bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nigerian Stranded Gas Utilization–Investment and Risk Analysis of a Medium Scale GTL Option
Authors: Omotosho Yetunde , Adeyemi Williams , Akinpelu Lateef 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Nigerian stranded gas reserves is a vast natural gas resource opportunity (with estimates exceeding 84 trillion cubic feet or 44% of current proved reserves of 190.4 Tcf) is already being monetized especially as the global environment continues to favour low carbon footprint energy sources. Natural gas utilization projects such as Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), Independent Power Projects (IPP), Gas-to-Liquid (GTL), from associated gas (AG) have taken off, however, Nigeria still struggles with low pace of stranded gas development as a result of huge capital expenditure outlays, uncertain fiscal terms as well as inadequate infrastructure, hence, stranded gas remains minimally tapped. Not only that, they exist in pockets of fields unevenly dispersed across Nigerian fields. About 70% of the onshore stranded gas are found in fields with less than 500 billion cubic feet (bcf) reserves, severely limiting gathering system optimization opportunities.
In this work, GTL option is investigated as a viable utilization option. A modular medium scale GTL plant with a capacity to produce 25,000 barrels per day of premium products, is considered. GTL economics is analyzed with and without Natural Gas Liquids (NGL) extraction. The various internal and external risks associated with its development, are also explored. Without NGL extraction accruing to the GTL owner, the project becomes unattractive and never pays out within the projected timeframe of operation. With NGL extraction, project payout is 10 years, NPV@10% is $1,132.6 million and IRR is 15.4%. From the risk assessment, the capital expenditure (CAPEX) and product prices (NGL price being the most important) are major factors affecting project economic risks.
Because of the huge impact of NGL extraction on GTL economics, consideration will have to be given to alternative incentives to improve profitability where this extraction opportunity is low or non-existent by fiscal authorities.
Climate Change and the Rising Geopolitics of LNG
Authors: Adejola Adenike , Iledare Wumi 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In the 21st century, the nexus between climate change and the global gas industry is more resilient. Gas is now preferred to gasoline in mitigating the effects of climate change and key global gas players and new entrants’ race for a higher global market share. To sustain continuous profit on gas investments, sustainable and strategic energy business models are being developed albeit with unintended or intended geopolitical consequences.
This paper highlights the probable geopolitical risks, their likely impacts, and regional risk mitigation strategies necessary for sustaining the growth of the global gas market for the next ten years. Using a risk matrix table and data from British Petroleum (BP) full report and outlook, the probable effect of regional gas policies are compared to their impact on current and future global gas market dynamics. Results show that within the next 10 years, Asia, America, and the Middle East will likely pose the greatest risks to market dynamics. Proactive mitigation ideas will, therefore, include removing or reducing thesethreats to Africa's growing gas market.
Identification of Potential Candidate's Wells for Workover
Authors: Okon Edet Ita , Appah Dulu 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
To maximize production from mature fields, it is essential to identify candidate's wells that are not producing up to their potential. Performing periodic interventions or workovers in wells is an established approach for arresting production decline and maximizing production from the fields. However, for mature fields with large well counts, the process of determining the best candidates for well interventions can be complicated and tedious. This can result in less-than-optimal outcomes. Advanced data analytics modeling offers quick and easy access to important information. The main objective of this study is to identify potential candidate wells for workover operation ahead of time so that we can fix them before they become problem. This was achieved via principal component analysis with the aid of XLSTAT in Excel. In this study, we developed a model based on PCA to quickly identify and rank the workover candidate's wells. The dataset used in this project comprises of 66 oil wells and were obtained from a field operating in the Niger Delta. The first step involved data gathering and validation and uploading into XLSTAT software. Data preprocessing procedures were conducted to condition the dataset so as to give optimum performance during model development. A model was built to identify potential wells for workover operation. The results obtained here showed that the wells are separated to areas designated as (A to E). Wells found in area A indicated that they are potential candidates for workover operation. Wells found in area B showed that they are not under immediate danger, but attention would be needed to monitor and prevent increasing water and gas rates in the future. Wells found in area C indicated that they required immediate attention to prevent further decline in oil production. Likewise, wells found in Area D indicated that they also required immediate attention to prevent further decline in oil production. Finally, Wells found in Area E showed that they have highest oil production, lowest water production and moderate gas production, indicating normal condition with no immediate workover operation required. With advanced data analytics modeling, reservoir engineers or geoscientists will now see a bigger picture either field by field or reservoir by reservoir and quicky identify potential candidate wells for workover operation ahead of time before they become a problem. Hence, the results of the analysis can help us to better target wells that are potential candidates for high water cut, high WOR, High gas rates and low oil rates.
A Computational Model for Wells’ Performance Analysis
Authors: Edet Ita Okon , Appah Dulu 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The ability to identify underperforming wells and recover the remaining oil in place is a cornerstone for effective reservoir management and field development strategies. As advancement in computing programming capabilities continuous to grow, Python has become an attractive method to build complicated statistical models that predicts, diagnose or analyze well performance, efficiently and accurately. The aim of this study is to develop a computational model that will allows us to diagnose and analyze well performance using nodal analysis with the help of python. In this study, python was used to compute Nodal analysis method using Darcy and Vogel Equations. A case study was carried out using the data obtained from a field operating in the Niger Delta. Again, sensitivity of tubing size was conducted using python. The results obtained showed that a computational model with python has the ability to visualize, model and analyze wells performances. This technique will petroleum engineers to better monitor evaluate and enhance their production operation without the need for expensive softwares. This will reduce operating cost increases revenue.
Low Capex ESP Powered Dumpflood Water Injector Pilot Improves M Field Recovery
Authors: Imoukhuede Peter , Obe Akin , Chukwuma Atuanya , Anyanwu Emeka , Ekeng Oyie , Murugi Grace , Ajayi Omolade 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The design of a gravity dump flood well for a depleted QG reservoir located offshore in M Field was significantly enhanced by the inclusion of an Electric Submersible Pump (ESP). This resulted in 1,500 barrels of oil per day production gain from producer wells in Area 2 of the reservoir that had become inactive due to low tubing head pressures with reservoir pressure depletion.
The identification of an optimal water injector location to improve the low reservoir energy and sweep oil towards the existing producers was grossly challenged due to remote nature of existing wells from water injection facility. Significant cost implications exist for the construction of new pipelines to the Water Injection facility. In addition, the existing infrastructure is aged and degraded, creating a need for a cost-saving solution.
The challenges were tackled by implementing a pilot ESP powered dumpflood in an ideally situated injector "Xi". With this technique, a single well acts as both the producer and injector, utilizing an ESP generated pressure differential to pump water from a deep aquifer to a shallow reservoir or boost natural gravity forces to reverse pump water from a shallow aquifer to a deeper reservoir (R. Quttainah 2001). The latter option proved ideal for this application given the shallower location of the water source relative to the target oil zone.
By innovatively using Y-tool technology, the ESP reverse pumped 7,000 BWIPD at a discharge pressure of 772 psig from the upper "A" aquifer zone into the target oil QG reservoir within the same well at startup. The ESP motor was powered by a 4km electrical subsea cable to draw power from the field's Quarter Production Platform. Significant cost savings were achieved by eliminating the need for pipeline construction since water source and injection were combined in one well. Within 3-months of ESP startup, the target reservoir pressure boost resulted in the restoration of inactive wells and 1,500 BOPD incremental production gain from producers in Area 2 of the reservoir.
Following the success of the ESP powered dumpflood pilot project with initial oil production gain of 1,500 bopd and significant cost savings, a study is ongoing for a field-wide deployment of the technique in field M and 2 neighbouring fields.
Model Prediction of Critical Gas Rate With Water-Cut Reversal Effect
Authors: Ekeregbe Merit P. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Accurate prediction of gas critical rate is critical to the successful management of gas wells. This paper covers the prediction of gas critical rate and presents limitations of old models with gas condensate wells with water-cut reversal.
Comparison of prediction methods or models with this new method will be explained using field data of condensate wells. The effect and relation of water-cut with critical gas rate determination will be presented and the best method that universally meets changing conditions of the well will be tested with field data.
Any method that must be acceptable must meet the dynamics of the well. No static model can predict accurately a dynamic well and reservoir performance. The old models of critical gas rate prediction show a static outlook, probably see the beginning of the well-life and cannot predict correctly when the fluid phases change in gravity. The late life prediction of the well performance is much more critical than the early life when the well has sufficient energy. The production envelope is more critical at depletion than at when the reservoir energy just kick. Therefore, any model prediction must be dynamic. The results from the old models show that they fail the dynamic test of the well performance. This limitation makes those model unusable in a late life of the well when water cut increases.
This study has revealed a method or a model for critical rate prediction that is accurate throughout the life of the well. The effect of water cut reversal is well tracked with this new model whereas the static nature of other models predicts a wrong minimum rate at a liquid load up rate. The field data reveals that the dynamic nature of well and reservoir performance can only be understood dynamically.
Exploring the Gains of Artificial Intelligence for Addressing the Menance of Pipeline Vandalization in Nigeria: A Review
Authors: Ogwus Chinedu 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Pipeline transport is a commonly utilised method for moving petroleum products from one location to another. It is considered as one of the safest, fastest, and most reliable options for transporting petroleum products. However, the use of pipelines for oil transport is associated with the risk of pipeline failure, a challenge caused by a range of factors including corrosion, ignition of natural gas, accidental damage during excavation work, lapses in maintenance as well as vandalization. Most prevalent in Nigeria is the menace of pipeline vandalization and oil thefts which is a critical factor responsible for most pipeline failures across the country. Varied efforts aimed at addressing the problem of vandalization and oil thefts in Nigeria have, over the years, yielded minimal benefits. Therefore, this review investigates the usefulness and suitability of artificial intelligence (AI) for securing Nigeria’s pipeline network. The review focuses on summarizing available evidence on the use of some relevant AI components such as Image Analytics, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) as well as Edge-Based AI Solutions, for securing oil pipelines. Based on the findings of case studies and other primary research materials utilized in this review, this paper concludes that while there is need for further research on the subject, AI offers a promising and useful solution to Nigeria’s endemic challenge of pipeline vandalization and oil theft. This is as AI promotes early detection of illicit activities on pipelines and can relay signals to appropriate authorities on the need for urgent action. The use of AI in securing Nigeria’s vast pipeline network will not only minimize the economic losses caused by vandalization but will equally contribute towards mitigating the adverse environmental impact of oil pipeline vandalization in Nigeria.
Evaluating Alternate Artificial Lift Methods in the Niger Delta
Authors: Enwere Priscilla , Amusa Ademola , Olominu Oluwafemi , Lazson Nchekwube , Mbonu Emmanuel , Osifo Fred , Fatoke Oluwaseyi 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Gas lift is currently being utilized as the artificial lift system in OML Z, this has been so for the last thirty years. Although, the field has seen significant increase in production rates in recent times, gas lift requirement has increased with increase in production and water cut. To maximize production and value from OML Z, it is expedient to seek an alternative artificial lift method that can debottleneck and unlock the potential of fields within OML Z where production has been less than 50% since the field was brought on stream.
Production from the gas lifted fields within OML Z is constrained by a combination of bottlenecked gas lift facility and surface production facility. This study explores the different artificial lift methods and selects an applicable technology for OML Z using a developed selection criterion. Electrical Submersible Pump (ESP) found suitable for OML Z is further analyzed for feasibility and application within OML Z given existing limitations. The candidate reservoir and well selection criteria are elaborated upon, taking into consideration several elements that contribute to the production process.
The results of the well and network models, that shows the significant gains attributed to the conversion of selected previously gas lifted wells to ESPs, are discussed. The economic benefit of such conversion is also shown.
SIFTER: Electrophoretic complex fractionation protocol
Authors: Vlassakis Julea , Hansen Louise L , Herr Amy E 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
We introduce micro-arrayed, differential detergent fractionation for the simultaneous detection of protein complexes in 100s of individual cells with SIFTER (Single-cell protein Interaction Fractionation Through Electrophoresis and immunoassay Readout). Size-based fractionation of protein complexes is accomplished with five assay steps. First, a cell suspension generated by trypsinization is introduced onto a microwell array, and single cells are settled into the microwells by gravity. Cells are lysed in F-actin stabilization buffer that is delivered by a hydrogel lid. Second, the protein complexes are fractionated from the smaller monomers by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Monomers are electrophoresed into the gel and are immobilized using a UV-induced covalent reaction to benzophenone. Third, a protein-complex depolymerization buffer is introduced by another hydrogel lid. Fourth, the recently depolymerized complexes are electrophoresed into a region of the gel separate from the immobilized monomers, where the complex fraction are in turn immobilized. Fifth, in-gel immunoprobing detects the immobilized populations of monomer and depolymerized complexes. These general steps are built on previously published protocols for bulk actin studies, single-cell western blotting, and bidirectional separations1-4.
Marsh Restoration: Ribbed Mussels (Geukensia demissa) as a Revival Mechanism to Rebuild the Coastal Salt Marshes of Long Island, New York
Authors: Brinton Andrew J 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Hurricane severity and frequency have been exacerbated by 190 years of anthropogenic climate change. In 2012, Superstorm Sandy decimated Long Island, a 190-kilometer-long island in southeast New York, with up to 4 meters of saltwater inundation due to storm surge, resulting in the highest levels of destruction since the 1938 “Long Island Express.” Sandy was the fifth most costly hurricane on record, after Katrina in 2005, and Harvey, Maria, and Irma in 2017. Synthetic storm-surge barriers such as concrete-and-steel tidal gates are exorbitantly costly to construct and decrease biodiversity by barring habitat expansion. Natural storm barriers, termed “living shorelines,” have recently been suggested as an alternative, owing to their structurally resilient and regenerative properties. Coastal marshes, one type of natural barrier, are key to holding back storm surge; however, the contiguous United States lost coastal wetlands at 0.15 percent per year from 1998 through 2009, the final year for which the data were available. This study investigated ribbed mussels (Geukensia demissa) as a potential regenerative component of living shorelines. Transects and environmental energetic measurements were applied to draw conclusions between mussel abundance and scarcity and coastline erosion in the waters off Freeport, Long Island. It was discerned that the current rate of marsh disintegration on Long Island is 6.5 to 20 times greater than the national rate, as last measured a decade ago, and certain Long Island regions are projected to lose all coastal wetlands by 2079.
Identification of Genes and Pathways of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Acting on Synovia from Women with Knee Osteoarthritis by Bioinformatics Analysis
Authors: Zhao Chao , Wang Han , Dong Conglei , Kang Huijun , Wang Fei 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Purpose: Through the bioinformatics analysis, to identify the genes and pathways of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAIDs) acting on synovia from women with knee osteoarthritis (KOA), and to provide reference for clinical application. Methods: We downloaded the gene microarray datasets with the accession number of GSE55457 and GSE55584 from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/) database, including 5 untreated KOA patients, 9 NSAIDs treated KOA patients and 2 patients without KOA The samples in the untreated KOA group and the NSAIDs treated KOA group were used for main analysis. The samples in the untreated KOA group and the normal control group were used for cooperative analysis. Then we performed robust multi-array (RMA) normalization with affy R programming package. After that, differential expression genes (DEGs) in main analysis and cooperative analysis were identified based on limma package separately. Screening the common DEGs from main analysis and cooperative analysis. Enriched gene ontology (GO) terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways of DEGs were obtained through the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID). What's more, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed, and we identified modules of PPI network through Cytoscape to screen valuable targets. The value of gene expression fold change (FC) ≥1.4 or ≤1/1.4, and P <0.05 were used as the screening conditions. P <0.05 and Associated genes count>5 were used as the screening conditions. Results: There were 338 DEGs in main analysis. Among them, 211 genes were up-regulated and 127 genes were down-regulated. There were 7005 DEGs in cooperative analysis. Among them, 6952 genes were up-regulated and 53 genes were down-regulated. A total of 129 common DEGs were identified between main analysis and cooperative analysis. There are 2 biological processes, 3 cell components and 2 molecular functions for the enrichment of differentially expressed genes. Conclusion: NSAIDs may play a certain role in synovia from women with KOA by regulating the mRNA expressions of il-6, TNFRSF11A and CSF1R, which may become one of the indicators for monitoring the efficacy of NSAIDs.
“Self-inflicted ballpoint pen in a male urinary bladder and successful endoscopic management - a rare case report ”
Authors: Prakash Javangula Venkata Surya , PV Thiruvarul , Vetrivel Natarajan , Sattanathan Vetrichandar , Arasi Krishnan Vembu , Paranjothi Arun Kumar , Sharma Somanatha 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background: Self-inflicted foreign bodies in the urinary bladder are extremely rare sometimes posing a great challenge in the management. Most of these objects are introduced through the urethra for sexual gratification. It is very rare for foreign bodies inserted per the urethra, to reach the bladder, especially in men owing to the anatomy of the urethra. Case presentation: We report a case of the self-inflicted ball-point pen in the urinary bladder of a male patient during the COVID-19 pandemic lock-down. The uniqueness of this presentation is the patient was able to negotiate the foreign body through the normal curvatures of the urethra to reach the urinary bladder in its entirety without causing any significant injury to the lower urinary tract and its successful endoscopic extraction using nephroscope and the challenges faced during the extraction. Conclusion: This is the first reported successful endoscopic extraction of a long rigid foreign body from a male urinary bladder. A combined or open procedure is the usual approach for the removal of large bladder foreign bodies. It is now clear to us that the even long rigid bladder foreign bodies in men can be extracted successfully with endoscopy provided adequate endoscopic instruments and armamentarium are available