bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three‐dimensional printing of patient‐specific lung phantoms for CT imaging: Emulating lung tissue with accurate attenuation profiles and textures
Authors: Mei Kai , Geagan Michael , Roshkovan Leonid , Litt Harold I. , Gang Grace J. , Shapira Nadav , Stayman J. Webster , Noël Peter B. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPurposePhantoms are a basic tool for assessing and verifying performance in CT research and clinical practice. Patient‐based realistic lung phantoms accurately representing textures and densities are essential in developing and evaluating novel CT hardware and software. This study introduces PixelPrint, a 3D printing solution to create patient‐based lung phantoms with accurate attenuation profiles and textures.MethodsPixelPrint, a software tool, was developed to convert patient digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) images directly into FDM printer instructions (G‐code). Density was modeled as the ratio of filament to voxel volume to emulate attenuation profiles for each voxel, with the filament ratio controlled through continuous modification of the printing speed. A calibration phantom was designed to determine the mapping between filament line width and Hounsfield units (HU) within the range of human lungs. For evaluation of PixelPrint, a phantom based on a single human lung slice was manufactured and scanned with the same CT scanner and protocol used for the patient scan. Density and geometrical accuracy between phantom and patient CT data were evaluated for various anatomical features in the lung.ResultsFor the calibration phantom, measured mean HU show a very high level of linear correlation with respect to the utilized filament line widths, (r > 0.999). Qualitatively, the CT image of the patient‐based phantom closely resembles the original CT image both in texture and contrast levels (from −800 to 0 HU), with clearly visible vascular and parenchymal structures. Regions of interest comparing attenuation illustrated differences below 15 HU. Manual size measurements performed by an experienced thoracic radiologist reveal a high degree of geometrical correlation of details between identical patient and phantom features, with differences smaller than the intrinsic spatial resolution of the scans.ConclusionThe present study demonstrates the feasibility of 3D‐printed patient‐based lung phantoms with accurate organ geometry, image texture, and attenuation profiles. PixelPrint will enable applications in the research and development of CT technology, including further development in radiomics.
A non‐intrusive domain‐decomposition model reduction method for linear steady‐state partial differential equations with random coefficients
Authors: Zhang Guannan , Mu Lin 
Published: December 2021

AbstractDomain decomposition methods have been proved to be an effective strategy to reduce the dimension of parametric partial differential equations (PDEs). However, existing domain decomposition methods for parametric PDEs are usually intrusive, which means domain decomposition based solvers need to be implemented from scratch for each target parametric PDE. To address this issue, we develop a new non‐intrusive domain‐decomposition model reduction method for linear steady‐state PDEs with random‐field coefficients. As a variant of our previous work by Mu and Zhang, the new method only needs access to the final linear system, that is, the global stiffness matrix and the right hand side, of a deterministic PDE solver, in order to build a domain‐decomposition‐based reduced model without intrusive implementation from scratch. The key idea is to remove the interface condition between sub‐domains and rely on the correlation between columns of the linear system to couple the sub‐domains. The non‐intrusive feature enables the applicability of the proposed method to a broader class of uncertainty quantification problems, where many legacy codes/solvers can be fully reused by our method. Two numerical examples including diffusion equations with random diffusivity and convection‐dominated transport with random velocity, are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of our method.
Use of prescription medications associated with weight gain among US adults, 1999‐2018: A nationally representative survey
Authors: Hales Craig M. , Gu Qiuping , Ogden Cynthia L. , Yanovski Susan Z. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate trends in the use of obesogenic medications among adults.MethodsCross‐sectional data on adults aged ≥20 years are from the 1999 to 2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (n = 52,340). Obesogenic medications were defined according to the 2015 Endocrine Society guidelines on the pharmacological management of obesity. Weight status was categorized according to BMI. Trends in prior 30‐day use were evaluated.ResultsIn NHANES 2017‐2018, 20.3% of US adults used an obesogenic medication. Beta‐blockers (9.8%) and antidiabetics (5.7%) were the most common; antipsychotics (1.0%) were the least common. Most common indications were disorders of glucose metabolism, hypertension, neuralgia or neuritis, heart disease, and musculoskeletal pain and/or inflammation. From 1999 to 2018, the proportional use of obesogenic medications increased for anticonvulsants (34.4% to 55.0%) but decreased for antidepressants (32.1% to 18.8%), antidiabetics (82.9% to 52.5%), and beta‐blockers (83.9% to 80.7%). The proportional use of obesogenic medications was not associated with weight status, except for antipsychotics.ConclusionsUse of obesogenic medications was common. Differences in the proportional use of obesogenic medication may reflect changing availability of obesogenic versus nonobesogenic medications over time. The decision to prescribe a nonobesogenic alternative, if one exists, is guided by weighing the risks and benefits of available treatments.
Extended Group Finite Element Method for a port‐Hamiltonian Formulation of the Non‐Isothermal Euler Equations
Authors: Hauschild Sarah-Alexa , Marheineke Nicole 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis paper deals with a port‐Hamiltonian (pH) formulation of the non‐isothermal compressible Euler equations for a pipe flow. In the pH‐framework physical properties, like mass conservation and energy dissipation, are encoded in the system structure. Applying a structure‐preserving Galerkin approximation with mixed finite elements in space yields a nonlinear system with state‐dependent matrices. Assembly of these matrices in each time step is computationally expensive and makes model reduction inefficient, since the nonlinearities still depend on the full order state. We investigate the use of the extended group finite element method (EGFEM) to efficiently handle pH structure‐preservation. EGFEM separates the systems matrices into products of a state‐independent (precomputable) tensor and a state‐dependent vector for the nonlinearities, making the system easily accessible for complexity reduction.
Buckling analysis of shear‐deformable orthotropic laminated plates with rotational restraints
Authors: Schreiber Philip , Mittelstedt Christian , Beerhorst Matthias 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBuckling of shear‐deformable laminated plates is investigated in the present study. A closed‐form method to determine the buckling load is developed within the framework of Reddy's Third Order Shear Deformation Theory (TSDT). The considered orthotropic plates are under uniaxial compression and simply supported at all edges with rotational restraints at the unloaded edges. This allows the modelling of a number of structural situations, e.g. local buckling of beams or the skin fields of stiffened composite panels, for which only the rotational stiffness of the surrounding structure is required. The analysis approach is based on the Ritz method and employs simple shape functions with few variables for the deflection and rotations, which finally leads to an explicit approximate solution for the critical buckling load. The comparison to the Lévy‐type solution shows a satisfactory agreement. The new approach is very simple and highly computationally efficient, which provides a great advantage for example in optimisations.
The History of “Sneddon's” solution in contact mechanics
Authors: Popova Elena , Popov Valentin L. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAt the beginning of 1941, Ludwig Föppl published an 8‐page paper “Elastische Beanspruchung des Erdbodens unter Fundamenten”. The main result of this paper was further developed by his doctoral student Gerhard Schubert in 1942. These publications by Föppl and Schubert contain many results obtained by researchers in contact mechanics in the subsequent decades of the 20th century. Unfortunately, both papers have been forgotten, which is not particularly surprising considering the years when they appeared (1941‐42). The solution of Schubert reached a great degree of international recognition through the paper of Sneddon (1965) – one of the most cited publications in the history of contact mechanics. Yet Sneddon merely offers a different derivation approach to obtain already known solutions. The solution of Föppl and Schubert was finally transformed into a simple mnemonic rule in the Method of Dimensionality Reduction (MDR).
Boundary Conditions in a Lattice Boltzmann Method For Plane Strain Problems
Authors: Schlüter Alexander , Müller Henning , Müller Ralf 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM), e.g. in [1] and [2], can be interpreted as an alternative method for the numerical solution of certain partial differential equations that is not restricted to its origin in computational fluid mechanics. The interpretation of the LBM as a general numerical tool allows to extend the LBM to solid mechanics as well, see e.g. [3], which is concerned with the simulation of elastic solids under simplified deformation assumptions, and [4] as well as [5] which propose LBMs for the general plane strain case. In previous works on a LBM for plain strain such as [5], the treatment of practically relevant boundary conditions like Neumann and Dirichlet type boundary conditions is not the main focus and thus periodic conditions or absorbing layers are specified to simulate numerical examples. In this work, we show how Neumann and Dirichlet type boundary conditions are implemented in our LBM for plane strain from [4].
The Deep Capsule Prior – advantages through complexity?
Authors: Schmidt Maximilian , Denker Alexander , Leuschner Johannes 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn inverse problems, an extensive number of ground truth samples for the training of supervised deep learning models is seldom available. Unsupervised approaches, like the Deep Image Prior, offer a valuable alternative in this case. In our work, we combine the idea of the Deep Image Prior with recently proposed capsule networks. The new model is tested against a standard convolutional Deep Image Prior on different image processing tasks and computed tomography reconstruction.
A residual‐based error estimator and mesh adaptivity for the time harmonic Maxwell equations applied to a Y‐beam splitter
Authors: Beuchler Sven , Kinnewig Sebastian , König Philipp , Wick Thomas 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn this work, local mesh adaptivity for the time harmonic Maxwell equations is studied. The main purpose is to apply a known a posteriori residual‐based error estimator from the literature and to investigate its performance for a Y‐beam splitter setting. This configuration is an important prototype for the design of optical systems within the excellence cluster PhoenixD. Specifically, the branching region is of interest and requires a high accuracy of the numerical simulation. One numerical example shows the performance of our approach.
Experimental Analyses of the Effects of Cooling Lubricants to Expand an FEM‐Based Physical Grinding Force Model
Authors: Kästner Felix , de Payrebrune Kristin M. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAn FEM‐based physical force model is an important step to obtain a full understanding of the grinding process itself. Such a physical force model is already under development and is based on Abaqus‐FEM. In order to examine basic material behavior and material parameters for such a physical force model and to validate it, scratch tests have been carried out with single grains. However, the current physical force model is only designed for grinding processes that do not require cooling lubricants. Therefore, the aim of this work is to extend this physical force model in such a way that grinding processes with cooling lubricants can also be considered. In order to include the cooling lubricants in the FEM model, it is essential to carry out scratch tests with cooling lubricants in addition to the scratch tests in a dry environment. The aim is to identify basic mechanisms in connection with cooling lubricants, which are needed to expand the FEM model and to create a data basis for subsequent validation.
Workflow concepts to model nonlinear mechanics with computational intelligence
Authors: Koeppe Arnd , Bamer Franz , Selzer Michael , Nestler Britta , Markert Bernd 
Published: December 2021

AbstractMethods from computational intelligence, such as (artificial) neural networks, have become an active research direction in mechanics, leading to the development of intelligent constitutive models, surrogate models, and meta elements. Therein, many neural network architectures are inspired by mechanical domain knowledge in the form of physics‐informed or physics‐guided neural networks. Complementary approaches that systematically analyze and compare neural networks trained on mechanical data, i.e., physics‐informing neural networks, have not yet been established. As a step in that direction, we propose a workflow concept to describe neural networks in mechanics, as well as a workflow concept to systematically search and train neural network architectures on mechanical data. The workflow concepts will be presented in the scope of Kadi4Mat. Following these workflow concepts, neural network design can be unified, compared, and interpreted, which enables explainable artificial intelligence for mechanics in future works.
A Multiscale drusen growth model for Age‐related Macular Degeneration
Authors: Timothy Jithender J. , Holla Vijaya , Meschke Günther 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAge‐related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of vision loss in older adults above the age of 50. AMD is attributed to the degeneration and loss of normal function of the outer retina in the macular region. Presence of extracellular material called drusen between the Bruch's membrane (BrM) and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is the hallmark of AMD. Moreover, thickening and reduced diffusivity of the BrM has been observed in patients with AMD. In this paper, we develop a mulitscale Drusen growth model to test the hypothesis that the BrM thickening and Drusen generation could be a coupled process such that the BrM thickening causes hypoxic stress at RPE which leads to generation of more drusen at POS and vice versa. The proposed framework comprises of a cascade lattice micromechanics model for characterizing the overall diffusivity of the BrM, a finite element model for simulating oxygen transport from the vascular system to the photoreceptors and a cellular potts model for simulating morphological changes to the outer retina due to drusen development. Simulation results are analysed at different time steps and implications of the potential chain reaction on Drusen growth and RPE, POS cell deterioration are discussed.
Influence of surface morphology parameters of steel on tribological properties between glass‐fiber‐reinforced polytetrafluoroethylene composites and steel under dry‐friction and oil‐lubrication conditions
Authors: Cheng Ganlin , Guo Fei , E Jiming , Zhao Guanyu , Zhang Zhaoxiang , Jia Xiaohong 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPolytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) composites are commonly used engineering materials owing to their good tribological and mechanical properties. In this study, a friction pair was formed by a glass‐fiber‐reinforced PTFE composite and a chromium‐plated nickel‐based stainless steel plate (18Cr2Ni4WA). Under dry‐friction and oil‐lubrication conditions, friction and wear tests were carried out on the metal plate surface in two roughness ranges and three surface‐texture directions. The friction coefficient, wear rate, width and depth of the wear trace, wear morphology, and surface composition were analyzed. The results showed that the 90° texture direction of the steel plate with respect to the moving direction under oil lubrication and the 0° texture direction under dry friction were the texture directions with the best tribological performance. The friction and wear properties of the PTFE composite under dry friction were better than those under oil lubrication. The 0.3–0.5 μm roughness range of the steel plate was the best roughness range for the tribological properties of the matching pairs.
UPLC–MS/MS method for the determination of the herb composition of Tangshen formula and the in vivo pharmacokinetics of its metabolites in rat plasma
Authors: Yao Yu , Yu Ying‐Chao , Cai Meng‐Ru , Zhang Zhi‐Qin , Bai Jie , Wu Hui‐Min , Li Ping , Zhao Ting‐Ting , Ni Jian , Yin Xing‐Bin 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIntroductionTangshen formula (TSF) is a traditional Chinese medicine composed of seven medicinal herbs including Astragalus membranaceus, Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch, Citrus aurantium L., etc. which is used to treat diabetic nephropathy III, IV qi and yin deficiency and stasis syndrome. Most of the studies on TSF are pharmacological and pharmacodynamic experiments. There are few basic studies on its chemical substances, and the effective constituents are not clear.ObjectiveTo analyse the main chemical components of TSF and the absorbed components in rat plasma following oral administration based on liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). Moreover, providing a rapid and valid analytical strategy for simultaneous determination of six components in rat plasma and use it in pharmacokinetic studies.ResultsA total of 132 components were identified in TSF, and 44 components were identified in rat plasma after oral TSF, 35 of which were prototype components and nine were metabolic components. A sensitive and reliable LC–MS/MS method was developed for simultaneous determination of six components in rat plasma. The intra‐day and inter‐day precision relative standard deviation (RSD) was lower than 15%; the accuracy of low, medium and high concentrations ranged from 80% to 120%. The recovery met the requirements and the RSD of the recoveries was less than 15%.ConclusionA total of 132 components were identified in TSF. The LC–MS/MS quantitative method for the simultaneous determination of morroniside, loganin, notoginsenoside R1, ginsenoside Re, ginsenoside Rb1 and astragaloside IV in rat plasma was established for the first time. The pharmacokinetic parameters are clarified, which can guide the clinical medication of TSF.
Lack of plastid‐encoded Ycf10, a homolog of the nuclear‐encoded DLDG1 and the cyanobacterial PxcA, enhances the induction of non‐photochemical quenching in tobacco
Authors: Trinh Mai Duy Luu , Hashimoto Akira , Kono Masaru , Takaichi Shinichi , Nakahira Yoichi , Masuda Shinji 
Published: December 2021

AbstractpH homeostasis in the chloroplast is crucial for the control of photosynthesis and other metabolic processes in plants. Recently, nuclear‐encoded Day‐Length‐dependent Delayed Greening1 (DLDG1) and Fluctuating‐Light Acclimation Protein1 (FLAP1) that are required for the light‐inducible optimization of plastidial pH in Arabidopsis thaliana were identified. DLDG1 and FLAP1 homologs are specifically conserved in oxygenic phototrophs, and a DLDG1 homolog, Ycf10, is encoded in the chloroplast genome in plant cells. However, the function of Ycf10 and its physiological significance are unknown. To address this, we constructed ycf10 tobacco Nicotiana tabacum mutants and characterized their phenotypes. The ycf10 tobacco mutants grown under continuous‐light conditions showed a pale‐green phenotype only in developing leaves, and it was suppressed in short‐day conditions. The ycf10 mutants also induced excessive non‐photochemical quenching (NPQ) compared with those in the wild‐type at the induction stage of photosynthesis. These phenotypes resemble those of Arabidopsis dldg1 mutants, suggesting that they have similar functions. However, there are distinct differences between the two mutant phenotypes: The highly induced NPQ in tobacco ycf10 and the Arabidopsis dldg1 mutants are diminished and enhanced, respectively, with increasing duration of the fluctuating actinic‐light illumination. Ycf10 and DLDG1 were previously shown to localize in chloroplast envelope‐membranes, suggesting that Ycf10 and DLDG1 differentially control H+ exchange across these membranes in a light‐dependent manner to control photosynthesis.
Disease characteristics and clinical outcome over two decades from the Swiss pulmonary hypertension registry
Authors: Appenzeller Paula , Lichtblau Mona , Berlier Charlotte , Aubert John‐David , Azzola Andrea , Fellrath Jean‐Marc , Geiser Thomas , Lador Frederic , Pohle Susanne , Opitz Isabelle , Schwerzmann Markus , Stricker Hans , Tamm Michael , Saxer Stéphanie , Ulrich Silvia 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPulmonary hypertension (PH), especially pulmonary arterial and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (PAH/CTEPH), are rare and progressive conditions. Despite recent advances in treatment and prognosis, PH is still associated with impaired quality of life and survival. Long‐term PH‐registry data provide information on the changing PH‐epidemiology and may help to direct resources to patient's needs. This retrospective analysis of the Swiss Pulmonary Hypertension Registry includes patients newly diagnosed with PH (mainly PAH/CTEPH) registered from January 2001 to June 2019 at 13 Swiss hospitals. Patient characteristics (age, body mass index, gender, diagnosis), hemodynamics at baseline, treatment, days of follow‐up, and events (death, transplantation, pulmonary endarterectomy, or loss to follow‐up) at last visit were analyzed. Patients were stratified into four time periods according to their date of diagnosis. Survival was analyzed overall and separately for PAH/CTEPH and time periods. 1427 PH patients were included (thereof 560 PAH, 383 CTEPH). Over the years, age at baseline (mean ± SD) significantly increased from 59 ± 14 years in 2001–2005 to 66 ± 14 years in 2016–2019 (p < 0.001) while the gender distribution tended toward equality. Mean pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance significantly decreased over time (from 46 ± 15 to 41 ± 11 mmHg, respectively, 9 ± 5 to 7 ± 4 WU, p < 0.001). Three‐year survival substantially increased over consecutive periods from 69% to 91% (for PAH 63%–95%, for CTEPH 86%–93%) and was poorer in PAH than CTEPH independently of time period (p < 0.001). Most patients were treated with mono‐ or combination therapy and an increasing number of CTEPH underwent pulmonary endarterectomy (40% 2016–2019 vs. 15% 2001–2005). This long‐term PH registry reveals that over two decades of observation, newly diagnosed patients are older, less predominantly female, have less impaired hemodynamics and a better survival.
Ingenuity pathway analysis of the human cardiac cell Atlas identifies differences between right and left ventricular cardiomyocytes
Authors: Prisco Sasha Z. , Kazmirczak Felipe , Thenappan Thenappan , Prins Kurt W. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPharmaceuticals for left ventricular (LV) dysfunction do not have similar success in right ventricular (RV) failure, which may reflect biological differences between the ventricles. In this study, we performed Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of the Human Cell Atlas to understand how the transcriptomic signatures of the RV and LV differ.