bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STATEMENT OF PURPOSE, SCOPE, AND FUNCTION
Authors: Grossman Herman , Altman Donald , D'Angio Giulio , Gwinn John , Tefft Melvin , White Harvey , Wilkinson Robert , Baker David H. , Kirkpatrick John A. , Shopfner Charles E. 
Published: December 2021

The Committee on Radiology of the American Academy of Pediatrics was created to improve the general care of children as it pertains to radiology. Its primary purposes are to keep the physicians who are responsible for the welfare of children informed of new procedures and techniques in radiology, and to present a balanced view of the benefits and hazards inherent in diagnostic and therapeutic procedures using ionizing radiations, including those emanating from radioactive isotopes. Communication will be established with pediatricians, surgeons, and others caring for children to introduce new roentgenographic examinations of proven value and to discourage the use of multiple or unnecessary procedures.
The Committee also will have responsibility in the field of medical education. It will work with the Committee on Medical Education of the Academy to improve training in pediatric radiology during residency training and in postgraduate courses for pediatricians.
It will be the goal of the Committee to also work closely with other action committees of the Academy, such as the Committee on Environmental Hazards and Neoplastic Disease, and with committees and section committees of the Academy (i.e., Urology, Surgery, Cardiology, and diseases of the Chest). In many subspecialty areas of pediatrics, the diagnostic information, research potential, and critical evaluation provided by the pediatric radiologist has not been fully appreciated.
Concept and methods in radiotherapy are advancing and changing rapidly. General principles pertaining to uses of radiotherapy will be presented by this Committee rather than the treatment of specific disease entities. Long-term survivors treated with radiotherapy are now being evaluated, and the various complications will be reviewed by the Committee.
IDIOPATHIC, RECURRENT CHOLESTASIS
Authors: Ruymann Frederick B. , Takeuchi Akio , Boyce H. Worth 
Published: December 2021

Idiopathic, recurrent cholestasis is characterized by episodes of obstructive jaundice often preceded by pruritus, steatorrhea, and purpuric rash. Between episodes of jaundice the liver histology is normal. We report a case of idiopathic, recurrent cholestasis occurring in a 14-year-old Caucasian girl who has experienced seven episodes of jaundice since 8 years of age. Serum alkaline phosphatase elevation preceded clinical jaundice. During remission the bromsulphalein excretion was normal. Response to oral steroids occurred when used after 4 weeks of jaundice. Cholestyramine resin and cyproheptadine relieved pruritus and in combination may have prevented progressive jaundice when administered early. Light microscopy during exacerbation showed centrilobular cholestasis with a slight mononuclear infiltration of the portal triad.
The electron microscopic examinations demonstrate dilated bile canaliculi with altered microvilli. Serial liver biopsies over 6 years show no fibrosis or cytoplasmic alterations of hepatocytes. Of the 24 reported cases of idiopathic, recurrent cholestasis, two-thirds have been in males and had onset of jaundice under 20 years of age. This younger age of onset merits a greater awareness by the practicing pediatrician. After the diagnosis is established by clinical, biochemical, and morphologic studies, a benign course can be anticipated.
WHAT TO LOOK FOR IN A WET-NURSE ACCORDING TO JOHANNES WENDT WRITING IN 1827
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

The following is the beau ideal of a good nurse, according to Dr. Wendt:
Youth, fullness of health, plenty of milk, and good build of breasts and nipples—a rather phlegmatic temperament—a quiet disposition, and no inclination to sensuality or dissolute habits—a white, delicate skin traversed by blue veins, and covered with freckles—fair or reddish hair, large blue eyes, sound teeth, a fresh breath, a clean skin, no disagreeable odor, no unnatural discharges, a bluishwhite—rather thin, than thick and tenacious milk, which dropped upon the thumb-nail flows off rather quickly—it should have no smell, and a mildly sweet taste—along with these, large and firm nipples, a cleanly person, and a harmless temper—form the ideal of a good nurse.
Soranus (A.D. 98-117) of Ephesus is the first writer to mention the method of testing the breast milk by the behavior of a drop of milk which was placed on one's finger-nail.2 This test continued in use for more than 1,700 years.
The Infectiousness of the Tuberculin-Positive Child
Authors: Briceman Helen , Wise Melvin B. , Beaudry Pierre H. 
Published: December 2021

We read with interest the account by Burchak and Turner1 of their policy of treating tuberculin reactors with INH. These authors thus join many other centres, including our own, in implementing the recommendations of the American Thoracic Society and of the Fourth National Tuberculosis Conference of Canada.
However, we do not share their concern that tuberculin reactors may infect their contacts. For we are indeed impressed with the overall low infectivity of pulmonary tuberculosis in childhood: the rarity in children of highly infectious lesions such as acute laryngeal tuberculosis and lung cavities, the paucity of tubercle bacilli in the gastric contents of children with primary lesions, let alone in their sputum (usually absent), and the rarity of cough needed to render these scanty organisms airborne, all explain why tuberculous children can scarcely give out airborne tubercle bacilli in concentrations known to be required to cause infection.2
REFLEX-ARC LATENCY MEASUREMENTS IN NEWBORN INFANTS AND CHILDREN
Authors: Eisengart Marvin A. 
Published: December 2021

Measurements of biceps reflex latency were made in newborn infants, older infants, and children at the National Naval Medical Center and in infants and children at a child and youth clinic in the District of Columbia. Relating reflex latency to a standard skeletal measure, an average "reflex velocity" was calculated which reliably reflects the maturational changes reported for motor nerve conduction velocity.
In newborn infants reflex velocity was found to be more closely related to gestational age than to birth weight.
There were no differences found in the absolute values or rates of maturation of reflex velocity among the children in the two clinic populations.
HEREDITARY ONYCHO-OSTEODYSPLASIA (THE NAIL-PATELLA SYNDROME) WITH NEPHROSIS-LIKE RENAL DISEASE IN A NEWBORN BOY
Authors: Similä Seppo , Vesa Liisa , Wasz-Höckert Ole 
Published: December 2021

A newborn boy is presented with proteinuria, edema, aplasia of patellae, and extension defect in the elbows. Seven of his relatives have, or have had, nephropathy and skeletal deformities and two of them have only skeletal deformities.
Spontaneous recovery of proteinuria and edema occurred at 2 weeks of age. The family history, clinical signs, and rapid improvement in the patient's condition confirmed the diagnosis of hereditary onycho-osteodysplasia (HOOD) with neonatal nephrosis-like disease. Other causes of the neonatal nephrotic syndrome, such as congenital nephrosis, congenital syphilis, and renal vein thrombosis could be excluded. The patient described remained symptomless, with the exception of skeletal deformities until the age of 24 months. The incidence and prognosis of nephropathy in HOOD is discussed on the basis of the reported family and data from the literature.
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOCHEMISTRY—A RELEVANT ENDEAVOR
Authors: Kretchmer Norman 
Published: December 2021

The Borden Award is usually given to one investigator, but he is always indebted to a group of colleagues, and to his teachers, without whose help and understanding he could not have attained this achievement.
My colleagues I will note, but my teachers are many. Biochemistry was taught to me by Dr. G. O. Burr and the devotion of the late Dr. C. P. Barnum.
The beauty of the cell, the intrigue of scientific endeavor, and the mystery of syntax and medicine were the gifts of a most exceptional man, Dr. Jean Oliver. Pediatrics and its lure I learned from my teachers and friends, Dr. H. Barnett and Dr. S. Z. Levine.
I owe particular gratitude to the faculty and staff of the Department of Pediatrics at Stanford University for their tolerance and loyalty.
Finally to Miss R. Hurwitz and Miss H. MacNamara I will be forever indebted for their unselfish devotion and efforts in my behalf.
It is only fitting that on this occasion I thank all of them for their compassion, understanding, and patience.
For some years it has been the custom for the recipient of the Borden Award to review those scientific accomplishments which resulted in his selection. In general, I will follow this tradition, but in view of recent events in Bethesda, and on medical school campuses, I would like to take some advantage of the freedom of the podium and respond to the accusations of irrelevance launched at many aspects of medical science.
"We need relevant activities," is the cry not only of the youth of the western world, but also of our relatively conservative government agencies.
RADIOLOGIC DEMONSTRATION OF POSTNATAL LIQUID IN THE LUNGS OF NEWBORN LAMBS
Authors: Fletcher Barry D. , Sachs Barry F. , Kotas Robert V. 
Published: December 2021

The liquid which occupies the potential air spaces of the fetal lung is, at birth, displaced by air and removed by the pulmonary blood and lymphatic circulations. Delayed resorption of this liquid from the interstitial spaces may be associated with decreased lung compliance and be the cause of the syndrome "transient tachypnea of the newborn." Chest roentgenograms of these infants have shown the presence of alveolar and interstitial edema and pleural effusions which cleared during the first few days of life.
We chose to test the possibility that a delay in clearance of lung liquid might occur and be associated with tachypnea and radiologic evidence of pulmonary edema in newborn lambs.
Serial chest radiographs were obtained in 18 newborn lambs delivered at term by Caesarean section. The radiographs demonstrated the presence of lung liquid which gradually cleared in an average time of 2 hours following onset of breathing. Lung weight—body weight ratios obtained following sacrifice at various stages of clearing—decreased as pulmonary aeration increased. Microscopic examination of the lungs showed no evidence of inflammatory exudate or squamous debris but distension of perivascular tissues with liquid was demonstrated. An association between increasing lung aeration and decreasing respiratory rates was found.
ATTITUDES TOWARD HEALTH AMONG CHILDREN OF DIFFERENT RACES AND SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS
Authors: Marshall Carter L. , Hassanein Khatab M. , Hassanein Ruth S. , Paul Carol L. 
Published: December 2021

The semantic differential, a means of measuring attitudes, was administered to 178 fourth grade students to compare attitudes toward health. One school was composed almost entirely of black children from the inner city, the other contained white children from upper middle class homes.
When the children were divided into the two groups by sex, differences between the groups were not statistically significant but there were highly significant differences between the races. Generally, white children held more positive attitudes toward health personnel and health institutions than black children, while on the average black children were less concerned about sickness than white children. Whether these differences in attitude are in some way ethnically determined or based rather on a "culture of poverty" could not be determined from this study.
ILLNESS AFTER HEALTH SUPERVISION VISITS
Authors: Hurst Peter L. , Greenlick Merwyn R. 
Published: December 2021

The incidence of infectious disease was recorded in infants under 2 years of age following clinic visits for health supervision.
The infants were randomly assigned to clinics especially reserved for well babies and clinics where well and sick babies and children were mixed.
No difference in incidence of infection during a 30-day post-clinic visit period was noted.
Also, the onset of illnesses was scattered over the 30-day period in both groups and not clustered within a few days following the visit, as would be expected if the infections were contracted at the clinic.
It is concluded that the infectious disease risk of a health supervision visit under conditions of ordinary office and clinic pediatric practice is not sufficiently great to warrant special isolation precautions.
INFANT METHEMOGLOBINEMIA
Authors: Filer Lloyd J. , Lowe Charles U. , Barness Lewis A. , Goldbloom Richard B. , Heald Felix P. , Holliday Malcolm A. , Miller Robert W. , O'Brien Donough , Owen George M. , Pearson Howard A. , Scriver Charles R. , Weil William B. , Kine O. L. , Cravioto Joaquin , Whitten Charles 
Published: December 2021

In the United States and Canada, processed infant foods have not been implicated in methemoglobinemia associated with food or water intake in infants. Although raw spinach and beets have a higher nitrate content than do other infant foods, one or more protective factors may prevent the extrinsic or intrinsic formation of toxic levels of nitrite from these foods as commercially processed for feeding of infants.
Nitrate contamination of drinking water which may occur from run-off from fields fertilized with nitrates, represents a potential hazard.
Handbuch der Kinderheilkunde, Herausgegeben von H. Opitz and F. Schmid, Band VIII/1, Neurologie, Psychologie, Psychiatrie. Berlin / Heidelberg / New York: Springer-Verlag, 1969, 1060 pp., $96.25 (in German)
Authors: Eichenwald Heinz F. 
Published: December 2021

The reader of these pages is probably wondering if this series of German Books (and reviews) is ever going to be completed. Courage, dear friend, after this volume only two more are scheduled for publication (Volume VIII, Part 2—Tumors, and Volume I—Growth and Development).
In previous reviews we have praised the scholarly and exhaustive approach of the editors and their colleagues, the clarity of expression, the lack of unnecessary duplication, and the high quality and even beauty of illustrations which together with the use of fine paper, error free and elegant typography, and sturdy bindings make these books a pleasure to read and to refer to.
CORTICOSTEROIDS IN THE TREATMENT OF ENGELMANN'S DISEASE: PROGRESSIVE DIAPHYSEAL DYSPLASIA
Authors: Allen David T. , Saunders Alex M. , Northway William H. , Williams Gordon F. , Schafer Irwin A. 
Published: December 2021

Engelmann's disease, progressive diaphyseal dysplasia, is a rare disorder of bone of unknown etiology characterized clinically by muscle weakness, waddling gait, and crippling leg pain. The diagnosis is confirmed radiologically by sclerotic thickening of diaphyses of long bones and histologically by the absence of osteoclasts with definite evidence of decreased bone remodeling.
Three affected children who were treated with corticosteroids showed remission of clinical symptoms. In one boy, tetracycline labeling was performed and biopsied fibular bone was studied histologically and by microradiographs prior to steroid administration and 4 months later. The administration of steroids in this patient was associated with increased bone resorption and histologic evidence of osteon formation with secondary remodeling. The mechanism through which steroids act, remains undefined, but based on changes found in bone histology, we believe that the clinical improvement in this patient is related to specific changes in bone physiology produced by the drug. In this disease, corticosteroids appeared to stimulate osteoclasis, decrease lamellar bone deposition, and thereby produce a more normal histologic picture in bone, Although Engelmann's disease is a rare disorder, it can produce crippling disability. Our studies suggest that steroids deserve further clinical trials in the treatment of this disease.
THE BENIGN EFFECTS ON RABBITS' LUNGS OF THE ASPIRATION OF WATER COMPARED WITH 5% GLUCOSE OR MILK
Authors: Olson Mary 
Published: December 2021

A 5% solution of glucose in water is often used for the first feeding, on the assumption that if aspirated it would be less injurious to lungs than milk.
We have tested that assumption on 56 rabbits, divided into seven groups, anesthetized, and intubated with a polyethylene tube. They were sacrificed at 15 minutes or 24 hours after the instillation of 5% glucose, water, on milk. Comparisons of the treated groups with one group of control rabbits were made with respect to blood gases, resting lung volumes, lung weights, pressure-volume curves, and histology. The results showed no significant differences between milk and 5% glucose by any criterion at 15 minutes or 24 hours. The water-treated rabbits had significantly less damage to their lungs. This suggests that water would be a safer test substance for the first feed than 5% glucose or milk.
BENIGN PERSISTENT ASYMPTOMATIC PROTEINURIA IN CHILDHOOD
Authors: McLaine Peter N. , Drummond Keith N. 
Published: December 2021

Persistent asymptomatic proteinuria was detected by routine urinalysis in six children. The mean 24-hour protein excretion was less than 2 gm. Renal biopsy showed no abnormal findings except for minor focal mesangial changes in one; there was no glomerular deposition of immunoglobulin G, betaio globulin, or fibrin. No evidence of progressive nephropathy was detected over a mean follow-up period of 4.6 years.
It is recognized that persistent asymptomatic proteinuria occurs during the course of various renal diseases in children; however our experience with patients in whom proteinuria is the sole presenting feature is that the majority have a benign condition.
Letter To The Editor
Authors: Fong Susie W. , Margolis Alan J. 
Published: December 2021

Drs. Fong and Margolis comment as follows:
This is in regards to the letter to the Editor by Dr. J. M. Bowman, commenting on our paper, "Intra-uterine Transfusions: Fetal Outcome and Complications."1
The initial localization of the needle in the fetal abdomen was performed by the instillation of carbon dioxide but was subsequently checked by injection of radio-opaque material as described in a previous report.2
Dr. Bowman's point is well taken in regards to the use of reduced volumes of blood for improved survival after IUT.
Diabetes Mellitus and Congenital Rubella
Authors: Plotkin Stanley A. , Kaye Robert 
Published: December 2021

The article by Forrest, Menser, and Harley1 prompts us to report two further cases of diabetes in children whose mothers were infected with rubella while pregnant during the American epidemic of 1963 to 1964.
The first patient, a boy, was born at term in January 1965, weighing only 2,200 gm. His mother had an illness diagnosed as rubella in the first week of gestation. The family history of diabetes consisted of maturity-onset disease in the paternal grandfather and also in the materal great-grandmother.
Letter To The Editor
Authors: Gil David G. 
Published: December 2021

Professor Gil's answer to Dr. Fontana's letter (Pediatrics, 45:509) covers many of the questions raised by Dr. Helfer. He comments on Dr. Helfer's letter as follows.
Dr. Helfer expresses concern with the definition of child abuse which I used, but fails to state what was wrong with this definition nor does he suggest an alternative one. He is concerned with my having used data from 1967 abuse reports since state reporting mechanisms were then too new.
KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION IN CHILDREN
Authors: LaPlante Michael P. , Kaufman Joseph J. , Goldman Ralph , Gonick Harvey C. , Martin Donald C. , Goodwin Willard E. 
Published: December 2021

Seventeen kidney transplants have been performed in children during the last 8 years. Four patients were under the age of 12, while 13 patients were in the 12 to 17-year-old range. The technical features of kidney transplanatation in the pediatric age group are discussed and special problems of accommodating adult kidneys are considered.
Of 11 patients receiving kidneys from living related donors, seven are alive with functioning transplants, whereas three patients in this group are dead and one patient is on chronic dialysis. The results with one unrelated and five cadaver donor kidneys are not as good. Only one patient in this group has a functioning kidney. The complications within the first 8 weeks were technical, immunological, and secondary to infection while late complications included hypertension, diabetes, and evidence of drug toxicity. There have been only two failures after the first 2 months; one of chronic rejection and one of probable recurrence of the original disease.
HOW HENOCH TREATED CHILDREN WITH ENCOPRESIS
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

Edward Heinrich Henoch (1820-1910) is usually remembered for his description of punpura but his contribution to pediatrics goes far beyond the form of purpura which bears his name. As the Director of the Department for Children's Diseases in the Royal Charité Hospital, Berlin from 1872 to 1893 he, more than anyone else, initiated the modern concept of pediatrics.1
From his superb textbook entitled, Lectures on Children's Diseases, the following description of how easily Henoch treated encopresis may surprise the contemporary physician faced with this vexing symptom:
In October 1879, a boy of 8 years was brought to the polyclinic who, for the last 2 years, had not been able to retain his faeces. . . . He dirtied his clothes several times a day, but never during the night time.
ARTHROGRYPOSIS MULTIPLEX CONGENITA: TWENTY-THREE CASES IN AN ARAB KINDRED
Authors: Lebenthal Emanuel , Shochet Solly Barnard , Adam Avinoam , Seelenfreund Moshe , Fried Amnon , Najenson Theodore , Sandbank Uriel , Matoth Yehuda 
Published: December 2021

An Arab kindred is described in which 17 males and six females had clinical manifestations of arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (AMC). The syndrome, which is present at birth, is expressed mainly by flexion and extension contractures of the knees and elbows, with muscle weakness around the involved joints. Six patients had associated congenital heart disease which caused death in five. One patient was mentally retarted.
Electromyographic studies failed to reveal any participation of the lower motor neurons. Histological and biochemical findings suggest a myogenicetiology.
The pedigree data, being characterized by a very high rate of consanguinity among the parents of the affected and the existence of 20 normal off-spring of three affected males, demonstrate the autosomal recessive mode of inheritance, which is in contrast to the dominant pattern observed in neurogenic AMC.
ADRENERGIC NEURONE AND RECEPTOR ACTIVITY IN THE IRIS OF THE NEONATE
Authors: Lind Norma , Shinebourne Elliot , Turner Paul , Cottom Denis 
Published: December 2021

In premature and full-term infants, the response of the dilator pupillae muscle to directly and indirectly acting sympathetic amines was measured.
Phenylephrine always produced a mydriasis, whereas the response to tyramine and hydroxyamphetamine, which was positively correlated with age, tended to be absent in the least mature, smaller babies. The results indicate that, in this situation, the end organ has the capacity to respond to the sympathetic neurohumoral transmitter, but that the synthesis, storage, or release of neuronal noradrenaline may be deficient.
Malformations and Maternal Nutrition (Correction of an Error Published Elsewhere)
Authors: Owen George M. 
Published: December 2021

The following erratum will be included in reports of the 60th Ross Conference on Research, "Problems of Nutrition in the Perinatal Period," which are distributed in the future.
Because the Report of the 60th Conference was widely distributed before the error was called to my attention (see attached correspondence), I would greatly appreciate your publishing this letter in Pediatrics so that earlier recipients of the Report will be aware of this unfortunate error.