bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Is beauty only skin deep?”
Authors: Wong Jock , Or Marshal 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
From a semantic and cultural perspective, one could ask a number of questions regarding the English word ‘beauty’
and the adjectival form ‘beautiful’ when they are used to refer to visual aspects of people. Given that scholars and professionals
in the beauty industry frequently use the words to describe people from various cultures, should we assume that each of them
embodies a semantic and cultural universal? Given that plastic surgeons and beauticians improve the physical appearance of people,
especially women, why do they not use the word ‘pretty’ to promote their services instead? After all, the phrase ‘pretty woman’ is
also the title of a popular song first recorded by Roy Orbison in 1964 and later the name of a hugely successful 1990 movie. Why
are beauty salons so called? Why are they not called prettiness salons instead? This paper attempts to address such questions by
studying the meanings of two Mandarin Chinese words: mĕi/měilì (roughly, ‘beautiful’) and
piàoliàng (roughly, ‘pretty’). The words are polysemous and this paper focuses on the meanings that are
relevant to the purposes of describing women. It tries to explain the conceptual difference between a woman who is
mĕi/měilì and one who is piàoliàng. Hopefully, the findings will shed light
on some of the semantic distinctions that are important to Mandarin Chinese speakers and thus the questions raised above.
Is ugliness in the mind of the beholder?
Authors: Gladkova Anna , Romero-Trillo Jesús 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe paper explores the meaning and use ofuglyin English. The study is based on corpus data from Cobuild Wordbanks Online and investigates the polysemy and the spheres of application of the concept. Through corpus analysis methodology, we investigate the most common collocations and the pragmatic and contextual uses of the term. Based on this analysis, our study proposes semantic explications ofuglyin universal human concepts within the theoretical framework of the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM). We also analyze the most common collocations with the worduglyand classify them into several meaning-based categories. A comparison betweenbeautifulanduglyreveals that they are not identical in their distribution, which suggests different cognitive salience of the concepts. We also note the special role of ‘people’ and ‘nature’ in conceptualization and use ofbeautifuland that of ‘human actions’ inugly.
漢語重疊的重音模式及其語體屬性研究
Authors: Cui Sixing 
Published: February 2021

抽象的
文章從漢語重疊的重音模式入手，在深入挖掘重音模式語法功能的基礎上，重點鎖定漢語重疊的語體屬性。通過輕聲標準、描寫性標準、語體詞標準及語體分佈標準，同時結合語體區別特徵，重疊的變調，重疊的兒化以及重疊後加「的」做謂語等四個方面，論證漢語重疊橫跨書面語和口語兩種語體。最終揭示節律本身也有體，節律不同則語體亦不同。
Possible dulaglutide-associated cholecystitis with safe continuation post cholecystectomy
Authors: Butler Jared , Bjurstrom Marysue , Marceau Anna 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Purpose
Possible dulaglutide-induced cholecystitis, with successful resumption of dulaglutide after cholecystectomy, is discussed.

Summary
A 72-year-old White man was started on dulaglutide for outpatient management of type 2 diabetes, in addition to his existing antihyperglycemic regimen of metformin, glipizide, pioglitazone, and insulin glargine. His glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) concentration improved from 8.2% to 7.2% with the addition of dulaglutide. Furthermore, the use of dulaglutide did not lead to weight loss. After 16 months of treatment with dulaglutide, he presented to the emergency room with nausea, loss of appetite, and progressive sharp, nonradiating right upper quadrant pain. Based on symptom presentation, laboratory workup, and computed tomography scan results, acute cholecystitis was diagnosed. He underwent a cholecystectomy to remove what was found to be a gangrenous gallbladder. Per documented surgical dictation from the cholecystectomy, the gallbladder was removed, but portions of the biliary tree were left intact. The patient was continued on dulaglutide postoperatively without recurrence of bile stones, biliary tree disease, or abdominal symptoms at 8 months after initial cholecystitis incident.

Conclusion
A male patient with possible dulaglutide-induced cholecystitis was successfully continued on dulaglutide therapy post cholecystectomy without recurrent complications within the biliary tract.
Five cases of complete atrioventricular block induced by bending forward: unusual but not unique
Authors: Saal Dirk P , Thijs Roland D , Bootsma Marianne , Brignole Michele , van Dijk J Gert 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Aims
We describe five patients with syncope caused by a complete atrioventricular block (AVB) while they were bending forward, not rising after bending, and aim to describe the occurrence and the association between bending forward and AVB.

Methods and results
In two patients, bending forward was the exclusive trigger for syncope, while in the remaining three, other postural changes (sitting down, standing up, and exertion) could also provoke syncope. Complete AVB as the cause of syncope was documented using ECG monitoring in two cases and an implantable loop recorder in the other three. Ectopic beats without preceding sinus slowing occurred before syncope in four cases. Two cases had a left bundle branch block. All patients responded favourably to cardiac pacing.

Conclusion
This is the first case series on complete AVB provoked by bending forward. Syncope during bending forward should suggest a search for an AVB. Arguments in favour of a vagal mechanism were syncope triggered by bending forward, and that other triggers could also evoke syncope. However, the absence of sinus slowing before syncope in some cases and the fact that bending forward did not seem to provoke reflex syncope without AVB, cast doubts on a reflex mechanism. There were also arguments favouring conduction disorder: i.e. ectopic beats before syncope and pre-existing conduction disturbances in two cases. The cases are reminiscent of paroxysmal AVB. Discrimination between paroxysmal AVB and vagal AVB is important because a pacemaker is warranted in arrhythmic complete AVB, while the benefit is limited or absent in reflex AVB.
Reconstruction, with tunable sparsity levels, of shear wave velocity profiles from surface wave data
Authors: Vignoli Giulio , Guillemoteau Julien , Barreto Jeniffer , Rossi Matteo 
Published: February 2021

SUMMARYThe analysis of surface wave dispersion curves is a way to infer the vertical distribution of shear wave velocity. The range of applicability is extremely wide: going, for example, from seismological studies to geotechnical characterizations and exploration geophysics. However, the inversion of the dispersion curves is severely ill-posed and only limited efforts have been put in the development of effective regularization strategies. In particular, relatively simple smoothing regularization terms are commonly used, even when this is in contrast with the expected features of the investigated targets. To tackle this problem, stochastic approaches can be utilized, but they are too computationally expensive to be practical, at least, in case of large surveys. Instead, within a deterministic framework, we evaluate the applicability of a regularizer capable of providing reconstructions characterized by tunable levels of sparsity. This adjustable stabilizer is based on the minimum support regularization, applied before on other kinds of geophysical measurements, but never on surface wave data. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this stabilizer on (i) two benchmark—publicly available—data sets at crustal and near-surface scales and (ii) an experimental data set collected on a well-characterized site. In addition, we discuss a possible strategy for the estimation of the depth of investigation. This strategy relies on the integrated sensitivity kernel used for the inversion and calculated for each individual propagation mode. Moreover, we discuss the reliability, and possible caveats, of the direct interpretation of this particular estimation of the depth of investigation, especially in the presence of sharp boundary reconstructions.
Spectral induced polarization: frequency domain versus time domain laboratory data
Authors: Martin Tina , Titov Konstantin , Tarasov Andrey , Weller Andreas 
Published: February 2021

SUMMARY
Spectral information obtained from induced polarization (IP) measurements can be used in a variety of applications and is often gathered in frequency domain (FD) at the laboratory scale. In contrast, field IP measurements are mostly done in time domain (TD). Theoretically, the spectral content from both domains should be similar. In practice, they are often different, mainly due to instrumental restrictions as well as the limited time and frequency range of measurements. Therefore, a possibility of transition between both domains, in particular for the comparison of laboratory FD IP data and field TD IP results, would be very favourable. To compare both domains, we conducted laboratory IP experiments in both TD and FD. We started with three numerical models and measurements at a test circuit, followed by several investigations for different wood and sandstone samples. Our results demonstrate that the differential polarizability (DP), which is calculated from the TD decay curves, can be compared very well with the phase of the complex electrical resistivity. Thus, DP can be used for a first visual comparison of FD and TD data, which also enables a fast discrimination between different samples. Furthermore, to compare both domains qualitatively, we calculated the relaxation time distribution (RTD) for all data. The results are mostly in agreement between both domains, however, depending on the TD data quality. It is striking that the DP and RTD results are in better agreement for higher data quality in TD. Nevertheless, we demonstrate that IP laboratory measurements can be carried out in both TD and FD with almost equivalent results. The RTD enables a good comparability of FD IP laboratory data with TD IP field data.
Early Career Researcher Profile: Honglong Zhao
Authors: Zhao Honglong , Shekar Rachel G 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Honglong Zhao is a postdoctoral researcher at the Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences. There, he studies plant systems biology and works on the mathematical model construction of primary metabolism in C3 photosynthetic leaves. He received a PhD in Botany in 2020 working with Prof. Xinguang Zhu.
Early Career Researcher Profile: Tsu-Wei Chen
Authors: Chen Tsu-Wei , Shekar Rachel G 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Tsu-Wei Chen is a professor at Humboldt University in Berlin, Germany. He is also a grantee of Emmy Noether Programme of German Research Foundation (DFG). He earned his BSc at National Taiwan University in Horticultural Science. He has worked on functional-structural plant models (FSPMs) since 2009, beginning with his MSc and PhD degrees from Leibniz Universität Hannover. His research focuses on up-scaling the environmental effects on leaf photosynthesis to canopy level using FSPMs and systems analyses.
Are we observing an NSC in course of formation in the NGC 4654 galaxy?
Authors: Schiavi R , Capuzzo-Dolcetta R , Georgiev I Y , Arca-Sedda M , Mastrobuono-Battisti A 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
We use direct N-body simulations to explore some possible scenarios for the future evolution of two massive clusters observed towards the centre of NGC 4654, a spiral galaxy with mass similar to that of the Milky Way. Using archival HST data, we obtain the photometric masses of the two clusters, M = 3 × 105 M⊙ and M = 1.7 × 106 M⊙, their half-light radii, Reff ∼ 4 pc and Reff ∼ 6 pc, and their projected distances from the photometric centre of the galaxy (both &lt;22 pc). The knowledge of the structure and separation of these two clusters (∼24 pc) provides a unique view for studying the dynamics of a galactic central zone hosting massive clusters. Varying some of the unknown cluster orbital parameters, we carry out several N-body simulations showing that the future evolution of these clusters will inevitably result in their merger. We find that, mainly depending on the shape of their relative orbit, they will merge into the galactic centre in less than 82 Myr. In addition to the tidal interaction, a proper consideration of the dynamical friction braking would shorten the merging times up to few Myr. We also investigate the possibility to form a massive nuclear star cluster (NSC) in the centre of the galaxy by this process. Our analysis suggests that for low-eccentricity orbits, and relatively long merger times, the final merged cluster is spherical in shape, with an effective radius of few parsecs and a mass within the effective radius of the order of $10^5\, \mathrm{M_{\odot }}$. Because the central density of such a cluster is higher than that of the host galaxy, it is likely that this merger remnant could be the likely embryo of a future NSC.
The Fifth Troll Prerequisite
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter 8 focuses on the fifth troll prerequisite which needed to be met if hacked and Russian-generated content were to influence the U.S. election: was it targeted to reach the desired constituencies? The chapter contends that, despite some arguments against the impact of the Russian troll messaging, the trolls targeted audiences needed to influence the election in both battleground and nonbattleground states, through the use of organic content and paid advertisements. The trolls had access to multiple sources of information about how to reach voters susceptible to mobilizing or demobilizing appeals, including publicly accessible analyses of the candidates’ objectives and tactics, stolen voter models hacked from the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee, and toolkits offered by social media platforms to help identify desired audience members.
The Effect of Russian Hacking (and Troll Reinforcement) on Press Coverage
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter 9 of Cyberwar discusses the impact of press and campaign uses of Russian hacking and the ways in which it was amplified by troll messaging. Jamieson argues that, starting in July 2016—when WikiLeaks released its first tranche of private emails from the inboxes of Democratic National Committee staffers—and continuing through to Election Day, the Russian-hacked Democratic materials and uses of it by troll accounts, Republicans, and the media affected what Americans saw, heard, and read about Hillary Clinton. Hacked content released on October 7 was able to counterbalance both the so-called Access Hollywood tape and deflected attention from a joint statement from the Department of Homeland Security and Office of the Director of National Intelligence confirming that the Russians were behind the DNC hacking. Jamieson also details how hacked Clinton speech segments changed the news agenda and framing on October 9.
Hacked Content Altered the Press Agenda in the Final Four Weeks of the Election
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter 10 explores how hacked content, as well as the reopened Clinton email server investigation led by FBI Director James Comey, shaped the press agenda in the final four weeks of the election, from October 7 to Election Day. Throughout that period, the regular release of emails hacked from the account of Clinton campaign director John Podesta and the news media’s coverage of those dumps displaced a focus on the vulnerabilities of both candidates with one on Clinton alone, a frame magnified by the public’s conflation of different Clinton email “scandals.” Polling by the Annenberg Public Policy Center showed that, between October 3 and October 20, perceptions that Clinton was qualified to be president dropped and perceptions of Trump’s temperament, trustworthiness, and alliance with voters’ values improved. Jamieson argues that at least some of these changes should be credited to press use of hacked Democratic content.
Family Approaches for Trauma
Authors: Grove David R. , Greene Gilbert J. , Lee Mo Yee 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A three-level definition of a family therapy approach is offered. On a theoretical level, the authors define family approaches as those organized around systems theory and constructivism. On an assessment level, they define family approaches as those that operate from a three-person unit of analysis, identifying three-person interactional patterns and three-person interactional exceptions. From an intervention perspective, the authors define family therapy approaches as those that aim to change interactional patterns and/or enlarge interactional exceptions. Family approaches to working with trauma are then reviewed. Finally, the chapter addresses cross-cultural competence and trauma. The authors note the dominance of Western ideals and argue for the inclusion of and sensitivity to non-Western cultural understandings.
Trauma and Children
Authors: Grove David R. , Greene Gilbert J. , Lee Mo Yee 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Trauma and children placed in foster care is examined. Statistics related to foster care placement, duration of stay, and number of disrupted placements are offered. How these factors exacerbate the problems of trauma survivors in the child welfare system is explored. A family to family approach is described. Several case examples are offered covering numerous treatment issues including how to stabilize at-risk foster placements, how to recruit and include biological family of children placed in foster care, and how to enlist therapeutic help from biological family members when their child is placed in foster care.
Monetary Expert on Monnet’s Action Committee for the United States of Europe
Authors: Maes Ivo 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Robert Triffin played a key role in the debates on European monetary integration, especially as the monetary expert of Monnet’s Action Committee for the United States of Europe. He developed proposals for European monetary cooperation, especially a European Reserve Fund and a European currency unit, inspired by his experience of the European Payments Union. In his view, a European Reserve Fund could be constituted by pooling 10% to 20% of the international reserves of the member states’ central banks. A key moment was the 1969 Hague summit when Triffin, via Jean Monnet, provided the German chancellor Willy Brandt with a plan for European monetary integration. Moreover, through his activities and connections in the world of commercial banking and finance, Triffin also actively promoted the European currency unit as a parallel currency in financial transactions and markets.
The Marriage between the Theosophical Society and the Arya Samaj
Authors: Sand Erik Reenberg 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the relationship between the Theosophical Society and the Indian Arya Samaj during the period between 1878 and 1882. While some of the overall details of these events are well known, this chapter offers new insight into how the two parties imagined and misrepresented each other and how these misrepresentations were reflections of the wider contemporary cultural representations of East and West. The chapter charts the relationship between the founders of the Theosophical Society, Helena Petrovna Blavatsky and Henry Steel Olcott, and Swami Dayananda Saraswati of the Arya Samaj over the course of their initial written correspondence and their subsequent personal encounters in India, which began enthusiastically on both sides but ultimately ended in a public breaking of ties.
Federal Ground
Authors: Ablavsky Gregory 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Federal Ground depicts the haphazard and unplanned growth of federal authority in the Northwest and Southwest Territories, the first U.S. territories established under the new territorial system. The nation’s foundational documents, particularly the U.S. Constitution and the Northwest Ordinance, placed these territories under sole federal jurisdiction and established federal officials to govern them. But, for all their paper authority, these officials rarely controlled events or dictated outcomes. In practice, power in these contested borderlands rested with the regions’ preexisting inhabitants—diverse Native peoples, French villagers, and Anglo-American settlers. These residents nonetheless turned to the new federal government to claim ownership, jurisdiction, protection, and federal money, seeking to obtain rights under federal law. Two areas of governance proved particularly central: contests over property, where plural sources of title created conflicting land claims, and struggles over the right to use violence, in which customary borderlands practice intersected with the federal government’s effort to establish a monopoly on force. Over time, as federal officials improvised ad hoc, largely extrajudicial methods to arbitrate residents’ claims, they slowly insinuated federal authority deeper into territorial life. This authority survived even after the former territories became Ohio and Tennessee: although new states spoke a language of equal footing and autonomy, statehood actually offered former territorial citizens the most effective way yet to make claims on the federal government. The federal government, in short, still could not always prescribe the result in the territories, but it set the terms and language of debate—authority that became the foundation for later, more familiar and bureaucratic incarnations of federal power.
Introduction
Authors: Ablavsky Gregory 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This introduction outlines the central argument of Federal Ground. Federal authority in the Northwest and Southwest Territories, the book contends, stemmed less from foundational texts like the Northwest Ordinance than from the demands of territorial residents, who looked on the federal government not as an institution but as a resource and successfully pushed it to serve their ends. The introduction explores the contrast between the formal, nearly unchecked authority that the U.S. Constitution granted the federal government in the territories and the reality that these supposed territories were Native homelands and borderlands where imperial powers had come and gone with little change in control. It then grapples with the amorphous nature of federal government in the territories, divided among cabinet officials, local territorial officers, and key intermediaries like Governors Arthur St. Clair and William Blount, and recounts how these diverse officials believed themselves constrained to try to understand the territories’ inhabitants. It also explores the difficult question of how to measure federal state power in the early republic, contrasting the fiscal-military state with the alternate model of an adjudicatory state, in which territorial citizens turned to federal law to claim rights. It notes the benefits of considering the two territories together and previews the individual chapters and their arguments.
Sources of Title in the Territories
Authors: Ablavsky Gregory 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the intersection between the rabid market for land in the early United States and the territories’ property pluralism—the existence of multiple, conflicting sources of rights to ownership. The chapter focuses on the debate over three particularly significant sources of title: purchases from Native nations; state land grants under the system of indiscriminate location; and occupancy, commonly known in early American law as preemption. The collision between these different sources with unclear validity made ownership in the territories highly uncertain and spawned conflict. The federal government attempted to reform territorial property, deeming some sources of title legitimate while barring others, but both formal and informal law hampered these federal efforts to produce clarity of ownership.