bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study of Foreign Experience of Learners’ Vocational Self-Determination As an Innovative Potential of Advanced Professional Training
Authors: Lysenko V. 
Published: March 2021

The study of Russian as well as foreign experience concerning the effective practices for performing learners’ vocational training and self-determination allows the educators to extrapolate the most adequate ideas, principles, technologies, approaches to the development and implementation of career guidance and vocational training programs intended for specialists. The acquired knowledge can be further used for analysis, comprehension and application of the best practices in the system of advanced vocational training.
The article considers the features of the dual secondary vocational training system of Germany and focuses on the career guidance experience in schools and colleges in the UK. It also presents approaches that are not widespread and less known in Russia than in other countries to apply them to the dual higher education system.
Some elements of effective foreign practices of vocational training, self-determination and career guidance can be used in advanced vocational training centers as well as in institutions involved in general secondary, secondary vocational and additional education.
Cylindrical vector beam revealing multipolar nonlinear scattering for superlocalization of silicon nanostructures
Authors: Wang Bin , Che Ying , Zhong Xiangchao , Yan Wen , Zhang Tianyue , Chen Kai , Xu Yi , Xu Xiaoxuan , Li Xiangping 
Published: March 2021

The resonant optical excitation of dielectric nanostructures offers unique opportunities for developing remarkable nanophotonic devices. Light that is structured by tailoring the vectorial characteristics of the light beam provides an additional degree of freedom in achieving flexible control of multipolar resonances at the nanoscale. Here, we investigate the nonlinear scattering of subwavelength silicon (Si) nanostructures with radially and azimuthally polarized cylindrical vector beams to show a strong dependence of the photothermal nonlinearity on the polarization state of the applied light. The resonant magnetic dipole, selectively excited by an azimuthally polarized beam, enables enhanced photothermal nonlinearity, thereby inducing large scattering saturation. In contrast, radially polarized beam illumination shows no observable nonlinearity owing to off-resonance excitation. Numerical analysis reveals a difference of more than 2 orders of magnitude in photothermal nonlinearity under two types of polarization excitations. Nonlinear scattering and the unique doughnut-shaped focal spot generated by the azimuthally polarized beam are demonstrated as enabling far-field high-resolution localization of nanostructured Si with an accuracy approaching 50 nm. Our study extends the horizons of active Si photonics and holds great potential for label-free superresolution imaging of Si nanostructures.
Diagnosis and clinical management of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis: A scoping review of the literature
Authors: Tamarozzi Francesca , Fittipaldo Veronica A. , Orth Hans Martin , Richter Joachim , Buonfrate Dora , Riccardi Niccolò , Gobbi Federico G. 
Published: March 2021

Background
Hepatosplenic schistosomiasis (HSS) is a disease caused by chronic infection with Schistosma spp. parasites residing in the mesenteric plexus; portal hypertension causing gastrointestinal bleeding is the most dangerous complication of this condition. HSS requires complex clinical management, but no specific guidelines exist. We aimed to provide a comprehensive picture of consolidated findings and knowledge gaps on the diagnosis and treatment of HSS.

Methodology/principal findings
We reviewed relevant original publications including patients with HSS with no coinfections, published in the past 40 years, identified through MEDLINE and EMBASE databases. Treatment with praziquantel and HSS-associated pulmonary hypertension were not investigated. Of the included 60 publications, 13 focused on diagnostic aspects, 45 on therapeutic aspects, and 2 on both aspects. Results were summarized using effect direction plots. The most common diagnostic approaches to stratify patients based on the risk of variceal bleeding included the use of ultrasonography and platelet counts; on the contrary, evaluation and use of noninvasive tools to guide the choice of therapeutic interventions are lacking. Publications on therapeutic aspects included treatment with beta-blockers, local management of esophageal varices, surgical procedures, and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. Overall, treatment approaches and measured outcomes were heterogeneous, and data on interventions for primary prevention of gastrointestinal bleeding and on the long-term follow-up after interventions were lacking.

Conclusions
Most interventions have been developed on the basis of individual groups’ experiences and almost never rigorously compared; furthermore, there is a lack of data regarding which parameters can guide the choice of intervention. These results highlight a dramatic need for the implementation of rigorous prospective studies with long-term follow-up in different settings to fill such fundamental gaps, still present for a disease affecting millions of patients worldwide.
Student reactions to traumatic material in literature: Implications for trigger warnings
Authors: Kimble Matthew , Flack William , Koide Jennifer , Bennion Kelly , Brenneman Miranda , Meyersburg Cynthia 
Published: March 2021

Introduction
While trigger warnings have garnered significant debate, few studies have investigated how students typically respond to potentially triggering material.

Method
In this study, three hundred and fifty-five undergraduate students from four universities read a passage describing incidences of both physical and sexual assault. Longitudinal measures of subjective distress, PTSD symptoms, and emotional reactivity were taken.

Results
Greater than 96% of participants read the triggering passage even when given a non-triggering alternative to read. Of those who read the triggering passage, those with triggering traumas did not report more distress although those with higher PTSD scores did. Two weeks later, those with trigger traumas and/or PTSD did not report an increase in trauma symptoms as a result of reading the triggering passage.

Conclusions
Students with relevant traumas do not avoid triggering material and the effects appear to be brief. Students with PTSD do not report an exacerbation of symptoms two weeks later as a function of reading the passage.
Comparison of common acute respiratory infection case definitions for identification of hospitalized influenza cases at a population-based surveillance site in Egypt
Authors: Rowlinson Emily , Peters Lisa , Mansour Adel , Mansour Hoda , Azazzy Nahed , Said Mayar , Samy Sahar , Abbas Eman , Abu Elsood Hanaa , Fahim Manal , Eid Alaa , Reaves Erik , Van Beneden Chris , Hamid Sarah , Olsen Sonja , Fitzner Julia , Dueger Erica 
Published: March 2021

Background
Multiple case definitions are used to identify hospitalized patients with community-acquired acute respiratory infections (ARI). We evaluated several commonly used hospitalized ARI case definitions to identify influenza cases.

Methods
The study included all patients from a population-based surveillance site in Damanhour, Egypt hospitalized for a broad set of criteria consistent with community acquired ARIs. Naso- and oropharyngeal (NP/OP) swabs were tested for influenza using RT-PCR. Sensitivity, specificity and PPV for influenza identification was compared between the 2014 WHO Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI) definition (fever ≥38°C and cough with onset within 10 days), the 2011 WHO SARI definition (fever ≥38°C and cough with onset within 7 days), the 2006 PAHO SARI definition, the International Emerging Infections Program (IEIP) pneumonia case definition, and the International Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) case definitions for moderate and severe pneumonia.

Results
From June 2009-December 2012, 5768 NP/OP swabs were obtained from 6113 hospitalized ARI patients; 799 (13.9%) were influenza positive. The 2014 WHO SARI case definition captured the greatest number of ARI patients, influenza positive patients and ARI deaths compared to the other case definitions examined. Sensitivity for influenza detection was highest for the 2014 WHO SARI definition with 88.6%, compared to the 2011 WHO SARI (78.2%) the 2006 PAHO SARI (15.8%) the IEIP pneumonia (61.0%) and the IMCI moderate and severe pneumonia (33.8% and 38.9%) case definitions (IMCI applies to <5 only).

Conclusions
Our results support use of the 2014 WHO SARI definition for identifying influenza positive hospitalized SARI cases as it captures the highest proportion of ARI deaths and influenza positive cases. Routine use of this case definition for hospital-based surveillance will provide a solid, globally comparable foundation on which to build needed response efforts for novel pandemic viruses.
HIV risk screening and HIV testing among orphans and vulnerable children in community settings in Tanzania: Acceptability and fidelity to lay-cadre administration of the screening tool
Authors: Gill Michelle M. , Jahanpour Ola , van de Ven Roland , Barankena Asheri , Urasa Peris , Antelman Gretchen 
Published: March 2021

Introduction
HIV risk screening tool validation studies have not typically included process evaluations to understand tool implementation. The study aim was to assess the fidelity to which an HIV risk screening tool was administered by lay workers and acceptability of delivering home-based screening coupled with HIV testing to beneficiaries in an orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) program.

Methods
This cross-sectional study was conducted March-April 2019 in two regions of Tanzania. Community case workers (CCW) were observed conducting screenings with OVC 2–19 years and participated in focus group discussions. Research staff used structured observation checklists to capture if screening questions were asked or reworded by CCW. In-depth interviews were conducted with older adolescents and caregivers in their homes following screening and testing. A composite score was developed for the checklist. Qualitative data were thematically analyzed to address screening and testing perceptions and experiences.

Results
CCW (n = 32) participated in 166 observations. Commonly skipped items were malnutrition (34% of all observed screenings) and sexual activity and pregnancy (20% and 45% of screenings for adolescents only). Items frequently re-worded included child abuse (22%) and malnutrition (15%). CCW had an average composite observation score of 42/50. CCW in focus groups (n = 34) found the screening process acceptable. However, they described rewording some questions viewed as harsh or socially inappropriate to ask. Overall, adolescent beneficiaries (n = 17) and caregivers (n = 25) were satisfied with home-based screening and testing and reported no negative consequences. Learning one’s HIV negative status was seen as an opportunity to discuss or recommit to healthy behaviors. While respondents identified multiple benefits of home testing, they noted the potential for privacy breaches in household settings.

Conclusions
We found sub-optimal fidelity to the administration of the screening tool by CCW in home environments to children and adolescents enrolled in an OVC program. Improvements to questions and their delivery and ongoing mentorship could strengthen tool performance and HIV case finding using a targeted testing approach. Overall, home-based HIV risk screening and testing were acceptable to beneficiaries and CCW, could improve testing uptake, and serve as a platform to promote healthy behaviors for those with limited health system interactions.
App-based symptom tracking to optimize SARS-CoV-2 testing strategy using machine learning
Authors: Dantas Leila F. , Peres Igor T. , Bastos Leonardo S. L. , Marchesi Janaina F. , de Souza Guilherme F. G. , Gelli João Gabriel M. , Baião Fernanda A. , Maçaira Paula , Hamacher Silvio , Bozza Fernando A. 
Published: March 2021

Background
Tests are scarce resources, especially in low and middle-income countries, and the optimization of testing programs during a pandemic is critical for the effectiveness of the disease control. Hence, we aim to use the combination of symptoms to build a predictive model as a screening tool to identify people and areas with a higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection to be prioritized for testing.

Materials and methods
We performed a retrospective analysis of individuals registered in "Dados do Bem," a Brazilian app-based symptom tracker. We applied machine learning techniques and provided a SARS-CoV-2 infection risk map of Rio de Janeiro city.

Results
From April 28 to July 16, 2020, 337,435 individuals registered their symptoms through the app. Of these, 49,721 participants were tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection, being 5,888 (11.8%) positive. Among self-reported symptoms, loss of smell (OR[95%CI]: 4.6 [4.4–4.9]), fever (2.6 [2.5–2.8]), and shortness of breath (2.1 [1.6–2.7]) were independently associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our final model obtained a competitive performance, with only 7% of false-negative users predicted as negatives (NPV = 0.93). The model was incorporated by the "Dados do Bem" app aiming to prioritize users for testing. We developed an external validation in the city of Rio de Janeiro. We found that the proportion of positive results increased significantly from 14.9% (before using our model) to 18.1% (after the model).

Conclusions
Our results showed that the combination of symptoms might predict SARS-Cov-2 infection and, therefore, can be used as a tool by decision-makers to refine testing and disease control strategies.
Impact of deceased donor with acute kidney injury on subsequent kidney transplant outcomes–an ANZDATA registry analysis
Authors: Pei Juan , Cho Yeoungjee , See Yong Pey , Pascoe Elaine M. , Viecelli Andrea K. , Francis Ross S. , van Eps Carolyn , Isbel Nicole M. , Campbell Scott B. , Clayton Philip A. , Chapman Jeremy , Collins Michael , Lim Wai , Tang Wen , Wong Germaine , Hawley Carmel M. , Johnson David W. 
Published: March 2021

Background
The need for kidney transplantation drives efforts to expand organ donation. The decision to accept organs from donors with acute kidney injury (AKI) can result in a clinical dilemma in the context of conflicting reports from published literature.

Material and methods
This observational study included all deceased donor kidney transplants performed in Australia and New Zealand between 1997 and 2017. The association of donor-AKI, defined according to KDIGO criteria, with all-cause graft failure was evaluated by multivariable Cox regression. Secondary outcomes included death-censored graft failure, death, delayed graft function (DGF) and acute rejection.

Results
The study included 10,101 recipients of kidneys from 5,774 deceased donors, of whom 1182 (12%) recipients received kidneys from 662 (11%) donors with AKI. There were 3,259 (32%) all-cause graft failures, which included 1,509 deaths with functioning graft. After adjustment for donor, recipient and transplant characteristics, donor AKI was not associated with all-cause graft failure (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 1.11, 95% CI 0.99–1.26), death-censored graft failure (HR 1.09, 95% CI 0.92–1.28), death (HR 1.15, 95% CI 0.98–1.35) or graft failure when death was evaluated as a competing event (sub-distribution hazard ratio [sHR] 1.07, 95% CI 0.91–1.26). Donor AKI was not associated with acute rejection but was associated with DGF (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 2.27, 95% CI 1.92–2.68).

Conclusion
Donor AKI stage was not associated with any kidney transplant outcome, except DGF. Use of kidneys with AKI for transplantation appears to be justified.
Comparison of 27-gauge and 25-gauge vitrectomy in the management of tractional retinal detachment secondary to proliferative diabetic retinopathy
Authors: Chen Po-Lin , Chen Yan-Ting , Chen San-Ni 
Published: March 2021

Objective
To compare surgical outcomes between 27 and 25-gauge vitrectomy in proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) with tractional retinal detachment (TRD)

Methods
This retrospective study was conducted to compare the intraoperative status, operation time, use of instruments, endotamponade substance, wound suture number, and iatrogenic break, between 27 and 25-gauge vitrectomy in 43 eyes afflicted by PDR with TRD. The post-surgical results, best-corrected visual acuity, intraocular pressure, recurrent vitreous haemorrhage, and re-operation rate were regularly followed up for 6 months.

Results
Patients in the 25 and the 27-gauge groups did not differ significantly in terms of pre-surgical conditions, such as age, gender, pre-existing glaucoma, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and the severity of their TRD. The mean operation time was 56.7 minutes in the 27-gauge group and 63.7 minutes in the 25-gauge group (p = 0.94). There is significantly less use of micro forceps in the 27-gauge group (p = 0.004). No difference between micro scissors and chandelier usage were noted; neither was their difference in iatrogenic retinal breaks. Significantly fewer wound sutures were noted in the 27-gauge group (p < 0.001). The post-operative results revealed no significant difference in ocular hypertension, hypotony, BCVA improvement, recurrent vitreous haemorrhage and re-operation rate.

Conclusions
The 27-gauge vitrectomy system offers comparable surgical outcomes in PDR with TRD. The 27-gauge vitrectomy system is suitable for complicated retinal surgery.
Development and performance of CUHAS-ROBUST application for pulmonary rifampicin-resistance tuberculosis screening in Indonesia
Authors: Herman Bumi , Sirichokchatchawan Wandee , Pongpanich Sathirakorn , Nantasenamat Chanin 
Published: March 2021

Background and objectives
Diagnosis of Pulmonary Rifampicin Resistant Tuberculosis (RR-TB) with the Drug-Susceptibility Test (DST) is costly and time-consuming. Furthermore, GeneXpert for rapid diagnosis is not widely available in Indonesia. This study aims to develop and evaluate the CUHAS-ROBUST model performance, an artificial-intelligence-based RR-TB screening tool.

Methods
A cross-sectional study involved suspected all type of RR-TB patients with complete sputum Lowenstein Jensen DST (reference) and 19 clinical, laboratory, and radiology parameter results, retrieved from medical records in hospitals under the Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University Indonesia, from January 2015-December 2019. The Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models were built along with other classifiers. The model was tested on participants recruited from January 2020-October 2020 and deployed into CUHAS-ROBUST (index test) application. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were obtained for assessment.

Results
A total of 487 participants (32 Multidrug-Resistant/MDR 57 RR-TB, 398 drug-sensitive) were recruited for model building and 157 participants (23 MDR and 21 RR) in prospective testing. The ANN full model yields the highest values of accuracy (88% (95% CI 85–91)), and sensitivity (84% (95% CI 76–89)) compare to other models that show sensitivity below 80% (Logistic Regression 32%, Decision Tree 44%, Random Forest 25%, Extreme Gradient Boost 25%). However, this ANN has lower specificity among other models (90% (95% CI 86–93)) where Logistic Regression demonstrates the highest (99% (95% CI 97–99)). This ANN model was selected for the CUHAS-ROBUST application, although still lower than the sensitivity of global GeneXpert results (87.5%).

Conclusion
The ANN-CUHAS ROBUST outperforms other AI classifiers model in detecting all type of RR-TB, and by deploying into the application, the health staff can utilize the tool for screening purposes particularly at the primary care level where the GeneXpert examination is not available.

Trial registration
NCT04208789.
A Multicenter, Open-Label, Single-Arm Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Saroglitazar in Patients With Primary Biliary Cholangitis
Authors: Vuppalanchi Raj , González-Huezo Ma Saraí , Payan-Olivas Ramon , Muñoz-Espinosa Linda E. , Shaikh Farheen , Pio Cruz-Lopez Jose L. , Parmar Deven 
Published: March 2021

INTRODUCTION:
Patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) without biochemical response to ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) are at increased risk of liver-related mortality. Saroglitazar is a novel peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonist with dual PPAR agonistic properties (α/γ). There is a strong mechanistic rationale for studying saroglitazar in PBC because PPARα is a molecular target of fibrates that showed improvements in liver tests in patients with PBC.

METHODS:
In this 16-week, open-label, phase 3 study, 37 patients were screened across 3 clinical centers to enroll 7 patients. All patients received daily dose of saroglitazar 4 mg for 16 weeks in addition to their ongoing treatment with UDCA. The primary efficacy endpoint was the reduction in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) level at week 16 as compared to baseline.

RESULTS:
Mean age of the study population was 51.1 ± 10.0 years, all patients were female of Mexican descent, and mean body mass index was 25.5± = 4.8 kg/m2. Six (85.7%) patients reported taking ursodiol at baseline and continued throughout the study with a mean daily dosage of 417 mg. Among these, the daily dosage of UDCA 500 mg in 4 and 250 mg in 2 subjects, respectively. The mean baseline ALP level was 230 ± 103 U/L. The primary efficacy endpoint, mean change (reduction) from baseline in ALP concentration at week 16 based on the modified intent-to-treat population was −94 ± 53 U/L (P = 0.003), corresponding to a reduction of 48 ± 23%. Treatment with saroglitazar 4 mg resulted in a rapid and sustained decrease of ALP levels at week 4 (−84 ± 47 U/L, P = 0.003). Six patients who completed the study achieved mean ALP reduction of at least 40% at week 4 and all subsequent visits.

DISCUSSION:
Although the study was terminated because of lack of enrollment, saroglitazar daily for 16 weeks resulted in rapid and sustained improvements in ALP with an acceptable safety profile in patients with PBC.
Quo Vadis Parliamentary Threshold di Indonesia
Authors: Adam Aenal Fuad , Betaubun Wellem Levi , Jalal Nur 
Published: March 2021

Parliamentary Treshold sebagai syarat memperkuat sistem presidensial menjadi tajuk diskursus publik maupun ilmiah sejak penerapan sistem multipartai di Indonesia. Ada dugaan yang menjelaskan bahwa untuk membantu berjalannya sistem politik agar stabil maka diperlukan menyederhanakan jumlah partai politik melalui penerapan parliamentary threshold agar pemerintahan berjalan lebih efektif. Namun, apakah partai politik tidak akan bertumbuh, apakah jumlah partai politik akan berkurang, dan lantas apakah hipotesis ini benar? Tujuan tulisan ini menganalisis isu naiknya angka parliamentary threshold yang diguangkan oleh elit-elit parpol di parlemen demi penyederhanaan sistem kepartaian untuk mewujudkan pemerintahan yang efektif. Artikel ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan memakai pendekatan historis institusionalisme sebagai pisau analisisnya. Studi pustaka menjadi model memperoleh data dan dianalisis kemudian disimpulkan. Artikel ini berpendapat parliamentary treshold tidak memberikan kondisi yang cukup untuk menyederhanakan sistem kepartaian di parlemen. Pada praktiknya, sistem multipartai adalah sebuah keniscayaan yang harus diterima dalam dinamika partai politik di Indonesia. Begitu juga tumbuh kembangnya partai politik berjalan seiring dengan perkembangan pemilu dan demokrasi di Indonesia.