bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Die Ausdehnung der bronzezeitlichen Grabhügelnekropole im Britzigerwald
Authors: Richner Kaspar 
Published: August 2021

Im Februar 1990 fällte ein Sturm Dutzende von Buchen im Britzigerwald, in unmittelbarer Nähe der beiden 1969 und 1971 untersuchten bronzezeitlichen Grabhügel. Die Wurzelscheiben und die aufgerissenen Baumgruben boten Gelegenheit, das Gelände weiträumig nach Kulturresten abzusuchen.
In über 100 Baumgruben, die in der Regel durch Humus und Verwitterungsschutt bis auf den anstehenden Trigonodus-Dolomit hinunterreichten, konnten weder Spuren von Bestattungen noch die geringsten Kulturreste gefunden werden.
Philympics 2021: Prophage Predictions Perplex Programs
Authors: Roach Michael J. , McNair Katelyn , Giles Sarah K , Inglis Laura K , Pargin Evan , Roux Simon , Decewicz Przemysław , Edwards Robert A. 
Published: August 2021

Background Most bacterial genomes contain integrated bacteriophages—prophages—in various states of decay. Many are active and able to excise from the genome and replicate, while others are cryptic prophages, remnants of their former selves. Over the last two decades, many computational tools have been developed to identify the prophage components of bacterial genomes, and it is a particularly active area for the application of machine learning approaches. However, progress is hindered and comparisons thwarted because there are no manually curated bacterial genomes that can be used to test new prophage prediction algorithms. Methods We present a library of gold-standard bacterial genome annotations that include manually curated prophage annotations, and a computational framework to compare the predictions from different algorithms. We use this suite to compare all extant stand-alone prophage prediction algorithms to identify their strengths and weaknesses. We provide a FAIR dataset for prophage identification, and demonstrate the accuracy, precision, recall, and f1 score from the analysis of seven different algorithms for the prediction of prophages. Results We identified different strengths and weaknesses between the prophage prediction tools. Several tools exhibit exceptional f1 scores, while others have better recall at the expense of more false positives. The tools vary greatly in runtime performance with few exhibiting all desirable qualities for large-scale analyses. Conclusions Our library of gold-standard prophage annotations and benchmarking framework provide a valuable resource for exploring strengths and weaknesses of current and future prophage annotation tools. We discuss caveats and concerns in this analysis, how those concerns may be mitigated, and avenues for future improvements. This framework will help developers identify opportunities for improvement and test updates. It will also help users in determining the tools that are best suited for their analysis.
Case Report: Retinal vein occlusion as the first clinical manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus in a male patient
Authors: Ben Brahim Marwa , Arfa Sondes , Boubaker Fadia , Chelly Jihen , Ammari Wafa , Hammami Sonia , Arbi Fatma , Berriche Olfa 
Published: August 2021

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic, autoimmune disease characterized by widespread clinical manifestations and immunological disorders. A myriad of ocular manifestations can be seen in patients with SLE. The most vision-threatening complication is vaso-occlusive retinopathy including retinal vein occlusion (RVO). RVO associated with SLE is well described in the literature and its association with antiphospholipid antibodies is recognized. However, RVO as the initial manifestation of SLE is scarcely reported. Herein, we report the first case of recurrent RVO as the primary manifestation of SLE in a 40-year-old male patient. He had two consecutive episodes of decreased vision. Ophthalmologic examination disclosed a branch retinal vein occlusion the first time and a central retinal vein occlusion the second time. The diagnosis of SLE was established based on clinical and immunological criteria. He was prescribed antiplatelet therapy, hydroxychloroquine at 5.5 mg/kg/day, and intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antibodies regimen. He slowly improved under treatment.
Analysis of retrieved STRYDE nails
Authors: Hothi Harry , Bergiers Sean , Henckel Johann , Iliadis Alexis D. , Goodier William David , Wright Jonathan , Skinner John , Calder Peter , Hart Alister J. 
Published: August 2021

Aims The aim of this study was to present the first retrieval analysis findings of PRECICE STRYDE intermedullary nails removed from patients, providing useful information in the post-market surveillance of these recently introduced devices. Methods We collected ten nails removed from six patients, together with patient clinical data and plain radiograph imaging. We performed macro- and microscopic analysis of all surfaces and graded the presence of corrosion using validated semiquantitative scoring methods. We determined the elemental composition of surface debris using energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and used metrology analysis to characterize the surface adjacent to the extendable junctions. Results All nails were removed at the end of treatment, having achieved their intended lengthening (20 mm to 65 mm) and after regenerate consolidation. All nails had evidence of corrosion localized to the screw holes and the extendable junctions; corrosion was graded as moderate at the junction of one nail and severe at the junctions of five nails. EDS analysis showed surface deposits to be chromium rich. Plain radiographs showed cortical thickening and osteolysis around the junction of six nails, corresponding to the same nails with moderate – severe junction corrosion. Conclusion We found, in fully united bones, evidence of cortical thickening and osteolysis that appeared to be associated with corrosion at the extendable junction; when corrosion was present, cortical thickening was adjacent to this junction. Further work, with greater numbers of retrievals, is required to fully understand this association between corrosion and bony changes, and the influencing surgeon, implant, and patient factors involved. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2021;2(8):599–610.
Forest Products Utilization Within a Circular Bioeconomy
Authors: Baldwin Richard F. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The advent of tall wood structures in North America is heightening a public awareness that forest products, designed for higher and better uses, will lead to enhanced environmental benefits within the Circular Bioeconomy. The application of these newer wood-based processing technologies and their resulting products, in place of completive products such as concrete, steel and other non-wood construction materials, will redefine and expand the advantages that wood has as a construction material.
Further, the growing capability to use small logs, and diverse species, as raw material for the newer generation of forest products will magnify the carbon sequestration benefits from the working forest. A recipe of getting more benefits and improved utilization from the working forest is identified and described, while focusing on the means and methods of obtaining these benefits.
Effect of Knots and Related Grain Deviation on the Rolling Shear in Dimension Lumber Used in Cross-Laminated Timber Transverse Core Layers
Authors: Grandvuinet Thibault , Muszyński Lech 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Cross-laminated timber (CLT) technology has the potential for utilization of lower grades and underused species of lumber, because the core layers perpendicular to the principal loading direction transfer loads through shear, which is not correlated to the grade of lumber. Currently the product standard specifies the minimum grade requirements for all lumber to be used as CLT laminations. In this study, the effect of the presence of knots in the transverse core layer of CLT billets was examined in matched CLT samples where the heavy presence of knots and the related grain disturbance in the transverse core layer were the only variables compared with knot-free reference. All samples were tested as short beams in three-point bending and all failed in rolling shear in the transverse core layer. The presence of knots had no measurable effect on the shear capacity or stiffness of the tested CLT beam samples.
Drying Urea Formaldehyde Resin–Modified Chinese Fir for Mining Supporting Materials
Authors: Zhao Zhiyun , Li Yun , Li Xianjun , Mou Qunying , Cheng Xiyi , He Xia , Xie Jie , Xiong Xinyang , Quan Peng 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The drying characteristics of urea formaldehyde (UF) resin–impregnated Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook.) wood were determined by the 100°C-test method and scanning electron and fluorescence microscopies to predict an optimal drying schedule. Compared with the untreated sample, the UF resin–impregnated Chinese fir wood presented a lower grade of initial checks and a faster initial drying velocity, but a higher grade of internal checks and a slower drying velocity at the later stage. The average drying velocity of the UF resin–impregnated wood was 38.9 percent lower than that of the untreated sample. The predicted drying schedule was applied to the UF resin–impregnated wood and the resulting grades of the drying characteristics were in good agreement with the required national standard values. The resulting dried UF resin–modified composite would become a potential candidate for a shallow depth rock mining supportive system with its stable mechanical performance.
Potential for Using Borates to Mitigate the Risk of Phytophthora ramorum Spread on Douglas-Fir Logs
Authors: Cappellazzi Jed , Morrell Jeffrey J. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Phytophthora ramorum is an increasingly important tree pathogen in northern California and southern Oregon. While it has the greatest effect on tanoak, it can infect a wide range of tree species, including Douglas-fir. Oregon has instituted a quarantine area to slow the spread of this pathogen, and there are concerns that further restrictions may be imposed on log movement, including those of Douglas-fir. The potential for using boron as a log treatment to limit P. ramorum was evaluated. While boron either alone or in a glycol solution was capable of moving into the bark, there was no evidence that it could move further into the sapwood. The results suggest that bark removal would be necessary for the use of boron as a mitigation agent for the spread of P. ramorum.
Study on the Price Fluctuation and Dynamic Relationship between Log and Sawn Timber
Authors: Zhao Rong , Diao Gang , Chen Shaozhi 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The rapid economic and social growth of China has significantly increased its timber demand, resulting in a heavy reliance on foreign timber supply. Thus, price fluctuation in the international market poses a great risk to domestic timber production and processing enterprises. This study analyzed the dynamic conduction relationship between domestic and international logs and sawn timber markets and how to reduce risks by adjusting the structure of imported products' portfolios. In this article, the multivariate generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity model is applied to analyze the relationship between domestic and import prices of logs and sawn timber. The study found that among four markets, except one where the short-term spillover effect between domestic logs and sawn timber is large with statistical significance, spillover effects are small. In the long run, there are significant spillover effects between the four markets. Thus, changes in the international log market are very easy to transfer to the domestic log market through trade and then to the downstream domestic and international sawn timber markets. Therefore, in order to ensure timber security in China, this study uses the theory of portfolios to calculate product proportion with minimum risks. The proportion of portfolios indicates that, even though Chinese companies prefer logs, they have to import a great amount of sawn timber due to restrictions on log exports from sourcing countries, which increases the risk of timber supply.
Thermal Conductivity of Low-Density Wood Composite Mats
Authors: Nakaya Takashi , Yamasaki Mariko , Fukuta Satoshi , Matsuda Yuki , Sasaki Yasutoshi 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In order to effectively use the waste produced during lumber sawing, the thermal conductivities of wood composite mats shaped by thermoforming and composed of wood shavings, kenaf fibers, and binders were examined by assuming a one-dimensional heat transfer process that could be described by the sum of its heat conduction and radiation components. To improve the heat-insulating properties of the mats, various types of auxiliary raw materials were examined. Mat density depended on the volumetric ratio of the air layer inside the mat to the fiber layer. In the low-density region, increasing the mat density decreased the magnitude of the radiation component and thus the thermal conductivity of the mat, whereas in the high-density region, increasing the mat density increased the value of the conduction component, which in turn enhanced the thermal conductivity of the mat. The minimum value of the thermal conductivity obtained under all experimental conditions is 0.062 W/m·K. Thus, it is difficult to decrease the thermal conductivity of the mat below 0.060 W/m·K by varying its density and mixing ratio. The utilized model predicted that mat thermal conductivity would be less than 0.060 W/m·K if the fibers with a density similar to that of Japanese cedar wood (0.40 g/cm3) were used.
Timber Losses from West Fork Complex Fire in Southwest Colorado
Authors: Cyphers Laren , Mackes Kurt , Duda Kevin 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This article provides an assessment of fire effects on timber burned in the West Fork Complex fire area, located in the San Juan Mountains of Colorado. The West Fork Complex fire burned 109,615 acres in 2013, and suppression costs alone totaled $33.2 million. Much of the fire occurred in spruce–fir forests that were previously affected by spruce beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis). Several timber sales were actively occurring within the fire footprint, and more were anticipated to begin in subsequent years. To provide a more accurate valuation estimate, base log stumpage data from 2003 through 2017 were included in this study to show high degrees of variation over time. With base log stumpage values determined, estimates of total hundred cubic feet of each significant species were calculated using geospatial and forest inventory analysis data. This study determined the timber value loss resulting from the coupled disturbance events of the spruce beetle epidemic and a wildland fire to be $19,083,102. This estimate will allow for a more accurate valuation of the actual damage resulting from the West Fork Complex fire. This study may also be useful in supporting the literary basis for salvage and fuels management after a beetle outbreak to prevent such timber value losses from occurring.
Analysis and Optimization of the Tensioning Effect on a Wood-Cutting Circular Saw Blade Tensioned by Multispot Pressure
Authors: Li Bo , Zhang Zhankuan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In recent years, a multispot pressure tensioning process appeared in the field of circular saw blade manufacturing. Due to the insufficient understanding about the formation and evolution of the tensioning effect of this process, this study aimed to analyze and optimize the tensioning effect on a circular saw blade tensioned by multispot pressure. It could provide a theoretical basis and key technical parameters for regulating and controlling the tensioning effect of this process. In this article, the natural frequency and the tensioning stress field of a circular saw blade tensioned by multispot pressure were calculated by ABAQUS software. The simulated tensioning stress field was in agreement with the experimental results, which confirmed the accuracy of the simulation model. The influence of process parameters on the natural frequency and tangential tensile stress in the edge of the circular saw blade was examined and compared based on the orthogonal method. Simulation results show that the parameters of the multispot pressure tensioning process have different degrees of influence on the tensioning effect of a circular saw blade. Considering the natural frequency and tangential tensile stress in the edge of a circular saw blade synthetically, optimal process parameters for multispot pressure tensioning were obtained.
Using Acoustic Emission Technique to Detect Termite Activities in Wood: Laboratory Experiment
Authors: El-Hadad Ahmed , Brodie Graham Ian 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This experiment studied and analyzed termite activities in wooden blocks. The purpose of the study was to develop and test a strategy for isolating termite acoustic emissions (AE) from background noise. This task is not trivial, and therefore the achievement of a clean signal that can be directly associated with termite activities is a good outcome. It is an important step toward achieving an accurate, nondestructive system to detect termite activities in wood. The wooden blocks were immersed in jars that were filled with termites to expose the blocks to termite infestation. The termites' AE, due to their activity in the wood, was recorded using microphones that were fitted in the center of each wooden block. The Cool Edit Pro 2.1 (Syntrillium Software Corporation) sound recording application was used to filter the recorded AE signals. The filtered AE signals were then analyzed using the Matlab application. The wooden blocks experiment showed that termite activities in the wood could be detected using AE recording. Termite activities are clear and detectable in the 4.5- to 5-kHz range of frequencies. Results could also assist in defining the termites' AE signature, to some extent, by analyzing the generated sound due to termite activities in the wood. A clean termite-related AE was successfully extracted from the general AE in the wooden blocks using Matlab R2015a tools.
Effects of Premixing Wood Flour with Compatibilizer with Different Characteristics on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Wood/Plastic Composites
Authors: Murayama Kazushige , Kojima Yoichi , Kobori Hikaru , Aoki Kenji , Suzuki Shigehiko , Ito Hirokazu , Ogoe Shinji , Okamoto Masaki , Ema Tomoyuki 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The addition of maleic anhydride (MA)-modified polypropylene (MAPP) as a compatibilizer increases mechanical and physical properties of wood/plastic composites (WPCs). It is thought that MA graft ratio (Gr), molecular weight (weight-average molecular weight [Mw]), and mixing methods of MAPP affect physical and mechanical properties of WPCs. However, evaluation, especially for mixing order, is not enough. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of Gr and Mw of MAPP and its mixing methods on the mechanical and physical properties of WPCs. Two types of mixing methods were used: mixing the MAPP with the filler using a Henschel mixer before kneading with PP (premixing method) and mixing all of the materials at one time (one-step mixing method). The WPCs made with the premixing method had lower shear viscosity and higher flexural modulus than those made with the one-step mixing method. The particle size, moisture content, and surface morphology of fillers are thought to be more important in determining the shear viscosity of WPCs than the MAPP itself. The highest tensile, impact, and flexural strengths of WPCs were obtained in the WPC with premixing with low-Gr and high-Mw MAPP. It may be due to the effective reaction of the wood flour with MAPP and higher entanglement between the MAPP and PP. These results suggest that the premixing method could improve productivity and mechanical properties of WPCs.
Processing Variable Optimization of Plywood Hot Pressed with Ba2+-Modified Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin by a Response Surface Method
Authors: Chen Zhangmin , Chen Yuhe , Cai Hanjiang , Han Jian 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Ba(OH)2 was added in the synthesis of phenol-formaldehyde resin to realize a low-temperature and fast-bonding process for plywood production. Plywood bonding was investigated by studying a number of parameters, such as the glue spread, the amount of curing agent, and the temperature and duration of the hot-pressing process. The plywood bonding strength was characterized by the shear strength of the adhesive layer, and a mathematical model describing the process and the response was developed using a central composite design and response surface methods. The variance analysis revealed that the newly developed model was reliable, with a high signal-to-noise ratio. All the factors and their interactions were analyzed to optimize the bonding process. Thus, seven optimized processes were obtained from the model, and the optimal process conditions were revealed (glue spread: 277.8 g/m2; amount of curing agent: 3.5%; hot-pressing temperature: 108°C; and hot-pressing duration: 34.99 s/mm). The results from repeated average shear strength experiments of five veneer testing samples (1.64 MPa) verified the reliability of the optimized technics.
Supply of Woody Residuals in the Northwest Region of Arkansas (2017) for Energy Production
Authors: Sherman Gabrielle , Pelkki Matthew 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Northwest Arkansas was identified as a region of interest for the production of wood-fueled electrical power due to its pervasive timber industry and need for cost-effective forest management. It is believed that by utilizing wood residuals produced from sawmill operations, a stable source of revenue could be provided to local wood processing businesses while simultaneously providing clean energy to the region. In order to evaluate the amount of available material available for energy production, all known mills were surveyed within the 16-county study region for their annual production of sawdust, slabs, and other residual products. Data on production of residuals were developed into supply curves and equations. Supply was found to be inelastic for both hardwood and softwood mill residuals in the region. Given that residual production is a secondary effect of timber processing, supply inelasticity is expected. Increasing the quantity of mill residuals in the region will likely be accompanied by greater-than-proportional price increases. We determined that 96,744 tons of ovendried material would be available annually for purchases at a delivered price of $38 per ton. With this quantity, the region could be expected to support a small combined heat and power energy facility with output between 5 and 10 MW.