bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kin bias and male pair-bond status shape male-male relationships in a multilevel primate society
Authors: Dal Pesco Federica , Trede Franziska , Zinner Dietmar , Fischer Julia 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMale-male social relationships in group-living mammals vary from fierce competition to the formation of opportunistic coalitions or the development of long-lasting bonds. We investigated male-male relationships in Guinea baboons (Papio papio), a species characterized by male-male tolerance and affiliation. Guinea baboons live in a multi-level society, with units of one reproductively active “primary” male, 1–6 females, and offspring at the core level. Together with “bachelor” males, several units form a party, and 2–3 parties constitute a gang. We aimed to clarify to which degree male relationship patterns varied with relatedness and pair-bond status, i.e., whether males had primary or bachelor status. Data were collected from 24 males in two parties of Guinea baboons near Simenti in the Niokolo-Koba National Park in Senegal. Males maintained differentiated and equitable affiliative relationships (“strong bonds”) with other males that were stable over a 4-year period, irrespective of their pair-bond status. Remarkably, most bachelor males maintained strong bonds with multiple primary males, indicating that bachelor males play an important role in the cohesion of the parties. A clear male dominance hierarchy could not be established due to the high degree of uncertainty in individual rank scores, yet bachelor males were more likely to be found at the low end of the dominance hierarchy. Average relatedness was significantly higher between strongly bonded males, suggesting that kin biases contribute to the social preferences of males. Long-term data will be needed to test how male bonds affect male tenure and ultimately reproductive success.Significance statementMales living in social groups may employ different strategies to increase their reproductive success, from fierce fighting to opportunistic alliance formation or the development of long-term bonds. To shed light on the factors that shape male strategies, we investigated male-male social relationships in the multilevel society of Guinea baboons (Papio papio) where “primary” males are associated with a small number of females and their offspring in “units” while other males are “bachelors.” Strong bonds occurred among and between primary and bachelor males and strongly bonded males were, on average, more closely related. Bachelor males typically had multiple bond partners and thus play an important role in the fabric of Guinea baboon societies. Across primate species, neither dispersal patterns nor social organization clearly map onto the presence of strong bonds in males, suggesting multiple routes to the evolution of male bonds.
Immuntherapie mit Antikörpern
Authors: Böldicke Thomas 
Published: January 2021

ZusammenfassungKrebsentstehung basiert auf der Anhäufung von Mutationen in Wachstumsgenen (wie z. B. Transkriptionsfaktoren, Wachstumsrezeptoren oder intrazellulären Signalmolekülen) oder in Suppressorgenen (wie z. B. p53). Während des Tumorwachstums kommt es dann zur Selektion von Zellklonen, die Mutationen in „driver genes“, die zum unkontrollierten Wachstum der Zellklone führen, enthalten. Bei allen Phasen der Tumorentwicklung (Überwachung des Tumorwachstums durch das Immunsystem, Gleichgewichtsphase, Entkommen des Tumors vor dem Immunsystem) spielen die Wechselwirkung zwischen dem Immunsystem und den Tumorzellen und die Entstehung einer chronischen Entzündung in unmittelbarer Umgebung des Tumors eine entscheidende Rolle. Die Immuntherapie ist eine Krebstherapie, die das Immunsystem aktivieren soll. Eine vielversprechende angewandte Immuntherapie basiert auf Antikörpern, die Immunzellen aktivieren, das Tumorwachstum inhibieren oder zur Eliminierung der Tumorzellen führen. Dabei werden rekombinante IgG-Antikörper oder gentechnologisch veränderte Antikörperfragmente gegen tumorassoziierte Antigene (TAA’s) einzeln oder in Kombination mit Chemo- oder Strahlentherapie eingesetzt. Vielversprechend und zugelassen sind Checkpointantikörper, welche die Blockade von zytotoxischen CD8+-T-Zellen und CD4+-T-Zellen durch Tumorzellen und/oder dendritische Zellen aufheben. Andere erfolgreiche Antikörperkonstrukte sind bispezifische Antikörper (binden an T‑Zelle und Tumorzelle), chimäre Antigenrezeptoren (CAR) für die T‑Zell-Therapie, Immuntoxine (Antikörper fusioniert mit einem Toxin) und Immunzytokine (Antikörper fusioniert mit einem Zytokin). Außerdem haben intrazelluläre Antikörper, die erfolgreich in Xenograft-Tumor-Mausmodellen getestet worden sind, vielversprechendes therapeutisches Potenzial.
Effects of vasopressin on anesthetic response time and circulatory dynamics of lidocaine
Authors: Fujimori Shoko , Sunada Katsuhisa 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis study aimed to investigate the hypothesis that vasopressin extends the anesthetic response time of lidocaine and does not affect the circulatory dynamics. Rats were sedated with isoflurane; subsequently, breathing was maintained through mechanical ventilation. We infiltrated the first molar area of the upper left jaw with saline (NS, test solution), 2% lidocaine (L), 0.025 IU vasopressin-supplemented 2% lidocaine, 0.05 IU vasopressin-supplemented 2% lidocaine, 0.1 IU vasopressin-supplemented 2% lidocaine, and 0.2 IU vasopressin-supplemented 2% lidocaine (VL4). Further, anesthetic response times were measured up to 30 min using electric pulp testing methods (n = 4). The anesthetic response times of NS, L, and VL4 were measured up to 45 min with the aforementioned results as reference values (n = 7). The circulatory dynamics of NS, L, VL4, and 0.2 IU vasopressin (V) were measured up to 45 min using a non-invasive blood pressure measuring device. VL4 extended the anesthetic response times of lidocaine compared to L (p < 0.05). Further, V and VL4 significantly increased the systolic and diastolic blood pressure and significantly decreased the pulse rate (p < 0.05). VL4 is not a suitable addition to the local anesthetic solution used in dentistry. Further study is needed to determine vasopressin concentration that extends the anesthetic effect without affecting the circulatory dynamics.
Innovations in an institutionalised higher education system: the role of embedded agency
Authors: Ma Jinyuan , Cai Yuzhuo 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis paper explores how a novel university governance model at Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), largely learned from the West, has been implemented in the highly institutionalised and centralised Chinese higher education system. For this purpose, we first constructed an analytical framework, integrating the conceptualisation of an innovation process in higher education and the concept of embedded agency. This framework was then applied to analyse eight interviews, seven policy documents and six news media reports in our empirical investigation of the case university. Our major research findings are: the governance model adopted by SUSTech was a disruptive innovation and it was mostly challenged by the incompatibility between the norms around the governance model and the institutional context of Chinese higher education; this challenge was mitigated through three agency strategies, labelled by the metaphors of new wine in a new bottle, new wine in an old bottle and old wine in a new bottle. Successfully implementing these strategies calls on the visions, skills of playing power games and social capital of those initiating the innovation. Finally, we discuss the theoretical contribution and practical implications of the study in the conclusion.
Liquid-liquid extraction and facilitated membrane transport of Pb2+ using a lipophilic acridono-crown ether as carrier
Authors: Golcs Ádám , Bezúr László , Huszthy Péter , Tóth Tünde 
Published: January 2021

AbstractStudies on liquid-liquid extraction and bulk liquid membrane (BLM) technique-based metal ion separation by a previously published Pb2+-selective acridono-18-crown-6 ether selector molecule were performed. The effects of the stirring speed, the quality of apolar organic membrane, the counterions of Pb2+, the pH of the aqueous phase, the concentration of the source phase, the concentration of the carrier in the BLM and the temperature on the Pb2+-separation were investigated. Moreover, the effects of the competitive inhibition due to the presence of Ag+, Ca2+, Co2+, Cu2+, K+, Mg2+, Na+ and Zn2+ as competing ions in a multicomponent aqueous source phase of different ion-concentrations were also studied. After a proper dilution of the multicomponent aqueous source phase, excellent Pb2+-selectivity was achieved without a significant reduction in the efficiency compared to the liquid membrane transport of single-component systems. Based on the BLM-cell studies the applied selector molecule proved to be suitable for the development of liquid membrane-based Pb2+-selective separation methods, which can be greatly aided by the analysis of the effects on the separation and by the optimization of the parameters of the process discussed here.
Harming patients by provision of intensive care treatment: is it right to provide time-limited trials of intensive care to patients with a low chance of survival?
Authors: Donaldson Thomas M. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractTime-limited trials of intensive care have arisen in response to the increasing demand for intensive care treatment for patients with a low chance of surviving their critical illness, and the clinical uncertainty inherent in intensive care decision-making. Intensive care treatment is reported by most patients to be a significantly unpleasant experience. Therefore, patients who do not survive intensive care treatment are exposed to a negative dying experience. Time-limited trials of intensive care treatment in patients with a low chance of surviving have both a small chance of benefiting this patient group and a high chance of harming them by depriving them of a good death. A ‘rule of rescue’ for the critically unwell does not justify time-limiting a trial of intensive care treatment and overlooks the experiential costs that intensive care patients face. Offering time-limited trials of intensive care to all patients, regardless of their chance of survival, overlooks the responsibility of resource-limited intensive care clinicians for suffering caused by their actions. A patient-specific risk–benefit analysis is vital when deciding whether to offer intensive care treatment, to ensure that time-limited trials of intensive care are not undertaken for patients who have a much higher chance of being harmed, rather than benefited by the treatment. The virtue ethics concept of human flourishing has the potential to offer additional ethical guidance to resource-limited clinicians facing these complex decisions, involving the balancing of a quantifiable survival benefit against the qualitative suffering that intensive care treatment may cause.
Ultimate Strength Assessment of Steel-Welded Hemispheres under External Hydrostatic Pressure
Authors: Cho Sang-Rai , Muttaqie Teguh , Lee Seung Hyun , Paek Jaewoo , Sohn Jung Min 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis paper focusses on steel-welded hemispherical shells subjected to external hydrostatic pressure. The experimental and numerical investigations were performed to study their failure behaviour. The model was fabricated from mild steel and made through press forming and welding. We therefore considered the effect of initial shape imperfection, variation of thickness and residual stress obtained from the actual structures. Four hemisphere models designed with R/t from 50 to 130 were tested until failure. Prior to the test, the actual geometric imperfection and shell thickness were carefully measured. The comparisons of available design codes (PD 5500, ABS, DNV-GL) in calculating the collapse pressure were also highlighted against the available published test data on steel-welded hemispheres. Furthermore, the nonlinear FE simulations were also conducted to substantiate the ultimate load capacity and plastic deformation of the models that were tested. Parametric dependence of the level of sphericity, varying thickness and residual welding stresses were also numerically considered in the benchmark studies. The structure behaviour from the experiments was used to verify the numerical analysis. In this work, both collapse pressure and failure mode in the numerical model were consistent with the experimental model.
Historical overview and new directions in bioarchaeological trace element analysis: a review
Authors: Simpson Rachel , Cooper David M. L. , Swanston Treena , Coulthard Ian , Varney Tamara L. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractGiven their strong affinity for the skeleton, trace elements are often stored in bones and teeth long term. Diet, geography, health, disease, social status, activity, and occupation are some factors which may cause differential exposure to, and uptake of, trace elements, theoretically introducing variability in their concentrations and/or ratios in the skeleton. Trace element analysis of bioarchaeological remains has the potential, therefore, to provide rich insights into past human lifeways. This review provides a historical overview of bioarchaeological trace element analysis and comments on the current state of the discipline by highlighting approaches with growing momentum. Popularity for the discipline surged following preliminary studies in the 1960s to 1970s that demonstrated the utility of strontium (Sr) as a dietary indicator. During the 1980s, Sr/Ca ratio and multi-element studies were commonplace in bioarchaeology, linking trace elements with dietary phenomena. Interest in using trace elements for bioarchaeological inferences waned following a period of critiques in the late 1980s to 1990s that argued the discipline failed to account for diagenesis, simplified complex element uptake and regulation processes, and used several unsuitable elements for palaeodietary reconstruction (e.g. those under homeostatic regulation, those without a strong affinity for the skeleton). In the twenty-first century, trace element analyses have been primarily restricted to Sr and lead (Pb) isotope analysis and the study of toxic trace elements, though small pockets of bioarchaeology have continued to analyse multiple elements. Techniques such as micro-sampling, element mapping, and non-traditional stable isotope analysis have provided novel insights which hold the promise of helping to overcome limitations faced by the discipline.
Pathogens which threaten food security: Phytophthora infestans, the potato late blight pathogen
Authors: Yuen Jonathan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPotato late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans, is a critical disease of potato and other solanaceous crops, such as tomato. The history of late blight is, in some ways, the history of modern plant pathology. It received much attention in the mid 1800’s by causing the Irish potato famine, and the pathogen played a prominent role in the development of the concept of plant disease and plant pathogens. The pathosystem has also been important in the development of pesticides that are active against plant pathogens, and has also been a model system in understanding concepts ranging from cellular processes, such as how resistance to plant pathogens functions, to large scale processes, such as implementation of regional plant disease warning systems. P.infestans has a secured a place in modern potato production, both in developed and less-developed countries.
Cosmic hylomorphism
Authors: Simpson William M. R. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe primitive ontology approach to quantum mechanics seeks to account for quantum phenomena in terms of a distribution of matter in three-dimensional space (or four-dimensional spacetime) and a law of nature that describes its temporal development. This approach to explaining quantum phenomena is compatible with either a Humean or powerist account of laws. In this paper, I offer a powerist ontology in which the law is specified by Bohmian mechanics for a global configuration of particles. Unlike in other powerist ontologies, however, this law is not grounded in astructural powerthat is instantiated by the global configuration. Instead, I combine the primitive ontology approach with Aristotle’s doctrine of hylomorphism to create a new metaphysical model, in which the cosmos is a hylomorphic substance with anintrinsic powerto choreograph the trajectories of the particles.
The Politics of “Greater India,” a Moral Geography: Moveable Antiquities and Charmed Knowledge Networks between Indonesia, India, and the West
Authors: Bloembergen Marieke 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSince the nineteenth century, today's South and Southeast Asia have become part of scholarly and popular geographies that define the region as a single, superior, civilization with Hindu-Buddhist spiritual traits and its origins in India. Thesemoral geographiesof “Greater India” are still current in universities, museums, textbooks, and popular culture across the world. This article explores, for the period from the 1890s to the 1960s, how networks of scholars, intellectuals, and art collectors linking Indonesia, mainland Asia, and the West helped shaping these moral geographies and enabled the inclusion of predominantly Islamic Indonesia. It contributes to recent debates on the role of religion and affections in Orientalism by following object-biographies and focusing on knowledge exchange via the networks they connected, and by exploring the possibilities, violence, and limits of cultural understanding as objects travel from their sites of origin to elsewhere in the world. The article conceptualizes moral geographies as a heuristic device to understand how people have imagined their belonging to atransnationalspace—in this case Greater India—whether they live inside or outside of that space. It examines the impact these moral geographies have on processes of inclusion and exclusion, particularly their common disregard for Indonesia's Islamic cultures. It warns against pitfalls of transnational, “Oceanic” approaches to Asian history that focus on cultural flows, as these can exaggerate the region's cultural unity and, in doing so, reify the moral geographies of Greater India that the article interrogates.
Impact of captive conditions on female germinal epithelium of the butterflyfish Chaetodon striatus (Perciformes: Chaetodontidae)
Authors: Mazzoni Talita Sarah , da Silva Graziele Cristine , Bayona Perez Isabelle Leite , Quagio-Grassiotto Irani 
Published: January 2021

SummaryChaetodon striatus is a cosmopolitan seawater species present in aquaria all over the world and its extractivism is quite high. The lack of studies on the reproductive biology of C. striatus contributes to the difficulty in managing the species outside its natural habitat. Without knowledge of the mechanisms that control or affect gonadal changes, reproduction of C. striatus in captivity has become almost impossible, considering that the species is quite sensitive and the effect of captive conditions on its reproductive biology is unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect on its reproductive biology of the animal’s confinement and possible alteration in structure of the ovaries. In C. striatus, after oocyte development, for animals confined in small spaces, maturing oocytes undergo atresia. During atresia, ovarian follicles were at different stages of degeneration, characterized by the progressive loss of the basement membrane and disorganization of the follicle complex. In the advanced stage of follicular atresia, there was total loss of the basement membrane, culminating in degradation of the follicle complex. In unconfined animals, oocyte development and maturation were not affected. Confinement also affected the cell structure of the germinal epithelium, which showed large numbers of apoptotic bodies. The difference in cortisol and glucose levels between the unconfined and confined groups was significant, which may have to do with the change found in the ovaries, such as extensive follicular atresia and loss of the basement membrane.
Analysis of Spatially Distributed Fracture Attributes: Normalized Lacunarity Ratio
Authors: Roy Ankur , Perfect Edmund , Mukerji Tapan 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACTMost fracture data analysis techniques for attributes such as dip and aperture, treat the attributes independently of their respective spatial locations. A power‐law cumulative frequency for fracture apertures, for example, tells us nothing about their spatial distribution. Lacunarity is a technique for analyzing multi‐scale binary and non‐binary data and is ideally suited for analysis that relates an attribute (e.g., aperture) to its spatial distribution. In a previous study, we showed that scale‐dependent heterogeneity of fracture spacing can be analyzed using lacunarity in order to identify whether fractures occur in clusters. To determine if such clusters contain the largest fractures that control fluid flow through a fracture network, it is imperative that size attribute data be integrated with information about fracture spacing. Here we introduce the novel concept of lacunarity ratio (LR), which is the lacunarity of a given non‐binary data set normalized to the lacunarity of its random counterpart. This technique can delineate the relationship between attributes and spatial clustering by determining scale‐dependent changes in persistence and anti‐persistence. LR is implemented to test if large fractures are statistically found within fracture clusters or if they are randomly distributed at a given scale of observation. The technique is then applied to five different data sets with spacing values together with aperture, length and dip values respectively. The LR‐technique thus developed can help in identifying the occurrence of large or steep fractures with respect to fracture clusters, which in turn, can help improve modeling strategies.
Estimating the Daytime Vertical E × B Drift From Magnetometer and C/NOFS Measurements and Comparison With Empirical Models Over the East African Sector
Authors: Tilahun Samson 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis paper introduces a new approach of estimating the daytime horizontal geomagnetic field (ΔH)‐induced variations of vertical E × B drift velocity and evaluates its performance using Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting Systems (C/NOFS) over the East African sector. H field at AAE (Addis Ababa magnetometer station) and ETHI (Adigrat magnetometer station in Ethiopia) and their immediate difference alongside with C/NOFS E × B drift were used for periodic polynomial fitting (PPF) a periodic basis. Knowledge of E × B drift is of utmost importance in space weather‐related predictions since it can significantly affect ionospheric density structures and dynamics. The periodic fitting illustrates better agreement with C/NOFS observation during 16:00–19:00 LT than 10:00–16:00 LT whose root‐mean‐square error (RMSE) increased from 9.2 to 12.67 m/s, respectively. Comparison of PPF, recent regional E × B model made by Dubazane and Habarulema (2018, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018SW001820) (E × BDub) and E × BIRI (vertical E × B estimates of International Reference Ionosphere [IRI]) was carried out using C/NOFS observation. Independent model validation shows that C/NOFS E × B values are closer to PPF estimates than E × BDub and E × BIRI over the region. Besides, the least squares model with physical inputs including local time (LT), day of the year (DOY), extreme ultraviolet (EUV) flux, and ΔH provides lowest RMSEs of about 5.36 and 7.41 m/s using a method of neural networking during low solar activity (LSA) and high solar activity (HSA), respectively.