bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An opto‐electronic oscillator based on Fabry‐Perot stabilized dual‐wavelength fiber ring laser
Authors: Correia Marlon , Tovar Pedro , Ribeiro Ricardo M. , von der Weid Jean Pierre 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe authors experimentally demonstrate an opto‐electronic oscillator based on a dual‐wavelength fiber ring laser with an inline specially designed fiber‐Bragg‐grating‐based Fabry‐Perot filter. An erbium‐doped fiber amplifier initiates the process as a broadband light source while a second optical amplifier provides additional gain to increase the cavity power. By exploiting the two‐wavelength beating, a 10.3 GHz microwave carrier with 3‐dB linewidth of <200 Hz was generated with 77 dB signal‐to‐noise ratio. Phase noise of −100 dBc/Hz @10 kHz offset is achieved, which is very appropriate for microwave applications in X‐band that often require high extinction ratio and low phase noise.
Improving predictive CTV segmentation on CT and CBCT for cervical cancer by diffeomorphic registration of a prior
Authors: Beekman Chris , van Beek Suzanne , Stam Jikke , Sonke Jan‐Jakob , Remeijer Peter 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPurposeAutomatic cervix‐uterus segmentation of the clinical target volume (CTV) on CT and cone‐beam CT (CBCT) scans is challenged by the limited visibility and the non‐anatomical definition of certain border regions. We study the potential performance gain of convolutional neural networks by regulating the segmentation predictions as diffeomorphic deformations of a segmentation prior.Materials and MethodsWe introduce a 3D convolutional neural network that segments the target scan by joint voxel‐wise classification and the registration of a given prior. We compare this network to two other 3D baseline models: One treating segmentation as a classification problem (segmentation‐only), the other as a registration problem (deformation‐only). For reference and to highlight the benefits of a 3D model, these models are also benchmarked against a 2D segmentation model. Network performances are reported for CT and CBCT segmentation of the cervix‐uterus CTV. We train the networks on the data of 84 patients. The prior is provided by the CTV segmentation of a planning CT. Repeat CT or CBCT scans constitute the target scans to be segmented.ResultsAll 3D models outperformed the 2D segmentation model. For CT segmentation, combining classification and registration in the proposed joint model proved beneficial, achieving a Dice score of 0.87 and a mean squared error (MSE) of the surface distance below 1.7 mm. No such synergy was observed for CBCT segmentation, for which the joint and the deformation‐only model performed similarly, achieving a Dice score of about 0.80 and an MSE surface distance of 2.5 mm. However, the segmentation‐only model performed notably worse in this low contrast regime. Visual inspection revealed that this performance drop translated into geometric inconsistencies between the prior and target segmentation. Such inconsistencies were not observed for the deformation‐based models.ConclusionConstraining the solution space of admissible segmentation predictions to those reachable by a diffeomorphic deformation of the prior proved beneficial as it improved geometric consistency. Especially for CBCT, with its poor soft‐tissue contrast, this type of regularization becomes important as shown by quantitative and qualitative evaluation.
Technical note: Bremsstrahlung dose in the electron beam at extended distances in total skin electron therapy
Authors: Ding George X. , Kucuker‐Dogan Serpil , Das Indra J. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPurposeElectron beam from a linear accelerator is commonly used in total skin electron therapy (TSET) at extended distances. Since Das et al (Med Phys 21, p.1733, 1994) reported 5% bremsstrahlung dose for a 6 MeV electron beam at extended distance of 500 cm it has been accepted as common knowledge. However, measurements by Chen et al (Int J. Rad Onc Biol Phys 59 p.872, 2004) and Monte Carlo simulations by Ding et al (Phys. Med. Biol. 66, 075010, 2021) were unable to reproduce such high bremsstrahlung dose. As bremsstrahlung dose contributes to whole‐body dose, which could produce bone marrow toxicity with serious complications for the outcome of the TSET, it is important to re‐evaluate the magnitude of bremsstrahlung dose accurately.MethodsThe EGSnrc Monte Carlo system is used to investigate bremsstrahlung doses from 6 MeV high dose rate total skin electron (HDTSe) beams from Varian TrueBeam and Clinac Accelerators. The measurements were carried out at a depth of dmax and 5 cm in Solid Water and Acrylic phantoms at extended distances using a parallel‐plate chamber and a cylindrical ion chamber.ResultsWe were able to reproduce previously reported high bremsstrahlung dose at extended distances by using a parallel plate ionization chamber. However, both the measurements made by using a cylindrical chamber and Monte Carlo simulations showed an insignificant bremsstrahlung dose (∼1%) even at SSD = 500 cm.ConclusionThe bremsstrahlung doses of a 6 MeV electron beam are 0.5% to 1% for SSD from 100 to 700 cm, although it increases with the increasing extended distance. The common belief of up to 5% bremsstrahlung dose at large extended distances is incorrect. Previously reported high bremsstrahlung doses might be due to poor signal‐to‐noise ratio of using a parallel plate chamber for measuring very low dose or particular setup.
Assessing the accuracy of electronic portal imaging device (EPID)‐based dosimetry: I. Quantities influencing long‐term stability
Authors: Renaud James , Muir Bryan 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPurposeThe aim of this study is to reduce the uncertainty associated with determining dose‐to‐water using an amorphous silicon electronic portal imaging detector (EPID) under reference conditions by identifying and accounting for operational and environmental factors influencing the long‐term stability of EPID response.MethodsMeasurements of the EPID relative response, corrected for variations in linear accelerator (linac) output, were performed regularly over a period of 12 months. For every acquired image set, measurements of detector supply voltages, internal operating temperature, and ambient environmental conditions were obtained. Pearsonrcorrelation coefficients were then calculated for each pair of variables, a subset of which were fitted using multiple linear regression to develop a predictive model of EPID response. Principal component analysis was performed on the dataset to reveal the internal structure of the data in a way that best accounts for the observed variations.ResultsThe +5.5 V power supply voltage, internal operating temperature, and the accumulated dose absorbed in EPID were identified as having the greatest influence on the long‐term stability of EPID response. By correcting for the combined effect of these variables, the mean difference in linac output as measured by the EPID relative to a reference class chamber improved from ‐0.46% to 0.23% over the period of the study.ConclusionsThis work suggests that the stability of an EPID over a period of a year can be improved by a factor of two by monitoring and accounting for the effects of variations in power supply voltage, internal temperature of the detector, and accumulated absorbed dose.
Quantitative MRI analysis of structural changes in tomato tissues resulting from dehydration
Authors: Leforestier Rodolphe , Fleury Anna , Mariette François , Collewet Guylaine , Challois Sylvain , Musse Maja 
Published: December 2021

AbstractA quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) analysis at 1.5T of the effects of different dehydration regimes on transverse relaxation parameters measured in tomato tissue is presented. Multi‐exponential T2 maps have been estimated for the first time, providing access to spatialized microstructural information at voxel scale. The objective was to provide a better understanding of the changes in the multi‐exponential transverse relaxation parameters induced by dehydration in tomato tissues and to unravel the effects of microstructure and composition on relaxation parameters. The results led to the hypothesis that the multi‐exponential relaxation signal reflects cell compartmentation and tissue heterogeneity, even at the voxel scale. Multi‐exponential relaxation times provided information about water loss from specific cell compartments and seem to indicate that the dehydration process mainly affects large cells. By contrast, total signal intensity showed no sensitivity to variations in water content in the range investigated in the present study (between 95% [fresh tissue] and 90% [after dehydration]). The variation in relaxation times resulting from water loss was due to both changes in solute concentration and compartment size. The comparative analysis of the two contrasted tissues in terms of microporosity demonstrated that magnetic susceptibility effects, caused by the presence of air in the placenta tissue, significantly impact the effective relaxation and might be the dominant effect in the variations observed in relaxation times in this tissue.
Committed versus contingent pricing under cost uncertainty
Authors: Peng Jing 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn practice, managers often face a trade‐off of choosing between committed and contingent pricing under cost uncertainty because contingent pricing may increase the firm's profit but may decrease consumer surplus and market share. This article compares the two pricing strategies under cost uncertainty in terms of the firm's profit, consumer surplus, and market share. We find conditions under which committed pricing would lead to higher consumer surplus and market share than contingent pricing and conditions under vice versa. The results highlight the properties of consumers' valuation distribution in the trade‐offs of choosing between committed and contingent pricing, specifically the properties of the so‐called Mills' ratio which is defined as the reciprocal of hazard rate. According to the curvature of Mills' ratio, we define three types of distributions. We then categorize some commonly used continuous distributions into the three types which lead to different preferences in the trade‐offs. Finally, we fit two sets of household income data from China and the United States into income distributions as the proxies of consumers' valuation distributions in an economy to illustrate those trade‐offs embedded in the two pricing strategies.
Do patients fed enterally post–gastrointestinal surgery experience more complications when fed a fiber‐enriched feed compared with a standard feed? A systematic review
Authors: Eleftheriadis Konstantinos , Davies Robert 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe role of enteral feeding with fiber‐enriched feeds in minimizing infections, shortening length of hospital stay (LOHS), and preventing or treating feeding complications has been widely researched. However, there is limited evidence to evaluate the role of fiber‐enriched enteral feeding in gastrointestinal surgery patients postoperatively. This systematic review aims to identify the role of fiber‐enriched enteral feeds on postoperative feeding complications of diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, abdominal distension, flatulence, cramps, LOHS, and infection rates after gastrointestinal surgery. A systematic literature search was conducted using MEDLINE, CINAHL, and Cochrane Library. Manual reference lists were searched on identified studies and the SCOPUS database. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) conducted on any gastrointestinal surgery type that included enteral nutrition with high‐fiber enteral feeds and/or fiber supplements were included. All studies included were screened for risk of bias with Cochrane's risk‐of‐bias tool, and data were extracted with Cochrane Collaboration's data extraction tool. In total, 3 RCTs out of 231 screened citations including fiber‐enriched feeds and probiotics were included in this review. No significant effect on LOHS or postoperative infections was found. No safety risks were identified. Limited, low‐quality evidence suggests fiber‐enriched feeds may minimize diarrhea incidence. The effects of fiber‐enriched feeds postoperatively in gastrointestinal surgery remain under‐researched. Studies evaluating fiber and probiotics were low quality and at high risk of bias because of the misreporting of outcomes and the lack of detailed outlines of probiotic strains utilized. However, fiber‐enriched enteral feeding appears safe, may yield benefits, and is recommended in stable gastrointestinal surgical patients.
Expert opinions on reducing dietary self‐monitoring burden and maintaining efficacy in weight loss programs: A Delphi study
Authors: Krukowski Rebecca A. , Harvey Jean , Borden Janna , Stansbury Melissa L. , West Delia Smith 
Published: December 2021

AbstractObjectiveDietary self‐monitoring is consistently related to both short‐ and long‐term weight loss, but typically declines over time. Adopting an abbreviated approach to self‐monitoring might reduce burden and potentially increase engagement while maintaining efficacy.MethodsUsing a Delphi‐type study, experts were queried about abbreviated self‐monitoring approaches that might best balance efficacy and burden and asked to identify when these approaches might best be implemented within a behavioral weight loss program. Experts were surveyed three times until consensus was reached.ResultsExperts identified three main categories of promising strategies for abbreviated self‐monitoring regardless of whether individuals have been successful with weight loss or full dietary self‐monitoring: (1) self‐weighing only, (2) reducing the foods/beverages self‐monitored to those that are often less routine and higher in caloric density, and (3) reducing the number of days per week to engage in full dietary self‐monitoring. Experts recommended transitioning to abbreviated self‐monitoring after 2 weeks of no self‐monitoring among individuals who were struggling and after reaching 5%–10% weight loss among successful individuals.ConclusionsThese expert opinions offer a foundation to experimentally manipulate promising strategies for reducing burden and increasing long‐term engagement in self‐monitoring, with a goal of enhancing long‐term weight control.
Development and technical validation of a smartphone‐based pediatric cough detection algorithm
Authors: Kruizinga Matthijs D. , Zhuparris Ahnjili , Dessing Eva , Krol Fas J. , Sprij Arwen J. , Doll Robert‐Jan , Stuurman Frederik E. , Exadaktylos Vasileios , Driessen Gertjan J. A. , Cohen Adam F. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIntroductionCoughing is a common symptom in pediatric lung disease and cough frequency has been shown to be correlated to disease activity in several conditions. Automated cough detection could provide a noninvasive digital biomarker for pediatric clinical trials or care. The aim of this study was to develop a smartphone‐based algorithm that objectively and automatically counts cough sounds of children.MethodsThe training set was composed of 3228 pediatric cough sounds and 480,780 noncough sounds from various publicly available sources and continuous sound recordings of 7 patients admitted due to respiratory disease. A Gradient Boost Classifier was fitted on the training data, which was subsequently validated on recordings from 14 additional patients aged 0–14 admitted to the pediatric ward due to respiratory disease. The robustness of the algorithm was investigated by repeatedly classifying a recording with the smartphone‐based algorithm during various conditions.ResultsThe final algorithm obtained an accuracy of 99.7%, sensitivity of 47.6%, specificity of 99.96%, positive predictive value of 82.2% and negative predictive value 99.8% in the validation dataset. The correlation coefficient between manual‐ and automated cough counts in the validation dataset was 0.97 (p < .001). The intra‐ and interdevice reliability of the algorithm was adequate, and the algorithm performed best at an unobstructed distance of 0.5–1 m from the audio source.ConclusionThis novel smartphone‐based pediatric cough detection application can be used for longitudinal follow‐up in clinical care or as digital endpoint in clinical trials.
E‐cigarette or vaping product use associated lung injury (EVALI) in the time of COVID‐19: A clinical dilemma
Authors: Helfgott Daniel , Capozzoli Gabrielle , Madray Jovanna , Baig Aisha , Uppaluri Lakshmi , Gaur Sunanda , Simon Mitchell , Amorosa Judith , Ramagopal Maya 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAimTo report on the clinical, laboratory, and radiological findings of adolescents who presented during the SARS‐CoV‐2 surge with symptoms of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), did not test positive for the infection, and were diagnosed with E‐cigarette and vaping product use associated lung injury (EVALI).MethodsA retrospective review of 12 cases of EVALI admitted to the Bristol Meyers Squibb Children's Hospital between February 2020 and June 2020 was conducted.ResultsThe ages of the patients ranged from 14 to 19 years. There were six males and six females. Three patients had a past history of anxiety, depression, or other psychiatric/mental health disorder, 9 had prolonged coagulation profile (prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, and/or International Normalized Ratio), and 11 had elevated inflammatory markers. Eight needed respiratory support. All 12 were negative for SARS‐CoV‐2 PCR. Four were tested for IgG antibodies and were negative. As these cases were admitted to rule out COVID infection, initial treatment included hydroxychloroquine. Steroids were started only after SARS‐CoV‐2 PCR was shown to be negative. Urine tetrahydrocannabinol was positive in all cases. Chest X‐ray and computed tomography findings showed ground glass opacities.ConclusionsClinical and radiological features are similar in both EVALI and SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Inflammatory markers are elevated in both conditions. A detailed social and substance use history in patients presenting with “typical” COVID pneumonia like illness is important. EVALI should be ruled in early to start the appropriate treatment. Given the ongoing pandemic, pediatricians and other health‐care providers need to be aware of other conditions that can masquerade as SARS‐CoV‐2.
Genetic counseling access for parents of newborns who screen positive for cystic fibrosis: Consensus guidelines
Authors: Langfelder‐Schwind Elinor , Raraigh Karen S. ,   The CF Newborn Screening Genetic Counseling Workgroup, Parad Richard B. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIntroductionA risk associated with cystic fibrosis newborn screening (CFNBS) is parental misunderstanding of genetic information generated by the over 6600 positive screens reported annually in the United States. CFNBS algorithms incorporating DNA analysis can generate genetic information that requires clinical interpretation and has significance for the newborn, parents, and other relatives. Engagement between CF care centers and trained genetic counseling providers, such as licensed and/or certified genetic counselors (GCs), is variable and limited in providing information to CFNBS positive (CFNBS+) families.MethodsUsing a modified Delphi process, a workgroup of CFNBS experts developed recommendation statements for engagement of genetic counseling services in CF care centers where CFNBS + diagnostic evaluations are performed. Statements were assessed over three rounds of surveys, one face‐to‐face meeting, and through public feedback.ResultsSeventeen statements achieved >80% consensus (range: 82%–100%). The workgroup affirmed prior CFF policy statements recommending genetic counseling for parents of infants with CFNBS+. The remaining statements addressed infrastructure and logistics of genetic counseling services, including defining appropriate training for genetic counseling providers and counseling content, establishing a path to equal access to genetic counseling providers across CF care centers, and setting a standard for client‐centered CFNBS genetic counseling that is respectful of diverse patient needs and autonomy.ConclusionsImplementation of client‐centered genetic counseling for CFNBS+ families in CF care centers by providers with expertise in both CF and genetic counseling will require efforts to further define core concepts, enhance the education of providers, and develop opportunities for access via telemedicine.
Corticosteroids in the prevention and treatment of infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia: Part II. Inhaled corticosteroids alone or in combination with surfactants
Authors: Szabó Hajnalka , Baraldi Eugenio , Colin Andrew A. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis paper is the second in a two‐part State‐of‐the‐Art series that reviews the latest relevant clinical trials investigating the short‐term and long‐term effects of corticosteroids in the prevention and treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Inhaled postnatal corticosteroids demonstrate low systemic bioavailability and rapid systemic clearance with high pulmonary deposition and were expected to reduce the incidence of BPD with reduced adverse effects, however, increased rate of mortality in the neonatal period and at the 18–24 months follow‐up was observed. In a milestone study, intratracheal instillation of corticosteroids combined with surfactant decreased the incidence of BPD without increasing the mortality or the long‐term neurodevelopmental adverse outcomes. However, subsequent trials using different types of surfactants, different surfactant to budesonide ratio, different time of the drug administration for infants with different severity of respiratory distress syndrome could not reproduce all the beneficial effects. Future perspectives for the identification of premature infants at high risk of BPD and the prevention or treatment of established BPD are discussed.
O‐Glycosidequercetin derivatives: Biological activities, mechanisms of action, and structure–activity relationship for drug design, a review
Authors: Alizadeh Seyedeh Roya , Ebrahimzadeh Mohammad Ali 
Published: December 2021

AbstractQuercetin as a valuable natural flavonoid has shown extensive biological activities, including anticancer, antioxidant, antibacterial, antiinflammatory, anti‐Alzheimer, antifungal, antiviral, antithalassemia, iron chelation, antiobesity, antidiabetic, antihypertension, and antiphospholipase A2 (PLA2) activities, by the modulation of various targets and signaling pathways that have attracted much attention. However, the low solubility and poor bioavailability of quercetin have limited its applications; therefore, the researchers have tried to design and synthesize many new derivatives of quercetin through different strategies to modify quercetin restrictions and improve its biological activities. This review categorized theO‐glycoside derivatives of Quercetin into two main classes, 3‐O‐glycoside and otherO‐glycoside derivatives. Also, it studied biological activities, structure–activity relationship (SAR), and the action mechanism ofO‐glycoside quercetin derivatives. Overall, we summarized past and present research for discovering new potent lead compounds.HighlightsQuercetin is a natural flavonoid with a valuable scaffold.O‐Glycoside quercetin derivatives represents broad‐spectrum biological activities.The structure–activity relationship investigation is discussed after modifying the scaffold of quercetin.This review can help researchers to rationally design/develop various drugs.