bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Cherry Myisha 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter reflects on the author’s and others’ encounters with racism and the angry responses to it. The chapter then turns to the philosophy literature to see how scholars have attempted to make sense of political emotions like compassion, as well as anger. Noting how anger is distinctly an issue of concern and worry for scholars, the chapter provides introductory comments as to why this concern is unwarranted. The chapter then goes on to explain the motivations, aims, and methodology for the book in general, and the argument for anger in particular. It then challenges readers to begin the journey of theorizing emotions differently.
Painting in Broad Strokes
Authors: Cherry Myisha 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The first chapter is devoted to challenging readers to resist looking at anger as a one-dimensional, negative emotion by seeing anger in its variations. The text claims that once we see anger’s varieties, we are better able to determine which are useful and useless in the struggle against racism. The chapter discusses five variations of political anger in the realm of racial injustice: rogue rage, wipe rage, narcissistic rage, ressentiment rage, and Lordean rage. The variation that is defended in this chapter and in the rest of the book is Lordean rage—an account of anger that I develop and is inspired by the work of poet and scholar Audre Lorde. The chapter also explores more advantages of seeing anger in its variations.
Fitting Fury, Rightful Rage
Authors: Cherry Myisha 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2 argues that Lordean rage is an appropriate response to racial injustice and is more likely to correctly represent racial injustice than the other variations of rage. The chapter claims that this apt and correct Lordean rage is morally and politically valuable because it not only registers racial injustice but it appreciates justice. Lordean rage says that racial justice is worth having. It also not only marks disvalue, but it is a way to respond to the value that racial minorities in the United States have. The chapter also explores ways to escape strategic traps set by others to make the outraged doubt their anger and give it up.
The End of Rage?
Authors: Cherry Myisha 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The book concludes with a personal reflection on Audre Lorde’s “Power”—a poem that describes the murder of a black boy by the police in 1973. Recognizing the poem’s motivation and message, this chapter compares it with the motivation for writing this book and the lessons Lorde provides for our current racial moment. Using Lorde’s brief biography and an intellectual history of some of her key works, the chapter reflects on racial domination as well as keys to surviving and responding to it. The chapter ends with a summary of why anger is essential to antiracist struggle, as well as how we can make sure that it continues to be through management and cultivation.
The Proof Paradigm
Authors: Talbott William J. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In Chapter 1, the author explains the emergence of the Proof Paradigm as a paradigm for knowledge and rational belief in ancient Greece. The Proof Paradigm’s model for knowledge and rational belief was mathematical proofs. He explains how Aristotle’s syllogistic logic solved a crisis for the Proof Paradigm. He identifies five presuppositions about rational belief that are part of the Proof Paradigm: (1) infallibilism, (2) deductivism, (3) inferentialism, (4) first premises, and (5) access-internalism. He claims that any one of these five presuppositions can seriously compromise an epistemology. He identifies three pathologies that can usually be traced to one or more presuppositions of the Proof Paradigm: (1) self-refuting claims, (2) self-undermining claims, and (3) explanation-impairing framework substitutions. The author briefly describes what an epistemology would be like that rejected all five presuppositions of the Proof Paradigm.
The End of the Proof Paradigm?
Authors: Talbott William J. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In Chapter 3, the author reviews the history of propositions once thought to be analytic or synthetic a priori that later turned out to be false. He uses the story of Russell’s famous letter to Frege to argue that the Proof Paradigm does not apply to rational belief in any domain, not even in logic and mathematics. And he reviews some of the important conclusions Kuhn draws about paradigm changes in his Structure of Scientific Revolutions and uses the work of Piaget to reinterpret Kuhn’s conclusions. The author uses the examples in this chapter as clues for constructing a new kind of epistemology that could explain the rationality of paradigm changes in science. Also, in this chapter, he begins his explanation of his version of equilibrium reasoning.
Internally Inconsistent, Self-Refuting, and Self-Undermining Views
Authors: Talbott William J. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In Chapter 8, the author articulates two more principles of epistemic irrationality, one that applies to self-refuting views and one that applies to self-undermining views. A self-refuting view is one that says, or in an indirect way communicates, “I am not true nor approximately true nor true enough.” A self-undermining view is one that says, or in an indirect way communicates, “It is not epistemically rational to believe me to be true or approximately true or true enough.” The author uses Grice’s idea of a conversation implicature and the Apel-Habermas idea of a performative contradiction to explain and formulate three presuppositions of making an argument and uses them to explain why any arguments for a behaviorist or eliminative materialist position are self-undermining. He then proposes an Epistemic Anthropic Principle: when scientists present arguments for a scientific theory, the theory must be compatible with the possibility of making rational arguments for it.
Clarifications and Objections
Authors: Talbott William J. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In Chapter 13, the author makes two clarifications and responds to seven objections. The two clarifications concern (1) the relation between his theory and reliabilism and (2) reasons for denying that probabilistic sensitivity to fundamental epistemic principles is a form of a priori knowledge or belief. The seven objections are (1) the Habermasian objection that it is a mistake for the author to offer a substantive theory of epistemic rationality because there is a complete account that is purely procedural, (2) Machery’s objection from experimental philosophy that experimental evidence provides defeaters for the use of modal intuitions in philosophical theorizing, (3) that the author’s commitment to experience itself being the evidence for rational belief is unscientific, (4) that the author’s theory makes human beings the standard for rationality in the universe, (5) that the author’s account is viciously circular, (6) that the author’s theory fails to satisfy BonJour’s metajustificatory requirement, and (7) that the author’s own form of argument can be turned against him.
Judicial Selection
Authors: Sutton Jeffrey S. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The first state constitutions used appointments to select judges. The only debate was whether to delegate the responsibility to the legislature, as most did, or to the governor, as some did. Consistent with the state practices, the US Constitution adopted an appointment power, which vested nomination in the president and confirmation in the Senate. While the federal approach has remained intact since 1789, the state approaches have not. After the rise of Jacksonian populism, most states shifted to various forms of elections for judges. This chapter covers judicial selection, the rise of judicial elections in the states, and the impact of different selection systems on judicial review. It reveals the people’s increasing desire to retain control over the people who govern them, including their judges. Judicial review and judicial selection are inseparable. The more a court engages in the former, the more scrutiny it can expect in the latter, whether that scrutiny is tied to debates over the next election/appointment or to debates about changing the selection and tenure methods.
One Chief Executive or Many?
Authors: Sutton Jeffrey S. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter compares the unitary executive at the federal level with the plural executive at the state level. The fifty state constitutions and the United States Constitution share a “surface similarity” in describing the authority of their chief executives: They both vest executive power in a governor or president. But in practice, there are many differences. At the national level, the US Constitution places all executive authority in one president who controls the executive-branch officers through the singular authority to choose all cabinet members. What’s called a unitary executive largely is one, given the president’s authority to hire and fire these executive branch officers. Contrast the state side. In response to the states’ colonial experiences with a monarch, many of the first state constitutions created weak executive branches. All but one of the original state constitutions also mandated that the governor work alongside an executive council. In many states, constitutional executive offices—secretary, treasurer, auditor—are often chosen by the legislature. The rise of the state attorneys general as a source of local and national power offers one illustration of the salience of the plural executive.
Methods for Investigating Causal Cognition
Authors: Woodward James 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter critically discusses several methods for investigating causal cognition, including the intuition-driven, case judgment methods employed in traditional armchair philosophy, experimental philosophy approaches, and those employed in experimental psychology. It is argued that appeals to intuition should not be understood as sources of information about the metaphysics of causation (what causation “is”) or about “our concept” of causation; instead when they are a reliable source of information, intuitions tell us about patterns of causal reasoning and judgment shared by the intuiter and others. In this respect, intuition can provide some of the same kind of information as is provided by empirical psychology. However, while intuition is sometimes a reliable source of information about how people judge, it is often not a reliable source of information about why they judge as they do—experiment or causal modeling is required for the latter. This chapter also discusses various possible goals for a theory of causal cognition, including explaining why subjects are successful to the extent that they are.
Invariance Applied
Authors: Woodward James 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter applies the ideas about invariance from Chapter 5 to the analysis (both normative and descriptive) of various aspects of commonsense cause reasoning. The focus is mainly on one particular kind of invariance—invariance under changes in background conditions, here called insensitivity. This is used to cast light on causal judgments involving omissions and examples involving double prevention (in which the occurrence of c prevents the occurrence of e, which had it occurred, would have prevented the occurrence of f, with the result that f occurs). It is argued that causal claims regarding omissions and double prevention relations differ normatively depending on the invariance of the relations involved and that this is also reflected in the judgments that people make about such claims.
Proportionality
Authors: Woodward James 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses, again from both a normative and a descriptive perspective, issues having to do with the role of proportionality in causal judgment. In my treatment, proportionality has to do, roughly, with the extent to which a cause is characterized in such a way that the variation in the effect is captured by variation in the cause. Proportionality was introduced into philosophical discussion by Yablo; this chapter retains the underlying idea of his proposal but reformulates it in order to respond to various philosophical criticisms. It is argued that, so understood, proportionality has a natural normative rationale and that there is experimental evidence that ordinary subjects judge in accord with it. Several different formulations of proportionality are explored and contrasted.
Innovation and Inequality
Authors: Mossberger Karen , Tolbert Caroline J. , LaCombe Scott J. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces the need to understand the role of broadband use in inequalities and outcomes across communities in the United States. Research on rising place-based inequality has not accounted for differences in technology use and how it affects communities. Prior work on broadband is incomplete, measuring whether broadband is available but not the extent to which local residents are able to afford or use the technology. This chapter draws on nearly two decades of new data on broadband subscriptions for counties and metros, from 2000 to 2017, and explores the idea of inclusive broadband use in communities as a form of digital human capital promoting local economic development and prosperity.
Metros
Authors: Mossberger Karen , Tolbert Caroline J. , LaCombe Scott J. , Gracey Kellen 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Metropolitan regions are the backbone of the national economy, and while some metros boast robust economic environments, others have languished or are struggling to regain their footing after years of disinvestment. With broadband subscription data for the 50 largest metros for 2000–2017, this chapter provides strong support for the causal power of broadband to shape local opportunity. Using measures from the Brookings Metro Monitor, the chapter finds evidence that broadband subscriptions significantly predict prosperity over years and across multiple models. Broadband use also decreases unemployment and is related to measures of growth. Metros where broadband is combined with more millennials or higher levels of information technology employment fare best, though the significance of information technology employment has decreased over time.
States
Authors: Mossberger Karen , Tolbert Caroline J. , LaCombe Scott J. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines how information access affects policy innovation in the states, which set the laws and context for local economies. Information has been viewed as a resource for the adoption of new policy ideas and programs, and broadband subscriptions are a measure of digital information access for policymakers, interest groups, and the public. This chapter assesses the effects of broadband subscription growth for all 50 states over the 17-year period. To measure the spread of new state policies, the State Policy Innovation and Diffusion Database (Boehmke et al. 2019) of thousands of policy adoptions from 1980 to 2016 is used. State governments have been the focus of research on policy innovation and diffusion because of their potential for promoting experimentation and change in the American federal system. This chapter demonstrates that inclusive information access through broadband is a resource for state innovation.
Choosing the Future
Authors: Mossberger Karen , Tolbert Caroline J. , LaCombe Scott J. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Together these chapters demonstrate that broadband adoption supports innovation at different scales, from the state policy context to local economies. Broadband subscriptions matter for prosperity, growth, income, employment, and innovation. They magnify the effects of education, information technology employment, and millennial populations in the most successful communities, but also offer benefits for places even in the absence of these other local advantages. This chapter summarizes findings throughout the book, explores county variation in broadband subscriptions for low-income residents, and examines how geography and local factors influence broadband challenges such as availability, reliability, speed, affordability, skills, and collaboration for building digital human capital. Future research is needed to explore the impacts of broadband in diverse policy areas and for specific uses, such as the commercial domain name websites that are discussed as an example. The chapter ends with recommendations for policy and research for promoting widespread broadband use, inclusive innovation, and a future with opportunity for all.
The Work of Forgetting
Authors: Grove Kevin G. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Chapter 5, on the work of forgetting, explores how memory has a certain need for forgetting. Especially cognizant of forgetfulness of self, the chapter engages forgetting forward (extension) and backward (distention) through images of Paul the runner, Lot’s wife, and the eagle of forgetting. As in chapter 4 on the work of remembering, the “self” reemerges as constituted in the whole, uncovering its Christological identity in the practice of forgetting together. Forgetting complements remembering at the heart of the work of memory, or participation in the life of Christ through the pushes and pulls of distended temporal life. Chapter 5 is the second of a two-chapter binary: the work of remembering (chapter 4) and the work of forgetting.
Psalm 50 in Augustine’s Life and Death
Authors: Grove Kevin G. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The final chapter suggests the personal consequences of the work of memory by rereading Psalm 50 throughout Augustine’s preaching and with an eye to his death. In light of this cross-corpus reading of Psalm 50, Augustine’s deathbed remembering by the pasting up of psalm texts of penitence should at least be suggestive of the need to revisit the trope of the aged bishop with a diminished optimism on the human spirit. Rather, here the early Augustine’s questions about memory and becoming reach their conclusion. The work of memory will have shown that remembering and forgetting in Christ ground the participatory actions wherein hope becomes reality in Christ.
The Event and Democracy
Authors: Banerjee Mukulika 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Chapter 1 examines the significance of India’s constitution as both a democracy and a republic and the force of B. R. Ambedkar’s ideas on the necessity for “democracy in social life” alongside the institutions of formal democracy. It is the first study that draws attention to India’s credentials as a republic as a way of understanding its democracy. The chapter introduces the site of this study and the linkages between agrarian and democratic values. Methodologically, it shows the importance of using the approaches of the Manchester School in India (hitherto unexplored) and the value this adds to our definition of what constitutes “the political.” Here, “the political” contains both agonistic and competitive tendencies on the one hand, but also reparative and cooperative impulsions. The methodology of this book, of studying electoral and non-electoral social life alongside each other, and the four key “events” of the book are also explained.
Scandal
Authors: Banerjee Mukulika 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Chapter 3 presents the first of the four “events” presented in this book. It outlines the happenings of a “scandal” that was caused by the Comrade’s intervention in a sexual affair between two youngsters in the village. The analysis shows how resolving the scandal required members of Madanpur and Chishti to draw on ties of friendship, kinship, party loyalty, and marriage to counter the vile machinations of the Comrade’s politics. It shows how this process taught them something of the art of politics that required them to put aside differences and learn to accommodate a diversity of opinion in order to create new solidarities. This unprecedented unity sowed the seeds of the emergence of a rival political party in the village, the fruits of which were harvested only a decade later. Victor Turner’s model of the “social drama” is utilized, as is Max Gluckman’s work on “gossip.”
Harvest
Authors: Banerjee Mukulika 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The second event of the book—a paddy harvest—is presented in Chapter 4. Such an event encapsulates within it a number of dynamics, between landowners and workers, between members of the agricultural unions and others, and between the Comrade and the rest of the village. The examination of the minutiae of one particular harvest lays bare these dynamics and the importance of the legacy of a violent land reform movement in the 1980s that effected radical change. Such an analysis of the division of labor during a harvest allows for some new conclusions to be gained about cooperation and solidarity that emerge despite deep caste and class divisions. The account also shows how prayer meetings in the evenings for the holy month of Ramzan that happened to coincide with the harvest one year allowed for public and social expression of these newly forged solidarities.
Election
Authors: Banerjee Mukulika 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Chapter 6 presents the final “event” of the book: an election. The analysis moves between the macro level of the region and the micro level of village-based electoral dynamics. The argument states that big electoral stories, such as the routing of the Left Front after thirty-four years can be explained only by studying processes at the local level. The chapter reintroduces the cast of characters from the first event, the Scandal, and it shows how a painstaking process over a dozen years turned a scratchy coalition of beleaguered opponents of the Comrade into a powerful opposition party. The formidable machinery of election campaigns, hustings, and a network of campaigners is studied in detail over nine different elections covered by this book. Vast public rallies, door-to-door campaigns, and private discussions within families are presented to understand the creation of political subjectivity among citizens of India.
Zhuangzi’s Lone Project of Personal Freedom
Authors: Jiang Tao 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis chapter argues that Zhuangzi was an intellectual outlier who was not a significant participant in the debate on humaneness versus justice, carried out primarily among the Confucians, the Mohists, the Laoists, and the fajia thinkers during the classical period. He ridiculed the misguided character of the dominant intellectual projects and warned against their potential for inhumanity and injustice, the very opposite of what is intended by the participants of the mainstream discourse. He extoled personal freedom within the context of overwhelming emphasis on order, structured by humaneness and/or justice, and single-handedly opened up a critical space for the discourse on personal freedom in Chinese intellectual history. However, the marginal nature of the Zhuangist vision of personal freedom did not portend well its prospect in the subsequent Chinese history. The kind of freedom envisioned by Zhuangzi is an effortless navigation through and around the constraints of the human lifeworld, not a reimagining of those very constraints.