bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vector Spaces
Authors: Boules Adel N. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The first three sections of this chapter provide a thorough presentation of the concepts of basis and dimension. The approach is unified in the sense that it does not treat finite and infinite-dimensional spaces separately. Important concepts such as algebraic complements, quotient spaces, direct sums, projections, linear functionals, and invariant subspaces make their first debut in section 3.4. Section 3.5 is a brief summary of matrix representations and diagonalization. Then the chapter introduces normed linear spaces followed by an extensive study of inner product spaces. The presentation of inner product spaces in this section and in section 4.10 is not limited to finite-dimensional spaces but rather to the properties of inner products that do not require completeness. The chapter concludes with the finite-dimensional spectral theory.
The Metric Topology
Authors: Boules Adel N. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The chapter is an extensive account of the metric topology and is a prerequisite for all the subsequent chapters. The leading sections develop the basic metric properties such as closure and interior, continuity and equivalent metrics, separation properties, product spaces, and countability axioms. This is followed by a detailed study of completeness, compactness, local compactness, and function spaces. Chapter applications include contraction mappings, continuous nowhere differentiable functions, space-filling curves, closed convex subsets of ?n, and a number of approximation results. The chapter concludes with a detailed section on orthogonal polynomials and Fourier series of continuous functions, which, together with section 3.7, provides an excellent background for Hilbert spaces. The study of sequence and function spaces in this chapter leads up gradually into Banach spaces.
Essentials of General Topology
Authors: Boules Adel N. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The first eight sections of this chapter constitute its core and are generally parallel to the leading sections of chapter 4. Most of the sections are brief and emphasize the nonmetric aspects of topology. Among the topics treated are normality, regularity, and second countability. The proof of Tychonoff’s theorem for finite products appears in section 8. The section on locally compact spaces is the transition between the core of the chapter and the more advanced sections on metrization, compactification, and the product of infinitely many spaces. The highlights include the one-point compactification, the Urysohn metrization theorem, and Tychonoff’s theorem. Little subsequent material is based on the last three sections. At various points in the book, it is explained how results stated for the metric case can be extended to topological spaces, especially locally compact Hausdorff spaces. Some such results are developed in the exercises.
Banach Spaces
Authors: Boules Adel N. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The first four sections of this chapter form its core and include classical topics such as bounded linear transformations, the open mapping theorem, the closed graph theorem, the uniform boundedness principle, and the Hahn-Banach theorem. The chapter includes a good number of applications of the four fundamental theorems of functional analysis. Sections 6.5 and 6.6 provide a good account of the properties of the spectrum and adjoint operators on Banach spaces. They may be largely bypassed, since the treatment of the corresponding topics for operators on Hilbert spaces in chapter 7 is self-contained. The section on weak topologies is more advanced and may be omitted if a brief introduction is the goal. The chapter is enriched by such topics as the best polynomial approximation, the Hilbert cube, Gelfand’s theorem, Schauder bases, complemented subspaces, and the Banach-Alaoglu theorem.
The Art of Moving
Authors: Robinson Benedict S. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract“The Art of Moving” turns to an eighteenth-century culture of the sentiments, traditionally seen in strong contrast to a Renaissance culture of the passions. I argue instead that, from the standpoint of rhetoric, the discourses on affectivity from 1500 to 1800 constitute parts of a single, unfolding process. The chapter traces the influence of rhetoric on Shaftesbury, Hume, and Smith, arguing that empiricist models of the mind are built on a rhetorical concern with vivid, forceful, and passionate imagery, and that such models effectively introject a rhetorical scene into the mind. The chapter then turns to Samuel Richardson’s Clarissa—traditionally the exemplary instance of a new, “psychological” fiction—in order to argue that the novel’s psychology is in fact an externalist, rhetorical one that resists any clear distinction between character-driven and plot-driven fictions. Richardson’s novel opens up a series of concerns that reach deep into the material of both this chapter and the previous one: about post-Hobbesian accounts of the will as determined by passions; about circumstantial narrative as a means of not just representing but also exploiting that determination; about empiricism collapsing into a Gorgian rhetoric in which the very effort to promote an ethics of natural sentiment introduces a quasi-mechanistic model of the human being. In its final pages, the chapter turns to Smith’s lectures on rhetoric and Giambattista Vico’s New Science to argue that, between 1600 and 1800, literary history was becoming legible as the material of a cultural history of the passions.
Passion’s Fictions
Authors: Robinson Benedict S. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The final chapter consolidates the implications of the foregoing argument for the interpretation of early modern literature, in part by returning to the start of the story, in Shakespeare; but it approaches Shakespeare by way of an eighteenth-century phenomenon: the rise of works of “character criticism” represented for example by William Richardson’s essays. Eighteenth-century character criticism has long been seen as a new way of reading Shakespeare, even the intrusion of something foreign to Shakespeare’s plays. The word for that foreign element is often “psychology,” especially as allied to reading practices associated with the novel. This chapter argues that the real roots of character criticism lie in much older theories of the passions. The psychology at work is not nearly as new as has been claimed, as can be seen by contrasting Richardson’s essays with one of the books he cites: Edmund Burke’s treatise on the sublime and beautiful. The chapter then circles back to Shakespeare’s Hamlet, arguing that Shakespeare’s plays already contain the elements of a psychology: an externalist psychology grounded in rhetoric and its account of the circumstantial mimesis of actions as an instrument of the knowledge of the passions. Shakespeare’s plays could become the material for a science of the passions because in some sense they already were: instances of a circumstantial knowledge of the passions produced according to principles first theorized by rhetoric, which themselves shaped the new sciences of the mind that developed in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
Subordinate clauses: common properties and internal structure
Authors: Pinkster Harm 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Chapter 14 serves as a general introduction to clause combining, the various ways in which in Latin simple clauses can be combined into sentences or other units. It discusses the internal structure of subordinate clauses, both finite and non-finite, the role of subordinators, and the difference between subordination and coordination. In addition it deals briefly with periodic structure and and indirect speech.
Subordinate clauses with nouns, adjectives, and adverbs
Authors: Pinkster Harm 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Chapter 17 deals with subordinate clauses, both finite and non-finite, which depend on nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. Some of these clauses are required by the meaning of the governing word, others are optional. A distinction is made between declarative, interrogative, and imperative subordinate clauses. They are discussed according to the various subordinating devices: subordinators (e.g. quod, ut), question particles, infinitives (including accusative and infinitive clauses), gerunds, supines, and nominal clauses.
Word order
Authors: Pinkster Harm 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Chapter 23 deals with word order (also called constituent order). The actual order of constituents in Latin is determined by a large number of factors, among which the syntactic factor is only a minor one. These various factors are discussed. Some constituents at the clause level are limited in their position, others are mobile, with their position mainly determined by pragmatic factors as discussed in ch. 22. At the noun-phrase and prepositional-phrase levels the relative order is mainly determined by contrast and emphasis. The relative order of clauses in complex sentences is discussed as well.
The Power and Politics of Reforming Leadership Practices
Authors: Filstad Cathrine 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis article contradicts ‘resistance to change’ by investigating power and politics in change contexts. Our aim is to ascertain how studies of power structure and political activities add to the change management literature and the police reform literature. We studied the Norwegian police reform using inductive, qualitative studies that took the form of shadowing 27 police leaders, 6 months of field studies, 63 formal interviews, and a substantial number of informal conversations with police leaders and peers. Police reforms cannot be controlled by top-management. Instead, power and politics needs to be acknowledged and addressed as part of change initiatives being challenge, discussed, transparent, communicated, and made sense in creating the balance between exploration and exploitation of competencies how to change and why. Police leaders, as change intermediaries, are expected to exercise different forms of powers and engage in sensegiving and sensemaking activities to ensure implementation of the police reform.
Generalization of Hamiltonian mechanics to a three-dimensional phase space
Authors: Sato Naoki 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Classical Hamiltonian mechanics is realized by the action of a Poisson bracket on a Hamiltonian function. The Hamiltonian function is a constant of motion (the energy) of the system. The properties of the Poisson bracket are encapsulated in the symplectic $2$-form, a closed second-order differential form. Due to closure, the symplectic $2$-form is preserved by the Hamiltonian flow, and it assigns an invariant (Liouville) measure on the phase space through the Lie–Darboux theorem. In this paper we propose a generalization of classical Hamiltonian mechanics to a three-dimensional phase space: the classical Poisson bracket is replaced with a generalized Poisson bracket acting on a pair of Hamiltonian functions, while the symplectic $2$-form is replaced by a symplectic $3$-form. We show that, using the closure of the symplectic $3$-form, a result analogous to the classical Lie–Darboux theorem holds: locally, there exist smooth coordinates such that the components of the symplectic $3$-form are constants, and the phase space is endowed with a preserved volume element. Furthermore, as in the classical theory, the Jacobi identity for the generalized Poisson bracket mathematically expresses the closure of the associated symplectic form. As a consequence, constant skew-symmetric third-order contravariant tensors always define generalized Poisson brackets. This is in contrast with generalizations of Hamiltonian mechanics postulating the fundamental identity as replacement for the Jacobi identity. In particular, we find that the fundamental identity represents a stronger requirement than the closure of the symplectic $3$-form.
The Syncope-Falls Index: a tool for predicting risk of syncope and complex falls in the older adult based on cumulative health deficits
Authors: Fitzpatrick N , Romero-Ortuno R 
Published: May 2021

Summary

Background
Syncope is aetiologically diverse and associated with adverse outcomes; in older people, there is clinical overlap with complex falls presentations (i.e. recurrent, unexplained and/or injurious).

Aim
To formulate an index to predict future risk of syncope and falls in the Irish longitudinal study on ageing (TILDA).

Design/Methods
Using the frailty index methodology, we selected, from TILDA Wave 1 (2010), 40 deficits that might increase risk of syncope and falls. This syncope-falls index (SYFI) was applied to TILDA Wave 1 participants aged 65 and over, who were divided into three risk groups (low, intermediate and high) based on SYFI tertiles. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to investigate, controlling for age and sex, how SYFI groups predicted incident syncope, complex falls and simple falls occurring up to Wave 4 of the study (2016).

Results
At Wave 1, there were 3499 participants (mean age 73, 53% women). By Wave 4, of the remaining 2907 participants, 185 (6.4%) had reported new syncope, 1077 (37.0%) complex falls and 218 (7.5%) simple falls. The risk of both syncope and complex falls increased along the SYFI groups (high risk group: odds ratio 1.88 [1.26–2.80], P = 0.002 for syncope; 2.22 [1.82–2.72], P &lt; 0.001 for complex falls). No significant relationship was identified between SYFI and simple falls.

Conclusion
The 6-year incidences of falls and syncope were high in this cohort. SYFI could help identify older adults at risk of syncope and complex falls, and thus facilitate early referral to specialist clinics to improve outcomes.
Effect of acupuncture on atrial fibrillation stratified by CHA2DS2-VASc score—a nationwide cohort investigation
Authors: Hu W -S , Lin C -L , Hsu C Y 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Objective
This research aimed to make statements regarding the reduction in atrial fibrillation (AF) risk due to acupuncture, stratified by CHA2DS2-VASc score.

Methods
The Kaplan–Meier method was performed to calculate cumulative incidence of outcomes for each group, and the log-rank test were performed to compare differences between groups. Incidences and hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated by univariate Cox proportional hazards models, and adjusted HRs (aHRs) were estimated by multivariate Cox proportional hazards models including demographic covariates and comorbid status.

Results
In CHA2DS2-VASc scores of 0–1, 2–3, 4–5 and &gt;5, cases with acupuncture were all associated with decreased incidence of AF (aHR 0.46 with 95% CI 0.42–0.51, P &lt; 0.001 in the CHA2DS2-VASc scores of 0–1; aHR 0.53 with 95% CI 0.50–0.57, P &lt; 0.001 in the CHA2DS2-VASc scores of 2–3; aHR 0.56 with 95% CI 0.52–0.61, P &lt; 0.001 in the CHA2DS2-VASc scores of 4–5; and aHR 0.64 with 95% CI 0.55–0.74, P &lt; 0.001 in the CHA2DS2-VASc scores of &gt;5).

Conclusion
Protective effect of acupuncture on AF was observed in this study, and the effect was more obvious for those with fewer comorbidities.
Characteristics of purified anti-β2GPI IgG N-glycosylation associate with thrombotic, obstetric and catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome
Authors: Liu Tingting , Han Jing , Zhang Rongrong , Tang Zihan , Yi Gang , Gong Wen , Wan Liyan , Hu Qiongyi , Teng Jialin , Liu Honglei , Cheng Xiaobing , Ye Junna , Su Yutong , Sun Yue , Shi Yi , Gu Jianxin , Ren Shifang , Yang Chengde , Shi Hui 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Objective
Anti-β-2 glycoprotein I (anti-β2GPI) antibodies, defined as primary pathogenic antibody in antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). It has been reported that IgG Fc N-glycosylation affects IgG effector, we aim to investigate the association of Fc glycosylation profiles of purified anti-β2GP1 IgG with clinical features of APS.

Methods
We purify anti-β2GPI IgG and total IgG from 82 APS patients including nine catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (CAPS) patients, as well as total IgG from 103 healthy controls to quantitatively analyse all detectable Fc N-glycanforms of all IgG subclasses with Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) method based on UPLC-ESI-QqQ mass spectrometry.

Results
Both purified anti-β2GPI IgG and APS total IgG showed altered N-glycan profiles when compared with healthy control (HC) IgG. Anti-β2GPI IgG presented with lower galactosylation, increased bisection and core fucosylation compared with APS total IgG and HC IgG. We found higher galactosylation of aβ2GPI IgG2 in thrombotic APS compared with the obstetric APS, and lower galactosylation of aβ2GPI IgG2 associated with late pregnancy morbidity. Moreover, low galactosylation of all anti-β2GPI IgG subclasses, increased bisection and core fucosylation of anti-β2GPI IgG1/2 were strongly associated with CAPS and triple positivity of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs).

Conclusion
We comprehensively characterize the N-Glycans landscape of both anti-β2GP1 and total IgG in APS. Altered N-glycan profiles of anti-β2GPI IgG enables enabled the antibodies with proinflammatory properties. Furthermore, we associated levels of IgG Fc-glycosylation with clinical features antiphospholipid syndrome. These findings could increase our understanding of anti-β2GPI antibody mediated mechanisms in APS and be used to develop diagnostics and new target treatments.
Recent advances in understanding cognitive and behavioural alterations after early-in-life anaesthesia exposure and new mitigation/alternative strategies in preclinical studies
Authors: Neudecker Viola , Perez-Zoghbi Jose F. , Brambrink Ansgar M. 
Published: May 2021

Purpose of review
Long-term behavioural and cognitive impairments after exposure to general anaesthetics during infancy is an intensely investigated and controversial topic. Recent clinical studies with prospective assessments associate exposure with long-term behavioural alterations rather than cognitive impairments. This review aims to provide an understanding of the long-term cognitive impairments and behavioural alterations found in recent animal studies and to summarize latest advances in strategies to protect against anaesthesia-induced developmental neurotoxicity (AIDN).

Recent findings
Preclinical studies, particularly those in nonhuman primates (NHPs), provide accumulating evidence that anaesthesia exposure during infancy is associated with long-term alterations in behaviour, but cognitive impairments are more controversial. Results from recent studies aiming to find mitigating strategies to reduce AIDN or to identify alternative anaesthetic agents include the co-administration of dexmedetomidine with the anaesthetic drugs or the alternative use of hypnotic neurosteroids without being harmful to the developing brain.

Summary
Recent findings in animal studies with translational relevance support the proposed association between early-in-life anaesthesia exposure and long-term alterations in behaviour. Studies aiming to prevent AIDN are promising and need evaluation in the NHP model. The careful design of subsequent translational studies will be critical to advance the field forward towards safer anaesthesia exposure in children.
Reassuring Patients With Low Back Pain in Primary Care Consultations
Authors: Simonsen Gitte D. , Jensen Tue S. , Kongsted Alice 
Published: May 2021

Objectives:Reassurance is an important part of treatment for low back pain (LBP). The Consultation-based Reassurance Questionnaire measures patients’ perceived reassurance after health care consultations on 4 subdomains (ie, Data-gathering, Relationship-building, Generic reassurance, Cognitive reassurance). The objectives of this study were to investigate associations between the level of reassurance and outcomes and to investigate if the associations were moderated by patients’ risk profile.Materials and Methods:Adult patients consulting chiropractors for LBP were emailed the Consultation-based Reassurance Questionnaire directly after the consultation. Outcomes were Global Perceived Effect (GPE) after 2 weeks, and pain (Numeric Rating Scale) and disability (Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire) 2 weeks and 3 months following treatment. Associations with GPE were tested in logistic mixed models. Associations between each reassurance domain and pain and disability were tested in longitudinal analyses using linear mixed models. Moderations by risk profile were tested by introducing an interaction between risk groups and reassurance level. All models were controlled for several potential confounders.Results:A total of 2056 patients were included in the study, with 46% reporting LBP for less than a week. Associations between reassurance level and improvement in LBP intensity and disability were weak but positive, whereas associations with GPE were potentially clinically relevant. None of the associations were moderated by psychological risk profile.Discussion:Identified associations between reassurance and outcomes were weak, however, for GPE the association might be of a clinically relevant magnitude. The causal relationship is unclear, but with communication always present in a consultation these results suggest that efforts to optimize clinician-patient communication might be worthwhile, also for people with very recent onset of LBP.
Analysis of Author Gender in the Pediatric Orthopaedic Literature from 2011 to 2020
Authors: Prior Anjali , Ogburu-Ogbonnaya Ngozi , Barfield William R. , Mooney James F. , Van Nortwick Sara , Murphy Robert F. 
Published: May 2021

Introduction:
Orthopaedic surgery remains a male-dominated specialty. To date there has not been a focused analysis of gender in authorship within the pediatric orthopaedic literature.

Methods:
The electronic table of contents from 2011 to 2020 of 3 major pediatric orthopaedic journals [Journal of Children’s Orthopaedics (JCO), Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics (JPO), and Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics Part B (JPO-B)] were reviewed. Publications were reviewed for the number of articles with at least 1 female author and the number of articles with women listed as first authors. These were compared over the 10-year study period, and by individual year of publication. Statistical analysis included a general linear model with factorial one-way anslysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc testing.

Results:
A total of 4097 articles were reviewed. In 2020, there was a significantly higher percentage of articles with a female author when compared with 2011 (64% to 42%, P=0.010). A female was listed as first author in significantly more publications in 2020 as compared with 2011 (23% to 10%, P=0.031). During the 10-year study period, the highest mean proportion of articles with at least 1 female author was seen in JPO (60%), with similar findings in JCO (55%). Significantly fewer articles in JPO-B contained a female author (37%, P=0.001). The highest percentage of publications with a female first author across 10 years was in JCO (22%), followed by JPO (20%). Significantly fewer articles with a female first author were found in JPO-B (9%, P=0.001).

Conclusion:
There is an increasing proportion of publications in the pediatric orthopaedic literature with female authors and female first authors from 2011 to 2020. In addition, there was a statistical difference in female authorship when comparing specific publications, which should be investigated further.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV.