bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in retail sales of tobacco products in Ontario after a menthol sales restriction
Authors: Brown Elizabeth M , Gammon Doris G , Rogers Todd , Coats Ellen M , Olson Lindsay T , Ross Ashley , Engstrom Martha , Nonnemaker James M 
Published: July 2021

BackgroundOntario, Canada prohibited menthol tobacco product sales beginning 1 January 2017. We measured retail sales of menthol cigarettes and possible substitute products before and after policy implementation in Ontario.MethodsWe licensed retail scanner data for tobacco product sales in Ontario and British Columbia (BC), a comparison province without a menthol tobacco policy at that time. We assessed changes in per capita unit sales (per 1000 people) from pre-policy (January–June 2016) to post-policy (January–June 2017) periods. Classification of cigarettes as menthol or non-menthol, or having menthol-suggestive descriptors (‘green’, ‘blue’, ‘silver’ and ‘fresh’), was based on scanner data.ResultsOntario menthol cigarette sales decreased 93%, from 596 to 40 packs per capita compared with a 2% decrease (696 to 679 packs per capita) in BC. Menthol capsule cigarette sales remained low in Ontario (<1% of total cigarette sales) but rose sixfold in BC. Although cigar sales data were unavailable, substitution appeared minimal; sales of non-menthol cigarettes increased 0.4% in Ontario (11 470 to 11 519 packs per capita) while vaping product sales decreased. Ontario had a larger increase in sales of cigarettes with menthol-suggestive descriptors (11% increase) than BC (3% increase). In Ontario, nearly all (>99%) pre-policy sales of cigarettes with ‘green’ menthol-suggestive descriptors were menthol cigarettes, but post-policy, 94% of ‘green’ cigarettes sold were non-menthol.ConclusionsOntario’s menthol policy was associated with a decrease in retail sales of cigarettes classified as menthol, with little evidence of product substitution. Understanding changes in sales of cigarettes with menthol-suggestive descriptors would be informative.
Development of very-thick transparent GEMs with wavelength-shifting capability for noble element TPCs
Authors: Kuźniak M. , González-Díaz D. , Amedo P. , Azevedo C. D. R. , Fernández-Posada D. J. , Kuźwa M. , Leardini S. , Leonhardt A. , Łȩcki T. , Manzanillas L. , Muenstermann D. , Nieradka G. , de Oliveira R. , Pollmann T. R. , Saá Hernández A. , Sworobowicz T. , Türkoğlu C. , Williams S. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA new concept for the simultaneous detection of primary and secondary scintillation in time projection chambers is proposed. Its core element is a type of very-thick GEM structure supplied with transparent electrodes and machined from a polyethylene naphthalate plate, a natural wavelength shifter. Such a device has good prospects for scalability and, by virtue of its genuine optical properties, it can improve on the light collection efficiency, energy threshold and resolution of conventional micropattern gas detectors. This, together with the intrinsic radiopurity of its constituting elements, offers advantages for noble gas and liquid based time projection chambers, used for dark matter searches and neutrino experiments. Production, optical and electrical characterization, and first measurements performed with the new device are reported.
Observation of Odderon effects at LHC energies: a real extended Bialas–Bzdak model study
Authors: Csörgő T. , Szanyi I. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe unitarily extended Bialas–Bzdak model of elastic proton–proton scattering is applied, without modifications, to describe the differential cross-section of elastic proton–antiproton collisions in the TeV energy range, and to extrapolate these differential cross-sections to LHC energies. In this model-dependent study we find that the differential cross-sections of elastic proton–proton collision data at 2.76 and 7 TeV energies differ significantly from the differential cross-section of elastic proton–antiproton collisions extrapolated to these energies. The elastic proton–proton differential cross-sections, extrapolated to 1.96 TeV energy with the help of this extended Bialas–Bzdak model do not differ significantly from that of elastic proton–antiproton collisions, within the theoretical errors of the extrapolation. Taken together these results provide a model-dependent, but statistically significant evidence for a crossing-odd component of the elastic scattering amplitude at the at least 7.08 sigma level. From the reconstructed Odderon and Pomeron amplitudes, we determine the $$\sqrt{s}$$

s

dependence of the corresponding total and differential cross-sections.
Ratio of flavour non-singlet and singlet scalar density renormalisation parameters in $$N_\mathrm {f}=3$$ QCD with Wilson quarks
Authors: Heitger Jochen , Joswig Fabian , Petrak Pia L. J. , Vladikas Anastassios 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe determine non-perturbatively the normalisation factor $$r_{\mathrm{m}}\equiv Z_{\mathrm{S}}/Z_{\mathrm{S}}^{0}$$

r
m

≡

Z
S

/

Z

S

0

, where $$Z_{\mathrm{S}}$$

Z
S

and $$Z_{\mathrm{S}}^{0}$$

Z

S

0

are the renormalisation parameters of the flavour non-singlet and singlet scalar densities, respectively. This quantity is required in the computation of quark masses with Wilson fermions and for instance the renormalisation of nucleon matrix elements of scalar densities. Our calculation involves simulations of finite-volume lattice QCD with the tree-level Symanzik-improved gauge action, $$N_{\mathrm{f}}= 3$$

N
f

=
3

mass-degenerate $${\mathrm{O}}(a)$$

O
(
a
)

improved Wilson fermions and Schrödinger functional boundary conditions. The slope of the current quark mass, as a function of the subtracted Wilson quark mass is extracted both in a unitary setup (where nearly chiral valence and sea quark masses are degenerate) and in a non-unitary setup (where all valence flavours are chiral and the sea quark masses are small). These slopes are then combined with $$Z \equiv Z_{\mathrm{P}}/(Z_{\mathrm{S}}Z_{\mathrm{A}})$$

Z
≡

Z
P

/

(

Z
S

Z
A

)

in order to obtain $$r_{\mathrm{m}}$$

r
m

. A novel chiral Ward identity is employed for the calculation of the normalisation factor Z. Our results cover the range of gauge couplings corresponding to lattice spacings below $$0.1\,$$

0.1

fm, for which $$N_{\mathrm{f}}= 2+1$$

N
f

=
2
+
1

QCD simulations in large volumes with the same lattice action are typically performed.
Single-Cell Analysis of the Multicellular Ecosystem in Viral Carcinogenesis by HTLV-1
Authors: Koya Junji , Saito Yuki , Kameda Takuro , Kogure Yasunori , Yuasa Mitsuhiro , Nagasaki Joji , McClure Marni B. , Shingaki Sumito , Tabata Mariko , Tahira Yuki , Akizuki Keiichi , Kamiunten Ayako , Sekine Masaaki , Shide Kotaro , Kubuki Yoko , Hidaka Tomonori , Kitanaka Akira , Nakano Nobuaki , Utsunomiya Atae , Togashi Yosuke , Ogawa Seishi , Shimoda Kazuya , Kataoka Keisuke 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Premalignant clonal expansion of human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1)–infected cells occurs before viral carcinogenesis. Here we characterize premalignant cells and the multicellular ecosystem in HTLV-1 infection with and without adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) by genome sequencing and single-cell simultaneous transcriptome and T/B-cell receptor sequencing with surface protein analysis. We distinguish malignant phenotypes caused by HTLV-1 infection and leukemogenesis and dissect clonal evolution of malignant cells with different clinical behavior. Within HTLV-1–infected cells, a regulatory T-cell phenotype associates with premalignant clonal expansion. We also delineate differences between virus- and tumor-related changes in the nonmalignant hematopoietic pool, including tumor-specific myeloid propagation. In a newly generated conditional knockout mouse model recapitulating T-cell–restricted CD274 (encoding PD-L1) gene lesions found in ATL, we demonstrate that PD-L1 overexpressed by T cells is transferred to surrounding cells, leading to their PD-L1 upregulation. Our findings provide insights into clonal evolution and immune landscape of multistep virus carcinogenesis.

Significance:
Our multimodal single-cell analyses comprehensively dissect the cellular and molecular alterations of the peripheral blood in HTLV-1 infection, with and without progression to leukemia. This study not only sheds light on premalignant clonal expansion in viral carcinogenesis, but also helps to devise novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for HTLV-1–related disorders.
This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 403
Building Environmental Peace: The UN Environment Programme and Knowledge Creation for Environmental Peacebuilding
Authors: Dalmer Natalia 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Since the aftermath of the 1999 Kosovo Conflict, UNEP has addressed the environmental dimension of insecurities and turned to peacebuilding. This has been risky because it strays close to conflict prevention, identification, or resolution, which lie outside of UNEP’s mandate. I argue that this change in approach results from knowledge creation. UNEP’s experiences about the linkage between environmental degradation and insecurity in postconflict settings motivated its search for opportunities that would legitimize its contribution to postconflict peacebuilding. Seizing on the UN’s Peacebuilding Architecture, UNEP established ECP and, through the program, aimed to develop environmental peacebuilding as a concern through three distinct but interrelated knowledge-building practices: knowledge collection, strategic interpretation, and implementation.
Ġarar vs. Jurisprudential Necessity in Commercial Insurance Contracts
Authors: Haswa Maher , Sharaiyra Suhaib Walid 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This study deals with the effect of ġarar (uncertainty) and jurisprudential necessity on the Sharīʿah permissibility of commercial insurance contracts, using an analytical and critical approach. The study clarifies the meaning of ġarar, and its effect on contracts, by verifying the effective cause of ġarar, determining its degree, and ascertaining the rationale for its prohibition. The criterion for differentiating between trivial and substantial ġarar is discussed, as well as the views of jurists who permit insurance contracts through a holistic view approach, contrary to the traditional view. The study distinguishes between ḥāǧah (necessity) in the jurisprudential sense, general necessity as expressed in the objectives of the lawgiver, from the concept of ḍarūrah (essentiality). Furthermore, the study highlights an important jurisprudential rule that has direct effect on the permissibility of insurance contracts, i.e., ‘what is forbidden for the prevention of the means (of corruption) is permitted for the preponderant interest’.
The Rise, Fall and Rebirth of Foreign Policy Planning in Brazil (1949-2018)
Authors: de Souza Farias Rogério 
Published: July 2021

Summary
Policy planning has a long history in the Ministries of Foreign Affairs around the world. This article provides an overview of almost 70 years of this technique in Brazil’s Ministry of External Relations (Itamaraty). I will argue that there has been a clear trade-off between predicting, preaching, disrupting and managing. Despite its failures, planning has been an important tool for coping with uncertainty and has provided coherence in foreign policy-making.
Exploring the Theology of Expectation in Relation to Young People and Youth Ministry
Authors: Štěch František 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This article introduces theology of expectation designed by Czech theologian Vladimír Boublík and considers its capacity to potentially enhance the theological background of youth ministry. It starts with a presentation of expectation as a characteristic feature of humanity which is specifically intensive in young age and proceeds with a particular, Christian understanding of expectation in relation to eschatology. Drawing upon Boublík’s treatment of expectation a few inspirations and impulses for the field of youth ministry research are suggested. In its conclusion, the article argues that expecting the future in general and awaiting Christ in particular forms a standpoint that comprises a potential for solid theological understanding to young people and helps to perceive youth ministry as an environment where good theology might be transformed into good projects.
The MJO on the Equatorial Beta Plane: An Eastward-Propagating Rossby Wave Induced by Meridional Moisture Advection
Authors: Ahmed Fiaz 
Published: July 2021

AbstractLinearized wave solutions on the equatorial beta plane are examined in the presence of a background meridional moisture gradient. Of interest is a slow, eastward-propagatingn= 1 mode that is unstable at planetary scales and only exists for a small range of zonal wavenumbers (). The mode dispersion curve appears as an eastward extension of the westward-propagating equatorial Rossby wave solution. This mode is therefore termed the eastward-propagating equatorial Rossby wave (ERW). The zonal wavenumber-2 ERW horizontal structure consists of a low-level equatorial convergence center flanked by quadrupole off-equatorial gyres, and resembles the horizontal structure of the observed MJO. An analytic, leading-order dispersion relationship for the ERW shows that meridional moisture advection imparts eastward propagation, and that the smallness of a gross moist stability–like parameter contributes to the slow phase speed. The ERW is unstable near planetary scales when low-level easterlies moisten the column. This moistening could come from either zonal moisture advection or surface fluxes or a combination thereof. When westerlies instead moisten the column, the ERW is damped and the westward-propagating long Rossby wave is unstable. The ERW does not exist when the meridional moisture gradient is too weak. A moist static energy budget analysis shows that the ERW scale selection is partly due to finite-time-scale convective adjustment and less effective zonal wind–induced moistening at smaller scales. Similarities in the phase speed, preferred scale, and horizontal structure suggest that the ERW is a beta-plane analog of the MJO.
The role of storm movement in controlling flash flood response: an analysis of the 28 September 2012 extreme event in Murcia, southeastern Spain
Authors: Amengual A. , Borga M. , Ravazzani G. , Crema S. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractFlash flooding is strongly modulated by the spatial and temporal variability in heavy precipitation. Storm motion prompts a continuous change of rainfall space-time variability that interacts with the drainage river system, thus influencing the flood response. The impact of storm motion on hydrological response is assessed for the 28 September 2012 flash flood over the semi-arid and medium-sized Guadalentín catchment in Murcia, southeastern Spain. The influence of storm kinematics on flood response is examined through the concept of ‘catchment-scale storm velocity’. This variable quantifies the interaction between the storm system motion and the river drainage network, assessing its influence on the hydrograph peak. By comparing two hydrological simulations forced by rainfall scenarios of distinct spatial and temporal variability, the role of storm system movement on the flood response is effectively isolated. This case study is the first to: (i) show through the catchment-scale storm velocity how storm motion may strongly affect flood peak and timing; and (ii) assess the influence of storm kinematics on hydrological response at different basin scales. In the end, this extreme flash flooding provides a valuable case study of how the interaction between storm motion and drainage properties modulate hydrological response.
The impact of lee waves on the Southern Ocean circulation
Authors: Yang Luwei , Nikurashin Maxim , Hogg Andrew McC. , Sloyan Bernadette M. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractLee waves play an important role in transferring energy from the geostrophic eddy field to turbulent mixing in the Southern Ocean. As such, lee waves can impact the Southern Ocean circulation and modulate its response to changing climate through their regulation on the eddy field and turbulent mixing. The drag effect of lee waves on the eddy field and the mixing effect of lee waves on the tracer field have been studied separately to show their importance. However, it remains unclear how the drag and mixing effects act together to modify the Southern Ocean circulation. In this study, a lee wave parameterization that includes both lee wave drag and its associated lee-wave-driven mixing is developed and implemented in an eddy-resolving idealized model of the Southern Ocean to simulate and quantify the impacts of lee waves on the Southern Ocean circulation. The results show that lee waves enhance the baroclinic transport of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) and strengthen the lower overturning circulation. The impact of lee waves on the large-scale circulation are explained by the control of lee wave drag on isopycnal slopes through their effect on eddies, and by the control of lee-wave-driven mixing on deep stratification and water mass transformation. The results also show that the drag and mixing effects are coupled such that they act to weaken one another. The implication is that the future parameterization of lee waves in global ocean and climate models should take both drag and mixing effects into consideration for a more accurate representation of their impact on the ocean circulation.
Are Multiple Tests Necessary for Salivary Pepsin Detection in the Diagnosis of Laryngopharyngeal Reflux?
Authors: Wang Jiasen , Li Jinrang , Nie Qian , Zhang Ran 
Published: July 2021

ObjectivesTo evaluate the necessity of multiple salivary pepsin tests within a day when diagnosing laryngopharyngeal reflux.Study DesignProspective cohort study.SettingTertiary hospitals.MethodsA total of 138 patients with signs and/or symptoms associated with laryngopharyngeal reflux were included. Salivary pepsin was detected on the day of 24‐hour pH monitoring, and the results of salivary pepsin detected once in the morning and multiple times in 1 day were compared with the results of pH monitoring.ResultsAmong the 138 patients, pH monitoring results were positive in 112. Salivary pepsin was positive in 47 cases in the morning, which was not consistent with the results of pH monitoring (kappa value = 0.117). With the pH monitoring results as the standard, the salivary pepsin detected once in the morning had a sensitivity of 38.4% (43/112) and a specificity of 84.6% (22/26) for the diagnosis of laryngopharyngeal reflux. When salivary pepsin was detected multiple times per day, 102 patients tested positive. The consistency with pH monitoring was moderate (kappa value = 0.587). The sensitivity was 86.6% (97/112), and the specificity was 80.8% (21/26). Of the 97 patients with positive results from pH monitoring and salivary pepsin detected multiple times a day, 54 had negative findings for a single detection in the morning, indicating that 55.7% (54/97) of the true positive cases were missed.ConclusionAlthough a single detection of salivary pepsin in the morning is more economical, the sensitivity is too low, and it is necessary to detect it multiple times a day.
131I-radioisotope modified in PEGylation metal organic frameworks for sensitization in refractory differentiated thyroid cancer treatment
Authors: Jiang Shuai , Yu Miao , Wang Haoyang , Han Songqi , Cheng Mengfei , Zhang Shuo , Liu Jiahui , Wang Xinghua , Dong Mei 
Published: July 2021

Radiation therapy for cancer can lead to off-target toxicity and can be ineffective against refractory differentiated thyroid cancer. The nanoscale metal organic frameworks (NMOFs) have shown great potential in cancer diagnostic and treatment due to their advantages in the aspect of structural diversities, high intrinsic biodegradability and drug-loading capacities. Here, we provide that intratumoral injection, in mouse of refractory differentiated thyroid cancer. In this work, we used the therapeutic 131I radioisotope modified Zr-MOF (Zr-MOF@131I) with aim to enable long-term relief of tumour therapy, which has successfully eliminated tumour at ralatively low radioactivity doses. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was coated into Zr-MOF and, as a result, circulation time was significantly improved by intratumoral injection. These findings therefore suggest that nanoparticles could be used in vivo combined therapy. On injection, while it is a highly effective drug for radioisotope, Zr-MOF with attenuation ability could apply for a radio-sensitizer to enhance inner radiotherapy (RT). The local therapy, which uses only biocompatible components, might enable new strategies for local tumour treatments. These could be further combined with systemic therapeutic responses for the inhibition of refractory differentiated thyroid cancer and the prevention of tumour recurrence in patients.
Comparison of attitude of nurses and nursing students toward euthanasia
Authors: Khatony Alireza , Fallahi Masoud , Rezaei Mansour , Mahdavikian Somayeh 
Published: July 2021

Background: Euthanasia is a controversial issue in many countries. However, there is little evidence about attitudes of nurses and nursing students toward euthanasia. Research aims: The present study aimed to compare nurses and nursing students' attitudes toward euthanasia. Research design: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study. Participants and research context: Using census sampling, 390 nurses and 125 nursing students were enrolled in this study. Methods: Data were collected using a socio-demographic questionnaire and Euthanasia Attitude Scale that included 20 items that sought to record participants’ level of agreement with euthanasia based on a Likert-type scale. Ethical considerations: Objectives of the study were stated for all samples, and emphasized the confidentiality of their specifics and responses, and informed written consent was obtained from all participants. Findings: The mean score of nurses and nursing students’ attitudes about euthanasia was 3.14 ± 0.26 and 3.22 ± 0.24 out of 5, respectively. The majority of nurses ( n = 250, 65.78%) and nursing students ( n = 97, 80.83%) had a positive attitude toward euthanasia. There was a significant statistical difference between the attitudes of nurses and nursing students to euthanasia ( p = .005). Discussion: The results indicated that the majority of students and nurses had a positive attitude regarding euthanasia. Conclusion: It was recommended to conduct more studies on euthanasia in Iran.