bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of Diffusion Weighted Imaging in Enhancing MR Imaging in Recent Is-chemic Stroke Patients
Authors: Alfadeel Hajer A. 
Published: November 2021

Stroke is a common cause of admission to hospitals, and imaging in acute stroke is necessary to differentiate ischemic from haemorrhagic stroke and to exclude other diagnoses. This study aimed to evaluate the role of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW MRI) in the diagnosis of recent cerebral ischemic infarction in a consecutive series of patients with symptoms of acute stroke and its feasibility as first-line imaging for those patients. We report our results with DWI and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) mapping comparing the sensitivity of DWI with that of conventional T2 weighted and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) MRI. A Prospective audit of 87 patients with clinically suspected recent stroke referred for imaging over a consecutive 20-week period was done. The data collected included patient age, time from onset of symptoms, and clinical presentation. DWI echo planar, FLAIR, and turbo spin-echo T2-weighted MRI were performed, and ADC maps were generated. Conventional MR images were assessed before DW images. DWI was considered positive for the diagnosis of new arterial stroke whenever hyperintensities with reduced ADC values were observed, and the site of infarct detected on the images was included in patients’ data. The results were 47 patients had a final diagnosis of recent ischemic cerebral infarct. With DWI, 98% of the ischemic lesions were detected, whereas with FLAIR, only 70% were detected, and with T2-weighted images, 66% of lesions were found. There was a significant difference between the results of ischemic infarcts’ detection on DWI and T2-w/FLAIR in relation to time from onset (P value = .012). In this study, I was able to image 68% (60 of 87) of the referred suspected stroke patients with DW MRI within 48 hours and 39 patients (45%) within 24 hours of the onset of symptoms. DW MRI showed high sensitivity and superiority over conventional T2 and FLAIR imaging for the detection of acute ischemic lesions in stroke patients; it also proved quite feasible as a first-line of neuroimaging.
Risk factors associated with prolonged viral clearance in patients with a refractory course of COVID-19: a retrospective study
Authors: Zhuang Weitao , Huang Shujie , Wang Dongya , Zha Lulu , Xu Wei , Qiao Guibin 
Published: November 2021

Background
This study aimed to characterize a cohort of patients with a refractory course of COVID-19, and to investigate factors associated with the duration of viral clearance (DoVC).

Materials & Methods
A total of 65 patients with refractory COVID-19 were retrospectively enrolled from Huoshenshan Hospital. Univariate analysis and multivariate analysis were performed to examine the potential association between clinicopathologic characteristics and the DoVC.

Results
The median DoVC in the overall study cohort was 48 days (ranged from 21 to 104 days). Multivariate analysis indicated that fever at illness onset (Hazard ratio (HR) = 4.897, 95% CI [1.809–13.260], p = 0.002), serum level of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) > 21.8 IU/L (HR = 3.010, 95% CI [1.195–7.578], p = 0.019), and titer of SARS-CoV-2 IgG > 142.09 AU/ml (HR = 3.061, 95% CI [1.263–7.415], p = 0.013) were the three independent risk factors associated with delayed viral clearance.

Conclusion
The current study suggested that clinical characteristics such as fever at illness onset, a high serum level of AST or SARS-CoV-2 IgG were associated with delayed viral clearance. Patients with these characteristics might need a more individualized treatment strategy to accelerate their recovery from the refractory COVID-19.
Isolating Mechanisms
Authors: Kulmuni Jonna , Butlin Roger K 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Isolating mechanisms are characteristics of species that reduce or prevent successful reproduction with members of other species. Viewed genetically, they are characters that act as barriers to the exchange of genes between populations. Most of these barriers are incidental consequences of evolutionary processes within populations, but they can be elaborated directly by natural selection. They can take many forms, from mismatches between mating signals and preferences to genetic incompatibilities causing sterility of hybrids. Barriers may not be stable through time and can erode, for example due to change in the environment. A major outstanding challenge is to document the contributions of different forms of isolation to the overall barrier to gene exchange between species and to understand the order in which these barriers evolve, and how they interact with each other.

Key Concepts

Isolating mechanisms are intrinsic characteristics of species that reduce or prevent successful reproduction with members of other species.

Many, perhaps most, isolating mechanisms are incidental consequences of evolutionary processes within a population, not fashioned by selection for the purpose of preventing gene flow.

Individual barriers to gene exchange act sequentially which means that barriers acting early in the life cycle tend to have the greatest effect even though they may not have been the first to evolve.

Ecological components of isolation evolve through adaptation to local conditions and may reduce the probability of mating or the fitness of hybrids.

Behavioural components of isolation prevent mating even when reproductively active individuals meet and may evolve due to sexual selection on mating signals and responses.

Barriers can occur after mating but before zygote formation. These barriers may be a side effect of evolutionary conflicts of interest between males and females.

Divergent populations accumulate genetic differences. Inevitably, some of the new traits or genes are incompatible, resulting in isolation through reduced viability or fertility of hybrids, especially in the heterogametic sex.

Reproductive isolation builds up by the accumulation of barriers to gene exchange. This process is neither linear nor deterministic. Instead, barriers accumulate at different rates during speciation and may act in combination in ways that are not predicted by the effects of single barriers.

There is still a need to know more about the range of barriers operating in individual species pairs, the reasons for their evolution, the order in which they evolved and their genetic architecture.
“Magnetism‐Optogenetic” System for Wireless and Highly Sensitive Neuromodulation
Authors: Tian Yu , Zhang Yingying , Zhang Xinyu , Pan Huizhuo , Zhang Lili , Liu Shuang , Chen Yulan , Su Lin , Zhao Peiqi , Chang Jin , Wang Hanjie 
Published: November 2021

AbstractNeuromodulation is becoming more and more important in studying brain function, disease treatment, and brain–computer interfaces. However, traditional regulation methods cannot effectively achieve both wireless regulation and highly sensitive response, which are essential factors in neuromodulation. In this paper, a “magnetism‐optogenetic” system is constructed, which uses a magnetic field to drive mechanoluminescent materials (ZnS:Cu) to generate light, thus stimulating photogenetic proteins. This system effectively combines the wireless magnetic regulation with the high sensitivity of optogenetics. The results show that the luminous intensity of this system changes with the power of an external magnetic field. In addition, under the continuous stimulation of the wireless magnetic field, this system can activate hippocampal‐related neural responses and induce the expression of C‐fos. In the end, this system can further regulate the movement behavior of rats with C1V1 protein expression in the primary motor cortex. This new magnetism‐optogenetic system will provide an excellent reference for wireless and highly sensitive neuromodulation.
Doping Concentration Influenced Pyro‐Phototronic Effect in Self‐Powered Photodetector Based on Ga‐Incorporated ZnO Microwire/p+‐GaN Heterojunction
Authors: Wan Peng , Jiang Mingming , Xu Tong , Liu Yang , Fang Xiaosheng , Kan Caixia 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPyro‐phototronic effect, a coupling of pyroelectric and photovoltaic effect, provides an effective method to improve the performance of self‐powered photodetectors (PDs). Developing high‐performance PDs, the influence of pyroelectric effect on photoelectric characteristics and coupling mechanism deserves further study. Herein, a self‐powered PD made of Ga‐incorporated ZnO microwire (ZnO:Ga MW) and p+‐GaN layer is fabricated, and the performance influenced by pyro‐phototronic effect is investigated systematically. Through varying Ga concentration in ZnO:Ga MWs, the pyroelectric current gradually dominates the photocurrent of PDs under ultraviolet illumination; while the photovoltaic current deteriorates rapidly. The enhanced pyroelectric responsivity can compensate the decreased photovoltaic responsivity, maintaining their high total responsivities (>5 mA W−1) under self‐biased conditions. Furthermore, the decay time of pyroelectric current, representing the duration of pyroelectric effect, decreases markedly from 0.313 to 0.044 s by increasing Ga concentration. Associated with theoretical analysis, incorporating Ga dopant can not only increase the rate of photogenerated temperature variation, but also narrow depletion layer at ZnO:Ga/GaN heterojunction. Besides, the temperature variation can lead to a significant reduction of decay time. These findings give a deeper insight into the influence of pyroelectric effect on photoresponse and its coupling mechanism, providing a scheme to develop high‐performance self‐powered PDs.
Novel Red‐Emitting Copper(I) Complexes with Pyrazine and Pyrimidinyl Ancillary Ligands for White Light‐Emitting Electrochemical Cells
Authors: Fresta Elisa , Mahoro Gilbert U. , Cavinato Luca M. , Lohier Jean‐Francois , Renaud Jean‐Luc , Gaillard Sylvain , Costa Rubén D. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe synthesis, photophysical/electrochemical characterization, and implementation in light‐emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) of three novel red‐emitting heteroleptic [Cu(N^N)(P^P)]PF6 complexes are reported. The complex design consists in combining i) the bridged di(pyrazin‐2‐yl)sulfane N^N ligand with expanded π‐conjugation and electro‐withdrawing 4‐(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine moieties and ii) the [(diphenylphosphino)phenyl] ether (DPEphos) P^P ligand. The effect of the N^N ligand substitution on the photophysical, electrochemical, ion conductivity, and morphological features in their respective powders and thin films is thoughtfully rationalized. This is rounded by the trends noted in single‐layered red‐emitting LECs (λmax = 630–660 nm) featuring moderate performances with irradiances of around 60–90 µW cm−2 and total emitted energies in the range of 4–12 mJ. A further optimization using a multilayered architecture, in which hole injection/transport and exciton formation processes are decoupled, leads to a significant enhancement of the irradiance up to ≈150 µW cm−2 and total emitted energies of 91 mJ without affecting device chromaticity. Finally, the best red‐emitting complex in LECs is used to fabricate host:guest white devices, achieving luminances of 12 cd m−2 in concert with an excellent white color quality (x/y CIE color coordinates of 0.31/0.32; color rendering index of 90) stable over lifespan.
Establishment of Trophoblast‐Like Tissue Model from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells in Three‐Dimensional Culture System
Authors: Cui Kangli , Zhu Yujuan , Shi Yang , Chen Tingwei , Wang Hui , Guo Yaqiong , Deng Pengwei , Liu Haitao , Shao Xiaoguang , Qin Jianhua 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe placenta has a lifelong impact on the health of both the mother and fetus. Despite its significance, human early placental development is poorly understood due to the limited models. The models that can reflect the key features of early human placental development, especially at early gestation, are still lacking. Here, the authors report the generation of trophoblast‐like tissue model from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) in three‐dimensional (3D) cultures. hPSCs efficiently self‐organize into blastocoel‐like cavities under defined conditions, which produce different trophoblast subtypes, including cytotrophoblasts (CTBs), syncytiotrophoblasts (STBs), and invasive extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs). The 3D cultures can exhibit microvilli structure and secrete human placenta‐specific hormone. Single‐cell RNA sequencing analysis further identifies the presence of major cell types of trophoblast‐like tissue as existing in vivo. The results reveal the feasibility to establish 3D trophoblast‐like tissue model from hPSCs in vitro, which is not obtained by monolayer culture. This new model system can not only facilitate to dissect the underlying mechanisms of early human placental development, but also imply its potential for study in developmental biology and gestational disorders.
Synthesis and photocatalytic performance of BiOCl/graphene composite with tight interfacial contact and highly exposed (001) facets
Authors: Tang Hailong , Ju Tangtong , Dai Yue , Wang Min , Wang Meiling , Ma Yongqing , Zheng Ganhong 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe BiOCl/graphene composite was synthesized by vapor‐thermal method. The morphologies, structures, chemical states, and optical properties of the samples were systematically characterized. The visible light catalytic activity of the composite was studied by degrading methylene blue (MB). The results show that the sample obtained with 300‐mg BiCl3 and 1‐mg graphene (named Bi300GP1) forms Bi–C bond, has highly exposed (001) facets, forms a tight contact between BiOCl and graphene, and has more electron transfer channels, which effectively promoted the separation and migration of photoexcited carriers. In addition, the introduction of electronic states near the top of the valence band improved the visible light absorption of the sample, and the degradation rate of MB was the highest, which was increased from 76.64% to 98.12%. Meanwhile, it was confirmed by the ESR test that ·O2− played a major role in the photocatalytic degradation process.
Convergent evolution in dippers (Aves, Cinclidae): The only wing‐propelled diving songbirds
Authors: Smith N. Adam , Koeller Krista L. , Clarke Julia A. , Ksepka Daniel T. , Mitchell Jonathan S. , Nabavizadeh Ali , Ridgley Ryan C. , Witmer Lawrence M. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractOf the more than 6,000 members of the most speciose avian clade, Passeriformes (perching birds), only the five species of dippers (Cinclidae, Cinclus) use their wings to swim underwater. Among nonpasserine wing‐propelled divers (alcids, diving petrels, penguins, and plotopterids), convergent evolution of morphological characteristics related to this highly derived method of locomotion have been well‐documented, suggesting that the demands of this behavior exert strong selective pressure. However, despite their unique anatomical attributes, dippers have been the focus of comparatively few studies and potential convergence between dippers and nonpasseriform wing‐propelled divers has not been previously examined. In this study, a suite of characteristics that are shared among many wing‐propelled diving birds were identified and the distribution of those characteristics across representatives of all clades of extant and extinct wing‐propelled divers were evaluated to assess convergence. Putatively convergent characteristics were drawn from a relatively wide range of sources including osteology, myology, endocranial anatomy, integument, and ethology. Comparisons reveal that whereas nonpasseriform wing‐propelled divers do in fact share some anatomical characteristics putatively associated with the biomechanics of underwater “flight”, dippers have evolved this highly derived method of locomotion without converging on the majority of concomitant changes observed in other taxa. Changes in the flight musculature and feathers, reduction of the keratin bounded external nares and an increase in subcutaneous fat are shared with other wing‐propelled diving birds, but endocranial anatomy shows no significant shifts and osteological modifications are limited. Muscular and integumentary novelties may precede skeletal and neuroendocranial morphology in the acquisition of this novel locomotory mode, with implications for understanding potential biases in the fossil record of other such transitions. Thus, dippers represent an example of a highly derived and complex behavioral convergence that is not fully associated with the anatomical changes observed in other wing‐propelled divers, perhaps owing to the relative recency of their divergence from nondiving passeriforms.
The main sequence of quasars: The taming of the extremes
Authors: Marziani Paola , Bon Edi , Bon Natasa , D'Onofrio Mauro , Punsly Brian , Śniegowska Marzena , Czerny Bożena , Panda Swayamtrupta , Martnez Aldama Mary Loli , del Olmo Ascensión , Deconto‐Machado Alice , Negrete C. Alenka , Dultzin Deborah , Buendia Tania , Garnica Karla 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe last few years have seen the confirmation of several trends associated with the quasar main sequence. The idea of a main sequence for quasars is relatively recent, and its full potential for the observational classification and contextualization of quasars' properties has yet to be fully exploited. The main sequence drivers are discussed in terms of the properties of extreme objects. We briefly summarize developments that constrain the viewing angle of the accretion disk in a particular class of quasars (extreme Population B, radiating at low Eddington ratio), as well as inferences on the chemical composition of the broad line emitting gas, and on the nature of radio emission along the quasar main sequence.
A blind randomized validated convolutional neural network for auto‐segmentation of clinical target volume in rectal cancer patients receiving neoadjuvant radiotherapy
Authors: Wu Yijun , Kang Kai , Han Chang , Wang Shaobin , Chen Qi , Chen Yu , Zhang Fuquan , Liu Zhikai 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundDelineation of clinical target volume (CTV) for radiotherapy is a time‐consuming and labor‐intensive work. This study aims to propose a novel convolutional neural network (CNN)‐based model for fast auto‐segmentation of CTV. To evaluate its performance and clinical utility, a blind randomized validation method was used.MethodsOur proposed model was based on the generally accepted U‐Net architecture using computed tomography slices with CTV contours delineated by experienced radiation clinicians from 135 rectal patients receiving neoadjuvant radiotherapy. The Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) and 95th percentile Hausdorff distance (95HD) were used to measure segmentation performance. The validated dataset of additional 20 patients for clinical evaluation by 10 experienced oncology clinicians from 7 centers was randomly and blindly divided into two groups for clinicians' scoring and Turing test, respectively. Second evaluation was performed with different randomization after 2 weeks.ResultsThe mean DSC and 95HD values of the proposed model were 0.90 ± 0.02 and 8.11 ± 1.93 mm for CTV of rectal cancer patients, respectively. The average time for automatic segmentation in the validation groups was 15 s per patient. By clinicians' scoring, the AI model performed better than manually delineating, though the differences were not significant (Week 0: 2.59 vs. 2.52, p = 0.086; Week 2: 2.55 vs. 2.47, p = 0.115). Additionally, the mean positive rates in the Turing test were 40.5% in Week 0 and 45.2% in Week 2, which demonstrated the great intelligence of our model.ConclusionsOur proposed model can be used clinically for assisting contouring of CTVs in rectal cancer patients receiving neoadjuvant radiotherapy, which improves the efficiency and consistency of radiation clinicians' work.
Integration of a Sexual Abuse Prevention Programme in the First‐Grade Indonesian Curriculum to Improve Children's Self‐Protection
Authors: Wulandari Murfiah Dewi , Hanurawan Fattah , Chusniyah Tutut , Hidayat Muhamad Taufik , Rahmawati Fitri Puji , Sayekti Ika Candra , Bakhtiar Faisal Yusuf 
Published: November 2021

The purpose of this article is to analyse the effect of the School‐Based Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Programme (Program Prevensi Pelecehan Seksual Berbasis Sekolah (P3SBS)) on first‐grade primary school students' ability to protect themselves from sexual abuse. The study was conducted in two primary schools in Surakarta, Indonesia. Fifty‐five students participated in the P3SBS and 55 participants were in the control group. The pre‐test and post‐test of the control group were designed to test the effectiveness of the P3SBS. In total, 110 first‐grade primary school students who participated in the P3SBS and the control group were tested using the ‘What If’ Situation Test. Measurement of children's self‐protection from sexual abuse was undertaken. The results show that there is a significant difference between the P3SBS and the control group regarding children's ability to self‐protect themselves from sexual abuse. These results suggest that the P3SBS is effective in enhancing children's ability to protect themselves from sexual abuse. Suggestions for expanding sex education for older children are related to puberty.‘Analyse the effect of the School‐Based Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Programme on first‐grade primary school students' ability to protect themselves from sexual abuse’Key Practitioner Messages

Child sexual abuse prevention should be school based to be effective.
Child sexual abuse prevention programmes should be designed in accordance with children's characteristics.
Parent–teacher collaboration is very important for the successful implementation of a sexual abuse prevention programme.
Active Quinolinequinones against Methicillin‐Resistant Staphylococcus spp
Authors: Mataracı‐Kara Emel , Bayrak Nilüfer , Yıldız Mahmut , Yıldırım Hatice , TuYuN Amaç Fatih 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSerious bacterial infections could be caused by Gram‐positive microorganisms, in particular methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Aiming to address this challenging issue by developing the potent and selective antimicrobial lead structures against methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus spp., herein, we report in vitro evaluation of quinolinequinones (QQ1–QQ10) against the Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive strains using the broth microdilution technique. The design principle of the quinolinequinones was based on the variation of the structures attached to the 1,4‐quinone moiety and substituent(s) within amino phenyl moiety. A series of ten quinolinequinones displayed activity mainly against the Gram‐positive strains with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC=1.22‐1250 mg/L) within the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) levels. Interestingly, QQ3, QQ5, and QQ6 displayed equal antibacterial inhibitory activity against S. aureus (MIC=1.22 mg/L), respectively, to the standard positive control Cefuroxime‐Na. QQ2, QQ3, and QQ5 had the best inhibitory activity with the MIC value of 1.22 mg/L (4‐fold more potent compared reference standard Cefuroxime) against S. epidermidis. On the other hand, QQ3 was the most effective quinolinequinone against fungi, in particular C. albicans. The identified lead quinolinequinones (QQ3 and QQ5) with a comprehensive analysis of structure–activity relationships and further studies showed high activity against methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus spp. It is worth noting that the isopropyl group has importance for excellent bioactivity. Remarkably, the in vitro antibiofilm and bactericidal activities (each of 32 clinically obtained strains of Gram‐positive bacteria) of the selected two quinolinequinones (QQ3 and QQ5) have been evaluated for the mode of action in addition to the time‐kill curve study.