bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A dose‐finding design for dual‐agent trials with patient‐specific doses for one agent with application to an opiate detoxification trial
Authors: Mozgunov Pavel , Cro Suzie , Lingford‐Hughes Anne , Paterson Louise M. , Jaki Thomas 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThere is a growing interest in early phase dose‐finding clinical trials studying combinations of several treatments. While the majority of dose finding designs for such setting were proposed for oncology trials, the corresponding designs are also essential in other therapeutic areas. Furthermore, there is increased recognition of recommending the patient‐specific doses/combinations, rather than a single target one that would be recommended to all patients in later phases regardless of their characteristics. In this paper, we propose a dose‐finding design for a dual‐agent combination trial motivated by an opiate detoxification trial. The distinguishing feature of the trial is that the (continuous) dose of one compound is defined externally by the clinicians and is individual for every patient. The objective of the trial is to define the dosing function that for each patient would recommend the optimal dosage of the second compound. Via a simulation study, we have found that the proposed design results in high accuracy of individual dose recommendation and is robust to the model misspecification and assumptions on the distribution of externally defined doses.
Carbon Nanotube Based Metal–Organic Framework Hybrids From Fundamentals Toward Applications
Authors: Chronopoulos Demetrios D. , Saini Haneesh , Tantis Iosif , Zbořil Radek , Jayaramulu Kolleboyina , Otyepka Michal 
Published: December 2021

AbstractMetal–organic frameworks (MOFs) materials constructed by the coordination chemistry of metal ions and organic ligands are important members of the crystalline materials family. Owing to their exceptional properties, for example, high porosity, tunable pore size, and large surface area, MOFs have been applied in several fields such as gas or liquid adsorbents, sensors, batteries, and supercapacitors. However, poor conductivity and low stability hamper their potential applications in several attractive fields such as energy and gas storage. The integration of MOFs with carbon nanotubes (CNTs), a well‐established carbon allotrope that exhibits high conductivity and stability, has been proposed as an efficient strategy to overcome such limitations. By combining the advantages of MOFs and CNTs, a wide variety of composites can be prepared with properties superior to their parent materials. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the preparation of CNT@MOF composites and focuses on their recent applications in several important fields, such as water purification, gas storage and separation, sensing, electrocatalysis, and energy storage (supercapacitors and batteries). Future challenges and prospects for CNT@MOF composites are also discussed.
Bottom–Up Evolution of Diamond–Graphite Hybrid Two‐Dimensional Nanostructure: Underlying Picture and Electrochemical Activity
Authors: Cho Jung‐Min , Ko Young‐Jin , Lee Hak‐Joo , Choi Heon‐Jin , Baik Young‐Joon , Park Jong‐Keuk , Kwak Joon Young , Kim Jaewook , Park Jongkil , Jeong YeonJoo , Kim Inho , Lee Kyeong‐Seok , Lee Wook‐Seong 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe diamond–graphite hybrid thin film with low‐dimensional nanostructure (e.g., nitrogen‐included ultrananocrystalline diamond (N‐UNCD) or the alike), has been employed in many impactful breakthrough applications. However, the detailed picture behind the bottom–up evolution of such intriguing carbon nanostructure is far from clarified yet. Here, the authors clarify it, through the concerted efforts of microscopic, physical, and electrochemical analyses for a series of samples synthesized by hot‐filament chemical vapor deposition using methane–hydrogen precursor gas, based on the hydrogen‐dependent surface reconstruction of nanodiamond and on the substrate‐temperature‐dependent variation of the growth species (atomic hydrogen and methyl radical) concentration near substrate. The clarified picture provides insights for a drastic enhancement in the electrochemical activities of the hybrid thin film, concerning the detection of important biomolecule, that is, ascorbic acid, uric acid, and dopamine: their limits of detections are 490, 35, and 25 nm, respectively, which are among the best of the all‐carbon thin film electrodes in the literature. This work also enables a simple and effective way of strongly enhancing AA detection.
Dependence of the Heterogeneity of Grain Boundaries on Adjacent Grains in Perovskites and Its Impact on Photovoltage
Authors: Yao Wenlong , Fang Shuyan , Hu Ziyang , Huang Like , Liu Xiaohui , Zhang Houcheng , Zhang Jing , Zhu Yuejin 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn polycrystalline perovskites, grain boundaries (GBs) that isolate grains determine the optoelectronic properties of a semiconductor, and hence affect the photovoltaic performance of a solar cell. Photocurrent and photovoltage are affected by the microscopic structure of perovskites but are difficult to quantify on the intragrain length scale and are often treated as homogeneous within the photoactive layer. Here, the nanoscale through‐film and lateral photoresponse of large‐grained perovskite are studied by photoconductive atomic force microscopy. Photocurrent collection along GBs relies on the formation of adjacent grains, exhibiting GB to GB heterogeneity. Regarding to the spatially correlated heterogeneity, the photovoltage of grains deduced from the photoresponse curves at specific positions is larger than that of GBs by up to 0.4 V, suggesting that the photovoltage loss mainly originates from the shunting of GBs through the whole perovskite layer. These spatial heterogeneities are alleviated by depositing a capping layer onto the perovskite layer, highlighting the role of the inserted layer between the perovskite and electrode in real solar cells. This research reveals the heterogeneity of GBs and its influence on photovoltage that actually occurs in virtual solar cells, which is crucial for optimizing perovskite‐based solar cells.
Injectable Black Phosphorus Nanosheets for Wireless Nongenetic Neural Stimulation
Authors: Tang Minghui , Zhang Xiaoge , Yang Anqi , Liu Yuxin , Xie Kai , Zhou Yajing , Wang Chong , Liu Jie , Shi Peng , Lin Xudong 
Published: December 2021

AbstractNeurons can be modified to express light‐sensitive proteins for enabling stimulation with a high spatial and temporal resolution, but such techniques require gene transfection and systematical implantation. Here, a black phosphorus nanosheet‐based injectable strategy is described for wireless neural stimulation both in vitro and in vivo without cell modifications. These nanosheets, with minimal invasiveness, high biocompatibility, and biodegradability, are anchored on cell membranes as miniature near‐infrared (NIR) light transducers to create local heating for neural activity excitation. Based on cultured multielectrode‐array recording, in vivo electrophysiology analysis, and open field behavioral tests, it is demonstrated that remotely applied NIR illumination can reliably trigger spiking activity in cultured neurons and rat brains. Excitingly, reliable regulation of brain function to control animal behaviors is also described. Moreover, this approach has shown its potential for future clinical use by successful high‐frequency stimulation in cells and animals in this proof‐of‐concept study. It is believed that this new method will offer a powerful alternative to other neural stimulation solutions and potentially be of independent value to the healthcare system.
High‐Performance Zinc‐Air Batteries Based on Bifunctional Hierarchically Porous Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon
Authors: Gui Fukang , Jin Qiu , Xiao Dongdong , Xu Xiaobin , Tan Qinggang , Yang Daijun , Li Bing , Ming Pingwen , Zhang Cunman , Chen Zheng , Siahrostami Samira , Xiao Qiangfeng 
Published: December 2021

AbstractActive and durable bifunctional electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) on the cathode are required for high‐performance rechargeable metal‐air batteries. Herein, the synthesis of hierarchically porous nitrogen‐doped carbon (HPNC) with bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysis for Zn‐air batteries is reported. The HPNC catalyst possesses a large surface area of 1459 m2 g−1 and exhibits superior electrocatalytic activity toward ORR and OER simultaneously with a low OER/ORR overpotential of 0.62 V, taking the difference between the potential at 10 mA cm−2 for OER and half‐wave potential for ORR in 0.1 m KOH. Adopting HPNC as the air cathode, primary and rechargeable Zn‐air batteries are fabricated. The primary batteries demonstrate a high open‐circuit potential of 1.616 V, a specific capacity of 782.7 mAh gZn−1 and a superb peak power density of 201 mW cm−2. The rechargeable batteries can be cycled stably for over 360 cycles or 120 h at the current density of 5 mA cm−2. As elucidated by density functional theory, N‐doping is preferred on defective sites with pentagon configuration and on the edge in the form of pyridinic‐N‐type. The high content of these two motifs in HPNC leads to the superior ORR and OER activities, respectively.
Room‐Temperature Spray Deposition of Large‐Area SnO2 Electron Transport Layer for High Performance, Stable FAPbI3‐Based Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Kumar Neetesh , Lee Hock Beng , Sahani Rishabh , Tyagi Barkha , Cho Sinyoung , Lee Jong‐Soo , Kang Jae‐Wook 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe performance and scalability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is highly dependent on the morphology and charge selectivity of the electron transport layer (ETL). This work demonstrates a high‐speed (1800 mm min−1), room‐temperature (25 °C–30 °C) deposition of large‐area (62.5 cm2) tin oxide films using a multi‐pass spray deposition technique. The spray‐deposited SnO2 (spray‐SnO2) films exhibit a controllable thickness, a unique granulate morphology and high transmittance (≈85% at 550 nm). The performance of the PSC based on spray‐SnO2 ETL and formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI3)‐based perovskite is highly consistent and reproducible, achieving a maximum efficiency of ≈20.1% at an active area (A) of 0.096 cm2. Characterization results reveal that the efficiency improvement originates from the granular morphology of spray‐SnO2 and high conversion rate of PbI2 in the perovskite. More importantly, spray‐SnO2 films are highly scalable and able to reduce the efficiency roll‐off that comes with the increase in contact‐area between SnO2 and perovskite film. Based on the spray‐SnO2 ETL, large‐area PSC (A = 1.0 cm2) achieves an efficiency of ≈18.9%. Furthermore, spray‐SnO2 ETL based PSCs also exhibit higher storage stability compared to the spin‐SnO2 based PSCs.
One‐pot synthesis of ICG&Cur@ZIF‐8 nanocomposites with pH‐controlled drug delivery and good photothermal performance
Authors: Su Yifei , Ni Weishu , Zhang Haiyan , Jiang Ke , Wen Feng 
Published: December 2021

AbstractCombination therapy has shown great potential for effective cancer treatment. In this work, anticancer drug curcumin (Cur) and photothermal agent indocyanine green (ICG) have been encapsulated into the pH‐responsive ZIF‐8 simultaneously to obtain ICG&Cur@ZIF‐8 through one‐pot synthesis method. The drug loading capacity was estimated as 9.6 and 12.3 wt% for Cur and ICG, respectively. As expected, ICG&Cur@ZIF‐8 exhibited the pH‐responsive ICG and Cur delivery, which was ascribed to the decomposition of ZIF‐8 in acidic environment. Moreover, ICG&Cur@ZIF‐8 also showed the high photothermal performance due to the efficient encapsulation of ICG. The co‐delivery of two therapeutic agents may bring more opportunities for biomedical application.
Introduction
Authors: García Portilla Jason 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWhy are Protestant societies more competitive and less corrupt than Roman Catholic ones? This book explains the hegemonic and emancipatory religious forces contributing to these disparities between 65 countries in Europe and the Americas. It argues that the uneven contributions of Roman Catholicism and Protestantism to prosperity are grounded in their different historical and institutional foundations and in the theologies that are pervasive in their countries of influence. This introduction establishes the historical context of the controversy and includes the aims, contributions, and shortcomings of this study.
Summary Overview of the Four Case Studies
Authors: García Portilla Jason 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis chapter presents a brief comparative summary overview of the four cases.In Switzerland, most conservative Catholics escaped modernisation and centralism by relocating to the mountains, while Liberals and Protestants mostly remained in flat areas that became industrialised (Obinger, 2009). The federal government has been mainly liberal (anti-clerical) and close to Protestantism. Likewise, the Protestant population was in the majority until the 1970s. Currently, the Protestant cantons are the most competitive, while the mountainous Roman Catholic cantons are the least competitive.Uruguay exhibits the highest levels of social progress in Latin America (Sect. 4.2) as well as high safety. Along with Chile, it is the only country in Latin America with low perceptions of corruption. Further, Uruguay is by far Latin America’s most secular country with the lowest religiosity and lowest proportion of Roman Catholics on the continent. The Roman Catholic Church-State did not significantly establish itself in Uruguay, unlike in most Latin American countries. After gaining independence in 1828, Uruguay continued a secular direction with the recognition of civil unions in 1837. In 1917, the Uruguayan constitution completely separated church and state.Cuba ranks in the middle of world distribution on the transparency index. Compared to the cases studied (Europe and the Americas), the countries clustering with Cuba exhibit moderate to high corruption due to their Socialist Legal Origin.Colombia is one of the most inequitable and dangerous countries in the world. A “Catholic and conservative hegemony” has existed in Colombia until 1991, when the Constitution of Rights was promulgated and religious pluralism became legally recognised. However, as a result of centuries of hegemony, the Roman Catholic Church-State still enjoys ample privileges with the Colombian state.
Concluding Remarks
Authors: García Portilla Jason 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis chapter provides some brief concluding remarks.This study contributes to existing research in the sociology of religion and development studies fields by demonstrating the effect of the mutually reinforcing configuration of multiple prosperity triggers (religion–political–environment). Historical Protestantism largely influenced prosperity by promoting education, by secularising institutions, and by stabilising democracy. Protestantism has also proven highly influential in the successive historical law revolutions that gradually mitigated the power of pervasive feudal institutions and of papalist medieval canon law. In contrast, traditionally Roman Catholic countries have generally upheld a medieval model of extractivist institutions until anti-clerical (non-communist) movements were able to weaken this influence in some countries.
Corruption and Religion (A), (B), (1)
Authors: García Portilla Jason 
Published: December 2021

AbstractRelevant empirical studies demonstrate robust associations between corruption and religion, mainly concluding that Protestantism curbs corruption, in contrast with Roman Catholicism, which tends to increase the perceived corruption. Hierarchical religions such as Islam, Roman Catholicism, and Orthodoxy have adverse effects on education and civic engagement, thus promoting corruption. In turn, Protestantism has led to better education and human capital, and profoundly influenced the rise and spread of stable democracy worldwide.
Thermal relic of self-interacting dark matter with retarded decay of mediator
Authors: Zhu Bin , Abdughani Murat 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The existence of a light mediator is beneficial to some phenomena in astroparticle physics, such as the core-cusp problem and diversity problem. It can decouple from Standard Model to avoid direct detection constraints, generally realized by retard decay of the mediator. Their out-of-equilibrium decay process changes the dark matter (DM) freeze-out via temperature discrepancy. This type of hidden sector (HS) typically requires a precision calculation of the freeze-out process considering HS temperature evolution and the thermal average of the cross-section. If the mediator is light sufficiently, we can not ignore the s-wave radiative bound state formation process from the perspective of CMB ionization and Sommerfeld enhancement. We put large mass splitting between DM and mediator, different temperature evolution on the same theoretical footing, discussing the implication for DM relic density in this HS. We study this model and illustrate its property by considering the general Higgs-portal dark matter scenario, which includes all the relevant constraints and signals. It shows that the combination of BBN and CMB constraint favors the not-too-hot HS, rinf< 102, for the positive cubic interaction of mediator scenario. On the other hand, the negative cubic interaction is ruled out except for our proposed blind spot scenario.
General freeze-in and freeze-out
Authors: Redi Michele , Tesi Andrea 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We use the framework of relativistic and non-relativistic conformal field theories (CFT) to derive general results relevant for the production of weakly coupled and strongly coupled dark sectors through thermal interactions. Our result reproduce trivially known formulas for 2 → n processes and extend to general m → n processes as well as interacting dark sectors. As concrete examples we consider freeze-in of a relativistic CFT coupled to the SM with contact interactions and derive Sommerfeld enhancement of non-relativistic cross-sections from the theory of fermions at unitarity.
On Cherednik and Nazarov-Sklyanin large N limit construction for integrable many-body systems with elliptic dependence on momenta
Authors: Grekov A. , Zotov A. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe infinite number of particles limit in the dual to elliptic Ruijsenaars model (coordinate trigonometric degeneration of quantum double elliptic model) is proposed using the Nazarov-Sklyanin approach. For this purpose we describe double-elliptization of the Cherednik construction. Namely, we derive explicit expression in terms of the Cherednik operators, which reduces to the generating function of Dell commuting Hamiltonians on the space of symmetric functions. Although the double elliptic Cherednik operators do not commute, they can be used for construction of theN → ∞limit.
Two-loop superstring five-point amplitudes. Part III. Construction via the RNS formulation: even spin structures
Authors: D’Hoker Eric , Schlotterer Oliver 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The contribution from even spin structures to the genus-two amplitude for five massless external NS states in Type II and Heterotic superstrings is evaluated from first principles in the RNS formulation. Using chiral splitting with the help of loop momenta this problem reduces to the evaluation of the corresponding chiral amplitude, which is carried out using the same techniques that were used for the genus-two amplitude with four external NS states. The results agree with the parity-even NS components of a construction using chiral splitting and pure spinors given in earlier companion papers [29] and [33].
Superfield approach to interacting N = 2 massive and massless supermultiplets in 3d flat space
Authors: Metsaev R. R. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Massive arbitrary spin supermultiplets and massless (scalar and spin one-half) supermultiplets of the N = 2 Poincaré superalgebra in three-dimensional flat space are considered. Both the integer spin and half-integer spin supermultiplets are studied. For such massive and massless supermultiplets, a formulation in terms of light-cone gauge unconstrained superfields defined in a momentum superspace is developed. For the supermultiplets under consideration a superspace first derivative representation for all cubic interaction vertices is obtained. A superspace representation for dynamical generators of the N = 2 Poincaré superalgebra is also found.
Photon and leptons induced processes at the LHC
Authors: Buonocore Luca , Nason Paolo , Tramontano Francesco , Zanderighi Giulia 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We study a few basic photon- and lepton-initiated processes at the LHC which can be computed using the recently developed photon and lepton parton densities. First, we consider the production of a massive scalar particle initiated by lepton-antilepton annihilation and photon-photon fusion as representative examples of searches of exotic particles. Then we study lepton-lepton scattering, since this Standard-Model process may be observable at the LHC. We examine these processes at leading and next-to-leading order and, using the POWHEG method, we match our calculations to parton shower programs that implement the required lepton or photon initial-states. We assess the typical size of cross-sections and their uncertainties and discuss the preferred choices for the factorization scale. These processes can also be computed starting directly from the lepto-production hadronic tensor, leading to a result where some collinear-enhanced QED corrections are missing, but all strong corrections are included. Thus, we are in the unique position to perform a comparison of results obtained via the factorization approach to a calculation that does not have strong corrections. This is particularly relevant in the case of lepton-scattering, that is more abundant at lower energies where it is affected by larger strong corrections. We thus compute this process also with the hadronic-tensor method, and compare the results with those obtained with POWHEG. Finally, for some lepton-lepton scattering processes, we compare the size of the signal to the main quark-induced background, which is double Drell-Yan production, and outline a preliminary search strategy to enhance the signal to background ratio.