bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exposure to household air pollution from solid cookfuels and childhood stunting: a population-based, cross-sectional study of half a million children in low- and middle-income countries
Authors: Caleyachetty Rishi , Lufumpa Nakawala , Kumar Niraj , Mohammed Nuredin Ibrahim , Bekele Hana , Kurmi Om , Wells Jonathan , Manaseki-Holland Semira 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Background
Household air pollution from the incomplete combustion of solid cookfuels in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) has been largely ignored as a potentially important correlate of stunting. Our objective was to examine the association between solid cookfuel use and stunting in children aged &lt;5 y.

Methods
We used data from 59 LMICs’ population-based cross-sectional demographic and health surveys; 557 098 children aged &lt;5 y were included in our analytical sample. Multilevel logistic regression was used to examine the association between exposure to solid cookfuel use and childhood stunting, adjusting for child sex, age, maternal education and number of children living in the household. We explored the association across key subgroups.

Results
Solid cookfuel use was associated with child stunting (adjusted OR 1.58, 95% CI 1.55 to 1.61). Children living in households using solid cookfuels were more likely to be stunted if they lived in rural areas, the poorest households, had a mother who smoked tobacco or were from the Americas.

Conclusions
Focused strategies to reduce solid cookfuel exposure might contribute to reductions in childhood stunting in LMICs. Trial evidence to assess the effect of reducing solid cookfuel exposure on childhood stunting is urgently needed.
Effective Strategies to Deal With Infection in Burn Patient
Authors: Khaledi Mansoor , Afkhami Hamed , Matouri Raed Nezhad , Dezfuli Aram Asareh Zadegan , Bakhti Shahriar 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Treatment of bacterial infection is difficult. Treatment protocol of burned patient is hard. Furthermore, treatment in burned patients is accompanied with problems such as complexity in diagnosis of infection’s agent, multiple infections, being painful, and involving with different organelles. There are different infections of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in burned patients. From important bacteria can be noted to Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Staphylococcus aureus that have high range of morbidity and mortality. Treatment of those bacterial infections is extremely important. Hence, many studies about methods of treatment of bacterial infections have published. Herein, we have suggested practical methods for example ant virulence therapies, nanotechnology, vaccine, and photodynamic therapy in treatment of bacterial infections. Those methods have been done in many researches and had good effect.
Leveling the Workload for Radiologists in Diagnostic Mammography: Application of Lean Principles and Heijunka
Authors: Conners Amy L , Clark Sean E , Brandt Kathleen R , Hunt Katie N , Chida Linda M , Tibor Laura C , Ruter Royce L , Khanani Sadia A 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
To facilitate the delivery of accurate and timely care to patients in complex environments, process improvement methodologies such as Lean can be very effective. Lean is a quality improvement methodology that seeks to add value for patients and employees by continuously improving processes and eliminating waste. At our institution, Lean principles were applied to improve efficiency and minimize waste in the diagnostic breast imaging reading room. This paper describes how we applied Lean principles, including plan-do-study-act testing, level-loading (heijunka), and visual management, to level the workload of the diagnostic radiologists in our practice. Implementation of these principles to improve the diagnostic workflow in breast imaging is described along with examples from our practice, including challenges and future opportunities.
Chaotic Harris hawks optimization algorithm
Authors: Gezici Harun , Livatyalı Haydar 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Harris hawks optimization (HHO) is a population-based metaheuristic algorithm, inspired by the hunting strategy and cooperative behavior of Harris hawks. In this study, HHO is hybridized with 10 different chaotic maps to adjust its critical parameters. Hybridization is performed using four different methods. First, 15 test functions with unimodal and multimodal features are used for the analysis to determine the most successful chaotic map and the hybridization method. The results obtained reveal that chaotic maps increase the performance of HHO and show that the piecewise map method is the most effective one. Moreover, the proposed chaotic HHO is compared to four metaheuristic algorithms in the literature using the CEC2019 set. Next, the proposed chaotic HHO is applied to three mechanical design problems, including pressure vessel, tension/compression spring, and three-bar truss system as benchmarks. The performances and results are compared with other popular algorithms in the literature. They show that the proposed chaotic HHO algorithm can compete with HHO and other algorithms on solving the given engineering problems very successfully.
Correlative light and electron microscopy of poly(ʟ-lactic acid) spherulites for fast morphological measurements using a convolutional neural network
Authors: Konyuba Yuji , Marubayashi Hironori , Haruta Tomohiro , Jinnai Hiroshi 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Polarized optical microscopy (POM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are widely used for imaging polymer spherulite structures. TEM provides nanometer resolution to image small spherulites of sub-micrometer in diameter, while POM is more suitable for observing large spherulites. However, high-resolution images with a large field of view are challenging to achieve due to the deformations of ultrathin sectioned samples used for TEM observations. In this study, we demonstrated that correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) combining POM and TEM could effectively characterize the spherulite structures in a wide range from nanometer to several hundred micrometers that neither TEM nor POM alone could cover. Furthermore, the deformations of the TEM ultrathin sections were corrected by referencing to the POM images at the same position of the sample, and large-area TEM images without deformations were successfully produced. The spherulite structures of poly(ʟ-lactic acid) were successfully analyzed using CLEM and TEM in a wide range of spatial scales at the same field of view. The large-area TEM image (250 µm × 250 µm), consisting of 702 TEM images stitched together, was subjected to machine learning to extract the essential structural information of spherulites. Analysis using the convolutional neural network, a well-known algorithm You Only Look Once (YOLO), demonstrated that it was practical to accurately obtain the diameter distribution and the space-filling factor (relative crystallinity) of the spherulites. This study presents a new approach for acquiring high-resolution images with a large field of view and processing the images at a fast speed.
Cyst and endometriosis of the canal of Nuck: rare differentials for a female groin mass
Authors: Hwang Bridget , Bultitude Jacqueline , Diab Jason , Bean Andrew 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Cyst of the canal of Nuck is a rare abnormality of the female inguinal canal that can present similarly to a hernia. If incompletely obliterated, the patent canal of Nuck may predispose to an inguinal hernia or hydrocele due to direct communication with the abdominal cavity. Such defects are normally detected and repaired in early childhood but can also present later in adult life. We report the case of a 44-year-old woman who presents with a fluctuant, mobile and irreducible left-sided groin mass. Ultrasound of the groin identified a cystic structure in the canal of Nuck. The patient underwent successful open herniorrhaphy with excision of the cyst and mesh repair of the inguinal canal. Subsequent histopathological examination also revealed concurrent endometriosis of the canal of Nuck. A systematic approach to differential diagnoses for a female groin mass, further investigations and management are discussed.
Trends in Prehospital Blood, Crystalloid, and Colloid Administration in Accordance With Changes in Tactical Combat Casualty Care Guidelines
Authors: Clarke Emily E , Hamm James , Fisher Andrew D , April Michael D , Long Brit J , Mdaki Kennedy S , Hill Ronnie , Bynum James A , Schauer Steven G 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Hemorrhage is the leading threat to the survival of battlefield casualties. This study aims to investigate the types of fluids and blood products administered in prehospital trauma encounters to discover the effectiveness of Tactical Combat Casualty Care (TCCC) recommendations.

Materials and Methods
This is a secondary analysis of a previously described dataset from the Department of Defense Trauma Registry with a focus on prehospital fluid and blood administration in conjunction with changes in the TCCC guidelines. We collected demographic information on each patient. We categorized receipt of each fluid type and blood product as a binary variable for each casualty and evaluated trends over 2007–2020 both unadjusted and controlling for injury severity and mechanism of injury.

Results
Our original dataset comprised 25,897 adult casualties from January 1, 2007 through March 17, 2020. Most (97.3%) of the casualties were male with a median age of 25. Most (95.5%) survived to hospital discharge, and 12.2% of the dataset received fluids of any kind. Medical personnel used crystalloids in 7.4% of encounters, packed red blood cells in 2.0%, and whole blood in 0.5% with very few receiving platelets or freeze-dried plasma. In the adjusted model, we noted significant year-to-year increases in intravenous fluid administration from 2014 to 2015 and 2018 to 2019, with significant decreases noted in 2008–2009, 2010–2012, and 2015–2016. We noted no significant increases in Hextend used, but we did note significant decreases in 2010–2012. For any blood product, we noted significant increases from 2016 to 2017, with decreases noted in 2009–2013, 2015–2016, and 2017–2018. Overall, we noted a general spike in all uses in 2011–2012 that rapidly dropped off 2012–2013. Crystalloids consistently outpaced the use of blood products. We noted a small upward trend in all blood products from 2017 to 2019.

Conclusions
Changes in TCCC guidelines did not immediately translate into changes in prehospital fluid administration practices. Crystalloid fluids continue to dominate as the most commonly administered fluid even after the 2014 TCCC guidelines changed to use of blood products over crystalloids. There should be future studies to investigate the reasons for delay in guideline implementation and efforts to improve adherence.
Assessing Baseline Proficiency of National Guard Combat Medics Due for Recertification: A Pilot Study
Authors: Nichols Ryoma , Noury Luke 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Combat medics, or 68W Healthcare Specialists in the Army, are an early part of a combat casualty’s chain of survival. Their job requires a high degree of competency in emergency medical guidelines established by the Committee of Tactical Combat Casualty Care (CoTCCC) as well as basic bleeding control skills. The American Warfighting Experience for the last two decades highlights just how important these skills are in preventing death on the battlefield. A recent Government Office of Accountability suggests sustainment for critical wartime skills is lacking. This is especially concerning for National Guard Soldiers who must juggle their military obligations with their civilian ones. It is unknown how well-prepared National Guard combat medics are in fulfilling their most critical combat care responsibilities. The current study attempts to address this gap in knowledge by assessing National Guard Soldiers due for their annual recertification.

Materials and Methods
Nine medics due for their annual recertification were recruited for the study. First, they were given a questionnaire intended to gather basic demographic information about their experience and a six-question quiz on current CoTCCC guidelines. The medics were then evaluated on their ability to place a Combat Application Tourniquet on a live person, which was verified by a Doppler microphone. The medics were finally evaluated on their ability to pack a wound with a hemostatic dressing. Statistical analysis was used to determine if experience or frequency of practice over the previous year could predict success.

Results
Medics, on average, were only able to answer an average of 2.2 questions on the quiz correctly. The overall success rate for tourniquet application was 44.4%, and the overall success rate for wound packing was 22.2%. Statistical analysis showed that experience or frequency of practice could not adequately explain the success rates.

Conclusions
A soldier’s experience alone could not predict if the soldier will be successful in performing bleeding control tasks or if they will demonstrate higher levels of casualty care knowledge. Future research is needed in this area to better define recertification and refresher training issues.
The ionophore thiomaltol induces rapid lysosomal accumulation of copper and apoptosis in melanoma
Authors: Scrivner Ottis , Dao Long , Newell-Rogers M Karen , Shahandeh Babbak , Meyskens Frank L , Kozawa Susan Kurumi , Liu-Smith Feng , Plascencia-Villa Germán , José-Yacamán Miguel , Jia Shang , Chang Christopher J , Farmer Patrick J 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In this report, we investigate the toxicity of the ionophore thiomaltol (Htma) and Cu salts to melanoma. Divalent metal complexes of thiomaltol display toxicity against A375 melanoma cell culture resulting in a distinct apoptotic response at submicromolar concentrations, with toxicity of Cu(tma)2 &gt; Zn(tma)2 &gt;&gt; Ni(tma)2. In metal-chelated media, Htma treatment shows little toxicity, but the combination with supplemental CuCl2, termed Cu/Htma treatment, results in toxicity that increases with suprastoichiometric concentrations of CuCl2 and correlates with the accumulation of intracellular copper. Electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy of Cu/Htma treated cells shows a rapid accumulation of copper within lysosomes over the course of hours, concurrent with the onset of apoptosis. A buildup of ubiquitinated proteins due to proteasome inhibition is seen on the same timescale and correlates with increases of copper without additional Htma.
Association of Tumor Necrosis Factor α Inhibitor Use with Diagnostic Features and Mortality of Tuberculosis in the United States, 2010–2017
Authors: Katrak Shereen S , Li Rongxia , Reynolds Sue , Marks Suzanne M , Probst Jessica R , Chorba Terence , Winthrop Kevin , Castro Kenneth G , Goswami Neela D 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Background
An elevated risk of tuberculosis (TB) disease in persons who have received tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitor medications (TNF-α inhibitors) has been reported for nearly two decades, but clinical diagnostic features and outcomes of TB in this population remain poorly described.

Methods
We analyzed national surveillance data for TB cases among persons aged 15 years and older reported in the United States during 2010–2017 and associated mortality data reported through 2019 to describe the clinical characteristics of those receiving TNF-α inhibitors.

Results
Of 70 129 TB cases analyzed, 504 (0.7%) of the patients had TNF-α inhibitor use reported at TB diagnosis. Patients with TNF-α inhibitor use at TB diagnosis were more likely than TB patients not receiving TNF-α inhibitors to have TB diagnosed in extrapulmonary sites in conjunction with pulmonary sites (28.8% vs 10.0%, P &lt; .001). Patients receiving TNF-α inhibitors were less likely to have acid-fast bacilli noted on sputum smear microscopy (25.6% vs 39.1%, P = .04), and more likely to have drug-resistant disease (13.5% vs 10.0%, P &lt; .001). TB-attributed deaths did not significantly differ between patients receiving and not receiving TNF-α inhibitors (adjusted odds ratio, 1.46 [95% confidence interval, .95–2.26]).

Conclusions
Clinicians evaluating TNF-α inhibitor–treated patients should have a high index of suspicion for TB and be aware that extrapulmonary or sputum smear–negative TB disease is more common in these patients. No significantly diminished survival of TB patients treated with TNF-α inhibitor therapy before TB diagnosis was noted.
Ad Hominem Criminalisation and the Rule of Law: The Egalitarian Case against Knife Crime Prevention Orders
Authors: Green Alex , Hendry Jennifer 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This article advances a novel account of ad hominem criminalisation that draws upon a distinct theory of the Rule of Law and its egalitarian foundations. Employing the recent and controversial example of Knife Crime Prevention Orders, as established by the Offensive Weapons Act 2019, it argues that the concept of civic equality is central to understanding the vice of ad hominem criminalisation as an aberrant form of government by law. This vice consists in the manner that such criminalisation individualises, differentiates and instrumentalises the regulatory subject, placing them outwith the bounds of civic equality as established by the Rule of Law.
Taking the Fed at its Word: A New Approach to Estimating Central Bank Objectives using Text Analysis
Authors: Shapiro Adam Hale , Wilson Daniel J 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWe propose a new approach to estimating central bank preferences, including the implicit inflation target, that requires no priors on the underlying macroeconomic structure nor observation of monetary policy actions. Our approach entails directly estimating the central bank’s objective function from the sentiment expressed by policymakers in their internal meetings. We apply the approach to the objective function of the U.S. Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC). The results challenge two key aspects of conventional wisdom regarding FOMC preferences. First, the FOMC had an implicit inflation target of approximately $1\frac{1}{2}$$\%$ on average over our baseline 2000–11 sample period, significantly below the commonly assumed value of 2. Second, the FOMC’s loss depends strongly on output growth and stock market performance and less so on their perception of current economic slack.
Paediatric HIV: Correlation between Serum Zinc Levels and CD4 Percentage on Asymptomatic Nigerian Children Living with HIV
Authors: Chukwu Uchenna Kennedy , Nduagubam Obinna Chukwuebuka , Ekwochi Uchenna 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Objective
This study was conducted to determine the relationship between their serum zinc levels and the CD4% in a cohort children living with HIV.

Methods
One hundred asymptomatic, anti-retroviral Therapy (ART) naïve children living with HIV (participants) aged 5–60 months who were enrolled into the Paediatric HIV clinic of The University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital were recruited in the study over a 10-month period. Blood samples were collected in the morning from non-fasting participants and serum zinc levels were analysed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The CD4% was ascertained using the CD4% easy count kit on the Partec® Cyflow Counter machine. Data were analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 19.

Result
The median (IQR) serum zinc level for the participants was 55.5 µg/dl (49.75) while their median (IQR) CD4% was 27.79% (18.67). Males had a median (IQR) CD4% of 24.29% (19.10) which was significantly lower than those of females [32% (20.59) (p = 0.047)]. No significant relationship was found between CD4% and zinc levels among the subjects (r = −0.061, p = 0.557).

Conclusion
Serum zinc levels of asymptomatic ART naïve children living with HIV have no relationship with their CD4%.
The 2020 Update on Pressure Injuries: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Saindon Kelley , Berlowitz Dan 
Published: December 2021

GENERAL PURPOSE
To provide an update on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, prevention, and patient preferences for care of pressure injuries (PIs).

TARGET AUDIENCE
This continuing education activity is intended for physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and nurses with an interest in skin and wound care.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After participating in this continuing education activity, the participant will:
1. Recognize the risks to ICU patients regarding PIs.
2. Select evidence-based strategies that can help prevent PIs.
3. Identify factors that can contribute to the development of PIs.
4. Choose collaborative approaches when working with a patient who has a PI.

ABSTRACT
The literature on pressure injuries continues to expand at a rapid rate such that keeping current is a challenge for busy clinicians. In this article, the authors summarize six important articles related to pressure injuries published in 2020. The articles cover a range of topics including epidemiology, pathophysiology, prevention, and patient preferences for care. For each article, a description of the study results is provided along with a comment on why the results are important. This information should help clinicians incorporate these new data into their clinical practice.
Does pH Influence the Bacterial Profile of Chronic Lesions? An Analysis of Venous Ulcer Samples
Authors: Rabello Sergio Fernanda , Caldas Santos Nathália , Andrade Silveira Isabelle , Barreto Pires Bruna Maiara Ferreira , Cavalcanti Valente Gabriel Luis , Arneiro Teixeira Lenise , Lopes Teixeira Felipe , Renato de Paula Geraldo , Baptista de Oliveira Beatriz Guitton Renaud 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE
To analyze the pH of venous ulcers and their relationship with the quantitative and qualitative bacterial profile of the wounds.

METHODS
Cross-sectional study carried out through data collection and microbiologic analyses of samples obtained from 35 venous ulcers. Investigators performed pH measurement with indicator strips and collected biologic material using swabs. After aerobic and anaerobic cultivation, colony-forming units (CFUs) were counted and used for bacterial identification via mass spectrometry.

RESULTS
The pH values ranged from 7.9 to 8.7; 8.5 (37.1%) was the most frequent, followed by 8.3 (28.6%). The most common species were Staphylococcus aureus (68.6%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (62.9%), Proteus mirabilis (45.7%), and Corynebacterium striatum (40.0%). The number of CFUs ranged from 0 to 200,000 in both anaerobiosis and aerobiosis and was predominantly between 1,000 and 10,000 (37.1%) in anaerobiosis and between 10,000 and 100,000 (37.1%) in aerobiosis. No association was found between the different pH values and the variation in CFUs in anaerobiosis (P = .21) and aerobiosis (P = .55) or by bacterial species identified: S aureus (P = .41), P aeruginosa (P = .29), P mirabilis (P = .19), and C striatum (P = .96).

CONCLUSIONS
The pH of venous ulcers did not influence bacterial profile in quantitative or qualitative parameters.