bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial and temporal dynamics of phytoplankton assemblages in the upper Mississippi River
Authors: Manier John T. , Haro Roger J. , Houser Jeffrey N. , Strauss Eric A. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPhytoplankton provide large quantities of organic carbon and biomolecules that support large river ecosystems. However, when certain groups become overabundant (e.g., cyanobacteria), they can pose a risk to human health and river biota. The purpose of this study was to examine the spatial and temporal dynamics of phytoplankton community composition within the upper Mississippi River. More specifically, we analyzed samples from main channel, impounded, and backwater areas of Navigation Pools 8 and 13 to examine lateral variability within each of these pools. We analyzed samples from the main channel of Pool 26 to examine longitudinal variation among Pools 8, 13, and 26. Phytoplankton and water quality samples were collected during the summer months of 2006–2009. The main channels of Pool 8 and Pool 13 were generally dominated by diatoms, although cyanobacteria were (at times) more abundant. The backwaters were generally dominated by cyanobacteria and typified by flagellated species (e.g., cryptomonads and euglenoids). The main channel of Pool 26 was always dominated by diatoms. Discharge influenced phytoplankton community composition. In Pool 26, taxonomic richness tended to increase with increasing discharge. There were no linear correlations between cyanobacteria total or proportional biovolume and nutrient concentrations, indicating that nutrient limitation was not common. Differences in phytoplankton communities were generally associated with physical factors such as discharge, turbidity, and residence time.
An applied framework for assessing the relative deprivation of dam‐affected communities
Authors: Zhang Ruilian , Owen John R. , Kemp Deanna , Shi Guoqing 
Published: September 2021

AbstractOver the past half century, hydropower dams have displaced 40–80 million people around the world. In the development literature, the outcome of these shocks is represented in the form of “absolute deprivation.” The policy norms surrounding development‐induced displacement and resettlement, across all industries, prioritize compensation as the primary means through which to address any short‐term deprivation caused by the shock of displacement. One dimension that has been overlooked is the force and effect of “relative deprivation (RD).” To demonstrate the merits of the RD approach, we develop a novel framework to assess the poverty conditions of affected communities across different resettlement schemes in Qinghai Province, China. A review of the case literature shows the scope and depth of deprivations experienced by those directly impacted by project‐induced displacement. Our findings offer two important insights. First, that restorative schemes that most closely resemble like‐for‐like appear to have the least negative impact in RD terms. Second, that the involuntary acquisition of land in hosting communities should be accounted for in the same way as the acquisition of land for the project. The impacts of “indirect” displacement can be significantly greater, particularly when the responsibility for managing or mitigating these impacts falls outside the formal scope of the project.
Quantifying the feasibility of shortening clinical trial duration using surrogate markers
Authors: Wang Xuan , Cai Tianxi , Tian Lu , Bourgeois Florence , Parast Layla 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe potential benefit of using a surrogate marker in place of a long‐term primary outcome is very attractive in terms of the impact on study length and cost. Many available methods for quantifying the effectiveness of a surrogate endpoint either rely on strict parametric modeling assumptions or require that the primary outcome and surrogate marker are fully observed that is, not subject to censoring. Moreover, available methods for quantifying surrogacy typically provide a proportion of treatment effect explained (PTE) measure and do not directly address the important questions of whether and how the trial can be ended earlier using the surrogate marker. In this article, we specifically address these important questions by proposing a PTE measure to quantify the feasibility of ending trials early based on endpoint information collected at an earlier landmark point in a time‐to‐event outcome setting. We provide a framework for deriving an optimally predicted outcome for individual patients at based on a combination of surrogate marker and event time information in the presence of censoring. We propose a non‐parametric estimator for the PTE measure and derive the asymptotic properties of our estimators. Finite sample performance of our estimators are illustrated via extensive simulation studies and a real data application examining the potential of hemoglobin A1c and fasting plasma glucose to predict treatment effects on long term diabetes risk based on the Diabetes Prevention Program study.
Magnetically Recyclable Heterogeneous Cobalt Ferrite Catalyst for the Direct N‐Alkylation of (Hetero)aryl Amines with Alcohols
Authors: Panigrahi Uttam Kumar , Bhat Venugopal T. , Ramakrishnan Vengadesh Kumara Mangalam 
Published: September 2021

AbstractHerein we report the use of spinel cobalt ferrite nanoparticles as an efficient and selective catalyst for the mono N‐alkylation of aryl and hetero aryl amines with various aromatic and aliphatic alcohols. Based on our experiments, the optimum condition for good to excellent yield were observed with alcohol (1.0 mmol), aniline (1.2 mmol), KOH (0.5 equiv), and CoFe2O4 nanocatalyst (10 mol%) in toluene at 130 °C in 24 hours. Further control experiment studies revealed that the reaction does not proceed in the absence of the catalyst or a strong base. This magnetically recyclable nanocatalyst does not require any ligands and is easily synthesized at low temperature. The reutilization of the recovered catalyst in a fresh reaction gave good to excellent yield. The experiment results strongly suggest a borrowing hydrogen pathway for N‐alkylation under our standard conditions. The utility of these nanocatalysts was also demonstrated for the dehydrogenative synthesis of heterocycles like indole and quinolines.
Hydroxypropylation of 1,2 Galactomannan by Taguchi's L9 Orthogonal Array Design
Authors: Tyagi Rakhi , Kumar Vineet , Sharma Pradeep , Nautiyal Raman 
Published: September 2021

AbstractHydroxypropyl guar is one of the industrially significant biopolymers. In the present study, hydroxypropylation of guar gum was investigated using Taguchi's L9 orthogonal array design of experiment. Reaction conditions were optimized to obtain higher hydroxypropyl content (%) in the derivatized sample. The optimized conditions comprised 7 mL and 0.12 g of propylene oxide and NaOH respectively, keeping the methanol: water ratio 7 : 3, and reaction time 3 h at 60 °C. The hydroxypropyl content of the derivative synthesized under optimized reaction conditions was determined as 0.830 %. The structural changes introduced by the modification were corroborated by FT‐IR, 1‐D (1H, 13C, and DEPT‐135), and 2‐D (HSQC, HMBC, and COSY) NMR spectroscopic analysis. Thermal studies of the hydroxypropyl derivatives vis a vis native guar using TGA, DSC, and DTG indicated better thermal stability of the hydroxypropyl derivative in comparison to the native guar gum. The studies demonstrate that Taguchi's L9 orthogonal array is a statistically sound approach for hydroxypropylation of guar gum involving lesser number of experiments than the conventional approach.
Interplay of Hydrogen and Halogen Bonding in the Crystal Structures of 2,6‐Dihalogenated Phenols
Authors: Bauer Jonathan O. , Koschabek Sarah , Falk Alexander 
Published: September 2021

AbstractHydrogen and halogen bonds are important anisotropic attractive interactions in the molecular crystalline state. 2,6‐dibromophenol (1) was analyzed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction for the first time. The intermolecular interaction pattern was studied by Hirshfeld surface analysis along with 2D fingerprint diagrams. The characteristic interactions that dominate the crystal packing are electrostatic type‐II Br⋅⋅⋅Br interactions, O−H⋅⋅⋅O hydrogen bonds, and an offset parallel π‐stacking arrangement. Compound 1 was compared with 2,6‐difluoro‐ (2) and 2‐bromo‐6‐chlorophenol (3) in terms of their interplay between hydrogen and halogen bonding. Whereas the O−H⋅⋅⋅O hydrogen bond is more pronounced in the lighter homologues, the halogen⋅⋅⋅halogen interaction becomes a particularly important directional, attractive interaction in the crystal structure of 2,6‐dibromophenol.
Rigid Polyurethane Composites Reinforced with Carbon Fibers Decorated with a Skein‐like Silver Coating
Authors: Yang Jie , Li Weiwei , Zhou Yilong , Liu Huixin 
Published: September 2021

AbstractComposites with high strength and toughness are the goals that people pursue. However, the strength and toughness of composites are generally contradictory, and the performances of carbon fibers (CFs) reinforced composites mainly depend on the interfacial bonding strength between fibers and matrix. By observing the skein, we designed a coating similar to the skein on the CF surface, so that the matrix could penetrate into the cavities of the “skein” to improve the interface bonding strength of the composites. In this work, the skein‐like silver coating was obtained on the CF surface by electrodeposition method, and the rigid polyurethane (RPU) matrix composites were prepared to evaluate the properties of materials. Compared with pure RPU, the strength and toughness of skein‐like Ag‐CFs/RPU composites were significantly improved by 87.1 % and 70.2 %, respectively. The satisfactory results were due to the skein‐like silver coating on the fiber surface. The skein structure made the interface between the matrix and the fibers stronger through penetration, and it could also play a pinning role and increase the crack propagation path. The silver coating also gave the composites better electromagnetic properties, which reflected the conductivity and electromagnetic interference shielding performances were 2.4×10−5 S/M and 59.83 dB, respectively.
Photochemical Properties of a Mononuclear Mn(I) Triscarbonyl Complex in Water: An Insight into Different Oxidation States
Authors: Marchi Rafael C. , de Aguiar Inara , Camilo Mariana R. , Braga Adriano H. , Do Nascimento Eduardo S. P. , Santana Vinicius T. , Nascimento Otaciro R. , Carlos Rose M. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis study reports the photochemical behavior of fac‐[Mn(phen)CO3(4MeImH)]+ in neutral aqueous solution. The complex presents two 4MeImH linkage isomers, adjacent (A) and remote (R), which coexist in solution although with marked stability differences. In water, the steric effect converts A into an aqua‐complex while R remains stable. Photolysis of the mixture followed by UV‐vis, infrared (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and cyclic voltammetry showed changes in the coordination sphere and oxidation state of each Mn center. Upon light irradiation, the mixture behaves as an antenna system to absorb light, producing the {Mn(II)(phen.−)}+ moieties and releasing CO, which provides open sites for water coordination. Upon successive irradiation, the EPR spectra showed an increasing signal at g=2.0 corresponding to Mn(II) centers, a phenanthroline anion (2.0046) that vanishes at longer irradiation time, and an increasing component (gx∼9.85 and gy∼3.9) corresponding to Mn(IV). This makes the spectroscopic properties, excited state character, and dynamics of fac‐[Mn(phen)(CO)3(4MeImH)]+ significantly different from those of all manganese complexes studied so far.
Photo‐Fenton Degradation of Nitroaromatic Explosives by Light‐Powered Hematite Microrobots: When Higher Speed Is Not What We Go For
Authors: Peng Xia , Urso Mario , Pumera Martin 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSelf‐powered micromachines are considered a ground‐breaking technology for environmental remediation. Light‐powered Janus microrobots based on photocatalytic semiconductors asymmetrically covered with metals have recently received great interest as they can exploit light to move and contemporarily degrade pollutants in water. Although various metals have been explored and compared to design Janus microrobots, the influence of the metal layer thickness on motion behavior and photocatalytic properties of microrobots have not been investigated yet. Here, light‐driven hematite/Pt Janus microrobots are reported and fabricated by depositing Pt layers with different thickness on hematite microspheres produced by hydrothermal synthesis. It has been demonstrated that the thicker the metal layer the higher the microrobots speed. However, when employed for the degradation of nitroaromatic explosives pollutants through the photo‐Fenton mechanism, higher rate of H2O2 consumption leads to higher propulsion speed of microrobots and lower pollutants degradation efficiencies owing to less H2O2 involved in the photo‐Fenton reaction. This work presents new insights into the motion behavior of light‐powered Janus micromotors and demonstrates that high speed is not what really matters for water purification via photo‐Fenton reaction, which is important for the future environmental applications of micromachines.
New information on the Jurassic lepidosauromorph Marmoretta oxoniensis
Authors: Griffiths Elizabeth F. , Ford David P. , Benson Roger B.J. , Evans Susan E. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe earliest known crown‐group lepidosaurs are known from the Middle Triassic; however, their stem group is poorly sampled, with only a few representative fossils found. This is partly due to the small size and delicate bones of early stem‐lepidosaurs (= non‐lepidosaurian lepidosauromorphs), which make both preservation in the fossil record and subsequent discovery less likely. The Middle Jurassic lepidosauromorph Marmoretta oxoniensis is re‐examined using high‐resolution micro‐computed tomography to reveal parts of the skull anatomy that were previously unknown. These include a squamosal, postorbital, more complete parietal, pterygoids, and an articulated posterior section of the mandible. Some differences between this and other Marmoretta specimens were identified as a result, such as the arrangement of palatal teeth and the shape of the parabasisphenoid. The status of Marmoretta as a stem‐lepidosaur or stem‐squamate has been debated. To evaluate this, we tested the phylogenetic position of Marmoretta by including our new data in an adapted phylogenetic character matrix. We recover Marmoretta as a stem‐lepidosaur and sister to Fraxinisaura rozynekae. Our findings support the hypothesis that both taxa belonged to a clade of non‐lepidosaurian lepidosauromorphs that co‐existed with lepidosaurs into the Middle Jurassic.
China's Shaxian Snacks: A national brand's globalization challenge
Authors: Chen Min 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis case study examines the growth of Shaxian Snacks, which became a nationally known fast food brand in China within the span of 20 years. Shaxian Snacks restaurants are found not only in all areas of China, but also in other countries such as the United States, Australia, and Portugal. Shaxian Snacks is unique since, unlike franchises such as McDonald's and Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC), it is a collective brand, under which thousands of small fast food restaurants operate independently but offer similar menus, service, and price range. The case traces the development of Shaxian Snacks, analyzing the role of the local government, competitiveness dynamics, and challenges of this collective brand. A collective brand is not owned by a specific company or individual but is associated with a common product, originating in one location that can be used by any enterprise or individual as long as they follow common practices related to the brand. The case explores the inter‐relationships of Shaxian Snacks and local economic development, and projects the Shaxian Snacks brand's future. The case reveals how a local government can promote local economic development, and may inspire local governments of other developing regions and countries to pursue similar strategies in developing their economies.
Aminoxyl (nitroxyl or nitroxide) radical formation by the action of ozone on squalene containing secondary aromatic amine antioxidants
Authors: Cataldo Franco 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSqualene, a model compound of polyisoprene or natural rubber, was employed as solvent to study the reaction between ozone and a series of N,N′‐substituted‐p‐phenylenediamines (PPDs) and other secondary aromatic amines. In all cases, it was found that nitroxyl radicals were formed nearly quantitatively by the action of ozone on the squalene solutions containing dissolved the selected additives. The resulting nitroxyl radicals from PPDs or from other secondary aromatic amines were easily detected by electron spin resonance spectroscopy at room temperature and the isotropic and anisotropic hyperfine interaction constants of the said nitroxides were determined. The FT‐IR spectroscopy was employed to show the easy oxidation of unprotected squalene when exposed to an ozone stream, while in presence of PPDs, ozone is quantitatively scavenged by the PPDs forming the resulting nitroxides and protecting completely squalene from ozonolysis reactions. The nitroxyl radicals formed by PPDs or secondary aromatic amine ozonation exert a permanent antioxidant activity entering in a redox cycle already known to ensure a long flex fatigue life or the given rubber compound.
Conserved motifs in the flavivirus NS3 RNA helicase enzyme
Authors: Du Pont Kelly E. , McCullagh Martin , Geiss Brian J. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractFlaviviruses are a major health concern because over half of the world population is at risk of infection and there are very few antiviral therapeutics to treat diseases resulting from infection. Replication is an essential part of the flavivirus survival. One of the viral proteins, NS3 helicase, is critical for unwinding the double stranded RNA intermediate during flaviviral replication. The helicase performs the unwinding of the viral RNA intermediate structure in an ATP‐dependent manner. NS3 helicase is a member of the Viral/DEAH‐like subfamily of the superfamily 2 helicase containing eight highly conserved structural motifs (I, Ia, II, III, IV, IVa, V, and VI) localized between the ATP‐binding and RNA‐binding pockets. Of these structural motifs only three are well characterized for function in flaviviruses (I, II, and VI). The roles of the other structural motifs are not well understood for NS3 helicase function, but comparison of NS3 with other superfamily 2 helicases within the viral/DEAH‐like, DEAH/RHA, and DEAD‐box subfamilies can be used to elucidate the roles of these structural motifs in the flavivirus NS3 helicase. This review aims to summarize the role of each conserved structural motif within flavivirus NS3 in RNA helicase function.This article is categorized under:
RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein‐RNA Interactions: Functional Implications
RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease
Synthesis and Investigation of Magnetic Properties of Rod Shaped Micron Sized Ni4 and Co2Ni2 Cluster based MOFs
Authors: Singha Debal Kanti , Islam Shams Sohel , Das Chhatan , Ahmed KC Niyaz , Nath Ramesh Chandra , Mahata Partha 
Published: September 2021

AbstractTwo new metal cluster (Ni4 and Co2Ni2) based rod shaped micron sized metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) of formulas [Ni2(μ3‐OH)(μ2‐H2O)(pyrazine)(OBA)(OBAH)] (compound‐1) and [CoNi(μ3‐OH)(μ2‐H2O)(pyrazine)(OBA)(OBAH)] (compound‐2), {OBA=4,4′‐Oxybis(benzoate)} are synthesized via solvothermal technique. Structural, morphological and magnetic properties of both the compounds are characterized using x‐ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and DC magnetization measurements. The homogeneous presence of Co and Ni with a molar ratio of ∼1 : 1 in compound‐2 is confirmed by EDX elemental mapping analysis. Magnetic measurements reveal that both the compounds are magnetically frustrated due to competing antiferromagnetic (AFM) and ferromagnetic (FM) interactions. Compound‐1 has dominant FM while compound‐2 has dominant AFM interactions. At low temperatures, magnetic long‐range‐order sets in, which is identified to be canted FM and canted AFM type for compound‐1 and 2, respectively. Below the ordering temperature, multiple magnetic transitions including spin‐glass transitions are detected, which can be ascribed to the effect of strong frustration in both the compounds.
Wakanda Forever
Authors: Distiller Natasha 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis chapter applies the ideas developed in the first two chapters to the notion of race in America and in the psychology practiced in the West. It defines race and racism, using historical and psychological lenses. It applies binary thinking to the development of racism and explores the history of race thinking in the psy disciplines. It applies the concept of complicity to racialized binary thinking through the film Black Panther.
Risk factors for developing anorectal dysfunction after anterior resection
Authors: Afshari Kevin , Smedh Kenneth , Wagner Philippe , Chabok Abbas , Nikberg Maziar 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Background
Anterior resection (AR) may result in defecatory dysfunction and the cause is multifactorial. The aim was to explore if dysfunction could be related to the part of the colon used for anastomosis (sigmoid or descending) and to identify other possible risk factors for bowel dysfunction after AR.

Methods
This is a retrospective study based on prospectively registered data from a regional registry at the surgical department in Västmanland 1996–2019. Bowel function was registered at 1 year after AR or after stoma reversal. In total, 470 stage I–III rectal cancer patients had AR whereof 412 were included in this study.

Results
Clustering was seen in 57%, incontinence 29%, urgency 22%, and evacuatory dysfunction 16%. The part of the colon used for anastomosis, level of vascular tie, and gender were not significantly associated with defecatory dysfunction. The higher the anastomotic level, the lower the risk of incontinence (OR 0.75; CI 0.63–0.90; p < 0.001) and clustering (OR 0.78; CI 0.67–0.90; p < 0.001). Compared with patients without a loop-ileostomy, an increased risk of clustering (OR 1.89; 1.08–3.31; p = 0.03), incontinence (OR 2.48; 1.29–4.77; p < 0.01), and urgency (OR 4.61; CI 2.02–10.60; p < 0.001) was seen after loop-ileostomy closure. Preoperative radiotherapy had a negative impact on continence and clustering seen mainly in the unadjusted analysis.

Conclusion
The part of the colon used for anastomosis was not a significantly associated functional outcome after anterior resection. Low anastomotic level and having had a diverting ileostomy were independent risk factors associated with negative functional outcomes.
Media Arbitration Schemes: Addressing the Backlog of Defamation Cases in Malaysia
Authors: Suhaimi Imaduddin 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe rise in defamation claims in Malaysia has placed an onerous workload on the courts to deal with such matters. Against this backdrop, Hamid Sultan Abu Backer JC (as his Lordship then was) (Hamid Sultan JC) suggested in two separate High Court decisions that to alleviate the courts’ burden, matters pertaining to libel and slander ought to be constrained to the criminal courts through appropriate statutory amendments, including to the Criminal Procedure Code (Malaysia). In this paper, the author cautions against the learned Hamid Sultan JC's recommendations and proffers an alternative proposal in the form of media arbitration schemes to handle the growing influx of defamation claims. In particular, the salient features of the IMPRESS and IPSO Schemes from the United Kingdom are scrutinized in detail and measured in terms of suitability for a potential arbitration scheme in the Malaysian jurisdiction.