bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vertical eddy diffusivity in the subsurface pycnocline across the Pacific
Authors: Itoh S. , Kaneko H. , Kouketsu S. , Okunishi T. , Tsutsumi E. , Ogawa H. , Yasuda I. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn the stratified ocean, vertical eddy diffusivity in the subsurface pycnocline plays a major role in new production through transporting nutrients upwards from the darker/nutrient-rich layer. In order to evaluate the diffusivity that was less available in the subsurface layers where indirect estimations are difficult, we conducted direct microstructure measurements in the upper 300 m of the open Pacific during summer, from 40°S to 50°N along 170°W and from 137°E to 120°W across the subtropical North Pacific (21°30′N–23°N). The subsurface pycnocline in the mid- and low-latitude regions was occupied primarily by the Subtropical Underwaters characterized by high salinity, and the Subtropical Mode Waters appeared with an increasing depth and latitude. In the North Pacific, low-salinity subarctic water with shallow seasonal pycnocline was observed in the high-latitude region. The base level of the diffusivity was 0.14–0.47 × 10–5 m2 s–1, while elevations up to 0.51–13 × 10–5 m2 s–1 were observed at the equator where the Equatorial Undercurrents formed the strong shear in the subsurface layer, and in areas high internal tide energy such as the Hawaiian Ridge. The effect of wind on the diffusivity was less clear, probably because the wind energy is generally low during summer. The shear-to-strain ratio showed dome-shaped profiles with respect to latitude and an increasing trend from west to east in the subtropical North Pacific. The geographical distributions of the diffusivity presented in this study will contribute to better understanding biogeochemical cycles in the stratified upper ocean through improving estimations of the material transport.
A Crisis in Leadership: Transforming Opportunistic Leaders into Leaders that can be Trusted
Authors: Ng Desmond W. , vanDuinkerken Wyoma 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBusiness leaders often rely on the power of their authority to influence their employees. Recent workplace surveys however have found a growing distrust in a business leader’s authority. While such distrust has been increasingly associated with abuses in a leader’s authority, leadership research has primarily focused on the positive outcomes of leadership. The task of this study is to develop a conceptual model of leadership to address this shortcoming. In drawing Transaction Cost Economics (TCE), a concept of opportunistic authority was developed to explain employees’ distrust in their leader’s authority. This opportunistic authority is defined by a legal and moral opportunism in which a leader in a position of authority seeks to beguile, cloak and / or deceive employees of their legal and moral responsibilities. Legitimacy is identified as a solution to overcoming this opportunistic authority. Specifically, a leader’s efforts to develop pragmatic and moral forms of legitimacy develop normative expectations in upholding a leader’s legal and moral responsibilities. These normative expectations reduce a leader’s legal and moral opportunism and develop employees’ trust in the leader’s authority. A contribution of this study is that it not only offers a “darker side” explanation of leadership, but it also introduces a legitimizing process that can transform “ass**le” leaders into leaders that can be trusted.
German Professors’ Motivation to Act as Peer Reviewers in Accreditation and Evaluation Procedures
Authors: Ohly Sandra , Schneijderberg Christian 
Published: January 2021

AbstractActing as a reviewer is considered a substantial part of the role-bundle of the academic profession (quality assurance (QA) and quality enhancement (QE) role). Research literature about peer review, for example, for journals and grants, shows that acting as a peer reviewer adds to an academic’s reputation. However, little is known about academics’ motivation to act as reviewers. Based on self-determination theory, the multidimensional work motivation scale (Gagné et al. 2015) is used for a survey of German professors acting as reviewers. The results of factor analysis show no intrinsic motivation to act as a reviewer in accreditation and evaluation procedures. Presumably, due to socialization effects, identified motivation among professors is higher compared to introjected motivation or to extrinsic motivation. A preference for HEI leadership/management predicts identified motivation to act as a reviewer, but a preference for teaching does not. Overall, the results suggest that professors acting as peer reviewers in accreditation and evaluation procedures accept the ambivalence of being self-determined in exercising the QA and QE professional role and of involuntarily being a management tool for higher education governance. The findings suggest that peer reviewing – also of research – is based on identified (and introjected) and not intrinsic motivation, for example, socialized acceptance of journal peer review as the best or most suitable mechanism of QA and QE.
GPU-based parallel Shadow Features generation at neural system for improving gait human activity recognition
Authors: Brito Ricardo , Biuk-Aghai Robert P. , Fong Simon 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we propose a new method for improving human activity recognition (HAR) datasets in order to increase their classification accuracy when trained with a certain classifier like a Neural Network. In this paper a novel training/testing process for building/testing a classification model for human activity recognition (HAR) is proposed. Traditionally, HAR is done by a classifier that learns what activities a person is doing by training with skeletal data obtained from a motion sensor such as Microsoft Kinect or accelerometer sensors. These skeletal data are the spatial coordinates (x, y, z) of different parts of the human body. In addition to the spatial features that describe current positions in the skeletal data, new features called Shadow Features are used to improve the supervised learning efficiency and accuracy of Neural Network classifiers. Shadow Features are inferred from the dynamics of body movements, thereby modelling the underlying momentum of the performed activities. They provide extra dimensions of information for characterizing activities in the classification process and thus significantly improving the accuracy. These Shadow Features are generated based on the existing features obtained from sensor datasets. In this paper we show that the accuracy of a neural network classifier can be significantly improved by the addition of Shadow Features and we also show that the generation of Shadow Features can be achieved with little time cost, on the fly, with the NVIDIA GPU technology and the CUDA programming model, this way we can improve the Neural Network accuracy at almost no time cost. GPUs are particularly suitable for generating Shadow Features, since they possess multiple cores which can be taken advantage of, in order to generate Shadow Features for multiple data columns in parallel, therefore reducing a lot of processing time, especially when dealing with huge datasets.
Investigating response time and accuracy in online classifier learning for multimedia publish-subscribe systems
Authors: Aslam Asra , Curry Edward 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe enormous growth of multimedia content in the field of the Internet of Things (IoT) leads to the challenge of processing multimedia streams in real-time. Event-based systems are constructed to process event streams. They cannot natively consume multimedia event types produced by the Internet of Multimedia Things (IoMT) generated data to answer multimedia-based user subscriptions. Machine learning-based techniques have enabled rapid progress in solving real-world problems and need to be optimised for the low response time of the multimedia event processing paradigm. In this paper, we describe a classifier construction approach for the training of online classifiers, that can handle dynamic subscriptions with low response time and provide reasonable accuracy for the multimedia event processing. We find that the current object detection methods can be configured dynamically for the construction of classifiers in real-time, by tuning hyperparameters even when training from scratch. Our experiments demonstrate that deep neural network-based object detection models, with hyperparameter tuning, can improve the performance within less training time for the answering of previously unknown user subscriptions. The results from this study show that the proposed online classifier training based model can achieve accuracy of 79.00% with 15-min of training and 84.28% with 1-hour training from scratch on a single GPU for the processing of multimedia events.
Public policy schools in the global south: a mapping and analysis of the emerging landscape
Authors: El-Taliawi Ola G. , Nair Sreeja , Van der Wal Zeger 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPublic policy education in the Global South has mushroomed in the past 2 decades, concomitant with governance models that provide an alternative to liberal Western democracies. However, not much empirical evidence exists on the drivers and implications of this trend, with few exceptions that point toward a form of internationalization in the policy sciences. This study aims to fill this scholarly gap by comparing 46 public policy schools on various dimensions including degree offerings, institutional establishment and status, and mission. Further, to determine whether a unique model for public policy education is emerging that extends beyond mimicry of longstanding programs in the USA and Western Europe, we surveyed the senior management of the schools in our sample. We find that less than 25% have been directly modeled after a Western school. We discuss the implications of our findings for the practice and study of public policy education.
Illusory attitudes and the playful stoic
Authors: Ridge Michael 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWhat we might usefully call “playing full-stop” and playing games plausibly figure in a well-lived life. Yet there are reasons to worry that the two not only do not naturally go hand in hand, but are in fact deeply opposed. In this essay I investigate the apparent tension between playing full-stop and playing competitive games. I argue that the nature of this tension is easily exaggerated. While there is a psychological tension between simultaneously engaging in earnest competitive game play and playing fullstop, there is no logical contradiction between the two. Somewhat surprisingly, seeing how this tension is best understood teaches us something about the nature of willing an end and the “guise of the good.” With a resolution of the apparent tension between playing full-stop and playing competitive games, I turn to the practical worry that playing competitive games is destructive precisely for the very reasons it is opposed to playing full-stop. Here I develop a positive proposal to mitigate the tension between playing full-stop and playing competitive games. This proposal draws on the idea of “striving play” as recently developed by Thi Nguyen and some ideas from classical Stoicism.
Propositions are not representational
Authors: Brown Thomas D. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIt is often presumed by those who use propositions in their theories that propositions are representational; that is, that propositions represent the world as being some way. This paper makes two claims against this presumption. First, it argues that it does not follow from the fact that propositions play the theoretical roles usually attributed to them that they are representational. This conclusion is reached by rebutting three arguments that can be made in support of the claim that propositions are representational. This paper then advances the further claim that propositions are not representational. It considers several ways to overcome the difficulties traditionally associated with this claim, particularly how to account for falsity.
ELIS++: a shapelet learning approach for accurate and efficient time series classification
Authors: Zhang Hanbo , Wang Peng , Fang Zicheng , Wang Zeyu , Wang Wei 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn recent years, time series classification with shapelets, due to the high accuracy and good interpretability, has attracted considerable interests. These approaches extract or learn shapelets from the training time series. Although they can achieve higher accuracy than other approaches, there still confront some challenges. First, they may suffer from low accuracy in the case of small training dataset. Second, they must manually set some parameters, like the number of shapelets and the length of each shapelet beforehand, and some hyper-parameters, like learning rate and regulation weight, which are difficult to set without prior knowledge. Third, extracting or learning shapelets incurs a huge computation cost, due to the huge search space. In this paper, we extend our previous shapelet learning approach ELIS to ELIS++. To improve the accuracy on the small training dataset, we propose a data augmentation approach. To learn the higher quality shapelets, based on the PAA shapelet candidates search technique proposed in ELIS, ELIS++ first propose a novel entropy-based approach shapelet candidate selection mechanism to discover shapelet candidates, and then applies the logistic regression model to adjust shapelets.To avoid setting other parameters manually, we propose a Bayesian Optimization based approach. Moreover, two techniques are proposed to improve the efficiency, coarse-grained shapelet adjustment and SIMD-based parallel computation. We conduct extensive experiments on 35 UCR datasets, and results verify the effectiveness and efficiency of ELIS++.
Evaluation of engineered sorbents for the sorption of mercury from contaminated bank soils: a column study
Authors: Goñez-Rodríguez Leroy , Johs Alexander , Lowe Kenneth A. , Carter Kimberly E. , Löffler Frank E. , Mayes Melanie A. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAs a global environmental pollutant, mercury (Hg) threatens our water resources and presents a substantial risk to human health. The rate and extent of immobilization of Hg2+ (hereafter, Hg) on engineered sorbents (Thiol-SAMMS®, pine biochar, SediMite™, Organoclay™ PM-199, and quartz sand as a control) was evaluated using flow-through column experiments. The effectiveness of the sorbents was based on (1) the percentage of Hg removed in relation to the total amount of Hg passing the sorbent column, and (2) the rate of Hg uptake compared to the nonreactive tracer bromide (Br−). All sorbents removed Hg to a certain extent, but none of the sorbents removed all the Hg introduced to the columns. Thiol-SAMMS showed the highest mean percentage of Hg removed (87% ± 2.9%), followed by Organoclay PM-199 (71% ± 0.4%), pine biochar (57% ± 22.3%), SediMite (61% ± 0.8%), and the control quartz sand (11% ± 5.6%). Thiol-SAMMS was the only sorbent to exhibit retardation of Hg in comparison to the conservative tracer Br−. For the remaining sorbents, Br− along with low concentrations of Hg were eluted within the first 3 pore volumes, indicating limited retardation of Hg. Overall, removal of Hg by sorbents was substantial, suggesting that sorbents might be suitable for deployment in contaminated environments. High concentrations of DOM leaching from the soil columns likely influenced the speciation of Hg and inhibited sorption to the sorbents. Incomplete removal of Hg by any sorbent suggests that additional optimization is needed to increase efficiency.
Suspended sediment routing through a small on-stream reservoir based on particle properties
Authors: Krajewski Adam , Sikorska-Senoner Anna E. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Purpose
A novel concept of suspended sediment (SS) routing through a small reservoir is proposed that relies on the particle properties in the reservoir inflow.

Methods
The SS routing through the reservoir is described following the single continuous stirred tank reactor concept with only one model parameter, the SS decay coefficient. This parameter is linked to the sediment settling velocity and water flow velocity. Hence, the model does not require a direct calibration with recorded data. This model was tested on a small reservoir in Warsaw, Poland, with seven storm events. Suspended sediment samples at the reservoir inflow and outflow were taken manually during the passage of flood flows at irregular intervals. The performance of the proposed method was verified with the approach when the model parameter is estimated directly from recorded events.

Results
The parameter calculated based on particle properties was about 10 times higher than the corresponding parameter optimized from recorded SS events. Hence, there was a need to introduce a correction factor to accurately predict the effluent SS. This led to a high model performance for all events (Nash-Sutcliffe = 0.672 on average).

Conclusions
(i) The proposed SS routing model based on particle properties has been proven to accurately simulate SS in the reservoir outlet. (ii) Thus, the parameter can be estimated from the sediment settling velocity and water flow velocity, but the correction factor must be applied. (iii) Our findings acknowledge difficulties in describing SS routing through small reservoirs and indicate a lack of knowledge on the functioning of these reservoirs.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Obese Patients: a UK Population Analysis
Authors: Erridge S. , Moussa O. , McIntyre C. , Hariri A. , Tolley N. , Kotecha B. , Purkayastha S. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is an increasingly common disorder associated with increased cardiovascular disease, mortality, reduced productivity, and an increased risk of road traffic accidents. A significant proportion of patients with OSA in the UK are undiagnosed. This study aims to identify risk factors for OSA in an obese cohort.

Method
A population-based study was conducted of obese patients (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD). A logistic regression model was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) for developing OSA according to other clinicopathological characteristics. Multivariate analysis was conducted of individual factors that affect the propensity to develop OSA. Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.050.

Results
From 276,600 obese patients identified during a data extraction of the CPRD in July 2017, the prevalence of OSA was 5.4%. The following risk factors were found to be independently associated with increased likelihood of OSA: male sex (OR = 3.273; p < 0.001), BMI class II (OR = 1.640; p < 0.001), BMI class III (OR = 3.768; p < 0.001), smoking (OR = 1.179; p < 0.001), COPD (OR = 1.722; p < 0.001), GERD (OR = 1.557; p < 0.001), hypothyroidism (OR = 1.311; p < 0.001), acromegaly (OR = 3.543; p < 0.001), and benzodiazepine use (OR = 1.492; p < 0.001). Bariatric surgery was associated with reduced risk of OSA amongst this obese population (OR = 0.260; p < 0.001).

Conclusions
In obese patients, there are numerous comorbidities that are associated with increased likelihood of OSA. These factors can help prompt clinicians to identify undiagnosed OSA. Bariatric surgery appears to be protective against developing OSA.
Off-the-Shelf, Immune-Compatible Human Embryonic Stem Cells Generated Via CRISPR-Mediated Genome Editing
Authors: Kim Annie , Lee Kun-Gu , Kwon Yeongbeen , Lee Kang-In , Yang Heung-Mo , Habib Omer , Kim Jihun , Kim Sang-Tae , Kim Sung Joo , Kim Jin-Soo , Hwang Dong-Youn 
Published: January 2021

AbstractHuman embryonic stem cells (hESCs) hold promise in regenerative medicine but allogeneic immune rejections caused by highly polymorphic human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) remain a barrier to their clinical applications. Here, we used a CRISPR/Cas9-mediated HLA-editing strategy to generate a variety of HLA homozygous-like hESC lines from pre-established hESC lines. We edited four pre-established HLA-heterozygous hESC lines and created a mini library of 14 HLA-edited hESC lines in which single HLA-A and HLA-B alleles and both HLA-DR alleles are disrupted. The HLA-edited hESC derivatives elicited both low T cell- and low NK cell-mediated immune responses. Our library would cover about 40% of the Asian-Pacific population. We estimate that HLA-editing of only 19 pre-established hESC lines would give rise to 46 different hESC lines to cover 90% of the Asian-Pacific population. This study offers an opportunity to generate an off-the-shelf HLA-compatible hESC bank, available for immune-compatible cell transplantation, without embryo destruction.
Current and Prospective Targets of Pharmacologic Treatment of Hereditary Angioedema Types 1 and 2
Authors: Fijen Lauré M. , Bork Konrad , Cohn Danny M. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractHereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare disease that causes episodic attacks of subcutaneous and submucosal edema, which can be painful, incapacitating, and potentially fatal. These attacks are mediated by excessive bradykinin production, as a result of uncontrolled activation of the plasma kallikrein/kinin system, which is caused by a C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency or dysfunction in HAE types 1 and 2, respectively. For many years, treatment options were limited to therapies with substantial adverse effects, insufficient efficacy, or difficult routes of administration. Increased insights in the pathophysiology of HAE have paved the way for the development of new therapies with fewer side effects. In the last two decades, several targeted novel therapeutic strategies for HAE have been developed, for both long-term prophylaxis and on demand treatment of acute attacks. This article reviews the advances in the development of more effective and convenient treatment options for HAE and their anticipated effects on morbidity, mortality, and quality of life. The emergence of these improved treatment options will presumably change current HAE guidelines, but adherence to these recommendations may become restricted by high treatment costs. It will therefore be essential to determine the indications and identify the patients that will benefit most from these newest treatment generations. Ultimately, current preclinical research into gene therapies may eventually lead the way towards curative treatment options for HAE. In conclusion, an increasing shift towards the use of highly effective long-term prophylaxis is anticipated, which should drastically abate the burden on patients with hereditary angioedema.
Backbone assignment of E. coli NfsB and the effects of addition of the cofactor analogue nicotinic acid
Authors: Hyde Eva I. , Chau Alex Ka-Wing , Smith Lorna J. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractE. coli nitroreductase NfsB (also called NfnB) has been studied extensively, largely due to its potential for cancer gene therapy. A homodimeric flavoprotein of 216 residues, it catalyses the reduction of nitroaromatics to cytotoxic hydroxylamines by NADH and NADPH and also the reduction of quinones to hydroxyquinones. Its role in vivo is not known but it is postulated to be involved in reducing oxidative stress. The crystal structures of the wild type protein and several homologues have been determined in the absence and presence of ligands, including nicotinate as a mimic of the headpiece of the nicotinamide cofactors. There is little effect on the overall structure of the protein on binding ligands, but, from the B factors, there appears to be a decrease in mobility of 2 helices near the active site. As a first step towards examining the dynamics of the protein in solution with and without ligand, we have assigned the backbone 13C, 15N, and 1HN resonances of NfsB and examined the effect of the binding of nicotinate on the amide 15N, and 1HN shifts.