bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long-term studies of antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia
Authors: Lewander T 
Published: July 2002

SummaryStudies on long-term efficacy and safety should be a main concern in the evaluation of novel antipsychotics. The present paper is a review of important issues related to the design and performance of such trials. The variability of the natural course of schizophrenia, the variability in treatment response, and the variability of actions of different neuroleptics need to be considered. Long-term studies need to address maintenance of efficacy, prevention of relapse and recurrence, health economics, quality of life and a large number of safety issues in order to get approval for new drug applications and reimbursement on expensive new medicines. Assessment instruments for efficacy, tolerability and safety, need to be supplemented with rating scales for various aspects of psychopathology (positive, negative, deficit symptoms), social and work functioning, drug induced mental side effects, quality of life and accounts of total treatment costs.
The management of the second stage of labor
Authors: O'Connell M.P , Tetsis A.V , Lindow S.W 
Published: July 2002

AbstractObjective: To review obstetric practice in a single maternity hospital with respect to the assisted vaginal delivery rate. Method: A retrospective analysis of the hospital statistics, labor ward records, casenotes and management protocols with respect to the second stage of labor was performed in a single maternity unit in the UK; the study included 43 352 women who delivered a baby between the years of 1987 and 1997. The study looked at the rate of assisted vaginal deliveries, cesarean section, epidural in labor, and as well as the perinatal mortality rate. Results: In the 11‐year period of the study, 43 352 women delivered with a mean assisted vaginal delivery rate of 3.70%, cesarean section rate of 12.4% and an epidural rate of 31.5%. Conclusion: The management of the second stage of labor in this unit results in an assisted vaginal delivery rate significantly below the national average. The authors highlight the paucity of research in this important area of practice.
Colposcopic evaluation after a repeat atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) smear
Authors: Gerber S , De Grandi P , Petignat P , Mihaescu A , Delaloye J.F 
Published: July 2002

AbstractObjectives: Management of patients with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) remains controversial. We chose to repeat the Pap smear after four months. If ASCUS persisted in this second test, the patient was advised to undergo colposcopy. Our objective is to determine the clinical significance and the prediction of neoplasia among these patients through a colposcopic examination. Methods: Of 29 827 patients who had a Pap smear, ASCUS were detected in 1387 (5%) and persisted in the repeat smear of 225 (16%). Colposcopy and an additional Pap smear were performed on 186 patients. Results: Out of 186 colposcopic evaluations, 91 (49%) were normal and the patients had a negative Pap smear. Colposcopy was abnormal in 95/186 patients (51%) (Table 1). Histology of the directed biopsies revealed 38 (21%) low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) and 17 (9%) high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL). Forty patients (21%) with normal biopsies had ASCUS for the third time in the Pap smear. Conclusions: Colposcopic evaluation after a repeated Pap smear with ASCUS is an appropriate cost‐effective management. Finding 30% of LSIL or HSIL justifies this additional investigation.
Obstetric outcome in uncomplicated prolonged pregnancy
Authors: Abotalib Z.M. , Soltan M.H. , Chowdhury N. , Adelusi B. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractObjective: To study and compare the obstetric outcome in term pregnancies and uncomplicated prolonged pregnancies. Methods: The study was a retrospective review of 596 cases. The case notes of 286 patients with uncomplicated prolonged pregnancies (≥ 42 weeks) and 310 patients with normal term pregnancies (37 to < 42 weeks) were analyzed. The Gold Stat package was used for statistical coding and analysis. Results: There was no fetal morbidity or mortality among the two groups. However, the number of previous abortions were significantly higher in prolonged pregnancies compared with term pregnancies. Similarly, fetal and placental weights, labor induction and operative delivery rates were significantly higher in prolonged pregnancies. However, there were no significant differences between the patients who were induced and those who had spontaneous labor among the prolonged pregnancies. Conclusions: There is no doubt that prolonged pregnancy may be associated with certain risks factors. However, there is no outcome variable to justify whether or not to induce those pregnancies which are prolonged.
The diagnosis and prognosis of molar pregnancy: The experience of the National Referral Centre in London
Authors: Paradinas F.J. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractSince 1973, hCG follow up and treatment of patients with hydatidiform moles in the UK has been centralised. Registrations of moles have increased from 475 to 1248 in 2 years but histological review shows that first trimester non‐molar hydropic abortions (HAs) and complete moles (CMs) are often called partial moles (PMs) by pathologists. The introduction and widespread acceptance of the term PM in 1977, coincided with improvements in ultrasound which brought forward 6 weeks the average time of evacuation of CMs, when hydrops is not yet complete but partial and when vessels are present in most CMs, leading to erroneous diagnoses of PM.Many true PMs are dismissed as HAs and often, HAs are called PMs. Valid diagnostic criteria for younger CMs and for PMs have been available for over 10 years and when used, PM is overwhelmingly associated with triploidy.Reported diploid PMs are partly explained by misdiagnosed HAs, rare cases of Beckwith‐Widemann syndrome, CMs with partially developed hydrops, twin pregnancies and rare androgenetic CMs with fetal red cells in villi. A rare mole with “normal” diploid biparental karyotype probably exists but morphologically resembles CM.CM and PM have widely different prognosis but the present diagnostic confusion means much of the published epidemiological, clinical and genetic information on PM based on suspect diagnostic criteria ia also suspect.
Voluntary and involuntary sterilization: denials and abuses of rights
Authors: Cook R.J , Dickens B.M 
Published: July 2002

AbstractLaws that allow competent persons to make free and informed decisions for sterilization serve their entitlements to reproductive choice. Laws that allow others to consent to sterilization of disadvantaged persons who cannot freely consent risk oppression and denial of human rights. Laws that prohibit competent persons' choices for their own sterilization are comparably oppressive and violative of human rights to decide whether and how often to have children. Whether laws approach sterilization as a procedure done for patients, or to patients, is often ambivalent. Details of laws may indicate their liberating and oppressive potential. Programs offering inducements to persons to be sterilized may assist those who are disadvantaged to achieve their goals, but may appear to coerce those who, through poverty or dependency, cannot resist the inducement.
Knockdown of DNA methyltransferase 1 reduces DNA methylation and alters expression patterns of cardiac genes in embryonic cardiomyocytes
Authors: Fang Xiefan , Poulsen Ryan , Zhao Lu , Wang Jingjing , Rivkees Scott A. , Wendler Christopher C. 
Published: July 2021

We previously found that DNA methyltransferase 3a (DNMT3a) plays an important role in regulating embryonic cardiomyocyte gene expression, morphology, and function. In this study, we investigated the role of the most abundant DNMT in mammalian cells, DNMT1, in these processes. It is known that DNMT1 is essential for embryonic development, during which it is involved in regulating cardiomyocyte DNA methylation and gene expression. We used siRNA to knock down DNMT1 expression in primary cultures of mouse embryonic cardiomyocytes. Immunofluorescence staining and multielectrode array were, respectively, utilized to evaluate cardiomyocyte growth and electrophysiology. RNA sequencing (RNA‐Seq) and multiplex bisulfite sequencing were, respectively, performed to examine gene expression and promoter methylation. At 72 h post‐transfection, reduction of DNMT1 expression decreased the number and increased the size of embryonic cardiomyocytes. Beat frequency and the amplitude of field action potentials were decreased by DNMT1 siRNA. RNA‐Seq analysis identified 801 up‐regulated genes and 494 down‐regulated genes in the DNMT1 knockdown cells when compared to controls. Pathway analysis of the differentially expressed genes revealed pathways that were associated with cell death and survival, cell morphology, cardiac function, and cardiac disease. Alternative splicing analysis identified 929 differentially expressed exons, including 583 up‐regulated exons and 308 down‐regulated exons. Moreover, decreased methylation levels were found in the promoters of cardiac genes Myh6, Myh7, Myh7b, Tnnc1, Tnni3, Tnnt2, Nppa, Nppb, mef2c, mef2d, Camta2, Cdkn1A, and Cdkn1C. Of these 13 genes, 6 (Myh6, Tnnc1, Tnni3, Tnnt2, Nppa, Nppb) and 1 (Cdkn1C) had increased or decreased gene expression, respectively. Altogether, these data show that DNMT1 is important in embryonic cardiomyocytes by regulating DNA methylation, gene expression, gene splicing, and cell function.
DMTs and Covid‐19 severity in MS: a pooled analysis from Italy and France
Authors: Sormani Maria Pia , Salvetti Marco , Labauge Pierre , Schiavetti Irene , Zephir Helene , Carmisciano Luca , Bensa Caroline , De Rossi Nicola , Pelletier Jean , Cordioli Cinzia , Vukusic Sandra , Moiola Lucia , Kerschen Philippe , Radaelli Marta , Théaudin Marie , Immovilli Paolo , Casez Olivier , Capobianco Marco , Ciron Jonathan , Trojano Maria , Stankoff Bruno , Créange Alain , Tedeschi Gioacchino , Clavelou Pierre , Comi Giancarlo , Thouvenot Eric , Battaglia Mario Alberto , Moreau Thibault , Patti Francesco , De Sèze Jérôme , Louapre Celine ,   the Musc‐19,   the Covisep study groups
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe evaluated the effect of DMTs on Covid‐19 severity in patients with MS, with a pooled‐analysis of two large cohorts from Italy and France. The association of baseline characteristics and DMTs with Covid‐19 severity was assessed by multivariate ordinal‐logistic models and pooled by a fixed‐effect meta‐analysis. 1066 patients with MS from Italy and 721 from France were included. In the multivariate model, anti‐CD20 therapies were significantly associated (OR = 2.05, 95%CI = 1.39–3.02, p < 0.001) with Covid‐19 severity, whereas interferon indicated a decreased risk (OR = 0.42, 95%CI = 0.18–0.99, p = 0.047). This pooled‐analysis confirms an increased risk of severe Covid‐19 in patients on anti‐CD20 therapies and supports the protective role of interferon.
Revealing the Mechanism behind the Catastrophic Failure of n‐i‐p Type Perovskite Solar Cells under Operating Conditions and How to Suppress It
Authors: Ding Changzeng , Yin Li , Zhang Lianping , Huang Rong , Fan Shizhao , Luo Qun , Lin Jian , Li Fangsen , Zhao Chun , Österbacka Ronald , Ma Chang‐Qi 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe n‐i‐p type perovskite solar cells suffer unpredictable catastrophic failure under operation, which is a barrier for their commercialization. The fluorescence enhancement at Ag electrode edge and performance recovery after cutting the Ag electrode edge off prove that the shunting position is mainly located at the edge of device. Surface morphology and elemental analyses prove the corrosion of the Ag electrode and the diffusion of Ag+ ions on the edge for aged cells. Moreover, much condensed and larger Ag clusters are formed on the MoO3 layer. Such a contrast is also observed while comparing the central and the edge of the Ag/Spiro‐OMeTAD film. Hence, the catastrophic failure mechanism can be concluded as photon‐induced decomposition of the perovskite film and release reactive iodide species, which diffuse and react with the loose Ag clusters on the edge of the cell. The corrosion of the Ag electrode and the migration of Ag+ ions into Spiro‐OMeTAD and perovskite films lead to the forming of conducting filament that shunts the cell. The more condensed Ag cluster on the MoO3 surface as well as the blocking of holes within the Spiro‐OMeTAD/MoO3 interface successfully prevent the oxidation of Ag electrode and suppress the catastrophic failure.
Mechano‐Optical Sensors Fabricated with Multilayered Liquid Crystal Elastomers Exhibiting Tunable Deformation Recovery
Authors: Hisano Kyohei , Kimura Seiya , Ku Kyosun , Shigeyama Tomoki , Akamatsu Norihisa , Shishido Atsushi , Tsutsumi Osamu 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAdvances in tuning the mechanoresponsive behavior of liquid crystal elastomers have facilitated the development of next‐generation applications such as reconfigurable photonic/electronic materials, energy‐harvesting devices, and flexible sensors. However, the molecular‐level control of mechanical responses remains difficult, with limited tunability achieved for recovery processes after stimulus removal. Herein, a design concept is proposed for facilely tuning the recovery of both the macroscopic deformation and molecular orientation change of liquid crystal elastomers using layered materials that exhibit the desired mechanoresponsive behavior. Changing the layering materials (a polydimethylsiloxane film with elastic response to a polymethylpenten film with plastic response) alters the relaxation time from <1 s to >6 months. To demonstrate this concept, highly sensitive, stretchable mechano‐optical sensors with fast and ultraslow recovery times are developed that enable an applied strain to be quantitatively detected in real time or memorized with high spatial resolution, even with a conventional camera. This material design concept for arbitrarily controlling the recovery response can provide a platform for stimuli‐responsive applications.
Bioinspired Triboelectric Soft Robot Driven by Mechanical Energy
Authors: Liu Yuan , Chen Baodong , Li Wei , Zu Lulu , Tang Wei , Wang Zhong Lin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA sustainable power source is a key technical challenge for practical applications of electrically responsive soft robots, especially the required voltage is over several thousand volts. Here, a practicable new technology, triboelectric soft robot (TESR) system with the primary characteristics of power source from mechanical energy, is developed. At its heart is TESR with bioinspired architectures made of soft‐deformable body and two triboelectric adhesion feet, which is driven and accurately controlled through triboelectric effect, while reaching maximum crawling speeds of 14.9 mm s−1 on the acrylic surface. The characteristics of the TESR, including displacement and force, are tested and simulated under the power of a rotary freestanding triboelectric nanogenerator (RF‐TENG). Crawling of TESR is successfully realized on different materials surfaces and different angle slopes under the driven of RF‐TENG. Furthermore, a real‐time visual monitoring platform, in which TESR carries a micro camera to transmit images in a long narrow tunnel, is also achieved successfully, indicating that it can be used for fast diagnosis in an area inaccessible to human beings in the future. This study offers a new insight into the sustainable power source technologies suitable for electrically responsive soft robots and contributes to expanding the applicability of TENGs.
General Design Concept for Single‐Atom Catalysts toward Heterogeneous Catalysis
Authors: Guo Wenxin , Wang Zhiyuan , Wang Xiaoqian , Wu Yuen 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAs a new and popular material, single‐atom catalysts (SACs) exhibit excellent activity, selectivity, and stability for numerous important reactions, and show great potential in heterogeneous catalysis due to their high atom utilization efficiency and the controllable characteristics of the active sites. The composition and coordination would determine the geometric and electronic structures of SACs, and thus greatly influence the catalytic performance. Based on atom economy, rational design and controllable synthesis of SACs have become central tasks in the fields of low‐cost and green catalysis. Herein, an introduction to the recent progress in the precise synthesis of SACs including the regulation of the coordination structure and the choice of different systems is presented. Thereafter, the potentials of SACs in different applications are comprehensively summarized and discussed. Furthermore, a detailed discussion of the recent developments regarding the large‐scale preparation of SACs is provided, including the major issues and prospects for industrialization. Finally, the main challenges and opportunities of rapid large‐scale industrialization of SACs are briefly discussed.
T‐Cell‐Derived Nanovesicles for Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Hong Jihye , Kang Mikyung , Jung Mungyo , Lee Yun Young , Cho Yongbum , Kim Cheesue , Song Seuk Young , Park Chun Gwon , Doh Junsang , Kim Byung‐Soo 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAlthough T‐cell therapy is a remarkable breakthrough in cancer immunotherapy, the therapeutic efficacy is limited for solid tumors. A major cause of the low efficacy is T‐cell exhaustion by immunosuppressive mechanisms of solid tumors, which are mainly mediated by programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) and transforming growth factor‐beta (TGF‐β). Herein, T‐cell‐derived nanovesicles (TCNVs) produced by the serial extrusion of cytotoxic T cells through membranes with micro‐/nanosized pores that inhibit T‐cell exhaustion and exhibit antitumoral activity maintained in the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) are presented. TCNVs, which have programmed cell death protein 1 and TGF‐β receptor on their surface, block PD‐L1 on cancer cells and scavenge TGF‐β in the immunosuppressive TME, thereby preventing cytotoxic‐T‐cell exhaustion. In addition, TCNVs directly kill cancer cells via granzyme B delivery. TCNVs successfully suppress tumor growth in syngeneic‐solid‐tumor‐bearing mice. Taken together, TCNV offers an effective cancer immunotherapy strategy to overcome the tumor's immunosuppressive mechanisms.
Optimization of Substrate Layer Material and Its Mechanical Properties for Piezoelectric Cantilever Energy Harvesting System
Authors: Kumar Akash , Singh Jagpreet 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA cantilever piezoelectric energy harvester (PEH) is a popular choice to harvest energy for applications with natural or unnatural vibrations. Other than the choice of piezoelectric material, the substrate layer material also plays an important role to increase the energy harvesting in PEH. Earlier researches have emphasized on selecting a few substrate materials than all available in literature. However, we argue that the choice of the substrate material and its mechanical properties depend on the design of the PEH. We establish this fact by designing 20 different PEH models by varying the size of cantilever, substrate layer thickness, and types of the piezoelectric materials. These models are simulated in COMSOL with every known substrate material to select the best substrate material. We also propose a greedy approach to further increase the energy harvesting by optimizing the mechanical properties of the best substrate material. In all models, the best substrate material harvests at least 2 × more energy. The greedy approach increases energy harvesting in almost 50% of the models. Some of the substrate materials with optimized mechanical properties are reported in literature, however, this research opens up a discussion to manufacture new substrate materials to increase energy harvesting in PEH.
A practical approach for applying machine learning in the detection and classification of network devices used in building management
Authors: Touma Maroun , Witherspoon Shalisha , Witherspoon Shonda , Crawford‐Eng Isabelle 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWith the increasing deployment of smart buildings and infrastructure, supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) devices and the underlying IT network have become essential elements for the proper operations of these highly complex systems. Of course, with the increase in automation and the proliferation of SCADA devices, a corresponding increase in surface area of attack on critical infrastructure has increased. Understanding device behaviors in terms of known and understood or potentially qualified activities vs unknown and potentially nefarious activities in near‐real time is a key component of any security solution. In this paper, we investigate the challenges with building robust machine learning models to identify unknowns purely from network traffic both inside and outside firewalls, starting with missing or inconsistent labels across sites, feature engineering and learning, temporal dependencies and analysis, and training data quality (including small sample sizes) for both shallow and deep learning methods. To demonstrate these challenges and the capabilities we have developed, we focus on Building Automation and Control networks (BACnet) from a private commercial building system. Our results show that “Model Zoo” built from binary classifiers based on each device or behavior combined with an ensemble classifier integrating information from all classifiers provides a reliable methodology to identify unknown devices as well as determining specific known devices when the device type is in the training set. The capability of the Model Zoo framework is shown to be directly linked to feature engineering and learning, and the dependency of the feature selection varies depending on both the binary and ensemble classifiers as well.
Measuring Youth Empowerment: An Item Response Theory Analysis of the Sociopolitical Control Scale for Youth
Authors: Powell Kristen Gilmore , Peterson N. Andrew , Treitler Peter C. , Lardier David T. , Rashid Mariam , Reid Robert J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSociopolitical control (SPC) has been identified as a key element of the intrapersonal component of psychological empowerment. The Sociopolitical Control Scale (SPCS) is a widely used measure and has been modified for use among youth (SPCS‐Y). In light of the emerging interest in SPC among youth within community‐based research, this study applied item response theory (IRT) to examine the psychometric properties of the SPCS‐Y and to explore a brief version. Data were collected between 2006 and 2013 from a convenience sample of high school students (N = 1,808), located in a midsized, economically disadvantaged urban community in the northeastern United States. Findings indicate that the two subscales, leadership competence, and policy control, were unidimensional and items functioned well. Most items functioned particularly well at low and moderate levels of the construct, but a few were able to capture higher levels of the construct. Based on our IRT analyses of the performance of items on the subscales, we selected items to create a brief version of the SPCS‐Y (BSPCS‐Y) and performed structural equation modeling for further examination. Results provide empirical evidence to support the reliability and validity of the SPCS‐Y and suggest a brief version based on high‐performing items is possible.