bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation of age at onset of linear enamel hypoplasia. New calculation tool, description and comparison of current methods
Authors: Dąbrowski Paweł , Kulus Michał Jerzy , Furmanek Mirosław , Paulsen Friedrich , Grzelak Joanna , Domagała Zygmunt 
Published: June 2021

AbstractEnamel Hypoplasia (EH) is known to be a useful indicator for wide range of detrimental factors in early childhood in past populations, such as nutritional disturbances, mechanical trauma, disease, metabolic, and/or genetic disorders. EH may be divided into three categories: pits, grooves, and lines, where the last two are referred to as “Linear Enamel Hypoplasia” (LEH). The regularity of enamel formation allows retrospective determination of the age of LEH formation. The current article reviews and compares the best‐known methods used to estimate age at LEH formation and provides a new computational tool. Growth curves for canines and incisors were developed based on tooth growth tables by previous authors. Optimal models were selected using the Akaike Information Criterion. A Microsoft Excel spreadsheet was created to calculate age at LEH formation using the most common methods. All method results were compared with an archaeological sample (44 teeth of 18 individuals from an early modern cemetery from Wrocław, Poland) and a theoretical model. The results of the methods were compared pairwise with Bland‐Altman plots. The current article provides a quick and easy‐to‐use tool for analyzing LEH chronology and comparing the results of different methods. As shown by the Bland‐Altman plots, most methods provide approximately consistent results for LEHs formed at around 2–3 years of age. However, LEHs formed particularly early or late are more prone to discrepancies between different methods. Comparison of the age at LEH formation obtained by different methods should be done carefully ‐ and the new LEH calculation tool with optimized equations provided in this publication can facilitate this process.
Organoleptic and physicochemical properties of natural‐based herbal shampoo formulations with Cyclea peltata as a key ingredient
Authors: Saripalla Deeksha D. , Khokhani Nirav D. , Kamath Avanthika , Rai Ripika Prakashchandra , Nayak Sneha 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundSynthetic shampoos have toxic chemical agents like chemicals such as parabens and sodium lauryl sulfate which damage the hair. To combat this issue, the use of natural herbal shampoos, as opposed to synthetic shampoos, is becoming increasingly popular. One of the many medicinal plants present in Karnataka and Kerala is Cyclea peltata. This plant has long been known to assist in wound healing, allergy relief, and hair and scalp improvement, as well as serving as a coolant for hair applications.ObjectiveThe key subject of this research was the preparation of plant extracts and fermentation of Cyclea peltata leaf extract with Lactobacillus plantarum, resulting in the formulation of an herbal shampoo.MethodThe leaf extract contained alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenolic acid, saponins, and proteins, according to previous research by this group. The fermented product showed the presence of lactic acid, which was a boon for shampoo base as it protects the hair from the sunlight and improves the texture and strength of hair fibers. Cyclea peltata was used as the main ingredient in herbal shampoo formulations, along with other herbal ingredients, and the formulated shampoo was characterized for its different organoleptic (Color, odor) and physicochemical properties (pH, solid content, wettability, emulsification, and foam stability) to find the best formulation.ResultFormulation H2 showed better organoleptic and physicochemical properties and thus was chosen as the best formulation among the 11 formulations.ConclusionFormulation H2 is regarded as the best formulation based on the results of the physicochemical tests (Pleasant odor, pH 3.01, solid content of 5.75%, wettability of 1.68 s, and percentage emulsification of 68.75%).
Cosmetic Commentary: Response to “Is bakuchiol the new 'skincare hero'?”
Authors: Sivamani Raja K. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis commentary is intended to expand the discussion around comparisons of topical bakuchiol to topical retinol. The state of the evidence for existing retinoid studies, the limitations in previous assessment methodologies, and the evolution of newer methods with high resolution image analysis‐based techniques are explored.
Social media use in patients with acne vulgaris: What do patients expect from social media?
Authors: Aslan Kayıran Melek , Karadağ Ayşe Serap , Alyamaç Gökçen , Çevirgen Cemil Bengü , Demirseren Düriye Deniz , Aksoy Hasan , Oğuz Kılıç Sevilay , Taş Demircan Yuhanize , İnan Yüksel Esma , Kalkan Göknur , Yaşar Gülbin , Şikar Aktürk Aysun , Kutlu Ömer , Altıntaş Kakşi Sümeyye , Elibüyük Aksaç Sema , Kaya Erdoğan Hilal , Kaya Özden Hatice , Sarıkaya Solak Sezgi , Koska Mahmut Can , Yazıcı Serkan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundAcne vulgaris (AV) may affect external appearance and significantly deteriorate the quality of life of patients. Therefore, patients make various inquiries about their disease and seek treatment options.AimsTo investigate the social media usage habits of patients with AV concerning their diseases, and their recommendations for dermatologists related to social media use.MethodsA total of 1609 patients with AV completed the survey prepared by the authors and the Cardiff Acne Disability Index questionnaire. The Food and Drug Administration severity scores and clinical information of the patients were noted by their physicians.ResultsOf the 1,489 patients who stated that they used social media, 46.31% regularly and 28.77% sometimes referred to these sources to make inquiries about AV. Social media usage for AV was statistically significantly higher in women, participants with short term and severe disease, those with a moderate income level, and those using topical treatment and cosmetics. They mostly used Google (67%), Instagram (54%), and YouTube (49%). While 76% of the participants stated that they did not share what they saw on the Internet with their doctor. Of the respondents, 18.5% were trying to contact their dermatologists through the Internet, and 69.73% would prefer experts such as dermatologists to post–AV‐related content.ConclusionsOur study shows that patients frequently resort to social media to seek information about AV. In the changing digital world order, it is observed that there is a need for dermatologists to use social media more actively to share accurate information about AV.
Formulation and development of herbal microsponge sunscreen gel
Authors: Dutta Disha , Goyal Naveen , Kumar Sharma Dinesh 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPurposeThe endeavor of this study is to prepare and developed a method for microsponge gel as a polyherbal formulation along with their evaluation methods for sunscreen properties.MethodPolyherbal extracts as an active component for preparing microsponge formulation used in ratio of a drug, i.e. Poly herbal extracts, ethyl cellulose used as polymer, Polyvinyl alcohol as an emulsifier present in the formulation was successfully obtained by using method quasi‐emulsion solvent diffusion. The formulations prepared were considered for substantial characterization. The physical description of microsponge formulation, having a coating of Gel‐3 exhibits more loading efficiency and production yield. The mentioned formulation of microsponge was formulated with the help of gel using carbopol and then test performed are pH, viscosity, spreadability, drug content, and in‐vitro release. Most of the microsponge preparations are prepared by drug loading in it and the consequences are good to reproduce. The best formulation was prepared and then comparison study was done with one of the marketed simple gel of polyherbal extract and other one is microsponge loaded gel of polyherbal extract by using Franz diffusion cell.ResultThe release profile details about that the microsponge loaded gels are showing excellent release rate while comparing to simple marketed gel of polyherbal extract.
Diffusion tensor imaging reveals greater microstructure damage in lesional tissue that shrinks into cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Bergsland Niels , Dwyer Michael G. , Jakimovski Dejan , Weinstock‐Guttman Bianca , Zivadinov Robert 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackground and PurposeAtrophied T2 lesion volume (LV), reflecting the complete transformation of lesions into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), has been associated with disease progression in multiple sclerosis (MS). The underlying damage leading to lesion destruction remains poorly understood. The objective of this study was to use diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to investigate the extent of microstructural tissue damage at baseline in lesions that subsequently transform into CSF.MethodsNinety‐nine MS patients (67 relapsing‐remitting MS [RRMS] and 32 progressive PMS [PMS]) were imaged at baseline and after an average of 5.3 ± 0.6 years of follow‐up. Assessments included T2 LV and DTI at baseline and atrophied T2 LV over follow‐up. Lesioned areas that became atrophied T2 LV were compared to those that did not. Baseline lesional DTI metrics were compared between RRMS versus PMS patients and between patients with disability progression (DP, n = 35) versus non‐DP (n = 64), using ANCOVA models.ResultsLesion tissue that developed into atrophied T2 LV had significantly different baseline DTI parameters compared to nonatrophied T2‐LV tissue (p<0.001), with the largest effect for free‐water (d = 2.739). Baseline tissue characteristics of future atrophied T2 LV were not significantly different between groups. However, DP patients developed greater atrophied T2 LV (377 vs. 83 mm3, p < 0.001).ConclusionsExtensive microstructural damage characterizes lesions replaced by CSF, independently of disease phenotype or future DP. Greater atrophied T2 LV predicts DP.
Leveraging economic games to integrate and differentiate personality and psychopathology
Authors: Edershile Elizabeth A. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractA comprehensive model that integrates, yet differentiates, between personality and psychopathology is needed. Emerging empirical models of psychopathology are aligned structurally with trait models of personality, suggesting clear points of convergence. However, traits, themselves, are not sufficient to quantify consequential adaptivity and maladaptivity. Rather, as multiple theoretical accounts argue, unsuccessful pursuit of goals and needs, and the inability to flexibly adapt goals to fit the situation, is how maladaptivity is understood to emerge. Thus far, though, the empirical literature has suffered from an unsatisfactory connection between structural (or trait‐based personality) models and our understanding of dysfunctional processes (psychopathology). Economic games, which elicit intensive repeated behavior suitable for studying dynamic processes, have been leveraged to explore how personality and pathology are associated with behavior across a variety of tasks. When coupled with computational modeling, economic games offer a promising method for integrating and differentiating personality and psychopathology. Ultimately, a fully formed model of psychopathology will be achieved when structural models of personality and psychopathology can be merged with a better understanding of the underlying functional processes of each. This will likely only be achieved by leveraging a number of available tools across disciplines.
Improved sleep efficiency is associated with reduced cardio‐metabolic risk: Findings from the MODERN trial
Authors: Yiallourou Stephanie R. , Carrington Melinda J 
Published: June 2021

SummaryPoor sleep increases cardio‐metabolic risk, but limited information on the impact of sleep for the improvement of cardio‐metabolic health exists. This analysis examined the impact of sleep on a health and lifestyle modification programme to reduce cardio‐metabolic disease risk factors. Secondary analysis of the MODERN randomised controlled trial to reduce cardio‐metabolic risk was undertaken at baseline and 24‐month follow‐up. Participants aged 40–70 years (n = 121) with three or more cardio‐metabolic risk factors were randomised to a health and lifestyle modification intervention (n = 59) or usual care (n = 62), and underwent 7 day/night actigraphy to assess total sleep time, sleep efficiency (%), number of awakenings/night and physical activity levels. Blood pressure, blood lipid and glycaemic levels, anthropometric and diet measures were collected. The mean age was 59 ± 7 years and 37% were male. Baseline sleep measures were not different between groups. At the 24‐month follow‐up, both groups showed improvements in cardio‐metabolic risk factors, albeit the change in blood pressure was greater in the intervention compared with the usual care group (systolic blood pressure: –11 versus –4 mmHg, p = .014). There were no differences between groups for diet, physical activity or sleep parameters. An increase in sleep efficiency was independently associated with lower systolic blood pressure (β = −2.117, p = .002) and higher high‐density lipoprotein levels (β = 0.040, p = .033); an increase in total sleep time was associated with lower low‐density lipoprotein levels (β = −0.003, p = .038) at 24 months. Overall, improvement in sleep quality over time was beneficial to reduce blood pressure and lipid levels. These findings highlight sleep as a potential target to reduce cardio‐metabolic risk.
Sleep difficulties, incident dementia and all‐cause mortality among older adults across 8 years: Findings from the National Health and Aging Trends Study
Authors: Robbins Rebecca , Weaver Matthew D. , Barger Laura K. , Wang Wei , Quan Stuart F. , Czeisler Charles A. 
Published: June 2021

SummarySleep difficulties have been implicated in the development and progression of dementia and in all‐cause mortality. This study examines the relationship between sleep difficulties, incident dementia and all‐cause mortality over 8 years of follow‐up among a nationally representative sample of older (≥65 years) adults in the United States. We used data collected from the National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS) from 2011 to 2018, a prospective cohort study of Medicare beneficiaries. At baseline, the NHATS sample comprised 6,376 older adults who were representative of 32 million older adults. Respondents reported routine difficulty initiating sleep or difficulty falling back asleep “most nights” or “every night” in each study year. In each year, dementia was determined by either self‐reported diagnosis or performance on immediate and delayed recall word and clock drawing tests, whereas all‐cause mortality was determined by proxy. We conducted Cox proportional hazards modelling, adjusting for age, sex, marital status and chronic conditions. In models predicting all‐cause mortality, we also controlled for dementia. Among respondents at baseline, 19% were 65–75 years of age, 71% identified as non‐Hispanic white and 59% were female. Difficulty initiating sleep (hazard ratio [HR], 1.49; 95% confidence interval [CI],1.25–1.77), difficulty falling back asleep (HR, = 1.39; 95% CI,1.14–1.70) and concurrent sleep difficulties (HR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.25–1.99) were associated with greater risk of dementia. Difficulty initiating sleep (HR, 1.44; 95% CI,1.20–1.72), difficulty falling back asleep (HR, 1.56; 95% CI,1.29–1.89), and concurrent sleep difficulties (HR, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.44–2.24) were associated with greater risk of all‐cause mortality. Our findings demonstrate that reported difficulties are prospectively associated with an increased risk of dementia and all‐cause mortality among older people.
Serum C‐reactive protein in dogs with paraplegia secondary to acute intervertebral disc extrusion
Authors: Foreman Max , Vettorato Enzo , Caine Abby , Monti Paola , Cherubini Giunio Bruto , Eminaga Salih 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundApart from the absence of nociception, there is no readily available prognostic test for dogs presenting with paraplegia secondary to acute intervertebral disc extrusion (IVDE).ObjectiveTo assess if serum C‐reactive protein (CRP) can predict the postoperative outcome in paraplegic dogs undergoing surgery for IVDE and to assess the association between serum CRP and presence/absence of nociception on admission, and serum CRP and presence/absence of intramedullary changes seen on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).AnimalsOne hundred dogs that underwent surgery at our hospital between 2018 and 2020 because of acute paraplegia secondary to IVDE and in which serum CRP was measured.MethodsRetrospective observational cohort study. Dogs were classified as 4 or 5 according to the modified Frankel score (MFS) depending on presence/absence of nociception, respectively. MRI images were reviewed and the T2‐weighted hyperintensity: L2 vertebral body length was measured. Postoperative outcome was defined as positive if nociception, ambulation or both returned after decompressive surgery.ResultsThe median (95% CI) serum CRP was 4 (4‐5) and 6 (4‐7) mg/L in MSF4 and MSF5, respectively (P = .03). A weak linear relationship (R2 = 0.049, P = .03) was found between CRP and the T2‐weighted hyperintensity: L2 vertebral length. Outcome data was available for 85 dogs: CRP was 4 (4‐5) and 5 (4‐10) mg/L in positive and negative outcome dogs, respectively (P = .32).Conclusion and Clinical ImportanceSerum CRP did not predict outcome after surgery in dogs with paraplegia secondary to IVDE.
Glucocorticoid treatment in horses with asthma: A narrative review
Authors: Mainguy‐Seers Sophie , Lavoie Jean‐Pierre 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDespite substantial research efforts to improve the treatment and outcome of horses with asthma, glucocorticoids (GC) remain the cornerstone of drug treatment of this prevalent disease. The high efficacy of GC to relieve airway obstruction explains their extensive use despite potential deleterious effects. However, much is yet to be uncovered concerning GC use in horses with asthma, including the comparative efficacy of the different drugs, the determination of minimal effective doses and the mechanisms underlying their variable modulation of airway inflammation. The objectives of this structured review were to report and compare the plethora of effects of the various GC used in asthmatic horses with a focus on impact on lung function, airway inflammation, and bronchial remodeling. Adverse effects are also briefly described, with an emphasis on those that have been specifically reported in horses with asthma. Ultimately, we aimed to highlight gaps in the literature and to identify future research areas.
Outcomes of facilitative plant interactions in shrublands of NW Patagonia, Argentina
Authors: de Paz Manuel , Raffaele Estela , Gobbi Miriam E. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAimsThis study examined the plant–plant interaction networks and analyzed to what extent different nurse species groups with different traits (evergreen and deciduous) mediate the outcomes of the facilitated species composition.LocationFour shrublands located in Nahuel Huapi National Park, in Northern Patagonia, Argentina (41°11'55.34" S, 71°19'43.07" W).MethodsWe selected 10 woody species as nurse species: five evergreens and five deciduous species. We recorded species composition and total cover below nurse species and in open spaces during two consecutive years, with different interannual precipitation variability. We determined the facilitated species with the relative interaction intensity in plants (RII) index, constructed facilitation networks, and analyzed the species composition below nurses and in open spaces.ResultsIn our networks, nurse and facilitated species are generalist species. The species composition below the nurse canopies and open areas varied between years. The structure and parameters of networks built on two consecutive years were similar. However, we found changes in plant species interactions between the studied years. The species composition of the facilitated species growing below the deciduous and evergreen nurse species groups was similar.ConclusionsOur findings provide insights into knowledge of the facilitation networks in Patagonian shrublands. We found that networks were not nested and had many generalist species (nurses and facilitated). This implies that the disappearance of any nurse species would not change the community maintenance.
Exploring parameters of gamma transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) and full‐spectrum transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) on human pharyngeal cortical excitability
Authors: Zhang Mengqing , Cheng Ivy , Sasegbon Ayodele , Dou Zulin , Hamdy Shaheen 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundTranscranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) and transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) have been shown to have physiological and functional effects on brain excitability and motor behavior. Yet, little is known about their effects in the swallowing system.AimTo examine the effects and optimal stimulation parameters of tACS and tRNS for modulating excitability of human pharyngeal motor cortex.Methods10 Hz (alpha), 20 Hz (beta), 70 Hz (gamma) tACS, 0.1–640 Hz (full‐spectrum) tRNS, and sham were applied over pharyngeal motor cortices at 1.5 mA current intensity for 10 min in 15 healthy participants. Pharyngeal motor–evoked and thenar motor–evoked potentials (PMEPs and TMEPs) were assessed before and up to 2 h after stimulation with single‐pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation. Averaged MEP amplitude and latency changes were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA (rmANOVA).Key ResultsTwo‐way rmANOVA across all active interventions demonstrated a significant MEP interaction both in the stimulated pharyngeal cortex (F (4, 56) = 1.731, p = 0.038) and in the ipsilateral thenar cortex (F (4, 56) = 1.506, p = 0.048). Compared to sham, subsequent post hoc tests showed site‐specific and sustained (60–120 min) increases in PMEPs with gamma tACS and tRNS (p = 0.005, p = 0.027, respectively) and for TMEPs with beta tACS (p = 0.006).Conclusions and InferencesOur findings suggest that the effects of tACS and tRNS are frequency‐dependent and cortical (representation) site‐specific with both gamma tACS and full‐spectrum tRNS enhancing human pharyngeal cortical excitability. These techniques hold promise as potential treatments for neurological dysphagia.