bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electron-deficient TVT unit-based D–A polymer donor for high-efficiency thick-film OSCs
Authors: Zhang Liting , Chang Yilin , Zhu Xiangwei , Yang Chen , Shi Yanan , Zhang Jianqi , Sun Xiangnan , Lu Kun , Wei Zhixiang 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
As the power conversion efficiencies of organic solar cells (OSCs) have been improved continuously in recent years, more attention will be paid to the industrial production and practical application of OSCs. However, there are still many problems to be solved in the process of large-scale production. Among them, reducing the costs of the materials and enhancing the film-thickness tolerance of the active layer are the two key points. Therefore, it is urgent to develop organic semiconductor materials which are easy to synthesize and suitable for the construction of high-efficiency, thick-film OSCs. In this work, we have focused on the (E)−2-[2-(thiophen-2-yl)vinyl]thiophene (TVT) unit because of its unique coplanar structure. And we noticed that TVT was mostly used as an electron-donating unit in the previous reports. However, we have modified TVT into electron-withdrawing unit by the introduction of fluorine atoms/ester groups. And two new donor–acceptor (D–A) copolymers have been obtained by combining the electron-withdrawing TVT unit with benzo[2,1-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene (BDT) unit. Among them, the polymer based on the ester modified TVT unit presents excellent photovoltaic performance by virtue of its good solubility and preferable molecular stacking mode, and the corresponding devices also show extraordinarily high-thickness tolerance. The emergence of this new electron-withdrawing TVT unit will undoubtedly further promote the development of low-cost, high-efficiency, thick-film OSCs.
Efficient production and transport of OH radicals in spatial afterglow of atmospheric-pressure DC glow discharge using intersecting helium flows
Authors: Shirai Naoki , Owada Hiroki , Sasaki Koichi 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
An efficient method for generating OH radicals in the spatial afterglow of atmospheric-pressure plasma was investigated. The method employed a DC glow discharge along two intersecting helium flows in air. Tiny helium flows were ejected from two metal nozzles with inner diameters of 0.5 mm, and they intersected at a distance of 3–5 mm from the nozzles. A stable glow discharge was formed along the intersecting helium flows by applying a DC high voltage between the two nozzles. It was shown by laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy that an origin of OH radicals was water vapor admixed into the intersection point of the two helium flows from ambient air. OH radicals were transported from the intersection toward the spatial afterglow along the coalesced helium flow. This is a distinctive feature of the present plasma source, by which we can obtain the stream of OH radicals in the outside of the active plasma zone even though we employ the DC discharge. In addition, we observed the production of OH radicals in the spatial afterglow. We presume that the production process of OH radicals in the spatial afterglow is dissociative electron attachment to H2O2.
Current–voltage characteristics of silicon based solar cells in the presence of cracks: MD simulations
Authors: Varma Siruvuri S D V S S , Budarapu P R , Paggi M 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The presence of micro-cracks in solar cells hinders the movement of charges leading to charge accumulation around the crack surfaces. Cracks grow during real-time operation and also new cracks will be formed, leading to further charge accumulation. In this study, the influence of cracks on the movement of charges and hence the current–voltage characteristics of silicon based solar cells is investigated through molecular dynamics simulations. Simulations are performed considering a domain of dimensions 260.64 Å × 222.63 Å × 43.44 Å  with five different cases: (1) without any initial defects, (2) an edge crack, (3) a center crack, (4) two angled edge cracks and (5) two oblique cracks from a circular crack at the center of the domain, considering a time step of 1 fs. Charges of the atoms at a given time instant are estimated after charge equilibration. The electric current, voltage, and power are estimated based on the charges. As the crack starts propagating, the charge fluctuations of a group of atoms around the crack tip are observed to be in the range of

−
9
×

10

−
3

e to

−
6
×

10

−
3

e, where the highest fluctuation is noticed in case of angled edge cracks. The electric current for the same atoms is found to be fluctuating between −0.02 nA and −0.098 nA, peak fluctuations observed in the case of the edge crack. Similar ranges of charge and current without any initial crack are found to be: 0 × 10−3
e and 3 × 10−3
e, and 0 nA and 0.01 nA, respectively. This confirms that the presence of cracks can hinder the charge flow. Furthermore, the peak voltage estimated between two groups of charges: near and far away from the crack tip is found to be 1.24

×

10

−
22

V. Whereas, the peak voltage between two groups considered away from the crack tip is equal to

0.1
×

10

−
22

V, indicating that the potential difference is significant due to charge accumulation around the damaged areas. Moreover, the electric power associated with the group of atoms around the crack tip is observed to be fluctuating rapidly. The peak electrical power of the intact cell is estimated to be 2.14 nW, whereas it is dropped down to 31.93% in the presence of two inclined edge cracks. The electric power associated with a group of charges lying within the included region between two inclined cracks with a hole is observed to converge to zero, in agreement with the experimental observations in the literature.
Role of the separatrix density in the pedestal performance in deuterium low triangularity JET-ILW plasmas and comparison with JET-C
Authors: Frassinetti L. , Perez von Thun C. , Chapman B. , Fil A. , Hillesheim J.C. , Horvath L. , Huijsmans G.T.A. , Nyström H. , Parail V. , Saarelma S. , Szepesi G. , Viola B. , Bianchetti Morales R. , Dunne M. , Field A.R. , Flanagan J. , Fontdecaba J.M. , Hatch D. , Lomanowski B. , Maggi C.F. , Menmuir S. , Pamela S. , Roach C.M. , Rachlew E. , Solano E.R. , JET Contributors  
Published: October 2021

Abstract
A reduction of the pedestal pressure with increasing separatrix density over pedestal density (n
e
sep/n
e
ped) has been observed in JET. The physics behind this correlation is investigated. The correlation is due to two distinct mechanisms. The increase of n
e
sep/n
e
ped till ≈0.4 shifts the pedestal pressure radially outwards, decreasing the peeling-balloning stability and reducing the pressure height. The effect of the position saturates above n
e
sep/n
e
ped ≈ 0.4. For higher values, the reduction of the pedestal pressure is ascribed to increased turbulent transport and, likely, to resistive MHD effects. The increase of n
e
sep/n
e
ped above ≈0.4 reduces ∇n
e
/n
e, increasing η
e and the pedestal turbulent transport. This reduces the pressure gradient and the pedestal temperature, producing an increase in the pedestal resistivity. The work suggests that the increase in resistivity might destabilize resistive balloning modes, further reducing the pedestal stability.
The Dynamics of Crime Risk Perceptions
Authors: Salm Martin , Vollaard Ben 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
We study how residents form beliefs about the prevalence of crime in their neighborhood. We document the process of learning about local crime for a uniquely long period of 10 years after taking up residence. Our analysis is based on four successive waves of a large crime survey in the Netherlands matched with administrative register data for the complete history of places of residence between 1995 and 2011. We find that beliefs of residents are much more favorable shortly after their move into the neighborhood than they are longer after their move. The adjustments in beliefs only level off after many years. A large part of this adjustment in the years after a move can be explained by the accumulation of direct experiences with crime. Our findings show that victimization of crime is more than the outcome of a calculated risk; it is a costly form of learning about crime.
CD44-negative parietal–epithelial cell staining in minimal change disease: association with clinical features, response to corticosteroids and kidney outcome
Authors: Roca Neus , Jatem Elias , Abo Anabel , Santacana Maria , Cruz Alejandro , Madrid Álvaro , Fraga Gloria , Martin Marisa , Gonzalez Jorge , Martinez Cristina , Balius Anna , Segarra Alfons 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT

Background
Activation of parietal–epithelial cells (PECs) with neo-expression of CD44 has been found to play a relevant role in the development of focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). The aim of this study was to analyse whether the expression of CD44 by PECs in biopsies of minimal change disease (MCD) is associated with the response to corticosteroids, with kidney outcomes and/or can be considered an early sign of FSGS.

Methods
This multicentric, retrospective study included paediatric and adult patients with MCD. Demographic, clinical and biochemical data were recorded, and biopsies were stained with anti-CD44 antibodies. The association between PECs, CD44 expression and the response to corticosteroids, and kidney outcomes were analysed using logistic, Kaplan–Meier and Cox regression analyses.

Results
A total of 54 patients were included: 35 (65%) &lt;18 years and 19 (35%) adults. Mean follow-up was 68.3 ± 37.9 months. A total of 19/54 patients (35.2%) showed CD44-positive staining. CD44-positive patients were younger (14.5 ± 5 versus 21.5 ± 13, P = 0.006), and showed a higher incidence of steroid-resistance [11/19 (57.8%) versus 7/35 (20%), P = 0.021; odds ratio: 5.5 (95% confidence interval 1.6–18), P = 0.007] and chronic kidney disease [9/19 (47.3%) versus 6/35 (17.1%), P = 0.021; relative risk: 3.01 (95% confidence interval 1.07–8.5), P = 0.037]. Follow-up re-biopsies of native kidneys (n = 18), identified FSGS lesions in 10/12 (83.3%) of first-biopsy CD44-positive patients versus 1/6 (16.7%) of first-biopsy CD44-negative patients (P = 0.026).

Conclusions
In patients with a light microscopy pattern of MCD, CD44-positive staining of PECs is associated with a higher prevalence of steroid resistance and worse kidney outcomes, and can be considered an early sign of FSGS.
Primary hyperoxaluria type 1: pathophysiology and genetics
Authors: Fargue Sonia , Acquaviva Bourdain Cécile 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
Primary hyperoxaluria type 1 (PH1) is a rare genetic form of calcium oxalate kidney stone disease. It is caused by a deficiency in the liver-specific enzyme, alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase (AGT), a pyridoxal-5′-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzyme involved in the metabolism of glyoxylate. The excessive endogenous synthesis of oxalate that ensues leads to hyperoxaluria, and the crystallization of the poorly soluble calcium salt of oxalate is responsible for a severe kidney stone disease, which can progress to end-stage renal disease, systemic deposition of oxalate and death. Knowledge about metabolic precursors of glyoxylate and oxalate, molecular pathology of AGT and analytical methods for diagnosis and clinical assessment have allowed a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying PH1 and opened the door to new therapeutic strategies.
The first comprehensive database of germline pathogenic variants in East Asian cancer patients
Authors: Shi Xiaoshun , Li Ruidong , Zhai Jianxue , Chen Allen Menglin , Huang Kailing , Zheng Zhouxia , Chen Zhuona , Dong Xiaoyin , Liu Xiguang , Lu Di , Feng Siyang , Diao Dingwei , Ren Pengfei , Liu Zhaoguo , Morahan Grant , Cai Kaican 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Pathogenic germline variants in cancer-associated genes are risk factors for cancer predisposition. However, systematic mining and summarizing of cancer pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants has not been performed for people of East Asian descent. This study aimed to investigate publicly available data to identify germline variants in East Asian cancer cohorts and compare them to variants in Caucasian cancer cohorts. Based on the data we retrieved, we built a comprehensive database, named COGVIC (Catalog of Germline Variants in Cancer). A total of 233 variants in the East Asian population were identified. The majority (87%) of genes with cancer-associated variants were not shared between the East Asian and Caucasian cohorts. This included pathogenic variants in BRCA2. Our study summarized the prevalence of germline variants in East Asian cancer cohorts and provides an easy-to-use online tool to explore germline mutations related to cancer susceptibility.

Database URL
http://www.cogvic.vip/
Subsidising the spread of COVID-19: Evidence from the UK’S Eat-Out-to-Help-Out Scheme*
Authors: Fetzer Thiemo 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This paper documents that a large-scale government subsidy aimed at encouraging people to eat out in restaurants in the wake of the first 2020 COVID-19 wave in the United Kingdom has had a significant causal impact on new cases, accelerating the subsequent second COVID-19 wave. The scheme subsidised 50% off the cost of food and non-alcoholic drinks for an unlimited number of visits in participating restaurants on Mondays–Wednesdays from 3–31 August 2020. Areas with higher take-up saw both a notable increase in new COVID-19 infection clusters within a week of the scheme starting and a deceleration in infections within two weeks of the program ending. Similarly, areas that exhibited notable rainfall during the prime lunch and dinner hours on the days the scheme was active record lower infection incidence—a pattern that is also measurable in mobility data—and non-detectable on days during which the discount was not available or for rainfall outside the core lunch and dinner hours.
Is Living in an Ethnic Enclave Associated With Cognitive Function? Results From the Population Study of Chinese Elderly (PINE) in Chicago
Authors: Guo Man , Wang Yi , Xu Hanzhang , Li Mengting , Wu Bei , Dong Xinqi 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesEthnic enclaves provide pivotal coping resources for immigrants, having important implications for cognitive health. This study examined the association between living in an ethnic enclave (i.e., Chinatown) and cognition, and potential moderating effect of education on such an association among Chinese older immigrants in the United States. We further examined subgroup differences based on preferred language (Mandarin, Cantonese, and Taishanese).Research Designs and MethodsData were derived from the Population Study of Chinese Elderly in Chicago (N = 3,105, mean age = 73). Global cognition, assessed by a battery including Mini-Mental State Examination, working memory, episodic memory, and executive function, was compared between those who lived in Chinatown (n = 1,870) and those who did not (n = 1,235). Linear regressions with interaction terms were performed in the entire sample and subsamples with different language preferences.ResultsChinatown residents had significantly poorer cognition than non-Chinatown residents. Regression results identified both protective and risk factors for cognition associated with living in Chinatown. Among them, education (β = 0.072, p &lt; .001) played a salient role in explaining the cognitive disadvantage of Chinatown residents. Education also moderated the influence of Chinatown residence on cognition, but only among Mandarin speakers (β = −0.027, p = .04).Discussion and ImplicationsLiving in an ethnic enclave may be a risk factor for poor cognition for Chinese immigrants. Neighborhood-specific health assessment may facilitate early identification and prevention of cognitive impairment in this population. Studies need to examine divergent aging experiences of immigrants within single ethnic groups.
Links between foreland rheology and the growth and evolution of a young mountain belt in New Guinea
Authors: Knight Lizzie , Copley Alex , Bertoni Claudia , Sloan R Alastair , Walker Richard 
Published: October 2021

SUMMARYWe have studied the active and recent tectonics of New Guinea, using earthquake source modelling, analysis of gravity anomalies, seismic reflection profiles, and thermal and mechanical models. Our aim is to investigate the behaviour and evolution of a young continental deformation belt, and to explore the effects of lateral variations in foreland rheology on the deformation. We find that along-strike gradients in the lithosphere thickness of the southern foreland have resulted in correlated changes in seismogenic thickness, likely due to the effects on the temperature structure of the crust. The resulting variation in the strength of the foreland means that in the east, the foreland is broken through on thrust faults, whereas in the west it is relatively intact. The lack of correlation between the elevation of the mountain belt and the seismogenic thickness of the foreland is likely to be due to the time taken to thicken the crust in the mountains following changes in the rheology of the underthrusting foreland, as the thinned passive margin of northern Australia is consumed. The along-strike variation in whether the force exerted between the mountains and the lowlands is able to break the foreland crust enables us to estimate the effective coefficient of friction on foreland faults to be in the range of 0.01–0.28. We use force-balance calculations to show that the recent tectonic re-organization in western New Guinea is likely to be due to the development of increasing curvature in the Banda Arc, and that the impingement of continental material on the subduction zone may explain the unusually low force it exerts on western New Guinea.
Development of Inapparent Dengue Associated With Increased Antibody Levels to Aedes aegypti Salivary Proteins: A Longitudinal Dengue Cohort in Cambodia
Authors: Manning Jessica E , Chea Sophana , Parker Daniel M , Bohl Jennifer A , Lay Sreyngim , Mateja Allyson , Man Somnang , Nhek Sreynik , Ponce Aiyana , Sreng Sokunthea , Kong Dara , Kimsan Soun , Meneses Claudio , Fay Michael P , Suon Seila , Huy Rekol , Lon Chanthap , Leang Rithea , Oliveira Fabiano 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Background
We established the first prospective cohort to understand how infection with dengue virus is influenced by vector-specific determinants such as humoral immunity to Aedes aegypti salivary proteins.

Methods
Children aged 2–9 years were enrolled in the PAGODAS (Pediatric Assessment Group of Dengue and Aedes Saliva) cohort with informed consent by their guardians. Children were followed semi-annually for antibodies to dengue and to proteins in Ae. aegypti salivary gland homogenate using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and dengue-specific neutralization titers. Children presented with fever at any time for dengue testing.

Results
From 13 July to 30 August 2018, we enrolled 771 children. At baseline, 22% (173/770) had evidence of neutralizing antibodies to 1 or more dengue serotypes. By April 2020, 51 children had symptomatic dengue while 148 dengue-naive children had inapparent dengue defined by neutralization assays. In a multivariate model, individuals with higher antibodies to Ae. aegypti salivary proteins were 1.5 times more likely to have dengue infection (hazard ratio [HR], 1.47 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.05–2.06]; P = .02), particularly individuals with inapparent dengue (HR, 1.64 [95% CI, 1.12–2.41]; P = .01).

Conclusions
High levels of seropositivity to Ae. aegypti salivary proteins are associated with future development of dengue infection, primarily inapparent, in dengue-naive Cambodian children.

Clinical Trials Registration
NCT03534245
On the development of (not so) new competition systems—findings from an empirical study on Croatia
Authors: Pecotić Kaufman Jasminka 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This article traces and examines the lifecycle of Croatia’s competition system in the 1995–2018 period: from its inception until after the country acceded to the EU. It aims to identify the main challenges to achieving a higher level of competition system maturity in the context of a post-socialist economy. The article uses an extensive dataset using primary and secondary sources: original, in-depth interviews with key stakeholders (competition authority officials, judges, attorneys-at-law, in-house lawyers, journalists, and academics); quantitative data related to enforcement, budget, and human resources; and relevant media reports. Its unique findings include a specific evolutionary path with four distinct phases of development identified: Inception; Withdrawal; Pre-accession; and Post-accession, as well as two key challenges: institutional and competition culture embeddedness, and functional self-restraint of the competition authority. We argue that the challenges mentioned above, in the context of the competition system trajectory as portrayed in this article, prevent the system from evolving to a more mature stage. This country-specific study aims to contribute to the broader literature on the development of competition systems by examining the relevance of specific factors that influence their evolution.
Quantification of the pluriannual dynamics of grapevine growth responses to nitrogen supply using a Bayesian approach
Authors: Vrignon-Brenas Sylvain , Fontez Bénédicte , Bisson Anne , Rolland Gaelle , Chopard Jérôme , Fumey Damien , Metay Aurélie , Pellegrino Anne 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe effect of nitrogen (N) nutrition on grapevine carbon (C) dynamics has been well studied at the annual scale, but poorly addressed at a pluriannual timescale. The aim of this study was to quantify, in an integrated conceptual framework, the effect of N nutrition on potted grapevine growth and storage over 2 consecutive years. The consequences of using destructive measurements were investigated using a hierarchical Bayesian model. The rate and duration of leaf growth were both positively impacted by the chlorophyll content of the leaves, but they were negatively impacted by the initial carbohydrate measurements, raising a distortion in the estimation of initial reserves. The C production per unit of global radiation depended on the leaf area dynamics. The allocation of dry matter mainly relied on the phenological stage. The present study highlights the importance of using appropriate statistical methods to overcome uncertainties due to destructive measurements. The genericity of the statistical approach presented may encourage its implementation in other agronomy studies. Based on our results, a simple conceptual framework of grapevine pluriannual growth under various N supplies was built. This provides a relevant basis for a future model of C and N balance and responses to N fertilization in grapevine.