bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Natural Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) in the oil and gas industry
Authors: Zaidan Jamal  Abdul Rahman 
Published: May 2021

Radioactive materials which occur naturally and expose people to radiation occur widely, and are known by the acronym 'NORM'. Exposure to NORM is often increased by human activities, eg burning coal, making and using fertilisers, oil and gas production.
Many natural materials contain radioactive elements (radionuclides). The earth's crust is radioactive and constantly leaks radon gas into our atmosphere. However, while the level of individual exposure from all this is usually trivial, some issues arise regarding regulation, and also perspective in relation to what is classified as radioactive waste.The radionuclides identified in oil and gas streams belong to the decay chains of the naturally occurring primordial radionuclides 238U and 232Th. Analyses of NORM from many different oil and gas fields show that the solids found in the downhole and surface structures of oil and gas production facilities do not include 238U and 232Th. gas
These elements are not mobilized from the reservoir rock that contains the oil, gas and formation water.
Formation water contains the radium isotopes 226Ra from the 238U series, and 228Ra and 224Ra from the 232Th series. All three radium isotopes, but not their parents, thus appear in the water co-produced with the oil or gas. The 228Th radionuclide sometimes detected in aged sludge. This causes their precipitation as sulphate and carbonate scales. The mixed stream of oil, and water also carries the noble gas 222Rn that is generated in the reservoir rock through decay of 226Ra. It would appear that the concentrations of 226Ra, 228Ra and 224Ra in scales and sludge range from less than 0.1 Bq/g up to 15 000 Bq/g. Generally,
the activity concentrations of radium isotopes are lower in sludge than in scales, the opposite applies to 210Pb. The deposition of contaminated scales and sludge in pipes and vessels may produce significant dose rates inside and outside these components. Maximum dose rates are usually in the range of up to a few microsieverts per hour. In exceptional cases, dose rates measured directly on the outside surfaces of production equipment have reached several hundred microsieverts per hour, which is about 1000 times greater than normal background values due to cosmic radiation and terrestrial radiation.
إستخلاص مقاطع برج التقطير الفراغي باستخدام مذيب مذيب ن – مثيل بريليدون كبديل عن الفرفرال
Authors: الصايل حارث شعلان , خلف عطا الله 
Published: May 2021

هو استخلاص الدهون الاساس من المقطرات النفطية ومن مخلفات عملية التقطير الفراغي بعد ازالة الاسفلت منها باستخدام مذيبي الفرافرال و ن- مثيل بريليدون وتحسين نتائج الاستخلاص من حيث الكمية والنوعية والجدوى الاقتصادية .
تعني عمليات ألاستخلاص والفصل الانتقائية للدهون باستخدام مذيبات هو فصل ألإسفلت والقطران والمواد متعددة الحلقات الهيدروكاربونية من النفط الخام وتهدف الى تحسين مواصفات الدهون من حيث اللزوجة وتحمل ارتفاع درجة حرارة المحركات وألالات التي تستخدم الدهون وتقليل التفحم والمحتوى الكبريتي وتسمى مجمل العمليات التي تؤدي إلى أنتاج دهون ذات جوده عاليه بأنها عمليات فصل المواد العطريه من الدهون. أن أول من أشار الى أمكانية فصل المقاطع النفطية عن بعضها البعض كان العالم الكيميائي الروسي بوتليروف وفي سنة 1902 م تمكن العالم خاريجكوفيم من تنفيذ فكرة الفصل وأطلق عليها تسمية ( التجزئة الباردة ) ودخلت عملية أستخلاص المقاطع النفطية بأستخدام مذيبات أنتقائية بمفهومها الحالي في مجال الصناعة لأول مرة عام 1911 م ومنذ ذلك الحين ولحد يومنا هذا كان لعمليات الاستخلاص وتنقية الدهون تطبيقات
واسعة في مجال الصناعة حيث وصل أنتاج العالم ما يقارب 30 مليون طن سنويا" في نهايات القرن العشرين.
وبفضل تقنية الاستخلاص أصبحنا نستطيع أن نفصل المركبات المرغوبة عن المركبات غيرالمرغوبة والتي تختلف عن بعضها البعض في الخواص الكيمياوية والفيزياوية ولا يمكن فصلها بعمليات التقطير الاعتيادية وذلك لتقارب درجات غليانها.
وبما أن زيوت التزييت الاساس المقطرة في وحدة التقطير الفراغي والمستخلصة في وحدة أزالة الاسفلت تعتبر المغذيات الرئيسية لبرج الاستخلاص وهي تحوي على نسبة عالية من المركبات الهيدروكاربونية العطرية والنفثينية والراتنجية وهذه المركبات غير مرغوب فيها بسبب أفتقارها الى خواص التزييت الجيدة وقابليتها العالية للأكسدة وقلة معامل لزوجتها
الطباقية الحياتية لمكمن العصر الطباشيري الأعلى في حقل بطمة
Authors: العيسى مروان ادريس , الفصوله نادية عبدالرزاق 
Published: May 2021

لقد أوضحت هذه الدراسة المكونات الحياتية لتتابعات العصر الطباشيري المتأخر ( الكمبانيان - الماسترختيان ) . حيث تناولت دراسة الفورامنيفيرا الطافية والكريات الكلسية ، فقد تم تحديد أربعة أنطقة الحياتية الخاصة بها وهي كالآتي :

Gansserina gansseri -Gublerina cuvilleri zone
Globotruncanita subspinosa zone
Globotruncanita calcarata zone
Hartella inflatotriangularis zone

الأنطقة الحياتية الثلاثة الأولى تمثل تكوين شيرانش الغني بالفرامنيفرا الطافية، بينما يحدد النطاق الأخير تكوين مشوره ذا المحتوى الحياتي المحدود من الفورامنيفيرا الطافية والقاعية والغني نسبياً بالكريات الكلسية.
يتباين سمك النطاق Gansserina gansseri -Gublerina cuvilleri zoneعلى امتداد قبتي تركيب بطمة والذي يقع قي الجهة الشمالية الغربية مــن العراق، وقد نتج هذا التباين عن التعرية التفاضلية الحاصلة للحد الأعلى للعصر الطباشيري. أما الزيادة في سمك الأنطقة الحياتية الأخرى لهذا التكوين فقد كانت نتيجة لتباين سلوك الحوض الرسوبي بالعوامل التي نشأت وقت الترسيب والمتمثلة بحدوث فوالق نمو(growth Faults).
تطوير مواصفات الطابوق الناري العازل المستعمل في تبطين افران الصناعة النفطية
Authors: الزبيدي عبدالكريم دهش 
Published: May 2021

تم في هذا البحث انتاج طابوق ناري عازل خفيف ذو مواصفات عالية من اضافة مادة فلوريد الالمنيوم (المتوفرة محليا) الى المادة الاولية وهو طين الدويخلة تم الحرق في درجات حرارة عالية ومختلفة وتتراوح من 900 – إلى 1300م° حيث تحدث تفاعلات كيماوية بين الطين والمادة
الكيماوية المضافة حيث يتكون نتيجة التفاعل المولايت المسامي والتي تزيد من قابلية هذا النوع من الطابوق على العزل الحراري .
ميزات الطابوق المنتج فـي هذا البـحث هذا هو انخفـاض معامـل التـوصيل الحراري (0.15kcal/m.h.c) مقارنة مع انواع اخرى.
المرجع2 و المرجع 3هي عبارة عن بحوث قام بها مجموعة من الباحثين في مركز بحوث البناء التابع لوزارة الاسكان حاليا وسابقا الى مجلس البحث العلمي .
Phase Change Materials for Thermal Energy Storage
Authors: AL-Ataby Mohammed Jafer Ali 
Published: May 2021

Salt hydrate phase change materials used for thermal storage in space heating and cooling applications have low material costs, but high packaging costs. A more economic installed storage may be possible with medium priced, high latent heat. Latent heat storage is one of the most efficient ways of storing thermal energy. Unlike the sensible heat storage method, the latent heat storage method provides much higher storage density, with a smaller temperature difference between storing and releasing heat. This paper work on latent heat storage and provides an insight to recent efforts to develop new classes of phase change materials (PCMs) for
use in energy storage. There are large numbers of phase change materials that melt and solidify at a wide range of temperatures, making them attractive in a number of applications. Hydrated salts have larger energy storage density and higher thermal conductivity but experience super cooling and phase segregation, and hence, their application requires the use of some nucleating and thickening agents. Sodium carb-onate, sodium phosphate and sodium sulfate tested as phase change material by crystallization in this work.
Evaluation of Mixed Corrosion Inhibitors in Cooling Water System
Authors: Raheem Dina 
Published: May 2021

The effect of mixed corrosion inhibitors in cooling system was evaluated by using carbon steel specimens and weight loss analysis. The carbon steel specimens which immersed in mixture of sodium phosphate ( Na2HPO4 ) used as corrosion inhibitor and sodium glocunate ( C6 H11 NaO7 ) as scale dispersant at different concentrations (20,40, 60, 80 ppm) and at temperature 25°C for (1-5) days. The corrosion inhibitors efficiency was calculated by using uninhibited and inhibited water to give 98.1%. The result of these investigation indicate that the corrosion rate decrease with increase the corrosion inhibitors concentration at 80 ppm and for 5 days, (i.e. corrosion rate= 0.042 gmd).
Torque and Drag forces challenges in highly deviated oil well (Zubair oil field)
Authors: A.Razzaq Ayad A.Alhaleem , Neamah Hasan Ali 
Published: May 2021

The benefits from doing this analytical study in order to be able to measure and predict the frictional forces affecting a drill string and wellbore (Torque and drag) by construct model of well plan software, hence; the high deviated and directional wells must be planned to keep the torque and drag forces at a minimum and allowable limit.
Also, knowledge of the drill string phenomena can give us an opportunity to choose drill string components that consider these extra forces involved in the operations "high torque and drag values" in directional sections.
In addition to knowledge of influence torque and drag on planned well trajectory can give us a good idea and lesson learned to consider this challenges in the next planned well profile. As a result of well path design one of the best ways to reduce torque and drag forces.
One deviated well in Zubair oil field named, ZB-348 have been selected for analyses torque and drag problems and study the effect of (friction factor, well profile and drill string design) on the mentioned problem.
Well data include hole section size, fluid properties, well profile survey, rig specification, drill string details and drilling parameters were used in well plan software from landmark worldwide programming group to make a comparison between actual and planning status.
The results show a difference between planning and actual case when drilling 12.25" hole and found the root causes for this difference are high flow rate, tortuosity, well bore instability and complete losses.
The maximum torque about (20 klb-ft) and drag value approximately (30 klb).
A Study of the Performance of Nanomaterials on Water Base Drilling Fluid
Authors: Abdul Hussien Dr. Hassan A. , Hamza Sarah Hakem 
Published: May 2021

Abstract:
This study is an attempt to investigate the effect of nanomaterials on the water base drilling mud properties. Two types of nano materials were investigated, are Multi Walled Carbone Nano Tube (MWCNT) and nano silicon oxide (SiO2).The investigated properties of drilling mud with the rheological properties (Plastic viscosity, yield point, Apparent viscosity and Gel strength), filtration ,and lubricity test are investigated. In addition, effects of high temperature on these properties were studied. All tests are conducted according to API specification and proceed in Petroleum Research and Development Center (PRDC).
The experimental results show that a significant improvements in the lubricity test and the rheological properties such as yield point, filtration properties of the MWCNT and nano silicon oxide modified drilling fluid compared with the base drilling fluid. Also a significant improvement in the rheological properties at using combined of nanomaterials (MWCNT and nanoSio2) and reduction of filter loss at using nanosilicon oxide compared with fluid loss reducer.
Perancangan Arsitektur Data Pada Fungsi Analisis Kondisi Umum Daerah Kabupaten Bintan Menggunakan Framework Togaf Adm
Authors: Romdoni Mochammad Rizki 
Published: May 2021

Badan Perencanaan, Pembangunan, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan (BAPELITBANG) Kabupaten Bintan, salah satu dari tugasnya adalah mempersiapkan RPJMD (Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah) yang dikenal sebagai RPJMD teknokratik. Saat mempersiapkan RPJMD dibutuhkan data dan informasi kondisi umum daerah, yang digunakan sebagai dasar untuk mengeksplorasi, memproyeksikan, memprediksi kondisi lima tahun ke depan. Ada beberapa tahapan sebelum melakukan proses analisis data dan analitik, salah satunya adalah data preprocessing. Salah satu kesulitan yang dihadapi oleh BAPELITBANG adalah tahapan data preprocessing, karena data tersebar di Organisasi Perangkat Daerah (OPD) dengan berbagai macam format. Solusi untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan ini dimulai dari merancang arsitektur data. Framework yang digunakan untuk merancang arsitektur adalah The Open Group Arcitecture Framework (TOGAF) Architecture Development Method (ADM) Fase C, yaitu Arsitektur Sistem Informasi. Hasil dari Perancangan adalah cetak biru (Blueprint) yang dapat digunakan sebagai panduan dalam mengimplementasikan dan sebagai basis ke tahapan selanjutnya, yaitu data cleansing, data filter / enrich, classification, data analytics, modelling prediction, data delivery, dan data visualization.
Prediksi Kebutuhan Alat Tulis Kantor Dengan Metode Fuzzy Logic Tsukamoto Di Bpr Dana Mulia Sejahtera
Authors: Setiawan Hendi 
Published: May 2021

Pengolahan data persediaan barang secara manual yaitu dengan menghitung satu per satu dan sulit untuk membedakan jenis persediaan sangatlah tidak efektif dan tidak efisien, untuk itu diperlukan sebuah aplikasi yang dapat mempermudah kinerja dan memecahkan masalah yang berkaitan dengan pengolahan persediaan barang.
Sehingga diperlukan suatu metode untuk mengatasi berbagai hal, metode yang di gunakan ialah metode Fuzzy Logic Tsukamoto. Fuzzy Logic Tsukamoto ini merupakan Teknik atau metode yang dipakai untuk mengatasi hal yang tidak pasti pada masalah – masalah yang mempunyai banyak jawaban.
Berdasarkan permasalahan yang ada, penulis melakukan analisa dan merancang sistem baru yang mengantisipasi kelemahan-kelemahan pada sistem yang berjalan tanpa menimbulkan permasalahan-permasalahan baru. Dengan penalaran Fuzzy logic Tsukamoto menyediakan cara untuk memahami kinerja sistem dengan cara menilai input dan output sistem dari hasil pengamatan.
In Situ Multiple Sulfur Isotope and S/Se Composition of Magmatic Sulfide Occurrences in the Labrador Trough, Northern Quebec
Authors: Smith W. D. , Maier W. D. , Bliss I. , Martin L. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe interaction between mafic-ultramafic magma and crustal sulfide is considered a key process in the formation of magmatic Ni-Cu-platinum group element (PGE) sulfide deposits. Integrated S/Se and multiple sulfur isotope studies are the most robust in constraining the role of crustal sulfur during ore genesis. In the present study, we report the first integrated S/Se and multiple sulfur isotope study of magmatic sulfide occurrences in the Labrador Trough, namely, on the recently discovered Idefix PGE-Cu and Huckleberry Cu-Ni-(PGE) prospects.Whole-rock and in situ S/Se values (~810–3115) of magmatic sulfides and their host rocks are consistent with S loss during postmagmatic hydrothermal alteration, negating their use in interpreting the origin of S. Values of ∆33S ~0 indicate no record of the assimilation of Archaean sulfur. Disseminated (–0.5 to +2.5‰) and globular (3.0–4.5‰) sulfides at Idefix as well as globular sulfides (2.1–9.6‰) at Huckleberry have δ34S values greater than the accepted mantle range, suggesting that crustal S played a role in the formation of these sulfides. In contrast, disseminated and net-textured sulfides at Huckleberry have variable δ34S values (–4.6 to +3.2‰) that are mostly within the accepted mantle range, excluding one anomalous sample that records relatively higher δ34S values (11.9–15.0‰). It is proposed that sulfide melt segregated in response to the addition of small proportions of crustal S prior to the final emplacement of the host intrusions, i.e., in a feeder conduit or staging chamber. Isotopic exchange between the sulfide melt and silicate magma has diluted and, in places, eradicated a crustal δ34S signature.
A calibration CT mini‐lung‐phantom created by 3‐D printing and subtractive manufacturing
Authors: Guo H. Henry , Persson Mats , Weinheimer Oliver , Rosenberg Jarrett , Robinson Terry E. , Wang Jia 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe describe the creation and characterization of a calibration CT mini‐lung‐phantom incorporating simulated airways and ground‐glass densities. Ten duplicate mini‐lung‐phantoms with Three‐Dimensional (3‐D) printed tubes simulating airways and gradated density polyurethane foam blocks were designed and built. Dimensional accuracy and CT numbers were measured using micro‐CT and clinical CT scanners. Micro‐CT images of airway tubes demonstrated an average dimensional variation of 0.038 mm from nominal values. The five different densities of incorporated foam blocks, simulating ground‐glass, showed mean CT numbers (±standard deviation) of −897.0 ± 1.5, −844.1 ± 1.5, −774.1 ± 2.6, −695.3 ± 1.6, and −351.0 ± 3.7 HU, respectively. Three‐Dimensional printing and subtractive manufacturing enabled rapid, cost‐effective production of ground‐truth calibration mini‐lung‐phantoms with low inter‐sample variation that can be scanned simultaneously with the patient undergoing lung quantitative CT.
Piezoelectricity of the Transmembrane Protein ba3 Cytochrome c Oxidase
Authors: O'Donnell Joseph , Cazade Pierre‐André , Guerin Sarah , Djeghader Ahmed , Haq Ehtsham Ul , Tao Kai , Gazit Ehud , Fukada Eiichi , Silien Christophe , Soulimane Tewfik , Thompson Damien , Tofail Syed A. M. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractControlling the electromechanical response of piezoelectric biological structures including tissues, peptides, and amino acids provides new applications for biocompatible, sustainable materials in electronics and medicine. Here, the piezoelectric effect is revealed in another class of biological materials, with robust longitudinal and shear piezoelectricity measured in single crystals of the transmembrane protein ba3 cytochrome c oxidase from Thermus thermophilus. The experimental findings from piezoresponse force microscopy are substantiated using a range of control measurements and molecular models. The observed longitudinal and shear piezoelectric responses of ≈2 and 8 pm V−1, respectively, are comparable to or exceed the performance of commonly used inorganic piezoelectric materials including quartz, aluminum nitride, and zinc oxide. This suggests that transmembrane proteins may provide, in addition to physiological energy transduction, technologically useful piezoelectric material derived entirely from nature. Membrane proteins could extend the range of rationally designed biopiezoelectric materials far beyond the minimalistic peptide motifs currently used in miniaturized energy harvesters, and the finding of robust piezoelectric response in a transmembrane protein also raises fundamental questions regarding the molecular evolution, activation, and role of regulatory proteins in the cellular nanomachinery, indicating that piezoelectricity might be important for fundamental physiological processes.
3D Printing Unique Nanoclay‐Incorporated Double‐Network Hydrogels for Construction of Complex Tissue Engineering Scaffolds
Authors: Guo Zhongwei , Dong Lina , Xia Jingjing , Mi Shengli , Sun Wei 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe development of new biomaterial inks with good structural formability and mechanical strength is critical to the fabrication of 3D tissue engineering scaffolds. For extrusion‐based 3D printing, the resulting 3D constructs are essentially a sequential assembly of 1D filaments into 3D constructs. Inspired by this process, this paper reports the recent study on 3D printing of nanoclay‐incorporated double‐network (NIDN) hydrogels for the fabrication of 1D filaments and 3D constructs without extra assistance of support bath. The frequently used “house‐of‐cards” architectures formed by nanoclay are disintegrated in the NIDN hydrogels. However, nanoclay can act as physical crosslinkers to interact with polymer chains of methacrylated hyaluronic acid (HAMA) and alginate (Alg), which endows the hydrogel precursors with good structural formability. Various straight filaments, spring‐like loops, and complex 3D constructs with high shape‐fidelity and good mechanical strength are fabricated successfully. In addition, the NIDN hydrogel system can easily be transformed into a new type of magnetic responsive hydrogel used for 3D printing. The NIDN hydrogels also supported the growth of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and displayed potential calvarial defect repair functions.
Stimulation of Local Cytosolic Calcium Release by Photothermal Heating for Studying Intra‐ and Intercellular Calcium Waves
Authors: Zhu Dingcheng , Feng Lili , Feliu Neus , Guse Andreas H. , Parak Wolfgang J. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractA methodology is described that allows for localized Ca2+ release by photoexcitation. For this, cells are loaded with polymer capsules with integrated plasmonic nanoparticles, which reside in endo‐lysosomes. The micrometer‐sized capsules can be individually excited by near‐infrared light from a light pointer, causing photothermal heating, upon which there is a rise in the free cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). The [Ca2+]i can be analyzed with a Ca2+ indicator fluorophore. In this way, it is possible to excite local lysosomal Ca2+ release in a desired target cell.
Iron‐Catalyzed Three‐Component Cyanoalkylsulfonylation of 2,3‐Allenoic Acids, Sulfur Dioxide, and Cycloketone Oxime Esters: Access to Cyanoalkylsulfonylated Butenolides
Authors: Zheng Xiangyun , Zhong Tianshuo , Yi Xiao , Shen Qitao , Yin Chuanliu , Zhang Lei , Zhou Jian , Chen Junyu , Yu Chuanming 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAn iron‐catalyzed three‐component cyanoalkylsulfonylation of 2,3‐allenoic acids, K2S2O5, and the ring‐opening of cyclobutanone oxime esters is described. The radical tandem cyclization route allows access to diverse cyanoalkylsulfonylated butenolides in moderate to good yields under mild conditions. Moreover, the products are further converted, offering the corresponding derivatives.magnified image
Hydrogels: A Promising Vehicle for the Topical Management of Atopic Dermatitis
Authors: Barbosa Ana Isabel , Torres Tiago , Lima Sofia A. Costa , Reis Salette 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAtopic dermatitis (AD) is an inflammatory skin disease with a high worldwide prevalence. AD is characterized by fluctuating and recurrent eczematous lesions and intense itch, being associated with high physical and psychological impact leading to disturbed sleep quality, anxiety, and depression. Most of the patients have mild to moderate forms of atopic dermatitis and topical therapies (emollients, corticosteroids, calcineurin, and phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors) are the mainstay of therapy for these patients. Hydrogels are explored in the field of cutaneous application and have proven to be a good solution as a topical vehicle for atopic dermatitis, due to their high water content, improved drug delivery, responsiveness to stimuli and versatility in terms of preparation and drug‐loading, representing a good alternative to regular ointments or creams. This review highlights some of the atopic dermatitis characteristics and the use of hydrogels in the management of this disease. An outline of hydrogels as drug delivery systems for bioactive compounds is discussed, as well as their major advantages and drawbacks when compared to other galenic forms, and also an overview of clinical trials and patents engaged in the past 20 years.