bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Einstein–Yang–Mills theory: gauge invariant charges and linearization instability
Authors: Altas Emel , Kilicarslan Ercan , Tekin Bayram 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe construct the gauge-invariant electric and magnetic charges in Yang–Mills theory coupled to cosmological general relativity (or any other geometric gravity), extending the flat spacetime construction of Abbott and Deser (Phys Lett B 116:259–263, 1982). For non-vanishing background gauge fields, the charges receive non-trivial contribution from the gravity part. In addition, we study the constraints on the first order perturbation theory and establish the conditions for linearization instability: that is the validity of the first order perturbation theory.
Dual-readout calorimetry: Present status and perspective
Authors: Antonello Massimiliano , Caccia Massimo , Santoro Romualdo , Ferrari Roberto , Gaudio Gabriella , Polesello Giacomo , Pezzotti Lorenzo , Chmill Valery , Karadzhinova-Ferrer Aneliya , Vivarelli Iacopo 
Published: July 2021

Dual-readout calorimetry is now a mature and well-known technology which guarantees excellent electromagnetic and hadronic resolution in the same detector. It has recently being proposed in the framework of IDEA (Innovative Detector for Electron–Positron Accelerators) for both Future Circular Collider (FCC-ee) and Circular Electron–Positron Collider (CEPC). After being extensively tested on prototypes, the dual-readout calorimetry is now moving toward a technology design study in order to be realistically available for an experiment. In this context, a full simulation of the calorimeter has been developed and used to estimate the expected performance of the detector. At the same time, the development of a novel technique for mass production of the detector modules, at an effective cost, is ongoing. As a first step, an electromagnetic-size prototype is under construction for a testbeam data taking originally foreseen in November 2020 and now moved to spring 2021, due to the Covid-19 pandemic spread.
The impacts of humans on geomorphology
Authors: Goudie Andrew S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

This chapter discusses the factors that have led to an increasing interest in the human impact in geomorphology, and then discusses the literature that appeared between
c.
1960 and 2000. These developments were in four main areas: (i) intellectual and policy-related; (ii) technological developments that alter geomorphological processes; (iii) demographic trends; and (iv) proliferation of techniques for the study of landform and process change. Much work was undertaken on landforms produced by construction and excavation. Interest also developed in accelerating ground subsidence, which is a widespread phenomenon that creates engineering problems. Indeed, with increasing exploitation of tundra areas for such activities as oil exploitation, there was an increasing interest in the problems associated with permafrost. Rivers have also been greatly impacted. Humans have modified sediment transport by rivers in two ways. First, as a result of accelerated soil erosion, the delivery of sediment to rivers has increased. Secondly, burgeoning dam construction has caused sediment to be trapped in reservoirs. Far-reaching changes in channel form have been produced by land-use and land-cover changes. In addition to non-deliberate changes to river systems, there have been a whole range of deliberate modifications (e.g. channelization). Some valley bottoms areas have suffered from accelerated sedimentation while others have become incised with gullies (‘arroyos’). Studies have indicated an increasing incidence of mass movements. These have been attributed to such factors as deforestation, road cuts, changes in slope drainage and irrigation of farm land. Much work has also been undertaken on wind erosion of dryland surfaces. Human activities, most notably air pollution, have changed the nature and rate of weathering, although enhanced weathering by salt can also be accelerated by irrigation. Large numbers of people live in coastal zones, and have had a major impact on coastal landforms and processes. Many of the world's shorelines have been eroding and the complex mix of causes, natural and anthropogenic, that could be responsible have been analysed. Finally, since the 1980s there has been a growing realization of the importance of global heating for geomorphological phenomena.
Context-aware Retrieval-based Deep Commit Message Generation
Authors: Wang Haoye , Xia Xin , Lo David , He Qiang , Wang Xinyu , Grundy John 
Published: July 2021

Commit messages recorded in version control systems contain valuable information for software development, maintenance, and comprehension. Unfortunately, developers often commit code with empty or poor quality commit messages. To address this issue, several studies have proposed approaches to generate commit messages from commit
diffs
. Recent studies make use of neural machine translation algorithms to try and translate git
diffs
into commit messages and have achieved some promising results. However, these learning-based methods tend to generate high-frequency words but ignore low-frequency ones. In addition, they suffer from exposure bias issues, which leads to a gap between training phase and testing phase.

In this article, we propose
CoRec
to address the above two limitations. Specifically, we first train a context-aware encoder-decoder model that randomly selects the previous output of the decoder or the embedding vector of a ground truth word as context to make the model gradually aware of previous alignment choices. Given a
diff
for testing, the trained model is reused to retrieve the most similar
diff
from the training set. Finally, we use the retrieval
diff
to guide the probability distribution for the final generated vocabulary. Our method combines the advantages of both information retrieval and neural machine translation. We evaluate
CoRec
on a dataset from Liu et al. and a large-scale dataset crawled from 10K popular Java repositories in Github. Our experimental results show that
CoRec
significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art method NNGen by 19% on average in terms of BLEU.
ATR/ATM-Mediated Phosphorylation of BRCA1 T1394 Promotes Homologous Recombinational Repair and G2–M Checkpoint Maintenance
Authors: Foo Tzeh K. , Vincelli Gabriele , Huselid Eric , Her Joonyoung , Zheng Haiyan , Simhadri Srilatha , Wang Meiling , Huo Yanying , Li Tao , Yu Xiaochun , Li Hong , Zhao Weixing , Bunting Samuel F. , Xia Bing 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

BRCA1 maintains genome integrity and suppresses tumorigenesis by promoting homologous recombination (HR)–mediated repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) and DNA damage-induced cell-cycle checkpoints. Phosphorylation of BRCA1 by ATM, ATR, CHK2, CDK, and PLK1 kinases has been reported to regulate its functions. Here we show that ATR and ATM-mediated phosphorylation of BRCA1 on T1394, a highly conserved but functionally uncharacterized site, is a key modification for its function in the DNA damage response (DDR). Following DNA damage, T1394 phosphorylation ensured faithful repair of DSBs by promoting HR and preventing single-strand annealing, a deletion-generating repair process. BRCA1 T1394 phosphorylation further safeguarded chromosomal integrity by maintaining the G2–M checkpoint. Moreover, multiple patient-derived BRCA1 variants of unknown significance were shown to affect T1394 phosphorylation. These results establish an important regulatory mechanism of BRCA1 function in the DDR and may have implications in the development or prognosis of BRCA1-associated cancers.

Significance:
This study identifies a BRCA1 phosphorylation event critical for its DNA repair function and reveals the functional defects of several BRCA1 variants of unknown significance.
Under Pressure: The Impact of Invoking the Two Year Rule within the Context of Deep Sea Mining in the Area
Authors: Willaert Klaas 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
At the end of June 2021, Nauru requested the ISA Council to complete the adoption of the rules, regulations and procedures necessary to facilitate the approval of plans of work for exploitation in the Area within two years’ time, pursuant to Section 1(15) of the Annex to the 1994 Implementation Agreement. If the exploitation regulations are not completed within that timeframe and an application for exploitation activities is pending, the Council must nonetheless consider it, but it is unclear on what basis such an application would need to be evaluated and what the nature and effects of a provisional approval are. In order to assess the precise impact and aftermath of invoking the ‘two year rule’, this short article explores the different legal interpretations and provides thoughts on the way forward.
Grammaticalization in action and beyond
Authors: del Barrio de la Rosa Florencio , Arroyo Hernández Ignacio 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
As a result of the rapid development of en plan in contemporary Spanish a wide range of recent studies have paid attention to the grammaticalization process transforming this adverbial locution (meaning ‘in a certain way, with a certain purpose’) into a pragmatic marker. However, previous research fails to capture the complex semantic networks and synchronic multifunctionality of en plan. The present study takes on a polygrammaticalization mechanism and describes two main sets of clines. The first set of clines concerns the evolution of en plan into a mitigation device; the second set deals with its grammaticalization as an intensifier. Moreover, the recently defined discursive mechanism of cooptation is thoroughly applied for the first time to Spanish. The contribution deals with written and oral data from different geographical varieties and gives support to a “grammaticalization-cooptation-grammaticalization” hypothesis in the emergence of en plan as a brand-new pragmatic marker in Spanish.
Becoming an Antwerp Humanist: The Culture of Friendship and Patronage in the Circles of Benito Arias Montano (1568–1598)
Authors: Lazure Guy 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
When the Spanish humanist Benito Arias Montano (c.1525-1598) arrived in Antwerp in1568 to work as editor of the new Polyglot Bible printed by Christophe Plantin, he was introduced to some of the leading members of the Republic of Letters of his time (such as Abraham Ortelius and Carolus Clusius), with whom he exchanged letters, books, portraits, and other tangible tokens of friendship until his dying day. From this hub of intellectual and typographical activity, Montano circulated devotional emblem books across a vast network of Catholic and Protestant scholars, politicians and ecclesiastics. These “instruments of friendship” established his reputation as a man of letters while serving the interests of both king Philip II and Plantin that ranged from cultural diplomacy to editorial and commercial strategy. This study highlights how, in addition to correspondence, the circulation of books, images and objects were essential tools of early modern scholarly practices and learned sociability.
Playful Trajectories and Experimentations
Authors: Vari Judit 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The main goal of this work is to discuss the place and role of video games in contemporary societies and their impact on individual relationships. It analyses how the development of video games is a sign of and a factor in the democratization of modern societies. It explores how video games contribute to the moral and political socialization of children and teenagers. The work is structured into two parts. The first explores the methodological, ethical and epistemological implications of Games Studies, and shows how the development of an independent field of research on video games can be analyzed as a sign of democratization. The second part focuses on youth identity experimentations and how video games can contribute to the democratization of social relations. Play inequalities are discussed, but it is also shown how video games are reconfiguring family and peer relationships, thereby influencing the movement of democratization of societies.
Long-Term Trend Comparison of Planetary Boundary Layer Height in Observations and CMIP6 Models over China
Authors: Yue Man , Wang Minghuai , Guo Jianping , Zhang Haipeng , Dong Xinyi , Liu Yawen 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe planetary boundary layer (PBL) plays an essential role in climate and air quality simulations. Nevertheless, large uncertainties remain in understanding the drivers for long-term trends of PBL height (PBLH) and its simulation. Here we combine the radiosonde data and reanalysis datasets to analyze PBLH long-term trends over China, and to further explore the performance of CMIP6 climate models in simulating these trends. Results show that the observed long-term “positive-to-negative” trend shift of PBLH is related to the variation in the surface upward sensible heat flux (SHFLX), and the SHFLX is further controlled by the synergistic effect of low cloud cover (LCC) and soil moisture (SM) changes. Variabilities in LCC and SM directly influence the energy balance via surface net downward shortwave flux (SWF) and the latent heat flux (LHFLX), respectively. The CMIP6 climate models, however, cannot reproduce the observed PBLH long-term trend shift over China. The CMIP6 results illustrate an overwhelming continuous downward PBLH trend during the 1979–2014 period, which is largely caused by the poor capability in simulating long-term variations of cloud radiative effect. Our results reveal that the long-term cloud radiative effect simulation is critical for CMIP6 models in reproducing the long-term trend of PBLH. This study highlights the importance of processes associated with LCC and SM in modulating PBLH long-term variations and calls attention to improve these processes in climate models in order to improve the PBLH long-term trend simulations.
Middle Atmosphere Temperature Changes Derived from SABER Observations during 2002-2020
Authors: Zhao X. R. , Sheng Z. , Shi H. Q. , Weng L. B. , He Y. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractUsing temperature data measured by the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument from February 2002 to March 2020, the temperature linear trend and temperature responses to the solar cycle (SC), Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO), and El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) were investigated from 20 km to 110 km for the latitude range of 50°S-50°N. A four-component harmonic fit was used to remove the seasonal variation from the observed monthly temperature series. Multiple linear regression (MLR) was applied to analyze the linear trend, SC, QBO, and ENSO terms. In this study, the near-global mean temperature shows consistent cooling trends throughout the entire middle atmosphere, ranging from -0.28 to -0.97 K/decade. Additionally, it shows positive responses to the solar cycle, varying from -0.05 to 4.53 K/100sfu. A solar temperature response boundary between 50°S and 50°N is given, above which the atmospheric temperature is strongly affected by solar activity. The boundary penetrates deep below the stratopause to ~ 42 km over the tropical region and rises to higher altitudes with latitude. Temperature responses to the QBO and ENSO can be observed up to the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere. In the equatorial region, 40%-70% of the total variance is explained by QBO signals in the stratosphere and 30%-50% is explained by the solar signal in the upper middle atmosphere. Our results, obtained from 18-year SABER observations, are expected to be an updated reliable estimation of the middle atmosphere temperature variability for the stratospheric ozone recovery period.
Associated atmospheric mechanisms for the increased cold season precipitation over the Three-River Headwaters region from the late 1980s
Authors: Shang Shasha , Zhu Gaofeng , Wei Jianhui , Li Yan , Zhang Kun , Li Ruolin , Arnault Joël , Zhang Zhenyu , Laux Patrick , Yang Qianya , Dong Ningpeng , Gao Lu , Kunstmann Harald 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPrecipitation in the Three-River Headwater (TRH) region has undergone significant changes as a result of global warming, which can affect water resources in downstream regions of Asia. However, the underlying mechanisms of the precipitation variability during the cold season (October to April), are still not fully understood. In this study, the daily China gridded precipitation product of CN05.1 as well as the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis are used to investigate the characteristics of the cold season precipitation variability over the TRH region and associated atmospheric mechanisms. The cold season precipitation shows an increasing trend (5.5 mm decade-1) from 1961 to 2014, with a dry-to-wet shift in around the late 1980s. The results indicate that the increased precipitation is associated with the enhanced easterly anomalies over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and enhanced southeasterly water vapor transport. The enhanced Walker circulations, caused by the gradients of sea surface temperature between the equatorial central-eastern Pacific and Indo-western Pacific in tropical oceans, resulted in strengthened easterly anomalies over the TP and the westward expansion of the anticyclone in the western North Pacific. Meanwhile, the changed Walker circulation is accompanied by a strengthened local Hadley circulation which leads to enhanced meridional water vapor transport from tropical oceans and the South China Sea toward the TRH region. Furthermore, the strengthened East Asia Subtropical Westerly jet may contribute to the enhanced divergence at upper level and anomalous ascending motion above the TRH region leading to more precipitation.
Icelandic Low and Azores High Migrations Impact Florida Current Transport in Winter
Authors: Hameed Sultan , Wolfe Christopher L. P. , Chi Lequan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPrevious work by Meinen and coworkers to find an association between variations of annually averaged Florida Current transport (FCT) and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) has yielded negative results. Here we show that the Florida Current in winter is impacted by displacements in the positions of the Azores high and the Icelandic low, the constituent pressure centers of the NAO. As a one-dimensional representation of North Atlantic atmospheric circulation, the NAO index does not distinguish displacements of the pressure centers from fluctuations in their intensity. FCT is significantly correlated with Icelandic low longitude with a lag of less than one season. We carried out perturbation experiments in the ECCOv4 model to investigate these correlations. These experiments reveal that east–west shifts of the Icelandic low perturb the wind stress in midlatitudes adjacent to the American coast, driving downwelling (through longshore winds) and offshore sea level anomalies (through wind stress curl) that travel to the Straits of Florida within the same season. FCT is also correlated with the latitude variations of both the Icelandic low and the Azores high with a lag of 4 years. Regression analysis shows that latitude variations of the Icelandic low and the Azores high are associated with positive wind stress curl anomalies over extended regions in the ocean east of Florida. Rossby wave propagation from this region to the Straits of Florida has been suggested as a mechanism for perturbing FCT in several previous studies by various researchers, as detailed in sections 4b and 5.
Fall prevention education for older people being discharged from hospital: Educators’ perspectives
Authors: Francis-Coad Jacqueline , Lee Den-Ching A , Haines Terry P , Morris Meg E , McPhail Steven M , Etherton-Beer Christopher , Shorr Ronald , Flicker Leon , Weselman Tammy , Starling Trish , Hill Anne-Marie 
Published: July 2021

Objective: Falls are a significant problem for many older patients after hospital discharge. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the fidelity and impact of a tailored patient fall prevention education programme from the perspective of the educators who delivered the programme. Design: Qualitative sequential design. Setting: Three rehabilitation hospitals in Western Australia. Method: Three experienced physiotherapists trained as ‘educators’ to deliver a tailored fall prevention education programme to 195 older patients prior to hospital discharge, together with monthly telephone follow-up for 3 months after discharge. Educator–patient interactions were recorded in a standardised educator diary. Post-intervention, educators participated in a mini-focus group, providing their perspectives regarding education delivery and its impact on patient abilities to engage in fall prevention strategies. Data were analysed using deductive content analysis. Results: Educators followed up 184 (94%) patients, identifying multiple barriers and enablers affecting patient engagement in planned fall prevention strategies. Key barriers included unresolved medical conditions, reluctance to accept assistance on discharge, delays in assistive service provision, patient beliefs and perceptions about falls and, in some cases, patients’ absolving responsibility for recovery. Enablers were related to programme design, the completion of hospital discharge processes and support networks following discharge. Conclusion: Educators identified several barriers and enablers to programme delivery, receipt and enactment by older patients that contributed to the fidelity of the education programme. The consistent need for more patient support to enable improved enactment of plans and assist with safe recovery long after discharge warrants further attention at policy and health system levels.
Effects of adding neural mobilization to traditional physical therapy on pain, functional disability, and H-reflex in patients after lumbar laminectomy: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Sharaf Moussa A , Rezkallah Soheir S , Fouda Khalid Z , Gharib Nevein MM 
Published: July 2021

Objective: To investigate whether adding neural mobilization to a standard postoperative physical therapy program could improve the outcomes of patients after lumbar laminectomy. Design: A single blinded randomized controlled trial. Setting: Outpatient setting. Participants: Sixty participants of both sexes who had undergone lumbar laminectomy. Interventions: Participants were allocated randomly to two groups; study and control groups. All patients received a standard postoperative physical therapy program. Those in the study group received additional neural mobilization in the form of straight leg raising and dorsiflexion with two-ended slider. Treatment was administered three times/week for six successive weeks. Outcome measures: Visual analog scale (VAS), Oswestry disability index (ODI), and H-reflex latency were measured pre and post-treatment. Results: The mean age of participants was 44.23 ± 4.64 and 45.3 ± 5.3 in study and control groups respectively ( P > 0.05). There were statistically significant differences in VAS, ODI, and H-reflex latency in favor of the study group ( P < 0.05). The mean ± SD for VAS, ODI, and H-reflex latency pre vs post treatment was 6.13 ± 1.22 vs 1.40 ± 0.77, 64.46 ± 4.05 vs 16.86 ± 2.55, and 32.07 ± 2.76 vs 27.46 ±1.79 in study group and 5.86 ± 1.07 vs 2.46 ± 0.73, 63.93 ± 3.91 vs 23.40 ± 2.93, and 31.76 ± 2.69 vs 29.4 ± 1.94 in control group, respectively. Conclusions: Neural mobilization combined with traditional physical therapy program achieved better improvement in pain, functional disability and H-reflex in patients who underwent decompressive laminectomy than traditional physical therapy program only.