bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discovery and characterization of five new eclipsing AM CVn systems
Authors: van Roestel J , Kupfer T , Green M J , Wong T L S , Bildsten L , Burdge K , Prince T , Marsh T R , Szkody P , Fremling C , Graham M J , Dhillon V S , Littlefair S P , Bellm E C , Coughlin M , Duev D A , Goldstein D A , Laher R R , Rusholme B , Riddle R , Dekany R , Kulkarni S R 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT
AM CVn systems are ultra-compact, hydrogen-depleted, and helium-rich, accreting binaries with degenerate or semidegenerate donors. We report the discovery of five new eclipsing AM CVn systems with orbital periods of 61.5, 55.5, 53.3, 37.4, and 35.4 min. These systems were discovered by searching for deep eclipses in the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) light curves of white dwarfs selected using Gaia parallaxes. We obtained phase-resolved spectroscopy to confirm that all systems are AM CVn binaries, and we obtained high-speed photometry to confirm the eclipse and characterize the systems. The spectra show double-peaked H e lines but also show metals, including K and Zn, elements that have never been detected in AM CVn systems before. By modelling the high-speed photometry, we measured the mass and radius of the donor star, potentially constraining the evolutionary channel that formed these AM CVn systems. We determined that the average mass of the accreting white dwarf is ≈0.8 M⊙, and that the white dwarfs in long-period systems are hotter than predicted by recently updated theoretical models. The donors have a high entropy and are a factor of ≈2 more massive compared to zero-entropy donors at the same orbital period. The large donor radius is most consistent with H e-star progenitors, although the observed spectral features seem to contradict this. The discovery of five new eclipsing AM CVn systems is consistent with the known observed AM CVn space density and estimated ZTF recovery efficiency.
Dark matter density profiles in dwarf galaxies: linking Jeans modelling systematics and observation
Authors: Chang Laura J , Necib Lina 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT
The distribution of dark matter in dwarf galaxies can have important implications on our understanding of galaxy formation as well as the particle physics properties of dark matter. However, accurately characterizing the dark matter content of dwarf galaxies is challenging due to limited data and complex dynamics that are difficult to accurately model. In this paper, we apply spherical Jeans modelling to simulated stellar kinematic data of spherical, isotropic dwarf galaxies with the goal of identifying the future observational directions that can improve the accuracy of the inferred dark matter distributions in the Milky Way dwarf galaxies. We explore how the dark matter inference is affected by the location and number of observed stars as well as the line-of-sight velocity measurement errors. We use mock observation to demonstrate the difficulty in constraining the inner core/cusp of the dark matter distribution with data sets of fewer than 10 000 stars. We also demonstrate the need for additional measurements to make robust estimates of the expected dark matter annihilation signal strength. For the purpose of deriving robust indirect detection constraints, we identify Ursa Major II, Ursa Minor, and Draco as the systems that would most benefit from additional stars being observed.
The structure of the Milky Way based on unWISE 3.4 μm integrated photometry
Authors: Mosenkov Aleksandr V , Savchenko Sergey S , Smirnov Anton A , Camps Peter 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT
We present a detailed analysis of the Galaxy structure using an unWISE wide-field image at $3.4\,\mu$m. We perform a 3D photometric decomposition of the Milky Way taking into account (i) the projection of the Galaxy on the celestial sphere and (ii) that the observer is located within the Galaxy at the solar radius. We consider a large set of photometric models starting with a pure disc model and ending with a complex model that consists of thin and thick discs plus a boxy-peanut-shaped bulge. In our final model, we incorporate many observed features of the Milky Way, such as the disc flaring and warping, several overdensities in the plane, and the dust extinction. The model of the bulge with the corresponding X-shape structure is obtained from N-body simulations of a Milky Way-like galaxy. This allows us to retrieve the parameters of the aforementioned stellar components, estimate their contribution to the total Galaxy luminosity, and constrain the position angle of the bar. The mass of the thick disc in our models is estimated to be 0.4–1.3 of that for the thin disc. The results of our decomposition can be directly compared to those obtained for external galaxies via multicomponent photometric decomposition.
Stellar dynamics in the periodic cube
Authors: Magorrian John 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT
We use the problem of dynamical friction within the periodic cube to illustrate the application of perturbation theory in stellar dynamics, testing its predictions against measurements from N-body simulations. Our development is based on the explicitly time-dependent Volterra integral equation for the cube’s linear response, which avoids the subtleties encountered in analyses based on complex frequency. We obtain an expression for the self-consistent response of the cube to steady stirring by an external perturber. From this, we show how to obtain the familiar Chandrasekhar dynamical friction formula and construct an elementary derivation of the Lenard–Balescu equation for the secular quasi-linear evolution of an isolated cube composed of N equal-mass stars. We present an alternative expression for the (real-frequency) van Kampen modes of the cube and show explicitly how to decompose any linear perturbation of the cube into a superposition of such modes.
Awareness, management, and practice patterns of pediatric NAFLD by primary care physicians
Authors: Lee-Kim Victoria , Morkem Rachael , Barber David , Flemming Jennifer A , Kehar Mohit 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Background
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease in children. Primary-care physicians (PCPs) play a key role in identifying patients requiring specialist referral. In this study, we aim to determine PCPs’ practice patterns for paediatric NAFLD, as knowledge gaps have been reported for adult NAFLD.

Methods
A survey was sent to 60 PCPs in the Eastern Ontario Network from July 2019 to January 2020.

Results
Thirty-seven (62%) PCPs responded to the survey. Twenty-one incorrectly considered the prevalence of paediatric NAFLD to be ≤10%. The majority (35/36) cared for less than five paediatric NAFLD patients. Thirty-four (92%) were only ‘slightly familiar’ or ‘not familiar at all’ with paediatric NAFLD. Only one PCP routinely screens for NAFLD. Only one PCP was aware of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (NASPGHAN) clinical guidelines for paediatric NAFLD. Twenty-five (68%) correctly selected lifestyle modifications as a treatment option. Lack of confidence in the knowledge of NAFLD was the most common barrier for managing paediatric cases.

Conclusion
The majority of PCPs are not screening for paediatric NAFLD and are not familiar with its clinical spectrum, citing a lack of knowledge regarding NAFLD as the greatest barrier. This may cause delays in diagnosis and a presentation with advanced fibrosis at the time of specialist referral. Dissemination and implementation of clinical guidelines have the potential to improve knowledge and screening rates for NAFLD in children at the primary-care level.
DISCO: Species Tree Inference using Multicopy Gene Family Tree Decomposition
Authors: Willson James , Roddur Mrinmoy Saha , Liu Baqiao , Zaharias Paul , Warnow Tandy 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSpecies tree inference from gene family trees is a significant problem in computational biology. However, gene tree heterogeneity, which can be caused by several factors including gene duplication and loss, makes the estimation of species trees very challenging. While there have been several species tree estimation methods introduced in recent years to specifically address gene tree heterogeneity due to gene duplication and loss (such as DupTree, FastMulRFS, ASTRAL-Pro, and SpeciesRax), many incur high cost in terms of both running time and memory. We introduce a new approach, DISCO, that decomposes the multi-copy gene family trees into many single copy trees, which allows for methods previously designed for species tree inference in a single copy gene tree context to be used. We prove that using DISCO with ASTRAL (i.e., ASTRAL-DISCO) is statistically consistent under the GDL model, provided that ASTRAL-Pro correctly roots and tags each gene family tree. We evaluate DISCO paired with different methods for estimating species trees from single copy genes (e.g., ASTRAL, ASTRID, and IQ-TREE) under a wide range of model conditions, and establish that high accuracy can be obtained even when ASTRAL-Pro is not able to correctly roots and tags the gene family trees. We also compare results using MI, an alternative decomposition strategy from Yang Y. and Smith S.A. (2014), and find that DISCO provides better accuracy, most likely as a result of covering more of the gene family tree leafset in the output decomposition. [Concatenation analysis; gene duplication and loss; species tree inference; summary method.]
Hersch and Elihu Lauterpacht and the relevance of private law sources for international law: from theory to practice against the background of international law's evolution and the adoption of the Unidroit Principles
Authors: Steingruber Andrea Marco 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Private law sources in international law were a main object of study of Sir Hersch Lauterpacht, who is considered one of the greatest international lawyers of the last century. In his time, the International Institute for the Unification of Private Law’s Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) did not exist. The first version of the PICC was only published in 1994, more than three decades after his death. In the year 2000, the disputing parties of an investment treaty arbitration case concluded before a tribunal chaired by his son, Sir Elihu Lauterpacht, a settlement agreement dated 20 March 2000, which would later be embodied in an International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes Additional Facility arbitral award issued by the tribunal on 18 September 2000, where they incorporated slightly modified PICC provisions. The present article will argue that private law sources are still important in certain areas of international law, such as investment arbitration. In investment arbitration, they are not only important in presence of contracts but they can also arguably be useful for the interpretation of treaties. Investment tribunals have indeed recognized the importance of the PICC for both the interpretation of contracts (transnational agreements) and the interpretation of treaties (international agreements).
DMRT1gene disruption alone induces incomplete gonad feminization in chicken
Authors: Lee Hong Jo , Seo Minseok , Choi Hee Jung , Rengaraj Deivendran , Jung Kyung Min , Park Jin Se , Lee Kyung Youn , Kim Young Min , Park Kyung Je , Han Soo Taek , Lee Kyu Hyuk , Yao Humphrey Hung‐Chang , Han Jae Yong 
Published: August 2021

AbstractCompared with the well‐described XY sex determination system in mammals, the avian ZW sex determination system is poorly understood. Knockdown and overexpression studies identified doublesex and mab‐3‐related transcription factor 1 (DMRT1) as the testis‐determining gene in chicken. However, the detailed effects ofDMRT1gene disruption from embryonic to adult development are not clear. Herein, we have generatedDMRT1‐disrupted chickens using the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats‐associated protein 9 system, followed by an analysis of physiological, hormonal, and molecular changes in the genome‐modified chickens. In the early stages of male chicken development, disruption ofDMRT1induced gonad feminization with extensive physiological and molecular changes; however, functional feminine reproductivity could not be implemented with disturbed hormone synthesis. Subsequent RNA‐sequencing analysis of theDMRT1‐disrupted chicken gonads revealed gene networks, including several novel genes linearly and non‐linearly associated withDMRT1, which are involved in gonad feminization. By comparing the gonads of wild type with the genome‐modified chickens, a set of genes were identified that is involved in the ZW sex determination system independent ofDMRT1. Our results extend beyond the Z‐dosage hypothesis to provide further information about the avian ZW sex determination system and epigenetic effects of gonad feminization.
Reviewing acute hip fractures in adults
Authors: Barry Meagan L. , Maday Kristopher R. 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT
Hip fractures are considered a significant public health issue, representing a substantial burden on our healthcare system and society. They are one of the leading causes of disability among older adults, especially women. Globally, an estimated 18% of women and 6% of men will be affected by hip fractures at some time in life. Hip fractures are a major cause of long-term disability among older adults and more significant than mortality, as only 60% of patients regain their preinjury level of mobility. This has detrimental effects on quality of life and activities of daily living, imposing a level of dependence that has personal, social, and systemic consequences.
The effect of team-based care practice on productivity for family physicians
Authors: Willis Joel , Cawley James F. 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT
About 60% of family physician practices employ PAs and/or NPs but gaps exist in the knowledge of the clinical effects on physician-PA and physician-NP teams. This review summarizes and comments on the significance of a recent report from the American Board of Family Medicine that compares the scope of practice of family physicians for family physicians practicing with either a PA, NP, or both.
The Etiology of Pneumonia in HIV-uninfected South African Children
Authors: Moore David P. , Baillie Vicky L. , Mudau Azwifarwi , Wadula Jeannette , Adams Tanja , Mangera Shafeeka , Verwey Charl , Prosperi Christine , Higdon Melissa M. , Haddix Meredith , Hammitt Laura L. , Feikin Daniel R. , O’Brien Katherine L. , Deloria Knoll Maria , Murdoch David R. , Simões Eric A.F. , Madhi Shabir A. 
Published: August 2021

Background:Pneumonia is the major contributor to under 5 childhood mortality globally. We evaluated the etiology of pneumonia amongst HIV-uninfected South African children enrolled into the Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health case-control study.Methods:Cases, 1–59 months of age hospitalized with World Health Organization clinically defined severe/very severe pneumonia, were frequency-matched by age and season to community controls. Nasopharyngeal-oropharyngeal swabs were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction for 33 respiratory pathogens, and whole blood was tested for pneumococcal autolysin. Cases were also tested forMycobacterium tuberculosis. Population etiologic fractions (EF) of pneumonia with radiologic evidence of consolidation/infiltrate were derived for each pathogen through Bayesian analysis.Results:Of the 805 HIV-uninfected cases enrolled based on clinical criteria, radiologically confirmed pneumonia was evident in 165 HIV-exposed, -uninfected, and 246 HIV-unexposed children. In HIV-exposed and HIV-unexposed children, respiratory syncytial virus was the most important pathogen with EFs of 31.6% [95% credible interval (CrI), 24.8%–38.8%] and 36.4% (95% CrI, 30.5%–43.1%), respectively.M. tuberculosiscontributed EFs of 11.6% (95% CrI, 6.1%–18.8%) in HIV-exposed and 8.3% (95% CrI, 4.5%–13.8%) in HIV-unexposed children, including an EF of 16.3% (95% CrI, 6.1%–33.3%) in HIV-exposed children ≥12 months of age. Bacteremia (3.0% vs. 1.6%) and case fatality risk (3.6% vs. 3.7%) were similar in HIV-exposed and HIV-unexposed children.Conclusions:Vaccination strategies targeting respiratory syncytial virus should be prioritized for prevention of pneumonia in children. Furthermore, interventions are required to address the high burden of tuberculosis in the pathogenesis of acute community-acquired pneumonia in settings such as ours.
Expression of Cathepsins B, D, and G in Hypertrophic Port-wine Stain
Authors: Koh Sabrina P. , Brasch Helen D. , Patel Josie , Bockett Nicholas , Paterson Erin , Davis Paul F. , Tan Swee T. 
Published: August 2021

Objectives:
Cathepsins B, D, and G are expressed in vascular anomalies, fibroproliferative conditions, and malignancies. We investigated expression of these cathepsins and their localization to the embryonic stem cell (ESC)-like population in hypertrophic port-wine stain (hPWS).

Methods:
Immunohistochemical staining for cathepsins B, D, and G was performed on 15 hPWS tissue samples. Immunofluorescence dual staining investigated localization of the cathepsins with endothelial marker CD31, ESC markers OCT4 and SOX2, and mast cell markers chymase and tryptase on 2 hPWS tissue samples. Protein and transcript expression were investigated by western blotting and reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction on 6 tissue samples and 3 hPWS-derived primary cell lines, respectively. Enzymatic activity assays of cathepsins B and D were performed on 6 tissue samples.

Results:
Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated expression of cathepsins B and D on the endothelium and media of lesional vessels and cells within the stroma. Cathepsin G was expressed in the stroma. Immunofluorescence staining showed localization of cathepsins B and D to the OCT4+/SOX2+ population, and cathepsin G to mast cells, in hPWS. Reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction demonstrated transcript expression of all 3 cathepsins in hPWS tissues and cathepsins B and D in cell lines. Protein expression and enzymatic activity of cathepsins B and D was confirmed by western blotting and enzymatic activity assays, respectively.

Conclusion:
Cathepsins B and D are expressed by the ESC-like population on the endothelium and media of the lesional vessels and stroma, and cathepsin G is expressed by mast cells in hPWS. Functional investigations are needed to fully elucidate the functional role of these cathepsins in hPWS.
Incidence of Concussion and Time to Return-to-Play in the National Rugby League
Authors: Iverson Grant L. , Gardner Andrew J. 
Published: August 2021

Objectives:
To examine the rates of concussion and recovery time over the course of 2 seasons of the National Rugby League (NRL).

Design:
Descriptive cohort study.

Setting:
The NRL match play concussion injury surveillance system.

Participants:
All NRL players who participated in the 2017 and 2018 season.

Main Outcome Measures:
The (1) frequency of sideline injury surveillance identified head impact events in real-time during the games, (2) frequency of head injury assessments conducted by the medical staff, (3) frequency of medically diagnosed concussions, (4) number of days to medical clearance to return-to-play, and (5) number of games missed after concussion.

Main Results:
There were 472 head injury assessments conducted during the games and 149 medically diagnosed concussions over the course of 2 NRL seasons (1 concussion every 2.70 games). The median number of days until medical clearance was 6 (M = 6.85, SD = 8.03, interquartile range = 4-7; range = 0-79 days). There was a statistically significant difference in the number of days to be medically cleared to return to full contact or match play between seasons (U = 3517.00, P = 0.001), and the percentage of players medically cleared to return-to-play at 5 days after injury was 60.6% in 2017 and 27.6% in 2018. Most players (87.9%) did not miss a game after injury.

Conclusions:
There is approximately one concussion sustained for every 3 games in the NRL. Most players are medically cleared to return-to-play in 4 to 7 days.
Factors Associated With the Quality of Staff-Resident Interactions in Assisted Living
Authors: Paudel Anju , Galik Elizabeth , Resnick Barbara , Doran Kelly , Boltz Marie , Zhu Shijun 
Published: August 2021

Background:
Care interactions are verbal or nonverbal interactions between staff and residents during social or physical care activities. The quality of care interactions could be positive, negative, or neutral.

Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to examine the resident- and facility-level factors associated with the care interactions in assisted living (AL).

Methods:
Regression analysis was performed using a stepwise method utilizing baseline data of 379 residents from 59 AL facilities recruited in a randomized trial.

Results:
Accounting for 8.2% of variance, increased resident agitation was associated with negative or neutral quality interactions while for-profit ownership was associated with positive quality interactions.

Conclusions:
To promote positive care interactions, findings suggest the need to educate staff about strategies to minimize resident agitation (eg, calm posture and respectful listening) and work toward optimizing care interactions in nonprofit settings. Future research could further explore the influence of staff-level factors on care interactions.
Coil-Localized Laparoscopic-Assisted Resection of Symptomatic Gastrointestinal Vascular Malformations in Children and Young Adults
Authors: Worede Fikadu , Blinman Thane A. , Bhatti Tricia R. , Mamula Petar , Sahn Benjamin , Srinivasan Abhay , Cahill Anne Marie 
Published: August 2021

Background:
Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding from pediatric vascular malformation is uncommon and difficult to diagnose and manage. The preferred treatment is surgical resection; however, it can be challenging to precisely localize the lesion, particularly if it is not serosal.

Objectives:
To describe a technique of intentional preoperative coil localization of symptomatic pediatric GI vascular malformations by pediatric interventional radiology to facilitate fluoroscopically assisted laparoscopic resection.

Methods:
We searched the electronic privacy information center and picture archive and communication system in our center and found 3 cases. The electronic privacy information center and picture archive and communication system databases were the sources for retrieval of demographic, medical, radiological, and procedural information in all 3 cases.

Results:
After many nondiagnostic investigations in all 3 patients, a GI vascular malformation as a cause of GI bleeding was diagnosed with computed tomography angiography/magnetic resonance angiography and catheter angiography. A preoperative 0.018-inch Hilal coil was placed as close as possible to the vascular malformation during super selective angiography. Laparoscopic surgery was performed within 24 hours of coil placement. In all cases, histology confirmed the resected bowel lesions to be vascular malformations.

Conclusions:
Intentional endovascular coil localization has the potential to increase the precision of lesion localization and may reduce laparoscopic operative time, when guided by the coil position.