bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ausmaß und Entwicklung der Messerkriminalität in Deutschland: empirische Erkenntnisse und kriminalpolitische Implikationen
Authors: Rausch Elena , Hatton Whitney , Brettel Hauke , Rettenberger Martin 
Published: December 2021

ZusammenfassungMesserkriminalität steht seit einiger Zeit in der medialen und politischen Diskussion. Dabei wurde in der jüngeren Vergangenheit insbesondere über die Frage eines Anstiegs dieser Kriminalitätsform sowie über einen mutmaßlichen Zusammenhang mit der Staatsangehörigkeit der Täter/-innen diskutiert. Trotz der intensiven Debatten existieren bis heute vergleichsweise wenige gesicherte Daten hierzu. Der vorliegende Beitrag berichtet aktuelle empirische Ergebnisse über das Phänomen der Messerkriminalität anhand von Daten aus Rheinland-Pfalz. Ausgehend von einer Erhebung des rheinland-pfälzischen Ministeriums der Justiz wurden zu diesem Zweck Urteilstexte von insgesamt 519 rechtskräftig wegen schwerer Gewaltkriminalität abgeurteilten Personen ausgewertet, die sich auf Aburteilungen des Jahres 2013 (n = 253) und des Jahres 2018 (n = 266) beziehen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass es keinen statistisch signifikanten Unterschied zwischen Messerkriminalität und schwerer Gewaltkriminalität insgesamt hinsichtlich der untersuchten Variablen, insbesondere der Staatsangehörigkeit, gibt. Auch ein massiver Anstieg der Messergewalt von 2013 auf 2018 konnte nicht nachgewiesen werden. Lediglich der Unterschied zwischen Messerkriminalität und genereller schwerer Gewaltkriminalität hinsichtlich der Schuldfähigkeitsbeurteilung war für beide Jahrgänge hochsignifikant. Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse lassen zusammenfassend deshalb nicht auf einen unmittelbaren kriminalpolitischen Handlungsbedarf schließen.
Eine biografische Perspektive auf Radikalisierungsverläufe
Authors: Meier Jana , Bögelein Nicole , Neubacher Frank 
Published: December 2021

ZusammenfassungDieser Text rekonstruiert auf Basis längsschnittlicher biografischer Interviews mit (ehemals) rechtsextremen Männern vier Idealtypen biografischer Selbstbeschreibung von Radikalisierungsprozessen. In der ersten Selbstbeschreibung erzählen die Biografen von ihrer radikalen Familie, in die sie hineingeboren werden und deren ideologische Normen und Werte sie unhinterfragt übernehmen. Die zweite Selbstbeschreibung erklärt eine Suche nach Halt und Gemeinschaft als handlungsleitend. Die Ideologie spielt dabei anfangs eine untergeordnete Rolle, das Eingebundensein in Kameradschaften und Gewalt gehören aber dazu. In der dritten Selbstbeschreibung beziehen sich die Biografen auf ihre deutsche Abstammung und verherrlichen den Nationalsozialismus. Sie sehen sich als Hüter der völkisch-deutschen Gemeinschaft und verteidigen diese Idee auch unter Anwendung von Gewalt. Die vierte Selbstbeschreibung sieht die Hinwendung zum Rechtsextremismus als Ventil, um empfundene gesellschaftliche Benachteiligungen zu bewältigen. Abschließend prüfen wir, ob die Idealtypen auch auf Selbstbeschreibungen islamistisch eingestellter Interviewpartner übertragbar sind. Tatsächlich beschreiben diese ihren Weg in die Radikalisierung in ähnlicher Weise.
A Remark on the Bank Cases
Authors: Barz Wolfgang 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Since their formulation by Keith DeRose (1992), the so-called bank cases have played a major role in the discussion about whether knowledge depends on practical factors. According to the proponents of pragmatic encroachment, the proper conclusion to be drawn from the bank cases and similar examples is that knowledge of a proposition p does not supervene on one’s evidence for or against p. In my view, this conclusion is ill-founded. The reason is that the bank cases and similar examples suffer from an ambiguity concerning the known proposition — an ambiguity that has so far been overlooked. When this ambiguity is made explicit, it becomes clear that the conclusion does not follow.
Molecular fossils within bitumens and kerogens from the ~ 1 Ga Lakhanda Lagerstätte (Siberia, Russia) and their significance for understanding early eukaryote evolution
Authors: Duda Jan-Peter , König Hannah , Reinhardt Manuel , Shuvalova Julia , Parkhaev Pavel 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe emergence and diversification of eukaryotes during the Proterozoic is one of the most fundamental evolutionary developments in Earth’s history. The ca. 1-billion-year-old Lakhanda Lagerstätte (Siberia, Russia) contains a wealth of eukaryotic body fossils and offers an important glimpse into their ecosystem. Seeking to complement the paleontological record of this remarkable lagerstätte, we here explored information encoded within sedimentary organic matter (total organic carbon = 0.01–1.27 wt.%). Major emphasis was placed on sedimentary hydrocarbons preserved within bitumens and kerogens, including molecular fossils (or organic biomarkers) that are specific to bacteria and eukaryotes (i.e. hopanes and regular steranes, respectively). Programmed pyrolysis and molecular organic geochemistry suggest that the organic matter in the analyzed samples is about peak oil window maturity and thus sufficiently well preserved for detailed molecular fossil studies that include hopanes and steranes. Together with petrographic evidence as well as compositional similarities of the bitumens and corresponding kerogens, the consistency of different independent maturity parameters establishes that sedimentary hydrocarbons are indigenous and syngenetic to the host rock. The possible presence of trace amounts of hopanes and absence of steranes in samples that are sufficiently well preserved to retain both types of compounds evidences an environment dominated by anaerobic bacteria with no or very little inputs by eukaryotes. In concert with the paleontological record of the Lakhanda Lagerstätte, our study adds to the view that eukaryotes were present but not significant in Mesoproterozoic ecosystems.
Key parameters of volcanic tuffs used as building stone: a statistical approach
Authors: Pötzl Christopher , Siegesmund Siegfried , López-Doncel Rubén , Dohrmann Reiner 
Published: December 2021

AbstractVolcanic tuffs naturally show a strong heterogeneity in their petrography and petrophysical properties. The arrangement of the components in tuffs can create a very wide spectrum of porosities and fabrics, which in turn can lead to a highly differential weathering behavior. Considerable amounts of clay minerals and zeolites are common and can contribute to a high sensitivity to expansional processes and salt crystallization. Understanding the influence of the rock properties on material behavior and durability can help to make predictions on future material behavior and evaluate the suitability of the material for construction purposes. This study presents the petrographic and petrophysical data of 15 selected tuffs and 513 tuffs from the literature used as building stones. Regression analysis show if parameters are comparable and if key parameters can be identified. Key parameters can potentially be used for the estimation of the material behavior, without the use of expensive analytics or weathering simulations.
The social dilemma in artificial intelligence development and why we have to solve it
Authors: Strümke Inga , Slavkovik Marija , Madai Vince Istvan 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWhile the demand for ethical artificial intelligence (AI) systems increases, the number of unethical uses of AI accelerates, even though there is no shortage of ethical guidelines. We argue that a possible underlying cause for this is that AI developers face a social dilemma in AI development ethics, preventing the widespread adaptation of ethical best practices. We define the social dilemma for AI development and describe why the current crisis in AI development ethics cannot be solved without relieving AI developers of their social dilemma. We argue that AI development must be professionalised to overcome the social dilemma, and discuss how medicine can be used as a template in this process.
The AI ethicist’s dilemma: fighting Big Tech by supporting Big Tech
Authors: Sætra Henrik Skaug , Coeckelbergh Mark , Danaher John 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAssume that a researcher uncovers a major problem with how social media are currently used. What sort of challenges arise when they must subsequently decide whether or not to use social media to create awareness about this problem? This situation routinely occurs as ethicists navigate choices regarding how to effect change and potentially remedy the problems they uncover. In this article, challenges related to new technologies and what is often referred to as ‘Big Tech’ are emphasized. We present what we refer to as the AI ethicist’s dilemma, which emerges when an AI ethicist has to consider how their own success in communicating an identified problem is associated with a high risk of decreasing the chances of successfully remedying the problem. We examine how the ethicist can resolve the dilemma and arrive at ethically sound paths of action through combining three ethical theories: virtue ethics, deontological ethics and consequentialist ethics. The article concludes that attempting to change the world of Big Tech only using the technologies and tools they provide will at times prove to be counter-productive, and that political and other more disruptive avenues of action should also be seriously considered by ethicists who want to effect long-term change. Both strategies have advantages and disadvantages, and a combination might be desirable to achieve these advantages and mitigate some of the disadvantages discussed.
Multilocus-phylogeny of the lichen-forming genus Bacidia s. str. (Ramalinaceae, Lecanorales) with special emphasis on the Russian Far East
Authors: Gerasimova Julia V. , Ezhkin Aleksandr K. , Davydov Evgeny A. , Beck Andreas 
Published: December 2021

AbstractTo clarify deep relationships among species lineages within Bacidia s. str., and to investigate the robustness of the deeper branches, we combined data from three traditionally used RNA-coding genes (nrITS, nrLSU and mtSSU) with two protein-coding genes (RPB1 and RPB2). The multigene phylogeny contained 48 newly generated sequences from the Russian Far East and all Bacidia s. str. sequences from GenBank (131 sequences). We subjected the alignments for the single and concatenated data sets to Bayesian inference (BI) and two maximum likelihood (ML) analyses (RAxML and IQ-TREE). The topologies of phylogenetic trees recovered from BI and ML analyses were highly concordant. The multilocus phylogeny of Bacidia s. str. was congruent with previous results based on nrITS sequences from the Russian Far East but with considerably higher support values for most of the deeper branches. A correlation between the recovered clades and apothecial pigments in the upper part of the hymenium and lateral exciple was observed. Based on morphological and molecular evidence, Bacidia obtecta is described as new to science. It was recovered as the sister lineage of B. elongata. The two species are alike in having up to four enlarged lumina cells along the exciple edge, but B. obtecta differs in the abundant crystals found in the upper hymenium and lateral exciple, and by having spores with fewer septa.
Developmental change in children’s speech processing of auditory and visual cues: An eyetracking study
Authors: ZAMUNER Tania S. , RABIDEAU Theresa , MCDONALD Margarethe , YEUNG H. Henny 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis study investigates how children aged two to eight years (N = 129) and adults (N = 29) use auditory and visual speech for word recognition. The goal was to bridge the gap between apparent successes of visual speech processing in young children in visual-looking tasks, with apparent difficulties of speech processing in older children from explicit behavioural measures. Participants were presented with familiar words in audio-visual (AV), audio-only (A-only) or visual-only (V-only) speech modalities, then presented with target and distractor images, and looking to targets was measured. Adults showed high accuracy, with slightly less target-image looking in the V-only modality. Developmentally, looking was above chance for both AV and A-only modalities, but not in the V-only modality until 6 years of age (earlier on /k/-initial words). Flexible use of visual cues for lexical access develops throughout childhood.
Effect of Upstream Dam Geometry on Peak Discharge During Overtopping Breach in Noncohesive Homogeneous Embankment Dams; Implications for Tailings Dams
Authors: Walsh A. , McDougall S. , Evans S. G. , Take W. A. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractTailings dams differ from conventional water‐retaining dams in design, materials retained behind the dam and used in construction of the dam, and the inclination of the upstream face of the dam. In this paper, we isolate the effect of upstream slope angle on behavior during overtopping breach. Six 1 m high homogeneous fine sand dams were constructed with upstream slope angles varying between 10.0° and 30.0° and brought to failure by V notch overtopping. Slope angle was observed to define the height of flow over the erosional breach crest hydraulic control structure that forms in the upstream face of the dam, with higher peak outflow corresponding to steeper upstream slope angles. A semiellipse was observed to be an excellent approximation of the geometry of the breach throughout the rising limb of the hydrograph to peak outflow. This observation permitted the use of the Ramanujan approximation for perimeter of an ellipse to define a mathematical relationship between breach width and arc length. A simplified method to predict the rising limb of the outflow hydrograph was then proposed based on the assumption of linear growth of breach width coupled with a semielliptical breach geometry. These findings show that hazard analysis for overtopping failure should consider the effect of upstream slope angle on peak outflow.
A National VS30 Model for South Korea to Combine Nationwide Dense Borehole Measurements With Ambient Seismic Noise Analysis
Authors: Kim Byeongwoo , Hong Tae‐Kyung 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe average shear‐wave velocity within the top 30 m from the surface, VS30, represents site characteristics including the soil classification and site amplification that are essential information for building codes and seismic design. A novel method to determine a VS30 model based on a composite analysis of borehole standard penetration test numbers (SPT N) and horizontal‐to‐vertical (H/V) spectral ambient noise ratios is introduced. A national VS30 model for South Korea is determined using the method. The shear‐wave velocity structures beneath 20 nationwide broadband seismic stations are determined using the H/V analysis. The SPT N data are collected from 175,619 nationwide densely‐distributed boreholes. The shear‐wave velocity models from SPT N values are calibrated for the local reference velocity models from H/V analysis. A representative relationship between the SPT N values and shear‐wave velocities is introduced. A national VS30 model for South Korea is determined using the calibrated SPT N models at the nationwide boreholes. The VS30 model is verified by comparisons with local field measurements. The proposed model is consistent with the USGS model based on a surface slope analysis. The VS30 structure presents high correlation with geological and topographic features. The VS30 values are low in coastal (low topographic) areas, and high in mountain (high topographic) areas. Apparent linear relationship is observed between VS30 and topography. The western and southeastern coastal regions may be vulnerable to strong seismic shaking.
PetroChron Antarctica: A Geological Database for Interdisciplinary Use
Authors: Sanchez G. , Halpin J. A. , Gard M. , Hasterok D. , Stål T. , Raimondo T. , Peters S. , Burton‐Johnson A. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWe present PetroChron Antarctica, a new relational database including petrological, geochemical and geochronological data sets along with computed rock properties from geological samples across Antarctica. The database contains whole‐rock geochemistry with major/trace element and isotope analyses, geochronology from multiple isotopic systems and minerals for given samples, as well as an internally consistent rock classification based on chemical analysis and derived rock properties (i.e., chemical indices, density, p‐velocity, and heat production). A broad range of meta‐information such as geographic location, petrology, mineralogy, age statistics and significance are also included and can be used to filter and assess the quality of the data. Currently, the database contains 11,559 entries representing 10,056 unique samples with varying amounts of geochemical and geochronological data. The distribution of rock types is dominated by mafic (36%) and felsic (33%) compositions, followed by intermediate (22%) and ultramafic (9%) compositions. Maps of age distribution and isotopic composition highlight major episodes of tectonic and thermal activity that define well known crustal heterogeneities across the continent, with the oldest rocks preserved in East Antarctica and more juvenile lithosphere characterizing West Antarctica. PetroChron Antarctica allows spatial and temporal variations in geology to be explored at the continental scale and integrated with other Earth‐cryosphere‐biosphere‐ocean data sets. As such, it provides a powerful resource ready for diverse applications including plate tectonic reconstructions, geological/geophysical maps, geothermal heat flow models, lithospheric and glacial isostasy, geomorphology, ice sheet reconstructions, biodiversity evolution, and oceanography.
Investigating the Impacts of a Wet Typhoon on Microseismicity: A Case Study of the 2009 Typhoon Morakot in Taiwan Based on a Template Matching Catalog
Authors: Zhai Qiushi , Peng Zhigang , Chuang Lindsay Y. , Wu Yih‐Min , Hsu Ya‐Ju , Wdowinski Shimon 
Published: December 2021

AbstractRecent studies suggested that transient and long‐term stress changes caused by Earth's surface processes (e.g., extreme weather events, annual variations on groundwater storages) can affect earthquake activities in the subsurface. However, these studies may be limited by the completeness of standard earthquake catalogs, especially during or right after extreme weather events. Here we apply the template matching method to build a more complete earthquake catalog in Taiwan spanning seven months before and 12 months after 2009 typhoon Morakot, which brought the highest rainfall in southern Taiwan in the past 60 years and triggered numerous landslides. We then use the enhanced catalog to investigate possible influences of typhoon‐driven Earth's surface processes (atmospheric pressure, precipitation, and erosion) on local seismicity. We find that the seismicity rate of a 40‐day earthquake sequence in northeastern Taiwan was reduced significantly right after the passage of typhoon Morakot's eye center. In the typhoon‐triggered landslide zone in southern Taiwan, we find a slight increase in background seismicity rate in the next year after Morakot, matching the results of a recent study. However, we do not observe a clear change in the Gutenberg‐Richter b‐value in this zone, which is different from the recent study. Station outages during and right after Morakot prevents us from better understanding short‐term precipitation effect on local seismicity. Overall, except for a reduction in seismicity rate near the typhoon's low‐pressure eye center in northeastern Taiwan, we do not observe other clear seismicity changes that can be attributed to surface changes induced by typhoon Morakot.
Microscale Mechanical‐Chemical Modeling of Granular Salt: Insights for Creep
Authors: Hu Mengsu , Steefel Carl I. , Rutqvist Jonny 
Published: December 2021

AbstractMicroscale numerical modeling is potentially an effective approach for understanding salt creep, but it is quite challenging because natural salt grain boundaries can have complex and evolving geometry, and because contacts between these deformable salt mineral grains are dynamic as a result of compaction, chemical reaction, fluid flow, and heat transfer. In this study, we have overcome these challenges and developed a new microscale mechanical‐chemical (MC) model to analyze creep of salt at the microscale, accounting for coupled deformation, dynamic contacts, and chemical reaction in granular systems with realistic geometric representations. The MC model was realized by linking a new microscale mechanical code based on the numerical manifold method (NMM) to a reactive transport code named Crunch. We simulated the processes of reorganization of the salt grains, microfracturing, and pressure solution that contribute to creep at larger scales. Based on this first quantitative microscale model, we found that sharp corners of mineral grains can dominate the contact dynamics, microfracturing, and pressure solution when salt is compacted, thus governing the structural changes and porosity loss of the system. We found that pressure solution, which preferentially dissolves sharp corners and edges, can lead to relatively high porosity loss in the system, thus playing an important role in the creep of salt. Our analysis shows that the dynamic changes of salt granular systems involving grain relocation and pressure solution can occur repeatedly and continuously, thus contributing to longer‐term creep of salt at larger scales.
Tropical Cyclone Precipitation Response to Surface Warming in Aquaplanet Simulations With Uniform Thermal Forcing
Authors: Stansfield Alyssa M. , Reed Kevin A. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWhile many modeling studies have attempted to estimate how tropical cyclone (TC) precipitation is impacted by climate change, the multitude of analysis techniques and methodologies have resulted in varying conclusions. Simplified models may be able to help overcome this problem. Radiative‐convective equilibrium (RCE) model simulations have been used in various configurations to study fundamental aspects of Earth's climate. While many RCE modeling studies have focused on TC genesis, intensification, and size, limited work has been done using RCE to study TC precipitation. In this study, the response of TC precipitation to sea surface temperature (SST) change is analyzed in global Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) aquaplanet simulations run with Radiative‐Convective Equilibrium Model Intercomparison Project protocols, with the addition of planetary rotation. We expect that the insight gained about how TC precipitation responds to SST warming will help predict how TCs in the real world respond to climate change. In the CAM RCE simulations, the warmer SST simulations have less TCs on average, but the TCs tend to be larger in outer size and more intense. As simulation SST increases, more extreme precipitation rates occur within TCs, and more of the TC precipitation comes from these extreme rates. For extreme (99th percentile) TC precipitation, SST, and TC intensity increases dominate the 8.6% per K increase, while TC outer size changes have little impact. For accumulated TC precipitation, SST, and TC intensity contributions are still the majority, but TC outer size changes also contribute to the 6.6% per K increase.