bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemogenetic inactivation reveals the inhibitory control function of the prefronto-striatal pathway in the macaque brain
Authors: Oguchi Mineki , Tanaka Shingo , Pan Xiaochuan , Kikusui Takefumi , Moriya-Ito Keiko , Kato Shigeki , Kobayashi Kazuto , Sakagami Masamichi 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) has a strong monosynaptic connection with the caudate nucleus (CdN) of the striatum. Previous human MRI studies have suggested that this LPFC-CdN pathway plays an important role in inhibitory control and working memory. We aimed to validate the function of this pathway at a causal level by pathway-selective manipulation of neural activity in non-human primates. To this end, we trained macaque monkeys on a delayed oculomotor response task with reward asymmetry and expressed an inhibitory type of chemogenetic receptors selectively to LPFC neurons that project to the CdN. Ligand administration reduced the inhibitory control of impulsive behavior, as well as the task-related neuronal responses observed in the local field potentials from the LPFC and CdN. These results show that we successfully suppressed pathway-selective neural activity in the macaque brain, and the resulting behavioral changes suggest that the LPFC-CdN pathway is involved in inhibitory control.
Designing the collective non-local responses of metasurfaces
Authors: Capers James R. , Boyes Stephen J. , Hibbins Alastair P. , Horsley Simon A. R. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe ability to design the electromagnetic properties of materials to achieve any given wave scattering effect is key to many technologies, from communications to cloaking and biological imaging. Currently, common design methods either neglect degrees of freedom or are difficult to interpret. Here, we derive a simple and efficient method for designing wave–shaping materials composed of dipole scatterers, taking into account multiple scattering effects and both magnetic and electric polarizabilities. As an application of our theory, we design aperiodic metasurfaces that re-structure the radiation from a dipole emitter: (i) modifying of the near-field to provide a 4-fold enhancement in power emission; (ii) re-shaping the far-field radiation pattern to exhibit chosen directivity; and (iii) the design of a discrete Luneburg–like lens. Additionally, we develop a clear physical interpretation of the optimised structure, by extracting eigen-polarizabilities of the system, finding that a large eigen-polarizability corresponds to a large collective response of the scatterers.
Flexoelectric nanodomains in rare-earth iron garnet thin films under strain gradient
Authors: Yamahara Hiroyasu , Feng Bin , Seki Munetoshi , Adachi Masaki , Sarker Md Shamim , Takeda Takahito , Kobayashi Masaki , Ishikawa Ryo , Ikuhara Yuichi , Cho Yasuo , Tabata Hitoshi 
Published: September 2021

AbstractFlexoelectricity is a universal property associated with dielectric materials, wherein they exhibit remanent polarization induced by strain gradient. Rare-earth iron garnets, R3Fe5O12, are ferrimagnetic insulators with useful magnetic properties. However, they are unlikely to show remanent dielectric polarization because of their centrosymmetric structure. Here, to induce flexoelectricity, we investigate various rare-earth iron-garnet thin films deposited on lattice-mismatched substrates. Atomic-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy demonstrates the presence of 15 nm-thick strain gradients in Sm3Fe5O12 films between epitaxially strained tetragonal and relaxed cubic structures. Furthermore, negatively polarized nanodomains are imaged by scanning nonlinear dielectric microscopy. It suggests a generation of flexoelectricity, where the polarization points down toward the substrate in the out-of-plane direction. X-ray magnetic circular dichroism demonstrates hysteresis with a large coercive field originating from the strain-gradient layer. We believe that our study will pave the way for achieving dielectric polarization even in nonpolar centrosymmetric materials by strain-gradient engineering.
Microplastics and nanoplastics barely enhance contaminant mobility in agricultural soils
Authors: Castan Stephanie , Henkel Charlotte , Hüffer Thorsten , Hofmann Thilo 
Published: September 2021

AbstractFarmland soils are prone to contamination with micro- and nanoplastics through a variety of agricultural practices. Concerns are recurrently raised that micro- and nanoplastics act as vector for organic contaminants to deeper soil layers and endanger groundwater resources. Whether and to what extent micro- and nanoplastics facilitate the transport of organic contaminants in soil remains unclear. Here we calculated the ratio between transport and desorption time scales using two diffusion models for micro- and nanoplastics between 100 nm and 1 mm. To identify micro- and nanoplastics bound contaminant transport we evaluated diffusion and partitioning coefficients of prominent agrochemicals and additives and of frequently used polymers e.g., polyethylene and tire material. Our findings suggest that the desorption of most organic contaminants is too fast for micro- and nanoplastics to act as transport facilitators in soil. Contaminant transport enabled by microplastics was found to be relevant only for very hydrophobic contaminants (logKow>5) under preferential flow conditions. While micro- and nanoplastics might be a source of potentially harmful contaminants in farmland soils this study suggests that they do not considerably enhance contaminant mobility.
Long non-coding RNAs associated with infection and vaccine-induced immunity
Authors: Lüscher-Dias Thomaz , Conceição Izabela Mamede , Schuch Viviane , Maracaja-Coutinho Vinicius , Amaral Paulo P. , Nakaya Helder I. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The immune system responds to infection or vaccination through a dynamic and complex process that involves several molecular and cellular factors. Among these factors, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as significant players in all areas of biology, particularly in immunology. Most of the mammalian genome is transcribed in a highly regulated manner, generating a diversity of lncRNAs that impact the differentiation and activation of immune cells and affect innate and adaptive immunity. Here, we have reviewed the range of functions and mechanisms of lncRNAs in response to infectious disease, including pathogen recognition, interferon (IFN) response, and inflammation. We describe examples of lncRNAs exploited by pathogenic agents during infection, which indicate that lncRNAs are a fundamental part of the arms race between hosts and pathogens. We also discuss lncRNAs potentially implicated in vaccine-induced immunity and present examples of lncRNAs associated with the antibody response of subjects receiving Influenza or Yellow Fever vaccines. Elucidating the widespread involvement of lncRNAs in the immune system will improve our understanding of the factors affecting immune response to different pathogenic agents, to better prevent and treat disease.
Glucocerebrosidase dysfunction in neurodegenerative disease
Authors: Brooker Sarah M. , Krainc Dimitri 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) and related neurodegenerative disorders, termed the synucleinopathies, are characterized pathologically by the accumulation of protein aggregates containing α-synuclein (aSyn), resulting in progressive neuronal loss. There is considerable need for the development of neuroprotective strategies to halt or slow disease progression in these disorders. To this end, evaluation of genetic mutations associated with the synucleinopathies has helped to elucidate crucial mechanisms of disease pathogenesis, revealing key roles for lysosomal and mitochondrial dysfunction. The GBA1 gene, which encodes the lysosomal hydrolase β-glucocerebrosidase (GCase) is the most common genetic risk factor for PD and is also linked to other neurodegenerative disorders including dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Additionally, homozygous mutations in GBA1 are associated with the rare lysosomal storage disorder, Gaucher's disease (GD). In this review, we discuss the current knowledge in the field regarding the diverse roles of GCase in neurons and the multifactorial effects of loss of GCase enzymatic activity. Importantly, GCase has been shown to have a bidirectional relationship with aSyn, resulting in a pathogenic feedback loop that can lead to progressive aSyn accumulation. Alterations in GCase activity have furthermore been linked to multiple distinct pathways involved in neurodegeneration, and therefore GCase has emerged as a promising target for therapeutic drug development for PD and related neurodegenerative disorders, particularly DLB.
A Systematic Review of Expressive and Receptive Prosody in People With Dementia
Authors: Oh Chorong , Morris Richard J. , Wang Xianhui 
Published: September 2021

PurposeThis review was designed to provide a systematic overview of prosody in people with a primary diagnosis of dementia (PwD) and evaluate the potential use of prosodic features for diagnosis of dementia.MethodA systematic search of five databases was conducted using Medical Subject Headings and keywords. Studies included in the review were evaluated for their methodological quality using the modified Joanna Briggs Institute checklist.ResultsA total of 14 articles were identified as being relevant for this review. Among the 14 articles, the methodological quality ranged, with eight rated as weak, four rated as moderate, and two rated as strong. Ten of the 14 articles had people with Alzheimer's disease (AD) as participants, and the remaining four had people with frontotemporal dementia as participants. Four articles focused on receptive prosody, another six focused on expressive prosody, and the remaining four articles were investigations into both. The 14 articles presented inconsistent findings, and various tasks were used to measure prosodic features in PwD in the articles. Prosody was studied as a diagnostic tool for dementia in four of the articles, all of which were based on expressive prosody in individuals with AD. Among the four articles, three proposed the use of automatic speech analysis for diagnosis of AD.ConclusionsThis review demonstrates that prosody in PwD is an underinvestigated area. In particular, it was concerning that most articles were of weak methodological quality. Nevertheless, it was found that prosody may be a potential diagnostic tool for assessing dementia. More studies that replicate the existing studies and those with stronger methodology are needed to confirm that receptive and/or expressive prosody can be used for dementia diagnosis.
HVDC grids stability improvement by direct current power system stabilizer
Authors: Azizi Neda , Moradi CheshmehBeigi Hassan , Rouzbehi Kumars 
Published: September 2021

AbstractHigh‐voltage direct current breaker is among the essential components of high‐voltage direct current grids. Such a breaker generally needs a direct current reactor to reduce the fault currents rate. However, direct current reactors have destructive effects on the multi‐terminal high‐voltage direct current grid dynamic stability, and in such a system, despite the variety of controllers, the system dynamics are highly sensitive to the operating point. Therefore, additional damping control will be needed. This paper proposes a modification to be applied to the traditional droop controller of high‐voltage direct current grids to cope with the influence of these large reactors, improving the direct voltage stability and decreasing power variations in the transient events by introducing a direct current power system stabilizer. The proposed method for direct voltage control has been investigated through the analytical model of the system. Stability improvement has been studied following the application of the proposed method by investigating zeros, poles, and frequency response analysis. Moreover, a method is proposed for optimal design and optimal placement of direct current power system stabilizer. The system analysis and time‐domain simulations demonstrate a decent damping improvement attained by the proposed method. All simulations and analytical studies are conducted on Cigré DCS3 test high‐voltage direct current grid in MATLAB/Simulink.
Refined fundamental parameters of Canopus from combined near-IR interferometry and spectral energy distribution
Authors: Domiciano de Souza A. , Zorec J. , Millour F. , Le Bouquin J.-B. , Spang A. , Vakili F. 
Published: September 2021

Context. Canopus, the brightest and closest yellow supergiant to our Solar System, offers a unique laboratory for understanding the physics of evolved massive stars.
Aims. We aim at quantitatively exploring a large space of fundamental parameters of Canopus based on the combined analysis of its spectral energy distribution (SED) and optical-IR long baseline interferometry.
Methods. We use the most recent high resolution near-IR data from the VLTI focal beam combiners PIONIER (H and K bands) and AMBER (K band), together with precise spectrophotometric measures that cover the SED of Canopus, from the UV to the IR, taken from ground and space observatories.
Results. The accurate and precise PIONIER data allowed us to simultaneously measure the angular diameter and the limb darkening (LD) profile using different analytical laws. We found that the power-law LD, being also in agreement with predictions from stellar atmosphere models, reproduces the interferometric data well. For this model we measured an angular diameter of 7.184 ± 0.0017 ± 0.029 mas and an LD coefficient of 0.1438 ± 0.0015, which are respectively ≳5 and ~15−25 more precise than in our previous A&A paper on Canopus from 2008. From a dedicated analysis of the interferometric data, we also provide new constraints on the putative presence of weak surface inhomogeneities. Additionally, we analyzed the SED in a innovative way by simultaneously fitting the reddening-related parameters and the stellar effective temperature and gravity. We find that a model based on two effective temperatures is much better at reproducing the whole SED, from which we derived several parameters, including a new bolometric flux estimate: fbol = (59.22 ± 2.45) × 10−6 erg cm−2 s−1. We were also able to estimate the stellar mass from these measurements, and it is shown to be in agreement with additional predictions from evolutionary models, from which we inferred the age of Canopus as well.
Conclusions. The Canopus angular diameter and LD measured in this work with PIONIER are the most precise to date, with a direct impact on several related fundamental parameters. Moreover, thanks to our joint analysis, we were able to determine a set of fundamental parameters that simultaneously reproduces both high-precision interferometric data and a good quality SED and, at the same time, agrees with stellar evolution models. This refined set of fundamental parameters constitutes a careful balance between the different methodologies used, providing invaluable observationally based constraints to models of stellar structure and evolution, which still present difficulties in simulating stars such as Canopus in detail.
Accurate sky signal reconstruction for ground-based spectroscopy with kinetic inductance detectors
Authors: Fasano A. , Macías-Pérez J. F. , Benoit A. , Aguiar M. , Beelen A. , Bideaud A. , Bounmy J. , Bourrion O. , Bres G. , Calvo M. , Castro-Almazán J. A. , Catalano A. , de Bernardis P. , De Petris M. , de Taoro A. P. , Fernández-Torreiro M. , Garde G. , Génova-Santos R. , Gomez A. , Gómez-Renasco M. F. , Goupy J. , Hoarau C. , Hoyland R. , Lagache G. , Marpaud J. , Marton M. , Monfardini A. , Peel M. W. , Pisano G. , Ponthieu N. , Rebolo R. , Roudier S. , Rubiño-Martín J. A. , Tourres D. , Tucker C. , Vescovi C. 
Published: September 2021

Context.Wide-field spectrometers are needed to deal with current astrophysical challenges that require multiband observations at millimeter wavelengths. An example of these is the KIDs Interferometer Spectrum Survey (KISS), which uses two arrays of kinetic inductance detectors (KIDs) coupled to a Martin-Puplett interferometer (MPI). KISS has a wide instantaneous field of view (1 deg in diameter) and a spectral resolution of up to 1.45 GHz in the 120–180 GHz electromagnetic band. The instrument is installed on the 2.25 m Q-U-I JOint TEnerife telescope at the Teide Observatory (Tenerife, Canary Islands), at an altitude of 2395 m above sea level.Aims.This work presents an original readout modulation method developed to improve the sky signal reconstruction accuracy for types of instruments for which a fast sampling frequency is required, both to remove atmospheric fluctuations and to perform full spectroscopic measurements on each sampled sky position.Methods.We first demonstrate the feasibility of this technique using simulations. We then apply such a scheme to on-sky calibration.Results.We show that the sky signal can be reconstructed to better than 0.5% for astrophysical sources, and to better than 2% for large background variations such as in “skydip”, in an ideal noiseless scenario. The readout modulation method is validated by observations on-sky during the KISS commissioning campaign.Conclusions.We conclude that accurate photometry can be obtained for future KID-based interferometry using the MPI.
Semi-regular red giants as distance indicators
Authors: Trabucchi M. , Mowlavi N. , Lebzelter T. 
Published: September 2021

Context. Semi-regular variables (SRVs) are similar to Miras in brightness, and they also follow one or more period–luminosity relations (PLRs), though not necessarily the same one as Miras. As potential standard candles they are more challenging than Miras because of their smaller variability amplitudes and less regular light curves, but they are substantially more numerous and especially promising for probing old stellar populations.
Aims. We aim to characterise the variability of SRVs, specifically focusing on their connection with Miras, in order to prepare the ground for investigating their potential as distance indicators.
Methods. We examine SRVs and Miras in the Magellanic Clouds from OGLE-III observations, with data from Gaia and 2MASS. After cleaning the sample of variability periods unrelated to pulsation, we classify each source by chemical type and combination of pulsation modes. We examine the results in terms of global photometric and pulsation properties.
Results. We identify four SRV groups that fit the general evolutionary scenario predicted by theory. SRVs dominated by fundamental-mode pulsation are very similar to Miras, especially if mono-periodic. They further split into two subgroups, one of which follows the same sequence as Miras in the period–luminosity and period–amplitude diagrams, without discontinuity.
Conclusions. The similarities between Miras and SRVs suggest that the latter can be adopted as distance indicators in a way that is complementary to the use of the former, thereby at least doubling the available number of long-period variables (LPVs) suitable for use as distance indicators. The traditional amplitude-based separation between Miras and SRVs is not necessarily appropriate, and a more physically sound criterion should also involve pulsation periods. While this would require comparatively longer time-series, they are expected to become accessible in the coming years even for weak sources thanks to current and future large-scale surveys. The table of reclassified LPVs is made public.
Pharynxläsion als seltene Komplikation nach anteriorem zervikalen Débridement und Fusion (ACDF) mit ventraler Plattenosteosynthese bei florider zervikaler Spondylodiszitis – Kasuistik zu einem perioperativen Verlauf
Authors: Fuchs Holger , Spalteholz Matthias , Gulow Jens 
Published: September 2021

ZusammenfassungPharyngo-ösophageale Perforationen [PEP] sind eine sehr seltene (0,02 -1,52%) 1 jedoch lebensgefährliche Komplikation (Mortalität 16 – 50%) 2 nach anteriorer zervikaler Dekompression und Fusion. Die therapeutischen Optionen unterliegen weiterhin einer wissenschaftlichen Diskussion. Wir berichten über den Fall eines 67-jährigen Patienten mit septischem Krankheitsbild bei Aortenklappenendokarditis und Mitralklappenendokarditis sowie Nachweis einer floriden Spondylodiszitis HWK 3/4 mit knöcherner Destruktion der Endplatten sowie prävertebralem Abszess von HWK 2 – 5. Nach operativer Versorgung mittels Débridement und ACDF mit ventraler Plattenosteosynthese zeigte sich im frühen postoperativen Verlauf eine progrediente Schluckstörung mit Mediastinits, bei Arrosion und Defekt der Pharynxhinterwand. Nach Entfernung der ventralen Plattenosteosynthese konnte unter konservativer Therapie mit regelmäßigen endoskopischen Kontrollen und medikamentöser antibiotischer und antimykotischer Therapie ein Verschluss des Defektes der Pharynxhinterwand sowie ein oraler Kostaufbau erzielt werden.
Zur Bedeutung der relativen Körperoberfläche und der Körperzusammensetzung für die Wärmebilanz des Menschen
Authors: Schlich Elmar , Schlich Michaela 
Published: September 2021

Zusammenfassung
Einleitung Menschen geben stetig Wärme an die Umgebung ab. Die relative Körperoberfläche korreliert positiv, der isolierende Anteil an Körperfett negativ mit der Wärmebilanz.
Stand des Wissens Die relative Körperoberfläche kann mithilfe von Körpermasse, Körpergröße oder BMI hinreichend gut berechnet werden. Unterschiedliche Formeln für Frauen und Männer liefern bessere Ergebnisse. Der Anteil an Körperfett ist per Bioelektrischer Impedanzanalyse gut zu erfassen.
Aufgabenstellung und Methoden Wie ändert sich die relative Körperoberfläche bei Zu- oder Abnahme, wie unterscheiden sich Männer und Frauen und kann die Wärmebilanz mit einer Kenngröße klassifiziert werden? Dazu werden Probanden/innen vermessen und rechnerisch analysiert. Zudem werden Männer und Frauen mit demselben BMI rechnerisch miteinander verglichen. Abschließend wird geprüft, ob sich der Quotient aus relativer Körperoberfläche und Anteil an Körperfett zur Klassifizierung eignet.
Ergebnisse Untergewichtige Menschen weisen eine größere relative Körperoberfläche bei geringerem Anteil an Körperfett auf. Sie geben daher mehr Wärme an die Umgebung ab als adipöse mit geringerer relativer Körperoberfläche bei gleichzeitig größerem Anteil an Körperfett. Bei Gewichtszunahme nimmt die relative Körperoberfläche signifikant ab, bei Abnahme umgekehrt. Bei identischem BMI haben Frauen eine signifikant größere Körperoberfläche als Männer. Der Heat Performance Indicator als Quotient aus Oberfläche und Anteil an Körperfett kann Individuen zuverlässig thermodynamisch klassifizieren.
Diskussion Die relative Körperoberfläche als innovativer Parameter scheint zusammen mit dem Anteil an Körperfett dazu geeignet, Individuen hinsichtlich ihrer Wärmebilanz besser zu beurteilen. Dabei zeigen sich selbstverstärkende Effekte, bei Adipositas durch geringere Oberfläche bei gleichzeitig mehr Fett, bei Untergewicht durch größere Oberfläche bei gleichzeitig weniger Fett. Weitere Forschungsarbeiten zur ernährungsmedizinischen Absicherung sind jedoch erforderlich.