bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insight into an acute hepatitis A outbreak in Indiana
Authors: Samala Niharika , Abdallah Wassim , Poole Ashley , Shamseddeen Hani , S Are Vijay , S Orman Eric , Patidar Kavish R. , Vuppalanchi Raj 
Published: March 2021

AbstractHepatitis A virus (HAV) infection causes an acute enteric hepatitis associated with substantial morbidity and mortality, particularly in older individuals. Incidence of HAV infection is low in the United States, mostly related to consumption of contaminated food. Starting in 2017, Indiana reported a large HAV outbreak. We sought to characterize the risk‐exposures, clinical features and outcomes of HAV and examine the differences based on underlying cirrhosis and age. Adults ≥18 years diagnosed with HAV between January 2017 and April 2019 at two large healthcare systems in Indiana were identified. Demographic data, risk‐exposures, clinical features, laboratory data and clinical outcomes were collected for analysis. The HAV cohort constituted 264 individuals with mean age of 41‐years, 62% male and 94% Caucasian. Risk‐exposures identified were illicit drug use (74%), food‐borne (15%), person‐to‐person (11%) and incarceration (11%). Mortality rate was 2%, acute liver failure (ALF) was seen in 4% and acute on chronic liver failure (ACLF) was seen in 30% (6 of 20 with underlying cirrhosis). Admission MELD score was the only factor associated with ALF [OR = 1.17 (1.08–1.2), p < 0.0001], on multivariable logistic regression analysis. Higher proportion of individuals with underlying cirrhosis developed acute kidney injury (AKI) (26% vs. 9%, p = 0.03), ascites (45% vs. 11%, p < 0.0001) and hepatic encephalopathy (35% vs. 4%, p < 0.0001). In conclusion, illicit drug use was the predominant risk‐exposure in the current HAV outbreak, which was associated with 2% mortality rate, and those with cirrhosis had worse outcomes (AKI, ascites and HE), of whom 30% developed ACLF.
Understanding the metabolome and metagenome as extended phenotypes: The next frontier in macroalgae domestication and improvement
Authors: DeWeese Kelly J. , Osborne Melisa G. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract“Omics” techniques (including genomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, proteomics, and metagenomics) have been employed with huge success in the improvement of agricultural crops. As marine aquaculture of macroalgae expands globally, biologists are working to domesticate species of macroalgae by applying these techniques tested in agriculture to wild macroalgae species. Metabolomics has revealed metabolites and pathways that influence agriculturally relevant traits in crops, allowing for informed crop crossing schemes and genomic improvement strategies that would be pivotal to inform selection on macroalgae for domestication. Advances in metagenomics have improved understanding of host–symbiont interactions and the potential for microbial organisms to improve crop outcomes. There is much room in the field of macroalgal biology for further research toward improvement of macroalgae cultivars in aquaculture using metabolomic and metagenomic analyses. To this end, this review discusses the application and necessary expansion of the omics tool kit for macroalgae domestication as we move to enhance seaweed farming worldwide.
Potato StMPK7 is a downstream component of StMKK1 and promotes resistance to the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans
Authors: Zhang Houxiao , Li Fangfang , Li Zhenzhen , Cheng Jing , Chen Xiaokang , Wang Qinhu , Joosten Matthieu H.A.J. , Shan Weixing , Du Yu 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA cascade formed by phosphorylation events of mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs) takes part in plant stress responses. However, the roles of these MAPKs in resistance of potato (Solanum tuberosum) against Phytophthora pathogens is not well studied. Our previous work showed that a Phytophthora infestans RXLR effector targets and stabilizes the negative regulator of MAPK kinase 1 of potato (StMKK1). Because in Arabidopsis thaliana the AtMPK4 is the downstream phosphorylation target of AtMKK1, we performed a phylogenetic analysis and found that potato StMPK4/6/7 are closely related and are orthologs of AtMPK4/5/11/12. Overexpression of StMPK4/7 enhances plant resistance to P. infestans and P. parasitica. Yeast two‐hybrid analysis revealed that StMPK7 interacts with StMKK1, and StMPK7 is phosphorylated on flg22 treatment and by expressing constitutively active StMKK1 (CA‐StMKK1), indicating that StMPK7 is a direct downstream signalling partner of StMKK1. Overexpression of StMPK7 in potato enhances potato resistance to P. infestans. Constitutively active StMPK7 (CA‐StMPK7; StMPK7D198G, E202A) was found to promote immunity to Phytophthora pathogens and to trigger host cell death when overexpressed in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Cell death triggered by CA‐StMPK7 is SGT1/RAR1‐dependent. Furthermore, cell death triggered by CA‐StMPK7 is suppressed on coexpression with the salicylate hydroxylase NahG, and StMPK7 activation promotes salicylic acid (SA)‐responsive gene expression. We conclude that potato StMPK7 is a downstream signalling component of the phosphorelay cascade involving StMKK1 and StMPK7 plays a role in immunity to Phytophthora pathogens via an SA‐dependent signalling pathway.
Regulatory electron transport pathways of photosynthesis in cyanobacteria and microalgae: Recent advances and biotechnological prospects
Authors: Nikkanen Lauri , Solymosi Daniel , Jokel Martina , Allahverdiyeva Yagut 
Published: March 2021

AbstractCyanobacteria and microalgae perform oxygenic photosynthesis where light energy is harnessed to split water into oxygen and protons. This process releases electrons that are used by the photosynthetic electron transport chain to form reducing equivalents that provide energy for the cell metabolism. Constant changes in environmental conditions, such as light availability, temperature, and access to nutrients, create the need to balance the photochemical reactions and the metabolic demands of the cell. Thus, cyanobacteria and microalgae evolved several auxiliary electron transport (AET) pathways to disperse the potentially harmful over‐supply of absorbed energy. AET pathways are comprised of electron sinks, e.g. flavodiiron proteins (FDPs) or other terminal oxidases, and pathways that recycle electrons around photosystem I, like NADPH‐dehydrogenase‐like complexes (NDH) or the ferredoxin‐plastoquinone reductase (FQR). Under controlled conditions the need for these AET pathways is decreased and AET can even be energetically wasteful. Therefore, redirecting photosynthetic reducing equivalents to biotechnologically useful reactions, catalyzed by i.e. innate hydrogenases or heterologous enzymes, offers novel possibilities to apply photosynthesis research.
An EPA for better Bedside Teaching
Authors: van Dam Marjel , Ramani Subha , ten Cate Olle 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundBedside teaching (BST), a time‐honoured tradition of clinical teaching which integrates theoretical knowledge and clinical practice, has declined steeply over the last decade. Moreover, many clinician teachers today are not specifically trained in and/or comfortable in delivering effective BST. Resucitating this valuable educational format may require a new approach to preparing teachers and setting the stage for effective BST. Framing BST as an entrustable professional activity (EPA) for teachers may be one strategy to enhance its application and quality.MethodsWe aimed to redefine, describe essential features and effective practices for high‐quality BST, based on clinical teacher participant perspectives through a focus group discussion and open‐ended questionnaires via e‐mail, supplemented by insights from literature.ResultsBased on data collected, we generated a definition of BST and a list of suggested strategies to optimise BST, for example, preparation, safe learning environment, flexible teaching and patient's benefits. A structured EPA description was created based on this definition.ConclusionEffective BST requires skilled clinical teachers who are comfortable and confident in this mode of teaching; framing BST as a teaching EPA could guide faculty development and clinical teacher certification.
Exploring the feasibility of using very short answer questions (VSAQs) in team‐based learning (TBL)
Authors: Millar Kate R. , Reid Michael D. , Rajalingam Preman , Canning Claire A. , Halse Omid , Low‐Beer Naomi , Sam Amir H. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundTeam‐based learning (TBL) currently relies on single best answer questions (SBAQs) to provide immediate feedback. Very short answer questions (VSAQs) are a reliable and discriminatory alternative that encourage learners to use more authentic clinical reasoning strategies compared to SBAQs. However, the challenge of marking VSAQs has limited their integration into TBL; we therefore explored the feasibility of VSAQs within a TBL session.MethodsAn online platform was developed to allow immediate marking of VSAQs during the TBL sessions. As part of the readiness assurance process, students completed VSAQs and SBAQs, which were marked in real time.ResultsInstructors were able to mark all VSAQs during the individual readiness assurance test (iRAT), which facilitated the provision of immediate feedback during the team readiness assurance test (tRAT). The mean time to mark five VSAQs was 422 seconds (SD 73 seconds). For VSAQs, the number of attempts to reach the correct answer ranged from 1 to 38, compared to 1 to 4 for SBAQs. In total, 71.6% of students agreed that using VSAQs in TBL helped to emphasise group discussions.DiscussionThe wide range of attempts at, and students’ perspectives of VSAQs are suggestive of their positive impact on student discussion during TBL. We demonstrate how new technology allows VSAQs to be feasibly integrated into TBL with the potential to enrich group discussions.
A case of acute monocytic leukemia (AMoL or AML‐M5) in an adult FeLV/FIV‐positive cat
Authors: da Silva Serpa Priscila Beatriz , Messick Joanne B. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA 7‐year‐old castrated male domestic shorthair cat was presented for evaluation of decreased appetite and respiratory signs. A CBC run on presentation revealed severe nonregenerative anemia, thrombocytopenia, and leukocytosis characterized by a prominent population of blasts, having morphologic features suggestive of a monocytic lineage. The cat tested positive for FIV, FeLV,Mycoplasma haemominutum,and only mild abnormalities were identified on the chemistry panel. Bone marrow biopsies were obtained to investigate the bicytopenia and the possibility of a hematopoietic neoplasm. Although the bone marrow aspirate was nondiagnostic, the core biopsy was markedly hypercellular with a population of blasts, largely replacing the normal hematopoietic tissue. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that the blasts were CD3‐negative, Pax5‐negative, dimly CD18‐positive, and moderately positive for Iba1. These findings, in addition to the prominent monocytic differentiation seen in peripheral blood, supported a diagnosis of acute monocytic leukemia. Palliative antiviral and antibiotic treatment and blood transfusion were performed. The patient was discharged on his fourth day of hospitalization. However, 15 days following discharge, the cat was euthanized due to the worsening of his systemic signs. This report discusses the classifications of myeloid leukemias, implications of infectious diseases in the pathogenesis of neoplasia in cats, and the use of Iba1, a “pan‐monocytic/histiocytic” marker, in the diagnosis of acute leukemia.
Validation of the Implementation Climate Scale in Nursing
Authors: Ehrhart Mark G. , Shuman Clayton J. , Torres Elisa M. , Kath Lisa M. , Prentiss Andrea , Butler Eve , Aarons Gregory A. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundOne critical factor in effective implementation of evidence‐based practices (EBPs) in nursing is an organizational context that facilitates and supports implementation efforts. Measuring implementation climate can add useful insights on the extent to which the organizational context supports EBP implementation.AimsThis study cross‐validates and examines the psychometric properties of the Implementation Climate Scale (ICS), which measures nurses’ perceptions of their unit’s climate for EBP implementation.MethodsThis study analyzed ICS data from two cross‐sectional studies, including 203 nurses from California and 301 nurses from Florida. Analyses included evaluation of internal consistency, multilevel aggregation statistics, and confirmatory factor analyses.ResultsThe 18‐item ICS demonstrated comparable psychometric properties to the original measure development paper in both samples. Confirmatory factor analyses provided support for the scale’s factor structure in both samples.Linking Evidence to PracticeThe ICS is a pragmatic measure that can be used to assess unit implementation climate in nursing contexts. Results from the ICS from nurses and nurse leaders can provide insights into implementation‐specific barriers and facilitators within the organizational context.
A Method to Design and Optimize Axial Flow Cyclones for Gas–Liquid Separation
Authors: Anderson Kyle , Zhang Xiang , Abbasi Bahman 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This article provides a detailed design guide, optimization, and performance assessment for air–water separation of an axial flow cyclone. Axial flow cyclones (also known as swirl tube demisters, mist eliminators, or Austin–Write cyclones) have a range of applications in several different industries. This method of gas–liquid separation offers many benefits. Among these are high liquid separation efficiencies (near 99%) and an inline design that allows them to be more easily fitted into existing piping structures. Despite these benefits, there are several design parameters that have not been optimized for performance in wastewater purification applications. This research fills the gap in the literature by quantifying the effect of new design parameters on water collection efficiency, ηwater collection, and the air bypass efficiency, ηair bypass, defined as the ratio of the air mass flowrate exiting through the desired air outlet over the inlet air mass flowrate. A set of wide-ranging experiments were conducted to study the effects of gas–liquid flow rates, tube geometry, and relative injection angles to optimize the water collection and air bypass efficiencies. The water collection efficiency exceeded 99.8% when the liquid streamline came in direct contact with the water drainage exit. An empirical correlation was developed to predict the swirl pitch as a function of the above design parameters. Predictions from the correlation were within 10% of the experimental results. The correlation can be used to design highly efficient in-line gas–liquid separators.
Effect of Vessel Tortuosity on Stress Concentration at the Distal Stent–Vessel Interface: Possible Link With New Entry Formation Through Biomechanical Simulation
Authors: Tan Wei Ting , Liew Yih Miin , Mohamed Mokhtarudin Mohd Jamil , Pirola Selene , Wan Ab Naim Wan Naimah , Amry Hashim Shahrul , Xu Xiao Yun , Lim Einly 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A computational approach is used to investigate potential risk factors for distal stent graft-induced new entry (dSINE) in aortic dissection (AD) patients. Patient-specific simulations were performed based on computed tomography images acquired from six AD patients (three dSINE and three non-dSINE) to analyze the correlation between anatomical characteristics and stress/strain distributions. Sensitivity analysis was carried out using idealized models to independently assess the effect of stent graft length, stent tortuosity and wedge apposition angle at the landing zone on key biomechanical variables. Mismatch of biomechanical properties between the stented and nonstented regions led to high stress at the distal stent graft–vessel interface in all patients, as well as shear strain in the neighboring region, which coincides with the location of tear formation. Stress was observed to increase with the increase of stent tortuosity (from 263 kPa at a tortuosity angle of 50 deg to 313 kPa at 30 deg). It was further amplified by stent graft landing at the inflection point of a curve. Malapposition of the stent graft led to an asymmetrical segment within the aorta, therefore changing the location and magnitude of the maximum von Mises stress substantially (up to +25.9% with a +25 deg change in the distal wedge apposition angle). In conclusion, stent tortuosity and wedge apposition angle serve as important risk predictors for dSINE formation in AD patients.
Research on Biomechanical Compatibility for the Artificial Anal Sphincter Based on Improved Actuator
Authors: Zan Peng , Ding Qiao , Yang Banghua , Zhang Guofu , Xue Yingjie , Zhao Yutong 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Anal incontinence, also known as fecal incontinence, refers to the loss of the body's ability to accumulate and control the liquid, solid, and gas contents in the rectum, increasing the frequency of bowel movements. It is a symptom of defecation disorders. The artificial anal sphincter provides a new solution for clinical treatment. In this paper, in order to solve the problem of biomechanical compatibility of the actuator of the artificial anal sphincter system, the original actuator was improved. The model of the rectum and the actuator was constructed by ANSYS. The mechanical finite element analysis of the clamping mechanism was carried out by simulating sphincter behavior, and the displacement cloud diagram and stress cloud diagram of the clamping rectum were obtained. in vitro experiments were carried out using pig intestine to simulate the rectum, which verified the effectiveness of the actuator. The results of the experiment show that the successful rate of holding the rectum reached 96% under the condition of ensuring the normal blood supply to the rectum. It fully proves that the actuator has good biomechanical compatibility.
Fatigue Evaluation of API 12F Shop-Welded Tanks With a New Roof-to-Shell Junction Detail
Authors: Feng Heyi , Guzey Sukru 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The American Petroleum Institute (API) provides a series of standards and specifications on storage tanks, in which the API 12F specification provides 12 tank designs that can be fabricated in the shop and transported to the field. The nominal capacity of the 12 API 12F tank designs ranges from 90 bbl (14.3 m3) to 1000 bbl (158.99 m3). The minimum required thickness and operational pressure levels that each tank case can sustain are given in Table 1 of the current 13th edition of API 12F (API, 2019, “API 12F Specification for Shop-Welded Tanks for Storage of Production Liquids,” 13th ed., API Publishing Services, Washington, DC, Standard No. API 12F). The objective of this study is to estimate the fatigue life of API 12F tanks under normal operation pressure cycles following the procedure presented in ASME VIII-2. The stored liquid product specific gravity is assumed to be 1.2 when the liquid height is half of the tank height, while the specific gravity is assumed to be 0.7 when the stored liquid height is 18 in. (460 mm). Meanwhile, a new roof–shell attachment detail is proposed in this study, the new rectangular cleanout junction detail presented in the 13th edition of API 12F is modeled, and various component thickness combinations are considered to investigate the effect of component thickness on fatigue life. The roof–shell joint (top junction) and shell–bottom plate (bottom junction) are studied by axisymmetric models under axisymmetric idealization as they are away from the cleanout junction, while the cleanout junction is studied by applying a submodeling technique. Stress classification is performed at each location of interest to obtain the stress components to calculate the stress range within each loading cycle that is needed to perform fatigue evaluation. The results and discussion about fatigue evaluation of API 12F tanks are presented in this report.
Synergetic Design Systems
Authors: Shah Jami J. , Urban Susan D. , Raghupathy Siva P. , Rogers Mary T. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The paper describes an experiment in creating a design environment comprising of a number of specialist design systems that co-operatively solve design problems, from conceptual layout to detailing The systems targeted were in-house programs, as well as, commercial products. The objective of the experiment was to demonstrate a synergetic design environment by providing an integrated approach to design data. In the first phase of the project, the systems were arranged sequentially, with unidierctional flow of data using file transfers. The second phase of the project, currently underway, is based on an integrated view of product data using semantic data modeling concepts with an object-oriented database as a communication tool. The database approach provides a greater degree of integration giving designers a more global view of design data and thus facilitating iterative design.
Numerical Flow Simulation in the Induction System of an Internal Combustion Engine
Authors: Ho S. Y. , Przekwas A. J. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
An advanced computational fluid dynamics package, REFLEQS, has been adapted to calculate the flow in the induction system of an internal combustion engine. Results of complex flow fields in multi-valve engine intake/exhaust ports and cylinders, including moving valves and piston, are calculated. The body-fitted structured grids generated with partial differential equations method have been applied to represent complex engine components configuration such as engine intake/exhaust ports, ducts, valves and cylinders. An upwind scheme combined with SIMPLEC method is employed to solve the Navier-Stokes equations. Several 2D and 3D flows in engine ports/cylinders are simulated. Complex flow fields involve separated flows near the entry of cylinder head, vortices near the corner and behind the valves and the valve/stem generated swirling and tumbling flows. The present work aims at establishing a generalized computational environment for analyzing the physical mechanisms and design parameters controlling internal flows in automotive air/fuel induction systems.
Optimized Accelerating Parameters of Convergence for the Navier-Stokes Equations
Authors: AbdulNour Bashar S. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
An over-relaxation procedure, that includes weighing factors, is applied to the steady, two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations in order to reduce the computational time. The benefits obtained from this strategy are illustrated by the problem of viscous flow in the entrance region of an unconstricted and a constricted channel. The describing equations are expressed in terms of the stream function and vorticity. The convergence domain for the Successive Over-Relaxation method and the optimum values of the accelerating parameters, which consist of the over-relaxation and weighting factors for both the stream function and vorticity, are discussed. Numerical solutions are obtained for Reynolds numbers ranging from 20 to 2000. The computer time is reduced by as much as a factor of six using the optimum values of the accelerating parameters.