bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Corporatization in local government: Promoting cultural differentiation and hybridity?
Authors: Berge Dag Magne , Torsteinsen Harald 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCorporatization implies disintegration of public authority, leading to not only structural but also cultural differentiation of government, transforming it into a fragmented and hybrid governance system consisting of an authority and multiple autonomous or semi‐autonomous operators. This article addresses corporatization at the local government level in Norway, exploring if and how this change in formal structure triggers the emergence of separate cultures in the operator entities. Described as an institutionalization process, new norms, cognitions and identities seem to develop in these entities, creating a sense of ‘us’ (the municipal company) and ‘them’ (the municipality), thus strengthening the regulative separateness through normative and cultural‐cognitive elements. Findings from our multiple‐case study indicate that this process may be relatively fast and strong, transforming local government into a system comprising various hybrid types, especially segregated and assimilated types. The stronger the structural differentiation is, the stronger cultural differentiation seems to be.
Systemic reprogramming of phytohormone profiles and metabolic traits by virulent Diplodia infection in its pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) host
Authors: Hu Bin , Mithöfer Axel , Reichelt Michael , Eggert Kai , Peters Franziska S. , Ma Ming , Schumacher Jörg , Kreuzwieser Jürgen , von Wirén Nicolaus , Rennenberg Heinz 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe widespread ascomycetous fungus Diplodia pinea is a latent, necrotrophic pathogen in Pinus species causing severe damages and world‐wide economic losses. However, the interactions between pine hosts and virulent D. pinea are largely not understood. In the present study, systemic defence responses were investigated in non‐inoculated, asymptomatic needles and roots of D. pinea infected saplings of two P. sylvestris provenances under controlled greenhouse conditions. Here, we show that D. pinea infection induced a multitude of systemic responses of the phytohormone profiles and metabolic traits. Shared systemic responses of both pine provenances in needles and roots included increased abscisic acid and jasmonic acid levels. Exclusively in the roots of both provenances, enhanced salicylic acid and reduced indole‐3‐acetic acid levels, structural biomass, and elevated activities of anti‐oxidative enzymes were observed. Despite these similarities, the two pine provenances investigated different significantly in the systemic responses of both, phytohormone profiles and metabolic traits in needles and roots. However, the different systemic responses did not prevent subsequent destruction of non‐inoculated needles, but rather prevented damage to the roots. Our results provide a detailed view on systemic defence mechanisms of pine hosts that are of particular significance for the selection of provenances with improved defence capacity.
Efflux and assimilation of xylem‐transported CO2 in stems and leaves of tree species with different wood anatomy
Authors: Salomón Roberto Luis , De Roo Linus , Bodé Samuel , Boeckx Pascal , Steppe Kathy 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDetermining the fate of CO2 respired in woody tissues is necessary to understand plant respiratory physiology and to evaluate CO2 recycling mechanisms. An aqueous 13C‐enriched CO2 solution was infused into the stem of 3–4 m tall trees to estimate efflux and assimilation of xylem‐transported CO2 via cavity ring‐down laser spectroscopy and isotope ratio mass spectrometry, respectively. Different tree locations (lower stem, upper stem and leafy shoots) and tissues (xylem, bark and leaves) were monitored in species with tracheid, diffuse‐ and ring‐porous wood anatomy (cedar, maple and oak, respectively). Radial xylem CO2 diffusivity and xylem [CO2] were lower in cedar relative to maple and oak trees, thereby limiting label diffusion. Part of the labeled 13CO2 was assimilated in cedar (8.7%) and oak (20.6%) trees, mostly in xylem and bark tissues of the stem, while limited solution uptake in maple trees hindered the detection of label assimilation. Little label reached foliar tissues, suggesting substantial label loss along the stem‐branch transition following reductions in the radial diffusive pathway. Differences in respiration rates and radial xylem CO2 diffusivity (lower in conifer relative to angiosperm species) might reconcile discrepancies in efflux and assimilation of xylem‐transported CO2 so far observed between taxonomic clades.
Global burden of maternal bereavement: indicators of the cumulative prevalence of child loss
Authors: Smith-Greenaway Emily , Alburez-Gutierrez Diego , Trinitapoli Jenny , Zagheni Emilio 
Published: April 2021

BackgroundWe provide country-level estimates of the cumulative prevalence of mothers bereaved by a child’s death in 170 countries and territories.MethodsWe generate indicators of the cumulative prevalence of mothers who have had an infant, under-five-year-old or any-age child ever die by using publicly available survey data in 89 countries and an indirect approach that combines formal kinship models and life-table methods in an additional 81 countries. We label these measures the maternal cumulative prevalence of infant mortality (mIM), under-five mortality (mU5M) and offspring mortality (mOM) and generate prevalence estimates for 20–44-year-old and 45–49-year-old mothers.ResultsIn several Asian and European countries, the mIM and mU5M are below 10 per 1000 mothers yet exceed 200 per 1000 mothers in several Middle Eastern and African countries. Global inequality in mothers’ experience of child loss is enormous: mothers in high-mortality-burden African countries are more than 100 times more likely to have had a child die than mothers in low-mortality-burden Asian and European countries. In more than 20 African countries, the mOM exceeds 500 per 1000 mothers, meaning that it is typical for a surviving 45–49-year-old mother to be bereaved.DiscussionThe study reveals enormous global disparities in mothers’ experience of child loss and identifies a need for more research on the downstream mental and physical health risks associated with parental bereavement.
Evaluating the impact of menthol cigarette bans on cessation and smoking behaviours in Canada: longitudinal findings from the Canadian arm of the 2016–2018 ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Surveys
Authors: Chung-Hall Janet , Fong Geoffrey T , Meng Gang , Cummings K Michael , Hyland Andrew , O'Connor Richard J , Quah Anne C K , Craig Lorraine V 
Published: April 2021

ObjectiveTo evaluate the impact of menthol cigarette bans in seven Canadian provinces between 2016 and 2018.MethodsLongitudinal data from the Canadian arm of the 2016 and 2018 ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey. 1098 non-menthol and 138 menthol smokers were surveyed pre-menthol and post-menthol cigarette bans. Multivariate logistic regression models examined associations between pre-post ban changes in smoking behaviour, including differences between menthol and non-menthol smokers in quit attempts and quitting.ResultsAt follow-up, 59.1% of pre-ban menthol smokers switched to non-menthol cigarettes; 21.5% quit smoking and 19.5% still smoked menthols, primarily purchased from First Nations reserves. Menthol smokers were more likely than non-menthol smokers to make a quit attempt (adjusted OR (aOR)=1.61, 95% CI 1.03 to 2.51), and to remain quit (aOR=2.30, 95% CI 1.06 to 5.01). Menthol smokers did not differ significantly from non-menthol smokers in quit success (aOR=1.72, 95% CI 0.98 to 3.01); however, daily menthol smokers were more likely than daily non-menthol smokers to quit (aOR=2.21, 95% CI 1.15 to 4.24), and daily menthol smokers who quit before the ban were more likely than daily non-menthol smokers to remain quit (aOR=2.81, 95% CI 1.15 to 6.85).ConclusionsAlthough menthol smokers were most likely to switch to non-menthol cigarettes, the menthol ban was also significantly associated with higher rates of quit attempts and quit success among menthol smokers compared with non-menthol smokers, and may have helped to prevent relapse among menthol smokers who had quit smoking before the ban. Results confirm and extend evaluation of Ontario’s menthol ban across provinces covering 83% of the Canadian population.
Electrical conductivity of the quark-gluon plasma: perspective from lattice QCD
Authors: Aarts Gert , Nikolaev Aleksandr 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA discussion on the electrical conductivity of the quark-gluon plasma as determined by lattice QCD is given. After a reminder of basic definitions and expectations, various methods for spectral reconstruction are reviewed, including the use of Ansätze and sum rules, the Maximum Entropy and Backus-Gilbert methods, and Tikhonov regularisation. A comprehensive overview of lattice QCD results obtained so far is given, including a comparison of the different lattice formulations. A noticeable consistency for the conductivities obtained is seen, in spite of the differences in the lattice setups and spectral reconstruction methods. It is found that in the case of quenched QCD little temperature dependence of $$\sigma /T$$

σ
/
T

is seen in the temperature range investigated, while for QCD with dynamical quarks a reduction of $$\sigma /T$$

σ
/
T

in the vicinity of the thermal crossover is observed, compared to its value in the QGP. Several open questions are posed at the end.
A lower bound on critical points of the electric potential of a knot
Authors: Lipton Max 
Published: April 2021

Consider a knot [Formula: see text] in [Formula: see text] with charge uniformly distributed on it. From the standpoint of both physics and knot theory, it is natural to try to understand the critical points of the potential and their behavior. We show the number of critical points of the potential is at least [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is the tunnel number, defined as the smallest number of arcs one must add to [Formula: see text] such that its complement is a handlebody. The result is proven using Morse theory and stable manifold theory.
Chapter 7.2 Mount Erebus
Authors: Sims Kenneth W. W. , Aster Richard C. , Gaetani Glenn , Blichert-Toft Janne , Phillips Erin H. , Wallace Paul J. , Mattioli Glen S. , Rasmussen Dan , Boyd Eric S. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Erebus volcano, Antarctica, is the southernmost active volcano on the globe. Despite its remoteness and harsh conditions, Erebus volcano provides an unprecedented and unique opportunity to study the petrogenesis and evolution, as well as the passive and explosive degassing, of an alkaline magmatic system with a persistently open and magma-filled conduit. In this chapter, we review nearly five decades of scientific research related to Erebus volcano, including geological, geophysical, geochemical and microbiological observations and interpretations. Mount Erebus is truly one of the world's most significant natural volcano laboratories where the lofty scientific goal of studying a volcanic system from mantle to microbe is being realized.
Epstein–Barr Virus Induces Adipocyte Dedifferentiation to Modulate the Tumor Microenvironment
Authors: Liu Shu-Chen , Tsang Ngan-Ming , Lee Po-Ju , Sui Yun-Hua , Huang Chen-Han , Liu Tzu-Tung 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

The most frequent location of metastatic EBV+ nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is the bone marrow, an adipocyte-dominant region. Several EBV-associated lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma (LELC) types also grow in the anatomical vicinity of fat tissues. Here we show that in an adipose tissue-rich tumor setting, EBV targets adipocytes and remodels the tumor microenvironment. Positive immunoreactivity for EBV-encoded early antigen D was detected in adipose tissue near tumor beds of bone marrow metastatic NPC. EBV was capable of infecting primary human adipocytes in vitro, triggering expression of multiple EBV-encoded mRNA and proteins. In infected adipocytes, lipolysis was stimulated through enhanced expression of lipases and the AMPK metabolic pathway. The EBV-mediated imbalance in energy homeostasis was further confirmed by increased release of free fatty acids, glycerol, and expression of proinflammatory adipokines. Clinically, enhanced serum levels of free fatty acids in patients with NPC correlated with poorer recurrence-free survival. EBV-induced delipidation stimulated dedifferentiation of adipocytes into fibroblast-like cells expressing higher levels of S100A4, a marker protein of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF). IHC analyses of bone marrow metastatic NPC and salivary LELC revealed similar structural changes of dedifferentiated adipocytes located at the boundaries of EBV+ tumors. S100A4 expression in adipose tissues near tumor beds correlated with fibrotic response, implying that CAFs in the tumor microenvironment are partially derived from EBV-induced dedifferentiated adipocytes. Our data suggest that adipose tissue serves as an EBV reservoir, where EBV orchestrates the interactions between adipose tissues and tumor cells by rearranging metabolic pathways to benefit virus persistence and to promote a protumorigenic microenvironment.

Significance:
This study suggests that Epstein–Barr virus hijacks adipocyte lipid metabolism to create a tumor-promoting microenvironment from which reactivation and relapse of infection could potentially occur.
A PERFECT Biomarker-focused Study of Neoadjuvant IO for Esophagogastric Cancer
Authors: Catenacci Daniel V.T. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
To evaluate feasibility and efficacy, checkpoint inhibitor atezolizumab was added to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy prior to surgery for esophagogastric adenocarcinoma. The approach was deemed feasible, and while it did not demonstrate better clinical outcome to propensity-matched patients, biomarker investigation demonstrated that high inflammation in the sample at baseline predicted therapeutic benefit.
See related article by van den Ende et al., p. 3351
Bat species composition associated with restinga lagoons from the Paulo César Vinha State Park, Espírito Santo, Brazil
Authors: Vieira Thiago Bernardi , Da Silva Liriann Chrisley Nascimento , Aguiar Ludmilla Moura de Souza , Oprea Monik , Mendes Poliana , Ditchfield Albert David 
Published: April 2021

Restingas are coastal ecosystems associated with the Atlantic Forest. They are threatened by habitat degradation and forest fragmentation due to intense human occupation. Many restingas have coastal lagoons formed by bay sedimentation of bays, the presence of river estuaries, or emerging groundwater. The distance between lagoons and the ocean influences the biotic community in them. This study aimed to compare the diversity (composition, abundance and richness) of bat communities associated with three lagoons within the Paulo Cesar Vinha State Park, Espírito Santo state. Two lagoons (‘Feia’ and ‘Vermelha’ lagoons) are 2 km away from the ocean, while the third (‘Caraís’ lagoon) is just a few meters distant from the ocean. Species composition did not differ among the lagoons. Abundance of Carollia perspicillata and Glossophaga soricina was higher in the ‘Caraís’ lagoon. Abundance of Artibeus lituratus and Platyrrhinus lineatus was higher in the ‘Vermelha’ lagoon. Species with higher abundance in the ‘Vermelha’ are usually associated with urban and disturbed environments. ‘Vermelha’ lagoon is closer to human settlements and this could be a major driver of bat species abundance associated with this lagoon instead of distance from the ocean. These results may be used to guide conservations efforts in the restingas or habitats associated with restingas.
Primary Outcome Evaluation of a Next-Generation Left Atrial Appendage Closure Device
Authors: Kar Saibal , Doshi Shephal K. , Sadhu Ashish , Horton Rodney , Osorio Jose , Ellis Christopher , Stone James , Shah Manish , Dukkipati Srinivas R. , Adler Stuart , Nair Devi G. , Kim Jamie , Wazni Oussama , Price Mathew J. , Asch Federico M. , Holmes David R. , Shipley Robert D. , Gordon Nicole T. , Allocco Dominic J. , Reddy Vivek Y. ,   On behalf of the PINNACLE FLX Investigators
Published: April 2021

Background:
Left atrial appendage (LAA) occlusion provides an alternative to oral anticoagulation for thromboembolic risk reduction in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Since regulatory approval in 2015, the WATCHMAN device has been the only LAA closure device available for clinical use in the United States. The PINNACLE FLX study (Protection Against Embolism for Nonvalvular AF Patients: Investigational Device Evaluation of the Watchman FLX LAA Closure Technology) evaluated the safety and effectiveness of the next-generation WATCHMAN FLX LAA closure device in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation in whom oral anticoagulation is indicated, but who have an appropriate rationale to seek a nonpharmaceutical alternative.

Methods:
This was a prospective, nonrandomized, multicenter US Food and Drug Administration study. The primary safety end point was the occurrence of one of the following events within 7 days after the procedure or by hospital discharge, whichever was later: death, ischemic stroke, systemic embolism, or device- or procedure-related events requiring cardiac surgery. The primary effectiveness end point was the incidence of effective LAA closure (peri-device flow ≤5 mm), as assessed by the echocardiography core laboratory at 12-month follow-up.

Results:

A total of 400 patients were enrolled. The mean age was 73.8±8.6 years and the mean CHA
2
DS
2
-VASc score was 4.2±1.5. The incidence of the primary safety end point was 0.5% with a 1-sided 95% upper CI of 1.6%, meeting the performance goal of 4.2% (
P
<0.0001). The incidence of the primary effectiveness end point was 100%, with a 1-sided 95% lower CI of 99.1%, again meeting the performance goal of 97.0% (
P
<0.0001). Device-related thrombus was reported in 7 patients, no patients experienced pericardial effusion requiring open cardiac surgery, and there were no device embolizations.

Conclusions:
LAA closure with this next-generation LAA closure device was associated with a low incidence of adverse events and a high incidence of anatomic closure.

Registration:

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
; Unique identifier: NCT02702271.
Novel Supreme Drug-Eluting Stents With Early Synchronized Antiproliferative Drug Delivery to Inhibit Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation After Drug-Eluting Stents Implantation in Coronary Artery Disease: Results of the PIONEER III Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Lansky Alexandra J. , Kereiakes Dean J. , Baumbach Andreas , Windecker Stephan , Hussain Yasin , Pietras Cody , Dressler Ovidiu , Issever Ozgu , Curtis Michael , Bertolet Barry , Zidar James P. , Smits Pieter C. , Alfonso Jiménez Díaz Victor , McLaurin Brent , Hofma Sjoerd , Cequier Ángel , Dib Nabil , Benit Edouard , Mathur Anthony , Brogno David , Berland Jacques , Wykrzykowska Joanna , Piegari Guy , Brugaletta Salvatore , Saito Shigeru , Leon Martin B. ,   on behalf of the PIONEER III Trial Investigators
Published: April 2021

Background:
Accelerated endothelial healing after targeted antiproliferative drug delivery may limit the long-term inflammatory response of drug-eluting stents (DESs). The novel Supreme DES is designed to synchronize early drug delivery within 4 to 6 weeks of implantation, leaving behind a prohealing permanent base layer. Whether the Supreme DES is safe and effective in the short term and can improve long-term clinical outcomes is not known.

Methods:

In an international, 2:1 randomized, single-blind trial, we compared treatment with Supreme DES to durable polymer everolimus-eluting stents (DP-EES) in patients with acute and chronic coronary syndromes. The primary end point was target lesion failure—a composite of cardiac death, target vessel myocardial infarction, or clinically driven target lesion revascularization. The trial was designed to demonstrate noninferiority (margin of 3.58%) of the Supreme DES at 12 months compared with DP-EES (URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
; Unique identifier: NCT03168776).

Results:

From October 2017 to July 2019, a total of 1629 patients were randomly assigned (2:1) to the Supreme DES (N=1086) or DP-EES (N=543). At 12 months, target lesion failure occurred in 57 of 1057 patients (5.4%) in the Supreme DES group and in 27 of 532 patients (5.1%) in the DP-EES group (absolute risk difference, 0.32% [95% CI, −1.87 to 2.5];
P
non
inferiority
=0.002]. There were no significant differences in rates of device success, clinically driven target lesion revascularization, or stent thrombosis at 12 months, and the safety composite of cardiovascular death and target vessel myocardial infarction was 3.5% versus 4.6% (hazard ratio, 0.76 [95% CI, 0.46–1.25]) with Supreme DES compared with DP-EES, although rates of combined clinically and non–clinically driven target lesion revascularization at 12 months were higher with Supreme DES.

Conclusions:
Among patients with acute and chronic coronary syndromes undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention, the Supreme DES proved to be noninferior to the standard DP-EES.

Registration:

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
; Unique identifier: NCT03168776.
Gottfried Finckelthaus
Authors: Belotti Michael 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
According to a remark made by Constantin Christian Dedekind, Gottfried Finckelthaus was not only a writer, but also a singer of songs. Starting from the less-known early pastorals, the present article tries to define the poet’s position in the civic, academic, and literary networks in Leipzig during the 1630s. Special attention is given to the adaptation of French song and dance melodies by poets in Central Germany, and the metrical innovations resulting from it.
Kaffeekonsum als Problem
Authors: Delpech Louis 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The rise of coffee consumption and steady expansion of coffee houses all over Europe in the last decades of the 17th century is often connected to the emergence of a public space, new modes of communication and social interaction, and eventually seen as a catalyst for the early Enlightenment. Yet those new places and drinking habits also had a disrupting effect on accepted norms of sociability and raised questions about potential health risks. Those debates are particularly well reflected in Leipzig publications between 1690 and 1730. This article takes three cantatas on coffee by Johann Gottfried Krause, Daniel Stoppe, and Christian Friedrich Henrici as a point of departure to investigate the emergence of this new genre in Leipzig and bear upon its social, literary, and musical implications.