bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SURVIVAL OF A PREMATURE SCOTTISH INFANT WEIGHING LESS THAN 1,000 gm IN 1815
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

Even today with the best of pediatric and nursing care, survival of premature infants with a birth weight of about 1,000 gm is precarious. The description below by Dr. John Rodman of Paisley, Scotland, proves that a low birth weight infant could survive without an incubator or any of our contemporary regimens for the care of the such infants.1 Dr. Rodman's report gives a fascinating account of how premature infants were cared for in Scotland more than a century and a half ago. Being employed as accoucheur on the 19th of April 1815, when the mother who had born five children . . . attributed . . . premature labour to fatiguing exertions on the preceding day . . . I had the happiness to deliver her of a living male infant.
Not daring to allow the washing of this infant's body, he was speedily wiped and wrapped in flannel, with only an opening in the dress around his mouth, for the admission of air; and by the time the dressing was over, the mother was ready to take him into the warm bed with herself. It is common, if there be much apparent weakness, to feed a child the first twelve hours after birth very frequently, yet, in this instance, although the child was weak, no feeding was attempted till beyond that time; the nourishing heat with the mother in bed was relied on. . . . The child was kept regularly and comfortably warm by the mother and two other females alternately lying in bed with him, for more than two months. . . .
A SIMPLE, RELIABLE METHOD OF MEASURING GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE USING SINGLE, LOW DOSE SODIUM IOTHALAMATE I131
Authors: Cohen Melvin L. , Smith Fred G. , Mindell Robert S. , Vernier Robert L. 
Published: December 2021

The renal clearances of sodium iothalamate I131 after a single intravenous dose of 10 µCi were compared with inulin clearances and endogenous creatinine clearances. In a total of 40 comparative studies made between the isotope and inulin clearances, correlation was excellent (r = .995) with a very small standard error (±5.9), suggesting that sodium iothalamate I131 clearance accurately measures glomerular filtration rate. In 43 comparative studies between endogenous creatinine and inulin clearances, correlation was good (r = .935) only when determined simultaneously, and even then the standard error was so great (± 18.7) that any individual creatinine clearance was of limited value.
In performing the isotope clearance, adequate hydration is maintained orally. Ten microcuries of sodium iothalamate I131 are injected intravenously. After a 30 to 60 minute equilibration period, the bladder is emptied by voiding and a blood specimen obtained. A timed, voided urine is then collected and again a blood specimen obtained at the time of voiding. Both blood specimens and the urine are counted in a well-type scintillation counter with gamma spectrometer. The mean of the beginning and end-point plasma radioactivity is used in the clearance formula. This isotope method is recommended as the test of choice in measuring glomerular filtration rate.
REYE'S SYNDROME: AMMONIA INTOXICATION AS A POSSIBLE FACTOR IN THE ENCEPHALOPATHY
Authors: Huttenlocher Peter R. , Schwartz Allen D. , Klatskin Gerald 
Published: December 2021

Ten patients with the syndrome described by Reye and co-workers as encephalopathy with fatty degeneration of the viscera have been studied over a 5-year period. This disorder represents a rather common cause of acute, severe cerebral disturbance in childhood. It appears to include a great majority of the cases previously diagnosed as "acute toxic encephalopathy" and "acute brain swelling."
A prodromal illness, which was thought to be of viral etiology, was present in all of the children of the present series, and in two the prodrome consisted of typical chickenpox. The viral illness appeared to have run its course by the time the hepatic and central nervous system disorder manifested itself. Viral cultures at the time of the encephalopathy were negative. Abnormalities in selected liver function tests were striking, with marked elevations in SGOT in all patients and with evidence of ammonia intoxication in the three patients in whom blood ammonia levels were followed. Serum bilirubin, on the other hand, remained normal or only slighth elevated. In both the survivors and those with irreversible brain damage, there was a very rapid return of liver functions to normal. Histologic changes in the liver also disappeared rapidly and completely. There were five deaths in the series and one of the survivors was left with severe brain damage. Vigorous treatment for hepatic failure was attempted in three patients. The results of this therapy have so far been disappointing, with only one survivor. The etiology of this disorder remains obscure, but present evidence suggests that it is best classified as a postviral syndrome.
TOOTH-RASHES AS DESCRIBED BY MICHAEL UNDERWOOD (1737-1820), THE FOUNDER OF MODERN PEDIATRICS
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

I know of no contemporary pediatrician who believes that the cutting of deciduous teeth causes skin rashes. But, almost all the great figures in the history of pediatrics believed firmly that teething was associated with a riety of rashes. Michael Underwood, who more than anyone else laid the foundation of modern pediatrics, wrote about tooth-rashes as follows:
A very common rash, appears chiefly in teething children, which yery much resembles the measles, and has been sometimes mistaken for it. It is preceded by sickness at the stomach, but is attended by very little fever; though the rash continues very florid for three days, like the measles, but does not dry off in the manner of that disease. . . .
While the double or eye-teeth are cutting, I have noticed a rash Which at its first appearance is very similar to the above, and has likewise been mistaken for the measles. It, however, soon spreads into larger spots and patches of bright red, and afterwards of a darker hue, resembling the ill-looking petechiae which appear in bad fevers, but is, nevertheless, of a benign nature. It is, indeed, attended with some fever, arising possibly from the irritation occasioned by teething, and has been followed by small and hard round tumours on the legs, which softening in two or three days, always appear as if they would suppurate, though I believe they never do . . . [? erythema nodosum, T. E. C., Jr.]
I have seen a third kind of rash, in appearance resembling the measles, and, like it, covering the whole body, but with larger intermediate patches, like the eruption in the scarlet fever. . . .
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT: PERORAL INTESTINAL BIOPSY
Authors: Shwachman Harry , Khaw Kon-Taik , Antonowicz Irene 
Published: December 2021

Understanding of the function and appearance of the intestinal mucosa in health and disease has rapidly increased with the development of instruments for taking small intestinal biopsies by the oral route. Early studies in the adult, little more than a decade ago, employed a variety of ingenious devices developed by Royer and co-workers,1 Shiner,2 Crosby and Kugler,3 Rubin and co-workers,4 and others. Most of them "sucked up" a bit of the mucosal surface into a small orifice of a capsule, appropriately placed in the intestine, detached the section by a sharp knife blade, and withdrew it in the capsule. Early workers were understandably reluctant to study pediatric patients, but in recent years a number of pediatricians have used these devices effectively.
METHODS
Although the mucosal biopsy obtained from any segment of the small bowel generally weighs only 5 to 15 mg, it may be profitably examined by numerous techniques: the gross morphological, the histological, histochemical, biochemical, and electron microscopic. For routine study, considerable information can be gained by observing the specimen under a dissecting microscope and by histologic examination of carefully oriented and cut sections. Rubin has pointed out the difficulties and errors in interpretation of inadequately prepared sections. The plane of sectioning should be parallel to the villi and perpendicular to the luminal suface. Microtechniques for assay of disaccharidasese can be applied with a high degree of reliability. The activity of lactase, sucrase, maltase, and palatinase can be expressed as activity per unit of wet weight of tissue or per unit of tissue protein content.
DRUG TESTING IN CHILDREN: FDA REGULATIONS
Authors: Yaffe Sumner J. , Avery Mary Ellen , Gold Arnold P. , Kenny Frederick M. , Riley Harris D. , Schafer Irwin A. , Stern Leo , Shirkey Harry , Bishop Jeffrey , Farchione Louis A. , Lockhart Jean , Weiss Charles F. 
Published: December 2021

The testillg of drugs for use ill cilildren is difficult to accomplish, and it is even difficult to write about. Anything that smacks of "experimentation" on a child or even the use of a placebo given to a sick child is an emotionally charged subject. To carry out procedures that cannot be considered as essential to therapy, especially when they are painful or tiresome, seems abhorrent.
However, it is recognized that the effects of many drugs on children may vary considerably from the effects on adults even when careful calculation is made to arrive at a dosage proportional to the body weight or estimated body surface area. Pharmacologically, children cannot be regarded as little adults. Intensified, or toxic effects of drugs administered to children, especially infants, may reflect immaturity in enzymatic mechanisms for drug metabolism, as well as other detoxification and excretory functions.
In view of these circumstances, there is need for special caution in prescribing medication in the treatment of childhood disorders, particularly when the medication is used for an extended period of time or when a newly marketed drug is employed. Even greater caution is needed with the use of a new drug under investigation, in advance of approval for marketing. Known serious adverse effects of drugs in children include the effects of sex hormones on growth, steroids on genital development, and antibiotics on tooth enamel.
According to the regulations of the Food and Drug Administration, a drug which has not been subjected to investigation in children may not be labeled for use in pediatric therapy.
Testing the Patency of the Nasal Choanae, Continued
Authors: van Leeuwen G. 
Published: December 2021

In our paper, "Screening for Hidden Congenital Anomalies" (Pediatrics, 41:147, 1968), the point of course was that we do just that, not that we develop arguments over the best method to diagnose choanal atresia. It was also not intended that we torture our little friends by "ramming foreign bodies down their nostrils" (Pediatrics, 42:873, 1968) and public apology is herewith rendered to all infants so molested.
There are two objections to Dr. Abel's rarely quoted reference.
Human Growth: Body Composition, Cell Growth, Energy, and Intelligence, edited by Donald B. Cheek, M.B., B.S., M.D., and D.Sc. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1968, 781 pp., $25.00
Authors: Forbes Gilbert B. 
Published: December 2021

Structure is a necessary prelude to function. The tissue analyses of the nineteenth century chemists laid the foundation for modern electrolyte physiology. Recent decades have seen the development of techniques for the study of body composition in living subjects, which hopefully will lead to a better understanding of human biology and growth. Donald Cheek has been in the forefront of these modern developments.
The present book testifies to his indefatigability and his unbounded enthusiasm for the topic of human growth.
"Ectopic" Liver in the Umbilicus: An Unusual Focus of Infection in a Newborn Infant
Authors: Shaw Anthony , Pierog Sophie 
Published: December 2021

Liver tissue rarely occurs in ectopic sites.1 Intra-abdominal liver fragments (accessory or supernumerary lobes) attached to the main portion of liver are also uncommon.1,2 When liver is found outside the abdominal cavity, it most often forms part of the contents of an omphalocele or diaphragmatic hernia and constitutes all or part of the liver proper protruding through a broad defect. The following case report describes an extra-abdominal fragment of liver which formed a serious focus of neonatal infection.
Case Report
Baby boy R. was born on June 22, 1967, after a 28-week gestation. He weighed 1,247 gm. The mother was a 19-year-old gravida II, para II Puerto Rican.
Infant, Perinatal, Maternal, and Childhood Mortality in the United States: Vital and Health Statistics Monographs, American Public Health Association, by Sam Shapiro, Edward R. Schlesinger, M.D., and Robert E.L. Nesbitt, Jr., M.D. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1968, 388 pp., $7.95
Authors: van den Berg Bea J. 
Published: December 2021

This book, one in the series of "Vital and Health Statistics Monographs" of the American Public Health Association, is a well documented study of childhood mortality in the United States up to 1964. The data, supplemented by information from special studies, are mainly derived from vital statistics of the United States and upstate New York.
Some 80 tables and figures in the text and about half this number in the Appendix review mortality data in different age periods from 1935 to 1964, with emphasis on comparison of the years around 1950 with those around 1960 in relation to such variables as sex, birth weight, ethnic group, cause of death, age of mother, parity, geographic area, and socioeconomic group.
ANTIBIOTIC TREATMENT OF PERTUSSIS
Authors: Nelson John D. 
Published: December 2021

The whoop is heard in the land ever less frequently with the passing decades since pertussis immunization has become widespread. Pediatricians sequestered in suburbia may have relegated it to the status of a medical curiosity; but, pertussis remains an important cause of infant morbidity. In 1967, there were 9,718 cases reported to health officials; this is an impressive reduction from the 32,148 cases reported 10 years earlier, but it still represents more than four times the number of meningococcal infections recorded in 1967.
Pertusis persists endemically in the disadvantaged segment of the population not reached effectively by preventive medicine, and there is occasional spillover to the rest of the population.
A CHILD'S DAYDREAMING BEAUTIFULLY DESCRIBED BY JAMES GATES PERCIVAL, M.D. (1795-1856)—A FORGOTTEN AMERICAN LITERARY GENIUS
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

Few contemporary physicians—or for that matter students of American literature—will know the title of even a single poem written by Dr. James Gates Percival. And yet, he has been considered our nation's foremost poet during the 1820's and early 1830's, a position he held until the ascendency of William Cullen Bryant.1
One of Percival's early poems, entitled "The Pleasures of Childhood," contains this engaging description of a child's daydreams.
Along the stream, that flowed in summer's Mildness o'er its bed of rounded pebbles, with Its Scanty waves encircling many an islet, and its Banks in bays and havens scooping, I would stray, And, dreaming, rear an empire on its shores. There cities rose, and palaces and towers Caught the first light of morning; there the fleet Lent all its snowy canvass [sic] to the wind, And bore, with awful front, against the foe; There armies marshall'd their array, and join'd In mimic slaughter: there the conquer'd fled— I follow'd their retreat, until secure, They found a refuge in their country's walls; The triumphs of the conqueror were mine,— The bounds of empire widen'd, and the wealth Tom from the helpless hands of humbled foes; There many a childish hour was spent; the world, That moved and fretted round me, had no power To draw me from my musings, but the dream Enthrall'd me till it seem'd reality; And, when I woke, I wonder'd that a brook Was babbling by, and a few rods of soil, Cover'd with scanty herbs, the arena where Cities and empires, fleets and armies rose.
VEXATIOUS BEHAVIOR OF CHILDREN VIVIDLY DESCRIBED IN 1624
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

William Whately, Preacher of the word of God in Banbury, Oxfordshire, wrote a fascinating treatise on marriage in 1624. The description below of the behavior of some English children of Whately's time, will seem all too familiar to a few contemporary parents:
Many a child puts his mother to after-throes more terrible, than those with which she brought him into the world at first. . . . Sometimes they prove stubborn, sometimes riotous, sometimes unclean, sometimes false, and sometimes bring themselves to infamous punishments, and untimely deaths. Sometimes they be lewd before marriage and vex the parents, with beholding a bastard of their names. . .
Set them to learning they learn nothing but vanity: set them to labour, they labour for nothing, but to undo themselves; running away from their Masters; it may be also robbing them, and having run themselves out of breath, come home ragged, and miserable, but not penitent, ready to do as bad again, and put their parents to extremity of care, so that they are even distracted, and at their wits ends, not knowing what course in the world to take with them, because both fair means and foul means have been used, and none will avail. .
Or if thou escape these petit [sic] crosses, in thy children, how could thou brook a stubborn, rebellious son, or a daughter, that will interchange words with thee, and snap thee up short, and chide faster than thyself? That will cast upon thee a leering, horse-like, contemptuous eye and will stab thy soul, with a lowering, pouting, scornful look . . . that will steal thy goods from thee, and consume it in ill company, whores and drunkenness that wastes all that thou hast gotten and given to him. . . .
HOW TO FEED THE INFANT WHEN BREAST MILK WAS NOT AVAILABLE, ACCORDING TO SIR ARTHUR CLARKE, M.D., WRITING IN 1828
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

One of the best known books written for mothers in the early part of the nineteenth century was Sir Arthur Clark's: The Young Mother's Assistant; or a Practical Guide for the Prevention and Treatment of the Diseases of Infants and Children.
If breast milk should not be available, Sir Arthur recommended the following:
Should an infant, from accidental or other circumstances, be deprived of its food from the breast of its mother or nurse, an artificial substitute for it must be supplied; and it is evident that in this case the closer we can imitate nature the better. For this purpose a suckling bottle should be procured, the mouth of which should be as wide as that of an eight-ounce viol, [sic] which is to be stopped with sponge, covered with gauze, and made in size and shape to resemble a nipple.
The following preparation is most suitable for an infant, as it comes nearest in quality to the mother's milk, and may be sucked through the sponge.
On a small quantity of a crum [sic] of bread pour some boiling water; after soaking for about ten minutes, press it, and throw the water away, (this process purifies the bread from alum or any other saline substance which it may have contained); then boil it in as much soft water as will dissolve the bread and make a decoction of the consistence of barley water: to a sufficient quantity of this decoction, about a fifth part of fresh cow's milk is to be added, and sweetened with the best soft sugar.
BENIGN FAMILIAL HEMATURIA
Authors: Marks Melvin I. , Drummond Keith N. 
Published: December 2021

Asymptomatic persistent renal hematuria of 6 months to 8 years' duration was observed in seven of eight siblings. There was no family history of renal disease or deafness, and other family members examined showed normal urinalyses; none of the other known forms of hereditary renal disease were detected. Abnormalities of renal function or general physical health and development were not detected. Renal biopsies were performed in the two patients with the longest history of hematuria (7 and 8 years). Light and immunofluorescence microscopic study of renal tissue revealed no abnormalities of glomeruhi or interstitial tissue.
This familial condition is characterized by persistent microscopic hematuria with episodic gross hematuria and a favorable long-term prognosis. Although the pathogenesis is unclear, an immune process does not appear to be involved. Microscopic examination of the urine of family members in hematuria without an obvious etiology is warranted.
HOW OFTEN SHOULD ONE TAKE A BATH?
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

During the Victorian era, children, if bathed at all, usually found Saturday evening the day chosen by their parents. Daily bathing was not considered necessary, and might even be harmful. A good example of mid-eighteenth century medical advice written for children about this matter is given below:
A late writer in the Medical and Surgical Journat utters the opinion that once a week is often enough to bathe the whole body for the purpose of luxury or cleanliness. Flannel worn next to the skin at all seasons is proper, and is infinitely more healthful than all the daily baths now so fashionable. The oil which is secreted by the sebaceous glands of the skin, serves the purpose of lubricating its surface. Now if this secretion is constantly removed as fast as exuded, its destined object is thereby defeated. The excretory ducts of the perspiratory glands, and the glands themselves, require this unctuous matter of the skin, to keep them in health and action. If very frequent bathing of the whole body is practiced, it must be obvious that this matter cannot be long present to perform its office. As to the assimilation of functions of the skin and lungs, it will be apparent, that when the skin acts imperfectly, or ceases to act at all, the lungs have an extra amount of duty to perform; and it is generally in just such cases that engorgement takes place, constituting infiammation or pneumonia.
While a great number of health statisticians attribute the increase of modem longevity to this and that cause, we believe that the benefits of cheap flannel, linen and cotton clothes are overlooked. We can well understand how necessary it is for savages to bathe once a day, but not those who enjoy the luxury of clean linen.
Grounding and Electrical Leakage of Photo Therapy Equipment
Authors: Stein Bernard 
Published: December 2021

I am the director of the Bio Electronics Lab at Wilson Memorial Hospital. We have a safety program in which electrical leakage on all electrical and electronic equipment is checked. Our standards are set in accordance to the American Heart Association at 5 microamps. This brings me to the purpose of this letter.
We received an Air Shields photo therapy unit which is used in the prevention and treatment of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. This lamp has a leakage of 70 micro-amps when it is ungrounded.
The XYY Condition in Childhood: Clinical Observation
Authors: Elbualy M. S. 
Published: December 2021

R. F. Daly, et al. recently suggested some features that may be associated with the condition named above. I wish to present a case that does not support this association.
MW, a 10-year, 1-month-old Negro boy, is the product of a term, normal, first pregnancy. He was born to a 21-year-old mother and a + 30-year-old father. Birth weight was 6 lb, 15½ ozs; length was not recorded. Both parents are about 5 ft, 5 in.