bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Peer‐assisted learning in medical education: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Brierley Clarissa , Ellis Leila , Reid Emily Roisin 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectivesThe prevalence of peer‐assisted learning (PAL) featuring alongside the core medical curriculum is increasing; however, the evidence base for PAL's efficacy on academic performance is limited. This systematic review of randomised studies of PAL in medical school sets out to assess the impact of PAL on academic outcomes in medical school and evaluate whether PAL confers a benefit in specific educational contexts.MethodsA literature search was conducted across MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, Web of Science and Education Research Complete. Titles and abstracts were screened, and records were selected following strict eligibility criteria. Following full‐text assessment for eligibility, two reviewers independently extracted data from the final selection of records and a meta‐analysis was performed. Studies were classified using a modified version of Kirkpatrick's levels of learning. Student test scores were standardised by calculating the standardised mean difference (SMD).ResultsTwenty‐seven randomised controlled trials were eligible for inclusion, and twenty‐one provided sufficient and complete data to enable meta‐analysis. There was a significant improvement in the academic performance of medical students who received PAL compared with those in the control group (SMD = 0.52 [95% confidence interval 0.18–0.85]; p = .003). The impact of PAL was greater amongst clinical medical students (SMD = 0.63; p = .02) than preclinical medical students (SMD = 0.39; p = .08) and when used for teaching practical skills (SMD = 0.69; p = .001) compared with theory (SMD = −0.11; p = .21). Students taught by PAL also achieved better results in assessments conducted more than four weeks after course completion (SMD = 1.20; p = .04). [Correction added on 8 November 2020 after first publication. The data values in the Results section have been corrected in this version.]ConclusionsMedical students experiencing PAL benefit in terms of academic performance, relative to those not receiving PAL. PAL is of greatest value in the clinical stages of training and for practical skills. The long‐term outcomes of PAL remain a priority for future research.
Single cell biology—a Keystone Symposia report
Authors: Cable Jennifer , Elowitz Michael B. , Domingos Ana I. , Habib Naomi , Itzkovitz Shalev , Hamidzada Homaira , Balzer Michael S. , Yanai Itai , Liberali Prisca , Whited Jessica , Streets Aaron , Cai Long , Stergachis Andrew B. , Hong Clarice Kit Yee , Keren Leeat , Guilliams Martin , Alon Uri , Shalek Alex K. , Hamel Regan , Pfau Sarah J. , Raj Arjun , Quake Stephen R. , Zhang Nancy R. , Fan Jean , Trapnell Cole , Wang Bo , Greenwald Noah F. , Vento‐Tormo Roser , Santos Silvia D.M. , Spencer Sabrina L. , Garcia Hernan G. , Arekatla Geethika , Gaiti Federico , Arbel‐Goren Rinat , Rulands Steffen , Junker Jan Philipp , Klein Allon M. , Morris Samantha A. , Murray John I. , Galloway Kate E. , Ratz Michael , Romeike Merrit 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSingle cell biology has the potential to elucidate many critical biological processes and diseases, from development and regeneration to cancer. Single cell analyses are uncovering the molecular diversity of cells, revealing a clearer picture of the variation among and between different cell types. New techniques are beginning to unravel how differences in cell state—transcriptional, epigenetic, and other characteristics—can lead to different cell fates among genetically identical cells, which underlies complex processes such as embryonic development, drug resistance, response to injury, and cellular reprogramming. Single cell technologies also pose significant challenges relating to processing and analyzing vast amounts of data collected. To realize the potential of single cell technologies, new computational approaches are needed. On March 17–19, 2021, experts in single cell biology met virtually for the Keystone eSymposium “Single Cell Biology” to discuss advances both in single cell applications and technologies.
Ehrlichia‐induced hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in a pediatric kidney transplant recipient
Authors: Singh Nisha S. , Pagano Alexa L. , Hays Allyson J. , Kats Alexander , Dahl Steven M. , Warady Bradley A. , Beins Nathan T. , Yin Dwight E. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundKidney transplant patients are susceptible to a variety of infections in the post‐transplant period due to the use of immunosuppressant medications. Ehrlichiosis is a rare infection in solid organ transplant recipients with signs and symptoms that mimic rejection and other viral infections. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a potentially fatal hyperinflammatory syndrome that can be triggered by infections.MethodsWe describe a pediatric kidney transplant recipient who experienced secondary HLH due to ehrlichiosis within the initial post‐transplant month.ResultOur patient improved after treatment with doxycycline, corticosteroids, and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG).ConclusionClinicians should consider infections such as ehrlichiosis as a potential cause of illness in febrile solid organ transplant recipients in immediate post‐transplant period, especially when accompanied by a compatible exposure history.
SMARCB1(INI1)‐deficient sinonasal adenocarcinoma: Report of a case previously diagnosed as high‐grade non‐intestinal‐type sinonasal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Su Yu‐Ju , Lee Yi‐Hsuan , Hsieh Min‐Shu 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSMARCB1(INI1)‐deficient sinonasal carcinoma is a recently recognized entity with wide histomorphologic spectrum. The classification of sinonasal adenocarcinoma (SNAC) is complex and yet to be redefined, especially the category of high‐grade non‐intestinal‐type SNAC. Recently SMARCB1(INI1)‐deficient SNACs with an unique oncocytoid/rhabdoid cytomorphology and variable degrees of glandular formation have been reported. Here we described a rare case of SMARCB1(INI1)‐deficient SNAC composed of mainly oncocytoid/rhabdoid cells with mixed solid and cribriform patterns. This case was originally diagnosed as non‐intestinal‐type SNAC and was reclassified due to complete loss expression of SMARCB1(INI1) by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The SMARCB1(INI1) stain provides a valuable tool for identification of this specific type of SNAC. We compared this case with other SNACs diagnosed in our department and reviewed relevant literature for this specific type of SNAC.
Editorial
Authors: Adamec Petr 
Published: October 2021

Vážení čtenáři, milé kolegyně a kolegové, přátelé celoživotního vzdělávání a všeho, co s ním souvisí, toto úvodní slovo ke druhému číslu časopisu Lifelong Learning – Celoživotní vzdělávání v roce 2021 píšu v době, kterou označil ministr zdravotnictví České republiky za úpatí další vlny pandemie. Trápí nás již rok a půl a rád bych věřil, že nás už dlouho trápit nebude a že se slova pana ministra nenaplní.
V tomto vydání vám nabízíme dvě studie, jednu teoretickou a jednu empirickou, dvě recenze a jednu zprávu. V první, teoretické studii se Pavel Pecina s Petrem Mariničem z Pedagogické fakulty Masarykovy univerzity zamýšlejí nad aktuálním stavem a vývojem didaktik v odborném vzdělávání v České republice s přesahem na Slovensko. Autorkou druhé, empirické studie je Lucia Pašková z Pefagogické fakulty Univerzity Mateja Bela v Banskej Bystrici, která se zabývá koncepcemi lídrovství zejména v prostředí škol. Ve svém příspěvku se snaží charakterizovat jeden z nejaktuálnějších stylů transformativního lídrovství, který je charakteristický budováním vztahu mezi lídrem a jeho následovníky. Toto budování vztahu může být podle autorky prevencí pracovní osamělosti projevující se na výkonnosti. Jejími respondenty byly téměř dvě stovky učitelů základních škol. Nechte se překvapit výsledky...
Po přečtení těchto studií vám doporučuji recenze dvou odborných publikací. V první recenzi nám kolegyně Silvia Virághová ze Slovenské poľnohospodárské univerzity v Nitře představuje vědeckou monografii Výchova a udržateľný rozvoj, jejímž autory jsou Tímea Šeben Zaťková, Anna Mravcová a Štefan Baranovič, působící tamtéž. Druhou recenzi nám zaslala kolegyně Radmila Burkovičová z Ostravské univerzity a domnívám se, že upozornění na tuto publikaci je velmi vhodné, neboť je svým obsahem nezvykle aktuální. Autoři publikace Univerzitní vzdělávání v minulosti, současnosti a budoucnosti Jaroslav Mužík, Radka Löwenhöfferová a Pavel Krpálek svou monografií zaměřují téměř na všechny aktéry současného vzdělávání – od pedagogů přes studenty a rodiče až po osoby, které se aktuálně zabývají například přípravou akreditačních spisů apod. Autorka recenze hned na prvních řádcích uvádí, že cílem publikace je "reflexe současné situace v univerzitním vzdělávání z globálního, evropského i našeho národního pohledu". Jen řekněte, koho z vás by toto téma nezajímalo?
V závěru prvního čísla letošního ročníku jsem si vás dovolil pozvat na konferenci, kterou vysokoškolský Institut celoživotního vzdělávání pořádá již od roku 2009. Čas oponou trhnul a mně na tomto místě nezbývá než konstatovat, že je po všem a závěr druhého čísla ročníku 2021 věnujeme zprávě ze 13. ročníku mezinárodní vědecké konference ICOLLE, která se konala 8.září 2021 v hotelu Avanti v Brně. Tentokrát byla zaměřena na kompetence pro 21. století a Martina Urbánková v této zprávě shrnuje to nejdůležitější, co se v souvislosti s její úspěšnou organizací událo.
Vážené kolegyně a kolegové, přeji vám pevné zdraví, příjemné chvíle ve společnosti našeho odborného časopisu a úspěšný start do nového akademického roku 2021/2022!
Petr Adamec
předseda redakční rady
Recovering Missing Component Dependence for System Reliability Prediction via Synergy Between Physics and Data
Authors: Li Huiru , Du Xiaoping 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Predicting system reliability is often a core task in systems design. System reliability depends on component reliability and dependence of components. Component reliability can be predicted with a physics-based approach if the associated physical models are available. If the models do not exist, component reliability may be estimated from data. When both types of components coexist, their dependence is often unknown, and therefore, the component states are assumed independent by the traditional method, which can result in a large error. This study proposes a new system reliability method to recover the missing component dependence, thereby leading to a more accurate estimate of the joint probability density function (PDF) of all the component states. The method works for series systems whose load is shared by its components that may fail due to excessive loading. For components without physical models available, the load data are recorded upon failure, and equivalent physical models are created; the model parameters are estimated by the proposed Bayesian approach. Then models of all component states become available, and the dependence of component states, as well as their joint PDF, can be estimated. Four examples are used to evaluate the proposed method, and the results indicate that the method can produce more accurate predictions of system reliability than the traditional method that assumes independent component states.
Turbulent Flow Around Rectangular Cylinders With Different Streamwise Aspect Ratios
Authors: Kumahor Sedem , Tachie Mark F. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Turbulent flows around a square cylinder and a rectangular cylinder with a streamwise aspect ratio (length-to-height) of 5 in a uniform flow were investigated using time-resolved particle image velocimetry (TR-PIV). The Reynolds number based on the cylinder height and oncoming flow velocity was 16,200. Similarities and differences in the flow dynamics over the cylinders and in the near-wake region were examined in terms of the mean flow, drag coefficient, Reynolds stresses, and triple velocity correlations. The budget of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) as well as temporal and spectral analyses was also performed. The results show that the primary, secondary, and wake vortexes are smaller for the square cylinder compared to the large aspect ratio cylinder. There are regions of elevated Reynolds stresses and triple velocity correlations along the mean separating streamlines, and the magnitudes of these statistics are an order of magnitude higher over the square cylinder compared to the large aspect ratio cylinder. The topology of the triple velocity correlations shows low-speed ejection and high-speed sweep events, respectively, transporting instantaneous Reynolds normal stresses away from the mean separating streamline into the freestream and toward the cylinder surface, regardless of aspect ratio. Near the leading and trailing edges of both cylinders, regions of negative turbulence production are observed, and the dominant components contributing to this occurrence are discussed. Temporal autocorrelation coefficients of the streamwise and vertical velocity fluctuations show a periodic trend, with a periodicity that is directly linked to the Kármán shedding frequency and its second harmonic.
Experimental Study on Rubbing Wear Characteristics of Labyrinth Seal With Trapezoidal Fins
Authors: Yan Xin , Dai Xinbo , He Kun 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe wear characteristics of the trapezoidal fin against high-speed rotor were experimentally investigated at different final incursion depths, incursion rates, and sliding velocities. To characterize the geometrical effect, a small specimen (SS) and a large specimen (LS) were selected to analyze the mass loss, wear geometry, contact forces, and frictional temperature distributions under different conditions. The results show that the contact-separation is most likely to occur between the trapezoidal fin and rotor. In the rubbing process, the plastic deformation is dominating, and the abrasive and adhesive wears have pronounced effects on the wear behavior of the rubbing interface. The wear performance of the SS is sensitive to the structure imbalance, which induces the combined mushrooming and bending damage in the trapezoidal fin. However, the symmetrical mushrooming damage is generated in the LS. For both SS and LS, the mass loss is decreased with increasing incursion rate and sliding velocity, and the mass loss percentage is pronounced at the early stage of rubbing. The averaged friction coefficient is 0.1–0.16 for the LS whereas 0.1–0.19 for the SS. The peak frictional temperature is 560–640 °C for the LS, while 360–400 °C for the SS. The contact-separation significantly reduces the effects of final incursion depth, incursion rate, and sliding velocity on the wear geometry, contact forces, and temperature rise in the trapezoidal labyrinth fin.
Observation and Discussion of Leading Edge Vortex Shedding From Laboratory-Scaled Cross-Flow Hydrokinetic Turbines in Counter-Rotating Configurations
Authors: Doan Minh , Kai Yuriko , Kawata Takuya , Alayeto Ivan , Obi Shinnosuke 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In 2011, John Dabiri proposed the use of counter-rotating vertical-axis wind turbines to achieve enhanced power output per unit area of a wind farm. Since then, various studies in the wind energy and marine hydrokinetic (MHK) literature have been dedicated to pairs of vertical axis turbines in both co-rotating and counter-rotating configurations, in terms of their power production, wake characterization, and optimal array design. Previous experimental works suggest an enhancement of up to 27.9% in the system power coefficient of pair configurations compared to a single turbine. Additionally, previous numerical studies have indicated that the increased power output is correlated with higher torque on the turbine blades which correspondingly produces a stronger leading edge vortex. This paper presents an extended investigation into a pair of laboratory scaled cross-flow hydrokinetic turbines in counter-rotating configurations. Experiments were conducted to observe, compare, and discuss the leading edge vortex shedding from the turbine blades during their positive torque phase. The turbines operated in a small water flume at the diameter-based Reynolds number of 22,000 with a 0.316 m/s freestream velocity and 4% turbulent intensity. Using a monoscopic particle image velocimetry setup, multiple realizations of the water flow around each blade at their positive torque phase were recorded and phase-averaged. Results show consistent leading vortex shedding at these turbine angles while a correlation between the turbine power performance and the vortex size and strength was observed.
Wing Flutter Analysis Using Computational Fluid-Structure Interaction Dynamics
Authors: Pohly Jeremy A. , Zhang Mike R. , Zhang Sijun 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Wing flutter plays a significant role in the performance and life of lifting surfaces such as aircraft wings. It is an instability that causes the wing to no longer be capable of damping out random vibration, and it occurs at the point called the critical speed. Currently, the determination of this critical speed poses a large challenge for aircraft designers, as there is no method that can quickly calculate the conditions that will cause the wing flutter instability. This paper presents wing flutter analyses using computational fluid-structure interaction dynamics. The computed results reveal the potential speed and accuracy of the computational method, which will allow designers to rapidly determine whether their vehicle will be capable of operating safely within its design envelope.
Minimum Wall Distance Computations With Time-Dependent Geometry for CFD
Authors: Wang Liwu , Feng Jian , Liu Yu , Zhang Sijun 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This paper presents an efficient and scalable method to calculate the minimum wall distance (MWD), which is necessary for the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) turbulence models. The MWD is described by the distance field function which is essentially a partial differential equation (PDE). The PDE is a type of convection-diffusion equation and can be solved by existing computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes with minor modifications. Parallel computations for the PDE are conducted to study its efficiency and scalability. Encouraging results are obtained and demonstrate the present method is more efficient than all the alternate methods.
How to Improve Accuracy of Existing Ultrasonic Water Meters
Authors: Gryshanova Iryna , Korobko Ivan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In present paper, the focus is given to possible ways of increasing accuracy for existing ultrasonic time-of-flight water meters. We will consider transducers with coaxial reflectors working at laminar, transitional and turbulent regimes within their measurement range. Considering error curves of such meters, we can easily resume that they are non-linear and not simply corrected using only one polynomic function. Measurements in laboratory and field conditions demonstrate that there is a shift in the ultrasonic meter’s calibration factor. The deviation of readings starts at Re = 5 000–10 000 and the maximum value is reached at Re = 160. Great inaccuracies referred to the transition from laminar flow to turbulent take place abruptly, which lead to undesirable errors. To understand this phenomenon, the theoretical basis of ultrasonic measurements was analyzed and revealed that typical algorithm for determination of the calibration factor is very questionable since it contains simplified information about velocity profile distribution. Trying to fix this problem, we applied computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling of ultrasonic meters with different variants of flow straighteners. Ranges of applicability of a particular turbulence model for a correct description of the velocity profile and other flow parameters in metrological purposes have been evaluated. Due to applied techniques, the flow profile sensitivities of various meter configurations are investigated at different Reynolds numbers comparing to real experiments. To get an improved ultrasonic meter design recirculation zones and flow separation regions inside the flow transducer have been eliminated. As a result, the accuracy of the ultrasonic water meter has increased. Simulations demonstrated reasonable agreement to the error curves obtained on the calibration facility for a whole measurement range.
Effect of Hub Configuration on the Performance of Mixed Flow Turbine for Micro Hydropower in Pipes
Authors: Jang Seungsoo , Song Ji-Hun , Kim Youn-Jea 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
As environmental issues have been on the rise recently, the demand for hydropower is increasing. Micro hydropower in pipes is highly safe, sustainable, and easy to introduce. In this study, a mixed flow turbine is introduced to collect waste energy in pipes, and numerical analysis was conducted to estimate the performance. Efficiency was adopted as an indicator to evaluate the performance, and the performance of three different hub configurations, which are conical, convex, and concave, was investigated. The hydroturbine used in this study was modeled except for the guide vane due to the small scale, and the blade was designed using design of experiments. As a result, three different hub configurations have the best efficiency point between rotational speeds of 3000 rpm and 3200 rpm. The convex hub showed the highest efficiency, which was 1.60% and 3.63% higher than the conical and concave hub, respectively. It is related to the variation in the cross-sectional area of the flow path of the runner depending on the hub configuration. Consequently, the convex hub configuration showed the best performance.
Blade Thickness Redesign to Improve Efficiency and Decrease Unsteady Pressure Pulsation of a Low Specific Speed Centrifugal Pump
Authors: Wu Chengshuo , Wu Peng , Wu Dazhuan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The existence of secondary flow in the impeller brings extra energy loss and aggravates the pressure pulsation which will worsen the hydraulic and dynamic performance of the pump. In this paper, based on the forces balance in the direction perpendicular to the streamline, an optimal design method for the blade thickness of a low specific speed centrifugal pump is proposed to suppress the secondary flow in the impeller. The origin impellers with 5 and 7 cylinder blades are redesigned and the hydraulic and dynamic performance of the model pump are investigated by numerical simulation and experimental. Results show that the blade modification proposed in this paper can effectively improve the efficiency of the model pump and reduce the internal pressure pulsations. The internal flow analysis shows that the performance improvement attributes to the suppression of secondary flow in the impeller. And the entropy generation rate is introduced to measure and locate the loss in the pump. Results show that on the one hand, the suppression of secondary flow can reduce the energy loss in the pump and improve the efficiency; on the other hand, it can repress the jet wake structure at impeller outlet and alleviate the intensity of pressure pulsations.