bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of a Coupling Agent on the Impact Behavior of Flax Fiber Composites
Authors: Kaboglu Cihan , Liu Jun , Liu Haibao , Russo Pietro , Simeoli Giorgio , Lopresto Valentina , Dear John P. , Maharaj Chris 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The effects of a coupling agent on the behavior of flax fiber-reinforced composites have been investigated by testing the specimens under both quasi-static (QS) indentation and high-velocity impact loading. The specimens are manufactured embedding a commercial flax fiber fabric in a polypropylene (PP) matrix, neat and premodified with a maleic anhydride-grafted PP, the latter acting as a coupling agent to enhance the interfacial adhesion. QS compressive tests were performed using a dynamometer testing machine equipped with a high-density polyethylene indenter having the same geometry of the projectile employed in the impact tests. The impact tests were conducted setting three different impact velocities. Digital image correlation maps of out-of-plane displacement were employed to compare the specimens with and without the coupling agent. The QS testing results indicate that the coupling agent has an enhancing influence on the bending stiffness of tested flax composites. The testing results show that the coupling agent improves the mechanical behavior by decreasing the out-of-plane displacement under impact loading. This approach gives rise to new materials potentially useful for applications where impact performance is desired while also providing an opportunity for the incorporation of natural fibers to produce a lightweight composite.
A Finite Element Study of Large Strain Extrusion Machining Using Modified Zerilli–Armstrong Constitutive Relation
Authors: Gurusamy Muralimohan , Palaniappan Karthik , Murthy H. , Rao Balkrishna C. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The objective of this work is to study the performance of modified Zerilli–Armstrong constitutive relation proposed in our previous study for the finite element modeling of a severe plastic deformation technique called large strain extrusion machining. The modified Zerilli–Armstrong constitutive relation is implemented in a finite element model of large strain extrusion machining of Inconel 718 to analyze the influence of process parameters, i.e., the chip compression ratio and tool–chip friction, on deformation, effective strain distribution, and hydrostatic pressure distribution along the extruded chip. The predicted strain values for different chip compression ratios were validated by comparison with those obtained through an analytical model. The finite element predictions also served as a guideline in designing the large strain extrusion-machining setup on which experiments were conducted to generate Inconel 718 foils with superior mechanical properties. The predicted limits of chip compression ratio were in close agreement with experimentally realizable values. Furthermore, the predicted strain distribution through the thickness of the chip was validated with the results of hardness measurement tests. Microstructural characterization of the Inconel 718 foils was carried out by using both optical and transmission-electron microscopic studies in order to reveal the presence of fine-grain structures. The validations showed the effectiveness of the modified Zerilli–Armstrong constitutive relation in modeling large strain extrusion machining—a variant of the conventional machining process.
Numerical Investigation of Thermal Performance of Key Components of Electric Vehicles Using Nucleate Boiling
Authors: P I Shyamkumar , Singh Suneet , Srivastava Atul , Visaria Milan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
An efficient thermal management system is desirable for improving the performance of key components of electric vehicle (EV), such as battery packs and insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs). This paper investigates the application of single bubble nucleate boiling heat transfer in battery and IGBT component cooling pack. A semi-mechanistic flow boiling model, which combines four main submodels i.e., phase change model, micro-region model, Marangoni model, and contact angle model, is developed to get the insight of various subprocesses like bubble inception, growth, departure, scavenging effect while the bubble departs, and condensation. For model validation, simulations are carried out for single bubble flow boiling in a vertical rectangular channel and compared against the experimental data available in the literature. Thereafter, simulations are carried out for the battery and IGBT cooling pack to understand the physical phenomena associated with nucleate boiling in such systems. The choice of a single vapor bubble vis-à-vis multiple bubbles has been based on the objective of validating the developed numerical model. An enhancement of ∼30% in heat transfer is achieved for both battery and IGBT components when the system is subjected to a nucleate boiling cooling regime as compared to a conventional single-phase convection cooling system. Nusselt number variation due to the single bubble movement along the coolant path is studied in detail for both serpentine-shaped cooling path in a battery and straight flow path in an IGBT. Moreover, the influence of Reynolds number over bubble dynamics is analyzed.
Monitoring Rating of Perceived Exertion Time in Zone: A Novel Method to Quantify Training Load in Elite Open-Water Swimmers?
Authors: Ieno Cristian , Baldassarre Roberto , Pennacchi Maddalena , La Torre Antonio , Bonifazi Marco , Piacentini Maria Francesca 
Published: March 2021

Purpose: To analyze training-intensity distribution (TID) using different independent monitoring systems for internal training load in a group of elite open-water swimmers. Methods: One hundred sixty training sessions were monitored in 4 elite open-water swimmers (2 females and 2 males: 23.75 [4.86] y, 62.25 [6.18] kg, 167 [6.68] cm) during 5 weeks of regular training. Heart-rate-based methods, such as time in zone (TIZ), session goal (SG), and hybrid (SG/TIZ), were used to analyze TID. Similarly to SG/TIZ, a new hybrid approach, the rating of perceived exertion (RPE)/TIZ for a more accurate analysis of TID was used. Moreover, based on the 3-zone model, the session ratings of perceived exertion of the swimmers and the coach were compared. Results: Heart-rate- and RPE-based TID methods were significantly different in quantifying Z1 (P = .012; effect size [ES] = 0.490) and Z2 (P = .006; ES = 0.778), while no difference was observed in the quantification of Z3 (P = .428; ES = 0.223). The heart-rate-based data for Z1, Z2, and Z3 were 83.2%, 7.4%, and 8.1% for TIZ; 80.8%, 8.3%, and 10.8% for SG/TIZ; and 55%, 15.6%, and 29.4% for SG. The RPE-based data were 70.9%, 19.9%, and 9.2% for RPE/TIZ% and 41.2%, 48.9%, and 9.7% for the session rating of perceived exertion. No differences were observed between the coach’s and the swimmers’ session ratings of perceived exertion in the 3 zones (Z1: P = .663, ES = −0.187; Z2: P = .110, ES = 0.578; Z3: P = .149, ES = 0.420). Conclusion: Using RPE-based TID methods, Z2 was significantly larger compared with Z1. These results show that RPE-based TID methods in elite open-water swimmers are affected by both intensity and volume.
Mid-ocean-ridge rhyolite (MORR) eruptions on the East Pacific Rise lack the fizz to pop
Authors: Portner Ryan A. , Dreyer Brian M. , Clague David A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Eruptions on the Alarcon Rise segment of the northern East Pacific Rise (23.55°N, 108.42°W) at 2500–2200 m below sea level (mbsl) produced the most compositionally diverse volcanic suite found along the submarine mid-ocean-ridge (MOR) system, offering an opportunity to compare mafic through silicic eruption styles at the same abyssal depth. Eruption styles that formed evolved volcanic rocks on the submarine MOR have not been studied in detail. The prevalence of lava flows along the MOR indicates that most eruptions are nonexplosive, but some volcaniclastic characteristics suggest that explosive styles also occur. Higher viscosities in intermediate (103–5 Pa·s) versus mafic (101 Pa·s) lavas on Alarcon Rise correspond with larger, more brecciated pillows, while highly viscous rhyolite lavas (106–7 Pa·s) formed rugged domes mostly composed of autoclastic breccia. Although high H2O contents (1.5–2.1 wt%), abundant volcaniclasts, and vesicularities up to 53% in rhyolite might imply eruption explosivity, limited fine-grained ash production and dispersal indicate an effusive origin. Higher viscosities of MOR rhyolite (MORR) magma and small eruption volumes, compared to MOR basalt (MORB), limit bubble coalescence and rapid magma ascent, two likely prerequisites for deep-marine eruption explosivity. This idea is supported by widespread dispersal of basaltic ash, but very limited production and dispersal of silicic ash on Alarcon Rise.
Cyclophosphates, a new class of native phosphorus compounds, and some insights into prebiotic phosphorylation on early Earth
Authors: Britvin Sergey N. , Murashko Michail N. , Vapnik Yevgeny , Vlasenko Natalia S. , Krzhizhanovskaya Maria G. , Vereshchagin Oleg S. , Bocharov Vladimir N. , Lozhkin Maksim S. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractCyclophosphates are a class of energy-rich compounds whose hydrolytic decomposition (ring opening) liberates energy that is sufficient for initiation of biomimetic phosphorylation reactions. Because of that, cyclophosphates might be considered as a likely source of reactive prebiotic phosphorus on early Earth. A major obstacle toward adoption of this hypothesis is that cyclophosphates have so far not been encountered in nature. We herein report on the discovery of these minerals in the terrestrial environment, at the Dead Sea basin in Israel. Cyclophosphates represent the most condensed phosphate species known in nature. A pathway for cyclophosphate geosynthesis is herein proposed, involving simple pyrolytic oxidation of terrestrial phosphides. Discovery of natural cyclophosphates opens new opportunities for modeling prebiotic phosphorylation reactions that resulted in the emergence of primordial life on our planet.
Non-invasive early exclusion of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension after acute pulmonary embolism: the InShape II study
Authors: Boon Gudula J A M , Ende-Verhaar Yvonne M , Bavalia Roisin , El Bouazzaoui Lahassan H , Delcroix Marion , Dzikowska-Diduch Olga , Huisman Menno V , Kurnicka Katarzyna , Mairuhu Albert T A , Middeldorp Saskia , Pruszczyk Piotr , Ruigrok Dieuwertje , Verhamme Peter , Vliegen Hubert W , Vonk Noordegraaf Anton , Vriend Joris W J , Klok Frederikus A 
Published: March 2021

BackgroundThe current diagnostic delay of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) after pulmonary embolism (PE) is unacceptably long, causing loss of quality-adjusted life years and excess mortality. Validated screening strategies for early CTEPH diagnosis are lacking. Echocardiographic screening among all PE survivors is associated with overdiagnosis and cost-ineffectiveness. We aimed to validate a simple screening strategy for excluding CTEPH early after acute PE, limiting the number of performed echocardiograms.MethodsIn this prospective, international, multicentre management study, consecutive patients were managed according to a screening algorithm starting 3 months after acute PE to determine whether echocardiographic evaluation of pulmonary hypertension (PH) was indicated. If the ‘CTEPH prediction score’ indicated high pretest probability or matching symptoms were present, the ‘CTEPH rule-out criteria’ were applied, consisting of ECG reading and N-terminalpro-brain natriuretic peptide. Only if these results could not rule out possible PH, the patients were referred for echocardiography.Results424 patients were included. Based on the algorithm, CTEPH was considered absent in 343 (81%) patients, leaving 81 patients (19%) referred for echocardiography. During 2-year follow-up, one patient in whom echocardiography was deemed unnecessary by the algorithm was diagnosed with CTEPH, reflecting an algorithm failure rate of 0.29% (95% CI 0% to 1.6%). Overall CTEPH incidence was 3.1% (13/424), of whom 10 patients were diagnosed within 4 months after the PE presentation.ConclusionsThe InShape II algorithm accurately excluded CTEPH, without the need for echocardiography in the overall majority of patients. CTEPH was identified early after acute PE, resulting in a substantially shorter diagnostic delay than in current practice.
Estimation of conservation unit and population contribution to Chinook salmon mixed-stock fisheries in British Columbia, Canada, using direct DNA sequencing for single nucleotide polymorphisms
Authors: Beacham Terry D. , Wallace Colin , Jonsen Kim , Sutherland Ben J.G. , Gummer Carrie , Rondeau Eric B. 
Published: March 2021

Determination of population structure and stock identification is a general problem in fisheries assessment and management. Pacific salmon fishery management regimes are evolving to require higher resolution of stock composition on increasingly smaller reporting units. For Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), a stock identification baseline comprised of some 125 198 individuals from 369 populations ranging from Russia to California was employed for genetic stock identification (GSI). GSI analysis based on variation at up to 547 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was demonstrated to provide accurate estimates of stock composition for 68 conservation units (CUs) in British Columbia, 23 reporting groups in the United States, and one reporting group in Russia. In many instances, accurate population-specific estimates of stock composition within a CU were possible in fishery samples, as well as identifying individuals to some specific populations. A genetics-based assessment system provides an opportunity for conservation-based management of Canadian Chinook salmon.
Stokesian dynamics simulations of a magnetotactic bacterium
Authors: Mohammadinejad Sarah , Faivre Damien , Klumpp Stefan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The swimming of bacteria provides insight into propulsion and steering under the conditions of low-Reynolds number hydrodynamics. Here we address the magnetically steered swimming of magnetotactic bacteria. We use Stokesian dynamics simulations to study the swimming of single-flagellated magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) in an external magnetic field. Our model MTB consists of a spherical cell body equipped with a magnetic dipole moment and a helical flagellum rotated by a rotary motor. The elasticity of the flagellum as well as magnetic and hydrodynamic interactions is taken into account in this model. We characterized how the swimming velocity is dependent on parameters of the model. We then studied the U-turn motion after a field reversal and found two regimes for weak and strong fields and, correspondingly, two characteristic time scales. In the two regimes, the U-turn time is dominated by the turning of the cell body and its magnetic moment or the turning of the flagellum, respectively. In the regime for weak fields, where turning is dominated by the magnetic relaxation, the U-turn time is approximately in agreement with a theoretical model based on torque balance. In the strong-field regime, strong deformations of the flagellum are observed. We further simulated the swimming of a bacterium with a magnetic moment that is inclined relative to the flagellar axis. This scenario leads to intriguing double helical trajectories that we characterize as functions of the magnetic moment inclination and the magnetic field. For small inclination angles ($$\lesssim {20^{\circ }}$$

≲

20
∘

) and typical field strengths, the inclination of the magnetic moment has only a minor effect on the swimming of MTB in an external magnetic field. Large inclination angles result in a strong reduction in the velocity in direction of the magnetic field, consistent with recent observations that bacteria with large inclination angles use a different propulsion mechanism.

Graphic abstract
The 2021 Alonzo Church award for outstanding contributions to logic and computation
Authors: Esparza Javier 
Published: March 2021

An annual award, called the Alonzo Church Award for Outstanding Contributions to Logic and Computation, was established in 2015 by the ACM Special Interest Group for Logic and Computation (SIGLOG), the European Association for Theoretical Computer Science (EATCS), the European Association for Computer Science Logic (EACSL), and the Kurt Gödel Society (KGS). The award is for an outstanding contribution represented by a paper or by a small group of papers published within the past 25 years. This time span allows the lasting impact and depth of the contribution to have been established. The award can be given to an individual, or to a group of individuals who have collaborated on the research. For the rules governing this award, see https://siglog.org/alonzo-church-award/, https://www.eatcs.org/index.php/church-award/, and https://eacsl.org/.
The 2020 Alonzo Church Award was given jointly to Ronald Fagin, Phokion G. Kolaitis, Renée J. Miller, Lucian Popa, and Wang Chiew Tan for their ground-breaking work on laying the logical foundations for data exchange. Lists containing this and all previous winners can be found through the links above.
Obesity and Serial NT‐proBNP Levels in Guided Medical Therapy for Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction: Insights From the GUIDE‐IT Trial
Authors: Parcha Vibhu , Patel Nirav , Kalra Rajat , Suri Sarabjeet S. , Arora Garima , Wang Thomas J. , Arora Pankaj 
Published: March 2021

Background
Obese patients have lower NT‐proBNP (N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide) levels. The prognostic implications of achieving NT‐proBNP levels ≤1000 pg/mL in obese patients with heart failure (HF) receiving biomarker‐guided therapy are not completely known. We evaluated the prognostic implications of obesity and having NT‐proBNP levels (≤1000 pg/mL) in the GUIDE‐IT (Guiding Evidence‐Based Therapy Using Biomarker‐Intensified Treatment in HF) trial participants.

Methods and Results

The risk of adverse cardiovascular events (HF hospitalization or cardiovascular mortality) was assessed using multivariable‐adjusted Cox proportional hazard models based on having NT‐proBNP ≤1000 pg/mL (taken as a time‐varying covariate), stratified by obesity status. The study outcome was also assessed on the basis of the body mass index at baseline. The predictive ability of NT‐proBNP for adverse cardiovascular events was assessed using the likelihood ratio test. Compared with nonobese patients, obese patients were mostly younger, Black race, and more likely to be women. NT‐proBNP levels were 59.0% (95% CI, 39.5%–83.5%) lower among obese individuals. The risk of adverse cardiovascular events was lower in obese (hazard ratio [HR], 0.48; 95% CI, 0.29–0.59) and nonobese (HR, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.19–0.57) patients with HF who had NT‐proBNP levels ≤1000 pg/mL, compared with those who did not. There was no interaction between obesity and having NT‐proBNP ≤1000 pg/mL on the study outcome (
P
>0.10). Obese patients had a greater risk of developing adverse cardiovascular events (HR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.01–1.90) compared with nonobese patients. NT‐proBNP was the strongest predictor of adverse cardiovascular event risk in both obese and nonobese patients.

Conclusions
On‐treatment NT‐proBNP level ≤1000 pg/mL has favorable prognostic implications, irrespective of obesity status. NT‐proBNP levels were the strongest predictor of cardiovascular events in both obese and nonobese individuals in this trial.

Registration

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
; Unique identifier: NCT01685840.
Association of Transcatheter Mitral Valve Repair Availability With Outcomes of Mitral Valve Surgery
Authors: Alkhouli Mohamad , Alqahtani Fahad , Kawsara Akram , Guerrero Mayra , Eleid Mackram F. , Nkomo Vuyisile T. , Rihal Charanjit S. , Crestanello Juan A. 
Published: March 2021

Background
Transcatheter mitral valve repair (TMVr) is currently offered at selected centers that meet certain operator and institutional requirements. We sought to explore the hypothesis that the availability of TMVr is associated with improved outcomes of MV surgery.

Methods and Results

We used the Nationwide Readmissions Database to identify patients who underwent MV surgery at centers with or without TMVr capabilities between January 1 and December 31, 2017. The primary end point was in‐hospital mortality. Secondary end points were postoperative complications, resource use, and 30‐day readmissions. A total of 24 477 patients from 595 centers (446 TMVr, 149 non‐TMVr) were included. There were modest but statistically significant differences in the prevalence of comorbidities between the groups. Patients at non‐TMVr centers had higher unadjusted in‐hospital mortality than those at TMVr centers (5.6% versus 3.6%,
P
<0.001). They also had higher rates of postoperative complications, longer hospitalizations, higher cost, and fewer home discharges but similar 30‐day readmission rates. After propensity matching, mortality remained higher at non‐TMVr centers (5.5% versus 4.0%,
P
<0.001). Rates of postoperative complications, prolonged hospitalizations, and nonhome discharges also remained higher. Postoperative mortality was consistently higher at non‐TMVr centers in multiple risk‐adjustment analyses incrementally accounting for differences in risk factors, surgical volume, availability of surgical repair, and excluding concomitant procedures. In the most comprehensive model, surgery at non‐TMVr centers was associated with higher odds of death (odds ratio, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.14–1.73;
P
=0.002).

Conclusions
Mitral valve surgery at TMVr centers is associated with improved in‐hospital outcomes compared with non‐TMVr centers.
The Bipartisan Origins of White Nationalism
Authors: Massey Douglas S. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Dysfunctional immigration and border policies implemented in recent decades have accelerated growth of the Latino population and racialized its members around the trope of illegality. Since the 1960s, Republicans have cultivated White fears and resentments toward African Americans, and over time these efforts broadened to target Hispanics as well. Until 2016, this cultivation relied on a dog whistle politics of racially coded symbolic language, but with the election of Donald Trump as president, White nationalist sentiments became explicit and White nationalism emerged as an ideological pillar of the Republican Party. This volume confirms this political transformation, describing its features and documenting its consequences. In this essay, I describe the unwise U.S. immigration and border policies that were steadily promulgated and expanded over the decades by Democrats as well as Republicans, inevitably leading to the current racist and nativist moment. I close by offering a way forward by granting legal status to those who currently lack it, while simultaneously dismantling the nation's formidable machinery of immigration and border enforcement.
Race, Legal Status & Social Mobility
Authors: Waters Mary C. , Kasinitz Philip 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this essay, we review what is known about the role of race and legal status in the incorporation of immigrants in twenty-first-century America. While race and ethnicity matter in the social mobility of immigrants, racialization is not the impassable stumbling block critical race theory predicts. The research paints a remarkably consistent picture of intergenerational socioeconomic progress, one that is very similar to what happened with immigrants from Europe a century ago. This mobility is accelerated for Asians and Blacks, but slower among Latinxs. Legal status is increasingly a block to integration and affects both undocumented immigrants and their citizen children. While race and legal status intersect, we conclude that legal status is now playing a relatively autonomous role in limiting the life chances of many immigrants. We raise the alarm about not only the direct effects of legal status, but its increasing role in racializing and excluding Latinx Americans.