bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Blood in the Feud
Authors: Falk Oren 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the staple form of violence in the sagas: feud. Feud was medieval Iceland’s most important organizing metaphor, at whose core lay individuated enforcement of the social contract through tit-for-tat reciprocity. The chapter examines two paradigmatic feuding episodes, one from the Family Sagas (Þorsteins þáttr stangarhǫggs), the other from the Contemporary Sagas (Íslendinga saga’s account of events centred around Sæmundr Jónsson, c.1215–22). Interlacing these case studies sheds light on how textual strategies converge and diverge across the two genres (and in other, related genres, such as Iceland’s law code, Grágás). Accident is central to both episodes, as is the violent response to it, underscoring the intimate involvement of violence with risk. When misfortune struck, Icelanders faced, first, uncertainty about how to understand what had just happened. Their choices tended to read the past as violent. Second, they needed to decide what do to next. Again, their inclination was towards responding violently. Finally, hard times provided opportunities for social engineering: costs and burdens had to be shared, avoided, or redirected among allies and onto adversaries. Feud, whose logic was well established and widely embraced, proved a versatile solution for channelling such social risks and opportunities, whether through opting into elective affinities (redefining one’s own group boundaries) or by enforcing passive solidarity on others. Icelanders distinguished drengir, ‘gentlemen’, from ójafnaðarmenn, ‘bullies’, by the skill with which they did or did not make their feuding claims seem plausible
Killing Ambition
Authors: Falk Oren 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter seeks to account for the nearly complete absence of warfare from medieval Iceland and its sagas. It argues that a single logic dictated both the embrace of feud as a socially constructive idea and the rejection of war as an abomination. Drawing on anthropological examples and analyses, war is defined by contrasting it with feud; the bond between war and state-formation is emphasized. War presupposes political centralization and differentiation, which Icelanders, committed to the reciprocal logic of feuding, resisted. According to the sagas, ideological opposition to war manifested itself in abortive attempts at political consolidation within Iceland, in confusion and substitution in the face of war elsewhere (in Norway, England, and North America), and in failure to contend with burgeoning warlike activity in thirteenth-century Iceland. Tensions between state-centric warfare and state-resistant feuding existed in historical reality, however, not only in saga accounts of this history; and in reality, tensions could not always be resolved. Uchronia provided a tool for creative, retrospective textual resolution of problems that could not be overcome in practice. As demonstrated by the Icelandic law code, Grágás, the past thus became the path-dependent product of the future. Uchronic ideology worked to emend any perceived historical ‘errors’: any symptoms of war that could not be suppressed in reality were, instead, overwritten and repressed in text
City Powd’ring
Authors: Bromley James M. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines how Thomas Middleton’s Michaelmas Term positions the cloth trade as pivotal to the construction of sexuality and sexual relations in the city. Circulating with cloth in the play is queer urban sexual knowledge. Antitheatricalists feared that the theater was a site of sexual pedagogy and initiation in the early modern period. Michaelmas Term subtly embraces that role for the city comedy, and the chapter draws on queer theories of materiality to demonstrate that the play’s relentless focus on the materiality of selfhood is pertinent in querying the limits of biological determinism and essentialism that characterize mainstream politics around sexuality today. The play can prompt us to consider how alternate forms of queer ontogenesis derived from the past have affordances for the production of queer culture in the present.
“Quilted with Mighty Words to Lean Purpose”
Authors: Bromley James M. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter zeroes in on the sartorial practices of the aptly named Jack Dapper from Thomas Dekker and Thomas Middleton’s The Roaring Girl. Taking up new materialism and ecocritical theory, it demonstrates that through his sartorial extravagance, especially his interest in feathers, and his related fiscal profligacy, Jack resists restrictions upon his sexuality as well as the patriarchal imperatives of wealth accumulation. Furthermore, his superficial embodiment fosters in him, as well as the audience, an awareness that new pleasures attend upon reimagining one’s relationship to nonhuman matter. The chapter also accesses the multiple, partially realized avenues for identification and desire that a text opens up through a minor character in a play whose efforts at characterization, plot, and theme seem focused elsewhere. Such a shift in focus to what seems peripheral and precarious can form the basis of a more nuanced account of the multiple, sometimes contradictory ways that sartorial extravagance could be viewed in the period.
Cruisy Historicism
Authors: Bromley James M. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter articulates a historical methodology, cruisy historicism, for attending to the erotic possibilities of the resistances from minor voices within a text and the mismatch between text and historical context. Drawn analogically from queer public sexual practices, cruisy historicism is particularly suited to unpacking the queer sexual possibilities that inhere in these multiplicities and misalignments. This methodology is explored via the intersection of clothing and space in Ben Jonson’s Every Man Out of His Humour. The play depicts lavishly dressed male characters circulating knowledge about queer forms of eroticism and subjectivity in the middle aisle of St Paul’s Cathedral, a place famed for its parading gallants in the early modern period. This chapter uses cruisy historicism to access the utopian fantasies surrounding extravagant apparel that exceed their historical and satiric contexts. In addition, cruisy historicism invites readers to encounter texts that do not seem especially welcoming to queerness so as to rework them into sites in which queer pleasure can animate one’s relationship with the past and compel us to rethink present-day political demarcations of legitimate forms of sexual practice.
Biographies of a Reformation
Authors: Christ Martin 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This monograph investigates how religious coexistence functioned in six towns in the multiconfessional region of Upper Lusatia in Western Bohemia. Lutherans and Catholics found a feasible modus vivendi through written agreements and regular negotiations. This meant that the Habsburg kings of Bohemia ruled over a Lutheran region. Lutherans and Catholics in Upper Lusatia shared spaces, objects, and rituals. Catholics adopted elements previously seen as a firm part of a Lutheran confessional culture. Lutherans, too, were willing to incorporate Catholic elements into their religiosity. Some of these overlaps were subconscious, while others were a conscious choice. This monograph provides a new narrative of the Reformation and shows that the concept of the ‘urban Reformation’, where towns are seen as centres of Lutheranism has to be reassessed, particularly in towns in former East Germany, where much work remains to be done. It shows that in a region like Upper Lusatia, which did not have a political centre and underwent a complex Reformation with many different actors, there was no clear confessionalization. By approaching the Upper Lusatian Reformation through important individuals, this monograph shows how they had to negotiate their religiosity, resulting in cross-confessional exchange and syncretism.
Introduction
Authors: Christ Martin 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces the main themes of the book and shows how the Catholic king of Bohemia engaged with Lutheran Upper Lusatia. It discusses some of the political and legal features of the six town of the Lusatian League, setting the background for the later chapters. This chapter also introduces some of the key historiographical debates on syncretism, religious toleration, the formation of confessional identities and the urban Reformation. The chapter provides a sense of the urban actors present in the towns, including the Slavic minority population of the Sorbs. Finally, the chapter describes the structure of the book as a series of biographical sketches, which illustrate broader developments in the religious history of early modern central Europe.
Bartholomäus Scultetus (1540–1614)
Authors: Christ Martin 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The fourth chapter centres on the Lutheran mayor Bartholomäus Scultetus (1540–1614) who introduced the Gregorian Calendar to Lusatia and the Bohemian lands. Other Lutheran territories, most notably Saxony, refused to accept the more accurate calendar on religious grounds. Scultetus, however, advocated for the calendar and exchanged letters with Catholic dignitaries, praising the benefits of a calendar reform. He dedicated multiple works to Catholics, was friends with some of them and even included woodcuts of his Catholic friends or their coat of arms in his works. Other examples of this cross-confessional exchange include a monk who was one of the most popular godfathers in Zittau until the 1540s or the peaceful negotiations between Lutheran town councils and Franciscan monks regarding new town schools. Scultetus and other councillors also engaged in the creation of a Reformation memory, but without a clear shape of Lutheranism, these histories did not follow a unified pattern.
Johann Leisentrit (1527–1586)
Authors: Christ Martin 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The fifth chapter concentrates on later Catholic responses to the increasingly Lutheran environment. The deans of biconfessional Bautzen were particularly important in this process. One, Johann Leisentrit (1527–1586), reveals why Catholics incorporated Lutheran elements into their religiosity. He compromised on communion and baptisms to keep the peace in Bautzen, but he struggled to work with these compromises which he felt were necessary to ensure the survival of Catholicism. Leisentrit never went against the orders of any Catholic superiors, but he included songs by Luther in his hymnbook and did not feature purgatory in his instructions for the dying. These changes suggest that there was competition for souls and Leisentrit hoped to trump the Lutherans by incorporating some of their elements into his works. Later, attacks by other Catholics led Leisentrit to define Lutheranism, alongside other dissenting beliefs, as a heresy. External pressure could lead to a clearer definition of confessional boundaries.
Conclusion
Authors: Christ Martin 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The conclusion focuses on the ways in which Upper Lusatia advances and challenges broader Reformation narratives, while also highlighting where Lusatia was a unique case. Religiosity meant different things to different people, and the contradictions in the characters of individuals were mirrored in the complexities of the Reformations of Upper Lusatia. Later histories of the Reformation did not always describe the more radical religious groups and the important role of Catholicism in the region, portraying the Reformation in Upper Lusatia as a strictly Lutheran affair instead. This monograph restores some of this complexity to the Upper Lusatian Reformation.
The Evolutions of Modernist Epic
Authors: Paris Václav 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Modernist epic is more interesting and diverse than we have supposed. As a radical form of national fiction, it appeared in many parts of the world in the early twentieth century. Reading a selection of works from the United States, England, Ireland, Czechoslovakia, and Brazil, The Evolutions of Modernist Epic develops a comparative theory of this genre and its global development. That development was, it argues, bound up with new ideas about biological evolution. During the first decades of the twentieth century—a period known, in the history of evolutionary science, as “the eclipse of Darwinism”—evolution’s significance was questioned, rethought, and ultimately confined to the Neo-Darwinist discourse with which we are familiar today. Epic fiction participated in, and was shaped by, this shift. Drawing on queer forms of sexuality to cultivate anti-heroic and non-progressive modes of telling the national story, the new epic contested reductive and reactionary forms of social Darwinism. The book describes how, in doing so, the genre asks us to revisit our assumptions about ethnolinguistics and organic nationalism. It also models how the history of evolutionary thought can provide a fresh basis for comparing diverse modernisms and their peculiar nativisms.
Introduction
Authors: Paris Václav 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Epic and evolution have a complex relationship. For some thinkers they have nothing in common—belonging to separate spheres. For some sociobiologists, on the other hand, they have everything to do with each other. The Evolutions of Modernist Epic describes how the two were coordinated in a number of modernist national narratives. It argues that global modernism is better understood through this encounter than through more conventional economic, political, or ecological readings. The introduction lays out the theoretical grounds for this reading. It tells how epic came to contest social Darwinist narrations of national progress at the beginning of the twentieth century. It explains the ways in which experimental narrative participated in the so-called eclipse of Darwinism. And it makes the case for epic’s continued vitality in late modernity, describing its creative nationalisms, as well as its uses of queer forms of sexuality.
Beginning Again with Modernist Epic
Authors: Paris Václav 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers a revisionary account of the emergence of modernist epic through a detailed reading of Gertrude Stein’s The Making of Americans. In the late-nineteenth-century United States, the prevailing paradigm for narrations of national destiny was Darwinian. Mostly written between 1903 and 1911, Stein’s book opens as if it were in agreement with such narrations of the national story. Stein announces it as a developmental narrative of the United States, tracing two families’ progressions and westward movement, from a first generation of immigrants to their children and then grandchildren. The Making of Americans, however, does not fulfil its developmentalist prospects in any straightforward manner. Rather, the book stalls, digresses, and—to use Stein’s words—“begins again and again.” In its second half, the narrative comes to resemble less the work of nineteenth-century historians, and more the extensive later portions of modernist modern epics by Robert Musil, Marcel Proust, or James Joyce. The chapter describes how Stein’s turn to a digressive open-form narrative corresponds to her shifting interests in biological science and experimental writing. Her work, it argues, marks the advent of new kind of modernist epic, motivated by attempts to find a way to represent national life beyond social Darwinism and its heteropatriarchal protocols.
Joyce’s Atavism and the New Ireland
Authors: Paris Václav 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Atavism plays a central role in James Joyce’s Ulysses. Describing the return of an earlier evolutionary state in the present, atavism, at the beginning of the twentieth century, was loosely associated both with the epic genre (itself a kind of fossil) and with supposedly less-developed nations. This chapter argues that Joyce shaped Ulysses as a response to both associations. Joyce rejected the idea that literature evolves or improves through history. He also recognized that Ireland lost out when seen through the hierarchies of social Darwinism. In order to counter both, he presented Ireland’s modernity in terms of Homer’s Odyssey. Bringing back the deep past as radically contemporary, Joyce’s fiction questions our assumptions about the archaic and primitive as well as the progressive nature of national and literary history. In Ulysses, scientific ideas of biological and literary evolution are subordinated into Joyce’s own idiosyncratic vitalism to produce a new and quite queer national vision. In a series of detailed readings of various episodes, including “Oxen of the Sun,” “Cyclops,” and “Proteus,” the chapter establishes the logic of Joyce’s imagined lifeword. It then suggests how Joyce’s work on atavism reveals a larger trend in modernist epic fiction, opening up to this book’s rereading of the genre more generally.
Fundamentals of Mathematical Analysis
Authors: Boules Adel N. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Fundamentals of Mathematical Analysis is a beginning graduate textbook on real and functional analysis, with a substantial component on topology. The three leading chapters furnish background information on the real and complex number fields, a concise introduction to set theory, and a rigorous treatment of vector spaces. Instructors can choose material from this part as their students’ background warrants. Chapter 4 is the spine of the book and is essential for an effective reading of the rest of the book. It is an extensive study of metric spaces, including the core topics of completeness, compactness, and function spaces, with a good number of applications. The remaining chapters consist of an introduction to general topology, a classical treatment of Banach and Hilbert spaces, the elements of operator theory, and a deep account of measure and integration theories. Several courses can be based on the book. The entire book is suitable for a two-semester course on analysis, and material can be chosen to design one-semester courses on topology, real analysis, or functional analysis. The book is designed as an accessible classical introduction to the subject, aims to achieve excellent breadth and depth, and contains an abundance of examples and exercises. The topics are carefully sequenced, the proofs are detailed, and the writing style is clear and concise. The only prerequisites assumed are a thorough understanding of undergraduate real analysis and linear algebra, and a degree of mathematical maturity.
Passion's Fictions from Shakespeare to Richardson
Authors: Robinson Benedict S. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPassion’s Fictions traces the intimate links between literature and the sciences of soul and mind from the age of Shakespeare to the rise of the novel. It chronicles the emergence of new sciences of the passions between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries out of and in some ways against a received “science of the soul,” and it argues that this history was shaped by rhetoric, which contained the most extensively particularized discourse on the passions, offering principles for moving and affecting the passions of others in concrete social scenes. This rhetoric of the passions centered on narrative as the instrument of a non-theoretical knowledge of the passions in their particularity, predicated on an account of passion as an intimate relation between an empassioned mind and an empassioning world: rhetoric offers a kind of externalist psychology, formalized in the relation of passion to action and underwriting an account of narrative as a means of both moving passion and knowing it. This book describes the psychology of the passions before the discipline of psychology, tracing the influence of rhetoric on theories of the passions from Francis Bacon to Adam Smith and using that history to read literary works by Shakespeare, Milton, Haywood, Richardson, and others. Narrative offers a means of knowing and moving the passions by tracing them to the events and objects that generate them; the history of narrative practices is thus a key part of the history of the psychology of the passions at a critical moment in its development.
Passion’s Intentions
Authors: Robinson Benedict S. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract“Passion’s Intentions” provides a broad account of the concept of passion as the early modern period received it from various ancient and medieval sources. It starts with the rise of “treatises on the passions” in the seventeenth century, showing to what extent those books represent a new phenomenon but also anchoring their understanding of passion in a received “science of the soul”: a faculty psychology drawn largely from Aristotle, the Stoics, Augustine, and Aquinas. The chapter also connects that concept of passion to passages from the poetry of Edmund Spenser and John Donne and the plays of Shakespeare. But its primary aim is to emphasize the object-oriented, “intentional” nature of passion as the early modern period understood it: passion is directed at the world of things; it is intimately connected to the way those things appear to us, in what scholastic psychology called “intentions.” This also means that passion is not a purely internal state: while it is anchored in a structure of mental representations, it is also oriented to the world, shaped by situations, and must be understood with reference to those situations. As circumstanced encounters with qualitatively particular objects, the passions were seen to be infinite: knowledge of the passions comes from the outside in, through an immersive, open-ended, narrative understanding of particular lived situations. The chapter ends by briefly sketching how narrative, theorized by rhetoric as a mode of the knowledge of particulars, came to be seen as a crucial instrument of the knowledge of the passions.
The Springs of the Soul
Authors: Robinson Benedict S. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis chapter turns to the place of the passions in the “new philosophies” of the mid- to late-seventeenth century, which aimed to bring them into the purview of a true “certaine science.” In the process, they changed the concept of passion, turning it from a motion of the sensitive soul with associated but secondary effects in the body to a more centrally physiological movement: a motion of the spirits, themselves understood in increasingly materialist terms; or even a “spring” of the soul: a physical movement in the body that causes effects in the soul. The chapter demonstrates the impact of this shift in the concept of passion on late-seventeenth-century rhetoric. But it also argues that rhetoric continued to shape new forms of philosophical discourse on the passions, albeit in hidden or even disavowed ways. It traces the influence of rhetoric through major philosophical texts by Bacon, Hobbes, Descartes, Spinoza, Malebranche, and Locke. In its final pages it turns to two novels, Marie-Madeleine de Lafayette’s Princesse de Clèves and Eliza Haywood’s Love in Excess, to show how they fuse concepts of passion shaped by the new physiologies with an updated version of a circumstantial knowledge of the passions that had once belonged to rhetoric but that by the late seventeenth century was also guiding the production of new forms of long prose fiction.
Relative clauses
Authors: Pinkster Harm 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Chapter 18 deals with relative clauses, of which two types are distinguished: adnominal relative clauses, which modify an antecedent (a head-noun), and autonomous relative clauses, without an antecedent. Adnominal relative clauses can be restrictive or non-rectrictive. Autonomous relative clauses can fulfil various syntactic functions within their sentence and can be modified by determiners (especially is) and quantifiers. In addition, the connecting relative can be used to connect sentences.