bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Return to competitive gymnastics training in the UK following the first COVID‐19 national lockdown
Authors: Patel Tejal Sarika , McGregor Alex , Cumming Sean P. , Williams Karen , Williams Sean 
Published: September 2021

Following the outbreak of COVID‐19 (coronavirus), the UK entered a national lockdown, and all sport was suspended. The study aimed to explore the process of returning to gymnastics training after several months away from the gym, with a particular interest towards training load and injury. Twenty‐six, national programmed gymnasts from Men's artistic, Women's artistic and Trampoline gymnastics recorded training load and injury whilst returning to training. At the end of data collection, three coaches were interviewed to further explore the experiences and practices of returning to training. Home‐based training during lockdown was seen as beneficial in maintaining a level of fitness. Coaches described a gradual increase in training to reduce the risk of injury, and this partly explains a non‐significant association between training load and a substantial injury (p = 0.441). However, week‐to‐week changes in training load following periods of additional restrictions (additional lockdown, periods of isolation, or substantial restrictions) were not always gradual. There was a significant association between an injury in the preceding week (niggle or substantial injury to a different body part) and a substantial injury in the subsequent week (RR: 5.29, p = 0.011). Monitoring training was described to be a useful practice during the process of returning to training. Coaches believed that although the short‐term development of their gymnasts was affected, the long‐term development would not be impacted from COVID‐19. It is anticipated that learnings from this study can be applied to future practices and situations, particularly when gymnasts are away from the gym for an extended period.
Large‐scale detection and quantification of harmful soil compaction in a post‐mining landscape using multi‐configuration electromagnetic induction
Authors: Schmäck Jessica , Weihermüller Lutz , Klotzsche Anja , von Hebel Christian , Pätzold Stefan , Welp Gerhard , Vereecken Harry 
Published: September 2021

AbstractFast and accurate large‐scale localization and quantification of harmfully compacted soils in recultivated post‐mining landscapes are of particular importance for mining companies and the following farmers. The use of heavy machinery during recultivation imposes soil stress and can cause irreversible subsoil compaction limiting crop growth in the long term. To overcome or guide classical point‐scale methods to determine compaction, fast methods covering large areas are required. In our study, a recultivated field of the Garzweiler mine in North Rhine‐Westphalia, Germany, with known variability in crop performance was intensively studied using non‐invasive electromagnetic induction (EMI) and electrode‐based electrical resistivity tomography (ERT). Additionally, soil bulk density, volumetric soil water content and soil textures were analysed along two transects covering different compaction levels. The results showed that the measured EMI apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) along the transects was highly correlated (R2 > .7 for different dates and depths below 0.3 m) to subsoil bulk density. Finally, the correlations established along the transects were used to predict harmful subsoil compaction within the field, whereby a spatial probabilistic map of zones of harmful compaction was developed. In general, the results revealed the feasibility of using the EMI derived ECa to predict harmful compaction. They can be the basis for quick monitoring of the recultivation process and implementation of necessary melioration to return a well‐structured soil with good water and nutrient accessibility, and rooting depths for increased crop yields to the farmers.
3D sine wave‐like geometry of soft sediment deformation structures: Possible record of the Late Pleistocene seismic activity over the Teisseyre‐Tornquist Zone
Authors: Ninard Krzysztof , Łapcik Piotr , Uchman Alfred , Stachacz Michał 
Published: September 2021

AbstractRemarkably regular load structures are recognised in the late Vistulian (~15 ka BP) fluvial deposits exposed at the Gołąb site (eastern Poland). A mud layer, sandwiched between non‐deformed sand, exhibits the unusual morphology of a 3D sine wave with parallel crests and troughs. Such structures are reported for the first time, remarkably differing from those previously described as having perfect linearity, which could be caused by horizontal shear affecting previously liquefied sediments or by lateral migration of the sediment liquefaction front. The deformation could be triggered by either seismic shock, loading by flood waters or periglacial processes. Seismicity of the study area is evident which supports the seismogenic hypothesis.
Quantitation of residual D positive red cells in D negative recipients of D positive solid organ transplants
Authors: Rosa Vera , Hazell Matthew 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundSolid organ transplants (SOT) from D positive donors are potentially sensitising events for D negative recipients. For this reason, it is important to quantify the presence of residual D positive red blood cells (RBCs) in the recipient's circulation and calculate the correct dose of prophylactic anti‐D (PAD) required to prevent sensitisation. This is especially important in females of child‐bearing potential where the presence of allo anti‐D can, at worst, cause the death of the fetus in future pregnancies.ObjectiveThis study aimed to identify the patient characteristics of D positive SOT cases referred to Red Cell Immunohaematology, NHSBT for flow cytometry investigation. This information could indicate improvements required in the current testing methodology, as well as to the calculations used to prescribe PAD for this patient group.MethodsSamples were investigated using a Beckman Coulter Navios Flow Cytometer using BRAD3–FITC (anti‐D), AEVZ5.3‐FITC (isotype matched negative control) and BIRMA17C‐PE (granulocyte exclusion reagent). Mollison's calculation was used to estimate the dose of PAD required to prevent sensitisation in the D negative recipients. The calculation was adapted to consider the presence of organ donor D positive adult RBCs in the circulation of recipients instead of, larger, fetal RBCs.ResultsSamples from 20 patients, all female, aged 14–53 years (one 2‐year‐old outlier) were referred from 2016 to September 2020. The transplants were—liver (n = 6), kidney (n = 6) and lung (n = 8). D positive cell populations were identified in 11 cases (0.1–8.0 ml); and required PAD (500–1500 IU). From these 20 patients, 10 sent a follow‐up sample, where 8 required PAD top‐up due to the detection of residual D positive cells (0.1–2 ml)—liver (n = 1), kidney (n = 1) and lung transplant (n = 6).ConclusionAll patients in the study were D negative females, in which 18 were considered by guidelines to be of childbearing potential (2–42 years old) and 2 were >50 years old. Referrals demonstrate an awareness for the correct calculation of PAD to prevent D sensitisation. The sample size is small, but top up requirement in 8/20 of cases demonstrates accurate quantification is clearly needed to ensure the appropriate dose of PAD is provided.
Proteomic analysis of aqueous humor in canine primary angle‐closure glaucoma in American Cocker Spaniel dogs
Authors: Yun Seongjin , Lee Dabin , Kang Seonmi , Kim Dong Wook , Kim Youngsam , Cho Je‐Yoel , Seo Kangmoon 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo analyze proteomic profiles of the aqueous humor (AH) of canines with primary angle‐closure glaucoma (PACG) and identify associated protein alterations.Animals studiedSix American Cocker Spaniels with PACG and six American Cocker Spaniels without ocular diseases.MethodsAqueous humor samples were collected from six American Cocker Spaniels with PACG at Seoul National University, VMTH, and six healthy Cocker Spaniels without ocular disease at Irion Animal Hospital. For the PACG group, AH samples were obtained by anterior chamber paracentesis prior to glaucoma treatment. For the AH control group, AH samples were collected from patients anesthetized for other reasons. Total AH protein concentration was determined by the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay. AH protein samples were quantified by liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS). Raw MS spectra were processed using MaxQuant software 30, and the Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis was performed using ClueGO.ResultsThe AH protein concentration in the PACG group (10.49 ± 17.98 µg/µl) was significantly higher than that of the control group (0.45 ± 0.11 µg/µl; p < .05). A total of 758 proteins were identified in the AH. Several proteins both significantly increased (n = 69) and decreased (n = 252) in the PACG group compared to those in the control group. GO enrichment analysis showed that the “response to wounding,” “negative regulation of endopeptidase activity,” and “cell growth” pathways were the most enriched terms in the PACG group compared to the control group. The top 5 proteins that were significantly increased in the AH of the PACG group were secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1), peptidoglycan recognition proteins 2 (PGLYRP2), tyrosine 3‐monooxygenase (YWHAE), maltase‐glucoamylase (MGAM), and vimentin (VIM).ConclusionsGene Ontology enrichment analysis using the proteomic data showed that proteins and pathways related to inflammation were significantly upregulated in the various stage of PACG. Proteomic analysis of the AH from the PACG may provide valuable insights into PACG pathogenesis.
The significance of the meniscal flounce sign in canine stifle arthroscopy
Authors: Katz Landon R. , Raske Matthew E. , Hulse Don A. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the diagnostic significance of the meniscal flounce sign in association with meniscal tears.Study designProspective cohort study.Sample populationOne hundred and thirty stifles in 120 client‐owned dogs that underwent stifle arthroscopy.MethodsIdentification of a positive or negative meniscal flounce sign was recorded with the presence or absence of meniscal pathology. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and diagnostic accuracy were calculated.ResultsEighty‐nine stifles (68.5%) were noted to have a positive meniscal flounce sign. Of these stifles, four were noted to have a meniscal tear, and they were all radial tears. A total of 41 stifles (31.5%) had a negative meniscal flounce. Of these stifles, 38 had a meniscal tear. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and diagnostic accuracy of the meniscal flounce sign for indicating an intact or torn meniscus were 96.6%, 90.5%, 95.5%, 92.7%, and 94.6%, respectively.ConclusionA positive meniscal flounce sign was associated with a normal meniscus and the absence of the flounce sign was associated with a meniscal tear.Clinical significanceIdentification of the meniscal flounce sign during stifle arthroscopy is a strong indicator of a normal medial meniscus. The absence of the sign strongly indicates the presence of meniscal pathology.
Status, Challenges, and Potential for Machine Learning in Understanding and Applying Heat Transfer Phenomena
Authors: Hughes Matthew T. , Kini Girish , Garimella Srinivas 
Published: September 2021

AbstractMachine learning (ML) offers a variety of techniques to understand many complex problems in different fields. The field of heat transfer, and thermal systems in general, are governed by complicated sets of physics that can be made tractable by reduced-order modeling and by extracting simple trends from measured data. Therefore, ML algorithms can yield computationally efficient models for more accurate predictions or to generate robust optimization frameworks. This study reviews past and present efforts that use ML techniques in heat transfer from the fundamental level to full-scale applications, including the use of ML to build reduced-order models, predict heat transfer coefficients and pressure drop, perform real-time analysis of complex experimental data, and optimize large-scale thermal systems in a variety of applications. The appropriateness of different data-driven ML models in heat transfer problems is discussed. Finally, some of the imminent opportunities and challenges that the heat transfer community faces in this exciting and rapidly growing field are identified.
Development and Evaluation of a Prosthetic Ankle Emulator With an Artificial Soleus and Gastrocnemius
Authors: Ziemnicki David M. , Caputo Joshua M. , McDonald Kirsty A. , Zelik Karl E. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In individuals with transtibial limb loss, a contributing factor to mobility-related challenges is the disruption of biological calf muscle function due to transection of the soleus and gastrocnemius. Powered prosthetic ankles can restore primary function of the mono-articular soleus muscle, which contributes to ankle plantarflexion. In effect, a powered ankle acts like an artificial soleus (AS). However, the biarticular gastrocnemius connection that simultaneously contributes to ankle plantarflexion and knee flexion torques remains missing, and there are currently no commercially available prosthetic ankles that incorporate an artificial gastrocnemius (AG). The goal of this work is to describe the design of a novel emulator capable of independently controlling artificial soleus and gastrocnemius behaviors for transtibial prosthesis users during walking. To evaluate the emulator's efficacy in controlling the artificial gastrocnemius behaviors, a case series walking study was conducted with four transtibial prosthesis users. Data from this case series showed that the emulator exhibits low resistance to the user's leg swing, low hysteresis during passive spring emulation, and accurate force tracking for a range of artificial soleus and gastrocnemius behaviors. The emulator presented in this paper is versatile and can facilitate experiments studying the effects of various artificial soleus and gastrocnemius dynamics on gait or other movement tasks. Using this system, it is possible to address existing knowledge gaps and explore a wide range of artificial soleus and gastrocnemius behaviors during gait and potentially other activities of daily living.
The Effect of Uneven Heating on the Flow Distribution Between Parallel Microchannels Undergoing Boiling
Authors: Miglani Ankur , Soto Anali , Weibel Justin A. , Garimella Suresh V. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
As the size, weight, and performance requirements of electronic devices grow increasingly demanding, their packaging has become more compact. As a result of thinning or removing the intermediate heat spreading layers, nonuniform heat generation from the chip-scale and component-level variations may be imposed directly on the attached microchannel heat sink. Despite the important heat transfer performance implications, the effect of uneven heating on the flow distribution in parallel microchannels undergoing boiling has been largely unexplored. In this study, a two-phase flow distribution model is used to investigate the impact of uneven heating on the flow distribution behavior of parallel microchannels undergoing boiling. Under lateral uneven heating (i.e., the channels are each heated to different levels, but the power input is uniform along the length of any given channel), it is found that the flow is significantly more maldistributed compared to the even heating condition. Specifically, the range of total flow rates over which the flow is maldistributed is broader and the maximum severity of flow maldistribution is higher. These trends are assessed as a function of the total input power, degree of uneven heating, and the extent of thermal connectedness between the channels. The model predictions are validated against experiments for a representative case of thermally isolated and coupled channels subjected to even heating and extreme lateral uneven heating conditions and show excellent agreement.
Effect of Wavy Wall and Plate Bifurcations on Heat Transfer Enhancement in Microchannel
Authors: Sathish Kumar D. , Jayavel S. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Miniaturization of electronic components requires compact and effective cooling techniques to dissipate large heat flux without a significant increase in pumping power. Microchannel heat sink with liquid as working fluid is a suitable technique for the purpose. In this study, heat transfer characteristics in presence of vertical bifurcation placed downstream of the microchannel passage are studied numerically. Six types of bifurcating plates are considered under two categories: (i) thick-plate and (ii) wavy thin-wall. Water is taken as the working fluid and the flow rate has been varied in the Reynolds number range, 100 ≤ Re ≤ 1000. The effect of bifurcations on pressure drop, heat transfer, and the overall thermal resistance are analyzed and compared with those of plane microchannel without bifurcation. The numerical results show that the usage of bifurcation in the microchannel reduces the overall thermal resistance. Field synergy number, entropy generation number, and hydrothermal performance index are calculated to quantify the overall performance improvement in the microchannel with bifurcations. Constant wavy thin-wall bifurcation has been found to improve the overall performance of the microchannel. The detailed geometry of the bifurcation, the resulting convective heat transfer characteristics, and percentage improvement in the performance are reported.
Morphological characteristics of eyes with neovascular age-related macular degeneration and good long-term visual outcomes after anti-VEGF therapy
Authors: Fang Mengyuan , Chanwimol Karntida , Maram Jyotsna , Datoo O'Keefe Ghazala A , Wykoff Charles C , Sarraf David , Brown A’sha , Lampen Shaun Ian Retief , Zhou Brenda , Rusakevich Alexander M , Sadda SriniVas 
Published: September 2021

PurposeTo analyse the morphological characteristics of eyes with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) with good long-term visual acuity after anti-VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) therapy.MethodsRetrospective, observational study of 175 patients with neovascular AMD with >5 years of follow-up after initiating anti-VEGF therapy. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography images were assessed for thickness of pigment epithelial detachment (PED), subretinal hyper-reflective material (SHRM), subretinal fluid and subfoveal choroidal, as well as the integrity of the outer retinal bands.ResultsThe final analysis cohort included 203 eyes (175 patients) followed for a mean of 7.84±1.70 years (range: 5–11). The maximum PED thickness in the foveal central subfield (FCS) was significantly lower (p<0.001) in the poor vision group (13.11 μm) compared with the intermediate (86.25 μm) or good (97.92 μm) vision groups, respectively. In contrast, the maximum thickness of SHRM in the FCS was significantly thicker (p<0.001) in eyes with poor vision (149.46 μm) compared with eyes with intermediate vision (64.37 μm) which in turn were significantly thicker (p<0.001) than eyes with good vision (9.35 μm). The good vision group also had better continuity of all outer retinal bands (external limiting membrane, ellipsoid zone, and retinal pigment epithelium) compared with the other two groups (all p<0.001).ConclusionA thicker PED and thinner SHRM were correlated with better vision in eyes with neovascular AMD following long-term anti-VEGF therapy. If replicated in future prospective studies, these findings may have implications for design of optimal anatomic endpoints for neovascular AMD treatment.
How to discriminate non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cases from an Italian administrative database? A retrospective, secondary data use study for evaluating a novel algorithm performance
Authors: Balzi William , Roncadori Andrea , Danesi Valentina , Massa Ilaria , Manunta Silvia , Gentili Nicola , Delmonte Angelo , Crinò Lucio , Altini Mattia 
Published: September 2021

ObjectivesTo evaluate an algorithm developed for identifying non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) candidates among patients with lung cancer with a diagnosis International Classification of Diseases: ninth revision (ICD-9) 162.x code in administrative databases. Algorithm could then be applied for identifying the NSCLC population in order to assess the appropriateness and quality of care of the NSCLC care pathway.DesignAlgorithm discrimination capacity to select both NSCLC or non-NSCLC was carried out on a sample for which electronic health record (EHR) diagnosis was available. A bivariate frequency distribution and other measures were used to evaluate algorithm’s performances. Associations between possible factors potentially affecting algorithm accuracy were investigated.SettingAdministrative databases used in a specific geographical area of Emilia-Romagna region, Italy.ParticipantsAlgorithm was carried out on patients aged >18 years, with a lung cancer diagnosis from January to December 2017 and resident in Emilia-Romagna region who have been hospitalised at IRST or in one of the hospitals placed in the Forlì-Cesena area and for which EHR diagnosis data were available.Outcome measuresOverall accuracy, positive (PPV) and negative (NPV) predictive values, sensitivity and specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratios and diagnostic OR were calculated.ResultsA total of 430 patients were identified as lung cancer cases based on ICD-9 diagnosis. Focusing on the total incident cases (n=314), the algorithm had an overall accuracy of 82.8% with a sensitivity of 88.8%. The analysis confirmed a high level of PPV (90.2%), but lower specificity (53.7%) and NPV (50%). Higher length of stay seemed to be associated with a correct classification. Hospitalisation regimen and a supply of antiblastic therapy seemed to increase the level of PPV.ConclusionThe algorithm demonstrated a strong validity for identifying NSCLC among patients with lung cancer in hospital administrative databases and can be used to investigate the quality of cancer care for this population.Trial registration numberNCT04676321.
Predictors of unrecognised comorbid depression in patients with schizophrenia at Amanuel mental specialized hospital, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Ayalew Mohammed , Reta Yared , Defar Semira 
Published: September 2021

BackgroundThe occurrence of depression in patients with schizophrenia (PWS) increases the risk of relapse, frequency and duration of hospitalisation, and decreases social and occupational functioning.ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess prevalence of unrecognised comorbid depression and its determinants in PWS.MethodA cross-sectional study was conducted from 1 to 30 March 2019 at Amanuel mental specialized hospital among 300 PWS. The 9-item Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia was used to assess comorbid depression. Logistic regression was used to determine the association between outcome and explanatory variables. Statistical significance was declared at p value <0.05 with 95% CI.ResultsThe prevalence of unrecognised comorbid depression was found to be 30.3%. Living alone (adjusted OR (AOR)=3.49, 95% CI=0.45 to 8.36), having poor (AOR=4.43, 95% CI=1.45 to 13.58) and moderate (AOR=4.45, 95% CI=1.30 to 15.22) social support, non-adherence to medication (AOR=3.82, 95% CI=1.70 to 8.55), presenting with current negative symptoms such as asocialia (AOR=4.33, 95% CI=1.98 to 9.45) and loss of personal motivation (AOR=3.46, 95% CI=1.53 to 7.84), and having suicidal behaviour (AOR=6.83, 95% CI=3.24 to 14.41) were the significant predictors of comorbid depression in PWS.ConclusionThis study revealed considerably a high prevalence of unrecognised comorbid depression among PWS. Therefore, clinicians consider timely screening and treating of comorbid depression in PWS.