bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of Faculty and Programmatic Resources on the Proportion of Academic Doctoral Degrees in Professional Physical Therapist Education Programs
Authors: Dickson Tara , Deschenes Beth , Gleeson Peggy , Zafereo Jason 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Objective
The Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education has introduced a requirement that 50% of core faculty members in a physical therapist education program should have an academic doctoral degree, which many programs are not currently meeting. Competition between programs for prestige and resources may explain the discrepancy of academic achievement among faculty despite accreditation standards. The purpose of this study was to identify faculty and program characteristics that are predictive of programs having a higher percentage of faculty with academic doctoral degrees.

Methods
Yearly accreditation data from 231 programs for a 10-year period were used in a fixed-effects panel analysis.

Results
For a 1 percentage point increase in the number of core faculty members, a program could expect a decline in academic doctoral degrees by 14% with all other variables held constant. For a 1% increase in either reported total cost or expenses per student, a program could expect a 7% decline in academic doctoral degrees with all other variables held constant. Programs that have been accredited for a longer period of time could expect to have proportionately more faculty members with academic doctoral degrees.

Conclusions
Programs may be increasing their core faculty size to allow faculty with academic doctoral degrees to focus on scholarly productivity. The percentage of faculty with academic doctoral degrees declines as programs increase tuition and expenditures, but this may be due to programs’ tendency to stratify individuals (including part-time core faculty) into teaching- and research-focused efforts to maximize their research prowess and status.

Impact
This study illuminates existing relationships between physical therapist faculty staffing, time spent in research versus teaching, and program finances. The results of this study should be used to inform higher education policy initiatives aimed to lower competitive pressures and the costs of professional education.
Anyon Networks from Geometric Models of Matter
Authors: Atiyah Michael , Marcolli Matilde 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This paper, completed in its present form by the second author after the first author passed away in 2019, describes an intended continuation of the previous joint work on anyons in geometric models of matter. This part outlines a construction of anyon tensor networks based on four-dimensional orbifold geometries and braid representations associated with surface-braids defined by multisections of the orbifold normal bundle of the surface of orbifold points.
TAKEDA UK LTD v F. HOFFMANN-LA ROCHE AG
Authors:   Patents Court
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Patents – European patents – Revocation proceedings – Pharmaceuticals – Antibodies – Validity – Infringement – Construction – Numerical ranges – “at least 99%” – Novelty – Disclosure – Enablement – Obviousness – Lack of technical contribution – Hindsight – Insufficiency – Ambiguity – Fuzzy boundaries
ASSESSMENT OF THE RADIOACTIVITY OF GAMMA EMITTERS IN BABY FORMULA FOR DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS AND BABY CEREAL CONSUMED IN JORDAN
Authors: Ababneh Anas M , Jaradat Bayan , Samarah Qutad M , Ababneh Zaid Q 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In the present work, different brands of baby formula and cereal consumed in Jordan were analyzed for their radioactivity content. The activity concentrations of 40K varied with the designated age group in formula with the average concentrations being (in Bq/kg): 160.2 ± 33.5, 219.0 ± 35.0 and 265.2 ± 56.3 for the age groups of 0–6 months, 6–12 months and 1–3 years, respectively. 226Ra was not detected in any of the samples, while 232Th was detected in nearly half the samples with concentrations ranging from 0.22 to 0.82 Bq/kg. 137Cs was detected in only two samples with concentrations of 0.94 and 3.15 Bq/kg. The concentrations of 40K and 232Th in cereal were in the ranges of 23–294 and 0.49–1.48 Bq/kg, respectively. The resulting committed dose was assessed and found in the range of 154–613 μSv, with insignificant contribution from 137Cs, which is within the worldwide range but generally higher than the worldwide average of 290 μSv.
Optimistic amnesia: how online and offline processing shape belief updating and memory biases in immediate and long-term optimism biases
Authors: Yao Ziqing , Lin Xuanyi , Hu Xiaoqing 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
When people are confronted with feedback that counters their prior beliefs, they preferentially rely on desirable rather than undesirable feedback in belief updating, i.e. an optimism bias. In two pre-registered EEG studies employing an adverse life event probability estimation task, we investigated the neurocognitive processes that support the formation and the change of optimism biases in immediate and 24 h delayed tests. We found that optimistic belief updating biases not only emerged immediately but also became significantly larger after 24 h, suggesting an active role of valence-dependent offline consolidation processes in the change of optimism biases. Participants also showed optimistic memory biases: they were less accurate in remembering undesirable than desirable feedback probabilities, with inferior memories of undesirable feedback associated with lower belief updating in the delayed test. Examining event-related brain potentials (ERPs) revealed that desirability of feedback biased initial encoding: desirable feedback elicited larger P300s than undesirable feedback, with larger P300 amplitudes predicting both higher belief updating and memory accuracies. These results suggest that desirability of feedback could bias both online and offline memory-related processes such as encoding and consolidation, with both processes contributing to the formation and change of optimism biases.
Phloem sap metabolites vary according to the interactive effects of nutrient supply and seasonal conditions inEucalyptus globulus(Labill)
Authors: Halder Nirmol Kumar , Fuentes David , Possell Malcolm , Bradshaw Ben , Ingram Lachlan , Merchant Andrew 
Published: January 2021

AbstractImproving the efficiency of fertilizer application is paramount to both the sustainability and profitability of forest plantations. Therefore, developing reliable, cost-effective tools to assess tree nutritional status is of great interest. This investigation sought to assess the use of phloem sap-derived metabolites as an indicator of nutritional status on a background of seasonal water availability of Eucalyptus globulus (Labill) trees grown under field conditions. Phloem is a central conduit for long-distance transport and signaling in plants and offers great promise in reflecting plant-scale resource limitations. Changes in the abundance of solutes and isotopes in phloem sap are sensitive to environmental cues. With a focus on both water and nutrient availability, we characterize patterns in phloem sugars, amino acids and the abundance of carbon isotopes in phloem sap obtained from E. globulus among different seasons and fertilizer treatments. Phloem-derived total amino acid concentration was found to increase with an increasing nitrogen (N) supply; however, this response was lost with the concurrent addition of phosphorus and at the highest level of N supply. Significant seasonal variation in all measured parameters was also detected, highlighting the need for caution in making quantitative relationships with growth. Broader implications of the interactive effects of both water supply and multi-nutrient additions and relationships with growth are discussed.
Immediate Postoperative Imaging Following Elective Lumbar Fusion Provides Little Clinical Utility
Authors: Ronald Andrew A. , Herring Eric Z. , Gerges Christina , Shost Michael , Jella Tarun , Sajatovic Martha , Labak Collin M. , Smith Gabriel 
Published: January 2021

Study Design.
Retrospective review at a single institution of all adult patients who underwent elective lumbar fusion surgery for degenerative spinal disease from 2013 to 2018. Reoperation rates and change in clinical management due to routine imaging findings were the primary outcomes.

Objective.
To investigate what effects immediate routine postoperative imaging has on the clinical management of patients following lumbar fusion surgery.

Summary of Background Data.
The clinical utility of routine postoperative imaging following lumbar fusion surgery remains uncertain. Existing studies on the clinical utility of postoperative imaging in lumbar fusion patients have largely focused on imaging obtained post-discharge. We present a retrospective analysis that to our knowledge is the first study reporting on the clinical utility of routine imaging in lumbar fusion patients during the immediate postoperative period.

Methods.
The medical records of patients who had undergone elective lumbar instrumented fusion for degenerative disease from 2013 to 2018 by neurosurgeons across one regional healthcare system were retrospectively analyzed. Inpatient records and imaging orders for patients were reviewed. Routine immediate postoperative imaging was defined by any lumbar spine imaging prior to discharge in the absence of specific indications.

Results.
Analysis identified 115 patients who underwent elective lumbar instrumented fusion for degenerative disease. One-hundred-twelve patients received routine postoperative imaging. Routine imaging was abnormal in four patients (4%). There was one instance (<1%) where routine immediate postoperative imaging led to change in clinical management. Abnormal routine imaging was not associated with either reoperation or development of neurological symptoms postoperatively (P = 0.10), however, new or worsening neurologic deficits did predict reoperation (P < 0.01).

Conclusion.
New neurologic deficit was the only significant predictor of reoperation. Routine imaging, whether normal or abnormal, was not found to be associated with reoperation. The practice of routine imaging prior to discharge following elective lumbar fusion surgery appears to provide little utility to clinical management.

Level of Evidence: 3
Influence of Preoperative Difference in Lumbar Lordosis Between the Standing and Supine Positions on Clinical Outcomes After Single-level Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion
Authors: Ohyama Shuhei , Aoki Yasuchika , Inoue Masahiro , Kubota Go , Watanabe Atsuya , Nakajima Takayuki , Sato Yusuke , Takahashi Hiroshi , Nakajima Arata , Saito Junya , Eguchi Yawara , Orita Sumihisa , Inage Kazuhide , Shiga Yasuhiro , Nakagawa Koichi , Ohtori Seiji 
Published: January 2021

Study Design.
Retrospective cohort study.

Objective.
The aim of this study was to investigate whether a preoperative difference in lumbar lordosis (D-LL) between the standing and supine positions is associated with clinical outcomes after transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF).

Summary of Background Data.
Several factors have been reported to be associated with surgical outcomes after TLIF. However, the association between preoperative D-LL and clinical outcomes after TLIF is unknown.

Methods.
We enrolled 45 lumbar degenerative disease patients (mean age: 65.7 ± 11.3 years old; 24 males) treated with single-level TLIF. Surgical outcomes were assessed using Oswestry disability index, visual analog scale (VAS; low back pain [LBP], lower-extremity pain, numbness, LBP in motion, in standing, and in sitting), Japanese Orthopaedic Association Back Pain Evaluation Questionnaire, Japanese Orthopaedic Association score for intermittent claudication (JOA score), and Nakai's scoring system. The preoperative D-LL between the standing radiograph and computed tomography (CT) in the supine position was defined as LL in supine CT-standing radiograph. Patients were divided into two groups according to D-LL value (D-LL >−4°, and D-LL ≤−4°). Clinical outcomes were compared between the groups, and correlations between preoperative D-LL and clinical outcomes were analyzed.

Results.
There were no significant differences in preoperative clinical parameters between the two groups. Postoperative VASs for lower extremity pain, numbness, LBP in standing, and JOA score in D-LL >−4° group were significantly worse than in the D-LL ≤−4° group (P < 0.05). Preoperative D-LL showed a weak correlation with postoperative lower extremity pain and numbness (P < 0.05).

Conclusion.
This study revealed that lumbar degenerative disease patients, who have greater preoperative kyphotic lumbar alignment in the standing versus supine position, tend to have postoperative residual symptoms after TLIF. A preoperative comparison of lateral radiographs between the standing and supine positions is useful to predict patients’ postoperative residual symptoms.

Level of Evidence: 3
Equal Ratio Ventilation Reduces Blood Loss During Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion Surgery
Authors: Kim Hye Bin , Kweon Tae Dong , Chang Chul Ho , Kim Ji Young , Kim Kyung Sub , Kim Ji Young 
Published: January 2021

Study Design.
A prospective randomized double-blinded study.

Objective.
The aim of this study was to compare the effect of two different ventilator modes (inspiratory to expiratory ratio [I:E ratio] of 1:1 and 1:2) on intraoperative surgical bleeding in patients undergoing posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) surgery.

Summary of Background Data.
During PLIF surgery, a considerable amount of blood loss is anticipated. In the prone position, engorgement of the vertebral vein increases surgical bleeding. We hypothesized that equal ratio ventilation (ERV) with I:E ratio of 1:1 would lower peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) in the prone position and consequentially decrease surgical bleeding.

Methods.
Twenty-eight patients were randomly assigned to receive either ERV (ERV group, n = 14) or conventional ventilation with I:E ratio of 1:2 (control group, n = 14). Hemodynamic and respiratory parameters were measured at 5 minutes after anesthesia induction, at 5 minutes after the prone position, at the time of skin closure, and at 5 minutes after turning to the supine position.

Results.
The amount of intraoperative surgical bleeding in the ERV group was significantly less than that in the control group (975.7 ± 349.9 mL vs. 1757.1 ± 1172.7 mL, P = 0.030). Among other hemodynamic and respiratory parameters, PIP and plateau inspiratory pressure (Pplat) were significantly lower and dynamic lung compliance (Cdyn) was significantly higher in the ERV group than those of the control group throughout the study period, respectively (all P < 0.05).

Conclusion.
Compared to conventional ratio ventilation, ERV provided lower PIP and reduced intraoperative surgical blood loss in patients undergoing PLIF surgery.

Level of Evidence: 2
The Association of Preinfection Daily Oral Anticoagulation Use and All-Cause in Hospital Mortality From Novel Coronavirus 2019 at 21 Days: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Harrison Raquel F. , Forte Kenneth , Buscher Michael G. , Chess Adam , Patel Amitkumar , Moylan Tatiana , Mize Charles Haviland , Werdmann Michael , Ferrigno Rockman 
Published: January 2021

Objectives:
Practices regarding anticoagulation use in coronavirus disease 2019 focus primarily on its efficacy in the critically ill without a clear understanding of when to begin anticoagulation. We sought to understand the association of preinfection daily oral anticoagulation use and the short-term mortality of patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019.

Design:
Retrospective chart review.

Setting:
Large health system with high coronavirus disease 2019 prevalence.

Patients:
Patients 60 years or older admitted to the hospital with positive coronavirus disease 2019 polymerase chain reaction test.

Interventions:
We compared both those on warfarin and those on a direct oral anticoagulant prior to admission and throughout disease course with those who were never exposed to an oral anticoagulant.

Results:
Our primary outcome was inhospital mortality at 21 days from the first coronavirus disease 2019 test ordered. Patients in the direct oral anticoagulant group (n = 104) were found to have significantly lower 21-day all-cause in hospital mortality than patients in the control group (n = 894) both prior to adjustment (14.4% vs 23.8%; odds ratio, 0.57 [0.29–0.92]; p = 0.03) and after controlling for age, gender, and comorbidities (odds ratio, 0.44 [0.20–0.90]; p = 0.033). Patients on warfarin (n = 28) were found to have an elevated unadjusted mortality rate of 32% versus 23.8% in the control group (odds ratio, 1.51 [0.64–3.31]; p = 0.31). After adjustment, a reduction in mortality was observed but not found to be statistically significant (odds ratio, 0.29 [0.02–1.62]; p = 0.24). There was no statistical difference noted in the number of bleeding events in each group.

Conclusions:
In this retrospective cohort study evaluating oral anticoagulant use among patients with coronavirus disease 2019, we found that patients who are on daily oral anticoagulation at the time of infection and throughout their disease course had significantly lower risk of all-cause mortality at 21 days. Validation of these findings should be performed on population-based levels. While research regarding anticoagulation algorithms is ongoing, we believe these results support future randomized control trials to understand the efficacy and risk of the use of early oral anticoagulation.
Critical Ethics: How to Balance Patient Autonomy With Fairness When Patients Refuse Coronavirus Disease 2019 Testing
Authors: Kopar Piroska K. , Kramer Jessica B. , Brown Douglas E. , Bochicchio Grant V. 
Published: January 2021

Objectives:
A cornerstone of our healthcare system’s response to the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic is widespread testing to facilitate both isolation and early treatment. When patients refuse to undergo coronavirus disease testing, they compromise not only just their own health but also the health of those around them. The primary objective of our review is to identify the most ethical way a given healthcare system may respond to a patient’s refusal to undergo coronavirus disease 2019 testing.

Data Sources:
We apply a systematic approach to a true clinical case scenario to evaluate the ethical merits of four plausible responses to a patient’s refusal to undergo coronavirus disease testing. Although our clinical case is anecdotal, it is representative of our experience at our University Tertiary Care Center.

Data Extraction:
Each plausible response in the case is rigorously analyzed by examining relevant stakeholders, facts, norms, and ethical weight both with respect to individuals’ rights and to the interests of public health. We use the “So Far No Objections” method as the ethical approach of choice because it has been widely used in the Ethics Modules of the Surgical Council on Resident Education Curriculum of the American College of Surgeons.

Data Synthesis:
Two ethically viable options may be tailored to individual circumstances depending on the severity of the patient’s condition. Although unstable patients must be assumed to be coronavirus disease positive and treated accordingly even in the absence of a test, stable patients who refuse testing may rightfully be asked to seek care elsewhere.

Conclusions:
Although patient autonomy is a fundamental principle of our society’s medical ethic, during a pandemic we must, in the interest of vulnerable and critically ill patients, draw certain limits to obliging the preferences of noncritically ill patients with decisional capacity.
Dysphagia in Patients With Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019—Potential Neurologic Etiologies
Authors: Dziewas Rainer , Hufelschulte Lisa-Marie , Lepper Johannes , Sackarnd Jan , Minnerup Jens , Teismann Inga , Ahring Sigrid , Claus Inga , Labeit Bendix , Muhle Paul , Suntrup-Krüger Sonja , Warnecke Tobias , Padberg Jan-Sören 
Published: January 2021

Importance:
Dysphagia is a common complication of critical illness, and many known risk factors are also present in critically ill coronavirus disease 2019 victims.

Objectives:
To investigate dysphagia in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019.

Design, Setting, and Participants:
In this case series, we report results of dedicated evaluation of swallowing function in six consecutive, tracheotomized coronavirus disease 2019 patients after they had survived acute respiratory distress syndrome and were weaned from the respirator.

Main Outcomes and Measures:
Dysphagia was assessed with flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing.

Results:
Three patients suffered from severe dysphagia and airway compromise precluding decannulation, whereas in the other, three swallowing was less critically impaired, and the tracheal cannula could be removed. Four patients presented with additional laryngeal dysfunctions not typically seen in acute respiratory distress syndrome survivors.

Conclusion and Relevance:
Dysphagia with impaired airway protection is a key feature in coronavirus disease 2019 acute respiratory distress syndrome survivors. Apart from critical illness polyneuropathy, coronavirus disease 2019–related involvement of the peripheral and central nervous system may contribute to swallowing impairment and laryngeal dysfunction.
Acneiform Presentations of Folliculotropic Mycosis Fungoides
Authors: Shamim Huma , Riemer Christie , Weenig Roger , Sokumbi Olayemi , Sciallis Gabriel , McEvoy Marian , Mischke Daniel , Comfere Nneka 
Published: January 2021

Background:
Folliculotropic mycosis fungoides (FMF) is a variant of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma that has clinical overlap with a variety of inflammatory follicular unit disorders. However, we describe distinctive presentations of FMF with acneiform features that can be diagnostically challenging, leading to diagnostic delay.

Objective:
To highlight the importance of histopathologic and immunohistochemical evaluation for diagnostic confirmation of presumed inflammatory follicular unit–based disorders that are unusual in presentation or unresponsive to standard therapies.

Methods:
A cross-sectional retrospective study of 5 consecutive patients with a histopathologic diagnosis of FMF was conducted. The clinical, histopathologic, immunophenotypic, and molecular genetic features of cases are presented.

Results:
We describe 5 patients with clinical and histopathologic presentations of FMF masquerading as hidradenitis suppurativa, furunculosis, or acne vulgaris (age range 34–66 years, 4:1 female to male). Clinical morphologies included open and closed comedones, inflammatory pustules, papules and nodules, follicular papules with keratotic plugging, cysts, and scarring involving the face, trunk, and intertriginous areas. All patients failed to respond to standard therapies, including topical and oral antibiotics, topical and oral retinoids, or topical corticosteroids, before receiving the diagnosis of FMF. Lesional skin biopsies showed a perifollicular CD4-positive T-lymphocytic infiltrate with pilotropism, intrafollicular mucin deposition, foreign-body granulomatous inflammation, acute inflammation, and follicular epithelial necrosis. None had concurrent systemic mycosis fungoides.

Limitations:
Small retrospective cohort study.

Conclusion:
We present these cases to expand the clinical and histopathologic spectrum of FMF that may strikingly resemble acneiform disorders and to highlight the importance of diagnostic reconsideration with histopathologic evaluation.