bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patterns of multimorbidity trajectories and their correlates among Korean older adults
Authors: Lee Sun Ah , Joo Susanna , Chai Hye Won , Jun Hey Jung 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Objective
This study aims to identify distinct patterns of 10-year multimorbidity trajectory among Korean older adults and examine factors associated with the patterns.

Methods
Data were drawn from the six waves of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing (KLoSA, 2006–2016). We examined trajectories of multimorbidity of 1,705 older adults aged 65 and older using Growth Mixture Modeling. Then, the identified patterns were used as dependent variables to examine the correlates of multimorbidity trajectories. Explanatory variables considered were sociodemographic, psychological, health behavioural and interpersonal factors at baseline.

Results
Four distinct patterns of multimorbidity trajectories were identified: ‘maintaining-low’ (59.4%), ‘chronically-high’ (7.5%), ‘moderately-increasing’ (26.0%) and ‘rapidly- increasing’ (7.1%). Gender, depressive symptoms, life satisfaction and frequency of contacts with others were associated with trajectory membership. Specifically, women were more likely to be in the ‘chronically-high’ group than any other groups. Compared to the ‘maintaining-low’ group, those with higher levels of depressive symptoms and lower levels of life satisfaction were more likely to belong to the ‘chronically-high’ group and ‘moderately-increasing’ group, respectively. Respondents who had less frequent meetings with others in close relationships were more likely to be in the ‘rapidly-increasing’ group than the ‘maintaining-low’ group.

Discussion
These findings are suggestive of distinct trajectories of multimorbidity across older adulthood, indicating that multimorbidity experiences might differ among older adults. Moreover, results suggest that there may be gender inequalities in multimorbidity trajectories, and that levels of psychological well-being and social engagement could be useful in identifying older adults who are at higher risk of worsening multimorbidity.
Ability of Pelvic Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Predict Clinical Course of Perianal Fistula in Paediatric Crohn’s Disease Patients
Authors: Kim Pyeong Hwa , Kim Seo Hee , Cho Young Ah , Yoon Hee Mang , Lee Jin Seong , Jung Ah Young , Oh Seak Hee , Kim Dae Yeon , Namgoong Jung-Man , Kim Kyung Mo 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Background and Aims
Evidence is limited regarding clinical course and magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] features of perianal fistula [PAF] in Korean children with Crohn’s disease [CD]. We investigated MRI features of PAF and associations with long-term outcomes.

Methods
We retrospectively analysed 243 patients with pelvic MRI for diagnosis of CD. Incidence of clinically evident PAF at diagnosis was determined, as were the proportions of patients with clinical failure [failure to achieve fistula healing within 1 year] and recurrence [new/recurrent PAF after fistula healing within 1 year]. Associations between outcomes and MRI features, specified in modified Van Assche index and MAGNIFI-CD, were evaluated. Associations between later development of clinically evident PAF and subclinical PAF detected on MRI at diagnosis were evaluated.

Results
Among 243 included patients, 108 [44.4%] and 76 [31.3%] had clinically evident and subclinical PAF at diagnosis, respectively; 66.4% of the patients with clinically evident PAF achieved fistula healing within 1 year, and 32.7% of those patients developed recurrence. Fistula length and dominant features of the tracts were associated with clinical failure, and fistula length was associated with recurrence. Clinically evident PAF developed in 17.0% of the patients without clinically evident PAF at diagnosis. We did not find statistically significant association between subclinical PAF and later development of clinically evident PAF [adjusted hazard ratio, 2.438; p = 0.15].

Conclusions
A considerable proportion of Korean paediatric CD patients had clinically evident and subclinical PAF. Fistula length and dominant feature of the tract on MRI are useful predictors of outcomes.
Organization of the micronuclear genome of oxytricha nova.
Authors: Jahn C L , Prescott K E , Waggener M W 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In the hypotrichous ciliated protozoan Oxytricha nova, approximately 95% of the micronuclear genome, including all of the repetitive DNA and most of the unique sequence DNA, is eliminated during the formation of the macronuclear genome. We have examined the interspersion patterns of repetitive and unique and eliminated and retained sequences in the micronuclear genome by characterizing randomly selected clones of micronuclear DNA. Three major classes of clones have been defined: (1) those containing primarily unique, retained sequences; (2) those containing only unique, eliminated sequences; and (3) those containing only repetitive, eliminated sequences. Clones of type one and three document two aspects of organization observed previously: clustering of macronuclear destined sequences and the presence of a prevalent repetitive element. Clones of the second type demonstrate for the first time that eliminated unique sequence DNA occurs in long stretches uninterrupted by repetitive sequences. To further examine repetitive sequence interspersion, we characterized the repetitive sequence family that is present in 50% of the clones (class three above). A consensus map of this element was obtained by mapping approximately 80 phage clones and by hybridization to digests of micronuclear DNA. The repeat element is extremely large (approximately 24 kb) and is interspersed with both macronuclear destined sequences and eliminated unique sequences.
Molecular evolution of the Escherichia coli chromosome. II. Clonal segments.
Authors: Milkman R , Stoltzfus A 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Remarkable sequence similarities in the trp region among Escherichia coli strains of diverse natural origins imply the existence of worldwide clones of very recent origin. This in turn implies a low rate of fixation of new universally favorable alleles, which carry adjacent stretches of chromosome to high frequency. These clonal segments begin as entire chromosomes; recombination shortens them progressively by substituting less closely related homologous DNA. The rate of this recombination, comprising the introduction of a homologous chromosomal fragment to a cell and the replacement of part of the original chromosome, is estimated from observations.
The mutation bronze-mutable 4 derivative 6856 in maize is caused by the insertion of a novel 6.7-kilobase pair transposon in the untranslated leader region of the bronze-1 gene.
Authors: Klein A S , Clancy M , Paje-Manalo L , Furtek D B , Hannah L C , Nelson O E 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The Ds-controlled allele, bz-m4 Derivative 6856 [bz-m4 D6856], is reported to have an altered temporal- and tissue-specific pattern of gene expression. We have cloned this allele and have characterized it at the molecular level. The mutation was caused by the insertion of a complex transposon-like structure 36 base pairs downstream from the Bz mRNA cap site. The insert is 6.7-kbp long. Ds elements, each approximately 2 kbp in length, are at both ends of the insert. The sequence between the Ds elements is a partial duplication of flanking sequences from the 3' end of the Bz gene. These data suggest that Ds initially inserted near the 3' end of the gene and mobilized adjacent sequences as it transposed.
Identification and characterization of mutations affecting sporulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Authors: Smith L M , Robbins L G , Kennedy A , Magee P T 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Mutations affecting the synthesis of the sporulation amyloglucosidase were isolated in a homothallic strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, SCMS7-1. Two were found, both of which were deficient in sporulation at 34 degrees. One, SL484, sporulated to 50% normal levels at 30 degrees but less than 5% at 34 degrees or 22 degrees. The other, SL641, failed to sporulate at any temperature. Both mutants were blocked before premeiotic DNA synthesis, and both complemented spo1, spo3, and spo7. Genetic analysis of the mutation in SL484 indicated linkage to TRP5 and placed the gene 10 map units from TRP5 on chromosome VII. A plasmid containing an insert which complements the mutation in SL484 fails to complement SL641. We therefore conclude that these two mutations are in separate genes and we propose to call these genes SPO17 and SPO18. These two genes are (with SPO7, SPO8, and SPO9) among the earliest identified in the sporulation pathway and may interact directly with the positive and negative regulators RME and IME.
Mutations in elongation factor EF-1 alpha affect the frequency of frameshifting and amino acid misincorporation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Authors: Sandbaken M G , Culbertson M R 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
A mutational analysis of the eukaryotic elongation factor EF-1 alpha indicates that this protein functions to limit the frequency of errors during genetic code translation. We found that both amino acid misincorporation and reading frame errors are controlled by EF-1 alpha. In order to examine the function of this protein, the TEF2 gene, which encodes EF-1 alpha in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was mutagenized in vitro with hydroxylamine. Sixteen independent TEF2 alleles were isolated by their ability to suppress frameshift mutations. DNA sequence analysis identified eight different sites in the EF-1 alpha protein that elevate the frequency of mistranslation when mutated. These sites are located in two different regions of the protein. Amino acid substitutions located in or near the GTP-binding and hydrolysis domain of the protein cause suppression of frameshift and nonsense mutations. These mutations may effect mistranslation by altering the binding or hydrolysis of GTP. Amino acid substitutions located adjacent to a putative aminoacyl-tRNA binding region also suppress frameshift and nonsense mutations. These mutations may alter the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA by EF-1 alpha. The identification of frameshift and nonsense suppressor mutations in EF-1 alpha indicates a role for this protein in limiting amino acid misincorporation and reading frame errors. We suggest that these types of errors are controlled by a common mechanism or closely related mechanisms.
INOSITOL-REQUIRING MUTANTS OF SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE
Authors: Culbertson Michael R , Henry Susan A 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
Fifty-two inositol-requiring mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were isolated following mutagenesis with ethyl methanesulfonate. Complementation and tetrad analysis revealed ten major complementation classes, representing ten independently segregating loci (designated in01 through inol0) which recombined freely with their respective centromeres. Members of any given complementation class segregated as alleles of a single locus. Thirteen complementation subclasses were identified among thirty-six mutants which behaved as alleles of the inol locus. The complementation map for these mutants was circular.—Dramatic cell viability losses indicative of unbalanced growth were observed in liquid cultures of representative mutants under conditions of inositol starvation. Investigation of the timing, kinetics, and extent of cell death revealed that losses in cell viability in the range of 2-4 log orders could be prevented by the addition of inositol to the medium or by disruption of protein synthesis with cycloheximide. Mutants defective in nine of the ten loci identified in this study displayed these unusual characteristics. The results suggest an important physiological role for inositol that may be related to its cellular localization and function in membrane phospholipids. The possibility is discussed that inositol deficiency initiates the process of unbalanced growth leading to cell death through the loss of normal assembly, function, or integrity of biomembranes—Part of this work has been reported in preliminary form (CULBERTSON and HENRY1 974).
A NEW TYPE OF MUTATION IN SCHIZOSACCHAROMYCES POMBE: VEGETATIVE IODINE REACTION
Authors: Meade James H , Gutz Herbert 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
Colonies of Schizosaccharomyces pombe that contain ascospores (e.g., colonies of homothallic strains) turn black after treatment with iodine vapors. Heterothallic strains of S. pombe normally do not show this reaction. In experiments with the latter strains we found mutants which exhibit a positive iodine reaction though they do not contain ascospores. This phenotype is due to mutations in a new gene, vir1 (vegetative iodine reaction). The vir1 locus is not linked with the mating-type genes.—Strains of mating-type h-s are known not to give any spontaneous mating-type mutations. Mating-type mutations were also not found after treatment with nitrous acid.
IMMUNE RESPONSE AND THE B BLOOD GROUP LOCUS IN CHICKENS
Authors: Pevzner Igal , Nordskog Arne W , Kaeberle Merlin L 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
Chickens of three blood group genotypes, B1B1, B1B2 and B1B19, were compared in their ability to produce antibodies. The B locus is the major histocompatibility locus in this species. Homozygous B1 pullets had significantly higher adult mortality than did the B1 heterozygotes. In two separate experiments the B1B1 females produced significantly fewer antibodies to Salmonella pullorum than did the B1 heterozygotes. Also the B1B1 pullets responded with lower antibody titers following immunization with ferritin, bovine serum albumin and parainfluenza-3 virus, although the differences were not significant. The results of this study suggest that an immune response gene is associated with the major histocompatibility locus in chickens, paralleling the H-2 locus and Ir genes in mice.
POPULATION GENETICS OF ALLOZYME VARIATION IN NEUROSPORA INTERMEDIA
Authors: Spieth P T 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
Electrophoretically detectable variation in the fungus Neurospora intermedia has been surveyed among isolates from natural populations in Malaya, Papua, Australia and Florida. The principal result is a pattern of genetic variation within and between populations that is qualitatively no different than the well documented patterns for Drosophila and humans. In particular, there is a high level of genetic variation, the majority of which occurs at the level of local populations. Evidence is presented which argues that N. intermedia has a population structure analogous to that of an annual vascular plant with a high level of vegetative reproduction. Sexual reproduction appears to be a regular feature in the biology of the species. Substantial heterokaryon function seems unlikely in natural populations of N. intermedia. Theoretical considerations concerning the mechanisms underlying the observed pattern of variation most likely should be consistent with haploid selection theory. The implications of this constraint upon the theory are discussed in detail, leading to the presentation of a model based upon the concept of environmental heterogeneity. The essence of the model, which is equally applicable to haploid and diploid situations, is a shifting distribution of multiple adaptive niches among local populations such that a given population has a small net selective pressure in favor of one allele or another, depending upon its particular distribution of niches. Gene flow among neighboring populations with differing net selective pressures is postulated as the principal factor underlying intrapopulational allozyme variation.
Anisotropic a posteriori error estimate for the virtual element method
Authors: Antonietti P F , Berrone S , Borio A , D’Auria A , Verani M , Weisser S 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
We derive an anisotropic a posteriori error estimate for the adaptive conforming virtual element approximation of a paradigmatic two-dimensional elliptic problem. In particular, we introduce a quasi-interpolant operator and exploit its approximation results to prove the reliability of the error indicator. We design and implement the corresponding adaptive polygonal anisotropic algorithm. Several numerical tests assess the superiority of the proposed algorithm in comparison with standard polygonal isotropic mesh refinement schemes.
Early Differences in Cytokine Production by Severity of Coronavirus Disease 2019
Authors: Tjan Lidya Handayani , Furukawa Koichi , Nagano Tatsuya , Kiriu Tatsunori , Nishimura Mitsuhiro , Arii Jun , Hino Yasuhisa , Iwata Sachiyo , Nishimura Yoshihiro , Mori Yasuko 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Most patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) experience asymptomatic disease or mild symptoms, but some have critical symptoms requiring intensive care. It is important to determine how patients with asymptomatic or mild COVID-19 react to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection and suppress virus spread. Innate immunity is important for evasion from the first virus attack, and it may play an important role in the pathogenesis in these patients. We measured serum cytokine levels in 95 patients with COVID-19 during the infection’s acute phase and report that significantly higher interleukin 12 and 2 levels were induced in patients with asymptomatic or mild disease than in those with moderate or severe disease, indicating the key roles of these cytokines in the pathogenesis of asymptomatic or mild COVID-19.
Detecting Fentanyl Analogs in Urine Using Precursor Ion Scan Mode
Authors: Budelier Melissa M , Franks Caroline E , Farnsworth Christopher W , Roper Stephen M 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The opioid crisis has led many providers to inquire about the capabilities of urine drug testing (UDT) to detect contemporary compounds such as fentanyl and fentanyl analogs (FAs). However, current methods for clinical UDT, including immunoassays and targeted liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, are not designed to broadly screen for the variety of FAs that may be encountered. In this proof-of-principle study, we developed a precursor ion scan (PIS) method to enable semi-targeted data acquisition for structurally related FAs. Based on the knowledge that many analogs fragment to m/z = 188 and m/z = 105, data were acquired on all precursor ions of 250–400 Da that fragmented to these product ions. Using a tandem mass spectrometer, we analyzed 102 residual urine specimens, in which we identified fentanyl, acetylfentanyl and acrylfentanyl. In 30 contrived urine samples, the PIS was also able to identify furanylfentanyl, butyrylfentanyl, 4-fluoroisobutyrylfentanyl and despropionylfentanyl with accuracy ranging from 83% to 100%.
Solidarity, Social Justice, and Faith: Humanitarian Action on the U.S.-Mexico Border
Authors: Panter-Brick Catherine 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis article examines how notions of solidarity, social justice, and faith guide humanitarian work at the U.S.-Mexico border. Based on interviews and participant observation in three regions, it examines the narratives of lay and religious actors serving migrants, refugees, and asylum-seekers, to understand the moral and political resonance of their work in the context of border surveillance, migrant detentions, and mass deportation. Different notions of solidarity and justice jostle one another, espousing political and structural dimensions, whilst faith inspires the conviction that change can be enacted. A radical message for social action is, notably, fuelled by anger and courage, and used to confront pain and fear in the humanitarian and political sphere. This article contributes to a better understanding of how notions of human dignity, justice, and advocacy are articulated by humanitarian actors at the border, a site of striking civic and faith-based resistance to the criminalization of refugee and undocumented communities.
Functional Divergence of Multiple Duplicated Foxl2 Homeologs and Alleles in a Recurrent Polyploid Fish
Authors: Gan Rui-Hai , Wang Yang , Li Zhi , Yu Zhao-Xi , Li Xi-Yin , Tong Jin-Feng , Wang Zhong-Wei , Zhang Xiao-Juan , Zhou Li , Gui Jian-Fang 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Evolutionary fates of duplicated genes have been widely investigated in many polyploid plants and animals, but research is scarce in recurrent polyploids. In this study, we focused on foxl2, a central player in ovary, and elaborated the functional divergence in gibel carp (Carassius gibelio), a recurrent auto-allo-hexaploid fish. First, we identified three divergent foxl2 homeologs (Cgfoxl2a-B, Cgfoxl2b-A, and Cgfoxl2b-B), each of them possessing three highly conserved alleles and revealed their biased retention/loss. Then, their abundant sexual dimorphism and biased expression were uncovered in hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis. Significantly, granulosa cells and three subpopulations of thecal cells were distinguished by cellular localization of CgFoxl2a and CgFoxl2b, and the functional roles and the involved process were traced in folliculogenesis. Finally, we successfully edited multiple foxl2 homeologs and/or alleles by using CRISPR/Cas9. Cgfoxl2a-B deficiency led to ovary development arrest or complete sex reversal, whereas complete disruption of Cgfoxl2b-A and Cgfoxl2b-B resulted in the depletion of germ cells. Taken together, the detailed cellular localization and functional differences indicate that Cgfoxl2a and Cgfoxl2b have subfunctionalized and cooperated to regulate folliculogenesis and gonad differentiation, and Cgfoxl2b has evolved a new function in oogenesis. Therefore, the current study provides a typical case of homeolog/allele diversification, retention/loss, biased expression, and sub-/neofunctionalization in the evolution of duplicated genes driven by polyploidy and subsequent diploidization from the recurrent polyploid fish.
Human pathways in animal models: possibilities and limitations
Authors: Doncheva Nadezhda T , Palasca Oana , Yarani Reza , Litman Thomas , Anthon Christian , Groenen Martien A M , Stadler Peter F , Pociot Flemming , Jensen Lars J , Gorodkin Jan 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Animal models are crucial for advancing our knowledge about the molecular pathways involved in human diseases. However, it remains unclear to what extent tissue expression of pathways in healthy individuals is conserved between species. In addition, organism-specific information on pathways in animal models is often lacking. Within these limitations, we explore the possibilities that arise from publicly available data for the animal models mouse, rat, and pig. We approximate the animal pathways activity by integrating the human counterparts of curated pathways with tissue expression data from the models. Specifically, we compare whether the animal orthologs of the human genes are expressed in the same tissue. This is complicated by the lower coverage and worse quality of data in rat and pig as compared to mouse. Despite that, from 203 human KEGG pathways and the seven tissues with best experimental coverage, we identify 95 distinct pathways, for which the tissue expression in one animal model agrees better with human than the others. Our systematic pathway-tissue comparison between human and three animal modes points to specific similarities with human and to distinct differences among the animal models, thereby suggesting the most suitable organism for modeling a human pathway or tissue.