bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of risk factors between people with type 2 diabetes and matched controls in Nairobi, Kenya
Authors: Manyara Anthony Muchai , Mwaniki Elizabeth , Gray Cindy M. , Gill Jason M. R. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo identify risk factors associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Nairobi, Kenya.MethodsA case–control study comparing 70 (53% women) recently diagnosed T2D cases with age‐, sex‐ and socioeconomic status‐matched normoglycemic controls (1:1). Objectively measured data were obtained on anthropometrics, handgrip strength and physical activity (by accelerometer). Self‐reported data were collected on demographic characteristics and lifestyle factors. Logistic regression models, adjusted for covariates, were used to analyse the data.ResultsEach standard deviation (SD) increase in height was associated with lower odds for T2D (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 0.34 (95% confidence intervals [CIs] 0.17, 0.66),P = 0.0031). Fat‐free mass was inversely associated with T2D (AOR = 0.42 (95% CI 0.24, 0.75),P = 0.0032, per SD increase). Grip strength was associated with a lower risk of T2D (AOR = 0.20 (95% CI 0.08, 0.45),P < 0.001, per SD increase). BMI was not associated with T2D, but higher waist‐to‐hip ratio was associated higher odds of T2D (AOR = 2.28 (95% CI 1.38, 3.79),P = 0.0014, per SD increase). Physical activity was not associated with T2D. Cases reported higher intakes of fruits and vegetables and a lower intake of sugar than controls.ConclusionsCentral obesity, rather than BMI, may have more utility for T2D risk stratification in Kenya, and interventions that increase muscle mass and strength, as well as support weight loss, may be useful for T2D prevention in this and other SSA populations. However, more evidence is needed to determine whether low muscle mass, strength and height are causally related to T2D risk and/or are indicators of adverse early‐life environment.
Anticipating Technology‐Enabled Care at home
Authors: Reid Louise 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe spread and growth of ubiquitous smart technology to deliver public health outcomes, particularly within/at home, urgently requires greater scholarly attention. This paper uses data from interviews with professionals in Scotland who are designing and implementing Technology‐Enabled Care (TEC) for current and future homes. Theoretically informed by both critical geographies of home and futures scholarship, this paper presents a three‐part framework – “homes‐that‐are,” “homes‐that‐ought,” and “homes‐to‐be” – to explore the techno‐solutionist accounts of home, bringing to bear the messiness and complexity of home, both its conceptualisation and experience. It highlights prediction as an emerging form of anticipatory practice, generating new questions and conceptualisations about the openness of futures. Moreover, it demonstrates the importance of understanding the underlying assumptions of those who make decisions when planning for future TEC and housing; about who they imagine they are planning for, and how diverse these futures are.
Implications of foreign direct investment, capital formation and its structure for global value chains
Authors: Adarov Amat , Stehrer Robert 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn the age of globalisation, international trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) have become integral elements of cross‐country production sharing. In this paper, we empirically assess the impact of FDI, as well as capital dynamics and structure on the formation of global value chains (GVC) at country and sectoral levels based on a sample of European countries over the period 2000–2014. We find a strong impact of FDI and capital accumulation on GVC participation: inward FDI is especially conducive to the formation of backward GVC linkages, while outward FDI facilitates forward GVC participation, especially in high‐tech manufacturing sectors. A particularly robust positive impact of FDI and capital accumulation on GVC integration is identified in the textile and clothing industry. While capital accumulation in general intensifies cross‐border production sharing for most sectors, ICT capital is especially instrumental for backward GVC integration of electrical equipment, transport equipment and chemicals sectors.
Cardiopulmonary values and organ blood flows before and during heat stress: data in nine subjects at rest in the upright position
Authors: Brochu Pierre , Ménard Jessie , Marchand Axelle , Haddad Sami 
Published: June 2021

Physiological changes associated with thermoregulation can influence the kinetics of chemicals in the human body such as alveolar ventilation (VA) and redistribution of blood flow to organs. In this study, the influence of heat stress on various physiological parameters was evaluated in nine male volunteers during sessions of exposure to wet-bulb globe temperatures (WBGT) of 21, 25, and 30 °C for 4 h. Skin and core temperatures and more than 20 cardiopulmonary parameters were measured. Liver, kidneys, brain, skin, and muscles blood flows were also determined based on published measurements. Results show that most subjects (eight out of nine) have been affected by the inhalation of hot and dry air at the WBGT of 30 °C. High respiratory rates, superficial tidal volumes, and low VA values were notably observed. The skin blood flow increased by 2.16-fold, whereas the renal blood flow and liver blood flow decreased by about by 11% and 18%, respectively. A complete set of key cardiopulmonary parameters in healthy male adults before and during heat stress was generated for use in physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling. A toxicokinetic studies are ongoing to evaluate the impact of heat stress on the absorption, biotransformation and excretion rates of volatile xenobiotics.
Notes on “infinite number of conservation laws and Darboux transformations for a 6-field integrable lattice system” [Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 33 (2019) 1950147]
Authors: Zhang Ning , Xu Xi-Xiang 
Published: June 2021

We show that the Darboux transformation in “Infinite number of conservation laws and Darboux transformations for a 6-field integrable lattice system” [Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 33 (2019) 1950147] is incorrect, and construct a correct Darboux transformation.
A conceptual model of hydrogeological function and perchlorate transfer in the unconfined Champagne Chalk aquifer (NE France)
Authors: Cao Feifei , Jaunat Jessy , Ollivier Patrick 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Groundwater of the unconfined Chalk aquifer in Champagne-Ardenne (NE France) is contaminated by perchlorate (

ClO

4
−

), a persistent water-soluble anion. The Chalk aquifer is a crucial water resource of the region, with complex hydraulic properties. The presence of

ClO

4
−

is of concern due to its potential adverse human health effects. In France, three sources of

ClO

4
−

contamination are suspected: industrial, military and agricultural. Both a comprehensive understanding of hydrogeological characteristics of the aquifer, and a sound knowledge of sources and behaviour of

ClO

4
−

in groundwater are required to allow the sustainable use of this groundwater resource. From data acquired during hydrogeological, geochemical, isotopic (

ClO

4
−

) and groundwater age (CFCs and SF
6
) studies, and historical investigations in a study area located east of Reims, a conceptual model of Chalk aquifer function and

ClO

4
−

transfer has been established. High spatio-temporal heterogeneities in the unconfined Chalk aquifer are discussed. Different correlations between

ClO

4
−

, major ions and groundwater-level fluctuations are shown and interpreted, highlighting main factors governing the Chalk groundwater geochemistry and

ClO

4
−

transfer mechanisms, including water-level fluctuation, groundwater residence time, thickness of the unsaturated zone, superficial formations, distribution of fissure networks, aquifer–river relationships, origin and location of

ClO

4
−

in soil and human activity.
Deep Learning-Based Magnetic Resonance Imaging Image Feature Analysis for Pathological Classification of Brain Glioma
Authors: Yao Wei , Thomas Stefanie 
Published: June 2021

To explore the application value of MRI in the diagnosis of brain glioma (BG), in the study, a deep learning-based multimodal feature fusion model was established, which was then applied in BG classification. 60 BG patients who came to our hospital for treatment were selected as research subjects. They all accepted the MRI scan and the enhanced scan, and the MRI results were compared with the pathological results. The results showed that the sensitivity of the algorithm was above 90%, and the sensitivity to diagnose grade IV glioma was as high as 98.28%; the specificity was above 78%, and the specificity to diagnose grade IV glioma was as high as 95.85%; the detection accuracy was above 95%. The relative fractional anisotropy (rFA) values of the tumor body were smaller than those of peritumoral edema in both the high-grade group and low-grade group, and the difference was notable

P
<
0.05

; the relative apparent diffusion coefficients (rADC) values of the peritumoral edema were greater than those of tumor bodies of the same grade in both the high-grade group and the low-grade group, and the difference was notable

P
<
0.05

; notable differences were noted in the rADC values of tumor bodies between the high-grade group and the low-grade group

P
<
0.05

and in the rADC values of the glioma peritumoral edema between the high-grade group and the low-grade group

P
<
0.05

. In summary, MRI based on deep learning raises the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy to diagnose BG and can more accurately classify BG pathologically, providing reference for clinical treatment of BG.
CDKN2A Alterations and Response to Immunotherapy in Solid Tumors
Authors: Adib Elio , Nassar Amin H. , Akl Elie W. , Abou Alaiwi Sarah , Nuzzo Pier Vitale , Mouhieddine Tarek H. , Sonpavde Guru , Haddad Robert I. , Mouw Kent W. , Giannakis Marios , Hodi F. Stephen , Shukla Sachet A. , Gusev Alexander , Braun David A. , Choueiri Toni K. , Kwiatkowski David J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Purpose:
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have shown clinical benefit in many types of metastatic cancers with only a few predictive biomarkers identified so far. CDKN2A is commonly altered in human cancers, but prior studies have provided conflicting evidence regarding the association between CDKN2A genomic alterations (GA) and response to ICIs. Herein, we examined the impact of loss-of-function CDKN2A alterations on response and survival in patients treated with ICIs.

Experimental Design:
We studied the association between loss-of-function CDKN2A alterations and the response to ICIs in two independent cohorts of six different cancer types. Seven hundred and eighty-nine patients treated at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI; Boston, MA) and 1,250 patients treated at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC; New York, NY) were included in the final analysis. Patients' tumors were sequenced using Oncopanel or MSK-IMPACT. RNA sequencing data from The Cancer Genome Atlas and IMvigor210 were used to investigate differences in the tumor microenvironment.

Results:
In the DFCI cohort, CDKN2A GAs were associated with poor response and survival in patients with urothelial carcinoma treated with ICIs, but not those treated with platinum-based therapy. Similarly, CDKN2A GAs were associated with worse outcomes in the MSKCC urothelial carcinoma cohort treated with ICIs. There was no association of CDKN2A status with ICI treatment outcome in five other cancers: esophagogastric, head and neck, non–small cell lung, renal cell carcinoma, and melanoma. Immuno-inflammatory pathways were significantly reduced in expression in CDKN2A-altered tumors.

Conclusions:
Our data show that CDKN2A GAs were associated with reduced benefit from ICI therapy in urothelial carcinoma as well as changes in the tumor–immune microenvironment.
Interleukin 6 and Development of Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction in the General Population
Authors: Chia Yook Chin , Kieneker Lyanne M. , van Hassel Gaston , Binnenmars S. Heleen , Nolte Ilja M. , van Zanden Jelmer J. , van der Meer Peter , Navis Gerjan , Voors Adriaan A. , Bakker Stephan J. L. , De Borst Martin H. , Eisenga Michele F. 
Published: June 2021

Background
The cause of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is poorly understood, and specific therapies are lacking. Previous studies suggested that inflammation plays a role in the development of HFpEF. Herein, we aimed to investigate in community‐dwelling individuals whether a higher plasma interleukin 6 (IL‐6) level is associated with an increased risk of developing new‐onset heart failure (HF) over time, and specifically HFpEF.

Methods and Results

We performed a case‐cohort study based on the PREVEND (Prevention of Renal and Vascular End‐Stage Disease) study, a prospective general population‐based cohort study. We included 961 participants, comprising 200 participants who developed HF and a random group of 761 controls. HF with reduced ejection fraction or HFpEF was defined on the basis of the left ventricular ejection fraction of ≤40% or >40%, respectively. In Cox proportional hazard regression analyses, IL‐6 levels were statistically significantly associated with the development of HF (hazard ratio [HR], 1.28; 95% CI, 1.02–1.61;
P
=0.03) after adjustment for key risk factors. Specifically, IL‐6 levels were significantly associated with the development of HFpEF (HR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.16–2.19;
P
=0.004), whereas the association with HF with reduced ejection fraction was nonsignificant (HR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.75–1.47;
P
=0.77). In sensitivity analyses, defining HFpEF as left ventricular ejection fraction ≥50%, IL‐6 levels were also significantly associated with the development of HFpEF (HR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.04–2.06;
P
=0.03) after adjustment for key risk factors.

Conclusions
IL‐6 is associated with new‐onset HFpEF in community‐dwelling individuals, independent of potential confounders. Our findings warrant further research to investigate whether IL‐6 might be a novel treatment target to prevent HFpEF.
Emergency Medical Services Responses to Out‐of‐Hospital Cardiac Arrest and Suspected ST‐Segment–Elevation Myocardial Infarction During the COVID‐19 Pandemic in Los Angeles County
Authors: Rollman Jeffrey Eric , Kloner Robert A. , Bosson Nichole , Niemann James T. , Gausche‐Hill Marianne , Williams Michelle , Clare Christine , Tan Weiyi , Wang Xiaoyan , Shavelle David M. , Rafique Asim M. 
Published: June 2021

Background
Public health emergencies may significantly impact emergency medical services responses to cardiovascular emergencies. We compared emergency medical services responses to out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) and ST‐segment‒elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) during the 2020 COVID‐19 pandemic to 2018 to 2019 and evaluated the impact of California's March 19, 2020 stay‐at‐home order.

Methods and Results

We conducted a population‐based cross‐sectional study using Los Angeles County emergency medical services registry data for adult patients with paramedic provider impression (PI) of OHCA or STEMI from February through May in 2018 to 2020. After March 19, 2020, weekly counts for PI‐OHCA were higher (173 versus 135; incidence rate ratios, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.19‒1.37;
P
<0.001) while PI‐STEMI were lower (57 versus 65; incidence rate ratios, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.78‒0.97;
P
=0.02) compared with 2018 and 2019. After adjusting for seasonal variation in PI‐OHCA and decreased PI‐STEMI, the increase in PI‐OHCA observed after March 19, 2020 remained significant (
P
=0.02). The proportion of PI‐OHCA who received defibrillation (16% versus 23%; risk difference [RD], −6.91%; 95% CI, −9.55% to −4.26%;
P
<0.001) and had return of spontaneous circulation (17% versus 29%; RD, −11.98%; 95% CI, −14.76% to −9.18%;
P
<0.001) were lower after March 19 in 2020 compared with 2018 and 2019. There was also a significant increase in dead on arrival emergency medical services responses in 2020 compared with 2018 and 2019, starting around the time of the stay‐at‐home order (
P
<0.001).

Conclusions
Paramedics in Los Angeles County, CA responded to increased PI‐OHCA and decreased PI‐STEMI following the stay‐at‐home order. The increased PI‐OHCA was not fully explained by the reduction in PI‐STEMI. Field defibrillation and return of spontaneous circulation were lower. It is critical that public health messaging stress that emergency care should not be delayed.
Intracranial Recordings Demonstrate Both Cortical and Medial Temporal Lobe Engagement in Visual Search in Humans
Authors: Slama S. J. Katarina , Jimenez Richard , Saha Sujayam , King-Stephens David , Laxer Kenneth D. , Weber Peter B. , Endestad Tor , Ivanovic Jugoslav , Larsson Pål G. , Solbakk Anne-Kristin , Lin Jack J. , Knight Robert T. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Visual search is a fundamental human behavior, providing a gateway to understanding other sensory domains as well as the role of search in higher-order cognition. Search has been proposed to include two component processes: inefficient search (search) and efficient search (pop-out). According to extant research, these two processes map onto two separable neural systems located in the frontal and parietal association cortices. In this study, we use intracranial recordings from 23 participants to delineate the neural correlates of search and pop-out with an unprecedented combination of spatiotemporal resolution and coverage across cortical and subcortical structures. First, we demonstrate a role for the medial temporal lobe in visual search, on par with engagement in frontal and parietal association cortex. Second, we show a gradient of increasing engagement over anatomical space from dorsal to ventral lateral frontal cortex. Third, we confirm previous intracranial work demonstrating nearly complete overlap in neural engagement across cortical regions in search and pop-out. We further demonstrate pop-out selectivity, manifesting as activity increase in pop-out as compared to search, in a distributed set of sites including frontal cortex. This result is at odds with the view that pop-out is implemented in low-level visual cortex or parietal cortex alone. Finally, we affirm a central role for the right lateral frontal cortex in search.
A Potential Role for Reinforcement Learning in Speech Production
Authors: Parrell Benjamin 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Reinforcement learning, the ability to change motor behavior based on external reward, has been suggested to play a critical role in early stages of speech motor development and is widely used in clinical rehabilitation for speech motor disorders. However, no current evidence exists that demonstrates the capability of reinforcement to drive changes in human speech behavior. Speech provides a unique test of the universality of reinforcement learning across motor domains: Speech is a complex, high-dimensional motor task whose goals do not specify a task to be performed in the environment but ultimately must be self-generated by each speaker such that they are understood by those around them. Across four experiments, we examine whether reinforcement learning alone is sufficient to drive changes in speech behavior and parametrically test two features known to affect reinforcement learning in reaching: how informative the reinforcement signal is as well as the availability of sensory feedback about the outcomes of one's motor behavior. We show that learning does occur and is more likely when participants receive auditory feedback that gives an implicit target for production, although they do not explicitly imitate that target. Contrary to results from upper limb control, masking feedback about movement outcomes has no effect on speech learning. Together, our results suggest a potential role for reinforcement learning in speech but that it likely operates differently than in other motor domains.
On the Need for Theoretically Guided Approaches to Possible Bilingual Advantages: An Evaluation of the Potential Loci in the Language and Executive Control Systems
Authors: Blanco-Elorrieta Esti , Caramazza Alfonso 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Whether a cognitive advantage exists for bilingual individuals has been the source of heated debate in the last decade. While empirical evidence putatively in favor of or against this alleged advantage has been frequently discussed, the potential sources of enhanced cognitive control in bilinguals have only been broadly declared, with no mechanistic elaboration of where, why, and how this purported link between bilingualism and enhanced language control develops, and how this enhancement transfers to, and subsequently improves, general executive function. Here, we evaluate different potential sources for a bilingual advantage and develop the assumptions one would have to make about the language processing system to be consistent with each of these notions. Subsequently, we delineate the limitations in the generalizations from language to overall executive function, and characterize where these advantages could be identified if there were to be any. Ultimately, we conclude that in order to make significant progress in this area, it is necessary to look for advantages in theoretically motivated areas, and that in the absence of clear theories as to the source, transfer, and target processes that could lead to potential advantages, an inconsistent body of results will follow, making the whole pursuit of a bilingual advantage moot.
Combined Heart-Liver and Domino Liver Transplantation in Familial Amyloidosis
Authors: Sickels Angela , Shah Keyur B. , Ruch Brianna , Cotterell Adrian , Tchoukina Inna , Quader Mohammed , Bhati Chandra , Kumaran Vinay , Bruno David , Stravitz Richard , Levy Marlon , Kasirajan Vigneshwar , Sharma Amit 
Published: June 2021

Background Combined heart-liver transplantation (CHLT) is the only curative option for patients with concomitant pathology affecting the heart and liver. In some cases, the native livers of familial amyloidosis (FA) patients may be suitable for domino transplantation into other recipients. Methods Retrospective analysis (2013 to 2019) of all CHLT at our center was performed. Continuous data were presented as mean with standard deviation and discrete variables as percentages. Results Familial amyloidosis was the indication for CHLT in 5 out of 6 patients. The mean recipient age was 55 ± 5.62 years. Two patients were bridged with total artificial heart. The mean model for end-stage liver disease score at transplant was 17.17 ± 3.7. Two explanted livers were used for transplantation in a domino fashion. The median intensive care and hospital stays were 5.5 and 19 days, respectively. Complications included renal failure (1), groin abscess (1), pulmonary embolism (1), and cardiac rejection (1). Patient and graft survival for both organs was 100% at a median follow-up of 59 (range 20-76) months. Discussion Combined heart-liver transplantation for FA achieves excellent outcomes. The possible use of livers explanted from patients with FA for domino liver transplantation can contribute to the liver donor pool.