bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Technical Note: Coccygeal vein catheterization for sampling of reproductive tract-derived products from the uterine–ovarian drainage
Authors: Reese Sydney T , Franco Gessica A , Oliveira Filho Ramiro V , Cooke Reinaldo F , Smith Michael F , Pohler Ky G 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Blood sample collection from the caudal vena cava at the site of uterine–ovarian drainage provides a more exact evaluation of the concentration and pattern of secretion of uterine or ovarian secreted products for studies of reproductive processes in cyclic and pregnant cattle compared with samples collected from general circulation. This paper describes a thorough and updated procedure for cannulating the coccygeal vein into the caudal vena cava for the collection of serial blood samples at or near the site of uterine–ovarian drainage. Concentrations of progesterone were quantified in cows of different reproductive tract sizes with an active corpus luteum to assess the distance for proper catheter placement compared with circulating concentrations collected from the jugular vein. This procedure has a low risk for side effects, can be used effectively in pregnant animals with no major consequence to the viability of the pregnancy, and provides means for frequent collections up to 12 d.
A cost-minimization analysis of measures against metallic dental restorations for head and neck radiotherapy
Authors: Katsura Kouji , Soga Yoshihiko , Zenda Sadatomo , Nishi Hiromi , Soga Marie , Usubuchi Masatoshi , Mitsunaga Sachiyo , Tomizuka Ken , Konishi Tetsuhito , Yatsuoka Wakako , Ueno Takao , Aragaki Tadanobu , Hayashi Takafumi 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the estimated public medical care cost of measures to address metallic dental restorations (MDRs) for head and neck radiotherapy using high-energy mega-voltage X-rays. This was considered a first step to clarify which MDR measure was more cost-effective. We estimated the medical care cost of radiotherapy for two representative MDR measures: (i) with MDR removal or (ii) without MDR removal (non-MDR removal) using magnetic resonance imaging and a spacer. A total of 5520 patients received head and neck radiation therapy in 2018. The mean number of MDRs per person was 4.1 dental crowns and 1.3 dental bridges. The mean cost per person was estimated to be 121 720 yen for MDR removal and 54 940 yen for non-MDR removal. Therefore, the difference in total public medical care cost between MDR removal and non-MDR removal was estimated to be 303 268 800 yen. Our results suggested that non-MDR removal would be more cost-effective than MDR removal for head and neck radiotherapy. In the future, a national survey and cost-effectiveness analysis via a multicenter study are necessary; these investigations should include various outcomes such as the rate of local control, status of oral mucositis, frequency of hospital visits and efforts of the medical professionals.
Pediatric Thoracic Trauma Mortality in Iraq and Afghanistan Compared to the United States National Trauma Data Bank
Authors: Keneally Ryan J , Meyers Brittney A , Shields Cynthia H , Ricca Robert , Creamer Kevin M 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The authors compared pediatric thoracic patients in the Joint Theatre Trauma Registry (JTTR) to those in the National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB) to assess differences in patient mortality rates and mortality risk accounting for age, injury patterns, and injury severity.

Materials and Methods
Patients less than 19 years of age with thoracic trauma were identified in both the JTTR and NTDB. Multiple logistic regression, χ2, Student’s t-test, or Mann-Whitney U test were used as indicated to compare the two groups.

Results
Pediatric thoracic trauma patients seen in Iraq and Afghanistan (n = 955) had a significantly higher mortality rate (15.1 vs. 6.0%, P &lt;.01) than those in the NTDB (n = 9085). After controlling for covariates between the JTTR and the NTDB, there was no difference in mortality (odds ratio for mortality for U.S. patients was 0.74, 95% CI 0.52-1.06, P = .10). The patients seen in Iraq or Afghanistan were significantly younger (8 years old, interquartile ratio (IQR) 2-13 vs. 15, IQR 10-17, P &lt;.01) had greater severity of injuries (injury severity score 17, IQR 12-26 vs. 12, IQR 8-22, P &lt;.01), had significantly more head injuries (29 vs. 14%, P &lt;.01), and over half were exposed to a blast.

Discussion
Pediatric patients with thoracic trauma in Iraq and Afghanistan in the JTTR had similar mortality rates compared to the civilian population in the NTDB after accounting for confounding covariates. These findings indicate that deployed military medical professionals are providing comparable quality of care in extremely challenging circumstances. This information has important implications for military preparedness, medical training, and casualty care.
The wide upper main sequence and main-sequence turnoff of the ∼ 800 Myr old star cluster NGC 1831
Authors: Correnti Matteo , Goudfrooij Paul , Bellini Andrea , Girardi Leo 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
We present the analysis of the colour–magnitude diagram (CMD) morphology of the ∼800 Myr old star cluster NGC 1831 in the Large Magellanic Cloud, exploiting deep, high-resolution photometry obtained using the Wide Field Camera 3 onboard the Hubble Space Telescope. We perform a simultaneous analysis of the wide upper main sequence and main-sequence turn-off observed in the cluster, to verify whether these features are due to an extended star formation or a range of stellar rotation rates, or a combination of these two effects. Comparing the observed CMD with Monte Carlo simulations of synthetic stellar populations, we derive that the morphology of NGC 1831 can be fully explained in the context of the rotation velocity scenario, under the assumption of a bimodal distribution for the rotating stars, with ∼40 per cent of stars being slow rotators (Ω/Ωcrit &lt; 0.5) and the remaining ∼60 per cent being fast rotators (Ω/Ωcrit &gt; 0.9). We derive the dynamical properties of the cluster, calculating the present cluster mass and escape velocity, and predicting their past evolution starting at an age of 10 Myr. We find that NGC 1831 has an escape velocity vesc = 18.4 km s−1 at an age of 10 Myr, above the previously suggested threshold of 15 km s−1 below which the cluster cannot retain the material needed to create second-generation stars. These results, combined with those obtained from the CMD morphology analysis, indicate that for the clusters whose morphology cannot be easily explained only in the context of the rotation velocity scenario, the threshold limit should be at least ∼20 km s−1.
Limits on mass outflow from optical tidal disruption events
Authors: Matsumoto Tatsuya , Piran Tsvi 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
The discovery of optical/UV (ultraviolet) tidal disruption events (TDEs) was surprising. The expectation was that, upon returning to the pericentre, the stellar-debris stream will form a compact disc that will emit soft X-rays. Indeed, the first TDEs were discovered in this energy band. A common explanation for the optical/UV events is that surrounding optically thick matter reprocesses the disc’s X-ray emission and emits it from a large photosphere. If accretion follows the super-Eddington mass infall rate, it would inevitably result in an energetic outflow, providing naturally the reprocessing matter. We describe here a new method to estimate, using the observed luminosity and temperature, the mass and energy of outflows from optical transients. When applying this method to a sample of supernovae, our estimates are consistent with a more detailed hydrodynamic modelling. For the current sample of a few dozen optical TDEs, the observed luminosity and temperature imply outflows that are significantly more massive than typical stellar masses, posing a problem to this common reprocessing picture.
GAMA/XXL: X-ray point sources in low-luminosity galaxies in the GAMA G02/XXL-N field
Authors: Nwaokoro E , Phillipps S , Young A J , Baldry I , Bongiorno A , Bremer M N , Brown M J I , Chiappetti L , De Propris R , Driver S P , Elyiv A , Fotopoulou S , Giles P A , Hopkins A M , Maughan B , McGee S , Pacaud F , Pierre M , Plionis M , Poggianti B M , Vignali C 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
Relatively few X-ray sources are known that have low-mass galaxies as hosts. This is an important restriction on studies of active galactic nuclei (AGNs), hence black holes, and of X-ray binaries (XRBs) in low-mass galaxies; addressing it requires very large samples of both galaxies and X-ray sources. Here, we have matched the X-ray point sources found in the XXL-N field of the XXL survey (with an X-ray flux limit of ∼6 × 10−15 erg s−1 cm−2 in the [0.5–2] keV band) to galaxies with redshifts from the Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA) G02 survey field (down to a magnitude limit r = 19.8) in order to search for AGNs and XRBs in GAMA galaxies, particularly those of low optical luminosity or stellar mass (fainter than Mr = −19 or $M_* \lesssim 10^{9.5}\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$). Out of a total of 1200 low-mass galaxies in the overlap region, we find a total of 28 potential X-ray source hosts, though this includes possible background contaminants. From a combination of photometry (optical and infrared colours), positional information, and optical spectra, we deduce that most of the ≃20 X-ray sources genuinely in low-mass galaxies are high-mass X-ray binaries in star-forming galaxies. None of the matched sources in a low-mass galaxy has a BPT classification as an AGN, and even ignoring this requirement, none passes both criteria of close match between the X-ray source position and optical galaxy centre (separation ≤3 arcsec) and high [O iii] line luminosity (above 1040.3 erg s−1).
Submillimetre galaxies in cosmological hydrodynamical simulations – an opportunity for constraining feedback models
Authors: Hayward Christopher C , Sparre Martin , Chapman Scott C , Hernquist Lars , Nelson Dylan , Pakmor Rüdiger , Pillepich Annalisa , Springel Volker , Torrey Paul , Vogelsberger Mark , Weinberger Rainer 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
Submillimetre galaxies (SMGs) have long posed a challenge for theorists, and self-consistently reproducing the properties of the SMG population in a large-volume cosmological hydrodynamical simulation has not yet been achieved. We use a scaling relation derived from previous simulations plus radiative transfer calculations to predict the submm flux densities of simulated SMGs drawn from cosmological simulations from the Illustris and IllustrisTNG projects based on the simulated galaxies’ star formation rates (SFRs) and dust masses, and compare the predicted number counts with observations. We find that the predicted SMG number counts based on IllustrisTNG are significantly less than observed (more than 1 dex at S850 ≳ 4 mJy). The simulation from the original Illustris project yields more SMGs than IllustrisTNG: the predicted counts are consistent with those observed at both S850 ≲ 5 mJy and S850 ≳ 9 mJy and only a factor of ∼2 lower than those observed at intermediate flux densities. The redshift distribution of SMGs with S850 &gt; 3 mJy in IllustrisTNG is consistent with the observed distribution, whereas the Illustris redshift distribution peaks at significantly lower redshift (1.5 versus 2.8). We demonstrate that IllustrisTNG hosts fewer SMGs than Illustris because in the former, high-mass ($M_{\star }\sim 10^{11} \, \text{M}_{\odot }$) z ∼ 2–3 galaxies have lower dust masses and SFRs than in Illustris owing to differences in the subgrid models for stellar and/or active galactic nucleus feedback between the two simulations (we unfortunately cannot isolate the specific cause(s) post hoc). Our results demonstrate that because our method enables predicting SMG number counts in post-processing with a negligible computational expense, SMGs can provide useful constraints for tuning subgrid models in future large-volume cosmological simulations.
Flat rotation curves of z ∼ 1 star-forming galaxies
Authors: Sharma Gauri , Salucci Paolo , Harrison C M , van de Ven Glenn , Lapi Andrea 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
We investigate the shape of the rotation curves (RCs) of z ∼ 1 star-forming galaxies (SFGs) and compare them with local SFGs. For this purpose, we have used 344 galaxies from the K-band Multi-Object Spectrograph (KMOS) for Redshift One Spectroscopic Survey (KROSS). This sample covers the redshift range 0.57 ≤ z ≤ 1.04, the effective radii 0.69 ≤ Re [kpc] ≤ 7.76, and the stellar masses 8.7 ≤ log (M* [M⊙]) ≤ 11.32. Using 3DBAROLO, we extract the H α kinematic maps and corresponding RCs. The main advantage of 3DBAROLO is that it incorporates the beam smearing in the 3D observational space, which provide us with the intrinsic rotation velocity even in the low spatial resolution data. We have corrected the RCs for pressure support, which seems to be a more dominant effect than beam smearing in high-z galaxies. Only a combination of the three techniques (3D-kinematic modelling + 3D-beam smearing correction + pressure gradient correction) yields the intrinsic RC of an individual galaxy. Further, we present the co-added and binned RCs constructed out of 256 high-quality objects. We do not see any change in the shape of RCs with respect to the local SFGs. Moreover, we notice a significant evolution in the stellar-disc length (RD) of the galaxies as a function of their circular velocity. Therefore, we conclude that the stellar disc of SFGs evolves over cosmic time (from z ∼ 1) while the total mass stays constant (within ∼20 kpc).
The CRISPR ancillary effector Can2 is a dual-specificity nuclease potentiating type III CRISPR defence
Authors: Zhu Wenlong , McQuarrie Stuart , Grüschow Sabine , McMahon Stephen A , Graham Shirley , Gloster Tracey M , White Malcolm F 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Cells and organisms have a wide range of mechanisms to defend against infection by viruses and other mobile genetic elements (MGE). Type III CRISPR systems detect foreign RNA and typically generate cyclic oligoadenylate (cOA) second messengers that bind to ancillary proteins with CARF (CRISPR associated Rossman fold) domains. This results in the activation of fused effector domains for antiviral defence. The best characterised CARF family effectors are the Csm6/Csx1 ribonucleases and DNA nickase Can1. Here we investigate a widely distributed CARF family effector with a nuclease domain, which we name Can2 (CRISPR ancillary nuclease 2). Can2 is activated by cyclic tetra-adenylate (cA4) and displays both DNase and RNase activity, providing effective immunity against plasmid transformation and bacteriophage infection in Escherichia coli. The structure of Can2 in complex with cA4 suggests a mechanism for the cA4-mediated activation of the enzyme, whereby an active site cleft is exposed on binding the activator. These findings extend our understanding of type III CRISPR cOA signalling and effector function.
Droplet digital PCR-based detection of circulating tumor DNA from pediatric high grade and diffuse midline glioma patients
Authors: Izquierdo Elisa , Proszek Paula , Pericoli Giulia , Temelso Sara , Clarke Matthew , Carvalho Diana M , Mackay Alan , Marshall Lynley V , Carceller Fernando , Hargrave Darren , Lannering Birgitta , Pavelka Zdenek , Bailey Simon , Entz-Werle Natacha , Grill Jacques , Vassal Gilles , Rodriguez Daniel , Morgan Paul S , Jaspan Tim , Mastronuzzi Angela , Vinci Mara , Hubank Michael , Jones Chris 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe use of liquid biopsy is of potential high importance for children with high grade (HGG) and diffuse midline gliomas (DMG), particularly where surgical procedures are limited, and invasive biopsy sampling not without risk. To date, however, the evidence that detection of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) or circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) could provide useful information for these patients has been limited, or contradictory.MethodsWe optimized droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) assays for the detection of common somatic mutations observed in pediatric HGG/DMG, and applied them to liquid biopsies from plasma, serum, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and cystic fluid collected from 32 patients.ResultsAlthough detectable in all biomaterial types, ctDNA presented at significantly higher levels in CSF compared to plasma and/or serum. When applied to a cohort of 127 plasma specimens from 41 patients collected from 2011 to 2018 as part of a randomized clinical trial in pediatric non-brainstem HGG/DMG, ctDNA profiling by ddPCR was of limited use due to the small volumes (mean = 0.49 mL) available. In anecdotal cases where sufficient material was available, cfDNA concentration correlated with disease progression in two examples each of poor response in H3F3A_K27M-mutant DMG, and longer survival times in hemispheric BRAF_V600E-mutant cases.ConclusionTumor-specific DNA alterations are more readily detected in CSF than plasma. Although we demonstrate the potential of the approach to assessing tumor burden, our results highlight the necessity for adequate sample collection and approach to improve detection if plasma samples are to be used.
CovidNeuroOnc: A UK multicenter, prospective cohort study of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the neuro-oncology service
Authors: Fountain Daniel M , Piper Rory J , Poon Michael T C , Solomou Georgios , Brennan Paul M , Chowdhury Yasir A , Colombo Francesca , Elmoslemany Tarek , Ewbank Frederick G , Grundy Paul L , Hasan Md T , Hilling Molly , Hutchinson Peter J , Karabatsou Konstantina , Kolias Angelos G , McSorley Nathan J , Millward Christopher P , Phang Isaac , Plaha Puneet , Price Stephen J , Rominiyi Ola , Sage William , Shumon Syed , Silva Ines L , Smith Stuart J , Surash Surash , Thomson Simon , Lau Jun Y , Watts Colin , Jenkinson Michael D ,   British Neurosurgical Trainee Research Collaborative (BNTRC), Al-Tamimi Yahia , Alalade Andrew F , Albanese Erminia , Bailey Matthew , Brodbelt Andrew R , Chalmers Anthony , Chan Huan Wee , Coope David J , Cundliffe Sarah , D'Urso Pietro I , Entwistle Helen , Evans Rhiannon M , Fielding Rebecca , Gkolemis Christos , Hammerbeck-Ward Charlotte , Jeyaretna D Sanjeeva , King Andrew T , Laurente Raphael M , Leggate James , Lewis Rachel , Maclean Jillian , McBain Catherine , McKenna Grainne S , Molloy Elizabeth , Pathmanaban Omar N , Patkar Pradnya , Powell James , Rutherford Scott A , Santarius Thomas , Sinha Saurabh , Sitaraman Murugan , Solth Anna , Thakur Bhaskar , Wadeson Andrea , Wykes Victoria , Zafar Muhammed R 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Background
The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly affected cancer services. Our objective was to determine the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on decision making and the resulting outcomes for patients with newly diagnosed or recurrent intracranial tumors.

Methods
We performed a multicenter prospective study of all adult patients discussed in weekly neuro-oncology and skull base multidisciplinary team meetings who had a newly diagnosed or recurrent intracranial (excluding pituitary) tumor between 01 April and 31 May 2020. All patients had at least 30-day follow-up data. Descriptive statistical reporting was used.

Results
There were 1357 referrals for newly diagnosed or recurrent intracranial tumors across 15 neuro-oncology centers. Of centers with all intracranial tumors, a change in initial management was reported in 8.6% of cases (n = 104/1210). Decisions to change the management plan reduced over time from a peak of 19% referrals at the start of the study to 0% by the end of the study period. Changes in management were reported in 16% (n = 75/466) of cases previously recommended for surgery and 28% of cases previously recommended for chemotherapy (n = 20/72). The reported SARS-CoV-2 infection rate was similar in surgical and non-surgical patients (2.6% vs. 2.4%, P &gt; .9).

Conclusions
Disruption to neuro-oncology services in the UK caused by the COVID-19 pandemic was most marked in the first month, affecting all diagnoses. Patients considered for chemotherapy were most affected. In those recommended surgical treatment this was successfully completed. Longer-term outcome data will evaluate oncological treatments received by these patients and overall survival.
Self-assembly-induced luminescence of Eu3+-complexes and application in bioimaging
Authors: Su Ping-Ru , Wang Tao , Zhou Pan-Pan , Yang Xiao-Xi , Feng Xiao-Xia , Zhang Mei-Na , Liang Li-Juan , Tang Yu , Yan Chun-Hua 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Design and engineering of highly efficient emitting materials with assembly-induced luminescence, such as room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) and aggregation-induced emission (AIE), have stimulated extensive efforts. Here, we propose a new strategy to obtain size-controlled Eu3+-complex nanoparticles (Eu-NPs) with self-assembly-induced luminescence (SAIL) characteristics without encapsulation or hybridization. Compared with previous RTP or AIE materials, the SAIL phenomena of increased luminescence intensity and lifetime in aqueous solution for the proposed Eu-NPs are due to the combined effect of self-assembly in confining the molecular motion and shielding the water quenching. As proof of concept, we also show that this system can be further applied in bioimaging, temperature measurement and HClO sensing. The SAIL activity of the rare-earth (RE) system proposed here offers a further step forward on the roadmap for the development of RE light conversion systems and their integration in bioimaging and therapy applications.
Rifampicin Mono-Resistant Tuberculosis—A Review of an Uncommon But Growing Challenge for Global Tuberculosis Control
Authors: Malenfant Jason H , Brewer Timothy F 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains the leading cause of death by an infectious pathogen worldwide, and drug-resistant TB is a critical and rising obstacle to global control efforts. Most scientific studies and global TB efforts have focused on multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB), meaning isolates resistant to both isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RIF). Newer diagnostic tests are resulting in an increasing awareness of RIF-resistant TB in addition to MDR disease. To date, RIF resistance has been assumed to be synonymous with MDR-TB, but this approach may expose TB patients with RIF mono-resistance disease to unnecessarily long and toxic treatment regimens. We review what is currently known about RIF mono-resistant TB, its history and epidemiology, mechanisms of RIF resistance, available diagnostic techniques, treatment outcomes reported globally, and future directions for combatting this disease.