bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wellbeing Policy Evaluation and Appraisal
Authors: Frijters Paul , Krekel Christian 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The third chapter offers a methodology for those readers who are tasked with actually conducting policy evaluations and appraisals based on subjective wellbeing data, including wellbeing cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analyses, impact assessments, or business plans. It first gives a simple and fairly non-formal exposition of how wellbeing cost-effectiveness works. It then sets up the methodology formally and discusses the various technical standards and issues that might arise when implementing them, for example double-counting of impacts. The chapter illustrates the methodology using various examples, ranging from simple to more technical. It also introduces and discusses data sources related to wellbeing, with a particular focus on the United Kingdom at present but also beyond, as well as rules of thumb and matters associated with the use of evidence and literature on wellbeing more generally.
The Matter of Kinship
Authors: Ivanič Suzanna 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Alongside natural matter, the ‘matter of kinship’ was a channel through which to negotiate divine power in the cosmos. Objects were integral to constituting kinship and forming devotional communities before God. Gifts exchanged between kith and kin on the occasion of baptism, marriage, and death reveal the dynamic nexus of objects and kinship within the cosmos, to which love was central. Gifts, bequests, trades, transfers, and exchanges of all kinds acted to create and sustain kinship bonds as an important part of devotion. Such objects were not only important during the moment of their initial production and use, but also as they were embedded in the daily life of the family and became constant reminders of the Christian lifecycle. Over time such items were woven more deeply into the fabric of daily family life by being given, used, or inherited down the generations.
A Cosmos in the Making
Authors: Ivanič Suzanna 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Objects can be examined to decipher beliefs in the cosmos, but the material environment of the home was also an agent in making and sustaining religious beliefs, practices, and identities. Objects were tools with which to teach members of the household across generations, and they were prompts to pious living. Items such as glass beakers, knives, and clocks, studied here, perpetuated and reinforced beliefs in the cosmos, but they also reveal a cosmos in the making. They show how the material environment of the home shaped a mentalité by forming a didactic environment and conditioning responses to objects. Building on the work of Bourdieu, this chapter makes the case that these material environments played an instrumental role in the formation of a material devotional habitus that was ‘historically conditioned’ and open to change.
The Passion of Anne Hutchinson
Authors: Westerkamp Marilyn J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Anne Hutchinson remains an iconic figure in early American history and women’s history. More than a hundred years of scholarship on Puritans and New England colonization have positioned the controversy surrounding her as a critical moment during the first decade of Massachusetts’s settlement, although the importance of Hutchinson herself (rather than her male opponents and supporters) and the actual nature of her challenge have been matters of intense debate. While most articles and books emphasize the theological and political battles among men, women’s historians have turned to Hutchinson, but as emblematic of the status and limitations surrounding women. This project approaches Hutchinson from a position informed by intellectual and women’s history, pushing into the intricate, competing, but sometimes complementary cultural systems of Puritan spirituality and gender ideology. The book examines Puritanism and its practitioners over the long term, from its mid-sixteenth-century origins through and beyond the establishment of the New England colonies to the English Civil War and the fragmentation of English Puritanism in the 1660s. Through Anne Hutchinson, her predecessors, and her followers, the book explores the relationship between gender as a cultural system in flux and the radical religious community that inspired the colonization of New England. Puritanism was, perhaps, a religious system that provided strategies and justifications for controlling women. Yet the religious radicalism, ideology, and practices also attracted and empowered powerful women who actively supported the clergy, flourished spiritually, connected with God experientially, and came to lead as advisers, prophets, and preachers. Anne Hutchinson marks the power and promise of such charisma.
Prologue
Authors: Westerkamp Marilyn J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter chronicles Anne Hutchinson’s Boston career: her arrival, family’s status, her rise to prominence, and her fall. The chapter establishes her charismatic leadership, accompanied by the growing divisions in the church and colony, ending with her trials and final excommunication. The narrative focuses upon Hutchinson with references to her family and the Hutchinsonian disciples as needed to connect developments. Although this first chapter is primarily descriptive, it incorporates a detailed, critical analysis of the General Court and church trial transcripts, comparing these texts with the account provided by Governor John Winthrop. The analysis challenges common historians’ misreading of the evidence and poses questions to be considered in the remaining chapters.
Mediation—Its Forms and Functions
Authors: Fuller Lon L. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This article examines the forms and functions of mediation. Mediation is commonly directed, not toward achieving conformity to norms, but toward the creation of the relevant norms themselves. It may be suggested that mediation is always, in any event, directed toward bringing about a more harmonious relationship between the parties. However, mediation can also be directed, not toward cementing a relationship, but toward terminating it. The article then looks at the negotiation of a collective bargaining agreement. The central quality of mediation is its capacity to reorient the parties toward each other, not by imposing rules on them, but by helping them to achieve a new and shared perception of their relationship, a perception that will redirect their attitudes and dispositions toward one another.
Understanding Mediators’ Orientations, Strategies, and Techniques
Authors: Riskin Leonard L. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This article presents a system for categorizing and understanding approaches to mediation. This system describes mediations by reference to two related characteristics, each of which appears along a continuum. One continuum measures the scope of the problem or problems that the mediation seeks to address or resolve. The second continuum measures the strategies and techniques that the mediator employs in attempting to address or resolve the problems that comprise the subject matter of the mediation. At one end of this continuum are strategies and techniques that evaluate issues important to the dispute or transaction. At the other end of the continuum are beliefs and behaviors that facilitate the parties’ negotiation. The article then looks at the potential advantages and disadvantages of the various approaches to mediation.
From The Silver Triangle to The Music Man
Authors: McHugh Dominic 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2 uses a wealth of newly uncovered archival material to show the long gestation of the script of The Music Man from 1951 to 1957. Of note, it shows Willson’s interest in writing a musical about disability, as well as his struggles to create a convincing romantic plot. The first draft script is described and analyzed in detail, to highlight how different it was from the Broadway version. Various other topics and characters are examined; for example, the chapter looks at how the character of Marian was related to the Shinns in some drafts, while Eulalie’s character was substantially toned down, having been the villain in some early versions. The chapter also sheds light on the vital role played by Franklin Lacey as co-book writer: late in the day, Lacey became involved and substantially tightened the book. The chapter also briefly outlines other aspects of the show’s genesis.
Composing the Score for a Musical about Music
Authors: McHugh Dominic 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Chapter 3 uses both Willson’s published comments about his philosophy of writing musicals and his previously unseen archive of music manuscripts to chart the development of the score of The Music Man. There are particular case studies on “Marian the Librarian” and “My White Knight,” revealing in detail how Willson crafted his musical numbers. Many of the songs dropped from the score, and their impact on the narrative of the show, are also discussed at length.
Mobilization for gender equality in Pakistan and the role of international human rights
Authors: de Búrca Gráinne 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the struggle for women’s rights and gender equality in Pakistan in recent decades through the lens of the experimentalist account of human rights. It describes the work of women’s groups and other activists in Pakistan to advance the rights of women in a highly patriarchal political and social system, and their engagement over time with international human rights law and institutions as part of those efforts, in particular the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). Activists have drawn on the support of transnational networks and have used international human rights institutions, including CEDAW as well as the Universal Periodic Review of the UN Human Rights Council, to increase pressure on governmental and other domestic actors to introduce change. Despite the huge scale of the social and political obstacles facing their efforts at reform, many significant changes have been introduced as a consequence of domestic mobilization and engagement. The chapter outlines some of these contested legal and political processes over time and the reforms that have gradually been brought about, as well as the limitations they have confronted.
Cloud Technologies and Services
Authors: Kuan Hon W , Millard Christopher , Singh Jatinder 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter defines what cloud computing is. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has set out a commonly used definition of cloud computing. Under this definition, a 'computing capacity' will qualify as a 'cloud service' if it has the following five characteristics: on-demand self-service; broad network access; resource pooling; rapid elasticity; and measured service. In terms of business models, cloud computing resources are typically offered 'as a Service'. Traditionally, cloud computing services were typically described as falling into one or more of the following three service categories or models: Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS). The chapter then looks at the key concepts of the cloud supply chain.
Regulation of International Data Transfers in Clouds
Authors: Wuermeling Ulrich , Oldani Isabella 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter studies the regulation of international data transfers in clouds. The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) stipulates that any transfer of personal data from the European Union (EU) (as well as other European Economic Area (EEA) countries) to a third country or an international organisation is subject to restrictions to ensure that the level of protection provided by the GDPR is not undermined. The GDPR requires either adequate protection or appropriate safeguards for transfers of personal data to third countries. When assessing a data transfer to a third country, a number of factors must be considered. First, it is necessary to establish whether the processing of personal data falls within the scope of the GDPR. Second, the GDPR may apply either to the cloud provider or its customer, or to both. Third, it is necessary to establish when a 'transfer' of personal data from an EU Member State to a third country is taking place and how the protection of the data can be ensured. Fourth, in some circumstances, there may be an exception to the requirement to ensure continued protection following a data transfer.
Facilitating Competition in the Cloud
Authors: Gleeson Niamh , Walden Ian 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter studies the application of competition law to the provision of cloud computing services. Competition law is understood as a set of rules enforced by competition authorities that are intended to protect the process of competition and enhance consumer welfare. These rules may allow intervention in the market when competition is distorted, but also have a primary precautionary purpose which intends to prevent the act or conduct of undertakings from resulting in competition being distorted and ensure healthy competition in the market. Although cloud computing is global, the chapter focuses mainly on developments within the EU, but where relevant, refers to academic commentary relevant to cloud from a US antitrust law perspective. The application of traditional competition law to the provision of cloud computing services has been slow. Competition in markets has often also been facilitated by alternative 'regulatory' mechanisms, some of which may help ensure competition in the provision of cloud computing services. The chapter examines two such mechanisms: public procurement rules and data portability requirements.
Critical phenomena: General considerations. Mean-field theory (MFT)
Authors: Zinn-Justin Jean 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter is devoted to a brief review of general properties of phase transitions in macroscopic physics and, in particular in lattice models. Some of these lattice models actually appear as lattice regularizations of Euclidean (imaginary time) quantum physics theory (QFT). Most of the transitions considered in this work have the following character: spins on the lattice, or macroscopic particles in the continuum, interact through short-range forces, assumed, for simplicity, to decay exponentially. For simple systems, it is possible to find a local observable, called order parameter, whose expectation values depend on the phase in the several phase region, for example, the spin in ferromagnetic systems. In the disordered phase, the connected two-point function decreases exponentially at large distance, at a rate characterized by the correlation length (the inverse of the smallest physical mass in particle physics). In continuous transitions, the correlation length diverges at the critical temperature. Within the mean-field approximation (consistent with Landau's theory of critical phenomena), it can be shown that the singular behaviour of thermodynamic quantities at the critical temperature is universal. These properties can also be reproduced by calculating correlation functions with a perturbed Gaussian measure. It is then shown that the leading corrections to the mean-field approximation, in Ising-like systems, diverge at the critical temperature for dimensions smaller than or equal to $4$.
Non-Abelian gauge theories: Introduction
Authors: Zinn-Justin Jean 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
To be able to describe the other fundamental interactions, beyond quantum electrodynamics (QED), weak and strong interactions, it is necessary to generalize the concept of gauge symmetry to non-Abelian groups. Therefore, in this chapter, a quantum field theory (QFT)-invariant under local, that is, space-time-dependent, transformations of matrix representations of a general compact Lie groups are constructed. Inspired by the Abelian example, the geometric concept of parallel transport is introduced, a concept discussed more extensively later in the framework of Riemannian manifolds. All the required mathematical quantities for gauge theories then appear naturally. Gauge theories are quantized in the temporal gauge. The equivalence with covariant gauges is then established. Some formal properties of the quantized theory, like the Becchi–Rouet–Stora–Tyutin (BRST) symmetry, are derived. Feynman rules of perturbation theory are derived, the regularization of perturbation theory is discussed, a somewhat non-trivial problem. Some general properties of the non-Abelian Higgs mechanism are described.
Critical dynamics and renormalization group (RG)
Authors: Zinn-Justin Jean 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Time evolution, near a phase transition in the critical domain of critical systems not far from equilibrium, using a Langevin-type evolution is studied. Typical quantities of interest are relaxation rates towards equilibrium, time-dependent correlation functions and transport coefficients. The main motivation for such a study is that, in systems in which the dynamics is local (on short time-scales, a modification of a dynamic variable has an influence only locally in space) when the correlation length becomes large, a large time-scale emerges, which characterizes the rate of time evolution. This phenomenon called critical slowing down leads to universal behaviour and scaling laws for time-dependent quantities. In contrast with the situation in static critical phenomena, there is no clean and systematic derivation of the dynamical equations governing the time evolution in the critical domain, because often the time evolution is influenced by conservation laws involving the order parameter, or other variables like energy, momentum, angular momentum, currents and so on. Indeed, the equilibrium distribution does not determine the driving force in the Langevin equation, but only the dissipative couplings are generated by the derivative of the equilibrium Hamiltonian, and directly related to the static properties. The purely dissipative Langevin equation specifically discussed, corresponding to static models like the f4 field theory and two-dimensional models. Renormalization group (RG) equations are derived, and dynamical scaling relations established.
Critical exponents and equation of state from series summation
Authors: Zinn-Justin Jean 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Universal quantities near the phase transition of O(N) symmetric vector models, can be determined, in the framework of the (f2 )2 field theory, and the corresponding renormalization group (RG), in the form of perturbative series. The O(N) symmetric field theories describe, in particular for N = 0, the universal properties of the statistics of long polymers, for N = 1, the liquid–vapour transition, for N = 2, superfluid helium transition, and so on. Universal quantities have been calculated within two different schemes, the Wilson-Fisher ϵ = 4 − d expansion, and perturbative expansion at fixed dimensions 2 and 3 (as suggested by Parisi). In both cases, the series are divergent, and the expansion parameters are not small. In fixed dimensions smaller than 4, the series are proven to be Borel summable. For the ϵ expansion, there are reasons that the property is equally true, but a proof is lacking. With this assumption, in both cases, although the series are divergent, they define unique functions. Since the expansion parameters are not small, summation methods are then required to determine these functions. A specific summation method, based on a parametric Borel transformation and mapping, in which the knowledge of the large order behaviour has been incorporated, has been successfully applied to the series, and has led to a precise evaluation of critical exponents and other universal quantities.
Materials (III)
Authors: Kresin Vladimir Z. , Ovchinnikov Sergei G. , Wolf Stuart A. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on organic and nanoscale superconducting systems. The tetramethyl-tetraselenafulvalene (TMTSF) and ethylenedithiotetrathiafulvalene (ET) organic families, along with the fullerides, are described. Special attention is paid to graphene-like structures, which are examples of two-dimensional systems. As for nanoscale systems, small-scale nanoscale structures are introduced and the pairing in aromatic molecules, like coronene, is discussed. The presence of the energy shell in some nanoclusters makes the pairing of electrons with opposite projections of orbital momenta perfectly realistic. This phenomenon has been observed experimentally for some aluminium clusters with a Tc on the order of 120 K. The nano-based tunnelling networks can transfer a macroscopic dissipationless current. Interface superconductivity is discussed, with a special focus on the FeSe/SrTiO3 system. The dream of room temperature superconductivity, envisioned shortly after the discovery of the phenomenon, has become perfectly realistic. This final chapter on materials describes various paths towards to this goal.
Who Should Get What, How, and Why?
Authors: Hickey Sam , Seekings Jeremy 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The proliferation of social cash transfers (SCTs) across much of sub-Saharan Africa since the mid-2000s resulted from interactions between international organizations and national governments. In this chapter we employ Tania Li’s framework on how development ideas travel to understand the political economic context for the rising enthusiasm for transfers amongst international organizations, the ideational contestation over these, and the strategies of governmentality deployed to ‘render technical’ problems of poverty and vulnerability. We show how international organizations developed diverse approaches to transfers in terms of who should get what, how, and why. Through a close analysis of the UK’s Department for International Development, we show that this process of policy transfer was often approached in explicitly political terms. An ideological convergence between transnational actors and African elites around a particularly liberal perspective on poverty helps explain the relatively parsimonious forms that SCTs have taken in sub-Saharan Africa to date.
Claiming Jurisdiction
Authors: Tapscott Rebecca 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter studies how Uganda’s vigilantes seek—and fail—to consolidate authority over local communities. In contrast to scholarship that depicts the ambiguous space between state and society as a fertile environment for the emergence of new public authorities like vigilantes, this chapter shows how state actors’ unpredictable assertions and denials of authority make jurisdictions fluid, forestalling the emergence of new public authorities. Jurisdictional fluidity is reflected in routine inconsistency about what places, times, people, and activities fall under the authority of a given actor. The space between state and society is fragile and inhospitable to the emergence of new authorities. Local vigilante groups seek to consolidate power by adopting symbols and practices of state authority. A case study of the rise and fall of one vigilante group highlights how fluid state jurisdictional claims destabilize the political playing field for those seeking to consolidate power autonomously from the state.