bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Behavioral and brain mechanisms mediating conditioned flight behavior in rats
Authors: Totty Michael S. , Warren Naomi , Huddleston Isabella , Ramanathan Karthik R. , Ressler Reed L. , Oleksiak Cecily R. , Maren Stephen 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACTEnvironmental contexts and associative learning can inform animals of potential threats, though it is currently unknown how contexts bias defensive transitions. Here we investigated context-dependent flight responses in the Pavlovian serial-compound stimulus (SCS) paradigm. We show here that SCS-evoked flight behavior in male and female rats is dependent on contextual fear. Flight was reduced in the conditioning context after context extinction and could be evoked in a different shock-associated context. Although flight was exclusive to white noise stimuli, it was nonetheless associative insofar as rats that received an equal number of unpaired USs did not show flight-like behavior. Finally, we found that inactivation of either the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) or bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) attenuated both contextual fear and flight responses. This work demonstrates that contextual fear summates with cued and innate fear to drive a high fear state and freeze-to-flight transitions.
Smoothened and ARL13B are critical in mouse for superior cerebellar peduncle targeting
Authors: Suciu Sarah K. , Long Alyssa B. , Caspary Tamara 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPatients with the ciliopathy Joubert syndrome present with physical anomalies, intellectual disability, and a hindbrain malformation described as the “molar tooth sign” due to its appearance on an MRI. This radiological abnormality results from a combination of hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis and inappropriate targeting of the white matter tracts of the superior cerebellar peduncles. ARL13B is a cilia-enriched regulatory GTPase established to regulate cell fate, cell proliferation and axon guidance through vertebrate Hedgehog signaling. In patients, mutations in ARL13B cause Joubert syndrome. In order to understand the etiology of the molar tooth sign, we used mouse models to investigate the role of ARL13B during cerebellar development. We found ARL13B regulates superior cerebellar peduncle targeting and these fiber tracts require Hedgehog signaling for proper guidance. However, in mouse the Joubert-causing R79Q mutation in ARL13B does not disrupt Hedgehog signaling nor does it impact tract targeting. We found a small cerebellar vermis in mice lacking ARL13B function but no cerebellar vermis hypoplasia in mice expressing the Joubert-causing R79Q mutation. Additionally, mice expressing a cilia-excluded variant of ARL13B that transduces Hedgehog normally, showed normal tract targeting and vermis width. Taken together, our data indicate that ARL13B is critical for control of cerebellar vermis width as well as superior cerebellar peduncle axon guidance, likely via Hedgehog signaling. Thus, our work highlights the complexity of ARL13B in molar tooth sign etiology.Summary statementJoubert syndrome is diagnosed by the hindbrain “molar tooth sign” malformation. Using mouse models, we show loss of the ciliary GTPase ARL13B, mutations in which lead to Joubert syndrome, result in two features of the molar tooth sign: hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis and inappropriate targeting of the superior cerebellar peduncles. Furthermore, we demonstrate that loss of vertebrate Hedgehog signaling may be the underlying disrupted mechanism as we extend its role in axon guidance to the superior cerebellar peduncles.
A Cas-BCAR3 co-regulatory circuit controls lamellipodia dynamics
Authors: Steenkiste Elizabeth M. , Berndt Jason D. , Pilling Carissa , Simpkins Christopher , Cooper Jonathan A. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIntegrin adhesion complexes regulate cytoskeletal dynamics during cell migration. Adhesion activates phosphorylation of integrin-associated signaling proteins, including Cas (p130Cas, BCAR1), by Src-family kinases. Cas regulates leading-edge protrusion and migration in cooperation with its binding partner, BCAR3. However, it has been unclear how Cas and BCAR3 cooperate. Here, using normal epithelial cells, we find that BCAR3 localization to integrin adhesions requires Cas. In return, Cas phosphorylation, as well as lamellipodia dynamics and cell migration, requires BCAR3. These functions require the BCAR3 SH2 domain and a specific phosphorylation site, Tyr 117, that is also required for BCAR3 downregulation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. These findings place BCAR3 in a co-regulatory positive-feedback circuit with Cas, with BCAR3 requiring Cas for localization and Cas requiring BCAR3 for activation and downstream signaling. The use of a single phosphorylation site in BCAR3 for activation and degradation ensures reliable negative feedback by the ubiquitin-proteasome system.
Mechanism of Debris Ejection in Atomized Dielectric-Based Electrical Discharge Machining
Authors: Tanveer Asif , Kapoor Shiv 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Atomized dielectric-based electrical discharge machining (EDM) is a novel machining process in which a thin film of moving fluid resulting from a spray acts as the dielectric in the interelectrode gap. In addition to acting as the dielectric, the thin film also helps to flush the debris away from EDM crater features and requires very small quantity of fluid in doing so. This results in significantly less dielectric consumption compared to the conventional EDM while yielding higher material removal rates and better debris flushing. This paper presents a model-based investigation of the mechanism of debris flushing in atomized dielectric-based EDM. A material removal model is used to predict the amount of debris removed in terms of number of particles ejected during a single EDM discharge. The dielectric material properties and atomization spray parameters are varied in order to produce different ejection conditions and crater geometries, respectively. Particles are ejected from the bottom of crater geometries. The model captures the asymmetry in particle motion caused by the dielectric film flow and predicts the percentage of debris flushed away from the crater center. It is also observed that crater shape and size of debris particles play a role in the amount of debris flushed away.
Structural Dynamic and Inherent Damping Characterization of Additively Manufactured Airfoil Components
Authors: Goldin Andrew , Scott-Emuakpor Onome , George Tommy , Runyon Brian , Cobb Richard 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The push for low cost and higher performance/efficient turbine engines has introduced a demand for novel technologies to improve robustness to vibrations resulting in high cycle fatigue (HCF). There have been many proposed solutions to this, some passive and some active. With the advent of additive manufacturing (AM), new damping techniques can now be incorporated directly into the design and manufacture process to suppress the vibrations that cause HCF. Recent work has been investigating new ways of using AM for turbine engine applications. A specifically innovative approach using laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is of particular note. The use of internal pockets filled with the build powder but left unfused has proved to have damping quality with &gt;90% force response reduction. This study will investigate the as-manufactured parts, damping endurance, and structural dynamic changes when this technology is applied to a compressor-like blade. This will be done by using multiple testing methods to investigate the performance and dynamics of the blade. The study will use a computed tomography (CT) scans to investigate the pockets, structured light scans to investigate the external geometry, modal assurance criteria (MAC) to investigate the structural dynamics, and a sinusoidal strain step test to investigate endurance. This study found similar endurance and damping capabilities as previously observed, in addition to finding that the inclusion of the unfused powder pockets did not affect mode shapes measured by the MAC.
Observation of gravitational waves by light polarization
Authors: Park Chan , Kim Dong-Hoon 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWe provide analysis to determine the effects of gravitational waves on electromagnetic waves, using perturbation theory in general relativity. Our analysis is performed in a completely covariant manner without invoking any coordinates. For a given observer, using the geometrical-optics approach, we work out the perturbations of the phase, amplitude, frequency and polarization properties–axes of ellipse and ellipticity of light, due to gravitational waves. With regard to the observation of gravitational waves, we discuss the measurement of Stokes parameters, through which the antenna patterns are presented to show the detectability of the gravitational wave signals.
Energy map and effective metric in an effective-one-body theory based on the second-post-Minkowskian approximation
Authors: He Xiaokai , Sun Manman , Jing Jiliang , Cao Zhoujian 
Published: January 2021

AbstractEffective-one-body (EOB) theory was originally proposed based on the post-Newtonian (PN) approximation and plays an important role in the analysis of gravitational wave signals. Recently, the post-Minkowskian (PM) approximation has been applied to the EOB theory. The energy map and the effective metric are the two key building blocks of the EOB theory, and in PN approximation radial action variable correspondence is employed to construct the energy map and the effective metric. In this paper, we employ the PM approximation up to the second order, and use the radial action variable correspondence and the precession angle correspondence to construct the energy map and the effective metric. We find that our results based on the radial action variable correspondence, are exactly the same with those obtained based on the precession angle correspondence. Furthermore, we compare the results obtained in this work to the previous existing ones.
MTM- and SIW-Inspired Bowtie Antenna Loaded with AMC for 5G mm-Wave Applications
Authors: Althuwayb Ayman A. 
Published: January 2021

This paper investigates a feasible configuration of slotted bowtie antenna based on MTM and SIW properties for 5G millimeter-wave applications. To realize the proposed slotted bowtie antenna in a compact dimension with high performances, the MTM and SIW concepts are implemented by applying the trapezoidal slots on the top surface of the antenna and metallic via holes through the substrate layer connecting the top surface to the ground plane. The antenna has been fed with a simple microstip-line which is connected to a waveguide-port. It is shown that the slotted bowtie antenna with a small dimension of 30

×

16

×

0.8 mm3 operates over a measured wideband of 32–34.6 GHz with the fractional bandwidth, average gain, and radiation efficiency of 7.8%, 3.2 dBi, and 50%, respectively. To improve the antenna's performance, the artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) properties have been employed on the ground plane by loading vertical and linear slots with various lengths. The AMC slots are aligned under the trapezoidal slots on the top surface to transfer the maximum electromagnetic signals to them for optimum radiation. The proposed method enlarges the antenna’s effective aperture area, keeping constant its physical dimensions. The proposed AMC-loaded antenna covers wider frequency range of 30–37 GHz in measurement, which corresponds to 21% fractional bandwidth. The average experimental gain and radiation efficiency have been increased to 5.5 dBi and 66.5%, respectively, which illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed AMC-loaded antenna. The results confirm that the proposed slotted bowtie antenna with advantages of compact dimension, wide bandwidth, high gain and efficiency, low profile, being cost-effective, simple design, and easy fabrication process, which makes it applicable for mass production, can be a good candidate for 5G millimeter-wave applications.
Cardiac Graft Assessment in the Era of Machine Perfusion: Current and Future Biomarkers
Authors: Bona Martina , Wyss Rahel K. , Arnold Maria , Méndez‐Carmona Natalia , Sanz Maria N. , Guensch Dominik P. , Barile Lucio , Carrel Thierry P. , Longnus Sarah L. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Heart transplantation remains the treatment of reference for patients experiencing end‐stage heart failure; unfortunately, graft availability through conventional donation after brain death is insufficient to meet the demand. Use of extended‐criteria donors or donation after circulatory death has emerged to increase organ availability; however, clinical protocols require optimization to limit or prevent damage in hearts possessing greater susceptibility to injury than conventional grafts. The emergence of cardiac ex situ machine perfusion not only facilitates the use of extended‐criteria donor and donation after circulatory death hearts through the avoidance of potentially damaging ischemia during graft storage and transport, it also opens the door to multiple opportunities for more sensitive monitoring of graft quality. With this review, we aim to bring together the current knowledge of biomarkers that hold particular promise for cardiac graft evaluation to improve precision and reliability in the identification of hearts for transplantation, thereby facilitating the safe increase in graft availability. Information about the utility of potential biomarkers was categorized into 5 themes: (1) functional, (2) metabolic, (3) hormone/prohormone, (4) cellular damage/death, and (5) inflammatory markers. Several promising biomarkers are identified, and recommendations for potential improvements to current clinical protocols are provided.
Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients With Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Insights From PARADIGM‐HF
Authors: Ehteshami‐Afshar Solmaz , Mooney Leanne , Dewan Pooja , Desai Akshay S. , Lang Ninian N. , Lefkowitz Martin P. , Petrie Mark C. , Rizkala Adel R. , Rouleau Jean L. , Solomon Scott D. , Swedberg Karl , Shi Victor C. , Zile Michael R. , Packer Milton , McMurray John J. V. , Jhund Pardeep S. , Hawkins Nathaniel M. 
Published: January 2021

Background
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common comorbidity in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, associated with undertreatment and worse outcomes. New treatments for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction may be particularly important in patients with concomitant COPD.

Methods and Results

We examined outcomes in 8399 patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, according to COPD status, in the PARADIGM‐HF (Prospective Comparison of Angiotensin Receptor Blocker–Neprilysin Inhibitor With Angiotensin‐Converting Enzyme Inhibitor to Determine Impact on Global Mortality and Morbidity in Heart Failure) trial. Cox regression models were used to compare COPD versus non‐COPD subgroups and the effects of sacubitril/valsartan versus enalapril. Patients with COPD (n=1080, 12.9%) were older than patients without COPD (mean 67 versus 63 years;
P
<0.001), with similar left ventricular ejection fraction (29.9% versus 29.4%), but higher NT‐proBNP (N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide; median, 1741 pg/mL versus 1591 pg/mL; P=0.01), worse functional class (New York Heart Association III/IV 37% versus 23%;
P
<0.001) and Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire–Clinical Summary Score (73 versus 81;
P
<0.001), and more congestion and comorbidity. Medical therapy was similar in patients with and without COPD except for beta‐blockade (87% versus 94%;
P
<0.001) and diuretics (85% versus 80%;
P
<0.001). After multivariable adjustment, COPD was associated with higher risks of heart failure hospitalization (hazard ratio [HR], 1.32; 95% CI, 1.13–1.54), and the composite of cardiovascular death or heart failure hospitalization (HR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.05–1.34), but not cardiovascular death (HR, 1.10; 95% CI, 0.94–1.30), or all‐cause mortality (HR, 1.14; 95% CI, 0.99–1.31). COPD was also associated with higher risk of all cardiovascular hospitalization (HR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.05–1.31) and noncardiovascular hospitalization (HR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.29–1.64). The benefit of sacubitril/valsartan over enalapril was consistent in patients with and without COPD for all end points.

Conclusions
In PARADIGM‐HF, COPD was associated with lower use of beta‐blockers and worse health status and was an independent predictor of cardiovascular and noncardiovascular hospitalization. Sacubitril/valsartan was beneficial in this high‐risk subgroup.

Registration

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
; Unique identifier: NCT01035255.
Progress Toward Achieving National Targets for Reducing Coronary Heart Disease and Stroke Mortality: A County‐Level Perspective
Authors: Vaughan Adam S. , Woodruff Rebecca C. , Shay Christina M. , Loustalot Fleetwood , Casper Michele 
Published: January 2021

Background
The American Heart Association and Healthy People 2020 established objectives to reduce coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke death rates by 20% by the year 2020, with 2007 as the baseline year. We examined county‐level achievement of the targeted reduction in CHD and stroke death rates from 2007 to 2017.

Methods and Results
Applying a hierarchical Bayesian model to National Vital Statistics data, we estimated annual age‐standardized county‐level death rates and the corresponding percentage change during 2007 to 2017 for those aged 35 to 64 and ≥65 years and by urban‐rural classification. For those aged ≥35 years, 56.1% (95% credible interval [CI], 54.1%–57.7%) and 39.8% (95% CI, 36.9%–42.7%) of counties achieved a 20% reduction in CHD and stroke death rates, respectively. For both CHD and stroke, the proportions of counties achieving a 20% reduction were lower for those aged 35 to 64 years than for those aged ≥65 years (CHD: 32.2% [95% CI, 29.4%–35.6%] and 64.1% [95% CI, 62.3%–65.7%]), respectively; stroke: 17.9% [95% CI, 13.9%–22.2%] and 45.6% [95% CI, 42.8%–48.3%]). Counties achieving a 20% reduction in death rates were more commonly urban counties (except stroke death rates for those aged ≥65 years).

Conclusions
Our analysis found substantial, but uneven, achievement of the targeted 20% reduction in CHD and stroke death rates, defined by the American Heart Association and Healthy People. The large proportion of counties not achieving the targeted reduction suggests a renewed focus on CHD and stroke prevention and treatment, especially among younger adults living outside of urban centers. These county‐level patterns provide a foundation for robust responses by clinicians, public health professionals, and communities.
Characterisation of root-knot nematode resistance in black oat, Avena strigosa, ‘Terara’
Authors: Uesugi Kenta , Katsura Masaaki , Uwatoko Naohiro , Murata Gaku , Iwabuchi Kei 
Published: January 2021

Summary
The mechanism of root-knot nematode (RKN) resistance in black oat ‘Terara’ and its stability under high temperatures were examined. To investigate the suppressive mechanism, we observed root invasion and development of RKN in ‘Terara’. Juveniles of Meloidogyne incognita, M. arenaria and M. javanica successfully invaded roots of ‘Terara’ 3 days after inoculation (DAI), whereas juveniles of M. hapla were hardly observed in black oat roots. The total number of M. incognita and the ratio of successfully developing juveniles were significantly lower in roots of ‘Terara’ than a susceptible cultivar from 7 DAI. A number of M. incognita developed to sausage-shaped juveniles in ‘Terara’; however, juveniles beyond that stage were seldom observed. Histological observation of feeding sites suggested the poor development of giant cells was involved in this arrested development. Juveniles of M. arenaria and M. javanica also only developed to the sausage-shaped stage at 21 DAI. These observations indicated that ‘Terara’ and resistant common oat cultivars suppressed RKN in a similar way. The effect of high temperature on resistance was evaluated using ‘Terara’ cultivated at 30°C throughout the experiment and at 32°C for the initial 5 DAI. The number of egg masses of M. incognita under the 32°C treatment was slightly higher than the 25°C control. However, it was still suppressed to 4.9% of the susceptible cultivar.
Autism, Inc.: The Autism Industrial Complex
Authors: Broderick Alicia A. , Roscigno Robin 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
We contend that, within capitalism, the Autism Industrial Complex (aic) produces both autism as commodity and the normative cultural logic of intervention in relation to it. Comprised of ideological/rhetorical as well as material/economic infrastructure, we argue that the aic is not the myriad businesses and industries that capitalize and profit from it; rather, these constitute its epiphenomenal features. In the production of autism as commodity, the aic also simultaneously produces that commodity’s market, its consumers, and its own monopoly control of that market through production for consumption of need for, consent to, and legitimacy of interventionist logics. Within this apparatus, almost anyone can capitalize on and profit from autism. And within the aic, autistic people—their very bodies—function as the raw materials from which this industrial complex is built, even as autistic people—their very identities and selves—also become unwitting, and often unwilling, products of the aic.
Activity Tracking After Surgery: Does It Correlate With Postoperative Complications?
Authors: Nevo Yehonatan , Shaltiel Tali , Constantini Naama , Rosin Danny , Gutman Mordechai , Zmora Oded , Nevler Avinoam 
Published: January 2021

Background Postoperative ambulation is an important tenet in enhanced recovery programs. We quantitatively assessed the correlation of decreased postoperative ambulation with postoperative complications and delays in gastrointestinal function. Methods Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery were fitted with digital ankle pedometers yielding continuous measurements of their ambulation. Primary endpoints were the overall and system-specific complication rates, with secondary endpoints being the time to first passage of flatus and stool, the length of hospital stay, and the rate of readmission. Results 100 patients were enrolled. We found a significant, independent inverse correlation between the number of steps on the first and second postoperative days (POD1/2) and the incidence of complications as well as the recovery of GI function and the likelihood of readmission ( P < .05). POD2 step count was an independent risk factor for severe complications ( P = .026). Discussion Digitally quantified ambulation data may be a prognostic biomarker for the likelihood of severe postoperative complications.