bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antifungal potential of cinnamon essential oils against Phytophthora colocasiae causing taro leaf blight
Authors: Hong Zhang , Talib Kalhoro Muhammad , Mujtaba Kalhoro Ghulam , Dabin Hou , Yahya Faqir , Congying Zhou , Fukai Wang 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundTaro leaf blight, caused by a severely destructive oomycete fungusPhytophthora colocasiae, is responsible for threatening yield loss worldwide. The pathogen has the ability to germinate and spread rapidly to other plants during favorable conditions resulting in acute decline and even death, causing 100% crop loss. Farmers usually rely on highly toxic systemic fungicides to control the disease, which is effective, but residual effects and resistance of these agrochemicals is still a concern. Recently as returning to nature people tend to use chemical-free products, especially edible stuff produced in organic agriculture. Therefore, the use of bio-pesticides and phytochemicals is gaining special attention by scientists as they are ecofriendly non-hazardous, sustainable, and potent alternatives to control many virulent plant pathogens The present research was conducted to assess the antifungal potential of cinnamon essential oils againstP.colocasiae.Materials and methodsThe essential oils from cinnamon bark were extracted using microwave-assisted hydrodistillation equipment, and then their chemical constituents were evaluated using ATR FTIR spectroscopy. The antifungal potential of essential oil was assessed against mycelium, sporangia, zoospore, leaf necrosis, and corms lesions under laboratory conditions at, 0.156, 0.312, 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5.0 mg/mL concentrations. Hymexazol was used as positive control and no essential oil as negative control, while each treatment have three replications and experiment repeated twice.ResultsThe main component of oil was identified as cinnamaldehyde. The pathogen isolated from infected taro leaves was identified asP.colocasiaeand then was used as a test fungus in the current study. Repeated experiments show maximum inhibition percentage of mycelial growth, zoospore germination, and sporulation of the fungus were observed at 0.625 mg/mL, whereas leaf necrosis was 100% inhibited at 1.25 mg/mL concentration.ConclusionThis research can be a reference for easy, cost-effective and environment-friendly management and control of taro leaf blight with phytochemicals and plant essential oil derivatives.Graphic abstract
Potential drug–drug interactions in patients with cardiovascular diseases: findings from a prospective observational study
Authors: Akbar Zarka , Rehman Sundas , Khan Asad , Khan Amjad , Atif Muhammad , Ahmad Nafees 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
Patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are at high risk of experiencing drug–drug interactions (DDIs). The objective of this study was to evaluate the frequency, level and risk factors associated with potential-DDIs (pDDIs) in hospitalized CVD patients at cardiology departments of two tertiary care hospitals in Quetta, Pakistan.

Methods
In the current prospective observational study, a total of 300 eligible CVD inpatients were evaluated for pDDIs using Lexicomp Interact®. The pDDIs were classified into class A (no known interaction); B (no action needed); C (monitor therapy: it is documented that the benefits of an interaction outweigh the risk, appropriately monitor therapy in order to avoid potential adverse outcomes); D (consider therapy modification: it is documented that proper actions must be taken to reduce the toxicity resulting from an interaction); X (avoid combination: the risk of an interaction outweighs the benefits and are usually contraindicated). Multivariate binary logistic regression analysis was used to find factors associated with the presence of Class-D and/or X pDDIs. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results
With a median of 8.50 pDDIs per patient, all patients (100%) had ≥ 1 pDDIs. Out of total 2787 pDDIs observed, 74.06% (n = 2064) were of moderate and (n = 483) 17.33% of major severity. Class C pDDIs were most common (n = 1971, 70.72%) followed by D (n = 582, 20.88%), B (n = 204, 7.32%) and X (n = 30, 1.08%). Suffering from cardiovascular diseases other than myocardial infarction (OR 0.053, p-value < 0.001) and receiving > 12 drugs (OR 4.187, p-value = 0.009) had statistical significant association with the presence of class D and/or X pDDIs.

Conclusion
In the current study, pDDIs were highly prevalent. The inclusion of DDI screening tools, availability of clinical pharmacists and paying special attention to the high-risk patients may reduce the frequency of pDDIs at the study sites.
Optimization of extraction conditions and evaluation of Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen fruit peel extract for in vitro α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition and free radical scavenging potential
Authors: Karle Pravin P. , Dhawale Shashikant C. , Navghare Vijay V. , Shivpuje Shivraj S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
Most of the edible portions like peel and skin of some fruits is discarded while consuming it, though they are rich in several health beneficial phytochemicals or nutrients. Many reports from literature are about fruit pulp of (Sapota) Manilkara zapota (L) P. Royen having high radical scavenging and antioxidant potential, but the studies relating to peel extracts are scanty. Regardless of its commendable phytoconstituents which could have free radical scavenging potential, this fruit peel is as yet still needed to be assessed for in vitro antidiabetic prospects. Hence, the present study aims at evaluating in vitro free radical scavenging and α-glucosidase enzyme hindrance abilities of this fruit peel.

Results
With a maximum considerable % extractive yield (18.90%) in 70% ethanol, this study has demonstrated that 70% ethanolic extract of Manilkara Zapota (L.) P. Royen Fruit Peel (MZFP) has the highest in vitro free radical scavenging potential as compared to extracts of other solvents viz. n-hexane, chloroform, acetone, absolute ethanol, and water by DPPH and H2O2 assays. In order to optimize the extraction condition parameters, MZFP sample evaluated with three different concentrations of ethanol (40%, 70%, 100%), extraction times (6 h, 9 h, 12 h), and temperatures (40 °C, 50 °C, 60 °C) to get the highest radical scavenging potential. The MZFP when extracted with 70% ethanol, at 50 °C for 12 h, showed higher DPPH (IC50 = 0.34 and 88.42% inhibition at 1 mg/ml) and H2O2 (IC50 = 32.69 and 65.78% inhibition at 50 μg/ml) radical scavenging potential than absolute and 40% ethanolic extracts, when ascorbic acid was used as a reference standard. While further evaluation for in vitro α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition, 70% ethanolic MZFP extract demonstrated high inhibition activity (IC50 = 104.23 ± 1.75 μg/ml) than absolute ethanolic extract (IC50 = 111.65 ± 1.57 μg/ml) with a significant difference (p < 0.05), when acarbose was taken as reference inhibitor (IC50 = 86.93 ± 0.74 μg/ml).

Conclusions
Overall results indicated that MZFP 70% ethanolic extract exhibited promising in vitro radical scavenging and α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition potential. Thus, suggesting further studies with isolated phytochemicals from peel to explore its potentials for antidiabetic activity through in vitro α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition.
The Hard-Boiled Anthropocene and the Infrastructure of Extractivism
Authors: Rowan Jamin Creed 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis essay suggests that hard-boiled crime fiction in the United States has developed the kind of “deep infrastructural ethic” that John Durham Peters says is present in much modern thought. The essay attempts to illuminate the genre’s infrastructural ethic and its corresponding affordance for environmental critique by tracing its expressions through a sample of significant texts in the hard-boiled and noir canons, and by concluding with a sustained reading of Paolo Bacigalupi’s The Water Knife (2015). These readings demonstrate that hard-boiled narratives enable readers to perceive the ways in which extractivist infrastructures are frequently built upon and facilitate the exploitation of both human and environmental resources. Hard-boiled texts help readers see capitalism’s extractivist infrastructure as a type of material and intellectual entrapment that ultimately undermines the common good and the planetary commons. Further, this essay argues that hard-boiled crime fiction attends to what AbdouMaliq Simone calls “infrastructures of relationality” and thus points a way out of the material and metaphysical entrapments of an extractivist economy’s infrastructure. The infrastructures of relationality that emerge in a world in which climate crises have broken down the infrastructures of capitalism provide a platform from which individuals can practice a mode of collective thinking and being that offers an alternative to the alienation upon which extractivism depends. In short, the hard-boiled genre is not only one of the Anthropocene’s earliest cultural responders but is also a vital genre for making sense of our contemporary situation in a deeper stage of the Anthropocene.
Descriptive Epidemiology of Interruptions to Free-Living Sitting Time in Middle-Age and Older Adults
Authors: BLANKENSHIP JENNIFER M. , WINKLER ELISABETH A. H. , HEALY GENEVIEVE N. , Dempsey PADDY C. , BELLETTIERE JOHN , OWEN NEVILLE , DUNSTAN DAVID W. 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
National guidelines recommend physically active interruptions to sitting time; however, the characteristics of these interruptions are broadly stated and ill-defined. A robust methodology for population surveillance for such interruptions is needed.

Purpose
To describe the frequency and characteristics (i.e., duration, stepping time, and estimated intensity) of all interruptions and physically active interruptions to adults’ free-living sitting time (i.e., transitions from sitting to upright posture) across segments of the population.

Methods
Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle study participants (321 men; 406 women; mean ± standard deviation, 58.0 ± 10.3 yr) wore the activPAL3™ for ≥1 valid day. The characteristics of interruptions from laboratory studies demonstrating health benefits were selected to define active interruptions (≥5 min upright and/or ≥2 min stepping) and ambulatory interruptions (≥2 min stepping). The frequency and characteristics of all, active, and ambulatory interruptions were described and compared by age, sex, diabetes status, and body mass index.

Results
Adults averaged 55.0 ± 21.8 interruptions per day, but only 20.3 ± 6.7 were active and 14.0 ± 5.4 were ambulatory. Median (25th, 75th percentile) duration was 2.6 min (0.9, 7.8 min), stepping time was 0.8 min (0.3, 2.0 min), and estimated energy expenditure was 4.3 metabolic equivalents (MET)·min−1 (1.4, 12.5 MET·min−1). Those who were older, had obesity, or had diabetes had significantly (P < 0.05) fewer interruptions of all types and less stepping time during active interruptions than their counterparts (Cohen’s d < 0.2).

Conclusions
Free-living interruptions were often less active than interruptions performed in effective acute laboratory studies and their content varied widely between population groups. Monitoring all interruptions, as well as those that are more active, is advisable to provide a comprehensive understanding of free-living sedentary behavior.
Dual-broadband and single ultrawideband absorbers from the terahertz to infrared regime
Authors: Barzegar-Parizi Saeedeh , Ebrahimi Amir , Ghorbani Kamran 
Published: July 2021

This paper presents the design and analysis of broadband metamaterial absorbers with single and dual absorption bands from terahertz to infrared frequencies. The absorbers are made of a composite graphene/metallic structure. A metallic patch array is printed on a ground-plane-backed dielectric slab. A graphene patch array is stacked on top of the metallic array, whereas a dielectric spacer separates the graphene and patch spacer from each other. The tunable property of the graphene surface conductivity at terahertz frequencies together with the complex permittivity of metal at the infrared regime are used to design broadband absorbers from the terahertz to infrared regime. The design is based on the combination and excitation of the plasmon polaritons of graphene and metallic patterned arrays at terahertz and infrared frequency bands, respectively. Two broad absorption bands occur from 4.56–9.02 THz and 16.95–60.23 THz with the fractional bandwidths of 67% and 112%, respectively. Furthermore, by a proper design of the parameters, a single ultrawide absorption spectra from 6.6–58.13 THz can be achieved with a fractional bandwidth 160%. In order to validate the simulation results, a circuit model-based analysis is developed, where the patterned arrays are modeled as the surface admittances, and the dielectric spacers are modeled by transmission line stubs. The results obtained by the full-wave simulations in the high-frequency structure simulator are in good agreement with the circuit model results. The absorbers show great stability with respect to the incidence angle for both the transverse electric and transverse magnetic waves.
Combinations of alcohol-induced flushing with genetic polymorphisms of alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases and the risk of alcohol dependence in Japanese men and women
Authors: Yokoyama Akira , Yokoyama Tetsuji , Kimura Mitsuru , Matsushita Sachio , Yokoyama Masako 
Published: July 2021

ObjectiveThe risk of alcohol dependence (AD) in Japanese men and women was evaluated according to combinations of alcohol flushing andaldehyde dehydrogenase-2(ALDH2, rs671) andalcohol dehydrogenase-1B(ADH1B, rs1229984) genotypes, all of which are known to determine AD susceptibility in Asians. Previous studies have focused on men, since women account for a smaller proportion of AD subjects.MethodsCase control studies were conducted between 3721 male and 335 female AD Japanese and 610 male and 406 female controls who were asked about their current or former tendency to experience facial flushing after drinking a glass of beer and underwentALDH2andADH1Bgenotyping. The time at which alcohol-induced facial flushing tendencies had disappeared in former-flushing AD subjects was also evaluated.ResultsCurrent alcohol flushing, the inactiveALDH2*1/*2genotype, and the fast-metabolizingADH1B*2allele were less frequently found in the AD groups. Although alcohol flushing was strongly influenced by theALDH2andADH1Bgenotypes, multiple logistic model showed that never or former flushing and the genotype combinations were independent strong risk factors of AD in men and women. Never or former flushing (vs. current flushing) markedly increased the odds ratios of AD in carriers of each of theALDH2andADH1Bgenotype combinations. The temporal profiles for drinking and flushing in former-flushing AD subjects revealed that the flushing response disappeared soon after or before the start of habitual drinking during young adulthood, regardless of theALDH2genotype.ConclusionAlthough alcohol flushing is influenced by theALDH2andADH1Bgenotypes, constitutional or acquired flushing tolerance is an independent susceptibility trait for AD. The combination of the alcohol flushing status and theALDH2andADH1Bgenotypes can provide a better new strategy for AD risk assessment than the alcohol flushing status alone or the genotypes alone in Asian men and women.
Association of the rs2167270 polymorphism of the leptin gene (LEP) with the intensity of pain in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee
Authors: Krylov M. Yu. , Alekseeva L. I. , Scharapova E. P. 
Published: July 2021

Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a significant social problem as it is the most common disease of the joints. OA is a multifactorial disease in which great attention is paid to hereditary factors. Recently, a number of studies have demonstrated the contribution of a number of genes to the subjective assessment of pain in OA, which is the main symptom of this disease. The association of P2X7, TRPV1 and TACR1 genes and some others with pain sensitivity has been shown. One of the risk factors of pain among many others, is the increased weight. Abdominal adipose tissue is a source of release of pro-inflammatory adipokines that cause systemic inflammation associated with damage to many tissues, including subchondral bone, synovial membrane. Leptin is an endogenous hormone from the adipokine family encoded by the obesity gene leptin (LEP) and which is synthesized primarily in adipocytes.Aims: To investigate the possible association of rs2167270 (A19G) polymorphism of the LEP gene with pain intensity in ­patients with knee OA.Materials and methods: The study was conducted among women diagnosed with OA. Using the VAS scale (Visual analog scale), patients with mild knee pain — group 1 (VAS ≤ 40 mm) and patients with moderate or severe pain — group 2 (VAS>40 mm) were selected for pain assessment. Genetic variants of A19G leptin gene polymorphism were studied by polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction fragment length analysis (PCR-RFLP) method.Results: In the group of patients with moderate or severe pain intensity (group 2, n=61), a statistically significant association was shown with a higher body mass index (p=0.006) and an increased frequency of carriers of the 19GG genotype (p=0,051) compared to group 1 (n=36). Carriers of the 19GG genotype statistically significantly had a higher rate of knee pain and an early age of OA debut compared to carriers of the 19AA genotype (p=0,035 and p=0,015, respectively).Conclusions: The findings open up new possibilities for predicting pain symptoms in patients with knee OA by genetic testing of A19G polymorphic variants of the leptin gene.
The influence of adiponectin on carbohydrates, lipids, and lipoproteins metabolism: analysis of signaling mechanisms
Authors: Tanyanskiy D. A. , Denisenko A. D. 
Published: July 2021

Dysregulation of adipose tissue functions makes a significant contribution to the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome, one of the most common diseases in recent years. Adipose tissue is an organ that secretes at least several dozen signaling molecules, adipokines. One of the most studied and at the same time mysterious adipokines is adiponectin. The latter is due to the lack of clear ideas about the biological role of this adipokine, the presence of its several molecular forms with different activity and several types of receptors to this adipokine localized in almost all cells of the body. The purpose of this review is to summarize and analyze the available information about the molecular mechanisms of the effect of adiponectin on metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and lipoproteins. The literature search was conducted by the keywords "adiponectin" and "metabolic syndrome" in the Pubmed and Elibrary.ru databases for the period from 1995 to 2021.According to the results of the literature analysis, it is assumed that adiponectin is involved in energy metabolism as a «satiety» hormone that promotes the utilization and storage of energy-rich substrates, fatty acids and glucose, which prevents the development or mitigates the already developed insulin resistance. This reduces the amount of plasma triglycerides and increases the level of high-density lipoproteins in the plasma. Adiponectin affects metabolic processes by activating the AdipoR1-APPL1-LKB1-AMPK, AdipoR1-APPL1-p38, AdipoR2-PPARa cascades, and possibly by activating the ceramidase and phosphoinositide pathways and insulin signaling. In addition to the AdipoR1/2 receptors, the adhesion molecule T-cadherin may be involved in the transduction of the adiponectin signal in endothelial and muscle cells. The mechanisms of signal transduction from T-cadherin, as well as from AdipoR2, remain unclear. Studies on the mechanisms of the action of individual molecular forms of adiponectin are extremely rare. The analysis shows the complex nature of adiponectin signaling, many of the mechanisms of which remain undiscovered, and it is possible that the near future will bring us significant progress in this area.
The mixed metric dimension of flower snarks and wheels
Authors: Danas Milica Milivojević 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
New graph invariant, which is called a mixed metric dimension, has been recently introduced. In this paper, exact results of the mixed metric dimension on two special classes of graphs are found: flower snarks

J

n

{J}_{n}

and wheels

W

n

{W}_{n}

. It is proved that the mixed metric dimension for

J

5

{J}_{5}

is equal to 5, while for higher dimensions it is constant and equal to 4. For

W

n

{W}_{n}

, the mixed metric dimension is not constant, but it is equal to

n

n

when

n
≥
4

n\ge 4

, while it is equal to 4, for

n
=
3

n=3

.
Health Policy Challenge for Breast Cancer Prevention: A Case Report
Authors: Torkmandi Hojjat , Pourrahimi Akbar , Afshar Mahnaz Keshavarz , Fayazi Sanaz , Abdi Mohammad 
Published: July 2021

Breast cancer early diagnosis increases treatment chances, and self-examination is one of the commonest screening methods employed by women. The case of a 24-year-old Iranian woman with a history of mild mental retardation and chest pain was reported. A large lump was detected in the breast during visitation to the surgical clinic. The parents stated the lump was noticed due to a shape change in the clothes covering the patient's chest area. Therefore, the patient had mastectomy surgery after a biopsy and a malignant breast lump was confirmed. The registration and identification of people with mental disorder histories or various mental retardation degrees in each region's health centers to periodically assess their breast health tend to reduce the risk of late breast cancer detection in women.
Conceptual Modeling of Explainable Recommender Systems: An Ontological Formalization to Guide Their Design and Development
Authors: Caro-Martínez Marta , Jiménez-Díaz Guillermo , Recio-García Juan A. 
Published: July 2021

With the increasing importance of e-commerce and the immense variety of products, users need help to decide which ones are the most interesting to them. This is one of the main goals of recommender systems. However, users’ trust may be compromised if they do not understand how or why the recommendation was achieved. Here, explanations are essential to improve user confidence in recommender systems and to make the recommendation useful.
Providing explanation capabilities into recommender systems is not an easy task as their success depends on several aspects such as the explanation’s goal, the user’s expectation, the knowledge available, or the presentation method. Therefore, this work proposes a conceptual model to alleviate this problem by defining the requirements of explanations for recommender systems. Our goal is to provide a model that guides the development of effective explanations for recommender systems as they are correctly designed and suited to the user’s needs. Although earlier explanation taxonomies sustain this work, our model includes new concepts not considered in previous works. Moreover, we make a novel contribution regarding the formalization of this model as an ontology that can be integrated into the development of proper explanations for recommender systems.