bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ecological requirements drive the variable responses of wheat pests and natural enemies to the landscape context
Authors: González Ezequiel , Bianchi Felix Jan Joost Antoine , Eckerter Philipp W. , Pfaff Verena , Weiler Sarah , Entling Martin H. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Semi‐natural habitats (SNH) are considered essential for pest‐suppressive landscapes, but their influence on crop pests and natural enemies can be highly variable. Instead of SNH per se, the availability of resources, such as pollen and nectar, may be more relevant for supporting pest control.

Here, we assessed the spatiotemporal variation of multiple insect pests (cereal leaf beetles and aphids) and natural enemies (predators and aphid parasitoids) in wheat fields and their responses to landscape context and flower availability. We combined detailed information on pollen use by natural enemies with the specific distribution of pollen‐providing plants across a gradient of landscape composition and configuration.

The abundance of wheat pests was tightly linked to wheat development stage. Syrphids colonised the fields early in the season, while the abundance of other enemies increased later in the season. The responses of pests to landscape structure were variable and, while some pests had low abundances in landscapes with high edge density and SNH cover, Sitobion avenae abundance was positively associated with SNH cover. Lacewings, syrphids and cereal leaf beetles were abundant in landscapes with diverse and abundant flower resources, whereas the abundance of parasitoids and Nabis sp. was driven by aphid abundance. We detected no significant indirect effects of landscape on pests via natural enemies.

Synthesis and applications. Our findings highlight the need for conservation biological control to go beyond ‘one size fits all’ and consider the specific ecology of the involved organisms, even for a single crop type. Landscapes with high edge density and flowering woody plants may support natural enemies, in particular syrphids, which colonised the fields early in the season. Incentives for pest‐suppressive landscapes should focus on tailored strategies that disfavour dominant cereal pests and simultaneously enhance natural enemies according to their ecological requirements.
A common garden super‐experiment: An impossible dream to inspire possible synthesis
Authors: Huxman Travis E. , Winkler Daniel E. , Mooney Kailen A. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Global change threatens plant diversity and disrupts its interrelationship with ecosystem structure and function. This disruption in turn undermines confidence in the knowledge ecologists produce, and whether it will translate into multidisciplinary research settings or guide the effective management of natural lands.

To address this challenge, ecology needs to consider the interactions between different levels of biological hierarchy, especially how they feedback on, and are mediated by, plant diversity. Doing so will require conducting empirical work and developing theory that simultaneously considers multiple disciplinary perspectives and units of study.

Here we advocate the use of common gardens to integrate ecology, evolutionary biology and ecosystem science through an explicit focus on simultaneous measurement of response variables at multiple levels of biological organization. This approach will provide opportunities to evaluate assumptions important to prediction, such as space‐for‐time substitution, and tackle the integration of physicochemical and eco‐evolutionary foundations to understanding plants and ecosystems.

Synthesis. We summarize the large body of research on Sonoran Desert winter annuals to demonstrate how experimental designs that employ common gardens to integrate processes across scales hold special promise. This includes refining trait‐based theories of plant strategies, providing insight into ecosystem responses to global change and collaborating effectively with other scientific disciplines.
Running out of time: The case of patient advocacy for ovarian cancer patients' access to PARP inhibitors
Authors: Lindén Lisa 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis article analyses patient advocacy for ovarian cancer patients' access to a group of new targeted cancer treatments, so‐called poly (adenosine diphosphate ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. Ovarian cancer is often detected in its advanced stages and has relatively poor survival rates. Based on ethnographic fieldwork with the Gynae Cancer Group, a Swedish patients' group, this article examines ovarian cancer patient advocates' engagement with biomedicine as a rarely considered topic in the social sciences. Adopting a modified version of the science and technology studies perspective on evidence‐based activism, I analyse how ovarian cancer patient advocates engage in the ‘epistemic activities’ of framing, producing and mobilising ‘credentialed’ and ‘experiential’ knowledge. I show how patient advocates, alone and together with professionals and the media, engage in epistemic activities to ‘act upon’ ovarian cancer patients' anticipated limited time and poor prognosis: patient advocates mobilise around PARP inhibitors as offering hope, access to these drugs as an urgent matter and ovarian cancer care as unequal. The article contributes to the sociological literature on novel cancer treatments and patient advocacy through its ethnographic tracing of cancer advocacy tropes and knowledge practices, centred on the temporal figure of ‘the patient running out of time’.
Hobhouse, O'Connor and the Nottingham Election of 1847
Authors: Beckett John 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAt the general election in July 1847, to considerable surprise, the Nottingham electors rejected their two sitting Whig members in favour of Feargus O'Connor, the Chartist leader, and a free trade Conservative, John Walter. This article looks at how such a political upset occurred. It examines the political context of elections in the years leading to 1847 and at the contest itself, which ended with the return of O'Connor and the defeat of sitting MP, Sir John Cam Hobhouse. It also notes the political drift of Hobhouse, a leading radical during his time as MP for Westminster in the 1820s, to the point where he was an 1850s placeman. New evidence is brought forward from Hobhouse's own writings, which have previously been overlooked. Some of the broader issues relating to parliamentary reform in these years are also discussed, as well as the significance of O'Connor's electoral victory in enabling him to present the third Chartist petition in person in 1848.
‘Populist Constitutionalism’ and the Unionist Party during the 1911 House of Lords’ Crisis
Authors: Sayle Ben 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis article reassesses the revolt against the 1911 Parliament Act by the ‘ditchers’ – the measure's diehard opponents in the house of lords. It shows that the ditchers had a clear and coherent platform on the constitution – referred to here as ‘populist constitutionalism’ – which sought to relegitimise aristocratic political power through the adoption of constitutional reforms including the introduction of referenda. This platform had evolved naturally from Lord Salisbury's ‘mandate theory’ that utilised the Unionist predominance in the second chamber to reject unpopular Liberal legislation. Where Salisbury had adopted a tactical, opportunistic perspective, however, populist constitutionalism was more programmatic. In contrast, Arthur Balfour, as Unionist leader, adopted a more cautious approach and avoided reform until his hand was forced by the constitutional crises of 1909–11. The ditchers, as part of the Edwardian ‘radical right’, were often frustrated with Balfour's refusal to advocate measures such as the referendum. This frustration reflected similar radical right criticisms of Balfour's leadership during the tariff reform debate. Hence the ditcher revolt represented the culmination of a decade of Unionist division over the Unionist platform, Balfour's leadership, and indeed the philosophical idea of Toryism itself.
Quantitative analysis and response surface modeling of important bitter compounds in chocolate made from cocoa beans with eight roast profiles across three origins
Authors: McClure Alan P. , Spinka Christine M. , Grün Ingolf U. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractEight different roast profiles for each of the three origins of cacao were prepared and made into unsweetened chocolate based upon an I‐Optimal response‐surface design for minimizing prediction variance. Quantitative chemical analysis of all chocolate treatments was performed with HPLC‐DAD on six important bitter compounds (i.e., theobromine, caffeine, epicatechin, catechin, procyanidin B2, and cyclo(Proline‐Valine)). Least‐squares linear modeling was then performed. Using derived linear models, response‐surface contour plots were produced to show predicted changes in the six bitter compounds over the entire experimental region. Significant and large decreases in concentration of epicatechin and procyanidin B2 were observed as roasting progressed, whereas for catechin and cyclo(Proline‐Valine), significant increases were observed. Small yet significant theobromine and caffeine concentration increases were also observed with roasting, likely due to moisture loss. Some significant differences were also found between the cacao origins for all bitter compound concentrations except for cyclo(Proline‐Valine), suggesting the importance of a survey encompassing a greater number of cacao origins in the future to obtain a more complete picture of the variation in bitter compounds in cacao due to origin.Practical ApplicationThis research describes how roasting can be used to alter the concentration of bitter and sometimes astringent chemicals for several origins of cacao, which may be used to improve the sensory characteristics of dark chocolate.
Comparison of renal remission and relapse‐free rate in initial‐ and delayed‐onset lupus nephritis
Authors: Suzuki Eiji , Yashiro‐Furuya Makiko , Temmoku Jumpei , Fujita Yuya , Matsuoka Naoki , Hazama Momoko , Asano Tomoyuki , Sato Shuzo , Kobayashi Hiroko , Watanabe Hiroshi , Kanno Takashi , Migita Kiyoshi 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIntroductionLupus nephritis (LN) is a major manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) which contributes to significant morbidity and mortality. It is unclear whether the timing of LN onset influences renal outcome. This study aimed to investigate differences in clinical features—particularly the relapse‐free rate—in remission duration from induction therapies for LN and the onset timing of LN after the development of SLE.MethodsWe enrolled 66 LN patients from January 2004 to March 2020. We collected the following: demographic data, laboratory data, renal histology data, and LN induction therapy data. Renal remission and relapse‐free rates were calculated for each group.ResultsPatients were first divided into early remission group (achieved renal remission in <12 months [n = 44]) and others (n = 22). There were no significant differences in clinical data, treatments, and relapse‐free rate of LN. Patients were then divided into initial‐onset LN (<12 months after development of SLE [n = 49]) and delayed‐onset LN (≥12 months after development of SLE [n = 17]). Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that the relapse‐free rate was significantly higher in all patients with initial‐onset LN than those with delayed‐onset LN (P = .0094).ConclusionThe relapse‐free rate was significantly higher in the initial‐onset LN group than the delayed‐onset LN group of patients with LN of various histopathological backgrounds. These data suggest that delayed‐onset LN is a risk factor for the relapse of LN.
Clinical suspicion of pancreatic cancer despite negative endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration biopsy
Authors: Masuda Hiro , Kotecha Krishna , Maitra Rudra , Gill Anthony J. , Mittal Anubhav , Samra Jaswinder S. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe early and accurate diagnosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is vital for improving the efficacy of therapeutic interventions and to provide patients with the best chance of survival. While endoscopic ultrasound‐fine needle aspiration (EUS‐FNA) has been demonstrated to be a reliable and accurate diagnostic tool for solid pancreatic neoplasms, the ongoing management of patients with a high clinical suspicion for malignancy but with a negative EUS‐FNA biopsy result can prove a challenge.MethodsWe describe five patients from a single centre who presented for further work‐up of a pancreatic mass and/or imaging features concerning for a periampullary malignancy.ResultsAll patients had at least one EUS‐FNA biopsy performed which returned no malignant cells on cytology. Despite these negative cytology results, all patients underwent further invasive investigation through upfront resection (pancreaticoduodenectomy) or extra‐pancreatic biopsy (laparoscopic biopsy of peritoneal nodule) due to worrisome features on imaging, biochemical factors and clinical presentation culminating in a high degree of suspicion for malignancy. The final tissue histopathological diagnosis in all patients was pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.ConclusionThis case series highlights the important clinical findings, imaging and biochemical features which need to be considered in patients who have high suspicion for malignancy despite having a negative EUS‐FNA cytology result. In these patients with a high index of suspicion, surgical intervention through an upfront resection or further invasive investigation should not be delayed.
The impact of social norms on health‐related belief update
Authors: Vlasceanu Madalina , Coman Alin 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPeople are constantly bombarded with information they could use to adjust their beliefs. Here, we are interested in exploring the impact of social norms on health‐related belief update. To investigate, we recruited a sample of 200 Princeton University students, who first rated the accuracy of a set of health statements (pre‐test). They were then provided with relevant evidence either in favor or against the initial statements, and were asked to rate how convincing each piece of evidence was. The evidence was randomly assigned to appear as normative or non‐normative, and anecdotal or scientific. Finally, participants rated the accuracy of the initial set of statements again (post‐test). The results show that participants rationally updated their beliefs more when the evidence was scientific compared to when it was anecdotal. More importantly to our primary inquiry, the results show that participants changed their beliefs more in line with the evidence when the evidence was portrayed as normative compared to when the evidence was portrayed as non‐normative, pointing to the impactful influence social norms have on health beliefs. Both effects were mediated by participants' subjective evaluation of the convincingness of the evidence, indicating the mechanism by which evidence is selectively incorporated into belief systems.
Credit frictions, selection into external finance and gains from trade
Authors: Unger Florian 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis paper analyzes the effects of credit frictions in a trade model where heterogeneous firms select both into exporting and into two types of external finance. While small producers face stronger credit frictions and rely on bank finance, large firms have access to cheaper bond finance. The analysis shows that a bank credit shock leads to an increase in the share of firms that use bond finance. This selection effect is used to explain the observed decrease in bank finance relative to bond finance during the global financial crisis of 2007–2009. A calibration of the model to the crisis period documents that endogenous selection into external finance reduces the negative implications of credit frictions on product variety, exports and gains from trade.
Insights into the structure and drug design of benzimidazole derivatives targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)
Authors: Abdullah Mar’iyah Najihah , Ali Yousaf , Abd Hamid Shafida 
Published: October 2021

AbstractTyrosine kinase overexpression could result in an unfavourable consequence of cancer progression in the body. A number of kinase inhibitor drugs targeting various cancer‐related protein kinases have been developed and proven successful in clinical therapy. Benzimidazole is one of the most studied scaffolds in the search for effective anticancer drugs. The association of various functional groups and the structural design of the compounds may influence the binding towards the receptor. Despite numerous publications on the design, synthesis and biological assays of benzimidazole derivatives, their inhibitory activities against epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), have not been specifically analysed. This review covers recent research reports on the anticancer activity of benzimidazole derivatives focusing on EGFR expression cell lines, based on their structure‐activity relationship study. We believe it would aid researchers to envision the challenges and explore benzimidazole's potentials as tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
Effect of subthreshold nanosecond laser on retinal structure and function in intermediate age‐related macular degeneration
Authors: Gunawan Josephine R. , Thiele Sarah H. , Isselmann Ben , Caruso Emily , Guymer Robyn H. , Luu Chi D. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundSubthreshold nanosecond laser (SNL) treatment has been studied as a potential intervention in intermediate age‐related macular degeneration (iAMD). This study investigated the effect of 100 SNL treatment spots on retinal structure and function.MethodsA prospective single‐arm interventional pilot study. SNL treatment was delivered as 100 spots around the retinal vascular arcades of the study eye (worst visual acuity) in a single session in subjects with iAMD. Multimodal retinal imaging and dark‐adapted chromatic perimetry were performed at baseline and at 0.5, 3, 6 and 12 months post treatment. Post treatment changes in best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), retinal thickness, relative ellipsoid zone reflectivity (rEZR) and rod‐mediated functional parameters were compared to baseline.ResultsTwenty‐one subjects with iAMD were recruited. SNL treatment was associated with an increase in retinal thickness (p = 0.008) and decrease in rEZR (p < 0.001) at 2 weeks post laser. Recovery of retinal thickness and rEZR was observed at the 3‐month post laser visit. A gradual improvement in BCVA was observed after laser treatment. The mean change in BCVA between baseline and 12‐month visit was +1.9 ± 3.3 letters for the SNL treated eyes, compared to −0.4 ± 3.0 letters for the fellow eyes (p = 0.027). Rod‐mediated function improved at 3 months post laser (p < 0.001) and returned to the baseline levels at 12 months post treatment.ConclusionsA single treatment with 100 SNL spots causes a short‐term change in retinal structure and improvement in retinal function that are apparent at 3 months post treatment.
The promise of exosome applications in treating central nervous system diseases
Authors: Mattingly Jared , Li Yuchen , Bihl Ji C. , Wang Jinju 
Published: October 2021

AbstractExosomes (EXs), a type of extracellular vesicles, are secreted from virtually all types of cells. EXs serve as cell‐to‐cell communicators by conveying proteins and nucleic acids with regulatory functions. Increasing evidence shows that EXs are implicated in the pathogenesis of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Moreover, EXs have recently been highlighted as a new promising therapeutic strategy for in vivo delivery of nucleotides and drugs. Studies have revealed that infusion of EXs elicits beneficial effects on the CNS injury animal models. As compared to cell‐based therapy, EXs‐based therapy for CNS diseases has unique advantages, opening a new path for neurological medicine. In this review, we summarized the current state of knowledge of EXs, the roles and applications of EXs as a viable pathological biomarker, and EX‐based therapy for CNS diseases.
Role of tobacco exposure in the course of COVID‐19 disease and the impact of the disease on smoking behavior
Authors: Telatar Tahsin Gökhan , Karadoğan Dilek , Baykal Mehmet Halit , Yurtsever Burcu Aykanat 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe effect of COVID‐19 on smoking behavior is not fully known. Studies evaluating the link between smoking and COVID‐19 have controversial results. This study aims to evaluate patients' smoking status with COVID‐19 and the effect of COVID‐19 on smoking behavior.MethodsData were collected from 150 COVID‐19 patients with a positive polymerase chain reaction test for SARS‐CoV‐2 between 11 March 2020 and 15 May 2020 in Rize, Turkey. Patients were interviewed by phone calls 2 months after their recovery. After 9 months, a follow‐up was performed for those who quit smoking.ResultsOf the participants, 19 (12.7%) were current smokers before the COVID‐19 diagnosis, and 15 (78.9%) of them stated that they quit smoking after their diagnosis. After nine months of follow‐up, 11 of those 15 participants (57.8%) sustained abstinence.ConclusionSmoking cessation rates are high in people with COVID‐19. Besides, the frequency of sustaining abstinence in the long term was also high in these individuals. The COVID‐19 pandemic should be viewed as an open opportunity to strengthen and prioritize smoking cessation activities.
Hypoglycaemia: Still the main drawback of insulin 100 years on: “From man to mouse”
Authors: Merchant Heather J. , McNeilly Alison D. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractOne hundred years on from the initial discovery of insulin, we take this opportunity to reflect on the scientific discoveries that have improved so many lives. From its original crude form, insulin therapy has improved significantly over the past century. Despite this, hypoglycaemia remains an ever‐present fear for people with Type 1 diabetes. As such, it is essential that research now looks to minimise the frequency and severity of insulin‐induced hypoglycaemia and its complications, some of which can be life‐threatening. Over the last century, one thing that has become apparent is the success and need for translational diabetes research. From its origin in dogs, insulin treatment has revolutionised the lives of those with Type 1 diabetes through the coordinated effort of scientists and clinicians. In this review, we recount the more recent research that uses a mouse‐to‐man approach, specifically in hypoglycaemia research.