bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antimicrobial-induced horizontal transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes in bacteria: a mini-review
Authors: Liu Gang , Thomsen Line Elnif , Olsen John Elmerdahl 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among pathogenic bacteria constitute an accelerating crisis for public health. The selective pressures caused by increased use and misuse of antimicrobials in medicine and livestock production have accelerated the overall selection of resistant bacteria. In addition, horizontal gene transfer (HGT) plays an important role in the spread of resistance genes, for example mobilizing reservoirs of AMR from commensal bacteria into pathogenic ones. Antimicrobials, besides antibacterial function, also result in undesirable effects in the microbial populations, including the stimulation of HGT. The main aim of this narrative review was to present an overview of the current knowledge of the impact of antimicrobials on HGT in bacteria, including the effects of transformation, transduction and conjugation, as well as other less well-studied mechanisms of HGT. It is widely accepted that conjugation plays a major role in the spread of AMR in bacteria, and the focus of this review is therefore mainly on the evidence provided that antimicrobial treatment affects this process. Other mechanisms of HGT have so far been deemed less important in this respect; however, recent discoveries suggest their role may be larger than previously thought, and the review provides an update on the rather limited knowledge currently available regarding the impact of antimicrobial treatment on these processes as well. A conclusion from the review is that there is an urgent need to investigate the mechanisms of antimicrobial-induced HGT, since this will be critical for developing new strategies to combat the spread of AMR.
First Report of the L993S Mutation in the Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel in Field Populations of the German Cockroach Blattella germanica
Authors: Liu Juan , Xu Yong , Li Chong , Tan Ai , Zeng Jiarui , Liu Peng , Yu Xuelan , Wang Mingqiang , Wang Rongzhuo , Luo Wenbin , Qiu Xinghui 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The long-term and frequent use of pyrethroid insecticides has led to the development of pyrethroid resistance in many insect populations around the world. Specific mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) have been well documented to be responsible for knockdown resistance (kdr) to pyrethroids and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) in a variety of arthropods. However, reports regarding naturally occurring kdr mutation in field populations of the German cockroach Blattella germanica (Linnaeus) (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) in China have remained scarce. In this study, a survey was conducted to detect the presence and frequency of kdr mutations in field populations of B. germanica across Neijiang, Sichuan province of China. In addition to the previously reported L993F mutation, a new amino acid substitution L993S was discovered for the first time. Overall, the classical 993F was the dominant allele with frequencies ranging from 61.8 to 89.6%, while the frequencies of the novel L993S mutation were in the range between 2.5 and 15.0%. Notably, high frequencies (50.0–79.2%) of resistant homozygotes were detected in our samples, indicating high levels of pyrethroid resistance in these B. germanica populations. The results suggest that alternative insecticides with a mode of action different from pyrethroids should be considered in the control of German cockroaches in these regions.
How much can screening reduce colorectal cancer mortality in Japan? Scenario-based estimation by microsimulation
Authors: Kamo Ken-Ichi , Fukui Keisuke , Ito Yuri , Nakayama Tomio , Katanoda Kota 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Background
Screening is one of the effective interventions for the reduction of colorectal cancer mortality. Though the Japanese government recommends faecal occult blood test and colonoscopy as a follow-up examination following a diagnosis, both participation rates have not been so high and the national mortality rate has not shown a clear decreasing trend.

Methods
Microsimulation models simulate the life histories of a large population of individuals under various scenarios. In this study, we applied a microsimulation model to estimate the reduction of colorectal cancer mortality based on screening scenarios.

Results
The effect of reducing the age-standardized mortality rate for colorectal cancer was estimated at 9.4% for men and 6.0% for women under the scenario which calls for 50% participation in faecal occult blood test and 90% participation of follow-up examination. This scenario corresponds to the goal setting for screening in the third-term of the Basic Plan to Promote Cancer Control Programs in Japan.

Conclusions
Our microsimulation model was found to be useful in estimating the mortality reduction effect of cancer control policy. Such modelling techniques can be utilized to develop effective and optimal cancer control programs.
What’s unique? The unfolded protein response in plants
Authors: Yu Chao-Yuan , Cho Yueh , Sharma Oshin , Kanehara Kazue 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe investigation of a phenomenon called the unfolded protein response (UPR) started approximately three decades ago, and we now know that the UPR is involved in a number of cellular events among metazoans, higher plants, and algae. The relevance of the UPR in human diseases featuring protein folding defects, such as Alzheimer’s and Huntington’s diseases, has drawn much attention to the response in medical research to date. While metazoans and plants share similar molecular mechanisms of the UPR, recent studies shed light on the uniqueness of the plant UPR, with plant-specific protein families appearing to play pivotal roles. Given the considerable emphasis on the original discoveries of key factors in metazoans, this review highlights the uniqueness of the plant UPR based on current knowledge.
The Photo-Astrometric vertical tracer density of the Milky Way – I. The method
Authors: Everall Andrew , Evans N Wyn , Belokurov Vasily , Boubert Douglas , Grand Robert J J 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
We introduce a method to infer the vertical distribution of stars in the Milky Way using a Poisson likelihood function, with a view to applying our method to the Gaia catalogue. We show how to account for the sample selection function and for parallax measurement uncertainties. Our method is validated against a simulated sample drawn from a model with two exponential discs and a power-law halo profile. A mock Gaia sample is generated using the Gaia astrometry selection function, whilst realistic parallax uncertainties are drawn from the Gaia Astrometric Spread Function. The model is fit to the mock in order to rediscover the input parameters used to generate the sample. We recover posterior distributions that accurately fit the input parameters within statistical uncertainties, demonstrating the efficacy of our method. Using the GUMS synthetic Milky Way catalogue, we find that our halo parameter fits can be heavily biased by our overly simplistic model; however, the fits to the thin and thick discs are not significantly impacted. We apply this method to Gaia Early Data Release 3 in a companion paper where we also quantify the systematic uncertainties introduced by oversimplifications in our model.
Detecting FAST RADIO BURSTS in the MILKY WAY
Authors: Gohar Nayab , Flynn Chris 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
Fast radio bursts (FRBs) are highly energetic transient events with duration of order of microseconds to milliseconds and of unknown origin. They are known to lie at cosmological distances, through localization to host galaxies. Recently, an FRB-like event was seen from the Milky Way magnetar SGR 1935+2154 by the CHIME and Survey for Transient Astronomical Radio Emission 2 (STARE2) telescopes. This is the only magnetar that has produced FRB events in our Galaxy. Finding similar events in the Milky Way is of great interest to understanding FRB progenitors. Such events will be strongly affected by the turbulent interstellar medium (ISM) in the Milky Way, their intrinsic energy distribution, and their spatial locations within the plane of the Milky Way. We examine these effects using models for the distribution of electrons in the ISM to estimate the dispersion measure and pulse scattering of mock events, and a range of models for the spatial distribution and luminosity functions, including models motivated by the spatial distribution of the Milky Way’s magnetars. We evaluate the fraction of FRB events in the Milky Way that are detectable by STARE2 for a range of ISM models, spatial distributions, and burst luminosity functions. In all the models examined, only a fraction of burst events are detectable, mainly due to the scattering effects of the ISM. We find that Galactic Radio Explorer, a proposed all-sky experiment, could increase the detection rate of Milky Way FRB events by an order of magnitude, depending on assumptions made about the luminosity function and scale height of the FRBs.
A radio polarization study of magnetic fields in the Small Magellanic Cloud
Authors: Livingston J D , McClure-Griffiths N M , Mao S A , Ma Y K , Gaensler B M , Heald G , Seta A 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
Observing the magnetic fields of low-mass interacting galaxies tells us how they have evolved over cosmic time and their importance in galaxy evolution. We have measured the Faraday rotation of 80 extra-galactic radio sources behind the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) using the CSIRO Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) with a frequency range of 1.4–3.0 GHz. Both the sensitivity of our observations and the source density are an order-of-magnitude improvement on previous Faraday rotation measurements of this galaxy. The SMC generally produces negative rotation measures after accounting for the Milky Way foreground contribution, indicating that it has a mean coherent line-of-sight magnetic field strength of $-0.3\pm 0.1\, \mu$G, consistent with previous findings. We detect signatures of magnetic fields extending from the north and south of the Bar of the SMC. The random component of the SMC magnetic field has a strength of $\sim 5\, \mu$G with a characteristic size-scale of magneto-ionic turbulence &lt;250 pc, making the SMC like other low-mass interacting galaxies. The magnetic fields of the SMC and Magellanic Bridge appear similar in direction and strength, hinting at a connection between the two fields as part of the hypothesized ‘pan-Magellanic’ magnetic field.
The stress–pressure lag in MRI turbulence and its implications for thermal instability in accretion discs
Authors: Held Loren E , Latter Henrik N 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
The classical alpha-disc model assumes that the turbulent stress scales linearly with – and responds instantaneously to – the pressure. It is likely, however, that the stress possesses a non-negligible relaxation time and will lag behind the pressure on some time-scale. To measure the size of this lag we carry out unstratified 3D magnetohydrodynamic shearing box simulations with zero-net-magnetic-flux using the finite-volume code pluto. We impose thermal oscillations of varying periods via a cooling term, which in turn drives oscillations in the turbulent stress. Our simulations reveal that the stress oscillations lag behind the pressure by ∼5 orbits in cases where the oscillation period is several tens of orbits or more. We discuss the implication of our results for thermal and viscous overstability in discs around compact objects.
A Swift study of long-term changes in the X-ray flaring properties of Sagittarius A
Authors: Andrés A , van den Eijnden J , Degenaar N , Evans P A , Chatterjee K , Reynolds M , Miller J M , Kennea J , Wijnands R , Markoff S , Altamirano D , Heinke C O , Bahramian A , Ponti G , Haggard D 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
The radiative counterpart of the supermassive black hole at the Galactic Centre, Sagittarius A*, displays flaring emission in the X-ray band atop a steady, quiescent level. Flares are also observed in the near-infrared band. The physical process producing the flares is not fully understood and it is unclear if the flaring rate varies, although some recent works suggest it has reached unprecedented variability in recent years. Using over a decade of regular X-ray monitoring of Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory, we studied the variations in count rate of Sgr A* on time-scales of years. We decomposed the X-ray emission into quiescent and flaring emission, modelled as a constant and power-law process, respectively. We found that the complete, multiyear data set cannot be described by a stationary distribution of flare fluxes, while individual years follow this model better. In three of the ten studied years, the data is consistent with a purely Poissonian quiescent distribution, while for 5 yr, only an upper limit of the flare flux distribution parameter could be determined. We find that these possible changes cannot be explained fully by the different number of observations per year. Combined, these results are instead consistent with a changing flaring rate of Sgr A*, appearing more active between 2006–2007 and 2017–2019, than between 2008–2012. Finally, we discuss this result in the context of flare models and the passing of gaseous objects, and discuss the extra statistical steps taken, for instance, to deal with the background in the Swift observations.
Chronic kidney disease, physical activity and cognitive function in older adults—results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2011–2014)
Authors: Chu Nadia M , Hong Jingyao , Harasemiw Oksana , Chen Xiaomeng , Fowler Kevin J , Dasgupta Indranil , Bohm Clara , Segev Dorry L , McAdams-DeMarco Mara A ,   the Global Renal Exercise Network
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT

Background
Cognitive impairment is common among persons with chronic kidney disease (CKD), due in part to reduced kidney function. Given that physical activity (PA) is known to mitigate cognitive decline, we examined whether associations between CKD stage and global/domain-specific cognitive function differ by PA.

Methods
We leveraged 3223 participants (≥60 years of age) enrolled in National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2011–2014), with at least one measure of objective cognitive function [immediate recall (CERAD-WL), delayed recall (CERAD-DR), verbal fluency (AF), executive function/processing speed (DSST), global (average of four tests) or self-perceived memory decline (SCD)]. We quantified the association between CKD stage {no CKD: estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and albuminuria [albumin:creatinine ratio (ACR)] &lt;30 mg/g; stages G1–G3: eGFR ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and ACR ≥30 mg/g or eGFR 30–59 mL/min/1.73 m2; stages G4 and G5: eGFR &lt;30 mL/min/1.73 m2} and cognitive function using linear regression (objective measures) and logistic regression (SCD), accounting for sampling weights for nationally representative estimates. We tested whether associations differed by PA [Global Physical Activity Questionnaire, high PA ≥600 metabolic equivalent of task (MET) · min/week versus low PA &lt;600 MET · min/week] using a Wald test.

Results
Among NHANES participants, 34.9% had CKD stages G1–G3, 2.6% had stages G4 and G5 and 50.7% had low PA. CKD stages G4 and G5 were associated with lower global cognitive function {difference = −0.38 standard deviation [SD] [95% confidence interval (CI) −0.62 to −0.15]}. This association differed by PA (Pinteraction = 0.01). Specifically, among participants with low PA, those with CKD stages G4 and G5 had lower global cognitive function [difference = −0.57 SD (95% CI −0.82 to −0.31)] compared with those without CKD. Among those with high PA, no difference was found [difference = 0.10 SD (95% CI −0.29–0.49)]. Similarly, the CKD stage was only associated with immediate recall, verbal fluency, executive function and processing speed among those with low PA; no associations were observed for delayed recall or self-perceived memory decline.

Conclusions
CKD is associated with lower objective cognitive function among those with low but not high PA. Clinicians should consider screening older patients with CKD who have low PA for cognitive impairment and encourage them to meet PA guidelines.
Reducing salt intake: a systematic review and meta-analysis of behavior change interventions in adults
Authors: Khalesi Saman , Williams Edwina , Irwin Christopher , Johnson David W , Webster Jacqui , McCartney Danielle , Jamshidi Arash , Vandelanotte Corneel 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Context
Prolonged high salt (sodium) intake can increase the risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Behavioral interventions may help reduce sodium intake at the population level.

Objective
The effectiveness of behavior change interventions to reduce sodium intake in adults was investigated in this systematic review and meta-analysis.

Data source
The PubMed, Cochrane Library, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and EMBASE databases were searched.

Data extraction
Narrative synthesis and random-effects meta-analyses were used to determine intervention efficacy. A total of 61 trials (46 controlled trials and 15 quasi-experimental studies) were included.

Results
Behavior change interventions resulted in significant improvements in salt consumption behavior (eg, decrease in purchase of salty foods; increase in use of salt substitutes), leading to reductions in sodium intake as measured by urinary sodium in 32 trials (N = 7840 participants; mean difference, –486.19 mg/d [95%CI, –669.44 to –302.95]; P &lt; 0.001; I2 = 92%) and dietary sodium in 19 trials (N = 3750 participants; mean difference –399.86 mg/d [95%CI, –581.51 to –218.20]; P &lt; 0.001; I2 = 96%), equivalent to a reduction of &gt;1 g of salt intake daily. Effects were not significantly different based on baseline sodium intakes, blood pressure status, disease status, the use of behavior change theories, or the main method of intervention delivery (ie, online vs face-to-face).

Conclusion
Behavior change interventions are effective at improving salt consumption practices and appear to reduce salt intake by &gt;1 g/d.

Systematic Review Registration
PROSPERO registration no. CRD42020185639.
Posttranslational regulation of transporters important for symbiotic interactions
Authors: McDonald Tami R , Rizvi Madeeha F , Ruiter Bretton L , Roy Rahul , Reinders Anke , Ward John M 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Coordinated sharing of nutritional resources is a central feature of symbiotic interactions, and, despite the importance of this topic, many questions remain concerning the identification, activity, and regulation of transporter proteins involved. Recent progress in obtaining genome and transcriptome sequences for symbiotic organisms provides a wealth of information on plant, fungal, and bacterial transporters that can be applied to these questions. In this update, we focus on legume–rhizobia and mycorrhizal symbioses and how transporters at the symbiotic interfaces can be regulated at the protein level. We point out areas where more research is needed and ways that an understanding of transporter mechanism and energetics can focus hypotheses. Protein phosphorylation is a predominant mechanism of posttranslational regulation of transporters in general and at the symbiotic interface specifically. Other mechanisms of transporter regulation, such as protein–protein interaction, including transporter multimerization, polar localization, and regulation by pH and membrane potential are also important at the symbiotic interface. Most of the transporters that function in the symbiotic interface are members of transporter families; we bring in relevant information on posttranslational regulation within transporter families to help generate hypotheses for transporter regulation at the symbiotic interface.
Investor Attention and Asset Pricing Anomalies
Authors: Jiang Lei , Liu Jinyu , Peng Lin , Wang Baolian 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We investigate the relationship between investor attention and financial market anomalies. We find that anomaly returns tend to be higher following high-attention days. The result is robust after controlling for the effect of news and in a natural experiment setting in which a stock market regulation and rounding errors generate exogenous variations in attention. An analysis of order imbalances suggests that large traders trade on anomaly signals more aggressively upon observing higher attention. We discuss the extent to which the findings are driven by inattention-driven underreaction, bias amplification, or coordinated arbitrage mechanisms, thereby providing insight into the understanding of anomalies.
Morbidity in Patients with Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma and Radiation-Induced Skin Lesions: Cause, Risk Factors, and Dermatitis Evolution and Severity
Authors: Yao Zexin , Cheng Biao 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE
Radiation-induced skin injuries such as lesions (RSLs) and dermatitis are the most common complication during radiotherapy (RT) for nasopharyngeal carcinoma, but little is known about risk factors unique to oncology. This study sought a greater understanding of these risk factors to stratify patients based on risk and guide clinical decision-making.

METHODS
Investigators analyzed the data of 864 consecutive patients referred to the RT center of the Southern Theater General Hospital for a new RSL from 2013 to 2019. These patients were followed up for an average of approximately 16 months until their death or March 30, 2020, whichever came first. Multivariate logistic regression analysis and Cox proportional hazards model were used to identify predictors of grade 3 or 4 dermatitis.

RESULTS
The main causes of treatment interruption included dermatitis and oral mucositis. Significant patient-specific risk factors for RSLs included current smoking, current drinking, and lower Karnofsky Performance Scale score and significant procedure-specific risk factors included receiving intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), hyperfractionated RT, induction chemotherapy, multicycle chemotherapy, and taxol- and cisplatin-based drugs. The three factors that independently predicted risk of RSL were IMRT, lower Karnofsky Performance Scale score, and multicycle chemotherapy. Comparing predictive factors among patients with severe RSL revealed that patients who received IMRT were more likely to develop grade 3 or 4 dermatitis.

CONCLUSIONS
Oncology providers should note that IMRT is an aggressive technique with a trend toward increased RSL. Providers should pay special attention to adverse effects to skin in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma.