bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Afterword
Authors: Patterson Jonathan 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The Afterword revisits two key lines of enquiry pursued throughout this book: first, the problems of containing and punishing villainous offences; secondly, pre-modern France’s appetite for extraordinary villains whose villainies achieved a transcultural significance. Both lines of enquiry converge upon a final example: the assassination of Henri IV by François Ravaillac, followed by the latter’s trial, torture, and horrific execution. The second half of the Afterword offers a parting perspective on villainy’s transcultural overspills, arguing that these are not reducible to materialist and anthropological processes: non-human, diabolical, and theological factors must be taken into consideration. The book concludes by glimpsing villainy in the present, vis-à-vis twenty-first-century responses to terrorism and to virulent recriminations in a world of ever-expanding media.
Islands, Voyaging and Empires in the Age of Sail
Authors: Royle Stephen A. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Successful transoceanic voyages relied on networks of islands. Some provided places where crew and passengers could rest; where ships could replenish their supplies of fresh food and water; and where dockyards allowed vessels to be repaired. Islands were thus often employed as way stations in this world of maritime endeavour. St Helena, in the South Atlantic Ocean, was one of the first islands to be put to such use in the burgeoning English overseas empire of the seventeenth century. Other islands were of value for what they could produce. They were not acquired to facilitate or protect British operations elsewhere; they themselves were the prizes. The contribution of islands to the geography of the British Empire in the age of sail was significant, and certainly of more importance than their mere physical size would suggest.
Empire in Oceania
Authors: Bashford Alison 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The expansion of empire into the Pacific Ocean took place in the age of enlightenment as well as the age of sail. It coincided with new metropolitan methodologies for the acquisition and ordering of natural history, and speculation on the natural world’s relation to changing human and social worlds. Islands, in this context, were always more than just refuelling and repair points. In Oceania, these islands were small, self-contained, and often isolated enough to make them ideal spaces, or so it would seem, for seaborne natural historians. In Europe, Enlightenment philosophers had invented mythic islands. Now these were overlaid with, and interrupted by, rapidly accumulating knowledge of actual island-dwellers and their environments. This chapter explores the meeting point of Enlightenment mythic and literary islands with real encounters in the Sea of Islands, from James Cook’s voyages in the 1770s to T.H. Huxley and John MacGillivray’s in the 1840s.
Afterword. Islands and the British Empire
Authors: Bowen H. V. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This concluding chapter draws together, and reflects upon, the themes and strands that have emerged in the volume as a whole. In addition, however, it examines the relationship between islands and empire during a time of unprecedented change in maritime transport, as new steam technology began to free ships, navies, and trading companies from the constraints hitherto imposed upon them by winds and tides. It looks at the ways in which the nodal points of Britain’s overseas network of islands changed as voyage patterns altered, and it considers the effect that this had upon the distribution of imperial outposts and possessions. The chapter concludes with a brief consideration of how the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869—perhaps the most widely heralded symbol of the transition from the age of sail to the age of steam—affected longstanding relationships between islands and far-flung imperial possessions.
Irrationality
Authors: Gregory Alex 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis chapter replies to one common objection to desire-as-belief: that it makes poor sense of practical irrationality such as akrasia. This objection to desire-as-belief is closely related to two others: the worry that we sometimes desire to do things without believing we have reason to pursue them, and the worry that we sometimes believe we have reason to pursue things without desiring to do them. The chapter offers a series of complementary responses to these objections: that our beliefs can be irrational, that some of what we say about our desires is misleading, and that we might fail to be motivated by our desires. Between these factors, it is doubtful that such objections succeed. The chapter finishes with a brief aside on second-order desires, and concludes that they are of little relevance to the occurrence of akrasia.
Vernacular Border Security
Authors: Vaughan-Williams Nick 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Since the peak of Europe’s so-called 2015 ‘migration crisis’, the dominant governmental response has been to turn to deterrent border security across the Mediterranean and construct border walls throughout the EU. During the same timeframe, EU citizens are widely represented—by politicians, by media sources, and by opinion polls—as fearing a loss of control over national and EU borders. Despite the intensification of EU border security with visibly violent effects, EU citizens are nevertheless said to be ‘threatened majorities’. These dynamics beg the question: Why is it that tougher deterrent border security and walling appear to have heightened rather than diminished border anxieties among EU citizens? While the populist mantra of ‘taking back control’ purports to speak on behalf of EU citizens, little is known about how diverse EU citizens conceptualize, understand, and talk about the so-called ‘crisis’. Yet, if social and cultural meanings of ‘migration’ and ‘border security’ are constructed intersubjectively and contested politically, then EU citizens—as well as governmental elites and people on the move—are significant in shaping dominant framings of and responses to the ‘crisis’. This book argues that, in order to address the overarching puzzle, a conceptual and methodological shift is required in the way that border security is understood: a new approach is urgently required that complements ‘top-down’ analyses of elite governmental practices with ‘bottom-up’ vernacular studies of how those practices are both reproduced and contested in everyday life.
Populist and ‘Post-Truth’ Border Politics
Authors: Vaughan-Williams Nick 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Chapter 3 investigates the role of populist and ‘post-truth’ narratives of migration and border crises propagated by governmental and non-governmental elites in fuelling widespread notions of a ‘loss of control’, despite the intensification of walling and deterrent security measures. In order to contextualize findings in subsequent chapters, a significant proportion of the discussion is devoted to the five national political and cultural contexts in which focus groups were held (Germany, Greece, Hungary, Spain, United Kingdom). First, a close examination of the methodologies used to produce several prominent opinion poll findings on migration reveals that they were produced by surveys whose design often worked within and thereby reproduced the dominant securitizing frame. Second, with reference to populist discursive and visual representations of mobile populations and a loss of control over border security, it is shown how the rise of ‘post-truth’ communication over the same timeframe produced multiple competing realities of the situation in the EU, which simultaneously entrenched the crisis narrative and deprived audiences of detailed and reliable information. Third, it is demonstrated how leading opinion polls, used by governmental elites as ‘evidence’ of EU citizens’ pro-border and anti-immigration stance, were unable to grasp the performativity of their own role in perpetuating the dynamics of crisis that they purported merely to capture. Alternative modes of engaging with the politics of ‘public opinion’ are thus urgently required. A vernacular approach offers a series of disruptive counter-points to existing sources of elite knowledge and understanding about EU citizens’ views on migration and border security.
Dangerous Aliens, Crisis Constellations, and Information Gaps
Authors: Vaughan-Williams Nick 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 shifts the analytical focus from elite claims made in the name of ‘the people’ to EU citizens’ vernacular knowledge of migration. Particular emphasis is given to the vernacular knowledge and categories used by citizens to discuss the issue of migration as it is perceived to impact and disrupt their everyday lives, the underpinning assumptions about hierarchies of race and gender used to position citizens in relation to perceptions about different ‘types’ of people on the move, and citizens’ awareness of/support for dominant governmental and media representations of the issue of migration in Europe. As well as offering a map of these contours, the discussion identifies three overriding themes. First, vernacular conversations problematize the notion of a linear transmission between elite crisis narratives and their reception among diverse publics. Second, the claim that elite narratives merely ventriloquize what ‘the people’ think about and want in regard to about migration is challenged by the complexity and nuance of vernacular narratives. Third, EU citizens repeatedly spoke of what they perceived to be a series of ‘information gaps’, which led to a widespread distrust of mainstream politicians and media sources, anxieties about their individual and collective futures, and demands for more detailed, higher quality, and accessible knowledge about migration from the EU, national governments, media sources, and academics. By taking vernacular views and experiences of migration seriously we can better understand how the propagation of misinformation, confusion, and uncertainty among EU citizens set the scene for populist notions of ‘taking back control’ to thrive.
Financial Deregulation in the United Kingdom
Authors: Capie Forrest 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Was there financial deregulation in the United Kingdom in the late twentieth century? There had been several episodes of financial regulation and deregulation in British financial history. Deregulation from the 1820s to the 1870s was followed by a long period of stable and light regulation. That lasted until WWII. After that the trend was upwards. The first statutory banking regulations in more than 150 years were introduced in 1979 and then in 1987. These Acts were accompanied or followed by Basel rules. In the 1990s the Financial Services Authority was established and regulation increased steeply thereafter. The compliance burden rose steadily throughout. Deregulation in these years is hard to find.
Financial Deregulation in France
Authors: Feiertag Olivier 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The deregulation of the financial system in France in the 1980s and the French commitment to the freedom of capital, as recently pointed out by Rawi Abdelal, is ‘quite curious’ and even doubly paradoxical: how to understand, first, that the financial liberalization has occurred while the left was in power? Second, how to explain that Colbertist France took the lead for financial deregulation at a world scale feeding the hypothesis of a so-called ‘Paris Consensus’? Based on the primary archives of the French Treasury and of the Banque of France this contribution aims to demonstrate that the financial deregulation in France is managed by the State in order to facilitate its increasing indebtedness on a globalizing money market.
EU Bank Regulation after the Great Financial Crisis
Authors: Smoleńska Agnieszka 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The chapter outlines the main features of the post-crisis regulatory regime for banks in the European Union. It traces the evolution of the approach taken by EU legislators which transformed the deregulation which prevailed prior to the Great Financial Crisis (GFC) into a regulatory regime which though far from financial repression known in the 1970s, is oriented towards functionally prioritizing financial stability and banks’ functions in the broader economy. This is achieved through co-responsibilization of the banking sector for public objectives, explicit regulation of structure and operations as well as far-reaching powers granted to new oversight authorities. The chapter explains the features of such a new bespoke regulatory regime for EU cross-border banking drawing on the new framework for bank crisis prevention and management, that is EU resolution law.
‘Jack of All Trades, Master of None’: The Ever-increasing Ambit of the Market Investigation Regime
Authors: Ahlborn Christian , Leslie Will 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Chapter 6 allows Christian Ahlborn, together with Will Leslie, to revisit his earlier analytical critique of market investigations in UK competition law (published in Ten Years of UK Competition Law Reform, Dundee University Press, 2010), in a chapter entitled, ‘ “Jack of All Trades, Master of None”: The Ever-increasing Ambit of the Market Investigation Regime!’ Whereas the beginning of the decade saw the National Audit Office criticizing the market investigation regime’s low profile, market investigations had figured amongst the Competition and Markets Authority’s most high-profile interventions by the end of it. This chapter considers the extent to which this unique UK competition policy instrument has simultaneously undergone significant legislative reform as well as a slew of judicial challenges. These events have undoubtedly matured the regime and put its procedures on a firmer statutory footing. However, the same question posed in 2010 has not yet been fully answered: as set out in this enlightening chapter, in the authors’ view, it still remains unclear just what market investigations are actually for.
The Emerging Contribution of Director Disqualification in UK Competition Law
Authors: Whelan Peter 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Peter Whelan assesses a developing and increasingly significant enforcement tool in the UK competition authority’s armoury in Chapter 11. In it, Whelan notes that the enforcement of UK competition law is deterrence-focused and comprises both criminal and non-criminal (i.e. civil/administrative) elements. The chapter concentrates on the non-criminal enforcement apparatus that has been developed over the last twenty years. More specifically, it critically evaluates a particular enforcement mechanism that has been gaining increasing importance throughout the recent development of UK competition enforcement practice: the use of director disqualification. It first establishes the normative role of director disqualification in the UK’s armoury of non-criminal antitrust sanctions (i.e. its complementing of the deterrent function of corporate antitrust fines), following which it highlights their potential for performing this role effectively. It then outlines the legal basis for the use of director disqualification within the UK and evaluates the policy and enforcement practice to date with respect to such orders, before proceeding to outline some of the insights that the UK director disqualification regime can provide to other jurisdictions. Ultimately it concludes that, on the basis of the promising, albeit nascent, UK experience to date, director disqualification should be seriously considered by jurisdictions that wish to operate a robust competition law enforcement regime.
Private Enforcement in the UK
Authors: Rodger Barry J 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In Chapter 12, Barry Rodger retraces his footsteps in relation to his contributions in both earlier collections on the theme of private enforcement in the UK, with a particular slant on the extent to which consumers have benefited, or may benefit, from statutory and case law developments in the area. Accordingly, this chapter assesses how private enforcement of competition law rights has developed in the UK over the last twenty years. Key legislative developments, inter alia the Competition Act 1998, Enterprise Act 2002 and Consumer Rights Act 2015, have transformed the private enforcement architecture, notably with the introduction, and increasingly significant and enhanced role of the specialist tribunal, Competition Appeal Tribunal, and the availability of an opt-out collective redress mechanism. The chapter assesses the key UK statutory and case law developments, in comparison with the US private antitrust enforcement model, to reflect on the disappointing extent to which effective redress for consumers has been provided to date, despite those legal and institutional developments, although the recent Supreme Court ruling in Merricks should be pivotal in this context.
The Quiet Decline of the UK Cartel OffenceA Principled Victory in the Face of Practical Failure
Authors: MacCulloch Angus 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In Chapter 13, Angus MacCulloch focuses on criminal enforcement. The UK Cartel Offence was introduced in the Enterprise Act 2002 to challenge hard-core cartels and enhance the deterrent effect of the UK competition regime. In its initial phase of operation there was some success. However, a number of significant cases failed to secure convictions. This damaged confidence in the ability of the UK competition authorities to bring successful prosecutions, and ultimately questioned the usefulness of the Cartel Offence. This chapter examines the problems that beset the original Cartel Offence and the lessons learned from the small number of prosecutions brought before the courts. It goes on to examine the reforms in 2013, that removed the controversial ‘dishonesty’ element from the offence, and replaced it with carve outs for openness and publication. Alongside the practical issues in relation to the development of the UK Cartel Offence consideration is also given to a parallel process which saw a form of consensus developing in the academic literature as to the nature of the wrong at the heart of individual cartel activity. It is suggested that this greater understanding can be used to direct efforts to rebuild confidence in the reformed UK Cartel Offence going forward. Increased importance should be given to the securing of good evidence of individual culpability in relation to cartel activity during the investigation phase. It argues that once good evidence is secured, better prosecution cases can be built on the basis of the new narrative of wrongfulness for hard core cartel activity.
Freedom of Expression as Self-Restraint
Authors: Kramer Matthew H. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Freedom of Expression as Self-Restraint rigorously expounds the principle of freedom of expression, and provides a novel justificatory foundation for it. Under that principle, a system of governance in any society can legitimately prohibit various modes of communication but cannot ever legitimately prohibit them qua modes of communication. As the book argues, such a principle is absolute in that it is exceptionless; it imposes general duties that are binding always and everywhere on every system of governance. In addition to injecting a new level of philosophical sophistication into the debates over these matters, the book supplies a novel justification for the principle of freedom of expression. It ties that principle to an ideal of governmental self-restraint, and it shows how that ideal connects to the paramount moral responsibility of every system of governance: the responsibility to bring about the political and social and economic conditions under which every member of a society can be warranted in harboring an ample sense of self-respect. In short, compliance by a system of governance with the principle of freedom of expression is integral to the fulfillment of that paramount responsibility. Kramer lengthily engages with arguments by feminists in favor of legal restrictions on pornography, and with prominent arguments in favor of banning the advocacy of hateful creeds. While accepting that some types or instances of pornography and hatemongering can properly be proscribed, he maintains that most types and instances of those modes of communication are morally protected by the principle of freedom of expression.
Introduction: Philosophical Preliminaries
Authors: Kramer Matthew H. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter expounds some technical philosophical notions that figure prominently in the rest of the book. Among the phenomena elucidated are moral conflicts, strong permissibility versus weak permissibility, overtopping obligations versus non-overtopping obligations, weak absoluteness versus strong absoluteness, physical freedom versus deontic freedom, the Hohfeldian analysis of legal positions (claim-rights and duties, liberties and no-rights, powers and liabilities, and immunities and disabilities), and the distinction between causal relationships and constitutive relationships. Although all of these concepts and distinctions are of great significance in debates over the principle of freedom of expression, they also figure saliently in many other debates. Hence, the purpose of this introductory chapter is to provide the basic philosophical preliminaries that are needed for a rigorous engagement with the principle of freedom of expression. The chapter sets the stage for the subsequent chapters, where that principle is the focus of attention.
Components of a Theory of Freedom of Expression
Authors: Kramer Matthew H. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces many of the key concepts that are of distinctive importance in any theory of freedom of expression. It first explores the nature of expression or communication (comprising addressors, addressees, communicative contents, and certain intentions), and it then considers whether the distinction between speech and conduct is tenable. Contending that the distinction between high-value modes and low-value modes of expression does not have any bearing on the applicability of the principle of freedom of expression, the chapter maintains that that principle protects every mode of expression against any governmental restrictions that are directed against it qua mode of expression. Compliance with that principle by a system of governance involves several types of neutrality, which the chapter expounds. Having explored the ways in which a system of governance can fail to achieve those types of neutrality, the chapter then explains how the purposes of various laws or policies are to be ascertained. Thereafter, the chapter concludes by pondering how private parties (such as hecklers and employers and organizations in charge of public fora) are constrained by the principle of freedom of expression.
Legitimate Restrictions
Authors: Kramer Matthew H. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Although the principle of freedom of expression is a moral absolute that imposes general duties which bind all systems of governance always and everywhere, it is consistent with various legal or governmental restrictions on modes of expression—provided that those restrictions are directed against the modes of expression not qua modes of expression but instead qua communication-independent misconduct. This chapter explores this aspect of the principle of freedom of expression by cataloguing various types of communicative conduct that can properly be subjected to legal restrictions. Among those types of communicative conduct are perjury, libel, solicitation to commit a crime, true threats, fighting words, incitement (in the sense of the term articulated by the U.S. Supreme court ruling in Brandenburg v Ohio), and fraud. All of these types of communicative conduct, along with several others, can be legally prohibited in accordance with the principle of freedom of expression.