bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Przetłumacz mi książeczkę. Kilka słów o przekładzie literatury dziecięcej i młodzieżowej tylko dla dorosłych
Authors: Brzózka Aleksander 
Published: May 2021

The following article focuses on ideology and power relations involved in the act of translating children’s literature. It is proposed that discussions within the theory of CLTS be shifted away from questions of how to produce better translations by avoiding manipulation to focusing on how manipulation and ideology work in translated texts for children. A series of fourteen Polish translations of Mark Twain’s Adventures of Tom Sawyer is used to show the influence that the translator’s ideosomatic and idiosomatic programming has on handling offensive and religious expressions. The extensive data collected allows for a detailed synchronic and diachronic analysis, which proves that although vocabulary considered inappropriate varies relative to both ideological and individual aspects, not a single translation avoids some degree of manipulation; reflecting both contemporary ideology and personal attitude.
Problemy tłumaczeniowe w przekładzie prozy Harukiego Murakamiego
Authors: Zielińska-Elliott Anna 
Published: May 2021

Haruki Murakami’s texts stand out when it comes to their linguistic aspects. Despite writing in Japanese, Haruki Murakami often uses English loanwords, quotes, and intertextual references. By using such stylistic devices, the author gives rise to the feeling of estrangement. This is, however, often lost when his literature is translated into other languages. To set some of the characters apart, to show that they are different, lonely or eccentric, Murakami makes them speak in dialects. The most popular methods of translating such utterances include creating a fictitious dialect, using colloquial language or a parallel dialect existing in the target language, or omitting the dialect completely, therefore neutralizing how a given character speaks. In “Yesterday,” one of Murakami’s works translated by Anna Zielińska-Elliott into Polish, a character originally speaking the Kansai dialect uses the Poznań dialect.
Influence of off-road vehicle trails on small mammal community structure in western Maryland
Authors: Thady Erin , Harlon Emily K. , Edwards Sabrina , Lambert Thomas D. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractTo minimize risks associated with off-road vehicle use, agencies often designate areas for off-road vehicle recreation; however, this can concentrate impacts. Trails can cause a change in habitat structure and may divide home ranges. Our objective was to survey small mammal populations along a newly established trail to determine whether small mammals were more impacted by changes to habitat structure or the creation of a barrier. Transects established along the trail were trapped to quantify small mammal community structure. Nine species were captured, with Peromyscus spp. being the most abundant. Peromyscus spp. abundance was significantly greater at the immediate trail edge than in the forest interior. Edge effects on habitat structure extended 50 m into the interior but did not appear to affect abundances significantly. Our study suggests that the trail edge itself is more important than the associated habitat change in driving changes to small mammal abundance.
Salamander survey of Jakey Hollow Natural Area, Columbia County, Pennsylvania
Authors: Hartzell Sean M. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWith current declines in amphibian and reptile populations, herpetological surveys of protected natural areas are crucial to management of these organisms, especially as natural areas become more insular due to surrounding land use. Jakey Hollow Natural Area (JHNA) is a locally significant biological site in Columbia County, PA, consisting of wooded slopes bisected by a small-order stream. This report presents the results of a salamander survey at JHNA during the spring of 2020. Cover object surveys revealed a total of 190 salamanders belonging to seven species. The most common salamanders observed at JHNA were Plethodon cinereus and Desmognathus ochrophaeus, which typify other surveys of similar habitats in Pennsylvania. Other species found in lower abundance were D. fuscus, Eurycea bislineata, Gyrinophilus porphyriticus, P. glutinosus, and Pseudotriton ruber. Future surveys utilizing other techniques may reveal the presence of additional salamander species at this site.
Analysis of the Basic Science Questions on the Orthopaedic In-Training Examination From 2014 to 2019
Authors: Shen Tony S. , Driscoll Daniel A. , Ellsworth Bridget K. , Premkumar Ajay , Lebrun Drake G. , Bostrom Mathias P. G. , Cross Michael B. 
Published: May 2021

Introduction:
The Orthopaedic In-Training Examination (OITE), produced by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS), plays an important role in the educational mission of orthopaedic residency programs nationwide. An up-to-date understanding of this examination is critical for programs to develop an appropriate curriculum and for individuals to identify learning resources. This study presents an updated analysis of the basic science section of the OITE from 2014 to 2019.

Methods:
All questions from the OITE from 2014 to 2019 were reviewed. Each question from the basic science section was categorized by topic and taxonomy. The use of radiographic images or other clinical media was recorded. The reference section was analyzed for bibliometric factors. Pearson chi-square tests were used as appropriate for statistical comparison.

Results:
In total, 185 of 1,600 questions in the basic science section were used over the 6-year study period (11.6%). The proportion of basic science questions ranged from 10.7% to 12.0% from year to year. The most frequently tested topics were cellular and molecular biology (23.8%), physiology/pathophysiology (16.8%), and pharmacology (10.8%). There was an increase in the number of biostatistics questions from 2017 to 2019 compared with the number from 2014 to 2016 (P = 0.02). The most common taxonomic category was knowledge recall (89.7%). A total of 383 references were cited from 122 sources. The 3 most common sources accounting for 44.4% of all citations were produced by the AAOS.

Discussion:
The basic science section of the OITE accounts for approximately 11% of all questions, with the most common taxonomy being knowledge recall (89.7%). Recent tests have emphasized biostatistics, highlighting the importance of incorporating biostatistics into residency education. Reference materials produced by the AAOS were highly cited in this section.
Potential Benefits of Limited Clinical and Radiographic Follow-up After Surgical Treatment of Ankle Fractures
Authors: Friedman Lisa G. M. , Sanchez Daniela , Zachos Terri A. , Marcantonio Andrew , Audet Megan , Vallier Heather , Mullis Brian , Myers-White Adam , Kempton Laurence , Watts Jeffrey , Horwitz Daniel S. 
Published: May 2021

Introduction:
Ankle fractures are one of the most prevalent musculoskeletal injuries, with a significant number requiring surgical treatment. Postoperative complications requiring additional interventions frequently occur during the early postoperative period. We hypothesize that there is a limited need for routine clinical and radiographic follow-up once the fracture is deemed healed.

Methods:
IRB approval was obtained at four academic trauma centers. A retrospective chart review was done to identify adults with healed unimalleolar and bimalleolar ankle fractures treated surgically with at least 12 months of follow-up. Based on postoperative radiographs, changes in fracture alignment and implant position from radiographic union to final follow-up were documented. The average reimbursement for a final follow-up clinic visit and a set of ankle radiographs were estimated.

Results:
A total of 140 patients met inclusion criteria. The mean age at injury was 49.5 years, and 67.9% of patients were female. The mean time to healing was 82.2 days (±33.5 days). After radiographic healing, one patient had radiographic changes but was asymptomatic and full weight bearing at their final follow-up. On average, our institution was reimbursed $46 to $49 for a follow-up clinic visit and $364 to $497 for a set of ankle radiographs.

Conclusion:
Given the average time to healing, there is limited utility in routine radiographic and clinical follow-up beyond 16 weeks in asymptomatic patients. In our series, this would result in a savings of $950 to $1,200 per patient. However, after ankle fractures were deemed healed, 0.7% patients had radiographic evidence of a change in implant position. Documenting this change did not modify the immediate course of fracture treatment. Surgeons will need to balance the need for routine follow-up with the potential economic benefits in reducing costs to the healthcare system.
Handicapping Rules and Performance of Sailing Yachts
Authors: Letcher John S. 
Published: May 2021

The structure of some past and present rules is discussed and the general problem of optimum performance under the rule is considered. This requires a rational performance model, which would itself form the most equitable rating rule possible under the existing level of technical understanding of mechanics of sailing.
The theory of sailboat performance estimates is outlined and surveyed. New theories are presented on the performances of geometrically similar vessels and on the implications of optimum sail trim. Two rational ways are proposed for averaging performance over a probability distribution of operating conditions appropriate to different types of races. The theory suggests a new form for a rule, in which multiple ratings are assigned characterizing average potential speeds in various ranges of operating conditions.
Some Observed Effects of Foil Control on Hydrofoil Sailing Vehicle Performance
Authors: Bradfield W. S. 
Published: May 2021

Fixed lifting foil sailing vehicles are at about the same stage of development as were catamarans about 15 years ago. So far it has been established (experimentally) that fixed foil vehicles do “fly”; that there exists an optimum take off speed corresponding to each given hull configuration; that for a given catamaran configuration with and without foils in true wind speeds in excess of 15 knots; and that the observed improvement is not equal to that predicted.
The present paper concludes on the basis of timed runs that the discrepancy between predicted ideal and observed performance is due to lack of control of vehicle stability and balance in the hard and gusty winds required for top speed. Herein, are developed some simple ideas for improving sailing hydrofoil performance with minimal helmsman control of foil incidence and dihedral. The design and development of two hydrofoil sailboats incorporating these ideas is described and the results of comparative predicted and measured performance of one of them is presented.
Évaluation par compétences : les préoccupations des enseignants en matière d’évaluation au cours d’une expérimentation des « classes sans notes » dans un collège français
Authors: Saillot Éric 
Published: May 2021

Cet article s’appuie sur une recherche collaborative menée de 2016 à 2018 dans un collège français sur les « classes sans notes », expérimentation qui propose une évaluation des élèves par compétences, et non plus avec des notes chiffrées. Notre problématique vise à mieux comprendre les préoccupations des enseignants qui doivent évaluer sans le système de notation sur 20. Nous avons mené 1 entretien avec 5 cadres dirigeants, 4 groupes de discussion avec 26 enseignants et des réunions collectives, dans l’esprit des « disputes professionnelles réglées » de Clot (2006). Nous avons identifié six types de préoccupations relatives aux pratiques évaluatives par compétences.
Identification of robust diagnostic and prognostic gene signatures in different grades of gliomas: a retrospective study
Authors: Liu Jieting , Zhang Hongrui , Zhang Jingyun , Bing Zhitong , Wang Yingbin , Li Qiao , Yang Kehu 
Published: May 2021

BackgroundGliomas are the most common primary tumors of the central nervous system. The complexity and heterogeneity of the tumor makes it difficult to obtain good biomarkers for drug development. In this study, through The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA), we analyze the common diagnostic and prognostic moleculer markers in Caucasian and Asian populations, which can be used as drug targets in the future.MethodsThe RNA-seq data from Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were analyzed to identify signatures. Based on the signatures, the prognosis index (PI) of every patient was constructed to predict the prognostic risk. Also, gene ontology (GO) functional enrichment analysis and KEGG analysis were conducted to investigate the biological functions of these mRNAs. Glioma patients’ data in the CGGA database were introduced to validate the effectiveness of the signatures among Chinese populations. Excluding the previously reported prognostic markers of gliomas from this study, the expression of HSPA5 and MTPN were examined by qRT-PCR and immunohistochemical assay.ResultsIn total, 20 mRNAs were finally selected to build PI for patients from TCGA, including 16 high-risk genes and four low-risk genes. For Chinese patients, the log-rank test p values of PI were both less than 0.0001 in two independent datasets. And the AUCs were 0.831 and 0.907 for 3 years of two datasets, respectively. Moreover, among these 20 mRNAs, 10 and 15 mRNAs also had a significant predictive effect via univariate COX analysis in CGGA_693 and CGGA_325, respectively. qRT-PCR and Immunohistochemistry assay indicated that HSPA5 and MTPN over-expressed in Glioma samples compared to normal samples.ConclusionThe 20-gene signature can forecast the risk of Glioma in TCGA effectively, moreover it can also predict the risks of Chinese patients through validation in the CGGA database. HSPA5 and MTPN are possible biomarkers of gliomas suitable for all populations to improve the prognosis of these patients.
Alterations in mechanical muscle characteristics and postural control induced by tennis match-play in young players
Authors: Colomar Joshua , Corbi Francisco , Baiget Ernest 
Published: May 2021

Background
Central and peripheric fatigue indicators are among the main reasons for performance decline following competition. Because of the impact of these factors on performance, how these variables are affected by match-play could be of interest, especially in young tennis players.

Objective
This study aimed to investigate alterations induced by a simulated tennis match on postural control and muscle characteristics in young tennis players.

Method
Seventeen male junior players took part in pre- and post-competition testing sessions performing postural control (displacement, speed and surface area of center of pressures) and muscle characteristics measurements (tone, stiffness, time to relaxation and elasticity). Between trials, participants played an 80-min simulated tennis match.

Results
No significant differences were observed in any of the tested variables. Moderate-to-large effect sizes (ES) for decreased stiffness and tone and greater time to relaxation were found between pre- and post-conditions in the right rectus abdominis (−9.8%, −4.4% and 7.8%; ES = 0.8, 0.54 and −0.85). Also, a decrease in tone was found in the right vastus medialis (−7.1%; ES = 0.56), while surface area of the center of pressures with eyes open showed trends towards increasing in post-match measurements (55.9%; ES = 0.56).

Conclusion
An 80-min simulated tennis match seems insufficient to elicit significant changes in postural control and mechanical muscle characteristics. Results suggest that physiological responses triggered by match-play were closer to those seen after a moderate activity than those present following a strenuous task.
Health Complications in Patients Recovering from COVID-19: A Narrative Review of Post-COVID Syndrome
Authors: Pai Marcus Yu Bin , Park Andrew Seung Ho , Chen Bruno Fu Lon , Toma Juliana Takiguti , Pai Hong Jin 
Published: May 2021

Introduction: Due to the unprecedented health and economic complications resulting from COVID-19, the coronavirus pandemic is currently a leading global health concern. COVID-19 poses significant health risks, life-threatening clinical conditions, and even mortality in affected individuals. Several associated complications have also arisen as a result of COVID-19, including mass hospitalization, the need for invasive ventilation and intensive care unit (ICU) support, delayed recovery from infection, and post-recovery health issues. Furthermore, the pandemic itself has created enormous panic, which in turn affects the mental health of COVID-19 patients, individuals who have recovered from the disease, and the general population.
Just over a year has now passed since the beginning of the global COVID-19 pandemic and in this time, over 110 million individuals have been infected worldwide. Post-infection recovery times and long-term complications are now becoming more apparent. Especially physical and mental health complications arising from post-COVID-19-infection, which prevent a return to a healthy lifestyle and everyday routine remain a critical issue.
Objective: The primary objective of this narrative review is to address this clinically relevant issue and overview the health complications commonly observed in individuals who have recovered from COVID-19.
Methods: An investigation was performed on online databases for relevant articles from 2020 until January 2021. Key index words used in search were post-covid, myalgia, fatigue, pain.
Results: Fatigue, myalgia (i.e., muscle pain), sleep disruptions, and mental health issues (e.g., anxiety and depression) are among the most reported post-recovery symptoms in patients recovering from the disease. The etiology and potential management of these health complications are discussed, considering recently published findings from COVID-19 patients as well as previous studies focusing on complications arising from other related pandemics.
Conclusion: Patients who have recovered from COVID-19 should be evaluated for signs of fatigue, muscle pain, mental health difficulties, and sleeping difficulties regardless of disease severity. Based on this review of the literature, complete clinical and psychiatric evaluation, and the use of validated indicators of the severity of COVID-19 disease, symptoms are recommended to develop efficient health management approaches that meet patients' needs.
Evaluation of the Effect of Jatropha integerrima (Euphorbiaceae) on the renal Function of Male Albino Wistar Rats Exposed to Chromium
Authors: Andy-Nwokocha M. J. , Nwachuku E. O. , Bartimaeus E. S. , Obunwo C. C. 
Published: May 2021

Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of Jathropha interrigima on renal function of male Albino Wistar rats exposed to chromium.
Study Design: The study is an experimental study.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria, between March 2020 and December 2020.
Methodology: A total of 30 male Albino Wistar rats that weighed between 140-210g were used for this study. This study was done in three phases: Acute, Sub-chronic and Chronic phases and Jathropha interrigima extract was given to the rats as a prophylaxis (PRE) within the three phases and as a therapeutic (POST) substance within the three phases. Blood samples were collected at the end of each phase for both PRE and POST by cardiac puncture and separated into microvials tubes for the evaluation of the renal parameters listed above using a Selectra Pro-S automated chemistry analyzer. The kidneys were also harvested for histological studies using haematoxilin stain. Data was analysed using SPSS version 22.0 and p values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
Results: For the Acute Phase, the rats exposed to Chromium (Treatment Group) given the Jathropha extract prophylactically(PRE) had mean Potassium level( 7.33 ± 0.51mmol/l) which was significantly higher than the positive control (5.5 ± 0.42mmol/l); whereas for the Treatment group given the Jathropha extract therapeutically (POST) had mean Sodium level (134.7 ± 2.08mmol/l) which was significantly higher than the negative control (126.5 ± 2.21mmol/l) and the positive control( 130.0 ± 0.01mmol/l), also a CRP level (1.6 ± 0.06u/ml) which was significantly higher than the PC ( 1.5±0.0u/ml1) and NC (1.3± 0.01u/ml) and a KIM level (16.7±0.10u/ml) which was significantly higher than the PC(14.3±0.01u/ml) and NC ( 1.3±0.01u/ml) respectively. In the Sub-chronic phase, Rats in the PRE had TG mean CRP (1.5±0.42u/ml) and KIM (16.1±1.72iu/l) which were significantly higher than the NC and PC (1.2±0.07); whereas those in POST had mean Potassium level (4.5 ± 0.20) which was significantly lower than PC and NC, a mean Bicarbonate level (20.0 ± 1.00) which was higher than PC and NC. And an Anion Gap (12.7 ± 0.58) which was significantly lower than the controls. Mean CRP, KIM, Urea and Creatinine levels in the treatment group where significantly lower than in the controls. A similar result occurred at the chronic phases for both PRE and POST.
Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that exposure to Chromium caused a Renal injury and Jathropha interrigima may have the potential to heal or reverse the injurious effect if given as a therapy for upto 30 to 60 days.
Pharmacological and Toxicological Appraisal of Promising Enzyme-tyrosinase Isolated from Soil Bacteria-an Update
Authors: Ahmed Asma , Gill Kinza Rashid , Khan Hassan Akbar , Aman Sitwat , Qureshi Javed Anver , Mehmood Rafia 
Published: May 2021

Aims: The membrane associated tyrosinase is an enzymatically active monomeric glycoprotein which is purified to only a low degree. It has gained importance in the present era due to its antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties as well as applications in industry. Moreover its role in the synthesis of melanin in skin for protection from UV radiations also paved the way towards the better understanding of this enzyme.
Study Design: Biochemical and molecular characterization of tyrosinase producing soil bacterium had been followed by the assessment of its antioxidant, cytotoxic and anti-cancer activities.
Place and Duration of Study: Whole work had been completed at the Microbiology and Molecular biology labs of IMBB during 2018- 2019.
Methodology: Tyrosinase producing species were identified by biochemical characterization followed by their genomic DNA sequencing and BLAST analysis while crude tyrosinase was characterized by Bradford's methods, tyrosinase activity and total protein activity, followed by their molecular characterization on SDS-PAGE. The antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties of tyrosinase were evaluated via DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays and cell proliferation inhibition and the cytotoxicity was calculated via antitumor and MTT assays.
Results: P. putida, B. cereus, B. mycoides, M. luteus, K. pneumonia were found to be tyrosinase producing species while their SDS-PAGE analysis showed that the molecular mass of crude tyrosinase was about 39 kDa. Protein contents, total tyrosinase and specific tyrosinase activity was found to be highest in tyrosinase from B. mycoides [0.008±0.06 mg/ml, 1500±0.06 U/ml and 346820.8±0.03 U/mg of tyrosinase respectively]. The results of biological activities of crude tyrosinase vary from bacteria to bacteria. Tyrosinase from P. putida showed higher antioxidant [66.4±0.01% in DPPH assay, 32.04±0.06%in ABTS assay and 320.6±0.06 in FRAP assay], antitumor [67.8±0.01%] and cytotoxic activity [39±1.0% cell viability], followed by B. Cereus tyrosinase [64.7±0.06% antioxidant power in DPPH assay, 53.41±0.03% in ABTS assay and 159.6±0.06% in FRAP assay, 46.46±0.01% antitumor and 43±0.75% cell viability].
Conclusion: The study revealed that tyrosinase isolated from different bacterial strains depicted optimal percentage of anti-oxidative, anti-proliferative and cellular viability and can be used in the near future for medical and industrial purposes.