bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation of polyurethane foam fine polishing wheel for stainless steel surface
Authors: Song Xudong , Jian Yaliu , Zou Wenjun , Peng Jin , Liu Pengzhan , Xiao Furen 
Published: April 2021

AbstractComparing with dry polishing, the wet‐polishing of the stainless steel surface can significantly reduce dust, noise and other pollution, and improve the polished quality. Thus, it is important to develop new polishing tools. In this work, the effects of the foaming agent and diluents on the mechanical properties of the polyurethane foam (PUF) system were investigated, and then the effect of the filler of graphite on the structure and mechanical properties of PUF was studied. Furthermore, the PUF fine polishing wheel with aluminum oxide was prepared. Results show that the bi‐component diluents combined cyclohexane and dimethylformamide significantly affects the porosity and hardness of the PUF matrix. The filler of graphite can decrease the mechanical properties of the polyurethane matrix and increase the porosity of PUF, consequently, improve the self‐sharpening of the PUF polishing wheel. The PUF fine polishing wheel with aluminum oxide shows fine polishing performance.
Synthesis of a hydrosoluble reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer agent and application in the preparation of micro/nano‐polyacrylamide gel dispersions
Authors: Yang Ziteng , Dai Yaxing , Zhang Fengrunze , Zhang Yixi , Zheng Hongmei , Zhang Peng , Zhou Chengyu 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA hydrosoluble reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) agent named S‐(2‐propionic acid)‐S′‐(2‐methylpropionic acid) trithiocarbonate (PAMPATTC) is successfully synthesized. Then the micro/nano‐polyacrylamide gel dispersions are prepared via one‐pot RAFT polymerization in water to solve the problems of complicated preparation process and particle size control of common profile‐controlling and flooding agents. The structure of the RAFT agent is characterized and confirmed by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H‐NMR). The effects of different reaction conditions on the properties of polyacrylamide gel dispersions are studied. The polymer dispersity index (PDI) of the polyacrylamide gel dispersions is tested by aqueous gel permeation chromatography, confirming the activity characteristics of RAFT polymerization. The rheological characteristics of the polyacrylamide gel dispersions and liner polyacrylamide are characterized. Compared with the liner polyacrylamide at similar viscosities, it is confirmed that the polyacrylamide gel dispersions were closer to Newtonian fluid, especially at high shear rates and the increasing amount of RAFT agent. The viscoelasticity tests under frequency scanning further confirm that the polyacrylamide gel dispersions are successfully synthesized via aqueous RAFT polymerization. The particle sizes are measured to show that the particle size of the polyacrylamide gel dispersions is micro/nano‐scale. The micromorphology of polyacrylamide gel dispersions is determined to indicate the irregular spherical structure, confirming that the micro‐particles are indeed formed by the aggregation of nano‐particles.
Information structures in sociology research papers: Modeling cause–effect and comparison relations in research objective and result statements1
Authors: Cheng Wei‐Ning , Khoo Christopher S. G. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWhen writing a research paper, the author has to select information to include in the paper to support various arguments. The information has to be organized and synthesized into a coherent whole through relationships and information structures. There is hardly any research on the information structure of research papers, and how information structure supports rhetorical and argument structures. Thus, this study is focused on information organization in the Abstract and Introduction sections of sociology research papers, analyzing the information structure of research objective, question, hypothesis, and result statements. The study is limited to research papers reporting research that investigated cause–effect relations between two concepts. Two semantic frames were developed to specify the types of information associated with cause–effect and comparison relations, and used as coding schemes to annotate the text for different information types. Six link patterns between the two frames were identified—showing how comparisons are used to support the claim that the cause‐effect relation is valid. This study demonstrated how semantic frames can be incorporated in discourse analysis to identify deep structures underlying the argument structure. The results carry implications for the knowledge representation of academic research in knowledge graphs, for semantic relation extraction, and teaching of academic writing.
Recent Progress on Addressing the Key Challenges in Organic Thermoelectrics
Authors: Li Jia‐Tong , Lei Ting 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCompared with inorganic thermoelectric materials, organic thermoelectric (OTE) materials have attracted increasing attention due to their advantages of low toxicity, high mechanical flexibility, and large‐scale solution processability. In the past few years, OTE materials have made remarkable progress in terms of their design, synthesis, and device performance. However, some challenges remain, including the low doping efficiency in n‐type materials, poor doping stability with molecular dopants, and the largely reduced Seebeck coefficient after heavily doping,etc. All these factors hinder the further development of OTEs for commercial applications. In this Minireview, we highlight several key challenges during the development of OTEs and summarize recent understandings and efforts to address these challenges.
Robust fault‐tolerant consensus control for nonlinear multi‐agent systems with prescribed transient and steady‐state performance
Authors: Jiang Yunbiao , Liu Zhongxin , Chen Zengqiang 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis paper investigates the finite‐time consensus tracking problem for second‐order nonlinear multi‐agent systems subject to the actuator bias fault. Based on the sliding mode control and prescribed performance control, two distributed fault‐tolerant consensus protocols are proposed for the sudden bias fault and the slowly varying bias fault of the actuator. The first protocol adopts a passive fault‐tolerant control scheme based on the robustness of the system, which has a simple structure, and is timely and effective against sudden faults. In the second protocol, a novel nonlinear recursive sliding mode surface is designed, and a distributed fault observer is proposed to compensate the influences caused by actuator faults actively. Both of the protocols can prescribe the transient and steady‐state performance of the system. Finally, the performances of the two protocols are verified by two simulation cases for the attitude systems of multiple unmanned underwater vehicles.
Pragmatic mAb lead molecule engineering from a developability perspective
Authors: Chi Bertie , De Oliveira Geoffrey , Gallagher Tom , Mitchell Laura , Knightley Louise , Gonzalez Cynthia C. , Russell Shannon , Germaschewski Volker , Pearce Claire , Sellick Christopher A. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAs the number of antibody drugs being approved and marketed increases, our knowledge of what makes potential drug candidates a successful product has increased tremendously. One of the critical parameters that have become clear in the field is the importance of mAb “developability.” Efforts are being increasingly focused on simultaneously selecting molecules that exhibit both desirable biological potencies and manufacturability attributes. In the current study mutations to improve the developability profile of a problematic antibody that inconsistently precipitates in a batch scale‐dependent fashion using a standard platform purification process are described. Initial bioinformatic analysis showed the molecule has no obvious sequence or structural liabilities that might lead it to precipitate. Subsequent analysis of the molecule revealed the presence of two unusual positively charged mutations on the light chain at the interface of VH and VL domains, which were hypothesized to be the primary contributor to molecule precipitation during process development. To investigate this hypothesis, straightforward reversion to the germline of these residues was carried out. The resulting mutants have improved expression titers and recovered stability within a forced precipitation assay, without any change to biological activity. Given the time pressures of drug development in industry, process optimization of the lead molecule was carried out in parallel to the “retrospective” mutagenesis approach. Bespoke process optimization for large‐scale manufacturing was successful. However, we propose that such context‐dependent sequence liabilities should be included in the arsenal of in silico developability screening early in development; particularly since this specific issue can be efficiently mitigated without the requirement for extensive screening of lead molecule variants.
Evaluation of tissue integration of injectable, cell‐laden hydrogels of cocultures of mesenchymal stem cells and articular chondrocytes with an ex vivo cartilage explant model
Authors: Kim Yu Seon , Mehta Shail M. , Guo Jason L. , Pearce Hannah A. , Smith Brandon T. , Watson Emma , Koons Gerry L. , Navara Adam M. , Lam Johnny , Grande‐Allen K. Jane , Mikos Antonios G. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis study investigated the chondrogenic activity of encapsulated mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and articular chondrocytes (ACs) and its impact on the mechanical properties of injectable poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide)‐based dual‐network hydrogels loaded with poly(
l
‐lysine) (PLL). To this effect, an ex vivo study model was employed to assess the behavior of the injected hydrogels—specifically, their surface stiffness and integration strength with the surrounding cartilage. The highest chondrogenic activity was observed from AC‐encapsulated hydrogels, while the effect of PLL on MSC chondrogenesis was not apparent from biochemical analyses. Mechanical testing showed that there were no significant differences in either surface stiffness or integration strength among the different study groups. Altogether, the results suggest that the ex vivo model can allow further understanding of the relationship between biochemical changes within the hydrogel and their impact on the hydrogel's mechanical properties.
Process intensification to produce a difficult‐to‐express therapeutic enzyme by high cell density perfusion or enhanced fed‐batch
Authors: Särnlund Sigrid , Jiang Yun , Chotteau Veronique 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIntensified bioprocesses have caught industrial interest in the field of biomanufacturing in recent years. Thanks to new technology, intensified processes can support high cell densities, higher productivities and longer process times, which together can offer lower cost of goods. In this study two different intensified process modes, high cell density perfusion and enhanced fed‐batch, were evaluated and compared with a conventional fed‐batch process for a difficult‐to‐express therapeutic enzyme. The intensified process modes were cultivated with a target cell density of 100 × 106 cells/ml and with alternating tangential flow filtration, ATF, as cell retention device. The processes were designed to resemble an established optimized fed‐batch process using the knowledge of this process without new dedicated optimization for the intensified modes. The design strategy included decision of the ratio of feed concentrate to base medium and glucose supplementation, which were based on target cell‐specific consumption rates of key amino acids and glucose, using a targeted feeding approach (TAFE). A difficult‐to‐express therapeutic enzyme with multiple glycosylation sites was expressed and analyzed in the different production processes. The two new intensified processes both achieved 10 times higher volumetric productivity (mg/L/day) with retained protein quality and minor changes to the glycan profile compared to the fed‐batch process. The study demonstrates the potential of using intensified processes for sensitive complex enzymes. It is shown here that it is possible to transfer a developed fed‐batch process into high cell density processes either in intensified fed‐batch or steady‐state perfusion without new dedicated optimization. The results demonstrated as well that these intensified modes significantly increase the productivity while maintaining the desired product quality, for instance the same amount of product was obtained in 1 day during the perfusion process than in a whole fed‐batch run. Without any prior optimization of the perfusion rate, the high cell density perfusion process resulted in only 1.2 times higher medium cost per gram produced protein.
Nuclear respiratory factor 1 protects H9C2 cells against hypoxia‐induced apoptosis via the death receptor pathway and mitochondrial pathway
Authors: Li Hui , Niu Nan , Yang Jihui , Dong Fei , Zhang Tingrui , Li Shasha , Zhao Wei 
Published: April 2021

AbstractHypoxia‐induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis is one of the leading causes of heart failure. Nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF‐1) was suggested as a protector against cell apoptosis; However, the mechanism is not clear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to elucidate the role of NRF‐1 in hypoxia‐induced H9C2 cardiomyocyte apoptosis and to explore its effect on regulating the death receptor pathway and mitochondrial pathway. NRF‐1 was overexpressed or knocked down in H9C2 cells, which were then exposed to a hypoxia condition for 0, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h. Changes in cell proliferation, cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were investigated. The activities of caspase‐3, ‐8, and ‐9, apoptosis rate, and the gene and protein expression levels of the death receptor pathway and mitochondrial pathway were analyzed. Under hypoxia exposure, NRF‐1 overexpression improved the proliferation and viability of H9C2 cells and decreased ROS generation, MMP loss, caspase activities, and the apoptosis rate. However, the NRF‐1 knockdown group showed the opposite results. Additionally, NRF‐1 upregulated the expression of antiapoptotic molecules involved in the death receptor and mitochondrial pathways, such as CASP8 and FADD‐like apoptosis regulator, B‐cell lymphoma 2, B‐cell lymphoma‐extra‐large, and cytochrome C. Conversely, the expression of proapoptotic molecules, such as caspase‐8, BH3‐interacting domain death agonist, Bcl‐2‐associated X protein, caspase‐9, and caspase‐3 was downregulated by NRF‐1 overexpression in hypoxia‐induced H9C2 cells. These results suggest that NRF‐1 functions as an antiapoptotic factor in the death receptor and mitochondrial pathways to mitigate hypoxia‐induced apoptosis in H9C2 cardiomyocytes.
Clinicopathologic correlates and natural history of atypical chronic myeloid leukemia
Authors: Montalban‐Bravo Guillermo , Kanagal‐Shamanna Rashmi , Sasaki Koji , Masarova Lucia , Naqvi Kiran , Jabbour Elias , DiNardo Courtney D. , Takahashi Koichi , Konopleva Marina , Pemmaraju Naveen , Kadia Tapan M. , Ravandi Farhad , Daver Naval , Borthakur Gautam , Estrov Zeev , Khoury Joseph D. , Loghavi Sanam , Soltysiak Kelly A. , Pierce Sherry , Bueso‐Ramos Carlos , Patel Keyur P. , Verstovsek Srdan , Kantarjian Hagop M. , Bose Prithviraj , Garcia‐Manero Guillermo 
Published: April 2021

BackgroundThere are limited data on the clonal mechanisms underlying leukemogenesis, prognostic factors, and optimal therapy for atypical chronic myeloid leukemia (aCML).MethodsThe authors evaluated the clinicopathologic features, outcomes, and responses to therapy of 65 patients with aCML. The median age was 67 years (range, 46‐89 years).ResultsThe most frequently mutated genes included ASXL1 (83%), SRSF2 (68%), and SETBP1 (58%). Mutations in SETBP1, SRSF2, TET2, and GATA2 appeared at variant allele frequencies (VAFs) greater than 40%, whereas other RAS pathway mutations were more likely to appear at low VAFs. The acquisition of new, previously undetectable mutations at transformation was observed in 63% of the evaluable patients, with the most common involving signaling pathway mutations. Hypomethylating agents (HMAs) were associated with the highest response rates but with a short duration of response (median, 2.7 months). Therapy with ruxolitinib was not associated with clinically significant responses as a single agent or in combination with an HMA. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation was the only therapy associated with improved outcomes (hazard ratio, 0.144; 95% CI, 0.035‐0.593; P = .007). Age, platelet counts, bone marrow blast percentages, and serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels were independent predictors of survival and were integrated in a multivariable model that allowed the prediction of 1‐ and 3‐year survival.ConclusionsaCML is characterized by high frequencies of ASXL1, SRSF2, and SETBP1 mutations and is associated with a high risk of acute myeloid leukemia transformation. Response and survival outcomes with current therapies remain poor. The incorporation of age, platelet counts, bone marrow blast percentages, and LDH levels can allow survival prediction, and allogeneic stem cell transplantation should be considered for all eligible patients.
A 3D Hierarchical Ti3C2Tx/TiO2 Heterojunction for Enhanced Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction
Authors: Song Qinjun , Shen Baojia , Yu Jiaguo , Cao Shaowen 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe construction of three‐dimensional (3D) hierarchical photocatalysts from two‐dimensional (2D) nanosheets has attracted lots of interest due to its unique structural properties. Herein we design a 3D hierarchical structure of Ti3C2Tx based on its 2D prototype as a precursor. TiO2 is in‐situ formed on the surface of Ti3C2Tx nanosheet by calcination, thereby obtaining a 3D hierarchical TiO2/Ti3C2Tx heterojunction. The rational design induces the intimate coupling of TiO2 and Ti3C2Tx, and macro‐mesopores in the hierarchical structure. The optimized sample exhibits a relatively high photocatalytic CH4 evolution activity of 4.41 μmol ⋅ g−1 ⋅ h−1, which is almost twice that of P25 (2.32 μmol ⋅ g−1 ⋅ h−1). The enhanced photocatalytic performance arises from the more efficient electron‐hole separation and better light harvesting of the 3D hierarchical structure. Moreover, the excellent CO2 adsorption ability of Ti3C2Tx also ensures effective contact between CO2 molecules and photoinduced electrons from TiO2. This work demonstrates a facile strategy for the preparation of precursor‐induced functional materials toward various applications.
Catalytic Cooperation between a Copper Oxide Electrocatalyst and a Microbial Community for Microbial Electrosynthesis
Authors: Chatzipanagiotou Konstantina‐Roxani , Soekhoe Virangni , Jourdin Ludovic , Buisman Cees J. N. , Bitter J. Harry , Strik David P. B. T. B. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractElectrocatalytic metals and microorganisms can be combined for CO2 conversion in microbial electrosynthesis (MES). However, a systematic investigation on the nature of interactions between metals and MES is still lacking. To investigate this nature, we integrated a copper electrocatalyst, converting CO2 to formate, with microorganisms, converting CO2 to acetate. A co‐catalytic (i. e. metabolic) relationship was evident, as up to 140 mg L−1 of formate was produced solely by copper oxide, while formate was also evidently produced by copper and consumed by microorganisms producing acetate. Due to non‐metabolic interactions, current density decreased by over 4 times, though acetate yield increased by 3.3 times. Despite the antimicrobial role of copper, biofilm formation was possible on a pure copper surface. Overall, we show for the first time that a CO2‐reducing copper electrocatalyst can be combined with MES under biological conditions, resulting in metabolic and non‐metabolic interactions.
Experimental investigation on the control strategy of split source inverter for grid‐connected wind power generation system
Authors: Nannam Hari Charan , Banerjee Atanu , B Chitti Babu 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe utilization of an impedance network in power electronic applications overcame traditional two‐stage converters' drawbacks, including a dc‐dc and dc‐ac stage. A well‐designed impedance‐based converter shuns the necessity of multiple network stages that, in turn, enhance operational performance and reliability. The split source inverter (SSI) belongs to such a single‐stage system that consists of an impedance network with a voltage source inverter. The work's primary purpose is to explore the performance of grid‐connected SSI in the application of wind energy systems. A novel peak power tracking controller is proposed for the SSI‐based wind energy systems for tracking the maximum power available in the wind. The grid‐side controller's current regulator is modified to sense the intermittent wind's perturbation and to regulate the SSI output current. The theoretical analysis is validated by simulation, and different case studies are analyzed by considering the mutual effects of SSI and variable wind speed. A laboratory prototype is designed for the experimental investigation of the SSI that consists of a 5‐kVA three‐phase grid‐tied SSI and wind emulator prototype. A field‐programmable gate array (Xilinx) is used to program the control algorithm. Different test cases are analyzed experimentally to prove the robustness of the proposed controller.
The myeloid cell type I IFN system promotes antitumor immunity over pro‐tumoral inflammation in cancer T‐cell therapy
Authors: Ruotsalainen Janne , Lopez‐Ramos Dorys , Rogava Meri , Shridhar Naveen , Glodde Nicole , Gaffal Evelyn , Hölzel Michael , Bald Tobias , Tüting Thomas 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectivesType I interferons are evolutionally conserved cytokines, with broad antimicrobial and immunoregulatory functions. Despite well‐characterised role in spontaneous cancer immunosurveillance, the function of type I IFNs in cancer immunotherapy remains incompletely understood.MethodsWe utilised genetic mouse models to explore the role of the type I IFN system in CD8+ T‐cell immunotherapy targeting the melanocytic lineage antigen gp100.ResultsThe therapeutic efficacy of adoptively transferred T cells was found to depend on a functional type I IFN system in myeloid immune cells. Compromised type I IFN signalling in myeloid immune cells did not prevent expansion, tumor infiltration or effector function of melanoma‐specific Pmel‐1 CD8+ T cells. However, melanomas growing in globally (Ifnar1−/−) or conditionally (Ifnar1ΔLysM) type I IFN system‐deficient mice displayed increased myeloid infiltration, hypoxia and melanoma cell dedifferentiation. Mechanistically, hypoxia was found to induce dedifferentiation and loss of the gp100 target antigen in melanoma cells and type I IFN could directly inhibit the inflammatory activation of myeloid cells. Unexpectedly, the immunotherapy induced significant reduction in tumor blood vessel density and whereas host type I IFN system was not required for the vasculosculpting, it promoted vessel permeability.ConclusionOur results substantiate a complex and plastic phenotypic interconnection between melanoma and myeloid cells in the context of T‐cell immunotherapy. Type I IFN signalling in myeloid cells was identified as a key regulator of the balance between antitumor immunity and disease‐promoting inflammation, thus supporting the development of novel combinatorial immunotherapies targeting this immune cell compartment.