bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Economic, social and environmental impact analysis of an indigenously developed energy optimization system for German office and residential building types
Authors: Gökçe K Umut , Gökçe H Ufuk 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This work addresses the economic, social and environmental analysis of an indigenously developed building energy optimization system for residential and office buildings in Germany. The developed system consists of 14 different wireless network embedded sensors, wireless communication protocol, multi-dimensional data warehouse, graphical user interfaces and energy optimization software with artificial intelligence-backed control algorithms. The R&D activity is accomplished in the ‘Intelligent Building Energy Management System’ research project, which is funded by the State of Lower Saxony—Germany in the frame of Innovation Support Program between the years 2014 and 2018. The system is tested in two appropriately selected test buildings in Germany. It has been recorded that the system provides energy efficiency levels between 29.34% and 38.18% under different seasonal and occupancy conditions in office and residential building types. The analysis is accomplished within the framework of four main indicators. These are economic indicators including calculations of lifetime cost and payback rate methods, resource use indicators including the calculation of reduced energy use as a result of the energy efficiency provided by the system, social indicator including additional expendable income calculations and environmental indicators including calculations depicting the benefits of reducing harmful emissions. Analysis results illustrate that building energy optimization systems provide a cost-effective method for promoting energy efficiency goals. Results of the indicators prove monetary benefits for the building occupants in terms of resource use, return on investment and social impact, as well as quantifiable benefits for easing the harmful effects of climate change phenomenon.
Robust and resource efficient identification of shallow neural networks by fewest samples
Authors: Fornasier Massimo , Vybíral Jan , Daubechies Ingrid 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
We address the structure identification and the uniform approximation of sums of ridge functions $f(x)=\sum _{i=1}^m g_i(\langle a_i,x\rangle )$ on ${\mathbb{R}}^d$, representing a general form of a shallow feed-forward neural network, from a small number of query samples. Higher order differentiation, as used in our constructive approximations, of sums of ridge functions or of their compositions, as in deeper neural network, yields a natural connection between neural network weight identification and tensor product decomposition identification. In the case of the shallowest feed-forward neural network, second-order differentiation and tensors of order two (i.e., matrices) suffice as we prove in this paper. We use two sampling schemes to perform approximate differentiation—active sampling, where the sampling points are universal, actively and randomly designed, and passive sampling, where sampling points were preselected at random from a distribution with known density. Based on multiple gathered approximated first- and second-order differentials, our general approximation strategy is developed as a sequence of algorithms to perform individual sub-tasks. We first perform an active subspace search by approximating the span of the weight vectors $a_1,\dots ,a_m$. Then we use a straightforward substitution, which reduces the dimensionality of the problem from $d$ to $m$. The core of the construction is then the stable and efficient approximation of weights expressed in terms of rank-$1$ matrices $a_i \otimes a_i$, realized by formulating their individual identification as a suitable nonlinear program. We prove the successful identification by this program of weight vectors being close to orthonormal and we also show how we can constructively reduce to this case by a whitening procedure, without loss of any generality. We finally discuss the implementation and the performance of the proposed algorithmic pipeline with extensive numerical experiments, which illustrate and confirm the theoretical results.
Action potential propagation and block in a model of atrial tissue with myocyte–fibroblast coupling
Authors: Mortensen Peter , Gao Hao , Smith Godfrey , Simitev Radostin D 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The electrical coupling between myocytes and fibroblasts and the spacial distribution of fibroblasts within myocardial tissues are significant factors in triggering and sustaining cardiac arrhythmias, but their roles are poorly understood. This article describes both direct numerical simulations and an asymptotic theory of propagation and block of electrical excitation in a model of atrial tissue with myocyte–fibroblast coupling. In particular, three idealized fibroblast distributions are introduced: uniform distribution, fibroblast barrier and myocyte strait—all believed to be constituent blocks of realistic fibroblast distributions. Primary action potential biomarkers including conduction velocity, peak potential and triangulation index are estimated from direct simulations in all cases. Propagation block is found to occur at certain critical values of the parameters defining each idealized fibroblast distribution, and these critical values are accurately determined. An asymptotic theory proposed earlier is extended and applied to the case of a uniform fibroblast distribution. Biomarker values are obtained from hybrid analytical-numerical solutions of coupled fast-time and slow-time periodic boundary value problems and compare well to direct numerical simulations. The boundary of absolute refractoriness is determined solely by the fast-time problem and is found to depend on the values of the myocyte potential and on the slow inactivation variable of the sodium current ahead of the propagating pulse. In turn, these quantities are estimated from the slow-time problem using a regular perturbation expansion to find the steady state of the coupled myocyte–fibroblast kinetics. The asymptotic theory gives a simple analytical expression that captures with remarkable accuracy the block of propagation in the presence of fibroblasts.
Lesion Heterogeneity and Long-Term Heteroresistance in Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis
Authors: Chen Yiwang , Ji Lecai , Liu Qingyun , Li Jinli , Hong Chuangyue , Jiang Qi , Gan Mingyu , Takiff Howard E , Yu Weiye , Tan Weiguo , Gao Qian 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Tuberculosis heteroresistance, in which only a fraction of the bacteria in a patient with tuberculosis contains drug-resistant mutations, has been a rising concern. However, its origins and prevalence remain elusive. Here, whole-genome sequencing was performed on 83 serial isolates from 31 patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, and heteroresistance was detected in isolates from 21 patients (67.74%). Heteroresistance persisted in the host for long periods, spanning months to years, and was associated with having multiple tubercular lesions. Our findings indicate that heteroresistance is common and persistent in patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and may affect the success of their treatment regimens.
Development and Validation of an Analytical Method for Quantitation of Alpha-Pinene Oxide in Rodent Blood and Mammary Glands by GC–MS
Authors: Fernando Reshan A , Fennell Timothy R , Watson Scott L , Silinski Melanie A Rehder , Blake James C , Robinson Veronica G , Waidyanatha Suramya 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Alpha-pinene is a monoterpene found in the oil of coniferous trees and has a wide variety of applications. Alpha-pinene oxide (APO) is a potential reactive metabolite of alpha-pinene in rodents. The objective of this work is to validate a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method to quantitate APO in rat and mouse blood and mammary glands in support of studies investigating the toxicity and toxicokinetic behavior of alpha-pinene. The method was validated in male Sprague Dawley rat blood over the concentration range of 5–250 ng/mL. Matrix standard curves were linear (r ≥ 0.99), and accuracy (percent relative error, %RE) was ≤±15% for standards at all levels. Intra- and interday precision (percent relative standard deviation, %RSD) and accuracy (%RE) were evaluated at three concentration levels (10, 50 and 200 ng/mL) and were ≤6.3% and ≤±5.4%, respectively. The limit of detection, determined from the SD of the limit of quantitation (5 ng/mL), was 1.06 ng/mL. Standards as high as 25,000 ng/mL could be accurately quantified after diluting to the validated range (%RE ≤ ±7.1%; %RSD ≤ 5.8%). APO was stable in rat blood for at least 70 days in frozen storage (−80°C). APO could accurately be quantified in male and female Hsd:Sprague Dawley® SD® rat and B6C3F1 mouse blood (mean %RE ≤ ±5.3%; %RSD ≤ 7.8%) and female B6C3F1 and Sprague Dawley rat mammary glands (mean %RE ≤ ±14.6%; %RSD ≤ 8.1%) using a primary matrix standard curve. These results demonstrate that the method is suitable for the analysis of APO in rodent blood and mammary glands generated from toxicokinetic and toxicology studies.
Distance Learning in Higher Education: Evidence from a Randomized Experiment
Authors: Cacault M Paula , Hildebrand Christian , Laurent-Lucchetti Jérémy , Pellizzari Michele 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Using a randomized experiment in a public Swiss university, we study the impact of online live streaming of lectures on student achievement and attendance. We find that (i) attending lectures via live streaming lowers achievement for low-ability students and increases achievement for high-ability ones; (ii) students use the live streaming technology only occasionally, apparently when random events make attending in class too costly, and (iii) offering live streaming reduces in-class attendance only mildly. These findings have important implications for the effective design of education policies.
Extensive Linkage and Genetic Coupling of Song and Preference Loci Underlying Rapid Speciation inLaupalaCrickets
Authors: Xu Mingzi , Shaw Kerry L 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn nature, closely related species commonly display divergent mating behaviors, suggesting a central role for such traits in the origin of species. Elucidating the genetic basis of divergence in these traits is necessary to understand the evolutionary process leading to reproductive barriers and speciation. The rapidly speciating Hawaiian crickets of the genus Laupala provides an ideal system for dissecting the genetic basis of mating behavior divergence. In Laupala, closely related species differ markedly in male song pulse rate and female preference for pulse rate. These behaviors play an important role in determining mating patterns. Previous studies identified a genetic architecture consisting of numerous small to moderate effect loci causing interspecific differences in pulse rate and preference, including colocalizing pulse rate and preference QTL on linkage group one (LG1). To further interrogate these QTL, we conduct a fine mapping study using high-density SNP linkage maps. With improved statistical power and map resolution, we provide robust evidence for genetic coupling between song and preference, along with two additional pulse rate QTL on LG1, revealing a more resolved picture of the genetic architecture underlying mating behavior divergence. Our sequence-based genetic map, along with dramatically narrowed QTL confidence intervals, allowed us to annotate genes within the QTL regions and identify several exciting candidate genes underlying variation in pulse rate and preference divergence. Such knowledge suggests potential molecular mechanisms underlying the evolution of behavioral barriers.
Understorey plant community assemblage of AustralianEucalyptuswoodlands under elevated CO2 is modulated by water and phosphorus availability
Authors: Ochoa-Hueso Raúl , Carroll Rani , Piñeiro Juan , Power Sally A 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAimsGiven the key functional role of understorey plant communities and the substantial extent of forest cover at the global scale, investigating understorey community responses to elevated CO2 (eCO2) concentrations, and the role of soil resources in these responses, is important for understanding the ecosystem-level consequences of rising CO2 concentrations for forest ecosystems. Here, we evaluated how experimentally manipulating the availabilities of the two most limiting resources in an extremely phosphorus-limited eucalypt woodland in eastern Australia (i.e. water and phosphorus) can modulate the response of the understorey community to eCO2 in terms of germination, phenology, cover, community composition and leaf traits.MethodsWe collected soil containing native soil seed bank to grow experimental understorey plant communities under glasshouse conditions.Important FindingsPhosphorus addition increased total plant cover, particularly during the first 4 weeks of growth and under high water conditions, a response driven by the graminoid component of the plant community. However, the treatment differences diminished as the experiment progressed, with all treatments converging at ~80% plant cover after ~11 weeks. In contrast, plant cover was not affected by eCO2. Multivariate analyses reflected temporal changes in the composition of plant communities, from pots where bare soil was dominant to high-cover pots dominated by a diverse community. However, both phosphorus addition and the interaction between water availability and CO2 affected the temporal trajectory of the plant community during the experiment. eCO2 also increased community-level specific leaf area, suggesting that functional adaptation of plant communities to eCO2 may precede the onset of compositional responses. Given that the response of our seed bank-derived understorey community to eCO2 developed over time and was mediated by interactions with phosphorus and water availability, our results suggest a limited role of eCO2 in shaping plant communities in water-limited systems, particularly where low soil nutrient availability constrains productivity responses.
Variability in Ceftriaxone Dosing Across 32 US Acute Care Children’s Hospitals
Authors: Ferguson Rina A , Herigon Joshua C , Lee Brian R , Nakamura Mari M , Newland Jason G 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Ceftriaxone is one of the most common antibiotics prescribed for hospitalized children in the United States. However, ceftriaxone is not dosed consistently. Sepsis/serious bacterial infection had high dosing variability. Dosing for central nervous system infection was frequently suboptimal. Future efforts should focus on optimizing and standardizing ceftriaxone dosing.
Spectral signature of atmospheric winds in high-resolution transit observations
Authors: Keles Engin 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
The study of exoplanet atmospheres showed large diversity compared to the planets in our Solar system. Especially Jupiter-type exoplanets orbiting their host star in close orbits, the so-called hot and ultra-hot Jupiters, have been studied in detail due to their enhanced atmospheric signature. Due to their tidally locked status, the temperature difference between the day- and nightside triggers atmospheric winds that can lead to various fingerprints in the observations. Spatially resolved absorption lines during transit such as sodium (Na) could be a good tracer for such winds. Different works resolved the Na absorption lines on different exoplanets which show different line widths. Assuming that this could be attributed to such zonal jet streams, this work models the effect of such winds on synthetic absorption lines. For this, transiting Jupiter-type planets with rotational velocities similar to hot and ultra-hot Jupiter are considered. The investigation shows that high wind velocities could reproduce the broadening of Na-line profiles inferred in different high-resolution transit observations. There is a tendency that the broadening values decrease for planets with lower equilibrium temperature. This could be explained by atmospheric drag induced by the ionization of alkali lines that slow down the zonal jet streams, favouring their existence on hot Jupiter rather than ultra-hot Jupiter.
Milton Babbitt
Authors: Bernstein Zachary 
Published: January 2021

Milton Babbitt (b. 1916–d. 2011) was one of 20th-century America’s leading composers and a foundational figure in contemporary music theory. His music introduced a number of serial techniques, including the development of contrapuntal arrays and the extension of twelve-tone procedures to the dimension of rhythm. He was an innovator in the realm of electronic music, composing works for the R.C.A. Mark II Sound Synthesizer. As a scholar, Babbitt set the program for the first generation of academic American music theory. Theory, in his view, would be empirically grounded, expressed in rigorous language, and informed by analytical philosophy, cognitive science, and mathematics; it would, in short, become a formal research discipline. His papers on the twelve-tone system exemplify his novel vision of the field. He also gained notoriety as a polemicist: if music theory and contemporary composition are to operate according to the standards of research, he claims, they belong in the university, accountable to the judgment of knowledgeable peers and not to the wider public. These developments in musical technique, theoretical approach, and social positioning have attracted a great deal of commentary. Many analysts have set themselves the task of deciphering his novel compositional techniques; almost as many have turned to the perhaps even more daunting challenge of characterizing how his music is heard. Babbitt’s vision of music theory, influential as it has been, has received spirited critique, both in general and as a tool to explicate his music. And as a historical figure, Babbitt has attracted interest as a paragon of high modernism, an influential shaper of music theory, and an exemplar of Cold War cultural politics. The sources below give an extensive survey of Babbitt’s own writings, lectures, and interviews along with a sampling of the best analytical, critical, and historical work on the composer.
How to Do It: Microsurgical DREZotomy for Pain After Brachial Plexus Injury: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Duraffourg Manon , Brinzeu Andrei , Sindou Marc 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
More than three-quarters of victims of brachial plexus injury suffer from refractory neuropathic pain.
1-6
Main putative mechanism is paroxysmal hyperactivity in the dorsal horn neurons at the dorsal root entry zone (DREZ) as demonstrated by microelectrode recordings in animal models
7
and patients.
8
Pain relief can be achieved by lesioning the responsible neurons in the spinal cord segments with avulsed rootlets.
9,10

This video illustrates the technique for microsurgical DREZotomy.
11,12
A C3-C7 hemilaminectomy is performed to access the C4-Th1 medullary segments. After opening the dura and arachnoid, and freeing the cord from arachnoid adhesions, the dorsolateral sulcus is identified. Identification can be difficult when the spinal cord is distorted and/or has a loss of substance. The dorsolateral sulcus is then opened with a microknife, so that microcoagulations are performed: 4 mm deep, at 35° angle in the axis of the dorsal horn, every millimeter in a dotted fashion along the avulsed segments. Care should be taken not to damage the corticospinal tract, laterally, and the dorsal column, medially.
The patient consents to the procedure. In the presented case, surgery led to complete disappearance of the paroxysmal pain and reduced the background of burning pain to a bearable level without the need of opioid medication. There was no motor deficit or ataxia in the ipsilateral lower limb postoperatively. According to Kaplan-Meier analysis at 10 yr follow-up, in our overall series, microsurgical DREZotomy achieved total pain relief without any medication in 60% of patients, and in 85% without the need for opioids.
10,13-15

Microelectrode recording at 1:26 reproduced from Guenot et al
7
with permission from JNSPG.
The mechanism for brassinosteroids suppressing climacteric fruit ripening
Authors: Ji Yinglin , Qu Yi , Jiang Zhongyu , Yan Jijun , Chu Jinfang , Xu Mingyang , Su Xin , Yuan Hui , Wang Aide 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The plant hormone ethylene is important for the ripening of climacteric fruit, such as pear (Pyrus ussuriensis), and the brassinosteroid (BR) class of phytohormones affects ethylene biosynthesis during ripening via an unknown molecular mechanism. Here, we observed that exogenous BR treatment suppressed ethylene production and delayed fruit ripening, whereas treatment with a BR biosynthesis inhibitor promoted ethylene production and accelerated fruit ripening in pear, suggesting BR is a ripening suppressor. The expression of the transcription factor BRASSINAZOLE-RESISTANT 1PuBZR1 was enhanced by BR treatment during pear fruit ripening. PuBZR1 interacted with PuACO1, which converts 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) to ethylene, and suppressed its activity. BR-activated PuBZR1 bound to the promoters of PuACO1 and of PuACS1a, which encodes ACC synthase, and directly suppressed their transcription. Moreover, PuBZR1 suppressed the expression of transcription factor PuERF2 by binding its promoter, and PuERF2 bound to the promoters of PuACO1 and PuACS1a. We concluded that PuBZR1 indirectly suppresses the transcription of PuACO1 and PuACS1a through its regulation of PuERF2. Ethylene production and expression profiles of corresponding apple (Malus domestica) homologs showed similar changes following epibrassinolide treatment. Together, these results suggest that BR-activated BZR1 suppresses ACO1 activity and the expression of ACO1 and ACS1, thereby reducing ethylene production and suppressing fruit ripening. This likely represents a conserved mechanism by which BR suppresses ethylene biosynthesis during climacteric fruit ripening.
Factors predicting staging and treatment initiation for patients with chronic hepatitis C infection: insurance a key predictor
Authors: Lin Janet , Mauntel-Medici Cammeo , Maheswaran Anjana Bairavi , Baghikar Sara , Pugach Oksana , Stein Ellen M , Martin Michelle T , Nguyen Hai 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Background
Chronic hepatitis C (HCV) infection affects over 2.4 million Americans and accounts for 18 000 deaths per year. Treatment initiation in this population continues to be low even after introduction of highly effective and shorter duration direct-acting antivirals. This study assesses factors that influence key milestones in the HCV care continuum.

Methods
Retrospective time-to-event analyses were performed to assess factors influencing liver fibrosis staging and treatment initiation among individuals confirmed with chronic HCV infection at University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System between 1 August 2015 and 24 October 2016 and followed through 28 January 2018. Cox regression models were utilized for multivariable analyses.

Results
Individuals tested at the liver clinic (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.03; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.19–3.46) and at the federally qualified health center (HR = 3.51; 95% CI: 2.19–5.64) had higher instantaneous probability of being staged compared with individuals tested at the emergency department (ED) or inpatient setting. And probability of treatment initiation increased with advancing liver fibrosis especially for Medicaid beneficiaries (HR = 1.64; 95% CI: 1.35–1.99).

Conclusions
The study demonstrates a need for improving access for patients with early stages of the disease in order to reduce HCV-related morbidity and mortality, especially those tested at nontraditional care locations such as the ED or the inpatient setting.