Characteristics of university websites (Science Communication)
Authors: Wicke Nina 
Published: April 2021

A topic-independent systematic approach according to Deuze (2003) enables to describe websites of universities based on three main characteristics: Hypertextuality, multimediality and interactivity (Metag & Schäfer, 2017). Other important dimensions to characterize a website are multilingualism (e. g. Chapleo et al., 2011) as well as the content of those websites (e. g. Bozyigit & Akkan, 2014), but also their dialogical dimension (e. g. McAllister-Spooner & Kent, 2009) and the prevalence of ethnic and gender diversity (Bal & Sharik, 2019).
Field of application/theoretical foundation:
According to Deuze (2003), whose systematic approach was applied in the content analysis of Metag and Schäfer (2017), three basic characteristics of online communication can be distinguished:

Hypertextuality can be understood as the linking of individual pages on the internet, whereby a differentiation is made between internal (links lead to one's own website) and external hypertextuality (links lead to other websites).
Multimediality means offering information in various formats (e.g. text, or audio and video formats).
The term interactivity encompasses different ways for users to disseminate or access information (Kopper, Kolthoff, & Czepek, 2000), but also different options for producers and users to interact with each other (e.g. giving feedback).

References/combination with other methods of data collection:
In some studies, such as those by Chapleo et al. (2011) or Metag and Schäfer (2017), cluster analyses were carried out following the content analyses. The study by Bal and Sharik (2019) also incorporated enrollment data from the universities in order to compare it with the results of the content analysis and to examine whether the website portrays the actual diversity of students at the university. In other cases, combinations of quantitative and qualitative techniques were applied (Lederbogen & Trebbe, 2003) or a critical discourse analysis (Zhang & O’Halloran, 2013) was conducted.
Example studies:
Bal & Sharik (2019); Bozyigit & Akkan (2014); Chapleo et al. (2011); Else & Crookes (2015); Gordon & Berhow (2009); Lederbogen & Trebbe (2003); McAllister-Spooner & Kent (2009); Metag & Schäfer (2017); Shadinger (2013); Zhang & O'Halloran (2013)

Information on Metag & Schäfer 2017
Authors: Julia Metag, Mike S. Schäfer
Research questions: What is the content of the online communication of German, Austrian and Swiss universities? Is it possible to distinguish different types of universities in terms of their communication methods? Which structural features are constituting the identified types?
Object of analysis: Websites, Facebook and Twitter accounts of all universities which are entitled to award doctorates in Germany (N = 146), Austria (N = 33) and German-speaking Switzerland (N = 11)
Unit of analysis I: Website, Facebook and Twitter presence as a whole
Unit of analysis II: The three largest posts on the website, the first five Facebook posts and the first five tweets of the research week
Timeframe of analysis: 19.-25.05.2014 (Switzerland) & 02.-08.06.2014 (Germany and Austria)
Information about variables
Variable name/definition: Formal categories: Structure of the website
Level of analysis: Website
Values:
- Language: German, English, other
- Ressort structure: Information about studying; information about the university
- Clearly visible navigation point for public/press/media
- Number of employees in the press office
- Multimediality: Number of pictures in general & referring to science; number of video files; number of graphics in general & referring to science; number of audio files
- Hypertextuality and Interactivity: Integration of the Twitter feed or Twitter icon on the home page; integration of the Facebook icon on the home page; integration of other social media icons on the homepage; embedded app for campus life on the homepage
Scale of measurement: Nominal, except for number of employees and Multimediality (metric)
Reliability: intercoder reliability according to Holsti: 0,90 (in total; no variable below 0,71)
Codebook: in the appendix (in German)

Variable name/definition: Content variables for articles on the website
Level of analysis: Articel on website
Values:
- Type of article: Presentation of scientific results, scientific interview with a scientist, scientific news article, event information with scientific relevance, article/interview without scientific reference, event information without scientific reference
- Author
- Multimediality: number of pictures; number of graphics; number of audio files; number of video files
- Topic of the article
- Addressee of the article
- Number of speakers in the article
- Different speakers in the article
- Address (direct/indirect/unclear & form of address)
- Language (scientific/formal/everyday language)
- Hypertextuality and Interactivity: Possibility to link on LinkedIn/blogs; links to other websites/further information; possibility to rate/like/share the article; possibility to give feedback/to comment; number of comments; reactions of university towards e.g. comments; number of comments from university; response time to comments from other users
Scale of measurement: Nominal, except for Multimediality, number of speakers in the article, number of comments (from university), response time (metric)
Reliability: intercoder reliability according to Holsti: 0,90 (in total; no variable below 0,71)
Codebook: in the appendix (in German)

References
Bal, T. L., & Sharik, T. L. (2019). Web content analysis of university forestry and related natural resources landing webpages in the United States in relation to student and faculty diversity. Journal of Forestry, 117(4), 379–397.
Bozyigit, S., & Akkan, E. (2014). Linking universities to the target market via web sites: A content analysis of Turkish private universities’ web sites. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 148, 486–493.
Chapleo, C., Carrillo Durán, M. V., Castillo Díaz, A. (2011). Do UK universities communicate their brands effectively through their websites? Journal of Marketing for Higher Education 21(1), 25-46.
Deuze, M. (2003). The Web and its journalisms: Considering the consequences of different types of newsmedia online. New Media & Society, 5(2), 203–230.
Kopper, G. G., Kolthoff, A., & Czepek, A. (2000). Research review: Online Journalism - a report on current and continuing research and major questions in the international discussion. Journalism Studies, 1(3), 499–512.
Lederbogen, U., & Trebbe, J. (2003). Promoting science on the web. Science Communication, 24(3), 333–352.
McAllister-Spooner, S. M., & Kent, M. L. (2009). Dialogic public relations and resource dependency: New Jersey community colleges as models for web site effectiveness. Atlantic Journal of Communication, 17(4), 220–239.
Metag, J., & Schäfer, M. S. (2017). Hochschulen zwischen Social Media-Spezialisten und Online-Verweigerern.: Eine Analyse der Online-Kommunikation promotionsberechtigter Hochschulen in Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz [Universities between social media specialists and holdouts. An analysis of universities’ online communication in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland]. Studies in Communication | Media, 6(2), 160–195.
Zhang, Y., & O'Halloran, K. L. (2013). ‘Toward a global knowledge enterprise’: University websites as portals to the ongoing marketization of higher education. Critical Discourse Studies, 10(4), 468–485.