bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transfer Factors from Soil to Plant of Natural Radionuclides at Abu-Ghraib City, Iraq Using Gamma Ray Spectroscopy
Authors: Ebraheem Rand Mudher , Al-Alawy Iman Tarik , Mhana Waleed Jabar 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Activity concentrations of natural radionuclides, artificial radio-cesium, and soil-to-plant transfer factor in common different plants species grown at Abu-Ghraib city in the capital Baghdad have been evaluated using NaI(Tl) gamma spectroscopy. Five species of plants have been selected, namely green pepper, cucumber, celery, basil, and mint. The measurements were made on four parts of each plant sample which were included soil, roots, stalk, and leave for knowledge and evaluation the transfer factors. The maximum mean specific activity concentration of U-238 and Th-232 was 9.853±10.904 Bq/kg, 6.005±2.729Bq/kg in celery, while the maximum mean specific activity concentration of K-40 was 141.172±71.703 Bg/kg in cucumber, respectively. The results showed that the uranium, thorium, potassium and cesium concentration not exceeded the permissible limit. The mean Radium equivalent activity was 35.553 Bq\kg lower than 370 Bq\kg recommended by UNSCEAR. The maximum absorbed dose rate in root-mint samples was 30.290 nGy/h which is lower than 84 nGy/h, while the mean annual outdoor effective dose equivalent in root samples was 148.597 mSv/y which is lower than 290 mSv/y recommended by UNSCEAR, respectively. The maximum H hazard index was 0.097 in root samples which is less than ≤1 recommended by UNSCEAR. The excess lifetime cancer risk (ECLR) ranged from 5.441×10 −3 to 520.081×10 −3. This value is higher than recommended limit 0.29 ×10 −3 and 1.16 ×10 −3 reported by UNSCEAR. The ELCR is a function of environmental geology and K-40 has very high soil-to-plant transfer factor compared to other radionuclides in the samples. Therefore, there is a risk of their administration. The maximum of radioactivity level index was 0.265 Bq/kg which is less than ≤1.
Effect of Chitosan Nanoparticles Loaded Oxytetracycline Hydrochloride on Health Status of Common Carp (Cyprinuscarpio L.) Infected with Columnaris Disease
Authors: Ali Medyan N. , Al-Saadi Tagreed M. , AL-Faragi Jamal K. A. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of chitosan nanoparticles loaded oxytetracycline hydrochloride on health status, and survival rate of common carp infected with Columnaris disease. A total 160 fish of Cyprinuscarpio L. weighed between 48-50g were randomly distributed into eight treatments, and 48 fish were used to determine LD50. (Two replications for each treatment). The bacterial concentration of F. column are that used for infection test after a serial dilution was 0.2ml (1.8 × 106 CFU/ml), then removal a few of scales near the caudal fin and injection subcutaneously. The trial injected fish treated by ordinary oxytetracycline hydrochloride as T0 in dose 20 mg/L and T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 treated by chitosan nanoparticles loaded oxytetracycline hydrochloride in dose 20, 15, 10, 5, 2.5 mg/L respectively. The control (+) infected without gave treatment, whilst, control-was no infected. All the treatments gave the bath treatment 1-hour per-day for 7 days, clinical signs post treatment were evaluated also, RBC counts, WBC counts, PCV, Hb, Total proteins, Albumin, Globulin, A/G ratio and survival rate were measured. One week after the end of the treatment period, an improvement in health and feed consumption was observed in T4 and T3. The results revealed significant increases (P < 0.05) in PCV, Hb, RBCs count and WBCcount of C. carpio post-treatment in treated groups T4 (26.46%, 8.95 g/dl and 2.27 cell×106/mm3 and22.10 cell×103/mm3respectively) compared with control (+) (15.95%, 5.94 g/dl,1.55 cell×106/mm3 and19.13 cell×103/mm3respectively). In addition, Total proteins, Albumin, Globulin showed significant increase (P < 0.05) in T2, T3, T4, T5 comparison with the control+ group and highest values were recorded in T4. While, The result of A/G ratio revealed a significantly decreased (P 0.05) in all treatments in compared with Control(-) and no significant difference (P 0.05) compared with Control(+). The best A/G ratio recorded in T4 and T5. In addition, survival rate 90% recorded as the highest value in T4. This current administration technique of oxytetracycline, proved to become much more efficient with respect to conventional exposure and has the potential to minimize the usage of antibiotics in fish farms and regarding environmental effects.
Refractive Index Sensor for Salty and Sugary Solution Based on Optical Fiber Technical
Authors: Ibrahim Maher Khaleel , Kadhim Shehab A , Fawaz Nabeil Ibrahim 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In this work, based on Mach- Zehender Interferometry (MZI) technique, a single-mode optical fiber had been designed as a water pollution sensor. The submitted sensor had been designed to detect pollutants in water. The sodium chloride salt and sugar were used as simulation examples of pollutants with different concentrations (0-0.45) mol /liter. The performance of the submitted sensor had been studied for different sensor arm diameters which were (63.5, 51.58, 39.68 and 20 µm). The variation of the refractive index of salty and sugary solutions surrounding the sensor leads to a change in the optical properties of the transmitted signal. In this work, a wavelength shifting had been obtained due to this variation. The influence of sensor diameter on the sensitivity of the system had been studied. From the results, we found that the higher sensitivity was for the sensors with a diameter of 20 µm, and they were 1130 pm/mol.l-1 and 1205 pm/mol.l-1 for salty and sugary solution respectively.
Modeling the Effect of Particle Packing Density for Sintering
Authors: Hassun Hanan K. , Hussein Bushra H. , K.H.al-Maiyaly Bushra 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This research studies the effect of particle packing density on sintering TiO2 microstructure. Sintering experiment was conducted on compacts involving of monodisperse spherical TiO2 particles. The experimental results are modeled using L2-Regression technique in studing the effect of two theoretical values of 55% and 69% of initial packing densities. The mathematical simulation shows that the lower values of density compacts sintered fast to theoretical density and this reflects that particle packing density improved densification rate because of the competing influence of grain growth at higher values of densities.
Numerical Study of Bending Losses in Optical Fibers with Arbitrary Profile Index
Authors: Jassim Asmaa M. , Yasser Hassan A. , Muhammad Haider K. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In this work, the bending loss was numerically studied within the COMSOL environment, where the general formula for profile index including graded and step-index types was adopted. The study showed an increase in bending loss with decreases bending radius, decreases core radius and increases wavelength. The graded order is effective up to after which the loss is constant. There is an oscillating change in loss caused by interference between the outgoing and reflected waves from the boundaries, which becomes clearer as the loss itself increases.
Preparation and characterization of copper oxide by adding turmeric powder
Authors: obaid Maithm A. , Harbi Khalid Hellal , Abd Ahmed N. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In the present study, the nanoparticle CuO solutions have been green synthesized with the use of the Aqueous copper chlorides and turmeric powder as a reducing agent in the deionized water as base fluid through the use of the traditional heating. This approach has produced large amounts of the Nano-products in a short duration of the reaction that takes several minutes, in addition to high quality materials with the innovative characteristics. A short review on some of the distinctive implementations and characteristics of the CuO Nano-structures will be presented as well.
Design High performance multilayers cold mirror
Authors: Gadhban Ansam Qassim , Roomy Harakat Mohsin , Taha Sarah K 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The optical design process includes a myriad of tasks that the designer must be performed and consider in the process of optimizing the performance of the optical system. In this article, a design based on four groups of materials for a multilayer dielectric cold mirror: V2O5 \MgF2, Sic\MgF2, TiO2\MgF2, and Al As\MgF2 where MgF2 represents low refractive index and other material in each group represent high refractive index. A cold mirrors are a special dielectric mirrors that reflects the entire visible wavelength band, while the transmitting infrared wavelength band. These systems of mirrors are constructed for an event angle from 0° to 45° and are modeled with interference filters-like multi thin layer dielectric coatings. The results of our work designed shows the mirror based on Al As/MgF2 is the most promising design for cold mirror with the highest reflection in the visible region and the highest Transition in the IR region. In the spectrum range of 400-800 nanometers, the average transmission is much less than 1 %, while the average transmission is 95 percent in the wave band 800-2500 nanometer.
Study the photo catalytic activity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and the impact on the degradation of methylene blue
Authors: Jarallah Abbas K , Abdullah Omar Fadhil , Aziz Wisam J , Lahwd Marwa J 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In this study, titanium dioxide (TiO2) pure and doped prepared with tungsten at 5, 7 and 9 %, using pulse laser ablation method. The influence of different doping ratio of tungsten investigated on the structural properties and optical properties. X-ray measurement showed that the crystal size was increased by increasing doped concentration. From UV-visible data it has been found that the tungsten doping leads to a change in the optical band gap. ApplicationTiO2 as photo catalyst was studied on the degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye under UV illumination, which revealed the highest degradation of MB at a ratio of 9%.
Estimating the Lateral Distribution of High Energy Cosmic Ray Particles by Depending on Nishimura-Kamata-Greisen Function
Authors: Fadhel Kadhom F. , Al-Rubaiee A.A. , Jassim Hassanen Abdulhussaen , Al-Alawy Iman Tarik 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The calculation of charged particles density in Extensive Air Showers (EAS) that reach the earth’s surface is described through estimating the lateral distribution function (LDF) at very high energies of different primary particles. The simulation of LDF is performed through the simulator of air shower which is called AIR-shower Extended Simulations (AIRES) system (2.8.4a version). The LDF simulation is performed for different charged particles like the muons, electron-positron pair production and all charged particles as well as gamma rays at very high energies (1016, 1018 and 1019) eV. The influence of the primary energies, primary particles (such as the proton and the iron nuclei) and the zenith angle (θ) on the charged particles LDF that generated in the EAS has been taken into the account. The calculation of charged particles LDF is fulfilled using “Nishimura-Kamata-Greisen” (NKG) function. The LDF using NKG function is compared with that simulated using AIRES system and gave a good agreement at high energies for (electron and positron) secondary particles, which were initiated by the primary proton.
Study the Effect of Annealing Process on Nanorods and Nanonails ZnO Thin Films Prepared by Hydrothermal Technique
Authors: Kareem M. M. , Mohammed F.Y. , Khodair Z. T. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWurtzite hexagonal Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoorods and nanonails arrays have been successfully fabricated and deposited on glass substrates pre-coated with ZnO seed layer using a simple hydrothermal method. The influence of annealing temperatures of on the morphological, structural and optical properties was studied. The size and shape of the nanostructures and the band gap energy depend on the deposition temperature of ZnO thin films have been studied. The optical energy band gaps of ZnO were calculated to be 3.25 eV and 3.26 eV for the samples annealed at 300°C and 350°C respectively. The XRD results show the formation of wurtzite hexagonal ZnO structures for nanonails and nanorods arrays with prominent (002) orientation. The c/a ratio of 1.6033 is close to the ideal value for hexagonal cell around 1.633. The transmittance of the films is about 80% in the visible range. The (EDX) analysis identified the pure ZnO phase with a ratio of Z:O = 1:1.
Investigation and Study of Photonic Current Rate in Bremsstrahlung process
Authors: Bkmurd Rana Issa , Al-Agealy Hadi J M , Ashwiekh Ahmed M 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we investigate and study quantum theoretical of quark-gluon interaction modeling in QGP matter formatted. In theoretical modeling, we can use a flavor number, strength coupling, critical energy Tc = 190 MeV, system energy (400-650)MeV, fugacity of quark and gluon, and photon energy in range of 1-10 GeV parameter to calculation and investigation spectrum of photon rate. We calculation and study the photon rate produced through bremsstrahlung processes from the stable QGP matter. The photon rate production from cg → dgy systems at bremsstrahlung processes are found to be increased with increased fugacity, decreased strength coupling, decreased the photons energy and temperature of system. The photons rate in cg → dgy is increases a little compared to the cg → bgy systems.
Properties of organic green spinach dye as a substitute for harmful chemical green dye
Authors: Hussin Suma H AL-Shaikh 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Preparation of an environmentally friendly organic green dye, an alternative to the harmful industrial chemical green dye which is used to optical and industrial applications. The dye is extracted from spinach plant by solvent extraction process. The optical and morphological characterizations of green spinach dye are measurements, the absorbance spectrum of green spinach accord in visible region and the dye have two peaks at wavelengths (λ1=440 nm, λ2=685 nm) where the band gap energy is Eg=2.81 eV at λ1 and the refractive index of spinach dye (n=1.36682). The fluorescence spectrum show the maximum absorption wavelength λ1, λ2 shifted towers red region about Δλ1=90 nm and Δλ2=195 nm respectively, and that accentuated the absorption region are extend to the dye. Also, the average particles size of spinach measured by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)=59.587 nm. These characterizations obtained the green dye can used in optical and industrial applications and made it a safer alternative for the toxic chemical green dye and thus protecting the environment by replacing polluting industrial chemical and their consequences.
Characteristics of probing electrons behavior inside the chamber of scanning electron microscope
Authors: Khaleel Imad H. , Mahdi Ali S. , Al-Obaidi Hassan N. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The electron mirror phenomenon has been explored to describe the behavior of a probing electron trajectory inside the chamber of scanning electron microscope (SEM). This investigation has been carried out by means of the modulated mirror plot curve technique. This method is based on expanding sample potential to a multipolar form to detect the actual distribution of the trapped charges. Actually an experimental result is used to guiding results of this work toward the accurate side. Results have shown that the influence of each type of multipolar arrangement (monopole, dipole, quadruple, octopole … etc.) mainly depends on the driving potential.
Fabrication of SrTiO3 NPs Doped Polymer Blend and Studying their AC Electrical Characteristics for Piezoelectric Fields
Authors: Hadi Abeer Ghalib , Al-Ramadhan Zainab , Hashim Ahmed 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Nanocomposite films of PVA/PAA/SrTiO3 NPs were fabricated for electronic and optic approaches using a low cost method. The AC electrical characteristics of PVA/PAA/SrTiO3 films were investigated. The results showed that the dielectric constant of polymeric blend increases from 5.39 to 7.25, and the dielectric loss increases from 1 to 30. While, the electrical conductivity increases from 5.00E−11 to 2.00E−9 with increasing the SrTiO3 NPs content. Also, the dielectric constant of polymeric blend increased from 5.39 to 8.04, and the dielectric loss increased from 0.377 to 1.21. While, the electrical conductivity increased from 2.09E−11 to 6.70E−11 with increasing the frequency.
Influence of BaTiO3 NPs on Dielectric Characteristics of PVA/PEG For Electronic Applications
Authors: Mohammed Batool , Ahmed Hind , Hashim Ahmed 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we synthesized new types of nanocomposites to be used in various electronic applications such as piezoelectric, pressure sensors, diodes, transistors with low cost and lightweight. The nanocomposites were obtained from PVA/PEG blend doped with nanoparticles BaTiO3 using casting method then studied using LCR meter. The dielectric characteristics of the synthesized nanocomposites have been studied. Results indicated that dielectric constants ε′, loss ε″ and conductivity σA.C in PVA/PEG rise as BaTiO3 NPs content increased. Also, the dielectric constant was increased from 5.8 to 8.6 and the dielectric loss was increased from 1.5 to 4.38. The ε′ and ε″ were decreased while the electrical conductivity was increased from 8.34 to 2.40 at 100 HZ and the σA.C was decreased with increasing frequency.
The effect of the Doping with Cobalt Transition Metal on the Dielectric and Structural Properties of Fe0.5CoxMg0.95-xO Nanoparticles Synthesized by Sol-Gel Assisted Auto-Combustion
Authors: Al-Saadi Tagreed M. , Ahmed Omar A. , Khaleel Imad H. , AL-Dhahir T.A. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The compound Fe0.5CoxMg0.95-xO where (x= 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1) was prepared via the sol-gel technique. The crystalline nature of magnesium oxide was studied by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis, and the size of the sample crystals, ranging between (16.91-19.62nm), increased, while the lattice constant within the band (0.5337-0.4738 nm) decreased with increasing the cobalt concentration. The morphology of the specimens was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) which shows images forming spherical granules in addition to the presence of interconnected chips. The presence of the elements involved in the superposition was confirmed by energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. The results showed that the dielectric constant decreases with increasing the cobalt concentration, while the dielectric loss factor and AC conductivity increase.
A New Technique for Solar Cell Parameters Estimation of The Single-Diode Model
Authors: Rasheed Mohammed , Alabdali Osama , Shihab Suha 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn the current study, an implicit algorithm has been applied to solve the nonlinear equation of a single diode solar cell using several iterations with an initial value ofx0= 1. The proposed algorithm is achieved with the different values of load resistance. The equation based on equivalent circuit of a solar cell and all the determinations are implemented at ambient temperature using MATLAB program. The obtained results of this new method are given, and the absolute errors are investigated.
Effect of The Cu Doping on The Structural and Optical Properties of AlSb Thin Films Deposited by Thermal Evaporation Method
Authors: Ibraheim Adil M. , Sameer Maki A. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
AlSb thin film was prepared on a glass substrate with a thickness of (200 nm) at room temperature using the thermal evaporation technique under high vacuum conditions (10−6 mbar). The effect of Cu doping at ratios (1%, 3% and 5%) on the structural and optical properties were investigated. The structural properties of the films were evaluated by X-Ray Diffraction technique (XRD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The optical properties of the films were measured using the (UV-Vis ) spectra in the ranges from 400 to 1000 nm. XRD results showed that all the samples have a polycrystalline cubic structure, and the average grain size of AlSb increases with increasing the Cu ratios. According to the AFM analysis, it is noticed that the average surface roughness (RMS) of AlSb nanocubic thin film decreases with increasing Cu doped concentration. From UV–Vis absorption spectra, it is noticed that all the samples have high absorption in the visible region, and the direct energy gap values for the samples were 1.83 eV, 1.81 eV, 1.80 eV, and 1.78 eV for pure, 1% Cu, 3% Cu and 5% Cu respectively.
Cryogenic Analysis of Junctionless Nanowire MOSFET during Underlap in Lower Technology Nodes
Authors: Sasank Tenneti Sai , Ganesh Pochiraju Raja , Kumar Nukala Pavan , Jena Biswajit , Obaid Ahmed J. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a cryogenic analysis of Junction less Under lapped Nanowire MOSFETs in lower technology nodes. The temperature dependent analysis is carried out to extract the DC figure of merits (FOMs) of the proposed nanowire MOSFET. The analysis is carried out to investigate the drain current associated with the device at different temperature. Further the analysis is extended with underlap length variation from source, drain and both sides. As the trans conductance plays a vital role in device performance estimation, so the analysis is further extended to calculate the transconductance for all the temperature variation and underlap length variation. With the introduction of gate metal under lapping, the sub-threshold behaviour of the proposed structure under different temperature is carried out extensively.
Image Processing Technology and Deep Learning Application: In Relation to the Context of Laser Positioning
Authors: Jwaid Wasan M. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In the current investigation, there was the use of the technology of machine vision. The usage of this technology was informed by the need to have the laser spot’s highest energy positioned precisely, eventually allowing for the facilitation of further product work piece joining. Indeed, the joining occurred in laser welding machinery. Relative to the displacement phase, it is notable that it could aid in work piece placement into superposition areas, upon which there could be the joining of the parts. Training programs or models that were used involved convolutional neural network and deep learning, which allowed for the resultant system’s enhancement of the accuracy with which the positioning could be achieved. Also, the aforementioned algorithms were insightful because they led to the enhancement of machine work efficiency. Similarly, in the study, there was the proposing of a bi-analytic deep learning localization technique. For the purpose of system monitoring in real time, there was the use of a camera. As such, the initial stage entailed the application of the convolutional neural network, which aided in the implementation of large-scale initial searchers before having the laser light spot zone located. In turn, the phase that followed entailed increasing the camera’s optical magnification, which paved the way for the spot area’s re-imaging, as well as the application of a template matching method to ensure that high-precision repositioning was achieved. When the parameter of the search result area’s ratio was considered, it could be seen that the study was able to determine the target spot’s integrity parameters. For the case of the complete laser spot, there was the performance of the centroid calculation. Also, in situations where an incomplete laser spot reflected the target, there was the performance of invariant moments’ operation. From the findings, the study indicated that from incomplete laser spot images, the laser spot’s highest energy could be positioned precisely. The study also established that in order to establish the displacement amount, the image’s center and the laser spot’s highest energy could be overlapped.