bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Novel and flexible ultrasound simulation with smartphones and tablets in fetal echocardiography
Authors: Hartmann Tim Johannes , Friebe-Hoffmann Ulrike , de Gregorio Nikolaus , de Gregorio Amelie , Lato Christiane , Hüner Beate , Friedel Thomas , Janni Wolfgang , Lato Krisztian 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Evaluation of a novel ultrasound-simulation-app for training fetal echocardiography as a possible useful addition for students, residents and specialist doctors. Furthermore, comparison to a conventional learning-method with special attention on orientation and recognition of physiological structures.

Methods
Prospective two-arm study with the participation of 226 clinical students. 108 students were given an extract from a textbook on fetal echocardiography (PDF-group, n = 108) for 30 min to study. 118 students were able to use the new ultrasound-simulator-app (Simulator-group, n = 118) to learn for 30 min. The knowledge of the students was examined both before and after the learning-period by having them identify sonographic structures in videos using single-choice selection.

Results
There were no significant differences between the two groups regarding age (p = 0.87), gender (p = 0.28), and the number of previously performed ultrasound-examinations (p = 0.45). In the Simulator-group, there was a significantly higher learning effect regarding the proportion of students with an increase of correct answers in the video test examination (p = 0.005). At the end of learning, the students in the Simulator-group needed significantly less time to display the structures in the app’s simulation (median initially 10.9 s vs. 6.8 s at the end; p < 0.001).

Conclusions
The novel ultrasound-simulation-app seems to be a useful addition and improvement to ultrasound training. Previous difficulties such as simultaneously having patients, ultrasound-machines, and professors at disposal can thus be avoided. This means that another important step towards remote learning can be taken, which has been proven increasingly essential lately, due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Characterisation of an artesian groundwater system in the Valle de Iglesia in the Central Andes of Argentina
Authors: Hinzer Ilka , Altherr Manuel , Christiansen Rodolfo , Schreuer Jürgen , Wohnlich Stefan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDespite its location in the “Arid Diagonal” of South America, the Valle de Iglesia contains a number of artesian springs, the most important of which are the Baños Pismanta thermal springs, which release water at ~ 45 °C. Despite the scarcity of water resources in the Valle de Iglesia, there have been few attempts to study these springs in any detail. In this study, > 50 springs are described, each characterised by small volcano-like mud structures up to 15 m tall. Hydrogeological and hydrochemical analyses of the groundwater system in the Valle de Iglesia were performed to improve our understanding of the subsurface water flow and of the connections between the subsurface water and the associated systems of faults and springs. Site measurements were made, and the concentrations of the main ions and trace elements were also determined by laboratory analysis of water samples. The samples obtained from the spring were rich in Na–HCO3–SO4 and Na–SO4–HCO3, but the surface water samples from the Agua Negra River were rich in Ca–SO4–HCO3. The temperature of the springs was in the range 20–45 °C. Both the temperatures and the ionic ratios are compatible with the presence of a deep hydraulic circulation system. The oxidation of sulphide minerals nearby the magmatic rocks and volcanic edifices causes the mobilisation of arsenic, which accumulates in the groundwater due to the low annual rainfall. The concentrations of arsenic in the spring water samples were therefore higher than the current limit set by the World Health Organisation, meaning that the water is not suitable for human consumption.
Modelling stakeholder satisfaction for conflict resolution in wildlife management: a case of wolf population in Sweden
Authors: Lin Huayi , Żebrowski Piotr , Fath Brian D. , Liljenström Hans , Rovenskaya Elena 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe Swedish wolf population has rebounded from near extinction in the 1960s to around 365 individuals in 2020, after the implementation of the Hunting Act (jaktlagen) in 1966. This recent increase in the wolf population has evoked a serious divide between “pro-wolf” and “anti-wolf” Swedish citizens. Despite the continuous efforts by the Swedish government to reconcile this antagonism, the conflicts are persistent with a sign of impasse. In this paper, we present a modelling tool, which can bring transparent and “structured dialogue to the opposing positions.” This approach includes a stylized framework for quantitative modelling of stakeholders’ satisfaction levels regarding their preferred size of the wildlife population in question, based on the concept ofsatisfaction functions. We argue that this framework may contribute to conflict resolution by bringing a common understanding among stakeholders, facilitate a societal discourse, and potentially help to assess likely support for conservation policies. We present a showcase application of this modeling tool in the context of the conflict over the Swedish wolf conservation policies. The model is informed using a thorough literature review as well as interviews, which identified relevant stakeholder groups and respective drivers of their attitudes towards wolves.
In Vivo Targeting of the Neurovascular Unit: Challenges and Advancements
Authors: Naranjo Oandy , Osborne Olivia , Torices Silvia , Toborek Michal 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe blood–brain barrier (BBB) is essential for the homeostasis of the central nervous system (CNS). Functions of the BBB are performed by the neurovascular unit (NVU), which consists of endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes, microglia, basement membrane, and neurons. NVU cells interact closely and together are responsible for neurovascular coupling, BBB integrity, and transendothelial fluid transport. Studies have shown that NVU dysfunction is implicated in several acute and chronic neurological diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and stroke. The mechanisms of NVU disruption remain poorly understood, partially due to difficulties in selective targeting of NVU cells. In this review, we discuss the relative merits of available protein markers and drivers of the NVU along with recent advancements that have been made in the field to increase efficiency and specificity of NVU research.
“Throwing salt on wounds”: Covid-19 and a curriculum of embodiment
Authors: Kasamali Zahra 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe Covid-19 pandemic certainly amplifies the extent to which curriculum is adaptable, responsive, and proactive. These vulnerabilities, while daunting, can perhaps be welcomed as an invitation to reposition curricular priorities. Covid-19 reveals that an overreliance on the “curriculum as planned” and a continued absence of “the forgetful curriculum” will no longer suffice. The fragility of life and the sources that make life and living possible are often left out of curricular and policy imaginings. This article seeks guidance from Maulana Rumi’s story “The Graduate and the Boatman” and poem “One Task” to guide a possible reframing of a curriculum that remembers embodied knowledge and the ecological sources that unite all life forms. Embodied knowledge and ecological philosophies may offer ways to refocus curricula that can help youth to turn inward, courageously contemplate the difficult questions of life, and understand that unprecedented circumstances can be generative.
The standard addition method and its validation in forensic toxicology
Authors: Hasegawa Koutaro , Minakata Kayoko , Suzuki Masasko , Suzuki Osamu 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Purpose
In the quantitative forensic toxicological analyses using instruments, major methods to be employed are conventional matrix-matched calibration method (MMCM). However, nowadays, the needs for using the standard addition methods (SAM) are increasing. In spite of this situation, there are no reports of the guidelines for the validations of SAM. In this review, the principle, how to perform it, advantages, disadvantages, reported application data, and the details of validation procedures for the SAM are described.

Methods
Various databases such as SciFinder, Google and Google Scholar were utilized to collect relevant reports referring to the SAM. The long experiences of our research group on the SAM were also included in this review.

Results
Although the experimental procedures for the SAM are much more laborious than those of the MMCM, the SAM is essential to quantify target xenobiotic(s) in special matrices such as human solid tissues or biles, which remarkably interfere with the usual quantitative analyses. The validation methods for the SAM have been also proposed for the cases in the absence of the blank matrices.

Conclusions
To our knowledge, this is the first presentation of detailed SAM procedure and its validation, which will facilitate the use of the SAM in forensic toxicology. Especially for its validation, new simple methods have been proposed.
Gambling and COVID-19: Initial Findings from a UK Sample
Authors: Sharman Steve , Roberts Amanda , Bowden-Jones Henrietta , Strang John 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the UK Government placed society on ‘lockdown’, altering the gambling landscape. This study sought to capture the immediate lockdown-enforced changes in gambling behaviour. UK adults (n = 1028) were recruited online. Gambling behaviour (frequency and weekly expenditure, perceived increase/decrease) was measured using a survey-specific questionnaire. Analyses compared gambling behaviour as a function of pre-lockdown gambling status, measured by the Brief Problem Gambling Scale. In the whole sample, gambling participation decreased between pre- and during-lockdown. Both gambling frequency and weekly expenditure decreased during the first month of lockdown overall, but, the most engaged gamblers did not show a change in gambling behaviour, despite the decrease in opportunity and availability. Individuals whose financial circumstances were negatively affected by lockdown were more likely to perceive an increase in gambling than those whose financial circumstances were not negatively affected. Findings reflect short-term behaviour change; it will be crucial to examine, at future release of lockdown, if behaviour returns to pre-lockdown patterns, or whether new behavioural patterns persist.
Isolating Patterns in Open Reaction–Diffusion Systems
Authors: Krause Andrew L. , Klika Václav , Maini Philip K. , Headon Denis , Gaffney Eamonn A. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractRealistic examples of reaction–diffusion phenomena governing spatial and spatiotemporal pattern formation are rarely isolated systems, either chemically or thermodynamically. However, even formulations of ‘open’ reaction–diffusion systems often neglect the role of domain boundaries. Most idealizations of closed reaction–diffusion systems employ no-flux boundary conditions, and often patterns will form up to, or along, these boundaries. Motivated by boundaries of patterning fields related to the emergence of spatial form in embryonic development, we propose a set of mixed boundary conditions for a two-species reaction–diffusion system which forms inhomogeneous solutions away from the boundary of the domain for a variety of different reaction kinetics, with a prescribed uniform state near the boundary. We show that these boundary conditions can be derived from a larger heterogeneous field, indicating that these conditions can arise naturally if cell signalling or other properties of the medium vary in space. We explain the basic mechanisms behind this pattern localization and demonstrate that it can capture a large range of localized patterning in one, two, and three dimensions and that this framework can be applied to systems involving more than two species. Furthermore, the boundary conditions proposed lead to more symmetrical patterns on the interior of the domain and plausibly capture more realistic boundaries in developmental systems. Finally, we show that these isolated patterns are more robust to fluctuations in initial conditions and that they allow intriguing possibilities of pattern selection via geometry, distinct from known selection mechanisms.
Morphological and physiological plasticity response to low nitrogen stress in black cottonwood (Populus deltoides Marsh.)
Authors: Chen Cun , Chu Yanguang , Huang Qinjun , Ding Changjun , Zhang Weixi , Li Bo , Zhang Jing , Su Xiaohua 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIt is important to evaluate nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen tolerance of trees in order to improve their productivity. In this study, both were evaluated for 338 Populus deltoides genotypes from six provenances. The plants were cultured under normal nitrogen (750 μM NH4NO3) and low nitrogen (5 μM NH4NO3) conditions for 3 months. Growth, chlorophyll content and glutamine synthetase activity of each genotype were measured. Under low nitrogen, heights, ground diameter, leaf area, leaf and root biomass, and chlorophyll contents were significantly lower than those under normal nitrogen level. Correlation analysis showed that nutrient distribution changed under different nitrogen treatments. There was a negative correlation between leaf traits and root biomass under normal nitrogen level, however, the correlation became positive in low nitrogen treatment. Moreover, with the decrease of nitrogen level, the negative correlation between leaf morphology and chlorophyll levels became weakened. The growth of the genotypes under the two treatments was evaluated by combining principal component analysis with a fuzzy mathematical membership function; the results showed that leaf traits accounted for a large proportion of the variation in the evaluation model. According to the results of comprehensive evaluation of plants under the two treatments, the 338 P. deltoides genotypes could be divided into nine categories, with wide genotypic diversity in nitrogen use efficiency and low nitrogen tolerance. As a result, 26 N-efficient genotypes and 24 N-inefficient genotypes were selected. By comparative analysis of their morphological and physiological traits under the two treatments, leaf traits could be significant indicators for nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen tolerance, which is of considerable significance for breeding poplar varieties with high nitrogen use efficiencies.
Does social capital influence purpose in life and life satisfaction among Japanese health-literate professionals?
Authors: Hirooka Nobutaka , Kusano Takeru , Kinoshita Shunsuke , Aoyagi Ryutaro , Saito Kohei , Nakamoto Hidetomo 
Published: June 2021

AbstractA strong sense of purpose and satisfaction in life is associated with multiple health benefits. There is also evidence to suggest that social capital predicts better health indicators. While both social capital and purpose and satisfaction in life direct better health, the relationship between social capital and purpose and satisfaction in life in terms of health, remains unclear. A retrospective cohort study was conducted on Japanese health management professionals (N = 4820). We analyzed the cohort’s demographics and reported changes in social capital (social engagement and trust), purpose in life, and life satisfaction using self-reported questionnaires and the Ikigai-9 scale. The cohort was categorized into group 1 (neither changes), group 2 (one changes), and group 3 (both change), based on the number of changes reported in social capital. Purpose in life and life satisfaction scores were then compared among the three groups. The purpose in life score (SD [standard deviation]) for groups 1, 2, and 3 was 30.7 (6.0), 32.5 (5.6), and 35.6 (5.2), respectively. Life satisfaction scores (SD) for groups 1, 2 and 3 were 3.35 (0.8), 3.67 (0.8), and 4.26 (0.7), respectively. We found a statistically significant difference in purpose and satisfaction in life among the three groups (F(2) = 361.4, p < 0.001 and F(2) = 703.9, p < 0.001). Social capital was associated with purpose and satisfaction in life among health-literate professionals. Strengthening social capital may increase individual purpose and satisfaction in life and ultimately yield better health.
Regularity in Sobolev and Besov Spaces for Parabolic Problems on Domains of Polyhedral Type
Authors: Dahlke Stephan , Schneider Cornelia 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis paper is concerned with the regularity of solutions to linear and nonlinear evolution equations extending our findings in Dahlke and Schneider (Anal Appl 17(2):235–291, 2019, Thms. 4.5, 4.9, 4.12, 4.14) to domains of polyhedral type. In particular, we study the smoothness in the specific scale$$\ B^r_{\tau ,\tau }, \ \frac{1}{\tau }=\frac{r}{d}+\frac{1}{p}\ $$Bτ,τr,1τ=rd+1pof Besov spaces. The regularity in these spaces determines the approximation order that can be achieved by adaptive and other nonlinear approximation schemes. We show that for all cases under consideration the Besov regularity is high enough to justify the use of adaptive algorithms.
A Socio-ecological Imperative for Broadening Participation in Coastal and Estuarine Research and Management
Authors: Harris L.A. , Grayson T. , Neckles H.A. , Emrich C.T. , Lewis K.A. , Grimes K.W. , Williamson S. , Garza C. , Whitcraft C.R. , Pollack J. Beseres , Talley D.M. , Fertig B. , Palinkas C.M. , Park S. , Vaudrey J.M.P. , Fitzgerald A.M. , Quispe J. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractFor most of the scientific disciplines associated with coastal and estuarine research, workforce representation does not match the demographics of communities we serve, especially for Black, Hispanic or Latino, and Indigenous peoples. This essay provides an overview of this inequity and identifies how a scientific society can catalyze representational, structural, and interactional diversity to achieve greater inclusion. Needed changes go beyond representational diversity and require an intentional commitment to build capacity through inclusivity and community engagement by supporting anti-racist policies and actions. We want to realize a sense of belonging on the part of scientists in society at large and enable research pursuits through a lens of social justice in service of coastal communities. Minimally, this framework offers an avenue for increased recruitment of individuals from more diverse racial and ethnic identities. More broadly, the mechanisms described here aim to create a culture in scientific societies in which social justice, driven by anti-racist actions, produces systemic change in how members of scientific societies approach, discuss, and address issues of inequity. We have written this essay for members of the coastal and marine science community who are interested in change. We aim to call in new voices, allies, and champions to this work.
Revisiting the flux tube spectrum of 3d SU(2) lattice gauge theory
Authors: Brandt Bastian B. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe perform a high-precision measurement of the spectrum of the flux tube in three-dimensional$${\text {SU}}(2)$$SU(2)gauge theory at multiple lattice spacings. We compare the results at large$$q\bar{q}$$qq¯separationsRto the spectrum predicted by the effective string theory, including the leading-order boundary term with a nonuniversal coefficient. We find qualitative agreement with the predictions from the leading-order Nambu–Goto string theory down to small values ofR, while, at the same time, observing the predicted splitting of the second excited state due to the boundary term. On fine lattices and at largeR, we observe slight deviations from the EST predictions for the first excited state.
The effect of cassava and wheat starches complexation with selected fatty acids on their functional properties
Authors: Królikowska Karolina , Pietrzyk Sławomir , Pustkowiak Henryk , Wolak Kinga 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of selected fatty acids: palmitic, stearic or oleic on functional properties of cassava and wheat starches. Effectiveness of complexation procedure was evaluated by determination of complexing index, lipids content and fatty acid composition. Native starches and their complexes with fatty acids were analyzed for water binding capacity and solubility in water, in vitro digestibility, pasting characteristic and rheological properties. On the basis of the obtained results it was found that values of complexing index values for both starches complexed with oleic acid were remarkably higher than those determined in palmitic or stearic counterparts. Starches complexation with fatty acids resulted in a significant increase in the percentage share of used fatty acid in total fatty acid composition. Presence of oleic acid in cassava starch significantly limited its water binding capacity and solubility in water. Complexation with all fatty acids used in the study resulted in an increase in final viscosity and rheological stability of cassava starch pastes. Wheat starch complexes with fatty acids were characterised by higher pasting temperatures as compared to non-complexed counterpart, with the greatest effect observed for starch–oleic acid complex. In most cases complexation of starches with fatty acids contribute to an increase in contents of resistant starch fraction. Analysis of rheological model parameters revealed that procedure of oleic acid complexation increased by twice the values of consistency coefficient, and significantly decreased flow index of both wheat and cassava starches.
Irreducibility of limits of Galois representations of Saito–Kurokawa type
Authors: Berger Tobias , Klosin Krzysztof 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe prove (under certain assumptions) the irreducibility of the limit $$\sigma _2$$

σ
2

of a sequence of irreducible essentially self-dual Galois representations $$\sigma _k: G_{{\mathbf {Q}}} \rightarrow {{\,\mathrm{GL}\,}}_4(\overline{{\mathbf {Q}}}_p)$$

σ
k

:

G
Q

→

GL

4

(

Q
¯

p

)

(as k approaches 2 in a p-adic sense) which mod p reduce (after semi-simplifying) to $$1 \oplus \rho \oplus \chi $$

1
⊕
ρ
⊕
χ

with $$\rho $$
ρ
irreducible, two-dimensional of determinant $$\chi $$
χ
, where $$\chi $$
χ
is the mod p cyclotomic character. More precisely, we assume that $$\sigma _k$$

σ
k

are crystalline (with a particular choice of weights) and Siegel-ordinary at p. Such representations arise in the study of p-adic families of Siegel modular forms and properties of their limits as $$k\rightarrow 2$$

k
→
2

appear to be important in the context of the Paramodular Conjecture. The result is deduced from the finiteness of two Selmer groups whose order is controlled by p-adic L-values of an elliptic modular form (giving rise to $$\rho $$
ρ
) which we assume are non-zero.