bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of in-hospital mortality among people with and without Diabetes in Australian Public Hospitals (2014-2017)
Authors: Gao Tina , Agho Kingsley E , Piya Milan K , Simmons David , Osuagwu Uchechukwu L 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background

Diabetes is a major public health problem affecting about 1.4 million Australians, especially in South Western Sydney, a hotspot of diabetes with higher than average rates for hospitalisations. The current understanding of the international burden of diabetes and related complications is poor and there is paucity of data on hospital outcomes and/or what common factors influence mortality rate in people with diabetes in Australia. This study determined in-hospital mortality rate and the factors associated among people with and without diabetes.
Methods

Retrospective data for 554,421 adult inpatients was extracted from the population-based New South Wales (NSW) Admitted Patient Data over 3 financial years (from 2014-15 to 2016-17). The in-hospital mortality per 1000 admitted persons, standardised mortality ratios (SMR) were calculated. Binary logistic regression was performed, adjusting for potential covariates and co-morbidities for people with and without diabetes over three years.
Results

Over three years 8.7% (48,038 people) of admissions involved those with diabetes. This increased from 8.4% in 2014-15 to 8.9% in 2016-17 (p = 0.007). Across all age groups, in-hospital mortality rate was significantly greater in people with diabetes (20.6, 95% Confidence intervals CI 19.3–21.9 per 1000 persons) than those without diabetes (11.8, 95%CI 11.5–12.1) and more in men than women (23.1, 95%CI 21.2–25.0 vs 17.9, 95%CI 16.2–19.8) with diabetes. The SMR for those with and without diabetes were 3.13 (95%CI 1.78–4.48) and 1.79 (95%CI 0.77–2.82), respectively. There were similarities in the factors associated with in hospital mortality in both groups including: aged > 54years, men, the widowed, those who stayed longer than 4 days or received intensive care in admission and had respiratory and cardiovascular comorbidities.
Conclusions

The study found that in-patients with diabetes continue to have higher mortality rates than those without diabetes and the Australian population. Overall, similar factors influenced mortality rate in people with and without diabetes in this region indicating that continued improved management of all inpatients is needed in order to minimise the persistent poor outcomes.
Comparison of Hydrometallurgical and Hybrid Recycling Processes for Lithium-ion Battery: An Environmental and Cost Analysis
Authors: Ganesh Aravind , Subramaniam Pushpavanam , Kaur Arshinder , Vaidyanathan Lakshmi 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
There is a strong emphasis on shifting to Electric Vehicles (EVs) throughout the globe for reducing the impact on global warming. Lithium-ion Batteries (LIBs) are predominantly used in EVs and these can be a significant threat to the environment if not disposed safely. Two routes namely pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical processes have been proposed in the literature for recycling LIBs. In this paper, we focus on quantifying the environmental impact of hydrometallurgy and hybrid (pyrometallurgy followed by hydrometallurgy) recycling processes and determine the option which has a lower impact on the environment. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is used for the environmental impact assessment of LIB recycling. The analysis is performed assuming ideal conditions for the hydrometallurgical and hybrid process in the inventory analysis. The reason being it was possible to determine the reaction yields only by theoretical calculations and not by field or experimental study. We have provided the lower bounds of impact by assuming a 100% conversion rate for the calculation of reaction yields in inventory analysis. Hence, this paper serves as a precursor or feasibility study for the policy-making step before setting up the battery recycling plants. The main contribution of this research is stepwise methodology development for LCA of LIB recycling and theoretical estimation of the reaction yields for inventory analysis. It was found that the cathode, anode, and foil of the LIB contribute most to the impact compared to the rest of the inputs. The impact due to separator, cell case, cables, leaching agent, slag-forming agent and reducing agent were minimum. The results show that the environmental impact of the hybrid process is found to be slightly better than the hydrometallurgy process across all environmental indicators. Further, a simple cost analysis was performed, and it also supports the hybrid process as a better option due to lesser variable costs.
Rectal Foreign Bodies in Older Men: a Novel Challenge and Humanistic Care for the Society
Authors: Yang Zhenyu , Xin Peiyuan , Zhang Tao , Zhou Chuxin , He Xianli , Bao Guoqiang 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background: In recent years, rectal foreign bodies are a common proctological emergency in the male population, especially in Chinese elderly men that often requires the intervention of the surgeon due to its complications. The aim of this review is to describe the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of rectal foreign bodies in elderly men and its possible challenge to clinicians and society. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in English databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library) and Chinese databases (CNKI, Wan Fang, VIP, Chinese biomedical database) from January 2000 to December 2020. All rectal foreign bodies relevant studies were considered, if they reported the purpose for a foreign body in the rectum and related treatment measures. Contemporaneous rectal foreign bodies cases data from our center were also analyzed. Two authors independently extracted the data and reviewed the quality of the included research. According to the differences in population background, we divided the elderly Chinese male group and the elderly non-Chinese male group, the parameters of the two groups were analyzed by statistical methods.Results: A total of 159 literatures were preliminarily retrieved in initial literature search with rectal foreign body as the search term, including 86 Chinese literatures and 73 English literatures. A total of 582 patients were the elderly male patients, included 276 Chinese patients and 307 non-Chinese patients. In older men, the sources of foreign bodies can be divided into three categories: the ones that are inserted from the anus, the ones that are swallowed and thereafter become stuck in the rectum, the other that are caused by improper medical practices. The most common purpose for a foreign body in the rectum was insertion for erotic purposes. In the foreign body type, the daily articles account for the majority. Sexual articles are mainly found in pleasure seekers. There was no significant difference in foreign body sources, size, type, treatment selection and outcome between the two groups.Conclusions: In older men, there is an increasing number of cases of rectal foreign body emergency visits for erotic purposes and sexual needs. Although the source, size and type of foreign body are different, and patients can get a better recovery after active and appropriate clinical treatment, the sexual needs are social problem we should pay attention to in older men. Treatment of sexual issues is a multidimensional task that should be implemented as a collaborative effort and older people should get more humanistic care in this regard.
On the Theoretical Performance Limits of Long Repeated/Regenerated Optical IMDD Links
Authors: Francis Fredy , R Manivasakan 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The introduction of optical amplifiers has drastically increased the capacity and the reach of optical transmission links. However, they add Amplified Spontaneous Emission (ASE) noise, which progressively degrades the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) when cascaded and ultimately limits the transmission reach and performance. This is conventionally offset using regenerators, typically Optical-Electrical-Optical (OEO) conversion devices, that recreate the signal restoring its source SNR, albeit with bit errors due to the hitherto accumulated noise. These OEO regenerators tend to be expensive and add to the link latency, which sets the scene for widespread commercial implementation of all-optical regenerators in the near future. Our work aims to analyze the ideal, best-case theoretical gains achievable using an all-regenerator optical link as compared to an all-repeater link. So, this analytical study serves as a benchmark against which future link performance gains can be compared. We also translate this bound on BER advantage to extra reach or lower transmission power. We compare and contrast the evolution of noise power and BER down the link using the derived analytical expressions. The theoretical comparative study is then evaluated by incorporating the physical parameters of the devices. Both results agree and prove the dramatic increase in link reach achievable using all-regenerator links with minor input power penalties. Further, certain approximations to reduce the computational overhead for the described methods are proposed, which should find applications in dynamic reconfigurable optical networks.
Policy Analysis of Socio-cultural Determinants of Salt, Sugar and Fat Consumption in Iran
Authors: Amerzadeh Mohammad , Takian Amirhossein , Pouraram Hamed , Sari Ali Akbari , Ostovar Afshin 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background: Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are the first reason for death worldwide, in which an unhealthy diet is the leading risk factor. It is estimated that 20 percent of all death is related to food. The Unhealthy diet includes many foods with excessive salt, sugar and fat. This paper reports a national study on the socio-cultural determinants affecting salt, sugar and fat consumption in Iran. Methods: This is a qualitative study. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 30 various purposefully identified key stakeholders to collect data from December 2018 until August 2019 in Iran.Results: We identified socio-cultural determents of salt, fat and sugar consumption as follows: inadequate structure of traditional medicine, training some non-scientific principles, people's desire for traditional foods, low health literacy, inappropriate management of the media and social networks and the progressive decline of people's trust in Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs). Worse still, the global trend of nutritional transition and people's tendency towards fast foods, unhealthy diet and junk foods, partially due to establishing children's taste mainly with salty, high-fat and sweet foods, has jeopardized their desire to eat healthily during adulthood. Conclusion: Reducing salt, fat and sugar consumption is problematic in Iran, mainly due to multi-dimensional socio-cultural determinants. In line with sustainable development goal (SDG) 3.4 to reduce 30 percent of premature death due to NCDs and related risk factors by 2030 in Iran, various stakeholders from multiple sectors, need to initiate coherent series of interventions to alter people's approach to select food, so they may reduce the consumption of foods with excessive salt, fat and sugar.
Dosimetric Comparison of IMRT, Hybrid IMRT and Hybrid VMAT For Early Stage Right-Sided Breast Cancer
Authors: Bi Suyan , Zhu Rui , Dai Zhitao 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Purpose

This study aimed to evaluate the clinical impact of hybrid intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and hybrid volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) for early-stage breast cancer, including plan quality and second cancer risk (SCR).
Methods

Three different plans were designed in full IMRT, hybrid IMRT, and hybrid VMAT for each of eight patients with early-stage breast cancer. Target quality, organs at risk (OARs) sparing, and SCR were compared among the three plans.
Results

Compared with the hybrid IMRT, full IMRT showed deterioration in terms of D2% of simultaneous integrated boost (SIB), V10 of ipsilateral lung, and excess absolute risk (EAR) to contralateral lung and esophagus. The homogeneity index (HI) of SIB, V5 of ipsilateral lung and combined lung, the Dmax and Dmean of the esophagus, the EAR to contralateral breast and lung, and the EAR to the esophagus with hybrid VMAT dramatically increased by 12.5%, 19.49%, 18.87%, 90.59%, 167.69%, 50.14%, 264.68%, and 160.95%, respectively (p = 0.022; 0.040; 0.044; 0.041; 0.003; 0.020; 0.000; 0.003). The EAR to contralateral breast and contralateral lung by full IMRT was significantly decreased compared with the hybrid VMAT (26.97%, p = 0.033; 50.01%, p = 0.026).
Conclusion

The results confirmed that hybrid IMRT could achieve better target quality and OARs sparing than full IMRT and hybrid VMAT for early-stage right breast cancer. Hybrid IMRT was the best treatment option, while hybrid VMAT performed the worst among the three plans in terms of SCR to peripheral OARs.
Divalent magnesium restores cytoskeletal storage lesions in cold-stored platelet concentrates
Authors: Aurich Konstanze , Wesche Jan , Ulbricht Martin , Otto Oliver , Greinacher Andreas , Palankar Raghavendra 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Cold storage of platelet concentrates (PC) has become attractive due to the reduced risk of bacterial proliferation, but in vivo circulation time of cold-stored platelets is reduced. Ca2+ release from storage organelles and higher activity of Ca2+ pumps at temperatures < 15°C triggers cytoskeleton changes. This is suppressed by Mg2+ addition, avoiding a shift in Ca2+ hemostasis and cytoskeletal alterations. We report on the impact of 2–10 mM Mg2+ addition on cytoskeleton alterations of platelets from PC stored at room temperature (RT) or 4°C in additive solution (PAS), 30% plasma. Deformation of platelets was assessed by real-time deformability cytometry (RT-DC), a method for biomechanical cell characterization. Deformation was strongly affected by storage at 4°C and preserved by Mg2+ addition ≥ 4 mM Mg2+ (mean ± SD of median deformation 4°C vs. 4°C + 10mM Mg2+ 0.073 ± 0.021 vs. 0.118 ± 0.023, p < 0.01; n = 6, day 7). These results were confirmed by immunofluorescence microscopy, showing that Mg2+ ≥ 4mM prevents 4°C storage induced cytoskeletal structure lesion. Standard in vitro platelet function tests showed minor differences between RT and cold-stored platelets. Hypotonic shock response was reduced in cold-stored platelets (45.65 ± 11.59% vs. RT stored platelets 56.38 ± 29.36; p = 0.042) but normal at 4°C + 10 mM Mg2+ (55.22 ± 11.16%, all n = 6, day 1). CD62P expression and platelet aggregation response were similar between RT and 4°C stored platelets, with minor changes in the presence of higher Mg2+ concentrations. In conclusion, increasing Mg2+ up to 10 mM in PAS counteracts 4°C storage lesions in platelets, maintains platelet cytoskeletal integrity and biomechanical properties comparable to RT stored platelets.
Using Artificial Intelligence Reading Label System in Diabetic Retinopathy Grading Training of Junior Ophthalmology Residents and Medical Students
Authors: Han Ruoan , Yu Weihong , Chen Huan , Chen Youxin 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Evaluate the efficiency of using artificial intelligence reading label system in diabetic retinopathy grading training of junior ophthalmology resident doctors and medical students.
Methods
Loading 520 diabetic retinopathy patients’ color fundus images in the artificial intelligence reading label system. 13 participants (including 6 junior ophthalmology residents and 7 medical students) read the images randomly for 8 rounds. They evaluated the grading of images and labeled the typical lesions. The sensitivity, specificity and kappa score were determined by comparison with the participants’ results and expert golden standards.
Results
Through 8 round reading, average kappa score was elevated from 0.67 to 0.81. Average kappa score of round 1 to 4 was 0.77, and average kappa score of round 5 to 8 was 0.81. The participant was divided into two groups. Participants in group 1 were junior ophthalmology resident students and participants in group 2 were medical doctors. Average kappa score of group 1 was elevated from 0.71 to 0.76. Average kappa score of group 2 was elevated from 0.63 to 0.84.
Conclusion
The artificial intelligence reading label system was a useful tool in training resident doctors and medical students in doing diabetic retinopathy grading.
Study on Transport of Molecules in Gel by Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Kumar Samir , Taiga Taneichi , Fukuoka Takao , Namura Kyoko , Suzuki Motofumi 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)-based biosensors have recently been extensively developed because of their high sensitivity and non-destructive nature. Conventional SERS substrates are unsuitable for detecting biomolecules directly from human skin. As a result, significant effort is being put into developing a gel-type SERS sensor that can segregate and detect biomolecules due to differences in molecular transport phenomena in the gel. However, no comprehensive research studies on the transport processes of molecules in gels in gel-type SERS sensors have been reported. This paper reports the differences in the transport phenomena of different molecules based on the time change of SERS spectrum intensity. The Au nanorod array substrate was coated with HEC gel to prepare a sample cell to study diffusion. The SERS spectra of aqueous solutions of 9 types of molecules were measured using the prepared sample cells. The rate at which each molecule diffuses into the gel differs depending on the molecule. The time variation of the characteristic SERS peak of each molecule was investigated based on a one-dimensional diffusion model, and the diffusion coefficient D was calculated for each molecule. A comparative study was conducted on the relationship between the diffusion coefficient and the molecular weight and molecular size, and it was found that the larger the molecular weight and molecular size, the slower the diffusion, which is based on the molecular motion theory and the inhibitory effect of the gel substance.
An Intelligent Manufacturing Cell Based on Human-robot Collaboration of Frequent Task Learning for Flexible Manufacturing
Authors: Zhang Shuai , Li Shiqi , Wang Haipeng , Li Xiao 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The manufacturing industry was moving towards the trend of short run production and personalized customization. That results in the challenge of the efficiency of task adjustment and the complexity of tasks for robots. Thus, this paper developed the intelligent manufacturing cell based on human-robot collaboration(HRC-IMC), combining the intelligence of cobot with that of human. And the intelligent manufacturing cell was composed with the modules of imitating learning, human-robot safety planning, task planning and visual inferring. Moreover, all modules were designed to provide a set of systematic and e ective method which can improve the efficiency of task planning and new task learning. The experimental results indicated that the the efficiency of task adjustment of HRC-IMC can be increased 42.8 % than that of Moveit. All in all, this study is of great significance for improving the efficiency of new task planning of cobots by digitizing the manipulation experience of human.
Variations in Microanatomy of the Human Modiolus: Implications for Cochlear Implants
Authors: Pietsch Markus , Schurzig Daniel , Salcher Rolf , Warnecke Athanasia , Erfurt Peter , Lenarz Thomas , Kral Andrej 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Human cochlear anatomy is highly variable. The phenomenon has been first described qualitatively, followed by a quantitative variability assessment with detailed anatomical models of the human cochlea. However, all previous work focused on lateral cochlear wall. Few information is available on the variability of the modiolar wall. Modiolar variability, likely determined by variability in the spiral ganglion, provides key information on when during ontogenesis the individual cochlear morphology is established: before and/or after neuronal structures are formed. In the present study we analyzed 108 corrosion casts, 95 clinical cone beam computer tomographies and 15 µCTs of human cochleae and observed modiolar variability of similar and larger extent than the lateral wall variability. Lateral wall measures correlated with modiolar wall measures significantly. ~49% of the variability has a common cause, very likely established already during the time when the spiral ganglion is formed. Proximity of other neuronal and vascular structures, defining the remaining variability in scalar spaces, are determined later in ontogenesis, when the scalae are formed. The present data further allows implications for perimodiolar cochlear implants and their tip fold-overs. In particular, the data demonstrate that tip fold-overs of preformed implants likely result from the morphology of the modiolus (with radius changing from base to apex), and that optimal cochlear implantation of perimodiolar arrays cannot be guaranteed without an individualized surgical technique.
Azolla A Boon for the Growth of Gift Tilapia, Oreochromis Niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Authors: BESLIN LEENA GRACE , Rajan Monisha 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Understanding the nutritional requirements and production of fish feed is essential to the development and sustainability of aquaculture for the matured feed mill practices. Fish feed management includes choosing the right feed, using a correct feeding method, calculating the feeding cost and ensuring the cost effectiveness of fish farm. The purpose of the present study was to feed the fishes with four different feeds and assessment of growth performance by length weight relationships. The growth analysis was executed by measuring FCR and related indices in gift tilapia oreochromis niloticus. Four feed composition was selected without any chemical contamination. In the present study fishes were collected from the golden farm, Neyyattinkara, Thiruvananthapuram district, South India. Fishes were introduced into four different tanks of well oxygenated good quality water. In each experimental tank, 20 fishes were introduced. For each experimental container a specific feed was fixed from 4 different diets. Every day feed was given to the fishes. They were fed two times for the period of 3 months. They were maintained to assess their growth performance. Four types of feeds used for the present study are control diet, diet 1, diet 2 and diet 3. Measurement of length and weight was measured on every 15 days interval. Based on the length-weight data, growth analysis was carried out by calculating relative growth (RG), relative growth rate (RGR), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and the Fulton’s condition factor. The results of mean length in diet3proved the highest length of 6.455 ± 0.46cm and diet one contain lowest length of 5.03 ± 0.68cm. Highest weight of 96.8 ± 0.37g was recorded in diet3 and lowest weight obtained for the control diet (3.645 ± 0.306 g). In growth analysis the relative growth of fish was estimated in diet 3 having high relative growth (11.91). Relative growth rate was elevated in diet 3(1.5597). The upper limit of specific growth rate was 1.9146% observed in diet 3. The feed conversion ratio was maximum in diet 3 (58.06) and minimum in control diet (36). The highest k value in Fulton's condition factor was noticed in diet 3(88.32).All experimental results proved that live Azolla [D3] was a superior feed for the present trials.