bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in Positive Airway Pressure Use in Adults with Sleep-Related Breathing Disorder during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional National Community-Based Survey
Authors: Kendzerska Tetyana , Saad Mysa , Ayas Najib , Robillard Rebecca 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Purpose: To better understand: i) a positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy use during the pandemic, ii) how PAP use may relate to sleep, health, and COVID-19-related outcomes, and iii) factors associated with PAP use during the pandemic. Methods: This study is based on data collected between Apr 2020 and Jan 2021 as part of the online cross-sectional national community-based survey. The included participants were located in North America, 18 years and older, with self-reported sleep-related breathing disorder (SBD) and usage of a PAP device in the last month before and during the COVID-19 pandemic (“in the past 7 days”). Results: Of all respondents, 7.2% (41/570) stopped using PAP during the pandemic. There were no significant differences between individuals who continued and stopped using PAP in the time elapsed since the pandemic declaration, age, sex, education level, occupational status, family income, or the proportions of individuals endorsing symptoms that could be related to COVID-19. Compared to individuals who continued using PAP, those who stopped had significantly shorter sleep time, lower sleep efficiency, and poorer sleep quality. Higher stress levels and living with someone who experienced symptoms that could be attributable to COVID-19 were independently associated with stopping using PAP. Conclusions: In this survey study, we found that most individuals with SBD continued PAP therapy during the pandemic. However, even 7% of participants who stopped using PAP cannot be ignored. Identifying individuals at risk of discontinuing PAP treatment would help design targeted interventions for patients and health professionals to improve PAP use.
Using Artificial Intelligence in IC Substrate Production Predicting
Authors: Liu Zhifang 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Today's technology products are changing with each day, the purpose is to bring more convenience to people, but also the competition among the technology industries is more competitive. In such environment, whether the company's decision-making is correct or not will directly affect the future development of an enterprise. Therefore, how an enterprise can formulate and construct a set of appropriate decision-making systems to accurately predict the future market will be the first important issue for enterprises. This research proposed an artificial intelligence predicting system to estimate manufacturing capacities and client demands, and providing it to manufacturing managers as a reference for inventory arrangements so that inventory can be adjusted appropriately to avoid excessive inventory levels. In recent years, neural networks have been widely and effectively applied to many predicting problems. The main reason is that most of the predicting problems are nonlinear models. And the backward neural network has the ability to construct nonlinear models. In this study, a predicting model combining grey correlation and neural network will be used to establish a high-accuracy predition system for the production predict of IC product. First, grey correlation analysis will be used to screen out the most relevant factors among many factors. And then put these factors into the neural network prediction model for training and prediction. The results show that the training prediction error and the empirical error value are about 14%. This value indicates that the prediction ability is better, so the proposed prediction model can be applied to the prediction of IC substrate production. It provided a predictive reference material and provide decision making with a more accurate, convenient and a fast tool to enhance the company’s competitiveness.
Design and Analysis of Three-dimensional M-sequence Bipolar OCDMA Spectral Amplitude Code
Authors: GUPTA SUMIT KUMAR 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This paper has been focused to utilize the m-sequence code in spectral/time/spatial OCDMA domain in a bipolar mode (Three Dimensional modes). The scheme has elegantly incorporated the design of an encoder and a decoder such that the system efficiently generates the code in three-dimensional bipolar mode. The decoder design is such that it effectively suppresses the multiple user interference (MUI) of three-dimensional code. System analyses are carried for defining the BER performance variation with users acceptability and received power. The observed results demonstrate that the cardinality of m-sequence three-dimensioanl bipolar code is larger than the existing 3D Pascal code, 2D -MDW,3D -PDC, 2D-PDC, 1D-CWH and 1D-MS codes. The received power in proposed system is -5.8dBm is lesser than the 3D Pascal Code at 10 -18 similarly the users adoption in system more than 210% can be accomplished as compared to 3D Pascal code.
RoFSO System Based on BCH and RS Coded BPSK OFDM for 5G Applications in Smart Cities
Authors: Kumar Abhishek , Krishnan Prabu 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In recent years, the radio over free space optical (RoFSO) communication system has become a popular research topic in the field of 5G communication. Atmospheric turbulence typically degrades the performance
of RoFSO system. Multiple input multiple output, aperture averaging, error correcting codes, and robust modulation are common mitigation techniques used to reduce the effects of atmospheric turbulence. In this paper, a Reed Solomon (RS) and Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH) coded binary shift keying (BPSK) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) based RoFSO system is proposed for 5G applications in smart cities. The average bit error rate (ABER) of the proposed system is investigated for various turbulence, weather, and pointing error cases. The ABER results for uncoded, BCH, and RS coded cases are compared. The results show that the BCH coded system outperforms the RS coded and uncoded systems in all turbulence regimes, weather conditions, and pointing error scenarios.
Implementation of Dimming controlled Visible Light Communication using Raspberry Pi
Authors: Das Sandip , Jana Biswajit , Mandal Soumitra Kumar 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Visible light communication (VLC) is a technology of wireless optical communication, which combines lighting and communication simultaneously. In indoor VLC system, both data communication and lighting quality plays an important role and must be considered. Thus, to achieve the desired levels of illumination, dimming control in VLC is an efficient technology. In this paper, the authors have designed and implemented a dimming control VLC system employing multi header-hybrid pulse position modulation (MH-HPPM) to achieve dimming functionality. MH-HPPM supports various dimming levels and also doesn’t have flicker problems. In this paper, the authors present the implementation of MH-HPPM based VLC system using Raspberry pi. The prototype is designed using low-cost commodity hardware. Comprehensive experiments are carried out to evaluate the performance of MH-HPPM based VLC under dimming levels 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75. The results demonstrate that designed prototype supports a communication distance up to 3m for dimming level 0.25 and 3.6m for dimming level 0.5 and 0.75. It is also observed that MH-HPPM based VLC system also achieves and maintains better throughput for different incidence angle.
Distinct Infection Forms of SARS-CoV-2 Among People Living With HIV
Authors: Wu Mengmeng , Ming Fangzhao , Wu Songjie , Liu Yanbin , Zhang Xiaoxia , Guo Wei , Marly Gifty , Tang Weiming , Liang Ke 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background

People living with HIV (PLWH) are immunodeficient, it is vague if they are more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection than HIV negative individuals.
Methods

In this cross-sectional study, 857 PLWH and 1048 HIV negative individuals were enrolled from the Wuchang district in Wuhan, China. We compared the total rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection, the rate of COVID-19, asymptomatic carriers, and unapparent infectors in the two groups. The risk factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection among PLWH were explored.
Results

Fourteen out of 857 (1.63%) PLWH were infected with SARS-CoV-2, while 68 of 1048 (6.49%) HIV negative individuals were infected. In PLWH, there were 6 confirmed COVID-19 (0.70%), 4 asymptomatic carriers (0.47%) and 4 unapparent infectors (0.47%). In the HIV negative group, the cases of COVID-19, asymptomatic carrier, and unapparent infector were 5 (0.48%), 0 (0.00%), and 63 (6.01%), respectively. After adjusting for age, gender, and chronic comorbidities, the rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection in PLWH was lower than that in HIV negative group (1.96% vs 5.74%, P = 0.001). The morbidity of COVID-19 was similar between the two groups (P = 0.107), but the rate of unapparent infection in PLWH was lower than that in the HIV negative group (0.54% vs 5.46%, P = 0.001). Older age (aOR = 4.50, 95%CI: 1.34–15.13, P = 0.015) and OIs (aOR = 9.59, 95%CI: 1.54–59.92, P = 0.016) were risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection among PLWH.
Conclusions

PLWH has different infection forms of SARS-CoV-2 compared with the general population. Older age and OIs were considered to driving causes of SARS-CoV-2 infection among PLWH.
Diversity and Distribution of Potential Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Anthropogenic Disturbances Aquatic Environment and Their Relationship with Microbial Indicators
Authors: Zhao Xiang-Long , Qi Zhao , Huang Hao , Tu Jian , Song Xiang-Jun , Qi Ke-Zong , Shao Yin 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Microbial indicators are often used as alternative indicators of microbial safety in water. However, information regarding the correlation between microbial indicators and ecotoxicological factors such as potential pathogens and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in anthropogenically impacted waters remains highly limited. Combining 16S rRNA and metagenomic sequencing data, we investigated the composition of bacterial community and potential pathogens, ARGs diversity, ARGs host and horizontal gene transfer (HGT) potential in water samples under the influence of different exogenous pollutants in Chaohu Lake basin. The water body that receives a large amount of domestic sewage showed a significant decrease in microbial diversity and a significant enrichment of potential pathogens. A total of 14 main types and 461 subtypes of ARGs were detected in all samples, dominated by multidrug resistance (MDR) efflux pump (53.6%), aminoglycoside (6.0%), fluoroquinolone (5.8%) and polymyxin (5.46%). Host-tracking analysis showed that Escherichia coli and Bacteroides graminisolvens carried a wealth of ARG subtypes. Correlation analysis showed that potential pathogens and some ARG subtypes such as dfrE, sul2, PmrE exhibits significant correlation with indicator bacteria. Overall, next-generation sequencing (NGS) has the ability to conduct preliminary surveys of environmental samples to access potential health risks, thus providing ideas for water resources management.
A New Paradigm for South Pacific Climate Variability and Predictability
Authors: Lou Jiale , O'Kane Terence , Holbrook Neil 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Pacific climate variability is largely understood based on El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the North Pacific focused Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) and/or the whole of Pacific region interdecadal Pacific oscillation – which respectively represent the dominant modes of interannual and decadal climate variability. However, the role of the South Pacific, including atmospheric drivers and cross-scale interactions between interannual and decadal climate variability, has received considerably less attention. Here we propose a new paradigm for South Pacific climate variability whereby the Pacific-South American (PSA) mode, characterised by two mid-tropospheric modes (PSA1 and PSA2), provides coherent noise forcing that acts to excite multiple spatiotemporal scales of oceanic responses in the upper South Pacific Ocean ranging from seasonal to decadal. While PSA1 has long been recognised as highly correlated with ENSO, we find that PSA2 is critically important in generating a sea surface temperature (SST) quadrupole pattern in the extratropical South Pacific. This sets up a precursor that optimally determines the predictability and evolution of SST 9 months in advance of the peak phases of both the leading South Pacific SST mode and ENSO. Our results show that the atmospheric PSA mode is the key driver of oceanic variability in the South Pacific subtropics.
Monitoring Metallothionein-Like Protein Concentrations And Cholinesterase Activity In Tropical Cup Oysters As Biomarkers of Exposure To Metals And Pesticides In The Southern Caribbean, Colombia
Authors: Moncaleano-Niño Angela M. , Gómez-Cubillos Maria Camila , Luna-Acosta Andrea , Villamil Luisa , Casseres-Ruiz Samuel , Ahrens Michael J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Metallothionein-like protein concentrations (MT) and three functionally defined fractions of cholinesterase activity (ChE: total, eserine-sensitive, eserine-resistant) were quantified in gill and digestive gland homogenates of tropical cup oysters from 5 nearshore locations in the Colombian Caribbean and correlated with sediment and tissue metal (9 metals) and pesticide (22 organophosphates, OPs, and 20 organochlorines- OCPs), as well as water physical-chemical parameters (salinity, pH, temperature and dissolved oxygen). Tissue and sediment pesticide concentrations were below detection limits in all samples, whereas sediment and tissue metal concentrations exceeded environmental thresholds at several locations. Tissue MT and ChE biomarkers varied by a factor of 5-6 between locations and correlated with tissue and sediment concentrations. However, statistically significant covariance between biomarkers and water chemistry parameters was also observed, indicating that both, metal concentrations and physical-chemical variables, are likely to be responsible for generating the observed spatial-temporal variations in biomarker patterns.
Alleviation of Cadmium Toxicity in Zea Mays L. through Up-Regulation of Antioxidant Defense System and Organic Osmolytes under Supplemental Calcium
Authors: Kaleem Muhammad , Hussain Iqbal , Hameed Mansoor , Ahmad Muhammad Sajid Aqeel , Mehmood Anam , Maqsood Muhammad Faisal , Iqbal Ummar , Anwar Zunaira , Shah Syed Mohsan Raza , Ashfaq Waseem 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Calcium (Ca) is a macronutrient and work as a modulator to mitigate oxidative stress induced by heavy metals. Present work was conducted to elucidate the role of Ca in modulating growth, physio-biochemical traits, and cellular antioxidant defense system in Zea mays L. seedlings under Cd stress. The experiment was designed in a complete randomized design with two levels of Cd (0 and 150 µM) and six levels of Ca (0, 0.5, 1, 2.5, 5 and 10 mM). Maize seedlings exposed to Cd at150 µM concentration showed a notable decrease in growth, biomass, anthocyanins, chlorophylls, and antioxidant enzymes activities. Higher level of Cd (150 µm) also caused an upsurge in oxidative damage observed as higher electrolyte leakage (increased membrane permeability), H2O2 production and MDA accumulation. Supplementation of Ca notably improved growth traits, photosynthetic pigments, cellular antioxidants (APX, POD and ascorbic acid), anthocyanins and level of osmolytes. The significant improvement in the osmolytes (proteins and amino acids), and enzymatic antioxidative defense system enhanced the membrane stability and mitigated the damaging effects of Cd. The present results concluded that exogenously applied Ca can potentially improve growth by regulating antioxidants and enable maize plants to withstand the Cd toxicity.
The Effects of Mixing Pulp and Paper Mill Sludge Into Wood Bark on Storage-Related Environmental Impacts and Heating Value
Authors: Oksanen Juha , Keskinen Riikka , Heikkinen Jaakko , Kaseva Janne , Rasa Kimmo 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The pulping industry generates vast amounts of bark residues and wastewater treatment sludges, which are combined and stored for varying periods in stacks, often in the open air, prior to utilization for energy via combustion. In order to optimize the storage strategy, the effects of incorporating sludge into bark on heating value and storage-related environmental impacts were investigated in laboratory and outdoor studies. Biological degradation activity was found to be higher in treatments containing 25% sludge (B75S25) and 50% sludge (B50S50) on a fresh mass basis, in comparison with pure bark (B100). Mean monthly dry mass loss was 2.1% (B100), 3.3% (B75S25), and 3.7% (B50S50) in the laboratory and 2.7%, 4.2%, and 4.8%, respectively, outdoors. Sludge addition was found to maintain degradation activity at low temperatures (+ 3°C). Co-storage of sludge and bark led to loss of energy, mainly due to increased loss of biomass and increased moisture content. Overall, biomass moisture content governed the heating value. Cumulative methane emissions over the storage period were higher from the sludge-containing treatments than from pure bark, but emissions of nitrogen-containing gases (N2O and NH3) were negligible throughout. Sludge addition roughly halved the cumulative chemical oxygen demand (COD) of leachate and minimized its concentration of phosphate-P. However, larger amounts of inorganic elements were released to the percolating water from the sludge-containing treatments. Overall, these results indicate that finding alternative uses for the sludge fraction would be beneficial.
Gravity cells as a necessary link in string theory. Energy and frequency of vibrations of gravitational strings. Obtaining a formula for determining the gravitational constant and a formula for determining the mass of an electron. The coincidence of the results obtained with the experimental data.
Authors: Chernov Andrey 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In this study, a new concept is introduced - gravitational cells. The body of a black hole consists of a huge number of such cells. This hypothesis from particle physics has been organically built into string theory. As a result of this addition, using the Schwarzschild radius formula and the Coulomb formula, a formula for the gravitational constant in the region of black holes was obtained on the basis of two fundamental constants. Its value has been determined, and the value of the usual gravitational constant has been confirmed. In this study, the mass of the gravitational cell of a black hole was obtained. The introduction of the hypothesis of gravitational cells into string theory allowed us to apply Planck's formula to gravitational interaction. As a result, the formula for the quantum of the gravitational field was obtained, the frequency of vibrations of gravitational strings was determined. It was proved that the ratio of the energy of the gravitational quantum to the fourfold value of the Planck constant is directly proportional to the ratio of the masses of the electron and the proton inside the gravitational cell (inside the atom). On this basis, a formula for the mass of an electron was obtained on the basis of three fundamental constants. The electron mass calculated by the formula coincided with the known experimental value. Also, a formula was obtained for the dependence of the gravitational constant on Planck's constant, the magnitude of the mass of an electron and a proton, and calculations confirming this formula were made.
Fuzzy Species Borders of Glacial Survivalists Revealed using a Multimarker Approach - a Case Study of Amphipod Crustaceans in the Carpathian Biodiversity Hotspot
Authors: Mamos Tomasz , Jazdzewski Krzysztof , Ciamporova-Zatovicova Zuzana , Ciampor Fedor , Grabowski Michal 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The Carpathians are one of the key biodiversity hotspots in Europe. The mountain chain uplifted during Alpine orogenesis and is characterised by a complex geological history. Its current biodiversity was highly influenced by Pleistocene glaciations. The goal of the current study was to examine the phylogenetic and demographic history of Gammarus balcanicus species complex in the Carpathians using multiple markers as well as to delimit, using an integrative approach, and describe new species hidden so far under the name G. balcanicus. Results shown that divergence of the studied lineages reaches back to the Miocene, which supports the hypothesis of their survival in multiple micro refugia. Moreover, the increase of their diversification rate in the Pleistocene suggests that glaciation was the driving force of their speciation. The climatic changes during and after the Pleistocene also played a major role in the demography of the local Carpathian lineages. Comparison of diversity patterns and phylogenetic relationships of both, the mitochondrial and nuclear markers, provide evidence of putative hybridisation and retention of ancient polymorphism (i.e., incomplete lineage sorting). The morphological examination supported the existence of two morphological types; one we describe as G. stasiuki sp. nov. and another we redescribe as G. tatrensis (S. Karaman, 1931).
Digital Analysis of External Fixation Area of Proximal Humerus Fractures in Elderly Patients
Authors: Zhang Yadi , Xing Baorui , Hou Xiuxiu , Li Yunmei , Li Guoliang , Han Guangpu 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background:The purpose is based on anatomical basis, combined with three-dimensional measurement, to guide the clinical repositioning of proximal humeral fractures, select the appropriate nail entry point and angle, and simulate surgery.Methods: 11 fresh cadaveric specimens were collected, the distance of the marked points around the shoulder joint was measured anatomically, and the vertical distance between the inferior border of the acromion and the superior border of the axillary nerve, the vertical distance between the apex of the humeral head and the superior border of the axillary nerve, the vertical distance between the inferior border of the acromion and the superior border of the anterior rotator humeral artery, and the vertical distance between the apex of the humeral head and the superior border of the anterior rotator humeral artery were marked on the 3D model based on the anatomical data to find the relative safety zone for nail placement.Results:Contralateral data can be used to guide the repositioning and fixation of that side of the proximal humerus fracture, and uniform data cannot be used between male and female patients. For lateral nailing, the distance of the inferior border of the acromion from the axillary nerve (5.90±0.43) cm, range (5.3-6.9) cm, was selected for nailing along the medial axis of the humeral head, close to the medial cervical cortex, and the nailing angle was measured in the coronal plane (42.84±2.45)°, range (37.02°~46.31°), and in the sagittal plane (28.24±2.25)°, range ( 19.22°~28.51°). The nail was advanced laterally in front of the same level of the lateral approach point to form a cross-fixed support with the lateral nail, and the nail angle was measured in the coronal plane (36.14±1.75)°, range (30.32°~39.61°), and in the sagittal plane (28.64±1.37)°, range (22.82°~32.11°). Two pins were taken at the greater humeral tuberosity for fixation, with the proximal pin at an angle (159.26±1.98) to the coronal surface of the humeral stem, range (155.79°~165.08°), and the sagittal angle (161.76±2.15)°, with the pin end between the superior surface of the humeral talus and the inferior surface of the humeral talus. The distal needle of the greater humeral tuberosity was parallel to the proximal approach trajectory, and the needle end was on the inferior surface of the humeral talus.Conclusion: Based on the anatomical data, we can accurately identify the corresponding bony structures of the proximal humerus and mark the location of the nail on the 3D model for nail placement, which is simple and practical to meet the relevant individual parameters.