bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strength properties of green concrete mix with added palm oil fibre and its application as a load-bearing hollow block
Authors: Samad A A A , Mohamad N , Tambichik M A , Bosro M Z M , Goli M 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
As issues on sustainable construction material gains prominence in Malaysia, experimental work to investigate the combination of agricultural and construction waste material into a single concrete mixture was conducted. These waste materials will partially replace cement and aggregate content with added Palm Oil Fibre (POF) involving twenty-four cube specimen and six stretcher units of Green Concrete Hollow (GCH) block samples. The optimum replacement percentage of the green concrete material is 10% Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA), 15% Rice Hush Ash (RHA), 20% Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA) and 0.25% Palm Oil Fibre (POF) resulting a cube compressive strength of 40.4 MPa at 28 days and an average compressive strength for GCH stretcher block unit at 16.31 MPa. From the results obtained, the innovative green concrete mix with added POF and the GCH stretcher block units show its potential as a building material with the ability to be sustainable, eco-friendly and a possibility to meet the reduction in carbon emissions and low carbon footprints.
Numerical study of corrosion induced cracking in reinforced concrete structure
Authors: Ayop S S 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This research was conducted to study the initiation and propagation of surface crack width due to corrosion on reinforcement in reinforced concrete structures using finite element (FE) approach. Corrosion parameters, such as attack penetration and loss of steel section were used to define the relationship with the surface crack width. The objective of using numerical approach in the current study is to understand the effects of corrosion expansion on the behaviour of surface crack pattern and to validate the crack pattern with the available data. The output from the previous works was used to model specimens with different bar diameters and bar locations. The results from the finite element analyses were discussed subsequently.
Effects of loading rates on concrete compressive strength
Authors: Abdullah Aiman Irfan 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Concrete structures are subjected to loadings which can be static or dynamic and in most cases, both. Deeper understanding on how concrete behaves to different modes of loading needs to be assessed, particularly the rate; and to study its effects, a property of concrete such as its compressive strength requires to be examined in relation to the changes in the loading rates. Different loading conditions or rates can alter how cracks in concrete are formed in terms of crack velocity and crack intensity in regions where stress equals to the applied pressure. However, various studies have shown contradicting results with respect to how varying loading rates may affect the compressive strength of concrete. This research conducted 5 different concrete mixes to study the effect of loading rate on compressive strength of concrete. Concentric uniaxial loading, in terms of pressure as opposed to displacement, was loaded to the hardened concrete cube specimens at different loading rates increasing constantly at 0.2 MPa/s and 0.4 MPa/s which are within the standard limits. Moreover, loading rates beyond the extremes were also subjected in one of the mix design for study and analysis purposes. Results showed that there is a relatively minor relationship between the rate of loading and the strength in terms of compression for both specimen sizes in which the trend indicates that as the loading rate is increased, the compressive strength also increases but with minimal deviation in the magnitudes of the strengths.
The Role of POFA and Recycled Plastic in Enhancing Concrete Properties
Authors: Rosseli S. R. , Muhd Sidek M. N. , Hashim N.H. , Mustafa Mohd N. A. F. , Mohd Ali N.N. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The experimental work of waste utilization for Grade 30 concrete incorporating Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) and treated Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) being presented in this paper. POFA is an agricultural waste from palm oil industry that creates uncontrolled landfill disposal, contain high silica-alumina which act as a good pozzolanic material as binder similar to cement. 45 cube specimen size 100 × 100 × 100 mm were prepared with 2 mol, 4 mol, 6 mol and 8 mol of Sulphuric Acid to treat PET. The objectives were to evaluate the workability and performance of POFA and treated PET concrete through slump test and compression test at 7, 14 and 28 days. As the findings, treated PET with 8 mol Sulphuric Acid and 5% POFA concrete significantly improves consistency compared to the control specimen. This resulted from the liquidation technique applied to POFA during the concrete mixing process that functions as a liquid lubricant which can easily blend with cement component. Moreover, 5% POFA and 8 mol treated PET concrete shows strength increment due to the combination effect between raw POFA that act as filler and PET act as fiber reinforcement to help the concrete.
Application of Artificial Neural Network on Health Monitoring of Offshore Mooring System
Authors: Yee X. E. , Mohamed M. A. W. , Montasir O. A. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The amount of floating offshore structures had been grown rapidly over these few years due to deepwater exploration and production activities, and this increase in number is predicted to remain over the coming years. Due to the catastrophic consequences from offshore mooring system failure and the limitation on the traditional method for failure detection, there is a need for alternative methods for health monitoring of the offshore mooring system. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has acquired recognition in these few years for petroleum engineering approach, especially Artificial Neural Network (ANN) thanks to its potential to solve complex problems with less time-consuming and effort. A review of the application of ANNs on health monitoring of offshore mooring system had been presented in this paper. The ANNs system had demonstrated its capability as a health monitoring tool for offshore floating structures to detect any damaged or broken mooring system.
Comparison of Thermomechanical Properties of Cement Mortar with Kenaf and Polypropylene Fibers
Authors: Beddu Salmia , Basri Amalina , Muda Zakaria Che , Farahlina Fatyn , Mohamad Daud , Itam Zarina , Kamal Nur Liyana Mohd , Sabariah Teh 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Fibres Reinforced Concrete has received much interest in the concrete research world over the last few decades. Assimilating fibres into concrete structures has many advantages. Previous study discovered that the addition synthetic or natural fibres to concrete enhanced the material’s thermal properties as well as its strength to some extent. Fibres, on the other hand, have an influence on the thermo-mechanical properties of concrete. The aim of this research is to see whether applying Polypropylene and Kenaf fibres to cement mortars of various compositions has any potential (0.1 %, 0.2 %, and 0.3%). Eight separate mixes were tested in this report. The addition of PP and Kenaf fibres reduced the workability of the mortar samples as measured by flow ability, compressive strength, tensile strength, and thermal conductivity. In contrast to other ratios, cement mortar containing 0.1% PP and Kenaf fibres have highest compressive strength, while samples containing 0.3% recorded highest tensile strength which are 6.2 MPa and 7.2 MPa respectively. When higher percentages of both fibres are used in mortar samples, the thermal conductivity decreases. It can be inferred that adding a certain percentage of fibre to a composite can boost both mechanical and thermal properties.
Linear-elastic stress field of notched concrete beam: An application of finite element in theory of critical distances
Authors: Shah Mohamad Shazwan Ahmad , Noor Norhazilan Md. , Tamin Mohd. Nasir , Kueh Ahmad Beng Hong , Zardasti Libriati , Yahaya Nordin 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Fatigue failures occur in all structures including brittle and ductile structures. However, the study on fatigue in ductile material like metal and steel has tremendously developed compared to brittle material such as concrete. Fortunately, the Theory of Critical Distance (TCD) is witnessed successfully assess fatigue fracture in concrete. In obtaining one of the outputs using TCD which is critical distance, fatigue limit of concrete that is obtained through laboratory testing and stress field generated using computational analysis engineering software (CAE) are required. In this article, the concern will be on producing the valid and reliable stress field data since inaccurate input into the CAE will result unreliable output that is exposed to errors. In order to guarantee the result is accurate, validation works were conducted in preprocess and post-process phase while analysing finite model using ABAQUS. As the outputs comply accordingly based on the validation works, the critical distance is confidence to be consumed for the subsequent research related to TCD.
Acoustic Emission Signal Analysis on Corroded Concrete Beam
Authors: Zaki A , Ibrahim Z , Ying TJ 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The steel corrosion of concrete structures has been one of the primary causes of structural degradation. Early identification of the steel corrosion might help minimize the location and the duration of the repair required and the cost associated with restoration work. The acoustic emission (AE) technique is more effective for assessing the corrosion of the steel reinforcement in the concrete structures. The AE technique successfully monitors and analyses energy signals released from the crack of the concrete matrix by the corrosion activity using AE sensors placed on the concrete surfaces. The main objective of this research is to assess the flexural behaviour of the corroded concrete beam specimens under the loading test using the AE technique. Three concrete beams were performed for the evaluation of corroded concrete beam specimens using the AE technique. During the experiments, the corroded beam specimens were flexural loaded together with data acquisition by the AE technique. The data obtained were processed, and AE parametric-based analysis was carried out. The AE technique was successfully conducted for fracture monitoring of the corroded beam specimen under flexure load. The AE parameters include the AE hits, and the Ib-value of the AE data was successfully introduced to assess the flexure behaviour of the corroded concrete beam specimens. It can be found that fluctuation follows a rising pattern in the Ib-value and then a declining trend in the Ib value. The lowest Ib-value exists at the damage stage IV for all beam specimens except the HC beam specimen. The lowest Ib-value occurs at the beginning of the damage stage III for the HC beam specimen.
Shear Strength and Elastic Modulus Behavior of Coconut Fiber-Reinforced Expansive Soil
Authors: Widianti A , Diana W , Alghifari M R 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Shear strength behavior of expansive soil reinforced by randomly placed fiber depends on the added materials’ content. This research investigated the effect of the waste coconut fibers content on the stress-strain relationship, the shear strength parameters, and the mixture’s elastic modulus. In this study, the coconut fiber content was varied from 0.25% to 1% with 0% fiber as control. The clay samples were tested after mixing by unconsolidated-undrained triaxial test. In general, according to the test result, the inclusion of randomly placed waste coconut fiber has enhanced the peak deviatoric stress, the shear strength parameters, and the elastic modulus. At 0.6% fiber content, the shear strength and the samples’ elastic modulus have increased to 79.46% and 153%, respectively, compared with those not reinforced with coconut fiber.
Clay as Sustainable Building Material and its Benefits for Protection in the Built Environment
Authors: Muntari M Y , Windapo A O 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This examination looks at the properties and advantages of clay use as building material that improves natural assurance. The reasoning for this assessment originates from the perspectives held by researchers that clay earth blocks are more liked as supportable structure materials; nonetheless, there is restricted examination into whether the decision of mud materials is impacted simply by its natural advantages. To accomplish the particular exploration targets a blended examination strategy was utilized. The techniques adopted incorporate writing audit, subjective (inquiries questions) and quantitative (poll questionnaire) research strategies, including the review of the chose building and common development firms in Katsina, Kano and Kaduna provinces of Nigeria. The exploration information gathered dependent on the financial, social and ecological properties of clay earth and its advantages in natural properties was examined utilizing unmistakable factual strategies. The examination tracked down that the financial parts of clay earth make it more critical as a structural material that is helpful in built environment. The examination findings suggest further investigation into the improvement of clay as a structural material that tends to the manageable triple main concern of economics matters, social and natural necessities.
Discovering Source of Residents’ Complaint on Air Quality: Preliminary Studies on Particulate Matter (PM2.5) and Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)
Authors: Nur-Nabilah M N , Nor-Amani-Filzah M K , Norzila O , Azra-Munirah M D , Nurul-Bahiyah A W , Khairuddin M K 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Based on previous report, air quality in Universiti Tun Hussein Onn (UTHM) main campus can be categorized as good quality. However, high numbers of complaints especially on dust and unpleasant odour received from residents which located adjacent to industrial area in Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor. Thus, this preliminary study is to discover the source of complaints with focus on Particulate Matter (PM2.5) and Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) concentrations. PM2.5 and SO2 were measured by using Temtop airing 1000 and aeroqual series 500, respectively at five sampling stations in UTHM main campus. Measurement for PM2.5 and SO2 concentrations were collected for 24 hours and 1 hours, respectively from July to September 2019. The average concentration for PM2.5 at Tun Dr Ismail Residential College (83.63 ug/m3) and Facuulty of Civil Engineering and Built Environment (40 ug/m3) were above the allowable limit. Meanwhile, SO2 concentrations for all sampling stations were not exceeded the allowable limit. However, very high concentrations were detected at short duration that did not affect the average concentration. This high concentration can be the cause of complaints on unpleasant odour. Finding from this study can be used as preliminary data for detail monitoring and finding the source of air pollution.
Comparison of Missing Rainfall Data Treatment Analysis at Kenyir Lake
Authors: Azman Azreen Harina , Tukimat Nurul Nadrah Aqilah , Malek M A 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Rainfall is one of the frequent data used in weather-related studies. Sometimes the data have missing information that needs the treatment to make sure the data can be useful, complete and reliable. There are many methods in treating missing data suggested by previous studies. The best selected method to estimate missing rainfall data in different regions may vary depending on the rainfall pattern and spatial distribution. Therefore, this paper discussed and compared 3 different methods in missing data treatment. The selected methods are Expectation Maximization (EM), Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) and Multiple Imputation (MI). After analysis, the best method is IDW based on root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), correlation coefficient (r) and percentage of error (% of error) values. The IDW method has RMSE, MAE values and the lowest % of error values. In addition, the r value of IDW method is highest compared to EM and MI method. MI method recorded the highest values of RMSE, MAE and % of error with the lowest r value that proved MI method is the least accurate method to use in missing data treatment. After all methods were implemented, it proved that the IDW method is the best way to treat missing data because the analysis shows monthly rainfall distribution for 4 treatment stations in line to 3 missing data stations compared to EM and MI methods.
The effect of ventilation during peak hours and cooking activities on coarse airborne particulates (PM10 and TSP) in middle-class apartments in Surabaya: a multilevel approach
Authors: Syafei A D , Ciptaningayu T N , Surahman U , Sembiring A C , Pradana A W , Assomadi A F , Boedisantoso R , Hermana J 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Indoor air pollution is a serious problem today in part because many people spend the majority of their time indoors. The result of multiple indoor activities and outdoor pollutants entering indoor spaces, indoor pollution can cause various potentially fatal respiratory diseases and yet is rarely studied. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between ventilation, peak hours and cooking activity on indoor pollutants. This research was conducted December 2017-April 2019 in 59 apartment units in Surabaya, Indonesia. A multilevel model with three models was used to determine the relationships between ventilation, peak hour, cooking activities and indoor pollutants, specifically, PM10 and TSP. The concentrations of indoor PM10 and TSP were generally 25-99 μg/m3, and at that concentration, peak hours occurred in the afternoon. Peak hour in the morning can increase indoor PM10 and TSP. Cooking activities carried out near an open window can increase indoor concentrations of PM10 and TSP, likely due to higher outdoor than indoor concentrations.
Effective microorganisms composite scupper drain (EM-CSD) as a new revolution in drainage system: A preliminary study
Authors: Ahmad F H M , Jamal M H , Sam A R M , Nuryazmeen F H 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Effective microorganisms composite scupper drain (EM-CSD) system, which is designed using eco-composite in porous concrete with the concrete mixture and a cement replacement, consists of the waste material elements that being recycled, such as wood waste ash, egg shells, rice husk ash (RHA), and many more, for the purpose of managing stormwater quantity and quality, and also for ecologically sustainable development. The numerous ecocomposite materials researches have been conducted, specifically for the building materials. In addition, several impermeable surfaces including sidewalks, secondary roads, and also parking lots in several countries have used the porous concrete materials, as it is good quality in terms of the concrete strength, the porosity, the workability, and also the maintenance cost reduction. Besides, previous researches related to effective microorganisms (EM) as an admixture in concrete have been done, as a part of construction materials. However, the previous researches of eco-composite, specifically using RHA and EM did not focus on the drainage systems. Therefore, this paper presents a preliminary study of EM-CSD system using RHA and EM as a cement replacement, as a green technology and sustainable development in urban drainage systems. This kind of technology is a new revolution to replace the existing drainage systems, with high cost effective consideration, high concrete mixture strength and workability, and low temperature. For the part of the research, Shah Alam, Selangor as the main study area to implement this kind of the new drainage system technology for the purpose to reduce the flash flood phenomenon, to overcome the dengue fever issues due to stagnant water in the drainage system, and also vandalism of the drainage cover, which cause a safety issue for public. This preliminary study using EM-CSD as a new revolution in the drainage system indicates the ecocomposite porous concrete mixtures are expected able to overcome the drainage system problems with low cost maintenance and high on concrete strength and workability.
Peat Water Treatment as an Alternative for Raw water in Peatlands Area
Authors: Ali F , Lestari D L , Putri M D 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Indonesia is the second country that has the largest percentage of peatlands in the world. Peatlands play an important role as a counterweight to environmental ecosystems. However, if not managed properly, then these benefits cannot be used optimally. Areas with peatlands are generally inland areas that do not yet have access to clean water. It is not uncommon to find clean water crisis conditions occurring in areas with peatlands, because peat water as a source of raw water has not yet been implemented. As for water resources in peatlands, most of them come from the peat water itself. The use of peat water as a source of raw water requires in-depth studies both in terms of quality, continuity, and quantity, so that it does not cause health, social, and economic issues, when used by the community as a source of clean water. Through this research, there will be a review of the application of peat water treatment that has been used in previous studies, so that it will be known the challenges to be faced and as an alternative solution to face these challenges, especially in Indonesia.
Relative Treatment Efficiency Index of Eichhornia crassipes in Removing Cd, Pb and Ni from Wastewater
Authors: Zaida Z Nur , He J Lim , Sahibin A R , Vun L W , Fera N C 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Relative treatment efficiency index (RTEI) is used to identify the efficiency of the treatment by the plant itself. The higher the RTEI indicates the more efficient the treatment by the plant studied. In this research, Eichhornia crassipes were used to evaluate its RTEI value in removing heavy metals cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni) and lead (Pb) from wastewater. E. crassipes were grown in Faculty of Science & Natural Resources’s (FSNR) lake water and spiked with 1 mg/L, 3 mg/L and 5 mg/L of Cd, Ni and Pb respectively. The experiment were conducted within 14 days period to evaluate its potential in phytoremediation of heavy metals from the wastewater. The results showed that the removal of Cd, Ni and Pb by E. crassipes were highest at 1 mg/L respectively. It was observed that E. crassipes were effective in removing Pb compared to Cd and Ni. Antagonistic effects between heavy metals were found in affecting the removal efficiency of each other except for metal Pb. E. crassipes were able to achieve highest RTEI = 0.91 with 98.2% removal of Pb followed by RTEI = 0.52 with 50.2% removal of Cd and RTEI = 0.62 with 44.7% removal of Ni. After 14 days treatment, E. crassipes show significant toxic effects on plant roots and leaves as the concentration of heavy metal increased. The accumulation of heavy metals in plant tissues were shown in ranged from 7.48 mg/kg to 2864.12 mg/kg (Cd), 46.18 mg/kg to 3628.21 mg/kg (Ni) and 2.69 mg/kg to 6012.68 mg/kg (Pb). The results also revealed that the accumulation of heavy metals was higher in the roots than stalks and leaves. It was found that bionconcentration factor (BCF) of Pb, Cd and Ni in root at 1 mg/L were exceed 1000. Study on translocation factor (TF) of all metals were recorded low in ranged of 0.01-0.79 respectively. This indicates that the phytoremediation mechanism uptakes of E. crassipes is rhizofiltration. This study give a better understanding on the potential of E. crassipes in removing heavy metals from wastewater especially industrial wastewater.