bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What is attention?
Authors: Krauzlis Richard J. , Wang Lupeng , Yu Gongchen , Katz Leor N. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe define attention as “the set of evolved brain processes that leads to adaptive and effective behavioral selection." Our emphasis is on understanding the biological and neural mechanisms that make the behavioral properties of attention possible. Although much has been learned about the functional operation of attention by postulating and testing different aspects of attention, our view is that the distinctions most frequently relied upon are much less useful for identifying the detailed biological mechanisms and brain circuits. Instead, we adopt an evolutionary perspective that, while speculative, generates a different set of guiding principles for understanding the form and function of attention. We then provide a thought experiment, introducing a device that we intend to serve as an intuition pump for thinking about how the brain processes for attention might be organized, and that illustrates the features of the biological processes that might ultimately answer the question.This article is categorized under:
Cognitive Biology > Evolutionary Roots of Cognition
Psychology > Attention
Philosophy > Psychological Capacities
Nesting Status and Chronology of Eared Grebes Along Great Salt Lake, Utah
Authors: Delahoussaye Leah M. , Bell Mark E. , Conover Michael R. 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACTEared grebes (Podiceps nigricollis) are colonial‐nesting waterbirds that breed in Canada and northern United States. Great Salt Lake (GSL), Utah, is vital to the survival of this species because all eared grebes in North America stage in the fall either on the GSL or Mono Lake, California. The importance of GSL and its surrounding wetlands for breeding eared grebes is unknown. We studied eared grebe nesting status and chronology in the freshwater wetlands around GSL and found over 4,280 nests distributed among 35 colonies during 2018 and 5,794 nests among 23 colonies during 2019. We also located the 2 largest colonies of this species ever recorded (902 and 1,492 nests). Mean clutch size differed between years and was 2.4 eggs during 2018 and 2.0 during 2019; clutch sizes were lower at GSL than in colonies located in more northern latitudes, perhaps due to a local paucity of invertebrate prey during the egg‐laying period. Grebe nests around the GSL were constructed with, and anchored to, growing Stuckenia pectinate. Eared grebes near GSL started laying eggs in the first week of June during 2018 and a week later during 2019. The number of incubated nests per colony peaked on 27 June during 2018 and 9 July during 2019. Nests continued to be incubated into August in both years. These dates are later than those reported in more‐northern colonies. The later nesting in GSL colonies could be due to the birds' need to wait for Stuckenia pectinata to form mats at the water surface. This plant species needs a water depth of 38 to 45 cm to thrive, and increasing amounts of freshwater from the GSL watershed are diverted for agriculture and human development. If this trend continues, there may not be enough water to maintain the required water depth for dense stands of Stuckenia; the loss of which may prevent the grebes from nesting. © 2021 The Wildlife Society.
Application of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and Thermal Imaging Cameras to Conduct Duck Brood Surveys
Authors: Bushaw Jacob D. , Terry Catrina V. , Ringelman Kevin M. , Johnson Michael K. , Kemink Kaylan M. , Rohwer Frank C. 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACTBrood surveys are used to estimate productivity in ducks, but road‐side transects, aerial surveys, and double‐observer ground surveys have likely underestimated productivity. Duck broods are elusive and prefer wetlands with emergent vegetation where they hide at signs of disturbance, making it difficult to get accurate brood counts. Estimates of brood detection probabilities are typically below 50% and variable, which makes biological inferences about abundance tenuous. We conducted a study to evaluate the efficacy of using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) equipped with a thermal imaging camera to survey duck broods in 2 study areas. In Manitoba we located 669 broods with the UAV, compared to 344 detected by double‐observer ground surveys. In Minnesota we detected 225 ducks broods with the UAV, whereas only 105 duck broods were detected by ground observers. Using a Huggins closed‐capture model in program MARK we estimated an average detection probability across both sites of 0.55 (SE = 0.02) with the UAV compared to 0.24 (SE = 0.02) for the ground crews. Although the UAV detected twice as many broods as the ground surveys, detection probability with the UAV was impacted by temperature, humidity, vegetation density, and the criteria we used to determine whether a brood could be classified as resighted. Nevertheless, using a UAV equipped with a thermal imaging camera effectively doubled the number of broods detected compared to traditional methods, and surveys were completed 3 times faster. With advancing drone and camera technology we believe UAV brood counts will become increasingly accurate and provide reliable measures of local duck productivity. © 2021 The Wildlife Society.
Étale cohomology of rank one $$\ell $$-adic local systems in positive characteristic
Authors: Esnault Hélène , Kerz Moritz 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe show that in positive characteristic special loci of deformation spaces of rank one$$\ell $$ℓ-adic local systems are quasi-linear. From this we deduce the Hard Lefschetz theorem for rank one$$\ell $$ℓ-adic local systems and a generic vanishing theorem.
Renal Pelvis Opacification on Postmyelography Computed Tomography as an Indicator for Cerebrospinal Fluid Loss in Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension
Authors: Piechowiak Eike I. , Bär Laura , Häni Levin , Branca Mattia , Kaesmacher Johannes , Mordasini Pasquale , Raabe Andreas , Ulrich Christian T. , Gralla Jan , Beck Jürgen , Dobrocky Tomas 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Purpose
To assess early renal pelvis opacification on postmyelography computed tomography (CT) as a marker for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) loss in patients with spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH).

Methods
The SIH patients referred to our hospital between January 2012 and May 2018 were retrospectively reviewed and divided into 2 groups based on the presence of spinal longitudinal extrathecal CSF collection (SLEC): (1) SLEC(+) with, and (2) SLEC(−) without proof of SLEC on multimodal imaging. Non-SIH patients (n = 20) undergoing CT myelography served as controls. The renal pelvis density on postmyelography CT was measured in all patients. Mean difference in renal pelvis density between the groups was calculated.

Results
In total, 111 SIH patients (mean age 48 ± 13 years; 60% female) were included, 71 (64%) SLEC(+) and 40 (36%) SLEC(−). The adjusted renal pelvis density in the SLEC(+), SLEC(−), and the non-SIH group was 108 Hounsfield unit (HU), 83 HU, and 32 HU, respectively, resulting in a significant difference between SLEC(+) vs. control group 1 (75 HU, p < 0.001), SLEC(−) vs. control group 1 (50 HU, p < 0.001), and a tendency for higher density in SLEC(+) than SLEC(−) (25 HU, p = 0.16).

Conclusion
Increased renal pelvis opacification on postmyelography CT was observed in SIH patients, even in the absence of a CSF leak or a CSF venous fistula, when compared to non-SIH patients. Although the provenance of early renal opacification in SLEC (−) SIH patients remains unclear, our results suggest that it may be a surrogate for increased spinal CSF resorption via spinal arachnoid granulations and along spinal nerve sheaths occult to direct imaging.
Prolongierte ulzerierende Laryngitis
Authors: Reetz S. , Brockmann-Bauser M. , Bohlender J. E. 
Published: June 2021

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Die prolongierte ulzerierende Laryngitis ist eine seltene, gutartige, über Monate andauernde entzündliche Veränderung des Larynx. Der lupenlaryngoskopische Befund lässt einen malignen Prozess vermuten und kann somit eine Herausforderung für den behandelnden Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Arzt (HNO-Arzt) darstellen.

Fragestellung
Darstellung der aktuellen Datenlage, um einen für den klinischen Alltag hilfreichen Überblick über Ätiologie, Verlauf und Therapieoptionen zu geben.

Material und Methoden
Präsentation von 3 Fallbeispielen aus der Abteilung für Phoniatrie und Klinische Logopädie der ORL-Klinik des Universitätsspitals Zürich. Analyse und Diskussion der aktuellen Studienlage und von Einzelfallberichten aus der englischsprachigen Literatur.

Ergebnisse
Ätiologie und prädisponierende Faktoren sind unklar. Ein vorangegangener Atemwegsinfekt mit Husten und Heiserkeit scheint die häufigste Ursache zu sein. Die Erkrankung weist einen selbstlimitierenden Krankheitsverlauf ohne strukturell dauerhafte Folgen auf. Biopsien sollten vermieden werden.

Schlussfolgerung
Der typische laryngoskopische Befund zeigt umschriebene korrespondierende lanzettförmige Ulzerationen im mittleren Stimmlippendrittel. Der Krankheitsverlauf scheint selbstlimitierend zu sein und ohne strukturell dauerhafte Folgen abzulaufen. Deswegen sollten eine gute Patientenaufklärung und engmaschige laryngoskopische Kontrollen vorgenommen werden.
Li-Co–Ni-Mn-(REE) veins of the Western Erzgebirge, Germany—a potential source of battery raw materials
Authors: Burisch Mathias , Frenzel Max , Seibel Henning , Gruber Albert , Oelze Marcus , Pfänder Jörg A. , Sanchez-Garrido Cynthia , Gutzmer Jens 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSituated in the western Erzgebirge metallogenetic province (Vogtland, Germany), the Eichigt prospect is associated with several quartz-Mn-Fe-oxyhydroxide veins that are exposed at surface. Bulk-rock geochemical assays of vein material yield high concentrations of Li (0.6–4.1 kg/t), Co (0.6–14.7 kg/t), and Ni (0.2–2.8 kg/t), as well as significant quantities of Mn, Cu, and light rare earth elements, a very unusual metal tenor closely resembling the mixture of raw materials needed for Li-ion battery production. This study reports on the results of a first detailed investigation of this rather unique polymetallic mineralization style, including detailed petrographic and mineralogical studies complemented by bulk rock geochemistry, electron microprobe analyses, and laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry. The mineralized material comprises an oxide assemblage of goethite hematite, hollandite, and lithiophorite that together cement angular fragments of vein quartz. Lithiophorite is the predominant host of Li (3.6–11.1 kg/t), Co (2.5–54.5 kg/t), and Ni (0.2–8.9 kg/t); Cu is contained in similar amounts in hollandite and lithiophorite whereas light rare earth elements (LREE) are mainly hosted in microcrystalline rhabdophane and florencite, which are finely intergrown with the Mn-Fe-oxyhydroxides.40Ar/39Ar ages (~ 40–34 Ma) of coronadite group minerals coincide with tectonic activity related to the Cenozoic Eger Graben rifting. A low-temperature hydrothermal overprint of pre-existing base metal sulfide-quartz mineralization on fault structures that were reactivated during continental rifting is proposed as the most likely origin of the polymetallic oxyhydroxide mineralization at Eichigt. However, tectonically enhanced deep-reaching fracture-controlled supergene weathering cannot be completely ruled out as the origin of the mineralization.
Linguistic and clinical validation of the acute cystitis symptom score in German-speaking Swiss women with acute cystitis
Authors: Alidjanov Jakhongir F. , Khudaybergenov Ulugbek A. , Ayubov Bekhzod A. , Pilatz Adrian , Mohr Stefan , Münst Julia C. , Ziviello Yuen Olivia N. , Pilatz Sabine , Christmann Corina , Dittmar Florian , Mirsaidov Nodir M. , Buch-Heberling Mareike , Naber Kurt G. , Bjerklund Johansen Truls E. , Wagenlehner Florian M. E. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIntroduction and hypothesisThe Global Prevalence Study of Infections in Urinary tract in Community Setting (GPIU.COM) includes epidemiological aspects of acute cystitis (AC) in women in Germany and Switzerland. The primary study relates to the German version of the Acute Cystitis Symptom Score (ACSS), a self-reporting questionnaire for self-diagnosis and monitoring the symptomatic course of AC in women. The current study aimed to analyze the validity and reliability of the German ACSS in German-speaking female patients with AC in Switzerland.MethodsAnonymized patient data were collected and analyzed from women with AC at the first visit (diagnosis) and follow-up visits as baseline and controls, respectively. Data from 97 patients with a median age of 41 years underwent analysis. Psychometric and diagnostic characteristics of the ACSS were measured and statistically analyzed.ResultsAverage internal consistency of the ACSS resulted in a Cronbach’s alpha (95% CI) of 0.86 (0.83; 0.89) and did not differ significantly between the Swiss and German cohorts. Diagnostic values of the ACSS for the Swiss cohort were relatively lower than for the German cohort, possible due to discrepancies between definitions of UTI in national guidelines.ConclusionsThe analysis showed that the German version of the ACSS is also suitable for use in the German-speaking female population of Switzerland. Minor differences in definitions of AC between German and Swiss guidelines explain the observed discrepancies in diagnostic values of the ACSS between cohorts.
Regional disease in head and neck cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: the role of primary tumor characteristics and number of nodal metastases
Authors: Grammatica Alberto , Tomasoni Michele , Fior Milena , Ulaj Emanuela , Gualtieri Tommaso , Bossi Paolo , Battocchio Simonetta , Lombardi Davide , Deganello Alberto , Mattavelli Davide , Nicolai Piero , Girardi Fabio , Piazza Cesare 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Purpose
To identify potential risk factors impacting on overall survival (OS) of patients affected by lymph node metastasis from cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) of the head and neck (HN), with special emphasis on primary tumor characteristics and pattern of nodal recurrence (intraparotid and/or cervical).

Methods
A bi-institutional retrospective study on consecutive patients affected by cervical and/or intraparotid NM from HN cSCC and surgically treated with curative intent from May 2010 to January 2020 was conducted. OS was considered the outcome of interest.

Results
The study included 89 patients (M:F = 3.4:1; median age, 78 years; range, 22–99). Among the primary tumor characteristics, the most relevant prognostic factors were diameter ≥ 4 cm (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.56, p = 0.010) and depth of infiltration ≥ 6 mm (HR = 3.54, p = 0.027). Cervical NM was associated with worse OS (HR = 2.09, p = 0.016) compared to purely intraparotid NM (5-year OS: 60.9% vs. 28.1%, p = 0.014). At multivariable analysis, age, immunosuppression, pT3-T4 categories and a high burden of nodal disease (> 2 NM) confirmed to be independent risk factors, whereas adjuvant radiotherapy was independently associated with better outcome.

Conclusion
This study confirms the association of several independent prognosticators related to the patient, primary tumor, and nodal burden status. Patients with cervical NM should be considered at risk for harboring a higher number of metastatic lymph nodes.
Isotopic evolution of prehistoric magma sources of Mt. Etna, Sicily: Insights from the Valle Del Bove
Authors: Kempton P. D. , Spence A. , Downes H. , Blichert-Toft J. , Bryce J. G. , Hegner E. , Vroon P. Z. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMount Etna in NE Sicily occupies an unusual tectonic position in the convergence zone between the African and Eurasian plates, near the Quaternary subduction-related Aeolian arc and above the down-going Ionian oceanic slab. Magmatic evolution broadly involves a transition from an early tholeiitic phase (~ 500 ka) to the current alkaline phase. Most geochemical investigations have focussed on either historic (> 130-years old) or recent (< 130-years old) eruptions of Mt. Etna or on the ancient basal lavas (ca. 500 ka). In this study, we have analysed and modelled the petrogenesis of alkalic lavas from the southern wall of the Valle del Bove, which represent a time span of Mt. Etna’s prehistoric magmatic activity from ~ 85 to ~ 4 ka. They exhibit geochemical variations that distinguish them as six separate lithostratigraphic and volcanic units. Isotopic data (143Nd/144Nd = 0.51283–0.51291;87Sr/86Sr = 0.70332–0.70363;176Hf/177Hf = 0.28288–0.28298;206Pb/204Pb = 19.76–20.03) indicate changes in the magma source during the ~ 80 kyr of activity that do not follow the previously observed temporal trend. The oldest analysed Valle del Bove unit (Salifizio-1) erupted basaltic trachyandesites with variations in143Nd/144Nd and87Sr/86Sr ratios indicating a magma source remarkably similar to that of recent Etna eruptions, while four of the five subsequent units have isotopic compositions resembling those of historic Etna magmas. All five magma batches are considered to be derived from melting of a mixture of spinel lherzolite and pyroxenite (± garnet). In contrast, the sixth unit, the main Piano Provenzana formation (~ 42–30 ka), includes the most evolved trachyandesitic lavas (58–62 wt% SiO2) and exhibits notably lower176Hf/177Hf,143Nd/144Nd, and206Pb/204Pb ratios than the other prehistoric Valle del Bove units. This isotopic signature has not yet been observed in any other samples from Mt. Etna and we suggest that the parental melts of the trachyandesites were derived predominantly from ancient pyroxenite in the mantle source of Etna.
The in situ near-total pancreatectomy (LIVOCADO procedure) for end-staged chronic pancreatitis
Authors: Baron Ryan D. , Sheel Andrea R. G. , Farooq Ammad , Kleeff Jörg , Contin Pietro , Halloran Christopher M. , Neoptolemos John P. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPurposeTotal pancreatectomy for severe pain in end-stage chronic pancreatitis may be the only option, but with vascular involvement, this is usually too high risk and/or technically not feasible. The purpose of the study was to present the clinical outcomes of a novel procedure in severe chronic pancreatitis complicated by uncontrollable pain and vascular involvement.MethodsWe describe an in situ near-total pancreatectomy that avoids peripancreatic vascular dissection (Livocado procedure) and report on surgical and clinical outcomes.ResultsThe Livocado procedure was carried out on 18 (3.9%) of 465 patients undergoing surgery for chronic pancreatitis. There were 13 men and 5 women with a median (IQR) age of 48.5 (42.4–57) years and weight of 60.7 (58.0–75.0) kg. All had severe pain and vascular involvement; 17 had pancreatic parenchymal calcification; the median (IQR) oral morphine equivalent dose requirement was 86 (33–195) mg/day. The median (IQR) maximal pain scores were 9 (9–10); the average pain score was 6 (IQR 4–7). There was no peri-operative or 90-day mortality. At a median (IQR) follow-up of 32.5 (21–45.75) months, both maximal and average pain scores were significantly improved post-operatively, and at 12 months, two-thirds of patients were completely pain free. Six (33%) patients had employment pre-operatively versus 13 (72%) post-operatively (p = 0.01).ConclusionsThe Livocado procedure was safe and carried out successfully in patients with chronic pancreatitis with vascular involvement where other procedures would be contraindicated. Perioperative outcomes, post-operative pain scores, and employment rehabilitation were comparable with other procedures carried out in patients without vascular involvement.
High incidence of inguinal hernias among patients with congenital abdominal wall defects: a population-based case–control study
Authors: Raitio Arimatias , Kalliokoski Nelly , Syvänen Johanna , Harju Samuli , Tauriainen Asta , Hyvärinen Anna , Gissler Mika , Helenius Ilkka , Sankilampi Ulla 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe aim of this nationwide population-based case–control study was to assess the incidence of inguinal hernia (IH) among patients with congenital abdominal wall defects. All infants born with congenital abdominal wall defects between Jan 1, 1998, and Dec 31, 2014, were identified in the Finnish Register of Congenital Malformations. Six controls matched for gestational age, sex, and year of birth were selected for each case in the Medical Birth Register. The Finnish Hospital Discharge Register was searched for relevant diagnosis codes for IH, and hernia incidence was compared between cases and controls. We identified 178 infants with gastroschisis and 150 with omphalocele and selected randomly 1968 matched, healthy controls for comparison. Incidence of IH was significantly higher in gastroschisis girls than in matched controls, relative risk (RR) 7.20 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.25–23.07). In boys with gastroschisis, no statistically significant difference was observed, RR 1.60 (95% CI 0.75–3.38). Omphalocele was associated with higher risk of IH compared to matched controls, RR 6.46 (95% CI 3.90–10.71), and the risk was equally elevated in male and female patients.Conclusion: Risk of IH is significantly higher among patients with congenital abdominal wall defects than in healthy controls supporting hypothesis that elevated intra-abdominal pressure could prevent natural closure of processus vaginalis. Parents should be informed of this elevated hernia risk to avoid delays in seeking care. We also recommend careful follow-up during the first months of life as most of these hernias are diagnosed early in life.What is Known:• Inguinal hernia is one of the most common disorders encountered by a pediatric surgeon.• Prematurity increases the risk of inguinal hernia.What is New:• Children with congenital abdominal wall defects have a significantly higher risk of inguinal hernia than general population.• Families should be informed of this elevated hernia risk to avoid delays in seeking care.
Compact Sobolev embeddings on non-compact manifolds via orbit expansions of isometry groups
Authors: Farkas Csaba , Kristály Alexandru , Mester Ágnes 
Published: June 2021

AbstractGiven a complete non-compact Riemannian manifold (M, g) with certain curvature restrictions, we introduce an expansion condition concerning a group of isometriesGof (M, g) that characterizes the coerciveness ofGin the sense of Skrzypczak and Tintarev (Arch Math 101(3): 259–268, 2013). Furthermore, under these conditions, compact Sobolev-type embeddings à la Berestycki-Lions are proved for the full range of admissible parameters (Sobolev, Moser-Trudinger and Morrey). We also consider the case of non-compact Randers-type Finsler manifolds with finite reversibility constant inheriting similar embedding properties as their Riemannian companions; sharpness of such constructions are shown by means of the Funk model. As an application, a quasilinear PDE on Randers spaces is studied by using the above compact embeddings and variational arguments.