bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemical Compositions in Salinity Waterflooding of Carbonate Reservoirs: Theory
Authors: Yutkin M. P. , Radke C. J. , Patzek T. W. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractHigher oil recovery after waterflood in carbonate reservoirs is attributed to increasing water wettability of the rock that in turn relies on complicated surface chemistry. In addition, calcite mineral reacts with aqueous solutions and can alter substantially the composition of injected water by mineral dissolution. Carefully designed chemical and/or brine flood compositions in the laboratory may not remain intact while the injected solutions pass through the reactive reservoir rock. This is especially true for a low-salinity waterflood process, where some finely tuned brine compositions can improve flood performances, whereas others cannot. We present a 1D reactive transport numerical model that captures the changes in injected compositions during water flow through porous carbonate rock. We include highly coupled bulk aqueous and surface carbonate-reaction chemistry, detailed reaction and mass transfer kinetics, 2:1 calcium ion exchange, and axial dispersion. At typical calcite reaction rates, local equilibrium is established immediately upon injection. In SI, we validate the reactive transport model against analytic solutions for rock dissolution, ion exchange, and longitudinal dispersion, each considered separately. Accordingly, using an open-source algorithm (Charlton and Parkhurst in Comput Geosci 37(10):1653–1663, 2011. 10.1016/j.cageo.2011.02.005), we outline a design tool to specify chemical/brine flooding formulations that correct for composition alteration by the carbonate rock. Subsequent works compare proposed theory against experiments on core plugs of Indiana limestone and give examples of how injected salinity compositions deviate from those designed in the laboratory for water-wettability improvement.
Susan Lynn Williams: the Life of an Exceptional Scholar, Leader, and Friend (1951–2018)
Authors: Dennison William C. , Bracken Matthew E. S. , Brown Maria , Bruno John F. , Carlton James T. , Carpenter Robert C. , Carruthers Tim J. B. , Dethier Megan N. , Duarte Carlos M. , Fisher Thomas R. , Fourqurean James W. , Grosberg Richard K. , Hamdan Leila J. , Heck Ken L. , Howard Dan J. , Hughes A. Randall , Hughes Brent B. , Kendrick Gary A. , Kenworthy W. Judson , Mars Frank , McRoy C. Peter , Naylor Rosamond L. , Nyden Bruce , Ogden John C. , Olyarnik Suzanne , Orth Robert J. , Short Frederick T. , Sorte Cascade J. B. , Stachowicz John J. , Strong Donald R. , Sur Christine , Waycott Michelle 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSusan Lynn Williams (1951–2018) was an exceptional marine ecologist whose research focused broadly on the ecology of benthic nearshore environments dominated by seagrasses, seaweeds, and coral reefs. She took an empirical approach founded in techniques of physiological ecology. Susan was committed to applying her research results to ocean management through outreach to decision-makers and resource managers. Susan’s career included research throughout the USA in tropical, temperate, and polar regions, but she specialized in tropical marine ecology. Susan’s scholarship, leadership, and friendship touched many people, leading to this multi-authored paper. Susan’s scholarship was multi-faceted, and she excelled in scientific discovery, integration of scientific results, application of science for conservation, and teaching, especially as a mentor to undergraduate and graduate students and postdoctoral scholars. Susan served in a variety of leadership positions throughout her career. She embodied all facets of leadership; leading by example, listening to others, committing to the “long haul,” maintaining trust, and creating a platform for all to shine. Susan was an important role model for women in science. Susan was also a loyal friend, maintaining friendships for many decades. Susan loved cooking and entertaining with friends. This paper provides an overview of the accomplishments of Susan in the broad categories of scholarship, leadership, and friendship.
Bridging the gap: the case for an ‘Incompletely Theorized Agreement’ on AI policy
Authors: Stix Charlotte , Maas Matthijs M. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractRecent progress in artificial intelligence (AI) raises a wide array of ethical and societal concerns. Accordingly, an appropriate policy approach is urgently needed. While there has been a wave of scholarship in this field, the research community at times appears divided amongst those who emphasize ‘near-term’ concerns and those focusing on ‘long-term’ concerns and corresponding policy measures. In this paper, we seek to examine this alleged ‘gap’, with a view to understanding the practical space for inter-community collaboration on AI policy. We propose to make use of the principle of an ‘incompletely theorized agreement’ to bridge some underlying disagreements, in the name of important cooperation on addressing AI’s urgent challenges. We propose that on certain issue areas, scholars working with near-term and long-term perspectives can converge and cooperate on selected mutually beneficial AI policy projects, while maintaining their distinct perspectives.
CRISPR-finder: A high throughput and cost-effective method to identify successfully edited Arabidopsis thaliana individuals
Authors: Symeonidi Efthymia , Regalado Julian , Schwab Rebecca , Weigel Detlef 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Genome editing with the CRISPR/Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR associated protein) system allows mutagenesis of a targeted region of the genome using a Cas endonuclease and an artificial guide RNA. Both because of variable efficiency with which such mutations arise and because the repair process produces a spectrum of mutations, one needs to ascertain the genome sequence at the targeted locus for many individuals that have been subjected to mutagenesis. We provide a complete protocol for the generation of amplicons up until the identification of the exact mutations in the targeted region. CRISPR-finder can be used to process thousands of individuals in a single sequencing run. We successfully identified an ISOCHORISMATE SYNTHASE 1 mutant line in which the production of salicylic acid was impaired compared to the wild type, as expected. These features establish CRISPR-finder as a high-throughput, cost-effective and efficient genotyping method of individuals whose genomes have been targeted using the CRISPR/Cas9 system.
Mapping Urban “Mixing” and Intercommunal Relations in Late Ottoman Jerusalem: A Neighborhood Study
Authors: Campos Michelle U. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAlthough Ottoman cities long have been recognized as sites of significant ethnic and religious heterogeneity, very little scholarship exists that documents or analyzes patterns of residential sorting, be it segregation, the physical separation of groups from each other in the urban landscape, or its opposite, integration. GIS mapping of the Ottoman censuses of Jerusalem illuminates these urban patterns and reveals the importance of scale when considering this question. Even the most “integrated” neighborhood on the aggregate level reveals “segregated” zones of clustering and concentration at the smaller scales of quadrant, street, and building. At the same time, the proximity and exposure of residents to each other reveals how very porous boundaries were in the neighborhood. In order to understand how and why the city developed such a complex spatial pattern, qualitative sources like newspapers, memoirs, and court records are a necessary supplement to demographic records. This approach allows for a comprehensive outlining of the economic, legal, religious, and cultural factors and forces contributing to both segregation and integration in an Ottoman city. It also points to a multidisciplinary reconstruction of the social space of an historic neighborhood.
Do you see what I mean?: Using mobile eye tracking to capture parent–child dynamics in the context of anxiety risk
Authors: MacNeill Leigha A. , Fu Xiaoxue , Buss Kristin A. , Pérez-Edgar Koraly 
Published: January 2021

AbstractTemperamental behavioral inhibition (BI) is a robust endophenotype for anxiety characterized by increased sensitivity to novelty. Controlling parenting can reinforce children's wariness by rewarding signs of distress. Fine-grained, dynamic measures are needed to better understand both how children perceive their parent's behaviors and the mechanisms supporting evident relations between parenting and socioemotional functioning. The current study examined dyadic attractor patterns (average mean durations) with state space grids, using children's attention patterns (captured via mobile eye tracking) and parental behavior (positive reinforcement, teaching, directives, intrusion), as functions of child BI and parent anxiety. Forty 5- to 7-year-old children and their primary caregivers completed a set of challenging puzzles, during which the child wore a head-mounted eye tracker. Child BI was positively correlated with proportion of parent's time spent teaching. Child age was negatively related, and parent anxiety level was positively related, to parent-focused/controlling parenting attractor strength. There was a significant interaction between parent anxiety level and child age predicting parent-focused/controlling parenting attractor strength. This study is a first step to examining the co-occurrence of parenting behavior and child attention in the context of child BI and parental anxiety levels.
Sperm chromatin protamination influences embryo development in unsexed and sexed bull semen
Authors: Silva Thiago Velasco Guimarães , Santana Priscila Di Paula Bessa , Souza Eduardo Baia de , Lima Ana Júlia Mota de , Santos Caroline de Araújo , Almeida Nathália Nogueira da Costa , Brito Vanessa Cunha de , Gonçalves Arnaldo Algaranhar , Rolim Filho Sebastião Tavares , Cordeiro Marcela da Silva , Santos Simone do Socorro Damasceno , Miranda Moysés dos Santos , Ohashi Otávio Mitio 
Published: January 2021

SummarySex selection through sperm sorting offers advantages in regards selection pressure in high-producing livestock. However, the sex-sorting process results in sperm membrane and DNA damage that ultimately decrease fertility. We hypothesized that given the role of protamines in DNA packaging, protamine deficiency could account, at least partially, for the DNA damage observed following sperm sex sorting. To test this, we compared protamine status between unsexed and sexed spermatozoa from two bulls using the fluorochrome chromomycin A3 (CMA3) and flow cytometry. Then, we assessed embryo development followingin vitrofertilization (IVF) using the same sperm treatments. Overall, sperm protamination was not different between sexed and unsexed semen. However, one of the two bulls displayed higher rates of protamine deficiency for both unsexed and sexed semen (P< 0.05). Moreover, unsexed semen from this bull yielded lower blastocyst (P< 0.05) and blastocyst hatching rates than unsexed sperm from the other bull. CMA3-positive staining was negatively correlated with cleavage (R285.1,P= 0.003) and blastocyst hatching (R287.6,P= 0.006) rates in unsexed semen. In conclusion, while the sex-sorting process had no effect on sperm protamine content, we observed a bull effect for sperm protamination, which correlated to embryo development rates following IVF.
Wind, Convection and Fetch Dependence of Gas Transfer Velocity in an Arctic Sea‐Ice Lead Determined From Eddy Covariance CO2 Flux Measurements
Authors: Prytherch J. , Yelland M. J. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe air‐water exchange of trace gases such as CO2 is usually parameterized in terms of a gas transfer velocity, which can be derived from direct measurements of the air‐sea gas flux. The transfer velocity of poorly soluble gases is driven by near‐surface ocean turbulence, which may be enhanced or suppressed by the presence of sea ice. A lack of measurements means that air‐sea fluxes in polar regions, where the oceanic sink of CO2 is poorly known, are generally estimated using open‐ocean transfer velocities scaled by ice fraction. Here, we describe direct determinations of CO2 gas transfer velocity from eddy covariance flux measurements from a mast fixed to ice adjacent to a sea‐ice lead during the summer‐autumn transition in the central Arctic Ocean. Lead water CO2 uptake is determined using flux footprint analysis of water‐atmosphere and ice‐atmosphere flux measurements made under conditions (low humidity and high CO2 signal) that minimize errors due to humidity cross‐talk. The mean gas transfer velocity is found to have a quadratic dependence on wind speed: k660 = 0.179 U102, which is 30% lower than commonly used open‐ocean parameterizations. As such, current estimates of polar ocean carbon uptake likely overestimate gas exchange rates in typical summertime conditions of weak convective turbulence. Depending on the footprint model chosen, the gas transfer velocities also exhibit a dependence on the dimension of the lead, via its impact on fetch length and hence sea state. Scaling transfer velocity parameterizations for regional gas exchange estimates may therefore require incorporating lead width data.
Global Distribution of Three Types of Drop Size Distribution Representing Heavy Rainfall From GPM/DPR Measurements
Authors: Ryu Jihoon , Song Hwan‐Jin , Sohn Byung‐Ju , Liu Chao 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn this study, Gaussian mixture model clustering analysis was carried out to examine characteristics of Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Dual‐frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR)‐retrieved mass‐weighted mean diameter (Dm), and normalized intercept parameter (Nw) of the drop size distribution (DSD) for heavy rainfalls (>10 mm h−1) for 6 years (2014–2019). Three objective DSD types – continental, oceanic deep, and oceanic shallow convective types – emerged. The means and standard deviations of Dm and Nw obtained for the three types are in good agreement with various ground‐based observations, indicating that global view of DSD characteristics can be obtained from DPR‐derived DSD parameters. Global distributions of occurrence and contribution of each DSD type to total heavy rainfall are produced for the first time, which will help examine the dominant DSD type, its contribution to total heavy rainfall, and composition of different convective types in the rainfall system at a given location.
New Directional Wave Satellite Observations: Towards Improved Wave Forecasts and Climate Description in Southern Ocean
Authors: Aouf L. , Hauser D. , Chapron B. , Toffoli A. , Tourain C. , Peureux C. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn spite of continuous improvements of ocean wave models in the last decades, large errors still remain in particular under strongly forced conditions, often encountered in the Southern Ocean, where strong westerly winds generate some of the fiercest waves on Earth in almost unlimited fetch conditions. The newly launched China‐France Oceanography SATellite (CFOSAT) provides directional spectra of ocean waves for both wind seas and swells. Compared to Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), it can resolve shorter wavelengths in all directions, which dominate in non‐fully developed wind waves. Here, the assimilation of these CFOSAT wavenumber components is proved to bring more accurate predictions of wave growth compared to the assimilation of significant wave height alone. A notable reduction of model bias is found in the Southern Ocean, especially in the Pacific Ocean sector. Results further exhibit a downward shift of the wave age, consistent with theoretical wave growth curves.
Double‐ITCZ as an Emergent Constraint for Future Precipitation Over Mediterranean Climate Regions in the North Hemisphere
Authors: Dong Lu , Leung L. Ruby , Lu Jian , Song Fengfei 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe semiarid Mediterranean climate regions feature wet winter and dry summer, distinct from most other regions on Earth. In response to warming, climate models project increased precipitation in US Southwest (USSW) and decreased in Mediterranean basin (MED) during winter, but with marked uncertainty. Using a multimodel ensemble, we found that models with excessive double Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) biases tend to exaggerate the precipitation increase over USSW and understate the precipitation decrease over MED in the future. These relationships are attributed to the atmospheric circulation changes driven by the increased tropical rainfall and the weaker slowdown of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation under warming, respectively. Constraining the present‐day double‐ITCZ with observations, the projected wetting over USSW is reduced to no change and the drying over MED is intensified by 32%. A relative reduction in future precipitation has profound societal and economic implications for these regions already under severe water stress.
Periodic Bedrock Ridges at the ExoMars 2022 Landing Site: Evidence for a Changing Wind Regime
Authors: Silvestro S. , Pacifici A. , Salese F. , Vaz D.A. , Neesemann A. , Tirsch D. , Popa C.I. , Pajola M. , Franzese G. , Mongelluzzo G. , Ruggeri A.C. , Cozzolino F. , Porto C. , Esposito F. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWind‐formed features are abundant in Oxia Planum (Mars), the landing site of the 2022 ExoMars mission, which shows geological evidence for a past wet environment. Studies of aeolian bedforms at the landing site were focused on assessing the risk for rover trafficability, however their potential in recording climatic fluctuations has not been explored. Here we show that the landing site experienced multiple climatic changes in the Amazonian, which are recorded by an intriguing set of ridges that we interpret as Periodic Bedrock Ridges (PBRs). Clues for a PBR origin result from ridge regularity, defect terminations, and the presence of preserved megaripples detaching from the PBRs. PBR orientation differs from superimposed transverse aeolian ridges pointing toward a major change in wind regime. Our results provide constrains on PBR formation mechanisms and offer indications on paleo winds that will be crucial for understanding the landing site geology.
In Situ Investigation of Fluid‐Rock Interactions at Ångstrom Resolution
Authors: Barsotti Elizabeth , Qin Ziqiang , Piri Mohammad 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe flow of aqueous phases through porous media shapes the world. It changes the courses of rivers, erodes mountainsides, dissolves historical monuments, builds caves, regulates the carbon cycle, and changes porosity in aquifers and hydrocarbon reservoirs. Despite the significance of this process both to natural phenomena and human endeavors, fundamental insight into the mechanisms that drive it at the Ångstrom scale is scarce. Here, we employ environmental transmission electron microscopy (ETEM) to visualize interactions between water and various types of porous media, including sandstone, limestone, and dolostone samples, at Ångstrom resolution in real time. Unlike other techniques presented in the literature, ETEM allows for direct visualization of both the aqueous phase and the porous media. As expected, dissolution and recrystallization were observed to significantly impact the shapes, sizes, and interconnectivities of the pores in the rocks. However, for the first time, we provide direct in situ experimental evidence that adsorption‐induced strain can also significantly impact the above‐mentioned parameters, especially in micropores. In some cases, adsorption was observed to reduce effective pore size by more than 60%. The magnitude of the change in pore size was found to vary with pore wall mineralogy and pore geometry. This work presents the first direct Ångstrom‐resolution observations of liquid adsorption films and adsorption‐induced strain.
Spatiotemporal Development and Dissipation of Hypoxia Induced by Variable Wind‐Driven Shelf Circulation off the Pearl River Estuary: Observational and Modeling Studies
Authors: Li Dou , Gan Jianping , Hui Chiwing , Yu Liuqian , Liu Zhiqiang , Lu Zhongming , Kao Shuh‐ji , Dai Minhan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractObservations reveal the high spatiotemporal variability of the hypoxia in the western and eastern coastal transition zones (WCTZ and ECTZ) off the Pearl River Estuary (PRE). We utilized data from cruise observations, buoy mooring, and a three‐dimensional model based on ROMS to investigate the hypoxia variability response to the typical synoptic variation of the summer monsoon, i.e., from prevailing upwelling‐favorable wind (UFW), the ensuing episodic upwelling relaxation (URW), downwelling (DFW), to downwelling relaxation wind (DRW). During the UFW, we found that the northeastward shelf current converges with nutrient‐rich river plume, forms strong stratification, and provides hubs for depositing detritus for hypoxia to develop in the CTZ. The ensuing URW and DFW forcing alters the transport to advect the plume and detritus westward, weakens vertical mixing, and enhances hypoxia in the WCTZ. Correspondingly, opposite conditions occur in the ECTZ as the plume veers westward during the URW and DFW. Contrarily, the weakening westward transport during the DRW forcing restores the biophysical conditions to their states when there is an UFW event. We found that varying wind‐driven circulation interacts with the plume to jointly regulate the transport of nutrient and detritus, water vertical mixing, and residence time, and, thus, the hypoxia variability in the CTZ. The variability of hypoxia in the CTZ is less controlled by the river discharges once biogeochemical conditions become saturated. Our study illustrates the biophysical control of hypoxia variability that is frequently observed in estuaries and coastal oceans.
A Global, Multiproduct Analysis of Coastal Marine Heatwaves: Distribution, Characteristics, and Long‐Term Trends
Authors: Marin Maxime , Feng Ming , Phillips Helen E. , Bindoff Nathaniel L. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMajor marine heatwave (MHW) events have caused catastrophic impacts on coastal marine ecosystems. However, to date there has not been a global assessment of MHWs in coastal areas where rich marine ecosystems are at risk. Here, we combine four satellite Sea Surface Temperature (SST) products to quantify the distribution, characteristics, and decadal trend of coastal MHWs, using an ensemble approach. Hotspots of MHW stress, defined as yearly cumulative intensity, were found to be concentrated in mid latitude coasts like the Mediterranean Sea, Japan Sea, and Tasman Sea, as well as the north‐eastern coast of the United States. We found a global increase in coastal MHW frequency and duration during the past 25 years by 1–2 events per decade and 5–10 days per decade, respectively, with regional distribution closely related to decadal climate variability. Increases in frequency and duration of MHWs has led to large increases of cumulative intensity and yearly cumulative intensity, particularly in mid‐latitudes and hotspot regions. Long‐term changes in mean SST were the main driver of the observed trends of coastal MHWs, while internal variability was important for explaining local decreases in MHW metrics such as along the south‐eastern Pacific coast. MHW average metrics and trends were consistent across all four products used in this analysis, giving high confidence in the results. However, important differences between products were observed for MHW mean intensity, which was well correlated to SST variability, suggesting sensitivity of this metric to the specific SST data set and demonstrating a need for an ensemble approach to MHW analysis.