bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A General Optimization Program for Design of Cam Mechanisms
Authors: Zhao Han , Liang J. , Ma T. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a compact generalized mathematical model for design of cam mechanisms by using some new geometric and kinematic formulas derived by the authors, and develops a program OPDC that covers more than ten types of planar and spatial cam mechanisms, and by means of which geometric and kinematic analyses as well as design optimization can be performed.
Dynamic Analysis of Mechanisms Using Constrained Lagrangian Bond Graphs
Authors: Khulief Y. A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A method for dynamic analysis of mechanisms using the Lagrangian equations of motion for an interconnected system of rigid bodies is presented. The method stems from a recent extension to the bond graph modeling technique. Intrinsically, this approach allows the formulation of the final form of equations for holonomic systems without recourse to the Lagrangian function. Consequently, the burdens of deriving the expressions for kinetic and potential energies, and performing the necessary differentiations have been eliminated. This method calls only for constructing the Jacobian matrix of constraints, and then employing a bond graph that accounts for the generalized constraint reaction forces.
On Identification and Canonical Numbering of Pin-Jointed Kinematic Chains
Authors: Shin Jae Kyun , Krishnamurty Sundar 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper deals with the development of a standard code for the unique representation of pin-jointed kinematic chains. Salient features of this method, which is based on graph theory, include the development of an efficient and robust algorithm for the identification of isomorphism in kinematic chains; the formulation of a unified procedure for symmetry analysis in kinematic chains; and the utilization of symmetry in the coding process resulting in an unique well arranged numbering of links. This method is not restricted to simple jointed kinematic chains only, and it can be applied to any kinematic chain which can be represented as simple graphs including open jointed and multiple jointed chains. In addition, the method is decodable as the original chain can be reconstructed unambiguously from the code values associated with those chains.
On the Nomenclature and Classification of Compliant Mechanisms: The Components of Mechanisms
Authors: Midha Ashok , Norton Tony W. , Howell Larry L. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Compliant mechanisms gain some or all of their mobility from the flexibility of their members rather than from rigid-body joints only. Compliant mechanisms are desirable since they require fewer parts, and have less wear, noise, and backlash than their rigid-body counterpart mechanisms. The field of compliant mechanisms is important, and is expected to continue to grow as materials with superior properties are developed. Inasmuch as evolution of efficient design techniques is viewed as essential research activity, a parallel, systematic development of appropriate vocabulary (nomenclature, classification, etc.) is of primary importance. This paper proposes standard nomenclature for the components of compliant mechanisms and discusses the relevant issues involved in this process. Definitions for components, such as “links” and “joints,” remove ambiguity that has been associated with these terms in the past. A concerted effort is made to be consistent with current literature on both rigid-body mechanisms and compliant mechanisms whenever possible.
Kinematic Analysis and Synthesis of Three-Input, Eight-Bar Mechanisms Driven by Relatively Small Cranks
Authors: Farhang Kambiz , Basu Partha Sarathi 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Approximate kinematic equations are developed for the analysis and design of three-input, eight-bar mechanisms driven by relatively small cranks. Application of a method in which an output link is presumed to be comprised of a mean and a perturbational motions, along with the vector loop approach facilitates the derivation of the approximate kinematic equations. The resulting constraint equations are, (i) in the form of a set of four nonlinear equations relating the mean link orientations, and (ii) a set of four linear equations in the unknown perturbations (output link motions). The latter set of equations is solved, symbolically, to obtain the output link motions. The approximate equations are shown to be effective in the synthesis of three-input, small-crank mechanisms.
Modeling of Multibody Flexible Articulated Structures With Mutually Coupled Motions: Part I — General Theory
Authors: Xu Jiechi , Baumgarten Joseph R. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In the present paper a general systematic modeling procedure has been conducted in deriving dynamic equations of motion using Lagrange’s approach for a spatial multibody structural system involving rigid bodies and elastic members. Both the rigid body degrees of freedom and the elastic degrees of freedom are considered as unknown generalized coordinates of the entire system in order to reflect the nature of mutually coupled rigid body and elastic motions. The assumption of specified rigid body gross motion is no longer necessary in the equation derivation and the resulting differential equations are highly nonlinear. Finite element analysis (FEA) with direct stiffness method has been employed to model the flexible substructures. Nonlinear coupling terms between the rigid body and elastic motions are fully derived and are explicitly expressed in matrix form. The equations of motion of each individual subsystem are formulated based on a moving frame instead of a traditional inertial frame. These local level equations of motion are assembled to obtain the system equations with the implementation of geometric boundary conditions by means of a compatibility matrix.
Uses of Object-Oriented Techniques in CAD/CAM Development
Authors: Lewis C. Richard 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Object-oriented techniques are increasingly regarded as important in the development of computer software products. The consensus is usually that deployment of these techniques lies somewhere in the future. This article points out the uses of object-oriented techniques that have existed for more than 25 years in CAD/CAM systems, although not generally referred to in such terms, and future uses that are crucial to advanced development.
Health condition at first fit note and number of fit notes: a longitudinal study of primary care records in south London
Authors: Dorrington Sarah , Carr Ewan , Polling C , Stevelink Sharon , Ashworth Mark , Roberts Emmert , Broadbent Matthew , Hatch Stephani , Madan Ira , Hotopf Matthew 
Published: March 2021

ObjectivesThe fit note replaced the sick note in the UK in 2010, with the aim of improving support for patients requiring sickness absence, yet there has been very little research into fit note use. This study aims to describe number of fit notes by condition, to improve our understanding of patterns of fit note use in primary care. Previous fit note research has relied on extracting diagnoses directly from fit notes, rather than extracting information from clinical records. In this paper, we extract information from clinical records to explore demographic factors and conditions associated with number of fit notes issued.DesignThis is a longitudinal study of clinical data. We analysed individual-level anonymised data from general practitioner consultations, including demographic information and condition recorded at first fit note. The latter encompassed diagnoses, individual symptoms and psychosocial issues.SettingA database called Lambeth DataNet, containing electronic clinical records on 326 415 adults (ages 16–60) from all 45 general practices within the London Borough of Lambeth from 1 January 2014 to 30 April 2017.ParticipantsOur analytical sample contained 40 698 people with a condition recorded at first fit note.Primary outcome measurePredicted number of fit notes in the period January 2014–April 2017ResultsOf all studied diagnostic groups, mental illness had the highest predicted number of fit notes (n=3.3; 95% CI: 3.1 to 3.4) after controlling for demographic factors and long-term conditions. The highest predicted number of fit notes for any condition subgroup was among patients presenting for drug and/or alcohol misuse (n=4.5; 95% CI: 4.1 to 4.8).ConclusionsFor the first time, we show drug and/or alcohol misuse at first fit note are associated with the highest number of fit notes. Research is needed to understand the trajectories of individuals at highest risk of long-term sickness absence, in particular, people presenting with drug and/or alcohol misuse.
How can a coordinated regional smoking cessation initiative be developed and implemented? A programme logic model to evaluate the ‘10,000 Lives’ health promotion initiative in Central Queensland, Australia
Authors: Khan Arifuzzaman , Green Kalie , Khandaker Gulam , Lawler Sheleigh , Gartner Coral 
Published: March 2021

ObjectiveThis study used a programme logic model to describe the inputs, activities and outputs of the ‘10,000 Lives’ smoking cessation initiative in Central Queensland, Australia.DesignA programme logic model provided the framework for the process evaluation of ‘10,000 Lives’. The data were collected through document review, observation and key informant interviews and subsequently analysed after coding and recoding into classified themes, inputs, activities and outputs.SettingThe prevalence of smoking is higher in the Central Queensland region of Australia compared with the national and state averages. In 2017, Central Queensland Hospital and Health Services set a target to reduce the percentage of adults who smoke from 16.7% to 9.5% in the Central Queensland region by 2030 as part of their strategic vision (‘Destination 2030’). Achieving this target is equivalent to 20,000 fewer smokers in Central Queensland, which should result in 10,000 fewer premature deaths due to smoking-related diseases. To translate this strategic goal into an actionable smoking cessation initiative, the ‘10,000 Lives’ health promotion programme was officially launched on 1 November 2017.ResultThe activities of the initiative coordinated by a senior project officer included building clinical and community taskforces, organising summits and workshops, and regular communications to stakeholders. Public communication strategies (e.g., Facebook, radio, community exhibitions of ‘10,000 Lives’ and health-related events) were used to promote available smoking cessation support to the Central Queensland community.ConclusionThe ‘10,000 Lives’ initiative provides an example of a coordinated health promotion programme to increase smoking cessation in a regional area through harnessing existing resources and strategic partnerships (e.g., Quitline). Documenting and describing the process evaluation of the ‘10,000 Lives’ model is important so that it can be replicated in other regional areas with high prevalence of smoking.
Determining the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on tinnitus and tinnitus-related outcomes: protocol for a systematic review
Authors: Labree Bas , Hoare Derek J , Gascoyne Lauren E , Sereda Magdalena 
Published: March 2021

IntroductionTinnitus is the awareness of a sound in the ear or head in the absence of an external source. It affects around 10%–15% of people. About 20% of people with tinnitus also experience symptoms such as depression or anxiety that negatively affect their life. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique involving constant low-intensity direct current delivered via electrodes on the head. It is postulated to modulate (suppress or enhance) neural activity in the region between electrodes. As such, it represents a potential treatment option for tinnitus, as well as comorbid depression or anxiety. This systematic review will estimate the effects of tDCS on outcomes relevant to tinnitus. In addition, it will determine whether there is any relationship between stimulation parameters (electrode montage, current intensity, and length and frequency of stimulation sessions) and the effect of tDCS on these outcomes.Methods and analysisElectronic searches for peer-reviewed journal articles will be performed in the Cochrane Register of Studies online (the Cochrane Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders Group Register and CENTRAL, current issue), PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, LILACS, KoreaMed, IndMed, PakMediNet, CNKI, AMED, PsycINFO, Web of Science, ClinicalTrials.gov, ICTRP and Google Scholar using the following search terms: transcranial Direct Current Stimulation OR tDCS AND tinnitus OR depression OR anxiety OR quality of life OR adverse effects OR neurophys*.Searches were not limited by date. Methods are reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols (PRISMA-P). Randomised controlled trials will be included if they report at least one of the following outcomes: tinnitus symptom severity, anxiety or depression as measured by relevant validated instruments. Where available, data on quality of life, adverse effects and neurophysiological changes will also be reviewed. In addition to an analysis of the effect of each parameter, an analysis will be performed to uncover any interactions between parameters. Where appropriate, meta‐analyses will be performed.Ethics and disseminationThis systematic review will make use of secondary data only. As no data will be obtained from participants directly, ethical approval has not been sought. No other ethical issues are foreseen. Findings will be submitted for peer-reviewed publication and presented at academic conferences. The results of this review will inform future research.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020185567.
Serum Levels of Androgens, Estrogens, and Sex Hormone Binding Globulin and Risk of Primary Gastric Cancer in Chinese Men: A Nested Case–Control Study
Authors: Zhu Zhikai , Chen Yingxi , Ren Jiansong , Dawsey Sanford M. , Yin Jian , Freedman Neal D. , Fan Jin-Hu , Taylor Philip R. , Liu Yuanli , Qiao You-Lin , Abnet Christian C. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Gastric cancer shows a strong male predominance, and sex steroid hormones have been hypothesized to explain this sex disparity. Previous studies examining the associations between sex hormones and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and risk of gastric cancer come primarily from western populations and additional studies in diverse populations will help us better understand the association. We performed a nested case–control study in Linxian Nutrition Intervention Trials cohorts to evaluate the associations among Chinese men, where we had sufficient cases to perform a well-powered study. Using radioimmunoassays and immunoassays, we quantitated androgens, estrogens, and SHBG in baseline serum from 328 men that developed noncardia gastric cancer and matched controls. We used multivariable unconditional logistic regression to calculate ORs and 95% confidence intervals (CI) and explored interactions with body mass index (BMI), age, alcohol drinking, smoking, and follow-up time. Subjects with SHBG in the highest quartile, as compared with those in the lowest quartile, had a significantly increased risk of gastric cancer (OR = 1.87; 95% CI, 1.01–3.44). We found some evidence for associations of sex steroid hormones in men with lower BMI. Our study found a novel association suggesting that higher serum concentrations of SHBG may be associated with risk of gastric cancer in men. We found no overall associations with sex hormones themselves, but future studies should expand the scope of these studies to include women and further explore whether BMI modifies a potential association.

Prevention Relevance:
It was the first study to investigate the association of gastric cancer with prediagnostic sex steroid hormones and SHBG in an Asian male population. Although there were no overall associations for sex steroid hormone concentrations, higher concentrations of SHBG was associated with increased risk of noncardia gastric cancer.
Inducible Depletion of Calpain-2 Mitigates Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm in Mice
Authors: Muniappan Latha , Okuyama Michihiro , Javidan Aida , Thiagarajan Devi , Jiang Weihua , Moorleghen Jessica J. , Yang Lihua , Balakrishnan Anju , Howatt Deborah A. , Uchida Haruhito A. , Saido Takaomi C. , Subramanian Venkateswaran 
Published: March 2021

Objective:

Cytoskeletal structural proteins maintain cell structural integrity by bridging extracellular matrix with contractile filaments. During abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) development, (1) aortic medial degeneration is associated with loss of smooth muscle cell integrity and (2) fibrogenic mesenchymal cells mediate extracellular matrix remodeling. Calpains cleave cytoskeletal proteins that maintain cell structural integrity. Pharmacological inhibition of calpains exert beneficial effects on Ang II (angiotensin II)–induced AAAs in LDLR
−/−
(low-density receptor deficient) mice. Here, we evaluated the functional contribution of fibrogenic mesenchymal cells-derived calpain-2 on (1) cytoskeletal structural protein and extracellular matrix alterations and (2) AAA progression.

Approach and Results:

Calpain-2 protein and cytoskeletal protein (filamin and talin) fragmentation are significantly elevated in human and Ang II–induced AAAs in mice. To examine the relative contribution of calpain-2 in AAA development, calpain-2 floxed mice in an LDLR
−/−
background were bred to mice with a tamoxifen-inducible form of Cre under control of either the ubiquitous promoter, chicken β-actin, or fibrogenic mesenchymal cell-specific promoter, Col1α2 (collagen type 1 alpha 2). Ubiquitous or fibrogenic mesenchymal cell-specific depletion of calpain-2 in mice suppressed Ang II–induced AAAs, filamin/talin fragmentation, while promoting extracellular matrix protein, collagen in the aortas. Calpain-2 silencing in aortic smooth muscle cells or fibroblasts reduced Ang II–induced filamin fragmentation. In addition, silencing of filamin in aortic SMCs significantly reduced collagen protein. Furthermore, calpain-2 deficiency suppressed rupture of established Ang II–induced AAAs in mice.

Conclusions:
Our studies implicate that calpain-2 deficiency prevents (1) Ang II–induced cytoskeletal structural protein fragmentation and AAA development and (2) stabilize and suppress rupture of established AAAs in mice.
Swimming and diving as social play in juvenile rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Arre Alyssa M. , Horschler Daniel J. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Although play is ubiquitous throughout the animal kingdom, and in primates especially, the ultimate explanations and proximate mechanisms of play are not well understood. Previous research proposes that primate play may be important for the development of cognitive skills including executive function, emotional regulation, and impulse control, and could help to build social skills and network connections needed in later life. However, many of these hypotheses have not been thoroughly tested. Here, we report observations of novel play behaviour that could provide unique opportunities to explore these hypotheses: young rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) engaging in aquatic social play in a naturalistic setting. Based on our observations, we propose that aquatic play has social elements that make it ideal for testing ultimate explanations of primate play and hypotheses about the cognitive mechanisms that support it.
Petrus Lansselius and a New Edition of Plantin’s Polyglot Bible
Authors: Imhof Dirk 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
As of 1620 Balthasar Moretus I envisioned a new edition of the famous polyglot Bible that his grandfather Christopher Plantin had printed in Antwerp in the years 1568-1572. While he searched for the necessary type, he had the Jesuit Petrus Lansselius stay in Antwerp for several years to prepare a revised text and commentaries. After seven years of preparation it became clear that he would never be able to complete his project. The appearance of the first volume of the Parisian Polyglot in 1628 made it clear that he was too late and that he had to abandon the entire project. With this article I will demonstrate the importance of having strong support for prestigious editions. Even if a publisher had gathered enough financial means and all the type and paper that were necessary for printing his desired publication, without external backing it was extremely difficult to realize his dream.
Modeling the Influence of Upstream Land-atmosphere Coupling on the 2017 Persistent Drought over Northeast China
Authors: Zeng Dingwen , Yuan Xing 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPersistent drought events that cause serious damages to economy and environment are usually intensified by the feedback between land surface and atmosphere. Therefore, reasonably modeling land-atmosphere coupling is critical for skillful prediction of persistent droughts. However, most high-resolution regional climate modeling focused on the amplification effect of land-atmosphere coupling on local anticyclonic circulation anomaly, while less attention was paid to the non-local influence through altering large-scale atmospheric circulation. Here we investigate how the antecedent land-atmosphere coupling over the area south to Lake Baikal (ASLB) influences the drought events occurred over its downstream region (Northeast China; NEC) by using Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and linear baroclinic model (LBM). When the ASLB is artificially forced to be wet in the WRF simulations during March-May, the surface sensible heating is weakened and results in a cooling anomaly in low level atmosphere during May-July. Consequently, the anticyclonic circulation anomalies over ASLB and NEC are weakened, and the severity of NEC drought during May-July cannot be captured due to the upstream wetting in March-May. In the LBM experiments, idealized atmospheric heating anomaly that mimics the diabatic heating associated with surface wetness is imposed over ASLB, and the quasi-steady response pattern of 500-hPa geopotential height to the upstream wetting is highly consistent with that in the WRF simulation. In addition, the lower level heating instead of the upper level cooling makes a major contribution to the high pressure anomaly over NEC. This study implies the critical role of modeling upstream land-atmosphere coupling in capturing downstream persistent droughts.