bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Repeatability and Reproducibility of Microdosimetry With a Mini-TEPC
Authors: Bianchi A. , Selva A. , Colautti P. , Petringa G. , Cirrone P. , Reniers B. , Parisi A. , Vanhavere F. , Conte V. 
Published: August 2021

Experimental microdosimetry measures the energy deposited in a microscopic sensitive volume (SV) by single ionizing particles traversing the SV or passing by. The fundamental advantage of experimental microdosimetry over the computational approach is that the first allows to determine distributions of energy deposition when information on the energy and nature of the charged particles at the point of interest is incomplete or fragmentary. This is almost always the case in radiation protection applications, but discrepancies between the modelled and the actual scenarios should be considered also in radiation therapy. Models for physical reality are always imperfect and rely both on basic input data and on assumptions and simplifications that are necessarily implemented. Furthermore, unintended events due to human errors or machine/system failures can be minimized but cannot be completely avoided.Though in proton radiation therapy (PRT) a constant relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of 1.1 is assumed, there is evidence of an increasing RBE towards the end of the proton penetration depth. Treatment Planning Systems (TPS) that take into account a variable linear energy transfer (LET) or RBE are already available and could be implemented in PRT in the near future. However, while the calculated dose distributions produced by the TPS are routinely verified with ionization chambers as part of the quality assurance program of every radiotherapy center, there is no commercial detector currently available to perform routine verification of the radiation quality, calculated by the TPS through LET or RBE distributions. Verification of calculated LET is required to make sure that a complex robustly optimized plan will be delivered as planned. The scientific community is coming to conclusion that a new domain of Quality Assurance additionally to the physical dose verification is required, and microdosimetry can be the right approach to address that. A first important prerequisite is the repeatability and reproducibility of microdosimetric measurements. This work aims at studying experimentally the repeatability and reproducibility of microdosimetric measurements performed with a miniaturized Tissue Equivalent Proportional Counter (mini-TEPC) in a 62 MeV proton beam. Experiments were carried out within 1 year and without propane gas recharging and by different operators. RBE was also calculated by applying the Loncol’s weighting function r(y) to microdosimetric distributions. Demonstration of reproducibility of measured microdosimetric quantities y¯F, y¯D and RBE10 in 62 MeV proton beam makes this TEPC a possible metrological tool for LET verification in proton therapy. Future characterization will be performed in higher energy proton beams.
Perceived Risk of Infection Linked to Changes in Comfort in Social Situations From Before to During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Stierand Janine , Luebber Finn , Krach Sören , Paulus Frieder Michel , Rademacher Lena 
Published: August 2021

Background: Social lives have significantly changed since social distancing measures have been implemented to prevent the spread of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study aimed to investigate how our appraisal of social situations changed during the pandemic.Methods: In two online surveys, conducted in October 2019 and April 2020, 58 participants rated their personal level of comfort for sketches depicting social situations. Situations were separately categorized according to the risk of a possible COVID-19 infection and changes in ratings were analyzed by using a repeated measures ANOVA. Moreover, potential influencing factors on the change in ratings such as perceived infection risk and social factors like regular frequency and liking of social interactions were examined.Results: There was a significant interaction (p &lt; 0.001) between time of measurement and risk category. Comfort ratings of depicted situations with low and medium infection risk were higher during the second compared to the first survey period. Ratings of high-risk situations did not change significantly, although there was a tendency toward lower ratings during the pandemic. Multiple regression analyses showed that perceived probability of short-term infection could explain variance in the change of ratings of social situations with low- and medium risk, but not perceived probability of long-term infection or social factors.Conclusion: The results suggest that the change of participant's appraisal of the social situations during the COVID-19 pandemic relates to perceived infection risk. Both, the risk associated with the specific scenario as well as the general belief of short-term infection risk were associated with change. This change predominantly manifested in greater thought of comfort during low and medium risk situations, which might give a sense of safety during the pandemic. The finding that high-risk social situations were not rated as uncomfortable as expected must be considered with regard to the young sample and may not be generalizable to other individuals. Further research is necessary to evaluate long-term effects on social interactions caused by global pandemics such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
Awareness, Knowledge, and Misperceptions Related to Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in a Community Sample of Mexican-Origin Women: A Mixed Methods Study
Authors: Morrill Kristin E. , Crocker Rebecca M. , Hingle Melanie D. , Thomson Cynthia A. , Garcia David O. 
Published: August 2021

Introduction: Mexican-origin women suffer disproportionate rates of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and research on how to tailor NAFLD treatment interventions for this population is lacking.Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess awareness, knowledge, perceptions, and information sources related to NAFLD in a community-based sample of Mexican-origin women.Methods: This study employed a convergent parallel mixed-methods approach and consisted of a brief questionnaire (n = 194) and interviews (n = 26) among Mexican-origin women recruited from community-based settings including health fairs, churches, and community events. Participants were eligible if they identified as Mexican-origin, had a BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, were 18–64 years of age, had the ability to speak, read, and write in English and/or Spanish, and provided informed consent. A purposeful sampling approach was used to recruit a subset of women (n = 26) with confirmed liver steatosis indicative of NAFLD (controlled attenuation parameter ≥280 dB/m) who completed the questionnaire. The twenty-six participants then completed one on one, in-depth semi-structured interviews to ascertain their knowledge and understanding of NAFLD.Results: Qualitative findings revealed low awareness of risk factors for liver disease, NAFLD specifically. Knowledge of liver disease tended to center around cirrhosis, a condition many participants reported was prevalent in their families. Quantitative and qualitative findings both found information sources for NAFLD and liver disease to be predominantly friends, family, and media. Interviews revealed a misperception related to NAFLD risk that liver disease was only caused by high alcohol intake.Conclusion: Low levels of NAFLD awareness and knowledge warrant the need for greater efforts to educate the general population, perhaps by integrating NAFLD education into existing type 2 diabetes educational campaigns and prevention interventions. Additionally, further elicitation research conducted in Mexican-origin adults is needed to elucidate key factors within behavioral-theory constructs that can be targeted in future interventions tailored to this unique population.
Assessing the Quality of Life of Parents of Children With Disabilities Using WHOQoL BREF During COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Ali Usman , Bharuchi Vardah , Ali Nasreen Gulzar , Jafri Sidra K. 
Published: August 2021

Background: Caring for a child with disabilities is a challenging journey, as the parents must meet greater demands when compared with the parents of children without disabilities. Looking after a child with disablities requires additional financial, social, emotional, and physical resources. Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has made this even more challenging and impacted the quality of life of parents of children with disabilities.Methods: The study was an analytical cross-sectional design with two comparison groups: parents of children with developmental disabilities and parents of children without disabilities. The Urdu version of the WHO Quality of Life Measure Abbreviated version (WHOQOL-BREF) was used to measure the quality of life (QoL) among parents. Sociodemographic data were also obtained from the parents.Results: Parents of children with disabilities had lower overall scores when different domains of QoL were considered (physical health, psychological health, social relationships, and environment) using WHOQoL-BREF. Statistically significant differences were observed in the physical and environmental domains of parental QoL.
The Usability of the Preliminary ICF Core Set for Hospitalized Patients After a Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation From the Perspective of Nurses: A Feasibility Study
Authors: Stallinga Hillegonda A. , Bakker Janita , Haan Sylvia J. , van Os-Medendorp Harmieke , Kars Marijke C. , Overgoor Louis , Stewart Roy E. , Roodbol Petrie F. 
Published: August 2021

Background: A hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has a major impact on the functioning and perceived quality of life of patients. To describe the functioning of patients, a preliminary set of 53 categories of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) as relevant for HSCT patients has been selected earlier by a Delphi study. For the implementation of this preliminary ICF core set for patients after HSCT in clinical practice, a feasibility study was requested.Methods: A feasibility study was conducted in an explanatory mixed-methods research design. Qualitative data were collected cross-sectionally by semi-structured interviews based on specific topics related to feasibility regarding the use of the preliminary ICF core set for HSCT patients from the perspective of nurses (five in ICF-trained nurses and five regular, untrained, nurses). Quantitative data, were collected longitudinally by using a mobile health application based on ICF in which the ICF trained nurses registered HSCT patients' functioning.Results: Qualitative analysis indicated that using the preliminary ICF core set is practical and acceptable for providing information about the functioning of HSCT patients from the perspective of nurses. In addition, nurses indicated a demand for this information due to its impact on multidisciplinary meetings and clinical decision-making by involving relevant aspects of the functioning of patients. Management support, trained staff, and designated time to focus on functioning are mentioned as requirements for successful implementation. Quantitative analysis demonstrated that the most used 30% (n = 17) ICF categories are included in the preliminary ICF core set for HSCT patients (n = 24). Energy (b130) was the most used ICF category. Family relationships (d760) was the most frequently and highly positively associated ICF category.Conclusions: From the perspective of nurses, the preliminary ICF core set for HSCT patients is feasible and relevant in gaining information regarding functioning. Applying this preliminary ICF core set for HSCT patients in the anamnesis and the nursing consultations contributes to this information. Further research is needed to look at the perspective of other professionals and HSCT patients themselves.
Versatile Locomotion Planning and Control for Humanoid Robots
Authors: Ahn Junhyeok , Jorgensen Steven Jens , Bang Seung Hyeon , Sentis Luis 
Published: August 2021

We propose a locomotion framework for bipedal robots consisting of a new motion planning method, dubbed trajectory optimization for walking robots plus (TOWR+), and a new whole-body control method, dubbed implicit hierarchical whole-body controller (IHWBC). For versatility, we consider the use of a composite rigid body (CRB) model to optimize the robot’s walking behavior. The proposed CRB model considers the floating base dynamics while accounting for the effects of the heavy distal mass of humanoids using a pre-trained centroidal inertia network. TOWR+ leverages the phase-based parameterization of its precursor, TOWR, and optimizes for base and end-effectors motions, feet contact wrenches, as well as contact timing and locations without the need to solve a complementary problem or integer program. The use of IHWBC enforces unilateral contact constraints (i.e., non-slip and non-penetration constraints) and a task hierarchy through the cost function, relaxing contact constraints and providing an implicit hierarchy between tasks. This controller provides additional flexibility and smooth task and contact transitions as applied to our 10 degree-of-freedom, line-feet biped robot DRACO. In addition, we introduce a new open-source and light-weight software architecture, dubbed planning and control (PnC), that implements and combines TOWR+ and IHWBC. PnC provides modularity, versatility, and scalability so that the provided modules can be interchanged with other motion planners and whole-body controllers and tested in an end-to-end manner. In the experimental section, we first analyze the performance of TOWR+ using various bipeds. We then demonstrate balancing behaviors on the DRACO hardware using the proposed IHWBC method. Finally, we integrate TOWR+ and IHWBC and demonstrate step-and-stop behaviors on the DRACO hardware.
Anti-Blocking Mechanism of Flocking Drainage Pipes in Tunnels Based on Mathematical Modeling Theory
Authors: Liu Shiyang , Zhang Xuefu , Gao Feng 
Published: August 2021

Crystalline pipe plugging in tunnel drainage systems is one of the causes of tunnel lining cracking and water leakage. Therefore, effective prevention of crystalline pipe blockage in tunnel drainage systems is very important to ensure the safety and stability of the lining structure during tunnel operation. Combined with the theories of fluid mechanics, structural mechanics and basic physics, the flocking and anti-blocking mechanism of drainage pipe was comprehensively analyzed by using the method of mathematical modeling, including: (1) the calculation expression of average velocity of the flocked section of a flocked drainage pipe v = Q/(C1 − C2(r + r′)) and the calculation formula of flowing water pressure under the action of groundwater Fw = KAγQ2/(2g(C1 − C2(r + r′))2); (2) the flow velocity v0 in the flocked drainage pipe shall meet v2 < 4gπrlτ1/γKA, crystals will be attached to the fluff and the crystals will maintain dynamic balance; (3) the flow velocity v0 in the flocked drainage pipe shall meet v2 ≥ 4gπrlτ1/γKA, crystals will not adhere to the fluff and the flocked drainage pipe will remain unobstructed. The research on the mechanism of preventing blockage of flocking drainage pipes fills the gap in research theory in this regard, contributes to the popularization and application of blocking prevention technology of flocking drainage pipes, reduces the maintenance cost during operation of tunnel drainage systems and ensures the safe and normal operation of tunnels.
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation in Physical Education Class and the Differences between Two Educational Pathways
Authors: Ferraz Ricardo , Branquinho Luís , Pereira Miguel , Marques Mário C , Neiva Henrique P , Marinho Daniel A 
Published: August 2021

This study aimed to determine the most and least important reasons for engaging in physical education classes among students in two educational pathways within the context of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Forty-one students participated in the study (25 males and 16 females; mean age = 16.37 ± 0.829). The sample was divided based on two class types: regular education and professional education. All students answered a questionnaire that aimed to verify the most and least important reasons for students to engage in physical education classes concerning intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Indicated that both regular education and professional education classes had intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. The results also revealed that the participation of students was based essentially on their intrinsic motivation, but for different reasons when comparing the two educational pathways. Both types of the class were intrinsically and extrinsically motivated to participate in physical education classes.
Educação integral e(m) tempo integral no Plano Municipal de Educação de Angra dos Reis
Authors: Sirino Marcio Bernardino , Ramos Aline de Souza 
Published: August 2021

Este artigo objetiva promover uma reflexão sobre a perspectiva de educação de tempo integral inserida no Plano Municipal de Educação de Angra dos Reis, no que se refere à meta 6, por meio de análise documental e bibliográfica, na busca por ampliar os olhares sobre o processo de (re)construção e alinhamento do documento oficial.
Palavras-Chave: Políticas públicas, Plano Municipal de Educação, Tempo integral
The other-race effect on the McGurk effect in infancy
Authors: Ujiie Yuta , Kanazawa So , Yamaguchi Masami K. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis study investigated the difference in the McGurk effect between own-race-face and other-race-face stimuli among Japanese infants from 5 to 9 months of age. The McGurk effect results from infants using information from a speaker’s face in audiovisual speech integration. We hypothesized that the McGurk effect varies with the speaker’s race because of the other-race effect, which indicates an advantage for own-race faces in our face processing system. Experiment 1 demonstrated the other-race effect on audiovisual speech integration such that the infants ages 5–6 months and 8–9 months are likely to perceive the McGurk effect when observing an own-race-face speaker, but not when observing an other-race-face speaker. Experiment 2 found the other-race effect on audiovisual speech integration regardless of irrelevant speech identity cues. Experiment 3 confirmed the infants’ ability to differentiate two auditory syllables. These results showed that infants are likely to integrate voice with an own-race-face, but not with an other-race-face. This implies the role of experiences with own-race-faces in the development of audiovisual speech integration. Our findings also contribute to the discussion of whether perceptual narrowing is a modality-general, pan-sensory process.
Improving the national counter terrorism system
Authors: POLISCHUK S. 
Published: August 2021

The article analyzes modern terrorist threats. It is noted that today the level of terrorist threat in Ukraine is determined by a number of factors, both external and internal. The article contains an analysis of regulations on combating terrorism. The positive experience of the United States in determining the levels of terrorist threats is highlighted. Ways to improve the national system of combating terrorism have been identified.
Priority principles of state cybersecurity policy: organizational and legal aspect
Authors: HORUN O. 
Published: August 2021

The priorities of the state cybersecurity policy are considered. Modern challenges and threatening trends in the sphere of cybersecurity have been identified. The main principles of formation and implementation of the state cybersecurity policy are detailed. Some acts of domestic legislation devoted to the topical issues of cybersecurity are analyzed. The expediency of strengthening the capabilities of the national cybersecurity system of Ukraine is substantiated. The priority directions of development of the critical information infrastructure are outlined. The tasks and directions of improvement regulatory framework of state cybersecurity policy have been identified.
Detecting and Characterizing Young Quasars. II. Four Quasars at z ∼ 6 with Lifetimes < 104 Yr
Authors: Eilers Anna-Christina , Hennawi Joseph F. , Davies Frederick B. , Simcoe Robert A. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The extents of proximity zones of high-redshift quasars enable constraints on the timescales of quasar activity, which are fundamental for understanding the growth of the supermassive black holes (SMBHs) that power the quasars’ emission. In this study, we obtain precise estimates for the ultraviolet (UV) luminous lifetimes of 10 quasars at 5.8 < z < 6.5. These objects were preselected to have short lifetimes based on preliminary measurements of their proximity zone sizes and were then targeted for high-quality follow-up submillimeter, optical, and infrared observations required to increase the measurements’ precision and securely determine their lifetimes. By comparing these proximity zone sizes to mock quasar spectra generated from radiative transfer simulations at a range of different lifetimes, we deduce extremely short lifetimes t
Q < 104 yr for four objects in our sample, whereas the remaining quasars are consistent with longer lifetimes of t
Q ≳ 105 yr. These young objects with small proximity zones represent ≲10% of the quasar population as a whole. We compare our results in detail to other studies on timescales of quasar activity, which point toward an average lifetime of t
Q ∼ 106 yr for the quasar population. This is consistent with finding newly turned-on quasars approximately ∼1%–10% of the time. These young quasars represent a unique opportunity to study triggering and feedback mechanisms of SMBHs, since the onset of their UV-luminous quasar phase happened only recently, and therefore traces of this process might still be observable.
Tear Neuromediator and Corneal Denervation Following SMILE
Authors: Chin Jia Ying , Lin Molly Tzu-Yu , Lee Isabelle Xin Yu , Mehta Jodhbir S. , Liu Yu-Chi 
Published: August 2021

PURPOSE:
To investigate the changes in tear neuromediators and corneal subbasal nerve plexus following small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) and to study its association with different refractive power of corrections.

METHODS:
Thirty patients were included for tear neuromediator analysis (40 eyes) and corneal nerve analysis using in vivo confocal microscopy scans (20 eyes). Tear samples were collected preoperatively and 1 week and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively and analyzed for the substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and nerve growth factor (NGF) concentrations using the enzyme-linked immunosor-bent assay (ELISA).

RESULTS:

Corneal nerve fiber density (CNFD), corneal nerve fiber length (CNFL), and corneal nerve branch density (CNBD) decreased significantly postoperatively, then gradually increased from 3 months onward, but did not recover to the baseline levels at 12 months. Tear substance P and CGRP levels remained stable over 12 months. Tear NGF levels demonstrated a small peak at 1 week before decreasing significantly compared to preoperative levels at 6 months (
P
= .03) and 12 months (
P
= .007). The 1-month reduction in CNFL, tear substance P, and CGRP concentrations were significantly correlated with the corrected spherical equivalent (SE) (
r
= 0.71 for CNFL;
r
= −0.33 to −0.52 at different time points for substance P and CGRP, respectively, all
P
< .05). Compared to the low to moderate myopia group, the high myopia group (corrected SE greater than −6.00 diopters) had a significantly greater decrease in CNFD, significantly higher tear substance P concentrations at 1 week, 1 month, and 6 months, and significantly higher tear CGRP concentrations at 1 and 6 months.

CONCLUSIONS:
These results provide new insight into the neurobiological responses and their potential implications in corneal nerve damage and recovery after SMILE. High myopia treatment was associated with greater corneal denervation and neuroinflammation.

[
J Refract Surg
. 2021;37(8):516–523.]