bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Feasibility Randomised Control Trial of Vitrectomy Plus Standard Care Intravitreal Ranibizumab or Aflibercept Injections versus Standard Care Intravitreal Ranibizumab or Aflibercept injections Alone In Patients With Centre Involving Diabetic Macular Edema
Authors: Laidlaw Alistair , Hammond Chris , Maguire Matthew James 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background: Most studies indicate that vitrectomy delivers sustained improvements in macular thickness. Evidence on whether acuity is improved is inconsistent. In the presence of traction vitrectomy is thought to be visually effective. In the absence of traction vitrectomy was usually performed as rescue therapy when repeated laser treatments had failed and visual improvement may not have been possible. Studies where vitrectomy was performed early in the disease showed visual benefit. All these data also predate the current gold standard anti VEGF therapy for DME and SD OCT imaging of the vitreo retinal interface. We hypothesise that adding a vitrectomy and internal limiting membrane peel to standard care intravitreal Anti-VEGF injections in the management of CIDME will result in: improved or comparable visual outcomes, fewer anti-VEGF injections and reduced costs. Methodology: VIDEO is a pragmatic stratified, single-masked, randomised, multi centre, controlled, feasibility trial with 12 months follow up. Stratification will be based in the presence or absence of OCT evident vitreomacular traction or epiretinal membrane. The primary outcome is Distance best corrected visual acuity. Secondary outcomes are Number of injections, Rate of completed follow, Rate of recruitment, Central macular thickness on OCT, Area under the curve of CMT, Area under curve of BCVA, Rate of loss of 15 or more letters from baseline, Rate of Rescue therapy, Rate of cataract surgery, Rate of complications. Recruitment target is 100 patients with 1:1 randomisation to the treatment arm (vitrectomy + standard care) or control arm (standard care) with 12 month follow up. Standard care is treat and extend intravitreal anti-VEGF injections. Main inclusion criteria: -Patient over 18 years of age -Patient has capacity to give informed consent -Patient has not previously been enrolled in this study in regards to their other eye - Symptomatic visual loss attributable to diabetic macular oedema for less than one year -Patient has a formal diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus -Patient has an HbA1c test (a blood test that looks at long term diabetic control) performed within the past 2 months. Ophthalmic criteria: -Symptomatic visual loss attributable to DMO for less than one year. -Best corrected visual acuity of better than 35 ETDRS letters on formal testing -Central macular thickness greater than 350 microns. Discussion: Outcomes should inform the effect size with which to inform the design of a definitive randomised control trial ISRCTN Registry ISRCTN59902040 18.12.20 retrospectively registered http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN59902040
Repeatability of i.Profiler for Measuring Wavefront Aberrations in Healthy Eyes
Authors: Liao Xuan , Wang Mei-Jie , Tan Qing-Qing , Lan Chang-Jun 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Purpose
To evaluate the repeatability of wavefront aberration measurements and the correlation between corneal aberration and pupil size in normal eyes using a wavefront-based autorefractor (i.ProfilerPlus; Carl Zeiss Vision, Germany).
Methods
A prospective cross-sectional study. Wavefront aberrations, including SA (Z40), coma (Z3 − 1, Z31), trefoil (Z3 − 3, Z33) and total higher-order aberrations (tHOA), were measured at different pupil diameters. The repeatability was evaluated using one-way ANOVA method, and statistical indicators including within-subject standard deviation (Sw), test-retest repeatability (TRT), and intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). The correlations between corneal aberrations and pupil sizes were evaluated by Pearson correlation analysis.
Results
A total of 96 healthy young volunteers were enrolled. Corneal and ocular higher-order aberrations (HOA) measured by i.Profiler showed Sw<0.01µm, TRT < 0.10µm, ICC > 0.90. There was a linear positive correlation between the corneal HOA and pupil size. The correlation coefficient between SA and tHOA was the largest (r = 0.996, P < 0.001).
Conclusions
The measurements of wavefront aberrations by i.Profiler are highly repeatable. Corneal HOA is significantly dependent on pupil size. SA is the most influential aberration for visual quality.
The magnitude, diversity, and distribution of the economic costs of invasive terrestrial invertebrates worldwide
Authors: RENAULT David , ANGULO Elena , Cuthbert Ross , HAUBROCK Phillip J. , CAPINHA César , KRAMER Andrew M. , COURCHAMP Franck 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Invasive species are a major driver of global biodiversity loss, hampering conservation efforts and disrupting ecosystem functions and services. While accumulating evidence has documented ecological impacts of invasive species across major geographic regions, habitat types and taxonomic groups, appraisals for economic costs have remained relatively sparse. This has hindered effective cost-benefit analyses that inform expenditure on management interventions to prevent, control, and eradicate invasive species. Terrestrial invertebrates are a particularly pervasive and damaging group of invaders, with many species compromising primary economic sectors such as agriculture and health. The present study provides synthesised quantifications of economic costs caused by invasive terrestrial invertebrates on the global scale and across a range of descriptors, using the InvaCost database. Invasive terrestrial invertebrates reportedly cost the global economy US$ 1.26 trillion over the investigated period (1960–2020), mostly due to invasive insects (> 90%). Overall, costs were not equally distributed geographically, with North America (76%) reporting the greatest costs, with far lower costs reported in Europe (4%) Asia (4%), Africa (3%), South America (2%), and Oceania (1%). These costs mostly resulted from direct resource damages and losses (76%), particularly to agriculture and forestry; relatively little (4%) was invested in management. A minority of monetary costs was directly observed (43%), but costs were mostly sourced from highly reliable estimates (58%). Economic costs displayed an increasing trend with time, with an average annual cost of US$ 20.67 billion since 1960, but reporting lags reduced costs in recent years. The massive global economic costs of terrestrial invertebrates require urgent consideration and investment by policymakers and managers, in order to prevent and remediate the economic and ecological impacts of these and other invasive species groups.
Endophytic Tumour Area: A New Morphometric Marker That Predicts the Outcome of Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy
Authors: JOSE FERNANDEZ DOCAMPO , Carla Abeijón Piñeiro , Javier Lojo Romero , Andres Rodriguez Alonso , Jessica Molinos Mayo , Jorge Rey Rey , Teresa Mosquera Seoane , Natalia Da Cruz Soage , Laura Iglesias Fresco 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Aims:To determine morphometric and clinical variables associated with ischaemia time (IT) and complications in laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN).Material and methods:Retrospective observational cohort study of 210 patients treated with LPN between 2006-2019.The new morphometric variables that we proposed, were: total tumour area (TTA), line of contact (LC), endophytic tumour area (ETA), exophytic tumour area (XTA). Central tendency and dispersion measures were calculated.Patients were divided into two groups according to IT (IT<15min(n=99) and IT≥15min(n=111)), for the purpose of statistical analysis. Univariate analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U test, and multivariate logistic regression analysis to identify variables associated with IT and complications, and COR curves and their area under curve (AUC) of ETA to predict IT and complications.Results:Mean age was 66.62±13.33 years (28-90).There was correlation between IT and ETA (B: 0.09; p<0.001), and correlation between IT and experience (B: -0.07; p<0.001).Variables that significantly modified IT, were between others: ETA (p<0.001) or LC (p=0.001). ETA (p=0.037) and LC (p=0.044), were associated with the occurrence of complications.The multivariate analysis to predict IT, showed that experience (p<0.01) and ETA (p=0.001) independently predicted IT; a second multivariate analysis to predict global complications, showed that AC (p=0.005), and TTA (p=0.024) independently predicted global complications. A third multivariate analysis to predict major complications (Clavien >=III), showed that experience (p=0.021), TTA (p=0.037), and Charlson (p=0.039), predicted major complications.The COR AUC of ETA was 0.730 to predict IT; 0.616 to predict overall complications, and 0.678 to predict major complications.ConclusionsETA and surgical experience are independent variables associated with IT in LPN.CL and TTA are independently associated with overall complications. TTA, Charlson index, and experience independently predict major complications.
Phylogenetic and diversity analyses revealed that leek yellow stripe virus population consists of two types: S and N
Authors: Santosa Adyatma Irawan , Zelyüt Filiz Randa , Ertunç Filiz 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Leek yellow stripe virus (LYSV, Potyvirus), a pathogen affecting Allium spp. worldwide, has been suspected to consist of two types: S and N, based on genetic and host species differences. In this study, phylogenetic and evolutionary analyses were performed to P1 and CP regions of genome of global LYSV isolates to clarify the variation among members of S-type and N-type. Constructed phylogenetic trees clearly divided isolates into S-type and N-type, with N-type was further split into L and N groups, according to hosts. Significant nucleotide (nt) and amino acids (aa) sequence variation were observed on full ORF, P1, HC-Pro, P3, VPg coding regions. The dN/dS values of P1 and CP confirmed that both genes are under strong negative selection pressure. Neutrality tests on Eastern Asian isolates argued that ancestor of current LYSV isolates may had evolved with garlic while they were in Asia before spread to other world regions through garlic propagative materials. The genetic differentiation and gene flow analysis showed that there was very frequent gene flow from S-type to L and N groups and these phylogroups differentiated from each other over time. Host differences, substantial nt and aa variation, inconsistent serological test results, and phylogenetic and diversity analyses results highly suggested that LYSV can be separated into two types: S and N.
Factors Associated with Sleep Disturbances in Women Undergoing Treatment for Early-Stage Breast Cancer
Authors: Grayson Susan Caroline , Sereika Susan , Harpel Caroline , Diego Emilia , Steiman Jennifer G , McAuliffe Priscilla F , Wesmiller Susan W 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
PurposeThe purpose of this study was to examine factors associated with sleep disturbance in women receiving adjuvant therapy for breast cancer. MethodsThis study employed a cross-sectional design using data collected at 3-months post-surgery from an ongoing longitudinal parent study. Adjuvant treatment groups included chemotherapy, radiation, aromatase inhibitor, and no adjuvant treatment. Symptoms were measured using the patient self-report measures. ResultsThe sample included 156 women diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer. There were significant differences in levels of reported sleep disturbance between treatment groups (p=0.049), with significantly higher levels of sleep disturbances in those receiving radiation compared to those receiving no adjuvant treatment (p=0.038) and in those receiving chemotherapy and those receiving no adjuvant treatment (p=0.027). Increased sleep disturbance was found to be a significant predictor for increased pain severity, nausea severity, anxiety, depressive symptoms, fatigue, decreased physical function, and decreased ability to participate in social roles and activities. Co-occurring symptoms with sleep disturbance differed between adjuvant treatment groups. Sleep disturbance was also associated with younger age (p=0.008). Conclusions﻿Patients undergoing chemotherapy or radiation for breast cancer report higher levels of sleep disturbance than those not receiving adjuvant therapy. Sleep disturbance is associated with other symptoms experienced by patients with cancer and thus requires continual assessment and future research into effective interventions.
RBP II (Rapid Bioassessment Protocol II) as a tool to assess the sediment and water quality in a treated textile effluent receiving stream ecosystem.
Authors: Wijeyaratne Dimuthu , Liyanage Uditha Prabhath 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Macrobenthos are important bioindicators of organic and nutrient pollution. The present study used the macrobenthos based rapid bioassessment protocol (RBP II) to study the effects of treated textile effluent input into a natural stream ecosystem. Three reference sites and three sites with point source inputs from a textile effluent treatment plant were selected. The physical and chemical parameters and the abundance and diversity of macrobenthos at each site were assessed during the rainy and dry seasons of 2020. Although the water quality parameters at the point source inputs did not exceed the standard textile effluent discharge limits, a significant difference in the microbenthic community composition was observed at the effluent discharge receiving sites. The dominant macrobenthos in the ecosystem (Baetis sp., Leptophlebia sp and Tubifex sp.) showed significant correlations with Pb, Cu, Cr and Cd concentrations of the water and sediments. The Shannon-Weiner diversity index, family biotic index, EPT Index and EPT/C ratio which are used in rapid bioassessment protocol indicated significantly strong correlations with the water and sediment quality parameters and reflected their suitability to be used as a tool of biological measurements in the textile effluent receiving aquatic ecosystems.
Divergent projections of the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus mediate the selection of reactive and proactive defensive behaviors
Authors: Penzo Mario , Ma Jun , du Hoffmann Johann , Kindel Morgan , Beas B. Sofia , Chudasama Yogita 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The appropriate selection of reactive and proactive defensive behaviors amid fearful situations is essential for survival. Studies in both rodents and primates have shown that reactive defensive responses depend on the activity of the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) whereas proactive ones primarily rely on the nucleus accumbens (NAc). However, the mechanisms underlying flexible switching between CeA-driven (reactive) and NAc-driven (proactive) defensive responses, remain unknown. Here, using a behavioral task in which mice must trade a reactive defensive strategy (i.e. freezing) for an instrumental one (i.e. active avoidance) to avoid punishment, we discovered that the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) mediates the selection of defensive behaviors through its interaction with the CeA and the NAc. In vivo calcium imaging using fiber photometry showed that unlike the PVT–CeA pathway which drives conditioned freezing responses, the PVT–NAc pathway is inhibited during freezing and instead signals active avoidance events. In addition, optogenetic manipulations of these circuits revealed that activity in the PVT–CeA or PVT–NAc pathway biases behavior toward the selection of reactive or proactive defensive responses, respectively. Our collective findings provide direct evidence that the PVT, a structure increasingly considered as a potential site for guiding behavioral decisions amid motivational conflicts, mediates flexible switching between opposing defensive behaviors.
Improving Bereavement Outcomes in Zimbabwe: Results of a Feasibility Cluster Trial of the 9-Cell Bereavement Tool
Authors: Mutedzi Barbara , Nkhoma Kennedy , Langhaug Lisa , Hunt Jennifer , Harding Richard 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
ContextDespite high mortality rates from both communicable and non-communicable diseases, bereavement studies are under-researched in African countries. The 9-cell bereavement tool was designed to assist individuals to reflect on their feelings in bereavement, and identify resources in families and communities to manage bereavement. This study aimed to determine the feasibility of implementing the 9-cell bereavement tool and recruitment to experimental evaluation. Methods: A feasibility cluster randomized trial with embedded qualitative interviews was conducted in two comparable neighborhoods in Chitungwiza, Zimbabwe. Community leaders identified potential community lay bereavement supporters (interventionists). Each recruited 2-3 recently bereaved community members (trial participants). Following baseline data collection, the communities were randomly allocated to intervention or wait-list control. Self-administered questionnaires were completed at T0 (month 0), T1(3 months) and T2 (6 months). Grief, mental health and social support were assessed. Focus group discussions with selected interventionists described training impact and intervention processes. Quantitative and qualitative analysis were performed. ResultsObjectives were achieved as follows(i) feasibility of recruitment and retention (ii) feasibility of implementing the intervention (iii) determining contamination(iv) completeness of data(v) participants’ views on intervention and mechanisms(vi) estimating potential effect size (vii) determining whether full trial warranted. In line with the aim of the study, the processes of the randomized cluster trial were possible. We successfully conducted the randomized control trial of the 9-cell bereavement tool and successfully recruited study participants. In addition, the 9-cell intervention allowed interventionists to share and learn from their grieving process. All of the above was conducted within the intended timeframe of 3 weeks, with an over recruitment of 112% of interventionists and 43% more trial participants. This means we were able to recruit at least 75% of the suggested sample size; and to retain at least 75% of the trial participants for the total duration of the study. Conclusion The processes of the randomized controlled trial were possible. The 9-cell bereavement intervention was delivered and process data assessed. The study was funded through the BuildCARE fund from the Cicely Saunders Institute of Palliative Care, Policy and Rehabilitation Protocol Registration: http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN16484746.Protocol Publication: https://pilotfeasibilitystudies.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40814-019-0450-5
Global and temporal state of the human gut microbiome in health and disease
Authors: Shoaie Saeed , Lee Sunjae , Almeida Mathieu , Bidkhori Gholamreza , Pons Nicolas , Onate Florian , Chatelier Emmanuelle , Begum Neelu , Proffitt Ceri , Rosário Dorinês , Vaga Stefania , Park Junseok , von Feilitzen Kalle , Johansson Fredric , Meslier Victoria , Harzandi Azadeh , Etienne-Mesmin Lucie , Edwards Lindsey , Lombard Vincent , Gauthier Franck , Steves Claire , Gomez-Cabrero David , Henrissat Bernard , Lee Doheon , Shawcross Debbie , Blanquet-Diot Stéphanie , Proctor Gordon , Engstrand Lars , Mardinoglu Adil , Nielsen Jens , Ehrlich Stanislav , Uhlen Mathias 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The role of gut microbiota in humans is of great interest, and metagenomics provided the possibilities for extensively analysing bacterial diversity in health and disease. Here we explored the human gut microbiome samples across 19 countries, performing compositional, functional and integrative analysis. To complement these data and analyse the stability of the microbiome, we followed 86 healthy Swedish individuals over one year, with four sampling times and extensive clinical phenotyping. The integrative analysis of temporal microbiome changes shows the existence of two types of species with a tendency to vary in abundance with time, here called outflow and inflow species. Importantly, the former tends to be enriched in disease, while the latter is enriched in health. We suggest that the decrease of disease-associated outflow and the increase of health-associated inflow species with time may be a fundamental albeit previously unrecognized aspect of the homeostasis maintenance in a healthy microbiome.
Integrated NIRS and QTL assays reveal minor mannose and galactose as contrast lignocellulose factors for biomass enzymatic saccharification in rice
Authors: Hu Zhen , Wang You Mei , Liu Jingyuan , Li Yuqi , Wang Yan Ting , Huang Jiangfeng , Ai Yuanhang , Chen Peng , He Yuqing , Aftab Muhammad Nauman , Wang Lingqiang , Peng Liangcai 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background: Identifying lignocellulose recalcitrant factors and exploring their genetic properties are essential for enhanced biomass enzymatic saccharification in bioenergy crops. Despite genetic modification of major wall polymers has been implemented for reduced recalcitrance in engineered plant, it could most cause a penalty of plant growth and biomass yield. Alternatively, it is increasingly considered to improve minor wall components, but an applicable approach is required for efficient assay of large population of biomass samples. Hence, this study collected total 100 rice straw samples and characterized all minor wall monosaccharides and biomass enzymatic saccharification by integrating NIRS modeling and QTL profiling. Results: By performing classic chemical analyses and establishing optimal NIRS equations, this study examined a diversity of four minor wall monosaccharides and major wall polymers (acid-soluble lignin/ASL, acid-insoluble lignin/AIL, three lignin monomers, crystalline cellulose), which led to largely varied hexoses yields achieved from enzymatic hydrolyses after two alkali pretreatments were conducted with all rice straws. Correlation analyses indicated that mannose and galactose could play a contrast role for biomass enzymatic saccharification at P < 0.0l level (n=100). Meanwhile, this study found that QTLs controlling mannose, galactose, lignin-related traits and biomass saccharification were co-located. Notably, by combining NIRS assay with QTLs maps, this study interpreted that the mannose-rich hemicellulose may assist AIL disassociation for enhanced biomass enzymatic saccharification, whereas the galactose-rich polysaccharides should be effectively extracted with ASL from alkali pretreatment for condensed AIL association with cellulose microfibrils against enzymatic hydrolysis. Conclusions: By integrating NIRS assay with QTL profiling for large population of rice straw samples, this study identified that the mannose of wall polysaccharides could positively affect biomass enzymatic saccharification, whereas the galactose had a significantly negative impact. It also sorted out that two minor monosaccharides should distinctively associate with lignin deposition for wall network construction. Hence, this study has demonstrated an applicable approach for fast assessments of minor lignocellulose recalcitrant factors and biomass enzymatic saccharification in rice, and it has also provided a potential strategy for bioenergy crop breeding.