bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study on the dynamic characteristics of the revolver cannon under high-speed impact
Authors: Li H B , Gao Y , Liu D , Ren H Y , Hou J F , Zhang S Y , Wei L , Du W B 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Aiming at the problems of discontinuous mechanism action, excessive energy consumption and poor matching with the chainless feeding system under the harsh working conditions of high-speed strong impact, a certain revolver cannon has the problems of discontinuous mechanism action, excessive energy consumption and poor matching with the chainless feeding system. In order to further study the dynamic characteristics of the gas-operated revolver cannon under high-speed impact load, solve the matching problem between the revolver cannon and the chainless feeding system, and improve the firing rate of the revolver cannon, based on the principle of the revolver cannon, the multi-body dynamics and gas dynamics theory are used to couple the thermomechanical coupling calculation model of the revolver cannon gas chamber and the transmission efficiency and impact numerical calculation method between the key parts into the ADAMS dynamic simulation model, and the dynamic analysis and calculation of the whole cannon of the revolver cannon are carried out. The motion characteristic curves of the key parts of the revolver cannon are obtained by simulation, the motion matching between the key parts is analyzed, and the simulation results are verified by experiments. The results show that the error of the motion characteristic parameters such as the active slide displacement and the gun box recoil displacement obtained by simulation and experiment is very small, which verifies the correctness of the calculation model. The simulation calculation method can provide technical support for the matching research between the revolver cannon and the chainless feeding system and the design and structural optimization of the revolver cannon.
Simulation study on the influence of groove depth on the lethal power performance of annular hollow pre controlled fragment warheads
Authors: Liu X R , Mao L , Wang H X , Qi Y X , Jiang Z R 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The pre controlled fragment warhead can be applied in certain specific scenarios due to its excellent damage performance and structural integrity. It is widely used in different combat scenarios. In order to obtain the influence of different groove depths on the lethal power performance of warheads, this paper uses numerical simulation methods to establish a finite element model of an annular hollow pre controlled fragment warhead. It carries out numerical simulation calculations on the lethal power performance of the annular hollow pre controlled fragment warhead. The results show that the detonation wave propagation of the annular hollow pre controlled fragment warhead is affected by the cavity sparsity effect, resulting in a secondary pressure jump of 109Pa. The pressure generated by the superposition of spherical waves in the strong direction is about 200% of that in the weak direction. Within a certain range, the axial initial velocity of the pre controlled fragments increases with the deepening of the groove depth. The average initial velocity in the strong direction increases by 22.96% compared to the weak direction. The influence of different groove depths on the circumferential initial velocity of pre controlled fragments near the detonation point is the greatest, followed by the middle part of the warhead, and the influence far from the detonation point is the smallest. The scattering angle of fragments increases first and then decreases with the increase of relative groove depth. When the relative groove depth is 0.5δ

e
, the maximum scattering angle of the fragments is 14.6 °. It increases by 35.2%. This study can provide valuable references for the optimization design and damage assessment of related warheads.
Numerical simulation of reactive jet penetrating into reinforced concrete
Authors: Zhang Hao 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
In order to study the damage effect of PTFE/Al/W reactive jet against reinforced concrete, AUTODYN-3D numerical simulation was used to study the formation and penetration behaviors of reactive jets with densities of 2.31g/cm3~4.12g/cm3. Simulation results show that under the same charge condition, the diameter of low-density reactive jet is larger, and there is no significant difference in the axial velocity distribution of the reactive jets with different densities. For the damage effect of reinforced concrete, the penetration hole diameter of reinforced concrete formed by low-density reactive jet is larger, moreover, the steel bars can protect the concrete and reduce the damage area of concrete surface. For the penetration ability, the reactive jets with different densities can penetrate the front layer of steel bars, and the higher density of reactive jet, the deeper penetration depth of reinforced concrete. Meanwhile, hitting position of the jet against concrete target has significant effect on penetration results. The broken steel bars in penetration hole reduce the penetration depth.
Localised External Blast Response of CFRP Retrofitted Steel Cylindrical Tubes
Authors: Shuaib M M , Chung Kim Yuen S , Nurick G N 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This paper presents the key outcomes derived from a series of experiments and numerical simulations aimed at understanding how carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) retrofitted cylindrical steel tubes respond to localised external blast loads. The blast tests were conducted using a ballistic pendulum on both as-received and retrofitted tubes, employing various configurations of CFRP retrofitting. The as-received mild steel cylindrical tubes had an outer diameter of 101.6mm, a wall thickness of 2.0mm, and spanned a length of 400mm. The cylindrical steel tubes were retrofitted with CFRP, stacked with four plies of fibre in four different arrangements. The tubes were subjected to lateral loading at the mid-span using plastic explosive (PE4) discs, each with a consistent diameter of 33mm, detonated at a stand-off distance of 13mm. The study investigated the influence of impulse (or charge mass) and the orientation of CFRP retrofitting on the structural response and failure behaviour of retrofitted tubes. The experiments demonstrated various combined CFRP failure modes resulting from localised blast loads, including metal-CFRP debonding, interlaminar delamination, and fibre rupture, particularly in the vicinity of the localised blast zone. Additionally, the findings indicated that CFRP tube retrofitting enhanced blast loading capacity, leading to reduced mid-point deflections compared to as-received tubes. Moreover, the results highlighted the effectiveness of CFRP retrofitting in increasing the threshold load for tearing failure in the steel tubes. The simulations from LS-Dyna were validated against the structural response and magnitude of deformation obtained from the experiments showed good correlation.
Study of the destructive response of charge array to reinforced concrete plate under contact explosion conditions
Authors: Yuan Yong-Di , Zu Xu-Dong 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
According to the needs of urban counter-terrorism operations, the military needs to enhance its ability to quickly maneuver in cities. The use of explosives to quickly open holes in walls is an effective means of achieving this capability. This article studies the relationship between the damage characteristics of charge array on reinforced concrete plates under contact explosion conditions and the parameters of array explosives through dimensional analysis. Numerical simulation of target plate penetration damage caused by explosive detonation using finite element analysis software, and model correction combined with experiments. Simulate using the modified model to fit the empirical formula of the damage characteristics of the target plate caused by various parameters of the charge array. The results indicate that within the range of working conditions studied in this article, the penetration diameter reaches its maximum when the spacing d between the charge blocks is 20-22cm. The spacing d corresponding to the maximum varies less under different charge block sizes and array arrangements. The ratio of the diameter of the through hole to the side length of the charge block gradually decreases with the increase of the length to height ratio of the charge block. This phenomenon indicates that the effective charge ratio is higher when the length to height ratio of the charge block is low. When the spacing between the charge blocks is too large, the combined effect of the charge array on the target plate weakens. The damage situation is close to that of a single small-sized charge damaging the target plate. The damage to the target plate at the interval between the charge blocks is relatively small. The maximum penetration diameter caused by charge array is 38% - 46% larger than that of group charge, which can effectively improve the destructive ability of explosives of the same mass and enhance combat effectiveness.
Mechanical Property and Constitutive Model of a Ti/PTFE/W
Authors: Zhu Z R , Zhang Z W , Tian W X , Wang T Y , Yang Y Z , Wang G , Guo L 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Metal/polymer reactive materials (RMs) can induce chemical reactions under impact, resulting in a high damage effect due to the combination of kinetic and chemical energy. Researching the constitutive relationships of these materials can provide theoretical and data support for the impact damage process of ammunition. In this study, Ti/PTFE/W RMs with different mass ratios were prepared. Their static and dynamic compressive mechanical properties were investigated using quasi-static compression tests and Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) tests. The results show that at a strain rate of approximately 4000 s−1, the dynamic compressive strengths of the three material formulas reached 84.1 MPa, 119.3 MPa, and 148.9 MPa, respectively. Based on the Johnson-Cook (J-C) model and the Zhu-Wang-Tang (ZWT) model, this paper constructed dynamic compression constitutive models for Ti/PTFE/W RMs, compared and validated the predictive effects of two models. At a strain rate of 2600 s−1, the mean absolute errors of the two models for the three formulas were 2.671 and 2.106, with the model results being generally consistent with the experimental data. When predicting the experimental data at a strain rate of 4000 s−1, the ZWT model’s mean absolute errors were reduced by 71%, 89.8%, and 39.4% compared to the J-C model for W mass fractions of 0%, 50%, and 75%, respectively.
Numerical calculation of reflection overpressure distribution characteristics of small equivalent explosives at close range
Authors: Yu Hao , Wang Xiaofeng , Liu Yan , Bai Fan , Xu Yingliang 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
How to determine the distribution of shock wave overpressure load on small equivalent explosives acting on close-range structures has always been a research hotspot in the field of protective engineering. This article establishes a two-dimensional axisymmetric calculation model for small equivalent spherical explosives based on LS Present. Verify the accuracy of the numerical calculation model through close-range explosion experiments and comparison with the Kingery Bulmash empirical formula. Based on the peak value of positive reflection overpressure, the reflection overpressure of different oblique reflections on a rigid wall was normalized, taking into account the effects of other charges (0.5 kg, 1 kg, and 2 kg) and different incident angles (0 ° to 60 °). The influence of Mach’s reflection on the distribution of reflection pressure on a rigid wall was analyzed. In addition, the research results indicate that under the same scaled distance, the normalized reflection overpressure distribution on the rigid surface tends to be consistent after explosions of 0.5kg and 1kg charges at the same proportional distance, while the normalized reflection overpressure during the 2kg charge explosion process deviates due to the influence of detonation products, especially when the incident angle is less than 8 °. Finally, the curve of the rigid wall reflection coefficient concerning the incident angle was obtained under different ratios of detonation distances. This study reveals the distribution pattern of reflected overpressure on rigid walls under close-range explosions, which can provide a reference for the distribution and data analysis of shock wave overpressure in small equivalent near-ground experiments.
Study on Damage Characteristics of Non-equimolar High Entropy Alloy under High-Speed Impact Conditionsalloy
Authors: Wang Z X , Xu L Z , Zheng H L , Li X T , Liu A B , Wang J B , Li Z K , Du Z H 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
To analyze the damage characteristics of high-entropy alloys (HEAs) under the coupling of kinetic and chemical energy, we conducted tests on fragment penetration through spaced target A combination of experimental and theoretical analyses was employed to study the damage characteristics and mechanisms of HEAs. The results indicate that, with an increase in impact velocity, the damage area caused by the fragments on both steel and aluminum targets gradually expands, and the energy release process becomes more prolonged. In the study of the damaging effects of HEA fragments on fuel tanks under high-speed impact conditions, the chemical energy of the HEA fragments is released, forming a wide-ranging high-temperature deflagration field, which rapidly ignites upon contact with oil-gas mixtures, resulting in large-area combustion. This, in turn, ignites the remaining kerosene inside the fuel tanks and elucidates the mechanism of fuel tank damage by HEA fragments. The findings demonstrate that the non-equimolar ratio Zr42Ti15Nb20Ta20Al3 (at.%) high-entropy alloy possesses not only excellent penetration capabilities but also superior impact energy release potential, making it a promising candidate for use as an energetic structural material (ESM).
Research on Velocity Test of Fragment Group of Gradient Scattering Preformed Fragment Warhead
Authors: Liu Guifeng , Xu Yuxin , Li Qingze 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
In order to obtain the velocity of the fragment group of gradient scattering preformed fragment warhead, the radial scattering field of the fragments was photographed by the laser high-speed CCD camera system, and the velocities of all the fragments in the image after filtering the explosion firelight were obtained. The velocity of the preformed fragments shows a continuous gradient distribution from 77.9 m/s to 424.2 m/s, which was consistent with the theoretical calculation results. This indicates that the test technology is feasible and provides a new method for the velocity test of the fragment group.
The comparative study on the anti-penetration performance of high-strength material and normal-strength concrete based on experiments and simulation
Authors: Si Xuena , Liu Rongqiang , Yu Rui , Liu Ji’an , Wang Zhiyi 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
To comparatively study the penetration resistance characteristics of typical robust targets including superhard granite rock, C130 ultra-high strength concrete, and C40 normal-strength concrete, dynamic penetration comparative experiments and simulation were conducted, and the remarkable difference in penetration mechanisms between dense rocks and concrete was revealed. Cause of similar quasi-rigid penetration mechanism and similar damage behavior of target observed in experiments, the penetration resistance equivalent relationship between C130 concrete and C40 concrete was established by simulation based on the principle of energy consumption similarity. Despite with similar strength grade, the penetration mechanism transforming from quasi-rigid penetration in C130 high-strength concrete to complete fragmentation penetration in granite rock was observed, indicating that it is impractical to conduct equivalent evaluations of the anti-intrusion capabilities of granite using high-strength concrete of the same strength grade. These research findings can provide technical support for the efficient destruction and equivalent evaluation of ultra-hard targets.
Effect of charge structure on the stability of charge penetration
Authors: Liu Peng , Cheng Fang , Zhou Yang , Shen Jiaqi , Zhong Qianhui , Ren Yunyan 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
When the penetrating warhead penetrates the target, the internal charge is subjected to extremely high overload and impact loads. If the load intensity and duration meet the detonation conditions, the warhead may experience early detonation, compromising both the penetration effect and safety. To study the influence of charge structure on penetration stability, a specific warhead was used as a model reference, and finite element simulation software was employed to numerically simulate the penetration of concrete targets by the warhead. The results showed that stress concentration occurred at the warhead head during the penetration process, with the maximum stress exceeding the critical detonation stress of the charge, indicating a possibility of early detonation. To improve penetration stability while maintaining the original damage performance, different models of penetration warheads with various charge structures were constructed to analyze the influence of baffle position and number on charge stress. The results show that the loading structure with added partitions can effectively reduce the stress on the charge during penetration. The optimal effect is achieved when the partition is located at 1/2 of the interior of the projectile, with a maximum pressure of 3.75 GPa, which is 44.36% lower than that of the structure without partitions, thereby improving the penetration stability of the projectile.
Influence of Venting Factors on the pressure-relief effect of Ammunition Shell
Authors: Zhang Haijun , Yu Wanqian , Guo Shang 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Mitigation techniques are effective measures for reducing the reaction level of ammunition under accidental stimulation. The key to the design of a mitigation structure is ensuring the effectiveness of pressure relief to avoid the conversion of combustion to detonation. Venting is one of the main mitigation techniques. In this paper, we design experiments and simulation calculations to research the effects of the pressure relief rate, such as the pressure increase rate, vent area and position. The relationship be-tween the pressure-relief coefficient and these factors is obtained, which can provide guidance for the design of mitigation structures in ammunition…
Study on predicting the stability of penetrating projectile charges via machine learning methods
Authors: Cheng Wei , Lu Xiaoyu , Wang Xiaoming , Li Weibing , Xie Zhentao , Zhang Jianan 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Due to the limitations of current theoretical research, numerical simulation, and experimental analysis for predicting the stability of penetrating projectile charge, in this work, we propose a method to predict the stability of charges by using machine learning methods. Three models are selected, including Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), and Extreme Gradient Boosting Tree (XGBoost). A practical sample dataset with inputs of the charge type, temperature and speed, and outputs of whether the charge is stabilized or not is constructed to train the model. The results indicate that using machine learning methods to predict the stability of charges is a feasible research direction.
The influence of digging holes inside the shell on the firing strength of armor piercing shells
Authors: Li Meng , Pan Xuchao , Hao Yu , Du Wei , Jiao Junjie , Fang Zhong , He Yong 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The filling of active materials in the internal openings of armor piercing bullets can improve their destructive ability. In order to study the firing strength of armor piercing bullets after opening the holes, this paper takes 30mm armor piercing bullets as the research object, changes the opening aperture of the armor piercing bullets, and establishes a theoretical model of stress changes in the dangerous section of the bullet under different excavation radii based on the Brink method. Then, the finite element simulation software LS-DYNA is used to simulate and analyze the firing strength of armor piercing bullets, and compare it with the theoretical model. The results indicate that the aperture of the armor piercing bullet has a significant impact on the stress of the dangerous section. In the cylindrical part of the front section of the armor piercing bullet, the Brink method is basically consistent with the simulation calculation results; When the center opening of the 30mm armor piercing bullet cylinder is filled with active material with a density of 2.6g/cm3, the maximum opening radius is 6.8mm while ensuring the launch strength. This article has certain significance for the development of small caliber armor piercing bullets.
Structural response analysis of tungsten-steel composite warheads with different geometries under three typical transverse loads based on the rigid-perfectly plasticity
Authors: Ming Ke , Gang Zhou , Yutao Hu , Kang Li , Hang Yao , Haocheng Tian , Xian Li , Weihua Qi 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Heavy metals such as tungsten were demonstrated helpful in increasing warheads’ penetrating ability, and used in practical warhead designs. Until recently, a relatively practical analytical method based on the rigid-perfectly plastic theory was proposed. This paper used this method to analyse the structural response of different heavy metal-involved designs under different transverse loads. The results show that the yield functions of warheads with tungsten in different geometries show a two-peak structure, and the critical section does not essentially appear at the first peak, but also might be at the second one, and even jump from one to the other. Besides, bonding strength plays a positive role in improving the impact resistance of the warhead. It should be noted that the tungsten part might do harm to the bearing capacity of the warhead, and attention should be paid to balance the penetrating and bearing ability. More practically, careful design of the inertia distribution along the axis might counteract the negative effect of the tungsten part on the structural integrity.