bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Calonectria rigidiuscula
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C. , Waterston J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Calonectria rigidiuscula
[Nectria rigidiuscula]
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Theobroma cacao
and many other hosts represented by the following families:
Anonaceae, Anacardiaceae, Apocynaceae, Bombacaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Gramineae, Leguminosae, Malvaceae, Meliaceae, Moraceae, Sterculiaceae, Tiliaceae
. Also pathogenic on wound inoculation to hosts in the above and following additional families:
Bignoniaceae
and
Ulmaceae
(31: 232). DISEASES: Causing die-back and canker of branches associated with capsid injury, 'green-point' cushion gall of buds, and pod rot of cacao; panel decay of
Hevea
rubber associated with
Pbytophthora
spp. ; stem canker of robusta coffee associated with
Xyleborus morstatta
; stem rot of durian; and blight of rice plants including grain. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Cameroons, Central African Republic, Congo, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Madagascar, Nigeria, Sierra Leone); North America [United States (Okla.)]; Central America and West Indies (British Guiana, Costa Rica, Grenada, Guatemala, Honduras, Panama, Trinidad); South America (Argentina, Colombia, Surinam, Venezuela); Asia (Ceylon, India, Indo-China, Java, Malaya, Philippines); Australasia & Oceania (New Caledonia, North Borneo, Tahiti). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne spores, either microconidia produced on recently infected tissue of injured, living stems, or macroconidia from sporodochia on recently dead stems, or ascospores from perithecia produced on long dead stems or cracks in bark (25: 548). The pathogen has been transmitted to cacao cotyledons by means of mealybugs (
Pseudococcus njalensis
[Planococcoides njalensis]
and
Ferrisiana virgata
[Ferrisia virgata]
) in the laboratory, but not elsewhere. Also a soil invader commonly recovered from previous sites of cacao (13: 128, 594) or coffee plantations (34: 179), and in grassland areas (33: 687); seed-borne on rice (32: 449).
Gibberella fujikuroi var. subglutinans
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C. , Waterston J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Gibberella fujikuroi var. subglutinans
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On several hosts of economic importance in the
Gramineae
; also on a wide range of hosts represented by the following families:
Amaryllidaceae, Anacardiaceae, Bromeliaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Convolvulaceae, Cruciferae, Iridaceae, Leguminosae, Liliaceae, Malvaceae, Marantaceae, Musaceae, Palmae, Rosaceae, Rutaceae, Sterculiaceae
(14: 708; 31: 515; 36: 501; 40: 89 and Herb. IMI). DISEASES: Causes a seedling blight, and root, stalk and kernel rot of maize; also on heads and stalks of sorghum associated with a foot and stem rot, and causing a stem rot and top rot of sugar-cane ('pokkah boeng'). Other records include a wilt of
Crotalaria
, a heart rot of leaves of banana and Manila hemp, and fruit rot of banana, cacao and pineapple. There appear to be no references to pathogenicity to rice. Also entomogenous on cereal stem borer larvae and other insects (27: 71; 33: 382; 38: 141, 740). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Central African Republic, Congo, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Mauritius, Morocco, Reunion, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Southern Rhodesia, Tanganyika, Uganda); Asia (Formosa (Taiwan), Hong Kong, India, Java, Indo-China, Philippines, Syria); Australasia (Hawaii, New South Wales, New Zealand, Victoria); Europe (Czechoslovakia, Germany,? Italy, Poland, Romania); Central America & West Indies (French Antilles, Honduras, Trinidad); North America (Canada, United States); South America (Argentina, Peru). (CMI Map 191). TRANSMISSION: Both seed and soil-borne. Air-borne ascospores produced from perithecia on over-wintered plant debris or on dead stalks of sugar-cane at the beginning of the rainy season are also important sources of infection (30: 344). The pathogen may also be disseminated on pupae and adults of cereal stem borers and their parasites in sugar-cane (33: 382).
Fusarium avenaceum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C. , Waterston J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Fusarium avenaceum
[Gibberella avenacea]
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: A large number of plant species representing more than 150 genera in the following families. including the
Gramineae
, are attacked:
Caryophyllaceae, Compositae, Coniferae, Cruciferae, Cucurbitaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Juglandaceae, Leguminosae, Liliaceae, Linaceae, Moraceae, Onagraceae, Palmae, Rosaceae, Rutaceae, Salicaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Solanaceae, Sterculiaceae, Theaceae, Thymeliaceae, Umbelliferaceae, Valerianaceae, Vitaceae
. Also recorded on
Equisetaceae, Polypodiaceae
and insects Wollenweber & Reinking (1935), Gordon (34: 258; 38: 581; 40: 89) and Herb. IMI. DISEASES: Causing damping-off of a large number of nursery seedlings, and a seedling blight, 'spring yellows', foot and root rot, premature ripening and blight of ears of wheat, barley, oats and rye; and on maize cobs: a wilt of flax, a basal rot of carnation cuttings and root rots of lucerne and sweet clover; also storage rots of potato, sugar-beet, carrot and dahlia as well as fruit of apple, pear, cocurbits, citrus, walnut and tomato. DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in the temperate zone but also found in parts of the humid tropics. TRANSMISSION: Seed-borne on a wide range of hosts [Noble
et. al
. (An Annotated List Of Seed-Borne Diseases, Commonw. Mycol. Inst. Kew, pp. 159, 1958), Gordon (34: 258)], also soil-borne, and from mycelium or wind-borne spores produced on over-wintered crop residues.
Pythium aphanidermatum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Waterhouse G. M. , Waterston J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Pythium aphanidermatum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On a wide range of hosts, often similar to those attacked by
P. butleri
, but inducing different symptoms, represented in the following families:
Amaranthaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Araceae, Basellaceae, Bromeliaceae, Cactaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Compositae, Coniferae, Convolvulaceae, Cruciferae, Cucurbitaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Gramineae, Leguminosae, Linaceae, Malvaceae, Moraceae, Passifloraceae, Rosaceae, Solanaceae, Umbelliferae, Violaceae, Vitaceae, Zingiberaceae
. DISEASES: Damping-off of various seedlings; 'cottony-leak' of cucurbit fruit in storage; 'cottony blight' of turf grasses; root and stalk rot of maize. Other hosts: tobacco, sugar-beet, sugar-cane, papaw, pineapple, ginger, bean and cotton. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Central African Republic, Fernando, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Southern Rhodesia, Sudan, Togo, Zambia); Asia (Ceylon, China, Formosa, India, Indonesia, Israel, Japan, Java, Malaya, Philippines, Sumatra); Australasia & Oceania (Australia, Hawaii, New Caledonia); North America (Canada, Mexico); Central America & West Indies (Antilles, Jamaica, Puerto Rico); South America (Argentina, Brazil, Peru, Venezuela); Europe Austria, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Great Britain, Greece, Holland, Italy, Poland, U.S.S.R., Yugoslavia). (CMI Map 309) TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne. Eggplant fruit become infected when blossom end is in contact with soil (5: 465). Readily isolated from soil using fresh potato cubes treated with streptomycin and pimaricin as baits (43, 1519; 43, 46) or seedling papaw roots in soil containing papaw tissue (43, 1720). Also recorded as seed-borne on tomato and cucurbits but doubtful whether seed-transmitted (see Noble
et al., An Annotated List of Seed-Borne Diseases
, 1958, pp. 23, 25, 124).
Pythium butleri
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Waterhouse G. M. , Waterston J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Pythium butleri
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Capsicum annuum, Carica papaya, Citrullus vulgaris, Cucumis pepo, Lycopersicon esculentum, Nicotiana tabacum, Phaseolus vulgaris, Ricinus communis
(on inoculation),
Zingiber officinalis
. DISEASES: Foot rot of papaw; soft rot of ginger rhizome; damping-off of tobacco, tomato and chill); cottony rot of cucurbits (plants and fruits) and stem and pod rot of string-bean. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Equatorial and West); Asia (India) and North America (U.S.A.). TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne but may be propagated in diseased planting material in the case of ginger rhizomes.
Pythium arrhenomanes
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Waterhouse G. M. , Waterston J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Pythium arrhenomanes
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On over 30 genera in the
Gramineae
. DISEASE: Seedling blight, pre-emergence rotting and root rot of maize, wheat, sugarcane and other
Gramineae
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Bechuanaland, Mauritius); Asia (Philippines); Australasia & Oceania (Hawaii); Europe (Italy, U.S.S.R.); North America (Canada, U.S.A.); South America (Brazil). TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne.
Pythium intermedium
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Waterhouse G. M. , Waterstan J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Pythium intermedium
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On a wide range of hosts represented by the following families:
Begoniaceae, Bromeliaceae, Chenopodiaceae
,
Compositae, Coniferae, Cruciferae, Euphorbiaceae, Geraniaceae, Gramineae, Leguminosae, Liliaceae, Linaceae, Moraceae, Onagraceae, Ranunculaceae, Rosaceae, Solanaceae, Ulmaceae, Violaceae
; also in the
Equisetales
and
Filicales
. DISEASES: Damping-off of seedlings, foot rot and root rot of ornamentals, occasionally of crop plants and trees. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (China); Australia & Oceania (Hawaii); Europe (England, Belgium, France, Germany, Holland, Sweden, U.S.S.R.); North America (U.S.A.); South America (Argentina). TRANSMISSION: A common soil inhabitant.
Agrobacterium rhizogenes
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hayward A. C. , Waterston J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Agrobacterium rhizogenes
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Maluspumila, Rosa
spp.,
Rubus
spp. A further 23 hosts representing 22 genera in 12 families are listed by Elliott (31: 105), p. 4. DISEASE: Hairy root of apple, pear, raspberry, and rose. Symptoms on apple consist of a very large number of small roots protruding from the stems or roots or from localized hard swellings at graft unions, or in roses at the ends of cuttings or at disbud scars (43: 487). These malformations may be fleshy at first but eventually become fibrous. Distinguished from crown gall caused by
A. tumefaciens
, by the production of fibrous roots on the surface of the gall. Apple trees inoculated with
A. rhizogenes
became stunted whilst trees infected with
A. tumefaciens
were not significantly smaller than controls (38: 527). Inoculation of apple trees with mixed cultures of the two species resulted in gall formations showing intergrading features characteristic of both diseases (11: 461). The two pathogens also produce distinct symptoms on rose (43: 487). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widely distributed in apple nurseries and orchards in the U.S.A. Also recorded on rose in Calif, and Texas (43: 487; 19: 348; 16: 613). Outsize the U.S.A., there are few definite records. There are reports from Japan (Fujioka, 32: 278, p. 12), Bulgaria (13: 493), France (43: 2639), and two unconfirmed from Italy (15: 774; 25: 493). Records given by Hedgecock (
Bull. Bur. Pl. Ind. U.S. Dep. Agric
. 186: 12, 1910) of the occurrence of the pathogen in Canada, Germany and the Netherlands have not been confirmed and are probably incorrect (CMI Map 140). TRANSMISSION:
Agrobacterium rhizogenes
is exclusively a wound pathogen (13: 776), and is readily disseminated on nursery stock which may become infected from soil or by tools contaminated with the pathogen when cuttings or grafts are made. Infection is also spread in apple stocks by insects which eat the galls and other underground parts. On rose, the bacteria may penetrate roots through injuries causes by the root-lesion nematode,
Pratylenchus vulnus
(43, 481). Survival in steamed or untreated soil for more than one year has been demonstrated, and virulence has been maintained in culture for over 19 years (40: 513).
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hayward A. C. , Waterston J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
has the widest host range of any bacterial plant pathogen; Elliott (1951) lists 140 genera in 61 families of which only
Liliaceae
and
Araceae
are monocotyledons. No antibiotic effect has been found in the monocotyledons to explain their resistance (43, 2199), but sap from oats and barley has been shown to inhibit initiation of tumours in sunflower and to kill tumour cells (43, 3119). A distinct species,
Agrobacterium rubi
, is recognized as the cause of cane gall on
Rubus
spp. (34: 380, 138). DISEASE: Crown gall of apple, peach, rose and many other plants in the family
Rosaceae
, also on vine, hop, mulberry, beetroot, swede and mangold. The pathogen stimulate the cells of the host parenchyma to abnormal growth with the production of spherical or convoluted outgrowths. The galls may be subterranean on the roots at the collar or crown (on peach or rose) or they may be aerial on the stems (on willow or vine). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: One of the most widely distributed bacterial pathogens which has been reported from all five continents (CMI Map 137, 1947). TRANSMISSION: A wound pathogen which is capable of saprophytic survival for long periods in the soil. Wounds may be caused by a variety of agencies including root-chewing insects (10: 505) and pruning instruments. Readily disseminated on nursery stock which may become infected by tools contaminated with the pathogen when cuttings or grafts are made. Reports of survival in soil vary widely depending on soil type (41: 277, 641; 32: 25; 20: 521, 292) and moisture content (3: 104). On hop, the pathogen is said to be transmitted on seed as well as by infected plant debris and infested soil (41: 52). It has also been shows to be disseminated by irrigation water in a peach nursery (24: 65; 23: 379).
Pseudomonas phaseolicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hayward A. C. , Waterston J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Pseudomonas phaseolicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Phaseolus vulgaris, P. coccineus, P. lunatus
var.
macrocarpus, P. multiflorus, Pueraria thunbergiana
(9: 424). Also
Glycine max
on inoculation (32: 114).
Phaseolus atropurpureus
is recorded as a natural secondary host in Queensland (42: 298). DISEASE: Halo spot or halo blight. On seeds, pods (especially the sutures), leaves and stem, and also causing stem girdling or wilt. Frequently referred to as grease spot in Europe because of the dark green spots appearing on the pods. The symptoms of halo blight are very similar to common blight (
Xanthomonas phaseoli
; CMI Descripts. 46). Distinguishing signs are given by the exudate, when present, which is yellow in common blight and light cream or silver coloured in halo blight. In halo blight a single water-soaked spot may be at the centre of a halo-like zone 2.5 cm diam. Systemic infection often results in foliar mosaic and leaf malformation (35: 807). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread and probably in most countries where dwarf beans are grown (CMI Map 85, Ed. 2 19S6). TRANSMISSION: On the surface of seed or between the seed coat and cotyledons. Also spread in the field by wind-driven rain splash which may carry inoculum as far as 85 ft. from a point source (43, 2141). Wounds are not a necessary prerequisite for infection which normally occurs through the stomata. The pathogen may be spread by overhead sprinkler irrigation in a late maturing crop in arid regions (34: 339), but not by furrow irrigation.
Pseudomnas phaseolicola
does not appear to survive the winter in soil or plant debris (26: 41, 373) but may overwinter in cankers of living kudzuvine (
Pueraria thunbergiana
) (7: 585).
Pseudomonas syringae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hayward A. C. , Waterston J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Pseudomonas syringae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On a very wide range of host plants including representatives of the following genera:
Chrysanthemum, Citrus, Cyamopsis, Hibiscus, Juglans, Malus, Pennisetum, Persica, Phaseolus, Piper, Prunus, Pyrus, Rosa, Sorghum, Synura, Trifolium, Vicia, Vigna
and
Zea
. Several species of
Pseudomonas
described in the literature are likely to prove synonymous with
P. syringae
and the host range is probably even wider than that given by Elliott (31: 105) p. 90. Poplar canker, at one time attributed to a forma specialis of
P. syringae
(32: 522), is now known to be caused by an entirely distinct pathogen,
Aplanobacterium populi
Ride (37: 604). DISEASE: Bacterial canker of stone fruits causing gum exudation on trunks, limbs, twigs and fruit; blighting of buds and blossom; leaf spot and shoot wilt. Also on hosts other than
Prunus
causing blossom blight and die-back in pear, blossom blight of apple, blast or black pit of citrus, lilac blight, bacterial brown spot of string bean and lima bean, and bacterial leaf blight of sudan grass and other
Gramineae
. The symptoms of blossom blight on apple ant pear have often been confused with fire blight incited by
Erwinia amylovora
(CMI Descript. 44) and boron deficiency (41: 46; 35: 463). The symptoms on stone fruit trees are generally indistinguishable from those incited by
P. morsprunorum
. The reddish-brown leaf spots on bean incited by
P. syringae
lack an extensive yellow halo which serves to distinguish the symptoms from those of the halo blight pathogen,
P. phaseolicola
(CMI Descript. 45) except under dry conditions (17: 578). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide in all the major fruit growing areas (CMI Map 336, 1957). On other hosts the distribution may be more restricted as in bacterial brown spot of bean which has been reported only from the Netherlands (34: 567), Tanganyika (34: 350) Queensland (33: 110), New South Wales (17: 578), and from parts of U.S.A. (43: 2453; 37: 63). TRANSMISSION: The pathogen is spread by wind-driven rain and is favoured by cold spring weather, rain and high humility. Penetration is through stomata or wounds caused by insects, pruning or hail (31: 63, 183; 12: 281). Frost injury is also a predisposing factor for citrus blast and blossom blight of pear (42: 177; 43, 2329). Spur and node infections of cherry are reported to occur through leaf scars in England (35: 198), but in Oregon they have been shown to originate more commonly at the base of the external bud scales (42: 270).
Pseudomonas syringae
is seed borne on bean and the pathogen has been found to survive in soil over one but not two winters in Wisconsin (37: 63).
Xanthomonas campestris
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hayward A. C. , Waterston J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Xanthomonas campestris
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Brassica campestris
and other species of
Brassica, Matthiola incana
and
Raphanus sativus
in the
Cruciferae
and
Boerhaavia erecta
in the
Nyctaginaceae
. DISEASE: Black rot of crucifers on leaves, stems and seeds. This is a vascular bacteriosis causing yellowing of the leaves, and brown to black discoloration of the leaf veins. Symptoms vary according to host and the environmental conditions, and leaf lesions may be predominantly marginal or systemic depending on the temperature (31: 585). A transverse section of the stem shows a blackened ring of vascular tissue. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widely distributed in parts of Africa, Asia, Australasia and Oceania, Europe, North America, Central America and West Indies, and South America (CMI Map 136, Ed. 2, 1959). TRANSMISSION: The pathogen can remain viable and virulent in the soil from one season to the next or survive on diseased plant refuse, e.g. cabbage stumps. The bacteria may be carried externally on seed (32: 172) and survival up to three years has been reported (4: 459). In the field, the pathogen is carried from plant to plant by irrigation and rain water (36: 380). Spread by aphids has not been proven experimentally (30: 442). The pathogen is frequently transmitted from the seed bed on apparently healthy seedlings to fields previously free of infection (27: 175). Entry into the plant is through the hydathodes of the leaf margins (13, 610) or less often through the stomata under conditions of water congestion, or through wounds to the root system.
Puccinia psidii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. F. , Waterston J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Puccinia psidii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Pimenta officinalis
and
Psidium guajava
, also on
Callistemon speciosus, Eucalyptus citriodora, Eugenia jambos, E. malaccensis, E. uvalha, Marlierea edulis, Myrcia
spp.,
Myrciaria jaboticaba
and
Pimenta acris
. DISEASE: Guava rust. Attacks foliage, inflorescences and young succulent twigs of pimento and
Eucalyptus
, and foliage and fruit of guava, causing severe defoliation under certain conditions. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Central America and Caribbean (Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Trinidad); South America (Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Uruguay, Venezuela). (CMI Map 181, Ed. 2, 1949 & Herb. IMI.) TRANSMISSION: Urediospores disseminated by rain-splash in Jamaica (41: 569).