bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pediatric demyelinating disease and anti‐MOG antibody
Authors: Tenembaum Silvia N. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSignificant progress has been made in the field of pediatric neuroimmunology over the past few years. With the detection of conformationally correct myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibodies using cell‐based assays, children with different monophasic and relapsing phenotypes have been increasingly described. However, there is still controversy regarding the severity of the disease course and outcome of this emerging and rapidly expanding spectrum of MOG‐associated demyelination. Accumulating evidence seems to identify MOG‐IgG–associated disorder as a disease entity different from multiple sclerosis and aquaporin 4 (AQP4)‐IgG–positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. This review will summarize recent findings regarding the spectrum of MOG‐associated disorders in pediatric patients related to diagnosis, clinical presentation, and neuroimaging patterns, including data on current available and emerging treatment options for children.
Cataract and systemic disease: A review
Authors: Ang Michael J. , Afshari Natalie A. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWe review the current literature regarding the risk factors for cataract and the association between cataract and systemic disease. Numerous epidemiologic studies have found that the risk factors for age‐related cataract formation include age, sex, race and myopia. Modifiable risk factors include smoking, socioeconomic status and ultra‐violet light exposure. Alcohol intake and nutritional status may play a role in cataract formation. Cataract has been associated with many systemic diseases mainly diabetes mellitus, hypertension, obesity, chronic kidney disease and autoimmune disease. Cataract is also a hallmark of many metabolic disorders and syndromes. These findings are important to help implement risk factor and lifestyle‐modification strategies that can hopefully decrease the burden of global cataract blindness.
Diagnosis and management of giant cell arteritis: Major review
Authors: Simon Sumu , Ninan Jem , Hissaria Pravin 
Published: January 2021

AbstractGiant cell arteritis is a medical emergency because of the high risk of irreversible blindness and cerebrovascular accidents. While elevated inflammatory markers, temporal artery biopsy and modern imaging modalities are useful diagnostic aids, thorough history taking and clinical acumen still remain key elements in establishing a timely diagnosis. Glucocorticoids are the cornerstone of treatment but are associated with high relapse rates and side effects. Targeted biologic agents may open up new treatment approaches in the future.
Appraisals and de/legitimation of classroom well‐being: A study based on Chilean students' voices
Authors: Ramírez‐Casas del valle Lorena P. , López Leiva Verónica A. , Baeza Duffy Patricia M. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis study analysed, from a social justice perspective, how students from two Chilean public schools evaluate, legitimise and delegitimise processes and social actors associated with classroom well‐being. Using a participatory qualitative design, fifty‐nine (59) seventh grade students were asked to take and then select photographs about their school experience, and later participated in semi‐structured interviews and a group workshop. Findings regarding the classroom context showed that children legitimised active learning methodologies, teachers to whom they feel close, and the use of technology for learning. They delegitimised punishment and teachers who ignored minority students or those with learning difficulties.
Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists in the era of COVID‐19: Friend or foe?
Authors: Belančić Andrej , Kresović Andrea , Troskot Dijan Marija 
Published: January 2021

SummaryThe aim of the present manuscript is to discuss on potential pros and cons of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists (GLP‐1RAs) as glucose‐lowering agents during COVID‐19 pandemic, and what is more to evaluate them as potential candidates for the treatment of patients, affected by COVID‐19 infection, with or even without diabetes mellitus type 2. Besides being important glucose‐lowering agents, GLP‐1RAs pose promising anti‐inflammatory and anti‐obesogenic properties, pulmonary protective effects, as well as beneficial impact on gut microbiome composition. Hence, taking everything previously mentioned into consideration, GLP‐1RAs seem to be potential candidates for the treatment of patients, affected by COVID‐19 infection, with or even without type 2 diabetes mellitus, as well as excellent antidiabetic (glucose‐lowering) agents during COVID‐19 pandemic times.
Cognitive Pathways to Belief in Karma and Belief in God
Authors: White Cindel J. M. , Willard Aiyana K. , Baimel Adam , Norenzayan Ara 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSupernatural beliefs are ubiquitous around the world, and mounting evidence indicates that these beliefs partly rely on intuitive, cross‐culturally recurrent cognitive processes. Specifically, past research has focused on humans' intuitive tendency to perceive minds as part of the cognitive foundations of belief in a personified God—an agentic, morally concerned supernatural entity. However, much less is known about belief in karma—another culturally widespread but ostensibly non‐agentic supernatural entity reflecting ethical causation across reincarnations. In two studies and four high‐powered samples, including mostly Christian Canadians and mostly Hindu Indians (Study 1,N = 2,006) and mostly Christian Americans and Singaporean Buddhists (Study 2,N = 1,752), we provide the first systematic empirical investigation of the cognitive intuitions underlying various forms of belief in karma. We used path analyses to (a) replicate tests of the previously documented cognitive predictors of belief in God, (b) test whether this same network of variables predicts belief in karma, and (c) examine the relative contributions of cognitive and cultural variables to both sets of beliefs. We found that cognitive tendencies toward intuitive thinking, mentalizing, dualism, and teleological thinking predicted a variety of beliefs about karma—including morally laden, non‐agentic, and agentic conceptualizations—above and beyond the variability explained by cultural learning about karma across cultures. These results provide further evidence for an independent role for both culture and cognition in supporting diverse types of supernatural beliefs in distinct cultural contexts.
The utility of PRAME staining in identifying malignant transformation of melanocytic nevi
Authors: Lohman Mary E. , Steen Aaron J. , Grekin Roy C. , North Jeffrey P. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundPReferentially expressed Antigen in MElanoma (PRAME) immunohistochemical (IHC) staining is used to aid melanoma diagnosis. PRAME expression in nevus‐associated melanoma (NAM) has not been evaluated.MethodsPRAME IHC was applied to cases of NAM; staining for each population of melanocytes (benign and malignant) was graded based on the percentage of labeled cells. No labeling was graded 0, 1% to 25% labeling was 1+, 26% to 50% was 2+, 51% to 75% was 3+, and >76% was 4+.ResultsThirty‐six cases were reviewed. Sixty‐seven percent (24/36) of melanomas were PRAME positive (4+) while no (0/36) nevi showed 4+ positivity. Eighty‐one percent (29/36) of nevi were completely PRAME negative compared to 17% (6/36) of melanomas. In 67% of cases (24/36) PRAME differentiated between benign and malignant melanocyte populations.ConclusionsWe identified a high rate (67%) of differential PRAME staining in adjacent benign and malignant melanocyte populations in NAM. In PRAME positive (4+) melanomas, PRAME differentiates 100% (24/24) of benign and malignant melanocyte populations. When 4+ staining is used as the threshold for positivity, PRAME staining has a sensitivity of 67% (24/36) and a specificity of 100% (36/36). These results support PRAME IHC can assist in distinguishing melanocyte populations in melanoma arising within nevi.
Women with type 1 diabetes and women with type 2 diabetes differ in knowledge and beliefs about contraception and pregnancy
Authors: Hendrieckx Christel , Morrison Melinda , Audehm Ralph , Barry Alison , Farrell Kaye , Houvardas Effie , Nankervis Alison , Porter Cynthia , Scibilia Renza , Ross Glynis 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAimsTo assess differences in knowledge and beliefs about pregnancy in women with diabetes.MethodsQuestions were from the Australian ‘Contraception, Pregnancy & Women's Health’ survey. Women (18–50 years) were eligible if pregnant or planning pregnancy. Knowledge and beliefs items were adapted from the Reproductive Health and Behaviours Questionnaire.ResultsCompared to women with type 2 diabetes (n = 103), women with type 1 diabetes (n = 526) had higher scores for knowledge about pregnancy in diabetes (type 1 diabetes 9.8 ± 2.4 vs. type 2 diabetes 7.7 ± 3.1), beliefs about benefits (type 1 diabetes 18.4 ± 2.2 vs. type 2 diabetes 17.2 ± 3.3), cues‐to‐action (type 1 diabetes 2.7 ± 1.4 vs. type 2 diabetes 1.5 ± 1.3) and self‐efficacy (type 1 diabetes 22.6 ± 5.5 vs. type 2 diabetes 20.2 ± 6.1 (all p < 0.001) regarding preparing for pregnancy. Major knowledge gaps were the need for higher dose folate compared to women without diabetes and uncertainty about breastfeeding recommendations. Women with type 1 diabetes believed more strongly in the benefits of ‘close to target’ glucose levels prior to pregnancy and using contraception to prevent unplanned pregnancy; they also felt more confident to access pre‐pregnancy care and to wait for optimal glycaemia before pregnancy. Women with type 2 diabetes were less aware of contraceptive choices, and risks associated with hyperglycaemia before or early in pregnancy.ConclusionsThe findings highlighted main gaps in knowledge and beliefs about planning for pregnancy. Especially in type 2 diabetes, there is a need for evidence‐based messaging and strategies addressing these gaps, to raise understanding to prepare for future pregnancies.
Giant pseudoaneurysm masquerading as large pericardial effusion in a patient with old myocardial infarction
Authors: Sonsöz Mehmet Rasih , Dervis Emir , Kahveci Gökhan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPericardial effusions are common in patients with anterior myocardial infarction and resolve slowly after it. The diagnosis is generally established via echocardiography. However, a persistent, large pericardial effusion after the myocardial infarction may mask a more hazardous complication: pseudoaneurysm. Herein, we report a young gentleman presenting with dyspnea who had myocardial infarction and was misdiagnosed with large pericardial effusion.
The association between serum homocysteine and depression: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of observational studies
Authors: Moradi Fatemeh , Lotfi Keyhan , Armin Maryam , Clark Cain C.T. , Askari Gholamreza , Rouhani Mohammad Hossein 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundHyperhomocysteinaemia is known to interfere with neurological functions; however, there is a controversy regarding the relationship between homocysteine and depression.Materials and methodsScience Direct, MEDLINE and ISI Web of Science were searched to find relevant articles, published up to August 2020. Studies were included if they compared homocysteine levels in healthy subjects with subjects with depression. Also, articles that reported the association between hyperhomocysteinaemia and risk of depression were included. Odds ratios of depression and means of homocysteine were used to ascertain the overall effect size.ResultsHomocysteine level was higher in subjects with depression in comparison with healthy controls (weight mean difference = 2.53 µmol/L, 95% confidence interval: 1.77, 3.30), and the depression diagnostic tool was a source of heterogeneity. Homocysteine level was significantly higher in subjects with depression in studies that used Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders‐IV (DSM‐IV), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Zung Self‐Rating Depression Scale (ZDRS) and Beck Depression Index II (BDI‐II) as depression diagnostic tools. Also, participants with hyperhomocysteinaemia had a higher chance of depression (Pooled risk = 1.34, 95% confidence interval: 1.19, 1.52), where the depression diagnostic tool was a source of heterogeneity. In contrast to ZDRS and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) subgroups, hyperhomocysteinaemia yielded a significantly higher risk of depression in DSM‐IV, GDS and ‘other’ subgroups.ConclusionHomocysteinemia level is higher in individuals with depression. However, the depression diagnostic tool used is instrumental in influencing their association, and thus, future studies should focus on the tools for depression assessment.
Pulp healing in immature replanted permanent teeth: A competing risk analysis
Authors: Amaro Roberta Gabriela , dos Santos Letícia Canhestro Machado , Lima Thiago César da Silva , Coste Sylvia Cury , Barbato Ferreira Daniela Augusta , Côrtes Maria Ilma de Souza , Colosimo Enrico Antonio , Bastos Juliana Vilela 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackground/AimTooth displacement during avulsion causes total rupture of the pulp's neurovascular supply. Revascularization and pulp healing may occur in immature teeth, which gives rise to the recommendation that root canal treatment may not be required. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic factors for the pulp’s response after replantation of young permanent teeth.MethodsRecords from 117 patients with 133 replanted permanent immature teeth were reviewed, and pulp outcomes were classified as healing (hard tissue deposition on the dentinal walls followed by narrowing of the pulp lumen or ingrowth of bone‐like tissue inside the pulp canal) or non‐healing (pulp necrosis with infection). The effect of clinical and demographic co‐variates on the hazards of both outcomes was assessed performing a competing risk model.ResultsPulp necrosis with infection was diagnosed in 78.2% of the teeth, and healing was observed in 12.8% of the teeth. A total of 12 teeth (9.0%) were censored due to prophylactic removal of the pulp or severe external root resorption caused by eruption of adjacent canines. The cs‐Cox model demonstrated that the hazards of pulp healing increased in teeth with extra‐alveolar periods <15 min (csHR: 7.83, 95% CI 1.76–34.80, p = .01), while the hazards of pulp necrosis with infection decreased (csHR: 0.31, 95% CI: 0.10–0.92, p = .04). Teeth replanted with Moorrees’ stages 4 and 5 of root development had higher hazards of pulp necrosis with infection than teeth with stage 2 of root development (csHR: 2.23, 95% CI 1.11–4.50, p = .03; csHR: 2.89, 95% CI: 1.40–5.95; p = .01).ConclusionsPulp healing rarely occurred after replantation of young permanent teeth being associated with short extra‐alveolar periods <15 min. Early stages of root development decreased the hazards of pulp necrosis with infection.
Lava crickets (Caconemobius spp.) on Hawai'i Island: first colonisers or persisters in extreme habitats?
Authors: Heinen‐Kay Justa L. , Rotenberry John T. , Kay Adam D. , Zuk Marlene 
Published: January 2021

1. Primary succession after a volcanic eruption is a major ecological process, but relatively little is known about insects that colonise barren lava before plants become established.2. On Hawai'i Island, the endemic cricket, Caconemobius fori Gurney & Rentz, 1978, is known as the first multicellular life form to colonise lava after an eruption from Kīlauea Volcano. In the Kona region, a congener, Caconemobius anahulu Otte, 1994 inhabits unvegetated lava flows from Hualālai Volcano, but little has been documented about its distribution.3. Our aim was to characterise the presence/absence of Caconemobius spp. across lava flows that are largely unvegetated, but differ in age since eruption and connectivity to older flows. We used baited live traps to survey 9 month–50 year‐old Kīlauea lava flows for C. fori, and ∼220 year‐old Hualālai lava flows for C. anahulu.4. We found no evidence that C. fori has colonised the Kīlauea flows from the 2018 eruption. However, we did discover that C. fori was persistent and widespread on Kīlauea lava up to 50 years old within Hawai'i Volcanos National Park. We also captured C. anahulu across much of the Hualālai lava flows we surveyed in Kona.5. We demonstrated that C. fori do not always arrive on new lava within months after an eruption, in contrast to previous reports, and that both C. fori and C. anahulu can remain on lava longer than previously appreciated. Vegetation successional state may be more important than true age for the persistence of these endemic crickets.
Look into my eyes: Pupillometry reveals that a post‐hypnotic suggestion for word blindness reduces Stroop interference by marshalling greater effortful control
Authors: Parris Benjamin A. , Hasshim Nabil , Dienes Zoltan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe mechanisms underpinning the apparently remarkable levels of cognitive and behavioural control following hypnosis and hypnotic suggestion are poorly understood. Numerous independent studies have reported that Stroop interference can be reduced following a post‐hypnotic suggestion that asks participants to perceive words as if made up of characters from a foreign language. This effect indicates that frontal executive functions can be more potent than is generally accepted and has been described as resulting from top‐down control not normally voluntarily available. We employed eye tracking and pupillometry to investigate whether the effect results from voluntary visuo‐attentional strategies (subtly looking away from the word to prevent optimal word processing), reduced response conflict but not overall conflict, Stroop effects being pushed from response selection to response execution (response durations) or increased proactive effortful control given enhanced contextual motivation (as indexed via pupil dilation). We replicated the reduction in Stroop interference following the suggestion despite removing any trials on which eye movements were not consistent with optimal word processing. Our data were inconclusive with regards to conflict type affected by the suggestion in the latency data, although preserved semantic conflict was evident in the pupil data. There was also no evidence of Stroop effects on response durations. However, we show that baseline‐corrected pupil sizes were larger following the suggestion indicating the socio‐cognitive context and experimental demands motivate participants to marshal greater effortful control.
The relationship between resilience and neurophysiological stress in Special Operations Forces combat service members
Authors: Barczak‐Scarboro Nikki E. , Roby Patricia R. , Kiefer Adam W. , Bailar‐Heath MaryBeth , Burke Riley J. , DeLellis Stephen M. , Kane Shawn F. , Lynch James H. , Means Gary E. , Depenbrock Patrick J. , Mihalik Jason P. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMilitary resilience research is increasing due to the growing literature associating resilience with stress adaptation. This study aimed to investigate which physiological stress adaptation components were associated with resilience in Special Operations Forces combat service members. Special Operations Forces combat service members (n = 117) self‐reported resilience (ER89) and lifetime clinician‐confirmed mild traumatic brain injury history. Participants also underwent transcranial Doppler ultrasonography to measure middle cerebral artery velocity during rest and a breath‐holding task. Neither resilience nor mild traumatic brain injury history was significantly associated with middle cerebral artery velocity percent increase following breath‐holding; younger Special Operations Forces combat service members had a higher percent increase in middle cerebral artery velocity following a breath‐holding task. Resilience was negatively associated with time to return to baseline middle cerebral artery velocity following peak velocity; whereas, mild traumatic brain injury history did not have a significant association. The Special Operations Forces combat service members that scored higher in resilience tended to return to baseline middle cerebral artery velocity following peak velocity faster than their less resilient counterparts. More resilient Special Operations Forces combat service members recovered faster from physiological stress (breath‐holding) than less resilient counterparts. This is the first study to investigate resilience and cerebrovascular stress response and recovery in this population. Our initial findings indicated that the Ego Resiliency Scale may be an optimal resilience psychometric and should be used to evaluate effective military resilience trainings, which aim to improve performance and mental health.
An epigenetic clock to estimate the age of living beluga whales
Authors: Bors Eleanor K. , Baker C. Scott , Wade Paul R. , O'Neill Kaimyn B. , Shelden Kim E. W. , Thompson Michael J. , Fei Zhe , Jarman Simon , Horvath Steve 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDNA methylation data facilitate the development of accurate molecular estimators of chronological age or “epigenetic clocks.” We present a robust epigenetic clock for the beluga whale, Delphinapterus leucas, developed for an endangered population in Cook Inlet, Alaska, USA. We used a custom methylation array to measure methylation levels at 37,491 cytosine–guanine sites (CpGs) from skin samples of dead whales (n = 67) whose chronological ages were estimated based on tooth growth layer groups. Using these calibration data, a penalized regression model selected 23 CpGs, providing an R2 = 0.92 for the training data; and an R2 = 0.74 and median absolute age error = 2.9 years for the leave one out cross‐validation. We applied the epigenetic clock to an independent dataset of 38 skin samples collected with a biopsy dart from living whales between 2016 and 2018. Age estimates ranged from 11 to 27 years. We also report sex correlations in CpG data and describe an approach of identifying the sex of an animal using DNA methylation. The epigenetic estimators of age and sex presented here have broad applications for conservation and management of Cook Inlet beluga whales and potentially other cetaceans.
The effect of residual stress on mixed‐mode crack propagation behaviour in friction stir welded 7075‐T6 aluminium alloy panel under biaxial loading
Authors: Zhang Xiushuo , Ma Yu'e. , Wang Zhenhai , Guo Yanning 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe effect of residual stress on mixed‐mode crack propagation behaviour in friction stir welded (FSW) 7075‐T6 panel under biaxial loading was investigated. Stress intensity factors (KI and KII) were used to study the effects of residual stress on crack behaviours with five different biaxial loading ratios. It was observed that residual stress has a considerable effect on the mixed‐mode crack growth. In most cases, the crack deviation from the initial crack is mainly affected by residual stress at the beginning of crack propagation. The variation of crack path is strongly linked with the residual stress as well as the biaxial loading ratio. In addition, KI and KII are susceptible to residual stress under biaxial loading conditions. Residual stresses contribute to a higher proportion of KII compared with that of KI. KI and KII in the retreating side are more affected by the residual stress.