bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two perspectives on supply chain resilience
Authors: Wieland Andreas , Durach Christian F. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMore than a decade ago, other fields started to challenge the equilibrium‐focused meaning of resilience. They suggested that resilience does not just relate to the ability of a system to “bounce back” after an impeding event, but also to the capacity to adapt and transform. The operations and supply chain management literature remains surprisingly disconnected from these debates. This essay sets out to further our theoretical knowledge of what resilience means (or means to others) by disentangling two prominent perspectives of resilience—engineering resilience and social‐ecological resilience—and offering an updated definition of supply chain resilience. We integrate and discuss these perspectives in the context of our understanding of the supply chain as a system. The goal is to outline the potential links and inconsistencies of these perspectives with supply chain management (SCM). From there, we seek to develop a more comprehensive understanding of what resilience means in SCM. Supply chain resilience is then no longer understood in terms of stability, but in terms of adaptation and transformation.
Heat and mass transfer in refrigerated container used for tomatoes' transportation—Numerical and laboratory investigation
Authors: Liu Yajiao , Liu Li , Zhao Yu , Zheng Zhengrong , Dang Junhu , Lü Yuzheng , Zha Lüying , Luo Hao 
Published: March 2021

AbstractTo preserve vegetables fresh during long‐distance transportation, it is essential to study the heat and mass transfer characteristics inside refrigerated containers with vegetables for preventing vegetables from spoiling and withered. Based on a mechanical refrigerated container filled up with tomatoes, a 3‐D turbulence numerical model considering the heat and mass transfer characteristics of tomatoes was built in this paper. Then the dynamic temperature field, humidity field and water dissipation inside the container were calculated by the new built model for three different stacking methods. In addition, the numerical model was verified through laboratory investigation. The results indicate that in the steady state, the temperature field in the tomato storage area is higher and more layered than the surrounding environment area. The relative humidity in the container falls sharply in the initial period and then gradually increases and stabilizes in the end. When the container's loading rate is constant, compared with dense stacking method, the stacking method with 100 mm interval has a better effect for refrigerated transport. The temperature in the tomato storage area is lower, the relative humidity is higher, and the water dissipation of the tomatoes is less than the dense stacking method.Practical ApplicationsA 3‐D turbulence numerical model considering the heat and mass transfer characteristics of tomatoes was built to investigate the heat and mass transfer characteristics inside refrigerated containers. The difference between the numerical results calculated with the new built model and the experimental results do not exceed 2%, which is less than the 5% error limit in engineering, indicating that the numerical model established in this paper can effectively reflect the heat and moisture transfer characteristics inside mechanical refrigerated container filled with tomatoes. It can provide theoretical guidance for the optimized design of cargo stacking method in refrigerated containers. What's more, the 3‐D turbulence numerical model has important guiding significance for the study of the temperature and humidity distribution inside mechanical refrigerated container, which can guide the optimal design of the container.
Hyperinsulinemia during pregnancy across varying degrees of glucose tolerance: An examination of the Kraft database
Authors: North Sylvia , Zinn Caryn , Crofts Catherine 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAimHyperinsulinemia is a known underlying driver of metabolic disease; however, its role in pregnancy complications is less understood due to insulin measurement not being a part of standard clinical assessments. This study aimed to characterize hyperinsulinemia in pregnancy by gestational diabetes (GD) status using Kraft methodology.MethodsWe analyzed historical data from 926 pregnant women who underwent a 100‐g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), which included insulin measurement. Subjects were grouped by GD diagnosis status (“Normal”, “Borderline”, “GD”) and insulin responses over 3 h were compared between groups.Results“GD” was diagnosed in 20.3% of the subjects and 13.8% were grouped as “Borderline.” The prevalence of hyperinsulinemia using the Kraft algorithm was 33.1% for Kraft IIB and 42.0% for Kraft III. Compared to normal glucose‐tolerant mothers, individuals from the “Borderline” group had an exacerbated insulin response, although not to the same magnitude as those with “GD.”ConclusionsDynamic OGTT insulin measurement during pregnancy may provide a meaningful assessment of metabolic risk among women who would otherwise not be diagnosed with GD.
Willingness to participate in research among black patients with liver disease: A national cross‐sectional study
Authors: McGuire F. Hunter , André Kat , Bradsher Minyone L. , Harrison Dawn , Sterling Richard K. , Reddy K. Rajender , Serper Marina , Golin Carol E. , Reau Nancy , Lim Joseph K. , Nelson David R. , Sarkar Souvik , Evon Donna M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn the United States, Black people are disproportionately diagnosed with hepatitis C virus (HCV) compared with White people but are under‐represented in HCV studies. In this US‐based cross‐sectional telephone survey study, we assessed willingness to participate (WTP) in health/medical research and attitudes and beliefs that may influence WTP among Black patients with HCV. Two hundred participants who had current or prior HCV diagnosis and self‐identified as Black or African American were recruited from a national HCV cohort study and an outpatient hepatology clinic. WTP responses ranged from 1 (not at all willing) to 5 (very willing). Multivariable models were used to identify factors associated with the overall mean WTP score. In addition, an open‐ended question solicited strategies to help increase research participation from the Black community. Overall, participants reported moderate WTP in research (Mean [95% Confidence Interval (CI)] = 3.78 [3.68, 3.88]). Of 13 types of research presented, participants reported lowest WTP for randomized controlled trials of medications (Mean [95% CI] = 2.31 [2.11, 2.50]). The initial multivariable model identified higher subjective knowledge of research as positively associated with WTP (Parameter estimate [95% CI] = 0.15 [0.02, 0.27]). Sensitivity analyses also identified higher perceived benefits of research as an additional factor associated with WTP. Qualitative findings indicate that greater community‐based outreach efforts would increase accessibility of research opportunities. When given the opportunity to participate, Black participants with HCV reported moderate WTP in health/medical research. Research sponsors and investigators should employ community‐based outreach to expand access and awareness of research opportunities.
Clinical and occupational health management of healthcare workers living with chronic hepatitis B: UK policy and international comparisons
Authors: Dolman Grace E. , Koffas Apostolos , Phipps Emily , Kennedy Patrick T.F. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractHepatitis B virus (HBV) is a highly infectious bloodborne virus, which remains endemic in large geographic areas and represents a major global healthcare challenge. HBV transmission from healthcare workers, who perform exposure prone procedures (EPP), to patients is a recognized transmission risk, which varies widely globally. Although the risk is small in developed countries, it increases significantly in high‐prevalent, low‐resource countries, representing a major challenge to these healthcare systems and underlining the necessity for robust guidance to be in place. The HBV landscape has evolved as a result of global vaccination programs, implementation of standard precautions and the advent of new generation antiviral agents (3rd generation nucleos(t)ide analogues). In light of the progress in the field, the UK Advisory Panel for Healthcare Workers Infected with Bloodborne Viruses (UKAP) recently issued updated guidance, which essentially removes past barriers, restricting healthcare workers from performing EPPs solely on the basis of HBV DNA level, regardless of hepatitis B ‘e’ antigen and/or treatment status. Although the current recommendations remain conservative compared to those of other developed healthcare systems, UK practice is now in line with other high‐income countries, while ensuring patient safety remains paramount, without unduly restricting HCWs from clinical practice. The current article presents the latest UKAP guidance, considers its implications for HCWs and compares it with the guidance from major international scientific societies and governing bodies.
Grazing alters the sensitivity of plant productivity to precipitation in northern temperate grasslands
Authors: Batbaatar Amgaa , Bork Edward W. , Broadbent Tanner , Alexander Mike J. , Cahill James F. , Carlyle Cameron N. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractQuestionsInter‐annual variability in precipitation is expected to increase in grasslands, potentially causing additional stress to systems already impacted by anthropogenic activities such as livestock grazing, which can induce changes to grassland vegetation. Yet, the sensitivity of key ecosystem functions to these co‐occurring factors is often overlooked. Here, we determine: (a) the effects of grazing on the sensitivity of above‐ground net primary productivity (ANPP sensitivity) to inter‐annual variation in water‐year precipitation (the sum of precipitation from September through to the following August); (b) whether ANPP sensitivity to precipitation is associated with shifts induced by grazing in functional group biomass (grass vs forb) contribution to total ANPP, litter, and species richness, and mean annual water‐year precipitation; and (c) whether the impacts of grazing on ANPP vary between dry and wet years.LocationNative grasslands in Alberta, Canada.MethodsWe used long‐term (14–28 years) ANPP and precipitation data from 31 grazed grasslands, each with a paired non‐grazed livestock exclosure. ANPP was sampled annually within exclosures and adjacent grazed locations at each site.ResultsWe found that grazing increased ANPP sensitivity to inter‐annual changes in precipitation. Increased ANPP sensitivity to precipitation in grazed, relative to non‐grazed locations was associated with both an increase in the contribution of forbs to total ANPP and a decrease in the contribution of grasses to total ANPP; reduced litter also increased ANPP sensitivity to precipitation. Species richness was not associated with ANPP sensitivity in both grazed and non‐grazed locations. Arid grasslands were more sensitive to inter‐annual variation in precipitation when grazed than were mesic grasslands. Similarly, grazing reduced ANPP during dry years but had no effect during wet years.ConclusionsOverall, these findings suggest that grazed grasslands are more vulnerable to reductions in primary productivity in dry years, which may present a challenge for maintaining ecosystem services in an era of increasing precipitation variability.
Vortical flow structures induced by red blood cells in capillaries
Authors: Yaya François , Römer Johannes , Guckenberger Achim , John Thomas , Gekle Stephan , Podgorski Thomas , Wagner Christian 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectiveKnowledge about the flow field of the plasma around the red blood cells in capillary flow is important for a physical understanding of blood flow and the transport of micro‐ and nanoparticles and molecules in the flowing plasma. We conducted an experimental study on the flow field around red blood cells in capillary flow that is complemented by simulations of vortical flow between red blood cells.MethodsRed blood cells were injected in a 10 × 12 µm rectangular microchannel at a low hematocrit, and the flow field around one or two cells was captured by a high‐speed camera that tracked 250 nm nanoparticles in the flow field, acting as tracers.ResultsWhile the flow field around a steady “croissant” shape is found to be similar to that of a rigid sphere, the flow field around a “slipper” shape exhibits a small vortex at the rear of the red blood cell. Even more pronounced are vortex‐like structures observed in the central region between two neighboring croissants.ConclusionsThe rotation frequency of the vortices is to a good approximation, inversely proportional to the distance between the cells. Our experimental data are complemented by numerical simulations.
SMGS: A Software Tool for Step Product Data Modelling
Authors: Ghodous Parisa , Vandorpe Denis 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
STEP (International Standard for Product Data Representation and Exchange) is considered to be a key for the integration and exchange of product models. To achieve this objective the fundamental concept of Application Protocol has been developed. The design of an Application Protocol is composed of various processes based on different techniques. This design is vast, iterative and complex. Therefore, it seems to be necessary to develop a tool assisting the design of an Application Protocol.
In this paper we describe SMGS (STEP Model Generator System), a tool that gets the different application user models and gives the corresponding STEP models and verifies the uniqueness of these models. The problems encountered using the first prototype of this tool, in the crane industry’s domain are discussed. This prototype consists of three major components: user interface module, Integrated Resources mapping module and uniqueness testing module. The object-oriented methodology is used to design the user interface. With this interface, the expert of the application’s domain, with help of data dictionary built in system, can easily access to the integrated resource models of STEP and can specialize these resources.
Mold Tool Configuration to Minimize Undercuts
Authors: Weinstein Marc , Manoochehri Souran 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a methodology for obtaining mold configurations, defined by cavity and core geometries, with a minimum number of undercuts in a molded part. The methodology identifies optimal draw directions and associated parting line locations that minimize the number of undercuts thereby obtaining a good mold configuration. The interaction of the allowable draw ranges of the concave regions of the part determines the allowable draw direction range for the part. The allowable draw range for each concave region depends on how the constituent surfaces are grouped. This grouping determines whether the surfaces are formed by one or two mold halves, depending on the draw direction. The grouping also identifies which surfaces, if any, form an undercut regardless of draw direction. This last grouping identifies which surfaces require modification so that either a side core or a mold halves can form the surfaces. The allowable draw direction range for the part and its interaction with surfaces within the convex region defines the parting line location for the part. Once the draw ranges and parting line locations are identified, an algorithm selects the optimum draw direction and parting line location that minimizes the number of undercuts and results in a mold that is easy to make.
Experimental Developments Toward Multi-Material Micron Scale Rapid Prototyping
Authors: Maxwell James L. , Pegna Joseph 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Rapid prototyping of millimeter- to micron-scale mechanical parts was obtained by selective Laser Induced Chemical Vapor Deposition (LCVD) onto a computer controlled five degree of freedom substrate. A description of Rensselaer’s experimental apparatus for 3-dimensional rapid prototyping is given. Details of the (LCVD) system are presented as well as the experimental approach taken. We illustrate our purpose with sample carbon micro-structures obtained during system calibration. By virtue of the process selected, the range of material that can be deposited is as large as there are organometallic precursors for them. Many ceramics, intermetallics, metals, and possibly some polymers can be grown via this method.
Design of a Nanometric Position Sensor Based on Computational Metrology of the Circle
Authors: Pegna Joseph , Guo Chi , Hilaire Thierry P. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The work presented in this paper derives from the design of a position sensing interferometer, in which circular fringe patterns are automatically analyzed by a computer vision system. Central to this process is a circle fitting problem in the sense of least Linfinity norm, also known as Chebichev or MinMax fit. The problem at hand can be formulated as follows: Given a set of points in the plane, find the pair of concentric circles with minimum radial gap enclosing all the points.
The solution to this problem is elegantly given by common computational geometry tools, indeed the center of such a circle is necessarily a vertex of the Nearest Point Voronoi Diagram (NVD), a vertex of the Farthest Point Voronoi Diagram (FVD), or an intersection of edges from both diagrams.
An algorithm for determining the Chebichev circular fit is presented and illustrated on the basis of that observation. Applications and potential extensions of this method to soft gauging and image metrology will also be discussed.
Computer Aided Analysis of Functional Couplings in Structural Axiomatic Design
Authors: Johannesson H. L. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Creating product structure models is an important task in design, as different such models are needed during the product design process. Depending on what theoretical model or methodology for product design that is used during the process, structure models of different kinds are developed.
In structural axiomatic design, functional requirement structure models and physical solution structure models are essential. These are hierarchial tree structure models which are developed during the process by zigzagging between the functional domain and the physical solution domain from the highest to the lowest hierarchical structure level. While doing this, functional couplings, making it harder to fulfill a certain functional requirement without affecting others, are built into the structure.
The theory of axiomatic design provides tools to identify such couplings. In this work, the so called design equation in the axiomatic design theory, has been given a graphical interpretation. This has made it possible to use a computer based structure modeling tool, with a graphic user interface, to directly identify and analyze functional couplings in the structure model on the graphical screen.
The Preliminary Design of Mechanical Drive and Transmission Components
Authors: Yeh Jung-Hua , Liou F. W. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Selecting the appropriate components for a mechanical drive and transmission system is complicated not only by the inherent nature of the system designed, but also by the wide varieties of components available from a multitude of manufacturers. The integration of these components is more important when designing a working system where specific constraints have been imposed. Presented in this paper is an investigation of component relationship in the form of a knowledge-based-system which provides a practical algorithm for preliminary design of mechanical drive and transmission system. A design abstraction and an integration attributes in the power transmission components are addressed. The development of the matrix table for optimizing component design is also presented.
Determination of Maximum Possible Contact Ratios for Spur Gear Drives With Small Number of Teeth
Authors: Arikan M. A. Sahir 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Maximum possible contact ratios which can be obtained by making use of x-zero gear pairs are determined for spur gear drives with small number of teeth. Rack cutter tip fillet radius and rack cutter geometry are taken into consideration in the analysis. Results for gear drives with various numbers of teeth and cut by rack cutters standardized by ISO and AGMA are given in forms of tables. Results are also compared with addendum modification coefficients recommended by ISO.
Computerized Design and Simulation of Meshing of Worm-Gear Drive With Longitudinally Localized Bearing Contact
Authors: Litvin Faydor L. , Seol I. H. , Kim K. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The design and simulation of meshing of a single-enveloping worm-gear drive with a localized bearing contact is considered. The bearing contact has a longitudinal direction. The purpose of localization is to reduce the sensitivity of the worm-gear drive to misalignment. The authors’ approach for localization of bearing contact is based on the proper mismatch of the sufaces of the hob and the drive worm. The developed computer program allows the investigation of the influence of misalignment on the shift of the bearing contact and allows determination of the transmission errors. The developed approach is applicable for all types of single-enveloping worm-gear drives. The developed theory is illustrated with a numerical example.
Finite Element Analysis and Design of a Trochoidal-Type Machine Without Apex Seals
Authors: Venkatesh Kannan , Shung John B. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A two-dimensional model for a trochoidal-type machine without apex seals using finite element method has been developed with the help of Cosmos/M V1.65, and is evaluated by using a classical free-body technique. The minimum running clearance required to avoid contact between rotor and chamber is determined by an iterative procedure using the finite element model. The variation in the minimum required running clearance with the variation in the design parameters is studied. Guidelines for using the results of this study for an optimal design of a trochoidal-type machine without apex seals are presented.
Kinematic Analysis on Running Clearance in a Trochoidal-Type Machine
Authors: Shung John B. , Zhang Yi 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A methodology to design tight running clearance between rotor and chamber in a trochoidal-type machine is presented. A mathematical model to describe the running clearance is developed. Only kinematic design parameters are considered. The effect of the mean values and tolerances of the design parameters on the running clearance is studied by applying robust design. Mean values of design parameters which provide running clearance to be less sensitive to the tolerances are obtained. The effect of the upper bound of the running clearance on the tolerance is also studied by applying the probabilistic optimal design. Optimum tolerances which minimize a cost function are obtained. Therefore, one can apply this methodology to design running clearance by choosing appropriate mean values and tolerances of the design parameters.
Analysis of Interference Zone for Dual-Arm Robots
Authors: Xu Li Ju , Wang Qiang , Yao Jin , An Xiao Yu 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
An analytical method to evaluate time zones of interference for a dual-arm robot is presented with the consideration of shape and volume of links in the case, when the robot arms move along two given continuous trajectories in three-dimensional space respectively. The formulations and criteria to determine interference zones are derived. The method is applicable to general dual-arm robots with not only revolute joints, but also prismatic joints. A numerical example is presented for illustration.