bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of remote practical boards and telesimulation for the evaluation of emergency medicine trainees in India
Authors: Ahluwalia Tania , Gidwani Shweta , Douglass Katherine 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPurposeTravel restrictions during the pandemic created a barrier to the traditional in‐person, observed assessment final examination of our emergency medicine (EM) training programs in India. We conducted remote practical boards and telesimulation bringing examiners and learners from different geographical locations together using an online video conferencing platform. The goal of this paper is to describe the process of implementing a large‐scale, international remote practical boards and telesimulation event. We aim to describe the evaluations of the feasibility and effectiveness of remote practical boards and telesimulation in an examination scenario and the feedback regarding the perception of fairness and attitudes from both examiners and examinees.MethodsA total of 104 residents from 14 separate hospitals in eight cities across India were evaluated individually for practical board cases and in pairs for telesimulation. For practical boards, each examinee was evaluated twice, by two independent examiners. For telesimulation, each pair was evaluated by a local facilitator and a remote examiner via an online platform. There were 27 practical examiners and 14 local facilitators and 10 remote examiners for telesimulation. We obtained feedback in the form of a survey from local and remote examiners and examinees.ResultsWe implemented a large‐scale, international remote practical boards and telesimulation event, connecting examinees and local examiners in eight cities in India with examiners in the United States and United Kingdom. Feedback was obtained from 24 examiners and 103 examinees. A total of 96.7% examiners and 96.9% of examinees felt that this examination was fair. All respondents agreed that this format saved time and costs.ConclusionThis remote practical boards and telesimulation experience was a feasible and effective way to evaluate EM examinees medical knowledge, communication, and procedural skills. Technology issues was a limitation of our telesimulation experience. Future studies on telesimulation use in global EM training would be useful.
Effect of initial conditions on promotion and inhibition of breakup during filament contraction
Authors: Liu Xiao , Wagoner Brayden W. , Wee Hansol , Basaran Osman A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractLiquid filaments surrounded by a gas arise in nature and applications. As filaments contract, they either retract into spheres or disintegrate to form numerous droplets. In most previous computational studies, the filament's initial shape at time t = 0 has been idealized as a perfect cylinder capped off at both ends by identical hemispheres (radii R) and the fluid within which is at rest. Motivated by the fact that in experiments and applications the filament fluid is often not quiescent at t = 0, the effect of a nonzero initial velocity profile is examined for Newtonian filaments. A comprehensive phase diagram is presented in the space of L0 (initial aspect ratio) and vz,max (initial tip velocity) for filaments of intermediate Ohnesorge number (density ρ, viscosity μ, and surface tension γ) that delineates regions of the parameter space where breakup occurs from those where filaments contract to spheres without breakup.
A Multi‐Layer Device for Light‐Triggered Hydrogen Production from Alkaline Methanol
Authors: Wang Yiou , Yao En‐Ping , Wu Linzhong , Feldmann Jochen , Stolarczyk Jacek K. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIt usually requires high temperature and high pressure to reform methanol with water to hydrogen with high turnover frequency (TOF). Here we show that hydrogen can be produced from alkaline methanol on a light‐triggered multi‐layer system with a very high hydrogen evolution rate up to ca. 1 μmol s−1 under the illumination of a standard Pt‐decorated carbon nitride. The system can achieve a remarkable TOF up to 1.8×106 moles of hydrogen per mole of Pt per hour under mild conditions. The total turnover number (TTN) of 470 000 measured over 38 hours is among the highest reported. The system does not lead to any COx emissions, hence it could feed clean hydrogen to fuel cells. In contrast to a slurry system, the proposed multi‐layer system avoids particle aggregation and effectively uses light and Pt active sites. The performance is also attributed to the light‐triggered reforming of alkaline methanol. This notable performance is a promising step toward practical light‐driven hydrogen generation.
Physiological characteristics and cold tolerance of overwintering eggs in Gomphocerus sibiricus L. (Orthoptera: Acrididae)
Authors: Song Yu , Huang Wei‐wei , Zhou Yu , Li Zhan‐wu , Ji Rong , Ye Xiao‐fang 
Published: October 2021

AbstractGomphocerus sibiricus L., the dominant insect species in the alpine and subalpine grassland, overwinters with diapause at egg stage. In this study, cold tolerance and related cryoprotectants of G. sibiricus eggs were investigated. In particular, the supercooling point (SCP), water content, carbohydrates (trehalose, glucose, fructose, glycogen), polyols (glycerol, inositol, sorbitol), fat, and amino acids contents were evaluated at different developmental stages of G. sibiricus eggs collected under natural conditions. The SCPs of eggs were very low (−32.83 to −22.61°C) at mid‐diapause. Water content gradually increased during development. The fructose, glycerol, and sorbitol contents were significantly higher in diapausing eggs than in early embryogenesis stage and post‐diapause development stage. Glycogen content was high throughout the whole developmental period. The trehalose, glucose, and inositol contents were low during diapause compared to that in early embryogenesis stage and post‐diapause development stage. There were no significant differences in the fat content of eggs among all development stages. The total amino acid contents in eggs in the early embryogenesis and at the start of diapause were higher than that in post‐diapause eggs. The contents of Glu, Asp, Leu, Pro and Arg during diapause were significantly higher than those during post‐diapause development. Results indicate that G. sibiricus eggs have a high supercooling capacity. Successful overwintering can be attributed to the accumulation of glycerol, fructose, sorbitol, and amino acids (Glu, Asp, Leu, Pro and Arg). These findings provide insight into the mechanisms underlying the adaptation of G. sibiricus to cold conditions.
Antifungal Activity and Action Mechanism Study of Coumarins from Cnidium monnieri Fruit and Structurally Related Compounds
Authors: He Ying‐Hui , Shang Xiao‐Fei , Li Hai‐Xin , Li An‐Ping , Tang Chen , Zhang Bao‐Qi , Zhang Zhi‐Jun , Wang Rui , Ma Yue , Du Sha‐Sha , Hu Yong‐Mei , Wu Tian‐Lin , Zhao Wen‐Bin , Yang Cheng‐Jie , Liu Ying‐Qian 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe increasing resistance of plant diseases caused by phytopathogenic fungi highlights the need for highly effective and environmentally benign agents. The antifungal activities of Cnidium monnieri fruit extracts and five isolated compounds as well as structurally related coumarins against five plant pathogenic fungi were evaluated. The acetone extract, which contained the highest amount of five coumarins, showed strongest antifungal activity. Among the coumarin compounds, we found that 4‐methoxycoumarin exhibited stronger and broader antifungal activity against five phytopathogenic fungi, and was more potent than osthol. Especially, it could significantly inhibit the growth of Rhizoctonia solani mycelium with an EC50 value of 21 μg mL−1. Further studies showed that 4‐methoxycoumarin affected the structure and function of peroxisomes, inhibited the β‐oxidation of fatty acids, decreased the production of ATP and acetyl coenzyme A, and then accumulated ROS by damaging MMP and the mitochondrial function to cause the cell death of R. solani mycelia. 4‐Methoxycoumarin presented antifungal efficacy in a concentration‐ dependent manner in vivo and could be used to prevent the potato black scurf. This study laid the foundation for the future development of 4‐methoxycournamin as an alternative and friendly biofungicide.
Molecular features and cooking behavior of pasta from pulses
Authors: Bresciani Andrea , Iametti Stefania , Emide Davide , Marti Alessandra , Barbiroli Alberto 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackground and objectivesPulse pasta is one of the latest responses of the food industry to meet the consumers request for healthy and sustainable foods. Among pulses, red lentils and chickpeas are the preferred raw materials for making 100% pulse pasta. This study aimed at addressing starch and protein features in commercial pulse pasta to provide an insight on how their molecular organization may affect cooking behavior.FindingsDifferences in starch pasting profile and in protein overall organization were found among commercial pasta samples. Considering the same pulse, the best performing pasta showed a protein network characterized by a more compact structure. Regardless of the producer, lentils gave pasta with the best cooking behavior (low cooking loss and high firmness).ConclusionsCooking quality of pulse pasta depends on both the type of pulse (chickpeas or red lentils) and pasta‐making process.Significance and noveltyThis study lays some molecular groundwork as for elucidating the role of individual pulses and of the pasta‐making process in determining the quality of pulse pasta.
Synthesis of Azocanes from Piperidines via an Azetidinium Intermediate
Authors: Leverenz Malte , Masson Guillaume , Pardo Domingo Gomez , Cossy Janine 
Published: October 2021

Abstractα‐Trifluoromethyl azocanes are accessible from 2‐(trifluoropropan‐2‐ol) piperidines by metal‐free ring‐expansion involving a bicyclic azetidinium intermediate. The opening of the azetidinium intermediate was achieved by various nucleophiles (amines, alcoholates, carboxylates, phosphonates, halides and pseudo‐halides) with an excellent regio‐ diastereo‐ and enantioselectivity and in good yields. The relative configuration of the piperidines and azocanes were assigned and the deprotected azocanes offer opportunities for further derivatization.
Organo‐Polyoxometalate‐Based Hydrogen‐Bond Catalysis
Authors: Vilona Debora , Lelli Moreno , Dumont Elise , Lacôte Emmanuel 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSeveral urea‐inserted organo‐polyoxometalates (POMs) derived from polyoxotungstovanadate [P2V3W15O61]9− were prepared. The insertion of the carbonyl into the polyoxometallic framework activates the urea toward Hydrogen‐bond catalysis. This was shown on the Friedel‐Crafts arylation of trans‐β‐nitrostyrene. Modelling shows that the most stable form of the organo‐POMs features a cis‐trans arrangement of the two N−H bonds, but that the likely catalytically active trans‐trans form is accessible at room temperature. Finally, it is possible that the oxo substituents next to the vanadium atoms may help the approach of the nucleophile via H‐bonding.
Metal‐Catalyzed Haloalkynylation Reactions
Authors: Kreuzahler Mathis , Haberhauer Gebhard 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMetal catalysis has revolutionized synthetic chemistry, leading to entirely new, very efficient transformations, which enable access to complex functionalized molecules. One such new transformation method is the haloalkynylation reaction, in which both a halogen atom and an alkynyl unit are transferred to an unsaturated carbon‐carbon bond. This minireview summarizes the development of metal‐catalyzed haloalkynylation reactions since their beginning about a decade ago. So far, arynes, alkenes and alkynes have been used as unsaturated systems and the reactivities of these systems are summarized in individual chapters of the minireview. Especially, the last few years have witnessed a rapid development due to gold‐catalyzed reactions. Here, we discuss how the choice of the catalytic system influences the regio‐ and stereoselectivity of the addition.
Expedient Trifluoromethylacylation of Styrenes Enabled by Photoredox Catalysis
Authors: Wang Lu , Zhang Heng , Zhu Chuan , Feng Chao 
Published: October 2021

Comprehensive SummaryHerein, we disclosed a photoredox enabled protocol for trifluoromethylacylation of styrenes through a radical‐carboanion cascade and subsequent oxidation. With a broad range of aldehydes and inexpensive Langlois reagent as acyl and CF3 precursor, respectively, the alkene motif could be readily converted into β‐trifluoromethyl ketones in moderate to good yields and with excellent regioselectivity. Besides CF3, di‐, mono‐ and non‐fluorinated C‐radicals were revealed amenable in this reaction, providing good opportunity for the construction of structurally diverse ketones of interest in pharmaceutical research. Additionally, the utility of this protocol was further demonstrated by successful extension to trifluoromethylarylation and ‐alkylation by employing arylcyanide or acrylates in place of carbonyls.
Effect of Solvent Properties on the Growth, Morphology, and Second Harmonic Generation Ability of 4‐Aminobenzophenone (ABP) Single Crystals
Authors: Aruchamy Mythili , Karuppannan Srinivasan 
Published: October 2021

AbstractOne of the best‐known benzophenone derivatives for nonlinear optical applications, 4‐aminobenzophenone (ABP), is grown as single crystals from saturated solutions employing fast and slow evaporation methodologies with different solvent environments by means of varied dipole moment, viscosity, and evaporation rates such as toluene, ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate, acetone, dimethyl formamide, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), and a mixture of ethanol‐DMSO (1:1) at 32 °C. Variation in the solubility determined by gravimetric analysis, end‐crystal morphology perceived through in‐situ optical microscopy, and origination of growth defects observed along different crystallographic directions are investigated based on the solute‐solvent interactions permissible according to the polarity and aforementioned physical properties of the solvents. Bravais‐Friedel‐Donnay‐Harker morphology, crystalline purity, thermal stability, optical transmittance, and infrared vibrational modes are analyzed through the single crystal and powder X‐ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, UV‐visible‐near IR, and Fourier‐transform infrared spectral analyses. The second‐harmonic generation (SHG) ability of the ABP crystals grown with different solvents and solvent mixture is studied through Kurtz and Perry powder technique in comparison with that of the inorganic and organic standards. The results reveal that the ABP crystals grown from mixed solvent environment ethanol:DMSO (1:1) to become eventually with improved quality, size, and SHG ability among the other crystals grown in the present study.
Ecological selectivity and the evolution of mammalian substrate preference across the K–Pg boundary
Authors: Hughes Jonathan J. , Berv Jacob S. , Chester Stephen G. B. , Sargis Eric J. , Field Daniel J. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) mass extinction 66 million years ago was characterized by a worldwide ecological catastrophe and rapid species turnover. Large‐scale devastation of forested environments resulting from the Chicxulub asteroid impact likely influenced the evolutionary trajectories of multiple clades in terrestrial environments, and it has been hypothesized to have biased survivorship in favour of nonarboreal lineages across the K–Pg boundary. Here, we evaluate patterns of substrate preferences across the K–Pg boundary among crown group mammals, a group that underwent rapid diversification following the mass extinction. Using Bayesian, likelihood, and parsimony reconstructions, we identify patterns of mammalian ecological selectivity that are broadly similar to those previously hypothesized for birds. Models based on extant taxa indicate predominant K–Pg survivorship among semi‐ or nonarboreal taxa, followed by numerous independent transitions to arboreality in the early Cenozoic. However, contrary to the predominant signal, some or all members of total‐clade Euarchonta (Primates + Dermoptera + Scandentia) appear to have maintained arboreal habits across the K–Pg boundary, suggesting ecological flexibility during an interval of global habitat instability. We further observe a pronounced shift in character state transitions away from plesiomorphic arboreality associated with the K–Pg transition. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that predominantly nonarboreal taxa preferentially survived the end‐Cretaceous mass extinction, and emphasize the pivotal influence of the K‐Pg transition in shaping the early evolutionary trajectories of extant terrestrial vertebrates.
Occurrence patterns of crop‐foraging sika deer distribution in an agriculture–forest landscape revealed by nitrogen stable isotopes
Authors: Hata Ayaka , Nakashita Rumiko , Fukasawa Keita , Minami Masato , Fukue Yuko , Higuchi Naoko , Uno Hikaru , Nakajima Yasuhiro , Saeki Midori , Kozakai Chinatsu , Takada Mayura B. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractConflicts arising from the consumption of anthropogenic foods by wildlife are increasing worldwide. Conventional tools for evaluating the spatial distribution pattern of large terrestrial mammals that consume anthropogenic foods have various limitations, despite their importance in management to mitigate conflicts. In this study, we examined the spatial distribution pattern of crop‐foraging sika deer by performing nitrogen stable isotope analyses of bone collagen. We evaluated whether crop‐foraging deer lived closer to agricultural crop fields during the winter and spring, when crop production decreases. We found that female deer in proximity to agricultural crop fields during the winter and spring were more likely to be crop‐foraging individuals. Furthermore, the likelihood of crop consumption by females decreased by half as the distance to agricultural crop fields increased to 5–10 km. We did not detect a significant trend in the spatial distribution of crop‐foraging male deer. The findings of spatial distribution patterns of crop‐foraging female deer will be useful for the establishment of management areas, such as zonation, for efficient removal of them.
Differential landscape use by forest owls two years after a mixed‐severity wildfire
Authors: Duchac Leila S. , Lesmeister Damon B. , Dugger Katie M. , Davis Raymond J. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractOwls are important avian predators in forested systems, but little is known about landscape use by most forest‐adapted owl species in environments impacted by mixed‐severity wildfire. To better understand species‐specific patterns of post‐wildfire landscape use within an owl guild, we used passive acoustic monitoring using autonomous recording units. The technology is effective for multi‐species surveys, especially if some species are rare, nocturnal, or difficult to detect by traditional means. In 2017, we surveyed the interior and adjacent unburned areas of a 10,700‐ha mixed‐severity wildfire that burned in 2015 in southwest Oregon. We used occupancy modeling to identify patterns of landscape use by five species of forest owls: barred owls (Strix varia), great horned owls (Bubo virginianus), western screech‐owls (Megascops kennicottii), northern pygmy‐owls (Glaucidium gnoma), and northern saw‐whet owls (Aegolius acadicus). Our results showed a positive relationship between increasing fire severity and probability of use by western screech‐owls and a similar but somewhat weaker relationship for northern pygmy‐owls. Barred owls were rarely detected in severely burned areas and their use decreased with increased fire severity. We observed generally low landscape use for great horned owls, which decreased with increased fire severity and at higher elevations. Thus, four out of the five species appeared to use recently burned forests at different levels, with only northern saw‐whet owls showing near‐complete avoidance of the burned area. These findings increase our understanding of the basic ecology of each species and highlight the varied use of burned areas within this community. These previously undocumented patterns of landscape use in burned landscapes should provide insights to managers and policymakers in the Pacific Northwest as climate shifts, and fires may increase in size, frequency, and severity.
Development of dynamic wireless power transfer coils for 3rd generation wireless in‐wheel motor
Authors: Shimizu Osamu , Fujita Toshiyuki , Nagai Sakahisa , Fujimoto Hiroshi , Omori Yoichi 
Published: October 2021

AbstractShort cruise range is a major issues in electric vehicles, and dynamic wireless power transfer (WPT) has been proposed to solve this problem. In this study, a new dynamic power transfer system is introduced, called the hird generation wireless in‐wheel motor, that integrates the drive circuit and motor. Additionally, a methodology of the transmitter and receiver coil design that can calculate inductance and resistance of the rectangular spiral coils in a fast manner is proposed. It considers the theoretical efficiency of coils, current of coils, and voltage of resonance capacitor as constraints. Inductance calculation models only use coordinates of coil edge and the distance between coil and ferrite core. The coils designed by the proposed method were manufactured and evaluated using an LCR meter. The calculation error of the self‐inductance and mutual inductance was found to be ± 9%. With the transmitter coil and receiver coil, an output and DC to DC efficiency of is 18 kW and 95.2%, respectively, were obtained by actual WPT test.
River channel changes through time and across space: Using three commonly available information sources to support river understanding and management in a national park
Authors: Gurnell Angela M. , Hill Christopher T. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn river landscapes subject to prolonged and high population pressure, the impact of human actions is usually so pervasive that re‐establishment of ‘natural’ river conditions is not possible. However, understanding the impacts of humans on river ecosystems is essential to identify how degradation of condition may be slowed or reversed and may also lead to the recognition that some human activities may be crucial for maintaining highly valued and sensitive river ecosystems. To achieve the necessary understanding for such judgements, it is essential to assemble, synthesize and analyse information on human actions, river environments and their interactions. In this paper, we focus on three commonly available information sources (historical records/archives, topographic and geomorphological maps, river habitat surveys) that can deliver relevant information over three timescales (centuries, decades, years). We illustrate the potential of these three data sources to assemble thematic and quantitative knowledge about how river systems function under a history of different human pressures and interventions, by exploring an example river landscape: the New Forest, southern England. We use this illustrative example for three reasons. First, for more than 1000 years, the New Forest has been affected by a complex range of land use and management practices which have heavily influenced the contemporary river landscape. Second, many of these human actions have degraded the landscape but others sustain highly valued landscape characteristics and ecosystems. Understanding the relative negative and positive impacts of different human actions is essential to understanding any river landscape with a long history of human use, and thus to designing balanced and appropriate management approaches. Third, in this special issue in memory of Professor Ken Gregory, we focus on an example landscape where he conducted research, allowing us to incorporate insights and data from his observations.