bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
When I Am Gone
Authors: Leibman Laura Arnold 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Personal and financial loss continued to blight Isaac, Joshua, and their children’s lives. Joshua and Isaac immersed themselves in business, and left the child rearing to the unwed Moses sisters. Bookkeeping wasn’t the men’s forte: they lived beyond their means in a fashionable neighborhood near St. John’s Park, where they were joined briefly by Isaac’s father Abraham Rodrigues Brandon, his new mistress, and his second brood of children. When Brandon’s death left Isaac guardian of his younger half-siblings, he enrolled them in British Jewish boarding schools as per his father’s wishes. Then Joshua died unexpectedly, and Sarah’s children became utterly beholden to their Moses aunts and uncles. Increasingly, Isaac sought refuge on the island, the old controversy about whether he should count as a full Jew having been laid to rest.
Introduction
Authors: Rhode Deborah L. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter begins by defining ambition and situating it in contemporary context. In conventional usage, ambition has come to focus on external markers of success, such as recognition, power, and money. Recent technological and cultural forces have given ambitions a wider stage, made power grabs more dangerous, and made competition for wealth and recognition more intense and consequential. The chapter concludes with an overview of the central themes of the book. One is the toxic consequences of an excessive focus on external metrics such as recognition, power, and money. Another is the obstacles to ambition based on gender, race, class, and national origin. A third is the important role of families and schools in developing constructive ambition. And a final theme is the importance of focusing on ambitions that will meet intrinsic needs for meaning and fulfillment, such as nurturing relationships and contributing to ends that transcend the self.
In Reverse Order—The Third Pandemic First
Authors: Wiedenmann Robert N. , Fisher J. Ray 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter reviews the history of the human disease popularly known as plague, which has caused three major pandemics in the past two millennia, focusing on the most recent pandemic and the discovery of the insect that transmitted the disease. It begins with the Third Pandemic started in 1855, which began in Yunnan Province in southwestern China, an area rich in geological and biological diversity. Infections increased as the disease slowly spread to Hong Kong, where it reached epidemic levels in 1894. From there, maritime trade on steamships carried the plague to India, Australia, and then worldwide, to Africa, Europe, and the Americas. The chapter describes how, while the pandemic raged, scientists investigated the cause of the disease, learning that bacteria carried by Oriental rat fleas and rats were responsible. This pandemic killed at least 15 million people, mostly in India, and continued for nearly a century.
The Caribbean, Carlos Finlay, Walter Reed, and Serendipity
Authors: Wiedenmann Robert N. , Fisher J. Ray 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter reviews the role of expanding sugarcane plantations throughout the Caribbean in the movement of slaves, mosquitoes and disease, as world empires jockeyed for dominance in world sugar markets. It relates how increased sugarcane production and exports to Europe led to increased importation of slaves to work the fields. As the African embarkation point of slaves moved north to the Slave Coast, yellow fever and the mosquito Aedes aegypti came into play, though when England banned slaveholding, sugar production shifted to the Spanish colonies of Puerto Rico and Cuba. The brief Spanish-American War of 1898, over control of Cuba, cemented the fame of Colonel Theodore Roosevelt but resulted in more deaths from yellow fever than combat, with the outbreak continuing during the post-war occupation of Cuba. Serendipity played a significant role in the subsequent discovery of the cause of the disease, connecting the Yellow Fever Commission, led by Major Walter Reed, with Cuban physician, Dr. Carlos Finlay, whose early experiments pointed to mosquitos and others while a series of experiments by Reed's team showed Aedes aegypti was the vector.
Tying the Silken Threads
Authors: Wiedenmann Robert N. , Fisher J. Ray 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers the five insects highlighted in this book and a common thread they all share, linked by the Silk Roads of Asia. All have had immeasurable impacts on human history, both positive and negative, though numerous other insect species also have stories to tell. As this chapter shows, the stories of all five insects in this book converge in their influence on the life and legacy of Napoleon, who wore silk clothes, was impacted by the diseases vectored by fleas and mosquitoes, and took honey bees as his emblem. The vectors of diseases were particularly impactful, and three species feature in decisive battles lost by Napoleon: fleas carrying plague defeated his expeditionary force in Egypt and Syria; mosquitos carrying yellow fever forced the withdrawal of French forces in Haiti; and human lice carrying typhus defeated the Grand Armée in Russia. Following their defeat and withdrawal from Haiti, the French sold their American land to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase. As this chapter shows: never doubt for a moment that insects have shaped history in ways that are usually not seen.
The (Un)Written Constitution
Authors: Thomas George 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The late Justice Scalia relished pointing to departures from text as departures from the Constitution, but in fact his jurisprudence relied on unwritten ideas. As textualism has become more prominent with the elevation of Justices Gorsuch, Kavanaugh, and Barrett to the Supreme Court—jurists in the mold of Scalia—it is crucial to reveal the unwritten ideas that drive textualist readings of the Constitution. Our deepest debates about America’s written Constitution are not about constitutional text but about the unwritten ideas and understandings that guide our reading of text. This fact is obscured by the public understanding of textualism and originalism as put forward by its most prominent judicial advocates. The (Un)Written Constitution makes these ideas visible by turning to the practices of Supreme Court justices and political actors in interpreting the Constitution over more than two centuries. From founding debates about freedom of speech and religion to contemporary arguments about judicial review, the separation of powers, same-sex marriage, and partisan gerrymandering, this work highlights the too-often unacknowledged ideas that animate our debates about the written Constitution. Contrary to textual jurists, these recurrent debates are not about whether to follow the text; they are disputes about what fidelity to the text requires. How do we weigh and balance different textual provisions and see them as part of a constitutional whole? The text does not answer such questions. This book illustrates that moving beyond the text is an inescapable feature of interpreting America’s written Constitution.
Conclusion
Authors: Thomas George 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Being faithful to the text of the Constitution inescapably requires us to make judgments that are not rooted in constitutional text. Even if we agree that we are bound by the formal written Constitution, what that entails cannot be answered by constitutional text alone. How we balance different constitutional rules, commands, and concepts will largely be determined by our unwritten ideas—by our constructions of the Constitution. When it comes to our deepest constitutional debates, we cannot just read the words of the Constitution. Alone the text does not answer many of the constitutional questions we are required to wrestle with. So where do we turn? We cannot escape this question. Wherever we turn to illuminate constitutional text, we are implicitly or explicitly rendering constitutional judgments.
“No Bishop, No Tyrant!”
Authors: Steward Gary L. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the apprehensions many American clergy felt over the issues of religious liberty on the eve of the American Revolution. The clergy in America were concerned about a rising political absolutism in England that threatened both their civil and religious liberties, and concern over religious issues played a significant role in the final break between the colonies and Great Britain. The plans to impose Episcopal bishops upon the colonies generated great concern, even as the British Parliament adopted an increasingly absolutist posture toward the colonies. The fear of a rising Roman Catholic presence in North America also put the colonies and clergymen on edge, provoking further calls for resistance and vigilance against these growing religious threats.
Critical Considerations
Authors: Jarow E. H. Rick 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter takes up some of the literary, theoretical issues of the poem: the potentials of figurative language, the use of the Cloud as the poem’s semiotic axis of conversion, the place of the “image and imagination” in literary poetics, the centrality of loss and longing (viraha), the depths of Kālidāsa’s “tantric sensibility,” the understanding of “place,” the poem’s vision, of nature, and the centrality of memory as recapitulation. All of these considerations are taken up in the context of the Indian aesthetic tradition as well as in Western post-structuralist poetics that are strongly resonant with the rasa-dhvani poetic tradition of classical India.
Transitions
Authors: Cutting James E. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Filmmaking at its most basic level is the cutting and joining of lengths of film or their digital analogs. This chapter first discusses the historical poetics of various transitions—fades, dissolves, wipes, iris outs, and cuts—as well as a few experimental failures. It then concentrates on where each type was originally used, what that meant, and how and why their distribution has changed over time. It explains and shows graphic matches across dissolves, and it explains hooks, J-cuts, and L-cuts and how they affect the viewer. It also discusses the efficacy of matching on action to hide cuts and how Hollywood has figured out how to make jump cuts not so jumpy, with examples from several movies.
Conclusion
Authors: Tutino Stefania 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter concludes the book by providing some reflections about the meaning of forgeries in early modern Europe. It examines the effects that the growing ability to detect forgeries had on the intellectual and cultural landscape of early modern Europe, and it shows the peculiar tension that this provoked in early modern Catholic culture. The chapter also shows that the relationship between evidence, truth, authenticity, and belief was as complex for early modern people as it is for us, albeit in different terms. Reflecting on what changed between then and now, and on and what didn't, can help us understand better not only the early modern world, but also our own.
Conflict Transformation and Prevention in Tunisia
Authors: Melin Molly M. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Tunisia is the only country to emerge from the Arab Spring with a functioning democratic government. This chapter argues that a powerful private sector prevented violence from erupting during the Jasmine Revolution and has helped keep stability since. Activists in the main labor union, UGTT, played a leading role in spreading information and participating in the early responses to the Bouazizi self-immolation. Businesses and their organizations have played an important role in Tunisia’s continuing transition to democracy. Tunisia’s transition to a democratic state with strong institutions and capacity is far from over, however. While Tunisia has been celebrated as the success story of the Arab Spring, but the state remains very weak and requires fundamental reforms, especially in the security sector. This chapter looks at the role of corporations in Tunisia’s democratic transition and their importance as the country moves forward.
Private Securities Litigation
Authors: Steinberg Marc I. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the erratic and unacceptable private securities litigation framework that prevails in the United States. The litigation structure contained in the federal securities acts was based on a different era and is not suitable for today’s securities markets. Although federal legislation has been enacted to address perceived shortcomings on an episodic basis, significant gaps and inconsistencies exist. Likewise, the federal courts, faced with a fractured statutory regimen, frequently have construed the remedial provisions in a wooden and unduly restrictive manner. The consequence of these congressional and judicial actions is a disparate liability framework that lacks sound logic, consistency, and even-handed treatment for plaintiffs and defendants alike. This chapter provides several examples of the inconsistencies and disparate treatment that prevail under the federal securities laws. Thereafter, recommendations for corrective measures are proffered. These proposals, if adopted and effectively implemented, should instill a substantially greater degree of certainty, uniformity, and equity than currently exists.
Mergers and Acquisitions
Authors: Steinberg Marc I. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on mergers and acquisitions (M&A), entailing going-private transactions, tender offers, proxy contests, mergers, and similar types of transactions. While the framework established by the SEC and Congress on the federal level is commendable, significant gaps exist. This chapter focuses on these gaps and recommends specified measures that should be implemented. The recommended measures are directed toward elevating the federal government’s role to serve as the principal regulator overseeing the M&A process. Among the measures that should be adopted are that: state anti-takeover statutes should be federally preempted; the legitimacy of tactics undertaken in response to takeover bids should be within the province of federal law; and a necessary condition as to whether an offensive or defensive maneuver is permissible and given effect is whether the requisite shareholder approval has been obtained. Importantly, the recommendations advanced in this chapter do not materially impede M&A transactions, recognize that shareholder voice merits a primary role in this process, and correctly place matters of national policy with the federal government rather than the applicable state of incorporation.
The Securities and Exchange Commission
Authors: Steinberg Marc I. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the Securities and Exchange Commission’s numerous failures to engage in meaningful regulation and enforcement and recommends a fundamental solution that should substantially ameliorate the current unpalatable situation. As compared to yesteryear, the SEC no longer is viewed as a champion of investor protection. In its analysis, the chapter provides many examples, including: the Commission’s failure to adopt a current reporting system mandating disclosure (absent the existence of meritorious business justification) of all material information; its regulatory activism to insulate from private liability exposure certain misconduct engaged in by companies and their insiders; its levying of large money penalties against major enterprises without pursuing their officers and directors; and its refusal to implement statutory directives, including its failure to use the control person provision against corporate insiders. The solution to this unacceptable situation is to reconstitute the composition of SEC Commissioners. As elaborated upon in the chapter, this objective would be achieved by increasing the size of the Commission and requiring that the composition of the SEC Commissioners (including the SEC Chair) would be far more diverse than is current practice.
The Origins of the Debate
Authors: Bronner Yigal 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter lays out the prehistory of the book’s main controversy. Sequence is not mentioned in the Mīmāṃsāsūtra, and the precedence of earlier over later is only rarely invoked by its commentator, Śabara. Śabara’s follower Kumārila Bhaṭṭa develops the most important argument for why earlier should be stronger than later in cases of contradiction. For the founder of Nondualist Vedānta, Śaṅkara, sequential priority was not at all a factor; his emphasis is not on how either beginning or ending could overrule the other, but on harmony between them as one of several factors that direct the ideal reader toward the correct interpretation of the Veda. Madhva, founder of Dualist Vedānta, introduced a sequential priority in which later overcomes earlier, seemingly by misreading or misrepresenting an earlier list of such factors compiled by one of Śaṅkara’s important followers, Prakāśātman. With this provocative inversion, our debate begins in earnest.
Pornography
Authors: Waltman Max 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This book assesses American, Canadian, and Swedish legal challenges to the explosive spread of pornography and its contribution to violence against women within their significantly different democratic systems and constructs a political and legal theory for effectively challenging the sex industry under law. The obstacles are exposed as more ideological and political than strictly legal, although they often play out in the legal arena. The pornography industry is documented to exploit vulnerable populations in making its materials. A thorough analytical review of empirical studies that use complementing methods demonstrates that using pornography substantially contributes to consumers becoming more sexually aggressive, on average desensitizing them and contributing to a demand for more subordinating, aggressive, and degrading materials. Consumers often wish to imitate pornography with unwilling partners; many demand sex from prostituted people, who have few or no alternatives. Most young men regularly consume pornography. Legal challenges to the harms are shown to be more effective under legal systems that promote equality and when the laws empower those most harmed, in contrast to state-enforced regulations (e.g., criminal obscenity laws). Drawing on feminist theory, among others, this book argues that pornography is among the linchpins of sex inequality, contending that a civil society forum can empower those harmed, with representatives who have more substantial incentives to address them. This book explains why democracies fail to address the harms of pornography and offers a political and legal theory for making the necessary changes. The insights can be applied to other intractable problems of hierarchy.
The Debate over Theory Before Malthus and Ricardo
Authors: Walter Ryan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter establishes a new context for reading the political economy of Malthus and Ricardo. It is the extended debate over the role of theory and practice in politics and political reform, a contest that Edmund Burke launched by publishing his hostile response to the French Revolution, Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790). In attempting to defend theory, both Mackintosh and Stewart engaged in sophisticated rhetoric that attempted to portray Burke’s veneration of custom and usage as philosophically naïve at the same time as they insisted on the necessity of theory for a science of politics. It is in these defensive postures that both Mackintosh and Stewart came to articulate the idea of a ‘theorist’ of politics.
Introduction to Part II
Authors: Walter Ryan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This Introduction indicates the aim of the two chapters that follow: to illustrate how parliamentary debate provided political economy with its topics of discussion and forms of argument. The particular case studies are the Bullion Controversy and the Corn Laws debate. The first controversy concerned the role of the Bank of England in raising prices through an excessive note issue, and this question came to be examined by writers such as Malthus and Ricardo at an abstract level. But this style of argument was rejected as inappropriate for guiding the deliberations of Parliament in 1810–1811. In relation to the second case, the Corn Laws, c. 1813–1815, the question of whether or not the trade in corn should be free was treated in Parliament as a question requiring casuistical adjudication, a style of argument that Malthus and Ricardo were evidently obliged to adopt, along with other participants. Both topics have traditionally been studied as key moments in the development of economic theory, yet the account developed here suggests that we have typically misread the texts by placing them in unhistorical contexts.
The Vocabulary of Theory and Practice in the Bullion Controversy, 1797–1811
Authors: Walter Ryan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter uses the Bullion Controversy to test the hypothesis articulated at the close of the previous chapter—that Malthus and Ricardo did not use the notions of method and model in their work but rather tended to think in terms of theory and practice. The debate over the Bank of England does indeed represent confirming evidence for Malthus’s and Ricardo’s use of the vocabulary of theory and practice. Moreover, the episode shows that Ricardo was porous to his argumentative context, deploying Ancient Constitution style rhetoric to legitimize his attacks on an august Whig institution. For his part, Malthus also used this vocabulary while registering some doubts over Ricardo’s intellectual performance as a theorist, a title to which Malthus also laid claim.
Plurals and Set Theory
Authors: Florio Salvatore , Linnebo Øystein 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
What is the relation between some things and their set? This chapter begins with a formal comparison of plural logic and set theory, which clarifies an important technical aspect of the question. The chapter then turns to more philosophical issues, investigating whether pluralities should be eliminated in favor of sets or vice versa. Both attempted eliminations are rejected in favor of a view, inspired by Cantor, that retains both pluralities and sets, using the former to provide a metaphysical account of the latter.
Addison as Translator
Authors: Hopkins David 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Joseph Addison and Henry Sacheverell were almost exact contemporaries. Born within two years of one another, both men attended Magdalen College, Oxford, in their youth, and they both took up their studies at the college in the wake of the Glorious Revolution. From this moment onward, the lives and public careers of Addison and Sacheverell would be curiously intertwined. Scholarship and college life would bring them together as friends, but politics and public fame would pull them apart. A contrast between the agreeable Addison and the distasteful Sacheverell is commonplace in eighteenth-century studies, and not without reason. As perhaps the chief proponent of a new culture of ‘politeness’ for post-revolutionary Britain, Addison is well known for his friendliness, if not perhaps for his volubility, in company. Addison’s powerful reputation as the patron saint of eighteenth-century politeness did not sit well with his ties to Sacheverell, whose firebrand reputation was deeply controversial in his lifetime and only declined further as time went by. For this reason, the youthful friendship of the two Magdalen scholars has been a source of awkwardness for later commentators. This chapter places the friendship between Addison and Sacheverell within the context of post-revolutionary political and literary culture