bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Copper Nanoparticles Supported on Zinc Oxide as Efficient Catalyst for the N‐Arylation of (Hetero)cyclic and Acyclic Amides
Authors: Moglie Yanina , Mascaró Evangelina , Zacconi Flavia , Radivoy Gabriel 
Published: May 2021

AbstractCopper nanoparticles (CuNPs) supported on ZnO are highly active and selective heterogeneous catalyst for the N‐arylation of cyclic and acyclic amides (Golberg coupling). The reaction conditions are mild, featuring K3PO4 as a base and N,N’‐dimethylethylendiamine (DMEDA) as ligand in refluxing acetonitrile. The CuNPs/ZnO catalyst can be recovered and reused in six cycles with only little loss of activity. The methodology can be successfully scaled up to gram scale without decreasing the catalytic activity.
Mitochondria Encapsulation in Hydrogel‐Based Artificial Cells as ATP Producing Subunits
Authors: Westensee Isabella Nymann , Brodszkij Edit , Qian Xiaomin , Marcelino Thaís Floriano , Lefkimmiatis Konstantinos , Städler Brigitte 
Published: May 2021

AbstractArtificial cells (ACs) aim to mimic selected structural and functional features of mammalian cells. In this context, energy generation is an important challenge to be addressed when self‐sustained systems are desired. Here, mitochondria isolated from HepG2 cells are employed as natural subunits that facilitate chemically driven adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis. The successful mitochondria isolation is confirmed by monitoring the preserved inner membrane potential, the respiration, and the ATP production ability. The encapsulation of the isolated mitochondria in gelatin‐based hydrogels results in similar initial ATP production compared to mitochondria in solution with a sustained ATP production over 24 h. Furthermore, luciferase is coencapsulated with the mitochondria in gelatin‐based particles to create ACs and employ the in situ produced ATP to drive the catalytic conversion of d‐luciferin. The coencapsulation of luciferase‐loaded liposomes with mitochondria in gelatin‐based hydrogels is additionally explored where the encapsulation of mitochondria and liposomes resulted in clustering effects that are likely contributing to the functional performance of the active entities. Taken together, mitochondria show potential in cell mimicry to facilitate energy‐dependent processes.
On the effect of the boundary conditions of plain concrete exposed to high temperatures under uniaxial compression
Authors: Buttignol Thomaz Eduardo Teixeira , Bittencourt Túlio Nogueira 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe effect of the boundary conditions, defined as the thermal expansion restraint imposed by the external uniaxial compressive load in plain concrete subjected to high temperatures, is discussed. A numerical mesoscopic investigation uncoupled the load induced thermal strain (LITS) into three main components (aggregates and matrix strain contributions and the effect of the thermal expansion restraint). The analyses demonstrate that LITS depends on the materials properties (viscous‐plastic behavior) and also on the boundary conditions, which is function of the test setup and seems to be not related to the material properties. In this paper, the role of the boundary conditions on 1‐phase (homogeneous) and 2‐phase (matrix + aggregates) numerical analyses are investigated. A LITS semi‐empirical model is incorporated in the numerical modeling to account for the stiffness degradation. It is demonstrated that in 1‐phase models, the effect of the boundary conditions is absent, which is not true for mesoscale analyses. In this case, the effect of the boundary conditions should be taken into account and subtracted from the results to avoid an overestimation of the material response. It is important mentioning that the analyses of concrete behavior at elevated temperatures and transient creep experimental procedures completely neglect the role of the boundary conditions.
Understanding sociality and behavior change associated with a nesting event in a captive flock of great white pelicans
Authors: Brereton James E. , Fryer James , Rose Paul E. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractZoo‐housed pelicans are commonplace, but their breeding record is poor and little research is published on the activity patterns, as potential predictors of nesting, of captive flocks. Existing literature shows that comparative research can provide useful information for husbandry and conservation planning for pelican populations. The opportunity arose to investigate the time‐activity budget and social network of a breeding flock of captive great white pelicans. Three chicks were hatched in June and July 2016 and one in March 2017. Data on state behaviors, space use, and association preferences were collected around these nesting events, from October 2016 to February 2017 and July to October 2017. Results suggest that pre‐nesting periods were associated with heightened flock‐wide vigilance, suggesting that vigilance may be a precursor for courtship or nesting activity. Social network analysis revealed nonrandom associations between birds and a social structure across the flock, in which subadults seemed to associate more with each other than with adult birds. A limited visitor effect was noted; whilst no overall behavior change was apparent with different numbers of visitors, pelicans did widen their enclosure usage with increased visitor presence. These data are relevant to those attempting to breed this pelican, who wish to know more about the daily behavior patterns of this species across the season and physiological state, and who wish to understand pelican social structure, which is useful to the planning and implementation of bird moves or changes to the social environment of the flock. Further extending such research to include uninterrupted observation over a successful breeding event is recommended.
Crafting Crisis Narratives
Authors: Boin Arjen , McConnell Allan , ‘t Hart Paul 
Published: May 2021

AbstractCommunication is pivotal when a society faces a sudden, disruptive and disturbing event. People want to know what is going on, why it is happening, what is done to safeguard them and what they can to protect themselves. During COVID-19, governments were the main sources of that information, at least initially. Governments tried to shape the attitudes, emotions and behaviours of citizens in accordance with their policies. Over time, alternative crisis narratives emerged and influenced citizen behaviour. This chapter examines crisis communication in the COVID-19 crisis: how did leaders try to ‘make making’ of this unprecedented threat? How did they deal with the alternative crisis frames that emerged over time?
Pathways to Resilience
Authors: Boin Arjen , McConnell Allan , ‘t Hart Paul 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe COVID-19 crisis has tested public institutions, crisis leadership and societal solidarity to the core. Fault lines have come to the fore; unsuspected strengths have been noted. But will this be enough to initiate the necessary steps to prepare our societies for the future crises that will come? In this chapter, we offer the building blocks for an action agenda. We identify various pathways to enhanced resilience.
The large-c Virasoro identity block is a semi-classical Liouville correlator
Authors: Vos Gideon 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
It will be shown analytically that the light sector of the identity block of a mixed heavy-light correlator in the large central charge limit is given by a correlation function of light operators on an effective background geometry. This geometry is generated by the presence of the heavy operators. It is shown that this background geometry is a solution to the Liouville equation of motion sourced by corresponding heavy vertex operators and subsequently that the light sector of the identity block matches the Liouville correlation function in the semi-classical limit. This method effectively captures the spirit of Einstein gravity as a theory of dynamical geometry in AdS/CFT. The reason being that Liouville theory is closely related to semi-classical asymptotically AdS3 gravity.
The Casimir effect in the presence of infrared transparency
Authors: Warkentin Max 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We revisit the Casimir effect perceived by two surfaces in the presence of infrared (IR) transparency. To address this problem, we study a model, where such a phenomenon naturally arises: the DGP model with two parallel 3-branes, each endowed with a localized curvature term. In that model, the ultraviolet modes of the 5-dimensional graviton are suppressed on the branes, while the IR modes can penetrate them freely. First, we find that the DGP branes act as “effective” (momentum-dependent) boundary conditions for the gravitational field, so that the (gravitational) Casimir force between them emerges. Second, we discover that the presence of an IR transparency region for the discrete modes modifies the standard Casimir force — as derived for ideal Dirichlet boundary conditions — in two competing ways: i) The exclusion of soft modes from the discrete spectrum leads to an increase of the Casimir force. ii) The non-ideal nature of the boundary conditions gives rise to a “leakage” of hard modes. As a result of i) and ii), the Casimir force becomes weaker. Since the derivation of this result involves only the localized kinetic terms of a quantum field on parallel surfaces (with codimension one), the derived Casimir force is expected to be present in a variety of setups in arbitrary dimensions.
Copper additive manufacturing using MIM feedstock: adjustment of printing, debinding, and sintering parameters for processing dense and defectless parts
Authors: Singh Gurminder , Missiaen Jean-Michel , Bouvard Didier , Chaix Jean-Marc 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn the present study, an additive manufacturing process of copper using extrusion 3D printing, solvent and thermal debinding, and sintering was explored. Extrusion 3D printing of metal injection moulding (MIM) feedstock was used to fabricate green body samples. The printing process was performed with optimized parameters to achieve high green density and low surface roughness. To remove water-soluble polymer, the green body was immersed in water for solvent debinding. The interconnected voids formed during solvent debinding were favorable for removing the backbone polymer from the brown body during thermal debinding. Thermal debinding was performed up to 500 °C, and ~ 6.5% total weight loss of the green sample was estimated. Finally, sintering of the thermally debinded samples was performed at 950, 1000, 1030, and 1050°C. The highest sintering temperature provided the highest relative density (94.5%) and isotropic shrinkage. Micro-computed tomography (μCT) examination was performed on green samples and sintered samples, and qualitative and quantitative analysis of the porosity confirmed the benefits of optimized printing conditions for the final microstructure. This work opens up the opportunity for 3D printing and sintering to produce pure copper components with complicated shapes and high density, utilizing raw MIM feedstock as the starting material.
Performance des PyroMark Q48 FX Age Assay auf zwei unterschiedlichen Pyrosequenzierplattformen
Authors: Pfeifer Manuel , Greb Angelique , Bajanowski Thomas , Poetsch Micaela 
Published: May 2021

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Der PyroMark Q48 FX Age Assay (Qiagen, Hilden, Deutschland) wurde von der Fa. Qiagen GmbH als kommerziell erhältliches Kit für die molekulare Altersschätzung auf der Grundlage von DNA-Methylierungsanalysen mithilfe eines PyroMark Q48 Autoprep (Qiagen, Hilden, Deutschland) vorgestellt.

Fragestellung
Vergleichbarkeit und Anwendbarkeit des PyroMark Q48 FX Age Assay auf den 2 unterschiedlichen Pyrosequenzierplattformen PyroMark Q48 Autoprep und PyroMark Q96 MD.

Material und Methoden
Es wurden 28 Mundschleimhautabriebe (MSA) und 15 Blutproben mithilfe des PyroMark Q48 FX Age Assay auf 2 Pyrosequenzierplattformen analysiert und jeweils eine Altersschätzung über das Schätzmodell von Zbiec-Piekarska et al. (2015) durchgeführt.

Ergebnisse
Die DNA-Methylierungswerte in den 5 Cytosin-Phosphat-Guanin(CpG)-Stellen wiesen beim Vergleich beider Geräte signifikante Unterschiede auf, wobei die DNA-Methylierungslevel des PyroMark Q96 MD sowohl in MSA als auch in den Blutproben höher waren als für den PyroMark Q48 Autoprep. So zeigte sich bei den MSA eine mittlere Abweichung der DNA-Methylierungswerte der beiden Geräte von 10,6 %, wohingegen diese bei den Blutproben 7,4 % betrug. Bei der Altersschätzung der Blutproben konnten jedoch keine deutlichen Unterschiede zwischen den Pyrosequenzern im Hinblick auf die Schätzgenauigkeit identifiziert werden. Hier beträgt die mittlere absolute Abweichung 7,9 (PyroMark Q48 Autoprep) bzw. 8,1 Jahre (PyroMark Q96 MD).

Schlussfolgerung
Die aufgetretenen Unterschiede in den DNA-Methylierungswerten sowohl bei den Blutproben als auch den MSA verdeutlichen die Schwierigkeit der Vergleichbarkeit von DNA-Methylierungswerten aus unterschiedlichen Geräten. Für die Verwendung dieses Assays mit anderen Pyrosequenziergeräten müssten weitere Proben analysiert werden, um mögliche signifikante Unterschiede detektieren zu können.
Stability and Instability of Self-Gravitating Relativistic Matter Distributions
Authors: Hadžić Mahir , Lin Zhiwu , Rein Gerhard 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe consider steady state solutions of the massive, asymptotically flat, spherically symmetric Einstein–Vlasov system, i.e., relativistic models of galaxies or globular clusters, and steady state solutions of the Einstein–Euler system, i.e., relativistic models of stars. Such steady states are embedded into one-parameter families parameterized by their central redshift $$\kappa >0$$

κ
>
0

. We prove their linear instability when $$\kappa $$
κ
is sufficiently large, i.e., when they are strongly relativistic, and prove that the instability is driven by a growing mode. Our work confirms the scenario of dynamic instability proposed in the 1960s by Zel’dovich & Podurets (for the Einstein–Vlasov system) and by Harrison, Thorne, Wakano, & Wheeler (for the Einstein–Euler system). Our results are in sharp contrast to the corresponding non-relativistic, Newtonian setting. We carry out a careful analysis of the linearized dynamics around the above steady states and prove an exponential trichotomy result and the corresponding index theorems for the stable/unstable invariant spaces. Finally, in the case of the Einstein–Euler system we prove a rigorous version of the turning point principle which relates the stability of steady states along the one-parameter family to the winding points of the so-called mass-radius curve.
The selective 5-HT1A receptor biased agonists, F15599 and F13714, show antidepressant-like properties after a single administration in the mouse model of unpredictable chronic mild stress
Authors: Głuch-Lutwin Monika , Sałaciak Kinga , Gawalska Alicja , Jamrozik Marek , Sniecikowska Joanna , Newman-Tancredi Adrian , Kołaczkowski Marcin , Pytka Karolina 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Rationale
The prevalence of depression is ever-increasing throughout the population. However, available treatments are ineffective in around one-third of patients and there is a need for more effective and safer drugs.

Objectives
The antidepressant-like and procognitive effects of the “biased agonists” F15599 (also known as NLX-101) which preferentially targets postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors and F13714, which targets 5-HT1A autoreceptors, were investigated in mice.

Methods
Antidepressant-like properties of the compounds and their effect on cognitive functions were assessed using the forced swim test (FST) and the novel object recognition (NOR), respectively. Next, we induced a depressive-like state by an unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) procedure to test the compounds’ activity in the depression model, followed by measures of sucrose preference, FST, and locomotor activity. Levels of phosphorylated cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (p-CREB) and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK1/2) were also determined.

Results
F15599 reduced immobility time in the FST over a wider dose-range (2 to 16 mg/kg po) than F13714 (2 and 4 mg/kg po), suggesting accentuated antidepressant-like properties in mice. F15599 did not disrupt long-term memory consolidation in the NOR at any dose tested, while F13714 impaired memory formation, notably at higher doses (4–16 mg/kg). In UCMS mice, a single administration of F15599 and F13714 was sufficient to robustly normalize depressive-like behavior in the FST but did not rescue disrupted sucrose preference. Both F15599 and F13714 rescued cortical and hippocampal deficits in p-ERK1/2 levels of UCMS mice but did not influence the p-CREB levels.

Conclusions
Our studies showed that 5-HT1A receptor biased agonists such as F13714 and especially F15599, due to its less pronounced side effects, might have potential as fast-acting antidepressants.
β-Glucan phosphorylases in carbohydrate synthesis
Authors: Ubiparip Zorica , De Doncker Marc , Beerens Koen , Franceus Jorick , Desmet Tom 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
β-Glucan phosphorylases are carbohydrate-active enzymes that catalyze the reversible degradation of β-linked glucose polymers, with outstanding potential for the biocatalytic bottom-up synthesis of β-glucans as major bioactive compounds. Their preference for sugar phosphates (rather than nucleotide sugars) as donor substrates further underlines their significance for the carbohydrate industry. Presently, they are classified in the glycoside hydrolase families 94, 149, and 161 (www.cazy.org). Since the discovery of β-1,3-oligoglucan phosphorylase in 1963, several other specificities have been reported that differ in linkage type and/or degree of polymerization. Here, we present an overview of the progress that has been made in our understanding of β-glucan and associated β-glucobiose phosphorylases, with a special focus on their application in the synthesis of carbohydrates and related molecules.

Key points
• Discovery, characteristics, and applications of β-glucan phosphorylases.
• β-Glucan phosphorylases in the production of functional carbohydrates.
Long-term and pathological outcomes of low- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy: implications for active surveillance
Authors: Meissner Valentin H. , Woll Mira , Ankerst Donna P. , Schiele Stefan , Gschwend Jürgen E. , Herkommer Kathleen 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Purpose
The safety of active surveillance (AS) in favorable intermediate-risk (FIR) prostate cancer (PCa) remains uncertain. To provide guidance on clinical decision-making, we examined long-term and pathological outcomes of low-risk and intermediate-risk PCa patients after radical prostatectomy (RP).

Methods
The study involved 5693 patients diagnosed between 1994 and 2019 with low-risk, FIR, and unfavorable intermediate-risk (UIR) PCa (stratification according to the AUA guidelines) who underwent RP. Pathological outcomes were compared, and Kaplan–Meier analysis determined biochemical recurrence-free survival (BRFS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) at 5, 10, 15, and 20 years. Multiple Cox regression was used to simultaneously control for relevant confounders.

Results
Those at FIR had higher rates of upgrading and upstaging (12.8% vs. 7.2%, p < 0.001; 19.8% vs. 12.0%, p < 0.001) as well as pathological tumor and node stage (≥ pT3a: 18.8% vs. 11.6%, p < 0.001; pN1: 2.7% vs. 0.8%, p > 0.001) compared to patients at low risk. The 20-year BRFS was 69%, 65%, and 44% and the 20-year CSS was 98%, 95%, and 89% in low-risk, FIR, and UIR patients. On multiple Cox regression, FIR was not associated with a worse BRFS (HR 1.07, CI 0.87–1.32), UIR was associated with a worse BRFS (HR 1.49, CI 1.20–1.85).

Conclusion
Patients at FIR had only slightly worse pathological and long-term outcomes compared to patients at low risk, whereas the difference compared to patients at UIR was large. This emphasizes AS in these patients as a possible treatment strategy in well-counseled patients.
MuSK-antibodies are associated with worse outcome in myasthenic crisis requiring mechanical ventilation
Authors: König Nicole , Stetefeld Henning R. , Dohmen Christian , Mergenthaler Philipp , Kohler Siegfried , Schönenberger Silvia , Bösel Julian , Lee De-Hyung , Gerner Stefan T. , Huttner Hagen B. , Schneider Hauke , Reichmann Heinz , Fuhrer Hannah , Berger Benjamin , Zinke Jan , Alberty Anke , Kleiter Ingo , Schneider-Gold Christiane , Roth Christian , Dunkel Juliane , Steinbrecher Andreas , Thieme Andrea , Schlachetzki Felix , Linker Ralf A. , Angstwurm Klemens , Meisel Andreas , Neumann Bernhard ,   for The German Myasthenic Crisis Study Group, Fuchs Kornelius , Schalke Berthold , Vidal Amelie , Brachaczek Izabela , Maidhof Jana , Wenke Arno , Hagen Manuel , Rahmig Jan , Schimmel Eik , Niesen Wolf , Fahrendorf Christine 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMyasthenic crisis (MC) is a life-threatening condition for patients with myasthenia gravis (MG). Muscle-specific kinase-antibodies (MuSK-ABs) are detected in ~ 6% of MG, but data on outcome of MuSK-MCs are still lacking. We made a subgroup analysis of patients who presented with MC with either acetylcholine-receptor-antibody positive MG (AchR-MG) or MuSK-MG between 2006 and 2015 in a retrospective German multicenter study. We identified 19 MuSK-AB associated MCs in 15 patients and 161 MCs in 144 patients with AchR-ABs only. In contrast to patients with AchR-AB, MuSK-AB patients were more often female (p = 0.05, OR = 2.74) and classified as Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America-class IV before crisis (p = 0.04, OR = 3.25). MuSK-AB patients suffer more often from multiple chronic disease (p = 0.016, OR = 4.87) and were treated more invasively in terms of plasma exchanging therapies (not significant). The number of days of mechanical ventilation (MV) (43.0 ± 53.1 vs. 17.4 ± 18; p < 0.0001), days on an intensive care unit (ICU) (45.3 ± 49.5 vs. 21.2 ± 19.7; p < 0.0001), and hospital-length of stay (LOS) (55.9 ± 47.6 vs. 28.8 ± 20.9 days; p < 0.0001) were significantly increased in MuSK-MC. Remarkable is that these changes were mainly due to patients with MusK-ABs only, whereas patients’ outcome with both antibodies was similar to AchR-MCs. Furthermore, our data showed a shortened duration of MV after treatment with plasma exchanging therapies compared to treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin in MuSK-MCs. We conclude that MuSK-AB-status is associated with a longer need of MV, ICU-LOS, and hospital-LOS in MC, and therefore recommend early initiation of a disease-specific therapy.