bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Different Developmental Stages and Developmental Ages of Humans in History: Culture and Socialization, Open and Closed Developmental Windows, and Advanced and Arrested Development
Authors: Oesterdiekhoff Georg W. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Piagetian cross-cultural psychology indicated that humans living in preindustrial nations do not develop the adolescent stage of formal operations but stay in the preoperational or concrete operational stage. The stage of formal operations originated among intellectual elites of early modern times and became a mass phenomenon in the 20th century, many empirical indicators suggest. Racial-biological approaches cannot explain these phenomena, but those that combine developmental psychology with socialization theory can. The culture of modern, industrial nations, with their systems of primary and secondary socialization and their systems of occupation and media, stimulate young brains and psyches to use open developmental windows so strongly that they can reach the formal operational stage successfully. Conversely, premodern cultures, across times and regions, do not stimulate humans to develop beyond the childhood stages. Accordingly, unused developmental windows in youth lead to early arrested development there. Both ethnographic data and Piagetian training studies indicate that premodern adults cannot skip stages, being stuck in the childhood stages throughout their lives. However, children born in premodern cultures can develop the formal operational stage when they move to modern cultures in their early years. Only the theory of (open or closed) developmental windows can explain these remarkable phenomena. Data indicate that every stage or substage described by developmental psychology was once the “developmental age” certain nations or social milieus had actually reached.
Advance Requests for Medical Assistance in Dying in Dementia: a Survey Study of Dementia Care Specialists
Authors: Nakanishi Allison , Cuthbertson Lauren , Chase Jocelyn 
Published: June 2021

Background
Current Canadian Medical Assistance in Dying (MAiD) legislation requires individuals to have the mental capacity to consent at the time of the procedure. Advance requests for MAiD (ARs for MAiD) could allow individuals to document conditions where MAiD would be desired in the setting of progressive dementia.
Methods
Greater Vancouver area dementia care clinicians from family practice, geriatric medicine, geriatric psychiatry, and palliative care were approached to participate in an online survey to as­sess attitudes around the appropriateness of ARs for MAiD. Quantitative analysis of survey questions and qualitative analysis of open-ended response questions were performed.
Results
Of 630 clinicians approached, 80 were included in the data analysis. 64% of respondents supported legislation allowing ARs for MAiD in dementia. 96% of respondents articulated barriers and concerns, including determination of capacity, protecting the interests of the future individual, navigating conflict among stakeholders, and identifying coercion. 78% of respondents agreed with a mandatory capacity assessment to create an AR, and 59% agreed that consensus between clinicians and substitute decision-makers was required to enact an AR.
Conclusion
The majority of Vancouver dementia care clinicians participat­ing in this study support legislation allowing ARs for MAiD in dementia, while also articulating ethical and logistical concerns with its application.
Assessment of Utilization of HBCP Services for Children Diagnosed with Chronic and Terminal Illnesses Aged between 1-14 Years in Meru County, Kenya
Authors: Kubai P. K. , Mutema A. M. , Kei M. R. 
Published: June 2021

Introduction: Worldwide, 57 million people died in 2008 from Chronic Illnesses, an estimated 40 million were in need of HBCP services with 6.6 - 10.8 million Children and adolescents dying [1,2]. 98% of Children with Chronic and Terminal illnesses (CI/TI) are found in low and middle-income Countries. Chronic and Terminal illnesses in Children are on the rise in Sub Saharan Africa. Kenya has lagged in implementation of Home Based Care to mitigate effects of CI/TI [3]. According to WHO, 2017 and Ministry of Health-Kenya 2013, millions of Children are affected by these Illnesses such as Tuberculosis, Asthma, Congenital abnormalities, HIV/AIDS and Cancer among others [4,5]. These illnesses have made families’ to suffer emotional, psychosocial and economic hardships [6,7]. Evaluation of utilization of Home Based Care Program (EHBCP) services is significant in assessing effectiveness and quality delivery of HBCP [8,9].
Aims: To assess usage of minimum essential package required in provision of Home Based Care program services for Children aged between 1-14 years diagnosed with selected Chronic and Terminal illnesses in Meru County Kenya.
Study Design: A descriptive Cross Sectional Survey.
Place and Duration of Study: Conducted in Meru County Kenya Health facilities between June 2018 and Dec 2019.
Methodology: Descriptive Cross Sectional Survey of 245 Health Care Providers and Caregivers of Children diagnosed with selected by proportionate to size sampling and simple random sampling from different health facilities across Meru County was utilized.
Results: Utilization, delivery of quality and effective Home Based Care program was positively associated with age, experience of Health Care Workers (HCWs) 4.8 [95% CI = 1.06 – 21.68, P = 0.041]. HCWs profession, gender and years of work were positively related to utilization and delivery of HBCP services 3.03 [95%CI = 1.64 – 5.59, P<0.001].
Conclusion: Current study concludes that utilization of Minimum HBCP essential package by participants was not effective and the quality delivery of minimum HBCP essential services was inadequate, which agrees with Sips et al., 2014 study that poor service delivery leads to inadequate utilization, it concludes that restructuring HBCP services would meet individual needs for ill Children.
MicroRNA expression profiling with a droplet digital PCR assay enables molecular diagnosis and prognosis of cancers of unknown primary
Authors: Laprovitera Noemi , Riefolo Mattia , Porcellini Elisa , Durante Giorgio , Garajova Ingrid , Vasuri Francesco , Aigelsreiter Ariane , Dandachi Nadia , Benvenuto Giuseppe , Agostinis Federico , Sabbioni Silvia , Berindan Neagoe Ioana , Romualdi Chiara , Ardizzoni Andrea , Trerè Davide , Pichler Martin , D'Errico Antonietta , Ferracin Manuela 
Published: June 2021

Metastasis is responsible for the majority of cancer‐related deaths. Particularly, challenging is the management of metastatic cancer of unknown primary site (CUP), whose tissue of origin (TOO) remains undetermined even after extensive investigations and whose therapy is rather unspecific and poorly effective. Molecular approaches to identify the most probable TOO of CUPs can overcome some of these issues. In this study, we applied a predetermined set of 89 microRNAs (miRNAs) to infer the TOO of 53 metastatic cancers of unknown or uncertain origin. The miRNA expression was assessed with droplet digital PCR in 159 samples, including primary tumors from 17 tumor classes (reference set) and metastases of known and unknown origin (test set). We combined two different statistical models for class prediction to obtain the most probable TOOs: the nearest shrunken centroids approach of Prediction Analysis of Microarrays (PAMR) and the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) models. The molecular test was successful for all formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded samples and provided a TOO identification within 1 week from the biopsy procedure. The most frequently predicted origins were gastrointestinal, pancreas, breast, lung, and bile duct. The assay was applied also to multiple metastases from the same CUP, collected from different metastatic sites: The predictions showed a strong agreement, intrinsically validating our assay. The final CUPs' TOO prediction was compared with the clinicopathological hypothesis of primary site. Moreover, a panel of 13 miRNAs proved to have prognostic value and be associated with overall survival in CUP patients. Our study demonstrated that miRNA expression profiling in CUP samples could be employed as diagnostic and prognostic test. Our molecular analysis can be performed on request, concomitantly with standard diagnostic workup and in association with genetic profiling, to offer valuable indications about the possible primary site, thereby supporting treatment decisions.
Spatial Extent of Fluorescence Quenching in Mixed Semiconductor–Metal Nanoparticle Gel Networks
Authors: Rosebrock Marina , Zámbó Dániel , Rusch Pascal , Pluta Denis , Steinbach Frank , Bessel Patrick , Schlosser Anja , Feldhoff Armin , Hindricks Karen D. J. , Behrens Peter , Dorfs Dirk , Bigall Nadja C. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn this work, mixing and co‐gelation of Au nanoparticles (NPs) and highly luminescent CdSe/CdS core/shell nanorods (NRs) are used as tools to obtain noble metal particle‐decorated macroscopic semiconductor gel networks. The hybrid nature of the macrostructures facilitates the control over the optical properties: while the holes are trapped in the CdSe cores, the connected CdSe/CdS NRs support the mobility of excited electrons throughout the porous, hyperbranched gel networks. Due to the presence of Au NPs in the mixed gels, electron trapping in the gold NPs leads to a suppressed radiative recombination, namely, quenches the fluorescence in certain fragments of the multicomponent gel. The extent of fluorescence quenching can be influenced by the quantity of the noble metal domains. The optical properties are monitored as a function of the NR:NP ratio of a model system CdSe/CdS:Au. By this correlation, it demonstrates that the spatial extent of quenching initiated by a single Au NP exceeds the dimensions of one NR, which the Au is connected to (with a length of 45.8 nm ± 4.1 nm) and can reach the number of nine NRs per Au NP, which roughly corresponds to 400 nm of total electron travel distance within the network structure.
In Situ Synthesis of Graphene‐Coated Silicon Monoxide Anodes from Coal‐Derived Humic Acid for High‐Performance Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Xu Shuai , Zhou Jigang , Wang Jian , Pathiranage Sameera , Oncel Nuri , Robert Ilango Pushparaj , Zhang Xin , Mann Michael , Hou Xiaodong 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSilicon monoxide (SiO) is attaining extensive interest amongst silicon‐based materials due to its high capacity and long cycle life; however, its low intrinsic electrical conductivity and poor coulombic efficiency strictly limit its commercial applications. Here low‐cost coal‐derived humic acid is used as a feedstock to synthesize in situ graphene‐coated disproportionated SiO (D‐SiO@G) anode with a facile method. HR‐TEM and XRD confirm the well‐coated graphene layers on a SiO surface. Scanning transmission X‐ray microscopy and X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure spectra analysis indicate that the graphene coating effectively hinders the side‐reactions between the electrolyte and SiO particles. As a result, the D‐SiO@G anode presents an initial discharge capacity of 1937.6 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 and an initial coulombic efficiency of 78.2%. High reversible capacity (1023 mAh g−1 at 2.0 A g−1), excellent cycling performance (72.4% capacity retention after 500 cycles at 2.0 A g−1), and rate capability (774 mAh g−1 at 5 A g−1) results are substantial. Full coin cells assembled with LiFePO4 electrodes and D‐SiO@G electrodes display impressive rate performance. These results indicate promising potential for practical use in high‐performance lithium‐ion batteries.
Flexible MXene Framework as a Fast Electron/Potassium‐Ion Dual‐Function Conductor Boosting Stable Potassium Storage in Graphite Electrodes
Authors: Cao Bin , Liu Huan , Zhang Peng , Sun Ning , Zheng Bin , Li Ying , Du Huiling , Xu Bin 
Published: June 2021

AbstractGraphite anodes show great potential for potassium storage, however, their capacity fades quickly owing to substantial interlayer expansion/shrinkage (i.e., up to 60%) induced structural degradation. Here, Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets are used as a fast electron/potassium‐ion dual‐function conductor to construct the framework of all‐integrated graphite nanoflake (GNF)/MXene (GNFM) electrodes. The continuous MXene framework constructs a 3D channel for fast electron/potassium‐ion transfer and endows GNFM electrodes with a high structural stability. Owing to this unique MXene framework, GNFM electrodes exhibit much enhanced potassium storage performances than that of the conventional polymer‐bonded electrodes even at high mass loadings. Moreover, GNFM electrodes also show impressive cyclability in non‐flammable electrolytes and are further used as anodes to assemble novel non‐flammable potassium‐ion capacitors that show an excellent cyclability and high energy/power densities (113.1 Wh kg–1 and 12.2 kW kg–1). New insights into phase transition mechanism in GNFM electrodes are verified by operando XRD. Density functional theory calculations demonstrate that MXene can promote electron transfer and potassium diffusion in the heterointerface between GNF and MXene. Therefore, the results demonstrate that all‐integrated GNFM electrodes designed with MXene as multifunctional frameworks provide a new paradigm for producing efficient potassium storage anodes.
Toward Mechanochromic Soft Material‐Based Visual Feedback for Electronics‐Free Surgical Effectors
Authors: Giordano Goffredo , Gagliardi Mariacristina , Huan Yu , Carlotti Marco , Mariani Andrea , Menciassi Arianna , Sinibaldi Edoardo , Mazzolai Barbara 
Published: June 2021

AbstractA chromogenically reversible, mechanochromic pressure sensor is integrated into a mininvasive surgical grasper compatible with the da Vinci robotic surgical system. The sensorized effector, also featuring two soft‐material jaws, encompasses a mechanochromic polymeric inset doped with functionalized spiropyran (SP) molecule, designed to activate mechanochromism at a chosen pressure and providing a reversible color change. Considering such tools are systematically in the visual field of the operator during surgery, color change of the mechanochromic effector can help avoid tissue damage. No electronics is required to control the devised visual feedback. SP‐doping of polydimethylsiloxane (2.5:1 prepolymer/curing agent weight ratio) permits to modulate the mechanochromic activation pressure, with lower values around 1.17 MPa for a 2% wt. SP concentration, leading to a shorter chromogenic recovery time of 150 s at room temperature (25 °C) under green light illumination. Nearly three‐times shorter recovery time is observed at body temperature (37 °C). To the best of knowledge, this study provides the first demonstration of mechanochromic materials in surgery, in particular to sensorize unpowered surgical effectors, by avoiding dramatic increases in tool complexity due to additional electronics, thus fostering their application. The proposed sensing strategy can be extended to further tools and scopes.
Bi‐Shell Valve for Fast Actuation of Soft Pneumatic Actuators via Shell Snapping Interaction
Authors: Qiao Chuan , Liu Lu , Pasini Damiano 
Published: June 2021

AbstractRapid motion in soft pneumatic robots is typically achieved through actuators that either use a fast volume input generated from pressure control, employ an integrated power source, such as chemical explosions, or are designed to embed elastic instabilities in the body of the robot. This paper presents a bi‐shell valve that can fast actuate soft actuators neither relying on the fast volume input provided by pressure control strategies nor requiring modifications to the architecture of the actuator. The bi‐shell valve consists of a spherical cap and an imperfect shell with a geometrically tuned defect that enables shell snapping interaction to convert a slowly dispensed volume input into a fast volume output. This function is beyond those of current valves capable to perform fluidic flow regulation. Validated through experiments, the analysis unveils that the spherical cap sets the threshold of the snapping pressure along with the upper bounds of volume and energy output, while the imperfect shell interacts with the cap to store and deliver the desired output for rapid actuation. Geometry variations of the bi‐shell valve are provided to show that the concept is versatile. A final demonstration shows that the soft valve can quickly actuate a striker.
Confirmation of Ogden syndrome as an X‐linked recessive fatal disorder due to a recurrent NAA10 variant and review of the literature
Authors: Gogoll Laura , Steindl Katharina , Joset Pascal , Zweier Markus , Baumer Alessandra , Gerth‐Kahlert Christina , Tutschek Boris , Rauch Anita 
Published: June 2021

AbstractOgden syndrome is a rare lethal X‐linked recessive disorder caused by a recurrent missense variant (Ser37Pro) in the NAA10 gene, encoding the catalytic subunit of the N‐terminal acetyltransferase A complex (NatA). So far eight boys of two different families have been described in the literature, all presenting the distinctive and recognizable phenotype, which includes mostly postnatal growth retardation, global severe developmental delay, characteristic craniofacial features, and structural cardiac anomalies and/or arrhythmias. Here, we report the ninth case of Ogden syndrome with an independent recurrence of the Ser37Pro variant. We were able to follow the clinical course of the affected boy and delineate the evolving phenotype from his birth until his unfortunate death at 7 months. We could confirm the associated phenotype as well as the natural history of this severe disease. By describing new presenting features, we are further expanding the clinical spectrum associated with Ogden syndrome and review other phenotypes associated with NAA10 variants.
Regulation of Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence to Room‐Temperature Phosphorescent Emission Channels by Controlling the Excited‐States Dynamics via J‐ and H‐Aggregation
Authors: Li Shuai , Fu Liyuan , Xiao Xiaoxiao , Geng Hua , Liao Qing , Liao Yi , Fu Hongbing 
Published: June 2021

AbstractControl of excited‐state dynamics is key in tuning room‐temperature phosphorescence (RTP) and thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emissions but is challenging for organic luminescent materials (OLMs). We show the regulation of TADF and RTP emissions of a boron difluoride β‐acetylnaphthalene chelate (βCBF2) by controlling the excited‐state dynamics via its J‐ and H‐aggregation states. Two crystalline polymorphs emitting green and red light have been controllably obtained. Although both monoclinic, the green and red crystals are dominated by J‐ and H‐aggregation, respectively, owing to different molecular packing arrangements. J‐aggregation significantly reduces the energy gap between the lowest singlet and triplet excited states for ultra‐fast reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) and enhances the radiative singlet decay, together leading to TADF. The H‐aggregation accelerates the ISC and suppresses the radiative singlet decay, helping to stabilize the triplet exciton for RTP.
An Alkyne‐Metathesis‐Based Approach to the Synthesis of the Anti‐Malarial Macrodiolide Samroiyotmycin A
Authors: Yiannakas Ektoras , Grimes Mark I. , Whitelegge James T. , Fürstner Alois , Hulme Alison N. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe report the first total synthesis of samroiyotmycin A (1), a C2‐symmetric 20‐membered anti‐malarial macrodiolide isolated from Streptomyces sp. The convergent synthetic strategy orchestrates bisalkyne fragment‐assembly using an unprecedented Schöllkopf‐type condensation on a substituted β‐lactone and an ambitious late‐stage one‐pot alkyne cross metathesis–ring‐closing metathesis (ACM–RCAM) reaction. The demanding alkyne metathesis sequence is achieved using the latest generation of molybdenum alkylidynes endowed with a tripodal silanolate ligand framework. Subsequent conversion to the required E‐alkenes uses contemporary hydrometallation chemistry catalysed by tetrameric cluster [{Cp*RuCl}4].
Odd chain fatty acids and odd chain phenolic lipids (alkylresorcinols) are essential for diet
Authors: Dornan Kelly , Gunenc Aynur , Oomah B. Dave , Hosseinian Farah 
Published: June 2021

AbstractOdd chain fatty acids (15:0 and 17:0) from dairy fat as well as odd chain phenolic lipids (alkylresorcinols) from whole grain are commonly reviewed as candidate biomarkers for dietary analysis and their ingestion are inversely related to chronic disease risks. Therefore, low levels of dietary intake of these odd chain molecules may be related to higher risk of physiological states that cause chronic diseases or mortality. It is a prerequisite to examine and understand their main role in beneficial health effects in disease prevention. We propose odd chain fatty acids (OC‐FA) and most importantly odd chain phenolic lipids (OC‐PL) as potential essential dietary compounds since they play key roles in physiological mechanisms. This review evaluates potential roles of OC‐FA and OC‐PL in mitigating chronic diseases in vitro and in vivo studies to support our hypothesis for odd chain molecules as essential dietary lipids. Further studies are needed to investigate the relationship between reduced intake of OC‐FA‐ and OC‐PL‐containing foods and susceptibilities to chronic diseases.
Effects of expandable graphite on char morphology and pyrolysis of epoxy based intumescent fire‐retardant coating
Authors: Ullah Sami , Ahmad Faiz , Al‐Sehemi Abdullah G. , Raza Muhammad Rafi , Assiri Mohammed Ali , Irfan Ahmad , Oñate Eugenio , Yeoh Guan Heng 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe current study was designed to investigate the effects of expandable graphite (EG) on fire protection properties of intumescent fire‐retardant coating for steel structures. Several formulations of intumescent coating were prepared and tested according to ISO 834 for char expansion. The chars were found without cracks and bonded with the steel substrate. The results showed that the coating slowly degraded during the test and char remained in contact with vertically tested coated substrate. The coated substrates were also tested for weather resistance using humid and ultraviolet environment. The char was characterized by using FESEM, XRD, FTIR, TGA, and XPS analysis. FESEM examined char morphology of the coatings after furnace fire test. XRD and FTIR showed the presence of graphite, borophosphate; boron oxide and sassolite in the char. TGA and DTGA results disclosed that EG improved the residual mass of coating. XPS analysis showed the percentages of carbon and oxygen are 48.50 and 43.45 in char of formulation with 12.8% EG. The results of weathering test coatings showed decreased in char expansion because of a humidity and UV light. The formulation with 9.8% EG showed the maximum char expansion and high residual mass among the formulations investigated in this study. The weathering tested coated samples showed their capability of fire protection.