bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Female Genital Schistosomiasis (FGS) in Cameroon: A formative epidemiological and socioeconomic investigation in eleven rural fishing communities
Authors: Masong Makia Christine , Wepnje Godlove Bunda , Marlene Ntsinda Tchoffo , Gamba Victoria , Mengue Marie-Therese , Kouokam Estelle , Stothard J. Russell , Ekobo Albert Legrand Same 
Published: October 2021

Background
Female Genital Schistosomiasis (FGS) is most often caused by presence of Schistosoma haematobium eggs lodged in the female reproductive tract which results in chronic fibrosis and scarring. In Cameroon, despite high community prevalences of urine-patent S. haematobium infections, FGS has yet to be studied in depth. To shed light on the clinical prevalence and socioeconomic effects of FGS, we undertook a formative community-based epidemiological and qualitative survey.

Method
A cross sectional multidisciplinary study of 304 girls and women from 11 remote rural fishing communities in Cameroon was undertaken using parasitological sampling, clinical colposcopy, and interviews. The lived experiences of those with FGS were documented using a process of ethnography with participant observation and in-depth interviews.

Result
Amongst 304 women and girls aged >5 years (Median age: 18; Interquartile range: 9.6–28), 198 females were eligible for FGS testing and 58 adult women were examined by clinical colposcopy. Of these, 34 were positive for FGS (proportion: 58.6%; 95% CI: 45.8–70.4), younger girls showing a higher FGS prevalence, and older women not shedding eggs showing a pattern for cervical lesions from earlier infection. In a subset of women with FGS selected purposively (12/58), in-depth interviews with participant observation revealed out-of-pocket expenditures of up to 500USD related health spending for repeated diagnosis and treatment of gynecological illnesses, and 9 hours daily lost reproductive labour. Psychosocial unrest, loss in social capital, and despair were linked with sub-fertility and persistent vaginal itch.

Conclusion
With our first formative evidence on prevalence, socioeconomic effects and experiences of FGS amongst women and girls in Cameroon, we have clarified to a new level of detail the deficit in provision of and access to peripheral health services in remote areas of Cameroon. Using this information, there is now strong evidence for national programs and services on women’s health and schistosomiasis to update and revise policies targeted on prevention and management of FGS. We therefore stress the need for regular provision of Praziquantel treatment to adolescent girls and women in S. haematobium endemic areas, alongside better access to tailored diagnostic services that can detect FGS and appropriately triage care at primary health level.
Impact of PET/CT among patients with suspected mycotic aortic aneurysms
Authors: Husmann Lars , Huellner Martin W. , Gruenig Hannes , Eberhard Nadia , Mestres Carlos A. , Rancic Zoran , Hasse Barbara 
Published: October 2021

Purpose
To determine the impact of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) on clinical management in patients with suspected mycotic aortic aneurysms (MAA).

Materials and methods
For this observational cohort study 101 PET/CT were acquired in 50 patients, thereof 50 for the initial diagnosis/baseline scan, 51 for follow-up. Impact on patient management was defined in three categories: PET/CT results were “confirmed” (by clinical follow-up), “suspected” (conclusive, not confirmed), or “misleading” (proven wrong by follow-up). For clinical follow-up patient data were recorded at the time of imaging, and at the latest recorded clinical visit. It included patient demographics, clinical information, laboratory data, results of microbiology and other diagnostic procedures, information about treatment, and patient’s general health condition.

Results
In four patients (8%) no clinical follow-up was feasible, the other 46 patients were clinically followed for a median of 898 days (IQR 320–4105). The combined evaluation of all 101 PET/CT demonstrated an impact on patient management in 78,5% of cases (48,5% confirmed, 30% suspected). Results of 21,5% of the PET/CT examinations were misleading. Respective values at baseline and at follow-up were: impact on patient management in 82% and 74,5% (70% and 27.5% confirmed, and 12% and 47% suspected), misleading cases in 18% and 25.5%.

Conclusion
In MAA, PET/CT has a high impact on patient management, which is more pronounced with baseline than with follow-up examinations. However, PET/CT results may be misleading in a smaller proportion of cases.
Achieving high throughput and elasticity in a larger-than-memory store
Authors: Kulkarni Chinmay , Chandramouli Badrish , Stutsman Ryan 
Published: October 2021

Millions of sensors, mobile applications and machines now generate billions of events. Specialized many-core key-value stores (KVSs) can ingest and index these events at high rates (over 100 Mops/s on one machine) if events are generated on the same machine; however, to be practical and cost-effective they must ingest events over the network and scale across cloud resources elastically.
We present Shadowfax, a new distributed KVS based on FASTER, that transparently spans DRAM, SSDs, and cloud blob storage while serving 130 Mops/s/VM over commodity Azure VMs using conventional Linux TCP. Beyond high single-VM performance, Shadowfax uses a unique approach to distributed reconfiguration that avoids any server-side key ownership checks or cross-core coordination both during normal operation and migration. Hence, Shadowfax can shift load in 17 s to improve system throughput by 10 Mops/s with little disruption. Compared to the state-of-the-art, it has 8x better throughput (than Seastar+memcached) and avoids costly I/O to move cold data during migration. On 12 machines, Shadowfax retains its high throughput to perform 930 Mops/s, which, to the best of our knowledge, is the highest reported throughput for a distributed KVS used for large-scale data ingestion and indexing.
Toward spectrometerless instant Raman identification with tailored metasurfaces-powered guided-mode resonances (GMR) filters
Authors: Mousa Mohamed A. , Rafat Nadia H. , Saleh Amr A. E. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Raman identification is an instrumental tool with a broad range of applications, yet current spectroscopy approaches fall short in facilitating practical and scalable Raman identification platforms. In this work, we introduce a spectrometerless Raman identification approach that utilizes guided-mode resonance filters. Unlike arrayed narrowband-filters spectrometer, we tailor the transmission characteristics of each filter to match the Raman signature of a given target. Hence, instantaneous Raman identification could be directly achieved at the hardware level with no spectral data post-processing. The filters consist of a metasurface grating encapsulated between two identical distributed Bragg reflectors and are characterized by transmission peaks line-widths narrower than 0.01 nm and transmission efficiency exceeding 98%. We develop a rigorous design methodology to customize the filters’ characteristics such that the maximum optical transmission through a given filter is only attained when exposed to the Raman scattering from its matched target. To illustrate the potential of our approach, we theoretically investigate the identification of four different saccharides as well as the classification of two antibiotic-susceptible and resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus. We show that our proposed approach can accurately identify these targets. Our work lays the foundation for a new-generation of scalable, compact, and cost-effective instant Raman identification platforms that can be adopted in countless applications from wearables and point-of-care diagnostics to in-line quality control in food and pharmaceutical industries.
The element of surprise in Peirce’s double consciousness paradigm
Authors: West Donna E. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This account will demonstrate that the element of surprise is a fundamental device in establishing double consciousness regimes; it further shows how such dialogic paradigms foster abductive inferences by filtering out irrelevant percepts/antecedents. The account sets up Peirce’s Pheme to be the primary device which shocks interpreters’ sensibilities (CP 8.266, 1903) – starting them on a course to question conflicting principles between ego and non-ego (CP 5.53, 1903: CP 8.266). The natural disposition of surprise to instantaneously deliver insight into which antecedents are relevant to vital, anomalous consequences demonstrates its indispensability in generating logical and semiotic advances. For Peirce, vividness, as an element of surprise in Secondness, is largely responsible for the nuts and bolts of how surprise facilitates logic; its means to activate searches for plausible antecedents makes vividness the prime candidate. The success of vividness at turning the mind of interpreters to new ways of explaining the consequence largely hinges upon the external properties of the unexpected consequence – not merely objects’ instantaneity, but their striking characteristics, as well. Even though vividness is external (MS 645, 1909; cf. Atkins 2018: 198), it produces internal responses, in the form of a war against feelings (CP 8.330, 1904). In this way, double consciousness paradigms are initiated, which, in turn, call for hypothesis generation.
Castration failure in prostate carcinoma due to a functioning adrenocortical carcinoma
Authors: Navani Vishal , Lynam James F , Smith Steven , O’Neill Christine J , Rowe Christopher W 
Published: October 2021

Summary
We report concurrent metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma (PC) and functioning androgen-secreting adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) in a 77-year-old man. The failure to achieve adequate biochemical castration via androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) as treatment for PC metastases, together with elevated DHEA-S, androstenedione, and discordant adrenal tracer uptake on FDG-PET and PSMA-PET, suggested the presence of a concurrent functional primary adrenal malignancy. On histopathological analysis, scant foci of PC were present throughout the ACC specimen. Castration was achieved post adrenalectomy with concurrent drop in prostate-specific antigen. We outline the literature regarding failure of testosterone suppression on ADT and salient points regarding diagnostic workup of functioning adrenal malignancies.

Learning points

Failure to achieve castration with androgen deprivation therapy is rare and should prompt careful review to identify the underlying cause.

All adrenal lesions should be evaluated for hormone production, as well as assessed for risk of malignancy (either primary or secondary).

Adrenocortical carcinomas are commonly functional, and can secrete steroid hormones or their precursors (androgens, progestogens, glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids).

In this case, a co-incident, androgen-producing adrenocortical carcinoma was the cause of failure of testosterone suppression from androgen deprivation therapy as treatment for metastatic prostate cancer. Pathological adrenal androgen production contributed to the progression of prostate cancer.
Incidental finding of lipaemia retinalis on diabetic retinal screening
Authors: Kempegowda Punith , Chen Wentin , Melson Eka , Leong Annabelle , Amrelia Prashant , Syed Ateeq 
Published: October 2021

Summary
A 37-year-old female of South Asian origin was referred to our diabetes clinic for evaluation of an unusual finding during her retinal screening. Her retinal blood vessels appeared white in contrast to the normal pink-red colour. She had type I hyperlipidaemia, confirmed by genotype, and was recently diagnosed with diabetes, secondary to pancreatic insufficiency, for which she had suboptimal control and multiple hospitalisations with recurrent pancreatitis. On examination, she had multiple naevi on her skin; the rest of the examination was unremarkable. The patient did not report any visual disturbances and had intact visual acuity. Investigations showed raised total cholesterol (12.5 mmol/L) and triglycerides (57.7 mmol/L). Following evaluation, the patient was diagnosed with lipaemia retinalis, secondary to type I hyperlipidaemia. The patient was managed conservatively to reduce the cholesterol and triglyceride burdens. However, therapies with orlistat, statin, fibrates and cholestyramine failed. Only a prudent diet, omega-3 fish oil, medium-chain triglycerides oil and glycaemic control optimised with insulin showed some improvements in her lipid profile. Unfortunately, this led her to becoming fat-soluble vitamin deficient; hence, she was treated with appropriate supplementation. She was also recently started on treatment with volanesorsen. Following this, her lipid parameters improved and lipaemia retinalis resolved.

Learning points

Lipaemia retinalis is an uncommon incidental finding of type I hyperlipidaemia that may not affect vision.

Management of associated dyslipidaemia is challenging with minimal response to conventional treatment.

Increased awareness of lipaemia retinalis and specialist management is needed as part of regular patient monitoring and personalised management.
Danish farmer cooperatives
Authors: Hansen Henning Otte 
Published: October 2021

The Danish farmer-owned cooperatives started back in the 1880s. The overall aim was to ensure farmers’ market power and market access in the marketing chain. Since then, cooperatives have emerged in most major agricultural and food industries. In certain industries, the market shares of cooperatives are large and dominant. In other sectors, market shares are smaller, and in some sectors, cooperative ownership has completely ceased.
A number of prerequisites have been crucial for the significant development of the Danish farmer cooperative industry: A bottom-up approach has been important, so that farmers themselves have driven the development and have had strong incentives to strengthen the cooperative model. A certain level of social capital, a human cohesion, a certain level of education as well as a certain degree of trust and access to infrastructure have also been important factors.
Today, the development and importance of cooperatives is recognized as a key driver behind the strong international competitiveness of the agricultural and food sectors in Denmark.
The purpose of the article is thus to describe and analyze the development, the significance and the underlying drivers of the farmer-owned cooperatives. Based on literature studies, case studies and interviews, experiences are summarized and possible lessons are presented. Opportunities and barriers to transferring Danish cooperative experiences to other countries are analyzed and evaluated, and a number of recommendations are presented.
Opportunities and barriers to transferring Danish cooperative experiences to other countries are analyzed and evaluated. The results in terms of market access etc. meet the needs of farmers in many less developed countries. However, a number of barriers are identified, and the cooperative model must be adapted to the specific circumstances in individual countries.
Rapid Earthquake Source Description Using Variometric-Derived GPS Displacements toward Application to the 2019 Mw 7.1 Ridgecrest Earthquake
Authors: Zang Jianfei , Xu Caijun , Wen Yangmao , Wang Xiaohang , He Kefeng 
Published: October 2021

AbstractUsing near-field high-rate Global Positioning System (GPS) displacements to invert for earthquake fault slips in real time has the potential to improve the accuracy of earthquake early warning or tsunami early warning. For such applications, real-time retrieval of high-accuracy GPS displacements is essential. Here, we report on rapid modeling of the 2019 Mw 7.1 Ridgecrest earthquake with real-time GPS displacements derived from a variometric approach with readily available broadcast ephemeris. This method calculates station variations in real time by differencing continuous phase observations and does not rely on precise orbit and clock information. The phase ambiguity is also removed, and thus the method does not suffer from a relatively long convergence time. To improve the accuracy of variometric displacements, we use a local spatial filter to decrease the influence of residual errors that cannot be removed completely by the time difference. We invert for the centroid moment tensor, static fault slips, and fault rupture process from the derived displacements. Our results show that all inverted models are available within about 65 s after the origin time of the earthquake and are comparable with models inverted by real-time precise point positioning displacements. This study highlights the great value of variometric displacements for the rapid earthquake source description with only broadcast ephemeris.
Modeling Seismic Network Detection Thresholds Using Production Picking Algorithms
Authors: Wilson David C. , Wolin Emily , Yeck William L. , Anthony Robert E. , Ringler Adam T. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Estimating the detection threshold of a seismic network (the minimum magnitude earthquake that can be reliably located) is a critical part of network design and can drive network maintenance efforts. The ability of a station to detect an earthquake is often estimated by assuming the spectral amplitude for an earthquake of a given size, assuming an attenuation relationship, and comparing the predicted amplitude with the average station background noise level. This approach has significant uncertainty because of unknown regional attenuation and complications in computing small event power spectra, and it fails to account for the specific capabilities of the automatic seismic phase picker used in monitoring. We develop a data-driven approach to determine network detection thresholds using a multiband phase picking algorithm that is currently in use at the U.S. Geological Survey National Earthquake Information Center. We apply this picking algorithm to cataloged earthquakes to determine an empirical relationship of the observability of earthquakes as a function of magnitude and distance. Using this relationship, we produce maps of detection threshold using station spatial configuration and station noise levels. We show that quiet, well-sited stations significantly increase the detection capabilities of a network compared with a network composed of many noisy stations. Because our method is data driven, it has two distinct advantages: (1) it is less dependent on theoretical assumptions of source spectra and models of regional attenuation, and (2) it can easily be applied to any seismic network. This tool allows for an objective approach to the management of stations in regional seismic networks.
Um muiraquitã em seu contexto arqueológico no lendário amazônico
Authors: Costa Marcondes Lima da , Kipnis Renato , Valente Glayce Jholy Souza da Silva , Araújo da Silva Tallyta Suenny , Rodrigues Suyanne Flávia Santos , Schaan Denise Pahl 
Published: October 2021

Em salvamento arqueológico realizado pelo Programa de Pós-Graduação em Antropologia da UFPA em 2011 no porto da cidade de Santarém (Pará) foi encontrado um pingente lítico com as características morfológicas de um muiraquitã, aqui denominado de muiraquitã Santarém, portanto um dos primeiros em ambiente contextualizado no vale amazônico. Enquanto se tem em mente que esses pingentes sejam elaborados em jade nefrítico, o Santarém, embora lítico e de cor cinza esverdeado, foi entalhado em clorita-sericita-quartzo xisto, uma rocha metamórfica de baixo grau recorrente. Mesmo assim o achado é raro, em função do design e uso, além de representar objetos pré-históricos socioculturais, que no design encontram paralelos na pré-história ao longo da costa atlântica amazônica e nas ilhas do Caribe.
Etnografia sensorial e experiência sensível: experienciando a carne do mundo
Authors: De Castro Marina Ramos Neves 
Published: October 2021

Com este artigo pretendemos discutir a etnografia a partir de sua prática tendo como objeto quase sete anos de pesquisa - de agosto de 2011 a janeiro de 2018 - em um espaço urbano, uma feira, localizada em Belém do Pará, Amazônia brasileira. Procuramos colocar em evidência como ocorreu a construção do processo etnográfico feito on foot (Lee & Ingold 2006), a partir de uma observação de perto e de dentro (Geertz 1989) daqueles elementos e conteúdos (Simmel 2006) que conformam a feira enquanto tal: as pessoas e as coisas materiais e imateriais na sua concretude, as sensibilidades de todas as ordens; aquilo que a partir do pensamento de Merleau-Ponty (1945; 1985), seria a carne do mundo. Entrar na carne daquele mundo, e observar de que maneira essa carne se conforma, de que maneira ela dá corpo e vida à feira, e, assim, acaba por conformar o objeto de pesquisa do pesquisador a partir de sua própria prática etnográfica. Compreendo como uma prática etnográfica sensível pautada pela sensorialidade, que ao ser afetado (Favret-Saada 2012), cai no mundo da vida - (Lebenswelt) (Husserl 2006), e é completamente envolvido pelas circunstâncias do campo.
Codification of International Criminal Law: A Political-Legal Analysis
Authors: Erokhin D. V. 
Published: October 2021

For many decades, the issues of systematization of international criminal law, if not in the center of attention of the subjects of international lawmaking, are at least not removed from the agenda. At the same time, the negotiation process on this topic, even at the present time, is far from over; a significant number of problems of both a legal-technical and a political nature remain unresolved. An analysis of the historical experience of the codification of international criminal law, an attempt to bring it into a single report is the main task of this article, while its purpose is to determine the most significant stages of the codification of international criminal law, to establish the prerequisites for decisions of a law-making nature adopted at the international level, their logic and significance for the current state of the system of international criminal policy. The methodology of this research is made up of such methods as formal legal, logical and systemic interpretation of law, historical and comparative analysis. Both the main and the final parts of this study represent a short excursion into the formation of international criminal policy, indicate the main guidelines in the study of various areas of international criminal law.