bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of genetic variability amongst cultivated populations of Khasi mandarin (Citrus reticulataBlanco) detected by ISSR
Authors: Kashyap Karishma , Bhagwat Rasika M. , Banu Sofia 
Published: April 2021

AbstractKhasi mandarin (Citrus reticulataBlanco) is a commercial mandarin variety grown in northeast India and one of the 175 Indian food items included in the global first food atlas. The cultivated plantations of Khasi mandarin grown prominently in the lower Brahmaputra valley of Assam, northeast India, have been genetically eroded. The lack in the efforts for conservation of genetic variability in this mandarin variety prompted diversity analysis of Khasi mandarin germplasm across the region. Thus, the study aimed to investigate genetic diversity and partitioning of the genetic variations within and among 92 populations of Khasi mandarin collected from 10 cultivated sites in Kamrup and Kamrup (M) districts of Assam, India, using Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers. The amplification of genomic DNA with 17 ISSR primers yielded 216 scorable DNA amplicons of which 177 (81.94%) were polymorphic. The average polymorphism information content was 0.39 per primer. The total genetic diversity (HT= 0.28 ± 0.03) was close to the diversity within the population (HS= 0.20 ± 0.01). A high mean coefficient of gene differentiation (GST= 0.29) reflected a high level of gene flow (Nm= 1.22), indicating high genetic differentiation among the populations. Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) showed 78% of intra-population differentiation, 21% among the population and 1% among the districts. The obtained results indicate the existence of a high level of genetic diversity in the cultivated Khasi mandarin populations, indicating the need for preservation of each existing population to revive the dying out orchards in northeast India.
How Reliable Are Nineteenth-Century Reviews of Concerts and Operas?: Félicien David'sLe Désertand His Grand OpéraHerculanum
Authors: Locke Ralph 
Published: April 2021

The vast quantity of French-language music journalism and reportage in the nineteenth century can tempt us into citing one or another review that reflects our own view of the topic or work. We sometimes state or imply that a review stands for the attitudes and opinions of most musicians and music lovers of the day.The idiosyncratic career of Félicien David was reported with great interest and vivacity by dozens of critics. Selected reviews reveal patterns that apply not just to David's works, but to nineteenth-century music generally. These patterns include: 1) the greater reliability of reviews by critics who were musically trained (e.g., Berlioz, Reyer, Gounod and Saint-Saëns), despite the possibility of bias; 2) critics sometimes conferring with each other before they wrote their review, or echoing each other's written opinions; 3) a willingness on the part of some critics to carry out a near-vendetta against a composer or work, whether for personal reasons (e.g., conflict of interest) or because of a deep-seated intolerance for any aesthetic and musical approaches that were at variance with the critic's own; 4) the sense of apositivemission, in writings by critics who were themselves prominent creative artists (see point 1); and 5) the power of a review to help determine the success or failure of a work, composer, or performer.A recently published letter by Berlioz (translated here for the first time) reveals how conscious this remarkable composer-critic was of his own biases and aesthetic commitments, and how willingly he allowed them to shape his reaction to a new work by a younger, lesser-known composer. The responses of Berlioz and others to two works of David,Le DésertandHerculanum, provide the primary material for discussion. These responses include an insightful and previously undiscussed review(ofHerculanum)by Ernest Reyer.
Low-insertion-loss Gysel power combiner with high power density and high isolation
Authors: Guo Song , Song Kaijun , Fan Yong 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA suspended-stripline Gysel low-insertion-loss power combiner is presented in this paper. The multi-layer cavity structure reduces the circuit size and increases power density, composed of suspended strip lines and coaxial lines. The transmission-line theory is used to analyze this proposed power combiner, and the equivalent circuit model is developed to investigate the characteristics and design of the power combiner. The measured input return loss is greater than 20 dB from 7.15 to 9.35 GHz. The measured insertion loss is less than 0.36 dB, and the power-combining efficiency is greater than 92% from 7.39 to 9.19 GHz. The maximum power-combining efficiency is 98.8% at 8.1 GHz. Besides, the measured isolation is greater than 20 dB from 7 to 10 GHz. The power capacity is analyzed, and the cross-sectional power density is greater than 3.57 kW/cm2. The measured and simulated results show reasonable agreement with each other.
Causes of Enhanced Bromine Levels in Alpine Ice Cores During the 20th Century: Implications for Bromine in the Free European Troposphere
Authors: Legrand M. , McConnell J. R. , Preunkert S. , Chellman N. J. , Arienzo M. M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractTotal bromine (Br) was investigated in seasonally resolved alpine ice cores covering the 20th century. Results revealed increased Br concentrations in summer (from 0.7 ng g−1 in the late 1940s to 1.6 ng g−1 in the mid 1970s), followed by a slight decrease to 1.25 ng g−1 during the last decade of the 20th century. In winter, a more moderate increase was observed from before 1950 (0.35 ng g−1) to the 1970–2000 period (∼0.50 ng g−1). Measurements of lead suggest that ∼75% of the bromine increase in summer alpine ice between 1930–1950 and 1965–1985 was from bromine‐containing aerosol (PbBrCl) emitted during the combustion of leaded gasoline. This contribution decreased to ∼27% in 2000 following the large decrease of lead additive content in gasoline used in western Europe. Summer ice bromine concentrations, not related to PbBrCl aerosol (denoted Bry*), increased by 40% from the late 1940s to the 1990–2000 decade. In winter, the contribution of leaded‐gasoline aerosol to total bromine levels was weaker than in summer, with the winter bromine trend mainly caused by enhanced Bry* levels (∼40%) after 1950. These Bry* variations in glacial ice are discussed in terms of past atmospheric reactive bromine (Bry) changes in the European troposphere, including anthropogenic CH3Br emissions and transport from the stratosphere.
Improvements to Flood Frequency Analysis on Alluvial Rivers Using Paleoflood Data
Authors: Reinders Joeri B. , Muñoz Samuel E. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractHydrologists and engineers routinely use flood frequency analyses to compute flood probabilities for mitigation, infrastructure planning, and emergency management. Conventional flood frequency analyses—in which annual discharge maxima from a stream gage are fit to a statistical probability distribution—often encounter large uncertainties when estimating extreme flood levels. Most gage records span relatively short periods of time (<100 years), and thus the most extreme and infrequently occurring flood events tend to be poorly represented in instrumental data sets. Here, we demonstrate how a new generation of paleoflood records derived from floodplain sediments can be used to improve the accuracy and precision of extreme flood probability estimates along alluvial rivers. We use a series of simulation experiments to show that incorporating large numbers of paleoflood events in flood frequency analyses can significantly reduce the uncertainty of extreme flood estimates when the paleoflood data are sufficiently accurate and precise. Our results illustrate that robust paleoflood records can improve the shape parameter of flood frequency distributions, which determine the thickness of distribution tails, when as many as 50 paleoflood events are incorporated. We conclude by demonstrating how an alluvial paleoflood data set reduces uncertainty in a flood frequency analysis for a gage on the lower Mississippi River. Finally, we provide recommendations for how to incorporate paleoflood information into flood frequency analysis to improve the accuracy of extreme flood probabilities.
Reduction of Water Evaporation from Dam Reservoirs Using Hydrophobic Silver‐Doped Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Coating
Authors: Ghahramani Jajin Roza , Feizi Atabak , Ghorbanpour Mohammad 
Published: April 2021

AbstractEvaporation is the natural process of vaporization of water from reservoirs, which exacerbates water scarcity. The authors aimed to provide a hydrophobic silver‐doped titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles coating to reduce the amount of water evaporation behind the dams. Accordingly, the silver‐doped TiO2 nanoparticles were first hydrophobized using stearic acid (SA). The produced material’s properties were identified under various analyses such as contact angle, X‐ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET), energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), and total organic carbon (TOC). The results of the analyses indicated that the synthesized material was sufficiently hydrophobic. Then, the level of evaporated water was measured in three modes of uncoated water surface, water surface coated with hydrophobic silver‐doped TiO2 nanoparticles, and water coated with hexadecanol (as reference coating) under both experimental and environmental conditions. Comparison of the obtained results demonstrated that the water surface coated with hydrophobic silver‐doped TiO2 nanoparticles and water coated with hexadecanol reduced evaporation by 39% and 29% in experimental, and 30% and 23% in the environmental conditions, respectively. Additionally, the antibacterial and photocatalytic properties of these nanoparticles helped to improve the quality of water stored in the tank and create less water pollution.
The Productivity of Low‐Elevation Juniper Forests in Central Asia Increased Under Moderate Warming Scenarios
Authors: Chen Feng , Yu Shulong , Shang Huaming , Zhang Ruibo , Zhang Tongwen , Zhang Heli , Chen Youping , Satylkanov Rysbek , Ermenbaev Bakytbek , Kobuliev Zainalobudin , Ahmadov Ahsan , Kodirov Anvar , Maisupova Bagila 
Published: April 2021

AbstractClear trends of warming and wetting have occurred in Central Asia during the last 30 years, but how tree growth in low‐elevation mountainous areas has responded to climate warming remains unclear. In this paper, we investigated the relationships between Zeravschan juniper (Juniperus seravschanica) growth and climate factors based on 16 tree‐ring chronologies from low‐elevation mountainous areas across Central Asia and then used the resulting model to predict changes in Zeravschan juniper growth during the 21st century. Zeravschan juniper growth in our study region is mainly controlled by precipitation, which is predominantly influenced by tropical sea surface temperatures. The combination of increased precipitation and warm temperatures promoted the growth of Zeravschan juniper during the recent warm period. Our simulations suggest that Zeravschan juniper growth will still increase slightly under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios in the next 30 years, possibly due to increased precipitation caused by climate warming; however, climate warming will initially show negative effects and is expected to have greater effects after the 2050s. Better knowledge regarding regional climate mechanisms and their likely influences on tree growth is useful for improving forest planning and management in Central Asia.
Anti‐Phase Strengthening of the South and East Asian Summer Monsoons During the Early Pliocene Driven by Southern Hemisphere Ice Volume
Authors: Wang Xiaoxue , Nie Junsheng , Saylor Joel E. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe East and South Asian summer monsoons affect billions of people but a multitude of potential variables have precluded definitive attribution of their controlling mechanisms and hindered models of their evolution in an anthropogenically warmed climate. Atmospheric CO2 concentrations were higher than modern during the early Pliocene and provide a potential analog for future climate. Therefore, understanding East and South Asian summer monsoons during the early Pliocene is instructive to understanding their forcing mechanisms and future variation. Here we report the first evidence for an anti‐phasing trend between the East and South Asian summer monsoons during early Pliocene time based on multiple lines of evidence. Comparison of our results with the paleoceanography records suggests that the strengthening of South Asian summer monsoons and weakening of East Asian summer monsoons during the early Pliocene were likely driven by the increase of Antarctic ice volume.
Economic choice between remifentanil and food in squirrel monkeys
Authors: Brown Samantha O. , Effinger Devin P. , Montoro Rodrigo A. , Daddaoua Nabil , Justinova Zuzana , Moerke Megan J. , Schindler Charles W. , Jedema Hank P. , Bradberry Charles W. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractTraditional approaches for evaluating if compounds are reinforcing, and thus a risk for abuse, include preclinical self-administration procedures conducted in the absence of alternative reinforcers. While the track record of this approach for determining abuse potential is good, that for predicting efficacy of addiction treatments is not. An alternate approach would be economic choice between drug and nondrug rewards, with parametrically varied options from trial to trial. This would promote goal-directed decisions between reward modalities and should provide metrics that reflect changes in internal state that influence desirability of a given option. We report herein a high throughput economic choice procedure in which squirrel monkeys choose between a short-lived opiate, remifentanil, and a palatable food reward. Stimuli on touchscreens indicate the amount of each reward type offered by varying the number of reward-specific elements. The rapid clearance of remifentanil avoids accumulation of confounding levels of drug, and permits a large number of trials with a wide range of offers of each reward modality. The use of a single metric encompassing multiple values of each reward type within a session enables estimation of indifference values using logistic regression. This indifference value is sensitive to reward devaluation within each reward domain, and is therefore a useful metric for determining shifts in reward preference, as shown with satiation and pharmacological treatment approaches.
Referral thresholds for an integrated learning disability eye care pathway: a consensus approach
Authors: Pilling Rachel F. , Donaldson Lisa , Karas Marek , Leitch R. Jane , Bunting Howard , Naru Ravi , Ilett Gordon 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Introduction
Local Optometric Support Unit (LOCSU) have published their refreshed clinical pathway for eye care for people with a learning disability. The document sets out the adjustments to practice that a community optometrist might make in order to provide optimal care for a person with learning disability attending a primary eye care assessment. The pathway specifically points to the need to retain patients in primary care where appropriate and ‘reduce the number of people with learning disability who are inappropriately referred into the Hospital Eye Service (HES).’ Pivotal to this refreshed pathway is the integration with secondary care, with local arrangements to facilitate referral and hospital management where appropriate. There are few ophthalmologists nationally who frequently encounter patients with a learning disability in their hospital practice and knowing where to start when creating referral criteria or KPIs may create a barrier to services becoming established. In order to address this gap in experience, we set about developing a set of consensus statements regarding referral thresholds for ocular conditions commonly encountered in adults with learning disability.

Method
A series of video interviews were undertaken with eye health professionals with a range of experience in eye care for people with learning disability. Each contributor commented on the usability and clarity of each element of the referral criteria. In addition, each contributor was asked to express the overriding principles by which they make decisions regarding referral thresholds for patients with learning disability. These were collated into the final document which was circulated and agreed by all participants.

Results
A table setting out referral thresholds for commonly encountered eye conditions in adults with learning disabilities is presented.

Conclusion
We have presented a succinct set of consensus statements relating referral thresholds for common presentations of visual problems in adults with learning disability in the UK distilled from the collective experience of a group of eye health professionals. The intention was not to present a comprehensive review of management of each condition. Rather, the consensus statements may form the starting point from which each area could develop locally agreed criteria, as is suggested by the LOCSU pathway guidance.
Multiple concurrent and convergent stages of genome reduction in bacterial symbionts across a stink bug family
Authors: Otero-Bravo Alejandro , Sabree Zakee L. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractNutritional symbioses between bacteria and insects are prevalent and diverse, allowing insects to expand their feeding strategies and niches. A common consequence of long-term associations is a considerable reduction in symbiont genome size likely influenced by the radical shift in selective pressures as a result of the less variable environment within the host. While several of these cases can be found across distinct insect species, most examples provide a limited view of a single or few stages of the process of genome reduction. Stink bugs (Pentatomidae) contain inherited gamma-proteobacterial symbionts in a modified organ in their midgut and are an example of a long-term nutritional symbiosis, but multiple cases of new symbiont acquisition throughout the history of the family have been described. We sequenced the genomes of 11 symbionts of stink bugs with sizes that ranged from equal to those of their free-living relatives to less than 20%. Comparative genomics of these and previously sequenced symbionts revealed initial stages of genome reduction including an initial pseudogenization before genome reduction, followed by multiple stages of progressive degeneration of existing metabolic pathways likely to impact host interactions such as cell wall component biosynthesis. Amino acid biosynthesis pathways were retained in a similar manner as in other nutritional symbionts. Stink bug symbionts display convergent genome reduction events showing progressive changes from a free-living bacterium to a host-dependent symbiont. This system can therefore be used to study convergent genome evolution of symbiosis at a scale not previously available.
Free neighborhood choice boosts socially optimal outcomes in stag-hunt coordination problem
Authors: Riedl Arno , Rohde Ingrid M. T. , Strobel Martin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSituations where independent agents need to align their activities to achieve individually and socially beneficial outcomes are abundant, reaching from everyday situations like fixing a time for a meeting to global problems like climate change agreements. Often such situations can be described as stag-hunt games, where coordinating on the socially efficient outcome is individually optimal but also entails a risk of losing out. Previous work has shown that in fixed interaction neighborhoods agents’ behavior mostly converges to the collectively inefficient outcome. However, in the field, interaction neighborhoods often can be self-determined. Theoretical work investigating such circumstances is ambiguous in whether the efficient or inefficient outcome will prevail. We performed an experiment with human subjects exploring how free neighborhood choice affects coordination. In a fixed interaction treatment, a vast majority of subjects quickly coordinates on the inefficient outcome. In a treatment with neighborhood choice, the outcome is dramatically different: behavior quickly converges to the socially desirable outcome leading to welfare gains 2.5 times higher than in the environment without neighborhood choice. Participants playing efficiently exclude those playing inefficiently who in response change their behavior and are subsequently included again. Importantly, this mechanism is effective despite that only few exclusions actually occur.
Vitamin D intoxication in patients with cystic fibrosis: report of a single-center cohort
Authors: Planté-Bordeneuve Thomas , Berardis Silvia , Bastin Pierre , Gruson Damien , Henri Laurence , Gohy Sophie 
Published: April 2021

AbstractVitamin D toxicity is associated with accidental overdoses due to manufacturing or intake errors and its secondary hypercalcemia can result in severe morbidity. Although patients with cystic fibrosis are potentially at increased risk for this intoxication as prescription of vitamin D preparations is a common practice in this population, the frequency of such events is currently unknown. We performed a retrospective analysis of all the files of cystic fibrosis patients followed at the Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc over a 10-year period, recording 25(OH)- and 1,25(OH)2vitamin D levels as well as demographic data, lung function tests, Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection and results from pharmacological analysis of magistral liposoluble vitamins preparations. A total of 244 patients were included in the study. 13 patients (5%) had serum vitamin D levels corresponding to vitamin D overdose. Patients who had experienced an overdose were more likely to be F508del homozygous or suffer from exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. 2 patients developed significant hypercalcemia necessitating monitoring and hospitalization. Errors in the preparation of magistral liposoluble vitamin pills were identified in several intoxicated patients. Retrospective assessment of the dosing errors with the local pharmacists showed that trituration and dosing errors were their most frequent causes.