bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COMMITTEE ON ACCIDENT PREVENTION
Authors:   ACCIDENT PREVENTION COMMITTEE
Published: December 2021

The Committee on Accident Prevention of the American Academy of Pediatrics, in co-operation with the Surgical Section of the same organization, has prepared the following statements to cover the emergency management of childhood skeletal trauma and burns. Both of these statements are endorsed by the Committee on Trauma of the American College of Surgeons and have been approved by the Federal Civil Defense Administration.
EMERGENCY CARE OF CHILDHOOD SKELETAL TRAUMA
1. Evaluate and splint where they lie before moving. Do not attempt reduction.
2. Move cervical injuries face up on a rigid support with manual traction applied gently by cupping chin at the time of moving. Sand bags on either side of neck to prevent turning, if possible.
3. Spine injuries should not be flexed in transportation.
4. Lower leg injuries, transport in pillow strapped with belt.
5. Upper leg injuries, transport with both legs and trunk bound to board without circulatory interference.
6. Lower arm injuries, transport with splint such as rolled newspaper, gentle compression wrapping and sling.
7. Upper arm can be bound to chest with lower arm supporting in sling.
8. Open injuries or open wounds, cover with sterile dressing, do not dust with antibiotic, but systemic antibiotic is useful. Do not attempt to retract bone back under skin. Get to surgical care promptly.
9. Do not cover distal tips of extremities if it can be avoided thus allowing a circulation check to be made from time to time.
EMERGENCY CARE OF BURNS
1. Burns are due to thermal agents (scalds or fire); chemical agents (battery acid or lye); radiation (sunburn or nuclear); and electrical energy.
PEDIATRICS AND SOCIETY
Authors: MAY CHARLES D. 
Published: December 2021

PEDIATRICIANS practice medicine in a setting which inevitably exposes them to the influence of social customs and beliefs. They are drawn into the midst of family relationships and cannot fail to notice the interplay of forces affecting the development of the new generation. Change is a sign of life in the social order; it should be cultivated sympathetically as a source of improvement—not opposed futilely by prejudice as though a threat.
It follows that pediatricians are obliged to examine their role in society continuously or surely they will be found unqualified to exercise appropriate influence and guidance. In the contemporary adjustment of pediatrics to the social trends, practitioners and teachers must acquire orientation in many areas not covered in their training.
THE RELATIVE MERITS OF ISONIAZID AND OTHER THERAPEUTIC AGENTS IN THE TREATMENT OF TUBERCULOUS MENINGITIS IN CHILDREN
Authors: Ratner Bret , Klimkiewicz George R. , Ellis William C. , Malone H. John , Dolgin Joseph 
Published: December 2021

Isoniazid (Rimifon®) given alone from the inception of tuberculous meningitis effected a complete cure in two patients.
Isoniazid given as the sole therapeutic agent effected a cure in 11 patients with tuberculous meningitis who had failed to recover with streptomycin alone or in combination with other antituberculous drugs.
Two infants recovered completely from miliary tuberculosis during administration of isoniazid from the inception of the disease. Because such infants usually develop tuberculous meningitis, we might consider that they had incipient meningitis which was aborted.
Five patients developed severe sequelae while receiving streptomycin for tuberculous meningitis. They were then given isoniazid alone and showed no further sequelae nor did meningitis recur.
Three patients died who received streptomycin followed by isoniazid alone.
Of the 21 patients the survival rate was 86%. The survival rate of the 13 patients with bacteriologically proved tuberculous meningitis was 77%. The eight cases not bacteriologically proved are discussed.
From our experience, it seems reasonable to conclude that isoniazid administered alone in the treatment of tuberculous meningitis does not produce neurologic residua. The neurologic sequelae produced by streptomycin, such as deafness, hydrocephalus or mental vegetation, once established, cannot always be corrected by isoniazid. However, one child who was becoming blind while receiving streptomycin, recovered sight completely after administration of isoniazid alone.
The high survival rate of 77% in the 13 patients with bacteriologically proved tuberculous meningitis treated with isoniazid alone from the inception of the disease, or after treatment with streptomycin, gives evidence for the remarkable therapeutic effects of isoniazid.
The modes of action of isoniazid and streptomycin are compared and their relative merits as therapeutic agents are discussed. Whether isoniazid should be used alone or in combination with other drugs are questions for further study.
ALIMENTARY TRACT OBSTRUCTION IN THE NEWBORN INFANT
Authors: Jones Thomas W. , Schutt Robert P. 
Published: December 2021

From this discussion and analysis of 132 cases of congenital obstruction of the alimentary tract, several conclusions can be drawn:
A challenge still exists for a further reduction of the mortality rate of the newborn with congenital anomalies of the alimentary tract. This challenge can be met only by early diagnosis and treatment.
There is a gradual increase in the number of newborn infants with congenital alimentary tract anomalies being seen and treated at the Children's Orthopedic Hospital each year.
Eighteen per cent of infants with atresia of the alimentary tract have additional areas of obstruction.
A predominance of males was noted in those infants with Hirschsprung's disease and jejunal and ileal atresia, while a predominance of females was found in those infants with imperforate anus.
Infants with anal malformations and alimentary tract atresia exhibit the highest incidence of associated congenital anomalies (31.2% to 75.0%).
The groups of infants with meconium ileus and esophageal and duodenal atresia had the greatest incidence of prematurity (12.5% to 38.5%).
In infants with anal malformations, there is found a 68% incidence of rectal fistulae of one type or another.
Infants with anal malformations have the best prognosis, while infants with meconium ileus and those with multiple lesions, have the poorest.
Temporary gastrostomy, when used after primary repair of esophageal atresia, appears to be of distinct benefit.
In the majority of instances the diagnosis can be established by the aid of a single plain roentgenogram of the abdomen. This should be done routinely in any case of a newborn infant who has persistent vomiting and/or abdominal distention.
Letters to the Editor
Authors: DIETRICH HARRY F. 
Published: December 2021

I greatly appreciate the opportunity you gave me to withdraw from publication the letter which precedes. I have reviewed (as objectively as I can) pertinent events subsequent to the writing of that letter. In part they have been:
1. The approval of an additional $2,500,000 to the U.S. Public Health Service for work on "Asiatic flu."
2. A reaffirmation by the Surgeon General that we are really in for it unless there is mass immunization.
3. A natural parroting of this dire warning by State, County and City Health Departments.
Traumatic Head Injury and the Diagnosis of Abuse: A Cluster Analysis
Authors: Boos Stephen C. , Wang Ming , Karst Wouter A. , Hymel Kent P. 
Published: December 2021

OBJECTIVES
Data guiding abusive head trauma (AHT) diagnosis rest on case-control studies that have been criticized for circularity. We wished to sort children with neurologic injury using mathematical algorithms, without reference to physicians’ diagnoses or predetermined diagnostic criteria, and to compare the results to existing AHT data, physicians’ diagnoses, and a proposed triad of findings.

METHODS
Unsupervised cluster analysis of an existing data set regarding 500 young patients with acute head injury hospitalized for intensive care. Three cluster algorithms were used to sort (partition) patients into subpopulations (clusters) on the basis of 32 reliable (κ &gt; 0.6) clinical and radiologic variables. P values and odds ratios (ORs) identified variables most predictive of partitioning.

RESULTS
The full cohort partitioned into 2 clusters. Variables substantially (P &lt; .001 and OR &gt; 10 in all 3 cluster algorithms) more prevalent in cluster 1 were imaging indications of brain hypoxemia, ischemia, and/or swelling; acute encephalopathy, particularly when lasting &gt;24 hours; respiratory compromise; subdural hemorrhage or fluid collection; and ophthalmologist-confirmed retinoschisis. Variables substantially (P &lt; .001 and OR &lt; 0.10 in any cluster algorithm) more prevalent in cluster 2 were linear parietal skull fracture and epidural hematoma. Postpartitioning analysis revealed that cluster 1 had a high prevalence of physician-diagnosed abuse.

CONCLUSIONS
Three cluster algorithms partitioned the population into 2 clusters without reference to predetermined diagnostic criteria or clinical opinion about the nature of AHT. Clinical difference between clusters replicated differences previously described in comparisons of AHT with non-AHT. Algorithmic partition was predictive of physician diagnosis and of the triad of findings heavily discussed in AHT literature.
INCIDENCE OF CRANIAL NERVE PARALYSIS IN POLIOMYELITIS IN RELATION TO PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF TONSILS
Authors: Top F. H. 
Published: December 2021

A study of patients from a largely rural area in Iowa corroborates the evidence of many previous studies that bulbar and bulbospinal types of poliomyelitis occur more commonly in persons whose tonsils have been removed irrespective of the time in life the operation was performed. The tonsillectomy rate for all cases was the lowest encountered thus far. Agreement is not on the same level as noted in the author's Detroit composite study previously reported, and is more marked for bulbospinal than for the bulbar type of poliomyelitis (some studies combine bulbar and bulbospinal cases).
Adjustment for age reduces differences between cases with tonsils absent and tonsils present by clinical type and further strengthens the finding of Paffenbarger and of the author's Detroit composite study that age must be reckoned with in an assessment of the problem.
Incidence of paralyses of cranial nerves by tonsillectomy status is similar to the Detroit composite study in the case of palatal and pharyngeal paralyses but less strongly; incidence of paralysis of the facial nerve is dissimilar.
Regulation and Mode of Action of Thyroid Hormones
Authors: REILLY WILLIAM A. 
Published: December 2021

This colloquium is mainly of interest to investigators, but does have some points of interest to medical practitioners.
It considers the dynamic actions of iodine metabolism and the alteration of thyroid function as influenced by the other endocrine glands and the influence of the hypothalamus on the pituitary control of the thyroid. Briefly the purpose of the discussion was to consider questions running from the regulation of the thyroid gland to the mode of action of its hormone.
BENIGN FAMILIAL POLYCYTHEMIA IN CHILDHOOD
Authors: Auerback Marvin L. , Wolff James A. , Mettier Stacy R. 
Published: December 2021

This is a review of benign familial polycythemia—a disease marked by high values for erythrocyte count and hemoglobin, not associated with significant symptoms, leukocytosis or thrombocytosis.
Two families are described, some of whose members have this condition.
It is hoped that greater knowledge of prognosis may be obtained by further observations of these patients.
ACUTE IDIOPATHIC HYDROPS OF THE GALLBLADDER NOT DUE TO CALCULI, POSSIBLY TO INFECTIOUS HEPATITIS
Authors: McGahan John J. , Whittinghill John A. 
Published: December 2021

Two cases of acute hydrops of the gallbladder in children, not due to calculi, are reported.
An infectious etiology of the condition, in relation to infectious hepatitis, should be considered more thoroughly because of the observation of its occurrence in neighboring children in an epidemic of infectious hepatitis.
EPILEPTIC EQUIVALENTS IN CHILDREN
Authors: Snyder C. Harrison 
Published: December 2021

Many symptoms in children, occurring in paroxysms, may be shown by electroencephalography to represent epileptic equivalents, and may respond favorably to anticonvulsant therapy.
These symptoms include headache, abdominal pain, leg aches, nausea or cyclic vomiting, fever and night terrors.
A syndrome has been described which is due to cerebral dysrhythmia but lacks a truly paroxysmal character—a condition resembling neurasthenia, with superimposed attacks of headache, fever, or pain in the abdomen or extremities.
Diagnosis of all these conditions requires a high degree of suspicion balanced by cautious skepticism. The diagnosis can be confirmed electroencephalographically and by the response to anticonvulsant therapy.
Warning is given against overzealous interpretation of minor electroencephalogram irregularities, and against overoptimistic appraisal of the results of therapeutic trials.
Given such a cautious attitude, the physician may find the electroencephalogram a useful tool in the study of children with various paroxysmal complaints or personality disorders.
PUBLIC HEALTH, NURSING, MEDICAL SOCIAL WORK
Authors: Feldmann Floyd M. 
Published: December 2021

As a pediatric problem, tuberculosis has undergone striking change in the past decades, yet few diseases have the complicated interrelationship of personal and community significance that is peculiar to tuberculosis. Management of the tuberculous patient has become largely a matter for hospital and specialized outpatient services, and the individual practitioner has been chiefly concerned with case finding in his own practice. Since the tuberculin test is such an important tool in this respect, the editors thought such a review as presented by Dr. Feldmann of particular importance.
A number of controversial points are touched on. In any public health procedure a routine screening test has value in relation to the proportion of positives likely to result. A test which results in more than 50% positive is not very helpful. On the other hand, a test with one positive in 1,000 is probably too expensive. Dr. Feldmann points out the cogent reasons for routine tuberculin testing and the pediatrician will need to consider these reasons in the light of the conditions in his community and the relevant local and state health program.
Some may be disturbed by the criticism made of the patch test, yet it is important to recognize its limitations. Failure of the patch test to detect all positives has been well known and most pediatricians have thought it useful chiefly as a preliminary test to find the more sensitive reactors.
CLINICAL CONFERENCE
Authors: Scaglione Peter R. 
Published: December 2021

Dr. Scaglione: During the past 2 years in the Babies Hospital, two instances have been observed of severe disturbance of the central nervous system in patients in an edematous phase of nephrosis and undergoing rapid diuresis during adrenal steroid therapy.
The first patient to show this alarming reaction was a 6-year-old white girl who, while being treated with intramuscular adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), rapidly lost fluid and developed marked hypochloremic, hypokalemic alkalosis. She became comatose for several weeks and, since that time, has had a convulsive disorder resistant to therapy. She also underwent severe impairment of intellect and is now considered to be hopelessly retarded. The second patient, to be presented in greater detail, is a child who reacted in a similar manner while receiving prednisone, but she has apparently suffered no permanent alteration in intellectual function.
Patty H. is an 8-year-old Negro female who had the onset of edema in July 1955. During the first 6 months of the disease, she was given two courses of prednisone therapy in a local hospital and this resulted in prompt diuresis, but there was equally rapid re-accumulation of edema following cessation of therapy. The urine showed persistent proteinuria, cylindruria and hematuria. In January of 1956 she was treated again with prednisone at the Duke University Hospital in North Carolina. A moderate diuresis was obtained but she required admission 3 months later because of marked anasarca. The patient was then treated with a 12-day course of ACTH-gel (20 units/ day) following which she underwent a massive diuresis and lost approximately 14 liters of urine in 4 days.
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS
Authors: Martmer Edgar E. 
Published: December 2021

THE GROWTH and development of the American Academy of Pediatrics are matters of record set forth in able fashion by Marshall Pease in his History of the American Academy of Pediatrics and Paul Beaven's For the Welfare of Children, a compilation of the Presidential Addresses beginning with Dr. Isaac Abt's presentation at the first annual meeting of this organization.
These two volumes recite the accomplishments of the Academy during its first 25 years. The small group of 32 men present at the organizational meeting in 1930 has increased to more than 5,000 members distributed throughout the western hemisphere.
The founders conceived the Academy as a service group dedicated to the improvement of child health and welfare. Able leaders through the years have strengthened its position and influence by their untiring efforts to attain these objectives and have been aided at all times by the co-operation of the members.
The influence of the Academy in matters relating to child health and welfare is demonstrated by the respect with which its pronouncements are received by medical organizations, governmental agencies and lay groups. Its counsel is sought whenever matters relating to child health and welfare are considered.
We have a great responsibility to maintain our position in the field of child health and welfare and to extend the influence of the Academy.
We must continue to be an organization of high ideals and noble purposes, for our growth demonstrates our objectives are worthwhile.
The success which the Academy has achieved in fostering interest in pediatrics and correlating all aspects of the work for the welfare of children has been accomplished by providing leadership, our willingness to co-operate with interested groups, and through education.
ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS AND INFANT NUTRITION
Authors: Hansen Arild E. 
Published: December 2021

Arild Edsten Hansen was born in Minneapolis during the last year of the last century and grew up in that city. He was educated in the schools of Minneapolis and at the University of Minnesota where he received his degrees: B.S. in 1923, M.B. in 1924, M.D. in 1925 and Ph.D. in 1934. Arild Hansen also spent the years 1929 and 1930 in post-graduate studies at Heidelberg and Vienna. He served the University of Minnesota as an Assistant and an Instructor of Pediatrics until 1934. The year 1934-35 was spent as an Alexander Brown Coxe Fellow at Yale University. Upon returning to Minnesota, Dr. Hansen became Assistant Professor of Pediatrics. in 1937 Associate Professor and in 1942 Professor. In 1944 Dr. Hansen traveled from the extreme north to the extreme south of the United States to become Professor of Pediatrics and Head of the Department at the University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston. Dr. Hansen is a member of numerous scientific societies. He has a long career in investigation and published many articles on a variety of topics but especially on lipid metabolism.
IN A PRESENTATION such as this, no doubt, one is allowed the equivalent of a certain degree of "poetic license" in reviewing the work which has led to commendation by the Committee on Awards of the American Academy of Pediatrics. Collaboration is not only an essential feature of present day investigative endeavors, but also a social reward. As with everyone else, perhaps, who has attempted to pursue "ideas," the writer has found persons who stand out as vital and indispensable in seeking to establish fantasy or fact in relation to concepts conceived. In regard to the subject of the essential fatty acids, it has been my pleasure and privilege to work in the most stimulating manner with the late William R. Brown, Mildred R. Ziegler, George O. Burr, Irvine McQuarrie, William R. Wilson and in recent studies for which this award is being given with Doris J. D. Adam, and especially with Hilda F. Wiese of the University of Texas School of Medicine.
STUDIES OF CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM IN THE NEWBORN
Authors: Cornblath Marvin , Levin Ephraim Y. , Marquetti Estela 
Published: December 2021

Administration of glucagon produced a prolonged hyperglycemia in normal fullterm and premature infants delivered vaginally.
In infants, both full-term and premature, 5 days of age and more, the hyperglycemia after administration of glucagon was shorter and resembled that of older infants and children.
The hyperglycemia in premature infants, both newborn and 5 days of age and older, was less than that in full-term infants of comparable age.
OBSERVATIONS OF A METABOLIC LESION IN COW'S-MILK ALLERGY
Authors: Crawford John D. , Kerrigan Gerald A. , Arnold Mary B. 
Published: December 2021

Clinical and metabolic studies of two infants allergic to cow's milk are described. In both babies episodes of clinical deterioration culminating in a cyanotic, peripheral circulatory shock-like state were repeatedly observed upon exposure to cow's milk. Despite clinical evidence of diminished circulatory volume, chloride space measurements suggesting increase in extracellular fluid volume at the expense of intracellular fluid were associated with the allergic reaction. Balance data indicate that external losses of sodium and water were small, and internal accumulation of potassium large, at the height of development of the metabolic disturbances.
The metabolic responses are discussed with reference to possible mechanisms of production. It is evident that further experimental work is required for their elucidation. However, these studies indicate that allergy should be considered in the differential diagnosis in infants who show metabolic derangements which may superficially suggest primary renal or adrenal disease.
Letters to the Editor
Authors: HILL LEE FORREST 
Published: December 2021

Dr. Ulstrom in his letter implies that the four infants reported by himself, Smith and Heimlich under the title, "Transient dysproteinemia in infants, a new syndrome" were identical in clinical and laboratory findings with those reported by Sturgeon and Brubaker under the title, "Copper deficiency in infants" and by Lahey and Schubert under the title, "New deficiency syndrome occurring in infancy."
At the time the Committee on Nutrition was assembling its material on the feeding of solid foods to infants, such an identity had not been established.
DETERMINATION OF NITROGEN BALANCE OF INFANTS LESS THAN 6 MONTHS OF AGE
Authors: Fomon Samuel J. , Thomas Lora N. , Jensen Robert L. , May Charles D. 
Published: December 2021

The procedure employed by the authors for the performance of metabolic balance studies is reported in detail.
Data concerning the retention of nitrogen by infants during consecutively performed 3-day metabolic balance studies are presented.
Tuberculosis in White and Negro Children
Authors: DAMROSCH DOUGLAS S. 
Published: December 2021

These two volumes present a detailed analysis of the records of 1,329 children admitted to the Harriet Lane Home during the period of the tuberculosis study from 1928 to 1944.
Volume I offers a collection of well selected and well reproduced roentgenograms illustrating the various manifestations of tuberculosis in childhood. Serial films are presented showing the evolution of roentgenologic change during the course of the patient's illness, along with brief clinical summaries. There are also examples of conditions, normal and abnormal, which enter into the differential diagnosis of tuberculosis, and there is a brief but useful discussion of the anatomy of the chest.