bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An artificial neural network−pharmacokinetic model and its interpretation using Shapley additive explanations
Authors: Ogami Chika , Tsuji Yasuhiro , Seki Hiroto , Kawano Hideaki , To Hideto , Matsumoto Yoshiaki , Hosono Hiroyuki 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe developed a method to apply artificial neural networks (ANNs) for predicting time‐series pharmacokinetics (PKs), and an interpretable the ANN‐PK model, which can explain the evidence of prediction by applying Shapley additive explanations (SHAP). A previous population PK (PopPK) model of cyclosporin A was used as the comparison model. The patients’ data were used for the ANN‐PK model input, and the output by ANN was the clearance (CL). The estimated CL value from the ANN were substituted into the one‐compartment with one‐order absorption model, the concentrations were calculated, and the parameters of ANN were updated by the back‐propagation method. Kernel SHAP was applied to the trained model and the SHAP value of each input was calculated. The root mean squared error for the PopPK model and the ANN‐PK model were 41.1 and 31.0 ng/ml, respectively. The goodness of fit plots for the ANN‐PK model represented more convergence to y = x compared with that for the PopPK model, with good model performance for the ANN‐PK model. The most influential factors on CL output were age and body weight from the evaluation using Kernel SHAP, and these factors were incorporated into the PopPK model as the significant covariates of CL. The ANN‐PK model could handle time‐series data and showed higher prediction accuracy then the conventional PopPK model, and the scientific validity for the model could be evaluated by applying SHAP.
Study Highlights

WHAT IS THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ON THE TOPIC?

A black‐box property of an artificial neural network (ANN) decreases the scientific confidence of the model, and making it difficult to utilize the ANN in the medical field. Moreover, difficulty in handling the time‐series data is a significant problem for applying the ANN for pharmacometrics study.

WHAT QUESTION DID THIS STUDY ADDRESS?
How can we apply the ANN for predicting the time‐series pharmacokinetics (PKs) , and confirm the scientific validity of the ANN model?

WHAT DOES THIS STUDY ADD TO OUR KNOWLEDGE?
Using the ANN in combination with a conventional compartment (ANN‐PK) model enabled to handle the time‐series PK data, and the predicting performance of the model was higher than that of the population PK model. Furthermore, we could evaluate the scientific validity of the ANN model by applying the Shapley additive explanations.

HOW MIGHT THIS CHANGE DRUG DISCOVERY, DEVELOPMENT, AND/OR THERAPEUTICS?
We expect that our study will contribute to develop the interpretable ANN model, which can predict the time‐series PKs, drug efficacies, and side effects with high prediction performance.
Conditional assurance: the answer to the questions that should be asked within drug development
Authors: Temple Jane R. , Robertson Jon R. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we extend the use of assurance for a single study to explore how meeting a study's pre‐defined success criteria could update our beliefs about the true treatment effect and impact the assurance of subsequent studies. This concept of conditional assurance, the assurance of a subsequent study conditional on success in an initial study, can be used assess the de‐risking potential of the study requiring immediate investment, to ensure it provides value within the overall development plan. If the planned study does not discharge sufficient later phase risk, alternative designs and/or success criteria should be explored. By transparently laying out the different design options and the risks associated, this allows for decision makers to make quantitative investment choices based on their risk tolerance levels and potential return on investment.This paper lays out the derivation of conditional assurance, discusses how changing the design of a planned study will impact the conditional assurance of a future study, as well as presenting a simple illustrative example of how this methodology could be used to transparently compare development plans to aid decision making within an organisation.
Tank‐Circuit Assisted Coupling Method for Sympathetic Laser Cooling
Authors: Tu Bingsheng , Hahne Felix , Arapoglou Ioanna , Egl Alexander , Heiße Fabian , Höcker Martin , König Charlotte , Morgner Jonathan , Sailer Tim , Weigel Andreas , Wolf Robert , Sturm Sven 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe coupling of the motion of two ion species in separate Penning traps via a common tank circuit is discussed. The enhancement of the coupling assisted by the tank circuit is demonstrated by an avoided crossing behavior measurement of the motional modes of two coupled ions. An intermittent laser cooling method for sympathetic cooling is proposed and a theoretical description is provided. The technique enables tuning of the coupling strength between two ion species in separate traps and thus allows for efficient sympathetic cooling of an arbitrary type of single ion for high‐precision Penning‐trap experiments.
Deterministic Integration of hBN Emitter in Silicon Nitride Photonic Waveguide
Authors: Elshaari Ali W. , Skalli Anas , Gyger Samuel , Nurizzo Martin , Schweickert Lucas , Esmaeil Zadeh Iman , Svedendahl Mikael , Steinhauer Stephan , Zwiller Val 
Published: May 2021

AbstractHybrid integration provides an important avenue for incorporating atom‐like solid‐state single‐photon emitters into photonic platforms that possess no optically‐active transitions. Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) is particularly interesting quantum emitter for hybrid integration, as it provides a route for room‐temperature quantum photonic technologies, coupled with its robustness and straightforward activation. Despite the recent progress of integrating hBN emitters in photonic waveguides, a deterministic, site‐controlled process remains elusive. Here, the integration of selected hBN emitter in silicon nitride waveguide is demonstrated. A small misalignment angle of 4° is shown between the emission‐dipole orientation and the waveguide propagation direction. The integrated emitter maintains high single‐photon purity despite subsequent encapsulation and nanofabrication steps, delivering quantum light with zero delay second order correlation function . The results provide an important step toward deterministic, large scale, quantum photonic circuits at room temperature using atom‐like single‐photon emitters.
Catamenial haemoptysis in females with cystic fibrosis: a case series with review of management strategies
Authors: Bozkanat Kubra M. , West Natalie E. , Ladores Sigrid , Montemayor Kristina , Tupayachi Ortiz Maria Gabriela , Christianson Mindy , Jain Raksha 
Published: May 2021

AbstractCatamenial haemoptysis, the expectoration of blood during menses, has not been extensively reported in the cystic fibrosis (CF) literature. We describe four cases (age range: 25–34 years) of catamenial haemoptysis across four CF centres in the United States. These cases may represent thoracic endometriosis versus hormonal fluctuations in airway inflammation or infection resulting in bronchial artery bleeding. We identify common and nuanced management strategies including use of pro‐coagulants, hormone contraceptives, anti‐inflammatories, bronchial artery embolization, and use of the newer cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulators.
Intrapleural fibrinolysis in acute non‐traumatic retained haemothorax
Authors: Foo Chuan T. , Herre Jurgen 
Published: May 2021

AbstractHaemothorax is an accumulation of blood in the pleural space. Retained haemothorax refers to blood that cannot be drained from the pleural cavity and is associated with an increased risk of empyema and fibrothorax often necessitating surgical evacuation. We describe our experience of using intrapleural fibrinolytic therapy in three patients with different bleeding risk and acute non‐traumatic retained haemothorax. The first was a 41‐year‐old female with disseminated Candida guilliermondii sepsis and an iatrogenic haemothorax, second was a 48‐year‐old female with transfusion‐dependent acute myeloid leukaemia and spontaneous haemothorax, and the third was a 72‐year‐old female with spontaneous haemothorax from newly diagnosed lung cancer. All patients received one to two doses of intrapleural alteplase without any bleeding complications and resolution of retained haemothorax. This case series demonstrates the successful application and safety of this approach as an alternative to surgery in a well‐resourced environment with close monitoring and ready access to blood transfusion.
Visual‐electromagnetic system: A novel fusion‐based monocular localization, reconstruction, and measurement for flexible ureteroscopy
Authors: Fu Zuoming , Jin Ziyi , Zhang Chongan , Dai Yu , Gao Xiaofeng , Wang Zeyu , Li Ling , Ding Guoqing , Hu Haiyi , Wang Peng , Ye Xuesong 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundDuring flexible ureteroscopy (FURS), surgeons may lose orientation due to intrarenal structural similarities and complex shape of the pyelocaliceal cavity. Decision‐making required after initially misjudging stone size will also increase the operative time and risk of severe complications.MethodsA intraoperative navigation system based on electromagnetic tracking (EMT) and simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) was proposed to track the tip of the ureteroscope and reconstruct a dense intrarenal three‐dimensional (3D) map. Furthermore, the contour lines of stones were segmented to measure the size.ResultsOur system was evaluated on a kidney phantom, achieving an absolute trajectory accuracy root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.6 mm. The median error of the longitudinal and transversal measurements was 0.061 and 0.074 mm, respectively. The in vivo experiment also demonstrated the effectiveness.ConclusionThe proposed system worked effectively in tracking and measurement. Further, this system can be extended to other surgical applications involving cavities, branches and intelligent robotic surgery.
What Matters Most? Toward a Robust and Socially Just Science of Reading
Authors: Aukerman Maren , Chambers Schuldt Lorien 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTScience of readingis a term that has been used variously, but its use within research, policy, and the press has tended to share one important commonality: an intensive focus on assessed reading proficiency as the primary goal of reading instruction. Although well intentioned, this focus directs attention toward a problematically narrow slice of reading. In this article, we propose a different framework for the science of reading, one that draws on existing literacy research in ways that could broaden and deepen instruction. The framework proposes, first, that reading education should develop textual dexterity across grade levels in the four literate roles first proposed by Freebody and Luke: code breaker (decodes text), text participant (comprehends text), text user (applies readings of text to accomplish things), and text analyst (critiques text). Second, the framework suggests that reading education should nurture important literate dispositions alongside those textual capacities, dispositions that include reading engagement, motivation, and self‐efficacy. Justification is offered for the focus on textual dexterity and literate dispositions, and we include research‐based suggestions about how reading educators can foster student growth in these areas. Finally, we propose that reading education should attend closely to linguistic, cultural, and individual variation, honoring and leveraging different strengths and perspectives that students bring to and take away from their learning. Reimagining a science of reading based on these principles has the potential to make it both more robust and more socially just, particularly for students from nondominant cultures.
The Science of Reading Progresses: Communicating Advances Beyond the Simple View of Reading
Authors: Duke Nell K. , Cartwright Kelly B. 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTThe simple view of reading is commonly presented to educators in professional development about the science of reading. The simple view is a useful tool for conveying the undeniable importance—in fact, the necessity—of both decoding and linguistic comprehension for reading. Research in the 35 years since the theory was proposed has revealed additional understandings about reading. In this article, we synthesize research documenting three of these advances: (1) Reading difficulties have a number of causes, not all of which fall under decoding and/or listening comprehension as posited in the simple view; (2) rather than influencing reading solely independently, as conceived in the simple view, decoding and listening comprehension (or in terms more commonly used in reference to the simple view today, word recognition and language comprehension) overlap in important ways; and (3) there are many contributors to reading not named in the simple view, such as active, self‐regulatory processes, that play a substantial role in reading. We point to research showing that instruction aligned with these advances can improve students’ reading. We present a theory, which we call the active view of reading, that is an expansion of the simple view and can be used to convey these important advances to current and future educators. We discuss the need to lift up updated theories and models to guide practitioners’ work in supporting students’ reading development in classrooms and interventions.
Soil carbon sequestration potential and the identification of hotspots in the eastern Corn Belt of the United States
Authors: Grace Peter , Robertson G. Philip 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSoil C sequestration is a significant CO2 mitigation strategy, but precise assessments of sequestration require spatially explicit modeling of potential changes in soil organic C (SOC) in response to soil, climate, land condition, and management interactions. We assessed the SOC sequestration potential of the eastern Corn Belt (ECB) in the United States (Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia) in response to the adoption of conservation farming practices and land use change (pasture and forestation) using the SOCRATES model. Input data was provided through an intersection of the State Soil Geographic database, National Land Cover Database, and a PRISM (https://prism.oregonstate.edu) climate surface. At the end of the 20th century, the 15.3 Mha of cropped soils in the ECB contained 632 Tg C, an estimated reduction of 52% since the introduction of agriculture in the mid 1800s. Complete adoption of no‐tillage practices on prime cropland would potentially recover 147 Tg SOC over 20 yr, whereas a continuation of conventional tillage would produce a loss of 35 Tg SOC over that period. Sequestration hotspots (>500 Gg increase in SOC) under no‐tillage cover 2.3 Mha providing 28 Tg C over 20 yr. The conversion of marginal (nonprime) agricultural lands to forests would yield an additional 13 Tg C in SOC and 381 Tg C in aboveground biomass. The rehabilitation of minelands to forest would yield an additional 4 Tg C in SOC and 42 Tg C in biomass. Opportunities to sequester C in the ECB via tillage and reforestation are substantial and should be incorporated into regional and national climate change mitigation strategies.
Development of on‐road emission inventory and evaluation of policy intervention on future emission reduction toward sustainability in Vietnam
Authors: Roy Shimul , Lam Yun Fat , Hung Ngo Tho , Chan Johnny C. L. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis study developed updated emission inventories for 2010, 2015, and 2019 base‐year for road transportation in Vietnam with future projections for 2020, 2025, and 2030. In general (2019 base‐year), motorcycles contributed a substantial CO, NMVOC, PM10, PM2.5, OC, and CH4(~53%–89%), while BC, NOx, and SO2were mostly from diesel‐powered trucks (~42%–76.3%). The countrywide emission contributions from two rapidly growing cities (Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh [HCM]) were estimated to be 11%–16.2% and 16.6%–20.2%, respectively, and CO2was found to be the leading pollutant that contributes to the overall Global Warming Potential (41% of CO2e) in Vietnam. In terms of future emission projections, the suggested or planned policy interventions (i.e., banning motorcycles, improved fuel quality, introducing electric vehicles, and public transportation) are expected to lead to 11%–125% (compared to Business As Usual) emission reductions in 2030, pushing Vietnam a step toward environmental sustainability.
Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms in 3′-Untranslated Region Inducible Costimulator Gene and the Important Roles of miRNA in Alopecia Areata
Authors: Conteduca G. , Rossi A. , Megiorni F. , Parodi A. , Ferrera F. , Tardito S. , Altosole T. , Fausti V. , Occella C. , Kalli F. , Negrini S. , Pizzuti A. , Marchese C. , Rizza E. , Indiveri F. , Coviello D. , Fenoglio D. , Filaci G. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Background
Alopecia areata (AA) spares the stem cell compartment and attacks only the base of the hair follicle, which is surrounded by infiltrating lymphocytes. AA is associated with polymorphisms in immune-related genes and with decreased function of CD4+CD25+ T regulatory (Treg) cells. Treg function is modulated by the costimulatory molecules, like inducible costimulator (ICOS) that are crucial in orienting T cell differentiation and function so that they strongly impact on the immunologic decision between tolerance or autoimmunity development.

Objective
The aim of our study was to investigate the possible association of AA with single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) present in the ICOS 3′-untranslated region (3′UTR) region and to elucidate how SNPs modulate ICOS gene expression by affecting miRNA binding sites.

Methods
This is a case-control study performed in 184 patients with AA and 200 controls. ICOS gene and miRNA expression were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction.

Results
The genotype carrying the rs4404254(C) [p = 0.012, OR (95% CI): 0.5 (0.3–0.8)] and rs4675379(C) [p = 0.015, OR (95% CI): 0.3 (0.1–0.8)] 3′ UTR alleles was more frequently observed in AA patients than in controls and correlated with a reduced ICOS expression. miR-1276 significantly suppressed ICOS expression by binding to the 3′UTR of ICOS mRNA. Also, we observed that, miR-101 and miR-27b are upregulated, while miR-103 and miR-2355-3p are downregulated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of AA patients compared to controls;

Conclusion
Our data show that rs4404254 and rs4675379 SNPs of ICOS gene are associated with AA and also reveal that the presence of rs4404254 polymorphism correlates with ICOS post-transcriptional repression by microRNA binding.
Atomically Precise Control of Carbon Insertion into hBN Monolayer Point Vacancies using a Focused Electron Beam Guide
Authors: Park Hyoju , Wen Yi , Li Sylvia Xin , Choi Woojin , Lee Gun‐Do , Strano Michael , Warner Jamie H. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPrecise controlled filling of point vacancies in hBN with carbon atoms is demonstrated using a focused electron beam method, which guides mobile C atoms into the desired defect site. Optimization of the technique enables the insertion of a single C atom into a selected monovacancy, and preferential defect filling with sub‐2 nm accuracy. Increasing the C insertion process leads to thicker 3D C nanodots seeded at the hBN point vacancy site. Other light elements are also observed to bind to hBN vacancies, including O, opening up a wide range of complex defect structures that include B, C, N, and O atoms. The ability to selectively fill point vacancies in hBN with C atoms provides a pathway for creating non‐hydrogenated covalently bonded C molecules embedded in the insulating hBN.
Yolk‐Shell‐Structured Nanospheres with Goat Pupil‐Like S‐Doped SnSe Yolk and Hollow Carbon‐Shell Configuration as Anode Material for Sodium‐Ion Storage
Authors: Park Gi Dae , Kang Yun Chan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractRationally nanostructured electrode materials exhibit excellent sodium‐ion storage performance. In particular, yolk–shell configurations of metal chalcogenide@void@C are introduced in various synthetic strategies for use as superior anode materials. Herein, yolk‐shell‐structured nanospheres, with goat pupil‐like configuration of S‐doped SnSe yolks and hollow carbon shells, are synthesized by salt‐infiltration and a simple post‐treatment procedure. Impressively, the co‐infiltration of thiourea and selenium oxide enables the doping of sulfur into SnSe (SnSeS) and carbon shells, as well as the formation of a goat pupil‐like yolk–shell architecture. High‐reactivity thiourea‐derived H2S gas forms nanocrystals inside the carbon nanospheres. The nanocrystals act as seeds for the crystal growth of SnSeS through Ostwald ripening. The unique yolk–shell structure and composition with a heterointerface provide not only structural stability but also fast electrode reaction kinetics during repeated cycling. The SnSeS@C electrode shows an excellent cycle life (186 mA h g−1 for 1000 cycles at 0.5 A g−1) and rate capability (112 mA h g−1 at 5.0 A g−1).
A Blockchain‐based Cyber Attack Detection Scheme for Decentralized Internet of Things using Software‐Defined Network
Authors: Guha Roy Deepsubhra , Srirama Satish Narayana 
Published: May 2021

AbstractDue to using less secured and movable devices in Internet of Things (IoT) platform, cyber‐attacks have been a major issue nowadays. Different researches have been conducted to detect the probable security attacks, but faced constraints like storage, computation cost, system failure and high latency. Existing systems require continuous monitoring, controlling, and collecting the data in entire network for delivering services with the maximum security and defense mechanism against cyber‐attacks. In this context, a decentralized mechanism of security has been presented in this article using a software‐defined network (SDN) integrated with blockchain for IoT in mobile edge and fog computing. The SDN continuously monitors and analyzes the system traffic for providing an attack identification model. The blockchain has been used to overcome the failure issues addressed in the existing models by delivering decentralized attack identification scheme which detects attacks in fog and reduces it in the edge node.
Sustainable Bio‐Based Wood Adhesive Incorporated Different Functionalized Nanoparticles: A Performance Comparison Study
Authors: Chen Lei , Li Jing , Din Zia‐ud , Hu Chun , Xiong Hanguo 
Published: May 2021

AbstractNanoparticle incorporation is a common strategy for promoting the performance of starch‐based wood adhesive as low storage stability limits the application of conventional nanocomposite adhesives. This work focuses on the performance comparison of adhesives containing different nanoparticles (nano‐TiO2, TK (TiO2‐KH570), TKB (TiO2‐KH570‐Butyl acrylate)) to improve both the bonding strength and storage stability. The structure and morphology of these nanoparticles are characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The results indicate that the surface modification improves the dispersion of nano‐TiO2. After adding in adhesive, the results of shear strength, viscosity, and rheological properties signify that the structural strength within adhesive is related to the surface hydrophobicity and the thickness of the surface hydrophobic layer of functionalized nanoparticles. TKB exhibits excellent improvement on the storage stability of adhesive due to its wide surface hydrophobic layer weakening the intermolecular interaction. TK shows limited improvement on both bonding strength and storage stability as the hanging hydrogen groups from KH570 form cross‐linking structure with other components in adhesive. Therefore, selecting the appropriate functional nanoparticles is an important parameter for designing high‐performance wood adhesive for the veneer industry.