bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Automatic assessment of human gastric motility and emptying from dynamic 3D magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Lu Kun‐Han , Liu Zhongming , Jaffey Deborah , Wo John M. , Mosier Kristine M. , Cao Jiayue , Wang Xiaokai , Powley Terry L. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundTime‐sequenced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the stomach is an emerging technique for non‐invasive assessment of gastric emptying and motility. However, an automated and systematic image processing pipeline for analyzing dynamic 3D (ie, 4D) gastric MRI data has not been established. This study uses an MRI protocol for imaging the stomach with high spatiotemporal resolution and provides a pipeline for assessing gastric emptying and motility.MethodsDiet contrast‐enhanced MRI images were acquired from seventeen healthy humans after they consumed a naturalistic contrast meal. An automated image processing pipeline was developed to correct for respiratory motion, to segment and compartmentalize the lumen‐enhanced stomach, to quantify total gastric and compartmental emptying, and to compute and visualize gastric motility on the luminal surface of the stomach.Key ResultsThe gastric segmentation reached an accuracy of 91.10 ± 0.43% with the Type‐I error and Type‐II error being 0.11 ± 0.01% and 0.22 ± 0.01%, respectively. Gastric volume decreased 34.64 ± 2.8% over 1 h where the emptying followed a linear‐exponential pattern. The gastric motility showed peristaltic patterns with a median = 4 wave fronts (range 3–6) and a mean frequency of 3.09 ± 0.07 cycles per minute. Further, the contractile amplitude was stronger in the antrum than in the corpus (antrum vs. corpus: 5.18 ± 0.24 vs. 3.30 ± 0.16 mm;p < 0.001).Conclusions & InferencesOur analysis pipeline can process dynamic 3D MRI images and produce personalized profiles of gastric motility and emptying. It will facilitate the application of MRI for monitoring gastric dynamics in research and clinical settings.
Long‐term personalized low FODMAP diet improves symptoms and maintains luminal Bifidobacteria abundance in irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: Staudacher Heidi M. , Rossi Megan , Kaminski Thomas , Dimidi Eirini , Ralph Frances S. E. , Wilson Bridgette , Martin Lee D. , Louis Petra , Lomer Miranda C.E , Irving Peter M. , Whelan Kevin 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundShort‐term trials demonstrate the low FODMAP diet improves symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) but impacts nutrient intake and the gastrointestinal microbiota. The aim of this study was to investigate clinical symptoms, nutrient intake, and microbiota of patients with IBS 12 months after starting a low FODMAP diet.MethodsParticipants enrolled in a previous short‐term clinical trial and who had been through structured FODMAP restriction, reintroduction, and personalization were invited to participate in a follow‐up study at one time point at 12 months. Gastrointestinal symptoms, stool output, dietary intake, and quality of life were recorded. Stool samples were collected and analyzed for microbiota (qPCR) and short‐chain fatty acids (SCFA). Data were compared with baseline (prior to any intervention in the original clinical trial) using non‐parametric statistics.Key ResultsEighteen participants were included in the study. Adequate relief of symptoms occurred in 5/18 (28%) at baseline and increased to 12/18 (67%) following long‐term personalized low FODMAP diet (p = 0.039). There was a reduction in IBS‐SSS total score between baseline (median 227, IQR 99) and long term (154, 89; p < 0.001). Bifidobacteria abundance was not different between baseline (median 9.29 log10 rRNA genes/g, IQR 1.45) and long term (9.20 log10 rRNA genes/g, 1.41; p = 0.766, q = 0.906); however, there were lower concentrations of total SCFA, acetate, propionate, and butyrate.ConclusionsIn this long‐term analysis, two thirds of patients reported adequate relief of symptoms after 12 months of personalized low FODMAP diet that did not result in differences from baseline in Bifidobacteria. FODMAP reintroduction and personalization may normalize some of the effects of short‐term FODMAP restriction.
Eldecalcitol inhibits the progression of oral cancer by suppressing the expression of GPx‐1
Authors: Lu Yupu , Kou Yuying , Gao Yuan , Yang Panpan , Liu Shanshan , Zhang Fan , Li Minqi 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate the role of eldecalcitol in the progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma and to explore the related mechanism.Materials and MethodsThe effects of eldecalcitol on the proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, and migration of oral cancer cells (SCC‐15 and CAL‐27) were evaluated with cell counting kit‐8, flow cytometry, quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, and scratch assay. Mouse xenograft tumor model was established to further confirm the role of eldecalcitol in the progression of oral cancer. Immunohistochemistry, quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction, and western blotting were used to detect glutathione peroxidase‐1 expression in oral cancer tissue and cells treated with eldecalcitol.ResultsEldecalcitol was found to inhibit the proliferation and migration of SCC‐15 and CAL‐27 cells significantly, block the cell cycle in the G0/G1 phase, and enhance the apoptosis. In addition, glutathione peroxidase‐1 was downregulated by eldecalcitol and acted as an important medium of eldecalcitol in inhibiting the proliferation and migration of SCC‐15 and CAL‐27 cells, as well as promoting their apoptosis.ConclusionsEldecalcitol may inhibit the progression of oral cancer by suppressing the expression of glutathione peroxidase‐1, which may provide new insight into the application of eldecalcitol as a potential anti‐cancer drug.
A discursive study exploring the professional identities of registered nurses employed in older person residential care settings
Authors: McGuire Niamh , Evans William , Brosnan Mary 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe phenomenon of an ageing population is being experienced globally requiring the ongoing provision of residential care services. A large number of registered nurses work in these settings; however, many challenges exist in their recruitment and retention.ObjectivesTo explore professional identities and emerging discourses of registered nurses working in older person residential care settings.MethodsThis study employed a discursive‐based research methodology with a central focus on the role language, and discourses play in identity construction. Fourteen in‐depth narrative interviews were completed with registered nurses in residential care settings in the Republic of Ireland. Thematic analysis was underpinned by a critical discursive psychology framework.ResultsFour key identities and related discourses emerged: ‘skilled professional identity’, ‘person‐centred identity’, ‘subordinate identity’ and ‘product of healthcare reform identity’. Discourses presented contrasting professional identities held by nurses in residential care settings; on the one hand, they employed positive professional and person‐centred discourses, while on the other hand, tensions associated with healthcare reform and a subordinate identity exist.ConclusionsThis study presents unique insights into how registered nurses in residential care construct their professional identity and in doing so, enhances opportunities to promote recruitment and marketing in this setting. Equally, the challenges and opportunities of healthcare reform require sensitive management so that the professional identity of nurses working in residential care is enhanced and protected.Implications for practiceHow registered nurses working in residential care settings view their professional identity directly impacts on attitudes and behaviours and the subsequent delivery of care. Greater understanding and insight into how they construct their professional identity may enhance recruitment and retention initiatives. Study results also provide an opportunity for policymakers and service providers to create more positive working environments that promote professional identity development for this nursing group.
Health and education passport and the role of the foster care public health nurse
Authors: Carabez Rebecca 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAimThe aim of this study is to explore the practical use of Health and Education Passport (HEP) for children in foster care and the role of the Foster Care Public Health Nurse (FCPHN) in tracking health and education records.BackgroundChildren in foster care have complex health problems and experience frequent changes in home and school placements that result in gaps documentation. California mandates an HEP for every child in foster care.DesignUtilizing an online survey, PHNs describe their agency's use of the HEP, reported how they obtain health and education records for the HEP.ResultsSocial workers, PHNs and mental health providers were main HEP users, less so for foster parents and youth who age out of foster care. The HEP was used at medical and dental visits. PHNs reported little to no participation in updating educators. The HEP may be most useful when the child moves to a new placement or school.ConclusionThe HEP is a critical document that ties a fragmented health history together.Relevance to Clinical PracticeThis study describes the foster care PHN role in updating the HEP and accessing health services and establishing a medical home.
Annual dynamics of Zymoseptoria tritici populations in wheat cultivar mixtures: A compromise between the efficacy and durability of a recently broken‐down resistance gene?
Authors: Orellana‐Torrejon Carolina , Vidal Tiphaine , Boixel Anne‐Lise , Gélisse Sandrine , Saint‐Jean Sébastien , Suffert Frédéric 
Published: August 2021

AbstractCultivar mixtures slow polycyclic epidemics but may also affect the evolution of pathogen populations by diversifying the selection pressures exerted by their plant hosts at field scale. We compared the dynamics of natural populations of the fungal pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici in pure stands and in three binary mixtures of wheat cultivars (one susceptible cultivar and one cultivar carrying the recently broken‐down Stb16q gene) over two annual field epidemics. We combined analyses of population “size” based on disease severity, and of population “composition” based on changes in the frequency of virulence against Stb16q in seedling assays with more than 3000 strains. Disease reductions were observed in mixtures late in the epidemic, at the whole‐canopy scale and on both cultivars, suggesting the existence of a reciprocal protective effect. The three cultivar proportions in the mixtures (0.25, 0.5, and 0.75) modulated the decrease in (a) the size of the pathogen population relative to the two pure stands, (b) the size of the virulent subpopulation, and (c) the frequency of virulence relative to the pure stand of the cultivar carrying Stb16q. Our findings suggest that optimal proportions may differ slightly between the three indicators considered. We argue potential trade‐offs that should be taken into account when deploying a resistance gene in cultivar mixtures: between the dual objectives “efficacy” and “durability,” and between the “size” and “frequency” of the virulent subpopulation. Based on current knowledge, it remains unclear whether virulent subpopulation size or frequency has the largest influence on interepidemic virulence transmission.
Cell wall thickness and composition are related to photosynthesis in Antarctic mosses
Authors: Roig‐Oliver Margalida , Douthe Cyril , Bota Josefina , Flexas Jaume 
Published: August 2021

AbstractCell wall thickness (Tcw) has been proposed as an important anatomical trait that could determine photosynthesis through land plants' phylogeny, bryophytes being the plant group presenting the thickest walls and the lowest photosynthetic rates. Also, it has recently been suggested that cell wall composition may have the potential to influence both thickness and mesophyll conductance (gm), representing a novel trait that could ultimately affect photosynthesis. However, only a few studies in spermatophytes have demonstrated this issue. In order to explore the role of cell wall composition in determining both Tcw and gm in mosses, we tested six species grown under field conditions in Antarctica. We performed gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements, an anatomical characterization, and a quantitative analysis of cell wall main composition (i.e., cellulose, hemicelluloses and pectins) in these six species. We found the photosynthetic rates to vary between the species, and they also presented differences in anatomical characteristics and in cell wall composition. Whilst gm correlated negatively with Tcw and pectins content, a positive relationship between Tcw and pectins emerged, suggesting that pectins could contribute to determine cell wall porosity. Although our results do not allow us to provide conclusive statements, we suggest for the first time that cell wall composition—with pectins playing a key role—could strongly influence Tcw and gm in Antarctic mosses, ultimately defining photosynthesis.
The color of corrections: Racial politics and prison privatization
Authors: Butz Adam M. , Fording Richard C. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPrivatizing the administration of American prisons represents a popular tool of correctional governance. In turn, policy and public administration researchers are routinely studying the consequences of prison privatization on criminal justice outcomes such as recidivism rates and prisoner complaints. However, much less attention has been paid to the antecedents of privatization decisions occurring across states, in particular how racial determinants might be influencing privatization outcomes. Building upon existing policy research with theories of social construction and negative racial classification, we argue that privatization debates over corrections management become more racialized when Black prisoners comprise a larger share of the state prison population, predicting higher overall levels of privatization usage. We further argue that this Black prisoner presence‐privatization relationship is context‐specific and conditioned by two additional variables: (1) levels of mass racial stereotyping and (2) partisan composition of state government. The statistical analysis demonstrates that racial determinants do significantly influence state prison privatization decisions and in complex ways as theorized. In states where Blacks make up a larger share of the prison population, privatization usage is found to be higher. Additionally, in line with theoretical expectations, Black prisoner presence is associated with increased privatization levels most strongly in states where citizenries hold heightened levels of racial fear and Republicans have increased legislative presence. This research is of keen interest to scholars of public policy and management, who could pay more heed to the ways in which race influences decisions around administrative structuring and outcomes for taxpayers and clients.
Faith, values, and metaphysical positionality in qualitative research
Authors: Johnsen Sarah , Fitzpatrick Suzanne 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPositionality has long been a preoccupation for qualitative researchers within and beyond geography. Reflexive assessments of positionality typically examine the ways in which a researcher’s sociodemographic identifiers such as gender, age, ethnicity, dis/ability, sexuality, and/or the intersections between these affect research encounters, processes, and outcomes. Religion rarely features in such interrogations, and then usually only in relation to participants’ ethnic or racial affiliations. Drawing on experiences conducting a study exploring the role of faith‐based organisations in welfare provision for homeless people in the UK, this paper focuses on the related (but not synonymous) issue of metaphysical stance, that is, belief or non‐belief in the existence of God(s). It argues that metaphysical stance should be regarded as a sui generis aspect of positionality, which fits into none of the identity categories typically considered but is deserving of separate analysis with respect to its ethical and practical implications. Further to this, it contends that extreme diplomacy and discretion are required when exploring issues as inherently value‐laden as the moral frameworks underpinning welfare approaches. This is especially true when participants’ views divide in part along theist/atheist lines, such that religious and policy “literacy” are valuable attributes for researchers negotiating these sensitive terrains in the field.
Factors affecting successful ultrasound‐guided injection into the podotrochlear bursa using a palmarolateral approach
Authors: Espinosa‐Mur Pablo , Whitcomb Mary Beth , Kass Philip H. , Vanslambrouck Lothar , Galuppo Larry D. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate potential factors affecting ultrasonographic visibility of the suprasesamoidean region and the success rate of ultrasound‐guided injection (USGI) into the podotrochlear bursa (PB).Study DesignEx vivo, experimental study.Animals24 cadaveric forelimbs.MethodsThe PB was distended with 0, 1, or 2 ml of iodinated contrast material and saline under radiographic guidance. Ultrasonographic visibility of the suprasesamoidean region and PB was graded before and after distention with the limb loaded in three positions (vertical, cranial and caudal). Two operators with different experience levels performed an USGI into the PB with methylene blue (12 limbs each [four limbs with each of three volumes of PB distension]) using a palmarolateral approach and caudal foot placement. Limbs were frozen and sectioned to assess accuracy.ResultsUltrasonographic visibility scores of the suprasesamoidean region (p = .0081) and PB (p < .0001) were improved using a caudal foot placement. Higher visibility grades of the suprasesamoidean region were associated with higher injection success rate (p = .047). The injection success was 75% (9/12) for the experienced versus 41.6% (5/12) for the less experienced operator (p = .14). PB distension improved visibility during caudal foot placement (p = .013) but not injection success rates (p = .78).ConclusionCaudal foot placement enhances visibility of the PB and suprasesamoidean region. Limbs with poor visibility of the suprasesamoidean region are more likely to undergo a failed USGI.Clinical SignificanceThe lateral USGI approach should be performed only in cases of optimal visibility. The reported success rates support the technical challenge of PB injections.
A Physics-Informed Two-Level Machine-Learning Model for Predicting Melt-Pool Size in Laser Powder Bed Fusion
Authors: Ren Yong , Wang Qian , Michaleris Panagiotis (Pan) 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) additive manufacturing (AM) is one type of metal-based AM process that is capable of producing high-value complex components with a fine geometric resolution. As melt-pool characteristics such as melt-pool size and dimensions are highly correlated with porosity and defects in the fabricated parts, it is crucial to predict how process parameters would affect the melt-pool size and dimensions during the build process to ensure the build quality. This paper presents a two-level machine-learning (ML) model to predict the melt-pool size during the scanning of a multitrack build. To account for the effect of thermal history on melt-pool size, a so-called (prescan) initial temperature is predicted at the lower-level of the modeling architecture and then used as a physics-informed input feature at the upper-level for the prediction of melt-pool size. Simulated data sets generated from the autodesk'snetfabbsimulation are used for model training and validation. Through numerical simulations, the proposed two-level ML model has demonstrated a high prediction performance, and its prediction accuracy improves significantly compared to a naive one-level ML without using the initial temperature as an input feature.
The Causes of Asymmetric Deformation of Surface Roughness Asperities in Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication Contacts
Authors: Kaneta Motohiro , Matsuda Kenji , Nishikawa Hiroshi 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This paper provides the main causes of asymmetric or directional deformation of surface roughness based on a transient non-Newtonian thermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) model, where the contact materials have different thermal conductivities and elastic moduli. In order to obtain the actual shape of the surface asperity, the surface shapes of contact bodies are evaluated separately. It is clarified that the asymmetric deformation of the asperities appears due to two causes. One depends on the slide-roll ratio (SRR) and the difference in thermal conductivity between contact materials, and the other is caused by the contact pressure between the asperities through the oil film.
A Continuum Dislocation Dynamics Crystal Plasticity Approach to Irradiated Body-Centered Cubic α-Iron
Authors: Pitts Stephanie A. , Jiang Wen , Pizzocri Davide , Barker Erin I. , Zbib Hussein M. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Radiation-induced embrittlement of reactor pressure vessel (RPV) steels can potentially limit the operating life of nuclear power plants. Over extended exposure to radiation doses, these body-centered cubic (BCC) irons demonstrate irradiation damage. Here, we present a continuum dislocation density (CDD) crystal plasticity model to capture the interaction among dislocations and self-interstitial atom (SIA) loops in α-iron. We demonstrate the importance of modeling cross slip using a combined stochastic Monte Carlo approach and the role of slip system strength anisotropy in capturing stochastic cross slip interactions. Through these captured interactions, the CDD crystal plasticity model can capture both the stress response and the physical evolution of dislocations on different slip system planes. Single-crystal verification experiments are used to calibrate the CDD crystal plasticity model, and a set of simplified polycrystalline simulations demonstrates the model’s ability to capture the stress response from tensile experiments on α-iron.
The Relations Between Physical Activity Level, Executive Function, and White Matter Microstructure in Older Adults
Authors: Gogniat Marissa A. , Mewborn Catherine M. , Robinson Talia L. , Jean Kharine R. , Miller L. Stephen 
Published: August 2021

The population of older adults is increasing, indicating a need to examine factors that may prevent or mitigate age-related cognitive decline. The current study examined whether microstructural white matter characteristics mediated the relation between physical activity and executive function in older adults without any self-reported psychiatric and neurological disorders or cognitive impairment (N = 43, mean age = 73 y). Physical activity was measured by average intensity and number of steps via accelerometry. Diffusion tensor imaging was used to examine microstructural white matter characteristics, and neuropsychological testing was used to examine executive functioning. Parallel mediation models were analyzed using microstructural white matter regions of interest as mediators of the association between physical activity and executive function. Results indicated that average steps was significantly related to executive function (β = 0.0003,t = 2.829,P = .007), while moderate to vigorous physical activity was not (β = 0.0007,t = 1.772,P = .08). White matter metrics did not mediate any associations. This suggests that microstructural white matter characteristics alone may not be the mechanism by which physical activity impacts executive function in aging.