bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrasound aspects of symptomatic versus asymptomatic forms of male accessory gland inflammation
Authors: La Vignera Sandro , Crafa Andrea , Condorelli Rosita A. , Barbagallo Federica , Mongioì Laura M. , Cannarella Rossella , Compagnone Michele , Aversa Antonio , Calogero Aldo E. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe ultrasound (US) evaluation of the male sex accessory gland inflammation (MAGI) helps the clinicians to understand the severity of this condition, allowing them to distinguish the uncomplicated form (prostatitis) from the complicated ones (prostate‐vesiculitis and prostate‐vesiculitis‐epididymitis), as well as the unilateral from the bilateral forms, the fibrosclerotic and the hypertrophic‐congestive form.ObjectiveThis retrospective study aimed to evaluate the US features of MAGI patients with active symptoms compared to patients without sexual, voiding, and ejaculatory dysfunction.Materials/MethodsTo achieve this aim, an analysis of the prevalence of MAGI US criteria was carried out on a very large series of over 500 patients diagnosed with MAGI classified according to the different symptom profile evaluated through a dedicated questionnaire (previously conceived and published by our group) arbitrarily named “structured interview about MAGI” (SI‐MAGI) for sexual, voiding, and ejaculatory disorders reported by these patients.ResultsThe results of this study revealed that US criteria most frequently detected in patients with severe urinary symptoms were the presence of areas of high echogenicity (almost exclusively in the periurethral prostatic zone) together with the presence of single or multiple areas of acinar ectasia of the prostate. The presence of seminal vesicles with polycyclic areas within the glandular lumen separated by hyperechoic septa represented US criterion most frequently detected in patients with severe spontaneous or post‐ejaculate pain. Finally, US criterion most frequently detected in patients with severe sexual dysfunction was the dilation of the periprostatic venous plexus, suggesting the hypothesis of a possible alternative therapeutic approach.ConclusionThe data of the present study suggest that symptoms may associate with US signs in patients with MAGI. Also, specific US signs may associate with specific symptoms. Further studies are needed to understand whether patients with specific US signs may in turn benefit from a personalized therapeutic choice.
Analysis of perioperative glucose metabolism using an artificial pancreas
Authors: Okazaki Mitsuyoshi , Hayashi Hironori , Gabata Ryousuke , Ohbatake Yoshinao , Shinbashi Hiroyuki , Nakanuma Shinichi , Makino Isamu , Tajima Hidehiro , Takamura Hiroyuki , Ohta Tetsuo 
Published: April 2021

AbstractHyperglycemia associated with insulin resistance is common in surgical patients with and without diabetes and is associated with poor surgical outcomes. Several studies have recently shown that a closed‐loop blood glucose monitoring system in the form of an artificial pancreas is safe and effective for surgical patients. In this study, we analyzed the risk factors for insulin resistance in patients using an artificial pancreas. We investigated 109 patients who underwent surgical management by an artificial pancreas for 24 hours from the start of surgery during either major hepatectomy (MH), defined as resection of more than two liver segments, or pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). The target glucose range was from 80 to 110 mg/dL using an artificial pancreas. We analyzed the risk factors for and predictors of a high insulin dose, including sarcopenia markers, according to the median 24‐hour total insulin infusion. The median total insulin dose and glycemic control rate (GCR), which is the rate of achieving the target blood glucose range, per 24 hours were 78.0 IU and 30.4% in the MH group and 82.6 IU and 23.5% in the PD group, respectively. The muscle volume was the only independent factor in the high‐dose subgroup, and the GCR was significantly lower in the high‐dose subgroup despite a high insulin dose in both the MH and PD groups. The results of this study suggest that preoperative sarcopenia is closely associated with insulin resistance in the perioperative period. Clinicians must effectively manage sarcopenia, which may result in improved perioperative glycemic control and reduced postoperative complications.
Effectiveness of routine population‐wide orthoptic preschool vision screening tests at age 6–24 months in the Netherlands
Authors: Sloot Frea , Telleman Marieke Alberdina Johanna , Benjamins Janine , Sami Aya , Hoogendam Jacob Pieter , Simonsz Huibert Jan ,   Orthoptic Research Group
Published: April 2021

AbstractPurposeThe effectiveness of preverbal orthoptic tests at age 6, 9, 14 and 24 months in population‐wide screening was assessed.MethodsTwo consecutive birth cohorts at 134 centres were compared. At general health screening visits, children born July–December 2011 were vision screened four times between 6 and 24 months with inspection, pupillary reflexes, eye motility, Hirschberg, cover test and monocular pursuit. Children born January–June 2012 were vision screened at general screening visits only in case of visually apparent abnormalities or positive family history. After referral, cause and severity of amblyopia were determined. Visual acuity was measured in all children at 36 and 45 months.ResultsThe control and intervention group comprised 5649 versus 5162 children. Amblyopia was diagnosed in 185 (3.3%) versus 159 children (3.1%), outside of screening in 21 (11.4%) versus 25 (15.7%). Between 6 and 24 months, 44 (23.8%) versus 27 (17%) (RR = 0.67 [95% CI 0.42, 1.09]) were referred and after visual acuity (VA) measurement 120 (64.9%) versus 107 (67.3%). Of 109 versus 108 children with refractive or bilateral amblyopia, 94 (86.2%) versus 92 (85.2%) were detected with VA measurements. Visual acuity of the amblyopic eye, after referral, was not significantly different between groups (p 0.896), nor was the time to amblyopia diagnosis (intention to screen [p 0.55]; per protocol [p 0.11]).ConclusionThe effectiveness of vision screening was not influenced by omission of orthoptic tests at general health screening at 6–24 months. Refractive and bilateral amblyopia were almost exclusively found by VA measurements.
Metabolic phenotyping of opioid and psychostimulant addiction: A novel approach for biomarker discovery and biochemical understanding of the disorder
Authors: Caspani Giorgia , Sebők Viktoria , Sultana Nowshin , Swann Jonathan R. , Bailey Alexis 
Published: April 2021

Despite the progress in characterising the pharmacological profile of drugs of abuse, their precise biochemical impact remains unclear. The metabolome reflects the multifaceted biochemical processes occurring within a biological system. This includes those encoded in the genome but also those arising from environmental/exogenous exposures and interactions between the two. Using metabolomics, the biochemical derangements associated with substance abuse can be determined as the individual transitions from recreational drug to chronic use (dependence). By understanding the biomolecular perturbations along this time course and how they vary across individuals, metabolomics can elucidate biochemical mechanisms of the addiction cycle (dependence/withdrawal/relapse) and predict prognosis (recovery/relapse). In this review, we summarise human and animal metabolomic studies in the field of opioid and psychostimulant addiction. We highlight the importance of metabolomics as a powerful approach for biomarker discovery and its potential to guide personalised pharmacotherapeutic strategies for addiction targeted towards the individual's metabolome.LINKED ARTICLESThis article is part of a themed issue on Building Bridges in Neuropharmacology. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v179.8/issuetoc
Spatial cost–benefit analysis of blue restoration and factors driving net benefits globally
Authors: Stewart‐Sinclair Phoebe J. , Klein Carissa J. , Bateman Ian J. , Lovelock Catherine E. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMarine coastal ecosystems, commonly referred to as blue ecosystems, provide valuable services to society but are under increasing threat worldwide due to a variety of drivers, including eutrophication, development, land‐use change, land reclamation, and climate change. Ecological restoration is sometimes necessary to facilitate recovery in coastal ecosystems. Blue restoration (i.e., in marine coastal systems) is a developing field, and projects to date have been small scale and expensive, leading to the perception that restoration may not be economically viable. We conducted a global cost–benefit analysis to determine the net benefits of restoring coral reef, mangrove, saltmarsh, and seagrass ecosystems, where the benefit is defined as the monetary value of ecosystem services. We estimated costs from published restoration case studies and used an adjusted‐value‐transfer method to assign benefit values to these case studies. Benefit values were estimated as the monetary value provided by ecosystem services of the restored habitats. Benefits outweighed costs (i.e., there were positive net benefits) for restoration of all blue ecosystems. Mean benefit:cost ratios for ecosystem restoration were eight to 10 times higher than prior studies of coral reef and seagrass restoration, most likely due to the more recent lower cost estimates we used. Among ecosystems, saltmarsh had the greatest net benefits followed by mangrove; coral reef and seagrass ecosystems had lower net benefits. In general, restoration in nations with middle incomes had higher (eight times higher in coral reefs and 40 times higher in mangroves) net benefits than those with high incomes. Within an ecosystem type, net benefit varied with restoration technique (coral reef and saltmarsh), ecosystem service produced (mangrove and saltmarsh), and project duration (seagrass). These results challenge the perceptions of the low economic viability of blue restoration and should encourage further targeted investment in this field.
The differential impact of size mismatch in live versus deceased donor kidney transplant
Authors: Vinson Amanda , Skinner Tom , Kiberd Bryce , Clark David , Tennankore Karthik 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe impact of weight mismatch between donors and recipients (D‐R) undergoing living‐donor kidney transplant (LDKT) versus weight‐matched deceased donor kidney transplant (DDKT) is not established.AimTo determine whether absolute weight mismatch between D‐R affects graft survival following LDKT and how this relates to graft outcomes with DDKT when D‐R are weight matched.Materials & MethodsWe used multivariable Cox proportional hazards models and the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients to determine the association of weight‐mismatched D‐R (>50 kg, 30–50 kg or 10–30 kg ((D < R); (D > R) and <10 kg (D = R)) with death‐censored graft failure in US LDKT recipients from 2006 to 2017. We also explored outcomes relative to weight‐matched DDKT and finally, the impact of combined D‐R weight‐sex mismatch.ResultsIn LDKT, the risk of graft loss was highest in the setting of D < R (HR 1.28, 95% CI 1.05–1.56 for >50 kg difference relative to D = R); however, this was still lower risk than weight‐matched DDKT. D‐R sex and combined weight‐sex mismatch were only important for male recipients (HR 1.47, 95% CI 1.27–1.71 for a male recipient >30 kg larger than their female donor, relative to weight‐matched male donor‐male recipient). This remained superior to weight‐sex‐matched DDKT however.ConclusionD‐R weight‐sex mismatch is important in LDKT; however, graft survival remains superior to proceeding with matched DDKT. Optimizing D‐R matching in LDKT could be facilitated through a national kidney‐paired donation registry. LDKT weight‐sex mismatch should not be deferred in favor of DDKT.
Exploiting motherhood: Do mummy drinking sites offer real support or are they mainly alcohol marketing?
Authors: Bosma Linda M. , Giesbrecht Norman , Laslett Anne‐Marie 
Published: April 2021

AbstractEven as women's roles have expanded substantially beyond traditional sex stereotypes, women are still commonly portrayed as uncomplaining caregivers, long‐suffering intimate partners and in control of family matters, all while maintaining a sexualised femininity. Nowhere are these stereotypes and expectations more apparent than for mothers. However, some social media are exploiting mothers by inappropriately offering alcohol consumption as a solution to the challenges of parenting. This is a very timely topic, given the impacts of COVID‐19 on family and home life, and potential for an increase in alcohol‐related problems and health harms. We address these issues and offer alternatives to alcohol consumption as an easy solution to countering challenges of parenthood.
Making the process of strategy choice visible: Inhibition and motor demands impact preschoolers’ real‐time problem solving
Authors: DeMasi Aaron , Berger Sarah E. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractTo examine the real‐time process of strategy choice and execution and the role of inhibition in problem solving, 4‐ to 6‐year‐old children were asked to navigate a ball around a maze board under high‐ and low‐precision motor demands. Employing a motor problem‐solving task made normally hidden cognitive processes observable. Sequential analysis revealed two subtypes of inhibition (response and attentional) that are involved in problem solving and different developmental trajectories for each. Cognition‐action trade‐offs due to motor and inhibition demands adversely impacted children's strategy choices, but contributed to heightened variability of strategies. Children used fewer strategies with age, reflecting more efficient problem solving due to increasing inhibitory control. When solutions required precision, preschoolers were more likely to have difficulty inhibiting irrelevant and distracting strategies and maintaining appropriate strategies. By preschool age, executive functioning serves to make strategic motor control possible. A video abstract of this article can be viewed at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TCLxK7dvheE.
Haloperidol‐induced catalepsy as an animal model for parkinsonism: A systematic review of experimental studies
Authors: Waku Isabelle , Magalhães Mylena S. , Alves Camila O. , de Oliveira Amanda R. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSeveral useful animal models for parkinsonism have been developed so far. Haloperidol‐induced catalepsy is often used as a rodent model for the study of motor impairments observed in Parkinson's disease and related disorders and for the screening of potential antiparkinsonian compounds. The objective of this systematic review is to identify publications that used the haloperidol‐induced catalepsy model for parkinsonism and to explore the methodological characteristics and the main questions addressed in these studies. A careful systematic search of the literature was carried out by accessing articles in three different databases: Web of Science, PubMed and SCOPUS. The selection and inclusion of studies were performed based on the abstract and, subsequently, on full‐text analysis. Data extraction included the objective of the study, study design and outcome of interest. Two hundred and fifty‐five articles were included in the review. Publication years ranged from 1981 to 2020. Most studies used the model to explore the effects of potential treatments for parkinsonism. Although the methodological characteristics used are quite varied, most studies used Wistar rats as experimental subjects. The most frequent dose of haloperidol used was 1.0 mg/kg, and the horizontal bar test was the most used to assess catalepsy. The data presented here provide a framework for an evidence‐based approach to the design of preclinical research on parkinsonism using the haloperidol‐induced catalepsy model. This model has been used routinely and successfully and is likely to continue to play a critical role in the ongoing search for the next generation of therapeutic interventions for parkinsonism.
Cervical spinal degenerative disease in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Chhugani Simran , Agarwal Nivedita , Sheikh Faraz , Borca Florina , Spanoulis Aginor , Galea Ian 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackground and purposeRoot and cord irritation from cervical spinal degenerative disease (SDD) may share clinical features with progressive multiple sclerosis (MS), so diagnostic overshadowing may occur. We hypothesized that cervical stenotic SDD is commoner in people with progressive MS, compared to controls.MethodsA retrospective case–control study of 111 cases (56 with progressive MS and 55 age‐ and sex‐matched controls) was conducted. Five types of cervical SDD (disc degeneration, posterior disc protrusion, endplate changes, canal stenosis and foraminal stenosis) were assessed objectively on magnetic resonance imaging using published scales. Multivariable regression analysis was performed.ResultsModerate‐to‐severe cervical spinal degeneration occurred more frequently in progressive MS, compared to controls. In multivariable regression, foraminal stenosis was three times more likely in progressive MS (odds ratio 3.20, 95% confidence interval 1.27, 8.09; p = 0.014), and was more severe (p = 0.009). This finding was confirmed on retrospective evaluation of clinical radiology reports in the same population. Foraminal stenosis was twice as likely in progressive MS, compared to relapsing‐remitting MS.ConclusionsPeople with progressive MS are susceptible to foraminal stenosis. A higher index of suspicion for cervical SDD is required when appropriate neurological symptoms occur in the setting of progressive MS, to guide appropriate treatment or monitoring.
Leukoencephalopathy with transient splenial lesions related to 5‐fluorouracil or capecitabine
Authors: Perrain Valentine , Bihan Kevin , Bompaire Flavie , Houillier Caroline , Jomier Fanny , Leclercq Delphine , Combret Sandrine , Mahé Julien , Ricard Damien , Berzero Giulia , Psimaras Dimitri 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackground5‐Fluorouracil (5‐FU) and its oral prodrug capecitabine have been rarely but consistently associated with acute central nervous system toxicity, including transient leukoencephalopathies involving the splenium of the corpus callosum.MethodsWe performed a retrospective search in the French Pharmacovigilance database (FPDB) (January 1985−July 2020) for adult patients affected by solid cancers who developed acute toxic leukoencephalopathies with splenial lesions following treatment with 5‐FU or capecitabine. A comprehensive review of the literature helped to circumstantiate our findings.ResultsOur research in the FPDB identified six patients who, within 3 days from their first cycle of 5‐FU or capecitabine, developed acute neurological symptoms, including gait ataxia (n = 4), dysarthria (n = 3), dysmetria (n = 2), headache (n = 2), and confusion (n = 2). Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed T2/FLAIR (fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery) hyperintensities in the corpus callosum, with diffusion restriction and no contrast enhancement, generally accompanied by additional alterations in the bilateral supratentorial white matter (n = 5). All patients discontinued the agent supposedly responsible for the toxicity and experienced full recovery after a median of 8.5 days from symptom onset. Control MRI showed a progressive normalization of acute MRI abnormalities. Literature review identified 26 cases with similar clinical and paraclinical characteristics. A single patient from the literature resumed 5‐FU at a lower dose, with no recurrent toxicity.Conclusions5‐FU and capecitabine might be responsible for acute leukoencephalopathies with transient splenial lesions that are generally reversible upon drug discontinuation. Resuming the agent responsible for toxicity might be feasible in selected cases, after having excluded dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency, if expected benefits outweigh the risks.
Diverse genetic causes of polymicrogyria with epilepsy
Authors:   Epilepsy Phenome/Genome Project, Epi4K Consortium
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectiveWe sought to identify novel genes and to establish the contribution of known genes in a large cohort of patients with nonsyndromic sporadic polymicrogyria and epilepsy.MethodsWe enrolled participants with polymicrogyria and their parents through the Epilepsy Phenome/Genome Project. We performed phenotyping and whole exome sequencing (WES), trio analysis, and gene‐level collapsing analysis to identify de novo or inherited variants, including germline or mosaic (postzygotic) single nucleotide variants, small insertion‐deletion (indel) variants, and copy number variants present in leukocyte‐derived DNA.ResultsAcross the cohort of 86 individuals with polymicrogyria and epilepsy, we identified seven with pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in PIK3R2, including four germline and three mosaic variants. PIK3R2 was the only gene harboring more than expected de novo variants across the entire cohort, and likewise the only gene that passed the genome‐wide threshold of significance in the gene‐level rare variant collapsing analysis. Consistent with previous reports, the PIK3R2 phenotype consisted of bilateral polymicrogyria concentrated in the perisylvian region with macrocephaly. Beyond PIK3R2, we also identified one case each with likely causal de novo variants in CCND2 and DYNC1H1 and biallelic variants in WDR62, all genes previously associated with polymicrogyria. Candidate genetic explanations in this cohort included single nucleotide de novo variants in other epilepsy‐associated and neurodevelopmental disease‐associated genes (SCN2A in two individuals, GRIA3, CACNA1C) and a 597‐kb deletion at 15q25, a neurodevelopmental disease susceptibility locus.SignificanceThis study confirms germline and postzygotically acquired de novo variants in PIK3R2 as an important cause of bilateral perisylvian polymicrogyria, notably with macrocephaly. In total, trio‐based WES identified a genetic diagnosis in 12% and a candidate diagnosis in 6% of our polymicrogyria cohort. Our results suggest possible roles for SCN2A, GRIA3, CACNA1C, and 15q25 deletion in polymicrogyria, each already associated with epilepsy or other neurodevelopmental conditions without brain malformations. The role of these genes in polymicrogyria will be further understood as more patients with polymicrogyria undergo genetic evaluation.