bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three is a crowd: Conspecific multi‐male spawning in the Spotted Toad Rhaebo guttatus (Schneider, 1799)
Authors: Oda Fabrício Hiroiuki , dos Anjos Samuel Ferreira , Lima Jonatha Edson de Paula , Ash Lauren V. , Campião Karla Magalhães , Rodrigues Domingos de Jesus 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA case of multi‐male spawning between two males and one female of Rhaebo guttatus is reported. An amplectant pair of R. guttatus was observed spawning in an ephemeral puddle located in a flooded area of a stream inside an open ombrophilous forest remnant on 31st January 2019, in the municipality of Cotriguaçu, north‐western Mato Grosso state, Brazil. To our surprise, a conspecific male (secondary male) was submerged with its belly up, nostrils out of the water and clasping the female by the ventral region, apparently, trying to fertilise the eggs. For Neotropical anurans, multi‐male spawning has been reported to occur in eight phyllomedusid and four leptodactylid species. Therefore, it is the first record of conspecific multi‐male spawning for R. guttatus. These observations provide new insights into the breeding biology of R. guttatus. Further studies, however, are needed to better understand the reproductive features, focusing on genetic analyses of the offspring produced from multi‐male spawning of R. guttatus to determine whether multiple paternity occurs in this toad species.
The role of large traders in driving sustainable agricultural intensification in smallholder farms: Evidence from Kenya
Authors: Mulwa Chalmers K. , Muyanga Milu , Visser Martine 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPervasive threats of climate change and land degradation have compounded the inherent low farm productivity problem in sub‐Saharan Africa. Though sustainable agricultural intensification practices have been shown to improve the resilience of farm production in the face of these emerging threats, they suffer low adoption rates typical of any technology adoption in these regions. Recent evidence points to an emergence of large traders in smallholder grain markets of countries in sub‐Saharan Africa. Given their big financial and operational capacities, the hypothesis is that they can drive the elusive transformation in agri‐food systems by enhancing sustainable production and marketing for smallholder farmers. This study tests this hypothesis using a decade‐long large‐panel dataset from Kenya. A dynamic random effects Probit model and a control function approach are used to evaluate the dynamism in adopting sustainable agricultural inputs and the effect of large grain traders in enhancing the adoption of these inputs at the farm level. Results indicate that sales to large grain traders lead to higher adoption of inorganic fertilizer and improved seed, key agricultural intensification inputs. Land ownership is also shown to be a key success factor for entry into large‐grain‐trader markets. Lastly, the adoption of improved seed and organic manure is persistent across time, indicating state dependence in using these inputs. These results suggest that strategies to foster engagements between large grain traders and farmers can enhance the uptake of sustainable intensification inputs. Such strategies should be accompanied by efforts to improve access to these markets by resource‐poor farmers who are primarily smallholders.
Disulfiram‐copper activates chloride currents and induces apoptosis with tyrosine kinase in prostate cancer cells
Authors: Lei Wei , Xu Jingkui , Ya Yiyao , Zhang Jinxiang , Hou Xiuying , Zhai Qiliang , Zha Zeyu , Zhuo Yangjia , Zhou You , Yuan Hong , Liang Yuxiang , Han Zhaodong , Zhong Weide , Zhu Linyan , Chen Yehui 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAim: To elucidates the mechanism that disulfiram/copper complex (DSF/Cu) treatment activates chloride channels and induces apoptosis in prostate cancer cells.Methods: Cellular membrane currents were measured by membrane clamp technique; western blot to detect protein expression; flow cytometry to detect apoptosis; immunofluorescence to detect target protein co‐localization, and further validated by a combination of protein‐protein interaction and mock protein molecular docking techniques.Results: DSF/Cu activated chloride channels and induced apoptosis in LNCaP (a type of androgen‐dependent prostate cancer cells) cells. The chloride currents activated by DSF/Cu were significantly reduced after knockdown of CLC3 with siRNA. In addition, DSF/Cu‐activated chloride currents were reduced to background current levels after perfusion with genistein, a highly specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Conversely, DSF/Cu failed to activate chloride currents in LNCaP cells after 30 minutes of pre‐incubation with genistein. When genistein was removed, and DSF/Cu was added, the activated currents were small and unstable, and gradually decreased. Immunofluorescence in LNCaP cells also showed co‐localization of the CLC3 protein with tyrosine kinase 2β (PTK2B).Conclusion: DSF/Cu can activate chloride channels and induce apoptosis in LNCaP cells with the involvement of tyrosine kinase. These results provide new insights into the target therapy of prostate cancer.
Childhood asthma outcomes during the COVID‐19 pandemic: Findings from the PeARL multi‐national cohort
Authors: Papadopoulos Nikolaos G. , Mathioudakis Alexander G. , Custovic Adnan , Deschildre Antoine , Phipatanakul Wanda , Wong Gary , Xepapadaki Paraskevi , Abou‐Taam Rola , Agache Ioana , Castro‐Rodriguez Jose A. , Chen Zhimin , Cros Pierrick , Dubus Jean‐Christophe , El‐Sayed Zeinab Awad , El‐Owaidy Rasha , Feleszko Wojciech , Fierro Vincenzo , Fiocchi Alessandro , Garcia‐Marcos Luis , Goh Anne , Hossny Elham M. , Huerta Villalobos Yunuen R. , Jartti Tuomas , Le Roux Pascal , Levina Julia , López García Aida Inés , Ramos Ángel Mazón , Morais‐Almeida Mário , Murray Clare , Nagaraju Karthik , Nagaraju Major K. , Navarrete Rodriguez Elsy Maureen , Namazova‐Baranova Leyla , Nieto Garcia Antonio , Pozo Beltrán Cesar Fireth , Ratchataswan Thanaporn , Rivero Yeverino Daniela , Rodríguez Zagal Eréndira , Schweitzer Cyril E. , Tulkki Marleena , Wasilczuk Katarzyna , Xu Dan ,   PeARL collaborators, on behalf of the PeARL Think Tank
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe interplay between COVID‐19 pandemic and asthma in children is still unclear. We evaluated the impact of COVID‐19 pandemic on childhood asthma outcomes.MethodsThe PeARL multinational cohort included 1,054 children with asthma and 505 non‐asthmatic children aged between 4 and 18 years from 25 pediatric departments, from 15 countries globally. We compared the frequency of acute respiratory and febrile presentations during the first wave of the COVID‐19 pandemic between groups and with data available from the previous year. In children with asthma, we also compared current and historical disease control.ResultsDuring the pandemic, children with asthma experienced fewer upper respiratory tract infections, episodes of pyrexia, emergency visits, hospital admissions, asthma attacks, and hospitalizations due to asthma, in comparison with the preceding year. Sixty‐six percent of asthmatic children had improved asthma control while in 33% the improvement exceeded the minimal clinically important difference. Pre‐bronchodilatation FEV1 and peak expiratory flow rate were improved during the pandemic. When compared to non‐asthmatic controls, children with asthma were not at increased risk of LRTIs, episodes of pyrexia, emergency visits, or hospitalizations during the pandemic. However, an increased risk of URTIs emerged.ConclusionChildhood asthma outcomes, including control, were improved during the first wave of the COVID‐19 pandemic, probably because of reduced exposure to asthma triggers and increased treatment adherence. The decreased frequency of acute episodes does not support the notion that childhood asthma may be a risk factor for COVID‐19. Furthermore, the potential for improving childhood asthma outcomes through environmental control becomes apparent.
Impact of paternal exercise on physiological systems in the offspring
Authors: Vieira de Sousa Neto Ivo , Fontes Wagner , Prestes Jonato , de Cassia Marqueti Rita 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA significant number of studies have demonstrated that paternal exercise modulates future generations via effects on the sperm epigenome. However, comprehensive information regarding the effects of exercise performed by the father on different tissues and their clinical relevance has not yet been explored in detail. This narrative review is focused on the effects of paternal exercise training on various physiological systems of offspring. A detailed mechanistic understanding of these effects could provide crucial clues for the exercise physiology field and aid the development of therapeutic approaches to mitigate disorders in future generations. Non‐coding RNA and DNA methylation are major routes for transmitting epigenetic information from parents to offspring. Resistance and treadmill exercise are the most frequently used modalities of planned and structured exercise in controlled experiments. Paternal exercise orchestrated protective effects over changes in fetus development and placenta inflammatory status. Moreover paternal exercise promoted modifications in the ncRNA profiles, gene and protein expression in the hippocampus, left ventricle, skeletal muscle, tendon, liver and pancreas in the offspring, while the transgenerational effects are unknown. Paternal exercise demonstrates clinical benefits to the offspring and provides a warning on the harmful effects of a paternal unhealthy lifestyle. Exercise in fathers is presented as one of the most logical and cost‐effective ways of restoring health in the offspring and, consequently, modifying the phenotype. It is important to consider that paternal programming might have unique significance in the developmental origins of offspring diseases.
Hoklo speakers and Taiwanese identity in south Taiwan
Authors: Wu Chun‐Ying 
Published: February 2021

AbstractTaiwanese identity is distinct from and juxtaposed against the Chinese identity. What explains the emergence of a Taiwanese identity – specifically in the south? This identity formation is surprising considering the multiple decades of authoritarian rule where the government championed a Chinese identity. In this article, weargue that the Taiwanese identity manifested from a linguistic tension betweenHokloand Mandarinspeakers.And while the Kuomintang adopted a strict Mandarin monolingual policy, thehomogeneity of theHoklo speakers in the south – i.e., they constituted a minimal winningsizeand they were regionally concentrated –ensured the survival of theHoklovernacular. This vernacular would become the instrument for the formation of a Taiwanese identity. In contrast,we see initial push back from the Hakka speakers who were excluded from the narrative of Taiwanese identity. Likewise,in the north where there weregreater linguistic heterogeneity and increasing interethnic marriages, Taiwanese identity was not as coherent.
Examining obstetric interventions and respectful maternity care in Hungary: Do informal payments for continuity of care link to quality?
Authors: Rubashkin Nicholas , Baji Petra , Szebik Imre , Schmidt Erika , Vedam Saraswathi 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundIn Hungary, 60% of women pay informally to secure continuity with a “chosen” provider for prenatal care and birth. It is unclear if paying informally influences quality of maternity care. This study examined associations between incentivized continuity care models and obstetric procedures and respectful care.MethodsThis is a cross‐sectional survey of a representative sample of Hungarian women (N = 589) in 2014. We calculated descriptive statistics comparing experiences among women who paid informally for continuity with a chosen provider with those who received care in the public health system. After adjusting for social and clinical covariates, we used logistic regression to estimate the odds of obstetric procedures and disrespectful care and linear regression to estimate the level of autonomy (MADM scale).ResultsOf women in our sample, 317 (53%) saw a chosen doctor, 68 (11%) a chosen midwife, and 204 (33%) had care in the public system. Women who paid an obstetrician informally had the highest rates of cesarean (49.5%), induction of labor (31.2%), and epidural (15%), and reported lower rates of disrespectful care (41%) compared to public care (64%). Paying for continuity with an obstetrician significantly predicted cesarean (aOR 1.61 [95%CI 1.00‐2.58]), episiotomy (2.64, [1.39‐5.03]), and epidural (3.15 [1.07‐9.34]), but not induction of labor (1.59 [0.99‐2.57]). Informal payment continuity models predicted increased autonomy scores (doctor: 3.97, 95% CI 2.39‐5.55; midwife: 7.37, 95% CI 5.36‐9.34) and reduced odds of disrespectful care. There were no differences in the prevalence of scheduled cesareans or inductions performed without a medical indication.ConclusionsContinuity models secured with informal payments significantly increased both women's experience of respectful care and rates of obstetric procedures. Intervention rates exceed global standards, and women do not choose elective procedures to preserve continuity.
Evolution of the strikingly diverse submandibular muscles in Anura
Authors: Elias‐Costa Agustín J. , Araujo‐Vieira Katyuscia , Faivovich Julián 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe most ventral muscles of the head (the mm. submentalis, intermandibularis, and interhyoideus) provide support to the gular region and lift the buccal floor during ventilation and feeding. These muscles show limited variation in most gnathostomes, but in Anura they exhibit a surprising diversity. The few studies that have explored this character system highlighted its potential as a source of phylogenetic information. In this paper we explored the diversity of this character system studying specimens of 567 anuran species and reviewing published data to cover a total of 1321 species, belonging to 53 of the 54 currently recognized anuran families, as well as caudates and caecilians. We defined 27 discrete characters including the number of muscle bellies, supplementary layers, hypertrophy and diversity of elastic fibres, and pigmentation, among others, and optimized them on a comprehensive phylogenetic hypothesis. We recognized 223 unambiguously optimized synapomorphies for numerous clades on different scales, including three for Anura and many for suprafamiliar clades with poor phenotypic support. Finally, we discussed the evolution of this highly diverse character system, including homology, development, and its functional role in vocalization and feeding. Interestingly, the striking levels of variation in some structures contrast with the amount of phylogenetic inertia, allowing us to recognize several general patterns. Supplementary elements of the m. intermandibularis evolved first as broad layers occuring in more than half of extant anuran species and then concentrated forming discreet bellies in several clades. The anterior portion of the gular region is not sexually dimorphic, and is likely related to ventilation and tongue protraction. Conversely, the diversity of the m. interhyoideus is strongly linked to vocal sacs, which are present only in adult males, suggesting the presence of two independent modules.
Forecasting for intended consequences
Authors: Mozelewski Tina G. , Scheller Robert M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractRestoration and conservation innovations face numerous challenges that often limit widespread adoption, including uncertainty of outcomes, risk averse or status quo biased management, and unknown trade‐offs. These barriers often result in cautious conservation that does not consider the true cost of impeding innovation, and overemphasizes the risks of unintended consequences versus the opportunities presented by proactive and innovative conservation, the intended consequences. Simulation models are powerful tools for forecasting and evaluating the potential outcomes of restoration or conservation innovations prior to on‐the‐ground deployment. These forecasts provide information about the potential trade‐offs among the risks and benefits of candidate management actions, elucidating the likelihood that an innovation will achieve its intended consequences and at what cost. They can also highlight when and where business‐as‐usual management may incur larger costs than alternative management approaches over the long‐term. Forecasts inform the decision‐making process prior to the implementation of emergent, proactive practices at broad scales, lending support for management decisions and reducing the barriers to innovation. Here we review the science, motivations, and challenges of forecasting for restoration and conservation innovations.
Opening learning spaces to create actionable knowledge for conservation
Authors: Stern Marc J. , Briske David D. , Meadow Alison M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe limited application of science to environmental management has been termed the “science‐management knowledge gap.” This gap is widely assumed to be a consequence of inefficient knowledge transfer from science to application. However, this metaphor misrepresents knowledge as a “thing” that can be readily exchanged in complex systems, rather than a “process of relating” that involves negotiation and dialogue among stakeholders. We advocate for development of a more explicit alternative model of knowledge creation founded on Nonaka's Theory of Organizational Knowledge Creation, which emphasizes how knowledge is converted into more usable forms through socialization, externalization, combination, and internalization within “learning spaces.” Effective learning spaces require sufficient trust to enable open, honest, and receptive interactions among stakeholders. We advocate that greater emphasis on knowledge conversions within effectively designed learning spaces will accelerate development of actionable knowledge beyond that of existing models.
Species distribution, hybridization and connectivity in the genusChionodraco: Unveiling unknown icefish diversity in antarctica
Authors: Schiavon Luca , Dulière Valérie , La Mesa Mario , Marino Ilaria Anna Maria , Codogno Giuditta , Boscari Elisa , Riginella Emilio , Battistotti Alessandra , Lucassen Magnus , Zane Lorenzo , Papetti Chiara 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAimThe species of the genusChionodraco(Notothenioidei) are the most abundant icefish on the continental shelf of the Weddell Sea. While previous studies indicated that onlyChionodraco hamatusandChionodraco myersiinhabit the Weddell Sea, the thirdChionodracospecies,Chionodraco rastrospinosus, was recently sampled in the area. AsC. rastrospinosusis supposed to be found only at the Antarctic Peninsula and Scotia Arc, this study aimed at confirming the species classification ofC. rastrospinosusby molecular methods and identifying its putative source population. Given the documented evidence of introgression among the three species, we tested whether the newly foundC. rastrospinosusshared any genetic variability with the otherChionodracospecies. To explain the pattern of distribution of theChionodracospecies, we aimed at estimating the hydrodynamic connectivity between the Antarctic Peninsula and the Weddell Sea.LocationAntarctic Peninsula, southern Scotia Arc and the south‐eastern Weddell Sea.MethodsWe genotyped 19 microsatellites and sequenced the mitochondrial D‐loop for 560Chionodracoindividuals. We simulated the dispersal of more than 3 million drifters (Lagrangian model).ResultsThe molecular analyses support the presence ofC. rastrospinosusin the Weddell Sea and its homogeneity withC. rastrospinosusfrom the Antarctic Peninsula. Bayesian clustering identifies three putative hybrids amongC. rastrospinosusand the other congenerics. Lagrangian simulations do not support connectivity driven by the oceanographic features of the Antarctic Peninsula and Weddell Sea via passive larval dispersal only.Main conclusionsThis study documents, for the first time, the presence ofC. rastrospinosusin the Weddell Sea unveiling more biodiversity than previously known in this region. The sympatry of the threeChionodracospecies explains the occurrence of occasional, ongoing events of hybridization in the genus. Alternative possible hypotheses need to be tested in future studies about the mechanisms maintaining the interspecific connectivity inChionodracospp.
Occurrence and diversity of Phytophthora species in declining broadleaf forests in western Ukraine
Authors: Matsiakh Iryna , Kramarets Volodymyr , Cleary Michelle 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn western Ukraine, forest decline and dieback of several broadleaved tree species have become increasingly evident during recent years, and surveys in some areas have shown symptoms indicative of Phytophthora infections. In this study, we aimed to determine the occurrence and diversity of Phytophthora species associated with several broadleaved tree species (Alnus glutinosa, Betula pendula, Castanea sativa, Fagus sylvatica and Quercus robur) from forest stands where dieback has been observed. Rhizosphere soil samples were collected from 14 forest stands during 2017 and 2018 and tested for the presence of Phytophthora species using morphological and molecular methods. Seven Phytophthora species (P. bilorbang, P. cactorum, P. gallica, P. gonapodyides, P. lacustris, P. plurivora and P. polonica), and two other clade six taxa were detected from the various forest types, several of which are probable agents responsible for decline. Four of the Phytophthora species (P. bilorbang, P. gallica, P. plurivora and P. polonica) have previously never been reported from broadleaf forests in Ukraine.
Virulence of seven pathogenicbursaphelenchus xylophilusisolates inpinus pinasterandpinus radiataseedlings and its relation with multiplication
Authors: Menéndez‐Gutiérrez María , Villar Lucía , Díaz Raquel 
Published: February 2021

AbstractRecent new outbreaks ofBursaphelenchus xylophilusin Spain and adverse pine wilt disease expansion forecasts must be met with rapid advances in genetic breeding against this pathogen. The optimal approach for breeding trees that are more resistant to pine wilt disease is to use the most virulent isolates in inoculation assays. A series of controlled inoculation experiments onBotrytis cinereacultures, along withPinus pinasterandP. radiatabranch sections and seedlings, was conducted to investigate differences among seven virulentB. xylophilusisolates of diverse geographic origin (USA745 from USA, KA4 and S10 from Japan, Pt52T and Pt72CH from Portugal, SpPO1 and SpSA1 from Spain). Results from the experiments showed significant differences amongB. xylophilusisolates. The virulence classification of the isolates studied differed forP. pinasterandP. radiata, indicating that PWN isolates vary according to host specificity. Isolates Pt52T and SpP01 proved the most virulent toP. pinaster, so either of them could be used as ‘test isolates’ in future assays to identify resistant or tolerant genotypes. ForP. radiata, any isolate except SpSA1 could be used, as all the others were more virulent and all presented the same significant level of virulence. The results indicate that use ofP. pinasterbranch sections, rather thanP. radiatabranch sections or multiplication assays onB. cinerea, could be an accurate, time‐saving method for evaluating virulence levels of newB. xylophilusisolates.