bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dissection of the Mechanisms of Growth Inhibition Resulting from Loss of the PII Protein in the Cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942
Authors: Sakamoto Takayuki , Takatani Nobuyuki , Sonoike Kintake , Jimbo Haruhiko , Nishiyama Yoshitaka , Omata Tatsuo 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In cyanobacteria, the PII protein (the glnB gene product) regulates a number of proteins involved in nitrogen assimilation including PipX, the coactivator of the global nitrogen regulator protein NtcA. In Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942, construction of a PII-less mutant retaining the wild-type pipX gene is difficult because of the toxicity of uncontrolled action of PipX and the other defect(s) resulting from the loss of PIIper se, but the nature of the PipX toxicity and the PipX-independent defect(s) remains unclear. Characterization of a PipX-less glnB mutant (PD4) in this study showed that the loss of PII increases the sensitivity of PSII to ammonium. Ammonium was shown to stimulate the formation of reactive oxygen species in the mutant cells. The ammonium-sensitive growth phenotype of PD4 was rescued by the addition of an antioxidant α-tocopherol, confirming that photo-oxidative damage was the major cause of the growth defect. A targeted PII mutant retaining wild-type pipX was successfully constructed from the wild-type S. elongatus strain (SPc) in the presence of α-tocopherol. The resulting mutant (PD1X) showed an unusual chlorophyll fluorescence profile, indicating extremely slow reduction and re-oxidation of QA, which was not observed in mutants defective in both glnB and pipX. These results showed that the aberrant action of uncontrolled PipX resulted in an impairment of the electron transport reactions in both the reducing and oxidizing sides of QA.
Impact of Fibromyalgia Phenotype in Temporomandibular Disorders
Authors: Harper Daniel E , Sayre Kelly , Schrepf Andrew , Clauw Daniel J , Aronovich Sharon 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Background
Mounting evidence suggests that central nervous system amplification, similar to that seen in fibromyalgia (FM), contributes to the pain experience in a subset of patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD).

Methods
In this prospective observational study, patients with TMD completed the 2011 FM survey questionnaire, a surrogate measure of “centralized” pain. The influence of centralized pain on TMD pain, dysfunction, and disability was assessed dichotomously by determining the incidence of FM-positive cases in the sample and by using FM survey scores as a continuous measure of “fibromyalgia-ness” (“FM-ness”).

Results
The patients meeting criteria for FM diagnosis (17 of 89) had significantly more disease burden on numerous measures. FM-ness was positively associated with pain at rest, negative mood, tenderness to palpation, perceived jaw functional limitation, and pain-related disability, and it was negatively associated with comfortable pain-free jaw opening. The impact of FM-ness on perceived jaw functional limitation and disability was mediated by levels of spontaneous, ongoing pain in the orofacial region. Importantly, this pattern of findings was still present even in those not meeting the criteria for FM diagnosis.

Conclusion
Together, these results imply that higher FM-ness increases TMD patient burden by amplifying spontaneous pain and further hampering painless jaw function, even in patients who do not meet criteria for FM diagnosis. These results are highly relevant for the clinical management of TMD, as they imply that targeting the central nervous system in the treatment of patients with TMD with evidence of pain centralization may help ameliorate both pain and jaw dysfunction.
MEASUREMENT OF THE ACTIVITY CONCENTRATIONS OF GAMMA EMITTING RADIONUCLIDES IN TOOTHPASTE SAMPLES AND ASSESSMENT OF THE CORRESPONDING ANNUAL EFFECTIVE DOSES
Authors: Ababneh Anas M , Samarah Qutad M 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
It is inevitable that we are exposed to radiation daily from various sources and products that we consume on daily basis. The use of toothpaste for oral hygiene is one of the most common daily practices by humans and yet very little data are available regarding its radiation content. In this work, we investigated the concentrations of gamma emitting radionuclides in toothpaste samples consumed in Jordan. 40K and 226Ra were detected in almost one-third of the samples, whereas 228Ra was detected in nearly half of them. The corresponding activity concentrations in the detected samples were in the ranges of 68.7–154.2, 4.6–14.1 and 1.3–10.0 Bq/kg, respectively. Dose assessment of accidental ingestion of toothpaste for children and adults was made, and its contribution to the annual effective dose was found to be very minimal with maximum doses of ~2.9 and 1.3 μSv for children and adults, respectively.
Septic shock: a microcirculation disease
Authors: De Backer Daniel , Ricottilli Francesco , Ospina-Tascón Gustavo A. 
Published: February 2021

Purpose of review
The aim of this study was to discuss the implication of microvascular dysfunction in septic shock.

Recent findings
Resuscitation of sepsis has focused on systemic haemodynamics and, more recently, on peripheral perfusion indices. However, central microvascular perfusion is altered in sepsis and these alterations often persist despite normalization of various macro haemodynamic resuscitative goals. Endothelial dysfunction is a key element in sepsis pathophysiology. It is responsible for the sepsis-induced hypotension. In addition, endothelial dysfunction is also implicated involved in the activation of inflammation and coagulation processes leading to amplification of the septic response and development of organ dysfunction. It also promotes an increase in permeability, mostly at venular side, and impairs microvascular perfusion and hence tissue oxygenation.
Microvascular alterations are characterized by heterogeneity in blood flow distribution, with adequately perfused areas in close vicinity to not perfused areas, thus characterizing the distributive nature of septic shock. Such microvascular alterations have profound implications, as these are associated with organ dysfunction and unfavourable outcomes. Also, the response to therapy is highly variable and cannot be predicted by systemic hemodynamic assessment and hence cannot be detected by classical haemodynamic tools.

Summary
Microcirculation is a key element in the pathophysiology of sepsis. Even if microcirculation-targeted therapy is not yet ready for the prime time, understanding the processes implicated in microvascular dysfunction is important to prevent chasing systemic hemodynamic variables when this does not contribute to improve tissue perfusion.
Blood transfusion and alternatives in Jehovah's Witness patients
Authors: Rashid Megan , Kromah Fatoumata , Cooper Catherine 
Published: February 2021

Purpose of review
More than 8.5 million people in the world observe the Jehovah's Witness faith, and require unique consideration for perioperative blood management as they generally refuse transfusion of blood and blood products. This review addresses a collaborative approach to each patient throughout the perioperative arena. The principles of this approach include optimization of hemoglobin levels preoperatively, attention to blood-salvaging methods intraoperatively, and minimization of blood draws postoperatively. In addition, we review the technologies currently in development as transfusion alternatives, including hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers.

Recent findings
Progress has been made recently in the field of synthetic blood alternatives and hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers, which may lead to improved outcomes in this patient population.

Summary
Utilization of multiple prevention and mitigation strategies to optimize oxygen supply and decrease oxygen demand will lead to decreased incidence of critical anemia and subsequent improved mortality in Jehovah's Witness patients.
Patient-reported Quality of Life After SBRT, LDR, and HDR Brachytherapy for Prostate Cancer
Authors: Paly Jonathan J. , Egleston Brian L. , Wong Jessica K. , Burbure Nina , Sobczak Mark L. , Hayes Shelly B. , Chen David Y.T. , Horwitz Eric M. , Hallman Mark A. 
Published: February 2021

Purpose:
We sought to compare changes in patient-reported quality of life (PRQOL) following stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), high dose rate (HDR), and low dose rate (LDR) brachytherapy for prostate cancer.

Materials and Methods:
International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), Sexual Health Inventory For Men (SHIM), and Expanded Prostate cancer Index Composite Short Form (EPIC-26) were prospectively collected for men with low/intermediate-risk cancer treated at a single institution. We used Generalized Estimating Equations to identify associations between variables and early (3 to 6 mo) or late (1 to 2 y) PRQOL scores. Minimally important differences (MID) were compared with assess clinical relevance.

Results:
A total of 342 LDR, 159 HDR, and 112 SBRT patients treated from 2001 to 2018 were eligible. Gleason score, PSA, and age were lower among LDR patients compared with HDR/SBRT. Unadjusted baseline IPSS score was similar among all groups. Adjusted IPSS worsened at all time points compared with baseline after LDR/HDR. At early/late time points, rates of IPSS MID after LDR were higher compared to HDR/SBRT. There were no IPSS differences between SBRT and HDR. All modalities showed early and late SHIM worsening. There were no temporal differences in SHIM between SBRT and brachytherapy. There were no differences in EPIC subdomains between HDR and SBRT. Bowel symptoms worsened early after SBRT, whereas urinary irritative/obstructive symptoms worsened late after HDR. Among all domains, MID after SBRT and HDR were similar.

Conclusions:
In a cohort of patients treated with modern radiotherapy techniques, HDR and SBRT resulted in clinically meaningful improved urinary PRQOL compared with LDR.
Radiofrequency Microneedling: A Comprehensive and Critical Review
Authors: Tan Marcus G. , Jo Christine E. , Chapas Anne , Khetarpal Shilpi , Dover Jeffrey S. 
Published: February 2021

BACKGROUND
Many studies have evaluated radiofrequency microneedling (RFMN) in various dermatologic conditions. However, the efficacy and safety of RFMN, and how it compares with other energy-based devices in a clinician's armamentarium, remains unclear.

OBJECTIVE
To review higher-quality evidence supporting RFMN and the dermatologic conditions which it can be used in.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
A search was conducted in MEDLINE and EMBASE from inception to May 13, 2020, using the terms: “radiofrequency microneedling” OR “fractional radiofrequency” OR “radiofrequency needling” OR “radiofrequency percutaneous collagen induction.” Only randomized, split body or blinded studies with original data on humans were included. Non-English or non–dermatology-related studies were excluded.

RESULTS
Forty-two higher-quality studies were included after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria. There were 14 studies for skin rejuvenation, 7 for acne scars, 6 for acne vulgaris, 5 each for striae and axillary hyperhidrosis, 2 for melasma, and 1 each for rosacea, cellulite, and androgenetic alopecia.

CONCLUSION
Radiofrequency microneedling is an effective intervention that can be used repeatedly and safely in combination with other treatment modalities and in individuals with darker skin phototypes. Radiofrequency microneedling–induced dermal remodeling and neocollagenesis are slow and progressive but continue to improve even 6 months after treatment.
Urinary sodium and potassium excretions in young adulthood and blood pressure by middle age: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study
Authors: Hisamatsu Takashi , Lloyd-Jones Donald M. , Colangelo Laura A. , Liu Kiang 
Published: February 2021

Objective:
Data are sparse regarding the impact of sodium and potassium intakes on serial blood pressure (BP) levels during long-term follow-up.

Methods:
Among 1007 Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults participants (mean age, 30.2 years; 53% blacks; 57% women) who had at least two 24-h urine samples collected at year 5 (Y5) examination, we assessed associations of urinary sodium and potassium excretions with BP trends and incident hypertension in the subsequent 25 years. Participants were classified by sex-specific medians for averaged 24-h urinary excretions: lower sodium and higher potassium (Na-Lo-K-Hi); higher sodium and lower potassium (Na-Hi-K-Lo); and others.

Results:
In the adjusted generalized estimating equation model, SBP and DBP greatly increased in the Na-Hi-K-Lo group (n = 185) compared with the Na-Lo-K-Hi group (n = 185), with statistically significant BP differences at Y20, Y25, and Y30 (mean SBP, 3.93, 4.94, and 4.88 mmHg, respectively; and mean DBP, 4.70, 4.95, and 4.59 mmHg, respectively). During 25-year follow-up, among 926 participants without prevalent hypertension by Y5, 381 (41.1%) developed hypertension. In the adjusted Cox proportional hazards model, the Na-Hi-K-Lo group had hazard ratio (95% confidence interval), 1.45 (1.00–2.10) for incident hypertension compared with the Na-Lo-K-Hi group. The association with incident hypertension was predominant in blacks and white women (race--sex interaction, P = 0.03). Sodium-to-potassium ratio and sodium excretion were positively, whereas potassium excretion was inversely, associated with incident hypertension (all P trend <0.05).

Conclusion:
Our findings highlight the importance of dietary sodium reduction and higher potassium intake for hypertension prevention among young adults.
FOVEA-SPARING VERSUS COMPLETE INTERNAL LIMITING MEMBRANE PEELING IN VITRECTOMY FOR VITREOMACULAR INTERFACE DISEASES
Authors: Wang Yuelin , Zhao Xinyu , Zhang Wenfei , Yang Jingyuan , Chen Youxin 
Published: February 2021

Purpose:
To evaluate fovea-sparing internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling in vitrectomy compared with traditional complete ILM peeling in vitreomacular interface diseases, including macular hole (MH), epiretinal membrane, macular foveoschisis, myopic traction maculopathy, and the like.

Methods:
PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, CNKI Databases, and the ClinicalTrials.gov website (PROSPERO number CRD42020187401) were searched. Controlled trials comparing fovea-sparing with complete ILM peeling were included. Postoperative changes in best-corrected visual acuity, central retinal thickness in vitreomacular interface diseases, the incidence of MH closure in MH cases, full-thickness macular hole development in non-MH cases, and retinal reattachment in retinoschisis cases were extracted.

Results:
Fourteen studies (487 eyes) were eligible. Compared with complete ILM peeling, the fovea-sparing technique revealed significant improvement in best-corrected visual acuity ( logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution; weighted mean difference = −0.70; 95% confidence interval, −1.11 to −0.30), and a reduced incidence of full-thickness macular hole was noted in non-MH cases (risk ratios = 0.25; 95% confidence interval, 0.08–0.76). However, no significant differences in mean change in central retinal thickness, incidence of MH closure in MH cases, and retinal reattachment in retinoschisis cases were noted.

Conclusion:
Based on current evidence, fovea-sparing ILM peeling significantly improve visual outcomes and decrease complications of full-thickness macular hole development in vitreomacular interface diseases.
WIDE-FIELD SWEPT-SOURCE OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY OF DIABETIC TRACTIONAL RETINAL DETACHMENTS BEFORE AND AFTER SURGICAL REPAIR
Authors: Russell Jonathan F. , Scott Nathan L. , Townsend Justin H. , Shi Yingying , Gregori Giovanni , Crane Ashley M. , Flynn Harry W. , Sridhar Jayanth , Rosenfeld Philip J. 
Published: February 2021

Purpose:
Wide-field (WF) swept-source (SS) optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA) was used to image diabetic tractional retinal detachments (TRDs) before and after pars plana vitrectomy. The clinical utility of SS-OCTA was assessed.

Methods:
Patients with diabetic TRDs were imaged prospectively with SS-OCTA. Ultrawide-field imaging was obtained when possible. Postoperative WF SS-OCTA imaging was performed.

Results:
From January 2018 through December 2019, 31 eyes of 21 patients with diabetic TRDs were imaged. Wide-field SS-OCTA en-face images captured all areas of TRD and fibrovascular proliferation within the posterior pole that were visualized on ultrawide-field imaging. Optical coherence tomography angiography B-scans revealed the vascularity of preretinal membranes and identified areas of vitreoretinal traction and posterior vitreous detachment. Ten eyes underwent pars plana vitrectomy. Postoperative SS-OCTA imaging demonstrated removal of fibrovascular membranes, relief of traction, and resolution of TRDs. Retinal ischemia before and after surgical repair appeared similar.

Conclusion:
All clinically relevant features of diabetic TRDs were identified at baseline and assessed longitudinally after pars plana vitrectomy using WF SS-OCTA, which showed resolution of vitreoretinal traction and no apparent change in the status of retinal perfusion after surgery. If the media are clear and fixation is adequate, WF SS-OCTA is likely the only imaging modality needed for the diagnosis and longitudinal evaluation of diabetic TRDs.
A MULTIFACTORIAL APPROACH FOR IMPROVING THE SURGICAL PERFORMANCE OF NOVICE VITREORETINAL SURGEONS
Authors: Roizenblatt Marina , Jiramongkolchai Kim , Gehlbach Peter Louis , Dias Gomes Barrios Marin Vitor , Treiger Grupenmacher Alex , Muralha Felipe , Eid Farah Michel , Belfort Junior Rubens , Maia Mauricio 
Published: February 2021

Purpose:
To quantitatively analyze and compare the novice vitreoretinal surgeons' performance after various types of external exposures.

Methods:
This prospective, self-controlled, cross-sectional study included 15 vitreoretinal fellows with less than 2 years of experience. Surgical performance was assessed using the Eyesi simulator after each exposure: Day 1, placebo, 2.5, and 5 mg/kg caffeine; Day 2, placebo, 0.2, and 0.6 mg/kg propranolol; Day 3, baseline simulation, breathalyzer reading of 0.06% to 0.10% and 0.11% to 0.15% blood alcohol concentration; Day 4, baseline simulation, push-up sets with 50% and 85% repetition maximum; Day 5, 3-hour sleep deprivation. Eyesi-generated total scores were the main outcome measured (0–700, worst to best).

Results:
Performances worsened after increasing alcohol exposure based on the total score (χ2 = 7; degrees of freedom = 2; P = 0.03). Blood alcohol concentration 0.06% to 0.10% and 0.11% to 0.15% was associated with diminished performance compared with improvements after propranolol 0.6 and 0.2 mg/kg, respectively (∆1 = −22 vs. ∆2 = +13; P = 0.02; ∆1 = −43 vs. ∆2 = +23; P = 0.01). Propranolol 0.6 mg/kg was positively associated with the total score, compared with deterioration after 2.5 mg/kg caffeine (∆1 = +7 vs. ∆2 = −13; P = 0.03).

Conclusion:
Surgical performance diminished dose dependently after alcohol. Caffeine 2.5 mg/kg was negatively associated with dexterity, and performance improved after 0.2 mg/kg propranolol. No changes occurred after short-term exercise or acute 3-hour sleep deprivation.
Metabolic Control of γδ T Cell Function
Authors: Meng Ziyu , Cao Guangchao , Yang Quanli , Yang Hengwen , Hao Jianlei , Yin Zhinan 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Metabolic change is associated with cell activities, such as signal transduction, cell differentiation, and cell cycle. In the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, abnormal activation of T cells is often accompanied by changes in their metabolism. Conversely, the changes of metabolites can also regulate the proliferation, differentiation, and function of T cells. As a bridge between innate and adaptive immune responses, γδ T cells have unique biological characteristics and functions. However, the immunometabolic mechanism of γδ T cells has been a novel field for research in recent years. In this review, we summarize the influence of metabolic pathways and nutrients on γδ T cell function, and metabolic features of γδ T cell subsets, which may provide new insights in interventions targeting γδ T cells in disease control.
Genome-wide association studies of low back pain and lumbar spinal disorders using electronic health record data identify a locus associated with lumbar spinal stenosis
Authors: Suri Pradeep , Stanaway Ian B. , Zhang Yanfei , Freidin Maxim B. , Tsepilov Yakov A. , Carrell David S. , Williams Frances M.K. , Aulchenko Yurii S. , Hakonarson Hakon , Namjou Bahram , Crosslin David R. , Jarvik Gail P. , Lee Ming Ta 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Identifying genetic risk factors for lumbar spine disorders may lead to knowledge regarding underlying mechanisms and the development of new treatments. We conducted a genome-wide association study involving 100,811 participants with genotypes and longitudinal electronic health record data from the Electronic Medical Records and Genomics Network and Geisinger Health. Cases and controls were defined using validated algorithms and clinical diagnostic codes. Electronic health record–defined phenotypes included low back pain requiring healthcare utilization (LBP-HC), lumbosacral radicular syndrome (LSRS), and lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS). Genome-wide association study used logistic regression with additive genetic effects adjusting for age, sex, site-specific factors, and ancestry (principal components). A fixed-effect inverse-variance weighted meta-analysis was conducted. Genetic variants of genome-wide significance (P < 5 × 10−8) were carried forward for replication in an independent sample from UK Biobank. Phenotype prevalence was 48.8% for LBP-HC, 19.8% for LSRS, and 7.9% for LSS. No variants were significantly associated with LBP-HC. One locus was associated with LSRS (lead variant rs146153280:C>G, odds ratio [OR] = 1.17 for G, P = 2.1 × 10−9), but was not replicated. Another locus on chromosome 2 spanning GFPT1, NFU1, and AAK1 was associated with LSS (lead variant rs13427243:G>A, OR = 1.10 for A, P = 4.3 × 10−8) and replicated in UK Biobank (OR = 1.11, P = 5.4 × 10−5). This was the first genome-wide association study meta-analysis of lumbar spinal disorders using electronic health record data. We identified 2 novel associations with LSRS and LSS; the latter was replicated in an independent sample.
Efficacy of ketamine in relieving neuropathic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of animal studies
Authors: Velzen Monique van , Dahan Jack D.C. , van Dorp Eveline L.A , Mogil Jeffrey S. , Hooijmans Carlijn R. , Dahan Albert 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn humans, proof of long-term efficacy of ketamine treatment in neuropathic pain is lacking. To improve our understanding of ketamine behavior under various administration conditions, we performed a systematic review and meta-analyses of controlled studies on the efficacy of ketamine in mice and rats with a disease model of nerve injury on relief of allodynia. Searches in PubMed and EMBASE identified 31 unique studies. Four meta-analyses were conducted. The first analysis included 19 comparisons on a single ketamine dose and measurement of effect within 3 hours of dosing and showed an appreciable effect (standardized mean difference 1.6, 95% confidence interval 1.1-2.1). Subgroup analyses showed no effect of species, administration route, or dose. A single administration was insufficient to sustain relief of allodynia at 24 or 72 hours after dosing, as observed in our second analysis (7 comparisons) with similar effects in ketamine-treated and control animals. Chronic ketamine administration (9 comparisons) caused profound relief of allodynia when tested during ketamine exposure (effect size 5.1, 3.7-6.5). The final analysis (6 comparisons) showed that chronic administration caused a slow loss of relief of allodynia with 70% loss of effect 24 days after end of treatment. No subgroups analyses were possible in the last 3 meta-analyses due to small group sizes. These results indicate long-term ketamine anti-allodynic effects after chronic exposure (>3 days) but not after a single administration. Given several limitations, extrapolation of the animal data to the human condition is tenuous.