bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Uromyces appendiculatus
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. F. , Waterston J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Uromyces appendiculatus
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Dolichos, Phaseolus
and
Vigna
species. DISEASE: Rust on leaves of French, Lima, and Scarlet Runner beans, and other
Phaseolus
spp., and cowpeas. The reddish-brown, circular sori may be surrounded by a yellow halo in some varieties. Complete defoliation and total loss of crop results in seasons favouring severe infection. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide wherever beans are grown (CMI Map 290, Ed. 2, 1964). TRANSMISSION: By urediospores disseminated by wind, and through contact with animals including man and his implements. Indirect evidence of the possibility of introduction into Sierra Leone on seed imported from Ghana and S. Africa has been given by Deighton (25: 253). Some 40% of urediospores stored for 2 yr. at -60°C, and 16% stored more than 600 days at -18°C, have survived with virulence unimpaired, and it is thought that the rust is thus able to overwinter on bean trash and trellis poles in the United States (42: 167; 43, 299).
Nannizzia grubyia
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Stockdale P. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Nannizzia grubyia
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Only four cases of infection by this species have been reported so far. These were in a Malabar squirrel (
Ratufa indica malabarica
), a boxer dog, and two humans. Guinea-pigs have been experimentally infected. DISEASE: Ringworm (dermatophytosis, tinea). Infected hairs contain some hyphae within the hair shaft but no ectothrix spore sheaths have been observed. In one (human) case infected hairs fluoresced light green under Wood's light. Both human cases were confined to the scalp (tinea capitis). In both animals and man the usual symptom was scaling patches with some hair loss and little tissue reaction, but one human case was a kerion with much secondary infection (RMVM 4, 1587; 5, 493). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: U.S.A. (Illinois, La, Miss.).
Nannizzia incurvata
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Stockdale P. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Nannizzia incurvata
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Recorded only from man and dog (but see NOTES). Guinea-pigs have been experimentally infected. DISEASE: Ringworm (dermatophytosis, tinea).
Nannizzia incurvata
is present in soil and apparently only rarely a cause of disease. In man the scalp (tinea capitis) and glabrous skin (tinea corporis) may be infected. Skin lesions are inflammatory but details of known scalp infections are not available. In experimental inoculations of guineapigs (Rdzanek, pers. comm.)
N. incurvata
was intermediate between
N. gypsea
and
N. fulva
in virulence, the reaction varying from negative to strongly inflammatory. Ectothrix hyphae breaking up into large arthrospores were seen on some hairs, and infected hairs did not fluoresce under Wood's light. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India), Europe (Czechoslovakia, Great Britain and Ireland, Germany, Netherlands, Poland); U.S.A. (Tenn.);
N. incurvata
is probably of world-wide distribution in the soil.
Sphacelotheca destruens
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ainsworth G. C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Sphacelotheca destruens
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Panicum miliaceum
(common millet) and other
Panicum
spp. and the weed
Echinochloa crus-galli
. Hybrid maize (
Zea mays
) has been experimentally infected (44: 2126). DISEASE: Head smut of common millet. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, N. and S. America; see CMI Map 219, 1951. TRANSMISSION: The disease is transmitted by seed (Noble
et al., An annotated list of seed-borne diseases
, p. 49, 1958) contaminated with spores. Spores have remained viable for eight years.
Sphacelotheca sorghi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ainsworth G. C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Sphacelotheca sorghi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Sorghum bicolor
(
S. vulgare
) (sorghum),
S. sudanense
(Sudan grass),
S. halepense
(Johnson grass). DISEASE: Covered smut of sorghum. Covered smut is the most important disease of sorghum and has been estimated to be responsible for general level of loss of 5% of the potential crop with local losses of up to 60% (Harris,
Ann. appl
.
Biol
. 51: 367-370, 1963). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa, Asia, Australasia, C., N. and S. America co-extensive with the cultivation of sorghum; see CMI Map, 220, Ed. 2, 1965. TRANSMISSION: Covered smut is transmitted by seed contaminated by spores (Noble
et al., An annotated list of seed-borne diseases
, 1958, p. 66). Soil transmission does not occur.
Septoria apiicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sutton B. C. , Waterston J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Septoria apiicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Apium
spp. DISEASE: Leaf spot (or late blight) of cultivated and wild celery and celeriac. On leaves, seeds and seedling roots, reducing yield and causing wastage through blemishes on the edible petioles. Leaf lesions of variable size, 1-6 mm diam., abundant, amphigenous, circular or sometimes vein-limited, confluent when severe, becoming depressed pale brown, margin diffuse. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide on
Apium
spp. TRANSMISSION: Seed-borne (Noble
et al.
, 1958; Sheridan, 1966). Also disseminated by rain-splash, in irrigation water, by contact as well as by animals and workman's tools (Chupp & Sherf, 1960). The pathogen may remain viable in the soil for 18 months in buried celery crop refuse, but for less than 6 weeks in the absence of intact host tissue (42: 82). Viability in infected seed may drop to 2% within 8 months from harvest and both mycelium and conidia can stay alive in seed stored up to 14 months (42: 508; 44, 1332) but not beyond 2 yr.
Septoria tritici
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sutton B. C. , Waterston J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Septoria tritici
[Mycosphaerella graminicola]
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Triticum aestivum
and other
Triticum
spp., as well as
Secale vulgare
(Sprague, 1950). DISEASE: Leaf spot (or speckled leaf blotch) of wheat. Occurs chiefly on leaves forming light green to yellow spots between the veins. A speckled appearance is later produced when the pycnidia develop in the leaf and sheath lesions which are various shades of brown, elongated, linear to elliptical, sometimes vein-limited, with a diffuse margin, variable in size but not normally exceeding 1 cm in length. Where infection is severe, shrivelling of leaves, defoliation and invasion of the crown tissues may result in weakened or dead plants. Seedlings may also be killed. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Algeria, Ethiopia, Kenya, Morocco, South Africa, Tanzania); Asia (Afghanistan, China, India, Iran, Iraq, Israei, Japan, Korea, Pakistan, Turkey, U.S.S.R.); Australasia (Australia, New Zealand, Tasmania); Europe (Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Cyprus, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Rumania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, U.S.S.R., Yugoslavia); North America (Canada, U.S.A.); Central America (Guatemala); South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay). (CMI Map 397, 1963.) TRANSMISSION: By seed which may be contaminated with infected chaff and plant debris (Noble
et al.
, 1958). The fungus has been intercepted in the United States on stem and leaf fragments in shiploads of wheat grain from Australia (24: 308). Fragments of infected leaves maybe wind dispersed and seed sown with infected leaf debris transmits the disease in the field (38: 687; 42: 11). Spores produced on infected plant residues lose their viability after burial for 1 month in soil (Bilu & Bever, 1957). Pycnidia survive the summer in volunteer wheat plants or in leaves and leaf sheaths lying on the ground, and there are records of conidia from stacked wheat remaining viable for 5-18 months according to the amount of exposure to rain (Weber, 1922; Bilu & Bever, 1957; 36: 389; 38: 657).
Penicillium digitatum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Onions A. H. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Penicillium digitatum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On decaying citrus fruit. DISEASE: Green mould of citrus fruit. Growth is rapid atter infection, the fruit surface becoming covered in a white mould which quickly becomes olive due to the production of the conidia. The fruit then softens and begins to shrink and if exposed to the air becomes a hollow mummified shell. Distinct from
Penicillium italicum
(see CMI Descript. 99) which is blue-green and finally reduces the fruit to a slimy mass. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Common in all citrus producing areas, but widespread as a storage rot of citrus fruit. TRANSMISSION: Common in soil of citrus producing areas and enters the fruit as a wound parasite but will not penetrate undamaged fruit. Said to occur more frequently than
P. italicum
on fallen fruit on light soil in Israel (31: 603). Spores also particularly abundant in air of citrus packing houses and fruit conditioning rooms (40: 400; 41: 89).
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cucumerinum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cucumerinum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Cucumis sativus
. DISEASE: A temperate and subtropical wilt of cucumber which caused up to 40% losses in Florida in 1949. The pathogen causes pre-emergence and post-emergence damping-off and wilt of older plants. In Florida mature plants with runners may first show wilt in a single crown branch, followed by collapse of the whole plant. Vascular necrosis may extend into the vine for 6-8 nodes (35: 265, 266). A cortical decay, absent from older plants, occurs in seedlings. In England, wilt symptoms have been described as beginning in the lower leaves and the vascular system of the lower nodes becomes prominent, standing out as white lines (45, 3013). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: In U.S.A., in glasshouses in the north and in the field in California,. Florida, Mich., N. Mex., Texas and Wis. The disease has also been reported from: Africa (S. Africa); Asia (Iraq, Japan, Thailand); Australasia (Australia); Europe (England, France, Germany, Netherlands, Norway, U.S.S.R.); North Amenca (Canada). TRANSMISSION: Presumably through soil.
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. niveum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. niveum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Citrullus lanatus
. DISEASE: Causes a widespread wilt of watermelon which is the only important host, also damping-off, cortical rot and stunting of seedlings and sudden or progressive wilt of older plants. Necrotic lesions occur on the roots and browning, gum and tyloses are found in the vascular system. In mature plants the wilt may be confined to a particular part, depending on which portion of the root system has been invaded from the soil. Chlorosis and stunting in maturing plants can occur and sometimes there is temporary recovery from wilt. Sporulation is found on dead stems in wet weather. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Throughout North America (U.S.A., Canada); South America (Argentina, Chile), South Europe including U.S.S.R. ; North and South Africa; Asia (India, Iraq, Japan, Pakistan, Philippines); Australasia (Australia, New Zealand). TRANSMISSION: Through soil; also seed infection has been reported (7: 760; 43, 2170).
Crinipellis perniciosa
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Crinipellis perniciosa
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Restricted to
Theobroma
spp. and
Herrania
spp. Recorded on:
T. bicolor, T. cacao, T. calodesmis, T. glauca, T. grandiflora, T. microcarpa, T. obovata
and
T. subincana
(37: 151);
H. albiflora, H. nitida
and
H. purpurea
(39: 684). DISEASE: Witches' broom disease of cacao. Infection of the breaking vegetative buds, flower cushions and young fruit leads to hypertrophy, reduction in leaf size, abnormal proliferation of axillary buds, growth of vegetative shoots from cushions and distortion of the fruit. These pathogenic effects may be due to the production of enzymes which inactivate the host auxins (48, 9g, 2864). The pathogen is generally confined to the hypertrophied areas which eventually become necrotic and later develop sporophores. At the epidemic level (reached in Ecuador, Surinam, Trinidad and Tobago) nearly all the vegetative growing points are infected and killed, up to 75% of the crop being directly destroyed. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Confined to parts of lowland tropical South America, Trinidad, Tobago and Grenada (CMI Map 37 ed. 2, 1965). Endemic on wild species of
Theobroma
in the Amazon and Orinoco river systems (17: 801; 23: 56; 42: 78). TRANSMISSION: Air dispersed basidiospores, released mostly between 1800 hr and 0600 hr, probably do not survive the day following the night on which they are shed. No conidial state is known.
Pseudomonas setariae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Pseudomonas setariae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Oryza sativa, Setaria italica, Panicum mililaceum
and
Hordeum vulgare
. Also reported naturally infecting
Agropyron intermedium, A. trichophorum, Bromus catharticus
and
Bromus marginatus
(47, 2746). DISEASE: Bacterial stripe, bacterial brown stripe. On rice it is a disease of seedlings and young plants in the nursery; not found in the field. Water-soaked, dark green lesions appear usually near the bases of leaf sheaths. They rapidly elongate under humid conditions, become reddish-brown to dark brown, and may extend the whole length of the sheath and even on to the blade. The width remains usually about 1 mm (2 or 3 veins only). Infection on unfolding leaves results in a bud rot which prevents further development of the plant. Common and Italian millet are attacked at all ages. Narrow brown streaks, confined between the veins, 0.2-0.7 mm wide, are formed mostly on leaves. These may later coalesce to give wide dark brown lesions. Occasionally the whole upper part of the plant is killed. The symptoms on barley are similar, but only seedlings are attacked. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Japan, Taiwan and Philippines (Ou, 1971). TRANSMISSION: Presumably in moisture. The disease is favoured by warm humid weather.
Alternaria carthami
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Alternaria carthami
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Carthamus tinctorius
. DISEASE: Leaf spot of safflower. Symptoms appear before flowering on all parts, but especially on the leaves. The brown to dark brown spots expand to 1 cm diam., the centre, lighter in colour, being surrounded by dark rings where sporulation occurs. Shot-holes may develop and coalescence of the spots leads to large, irregularly outlined lesions and break up of the lamina. Spotting is less severe on the petioles and stems. Infected flower buds do not open and become shrivelled. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Canada, Ethiopia, India, Israel, Kenya, Tanzania, U.S.S.R., Zambia and possibly also Rhodesia, Rumania and U.S.A. TRANSMISSION: No studies reported.
Alternaria ricini
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Alternaria ricini
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Ricinus communis
. DISEASE: Seedling blight, leaf spot, inflorescence and pod rot of castor. Leaf lesions are irregular in outline, variable in size but often quite large, brown, zonate, with a yellow halo. Defoliation can be extensive. The inflorescence is attacked at any age and eventually develops a sooty appearance as sporulation occurs under high humidity conditions. The capsules can wilt suddenly and become purple dark brown, the seed is poorly filled and may become infected; normal dehiscence fails. Alternatively a sunken area appears on one side of the capsule and eventually covers the whole of it, the seed is fairly well grown and dehiscence is normal. Seedlings which are infected have stunted cotyledons, become spotted and may be killed. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Occurs in E. & W. Africa, S. Asia and S. & E. U.S.A., see CMI Map 345, ed. 2; one additional record is Angola. TRANSMISSION: Seed-borne. Infected capsules can give rise to seed which may have the coat, caruncle or endosperm infected. Seeds from such capsules give diseased seedlings. Seed dressings did not completely control the disease (39: 211).
Alternaria sesami
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Alternaria sesami
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Sesamum indicum
. DISEASE: Pre-emergence and post-emergence damping off and leaf, stem and pod spot. On the leaves the brown, round or irregular spots are up to 2 crn diam. with concentric zonations on the upper surface, coalescent; leaf fall can be severe. Stem and capsule lesions may be less conspicuous but those on the former can present a water-soaked appearance, spreading almost the whole length of the stem. Infected seed leads to reduced emergence. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Fairly widespread in Asia, E. & W. Africa, S. America and S.E. U.S.A. Details are given in CMI Map 410, ed. 1; Ethiopia is an additional recent record. TRANSMISSION: Seedborne; spread may have occurred mainly through seed.
Verticillium nubilum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hawksworth D. L. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Verticillium nubilum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Solanum tuberosum, Lycopersicon esculentum
and
Antirrhinum
. DISEASE: Only weakly pathogenic. Twisted sprout of potato. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Britain. TRANSMISSION: Unknown.
Cumminsiella mirabilissima
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cumminsiella mirabilissima
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Mahonia aqulfolium, M. dicryota, M. japonica
var.
beali, M. nervosa, M. pumila
and
M. repens
. DISEASE: Rust of mahonia. Forming conspicuous reddish spots on older leaves. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe, North and Central America. TRANSMISSION: Spread of the disease is thought to be mainly by infected nursery stock (15: 230). Heavy snow storms have also been implicated in the dissemination of uredospores which have been found capable of withstanding very low temperatures. Uredospores exposed to -10°C to -20°C for a month retained their viability. The min. temp. for the development of the rust is only a few degrees above 0°C, with opt. 8-12°C and max. 20°C (10: 109).
Puccinia malvacearum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Puccinia malvacearum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Althaea, Protex, Kitaibelia, Lavatera, Malva, Malvastrum, Malope, Sidalcea
and a total of about 50 species in 10 genera of
Malvaceae
. DISEASE: Rust of hollyhock. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide. TRANSMISSION: Farlow (1886) reported the introduction of the pathogen into U.S.A. on seed of
Malope
sp. imported from Europe. However, it is doubtful whether true seed transmission occurs. Taubenhaus (1911) showed that teliospores, overwintering in soil on infected bracts and carpels in late autumn, remain viable for over four months and act as a source of infection of seed in the spring and that mycelium may also overwinter in a viable condition in young host shoots. The importation of the pathogen on plants introduced into New Zealand is recorded by Cunningham (1931: 154).
Ustilago nuda
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. , Waterston J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Ustilago nuda
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On species of
Agropyron, Hordeum, Lolium, Secale
and
Triticum
. DISEASES: Loose smut of wheat, barley, oats and rye, characterized by the complete destruction of the spikelets of affected heads. Infected seed may be reduced in size and lighter. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide (CMI Map 368, ed. 2, 1969). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne spores from smutted spikes to healthy flowers up to 150 m from a point source (19: 334; 44, 2114a) and by seed-borne dormant mycelium in the embryo, chiefly the scutellum (40: 41). Infection is favoured by frequent light showers but heavy rainfall reduces infection by washing spores into the ground (42: 193; 49, 1322). Spores are normally short-lived but many remain viable after 12-13 yr storage at -2-0<Degrees>C (34: 591).