bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Can We Engineer Better Multistage Horizontal Completions? Evidence of the Importance of Near-wellbore Fracture Geometry from Theory, Lab and Field Experiments
Authors: Lecampion B. , Desroches J. , Weng X. , Burghardt J. , Brown J.E. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
There is accepted evidence that multistage fracturing of horizontal wells in shale reservoirs results in significant production variation from perforation cluster to perforation cluster. Typically, between 30 and 40% of the clusters do not significantly contribute to production while the majority of the production comes from only 20 to 30% of the clusters.
Based on numerical modeling, laboratory and field experiments, we investigate the process of simultaneously initiating and propagating several hydraulic fractures. In particular, we clarify the interplay between the impact of perforation friction and stress shadow on the stability of the propagation of multiple fractures. We show that a sufficiently large perforation pressure drop (limited entry) can counteract the stress interference between different growing fractures. We also discuss the robustness of the current design practices (cluster location, limited entry) in the presence of characterized stress heterogeneities.
Laboratory experiments highlight the complexity of the fracture geometry in the near-wellbore region. Such complex fracture path results from local stress perturbations around the well and the perforations, as well as the rock fabric. The fracture complexity (i.e., the merging of multiple fractures and the reorientation towards the preferred far-field fracture plane) induces a strong nonlinear pressure drop on a scale of a few meters. Single entry field experiments in horizontal wells show that this near-wellbore effect is larger in magnitude than perforation friction and is highly variable between clusters, without being predictable. Through a combination of field measurements and modeling, we show that such variability results in a very heterogeneous slurry rate distribution; and therefore, proppant intake between clusters during a stage, even in the presence of limited entry techniques. We also note that the estimated distribution of proppant intake between clusters appears similar to published production log data.
We conclude that understanding and accounting for the complex fracture geometry in the near-wellbore is an important missing link to better engineer horizontal well multistage completions.
Coiled Tubing Horizontal Well Fracturing in the Low Young's Modulus, Low Permeability Belridge Diatomite: Challenges Faced and Lessons Learned
Authors: Malhotra Sahil , Merrifield Tom , Lynch Cynthia , Larue Dave , Madding Angela , Collins Jye 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Coiled tubing fracturing has been successfully applied in multi-stage vertical well stimulation in the Belridge diatomite in the Lost Hills field. This same methodology was used to complete two northwest-trending horizontal wells drilled on the northeast flank of the Lost Hills anticlinal structure that targeted thinner higher oil-saturation strata, separated by thicker low oil-saturation intervals. The target reservoir is comprised of high porosity, low matrix permeability Opal A diatomite.
The perforations were jetted by pumping sand slurry down the coiled tubing and the frac job was pumped down the annulus. The stages were isolated by setting sand plugs. Nine and twelve stages were pumped in the two wells respectively. The perforation locations for different stages were selected in areas with: 1) high resistivity and inferred high oil saturations, 2) absence of hydraulic fractures from nearby wells, 3) excellent cement bonding, and 4) low intensity of natural fractures. These assessments followed logging while drilling (LWD) gamma ray, induction resistivity and azimuthally focused resistivity (image) logs and cased-hole ultrasonic image tool (USIT) run with the aid of a tractor. The hydraulic fractures were monitored using surface tiltmeter sensors. Oil and water soluble tracers were pumped to determine the relative production contribution from the stages and fracture fluid cleanup, respectively, from the stages. All the jobs could be successfully pumped without any screen outs. Challenges were faced in setting sand plugs and isolating stages. Large fracture widths and low leak-off into the formation led to difficulty in forming sand bridges at the perforations and concentrating sand in the wellbore for the plugs. Surface tiltmeters showed excessive fracture height growth. Tracer results showed that 20-30% of the stages contributed to 50-60% of the production. Stages with higher treating pressures contributed less towards production. This could be attributed to near wellbore tortuosity in these stages. Proppant flowback was encountered in one well, and after an effective clean up the production rose.
The study illustrates how integration of various aspects such as completion design, fracture pressure analysis and diagnostics combined with geologic and reservoir information can help in identifying challenges and finding potential solutions of hydraulic fracturing. The findings highlight that the technology most suitable for vertical well stimulation might not be favorable for horizontal well stimulation.
Treating and Permitting of Produced Water for Discharge to Surface Water
Authors: Dan Mueller P.E. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The recycling and reuse of produced water (defined as hydraulic fracturing flowback water and formation water) is an increasing practice driven by competing demands for water sources and limited options for produced water disposal. The final disposition of reused/recycled produced water dictates the level of treatment with typically minimal treatment required when produce water is reused for fracturing subsequent wells and higher levels of treatment required when produced water is recycled for other purposes or potentially discharged to surface water bodies. The latter scenario, discharge of treated produced water is specifically addressed. Clean Water Act National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits for direct discharge of oil and gas generated discharge are currently prohibited east of the 98th meridian. West of the 98th meridian, direct discharge of treated oil and gas wastewater is allowed under specific conditions. Regardless of location (east or west of the 98th meridian), centralized wastewater treatment facilities (CWTs) can be permitted to treat and discharge oil and gas wastewater or CWT discharge may be accepted for further treatment and ultimate discharge at publically owned wastewater treatment facilities (POTWs). The EPA is currently developing effluent limitation guidelines (ELGs) for pretreatment of oil and gas wastewater sent to POTWs for treatment and discharge and recently submitted for comment Final 2012 and Preliminary 2014 Effluent Guidelines Program Plans; both addressed in this paper. Discussed are the various treatment technologies currently deployed and permitting issues associated with the treatment facilities. When treating produced water for discharge, constituent levels in the effluent stream and the waste side streams (consisting of a concentration of constituents removed as part of the water treatment processes) must be monitored to ensure proper management.
Revolutionary Particle Fluid System Unlocks of Fractured Reservoir Potential
Authors: Zhou Jia , Carman Paul , Sun Hong , Wheeler Richard , Brannon Harold , Gupta D.V. Satya , Starks Ray 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Post-treatment production analyses for hydraulic fracturing treatments with conventional crosslinked gel or slickwater often indicate that the treatments do not achieve the designed stimulation effectiveness, which could be attributed to non-optimal proppant placement and/or significantly damaged fracture conductivity. Although conventional crosslinked fluids are observed to provide good proppant suspension in laboratory environments, they might not provide the desired proppant transport under downhole conditions. Crosslinked fluids are known to be difficult to clean up, and thus are notorious for imparting gel damage to proppant pack and formation. Slickwater can be used to mitigate gel damage by reducing the effective polymer loadings, but consequential extreme proppant settling and banking problems reduce the chance of achieving fracture performance. Several proppant placement techniques have been developed to generate highly conductive paths for hydrocarbons to flow from an unconventional reservoir to the wellbore, such as hybrid fracturing, reverse hybrid fracturing, and channel fracturing, each of which predominantly rely upon high viscosity fluids to carry the proppant to the designated location.
This paper presents a non-traditional fracturing fluid system and application technique with near perfect proppant suspension and transport, high fracture conductivity, and self-diverting characteristics. The revolutionary fracturing fluid system employs engineered packing of particle domains for proppant suspension mechanics that are significantly different from crosslinked polymer systems which use polymer chain overlap and inter-chain crosslinking to generate viscosity governed proppant transport. The unique gel particle structure perfectly suspends proppant for several hours at reservoir conditions to facilitate better transverse and vertical placement of proppant in the fracture and significantly increases the fractured surface area, which is one of most important factors in unconventional reservoir production. The self-diverting tendencies offer the potential to maximize created fracture area while simultaneously reducing the treating fluid volumes without the addition of costly diverting additives. The degradability of the fluid can be controlled at reservoir conditions by fluid pH and/or breaker loading to yield near 100% regained proppant pack conductivity.
This paper discusses the evolution of the technology, and laboratory results for this unique fluid system. The system can unlock reservoir potential in areas requiring high fractured surface area and high regained conductivity, such as unconventional liquid-rich formations.
Chemical Compatibility of Mixing Utica and Marcellus Produced Waters - Not All Waters are Created Equal (A Case Study)
Authors: Woodward F.B. , Schulmeister B.E. , Caldwell C. , Seeman R. , Hudson R.S. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Operators have many options to consider and factors they must evaluate in developing a successful water management plan. The re-use and mixing of produced waters during fracturing operations to help mitigate the continued use of fresh water, or even simply for the disposal of produced water, is critical in maintaining the oil and gas industry's social license and streamlining operations. When recycling waters (especially when mixed together) there are a number of concerns that need to be assessed, including scale precipitation (barite, calcite, iron sulfides, etc.), the ability to effectively treat the water for re-use, reservoir compatibility, and the achievement of acceptable friction properties for pumping operations. All of these considerations require a series of laboratory tests and other engineering analyses to ensure the best chance for success.
This paper outlines the steps required to successfully implement a water management program from both the economic and technical perspectives, using a case study from the Marcellus and Utica Shales. It describes the reservoir analysis; the Friction Flow Loop experiments using synthesized versus actual produced waters; the modeling and subsequent Dynamic Tube Block (scale loop) experiments to optimize scale inhibition; and ultimately, the field results, which tie together the work required for optimal outcomes. Based on all of the testing and analysis done in the case study, it was determined that the use of fresh and Marcellus produced waters, when mixed with Utica water or individually, present no incompatibilities with the Utica formation, and with proper lab testing, a successful chemical suite can be achieved for fracturing treatments with these waters.
Intramuscular myxoma of the left thigh: a rare tumor
Authors: Papageorgiou Michael S. 
Published: February 2021

Background:
Intramuscular myxomas are rare tumors of mesenchymal origin and are usually presented in skeletal or cardiac muscles. They are of gelatinous texture and tend to reach large dimensions. They usually present as a painless mass which grows significantly with time, but rarely causing symptoms as pain or pressure to nearby structures. Intramuscular myxomas are usually diagnosed with ultrasound, computed tomography scan or magnetic resonance imaging scan, but the definite diagnosis is acquired by the histology report of the excised mass.

Case Presentation:
We report a rare case of a large (4 × 4 cm) symptomatic myxoma of the left thigh in a 49-year-old female.

Conclusion:
Intramuscular myxomas are rare tumors of mesenchymal origin, which can reach large dimensions. Excision is advised, even in smaller-sized masses, in order to have a definite diagnosis.
Design and Implementation of 6 DOF ROTARIC Robot Using Inverse Kinematics Method
Authors: Limanuel Fransisko , Susanto Calvin , Manalu Ferry Rippun Gideon 
Published: February 2021

This paper will discuss the calculation of inverse kinematic which will be used to control the 6-DOF articulated robot. This robot consists of 6 Dynamixel MX-28 smart servo with OpenCM 9.04 microcontroller. The articulated robot has been simplified to 4-DOF because there are no obstacles in the work area and no special movements are required. The calculation method uses the intersection point equation between the ball and the line, so that it can make it easier to determine the point in calculating the kinematic inverse. The experiment is carried out using the desired position as input for the kinematic inverse to produce the angle of each joint. From the angle of each joint obtained, it will be entered into forward kinematic so that the end-effector position will be obtained. The desired position will be compared with the end-effector position, and then how much difference will be calculated. From the experimental results, it was found that the inverse kinematic method which has been inverted by the forward kinematic produces the same final position.
Keywords: 6-DOF manipulator, Articulated robot, inverse kinematics and forward kinematics, Dynamixel MX-28, OpenCM 9
Efektivitas ROS Development Studio sebagai Simulator Pendukung Pengembangan Algoritma Platform Robotika
Authors: Effendy Kevin Julianto , Budiyanta Nova Eka 
Published: February 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa perangkat simulasi robotika yang dapat digunakan untuk mendukung pengembangan algoritma pada proses pemodelan robot. Terdapat beberapa perangkat simulasi pemodelan algoritma robot yang popular digunakan oleh pengembang robotika. Penelitian ini berfokus pada analisa efektifitas berdasarkan fitur pada Robot Operating System Development Studio (ROSDS) dan MATLAB sebagai platform simulasi pengembangan melalui metode komparasi. Hasil dari penelitian ini ditemukan bahwa ROSDS lebih efektif dibandingkan dengan MATLAB dalam mendukung simulasi pengembangan robotika dikarenakan penggunaan middleware ROS pada ROSDS yang menghubungkan komunikasi antara program dengan robot sehingga memudahkan proses pembuatan simulasi robotika dan akses ROSDS yang lebih mudah jika dibandingkan dengan MATLAB. Guna mendukung pernyataan tersebut, studi kasus uji coba pengembangan algoritma trajectory lengan robot dilakukan pada penelitian ini dan berhasil dengan baik
Pilot Trial of New ES-HR-PCP Technology for Heavy Oil Reservoir
Authors: Mali Prasanna , Al-Ali Abdulmuhsen Yousef Abdulmuhsen Hashim , Kommaraju Srinivas Rao , Al-Rushoud Ali Mussaed , Shah Jignesh , Zerai Mariam , Al-Abdullah Hashem Fouzi 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Kuwait Oil Company (KOC) has a vast pool of heavy oil reservoirs. Cost-effective artificial lift technologies, are required to produce these reservoirs, optimally. With this strategic objective, pilot of newly developed ‘ES-HR-PCP’ (Electrical Submersible Hydraulically Regulated PCP) technology, is carried out in KOC. Scope of this technical paper is to highlight significance of this technology and to share results of our pilot studies, which are carried out to maximize cold heavy oil production.
With regard to our methodology, initially, techno-economic evaluation of ‘ES-HR-PCP’ system, is carried out. Selected well for the pilot, is having horizontal completion, with 3-1/2″ tubing and 7″ casing. Perforation is at 1900 feet MD (TVD at 686 feet). Oil API gravity is 17. Target liquid production rate is 200 b/d. After finalization of design, pilot of ‘ES-HR-PCP’ system is commissioned and pump performance is monitored for 6 months. Results are analyzed to determine success of the pilot. This study is based on actual field implementation and does not include lab studies.
Technology evaluation has shown that ‘ES-HR-PCP’ system has definite edge over conventional PCP system. Standard PCP can handle only 25% of free gas; while ‘ES-HR-PCP’ can handle 90% of free gas, due to its unique design concept. ‘ES-HR-PCP’ system uses electric cable (and not sucker rods) and down- hole permanent magnet motor (PMM), to transmit power. PMM system can deliver more production, at higher speed; while expending less power. All these factors enable ‘ES-HR-PCP’, to be installed, near to the perforation zone, especially, in horizontal wells, thereby, allowing to attain lowest possible pump intake pressure and maximize production.
During the pilot, peak liquid rate of 270 b/d (at 220 rpm), is achieved with installed ‘ES-HR-PCP’ system. Simulation studies also indicated that this technology could handle more than 40% of free gas, for given operating conditions. It is relevant to note that peak liquid rate of 223 b/d (at 375 rpm), is achieved, when this particular well, was installed with standard PCP, earlier. Substantial savings in power consumption is also witnessed by using ‘ES-HR-PCP’ system. Overall, performance of ‘ES-HR-PCP’ system, is observed highly encouraging during the pilot period.
It is inferred from our studies that ‘ES-HR-PCP’ technology can offer distinct advantages over standard PCP, to accomplish, enhanced oil gain, operational flexibility and savings in operating expenses. Findings of this study can serve, as a valuable reference, for effective exploitation of heavy oil reservoirs of similar nature.
Comparative Analysis of the Use of Net Base Methods and Gross Up Methods in Article 21 Income Tax Bonds (Article 21 Income Tax) in the form of Employee Salaries
Authors: Anggraini Dewi 
Published: February 2021

This study was conducted at PT Surya Agro Persada (SAP) Lubuklinggau City with the focus of research on Income Tax Article 21 and the research sub-focus was the Net Base method and the Gross Up Method. The formulation of the problem in this study is how the comparison of the use of the Net Base method and the Gross Up Method in calculating Article 21 Income Tax is in the form of employee salaries. The purpose is to analyze the comparison of the use of the Net Base method and the Gross Up Method in the context of Article 21 Income Tax in the form of salaries of employees at PT Surya Agro Persada (SAP) in Lubuklinggau City. This research uses qualitative methods, data collection techniques used are observation, interviews and documentation. Based on the results of the analysis carried out that applying the Gross Up method will provide benefits to the company, in addition to providing benefits to employees it can also reduce corporate taxable income because the burden arising from tax benefits can be deductible expenses so that the agency's PPh burden becomes smaller . The conclusion of this study is that the Gross Up method is better than the Net base method, because the calculation using the Gross Up method will benefit both parties, both employees and companies. So it is better for PT Surya Agro Persada to use the Gross Up Method in calculating Article 21 PPh employees.

Keywords: Article 21 Income Tax, Net Base, Gross Up
Implikasi Penggunaan Informasi Akuntansi dalam Pengambilan Keputusan Melalui Variabel Pengetahuan Akuntansi, Kepribadian Wirausaha dan Umur Usaha
Authors: Helmiyati Fitrih , Probowulan Diyah , Murwanti Retno 
Published: February 2021

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis pengaruh pengetahuan akuntansi, kepribadian wirausaha dan umur usaha terhadap penggunaan informasi akuntansi dalam pengambilan keputusan investasi di UMKM di Kecamatan Kaliwates Kabupaten Jember. Penelitian ini termasuk explanatory research. Teknik pengambilan sampel dilakukan menggunakan teknik convenience sampling, yaitu pengambilan sampel didasarkan pada ketersediaan elemen dan kemudahan mendapatkannya. Metode analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis regresi linier berganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara parsial variabel pengetahuan akuntansi, kepribadian wirausaha dan umur usaha berpengaruh signifikan terhadap penggunaan informasi akuntansi dalam pengambilan keputusan investasi pada UMKM di Kabupaten Kaliwates Kabupaten Jember. Simpulan, semua variabel yang diamati dalam penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya pengaruh terhadap pengambilan keputusan investasi pada UMKM di Kabupaten Kaliwates Jember. Semakin baik variabel-variabel tersebut maka penggunaan informasi akuntansi dalam pengambilan keputusan investasi akan semakin meningkat.
Kata Kunci: Kepribadian Wirausaha, Pengambilan Keputusan Investasi, Pengetahuan Akuntansi, UMKM Kaliwates Jember, Umur Usaha
Deteksi Kecurangan Laporan Keuangan Melalui Variabel Corporate Governance
Authors: Guritno Dany Panji , Probowulan Diyah , Maharani Astrid 
Published: February 2021

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memperoleh bukti empiris mengenai pengaruh kepemilikan manajerial, kepemilikan institusional, dewan komisaris, dewan komisaris independen dan komite audit independen terhadap kecurangan laporanikeuangan. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan Beneish M-Score model dengan desain penelitian yaitu analisis regresi logistik dan diolah dengan software IBM SPSS Statistics 21. Sampel yang digunakan yaitu perusahaan manufaktur sektor Industri Dasar dan Kimia yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI) pada tahun 2016-2018. Jumlah sampeliyang digunakan pada penelitian ini berjumlah 13 perusahaan yang terdaftaridi BEI selama tiga tahun berturut-turut yang diambil secara purposive sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa variabel kepemilikan manajerial, kepemilikan institusional, dewan komisaris, komisaris independen dan komite audit independen tidak berpengaruh positif terhadap kecurangan laporan keuangan. Simpulan, semua variabel yang diuji tidak menunjukkan adanya pengaruh terhadap kecurangan laporan keuangan.
Kata Kunci: Dewan Komisaris, Kecurangan Laporan Keuangan, Komite Audit Independen, Komisaris Independen, Kepemilikan Institusional, Kepemilikan Manajerial
Eskalasi Komitmen Berdasarkan Informasi Investasi, Kondisi Adverse Selection dan Job Rotation
Authors: Bintang Vinando , Susbiyani Arik , Syahfrudin Achmad 
Published: February 2021

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh informasi investasi, kondisi pemilihan adverse selection dan job rotation terhadap eskalasi komitmen. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain faktorial 2x2. Data yang dikumpulkan dalam penelitian ini merupakan data primer yang diperoleh dengan pemberian kuesioner berupa studi kasus. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa analisis informasi investasi memperoleh nilai uji < 0,05. Hasil yang sama juga diperoleh pada analisis interaksi antara adverse selection dan job rotation. Simpulan, informasi investasi (investasi negatif dan investasi positif) dan interaksi antara adverse selection dan job rotation mampu mempengaruhi keputusan manajer untuk melakukan eskalasi.
Kata Kunci: Adverse Selection, Eskalasi Komitmen, Informasi Investasi, Job Rotation