bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drought in the forest breaks plant–fungi interactions
Authors: Boczoń Andrzej , Hilszczańska Dorota , Wrzosek Marta , Szczepkowski Andrzej , Sierota Zbigniew 
Published: September 2021

AbstractDrought in the forest is not only a prolonged state of water shortage, but also an occasion where interactions between plants and fungi are affected. Water efficiency accelerates a range of pathologies in interactions between organisms, influencing the ecosystems and their interacting biological components. This study focuses on the role of mycorrhizal and endophyte fungi in alleviating the effects of soil water shortage, and on the impact of their altered activity during drought on the health of trees. The issues presented here show the fundamental role of the mycorrhizal mycelium and the mechanism of water transport to the plant in the course of other phenomena (withering, pathogenesis, endophytes biology) that occur in trees under influence of drought, with particular attention on managed coniferous stands. Conclusions resulting from published information on this topic emphasize the negative impact of soil moisture deficiency on the ectomycorrhizal fungi functioning and, in contrast, on the promotion of the growth of some endophytes, pathogens and hemi-parasitic mistletoes (Viscumspp.).
Compliance-based estimation of seismic collapse risk of an existing reinforced concrete frame building
Authors: Tsiavos Anastasios , Amrein Pascal , Bender Nathan , Stojadinovic Bozidar 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSeismic evaluation of existing structures is based on determining the damage likely to occur during the lifetime of these structures due to earthquake ground motion excitation. However, there is not a consensus about the acceptable level of seismic damage, the expected lifetime of these structures, and the seismic hazard level(s) to evaluate the structures at. This paper presents a methodology for a parametric calculation of the seismic collapse risk of an existing Reinforced Concrete (RC) frame building based on its seismic code compliance, quantified by a dimensionless metric. This metric, defined as compliance factor, compares the seismic capacity of an existing structure with the seismic demand for a new structure at a predetermined hazard level. The inelastic seismic behavior of four models of the RC frame building of varying compliance was analytically investigated in this study to demonstrate the novel methodology. The four models of the RC building were chosen to represent existing RC frame structures designed and constructed before the introduction of modern seismic code provisions. These four building models were excited by a group of earthquake ground motion excitations using Incremental Dynamic Analysis. The collapse probabilities of the four building models, representing varying values of seismic code compliance, were determined for two different locations corresponding to regions of moderate and high seismic hazard, thus laying the basis for the compliance-based estimation of the seismic collapse risk of existing structures.
Effective Connectivity of the Hippocampus Can Differentiate Patients with Schizophrenia from Healthy Controls: A Spectral DCM Approach
Authors: Uscătescu Lavinia Carmen , Kronbichler Lisa , Stelzig-Schöler Renate , Pearce Brandy-Gale , Said-Yürekli Sarah , Reich Luise Antonia , Weber Stefanie , Aichhorn Wolfgang , Kronbichler Martin 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe applied spectral dynamic causal modelling (Friston et al. in Neuroimage 94:396–407. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.12.009, 2014) to analyze the effective connectivity differences between the nodes of three resting state networks (i.e. default mode network, salience network and dorsal attention network) in a dataset of 31 male healthy controls (HC) and 25 male patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia (SZ). Patients showed increased directed connectivity from the left hippocampus (LHC) to the: dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (DACC), right anterior insula (RAI), left frontal eye fields and the bilateral inferior parietal sulcus (LIPS & RIPS), as well as increased connectivity from the right hippocampus (RHC) to the: bilateral anterior insula (LAI & RAI), right frontal eye fields and RIPS. In SZ, negative symptoms predicted the connectivity strengths from the LHC to: the DACC, the left inferior parietal sulcus (LIPAR) and the RHC, while positive symptoms predicted the connectivity strengths from the LHC to the LIPAR and from the RHC to the LHC. These results reinforce the crucial role of hippocampus dysconnectivity in SZ pathology and its potential as a biomarker of disease severity.
Determinants and prognostic relevance of aortic stiffness in patients with recent ST-elevation myocardial infarction
Authors: Lechner Ivan , Reindl Martin , Tiller Christina , Holzknecht Magdalena , Niederreiter Sarah , Mayr Agnes , Klug Gert , Brenner Christoph , Bauer Axel , Metzler Bernhard , Reinstadler Sebastian Johannes 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe association between aortic stiffness, cardiovascular risk factors and prognosis in patients with recent ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is poorly understood. We analyzed the relationship between cardiovascular risk factors and arterial stiffening and assessed its prognostic significance in patients with recent STEMI. We prospectively enrolled 408 consecutive patients who sustained a first STEMI and underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI). Aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV), the most widely used measure of aortic stiffness, was determined by the transit-time method using velocity-encoded, phase-contrast cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Patient characteristics were acquired at baseline and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) were assessed at 13 [interquartile range (IQR) 12–31] months. Cox regression- and logistic regression analysis were performed to explore predictors of aortic stiffness and MACCE. Median aortic PWV was 6.6 m/s (IQR 5.6–8.3 m/s). In multivariable analysis, age [odds ratio (OR) 1.10, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.08–1.14, p < 0.001] and hypertension (OR 2.45, 95% CI, 1.53–3.91, p < 0.001) were independently associated with increased PWV. Sex, diabetes, smoking status, dyslipidemia, and obesity were not significantly associated with PWV in adjusted analysis (all p > 0.05). High PWV significantly and independently predicted occurrence of MACCE in adjusted analysis [hazard ratio (HR) 2.45, 95% CI 1.19–5.04, p = 0.014]. In patients with recent STEMI, the impact of classical cardiovascular risk factors on aortic stiffness is mainly dependent on age and increased blood pressure. Increased aortic stiffness is associated with adverse clinical outcome post-STEMI, suggesting it as a relevant therapeutic target in this population. Trial (NCT04113356).
Efficient identity-based encryption with Hierarchical key-insulation from HIBE
Authors: Emura Keita , Takayasu Atsushi , Watanabe Yohei 
Published: September 2021

AbstractHierarchical key-insulated identity-based encryption (HKIBE) is identity-based encryption (IBE) that allows users to update their secret keys to achieve (hierarchical) key-exposure resilience, which is an important notion in practice. However, existing HKIBE constructions have limitations in efficiency: sizes of ciphertexts and secret keys depend on the hierarchical depth. In this paper, we first triumph over the barrier by proposing simple but effective design methodologies to construct efficient HKIBE schemes. First, we show a generic construction from any hierarchical IBE (HIBE) scheme that satisfies a special requirement, called MSK evaluatability introduced by Emura et al. (Des. Codes Cryptography 89(7):1535–1574, 2021). It provides several new and efficient instantiations since most pairing-based HIBE schemes satisfy the requirement. It is worth noting that it preserves all parameters’ sizes of the underlying HIBE scheme, and hence we obtain several efficient HKIBE schemes under the k-linear assumption in the standard model. Since MSK evaluatability is dedicated to pairing-based HIBE schemes, the first construction restricts pairing-based instantiations. To realize efficient instantiation from various assumptions, we next propose a generic construction of an HKIBE scheme from any plain HIBE scheme. It is based on Hanaoka et al.’s HKIBE scheme (Asiacrypt 2005), and does not need any special properties. Therefore, we obtain new efficient instantiations from various assumptions other than pairing-oriented ones. Though the sizes of secret keys and ciphertexts are larger than those of the first construction, it is more efficient than Hanaoka et al.’s scheme in the sense of the sizes of master public/secret keys.
Ecological risk and enrichment of potentially toxic elements in the soil and eroded sediment in an organic vineyard (Tokaj Nagy Hill, Hungary)
Authors: Pham Nhung Thi Ha , Babcsányi Izabella , Farsang Andrea 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPotentially toxic elements (PTEs), such as Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cr, and Co, can accumulate in vineyard soils due to repeated uses of inorganic pesticides and chemical or organic fertilizers. In sloping vineyards, PTEs can also be moved by soil erosion resulting in their accumulation in low-energy zones within the landscape, adversely affecting the soil environment. Our study evaluated the ecological risk related to the pseudo-total and bioavailable PTE contents (Zn, Pb, Co, Ni, Cr, and Cu) in the soil and eroded sediment samples from an organic vineyard in Tokaj (NE Hungary). The contamination status and the ecological risk of target PTEs were assessed by calculating the contamination factor, the pollution load index, the ecological risk factor, and the ecological risk index. The median pollution load indices of 1.15, 1.81, and 1.10 for the topsoil, the sediments, and the subsoil, respectively, demonstrate a moderate multi-element contamination case in the organic vineyard. Target PTEs tented to show increased concentrations in eroded sediments with the highest enrichment ratio (3.36) observed for Cu (Cu in the sediment/Cu in the topsoil), revealing a preferential movement of Cu-rich soil particles by overland flow. Moreover, PTEs were present in the sediments in more bioavailable forms (except Ni, Cr), assessed by an extraction procedure with EDTA. The ecological risk index (< 90) based on the studied PTEs showed an overall low ecological risk in the vineyard. Copper was the predominant factor of the ecological risk. Moreover, the highest ecological risk factor (24.6) observed for the bioavailable Cu content in an eroded sediment sample (representing 82% of the total ecological risk) shows that Cu accumulation in sloping vineyards is an ecological risk, particularly in the sedimentation zones. The high proportions of bioavailable Cu in the vineyard’s soil represent an increasing ecological risk over time, related to repeated treatments of vine plants with Cu-based pesticides.
Peering into the dark (ages) with low-frequency space interferometers
Authors: Koopmans Léon V. E. , Barkana Rennan , Bentum Mark , Bernardi Gianni , Boonstra Albert-Jan , Bowman Judd , Burns Jack , Chen Xuelei , Datta Abhirup , Falcke Heino , Fialkov Anastasia , Gehlot Bharat , Gurvits Leonid , Jelić Vibor , Klein-Wolt Marc , Lazio Joseph , Meerburg Daan , Mellema Garrelt , Mertens Florent , Mesinger Andrei , Offringa André , Pritchard Jonathan , Semelin Benoit , Subrahmanyan Ravi , Silk Joseph , Trott Cathryn , Vedantham Harish , Verde Licia , Zaroubi Saleem , Zarka Philippe 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe Dark Ages and Cosmic Dawn are largely unexplored windows on the infant Universe (z ~ 200–10). Observations of the redshifted 21-cm line of neutral hydrogen can provide valuable new insight into fundamental physics and astrophysics during these eras that no other probe can provide, and drives the design of many future ground-based instruments such as the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) and the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA). We review progress in the field of high-redshift 21-cm Cosmology, in particular focussing on what questions can be addressed by probing the Dark Ages at z > 30. We conclude that only a space- or lunar-based radio telescope, shielded from the Earth’s radio-frequency interference (RFI) signals and its ionosphere, enable the 21-cm signal from the Dark Ages to be detected. We suggest a generic mission design concept, CoDEX, that will enable this in the coming decades.
EvoStencils: a grammar-based genetic programming approach for constructing efficient geometric multigrid methods
Authors: Schmitt Jonas , Kuckuk Sebastian , Köstler Harald 
Published: September 2021

AbstractFor many systems of linear equations that arise from the discretization of partial differential equations, the construction of an efficient multigrid solver is challenging. Here we present EvoStencils, a novel approach for optimizing geometric multigrid methods with grammar-guided genetic programming, a stochastic program optimization technique inspired by the principle of natural evolution. A multigrid solver is represented as a tree of mathematical expressions that we generate based on a formal grammar. The quality of each solver is evaluated in terms of convergence and compute performance by automatically generating an optimized implementation using code generation that is then executed on the target platform to measure all relevant performance metrics. Based on this, a multi-objective optimization is performed using a non-dominated sorting-based selection. To evaluate a large number of solvers in parallel, they are distributed to multiple compute nodes. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our implementation by constructing geometric multigrid solvers that are able to outperform hand-crafted methods for Poisson’s equation and a linear elastic boundary value problem with up to 16 million unknowns on multi-core processors with Ivy Bridge and Broadwell microarchitecture.
Avoiding Backlash or Proving One’s Manhood? Beliefs About Gender Differences in Negotiation
Authors: Mazei Jens , Bear Julia B. , Hüffmeier Joachim 
Published: September 2021

AbstractGender differences in negotiation are typically explained by processes that concern women (e.g., women anticipate backlash for assertive behavior). Research has begun to suggest that processes that concern men (e.g., men want to be seen as “real” men) also help to explain gender differences. However, these 2 approaches typically remain disconnected. Thus, we examined both types of processes in 3 studies examining people’s beliefs about the causes of gender differences in negotiation (total N = 931). Our studies showed that people endorsed to a similar, and sometimes even greater, extent processes that concern men as underlying gender differences in negotiation. Moreover, people’s beliefs about the causes of gender differences in negotiation were related to perceptions of the effectiveness of different diversity initiatives (i.e., interventions to reduce inequities) and willingness to support them.
Student Engagement in a Flipped Secondary Mathematics Classroom
Authors: Cevikbas Mustafa , Kaiser Gabriele 
Published: September 2021

AbstractMany students are becoming increasingly disengaged in school, particularly in mathematics. This is an important problem as lack of engagement may threaten students’ achievement and performance in mathematics. A flipped learning pedagogy, which encourages students to take an active role in learning mathematics, has become a widely researched topic in recent years. However, few empirical studies to date have focused on the influence of flipped learning on student engagement in secondary mathematics classrooms. This qualitatively oriented study aimed to extend existing research on the role of flipped learning in behavioral, cognitive, and emotional engagement by adopting a social constructivist perspective to examine a secondary mathematics classroom. The participants were 33 high school students and their mathematics teacher, from whom data were gathered using multiple empirical methods. The results indicate that a flipped learning pedagogy has the potential to play a positive role in behavioral, cognitive, and emotional engagement as it provides learners with many possibilities for the learning of mathematics. However, to successfully flip learning, it is important to have a well-developed interactive design and to encourage social interaction in mathematics teaching and learning. Engagement was found to be negatively affected when the students had a negative perception of flipped learning and failed to complete the pre-class tasks. Overall, our results indicate that mathematics education can benefit from a flipped learning pedagogy as it has the potential to strengthen students’ engagement and mathematics learning in a social environment.
A new culture medium based on genetic algorithms for Isochrysis galbana production relevant to hatcheries
Authors: Camacho-Rodríguez J. , Gallardo-Rodríguez J. J. , Cerón-García M. C. , García-Camacho F. , Molina-Grima E. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe nutrient content of a commercial seawater culture medium for growing the microalgaIsochrysis galbanawas optimized using a stochastic strategy based on genetic algorithms. For this, 210 experiments spread over seven generations were carried out. This strategy reduced the number of assays by more than 90% compared to a factorial design involving the optimization of twelve nutrients simultaneously. The optimized medium outperformed the reference medium in all aspects. The genetic algorithm strategy achieved a polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) productivity of 7.8 mg L−1 day−1in a continuous culture ofI. galbana, corresponding to an increase of 15% compared to the commercial formulation. Carotenoids, on the other hand, increased by 50% d.w. In addition, PUFA yields were significantly improved, which allowed us to reduce the requirement of several nutrients, for instance, N (25%), Mo (20%), Mn (60%), Co (60%), and Cu (60%).
New Exotic Minimal Sets from Pseudo-Suspensions of Cantor Systems
Authors: Boroński Jan P. , Clark Alex , Oprocha Piotr 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe develop a technique, pseudo-suspension, that applies to invariant sets of homeomorphisms of a class of annulus homeomorphisms we describe, Handel–Anosov–Katok (HAK) homeomorphisms, that generalize the homeomorphism first described by Handel. Given a HAK homeomorphism and a homeomorphism of the Cantor set, the pseudo-suspension yields a homeomorphism of a new space that combines features of both of the original homeomorphisms. This allows us to answer a well known open question by providing examples of hereditarily indecomposable continua that admit homeomorphisms with positive finite entropy. Additionally, we show that such examples occur as minimal sets of volume preserving smooth diffeomorphisms of 4-dimensional manifolds.We construct an example of a minimal, weakly mixing and uniformly rigid homeomorphism of the pseudo-circle, and by our method we are also able to extend it to other one-dimensional hereditarily indecomposable continua, thereby producing the first examples of minimal, uniformly rigid and weakly mixing homeomorphisms in dimension 1. We also show that the examples we construct can be realized as invariant sets of smooth diffeomorphisms of a 4-manifold. Until now the only known examples of connected spaces that admit minimal, uniformly rigid and weakly mixing homeomorphisms were modifications of those given by Glasner and Maon in dimension at least 2.
Deep Learning-Based Natural Language Processing in Radiology: The Impact of Report Complexity, Disease Prevalence, Dataset Size, and Algorithm Type on Model Performance
Authors: Olthof A. W. , van Ooijen P. M. A. , Cornelissen L. J. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn radiology, natural language processing (NLP) allows the extraction of valuable information from radiology reports. It can be used for various downstream tasks such as quality improvement, epidemiological research, and monitoring guideline adherence. Class imbalance, variation in dataset size, variation in report complexity, and algorithm type all influence NLP performance but have not yet been systematically and interrelatedly evaluated. In this study, we investigate these factors on the performance of four types [a fully connected neural network (Dense), a long short-term memory recurrent neural network (LSTM), a convolutional neural network (CNN), and a Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT)] of deep learning-based NLP. Two datasets consisting of radiologist-annotated reports of both trauma radiographs (n = 2469) and chest radiographs and computer tomography (CT) studies (n = 2255) were split into training sets (80%) and testing sets (20%). The training data was used as a source to train all four model types in 84 experiments (Fracture-data) and 45 experiments (Chest-data) with variation in size and prevalence. The performance was evaluated on sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, area under the curve, and F score. After the NLP of radiology reports, all four model-architectures demonstrated high performance with metrics up to > 0.90. CNN, LSTM, and Dense were outperformed by the BERT algorithm because of its stable results despite variation in training size and prevalence. Awareness of variation in prevalence is warranted because it impacts sensitivity and specificity in opposite directions.
Realization of best practices in software engineering and scientific writing through ready-to-use project skeletons
Authors: Haider Michael , Riesch Michael , Jirauschek Christian 
Published: September 2021

AbstractEfforts in providing high-quality scientific software are hardly rewarded, as scientific output is typically measured in terms of publications in high ranking journals. As a result, scientific software is often developed without proper documentation and support of modern software design patterns. Ready-to-use project skeletons can be employed to accelerate the development process, while at the same time taking care of the implementation of best practices in software engineering. In this work, we revisit best practices in software engineering and review existing project skeletons. Special emphasis is given on the realization of best practices. Finally, we present a new project skeleton for scientific writing in "Image missing", which takes care of the attainment of best practices, adapted for being used in academic publications.