bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why do some primate mothers carry their infant’s corpse? A cross-species comparative study
Authors: Fernández-Fueyo Elisa , Sugiyama Yukimaru , Matsui Takeshi , Carter Alecia J. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractNon-human primates respond to the death of a conspecific in diverse ways, some which may present phylogenetic continuity with human thanatological behaviours. Of these responses, infant corpse carrying by mothers (ICC) is the most-frequently reported. Despite its prevalence, quantitative analyses of this behaviour are scarce and inconclusive. We compiled a database of 409 published cases across 50 different primate species of mothers’ responses to their infants’ deaths to test hypotheses proposed to explain between- and within-species variation in corpse carrying. Using Bayesian phylogenetic regressions, we preliminarily identified three factors as possible predictors of ICC occurrence. However, using an information-theoretic approach, no combination of these predictors performed better than the null model, offering no support for any of the hypotheses we tested. In contrast, for those cases where infants’ corpses were carried, infant age affected ICC duration, with longer ICC observed for younger infants. This result may provide support for hypotheses that suggest that ICC is a by-product of a strong mother-infant bond. The results are discussed in the context of the evolution of emotion and their implications for evolutionary thanatology are considered.
Host preference and invasiveness of commensals in theLotusandArabidopsisroot microbiota
Authors: Wippel Kathrin , Tao Ke , Niu Yulong , Zgadzaj Rafal , Guan Rui , Dahms Eik , Zhang Pengfan , Jensen Dorthe B. , Logemann Elke , Radutoiu Simona , Schulze-Lefert Paul , Garrido-Oter Ruben 
Published: January 2021

AbstractHealthy plants are colonized by microorganisms from the surrounding environment, which form stable communities and provide beneficial services to the host. Culture-independent profiling of the bacterial root microbiota shows that different plant species are colonized by distinct bacterial communities, even if they share the same habitat. It is, however, not known to what extent the host actively selects these communities and whether commensal bacteria are adapted to a specific plant species. Here, we report a sequence-indexed culture collection from roots and nodules of the model legumeLotus japonicusthat contains representatives from the majority of species found in culture-independent profiles. Using taxonomically paired synthetic communities fromL. japonicusand the cruciferArabidopsis thalianain a multi-species gnotobiotic system, we detect clear signatures of host preference among commensal bacteria in a community context, but not in mono-associations. Sequential inoculation of either host reveals strong priority effects during the assembly of the root microbiota, where established communities are resilient to invasion by late-comers. However, we found that host preference by commensal bacteria confers a competitive advantage in their native host. We reveal that host preference is prevalent in commensal bacteria from diverse taxonomic groups and that this trait is directly linked to their invasiveness into standing root-associated communities.
Protein family content uncovers lineage relationships and bacterial pathway maintenance mechanisms in DPANN archaea
Authors: Castelle Cindy J. , Méheust Raphaël , Jaffe Alexander L. , Seitz Kiley , Gong Xianzhe , Baker Brett J. , Banfield Jillian F. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDPANN are small-celled archaea that are generally predicted to be symbionts, and in some cases are known episymbionts of other archaea. As the monophyly of the DPANN remains uncertain, we hypothesized that proteome content could reveal relationships among DPANN lineages, constrain genetic overlap with bacteria, and illustrate how organisms with hybrid bacterial and archaeal protein sets might function. We tested this hypothesis using protein family content that was defined in part using 569 newly reconstructed genomes. Protein family content clearly separates DPANN from other archaea, paralleling the separation of Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR) bacteria from all other bacteria. This separation is partly driven by hypothetical proteins, some of which may be symbiosis-related. Pacearchaeota with the most limited predicted metabolic capacities have Form II/III and III-like Rubisco, suggesting metabolisms based on scavenged nucleotides. Intriguingly, the Pacearchaeota and Woesearchaeota with the smallest genomes also tend to encode large extracellular murein-like lytic transglycosylase domain proteins that may bind and degrade components of bacterial cell walls, indicating that some might be episymbionts of bacteria. The pathway for biosynthesis of bacterial isoprenoids is widespread in Woesearchaeota genomes and is encoded in proximity to genes involved in bacterial fatty acids synthesis. Surprisingly, in some DPANN genomes we identified a pathway for synthesis of queuosine, an unusual nucleotide in tRNAs of bacteria. Other bacterial systems are predicted to be involved in protein refolding. For example, many DPANN have the complete bacterial DnaK-DnaJ-GrpE system and many Woesearchaeota and Pacearchaeota possess bacterial group I chaperones. Thus, many DPANN appear to have mechanisms to ensure efficient protein folding of both archaeal and laterally acquired bacterial proteins.
A point mutation in HIV-1 integrase redirects proviral integration into centromeric repeats
Authors: Winans Shelby , Goff Stephen P. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractRetroviruses utilize the viral integrase (IN) protein to integrate a DNA copy of their genome into the host chromosomal DNA. HIV-1 integration sites are highly biased towards actively transcribed genes, likely mediated by binding of the IN protein to specific host factors, particularly LEDGF, located at these gene regions. We here report a dramatic redirection of integration site distribution induced by a single point mutation in HIV-1 IN. Viruses carrying the K258R IN mutation exhibit more than a 25-fold increase in integrations into centromeric alpha satellite repeat sequences, as assessed by both deep sequencing and qPCR assays. Immunoprecipitation studies identified host factors that uniquely bind to the mutant IN protein and thus may account for the novel bias for integration into centromeres. Centromeric integration events are known to be enriched in the latent reservoir of infected memory T cells, as well as in patients who control viral replication without intervention (so-called elite controllers). The K258R point mutation in HIV-1 IN reported in this study has also been found in databases of latent proviruses found in patients. The altered integration site preference induced by this mutation has uncovered a hidden feature of the establishment of viral latency and control of viral replication.
Expression of a fungal lectin in Arabidopsis enhances plant growth and resistance towards microbial pathogens and plant-parasitic nematode
Authors: Moradi Aboubakr , El-Shetehy Mohamed , Gamir Jordi , Austerlitz Tina , Dahlin Paul , Wieczorek Krzysztof , Künzler Markus , Mauch Felix 
Published: January 2021

AbstractCoprinopsis cinerealectin 2 (CCL2) is a fucoside-binding lectin from the basidiomyceteC. cinereathat is toxic to the bacterivorous nematodeCaenorhabditis elegansas well as animal-parasitic and fungivorous nematodes. We expressed CCL2 in Arabidopsis to assess its protective potential towards plant-parasitic nematodes. Our results demonstrate that expression of CCL2 enhances host resistance against the cyst nematodeHeterodera schachtii. Surprisingly, CCL2-expressing plants were also more resistant to fungal pathogens includingBotrytis cinerea, and the phytopathogenic bacteriumPseudomonas syringae. In addition, CCL2 expression positively affected plant growth indicating that CCL2 has the potential to improve two important agricultural parameters namely biomass production and general disease resistance. The mechanism of the CCL2-mediated enhancement of plant disease resistance depended on fucoside-binding by CCL2 as transgenic plants expressing a mutant version of CCL2 (Y92A), compromised in fucoside-binding, exhibited wild type disease susceptibility. The protective effect of CCL2 did not seem to be direct as the lectin showed no growth-inhibition towardsB. cinereainin vitroassays. We detected, however, a significantly enhanced transcriptional induction of plant defense genes in CCL2- but not CCL2-Y92A-expressing lines in response to infection withB. cinereacompared to wild type plants. This study demonstrates a potential of fungal defense lectins in plant protection beyond their use as toxins.
Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) Suppresses Virus Replication in Human Cytomegalovirus Infection by Limiting Kynurenine Synthesis
Authors: Wise Lisa M. , Xi Yuecheng , Purdy John G. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractHuman cytomegalovirus (HCMV) replication depends on the activities of several host regulators of metabolism. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) was previously proposed to support virus replication through its metabolic regulatory function. HIF1α protein levels rise in response to HCMV infection in non-hypoxic conditions, but its effect on HCMV replication was not investigated. We addressed the role of HIF1α in HCMV replication by generating primary human cells with HIF1α knocked out using CRISPR/Cas9. When HIF1α was absent, we found that HCMV replication was enhanced, showing that HIF1α suppresses viral replication. We used untargeted metabolomics to determine if HIF1α regulates metabolite concentrations in HCMV infected cells. We discovered that in HCMV-infected cells, HIF1α suppresses intracellular and extracellular concentrations of kynurenine. HIF1α also suppressed the expression of the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) rate-limiting enzyme in kynurenine synthesis. In addition to its role in tryptophan metabolism, kynurenine acts as a signaling messenger by activating aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Inhibiting AhR reduces HCMV replication while activating AhR with an exogenous ligand increases HCMV replication. Moreover, we found that feeding kynurenine to cells promotes HCMV replication. Overall, our findings indicate that HIF1α reduces HCMV replication by regulating metabolism and metabolite signaling.ImportanceViruses, like human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), reprogram cellular metabolism using host metabolic regulators to support virus replication. Alternatively, in response to infection, the host can use metabolism to limit virus replication. Here, our findings show that the host uses hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) as a metabolic regulator to reduce HCMV replication. Further, we found that HIF1α suppresses kynurenine synthesis, a metabolite that can promote HCMV replication by signaling through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). In infected cells, the rate-limiting enzyme in kynurenine synthesis, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), is suppressed by a HIF1α-dependent mechanism. Our findings describe a functional connection between HIF1α, IDO1, and AhR that allows HIF1α to limit HCMV replication through metabolic regulation, advancing our understanding of virus-host interactions.
Convergent extension requires adhesion-dependent biomechanical integration of cell crawling and junction contraction
Authors: Weng Shinuo , Huebner Robert J. , Wallingford John B. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractConvergent extension is an evolutionarily conserved collective cell movement that elongates the body axis of almost all animals and is required for the morphogenesis of several organ systems. Decades of study have revealed two distinct mechanisms of cell movement during CE, one based on cell crawling and the other on junction contraction. How these two behaviors collaborate during CE is not understood. Here, using quantitative live cell imaging we show that these two modes act both independently and in concert during CE, but that cell movement is more effective when the two modes are integrated via mechano-reciprocity. Based on these findings, we developed a novel computational model that for the first time treats crawling and contraction independently. This model not only confirmed the biomechanical efficacy of integrating the two modes, but also revealed for the first time how the two modes -and their integration- are influenced by cell adhesion. Finally, we use these new insights to further understand the complex CE phenotype resulting from loss of the C-cadherin interacting catenin Arvcf. These data are significant for providing new biomechanical and cell biological insights into a fundamental morphogenetic process that is implicated in human neural tube defects and skeletal dysplasias.
The internationalisation process of UK SMEs: exporting and non-exporting behaviours based on a four forces behavioural model
Authors: Coudounaris Dafnis N. 
Published: January 2021

PurposeThis study aims to develop a new internationalisation model to describe the exporting and non-exporting behaviours of small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) and then applying it to a sample of UK SMEs. The conceptual model consists of four forces leading to a successful business.Design/methodology/approachThe sample is a stratified one taken from KOMPASS directory and focussing on the Greater Manchester area. In total, 250 firms were chosen to be the population of this survey. In total, 110 surveys were received by email i.e. 24 non-exporters and 86 exporters that were fully completed.FindingsThe four forces of the model include the non-exporting activity, the activity before and after the first export order, differences and similarities between non-exporters and exporters and the regular exporting activity. This model’s findings demonstrate important empirical determinants related to four forces, which, in turn, shape the successful exporting activity.Originality/valueThe empirical evidence from the study suggests that the major differences between non-exporters and exporters, which include the differences in management perceptions towards exporting, and the differences and similarities of firm and management characteristics, explain only to some degree what constitutes successful exporting behaviour. The model is considered useful for smaller businesses located in the UK. The study highlights the importance of firms before and after the first export order, which provides insights for managers of firms about going through with the first export order rather than withdrawing from this effort. The study reveals the motivations for exporting, the timing, the modes through which firms export, firms’ management characteristics and attitudinal differences between exporters and non-exporters, which are essential for practitioners.
Antecedents of employee thriving at work: The roles of formalization, ethical leadership, and interpersonal justice
Authors: Rahaman H. M. Saidur , Stouten Jeroen , Decoster Stijn , Camps Jeroen 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we examine whether the presence of a mechanistic structure (i.e. formalization) hinders or facilitates employee thriving at work. In doing so, we examine formalization as an antecedent of employee thriving at work. Specifically, we examine why and when formalization, as an important contextual factor, may facilitate employee thriving at work. We hypothesize that the positive relation between formalization and employees' thriving at work is mediated by their interpersonal justice perceptions. Furthermore, we hypothesize that ethical leadership moderates the indirect relationship between formalization and employee thriving at work via interpersonal justice. As such, this relationship is stronger in the presence of relatively high (rather than relatively low) levels of ethical leadership. Results from a two‐wave field study provide support for our hypotheses. We also discuss the theoretical and practical implications, limitations, and future research directions for our findings.
Work and resilience: Care leavers' experiences of navigating towards employment and independence
Authors: Furey Rosemary , Harris‐Evans Jean 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPoor education and employment outcomes have long been associated with care experienced young people transitioning into independence, even after adjusting for prior disadvantage. In the United Kingdom, such young people are generally referred to as care leavers. Policies that aim to reduce the gap between care leavers and non‐care experienced young people's success transitioning to employment and independence have had limited success. This paper draws on a qualitative methodology that utilized theories of resilience, to glean a range of perspectives from both care leavers and their employers. All the participants were engaged in a U.K. local authority's initiative to support care leavers into employment. Drawing on resilience theory, resilience was found to be located in a complex interaction between a resilience enabling environment and, crucially, emotionally supportive networks. Uniquely, we argue that emotional support, drawn from such networks, is the key factor that facilitates young people navigating towards such resources, leading to successful outcomes. Previous studies have underplayed this aspect in favour of more tangible resources. Attention to strengthening emotional support networks is thus identified as a significant factor that supports transition to employment and successful independence for care leavers.
Guided bone regeneration of chronic non‐contained bone defects using a volume stable porous block TiO2 scaffold: An experimental in vivo study
Authors: Thieu Minh Khai Le , Haugen Håvard Jostein , Sanz‐Esporrin Javier , Sanz Mariano , Lyngstadaas Ståle Petter , Verket Anders 
Published: January 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate new lateral bone formation and lateral volume augmentation by guided bone regeneration (GBR) in chronic non‐contained bone defects with the use of a non‐resorbable TiO2‐block.Materials and methodsThree buccal bone defects were created in each hemimandible of eight beagle dogs and allowed to heal for 8 weeks before treatment by GBR. Each hemimandible was randomly allocated to 4‐ or 12‐week healing time after GBR, and three intervention groups were assigned by block randomization: TiO2 block: TiO2‐scaffold and a collagen membrane, DBBM particles: Deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM) and a collagen membrane, Empty control: Collagen membrane only.Microcomputed tomography (microCT) was used to measure the lateral bone formation and width augmentation. Histological outcomes included descriptive analysis and histomorphometric measurements.ResultsMicroCT analysis demonstrated increasing new bone formation from 4 to 12 weeks of healing. The greatest width of mineralized bone was seen in the empty controls, and the largest lateral volume augmentation was observed in the TiO2 block sites. The DBBM particles demonstrated more mineralized bone in the grafted area than the TiO2 blocks, but small amounts and less than the empty control sites.ConclusionThe TiO2 blocks rendered the largest lateral volume augmentation but also less new bone formation compared with the DBBM particles. The most new lateral bone formation outward from the bone defect margins was observed in the empty controls, indicating that the presence of either graft material leads to slow appositional bone growth.
Effect of Hepatitis C donor status on heart transplantation outcomes in the United States
Authors: Doulamis Ilias P. , Tzani Aspasia , Moustakidis Serafeim , Kampaktsis Polydoros N. , Briasoulis Alexandros 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundRecent studies demonstrated safety and efficacy of heart transplantation (HT) from hepatitis C virus (HCV)‐positive donors. We sought to evaluate the impact of HCV donor status on the outcomes of patients undergoing HT in the United States.MethodsWe analyzed a retrospective cohort of adult patients from the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) database who underwent isolated HT from 2015 until present. Primary outcomes were 30‐day and 1‐year overall mortality. Secondary outcomes included risk for graft failure and overall survival, incident stroke and need for dialysis during the available follow‐up period. All end points were evaluated according to HCV status.ResultsAll‐cause 30‐day and 1‐year mortality was similar between the two groups (3.4% vs 3.2%, P = .973 and 6.9% vs 7.8%, P = .769, respectively, for patients receiving heart grafts from HCV+ vs. HCV− donors). Graft failure was 12.8% (95% CI: 8%‐19%) and 15.2% (95 CI: 15%‐16%) in the HCV+ and HCV− groups, respectively (P = .92 and P = .68). Competing risk regression analysis for re‐operation showed a non‐significant trend for higher risk for re‐transplantation in the HCV+ group (HR: 2.71; 95% CI: 0.83, 8.80, P = .097).ConclusionHCV donor status does not seem to negatively affect the outcomes of HT in the U.S population.
Estimated dietary sodium intake in Thailand: A nationwide population survey with 24‐hour urine collections
Authors: Chailimpamontree Worawon , Kantachuvesiri Surasak , Aekplakorn Wichai , Lappichetpaiboon Raweewan , Sripaiboonkij Thokanit Nintita , Vathesatogkit Prin , Kunjang Ananthaya , Boonyagarn Natthida , Sukhonthachit Penmat , Chuaykarn Narinphop , Sonkhammee Patthrapon , Khunsaard Payong , Nuntapanich Phassakon , Charoenbut Pattaraporn , Thongchai Comsun , Uttarachai Apinya , Kwankhoom Wisrut , Rattanakanahutanon Fuangfah , Ruangchai Krich , Yanti Nadchar , Sasang Natnapa , Bunluesin Sushera , Garg Renu 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThailand has committed to reducing population sodium intake by 30% by 2025. However, reliable nationally representative data are unavailable for monitoring progress toward the goal. We estimated dietary sodium consumption using 24‐hour urinary analyses in a nationally representative, cross‐sectional population‐based survey. We selected 2388 adults (aged ≥ 18 years) from the North, South, North‐east, Central Regions, and Bangkok, using multi‐stage cluster sampling. Mean sodium excretion was inflated by 10% to adjust for non‐urinary sources. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to assess factors associated with sodium consumption ≥ 2000 mg. Among 1599 (67%) who completed urine collection, mean age was 43 years, 53% were female, and 30% had hypertension. Mean dietary sodium intake (mg/day) was 3636 (±1722), highest in South (4108 ± 1677), and lowest in North‐east (3316 ± 1608). Higher sodium consumption was independently associated with younger age (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) 2.81; 95% Confidence interval (CI): 1.53‐5.17; p = .001); higher education (AOR 1.79; 95% CI: 1.19‐2.67; p = .005), BMI ≥ 25 (AOR 1.55; 95% CI: 1.09‐2.21; p=.016), and hypertension (AOR 1.58; 95% CI: 1.02‐2.44; p = .038). Urine potassium excretion was 1221 mg/day with little variation across Regions. Estimated dietary sodium consumption in Thai adults is nearly twice as high as recommended levels. These data provide a benchmark for future monitoring.
Metformin alleviates allergic airway inflammation and increases Treg cells in obese asthma
Authors: Guo Yimin , Shi Jianting , Wang Qiujie , Hong Luna , Chen Ming , Liu Shanying , Yuan Xiaoqing , Jiang Shanping 
Published: January 2021

AbstractObesity increases the morbidity and severity of asthma, with poor sensitivity to corticosteroid treatment. Metformin has potential effects on improving asthma airway inflammation. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a key role in suppressing the immunoreaction to allergens. We built an obese asthmatic mouse model by administering a high‐fat diet (HFD) and ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization, with daily metformin treatment. We measured the body weight and airway inflammatory status by histological analysis, qRT‐PCR, and ELISA. The percentage of Tregs was measured by flow cytometry. Obese asthmatic mice displayed more severe airway inflammation and more significant changes in inflammatory cytokines. Metformin reversed the obese situation and alleviated the airway inflammation and remodelling with increased Tregs and related transcript factors. The anti‐inflammatory function of metformin may be mediated by increasing Tregs.