bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Up‐regulation of pathogenesis‐related genes in strawberry leaves treated with powdery mildew‐suppressing ultraviolet irradiation
Authors: Ota Emi , Nishimura Fumihiro , Mori Mitsutaka , Tanaka Masaya , Kanto Takeshi , Hosokawa Munetaka , Osakabe Masahiro , Satou Mamoru , Takeshita Minoru 
Published: April 2021

AbstractStrawberry powdery mildew caused by Podosphaera aphanis, one of the most important diseases affecting strawberry production in Japan, can be effectively controlled by supplemental ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. Here, we investigated disease severity on plants irradiated with UV light at 270–380 nm with/without inoculation and demonstrated significant decreases in disease severity on the UV‐treated plants throughout almost all of the experiment periods. Daily UV irradiation for 3 hr (0.17–0.96 kJ ⋅m−2 ⋅day−1) significantly reduced the incidence of powdery mildew on UV‐treated strawberry at day 58 after initiation of UV irradiation in a natural infection and at day 168 in artificial inoculation tests compared with non‐UV‐treated controls. Furthermore, we found that two pathogenesis‐related protein (PR) genes were up‐regulated 7 days after initiation of UV irradiation on plants before or after transplantation into raised beds. Transcript levels of five defence‐response genes were estimated using quantitative reverse transcription PCR to determine whether UV irradiation induced a defence response; PR‐3 and PR‐5 transcripts were significantly higher in the UV‐treated strawberry leaves after UV irradiation than in the non‐irradiated controls. In addition, transcript levels of both genes were significantly up‐regulated in plants irradiated with a higher radiant dose (0.90–0.96 kJ ⋅m−2 ⋅day−1) within 7 days after initiation of UV treatment, compared with plants exposed to a lower dose (0.17 kJ ⋅m−2 ⋅day−1) and with controls. Thus, PR‐3 and PR‐5 are induced in strawberry leaves as part of a defence response that is induced by UV irradiation.
Algorithmization of Bureaucratic Organizations: Using a Practice Lens to Study How Context Shapes Predictive Policing Systems
Authors: Meijer Albert , Lorenz Lukas , Wessels Martijn 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe current scientific debate on algorithms in the public sector is dominated by a focus on technology rather than organizational patterns. This paper extends our understanding of these patterns by studying the algorithmization of bureaucratic organizations, which is the process in which an organization rearranges its working routines around the use of algorithms. To explore the algorithmization of bureaucratic organizations, we conducted a comparative empirical analysis of predictive policing in Berlin (Germany) and Amsterdam (Netherlands) through in‐depth qualitative research. Our study identified two emergent patterns: the ‘algorithmic cage' (Berlin, more hierarchical control) and the ‘algorithmic colleague' (Amsterdam, room for professional judgment). These patterns result from administrative cultures and reinforce existing patterns of organization. The study highlights that two patterns of algorithmization of government bureaucracy can be identified and that these patterns depend on dominant social norms and interpretations rather than the technological features of algorithmic systems.
Iso‐anchorene is an endogenous metabolite that inhibits primary root growth in Arabidopsis
Authors: Jia Kun‐Peng , Mi Jianing , Ablazov Abdugaffor , Ali Shawkat , Yang Yu , Balakrishna Aparna , Berqdar Lamis , Feng Qitong , Blilou Ikram , Al‐Babili Salim 
Published: April 2021

SummaryCarotenoid‐derived regulatory metabolites and hormones are generally known to arise through the oxidative cleavage of a single double bond in the carotenoid backbone, which yields mono‐carbonyl products called apocarotenoids. However, the extended conjugated double bond system of these pigments predestines them also to repeated cleavage forming dialdehyde products, diapocarotenoids, which have been less investigated due to their instability and low abundance. Recently, we reported on the short diapocarotenoid anchorene as an endogenous Arabidopsis metabolite and specific signaling molecule that promotes anchor root formation. In this work, we investigated the biological activity of a synthetic isomer of anchorene, iso‐anchorene, which can be derived from repeated carotenoid cleavage. We show that iso‐anchorene is a growth inhibitor that specifically inhibits primary root growth by reducing cell division rates in the root apical meristem. Using auxin efflux transporter marker lines, we also show that the effect of iso‐anchorene on primary root growth involves the modulation of auxin homeostasis. Moreover, by using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis, we demonstrate that iso‐anchorene is a natural Arabidopsis metabolite. Chemical inhibition of carotenoid biosynthesis led to a significant decrease in the iso‐anchorene level, indicating that it originates from this metabolic pathway. Taken together, our results reveal a novel carotenoid‐derived regulatory metabolite with a specific biological function that affects root growth, manifesting the biological importance of diapocarotenoids.
Study on Experiment and Modeling of Viscoelastic Damper Considering Interfacial Effect of Matrix Rubber/Carbon Black
Authors: Ge Teng , Xu Zhao-Dong , Yuan Fuh-Gwo 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Viscoelastic (VE) dampers are a kind of effective passive vibration control device and widely used to attenuate structural vibration. In this article, experimental study and multiscale modeling analysis on the VE damper for reducing wind-excited vibration are carried out. First, an experimental study on VE damper is conducted to reveal the dynamic properties of VE damper. The experimental results show that the dynamic properties of VE material are influenced by excitation frequency and insignificantly affected by displacement amplitude, and the VE material has good energy dissipation capacity. Second, the damping mechanism of VE damper is analyzed from micro-perspectives by considering the influence of cross-linked and free molecular chain networks. Then, a novel type spherical chain network model based on the chain network microstructure is proposed. The proposed model is verified by comparing the experimental data and the mathematical results, which indicates that the proposed model can accurately describe the dynamic properties of VE damper affected by different temperatures, frequencies, and displacements.
Lubrication Performance of Helical Gear Pair Under Dynamic Load Based on Local Involute Profile
Authors: Liu Mingyong , Qu Yang , Hu Chenglong , Deng Enxi 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The tribological properties of gear interface have been widely concerned in the past decades. In this study, based on the local involute profile and crown modification, a thermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication model is proposed for a helical gear pair. To discuss the influences of dynamic load on the tribological properties of helical gear pair, the dynamic mesh force of tooth surface is obtained by torsional vibration model. The influences of working conditions and surface roughness on the tribological properties of helical gear pair are investigated. The tribological properties are evaluated in terms of the average film thickness, friction coefficient, mechanical power loss etc. Results show that the dynamic effect of gears has a significant effect on the tribological properties, especially at a specific speed, such as resonance speed. In order to simulate gear lubrication accurately, it is recommended to adopt local involute tooth profile and consider tooth profile modification to calculate geometric clearance. The influence of input rotation speed on the dynamic characteristics and tribological properties of gear is more significant than that of input torque. The surface roughness significantly changes the distribution of interface pressure and film thickness. With the increase of roughness amplitude, the local fluctuation amplitude of pressure and film thickness increase and the dry contact occurs at the end of contact line. Meanwhile, the maximum subsurface stress moves toward the tooth surface, especial for the high frequency engineering roughness. This local stress concentration is harmful to the fatigue life of gear meshing process.
On the Bandwidth and Beam Profile Characteristics of a Simple Low-Frequency Collimated Ultrasound Beam Source
Authors: Greenhall J. , Chillara V. K. , Sinha D. N. , Pantea C. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We numerically investigate the bandwidth and collimation characteristics of ultrasound beams generated by a simple collimated ultrasound beam source that consists of a piezoelectric disk operated near its radial mode resonances. We simulate the ultrasound beam generated in a fluid medium as a function of the excitation frequency for two cases: (1) free piezoelectric disk that corresponds to zero-traction along the lateral edge and (2) fixed piezoelectric disk that corresponds to zero-displacement along the lateral edge. We present and discuss the physical mechanism underpinning the frequency-dependent collimation and bandwidth properties of the ultrasound beams. We observe that the collimated beam generated by the free disk repeatedly lengthens/shortens and also extends/retracts sidelobes with increasing frequency. Alternatively, fixing the piezoelectric disk results in a consistent beam profile shape across a broad range of frequencies. This facilitates generating broadband signals such as a Gaussian pulse or chirp, which are common in ultrasound imaging. Thus, the fixed piezoelectric disk finds application as a collimated ultrasound beam source in a wide range of applications including medical ultrasound imaging, scanning acoustic microscopy, sonar detection, and other nondestructive ultrasound inspection techniques.
Constrained dynamics of maximally entangled bipartite system
Authors: Bashir Asma , Wasay Muhammad Abdul 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe classical and quantum dynamics of two particles constrained on$$S^1$$S1is discussed via Dirac’s approach. We show that when state is maximally entangled between two subsystems, the product of dispersion in the measurement reduces. We also quantify the upper bound on the external field$$\vec {B}$$B→such that$$\vec {B}\ge \vec {B}_{upper }$$B→≥B→upperimplies no reduction in the product of dispersion pertaining to one subsystem. Further, we report on the cut-off value of the external field$$\vec {B}_{cutoff }$$B→cutoff, above which the bipartite entanglement is lost and there exists a direct relationship between uncertainty of the composite system and the external field. We note that, in this framework it is possible to tune the external field for entanglement/unentanglement of a bipartite system. Finally, we show that the additional terms arising in the quantum Hamiltonian, due to the requirement of Hermiticity of operators, produce a shift in the energy of the system.
The Effect of Dexmedetomidine in Combination with Bupivacaine on Sensory and Motor Block Time and Pain Score in Supraclavicular Block
Authors: Sane Shahryar , Shokouhi Shahram , Golabi Parang , Rezaeian Mona , Kazemi Haki Behzad 
Published: April 2021

Background. Brachial plexus block is frequently recommended for upper limb surgeries. Many drugs have been used as adjuvants to prolong the duration of the block. This study aimed to assess the effect of dexmedetomidine with bupivacaine combination and only bupivacaine on sensory and motor block duration time, pain score, and hemodynamic variations in the supraclavicular block in upper extremity orthopedic surgery. Methods. This prospective, double-blind clinical trial study was conducted on 60 patients, 20 to 60 years old. Patients were candidates for upper extremity orthopedic surgeries. The sensory and motor block were evaluated by using the pinprick method and the modified Bromage scale. The postoperative pain was assessed by utilizing a visual analog scale. Results. The mean onset time of sensory and motor block in patients receiving only bupivacaine was, respectively, 31.03 ± 9.65 min and 24.66 ± 9.2 min, and in the dexmedetomidine receiving group, it was about 21.36 ± 8.34 min and 15.93 ± 6.36 minutes. The changes in heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure were similar in both groups. The duration of sensory and motor block and the time of the first analgesia request in the intervention group were longer. Postoperative pain was lower in the intervention group for 24 hours (

P

= 0.001). Conclusion. Dexmedetomidine plus bupivacaine reduced the onset time of sense and motor blocks and increased numbness and immobility duration. Also, dexmedetomidine reduced postoperative pain significantly with the use of bupivacaine for supraclavicular blocks. Trial Registration. IRCT, IRCT20160430027677N15. Registered 05/28/2019, https://www.irct.ir/trial/39463.
Biomarkers of Inflammation and Risk of Hospitalization for Heart Failure in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Benz Alexander P. , Aeschbacher Stefanie , Krisai Philipp , Moschovitis Giorgio , Blum Steffen , Meyre Pascal , Blum Manuel R. , Rodondi Nicolas , Di Valentino Marcello , Kobza Richard , De Perna Maria Luisa , Bonati Leo H. , Beer Jürg H. , Kühne Michael , Osswald Stefan , Conen David ,   the BEAT‐AF, Swiss‐AF Investigators
Published: April 2021

Background
Hospitalization for heart failure (HF) is very common in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). We hypothesized that biomarkers of inflammation can identify patients with AF at increased risk of this important complication.

Methods and Results

Patients with established AF were prospectively enrolled. Levels of hs‐CRP (high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein) and interleukin‐6 were measured from plasma samples obtained at baseline. We calculated an inflammation score ranging from 0 to 4 (1 point for each biomarker between the 50th and 75th percentile, 2 points for each biomarker above the 75th percentile). Individual associations of biomarkers and the inflammation score with HF hospitalization were obtained from multivariable Cox proportional hazards models. A total of 3784 patients with AF (median age 72 years, 24% prior HF) were followed for a median of 4.0 years. The median (interquartile range) plasma levels of hs‐CRP and interleukin‐6 were 1.64 (0.81–3.69) mg/L and 3.42 (2.14–5.60) pg/mL, respectively. The overall incidence of HF hospitalization was 3.04 per 100 person‐years and increased from 1.34 to 7.31 per 100 person‐years across inflammation score categories. After multivariable adjustment, both biomarkers were significantly associated with the risk of HF hospitalization (per increase in 1 SD, adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.22; 95% CI, 1.11–1.34 for log‐transformed hs‐CRP; adjusted HR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.35–1.62 for log‐transformed interleukin‐6). Similar results were obtained for the inflammation score (highest versus lowest score, adjusted HR, 2.43; 95% CI, 1.80–3.30;
P
value for trend <0.001).

Conclusions
Biomarkers of inflammation strongly predicted HF hospitalization in a large, contemporary sample of patients with AF.

Registration

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
; Unique identifier: NCT02105844.
The neurobiology of environmentally induced stereotypic behaviours in captive animals: assessing the basal ganglia pathways and cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical circuitry hypotheses
Authors: Kitchenham Lindsey , Mason Georgia J. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The neurobiology of environmentally induced stereotypic behaviours (SBs) (e.g., pacing in zoo carnivores, crib-biting in horses, tail chasing in dogs) is hypothesized to involve altered functioning within the basal ganglia (‘Basal Ganglia (BG) Pathways Hypotheses’) and/or between the basal ganglia and cortex (‘Cortico-Striatal-Thalamo-Cortical (CSTC) Circuits Hypotheses’). We review four decades of relevant studies, critically assessing support for both hypotheses. Currently no BG Pathways or CSTC Circuits hypothesis is fully supported. While some results are partially consistent with some hypotheses (decreased subthalamic nucleus activity in deer mice and C58 mice); others (nucleus accumbens activity in mink and C57 mice) seem to reflect individual differences in SB, but not environmental effects. Yet others can be tentatively rejected: neither elevated striatal dopamine nor the cortico-striatal connection of the sensorimotor circuit seem to be involved for most species studied to date. Further research is now important for understanding the impact of captivity on animals’ functioning.
Mogami Tokunai’s wood collection from Hokkaido, Japan: an early record of Ainu wood culture
Authors: Baas Pieter , Fujii Tomoyuki , Kato Nobushige , Mertz Mechtild , Noshiro Shuichi , Thijsse Gerard 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
During the court journey to Edo (Tokyo) in 1826, the famous Japan explorer Philipp Franz von Siebold (1796–1866) met an old and wise mathematician, explorer, and ethnographer, Mogami Tokunai (1755–1836). Tokunai not only allowed Siebold to copy sensitive maps of disputed territories in Northern Japan, but also donated him a set of 45 Japanese wood samples, most of them decorated with paintings of the foliage of the trees from which the wood came, and later provided with interesting notes on their timber uses by the Ainu people in “Jezo” (or Ezo-chi, more or less equivalent with modern Hokkaido). Based mainly on earlier detailed studies by Prof. Takao Yamaguchi and Prof. Nobushige Kato, we will discuss this collection in the context of contemporary and later wood collections and its significance for forest products research in and beyond Japan. Other Japanese wood collections taken to the Netherlands by Siebold were used for the very first Ph.D. studies on wood anatomy in Leiden, and possibly also in Munich. Siebold’s most important disciple Ito Keisuke (or Ito “Keiske”, or “Keisuke Itoh”, 1803–1901) oversaw the decoration of a set of painted wood samples for teaching purposes in Tokyo in the 1880s. From the 1870s onwards, Japan was actively promoting its timber resources at World Expositions in Vienna, Philadelphia, and Paris. In the latter two venues with another special type of wood collection: sections mounted on the pages of a book, possibly inspired by a concept developed by the German forestry scientist Hermann Nördlinger.
The Patient Perspective: Evaluating the Accessibility of Transoral Robotic Surgery Online Resources
Authors: Xing Monica H. , Chai Raymond L. 
Published: April 2021

Purpose: The varied treatment options available to patients with HPV-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) can cause significant patient confusion. In particular, transoral robotic surgery (TORS) has become widely used for treatment of HPV-positive OPSCC. As patients commonly refer to the internet for additional information, we aim to evaluate the quality of online patient educational materials for TORS in comparison to other otolaryngology surgical procedures. Methods: The terms “transoral robotic surgery,” “glossectomy,” “thyroidectomy,” and “neck dissection” were searched on Google. Flesch reading ease, Flesh-Kincaid Grade Level, MD review rates, and PEMAT understandability and actionability were assessed for each search term. Google trends was used to determine search interest for each term between May 2015 and May 2020. Results: Of the 30 TORS websites that met inclusion criteria, the average FRE and FKGL scores were 40.74 and 11.60 (that of an average high school senior). The FRE and FKGL scores for TORS were all statistically significantly lower than those of all comparator search terms ( P < .05). Only 1 out of 30 TORS sites were MD reviewed, representing the lowest MD review rate across all search terms. Understandability and actionability scores for TORS were also the lowest across all search terms at 77.71% and 2.66%, respectively. TORS had the lowest search interest. Conclusions: In comparison to other common otolaryngology procedures, TORS websites are the least patient friendly. As TORS becomes a more widely used procedure, it is critical that TORS websites become higher quality resources that patients can reliably reference.
Is Transoral Robotic Surgery the Best Surgical Treatment for Lingual Thyroid? A Case-Report and Literature Review
Authors: D’Andréa Grégoire , Vairel Benjamin , Vandersteen Clair , Chabrillac Emilien , Vergez Sébastien , Bonnecaze Guillaume De 
Published: April 2021

Objectives: To highlight the specific outcomes of the current surgical procedures for lingual thyroid excision, for benign and malignant lesions. Methods: We carried out a systematic review of surgical treatments of lingual thyroid, according to the PRISMA method. We conducted our literature search in PubMed and Ovid. Data was collected concerning patient demographics, tumor characteristics, types of surgery performed, and specific intra- and postoperative outcomes of each procedure. Surgical procedures were classified in 4 categories: transcervical approaches, “invasive” transoral approaches (transmandibular and/or tongue splitting), “non-invasive” transoral approaches, and transoral robotic surgery. We detailed the transoral robotic surgical technique through a case report, along with a surgical video. Results: Of 373 peer-reviewed articles found, 40 provided adequate information on surgical management and outcomes for patients with lingual thyroid. “Non-invasive” transoral approaches and transoral robotic surgeries required significantly fewer tracheostomies than “invasive” transoral and transcervical approaches ( P < .001), while there was no statistical difference in the rate of surgical complications between each procedure. Conclusions: Transoral robotic surgery appears to be a feasible, effective, and fast solution for lingual thyroid excision, with excellent short- and long-term surgical outcomes.
A theory-grounded text message–based intervention to reduce sedentary behaviour in university students
Authors: Keahey Robin , White Nicole , Duchesne Annie , Pelletier Chelsea A 
Published: April 2021

Objective: To evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of a theory-grounded, text message–based intervention targeting sedentary behaviour among university students. Design: Single-group repeated measures design. Setting: Post-secondary institution in British Columbia, Canada. Methods: Data concerning students’ sedentary behaviour were collected via online survey completed at three time points over the course of one university semester: baseline (T1), post-intervention (T2) and 2-week follow-up (T3). The 6-week intervention comprised four weekly text messages delivered to participants’ mobile devices. Participants’ attitudes regarding the intervention were evaluated together with other measures including constructs in the Health Action Process Approach (HAPA). Sedentary behaviour and physical activity were measured using the Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour Questionnaire (PASB-Q). Results: The intervention was generally well received by participants. Preliminary, observational data suggest some indices of user experience were statistically associated with behavioural outcomes and may inform future work. Hours per week of sedentary behaviour did not change across time points, whereas minutes per week of physical activity decreased significantly from baseline to follow-up. Conclusion: While study findings suggest minor modifications to the intervention may improve participants’ engagement, we demonstrated overall that a theory-grounded, text message–based intervention to reduce sedentary behaviour can be feasibly implemented. The efficacy of this intervention should be tested through a randomised control trial with a representative sample of the student population.