bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The viability of analog-based accelerators for neuromorphic computing: a survey
Authors: Musisi-Nkambwe Mirembe , Afshari Sahra , Barnaby Hugh , Kozicki Michael , Sanchez Esqueda Ivan 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Focus in deep neural network hardware research for reducing latencies of memory fetches has steered in the direction of analog-based artificial neural networks (ANN). The promise of decreased latencies, increased computational parallelism, and higher storage densities with crossbar non-volatile memory (NVM) based in-memory-computing/processing-in-memory techniques is not without its caveats. This paper surveys this rich landscape and highlights the advantages and challenges of emerging NVMs as multi-level synaptic emulators in various neural network types and applications. Current and potential methods for reliably programming these devices in a crossbar matrix are discussed, as well as techniques for reliably integrating and propagating matrix products to emulate the well-known MAC-like operations throughout the neural network. This paper complements previous surveys, but most importantly uncovers further areas of ongoing research relating to the viability of analog-based ANN implementations based on state-of-the-art NVM technologies in the context of hardware accelerators. While many previous reviews of analog-based ANN focus on device characteristics, this review presents the perspective of crossbar arrays, peripheral circuitry and the required architectural and system considerations for an emerging memory crossbar neural network.
Cefazolin and rifampin: A coagulopathy-inducing combination
Authors: Castillo Almeida Natalia E , Stevens Ryan W , Gurram Pooja , Rivera Christina G , Suh Gina A 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Purpose
To identify risk factors that may predispose patients to rifampin- and cefazolin-induced coagulopathy.

Summary
An 86-year-old man with a history of rheumatoid arthritis on chronic prednisone and stage 3 chronic kidney disease, notably not on warfarin, presented to the hospital with a 10-day history of right hip pain, swelling, and drainage after a recent right total-hip arthroplasty. The patient underwent a combination of surgical intervention and medication therapy with rifampin and ceftriaxone. After discharge and at postoperative day 9, ceftriaxone was changed to cefazolin due to increasing alkaline phosphatase levels. Four weeks after the initial debridement, antibiotics, and implant retention, the patient underwent a second irrigation and debridement due to persistent infection. Cefazolin and rifampin therapy was extended. Three days later, the patient presented to the emergency room with significant bleeding at the surgical site and a profoundly elevated prothrombin time and international normalized ratio (INR). No potential contributors were identified. The Naranjo adverse drug reaction probability scale identified cefazolin and rifampin as the probable cause of elevated INR. The Liverpool adverse drug reaction avoidability assessment tool classified this adverse event as “definitely avoidable.”

Conclusion
Rifampin-containing regimens are often recommended to treat staphylococcal prosthetic joint infections when the implant is retained. In methicillin-susceptible staphylococcal infections, cefazolin is routinely employed as the β-lactam backbone of definitive antimicrobial regimens. Although rifampin- and cefazolin-induced hypoprothrombinemia seems to be rare, adverse consequences of its occurrence may be prevented with appropriate monitoring.
Hair Transplantation in Burn Scar Alopecia After Combined Non-Ablative Fractional Laser and Microfat Graft Treatment
Authors: Agaoglu Galip , Özer Fırat , Karademir Sacit , Agaoglu Esra , Erol Onur 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Background
Burn scar and alopecia on hair-bearing areas can severely affect the social life of patients. Unlike healthy skin, poor biological and mechanical properties of scar tissue in the recipient area can reduce the survival rate of hair graft following hair transplantation.

Objectives
The authors sought to determine if combined non-ablative fractional laser (NAFL) and microfat injection could improve the survival rate of hair grafts on post burn scar.

Methods
Thirteen patients with alopecia resulting from burn scar in hair-bearing areas of the scalp and face were treated with combined NAFL and microfat graft and subsequent follicular unit extraction hair transplantation. Cicatricial alopecia occurred on the scalp, eyebrow, mustache, and beard areas. Patients were treated with 3 to 6 sessions of NAFL and 2 to 5 sessions of microfat graft injections, followed by 1 session of hair transplantation employing the follicular unit extraction technique.

Results
Hair transplantation was successfully performed with good to excellent results. The survival rate of transplanted follicular units ranged from 76% to 95% (mean, 85.04%), and the density success rate per square centimeter ranged from 76.9% to 95.2% (mean, 84.54%). All patients expressed high satisfaction with the results and no complication was encountered.

Conclusions
Hair transplantation, after combined NAFL and microfat injection, is a promising treatment for post burn alopecia.

Level of Evidence: 4
A case report of open-aorta, direct transcatheter valve-in-valve implantation: an innovative approach to manage the hazard of coronary flow compromise in transcatheter aortic valve re-interventions
Authors: Calcaterra Domenico , Kaur Navneet , Dasari Gopika , Daniel George 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Background
Coronary flow compromise is a significant risk of transcatheter aortic valve therapy. Warranting preservation of coronary flow is even more challenging with transcatheter aortic valve re-intervention since the implantation of a transcatheter valve within a degenerated bioprosthetic or transcatheter valve increases significantly this hazard.

Case summary
We present a case of heart failure secondary to transcatheter aortic valve degeneration requiring a transcatheter aortic valve re-intervention. Pre-operative imaging studies demonstrated a high risk for iatrogenic coronary flow impairment. The patient underwent a successful surgical removal of the prosthetic valve leaflets followed by direct transcatheter aortic valve implantation.

Conclusion
We reviewed the literature on the approach to difficult coronaries in transcatheter aortic valve therapy, and we describe an innovative hybrid approach that may represent a viable alternative in cases where catheter techniques of coronary flow preservation are not applicable.
Emergency sandwich patch repair via right ventricular incision for postinfarction ventricular septal defects: a case series
Authors: Shimahara Yusuke , Fukushima Satsuki , Yajima Shin , Tadokoro Naoki , Kakuta Takashi , Asaumi Yasuhide , Kobayashi Junjiro , Fujita Tomoyuki 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Background
The surgical treatment for postinfarction ventricular septal defect (VSD) remains challenging, especially in emergency cases. Several authors have reported the efficacy of a sandwich patch VSD repair via a right ventricular (RV) incision. However, this procedure remains uncommon, and its efficacy is still unknown, especially when performed under an emergency.

Case summary
We were able to perform sandwich patch VSD repair via an RV incision on seven consecutive patients with VSD following an ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) from March 2017 to December 2019. Bovine pericardial patches were used for sandwich patches. Two patients developed inferior STEMI, and the other patients developed anterior STEMI. Six patients received intra-aortic balloon pump prior to surgery, and the other received extracorporeal membrane oxygenation with Impella. The interval between the diagnosis of VSD and surgery was within 1 day in all patients except one (5 days). All seven patients underwent VSD repair in the emergency status. Four patients underwent concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting. The hospital mortality rate was 14.3% (1/7). Early postoperative transthoracic echocardiography revealed that only one patient developed more than trace residual shunt. The postoperative right atrial pressure was not significantly elevated at ≤12 mmHg in all patients. No patient developed early postoperative prolonged low cardiac output syndrome.

Discussion
In patients with postinfarction VSD, a sandwich patch VSD repair via an RV incision is a promising procedure with a low incidence of residual shunt development and hospital mortality, even in emergency cases.
Platypnoea–orthodeoxia syndrome after percutaneous treatment of ruptured sinus Valsalva complicated by SARS-Cov-2 pneumonia: a case report
Authors: Jenab Yaser , Hosseinsabet Ali , Vaskelyte Laura , Hosseini Kaveh 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Background
Rupture of sinus of Valsalva (RSV) to right atrium (RA) causes significant left to right shunt, tricuspid regurgitation, and right ventricular failure. If left uncorrected it can lead to biventricular heart failure. Hence, early invasive management is advised. To date, there is no report about platypnoea–orthodeoxia syndrome (POS) after device closure of ruptured sinus of Valsalva.

Case summary
A 50-year-old woman with dyspnoea of exertion and rupture of sinus valsalva to right atrium was referred to our hospital. On admission, chest computed tomography (CT) was normal. After closure of the rupture, she developed orthostatic hypoxemia and frequent cough. A repeat chest CT was suggestive of COVID-19 infection which most probably occurred during the hospitalization. Although COVID-19 was thought to be the only culprit, her symptoms were not solely justified by COVID-19. Transthoracic echocardiography showed patent foramen ovale (PFO) with significant shunt. PFO device closure was performed under intracardiac echocardiography guidance.

Discussion
Interatrial septum deformation may happen after RSV correction and right to left shunt from PFO may become more significant. POS is an important indication for PFO closure which should be noticed by careful examination. As COVID-19 is the most frequent pathology these days, it may delay other probable diagnosis, and hence detailed history taking and physical examination is mandatory.
Histological Inflammation in the Endoscopically Uninflamed Mucosa is Associated With Worse Outcomes in Limited Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: de Frias Gomes Catarina Geraldes , de Almeida Alexandra Sofia Ribeiro , Mendes Catarina Callé Lucas , Ellul Pierre , Burisch Johan , Buhagiar Tiffany , Attard Abigail , Lo Bobby , Ungaro Ryan C , da Silva Morão Bárbara Tonilhas , Gouveia Catarina Ferreira , de Carvalho e Branco Joana Milheiro Delgado , Rodrigues Jaime Manuel Martins Pereira , Teixeira Cristina , Dias de Castro Maria Francisca Faria , Nunes Gonçalo Filipe Domingos , Brito Mariana , de Sousa Antunes Marília Cristina , Borralho Nunes Paula Maria Ferreira Brinca , da Silva Torres Joana Maria Tinoco 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Background
The Montreal classification categorizes patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) based on their macroscopic disease extent. Independent of endoscopic extent, biopsies through all colonic segments should be retrieved during index colonoscopy. However, the prognostic value of histological inflammation at diagnosis in the inflamed and uninflamed regions of the colon has never been assessed.

Methods
This was a multicenter retrospective cohort study of newly diagnosed patients with treatment-naïve proctitis and left-sided UC. Biopsies from at least 2 colonic segments (endoscopically inflamed and uninflamed mucosa) were retrieved and reviewed by 2 pathologists. Histological features in the endoscopically inflamed and uninflamed mucosa were scored using the Nancy score. The primary outcomes were disease complications (proximal disease extension, need for hospitalization or colectomy) and higher therapeutic requirements (need for steroids or for therapy escalation).

Results
Overall, 93 treatment-naïve patients were included, with a median follow-up of 44 months (range, 2-329). The prevalence of any histological inflammation above the endoscopic margin was 71%. Proximal disease extension was more frequent in patients with histological inflammation in the endoscopically uninflamed mucosa at diagnosis (21.5% vs 3.4%, P = 0.04). Histological involvement above the endoscopic margin was the only predictor associated with an earlier need for therapy escalation (adjusted hazard ratio, 3.69; 95% confidence interval, 1.05-13.0); P = 0.04) and disease complications (adjusted hazard ratio, 4.79; 95% confidence interval, 1.10-20.9; P = 0.04).

Conclusions
The presence of histological inflammation in the endoscopically uninflamed mucosa at the time of diagnosis was associated with worse outcomes in limited UC.
Adverse clinical outcomes associated with infections by Enterobacterales producing ESBL (ESBL-E): a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Ling Weiping , Furuya-Kanamori Luis , Ezure Yukiko , Harris Patrick N A , Paterson David L 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Enterobacterales producing ESBL (ESBL-E) have been notable for their rapid expansion in community settings. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to summarize evidence investigating the association between ESBL-E infection and adverse clinical outcomes, defined as bacteraemia, sepsis or septic shock, and all-cause mortality in adult patients.

Methods
Database search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus and EMBASE. In general, studies were screened for effect estimates of ESBL-E colonization or infection on clinical outcomes with non-ESBL-producing Enterobacterales as comparator, adult populations and molecular ascertainment of ESBL gene. Meta-analysis was performed using the inverse variance heterogeneity model.

Results
Eighteen studies were identified, including 1399 ESBL-E and 3200 non-ESBL-E infected patients. Sixteen of these studies included only bacteraemic patients. Mortality was studied in 17 studies and ESBL-E infection was significantly associated with higher odds of mortality compared with non-ESBL-producing Enterobacterales infection (OR = 1.70, 95% CI: 1.15–2.49, I2=58.3%). However, statistical significance did not persist when adjusted estimates were pooled (aOR = 1.67, 95% CI: 0.52–5.39, I2=78.1%). Septic shock was studied in seven studies and all included only bacteraemic patients. No association between ESBL-E infection and shock was found (OR = 1.23, 95% CI: 0.75–2.02, I2=14.8%). Only one study investigated the association between ESBL-E infection and bacteraemia.

Conclusions
Infections by ESBL-E appear to be significantly associated with mortality but not septic shock. Available studies investigating bacteraemia and shock as an intermediate outcome of ESBL-E infections are lacking. Future studies investigating the relationship between clinical outcomes and molecular characteristics of resistant strains are further warranted, along with studies investigating this in non-bacteraemic patients.
Three-dimensional structure analysis of mouse nails using synchrotron radiation
Authors: Yoo HyunJong , Jung YongJu , Jang Sang-Hun , Lee Suk-Jun , Lee OnSeok 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Until now, studies on nail diseases have been performed through microscopic diagnosis and microscopic computed tomography (micro-CT). However, these kinds of conventional methods have some limitations. Firstly, the microscopic method is considered the gold standard for medical diagnosis. However, due to the use of fluorescent materials, the sample is damaged and it takes a long time to get results. Secondly, while micro-CT is a noninvasive method to get inner structure images of the sample with high resolution, the penetration and spatial resolution are insufficient for studying the microstructures of the sample, such as the sponge bone and the muscle fibers. In contrast, synchrotron radiation (SR) X-ray imaging technology has the advantage of very vividly demonstrating the anatomic structure of the sample with high penetration, sensitivity and resolution. In this study, we compared the optical microscopic method using hematoxylin and eosin staining and SR imaging to analyze the nail tissue in a mouse model. The results showed that SR could depict the inner structures of a mouse nail without any physical damage. Additionally, we could divide the important anatomical structures of the nail unit into three parts with three-dimensional (3D) images: the nail bed, nail matrix and hyponychium. The images showed that SR could be used for analyzing nails by visualizing the relatively clear and medically semantic structures in a 3D section. We expect that the results of this study will be applied to study nail diseases and conduct pharmaceutical research on their treatment.
Financial Burden of Discarded Weight-based Antineoplastic Drugs to Payers and Patients in the Private Insurance Market
Authors: Shih Ya-Chen Tina , Xu Ying , Zhao Hui , Schrag Deborah , Yao James 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Background
Our study estimated insurance payments and patient out-of-pocket (OOP) expenses associated with discarded weight-based intravenous antineoplastic drugs for privately insured US adult patients with cancer.

Methods
We identified patients who received weight-based antineoplastic drugs from a 2017 MarketScan health risk assessment (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY) linked to claims data. Using weight information in the health risk assessment, we derived the recommended dose and calculated the percentage of drugs discarded. We applied β-regression to determine factors associated with the discarded percentages. To compare patients with and without high-deductible plans, we employed a generalized linear model and a 2-part model to examine insurance payment and OOP expense, respectively. All statistical tests were 2-sided.

Results
Of 27 350 claims for 58 weight-based antineoplastic drugs from 1970 patients, the median discarded percentage was 9.8% (mean [SD] = 12.8% [10.5%]). Aside from drug and tumor type, statistically significantly higher discarded percentages were found for patients in the lowest weight group (5.5% [95% confidence interval = 4.7% to 6.4%]; P &lt; .001; weight &lt;150 lb [68.0 kg] vs ≥200 lb [90.7 kg]). Private payers spent $5090 per patient in 2017 on discarded weight-based antineoplastic drugs, and patients’ mean OOP expense on discarded drugs was $63. In total, 39.7% of patients had high-deductible plans. The adjusted mean OOP expense for discarded drugs was statistically significantly higher for those in high-deductible plans ($95 vs $47; P &lt; .001).

Conclusions
Private insurers incurred substantial financial burden from discarded weight-based antineoplastic drugs. Although the OOP expenses of discarded drugs were modest for most privately insured patients with cancer, approximately 5% spent more than $400 on the discarded drugs. Policies designed to reduce drug waste from single-dose, weight-based antineoplastic drugs should evaluate their financial consequences for payers and patients.
Xenogeneic Silencing and Bacterial Genome Evolution: Mechanisms for DNA Recognition Imply Multifaceted Roles of Xenogeneic Silencers
Authors: Duan Bo , Ding Pengfei , Navarre William Wiley , Liu Jun , Xia Bin 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is a major driving force for bacterial evolution. To avoid the deleterious effects due to the unregulated expression of newly acquired foreign genes, bacteria have evolved specific proteins named xenogeneic silencers to recognize foreign DNA sequences and suppress their transcription. As there is considerable diversity in genomic base compositions among bacteria, how xenogeneic silencers distinguish self- from nonself DNA in different bacteria remains poorly understood. This review summarizes the progress in studying the DNA binding preferences and the underlying molecular mechanisms of known xenogeneic silencer families, represented by H-NS of Escherichia coli, Lsr2 of Mycobacterium, MvaT of Pseudomonas, and Rok of Bacillus. Comparative analyses of the published data indicate that the differences in DNA recognition mechanisms enable these xenogeneic silencers to have clear characteristics in DNA sequence preferences, which are further correlated with different host genomic features. These correlations provide insights into the mechanisms of how these xenogeneic silencers selectively target foreign DNA in different genomic backgrounds. Furthermore, it is revealed that the genomic AT contents of bacterial species with the same xenogeneic silencer family proteins are distributed in a limited range and are generally lower than those species without any known xenogeneic silencers in the same phylum/class/genus, indicating that xenogeneic silencers have multifaceted roles on bacterial genome evolution. In addition to regulating horizontal gene transfer, xenogeneic silencers also act as a selective force against the GC to AT mutational bias found in bacterial genomes and help the host genomic AT contents maintained at relatively low levels.
Soil Microbial Diversity Impacts Plant Microbiota More than Herbivory
Authors: Malacrinò Antonino , Karley Alison J. , Schena Leonardo , Bennett Alison E. 
Published: May 2021

Interactions between plants and microbiomes play a key role in ecosystem functioning and are of broad interest due to their influence on nutrient cycling and plant protection. However, we do not yet have a complete understanding of how plant microbiomes are assembled. Here, we tested and quantified the effect of different factors driving the diversity and composition of plant-associated microbial communities. We manipulated soil microbial diversity (high or low diversity), plant species (Solanum tuberosum or S. vernei), and herbivory (presence or absence of a phloem-feeding insect, Macrosiphum euphorbiae) and found that soil microbial diversity influenced the herbivore-associated microbiome composition but also plant species and herbivory influenced the soil microbiome composition. We quantified the relative strength of these effects and demonstrated that the initial soil microbiome diversity explained the most variation in plant- and herbivore-associated microbial communities. Our findings strongly suggest that soil microbial community diversity is a driver of the composition of multiple associated microbiomes (plant and insect), and this has implications for the importance of management of soil microbiomes in multiple systems.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .