bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The assessment: artificial intelligence and financial services
Authors: Bholat David , Susskind Daniel 
Published: June 2021

Abstract: This special issue of the Oxford Review of Economic Policy, based on papers presented at a Bank of England conference, explores the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on financial services. This opening article provides an overview of AI and its increased use in the financial sector; considers the implications for consumers and competition in the sector; looks at the consequences for central bankers and regulators; and reflects on a more distant world where AI is far more advanced than today. In short, the effect of AI on financial services is likely to be transformative, but that impact remains complex and uncertain.
Associations Between Negative Symptoms and Effort Discounting in Patients With Schizophrenia and Major Depressive Disorder
Authors: Cathomas Flurin , Klaus Federica , Guetter Karoline , Seifritz Erich , Hartmann-Riemer Matthias N , Tobler Philippe N , Kaiser Stefan , Kaliuzhna Mariia 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Deficits in goal-directed decision making and motivation are hallmark characteristics of several neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia (SZ) and major depressive disorder (MDD). Studies using effort-based decision-making tasks have shown that both patients with SZ and MDD invest less physical effort in order to obtain rewards. However, how these motivational deficits relate to clinically assessed symptom dimensions such as apathy remains controversial. Using a grip-strength-based effort discounting task we assessed effort-based decision-making behavior in healthy controls (HC) (N = 18), patients with SZ (N = 42), and MDD (N = 44). We then investigated how effort discounting relates to different symptom dimensions. There were no differences in effort discounting between HC participants and patients with SZ or MDD. In addition, we did not observe a correlation between effort discounting and negative symptoms (NS) in patients with SZ or MDD. In conclusion, the current study does not support an association between effort discounting and NS in SZ or MDD. Further studies are needed to investigate effort discounting and its relation to psychopathological dimensions across different neuropsychiatric disorders.
Risky Food Handling Practices among Community‐Residing Older Adults
Authors: Yap LeLee , FRANCIS SARAH L , SHELLEY MACK , LILLEHOJ CATHERINE , MONTGOMERY DORIS , WINHAM DONNA M 
Published: June 2021

Older adults are at greater risk for foodborne illness due to age and weakened immune function. Despite higher susceptibility to foodborne illness, older adults have low knowledge of food safety risk. It is essential to identify unsafe food handling behaviors among older adults so that interventions can be developed to decrease the likelihood of foodborne illness. Targeted, needs‐driven education materials and programs are the best methods to increase risk awareness among older adults and to provide the necessary prevention steps. The study purpose was to assess food handling behaviors that are increasing community‐residing older adults’ risk for foodborne illness. A convenience sample of 720 older adults from 67 congregate meal sites in a Midwest state completed a 10‐item food safety knowledge questionnaire that asked about the frequency of performing food safety behaviors. Participants were primarily widowed (54.3%), white (95.9%), females (75.4%), with a mean age of 78.6 years, who had a high school education (46.6%), and reported being in “average” health (31.9%). Review of descriptive statistics identified safety practices; chi‐square tests evaluated the associations between frequency of food safety practices, age, and gender. The majority of participants reported regularly practicing these specific safe food handling practices: refrigerating cold food immediately (97.6%), washing cutting boards after contact with meats (93.6%), discarding suspicious leftovers (93.6%), keeping sponges and towels clean (92.3%), and washing hands before food prep (91.4%). Conversely, a number of safety behaviors were not observed including: (1) thaw meat in refrigerator (50.0%), (2) pick up refrigerated/ frozen food just before checking out (38.5%), (3) check “sell‐by” and “use by” dates on packages (35.8%), or (4) use separate cutting boards for meat (21.0%). Age category was associated with picking up refrigerated / frozen food just before checking out (χ2[3] = 8.45, p = .038) and refrigerating leftovers immediately (χ2 [3] = 8.18, p = .043); participants aged 71–80 years reported a higher frequency of responding “no” than other age groups. Gender was associated with washing cutting boards after contact with meat (χ2 [1] = 12.25, p < .001) and keeping towels and sponges clean (χ2 [1] = 9.86, p = .002); a higher percentage of males reported “no” to these behaviors. Future food safety education for older adults should target these aforementioned food safety practices to reduce the risk of foodborne illness. Specific education should be targeted to older adults age 71–80 related to refrigeration safety and to older males regarding cleaning of food prep materials.Support or Funding InformationFunded by USDA's SNAP, an equal opportunity provider and employer, in collaboration with the Iowa Department of Public Health
Dietary Strawberry Improves Cognition in Older adults: A Randomized, Double‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled Trial
Authors: Miller Marshall G , Thangthaeng Nopporn , Scott Tammy M , Shukitt‐Hale Barbara 
Published: June 2021

Older adults experience a variety of functional changes that decrease their quality of life with age‐related cognitive decline and reduced mobility being of particular concern. Pre‐clinical research indicates that berry fruit offer a promising dietary approach to preserving nervous system function, in part due to the antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties of their polyphenolic compounds. Based on the improvements in mobility and cognition observed among strawberry‐supplemented aged rats, we hypothesized that dietary supplementation with strawberry would also benefit older adults. The present study investigated the effects of strawberry supplementation (24g/day, ≈2 cups/day fresh strawberry) or placebo powder on healthy older men and women (60–75 years old). Motor and cognitive ability were assessed at days 0, 45, and 90 of supplementation. Improvements in hippocampally‐mediated word recognition and spatial memory were observed among participants that consumed strawberry, relative to placebo; however, no effects on mobility were observed. These findings suggest that the inclusion of strawberry in the diet may aid in preserving aspects of cognitive function during aging.Support or Funding InformationUSDA Intramural, California Strawberry Commission
Double Up Food Bucks Farmers’ Market Incentive Program: Food Insecurity and Fruit and Vegetable Consumption
Authors: Zimmerman Grant , Roskos Mateja Savoie , Feller Chelsea , Durward Carrie 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveTo determine the impact of a farmers’ market incentive program on fruit and vegetable (F&V) intake and food security status of program participants.MethodsAdults enrolled in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program in the state of Utah were eligible to receive a dollar‐per‐dollar match up to $10/farmers market visit in tokens which could be used to purchase fruits and vegetables. F&V intake and food security status were measured in of 138 adult participants at the market and four weeks later using validated surveys. Changes in food security status and F&V consumption were tested using the Wilcoxon signed‐rank test.ResultsParticipants were mostly non‐Hispanic white (87%) females (79.7%), with a mean age of 40 ± 12.5 (mean ± standard deviation) years. Although significant changes in food security were found when comparing baseline to endpoint (p= 0.001), the median change was 0.00 because some participants increased and others decreased. After the incentive program, reported F&V consumption increased by a median of 0.63 times/day (p=0.002), total fruit decreased by −0.02 times/day (p=0.008) and vegetable increase of 0.43 times/day (p=0.001).ConclusionsParticipation in the farmers’ market incentive program was associated with increased consumption of F&V for participants in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program.Support or Funding InformationUSDA; Food Security and Nutritional Incentive Grants Program
Nutritional Changes During Biofortified Maize Fermentation (Steeping) for Ogi Production
Authors: Ortiz Darwin , Nkhata Smith , Buechler Aimee , Rocheford Torbert , Ferruzzi Mario G. 
Published: June 2021

Maize is a staple food crop with an important role in the household food security in sub‐Saharan Africa where a significant number of people suffer vitamin A deficiency. Efforts are underway to develop new maize cultivars with improved levels of pro‐vitamin A carotenoids (pVACs). To enhance the bioavailability of nutrients from maize, various processes are used including soaking, fermentation, germination, malting, as well as thermal and mechanical processing. Fermentation is widely used in West Africa in the production of fermented cereal flours and in preparation of porridges and weaning foods. Recovery and bioavailability of pVACs from such foods is not well established for biofortified maize varieties. The purpose of this study was to assess nutritional and physical changes to five promising biofortified maize genotypes during processing of maize to a common fermented food product consumed in West Africa. Composition, stability, carotenoid bioaccessibility and carbohydrate digestibility were evaluated in experimental porridges prepared from each biofortified maize genotype processed with different degrees of fermentation (24, 72, 120h) as traditionally used for “ogi” production. Genotypes evaluated contained 3.0–8.5 μg/g β‐carotene equivalents on a dry weight basis (DW). pVAC retention after 24 h and 72 h fermentation ranged from 60–100% among genotypes. However, after 120 h fermentation recovery was reduced 27–48%. These results suggest some variation in stability of pVACs between genotypes. Bioaccessibility of pVACs determined by in vitro digestion of porridges ranged from 1.3–2.3% with significant differences observed among genotypes (p < 0.05) but not fermentation time. Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA) was used to assess functional properties of the fermented flours. RVA data showed that in general fermentation increased final viscosity of the fermented flours from an initial viscosity (403.4 ± 14.3 cP) to a maximum level (722.1 ± 12.2 cP) achieved after 72 h. However, a close relation between genotypes and final viscosity was observed that could potentially impact product sensory characteristics and bioaccessibility of pVACs. Biofortified genotypes did not have differences in their starch digestibility (p > 0.05). However, fermentation time did alter starch digestibility as assessed by glucose release (18.1–19.4 g/100g FW).Support or Funding InformationFunding provided by NSF, HarvestPlus, USAID Food Processing Innovation Lab, Colciencias and Fulbright‐Colombia.
Effect of Allosteric Changes in MERS 3CL protease Enzymatic Activity and Dimerization
Authors: Gonzalez Leticia Sofia , Anson Brandon , Mesecar Andrew 
Published: June 2021

MERS‐CoV, the Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coranavirus, was first identified in late 2012 causing public health havoc as more research tried to identity its virulence and relationship to SARS‐CoV. Currently, MERS‐CoV appears to have a 35% fatality rate for those infected. The catalytic dyad in its 3CLprotease (cysteine and histidine) is conserved within other beta coronaviruses. Overall there is ~98% conservation of the MERS‐CoV, HKU4, HKU5 proteome, yet the three viruses vary significantly in their dimerization binding affinity of their 3Clproteases. HKU4, HKU5 appear to have much stronger binding of their 3CLproteases, while MERS's 3CLprotease binding affinity constant is significantly lower. With a large percent of conserved proteomics it is crucial to further understand why the small percent of non‐conserved protein regions within the 3CLproteases contribute to great differences in affinity constant for MERS 3CLpro. It was the goal of the project is to identify allosteric interactions that would make a stronger dimer within the MERS‐CoV 3CLprotease using and mutating non‐conserved regions in the 3CLproteases family. Through site directed mutagenesis a A15N mutant was cloned, purified and its kinetic and binding affinity was tested. FRET‐based kinetic assays for A15N show that A15N 3CLpro binding affinity was weaker as compared to 3CL protease wild‐type. This results leaves further opportunities to explore other important sites (amino acids/bonds) within the dimer interface that influence more heavily to its dimerization.Support or Funding InformationNational Science Foundation
Metabolic Fate of Blueberry Anthocyanins after Chronic Supplementation in Healthy Older Adults
Authors: Sandhu Amandeep , Miller Marshall G. , Shukitt‐Hale Barbara , Edirisinghe Indika , Burton‐Freeman Britt 
Published: June 2021

Plant derived anthocyanin rich foods play a protective role against chronic diseases such as diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Anthocyanins are absorbed in their intact form and can be metabolized to a wide array of phenolic metabolites/conjugates. Blueberries are considered to be one of the richest source of anthocyanins and in the present study, we explored the metabolic fate of blueberry anthocyanins after chronic (90 days) supplementation of freeze‐dried blueberry (24 g/d, equivalent to 1 cup of fresh blueberries) in 19 healthy older adults (67.8 ± 4.6 y). Blood samples were collected at baseline (t=0 h) and 2 h post consumption on day 1 (no treatment), day 45 and day 90. A total of 28 anthocyanin metabolites were identified in plasma using ultra high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. Peonidin glucuronide, a conjugated metabolite of peonidin, reached 204.5 ± 87.5 nmol/L at 2 h on day 45, which was the highest concentration among all phase II metabolites maintaining the parent structure. Among the parent untransformed anthocyanins, the content of malvidin galactoside was highest (37.4 ± 10.4 nmol/L) while the content of cyanidin glucoside was lowest (10.0 ± 2.9 nmol/L) in 2 h plasma sample on day 45. Out of 14 phenolic acid metabolites, the concentration of 7 metabolites were increased in baseline plasma at day 45 and 90 when compared to baseline plasma at day 1. The concentration of twelve phenolic acid metabolites increased at 2 h when compared to 0 h on day 45 and 90. Ferulic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid and ferulic acid glucuronide were detected only in 2 h plasma samples. Our results suggest that blueberry anthocyanins are absorbed and extensively metabolized/catabolized resulting in the production of various phenolic acid derivatives and their conjugates, all together contributing to the bioavailability and beneficial effects associated with blueberry consumption.Support or Funding InformationU.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Highbush Blueberry Council, Tufts University and Investigator (Burton‐Freeman/Edirisinghe) various donor funds.
Drug allergy management in the elderly
Authors: Wong Jane C.Y. , Li Philip H. 
Published: June 2021

Purpose of review
Drug allergy management has previously not been emphasized in the elderly. However, the geriatric population poses several unique characteristics, challenges for drug allergy testing and considerations in the management. Especially in the era of COVID-19, the elderly population is a vulnerable cohort and reviewing the management during this unprecedented time is both timely and relevant.

Recent findings
In recent years, larger scale studies focusing on the epidemiology and prevalence trends of drug allergies among older adults has been summarized in this review. Emphasis on anaphylaxis in the older adults has been studied.

Summary
There are many implications of these findings. Epidemiological studies are useful in realizing the burden and spectrum of drug allergies on our healthcare system. It has allowed us to identify certain barriers in drug allergy management and develop ways to overcome these challenges through. Lastly, we have proposed an approach to drug allergy management based on previous studies as well as from our perspective and local experience.
Dysnatremia and 6-Month Functional Outcomes in Critically Ill Patients With Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Cohen Jeremy , Delaney Anthony , Anstey James , Anstey Matthew , Barge Deborah , Bellomo Rinaldo , Bhardwa Vishnu , Brinkerhoff Gail , Board Jasmin , Campain Anna , Cooper D. James , Di Tanna Gian Luca , Finnis Mark , Fitzgerald Emily , Flower Oliver , Healey Paul , Hunt Anna , Lawrence Cassie , Merthens Jan , Newby Lynette , Pearson David , Raith Eamon , Robertson Yvonne , Schweikert Sacha , Starr Therese , Tallott Mandy , van der Poll Andrew , Young Paul , Udy Andrew 
Published: June 2021

OBJECTIVES:
To investigate the association between plasma sodium concentrations and 6-month neurologic outcome in critically ill patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.

DESIGN:
Prospective cohort study.

SETTING:
Eleven ICUs in Australia and New Zealand.

PARTICIPANTS:
Three-hundred fifty-six aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage patients admitted to ICU between March 2016 and June 2018. The exposure variable was daily measured plasma sodium.

INTERVENTIONS:
None.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
Six-month neurologic outcome as measured by the modified Rankin Scale. A poor outcome was defined as a modified Rankin Scale greater than or equal to 4. The mean age was 57 years (± 12.6 yr), 68% were female, and 32% (n = 113) had a poor outcome. In multivariable analysis, including age, illness severity, and process of care measures as covariates, higher mean sodium concentrations (odds ratio, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.05–1.29), and greater overall variability—as measured by the sd (odds ratio, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.17–1.99)—were associated with a greater likelihood of a poor outcome. Multivariable generalized additive modeling demonstrated, specifically, that a high initial sodium concentration, followed by a gradual decline from day 3 onwards, was also associated with a poor outcome. Finally, greater variability in sodium concentrations was associated with a longer ICU and hospital length of stay: mean ICU length of stay ratio (1.13; 95% CI, 1.07–1.20) and mean hospital length of stay ratio (1.08; 95% CI, 1.01–1.15).

CONCLUSIONS:
In critically ill aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage patients, higher mean sodium concentrations and greater variability were associated with worse neurologic outcomes at 6 months, despite adjustment for known confounders. Interventional studies would be required to demonstrate a causal relationship.
Clinical information and management status of de novo stage IV breast cancer patients: a Chinese multicenter investigation (CSBrS-002)
Authors: Zheng Ang , Guo Bao-Liang , Zhang Jian-Guo , Jin Feng 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Background:
Although de novo stage IV breast cancer is so far incurable, it has entered an era of individualized treatment and chronic disease management. Based on systemic treatment, whether the surgical resection of primary or metastatic foci of de novo stage IV breast cancer can bring survival benefits is currently controversial. We aimed to explore the clinicopathological factors and current status of the management of de novo stage IV breast cancer in China to provide a reference for clinical decisions.

Methods:
Based on the assistance of Chinese Society of Breast Surgery, a retrospective study was conducted to analyze the clinical data of patients with de novo stage IV breast cancer in 33 centers from January 2017 to December 2018. The relationship between basic characteristic (age, menstrual status, family history, reproductive history, pathological type, estrogen receptor [ER] status, progesterone receptor [PR] status, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 [HER2] status, Ki-67 percentage, and molecular subtype), and metastasis sites (lung metastasis, liver metastasis, and bone metastasis) was examined by Pearson Chi-square tests.

Results:
A total of 468 patients with de novo stage IV breast cancer were enrolled. The median age of the enrolled patients was 51.5 years. The most common pathological type of primary lesion was invasive carcinoma (97.1%). Luminal A, luminal B, HER2 overexpressing, and triple-negative subtypes accounted for 14.3%, 51.8%, 22.1%, and 11.8% of all cases, respectively. Age, PR status, and HER2 status were correlated with lung metastasis (χ
2 = 6.576, 4.117, and 8.643 and P = 0.037, 0.043, and 0.003, respectively). Pathological type, ER status, PR status, and molecular subtype were correlated with bone metastasis (χ
2 = 5.117, 37.511, 5.224, and 11.603 and P = 0.024, <0.001, 0.022, and 0.009, respectively). Age, PR status, HER2 status, Ki-67 percentage, and molecular subtype were correlated with liver metastasis (χ
2 = 11.153, 13.378, 10.692, 21.206, and 17.684 and P = 0.004, <0.001, 0.001, <0.001, and 0.001, respectively). Combined treatment with paclitaxel and anthracycline was the most common first-line chemotherapy regimen for patients with de novo stage IV breast cancer (51.7%). Overall, 91.5% of patients used paclitaxel-containing regimens. Moreover, 59.3% of hormone receptor-positive patients underwent endocrine therapy.

Conclusions:
In 2018, 1.07% of patients from all studied centers were diagnosed with de novo stage IV breast cancer. This study indicated that 95.1% of patients received systemic therapy and 54.2% of patients underwent surgical removal of the primary lesion in China.