bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do school closures and school reopenings affect community transmission of COVID-19? A systematic review of observational studies
Authors: Walsh Sebastian , Chowdhury Avirup , Braithwaite Vickie , Russell Simon , Birch Jack Michael , Ward Joseph L , Waddington Claire , Brayne Carol , Bonell Chris , Viner Russell M , Mytton Oliver T 
Published: August 2021

ObjectivesTo systematically reivew the observational evidence of the effect of school closures and school reopenings on SARS-CoV-2 community transmission.SettingSchools (including early years settings, primary schools and secondary schools).InterventionSchool closures and reopenings.Outcome measureCommunity transmission of SARS-CoV-2 (including any measure of community infections rate, hospital admissions or mortality attributed to COVID-19).MethodsOn 7 January 2021, we searched PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, CINAHL, the WHO Global COVID-19 Research Database, ERIC, the British Education Index, the Australian Education Index and Google, searching title and abstracts for terms related to SARS-CoV-2 AND terms related to schools or non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs). We used the Cochrane Risk of Bias In Non-randomised Studies of Interventions tool to evaluate bias.ResultsWe identified 7474 articles, of which 40 were included, with data from 150 countries. Of these, 32 studies assessed school closures and 11 examined reopenings. There was substantial heterogeneity between school closure studies, with half of the studies at lower risk of bias reporting reduced community transmission by up to 60% and half reporting null findings. The majority (n=3 out of 4) of school reopening studies at lower risk of bias reported no associated increases in transmission.ConclusionsSchool closure studies were at risk of confounding and collinearity from other non-pharmacological interventions implemented around the same time as school closures, and the effectiveness of closures remains uncertain. School reopenings, in areas of low transmission and with appropriate mitigation measures, were generally not accompanied by increasing community transmission. With such varied evidence on effectiveness, and the harmful effects, policymakers should take a measured approach before implementing school closures; and should look to reopen schools in times of low transmission, with appropriate mitigation measures.
A Survey of implementation status of child nutrition surveillance systems, registry systems and information systems: a scoping literature review protocol
Authors: Sadeghi Malihe , Langarizadeh Mostafa , Olang Beheshteh , Seddighi Hamed , Sheikhtaheri Abbas 
Published: August 2021

IntroductionChild malnutrition in all forms is known globally as the leading cause of poor health. Planning and solving this challenge require sources that collect data accurately. Nutrition surveillance systems (NSS), nutrition registry systems (NRS) and nutrition information systems (NIS) collect and analyse data on nutrition status. Unfortunately, these systems only exist in a few countries. The methods that these systems use significantly differ and their effectiveness is also scarcely researched. This scoping literature review aimed to conduct a survey on NSS, NRS and NIS that collect data on children’s nutrition at national and international levels, along with their attributes.Methods and analysisThe methods and analyses of this scoping review follow the Arksey and O’Malley’s methodology. This scoping literature review will be conducted in five stages based on this method. (1) The main research question and subquestions are identified. (2) Relevant studies are extracted. In this step, we will search electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus and ISI Web of Science. A manual search will also be performed in Google Scholar, grey literature, and the websites of organisations such as WHO, UNICEF, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Health Service, International Food Policy Research Institute, Food and Agriculture Organization, Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance, United Nations World Food Programme, and United Nations System Standing Committee on Nutrition. (3) Extracted studies are separately reviewed by two reviewers based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, and eligible studies are then selected. A third reviewer resolves disagreements. (4) A checklist is developed to extract the features. Data of included systems are separately extracted and entered into a checklist by two reviewers. A third reviewer then resolves any disagreement. (5) Data are summarised and analysed and are presented in tables and figures.DiscussionThis scoping literature review provides strong evidence of the status of systems that collect data on the status of child nutrition. This evidence can help select best practices which can be applied to develop future systems. It can also be a positive step towards achieving an integrated system.
Effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on energy expenditure and postprandial metabolism in healthy men
Authors: Chen Yung-Chih , Davies Russell G. , Hengist Aaron , Carroll Harriet A. , Perkin Oliver J. , Betts James A. , Thompson Dylan 
Published: August 2021

It is unclear whether neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) has meaningful metabolic effects when users have the opportunity to self-select the intensity to one that can be comfortably tolerated. Nine healthy men aged 28 ± 9 y (mean ± SD) with a body mass index 22.3 ± 2.3 kg/m2 completed 3 trials involving a 2-h oral glucose tolerance test whilst, in a randomised counterbalanced order, (1) sitting motionless (SIT), (2) standing motionless (STAND); and (3) sitting motionless with NMES of quadriceps and calves at a self-selected tolerable intensity. The mean (95% confidence interval [CI]) total energy expenditure was greater in the NMES trial (221 [180–262] kcal/2 h) and STAND trial (178 [164–191] kcal/2 h) than during SIT (159 [150–167] kcal/2 h) (both, p < 0.05). This was primarily driven by an increase in carbohydrate oxidation in the NMES and STAND trials compared with the SIT trial (p < 0.05). Postprandial insulin iAUC was lower in both NMES and STAND compared with SIT (16.4 [7.7–25.1], 17 [7–27] and 22.6 [10.8–34.4] nmol·120 min/L, respectively; both, p < 0.05). Compared with sitting, both NMES and STAND increased energy expenditure and whole-body carbohydrate oxidation and reduced postprandial insulin concentrations in healthy men, with more pronounced effects seen with NMES. Self-selected NMES is a potential strategy for improving metabolic health. This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (ID: NCT04389736). Novelty: NMES at a comfortable intensity enhances energy expenditure and carbohydrate oxidation, and reduces postprandial insulinemia. Thus, self-selected NMES represents a potential strategy to improve metabolic health.
Phase sensitivity of an $\operatorname{SU}(1,1)$ interferometer via product detection
Authors: Wang Qingle , Fang Yami , Ma Xiaoping , Li Dong 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe theoretically analyze the phase sensitivity of an $\operatorname{SU}(1,1)$
SU
(
1
,
1
)
interferometer with various input states by product detection in this paper. This interferometer consists of two parametric amplifiers that play the role of beam splitters in a traditional Mach–Zehnder interferometer. The product of the amplitude quadrature of one output mode and the momentum quadrature of the other output mode is measured via balanced homodyne detection. We show that product detection has the same phase sensitivity as parity detection for most cases, and it is even better in the case with two coherent states at the input ports. The phase sensitivity is also compared with the Heisenberg limit and the quantum Cramér–Rao bound of the $\operatorname{SU}(1,1)$
SU
(
1
,
1
)
interferometer. This detection scheme can be easily implemented with current homodyne technology, which makes it highly feasible. It can be widely applied in the field of quantum metrology.
Numerical Design of Ultrathin Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon-Based Solar Cell
Authors: Abega F. X. Abomo , Ngoupo A. Teyou , Ndjaka J. M. B. 
Published: August 2021

Numerical modelling is used to confirm experimental and theoretical work. The aim of this work is to present how to simulate ultrathin hydrogenated amorphous silicon- (a-Si:H-) based solar cells with a ITO BRL in their architectures. The results obtained in this study come from SCAPS-1D software. In the first step, the comparison between the J-V characteristics of simulation and experiment of the ultrathin a-Si:H-based solar cell is in agreement. Secondly, to explore the impact of certain properties of the solar cell, investigations focus on the study of the influence of the intrinsic layer and the buffer layer/absorber interface on the electrical parameters (

J

SC

,

V

OC

, FF, and

η

). The increase of the intrinsic layer thickness improves performance, while the bulk defect density of the intrinsic layer and the surface defect density of the buffer layer/

i

-(a-Si:H) interface, respectively, in the ranges [109 cm-3, 1015 cm-3] and [1010 cm-2,

5
×

10

13

cm-2], do not affect the performance of the ultrathin a-Si:H-based solar cell. Analysis also shows that with approximately 1 μm thickness of the intrinsic layer, the optimum conversion efficiency is 12.71% (

J

SC

=
18.95

mA
·
c

m

−
2

,

V

OC

=
0.973

V

, and

FF
=
68.95
%

). This work presents a contribution to improving the performance of a-Si-based solar cells.
Bispecific Antibodies in Multiple Myeloma: Present and Future
Authors: Lancman Guido , Sastow Dahniel L. , Cho Hearn J. , Jagannath Sundar , Madduri Deepu , Parekh Samir S. , Richard Shambavi , Richter Joshua , Sanchez Larysa , Chari Ajai 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDespite many recent advances in therapy, there is still no plateau in overall survival curves in multiple myeloma. Bispecific antibodies are a novel immunotherapeutic approach designed to bind antigens on malignant plasma cells and cytotoxic immune effector cells. Early-phase clinical trials targeting B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA), GPRC5D, and FcRH5 have demonstrated a favorable safety profile, with mainly low-grade cytokine release syndrome, cytopenias, and infections. Although dose escalation is ongoing in several studies, early efficacy data show response rates in the most active dose cohorts between 61% and 83% with many deep responses; however, durability remains to be established. Further clinical trial data are eagerly anticipated.Significance:Overall survival of triple-class refractory multiple myeloma remains poor. Bispecific antibodies are a novel immunotherapeutic modality with a favorable safety profile and impressive preliminary efficacy in heavily treated patients. Although more data are needed, bispecifics will likely become an integral part of the multiple myeloma treatment paradigm in the near future. Studies in earlier lines of therapy and in combination with other active anti–multiple myeloma agents will help further define the role of bispecifics in multiple myeloma.
Risk Stratification of Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Repair of Mitral and Tricuspid Valves Using a Multidimensional Geriatric Assessment
Authors: Schäfer Matthieu , Körber Maria I. , Vimalathasan Rakave , Mauri Victor , Iliadis Christos , Metze Clemens , ten Freyhaus Henrik , Baldus Stephan , Polidori M. Cristina , Pfister Roman 
Published: August 2021

Background:
Given their advanced age and high comorbidity, individual risk assessment is crucial in patients undergoing transcatheter mitral and tricuspid valve repair. Therefore, we evaluated the use of a comprehensive geriatric assessment score, the multidimensional prognostic index (MPI), for risk stratification in these patients.

Methods:
We conducted a prospective, observational single-center study, including 226 patients undergoing percutaneous repair for mitral or tricuspid regurgitation. The MPI was calculated preprocedural and covers 8 domains (activities of daily living, instrumental activities of daily living, mental status, nutrition, risk of pressure ulcers, comorbidity, medication, and marital/cohabitation status). We sought to identify an association of MPI score with procedural outcomes and 6-month mortality.

Results:

A total of 53.1% of patients were stratified as low risk according to MPI (MPI-1 group), 44.2% as medium risk (MPI-2 group), and 2.7% as high risk (MPI-3 group). Procedural efficacy and safety were similar between groups. The estimated survival rate at 6 months was 97±2% in MPI-1 group, 79±4% in MPI-2 group (hazard ratio, 6.90 [95% CI, 2.36–12.2];
P
≤0.001) and 50±20% in MPI-3 group (hazard ratio, 20.3 [95% CI, 4.51–91.3];
P
<0.001). An increase in 1 SD of the MPI score (0.14 points, possible range of MPI score 0–1) was associated with a hazard ratio of 2.13 (95% CI, 1.58–2.73;
P
≤0.001) for death after 6 months. The risk association of the MPI with mortality remained significant in multivariate analysis including risk factors, such as peripheral artery disease and NT-proBNP (N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide) levels.

Conclusions:
A comprehensive geriatric assessment with the MPI score provides additional information on mortality risk beyond established cardiovascular risk factors.
Circulating Pro-Inflammatory Exosomes Worsen Stroke Outcomes in Aging
Authors: Zhang Hongxia , Lin Siyang , McElroy Christopher L. , Wang Brian , Jin Dana , Uteshev Victor V. , Jin Kunlin 
Published: August 2021

Rationale:
The systemic inflammatory milieu plays an important role in the age-related decline in functional integrity, but its contribution to age-related disease (eg, stroke) remains largely unknown.

Objective:
To determine the role of systemic inflammatory milieu in ischemic stroke.

Methods and Results:
Here, we report that systemic administration of serum exosomes from young rats into aged ischemic rats improved short- and long-term functional outcomes after ischemic stroke and reduced synaptic loss. By contrast, similar injections of serum exosomes from aged rats into aged ischemic rats worsened sensorimotor deficits through exacerbation of synaptic dysfunction due to excessive microglial phagoptosis (primary phagocytosis). Our proteomic analysis further revealed that the expression of CD46, a C3b/C4b-inactivating factor, was higher in serum exosomes from young rats, compared with serum exosomes from aged rats. Whereas the prevalence of proinflammatory mediators (C1q [complement component 1q], C3a, and C3b) in serum exosomes increased with age. Microglial expression of C3a/b and C3aR (C3a receptor) increased after serum exosomes from aged rats treatment, compared with serum exosomes from young rats and vehicle groups. Administration of a selective C3aR inhibitor or microglial depletion attenuated synaptic dysfunction associated with serum exosomes from aged rats treatment and improved poststroke functional recovery.

Conclusions:
Our data suggest that the levels of proinflammatory mediators in serum exosomes increase with age and are associated with worsened stroke outcomes through excessive C3aR-dependent microglial phagoptosis. Modulation of this process may serve as a promising therapy for stroke and other age-related brain disorders.
Biopolitics in the National Parks: The Life and Death of Cecil the Lion
Authors: Levin Abigail 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Cecil the Lion lived in Hwange National Park in Zimbabwe and was a part of an Oxford conservation study until his death by poaching, outside of Park boundaries, at the hands of an American hunter, in July 2015. Cecil’s death caused unique levels of international outrage, though wildlife poaching in general remains an all-too-ubiquitous phenomenon. This paper enquires as to why this particular death caused such outrage. I will examine this question through two Foucauldian lenses: first, through the Parks’ discursive production of subjects – human and nonhuman animal; and secondly, by investigating Parks’ practices of understanding biopower and pastoral power. I argue that though wildlife conservation in the National Parks is generally interested in conserving the species, not individuals, Cecil’s status as a named individual in a scientific study resulted in the outrage and speaks to the paradox at the heart of Foucault’s idea of pastoral power.
The Living Conditions and Social Mobility of Rural Households in Yanshan County, Hebei, 1900–1950
Authors: Guo (郭志炜) Zhiwei 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
An analysis of the Class Background Registers of Yanshan county, Hebei, shows that households of landlord and rich peasant status accounted for less than 10 percent of the local population and possessed less than 15 percent of the land, while households of poor and lower-middle peasant standing owned about half of the land. Overall, land distribution was relatively balanced, as seen in the Gini coefficient of 0.3–0.4 in the distribution of land rights and the fact that about half of the households owned 2–5 mu of land per capita. But the economic condition of the rural population was not determined by the factor of land distribution alone; in places where the natural endowment was poor, off-farm income-making activities mattered a great deal to local residents. Such activities took various forms, which could improve as well as worsen people’s livelihood. An analysis of social mobility in this area further shows the perpetuation of the existing class structure. Those whose grandparents had lived in poverty found it difficult to move up socially. On the whole, the rural area under study shows a prolonged trend of deterioration, which is meaningful for understanding the land reform.
Expression analysis of MYB genes in different apple cultivars with distinct coloration pattern during fruit maturation
Authors: Mercan Emine Ece , Şahin-Çevik Mehtap 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Anthocyanins are water-soluble pigments responsible for red, pink, purple or blue coloration in the flesh and/or skin of apple fruit. Since consumers prefer anthocyanin rich fruits due to their health benefits, anthocyanin content is an important trait for marketability of apples. Synthesis and accumulation of anthocyanins are controlled by environmental and genetic factors such as transcription factors (TFs). Two-repeat (R2R3) MYB TFs are involved in the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in plants. In this study, the expression of the MdMYBA and MdMYB3 genes encoding R2R3 type MYB TFs were analyzed in apple cultivars with fruit skin color from green to dark red at different growth stages. Fruit samples were collected from “Scarlet Spur”, “Galaxy Gala”, Golden Delicious” “Granny Smith” apple cultivars with dark red, light red, yellow and green fruits, respectively, at four different time periods after full-bloom. Total RNA was isolated from the peel of the collected fruits and the expression of the MdMYBA and MdMYB3 genes was analyzed by real-time RT-PCR. The expression of the MdMYBA gene started to increase at 92 DAFB and thereafter in red-skin apples; however, no expression was observed at any time points in yellow or green-skin apple cultivars. On the other hand, the MdMYB3 gene was expressed in red-skin and yellow-skin apple cultivars starting at 55 DAFB, but no expression was observed in green apple cultivar at any time of fruit maturation. The expression levels of the MdMYBA and MdMYB3 genes varied in apple fruits with different skin coloration indicating that they play a role regulation of the anthocyanin biosynthesis in apple cultivars during fruit maturation.
Cultivating Nonidolatrous Self-Esteem with Youth
Authors: Corrie Elizabeth W. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Christian understandings of the personhood and work of Jesus Christ can be used to justify violence by those in power and encourage passivity in the face of oppression. Shifting Christological images that cultivate nonidolatrous self-esteem, however, can teach youth how to build peace and resist injustice. A youth ministry that seeks to contribute to peacebuilding must become intentional about implicit and explicit portrayals of Jesus Christ. This essay explores five facets of Jesus’ personhood and work to reconsider—Jesus’ 1) race; 2) gender; 3) religion; 4) suffering; and 5) return—and suggests ways youth ministers can engage in theologically-rooted, peacebuilding youth ministry.
How Loud Do the Alarm Bells Toll? Execution of ‘Article 18 Judgments’ of the European Court of Human Rights
Authors: Çalı Başak 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This article investigates whether Article 18 judgments of the European Court of Human Rights, indicating that the state authorities pursued ulterior and illegitimate motives when violating the Convention, receive the seriousness and the urgency that they call for at the execution phase. By way of an analysis of the responses of the Committee of Ministers and states on the receiving end of Article 18 judgments between 2004 and June 2021, this article finds that the collective responsiveness of the Committee of Ministers to Article 18 judgments has increased over time, especially with respect to individual measures required to implement Article 18 judgments. So far, the responsiveness of individual states to their Article 18 judgments does, however, vary significantly, ranging from taking concrete steps to implement the judgments to outright resistance and no response, posing a significant risk to the Convention system’s ability to respond to the decay of rule of law.
Causal Mechanisms of Sea-level and Freshwater Content Change in the Beaufort Sea
Authors: Fukumori Ichiro , Wang Ou , Fenty Ian 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn the Arctic’s Beaufort Sea, the rate of sea-level rise over the last two decades has been an order of magnitude greater than that of its global mean. This rapid regional sea-level rise is mainly a halosteric change, reflecting an increase in Beaufort Sea’s freshwater content comparable to that associated with the Great Salinity Anomaly of the 1970s in the North Atlantic Ocean. Here we provide a new perspective of these Beaufort Sea variations by quantifying their causal mechanisms from 1992 to 2017 using a global, data-constrained ocean and sea-ice estimate of the Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean (ECCO) consortium. Our analysis reveals wind and sea-ice jointly driving the variations. Seasonal variation mainly reflects near-surface change due to annual melting and freezing of sea-ice, while interannual change extends deeper and mostly relates to wind-driven Ekman transport. Increasing wind stress and sea-ice melt are, however, equally important for decadal change that dominates the overall variation. Strengthening anticyclonic wind stress surrounding the Beaufort Sea intensifies the ocean’s lateral Ekman convergence of relatively fresh near-surface waters. The strengthening stress also enhances convergence of sea-ice and ocean heat that increase the amount of Beaufort Sea’s net sea-ice melt. The enhanced significance at longer time-scales of sea-ice melt relative to direct wind forcing can be attributed to ocean’s advection and mixing of melt-water being slower than its dynamic adjustment to mechanical perturbations. The adjustments’ difference implies that the sea-ice-melt-driven diabatic change will persist longer than the direct wind-driven kinematic anomaly.