bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS
Authors: Overall James C. 
Published: December 2021

THE BY-LAWS of the American Academy of Pediatrics state that at the Annual Meeting, a "Presidential Address shall be delivered." Thus each President is given the privilege of stating his views concerning the Academy whether these views are directed toward the past, present or future, or possibly a summation of all.
Any organization is only as strong as its membership and the interest and participation of that membership in the current affairs and problems. Many times, I am sure, all of the State and District Chairmen have had this question asked of them: "What would I get out of being a member of the Academy?" My answer to this question would be: You get out of it almost exactly what you put into it. If you wish to belong to an organization just to have the privilege of saying you are a member, then, of course, you would realize little benefit from that organization. The so-called dead wood in any organization is usually made up of the free riders who do nothing except complain about what is being done or attempted. New and constructive ideas are the main stimulus of most any group but destructive criticism and non-participating members can hinder or at least lessen the progress. Therefore, if I could make but one plea to the membership of the American Academy of Pediatrics it would be to take an active part.
Possibly in order to help you decide to take an active part, it would not seem amiss to again remind you of what was stated originally on the purposes of the Academy and I quote directly from the Executive Board meeting in 1931:
Purposes of the Academy:
1. To create reciprocal and friendly relations with all professional and lay organizations that are interested in the health and protection of children.
2. To foster and encourage pediatric investigation both clinically and in the laboratory by individuals and groups.
Letters to the Editor
Authors: SARETT HERBERT P. 
Published: December 2021

The soybean is one of many foods known to contain potentially goitrogenic substances. The effects of these goitrogens may be diminished by processing of the bean, or eliminated by addition of iodide to the diet.
In view of the paper in this issue of Pediatrics on the goitrogenic effect of a soybean milk used in infant feeding, it is important to report our previously unpublished results with Sobee®. Though Sobee® is a soybean preparation it is not goitrogenic as measured by an increase in the relative weights of the thyroid gland in rats.
Letters to the Editor
Authors: CAFFEY JOHN 
Published: December 2021

We have seen lesions, similar to those depicted by Dr. Woolley, follow acute osteomyelitis, trauma and scurvy. These lesions have never been seen by us in proved typical cases of vitamin A poisoning—either in the acute phase or during and after healing. Several years ago, however, we received films from Chicago in which one tibia was shortened and there was cupping of the tibial metaphyses at both ends, and the epiphyseal ossification centers were partially buried in the cups. This patient was said to have had vitamin A poisoning 7 years before.
I consider these to be nonspecific lesions which develop in a variety of circumstances.
Environmental Influences on Prenatal Development
Authors: CHILDS BARTON 
Published: December 2021

This useful and interesting book consists of the proceedings of one of the Developmental Biology Conference Series held under the auspices of the National Academy of Sciences and the National Research Council. The conference was held at the Roscoe B. Jackson Memorial Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine and was attended by about 20 authorities from the United States and Europe.
One means for study of environmental influences on development consists of an examination into the causes of morphologic abnormalities. The book begins with some consideration of such defects.
PRIMARY CARCINOMA OF THE LIVER IN INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD
Authors: Shorter Roy G. , Baggenstoss Archie H. , Logan George B. , Hallenbeck George A. 
Published: December 2021

The clinical and pathologic findings in 11 cases of primary hepatic carcinoma occurring in infancy and childhood are presented from the records of the Mayo Clinic from 1905 through 1958. These tumors are rarely encountered in routine practice. All the children were of Caucasian stock and there was no previous history of hepatic disease in 10 cases. In the remaining case the patient had been treated by radiation therapy for hemangioma of the liver 6 years previous to admission to the Clinic. No common factors of possible etiologic significance were present in these patients.
Some of the features of previous reports in this field have been described and they are compared and contrasted with the findings in the 11 cases presented. On histologic grounds such tumors of the liver can be divided into two groups: primary carcinomas and mixed tumors. Of the 11 tumors presented seven were considered to be examples of primary carcinomas and four were mixed tumors.
The presence of a sarcomatous-like stroma is considered necessary for the diagnosis of a mixed tumor in the absence of osteoid tissue, cartilage, bone or muscle. It is also contended that the presence of osteoid tissue in any amount precludes the diagnosis of primary carcinoma and necessitates a designation of mixed tumor. All the tumors were considered to be malignant and extrahepatic metastasis is described in seven instances. The tumors proved to be fatal within 2 years from the onset of symptoms in 10 cases. In the remaining case, although the child is alive, multiple pulmonary metastatic lesions are present.
THE PRACTICE OF PEDIATRICS
Authors: Gersh Marvin J. , Mascia Armond V. , Mellins Robert B. 
Published: December 2021

ALTHOUGH the joining together of physicians in the practice of medicine has become prevalent in recent years, the philosophy underlying group practice, the advantages to patient as well as to physician, have not received much attention in the pediatric literature. Since our experience has led us to believe that pediatrics can be practiced more effectively in a group arrangement and because group practice, for us, has been both stimulating and enjoyable, we believe that others may be interested to learn of our experience. While it will be apparent that group practice has led to a better life for each of us, in our opinion its ultimate justification must be continually available and constantly improving medical care.
Our group had its origin in a solo practice in 1950 by A.V.M. He was joined in 1953 by M.J.G. and in 1957 by R.B.M. Since that time, we have operated as a group in the sense that patients understand that they are to be cared for by any one of the members of the group and that they are patients of the group.
PUBLIC HEALTH
Authors: Wheatley George M. , Richardson Stephen A. 
Published: December 2021

IN ALL COUNTRIES for which there are vital statistics, accidents are a major cause of death and disability among children. In countries where the food supply is adequate and infectious diseases have been brought under control, accidents have become the leading cause of death in the age group 1 to 19 years. For example, in such countries as Australia, Canada, Sweden, West Germany, and the United States, more than one-third of all deaths in this age group are caused by accidents.
The number of children who are injured by accidents fan exceeds the number who are killed. Although no accurate international figures are available, the Morbidity Survey conducted by the United States Public Health Service indicates that in the United States, for every child under 15 killed by accident, 1,100 children are injured severely enough to require medical attention or to be restricted in their activity for at least a day.
GRULEE AWARD
Authors: GRULEE CLIFFORD G. 
Published: December 2021

IT IS WITH great pleasure that I accept the privilege of making the Clifford G. Grulee Award for 1959. This is the ninth time the Award has been made since its creation in 1951.
The Clifford G. Grulee Award is made to a non-office holding member of the American Academy of Pediatrics for outstanding service to the Academy and its programs. It is regarded as the greatest honor the Academy can bestow upon one of its Fellows.
This year the recipient of the Grulee Award, Dr. Wyman C. C. Cole, is well known to all of us.
Dr. Cole was born in Minneapolis in 1893. He attended the University of Minnesota and graduated from the Medical School of that University in 1919.
After doing his internship and residency training at the University Hospital in Minneapolis, Dr. Cole moved to Detroit to practice pediatrics. He is Chief of the Pediatric Department at Woman's Hospital; a senior physician at Harper Hospital, and is on the faculty at Wayne University School of Medicine.
Dr. Cole has served as Academy State Chairman for Michigan, as well as a member of the Academy's Nominating Committee. For several years he was Secretary of the Pediatric Section of the American Medical Association and last year was Chairman of the Section.
It is felt that Dr. Cole's principal contribution to the Academy was his service as Chairman of the American Academy of Pediatrics' Committee on Fetus and Newborn from 1952 to 1957. During this period Dr. Cole guided the committee in the preparation of the 1954 and the 1957 editions of Standards and Recommendations for the Hospital Care of Newborn Infants. This publication is very highly regarded and has been widely distributed. Before retiring from the committee Dr. Cole supervised the preparation of the manuscript for the pamphlet Resuscitation of the Newborn Infant and suggested the mode of distribution which has resulted in 80,000 copies of this booklet being sent to pediatricians, obstetricians, general practitioners and hospital administrators.
Though not an Academy effort, it is of interest to know that Dr. Cole has a son, Dr. Wyman C. C. Cole, Jr., who is also a Fellow of the Academy.
It is with great pleasure that I present this medal symbolizing the Grulee Award to Dr. Cole.
CLINICAL SYNDROMES ASSOCIATED WITH DEFICIENT FIBRINOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF THE LUNG
Authors: Lieberman Jack 
Published: December 2021

Plasminogen-activator activity in lung was investigated in 211 controls and 8 children with fibrocystic disease of the pancreas. Twenty-seven of the 211 controls lacked enzyme activity of the whole lung homogenate, while 7 out of the 8 specimens from children with fibrocystic disease lacked activity. The defect in all 7 of the specimens from patients with fibrocystic disease was shown to be due to excessive inhibition, and the inhibitor could easily be removed by washing the lung sediment with normal saline solution. Eight of the controls showed a similar pattern of enzyme inhibition.
A new hypothesis as to the pathogenesis of fibrocystic disease is proposed which postulates the existence of an abnormal protease inhibitor in both the lungs and pancreas. The manner in which such an enzyme defect could account for the manifestations of the disease, and the possible role of a proteolytic enzyme in mucoprotein synthesis are discussed.
PNEUMOCYSTIS CARINII PNEUMONIA
Authors: Wilson Joyce F. , Crass Gwendolyn , Garza Bettie L. 
Published: December 2021

PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia, considered by Jirovec in 1954 to be "one of the most serious medical problems in the whole of Europe," has until quite recently received little attention in the United States. This entity, which occurs endemically or epidemically within hospital nurseries, appears to have a predilection for premature or dystrophic infants, although it has been reported several times in adult subjects. Three recent review articles describe the taxonomy of the parasite as being controversial and the mode of transmission unknown. Definitive ante-mortem diagnosis is difficult. Treatment is unsatisfactory and mortality ranges from 15 to 100%. During the past few years over 2,000 cases of interstitial plasma cell pneumonia attributed to Pneumocystis carinii have been described from Czechoslovakia, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Denmark, France, Italy, Sweden, Finland, Scotland, England, Canada, Australia, Brazil, Chile, the United States, and most recently from South Africa.
The first case of interstitial plasma cell pneumonia in the United States was reported in 1955 by Lunseth et al. Although their patient, a 7-week-old male, manifested clinical symptoms consistent with plasmacytic pneumonia, no characteristic alveolar exudate was demonstrated, and no mention was made of Pneumocystis carinii as the causative agent. Kitto in 1957 reviewed lung sections from nine infants who had died of interstitial pneumonia during a 7-year period at a North Dakota hospital. He found a 4½-month-old female in whom the pulmonary alveolar septae were infiltrated with monocytic cells, many of which had the appearance of plasma cells. It was believed that the interstitial infiltration of plasma cells coupled with the history of recurrent respiratory tract infection justified the presumptive diagnosis of interstitial plasma cell pneumonia; however, he stated, "no staining techniques to demonstrate the presence of the parasite in lung sections were attemped."
As seen in Table I, only eight deaths due to interstitial plasma cell pneumonia in which Pneumocystis carinii has been unequivocally demonstrated have been reported from the United States: one from Connecticut, two from Oklahoma, one from Georgia, one from Arizona, one from California, one from Louisiana, and the case here reported from Texas.
Medical Research Council Special Report Series No. 296. Weight Gains, Serum Protein Levels, and Health of Breast-fed and Artificially-fed Infants. A Clinical and Biochemical Study Based on 946 Infants and Children at The Mother's Hospital (Salvation Army) and The Queen Elizabeth Hospital for Children
Authors: FOMON SAMUEL J. 
Published: December 2021

Longitudinal observation of weight grains and concentrations of protein in the serum of 744 infants (521 full-term and 223 premature) are presented in considerable detail. The presentation of the data well illustrates the complexities of analysis of data concerning gain in weight in the first year of life. Data concerning growth in length are not presented.
Premature infants receiving a formula of ½-skimmed cow's milk with added carbohydrate gained weight more rapidly than did those fed human milk. The difference was greatest with respect to infants with lowest birth weights.
Acetazolamide in Therapy of Salicylate Poisoning
Authors: BONGIOVANNI ALFRED M. 
Published: December 2021

The study on salicylate poisoning by Feuerstein et al. (Pediatrics, 25:215, 1960) is extraordinarily well documented. It is refreshing to find numerous levels of salicylate in the bloods of their subjects in Table II.
One cannot help recall that only yesterday, the program of treatment recommended by Coburn for rheumatic fever required salicylate blood levels in the neighborhood of 35 mg/100 ml. I personally remember several cases where this level was exceeded and, indeed, such an occurrence was not uncommon in the course of seeking to achieve this "ideal" blood concentration.
COCKAYNE'S SYNDROME
Authors: Macdonald William B. , Fitch Kenneth D. , Lewis Ian C. 
Published: December 2021

A syndrome of heredo-familial dwarfism with multiple disturbances of growth and development is described in three of a family of five children.
Since the original description by Cockayne 24 years ago, only one other family and one isolated case similarly affected, have been recorded. Although the syndrome resembles progeria in certain respects, it appears to be a distinct entity, with many features not found in progeria. This is supported by normal plasma lipids.
The disorder may be due to an inborn error of metabolism, but attempts to identify the nature of this have not been successful.
RESECTION AND PRIMARY ANASTOMOSIS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF STENOSIS AND ATRESIA OF THE JEJUNUM AND ILEUM
Authors: Benson Clifford D. , Lloyd James R. , Smith J. Dwight 
Published: December 2021

An analysis of 38 cases of congenital jejunal and ileal stenosis and atresia is presented. There was an overall survival rate of 55%. Between the years 1952 and 1959, the survival rate was 62% compared to 33% for the years 1945 to 1951.
Recent concepts of the etiology of these lesions are discussed. Physiologic and anatomic considerations are presented. The authors' program for the surgical management and technical aspects of the operative procedures are outlined.
ELLIS-VAN CREVELD SYNDROME
Authors: Alvarez-Borja Arturo 
Published: December 2021

Two siblings with Ellis-Van Creveld disease are presented. They both had polydactyly, dystrophy of nails and teeth, and skeletal malformations characteristic of this disease. No evidence of congenital heart disease was present.
The skeletal abnormalities were progressively distalward shortening of segments with characteristic bone malformations previously described in other cases, such as, curving of humeri and of some metacarpal bones; acceleration of the secondary ossification centers and retardation of the primary centers of the hand bones; increased bone age; typical abnormalities in the area of the proximal ends of the tibiae. Unilateral synmetacarpalism was present in one case.
Horizontal clavicles, zones of apparent osteosclerosis intermingled with areas of radiotranslucency, mainly in the distal ends of both tibiae and fibulae, and lack of the third cuneiform bones bilaterally in one case, are believed to be new findings. Lopped ears may be incidental.
The histopathologic picture found in the amputated fingers seems typical of this disease. A brief discussion of it, and a correlation with the radiologic picture is attempted.
These two cases bring more evidence in favor of heredity as a factor in this disease. The mechanism of multiple genes located in different chromosomes is invoked.
Three new skeletal abnormalities are presented.
INFANT FEEDING PRACTICES IN ISRAEL
Authors: Thaustein Jenny , Halevi Haim Shalom , Mundel George 
Published: December 2021

Almost 100% of mothers in Israel, irrespective of their cultural background, start breast feeding their infants. This is in accordance with the accepted policy of the medical and nursing professions in Israel.
Complete breast feeding is continued only for a relatively short period. At the end of the second month of life, half the infants already receive complementary food, and only 5% are exclusively breast-fed during their fifth month.
Partial breast feeding is continued in 50% of the infants until the ninth month, and for a small fraction of the sample (mainly Sepharadim and Arabs) this continues until the middle of the second year of life.
The complementary food contains all the essential nutrients for the healthy development of infants, although no quantitative measurements were made in this study. The intakes of protein supplement and vitamins A and D lag behind the recommended schedules, especially among the groups of oriental origin.
There are no striking differences in the pattern of feeding and weaning in the various groups. Apparently the different patterns of feeding "imported" by immigrants from the various countries rapidly become integrated in Israel; there is an impression that a national pattern is evolving. The guidance given by the preventive services for mothers is particularly instrumental in this direction. This guidance is especially evident in the way complementary feeding is introduced and in the way the decision on weaning is made.
THE CORRECTED BROMIDE SPACE (EXTRACELLULAR VOLUME) IN THE NEWBORN
Authors: Fink Chester W. , Cheek Donald B. 
Published: December 2021

The extracellular volume of a group of normal infants, in the first day of life, was measured by means of the corrected bromide space, and was found to be 358 ± 6.5 ml/kg of body weight. There was no consistent variation due to the sex or age of the infants.
No decrease was found in extracellular volume during the period 5 to 15 hours after birth. In the fasting and thirsting newborn one injection of hydrocortisone or desoxy-corticosterone acetate produced no detectable change in the measured bromide space after a mean of 6 and 7½ hours following injection.
GENERALIZED ASPERGILLOSIS IN AN INFANT 18 DAYS OF AGE
Authors: Allan Gordon W. , Andersen Dorothy H. 
Published: December 2021

A case of fatal primary aspergillosis in an 18-day-old infant is presented. The clinical course was deceptively benign and death was sudden. Necropsy revealed extensive pulmonary lesions with widely disseminated embolic foci. Aspergillus fumigatus was cultured from the lesions.
The literature pertaining to primary aspergillosis in infancy and childhood is reviewed with special reference to the newborn period.
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS
Authors: Rubin Mitchell I. 
Published: December 2021

It May be appropriate to a pediatric audience in a consideration of cellular structure and function to quote from an old nursery rhyme, familiar to most of us:
Little girls are made of
Sugar and spice and all that's nice—
And little boys are made of
Frogs and snails and puppy dog tails.
Actually, we know that this is not the case, and that little boys and girls are made of cells—millions and millions of them. The human infant at birth is said to contain 10 trillion cells. It, therefore, seems reasonable that prior to a discussion of the numerous diseases which affect children ("bundles of cells"), their nutritional and other requirements, that we consider a basic unit of life—the cell.
To the medical student of a quarter of a century ago, and for many years thereafter, the study of the cell held little fascination. Structurally, it was recognized that there was a cell membrane which enclosed a cytoplasmic mass and nucleus, and there were structural substances such as mitochondria within the cytoplasm. The cell as a "chemical factory" was known to biologists, biochemists and geneticists for many years, but this knowledge had very limited influence on medical practice. Physicians thought more in terms of organ function, rather than cell function. This attitude has undergone striking change with the widespread therapeutic usage of vitamins, hormones (particularly the steroid hormones), antibiotics and antimetabolites in clinical medicine.
With the recognition of the unity of nature, the biologic similarity between human cells and single-cell organisms and the biologic information gained in the study of single-cell organisms, there has been kindled a widespread and excited inquiry into the functions of the cells of humans.