bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A treatment planning study comparison between supine and prone position for different lung tumour locations using CyberKnife TPS
Authors: Akasaka Hiroaki , Mizonobe Kazufusa , Oki Yuya , Uehara Kazuyuki , Harada Aya , Miyazaki Shuichiro , Kitatani Keiji , Yabuuchi Tomonori , Ishihara Takeaki , Miyawaki Daisuke , Nakayama Masao , Mukumoto Naritoshi , Yada Ryuichi , Nakaoka Ai , Kubota Hikaru , Kawaguchi Hiroki , Seno Satoshi , Sasaki Ryohei , Mayahara Hiroshi 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAim:CyberKnife is the most advanced form of stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) system that uses a robotic arm to deliver highly focused beams of radiation; however, a limitation is that it only irradiates from ceiling to floor direction. In patients with posterior lungs tumour who are positioned supine, normal lung tissue may suffer undesirable radiation injuries. This study compares the treatment planning between the prone set-up and the supine set-up for lung cancer in CyberKnife SBRT to decrease normal lung dose to avoid radiation side effects.Materials and methods:A human phantom was used to generate 108 plans (54 for prone and 54 for supine) using the CyberKnife planning platform. The supine and prone plans were compared in terms of the dosimetric characteristics, delivery efficiency and plan efficiency.Results:For posterior targets, the area of low-dose exposure to normal lungs was smaller in the prone set-up than in the supine set-up. V10 of the lungs was 7·53% and 10·47% (p < 0·001) in the anterior region, and 10·78% and 8·03% (p < 0·001) in the posterior region in the supine and prone set-up plans, respectively.Conclusions:The comparison between the prone set-up and the supine set-up was investigated with regard to target coverage and dose to organs at risk. Our results may be deployed in CyberKnife treatment planning to monitor normal tissue dose by considering patient positioning. This may assist in the design of better treatment plans and prevention of symptomatic radiation pneumonitis in lung cancer patients.
Efficacy and toxicity hypofractionated radiotherapy for centrally located non-small cell lung cancer
Authors: Janjua Tanzeel , Sun Fei , Clarke Katy , Dickinson Pete , Franks Kevin , Arunsingh Moses , Teo Mark , Jain Pooja 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Aim:
Centrally located early-stage non-small cell lung cancer in patients who are unfit for surgery are treated with fractionated radiotherapy. We present the outcomes of a moderately hypofractionated accelerated dose regimen of 50 Gy in 15 fractions from a single centre in the UK.

Materials and methods:
Electronic case notes and radiotherapy records of lung cancer patients treated between January 2014 and December 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. Adult Comorbidity Evaluation-27 score was used to evaluate comorbidities. Mean lung doses and percentage of lung receiving more than 20 Gy were calculated for all patients. Survival outcomes were estimated using Kaplan–Meier curves.

Results:
Fifty-three patients were included in the study; the median follow-up was 20.2 months. 87% of patients had stage I disease. There was no 30-day post-treatment mortality. Ninety-day mortality rate after radiotherapy was 3.8%. Grade 2 pneumonitis was seen in five patients while no grade 3 or 4 pneumonitis was observed. The median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were 18.5 months and 28.2 months, respectively. The estimated 1 and 2 years PFS were 62.3% and 41.3%, respectively, and OS were 77.4% and 56.6%, respectively. Worsening performance status was associated with worse survival on cox regression analysis. Disease relapsed in 36% of patients. 7.5% of patients with relapsed disease had infield recurrence.

Findings:
50 Gy in 15 fractions radiotherapy for central early-stage lung cancer is a feasible choice that requires further randomised trials.
Learning Chinese: Walter A. Taylor, an American Architect in China (1923–27)
Authors: Burette Stephanie 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe American architect Walter A. Taylor, who was an Episcopal missionary in China from 1923 to 1927, intended to ‘desig[n] churches and other buildings that were Chinese and belonged to China’.2Taylor found himself at a crossroads, between Christian architecture in his home country, the USA, which was experiencing a time of transition, and the birth of the Chinese Republic and its strong rejection of Western hegemony. This article investigates how Taylor tried to undertake his task, where he found inspiration and what this indigenized architecture looked like. I argue that, although his work aimed at participating in the shift towards indigenization, it bore the signs of Chinese culture as seen through the eyes of a Westerner and imperialism.
Assessing the Ethos of Anglican Primary Schools in Wales: The Student Voice Project
Authors: Francis Leslie J. , Lankshear David W. , Eccles Emma L. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSince the Anglican Church in England and Wales began to build schools long before the state developed machinery to do so, around a quarter of all primary schools remain connected with the Anglican Church. The church school inspection system maintains that Anglican schools have a distinctive ethos. The Student Voice Project argues that school ethos is generated by the implicit collective values, beliefs and behaviours of the students, and was designed to give explicit voice to the students in response to six specific areas of school life identified by the Anglican school inspection criteria as relevant to school ethos. Drawing on data provide by 8,111 year-five and year-six students attending Church in Wales primary schools, the present study reports on the six ethos measures and on significant differences reported by female and male students, and by year-five and year-six students.
Pangea Migration
Authors: Le Pichon Xavier , Jellinek Mark , Lenardic Adrian , Şengör A. M. Celal , İmren Caner 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe confirm the proposition of Le Pichon et al (2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018TC005445) that Pangea was ringed by a hemispheric subduction girdle from its formation 400 Ma to its dispersal 100 Ma. We quantify the northward migration, that we attribute to True Polar Wander (TPW), of its axis of symmetry, between 400 and 150 Ma, from southern latitudes to the equatorial zone. The spatial stabilizing within the equatorial zone of the axis of symmetry in a fixed position with respect to the lower mantle was marked by alternating clockwise and counterclockwise oscillations between 250 and 100 Ma that we relate to tectonic events. A subduction girdle is predicted to set up lateral temperature gradients from the relatively warm sub‐Pangean mantle to a cooler sub‐oceanic mantle. Over time, this effect acts to destabilize the Pangea landmass and its associated subduction girdle. Quantitatively, a scaling theory for the stability of the subduction girdle against the mantle overturn constrains the maximum magnitude of sub‐Pangean warming before breakup to be order 100 °C, consistent with constraints on the Pacific‐Atlantic oceanic crustal thickness differences. Our predictions are in line with the recent analyses of the Jurassic‐Cretaceous climate change and with the existing models for potential driving forces for a TPW oscillation of Pangea across the equator. The timing and intensity of the predicted sub‐Pangean warming potentially contributed to the enigmatically large Siberian Traps and CAMP flood basalts at 250 Ma and 201 Ma, respectively.
Moment Tensors of Ring‐Faulting at Active Volcanoes: Insights Into Vertical‐CLVD Earthquakes at the Sierra Negra Caldera, Galápagos Islands
Authors: Sandanbata Osamu , Kanamori Hiroo , Rivera Luis , Zhan Zhongwen , Watada Shingo , Satake Kenji 
Published: May 2021

AbstractModerate earthquakes (Mw > 5) with moment tensors (MTs) dominated by a vertical compensated‐linear‐vector‐dipole (vertical‐CLVD) component are often generated by dip slip along a curved ring‐fault system at active volcanoes. However, relating their MTs to ring‐fault parameters has been proved difficult. The objective of this study is to find a robust way of estimating some ring‐fault parameters based on their MT solutions obtained from long‐period seismic records. We first model the MTs of idealized ring‐faulting and show that MT components representing the vertical‐CLVD and vertical strike‐slip mechanisms are resolvable by the deviatoric MT inversion using long‐period seismic waves, whereas a component representing the vertical dip‐slip mechanism is indeterminate owing to a shallow source depth. We then propose a new method for estimating the arc angle and orientation of ring‐faulting using the two resolvable MT components. For validation, we study a vertical‐CLVD earthquake that occurred during the 2005 volcanic activity at the Sierra Negra caldera, Galápagos Islands. The resolvable MT components are stably determined with long‐period seismic waves, and our estimation of the ring‐fault parameters is consistent with the ring‐fault geometry identified by previous geodetic studies and field surveys. We also estimate ring‐fault parameters of two earthquakes that took place during the 2018 activity at the caldera, revealing significant differences between the two earthquakes in terms of slip direction and location. These results show the usefulness of our method for estimating ring‐fault parameters, enabling us to examine the kinematics and structures below active volcanoes with ring faults that are distributed globally.
What Are the Different Measures of Mobility Telling Us About Surface Transportation CO2 Emissions During the COVID‐19 Pandemic?
Authors: Gensheimer Johannes , Chen Jia , Turner Alexander J. , Shekhar Ankit , Wenzel Adrian , Keutsch Frank N. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe COVID‐19 pandemic led to widespread reductions in mobility and induced observable changes in atmospheric emissions. Recent work has employed novel mobility data sets as a proxy for trace gas emissions from traffic by scaling CO2 emissions linearly with those near‐real‐time mobility data. Yet, there has been little work evaluating these emission numbers. Here, we systematically compare these mobility data sets to traffic data from local governments in seven diverse urban and national/state regions to characterize the magnitude of errors that result from using the mobility data. We observe differences in excess of 60% between these mobility data sets and local traffic data. We could not find a general functional relationship between the mobility data and traffic flow over all the regions and observe higher deviations from using such general relationships than the original data. Finally, we give an overview of the potential errors that come from estimating CO2 emissions using (mobility or traffic) activity data. Future work should be cautious while using these mobility metrics for emission estimates.
Statistical Characteristics of Inertial Gravity Waves Over a Tropical Station in the Western Pacific Based on High‐Resolution GPS Radiosonde Soundings
Authors: He Yang , Zhu Xiaoqian , Sheng Zheng , Zhang Jie , Zhou Lesong , He Mingyuan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe characteristics of gravity wave activity in tropical areas have been extensively explored, but at present, less attention has been paid to the activity of inertial gravity waves (IGWs) in the Western Pacific based on in‐situ detection data. Based on the radiosonde data over Guam (13.3°N, 144.4°E) for 6 years (2013–2018), the hodograph method and spectrum analysis are used to analyze the statistical characteristics of IGWs in the troposphere (2–14 km) and stratosphere (18–28 km). The gravity wave (GW) energy in the troposphere has clear annual cycle, with the strongest activity in winter and the weakest in monsoon. In the stratosphere, the periodic variation of wave energy is interrupted due to the 2016 quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO) disruption reflected in the zonal wind field. In the troposphere, the quantity of up‐propagating GWs is close to that of the down‐propagating GWs, while in the stratosphere, they are almost up‐propagating GWs. The horizontal propagation direction of GWs is mainly northeast and southwest in both the troposphere and the stratosphere, since the weak background wind field does not produce significant filtering effect. The spectral amplitude based on the normalized temperature perturbation has clear uniform annual variations in the troposphere and stratosphere, which are the largest in winter and the smallest in monsoon. Due to the “saturation” process in the up‐propagating process of GWs, the spectral slope is more negative in the stratosphere.
An Extreme Heat Event Induced by Typhoon Lekima (2019) and Its Contributing Factors
Authors: Zhao Dingchi , Lin Yanluan , Li Yuanlong , Gao Xiaoyu 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAs two prominent natural hazards, tropical cyclone (TC) and heat compound events seem irrelevant on most occasions. TC generally leads to cooling, but could induce extreme heat days (EHD) and heat compound hazard under certain circumstances. An EHD along the southeastern coast of China (SECC) associated with Typhoon Lekima (2019) is documented with its major contributing factors. The formation and intensity of the EHD were found to be closely related to the outer circulation of Lekima by comparing a series of WRF simulations. Via a boundary layer heat budget, we found local sensible heat flux was a necessary, but not sufficient condition for this EHD. Aided by a backward trajectory analysis, we found that upstream surface sensible heat flux, subsidence induced by Typhoon Lekima, and foehn effect due to local topography played approximately equal roles to the occurrence of the EHD. The retreat of regional land‐sea breeze circulation was also beneficial to the appearance of the EHD. Such TC‐heat events might be more overwhelming due to more vigorous TCs with warming in the future.
A Method for Calculating Atmospheric Radiation Produced by Relativistic Electron Precipitation
Authors: Xu Wei , Marshall Robert A. , Tobiska W. Kent 
Published: May 2021

AbstractRadiation safety in the Earth's atmosphere is of particular importance to our living environment, especially at aviation altitudes. Aviation radiation has been long known to originate primarily from the galactic and solar system: galactic cosmic rays and solar energetic protons. Recent flight measurements by the Automated Radiation Measurements for Aerospace Safety experiment have uncovered another potential source for aviation radiation: Relativistic Electron Precipitation (REP) from the Van Allen radiation belts. REP can induce radiation at aviation altitudes through bremsstrahlung X‐ray production, which carries radiation down to the stratosphere and even the troposphere. In this study, using a suite of physics‐based Monte Carlo models, we characterize the effective radiation dose produced at altitudes between ground and low‐Earth‐orbit by relativistic precipitation electrons with energies between 100 keV and 10 MeV. We produce a lookup table of atmospheric radiation production that calculates the expected radiation dose for a given precipitation flux, spectrum, and pitch angle distribution. This lookup table provides results that are consistent with X‐ray measurements during radiation belt precipitation by balloon‐borne instruments in the stratosphere, and can be directly used to convert space‐borne measurements of precipitation fluxes into aviation radiation. This study represents our first attempt toward better understanding of REP's role in the atmospheric high‐altitude radiation environment.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of tocilizumab in persons with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19)
Authors: Chen Chong-xiang , Hu Fang , Wei Jin , Yuan Le-tao , Wen Tian-meng , Gale Robert Peter , Liang Yang 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe performed a meta-analysis to determine safety and efficacy of tocilizumab in persons with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). We searched PubMed, Web of Science and Medline using Boolean operators for studies with the terms coronavirus OR COVID-19 OR 2019-nCoV OR SARS-CoV-2 AND tocilizumab. Review Manager 5.4 was used to analyze data and the modified Newcastle–Ottawa and Jadad scales for quality assessment. We identified 32 studies in 11,487 subjects including three randomized trials and 29 cohort studies with a comparator cohort, including historical controls (N = 5), a matched cohort (N = 12), or concurrent controls (N = 12). Overall, tocilizumab decreased risk of death (Relative Risk [RR] = 0.74; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59, 0.93; P = 0.008; I2 = 80%) but not of surrogate endpoints including ICU admission (RR = 1.40 [0.64,3.06]; P = 0.4; I2 = 88%), invasive mechanical ventilation (RR = 0.83 [0.57,1.22]; P = 0.34; I2 = 65%) or secondary infections (RR = 1.30 [0.97,1.74]; P = 0.08; I2 = 65%) and increased interval of hospitalization of subjects discharged alive(mean difference [MD] = 2 days [<1, 4 days]; P = 0.006; I2 = 0). RRs of death in studies with historical controls (RR = 0.28 [0.16,0.49; P < 0.001]; I2 = 62%) or a matched cohort (RR = 0.68 [0.53, 0.87]; P = 0.002; I2 = 42%) were decreased. In contrast, RRs of death in studies with a concurrent control (RR = 1.10 [0.77, 1.56]; P = 0.60; I2 = 85%) or randomized (RR = 1.18 [0.57,2.44]; P = 0.66; I2 = 0) were not decreased. A reduced risk of death was not confirmed in our analyses which questions safety and efficacy of tocilizumab in persons with COVID-19.
Improving the precision of optical metrology by detecting fewer photons with biased weak measurement
Authors: Yin Peng , Zhang Wen-Hao , Xu Liang , Liu Ze-Gang , Zhuang Wei-Feng , Chen Lei , Gong Ming , Ma Yu , Peng Xing-Xiang , Li Gong-Chu , Xu Jin-Shi , Zhou Zong-Quan , Zhang Lijian , Chen Geng , Li Chuan-Feng , Guo Guang-Can 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn optical metrological protocols to measure physical quantities, it is, in principle, always beneficial to increase photon number n to improve measurement precision. However, practical constraints prevent the arbitrary increase of n due to the imperfections of a practical detector, especially when the detector response is dominated by the saturation effect. In this work, we show that a modified weak measurement protocol, namely, biased weak measurement significantly improves the precision of optical metrology in the presence of saturation effect. This method detects an ultra-small fraction of photons while maintains a considerable amount of metrological information. The biased pre-coupling leads to an additional reduction of photons in the post-selection and generates an extinction point in the spectrum distribution, which is extremely sensitive to the estimated parameter and difficult to be saturated. Therefore, the Fisher information can be persistently enhanced by increasing the photon number. In our magnetic-sensing experiment, biased weak measurement achieves precision approximately one order of magnitude better than those of previously used methods. The proposed method can be applied in various optical measurement schemes to remarkably mitigate the detector saturation effect with low-cost apparatuses.
PRMT6 activates cyclin D1 expression in conjunction with the transcription factor LEF1
Authors: Schneider Lucas , Herkt Stefanie , Wang Lei , Feld Christine , Wesely Josephine , Kuvardina Olga N. , Meyer Annekarin , Oellerich Thomas , Häupl Björn , Seifried Erhard , Bonig Halvard , Lausen Joern 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe establishment of cell type specific gene expression by transcription factors and their epigenetic cofactors is central for cell fate decisions. Protein arginine methyltransferase 6 (PRMT6) is an epigenetic regulator of gene expression mainly through methylating arginines at histone H3. This way it influences cellular differentiation and proliferation. PRMT6 lacks DNA-binding capability but is recruited by transcription factors to regulate gene expression. However, currently only a limited number of transcription factors have been identified, which facilitate recruitment of PRMT6 to key cell cycle related target genes. Here, we show that LEF1 contributes to the recruitment of PRMT6 to the central cell cycle regulator CCND1 (Cyclin D1). We identified LEF1 as an interaction partner of PRMT6. Knockdown of LEF1 or PRMT6 reduces CCND1 expression. This is in line with our observation that knockdown of PRMT6 increases the number of cells in G1 phase of the cell cycle and decreases proliferation. These results improve the understanding of PRMT6 activity in cell cycle regulation. We expect that these insights will foster the rational development and usage of specific PRMT6 inhibitors for cancer therapy.
Rapid isolation and immune profiling of SARS-CoV-2 specific memory B cell in convalescent COVID-19 patients via LIBRA-seq
Authors: He Bing , Liu Shuning , Wang Yuanyuan , Xu Mengxin , Cai Wei , Liu Jia , Bai Wendi , Ye Shupei , Ma Yong , Hu Hengrui , Meng Huicui , Sun Tao , Li Yanling , Luo Huanle , Shi Mang , Du Xiangjun , Zhao Wenjing , Chen Shoudeng , Yang Jingyi , Zhu Haipeng , Jie Yusheng , Yang Yuedong , Guo Deyin , Wang Qiao , Liu Yuwen , Yan Huimin , Wang Manli , Chen Yao-Qing 
Published: May 2021

AbstractB cell response plays a critical role against SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, little is known about the diversity and frequency of the paired SARS-CoV-2 antigen-specific BCR repertoire after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing and VDJ sequencing using the memory and plasma B cells isolated from five convalescent COVID-19 patients, and analyzed the spectrum and transcriptional heterogeneity of antibody immune responses. Via linking BCR to antigen specificity through sequencing (LIBRA-seq), we identified a distinct activated memory B cell subgroup (CD11chighCD95high) had a higher proportion of SARS-CoV-2 antigen-labeled cells compared with memory B cells. Our results revealed the diversity of paired BCR repertoire and the non-stochastic pairing of SARS-CoV-2 antigen-specific immunoglobulin heavy and light chains after SARS-CoV-2 infection. The public antibody clonotypes were shared by distinct convalescent individuals. Moreover, several antibodies isolated by LIBRA-seq showed high binding affinity against SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) or nucleoprotein (NP) via ELISA assay. Two RBD-reactive antibodies C14646P3S and C2767P3S isolated by LIBRA-seq exhibited high neutralizing activities against both pseudotyped and authentic SARS-CoV-2 viruses in vitro. Our study provides fundamental insights into B cell response following SARS-CoV-2 infection at the single-cell level.