bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Treatment in Liberty’ Human Rights and Compulsory Detention for Drug Use
Authors: Lines Rick , Hannah Julie , Girelli Giada 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This is the first detailed examination of compulsory detention for ‘drug treatment’ through the lens of a rapidly evolving international legal framework. It is estimated that as many as half a million people worldwide are detained for the purpose of ‘drug treatment’, many held for months or years at a time without being charged criminally or being able to challenge the legality of their detention. This is therefore a key issue sitting at the intersection of human rights, drug policy and medical ethics. The article explores arbitrary detention and involuntary committal on medical grounds within international human rights law, as well as the historical-legal evolution of drug ‘treatment’ as the term is understood within international drug control law. It assesses whether drug use or drug dependency constitute a reasonable limitation of the right to liberty, and concludes that this type of detention represents a violation of international law.
Weekly-specific ambient fine particular matter exposures before and during pregnancy were associated with risks of small for gestational age and large for gestational age: results from Project ELEFANT
Authors: Chen Juan , Li Peng-Hui , Fan Haojun , Li Chen , Zhang Ying , Ju Duan , Deng Furong , Guo Xinbiao , Guo Liqiong , Wu Shaowei 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
Investigations on the potential effects of ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) on large for gestational age (LGA) are limited. Furthermore, no study has explored weekly-specific susceptible exposure windows for small for gestational age (SGA) and LGA. This study evaluated the associations of exposure to ambient PM2.5 over the preconception and entire-pregnancy periods with risks of SGA and LGA, as well as explored critical weekly-specific exposure windows.

Methods
10 916 singleton pregnant women with 24–42 completed gestational weeks from the Project Environmental and LifEstyle FActors iN metabolic health throughout life-course Trajectories between 2014 and 2016 were included in this study. Distributed lag models (DLMs) incorporated in Cox proportional-hazards models were applied to explore the associations of maternal exposure to weekly ambient PM2.5 throughout 12 weeks before pregnancy and pregnancy periods with risks of SGA and LGA after controlling for potential confounders.

Results
For a 10-μg/m3 increase in maternal exposure to PM2.5, positive associations with SGA were observed during the 1st to 9th preconceptional weeks and the 1st to 2nd gestational weeks (P&lt;0.05), with the strongest association in the 5th preconceptional week [hazard ratio (HR), 1.06; 95% confidential interval (CI), 1.03–1.09]. For LGA, positive associations were observed during the 1st to 12th preconceptional weeks and the 1st to 5th gestational weeks (P&lt;0.05), with the strongest association in the 7th preconceptional week (HR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.08–1.12).

Conclusions
Exposure to high-level ambient PM2.5 is associated with increased risks of both SGA and LGA, and the most susceptible exposure windows are the preconception and early-pregnancy periods.
On Immersions of Surfaces into SL(2, ℂ) and Geometric Consequences
Authors: Bonsante Francesco , El Emam Christian 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
We study immersions of smooth manifolds into holomorphic Riemannian space forms of constant sectional curvature -1, including $SL(2,\mathbb{C})$ and the space of geodesics of $\mathbb{H}^3$, and we prove a Gauss–Codazzi theorem in this setting. This approach has some interesting geometric consequences: (1) it provides a model for the transitioning of hypersurfaces among $\mathbb{H}^n$, ${\mathbb{A}}\textrm{d}{\mathbb{S}}^n$, $\textrm{d}{\mathbb{S}}^n$, and ${\mathbb{S}}^n$; (2) it provides an effective tool to construct holomorphic maps to the $\textrm{SO}(n,\mathbb{C})$-character variety, bringing to a simpler proof of the holomorphicity of the complex landslide; and (3) it leads to a correspondence, under certain hypotheses, between complex metrics on a surface (i.e., complex bilinear forms of its complexified tangent bundle) and pairs of projective structures with the same holonomy. Through Bers theorem, we prove a uniformization theorem for complex metrics.
Intersubject Variation in ACE2 Protein Expression in Human Airway Epithelia and Its Relationship to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2
Authors: Li Kun , Wohlford-Lenane Christine , Bartlett Jennifer A , McCray Paul B 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2 ) initiates entry into airway epithelia by binding its receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2).

Methods
To explore whether interindividual variation in ACE2 abundance contributes to variability in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outcomes, we measured ACE2 protein abundance in primary airway epithelial cultures derived from 58 human donor lungs.

Results
We found no evidence for sex- or age-dependent differences in ACE2 protein expression. Furthermore, we found that variations in ACE2 abundance had minimal effects on viral replication and induction of the interferon response in airway epithelia infected with SARS-CoV-2.

Conclusions
Our results highlight the relative importance of additional host factors, beyond viral receptor expression, in determining COVID-19 lung disease outcomes.
Africa’s Development Debts
Authors: Ndulu Benno J , O’Connell Stephen A 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Public debt levels in sub-Saharan Africa rose sharply in the wake of the global financial crisis, and a number of countries are now classified by the World Bank and International Monetary Fund as at high risk of debt distress. By contrast with the debt crisis of the 1980s and 1990s, however, concerns were not region wide as recently as early 2020, and the policy environment for growth remains robust for the majority of countries in the region. The external environment nonetheless poses a set of region-wide risks that include the economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and are exacerbated by the increase in market-based debt and the retreat of the Paris Club among official creditors. Changes in perceived creditworthiness can now drive distress, and new challenges of creditor coordination will complicate the debt restructuring process. We motivate a research agenda that focuses on development assets at risk as rising debt service obligations crowd out development as well as operational and maintenance budgets. Preserving and enhancing these assets, which include advances in human capital and infrastructure and an improved investment environment, should be a central objective of domestic policy actions, preventative debt restructurings and institutional approaches to debt distress.
Association of Adiponectin and Vitamin D With Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes and Survival in Stage III Colon Cancer
Authors: Sinicrope Frank A , Shi Qian , Smyrk Thomas C , Goldberg Richard M , Cohen Steven J , Gill Sharlene , Kahlenberg Morton S , Nair Suresh , Shield Anthony F , Jahagirdar Balkrishna N , Jacobson Sawyer B , Foster Nathan R , Pollak Michael N , Alberts Steven R 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundAdipocyte-derived adiponectin may play a role in the host inflammatory response to cancer. We examined the association of plasma adiponectin with the density of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in colon cancers and with vitamin D, clinicopathological features, and patient survival.MethodsPlasma adiponectin and 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] were analyzed by radioimmunoassay in 600 patients with stage III colon cancer who received FOLFOX-based adjuvant chemotherapy (NCCTG N0147 [Alliance]). TIL densities were determined in histopathological sections. Associations with disease-free survival (DFS), time to recurrence, and overall survival were evaluated by multivariable Cox regression adjusting for potential confounders (ie, body mass index, race, TILs, and N stage). All statistical tests were 2-sided.ResultsWe found a statistically significant reduction in adiponectin, but not 25(OH)D, levels in tumors with high vs low TIL densities (median = 6845 vs 8984 ng/mL; P = .04). A statistically significant reduction in adiponectin was also observed in obese (body mass index &gt;30 kg/m2) vs nonobese patients (median = 6608 vs 12 351 ng/mL; P &lt; .001), in men vs women (median = 8185 vs 11 567 ng/mL; P &lt; .001), in Blacks vs Whites or Asians (median = 6412 vs 8847 vs 7858 ng/mL; P &lt; .03), and in those with fewer lymph node metastases (N1 vs N2: median = 7768 vs 9253 ng/mL; P = .01). Insufficiency of 25(OH)D (&lt;30 ng/mL) was detected in 291 (48.5%) patients. In multivariable analyses, neither adiponectin nor 25(OH)D were associated with a statistically significant difference in DFS, overall survival , or time to recurrence in models adjusted for potential confounders. We found a statistically significant association of TILs with prognosis, yet no such interaction was observed for the association of adiponectin with TILs for DFS.ConclusionsLower circulating adiponectin levels were associated with a statistically significant increase in TIL densities in colon cancers, indicating an enhanced antitumor immune response. In contrast to TILs, neither adiponectin nor 25(OH)D was independently prognostic.
Tying the Hands of Militants: Civilian Targeting and Societal Pressures in the Provisional IRA and Palestinian Hamas
Authors: Brooks Risa 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWhile social pressures have long been a theme in the targeting scholarship, this article develops and evaluates a theory for how social forces affect militant groups’ tactical choices to target civilians. It first identifies a class of groups that exhibit community ties, which occur when a group operates in proximity to a referent society that is geographically concentrated and comprised of dense social networks. Through observable indicators of endorsement and condemnation to their tactics, groups gain information and are subjected to normative pressures from community members, which constrain their leaders’ willingness to harm civilians. The argument is evaluated through within-case process tracing in qualitative case studies of the Provisional IRA during the Troubles and Palestinian Hamas in the 1990s. The findings demonstrate that both groups modified their tactics in conformity with social pressures, even when it was costly and contrary to their ideology, strategic, and organizational goals.
Bureaucratic Control and Strategic Compliance: How Do Subnational Governments Implement Central Guidelines in China?
Authors: Xiao Shiyang , Zhu Xufeng 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBureaucratic control, the constraint that a superior imposes on subordinate agencies’ discretion through guidelines, is ubiquitous in administrative organizations. Despite scholarly discussions on the merits and shortcomings of bureaucratic control, we still know little about the impact of the extents of bureaucratic control on subordinates’ compliance patterns. In this article, we argue that bureaucratic control might intensify subordinates’ burdens and incentivize them to strategically reduce compliance with the central guidelines that impose such control on them. We build a database containing 42 social regulatory guidelines issued by the Chinese State Council (central government) and 848 implementation documents issued by provincial governments between 2003 and 2012. As bureaucratic control in a central guideline increases, provincial governments might postpone the release or withhold the implementation documents and reiterate less content of the corresponding central guideline. Interestingly, when provincial governments lack financial resources, the aforementioned reactions to bureaucratic control is weakened and even reversed to be positive. Moreover, central mobilization alleviates the negative impact of bureaucratic control on the surface but might fail to address subordinates’ decrease of compliance in hidden ways. Central monitoring raises the overall level of subordinates’ compliance but does not moderate how subordinates circumvent central guidelines with high degree of control.
Assessing readiness for research: a pilot study of Indonesian pharmacists
Authors: Halim Steven Victoria , Wibowo Yosi Irawati , Uyanto Rheza Paleva , Setiadi Adji Prayitno , Setiawan Eko , Sunderland Bruce 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectivesReadiness is a key factor that influences pharmacists’ willingness to get involved in research, thus promoting evidence-based pharmacy practice. While the data are lacking, this study aimed to assess readiness for research, as well as the associated demographic and attitudinal characteristics of pharmacists in a range of healthcare settings in East Java Province, Indonesia.MethodsA questionnaire was administered to all pharmacists in a public hospital in Malang (n = 55), pharmacists from primary health centre (PHCs) (n = 63) and community pharmacies (n = 100) in Surabaya in 2017. The questionnaire consisted of three sections: (1) demographic characteristics, (2) attitudinal aspects and (3) readiness for research. Descriptive analysis was used to summarise the data. Spearman correlation tests determined the correlations between ‘demographic characteristics’ or ‘attitudinal aspects’ versus ‘readiness’.Key findingsA total of 142 pharmacists responded which comprised hospital pharmacists (n = 46), community pharmacists (n = 51) and PHC pharmacists (n = 45), giving response rates ranged from 51.0% to 83.6%. Approximately half of the participating pharmacists demonstrated adequate ‘readiness’ to research [mean 2.53 ± 0.7 (range 0–4)]. Compared with hospital or PHC pharmacists, community pharmacists showed lower ‘readiness’ to research (mean 2.76 ± 0.71 versus 2.53 ± 0.66 versus 2.31 ± 0.68, respectively; P = 0.005). Two demographic characteristics positively correlated with ‘readiness’, that is, prior research training (rs = 0.217; P = 0.010) and prior research experience (rs = 0.221; P = 0.008). Meanwhile, all ‘attitudinal aspects’ were found to be positively correlated with research ‘readiness’ (all P-values &lt;0.001).ConclusionsFindings from this study provide baseline data to develop strategies to optimise the involvement of pharmacist practitioners in research, thus enhancing evidence-based pharmacy practice and quality use of medications in Indonesia.
Herbivory-induced systemic signals are likely to be evolutionarily conserved in euphyllophytes
Authors: Lei Yunting , Xu Yuxing , Zhang Jingxiong , Song Juan , Wu Jianqiang 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Herbivory-induced systemic signaling has been demonstrated in monocots and dicots, and is essential for plant defense against insects. However, the nature and evolution of herbivory-induced systemic signals remain unclear. Grafting is widely used for studying systemic signaling; however, grafting between dicot plants from different families is difficult, and grafting is impossible for monocots. In this study, we took advantage of dodder’s extraordinary capability of parasitizing various plant species. Field dodder (Cuscuta campestris) was employed to connect pairs of species that are phylogenetically very distant, ranging from fern to monocot and dicot plants, and so determine whether interplant signaling occurs after simulated herbivory. It was found that simulated herbivory-induced systemic signals can be transferred by dodder between a monocot and a dicot plant and even between a fern and a dicot plant, and the plants that received the systemic signals all exhibited elevated defenses. Thus, we inferred that the herbivory-induced systemic signals are likely to be evolutionarily well conserved among vascular plants. Importantly, we also demonstrate that the jasmonate pathway is probably an ancient regulator of the biosynthesis and/or transport of systemic signals in vascular plants. These findings provide new insight into the nature and evolution of systemic signaling.
SDE2 is an essential gene required for ribosome biogenesis and the regulation of alternative splicing
Authors: Floro Jess , Dai Anqi , Metzger Abigail , Mora-Martin Alexandra , Ganem Neil J , Cifuentes Daniel , Wu Ching-Shyi , Dalal Jasbir , Lyons Shawn M , Labadorf Adam , Flynn Rachel L 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
RNA provides the framework for the assembly of some of the most intricate macromolecular complexes within the cell, including the spliceosome and the mature ribosome. The assembly of these complexes relies on the coordinated association of RNA with hundreds of trans-acting protein factors. While some of these trans-acting factors are RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), others are adaptor proteins, and others still, function as both. Defects in the assembly of these complexes results in a number of human pathologies including neurodegeneration and cancer. Here, we demonstrate that Silencing Defective 2 (SDE2) is both an RNA binding protein and also a trans-acting adaptor protein that functions to regulate RNA splicing and ribosome biogenesis. SDE2 depletion leads to widespread changes in alternative splicing, defects in ribosome biogenesis and ultimately complete loss of cell viability. Our data highlight SDE2 as a previously uncharacterized essential gene required for the assembly and maturation of the complexes that carry out two of the most fundamental processes in mammalian cells.
Forgotten fatalities: British military, mining and maritime accidents since 1900
Authors: Roberts S E , Carter T , Smith H D , John A , Williams J G 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
Comparative long-term trends in fatal accident rates in the UK’s most hazardous occupations have not been reported.

Aims
To compare trends in fatal accident rates in six of the most hazardous occupations (the three armed forces, merchant shipping, sea fishing and coal mining) and the general British workforce during peacetime years since 1900.

Methods
Examinations of annual mortality reports, returns, inquiry files and statistics. The main outcome measure was the fatal accident rate per 100 000 population employed.

Results
These six occupations accounted for ~40% of all fatal accidents in the British workforce. Fatal accident rates were highest in merchant shipping to 1914 (400–600 per 100 000) and in the Royal Air Force and sea fishing by the early 1920s (around 300 per 100 000). Since the 1950s sea fishing has remained the most hazardous occupation (50–200). Widespread reductions in fatal accident rates for each occupation have been greatest in recent years in the three armed forces and merchant shipping. Compared with the general workforce, relative risks of fatalities have increased in recent decades in all these occupations except shipping.

Conclusions
All six occupations still have high fatal accident rates. The greatly increased fatalities in sea fishing generally and in the Royal Air Force during its early years reflect, for different reasons, cultures of extreme risk-taking in these two sectors. Reductions in fatality rates in the armed forces over the last 20 years are due largely to decreases in land transport accidents.
Longitudinal patterns in cohort income inequality, income instability, and income trajectories of a US cohort on the cusp of retirement
Authors: Hungerford Thomas L 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Previous research has shown that the course of income inequality of a US cohort in retirement depends on the inequality measure used. For example, the variance of logarithmic income, a bottom sensitive measure, displays a decidedly declining trend. This study examines the mechanisms that underlie these income inequality changes as a cohort enters their retirement years using longitudinal data over a 20-year period and a variety of methods. In particular, individual income trajectories and income instability just before and in retirement are investigated. The results show (i) the variance of logarithmic income falls as the cohort ages primarily due to a reduction in income instability; (ii) on average, the rich and poor get poorer as they age into retirement; and (iii) consistent with previous research, a person’s place in the retirement income distribution is largely determined before retirement.
Re-hearing Op. 131
Authors: November Nancy 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
One sees a decisive shift in Beethoven reception in the late nineteenth century. The late quartets, in particular, were starting to be considered as a special group of “very late” masterpieces, cut off from contextual and social moorings and expressive only of Beethoven’s innermost thoughts and feelings. In the case of Op. 131, the meanings of the work became yet more restricted in later reception: this penultimate work is often considered to be Beethoven’s melancholy swansong. A rhetoric of “lack” emerges in the discourse about the C-sharp minor quartet from Wagner onwards, including seminal twentieth-century analytical accounts. At the same time, scholars seem to grapple with the wealth—perhaps overabundance—of material in the quartet by repeatedly showing how it is unified, in twentieth-century analytical terms. Only recently has this view started to change, so that scholars re-hear the work in ways that celebrate its plenitude.
“Like an overly large fantasy”
Authors: November Nancy 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Audiences at Iganz Schuppanzigh’s 1820s quartet concerts in Vienna would have expected a string quartet to be a weighty, four-movement work with an emphasis on a sonata form, thematische Arbeit (motivic working) between parts, and an overall tonal plan based on one or two primary key areas. Beethoven no doubt had such connoisseur listeners in mind with this work, but was pushing far beyond that traditional idea of the string quartet. Op. 131 is full of all sorts of different kinds of writing. The chapter explores the quartet in terms of fantasia, a word found frequently in connection with Op. 131, starting with a discussion of the free fantasia as a work exhibiting apparently chaotic musings over a highly logical ground plan. As Carl Philipp Emmanuel Bach pointed out in his influential discussion of the subject, there is method in the seeming madness of the free fantasia, especially as regards harmonic links. The chapter considers the entire work as a fantasia, exploring the clever linkage of seemingly disparate ideas within and between movements. The fantasia form might seem the opposite of the formalized string quartet genre as it was starting to be understood by Beethoven’s time, but in one important respect it was not. The free fantasia was a work for the connoisseur: as Carl Friedrich Michaelis noted in his article on music and humor of 1807, the free fantasia, in particular, reveals to the connoisseur listener the soul (or inventive repository) of the composer.