bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Roots of the Economics of Mutuality
Authors: Jakub Jay 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes the history of how Economics of Mutuality emerged as a concept in Mars. It traces its roots back to the 1940s when Forrest Mars, son of Frank, the founder of Mars, set out the mutuality of benefits in a letter on ‘the Objective of the Company’. Those objectives were framed in terms of a mutuality of services and benefits among consumers, distributors, competitors, suppliers, government, employees, and shareholders. What was striking about this was the emphasis that the company placed on the interests of parties other than the shareholders—the ‘stakeholders’ rather than the shareholders. That was the basis of the study on mutuality that Mars Catalyst, the think tank of Mars Inc., initiated in the first two decades of the twenty-first century.
Building Social Capital
Authors: Fafchamps Marcel 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Chapter 11 notes that social capital can be detrimental as well as beneficial to firm performance if it encourages allegiances outside the firm, for example, in the form of corruption and nepotism. Avoiding this requires creating a sense of common purpose and values that embrace partners rather than either exploiting them or pandering to particular interest groups. Three indicators of social capital appear to be particularly important: (a) inclusion and cohesion; (b) trust, solidarity, and reciprocity, and (c) collective action and cooperation. They account for a high proportion of social capital in vulnerable farming communities around the world and they are associated with the productivity of these communities. There is also evidence of a relationship between these measures of social capital, exchange of information and learning, and adoption of new agricultural practices.
Mutuality and the Potential of Microequity
Authors: Meki Muhammad , Roll Kate , Quinn Simon 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Chapter 16 describes an experiment that is in progress in Kenya to encourage entrepreneurial activity through financing investment by micro-equity rather than micro-debt. The experiment involves individuals distributing Wrigley chewing gum products alongside other goods in Kenya, in particular in areas of the country which were previously impenetrable by existing distribution mechanisms. To assist with their activities, funding arrangements were put in place to allow the distributors to purchase bicycles. The study investigates what happens when the distributors were offered alternative forms of finance ranging from traditional debt instruments to more equity forms of risk (revenue) sharing.
Interface
Authors: Khoo Jon , Turner Miriam , Ellis Justine Esta 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Interface, a billion-dollar corporation and one of the world’s largest manufacturers of carpet tiles, is an example of a circular-economy company. It uses discarded fishing nets to make carpets. Through a social enterprise, Net-Works, it collects and sells discarded fishing nets from local communities in the Philippines and Cameroon, generating income for the local communities, reducing the environmental impact of the discarded nets and providing an input for the manufacturer of new carpets. Network empowered local communities and Interface created a commercial activity out of the circular economy. Interface is hoping to be able to expand Net-Works into a global operation.
Kate Spade New York
Authors: Bird Taryn , Hadzic Aida , Roll Kate , Stroehle Judith 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The case of Kate Spade is a good illustration of a company that has sought to create human capital in the form of women’s economic empowerment in an employee-owned social enterprise in Rwanda. The purpose of the company is to produce high-quality, high-end products for the global fashion industry by investment in training and skills that empowers women to promote positive change in their communities. The lowest artisan salary in the business is higher than the median salary in the private sector in Rwanda and the company generated a positive net income in 2017.
The Rise and Application of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare
Authors: Khoo Yi Ivan , Hao Sen Andrew Fang 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The overall purpose of this chapter will be to broadly explore both the existing and possible implementations of artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare. The scope of this chapter will be explored from the unique perspectives of various stakeholders in the healthcare industry, namely the healthcare providers, patients, pharmaceutical companies, healthcare financial institutions, and policymakers. The chapter will seek to identify the potential benefits and pitfalls that faced by these stakeholders in implementing the use of AI, from the molecular level to a macroeconomics level; as well as seeking to understand the legal, professional, and ethical boundaries of the medical domain that are challenged as AI increasingly becomes irreversibly intertwined with the practice of medicine.
Detecting and Prosecuting IP Infringement with AICan the AI Genie Repulse the Forty Counterfeit Thieves of Alibaba?
Authors: Seng Daniel 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Drawing from available quantitative and qualitative data, this chapter briefly identifies and describes the automated as well as the more sophisticated AI-driven systems deployed to detect and enforce intellectual property rights (IPR) infringement by trademark and copyright holders in the online environment. It studies the legal basis for the use of such automated systems in copyright and trademark laws, and examines how such automated systems have upended, refocused, and altered many of the issues of IPR infringement and their enforcement. This chapter will also look at the problems of non-compliant Digital Millennium Copyright Act takedown notices, opportunistic copyright trolls, and non-interventionist Internet intermediaries, review the relevant judicial and legislative treatments including those in the Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market, and propose possible solutions to these problems.
AI as a Legal Person?
Authors: Mik Eliza 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Cyclical advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) are usually accompanied by theories advocating the granting of legal personhood to sophisticated, autonomous computers. This chapter criticizes such theories as incorrect—a possible result of legal scholars being seduced by incomprehensible technical terminology, sensationalistic stories in the popular press, and ‘creative’ photo filters that transform our faces into animals. Discussions as to when computers should be recognized as persons are, logically, outside of the scope of intellectual property law. The granting of legal personhood is not premised on the existence of consciousness, intelligence, or creativity. Recognizing an entity as a legal person is a normative choice dictated by commercial expediency, not the result of fulfilling any technical criteria. While it is necessary to acknowledge the blurring of borders between art and (computer) science, as well as the increase in the technological sophistication of the tools used by authors and inventors, it is also necessary to state that even an exponential increase in ‘computer creativity’ will not sever the link between the computer and its user. Before discarding the idea of legal personhood for ‘creative algorithms’ once and for all, the chapter explores the relationships between autonomy and creativity. In particular, it places technical terms such as ‘AI’ and ‘autonomy’ in their original context and criticizes uninformed attempts to imbue them with normative connotations.
Opt-Out to the Rescue: Organ Donation and Samaritan Duties
Authors: Midtgaard Sören Flinch , Albertsen Andreas 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDeceased organ donation is widely considered as a case of easy rescue―that is, a case in which A may bestow considerable benefits on B while incurring negligent costs herself. Yet, the policy implications of this observation remain unclear. Drawing on Christopher H. Wellman’s samaritan account of political obligations, the paper develops a case for a so-called opt-out system, i.e., a scheme in which people are defaulted into being donors. The proposal’s key idea is that we may arrange people’s options in specific ways for the sake of others.
Examining Proactive and Responsive Outcomes of a Dedicated Co-Responder Team
Authors: Morabito Melissa S , Savage Jenna 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The Boston Police Department (BPD) has adopted a Co-Responder approach to enhance their response to people with mental illnesses residing in the City of Boston. Because of resource constraints, the BPD does not have a dedicated car to respond to mental health-related calls. This means that while Co-Responding teams can call off on or be dispatched to calls known or suspected to have a mental health component based on nature code or a commonly visited address, they must also respond to more typical calls for service. Using grant funding, the BPD implemented a 1-month dedicated Co-Responder car pilot programme and collected data about all related encounters. Using these data, we explore the outcomes resulting from this evaluation. First, we discuss the development and implementation of the Co-Response model and dedicated car pilot in Boston. Secondly, we examine how the Co-Responder team spent its time during the dedicated car pilot programme and describe the outcomes of encounters with community members, with a focus on involuntary evaluations and commitments as well as the factors that predicted these particular outcomes. Results indicate that much of the Co-Response work is proactive and that formal dispositions, such as involuntary commitment and evaluation, are used sparingly. Finally, policy and practice implications are discussed.
Can Religiosity be Sensed with Satellite Data? An Assessment of Luminosity during Ramadan in Turkey
Authors: Livny Avital 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSocial scientists have long been interested in how religious beliefs and practices impact and are impacted by socio-political and economic processes. Most recently, scholarly attention has focused on the interplay between religiosity and local actors, events, and institutions. Until now, measures of religiosity have relied heavily on self-reports in surveys, but these cannot always be safely collected and tend to be costly. Even where available, survey-based measures may be too obtrusive and are rarely representative of sub-national units. Here, I propose an inexpensive method that uses satellite imagery to unobtrusively estimate religiosity across small geographic units. I hypothesize that night-lights are affected by the behavior of fasting Muslims during Ramadan, especially in places where daytime activities are otherwise unchanged (i.e., where there is no “day-night inversion”). I explore and confirm the validity of this measurement strategy in the Turkish case, using a series of high-quality surveys and electoral results, representing 973 administrative districts. I conclude with a discussion of the external validity of this method and an overview of the ethical concerns raised by the use of remote sensing to estimate religiosity, in the Muslim world and elsewhere.
Effects of the Hedgehog Signaling Inhibitor Itraconazole on Developing Rat Ovaries
Authors: Johansson Hanna Katarina Lilith , Taxvig Camilla , Olsen Gustav Peder Mohr , Svingen Terje 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Early ovary development is considered to be largely hormone independent; yet, there are associations between fetal exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals and reproductive disorders in women. This can potentially be explained by perturbations to establishment of ovarian endocrine function rather than interference with an already established hormone system. In this study we explore if Hedgehog (HH) signaling, a central pathway for correct ovary development, can be disrupted by exposure to HH-disrupting chemicals, using the antifungal itraconazole as model compound. In the mouse Leydig cell line TM3, used as a proxy for ovarian theca cells, itraconazole exposure had a suppressing effect on genes downstream of HH signaling, such as Gli1. Exposing explanted rat ovaries (gestational day 22 or postnatal day 3) to 30 µM itraconazole for 72 h induced significant suppression of genes in the HH signaling pathway with altered Ihh, Gli1, Ptch1, and Smo expression similar to those previously observed in Ihh/Dhh knock-out mice. Exposing rat dams to 50 mg/kg bw/day in the perinatal period did not induce observable changes in the offspring’s ovaries. Overall, our results suggest that HH signal disruptors may affect ovary development with potential long-term consequences for female reproductive health. However, potent HH inhibitors would likely cause severe teratogenic effects at doses lower than those causing ovarian dysgenesis, so the concern with respect to reproductive disorder is for the presence of HH disruptors at low concentration in combination with other ovary or endocrine disrupting compounds.
Conventional landmark palpation versus preprocedural ultrasound for neuraxial procedures in nonobstetric patients
Authors: Onwochei Desire , Nair Ganeshkrishna , Young Bruce , Desai Neel 
Published: April 2021

BACKGROUND
Central neuraxial modalities can occasionally be challenging to perform, particularly if the underlying anatomy is altered or obscured.

OBJECTIVES
To compare the efficacy, efficiency and the safety of preprocedural ultrasound to landmark palpation in the nonobstetric adult population.

DESIGN
Systematic review of randomised controlled trials with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis.

DATA SOURCES
Systematic search of Central, CINAHL, Embase, Global Health, MEDLINE, Scopus and Web of Science to 13th February 2020.

ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA
Randomised controlled trials of nonobstetric adult patients having diagnostic and/or therapeutic neuraxial procedures using standard preprocedural ultrasound interpreted by the operator as the intervention and conventional landmark palpation as the comparator.

KEY DEFINITIONS
A skin puncture was defined as the insertion or reinsertion of the needle through the skin; needle redirection was the backward followed by the forward movement of the needle without its removal from the skin; first skin puncture referred to a single skin puncture with or without needle redirections; and first pass was a single skin puncture with no needle redirection.

RESULTS
In all, 18 randomised controlled trials with 1800 patients were included. The first pass success rate was not different between landmark and ultrasound methods [risk ratio 1.46; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.99 to 2.16; P = 0.06, I
2 = 76%; moderate quality of evidence] and the trial sequential analysis demonstrated the futility of further randomisation of patients in modifying this finding. Preprocedural ultrasound increased the total time taken (mean difference 110.8 s; 95% CI, 31.01 to 190.65; P = 0.006; I
2 = 96%; moderate quality of evidence). Subgroup analyses revealed no influence of the predicted difficulty of the neuraxial procedure on outcomes. Compared with the landmark method, ultrasound increased the first skin puncture success rate (risk ratio 1.36; 95% CI, 1.18 to 1.57; P < 0.001; I
2 = 70%), and decreased the need for three or more skin punctures (risk ratio 0.46; 95% CI, 0.33 to 0.64; P < 0.001; I
2 = 29%) and the number of needle redirections (mean difference -1.24; 95% CI, -2.32 to -0.17; P = 0.020; I
2 = 83). The incidence of bloody tap was reduced with the use of ultrasound (risk ratio 0.61; 95% CI, 0.40 to 0.93; P = 0.020; I
2 = 42%).

CONCLUSIONS
The use of preprocedural ultrasound for neuraxial procedures in the nonobstetric adult population did not enhance the first pass success rate and increased the total time taken to a clinically insignificant extent. Improvement in secondary outcomes, including other markers of efficacy, should be interpreted with caution.
Factors that Influence Door-to-Needle Administration for Acute Stroke Patients in the Emergency Department
Authors: Davis Nicolle W. , Bailey Meghan , Buchwald Natalie , Farooqui Amreen , Khanna Anna 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: There is growing importance on discovering factors that delay time to intervention for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients, as rapid intervention is essential for better patient outcomes. The management of these patients involves a multidisciplinary effort and quality improvement initiatives to safely increase treatment with intravenous (IV) thrombolytic. The objective of this pilot study is to evaluate factors of acute stroke care in the emergency department (ED) and their impact on IV alteplase administration. METHODS: A sample of 89 AIS patients who received IV alteplase from a single academic medical institution was selected for retrospective analysis. System characteristics (presence of a stroke nurse and time of day) and patient characteristics (mode of arrival and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score on arrival) were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression to address the study question. RESULTS: The mean door-to-needle time is 53.74 (38.06) minutes, with 74.2% of patients arriving to the ED via emergency medical services and 25.8% having a stroke nurse present during IV alteplase administration. Mode of arrival (P = .001) and having a stroke nurse present (P = .022) are significant predictors of door-to-needle time in the ED. CONCLUSION: Although many factors can influence door-to-needle times in the ED, we did not find National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score on arrival and time of day to be significant factors. Patients arriving to the ED by personal vehicle will have a significant delay in IV alteplase administration, therefore emphasizing the importance of using emergency medical services. Perhaps more importantly, collaborative efforts including the addition of a specialized stroke nurse significantly decreased time to IV alteplase administration for AIS patients. With this dedicated role, accelerated triage and more effective management of AIS patients is accomplished, leading to decreased intervention times and improving patient outcomes.
Utility of 18F-FDG PET/CT Imaging in Diagnosing Pulmonary Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis in a Pediatric Patient
Authors: Hardisky Dariya , Tricarico Rosamaria , Kelly John M. , Bobbey Adam J. , Stacy Mitchel R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A 15-year-old girl with a history of complex congenital heart disease and prior pulmonary valve replacement presented with suspected endocarditis. PET/CT imaging with 18F-FDG was performed to evaluate the potential presence of intracardiac vegetations after previously inconclusive findings from CT angiography, transthoracic echocardiography, and transesophageal echocardiography. PET/CT detected heterogeneous, asymmetric, increased 18F-FDG uptake in the region of the pulmonary valve prosthesis, typical for infection, and confirmed diagnosis of bacterial infective endocarditis. This report highlights the utility of 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging to complement the Duke criteria for determining the diagnosis and therapeutic management of pediatric patients with infective endocarditis.
Fibrous Dysplasia Mimicking Skeletal Metastasis on 68Ga-FAPI PET Imaging
Authors: Song Yangmeihui , Qin Chunxia , Liu Fang , Lan Xiaoli 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

68Ga-labeled fibroblast activation protein inhibitor (68Ga-FAPI) PET imaging has been introduced for detecting many primary and metastatic tumors. However, false-positive uptakes have been reported in some benign lesions. Here, we presented a 68Ga-FAPI–avid lesion in the left temporal bone in a 41-year-old man with a history of signet ring cell gastric adenocarcinoma. The osseous lesion was finally distinguished as fibrous dysplasia according to the clinical and imaging findings. This case suggests that 68Ga-FAPI may have false-positive uptakes in bone benign lesions, which should be paid attention to in the diagnosis of bone lesions in patients with malignant tumors.
Memantine Alleviates Acute Lung Injury Via Inhibiting Macrophage Pyroptosis
Authors: Ding Hongdou , Yang Jie , Chen Linsong , Li Yuehua , Jiang Gening , Fan Jie 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Acute lung injury (ALI) is caused by direct pulmonary insults and indirect systemic inflammatory responses that result from conditions such as sepsis and trauma. Alveolar macrophages are the main and critical leukocytes in the airspace, and through the synthesis and release of various inflammatory mediators critically influence the development of ALI following infection and non-infectious stimuli. There is increasing recognition that inflammation and cell death reciprocally affect each other, which forms an auto-amplification loop of these two factors, and in turn, exaggerates inflammation. Therefore, pharmacological manipulation of alveolar macrophage death signals may serve as a logical therapeutic strategy for ALI. In this study, we demonstrate that memantine, a N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) antagonist, through suppressing Ca2+ influx and subsequent ASC oligomerization inhibits macrophage Nlrp3 inflammasome activation and pyroptosis, therefore, alleviates ALI in septic mice. This finding explores a novel application of memantine, an FDA already approved medication, in the treatment of ALI, which is currently lacking effective therapy.
Impact of social distancing measures on the daily number of new COVID-19 cases in Côte d’Ivoire: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Porgo Teegwende V. , Boukar Khadidja Malloum , Djallo Ezechiel A. , Amissah Richard Quansah , Assy Coralie , Traore Adama , Sorgho Gaston 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIntroductionCôte d’Ivoire is facing a second wave of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). While social distancing measures (SDM) may be an option to address this wave, SDM may be devastating, especially if they have a minimal impact on the spread of COVID-19, given the other measures in place.MethodsWe conducted a cohort study involving cases that had occurred as at June 30, 2020. We used data from the Government’s situation reports. We established three study periods, which correspond to the implementation and easing of SDM, including a 10-day delay for test results: (1) the SDM (March 11 - May 24), (2) the no SDM (May 25 - June 21), and (3) the pseudo SDM (June 22 - July 10) periods. We compared the incidence rate during these periods using Poisson regression, with sex, age, and the average daily number of tests as covariates.ResultsAs at July 10, there were 12,052 cases. The incidence rate was 100% higher during period 2 compared to period 1 (incidence rate ratio = 2.05, 95% confidence interval: 1.75-2.41) and 25% lower during period 3 compared to period 2 (0.75 [0.66-0.86]).ConclusionsThe easing and subsequent reinforcement of SDM had a significant impact on the spread of COVID-19 in Côte d’Ivoire. The other mitigation measures either did not compensate for the easing of the SDM during the no SDM period or were not fully effective throughout the study periods; they should be strengthened before the SDM are reimplemented.