bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of the p-Value Threshold on Interpretation of Trial Outcomes in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Authors: Bruno Ann M. , Shea Ashley E. , Einerson Brett D. , Metz Torri D. , Allshouse Amanda A. , Scott James R. , Blue Nathan R. 
Published: June 2021

Objective Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are considered the highest level of evidence to inform clinical practice. However, the reproducibility crisis has raised concerns about the scientific rigor of published RCT findings. Some advocate for a lower p-value threshold. We aimed to review published OB/Gyn topical RCTs in three representative OB/Gyn journals and three high impact non-OB/Gyn journals to determine if their interpretations would change with adoption of a p-value threshold for significance of 0.005. Secondarily, we evaluated if there were differences in methodologic characteristics between those that did and did not lose significance.
Study Design A manual search was performed to identify all OB/Gyn RCTs published in the selected journals between July 2017 and June 2019. Data were collected on primary outcome(s), methodology, and p-values. We determined the proportion of primary outcomes that would remain statistically significant with adoption of a p-value significance threshold of 0.005 versus be reinterpreted as “suggestive” (defined as p-value between 0.005 and 0.05). Chi-square or Fisher's exact test were used to compare study characteristics.
Results Overall, 202 RCTs met inclusion criteria; 52% in obstetrics and 48% in gynecology. Of 90 studies considered significant with p <0.05 at the time of publication, 54.4% (n = 49) would maintain significant (p < 0.005), while 45.6% (n = 41) would become suggestive using the lower threshold. Most RCTs utilized a single (90.1%) versus composite (8.9%) primary outcome type, used an intent-to-treat analysis (73.3%), and studied a drug intervention (46.5%). Methodologically, 23.7% did not prespecify analysis type, 28.2% did not meet the pre-determined sample size, and 9.4% did not report an a priori sample size calculation. Studies maintaining significance were more likely to be international and report a funding source.
Conclusion Adopting a p-value significance threshold of 0.005 would require reinterpretation of almost half of RCT results in the OB/Gyn literature. Highly variable methodological quality was identified.
Key Points
Post-Stroke Depression and Its Effect on Functional Outcomes during Inpatient Rehabilitation
Authors: Sharma Gurumayum Sonachand , Gupta Anupam , Khanna Meeka , Prakash Naveen Bangarpet 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Objective The aim of the study is to observe the effect of post-stroke depression on functional outcomes during inpatient rehabilitation.

Materials and Methods The design involved is prospective observational study. The location involved is Neurological Rehabilitation unit in a tertiary care university hospital. The study period ranges from October 2019 to April 2020. The participants involved are the patients with first ever stroke, male and female with age ≥18 years and duration less than 1 year. All participants were assessed at admission and after 14 sessions of inpatient rehabilitation by depression subscale of Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS-D) and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). The stroke outcomes measures used were: Barthel Index (BI), Scandinavian Stroke Scale (SSS), and Modified Rankin Scale (MRS).

Results There are a total of 30 participants (18 males) with median stroke duration of 90 days. The median age of the patients was 58 years. Sixteen patients had ischemic and 14 had hemorrhagic stroke. Out of these, 57% (n = 17) had symptoms of depression (HADS-D >7). Participants in both groups (with and without depression) showed improvement in all the functional outcome measures (BI, SSS, MRS) at the time of discharge as compared with admission scores. The changes in the outcome measures were statistically significant within groups (p < 0.05) but not significant between the groups (p > 0.05).

Conclusion The post-stroke depression is common among stroke survivors of less than 1 year duration. There was no significant difference in the functional outcomes between stroke patients with depression and those without depression with inpatient rehabilitation program.
5.1.7 Product Subclass 7: Germylenes
Authors: Takeda N. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis chapter is a revised and updated version of the previous Science of Synthesis contribution describing methods for the synthesis of germylenes. As starting materials for the synthesis of germylenes, dihalogermanes and stable germanium(II) compounds {for example, GeCl2•dioxane, GeI2, and Ge[N(SiMe3)2]2} have been used since the 1970s. In recent decades, digermynes and some new stable germanium(II) compounds such as chlorogermylenes, aminogermylenes, borylgermylenes, and hydrogermylene dimers have been synthesized, and these species have also been used as starting materials for the synthesis of germylenes.
The declining share of primary data and the neglect of the individual level in international business research
Authors: Cerar Jelena , Nell Phillip C. , Reiche B. Sebastian 
Published: June 2021

AbstractComplementing Nielsen and colleagues’ (2020) analysis of methodological trends in theJournal of International Business Studiesover the past 50 years, we examine similar data on methods published in a wider range of leading international business (IB) journals. Our analysis shows a clear decline of studies based on primary data relative to secondary data, and a persistently low level of individual-level studies among the growing body of research using secondary data across all IB journals considered. We discuss the main mechanisms driving these trends and identify the problems of IB’s increasing exposure to the risks inherent in secondary data. We also discuss the implications related to neglecting individual-level data for theory advancement in IB, such as a disregard for novel secondary data opportunities at the individual level and the risk of reduced theoretical pluralism. In doing so, we substantially extend the debate initiated by Nielsen and colleagues (2020).
Mechanistic basis for receptor-mediated pathological α-synuclein fibril cell-to-cell transmission in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Zhang Shengnan , Liu Yu-Qing , Jia Chunyu , Lim Yeh-Jun , Feng Guoqin , Xu Enquan , Long Houfang , Kimura Yasuyoshi , Tao Youqi , Zhao Chunyu , Wang Chuchu , Liu Zhenying , Hu Jin-Jian , Ma Meng-Rong , Liu Zhijun , Jiang Lin , Li Dan , Wang Renxiao , Dawson Valina L. , Dawson Ted M. , Li Yan-Mei , Mao Xiaobo , Liu Cong 
Published: June 2021

Significance
Receptor-mediated cell-to-cell transmission of pathological α-synuclein (α-syn) plays an important role in the progression of Parkinson’s disease (PD). We show that α-syn uses its acidic C terminus to bind an alkaline patch on the receptors. The formation of amyloid fibrils dramatically enhances the binding by condensing α-syn molecules and better exposing the C terminus. Moreover, S129 phosphorylation, a hallmark modification of α-syn accumulation in Lewy bodies, further strengthens the electrostatic interactions between α-syn and the receptors, which accelerates the PD-like pathology in mice. This work illuminates mechanistic understanding on the spread of pathological proteins and provides structural information for the therapeutic targeting of pathological α-syn spread in PD progression.
The origin of cooperation
Authors: Koduri Nihal , Lo Andrew W. 
Published: June 2021

Significance
We develop a mathematical theory of how natural selection operates in the presence of interaction between replicating units. Our results show that with interaction, natural selection does more than seek to selfishly maximize fecundity. It also seeks to minimize correlation of fecundity between replicating units. We argue that correlation is a mechanism by which evolution can select for cooperation. This mechanism is distinct from standard biological explanations like kin selection, group selection, and reciprocity, and relies only on natural selection, and without recourse to notions of evolutionary stability.
Estimating seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in Ohio: A Bayesian multilevel poststratification approach with multiple diagnostic tests
Authors: Kline David , Li Zehang , Chu Yue , Wakefield Jon , Miller William C. , Norris Turner Abigail , Clark Samuel J. 
Published: June 2021

Significance
In July 2020, there was great uncertainty around the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Despite its vital importance for public health policy, knowledge about the cumulative incidence of past infections was limited by challenges with diagnostic testing and the presence of mild or asymptomatic cases. Within this environment, competing narratives emerged around the prevalence of past SARS-CoV-2 infections, which would have had differing policy implications. To address this, in July 2020 a population-representative household survey collected serum for SARS-CoV-2 antibody detection in Ohio in the United States. This study describes a Bayesian statistical method developed to estimate the population prevalence of past infections accounting for the low positive rate; multiple imperfect diagnostic tests; and nonignorable nonresponse.
Ion-dependent protein–surface interactions from intrinsic solvent response
Authors: Prelesnik Jesse L. , Alberstein Robert G. , Zhang Shuai , Pyles Harley , Baker David , Pfaendtner Jim , De Yoreo James J. , Tezcan F. Akif , Remsing Richard C. , Mundy Christopher J. 
Published: June 2021

SignificanceHard–soft interfaces between inorganic surfaces and biomolecules promote self-assembly processes with broad implications in biogeochemistry, energy sciences, nanomedicine, and origins of life. Yet, detailed molecular-scale understanding of inorganic–biomolecule interactions and their dependence on solution conditions is missing. We present a theory for the initial stages of inorganic–biomolecule assembly based on the far-field response of water, using experimentally characterized interactions between muscovite surfaces and mica-binding proteins as model systems. Our work connects molecular details of the solution to assembly outcomes and suggests the initial driving forces for assembly are dominated by long-range, ion-specific interactions. The connections made between interfacial structure and long-range surface–biomolecule interactions provide insights toward a predictive understanding of biomolecular self-assembly on mineral surfaces.
Probing magnetic moment operators in

production and

rare decay *
Authors: Cao Qing-Hong , Jiang Hao-Ran , Li Bin , Liu Yandong , Zeng Guojin 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The magnetic moment (

) and weak magnetic moment (

) of charged leptons and quarks are sensitive to quantum effects of new physics heavy resonances. In effective field theory,

and

are induced by two independent operators. Therefore, one has to measure both

and

to shed light on new physics. The

's of the SM fermions are measured at the LEP. In this work, we analyze the contributions from magnetic and weak magnetic moment operators in the processes of

and

at the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider. We demonstrate that the two processes can cover most of the parameter space that cannot be probed at the LEP.
Single top quark production with and without a Higgs boson *
Authors: Cao Qing-Hong , Jiang Hao-ran , Zeng Guojin 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
One method of probing new physics beyond the Standard Model is to check the correlation among higher-dimensional operators in the effective field theory. We examine the strong correlation between the processes

and

, which both depend on the same three operators. The correlation indicates that, according to the data of

,

, which is significantly below the current upper limit

.
Bridging observations, theory and numerical simulation of the ocean using machine learning
Authors: Sonnewald Maike , Lguensat Redouane , Jones Daniel C , Dueben Peter D , Brajard Julien , Balaji V 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Progress within physical oceanography has been concurrent with the increasing sophistication of tools available for its study. The incorporation of machine learning (ML) techniques offers exciting possibilities for advancing the capacity and speed of established methods and for making substantial and serendipitous discoveries. Beyond vast amounts of complex data ubiquitous in many modern scientific fields, the study of the ocean poses a combination of unique challenges that ML can help address. The observational data available is largely spatially sparse, limited to the surface, and with few time series spanning more than a handful of decades. Important timescales span seconds to millennia, with strong scale interactions and numerical modelling efforts complicated by details such as coastlines. This review covers the current scientific insight offered by applying ML and points to where there is imminent potential. We cover the main three branches of the field: observations, theory, and numerical modelling. Highlighting both challenges and opportunities, we discuss both the historical context and salient ML tools. We focus on the use of ML in situ sampling and satellite observations, and the extent to which ML applications can advance theoretical oceanographic exploration, as well as aid numerical simulations. Applications that are also covered include model error and bias correction and current and potential use within data assimilation. While not without risk, there is great interest in the potential benefits of oceanographic ML applications; this review caters to this interest within the research community.
Retraction: Fundamental problems of geopolitical and socio-cultural development of the Arctic: Islamization, digitalization and transformation of the Arctic space (Russian example) (IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng.
940 012112)
Authors: Kudryavtseva Regina Elizaveta , Kulik Sergey , Eidemiller Konstantin , Samylovskaya Ekaterina 
Published: June 2021

IOP Publishing Limited ("IOPP") is retracting this paper following an investigation which resulted from a reader complaint. The paper makes a number of unsubstantiated claims and, in the opinion of IOPP, lacks scientific rigour, clarity and objectivity. Although the paper was subject to peer review via the conference organisers, unfortunately these issues were not identified on this occasion. IOPP also has concerns regarding the discriminatory tone and sentiment of the paper, which are not appropriate in a scientific journal.
IOPP expresses its thanks to the readers and independent advisors who have shared their thoughts regarding this paper during the course of the investigation.
Retraction published: 25 June 2021
Corrosion rate and surface hardness optimization in wire electrical discharge machining of AISI A2 tool steel in various conductive states and mediums
Authors: Kurucheti Sateesh Kumar Reddy , Ranganath G , Nagaraj A , Jose Shylin H 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The current work focuses on optimizing the material characteristics such as surface hardness and corrosion rate on the surface of the machined specimens of A2 Tool Steel (A2TS) under various conditions like normal conductive state (NCS) and superconductive state (SCS) in flushing and submergible medium. The machining parameters such as voltage, current, pulse-on, pulse-off, wire-feed, wire-tension, and fluid-pressure are considered for experimentation through orthogonal array L18 using the Taguchi method. The surface morphology of machined specimens surface is examined using energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDAX), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The experimental results reveal that voltage, pulse off, and fluid pressure increase while corrosion rate decreases and similarly, the increases in voltage, pulse-on, and wire feed the surface hardness increases in various states and mediums. The conductive states and mediums improved the material characteristics, such as corrosion rate and surface hardness of A2TS. The oxide layer (ferric oxides) formation reduces in SCS A2TS machined in submergible as elemental reaction with environment reduced with formation of chromium compounds. The bonding strength of the SCS A2TS material increased during re-solidification of machined specimens in submergible increases the surface hardness as a result, carbon content will increases. These results are noticed from EDAX, XRD and SEM analysis. An improvement of corrosion rate between NCS A2TS and SCS A2TS in flushing medium is 57.59% and in submergible medium is 59.35% respectively. The progress of surface hardness between NCS A2TS and SCS A2TS in flushing medium is 2.58% and in submergible medium is 4.93%, respectively.
The Co-Occurrence of Illegal Gun Carrying and Gun Violence Exposure: Evidence for Practitioners From Young People Adjudicated for Serious Involvement in Crime
Authors: Hureau David , Wilson Theodore 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
We depicted the episodic nature of illegal gun carrying and tested its co-occurrence with gun violence victimization and exposure. We tested differences in differences using data from the Pathways to Desistance Study, originally collected between 2000 and 2010 (Phoenix, Arizona, and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), on young people adjudicated for serious involvement in crime. We then tested the changes in gun victimization experiences attending gun-carrying changes for this sample. We found gun victimization to be highest during periods of gun carrying, and this correspondence held regardless of future or past gun-carrying behavior. This manifests both in direct victimization and witnessing gun violence. Even among gun carriers, episodes of noncarrying are common, with 76.4% of gun carriers in a 1-year period also reporting a pause in their carrying behavior of at least 6 months. Gun carrying and gun violence exposure co-occur at a high rate. During any period of gun carrying, the carrier has at least a 2% chance of getting shot versus near 0% for periods of noncarrying. Our results suggest that illegal gun carrying is malleable, and public health efforts to reduce the incidence of gun carrying could yield meaningful reductions in violence.
Hypertension and the Kidney: Reduced Kidney Mass Is Bad for Both Normotensive and Hypertensive Rats
Authors: Ware Kyle , Yildiz Vedat , Xiao Min , Medipally Ajay , Hemminger Jessica , Scarl Rachel , Satoskar Anjali A , Hebert Lee , Ivanov Iouri , Biederman Laura , Brodsky Sergey V 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Hypertension is a leading cause of chronic kidney disease worldwide. Early studies demonstrated the short-term effects of hypertension on kidney function and morphology in ablative nephropathy. The aim of this study was to investigate the long-term consequences of hypertension in 5/6 nephrectomy (5/6NE) model.

METHODS
Reduction of the kidney mass by 5/6NE was created in spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR) and genetically similar normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats. Blood pressure, serum creatinine (SCr), hematuria, and proteinuria were monitored weekly for 23 weeks. Kidney morphology was assessed at the end of the study. Sham-operated rats from both strains were used as controls.

RESULTS
Rats with 5/6NE had increased SCr, blood pressure, hematuria, and proteinuria in both SHR and WKY. Even though the SCr levels and blood pressure were greater in 5/6NE SHR as compared with 5/6NE WKY rats, absolute changes from sham-operated rats were not statistically significant between these 2 groups. 5/6NE SHR had earlier onset and higher proteinuria than 5/6NE WKY rats. Hematuria was similar in 5/6NE SHR and 5/6NE WKY rats. However, 5/6NE SHR had enlarged glomeruli, increased interstitial fibrosis, and prominent intimal thickening in the small arteries/arterioles as compared with 5/6NE WKY rats.

CONCLUSIONS
The long-term severity of kidney injury correlated with higher blood pressure. Reduction of the kidney mass increases SCr, hematuria, proteinuria, and blood pressure in both normotensive and hypertensive rats. Histological assessment provides better information about underlying chronic kidney injury than actual changes in SCr and urinalysis.
A pharmacist-managed virtual consult service for patients with rheumatologic conditions requiring specialty or infused medications
Authors: Sasnovskaya Veranika , Kumor Lisa M , Stubbings JoAnn , Chevalier Aimee 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Purpose
To describe a pharmacist-managed virtual consult service practice model for rheumatology patients and evaluate its initial impact on compliance with institutional critical care guidelines for biologic response modifiers (BRMs).

Summary
Pharmacologic care of patients with rheumatologic conditions often revolves around the use of BRMs. While these drugs are generally well tolerated, nearly all of them carry risks for serious adverse events. The severity of these possible problems necessitates a thorough initial and ongoing clinical workup. Based on results of a needs assessment, a virtual consult service was introduced at the University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System (UI Health) in August 2018 to integrate clinical, specialty pharmacy, and therapeutic infusion services for proactive medication and safety management of patients with rheumatologic conditions requiring treatment with BRMs. The consult service was managed by an embedded clinical pharmacist and a postgraduate year 1 specialty pharmacy resident, who evaluated each request for therapy appropriateness prior to submission for insurance approval.

Conclusion
Forty-one percent of the pharmacy benefit consult orders required a pharmacist intervention prior to referral to the specialty pharmacy. All consults (100%) adhered to the safety management guidelines for BRMs after review by the pharmacist. The pharmacist-managed virtual consult service is a novel practice model in specialty pharmacy that permits pharmacists to manage multiple patients simultaneously, virtually, and with optimal impact on medication selection and management at or before the point of prescribing.
Helping Children and Teens Strengthen Executive Skills to Reach Their Full Potential
Authors: Dawson Peg 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Executive skills are brain-based skills that develop across childhood and that take a minimum of 25 years to reach full maturation. They are skills that support goal-directed behavior and although essential to school success, they are typically not explicitly listed in local, state, or national curriculum standards. When the pandemic closed schools in the USA in March 2020, the resulting reliance on remote-learning instruction exposed how much support teachers and in-person learning provide to students with immature executive skills. This paper will describe those supports and will build the case that in the absence of the kind of scaffolding teachers provide for students with weak executives, many students have struggled. Three strategies for strengthening executive skills will be outlined. These include: modifying the environment to make it more supportive and less punishing for students with weak executive skills; explicitly teaching executives by embedding them in daily routines; and offering incentives or motivators to entice students to practice skills which are laborious in their early stages of acquisition. Focusing on strengthening students’ executive skills will address the problem of “learning loss” that has resulted from the disruption the pandemic has caused.