bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Even and odd superposition of bilayer graphene coherent states and their non-classical properties
Authors: Motamedinasab Amin , Anbaraki Azam 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Using exfoliation of graphite, bilayer graphene which is composed of two monolayers of carbon atoms can be obtained. Defining annihilation operator, coherent states for charge carrier of bilayer graphene in a perpendicular magnetic field can be calculated. In this paper, introducing even and odd superposition of bilayer graphene coherent states, we investigate their non-classical properties including entanglement, statistical properties and squeezing. With the use of Concurrence, we have found that these states are entangled and the entanglement goes to zero for large values of coherency parameter. Also, using Mandel parameter and second coherence function, we have realized that only odd states represent sub-Poissonian statistics in some ranges of coherency parameter. In addition, our squeezing considerations show that none of the states exhibits squeezing in quadrature operators. The results of these properties for bilayer graphene coherent states, are different from the similar calculations for monolayer ones.
Revisiting AGN as the source of IceCube's diffuse neutrino flux
Authors: Smith Daniel , Hooper Dan , Vieregg Abigail 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The origin of the astrophysical neutrino flux reported by
the IceCube Collaboration remains an open question. In this study,
we use three years of publicly available IceCube data to search for
evidence of neutrino emission from the blazars and non-blazar Active
Galactic Nuclei (AGN) contained the Fermi 4LAC catalog. We find no
evidence that these sources produce high-energy neutrinos, and
conclude that blazars can produce no more than 15% of IceCube's
observed flux. The constraint we derive on the contribution from
non-blazar AGN, which are less luminous and more numerous than
blazars, is significantly less restrictive, and it remains possible
that this class of sources could produce the entirety of the diffuse
neutrino flux observed by IceCube. With our non-blazar AGN
constraints approaching IceCube's reported astrophysical neutrino
flux, we anticipate that it will become possible to definitively
test such scenarios as IceCube accumulates and releases more data,
and as gamma-ray catalogs of AGN become increasingly complete. We
also comment on starburst and other starforming galaxies, and
conclude that these sources could contribute substantially to the
signal observed by IceCube, in particular at the lowest detected
energies.
Layer-specific parameters of intracortical microstimulation of the somatosensory cortex
Authors: Urdaneta Morgan E , Kunigk Nicolas G , Delgado Francisco , Fried Shelley I , Otto Kevin J 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Objective. Intracortical microstimulation of the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) has shown great progress in restoring touch sensations to patients with paralysis. Stimulation parameters such as amplitude, phase duration, and frequency can influence the quality of the evoked percept as well as the amount of charge necessary to elicit a response. Previous studies in V1 and auditory cortices have shown that the behavioral responses to stimulation amplitude and phase duration change across cortical depth. However, this depth-dependent response has yet to be investigated in S1. Similarly, to our knowledge, the response to microstimulation frequency across cortical depth remains unexplored. Approach. To assess these questions, we implanted rats in S1 with a microelectrode with electrode-sites spanning all layers of the cortex. A conditioned avoidance behavioral paradigm was used to measure detection thresholds and responses to phase duration and frequency across cortical depth. Main results. Analogous to other cortical areas, the sensitivity to charge and strength–duration chronaxies in S1 varied across cortical layers. Likewise, the sensitivity to microstimulation frequency was layer dependent. Significance. These findings suggest that cortical depth can play an important role in the fine-tuning of stimulation parameters and in the design of intracortical neuroprostheses for clinical applications.
Theoretical and experimental studies of molecular (atomic) exchange at the installation for measuring and analyzing the residual gas medium UID-2
Authors: Bushin S A , Nesterov S B 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The paper presents the results of studies of mass transfer in the measuring circuit of the UID-2 installation (installation of pressure measurement and analysis of the residual gas medium in the electro-vacuum devices), which consists of two parallel vacuum paths, in the volumes of which are placed a total pressure transducer and a monopolar mass spectrometric sensor, limited by pairs of inlet and outlet diaphragms. Using the Monte-Carlo method, estimates of the average density of the distribution of the number of molecules within specified intervals of the number of collisions of the latter with surfaces of characteristic dimensions of these volumes are obtained.The experimental results obtained within the accuracy of the experiment are consistent with the calculated data on the protective properties of diaphragms that prevent the negative influence of the heated cathode of the gauge transducer on the gas composition of the analytical sample during the quantitative and qualitative analysis of the residual gas medium in the electro-vacuum devices based on the implementation of the destructive method.
Investigation of the quantum efficiency degradation over time for InGaAs photocathodes in hybrid devices for near infrared spectral range
Authors: Egorenkov A A , Zubkov V I 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The structure and operating principle of InGaAs photocathode in near-IR hybrid photo device are considered. The mechanisms leading to the degradation of the quantum efficiency of the photocathode are being studied. The rate of the quantum efficiency degradation of the photocathode is measured for three hybrid devices. The methods to reduce the degradation of the photocathode sensitivity are suggested.
Field ion microscopy of radiation damage on an atomically clean surface of materials
Authors: Ivchenko V A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The defects induced by neutrons (E >0.1 MeV) and Ar+ beams (E = 30 KeV) on the atomically pure surface and in the near-surface volume of platinum were studied using field ion microscopy. Experimental results of radiation defect formation in surface layers of materials initiated by neutron bombardment (Pt, E > 0.1 MeV) and ion implantation (in Cu3Au: E = 40 keV, F = 1020 ion/m2, j = 10∼3 A/cm2) are considered. Quantitative estimates of the size, shape, and volume fraction of atomic displacement cascades formed during various types of irradiation in these materials are obtained. It is shown that the average size of radiation clusters after irradiation of platinum with a fast neutron fluence of 6.7« 1022 m−2 (E > 0.1 MeV) is about 3.2 nm. The experimentally established average size of a radiation cluster (disordered zone) in an alloy after ion bombardment is 4 • 4 • 1,5 nm.
Peculiarities of ripening and spinodal decomposition of self-organizing fractal systems
Authors: Pronin I A , Yakushova N D , Averin I A , Karmanov A A , Moshnikov V A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Qualitative and quantitative patterns for the synthesis of nanostructured films by the sol-gel technology method, established on the basis of theoretical models and experiments, are presented. The effect of annealing temperature, types of solvents and substrates on the morphostructure of the film surface is shown. A technique for the synthesis of films for sensitive elements of gas sensors and vacuum sensors based on orthosilicic acid has been developed.
Phase state features of non-equilibrium thermodynamic polymer-solvent systems
Authors: Pronin I A , Yakushova N D , Averin I A , Karmanov A A , Moshnikov V A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A boundary between the regions of labile and metastable phases of non-equilibrium thermodynamic polymer-solvent systems is determined as applied to the synthesis products of the sol-gel technology. Models that qualitatively and quantitatively predict properties and morphology of nanostructured composites, obtained on the basis of the analyzed systems, have been developed. The simulation results were verified using experimental data of atomic force microscopy.
Reducing the number of craters on quartz glass surface suffering high-velocity impacts of microparticles by application of SiAlN and TaN protective films
Authors: Sergeev V P , Kalashnikov M P , Sergeev O V , Voronov A V , Neyfeld V V , Paraev Yu N 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
On the quartz glass specimens, visually transparent single-layer SiAlN and two-layer SiAlN/TaN films were applied to compare their protective properties against shock impact of high-velocity (5-8 km/s) iron microparticles. The tests performed using a two-stage light-gas gun have shown that the most effective coatings are two-layer films. The structure, optical and mechanical properties of the films were determined.
Wear resistance of adaptive arc-PVD Ti-Al-Mo-Ni-N coatings under impact loading and hydroabrasive wear
Authors: Sergevnin V S , Blinkov I V , Volkhonskii A O , Smirnov N I 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The behavior of Ti-Al-Mo-Ni-N coatings obtained by arc-PVD deposition under conditions of impact loading and hydroabrasive wear is studied. Nanostructured coatings samples with a thickness of 4 µm with a modulation period of 30 nm and hardness of 45 GPa were obtained. Under impact loading, the coating performs a protective function up to 105 loading cycles of 250 N without opening the substrate, and during hydroabrasive tests, after 3 hours of exposure to a flow at a speed of 8.5 m/s, there is a spot wear on the coating surface, opening minor segments oft the substrate area. It is shown that the introduction of Ni into the Ti-Al-Mo-N system leads to the appearance of coating failure by brittle mechanism with delamination and opening of the substrate under significant loads in the case of impact and hydroabrasive wear.
Multifunctional high-vacuum plant for cryovacuum systems in aerospace applications
Authors: Sokolov A N , Rozanov L N , Schedrincky M Z , Bebyakov V M , Sukharev K N , Sinkova V A , Koldyba A I 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The article describes a design and main features of a multifunctional high-vacuum plant. This installation provides high-vacuum pumping of cryovacuum systems for space applications during a long time with 100 liter volume, leak detection with 5-1013 m3Pa/s minimum registered helium flow and monitoring of the mass spectrum within 1…100 AMU range.
Improving the quality of nanofilms produced by magnetron sputtering
Authors: Tupik V A , Potapov A A , Margolin V I , Kostrin D K 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Technological and structural aspects of the synthesis of nanoscale films by magnetron sputtering methods and ways for improving their uniformity and structural perfection are considered. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed technological solution makes it possible to obtain high-quality coatings with almost complete absence of the droplet component.
Differential mapping spiking neural network for sensor-based robot control
Authors: Zahra Omar , Tolu Silvia , Navarro-Alarcon David 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this work, a spiking neural network (SNN) is proposed for approximating differential sensorimotor maps of robotic systems. The computed model is used as a local Jacobian-like projection that relates changes in sensor space to changes in motor space. The SNN consists of an input (sensory) layer and an output (motor) layer connected through plastic synapses, with inter-inhibitory connections at the output layer. Spiking neurons are modeled as Izhikevich neurons with a synaptic learning rule based on spike timing-dependent plasticity. Feedback data from proprioceptive and exteroceptive sensors are encoded and fed into the input layer through a motor babbling process. A guideline for tuning the network parameters is proposed and applied along with the particle swarm optimization technique. Our proposed control architecture takes advantage of biologically plausible tools of an SNN to achieve the target reaching task while minimizing deviations from the desired path, and consequently minimizing the execution time. Thanks to the chosen architecture and optimization of the parameters, the number of neurons and the amount of data required for training are considerably low. The SNN is capable of handling noisy sensor readings to guide the robot movements in real-time. Experimental results are presented to validate the control methodology with a vision-guided robot.
The water use of heating pathways to 2050: analysis of national and urban energy scenarios
Authors: Kaandorp C , van de Giesen N , Abraham E 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Sustainable energy systems can only be achieved when reducing both carbon emissions and water use for energy generation. Although the water use for electricity generation has been well studied, integrated assessments of the water use by low-carbon heat systems are lacking. In this paper we present an analysis of the water use of scenarios for heat and electricity production for the year 2050 for the Netherlands and its capital, Amsterdam. The analysis shows that (i) the water withdrawal for heating can increase up to the same order of magnitude as the current water withdrawal of thermoelectric plants due to the use of aquifer thermal energy storage, (ii) the virtual water use for heating can become higher than the operational water consumption for heating, and (iii) the water use for electricity production becomes a relevant indicator for the virtual water use for heat generation because of the increase of power-to-heat applications.
Does formalizing artisanal gold mining mitigate environmental impacts? Deforestation evidence from the Peruvian Amazon
Authors: Álvarez-Berríos Nora , L’Roe Jessica , Naughton-Treves Lisa 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A global surge in ‘artisanal’, smallscale mining (ASM) threatens biodiverse tropical forests and exposes residents to dangerous levels of mercury. In response, governments and development agencies are investing millions (USD) on ASM formalization; registering concessions and demarcating extraction zones to promote regulatory adherence and direct mining away from ecologically sensitive areas. The environmental outcomes of these initiatives are seldom systematically assessed. We examine patterns of mining-related deforestation associated with formalization efforts in a gold-rich region of the Peruvian Amazon. We track changes from 2001 to 2014 when agencies: (a) issued 1701 provisional titles and (b) tried to restrict mining to a >5000 km2 ‘corridor’. We use fixed-effect regression models and matching methods to control for gold price, geology, and accessibility. Mining increased dramatically during this period, clearing ∼40 000 ha of forest. After the mining corridor was declared and enforcement increased, new mining sites were opened more frequently within titled areas and inside the corridor than elsewhere. However, mining also increased in protected area buffer zones and native communities, and the proportion of mining area occurring outside the corridor grew, concentrated in a few hotspots. Interviews (n = 47) revealed that the hoped-for regulatory adherence failed to materialize because miners who were issued provisional titles started operations without complying with attendant environmental rules. Overlapping land claims for agriculture and forest extraction proved a major obstacle for obtaining full legal rights to mine. Miners resented the slow, costly formalization process but many sought titles to bolster territorial claims, avoid policing, obtain credit and recruit paying ‘guest’ miners who generally ignored regulations. We find that responses to formalization varied with changing context and while formalization may curb mining in some circumstances, it may exacerbate it in others. Without adequate enforcement, interagency coordination, and attention to competing land claims, formalizing ASM may accelerate ecological destruction.
Critical inundation level for methane emissions from wetlands
Authors: Calabrese Salvatore , Garcia Alicia , Wilmoth Jared L , Zhang Xinning , Porporato Amilcare 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Global methane (CH4) emissions have reached approximately 600 Tg per year, 20%–40% of which are from wetlands. Of the primary factors affecting these emissions, the water table level is among the most uncertain. Here we conduct a global meta-analysis of chamber and flux-tower observations of CH4 emissions and employ a novel mechanistic model to show that wetlands have maximum emissions at a critical level of inundation and discuss its origin. This maximum arises from an interplay between methanogenesis, methanotrophy, and transport, whose rates vary differently with the inundation level. The specific location of the critical water level above the soil surface may differ depending on wetland characteristics, for example temperature or the presence of macrophytes with aerenchyma. However, data suggest that globally a water level of about 50 cm is the most favorable to CH4 emissions. Keeping the water level away from this critical value could reduce methane emissions in human-made wetlands, which comprise at least one fifth of the global wetland area.
MONITORING AND DIAGNOSTICS OF FOREST CONDITION USING SOUND SENSORS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNOLOGIES
Authors: Bogomolov Alexander 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The article examines the state of the planet’s forests based on statistics and threats to their existence, which are proposed to be diagnosed based on sound signals emitted by the forest, recorded using special sensors and recognized using artificial intelligence. References are given to studies of the reaction of plants to stressful situations, technologies for recording plant sounds and forest sounds. The results of forest assessment are proposed to be presented in visual form on the interactive forest map. Linking the forest sound field with the interactive map will facilitate early diagnosis of possible forest diseases and prevent the spread of epidemics, as well as the use of interactive maps of the planet’s forests in simulation models of global development will clarify the limits of civilization growth and move these limits to a later date.
Antivirus architecture: links between epidemic thought and images
Authors: Kadhim Ibrahim Jawad , Mohsin Abbas Na’im 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Local architecture has succeeded in treating general issues related to human life and interests within various areas, including the social, economic, and environmental; however, it has been unable to address a global viral epidemic as a variable affecting human needs, thus necessitating diagnosis of defects and the development of alternative solutions, working with the idea of the overlap between thought and images in the systems of both the local architecture and the intelligent architecture, and the research problem thus emerged as “the necessity to develop the concept of an antivirus architecture with a local character and to examine its impact on improving reality during an epidemic crisis based on creating a locally intelligent architecture”. The aim of the research was thus to develop a theoretical model represented in an antivirus architecture with a local character that defines its components and mechanisms within the apparent system and carries within itself ideas that interact with both spatial and time dimensions in light of the current epidemic crisis. The research method included applying several procedures based on developing the theoretical framework and selecting samples for practical application, allowing the presentation of the most important conclusions that clarified the possibility of extracting specific components of the apparent system of that theoretical model.
Climate change impacts on potential water savings through household rainwater tanks in Adelaide (Australia)
Authors: Paudel U , Imteaz M A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper presents impacts of climate change on future water savings through rainwater tanks for the city of Adelaide in South Australia. Four rainfall stations within Adelaide metropolitan were selected for the current study. The projected rainfall data was generated by the Australian government applying Statistical Downscaling Modelling (SDSM) technique using observed data for the period of 1986-2005. Projected data was downloaded from the Australian government’s climate portal for three future years (2040, 2065 and 2090) and for two climate change scenarios. Projected daily rainfall data was applied to an earlier developed daily water balance model, eTank, which was widely used for the analysis of rainwater tank outcomes. Analyses were conducted for a single demand of rainwater (300 L/day) for two roof sizes (150 m2 and 300 m2) and two tank volumes (5 kL and 10 kL). It is found that potential future water savings for all the selected future years for the three selected stations are expected to reduce; considering all the variables, ranges of potential reductions for “Adelaide Airport” is 1%∼53%, for “Kent Town” is 4%∼29% and for “Happy Valley Reservoir” is 1%∼27%. For the fourth station, Edinburgh Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF), water savings are expected to increase under all the scenarios with a roof size of 150 m2. Whereas, with a roof size of 300 m2, for the same station water savings are expected to decrease under all the scenarios. The maximum potential increase in water savings is expected to be 16% (with a roof of 150 m2), while the maximum potential decrease in water savings is expected to be 23% (with a roof of 300 m2).
Transformation of asymmetric Schell-model beams with a wavefront-folding interferometer
Authors: Tang Miaomiao , Feng Xinxin , Liu Siyu , Li Hehe , Li Xinzhong 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We consider a class of random light beams, which are generated by inserting an asymmetric Schell-model beam into a wavefront-folding interferometer. Typical propagation behavior of such optical beams modulated by several legitimate complex coherence states has been investigated. In certain cases, these beams exhibit novel rotationally symmetric intensity patterns with rectangular or lattice-like lobes, and the pattern and location of each lobe can be controlled by adjusting the source coherence parameters. Besides, beam characteristics can be flexibly modulated by varying the phase delay between the two paths of the interferometer. Our results may be applied in free-space optical communication.
Functional polyaspartic acid fibers hydrogel membrane with enhanced mechanical performance prepared by coaxial electrospinning
Authors: Li Sijie , Zhang Caidan , Yu Qiaozhen , Jia Lin 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Coaxial electrospinning is a practical technique to combine the advantages of different materials. In this work, polyaspartic acid (PASP) fibers hydrogel membrane (FHM) was enhanced by thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) via coaxial electrospinning. Firstly, polysuccinimide (PSI) served as the intermediate of PASP was employed for coaxial electrospining with TPU. TPU/PSI core-shell fiber possessed cracked shell on core, uniform core-shell structure, dumbbell-shape and beaded-on-string morphology according to parameters adjustment. Then TPU/PASP-FHM was produced by the crosslinking and hydrolysis treatment of TPU/PSI fibers membrane. TPU with excellent mechanical properties improved the tensile strength of TPU/PASP-FHM. Owing to the Cu2+ absorption capability of PASP hydrogel shell, TPU/PASP-FHM was successfully used to detect 1 mg L−1 Cu2+ with color change from white to blue, which was able to be observed by naked-eye. Moreover, TPU/PASP-FHM after Cu2+ detection returned to its original color with acid elution, and it was able to be used repeatedly for Cu2+ detection.