bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flexural Strength of Castellated Beams with Corrugated Webs
Authors: Al-Mawashee Haidar Shaiker , Al-Kannoon Muslim Abdul-Ameer 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Castellated beams are broadly output from standard rolled sections, especially in (I) or (H) beam sections, and they are considered as a type of steel members with good properties. From another side, the corrugated web in beam especially trapezoidal pattern was utilized to get an improved beam strength against the shear buckling rupture, Besides, there is an advantage of stability for buckling over a plain web beam. In this paper, an experimental study has been carried out on four beams with the same length (1.7m) under one point load at mid-span. This work deals with two castellated beams with corrugated webs with and without lateral stiffeners and it had the same step length for corrugation and castellation profile. The significant variable for castellated-corrugated web beams is a total height of beams. The ultimate load capacity of castellated-corrugated web beams compared with the plain and corrugated web beams. The results showed that the load capacity of castellated-corrugated web beams without and with lateral stiffeners less than that found in flat and corrugated web beams with (23.7% and 39.4%) and (13.2% and 31.03%). The mode of failure has noticed combined between web post-buckling and flange buckling.
Experimental testing and comparison between historical and traditional masonry brick
Authors: Khalifa Hayder , Al-Wazni Saad 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The historical masonry brick buildings are important structural symbols due to their old construction time. It is necessary to investigate the mechanical properties of the masonry brick building to evaluate the structural behaviour during service life. Here, the research focused on finding out the compressive strength of brick unit, mortar and brick prism model. Two types of mortar and brick unit are adopted, historical and traditional, and the comparison between the results is implemented. The historical brick and mortar used experimentally in this study were taken from the Imam Ali holy shrine structure (built 300 year before) during its rehabilitation. The traditional brick is Iranian yellow brick which is used in repairing process of two minarets now. The traditional mortar is the Iraqi gypsum which is available in the local market. The tests of mortar cubes and brick units are conducted according to Iraqi Standards and the British Standards is adopted for brick prism models. The experimental testing is carried out in the lab of faculty of engineering at university of kufa. The strain gauges and LVDT instruments are used with the acquisition system device to record and save data. The results of compressive strength and mass density for historical and traditional brick unit and mortar are exhibited. Also, the results of compressive strength, stress-strain curve, load-displacement curve and modulus of elasticity for historical and traditional brick prism models are displayed and discussed. In addition, the compressive strength of brick prism models using empirical equation are estimated. The comparison between the results of historical and traditional brick units, gypsum mortar types and brick prism models are carried out. The historical brick prism model has mechanical properties weaker than the traditional and there is a difference in the compressive strength of the historical brick prism model between the empirical equation and testing results.
Effect of Rebar Corrosion Level on Behaviour of Reinforced of Corroded Columns
Authors: Lafi Murtadha K. , Al-Quraishi Hussein , Abdullah Khudhayer N. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractCorrosion of steel reinforcement has been specified as the impairment mechanism of reinforced concrete buildings, which severely affects the safety and integrity of buildings. The corrosion of the embedded reinforcing steel in concrete is a significant trouble facing civil engineers nowadays, which initiates 80% of the reinforced concrete buildings impairment. This paper detects the outcomes of an experimental investigation on the mechanical performance of five squared steel reinforced columns which have been damaged by corrosion of the steel rebar. Small scale square reinforced concrete columns with a rectangular cross-section of b×h=150mm×150mm and 500 mm in height were adopted. Various degrees of steel reinforcement mass loss (corrosion damage) ranged between 8%, to 15 % were formed in the columns by using an accelerated galvanostatic corrosion method. The uniaxial compression test was carrying out for harmed columns up to failure. Based on the experimental outcomes, the corrosion damage had substantially reduced the performance of columns. The deterioration of the load capacity of corroded columns was 13.4%,24.6%,22.5% and 45.34% at level of corrosion damage of 8% and 15% respectively for longitudinal bars only and for longitudinal and ties reinforcement. The reduction of the axial and lateral deformation of corroded columns ranged between 7.1% to 70.22% and for corrosion level ranged from 8% to 15%, respectively. Likewise, the failure mode for corroded columns had been adversely affected by corrosion.
Effect of top-hat shear connectors on the strength of cold-formed steel-concrete composite beams
Authors: Abbas Zaid Mohammed , Abbas Najla’a Hameed 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to provide a detailed brief analysis of recent developments in various aspects of the structure of cold-formed steel. The connectors were executed from sections of a non-weld able top-hat profile (70×80×3)mm made of steel plate. The connectors were fastened to the beam with two bolts with diameter of 10mm. Totally twelve simply supported composite beam specimens are tested under two loading points to determine the flexural strength. The twelve composite beams with different thickness (2,3, and 4) mm and connection between channel(L/3, L/6) are tested. With a constant depth and a variable length of 2 and 1.5 m, the cross-section shape of the beams was maintained. The cold formed steel channel section with top hat connector at compression side is used. To avoid slip and to transfer horizontal shear between cold formed steel and concrete, the shear connectors are provided. The top hat connectors were used as shear connector between concrete and steel section. The load-deflection behavior, ultimate flexural load and failure pattern of beam had been studied. The experimental results indicate that, the load carrying capacity of the composite beams with thickness of 4mm and connection between channel with L/6 is more than the other specimen with different thicknesses and connections. The mid-span deflection at ultimate load for the composite beams was reduced in case of beam has connection L/6 and thickness 4mm. It was observed that, the steel-concrete composite beams failed due to flexural.
Behavior of Eccentrically Loaded Slender Concrete Columns Reinforced with GFRP Bars
Authors: Al-Thairy Haitham , Al-Hamzawi Marwa Azeez 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This paper presents an experimental investigation on the behaviour of concrete columns reinforced with glass fibre reinforced polymers GFRP bars under concentric and eccentric loads. Six RC column specimens have been considered in the experimental tests with a cross section dimension of (135 mm × 135mm) at the middle portion of columns and (250 mm × 135 mm) (width ×depth) at the corbel with a total length of 1150 mm with the length between corbels (middle part) was 710 mm. Three specimens have been represented the reference specimens which are reinforced with steel bars and the other three were reinforced with GFRP bars. Tow variables have been considered in the experimental tests: the type of reinforcement (GFRP and steel) and the eccentricity ratio (e/h). All columns have been subjected to different values of eccentricity ratio (e/h): 0, 0.5, and 1. It has been concluded that the ultimate load capacity of columns reinforced with GFRP bars decreases by about 27.13% and 94.67% compared to columns reinforced with steel bars under eccentricity ratios (e/h=0) and (e/h =0.5), respectively. Whereas, ultimate load increases by about (4.79%) for the columns reinforced with GFRP bars compared to columns reinforced with steel bars at eccentricity ratios (e/h=1). The result have also shown that all specimens that have been subjected to eccentricity ratio (e/h > 0) failed by compression failure.
Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Brackets Strengthened with Steel Fiber
Authors: Abdul-Alhassan Safa Mohammed , Kadhim Muhammad Jawad 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
An experimental investigation into the structural behavior of brackets with plain and fibrous concrete and in the presence of steel bars is addressed in this research. Both brackets have the same shape and dimensions. Testing of nine steel fibrous reinforcement concrete specimens and one reinforced concrete with compressive strength (28.6) MPa under vertical repeated load. The test results in terms of load versus deflection curves, stiffness, ductility and crack patterns show the effectiveness of using steel fibrous concrete to ensure a superior strength and deformation capacity in reinforced concrete bracket. Test results showed that, addition of steel fibers (1.5) % by volume of concrete and horizontal stirrups improve both shear strength and ductility of the tested brackets, and results in a more ductile failure mode.
Flexural Strength of Fibrous Light-Weight Self-Compacted Concrete beams
Authors: Alkhattat Saga S. , Al-Ramahee Munaf A. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In this research, the effect of using steel fiber and polypropylene on the behavior of the lightweight self-compacting concrete (LWSCC) beams have been studied. Seven beams have been cast with different parameters and compared. Two ratios of coarse aggregate replacement with light-weight aggregate expanded clay (LECA) have been considered partially and full replacement (50% and 100%) in this study based on previous study. Also, a 1% volumetric ratio fiber reinforcement has been added to investigate its effect on the flexural performance of LWSCC. A reduction in the ultimate load capacity and stiffness have been observed for LWSCC beams compared with the control beam by about 19% and 24.8% for partial and full LECA replacement, respectively. The steel fiber enhanced the performance of LWSCC beams in terms of cracking formation, crack width, ultimate capacity and allow the beams to have more ductile behavior. The ultimate load for fibrous LWSCC has been increased by about 11% and 12% for partial and full LECA replacement compared to beams without fibers. Beams with polypropylene and steel fibers exhibit similar behavior to the beams with steel fiber only in term of load-vertical displacement curves. However, the difference in the ultimate load capacity were 4% and 5% for the partial and full LECA replacement, respectively.
Numerical analysis of ultimate load and crack propagation in a concrete beam with longitudinal small hole
Authors: Abdulridha Shereen Qasim , Abeer S Z , Nasr Mohammad S. , Waleed Adil Abdulameer 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This analytical study aims to investigate the flexural behavior of simply supported RC beams having longitudinal hole with circle cross section under monotonic two point loads. The commercial FE program ABAQUS was used for simulating and implementing the specimens behavior that tested experimentally in previous researches. The overall specimens investigated were thirteen RC rectangular beam specimen, the first one was solid while the others with longitudinal circular hole. The specimens with holes divided into three groups, each one has a specified hole diameter 25 mm, 40 mm, and 50 mm. The distance from center of hole to the top section face was variable where the hole would be completely in the stress block, below it, or partially within it. The validity of the simulated model were verified by comparing the available load deflection data with the implemented one, where good agreement were noticed. The simulated models could introduce the ultimate load, first cracking load and its propagation in addition to the maximum attended deflection. It is concluded that the existence of a longitudinal hole with a percentage of diameter to beam depth ratio below 20% with different positions from top surface of the cross-section to the center of the hole values caused decreasing in ultimate load not exceeding 5% compared with the solid beam.
Composite reinforced concrete beam of embedded double skin steel plates
Authors: Jabbar Fatima Sattar , Resan Sa’ad Fahad 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The study intends to develop double skin composite beams using smart utilizing of proper properties of concrete and steel by incorporating steel frame likewise ribbed I-Steel section within concrete. The adopted built-up steel frame consists of upper and lower mild steel flanges connected by ribs using deformed steel bars and equivalent to customary shear reinforcement in quantity and provided as ribs within target frame besides shear resistance. The study considered an experimental program to investigate the effectiveness of introduces mode upon ultimate strength and related issues such as flexural ductility, flexural stiffness, plastic hinge formation, and failure mechanism in addition to comparative analysis with traditional reinforced concrete beam in the scope of assigned structural characteristics. The experimental results exhibit that the incorporated double skin steel within concrete without flexural reinforcement exhibited 78% of RC model ultimate strength where the ratio of volume fraction in steel-concrete-steel to reinforcement ratio in reinforced concrete beam is (1.5064). The powerful observed enhancement of the proposed ribbed I-steel section could be related to fully skin friction provided by fully connected upper and lower steel plates that affect the concrete confinement positively.
Traffic Performance Evaluation for Selected Streets within the Southern Part of Al-Najaf City Network
Authors: Al Ghanim Ali M. K. , Asad Firas H. A. , Al-Jameel Hamid A. E. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Urban streets are essential parts in cities and their development can enhance various aspects of economic life and social activities. Al-Najaf city is one of the Iraqi developing cities that has been suffering from traffic congestion at various sections of its street network. The reasons, locations and intensities of these congestions are important to be regularly diagnosed for two key reasons: first, in order to choose the right traffic engineering solutions and second to adequately prioritize the funding required for planning and implementing the traffic management programs for these congested sections. This paper attempts to evaluate the performance of the main urban streets located within the southern part of Al-Najaf city street network during evening peak hours. The methodology includes collecting field data and conducting traffic surveys such as traffic volume, travel time and free flow speed surveys. The evaluating approaches illustrated in the U.S Highway Capacity Manual are adopted as a tool for assessing the operational performance for the selected urban streets. The results reveal that there are several segments that operate at their capacity (LOS E) or even under congested flow condition (LOS F). The analysis also shows that whereas some segments are with good LOS using volume-capacity ratio (v/c) criterion, they are actually with low LOS based on field observations or when using travel time as a performance measure. This indicates the inadequacy of using v/c ratio alone in evaluating urban streets because part of the congestion at such streets is due to side friction operational delays rather than over traffic demand.
Effect of different parameters on coefficient of friction between rigid pavement and subbase layer
Authors: Aboaljus Thulfiqar A , Banyhussan Qais S , Mohammed Mohammed H , Al-Fahdawi Jasim Z 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The coefficient of friction is a quantity indicates the ratio of frictional force between objects. As pavement experiences thermal changes, it may slide against supporting subbase resistance. This resistance must be determined in order for pavement to perform as anticipated. Cracking of concrete does not occur if the pavement is jointed. In the joint plain concrete pavements, A separator layer is installed between the subbase and the plate to smooth the interface. A smooth surface shows less resistance to the concrete’s displacement caused by temperature difference. Two stages of the push-off test were conducted for subbase conditions (smooth and rough). Friction properties among the concrete and subbase were investigated based on the friction test results. The results show the parameters impacting the maximum coefficient of friction and displacement (interface condition, movement rate, thickness) respectively for friction and (movement rate, interface condition, thickness) for displacement. In conclusion, the frictional force rises significantly until the applied force reaches the stable condition. This force is affected by interface condition, which has the most significant impact, followed by movement rate and thickness. Changing conditions from smoother to rougher interface leads to raising maximum coefficient of friction regardless of changing slab thickness or movement rate.
Studying the Early Cracking Behavior of Asphalt Concrete Base Course
Authors: Al-Reweshdy Alaa Imad , Al-Jumaili Mohammed Abbas 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In Iraq, there are some asphalt concrete mixtures suffer from appearing of cracking and deformation immediately after finishing the construction of a base course. In the flexible pavement, the pavement is considered to be degraded after opening to traffic by repeated traffic loading, climatic conditions, aging of asphalt mixture, etc. Crack plays a critical mode in pavement degradation. Several experimental studies have been carried out to gain a deeper understanding of the environment and weak construction monitor the action of pavement fractures. However, one downside of these previous studies was that the majority of them were carried out in a laboratory environment. A trial road section was studied after finishing base course construction by monitoring the early cracking. The major causes of appearing the early cracking have been investigated and debated. In this survey, three trial road sections with defined asphalt layers were considered. These trial sections were constructed with local materials brought from Nasrya refinery and Najaf quarry. On the basis of the findings obtained, two sections have deteriorated, while the third one was made as control for comparison purposes The observed early cracking could be attributed to the asphalt cement type and poor construction procedure occurring in an asphalt base layer as a result of low underlying sub-base course type and specifications.
Coupling Visual Simulation Model (VISSIM) with Surrogate Safety Assessment Model (SSAM) to Evaluate Safety at Signalized Intersections.
Authors: Abed Hussein Mahdi , Ewadh Hussein Ali 
Published: August 2021

AbstractTraffic safety is the main support of transportation engineering. Otherwise, there is no benefit to a facility that lacks safety. Despite that, most road engineers in developing countries ignore traffic safety in their designs or adopt traditional methods that suffer from data weakness. So there is an urgent need for surrogate measures more accurate from traditional methods. This paper offers an assessment of safety at signalized intersections in Hilla city’s urban areas using a micro-simulation model (VISSM) coupled with the Surrogate Safety Assessment Model (SSAM). Three signalized intersections are modeled using the micro-simulation VISSM (version 10) model by calculating the traffic flows and speeds extracted from field data. Also, geometric characteristics and timing of the signal are simulated to reach the real-world. Then the vehicle trajectory files are exported to SSAM (version 3). Several indicators for traffic conflicts are computed by SSAM, involving the max speeding (Max S), the rate of deceleration (DR), the time of post encroachment (PET), and time to collision (TTC). The number, type, and severity of conflicts are calculated. The conflicts are categorized into three types according to the conflict’s angle, rear-end, lane change, and crossing conflicts. The results showed that the optimal values for the two safety indicators at intersections differ from one location to another, where TTC values ranged between (1.5-1.8) s and PET (4.7-5.3) s. Rear-end conflicts prevailed in all sites until their reached 55% of all conflicts. The severity of the conflicts at approaches varied from 0.74 as a high-risk collision to 1.8 as a low-risk collision, while the (TTCI) values for 40 St and Bab Al Hussein intersections were 0.86 and 0.82.respectively. Therefore, they are both classified as high-risk intersections. As for the Bab Al-Mashed intersection (TTCI=1.23), it is classified as moderate risk.
Evaluation of Al-Najaf road networks connectivity and Spatial Pattern
Authors: Hussein Gofran Ali , Al-Jameel Hamid Athab , Yahya Ahmed 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Road network development is a key factor in developing any region in these days. The correct connectivity and the right orientation are needed in an urgent way in order to make a development to road network. However, the attention that is given to the development of the road network especially in the urban areas is insufficient. Thus, the analysis of the road network in the city of Al-Najaf is the main focus of this paper. Beta, Gama, Eta indices and other measures such as spreading index, correlation index were adopted in this study in order to assess the road network for the city. The main findings of this study are that there is an urgent need to improve the road network, and one way to do this is constructing new roads. Lastly, a better prediction to the network can be given by measuring the density of the city road network.
Simulation of Thermal Pollution at Tigris River due to Al- Dora Power Plant
Authors: Mahmood Noor Shakir , Mohammad Thamer Ahmad 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Thermal water pollution is a cost saving in cooling process for the electrical industry but it has negative effect on environment. When thermal water is released from power plants into water bodies, it is harmful to marine life. High temperature reduces aerobic decomposition. As organic matter degrades, the amount of nutrients in water bodies is diminished. The study propose a solution to reduce the thermal effect of plant water using the CFD comsol software. The results shows that a change in the width of the channel of the plant hot water to 10 m reduce the thermal effect of the hot water plant, which leads to less environmental effect.