bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lorenzo Ghiberti
Authors: Bloch Amy R. 
Published: April 2021

Born in, or just outside, Florence c. 1380, Lorenzo Ghiberti probably trained in the shop of a goldsmith. He established himself, in the early 15th century, as one of the most skilled bronze/brass sculptors on the Italian peninsula; indeed, he reinvigorated the art of casting metal sculpture in Florence. He demonstrated his abilities in working with cooper alloys first in the famous competition of 1401–1402, in which sculptors, vying for the commission to fashion the Florence Baptistery’s second set of doors, made trial reliefs representing the sacrifice of Isaac. His victory led to his completion of a set of doors (1403–1424) representing scenes from the New Testament. He carried out this project, along with many others, with the assistance of his large workshop. Ghiberti’s mastery of bronze/brass sculpture subsequently led to numerous commissions in these media: between 1412 and 1429, he sculpted three colossal statues for the church of Orsanmichele (St. John the Baptist, St. Matthew, and St. Stephen) and two reliefs for the Siena Baptistery (1417–1427). He received commissions in other materials as well. In the 1420s he produced a number of designs for marble tombs, cast another in bronze, and made two elaborate papal miters (1419 and c. 1434). Between 1425 and 1452, he completed the Florence Baptistery’s third and final set of doors, known as the Gates of Paradise, which both demonstrate his ability to represent—in reliefs made of copper alloys—fictive space through linear perspective and elegant bodies inspired by Antiquity, and highlight his understanding of the meaning and power of Old Testament stories. While working on the Gates he completed other projects, including, for Florence Cathedral, a tomb-shrine of St. Zenobius. In these years and earlier he also made designs for stained-glass windows throughout the cathedral. During his career, he dabbled in architecture, working on the project for the cathedral’s new dome and designing a sacristy-chapel space for the Strozzi family in Santa Trinita. Aside from his sculptures, he is in the early 21st century unquestionably best known for his remarkable Commentaries, a three-book treatise containing the first history of art penned after Antiquity—he included histories of ancient and recent Italian art, culminating in his autobiography—and an extensive section on the science of optics. Ghiberti was an avid collector of ancient art and also owned a number of books. His uncommon acumen as a businessman led him to acquire a great deal of wealth, including a number of properties. After a long, productive, and influential life, he died on 28 November 1455.
The desert exploiter: An overabundant crow species exhibits a neighborhood diffusion pattern into the southern region of Israel
Authors: Salomon Amit , Kozhoridze Giorgi , Shochat Eyal , Ovadia Ofer 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Understanding the causes of spread of overabundant species plays a key role in deciphering their invasion mechanisms, while providing managers with targeted management actions to control their spread. The objective of this research was to quantify the spread of Hooded Crow (Corvus cornix) in Israel and to elucidate the causes of its spread. Long-term occurrence data of Hooded Crow sightings were used to analyze the species range expansion rate. This dataset was analyzed with a range of climatic, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and land-use variables. Analysis of opportunistic presence-only data, corrected for possible sampling biases, illustrated traveling waves of eastward expansion, from the Mediterranean coast into Israel’s central mountain range, and a star-like pattern of spread southward into the northwestern Negev desert. A diffusion equation model revealed an expansion rate of 1.60 km year–1. Land-use analysis revealed an affinity of sighted individuals toward urban and low vegetation land types. Hooded Crow sightings were positively correlated with annual precipitation, with the remaining variation being negatively correlated with precipitation during the wettest quarter. Species distribution modeling suggested that the species has established new populations and is currently expanding its range. The slow rate of dispersal is consistent with a neighborhood diffusion pattern, corresponding to the species life-history traits. Human-managed environments, including low-cover agricultural fields, provide constant available food and nesting trees, allowing the Hooded Crow to thrive all year-round. Precipitation may aid in enhancing Hooded Crow tolerance toward other unfavorable physical conditions. In light of these new findings, management plans ought to recognize centers of Hooded Crow activity as indicators of highly disturbed native wildlife communities. Also, our findings emphasize the need to establish agri-environmental schemes (AES) in such areas, which would raise community resistance to overabundant species. As AES are currently not in place on a national scale, and since their creation has the power to improve landscape connectivity of native species, this last component is especially necessary.
Entrepreneurship as Networking
Authors: Elfring Tom , Klyver Kim , van Burg Elco 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This book presents entrepreneurship as networking as a perspective. Persistent problems around the dominant “individual-opportunity” approach in the entrepreneurship field motivated the authors to focus on the social-interactive aspects and action orientation of entrepreneurship. The work promises to address the challenge of providing a more integrated account in which the entrepreneur’s agency is combined with a greater emphasis on the social environment. The importance of social relations and the associated interactions between entrepreneurs and their environment give insight into key entrepreneurial processes. The authors address the guiding questions of what a viable network is for (nascent) entrepreneurs and how networking activities affect their entrepreneurial endeavors. Therefore, they first create a synthesis of key network mechanisms and networking dynamics. This allows them (a) to shed new light on the origins of opportunities and improve understanding of how entrepreneurs access resources and subsequently mobilize and deploy them, and (b) to explain how entrepreneurs build legitimacy, facilitating them to act on perceived new combinations and thereby exploit their potential. Thus, this book highlights how networking is a central constitutive force in entrepreneurship. Previous work showed how networks can or will lead to entrepreneurial action as a facilitator. Going one step further, the authors posit that networking is entrepreneurial action, and entrepreneurial action is networking, thereby opening an entirely new research agenda.
Cultural Models of Religious Parenting
Authors: Smith Christian , Adamczyk Amy 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes and illustrates the “cultural models” that inform what the vast majority of American religious parents assume and believe about the value and means of passing on religion to their children. It sketches out the cognitive maps that religious parents use to make sense of the task of religious transmission to children. Drawing upon the theory of cultural models developed by cognitive anthropologists, such as Naomi Quinn and Claudia Strauss, it reconstructs the operative cultural models that American religious parents presuppose or believe about the purpose of life, the job of parenting, and the positive role that religion can play in providing children greater resources of happy and successful lives. Emphasis is placed on the pragmatic and functional approach to religion that most parents assume.
How Family Life Shapes Religious Parenting
Authors: Smith Christian , Adamczyk Amy 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
When parents think about how they want to pass on their religion to their children, they often consider their own experiences as children, as well as the individuals with whom their children spend a lot of time. These people include their own parents, grandparents, and, of course, partners. This chapter explores how these other people, both their physical presence as well as childhood memories of them, affect how they try to transmit religion to their offspring. The chapter examines general similarities and differences between adult children and their parents in their childrearing style. It also considers the extent to which adult children draw upon childrearing approaches learned from their parents. The role of grandparents is discussed, as well as the important influence of partners in shaping religious faith transmission. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the different processes married parents and those who are divorced or single engage.
SCG and Corporate Law Theory
Authors: Anand Anita Indira 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the existing conception of the public corporation and questions whether any of these ideas appropriately account for the rise of shareholder-driven corporate governance (SCG). In particular, it considers the contractarian model of the corporation as well as the agency theory, which explains the division of ownership and control as an agency relationship that necessarily produces agency costs. The chapter also addresses a newer and contrasting idea called principal cost theory, which argues that principal (or shareholder) control also comes at a cost, resulting from shareholders’ lack of expertise and the potential for conflicts of interest among them. This theory offers an important counterpoint to the normative arguments for SCG because it emphasizes the potential failings of shareholders and challenges the supposition that they are necessarily well positioned to play an active role in governance.
Antonín Dvořák's New World Symphony
Authors: Shadle Douglas W. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Antonín Dvořák’s New World Symphony exposed the deep wounds of American racism at the dawn of the Jim Crow era while serving as a flashpoint in broader debates about the national ideals of freedom and equality. Following several strands of musical thought during the second half of the nineteenth century, this richly textured account of the symphony’s 1893 premiere shows that even the classical concert hall could not remain insulated from the country’s fraught racial politics. The New World Symphony continued to wield extraordinary influence over American classical music culture for decades after its premiere as it became one of the most beloved pieces in the standard orchestral repertoire.
Conclusion
Authors: Popkin Samuel L. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The final chapter contextualizes past crackups in both parties and explains why this time is different. As shown in case studies about Dwight Eisenhower, Richard Nixon, and Bill Clinton, it has been possible for candidates to create a new party synthesis that papers over the divides between those defending the current orthodoxy and those trying to shift direction. This time is different because the institutions that evolved over the last two centuries for controlling the power of those in charge of the national government are no longer adequate to the challenge. Each Republican Speaker of the House since 2000 has had less ability to develop consensus as more and more representatives are financed by groups unwilling to compromise. Despite the rampant anti-partyism saturating our public discussions, it is precisely the ability of parties to work within their diverse interests and find common ground for legislation that is essential to the future of the United States. Rebuilding the parties will require strengthening party legislative leaders, doing more screening of presidential candidates, and changing IRS regulations to prevent major donors from hiding their identity and the motives behind their ads.
John Lennon as Pop-Cultural and Political Icon
Authors: Shaw Punch 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
No musician embodied the world-changing turbulence of the 1960s and 1970s more than John Lennon. His work as a composer with the Beatles and as a solo artist reinvented what a rock song could be. As a political and social activist, he was a tireless champion of truth, peace, and world harmony. For many of his fans, Lennon’s music and sociopolitical efforts were intertwined. They loved him for the timeless music he created with the Beatles and on his own. And many admired him still more for his efforts to effect social and political change. But his personal life, which included domestic abuse, heavy drug use, and some epically boorish behavior, did not always match his image rooted in peace and love. Has the growing knowledge of Lennon’s personal shortcomings damaged his relationship with his fans? Judging by the adulation he has received since his tragic death in 1980, apparently not.
The Beatles, Gender, and Sexuality
Authors: Kapurch Katie 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses the Beatles’ complex gendered and sexual appeal to audiences and the evolution of fan identification processes in the 1960s and beyond. The chapter unites the growing body of scholarship that treats issues of gender and sexuality in relation to the Beatles and their fans. After consideration of the theoretical difference between androgyny and gender fluidity, Beatles texts are discussed in relation to fan responses. Their gender fluidity inspired many girl fans to scream for (and sing about) the Fabs’ representation of freedom early in the decade. But their music shifted from the girl talk of “She Loves You” to the bravado of “You’re Going to Lose That Girl.” No longer clad in matching boyish suits, the Beatles maintained their fluid gender performance throughout the ’60s. The Beatles’ gender fluidity is a key ingredient in their sustained popularity. The band endures because listeners keep finding themselves in the Beatles.
The Facilitators I: Policing
Authors: Heath Deana 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Focusing on the role of atrocity facilitators, particularly colonial officials and the British government, in the governmentalization of torture by the police and other officials in colonial India, this chapter examines the ways in which, following the transfer of India’s governance from the East India Company to the Crown in 1858, the extra-legal violence of torture became systematized as a technology of colonial rule. Beginning with an analysis of what led to the perpetration of torture by state officials, the existence of which had long been known in both India and Britain, to erupt into scandal in 1854, the chapter interrogates how the commission set up to investigate torture led to the emergence of a new facilitatory discourse that served both to deny the existence of torture and the structural violence that underpinned it, as well as to displace blame for it from the colonial regime to its Indian subordinates. The chapter further explores how police reform in the commission’s aftermath was designed not to eradicate torture or ensure the welfare of the Indian populace but to safeguard the coercive and terrorizing powers of the colonial state
Response to Response
Authors: Ryff Carol D. , Boylan Jennifer Morozink , Kirsch Julie A. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We challenge the view that “one is better than none” on grounds that single-item assessments perpetuate a simplistic view of well-being, which is out of touch with how the field has progressed over recent decades. We also question blanket advocacy for measures in the absence of substantive scientific questions that require thoughtful engagement with the prior literature to make sound measurement choices. Substantive illustrations, invoking research on well-being and health in different cultural and socioeconomic contexts, are provided. Quality control is also essential in making sound measurement choices. Numerous contenders fail at this juncture because they have no conceptual foundation and also lack rigorous psychometric analyses documenting their empirical credibility. Another critical element in adjudicating measurement quality is extent of prior usage: evidence that the measures have taken hold in the scientific community, indicated by citation counts and number of published studies. We conclude that all such quality control criteria were inadequately addressed or missing in the measurement recommendations put forth in Chapter 17.
Spiritual Rearmament
Authors: Strasburg James D. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter documents evangelical Protestant efforts to “spiritually rearm” Germany and Europe in an era of Cold War militarization. These spiritual efforts complemented a vast increase in American military capabilities during the early 1950s, as well as West Germany’s entry into the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. The evangelical pursuit of Europe’s “spiritual rearmament” signaled the rising prominence of Protestant evangelicals in American politics and diplomacy. Vying for spiritual leadership of their nation, Protestant evangelicals prepared to spread across the globe a gospel of faith, freedom, and free enterprise. In response to Cold War rearmament campaigns, a growing number of American ecumenists began to adopt Europe’s “third way” theology.
Constitutionalism and Pluralism
Authors: Pavel Carmen E. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The final chapter defends the idea of constitutionalizing international law against views that require the preservation or scaling back of the current institutionalization of international law, most notably legal pluralism. Legal pluralists argue that conflict among the claims of various overlapping legal orders is unavoidable, but it is also desirable insofar as it preserves the values inherent in various legal systems and refrains from stifling moral, social, and legal diversity through the imposition of narrow hierarchies. The chapter shows why pluralism fails as a normative ideal of international law, due to its facilitation of legal uncertainty and indeterminacy, the lack of commitment from states to a rule-based order at the international level, and the proliferation of deeply oppressive and unjust state legal orders. Finally, the chapter explains why, contra existing claims to the contrary, the UN Charter does not meet the standards of an adequate constitutional treaty for international law.
May Machines Take Lives to Save Lives? Human Perceptions of Autonomous Robots (with the Capacity to Kill)
Authors: Scheutz Matthias , Malle Bertram F. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In the future, artificial agents are likely to make life-and-death decisions about humans. Ordinary people are the likely arbiters of whether these decisions are morally acceptable. We summarize research on how ordinary people evaluate artificial (compared to human) agents that make life-and-death decisions. The results suggest that many people are inclined to morally evaluate artificial agents’ decisions, and when asked how the artificial and human agents should decide, they impose the same norms on them. However, when confronted with how the agents did in fact decide, people judge the artificial agents’ decisions differently from those of humans. This difference is best explained by justifications people grant the human agents (imagining their experience of the decision situation) but do not grant the artificial agent (whose experience they cannot imagine). If people fail to infer the decision processes and justifications of artificial agents, these agents will have to explicitly communicate such justifications to people, so they can understand and accept their decisions.
The Human Role in Autonomous Weapon Design and Deployment
Authors: Cummings M.L. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
There has been increasing debate in the international community as to whether it is morally and ethically permissible to use autonomous weapons, which are weapon systems that select and fire upon a target with no human in the loop. Given the tightly coupled link between emerging technology and policy development in this debate that speaks to the very core of humanity, this chapter explains how current automated control systems, including weapons systems, are designed in terms of balancing authority between the human and the computer. The distinction between automated and autonomous systems is explained, and a framework is presented for conceptualizing the human-computer balance for future autonomous systems, both civilian and military. Lastly, specific technology and policy implications for weaponized autonomous systems are discussed.
Fortresses
Authors: Husain Faisal H. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of river transportation in Ottoman state-building in Iraq. From the sixteenth century, the Ottoman state organized a steady supply of grains and arms to be shipped from Aleppo, Diyarbakır, and Mosul to the downstream fortresses of Baghdad and Basra. The Ottoman state, as a result, could deploy in Iraq sizable garrisons capable of stabilizing its authority in a volatile frontier region. In addition, Istanbul improved the communication infrastructure of the drainage basin by investing in seaports, docks, rafts, and bridges, which smoothed the movement of men and provisions between the Mediterranean Sea and the Persian Gulf. The janissary and artillery corps deployed from the capital profited greatly from the imperial patronage of provincial religious foundations and their cadre, which buttressed the legitimacy of Ottoman hard power in the region.
Discourse
Authors: Myrick Nathan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter engages the discursive problem of music in both popular and academic literature, and, using ethnographic evidence, shows that musical meaning is partially determined and simultaneously configured via linguistic and generic means. One of the ways communities may form is around shared understanding of musical meaning, and musical meaning may be determined largely by generic understandings—musical genres often function discursively for North American evangelicals. The chapter argues that generic musical meaning is imbued with values and convictions, claiming that these are negotiated as a kind of discourse ethics. However, these generic understandings of meaning are unstable, being troubled by the competing claims of authenticity and control. This instability precludes ethical theorization on the premise of discourse alone, yet it indicates that the discourse that takes place both around and through musical activity is ethically important and should be taken into account in any ethical theory that gives an account of music.
The Decline of Natural Law
Authors: Banner Stuart 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Before the late 19th century, natural law played an important role in the American legal system. Lawyers routinely used it in their arguments, and judges often relied upon it in their opinions. Today, by contrast, natural law plays virtually no role in the legal system. When natural law was part of a lawyer’s toolkit, lawyers thought of judges as finders of the law, but when natural law dropped out of the legal system, lawyers began thinking of judges as makers of the law instead. The Decline of Natural Law explores the causes and consequences of this change. It discusses the ways in which lawyers used natural law and why the concept seemed reasonable to them. It examines several long-term trends in legal thought that weakened the position of natural law, including the use of written constitutions, the gradual separation of the spheres of law and religion, the rapid growth of legal publishing, and the position of natural law in some of the 19th century’s most contested legal issues. It describes the profession’s rejection of natural law in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. And it explores the ways in which the legal system responded to the absence of natural law.