bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emergence of spatial transitions in urban congestion dynamics
Authors: Lampo Aniello , Borge-Holthoefer Javier , Gómez Sergio , Solé-Ribalta Albert 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe quantitative study of traffic dynamics is crucial to ensure the efficiency of urban transportation networks. The current work investigates the spatial properties of congestion, that is, we aim to characterize the city areas where traffic bottlenecks occur. The analysis of a large amount of real road networks in previous works showed that congestion points experience spatial abrupt transitions, namely they shift away from the city center as larger urban areas are incorporated. The fundamental ingredient behind this effect is the entanglement of central and arterial roads, embedded in separated geographical regions. In this paper we extend the analysis of the conditions yielding abrupt transitions of congestion location. First, we look into the more realistic situation in which arterial and central roads, rather than lying on sharply separated regions, present spatial overlap. It results that this affects the position of bottlenecks and introduces new possible congestion areas. Secondly, we pay particular attention to the role played by the edge distribution, proving that it allows to smooth the transitions profile, and so to control the congestion displacement. Finally, we show that the aforementioned phenomenology may be recovered also as a consequence of a discontinuity in the node’s density, in a domain with uniform connectivity. Our results provide useful insights for the design and optimization of urban road networks, and the management of the daily traffic.
Associations between health-related quality of life and physical function in older adults with or at risk of mobility disability after discharge from the hospital
Authors: Sunde Sylvia , Hesseberg Karin , Skelton Dawn A. , Ranhoff Anette Hylen , Pripp Are Hugo , Aarønæs Marit , Brovold Therese 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Purpose
To optimise the treatment for older adults after hospitalisation, thorough health status information is needed. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the associations between health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and physical function in older adults with or at risk of mobility disability after hospital discharge.

Methods
This cross-sectional study recruited 89 home-dwelling older people while inpatients within medical wards at a general hospital in Oslo, Norway. HRQOL [the Medical Outcome Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36)] and physical function [the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB)] were measured a median of 49 [interquartile range (IQR) 26–116] days after discharge. Simple linear regression analyses were conducted, and multivariable regression models were fitted.

Results
The mean age of the patients was 78.3 years; 43 (48.9 %) were females. Multivariable regressions showed positive associations between SPPB and the physical subscales {physical functioning [B (95% CI) 4.51 (2.35–6.68)], role physical [B (95% CI) 5.21 (2.75–7.67)], bodily pain [B (95% CI) 3.40 (0.73–6.10)] and general health [B (95% CI) 3.12 (1.13–5.12)]}. Univariable regressions showed no significant associations between SPPB and the mental subscales {vitality [B (95% CI) 1.54 (− 0.10–3.18)], social functioning [B (95% CI) 2.34 (− 0.28–4.96)], role emotional [B (95% CI) 1.28 (− 0.96–3.52)] and mental health [B (95% CI) 1.00 (− 0.37–2.36)]}.

Conclusion
The results reinforce that physical function and physical HRQOL are strongly linked, and interventions improving physical function might improve physical HRQOL. However, this hypothesis would have to be tested in a randomised controlled trial.

Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov. Registered 19 September 2016 (NCT02905383).
Unterrichtsqualität aus der Perspektive der Biologiedidaktik
Authors: Neuhaus Birgit J. 
Published: June 2021

ZusammenfassungIm ersten Absatz wird die Historie der Unterrichtsqualitätsforschung aus der Perspektive der Biologiedidaktik betrachtet. Dabei wird herausgearbeitet, dass sich allgemeine Lehr-Lernforschung und Biologiedidaktik der Frage nach gutem Unterricht historisch betrachtet sehr unterschiedlich genähert haben. Während erstere gerne verschiedene Qualitätsmerkmale im Vergleich betrachtet, hat sich die Biologiedidaktik eher einzelnen Merkmalen im Detail gewidmet. Im zweiten Absatz wird die Sichtweise des Lehrstuhls für Didaktik der Biologie der LMU München auf das Thema Unterrichtsqualität beschrieben und diese Sichtweise dem Syntheseframework gegenübergestellt. Es wird deutlich, dass das Syntheseframework als EIN bedeutender Ansatz betrachtet wird, um generische und fachspezifische Unterrichtsqualitätsmerkmale systematisch zu betrachten. Andere Systematisierungsansätze scheinen aber, je nach Forschungsfrage und Forschungsansatz, ebenso Berechtigung zu haben. Im Beitrag wird ein Ansatz vorgestellt, der die Unterrichtsqualitätsmerkmale basierend auf den verschiedenen Dimensionen des Professionswissens – CK, PCK und PK – systematisiert. Dieser Ansatz wird dem Syntheseframework gegenübergestellt. Insgesamt scheint bei einer biologiedidaktischen Betrachtung des Syntheseframeworks auf Ebene der Dimensionen kein Ergänzungsbedarf, eine inhaltliche Erweiterung und Interpretation des Frameworks auf Ebene der Subdimensionen könnte aber eine gewinnbringende Ergänzung darstellen.
Unterrichtsqualität ist immer generisch und fachspezifisch. Ein Kommentar aus kognitions- und lehr-lerntheoretischer Sicht
Authors: Reusser Kurt , Pauli Christine 
Published: June 2021

ZusammenfassungOrientierten sich Allgemeine Didaktik und Unterrichtsforschung lange Zeit fast ausschließlich an generischen Qualitätsmerkmalen von Unterricht, so werden heute zunehmend ebenfalls fachdidaktische Merkmale in den Blick genommen. Der Beitrag zeichnet zuerst einige Entwicklungslinien nach, die in den vergangenen Jahren zur Erkenntnis eines Bedarfs und zu einem wachsenden Interesse an einer fachdidaktisch ausdifferenzierten Unterrichtsforschung geführt haben. Danach werden eine Reihe von Theorieproblemen benannt, die wir als Desiderata einer fachdidaktisch konkretisierten Unterrichtsforschung für wichtig halten. Der Beitrag schließt mit der Skizzierung von Forschungs- und Entwicklungsaufgaben, die von den beteiligten Akteuren und Disziplinen nur in transdisziplinärer Zusammenarbeit gelöst werden können, und denen eine Stärkung empirischer Zugänge gemeinsam ist.
Medical Problems and Concerns with Temporary Evacuation Shelters after Great Earthquake Disasters in Japan: A Systematic Review
Authors: Tokumaru Osamu , Fujita Masanori , Nagai Saeko , Minamikawa Yoko , Kumatani Junnosuke 
Published: June 2021

AbstractJapan has repeatedly suffered from natural disasters. A number of temporary evacuation shelters have been opened for the benefit of evacuees. Although the operation of such evacuation shelters has improved after the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake (1995), a number of operational difficulties were encountered during the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011 and the Kumamoto Earthquake in 2016. A systematic literature review was conducted to identify the medical concerns encountered in temporary evacuation shelters by focusing on unsanitary environment, food and nutrition, and shortage of medication. Actual sanitary conditions have been found to be below the standards stipulated by the Japanese government as per international guidelines. Food aid in evacuation shelters was neither nutritionally balanced, nor was the distribution to different shelters balanced. Furthermore, evacuees with chronic diseases feared that there may be a shortage of medication. Crowding in evacuation shelters increased the risk of outbreaks of infectious diseases (e.g., tuberculosis). Malnutrition and shortage of medication exacerbated the risk of deterioration of chronic diseases (e.g., diabetes mellitus, hypertension) among evacuees. Therefore, it is recommended that healthcare professionals should be promptly deployed to evacuation shelters, to promote sanitary control and education, as well as address limited space availability, and food and medication shortage.
THE TELEOLOGICAL TURN IN THE LAW OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS
Authors: Clark Tim 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
International organisations are inherently purposive actors within the international legal system, created and empowered by States to pursue finite common objectives. This teleological dimension has come to play a prominent role in the way in which international law rationalises international organisations, with their purposes given a significant, often determinative, role in delimiting their competences. This article argues that this is the product of a conscious shift in legal reasoning that took place in the aftermath of World War II. Through an analysis of a series of key post-War decisions, it identifies the common features of this ‘teleological turn’ and, disentangling it from other forms of legal reasoning, examines its unique underlying logic and normative claims. It demonstrates that while the teleological turn offers prospects for the systemic development of international governance, an increasingly abstract approach to the concept and identification of an organisation's ‘purpose’ raises a number of unresolved questions which cast a shadow of indeterminacy over the law of international organisations.
Review of the subfamily Cleonardopsinae Lowry, 2006 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Amathillopsidae) with description of a new genus and species from Japan
Authors: Kodama Masafumi , Kawamura Tomohiko 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe amathillopsid subfamily Cleonardopsinae Lowry, 2006 is reviewed. The only species of the subfamily,Cleonardopsis carinataK.H. Barnard, 1916, should be regarded as a species-complex. A new genus and species of the subfamily,Carinocleonardopsis seisuiaegen. et sp. nov., is described from the Sea of Kumano, Japan as the second species of the subfamily Cleonardopsinae as well as the first record of the subfamily from the North Pacific. This new genus can be easily distinguished fromCleonardopsisby the presence of distinct large eyes and the dorsal carination on head, pereonites and pleonites.
(De)coupling race and language: The state listening subject and its rearticulation of antiracism as racism in Singapore
Authors: Pak Vincent 
Published: June 2021

AbstractHarmonious multiracialism is one of Singapore's national values, yet race in Singapore is almost always precariously managed. In 2019, race once again became the centre of public debate when a government-sanctioned advertisement featured a Chinese Singaporean actor ‘brownfacing’ as an Indian Singaporean, incurring public outcry. Local entertainers Preeti and Subhas Nair responded with a rap music video that criticised the advertisement and included the line ‘Chinese people always out here fucking it up’, which drew flak from the government and the Chinese community in Singapore. This article considers the state's response to the antiracist practices of the Nair siblings, and the subsequent labelling of their behaviour as racist. The article also introduces the concept of the state listening subject and describes its role in the semiotic process of rearticulation to elucidate how the Singaporean state selectively (de)couples race and language to maintain the national racial order. (Raciolinguistic ideology, multiracialism, rearticulation, state listening subject, race, Singapore, antiracism)*
Food insecurity partially mediates the association between drug use and depressive symptoms among men who have sex with men in Los Angeles, California
Authors: Wiss David A , Javanbakht Marjan , Li Michael J , Prelip Michael , Bolan Robert , Shoptaw Steve , Gorbach Pamina M 
Published: June 2021

AbstractObjective:To understand the relationship between drug use, food insecurity (FI) and mental health among men who have sex with men (MSM).Design:Cohort study (2014–2019) with at least one follow-up.Setting:Visits at 6-month intervals included self-assessment for FI and depressive symptoms. Urine testing results confirmed drug use. Factors associated with FI were assessed using multiple logistic regression with random effects for repeated measures. General structural equation modelling tested whether FI mediates the relationship between drug use and depressive symptoms.Participants:Data were from HIV-positive and high-risk HIV-negative MSM in Los Angeles, CA (n 431; 1192 visits).Results:At baseline, FI was reported by 50·8 % of participants, depressive symptoms in 36·7 % and 52·7 % of urine screening tests were positive for drugs (i.e. marijuana, opioids, methamphetamine, cocaine and ecstasy). A positive drug test was associated with a 96 % increase in the odds of being food insecure (95 % CI 1·26, 3·07). Compared to those with high food security, individuals with very low food security have a nearly sevenfold increase in the odds of reporting depressive symptoms (95 % CI 3·71, 11·92). Findings showed 14·9 % of the association between drug use (exposure) and depressive symptoms (outcome) can be explained by FI (mediator).Conclusion:The prevalence of FI among this cohort of HIV-positive and high-risk HIV-negative MSM was high; the association between drug use and depressive symptoms was partially mediated by FI. Findings suggest that enhancing access to food and nutrition may improve mood in the context of drug use, especially among MSM at risk for HIV transmission.
Impact of the choice of risk assessment time horizons on defined benefit pension schemes
Authors: Andrews Douglas , Bonnar Stephen , Curtis Lori J. , Oberoi Jaideep S. , Pittea Aniketh , Tapadar Pradip 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe examine the impact of asset allocation and contribution rates on the risk of defined benefit (DB) pension schemes, using both a run-off and a shorter 3-year time horizon. Using the 3-year horizon, which is typically preferred by regulators, a high bond allocation reduces the spread of the distribution of surplus. However, this result is reversed when examined on a run-off basis. Furthermore, under both the 3-year horizon and the run-off, the higher bond allocation reduces the median level of surplus. Pressure on the affordability of DB schemes has led to widespread implementation of the so-called de-risking strategies, such as moving away from predominantly equity investments to greater bond investments. If the incentives produced by shorter term risk assessments are contributing to this shift, they might be harming the long-term financial health of the schemes. Contribution rates have relatively lower impact on the risk.
Outsize Influence of Central American Orography on Global Climate
Authors: Baldwin Jane W. , Atwood Alyssa R. , Vecchi Gabriel A. , Battisti David S. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractGlobal Climate Models (GCMs) exhibit substantial biases in their simulation of tropical climate. One particularly problematic bias exists in GCMs' simulation of the tropical rainband known as the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Much of the precipitation on Earth falls within the ITCZ, which plays a key role in setting Earth's temperature by affecting global energy transports, and partially dictates dynamics of the largest interannual mode of climate variability: The El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Most GCMs fail to simulate the mean state of the ITCZ correctly, often exhibiting a “double ITCZ bias,” with rainbands both north and south rather than just north of the equator. These tropical mean state biases limit confidence in climate models' simulation of projected future and paleoclimate states, and reduce the utility of these models for understanding present climate dynamics. Adjusting GCM parameterizations of cloud processes and atmospheric convection can reduce tropical biases, as can artificially correcting sea surface temperatures through modifications to air‐sea fluxes (i.e., “flux adjustment”). Here, we argue that a significant portion of these rainfall and circulation biases are rooted in orographic height being biased low due to assumptions made in fitting observed orography onto GCM grids. We demonstrate that making different, and physically defensible, assumptions that raise the orographic height significantly improves model simulation of climatological features such as the ITCZ and North American rainfall as well as the simulation of ENSO. These findings suggest a simple, physically based, and computationally inexpensive method that can improve climate models and projections of future climate.
Backarc Lithospheric Thickness and Serpentine Stability Control Slab‐Mantle Coupling Depths in Subduction Zones
Authors: Kerswell Buchanan C. , Kohn Matthew J. , Gerya Taras V. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractA key feature of subduction zone geodynamics and thermal structure is the point at which the slab and mantle mechanically couple. This point defines the depth at which traction between slab and mantle begins to drive mantle wedge circulation and also corresponds with a rapid increase in temperature along the slab‐mantle interface. Here, we consider the effects of the backarc thermal structure and slab thermal parameter on coupling depth using two‐dimensional thermomechanical models of oceanic‐continental convergent margins. Coupling depth is strongly correlated with backarc lithospheric thickness, and weakly correlated with slab thermal parameter. Slab‐mantle coupling becomes significant where weak, hydrous antigorite reacts to form strong, anhydrous olivine and pyroxene along the slab‐mantle interface. Highly efficient (predominantly advective) heat transfer in the asthenospheric mantle wedge and inefficient (predominantly conductive) heat transfer in the lithospheric mantle wedge results in competing feedbacks that stabilize the antigorite‐out reaction at depths determined primarily by the mechanical thickness of the backarc lithosphere. For subduction zone segments where backarc lithospheric thickness can be inverted from surface heat flow, our results provide a regression model that can be applied with slab thermal parameter to predict coupling depth. Consistently high backarc heat flow in circum‐Pacific subduction zones suggests uniformly thin overriding plates likely regulated by lithospheric erosion caused by hydration and melting processes under volcanic arcs. This may also explain a common depth of slab‐mantle coupling globally.
Hydrothermal Models Constrained by Fine‐Scale Seismic Velocities Confirm Hydrothermal Cooling of 7–63 Ma South Atlantic Crust
Authors: Kardell Dominik A. , Zhao Zeyu , Ramos Evan J. , Estep Justin , Christeson Gail L. , Reece Robert S. , Hesse Marc A. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAlthough 70% of the Earth's heat loss occurs in the oceans, the nature of hydrothermal heat flow in oceanic crust is controversial. Lithospheric cooling models, heat flow measurements, and seismic experiments provide conflicting accounts on the longevity of hydrothermal systems and their efficiency at removing heat from the crust. Here we present five hydrothermal models along a crustal flowline in the western South Atlantic at ∼31°S to quantify how conductive and advective heat loss change as a function of crustal age and structure. The model sites cover crustal ages of 7–63 Ma and are collocated with planned drill sites of International Ocean Discovery Program Expeditions 390 and 393. We constrained our hydrothermal models with detailed physical property distributions that we estimated from new high‐resolution seismic velocity models. The hydrothermal models yield conductive and advective heat fluxes that closely match lithospheric cooling models and conductive heat flow measurements on the seafloor, supporting a hydrothermal sealing age of ∼65 Ma. Our results also agree with global estimates of fluid volume flux into the oceans and are consistent with a previously published analysis of upper crustal seismic velocities in the study area, indicating ongoing hydrothermal activity at relatively old crustal ages. This study broadly confirms and unifies existing concepts of oceanic heat flow and its modes of transport. Moreover, it provides a regional framework of seismic velocities and modeled hydrothermal fluxes, in which future in‐situ measurements can be integrated.
Consistent and Contrasting Aspects of the Geomagnetic Field Across Epochs With Distinct Reversal Frequencies Revealed by Modeling the Kiaman Superchron
Authors: Brandt Daniele , Ernesto Marcia , Constable Catherine 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis work presents an extensive directional paleomagnetic database of the Kiaman reversed superchron. It is composed of 1,459 paleomagnetic directions from igneous rocks corresponding to 91 data sets (or paleomagnetic poles). An almost constant behavior of more concentrated and circular distributions for latitudes higher than 10° was found, which contrasts strongly with predictions of the representative models for the past few million years. We searched for simplified and spatially covariant Giant Gaussian Process (GGP) models that best explain the directional distribution of the Kiaman database. We used the mean strength based on the mean of virtual dipole moment (VDM) results for the period drawn from the available databases. Among the tested models, the one that best explains the directional paleosecular variation of the Kiaman database is the covariant type. According to this model, the correlations between the Gaussian coefficients are valid for the last 10 Myr and the Kiaman superchron. The resulting GGP models have parameters similar to the 0–10 Ma models, which indicates that the relation between symmetric and antisymmetric families appears unchanged in the geological past. The relative variability of the Kiaman field, as inferred from the ratio from GGP models, is lower than for the past 10 Myr. Thus, as well as the paleointensity, seems to be a proxy that can be used for evaluating the geomagnetic development along the geological time.
A Numerical Model of Bank Collapse and River Meandering
Authors: Zhao Kun , Lanzoni Stefano , Gong Zheng , Coco Giovanni 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMeander migration results from the interaction between inner bank accretion and outer bank erosion/collapse. This interaction has been usually treated as a long‐term average of a sequence of erosion events determined by flow hydrographs. Little attention has been paid to the role that individual bank collapse events play on meander evolution. To fill this gap, we developed a numerical model of river meandering that describes explicitly bank collapse. Results show that as bend curvature increases due to meander migration and elongation, the initially scattered locations of bank collapse events converge toward the channel section where bed shear stress attains a maximum. Simulations illustrate the observed catch‐up behavior between inner and outer banks, driven by intermittent bank collapse events. Moreover, bank collapse is found to speed up short‐term meander migration and, consistent with field observations, meanders turn out to evolve toward a state characterized by constant channel width.