bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
30 years of the transformation of non-urban public transport in Poland’s peripheral areas — what went wrong?
Authors: Ciechański Ariel 
Published: November 2021

AbstractTransport-based social exclusion is currently a serious social problem in Poland, and one which is apparently most severe at the level of the county (Polish powiat) in the south-east of the country, including the Beskid Niski and Bieszczady Mountains. A deeper illustration of this problem requires both observation of changes in the suburban public-transport network and the identification of areas in which this has deteriorated significantly in quantity and quality. The chosen starting point for the research was therefore 1990, as a year in which — on the one hand — the Polish economy was already shifted to the new free-market principles; while — on the other — state PKS (Przedsiębiorstwo Komunikacji Samochodowej) non-urban bus transport enterprises still dominated public transport. The endpoint of the study is then the beginning of 2019 (the author’s research year). The article introduced here seeks to identify and present cartographically the changes affecting the public-transport network in the study area over the last 30 years, as well as to point to possible consequences of these processes. The background of the described changes is also discussed, as are the observed consequences of what is taking place.
Factors influencing gas well productivity in fractured tight sandstone reservoir
Authors: Zhao Bin , Zhang Hui , Wang Haiying , Wang Zhimin 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThere are many factors which influence the absolute open flow potential (AOFP) of gas well. One of them is the angle between maximum principal stress direction and natural fracture strike in gas reservoir. In order to find out how the angle influences the AOFP of gas well. A lot of data related to gas well productivity of 14 wells located in gas reservoir T were collected and collated. Influential intensity of each factor on the AOFP before and after reservoir modification was investigated through grey relation analysis method. Results indicated that the AOFP of gas well before and after reservoir modification was governed by 10 factors. The five central factors influencing the initial AOFP are natural fracture density, porosity, permeability, elevation of geological top surface, and gas saturation, respectively. The five central factors influencing the AOFP of hydraulically fractured gas well are porosity, gas saturation, elevation of geological top surface, minimum principal stress, and permeability, respectively. Angle between maximum principal stress direction and natural fracture strike was not the central factor influencing gas well productivity. Reservoir modification can greatly improve gas well productivity in fractured tight sandstone reservoir. Natural fracture density was the strongest influencing factor of the initial AOFP. Minimum principal stress was one of the central factors influencing the AOFP of hydraulically fractured gas well. Research results can be used to guide well deployment and gas productivity investment projects of fractured tight sandstone reservoir.
The Suspensory Ligament of the Clitoris: A New Anatomical and Histological Description
Authors: Botter Charles , Botter Mégane , Pizza Chiara , Charpy Cécile , Pineau Virginie , La Padula Simone , Meningaud Jean-Paul , Hersant Barbara 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe importance of the clitoris as an organ has been neglected by doctors and anatomists over the centuries. Its central role in female sexuality is widely recognized and respected. Although multiple studies have been conducted on the fundiform ligament of the penis, the literature concerning the suspensory ligament of the clitoris is extremely poor. The possibility to describe its complex structure may help us understand female orgasm and sexuality.AimCarrying out an anatomical and histological study about the supporting ligaments of the clitoris and in particular the suspensory ligament of the clitoris.Study DesignA total of 10 female cadavers were dissected specifically for this study. All the supporting structures of the clitoris were studied, photographed and measured. A histological study of these structures was also carried out.ResultsThe suspensory ligament of the clitoris is a multidimensional structure consisting of three anatomically and histologically distinct components. The superficial layer originates from the anterior abdominal wall, it is the anatomical extension of the fascia superficialis of the abdomen. It mainly consists of loosely organized elastic fibers, fibroblasts and few loosely organized collagen fibers. The intermediate component also originates from the anterior abdominal wall through the extensions of the abdominal aponeurosis that reach the body of the clitoris. It completely encloses the clitoral body and sends lateral extensions to the labia majora. Histologically, this layer mainly consists of well-organized collagen fibers as well as fibroblasts. The deep component is shorter and extends from the pubic symphysis to the knee of the clitoris and also connects the two crus to the pubic symphysis. It almost exclusively consists of very well organized collagen fibers.ConclusionThe suspensory ligament of the clitoris is a multidimensional structure that extends from the anterior abdominal wall to the clitoris. Unlike previous descriptions of the ligament supporting the clitoris, we observed that this structure consists of three anatomically and histologically distinct layers. These new anatomical considerations must be taken into account for any surgery affecting the subcutaneous tissues of the pubis and the abdomen as well as for reconstructive surgery of the clitoris and metoidioplasty.
Baima
Authors: Chirkova Katia , Kocjančič Antolík Tanja , Amelot Angélique 
Published: November 2021

The Baima language (/pêkê/, Chinese 白马语 báimăyŭ, ISO-639 code bqh) is a little-studied Tibeto-Burman (Bodic or Himalayish) language spoken in the southwestern part of the People’s Republic of China. Approximately 10,000 people, who traditionally reside in three counties in Sichuan Province (Pingwu 平武, Songpan 松潘 (in Written Tibetan, hereafter WT, zung chu), and Jiuzhaigou 九寨沟 (WT gzi rtsa sde dgu), and in one county in Gansu Province (Wenxian 文县), speak the Baima language (see Sichuan Sheng Minzu Yanjiusuo 1980, Zeng & Xiao 1987), see Figure 1.1 The largest concentrations of Baima speakers are in Baima Township (白马乡, Baima /tôpû/) of Pingwu County, and in Tielou Township (铁楼乡) of Wenxian County.
The evolution of knowledge during the Cambrian explosion
Authors: Veit Walter 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPhillips et al. make a compelling case for a reversal in the current paradigm in “other minds” research by considering the representation of other people's knowledge more basic than the attribution of belief. Unfortunately, they only discuss primates. In this commentary, I argue that the representation of others' knowledge is an evolutionary ancient trait, first appearing during the Cambrian explosion.
Beyond knowledge versus belief: The contents of mental-state representations and their underlying computations
Authors: Asaba Mika , Chuey Aaron , Gweon Hyowon 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Moving beyond distinguishing knowledge and beliefs, we propose two lines of inquiry for the next generation of theory of mind (ToM) research: (1) characterizing the contents of different mental-state representations and (2) formalizing the computations that generate such contents. Studying how children reason about what others think of the self provides an illuminating window into the richness and flexibility of human social cognition.
Gateway to Africa: The History of Television Service in Late Colonial Nigeria
Authors: Arthur Tori Omega , Ukelina Bekeh Utietiang 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe constitutional changes that took place in Nigeria in the decade before independence granted significant authority to the colonial state's three regions. The 1954 constitution gave both the federal and regional governments the authority to legislate on broadcasting issues. In 1959, Western Region leader, Chief Obafemi Awolowo, established the Western Nigeria Television Service (WNTV), a service considered the ‘Gateway to Africa’. This article historicizes the processes and politics of the founding of this station, revealing metropolitan efforts to control the television service's direction in order for it to remain aligned with British cultural and imperial interests. It also shows the BBC's attempts to stall the successful launch of a service that it considered a competitor. The study argues that the broadcasting service's creation was an act of dissent against British colonial rule and its cultural imperialism and sheds light on how the Western Region's political elites embraced emerging public communication technologies to undermine colonialism.
Patrick O’Brien on industrialization, little Britain and the wider world
Authors: Vries Peer 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPatrick O’Brien has dedicated most of his career to studying British economic history, focusing on the Industrial Revolution, its antecedents, characteristics and consequences. He has always paid attention to long-term developments and never confined himself to strictly economic aspects. From the late 1990s onward, he increasingly turned ‘global’. His importance for global history cannot be overstated. His essay in this issue presents the outcome of his long intellectual journey. I will in this rejoinder try to assess his approach and his findings and comment on Patrick as a scholar and as a person. As we are close friends I will be critical.
Toward understanding the impact of nuisance algae bloom on the reduction of rice seedling emergence and establishment
Authors: Ohadi Sara , Laguerre Guelta , Madsen John , Al-Khatib Kassim 
Published: November 2021

AbstractCalifornia rice (Oryza sativa L.) production has been recently challenged by the early-season nuisance algae blooms. The algal community in rice is a complex of green algae (Nostoc spongiforme Agardh ex Bornet) and cyanobacteria species that can develop a thick algal mat on the surface of the water and interfere with the emergence and establishment of rice seedlings. The objective of this research was to determine the impact of algal infestation level on rice seedling emergence. A mesocosm study was conducted in 57-L tubs. Three levels of algal infestation (low, medium, and high) were produced by adding fertilizer (N:P) into the tubs at 0:0, 75:35, and 150:70 kg−1 ha. Sixty rice seeds (‘M-206’) were soaked for 24 h and spread into tubs filled with water. Photosynthetic active radiation (PAR), chlorophyll a concentration as the quantitative measure of algae, number of emerged rice seedlings, and their dry biomass were studied during the experiment. Results showed that algal infestation can directly change the amount of light received into the water. Minimum, maximum, and mean percentage of PAR inside the water declined as the algal infestation level increased. As a consequence, rice seedling emergence dropped under the high algal pressure. At very high algal infestation (i.e., chlorophyll a concentration of above 500 µg ml−1), rice seedling emergence was reduced up to 90%. Furthermore, rice seedling emergence was delayed under algal infestation. When algal infestation was low, time to 50% rice seedling emergence (t50) ranged between 5 and 10 d, while at high algal infestation, t50 ranged between 12 and 20 d. Moreover, individual rice seedling biomass was reduced from 1 g to 0.01 g as algal infestation increased. The results from this study indicate that uncontrolled algae at the beginning of the rice-growing season could reduce rice seedling emergence, establishment, and rice stand. Given that algal infestation in fields has a patchy pattern, loss of rice stand in these patches could provide empty niches for other weeds to grow.
Multi‐Instrument Investigation of the Polar Holes
Authors: Forsythe Victoriya V. , Kunduri Bharat , Zou Shasha 
Published: November 2021

AbstractDuring the solar minimum the F‐region plasma density can become extremely low, and in some exceptional cases the F‐layer can completely disappear. These F‐region density depletions are particularly deep during geomagnetically quiet nights, when slow plasma convection creates polar holes, extending 100–1000 km in size, where the electron density is several orders of magnitude lower than the background values. Polar holes are believed to be formed during the periods of the very slow anti‐sunward convection, when the plasma is trapped just poleward of the auroral oval in the absence of any ionization sources. At the same time, fast convection with rapid vertical plasma transport has also been associated with the polar hole formation. Combining the electron density measurements from the Resolute Bay Incoherent Scatter Radar (RISR) and Poker Flat ISR (PFISR), the state of art variational data assimilation tool Ionospheric Data Assimilation Four‐Dimensional (IDA4D), and the convection data from the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) array, the polar hole formation and evolution are experimentally investigated. The F‐region plasma is traced back in time prior to the polar hole formation to analyze the favorable conditions for the formation of the polar holes. The role of plasma convection in the formation of the polar holes is experimentally investigated. The results show that the polar holes can be formed in the twilight condition and without being trapped in the closed convection loops. The formation of the polar holes were equally possible during slow and strong convection flows, predominantly with a standard two‐cell convection configuration.
Inhibitors of Bcl-2 and Bruton’s tyrosine kinase synergize to abrogate diffuse large B-cell lymphoma growth in vitro and in orthotopic xenotransplantation models
Authors: Bertram Katrin , Leary Peter John , Boudesco Christophe , Fullin Jonas , Stirm Kristin , Dalal Vineet , Zenz Thorsten , Tzankov Alexandar , Müller Anne 
Published: November 2021

AbstractNumerous targeted therapies have been developed for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, but the results of late-stage clinical trials were mostly disappointing and have led to very few new regulatory approvals. Here, we use single and combinatorial drug response profiling to show that the combined inhibition of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and of the tyrosine kinase BTK with the small molecules venetoclax and ibrutinib efficiently kills DLBCL cells in vitro. High Bcl-2 expression due to either BCL2 amplifications or translocations, in conjunction with chronic active BCR signaling accurately predict responses to dual Bcl-2/BTK inhibition. Orthotopic xenotransplantation and patient-derived xenograft models confirm that the combinatorial is superior to single-agent treatment in reducing the lymphoma burden. Combinatorial treatment further efficiently overcomes both primary and acquired resistance to venetoclax, which we could link to reduced expression of the Bcl-2 family members Bcl-XL and Bcl-2A1 under ibrutinib. We found in a Swiss DLBCL cohort that ~15% of patients are projected to respond to the venetoclax/ibrutinib combination based on their high Bcl-2 expression and nuclear NF-κB localization. Our data show that drug sensitivities exposed by drug response profiling can be attributed to specific mutational signatures and immunohistochemical biomarkers, and point to combined Bcl-2/BTK inhibition as a promising therapeutic strategy in DLBCL.
Metabolic characterization and metabolism-score of tumor to predict the prognosis in prostate cancer
Authors: Zhang Yanlong , Liang Xuezhi , Zhang Liyun , Wang Dongwen 
Published: November 2021

AbstractTumor metabolism patterns have been reported to be associated with the prognosis of many cancers. However, the metabolic mechanisms underlying prostate cancer (PCa) remain unknown. This study aimed to explore the metabolic characteristics of PCa. First, we downloaded mRNA expression data and clinical information of PCa samples from multiple databases and quantified the metabolic pathway activity level using single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA). Through unsupervised clustering and principal component analyses, we explored metabolic characteristics and constructed a metabolic score for PCa. Then, we independently validated the prognostic value of our metabolic score and the nomogram based on the metabolic score in multiple databases. Next, we found the metabolic score to be closely related to the tumor microenvironment and DNA mutation using multi-omics data and ssGSEA. Finally, we found different features of drug sensitivity in PCa patients in the high/low metabolic score groups. In total, 1232 samples were analyzed in the present study. Overall, an improved understanding of tumor metabolism through the characterization of metabolic clusters and metabolic score may help clinicians predict prognosis and aid the development of more personalized anti-tumor therapeutic strategies for PCa.
Adults who microdose psychedelics report health related motivations and lower levels of anxiety and depression compared to non-microdosers
Authors: Rootman Joseph M. , Kryskow Pamela , Harvey Kalin , Stamets Paul , Santos-Brault Eesmyal , Kuypers Kim P. C. , Polito Vince , Bourzat Francoise , Walsh Zach 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe use of psychedelic substances at sub-sensorium ‘microdoses’, has gained popular academic interest for reported positive effects on wellness and cognition. The present study describes microdosing practices, motivations and mental health among a sample of self-selected microdosers (n = 4050) and non-microdosers (n = 4653) via a mobile application. Psilocybin was the most commonly used microdose substances in our sample (85%) and we identified diverse microdose practices with regard to dosage, frequency, and the practice of stacking which involves combining psilocybin with non-psychedelic substances such as Lion’s Mane mushrooms, chocolate, and niacin. Microdosers were generally similar to non-microdosing controls with regard to demographics, but were more likely to report a history of mental health concerns. Among individuals reporting mental health concerns, microdosers exhibited lower levels of depression, anxiety, and stress across gender. Health and wellness-related motives were the most prominent motives across microdosers in general, and were more prominent among females and among individuals who reported mental health concerns. Our results indicate health and wellness motives and perceived mental health benefits among microdosers, and highlight the need for further research into the mental health consequences of microdosing including studies with rigorous longitudinal designs.
Transcriptome analysis reveals that long noncoding RNAs contribute to developmental differences between medium-sized ovarian follicles of Meishan and Duroc sows
Authors: Li Mengxun , Liu Yi , Xie Su , Ma Lipeng , Zhao Zhichao , Gong Hongbin , Sun Yishan , Huang Tao 
Published: November 2021

AbstractOvulation rate is an extremely important factor affecting litter size in sows. It differs greatly among pig breeds with different genetic backgrounds. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) can regulate follicle development, granulosa cell growth, and hormone secretion, which in turn can affect sow litter size. In this study, we identified 3554 lncRNAs and 25,491 mRNAs in M2 follicles of Meishan and Duroc sows. The lncRNA sequence and open reading frame lengths were shorter than mRNAs, and lncRNAs had fewer exons, were less abundant, and more conserved than protein-coding RNAs. Furthermore, 201 lncRNAs were differentially expressed (DE) between breeds, and quantitative trait loci analysis of DE lncRNAs were performed. A total of 127 DE lncRNAs were identified in 119 reproduction trait-related loci. In addition, the potential target genes of lncRNAs in cis or trans configurations were predicted. Gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis revealed that some potential target genes were involved in follicular development and hormone secretion-related biological processes or pathways, such as progesterone biosynthetic process, estrogen metabolic process, ovarian steroidogenesis, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Furthermore, we also screened 19 differentially expressed lncRNAs in the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway as candidates. This study provides new insights into the roles of lncRNAs in follicular growth and development in pigs.
Delineation guidelines for the lymphatic target volumes in ‘prone crawl’ radiotherapy treatment position for breast cancer patients
Authors: Stouthandel Michael E. J. , Kayser Françoise , Vakaet Vincent , Khoury Ralph , Deseyne Pieter , Monten Chris , Schoepen Max , Remouchamps Vincent , De Caluwé Alex , Janoray Guillaume , De Neve Wilfried , Mazy Stephane , Veldeman Liv , Van Hoof Tom 
Published: November 2021

AbstractOur recently developed prone crawl position (PCP) for radiotherapy of breast cancer patients with lymphatic involvement showed promising preliminary data and it is being optimized for clinical use. An important aspect in this process is making new, position specific delineation guidelines to ensure delineation (for treatment planning) is uniform across different centers. The existing ESTRO and PROCAB guidelines for supine position (SP) were adapted for PCP. Nine volunteers were MRI scanned in both SP and PCP. Lymph node regions were delineated in SP using the existing ESTRO and PROCAB guidelines and were then translated to PCP, based on the observed changes in reference structure position. Nine PCP patient CT scans were used to verify if the new reference structures were consistently identified and easily applicable on different patient CT scans. Based on these data, a team of specialists in anatomy, CT- and MRI radiology and radiation oncology postulated the final guidelines. By taking the ESTRO and PROCAB guidelines for SP into account and by using a relatively big number of datasets, these new PCP specific guidelines incorporate anatomical variability between patients. The guidelines are easily and consistently applicable, even for people with limited previous experience with delineations in PCP.
Socioeconomic and environmental patterns behind H1N1 spreading in Sweden
Authors: Bota András , Holmberg Martin , Gardner Lauren , Rosvall Martin 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIdentifying the critical factors related to influenza spreading is crucial in predicting and mitigating epidemics. Specifically, uncovering the relationship between epidemic onset and various risk indicators such as socioeconomic, mobility and climate factors can reveal locations and travel patterns that play critical roles in furthering an outbreak. We study the 2009 A(H1N1) influenza outbreaks in Sweden’s municipalities between 2009 and 2015 and use the Generalized Inverse Infection Method (GIIM) to assess the most significant contributing risk factors. GIIM represents an epidemic spreading process on a network: nodes correspond to geographical objects, links indicate travel routes, and transmission probabilities assigned to the links guide the infection process. Our results reinforce existing observations that the influenza outbreaks considered in this study were driven by the country’s largest population centers, while meteorological factors also contributed significantly. Travel and other socioeconomic indicators have a negligible effect. We also demonstrate that by training our model on the 2009 outbreak, we can predict the epidemic onsets in the following five seasons with high accuracy.