bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oficinas Participativas como Ferramentas para a Avaliação de Impacto de Políticas Públicas: o estudo de caso do PIBIC/ICMBio no Brasil
Authors: Tozato Heloisa de Camargo , Bezerra Fernanda de Araújo , Albuquerque Elizabeth Maria Maia de , Bacellar Ana Elisa de Faria , Salzo Ivan , Jorge Rodrigo Silva Pinto , Ribeiro Katia Torres 
Published: April 2021

As oficinas participativas são importantes para a avaliação de planos, programas e políticas públicas uma vez que permitem a identificação de uma diversidade de evidências a partir do diálogo entre atores-chave. A partir desta perspectiva, o presente artigo teve como objetivo descrever e analisar o processo de organização e desenvolvimento da oficina participativa realizada no âmbito do processo de avaliação de impacto de 10 anos de implementação do Programa Institucional de Bolsas de Iniciação Científica (PIBIC/ICMBio) do Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio) no Brasil. A coleta de informações foi realizada a partir do desenvolvimento da metodologia da observação participante. No presente estudo de caso, o diálogo estabelecido entre os sujeitos responsáveis pela concepção, gerenciamento e execução do PIBIC/ICMBio remete três pontos principais de reflexão. São eles: i) o apontamento de indicadores representativos, carregados de entendimento técnico, político, social, de conhecimento lógico e epistemológico para a avaliação do Programa; ii) o potencial do Programa como eixo de know-how para apoio à tomada de decisão para ações socioambientais no Brasil; e iii) às potenciais perdas no caso da inexistência futura do PIBIC/ICMBio, especialmente quanto à interrupção da pesquisa aplicada para a gestão e manejo da biodiversidade brasileira.
Association Between Genetic Variation in Blood Pressure and Increased Lifetime Risk of Peripheral Artery Disease
Authors: Levin Michael G. , Klarin Derek , Walker Venexia M. , Gill Dipender , Lynch Julie , Hellwege Jacklyn N. , Keaton Jacob M. , Lee Kyung M. , Assimes Themistocles L. , Natarajan Pradeep , Hung Adriana M. , Edwards Todd L. , Rader Daniel J. , Gaziano J. Michael , Davies Neil M. , Tsao Philip S. , Chang Kyong-Mi , Voight Benjamin F. , Damrauer Scott M. ,   on behalf of the VA Million Veteran Program
Published: April 2021

Objective:
We aimed to estimate the effect of blood pressure (BP) traits and BP-lowering medications (via genetic proxies) on peripheral artery disease.

Approach and Results:

Genome-wide association studies summary statistics were obtained for BP, peripheral artery disease (PAD), and coronary artery disease. Causal effects of BP on PAD were estimated by 2-sample Mendelian randomization using a range of pleiotropy-robust methods. Increased systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP, mean arterial pressure (MAP), and pulse pressure each significantly increased risk of PAD (SBP odds ratio [OR], 1.20 [1.16–1.25] per 10 mm Hg increase,
P
=1×10
−24
; diastolic BP OR, 1.27 [1.18–1.35],
P
=4×10
−11
; MAP OR, 1.26 [1.19–1.33],
P
=6×10
−16
; pulse pressure OR, 1.31 [1.24–1.39],
P
=9×10
−23
). The effects of SBP, diastolic BP, and MAP were greater for coronary artery disease than PAD (SBP ratio of OR [ROR], 1.06 [1.0–1.12],
P
=
0.04; MAP ratio of OR, 1.15 [1.06–1.26],
P
=8.6×10
−4
; diastolic BP ratio of OR, 1.21 [1.08–1.35],
P
=6.9×10
−4
). Considered jointly, both pulse pressure and MAP directly increased risk of PAD (pulse pressure OR, 1.26 [1.17–1.35],
P
=3×10
−10
; MAP OR, 1.14 [1.06–1.23],
P
=2×10
−4
). The effects of antihypertensive medications were estimated using genetic instruments. SBP-lowering via β-blocker (OR, 0.74 per 10 mm Hg decrease in SBP [95% CI, 0.65–0.84];
P
=5×10
−6
), loop diuretic (OR, 0.66 [0.48–0.91],
P
=0.01), and thiazide diuretic (OR, 0.57 [0.41–0.79],
P
=6×10
−4
) associated variants were protective of PAD.

Conclusions:
Higher BP is likely to cause PAD. BP-lowering through β blockers, loop diuretics, and thiazide diuretics (as proxied by genetic variants) was associated with decreased risk of PAD. Future study is needed to clarify the specific mechanisms by which BP influences PAD.
Cost-Effectiveness of Hypertension Treatment by Pharmacists in Black Barbershops
Authors: Bryant Kelsey B. , Moran Andrew E. , Kazi Dhruv S. , Zhang Yiyi , Penko Joanne , Ruiz-Negrón Natalia , Coxson Pamela , Blyler Ciantel A. , Lynch Kathleen , Cohen Laura P. , Tajeu Gabriel S. , Fontil Valy , Moy Norma B. , Ebinger Joseph E. , Rader Florian , Bibbins-Domingo Kirsten , Bellows Brandon K. 
Published: April 2021

Background:
In LABBPS (Los Angeles Barbershop Blood Pressure Study), pharmacist-led hypertension care in Los Angeles County Black-owned barbershops significantly improved blood pressure control in non-Hispanic Black men with uncontrolled hypertension at baseline. In this analysis, 10-year health outcomes and health care costs of 1 year of the LABBPS intervention versus control are projected.

Methods:
A discrete event simulation of hypertension care processes projected blood pressure, medication-related adverse events, fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular disease events, and noncardiovascular disease death in LABBPS participants. Program costs, total direct health care costs (2019 US dollars), and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) were estimated for the LABBPS intervention and control arms from a health care sector perspective over a 10-year horizon. Future costs and QALYs were discounted 3% annually. High and intermediate cost-effectiveness thresholds were defined as <$50 000 and <$150 000 per QALY gained, respectively.

Results:
At 10 years, the intervention was projected to cost an average of $2356 (95% uncertainty interval, –$264 to $4611) more per participant than the control arm and gain 0.06 (95% uncertainty interval, 0.01–0.10) QALYs. The LABBPS intervention was highly cost-effective, with a mean cost of $42 717 per QALY gained (58% probability of being highly and 96% of being at least intermediately cost-effective). Exclusive use of generic drugs improved the cost-effectiveness to $17 162 per QALY gained. The LABBPS intervention would be only intermediately cost-effective if pharmacists were less likely to intensify antihypertensive medications when systolic blood pressure was ≥150 mm Hg or if pharmacist weekly time driving to barbershops increased.

Conclusions:
Hypertension care delivered by clinical pharmacists in Black barbershops is a highly cost-effective way to improve blood pressure control in Black men.
Composing by Laypeople: A Broader Perspective Provided by Arithmetic Operation Grammar
Authors: Kramann Guido 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Many existing approaches to teaching laypeople to compose are based, to a certain extent, on simply hiding the theoretical background. This is done, for example, by offering ready-made musical events that can be combined in any way to organize them in time. A different approach is taken in the work presented here. As an alternative to classical music theory, with all its complications, the generative composition method Arithmetic Operation Grammar (AOG) is used, which is much easier to learn. This approach has been taken in the conviction that the leaner theory on which it is based, in combination with the compact symbolic representation of entire compositions, can make a significant contribution to bringing forward the “everyday creativity” in the field of ubiquitous music. Furthermore, in the field of sonification, AOG offers the possibility of sonifying data that do not inherently include time as an ordering parameter. To prove practical use of this approach, AOG is combined with a user interface that is more suitable for adults as a target group and another one that is more appropriate for primary school children.
Sonification and Animation of Multivariate Data to Illuminate Dynamics of Geyser Eruptions
Authors: Barth Anna , Karlstrom Leif , Holtzman Benjamin K. , Paté Arthur , Nayak Avinash 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSonification of time series data in natural science has gained increasing attention as an observational and educational tool. Sound is a direct representation for oscillatory data, but for most phenomena, less direct representational methods are necessary. Coupled with animated visual representations of the same data, the visual and auditory systems can work together to identify complex patterns quickly.We developed a multivariate data sonification and visualization approach to explore and convey patterns in a complex dynamic system, Lone Star Geyser in Yellowstone National Park. This geyser has erupted regularly for at least 100 years, with remarkable consistency in the interval between eruptions (three hours) but with significant variations in smaller scale patterns between each eruptive cycle. From a scientific standpoint, the ability to hear structures evolving over time in multiparameter data permits the rapid identification of relationships that might otherwise be overlooked or require significant processing to find. The human auditory system is adept at physical interpretation of call-and-response or causality in polyphonic sounds. Methods developed here for oscillatory and nonstationary data have great potential as scientific observational and educational tools, for data-driven composition with scientific and artistic intent, and towards the development of machine learning tools for pattern identification in complex data.
Allocentric and Egocentric Controllers: Similarities and Differences
Authors: Atassi Lilac 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Gestural instruments can be divided into two categories based on controller type: that of the egocentric controller, centered on and following a point of the performer’s body, and the allocentric controller, using a stationary reference frame. This article discusses (1) the similarities and differences between egocentric and allocentric controllers for gestural instruments from the perspective of performer and instrument designer, and (2) the affordances and constraints of egocentric and allocentric controllers as they, to a large degree, define the characteristics of an instrument. The author presents the initial results of a subjective experiment to encourage future discussion and study of the subject.
Predictive Processing in Cognitive Robotics: A Review
Authors: Ciria Alejandra , Schillaci Guido , Pezzulo Giovanni , Hafner Verena V. , Lara Bruno 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Predictive processing has become an influential framework in cognitive sciences. This framework turns the traditional view of perception upside down, claiming that the main flow of information processing is realized in a top-down, hierarchical manner. Furthermore, it aims at unifying perception, cognition, and action as a single inferential process. However, in the related literature, the predictive processing framework and its associated schemes, such as predictive coding, active inference, perceptual inference, and free-energy principle, tend to be used interchangeably. In the field of cognitive robotics, there is no clear-cut distinction on which schemes have been implemented and under which assumptions. In this letter, working definitions are set with the main aim of analyzing the state of the art in cognitive robotics research working under the predictive processing framework as well as some related nonrobotic models. The analysis suggests that, first, research in both cognitive robotics implementations and nonrobotic models needs to be extended to the study of how multiple exteroceptive modalities can be integrated into prediction error minimization schemes. Second, a relevant distinction found here is that cognitive robotics implementations tend to emphasize the learning of a generative model, while in nonrobotics models, it is almost absent. Third, despite the relevance for active inference, few cognitive robotics implementations examine the issues around control and whether it should result from the substitution of inverse models with proprioceptive predictions. Finally, limited attention has been placed on precision weighting and the tracking of prediction error dynamics. These mechanisms should help to explore more complex behaviors and tasks in cognitive robotics research under the predictive processing framework.
Difference in the general medicine in-training examination score between community-based hospitals and university hospitals: a cross-sectional study based on 15,188 Japanese resident physicians
Authors: Nishizaki Yuji , Nozawa Keigo , Shinozaki Tomohiro , Shimizu Taro , Okubo Tomoya , Yamamoto Yu , Konishi Ryota , Tokuda Yasuharu 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
The general medicine in-training examination (GM-ITE) is designed to objectively evaluate the postgraduate clinical competencies (PGY) 1 and 2 residents in Japan. Although the total GM-ITE scores tended to be lower in PGY-1 and PGY-2 residents in university hospitals than those in community-based hospitals, the most divergent areas of essential clinical competencies have not yet been revealed.

Methods
We conducted a nationwide, multicenter, cross-sectional study in Japan, using the GM-ITE to compare university and community-based hospitals in the four areas of basic clinical knowledge“. Specifically, “medical interview and professionalism,” “symptomatology and clinical reasoning,” “physical examination and clinical procedures,” and “disease knowledge” were assessed.

Results
We found no significant difference in “medical interview and professionalism” scores between the community-based and university hospital residents. However, significant differences were found in the remaining three areas. A 1.28-point difference (95% confidence interval: 0.96–1.59) in “physical examination and clinical procedures” in PGY-1 residents was found; this area alone accounts for approximately half of the difference in total score.

Conclusions
The standardization of junior residency programs and the general clinical education programs in Japan should be promoted and will improve the overall training that our residents receive. This is especially needed in categories where university hospitals have low scores, such as “physical examination and clinical procedures.”
Transcriptome analysis revealed the regulation of gibberellin and the establishment of photosynthetic system promote rapid seed germination and early growth of seedling in pearl millet
Authors: Wu Bingchao , Sun Min , Zhang Huan , Yang Dan , Lin Chuang , Khan Imran , Wang Xiaoshan , Zhang Xinquan , Nie Gang , Feng Guangyan , Yan Yanhong , Li Zhou , Peng Yan , Huang Linkai 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
Seed germination is the most important stage for the formation of a new plant. This process starts when the dry seed begins to absorb water and ends when the radicle protrudes. The germination rate of seed from different species varies. The rapid germination of seed from species that grow on marginal land allows seedlings to compete with surrounding species, which is also the guarantee of normal plant development and high yield. Pearl millet is an important cereal crop that is used worldwide, and it can also be used to extract bioethanol. Previous germination experiments have shown that pearl millet has a fast seed germination rate, but the molecular mechanisms behind pearl millet are unclear. Therefore, this study explored the expression patterns of genes involved in pearl millet growth from the germination of dry seed to the early growth stages.

Results
Through the germination test and the measurement of the seedling radicle length, we found that pearl millet seed germinated after 24 h of swelling of the dry seed. Using transcriptome sequencing, we characterized the gene expression patterns of dry seed, water imbibed seed, germ and radicle, and found more differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in radicle than germ. Further analysis showed that different genome clusters function specifically at different tissues and time periods. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis showed that many genes that positively regulate plant growth and development are highly enriched and expressed, especially the gibberellin signaling pathway, which can promote seed germination. We speculated that the activation of these key genes promotes the germination of pearl millet seed and the growth of seedlings. To verify this, we measured the content of gibberellin and found that the gibberellin content after seed imbibition rose sharply and remained at a high level.

Conclusions
In this study, we identified the key genes that participated in the regulation of seed germination and seedling growth. The activation of key genes in these pathways may contribute to the rapid germination and growth of seed and seedlings in pearl millet. These results provided new insight into accelerating the germination rate and seedling growth of species with slow germination.
Relationship between glycemic intraday variations evaluated in continuous glucose monitoring and HbA1c variability in type 2 diabetes: pilot study
Authors: Tokutsu Akemi , Okada Yosuke , Torimoto Keiichi , Tanaka Yoshiya 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
HbA1c variability is independent of mean HbA1c, and associated with mortality due to vascular complications. However, the significance of HbA1c variability is unknown at present. In this study, we used flash glucose monitoring (FGM) and evaluated glycemic intraday variations, and then examined the association with HbA1c variability.

Methods
We conducted a retrospective pilot study of 26 patients treated at the Outpatient department for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and evaluated the following items associated with blood glucose levels and their changes/variations using FGM. The primary endpoint was factor(s) associated with standard deviation (SD) HbA1c over a 6-month period. To adjust for the effect of varying numbers of HbA1c measurements, we used the adjusted SD of HbA1c.

Results
There were significant correlations between mean HbA1c and each of glucose management indicator, maximum, percent time at glucose > 180 mg/day, mean of daily difference of blood glucose, and high blood glucose index. Adjusted SD HbA1c correlated significantly with percent time at glucose < 70 mg/dL and low blood glucose index. We estimated the regression coefficient of adjusted SD HbA1c using multivariate linear regression analysis, and noted that the presence of hypoglycemia affected Adjusted SD HbA1c (β = 0.130, SE = 0.044, P = 0.008). Hypoglycemia was noted in 17 patients, and adjusted SD HbA1c was significantly higher (p = 0.001) in the hypoglycemic group (0.22 ± 0.12%), compared with the non-hypoglycemic group (0.08 ± 0.05%). The cut-off value of adjusted SD HbA1c was 0.109% in the hypoglycemic group.

Conclusions
The results showed that HbA1c variability is associated with hypoglycemia. For patients with high HbA1c variability, we recommend evaluation for the presence of hypoglycemia and reconsideration of their treatment regimen including their glucose-lowering medications.
Trial registration
The study protocol and opt-out method of informed consent were approved by the ethics committees of the University of Occupational and Environmental Health (Trial registration: H27-186, Registered 25 Dec 2015)
US children of minority race are less likely to be admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit after traumatic injury, a retrospective analysis of a single pediatric trauma center
Authors: Slain Katherine N. , Wurtz Morgan A. , Rose Jerri A. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
The public health impact of pediatric trauma makes identifying opportunities to equalize health related disparities imperative. The influence of a child’s race on the likelihood of admission to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) is not well described. We hypothesized that traumatically injured children of minority race would have higher rates of PICU admission, compared to White children.

Methods
This was a retrospective review of a single institution’s trauma registry including children ≤18 years of age presenting to the emergency department (ED) whose injury necessitated pediatric trauma team activation at a Level 1 Pediatric Trauma Center from July 1, 2011 through June 30, 2016. Demographics, injury characteristics and hospital utilization data were collected. Race was categorized as White or racial minority, which included patients identifying as Black, Hispanic ethnicity, Native American or “other.” The primary outcome measure was admission to the PICU. Chi square or Mann Whitney rank sum tests were used, as appropriate, to compare differences in demographics and injury characteristics between those children who were and were not admitted to the PICU setting. Variables associated with PICU admission in univariate analyses were included in a multivariate analysis. Data are presented as median values and interquartile ranges, or numbers and percentages.

Results
The median age of the 654 included subjects was 8 [IQR 4–13] years; 55.2% were a racial minority. Nine (1.4%) children died in the ED and 576 (88.1%) were admitted to the hospital. Of the children requiring hospitalization, 195 (33.9%) were admitted to the PICU. Children admitted to the PICU were less likely to be from a racial minority group (26.1% vs 42.5%, p < 0.001). After adjusting for age and injury characteristics in a multivariable analysis, racial minority children had a lower odds of PICU admission compared to White children (OR 0.492 [95% C.I. 0.298–0.813, p = 0.006]).

Conclusions
In this retrospective analysis of traumatically injured children, minority race was associated with lower odds of PICU admission, suggesting that health care disparities based on race persist in pediatric trauma-related care.
An approach to change the basic polymer composition of the milled Fomes fomentarius fruiting bodies
Authors: Kalitukha Liudmila 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
Chitin and its derivative chitosan are readily exploited, especially in food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, biomedical, chemical, and textile industries. The biopolymers are currently recovered from the crustacean shells after purification from the large amount of proteins and minerals. The key problems are centered around a lot of chemical waste and allergenic potential of the heat-stable remaining proteins. Fungi can be considered as an alternative eco-friendlier source of the chitin and chitosan due to the lower level of inorganic materials and absence of the allergenic proteins.

Results
The work presents a new chemical assay to change the composition of the milled Fomes fomentarius fruiting bodies. A gradual 13-fold increase of the chitin amount accompanied by 14-fold decrease of the glucan content was obtained after repetitive alkali-acidic treatment. Raw material contained mainly chitin with 30% degree of deacetylation. After the first and second alkali treatment, the polymer was defined as chitosan with comparable amounts of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine and d-glucosamine units. The last treated samples showed an increase of the chitin amount to 80%, along with typical for the natural tinder fibers degree of deacetylation and three-dimensional fibrous hollow structure.

Conclusions
A new approach allowed a gradual enrichment of the pulverized Fomes fomentarius fruiting bodies with chitin or chitosan, depending on the extraction conditions. High stability and fibrous structure of the fungal cell walls with a drastically increased chitin ratio let us suggest a possibility of the targeted production of the chitin-enriched fungal material biotechnologically under eco-friendly conditions.