bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence for the effectiveness of nature-based solutions to water issues in Africa
Authors: Acreman M , Smith A , Charters L , Tickner D , Opperman J , Acreman S , Edwards F , Sayers P , Chivava F 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
There is increasing global interest in employing nature-based solutions, such as reforestation and wetland restoration, to help reduce water risks to economies and society, including water pollution, floods, droughts and water scarcity, that are likely to become worse under future climates. Africa is exposed to many such water risks. Nature-based solutions for adaptation should be designed to benefit biodiversity and can also provide multiple co-benefits, such as carbon sequestration. A systematic review of over 10 000 publications revealed 150 containing 492 quantitative case studies related to the effectiveness of nature-based solutions for downstream water quantity and water quality (including sediment load) in Africa. The solutions assessed included landscape-scale interventions and patterns (forests and natural wetlands) and site-specific interventions (constructed wetlands and urban interventions e.g. soakaways). Consistent evidence was found that nature-based solutions can improve water quality. In contrast, evidence of their effectiveness for improving downstream water resource quantity was inconsistent, with most case studies showing a decline in water yield where forests (particularly plantations of non-native species) and wetlands are present. The evidence further suggests that restoration of forests and floodplain wetlands can reduce flood risk, and their conservation can prevent future increases in risk; in contrast, this is not the case for headwater wetlands. Potential trade-offs identified include nature-based solutions reducing flood risk and pollution, whilst decreasing downstream water resource quantity. The evidence provides a scientific underpinning for policy and planning for nature-based solutions to water-related risks in Africa, though implementation will require local knowledge.
The growth, production and chemical compounds of Chlorella sp. in various concentrations of palm oil wastewater in laboratory culture media
Authors: Dahril Tengku , Mulyadi Aras , Eddiwan  
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The growth, production, and content of chemical compounds in Chlorella sp. in various concentrations of liquid waste from palm oil were examined from June to November 2019, located in the Palm Oil Industry, SeiGaluh, Kampar, Indonesia. Five different concentrations of oil palm wastewater, i.e., 15 %, 20 %, 25 %, 30 % and 0.0 % (control) were studied. The results of this study indicated that oil palm wastewater was able to increase the growth, production, and chemical content of Chlorella sp. The best growth for Chlorella sp. was found at a concentration of 25 % oil palm wastewater, with cell density (8.5 × 106 cells/mL), biomass (0.77 g/L), after being cultured for 13 days (culture period). Chemical compounds in Chlorella sp. also increased at a concentration of 25 %, and it was found that protein content was 45.09 %, lipid was 10.85 %, and carbohydrate was 12.77 %. The concentration of nitrate and phosphate in culture media was known to have decreased, where the highest reduction in nitrate occurred at the concentration of oil palm liquid waste of 25 %, from the initial state of 14.34 to 3.17 mg/L at the end of culture. There was a decrease in phosphate, from the initial conditions, 1.82 mg/L to 0.34. mg/L at the end of the study. Chlorella biomass harvested in this study was used as a complementary food material (pellets) for livestock in the province of Riau.
Continuous extraction of Spirulina platensis biopigments using different extraction sequences
Authors: Saefurahman Ganjar , Rahman Ali Aulia , Hidayatuloh Syarif , Farobie Obie , Abidin Zaenal 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The use of microalga Spirulina is developing rapidly in the industry. Spirulina biomass is widely used in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical industry because it is rich in biochemicals and antioxidants that are beneficial to human health. This study aimed to determine the biopigment contents in S. platensis and examine the sequences of continuous extraction process to obtain the optimal biopigment yields. Biopigments of S. platensis extracted in this study were total chlorophyll of 52.28 μg/mL (25.28 μg/mL chlorophyll a and 27 μg/mL chlorophyll b), total carotenoid of 7.9 μg/mL and phycocyanin of 0.020 mg/L. In addition to biopigments, a residue in the form of solid powder was also produced at 20.7 % of biomass. Simultaneous extraction of chlorophyll and total carotenoids was successfully applied in this study, while the optimal phycocyanin extraction should be further developed. The optimal extraction sequence of biopigments was extraction of chlorophyll then carotenoid with low heating and followed by extraction of phycocyanin.
The design of fresh fruit bunch palm oil purchase system from independent smallholders to support Indonesia’s biodiesel development program
Authors: Falgenti K , Arkeman Y , Hambali E , Syamsu K 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Miniplants established by the independent smallholder’s secondary cooperative is one of the efforts to get rid from monopsony market and mill. By the existence of miniplants, Fresh Fruit Bunch (FFB) sales channel will not only end at mill, but also at the miniplant in spite of in limited capacity. Each channel of FFB sales should be supported by the credible price information and the integrated purchase system. To fulfill the need of real-time & transparent price information and the integrated FFB purchase system can be realized by developing mobile application Software as a Service (SaaS) of FFB’s purchase based on a cloud platform. The method used to develop the mobile application is a system approach following the stages in SDLC (System Development Life Cycle) starting from the ideas, user requirements, system requirements, designing, deployment and maintenance. This study is restricted until the stage of designing and generating Business Process Diagram, Use Case Diagram, Data Conceptual Model and Mock up only. Both diagram and model generated in this study aids develop FFB purchase mobile application. The large number of independent smallholders has the opportunity to get a large number of mobile application users. The application will generate a large amount of data. These data can be used to develop various tools as part of the FFB e-procurement system to ensure the supply of independent smallholders’ FFB can be used for biodiesel development programs as expected by the government of Indonesia.
Potential of red fruit oil (Pandanus conoideus Lam.) as an antioxidant active packaging: A review
Authors: Sirait M S , Warsiki E , Setyaningsih D 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe active packaging system is a food packaging system that is continuously developed to produce safe, healthy, and quality food products for consumers. The addition of antioxidants in packaging is one of the innovations in active packaging technology. Active packaging that contains synthetic antioxidants has now been avoiding as natural antioxidants from natural products produces has been already a growing trend to replace synthetic substances. The use of red fruit oil on the packaging is expected to act as a natural antioxidant. Red fruit (Pandanus conoideusLam.) is a plant that is often found in Papua, Indonesia. By local people, red fruit oil is usually used as medicine. The main compounds of red fruit oil are β-carotene and tocopherol which have potential as natural antioxidants. Red fruit extract does not contain heavy metals and harmful microorganisms, so it is safe when applied to food products. Besides being easily found in Indonesia, red fruit oil also has a more economic value compared to the use of antioxidants from other essential oils such as rosemary oil, sunflower oil, and cinnamon oil. This paper will discuss the potential of the red fruit oil to be used for active packaging to protect and prolong the shelf life of the food product.
Isotherm moisture sorption of composite desiccant made from rice husk biomass
Authors: Warsiki E , Agriawati D , Noor E , Iskandar A 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The behavior of isotherm moisture sorption form rice husk-CaCl2 composite desiccants was studied. The desiccant composite in various treatments was tested for its isotherm sorption using gravimetric method. Saturated solution of LiCl, CH3COOK, MgCl, K2CO3, NaBr, NaNO2, NaCl, KCl, and K2SO4 were used to obtain the moisture of 11 %, 22 %, 32 %, 44 %, 56 %, 64 %, 75 %, 84 % and 97 %. Water activity produced from these saturated salt solutions was measured using aw meter. The equilibrium moisture data was then fitted into several isothermal equation models that have been used and tested in several literature including the model of Courie, Oswin and Chen Clayton. This rice husk composite desiccant had exposed a J shape curve of equilibrium water content with a boundary zone A of aw 0.2 and zone B of aw 0.67. Based on the isothermic absorption curve, the Oswin equation model was able to predict the results of research with R2 of 0.96, 0.89 and 0.97, respectively for temperature of 30, 40 and 50°C. This rice husk desiccant was able to absorb water vapor at low RH. It means that this desiccant is promising to be used for low water content or hygroscopic product such as flour based product, food flavor powder, chili powder, palm sugar and other products.
Kinetic and isotherm studies of Cu(II) adsorption by beads and film of alginate/zeolite 4A composites
Authors: Pratama Borneo Satria , Hambali Erliza , Yani Mohamad , Matsue Naoto 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Beads and film of alginate/zeolite 4A composites were synthesized to adsorb Cu(II) from aqueous solution. Furthermore, the kinetic and isotherm modelling of the adsorption experiment data were investigated. The adsorption equilibrium of 0.5 mM Cu(II) by beads and film of alginate/zeolite 4A composites was achieved at 24 h and 60 min, respectively. The removal efficiencies at equilibrium adsorption time were 88.31 % for beads and 99.69 % for film. Subsequently, the linear form of pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models were used to study the adsorption kinetics. Pseudo-second-order model was the fittest model to described the adsorption kinetics for both beads (R2 =0.999) and film (R2 =0.998). Furthermore, the linear form of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were used to investigate the adsorption equilibria data. Langmuir was the fittest isotherm model for both beads (R2 =0.9992) and film (R2 =0.9977), with the value of monolayer coverage capacity of 0.9929 mmol/g and 1.2773 mmol/g, respectively. The results indicated that alginate/zeolite 4A film had better adsorption rate and capacity compared to alginate/zeolite 4A beads.
Improvements in a Membrane-separation-type Biogas Refining-compression-filling (RCF) Facility for Dairy-farming Areas in Japan
Authors: Kimura Yoshiaki , Suzuki Takeshi , Yasui Seiichi , Ishii Kota , Inano Ichiro , Takenaka Hideyuki , Hinata Takahisa , Fujita Haruhiro 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A method to directly use biogas as a gaseous energy source was investigated. Utilizing this method, a prototype “refining-compression-filling (RCF) facility” for biogas, which uses membrane separation, was developed. The facility forms the core of a system for supplying dairy farms and facilities in suburbs with energy by filling gas cylinders with biogas reformed to a high calorific value. The recovery rate of methane from the biogas achieved by this prototype is about 80%, and for mass production of equipment, the officials and manufacturers in municipalities introducing the facility have requested further improvement in the methane-purification efficiency of the RCF facility. The purpose of this study was to establish optimal arrangements of the membrane module unit for improving the methane-purification efficiency of the biogas-dedicated purification RCF facility. The results of this study showed that a combination of three membrane modules arranged in series (a “three-stage-module in-series type”) was found to effectively increase the methane concentration to about 99%. To further increase methane-recovery rates, a module configuration that combines the series and parallel arrangements of modules (“three-stage-module composite type”) was found to effectively increase the methane recovery rate to approximately 95%.
Non-stationary and LCA analysis of impurity adsorption using Kanuma clay and HAS-Clay in a Bio-H production system
Authors: Torii Kento , Dowaki Kiyoshi 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In recent years, fuel cell (FC) applications have shown potential in the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, leading to an increase in demand for hydrogen fuel. The current source of hydrogen is generally fossil fuel origin. Therefore, for mitigating GHG emissions in the hydrogen production stage, we focused on the biomass-derived hydrogen (Bio-H2) production process. In this study, we discuss the environmental impacts of Bio-H2 through the biomass pyrolysis process of Blue Tower (BT) biomass gasification. The bio-syngas contains H2S, HCl, and NH3 as impurities, which can reduce the performance of FCs. In our previous experimental studies, we used hydroxyl aluminum silicate clay (HAS-Clay) as an adsorbent for removing impurities. However, based on the life cycle assessment methodology, it was found that the impact of HAS-Clay was higher, indicating that the environmental contribution of the one through operation using HAS-Clay would be lower. Thus, in this study, using Kanuma clay, which is a natural resource and lower impact adsorbent, we used the desulfurization test and designed an optimal process to mitigate its eco-burden and maintain removal performance. Finally, using the dynamic process simulator of ANSYS fluent (2020 R1), we compared the proposed process to the conventional process in terms of plant performance and evaluated the environmental impacts. The results showed that there was a 12.3% reduction in GWP due to the replacement of Kanuma clay and HAS-Clay as compared to ZnO, a chemical adsorbent.
Effect of indigenous cellulolytic fungi enhancement on organic carbon and soybean production on peat soil
Authors: Hafif B , Khaerati  
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The two main issues of any application of agricultural technologies in empowering peatlands for crop cultivation are their impacts on carbon storage and crop production. Indigenous cellulolytic fungi enhancement in peat is a technology to increase crop production on peat. The cellulolytic fungi decay lignocellulosic complex to release humic acids and improve soil fertility. We conducted a greenhouse (GH) experiment to study the organic C and soybean yield on enhanced peat soils with indigenous cellulolytic fungi. The experimental design to test soybean performance on peat was a completely randomized design (CRD) 3 treatments, i.e., fibric, hemic, and sapric of peat. There were six pots of each peat that were enriched by consortia of cellulolytic fungi Penicillium singorense, Aspergillus aculeatus, and Trichoderma sp. On average, CO2 flux increased from 0.39 mg CO2/kg/day to 0.72 mg CO2/kg/day, and the organic carbon and fiber content reduced 13.3% and 26.2%, respectively of all peat soils enriched by indigenous cellulolytic fungi. The highest beans yield of soybean was 3.56 g/population, equivalent to 1.25 tons/ha, was on sapric peat enriched by the cellulolytic fungi.
Synthesis of pyrogallol derivative as antioxidant additive for biodiesel using methyl linoleate from sunflower oil
Authors: Adipoetra H , Ahadan N F , Nuryati A , Dewi G P , Nasikin M 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Biodiesel is a renewable plant-based fuel as an alternative to fossil fuels containing fatty acid methyl esters. However, biodiesel has the disadvantage of oxidation instability because of the double bonds in the constituent fatty acid structures. One of the most effective antioxidant for biodiesel is pyrogallol. Unfortunately, pyrogallol has a low solubility in biodiesel. Subsequent research was developed by synthesizing pyrogallol derivative through the reaction between pyrogallol and a pure methyl linoleate using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl or DPPH as a catalyst. The results showed that the pyrogallol derivative formed was more soluble in biodiesel. However, the use of pure methyl linoleate is not economical because it has a high selling price. In this research, sunflower oil biodiesel with 54.13 % methyl linoleate which has been tested by GCMS will be used to synthesize pyrogallol derivative with a ratio of 10 mL biodiesel, 5 ml DPPH, and 5 mL pyrogallol. FTIR shows a shifting peak at 1240 cm−1 which shows the formation of pyrogallol derivative. LCMS-MS indicates a possible molecular weight at 634 m/z consisting of methyl linoleate and dimer pyrogallol. UV-Vis of the derivatives in biodiesel shows that the derivative is more soluble in biodiesel in comparison with the solubility of pure pyrogallol.
Stannous chloride (SnCl2) and stannous sulfate (SnSO4) synthesis from tin powderization waste
Authors: Tajuddin C A , Amal M I , Widayatno W B , Wulandari N , Purnomo D F D , Nasikin M 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The necessity of finding a way to utilize Sn metal from tin powderization waste as effectively and efficiently as possible has risen because of the large number of industrial by-products of Sn waste and the broad applications of tin chemicals in the world. Stannous chloride (SnCl2) and stannous sulfate (SnSO4) are tin-derived compounds in which their applications are in various fields, and one of which is catalysts. Catalyst products produced from the two compounds are STO (Sulfated Tin Oxide) catalyst. In this study, tin powderization waste was used as raw material for the synthesis of SnCl2 and SnSO4. The purpose of using tin waste is an effort to create the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) program launched by the United Nations to obtain a sustainable consumption and production system. Tin powder from the off-spec product of the tin powderization process can be used as raw material to manufacture tin-derived chemical compounds. Overall, the process of developing tin products will produce a non-waste system (zero waste). The optimum conditions to synthesize SnCl2 are as follows; the tin powder particle size is 500 mesh with HCl 12 M at 80°C with a yield percentage of 95%. The synthesis of SnSO4 with the reaction of SnCl2 + (NH4)2SO4 can be carried out using stirring techniques. The results of the FT-IR spectrometer showed a spectrum of sulfate groups in the region ~ 1181 cm−1.
Utilization of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) as a filler for chitosan-based films for chili peppers packaging
Authors: Alanas Edith , Erdawati  , Saefurahman Ganjar , Sani Amiril Sahab Bin Abdul 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This study investigates the effects of the percentage of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) on chitosan film for wrapping chili peppers during storage at room temperature for 12 days. The chitosan-CNC film’s characterization was analyzed by SEM, FTIR, and physical properties were measured based on tensile strength, percent elongation, water solubility, and degradation rate. This research used a randomized design with four treatments and two replications. The treatments in this study were E0 = control, E1 = CNC 1 %, E3 = CNC 3 %, E5 = CNC 5 % and E10 = CNC 10 %. The quality of chili peppers was analyzed based on the concentration of vitamin C, titratable acidity, total soluble solids, and weight loss rate. The E3 treatment achieved the best results on day 12, i.e., weight loss of chili peppers with the chitosan-CNC film was 0.51 %, vitamin C was 295 mg/100 g, titratable acidity was 0.25 %, and the total soluble solid was 24%.
Biorefinery of genetically modified soybean as biodiesel with sustainable production system in Indonesia: A review
Authors: Fauzan Irfan Anwar , Hambali Erliza 
Published: May 2021

AbstractFossil energy consumption in Indonesia is high every year, and this can cause an imbalance between demand and the availability of available fuel. Besides, fossil fuels are also classified as non-renewable fuels, so that the availability of fuel can be used up if exploited continuously. High diesel consumption makes it necessary to search for other energy sources that can be used to meet diesel needs in Indonesia. Alternative diesel replacement that can be used is biodiesel fuel from soybeans. One of the disadvantages of using soy as a biodiesel feedstock is its low oil content. An alternative that can be done is by using genetically modified (GM) soybeans that have higher oil content. The biorefinery approach can also be carried out as an effort to make biodiesel production sustainable, both economically and environmentally. GM soybean can be assembled through several stages, which are selection of varieties, assembly of GM soybean, and then testing and licensing. After that, soybeans can be used and utilized in the Indonesian market. The biodiesel production system from GM soybeans using a biorefinery approach is carried out by utilizing residues during production into other products so that it can be an additional income, and reduce the impact of environmental pollution. A high net energy balance ratio (NER) in some biodiesel production from soybeans makes biodiesel production from soybeans can be said to be renewable and economically sustainable. Biodiesel production from GM soybeans with the concept of biorefinery has the opportunity to become a sustainable industry, both economically and environmentally.
The study of parameters of essential oil extraction from black pepper seed using microwave hydrodistillation by modeling
Authors: Panjaitan R , Mahfud M , Cahyati E D , Pujaningtyas L 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
One of the natural ingredients often used in many products is an essential oil, for example, black pepper oil. It can act as an antioxidant, flavoring, and preservative food. An appropriate method is needed due to the rigid structure of the seed to extract this essential oil. Therefore, the black pepper oil has been extracted using microwave hydrodistillation. The experiment was conducted to get a model experiment of black pepper oil extraction using Box-Behnken design. The design parameters were microwave power, feed/solvent ratio, and extraction time. Besides, it also modeled the process phenomenon through kinetic modeling. The results showed that the obtained model could represent black pepper oil extraction using microwave hydrodistillation. It was confirmed by the value of R2 = 0.9426, and R2
adj = 0.8394. The model was also optimized and got the optimum condition at a microwave power of 300 W, feed/solvent ratio of 0.6 grEO/grLH, and extraction time of 240 min. In comparison, the kinetic model showed that the first-order model was better than the second-order model. The sample analysis of black pepper oil using GC-MS showed the major compounds of black pepper oil were dl-limonene, sabinene, trans-caryophyllene, and 3-carene.