bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Marsupialia (Marsupials)
Authors: Croft David B 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThere are around 359 species of marsupials found predominantly in Australia and South America. Many are convergent in form to placental mammals, but they differ in reproduction, physiology and behaviour, offering an alternative view on mammalian adaptation and lifestyles to their more diverse placental counterparts. The distinctive characteristics of marsupials are the extremely small size of the neonate, born in a pouch (the marsupium) and undergoing major development supported by the maternal milk supply. The phylogeny of marsupials has undergone significant revision in recent years with advancement in molecular and morphometric analysis and more fossil finds. The Marsupialia is the crown clade of the Metatheria emerging about 66 Ma. They have diversified into most terrestrial habitats including arboreal and scansorial species but not fully aquatic species.Key ConceptsThe Marsupialia arose in Gondwana about 66 Ma and represent the crown clade of the Metatheria that diverged from the Eutheria in Laurasia around 160–125 Ma.The distinguishing features of the Marsupialia are (1) a pouch (marsupium), which is variable from indistinct to a large sack with a ventral or dorsal opening, (2) an extremely small neonate whose major development is supported by lactation in the pouch and (3) a unique anatomy of the female reproductive tract.The Marsupialia are found in South America (with one species in the south‐east of North America) and Australia, New Guinea and Wallacea. The Australasian fauna is more diverse, and the two faunas are linked by the Microbiotheridae through Antarctica.The Australasian marsupial fauna dominates the placental fauna and occupies all available terrestrial habitats, but there is no aquatic species. The South American marsupial fauna is about 30% of mammals and is typically found in forests and is most diverse in the tropics and includes a semiaquatic opossum. Large carnivores in both faunas are extinct.The conservation status of marsupials is dire with nearly half the Australasian fauna under threat. Protection is token; abundant species are commodified and exploited or suppressed and conservation policies are often ineffectual and subservient to other exploitative enterprises.The marsupial and placental faunas are often convergent in shared niches, but the marsupials have unique adaptations through their reliance on lactation in reproduction (e.g. overlapping generations) and their lower basal metabolic rate (e.g. high metabolic scope) that compensate for these presumed limitations relative to placental counterparts.
Novel SPTBN2 gene mutation and first intragenic deletion in early onset spinocerebellar ataxia type 5
Authors: Romaniello Romina , Citterio Andrea , Panzeri Elena , Arrigoni Filippo , De Rinaldis Marta , Trabacca Antonio , Bassi Maria Teresa 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn the present study, we describe two novel cases of SCA5 with early onset. The first one, carrying a novel heterozygous de novo missense mutation in SPTBN2 gene, showed a striking very severe cerebellar atrophy and reduction of volume of the pons at a very young age (16 months). The latter, carrying the first de novo intragenic deletion so far reported in SPTBN2 gene, showed a mild cerebellar atrophy involving the hemispheres and a later onset. In both cases, for the first time, a hyperintense signal of the dentate nuclei was observed.
Milestones and signposts in the science of investigative interviewing
Authors: Kleinman Steven M. 
Published: March 2021

SummaryConstructive changes in the practice of investigative interviewing have emerged as a direct result of an unprecedented and robust collaboration between behavioral science researchers and professionals in the field. At the same time, an ever‐increasing number of experienced practitioners have shown a willingness to adopt science‐based methods in the course of their work. This has highlighted the unique role science plays in this context. Empirical research has been integral to the process of weeding out the pseudoscience that continues to shape training in many corners, while the feedback practitioners can offer scientists as strategies are examined in field conditions helps to refine and focus the research as it moves from basic to applied. Not to be overlooked, science has also been irreplaceable in both the critical examination of past practices (especially as it involves high performers) and in charting the path toward future practices that can supplement and even replace current methodologies.
Act, Talk, Reflect, Then Act: The Role of Natural Mentors in The Critical Consciousness of Ethnically/Racially Diverse College Students
Authors: Monjaras‐Gaytan Lidia Y. , Sánchez Bernadette , Anderson Amy J. , Garcia‐Murillo Yesenia , McGarity‐Palmer Rebecca , de los Reyes Wendy , Catlett Beth S. , Liao C. Lynn 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe current mixed‐method study examined the role of natural mentors in the cyclical process of college students’ sociopolitical development, particularly their critical consciousness. College students (N = 145) completed surveys at two time points over a one‐year period. Path analyses indicated that critical action and perceived inequalities were significantly associated with more social justice conversations with mentors and that having more social justice conversations with mentors was significantly associated with more critical action and perceived inequality. Further, mentoring conversations and sociopolitical efficacy helped to explain the positive role of perceived inequality and action on later attitudes around perceived inequalities and critical action. Qualitative one‐on‐one interviews of a subset of participants (n = 30) expanded findings from the quantitative data and revealed detailed information about how mentors supported youth critical consciousness. Specifically, mentors engaged in 1) dialogue and reflection, 2) information and resource sharing, 3) nonjudgmental, comfortable conversations, and 4) role modeling. Findings inform the iterative nature of critical consciousness and on how older adolescents leverage support from natural mentors in this process.
The generalized linear model‐based exponentially weighted moving average and cumulative sum charts for the monitoring of high‐quality processes
Authors: Mahmood Tahir , Balakrishnan Narayanaswamy , Xie Min 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn this industry 4.0 revolution, most of the manufacturing processes are equipped with the digital devices which are continuously recording the data. To monitor the quality of a manufacturing system, variable about number of conforming or nonconforming items is usually used and statistical analysis based on it is further utilized for developing the policies. In this era of sophisticated and modern technology, most of the manufacturing systems are producing near zero‐defect items. Such processes are known as high‐quality processes, and their dataset consists of excess number of zeros. Generally, the zero excess or near zero‐defect dataset is well fitted by the zero‐inflated distributions, and the zero‐inflated Poisson (ZIP) and zero‐inflated Negative Binomial (ZINB) distributions are the most common models. Most of the time, in high‐quality processes, few covariates are also measured along with defect counts. Hence, to model such processes, generalized linear model (GLM) based on ZIP and ZINB distributions are used to fit the data. In monitoring perspective, data‐based control charts are designed to monitor high‐quality datasets while the GLM‐based control charts based on the residuals of the GLM models are used to monitor a change in the mean of the zero excess datasets. In this study, we have developed memory‐type data‐based and GLM‐based control charts (i.e., exponentially weighted moving average and cumulative sum) to monitor the increasing average defect counts in a high‐quality process. Further, the proposed methods are evaluated using run‐length properties and compared with its competitive charts. Furthermore, to highlight the importance of the study, the proposed methods are implemented on a dataset concerning the number of flight delays between Atlanta and Orlando airports.
A beginner's guideline for low‐cost 3D printing of macromolecules usable for teaching and demonstration
Authors: Mihasan Marius 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe structure and function of biomolecules relationship is the hallmark of biochemistry, molecular biology, and life sciences in general. Physical models of macromolecules give students the possibility to manipulate these structures in three dimensions, developing a sense of spatiality and a better understanding of key aspects such as atom size and shape, bond lengths and symmetry. Several molecular model systems were developed specifically to represent particular classes or groups of molecules and hence lack the flexibility of a universal solution. Three‐dimensional printing could nevertheless provide such a universal solution, as it can be used to create physical models of biomolecular structures based on the teacher's or demonstrator's needs and requirements. Here, insulin was used as a model molecule and several depiction and printing parameters were tested in order to highlight the technical limitations of the approach. In the end, a set of settings that worked is provided which could serve as a starting point for anyone wishing to print his or her own custom macromolecular model on the cheap.
Paying Homage to the Lifetime Achievements of Prof. Dr.‐Ing. Jens Weitkamp
Authors: Stöcker Michael 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe lifetime achievements of Prof. Dr.‐Ing. Jens Weitkamp are honored covering his education and career, his outstanding scientific contributions related to the fields of catalysis and porous materials, his scientific recognitions and services in a number of academic offices as well as his strong engagement with respect to the promotion of science and engineering.
The Agglomeration of Niacin Crystals in the Cooling Crystallization Process
Authors: Wang Lei , Su Min 
Published: March 2021

AbstractCrystal agglomeration is an important factor that can affect the purity and crystal habit of crystalline products. Agglomeration of niacin crystals in its cooling crystallization and its mechanism is investigated using both experimental and molecular dynamics simulation methods. The magnitude of the interaction energy which is mainly contributed by the hydrogen bond and π–π stacking between the (0 1 1) crystal face and (1 1 −1) crystal face that have both the pyridine and carboxyl groups is the main factor determining the extent of agglomeration of niacin crystal. Besides, the interaction energy increases with the crystallization temperature and the supersaturation of the solution, and hence the agglomeration is more severe. The change of solvent species has minimal effect on the agglomeration of crystals. Besides, the agglomeration situation of carbamazepine and acetaminophen that with similar structures to niacin is also verified using molecular dynamics simulations. The findings in this work can be used to predict, control the agglomeration phenomenon, and optimize the crystallization process of niacin and other substances with similar chemical structure.
Primary immunodeficiency‐related genes in neonatal intensive care unit patients with various genetic immune abnormalities: a multicentre study in China
Authors: Zhu Tianwen , Gong Xiaohui , Bei Fei , Ma Li , Sun Jingjing , Wang Jian , Qiu Gang , Sun Jianhua , Sun Yu , Zhang Yongjun 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectivesThe present phenotype‐based disease classification causes ambiguity in diagnosing and determining timely, effective treatment options for primary immunodeficiency (PID). In this study, we aimed to examine the characteristics of early‐onset PID and proposed a JAK‐STATopathy subgroup based on their molecular defects.MethodsWe reviewed 72 patients (< 100 days) retrospectively. These patients exhibited various immune‐related phenotypes and received a definitive molecular diagnosis by next‐generation sequencing (NGS)‐based tests. We evaluated the PID‐causing genes and clinical parameters. We assessed the genes that shared the JAK‐STAT signalling pathway. We also examined the potential high risks related to the 180‐day death rate.ResultsWe identified PID disorders in 25 patients (34.72%, 25/72). The 180‐day mortality was 26.39% (19/72). Early onset of disease (cut‐off value of 3.5 days of age) was associated with a high 180‐day death rate (P = 0.009). Combined immunodeficiency with associated or syndromic features comprised the most common PID class (60.00%, 15/25). Patients who presented life‐threatening infections were most likely to exhibit PID (odds ratio [OR] = 2.864; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.047‐7.836). Twelve out of 72 patients shared JAK‐STAT pathway defects. Seven JAK‐STATopathy patients were categorised as PID. They were admitted to NICUs as immunological emergencies. Most of them experienced severe infections and thrombocytopenia, with 4 succumbing to an early death.ConclusionsThis study confirmed that NGS can be utilised as an aetiological diagnostic method of complex immune‐related conditions in early life. Through the classification of PID as pathway‐based subtypes, we see an opportunity to dissect the heterogeneity and to direct targeted therapies.
Positive selection drives the evolution of a primate bitter taste receptor gene
Authors: Dong Xiaoyan , Liang Qiufang , Li Jiaping , Feng Ping 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBitter taste perception is important in food choice of animals, and it is mediated by bitter taste receptor (T2R) containing three regions: extracellular regions (ECs), transmembrane regions (TMs), and intracellular regions (ICs). It is hypothesized that ECs, TMs, and ICs are under different selective pressures, with ECs being unstable while TMs and ICs being constrained. To test this hypothesis, we examined the selective pressures on one of the bitter taste receptor genes‐T2R1 and its different areas from 35 primates and found that T2R1 was under neutral evolution but with some positively selected sites in it. Further analyses suggested that TMs, ICs, and the concatenated transmembrane region TM1237 were under purifying selection; in contrast, extracellular regions, the first and second extracellular loop (EL1, EL2), were subject to positive selection with several positively selected sites in them. Therefore, this study supported the above‐mentioned hypothesis. The reason why EL1 and EL2 of T2R1 have positively selected sites is probably due to their participation in forming the cap‐like structure involved in ligand binding. Positive selection acts as a driving force of the T2R1 functional differentiation and confers the ability to discern various bitter substances for primates, which could help them to adapt to the changing environment during the evolutionary course.
Capturing the legacy of the U.S.‐China EcoPartnerships program
Authors: Szum Carolyn 
Published: March 2021

AbstractUnder the Ten Year Framework for Cooperation on Energy and Environment between the Governments of the United States and China, the two countries implemented a highly successful U.S.‐China EcoPartnerships program . The program helped to grow 45 U.S.‐China subnational partnerships and accelerate breakthroughs in technology and policy to achieve shared goals in clean air, clean water, and waste reduction. With the culmination of the U.S.‐China EcoPartnerships program in January 2021, this article captures the legacy of this impressive program by providing insights into its unique structure; the diverse set of projects that comprised U.S.‐China EcoPartnerships; its commercial and environmental impacts; and the lessons that can be applied to future bilateral and multilateral subnational environmental programs.
Performance improvement of data transmission using a hybrid underwater and terrestrial system
Authors: Ramadan Khalil F. , Ramadan Khaled , Taha Taha E. , Dessouky Moawad I. , Abd El‐Samie Fathi E. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we investigate and enhance the performance of data transmission using a hybrid underwater and terrestrial system with low‐complexity linear equalization. Due to the low speed, salinity, water depth, pH degree, and water temperature variations, underwater acoustic communication has become one of the most challenging technologies in the world. The most common linear equalizers are the Linear Zero Forcing (LZF), and Linear Minimum Mean Square Error (LMMSE) equalizers. The LZF equalizer suffers from the noise enhancement problem, while the LMMSE equalizer requires the value of the operating Signal‐to‐Noise Ratio (SNR) to work, correctly, which increases the computational complexity. In addition, this paper presents a low‐complexity equalization scheme to overcome the drawbacks associated with the LZF, and LMMSE equalizers. The proposed equalizer is called the Joint Low‐Complexity Regularized LZF equalizer, which depends on a fixed regularization parameter to minimize the noise enhancement phenomenon caused by the LZF equalizer. The proposed equalizer does not need the estimation of the SNR, and the computational complexity is reduced due to the utilization of the banded‐matrix approximation. The proposed equalizer is implemented based on the Single‐Input‐Single‐Output configuration for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) using the Discrete Cosine Transform. The obtained simulation results show that the proposed equalizer outperforms different equalizers for the same channel conditions.
Prediction of protein‐protein interactions using stacked auto‐encoder
Authors: Jha Kanchan , Saha Sriparna , Tanveer M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractProtein‐protein interactions (PPIs) play essential roles in understanding the protein functions and the corresponding pathways which are involved in various biological processes, as well as help in understanding the cause and growth of diseases. Several computational methods such as Support Vector Machine and decision tree are popularly used along with the experimental methods to address the PPIs problem. Such algorithms consider different protein features, including protein sequence, genomes, protein structure, function, topology of the PPIs network, and those that combine multiple aspects. Nowadays, Deep learning (DL) algorithms are successfully used in solving problems in different domains. So, in this paper, we have used stacked auto‐encoder as one of the DL methods in solving the problem of PPIs. This model takes the input 92‐length feature vector, which is the integration of features extracted from the protein sequence using different methods. The feature vector consists of evolutionary features obtained by PSI‐BLAST algorithm, predicted structural properties obtained by SPIDER2, and seven physicochemical properties of amino acids. The key novelty of the current study lies in extracting useful features to solve the PPI problem. The results obtained by our method of feature extraction are compared with those obtained by other feature extraction methods such as Autocovariance and Conjoint‐triad, and our proposed feature extraction method is found to be relatively more accurate.
Reduced network integration in default mode and executive networks is associated with social and personal optimism biases
Authors: Moser Dominik Andreas , Dricu Mihai , Kotikalapudi Raviteja , Doucet Gaelle Eve , Aue Tatjana 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAn optimism bias refers to the belief in good things happening to oneself in the future with a higher likelihood than is justified. Social optimism biases extend this concept to groups that one identifies with. Previous literature has found that both personal and social optimism biases are linked to brain structure and task‐related brain function. Less is known about whether optimism biases are also expressed in resting‐state functional connectivity (RSFC). Forty‐two participants completed questionnaires on dispositional personal optimism (which is not necessarily unjustified) and comparative optimism (i.e., whether we see our own future as being rosier than a comparison person's future) and underwent a resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging scan. They further undertook an imaginative soccer task in order to assess both their personal and social optimism bias. We tested associations of these data with RSFC within and between 13 networks, using sparse canonical correlation analyses (sCCAs). We found that the primary sCCA component was positively connected to personal and social optimism bias and negatively connected to dispositional personal pessimism. This component was associated with (a) reduced integration of the default mode network, (b) reduced integration of the central executive and salience networks, and (c) reduced segregation between the default mode network and the central executive network. Our finding that optimism biases are linked to RSFC indicates that they may be rooted in neurobiology that exists outside of concurrent tasks. This poses questions as to what the limits of the malleability of such biases may be.
Sub‐pulmonic stenosis caused by a right ventricular outflow tract vegetation in a children with restricted ventricular septal defect
Authors: Halder Vikram , Gourav Krishna Prasad , Negi Sunder , Biswas Indranil , Azmeera Sreenivas 
Published: March 2021

AbstractInfective endocarditis involving the right heart is rarely observed in the pediatric population. Echocardiography plays an important role in its diagnosis, and surgery is indicated in patients with heart failure and persistent sepsis not responding to medical treatment. Here, we report a rare case of restricted ventricular septal defect complicated by a vegetation developed in the right ventricular outflow tract and causing sub‐pulmonic stenosis in a 3‐year‐old male child.
Early sunshine duration and cloud cover records in Coimbra (Portugal) for the period 1891–1950
Authors: Montero‐Martín Javier , Antón Manuel , Vaquero José Manuel , Neto Jorge , Sanchez‐Lorenzo Arturo 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe recovery of early sunshine duration (SD) records is crucial to improve knowledge of the long‐term evolution of incoming solar radiation at the Earth's surface. This work analyses daily SD data digitized from the Meteorological Observatory of Coimbra (Portugal) during 1891–1950. The Coimbra SD records are the earliest series in Portugal and the second one in the whole Iberian Peninsula (i.e., the first being in Madrid, Spain). The analysis shows that SD time series is homogenous except for a break in 1937–1938, which may be likely related to a change of the SD recorder (i.e., Jordan device replaced by a Campbell‐Stokes recorder). Once the temporal inhomogeneity has been corrected, a slightly negative trend of −0.09 ± 0.06 hr per decade is found for the whole 1891–1950 period. It must be highlighted the marked decrease in SD records of −0.51 ± 0.32 hr per decade observed from the beginning of the time series until the 1910s (‘early dimming’) in line with other studies available in the literature. Both trends (whole and ‘early dimming’ periods) are statistically significant at the 95% confidence level. By contrast, from 1920s until 1950 no statistically significant long‐term changes in SD records are found. Additionally, cloud cover data in Coimbra have been also digitized and analysed for the common period. A positive statistically significant trend of 0.13 ± 0.06 tenths per decade is found for the 1891–1950 period which may explain the negative trend of SD records in this same period. Nevertheless, the analysis of SD long‐term trends under cloudless conditions suggests that other atmospheric factors such as the aerosol load could likely also play a relevant role on the SD evolution. The SD and cloud cover data from 1891 to 1950 is made available for the scientific community in digital form.