bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carnoy’s Cell Researches
Authors: Lee Arthur Bolles 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In the year 1883 there was circulated in the book-trade a prospectus of a forthcoming work on comparative cytology, by J. B. Carnoy. This prospectus contained some very remarkable drawings of cell-structures. It was followed in 1884 by the first instalment of the work it announced, 1 La Biologie Cellulaire.’ This work contains a not inconsiderable quantity of new views, or modifications of old views, which, if true, are certainly highly important. In 1885 Carnoy launched a new journal, ‘La Cellule,’ intended to be devoted to the discussion of the entire biology of the animal and vegetal cell. The first volume of this collection contains a splendid monograph on the spermatogenesis of the Arthropoda, by G. Gilson, and an equally elaborate and searching investigation of the processes of cell division in the same sub-kingdom, by Carnoy.1 All this painstaking work has hitherto been flatly ignored, in some cases for reasons that are manifestly deficient in vis logic a, as, for example, that the author quotes the Talmud. I suspect that much of the neglect of Carnoy’s work is due to reasons of this order; and, believing that many of his results are very valuable, I venture to ask to be allowed to give some account of them here.
On Dinophilus Gigas
Authors: Weldon W. F. R. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In the spring of last year Mr. Shipley brought to Cambridge a few specimens of a Dinophilus, which he had found in Mount’s Bay, near Penzance. These he was kind enough to place at my disposal; and in April last I was able myself to procure a larger number of specimens from the same locality.
Illustrations of the Structure and Life-History of Phytophthora infestans, the Fungus causing the Potato Disease
Authors: Marshall Ward H. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Some time ago I was commissioned to prepare for the Science and Art Department, South Kensington, a series of drawings illustrating the structure and life-histories of certain parasitic fungi; the intention being that these drawings should eventually be enlarged to form wall-diagrams suitable for museum and teaching purposes. I soon found that if the drawings were to be what I should wish them to be—i. e. to form a properly connected series, and to be taken from original preparations—the task promised to develope into one of greater magnitude than had been anticipated. In fact it became necessary to go over the entire field.
On the Nuclei of the Striated Muscle-Fibre in Necturus (Menobranchus) lateralis
Authors: Macallum A. B. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
While examining, several months ago, some preparations made for the purpose of demonstrating the mode of nerve termination in the striated muscle-fibre of Necturus, I found many of the isolated nuclei to possess on their surface furrows and striations hitherto undescribed, and which, I now believe, are of importance in determining the structure of the contractile element of muscle-substance. A careful study of these nuclei has further revealed other peculiarities which point to a conclusion as to the origin of the contractile element, the muscle reticulum. In view of this, I give a detailed description of the appearances presented by the nuclei, and refer them to their supposed causes.
Some Remarks upon Light. A Paper read before the Microscopical Society of Newcastle-upon-Tyne
Authors: Proctor B. S. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
It can scarcely fail to have struck every microscopist that the white materials of everyday life, when submitted to the keen gaze of microscopical examination, display bright reflecting surfaces and clear transmitting substance ; that black substances are also shining, though in a less degree and having less transparency ; and that the most opaque materials transmit more or less light when in thin section.
On the Nerve-Cells of the Spinal Cord in the ox
Authors: Hendry W. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The careful and patient manipulation required in order to display and mount the nerve-cells of the cord has undoubtedly tended to retard any general knowledge of these most singular and interesting bodies, whose structure and relations have hitherto remained in comparative obscurity. They are numerous and well-defined corpuscles, exceedingly variable in size and form, and furnished with conspicuous circular nuclei and nucleoli, of a yellowish colour, and usually presenting towards one or other extremity a pigmentary matter of a peculiar kind. They are also furnished with one or more processes, and hence have been designated, unipolar, bipolar, or multipolar cells. The processes in question are described as anastomosing filaments, or as branches connecting one cell with another, or as continuous with the peripheral nerve-fibres. In some cases, again, they appear to have free terminations in the surrounding tissues. But these are questions upon which all observers are not satisfactorily agreed; nor is this a matter of surprise when we consider the extremely minute portions subjected to microscopical examination, the necessary preliminary preparation required, and the unavoidable disturbance of parts, all tending to interfere with if not wholly to destroy the normal arrangement of such delicate structures. Nevertheless, keen research, multiplied observations, and careful description of what is seen, may eventually lead to a more perfect knowledge of the distribution of those parts wherein at present some ambiguity may exist.
Spermatogenesis in Myxine glutinosa
Authors: Cunningham J.T. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In a paper published in this Journal in 1886 (2) I described the generative organs and the peculiar protandrous hermaphroditism of Myxine. That description included a brief and incomplete account of the spermatogenesis, of which I had not been able, for want of leisure and material, to make a more deliberate investigation. In 1888, Dr. Fridtjof Nansen, then Zoological Curator at the Bergen Museum, published in the ‘Aarsberetning/ or Annual Report of that Institution, the results of a study of the reproductive organs of the animal in question (3). Dr. Nansen’s researches were, as he himself states, suggested to him by my paper, and in a great many important matters he fully confirms my results. But with regard to the development of the spermatozoa he contradicts and rejects with perhaps unnecessary emphasis all my statements, and comes to the conclusion that I never saw the normal spermatozoa at all.
Notes on Two Acanthodriloid Earthworms from New Zealand
Authors: Benham W. Blaxland 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In the summer of last year (1890) I received, through the kindness of Professor Jeffrey Bell, of the British Museum, some earthworms for identification. They were collected by Mr. Vaughan Jennings in New Zealand, at Manngatua, south of Dunedin, who generously allowed me to retain them for further examination. I regret that so much delay has occurred in preparing my report for publication, for I almost completed my observations on them during last summer vacation, but continuous work since September last prevented me putting certain finishing touches to the descriptions and figures till August of the present year (1891).
Studies in the Retina
Authors: Bernard H. M. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
This sixth paper concludes the series. 1 It was my original plan to publish any observations I might be fortunate enough to make which threw light on the general structure of the retina, as introductory to a series of comparative studies on the eyes of different groups of animals, the ultimate object being to accumulate and elaborate the evidence which had seemed to me to point to a mechanical theory of vision. 2 Whether the original plan will ever be carried out remains to be seen. I express the doubt because the new matter contained in this paper threatens to draw me off into other and larger fields than the retina. The discovery of continuous nerve-paths through the retina along lines in which no one acquainted with the current views and theories would have thought of looking for them, seems to demand some revision and readjustment of modern doctrines with regard to several important morphological problems. And yet there is not so much that is really new in this paper, for, when critically reviewed, it will be found that nearly every fact has been seen and described by other workers. What the retina has now revealed is not so much new facts as new clues, which will, I believe, enable us to co-ordinate a number of hitherto isolated and, on that account, often neglected observations.
The Descriptive Anatomy of the Brain and Cranial Nerves of Bdellostoma Dombeyi
Authors: Worthington Julia 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The species principally used for this investigation was Bdellostoma Dombeyi, the ordinary hag-fish of the Pacific coast; some points of the gross anatomy, however, were worked out from specimens of B. Forsteri, from the Cape of Good Hope. There is no difference in the gross anatomy of the two species but that of size, and the B. Forsteri, being slightly larger, made some of the fine dissection easier.
The Fixation of the Cypris Larva of Sacculina carcini (Thompson) upon its Host, Carcinus mænas
Authors: Smith Geoffrey 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The fixation of the Cypris larva of Sacculina has hitherto been successfully observed only by Delage (1), and since a considerable degree of doubt has been thrown on his account it may be of interest to record that I have been able this autumn, at Plymouth, to rear the larvæ and observe all the stages of fixation upon their host. My inability to obtain the Cypris larvæ of any of the Rhizocephala at Naples had left a gap in my observations, which I am now in a position to fill, and thus I am able to present a complete account of the life-history of Sacculina from my own observations (2).
Development and Origin of the Respiratory-Organs in Araneæ
Authors: Purcell W.F. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
It is just one hundred years ago that the first anatomical account of the lung-books of Arachnida was published by Meckel (‘09), who, like his immediate successors, looked upon these organs as gills, and it was not until 1828 that their pulmonary nature was recognised by Johannes Miiller (‘28a, ‘28b) and Straus-Durckheim (‘28). The latter was also, I believe, the first to point out (p. 315) that the lung-books could be regarded as a special form of tracheae, a view which was later on elaborated by Leuckart (‘48, p. 119 note, and ‘49) and for a time generally accepted, until the appearance of Ray Lankester’s paper,”Liraulus: an Arachnid,”in 1881, opened up the probability of the branchial origin of these organs.
The Phylogeny of the Tracheæ in Araneæ
Authors: Purcell W. F. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In an excellent paper on the tracheæ of spiders E. Lamy (:02) has given an account of the tracheæ of thirty families of Araneæ, so that only four small and comparatively rare families, comprising 1—3 genera each, remain, of which the tracheæ are still unknown. It is now possible, therefore, to consider the tracheal systems of the Araneæ as a whole from a phylogenetic point of view, and as I barely touched upon this point in my paper (:09) on the development and origin of the respiratory organs in spiders, I propose to make it the subject of the present paper.
Some Points in the Physiology of Lamellibranch Blood-Corpuscles
Authors: Drew G. H. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The investigations described in this paper were carried out on the blood of Cardium norvegicum. This animal was chosen as a type as it presents several features which render it especially suitable for hæmatological work. Among these may be mentioned the ease with which the blood can be obtained in large quantities, the relatively large size of the corpuscles, the great vitality of the animal, and its large and readily protruded foot.
On the Development and Structure of the Trochophore of Hydroides uncinatus (Eupomatus)
Authors: Shearer Cresswell 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
While working at Naples some years ago, I was led to investigate the early development of the Annelid Eupomatus with a view to determining the origin of the mesoblast bands and their relation to the head-kidneys. This species is common at Naples and breeds throughout the year. The blastulae and gastrulæ are very hardy, and development is normal under the adverse conditions of beat and impure seawater incidental to their study under laboratory conditions. Fertilisation takes place quickly when the ripe generative products are brought together, and material can be easily obtained of any stage. The trochophores can be readily reared to the adult worm in small jars of sea-water to which sufficient food is added from time to time, in the form of cultures of the common Diatom Nitzschia closterium. On this they rapidly grow, and soon attach themselves to the sides of the culture jars and form their tubes.
Obituary
Authors: Kate Greville Robert 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
We depart from our ordinary rule of not noticing the death of distinguished men, as those who contribute to our pages usually find a place in the annual address of the President of the Microscopical Society. In Dr. R. K. Greville, however, the world has not only lost a distinguished botanist, and a good and a great man, but we have lost a contributor whose place we cannot hope to supply, and whose contributions have been more numerous and more constant, and, we believe we may add without offending any one, more valuable, than any other papers in our pages. These papers have been entirely devoted to the Diatomaceæ, and present a series of minute and careful observations in these minute organisms such as has scarcely been presented during the same time in any other department of natural history. The illustrations of Dr. Greville’s observations were all made under his own superintendence, from the beautiful and accurate drawings of his own pencil.
On the Spermatogenesis of the Louse (Pediculus corporis and P. capitis), with some Observations on the Maturation of the Egg
Authors: Doncastcr L. , Cannon H. G. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The main facts of the spermatogenesis have been given in Section 3 A above. The most important points are as follows: The somatic chromosome number of both sexes is twelve, but spermatogonial mitotic figures show only six. There is some evidence that these are double, and we ascribe the existence of the apparently haploid number in the spermatogonia to premature pairing.There is only one spermatocyte division, which is extremely unequal, leading to the separation of a minute polar-body-like cell which degenerates.The centrosome of the spermatid is double, and from each half an axial filament grows out, so that the developing spermatozoa have two conspicuous axial filaments.The development of the mitochondrial body is described.The acrosome is derived from a deeply staining body which appears in the spermatocyte and becomes applied to the nucleus of the spermatid like a cap.The existence of a deeply stained rod, of unknown origin and fate, in the growing oocyte, and of a posterior mass of stained granules in the mature egg, is shortly referred to. The egg nucleus undergoes two polar1 divisions, and fertilisation appears to be essential if the egg is to develop.Breeding experiments did not confirm Handle’s observation that broods consisting only of males or only of females are frequent. Some broods with great preponderance of one or the other sex were obtained.
The Physiology of the Cuticle and of Ecdysis in Rhodnius prolixus (Triatomidae, Hemiptera); with special reference to the function of the oenocytes and of the dermal glands
Authors: Wigglesworth V. B. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Ecdysis in insects is the homologue of metamorphosis, and there can be small prospect of understanding the complex process of metamorphosis until the physiology of ecdysis has been adequately described. It is somewhat surprising, therefore, that so little attention should have been paid to the histological changes which take place during the moulting of non-metabolic insects ; and the present work is an attempt to describe certain of these changes in the blood-sucking bug, Rhodnius prolixus.
On the Nature and Functions of the Amoebocytes of Ostrea edulis
Authors: Takatsuki Shun-ichi 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
There are two kinds of corpuscles in the blood of the oyster; one consists of granular, the other of hyaline amoebocytes. The granular amoebocytes are amoeboid, though the speed of their movement is slow. The granules are yellow or yellowish green in the fresh condition. The granules are neutrophil with a tendency to become stained by the basic dyes intra vitam. Granules can never be distinguished in fixed and stained amoebocytes. The amoebocytes are distributed everywhere throughout the body, an especially large number being normally present around the gut. The so-called ‘pseudopodia’ of the amoebocytes are described and their nature discussed. The effects of several kinds of reagents on amoeboid movement and on the amoebocytes are described. The amoebocytes become entangled with one another by bristle-like ‘pseudopodia’, or by elongated strands of hyaline ectoplasm outside the body. There is no true coagulation of the blood, and no fibrin production. The mechanism of phagocytosis is described and discussed. Sucroclastic, lipoclastic, and proteoclastic enzymes are present in the amoebocytes and enable the amoebocytes to digest intracelluarly. The optimum action of the amylase is about pH 7·0 and of the proteoclastic enzymes about pH 8·0. These optima are not very well marked. A complete oxidase system is present, revealed by the indophenol reaction, by the power of reducing indigo carmine, a process which is irreversible, and by a slight reaction with guaiacum. The amoebocytes can absorb glucose both in the gut and the mantle cavity. There is no evidence of absorption of soluble matter nor of solid substances by the epithelium of the mantle cavity, e.g. gills, labial palps, &c., other than by the agency of amoebocytes. The amoebocytes play a prominent part in excretion. They reject directly foreign or indigestible matter by way of the epithelium of the excretory organ, pericardium, surface of the auricle, rectum, and mantle cavity.
The Cytology of the Mid-gut and Hepatic Caeca of Periplaneta orientalis
Authors: Gresson R. A. R. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The observations here recorded on the general structure and arrangement of the epithelial cells of the mid-gut and hepatic caeca agree fairly closely with previous accounts for the cockroach; The hepatic Caeca and anterior region of the mid-gut are chiefly secretory, while the posterior part of the mid-gut is mainly absorptive in function. In the caeca and anterior part of the mid-gut periods of secretion alternate with periods of absorption. The secretory cells degenerate after a time, and are replaced by young cells which are at first, in all probability, absorptive in function. The mitochondria of the secretory cells are in the form of filaments in the basal region and in the neighbourhood of the nucleus; those between the nucleus and the lumen are usually granular. In certain cells most or all of the mitochondria are granular. The mitochondria of the absorptive cells are closely similar to those of the secretory cells. Mitochondria were identified in the replacement cells. The Golgi elements of the secretory cells are in the form of rods and granules; some of the curved rods enclose a lightly impregnated material; the elements are situated chiefly in the neighbourhood of the nucleus. The Golgi bodies of the absorptive cells are often smaller, and extend farther towards the lumen than do those of the secretory cells. Golgi elements were identified in the older replacement cells. It is suggested that material is separated out under the influence of the mitochondria, chiefly in the basal region of the cell, and that this material moves to the vicinity of the nucleus, where, under the influence of the Golgi elements, it is used in the formation of the secretory granules. Recent work having a bearing on the present investigation is discussed.
The Origin and fate of the Membranes surrounding the Grasshopper Egg; together with some Experiments on the Source of the Hatching Enzyme
Authors: Slifer Eleanor H. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Campbell (1929) and Jahn (1935 a, 1935 5, 1936) have recently investigated the chemical and physical properties of several of the egg coverings of Melanoplus differentia li s. A detailed account of the formation, structure, and fate of the membranes surrounding the acridian egg is, however, still lacking. Observations already in the literature are incomplete and frequently contradictory (Meissner, 1855; Leuckart, 1855; Riley, Packard, and Thomas, 1877; Korschelt, 1887; Uvarov, 1928; McNabb, 1928; Nelsen, 1931, 1934a, 19345; Husain and Roonwal, 1933; Slifer and King, 1934; Roonwal, 1936). In the first part of the present paper an attempt has been made to follow the history of the egg coverings from the time of their formation to the time when the young insect hatches.
On the Nature of the Discoloration of the Arctic Seas
Authors: Brown Robert 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The peculiar discoloration of some portions of the frozen ocean, differing in a remarkable degree from the ordinary blue or light green usual in other portions of the same sea, and quite independent of any optical delusion occasioned by light or shade, clouds, depth or shallowness, or the nature of the bottom, has, from a remote period, excited the curiosity or remark of the early navigators and whalemen, and to this day is equally a subject of interest to the visitor of these little-frequented parts of the world. The eminent seaman, divine, and savant, William Scoresby, was the first who pointedly drew attention to the subject, but long before his day the quaint old searchers after a North-west Passage “to Cathay and Zipango “seem to have observed the same phenomenon, and have recorded their observations, brief enough it must be acknowledged, in the pages of ‘Purchas—His Pilgrimes.’ Thus, Henry Hudson, in 1607, notices the change in the colour of the sea, but has fallen into error when he attributes it to the presence or absence of ice, whether the sea was blue or green—mere accidental coincidences. John Davis, when, at even an earlier date, he made that famous voyage of his with the “Sunshine “and the “Moonshine,” notes that, in the strait which now bears his name, “the water was black and stinking, like unto a standing pool.” More modern voyagers have equally noted the phenomenon, but without giving any-explanation, and it is the object of this paper to endeavour to fill up that blank in the physical geography of the sea. In the year 1860 I made a voyage to the seas in the vicinity of Spitzbergen and the dreary island of Jan Mayen, and subsequently a much more extended one through Davis’ Straits to the head of Baffin’s Bay, and along the shores of the Arctic regions lying on the western side of the former gulf, during which I had abundant opportunities of observing the nature of this discoloration. At that period I arrived at the conclusions which I am now about to state. In the course of the past summer I again made an expedition to Greenland, passing several weeks on the outward and homeward passages in portions of the seas mentioned, during which time I had an opportunity of confirming the observations I had made seven years previously, so that I consider that I am justified in bringing my researches, so far as they have, gone, before the Botanical Society.