bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heritable Variants in the Chromosome 1q22 Locus Increase Gastric Cancer Risk via Altered Chromatin Looping and Increased UBAP2L Expression
Authors: Guan Wei , Yang Nan , Zuo Xianglin , Wang Xuchun , Cao Pingping , Chu Ying , Qin Zhongyong , Cheng He , Shi Xiao , Ma Tingzheng , Xu Zekuan , Sun Yujie 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have implicated the 1q22 gastric cancer risk locus in disease, but little is known about its underlying oncogenic functions. This study represents a systematic investigation of the biological significance and potential mechanism associated with the gastric cancer risk of SNP rs2075570(C&gt;T) in 1q22. We identified two functional germline variations (rs2049805-C and rs2974931-G) in an active enhancer in a 64.8 kb high-linkage disequilibrium block of rs2075570. The enhancer upregulated ubiquitin associated protein 2 like (UBAP2L) gene expression over a 960 kb distance by chromatin looping. Gastric cancer tissues expressed significantly higher levels of UBAP2L than was observed in the matched noncancerous tissues, and the UBAP2L expression was negatively correlated with patient survival. Downregulation of UBAP2L inhibited the proliferation and invasion of human gastric cancer cells in vitro and in a xenograft mouse model. Notably, the two mutant variations significantly enforced the enhancer activity and UBAP2L expression. In conclusion, this study revealed two causal variations in the 1q22 region using tag-SNP rs2075570 as a genetic marker. These variations may affect the occurrence and progression of gastric cancer by reinforcing the expression of the 1q22-Enh enhancer-regulated UBAP2L target gene.

Implications:
Our study provides an important clue of how noncoding germline variations contribute to gastric cancer, which gives a novel insight into understanding the genetic mechanism of gastric cancer.
Software Based Approach for teaching in Electrical Engineering Classroom Courses: a Case Study
Authors: Mehar Hemant 
Published: September 2021

As the day by day changes in the technology, technical requirements and techniques of the industry changes simultaneously. Therefore the requirements to educate our students not only the conceptual as well as new approaches based on the latest techniques. Involvement of software in teaching is not only providing a better support, more clear and visual operation of complex circuits and waveforms of the faculty of power electronics in classroom teaching as well as to the student to understand a better concept. The software packages available for simulation of power electronic circuits are MATLAB, PSPICE and PSIM and many more. In this paper author takes an example of an AC voltage controller to explain the software based teaching approach. Author used two software based simulation tool to explain the AC Voltage Controller and compare the software based approach with the blackboard &amp; PPT Presentation based technique. This paper is helpful for the faculty of electrical engineering to find the applications of MATLAB/SIMULINK and PSIM in teaching.
Compared with PI, Fuzzy-PI and PSO-PI Controllers of Robotic Grinding Force Servo System
Authors: Attiya Adnan Jabbar , Wenyu Yang , Shneen Salam Waley 
Published: September 2021

<p>By grinding process, when an industrial robot is used to finish a curved surface, both feed movement and contact force must controlled at the similar time in order that the grinding tool would machine the work-piece at the right position in right posture with required force. A passive wrist system is advanced, in this paper, to conform the shape of the machining propeller by altering its posture along with the surface. The proportional-integral (PI) controller, due to its simplicity, robustness, and affordable price, is extremely often used in practical applications, but it is effective for linear systems, as well as, the challenging task is to find its optimal gains. If the processes involved higher order and time delay systems, many intelligent controllers were appeared. In this paper, to cope with nonlinearities, improve the controller parameters and at the same time modeling uncertainties of grinding marine propeller surface, a PI torque controller is proposed such that its optimal gains are derived via a modern systems based on fuzzy logic theory and particle swarm optimization algorithm which are used to solve various engineering problems. Grinding force is controlled under Fuzzy-PI controller which is being assembled and compared with a PSO-PI controller to obtain which controller that provides grinding with higher quality. The compared controllers have been optimized together with the parameters of the Two-Phase Hybrid Stepping Motor. The suggested fuzzy rule function and PSO algorithm improve the response of the controlled system and searches a high-quality solution impressively. Simulation and comparison results are presented and that the proposed control systems are coping well with nonlinearities and uncertainties while find PI control parameter set effectively, the PSO-PI controller has a better control performance with improved step response for robotic grinding force servo system. These control methods was simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK.</p>
Criminalising Terrorist Offences and the Phenomenon of Foreign Terrorist Fighters at the Municipal Level without Defining Terrorism in International Law: Does the Trick Really Work?
Authors: Capone Francesca 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Although terrorism does not represent a new concern, it keeps evolving and posing new challenges to both the international community and individual States. The efforts to adopt uniform and concerted actions, also in terms of new legal instruments, so far have produced varying and in some instances questionable results. One of the main issues is represented by the lack of a universally agreed-upon definition of terrorism, an issue that resonates also at the domestic level whenever States are called to implement further layers of the existing international counter-terrorism framework. The present article aims at discussing the problems that States face while adopting and enforcing international obligations to criminalise terrorist offences; most recently those connected to the foreign terrorist fighters (ftf s) phenomenon. This article will focus on Italy and it will analyse how the international norms to fight terrorism have been transposed in its domestic legislation and interpreted by its courts.
The Ontology of Discrimination
Authors: Torrengo Giuliano 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Discrimination is a social phenomenon which seems to be widespread across different societies and cultures. Examples of discrimination concerning race, class, gender, and sexual orientation are not difficult to find in contemporary western societies. In this article, the author focus on the ontological ground of this phenomenon, with particular attention to its diffuse and institutionalised forms. The author defends a broadly speaking reductionist approach, according to which the various manifestations of discrimination are grounded on the existence of the effects of “discriminatory stances” in social contexts. Discrimination may become part of the institutional sphere, either by way of bottom-up “crystallisation” of discriminatory practices, or by top-down “dilution” of institutional defaults into ordinary interactions.
Civic Foundations under Socialism: The Peter Warschow Stiftung in Greifswald
Authors: Böhm Oskar 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This paper traces the fate of Greifswald’s most significant civic foundation: the Peter Warschow Foundation, a foundation that has existed since the Middle Ages to the present day. It examines the reasons why foundations were dissolved or merged at the local level in the GDR and how a civic foundation was able to survive the period of socialism. The empirical basis for this are previously unpublished archival records. The result of the study is that foundation dissolutions and mergers were primarily pragmatically motivated and that the Peter Warschow Foundation was able to survive mainly because of its cultural practice and financial basis.
The Council of Europe’s Responses to the Decay of the Rule of Law and Human Rights Protections: A Comparative Appraisal
Authors: Çalı Başak , Demir-Gürsel Esra 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This article introduces the Special Issue on ‘The Responses of the Council of Europe to the Decay of the Rule of Law and Human Rights Protections’. The Council of Europe (CoE), a unique international organisation with its commitment to protect and promote human rights, the rule of law, and democracy, has been severely tested by the spread and consolidation of trends posing systemic threats to its foundational goals. The authors of this Special Issue assess how the European Court of Human Rights, the Venice Commission, the Parliamentary Assembly, the Committee of Ministers, and the office of the Secretary General have addressed systemic threats to the foundational principles of the organisation in the last decade. The Special Issue finds that the respective legal-institutional features and capacities of the CoE organs as well as the constraining influence of the broader political context in Europe on them vary significantly, hampering the CoE’s ability to produce timely, consistent, and co-ordinated responses against systemic threats.
Lifecycle of a Submesoscale Front Birthed from a Nearshore Internal Bore
Authors: Haney Sean R. , Simpson Alexandra J. , McSweeney Jacqueline M. , Waterhouse Amy F. , Haller Merrick C. , Lerczak James A. , Barth John A. , Lenain Luc , Palóczy André , Adams Kate , MacKinnon Jennifer A. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe ocean is home to many different submesoscale phenomena, including internal waves, fronts, and gravity currents. Each of these processes entails complex nonlinear dynamics, even in isolation. Here we present shipboard, moored, and remote observations of a submesoscale gravity current front created by a shoaling internal tidal bore in the coastal ocean. The internal bore is observed to flatten as it shoals, leaving behind a gravity current front that propagates significantly slower than the bore. We posit that the generation and separation of the front from the bore is related to particular stratification ahead of the bore, which allows the bore to reach the maximum possible internal wave speed. After the front is calved from the bore, it is observed to propagate as a gravity current for approximately 4 h, with associated elevated turbulent dissipation rates. A strong cross-shore gradient of alongshore velocity creates enhanced vertical vorticity (Rossby number ≈ 40) that remains locked with the front. Lateral shear instabilities develop along the front and may hasten its demise.
Sleep Endoscopy Findings in Children With Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Small Tonsils
Authors: Williamson Adrian , Coutras Steven W. , Carr Michele M. 
Published: September 2021

Objective: Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) in children is treated primarily with adenotonsillectomy (AT). When clinical exam demonstrates small tonsils, the success of AT in resolving OSA is uncertain. The purpose of this study is to determine the utility of Drug induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) for children with OSA and small tonsils (Brodsky scale 1+) and to identify what obstructive trends exist in this subset of patients and to determine the utility of DISE-directed surgical intervention in patients with small tonsils. Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed for patients who underwent DISE at a tertiary care center over a 2-year period. Inclusion criteria were 1+ tonsils and a positive sleep study. Data collected included DISE findings, BMI, comorbid conditions, and pre-op PSG data. Results: Forty children were included with a mean age of 5.0 years (range 8 months-16 years). Mean preoperative AHI was 5.46 and mean oxygen saturation nadir was 87.1%. The most common contributor to airway obstruction was the adenoid (29 patients, 72.5%), followed by the tongue base or lingual tonsil (21 patients, 52.5%). The palatine tonsils (10 patients, 25.0%), epiglottis (10.0%), or obstruction intrinsic to the larynx (10.0%) were significantly less frequently identified as contributors to OSA when compared to the adenoid ( P < .001). The majority of patients had multilevel obstruction (25 patients, 62.5%). Adenoidectomy (27 patients, 67.5%) was the most commonly performed procedure, followed by tonsillectomy (10 patients, 25.0%, P < .001) and tongue base surgery (9 patient 22.5%, P < .001). Conclusion: In this group, small palatine tonsils were infrequently identified as a contributor to airway obstruction and tonsillectomy was avoided in most cases. This study illustrates the utility of DISE as a tool to personalize the surgical management of pediatric patients with OSA and small tonsils on physical exam.
Preoperative Short Physical Performance Battery as a predictor of prolonged hospitalization after coronary artery bypass grafting in older patients
Authors: Han Peipei , Yu Hairui , Zhang Yuanyuan , Xie Fandi , Shao Bohan , Liu Xiangjing , Yuan Bo , Liu Zhigang , Liu Xiaocheng , Guo Qi 
Published: September 2021

Objective The study aimed to evaluate the predictive value of the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) and its three components for identifying the requirement for a prolonged hospitalization for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in older patients. Methods This prospective, observational study included 425 older patients who consecutively underwent selective CABG surgery. All patients were assessed for the SPPB. We analysed the association of the postoperative length of hospital stay with the SPPB and three components. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to determine the validity of the SPPB for predicting older patients with a prolonged hospitalization (>8 days). Results The SPPB and its three individual components were independent risk factors for a prolonged postoperative length of hospital stay. Only the SPPB summary score and the 4-m gait speed components showed good discriminative capabilities. An SPPB score cut-off of 9.5 provided the best accuracy for identifying a prolonged hospitalization. A poor physical performance (SPPB <10 score) was related to an increased risk of adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events within 6 months after discharge. Conclusions This study provides evidence for clinical utility of the SPPB score for identifying older patients undergoing CABG who are at risk of prolonged hospitalization.
Exploratory fall risk and preventive intervention in acute vestibular neuritis
Authors: Park Euyhyun , Kim Sung Kyun , Jang Jinnyeong , Han Hye Min , Song Jae Jun , Chae Sung Won , Jung Hak Hyun , Im Gi Jung 
Published: September 2021

Objective To analyze recovery from dizziness in patients with acute vestibular neuritis (AVN) after applying the “Dizziness & Fall Risk Assessment and Intervention (DFRAI)”. Methods This prospective study involved patients with AVN who underwent a survey of dizziness and fall risk. The patients received medical treatment and customized vestibular rehabilitation, and vestibular function was evaluated at the initial attack and 3 months later. Results Forty-one patients underwent subjective questionnaire assessments, which showed significant improvement in visual analog scale-dizziness handicap inventory-fear of falling (VAS-DHI-FOF) results from the initial vertigo attack to 3 months later. In the sensory organization test (SOT), the initial composite score was 63 ± 13.1, which improved to 77.5 ± 4.9 3 months later. In caloric testing, the canal paresis (CP) score was 42.9 ± 35.2, which improved to 29.9 ± 23.5 3 months later. Conclusions Subjective improvement in dizziness and objective recovery of vestibular function were confirmed. DFRAI is a comprehensive solution for dizziness, and appropriate application of the DFRAI is expected to have a positive effect on recovery from dizziness and fall prevention in patients with AVN.
Clinical and Structural Results of Rotator Cuff Repair Compared With Rotator Cuff Debridement in Arthroscopic Treatment of Calcifying Tendinitis of the Shoulder
Authors: Lorbach Olaf , Haupert Alexander , Berger Catharina , Brockmeyer Matthias 
Published: September 2021

Background: Arthroscopic treatment of calcifying tendinitis of the shoulder reveals good to excellent results. However, whether the tendon needs to be repaired after removal of the calcific deposit or simply debrided remains unclear. Purpose: To evaluate the structural and clinical results after arthroscopic calcific deposit removal with additional rotator cuff repair or rotator cuff debridement. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A total of 44 patients (46 shoulders) were enrolled in this retrospective cohort study with a mean follow-up of 58.4 months. Patients underwent arthroscopic removal of a calcific deposit and bursectomy after failed nonoperative treatment. A total of 22 patients received additional rotator cuff repair irrespective of the degree of debridement (the repair group), whereas 22 patients received a simple rotator cuff debridement without additional repair (the debridement group). Groups were comparable in sex, age, and size and consistency of the deposits according to the Gärtner and Bosworth classifications. Clinical evaluation was performed by the Constant score, Simple Shoulder Test, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, and numerical rating scales for pain, function, and satisfaction. In 29 patients (14 in the debridement group and 15 in the repair group), additional magnetic resonance imaging at follow-up was performed to evaluate the structural results using the Sugaya classification. Results: All patients were satisfied with the results of surgery; 100% of the repair group and 95.7% of the debridement group reported they would undergo the surgical procedure again. Comparison of the clinical results showed significantly better results in the repair group versus the debridement group for the Constant score (86.2 vs 80.6, respectively; P = .04), the ASES score (98.3 vs 88.9; P = .004), the Simple Shoulder Test (11.6 vs 10; P = .005), and the numerical rating scales for pain (0.1 vs 0.8; P = .007), function (9.6 vs 8.8; P = .008), and satisfaction (9.8 vs 9.1; P = .036). Comparison of the postoperative tendon integrity showed 80% Sugaya grade I in the rotator cuff repair group and 64% Sugaya grade II in the debridement group, with a statistically significant difference in favor of the repair group ( P = .004). Postoperative clinical evaluation revealed no positive O’Brien tests in the repair group, whereas approximately one-third of the debridement group showed a positive O’Brien test during examination. Conclusion: Arthroscopic removal of calcific deposits with rotator cuff debridement or cuff repair showed good to excellent clinical and structural midterm results. However, patients who underwent additional repair of the tendon defect had significantly better clinical results as well as better structural results in terms of tendon integrity.
Melanoma of glans penis and urethra: A case report and systematic review of the literature of a rare and complex neoplasm
Authors: Franceschelli Alessandro , Palmisano Franco , Gentile Giorgio , Vagnoni Valerio , Zannetti Guido , Cipriani Riccardo , Colombo Fulvio 
Published: September 2021

Objective: To evaluate the features and prognosis of melanoma of glans penis and urethra, with the presentation of a significant case report. Materials and methods: A systematic literature review was performed using the MEDLINE (PubMed) and Cochrane Libraries databases to identify all cases of male mucosal melanoma reported. Results: Two hundred fifty-two patients with male mucosal primary melanoma were found. Glans penis and fossa navicularis as primary site includes the 81.6% of all lesions considered. Median Breslow’s depth is 2.1 mm, whereas nine in situ melanomas have been reported. At the diagnosis, the disease was at a non-localized stage in 21.4% for glans penis melanomas and 11.7% urethral lesions, respectively. The 2 and 5-year survival for glans melanoma is 62.5% and 38.4%; higher rates were observed in the 2012–2020 period (76% and 58.8%, respectively). Two-year survival for urethral melanomas is 66.7%, while 5-year survival is 12.5%. 22 patients survived over 5 years with a Breslow’s depth reported always < 3.3 mm. Conclusion: Melanoma of the glans penis and urethra is a rare neoplasm associated with a poor prognosis, however recent reports show higher survival rates. Surgery remains the mainstay for a localized disease. Taking into account the small number of cases reported, topical imiquimod seems to be a valid non-surgical alterative for melanoma in situ. The use of immunotherapy and targeted therapy should be considered only in an adjuvant setting according to the recommendations of cutaneous melanoma; however, additional clinical data on male mucosal melanoma are needed to draw definitive conclusions.
Discovering dignity through experience: How nursing students discover the expression of dignity
Authors: Stikholmen Tone , Nåden Dagfinn , Alvsvåg Herdis 
Published: September 2021

Introduction: Dignity is a core value in nursing. Nursing education shall prepare students for ethical professional practice and facilitate insight into the phenomenon of dignity and its significance. There is limited knowledge about how nursing students discover dignity in their education. Research aim: The aim of the study is to develop an understanding of how nursing students discover and acquire dignity. Research design: The study has a hermeneutic approach where qualitative interviews of nursing students were employed. The process of interpretation was inspired by text of Fleming, Gaidys and Robbs. Participants and research context: Nineteen nursing students agreed to be included in the study, representing six different campuses at three different educational institutions. All were in the final year of their study. The interviews took place at the educational institutions. Ethical considerations: The educational institutions facilitated recruitment of the students who signed voluntarily for participation and continuous informed consent. The study was approved by The Norwegian Center of Reporting Data (NSD). The research recommendations of the Declaration of Helsinki were followed. Findings: The nursing students discovered the expression and significance of dignity through experiences, gained through introspection and in interaction with others during the education. Discussion: The findings are discussed using Gadamer’s concept of experience and how experiences can create new insight. In particular, the students’ experiences with the inner ethical and external aesthetic dimension of dignity are discussed. Conclusion: The study shows that students discovered the inner ethical dignity through experiencing vulnerability, pride and shame. They discovered the external aesthetic dignity through incidents, where they experienced both to be confirmed and not to be confirmed, and through observation of good or bad role models. Crucial negative and positive experiences are important for discovering the expression and significance of dignity.