bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The American Law Institute’s Restatement of the Law: Bastion, Bridge and Behemoth
Authors: Peters Anne 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This article analyses the repercussions of restating foreign relations law for international law in the current constellation of backlash, or at least fatigue, with international law and global governance. Foreign relations law – consolidated, shaped and strengthened by the exercise of restating it – partly erects a bastion against international law and partly builds bridges between international law and domestic law. The foreign relations law of a powerful state such as the USA, in particular, risks marginalizing or even swallowing up international law. The article discusses four possible strategies to mitigate or counteract that ‘Behemoth’ tendency – namely, the normalization of foreign relations law, more intense restating exercises in international law proper, the elaboration of restatements of other countries’ foreign relations law and, finally, multi-perspectivism. The latter strategy involves seeing foreign relations law through the eyes of differently situated law appliers, notably by contemplating the consequences of the stated rules on other states and by comparing different nations’ foreign relations laws. The danger of US foreign relations law becoming the Behemoth of international law can be best contained by espousing such deliberate multi-perspectivism when designing, restating and interpreting it.
Ideal Men and Dream Women: Computer Matchmaking in twen during the West German Sex Wave, 1967–1970
Authors: Cincotta Natalie R 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Between 1967 and 1970, the West German youth magazine twen embarked on an ambitious experiment to match young heterosexual pairs using computer programming. Named Rendezvous, the program emerged during a moment of particular promise and transformation in West German history. The so-called ‘sex wave’, an emphasis on self-discovery and the reconfiguration of social relationships, had produced both new possibilities and pressures for how young West Germans should ‘get to know’ each other and what they should find meaningful in their romantic relationships. Rendezvous promised to take the guesswork and disappointment out of finding an ideal partner through a rational, scientific assessment of habits, attitudes and desires. This article uses Rendezvous as a lens to examine early interactions between technology, media cultures and value change long before the internet age. Through an analysis of questionnaires, first-person accounts and photo reports, the article argues that Rendezvous evidences the centrality of mass media to the reorganization of courting and romance around notions of personal fulfillment and self-discovery during the late 1960s.
Robust, ecological–economic multispecies management of Central Baltic fishery resources
Authors: Voss Rudi , Quaas Martin , Neuenfeldt Stefan 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The Baltic fisheries are in distress. In the Central Baltic, fisheries management is challenged by reduced cod stock productivity, and altered species interactions. Here, we use an age-structured, ecological–economic multispecies model, which includes latest biological and economic knowledge, to advance our understanding of optimal fisheries management and related trade-offs between user groups under such altered conditions. We contribute to the scientific discussion (i) by showing that the economic importance and optimal stock size of cod largely decreased under prevailing conditions, while clupeids increased in importance. (ii) We challenge the current MSY management objective in a multispecies setting (MMSY) and suggest that an economic multispecies management objective (MMEY) might be more useful for setting future management targets. (iii) We identify new trade-offs and synergies by including a consumer perspective: There is a win–win situation for ecological conservation, and profits in the fishery, while fishery management faces trade-offs between these two on the one hand, and consumer surplus on the other hand. (iv) Finally, we suggest an easy to implement new management approach, called robust management, which is capable of better dealing with variability and time-trends in recruitment, as observed for cod, in order to safeguard the Central Baltic fishery resources.
MCH-Based Semiochemical Repellents for Protecting Engelmann Spruce Trees From Dendroctonus rufipennis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Audley Jackson P , Fettig Christopher J , Steven Munson A , Blackford Darren C , Mortenson Leif A , Mafra-Neto Agenor 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis Kirby (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is a lethal pest of spruce trees in North America. Despite decades of research, a semiochemical repellent that consistently and effectively protects spruce trees remains elusive. We evaluated the efficacy of 3-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one (MCH) in a proprietary, volatile compound release technology (SPLAT) alone and with two adjuvants, Acer kairomone blend (AKB) and acetophenone + green leaf volatiles (PLUS) to protect individually treated Picea engelmannii Parry ex. Engelm. (Pinales: Pinaceae), and Pi. engelmannii within 11.3-m radius of the individually treated trees from colonization and mortality attributed to D. rufipennis in western Wyoming. Ninety-one Pi. engelmannii were baited with frontalin and randomly assigned to one of seven treatments (n = 13): 3.5 g of MCH applied as SPLAT MCH (SPLAT3.5), 3.5AKB, 3.5PLUS, 7 g of MCH applied as SPLAT MCH (SPLAT7), 7AKB, 7PLUS, and baited control (bait only). All repellents except SPLAT3.5 and SPLAT7 significantly reduced colonization of individually treated Pi. engelmannii compared to the baited control. 3.5PLUS, 7AKB, and 7PLUS reduced colonization most effectively, and all repellents significantly reduced mortality of individually treated Pi. engelmannii compared to the baited control. All repellents also significantly reduced colonization and mortality of neighboring Pi. engelmannii.
Can Good Products Drive Out Bad? A Randomized Intervention in the Antimalarial Medicine Market in Uganda
Authors: Björkman Nyqvist Martina , Svensson Jakob , Yanagizawa-Drott David 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
How can quality be improved in markets in developing countries, which are known to be plagued by substandard and counterfeit (“fake”, in short) products? We study the market for antimalarial drugs in Uganda, where we randomly assign entry of a retailer (non-governmental organization (NGO)) providing a superior product—an authentic drug priced below the market—and investigate how incumbent firms and consumers respond. We find that the presence of the NGO had economically important effects. Approximately one year after the new market actor entered, the share of incumbent firms selling fake drugs dropped by more than 50% in the intervention villages, with higher quality drugs sold at significantly lower prices. Household survey evidence further shows that the quality improvements were accompanied by consumers expecting fewer fake drugs sold by drug stores. The intervention increased use of the antimalarial drugs overall. The results are consistent with a simple model where the presence of a seller committed to high quality, as opposed to an average firm, strengthens reputational incentives for competing firms to improve quality in order to not be forced out of the market, leading to “good driving out bad”.
The Epigenetic Regulator Jumonji Domain-Containing Protein 6 (JMJD6) Is Highly Expressed but Not Prognostic in IDH-Wildtype Glioblastoma Patients
Authors: Rosager Ann Mari , Dahlrot Rikke H , Sørensen Mia D , Bangsø Julie A , Hansen Steinbjørn , Kristensen Bjarne W 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Patients with IDH-wildtype glioblastoma (GBM) generally have a poor prognosis. However, there is an increasing need of novel robust biomarkers in the daily clinico-pathological setting to identify and support treatment in patients who become long-time survivors. Jumonji domain-containing protein 6 (JMJD6) is involved in epigenetic regulation of demethylation of histones and has been associated with GBM aggressiveness. We investigated the expression and prognostic potential of JMJD6 tumor fraction score in 184 IDH-wildtype GBMs. Whole-slides were double-stained with an antibody against JMJD6 and an exclusion-cocktail consisting of 4 antibodies (CD31, SMA, CD45, and Iba-1), enabling evaluation of tumor cells only. Stainings were quantified with a combined software- and scoring-based approach. For comparison, IDH-mutated WHO grade II, III and IV astrocytic gliomas were also stained, and the JMJD6 tumor fraction score increased with increasing WHO grade, although not significantly. In multivariate analysis including age, gender, performance status and post-surgical treatment high JMJD6 tumor fraction score was associated with longer overall survival in IDH-wildtype GBMs (p = 0.03), but the effect disappeared when MGMT promoter status was included (p = 0.34). We conclude that JMJD6 is highly expressed in IDH-wildtype GBM but it has no independent prognostic value.
A high-resolution investigation of the multiphase ISM in a galaxy during the first two billion years
Authors: Dye S , Eales S A , Gomez H L , Jones G C , Smith M W L , Borsato E , Moss A , Dunne L , Maresca J , Amvrosiadis A , Negrello M , Marchetti L , Corsini E M , Ivison R J , Bendo G J , Bakx T , Cooray A , Cox P , Dannerbauer H , Serjeant S , Riechers D , Temi P , Vlahakis C 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
We have carried out the first spatially resolved investigation of the multiphase interstellar medium (ISM) at high redshift, using the z = 4.24 strongly lensed submillimetre galaxy H-ATLASJ142413.9+022303 (ID141). We present high-resolution (down to ∼350 pc) ALMA observations in dust continuum emission and in the CO(7–6), $\rm H_2O (2_{1,1} - 2_{0,2})$, [C i] (1–0), and [C i] (2–1) lines, the latter two allowing us to spatially resolve the cool phase of the ISM for the first time. Our modelling of the kinematics reveals that the system appears to be dominated by a rotationally-supported gas disc with evidence of a nearby perturber. We find that the [C i] (1–0) line has a very different distribution to the other lines, showing the existence of a reservoir of cool gas that might have been missed in studies of other galaxies. We have estimated the mass of the ISM using four different tracers, always obtaining an estimate in the range of $\rm 3.2{\!-\!}3.8 \times 10^{11}\ M_{\odot }$, significantly higher than our dynamical mass estimate of $\rm 0.8{\!-\!}1.3 \times 10^{11}\ M_{\odot }$. We suggest that this conflict and other similar conflicts reported in the literature is because the gas-to-tracer ratios are ≃4 times lower than the Galactic values used to calibrate the ISM in high-redshift galaxies. We demonstrate that this could result from a top-heavy initial mass function and strong chemical evolution. Using a variety of quantitative indicators, we show that, extreme though it is at z = 4.24, ID141 will likely join the population of quiescent galaxies that appears in the Universe at z ∼ 3.
US201 Study: A Phase 2, Randomized Proof-of-Concept Trial of Favipiravir for the Treatment of COVID-19
Authors: Finberg Robert W , Ashraf Madiha , Julg Boris , Ayoade Folusakin , Marathe Jai G , Issa Nicolas C , Wang Jennifer P , Jaijakul Siraya , Baden Lindsey R , Epstein Carol 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Background
Favipiravir is used to treat influenza, and studies demonstrate that it has antiviral activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).

Methods
We performed a randomized, open-label, multicenter, phase 2 proof-of-concept trial of favipiravir in hospitalized adult patients with polymerase chain reaction (PCR)–positive coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Patients were randomized to standard of care (SOC) or favipiravir treatment (1800mg per os twice a day [b.i.d.] on day 1, followed by 1000mg b.i.d. for 13 days). The primary end point was time to viral clearance on day 29.

Results
Fifty patients were enrolled and stratified by disease severity (critical disease, severe disease, or mild to moderate disease). Nineteen patients were censored from the event of viral clearance based on being SARS-CoV-2 PCR-negative at the study outset, being PCR-positive at day 29, or because of loss to follow-up. Data from the 31 remaining patients who achieved viral clearance show enhanced viral clearance in the favipiravir group compared with the SOC group by day 29, with 72% of the favipiravir group and 52% of the SOC group being evaluable for viral clearance through day 29. The median time to viral clearance was 16.0 days (90% CI, 12.0 to 29.0) in the favipiravir group and 30.0 days (90% CI, 12.0 to 31.0) in the SOC group. A post hoc analysis revealed an effect in the subgroup of patients who were neutralizing antibody–negative at randomization. Treatment-emergent adverse events were equally distributed between the groups.

Conclusions
We demonstrate that favipiravir can be safely administered to hospitalized adults with COVID-19 and believe that further studies are warranted.

ClinicalTrials.gov registration
NCT04358549.
STUDY ON THE INFLUENCE OF DRY DENSITY AND PARTICLE SIZE FRACTAL DISTRIBUTION ON THE RADON CONTROL PERFORMANCE OF OVERLYING SOIL IN URANIUM TAILINGS POND
Authors: Zhang Tiejun , Li Xiangyang , Hong Changshou , Liu Xiaolu , Wang Hong , Liu Yong 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In order to explore the influence of dry density and particle size fractal distribution on the radon control performance of overlying soil in uranium tailings pond, overlying soil samples with different particle size fractal dimension and dry density were prepared for radon exhalation experiments. According to the principle of radon generation and diffusion, a set of radon measuring device was designed independently. In addition, the radon concentration on the surface of different overlying soil layers was measured by local static method, and the radon exhalation rate was further calculated. The relationship between radon exhalation law, dry density and fractal dimension of overlying soil was studied by correlation analysis method. Furthermore, a piecewise linear function between radon exhalation rate, dry density and fractal dimension was constructed. Then, the average value of the experimental data was compared with the calculated results. Results show that: at the same dry density and different fractal dimension, the radon exhalation rate decreased with the increase of fractal dimension. When the fractal dimension increased to a certain value, the radon exhalation rate tended to be stable. At the same fractal dimension and different dry density, the radon exhalation rate decreased with the increase of dry density. The calculated results of piecewise linear function were relatively close to the experimental data, which verified the practicability of the formula.
The Reliability of Postoperative Radiographic Matta Grading for Quality of Reduction of Acetabular Fractures
Authors: Mudawi Aiman , Salameh Motasem , Ahmed Abdulaziz F. , Mahmoud Shady , Alhammoud Abduljabbar , Abousamhadaneh Maamoun , Ahmed Ghalib 
Published: December 2021

Objectives:
To assess the reliability of the postoperative radiographic Matta grading for quality of reduction of acetabular fractures.

Design:
An inter-reliability and intrareliability study.

Setting:
Level I trauma center.

Participants:
15 independent observers of different levels of experience who evaluated 115 sets of postoperative acetabulum radiographs in 35 consecutive patients with displaced acetabular fractures between January 2017 and January 2019.

Main Outcome Measurements:
To assess the interobserver and intraobserver reliability of Matta radiographic grading for postoperative quality of reduction of acetabular fractures.

Results:
The overall interobserver agreement was excellent among all groups with an average absolute intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.91 (95% CI 0.93–0.97). When stratifying the agreement based on experience, the orthopaedic trauma fellow subgroup had the highest rate with an ICC of 0.92. The overall intraobserver agreement was good with an ICC of 0.81 (95% CI 0.74–0.85).

Conclusion:
The Matta radiographic grading was a reliable tool for the evaluation of quality of reduction after surgical fixation of acetabular fractures with excellent interobserver and good intraobserver reliabilities among different levels of observers.
Endoscopic characteristics in predicting prognosis of biopsy-diagnosed gastric low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia
Authors: Zou Long , Jiang Qingwei , Guo Tao , Wu Xi , Wang Qiang , Feng Yunlu , Zhang Shengyu , Fang Weigang , Zhou Weixun , Yang Aiming 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Background:
Endoscopic biopsy can underestimate gastric malignancies as low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia (LGIN). Definitively diagnosed LGIN would progress. This study aimed to evaluate predictive factors to identify malignancies misdiagnosed as LGIN by biopsy and LGIN at high risk of progression.

Methods:
The clinical records of patients diagnosed with gastric LGIN by endoscopic biopsy who underwent at least two endoscopies during the first year of follow-up between 2007 and 2017 were retrospectively collected. Three endoscopists reviewed photographs of the initial endoscopy, described lesion characteristics, and made endoscopic diagnoses. Logistic regression was used to analyze predictors to identify malignancies underestimated as LGIN. A receiver operating characteristic curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of these predictors. Patient clinical outcomes of follow-up >1 year were collected. Kaplan–Meier estimates with log-rank tests and Cox proportional hazards regression were used to analyze predictors of progression.

Results:
Overall, 48 of 182 (26.4%) patients were proven to have malignancies. A single lesion, a large lesion size, and marked intestinal metaplasia (IM) were independent predictors of initially misdiagnosed malignancies. The area under the curve of these predictors was 0.871, with a sensitivity of 68.7% and specificity of 92.5%. Twelve of 98 patients (12.2%) progressed during the 33-month median follow-up period. A whitish appearance, irregular margins, marked IM, and histological diagnosis of LGIN more than twice within the first year were predictors for progression.

Conclusions:
Lesions diagnosed as LGIN by biopsy with marked IM and other predictors above should be prudently treated for high potential to be malignancies or progress. Endoscopic follow-up with repeated biopsies within the first year is recommended.
Development and Reliability of the Physical Therapy Healthy Lifestyle Appraisal: A New Assessment Tool to Guide Behavior Change
Authors: Ingman MarySue , Bezner Janet R. , Black Beth , Vaughan Phillip W. 
Published: December 2021

Purpose:
Physical therapists are well positioned to encourage their patients to live a healthy lifestyle. Physical therapists report barriers that limit their ability to practice health promotion counseling with their patients including the availability of a brief tool to gather information about their patient's current level of activity related to specific health behaviors. The purpose of this study was to describe the development and testing of the Physical Therapy Healthy Lifestyle Appraisal (PTHLA).

Methods:
The PTHLA is a patient self-report questionnaire that assesses stage of change, importance of changing, and confidence in engaging in 6 health behaviors. Physical Therapy Healthy Lifestyle Appraisal version 1 (106 items) was designed to compare different constructs for measuring stage of change and confidence in engaging in health behaviors. After pilot testing, 3 versions were tested to arrive at the 18 item PTHLA-version 3. Physical therapy patients in outpatient clinics in Michigan, Minnesota, and Texas were recruited for this multiphase study (version 1 n = 60, version 2 n = 65, and version 3 n = 28).

Results:
Physical Therapy Healthy Lifestyle Appraisal version 3 consists of 3 questions for each of 6 health behavior domains; a 3-option ordinal question for assessing stage of change and 11-point rulers for assessing importance of engaging in the behavior and confidence in engaging in the behavior. Unique items from version 1 and version 2 were retained in PTHLA-version 3, whereas those items that were somewhat redundant were excluded. Behavioral definitions for the “sleep” and “stress” domains were the only changes made from the first to the second versions. Across samples and behavioral domains, scores for the 18 items generally displayed satisfactory-to-high test–retest reliabilities (Cohen κ

w
= 0.56–1.00, mean = 0.76; Spearman ρ = 0.53–1.00, mean = 0.77; intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.39–1.00, mean = 0.74). Confidence in behavior ruler scores displayed satisfactory-to-high convergent correlations with scores from lengthier multiple-item confidence in behavior measures (Pearson r validity coefficients = 0.33–0.90, mean = 0.63). The three-option stage of change items demonstrated satisfactory convergent validity with scores on the stage of change ruler (Pearson r validity coefficients = 0.16–0.86, mean = 0.61).

Conclusions:
The PTHLA-version 3 is a reliable and efficient tool for PT practice developed by physical therapists with expertise in prevention, health promotion, and wellness. Physical therapists can use the information provided from the PTHLA to initiate conversations about behavior change with their patients. Understanding the patient's current stage of change, level of interest in changing the behavior, and confidence for changing the behavior is important information for the PT to ensure a productive and respectful conversation about behavior change.
Association of oral contraceptives and tubal ligation with antimüllerian hormone
Authors: Langton Christine R. , Whitcomb Brian W. , Purdue-Smithe Alexandra C. , Sievert Lynnette L. , Hankinson Susan E. , Manson JoAnn E. , Rosner Bernard A. , Bertone-Johnson Elizabeth R. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Objective:
Oral contraceptives (OCs) and tubal ligation are commonly used methods of contraception that may impact ovarian function. Few studies have examined the association of these factors with antimüllerian hormone (AMH), a marker of ovarian aging.

Methods:
We examined the association of OC use and tubal ligation with AMH in the Nurses’ Health Study II prospective cohort among a subset of 1,420 premenopausal participants who provided a blood sample in 1996-1999. History of OC use and tubal ligation were reported in 1989 and updated every 2 years until blood collection. We utilized generalized linear models to assess whether mean AMH levels varied by duration of and age at first use of OCs and history, age, and type of tubal ligation.

Results:
In multivariable models adjusted for smoking, reproductive events, and other lifestyle factors, we observed a significant, inverse association between duration of OC use and mean AMH levels (P for trend = 0.036). Compared to women without a tubal ligation, AMH levels were significantly lower when the procedure included a clip, ring, or band (1.04 ng/ml vs 1.72 ng/ml, P < 0.01). AMH levels were not associated with age at first use of OCs or age at tubal ligation.

Conclusions:
Our analysis found an association between duration of OC use and certain types of tubal ligation with mean AMH levels. Further research is warranted to confirm the long-term association of these widely used contraceptive methods with AMH.

Video Summary:

http://links.lww.com/MENO/A860.