bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Inter- and Intra-Rater Reliability of Tablet-Based Software to Measure Cochlear Duct Length
Authors: Cooperman Shayna P. , Aaron Ksenia A. , Fouad Ayman , Tran Emma , Blevins Nikolas H. , Fitzgerald Matthew B. 
Published: January 2021

Objective:
The objective of this study is to build upon previous work validating a tablet-based software to measure cochlear duct length (CDL). Here, we do so by greatly expanding the number of cochleae (n = 166) analyzed, and examined whether computed tomography (CT) slice thickness influences reliability of CDL measurements.

Study Design:
Retrospective chart review study.

Setting:
Tertiary referral center.

Patients:
Eighty-three adult cochlear implant recipients were included in the study. Both cochleae were measured for each patient (n = 166).

Interventions:
Three raters analyzed the scans of 166 cochleae at 2 different time points. Each rater individually identified anatomical landmarks that delineated the basal turn diameter and width. These coordinates were applied to the elliptic approximation method (ECA) to estimate CDL. The effect of CT scan slice thickness on the measurements was explored.

Main Outcome Measures:
The primary outcome measure is the strength of the inter- and intra-rater reliability.

Results:
The mean CDL measured was 32.84 ± 2.03 mm, with a range of 29.03 to 38.07 mm. We observed no significant relationship between slice thickness and CDL measurement (F1,164 = 3.04; p = 0.08). The mean absolute difference in CDL estimations between raters was 1.76 ± 1.24 mm and within raters was 0.263 ± 0.200 mm. The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) between raters was 0.54 and ranged from 0.63 to 0.83 within raters.

Conclusions:
This software produces reliable measurements of CDL between and within raters, regardless of CT scan thickness.
Surgical Outcomes With Cochlear Implantation in Patients With Enlarged Cochlear Aperture: A Systematic Review
Authors: Wong Kevin , Bahethi Rohini R. , Weitzman Rachel E. , Schwam Zachary G. , Wanna George B. 
Published: January 2021

Objective:
Evaluate surgical outcomes in patients with enlarged cochlear aperture (ECA) after cochlear implantation.

Databases Reviewed:
PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus.

Methods:
A systematic review was performed using standardized methodology. Studies were included if they included subjects with ECA who underwent cochlear implantation. Exclusion criteria included non-English articles, abstracts, letters/commentaries, case reports, and reviews. Bias was assessed using the Risk of Bias in Non-randomized Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I) tool.

Results:
Out of 1,688 identified articles, 7 articles representing 23 subjects with ECA were included. Publication rates increased between the period of study from 2009 to 2018. Four studies were level 4 evidence and three studies were level 3 evidence. In total, 20 subjects underwent cochlear implantation. Cerebrospinal fluid gushers were encountered in the majority of cases that reported complications (16/17, 94.1%); one patient developed postoperative meningitis, and another experienced postimplantation facial nerve stimulation. No study provided measurements on cochlear aperture size or defined size criteria used to identify ECA. Four studies recognized X-linked deafness to be associated with ECA, and the most common mutation was in POU3F4 gene.

Conclusion:
An association exists between ECA and cerebrospinal fluid gusher, underscoring the importance of reviewing preoperative imaging. Size criteria are not well defined, and there is a paucity of data with respect to normative measurements. Many cases of ECA may give a genetic link. Although level of evidence of current studies remains modest, ECA reports have increased and will likely continue to expand with advancements in imaging and genetic testing.
The Skull Vibration-induced Nystagmus Test (SVINT) for Vestibular Disorders: A Systematic Review
Authors: Waissbluth Sofia , Sepúlveda Valeria 
Published: January 2021

Objective:
To determine the specificity and sensitivity of the skull vibration-induced nystagmus test (SVINT) for detecting vestibular hypofunction.

Databases Reviewed:
The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, and SciELO.

Methods:
A systematic review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Databases were searched using a comprehensive search strategy including the terms “Vibration-induced nystagmus” or “SVINT” or “skull vibration-induced nystagmus test” or “skull vibration-induced nystagmus” from inception to May 2020.

Results:
A total of 79 articles were identified, and 16 studies met the inclusion criteria. The methodology for performing the SVINT and determining positivity is varied. Most authors refer to reproducibility, sustained response, ending with withdrawal of stimulus, nondirection changing, and response in more than one point of stimulation, as necessary for a positive test. Only seven studies included a slow phase velocity of 2 degrees/s or 2.5 degrees/s as a criterion. Most studies employed 100 Hz stimulus for 10 seconds, while longer duration is suggested for pediatric patients. For partial and total unilateral vestibular loss, positivity varied from 58 to 60%, and 93 to 100%, respectively. Sensitivity ranged from 50 to 100%, and specificity from 62 to 100%. Importantly, the SVINT may decrease with time but does not usually disappear, hence, can provide information of past/compensated vestibular events.

Conclusions:
The SVINT can be used in pediatric and adult patients. It provides information regarding unilateral vestibular loss, acute, or compensated. It is a quick, safe, and noninvasive test, and is complementary to the dynamic vestibular and positional tests.
Reimbursement Matters
Authors: Lee Simon J. Craddock , Murphy Caitlin C. , Gerber David E. , Geiger Ann M. , Halm Ethan , Nair Rasmi G. , Cox John V. , Tiro Jasmin A. , Skinner Celette S. 
Published: January 2021

Background:
Accrual to cancer clinical trials is suboptimal. Few data exist regarding whether financial reimbursement might increase accruals.

Objective:
The objective of this study was to assess perceptions about reimbursement to overcome barriers to trial accrual.

Research Design:
This was a cross-sectional survey.

Subjects:
Oncologists identified from the American Medical Association Physician Masterfile.

Measures:
We report descriptive statistics, associations of physician characteristics with perceptions of reimbursement, domains, and subthemes of free-text comments.

Results:
Respondents (n=1030) were mostly medical oncologists (59.4%), ages 35–54 (67%), and male (75%). Overall, 30% reported discussing trials with >25% of patients. Barriers perceived were administrative/regulatory, physician/staff time, and eligibility criteria. National Cancer Institute cooperative group participants and practice owners were more likely to endorse higher reimbursement. Respondents indicated targeted reimbursement would help improve infrastructure, but also noted potential ethical problems with reimbursement for discussion (40.7%) and accrual (85.9%). Free-text comments addressed reimbursement sources, recipients, and concerns about the real and apparent conflict of interest.

Conclusions:
Though concerns about a potential conflict of interest remain paramount and must be addressed in any new system of reimbursement, oncologists believe reimbursement to enhance infrastructure could help overcome barriers to trial accrual.
Incident and Prevalent HIV Infections Attributed to Sexual Transmission in the United States, 2018
Authors: Johnson Anna Satcher , Song Ruiguang 
Published: January 2021

Background
The Ending the HIV Epidemic: A Plan for America initiative aims to reduce new infections by 2030. Routine assessment of incident and prevalent HIV by transmission risk is essential for monitoring the impact of national, state, and local efforts to end the HIV epidemic.

Methods
Data reported to the National HIV Surveillance System were used to estimate numbers of incident and prevalent HIV infection attributed to sexual transmission in the United States in 2018. The first CD4 result after diagnosis and a CD4 depletion model were used to generate estimates by transmission category, sex at birth, age group, and race/ethnicity.

Results
In 2018, there were an estimated 32,600 (50% confidence interval [CI], 31,800–33,400) incident and 984,000 (50% CI, 977,000–990,900) prevalent HIV infections attributed to sexual transmission in the United States. Male-to-male sexual contact comprised 74.8% and 69.1% of incident and prevalent HIV infections, respectively. Persons aged 25 to 34 years comprised 39.6% (12,900; 50% CI, 12,400–13,400) of incident infections; however, the number of prevalent infections was highest among persons 55 years and older (29.3%; 288,300 [50% CI, 285,600–291,000]). There were racial/ethnic differences in numbers of incident and prevalent infections among both men who have sex with men and persons with HIV attributable to heterosexual contact.

Conclusions
In 2018, most incident sexually transmitted HIV infections occurred in men who have sex with men, and the burden was disproportionate for persons aged 24 to 35 years, and Black/African American and Hispanic/Latino adults and adolescents. Efforts to increase the use of effective biomedical and behavioral prevention methods must be intensified to reach the goal to end the HIV epidemic in the United States.
Estimated Prevalence and Incidence of Disease-Associated Human Papillomavirus Types Among 15- to 59-Year-Olds in the United States
Authors: Lewis Rayleen M. , Laprise Jean-François , Gargano Julia W. , Unger Elizabeth R. , Querec Troy D. , Chesson Harrell W. , Brisson Marc , Markowitz Lauri E. 
Published: January 2021

Introduction
Human papillomavirus (HPV) can cause anogenital warts and several types of cancer, including cervical cancers and precancers. We estimated the prevalence, incidence, and number of persons with prevalent and incident HPV infections in the United States in 2018.

Methods
Prevalence and incidence were estimated for infections with any HPV (any of 37 types detected using Linear Array) and disease-associated HPV, 2 types that cause anogenital warts plus 14 types detected by tests used for cervical cancer screening (HPV 6/11/16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/58/59/66/68). We used the 2013–2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey to estimate prevalence among 15- to 59-year-olds, overall and by sex. Incidences in 2018 were estimated per 10,000 persons using an individual-based transmission-dynamic type-specific model calibrated to US data. We estimated number of infected persons by applying prevalences and incidences to 2018 US population estimates.

Results
Prevalence of infection with any HPV was 40.0% overall, 41.8% in men, and 38.4% in women; prevalence of infection with disease-associated HPV was 24.2% in men and 19.9% in women. An estimated 23.4 and 19.2 million men and women had a disease-associated HPV type infection in 2018. Incidences of any and disease-associated HPV infection were 1222 and 672 per 10,000 persons; incidence of disease-associated HPV infection was 708 per 10,000 men and 636 per 10,000 women. An estimated 6.9 and 6.1 million men and women had an incident infection with a disease-associated HPV type in 2018.

Conclusions
We document a high HPV burden of infection in the United States in 2018, with 42 million persons infected with disease-associated HPV and 13 million persons acquiring a new infection. Although most infections clear, some disease-associated HPV type infections progress to disease. The HPV burden highlights the need for continued monitoring of HPV-associated cancers, cervical cancer screening, and HPV vaccination to track and prevent disease.
Estimates of the Prevalence and Incidence of Syphilis in the United States, 2018
Authors: Spicknall Ian H. , Kreisel Kristen M. , Weinstock Hillard S. 
Published: January 2021

Background
Syphilis is a genital ulcerative disease caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum that is associated with significant complications if left untreated and can facilitate the transmission and acquisition of HIV infection. The last prevalence and incidence estimates of the burden of syphilis in the United States were for 2008.

Methods
We generate syphilis prevalence and incidence estimates for 2018 among adults aged 14 to 49 years. We fit a simple mathematical model to 2018 case report data to generate 10,000 sets of estimates for age and sex subpopulations and summarize our estimates by their median (50th percentile); uncertainty intervals are characterized by their 25th (Q1) and 75th (Q3) percentiles. We also used our methodology to reestimate 2008 prevalence and incidence estimates.

Results
In 2018, there were an estimated 156,000 (Q1, 132,000; Q3, 184,000) prevalent and 146,000 (Q1, 126,000; Q3, 170,000) incident syphilitic infections in people aged 14 to 49 years. Men accounted for roughly 70% of prevalent infections and more than 80% of incident infections. In both sexes, there were more prevalent and incident infections in 25- to 49-year-olds than 14- to 24-year-olds. Using these methods to reanalyze 2008 data, syphilis prevalence and incidence estimates have increased 164% and 175%, respectively, between 2008 and 2018.

Discussion
Although not as common as other sexually transmitted infections, syphilis should be monitored because of its devastating sequelae. As it continues to increase in frequency, it will be important for future work to continue to track its trajectory and burden.
Genital Mycoplasma, Shigellosis, Zika, Pubic Lice, and Other Sexually Transmitted Infections: Neither Gone Nor Forgotten
Authors: Torrone Elizabeth A. , Lewis Felicia M. T. , Kirkcaldy Robert D. , Bernstein Kyle T. , Ryerson A. Blythe , de Voux Alex , Oliver Sara E. , Quilter Laura A. S. , Weinstock Hillard S. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Most estimates of the combined burden and cost of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in the United States have focused on 8 common STIs with established national surveillance strategies (chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, trichomoniasis, genital herpes, human papillomavirus, and sexually transmitted human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B). However, over 30 STIs are primarily sexually transmitted or sexually transmissible. In this article, we review what is known about the burden of “other STIs” in the United States, including those where sexual transmission is not the primary transmission route of infection. Although the combined burden of these other STIs may be substantial, accurately estimating their burden due to sexual transmission is difficult due to diagnostic and surveillance challenges. Developing better estimates will require innovative strategies, such as leveraging existing surveillance systems, partnering with public health and academic researchers outside of the STI field, and developing methodology to estimate the frequency of sexual transmission, particularly for new and emerging STIs.
Estimates of the Prevalence and Incidence of Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Among US Men and Women, 2018
Authors: Kreisel Kristen M. , Weston Emily J. , St. Cyr Sancta B. , Spicknall Ian H. 
Published: January 2021

Background
The most recent prevalence and incidence estimates for chlamydia and gonorrhea, the 2 most reported sexually transmitted infections in the United States, were for 2008. We present updated estimates of the number of prevalent and incident chlamydial and gonococcal infections for 2018.

Methods
We estimated chlamydial prevalence directly from the 2015 to 2018 cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and chlamydial incidence using a mathematical model primarily informed by National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and case report data. Total and antimicrobial-resistant gonococcal prevalence and incidence were estimated using mathematical models primarily informed by case report and Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Program data. Estimates were calculated for the total population, all women, and all men aged 15 to 39 years, stratified by age group. Primary estimates represent medians and uncertainty intervals represent the 25th (Q1) and 75th (Q3) percentiles of the empirical frequency distributions of prevalence and incidence for each infection.

Results
Among persons aged 15 to 39 years in the United States in 2018, we estimate 2.35 (Q1, 2.20; Q3, 2.51) million prevalent and 3.98 (Q1, 3.77; Q3, 4.22) million incident chlamydial infections, and an estimated 209,000 (Q1, 183,000; Q3, 241,000) prevalent and 1.57 (Q1, 1.44; Q3, 1.72) million incident gonococcal infections. Of all gonococcal infections, there were 107,000 (Q1, 94,000; Q3, 124,000) prevalent and 804,000 (Q1, 738,000; Q3, 883,000) incident infections demonstrating antimicrobial resistance or elevated minimum inhibitory concentrations to selected antibiotics.

Conclusions
Chlamydia and gonorrhea were very common in the United States in 2018. Estimates show that more than 800,000 newly acquired gonococcal infections in 2018 demonstrated resistance or elevated minimum inhibitory concentrations to currently or previously recommended antibiotics.
Incidence and Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis Infection Among Persons Aged 15 to 59 Years: United States, 2018
Authors: Lewis Felicia M. T. , Spicknall Ian H. , Flagg Elaine W. , Papp John R. , Kreisel Kristen M. 
Published: January 2021

Background

Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) is a sexually transmitted parasite associated with multiple adverse outcomes in women. Estimating TV incidence is challenging because of its largely asymptomatic presentation.

Methods
Per-capita prevalence was estimated using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2013 to 2018. Incidence was estimated using ordinary differential equations assuming static incidence at steady state and fit using Bayesian techniques. Model inputs included estimates of proportion of asymptomatic cases, natural clearance, and time to symptomatic treatment seeking. Posterior distributions were drawn, and uncertainty was reported, from 25th (Q1) to 75th (Q3) percentiles. Aggregated measures were estimated by combining component distributions.

Results
Among 15- to 59-year-olds in 2018, the number of prevalent TV infections was 2.6 (Q1, 2.4; Q3, 2.7) million overall, 470,000 (Q1, 414,000; Q3, 530,000) among men, and 2.1 (Q1, 2.0; Q3, 2.2) million among women; the numbers of incident infections were 6.9 (Q1, 6.2; Q3, 7.6) million, 3.3 (Q1, 2.8; Q3, 3.8) million, and 3.5 (Q1, 3.1; Q3, 4.0) million among all persons, men, and women, respectively. Persons aged 15 to 24 years comprised 15.6% and 16.3% of all prevalent and incident infections, respectively; prevalence and incidence in both sexes increased with age. Incidences in both sexes were highly dependent on estimates of natural clearance, which were based on few data.

Conclusions
Prevalence and incidence of TV are substantial in the United States, particularly among those 25 years or older. Although estimated prevalence is higher in women, estimated incidence is similar in men and women. Data on key parameters of TV infection are limited; future research should focus on clarifying the natural history of TV.
A Recreational Fishing Death Due to a Jumping Spanish Mackerel (Scomberomorus commerson)
Authors: Tiemensma Marianne , Byard Roger W. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Commercial or recreational fishing may be associated with a wide range of potentially lethal events. We report the case of a 56-year-old man who died of blunt force chest and abdominal trauma after impact with a large Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus commerson) that had jumped into his recreational fishing boat. Injuries at autopsy included soft tissue bruising with fractured ribs, a ruptured diaphragm, intestinal and mesenteric contusions, contusion and disruption of the pancreas, and hilar splenic lacerations with a left-sided hemothorax and a hematoperitoneum. The clear temporal association of pain and progressive deterioration leading to cardiac arrest after the impact indicated that lethal injuries had been sustained. A variety of fish and cetacean species are known to jump out of the water sometimes to escape predators. It was reported that a large number of jumping fish being pursued by sharks were observed in the harbor on the day of the reported incident. This case demonstrates that lethal blunt abdominothoracic trauma may be caused by impact with Spanish mackerel, increasing the range of potentially dangerous situations that may be encountered while fishing.
The Relationship Between Earlobe Creases and the Presence, Extent, and Severity of Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis
Authors: French Claire E.V. , Rutherford John David , Goossens Louise , Tiemensma Marianne 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The association between earlobe crease(s) and coronary artery atherosclerosis has stimulated debate and controversy over the years. Most available published studies have been conducted on living patients. Although these studies offer valuable insight into such associations in patients who exhibit symptoms, no information is available from these studies on the prevalence of earlobe creases among an asymptomatic population. Postmortem studies offer the advantage of including individuals free of symptomatic cardiovascular disease, thus providing an inbuilt control group. The atherosclerotic pathological findings of 1298 individuals who underwent coronial postmortem examination at Wellington Regional Hospital, New Zealand, between 2006 and 2013 were retrospectively studied. Earlobe creases and atherosclerosis involving the coronary arteries were semiquantitatively appraised. The presence of an earlobe crease was found to be significantly associated with coronary artery atherosclerosis.
Psychometric Properties of the Preparedness Assessment for the Transition Home After Stroke Instrument
Authors: Camicia Michelle , Lutz Barbara J. , Joseph Jill G. , Harvath Theresa A. , Drake Christiana M. , Theodore Brian R. , Kim Katherine K. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Purpose
The aim of this study was to evaluate psychometric properties of the Preparedness Assessment for the Transition Home After Stroke (PATH-s), a novel instrument to assess stroke caregiver commitment and capacity. The PATH-s instrument can be obtained at www.rehabnurse.org/pathtool.

Design
The design of this study is cross-sectional.

Methods
The PATH-s, the Preparedness for Caregiving Scale (PCS), the Patient Health Questionnaire, the Perceived Stress Scale, and the Global Health Scale were self-reported from a convenience sample of caregiver–stroke survivor dyads (n = 183) during inpatient rehabilitation.

Results
Exploratory factor analysis revealed eight factors underlying the PATH-s structure. The PATH-s Cronbach’s alpha of .90 demonstrated criterion-related validity with the PCS (r = .79, p < .01). Both the PATH-s and the PCS were negatively correlated with the Patient Health Questionnaire (r = −.26 and −.27, respectively; p < .01) and the Perceived Stress Scale (r = −.12 and −.15, respectively; p > .05) and positively correlated with the Global Health Scale (r = −.46 and .46, respectively; p < .01), indicating convergent validity.

Conclusions
The PATH-s demonstrates excellent internal consistency and satisfactory criterion-related and convergent validity.

Clinical Relevance
The PATH-s may be used to assess the risk/needs of caregivers over time.