bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
To Love Another Person Is To See the Face Of God
Authors: Mordden Ethan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the emergence of the through-song British musical, also known as “pop opera.” This can be dated from the afternoon of March 1, 1968, when parents (mainly mothers) of students at Colet Court School watched an end-of-term performance of a twenty-minute version of Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice's Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat. By 1991, Lloyd Webber and Rice had officially created the first performance in the history of pop opera which was Jesus Christ Superstar (1971). Lloyd Webber's ability to compose consistently in a single voice, or to eclecticize, in other words, to teach the audience to navigate the action through musical signifiers is not appreciated enough. Tim Rice's ease in “conversationalizing” the bigger-than-life figures that pop opera delights in is similarly underrated, because he makes it look easy. The biggest hit in this period of musical history is Les Misérables (1985). This show's saga started when Alain Boublil sees Superstar and decides to write something comparable. It was written with composer Claude-Michel Schönberg.
The Last Word
Authors: Gautreau Justin 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The Last Word argues that the Hollywood novel opened up space for cultural critique of the film industry at a time when the industry lacked the capacity to critique itself. While the young studio system worked tirelessly to burnish its public image in the wake of celebrity scandal, several industry insiders wrote fiction to fill in what newspapers and fan magazines left out. Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, these novels aimed to expose the invisible machinery of classical Hollywood cinema, including not only the evolving artifice of the screen but also the promotional discourse that complemented it. As likeminded filmmakers in the 1940s and 1950s gradually brought the dark side of the industry to the screen, however, the Hollywood novel found itself struggling to live up to its original promise of delivering the unfilmable. By the 1960s, desperate to remain relevant, the genre had devolved into little more than erotic fantasy of movie stars behind closed doors, perhaps the only thing the public couldn’t already find elsewhere. Still, given their unique ability to speak beyond the institutional restraints of their time, these earlier works offer a window into the industry’s dynamic creation and re-creation of itself in the public imagination.
Conclusion
Authors: Gautreau Justin 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The conclusion examines the last gasps of the Hollywood novel following the collapse of the studio system. As the inner workings of the industry became less and less of a secret, the Hollywood novel began emulating scandal magazines and the burgeoning porn industry to stay afloat. By the 1960s, it had devolved into a toothless genre that offered readers little more than erotic fantasy of movie stars behind closed doors. Once the film industry implemented a ratings system in the late 1960s, several screenwriters managed to restore the integrity of the Hollywood novel, only now approaching their literary endeavors not as antithetical to film work but as the first step in bringing their R-rated vision of Hollywood to the screen.
Field, Ears, and Laboratory: Training Language Scholars, 1920–1940
Authors: Chang Ku-ming (Kevin) 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter continues the time frame of Chapter 8 through the first half of the twentieth century, an important period in which linguistics and phonetics gained their own identities. The editors and contributors of this volume have chosen to examine an area of study over two successive periods: the late nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth century. This aims to show that a discipline may go through transformations, sometimes branching into new disciplines, and that methods and instruments of training contribute to the formation or consolidation of new disciplines. The first half of the twentieth century saw the breakaway of language sciences (linguistics and phonetics) from philology. Although language scholars usually received substantial training in philology, especially comparative philology (known as comparative grammar in France), they took up new methods in training the next generation. In the United States, the new instrument of training was fieldwork, adopted for unwritten American Indian languages. In Britain, it was phonetic transcription by ears and hands. The use of the kymograph in phonetic laboratories began in France and spread elsewhere. This chapter begins with Fang-Kuei Li, who was likely the first student to receive advance (or on-site) fieldwork training for doctoral work in language studies and who went on to become a pioneering linguist in China. It then compares the training of language scholars in Britain, France, and Germany. This comparison sheds light on the diversity of approaches to language studies and their training methods, and on the intellectual and technological realities conditioning the formation of linguistics and phonetics as autonomous disciplines.
Training Researchers in Ibero-America: Early Brazilian Chemists as Case Study
Authors: Alfonso-Goldfarb Ana M. , Ferraz Máia H. M. , Waisse Silvia 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In this chapter we survey the beginnings of research practice and education in American countries that were former Spanish and Portuguese colonies, with a focus on chemistry and Brazil. While these countries are usually seen from abroad as a homogeneous block, i.e. the so-called Latin America, substantial social, political, and economic differences starting from the time of the European colonization allegedly led to divergences in the paths of institutionalization of research practice and education. We begin with an overview of the circumstances around the emergence of these new young nations, and the obstacles they met in their attempts at developing chemical research traditions until the middle of the twentieth century. Next we discuss in more detail the situation in Argentina and Mexico as the two largest countries representing poles of attraction of former Spanish viceroyalties. We conclude with a detailed study of the development of chemical research and the chemical research community in Brazil, especially of the formation of the earliest sustained university-based program of advanced training in the 1930s, an outcome of which was the emergence of the first generation of Brazilian professional chemical researchers.
Introduction
Authors: Steffek Jens 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces the rationale for the book and explains how it is organized. It shows how international institutions and domestic expert bodies alike have come under attack by the rise of nationalist populism in recent years. This backlash against expert governance is interpreted as a revolt against the dominance of technocratic rationality and institutions. As rationalization is part and parcel of the project of modernity, this points to the tensions and ambivalences in the process of modernization that international organizations cannot escape. This opening chapter also defines key terms, such as technocratic internationalism, and gives a chapter by chapter overview of the remainder of the book.
Conclusion
Authors: Steffek Jens 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The purpose of the Conclusion is to carve out the defining characteristics of technocratic internationalism and to discuss them critically. Reviewing the historical evidence, the first section of the Conclusion presents technocratic internationalism as a loose but distinct intellectual tradition. Since the late 19th century, varieties of technocratic internationalism have persisted in international theory and practice, even if they have never formed a particularly coherent body of thought. Technocratic internationalism has adapted to different ideological contexts, liberal and non-liberal alike. A history for technocratic internationalism is suggested here distinguishing four phases: pioneering, utopian, paradigmatic, and, eventually, that of disintegration. The second part of the chapter extracts from the historical material some recurring features of technocratic thought, such as the primacy of the expert in modern governance; the alleged objectivity of human needs, ecological imperatives, or technological necessities; and the ideal of ‘best solutions’ that can be universally implemented. This finding is related back to the politics-administration dichotomy. It helps to explore the contrast between governance based on disciplined reason-giving typical of expert discourse and administrative practice; and governance based on the execution of a political will, typical of international politics. Implications for the future of expert governance in international relations are discussed with regards to climate change and global pandemics.
The Industrialization of Freshness and Structural Transformation in South African Fruit Exports
Authors: Cramer Christopher , Chisoro-Dube Shingie 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Economists have historically tended to identify industrial processes and technological sophistication with manufacturing, and not with agriculture. This chapter illustrates the substantial scope to apply sophisticated technologies and industrial processes necessary to shift resources out of low-productivity activities into higher-productivity activities, i.e. to generate ‘structural change’ in the production of ‘fresh’ agricultural export production. Leveraging the concept of the ‘industrialization of freshness’, this chapter uses evidence from South Africa’s fresh-fruit industry to show how advances in technology have been a key mechanism through which structural transformation towards high-value fruit has occurred in the industry. The chapter also shows how building capabilities to harness technological changes is necessary for increased market access through enabling producers to keep up with escalating quality standards; to comply with the many—and complex—sanitary and phytosanitary requirements; and to adapt to climate change. However, despite evidence of dynamism in fruit production, effective structural transformation in the South African fruit industry has been limited by widespread underinvestment in infrastructure—ports, rural internet capacity, water infrastructure, and technical capacity.
On Dead Circuits and Non-events
Authors: Johns Fleur 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Many international law scholars have traced a route from ignorance, via debunking, to contingency, and onwards to possibility, presuming a connection between awareness and agency. If only people recalled how open-ended international legal history has been, they might have the wherewithal to move in another direction—or so it is often assumed. This chapter considers some perils of work so oriented: the kinds of operations that it leaves untouched and the circuit of humanist expectation that it helps to maintain. Amid the increasingly self-organising circuits shaping global affairs, and the many forms of power that thrive on contingency, and on expectation in the face of contingency (here analysed as vectorial power), this approach may be especially counter-productive. What, this chapter will ask, if international legal scholars were to identify possibility with pattern and transmission, rather than irregularity and insight? Might this spawn a politics better attuned to the now?
Contingent Economic Legal Ordering
Authors: Lixinski Lucas , Ingulstad Mats 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter queries the history of the principle of Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources (PSNR), often heralded as a watershed moment of the push to decolonise international law. It shows that the principle has a much longer and more complicated history that places this principle’s origins in Latin America in the interwar period. While predating the movement for decolonisation in Africa and Asia, many of the same aspirations existed in the Americas: the push to control economic development through natural resources; protection against (neo)imperial forces; and an aspiration for international (economic law) world-making. Our counterfactual is that pre-PSNR pivotal moments in international legal history, such as the 1933 London Monetary and Economic Conference, and the Bogotá Economic Agreement of the Organization of American States, had they come into force, would have precluded the need for PSNR in the form we know today, and achieved the same objectives, but as an integral part of economic legal architecture, rather than the exception to it that PSNR is. Posing this counterfactual helps us query contingency by revealing the strength of path dependencies in international law, and that the precise formulation of ideas is incidental to their context and what is achievable, while closing down the possibilities of what international law can be. Therefore, shedding light on the baselines we take for granted in international law-making through (alternative or revisionist) history allows us to rescue functional equivalence and the creative possibilities of the field.
Contesting Austerity in the 1970s and 1980s
Authors: Goldmann Matthias 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
While human rights discourse became fundamental for challenging austerity in the aftermath of the Great Financial Crisis, in historical perspective, such a role of human rights represents the exception rather than the rule. Human rights discourse in the context of sovereign debt-induced austerity has varied enormously over time. Far from reflecting progress, its history reveals changing paradigms of human rights law. This chapter focuses on one of these paradigm shifts occurring at the turn from the 1970s to the 1980s. In the 1970s, newly independent states invoked human rights mostly to assert their sovereignty and avert international interference. This structural human rights paradigm abruptly disappeared from austerity debates in the 1980s, when the sovereign debt crisis hit the Global South, creating a need for multilateral liquidity assistance. Faced with pressure to reconsider the social impact of structural adjustment programmes, the International Monetary Fund shifted the terms of the debate from ‘human needs’, a human rights-related term, to ‘human capital’. Consequently, at the time when human rights rose to the status of the ‘last utopia’, they ceased to have relevance for austerity. Hence, whether human rights discourse promotes social ends depends on the particular context and time. The chapter ends by proposing a political paradigm of human rights law reflecting this insight.
Narrative Contingency and International Humanitarian Law
Authors: Alexander Amanda 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter will argue that international humanitarian law (IHL) is embedded in narratives that shape its history and meaning. Some international lawyers have argued that these narrative possibilities are necessarily constrained by a Western perspective that limits the potential of the law. Indeed, theories of narrative history consider that the possibilities of any narrative history are limited by prevailing tropes and can only relate a humanist story of ‘man’s’ encounter with the legal order. Nevertheless, alternative aesthetic and theoretical frameworks are beginning to emerge that could facilitate new ways of understanding IHL. Remembrance of Earth’s Past, a science fiction trilogy by Chinese writer Cixin Liu, provides an opportunity to explore a strikingly different vision of law, crimes against humanity, and the very notion of humanity. It suggests how narratives that draw on non-Western, non-anthropocentric ethics might underpin a distinct type of law.
Contingencies in the Rise of European and Latin American Private International Law, 1850 to 1950
Authors: Delic Ana 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
There were eight Latin American and European calls for the formation of multilateral private international law from the late nineteenth to the early twentieth century. These calls are the birth of the multilateral tradition of private international law. This chapter will examine the contingencies behind the successes and failures of these eight attempts for multilateral codification. Among those impactful contingencies making their mark on the private international legal histories of Europe and Latin America are voluntarism, political influence exerted by the convenor, the international relations between the convening, invited, or participatory nations, the drafting procedure and the level of private international legal harmonisation among national legal systems. Then there were more regionally specific contingencies such as a European cholera outbreak as opposed to colonial trauma and post-independence solidarity amongst Latin American nations. The central doctrinal debate in both the Latin American and European multilateral private international legal movements surrounded personal law, specifically, the clash between nationality and domicile. Doctrinal preferences, like multilateral movements, were littered with contingencies related to whether the nation in question was an immigrant or emigrant country, whether it had been the coloniser or the colonised in the recent historical past, and the impacts of the World Wars.
Electoral Systems and the Process of Substantive Representation
Authors: Clayton Amanda 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chapter 7 examines how women’s entry into politics, their campaigning, and their legislating interact. Rather than considering each stage in isolation, Clayton demonstrates that the candidate selection processes covered in Parts I and II of the book shape what is possible once women are elected to public office. Drawing on extensive interviews with women legislators and civil society leaders in Namibia and Uganda, Clayton investigates how electoral systems and related candidate selection processes facilitate or impede the formation of meaningful, institutionalized alliances among women MPs. While Uganda has an active women’s parliamentary caucus that supports women MPs and pushes for legislation on issues of particular concern for women, cross-party cooperation among Namibian women is rare and the women’s caucus moribund. Consequently, women’s civil society organizations in Uganda find important allies in parliament, while women’s groups in Namibia do not.
Introduction
Authors: Faragher Megan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
After staging the stakes of the mid-century turn towards psychography in W.H. Auden’s “The Unknown Citizen,” the Introduction provides a pre-history of “psychography,” a term coined in the Victorian Era to describe a series of disparate practices of recording and materializing individual psychology. These practices—including telepathic communication, automatic writing, and the literary methods of Stracheyan psychobiography—demonstrate “mind-writing” as an emergent literary concern long before the invention of modern polling. Even in this protean stage of psychography, writers worried these new practices might empower malignant actors to weaponize psychographic power against the nation. Invoking Bram Stoker’s Dracula as an exemplar of this phenomenon, I highlight that the vampire frightens not only because he will feed on London’s “teeming millions,” but also because his infectious power will “create a new and ever-widening circle of semi-demons.” In effect, Dracula weaponizes his telepathic power to execute psychological control over the masses. At the time Stoker was writing his novel, the science of public opinion was understood by sociologists only through such tropes of spiritualism, disease, and contagion. The chapter traces the transformation of this early modernist vision of psychographics to its reprisal in the mid-century institutionalization of public opinion polling, using Auden as a touchstone to demonstrate the radical and rapid institutionalization of group psychology into everyday discourse and institutions.
A Science So-Called
Authors: Faragher Megan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
H.G. Wells’s life extends the radical evolution of psychographics outlined in the Introduction, but his oeuvre also proves the inherent difficulty in aestheticizing the emergent age of social psychology—a point evinced when producer Alexander Korda demanded Wells revise the script version of his 1933 novel The Shape of Things to Come three times to make it “filmable.” While Wells’s novel imagines a peaceable future wherein social psychology becomes the “whole literature, philosophy, and general thought of the world,” the film adaptation instead symbolizes this philosophical transformation by starring a sole philosopher-king who, against the people’s will, seeks to control and colonize the universe. This chapter argues that the conflict between these two Wellsian visions is prefigured by his intimate and conflicted relationship to sociology and group psychology. As early as 1906, Wells sought out the position as the first British chair of sociology at the University of London. But Wells was immediately to become a gadfly in academia: he engaged in scathing critiques of sociology for denying its utopian impulses and refuted theories of group dynamics put forward by Gustave Le Bon and Wilfred Trotter. Incorporating readings across Wells’s literary career—including Anticipations, An Englishman Looks at the World, and In the Days of the Comet—this chapter contends that Wells’s writing captures a life-long effort to reprise the scope of sociology from outside academia, and captures the writer’s foundering efforts to aestheticize the institutional promise of social psychology—efforts that inevitably succumb to Wells’s fetishization of pseudo-authoritarian technocracy.
From Slave to Free
Authors: Leibman Laura Arnold 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In early September of 1801, Sarah and Isaac’s British grandfather, George Gill, died and left his multiracial children, including Sarah and Isaac’s mother, the bulk of his estate and a house in which to live. Slave owners were notoriously mercurial, and whites rarely publicly recognized—let alone left legacies—to their mixed-race kin. Yet George Gill passed over his white relatives in favor of Sarah’s family. Sarah and Isaac’s mother—George’s “beloved Daughter”—along with most of their other multiracial kin were still enslaved by the Lopezes. Yet they had money and a house. By the time the family inherited that house, Sarah and Isaac were free. Their father, Abraham Rodrigues Brandon, bought his children from the Lopez family and paid their manumission fees. These two acts—freedom and inheritance—would change the fortunes not only of Sarah and Isaac but also of most of their extended kin.
Legacies
Authors: Leibman Laura Arnold 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter begins with daguerreotypes of Sarah and Isaac’s surviving children and then traces the second generation’s successes and failures. Sarah and Isaac’s children led varied lives: several became Civil War heroes, one helped stage a briefly successful coup in Nicaragua, one was one of America’s most famous early Jewish doctors, and another became the parnas (president) of Congregation Shearith Israel. They were also charitable: the only surviving daughter helped start a school for the Jewish poor. Most, however, were merchants like their fathers, but in exotic locales like Mexico and Canton, China. Travels made Jewish marriages harder, but one son married into New York’s Jewish elite. Isaac’s son followed his heart and converted to Christianity to marry his bride, though he waited until Isaac died to make it official. He made up for it in riches: Isaac’s only grandchild lived in a luxurious McKim, Mead & White mansion on Lexington Avenue.