bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tree Preference and Temporal Activity Patterns for a Native Ant Community in an Urbanized California Woodland
Authors: MacArthur-Waltz Dylan J. , Nelson Rebecca A. , Lee Gail , Gordon Deborah M. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAnthropogenic disturbances, including land use change and exotic species, can alter the diversity and dynamics of ant communities. To examine foraging behavior in an urbanized habitat in northern California, we surveyed the presence of 9 ant species on 876 trees across 4 seasons during both day and night in a 9.5-hectare urbanized oak-exotic woodland. Ants were more likely to be observed on native, evergreen trees, suggesting that native evergreen species may help maintain ant diversity. Species showed clear patterns of temporal partitioning of foraging activity. Ant species varied in their use of native evergreen Quercus agrifolia trees across season and day/night axes. Of the 3 ant species most frequently observed, Camponotus semitestaceus was most active during spring and summer nights, Formica moki was most active during spring and summer days, and Prenolepis imparis was most active during both day and night during fall and winter. Liometopum occidentale was the second most active species during summer day and night, and winter day. Our findings demonstrate that an oak-exotic urban woodland in Northern California was able to maintain a native ant community, and strong temporal partitioning within that community.
The impact of lay beliefs about AI on adoption of algorithmic advice
Authors: von Walter Benjamin , Kremmel Dietmar , Jäger Bruno 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThere is little research on how consumers decide whether they want to use algorithmic advice or not. In this research, we show that consumers’ lay beliefs about artificial intelligence (AI) serve as a heuristic cue to evaluate accuracy of algorithmic advice in different professional service domains. Three studies provide robust evidence that consumers who believe that AI is higher than human intelligence are more likely to adopt algorithmic advice. We also demonstrate that lay beliefs about AI only influence adoption of algorithmic advice when a decision task is perceived to be complex.
Modelling typing disfluencies as finite mixture process
Authors: Roeser Jens , De Maeyer Sven , Leijten Mariëlle , Van Waes Luuk 
Published: August 2021

AbstractTo writing anything on a keyboard at all requires us to know first what to type, then to activate motor programmes for finger movements, and execute these. An interruption in the information flow at any of these stages leads to disfluencies. To capture this combination of fluent typing and typing hesitations, researchers calculate different measures from keystroke-latency data—such as mean inter-keystroke interval and pause frequencies. There are two fundamental problems with this: first, summary statistics ignore important information in the data and frequently result in biased estimates; second, pauses and pause-related measures are defined using threshold values which are, in principle, arbitrary. We implemented a series of Bayesian models that aimed to address both issues while providing reliable estimates for individual typing speed and statistically inferred process disfluencies. We tested these models on a random sample of 250 copy-task recordings. Our results illustrate that we can model copy typing as a mixture process of fluent and disfluent key transitions. We conclude that mixture models (1) map onto the information cascade that generate keystrokes, and (2) provide a principled approach to detect disfluencies in keyboard typing.
Education for just transitions: Lifelong learning and the 30th anniversary Human Development Report
Authors: McGrath Simon , Deneulin Séverine 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe 30th anniversary Human Development Report, entitled The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene, was released by the United Nations Development Programme in December 2020. It marks an important step forward as a high-profile publication trying to radically re-think the challenge of sustainable development and revisit what it means to develop as human beings interconnected within earth systems. This article provides a critical reading of the report, and human development literature more widely, in assessing the role of lifelong learning in educating for just transitions, which it broadly understands as the transformation of all social systems, including economic systems, to bring them back into balance with earth systems in which they are embedded. The report maintains its trademark “human development lens” which has characterised the series since their inception in 1990. It prioritises consideration of capabilities, agency and values as central to the challenge, and opens up a discussion of how we need to change our understandings, values and actions, including what it means to be human, in order to effect just transitions towards sustainability. However, as the authors demonstrate, the report falls short of considering the lifelong learning challenge inherent and central to just transitions. The authors argue that the pressing challenge of responding to the climate emergency requires a richer understanding of how humans learn throughout their life course. In so doing, this article is a contribution to both the literature on education and human development, and the growing body of literature in the field of adult education and sustainability.
Flow Path Resistance in Heterogeneous Porous Media Recast into a Graph-Theory Problem
Authors: Kanavas Z. , Pérez-Reche F. J. , Arns F. , Morales V. L. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This work aims to describe the spatial distribution of flow from characteristics of the underlying pore structure in heterogeneous porous media. Thousands of two-dimensional samples of polydispersed granular media are used to (1) obtain the velocity field via direct numerical simulations, and (2) conceptualize the pore network as a graph in each sample. Analysis of the flow field allows us to distinguish preferential from stagnant flow regions and to quantify how channelized the flow is. Then, the graph’s edges are weighted by geometric attributes of their corresponding pores to find the path of minimum resistance of each sample. Overlap between the preferential flow paths and the predicted minimum resistance path determines the accuracy in individual samples. An evolutionary algorithm is employed to determine the “fittest” weighting scheme (here, the channel’s arc length to pore throat ratio) that maximizes accuracy across the entire dataset while minimizing over-parameterization. Finally, the structural similarity of neighboring edges is analyzed to explain the spatial arrangement of preferential flow within the pore network. We find that connected edges within the preferential flow subnetwork are highly similar, while those within the stagnant flow subnetwork are dissimilar. The contrast in similarity between these regions increases with flow channelization, explaining the structural constraints to local flow. The proposed framework may be used for fast characterization of porous media heterogeneity relative to computationally expensive direct numerical simulations.

Article Highlights

A quantitative assessment of flow channeling is proposed that distinguishes pore-scale flow fields into preferential and stagnant flow regions.

Geometry and topology of the pore network are used to predict the spatial distribution of fast flow paths from structural data alone.

Local disorder of pore networks provides structural constraints for flow separation into preferential v stagnant regions and informs on their velocity contrast.
A Comparison of the “Reduced Losses” and “Increased Production” Models for Mussel Bed Dynamics
Authors: Sherratt Jonathan A. , Liu Quan-Xing , van de Koppel Johan 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSelf-organised regular pattern formation is one of the foremost examples of the development of complexity in ecosystems. Despite the wide array of mechanistic models that have been proposed to understand pattern formation, there is limited general understanding of the feedback processes causing pattern formation in ecosystems, and how these affect ecosystem patterning and functioning. Here we propose a generalised model for pattern formation that integrates two types of within-patch feedback: amplification of growth and reduction of losses. Both of these mechanisms have been proposed as causing pattern formation in mussel beds in intertidal regions, where dense clusters of mussels form, separated by regions of bare sediment. We investigate how a relative change from one feedback to the other affects the stability of uniform steady states and the existence of spatial patterns. We conclude that there are important differences between the patterns generated by the two mechanisms, concerning both biomass distribution in the patterns and the resilience of the ecosystems to disturbances.
Technological Answerability and the Severance Problem: Staying Connected by Demanding Answers
Authors: Tigard Daniel W. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractArtificial intelligence (AI) and robotic technologies have become nearly ubiquitous. In some ways, the developments have likely helped us, but in other ways sophisticated technologies set back our interests. Among the latter sort is what has been dubbed the ‘severance problem’—the idea that technologies sever our connection to the world, a connection which is necessary for us to flourish and live meaningful lives. I grant that the severance problem is a threat we should mitigate and I ask: how can we stave it off? In particular, the fact that some technologies exhibit behavior that is unclear to us seems to constitute a kind of severance. Building upon contemporary work on moral responsibility, I argue for a mechanism I refer to as ‘technological answerability’, namely the capacity to recognize human demands for answers and to respond accordingly. By designing select devices—such as robotic assistants and personal AI programs—for increased answerability, we see at least one way of satisfying our demands for answers and thereby retaining our connection to a world increasingly occupied by technology.
Supervised temporal link prediction in large-scale real-world networks
Authors: de Bruin Gerrit Jan , Veenman Cor J. , van den Herik H. Jaap , Takes Frank W. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractLink prediction is a well-studied technique for inferring the missing edges between two nodes in some static representation of a network. In modern day social networks, the timestamps associated with each link can be used to predict future links between so-far unconnected nodes. In these so-called temporal networks, we speak of temporal link prediction. This paper presents a systematic investigation of supervised temporal link prediction on 26 temporal, structurally diverse, real-world networks ranging from thousands to a million nodes and links. We analyse the relation between global structural properties of each network and the obtained temporal link prediction performance, employing a set of well-established topological features commonly used in the link prediction literature. We report on four contributions. First, using temporal information, an improvement of prediction performance is observed. Second, our experiments show that degree disassortative networks perform better in temporal link prediction than assortative networks. Third, we present a new approach to investigate the distinction between networks modelling discrete events and networks modelling persistent relations. Unlike earlier work, our approach utilises information on all past events in a systematic way, resulting in substantially higher link prediction performance. Fourth, we report on the influence of the temporal activity of the node or the edge on the link prediction performance, and show that the performance differs depending on the considered network type. In the studied information networks, temporal information on the node appears most important. The findings in this paper demonstrate how link prediction can effectively be improved in temporal networks, explicitly taking into account the type of connectivity modelled by the temporal edge. More generally, the findings contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms behind the evolution of networks.
Decomposing County-Level Working-Age Mortality Trends in the United States Between 1999–2001 and 2015–2017
Authors: Graetz Nick , Elo Irma T. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractStudies have documented significant geographic divergence in U.S. mortality in recent decades. However, few studies have examined the extent to which county-level trends in mortality can be explained by national, state, and metropolitan-level trends, and which county-specific factors contribute to remaining variation. Combining vital statistics data on deaths and Census data with time-varying county-level contextual characteristics, we use a spatially explicit Bayesian hierarchical model to analyze the associations between working-age mortality, state, metropolitan status and county-level socioeconomic conditions, family characteristics, labor market conditions, health behaviors, and population characteristics between 2000 and 2017. Additionally, we employ a Shapley decomposition to illustrate the additive contributions of each changing county-level characteristic to the observed mortality change in U.S. counties between 1999–2001 and 2015–2017 over and above national, state, and metropolitan–nonmetropolitan mortality trends. Mortality trends varied by state and metropolitan status as did the contribution of county-level characteristics. Metropolitan status predicted more of the county-level variance in mortality than state of residence. Of the county-level characteristics, changes in percent college-graduates, smoking prevalence and the percent of foreign-born population contributed to a decline in all-cause mortality over this period, whereas increasing levels of poverty, unemployment, and single-parent families and declines manufacturing employment slowed down these improvements, and in many nonmetropolitan areas were large enough to overpower the positive contributions of the protective factors.
Chronology of recent sedimentary infill of the Inner Río de la Plata Estuary, Argentina
Authors: Colombo Ferran , Serra Jordi , Cabello Patricia , Bedmar José , Isla Federico I. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe Inner Río de la Plata Estuary is a sedimentary depositional system that resulted from fluvial-deltaic activity. Gentle Pliocene–Pleistocene slopes make-up the northern side of the estuary whereas small cliffs of the same age constitute the southern side. A long coastal estuarine barrier developed at about 6000 years BP when the maximum flooding surface occurred. Attached to this barrier, and at a lower elevation, is a large strandplain (covering an area of about 2400 km2) which displays more than 220 beach ridges. In different areas, the dating indicates a periodicity of 13.4–13.7 years for the development of each beach ridge. These data are like the periodicity of the ENSO effects, which could be associated with the variability of Sunspots. These ridges were formed shortly after the maximum flooding surface, which was followed by a gradual fall in sea-level that contributed significantly to the Inner Río de la Plata Estuary sedimentary infill. In addition, ENSO activities were probably instrumental in the distribution of the main geoforms in the Inner Rio de la Plata Estuary. Small deltas, which were generated by other rivers and creeks such as the Nogoyá Arroyo and the Gualeguay River, developed coevally with the coastal estuarine barrier. The Ibicuy Delta grew in the middle of the inner Río de la Plata Estuary when the former Paraná River flowed northwards during the sea-level fall. The upper part of the delta front was reworked, giving rise to a large dunefield. Thereafter, achenierplain developed along with tidal flats. The current Paraná Delta continues to prograde at a rate of about 56–64 m/year (m year−1). The sedimentary infill of the Inner Río de la Plata Estuary occurred along the Holocene.
Anti-emetic effect of low dose metoclopramide with dexamethasone and metoclopramide alone for post-operative nausea and vomiting after thyroidectomy. A prospective cohort study
Authors: Ayele Tamiru Tilahun , Aregawi Adugna , Negash Tadesse Tamire , Fente Feseha , Awake Senaite 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT

Introduction:
Nausea and vomiting after thyroidectomy is one of the common post-operative complications with the incidence of up to 84%. It is a challenging problem that may leads to surgical wound dehiscence, hematoma, upper airway obstruction, severe dehydration, acid base and electrolyte imbalance. The aim of this study was to compare the anti-emetic effect and safety of low dose both metoclopramide and dexamethasone versus metoclopramide alone for the prevention of nausea and vomiting after thyroidectomy.

Method:
A prospective cohort study was employed on 76 patients who underwent Thyroidectomy. The randomly selected study participants were grouped as either exposed or control. Patients who received both 5 mg intravenous metoclopramide and 4 mg dexamethasone were considered as exposed group while patients who received 10 mg metoclopramide alone were considered as control group. Post-operative nausea and vomiting, and side effects were recorded post operatively at 6, 12 and 24 h. Data was entered in to EPI info version 7 and then transferred to SPSS version 20 computer program for analysis. Based on their assumption the independent two sample t-test, Manny Whitney test and chi-square test were used. P- Value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.

Result:
As compared to control group, the first 24 h overall incidence of nausea and vomiting was significantly lower in exposed group, 63% versus 24% respectively. Severity of nausea at 6th, 12th and 24th were also reduced in exposed group. Post-operative sedation was significantly higher in control group (39.47%) than exposed group (16.79%). Although the difference was statistically not significant headache was also higher (26.31%) in control group.

Conclusion:
Giving intravenous 5 mg metoclopramide with 4 mg dexamethasone before induction of general anesthesia was effective and safer than10mg intravenous metoclopramide alone for prevention of post-operative nausea and vomiting after thyroidectomy.

Highlights
Sublethal effects of organophosphorus insecticide phoxim on patch time allocation and oviposition behavior in a parasitoid wasp Meteorus pulchricornis
Authors: Sheng Sheng , Song Yan , Ahmad Sheraz , Wang Jiao , Shao Ying , Liu Zhi-xiang , Wu Fu-an 
Published: August 2021

AbstractParasitoid wasps are key agents for controlling insect pests in integrated pest management programs. Although many studies have revealed that the behavior of parasitic wasps can be influenced by insecticides, the strategies of patch time allocation and oviposition have received less attention. In the present study, we forced the endoparasitoid Meteorus pulchricornis to phoxim exposure at the LC30 and tested the foraging behavior within patches with different densities of the host, the larvae of the tobacco cutworm Spodoptera litura. The results showed that phoxim treatment can significantly increase the patch-leaving tendency of female wasps, while host density had no impact. The number of oviposition and the number of previous patch visits also significantly influenced the patch time allocation decisions. The occurrence of oviposition behavior was negatively affected by phoxim exposure; however, progeny production was similar among patches with different host densities. Phoxim exposure shaped the offspring fitness correlates, including longer durations from cocoon to adult wasps, smaller body size, and shorter longevity. The findings of the present study highlight the sublethal effects that reduce the patch residence time and the fitness of parasitoid offspring, suggesting that the application of phoxim in association with M. pulchricornis should be carefully schemed in agroecosystems.
Trust and Distributive Justice in John Locke's Politics of Money
Authors: Ward Lee 
Published: August 2021

AbstractModern commentators tend to view John Locke's theory of money either in terms of a process of naturalization placing currency completely beyond the realm of politics or as an effort to provide a moral foundation for a convention subject to epistemic instability. This study builds on the latter interpretation but offers an alternative to the standard view that Locke sought to remove monetary policy from the scope of ongoing political deliberation. While Locke emphasized the concept of trust necessary for the networks of credit and economic exchange, his account of money also prioritized prudential judgments and distinct discursive contexts, especially relating to distributive justice. Locke's economic tracts give reason to reconsider his putative role as founder of the “sound money” doctrine and shed light on aspects of his statecraft only partly visible in his more familiar political works.
Tibetan Documents concerning Chinese Turkestan. VI: The Tibetan Army
Authors: Thomas F. W. 
Published: August 2021

21. M.I., vii, 59 bis (wood, c. 18 × 2.5 cm., complete ; hole for string at r.; Il. 2 recto + 3 verso of cursive dbu-can script).[A 1] | : | blon . Gtshug . bzanṅ . la | ya . lad . stod . | gsum ‖ blon . [A 2] Phya (Dgra ?). bzer . la . ya . lad . stod . gñis | stag . Gtshug . bzan . la [B 1] ya . lad . stod . gñis ‖ Gun . Rgya . legs . la | ya . lad . st[o]d . gñis | [B 2] blon . Stag . sgra .la . g−1ya . lad . stod . gchig ‖ stag . Stag . rtsan . la | ya . lad . stod . gchig | Dpal. bzer . la . ya . lad . stod . gchig ‖
“The Imam of modern Egypt was a sceptic”: Mustafa Sabri's Radical Critique of Muhammad ʿAbduh and Modernist Theology
Authors: HAMMOND ANDREW 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis article re-examines the theology of EgyptianʿalimMuhammad ʿAbduh (1849–1905) through the writing of Late Ottoman sheikh ül-Islam Mustafa Sabri (1869–1954) and his radical critique of the Muslim reform (tajdīd) movement. One of Mustafa Kemal's most implacable foes, Sabri was alarmed to find Egyptianʿulamaʾand intellectuals advancing the positivist-materialist agenda he had challenged in Istanbul before fleeing in 1922 from Ankara's victorious nationalist forces. Debating the leading lights of the modernist movement in Egypt of the 1930s and 1940s, Sabri came to see its reform theology as little more than a calque on Enlightenment notions of religion; his ideas became influential through his close relationship with Hasan al-Banna and other figures from the Muslim Brotherhood. Examining Sabri's work in Istanbul and Cairo, ʿAbduh's early and later writing, and texts such as ʿAbduh's famous debate with Farah Antun, theislāmiyyātliterature of Egypt's liberal age, and material by Sayyid Qutb, I argue that Sabri was instrumental in formulating the hostile discourse that came to dominate Muslim views of ʿAbduh in the later twentieth century once the ideologies of Salafism and Brotherhood Islamism had eclipsed that of the reformers.