bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Restructuring Deliberation Using a Cultural Theory Lens
Authors: Williams Teshanee 
Published: December 2021

AbstractDesigning broad public deliberation is challenging. In addition, participants of public deliberation are guided by their cultural norms, values, and rules. This creates a tension between the goal of practical approaches to broad public deliberation and how individuals perceive issues and relate to others in the world. Despite such challenges, we must continue to create opportunities for the public to deliberate about and provide input into the regulation of emerging technologies. Therefore, previously imagined approaches to broad public deliberation should be reevaluated to better utilize the information gained during the process and expand the range of ideas incorporated into decision‐making. To do this, institutions must consider how the public makes sense of complex issues concerning cultural conflict. This article introduces a framework that demonstrates how cultural theory can be used for rethinking previous approaches to public deliberation. In doing so, it offers guidelines for designing public deliberation involving distinct public participation venues based on different worldviews.
Darcy–Forchheimer electromagnetic flow of entropy optimized microrotating Casson–Carreau nanomaterials
Authors: Nayak Manoj K. , Agbaje Titilayo M. , Mondal Sabyasachi , Makanda Gilbert 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIt is apparent that non‐Newtonian nanofluids (especially, Casson and Carreau) find their ubiquitous utilization in diverse industrial processes. The magnetohydrodynamics concept is significantly implemented in the engineering design process. Darcy–Forchheimer's effect characterized by inertia and boundary effects ameliorates the rate of heat transportation outstandingly in association with the flow of nanofluids. Entropy optimization analysis is accentuated as its minimization is the best measure to enhance the efficiency of thermal systems. In view of this, the present article is intended to investigate electromagnetic flow and thermal characteristics of Casson and Carreau nanofluids over the exponential stretched surface. Microrotation facets are entailed. Arrhenius pre‐exponential factor law and Robin's condition are implemented. The nondimensional governing equations are solved by the spectral quasi‐linearization method. The major outcomes of this study are that axial and transverse flow velocities and heat transfer rate get controlled due to strengthening Casson and microinertia density parameters. More thermal stratification augments the rate of heat transportation efficaciously. Amplification of the Weissenberg parameter intensifies the axial and transverse flow velocities and the associated boundary layer widths. Axial and transverse surface viscous drag enervate due to the rise in porosity, inertia, and magnetic parameters. The entropy generation rate is regulated by the varied Reynolds number.
Interactions between NLRP3 inflammasome and glycolysis in macrophages: New insights into chronic inflammation pathogenesis
Authors: Yu Qun , Guo Maojuan , Zeng Wenyun , Zeng Miao , Zhang Xiaolu , Zhang Yue , Zhang Wenlan , Jiang Xijuan , Yu Bin 
Published: December 2021

AbstractNLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages fuels sterile inflammation, which has been tied with metabolic reprogramming characterized by high glycolysis and low oxidative phosphorylation. The key enzymes in glycolysis and glycolysis‐related products can regulate and activate NLRP3 inflammasome. In turn, NLRP3 inflammasome is considered to affect glycolysis, as well. However, the exact mechanism remains ambiguous. On the basis of these findings, the focus of this review is mainly on the developments in our understanding of interaction between NLRP3 inflammasome activation and glycolysis in macrophages, and small molecule compounds that influence the activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes by regulating glycolysis in macrophages. The application of this interaction in the treatment of diseases is also discussed. This paper may yield valuable clues for development of novel therapeutic agent for NLRP3 inflammasome‐related diseases.
Ultrastructural characterizations of the pecten oculi of the common ostrich (Struthio camelus): New insight to scanning electron microscope–energy dispersive X‐ray analysis
Authors: Elghoul Mahmoud , Morsy Kareem , Abumandour Mohamed M. A. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe current observation was designed to give a complete ultrastructural description of the pecten oculi of the common ostrich (Struthio camelus). Moreover, this study represents the first attempt to measurements the elements composition of the pecten oculi using scanning electron microscope–energy dispersive X‐ray (SEM–EDX) at three regions (apical, body, and basal). To accomplish this study, eight ostrich were examined grossly and under the electron microscope. The vaned‐shaped pecten oculi consisted of three regions (apex, body, and base) with 24–25 plates. The pecten oculi was located postero‐anteriorly near to the optic nerve disc that was attached by their bases to the retina forming a slightly elevated basal border joining the bases of all pleats, while the apex was linked in a circular bridge. The pleats are separated from each other by the inter‐pleat spaces that are very clear at the base and nearly not observed at the apical part. The outer pleat's surface carried numerous prominences that pointed to the existence of numerous afferent and efferent pecteneal blood capillaries vessels. The vitreopecteneal limiting membrane separated the pecten oculi from the vitreous body. Our findings concluded that, the high number of thick pecteneal pleats was related to the diurnal activity of the common ostrich. SEM–EDX shows that the carbon percentage in the three regions is the highest that representing about half of all elements, while the oxygen percent is about one‐third; meanwhile, the lowest percentage is the sulfate at the apical region, and the calcium at the body and basal regions.
Effect of 45S5 bioactive glass on the microshear bond strength of dental fluorosis
Authors: Huang Xiaoyu , Xie Jing , Zhang Meifeng , Sun Zhengfan , Xu Yao , Yang Wanrong , Guo Ling 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe aim of this in vitro study was to estimate the effect of the species concentration of 45S5 bioactive glass (BAG) used as pretreatment on the microshear bond strength (MSBS) of dental fluorosis (DF). Based on the Thylstrup and Fejerskov index, 80 teeth were randomly divided equally into four groups: TFI 0, sound dentin; TFI 1–3, mild fluorosis; TFI 4–5, moderate fluorosis; and TFI 6–9, severe fluorosis. Each group was randomized into five subgroups. After preparing the dentin hypersensitivity model of DF, the dentin was pretreated as follows, Subgroup 1: deionized water (Control group); Subgroup 2: 1% BAG; Subgroup 3: 5% BAG; Subgroup 4: 10% BAG, and Subgroup 5: 20% BAG. Stochastically one specimen was selected from each subgroup for scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectrometer analysis. After being made of resin–tooth bonding samples, the remains were in water bath at 37 °C for 24 hr. Subsequently, samples from each subgroup were randomly selected to test MSBS without aging, or after a thermocycle of 5,000 and 10,000 times, respectively. The fracture modes were analyzed. Compared with the group of 1% BAG and Control, the exposure area of tubules in 5%, 10%, and 20% BAG group had significant difference (p < .05). MSBS results indicated that there were significant differences between 10% BAG with other groups. The 20% BAG group showed the lowest MSBS among all groups. Pretreatment of 10% BAG solution may be conductive to enhance the bond strength of DF, while 20% BAG solution adversely.
Steroid levels in frog eggs: Manipulations, developmental changes, and implications for maternal steroid effects
Authors: Paitz Ryan T. , Dugas Matthew B. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractExposure to maternally derived steroids during embryonic development can elicit phenotypic effects in the resulting offspring. Studies of maternal steroid effects, especially rich in mammals and birds, have offered exciting insights into the evolution of maternal effects in vertebrates. To extend this literature, we quantified levels of steroids in the eggs of four neotropical dendrobatid frogs that lay terrestrial clutches, a reproductive strategy that has evolved multiple times in amphibians. Building on our observational results, we then manipulated levels of pregnenolone and progesterone in eggs of one species and examined how this affected steroid levels during development. Eggs of all four species had detectable steroids levels, with progestogens being more abundant than androgens and glucocorticoids. Estrogens could not be detected. Immersion of frog eggs in a solution containing pregnenolone and progesterone resulted in elevated levels of both steroids early in development, but levels declined and were similar to those in unmanipulated eggs by the end of development. Treated eggs also exhibited a transient increase in levels of steroids that can be produced from pregnenolone and progesterone. Overall, our findings demonstrate that frog eggs contain steroids similar to what has been observed in other egg‐laying vertebrates. During development, steroid levels are dynamic, further suggesting developing embryos regulate exposure to maternal steroids. These results set the stage for investigating the causes and consequences of maternal steroid effects in frogs.
Gastroesophageal varices evaluation using spleen‐dedicated stiffness measurement by vibration‐controlled transient elastography
Authors: Nagai Koki , Ogawa Yuji , Kobayashi Takashi , Iwaki Michihiro , Nogami Asako , Honda Yasushi , Kessoku Takaomi , Saigusa Yusuke , Imajo Kento , Yoneda Masato , Kirikoshi Hiroyuki , Komatsu Tatsuji , Saito Satoru , Nakajima Atsushi 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackground and AimLiver stiffness measurement (LSM) and spleen stiffness measurement (SSM@50 Hz) using standard vibration‐controlled transient elastography (VCTE) have been studied as a noninvasive test for screening of gastroesophageal varices (GEV) in chronic liver disease (CLD). Recently, a novel spleen‐dedicated VCTE (SSM@100 Hz) has been developed. We evaluated the diagnostic performance of SSM@100 Hz, SSM@50 Hz, LSM, and other noninvasive tests using esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) as the reference as well as the correlation with hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG).MethodsA total of 123 patients with CLD enrolled in this cross‐sectional study. SSM@100 Hz, SSM@50 Hz, and LSM were determined by VCTE. EGD and HVPG were performed within 12 weeks before or after VCTE.ResultsGEV were present in 60 patients. Failure or suboptimal SSM were fewer at 100 Hz (4.0%) than at 50 Hz (17.7%). All SSM values obtained at 100 Hz were lower than the 100 kPa ceiling threshold, but 10 patients reached the 75 kPa ceiling threshold for SSM@50 Hz. SSM@100 Hz was most accurate (area under the receiver operating characteristic [AUROC] = 0.944) for the diagnosis of GEV compared to SSM@50 Hz, LSM, and scoring systems. AUROC of SSM@100 Hz for diagnosis of high‐bleeding risk varices (HRV) was 0.941, which was significantly higher than that of SSM@50 Hz (AUROC = 0.842, P = 0.002). SSM@100 Hz showed higher specificity (82.0%) for diagnosis of HRV than SSM@50 Hz (specificity = 67.1%). SSM@100 Hz was significantly correlated with HVPG (r = 0.71, P < 0.001).ConclusionsThe novel spleen‐dedicated VCTE examination can be used for noninvasive assessment of GEV and HVPG in CLD. Japan Registry of Clinical Trials Registry No. jRCTs032200119.
Impact of monomeric and aggregated wild‐type and A30P/A53T double‐mutant α‐synuclein on antioxidant mechanism and glutamate metabolic profile of cultured astrocytes
Authors: Raj Aishwarya , Kaushal Alka , Datta Indrani 
Published: December 2021

AbstractServing as a source of glutathione and up‐taking and metabolizing glutamate are the primary supportive role of astrocytes for the adjacent neurons. Despite the clear physical association between astrocytes and α‐synuclein, the effect of extracellular α‐synuclein on these astrocytic functions has not yet been elucidated. Hence, we aim to assess the effect of various forms of α‐synuclein on antioxidant mechanism and glutamate metabolism. Wild‐type and A53T/A30P double‐mutant α‐synuclein, both in monomeric and aggregated forms, were added extracellularly to media of midbrain rat astrocyte culture, with their survival, oxidative, and nitrative stress, glutathione and glutamate content, expression of enzymes associated with oxidative stress and glutamate metabolism, glutamate and glutathione transporters being assessed along with the association/engulfment of these peptides by astrocytes. A30P/A53T peptide associated more with astrocytes, and low‐extracellular K+ concentration showed prominent reduction in the engulfment of the monomeric forms, suggesting that the association of the aggregated forms was greater with the membrane. The peptide‐associated astrocytes showed lower survival and increased oxidative stress generation, owing to the decrease in nuclear localization of Nrf2 and increase in iNOS, and further aggravated by the decrease in glutathione content and related enzymes like glutathione synthetase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase. Glutamate uptake increased in aggregate‐treated cells due to the increase in GLAST1 expression, de novo synthesis of glutamate by pyruvate carboxylase, and/or glutamine synthase, bolstered by the differential glutamate dehydrogenase enzyme activity. We thus show for the first time that extracellular α‐synuclein exposure leads to astrocytic dysfunction with respect to the antioxidant mechanism and glutamate metabolic profile. The impact was higher in the case of the aggregated and mutated peptide, with the highest dysfunction for the mutant aggregated α‐synuclein treatment.
The effect of local steroid application on bony fusion in a rat posterolateral spinal arthrodesis model
Authors: Kannan Abhishek , Minardi Silvia , Ellenbogen David J. , Hallman Mitchell J. , Greene Allison C. , Yamaguchi Jonathan T. , Plantz Mark A. , Jeong Soyoen , Sana Kennedy C. , Shah Vivek , Yun Chawon , Hsu Erin L. , Hsu Wellington K. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIntroductionLocal steroid administration during anterior cervical spine surgery has been shown to improve postoperative dysphagia. However, concerns over potential complications remain. This study aims to evaluate the effect of local steroid administration on bone regeneration and spine fusion in a preclinical model, as well as the impact on osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBM‐MSCs) in a 3D culture system.Materials and methodsForty‐five rats underwent bilateral L4‐L5 posterolateral lumbar fusion (PLF) utilizing local delivery of low‐dose recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (rhBMP‐2; 0.5 μg/implant). Rats were divided into three groups: no steroid (control), low dose (0.5 mg/kg), and high dose (2.5 mg/kg) of triamcinolone. Bone growth and fusion were assessed using radiography, blinded manual palpation, and micro‐CT analysis and were visualized by histology. The impact of triamcinolone exposure on osteogenic differentiation of hBM‐MSCs was evaluated by gene expression analysis, alkaline phosphatase activity assay, and alizarin red staining.ResultsNo significant differences in fusion scores or rates were seen in the low‐ or high‐dose steroid treatment groups relative to untreated controls. Quantification of new bone formation via micro‐CT imaging revealed no significant between‐group differences in the volume of newly regenerated bone. Triamcinolone also had no negative impact on pro‐osteogenic gene transcript levels, and ALP activity was enhanced in the presence of triamcinolone. Mineral deposition appeared comparable in cultures grown with and without triamcinolone.ConclusionsLocal steroid application does not seem to inhibit rhBMP‐2‐mediated spine fusion in rats, though our study may not be adequately powered to detect differences in fusion as measured by manual palpation or bone volume as measured by micro‐CT. These findings suggest that local triamcinolone may not increase pseudarthrosis in spine fusion procedures. Further large animal and clinical studies to verify its safety and efficacy are warranted.
Introduction to the Special Issue on Posttraumatic Stress and Suicide
Authors: Kerig Patricia K. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis article introduces this special issue of the Journal of Traumatic Stress devoted to new research investigating the associations among trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress symptoms, and suicidal ideation and behavior. Given the high rates of suicide seen in the aftermath of trauma exposure around the globe, it is important that researchers and clinicians strive to better understand the underlying processes and mechanisms that account for this association and that potentially could be harnessed in intervention and prevention efforts. This opening article introduces the content and themes of the present collection of manuscripts gathered together in this special issue, which includes both conceptual and empirical pieces devoted to the study of suicidality in the context of trauma exposure and considers implications for future research and evidence‐based interventions.
Thiol‐Mediated Chain Transfer as a Tool to Improve the Toughness of Acrylate Photo‐Crosslinked Poly(ε‐caprolactone)
Authors: Thijssen Quinten , Vlierberghe Sandra V. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractHerein, a straightforward approach is reported to obtain photo‐crosslinked, bioresorbable poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) based networks covering a range of mechanical properties (elongation at break from 203 ± 53 up to 707 ± 101% and ultimate strength from 6.8 ± 2.2 to 13.9 ± 1.5 MPa) via alteration of the network topology. Exploiting multifunctional thiols for crosslinking of acrylate‐terminated PCL is an effective method to alter the mechanical properties of photo‐crosslinked networks due to the chain transferring ability of the thiols. By controlling the thiol to acrylate ratio, the Young's modulus, elongation at break and ultimate strength can be significantly altered. The materials described in this work can be considered potential candidates for light‐based 3D‐printing and to serve tissue engineering applications.
6G and beyond: Investigation of broadband terahertz interdigitated photoconductive antenna by exploiting laser parameters
Authors: Boby E. Nisha Flora , Prajapati Jitendra , Rathinasamy Vaisshale , Rao T. Rama , Mondal Shyamal 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPhotoconductive Antennas (PCA) are widely used for terahertz (THz) generation and detection. These PCAs build the basis for future 6G communication as they provide a high data rate and broad bandwidth. In this work, interdigitated photoconductive antenna (IPCA) has been designed and optimized for better performance in terms of THz radiation. The proposed IPCA is made of LT‐GaAs substrate material deposited on SI‐GaAs. Silver material has been assumed for the IPCA electrode structure. Moreover, the dependence of IPCA on the incident laser parameters such as its wavelength (λ = 800, 1060, and 1550 nm) and pulse duration (100–500 fs) has been investigated theoretically for different teeth widths (We = 500, 100, 50, and 20 nm). The performance of the IPCA with various parameters such as average carrier density, conductance, total photocurrent, THz radiated power, and electric field strength, has been analyzed. The results show maximum THz electric field strength of 20.85 V/m for a photo‐generated current of 1.887 A and enormous bandwidth beyond 14.9 THz with 20 nm teeth‐width‐based IPCA when illuminated with 100 fs 800 nm laser pulses. The proposed IPCA structure provides enhanced THz radiation compared to conventional PCA. This investigation helps the researchers to develop and integrate IPCA for future wireless communications as well as for a variety of applications, such as time‐domain spectroscopy (THz‐TDS), medical imaging, sensing, and security‐related applications.
Characterization of the diffusion signal of breast tissues using multi‐exponential models
Authors: Rodríguez‐Soto Ana E. , Andreassen Maren M. Sjaastad , Fang Lauren K. , Conlin Christopher C. , Park Helen H. , Ahn Grace S. , Bartsch Hauke , Kuperman Joshua , Vidić Igor , Ojeda‐Fournier Haydee , Wallace Anne M. , Hahn Michael , Seibert Tyler M. , Jerome Neil Peter , Østlie Agnes , Bathen Tone Frost , Goa Pål Erik , Rakow‐Penner Rebecca , Dale Anders M. 
Published: December 2021

PurposeRestriction spectrum imaging (RSI) decomposes the diffusion‐weighted MRI signal into separate components of known apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs). The number of diffusion components and optimal ADCs for RSI are organ‐specific and determined empirically. The purpose of this work was to determine the RSI model for breast tissues.MethodsThe diffusion‐weighted MRI signal was described using a linear combination of multiple exponential components. A set of ADC values was estimated to fit voxels in cancer and control ROIs. Later, the signal contributions of each diffusion component were estimated using these fixed ADC values. Relative‐fitting residuals and Bayesian information criterion were assessed. Contrast‐to‐noise ratio between cancer and fibroglandular tissue in RSI‐derived signal contribution maps was compared to DCE imaging.ResultsA total of 74 women with breast cancer were scanned at 3.0 Tesla MRI. The fitting residuals of conventional ADC and Bayesian information criterion suggest that a 3‐component model improves the characterization of the diffusion signal over a biexponential model. Estimated ADCs of triexponential model were D1,3 = 0, D2,3 = 1.5 × 10−3, and D3,3 = 10.8 × 10−3 mm2/s. The RSI‐derived signal contributions of the slower diffusion components were larger in tumors than in fibroglandular tissues. Further, the contrast‐to‐noise and specificity at 80% sensitivity of DCE and a subset of RSI‐derived maps were equivalent.ConclusionBreast diffusion‐weighted MRI signal was best described using a triexponential model. Tumor conspicuity in breast RSI model is comparable to that of DCE without the use of exogenous contrast. These data may be used as differential features between healthy and malignant breast tissues.
First application of a puberty estimation method to skeletons of young pregnant females: A case for the reevaluation of maternal–fetal burials
Authors: Doe Danielle M. , Molina Moreno María , Candelas González Nieves , Rascón Pérez Josefina , Cambra‐Moo Oscar , González Martín Armando 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe objective of this study was to evaluate the pubertal status of skeletons belonging to young females who died while pregnant to better understand puberty, the attainment of reproductive capacity, pregnancy, and maternal and fetal mortality in the past. A method to analyze pubertal development in osteological remains was applied to three skeletons of pregnant individuals from different medieval Spanish cemeteries. Pelvic measurements, stature estimates, and pathology studies were also employed. One pregnant individual, determined to have possibly been “at risk” for a complicated delivery, was found to be pubescent having died during the maturation phase of the pubertal growth spurt. Two Hispano‐Muslim individuals were both postpubescent, although one had passed this milestone not long before death. This study is the first of its kind to apply puberty determination methodology to the skeletons of pregnant individuals and as such, was able to identify the skeleton of a pregnant, but still pubescent, girl in an archaeological collection. Delays observed in reaching the later pubertal stages prolonged puberty and could have enabled girls to become pregnant before having achieved complete maturity. The authors suggest that this skeleton is not one of a kind and believe it necessary to consider the reevaluation of maternal–fetal burials making use of pubertal status determination methods. In this way, puberty, the early reproductive stages, and motherhood in the past can be better understood.