bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distributed frameworks for detecting distributed denial of service attacks: A comprehensive review, challenges and future directions
Authors: Patil Nilesh Vishwasrao , Rama Krishna C. , Kumar Krishan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractA distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack is a significant threat to web‐based applications and hindering legitimate traffic (denies access to benign users) by overwhelming the victim system or its infrastructure (service, bandwidth, networking devices, etc.) with a large volume of attack traffic. It leads to a delay in responses or sometimes a crash victim system. Even a few moments of pause in web‐based applications lead to a huge monetary loss and a bad reputation in the market. Several approaches available in the literature to protect websites from different types of DDoS attacks. However, incidents and volume sizes of DDoS attacks are growing quarter by quarter. Further, various challenges in the traditional framework based defense mechanisms: itself becoming a victim of attacks while analyzing a massive amount of traffic, require more time for detection process, no coordination among the modules, etc. This paper presents a comprehensive DDoS defense deployment taxonomy and critically reviewed existing distributed frameworks based DDoS attack detection systems. Further, characterized several existing distributed processing frameworks to select an appropriate one for deploying DDoS attack detection mechanisms. Finally, several evaluation metrics, open issues, discussion on available datasets including their limitations, and future directions are presented.
Boosted Charge Transfer Efficacy of an All‐Solid‐State Z‐Scheme BiOI‐CD‐CdS Photocatalyst for Enhanced Degradation of 4‐Nitrophenol and Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohol under Visible Light**
Authors: Verma Neha , Ananthakrishnan Rajakumar 
Published: January 2021

AbstractRecently, utilization of solar light for chemical reactions has become a popular approach. Inspired by nature, we fabricated a ternary system, BiOI‐CD‐CdS, which is more durable and shows multiple photocatalytic applications. The incorporated carbon dots (CD) serve as a solid‐state electron mediator and Z‐scheme facilitator. The material was employed for photooxidative degradation of 4‐nitrophenol (a pollutant) and selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol into the corresponding aldehyde in an acetonitrile medium. In this study, 10 wt % BiOI‐CD‐CdS (denoted as 10 wt % BCC) shows the highest photocatalytic performance compared to the individual semiconductors BiOI and CdS, and gave a degradation rate constant (k) of 12.67×10−3 min−1 (4‐nitrophenol), which is 17.5 times and 6.5 times higher than its individual components. Moreover, the catalyst offers a 90 % conversion of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde with high selectivity (98 %). Directed by mechanistic insight, the charge transfer process was observed between BiOI and CdS, where CD serves as an electron mediator/charge separator. The radicals formed by the photocatalysis are superoxide (O2.−), hydroxyl radicals (.OH), and holes (h+). The intermediates and mechanistic pathways were traced using HPLC, GC‐MS, and EPR studies. Moreover, the work demonstrated a smart strategy for designing a ternary Z‐scheme photocatalytic system, which could be useful for environmental decontamination and selective organic transformation under visible light.
Delivering the Full Potential of Oxygen Evolving Electrocatalyst by Conditioning Electrolytes at Near‐Neutral pH
Authors: Nishimoto Takeshi , Shinagawa Tatsuya , Naito Takahiro , Takanabe Kazuhiro 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis study reports on the impact of identity and compositions of buffer ions on oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance at a wide range of pH levels using a model IrOx electrocatalyst. Rigorous microkinetic analysis employing kinetic isotope effects, Tafel analysis, and temperature dependence measurement was conducted to establish rate expression isolated from the diffusion contribution of buffer ions and solution resistance. It was found that the OER kinetics was facile with OH− oxidation compared to H2O, the results of which were highlighted by mitigating over 200 mV overpotential in the presence of buffer to reach 10 mA cm−2. This improvement was ascribed to the involvement of the kinetics of the local OH− supply by the buffering action. Further digesting the kinetic data at various buffer pKa and the solution bulk pH disclosed a trade‐off between the exchange current density and the Tafel slope, indicating that the optimal electrolyte condition can be chosen at a different range of current density. This study provides a quantitative guideline for electrolyte engineering to maximize the intrinsic OER performance that electrocatalyst possesses especially at near‐neutral pH.
Separating binge‐eating disorder stigma and weight stigma: A vignette study
Authors: Hollett Kayla B. , Carter Jacqueline C. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractObjectiveVignette research on binge‐eating disorder (BED) stigma is limited and lacking methodological rigor. Existing studies lack control vignettes and typically present characters with overweight or obesity, introducing the confound of weight stigma. This study examined BED stigma while addressing these limitations.MethodParticipants (N = 421) were assigned to read one of six vignettes describing a woman with either BED or no BED as well as either no mention of weight, a recommended weight, or an obese weight. Four questionnaires examined personality stereotypes, emotional reactions to the character, desire for social distance from the character, and blame attributions.ResultsThe character with BED was ascribed more negative personality characteristics and faced less positive emotional reactions than the character without BED, regardless of weight status. However, BED stigma did not emerge for social distance or blame attributions. Regarding weight stigma, evidence was limited and moderated by the presence of BED, suggesting no additive effect between BED stigma and weight stigma. In fact, blame attributions toward the character with obesity were reduced by the presence of BED.DiscussionThe results reveal that BED is a highly stigmatized eating disorder and suggest that weight stigma may be driven by assumptions about a person's eating behavior rather than their body size per se. Future studies must consider the relationship between BED stigma and weight stigma when assessing either form of stigma. The results also indicate new information to be integrated into anti‐weight stigma campaigns as well as policy and public health initiatives.
Sudden challenges in teaching ecology and aligned disciplines during a global pandemic: Reflections on the rapid move online and perspectives on moving forward
Authors: Bacon Karen L. , Peacock Julie 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe challenges facing higher education in response to COVID‐19 are significant and possibly none more so than in ecology and aligned disciplines. Not only did most ecology lecturers have to rush lectures and tutorials online, but also laboratory and field classes. We reflect on our experience of this move and also consider those of 30 other ecology‐aligned teaching academics to summarize the challenges faced in the move online early in 2020 and the developing plans for adapting ecology teaching and learning going into the 2020/21 academic year. The move online had the most significant impact on field classes, with more of these canceled than lectures or laboratory classes. Most respondents to an online poll also highlighted that many respondents (~45%) felt that ecology was more impacted by COVID‐19 that even other STEM disciplines. The availability of technological solutions is key to moving forward and will hopefully enhance the teaching and learning experience for many beyond the current crisis.
Foraging trip duration of honeybee increases during a poor air quality episode and the increase persists thereafter
Authors: Cho Yoori , Jeong Sujong , Lee Dowon , Kim Sang‐Woo , Park Rokjin J. , Gibson Luke , Zheng Chunmiao , Park Chan‐Ryul 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIncreased concentration of airborne particulate matter (PM) in the atmosphere alters the degree of polarization of skylight which is used by honeybees for navigation during their foraging trips. However, little has empirically shown whether poor air quality indeed affects foraging performance (foraging trip duration) of honeybee. Here, we show apparent increases in the average duration of honeybee foraging during and after a heavy air pollution event compared with that of the pre‐event period. The average foraging duration of honeybees during the event increased by 32 min compared with the pre‐event conditions, indicating that 71% more time was spent on foraging. Moreover, the average foraging duration measured after the event did not recover to its pre‐event level. We further investigated whether an optical property (Depolarization Ratio, DR) of dominant PM in the atmosphere and level of air pollution (fine PM mass concentration) affect foraging trip duration. The result demonstrates the DR and fine PM mass concentration have significant effects on honeybee foraging trip duration. Foraging trip duration increases with decreasing DR while it increases with increasing fine PM mass concentration. In addition, the effects of fine PM mass concentration are synergistic with overcast skies. Our study implies that poor air quality could pose a new threat to bee foraging.
Plant coexistence without asymmetry in competitor–colonizer abilities or spatial heterogeneity in resource distribution
Authors: Pękalski Andrzej , Wang Hsiao‐Hsuan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSpecies coexistence is a central issue in plant community ecology. Among processes potentially promoting coexistence is the competition–colonization trade‐off: the idea that inferior competitors can coexist with superior competitors if they are better colonizers. The competition–colonization trade‐off usually assumes superior competitors have an impact on inferior competitors, but not vice versa. In the absence of spatial heterogeneity in resource distribution, this absolute asymmetry often is considered a necessary condition for coexistence. We used a spatially explicit, individual‐based model to demonstrate that coexistence is possible without strict asymmetry in competitor–colonizer abilities in a habitat in which distribution of resources is spatially homogeneous through time. Our results (1) indicated a strong tendency for spatial clustering of similar plant types (better competitor or better colonizer) due primarily to local intraspecific competition, (2) identified characteristics of competition–colonization trade‐offs that permit long‐term coexistence vs. those that lead to relatively rapid extinction of one plant type, and (3) suggested range of trade‐offs permitting coexistence decrease as a power function of length of competition time.
Cis and Trans Isomers of Fe(II) and Co(II) Complexes with Oxadiazole Derivatives ‐ Structural and Magnetic Properties
Authors: Zoufalý Pavel , Kliuikov Andrii , Čižmár Erik , Císařová Ivana , Herchel Radovan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractFour complexes with bidentate N,N‐donors 2‐(furan‐2‐yl)‐5‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole (fpo) and 2‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)‐5‐(thiophen‐2‐yl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole (pto) with general formula [M(L)2(NCS)2] (M=Co(II), L=fpo for (1); M=Co(II), L=pto for (2); M=Fe(II), L=fpo (3); M=Fe(II), L=pto (4)) are reported. Analysis and characterization of the samples was performed using standard physico‐chemical techniques – elemental analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Magnetic properties for 1–4 revealed large magnetic anisotropy of Co(II) complexes, and AC susceptibility measurements confirmed their single‐molecule magnetic behaviour. Furthermore, the theoretical calculations at DFT and CASSCF/NEVPT2 level of theory were exploited to better understand magnetism of these compounds.
Babassu Cake in Goat Diet Improves Growth Performance and Quality and Fatty Acid Profile of Meat
Authors: Oliveira Thamys P. R. , Cutrim Júnior José A. A. , Costa Joaquim B. , Gois Glayciane C. , Queiroz Mário A. Á. , Quadros Cedenir P. , Wagner Roger , Vendruscolo Raquel G. , Figueirêdo Neto Acácio , Rodrigues Rafael T. S. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBabassu cake (BC) is a byproduct from oil extraction from babassu palm kernels. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of including BC levels (0%, 6%, 12%, and 18% on a dry matter basis) in the diet of 28 kids (n = 7 per treatment) on productive performance, and quality and profile of fatty acids (FA) of meat (loin). The inclusion of BC in the diet increases dry matter intake (P = 0.0005), average daily gain (P = 0.0222), slaughter body weight (P = 0.0424) of goats, and increased fat (P = 0.0424), unsaturated fatty acids (P = 0.0041), monounsaturated fatty acids (P = 0.0163), and isomers of conjugated linoleic acid (rumenic acid; P = 0.0002) content and polyunsaturated fatty acids:saturated fatty acids ratio (P = 0.0430) of meat. However, there are reductions in the levels of stearic acid (P < 0.0001) and saturated fatty acids (P = 0.0041) and in the thrombogenicity index (P = 0.0219) of meat. The inclusion of BC in the goat diet improves its growth performance and the quality and fatty acid profile of meat.
Tris(5‐aryl‐1,3,4‐oxadiazolyl)benzotrithiophenes – Discotic Liquid Crystals with Enormous Mesophase Ranges
Authors: Tober Natalie , Winter Johannes , Jochem Matthias , Lehmann Matthias , Detert Heiner 
Published: January 2021

AbstractC3‐symmetrical, alkoxyphenyl substituted 2,5,8‐(tris‐1,3,4‐oxadiazol‐2‐yl)benzo [1,2‐b; 3,4‐b′; 5,6‐b′′]trithiophenes (OXD‐BTT) are synthesized via threefold Huisgen‐reaction. A broad variation of alkoxy substitution pattern and chain lengths is reported. The thermal behavior was investigated via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarized optical microscopy (POM) and thermogravimetry (TGA). Optical properties were studied via UV‐Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. Structural information of the LC phases was gained from X‐ray diffraction on oriented fibers. OXD‐BTT provide enormous phase widths (ΔT≥289 K) with clearing points close to thermal decomposition. Most of the derivatives exhibit two different mesophases, the lower phase with a rectangular 3D‐structure and a hexagonal 2D‐lattice at higher temperature. The variation of the chain length allows a tuning of melting and clearing points. OXD‐BTT emit blue light with fluorescence quantum yields up to 30 % in good solvents. The emission is very sensitive to aggregation, thus, in poor solvents the emission intensity decreases, and red shift of maxima occurs.
Inability of GSTT1 to activate iodinated halomethanes to mutagens in Salmonella
Authors: DeMarini David M. , Warren Sarah H. , Smith Weston J. , Richardson Susan D. , Liberatore Hannah K. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDrinking water disinfection by‐products (DBPs), including the ubiquitous trihalomethanes (THMs), are formed during the treatment of water with disinfectants (e.g., chlorine, chloramines) to produce and distribute potable water. Brominated THMs (Br‐THMs) are activated to mutagens via glutathione S‐transferase theta 1 (GSTT1); however, iodinated THMs (I‐THMs) have never been evaluated for activation by GSTT1. Among the I‐THMs, only triiodomethane (iodoform) has been tested previously for mutagenicity in Salmonella and was positive (in the absence of GSTT1) in three strains (TA98, TA100, and BA13), all of which have error‐prone DNA repair (pKM101). We evaluated five I‐THMs (chlorodiiodomethane, dichloroiodomethane, dibromoiodomethane, bromochloroiodomethane, and triiodomethane) for mutagenicity in Salmonella strain RSJ100, which expresses GSTT1, and its homologue TPT100, which does not; neither strain has pKM101. We also evaluated chlorodiiodo‐, dichloroiodo‐, and dibromoiodo‐methanes in strain TA100 +/− rat liver S9 mix; TA100 has pKM101. None was mutagenic in any of the strains. The I‐THMs were generally more cytotoxic than their brominated and chlorinated analogues but less cytotoxic than analogous trihalonitromethanes tested previously. All five I‐THMs showed similar thresholds for cytotoxicity at ~2.5 μmoles/plate, possibly due to release of iodine, a well‐known antimicrobial. Although none of these I‐THMs was activated by GSTT1, iodoform appears to be the only I‐THM that is mutagenic in Salmonella, only in strains deficient in nucleotide excision repair (uvrB) and having pKM101. Given that only iodoform is mutagenic among the I‐THMs and is generally present at low concentrations in drinking water, the I‐THMs likely play little role in the mutagenicity of drinking water.
Unboxing the vague notion of policy goals: Comparison of Croatian public policies
Authors: Petek Ana , Baketa Nikola , Kekez Anka , Kovačić Marko , Munta Mario , Petković Krešimir , Šinko Marjeta , Zgurić Borna 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis study aims at empirically improving public policy theory by unfolding the concept of policy goals and contributing to their classifications. The research focuses on the thematic dimension of policy goals and investigates 11 Croatian governmental strategies using qualitative content analysis. The research identifies original policy goal types and classifies them into sector‐, process‐, evaluation‐, instrument‐, and value‐oriented goals. Article concludes with a more comprehensive definition of policy goals, as governmental statements about desired futures in relation to specific sectoral purposes, values, and principles in democratic political systems, policymaking process improvements, necessary instrumental innovations, and evaluation standards that should be fulfilled. The application of this definition and developed goals’ classification reveals that elements of policy‐process theories, evaluation research, policy design theory and instrument analysis, democracy theory, and sector‐specific research need to be synthesized to better understand the concept of policy goals and to advance their research.
On the predictive skill of morphodynamic models for onshore sandbar migration
Authors: Hewageegana Viyaktha Hithaishi , Canestrelli Alberto 
Published: January 2021

AbstractA simplified process‐based approach for evaluating onshore sandbar migration is presented in this study. This approach takes wave‐averaged parameters as input and computes sediment transport processes using a reconstructed intra‐wave orbital velocity signal. The proposed method guarantees good predictive skills for multiple onshore sandbar migration cases without an ad hoc calibration for each scenario. The study differs from previous onshore sandbar migration models, where calibration and testing are performed on just one or few events, and model assessment for uncalibrated realizations is rarely carried out. The present version of the model only addresses onshore sandbar migrations. For the onshore migration cases analyzed, the model has better predictive skills than state‐of‐the‐art morphodynamic models (XBeach and Unibest‐TC).
Stizostedion Rafinesque, (Percidae) is the Valid Generic Name for Walleye, Sauger, and Eurasian Pikeperch
Authors: Bruner John Clay 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Theodore Nicholas Gill’s misconception of Lorenz Okenfuss’s use of the Latvian vernacular name Sander for Cuvier’s French vernacular name Les Sandres, as a properly coined Latin name, led to Gill’s and subsequent authors’ incorrect acceptance of Sander as the senior synonym for Stizostedion. However, some authors, aware Sander is a common name and never proposed as a valid generic name, have continued using the correct generic name Stizostedion. American Fisheries Society guidelines for publication in their journals and the Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences requires authors to use the current edition of Common and Scientific Names of Fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico, which has incorrectly used Sander in the last two editions. Thus, fishery biologists have been forced to use an incorrect generic name for one of the most important freshwater fisheries of North America.
Influence of fermentation temperature on in situ heteropolysaccharide formation (Lactobacillus plantarum TMW 1.1478) and texture properties of raw sausages
Authors: Velasco Lina , Loeffler Myriam , Torres Isabel , Weiss Jochen 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis study puts a focus on the influence of microbial in situ heteropolysaccharide (HePS) formation on the quality of raw fermented sausages (salami). Since exopolysaccharide‐production is often triggered by sub‐optimal growth conditions, the influence of different fermentation temperatures was also investigated. For this reason, the sausage batter was inoculated with (Lactobacillus plantarum TMW 1.1478) or without (L. sakei TMW 1.2037; control) a HePS‐producing starter culture (inoculation concentration ~108 CFU/g), and the sausages fermented at either 10, 16, or 24°C (7 days), followed by a drying period at 14°C until the final weight loss of 31% was reached. Microbial growth, pH, and weight loss development were monitored and the products further characterized using texture profile analysis and a sensory test. HePS in the salami matrix were determined using confocal laser scanning microscopy and a semi‐quantitative data interpretation approach. Sausages containing L. plantarum were found to be significantly (p < .05) softer compared with control samples, which was also confirmed in the sensory analysis. The different fermentation temperatures had an influence on the drying speed. Here, sausages produced with L. plantarum needed more time to reach the final weight loss of 31% as compared to control samples, which could be attributed to the presence of exopolysaccharides in the matrix (p < .05). Using HePS‐forming starter cultures in raw fermented sausage manufacturing can lead to products with a softer texture (undesired in Europe) depending on the strain and processing conditions used, highlighting the importance of a suitable starter culture selection in food processing.
The effect of exogenous 24‐epibrassinolide pretreatment on the quality, antioxidant capacity, and postharvest life of wucai (Brassica campestris L.)
Authors: Yuan Lingyun , Nie Libing , Ji Qiang , Zheng Yushan , Zhang Liting , Zhu Shidong , Hou Jinfeng , Chen Guohu , Wang Chenggang 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe quality of green leafy vegetables is easily lost during the postharvest period. The effect of exogenous 24‐epibrassinolide (EBR) pretreatment on the quality of wucai was evaluated in the present study. Wucai plants were sprayed twice with 0.1 μM EBR before harvesting. Two storage temperatures were tested: 25°C and 4°C. At 4°C, EBR pretreatment significantly delayed the degradation of the pigment and plant water loss. Furthermore, we measured the activity of key enzymes of the ascorbic acid (AsA)‐glutathione (GSH) cycle, the content of the main metabolites, and the expression of the AsA metabolism‐related genes in leaves. The results indicated that all three plants showed stronger antioxidant capacity after EBR pretreatment. At 4°C and 25°C, the storage time of wucai was 20 days and 7 days after EBR treatment, while the samples could be stored for 14 days and 4 days without EBR treatment application, respectively. At 4°C, the nutritional properties of wucai pretreated with EBR, such as total free amino acids, total soluble sugar, and cellulose contents, were higher than those of the control, while the content of nitrite and lignin was lower than that of the control. Hence, EBR pretreatment was able to enhance the antioxidant capacity of wucai, maintain normal leaf color and shape during storage, and delay the decline of nutritional properties; therefore, EBR pretreatment has potential commercial value for prolonging the market life of wucai.