bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High infectiousness immediately before COVID-19 symptom onset highlights the importance of continued contact tracing
Authors: Hart William S , Maini Philip K , Thompson Robin N 
Published: April 2021

Background:Understanding changes in infectiousness during SARS-COV-2 infections is critical to assess the effectiveness of public health measures such as contact tracing.Methods:Here, we develop a novel mechanistic approach to infer the infectiousness profile of SARS-COV-2-infected individuals using data from known infector–infectee pairs. We compare estimates of key epidemiological quantities generated using our mechanistic method with analogous estimates generated using previous approaches.Results:The mechanistic method provides an improved fit to data from SARS-CoV-2 infector–infectee pairs compared to commonly used approaches. Our best-fitting model indicates a high proportion of presymptomatic transmissions, with many transmissions occurring shortly before the infector develops symptoms.Conclusions:High infectiousness immediately prior to symptom onset highlights the importance of continued contact tracing until effective vaccines have been distributed widely, even if contacts from a short time window before symptom onset alone are traced.Funding:Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC).
A Study of Microvascular Density in Carcinoma of Breast with CD34 Immunostaining
Authors: Debnath Bijoya , Lilly Mary 
Published: April 2021

Introduction: Tumor agiogenesis is generally classified in to two types, namely, sprouting and intussusceptive angiogenesis. The formation of new blood vessels from the already existing is termed as sprouting angiogenesis. Many growth factors including endothelial growth factor (VEGF) contribute the formation of new vessels at the tumor sites. On other hand, the tumor able to split the existing blood vessels, this type is termed as intussuscepted angiogenesis and discovered in human colon adenocarcinoma xenograft. In intussuscepted angiogenesis, an existing blood vessel splits into two new blood vessels by formation of trans vascular pillars.
Objective: The present study aimed to analyse the nicrovascular density on breast cancer patients using CD 34 immunostaining method.
Results: This mis-regulation may lead to the development of cancers. Histological grading with Grade II were more with 19 (63.3%) cases followed by Grade I with 4 (13.3%) and Grade III with 3 (10%) cases. There was increase in mean vascular density in Grade II when compared with Grade I and Grade III. However no significant correlation was observed statistically with a P value of 0.176. Using different antibodies such as CD34, CD31, Factor VIII and CD105 to microvessels differentiation was highlighted.
Conclusion: The results showed that the anti-CD34 monoclonal antibody is more sensitive than the anti- CD31 antibody in calculation of MVD in breast cancer as mentioned in previous studies.
Study on the Prevalance, Identification and Antibiogram of Enterococci Isolated from the Heterogenous Clinical Samples in a Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Gulzar Binish , Saikumar Chitralekha 
Published: April 2021

The rise in Pantone-Valentine leucocidin (PVL) and gAMMA-haemolysin (Hlg) producing Enterococcus spp., among the people is a serious concern on evolution of antibiotic resistance. Recent reports suggested that the synergistic association of PVL toxin and necrotic lesions that lead to infections in skin and mucosa. To study the prevalence of Enterococcus isolated from the various clinical samples from both inpatient and out - patient department at a Tertiary care hospital. The resistance to Pantone-Valentine leucocidin (PVL) and gAMMA-haemolysin (Hlg) is further tested by using E-test strips for gentamicin test showed 26.8% of isolated populations had resistance to cell wall active agents. In our study all the intermediately sensitive to vancomycin isolates were found to be vancomycin sensitive by both the Epsilometer test and automated Vitek 2 system. The minimum inhibitory concentration ranging from 0.5 - 4 ug/ml. Hence my study confirmed good activity of the vancomycin, linezolid and Teicoplanin against isolated Enterococci spp.
A New Conjugated Polymer that Enables the Integration of Photovoltaic and Light‐Emitting Functions in One Device
Authors: Xu Ye , Cui Yong , Yao Huifeng , Zhang Tao , Zhang Jianqi , Ma Lijiao , Wang Jingwen , Wei Zhixiang , Hou Jianhui 
Published: April 2021

AbstractExploring the intriguing bifunctional nature of organic semiconductors and investigating the feasibility of fabricating bifunctional devices are of great significance in realizing various applications with one device. Here, the design of a new wide‐bandgap polymer named PBQx‐TCl (optical bandgap of 2.05 eV) is reported, and its applications in photovoltaic and light‐emitting devices are studied. By fabricating devices with nonfullerene acceptors BTA3 and BTP‐eC9, it is shown that the devices exhibit a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.0% under air mass 1.5G illumination conditions and an outstanding PCE of 28.5% for a 1 cm2 device and 26.0% for a 10 cm2 device under illumination from a 1000 lux light‐emitting diode. In addition, the PBQx‐TCl:BTA3‐based device also demonstrates a moderate organic light‐emitting diode performance with an electroluminescence external quantum efficiency approaching 0.2% and a broad emission range of 630–1000 nm. These results suggest that the polymer PBQx‐TCl‐based devices exhibit outstanding photovoltaic performance and potential light‐emitting functions.
Teaching molecular techniques at home: Molecular biology labs that can be performed anywhere and enable hands‐on learning of restriction digestion/ligation and DNA amplification
Authors: Barthet Michelle M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCOVID 19 has changed about every aspect of life including how we teach in higher education. Laboratory experiments vital for learning hands‐on techniques are limited due to social distancing requirements and increased numbers of distance‐learning students. The solution to loss of hands‐on activities has been to compensate with virtual laboratory modules. Although virtual labs are engaging and offer a simulated hands‐on approach to teaching essential molecular techniques, these simulations do not replace hands‐on experience. I designed two molecular biology laboratory exercises in response to the current teaching limitations that can be completed 'at‐home' and enable low cost hands‐on instruction of essential molecular techniques in any distance‐learning environment including during the COVID 19 pandemic.
Die Haut und ihre Pflege
Authors: Lautenschläger Hans 
Published: April 2021

ZusammenfassungDem Stratum corneum, der obersten Hautschicht, kommt für die Pflege der Haut eine zentrale Bedeutung zu. Einerseits soll es den Körper vor äußerlichen Einflüssen schützen, andererseits aber für gut dokumentierte kosmetische Wirkstoffe mit entsprechenden Trägern (Carrier) passierbar sein. Lamellare, liposomale und nanodisperse Formulierungen stellen diesbezüglich den heutigen Stand der Technik dar. Der Stoffwechsel und die Pflege der Haut sind eine sehr komplexe Materie, deren Verständnis einen hohen interdisziplinären Wissensstand in Biologie, Biochemie und Chemie voraussetzt. Nachhaltige Hautpflege trägt diesem Verständnis Rechnung und verzichtet auf viele kontraproduktive Komponenten. Die Hautanalyse ist eine Grundvoraussetzung für kausal wirkende, zum Teil modular einsetzbare Zusammensetzungen. Optimal sind Grundlagen, die gleichzeitig dermatologisch für Magistralrezepturen und kosmetisch für die adjuvante Hautpflege oder die Prävention verwendbar sind (Abbildung 16). Physiologie und Chemie müssen dabei keinen Widerspruch darstellen.
Verification of an agent‐based disease model of human Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection
Authors: Curreli Cristina , Pappalardo Francesco , Russo Giulia , Pennisi Marzio , Kiagias Dimitrios , Juarez Miguel , Viceconti Marco 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAgent‐based models (ABMs) are a powerful class of computational models widely used to simulate complex phenomena in many different application areas. However, one of the most critical aspects, poorly investigated in the literature, regards an important step of the model credibility assessment: solution verification. This study overcomes this limitation by proposing a general verification framework for ABMs that aims at evaluating the numerical errors associated with the model. A step‐by‐step procedure, which consists of two main verification studies (deterministic and stochastic model verification), is described in detail and applied to a specific mission critical scenario: the quantification of the numerical approximation error for UISS‐TB, an ABM of the human immune system developed to predict the progression of pulmonary tuberculosis. Results provide indications on the possibility to use the proposed model verification workflow to systematically identify and quantify numerical approximation errors associated with UISS‐TB and, in general, with any other ABMs.
A performance predictor for implementation selection of parallelized static and temporal graph algorithms
Authors: Rehman Akif , Ahmad Masab , Khan Omer 
Published: April 2021

AbstractTask‐based execution of graph workloads allows various ordered and unordered implementations, with tasks representing dependencies between graph vertices and edges. This work explores graph algorithms in the context of ordered and unordered task‐based implementations, that trade‐off work‐efficiency with parallelism. The monotonicity of convergent graph solutions is the reason behind the trade‐off between work‐efficiency and parallelism. This trade‐off results in variable performance‐based choices within and across different machines (CPUs and GPUs), graph algorithms, implementations (ordered, relaxed, and unordered). Input graphs also augment this choice space, with this work analyzing temporally changing graphs in addition to the static graphs explored by prior works. These algorithmic and architectural choices are first explored in this work, and it is seen that different graph workload‐input combinations perform optimally on diverse architectural configurations. The resulting choice space is analyzed and this work represents it in the form of characteristic variables that correlate with each choice space. Using these characteristic variables, this work proposes analytical and neural network models to correlate these choice spaces to find the best performing implementation. The variables and the prediction models proposed in this work are also integrated with a state‐of‐the‐art performance predictor on a multiaccelerator setup, and shows geometric performance gains of 54% on a CPU, 14% on a GPU, and 31.5% in a multiaccelerator setup over baseline implementations without performance prediction.
Design of Green‐Emitting Salts from Substituted Pyridines: Understanding the Solid‐State Photodimerization of trans‐1,2‐bis(4‐pyridyl)ethylene
Authors: Peedikakkal Abdul Malik Puthan , Al‐Mohsin Hasan , Jalilov Almaz , Sølling Theis I. , Skov Anders B. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPolymorphic salts of trans‐1,2‐bis(4‐pyridyl)ethylene (bpe), 2[bpeH2] ⋅ (SO4)(2HSO4) (1) and [bpeH2] ⋅ 2HSO4 (2) have been synthesized and their structures determined by X‐ray crystallography. The Schmidt postulate predicts that neither of the salts will give rise to photodimerization so they can both potentially be applied as green light emitters. Despite the predictions, 1 undergoes a stereospecific solid‐state photodimerization reaction with 100 % yield. This is due to UV induced combination of sliding and pedal‐like movement of the pyridyl ring system that influences the alignment of C=C bonds. The sliding motion is restricted in 2. Consequently, the green emission from 1 is completely quenched after photodimerization. It is evident that counter ions play a dominant role in dis‐ and enabling photodimerization; their degree of protonization and lattice placement are important solvent controlled design parameters towards crystal structures that can act as future light emitters.
An Overview of High‐Performance Indoor Organic Photovoltaics
Authors: Xu Xiang , Liu Wei , Luo Xiaoyan , Chen Hongbo , Wei Qingya , Yuan Jun , Zou Yingping 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn recent years, indoor organic photovoltaics (IOPVs) have attracted increasing attention because of their ability to power microelectronic devices and sensors, especially for the internet of things (IoT). In contrast with silicon‐based indoor PV, the IOPVs exhibit better performance due to their tunable bandgap via molecular design, which could achieve a better spectrum matched with the lighting sources. Based on the simulated power conversion efficiency (PCE) in theory, the maximum value can achieve over 50 % under the white LED illumination, which is much higher than the practical top PCE of 31 %, indicating there is room further to improve the performance of IOPVs by various optimization methods. Based on these benefits, the recent progress in IOPVs with different methods was summarizes, and light was shed on the remaining challenges for achieving practical applications in the future. In the end, some guidelines for the development of IOPVs were proposed.
Reliability evaluation and redesign methodology for RFCMOS transceiver frontend circuits in sub‐6‐GHz band of fifth‐generation new radio communication based on the reliability model
Authors: Hsieh Chun‐Ting , Wang Shang‐Hsien , Yeh Chun‐Wei , Lin Wei‐Cheng 
Published: April 2021

SummaryA proposed RFCMOS reliability subcircuit model to evaluate the transceiver frontend circuits for 5G new radio (NR) networks sub‐6‐GHz application is presented. When studied 1‐year operational performance considering hot‐carrier stress in circuit level, the common‐source LNA circuit is robust in gain and noise figure than common‐gate common‐source LNA circuit, and Class‐A power amplifier loses gain 52%. However, in transceiver system level, the receiver‐used two‐stage common‐gate common‐source LNA shows robust than used common‐source LNA. The transmitter's gain and output power exhibit a strong relationship with performance of Class‐A power amplifier after hot‐carrier stress. When the receiver using the overdriven bias 3.1 V 1 year predicted by proposed model, the EIS is −89.7 dBm, which still meet 5G FR1 standard though the gain degraded to 17 dB; transmitter overdriven at bias 3.3 V, the least output power is 19.1 dBm, which still meet 5G FR1 standard, though the IIP3 worsen to 13%.
Negative bias in interpretation and facial expression recognition in late life depression: A case control study
Authors: Baruch Nina , Behrman Sophie , Wilkinson Philip , Bajorek Tomasz , Murphy Susannah E , Browning Michael 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectivesWhile cognitive bias in younger adults with depression has been extensively researched, there have been relatively few investigations of the presence of cognitive bias in late life depression (LLD). This exploratory study aimed to ascertain whether negative cognitive bias exists across a range of cognitive domains in participants with LLD.Methods/DesignParticipants were 19 patients with LLD and 19 matched non‐depressed older adults. Participants completed standardised tests to assess bias in facial expression recognition, attention, recall of adjectives and interpretation.ResultsLLD participants were slower to identify surprised faces, and more likely to create negative statements in the interpretation task. There was no evidence of negative bias in memory or attention, but participants with LLD performed more poorly on the recall task.ConclusionsThis study provides new evidence of negative bias in interpretation in LLD, but the findings are not consistent with a global cognitive bias Further work is needed to investigate cognitive bias in LLD. It may be that interventions which target negative interpretation biases, such as cognitive bias modification, could be helpful in treating LLD.
Gender‐specified mediation of depression between sleep quality and short‐term memory in older adults: Study in a semi‐closed Island of Xiamen, China
Authors: Yuan Manqiong , Wu Zhilin , Luo Bei , Sha Yude , Zhang Hemin , Bi Min , Fang Ya 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundBoth the quality of sleep and depression impact short‐term memory (STM) while they influence each other. However, the underlying mechanisms are not yet clear. Herein, we aimed to explore the mediating effect of depression between sleep quality and STM in older adults and further test the gender differences in this relationship.MethodsA cluster sampling survey was carried out among 903 residents that were aged 60+ years in a semi‐closed island of Xiamen, China, in 2019. The subjects' sleep quality and depression were measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the 15‐item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS‐15), respectively. The three‐item recall test was utilized to measure STM function. Mediation analyses were performed using the structural equation model and bias‐corrected bootstrap method. Next, the Wald‐test was utilized to determine gender differences in the pathway.ResultsOverall, 355 men and 508 women, with a mean age of 69.55 and 70.97, respectively, had valid data on the main variables. Depression was found to mediate the effect of sleep quality on STM (a*b = −0.076, p < 0.05). Interestingly, while this indirect effect existed in the female group (af*bf = −0.126, p < 0.05), it did not in the male group (am*bm = 0.017, p = 0.677). The Wald‐test indicated no gender differences in the pathway from sleep quality to depression (p = 0.303). However, the pathway from depression to STM function was found to be significantly stronger for females than males (p = 0.0198).ConclusionHigher sleep quality was found to be associated with improved STM function. Furthermore, the association was found to be regulate indirectly by lower depressive symptoms for females, but directly for males. Therefore, appropriate psychological interventions may be beneficial to the maintenance of STM for older adults, particularly for women.
Legal and Ethical Issues in the Report Heritable Human Genome Editing
Authors: Cohen I. Glenn , Adashi Eli Y. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis essay discusses the new report, Heritable Human Genome Editing, by the National Academy of Medicine, the National Academy of Sciences, and the Royal Society. After summarizing the report, we argue that the report takes four quite bold steps away from prior reports, namely (1) rejecting an omnibus approach to heritable human genome editing (HHGE) in favor of a case‐by‐case analysis of possible uses of HHGE, accepting that HHGE is acceptable in some cases; (2) recognizing that the interest in having children who are genetically related to both would‐be rearing parents is one that the regulation of HHGE should honor; (3) patterning a regulatory model for HHGE on the United Kingdom's approach to regulating mitochondrial replacement techniques; and (4) conveying skepticism that international regulation is possible while showing a strong preference for a default into national regulatory regimes for HHGE.
Heat and mass transfer in MHD boundary layer flow of a second‐grade fluid past an infinite vertical permeable surface
Authors: N. Ameer Ahamad , Veera Krishna M. , Aljohani A. F. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractHeat and mass transfer of non‐Newtonian fluids is increasingly being studied by researchers due to its applications in many branches of science and engineering, such as metallurgical processes, polymer extrusion, glass blowing, crystal growing, and so forth. The present work is mainly concerned with the unsteady laminar magnetohydrodynamic flow of a heat‐generating or absorbing second‐grade fluid past an infinite vertical porous plate. The nondimensional governing equations are solved for the best analytical solution. Results for various flow characteristics are presented through graphs and tables delineating the effect of various parameters characterizing the flow. For engineering interest, the shear stresses, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number are computed and exchanged of views with reference to the important parameters. Our analysis explored that the influences of a chemical reaction and fluid oscillations reduced the concentration distribution in the entire liquid region. The rotation effect decreases the shear stress, whereas it is augmented through an increase in the permeability of porous medium and second‐grade fluid parameters' impact.
Effect of multilayered groundwater mounds on water dynamics beneath a recharge basin: Numerical simulation and assessment of surface injection
Authors: Lu Peirong , Sheng Zhuping , Zhang Zhanyu , Miller Gretchen , Reinert Scott , Huang Mingyi 
Published: April 2021

AbstractInteractions between groundwater mounds caused by a geologic layer contrast affect the efficiency of managed aquifer recharge in arid areas. However, research has rarely examined the roles of groundwater mounding size variations on soil water dynamics in a stratified vadose zone in response to a sustained infiltration source. Numerical experiments were conducted on a two‐dimensional vertical‐section domain using HYDRUS software to simulate the behaviours of two adjacent (upper and lower) groundwater mounds underlying an infiltration basin subjected to clay loam and sandy alternately‐layered soil profiles. The model successfully predicted the volume and extent of perched water and approximated vertical travel times during events generating downward fluxes from the surface injection. The response time of the mounding width (lateral extension) to the surface injection was delayed as compared to that of the mounding height (vertical extension), especially for the lower water mound. The mounding heights and widths show a strongly positive correlation with the infiltration rates of both high‐ and low‐permeability layers where the injected water mounded, while the water storage amounts in the high‐ and low‐permeability layers were governed by the mounding height and width, respectively. Exploratory simulations were then employed to assess the dependence of groundwater mounding behaviours and recharge performances on surface injection strategies. Results suggest that, by reducing injection rate or shortening injection duration, the near‐term fraction of the surface injection converted to deep recharge is likely to be increased due to the narrowed groundwater mounding size, which would be limited by the water‐retarding effect of layer contrasts. This study has important implications for predicting and understanding multilayered groundwater mounding behaviours and associated water mass balance under the geologic stratification, and is expected to aid in optimizing the infiltration basin operation for aquifer recharge.