bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adrenal Vein Cortisol to Metanephrine Ratio for Localizing ACTH-Independent Cortisol-Producing Adenoma: A Case Report
Authors: Raj Rishi , Kern Philip A , Ghanta Neelima , Uy Edilfavia M , Asadipooya Kamyar 
Published: January 2021

AbstractContextFinding the source of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-independent cortisol-producing adenoma in the patients with subclinical Cushing syndrome (SCS) and bilateral adrenal nodules is sometimes challenging. Computed tomography (CT) and positron emission tomography are helpful, but adrenal venous sampling (AVS) is the gold standard approach. However, interpretation of AVS is important to improve the accuracy of decision-making for surgery. We report a case and review of the literature to assess the benefit of using adrenal vein cortisol to metanephrine ratio to determine the source of cortisol production in SCS and bilateral nodules.Evidence AcquisitionThree authors searched PubMed for data on patients with SCS who had AVS procedure and measurements of cortisol and catecholamines.Case DescriptionA 51-year-old woman with SCS and hypertension crisis presented to our clinic. Paraclinical investigations revealed that she had an ACTH-independent cortisol-producing adenoma and her CT scan showed bilateral adrenal nodules. After AVS, cortisol (high to low) lateralization ratio could not determine the source of cortisol production but the cortisol to metanephrine ratio localized the source to the left side, which included the larger nodule according to CT measurements. Left adrenalectomy led to clinical and paraclinical improvement.ConclusionThere is a possibility of co-secretion of other steroids accompanied with cortisol in the setting of ACTH-independent SCS. Moreover, cortisol measurement alone and interpretation of AVS results based on cortisol values may not help lateralizing the source of cortisol production with bilateral adrenal nodules. Therefore, we suggest applying cortisol to metanephrine ratio with the same gradient (gradient &gt; 2.3, highest to lowest concentration) when the source of cortisol production cannot be determined by cortisol lateralization ratio.
Between the Waves: Building Power for a Public Option
Authors: Hacker Jacob S. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractGiven the close division of power in Washington, DC, how might health reformers pursue their bolder aims? In particular, how might they pursue the robust public option that was a centerpiece of Joe Biden's health plan during the campaign? This new iteration of the public option—far more ambitious than anything seriously considered during the debate over the ACA—is not in the cards right now. But instead of giving up on it, advocates should recast it in an inspiring vision that can structure immediate initiatives designed to make its achievement more feasible. This strategy, which might be called “building power through policy,” would involve using the openings for policy change that are likely to exist in the near term to reshape the political landscape for the long term. Three interim steps in particular could advance the public option's prospects: (1) pursuing immediate improvements in the ACA that are tangible and traceable yet do not work against the eventual creation of a public option, (2) building the necessary foundations for a public option within Medicare while encouraging progressive states to experiment with state public plan models, and (3) seeding and strengthening movements to press for more fundamental reform.
Policy Responses to the Addiction Crisis
Authors: Frank Richard G. , Humphreys Keith N. , Pollack Harold A. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic is just one of two public health crises the new Biden administration will confront. The addiction crisis is the other. The opioid epidemic has already killed more Americans than World Wars I and II combined. And it is but the most visible sign of a broader population health challenge that includes methamphetamine, cocaine, benzodiazepines, and alcohol. This article presents practical legislative and executive actions that are required for addressing these challenges. The authors focus on two broad policy challenges: (1) improving financing and delivery of treatment for substance use disorders, and (2) reducing population exposure to addictive and lethal substances. Through both of these channels, a portfolio of well-implemented, evidence-informed policies can save many thousands of lives every year.
An environment for sustainable research software in Germany and beyond: current state, open challenges, and call for action
Authors: Anzt Hartwig , Bach Felix , Druskat Stephan , Löffler Frank , Loewe Axel , Renard Bernhard Y. , Seemann Gunnar , Struck Alexander , Achhammer Elke , Aggarwal Piush , Appel Franziska , Bader Michael , Brusch Lutz , Busse Christian , Chourdakis Gerasimos , Dabrowski Piotr Wojciech , Ebert Peter , Flemisch Bernd , Friedl Sven , Fritzsch Bernadette , Funk Maximilian D. , Gast Volker , Goth Florian , Grad Jean-Noël , Hegewald Jan , Hermann Sibylle , Hohmann Florian , Janosch Stephan , Kutra Dominik , Linxweiler Jan , Muth Thilo , Peters-Kottig Wolfgang , Rack Fabian , Raters Fabian H.C. , Rave Stephan , Reina Guido , Reißig Malte , Ropinski Timo , Schaarschmidt Joerg , Seibold Heidi , Thiele Jan P. , Uekermann Benjamin , Unger Stefan , Weeber Rudolf 
Published: January 2021

Research software has become a central asset in academic research. It optimizes existing and enables new research methods, implements and embeds research knowledge, and constitutes an essential research product in itself. Research software must be sustainable in order to understand, replicate, reproduce, and build upon existing research or conduct new research effectively. In other words, software must be available, discoverable, usable, and adaptable to new needs, both now and in the future. Research software therefore requires an environment that supports sustainability. Hence, a change is needed in the way research software development and maintenance are currently motivated, incentivized, funded, structurally and infrastructurally supported, and legally treated. Failing to do so will threaten the quality and validity of research. In this paper, we identify challenges for research software sustainability in Germany and beyond, in terms of motivation, selection, research software engineering personnel, funding, infrastructure, and legal aspects. Besides researchers, we specifically address political and academic decision-makers to increase awareness of the importance and needs of sustainable research software practices. In particular, we recommend strategies and measures to create an environment for sustainable research software, with the ultimate goal to ensure that software-driven research is valid, reproducible and sustainable, and that software is recognized as a first class citizen in research. This paper is the outcome of two workshops run in Germany in 2019, at deRSE19 - the first International Conference of Research Software Engineers in Germany - and a dedicated DFG-supported follow-up workshop in Berlin.
Partie polityczne i system partyjny Ukrainy: problemy kształtowania się w warunkach tworzenia państwa oraz transformacji społecznej
Authors: Szweda Jurij 
Published: January 2021

Political parties and party system of Ukraine: problems of formation in the conditions of state building and social transition
Political parties are known to play a profound role in the formation and functioning of the political system of a state. In the countries that are experiencing social transformations their place and role are a bit different from those they hold in the countries with a developed democracy. Since independence proclamation (1991) Ukraine has been in a state of public transition: from the Soviet totalitarianism with a communist single-party to a liberal pluralism. However, this way is rather complicated and ambiguous. The process of social transformation in Ukraine is complicated by the fact that it takes place simultaneously with the process of state building and setting the stages of sovereign statehood. The aim of this study is to analyze the peculiarities of political parties and party system establishment in Ukraine under the conditions of social transformation and state building.
Ukraina w europejskim kontekście pluralizmu religijnego i tolerancji
Authors: Jurasz Andrij 
Published: January 2021

Ukraine in the European Context of Religious Plurality and Tolerance
Modern Ukrainian polyconfessionalism is viewed through the prism of the historical preconditions (in particular defining the confessional status of the Ukrainian society and clarifying the mechanisms of the main confessional transformations) of formation of this phenomena at the purely Ukrainian ethnical ground as well as in the general polyethnical Ukrainian social context. Role of the modern polyconfessionality in Ukraine in the implementation of the Euro‑integrational processes and prospects of its development for the future are also discussed.
Korupcja w systemie wzajemnych relacji między społeczeństwem i państwem na obszarze postsowieckim i na Ukrainie
Authors: Zotkin Andrij 
Published: January 2021

The corruption in the relations between society and state in the post-soviet countries and in Ukraine
The paper described an attempt theoretical and empirical explanation of display of corruption in societies in post‑Soviet republics. Attention is drawn to the need to understand this social phenomenon while taking into account the influence of several factors. Among these are marked anomie or normative “vacuum” in condition of deinstitutionalization of Soviet system in societies of Independent States, a decrease of the regulatory functions of the government, reducing the welfare of the citizens, the interests of elites.
Interesy geostrategiczne i geopolityka współczesnej
Authors: Łozwyckyj Ołeksandr 
Published: January 2021

Geostrategic interests and geopolitics of modern Ukraine in the Big Black Sea region
The paper theoretically grounds current trends and patterns of international relations. It examines the concept, content and factors of national interests in foreign policy of the modern state. The author makes use of empirical and historical experience of safeguarding national interest and its role in the implementation of foreign policy. This scientific problem is solved in an integrated analysis of recent research and publications on the characteristics of the vital mechanisms of development and conditions for their implementation, including the uncertainties and contradictions of globalization.
Coastal shallow waters explorer imaging spectrometer for aerial remote sensing of shallow waters in UV-VIS-NIR broadband
Authors: Wang Tao , Yu Lei , Lin Jing 
Published: January 2021

Advancements in technology have widened the limits of hyperspectral imaging of remote sensing in mapping shallow water benthic habitats and bathymetry. This paper provides a novel airborne imaging spectrometer for the field. The device, composed of an off-axis two-mirror telescope and an advanced Dyson spectrometer working in the ultraviolet-visible near-infrared region, has been designed, fabricated, and evaluated. It maintained high optical performance, with a pixel spatial resolution better than 0.5 mrad, spectral resolution of 3.5 nm, field of view of 28°, and a high numerical aperture for high SNR in 330–900 nm. The imaging spectrometer will help to obtain a combination of the spectral and textural characteristics of bottom features in shallow waters. These features could result in the ability to map habitats over large coastal systems.
Nanopatterning of monolayer graphene by quantum optical lithography
Authors: Pavel Eugen , Marinescu Virgil , Lungulescu Marius 
Published: January 2021

Quantum optical lithography, a diffraction-unlimited method, was
applied to pattern monolayer graphene at 10 nm resolution. In our
tests with chemical vapor deposition monolayer graphene samples, we
have succeeded in producing flat surfaces of a sandwich of monolayer
graphene-resist on Si,

S
i

3

N

4

, or glass substrates. Complex
patterns have been written on monolayer graphene samples by a
nanoablation process. The method could be used to realize monolayer
graphene nanodevices.
Individual and community-level factors associated with lifetime number of sexual partners among women aged 15–49 in Eswatini
Authors: Simelane Maswati S. , Vermaak Kerry , Zwane Eugene , Masango Sdumo 
Published: January 2021

Introduction
Understanding the risk factors for behavioral patterns in sexual relationships play a significant role in the reduction of the transmission of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections.

Objective
To investigate individual and community level factors on the lifetime number of sexual partners of women in Eswatini

Material and methods
The study was a secondary cross-sectional analysis of the 2014 Eswatini Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS). A total of 2,832 women aged 15–49 years were asked in total, how many different people have you had sexual intercourse in your lifetime. The multilevel negative binomial regression model was used to analyze the data.

Results
The overall mean number of lifetime sexual partners was 2.78 (95% CI: 2.66, 2.91) in 2014. Compared to women aged 15–19, those aged 20 years and older, formerly married or never married reported more lifetime sexual partners compared to currently married women. Those that were aged 15 years and older at sexual debut reported fewer lifetime sexual partners compared to those that were aged less than 15 years. Compared to women that used a condom at last sexual intercourse, those that did not use a condom at last sexual encounter reported fewer lifetime sexual partners. Relative to women that lived with their sons and daughters, those that did not live with their sons and daughters reported more lifetime sexual partners. Women that lived in the Shiselweni and Lubombo regions reported fewer lifetime sexual partners compared to those residents in the Hhohho region.

Conclusion
Overall, lifetime sexual partners in Eswatini was significantly associated with individual characteristics and is unique across regions. Programs that aim to elucidate the factors associated with incident HIV infections among women in Eswatini should focus on individual and community-level factors that are associated with multiple sexual partnerships, which in turn might increase the risk of HIV exposure.
Effect of umbilical cord milking versus delayed cord clamping on preterm neonates in Kenya: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Sura Mandeep , Osoti Alfred , Gachuno Onesmus , Musoke Rachel , Kagema Frank , Gwako George , Ondieki Diana , Ndavi Patrick M. , Ogutu Omondi 
Published: January 2021

Background
Delayed cord clamping (DCC) is a placental to new-born transfusion strategy recommended by obstetric and gynaecological societies. Though not widely adopted, umbilical cord milking (UCM) may achieve faster transfusion when DCC cannot be performed such as when a neonate requires resuscitation.

Methods
Pragmatic, two-arm, randomized clinical trial in which consenting women in spontaneous labour or provider-initiated delivery at 28 to less than 37 weeks at Kenyatta National Hospital in Nairobi, Kenya, were enrolled. At delivery, stable preterm infants were randomized to UCM (4 times) or DCC (60 seconds). Neonatal samples were collected for analysis at 24 hours after delivery. Maternal primary PPH (within 24 hours) and neonatal jaundice (within 1 week) were evaluated clinically. The primary outcome was the mean neonatal haemoglobin level at 24 hours after birth. Modified Intention to treat analysis was used for all outcomes. P-value was significant at p<0.05.

Results
Between March 2018 to March 2019, 344 pregnant women underwent screening, and 280 eligible participants were randomized when delivery was imminent. The intervention was not performed on 19 ineligible neonates. Of the remaining 260 neonates, 133 underwent UCM while 128 underwent DCC. Maternal and neonatal baseline characteristics were similar. The mean neonatal haemoglobin (17.1 vs 17.5 grams per decilitre, p = 0.191), haematocrit (49.6% vs 50.3%, p = 0.362), anaemia (9.8% vs 11.7%, p = 0.627), maternal PPH (2.3% vs 3.1%, p = 0.719) were similar between UCM and DCC respectfully. However, neonatal polycythaemia (2.3% vs 8.6%, p = 0.024) and neonatal jaundice (6.8% vs 15.6%, p = 0.024) were statistically significantly lower in UCM compared to DCC.

Conclusion
UCM compared to DCC for preterm neonates resulted in similar outcomes for neonatal haemoglobin, haematocrit, anaemia and maternal primary PPH and a lower proportion of neonatal polycythaemia and clinical jaundice. UCM offers a comparable method of placental transfusion compared to DCC and may be considered as an alternative to DCC in preterm neonates at 28 to <37 weeks’ gestation.
PERAN PEREMPUAN DALAM PENCEGAHAN RADIKALISME
Authors: Musyafak Najahan 
Published: January 2021

This paper focuses on the women’s role in either domestic or public domain in preventing radicalism. A series of accidents with radical extremism background had happened in many places of Indonesia, such as suicide bombings, shootings and destruction of public facilities, which disrupted public security and government activities. This phenomenon is overshadowed by fear and insecurity threatening people's lives including women. Therefore, it need an appropriate response from related parties including women to anticipate the problems. Women is one of the potential parties who has a strategic role in order to prevent spreading of violence extremism. There is limited study that concern to the involvement of women in preventing violent extremism. This study tries to delineates women’s role of Solo areas to overcome of their problems in coping with fear, uncertainty, and social anxiety, and negative impact of media coverage after many cases hit their territories.This study employs qualitative approach by interviewing women from various social, educational and religious backgrounds. They are prominent women’s organizations leaders namely Muslimat, PKK, Aisyiah, Religious extensionist, Islamic Party, Lecturers, Priest and Senior High School teachers Data was collected through focus group discussions involving 11 informants from 4 districts namely Solo, Sukoharjo, Sragen and Karanganyar regencies. Informants were selected based on purposive sampling technique. The result of the study uncovers that the women have had a preparedness in preventing radicalism. It could be understood from their cognitive, affective and skill aspects. They had a good understanding of radical movement characteristics, sufficient assessment, and readynes to act in countering radical behavior
When there’s no Yellow Brick Road
Authors: Ladson-Billings Gloria 
Published: January 2021

I have framed this essay based on one of my all-time favorite films, The Wizard of Oz. I actually saw the film in the theater at a Saturday matinee and I was fascinated by Judy Garland’s journey from a small Kansas community to the magical land of Oz. When she ended up in Oz Dorothy was directed to “Follow the Yellow Brick Road” as a way to get to the Emerald City. For a working class, Black girl like me growing up in the pre-Civil Rights era, there was no yellow brick road to follow to the Emerald City. I was going to have to actually make the road. Fortunately, I would encounter “road pavers” along the way that made my journey possible. This essay describes a version of that journey.
Immunogenicity and duration of immunity of the polyvalent vaccine against chicken salmonellosis
Authors: Sen О. М. , Saliy О. О. , Mazurkevych V. I. , Sobko Y. A. 
Published: January 2021

Poultry salmonellosis causes serious economic damage and must be prevented by disinfection, zoohygienic measures or by vaccination. To develop a new polyvalent vaccine against poultry salmonellosis, we used bacterial strains of Salmonella enteritidis, S. typhimurium and S. gallinarum. Antigenic and immunogenic efficacy of the vaccine was tested on specific-pathogen free chickens, which were divided into five groups of 10 birds in each group and were vaccinated intramuscularly at 8 and 12 weeks: group A (non-immunized control), group B (S. enteritidis mono-vaccine), group C (S. typhimurium mono-vaccine), group D (S. gallinarum mono-vaccine) and group E (trivalent vaccine Polimun Salmo). None of the immunized birds showed such adverse reactions as abnormal behaviour, mortality or signs of anorexia, depression or diarrhea. Two weeks after the revaccination, 5 birds in each group were challenged by watering 3 cm3 of working suspensions of S. gallinarum, S. typhimurium and S. enteritidis control strains at a concentration of 1 × 109 CFU. 72 h after the challenge, faeces were collected from all chickens in each group to identify Salmonella excretion with faeces, and the chickens were euthanized. Significant protection against the virulent challenge was observed in all immunized groups based on mortality and post-mortem lesions compared with the non-immunized control group. Blood samples were selected weekly from 5 chickens of each group for 184 days. The antigenic efficacy of the vaccines was studied by reaction of haemagglutination in the obtained serum. The potent antigen-specific response to lymphocyte activation found in all immunized groups indicated the induction of immune responses. Overall, the results showed that persistent immunity is formed in 4 weeks after the revaccination and lasts for a productive period. Immune response of chickens on day 184 after vaccination with Polimun Salmo was 1: 647, indicating that the developed polyvalent vaccine against common serovars of S. enterica in poultry is effective and immunogenic and can be further used in field studies.
Risk factor analysis for congenital heart defects in children
Authors: Lastivka I. V. , Pishak V. P. , Ryznychuk М. О. , Khmara Т. V. 
Published: January 2021

Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are the most common malformations, occurring in almost 1.0 in 100 births. We investigated an association between risk factors and CHDs, because epidemiological studies have reported conflicting results regarding risk factors and CHDs recently. The study of CHD frequency was conducted in Chernivtsi region (Northern Bukovina) on the basis of the medical genetic center. A retrospective method of research by studying registration genetic maps was used to analyze risk factors. 91 cards of infants suffering from CHD (47 boys and 44 girls) aged 0–1 living in the territory of Northern Bukovina were selected. In order to identify risk factors, 133 cards of healthy infants (77 boys and 56 girls) were used. The analysis of risk factors revealed that the female gender of a child is a risk factor for CHD development. The analysis of the ordinal number of pregnancy revealed that the second and the third pregnancies are probable risk factors for the development of this pathology. It was found in our study that folic acid intake during the first trimester prevented CHD development (OR 2.33). The study revealed that among stressful risk factors are: unplanned pregnancy (OR 3.13); out-of-wedlock pregnancy and stress during pregnancy. Maternal CHD increased the CHD development in offspring approximately by two times. Some factors, such as a woman doing hard physical work during pregnancy, having sedentary work during pregnancy, the mother being a housewife or having an incomplete secondary education (OR 3.61), the mother’s secondary education, the father’s incomplete secondary education (OR 18.62), the father serving in the army (OR 2.15) or being a student at the time of woman’s pregnancy (OR 2.97) were significant for CHD development in the fetal stage. A young age of the father (up to 43 years) was also considered as one of the risk factors. This article is expected to provide timely information on risk factors for CHD development to a wide range of medical staff, including pediatric and adult cardiologists, pediatricians, thoracic surgeons, obstetricians, gynecologists, medical geneticists, genetic counselors and other relevant clinicians.