bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is Adolescent E-Cigarette Use Associated With Subsequent Smoking? A New Look
Authors: Sun Ruoyan , Mendez David , Warner Kenneth E 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Prospective studies have consistently reported a strong association between e-cigarette use and subsequent cigarette smoking, but many failed to adjust for important risk factors.

Methods
Using longitudinal data from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study, we employed multivariable logistic regressions to assess the adolescent vaping-to-smoking relationship, with four regressions (Models 1–4) sequentially adding more risk factors.
Our sample included all waves (waves 1–5) of the PATH Study.

Results
The association between ever e-cigarette use and subsequent cigarette smoking decreased substantially in magnitude when adding more control variables, including respondents’ sociodemographic characteristics, exposure to tobacco users, cigarette susceptibility, and behavioral risk factors. Using the most recent data (waves 4–4.5 and waves 4.5–5), this association was not significant in the most complete model (Model 4). Using wave 4.5–5 data, the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for ever e-cigarette use at initial wave and subsequent past 12-month smoking declined from 4.07 (95% confidence interval [CI, 2.86−5.81) in Model 1, adjusting only for sociodemographic characteristics, to 1.35 (95% CI, 0.84−2.16) in Model 4, adjusting for all potential risk factors. Similarly, the aOR of ever e-cigarette use and past 30-day smoking at wave 5 decreased from 3.26 (95% CI, 1.81−5.86) in Model 1 to 1.21 (95% CI, 0.59−2.48) with all covariates (Model 4).

Conclusions
Among adolescent never cigarette smokers, those who had ever used e-cigarettes at baseline, compared with never e-cigarette users, exhibited modest or non-significant increases in subsequent past 12-month or past 30-day smoking when adjusting for behavioral risk factors.
Peddling for Profit
Authors: Schaefer Sarah C. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Chapter 5 moves to the United States at the turn of the twentieth century, where the entrepreneurial spirit and penchant for spectacle led to some of the most significant and idiosyncratic recuperations of Doré’s work and the most compelling evidence for the critical place biblical imagery has maintained in modern life. A combination of practical factors (the lack of international copyright laws, for instance, and the highly successful tour of works from the Doré Gallery) led to widespread appropriation of Doré’s imagery in a plethora of contexts, including traditional media such as stained glass and book illustration, as well as more recent developments such as the magic lantern. In the United States, the proliferation of Christian denominations and capitalist culture alike are uniquely bound up with the circulation of Doré’s images.
Contributions to Critical Care from Psychological Science and Practice
Authors: Merbitz Nancy , Fleishman Joan , Kamsky Hannah , Sundborg Stephanie , Tingey Jamie Lynne , Ciccolella Nancy , Warren Ann Marie 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In this chapter we highlight findings and practices from Psychology that can be applied to mitigate the impact of critical illness and the ICU environment on patients, families and staff. The substantial accumulating evidence for detrimental health effects of traumatic stress is highly relevant for the care of patients on the ICU, who are potentially traumatized by the experience and who may bring a history of trauma with them. The fields of trauma psychology and rehabilitation psychology share foundational principles to guide patient-centered and systemic changes to ICU care, and these principles guided our selection and presentation of material. Our discussion of how to implement these principles within a healthcare system is informed by selected findings from social, organizational and behavioral psychology, which also are summarized.
Psychological Considerations in the Intersection of Infectious Disease with Critical Care Medicine
Authors: Highfield Julie , Morgan Matt , Twose Paul 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the intersection between infectious disease and critical care and how it has impacted the delivery of critical care medicine as well as the ability to provide rehabilitation and psychological intervention. It also considers the psychological implications for critical care staff, relationships at work and team dynamics, and the requirements for staff support. Specific issues encountered during worldwide pandemics are also reviewed, along with implications for future practice. The family of coronavirus illnesses are highlighted, including Middle East respiratory syndrome, severe acute respiratory syndrome, and coronavirus, which causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Similarities and differences between practices in the United Kingdom and United States are also discussed.
Psychopharmacology in the Critical Care Setting
Authors: Nayak Sandeep , Brigham Jonathan , Gerstenblith Ted Avi , Prince Elizabeth 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Psychotropic medications can be a powerful tool for enabling treatment of critically ill patients. However, a careful approach to psychopharmacology is necessary in the critical care setting. Special considerations include interactions with other medications and treatments, high levels of physiologic stress that alter metabolism, and the challenges of obtaining diagnostic clarity due to limitations in assessment and confounding factors during critical illness. This chapter outlines common consult questions posed by intensive care teams to psychiatry consultation teams, including management of agitation and sedation, poor participation in care, anxiety, continuation of outpatient medication regimens, and alternatives to oral medication.
Family and Psychosocial Considerations in Critical Care
Authors: Herrer Macarena Gálvez , Davidson Judy E. , La Calle Gabriel Heras 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the expanding movement to humanize critical care and intensive care settings. An international perspective is provided with regard to how patients, families, and professionals, along with health care managers and authorities, can redesign health care systems to overcome the obstacles of dehumanization in hospitals and health centers, with social interest at the core. The authors maintain that caring for all parties, including the family, that coexist in the health care system is critical to building an excellent and effective service.
Systemic Factors Impacting Mortality and End-of-Life Issues in Critical Care
Authors: Mercer Leo C. , Canary Valerie , Maxson Michelle 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter reviews issues related to mortality in the intensive care setting. Relevant literature is summarized and emphasizes the common need patients have for more frequent assessment, dependency on technology support, and psychosocial intervention. The authors stress the importance of interdisciplinary teams and the unique staffing and workforce challenges they encounter. Despite agreement on its importance, the authors maintain that end-of-life care is associated with a lack of consensus around its implementation at the bedside. The diversity within patient groups, diseases and conditions, and health care providers results in an environment in which the interplay of a growing number of variables influences the engagement of patients and families in discussions about end-of-life planning and care, futility, palliation, or withdrawal of support.
Ethical Considerations in Psychological Consultation to Critical Care Settings
Authors: Lewandowski Alan , Fronapfel Brighid , Spector Jack , Szczepkowski Kirk , Davidson Scott 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the ethical and professional standards affecting psychologists who provide consultation as members of interdisciplinary treatment teams in critical care and intensive care settings. The authors describe the unique characteristics of critical and intensive care units and how they contribute to complex life and death decisions, which in turn can result in unique moral, ethical, and clinical psychological dilemmas. In particular, this chapter focuses on the ethical quandaries that are commonly faced by psychologists in these highly specialized medical settings, and provides a mechanism for resolving ethical conflicts when they occur. Case examples are provided, each of which illustrate one of the ten ethical standards listed in the American Psychological Association’s code of ethics. Lastly, a model for maintaining ethical situational awareness in psychological consultations in critical care settings is proposed to serve as a guide for psychologists as they navigate and ultimately resolve challenging ethical dilemmas.
City of Women
Authors: Winkler Kevin 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Two consecutive projects confirmed Tommy Tune’s vision and versatility. In 1981, Tune directed the American premiere of Caryl Churchill’s Cloud 9, his first non-musical. This “comedy of multiple orgasms,” as it was billed, featured a first act set in colonial Africa in 1880 and a second act in contemporary London a century later. Tune staged the first act with sketch-comedy speed and vaudeville humor, as the characters played out their sexual frustrations and transgressed boundaries of race and class. Once again, he used performance tropes of earlier eras to communicate a contemporary viewpoint. His direction of the second act was more somber and thoughtful as the characters, liberated from patriarchal oppression and allowed to express their sexuality freely, search for meaningful connections. While Cloud 9 was enjoying a long and successful run off-Broadway, Tune embarked on Nine, based on Federico Fellini’s film 8½, about a celebrated but creatively stalled Italian filmmaker. Tune insisted that the show be peopled by an all-female cast surrounding the filmmaker. On a stunning white-tiled spa setting made up of stationary boxes, the women—each dressed in black—were summoned from his mind and memories to comment upon and take part in the action. With Nine, Tune established a pattern of staging an entire show around a stationary obstacle (in this case, the boxes)––an obstacle he consistently overcame through imagination and daring. Nine was a stunning directorial achievement that solidified Tune’s stature as a creative mastermind of the Broadway musical.
A Great Place to Make a Show
Authors: Winkler Kevin 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Tommy Tune’s skill in reassembling a musical’s various elements into a new entity was pushed to an extreme with Grand Hotel. He chopped up, or spliced, the book (by Luther Davis) and songs (by George Forrest and Robert Wright) into a mosaic of melody, movement, and dialogue that conveyed the simultaneous urgent, heated activities of a hotel staff and guests. Tune workshopped Grand Hotel not in a rehearsal studio, but in a dilapidated hotel whose once-elegant ballroom evoked the ambiance of the show’s setting, 1928 Berlin. His desire for nonstop movement, with no waiting for set pieces to arrive, led him to utilize more than forty gold chairs that could be endlessly configured to create a suite of rooms, a hallway, or a bank of telephone operators. Grand Hotel’s direction and staging became inseparable from its book and musical program. It was more tightly choreographed than any previous Tune musical, with the theatrical equivalents of filmic quick cuts and dissolves. Tune was acknowledged as the last of the superstar director-choreographers, and Grand Hotel was one of the most strikingly staged musicals of its era. But there was grumbling that Tune’s dazzling stagecraft was in service of weak material and, moreover, that he preferred it that way, allowing him to come to the rescue and deliver a hit through his superior staging skills. The star of any Tommy Tune musical now appeared to be Tommy Tune.
Song and Dance Man
Authors: Winkler Kevin 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
With the back-to-back successes of Grand Hotel and The Will Rogers Follies, no one would have imagined that these would be the final Tommy Tune hits seen on Broadway. A series of flops (1994’s garish, vulgar The Best Little Whorehouse Goes Public, the antithesis of the elegant simplicity of his earlier work) and stillborn projects (1995’s Busker Alley, whose pre-Broadway tour collapsed when Tune broke his foot, and the abandoned Irving Berlin jukebox musical Easter Parade in the late 1990s) tarnished Tune’s status as a director who could rescue any show from disaster. In the years when he was one of Broadway’s most consistently inventive and successful directors of musicals, Tune had continued his performing career. Now, he increasingly spent more time on stage. His intimate, convivial “new vaudeville” act, built around Tune’s easygoing vocals and smooth tapping, featured songs by the Gershwins, Cole Porter, Irving Berlin, and other golden-age composers and underscored his affinity for music of an early time. The act proved remarkably flexible and durable, playing nightclubs and concert halls across the country and the world for more than thirty years. His enthusiasm for touring brought him a unique kind of celebrity. For many, he became the quintessential “Broadway Baby,” a man who summoned the spirit and continuity of the theater, even for those with little knowledge of the art form.
Epilogue
Authors: Winkler Kevin 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
By the time Tommy Tune received a special Tony Award for Lifetime Achievement in 2015, he had inspired a new generation of director-choreographers, including Susan Stroman, Jerry Mitchell, and Casey Nicholaw. They successfully adapted Tune’s seamless staging concepts, his use of show business motifs, and his ability to move forward by drawing on the past to a new, faster-paced era. Well into his seventies, Tune continued to create shows with precision and detail, but now they were of a much smaller scale and featured a cast of one. His solo traveling act took on a biographical air, with recollections of his theatrical past performed on a bare stage with just a small platform for dancing, a ladder, and evocative lighting. It was the simplicity and elegance of Nine, Grand Hotel, and My One and Only stripped to their most elemental form. For Tune, everything was still choreography, but on a diminutive scale.
Getting Started and Selecting a Topic
Authors: Schwartz Seth J. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides guidance on the scientific method, the process of choosing a research area, and methods for narrowing down one’s interests and developing testable hypotheses. The chapter covers how to conduct literature searches, identify key journals and authors, and keep tabs on one’s chosen field of study. The role of theory is also emphasized; theory serves as an organizing set of postulates and ideas about how the various constructs being studied are connected and relate to one another. Readers are guided in establishing lines of research, where one study sets up the next. Important stumbling blocks are covered, including hypotheses that are not specific enough, questions that have already been examined, and literature searches that are either too broad or too narrow.
Chart Chicks and Gear Girls
Authors: Apolloni Alexandra M. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter situates the voices of 1960s young women pop singers in a broader landscape of representations of young, white femininity and the historiography of 1960s British pop, Swinging London, and British girlhood. Drawing primarily on music magazines and fashion and entertainment magazines produced for young women in the 1960s (including titles such as Boyfriend, Fabulous, Honey, Mirabelle, and Petticoat) it shows how music was construed as a key element of modern, youthful, white femininity and self-expression. The chapter connects stories told about girl pop singers and popular narratives about young women seeking independence and shows how these stories are ultimately about attaining access to voice. These narratives about young women’s voices shaped music industry attitudes toward young women as consumers and producers of music, in turn shaping the kinds of musical opportunities that were available to girl and young woman singers.
“A Girl in a Million, Just Like a Million”
Authors: Apolloni Alexandra M. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Sandie Shaw’s singing was inconsistent: often breathy, out of tune, and uncertain. Reception of her performances reveals that, to listeners and critics, these qualities made her seem like an ordinary girl navigating the path to adulthood. For Shaw, ordinariness was a selling point, a crucial part of her performing persona. This chapter examines what it meant for Sandie Shaw to sound “ordinary,” and how the sound of ordinariness was part of a performance of whiteness. The chapter opens with discussion of the sound of Shaw’s voice in the context of adolescent vocal change and the conflicting implications of emotional expression. This discussion then informs readings of a series of episodes in Shaw’s career: her early career appearance on the TV program Shindig!, her 1967 Eurovision performances and the controversy regarding her respectability that informed them, her 1968 TV program The Sandie Shaw Supplement, and, finally, her 1969 self-produced cover record Reviewing the Situation.
Sex, Freedom, and Marianne Faithfull’s Voice in the Afterlight of the 1960s
Authors: Apolloni Alexandra M. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
At the outset of her career, Marianne Faithfull’s voice was a folky soprano, a sonic emblem of 1960s youthfulness. By the end of the decade, in the wake of scandal and drug use, it had transformed. This chapter examines these vocal changes in the context of changing rock culture’s gendered constructions of freedom. It looks at Faithfull’s performances—and public reactions to them—at three particular moments in her career: her early recordings of songs like “As Tears Go By,” which construe her as an ingenue; her late-1960s performances of “Sister Morphine,” which reveal how rock’s politics of authenticity proved exclusionary to women; and recent albums like Horses and High Heels (2011) and Negative Capability (2018). The chapter shows how her vocal performances of trauma become a means of asserting musical authenticity, both subverting and reinforcing the ideas of rock authenticity that shaped her early career.
“Beings of an Inferior Order”
Authors: Irons Peter 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the role of the legal system, including the Supreme Court, in upholding the constitutionality of slavery. It first examines the case of Prigg v. Pennsylvania in 1842, in which the Supreme Court reversed the conviction in state court of Edward Prigg, a professional slave-catcher, for kidnapping Margaret Morgan, who escaped from slavery in Maryland to the free state of Pennsylvania. Ruling that state officials could not hinder enforcement of the federal Fugitive Slave Act of 1793, the Court also held that state officials could decline to aid slave-catchers, leading to mass demonstrations in Boston over the “rendition” of escaped slaves George Latimer and Anthony Burns. The chapter includes a recounting of the infamous Supreme Court decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford in 1857, in which Chief Justice Roger Taney held that no Black person was a citizen and that Blacks were “an inferior order of beings” who had “no rights that the white man was bound to respect.” The chapter concludes with a discussion of the impact of the Dred Scott ruling on the presidential campaign of 1860, in which Abraham Lincoln denounced the decision and provoked the slave states to secede from the Union and launch the Civil War.
“Fighting for White Supremacy”
Authors: Irons Peter 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter covers the years of Reconstruction from 1865 until its end in 1877. It discusses adoption of the Thirteenth Amendment, abolishing slavery, President Lincoln’s assassination after praising the amendment’s granting of Black voting rights, adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868, granting Blacks the “equal protection of the laws,” and adoption of the Fifteenth Amendment in 1869, providing federal enforcement of Black voting rights. Congress also established the Freedmen’s Bureau to assist newly freed Blacks, especially in setting up schools for Black children, although only one-fifth actually attended school. It also discusses the violent White resistance to Black voting, led by hooded nightriders of the Ku Klux Klan, and the massacre on Easter Sunday in 1873 of some two hundred Blacks in Colfax, Louisiana, murdered by Whites after Blacks were elected as sheriff and other officials. Three White men were convicted of participation in the massacre, but the Supreme Court reversed the convictions in United States v. Cruikshank in 1876, opening the door to the end of Reconstruction after the “stolen election” that year ended with Rutherford Hayes as a Republican president who capitulated to southern demands that federal troops withdraw from slave states, paving the way for Black disenfranchisement and restoration of White control.
“The Foul Odors of Blacks”
Authors: Irons Peter 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter covers the post-Reconstruction period and the Supreme Court’s rejection of laws to protect Blacks’ use of “public accommodations” on an equal basis with Whites, and the Court’s later upholding of Jim Crow laws that required segregation of Blacks and Whites. Congress had passed the Civil Rights Act of 1875, barring discrimination against Blacks’ access to places such as restaurants, theaters, hotels, and railway coaches. Ruling in 1883 in five cases from Kansas, California, Tennessee, New York, and Missouri under the caption of Civil Rights Cases, the Court struck down the “public accommodations” provision, holding that “private” businesses could not be regulated without a showing of “state action” in their operation. This ruling drew a sharp dissent from Justice John Marshall Harlan, who argued that businesses serving the public are subject to regulation. The chapter also recounts violent White resistance to Black voting, with South Carolina senator “Pitchfork Ben” Tillman as leader of a White group known as Red Shirts in murdering Blacks. The chapter concludes with discussion of Plessy v. Ferguson in 1895, holding that Louisiana could provide “separate but equal” railway coaches for Blacks and Whites, over another solitary dissent by Justice Harlan, arguing the Constitution is “color-blind” and protects Blacks from state-imposed discrimination.