bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non‐Local Electrostatic Gating Effect in Graphene Revealed by Infrared Nano‐Imaging
Authors: Deng Aolin , Hu Cheng , Shen Peiyue , Chen Jiajun , Luo Xingdong , Lyu Bosai , Watanabe Kenji , Taniguchi Takashi , Wang Rongming , Liang Qi , Ma Jie , Shi Zhiwen 
Published: November 2021

AbstractElectrostatic gating lies in the heart of field effect transistor (FET) devices and modern integrated circuits. To achieve efficient gate tunability, the gate electrode has to be placed very close to the conduction channel, typically a few nanometers. Remote control of a FET device through a gate electrode located far away is highly desirable, because it not only reduces the complexity of device fabrication, but also enables the design of novel devices with new functionalities. Here, a non‐local electrostatic gating effect in graphene devices using scanning near‐field optical microscopy (SNOM)—a technique that can probe local charge density in graphene—is reported. Remarkably, the charge density of the graphene region tens of micrometers away from a local gate can be efficiently tuned. The observed non‐local gating effect is initially driven by an in‐plane electric field induced by the quantum capacitance of graphene, and further largely enhanced by adsorbed polarized water molecules. This study reveals a non‐local phenomenon of Dirac electrons, provides a deep understanding of in‐plane screening from Dirac electrons, and paves the way for designing novel electronic devices with remote gate control.
Surface Phase Engineering Modulated Iron‐Nickel Nitrides/Alloy Nanospheres with Tailored d‐Band Center for Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Chen Qiming , Gong Ning , Zhu Tanrui , Yang Changyu , Peng Wenchao , Li Yang , Zhang Fengbao , Fan Xiaobin 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe oxygen evolution reaction (OER) plays a key role in many electrochemical energy conversion systems, but it is a kinetically sluggish reaction and requires a large overpotential to deliver appreciable current, especially for the non‐noble metal electrocatalysts. In this study, the authors report a surface phase engineering strategy to improve the OER performance of transition metal nitrides (TMNs). The iron‐nickel nitrides/alloy nanospheres (FeNi3‐N) wrapped in carbon are synthesized, and the optimized FeNi3‐N catalyst displays dual‐phase nitrides on the surface induced by atom migration phenomenon, resulting from the different migration rates of metal atoms during the nitridation process. It shows excellent OER performance in alkaline media with an overpotential of 222 mV at 10 mA cm−2, a small Tafel slope of 41.53 mV dec−1, and long‐term durability under high current density (>0.5 A cm−2) for at least 36 h. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations further reveal that the dual‐phase nitrides are favorable to decrease the energy barrier, modulate the d‐band center to balance the absorption and desorption of the intermediates, and thus promote the OER electrochemical performance. This strategy may shed light on designing OER and other catalysts based on surface phase engineering.
Evaluation of TEOS Plasma Polymerized Carboxymethyl Starch/Alginate Hydrogels as Controlled Drug Delivery Systems
Authors: Dalei Ganeswar , Das Subhraseema , Das Smruti Prava 
Published: November 2021

AbstractTo design a controlled delivery device for the potent glucocorticoid dexamethasone; smart hydrogels composed of carboxymethyl starch, and sodium alginate are fabricated and exposed to tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) cold plasma treatment using oxygen as an oxidant gas. Surface hydrophobization ensuing from plasma treatment is evidenced from FTIR and water contact angle analyses. It is also observed that the water uptake capacity of TEOS‐plasma modified hydrogel is much lower than the pristine hydrogel. The release studies of dexamethasone illustrated a slower release from TEOS‐plasma treated hydrogel in simulated intestinal fluid that conformed to the oral delivery of the drug to the colon. The preliminary kinetics of drug release demonstrated that TEOS‐plasma influenced the polymer chain relaxation thereby leading to a slower rate of drug release. The cytocompatibility studies on MCF‐7 cells clearly depicted that plasma treatment of the hydrogels does not evoke any detrimental effects on the cellular viability. Lastly, the in vitro degradation studies of the hydrogels in lysozyme solution demonstrated their good degradation behavior. Overall, the findings of this study implied that the TEOS‐plasma modified hydrogel could be explored as potential biomaterial for the oral controlled delivery of dexamethasone.
Institutional Supports for Language Development through English‐Medium Instruction: A Factor Analysis
Authors: Goodman Bridget , Kambatyrova Assel , Aitzhanova Kamila , Kerimkulova Sulushash , Chsherbakov Andrey 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to build and test a framework of four factors stakeholders in postgraduate higher education institutions in Kazakhstan perceive as supporting or hindering language development in English‐medium programs. Data in this mixed‐methods study were collected through student surveys and interviews with students, faculty and administration from six universities across Kazakhstan. Factor analysis confirmed the value of structural, pedagogical, sociolinguistic, and cultural factors for language development. Quantitative and qualitative data demonstrated that respondents highly valued structural factors such as academic mobility abroad and having an opportunity to interact with international faculty. However, they were less satisfied with national and university policies on the implementation of EMI. Additional structural factors including: a significant lack of pedagogical trainings, lack of collaboration with EFL instructors for curriculum development, and low overall English language proficiency of faculty and students, led to pedagogical challenges in classrooms. These challenges were somewhat mitigated by translanguaging practices. The sociolinguistic factors scale demonstrated that out of three languages, Russian was the most prevalent on campuses, which, according to qualitative data, creates pressure to maintain English. Finally, the cultural factors data revealed that students were highly motivated for their ideal self, whereas institutions strived to be research‐oriented and included in the international ranking lists. Based on these findings, it is recommended that curricula be adjusted to include spaces for multilingual practices, and that faculty be provided support in teaching in English through professional development courses.
First‐trimester ultrasound diagnostic features of placenta accreta spectrum in low‐implantation pregnancy
Authors: Abinader R. R. , Macdisi N. , El Moudden I. , Abuhamad A. 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACTObjectiveLow‐implantation pregnancy (LIP) is an important marker for the diagnosis of placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) in the first trimester. Many grayscale and color Doppler ultrasound markers of PAS have been defined in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, but have not been studied in the first trimester. The aim of this study was to determine whether PAS sonographic markers could be used in the first trimester to differentiate patients with LIP who develop PAS from those who do not.MethodsThis was a retrospective case–control study of women who delivered at our institution between 2009 and 2019. Cases were women with PAS who delivered by Cesarean hysterectomy and who had undergone first‐trimester ultrasound demonstrating LIP. Controls were women with persistent placenta previa without PAS who delivered by Cesarean section without postpartum hemorrhage and who had undergone first‐trimester ultrasound demonstrating LIP. Sonographic images were reviewed by an investigator blinded to pregnancy outcome and ultrasound reports. Images were reviewed for presence of abnormal uteroplacental interface, increased lower uterine segment hypervascularity and placental lacunae, with or without swirling on grayscale or color Doppler ultrasound.ResultsFollowing review of the electronic health records, 21 cases and 46 controls met the inclusion criteria. Placental lacunae were present in 18/21 (85.7%) cases and 7/46 (15.2%) controls (odds ratio (OR), 33.4; 95% CI, 7.7–144.4; P < 0.001). The number of lacunae was significantly higher in cases compared with controls, with a median of five lacunae present in cases compared with a median of one lacuna in controls (P < 0.001). The median size of the lacunae was also significantly larger in cases compared with controls, measuring 10.03 (interquartile range (IQR), 7.3–12.05) mm and 4.15 (IQR, 4.05–5.05) mm, respectively (P = 0.001). Lacunae swirling on grayscale or color Doppler ultrasound was noted only in PAS cases, with 10/12 (83.3%) having swirling on grayscale ultrasound and 12/12 (100%) having swirling on color Doppler (P < 0.001). Presence of an abnormal uteroplacental interface was also observed only in PAS cases, at a rate of 17/20 (85.0%) (P < 0.001). Lower uterine segment (uterovesical, subplacental and/or intraplacental) hypervascularity was present in 14/14 (100%) cases and only 1/12 (8.3%) controls (P < 0.001).ConclusionIn women at risk of PAS, ultrasound markers of PAS can and should be assessed as early as in the first trimester. The use of a first‐trimester prenatal ultrasound screening protocol and standardized approach to ultrasound examination in at‐risk mothers may help increase detection of PAS and enable planning for optimal management of affected pregnancies. © 2021 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Quantitative assessment of progressive laryngeal hemiplegia in a 4‐year‐old beagle
Authors: Martin‐Flores Manuel , Sakai Daniel M. , Cheetham Jonathan 
Published: November 2021

AbstractProgression of unilateral laryngeal paralysis (LP) was quantified in an asymptomatic 4‐year‐old beagle during spontaneous breathing stimulated with inhaled 10% CO2. Laryngeal evaluation was performed sequentially to track progression of LP over an 18‐month period. Videos of the larynx during CO2‐stimulated breathing were obtained under propofol anaesthesia. Maximal inspiratory normalised glottal gap area (NGGA) was determined on each occasion for left and right hemiglottis. Left NGGA was smaller than the right side throughout the period of follow‐up. After 18 months, LP had progressed to such a degree that the left arytenoid was completely paralysed with no movement during inspiration. This case report demonstrates the possibility of early detection of LP, and quantification of progression. Early detection may allow regenerative surgical strategies for LP to maintain glottic area and reduce postoperative complication rates.
A review on upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor: Factors affecting performance, modification of configuration and its derivatives
Authors: Mariraj Mohan S. , Swathi T. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor can be considered as one of the promising anaerobic wastewater treatment technologies suitable for the treatment of high‐strength wastewater. In the recent period, researchers have focused on the treatment of low‐strength wastewater using this technology. This review focuses on the key factors affecting the reactor performance such as hydraulic retention time (HRT), temperature, organic loading rate (OLR), pH and alkalinity, granulation, wastewater characteristics, mixing, and modification to conventional configuration. Start‐up and granulation played a major role in the determination of reactor performance, and various theories have been proposed to understand the mechanism of granulation. Correlation between start‐up time and OLR was found to be low, as other operating parameters might have been influencing the start‐up time. Flowchart depicting the development of UASB reactor over time is included. In the present work, further development and derivatives of the UASB reactor such as static granular bed reactor (SGBR) and expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor are analyzed. The optimal conditions for UASB for treating various types of substrates was found to be HRT of 3–24 h, OLR of 1–15 kg COD/m3/d, and operational temperature in mesophilic range (30–40°C). Analysis of various modifications that pave the way for identification of future areas of research to improve reactor performance is also presented.
Influence of oxygen on the vinyl acetate elimination pathway and microbial community structure of methanogenic sludge
Authors: Durán Ulises , Monroy Oscar , Gómez Jorge , Ramírez Florina 
Published: November 2021

AbstractMethanogenic‐aerobic coupled processes were used to biological degradation of vinyl acetate (VA) to provide evidence of oxygen role for their complete elimination from different angles. First, physiological characterization of a continuous methanogenic‐aerobic reactor fed by VA and glucose (G) showed that by adding G, the VA got 100% hydrolyzed to acetate, and then, by adding 1 mg·L−1·d−1 of dissolved oxygen (DO), this acetate got methanized by 40% and aerobically mineralized by 60%. Second, batch assays in the presence and absence of sodium azide suggest that VA at different concentrations was eliminated by both anaerobic and aerobic metabolic pathways, because without azide and in the presence of 1 mg DO·L−1 increased methane and carbon dioxide formation rates at 80% and 75%, respectively. Finally, microbial population dynamics analysis of the reactor by DGGE‐sequencing highlighted that Brevibacillus agri (aerobic) and Methanosarcina barkeri (anaerobic) were identified as responsible for VA elimination by up to 98.6%.Practitioner Points
Vinyl acetate is removed by simultaneous methanation and aerobic respiration.
Methanosarcina barkeri and Brevibacillus agri removed up to 99% of vinyl acetate.
DO and VA have a selective effect on the metabolism and population dynamics.
Lu20Ir5In3 and Lu20Pt5In3 – superstructures of the Al5Co2 type by coloring and distortion
Authors: Gulay Nataliya L. , Reimann Maximilian Kai , Kalychak Yaroslav M. , Pöttgen Rainer 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe lutetium‐rich intermetallic compounds Lu20Ir5In3 and Lu20Pt5In3 were synthesized from the elements in sealed tantalum ampules in an induction furnace. The phase purity of the samples was checked by powder X‐ray diffraction. The structures of Lu20Ir5In3 and Lu20Pt5In3 were refined from single crystal X‐ray diffractometer data: P
2m, a=1618.53(4), c=919.36(4) pm, wR2=0.0588, 2665 F2 values, 88 variables for Lu20Ir5In3 and a=1630.58(4), c=920.43(4) pm, wR2=0.0836, 3024 F2 values, 89 variables for Lu19.92Pt5In3. The platinum compound showed small amounts of defects on one lutetium site. Lu20Ir5In3 and Lu20Pt5In3 are non‐centrosymmetric superstructures (through coloring and distortions) that derive from the aristotype Al5Co2 via two steps of symmetry reduction (P63/mmc→P63/mcm→P
2m). The structures are discussed together with the coloring variants Y10RuCd3 and Y9CoMg4 on the basis of a group subgroup scheme. Striking features of the Lu20Ir5In3 structure are short Ir−Lu contacts and the structural segregation of In3 triangles (300 and 315 pm In−In) that are solely coordinated by lutetium atoms. Temperature dependent magnetic susceptibility studies of the Lu20Ir5In3 and Lu20Pt5In3 samples indicate Pauli paramagnetism.
Thermodynamics and transport of holographic nodal line semimetals
Authors: Rodgers Ronnie , Mauri Enea , Gürsoy Umut , Stoof Henk T.C. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We study various thermodynamic and transport properties of a holographic model of a nodal line semimetal (NLSM) at finite temperature, including the quantum phase transition to a topologically trivial phase, with Dirac semimetal-like conductivity. At zero temperature, composite fermion spectral functions obtained from holography are known to exhibit multiple Fermi surfaces. Similarly, for the holographic NLSM we observe multiple nodal lines instead of just one. We show, however, that as the temperature is raised these nodal lines broaden and disappear into the continuum one by one, so there is a finite range of temperatures for which there is only a single nodal line visible in the spectrum. We compute several transport coefficients in the holographic NLSM as a function of temperature, namely the charge and thermal conductivities, and the shear viscosities. By adding a new non-linear coupling to the model we are able to control the low frequency limit of the electrical conductivity in the direction orthogonal to the plane of the nodal line, allowing us to better match the conductivity of real NLSMs. The boundary quantum field theory is anisotropic and therefore has explicitly broken Lorentz invariance, which leads to a stress tensor that is not symmetric. This has important consequences for the energy and momentum transport: the thermal conductivity at vanishing charge density is not simply fixed by a Ward identity, and there are a much larger number of independent shear viscosities than in a Lorentz-invariant system.
The emergence of strange metal and topological liquid near quantum critical point in a solvable model
Authors: Oh Eunseok , Yuk Taewon , Sin Sang-Jin 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We discuss quantum phase transition by a solvable model in the dual gravity setup. By considering the effect of the scalar condensation on the fermion spectrum near the quantum critical point(QCP), we find that there is a topologically protected fermion zero mode associated with the metal to insulator transition. Unlike the topological insulator, our zero mode is for the bulk of the material, not the edge. We also show that the strange metal phase with T-linear resistivity emerges at high enough temperature as far as a horizon exists. The phase boundaries calculated according to the density of states allow us understanding the structures of the phase diagram near the QCP.
Wheat genetic loci conferring resistance to stripe rust in the face of genetically diverse races of the fungus Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici
Authors: Bouvet Laura , Percival-Alwyn Lawrence , Berry Simon , Fenwick Paul , Mantello Camila Campos , Sharma Rajiv , Holdgate Sarah , Mackay Ian J. , Cockram James 
Published: November 2021

AbstractKey messageAnalysis of a wheat multi-founder population identified 14 yellow rust resistance QTL. For three of the four most significant QTL, haplotype analysis indicated resistance alleles were rare in European wheat.AbstractStripe rust, or yellow rust (YR), is a major fungal disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum) caused byPuccinia striiformisWestend f. sp.tritici(Pst). Since 2011, the historically clonal EuropeanPstraces have been superseded by the rapid incursion of genetically diverse lineages, reducing the resistance of varieties previously showing durable resistance. Identification of sources of genetic resistance to such races is a high priority for wheat breeding. Here we use a wheat eight-founder multi-parent population genotyped with a 90,000 feature single nucleotide polymorphism array to genetically map YR resistance to such newPstraces. Genetic analysis of five field trials at three UK sites identified 14 quantitative trait loci (QTL) conferring resistance. Of these, four highly significant loci were consistently identified across all test environments, located on chromosomes 1A (QYr.niab-1A.1), 2A (QYr.niab-2A.1), 2B (QYr.niab-2B.1) and 2D (QYr.niab-2D.1), together explaining ~ 50% of the phenotypic variation. Analysis of these four QTL in two-way and three-way combinations showed combinations conferred greater resistance than single QTL, and genetic markers were developed that distinguished resistant and susceptible alleles. Haplotype analysis in a collection of wheat varieties found that the haplotypes associated with YR resistance at three of these four major loci were rare (≤ 7%) in European wheat, highlighting their potential utility for future targeted improvement of disease resistance. Notably, the physical interval for QTLQYr.niab-2B.1contained five nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat candidate genes with integrated BED domains, of which two corresponded to the cloned resistance genesYr7andYr5/YrSp.Graphical abstract
Breastfeeding and circulating immunological markers during the first 3 years of life: the DIABIMMUNE study
Authors: Miettinen Maija E. , Honkanen Jarno , Niinistö Sari , Vaarala Outi , Virtanen Suvi M. , Knip Mikael ,   the DIABIMMUNE Study Group
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Aims/hypothesis
Our aim was to study the association between duration of breastfeeding and circulating immunological markers during the first 3 years of life in children with HLA-conferred susceptibility to type 1 diabetes.

Methods
We performed a longitudinal analysis of 38 circulating immunological markers (cytokines, chemokines and growth factors) in serum samples from Finnish (56 individuals, 147 samples), Estonian (56 individuals 148 samples) and Russian Karelian children (62 individuals, 149 samples) at 3, 6, 12, 18, 24 and 36 months of age. We also analysed gut inflammation markers (calprotectin and human β defensin-2) at 3 (n = 96) and 6 months (n = 153) of age. Comparisons of immunological marker medians were performed between children who were breastfed for 6 months or longer vs children who were breastfed for less than 6 months.

Results
Breastfeeding for 6 months or longer vs less than 6 months was associated with lower median of serum immunological markers at 6 months (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor [GMCSF], macrophage inflammatory protein [MIP-3α]), 12 months (IFN-α2, vascular endothelial growth factor, GMCSF, IFN-γ, IL-21), 18 months (FGF-2, IFN-α2) and 24 months of age (CCL11 [eotaxin], monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, TGFα, soluble CD40 ligand, IL-13, IL-21, IL-5, MIP-1α) (all p < 0.01) but not at 36 months of age. Breastfeeding was not associated with gut inflammation markers at 3 and 6 months of age.

Conclusions/interpretation
Children who were breastfed for 6 months or longer had lower medians for 14 immunological markers at one or more age points during the first 2 years of life compared with children who were breastfed for less than 6 months. The clinical meaning of the findings is not clear. However, the present study contributes to the understanding of immunological differences in children that have been breastfed longer, and thus provides a mechanistic suggestion for the previously observed associations between breastfeeding and risk of type 1 diabetes.

Graphical abstract
A sharp relative-error bound for the Helmholtz h-FEM at high frequency
Authors: Lafontaine D. , Spence E. A. , Wunsch J. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractFor the h-finite-element method (h-FEM) applied to the Helmholtz equation, the question of how quickly the meshwidth h must decrease with the frequency k to maintain accuracy as k increases has been studied since the mid 80’s. Nevertheless, there still do not exist in the literature any k-explicit bounds on the relative error of the FEM solution (the measure of the FEM error most often used in practical applications), apart from in one dimension. The main result of this paper is the sharp result that, for the lowest fixed-order conforming FEM (with polynomial degree, p, equal to one), the condition “$$h^2 k^3$$

h
2

k
3

sufficiently small" is sufficient for the relative error of the FEM solution in 2 or 3 dimensions to be controllably small (independent of k) for scattering of a plane wave by a nontrapping obstacle and/or a nontrapping inhomogeneous medium. We also prove relative-error bounds on the FEM solution for arbitrary fixed-order methods applied to scattering by a nontrapping obstacle, but these bounds are not sharp for $$p\ge 2$$

p
≥
2

. A key ingredient in our proofs is a result describing the oscillatory behaviour of the solution of the plane-wave scattering problem, which we prove using semiclassical defect measures.