bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Barriers and financial impact of same‐day discharge after atrial fibrillation ablation
Authors: Chu Edward , Zhang Chi , Musikantow Daniel R. , Turagam Mohit K. , Langan Noelle , Sofi Aamir , Choudry Subbarao , Syros Georgios , Miller Marc A. , Koruth Jacob S. , Whang William , Dukkipati Srinivas R. , Reddy Vivek Y. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundSame‐day discharge (SDD) after atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation is increasingly being considered. This study examined the barriers and financial impact associated with SDD in a contemporary cohort of patients undergoing elective AF ablation.MethodsA single center retrospective review was conducted of the 249 first case‐of‐the‐day outpatient AF ablations performed in 2019 to evaluate the proportion of patients that could have undergone SDD. Barriers to SDD were defined as any intervention that prevented SDD by 8 p.m. The financial impact of SDD was based on savings from avoidance of the overnight hospital stay and revenue related to management of chest pain facilitated by a vacant hospital bed.ResultsSDD could have occurred in 157 patients (63%) without change in management and in up to 200 patients (80%) if avoidable barriers were addressed. Barriers to SDD included non‐clinical logistical issues (43%), prolonged post‐procedure recovery (42%) and minor procedural complications (15%). On multivariate analysis, factors associated with barriers to SDD included increasing age (P = .01), left ventricular ejection fraction ≤ 35% (P = .04), and severely dilated left atrium (P = .04). The financial gain from SDD would have ranged from $1,110,096 (assuming discharge of 63% of eligible patients) to $1,480,128 (assuming 80% discharge) over the course of a year.ConclusionsUp to 80% of patients undergoing outpatient AF ablation were amenable to SDD if avoidable delays in care had been anticipated. Based on reduced hospital operating expenses and increased revenue from management of individuals with chest pain, this would translate to a financial savings of ∼$1.5 million.
Connected and autonomous vehicle injury loss events: Potential risk and actuarial considerations for primary insurers
Authors: Shannon Darren , Jannusch Tim , David‐Spickermann Florian , Mullins Martin , Cunneen Martin , Murphy Finbarr 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe introduction of connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) to the road transport ecosystem will change the manner of collisions. CAVs are expected to optimize the safety of road users and the wider environment, while alleviating traffic congestion and maximizing occupant comfort. The net result is a reduction in the frequency of motor vehicle collisions, and a reduction in the number of injuries currently seen as “preventable.” A changing risk ecosystem will introduce new challenges and opportunities for primary insurers. Prior studies have highlighted the economic benefit provided by reductions in the frequency of hazardous events. This economic benefit, however, will be offset by the economic detriment incurred by emerging risks and the increased scrutiny placed on existing risks. We posit four plausible scenarios detailing how an introduction of these technologies could result in a larger relative rate of injury claims currently characterized as tail‐risk events. In such a scenario, the culmination of these losses will present as a second “hump” in actuarial loss models. We discuss how CAV risk factors and traffic dynamics may combine to make a second “hump” a plausible reality, and discuss a number of opportunities that may arise for primary insurers from a changing road environment.
Optimal tariffs and firm technology choice: An environmental approach
Authors: Steffen Nico 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis paper analyzes environmental concerns by a government in a setting of rent‐extracting strategic trade policy with endogenous firm investment into production technologies. The simple analysis reinforces the importance of investment incentives caused by tariffs in general and shows that the resulting implications for the optimal tariff decision can be completely different between traditional tariff considerations and an environmentally conscious government. We show that an importing country in a dynamic setting with endogenous firm technology choices prefers to impose discriminatory tariffs both ex post and ex ante when emissions matter, while—as previously found in the literature—a commitment to uniform tariffs is optimally chosen when environmental concerns do not play a role.
Do non‐exporters lose from lower trade costs?
Authors: Piguillem Facundo , Rubini Loris 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe study the reaction of non‐exporters to openness. While static models suggest non‐exporters lose from openness, dynamic ones where firms can innovate allow for gains from internalizing future exports. Developing a tractable model with productivity choices where both effects are present, we show analytically that the former effect dominates for small non‐exporters, while the latter dominates for large ones. Calibrating to US data, 59% of non‐exporters gain with openness, and the average non‐exporter growth rate increases by 0.02% per point drop in trade costs.
Local symmetry structure and potential symmetries of time‐fractional partial differential equations
Authors: Zhang Zhi‐Yong , Lin Zhi‐Xiang 
Published: March 2021

AbstractFirst, we show that the system consisting of integer‐order partial differential equations (PDEs) and time‐fractional PDEs with the Riemann–Liouville fractional derivative has an elegant local symmetry structure. Then with the symmetry structure we consider two particular cases where one is the pure time‐fractional PDEs whose symmetry invariant condition is divided into two parts of integer‐order and time‐fractional, the other is the linear system of time‐fractional PDEs, which always admits an infinite‐dimensional infinitesimal generator. Second, by considering the composition rules of fractional derivatives we establish a theoretical framework of potential symmetry and construct three potential systems to study potential symmetries of the time‐fractional PDEs possessing a divergence form. In particular for a single time‐fractional PDE the existence condition of potential symmetries via one typical potential system is presented by means of the local symmetry structure. Finally, local symmetry structure and potential symmetries of a class of time‐fractional diffusion equations are studied in detail. Several explicit solutions are constructed by means of the potential symmetries.
Nursing care toward older adults with dementia: An integrative review
Authors: Adolfo Cris S. , Albougami Abdulrhman Saad B. , Roque Mark Y. , Almazan Joseph U. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundDementia among older adults is receiving increase attention due to its neurodegenerative pathologies and poses a significant challenge for healthcare services systems. Caring for older adults with dementia is frequently challenging. This integrative review appraised and synthesised the existing literature describing the nursing care given to older adults with dementia.MethodsAn integrative review was used using six electronic databases (CINAHL, Medline, Science direct‐Elsevier, Proquest, Pubmed and Web of Science). The search terms that were included in various combinations using mesh terms were as follows: nurse* OR nursing staff* AND caring OR care OR caring behavior OR affectionate OR compassionate AND older person* OR aging* OR elder* OR geriatric patient* OR older adult* OR gerontology* OR aged* OR old age. A standardised review by Kmet et al. instrument was utilised for appraising the quality of selected 13 articles.ResultsThe results were presented based on the two major themes: challenges in providing care and identifying and managing older adults’ difficult behaviours.ConclusionThe findings of an integrative review can be used as a foundation for formulating recommendations for how dementia care by nurses can be improved and highlighting where policy development and further research are needed.
Implementation of a pre‐hospital transfusion service in Latin America: the pioneering experience of a Brazilian centre
Authors: Certain Lucas , da Silva Israel , da Silva Jussara Aparecida Rodrigues , Schevenin Juliana de Cássia , de Oliveira Ana Barbara Regiani , Franceli Amanda Bonamichi , Lisboa Camila Emanuele Camargo , de Oliveira Marina de Fatima , Leme Marcus Antonio da Silva , Izzo Pedro , Benites Bruno Deltreggia 
Published: March 2021

Background and ObjectivesThis report describes the implementation of the first pre‐hospital transfusion service in Latin America, with red blood cell concentrates available for immediate use in mobile land units.Materials and MethodsA partnership was established between the Regional Mobile Emergency Service and the Regional Blood Bank, with further development of protocols for the storage, transportation and transfusion of red blood cell concentrates in an ambulance, with the acquisition of special thermal boxes, a heater for blood components and digital thermometers.ResultsThe Service was developed from May 2019 and implemented in September 2020, in a mobile intensive care unit serving 11 cities, reaching a population of approximately 480 000 inhabitants. Two red blood cell concentrates, type ‘O’ RhD negative, are available, stored in a special sealed thermal box and with continuous temperature monitoring. A specific transfusion protocol was developed, in accordance with the institutional protocols of the Hospital and its Blood Bank.ConclusionThis is the first description of a pre‐hospital transfusion service implemented in Latin America, with the potential to reduce the number of deaths from civil trauma and which can be extrapolated to other institutions or countries in similar conditions.
Phenotypic variation and adaptation in morphology and salt spray tolerance in coastal and inland populations of Setaria viridis in central Japan
Authors: Itoh Matsuo 
Published: March 2021

AbstractVariations in morphology and salt spray tolerance were studied among 22 populations of Setaria viridis derived from the coastal and inland habitats of central Japan to elucidate the adaptation of the species to coastal habitats, which are important reservoirs that enhance the overall species diversity in agro‐ecosystems. The S. viridis populations comprised three ecotypes that differed in plant form and salt spray tolerance: coastal short, for populations within rocky cliffs and pebble shores; coastal tall, found in sandy shores; and ordinary inland tall ecotypes. The coastal short ecotype exhibited significantly higher salt spray tolerance than the ordinary inland ecotypes. The coastal tall ecotype found primarily within the Seto Inland Sea had intermediate salt spray tolerance. The compact stature and high salt spray tolerance of the coastal short ecotype appeared to be adaptive to intensive salt spray transported by strong winds from the open sea, whereas mild breezes off the Inland Sea enabled the tall and moderately tolerant plants to survive on the sandy shores. At Cape Naruto, both coastal short and inland tall ecotypes were observed separately in continuous plant sequences from rocky cliffs to inland areas. The inland tall ecotype that is susceptible to salt spray could survive within this area because the surrounding evergreen trees impede salt spray. The coastal short ecotype occupies rocky cliffs because migrants coming from inland could be eliminated by intensive salt spray. Therefore, maintaining the specific habitats to which coastal plants have fully adapted is highly important for the preservation of biodiversity.
Yielding and Fracture of Medium-Carbon Steel Under Combined Stress
Authors: Davis E. A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Results of combined stress tests on a medium-carbon steel are presented. Particular attention has been paid to the magnitude and the distribution of the stresses and strains at the instant preceding fracture. The effect of the shape of the test specimen and the isotropy of the material upon the rupture properties have also been investigated. This investigation was carried out at the Westinghouse Research Laboratories under a contract with the David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships, U. S. Navy Department, according to plans worked out by Captain W. P. Roop, U.S.N., of the David Taylor Model Basin, and Dr. A. Nadai of Westinghouse.
Temperature Measurements in High-Velocity Air Streams
Authors: Hottel H. C. , Kalitinsky A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
When a stream of air is partially stopped by an inserted temperature probe, the temperature increase due to the conversion of kinetic energy affects the reading of the probe. The fraction of the total kinetic temperature rise which is registered by the probe, i.e., the so-called “recovery factor” of the probe, is a function of a number of variables. Tests dealing with the effect of probe shape and air velocity on this recovery factor, and with the influence of radiation on the accuracy of the measurements, are reported in this paper. Bare-wire probes gave recovery factors of approximately 0.65 in transverse flow and, in axial flow, approached 0.87 as the air velocity increased (in good agreement with theoretical predictions for flow over flat plates). With a spherical enlargement at the thermocouple junction, recovery approached 0.75. Recovery of twisted-wire couples varied from 0.72 to 0.83. A reduced-scale model of the Franz probe was found unsatisfactory after extensive study. Two simpler probes were developed, having high recovery (above 0.98 as velocity approaches sonic) and satisfactory insensitivity to yaw and radiation errors.
A New Design Criterion for Wire Rope
Authors: Drucker D. C. , Tachau H. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Several previous attempts have been made to analyze existing experimental and field data on wire rope running over sheaves, in order to arrive at a basis of design. It is believed that this paper is the first to indicate that a dimensionless bearing-pressure variable B = 2T/UdD is of prime importance in the proper choice of wire rope. Its significance is evident in the plot of life (number of cycles to failure) against this bearing-pressure ratio B, Fig. 1, which shows a well-defined curve for several ordinary lay 6 × 37 ropes. Also, the scatter in test results for many different ordinary lay ropes of 6 × 19 and 6 × 37 construction, Fig. 2, is less than might be expected from the considerable variation in testing procedure and the wire rope itself. In addition, the average curves, Fig. 3, for ordinary lay ropes of different construction all show similar characteristics and fall within the same range. This closeness of agreement in both shape and magnitude can easily be explained on the basis of the compressive stress between the wires but not on the nominal bending and direct tensile stresses that have in the past been considered the important quantities. Plotting against these conventional variables, either singly or in combination, at best leads to families of curves instead of one only for a given construction, thus requiring more data and leading to conclusions which probably have less physical meaning, Figs. 4 (a, b, c, d).
A Simplified Method of Determining Hoop Stresses in Fan Rotors
Authors: Lake G. F. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The method of determining the stresses in rotating disks and cylinders is given in various engineering textbooks. For a disk of varying thickness the form of the differential equation derived in the stress analysis is such that it can only be conveniently applied to disks of particular section, and even then the solution involves tedious arithmetical computation. This method can be applied to disks of practical section by approximating to the section as far as possible by one or more sections of soluble shape. Where the approximation involves more than one section, the method becomes exceedingly cumbersome owing to the number of constants introduced and the laborious arithmetic required in their evaluation. The absence of a ready method of determining stresses in disks of different shape is a decided disadvantage when considering the stresses in fan rotors. The running speeds of fans are frequently such that they impose high stresses in the rotors, and it would be useful to have some method of assessing rapidly the effect on stress both of modifications in the design stage and later of wear in service. A simple method of determining to a fairly close approximation the hoop stresses in rotors containing a central hole is given in this paper. It is shown by applying the method to cases capable of solution by the more exact method that, subject to certain limitations, the likely error in the maximum hoop stress is an overestimate by the approximate method of about 5 per cent.
Experimental Investigation of Turbulence Diffusion—A Factor in Transportation of Sediment in Open-Channel Flow
Authors: Van Driest E. R. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Turbulence diffusion in open-channel flow was investigated experimentally by photographing the spread of globules formed by the injection of an immiscible fluid into water. The mean-square transverse deviations of the globules at various distances downstream from the source were computed and analyzed in an effort to determine the shape of the velocity-correlation curve. Comparison was made between two types of curve which fitted the deviation data, one corresponding to a power-correlation law and the other to an exponential-correlation law.
Stresses in a Cylindrical Shell Due to Nozzle or Pipe Connection
Authors: Schoessow G. J. , Kooistra L. F. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Results are reported of a strain-gage test conducted on a 54-in-diam cylindrical shell to which was attached two 12-in-diam pipes. The pipes were subjected to direct axial-tension loading, direct axial-compression loading, and transverse bending moments. This construction simulates the conditions which exist in boiler drums, pressure piping, hydraulic penstocks, etc., where pipe connections are subject to forces and moments that develop strains in the shell to which the pipes are attached. Moderate loading applied to the pipes resulted in 20,000-psi bending stresses in the shell. These stresses are of a magnitude that demands the respect and attention of the designers. By publication of these data, the authors hope to stimulate interest in further experimental and analytical investigations of the problem, which eventually will establish a basis for predicting the magnitude of stresses in cylindrical shells. Such data are not now available.
The Theory of Ejectors
Authors: Elrod H. G. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper extends an ejector theory which has previously been confirmed by the experiments of others. By means of the theory a new criterion of ejector performance and a new equation for ejector design are derived. Both the criterion and the equation are illustrated by a sample calculation in which a convenient computation procedure is employed. The procedure is adaptable to calculations for dissimilar fluids.
A Graphical Method for the Evaluation of Principal Strains From Normal Strains
Authors: Murphy Glenn 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Graphical methods are available for determining principal strains when observed strains are measured along gage lines which make angles of 45 deg or 60 deg with each other. In this paper the author presents a simplified graphical method for the general case in which angles between the gage lines may have any arbitrary values.
Experimental Investigation of Buoyancy-Induced Convection in High-Porosity Open-Cell Aluminum Metal Foams Under Different Orientations
Authors: Ramakrishna Tupakula , Ghosh Moulic Sandipan , Bhattacharya Anandaroop 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This investigation deals with buoyancy-induced convection of air in an open-cell aluminum foam under different orientations. Metal foam samples with a porosity of 93% and pore densities of 2, 4, 8, and 16 pores per cm (PPC) were used. The average heat transfer coefficient was determined for several values of the angle of inclination of the base plate, ranging from the vertical to the horizontal, with the foam facing upwards as well as downwards. The heat transfer coefficient was found to depend on the pore density, the thickness of the foam, the orientation of the base plate, and the difference in temperature between the base plate and the ambient. In all cases, the average heat transfer coefficient was found to be higher than that of the base plate without the foam. For a given angle of inclination and foam thickness, the thermal performance of samples with lower pore density was found to be superior. Two empirical correlations for predicting the effective Nusselt number have been proposed, one for the cases where the foam faces upwards and the other for cases where the foam faces downwards, relating the Nusselt number to Rayleigh number, Darcy number, the ratio of the thickness of the foam to the length of the square base plate and the angle of inclination from the vertical in the range of −90 deg (foam facing down) to +90 deg (foam facing up). The correlation predictions were found to match with experimentally determined Nusselt numbers within ±5% when the Rayleigh number ranged from 2500 to 6500.
Piston Bowl Geometry Effects on Gasoline Compression Ignition in a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine
Authors: Tang Meng , Pei Yuanjiang , Guo Hengjie , Zhang Yu , Torelli Roberto , Probst Daniel , Fütterer Carsten , Traver Michael 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA design optimization campaign was conducted to search for improved combustion profiles that enhance gasoline compression ignition in a heavy-duty diesel engine with a geometric compression ratio of 17.3. A large-scale design of experiments approach was used for the optimization, employing three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics simulations. The main parameters explored include geometric features, injector specifications, and swirl motion. Both stepped-lip and re-entrant bowls were included in order to assess their respective performance implications. A total of 256 design candidates were prepared using the software package CAESES for automated and simultaneous geometry generation and combustion recipe perturbation. The design optimization was conducted for three engine loads representing light to medium load conditions. The design candidates were evaluated for fuel efficiency, emissions, fuel–air mixing, and global combustion behavior. Simulation results showed that the optimum designs were all stepped-lip bowls, due to improvements in fuel–air mixing, as well as reduced heat loss and emissions formation. Improvements in indicated specific fuel consumption of up to 3.2% were achieved while meeting engine-out NOx emission targets of 1–1.5 g/kW · h. Re-entrant bowls performed worse compared to the baseline design, and significant performance variations occurred across the load points. Specifically, the re-entrant bowls were on par with the stepped-lip bowls under light load conditions, but significant deteriorations occurred under higher load conditions. As a final task, selected optimized designs were then evaluated under full-load conditions.