bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Development Environment for Intelligent Feature Based Mechanical Design
Authors: Jayasuriya M. J. K. , Thompson J. G. , Krishnaswami P. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The modeling power of most mechanical CAD systems is limited to the creation and manipulation of topologically correct solids. Due to the lack of consideration for conceptual modeling, certain knowledge associated with a part design is either not captured, or its representation is incomplete. This inhibits the automation of subsequent analysis applications such as process planning. Furthermore, the software architectures of these CAD systems are designed primarily to serve the role of computer aided drafting. Consequently, these design environments fail to participate in the actual design process associated with mechanical part design.
This paper describes an effort directed towards designing and implementing a productive software development environment for intelligent mechanical design and manufacturing clients. The kernel of the system provides various functionalities to facilitate the development of these clients. These facilities emphasize the ability of each client to contribute and utilize knowledge that is essential for their successful operation. The development of such a knowledge based computing environment benefits from the work done in data modeling, semantic data modeling and knowledge representation. In this context, the utilization of the functional data model is demonstrated through a comprehensive example. A brief discussion on implementation of certain kernel functionality is included.
Data Base Requirements for Concurrent Design Systems
Authors: Vujosevic Ranko , Kusiak Andrew 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The data base requirements for concurrent design systems are discussed. An object-oriented data base, which allows for definition of complex objects, specification of relationships between objects, and modular expandability without affecting the existing information is defined. The data base is developed based on the object-oriented data model implemented in Smalltalk-80. An assumption-based truth maintenance system for maintaining the dependency relationships between design and manufacturing information is described.
A Multimedia Concept Database for Improved Life Cycle Design
Authors: Bradley Stephen R. , Agogino Alice M. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The architecture of a multimedia conceptual design aid, the Concept Database, is presented. The goal of the Concept Database is to provide design teams with easy access to information about life cycle design issues for competing design concepts and access to relevant past designs. The architecture builds on our previous experience in developing the multimedia design archival system called Design SCRIBE (Structured Capture and Retrieval Information Base for Engineering Design.) Approaches to selectively retrieving descriptions of design concepts and past designs are summarized.
Integrating CAD/CAM
Authors: Ziarati R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Many progressive companies have adopted Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) strategy by interfacing drawing and design (CAD), manufacturing (CAM), production planning and Control (PPC, MRPII), inspection and customer services as well as business and management processes. This paper concentrates on aspects of integrating CAD with CAM and offers an example of how CAD information can be transformed into CAM data for given manufacturing operations.
The paper pays special references to the basis of many CAD and CAM systems and offers an integrated system which uses a single data base to produce the manufacturing files required enabling the costing based on materials used and manufacturing processes required as well as inspection processes and marketing requirements to be carried out.
Simplified Aerodynamic Loading Model for Non-Production Conditions for Floating Wind Systems Design
Authors: Alexandre Armando , Antonutti Raffaello , Gentils Theo , Mutricy Laurent , Weyne Pierre 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Floating wind is now entering a commercial-stage, and there are a significant number of commercial projects in countries like France, Japan, UK and Portugal. A floating wind project is complex and has many interdependencies and interfaces. During all stages of the project several participants are expected to use a numerical model of the whole system and not only the part the participant has to design. Examples of this are the mooring and floater designer requiring a coupled model of the whole system including also the wind turbine, the operations team requiring a model of the system to plan towing and operations. All these stakeholders require a coupled model where the hydrodynamics, aerodynamics and structural physics of the system are captured with different levels of accuracy.
In this paper, we will concentrate on a simplified model for the aerodynamic loading of the turbine in idling and standstill conditions that can be easily implemented in a simulation tool used for floater, mooring and marine operations studies.
The method consists of using a subset of simulations at constant wind speed (ideally close to the wind speed required for the simulations) run on a detailed turbine model on a rigid tower and fixed foundation — normally run by the turbine designer. A proxy to the aerodynamic loads on the rotor and nacelle (RNA) is to take the horizontal yaw bearing loads. The process is then repeated for a range of nacelle yaw misalignments (for example every 15° for 360°). A look-up table with the horizontal yaw bearing load for the range of wind-rotor misalignments investigated is created. The simplified model of the aerodynamic loads on the RNA consists of a fixed blade (or wing) segment located at the hub, where aerodynamic drag and lift coefficients can be specified. Using the look-up tables created using the detailed turbine model, drag and lift coefficients are estimated as a function of the angle between the rotor and the wind direction.
This representation of the aerodynamic loading on the RNA was then verified against full-field turbulent wind simulations in fixed and floating conditions using a multi-megawatt commercial turbine. The results for the parameters concerning the floater, mooring and marine operations design were monitored (e.g. tower bottom loads, offsets, pitch, mooring tensions) for extreme conditions and the errors introduced by this simplified rotor are generally lower than 4%. This illustrates that this simplified representation of the turbine can be used by the various parties of the project during the early stages of the design, particularly when knowing the loading within the RNA and on higher sections of the tower is not important.
An Improved 2DCNN With Focal Loss Function for Blade Icing Detection of Wind Turbines Under Imbalanced SCADA Data
Authors: Peng Dandan , Liu Chenyu , Desmet Wim , Gryllias Konstantinos 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The deployment of wind power plants in cold climate becomes ever more attractive due to the increased air density resulting from low temperatures, the high wind speeds, and the low population density. However, the cold climate conditions bring some additional challenges as itt can easily cause wind turbine blades to freeze. The frizzing ice on blades not only increases the energy required for the rotation of blades, resulting in a reduction in the power generation, but also increases the amplitude of the blades’ vibrations, which may cause the blade to break, affecting the power generation performance of the wind turbine and poses a threat to its safe operation.
Current published blade icing detection methods focus on studying the blade icing mechanism, building the model and then judging if it is iced or not. These models vary with different wind turbines and working conditions, so expertise knowledge is required. However, deep learning techniques may solve the abovementioned problem based on their excellent feature learning abilities but until now, there are only few studies on wind turbine blade icing detection based on the deep learning technology. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel blade icing detection model, named two-dimensional convolutional neural network with focal loss function (FL-2DCNN). The network takes the raw data collected by the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system as input, automatically learns the correlation between the different physical parameters in the dataset, and captures the abnormal information, in order to accurately output the detection results.
However, the amount of normal data collected by SCADA systems is usually much larger than the one of blade icing fault data, leading to a serious data imbalance problem. This problem makes it difficult for the network to obtain enough features related to the blade icing fault. Therefore the focal loss function is introduced to the FL-2DCNN to solve the aforementioned data imbalanced problem. The focal loss function can effectively balance the importance of normal samples and icing fault samples, so that the network can obtain more icing-related feature information from the icing fault samples, and thus the detection ability of the network can be improved. The experimental results of the proposed FL-2DCNN based on real SCADA data of wind turbines show that the proposed FL-2DCNN can effectively solve the sample imbalance problem and has significant potential in the blade icing detection task compared with other deep learning methods.
Functional Requirements for the WEIS Toolset to Enable Controls Co-Design of Floating Offshore Wind Turbines
Authors: Jonkman Jason , Wright Alan , Barter Garrett , Hall Matthew , Allison James , Herber Daniel R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The goal of the new Wind Energy with Integrated Servo-control (WEIS) toolset under development is to provide the offshore wind industry and research communities with an open-source, user-friendly, flexible tool to enable true controls co-design (CCD) of the physical design of a floating offshore wind turbine together with the controller. WEIS will use a multifidelity library of models built on the foundations of WISDEM® and OpenFAST formerly known as FAST). This paper presents the WEIS development plan, including the functional requirements of WEIS (including improvements to WISDEM and OpenFAST) together with associated rationale for their establishment and a qualitative description of the modeling approaches that will be implemented to address these functional requirements. The development of WEIS is a project under the Aerodynamic Turbines Lighter and Afloat with Nautical Technologies and Integrated Servo-control program funded by the U.S. Department of Energy Advanced Research Projects Agency – Energy.
Modeling the Dynamics of Freely-Floating Offshore Wind Turbine Subjected to Waves With an Open-Source Overset Mesh Method
Authors: Pinguet Romain , Kanner Sam , Benoit Michel , Molin Bernard 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The aim of this study is to develop a viscous numerical wave tank using a coupled solver between the wave generation and absorption toolbox waves2Foam, developed by Jacobsen et al. [1] and the overset method built in the open source CFD software OpenFOAM©. This wave tank can be used to analyze the behavior of Floating Offshore Wind Turbine (FOWT) in nonlinear waves. A mesh convergence analysis is presented on a simple 2D case in order to validate the CFD model. The results are compared to experimental data from the literature and show good agreement. The response of a floater developed for a FOWT is analyzed. The free surface elevation, heave and pitch motions are compared to experimental results from the literature. Comparisons between experimental data and numerical results are discussed.
Large-Scale Model Investigation for Monopile Decommissioning of Offshore Wind Turbines: Overpressure and Vibratory Pile
Authors: Hinzmann Nils , Lehn Patrick , Gattermann Jörg 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
As of now, only a small number of offshore foundations, related to offshore wind energy, were decommissioned in Europe. With a diameter up to nine meter, an embedment of about 40 meter and a set up effect over 25 years, the necessary force to pull the pile out of the seabed can be assumed, if at all determinable, to be enormous. The piles that were decommissioned were cut beneath the mud line, which leaves approximately one third of the foundation permanently in the seabed.
Different methods and techniques for a complete removal of offshore pile foundation are currently investigated within the project DeCoMP. Vibratory extraction aims for a reduction of the pile skin friction by creating a layer of less density between the pile shaft and pending soil.
During the design and planning process for vibratory installation or extraction a drivability prediction is a key element. In order to identify and characterize soil parameter for the numerical simulation of a drivability prediction, large-scale tests are performed by the Institute of Geomechanics and Geotechnics of the Technische Universität Braunschweig (IGG-TUBS) [1].
In this paper first results of pilot tests with two vibrators are presented and key elements such as crane uplift, frequency and acceleration displayed.
NOAA-CFSR Offshore Wind Validation
Authors: Pizzigalli Claudia , Giovanetti Giancarlo , Pedinelli Lisa , Padilla-Hernandez Roberto 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The wind field at sea is of considerable interest to identify suitable sites and for designing offshore wind energy production facility. However, the reliability of wind information suffers from the relative scarcity of offshore wind measurements to validate the wind models used in assessments. This paper presents a comparison of the publicly available NOAA-CFSR global re-analysis data set against offshore wind measurement collected in West Africa, Mediterranean Sea, Barents Sea and NW Australia, with the goal to investigate — in widely different meteorological conditions — the overall model reliability, in term of statistical indices of performance: Moreover, an attempt has been made to ascertain the representative averaging duration of model wind and the reliability of engineering formulas used to correlate wind of different averaging durations.
A Comparison of Time Domain Seismic Analysis Methods for Offshore Wind Turbine Structures: Superelement Approach Versus Integrated Approach
Authors: Collier William , Alblas Laurens , Wu Jiang Hai 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Offshore wind structures are being designed for seismically active areas. Load calculations can be performed in an integrated way or using a superelement approach. This study aims to demonstrate that these two approaches can give equivalent results when earthquake excitations are included as an applied load in the superelement approach.
Models of a generic 7MW wind turbine on a jacket support structure are defined in aeroelastic code Bladed and strength assessment software Sesam. Analysis is performed on the stand-alone jacket and support structure, and also including the rotor nacelle assembly. Load conditions of earthquakes, waves and wind are considered.
Time domain results show that the superelement and integrated methods for modelling earthquake loading are equivalent in terms of the motions and loads at key points of the support structure. When the tower and RNA are included, an excellent match is seen for all studied variables: interface and tower top motions, loads at the interface and in the jacket, and displacements of jacket nodes.
Analysis of the stand-alone jacket highlights differences in the approaches with regard to coupling of the hydrodynamic loading to the earthquake motion, which is absent in the superelement method. However, this does not appear to be significant for realistic cases including the tower and RNA.
Potential Geo-Hazards to Floating Offshore Wind Farms in the US Pacific
Authors: Tajalli Bakhsh Tayebeh , Simpson Kent , LaPierre Tony , Monim Mahmud , Dahl Jason , Spaulding Malcolm , Rowe Jill , Miller Jennifer , O’Connell Daniel 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
To help the selection of suitable sites for development of offshore wind projects in the US on the coasts of California, Oregon and Hawaii, the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) funded this study to assess the potential geo-hazards in this region. First, a comprehensive review of potential threats to the sites based on historic events is provided. The geospatial indexing for the call areas are then calculated based on weights associated with inputs, consisting of: sea floor slope, soil type, and seismicity (peak ground acceleration data of 500 year event). Finally, suitability indices are provided for each region.
To perform a suitability analysis using geospatial indexing, all input factors are first standardized into a common scale, then a weighted overlay function is applied. Each of the criteria in the analysis is multiplied by the weights defined based on their importance in the region and then added together and suitability maps for each lease block are developed. Comprehensive maps of geohazards and geological data, suitability index maps and suitability rankings for the area of interest are being generated and presented online. This paper focuses on the floating windfarm call areas offshore California, including Humboldt, Morro Bay and Diablo Canyon, and presents the new approach for evaluating, integrating and indexing geospatial geohazard data for offshore windfarms, and the state-of-the-art suitability analysis approach. This new method can be also beneficial in the other parts of the world (e.g. East Asia), and similar concept can be implemented to evaluate the suitability of sites, based on the hazards in the area of interest.
Performance Analysis of Tacholess Rotation Speed Estimation Methods for Condition Monitoring of Gearboxes of Offshore Wind Farm
Authors: Peeters Cédric , Antoni Jérôme , Leclère Quentin , Helsen Jan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper investigates the efficacy and reliability of three different state-of-the-art rotation speed estimation techniques on a very large set of experimental vibration data originating from thirty offshore wind turbine gearboxes. The three methods include the multi-order probabilistic approach, the phase demodulation method based on the frequency-domain energy operator, and the multi-harmonic demodulation technique. The goal is twofold: to assess statistically the performance of present-day vibration-based rotation speed estimation techniques on challenging experimental data, and to establish indirect rotation speed estimation through vibration data as a viable alternate solution to the conventional solution involving a direct measurement with a physical device such as a tachometer or an angle encoder. The results show that while all three techniques attain satisfying results, the multi-harmonic demodulation technique produces the most accurate speed estimate for the majority of all measurements whilst also being flexible in its usage.
Micro–X-ray fluorescence (µXRF) analysis of proximal impactites: High-resolution element mapping, digital image analysis, and quantifications
Authors: Kaskes* Pim , Déhais* Thomas , de Graaff Sietze J. , Goderis Steven , Claeys Philippe 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Quantitative insights into the geochemistry and petrology of proximal impactites are fundamental to understand the complex processes that affected target lithologies during and after hypervelocity impact events. Traditional analytical techniques used to obtain major- and trace-element data sets focus predominantly on either destructive whole-rock analysis or laboratory-intensive phase-specific micro-analysis. Here, we present micro–X-ray fluorescence (µXRF) as a state-of-the-art, time-efficient, and nondestructive alternative for major- and trace-element analysis for both small and large samples (up to 20 cm wide) of proximal impactites. We applied µXRF element mapping on 44 samples from the Chicxulub, Popigai, and Ries impact structures, including impact breccias, impact melt rocks, and shocked target lithologies. The µXRF mapping required limited to no sample preparation and rapidly generated high-resolution major- and trace-element maps (~1 h for 8 cm2, with a spatial resolution of 25 µm). These chemical distribution maps can be used as qualitative multi-element maps, as semiquantitative single-element heat maps, and as a basis for a novel image analysis workflow quantifying the modal abundance, size, shape, and degree of sorting of segmented components. The standardless fundamental parameters method was used to quantify the µXRF maps, and the results were compared with bulk powder techniques. Concentrations of most major elements (Na2O–CaO) were found to be accurate within 10% for thick sections. Overall, we demonstrate that µXRF is more than only a screening tool for heterogeneous impactites, because it rapidly produces bulk and phase-specific geochemical data sets that are suitable for various applications within the earth sciences.
The carbonate compensation depth in the South Atlantic Ocean since the Late Cretaceous
Authors: Dutkiewicz Adriana , Müller R. Dietmar 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Deep-sea carbonate deposition is a complex process that is encapsulated in the carbonate compensation depth (CCD)—a facies boundary separating calcareous sediments from non-carbonates. Knowing how the CCD has varied over time is important for understanding and predicting the distribution of seafloor sediments and assessing their role in the global carbon cycle. We focus on the South Atlantic Ocean where the most recent CCD curve is based on Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) Leg 73 sites drilled in 1980 in the South Atlantic Ocean. We compute the South and central South Atlantic CCD from the Late Cretaceous to the present day using updated age models from 45 DSDP and Ocean Drilling Program sites and backtracking with lithology-specific decompaction, eustasy, and dynamic topography. Our models extend further back in time and show more fluctuations than previous reconstructions, with the CCD varying by hundreds of meters during a span of 2–3 m.y. The addition of eustasy and dynamic topography deepens the CCD by as much as 500 m between 74 Ma and 45 Ma, and by ∼200 m during the Cenozoic. The central South Atlantic CCD diverges from the average South Atlantic CCD during the Eocene and Miocene, when it was ∼1 km shallower. These regional deviations may be due to changes in primary productivity and/or carbonate dissolution leading to reduced carbonate accumulation rates. Our CCD curves highlight the importance of regional processes in carbonate deposition across the South Atlantic and provide improved constraints for the modeling of geochemical cycles.