimated using the linear regression.
O001 Reboxetine reduces obstructive sleep apnea severity: a randomized trial
Authors: Altree T , Aishah A , Loffler K , Grunstein R , Eckert D 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Noradrenergic and muscarinic processes are crucial for pharyngeal muscle control during sleep. Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) such as reboxetine combined with an antimuscarinic reduce obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) severity. The effects of reboxetine alone on OSA severity are unknown.

Methods
Double-blind, placebo-controlled, three-way crossover trial in 16 people with OSA. Each participant completed three overnight polysomnograms (~1-week washout). Single doses of reboxetine 4mg, placebo, or reboxetine+oxybutynin 5mg were administered before sleep (randomized order). The primary outcome was apnea-hypopnea index (AHI). Secondary outcomes included other polysomnography parameters, next day sleepiness and alertness. Endotyping analysis was performed to determine the medications’ effects on OSA pathophysiological mechanisms.

Results
Reboxetine reduced the AHI by 5.4 [95% CI -10.4 to -0.3] events/h, P=0.03 (men: -24±27%; women: -0.7±32%). The addition of oxybutynin did not further reduce AHI. Reboxetine alone and reboxetine+oxybutynin reduced overnight hypoxemia versus placebo (e.g. 4% oxygen desaturation index 10.4±12.8 vs. 10.6±12.8 vs. 15.7±14.7 events/h, P=0.02). Mechanistically, reboxetine and reboxetine+oxybutynin improved pharyngeal collapsibility and respiratory control stability. Men had higher baseline loop gain. Larger reductions in AHI with reboxetine occurred in those with high loop gain. Neither drug intervention changed next day sleepiness or alertness.

Discussion
A single 4mg dose of reboxetine modestly reduces OSA severity without further improvement with the addition of an antimuscarinic. Reboxetine increases breathing stability via improvements in pharyngeal collapsibility and respiratory control. These findings provide new insight into the role of SNRIs on upper airway stability during sleep and have important implications for pharmacotherapy development for OSA.
O007 Sleep health promotion in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities: untapped potential of Indigenous youth workers as sleep coaches
Authors: Jabran S , Smith S , Fatima Y , King S 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Purpose
The lack of culturally appropriate sleep health programs and community-led support services are significant barriers to sleep health promotion in Indigenous communities. This project offers Australia’s first-ever training and upskilling program for Indigenous youth workers (IYWs) to work as “Sleep Coaches” in Indigenous communities.

Methods
Key stakeholders, i.e., community elders, service providers, Indigenous youth and sleep scientists, were consulted to develop a training program for IYWs. Stakeholder consultations ensured community ownership of the program, facilitated co-design of educational and training activities, and integrated traditional and scientific sleep health knowledge for developing sleep health resources.

Results
Consultations with the advisory group (n=48) identified the need for a multipronged approach for IYWs capacity building. The education and training activities are centred around sleep and include cultural training to cover Indigenous Australians’ understanding and interpretation of sleep health, youth mental health first aid training, and participation in youth alcohol and drug education workshops. For sleep education, two blocks of activities, i.e., foundation and advanced level, are offered to cover triaging, sleep education/support and monitoring. An interactive tool for diabetes education in Indigenous communities (FeltMan/FeltMum) has been adapted to offer culturally appropriate sleep education.

Conclusion
IYWs’ capacity building as sleep coaches is an innovative way to empower Indigenous communities to embrace sleep health. Going forward, the program will engage with youth mental health services to evaluate the program effectiveness and transferability to other Indigenous communities. There is a need to define the scope of practice and certification to ensure compliance with industry standards.
O011 Associations between sleep and Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers within the EPAD cohort
Authors: Naismith S , Palmer J , Leng Y , Lucey B 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Background
Changes in sleep quality are common in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and may contribute to the onset and accumulation of disease. However, in preclinical stages, it is unclear whether sleep quality or sleep disturbance relate to disease pathology after controlling for known AD risk factors. This study aimed to determine if self-reported sleep quality is associated with AD biomarkers after accounting for such factors.

Method
Data were obtained from the European Prevention of Alzheimer’s Disease (EPAD) Longitudinal Cohort Study (LCS; v1500.0). CSF samples were collected for measurement of β-amyloid (Aβ42) and phosphorylated tau (p-tau). Self-reported sleep quality was assessed by the PSQI. Linear regression was used to determine whether p-tau/Aβ42 was associated with PSQI component scores when controlling demographics, ApoE4, depressive symptoms, BMI, vascular risks, smoking status, use of psychotropics, white matter lesions, and hippocampal volume. PSQI component scores of 2 or 3 were combined due to small numbers of component scores of 3.

Results
A total of 1239 participants were included (mean age=65.30 years, SD=7.11; mean PSQI total score=5.31, SD=3.38). After adjustment for all covariates, higher p-tau/Aβ42 was found to be associated with longer sleep latency (component score of 1: β=0.16, p=0.007; component score of 2/3: β=0.12, p=0.134) and better sleep efficiency (component score of 1: β=-0.22, p=0.04; component score of 2/3: β=-0.31, p=0.009)

Conclusion
These findings contribute to growing evidence suggesting sleep is an important early marker of underlying neurodegeneration. Longitudinal assessment of EPAD-LCS participants will allow for evaluation of self-reported sleep as a predictive marker of neurodegeneration.