bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inference of Wildfire Causes From Their Physical, Biological, Social and Management Attributes
Authors: Pourmohamad Yavar , Abatzoglou John T. , Fleishman Erica , Short Karen C. , Shuman Jacquelyn , AghaKouchak Amir , Williamson Matthew , Seydi Seyd Teymoor , Sadegh Mojtaba 
Published: January 2025

AbstractEffective wildfire prevention includes actions to deliberately target different wildfire causes. However, the cause of an increasing number of wildfires is unknown, hindering targeted prevention efforts. We developed a machine learning model of wildfire ignition cause across the western United States on the basis of physical, biological, social, and management attributes associated with wildfires. Trained on wildfires from 1992 to 2020 with 12 known causes, the overall accuracy of our model exceeded 70% when applied to out‐of‐sample test data. Our model more accurately separated wildfires ignited by natural versus human causes (93% accuracy), and discriminated among the 11 classes of human‐ignited wildfires with 55% accuracy. Our model attributed the greatest percentage of 150,247 wildfires from 1992 to 2020 for which the ignition source was unknown to equipment and vehicle use (21%), lightning (20%), and arson and incendiarism (18%).
Tidal Conversion Into Vertical Normal Modes by Continental Margins
Authors: Geoffroy Gaspard , Kelly Samuel M. , Nycander Jonas 
Published: January 2025

AbstractWe construct a computationally inexpensive semi‐analytical method to compute the tidal conversion into vertical modes by continental slopes and shelves, and apply it at the global scale. It relies on a vertically two‐dimensional reduced‐physics numerical model and uses the observed bottom topography, ocean stratification, and tidal currents as inputs. The method is applicable no matter how steep the slope is and it resolves the onshore and offshore baroclinic tidal energy fluxes. The output is validated with the conversion diagnosed from a global general circulation model simulation.
The System for Classification of Low‐Pressure Systems (SyCLoPS): An All‐In‐One Objective Framework for Large‐Scale Data Sets
Authors: Han Yushan , Ullrich Paul A. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractWe propose the first unified objective framework (SyCLoPS) for detecting and classifying all types of low‐pressure systems (LPSs) in a given data set. We use the state‐of‐the‐art automated feature tracking software TempestExtremes (TE) to detect and track LPS features globally in ERA5 and compute 16 parameters from commonly found atmospheric variables for classification. A Python classifier is implemented to classify all LPSs at once. The framework assigns 16 different labels (classes) to each LPS data point and designates four different types of high‐impact LPS tracks, including tracks of tropical cyclone (TC), monsoonal system, subtropical storm and polar low. The classification process involves disentangling high‐altitude and drier LPSs, differentiating tropical and non‐tropical LPSs using novel criteria, and optimizing for the detection of the four types of high‐impact LPS. A comparison of our labels with those in the International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS) revealed an overall accuracy of 95% in distinguishing between tropical systems, extratropical cyclones, and disturbances. SyCLoPS produces a better TC detection skill compared to the previous algorithms, highlighted by an approximately 6% reduction in the false alarm rate compared to the previous TE algorithm. The vertical cross section composite of the four types of high‐impact LPS we detect each shows distinct structural characteristics. Finally, we demonstrate that SyCLoPS is valuable for investigating various aspects of LPSs in climate data, such as the evolution of a single LPS track, patterns of LPS frequencies, and precipitation or wind influence associated with a particular LPS class.
Response and Feedback of Mesoscale Eddies to Tropical Cyclones Over the South China Sea
Authors: Liu Ping , Guan Shoude , Lin I.‐I. , Huang Mengya , Jin Fei‐Fei , Wang Qian , Lu Zhumin , Zhao Wei , Tian Jiwei 
Published: January 2025

AbstractTropical cyclones (TCs) frequently encounter and interact with mesoscale eddies when moving over the ocean, affecting both of their subsequent evolutions. The South China Sea (SCS) suffers the most frequent TCs among global oceans and contains active eddies. On average, one TC encounters and interacts with at least one eddy during its lifespan in the SCS. Using 27‐year satellite data and numerical simulations, we examined the response and feedback of mesoscale eddies to TCs over the SCS, based on TCs' interaction with 183 cyclonic ocean eddies (COEs) and 152 anticyclonic ocean eddies (AOEs). TCs induce a symmetric sea surface height reduction with maximum reduction (∼5 cm on average) appearing at the TC center. Pre‐existing COEs (AOEs) are enhanced (weakened) by TCs with an average 24% increase (17% decrease) in amplitude and enlarged (shrunk) with an average 19% increase (13% decrease) in radius. Stronger or slower‐moving TCs enhance COEs more significantly. Pre‐TC existing COEs (AOEs) enhance (suppress) TC‐induced sea surface cooling, and thus suppress (fuel) TC intensification, with the effect of COEs statistically stronger than AOEs. This modulating effect is more pronounced under stronger or slower‐moving TCs. Eddy's location also influences the modulating effect, with pre‐TC COEs located to the left (right) of TC track shifting the largest cooling leftwards (rightwards). Furthermore, the left‐located COEs increase cooling amplitude by 61%, stronger than right‐located COEs (26%). These results suggest that the combination of mesoscale eddies and TC attributes complicates TC‐induced sea surface cooling, which potentially affects TC intensification, wind structure, and rainfall.
A Case Study of an Exceptional Atmospheric River and Explosively Deepening Cyclone Over the US Central Plains in March 2019
Authors: Zou Xun , Cordeira Jason M. , Bartlett Samuel M. , Ralph F. Martin 
Published: January 2025

AbstractIn March 2019, a strong atmospheric river (AR) originating from the Gulf of Mexico transported abundant moisture inland and fueled a record‐breaking bomb cyclone in Colorado, resulting in widespread winter weather hazards across several states. Experimental model simulations and trajectory analysis indicate that mid‐tropospheric latent heat release (LHR) coincided with the strength of the warm conveyor belt and played a key role in the deepening of the cyclone. The LHR promoted the generation of a lower tropospheric positive potential vorticity (PV) anomaly and a stronger low‐level cyclonic circulation, enhancing the cyclone, low‐level jet stream, and associated water vapor transport. Additionally, it generated an upper tropospheric negative PV anomaly and strong upper‐level anticyclonic circulation, influencing the structure of the trough‐ridge couplet and the associated Rossby wave. Reductions in the initial intensity of the AR and disallowing LHR both weakened the cyclone. However, disallowing LHR significantly disturbed the synoptic‐scale structure of the storm and embedded Rossby wave, resulting in a stronger impact. Thus, the reduction of diabatic PV generation, under the influence of AR activities, was crucial in the explosive intensification of the cyclone. Additionally, the reductions in AR intensity and the magnitude of cyclone weakening did not show a linear relationship. Few studies have explored interactions between ARs and continental cyclones, and this paper highlights the need for further research on AR‐associated extreme weather events inland.
Lunar Crustal KREEP Distribution
Authors: Levin J. N. , Evans A. J. , Andrews‐Hanna J. C. , Daubar I. J. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThe distribution of KREEP—potassium (K), rare earth elements (REE), and phosphorus (P)—in the lunar crust is an important clue to deciphering the geochemical and thermal evolution of the Moon. Surface measurements of thorium abundance taken by the Lunar Prospector Gamma Ray Spectrometer (LP GRS) instrument have shown that KREEP is concentrated on the lunar nearside surface, mirroring the hemispheric asymmetry observed in the distribution of maria, crustal thickness, and topography. However, the overall lateral and vertical distribution of KREEP within the crust is poorly constrained, leaving uncertainty in estimates of bulk crustal thorium abundance and in the history and evolution of KREEP. In this study, we compared the overall lateral and vertical distribution of lunar KREEP in the upper crust by determining the thorium abundance of material excavated by complex impact craters. We find that the distribution of KREEP on the nearside is consistent with a layer of high‐Thorium ejecta from the Imbrium impact mixing with underlying low‐Th (<1 ppm) crustal material, suggesting the excavation of a sub‐crustal KREEP reservoir with thorium abundances as high as 45–120 ppm by the Imbrium‐forming impact. Imbrium ejecta alone does not explain the distribution of thorium on the lunar farside, particularly around the South Pole Aitken basin, suggesting other sources for farside thorium enrichments. Furthermore, our results refute the existence of a large‐scale Thorium‐enriched layer in the upper 16 km of the farside crust.
Simple‐To‐Complex Crater Transition for the Uranian Satellites Ariel and Miranda
Authors: Borrelli M. E. , Bierson C. J. , O’Rourke J. G. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThe latest decadal survey identified the Uranus system as the highest‐priority new target for a NASA Flagship mission. Ariel and Miranda are potential ocean worlds with evidence of resurfacing potentially due to past elevated heat flow. Learning about the geologic histories of these icy moons is important for understanding the potential for life in the outer solar system. Using limited data acquired by the Voyager 2 spacecraft, we explore open questions about the surfaces of Uranian satellites to gain a better understanding of their evolutionary histories. In this work, we update the estimates of Ariel and Miranda's simple‐to‐complex transition diameters, which have not yet been measured using modern GIS techniques and reprocessed data. The simple‐to‐complex transition diameter is a value used on many worlds to infer the composition of the surface. For the Uranian satellites, this value was last estimated shortly after the Voyager 2 flyby with a data set of 18 craters. We use reprocessed topography from more than 100 craters to estimate a simple‐to‐complex transition diameter on Ariel of ∼26 km, consistent with an icy surface composition. We place a lower limit of ∼49 km on the transition diameter for Miranda, where we cannot identify any complex craters. We also estimate the relative and absolute ages of terrains on Ariel and Miranda. Our results agree with recent studies showing that they likely experienced relatively recent (≤1 Gya) resurfacing. Finally, we suggest imaging requirements for the future missions to Uranus to answer outstanding questions about Ariel and Miranda.
Martian Atmospheric Disturbances From Orbital Images and Surface Pressure at Jezero Crater, Mars, During Martian Year 36
Authors: Sánchez‐Lavega A. , Larsen E. , del Rio‐Gaztelurrrutia T. , Hernández‐Bernal J. , Ordóñez‐Etxebarría I. , Hueso R. , Bertrand T. , Lemmon M. , Juarez M. de la Torre , Martínez G. M. , Munguira A. , Rodríguez‐Manfredi J. A. , Harri A.‐M. , Pla‐García J. , Toledo D. , Newman C. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractWe present a study of atmospheric disturbances at Jezero Crater, Mars, using ground‐based measurements of surface pressure by the Perseverance rover in combination with orbital images from the Mars Express and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter missions. The study starts at Ls ∼ 13.3° in MY36 (6 March 2021) and extends up to Ls ∼ 30.3° in MY37 (28 February 2023). We focus on the characterization of the major atmospheric phenomena at synoptic and planetary‐scales. These are the thermal tides (measured up to the sixth component), long‐period pressure oscillations (periods >1 sol), the Aphelion Cloud Belt, and the occasional development of regional dust storms over Jezero. We present the seasonal evolution of the amplitudes and phases of the thermal tides and their relation with the atmospheric dust content (optical depth). Three regional dust storms and one polar storm extending over Jezero produced an increase in the diurnal and semidiurnal amplitudes but resulted in inverse responses in their phases. We show that the primary regular wave activity is due to baroclinic disturbances with periods of 2–4 sols and amplitudes ∼ 1–15 Pa increasing with dust content, in good agreement with theoretical predictions by model calculations. The spacecraft images show a number of arc‐shaped, spiral and irregular cyclonic vortices, traced by dust and clouds at the edge of the North Polar Cap, that could be behind some of the pressure oscillations measured at Jezero.
Terrestrial Organic Matter Contributes to CO2 Production From Siberian Shelf Sediments
Authors: Sauerland Lewis , Ray Nicholas , Martens Jannik , Tesi Tommaso , Dudarev Oleg , Gustafsson Örjan , Semiletov Igor , Wild Birgit 
Published: January 2025

AbstractArctic climate warming is causing permafrost thaw and erosion, which may lead to enhanced inputs of terrestrial organic matter into Arctic Ocean shelf sediments. Degradation of terrestrial organic matter in sediments might contribute to carbon dioxide production and bottom water acidification. Yet, the degradability of organic matter in shallow Arctic Ocean sediments, as well as the contribution of terrestrial input, is poorly quantified. Here, potential organic matter degradation rates were investigated for 16 surface sediments from the Kara Sea, Laptev Sea, and the western East Siberian Sea and compared with physicochemical sediment properties including molecular biomarkers, stable and radioactive carbon isotopes, and grain size. Aerobic oxygen and carbon dioxide fluxes, measured in laboratory incubations of sediment slurry, showed high spatial variability and correlated significantly with organic carbon content as well as with the amount and degradation state of terrestrial organic matter. The dependency on terrestrial organic matter declined with increasing distance from land, indicating that the presence of terrestrial organic matter is likely a constraining factor for organic matter degradation in shallow shelf seas. However, sediment oxygen consumption rates, measured in incubations of intact sediment cores, also exhibited substantial spatial variability but were not related to organic carbon content or terrestrial influence. Oxygen consumption of intact sediments may be more strongly influenced by in situ redox conditions. Together with previous observations, our findings support that terrestrial organic matter is easily degradable in shelf sea sediments and might substantially contribute to aerobic carbon dioxide production and oxygen consumption.
A Reliable Generative Adversarial Network Approach for Climate Downscaling and Weather Generation
Authors: Rampal Neelesh , Gibson Peter B. , Sherwood Steven , Abramowitz Gab , Hobeichi Sanaa 
Published: January 2025

AbstractAnticipating climate impacts and risks in present or future climates requires predicting the statistics of high‐impact weather events at fine‐scales. Direct numerical simulations of fine‐scale weather are computationally too expensive for many applications. While deterministic‐based (deep‐learning or statistical) downscaling of low‐resolution climate simulations are several orders of magnitude faster than direct numerical simulations, it suffers from several limitations. These limitations include the tendency to regress to the mean, which produces excessively smooth predictions and underestimates the magnitude of extreme events. They also fail to preserve statistical measures that are key for climate research. We use a conditional GAN (cGAN) architecture to downscale daily precipitation as a Regional Climate Model (RCM) emulator. The cGAN generates plausible residuals on top of the predictable expectation state produced by a deterministic deep learning algorithm. The skill of cGANs is highly sensitive to a hyperparameter known as the weight of the adversarial loss (), where the value of required for accurate results varies with season and performance metric, casting doubt on the reliability of cGANs as usually implemented. However, by applying a simple intensity constraint to the loss function, it is possible to obtain reliable performance results across spanning two orders of magnitude. CGANs are considerably more skillful in capturing climatological statistics, including the distribution and spatial characteristics of extreme events. With this modification, we expect cGANs to be readily transferable to other applications and time periods, making them a useful weather generator for representing extreme event statistics in present and future climates.
Regime Shifts in Holocene Paleohydrology as Recorded by Asian Speleothems
Authors: James Alexander , Hu Jun , Emile‐Geay Julien , Partin Judson W. , Scroxton Nick , Malik Nishant , Gao Yuan 
Published: January 2025

AbstractSpeleothem oxygen isotope records offer unique insights into Asian Monsoon evolution, with their precise chronologies used to identify abrupt climatic events. However, individual records are sometimes used to draw broad conclusions about global climate, without considering the dynamical context in which they exist. We present a robust framework for assessing the regional significance, and hence the potential global significance, of paleoclimate events, using the proposed Meghalayan age onset (associated with the “4.2 ka event”) as a case study. Analyzing 14 well‐dated speleothem oxygen isotope records from the SISAL v3 database and recent literature, we investigate the regional coherency of rapid shifts in Asian paleohydrology, which is the regional center of action for the proposed event, over the Holocene. Three robust methods fail to detect spatially coherent variability consistent with a 4.2 ka event across Asia, either because none exists or because it is of insufficient magnitude. In contrast, the 8.2 ka event is expressed in most records that resolve it. The absence of a clear isotopic excursion across this data set suggests that the “4.2 ka megadrought” was not global, with important implications for archeology and geochronology. This casts doubt on the proposal that the 4.2 ka event marks the onset of a new geologic age. We do, however, observe support for a gradual isotopic enrichment between 3.9 and 3.6 ka, followed by partial recovery—consistent with the “Double Drying” hypothesis and possibly related to changes in El Niño‐Southern Oscillation variability.
Revising Common Approaches for Calibration: Insights From a 1‐D Tracer‐Aided Hydrological Model With High‐Dimensional Parameters and Objectives
Authors: Wu Songjun , Tetzlaff Doerthe , Soulsby Chris 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThe dimensionality of parameters and objectives has been increasing due to the accelerating development of models and monitoring network, which brings potential challenges for calibration. In this study, two common philosophies for multi‐objective optimisation in hydrology (the use of aggregated scalar criterion or vector functions) were revisited with different sampling strategies: (a) random sampling, (b) DiffeRential Evolution Adaptive Metropolis (DREAM as an example of an aggregated scalar function), and (c) Non‐Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA‐II as Pareto‐based multi‐objective optimisation). By testing the ability of algorithms to simultaneously capture soil moisture and soil water isotopes at three depths under four vegetation covers, we found random sampling performed poorly in matching observations due to its inability to explore high‐dimensional parameter space. DREAM, in contrast, could provide efficient parameter convergence with informal likelihood functions, but the choice of formal likelihood function is difficult due to the lack of knowledge about model residuals, leading to poor performance. NSGA‐II is effective and efficient after aggregating objectives to ≤4, but failed when calibrating against all 24 objectives. Overall, both philosophies and all three approaches are challenged by increasing dimensionality, and it generally requires a degree of trial‐and‐error before achieving a successful calibration. This suggests the potential to explore a more flexible way to describe model residuals (e.g., by defining limits of acceptability). Alternatively, improvements could be made by using an ensemble of models to represent the system (instead of “best” model) given the average of a calibrated ensemble usually performed better than any individual model.
Tau is a receptor with low affinity for glucocorticoids and is required for glucocorticoid-induced bone loss
Authors: Fu Wenyu , Chen Meng , Wang Kaidi , Chen Yujianan , Cui Yazhou , Xie Yangli , Lei Zi-Ning , Hu Wenhuo , Sun Guodong , Huang Guiwu , He Chaopeng , Fretz Jackie , Hettinghouse Aubryanna , Liu Ronghan , Cai Xianyi , Zhang Mingshuang , Chen Yuehong , Jiang Nan , He Minchun , Wiznia Daniel H. , Xu Huiyun , Chen Zhe-Sheng , Chen Lin , Tang Kanglai , Zhou Hong , Liu Chuan-Ju 
Published: January 2025

AbstractGlucocorticoids (GCs) are the most prescribed anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs. However, their use is often limited by substantial side effects, such as GC-induced osteoporosis (GIO) with the underlying mechanisms still not fully understood. In this study, we identify Tau as a low-affinity binding receptor for GCs that plays a crucial role in GIO. Tau deficiency largely abolished bone loss induced by high-dose dexamethasone, a synthetic GC, in both inflammatory arthritis and GIO models. Furthermore, TRx0237, a Tau inhibitor identified from an FDA-approved drug library, effectively prevented GIO. Notably, combinatorial administration of TRx0237 and dexamethasone completely overcame the osteoporosis adverse effect of dexamethasone in treating inflammatory arthritis. These findings present Tau as a previously unrecognized GC receptor with low affinity, and provide potential strategies to mitigate a spectrum of GC-related adverse effects, particularly osteoporosis.
Reducing functionally defective old HSCs alleviates aging-related phenotypes in old recipient mice
Authors: Wang Yuting , Zhang Wenhao , Zhang Chao , Van Hoang Q. Tran , Seino Takashi , Zhang Yi 
Published: January 2025

AbstractAging is a process accompanied by functional decline in tissues and organs with great social and medical consequences. Developing effective anti-aging strategies is of great significance. In this study, we demonstrated that transplantation of young hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) into old mice can mitigate aging phenotypes, underscoring the crucial role of HSCs in the aging process. Through comprehensive molecular and functional analyses, we identified a subset of HSCs in aged mice that exhibit “younger” molecular profiles and functions, marked by low levels of CD150 expression. Mechanistically, CD150low HSCs from old mice but not their CD150high counterparts can effectively differentiate into downstream lineage cells. Notably, transplantation of old CD150low HSCs attenuates aging phenotypes and prolongs lifespan of elderly mice compared to those transplanted with unselected or CD150high HSCs. Importantly, reducing the dysfunctional CD150high HSCs can alleviate aging phenotypes in old recipient mice. Thus, our study demonstrates the presence of “younger” HSCs in old mice, and that aging-associated functional decline can be mitigated by reducing dysfunctional HSCs.