bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A study of low-carbon development, urban innovation and industrial structure upgrading in China
Authors: Chen Mingqing 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This paper, based on the panel data of 281 prefecture-level cities in China, applies the difference-in-differences (DID) approach and the propensity score matching DID (PSM-DID) approach to an empirical study on the impacts of the low-carbon pilot program on industrial structure. It concludes that the program has contributed significantly to more rational industrial structures of pilot areas. The study shows that pilot areas have more rational industrial structures than non-pilot areas, recording an increase of 0.058 units in average rational level. This conclusion holds under various robustness tests. Further heterogeneity analysis suggests that the low-carbon pilot program has notably boosted the rational levels of industrial structures of cities in central China and small cities, while less so for other parts of China or other larger cities. Mechanism test shows that low-carbon cities have realized industrial structure upgrading by facilitating urban innovation. In light of this, the low-carbon pilot program should be further put in place steadily with a focus on tailoring pilot policies to local conditions and enhancing their economic adaptability. The role of the program in optimizing industrial structure should be fully leveraged to effectively add to efforts in actively exploring green, low-carbon sustainable development of economy and pulling off the transformation of both economic structure and energy mix.
Pricing double-barrier Parisian options
Authors: Liu Chun-Yang , Zhu Song-Ping , Zhang Shu-Hua 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Parisian options are a useful real-option tool in risk management, particularly for corporate bankruptcy protection. However, in the past, only one barrier with the Parisian feature was studied in the literature, possibly due to the additional complication that arises with the co-existence of two barriers. In this paper, we present an analytic solution for the valuation of European-style double-barrier Parisian options by casting the pricing problem into three inter-coupled partial differential equations. These are then solved using a dimension reduction procedure and the ‘moving window’ technique. Our solution is in an explicit and analytical form that is written in terms of multiple integrals. This represents an important advantage over the purely numerical approaches previously published in the literature.
Point-of-care semi-quantitative test for adherence to tenofovir alafenamide or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate
Authors: Sevenler Derin , Niu Xin , Dossantos Sandy , Toner Mehmet , Cressey Tim R. , Sandlin Rebecca D. , Drain Paul K. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Objective measurement of antiretrovirals may aid clinical interventions for improving adherence to HIV prevention or treatment regimens. A point-of-care urine test could provide real-time information about recent adherence to regimens containing tenofovir disoproxil fumarate or tenofovir alafenamide. We developed a lateral flow immunoassay (LFA) and ELISA for urinary tenofovir.

Methods
The intensity of the LFA test line was quantified using an optical reader and visually scored 0–5 by two independent people, using a reference card. The sensitivity and specificity of both the ELISA and LFA were determined for two different tenofovir concentration cut-offs for tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and tenofovir alafenamide adherence—1500 and 150 ng/mL, respectively. To validate the assays, we measured 586 urine samples from 28 individuals collected as part of a study of tenofovir pharmacokinetics in adults, which were also measured by MS for reference.

Results
Both the LFA signal and ELISA signal were each strongly correlated with drug concentrations (0.91 and 0.92, respectively). The LFA signal and ELISA were highly sensitive and specific at both thresholds (LFA sensitivity/specificity: tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, 89%/96%; and tenofovir alafenamide, 90%/96%) (ELISA sensitivity/specificity: tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, 94%/94%; and tenofovir alafenamide, 92%/84%). Visual scoring of the LFA was also highly sensitive and specific at both the tenofovir disoproxil fumarate threshold and the tenofovir alafenamide threshold (sensitivity/specificity: tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, 91%/94%; and tenofovir alafenamide, 87%/90%).

Conclusions
Our rapid semi-quantitative test can measure tenofovir concentrations relevant to both tenofovir alafenamide and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate adherence, which may support adherence-promoting interventions across a range of HIV care settings.
Calculi, countermodel generation and theorem prover for strong logics of counterfactual reasoning
Authors: Girlando Marianna , Lellmann Björn , Olivetti Nicola , Pesce Stefano , Pozzato Gian Luca 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWe present hypersequent calculi for the strongest logics in Lewis’ family of conditional systems, characterized by uniformity and total reflexivity. We first present a non-standard hypersequent calculus, which allows a syntactic proof of cut elimination. We then introduce standard hypersequent calculi, in which sequents are enriched by additional structures to encode plausibility formulas and diamond formulas. Proof search using these calculi is terminating, and the completeness proof shows how a countermodel can be constructed from a branch of a failed proof search. We then describe tuCLEVER, a theorem prover that implements the standard hypersequent calculi. The prover provides a decision procedure for the logics, and it produces a countermodel in case of proof search failure. The prover tuCLEVER is inspired by the methodology of leanTAP and it is implemented in Prolog. Preliminary experimental results show that the performances of tuCLEVER are promising.1
piRNAs of Caenorhabditis elegans broadly silence nonself sequences through functionally random targeting
Authors: McEnany John , Meir Yigal , Wingreen Ned S 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Small noncoding RNAs such as piRNAs are guides for Argonaute proteins, enabling sequence-specific, post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. The piRNAs of Caenorhabditis elegans have been observed to bind targets with high mismatch tolerance and appear to lack specific transposon targets, unlike piRNAs in Drosophila melanogaster and other organisms. These observations support a model in which C. elegans piRNAs provide a broad, indiscriminate net of silencing, competing with siRNAs associated with the CSR-1 Argonaute that specifically protect self-genes from silencing. However, the breadth of piRNA targeting has not been subject to in-depth quantitative analysis, nor has it been explained how piRNAs are distributed across sequence space to achieve complete coverage. Through a bioinformatic analysis of piRNA sequences, incorporating an original data-based metric of piRNA-target distance, we demonstrate that C. elegans piRNAs are functionally random, in that their coverage of sequence space is comparable to that of random sequences. By possessing a sufficient number of distinct, essentially random piRNAs, C. elegans is able to target arbitrary nonself sequences with high probability. We extend this approach to a selection of other nematodes, finding results which elucidate the mechanism by which nonself mRNAs are silenced, and have implications for piRNA evolution and biogenesis.
Outcomes of intracranial germinoma—A retrospective multinational Asian study on effect of clinical presentation and differential treatment strategies
Authors: Koh Kyung-Nam , Wong Ru Xin , Lee Dong-Eun , Han Jung Woo , Byun Hwa Kyung , Yoon Hong In , Kim Dong-Seok , Lyu Chuhl Joo , Kang Hyoung Jin , Hong Kyung Taek , Lee Joo Ho , Kim Il Han , Phi Ji Hoon , Kim Seung-Ki , Wong Tai-Tong , Lee Hsin-Lun , Lai I-Chun , Kang Yu-Mei , Ra Young-Shin , Ahn Seung Do , Im Ho Joon , Looi Wen Shen , Low Sharon Yin Yee , Tan Enrica Ee Kar , Park Hyun Jin , Shin Sang Hoon , Fuji Hiroshi , Suh Chang-Ok , Chen Yi-Wei , Kim Joo-Young 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Background
This multinational study was conducted to report clinical presentations and treatment strategies in patients with intracranial germinomas across selected Asian centers, including failure patterns, risk factors, and outcomes.

Methods
A retrospective data collection and analysis of these patients, treated between 1995 and 2015 from eight healthcare institutions across four countries was undertaken.

Results
From the results, 418 patients were analyzed, with a median follow-up of 8.9 years; 79.9% of the patients were M0, and 87.6% had β-human chorionic gonadotropin values &lt;50 mIU/mL. The 5/10-year overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) rates were 97.2%/96.2% and 89.9%/86.9%, respectively. RFS was predicted by the radiotherapy (RT) field, with focal RT having the worst outcome, whereas chemotherapy usage had no impact on survival. Among patients who received chemotherapy, response to chemotherapy did not predict survival outcomes. In M0 patients, primary basal ganglia tumors predicted a worse RFS. In patients with bifocal tumors, an extended field RT was associated with better outcomes. In multivariable analysis, only RT fields were associated with RFS. In relapsed patients, salvage rates were high at 85.7%. Additionally, patients who received salvage RT had a better outcome (91.6% vs. 66.7%).

Conclusions
Survival outcomes of patients with germinoma were excellent. Thus, the focus of treatment for intracranial germinoma should be on survivorship. Further studies are warranted to find the optimal intensity and volume of radiation, including the role of chemotherapy in the survival of patients with intracranial germinomas, considering age, primary tumor location, and extent of disease.
Building upon the Foundations of Branching Space-Times
Authors: Belnap Nuel , MÜller Thomas , Placek Tomasz 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces a variety of events that are definable in BST and discusses in which histories these events occur. This gives rise to the concept of the occurrence proposition for events of various kinds. Of particular interest are transitions, defined as pairs of events, one of which is appropriately below the other. Transitions play a crucial role in later chapters. The chapter then discusses the topological aspects of BST, which are picked up again in Chapter 9. It defines a natural topology for BST: the diamond topology, and describes some important facts about it, focusing on the Hausdorff property and local Euclidicity. The chapter also gives an overview of how BST structures may be used to build semantic models for languages with temporal and modal operators.
The Good Poem According to Philodemus
Authors: McOsker Michael 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis book explains the poetics of Philodemus of Gadara, a first-century BCE Epicurean philosopher and poet, whose On Poems survives among the Herculaneum papyri. His main critical principle is that form and content are inseparable and mutually reinforcing: a change in one means a change in the other. The poet uses this marriage of form and content to create a hard-to-pin-down psychological effect in the audience. Poems produce “additional thoughts” in the audience, and these entertain them. It seems clear that Philodemus expected good poets to arrange form and content suggestively, so that the poems could exert a lasting pull on the minds of the audience. Additionally, the book summarizes the views of Philodemus’ opponents, the terminology of Hellenistic literary criticism, and the history of the Garden’s engagement with poetics. Epicurus did not write an On Poems but Metrodorus did, and this is probably Philodemus’ touchstone for his own views. The book concludes with an appendix of topics that Philodemus handles but which do not fit neatly into another chapter. I discuss his views on genre, mimesis, “appropriateness,” utility, and various technical terms.
Epicurean Poetics before Philodemus
Authors: McOsker Michael 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis chapter summarizes the evidence for discussion of poetry and poetics by Epicureans from Epicurus to the Epicureans who are contemporary with Philodemus. It turns out that, in all likelihood, the first generation of Epicureans developed an account of poetry and how it works, and that we should attribute this theory to Metrodorus and his On Poems. As is well known, Epicurus himself was concerned to deny a role in education to poetry (only his philosophy is truly educational), but he did not ban the writing or enjoyment of poetry. This allowed Metrodorus to write an On Poems, which probably served as the standard Epicurean account. Later Epicureans reflect that account, but do not add much to our own understanding, except for Demetrius Laco, who shows interest in less theoretical topics, such as defining features of genres and rhetorical/poetic tropes.
The Judgment of Poems and Their Psychological Effect
Authors: McOsker Michael 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis chapter treats the judgment of poems: Philodemus required good form and content for a poem to be good, and bad form or bad content sufficed to make it a bad poem. The intermediate gradations are not clear. More interestingly, Philodemus states that a well-composed poem works some kind of effect on its audience, which are called “further thoughts:” a passage from his On Rhetoric III suggests that these further thoughts are an imaginative reverie provoked by the poem, though more details are not available. These further thoughts are the aspect of the poem that cause its pleasure. Finally, a few of Philodemus’ epigrams are examined for traces of this effect.
Conclusion
Authors: McOsker Michael 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis chapter summarizes the contents of the previous chapters and discusses what might be considered particularly Epicurean about Philodemus’ theories. In short, Philodemus’ views on poetry can be traced in part to Epicurean commitments regarding (i) the irrationality of the senses, (ii) how language functions, (iii) their empiricism, and (iv) education, including ethics and theology. In addition, Philodemus’ views on poetry reflects the Epicurean view that philosophy is the only truly worthwhile activity. There is no unified Epicurean theory of fine arts, and poetry does not have any particular or special role to play in human life.
The Sentimental Life of International Law
Authors: Simpson Gerry 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The Sentimental Life of International Law is about our age-old longing for a decent international society and the ways of seeing, being and speaking that might help us consummate that longing. This book treats international law as an experience, a language and an aspiration. It is the culmination of a decade of thinking about the practice of international lawyering (in classrooms, at conferences, in treaty negotiation) and the modes of thinking and being that naturalise that practice. In particular, it asks both how we might engage in a professional practice that has become, to adapt a title of Janet Malcolm’s, not just impossible but also difficult; and whether we might be disabled by the governing idioms of international lawyering and, then, importantly, re-enabled, by speaking different sorts of international law or by speaking international law in different sorts of ways. It tries to answer that question by making the effort to discern or, better still, to bring to the surface international law’s hidden literary prose or its redemptive enclaves, and it does so in a series of chapters on international law’s bathetic underpinnings, its friendly relations, the neurotic foundations of its underlying social order, its screened-off comic dispositions, its anti-method, and the life-worlds of its practitioners, and then, finally in a chapter in which international law is re-envisioned through the practice of gardening. All of this done in the hope of offering a contribution to the project of making international law, again, a compelling language for our times.
Scientific Realism and the Romantic Reaction Against Reason
Authors: Goldman Steven L. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
A so-called Romantic counterpoint to the proclamation of the hegemony of reason by Enlightenment thinkers blossomed in the nineteenth century in the form of philosophies that explicitly challenged the rationalist domination of Western philosophy and the truth claims of modern science. Thinkers such as Kierkegaard, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, and Bergson formulated philosophies in which reason played only a limited role either in understanding human affairs or in apprehending reality. For Kierkegaard, reality transcended reason, while for Schopenhauer, human will was the ultimate reality. For Nietzsche, will was the dominant feature of humanity, which guaranteed that reason could not achieve a synoptic understanding of experience, let alone apprehend reality: reasoning could at best achieve partial perspectives on human experience. Bergson offered the most developed alternative to reason, especially modern science-based reasoning, to penetrate experience to reality.
Taking Sides
Authors: Goldman Steven L. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
From the 1970s on, the treatment of modern science as simultaneously an induction-based account of experience and a deduction-based account of reality became an increasingly contentious issue in the academic world. A great deal was at stake in how one answered the question of whether scientific knowledge was objective and validated by its correspondence with reality. Respect and privileged social status were accorded to science, not to mention public support for research. At the same time, however, scientists faced the more fundamental question of whether there existed a neutral arbiter of questions relating to truth, or at least truths about the world. Philosophers and social scientists lined up on both sides of this issue, either attacking scientific knowledge as a socially constructed belief system or defending it as objective and correlated with reality.
Character Trouble
Authors: Doris John M. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This book collects a sampling of Doris’ essays in moral psychology, from 1998 to 2021. Methodologically, the approach is thoroughly interdisciplinary, especially focused on philosophy and psychology. Substantively, the essays focus on issues having to do with moral character and morally responsible agency, and the ways in which human psychology orders, and fails to order, ethically significant behavior. Cumulatively, the essays give a sense of some of the major debates in interdisciplinary moral psychology, starting with its emergence as a distinct field of inquiry in the 1990s.
Exile
Authors: Vasanthakumar Ashwini 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of exile as a historical practice and identifies some of the functions that exile performs. It then provides a definition of exile and elaborates on three key elements: territorial absence, public pressure, and an orientation of return. It distinguishes exile from closely related concepts, such as diasporas and refugees. It provides a typology of exile politics where, given exiles’ goals and methods, exiles act as revolutionaries, dissidents, social innovators, and immigrant activists. This typology is intended only to illustrate the varying nature of exile politics and to help situate some of the case studies that will be relied on throughout the book.
Exiles as Co-Authors
Authors: Vasanthakumar Ashwini 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores shared identity as a basis for exile politics. It provides a dialogical account of individual and social or collective identities that conceives of these as a narrative. It then provides an overview of associative obligations and argues that shared identity generates special duties that can account for why exiles go beyond the minimal duty to assist. Shared identity can help address obstacles to collective action and make these more extensive efforts practicable and effective. Exile complicates identity, however. Exile engenders greater pluralism in exile and exile provides a site for identities suppressed back home to survive and flourish, ensuring that marginalized perspectives are given some expression. This pluralism, however, can hinder prospects for collective action, and lead to systematic divergences between the homeland and those in exile. Exile politics’ ameliorative function back home is in tension with, although not necessarily fatal to, its ability to perform a corrective function abroad.
Is There a Philosophy of Statesmanship?
Authors: Wight Martin 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis essay assumes that readers will be familiar with Wight’s analysis distinguishing three traditions of thinking about international politics and will therefore recognize ‘three types’. The ‘three groups’, Wight observes, consist of (1) ‘idealists’ and ‘revolutionaries’ and ‘Utopians’ committed to serving the ‘general will’ and ‘the cause’; (2) ‘moralists’ and ‘Grotians’ dedicated to upholding treaties and the rule of law; and (3) ‘realists’ and ‘Machiavellians’ concerned with calculating how to defend and advance ‘the national interest’. With regard to survival imperatives, however, Wight holds that ‘all statesmen are realists’. He also qualifies this exposition of three traditions of thinking about international relations by pointing out that some Grotians and moralists have championed ‘a different Utopia’, an ideal distinct from the revolutionary uniformity sought by certain religions and ideologies. This different Utopia was the League of Nations, an institution designed to bring about a peaceful universal legal order. The League’s advocates expected a majority of nations, backed by world public opinion, to maintain peace and order through rational appeals and, if necessary, economic sanctions, with war as a final recourse to restore international amity.
International Legitimacy
Authors: Wight Martin 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWight defined international legitimacy as ‘the collective judgment of international society about rightful membership of the family of nations’. International legitimacy derived mainly from prescription and dynasticism, the customary rule of hereditary monarchs, until the American and French Revolutions instituted the popular and democratic principle of the consent of the governed. The increasing reliance on popular politics led to the triumph of national self-determination in the 1919 peace settlement, with certain exceptions, notably the decision not to conduct a plebiscite in Alsace-Lorraine. New principles, such as territorial contiguity and integrity, influenced decisions about the legitimacy of the frontiers of the states formed from the breakup of European colonial empires after the Second World War. India, for example, referred to the principle of territorial integrity to justify the acquisition of Hyderabad and Goa. Critics of colonial arrangements have regarded them as illegitimate and unacceptable by definition. A state seeking independence via secession can succeed in its bid for self-determination only if it can gain sufficient external support. Therefore Biafra’s bid failed while that of Bangladesh succeeded. Communist principles of legitimacy emphasize the self-determination of the proletariat under the guidance of the Communist party. Legitimacy principles are subject to pragmatic constraints, and in practice governments generally recognize whoever controls state power.