bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal visual field variability and the ability to detect glaucoma progression in black and white individuals
Authors: Stagg Brian , Mariottoni Eduardo B , Berchuck Samuel , Jammal Alessandro , Elam Angela R , Hess Rachel , Kawamoto Kensaku , Haaland Benjamin , Medeiros Felipe A 
Published: May 2021

Background/AimsTo investigate racial differences in the variability of longitudinal visual field testing in a ‘real-world’ clinical population, evaluate how these differences are influenced by socioeconomic status, and estimate the impact of differences in variability on the time to detect visual field progression.MethodsThis retrospective observational cohort study used data from 1103 eyes from 751 White individuals and 428 eyes from 317 black individuals. Linear regression was performed on the standard automated perimetry mean deviation values for each eye over time. The SD of the residuals from the trend lines was calculated and used as a measure of variability for each eye. The association of race with the SD of the residuals was evaluated using a multivariable generalised estimating equation model with an interaction between race and zip code income. Computer simulations were used to estimate the time to detect visual field progression in the two racial groups.ResultsBlack patients had larger visual field variability over time compared with white patients, even when adjusting for zip code level socioeconomic variables (SD of residuals for Black patients=1.53 dB (95% CI 1.43 to 1.64); for white patients=1.26 dB (95% CI 1.14 to 1.22); mean difference: 0.28 (95% CI 0.15 to 0.41); p<0.001). The difference in visual field variability between black and white patients was greater at lower levels of income and led to a delay in detection of glaucoma progression.ConclusionBlack patients had larger visual field variability compared with white patients. This relationship was strongly influenced by socioeconomic status and may partially explain racial disparities in glaucoma outcomes.
SLFN5 Regulates LAT1-Mediated mTOR Activation in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer
Authors: Martinez Rafael S. , Salji Mark J. , Rushworth Linda , Ntala Chara , Rodriguez Blanco Giovanny , Hedley Ann , Clark William , Peixoto Paul , Hervouet Eric , Renaude Elodie , Kung Sonia H.Y. , Galbraith Laura C.A. , Nixon Colin , Lilla Sergio , MacKay Gillian M. , Fazli Ladan , Gaughan Luke , Sumpton David , Gleave Martin E. , Zanivan Sara , Blomme Arnaud , Leung Hing Y. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the standard of care for treatment of nonresectable prostate cancer. Despite high treatment efficiency, most patients ultimately develop lethal castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). In this study, we performed a comparative proteomic analysis of three in vivo, androgen receptor (AR)-responsive orthograft models of matched hormone-naïve prostate cancer and CRPC. Differential proteomic analysis revealed that distinct molecular mechanisms, including amino acid (AA) and fatty acid metabolism, are involved in the response to ADT in the different models. Despite this heterogeneity, Schlafen family member 5 (SLFN5) was identified as an AR-regulated protein in CRPC. SLFN5 expression was high in CRPC tumors and correlated with poor patient outcome. In vivo, SLFN5 depletion strongly impaired tumor growth in castrated conditions. Mechanistically, SLFN5 interacted with ATF4 and regulated the expression of LAT1, an essential AA transporter. Consequently, SLFN5 depletion in CRPC cells decreased intracellular levels of essential AA and impaired mTORC1 signaling in a LAT1-dependent manner. These results confirm that these orthograft models recapitulate the high degree of heterogeneity observed in patients with CRPC and further highlight SLFN5 as a clinically relevant target for CRPC.

Significance:
This study identifies SLFN5 as a novel regulator of the LAT1 amino acid transporter and an essential contributor to mTORC1 activity in castration-resistant prostate cancer.
High‐Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin T and Recurrent Vascular Events After First Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Scheitz Jan F. , Lim Jess , Broersen Leonie H. A. , Ganeshan Ramanan , Huo Shufan , Sperber Pia S. , Piper Sophie K. , Heuschmann Peter U. , Audebert Heinrich J. , Nolte Christian H. , Siegerink Bob , Endres Matthias , Liman Thomas G. 
Published: May 2021

Background
Recent evidence suggests cardiac troponin levels to be a marker of increased vascular risk. We aimed to assess whether levels of high‐sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs‐cTnT) are associated with recurrent vascular events and death in patients with first‐ever, mild to moderate ischemic stroke.

Methods and Results
We used data from the PROSCIS‐B (Prospective Cohort With Incident Stroke Berlin) study. We computed Cox proportional hazards regression analyses to assess the association between hs‐cTnT levels upon study entry (Roche Elecsys, upper reference limit, 14 ng/L) and the primary outcome (composite of recurrent stroke, myocardial infarction, and all‐cause death). A total of 562 patients were analyzed (mean age, 67 years [SD 13]; 38.6% women; median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale=2; hs‐cTnT above upper reference limit, 39.2%). During a mean follow‐up of 3 years, the primary outcome occurred in 89 patients (15.8%), including 40 (7.1%) recurrent strokes, 4 (0.7%) myocardial infarctions, and 51 (9.1%) events of all‐cause death. The primary outcome occurred more often in patients with hs‐cTnT above the upper reference limit (27.3% versus 10.2%; adjusted hazard ratio, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.3–3.3), with a dose‐response relationship when the highest and lowest hs‐cTnT quartiles were compared (15.2 versus 1.8 events per 100 person‐years; adjusted hazard ratio, 4.8; 95% CI, 1.9–11.8). This association remained consistent in sensitivity analyses, which included age matching and stratification for sex.

Conclusions
Hs‐cTnT is dose‐dependently associated with an increased risk of recurrent vascular events and death within 3 years after first‐ever, mild to moderate ischemic stroke. These findings support further studies of the utility of hs‐cTnT for individualized risk stratification after stroke.

Registration

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
; Unique identifier: NCT01363856.
Body Mass Index in 1.9 Million Adolescents and Stroke in Young Adulthood
Authors: Bardugo Aya , Fishman Boris , Libruder Carmit , Tanne David , Ram Amit , Hershkovitz Yael , Zucker Inbar , Furer Ariel , Gilon Roy , Chodick Gabriel , Tiosano Shmuel , Derazne Estela , Tzur Dorit , Afek Arnon , Pinhas-Hamiel Orit , Bendor Cole Daniel , Yaniv Gal , Rotem Ran Shmuel , Twig Gilad 
Published: May 2021

Background and Purpose:
There is a continuous rise in the prevalence of adolescent obesity and incidence of stroke among young adults in many Western countries, but the association between them is unclear.

Methods:
A nationwide population-based study of 1 900 384 Israeli adolescents (58% men; mean age, 17.3 years) who were evaluated before mandatory military service during 1985 and 2013. Body mass index was classified according to the US Center for Disease Control and Prevention percentiles. Primary outcome was a first stroke event as recorded by the Israeli National Stroke Registry between 2014 and 2018. Cox proportional hazard models were applied.

Results:
There were 1088 first stroke events (921 ischemic and 167 hemorrhagic; mean diagnosis age, 41.0 years). Adolescent body mass index was significantly associated with a graded increase in the risk for any stroke, ischemic stroke, but less so with hemorrhagic stroke. The hazard ratios for the first ischemic stroke event were 1.4 (95% CI, 1.2–1.6), 2.0 (95% CI, 1.6–2.4), and 3.4 (95% CI, 2.7–4.3) for the 50th to 84th percentile, overweight and obese groups, respectively, after adjustment for sex, age, and sociodemographic confounders with the 5th to 49th body mass index percentile group as the reference. The respective hazard ratios after further adjustment for diabetes status were 1.3 (1.1–1.5), 1.6 (1.3–2.0), and 2.4 (1.9–3.1). Results persisted when the cohort was divided by diabetes status and when ischemic stroke before age 30 was the outcome.

Conclusions:
High adolescent body mass index was associated with ischemic stroke in young adults with or without diabetes. The rising prevalence of adolescent obesity may increase the future burden of stroke in young adults.
The Protection of Children against Cybercrimes and Cyberbullying: International and European Obligations to Criminalize and the Uncertain Prospects of their Implementation in the Italian Legal System
Authors: Russo Deborah , Parodi Monica 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The increasing use of the internet by minors has made public the risk they run of becoming victims of serious cyber-crime. This awareness has led to the adoption of binding and soft-law instruments in the field of International and EU law aimed at combating new forms of crime and protecting minors in the cyberspace. This paper, after having critically analysed the main acts adopted at International and EU level, focuses on their implementation in the Italian legal system. In doing so, cybercrimes committed by adults against children and those committed among peers will be separately considered. The study shows that, despite the legislator’s attempt to carry out the obligations deriving from International and EU Law, there are still several critical profiles in the national law.
Reconciling Complexities of Time in Criminal Justice and Transitional Justice
Authors: Davidović Maja 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This article analyses complexities of time in transitional justice (tj) and categorises the temporal dichotomies of tj processes as timeboundness/timelessness and linearity/circularity, challenging the dominant linear conception of time in the field. Criminal justice, as the most dominant tj pillar, is seen as timebound, battling with the passage of time to avoid justice being denied or delayed. By its procedural nature, criminal justice is less capable of addressing any circularity or repetition of violence but rather treats acts of violence as ruptures in linear time. Field research in Bosnia and Herzegovina shows that the less conventional tj processes of education and memorialisation are often given the normative content of timelessness and utilised for their capacity to capture some of the repetition of harm. In addition to establishing these distinct temporal regimes and noting any conflicts between them, the article seeks to reconcile them by repositioning criminal justice within tj as a factual and legitimating foundation for education and memorialisation.
Delivery Platform Workers during covid-19 Pandemic in the City of Buenos Aires (Argentina): Deepened Precarity and Workers’ Response in a Context of Epidemiological Crisis
Authors: Elbert Rodolfo , Negri Sofia 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The Covid-19 pandemic took the world by surprise in early 2020. By March 2020 many countries had taken drastic measures to contain the virus. In Argentina, on 20 March, the government suspended most economic activities. Delivery workers continued with their jobs in a context of high epidemiological risk. In this article, we analyze the work and organizing experiences of these workers from 20 March to 1 July of 2020. First, we look at the consequences of job precarity in the sector during the pandemic. Second, we analyze workers’ perceptions regarding their work in this new context. Finally, we study conflict dynamics between companies and workers under the new circumstances. We analyzed semi-structured interviews with workers and activists conducted by phone and WhatsApp during the aspo and supplemented them with secondary statistical information about their working condition before the pandemic and the analysis of documents published by different workers’ organizations.
ՀՈԳԵՎՈՐ ՈՒ ԱԶԳԱՅԻՆ ԱՐԺԵՔՆԵՐԻ ԱՎԱՆԴՈՒՄԸ ՀԱՄՇԵՆ ԳԱՎԱՌԻ ՔՈՇՏԵՆՑ, ԽՈՒԺԿԱ և ՍԲ. ԽԱՉԻԿ ՀՈՐ ՎԱՆՔԵՐՈՒՄ (XV–XVII ԴԴ.)
Authors: Lusine (Սահակյան Լուսինե) Sahakyan 
Published: May 2021

Ամփոփում
Հայոց Համշէն գաւառի մասին հայ պատմագրութիւնը կցկտուր տեղեկութիւններ է հաղորդում։ Այս բացը լրացնում են XV–XVII դդ. Համշէն գաւառի Քոշտենց, Խուժկա, Խաչիկ հոր եւ Ջիմիլի վանքների համշէնցի գրիչները։ Ընդօրինակած ձեռագրերի յիշատակարաններում նրանք թողել են արժէքաւոր վկայութիւններ գաւառի հայկական կիսանկախ իշխանութեան, քաղաքական, հոգեւոր-մշակութային կեանքի, բնակչութեան զբաղմունքի, ժողովրդական հաւատալիքների, լեզուական վիճակի, տեղանունների եւ անձնանունների մասին։ Յիշատակարաններում հեղինակներն իրենց գրանցած դէպքերի ժամանակակիցն ու ականատեսն են։ Նրանք երբեմն փոխանցում են այնպիսի հաւաստի մանրամասներ, որոնք տեղ չեն գտել պատմագրական երկերում։ Համշէնցի գրիչները հոգեւոր գործիչներ էին և վանքերում պահպանել ու զարգացրել են հայ գրչութեան բազմադարեան արուեստը։ Համշէնի հոգեւոր թեմը, ենթակայ լինելով Կ. Պոլսի պատրիարքութեանը, մաս է կազմել Հայ Առաքելական եկեղեցու։ Իսկ Համշէնցի գրիչներ՝ ընդօրինակելով կիրառական նշանակութիւն ունեցող ձեռագրեր, միաժամանակ շրջանառել եւ սերունդներին են աւանդել հայ հոգեւոր գրականութիւնը, քարոզելով առաքելադաւան եկեղեցու հաւատամքը` ձգտելով գաւառը զերծ պահել քաղքեդոնականութեան եւ իսլամացման վտանգից։
The Dynamics of Quasi-Stationary Atmospheric Rivers and Their Implications for Monsoon Onset
Authors: Lee Hung-I , Mitchell Jonathan L. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractA global Hovmöller diagram of column water vapor (CWV) at 30°N from daily ERA-Interim reanalysis data shows seasonally migrating North Pacific/Atlantic quasi-stationary atmospheric rivers (QSARs) located in the Eastern Pacific/Atlantic in winter and propagate to the Western Pacific/Atlantic in summer. Simplified general circulation model (GCM) experiments produce QSAR-like features if the boundary conditions include (1) the sea surface temperature contrast from the tropical warm pool-cold tongue and (2) topographic contrast similar to the Tibetan plateau. Simulated QSARs form downstream of topographic contrast during winter and coincide with it in summer. Two models of baroclinic instability demonstrate that QSARs coincide with the location where the most unstable mode phase speed equals that of the upper-level zonal winds. A consistent interpretation is that the waves become quasi-stationary at this location and break. The location of quasistationarity migrates from the Eastern Pacific/Atlantic in the winter, when upper-level winds are strong and extended over the basin, to the Western Pacific/Atlantic when winds are weak and contracted. Low-level wind convergence and moist static energy coincide with QSARs, and since the former two are essential ingredients to monsoon formation, this implies an important role for QSARs in monsoon onset. This connection opens a new window into the dynamics of subtropical monsoon extensions.
Is the water vapor supersaturation distribution Gaussian?
Authors: Thomas Subin , Prabhakaran Prasanth , Cantrell Will , Shaw Raymond A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWater vapor supersaturation in the atmosphere is produced in a variety of ways, including the lifting of a parcel or via isobaric mixing of parcels. However, irrespective of the mechanism of production, the water vapor supersaturation in the atmosphere has typically been modeled as a Gaussian distribution. In the current theoretical and numerical study, the nature of supersaturation produced by mixing processes is explored. The results from large eddy simulation and a Gaussian mixing model reveal the distribution of supersaturations produced by mixing to be negatively skewed. Further, the causes of skewness are explored using large eddy simulations (LES) and the Gaussian mixing model (GMM). The correlation in forcing of temperature and water vapor fields is recognized as playing a key role.
Convection Initiation and Bore Formation Following the Collision of Mesoscale Boundaries over a Developing Stable Boundary Layer: A Case Study from PECAN
Authors: Lin Guo , Grasmick Coltin , Geerts Bart , Wang Zhien , Deng Min 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis observational study documents the consequences of a collision between two converging shallow atmospheric boundaries over the central Great Plains on the evening of 7 June 2015. This study uses data from a profiling airborne Raman lidar [the compact Raman lidar (CRL)] and other airborne and ground-based data collected during the Plains Elevated Convection at Night (PECAN) field campaign to investigate the collision between a weak cold front and the outflow from an MCS. The collision between these boundaries led to the lofting of high-CAPE, low-CIN air, resulting in deep convection, as well as an undular bore. Both boundaries behaved as density currents prior to collision. Because the MCS outflow boundary was denser and less deep than the cold-frontal air mass, the bore propagated over the latter. This bore was tracked by the CRL for about 3 h as it traveled north over the shallow cold-frontal surface and evolved into a soliton. This case study is unique by using the high temporal and spatial resolution of airborne Raman lidar measurements to describe the thermodynamic structure of interacting boundaries and a resulting bore.
Severe abrupt (thunderclap) non-traumatic headache at the pediatric emergency department – a retrospective study
Authors: Levinsky Yoel , Waisman Yehezkel , Eidlitz-Markus Tal 
Published: May 2021

Background Adult abrupt severe non-traumatic headache (thunderclap) is often related to serious underlying etiologies such as subarachnoid hemorrhage. However, data are sparse regarding thunderclap headache in the pediatric population. Objective The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence, characteristics and causes of thunderclap headache in the pediatric and adolescent population, aged 6–18 years, presenting to a pediatric emergency department. Methods The electronic database of a tertiary care pediatric emergency department was searched for children presenting with acute headache during 2016–2018. Headache severity was defined by pain scales, either a visual analogue scale or by the Faces Pain Scale–Revised. Results Thunderclap headache was diagnosed in 19/2290 (0.8%) of the included patients, all of them with a pain score of 10/10. All the patients had a benign course. Primary headache was diagnosed in 15/19 (78.9%), six patients had migraine and eight were diagnosed with primary thunderclap headache. Four of the 19 patients were diagnosed with secondary headache: three with infectious causes and one with malignant hypertension. Conclusions Thunderclap headache is rare among children and adolescents presenting to the emergency department. This headache is generally of a primary origin. Extensive evaluation is still needed to rule out severe diagnosis problems.
Antibodies Against SARS-CoV-2 in Human Milk: Milk Conversion Rates in the Netherlands
Authors: Juncker Hannah G. , Romijn Michelle , Loth Veerle N. , Ruhé Eliza J. M. , Bakker Sjors , Kleinendorst Saskia , de Groot Christianne J. M. , Pajkrt Dasja , Korosi Aniko , van Goudoever Johannes B. , van Gils Marit J. , van Keulen Britt J. 
Published: May 2021

Background It has been demonstrated that human milk from mothers who have been infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) contains antibodies against the virus, which could play an important role in protecting the recipient infant against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Seroconversion is measured frequently around the world, but the milk conversion rate is unknown. Research Aims To determine (1) the prevalence and (2) the dynamics of immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in human milk amongst lactating mothers in the Netherlands. Methods In this large prospective cohort study, lactating mothers ( N = 2312) were included between October 12, 2020 and February 24, 2021. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine levels of IgA antibodies in human milk and immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies in serum against the ectodomain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Results A total of 691 (30.6%) participants had SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies in human milk and/or serum. Of these participants, 524 (23.1%) had IgA antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in human milk, and 356 (15.7%) had IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in serum. A total of 199 (8.8%) participants had antibodies in both human milk and serum. SARS-CoV-2 specific IgA antibodies in human milk remain present at least 10 months after a polymerase chain reaction confirmed infection. Conclusion The prevalence of IgA antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in human milk was 23.1% in our cohort. This high prevalence of antibodies in human milk might lead to passive immunity in many breastfed infants and may serve as protection against COVID-19.
Trends of Hypertension and Neurological Diseases in India: A Nationwide Survey Reporting the Distribution Across Geographical Areas
Authors: Mohanty Sriloy , Nagarathna Raghuram , Metri Kashinath , Patil Suchitra , Kumar Sanjay , Singh Amit , Nagendra Hongasandra R 
Published: May 2021

Background: Hypertension has remained an imperative risk factor for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, increasing the national burden of premature deaths over the decades. Purpose: There is limited data on the prevalence of hypertension and its distribution across all geographic regions in India. This nationwide survey was conducted in 2017 to assess the prevalence of hypertension and prehypertension among the Indian adults. Methods: A multilevel stratified cluster sampling technique, with a random selection among the urban and rural populations, was adopted to achieve a sample of 70,031 adults from 24 states and 4 union territories. Blood pressure was measured twice using automated oscillometric machines with a minimum of 3-min gap, and the average was recorded. This was later categorized into prehypertension (elevated blood pressure) and hypertension subgroups as defined by the new 2017 American Heart Association guidelines. Results: The prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension in our study population across all ages was found to be 18.2% and 24%, respectively. Prehypertension was common at a younger age, whereas the prevalence of hypertension was higher in the older age groups. The urban population (24.4%) and males (24.7%) were positively associated with prehypertension and hypertension. The western zone had the highest prevalence of hypertension, whereas the eastern population had the lowest. Conclusion: Our study revealed an alarmingly high prevalence of hypertension, accounting up to one hypertensive in every four adults in India. There is a need for more robust national strategies for identifying and treating hypertension to reduce the national and the global burden of hypertension by 25% before 2025.