bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Potential Screening of Indigenous Drought Stress Tolerant Bacteria for Plant Growth Promotion (PGP) Traits: An In-vitro Study
Authors: Kumar B. Prasanna , Trimurtulu N. , Gopal A. Vijaya 
Published: April 2021

Aims: The study aims to formulate relevant microbial consortia against drought stress mitigation with potential drought stress tolerant bacterial isolates by polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG 6000) different moisture stress levels to mitigate the drought stress which can finally helpful to increase plant and soil health under adverse stress conditions.
Study Design: Source of rhizosphere soil samples from groundnut drought prone areas of Andhra Pradesh.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Advanced Post Graduate Centre, Acharya N.G Ranga Agricultural University, Lam, Guntur, 522 034, between June 2017 and July 2020.
Methodology: Isolated strains were also tested for further drought stress screening by polyethylene glycol 6000 In-vitro screening was done for different plant growth promotion activities i.e. phosphate solubilization, IAA production, ammonia production, ACC deaminase activity, HCN production and catalase. HCN production, catalase positive, colony morphology, Gram staining and biochemical tests.
Results: Fifty-one efficient bacterial isolates were obtained from drought prone rhizosphere soils of groundnut. Isolated strains were also tested for further drought stress screening by polyethylene glycol 6000 at 0% (-0.05 MPa), 10% (-0.65 MPa), 20% (-1.57 MPa), 30% (-2.17 MPa) and 40% (-2.70 MPa). Thirty-seven bacterial isolates were further found to have an enzyme 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase activity which improved plant growth during stress conditions. The In-vitro screening was done for different plant growth promotion activities, twelve bacterial isolates were positive for phosphate solubilization. IAA production was shown by almost all the bacterial isolates. Three isolates were positive for ammonia production. Two isolates were positive for HCN production and all the isolates were found to be catalase positive. Seven isolates were showing maximum plant growth promotion activities and further identified based on colony morphology, Gram staining and biochemical tests.
Conclusion: This study suggests that 51 bacterial isolates exhibited the highest tolerance to moisture stress under In-vitro, these are screened and considered as potential isolates against plant growth promoting characteristics. Plant growth promoting bacteria that can modulate physiological response for water shortage, enhanced water or nutrient uptake and transpiration, induction of plant growth hormone signaling and increased antioxidase activity and photosynthetic rate thereby ensuring plant survival under such stressful conditions. In regard to isolates having PGP properties from the research work presented could be studied further under In-vitro and in vivo conditions from different soils with several crops for confirming their use as bio inoculants.
Comparative and Correlative Analysis of Biofilm Formation and Antimicrobial Resistance Traits of Pathogenic Bacterial Isolates
Authors: Shahriar Asif , Das Kamal Kanta , Islam Tamanna , Feroz Farahnaaz 
Published: April 2021

Background: Pathogenic bacteria mostly cause emerging infectious diseases, including community-acquired, nosocomial, and opportunistic infections. The recent emergence of biofilms and the production of beta-lactamases strains have led to the widespread number of drug-resistant bacterial pathogens associated with infectious illness and death.
Materials and Methods: This study was carried out to detect the ability of biofilm formation by gram-negative and gram-positive pathogenic isolates collected from clinical environments and determine their multi-drug resistant traits along with the detection of Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) and Metallo-beta-lactamases (MBLs) production.
Results: Among the 15 pathogenic isolates, A. baumannii (85%) were ESBL positive and (65%) MBL positive; P. mirabilis was ESBL and MBL positive (65% and 90%), respectively. The uropathogenic bacterial isolates, both K. pneumoniae and E. coli were found to be ESBL positive (60%) and MBL positive (40%); ESBL positive (75%) and MBL positive (60%), respectively. Whereas the pathogenic P. aeruginosa isolates were found to be ESBL and MBL positive (100%). In contrast, among the three gram-positive S. aureus isolates, two isolates were found to be ESBL positive (85%) and one isolate was found to be MBL positive (35%). The association between ESBL and MBL production and biofilm formation was statistically significant (P value=0.001). Besides, most active drugs, penicillin G, kanamycin, ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime, azithromycin and erythromycin, were resistant against all pathogenic isolates, whereas pathogens were significantly sensitive against Cotrimoxazole, Erythromycin, Streptomycin, and Ceftriaxone.
Conclusion: This experiment's findings indicate the emergence and rapid spread of such multidrug-resistant pathogens are of great concern. Early detection of ESBL and MBL-producing pathogens is of paramount clinical significance; therefore, strict infection control practices and therapeutic guidance for confirmed infection can be rapidly initiated.
Physicochemical Characterization and Oral Dosage Form Design and Selection
Authors: Dening Tahnee J. , Amidon Gregory E. , He Xiaorong , Hageman Michael J. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn order to initiate formulation development activities – that is the identification of a “marketable” product – important physical and chemical properties (physicochemical properties) as well as permeability properties need to be determined. Evaluation of these properties early in the discovery process can help discovery teams select which templates to pursue as well as identify the most promising leads. This information is also valuable “downstream” as decisions regarding dosage form design are being made. The focus of this article will be on the physicochemical properties that are most important in the evaluation of discovery leads and that provide the information needed as dosage form development is initiated and progresses. It will become apparent that the most appropriate dosage forms that make sense to consider are dictated by both the physicochemical and biopharmaceutical properties of the drug molecule. Throughout this article, there will be an emphasis on the tools and principles that will help the medicinal chemist during the drug discovery process, with particular emphasis on oral dosage forms.
The FDA and Drug Regulatory Issues
Authors: Randad Ramnarayan S. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is a part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). It is responsible for protecting the public health by assuring the safety, efficacy, and security of human and veterinary drugs, biological products, medical devices, tobacco products, cosmetics, products that emit radiation, and our nation's food supply. The FDA is also responsible for advancing the public health by helping to speed innovations that make medicines and foods more effective, safer, and more affordable; and helping the public get the accurate, science‐based information they need to use medicines and foods to improve their health. FDA also plays a significant role in the Nation's counterterrorism capability (
https://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/WhatWeDo/default.htm
).
New and Emerging Antiepileptic Drugs
Authors: Witkin Jeffrey M. , Golani Lalit K. , Smith Jodi L. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

This article provides the biologist, chemist, and clinician with an overview into currently existing epilepsy medicines, an appreciation of those currently in development, and a glimpse at future possibilities. The discovery and development of antiepileptic drugs with improved efficacy and side‐effect dimensions are urgently needed. We discuss various strategies for discovering new antiepileptic drugs. We then provide summary data on the mechanisms of action, efficacy, and tolerability of some of the newer third‐generation antiepileptic drugs – eslicarbazepine, brivaracetam, retigabine, lacosamide, and perampanel. Additional compounds that are currently in development for epilepsy are also reviewed. These include the novel α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor antagonists CERC‐611 and JNJ‐55511118 that are first‐in‐class drugs blocking only those AMPA receptors associated with the auxiliary protein TAPP γ‐8. The GABA
A
(α2/3)‐selective compounds, KRM‐II‐81, MP‐III‐080, and PF‐06372865 hold additional promise and potential advantage over nonselective GABA
A
receptor modulators. The developmental status of another positive allosteric modulator of GABA
A
receptors, the neuroactive steroid ganaxolone, is also summarized. In addition, two mGlu2 receptor modulators, JNJ‐40411813 and LY2812223 are discussed. Finally, initial data on cannabidiol, anakinra, and padsevonil are reviewed. Literature data derived from studies on both human epileptic tissue and rodent seizure modeling were utilized to glean several compelling novel drug targets for consideration in future antiepileptic drug discovery programs. Thus, in the past decade, key advances have been made that are benefiting the epileptic patient community. The current compounds in development and new drug targets give additional promise of improved antiepileptic drugs.
Advances in Multiobjective Optimization for Drug Discovery and Development
Authors: Honeycutt J. Dana , Zorn Kimberley M. , Clark Alex M. , Ekins Sean 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDrug discovery requires the simultaneous optimization of many properties such as bioactivity, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, toxicity, and the underlying physicochemical properties. The ability to satisfy many requirements at once is termed multiobjective optimization, and we will discuss the importance of research in this area for drug discovery and development. In particular, we provide examples of Pareto and other optimization methods and how they can be used in drug discovery to make trade‐offs between different predicted or real molecular properties, and we describe advances in software that applies these approaches.
Prodrugs: Strategic Deployment, Metabolic Considerations, and Chemical Design Principles
Authors: Erhardt Paul W. , Khupse Rahul , Sarver Jeffrey G. , Kress Brian J. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis article begins by providing a brief history about prodrugs, and then delineates their specific definition while contrasting them to “regular” drugs and to soft drugs. It continues by discussing their strategic deployment during today's drug discovery and development paradigm, including their union with biological molecules to produce antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) which are becoming extremely popular as new molecular entities (NMEs). Metabolic considerations focus upon hydrolytic processes while emphasizing, in particular, the important roles that are often played by the carboxylesterases. Design aspects include both a listing of commonly deployed functional groups and a discussion of how to impact upon their reaction rates by manipulating steric features of the chemical constructs. While replete with chemical structures and metabolic reactions throughout, the next section highlights all prodrug entries within the NMEs entering the US marketplace for the periods 2004–2008 and 2009–2017. Cataloged information relevant to this section is provided in two comprehensive appendices. The article concludes by conveying three case studies, which further serve to highlight the practical applications of prodrug design principles.
Phase Engineering of Nickel Sulfides to Boost Sodium‐ and Potassium‐Ion Storage Performance
Authors: Wu Jingxing , Liu Sailin , Rehman Yaser , Huang Taizhong , Zhao Jiachang , Gu Qinfen , Mao Jianfeng , Guo Zaiping 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSulfides are promising anode candidates because of their relatively large theoretical discharge/charge specific capacity and pretty small volume changes, but suffers from sluggish kinetics and structural instability upon cycling. Phase engineering can be designed to overcome the weakness of the electrochemical performance of sulfide anodes. By choosing nickel sulfides (α‐NiS, β‐NiS, and NiS2) supported by reduced graphene oxide (rGO) as model systems, it is demonstrated that the nickel sulfides with different crystal structures show different performances in both sodium‐ion and potassium‐ion batteries. In particular, the α‐NiS/rGO display superior stable capacity (≈426 mAh g−1 for 500 cycles at 500 mA g−1) and exceptional rate capability (315 mAh g−1 at 2000 mA g−1). The combined density functional theory calculations and experimental studies reveal that the hexagonal structure is more conducive to ion absorption and conduction, a higher pseudocapacitive contribution, and higher mechanical ability to relieve the stress caused by the volume changes. Correspondingly, the phase engineered nickel sulfide coupled with the conducting rGO network synergistically boosts the electrochemical performance of batteries. This work sheds light on the use of phase engineering as an essential strategy for exploring materials with satisfactory electrochemical performance for sodium‐ion and potassium‐ion batteries.
Multivalent Nanosheet Antibody Mimics for Selective Microbial Recognition and Inactivation
Authors: Kang Tae Woog , Hwang In‐Jun , Lee Sin , Jeon Su‐Ji , Choi Chanhee , Han Juhee , So Yoonhee , Son Wooic , Kim Hyunsung , Yang Chul‐Su , Park Jae‐Hyoung , Lee Hwankyu , Kim Jong‐Ho 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAntibodies are widely used as recognition elements in sensing and therapy, but they suffer from poor stability, long discovery time, and high cost. Herein, a facile approach to create antibody mimics with flexible recognition phases and luminescent rigid scaffolds for the selective recognition, detection, and inactivation of pathogenic bacteria is reported. Tripeptides with a nitriloacetate‐Cu group are spontaneously assembled on transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) nanosheets via coordination bonding, providing a diversity of TMD‐tripeptide assembly (TPA) antibody mimics. TMD‐TPA antibody mimics can selectively recognize various pathogenic bacteria with nanomolar affinities. The bacterial binding sites for TMD‐TPA are identified by experiments and molecular dynamics simulations, revealing that the dynamic and multivalent interactions of artificial antibodies play a crucial role for their recognition selectivity and affinity. The artificial antibodies allow the rapid and selective detection of pathogenic bacteria at single copy in human serum and urine, and their effective inactivation for therapy of infected mice. This work demonstrates the potential of TMD‐TPA antibody mimics as an alternative to natural antibodies for sensing and therapy.
Controlled Structural Transformation in Sb‐Doped Indium Halides A3InCl6 and A2InCl5∙H2O Yields Reversible Green‐to‐Yellow Emission Switch
Authors: Huang Jialuo , Chang Tong , Zeng Ruosheng , Yan Jun , Wei Qilin , Zhou Weichang , Cao Sheng , Zou Bingsuo 
Published: April 2021

AbstractLead halide perovskites have demonstrated promising emission tunability achieved by composition engineering, which makes them viable in several potential applications. Determining how to effectively control the crystalline structural transformation and composition in lead‐free halide perovskites is of great importance. Herein, a controllable synthetic method is reported to obtain the 0D metal halide perovskite derivatives (Cs1−xRbx)2InCl5∙H2O and (Cs1−xRbx)3InCl6, through synergistic regulation of the Cs/Rb feed ratios and the reaction solvent. When hydrochloric acid (HCl) is used as the reaction solvent, (Cs1−xRbx)2InCl5∙H2O is obtained at a high Cs/Rb feed ratio greater than 2:1, while (Cs1−xRbx)3InCl6 is obtained at a low Cs/Rb feed ratio of less than 2:5. However, when anhydrous methanol (MeOH) is used as the reaction solvent, only the (Cs1−xRbx)3InCl6 structure is obtained at all Cs/Rb feed ratios. In addition, a reversible crystalline structural transformation is demonstrated between (Cs0.67Rb0.33)2InCl5∙H2O and (Cs0.67Rb0.33)3InCl6 by immersing the as‐prepared products into MeOH and HCl sequentially, which generates a novel green/yellow reversible emission switch. The Sb3+ ion self‐trapped exciton emission and stability of the synthesized (Cs1−xRbx)2InCl5∙H2O and (Cs1−xRbx)3InCl6 are systematically investigated. The results are helpful for promoting the diverse photonics and optoelectronics applications of these environmentally stable perovskite derivatives.
Assessment of soybean test weight among genotypes, environments, agronomic and seed compositional traits
Authors: McNeece Brant T. , Gillenwater Jay H. , Li Zenglu , Mian M.A. Rouf 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe value of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] depends on quantity (yield) and quality, such as seed composition and test weight (TW). Test weight is a bulk density measurement for grain quality evaluation, and higher TW grains are preferred for storage, transport, and export. Thus, soybean breeding should focus on improvement of TW. The objectives of this study were to determine genotypic and environmental effects on TW of soybean and explore relationships of TW with yield, maturity, 100 seed weight (SDWT), seed quality (SQ), seed oil concentration (SOC), and seed protein concentration (SPC). Three sets of breeding populations (BPs), two mapping populations (MPs), and five different high vs. low seed protein near‐isogenic lines populations (NILPs) were used. The BPs and MPs had an average range of 3.5 kg hectoliter (hL)–1 in TW among genotypes. The average ranges of TW in the NILPs were equal for both low protein (LP) and high protein (HP) lines (2.7 kg hL–1). Broad‐sense heritability estimates for TW ranged from .62 to .95. The genotypic and G × E effects on TW were significant in all trials. The SDWT, SQ, SOC, and SPC had strong significant relationships with TW in multiple trials, but were inconsistent overall. Test weight of NILPs differing by presence of ‘Danbaekkong’ high protein allele on chromosome 20 had mostly significant positive and negative relationships with SPC and SOC, respectively.
Low dose venetoclax as a single agent treatment of plasma cell malignancies harboring t(11;14)
Authors: Nahi Hareth , Kashif Muhammad , Klimkowska Monika , Karvouni Maria , Wallblom Ann , Gran Charlotte , Hauenstein Julia , Frengen Nicolai , Gustafsson Charlotte , Afram Gabriel , Uttervall Katarina , Lund Johan , Månsson Robert , Wagner Arnika K. , Alici Evren 
Published: April 2021

AbstractApproximately 20% of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) patients harbor t(11;14), a marker of inferior prognosis, resulting in up‐regulation of CCND1. These patients respond to BCL2 inhibitor experimental drug venetoclax. Furthermore, t(11;14) is reported to be associated with increased BCL2/MCL1 ratio. We investigated the use of venetoclax (400 mg daily) in a cohort of 25 multiple myeloma (MM) and AL‐amyloidosis patients harboring t(11;14) and assessed safety and efficacy. Efficacy was assessed by response rate (RR) and time on treatment. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry (IHC), for BCL2 family member expression was assessed at diagnosis and relapse in the venetoclax‐treated group and analyzed for correlation with clinical RR. Additionally, patient material from venetoclax non‐treated group including non‐t(11;14) diagnosis (n = 27), t(11;14) diagnosis (n = 17), t(11;14) relapse (n = 7), hyperdiploidy (n = 6) and hyperdiploidy + t(11;14) (n = 6) was used for RNA sequencing (RNASeq) and validation by qPCR. Venetoclax treatment in t(11;14) patients demonstrated manageable safety and promising efficacy. Partial responses or better were observed in eleven patients (44%). Responding patients had significantly higher BCL2/MCL1 (p = 0.031) as well as BCL2/BCL‐XL (p = 0.021) ratio, regardless of time of measurement before venetoclax treatment. Furthermore, an IRF5 motif was enriched (p < .001) in the downregulated genes in t(11;14) relapses vs diagnoses. The RR with single agent venetoclax was 71% in AL‐amyloidosis and 33% in MM, and IHC proved useful in prediction of treatment outcome. We could also demonstrate possible resistance mechanisms of t(11;14), downregulation of IRF5 targeted genes, which can be exploited for therapeutic advantages.
Factors influencing the survival of wild cotton‐top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) infants
Authors: Savage Anne , Snowdon Charles T. , Soto Luis , Medina Felix , Emeris German , Guillen Rosamira 
Published: April 2021

AbstractStudies of cooperative breeding species have suggested that helpers are needed for infant survival and that helpers gain skills to successfully raise their own offspring. Studies of callitrichids in managed care and early field studies suggested that group size correlated with infant survival and that helpers needed to learn parental skills to be successful breeders. We present infant survival data from a 20‐year field study of cotton‐top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) in Colombia involving 126 litters born to 41 females. There was no difference in the survival of male and female offspring to 6 months of age. However, litter size impacted survival, with triplet litters having lower survival and male triplets having lower survival than females. Loss of infants was highest in the first week of life and, of the animals remaining in the group at 6 months of age, 90% of them survived to 1 year. The mean length of time in the natal group was 2.3 years but some young migrated to other groups after 4 months of age. Group size and number of male helpers (>1 year) was not related to infant survival. However, groups with only one male had fewer surviving infants. Primiparous females had lower infant survival, but previous infant care experience by mothers as helpers had no effect on survival. A major cause of infant loss was group disruption due to deaths/evictions/loss of the reproductively active animals, or immigration of pregnant females. Thus, factors that cause a change in the stability of the reproductively active animals can disrupt group cohesion. Capture of individuals for the illegal pet trade, as well as habitat fragmentation, may increase competition between groups for access to territories and breeding opportunities. This may have long‐term impacts to infant survival in this critically endangered species.