bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Underweight and overweight/obesity among adults in Afghanistan: Prevalence and correlates from a national survey in 2018
Authors: Pengpid Supa , Peltzer Karl 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background

The study aimed to estimate the prevalence and correlates of underweight and overweight/obesity among adults in Afghanistan.
Methods

National cross-sectional survey data of 3,779 persons aged 18–69 years were analysed. Multinomial logistic regression was used to estimate factors associated with underweight and overweight/obesity relative to normal weight.
Results

In all, 7.8% of the study sample was underweight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m²), 49.5% had normal weight (BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m²), 25.5% overweight (25.0-29.9 kg/m²), and 17.2% obesity. In adjusted multinomial logistic regression, factors negatively associated with underweight were male sex (Adjusted Relative Risk Ratio-ARRR: 0.55, Confidence Interval-CI: 0.32–0.95). Factors positively associated with overweight/obesity were aged 30–44 years (ARRR: 1.92, CI: 1.46–2.53) and aged 45–69 years (ARRR: 1.49, CI: 1.05–2.11) (compared to 18–29 years) (ARRR: 1.28, CI: 1.14–2.18), hypertension (ARRR: 2.69, CI: 1.88–3.85), type 2 diabetes (ARRR: 1.81, CI: 1.15–2.86), and raised cholesterol (ARRR: 2.04, CI: 1.41–2.95).
Conclusion

Almost one in ten adult respondents were underweight and more than two in five were overweight/obese, confirming a dual burden of malnutrition in Afghanistan.
Britannin, a Sesquiterpene Lactone Induces ROS-Dependent Apoptosis in NALM-6, REH, and JURKAT Cell Lines And Produces a Synergistic Effect With Vincristine
Authors: Mohammadlou Hassan , Hamzeloo-Moghadam Maryam , Mohammadi Mohammad Hossein , Yami Amir , Gharehbaghian Ahmad 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Britannin, a Sesquiterpene Lactone isolated from Inula aucheriana, has recently gained attractions in the therapeutic fields due to its vast cytotoxic properties in different types of cancers. This study was designed to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of this agent on Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) cell lines, either as a monotherapy or in combination with Vincristine (VCR). The results obtained in this study showed that while Britannin reduced the viability of ALL cell lines such as NALM-6, REH, and JURKAT cells, it did not exert cytotoxicity against normal Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) and L929 cells. Among tested cells, pre-B ALL-derived NALM-6 cells had the highest sensitivity to Britannin. Moreover, we found that Britannin induced p21/p27-mediated G1 cell cycle arrest cells and Reactive Oxygen Specious (ROS)-mediated apoptotic cell death in NALM-6 cells. When NALM-6 cells were treated with N-acetyl-L-Cysteine (NAC), a scavenger of ROS, we found that Britannin could induce neither apoptosis nor reduce the survival of the cells, suggesting that the cytotoxic effect of Britannin is induced through ROS-dependent manner. The cytotoxic effect of Britannin also was potentiated by autophagy suppression using Chloroquine (CQ). Moreover, we found that a low dose of Britannin enhanced the effect of Vincristine in NALM-6 cells by inducing apoptotic cell death via altering the expression of apoptotic-related genes. Overall, our results proposed a mechanism for the cytotoxic effect of Britannin, either as a single agent or in combination with Vincristine, in NALM-6 cells.
Seeing through brain fog: disentangling the cognitive, physical, and mental health sequalae of COVID-19.
Authors: Wild Conor , Norton Loretta , Menon David , Ripsman David , Swartz Richard , Owen Adrian 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
As COVID-19 cases exceed hundreds of millions globally, it is clear that many survivors face cognitive challenges and prolonged symptoms. However, important questions about the cognitive impacts of COVID-19 remain unresolved. In the present online study, 485 volunteers who reported having had a confirmed COVID-positive test completed a comprehensive cognitive battery and an extensive questionnaire. This group performed significantly worse than pre-pandemic controls on cognitive measures of reasoning, verbal, and overall performance, and processing speed, but not short-term memory – suggesting domain-specific deficits. We identified two distinct factors underlying health measures: one varying with physical symptoms and illness severity, and one with mental health. Crucially, cognitive deficits were correlated with physical symptoms, but not mental health, and were evident even in cases that did not require hospitalisation. These findings suggest that the subjective experience of “long COVID” or “brain fog” relates to a combination of physical symptoms and cognitive deficits.
Free Charge Photogeneration in a Single Component High Photovoltaic Efficiency Organic Semiconductor
Authors: Hodgkiss Justin , Price Michael , Hume Paul , Ilina Aleksandra , Wagner Isabella , Tamming Ronnie , Thorn Karen , Jiao Wanting , Campbell Alison , Conaghan Patrick , Lakhwani Girish , Davis Nathaniel , Wang Yifan , Xue Peiyao , Lu Heng , Chen Kai , Zhan Xiaowei 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Organic photovoltaic cells promise cheap, flexible and scalable solar energy. Whereas light directly generates free charges in silicon photovoltaic cells, bound electron and hole pairs known as excitons are understood to be the primary excitations in organic semiconductors due to their low dielectric constants. These excitons must then be split apart at molecular heterojunctions in order to extract current. Recent record efficiency organic photovoltaics utilise the small molecule, Y6, as a key component in the photon-absorbing blend layer. This molecule and its analogues – unlike previous organic semiconductors – have both low band-gaps and high dielectric constants. Here we show that, in a neat film of Y6, these factors lead to intrinsic free charge generation without the need for a molecular heterojunction to split the exciton. We use a suite of intensity-dependent optical spectroscopy measurements to show that a significant (20-90%) fraction of free charges exist in equilibrium with bound states at light intensity equivalent to 1 sun. Rapid bimolecular charge recombination constrains single component Y6 organic photovoltaic devices to low efficiencies, but this recombination is reduced by the introduction of small quantities of donor polymer. Quantum-chemical calculations reveal charge generation pathways through strong coupling between exciton and CT states, and an intermolecular polarisation pattern that drives exciton dissociation. Our results challenge the understanding of how current record efficiency organic photovoltaics operate, and point towards new future possibilities – offering a molecular picture of intrinsic charge generation as a platform to improve charge yields, and renewing the possibility of efficient single-component organic photovoltaic devices.
Copy number variation analysis in 189 Romanian patients with global developmental delay/intellectual disability
Authors: Miclea Diana , Osan Sergiu , Bucerzan Simona , Stefan Delia , Popp Radu , Mager Monica , Puiu Maria , Zimbru Cristian , Chirita-Emandi Adela , Alkhzouz Camelia 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Developmental delay and intellectual disability represent a common pathology in general population, involving about 3% of the pediatric age population and more and more often the genetic etiology is proven. The aim of this study was to determine the clinically relevant copy number variants in patients diagnosed with global developmental delay/intellectual disability in our population, using the technology SNP array. Material and methods. We analyzed 189 patients diagnosed with GDD//ID, presented in Clinical Emergency Hospital for Children Cluj-Napoca. The patients were completely clinically investigated, including dysmorphic evaluation, internal malformation evaluation, psychiatric and neuropsychological examinations, metabolic evaluation, standard karyotyping. Genomic analysis was done using SNP array technique. Results. 50/189 patients (26.45%) presented pathogenic CNVs and uniparental disomy (32/189 patients, 16.93%) or VOUS (variants of unknown significance) (18/189 patients, 9.52%). Two patients presented uniparental disomy of chromosome 15, one with clinical phenotype of Prader-Willi syndrome and the other with clinical phenotype with Angelman syndrome. The recurrent pathogenic CNVs were seen in 18/32 patients (56%) with pathogenic findings (CNVs or uniparental disomy). Conclusions. These data encouraged to continue using a microarray genetic testing as useful test for the diagnostic performance together with other new tools as exome or genome sequencing for a global genome view in diseases which have not a specific phenotype, such as intellectual disability.
Robust Whole Slide Image Analysis for Cervical Cancer Screening Using Deep Learning
Authors: Cheng Shenghua , Liu Sibo , Yu Jingya , Rao Gong , Xiao Yuwei , Han Wei , Zhu Wenjie , Lv Xiaohua , Li Ning , Cai Jing , Wang Zehua , Feng Xi , Yang Fei , Geng Xiebo , Ma Jiabo , Li Xu , Wei Ziquan , Zhang Xueying , Zeng Shaoqun , Chen Li , Hu Junbo , Liu Xiuli 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Computer-assisted diagnosis is key for popularizing cervical cancer screening. However, current recognition algorithms are insufficient in accuracy and generalization for cervical lesion cells, especially when facing diversity data in clinical applications. Inspired by manual reading slide under microscopes, we develop a progressive lesion cell recognition method combing low and high resolutions WSIs to recommend lesion cells and a recurrent neural network-based WSI classification model to evaluate the lesion degree of WSIs. After validating our system on 3,545 patient-wise WSIs with 79,218 annotations from multiple hospitals and several imaging instruments, on multi-center independent test sets of 1,170 patient-wise WSIs, we achieve 93.5% Specificity and 95.1% Sensitivity for classifying slides, closely equivalent to the average level of three independent cytopathologists, and obtain 88.5% TPR (true positive rate) for recommending top 10 lesion cells on 447 positive slides. After deploying, our system recognizes one giga-pixel WSI in about 1.5 minutes using one Nvidia 1080Ti GPU.
Computed Tomography-based Assessment of Radiographic Progression in Spine and Sacroiliac Joints After Pregnancy in Women With Ankylosing Spondylitis
Authors: Lee Kyung-Ann , Lee So Yun , Kim Se Hee , Kim Hyun-Sook , Kim Hae-Rim , Lee Sang-Hoon 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background: Mechanical stress are one of the pathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis (AS). During pregnancy, the mechanical overload on the spine and pelvis increases due to gravid uterus. We aimed to investigate whether pregnancy affects radiographic progression in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) based on computed tomography (CT) evaluations.Methods: This retrospective study included women with AS aged 19-49 years who underwent at least two CT evaluations of the whole spine or sacroiliac joints (SIJs) at intervals of 2-4 years. To compare radiographic progression after delivery, we classified the patients into two groups: delivery group and controls. The delivery group was restricted to women who had the first CT ~2 years before delivery and the second CT ~2 years after delivery. The CT Syndesmophyte Score (CTSS) (0-522) and SIJ scores (0-40) were used to evaluate spinal syndesmophytes and erosion, joint space narrowing, and sclerosis of the SIJs.Results: A total of 21 women in the delivery group and 38 women in the control group were included. The median (Q1-Q3) CTSS at baseline in the delivery group and controls was 19 (16-23) and 20 (13.25-27.75), and the median progression was 1 (0-3) and 0 (0-1) during the median 2.9-year follow-up, respectively. The median (Q1-Q3) SIJ score at baseline in the delivery group and controls was 13 (8-22) and 11 (6-22), and the median progression was 1.5 (0-3) and 1 (0-2), respectively. The CTSS and SIJ scores significantly increased in both groups; however, no difference in absolute score changes per time point was observed. The SIJ score changes were comparable according to the delivery method.Conclusion: Pregnancy and delivery do not affect the radiographic progression of the spine and SIJs in women with AS.
Pulsed Radiofrequency on Dorsal Root Ganglion Improves Neuropathic Pain-induced Depression in SNI Rats by Regulating Hippocampal BDNF and Neuroinflammation via Spinal IRF8 Inactivation
Authors: Xu Xueru , Dai Zhisen , Lin Chun , Lin Fan , Liu Rongguo 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background: Increasing evidence suggests that neuroglia, neuroimmune, and neuroinflammatory processes are involved in the development of nerve injury-induced pain and depression. Interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8), a crucial factor for microglial activation, is essential for the development of neuropathic pain. The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) in the hippocampus contribute to the pathophysiology of neuropathic pain-depression comorbidity. Our previous study found that depressive-like behaviors induced by spared nerve injury (SNI) could be improved by applying pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) to the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) (PRF-DRG). However, the anti-depressive mechanisms of PRF-DRG therapy remain largely unknown. Methods: All rats (except for those in the sham group) were subjected to SNI. The nuclease-free water group and the IRF8 siRNA group were intrathecally injected with nuclease-free water and IRF8 siRNA on days 5 and 6 after SNI, respectively. PRF therapy on the L5 DRG was performed in the PRF group on day 7 after SNI, whereas no PRF current was delivered in the Sham-PRF group. The 50% paw withdrawal threshold, forced swimming test, and sucrose preference test were performed. The expression levels of spinal IRF8 and hippocampal BDNF were tested by molecular biochemistry, while IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were tested by ELISA.Results: The depressive-like behaviors induced by SNI were remarkably developed in rats, which was indicated by a significant reduction in the sucrose preference rate and prolonged immobility time on day 42 after SNI. Mechanical allodynia and depression-like behaviors of rats with SNI were remarkably improved after PRF-DRG or intrathecal IRF8 siRNA. Spinal IRF8 overexpression, hippocampal BDNF downregulation, and increased hippocampal IL-1β and TNF-α levels were reversed by PRF-DRG, similar to the intrathecal injection of IRF8 siRNA. Conclusions: PRF-DRG therapy could regulate neuroimmune and neuroinflammatory responses to improve pain-induced depressive-like behaviors. The beneficial effect was correlated with the upregulation of BDNF and inhibition of IL-1β and TNF-α in the hippocampus via spinal IRF8 inactivation.
Confirmation of Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus infections in G-haplotype coconut rhinoceros beetles (Oryctes rhinoceros) from Palauan PCR-positive populations
Authors: Tanaka Shunsuke , Nakai Madoka , Harrison Robert , Arai Hiroshi , Katayama Yukie , Mizutani Tetsuya , Inoue Maki , Miles Joel , Marshall Sean , Kitalong Christopher 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The coconut rhinoceros beetle (CRB), Oryctes rhinoceros, is a pest of palm trees in the Pacific. Recently, a remarkable degree of palm damage reported in Guam, Hawaii, Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands has been associated with a particular haplotype (clade I), known as “CRB-G”, which can be distinguished by a molecular marker in the mitochondrial gene. In Palau Archipelago, it was reported that CRB-G and other haplotype (clade IV) belonging to the CRB-S cluster coexisted in the field. In this study, more than 75% of pheromone trap-captured adults of both of haplotypes were OrNV-positive by PCR. There was no significant difference in OrNV prevalence between the haplotypes. In tissues of PCR-positive CRB-G specimens from Palau, viral particles were observed by transmission electron microscopy. Hemocoel injection of CRB larvae with crude virus homogenates from these tissues resulted in viral infection and mortality. However, the OrNV isolates from Palauan beetles exhibited a lower level of viral production and longer larval survival times compared to OrNV isolate X2B, a typical isolate used for biological control of CRB in the Pacific. The full genome sequences of the Palauan and X2B isolates were determined and found to be closely related to each other. These results suggest that CRB adults in Palau are infected with a less virulent virus.
Logical-qubit operations in an error-detecting surface code
Authors: Marques Jorge , Varbanov Boris , Moreira Miguel , Ali Hany , Muthusubramanian Nandini , Zachariadis Christos , Battistel Francesco , Beekman Marc , Haider Nadia , Vlothuizen Wouter , Bruno Alessandro , Terhal Barbara , DiCarlo Leonardo 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Future fault-tolerant quantum computers will require storing and processing quantum data in logical qubits.
We realize a suite of logical operations on a distance-two logical qubit stabilized using repeated error detection cycles. Logical operations include initialization into arbitrary states, measurement in the cardinal bases of the Bloch sphere, and a universal set of single-qubit gates. For each type of operation, we observe higher performance for fault-tolerant variants over non-fault-tolerant variants, and quantify the difference through detailed characterization. In particular, we demonstrate process tomography of logical gates, using the notion of a logical Pauli transfer matrix. This integration of high-fidelity logical operations with a scalable scheme for repeated stabilization is a milestone on the road to quantum error correction with higher-distance superconducting surface codes.
Pain in Veterans with COPD: Relationship with Physical Activity and Exercise Capacity
Authors: Raphaely Rebecca , Mongiardo Maria , Goldstein Rebekah L. , Robinson Stephanie A. , Wan Emily S. , Moy Marilyn 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background: Pain is a common but underappreciated symptom experienced by people with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). The relationships between pain and physical activity (PA) and exercise capacity are poorly understood. Methods: This retrospective secondary analysis included three cohorts of Veterans with COPD and objective measures of PA (daily step counts) and exercise capacity (6-minute walk test [6MWT] distance) who participated in longitudinal studies evaluating PA. Pain was assessed using the Bodily Pain (BP) domain of the Veterans RAND-36. In two cohorts, participants were randomly assigned to a web-based, pedometer-mediated PA intervention which has previously been demonstrated to improve PA. Results: Three-hundred and seventy-three (373) unique study participants were included in this analysis. Eighty-three percent (n=311) of the population reported at least mild pain and/or at least a little bit of interference due to pain at baseline. Cross-sectionally, greater BP was associated with lower 6MWT distance (β=0.51; 95% CI 0.20, 0.82; p=0.0013). Longitudinally, worsening BP was associated with a decline in 6MWT distance (β=0.30; 95% CI 0.03, 0.58; p=0.0312). There was no association between baseline BP and baseline daily step counts, baseline BP and change in PA, or change in BP and change in PA. Compared to usual care, our PA intervention improved BP scores (β=6.17; 95% CI 1.84, 10.45; p=0.0054). BP scores did not affect the impact of the intervention on daily step counts.Conclusion: Pain is highly prevalent and significantly associated with lower exercise capacity among Veterans with COPD. Worsening pain co-occurred with decline in exercise capacity but not PA. Our intervention reduced pain, although pain did not affect the impact of the intervention on PA.
Gender differences in the risk of depressive disorders following the loss of a young child: a nationwide population-based longitudinal study
Authors: Fang Shao-You , Chen Hsin-Hung , Wang I-AN , Chou Yiing-Jenq , Chen Chuan-Yu 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
Bereavement caused by the death of a child to the parents is one of the most traumatic life events. The aim of the current study is to investigate parental risk of seeking treatment for major depression disorders (MDD) in the year after a child’s death and explores whether such bereavement effects may manifest differentially by parents’ prior medical condition.
Methods
We studied a retrospective cohort of 7,245 parents (2,987 mothers and 4,258 fathers) identified in the National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan (NHIRD) who had lost a child with age between 1 and 12 years. For comparison, the parents of 1:4 birth year- and gender-matched non-deceased children were retrieved (16,512 mothers and 17,753 fathers). Gender-specific Cox regression analyses were performed to estimate risk.
Results
Nearly 3.5% and 1.6% of bereaved mothers and fathers sought treatment for major depressive disorders within the year of losing a child, significantly higher than 0.5% and 0.2% in the non-bereaved parents. With covariate adjustment, the hazard ratio (HR) for maternal and paternal bereavement effect was estimated 6.12 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.88–9.64) and 1.99 (95% CI: 1.09–3.63), respectively. The bereavement effects varied by prior disease history; specifically, the increased risk of major depression was especially prominent for those without chronic physical condition (CPC)(e.g., mothers with CPC: aHR = 3.60, 95% CI: 2.04–6.35 vs. no CPC: aHR = 10.58, 95% CI: 5.88–19.07).
Conclusions
Losing a young child can be a devastating life event. The observed negative effects are especially prominent for the women and those without prior medical history. Effective strategies addressing bereavement may require family-based, integrated physical and mental healthcare and even extended counseling service.
Numerical and Experimental Study on the Hot Cross Wedge Rolling of Ti-6Al-4V Vehicle Lower Arm Preform
Authors: Li Peiai , Wang Baoyu , Feng Pengni , Shen Jinxia , Wang Jiapeng 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Cross wedge rolling (CWR) has unique advantages in the production of shaft preforms with refined grains and improved mechanical properties. Considering the sensitivity of Ti-6Al-4V (TC4) alloy to heat treatment temperature, the effect of different initial deformation temperatures (IDTs) on the forming quality, mechanical properties and microstructure evolution of the TC4 alloy lower arm preforms in CWR forming were studied in this work. The flow stress curves of TC4 alloy in the two-phase region were obtained by isothermal compression experiments. The Arrhenius constitutive model was established and applied to DEFORM-3D finite element (FE) software to simulate the CWR forming process of TC4 alloy lower arm preforms. The forming quality of TC4 alloy parts was compared and analyzed by 3D FE simulation and experiment. And their mechanical properties at room temperature were tested by tensile test. The results showed that the rolled part has well forming quality (no steps and necking defects) and higher geometric dimension accuracy at the IDT 850°C. Moreover, with the increase of IDT, the radial force and torque in the rolling process decrease. In addition, there were no internal defects in the parts rolled by different IDTs, because the die gap reduces the number of alternating cycles of tensile-compressive stress in the rolled workpieces. Compared with the initial state, the microstructure was refined. When the IDT is 885 °C, the ultimate tensile strength (UTS), yield strength (YS) and elongation (EI) of the parts were 987 MPa, 924 MPa and 16.8 % respectively, which was able to ensure the mechanical performance requirements of the lower arm preform. The results provide theoretical guidance for the actual production of lower arm preform by CWR.