bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CoDEC: Connected Data For Road Infrastructure Asset Management
Authors: Biswas Sukalpa , Proust John , Andriejauskas Tadas , Wright Alex , Geem Carl van , Kokot Darko , Antunes António , Marecos Vânia , Barateiro José , Bhusari Shubham , Jovanovic Uros 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Road infrastructure asset management is rapidly transforming into a digital environment where data accessibility, effective integration and collaboration and accessibility from different sources and assets are key. However, current asset management processes are not yet fully integrated or linked, and there are incompatibilities between various systems and platforms that limit the ability to integrate asset management with BIM. The CoDEC project has sought to understand the current status of information management for assets, including inventory, condition and new data sources such as sensors and scanning systems, to identify the challenges and needs for linking and integrating different data sets to support effective asset management. As a result, CoDEC has developed a data dictionary framework to help link/integrate static and dynamic data for the “key” infrastructure assets (road pavements, bridges, tunnels). This will enable BIM and Asset Management Systems (AMS) to exchange data and help optimise and integrate data management across systems and throughout the different asset lifecycle phases, from build to operation. This work will be followed up with three pilot projects to demonstrate the feasibility of integrating asset data from various sources through linked data/semantic web technology to build the connection between AMS and BIM platforms.
The First Highway Infrastructure PPP Project In The Baltic States According To DBFM Model – Challenges And Opportunities
Authors: Akimovs Verners , Muižniece Indra , Apsalone Ilze Kristine , Grinberga Liesma 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Kekava Bypass public-private partnership (PPP) project is the first highway infrastructure PPP project in the Baltic States to be implemented according to Design-Build-Finance-Maintain (DBFM) model. Its objective is to solve the “bottleneck” of the TEN-T network road section entering Riga City with only one lane in each direction. The duration of the project is 23 years, including 3 years for design and construction of the infrastructure and 20 years for its maintenance. Kekava Bypass consists of the main road 17.22 km, auxiliary roads 20.66 km, 2 tunnels, 5 two-level road junctions, 1 bridge (all in all more than 100 lane km), 2 pedestrian bridges/tunnels etc.
The Latvian government required that the assets of the Kekava Bypass project are classified off government balance sheet during the whole duration of the PPP contract. Thus, the Kekava Bypass PPP tender documentation was elaborated strictly observing this off-balance sheet treatment frame. Eurostat assessed the project documentation and issued its opinion that the project corresponds to the off-balance sheet criteria.
Latvian State Roads on behalf of the Ministry of Transportation launched Kekava Bypass tender in December 2018. The tender was implemented in four sequent phases, namely, the qualification phase, the submission of initial offers, negotiations with the selected bidders about the initial offers, the submission of the best and final offers. On August 13, 2020, Latvian State Roads announced the winner and the financial due diligence phase to be performed by financial institutions started.
Development Of Via Baltica In Lithuania
Authors: Norbutas Justas , Nemaniūtė-Gužienė Jolanta 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The total length of Via Baltica corridor, which consists of five roads (A5 Kaunas–Marijampolė–Suwałki, A1 Vilnius–Kaunas–Klaipėda; A8 Panevėžys–Aristava–Sitkūnai, A17 Panevėžys bypass and A10 Panevėžys–Pasvalys–Riga) makes up 268 km on the Lithuanian territory. In 2019 the highest traffic volumes on this corridor were 55,942 veh/day. It is the highest-volume heavy vehicle road carrying the greatest loads. Via Baltica is a transit road; therefore, it shall comply to the requirements set to high quality roads. In 2020-2030 it is planned to implement 9 projects, the total value of which is ca 704 million EUR (194.18 km to be reconstructed). Until 2018 having implemented 156 million EUR projects, Via Baltica road A5 Kaunas–Marijampolė–Suwałki 17.24–56.83 km section (from Kaunas to Marijampole) was reconstructed into a motorway until the end of 2018. Currently, preparations are made for Via Baltica reconstruction from Marijampole to the Lithuanian-Polish border (A5 road from 56.83 km to 97.06 km). Strategic Environmental Assessment has already been completed and a special territorial planning document has been approved by the Lithuanian Government. According to this document, the road section shall be widened up to four traffic lanes by constructing two safe grade-separated intersections (viaducts) and roundabouts, connecting roads, a new heavy vehicle parking lot, by widening the existing bridges, by building new bridges and by implementing various environmental protection measures. At present design works of the above-mentioned 40.23 km-long-road section are underway. The works are due to be completed by the end of 2025.
Transformation Of Lithuanian Road Charging
Authors: Ražinskas Darius , Saladžius Aidas 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The current road user charge in Lithuania is based on a temporary system and is not connected to the actually covered mileage. The time-based charge is not considered to be socially fair; therefore, the principles 'user pays' and 'polluter pays' shall be employed. The charge to be introduced will take into account the interests of local road infrastructure users who are currently paying unreasonably high charge for a short distance covered.
If the current system is retained and e-tolling system is not established, heavy vehicle drivers would continue paying aroad user charge by purchasing e-vignette. It would mean that road user charges paid by vehicle owners/holders would not cover the damages directly made by the user and the current road charging system would not guarantee sufficient financing for the maintenance and development of the road infrastructure.
Legal decisions on electronic road charging system have not been taken yet; however, the project implementation preparation is underway. The latest Parliamentary approvals were received in September 2020, and it is believed that all necessary legal acts will be amended by the end of 2020.
The road charging technology has not been selected yet. However, the conducted project's implementation analysis, the assessment of necessary investments and road charging system maintenance costs revealed that a GPS-based technology would be the most economical one.
It is planned to implement the electronic road charging system by the beginning of 2023. Upon the project's implementation, additional financing to ensure high quality and safe main roads should be allocated.
Roller Compacted Concrete – Best Practice Of Lithuania
Authors: Vaitkus Audrius , Mickevič Rafal , Šernas Ovidijus 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In these days constantly being looking for solution to reduce construction costs, the amount of materials used and the negative impact on the environment. Designing pavement structures with top layer of traditional concrete, the structures become very massive. An alternative to traditional concrete is roller-compacted concrete, the concrete with significantly larger fine aggregates which lead concrete mix to be non-slip. The roller-compacted mix can also achieve high concrete density and consolidation by rolling. Roller-compacted concrete is also an economical and fast-construction alternative for many pavement applications. In Lithuania, roller-compacted concrete as the top layer is an innovation and first application of it was few years ago. However, in recent years application of roller-compacted concrete increased in industrial areas and low-volume rural roads. The best practice of application of roller-compacted concrete was in Klaipeda Free Economic Zone, where roller-compacted concrete was used as the top layer of industrial area for heavy load traffic. Fresh roller-compacted concrete workability decreases with time, to reduce transportation time and avoid excessive moisture loss, which can cause problems in placement of roller-compacted concrete, mobile concrete batching plant used. Mobile concrete batching plant was located near construction site.
Evaluation Of The Residual Load-Bearing Capacity Of The Existing Road Using Plate Loading Test
Authors: Virsis Endijs , Paeglitis Ainars , Zarins Atis 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In the last few years as the road construction budget has been decreasing in Latvia, the number of road construction reinforcement design and construction objects has been increasing. At the beginning of the project development of the existing road condition is assessed, taking into account various pavement evaluation criteria and it is determined on which road sections it is possible to reinforce the pavement and where full construction is required. The road pavement structure in Latvia is developed using “Recommendations for road design. Pavement” and inaccurately defining the bearing capacity of the existing foundation can significantly affect the service life of the designed structure. During the construction of the road, establishing that the bearing capacity of the existing foundation is lower than specified in the project incurs additional costs for the customer. Project changes are made, and special solutions are provided in order to achieve the bearing capacity on the mineral material layers defined in the project. One of the most accurate ways to determine the bearing capacity of existing road structural layers is the static plate test. However, the results of this test are also not 100% accurate and any of them may give unreasonable results due to various influencing factors. The aim of this work is to analyze the results of static plate test by determining the most important factors that affect the obtained load-bearing capacity values, identify biased/erroneous test results, and determine which results reflect the residual load-bearing capacity of the existing road structure.
Baltic Countries Mineral Resources And Aggregates Used In Transport Infrastructure Extraction Analysis
Authors: Makulavičius Mantas , Sivilevičius Henrikas 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Mineral resources and aggregates used in transport infrastructure or any other purposes importance is undeniable. Its usage and extraction not only benefits economics and social environment, but also should be sustainable. Regarding to this, analysis of Baltic countries mineral resources and aggregates extraction was conducted. The main purpose of the article is to analyze mineral resources situation in each of the country and provide extraction data for aggregates used in transport infrastructure. Mining and quarrying sector is evaluated in whole country economic picture and period 2008-2020 was analyzed by combining data from all the Baltic countries for aggregates extraction. The article is valuable by putting all Baltic countries in one perspective and sharing newest data. Further investigations could include analysis of factors for aggregates demand and its forecast.
Field Studies Of MSWI Bottom Ash As Aggregate For Unbound Base Course Mixtures
Authors: Gražulytė Judita , Vaitkus Audrius , Vaidogas Egidijus Rytas , Šernas Ovidijus 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In the European Union, about 30–40 million tonnes of residues known as municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) bottom ash is generated and landfilled annually. To address the continuous growth of landfills and to implement zero waste and circular economy policies, researchers are researching ways to turn MSWI bottom ash into a useable resource. The conducted studies show that MSWI bottom ash is suitable for civil engineering, especially for roads, however there is a lack of field studies. As a result, MSWI bottom ash was used to construct unbound base course in heavy vehicles parking lot in 2018 and two pedestrian paths in 2018 and 2020 in Vilnius (Lithuania). This paper focuses on the structures composition and performance of those unbound base courses in terms of stability of particle size distribution, bearing capacity and permeability. The conducted study showed promising results for MSWI bottom ash as aggregate (mixture) to construct unbound base course.
Investigation Of Comparability Of TSRST And SCB Cracking Tests For Evaluation Of Low-Temperature Properties In Asphalt Mixtures And Use In Quality Control
Authors: Baumanis Janis , Riekstins Arturs , Balodis Andris 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Mix design procedure for asphalt mixtures in the Baltic region requires to ensure resistance to low temperatures due to climatic conditions. Thermal Stress Restrained Specimen Test (TSRST) has been considered as the most precise direct test method to determine the thermal behaviour of asphalt mixtures. As the TSRST test is time-consuming and the equipment is much more expensive, therefore the possibility to use Semi-Circular Bending (SCB) as a preliminary test was evaluated and the potential threshold was recommended. This study presents the evaluation of low-temperature properties with SCB and TSRST methods and the test suitability assessment for use in quality control. The supplementary rating was made by analysing Fraass breaking point test results of asphalt binders. In total 36 different asphalt samples were tested to investigate fracture test methods and to assess the influence of bitumen type and composition on resistance to low-temperature cracking. The results displayed an acceptable correlation between both test methods that allow using SCB for pre-screening purposes. At the same time, the results indicated that the type of used bitumen has a crucial influence on asphalt mixtures resistance to low-temperature cracking.
Pavement Optimisation With Aggregate Base Or Asphalt Layers Stabilised With Hexagonal Geogrids
Authors: Gołos Michał , Mazurowski Piotr 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The use of hexagonal geogrids in pavement structures results in the increase of the life of designed structure.
This offers the possibility to reduce the thickness of layers without reduction of pavement life, or to increase the traffic capacity of a pavement without the need to increase its thickness. This way of using geogrids in pavements design was introduced to the pavement industry by one producer of hexagonal geogrids as a Pavement Optimisation (PO) concept.
It can be transformed into both economic and environmental benefits, and obviously results in savings of natural resources and reduction of carbon footprint of a project. PO with geogrids can be used both in the newly designed pavement structures, and in the asphalt overlays of the existing old pavements. Asphalt overlays enhancement with a geogrid either increases the fatigue life of overlays or allows the reduction of overlays thickness to achieve the same pavement life. In new pavements, stabilisation of aggregate base with geogrids increases the stiffness of aggregate, which increases the performance of a whole pavement. This paper presents several tests results, which confirm beneficial effects of using hexagonal geogrids in asphalt overlays and aggregate base layers, from laboratory to full scale accelerated pavement tests. Also, modifications of Mechanistic-Empirical pavement design method, which allow to implement the geogrid benefits into the design process, are discussed. Finally, case studies of pavements – newly designed and reconstructed – optimised with hexagonal geogrids are presented.
Surface Texture And Layer Permeability Of Aquaplaning Resistant Asphalt Pavements
Authors: Vaitkus Audrius , Skrodenis Dovydas , Šernas Ovidijus , Vorobjovas Viktoras 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Tire/pavement noise is one of the biggest environmental problems caused by the contact between the car tire and the pavement surface. It is known that porous asphalt (PA) pavements has good properties in noise absorption, however these mixtures could also solve another important problem which appear on roads – aquaplaning. This phenomenon reduces traffic safety and driving comfort. Aquaplaning appears when tires become separated from the pavement surface by thin water film and the ability to increase braking force or control the vehicle motion is almost entirely lost. Although, PA pavements have relatively low durability properties. This research aims analyse surface texture and permeability characteristics of aquaplaning resistant asphalt pavements. Four different mixtures with different largest particle size (AT 5, AT 8, AT 11 and AT 16) were tested. Large-scale laboratory testing was performed to evaluate their surface texture and permeability properties The research revealed, that mixtures with 8 % activated mineral limestone powder (AMLP) showed better mechanical and physical properties than comparing to other mixtures with 4 % AMLP and 4 % granite screenings or just 4 % AMLP.
Analysis Of Quality Control Plans For Bridge Over The River Maza Jugla Accoring To COST TU 1406 Methodology
Authors: Auzins Roberts , Paeglitis Ainars 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Bridges are one of the most expensive elements of the road network, and therefore in the bridge management process, it is very important to make the most technically efficient and cost-effective decisions about planned actions such as maintenance, rehabilitation and reconstruction works. Decisions have to be based both on the current situation and possible future options and alternatives.
The European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) during the action TU 1406 “Quality specifications for roadway bridges, standardization at a European level (BridgeSpecs)” in the period from 2014 to 2019 has developed the framework for the development of bridge Quality Control Plans (QCP) including the system of data collection, data processing and outcomes.
This article analyses and compares different Quality Control Plans developed according to COST TU 1406 methodology for the existing bridge over the river Maza Jugla, located on regional road P10 at km 34.80 in Latvia.
Methodology For Calculation Of Bridge Safety Factor In Lithuania
Authors: Zadlauskas Saulius , Augonis Mindaugas 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The paper reviews the United States and Slovenian safety factor calculation methodologies and proposes a method for more accurate estimation of residual strength of bridges designed and built in Lithuania. For more detailed analysis, the main parameters and defects directly affecting the strength of the bridges were analysed in detail, and the flows of heavy vehicles, which have significantly increased for previously designed bridges, were assessed.
This article proposes to calculate the dynamic factor of bridges, not according to the empirical formulas used in the United States and Slovenian safety factor calculation methodologies, but after performing the bridge dynamic test, because the results of Lithuanian bridge dynamic tests show that the parameter strongly depends on smoothness and damage of carriageway wearing surface. In order to evaluate the suitability of the Lithuanian bridge safety factor calculation methodology proposed in this article, a real bridge was selected, and its safety factors calculated according to the above mentioned and proposed methodology and the results obtained were compared.
Road Traffic Safety Analysis Of Different Junction Types On The State Roads
Authors: Amare Valentina , Smirnovs Juris 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The highest number of road accidents occurs at junctions. One of the aims of traffic organisation is to improve traffic safety in these areas. Based on a variety of indices – road capacity, points of conflict, number, and severity of road traffic accidents – different alternatives for junctions are evaluated. However, the road network has many junctions and roads serve to travel from point "A" to point "B" at a given time. Therefore, one of the most important tasks when addressing the issue of road safety is to find a rational way of improving the safety without losing the importance of the road. The aim of this paper is to analyse the impact of different junctions on the road network and basing on actual data develop a method for the evaluation of different types of junctions with respect to road class.
A Compact Road Weather Station
Authors: Haavasoja Taisto , Nylander Pauli , Puhakka Leena 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Road Weather Stations (RWS) have been extensively used for collecting information about slippery road conditions during the last thirty years. Recently, vehicle based mobile road condition monitors have challenged the fixed RWS. Both approaches have their advantages and can complete each other. Fixed RWS can provide accurate trend data whereas mobile condition monitors can cover the road sections between RWS. Nevertheless, a traditional RWS is a fairly expensive investment, typically 30 000 € or much more, and often includes a number of components not essential for the purpose of measuring and predicting road conditions. To reduce the total cost we have developed a bare minimum of a fixed RWS including only the essential sensor information like road surface state, friction, water and frozen layer thickness, air temperature, road surface temperature, dew point temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind speed and estimated ground temperature at -6 cm. The targeted end user price of the station is one third of the traditional price level. We report experiences with the first installations during 2020-2021.
Why It Is Important To Have A Correct Road Maintenance Termstock?
Authors: Simson Kai 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This article is based on my Master’s Thesis entitled „Planning of the Road Maintenance Termstock in Estonian“, which examines the current situation of the road maintenance terms. Road maintenance influences every single person and therefore it is important that terms and concepts are clear and precise. I will give a review of the condition of the Estonian road maintenance terms, using legislation, instructions and other materials which are used to regulate the area, and a web questionnaire was carried out among this field’s experts. This is the first time when such a thorough study has been carried out about the road maintenance termstock. All the results indicate that there is a need to plan road maintenance termstock in Estonian. Experts who had been questioned, pointed out that there is a need for common termstsock that all parties would have a common understanding of concept definitions and what terms denote them. Most frequently emerging problems were following: terms do not have clear concept definitions; many synonymous terms for one concept; no consistent use of terms in legislation nor in the guidelines; terms systematization has not been taken fully into account; ambiguous terms are in use; lack of termstock that would cover needed terms and have correct concept definitions.