bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Should a Vehicle Always Deviate to the Tire Blowout Side?—A New Tire Blowout Model With Toe Angle Effects
Authors: Li Ao , Chen Yan , Du Xinyu , Lin Wen-Chiao 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
As a severe tire failure, tire blowout during driving can significantly threaten vehicle stability and road safety. Tire blowout models were developed in the literature to conclude that a vehicle always deviates to the tire blowout side. However, this conclusion is proved to be inaccurate in this paper, since one important factor was largely ignored in the existing tire blowout models. Toe angle, as a basic and widely applied setup on ground vehicles, can provide preset and symmetric lateral tire forces for normal driving. However, when tire blowout occurs, different toe angle setups can impact vehicle motions in different ways. For the first time, the toe angle is explicitly considered and integrated into a tire blowout model in this paper. For different tire blowout locations, driving maneuvers, and drivetrain configurations, the impacts of different toe angle setups on the variations of tire friction forces and vehicle motions are analyzed. The developed tire blowout model with toe angles is validated through both high-fidelity carsim simulation results and experimental results of a scaled test vehicle. Both simulation and experimental results show that a vehicle may not deviate to the tire blowout side, depending on the toe angle setups and driving maneuvers. Moreover, the experimental results also validate that the proposed tire blowout model can accurately evaluate the tire blowout impacts on vehicle dynamics.
An Energy Efficient Power-Split Hybrid Transmission System to Drive Hydraulic Implements in Construction Machines
Authors: Bertolin Mateus , Vacca Andrea 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper proposes a novel hybrid power-split transmission to drive hydraulic implements in construction machinery. The highly efficient power-split hybrid transmission is combined with displacement-controlled (DC) actuators to eliminate throttling losses within the hydraulic system and achieve higher fuel savings. The architecture design, sizing, and power-management are addressed. Simulation results considering a realistic truck-loading cycle on a mini-excavator demonstrate the feasibility of the idea. A systematic comparison between the proposed system and the previously developed series–parallel hybrid is also carried out. The paper compares engine operation and fuel consumption of the previously mentioned hybrid system with the original nonhybrid load-sensing (LS) machine. It is shown that by implementing an efficient engine operation control, the proposed system can achieve up to 60.2% improvement in fuel consumption when compared to the original machine and consume 11.8% less than the previously developed series–parallel hybrid with DC actuation. Other advantages of the proposed solution include a much steadier engine operation, which open to the possibility of designing an engine for optimal consumption and emissions at a single operating point as well as greatly reduce pollutant emissions. A steadier prime mover operation should also benefit fully electric machines, as the battery would not be stressed with heavy transients.
A Novel Model for Oil–Water Stratified Flow in Horizontal Wells With a Curved Interface Based on Dynamic Contact Angle
Authors: Songyi Guo , Zhiming Wang , Quanshu Zeng 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
During the process of oil production and transportation, oil–water two-phase flow is a common occurrence. Well completion optimization and production design are greatly affected by the prediction accuracy of two-phase flow characteristics. In this paper, a novel model is proposed to predict the influence of interface shape on stratified flow. Dynamic contact angle theory and minimum energy method are introduced to solve the momentum equations with a curved interface and dispersed phase holdup in the lower water layer or the upper oil layer, respectively. When the Eotvos number is lower than ten, the interface shape changes from a flat surface to a curved surface, and the flow area of the upper water layer and the lower oil layer will increase and decrease, respectively. Results show that the dynamic contact angle and pressure gradient are greatly affected by oil superficial velocity, oil viscosity, and pipe diameter. By comparing the prediction with available experiment results, the validity of the model is evaluated. Results show that the novel model has an overall good prediction performance for the pressure gradient, with an average percentage error of 13.12%. While the average percentage error of Liu's model and two-fluid model are 22.89% and 34.98%, respectively. The novel model is a unified model that could be used to solve the problem with a curved/flat interface. It will also promote the oil well production design and horizontal well completion optimization.
Perceptions of Physical Activity Changes Due to COVID-19 Restrictions Among Women in the United Kingdom
Authors: Forsyth Jacky J. , Makay Lorna , Riley Victoria 
Published: April 2021

The purpose of the current study was to explore, via interview, how and why women felt their physical activity levels and active lifestyles had been affected by COVID-19. Telephone interviews were conducted with 23 women, aged between 28 and 52 years from a variety of socioeconomic backgrounds in the United Kingdom. Based on reflexive thematic analysis, the perceived reduction in exercise and the increase in sedentary behavior that many of these women experienced were felt to be a result of the physical restrictions imposed through gym and leisure-facility closure, the change in circumstance (both work and home life), the perceived risks associated with exercising during a pandemic, as well as a lack of peer support. In contrast, some women experienced increased opportunity and time to exercise, which they felt benefited their health. For any future pandemic-related restrictions, exercise practitioners should consider promoting exercise with others in a safe environment in order to ensure that women’s healthy exercise and lifestyle behaviors are maintained.
Evidence of Carboniferous arc magmatism preserved in the Chicxulub impact structure
Authors: Ross Catherine H. , Stockli Daniel F. , Rasmussen Cornelia , Gulick Sean P.S. , de Graaff Sietze J. , Claeys Philippe , Zhao Jiawei , Xiao Long , Pickersgill Annemarie E. , Schmieder Martin , Kring David A. , Wittmann Axel , Morgan Joanna V. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDetermining the nature and age of the 200-km-wide Chicxulub impact target rock is an essential step in advancing our understanding of the Maya Block basement. Few age constraints exist for the northern Maya Block crust, specifically the basement underlying the 66 Ma, 200 km-wide Chicxulub impact structure. The International Ocean Discovery Program-International Continental Scientific Drilling Program Expedition 364 core recovered a continuous section of basement rocks from the Chicxulub target rocks, which provides a unique opportunity to illuminate the pre-impact tectonic evolution of a terrane key to the development of the Gulf of Mexico. Sparse published ages for the Maya Block point to Mesoproterozoic, Ediacaran, Ordovician to Devonian crust are consistent with plate reconstruction models. In contrast, granitic basement recovered from the Chicxulub peak ring during Expedition 364 yielded new zircon U-Pb laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) concordant dates clustering around 334 ± 2.3 Ma. Zircon rare earth element (REE) chemistry is consistent with the granitoids having formed in a continental arc setting. Inherited zircon grains fall into three groups: 400–435 Ma, 500–635 Ma, and 940–1400 Ma, which are consistent with the incorporation of Peri-Gondwanan, Pan-African, and Grenvillian crust, respectively. Carboniferous U-Pb ages, trace element compositions, and inherited zircon grains indicate a pre-collisional continental volcanic arc located along the Maya Block's northern margin before NW Gondwana collided with Laurentia. The existence of a continental arc along NW Gondwana suggests southward-directed subduction of Rheic oceanic crust beneath the Maya Block and is similar to evidence for a continental arc along the northern margin of Gondwana that is documented in the Suwannee terrane, Florida, USA, and Coahuila Block of NE México.
Time to desaturation in preterm infants undergoing endotracheal intubation
Authors: Kothari Radhika , Hodgson Kate Alison , Davis Peter G , Thio Marta , Manley Brett James , O'Currain Eoin 
Published: April 2021

BackgroundNeonatal endotracheal intubation is often associated with physiological instability. The Neonatal Resuscitation Program recommends a time-based limit (30 s) for intubation attempts in the delivery room, but there are limited physiological data to support recommendations in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). We aimed to determine the time to desaturation after ceasing spontaneous or assisted breathing in preterm infants undergoing elective endotracheal intubation in the NICU.MethodsObservational study at The Royal Women’s Hospital, Melbourne. A secondary analysis was performed of video recordings of neonates ≤32 weeks’ postmenstrual age undergoing elective intubation. Infants received premedication including atropine, a sedative and muscle relaxant. Apnoeic oxygenation time (AOT) was defined as the time from the last positive pressure or spontaneous breath until desaturation (SpO2 <90%).ResultsSeventy-eight infants were included. The median (IQR) gestational age at birth was 27 (26–29) weeks and birth weight 946 (773–1216) g. All but five neonates desaturated to SpO2 <90% (73/78, 94%). The median (IQR) AOT was 22 (14–32) s. The median (IQR) time from ceasing positive pressure ventilation to desaturation <80% was 35 (24–44) s and to desaturation <60% was 56 (42–68) s. No episodes of bradycardia were seen.ConclusionsThis is the first study to report AOT in preterm infants. During intubation of preterm infants in the NICU, desaturation occurs quickly after cessation of positive pressure ventilation. These data are important for the development of clinical guidelines for neonatal intubation.Trial registration numberACTRN12614000709640
Comparative analysis of immunosuppressive therapies for myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated optic neuritis: a cohort study
Authors: Xie Lindan , Zhou Huanfen , Song Honglu , Sun Mingming , Yang Mo , Lai Ying Meng , Xu Quangang , Wei Shihui 
Published: April 2021

AimsThe optimal immunosuppressive therapy (IST) in patients with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated optic neuritis (MOG-ON) remains uncertain. This study aimed to observe the disease course of MOG-ON and evaluate the therapeutic efficacy and tolerability of conventional immunosuppressants through Chinese cohort analysis.MethodsThis bidirectional cohort study included 121 patients with MOG-ON between January 2015 and December 2018. The clinical features and annualised relapse rate (ARR) of patients with and without IST were analysed.ResultsThe median age at onset was 17.5 years, and the sex ratio (F:M) was 1.24. Of 121 patients, 77 patients relapsed and 61 patients were younger than 18 years at disease onset. The overall median ARR of 63 patients in the non-IST group was 0.5, with 46.0% patients showing relapse at a median follow-up of 33.5 months. In the IST group, the ARR decreased from 1.75 pre-IST to 0.00 post-IST in 53 patients who received IST exceeding 6 months, with 20.8% patients showing relapse at a median follow-up of 23.8 months. The relapse rates of patients treated with rituximab (RTX) and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) were not statistically different, but the rate of discontinuation was significantly lower in the RTX-treated group (18.2% vs 57.7%, p=0.0017).ConclusionThis study provides Class III evidence that both MMF and RTX may lower disease activity in patients with MOG-ON, and RTX showed better tolerability than MMF. However, observation after a single attack remains a good option because less than half of patients not on treatment suffered a relapse.
Corneal confocal microscopy identifies a reduction in corneal keratocyte density and sub-basal nerves in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Gad Hoda , Al-Jarrah Bara , Saraswathi Saras , Mohamed Sara , Kalteniece Alise , Petropoulos Ioannis N , Khan Adnan , Ponirakis Georgios , Singh Parul , Khodor Souhaila Al , Elawad Mamoun , Almasri Wesam , Hendaus Mohamed A , Akobeng Anthony K , Hussain Khalid , Malik Rayaz A 
Published: April 2021

PurposeTo assess whether alterations in stromal keratocyte density are related to loss of corneal nerve fibres in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).MethodsTwenty participants with T1DM and 20 age-matched healthy controls underwent corneal confocal microscopy. Corneal sub-basal nerve morphology and corneal keratocyte density (KD) were quantified.ResultsCorneal nerve fibre density (CNFD) (p<0.001), corneal nerve branch density (p<0.001), corneal nerve fibre length (CNFL) (p<0.001) and inferior whorl length (IWL) (p<0.001) were lower in children with T1DM compared with healthy controls. Anterior (p<0.03) and mid (p=0.03) stromal KDs were lower with no difference in posterior KD (PKD) in children with T1DM compared with controls. Age, duration of diabetes, height, weight and body mass index did not correlate with anterior (AKD), mid (MKD) or PKD. Inverse correlations were found between glycated haemoglobin and PKD (r=−0.539, p=0.026), bilirubin with MKD (r=−0.540, p=0.025) and PKD (r=−0.531, p=0.028) and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol with MKD (r=−0.583, p=0.018). CNFD, CNFL and IWL did not correlate with AKD, MKD or PKD.ConclusionThis study demonstrates a reduction in corneal nerves and anterior and mid stromal KD in children with T1DM, but no correlation between corneal nerve and keratocyte cell loss.
Effect of COVID-19 pandemic on glaucoma surgical practices in the UK
Authors: Holland Lee Joseph , Kirwan James F , Mercieca Karl J 
Published: April 2021

Background/AimThe aim of the study was to examine the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on glaucoma surgical practices within the UK.MethodsA cross-sectional online survey was distributed to all consultant glaucoma specialists who are on the UK and Eire Glaucoma Society contact list. Participants were asked specific questions regarding preferences in glaucoma surgical practices and whether these had changed subsequent to the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic.ResultsTrabeculectomy was the procedure of choice for 61 (87%) glaucoma specialists. A total of 51 (73%) respondents reported performing minimally invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS) procedures before the COVID-19 pandemic. The most commonly performed MIGS procedure was the iStent inject (51%), followed by XEN 45 (36%) and Preserflo (17%). Forty-three (61%) respondents reported modifying their glaucoma surgery practice subsequent to the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Of the glaucoma specialists who modified their surgical practices, 21 (43%) specifically reduced the number of trabeculectomies performed. In combination, diode laser (both micropulse and conventional trans-scleral cyclodiode) was the most common alternative procedure. Glaucoma drainage devices, deep sclerectomy and Preserflo were also commonly chosen alternatives.ConclusionAlthough trabeculectomy remains the most commonly performed established glaucoma surgery, it is being performed with reduced frequency during the COVID-19 pandemic due to the number of postoperative visits and procedures required. Alternatives such as conventional and micropulse diode laser, glaucoma drainage devices, deep sclerectomy and Preserflo appear to be the favoured alternative procedures.
Prevalence and risk factors of frailty among people in rural areas: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Xu Rui , Li Qiufang , Guo Feifei , Zhao Maoni , Zhang Luyao 
Published: April 2021

ObjectiveOlder people in rural areas are possibly more frail due to the limited medical resources and lower socioeconomic status. Given the negative healthy outcomes caused by frailty, knowing the epidemiology of frailty in rural areas is of great importance. We tried to synthesise the existing evidences for the prevalence and risk factors of frailty in rural areas.DesignA systematic review and meta-analysis.Data sourcesPubMed, Embase, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science and Scopus were used to identify the articles from inception to 30 April 2019.Eligibility criteriaObservational studies providing cross-sectional data on the prevalence of frailty in rural elderly were extracted.Data extraction and synthesisTwo independent investigators selected studies, extracted data and assessed the methodological quality of included studies. The pool prevalence of frailty was calculated by the random effects model and the OR and 95% CI were used to calculate the risk factors.ResultsThe literature search yielded 2219 articles, of which 23 met the study criteria and were included in this analysis. The pooled prevalence of frailty and pre-frailty were 18% (95% CI 15% to 21%, I2=98.5%, p<0.001) and 50% (95% CI 45% to 56%, I2=98.4%, p<0.001), respectively. The pooled frailty prevalence was 15% for the Fried Phenotype, 18% for the Frailty Index and 23% for other criteria. The pooled prevalence of frailty was 17% for males and 26% for females. The pooled prevalence of frailty was 17% in developing countries and 23% in developed countries. Age, cognitive impairment, depressive symptom, risk of malnutrition, activity of daily living (ADL) disability and poor self-perception of health were associated with frailty. There was no publication bias.ConclusionsFrailty influences almost one in five older people in rural areas, and increasing age, cognitive impairment, depressive symptom, risk of malnutrition, ADL disability and poor self-perception of health were all risk factors for frailty. We should be cautious about the research results due to the heterogeneity between studies.
Different pedagogies for acquisition of knowledge and skill: a systematic review and network meta-analysis
Authors: Jhou Hong-Jie , Ou-Yang Liang-Jun , Lin Ming-Hsun , Chen Po-Huang , Ho Ching-Liang , Lee Cho-Hao 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundThis network meta-analysis aimed to assess the efficacy of different educational methods for healthcare professionals.MethodsA systematic literature search was conducted to identify relevant randomised controlled trials. The standardised mean difference (SMD) with 95% CI was estimated using network meta-analysis for knowledge acquisition and skill performance, and ranked the effects of different educational methods using the surface under the cumulative ranking area (SCURA) technique.ResultsFifty-five randomised controlled trials including of 4292 participants were identified. Compared with no intervention, the results demonstrated all education methods achieved significant improvements in knowledge acquisition (SMD 1.73–2.66). Only education methods involving high fidelity virtual patient simulation reported significantly better skill performance (SMD 1.25–1.81). High fidelity virtual patient simulation plus self-directed learning was the most effective educational method both in terms of knowledge acquisition (SMD 2.66, 95% CI 1.4 to 4.12, SCURA 0.78) and skill performance (SMD 1.81, 95% CI 0.42 to 3.2, SCURA 0.89).ConclusionsOur study demonstrates all educational methods have positive effects on knowledge acquisition, but education methods involving high fidelity virtual patient simulation are better at improving skill performance than other methods.
Functional electrical stimulation‐assisted cycle ergometry-based progressive mobility programme for mechanically ventilated patients: randomised controlled trial with 6 months follow-up
Authors: Waldauf Petr , Hrušková Natália , Blahutova Barbora , Gojda Jan , Urban Tomáš , Krajčová Adéla , Fric Michal , Jiroutková Kateřina , Řasová Kamila , Duška František 
Published: April 2021

Purpose
Functional electrical stimulation-assisted cycle ergometry (FESCE) enables in-bed leg exercise independently of patients’ volition. We hypothesised that early use of FESCE-based progressive mobility programme improves physical function in survivors of critical care after 6 months.

Methods
We enrolled mechanically ventilated adults estimated to need >7 days of intensive care unit (ICU) stay into an assessor-blinded single centre randomised controlled trial to receive either FESCE-based protocolised or standard rehabilitation that continued up to day 28 or ICU discharge.

Results

We randomised in 1:1 ratio 150 patients (age 61±15 years, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II 21±7) at a median of 21 (IQR 19–43) hours after admission to ICU. Mean rehabilitation duration of rehabilitation delivered to intervention versus control group was 82 (IQR 66–97) versus 53 (IQR 50–57) min per treatment day, p<0.001. At 6 months 42 (56%) and 46 (61%) patients in interventional and control groups, respectively, were alive and available to follow-up (81.5% of prespecified sample size). Their Physical Component Summary of SF-36 (primary outcome) was not different at 6 months (50 (IQR 21–69) vs 49 (IQR 26–77); p=0.26). At ICU discharge, there were no differences in the ICU length of stay, functional performance, rectus femoris cross-sectional diameter or muscle power despite the daily nitrogen balance was being 0.6 (95% CI 0.2 to 1.0; p=0.004) gN/m
2
less negative in the intervention group.

Conclusion
Early delivery of FESCE-based protocolised rehabilitation to ICU patients does not improve physical functioning at 6 months in survivors.

Trial registration number

NCT02864745
.
Combined theoretical study of the $$D^+ \rightarrow \pi ^+ \eta \eta $$ and $$D^+ \rightarrow \pi ^+ \pi ^0 \eta $$ reactions
Authors: Ikeno Natsumi , Bayar Melahat , Oset Eulogio 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe study the$$D^+ \rightarrow \pi ^+ \eta \eta $$D+→π+ηηand$$D^+ \rightarrow \pi ^+ \pi ^0 \eta $$D+→π+π0ηreactions, which are single Cabibbo suppressed and can proceed both through internal and external emission. The primary mechanisms at quark level are considered, followed by hadronization to produce three mesons in the$$D^+$$D+decay, and after that the final state interaction of these mesons leads to the production of the$$a_0(980)$$a0(980)resonance, seen in the$$\pi ^+ \eta $$π+η,$$\pi ^0 \eta $$π0ηmass distributions. The theory has three unknown parameters to determine the shape of the distributions and the ratio between the$$D^+ \rightarrow \pi ^+ \eta \eta $$D+→π+ηηand$$D^+ \rightarrow \pi ^+ \pi ^0 \eta $$D+→π+π0ηrates. This ratio restricts much the sets of parameters but there is still much freedom leading to different shapes in the mass distributions. We call for a measurement of these mass distributions that will settle the reaction mechanism, while at the same time provide relevant information on the way that the$$a_0(980)$$a0(980)resonance is produced in the reactions.