bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comparison of Ashtekar’s and Friedrich’s formalisms of spatial infinity
Authors: Ali Mohamed Mariem Magdy , Valiente Kroon Juan A 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Penrose’s idea of asymptotic flatness provides a framework for understanding the asymptotic structure of gravitational fields of isolated systems at null infinity. However, the studies of the asymptotic behaviour of fields near spatial infinity are more challenging due to the singular nature of spatial infinity in a regular point compactification for spacetimes with non-vanishing ADM mass. Two different frameworks that address this challenge are Friedrich’s cylinder at spatial infinity and Ashtekar’s definition of asymptotically Minkowskian spacetimes at spatial infinity that give rise to the three-dimensional asymptote at spatial infinity

H

. Both frameworks address the singularity at spatial infinity although the link between the two approaches had not been investigated in the literature. This article aims to show the relation between Friedrich’s cylinder and the asymptote as spatial infinity. To do so, we initially consider this relation for Minkowski spacetime. It can be shown that the solution to the conformal geodesic equations provides a conformal factor that links the cylinder and the asymptote. For general spacetimes satisfying Ashtekar’s definition, the conformal factor cannot be determined explicitly. However, proof of the existence of this conformal factor is provided in this article. Additionally, the conditions satisfied by physical fields on the asymptote

H

are derived systematically using the conformal constraint equations. Finally, it is shown that a solution to the conformal geodesic equations on the asymptote can be extended to a small neighbourhood of spatial infinity by making use of the stability theorem for ordinary differential equations. This solution can be used to construct a conformal Gaussian system in a neighbourhood of

H

.
Undamped plasmon modes and enhanced superconductivity in metal diborides
Authors: Gao Han , Ding Chao , Geng Wenhui , Ma Xikui , Li Yangyang , Zhao Mingwen 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The anisotropic geometric and electronic structures of metal diborides (MB2) leads to many unusual optical and electronic properties. Here, we present a first-principles study on the low-energy collective electronic excitations and the superconducting performance of the MB2 (M = Be, Mg, Al, and Ca). We demonstrate the undamped cosine-like plasmon modes and the sine-like acoustic plasmons in these metal diborides. Interestingly, the energy of the acoustic plasmons shows a positive correlation with the E
2g
phonon modes which are negatively correlated with the superconducting transition temperature (T
c) of the MB2 materials. Moreover, hole doping can lower the energy of the acoustic plasmons and enhance the T
c of CaB2 up to 48.2 K. Our work offers a theoretical guidance to regulate the plasmonic properties, as well as a new predictive factor for superconductivity.
First neutral beam experiments on Wendelstein 7-X
Authors: Lazerson Samuel A. , Ford Oliver , Äkaslompolö Simppa , Bozhenkov Sergey , Slaby Christoph , Vanó Lilla , Spanier Annabelle , McNeely Paul , Rust Norbert , Hartmann Dirk , Poloskei Peter , Buttenschoゆ Birger , Burhenn Rainer , Tamura Naoki , Bussiahn Rene , Wegner Thomas , Drevlak Michael , Turkin Yuriy , Ogawa Kunihiro , Knauer Jens , Brunner Kai Jakob , Pasch Ekkehard , Beurskens Marc , Damm Hannes , Fuchert Golo , Nelde Philipp , Scott Evan , Pablant Novimir , Langenberg Andreas , Traverso Peter , Valson Pranay , Hergenhahn Uwe , Pavone Andrea , Rahbarnia Kian , Andreeva Tamara , Schilling Jonathan , Brandt Christian , Neuner Ulrich , Thomsen Henning , Chaudhary Neha , Höefel Udo , Stange Torsten , Weir Gavin , Marushchenko Nikolai , Jakubowski Marcin , Ali Adnan , Gao Yu , Niemann Holger , Puig Sitjes Aleix , Koenig Ralf , Schroeder Ralf , den Harder Niek , Heinemann Bernd , Hopf Christian , Riedl Rudolf , Wolf Robert C. , W7-X Team the 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In the previous divertor campaign, the Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) device injected 3.6 MW of neutral beam heating power allowing for the achievement of densities approaching 2 × 1020 m−3, and providing the first initial assessment of fast ion confinement in a drift optimized stellarator. The neutral beam injection (NBI) system on W7-X is comprised of two beam boxes with space for four radio frequency sources each. The 3.6 MW of heating reported in this work was achieved with two sources in the NI21 beam box. The effect of combined electron-cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) and NBI was explored through a series of discharges varying both NBI and ECRH power. Discharges without ECRH saw a linear increase in the line-integrated plasma density, and strong peaking of the core density, over the discharge duration. The presence of 1 MW of ECRH power was found to be sufficient to control a continuous density rise during NBI operation. Simulations of fast ion wall loads were found to be consistent with experimental infrared camera images during operation. In general, NBI discharges were free from the presence of fast ion induced Alfvénic activity, consistent with low beam betas. These experiments provide data for future scenario development and initial assessment of fast-ion confinement in W7-X, a key topic of the project.
First record of Thelohanellus wuhanensis Xiao & Chen, 1993 (Myxozoa: Myxosporea) in Iraq on the gills of Carassius auratus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Authors: Abdul-Ameer Kefah Naser , Obaid Aisha Sulaiman 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In the current study, the myxobolid, Thelohanellus wuhanensis Xiao & Chen, 1993 was recorded for the first time in Iraq from the gills of Carassius auratus (Linnaeus, 1758) that was caught from Tigris river near Al-Shawwaka location in Baghdad city during the period from May to October 2020. With this registration, T. wuhanensis become the fourth species of the genus Thelohanellus so far recorded from the Iraqi fish. The description and measurements of this external parasite as well as its illustrations are given.
The effective of the inner radius of the iron free coil on the paraxial ray for magnetic lenses
Authors: Al-kadumi AhmedK. , Al-Baghdadi M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In this paper, the magnetic flux density was studied using a mathematical model and different inner radius has been used for the iron free coil. The maximum value of magnetic field and the magnetic scalar potential was calculated. The paraxial ray can be studied using rung Kutta to solve the differential equation in the infinite and zero magnification condition, all results are determined using MATLAB program.
Web Mining Techniques and Technologies: A Landscape View
Authors: Ibrahim Kareem K. , Obaid Ahmed J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Web mining is the process of discovering important information and patterns in a weblog file. And contains loads of information. It consists of pages of various formats (HTML documents, images, etc.). And the data for this record is still increasing at a very high rate. So the process of retrieving information from it is a very difficult task. In order to obtain the required information from the network. This requires mining the weblog file. In this paper, the researcher conducted a review of previous studies and what researchers have dealt with in web prospecting. Explain web mining concepts. And how to obtain information and the visitors’ patterns through the techniques and algorithms used in Web usage mining.
Effectiveness of Heterogenous Catalyst In Biodiesel Production Process: The Use of Zeolite, ZnO and Al2O3
Authors: Pasae Y , Melawaty L. , Ruswanto  , Bulo L , Allo E L 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
One of the most important needs in the biodiesel industry is the availability of catalysts. The catalyst most commonly used in making biodiesel is a homogeneous catalyst. However, the use of this catalyst has a weakness, namely that it is difficult to separate from the reaction mixture so that it will be wasted as waste which can cause environmental pollution. To overcome this, it is necessary to substitute a homogeneous base catalyst with a heterogeneous base catalyst. In this study, biodiesel production was carried out through the transesterification reaction of palm oil and methanol using three types of heterogeneous catalysts, namely zeolite, ZnO, and Al2O3. The results showed that the three types of catalysts can be used to become catalysts in the biodiesel production process. Of the three catalysts, the most effective use for biodiesel production from palm oil is the Al2O3. The characteristics of the biodiesel produced also meet the quality standards set out in the Indonesian National Standard.
Removal of Hg2+ and CH3Hg+ by a polyphosphonate ligand from water
Authors: Abate C , Foti C , Giuffrè O 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The potential of employing a polyphosphonate ligand, diethylenetriamine-N,N,N′,N″,N″-pentakis(methylenephosphonic) acid (DTPMP), in the removal from water of Hg2+ and (CH3)Hg+ was studied. Metal-ligand systems were investigated by potentiometry in aqueous solution at t = 25°C, 0.1 < I / mol L1 < 1 for Hg2+, I = 0.1 mol L1 for (CH3)Hg+. The formation of several complex species was evidenced. The analysis of the results showed that species stability of Hg2+ complex species was significantly higher than that of (CH3)Hg+. The sequestering capacity, determined under typical conditions of natural waters, showed highest potential towards Hg
2+
, also respect to those of other polyphosphonate ligand, such as etidronic acid ((1-Hydroxy-1,1-ethanediyl)bis(phosphonic) acid, HEDPA). This quantitative study is useful to evaluate the possible employment of this polyphosphonate in the decontamination of natural waters from toxic metals.
Analysis of the effect of doped metal ions in the tricalcium phosphate bioceramic
Authors: Macedo D F , Silva A P 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Calcium phosphate bioceramics such as hydroxyapatite (HA) and tricalcium phosphate (TCP) were successfully used in medical fields such as dentistry, orthopedics, and facial surgery due to their resorption and bioactivity characteristics. This work aims to obtain an osteoinductive ceramic matrix doped with metal ions. First, TCP doped with 10 mol.% of MgO was selected for the initial matrix due to the increased of HA content, microstructure densification (90%), and mechanical strength (27 MPa). Second, the addition of others metal ions (Zn, Mn, and Fe), at most 5 mol.%, to this initial matrix was evaluated by means of statistical analysis applying design of experiments (DOE). The presence of metal ions was studied by XRD and SEM-EDX analysis. The trace plots and equations were obtained for apparent and relative densities, apparent porosity, and diametral compression resistance, all for a 95% confidence interval and maximum error of p < 0,05. The results show a strong dependency between the addition of these metal ions and all studied properties.
Random sections of ellipsoids and the power of random information
Authors: Hinrichs Aicke , Krieg David , Novak Erich , Prochno Joscha , Ullrich Mario 
Published: July 2021

We study the circumradius of the intersection of an

m
m

-dimensional ellipsoid

E

\mathcal E

with semi-axes

σ
1

≥
⋯
≥

σ
m

\sigma _1\geq \dots \geq \sigma _m

with random subspaces of codimension

n
n

, where

n
n

can be much smaller than

m
m

. We find that, under certain assumptions on

σ
\sigma

, this random radius

R

n

=

R

n

(
σ
)

\mathcal {R}_n=\mathcal {R}_n(\sigma )

is of the same order as the minimal such radius

σ

n
+
1

\sigma _{n+1}

with high probability. In other situations

R

n

\mathcal {R}_n

is close to the maximum

σ
1

\sigma _1

. The random variable

R

n

\mathcal {R}_n

naturally corresponds to the worst-case error of the best algorithm based on random information for

L
2

L_2

-approximation of functions from a compactly embedded Hilbert space

H
H

with unit ball

E

\mathcal E

. In particular,

σ
k

\sigma _k

is the

k
k

th largest singular value of the embedding

H
↪

L
2

H\hookrightarrow L_2

. In this formulation, one can also consider the case

m
=
∞

m=\infty

and we prove that random information behaves very differently depending on whether

σ
∈

ℓ
2

\sigma \in \ell _2

or not. For

σ
∉

ℓ
2

\sigma \notin \ell _2

we get

E

[

R

n

]
=

σ
1

\mathbb {E}[\mathcal {R}_n] = \sigma _1

and random information is completely useless. For

σ
∈

ℓ
2

\sigma \in \ell _2

the expected radius tends to zero at least at rate

o
(
1

/

n

)

o(1/\sqrt {n})

as

n
→
∞

n\to \infty

. In the important case
\[

σ
k

≍

k

−
α

ln

−
β

⁡
(
k
+
1
)
,

\sigma _k \asymp k^{-\alpha } \ln ^{-\beta }(k+1),

\]
where

α
>
0

\alpha > 0

and

β
∈

R

\beta \in \mathbb {R}

(which corresponds to various Sobolev embeddings), we prove

E

[

R

n

(
σ
)
]
≍

{

σ
1

a
m
p
;
if

α
>
1

/

2
\, or \,
β
≤
α
=
1

/

2
,

2
m
m

σ

n
+
1

ln
⁡
(
n
+
1
)

a
m
p
;
if

β
>
α
=
1

/

2
,

2
m
m

σ

n
+
1

a
m
p
;
if

α
>
1

/

2.

\begin{equation*} \mathbb E [\mathcal {R}_n(\sigma )] \asymp \left \{\begin {array}{cl} \sigma _1 & \text {if} \quad \alpha >1/2 \text {\, or \,} \beta \leq \alpha =1/2, {2mm} \\ \sigma _{n+1} \, \sqrt {\ln (n+1)} \quad & \text {if} \quad \beta >\alpha =1/2, {2mm} \\ \sigma _{n+1} & \text {if} \quad \alpha >1/2. \end{array}\right . \end{equation*}

In the proofs we use a comparison result for Gaussian processes à la Gordon, exponential estimates for sums of chi-squared random variables, and estimates for the extreme singular values of (structured) Gaussian random matrices. The upper bound is constructive. It is proven for the worst case error of a least squares estimator.
The arithmetic local Nori fundamental group
Authors: Romagny Matthieu , Tonini Fabio , Zhang Lei 
Published: July 2021

In this paper we introduce the local Nori fundamental group scheme of a reduced scheme or algebraic stack over a perfect field

k
k

. We give particular attention to the case of fields: to any field extension

K

/

k

K/k

we attach a pro-local group scheme over

k
k

. We show how this group has many analogies, but also some crucial differences, with the absolute Galois group. We propose two conjectures, analogous to the classical Neukirch-Uchida Theorem and Abhyankar Conjecture, providing some evidence in their favor. Finally we show that the local fundamental group of a normal variety is a quotient of the local fundamental group of an open, of its generic point (as it happens for the étale fundamental group) and even of any smooth neighborhood.
Effect of the single mutation N9Y on the catalytical properties of xylanase Xyn11A from Cellulomonas uda: a biochemical and molecular dynamic simulation analysis
Authors: Cayetano-Cruz Maribel , Caro-Gómez Luis A , Plascencia-Espinosa Miguel , Santiago-Hernández Alejandro , Benítez-Cardoza Claudia G , Campos Jorge E , Hidalgo-Lara María Eugenia , Zamorano-Carrillo Absalom 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
Cellulomonas uda produces Xyn11A, moderately thermostable xylanase, with optimal activity at 50 °C and pH 6.5. An improvement in the biochemical properties of Xyn11A was achieved by site-directed mutagenesis approach. Wild-type xylanase, Xyn11A-WT, and its mutant Xyn11A-N9Y were expressed in Escherichia coli, and then both enzymes were purified and characterized. Xyn11A-N9Y displayed optimal activity at 60 °C and pH 7.5, an upward shift of 10 °C in the optimum temperature and an upward shift of 1 unit in optimum pH; also, it manifested an 11-fold increase in thermal stability at 60 °C, compared to that displayed by Xyn11A-WT. Molecular dynamics simulations of Xyn11A-WT and Xyn11A-N9Y suggest that the substitution N9Y leads to an array of secondary structure changes at the N-terminal end and an increase in the number of hydrogen bonds in Xyn11A-N9Y. Based on the significant improvements, Xyn11A-N9Y may be considered as a candidate for several biotechnological applications.
Forsythiae Fructus aqueous extract attenuates cisplatin-induced kaolin consumption (pica) by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation in rats
Authors: Meng Qi , Bi Pingping , Zhang Guanglong , Li Yaqi , Chen Siqi , Nie Ke 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACTThe present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Forsythiae Fructus aqueous extract (FAE) against cisplatin-induced emesis and to explore the antiemetic mechanism of FAE by focusing on NLRP3 inflammasome activation in a rat pica model. Our results showed that FAE significantly ameliorated cisplatin-induced acute and delayed pica in rats. Moreover, FAE improved the gastrointestinal histopathological injury and reduced the levels of serum ROS, IL-1β, and IL-18 in cisplatin-treated rats. In addition, the expressions of NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, and IL-1β and the colocalization of the NLRP3 with ASC or caspase-1 in rat gastric antrum and ileum were also suppressed by FAE. Taken together, our findings indicate that FAE has a therapeutic effect against CINV, which may be related to its inhibition of the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome.
Deep fusion learning facilitates anatomical therapeutic chemical recognition in drug repurposing and discovery
Authors: Wang Xiting , Liu Meng , Zhang Yiling , He Shuangshuang , Qin Caimeng , Li Yu , Lu Tao 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The advent of large-scale biomedical data and computational algorithms provides new opportunities for drug repurposing and discovery. It is of great interest to find an appropriate data representation and modeling method to facilitate these studies. The anatomical therapeutic chemical (ATC) classification system, proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO), is an essential source of information for drug repurposing and discovery. Besides, computational methods are applied to predict drug ATC classification. We conducted a systematic review of ATC computational prediction studies and revealed the differences in data sets, data representation, algorithm approaches, and evaluation metrics. We then proposed a deep fusion learning (DFL) framework to optimize the ATC prediction model, namely DeepATC. The methods based on graph convolutional network, inferring biological network and multimodel attentive fusion network were applied in DeepATC to extract the molecular topological information and low-dimensional representation from the molecular graph and heterogeneous biological networks. The results indicated that DeepATC achieved superior model performance with area under the curve (AUC) value at 0.968. Furthermore, the DFL framework was performed for the transcriptome data–based ATC prediction, as well as another independent task that is significantly relevant to drug discovery, namely drug–target interaction. The DFL-based model achieved excellent performance in the above-extended validation task, suggesting that the idea of aggregating the heterogeneous biological network and node’s (molecule or protein) self-topological features will bring inspiration for broader drug repurposing and discovery research.
Chemsearch: collaborative compound libraries with structure-aware browsing
Authors: Gaffney Stephen G , Smaga Sarah , Schepartz Alanna , Townsend Jeffrey P 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Summary
Chemsearch is a cross-platform server application for developing and managing a chemical compound library and associated data files, with an interface for browsing and search that allows for easy navigation to a compound of interest, similar compounds or compounds that have desired structural properties. With provisions for access control and centralized document and data storage, Chemsearch supports collaboration by distributed teams.

Availability and implementation
Chemsearch is a free and open-source Flask web application that can be linked to a Google Workspace account. Source code is available at https://github.com/gem-net/chemsearch (GPLv3 license). A Docker image allowing rapid deployment is available at https://hub.docker.com/r/cgemcci/chemsearch.
BtToxin_Digger: a comprehensive and high-throughput pipeline for mining toxin protein genes from Bacillus thuringiensis
Authors: Liu Hualin , Zheng Jinshui , Bo Dexin , Yu Yun , Ye Weixing , Peng Donghai , Sun Ming 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Summary
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) has been used as the most successful microbial pesticide for decades. Its toxin genes are used for the development of genetically modified crops against pests. We previously developed a web-based insecticidal gene mining tool BtToxin_scanner. It has been frequently used by many researchers worldwide. However, it can only handle the genome one by one online. To facilitate efficiently mining toxin genes from large-scale sequence data, we re-designed this tool with a new workflow and the novel bacterial pesticidal protein database. Here, we present BtToxin_Digger, a comprehensive and high-throughput Bt toxin mining tool. It can be used to predict Bt toxin genes from thousands of raw genome and metagenome data, and provides accurate results for downstream analysis and experiment testing. Moreover, it can also be used to mine other targeting genes from large-scale genome and metagenome data with the replacement of the database.

Availability and implementation
The BtToxin_Digger codes and web services are freely available at https://github.com/BMBGenomics/BtToxin_Digger and https://bcam.hzau.edu.cn/BtToxin_Digger, respectively.

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
A Sensitive HPLC–MS/MS Method for Determination of Obeticholic Acid in Human Plasma: Application to a Pharmacokinetic Study in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Hu Can , Li Ya , Liu Yujie , Lai Yong , Ding Li 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
A rapid and sensitive LC-MS/MS method was developed and fully validated for the determination of obeticholic acid in human plasma. Glimepiride was used as internal standard. For this method, liquid–liquid extraction was performed to extract analyte from the plasma samples. Chromatographic separation was performed on a C18 (2.1 × 50 mm, 2.7 μm, Agilent) column with isocratic elution using water containing 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile containing 0.1% formic acid at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. The mass detection was performed in negative mode. The precursor-product ion pairs for MRM were m/z 465.3 → 419.3 for obeticholic acid and m/z 489.3 → 224.8 for the IS. The method exhibited great linearity over the concentration range of 0.150–100 ng/mL for obeticholic acid. The sensitivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, recovery, matrix effect and stability of this method were all within the acceptable limits. The method was successfully validated and applied to the pharmacokinetic studies in healthy Chinese volunteers after a single oral dose administration of obeticholic acid tablets of 10 mg, and the pharmacokinetic characteristics of obeticholic acid in human were reported for the first time.
Interpretative Labor and the Bane of Nonstandardized Metadata in Public Health Surveillance and Food Safety
Authors: Pettengill James B , Beal Jennifer , Balkey Maria , Allard Marc , Rand Hugh , Timme Ruth 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Open-source DNA sequence databases have long been touted as beneficial to public health, including the facilitation of earlier detection and response to infectious disease outbreaks. Of critical importance to harnessing these benefits is the metadata that describe general and other domain-specific attributes (eg, collection location, isolate type) of a sample. Unlike the sequence data, metadata are often incomplete and lack adherence to an international standard. Here, we describe the problem posed by such variable and incomplete metadata in terms of interpretative labor costs (the time and energy necessary to make sense of the signal in the genetic data) and the impact such metadata have on foodborne outbreak detection and response. Improving the quality of sequence-associated metadata would allow for earlier detection of emerging food safety hazards and allow faster response to foodborne outbreaks.