bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effects of ΛCDM dark matter substructure on the orbital evolution of star clusters
Authors: Pavanel Nicholas , Webb Jeremy J 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
We present a comprehensive study on how perturbations due to a distribution of Lambda cold dark matter (ΛCDM) dark matter subhalos can lead to star clusters deviating from their orbits. Through a large suite of massless test particle simulations, we find that (i) subhalos with masses less than 108 M⊙ negligibly affect test particle orbits, (ii) perturbations lead to orbital deviations only in environments with substructure fractions $f_{\mathrm{ sub}} \ge 1{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$, (iii) perturbations from denser subhalos produce larger orbital deviations, and (iv) subhalo perturbations that are strong relative to the background tidal field lead to larger orbital deviations. To predict how the variation in test particle orbital energy σe(t) increases with time, we test the applicability of theory derived from single-mass subhalo populations to populations where subhalos have a mass spectrum. We find σe(t) can be predicted for test particle evolution within a mass spectrum of subhalos by assuming subhalos all have masses equal to the mean subhalo mass and by using the local mean subhalo separation to estimate the change in test particle velocities due to subhalo interactions. Furthermore, the orbital distance variation at an orbital distance r can be calculated via $\sigma _r=2.98 \times 10^{-5} \pm 8 \times 10^{-8} (\rm kpc^{-1} km^{-2} s^{2}) \times r \times \sigma _e$ with a dispersion about the line of best-fitting equalling 0.08 kpc. Finally, we conclude that clusters that orbit within 100 kpc of Milky Way-like galaxies experience a change no greater than $2{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ in their dissolution times.
Supermassive black holes in cosmological simulations I: MBH − M⋆ relation and black hole mass function
Authors: Habouzit Mélanie , Li Yuan , Somerville Rachel S , Genel Shy , Pillepich Annalisa , Volonteri Marta , Davé Romeel , Rosas-Guevara Yetli , McAlpine Stuart , Peirani Sébastien , Hernquist Lars , Anglés-Alcázar Daniel , Reines Amy , Bower Richard , Dubois Yohan , Nelson Dylan , Pichon Christophe , Vogelsberger Mark 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
The past decade has seen significant progress in understanding galaxy formation and evolution using large-scale cosmological simulations. While these simulations produce galaxies in overall good agreement with observations, they employ different sub-grid models for galaxies and supermassive black holes (BHs). We investigate the impact of the sub-grid models on the BH mass properties of the Illustris, TNG100, TNG300, Horizon-AGN, EAGLE, and SIMBA simulations, focusing on the MBH − M⋆ relation and the BH mass function. All simulations predict tight MBH − M⋆ relations, and struggle to produce BHs of $M_{\rm BH}\leqslant 10^{7.5}\, \rm M_{\odot }$ in galaxies of $M_{\star }\sim 10^{10.5}\!-\!10^{11.5}\, \rm M_{\odot }$. While the time evolution of the mean MBH − M⋆ relation is mild ($\rm \Delta M_{\rm BH}\leqslant 1\, dex$ for 0 $\leqslant z \leqslant$ 5) for all the simulations, its linearity (shape) and normalization varies from simulation to simulation. The strength of SN feedback has a large impact on the linearity and time evolution for $M_{\star }\leqslant 10^{10.5}\, \rm M_{\odot }$. We find that the low-mass end is a good discriminant of the simulation models, and highlights the need for new observational constraints. At the high-mass end, strong AGN feedback can suppress the time evolution of the relation normalization. Compared with observations of the local Universe, we find an excess of BHs with $M_{\rm BH}\geqslant 10^{9}\, \rm M_{\odot }$ in most of the simulations. The BH mass function is dominated by efficiently accreting BHs ($\log _{10}\, f_{\rm Edd}\geqslant -2$) at high redshifts, and transitions progressively from the high-mass to the low-mass end to be governed by inactive BHs. The transition time and the contribution of active BHs are different among the simulations, and can be used to evaluate models against observations.
Segmentation of spectroscopic images of the low solar atmosphere by the self-organizing map technique
Authors: Schilliro F , Romano P 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
We describe the application of semantic segmentation by using the self-organizing map technique to an high spatial and spectral resolution data set acquired along the H α line at 656.28 nm by the Interferometric Bi-dimensional Spectrometer installed at the focus plane of the Dunn solar telescope. This machine learning approach allowed us to identify several features corresponding to the main structures of the solar photosphere and chromosphere. The obtained results show the capability and flexibility of this method to identifying and analysing the fine structures which characterize the solar activity in the low atmosphere. This is a first successful application of the SOM technique to astrophysical data sets.
Light-curve calculations for triple microlensing systems
Authors: Kuang Renkun , Mao Shude , Wang Tianshu , Zang Weicheng , Long Richard J 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
We present a method to compute the magnification of a finite source star lensed by a triple lens system based on the image boundary (contour integration) method. We describe a new procedure to obtain continuous image boundaries from solutions of the tenth-order polynomial obtained from the lens equation. Contour integration is then applied to calculate the image areas within the image boundaries, which yields the magnification of a source with uniform brightness. We extend the magnification calculation to limb-darkened stars approximated with a linear profile. In principle, this method works for all multiple lens systems, not just triple lenses. We also include an adaptive sampling and interpolation method for calculating densely covered light curves. The C++ source code and a corresponding python interface are publicly available.
The global significance of biodiversity science in China: an overview
Authors: Mi Xiangcheng , Feng Gang , Hu Yibo , Zhang Jian , Chen Lei , Corlett Richard T , Hughes Alice C , Pimm Stuart , Schmid Bernhard , Shi Suhua , Svenning Jens-Christian , Ma Keping 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Biodiversity science in China has seen rapid growth over recent decades, ranging from baseline biodiversity studies to understanding the processes behind evolution across dynamic regions such as the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. We review research, including species catalogues, biodiversity monitoring, the origins, distributions, maintenance, and threats to biodiversity, biodiversity-related ecosystem function and services, and species and ecosystems' responses to global change. Next, we identify priority topics, offer suggestions and priorities for future biodiversity research in China. These priorities include 1) the ecology and biogeography of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and surrounding mountains, and that of subtropical and tropical forests across China; 2) marine and inland aquatic biodiversity, and 3) effective conservation and management to identify and maintain synergies between biodiversity and socio-economic development to fulfil China's vision for becoming an ecological civilization. In addition, we propose three future strategies: 1) translate advanced biodiversity science into practice for biodiversity conservation; 2) strengthen capacity building and application of advanced technology, including high-throughput sequencing, genomics, and remote sensing; 3) strengthen and expand international collaborations. Based on the recent rapid progress of biodiversity research, China is well-positioned to become a global leader in biodiversity research in the near future.
Guilt, Innocence, and Remaining Doubts: Some Considerations on the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith’s Three-Verdict System of Deciding Cases of Sexual Abuse
Authors: Hahn Judith 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
The Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith recently published a Vademecum to guide the ecclesiastical investigation and adjudication of cases of sexual abuse of minors committed by Catholic clergy. By collecting existing regulations, the Vademecum provides some remarkable insights into how the congregation operates its penal trials. The document inter alia discloses that the congregation operates with three verdicts in penal trials, ‘constat’, ‘non constat’, and ‘constat de non’, which roughly correlate with the verdicts ‘guilty’, ‘not proven’, and ‘not guilty’ of Scottish law. It is particularly this differentiation of two acquittals, with the same legal effects but different implications, which fundamentally impacts how the congregation decides penal cases. I will shed more light on this issue by introducing the regular canonical verdict system and the congregation’s innovation, by comparing it with secular two- and three-verdict systems, and by discussing my findings to discover the merits and demerits of three verdicts.
When it is Wrong to Hold On
Authors: Katz Larissa 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Private law as a rule presumes we hold on to what we have. A principle of non-derogation from the grant seems to be at odds with this: far from presuming that grantors part with the least they could on making a grant, the principle generates the presumption that a grantor conveys all she has to give. In this paper I explain the principle of non-derogation from the grant in terms of an appointment of a successor to a position of authority, and so the ideal of a grant as a conveyance of the full authority associated with that position. Voluntarist as to whether a legal power is exercised, the law’s approach is rationalist as to the effects of its exercise, making sense of particular grants in terms of the ideal of a grant. This explains both why there is a strong presumption against change in our relations with others (and the demand for juridical reasons to explain any change) and at the same time, once rebutted, a presumption that the grant conveys what is reasonably necessary for it to operate as the appointment of another fully to that position of authority.
Positive Side Effects? The Impact of Populist Radical Right Parties in Government on the Media Visibility of the Austrian Parliament
Authors: Miklin Eric , Dolezal Martin 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This article takes up the scholarly debate on the relationship between populism and democracy and analyses the effect populist radical right parties (PRRPs) in government have had on the representative function of the Austrian parliament. Building on insights from theories of newsworthiness, we expect these parties to positively affect the visibility of parliament due to the increased conflict between governing and mainstream opposition parties, thereby increasing parliamentary accountability. Our analysis covers the period from 1994 to 2020, with PRRPs in government from 2000 to 2007 and again from 2017 to 2019. Empirical inference is based on the weekly coverage of the Austrian parliament’s first chamber (Nationalrat) in a sample of four daily newspapers. The findings show that the first term in government did indeed have a positive and significant effect on media coverage. However, that this effect is not found for the second term suggests that its existence and size depend on the concrete political circumstances under which governments and media outlets operate.
Classification of three-generation models by orbifolding magnetized T2 × T2
Authors: Hoshiya Kouki , Kikuchi Shota , Kobayashi Tatsuo , Ogawa Yuya , Uchida Hikaru 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
We study orbifolding by the $\mathbb{Z}_2^{\rm (per)}$ permutaion of $T^2_1 \times T^2_2$ with magnetic fluxes and its twisted orbifolds. We classify the possible three-generation models which lead to non-vanishing Yukawa couplings on the magnetized $T^2_1 \times T^2_2$ and orbifolds including the $\mathbb{Z}_2^{\rm (per)}$ permutation and $\mathbb{Z}_2^{\rm (t)}$ twist. We also study the modular symmetry on such orbifold models. As an illustrating model, we examine the realization of quark masses and mixing angles.
Association between In-hospital Mortality and Low Cardiac Output Syndrome with Morning versus Afternoon Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Hijazi Ryan M. , Sessler Daniel I. , Liang Chen , Rodriguez-Patarroyo Fabio A. , Soltesz Edward G. , Duncan Andra E. 
Published: February 2021

Background
Recent work suggests that having aortic valve surgery in the morning increases risk for cardiac-related complications. This study therefore explored whether mortality and cardiac complications, specifically low cardiac output syndrome, differ for morning and afternoon cardiac surgeries.

Methods
The study included adults who had aortic and/or mitral valve repair/replacement and/or coronary artery bypass grafting from 2011 to 2018. The components of the in-hospital composite outcome were in-hospital mortality and low cardiac output syndrome, defined by requirement for at least two inotropic agents at 24 to 48 h postoperatively or need for mechanical circulatory support. Patients who had aortic cross-clamping between 8 and 11 am (morning surgery) versus between 2 and 5 pm (afternoon surgery) were compared on the incidence of the composite outcome.

Results
Among 9,734 qualifying operations, 0.4% (29 of 6,859) died after morning, and 0.7% (20 of 2,875) died after afternoon surgery. The composite of in-hospital mortality and low cardiac output syndrome occurred in 2.8% (195 of 6,859) of morning patients and 3.4% (97 of 2,875) of afternoon patients: morning versus afternoon confounder-adjusted odds ratio, 0.96 (95% CI, 0.75 to 1.24; P = 0.770). There was no evidence of interaction between morning versus afternoon and surgery type (P = 0.965), and operation time was statistically nonsignificant for surgery subgroups.

Conclusions
Patients having aortic valve surgery, mitral valve surgery, and/or coronary artery bypass grafting with aortic cross-clamping in the morning and afternoon did not have significantly different outcomes. No evidence was found to suggest that morning or afternoon surgical timing alters postoperative risk.

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Managing intergroup silos to improve patient flow
Authors: Kreindler Sara A. , Hastings Stephanie , Mallinson Sara , Brierley Meaghan , Birney Arden , Tarraf Rima , Winters Shannon , Johnson Keir 
Published: February 2021

Background
Health care managers face the critical challenge of overcoming divisions among the many groups involved in patient care, a problem intensified when patients must flow across multiple settings. Surprisingly, however, the patient flow literature rarely engages with its intergroup dimension.

Purpose
This study explored how managers with responsibility for patient flow understand and approach intergroup divisions and “silo-ing” in health care.

Methodology/Approach
We conducted in-depth interviews with 300 purposively sampled senior, middle, and frontline managers across 10 Canadian health jurisdictions. We undertook thematic analysis using sensitizing concepts drawn from the social identity approach.

Results
Silos, at multiple levels, were reported in every jurisdiction. The main strategies for ameliorating silos were provision of formal opportunities for staff collaboration, persuasive messages stressing shared values or responsibilities, and structural reorganization to redraw group boundaries. Participants emphasized the benefits of the first two but described structural change as neither necessary nor sufficient for improved collaboration.

Conclusion
Silos, though an unavoidable feature of organizational life, can be managed and mitigated. However, a key challenge in redefining groups is that the easiest place to draw boundaries from a social identity perspective may not be the best place from one of system design. Narrowly defined groups forge strong identities more easily, but broader groups facilitate coordination of care by minimizing the number of boundaries patients must traverse.

Practice Implications
A thoughtfully designed combination of strategies may help to improve intergroup relations and their impact on flow. It may be ideal to foster a “mosaic” identity that affirms group allegiances at multiple levels.
Longitudinal Changes of Cognitive Deficits and Treatment Outcome of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Major Depression
Authors: Bernhardt Maren , Schwert Christine , Aschenbrenner Steffen , Weisbrod Matthias , Schröder Annette 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The current study examined neuropsychological changes over the course of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in outpatients with major depressive disorder and the influence of cognitive deficits as predictors of clinical outcome in depression. A neuropsychological test battery was carried out on depressed outpatients (N = 54) at the beginning and at the end of CBT. Small improvements were found in divided attention, figural memory, and processing speed from pre- to posttreatment. Cognitive deficits in executive functions before treatment predicted the clinical outcome at the end of CBT. The present study reveals that attention and memory deficits are most likely to improve over the course of treatment, whereas executive functions remain stable in the long term. Depressed patients with worse executive functions at the beginning of treatment seem to benefit more from long-term CBT therapy.
Lockdown and non-COVID-19 deaths: Cause-specific mortality during the first wave of the 2020 pandemic in Norway. A population-based register study
Authors: Raknes Guttorm , Strøm Marianne Sørlie , Sulo Gerhard , Øverland Simon , Roelants Mathieu , Juliusson Petur Benedikt 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo explore the potential impact of the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic on all cause and cause-specific mortality in Norway.DesignPopulation based register study.SettingThe Norwegian cause of Death Registry and the National Population Register of Norway.ParticipantsAll recorded deaths in Norway during March to May from 2010 to 2020.Main outcome measuresRate (per 100 000) of all-cause mortality and causes of death in the EU Shortlist for Causes of Death March to May 2020. The rates were age-standardised and adjusted to a 100% register coverage and compared with a 95% prediction interval (PI) based on corresponding rates for 2010-2019.Results113 710 deaths were included, of which 10 226 from 2020. We did not observe any deviation from predicted total mortality. There were fewer than predicted deaths from chronic lower respiratory diseases excluding asthma (11.4, 95% PI 11.8 to 15.2) and from other non-ischemic, non-rheumatic heart diseases (13.9, 95% PI 14.5 to 20.2). The death rates were higher than predicted for Alzheimer’s disease (7.3, 95% PI 5.5 to 7.3) and diabetes mellitus (4.1, 95% PI 2.1 to 3.4).ConclusionsThere was no significant difference in the frequency of the major causes of death in the first wave of the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic in Norway. An increase in diabetes mellitus deaths and reduced mortality due to some heart and lung conditions may be linked to infection control measures.
Accuracy of Samsung Smartphone Integrated Pulse Oximetry Meets Full FDA Clearance Standards for Clinical Use
Authors: Browne Sara H. , Bernstein Mike , Bickler Philip E. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundPulse oximetry is used as an assessment tool to gauge the severity of COVID-19 infection and identify patients at risk of poor outcomes. 1,2,3,4 The pandemic highlights the need for accurate pulse oximetry, particularly at home, as infection rates increase in multiple global regions including the UK, USA and South Africa 5. Over 100 million Samsung smartphones containing dedicated biosensors (Maxim Integrated Inc, San Jose, CA) and preloaded Apps to perform pulse oximetry, are in use globally. We performed detailed in human hypoxia testing on the Samsung S9 smartphone to determine if this integrated hardware meets full FDA/ISO requirements for clinical pulse oximetry.MethodsThe accuracy of integrated pulse oximetry in the Samsung 9 smartphone during stable arterial oxygen saturations (SaO2) between 70% and 100% was evaluated in 12 healthy subjects. Inspired oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide partial pressures were monitored and adjusted via a partial rebreathing circuit to achieve stable target SaO2 plateaus between 70% and 100%. Arterial blood samples were taken at each plateau and saturation measured on each blood sample using ABL-90FLEX blood gas analyzer. Bias, calculated from smartphone readings minus the corresponding arterial blood sample, was reported as root mean square deviation (RMSD).FindingsThe RMSD of the over 257 data points based on blood sample analysis obtained from 12 human volunteers tested was 2.6%.InterpretationEvaluation of the smartphone pulse oximeter performance is within requirements of <3.5% RMSD blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) value for FDA/ISO clearance for clinical pulse oximetry. This is the first report of smartphone derived pulse oximetry measurements that meet full FDA/ISO accuracy certification requirements. Both Samsung S9 and S10 contain the same integrated pulse oximeter, thus over 100 million smartphones in current global circulation could be used to obtain clinically accurate spot SpO2 measurements to support at home assessment of COVID-19 patients.
Experiences of supported isolation in returning travellers during the early COVID-19 response: an interview study
Authors: Carter H. , Weston D. , Greenberg N. , Oliver I. , Robin C. , Rubin G. J. , Wessely S. , Amlôt R. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo understand the experiences of those who underwent supported isolation as part of the response to the COVID-19 pandemic, after returning to the UK from Wuhan, China.DesignWe used semi-structured interviews to capture participants’ experiences and perceptions of supported isolation.SettingTelephone interviews carried out within approximately one month of an individual leaving supported isolation.Participants26 people who underwent supported isolation at either Arrowe Park Hospital (n = 18) or Kents Hill Park Conference Centre (n = 8) after being repatriated from Wuhan in January – February 2020.ResultsParticipants were willing to undergo supported isolation because they understood that it would protect themselves and others. Positive treatment by staff was fundamental to participants’ willingness to comply with isolation procedures. Despite the high level of compliance, participants expressed some uncertainty about what the process would involve.ConclusionsAs hotel quarantine is introduced across the UK for international arrivals, our findings suggest that those in charge should: communicate effectively before, during and after quarantine, emphasising why quarantine is important and how it will protect others; avoid enforcement and focus on supporting and promoting voluntary compliance; facilitate shared social experiences for those in quarantine; and ensure all necessary supplies are provided. Doing so will increase adherence and reduce any negative effects on wellbeing.