bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GENERALIZED MAST CELL DISEASE AND URTICARIA PIGMENTOSA
Authors: Rider Thomas L. , Stein Arthur A. , Abbuhl John W. 
Published: December 2021

The case which is presented and review of the literature indicate that urticaria pigmentosa may be accompanied by mast cell infiltration of many tissues and viscera. No definite conclusions may be drawn regarding etiology, incidence, or prognosis of this disorder. The evidence indicates that both local and generalized symptoms occur which are principally related to the pathophysiologic changes resulting from mast cell activity, i.e., fibrous tissue proliferation, hyperemia and edema.
In the case reported herein there was no histologic evidence of fibrous tissue increase but it is postulated that the hepatosplenomegaly and the bone changes in roentgenograms may be in part due to such changes. The dermatographism, skin flushing, salivary gland swelling and gastrointestinal symptoms are probably due to the physiologic action of mast cell products, i.e., histamine and serotonin.
The diagnosis of generalized mast cell disease can be made in a patient who presents a chronic maculopapular skin rash, dermatographism, hepatosplenomegaly and mast cell infiltration of the bone marrow. Demonstration of mast cell infiltration in the skin and other tissues is confirmatory but not necessary.
TESTING OF VISUAL ACUITY IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN
Authors: Allen Henry F. 
Published: December 2021

The high incidence of amblyopia indicates the need for testing of vision in preschool children 3 years of age and older.
The responsibility for seeing that vision is tested rests with the child's physician.
Because of extra-ocular influences, results of acuity testing in young children must be regarded merely as minimum values.
Unsatisfactory tests should be repeated at monthly intervals, until definite results are obtained.
The illiterate E is recommended as the most useful test for children who can comprehend it.
A new picture test, for children who cannot comprehend the illiterate-E test, is described and evaluated in terms of a 30-ft denominator.
HEART PUMP AND OXYGENATOR
Authors: Mustard W. T. 
Published: December 2021

THIS PAPER is a general review of the development of the artificial heart-lung to facilitate open-heart surgery. At the close of World War II many centers began investigating the possibility of total cardiac bypass. Oven the past decade, pump oxygenerators of various types have become popular and recent clinical successes throughout the world have given further impetus to the study of problems posed by the artificial heart-lung apparatus.
The subject divides itself into three separate parts, the first two being concerned with the maintenance of life in an experimental animal during a total cardiac bypass. One must take all the blood from the animal and return it to the animal by means of a pump. Secondly, one must oxygenate the blood before returning it. The third part of the problem confronting the surgeon is the selection of cases and correction of defects in human subjects.
The pumping mechanism must duplicate as nearly as possible the action of the chambers of the heart. Pumping action must be smooth so as to prevent hemolysis and to avoid turbulence with thrombosis. It is not difficult to construct a pump with which hemolysis can be kept to relatively negligible amounts. Most of the pumps in use throughout the world give an hemolysis of less than 50 mg of hemoglobin per 100 ml of blood, which is perfectly safe. Turbulence with thrombosis can be overcome by removing valves inside the stream and placing valves outside of, rather than within the stream of blood. Furthermore, heparinization of the blood lessens the tendency to thrombosis.
EMOTIONAL PROBLEMS IN CHILDREN
Authors: Langford William S. , Wilking Virginia N. , Olson Elma 
Published: December 2021

As emotional problems in children are closely rebated to disturbances in parent-child relationships, much of the discussion was focused around this aspect of the topic. Much of the pediatrician's activities with parents concerns itself with attempts to influence parent-child relationships for the benefit of the child patient. A great deal has been learned in child psychiatry about the management of untoward and destructive parental behavior. Much of this knowledge can be used by the pediatrician in his day by day practice. Although, some psychiatric techniques are not applicable in the practice of pediatrics, it is important for the pediatrician to understand his role and not to assume that he is or needs to be a psychiatrist in his attempts at solving difficulties which are presented to him.
Psychiatry has learned some things of what the parent-child relationship shouldn't be. The question might then be raised, "What is a good one?" This can be defined as the capacity in the parent to meet with the child in all matters of day by day living without undue tensions, anxieties on preoccupations. Brenneman has pointed out that about 80% of the practice of pediatrics is in dealing with the parents and one most work through them in an effort to solve the child's problems. There is seldom a situation that involves only the child. It almost always involves the parents and their interaction with the child. Our understanding of many emotional problems has been furthered by our greater knowledge of child behavior and yet we are still too ready to categorize parents and especially mothers with such words as hovering, rejecting, cold, warm, etc., which have little real meaning in terms of understanding how they got that way.
Mental Deficiencies
Authors: KUGEL ROBERT B. 
Published: December 2021

This is not, in the usual sense of the word, a textbook on mental deficiency. Rather it is a book concerned primarily with the social issues which are part of the problem of mental deficiency. For several decades, Dr. Wallin has been actively concerned with the problems of mental deficiency and brings an extraordinary background of experience to bear in the writing of this book.
He attempts to shed light on certain aspects of the problem where there has been an abundance of confusion and misconception.
Heritable Disorders of Connective Tissue
Authors: NEEL JAMES V. 
Published: December 2021

The contents of this book first appeared as a series of papers in the Journal of Chronic Diseases from November, 1955, through May, 1956. These papers, with additions, have now been collected into a volume which is an excellent summary of the heritable disorders of connective tissue.
After brief introductory chapters dealing with some general characteristics of hereditary syndromes, and with the biology of normal connective tissue, the author devotes successive chapters to the Marfan syndrome, the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta, pseudoxanthoma elasticum, and the Hurler syndrome.
The Prevention of Cruelty to Children
Authors: REINHART JOHN B. 
Published: December 2021

This volume is written by a British physician about child care conditions in various parts of England as seen through the eyes of the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. His definition of cruelty is broad "to include neglect and mental cruelty," and he states, "any child who is frequently unhappy is the victim of cruelty."
Dr. Housden has divided the book in three sections: past, present, and future. A great deal of the book is an accounting of the physical and social conditions met with by workers in social agencies, chiefly the NSPCC.
Amino Acid Handbook
Authors: FOMON SAMUEL J. 
Published: December 2021

As indicated by the title, the book is strictly a reference work and will be primarily useful to individuals working in the general field of chemistry and metabolism of amino acids. The emphasis on technology and factual material, rather than on reiteration of controversial interpretations of available data, has allowed the authors to encompass a surprising amount of information in a book of modest size.
The first portion of this handbook deals primarily with chemical, microbiologic and, especially, chromatographic methods of analysis of amino acids.
TREATMENT OF INFANTILE DIARRHEA WITH STREPTOMYCIN AND AN ORAL AMIGEN MIXTURE
Authors: GOETTSCH ELVIRA , COBLEY GEORGE , MULLOY MARY 
Published: December 2021

In a severe epidemic of infantile diarrhea in 1945 and subsequently, bacteriologic cultures of the nasopharynx and the catheterized urine showed a predominance of gram-negative organisms of the colon group.
The response of seriously ill infants with parenteral diarrhea to streptomycin was dramatic, presumably because of the specific action of the drug against the gram-negative organisms. Streptomycin was used both orally and intramuscularly in the later stages of the disease.
Suggestions are offered for fluid and electrolyte replacement by means of an oral amigen mixture, which permits the introduction of potassium, calcium, and nitrogen as well as sodium and chloride by mouth shortly after admission.
The use of streptomycin and the oral amigen mixture, as an adjunct to the customary routine employed in previous years, effectively shortened the hospital stay, decreased the amount of intravenous therapy, and reduced the mortality. During the eight month period of observation no deaths were encountered which could be attributed to diarrhea.
EDITORIAL
Authors: MCCULLOCH HUGH 
Published: December 2021

THE following statement was received in the form of a "letter to the Editor' from Dr. Edna Miller of New York City, who commented, "What better way is there to reach pediatricians than through the medium of their new publication Pediatrics?"
"Dentists are constantly informing parents and others in charge of young children as to the need for an early 'first visit with the dentist.'
"Much of the irremedial damage, dentally and psychologically, is due to the pain and traumatic experience that necessarily follow the discovery of decayed teeth by the dentists, or the uncomfortable sensation of an acute dental abscess felt by a child.
"When children are first seen by the dentists at the age of two and one-half or three years, and thereafter at frequent, regular intervals, the procedures are usually painless; or, if pain is unavoidable, the dentist has already impressed the child with his sincerity. He is then no longer a stranger, visited only at a moment of emergency, who does unfamiliar, unpleasant things with elaborate equipment.
OUTLINES FOR WELL BABY CLINICS
Authors: HEWITT EDITH S. , ALDRICH C. ANDERSON 
Published: December 2021

IN 1946 we presented a description and explanation of a set of cards used by the Rochester Child Health Project in its well baby clinics. These cards, it was hoped, would help the attending physicians to learn about and to record the evidences of growth and development of babies as they appear in the first twelve months of life. In this article we shall describe and explain a similar set of cards devised for use in the second year.
After the first year, growth and development are not so rapid as they are earlier; the changes from month to month are not so evident and methods of managing a child need not be altered so frequently. Therefore the mothers are asked to bring children in for conferences at fourteen, sixteen, eighteen, twenty-one and twenty-four months of age only. Thus, only five cards are needed in the second year.
The following material appears on the respective cards. Information given under the numbered headings appears on the faces of the cards; the explanatory notes are printed on the reverse.
CARD 1. SUBJECTS TO BE CONSIDERED AT THE AGE OF FOURTEEN MONTHS
1. Development : Baby walks; may even be able to run and climb. Pushes, pulls and piles large objects. May turn pages of a book one at a time.
2. Habits: Eating—Baby may have full adult diet, except for nuts, berries, fat meats and highly seasoned foods. May continue to have bedtime bottle if he desires it. Self-feeding with fingers, spoon, cup or glass should be encouraged even if result is messy.
Sleeping—Baby's night sleep may be disturbed. May take one or two naps, tending toward one.
Elimination—Bowel: Baby may indicate time for bowel movement.
Bladder: Mother may "catch" urine in toilet; if not successful, she should stop trying for two or three weeks; progress should not be forced. Mother understands meaning of "catching" from explanation given her concerning bowel control when child was in sixth month of life.
3. Social adjustment: Baby is becoming increasingly independent; wants to help undress and feed himself; objects to play pen. Enjoys the rhythm of singing, of the radio and of being read to.
Speech—Baby can say a word or two, especially if composed of repeated syllables (mama, byebye).
4. Physical examination: Examiner records anything noteworthy.
ACCIDENTAL INJURIES IN EPILEPTIC CHILDREN
Authors: AISENSON MILTON R. 
Published: December 2021

The records of 960 residential patients engaged in a full athletic program at a children's psychiatric hospital were reviewed in order to compare the incidence of potentially serious injuries in convulsive and non-convulsive children.
Of 210 convulsive children, 2.8% were so injured. Of 750 non-convulsive children, 2.9% were so injured.
Since no extra risk of injury was found in convulsive children, it is suggested that they be allowed full participation in physical education programs in schools and camps.
THE PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC ROLE OF THE PEDIATRICIAN
Authors: SENN MILTON J. E. 
Published: December 2021

THE pediatric literature of this country has always been edectic. In the past few years it has drawn increasingly on material from a variety of sources relating to the psychologic aspects of child care. The number of papers in pediatric journals on child psychology, deviant behavior and mental illness, mental growth and development, psychiatric treatment, sociology, and even anthropology bears witness to this occurrence. Another testimony to the pluralism of pediatric interest is evidenced in the composition of the program of this meeting where one series of papers is devoted to the topic of psychiatry in relation to pediatric practice. In the training of the pediatrician emphasis is also placed on preparation of the physician for multiple and changing roles in work with children and their parents. From the fields of psychology, psychiatry, education, and that less easily classified area which is called, "growth and development," the pediatrician is advised how to make pediatric practice more effective through the use of technics which have been found useful in each of these disciplines. For example, the pediatrician is urged to become acquainted with the facts of growth and development so that as a "developmental pediatrician" he may predict and interpret behavior of children to their parents; and, along with proper understanding of the parents, may relieve their hopes, fears and mental conflicts.
In another instance, the educator admonishes the physician to follow him in the use of pedagogic guidance. Still another example may be cited from the field of modern psychiatry where the pediatrician is urged to employ such technics as suggestion, persuasion, reassurance, re-education, desensitization, ventilation and a long list of other psychotherapeutic methods which on the surface appear less formidable and more understandable than many of the words used in psychiatry, but which, nevertheless, need definition and clarification before anybody is able to use them safely in a therapeutic sense.
Psychiatry, pediatrics, psychology and education have made contributions to the field of psychotherapy.
PARANATAL FACTORS AFFECTING ADJUSTMENT IN CHILDHOOD
Authors: STEVENSON STUART SHELTON 
Published: December 2021

In an unselected series of 226 children, 73.9% were judged to be in good physical condition during the first two days of life. Of the children in good physical condition, only 19.2% were later judged to be maladjusted; whereas, of the children in poor physical condition, 39.0% were later considered maladjusted. This is a highly significant difference and it is concluded that a child's neonatal condition may effect his adjustment in later childhood.
No single factor among the ones studied is demonstrably critical in affecting later adjustment. However, several maternal factors acting in gestation and during delivery, certain specific neonatal difficulties, and certain factors which might act anatomically or environmentally, are shown to increase the percentage of infants judged to be in poor neonatal condition.
Intelligence, as revealed by the intelligence quotient, is not the critical factor which determines adequacy of adjustment in childhood, although it is related to it.
The maladjusted child may be a victim of a physically damaged brain. He should be given all possible aid in his development and in his relations to other human beings.
A child whose history includes a difficult birth and neonatal period should be brought up with more than the usual regard for his possible emotional deficiencies and difficulties.
Many paranatal factors may affect the condition of the newborn infant. With a knowledge of the relationship of neonatal condition to childhood maladjustment, it is hoped that all of these factors may be studied with a broader perspective for their possible effects beyond the first days of life.
PARA-AMINOBENZOIC ACID IN THE TREATMENT OF ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER
Authors: ROSS SIDNEY , MCLENDON PRESTON A. , DAVIS HUGH J. 
Published: December 2021

PABA was used in 17 cases of Rocky Mountain spotted fever during the summers of 1946 and 1947 with recovery of all patients. Both the morbidity and degree of toxicity were decreased. The earlier the initiation of PABA therapy, the better the response. Favorable therapeutic results can probably be expected if the drug is started before the seventh day. The optimal time for initiating treatment probably is during the fist four days after the onset of the disease. The importance of early diagnosis is emphasized.
There is considerable variation in the PABA blood level achieved with comparable dosage, there being no definite linear or curvilinear correlation between dosage and blood concentration. On the average, a dose of 0.9 gm./kg. body weight in 24 hours in a two-hour divided dosage schedule was found to be satisfactory in children.
PABA has few toxic manifestations. A leukopenia without granulocytopenia was found to occur in some cases. Cephalin flocculation tests showed an increase in positivity during PABA therapy. A reducing substance which produced a green or yellow reduction with Benedict's reagent was found in 55% of the urines examined during PABA therapy. This reducing substance is probably a benzoylglucuronide resulting from the conjugation of PABA with glucuronic acid.
FRACTURE OF THE ANTERIOR SPINE OF THE ILIUM
Authors: GALLAGHER J. ROSWELL 
Published: December 2021

Four cases of fracture of the anterior spine of the ilium are reported; and the conditions under which this disorder develops and should be suspected are discussed.
A period of from two to three weeks of bed rest with knee flexed is suggested as the treatment of choice. Surgical intervention or the use of plaster spica was considered unnecessary in these cases.
REPRODUCTIVE HISTORIES OF THE MOTHERS OF 322 INFANTS WITH ERYTHROBLASTOSIS
Authors: POTTER EDITH L. 
Published: December 2021

One hundred and seventy-five women observed since 1934 who became immunized to Rh at some time during their reproductive careers had a total of 699 pregnancies prior to January 1, 1948. They had 341 pregnancies preceding the birth of the first infant with erythroblastosis. These resulted in seven stillbirths, 13 neonatal deaths, 65 abortions and 256 surviving children. Forty-four of these abortions followed the birth of the last normal child and preceded the birth of the first child with erythroblastosis. The average number of surviving children born to each patient before the birth of an infant with erythroblastosis was 1.4.
The diagnosis of erythroblastosis was made for the first time in seven women in a first pregnancy and 168 women in second or subsequent pregnancies. Four of the women without earlier pregnancies had had transfusions. Of the 178 affected infants 56 died before birth, 60 died after birth and 62 survived.
Ninety-six women had 179 pregnancies following the birth of an infant with erythroblastosis. These have ended in the birth of 3 Rh-negative, 144 Rh-positive infants with erythroblastosis and 32 abortions. Thirteen of the abortions are known to have been induced. Sixty-nine of the Rh-positive infants were stillborn, 63 died and only 12 survived. Three of the latter are known to have brain damage.
The 322 infants with erythroblastosis included 158 males, 132 females and 32 of unknown sex. Twenty-eight percent of affected males and 23% of affected females survived.
Among 131 infants with erythroblastosis delivered in the Chicago Lying-in Hospital the mortality rates were: 38% for 58 infants whose birth had not been immediately preceded by a transfusion, abortion or erythroblastosis in a sibling; 74% for 27 infants whose birth was immediately preceded by an abortion or a transfusion; 90% for 46 infants whose birth was preceded by that of an infant with erythroblastosis.
Among 18,468 deliveries at the Chicago Lying-in Hospital in the last five years the frequency with which erythroblastosis occurred for the first time varied from once in 2,814 deliveries for women in their first pregnancies to 1:172 in second pregnancies and in 1:55 for sixth pregnancies.
In the last two years no live born infant has died of erythroblastosis in this hospital who has not had an older sibling affected by the same disease.
In evaluating any method of treatment the previous reproductive histories of the mothers of the treated infants must be taken into account. In our hands the previous maternal history has been of more value in prognosticating the fate of an infant born to an immunized Rh-negative woman than have changes in maternal antibody titer or differences in the variety of antibodies present.
PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC ASPECTS OF PEDIATRIC PRACTICE
Authors: BRUCH HILDE , MCCUNE DONOVAN J. 
Published: December 2021

THE profound importance of emotional influences for the healthy or abnormal development of children is now generally recognized. Knowledge of this fact is so widespread, indeed, that one can scarcely open a medical journal or popular magazine without being confronted with it. This cartoon illustrates the fate of maldevelopment. It shows father, mother, sister and brother—all of them at once—under psychoanalytic treatment. The caption explains that a neurosis has its basis in conflicts within the family group. One might well raise the question: "Why did things go wrong to such an extent? Couldn't their pediatrician have advised them so that at least the children would have remained well?" This is a troublesome question from the point of view of both the psychiatrist and the pediatrician.
Psychiatrists have been very articulate in talking about the need for better emotional care but frequently the pediatrician has been left in a state of doubt and frustration. There has been too much emphasis on psychiatric methods from the psychiatrist's point of view and too little attention has been paid to the psychotherapeutic possibilities that are inherent in the practice of pediatrics.
The conventional and most fascinating way of demonstrating the importance of psychologic factors is the extensive case history which tells in detail all the vicissitudes of a child's emotional development and how the psycho-dynamics of his inner life are related to the many complaints and symptoms which had been resistant to traditional medical treatment.
The usefulness of such accounts for the pediatrician is their demonstration of what psychiatry can do and what patients might benefit from psychiatric treatment. Yet this treatment is time consuming and it requires special training and experience and it cannot be part of the practice of pediatrics.