bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pyrolysis of Enzymolysis‐Treated Wood: Hierarchically Assembled Porous Carbon Electrode for Advanced Energy Storage Devices
Authors: Wang Feng , Cheong Jun Young , Lee Jiyoung , Ahn Jaewan , Duan Gaigai , Chen Huiling , Zhang Qian , Kim Il‐Doo , Jiang Shaohua 
Published: May 2021

AbstractDesigning energy storage devices from thick carbon electrodes with high areal/volumetric energy density via a simple and green way is very attractive but still challenging. Cellulose, as an excellent precursor for thick carbon electrodes with abundant sources and low cost, is usually activated by a chemical activator and pyrolysis route to achieve high electrochemical performance. However, there are still some problems to be addressed, such as the harsh activation conditions, easy collapse of porous structures, and the high cost. Herein, a 3D self‐supporting thick carbon electrode derived from wood‐based cellulose is proposed for high areal and volumetric energy density of supercapacitor from a mild, simple, and green enzymolysis treatment. Benefiting from the high specific surface area (1418 m2 g−1) and abundant active sites on the surface of wood‐derived hierarchically porous structures and enzymolysis‐induced micropores and mesopores, the assembled symmetry supercapacitor from the thick carbon electrode can realize the high areal/volumetric energy density of 0.21 mWh cm−2/0.99 mWh cm−3 with excellent stability of 86.58% after 15 000 long‐term cycles at 20 mA cm−2. Significantly, the simple and universal strategy to design material with high specific surface area, provides a new research idea for realizing multi‐functional application.
Amplifying Surface Energy Difference toward Anisotropic Growth of All‐Inorganic Perovskite Single‐Crystal Wires for Highly Sensitive Photodetector
Authors: Chen Yuan , Chen Gaoyuan , Zhou Zhou , Li Xiaoming , Ma Peipei , Li Lutao , Yin Wanjian , Zeng Haibo , Zou Guifu 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIt is a great challenge to directly grow super long all‐inorganic perovskite monocrystalline wires due to the weak surface energy difference among the low index facets. Here, a one‐pot solution process to grow the aspect ratio over 105 of monocrystalline CsPbBr3 perovskite wires (PWs) and yield up to 70% is reported. A chemical potential dependent surface energy difference amplification strategy is proposed to regulate the surface energy of growing and grown surfaces accordingly to the anisotropic growth of CsPbBr3. The anisotropic growth of wires is derived from the regulation of anti‐solvent diffusion kinetic and the mass transfer kinetic control of the metal halide salts. This experiment demonstrates a 50 times amplification of surface energy difference. As‐produced PWs present a high photodetection responsivity up to 4923 A W−1, external quantum efficiency exceeding 13 784%, and detectivity over 3.6 × 1013 Jones. This work not only reveals the mechanism of surface energy dominated anisotropic growth for CsPbBr3 PWs, but also elucidates the important role of kinetics regulation during the growth process, which may open a new window for the low‐dimensional crystal growth of ionic compounds.
Asymmetric and Halogenated Fused‐Ring Electron Acceptor for Efficient Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Cai Jinlong , Zhang Xue , Guo Chuanhang , Zhuang Yuan , Wang Liang , Li Donghui , Liu Dan , Wang Tao 
Published: May 2021

AbstractFused‐ring non‐fullerene electron acceptors (NFAs) boost the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of organic solar cells (OSCs). Asymmetric and halogenated NFAs have drawn increasing attention in recent years due to their unique optoelectronic properties. Starting from the symmetric NFA ITCC‐M, this work systematically designs and synthesizes an asymmetric counterpart ITCC‐M‐2F, halogenated counterpart ITCC‐Cl, and asymmetric and halogenated counterpart IDTT‐Cl‐2F. Among these NFAs, IDTT‐Cl‐2F shows the shallowest lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy level, broader absorption range, and the tightest molecular packing. As a result, when blended with the donor PBDB‐T‐2Cl, IDTT‐Cl‐2F‐based OSCs yield the highest PCE of 13.3% with an open‐circuit voltage of 0.96 V, short‐circuit current of 19.20 mA cm–2, and fill factor of 71.1%, which is the highest PCE of OSCs employing 2‐(2‐chloro‐6‐oxo‐5,6‐dihydro‐4H‐cyclopenta[b]thiophen‐4‐ylidene) malononitrile (ClIC) unit terminated NFA. The results demonstrate the synergistic effect of asymmetry and halogenation toward tuning of the optoelectronic properties of NFAs for high performance OSCs.
Mechanochemical Processing of Highly Conducting Organic/Inorganic Composites Exhibiting Spin Crossover–Induced Memory Effect in Their Transport Properties
Authors: Nieto‐Castro David , Garcés‐Pineda Felipe A. , Moneo‐Corcuera Andrea , Sánchez‐Molina Irene , Galán‐Mascarós José Ramón 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBistable multifunctional materials have great potential in a large variety of devices, from sensors to information units. However, the direct exploitation of spin crossover (SCO) materials in electronic devices is limited due to their very high electrical resistance (insulators). Beyond their intrinsic properties, SCO materials may also work as probes to confer bistability as switchable components in hybrid materials, as controlled by external stimuli acting upon the SCO spin state. Low resistance conductors with memory effect may be obtained from the incorporation of SCO probes into a conducting organic polymer matrix. This strategy appeared to be limited by the strict synthetic conditions, since polymerization reactions are harsh enough to attack the redox‐unstable SCO component. Because of this, just a few successful examples have been reported. Here a versatile processing protocol is introduced to obtain SCO/conducting polymer composites exploiting a post‐synthetic mechanochemical approach that can be applied to any SCO component and any organic polymer. This new protocol allows highly conducting films of polypyrrole, polyaniline, and poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) to be obtained, with bulk conductivities as high as 1 S·cm−1, and exhibiting a thermal hysteresis in their electrical conductivity above room temperature.
Advanced Data Encryption ​using 2D Materials
Authors: Wen Chao , Li Xuehua , Zanotti Tommaso , Puglisi Francesco Maria , Shi Yuanyuan , Saiz Fernan , Antidormi Aleandro , Roche Stephan , Zheng Wenwen , Liang Xianhu , Hu Jiaxin , Duhm Steffen , Roldan Juan B. , Wu Tianru , Chen Victoria , Pop Eric , Garrido Blas , Zhu Kaichen , Hui Fei , Lanza Mario 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAdvanced data encryption requires the use of true random number generators (TRNGs) to produce unpredictable sequences of bits. TRNG circuits with high degree of randomness and low power consumption may be fabricated by using the random telegraph noise (RTN) current signals produced by polarized metal/insulator/metal (MIM) devices as entropy source. However, the RTN signals produced by MIM devices made of traditional insulators, i.e., transition metal oxides like HfO2 and Al2O3, are not stable enough due to the formation and lateral expansion of defect clusters, resulting in undesired current fluctuations and the disappearance of the RTN effect. Here, the fabrication of highly stable TRNG circuits with low power consumption, high degree of randomness (even for a long string of 224 − 1 bits), and high throughput of 1 Mbit s−1 by using MIM devices made of multilayer hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) is shown. Their application is also demonstrated to produce one‐time passwords, which is ideal for the internet‐of‐everything. The superior stability of the h‐BN‐based TRNG is related to the presence of few‐atoms‐wide defects embedded within the layered and crystalline structure of the h‐BN stack, which produces a confinement effect that avoids their lateral expansion and results in stable operation.
Antimicrobial Surfaces for Applications on Confined Inhabited Space Stations
Authors: Wang Mengjiao , Duday David , Scolan Emmanuel , Perbal Séverine , Prato Mirko , Lasseur Christophe , Hołyńska Małgorzata 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAn overview of the current surface treatments/coatings that introduce antimicrobial properties to the exposed surfaces in confined space stations is provided. General aspects, such as biofilm formation and the specific requirements associated with this application, are discussed. Antimicrobial coatings used on the International Space Station (ISS) are reviewed. A selection of commercial and developed coatings targeting space applications is presented. Also, some developments that can be used in the space industry are highlighted.
Slot‐Die Coated Organic UV Indicators and Filters Processed from Green Solvents
Authors: Farahat Mahmoud E. , Welch Gregory C. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis work reports the use of the slot‐die (SD) coating solution processing method to fabricate large‐area organic thin films composed of photochromic dyes as UV indicators and UV light absorbers as UV filters on polyethylene terephthalate flexible substrates. This is the first demonstration of large‐area SD coated organic photochromic films and UV filters. Impressively, highly uniform photochromic films comprised of small molecules are formed in air, from green solvents (i.e., alcohols) and show rapid color changes upon external stimuli (i.e., light and heat). The UV filters processed under the same conditions and comprised of only small molecules show highly transparent films in the visible and near‐IR range with T% > 97%@550 nm and excellent UV blocking ability. The work highlights the utility of roll‐to‐roll compatible SD‐coating methods to make prototype organic devices in an academic laboratory setting and opens the door for additive manufacturing of simple and low‐cost UV active films for healthcare and electronic applications.
A Stretchable Scaffold with Electrochemical Sensing for 3D Culture, Mechanical Loading, and Real‐Time Monitoring of Cells
Authors: Qin Yu , Hu Xue‐Bo , Fan Wen‐Ting , Yan Jing , Cheng Shi‐Bo , Liu Yan‐Ling , Huang Wei‐Hua 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn the field of three‐dimensional (3D) cell culture and tissue engineering, great advance focusing on functionalized materials and desirable culture systems has been made to mimic the natural environment of cells in vivo. Mechanical loading is one of the critical factors that affect cell/tissue behaviors and metabolic activities, but the reported models or detection methods offer little direct and real‐time information about mechanically induced cell responses. Herein, for the first time, a stretchable and multifunctional platform integrating 3D cell culture, mechanical loading, and electrochemical sensing is developed by immobilization of biomimetic peptide linked gold nanotubes on porous and elastic polydimethylsiloxane. The 3D scaffold demonstrates very good compatibility, excellent stretchability, and stable electrochemical sensing performance. This allows mimicking the articular cartilage and investigating its mechanotransduction by 3D culture, mechanical stretching of chondrocytes, and synchronously real‐time monitoring of stretch‐induced signaling molecules. The results disclose a previously unclear mechanotransduction pathway in chondrocytes that mechanical loading can rapidly activate nitric oxide signaling within seconds. This indicates the promising potential of the stretchable 3D sensing in exploring the mechanotransduction in 3D cellular systems and engineered tissues.
Periodic Stratified Porous Structures in Dynamic Polyelectrolyte Films Through Standing‐Wave Optical Crosslinking for Structural Color
Authors: Huang Wei‐Pin , Qian Hong‐Lin , Wang Jing , Ren Ke‐Feng , Ji Jian 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPeriodic porous structures have been introduced into functional films to meet the requirements of various applications. Though many approaches have been developed to generate desired structures in polymeric films, few of them can effectively and dynamically achieve periodic porous structures. Here, a facile way is proposed to introduce periodic stratified porous structures into polyelectrolyte films. A photo‐crosslinkable polyelectrolyte film of poly(ethylenimine) (PEI) and photoreactive poly(acrylic acid) derivative (PAA‐N3) is prepared by layer‐by‐layer (LbL) self‐assembly. Stratified crosslinking of the PEI/PAA‐N3 film is generated basing on standing‐wave optics. The periodic stratified porous structure is constructed by forming pores in noncrosslinked regions in the film. Thanks to the dynamic mobility of polyelectrolytes, this structural controlment can be repeated several times. The size of pores corresponding to the layer spacing of the film contributes to the structural colors. Furthermore, structural color patterns are fabricated in the film by selective photo‐crosslinking using photomasks. Although the large‐scale structural controlment in thick (micron‐scale and above) films needs to be explored further, this work highlights the periodic structural controlment in polymeric films and thus presents an approach for application potentials in sensor, detection, and ink‐free printing.
Uncovering LiH Triggered Thermal Runaway Mechanism of a High‐Energy LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2/Graphite Pouch Cell
Authors: Huang Lang , Xu Gaojie , Du Xiaofan , Li Jiedong , Xie Bin , Liu Haisheng , Han Pengxian , Dong Shanmu , Cui Guanglei , Chen Liquan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe continuous energy density increase of lithium ion batteries (LIBs) inevitably accompanies with the rising of safety concerns. Here, the thermal runaway characteristics of a high‐energy 5 Ah LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2/graphite pouch cell using a thermally stable dual‐salt electrolyte are analyzed. The existence of LiH in the graphite anode side is innovatively identified in this study, and the LiH/electrolyte exothermic reactions and H2 migration from anode to cathode side are proved to contribute on triggering the thermal runaway of the pouch cell, while the phase transformation of lithiated graphite anode and the O2‐releasing from cathode are just accelerating factors for thermal runaway. In addition, heat determination during cycling at two boundary scenarios of adiabatic and isothermal environment clearly states the necessity of designing an efficient and smart battery thermal management system for avoiding heat accumulation. These findings will shed promising lights on thermal runaway route map depiction and thermal runaway prevention, as well as formulation of electrolyte for high energy safer LIBs.
HECW2‐related disorder in four Japanese patients
Authors: Yanagishita Tomoe , Hirade Takuya , Shimojima Yamamoto Keiko , Funatsuka Makoto , Miyamoto Yusaku , Maeda Makiko , Yanagi Kumiko , Kaname Tadashi , Nagata Satoru , Nagata Miho , Ishihara Yasuki , Miyashita Yohei , Asano Yoshihiro , Sakata Yasushi , Kosaki Kenjiro , Yamamoto Toshiyuki 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe HECT, C2, and WW domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2 gene (HECW2) is involved in protein ubiquitination. Several genes associated with protein ubiquitination have been linked to neurodevelopmental disorders. HECW2‐related disorder has been established through the identification of de novo variants in HECW2 in patients with neurodevelopmental disorders with hypotonia, seizures, and absent language. Recently, we identified novel HECW2 variants in four Japanese patients with neurodevelopmental disorders. Regarding motor development, two of the patients cannot walk, whereas the other two can walk with an unsteady gait, owing to hypotonia. All HECW2 variants, including those that were previously reported, are missense, and no loss‐of‐function variants have been identified. Most of the identified variants are located around the HECT domain. These findings suggest that the dominant negative effects of missense variants around the HECT domain may be the mechanism underlying HECW2‐related disorder.
Association between social determinants of health and olfactory function: a scoping review
Authors: James Joel , Tsvik Avraham M. , Chung Sei Y. , Usseglio John , Gudis David A. , Overdevest Jonathan B. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundSocial determinants of health (SDoH) include the socioeconomic, demographic, and social conditions that influence differences in health status among individuals and groups. The impact of these conditions on olfactory function remains poorly understood. In this scoping review, we systematically review the available literature to synthesize the association between SDoH and olfactory function.MethodsIn accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses extension for Scoping Review (PRISMA‐ScR) guidelines, we performed systematic search queries in PubMed, Embase, and Ovid databases and categorized articles according to themes that emerged regarding SDoH. The primary outcomes included self‐reported and objective measurements of smell.ResultsWe identified 722 unique references that underwent title and abstract review by two independent reviewers, with 70 articles undergoing full‐text review and 57 relevant for data extraction. Six themes emerged in our review, under which we categorized the studies and synthesized respective associations with olfactory function. These include studies exploring socioeconomic status (n = 19, 33%), education status (n = 27, 47%), occupational exposures (n = 26, 46%), racial/ethnic disparities (n = 12, 21%), and lifestyle/behavioral factors (n = 33, 58%).ConclusionsWithin the context of this scoping review, olfactory dysfunction is significantly more prevalent in patients with lower socioeconomic status, exposure to environmental and occupational toxins, and of minority race/ethnicity, whereas the associations between olfactory dysfunction and education level and lifestyle factors such as smoking and drinking seem to be much more elusive. This review highlights the importance of accounting for SDoH in observational studies examining olfactory outcomes. Given the increased awareness of olfactory loss, special consideration should be given to understanding olfactory dysfunction in the context of these factors.
A Self‐Defocusing Effect in Series of Networks for Nano All‐Optical Switching
Authors: Xu Xiaohui , Yang Xiangbo 
Published: May 2021

AbstractA theoretical design of all‐optical switches based on series of networks (SNs) is proposed. With increment of the fractal generation, the density of loops () in networks, which can efficiently produce antiresonances, increases exponentially, increasing switching efficiency to a high level. To acquire superior performance of the switching efficiency, the nonlinear material with negative nonlinear refractive index was chosen to insert into the networks, inducing self‐defocusing effect and decreasing the transmission. Further, the SNs with a defective waveguide length create ultra‐strong photonic localization and reduce the threshold energy. The switching efficiency of just the third type of SN was calculated and found to be approximately 5.25 × 1026, which is nine orders of magnitude higher than that previously reported. The threshold energy of just the third type of SN is about , which is one order of magnitude lower than that reported previously. Moreover, the switching efficiency increases monotonously, and the threshold energy decreases rapidly with increasing fractal generation.
Local Lorentz Invariance Tests for Photons and Hadrons at the Gamma Factory
Authors: Wojtsekhowski B. , Budker Dmitry 
Published: May 2021

AbstractHigh‐precision tests of local Lorentz invariance, via monitoring of the sidereal time variation of the photon energies emitted by ultrarelativistic heavy‐ion beams and of the beam momentum, are proposed. This paper includes descriptions of the physics ideas and the concept for the detector. The experiment results will allow high‐precision tests of LLI via anisotropy of the maximum attainable speed of a photon and an ion. The projected accuracy for the asymmetries interpreted in the framework of the anisotropic relativistic mechanics corresponds to the limit on sidereal time variation of the one‐way maximum attainable speed at the levels between 10−14 and 10−17.
An Examination of Nurses’ Empowerment and Speaking Up During Postanesthesia Clinical Hand Overs
Authors: Redley Bernice , Njambi Margaret , Rawson Helen 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTHierarchical relationships can negatively affect nurses’ psychological empowerment and interprofessional hand overs. We explored nurses’ perceptions of their psychological empowerment, teamwork, and work engagement; relationships between these concepts during interprofessional clinical hand overs; and observed interactive communication behaviors during hand overs. We used surveys and observations of interprofessional clinical hand overs to collect data from 39 nurses in a postanesthesia care unit in Australia. Nurses reported high scores for psychological empowerment and work engagement. Relationships between empowerment and teamwork (r = 0.41, P = .01) and empowerment and work engagement (r = 0.65, P < .001) were positive and significant. Relationships between nurses’ observed communication behaviors and perceptions of empowerment, teamwork, and work engagement were nonsignificant. Additional research is needed to better understand how empowerment, teamwork, and work engagement affect nurses’ interactive communication behaviors during interprofessional clinical hand overs in the postanesthesia care unit.
Suture Needle Injuries During Wound Closure: Examining Sources of Distraction in the OR
Authors: DiTullio Barbara L. 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTDespite focus on prevention of needlestick injuries, intraoperative injuries involving suture needles have increased in the past two decades. When interruptions occur during surgery, a practitioner’s focus is disengaged, creating an “error space;” re‐engagement of the practitioner takes exponentially longer as each subsequent interruption occurs during the procedure. Human factors studies focus on the interaction between individuals and the environment in which they work (eg, processes, equipment). Researchers use a human factors approach to understand distractions during surgery. Using this methodology, wound closure is viewed as a standalone process and the effect of distractions and interruptions on suture needle injuries is examined. Competing priorities combined with interruptions present opportunities for altered situational awareness, which can lead to injury. This article redefines wound closure as a vulnerable time with great potential for error—a time during which distractions and interruptions can lead to suture needle injuries and other unexpected outcomes.