bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Automatic and Simplified Approach to Muscle Path Modeling
Authors: Livet Claire , Rouvier Théo , Dumont Georges , Pontonnier Charles 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This paper aims at proposing an automatic method to design and adjust simplified muscle paths of a musculoskeletal model. These muscle paths are composed of straight lines described by a limited set of fixed active via points and an optimization routine is developed to place these via points on the model in order to fit moment arms and musculotendon lengths input data. The method has been applied to a forearm musculoskeletal model extracted from the literature, using theoretical input data as an example. Results showed that for 75% of the muscle set, the relative root-mean-square error between literature theoretical data and the results from optimized muscle path was under 29.23% for moment arms and of 1.09% for musculotendon lengths. These results confirm the ability of the method to automatically generate computationally efficient muscle paths for musculoskeletal simulations. Using only via points lowers computational expense compared to paths exhibiting wrapping objects. A proper balance between computational time and anatomical realism should be found to help those models being interpreted by practitioners.
Green's Function Solutions of One- and Two-Dimensional Dual-Phase-Lag Laser Heating Problems in Nano/Microstructures
Authors: Troy William , Dutta Mitra , Stroscio Michael 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Lasers and laser heating have a wide variety of applications such as spectroscopy, laser welding, laser cutting, and even biological applications like tumor irradiation and surgery. Theoretical modeling of laser heating has proven to be quite difficult, and classical heating equations have shown to be inaccurate due to the large temperature gradients created by the laser heating. Furthermore, the commonly used Fourier's Law assumed the speed for a thermal wave to propagate as infinite; this is unrealistic in any medium and especially in domains with slow propagation speeds such as biological media and in fast nano/microscale heating applications. This study helps fill some of the gaps in accurate model of laser heating by presenting unique 1D and 2D models of the analytically solved Dual-Phase-Lag heating equations which can much more accurately describe the temperature of such interactions in both the temporal and spatial domains.
Effect of Train Energy Consumption on the Wear of Railroad Catenary Contact Conductor
Authors: Niringiyimana Egide , Nkundineza Celestin 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
With current rise of climate change worldwide, transport industry contributes up to 21% of the world’s total Green House Gases (GHG). In addition to that developing cities are facing great changes in urbanization, population growth and environmental concerns. In these instances, railway transportation is a top contender on land transport mode to achieve sustainable mobility in fast growing cities. For railway operation, apart from wheel-rail contact, the catenary system has a very high initial investment cost as well as associated maintenance cost. It is important to monitor the damage evolution of the catenary components for developing better maintenance strategies. This study utilizes a co-simulation between the railway catenary system dynamics and electrical power flow. With reference to Addis Ababa Light Rail Transit Service (AALRTS), the power and current drawn by the running train were calculated. Then the heat losses in the conductor wire were obtained with respect to train location on the line. This procedure was followed by thermal analysis that allowed us to obtain temperature rise in the conductor. The temperature results were used as some of the inputs in the dynamic explicit finite element model of the coupled catenary and sliding pantograph. From the finite element analysis, different quantities such as contact forces and pressures, temperature rise because of friction between sliding parts, and deflections of conductor were obtained. Furthermore, the fluctuations of train loads were taken into consideration in the calculation of power consumption and hence in temperature rise. Increase in loads resulted in increase of current drawn which increases the temperature of the mating parts, which in-turn affected frictional stresses and forces. The latter were the input parameters in Archard wear model for calculating wear volume from the catenary contact conductor. It was observed that at different scenarios of train passenger loadings, the train experiences an increase in energy consumption, which results in slight increase of contact conductor wear by material removal.
Near-Field and Far-Field Sampling of Aerosol Plumes to Evaluate Particulate Emission Rates From a Falling Particle Receiver During On-Sun Testing
Authors: Glen Andrew , Dexheimer Darielle , Sanchez Andres L. , Ho Clifford K. , China Swarup , Mei Fan , Lata Nurun Nahar 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
High-temperature falling particle receivers are being investigated for next-generation concentrating solar power applications. Small sand-like particles are released into an open-cavity receiver and are irradiated by concentrated sunlight from a field of heliostats. The particles are heated to temperatures over 700 °C and can be stored to produce heat for electricity generation or industrial applications when needed. As the particles fall through the receiver, particles and particulate fragments in the form of aerosolized dust can be emitted from the aperture, which can lower thermal efficiency, increase costs of particle replacement, and pose a particulate matter (PM) inhalation risk. This paper describes sampling methods that were deployed during on-sun tests to record near-field (several meters) and far-field (tens to hundreds of meters) concentrations of aerosol particles within emitted plumes. The objective was to quantify the particulate emission rates and loss from the falling particle receiver in relation to OSHA and EPA National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). Near-field instrumentation placed on the platform in proximity to the receiver aperture included several real-time aerosol size distribution and concentration measurement techniques, including a TSI Aerodynamic Particle Sizers (APS), TSI DustTraks, Handix Portable Optical Particle Spectrometers (POPS), Alphasense Optical Particle Counters (OPC), TSI Condensation Particle Counters (CPC), Cascade Particle Impactors, 3D-printed prototype tipping buckets, and meteorological instrumentation. Far-field particle sampling techniques utilized multiple tethered balloons located upwind and downwind of the particle receiver to measure the advected plume concentrations using a suite of airborne aerosol and meteorological instruments including POPS, CPCs, OPCs and cascade impactors. The combined aerosol size distribution for all these instruments spanned particle sizes from 0.02 μm – 500 μm. Results showed a strong influence of wind direction on particle emissions and concentration, with preliminary results showing representative concentrations below both the OSHA and NAAQS standards.
Artificial Neural Network Based Optimized Control of Condenser Water Temperature Set-Point
Authors: Kim Tae Young , Lee Jong Man , Hong Sung Hyup , Choi Jong Min , Lee Kwang Ho 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In this study, we developed an artificial neural network-based real-time predictive control and optimization model to compare and analyze the difference in total energy consumption when the condenser water outlet temperature coming out of the cooling tower is fixed and when real-time control of the condenser water outlet temperature through the optimal ANN model is applied. An ANN model was developed through MATLAB’s built-in neural network toolbox functionality to predict total energy consumption. The model accuracy of the ANN was examined by applying Cv(RMSE), a statistical concept that shows the overall accuracy of the predicted values, and as a result, it was found to have a Cv(RMSE) value of approximately 25%. In addition, the predictive control algorithm was able to reduce cooling energy consumption by about 5.6% compared to the conventional control strategy that fix condenser water temperature set-point to constantly 30°C.
A Study on Estimation Model of Incidence Factor of the Thermal Bridge Using In-Situ Measurement Infrared Thermography
Authors: Kang Eunho , Lee Hyomoon , Kim Dongsu , Yoon Jongho 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Practical thermal bridge performance indicators (ITBs) of existing buildings may differ from calculated thermal bridge performance derived theoretically due to actual construction conditions, such as effect of irregular shapes and aging. To fill this gap in a practical manner, more realistic quantitative evaluation of thermal bridge at on-site needs to be considered to identify thermal behaviors throughout exterior walls and thus improve overall insulation performance of buildings. In this paper, the model of a thermal bridge performance indicator is developed based on an in-situ Infrared thermography method, and a case study is then carried out to evaluate thermal performance of an existing exterior wall using the developed model. For the estimation method in this study, the form of the likelihood function is used with the Bayesian method to constantly reflect the measured data. Subsequently, the coefficient of variation is applied to analyze required times for the assumed convergence. Results from the measurement for three days show that thermal bridge under the measurement has more heat losses, including 1.14 times, when compared to the non-thermal bridge. In addition, the results present that it takes about 40 hours to reach 1% of the variation coefficient. Comparison of the ITB estimated at coefficient of variation 1% (40 hours point) with the ITB estimated at end-of-experiment (72 hours point) results in 0.9% of a relative error.
A Flexible Thermal Model for Solar Cavity Receivers Using Analytical View Factors
Authors: Kerkhoff Jacob A. , Wagner Michael J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This paper presents advances to a thermal model for a cavity-type receiver that will be integrated into NREL’s System Advisor Model (SAM) software. Traditional concentrated solar power towers make use of an external cylindrical receiver where all active surfaces are fully exposed to the environment, resulting in significant convective and radiative losses. Cavity-type receivers promise to mitigate these losses by instead accepting solar flux through an aperture. In order to allow detailed resolution of the temperature distribution across the cavity, it is necessary to create refined meshes for different cavity geometries and determine the view factor accurately and quickly between any two elements in the mesh. To accomplish this, an analytical function is written to precisely calculate view factors between arbitrary planar polygons without requiring the use of computationally expensive Monte Carlo ray tracing. These view factors are modified using the F-hat method and used as the basis for a two-band radiation heat transfer model. Heat transfer fluid routing is handled through an elemental connectivity matrix, which specifies the elemental fluid temperature variation from inlet to outlet and allows the cavity mesh to interact with the fluid elements. The model is solved iteratively for panel and then fluid temperatures in order to account simultaneously for all energy transfers (convective, long wavelength, short wavelength, and fluid). This approach offers a computationally efficient but still detailed simulation of cavity receiver configurations making it suitable for use in an annual-hourly time series simulation tool such as SAM.
Application Methods for Refractory Insulation in Hot Particle Storage Bins
Authors: Sment Jeremy N. , Lambert Matthew , Albrecht Kevin J. , Ho Clifford K. , Davidson Murphy 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The National Solar Thermal Test Facility (NSTTF) at Sandia National Laboratories is conducting research on a Generation 3 Particle Pilot Plant (G3P3) that uses falling sandlike particles as the heat transfer medium. G3P3 proposes a system with 6 MWh of thermal energy storage in cylindrical bins made of steel that will be insulated internally using multiple layers of refractory materials[1]. The refractory materials can be applied by stacking pre-cast panels in a cylindrical arrangement or by spraying refractory slurry to the walls (shotcrete). A study on the two methods determined that shotcrete would be the preferred method in order to minimize geometric tolerance issues in the pre-cast panels, improve repairability, and to more closely resemble commercial-scale construction methods. Testing and analysis was conducted which showed shotcrete refractories could be applied with minimal damage and acceptable heat loss.
Translithospheric magma plumbing system of intraplate volcanoes as revealed by electrical resistivity imaging
Authors: Li Yabin , Weng Aihua , Xu Wenliang , Zou Zonglin , Tang Yu , Zhou Zikun , Li Shiwen , Zhang Yanhui , Ventura Guido 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe magma plumbing systems of volcanoes in subduction and divergent tectonic settings are relatively well known, whereas those of intraplate volcanoes remain elusive; robust geophysical information on the magma pathways and storage zones is lacking. We inverted magnetotelluric data to image the magma plumbing system of an intraplate monogenetic volcanic field located above the stagnant Pacific slab in northeast China. We identified a complex, vertically aligned, low-resistivity anomaly system extending from the asthenosphere to the surface consisting of reservoirs with finger- to lens-like geometries. We show that magma forms as CO2-rich melts in a 150-km-deep asthenospheric plume crossing the whole lithosphere as hydrated melt, inducing underplating at 50 km depth, evolving in crustal reservoirs, and erupting along dikes. Intraplate volcanoes are characterized by low degrees of melting and low magma supply rates. Their plumbing systems have a geometry not so different from that of volcanoes in subduction settings.
Extreme fractionation of selenium isotopes and possible deep biospheric origin of platinum nuggets from Minas Gerais, Brazil
Authors: Cabral Alexandre Raphael , König Stephan , Eickmann Benjamin , Brauns Michael , Tupinambá Miguel , Lehmann Bernd , Varas-Reus María Isabel 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Platinum-rich nuggets offer an opportunity for understanding how precious metals accumulate. We analyzed the selenium (Se) isotopic composition of Se-rich (102–103 µg g−1) platinum-palladium (Pt-Pd) nuggets from a recent placer deposit in Minas Gerais, Brazil, for which a biogenic origin has been inferred. We obtained Se isotopic values with a relatively narrow range (δ82/76SeNIST3149 = −17.4 to −15.4 ± 0.2, two standard deviations [2 SD]). The Pt-Os age of the nuggets is 181 ± 6 Ma (2 SD). The data indicate that the nuggets did not form in the recent placer deposit, but by replacement of hydrothermal vein minerals at ~70 °C and at least 800 m below the surface. The high abundance and extreme isotopic composition of Se as well as the presence of other biophilic elements like iodine, organic carbon, and nitrogen within the nugget matrix are consistent with a microbial origin. Although abiogenic reduction of Se oxyanions cannot be ruled out, the nuggets plausibly record Se-supported microbial activity in the deep biosphere.
Microstructure and Rheological Behavior of Stabilized Gold Nanoparticles Hydrosol
Authors: Kamyshinsky R. A. , Kuznetsov N. M. , Lebedev-Stepanov P. V. , Stepko A. S. , Chvalun S. N. , Vasiliev A. L. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
A comprehensive analysis of an aqueous solution of gold nanoparticles with an average size of 6 nm in a citrate buffer has been carried out, with investigation of the solution rheology and structure by electron and atomic force microscopy. A deviation of the rheological behavior of hydrosol from the Newtonian properties is found even at low gold nanoparticle concentrations. The specific features of the rheological behavior of hydrosol are explained based on the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) data.
Auricular acupuncture induces FNDC5/irisin and attenuates obese inflammation in mice
Authors: Lu Yi , Li Guohua 
Published: July 2021

Objective: To investigate whether auricular acupuncture (AA) attenuates bodyweight and obese inflammation through the release of irisin from muscle tissue in mice. Methods: Sixty 4-week-old mice were fed a high fat diet (HFD) for 4 weeks. These animals were divided into six groups that remained untreated (HFD) or underwent electrical AA (HFD+EAA), sham EAA (HFD+SEAA), adrenalectomy (HFD+AD), adrenalectomy and EAA (HFD+AD+EAA), or adrenalectomy and injection of recombinant lentivirus expressing fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (rFNDC) (HFD+AD+rFNDC) in the ninth week. The EAA and SEAA were performed at two traditional auricular acupuncture points daily for 4 weeks. An additional 10 mice fed a control diet were included as a normal control (NC) group. At the end of the study, norepinephrine (NE) in the serum, tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) in the serum and white adipose tissue, irisin in the serum and muscle, uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) in the brown adipose tissue (BAT), and FNDC5 in the muscle, were analysed. Results: The AD+EAA group exhibited better control of bodyweight and inflammation compared with the AD+SEAA and untreated HFD model groups (P<0.05), especially regarding the increased expression of NE, FNDC5, irisin and UCP-1 (P<0.05). After adrenalectomy, mice receiving EAA had less NE, FNDC5, irisin and UCP-1 as well as greater expression of inflammatory cytokines and bodyweight. However, lentiviral overexpression of rFNDC successfully reversed this situation in the AD mice and mimicked the effects of EAA on bodyweight, inflammation and expression of FNDC5, irisin and UCP-1, although it did not impact NE. Conclusions: EAA promoted NE release from the adrenal gland leading to further expression of FNDC5, irisin and UCP-1, which contributed to weight management and inflammatory inhibition.
Factors predictive of cystoid macular oedema following endothelial keratoplasty: a single-centre review of 2233 cases
Authors: Myerscough James , Roberts Harry William , Yu Angeli Christy , Mimouni Michael , Furiosi Luca , Mandrioli Matteo , Giannaccare Giuseppe , Busin Massimo 
Published: July 2021

AimsTo describe the incidence of postoperative cystoid macular oedema (CMO) after endothelial keratoplasty (EK) and to identify its contributory risk factors.Methods2233 patients undergoing EK at Ospedali Privati Forlì ‘Villa Igea’, between January 2005 to October 2018 for Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) and June 2014 to August 2018 for Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) with a minimum follow-up of 18 months were evaluated. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to identify and quantify contributory risk factors. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis were performed to determine ideal cut-off points of continuous variables.ResultsCMO was identified in 2.82% (n=63) of the cases. CMO occurred in 2.36% of DSAEK eyes and in 5.56% of DMEK eyes (p=0.001). Average onset of CMO was 4.27±6.63 months (range: 1–34 months) postoperatively. Compared with those who did not develop CMO, a higher proportion of patients in the CMO group had diabetes (24.2% vs 9.8%, p<0.001) (OR=3.16, 95% CI: 1.72 to 5.81, p<0.001), a higher proportion of patients who underwent DMEK rather than DSAEK (28.6% vs 14.1%, p=0.001) (OR=2.42, 95% CI: 1.35 to 4.33, p=0.003) and were older (70.5±10.0 vs 67.1±14.3 years, p=0.01). Using the cut-off of 67 years as identified by ROC curve analysis, subjects aged >67 years (OR=2.35, 95% CI: 1.30 to 4.26, p=0.005) were more likely to develop CMO. There were no other significant differences between the groups.ConclusionsOlder age (>67 years), diabetes mellitus and DMEK have been identified as independent risk factors for postoperative CMO following EK. Close observation is necessary during the first postoperative year after EK, particularly in patients with risk factors.
Foveal structure and visual function in nanophthalmos and posterior microphthalmos
Authors: Müller Philipp L , Treis Tim , Alsaedi Abdulrahman , Webster Andrew R , Khaw Peng , Michaelides Michel , Wickham Louisa , Siriwardena Dilani , Foster Paul , Moosajee Mariya , Pavesio Carlos , Tufail Adnan , Egan Catherine 
Published: July 2021

Background/aimsThe reason for visual impairment in patients with nanophthalmos and posterior microphthalmos is not completely understood. Therefore, this study aims to investigate foveal structure, and the impact of demographic, clinical and imaging parameters on best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in these conditions.MethodsSixty-two eyes of 33 patients with nanophthalmos (n=40) or posterior microphthalmos (n=22), and 114 eyes of healthy controls with high-resolution retinal imaging including spectral-domain or swept-source optical coherence tomography images were included in this cross-sectional case–control study. Foveal retinal layer thickness was determined by two independent readers. A mixed-effect model was used to perform structure–function correlations and predict the BCVA based on subject-specific variables.ResultsMost patients (28/33) had altered foveal structure associated with loss of foveal avascular zone and impaired BCVA. However, widening of outer nuclear layer, lengthening of photoreceptor outer segments, normal distribution of macular pigment and presence of Henle fibres were consistently found. Apart from the presence of choroidal effusion, which had significant impact on BCVA, the features age, refractive error, axial length and retinal layer thickness at the foveal centre explained 61.7% of the variability of BCVA.ConclusionThis study demonstrates that choroidal effusion, age, refractive error, axial length and retinal layer thickness are responsible for the majority of interindividual variability of BCVA as well as the morphological foveal heterogeneity in patients with nanophthalmos or posterior microphthalmos. This might give further insights into the physiology of foveal development and the process of emmetropisation, and support clinicians in the assessment of these disease entities.