bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of energy density on polyamide 12 processed by SLS: from physical and mechanical properties to microstructural and crystallization evolution
Authors: Czelusniak Tiago , Amorim Fred Lacerda 
Published: June 2021

Purpose
This paper aims to provide a detailed study on influence of the laser energy density on mechanical, surface and dimensional properties of polyamide 12 (PA12) parts produced by selective laser sintering (SLS), providing the microstructural and crystallization evolution of the samples produced at different energy densities.

Design/methodology/approach
Making use of a space filling design of experiments, a wide range of laser sintering parameters is covered. Surface morphology is assessed by means of profile measurements and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. Mechanical testing, SEM, X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to assess the influence of energy density on structural and mechanical properties.

Findings
Results show a high dependency of the properties on the laser energy density and also a compromise existing between laser exposure parameters and desired properties of laser sintered parts. Surface roughness could be associated to overlap degree when using higher scan line spacing values and lower laser speeds improved surface roughness when high scan line spacing is used. Higher mechanical properties were found at higher energy density levels, but excessively high energy density decreased mechanical properties. A transition from brittle to ductile fracture with increasing energy density could be clearly observed by mechanical analysis and SEM. XRD and DSC measurements show a decrease on the crystal fraction with increasing energy densities, which corroborated the plastic behavior observed, and FTIR measurements revealed polymer degradation through chain scission might occur at too high energy densities.

Originality/value
Valuable guidelines are given regarding energy density optimization for SLS of PA12 considering not only quality criteria but also microstructure characteristics. Surface properties are studied based on the concept of degree of overlap between laser scanning lines. For the first time, crystallization behavior of SLS PA12 parts produced at different energy levels was studied by means of XRD measurements. Polymer degradation of SLS PA12 parts was evaluated with FTIR, which is a non-destructive and easy test to be conducted.
Natural and anthropogenic sources of habitat variation influence exploration behaviour, stress response, and brain morphology in a coastal fish
Authors: Jenkins Matthew R. , Cummings John M. , Cabe Alex R. , Hulthén Kaj , Peterson M. Nils , Langerhans R. Brian 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Evolutionary ecology aims to better understand how ecologically important traits respond to environmental heterogeneity. Environments vary both naturally and as a result of human activities, and investigations that simultaneously consider how natural and human‐induced environmental variation affect diverse trait types grow increasingly important as human activities drive species endangerment.

Here, we examined how habitat fragmentation and structural habitat complexity affect disparate trait types in Bahamas mosquitofish Gambusia hubbsi inhabiting tidal creeks. We tested a priori predictions for how these factors might influence exploratory behaviour, stress reactivity and brain anatomy.

We examined approximately 350 adult Bahamas mosquitofish from seven tidal‐creek populations across Andros Island, The Bahamas that varied in both human‐caused fragmentation (three fragmented and four unfragmented) and natural habitat complexity (e.g. fivefold variation in rock habitat).

Populations that had experienced severe human‐induced fragmentation, and thus restriction of tidal exchange from the ocean, exhibited greater exploration of a novel environment, stronger physiological stress responses to a mildly stressful event and smaller telencephala (relative to body size). These changes matched adaptive predictions based mostly on (a) reduced chronic predation risk and (b) decreased demands for navigating tidally dynamic habitats. Populations from sites with greater structural habitat complexity showed a higher propensity for exploration and a relatively larger optic tectum and cerebellum. These patterns matched adaptive predictions related to increased demands for navigating complex environments.

Our findings demonstrate environmental variation, including recent anthropogenic impacts (<50 years), can significantly affect complex, ecologically important traits. Yet trait‐specific patterns may not be easily predicted, as we found strong support for only six of 12 predictions. Our results further highlight the utility of simultaneously quantifying multiple environmental factors—for example had we failed to account for habitat complexity, we would not have detected the effects of fragmentation on exploratory behaviours. These responses, and their ecological consequences, may be complex: rapid and adaptive phenotypic responses to anthropogenic impacts can facilitate persistence in human‐altered environments, but may come at a cost of population vulnerability if ecological restoration was to occur without consideration of the altered traits.
Interdependence among West African stock markets: A dimension of regional financial integration
Authors: Emenike Kalu O. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractUnderstanding the nature of interdependence between international stock markets is vital for portfolio diversification, risk management and market regulation. This paper examines the nature of interdependence among West African stock markets using correlation analysis, the Granger causality test and a multivariate BEKK‐GARCH (1,1) model. The results show evidence of a weak relationship among West African stock markets. The results also show absence of causal dependence between the Côte d'Ivoire BRVM (Bourse Régionale des Valeurs Mobilières), and the Ghana stock market, but evince feedback relationship between the Côte d'Ivoire BRVM and the Nigeria stock market as well as between the Ghana and Nigeria stock markets. The results further reveal no evidence of volatility spillover between the Côte d'Ivoire BRVM and the Ghana stock market, but show evidence of unidirectional volatility spillover from the Nigeria stock market to the Côte d'Ivoire BRVM as well as bidirectional volatility spillover between the Nigerian and Ghanaian stock markets. Overall, the findings reveal existence of weak interdependence among West African stock markets, and that West African financial markets are interdependent through the Nigerian market. These findings are relevant to stock market stabilisation and investment policy in West Africa.
How Risky Is Australian Household Debt?
Authors: Kearns Jonathan , Major Mike , Norman David 
Published: June 2021

AbstractHousehold indebtedness has increased substantially in Australia. We consider how significant a risk this debt poses. Our results suggest that banks appear resilient to a severe downturn, thanks to moderate loan‐to‐valuation ratios on residential mortgages and generally sound lending criteria. Household debt seems to pose a bigger risk to consumption, since a large but plausible decrease in asset prices could precipitate a substantial decrease in consumption. Moreover, the increase in indebtedness over the past decade has slightly increased the potential decline in consumption. However, the distribution of debt across households appears to slightly mitigate these risks.
Simple chemical tests to identify Cannabis derivatives: Redefinition of parameters and analysis of concepts
Authors: Grijó Daniel Ribeiro , Olivo José Eduardo , da Motta Lima Oswaldo Curty 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe chemical identification of Cannabis is commonly carried out using the Duquenois–Levine (DL) colorimetric test. On the other hand, its active substances called cannabinoids are differentiated by thin‐layer chromatography (TLC). This work aims to optimize parameters of these two chemical tests using different samples of Cannabis in natura and previously heated (decarboxylated), as well as their isolated bioactive and possible false positives. The efficiency of the DL test without using ether and aliphatic aldehyde was evaluated, comparing the removal or not of the solid sample from the reaction medium after applying different concentrations of the vanillin ethanolic solution. The chemical properties of different cannabinoids and solvents were estimated and correlated with the TLC retention factors. DL tests applied directly to the plant matrix did not show the expected color, even using a high concentration of vanillin. However, obtaining ethanolic extracts from the samples using low vanillin concentration was sufficient without detecting false positives described in the literature. Cannabinoids with high dipole moment () were poorly eluted in TLC, indicating a great interaction with the stationary phase. Their identifications could be conducted based on their distinct lipophilic characteristics () and the choice of a more polar solvent mix (). It is concluded that the DL test can be conducted with reagents of less toxicity, but it is necessary to remove the plant matrix from the reaction medium. The correlation of the TLC results with the chemical properties of cannabinoids and solvents was consistent and can be extrapolated for more complex analyses.
Fever phobia in caregivers presenting to New Zealand emergency departments
Authors: MacMahon Donagh , Brabyn Christine , Dalziel Stuart R , McKinlay Christopher JD , Tan Eunicia 
Published: June 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the prevalence of fever phobia among caregivers of children presenting to New Zealand EDs.MethodsA cross‐sectional survey was administered to caregivers of children <5 years of age presenting to three New Zealand EDs. We defined fever phobia as caregivers having a high level of concern regarding fever or having incorrect beliefs regarding the consequences of fever.ResultsA total of 502 caregivers completed the survey. Fever phobia was present in 365 (74.3% [95% confidence interval, CI 70.3–78.0%]) respondents, with 242 (49.3% [95% CI 44.9–53.7%]) caregivers reporting a high level of concern regarding fever, and 288 (61.8% [95% CI 57.3–66.1%]) caregivers reporting at least one incorrect belief regarding the consequences of fever. Majority of caregivers (n = 383, 87.6% [95% CI 84.2–90.4%]) knew the correct dosing interval for paracetamol, compared to less than half of caregivers (n = 179, 42.5% [95% CI 37.9–47.3%]) for ibuprofen. Caregivers reported non‐evidence‐based fever management practices such as sponging, always giving paracetamol and/or ibuprofen for fever, and waking children from sleep to give antipyretics. Over one‐third of caregivers identified ED doctors (n = 195, 40.2% [95% CI 34.7–43.2%]) and ED nurses (n = 173, 35.7% [95% CI 31.5–40.0%]) as sources of information regarding fever management. A higher level of education was associated with fever phobia (odds ratio 1.68 [95% CI 1.04–2.72], P = 0.04).ConclusionsFever phobia is prevalent among caregivers of children presenting to New Zealand EDs. Opportunistic caregiver education in the ED in conjunction with public health strategies are needed to dispel undue fears and misconceptions about fever.
Multilateralism, Bilateralism and Institutional Choice: The Political Economy of Regime Complexes in International Trade Policy
Authors: De Bièvre Dirk , van Ommeren Emile 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe global trading regime is characterized by the co‐existence of bilateral and multilateral politics. In this article, we offer a political economy explanation for this regime complex, by tracing public actors’ institutional choices back to political incentives for economic sectors and the firms active within them. First, we argue that product differentiation creates mixed motives on the part of firms, which in turn leads to a preference for the segmentation of markets, and thus bilateralism. Second, we contend that among these firms, multinational corporations (MNCs) are particularly well‐positioned to exert influence over policy decisions in multiple international fora, both bilateral and multilateral. This provides incentives for multinationals to push governments to create and sustain regime complexes in the form of nested regimes. We show how these expectations are largely born out in an empirical test for six different economic sectors.
Programmed death ligand‐1 expression levels, clinicopathologic features, and survival in surgically resected sarcomatoid lung carcinoma
Authors: Ağaçkıran Yetkin , Aksu Funda , Akyürek Nalan , Ercan Caner , Demiröz Mustafa , Aksu Kurtuluş 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAimTo determine the programmed death ligand‐1 (PD‐L1) expression rates in sarcomatoid lung carcinomas and to compare clinicopathologic features and survival rates of PD‐L1‐positive and negative patients.MethodsPD‐L1 expression was evaluated in 65 surgically resected sarcomatoid carcinomas. The clinicopathologic features of cases with PD‐L1‐positive and negative tumors were compared. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis was performed. Multiple Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was performed to determine independent predictors of overall survival.ResultsPD‐L1 antibody positivity was found in 72.3% of surgically resected sarcomatoid lung carcinomas. Regarding histopathologic subtypes, PD‐L1 expression was positive in 80.4% of pleomorphic carcinomas, 62.5% of spindle‐ and/or giant‐cell carcinomas, and 16.7% of carcinosarcomas. Pleural invasion was observed in 68.1% of PD‐L1‐positive cases and 27.8% of PD‐L1‐negative cases (P = 0.008). No difference in survival was found between PD‐L1‐positive and ‐negative tumors. The only factor significantly associated with poor survival was the pathological stage of the tumor.ConclusionsThis study reveals a high rate of PD‐L1 positivity in a large number of sarcomatoid lung carcinoma cases with pleomorphic carcinoma, spindle‐ and/or giant‐cell carcinoma, and carcinosarcoma subtypes. The only significantly different clinicopathologic feature in PD‐L1‐positive cases is pleural invasion. PD‐L1 positivity is not a significant predictor of survival in sarcomatoid lung carcinomas.
At Death’s Door in Cancun: Sun, Sea, and Santa Muerte
Authors: Kingsbury Kate 
Published: June 2021

SummaryThis article describes a visit to a Santa Muerte shrine in Cancun, offering insight into why devotees are dedicated to the Mexican Saint of Death. Rites to the folk saint allow locals to express their needs and demands in a tourist city where they are otherwise beholden to visitors and their requirements. A quiet form of feminism is at play at the shrine, run by a woman, self‐identified bruja, shaman, and curandera, Yuri Mendez, and her all‐women team who support their community through their spiritual offerings and in return acquire prestige and financial independence.
Skin tone bias and the US presidency: The portrayal of a Black incumbent and a Black candidate in newspaper photographs
Authors: Kemmelmeier Markus , Nesbitt Ian Scot , Erhart Ryan S. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAcross cultures, darker skin tone is associated with lower social status. We propose that Black politicians are subject to skin tone biases in US newspapers, with hostile biases resulting in them being portrayed as more dark‐skinned. We hypothesized that such biases occur as a function of negative racial attitudes. We contrast this with an ingroup bias hypothesis, according to which partisans denigrate Black politicians of the other side, but not their own side. The present research evaluated skin tone biases toward President Barack Obama, a Democrat, and Dr. Ben Carson, a Republican, in US newspapers. We collected published photographs of President Obama during his first term in office (n= 3781 from 34 newspapers) as well as for Dr. Carson during his 2015–2016 presidential run (n= 1049 from 53 newspapers) from high‐circulation newspapers, which had endorsed Democratic or Republican presidential candidates. Blind coders rated the darkness of Obama's and Carson's skin tone. Multilevel modeling revealed that Democratic‐leaning newspapers portrayed both Obama and Carson as lighter than Republican‐leaning newspapers. Findings did not support a partisan ingroup bias. We conclude that Black politicians of either party are subject to a skin tone bias, where Republican‐leaning newspapers portray them with darker skin tones, regardless of whether they are a Democrat or a Republican.
Maternal perceptions of cesarean birth care: A qualitative study to inform ERAS guideline development
Authors: Wollny Krista , Metcalfe Amy , Corrigan Crystal , Drobot Ashley , Gilmour Loreen , Wood Stephen , Wilson R. Douglas , Gramlich Leah , Nelson Gregg 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDCesarean birth (CB) is the most common inpatient surgical procedure, and until recently, there were no internationally accepted, standardized clinical guidelines available. The Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS®) program aims to improve outcomes through the development of international guidelines (IGs). As an ERAS IG for CB was being developed, this qualitative study was conducted to explore and consolidate women's experiences with CB.METHODSQualitative methods were used to assess the patient experience with current evidence‐based CB protocols across operative phases. Twelve women who experienced CB at a single center in Canada were interviewed using an open‐ended, semi‐structured interview guide at six weeks postpartum. Two researchers coded the emerging themes separately and compared findings.RESULTSWomen described feeling informed, but felt they did not have a choice. Presurgery, women wanted more information about the risks of CB. Preoperatively, women expressed confusion with the procedures, but felt informed about local anesthesia and thermoregulation. Post‐CB, women felt informed about pain and nausea control; however, urinary catheter removal was delayed when compared to the ERAS recommendations. Information about postpartum infant care was not well communicated, as many women were uninformed about delayed cord clamping and infant thermoregulation.CONCLUSIONSThis qualitative study provides opportunities to improve communication, the patient‐practitioner relationship, and the overall satisfaction throughout the CB process. The findings support the implementation of patient decision aids and training with the shared decision model. The improved procedures recommended in the ERAS IG for CB have the potential to deliver significant improvements to patient care and patient satisfaction.
The bacterial microbiota of Hunner lesion interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome
Authors: Nickel J. Curtis , Ehrlich Garth D. , Krol Jaroslaw E. , Ahmed Azad , Sen Bhaswati , Bhat Archana , Mell Joshua C. , Doiron R. Christopher , Kelly Kerri‐Lynn , Earl Joshua P. 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveTo undertake the first comprehensive evaluation of the urinary microbiota associated with Hunner lesion (HL) interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS). Despite no previous identification of a distinct IC/BPS microbial urotype, HL IC/BPS, an inflammatory subtype of IC/BPS, was hypothesized most likely to be associated with a specific bacterial species or microbial pattern.Participants and MethodsThe bacterial microbiota of midstream urine specimens from HL IC/BPS and age‐ and gender‐matched IC/BPS patients without HL (non‐HL IC/BPS) were examined using the pan‐bacterial domain clinical‐level molecular diagnostic Pacific Biosciences full‐length 16S gene sequencing protocol, informatics pipeline and database. We characterized the differential presence, abundances, and diversity of species, as well as gender‐specific differences between and among HL and non‐HL IC/BPS patients.ResultsA total of 59 patients with IC/BPS were enrolled (29 HL, 30 non‐HL; 43 women, 16 men) from a single centre and the microbiota in midstream urine specimens was available for comparison. The species abundance differentiation between the HL and non‐HL groups (12 species) was not significantly different after Bonferroni adjustments for multiple comparisons. Similarly, the nine differentiating species noted between female HL and non‐HL patients were not significantly different after similar statistical correction. However, four species abundances (out of the 10 species differences identified prior to correction) remained significantly different between male HL and non‐HL subjects: Negativicoccus succinivorans, Porphyromonas somerae, Mobiluncus curtisii and Corynebacterium renale. Shannon diversity metrics showed significantly higher diversity among HL male patients than HL female patients (P = 0.045), but no significant diversity differences between HL and non‐HL patients overall.ConclusionsWe were not able to identify a unique pathogenic urinary microbiota that differentiates all HL from all non‐HL IC/BPS. It is likely that the male‐specific differences resulted from colonization/contamination remote from the bladder. We were not able to show that bacteria play an important role in patients with HL IC/BPS.
Fluorescent nanoparticles as tools in ecology and physiology
Authors: Färkkilä Sanni M. A. , Kiers E. Toby , Jaaniso Raivo , Mäeorg Uno , Leblanc Roger M. , Treseder Kathleen K. , Kang Zhenhui , Tedersoo Leho 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACTFluorescent nanoparticles (FNPs) have been widely used in chemistry and medicine for decades, but their employment in biology is relatively recent. Past reviews on FNPs have focused on chemical, physical or medical uses, making the extrapolation to biological applications difficult. In biology, FNPs have largely been used for biosensing and molecular tracking. However, concerns over toxicity in early types of FNPs, such as cadmium‐containing quantum dots (QDs), may have prevented wide adoption. Recent developments, especially in non‐Cd‐containing FNPs, have alleviated toxicity problems, facilitating the use of FNPs for addressing ecological, physiological and molecule‐level processes in biological research. Standardised protocols from synthesis to application and interdisciplinary approaches are critical for establishing FNPs in the biologists’ tool kit. Here, we present an introduction to FNPs, summarise their use in biological applications, and discuss technical issues such as data reliability and biocompatibility. We assess whether biological research can benefit from FNPs and suggest ways in which FNPs can be applied to answer questions in biology. We conclude that FNPs have a great potential for studying various biological processes, especially tracking, sensing and imaging in physiology and ecology.