bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmacologically induced N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor hypofunction impairs goal‐directed food seeking in rats
Authors: Ozawa Takaaki , Itokazu Tatsumi , Ichitani Yukio , Yamada Kazuo 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAimAcute N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonism is an important pharmacological animal model of schizophrenia. In previous studies, schizophrenia patients show impaired goal‐directed behavior in an outcome‐specific devaluation procedure. In this study, we investigated whether the rat model of the NMDA receptor blockade also showed altered goal‐directed behavior in a satiety‐induced outcome devaluation paradigm.MethodsIn experiments 1 and 2, we aimed to establish the satiety‐induced outcome devaluation test using sucrose and lipid rewards in operant conditioning and free consumption paradigms. In experiment 3, we tested the effect of MK‐801 (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) on outcome‐specific devaluation.ResultsExperiments 1 and 2 demonstrated that 1‐h ad libitum food consumption is sufficient to induce outcome‐specific devaluation in both lever‐press and free consumption tests in rats. Experiment 3 showed that the administration of MK‐801 impaired satiety‐induced devaluation in the lever‐press test but not in the subsequent free consumption test.ConclusionsOur results suggest that acute pharmacological NMDA receptor antagonism in rats is a useful animal model for impaired goal‐directed behavior in schizophrenia.
Effect of stacking sequence on multi‐point low‐velocity impact and compression after impact damage mechanisms of UHMWPE composites
Authors: Wu Jian An , Zhang Zhongwei , Dai Xiaoqing , Duan Liqun , Lin Yuan , Sun Minqian 
Published: September 2021

AbstractComposite materials are susceptible to low velocity impact, which is a very common phenomenon. A large number of studies have been conducted on the single‐point impact on their mechanical properties, but there is a lack of in‐depth exploration on the actual situation of multi‐point impact with a certain angle distribution of impact points. In this paper, three impact points with a certain angle distribution were set to carry out low‐velocity impact (LVI) sequentially, followed by compression after impact (CAI). Digital image correlation system (DIC) and X‐ray micro‐computed tomography techniques (micro‐CT) were used to analyze the mechanical response and failure mechanisms of the specimens. Experimental results demonstrated that the distribution of impact points will directly affect the overall mechanical properties of the material, and the mechanical properties are also sensitive to the stacking sequence. More importantly, it was also found that the boundary conditions have a great influence on the overall mechanical response, which makes the surrounding damage worse.
Wetting behavior and stability of surface‐modified polyurethane materials
Authors: Bauer Maria G. , Reithmeir Rosa , Lutz Theresa M. , Lieleg Oliver 
Published: September 2021

AbstractEven though polyurethanes (PU) constitute a class of highly versatile and customizable polymeric materials, being able to modify their surface properties, for example, their wettability, without altering the composition of the bulk material would often be desirable. However, PU‐based materials can be both rather diverse and resilient to chemical modification. Thus, in this study, three PU variants are subjected to three different treatments that aim at altering the wetting properties of the materials: We assess the feasibility of plasma treatment, dopamine incubation, and chemical etching, and evaluate the stability of the obtained surface modifications with regard to wet and dry storage, UV exposure, and application‐specific properties such as lubricity and colonization with eukaryotic cells. The results obtained here can be used to achieve an additional customization of PU surfaces to tailor their behavior for selected applications where dedicated surface properties are required.
Quantitative proteomics analysis reveals novel insights into mechanisms of action of disulfiram (DSF)
Authors: Zheng Peng , Liu Chenglinzi , Wu Yaoqin , Xu Ruifeng , Chen Ying , Hu Fan , Chen Zhuo , Zhang Tongcun 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPurposeDisulfiram (DSF) has been proven safe and shows the promising antitumor effect in preclinical studies. However, the precise mechanism of DSF on tumor is rarely reported. This study aims to fully understand the mechanism of action of DSF with a systems perspective in anticancer effects.Experimental DesignSILAC‐based quantitative proteomics strategy was used to systematically identify differential expression proteins (DEPs) after DSF treatment in HeLa cells. Bioinformatical analysis (PANTHER, DAVID, and STRING) were performed to characterize biological functions of DEPs. Functional studies were performed to explore underlying mechanisms of DSF in cancer cells.ResultsIn total, 201 proteins were dysregulated significantly after DSF exposure. Functional studies of hexokinase 2 (HK2), which catalyzed the first irreversible enzymatic step in glucose metabolism, revealed that various phenotypic effects observed after DSF treatment in cancer cells, at least partly, through the regulation of HK2 expression.Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceBy correlating the proteomics data with these functional studies, the current results provided novel insights into the mechanism underlying DSF function in cancer cells. Meanwhile, these provided theoretical basis for the new use of old drugs in clinical therapy.
Gradient‐based criteria for sequential experiment design
Authors: Erickson Collin B. , Ankenman Bruce E. , Plumlee Matthew , Sanchez Susan M. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractComputer experiments are often used as inexpensive alternatives to real‐world experiments. Statistical metamodels of the computer model's input‐output behavior can be constructed to serve as approximations of the response surface of the real‐world system. The suitability of a metamodel depends in part on its intended use. While decision makers may want to understand the entire response surface, they may be particularly keen on finding interesting regions of the design space, such as where the gradient is steep. We present an adaptive, value‐enhanced batch sequential algorithm that samples more heavily in such areas while still providing an understanding of the entire surface. The design points within each batch can be run in parallel to leverage modern multi‐core computing assets. We illustrate our approach for deterministic computer models, but it has potential for stochastic simulation models as well.
Robust profile monitoring for phase II analysis via residuals
Authors: Nassar Sara H. , Abdel‐Salam Abdel‐Salam G. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractMany studies were conducted for fitting models using parametric and non‐parametric techniques; in fact, their fits may be biased and have inflated the estimated variances when the model is misspecified, respectively. Thus, semi‐parametric techniques are used for fitting models as they combine the advantages of parametric and non‐parametric fits. In this study, we introduce model robust regression technique‐2 (MRR2) for Phase II profile monitoring, namely, the semi‐parametric approach, where it is a combination of the parametric fit with a portion of a non‐parametric residuals fit. Multivariate CUSUM (MCUSUM) chart unitized for monitoring the slope of the linear mixed models in Phase II based on the random‐effects. A comprehensive simulation study was performed to evaluate the proposed approach for correlated and uncorrelated profiles assuming different profile sizes, sample sizes, and several model misspecification levels. Average run length (ARL) and average time to signal (ATS) criteria were used for comparing the performances of the parametric, non‐parametric, and semi‐parametric MCUSUM charts. The results showed that the semi‐parametric chart had the best performance in detecting different shifts. Also, a real data application was conducted, where it showed that the semi‐parametric chart had the highest sensitivity for the out‐of‐control scenarios.
When is tinkering with safety net programs harmful to beneficiaries?
Authors: Clemens Jeffrey , Wither Michael 
Published: September 2021

AbstractInteractions between redistributive policies can confront low‐income households with complicated choices. We study one such interaction, namely the relationship between Medicaid eligibility thresholds and the minimum wage. A minimum wage increase reduces the number of hours a low‐skilled individual can work while retaining Medicaid eligibility. We show that the empirical and welfare implications of this interaction can depend crucially on the relevance of labor market frictions. Absent frictions, affected workers may maintain Medicaid eligibility through small reductions in hours of work. With frictions, affected workers may lose Medicaid eligibility unless they leave their initial job. Empirically, we find that workers facing this scenario became less likely to participate in Medicaid, less likely to work, and more likely to spend time looking for new jobs, including search while employed. The observed outcomes suggest that low‐skilled workers face substantial labor market frictions. Because adjustment is costly, tinkering with safety net program parameters that determine the location of program eligibility notches can be harmful to beneficiaries.
Treatment with TNF‐α inhibitors versus methotrexate and the association with dementia and Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Kern David M. , Lovestone Simon , Cepeda M. Soledad 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIntroductionPeripheral inhibition of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, outside of the central nervous system, may result in clinical improvement of Alzheimer's disease (AD) outcomes. TNF‐α inhibitors (TNFIs) are effective treatments for various autoimmune conditions and may be effective for preventing and/or treating AD. The objective of this study was to compare the risk of dementia and AD in patients initiating methotrexate versus those initiating TNFIs.MethodsInsurance claims data from databases of commercially insured and Medicare‐eligible patients were used to estimate the risk of dementia and AD within patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) initiating a TNFI versus initiation of methotrexate. A sensitivity analysis included all patients without the RA diagnosis requirement. The at‐risk period spanned from the index date until a diagnosis of the outcome, loss‐to‐follow‐up, or receipt of the comparator drug. Patients were matched 1‐to‐1 using propensity scores. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR). Negative controls were used to calibrate the results.ResultsA total of 11,092 new TNFI patients and 44,023 new methotrexate patients were identified, and 8925 from each group were matched. The outcome of dementia occurred in 1.4% of patients in both groups. The calibrated results from the Cox regression found no difference between the two groups (commercially insured database: calibrated HR = 0.69, 95% confidence interval = 0.45 to 1.05; Medicare‐only database: 1.14, 0.66 to 1.96). Results were similar in all sensitivity analyses: outcome of AD and including patients without RA.DiscussionNo significant difference for the risk of dementia or AD was seen between patients initiating a TNFI versus methotrexate. Although this study cannot conclude whether use of TNFIs is protective against dementia and AD compared with receiving no treatment, there was no evidence that it is more protective than the active comparator methotrexate.
Diagrams in Essays: Exploring the Kinds of Diagrams Students Generate and How Well They Work
Authors: Manalo Emmanuel , Fukuda Mari 
Published: September 2021

AbstractUsing appropriate diagrams is generally considered efficacious in communication. However, although diagrams are extensively used in printed and digital media, people in general rarely construct diagrams to use in common everyday communication. Furthermore, instruction on diagram use for communicative purposes is uncommon in formal education and, when students are required to communicate what they have learned, the usual expectation is they will use words – not diagrams. Requiring diagram inclusion in essays, for example, would be almost unheard of. Consequently, current understanding about student capabilities in this area is very limited. The aim of this study therefore was to contribute to addressing this gap: it comprised a qualitative exploration of 12 undergraduate students’ diagram use in two essays (in which they were asked to include at least one diagram). Analysis focused on identifying the kinds of diagrams produced, and the effectiveness with which those diagrams were used. Useful functions that the diagrams served included clarification, summarization, integration of points, and provision of additional information and/or perspectives in visual form. However, there were also redundancies, as well as unclear, schematically erroneous, and overly complicated representations in some of the diagrams that the students constructed. These findings are discussed in terms of needs, opportunities, and challenges in instructional provision.
HPS meets AMPS: how soft hair dissolves the firewall
Authors: Pasterski Sabrina , Verlinde Herman 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
We build on the observation by Hawking, Perry and Strominger that a global black hole space-time supports a large number of soft hair degrees of freedom to shed new light on the firewall argument by Almheiri, Marolf, Polchinski, and Sully. We propose that the soft hair Goldstone mode is encoded in a classical transition function that connects the asymptotic and near horizon region. The entropy carried by the soft hair is part of the black hole entropy and encoded in the outside geometry. We argue that the infalling observer automatically measures the classical value of the soft mode before reaching the horizon and that this measurement implements a code subspace projection that enables the reconstruction of interior operators. We use the soft hair dynamics to introduce an observer dependent notion of the firewall and show that for an infalling observer it recedes inwards into the black hole interior: the observer never encounters a firewall before reaching the singularity. Our results indicate that the HPS black hole soft hair plays an essential role in dissolving the AMPS firewall.
Radio line properties of axion dark matter conversion in neutron stars
Authors: Battye R. A. , Garbrecht B. , McDonald J. , Srinivasan S. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Axions are well-motivated candidates for dark matter. Recently, much interest has focused on the detection of photons produced by the resonant conversion of axion dark matter in neutron star magnetospheres. Various groups have begun to obtain radio data to search for the signal, however, more work is needed to obtain a robust theory prediction for the corresponding radio lines. In this work we derive detailed properties for the signal, obtaining both the line shape and time-dependence. The principal physical effects are from refraction in the plasma as well as from gravitation which together lead to substantial lensing which varies over the pulse period. The time-dependence from the co-rotation of the plasma with the pulsar distorts the frequencies leading to a Doppler broadened signal whose width varies in time. For our predictions, we trace curvilinear rays to the line of sight using the full set of equations from Hamiltonian optics for a dispersive medium in curved spacetime. Thus, for the first time, we describe the detailed shape of the line signal as well as its time dependence, which is more pronounced compared to earlier results. Our prediction of the features of the signal will be essential for this kind of dark matter search.
The Case Against Smooth Null Infinity I: Heuristics and Counter-Examples
Authors: Kehrberger Leonhard M. A. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis paper initiates a series of works dedicated to the rigorous study of the precise structure of gravitational radiation near infinity. We begin with a brief review of an argument due to Christodoulou (in: The Ninth Marcel Grossmann Meeting, World Scientific Publishing Company, Singapore, 2002) stating that Penrose’s proposal of smooth conformal compactification of spacetime (or smooth null infinity) fails to accurately capture the structure of gravitational radiation emitted by N infalling masses coming from past timelike infinity $$i^-$$

i
-

. Modelling gravitational radiation by scalar radiation, we then take a first step towards a dynamical understanding of the non-smoothness of null infinity by constructing solutions to the spherically symmetric Einstein–Scalar field equations that arise from polynomially decaying boundary data, $$r\phi \sim t^{-1}$$

r
ϕ
∼

t

-
1

as $$t\rightarrow -\infty $$

t
→
-
∞

, on a timelike hypersurface (to be thought of as the surface of a star) and the no incoming radiation condition, $$r\partial _v\phi =0$$

r

∂
v

ϕ
=
0

, on past null infinity. We show that if the initial Hawking mass at $$i^-$$

i
-

is nonzero, then, in accordance with the non-smoothness of $${\mathcal {I}}^+$$

I

+

, the asymptotic expansion of $$\partial _v(r\phi )$$

∂
v

(
r
ϕ
)

near $${\mathcal {I}}^+$$

I

+

reads $$\partial _v(r\phi )=Cr^{-3}\log r+{\mathcal {O}}(r^{-3})$$

∂
v

(
r
ϕ
)

=
C

r

-
3

log
r
+
O

(

r

-
3

)

for some non-vanishing constant C. In fact, the same logarithmic terms appear already in the linear theory, i.e. when considering the spherically symmetric linear wave equation on a fixed Schwarzschild background. As a corollary, we can apply our results to the scattering problem on Schwarzschild: Putting compactly supported scattering data for the linear (or coupled) wave equation on $${\mathcal {I}}^-$$

I

-

and on $${\mathcal {H}}^-$$

H

-

, we find that the asymptotic expansion of $$\partial _v(r\phi )$$

∂
v

(
r
ϕ
)

near $${\mathcal {I}}^+$$

I

+

generically contains logarithmic terms at second order, i.e. at order $$r^{-4}\log r$$

r

-
4

log
r

.
Warming in Europe: Recent Trends in Annual and Seasonal temperatures
Authors: Twardosz Robert , Walanus Adam , Guzik Izabela 
Published: September 2021

AbstractContemporary climate warming is a key problem faced not only by scientists, but also all by humanity because, as is shown by the experience of recent years, it has multiple environmental, economic and biometeorological implications. In this paper, the authors identify the magnitude of annual and seasonal temperature changes in Europe and its immediate surroundings on the basis of data from 210 weather stations from 1951 to 2020. An analysis of temperatures in the 70-year period shows that air temperature has continued to grow linearly in Europe since 1985. The rate of temperature rise in three seasons of the year, namely winter, spring and summer, does not differ greatly. The highest growth over the 1985–2020 timespan was recorded in spring and the lowest in autumn—0.061 °C/year and 0.045 °C/year, respectively. In winter, the rise in temperature should be considered the least steady, as opposed to the summer when it displays the greatest stability. Overall, the warming intensifies towards the north-east of the continent. Such a strong gradient of change is especially perceivable in winter and spring, and is also marked in autumn. The opposite is true in summer, when it increases towards the south and south-west.
Assessment of Artificial Intelligence Automatic Multiple Sclerosis Lesion Delineation Tool for Clinical Use
Authors: Hindsholm Amalie Monberg , Cramer Stig Præstekjær , Simonsen Helle Juhl , Frederiksen Jette Lautrup , Andersen Flemming , Højgaard Liselotte , Ladefoged Claes Nøhr , Lindberg Ulrich 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Purpose
To implement and validate an existing algorithm for automatic delineation of white matter lesions on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) on a local single-center dataset.

Methods
We implemented a white matter hyperintensity segmentation model, based on a 2D convolutional neural network, using the conventional T2-weighted fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) MRI sequence as input. The model was adapted for delineation of MS lesions by further training on a local dataset of 93 MS patients with a total of 3040 lesions. A quantitative evaluation was performed on ten test patients, in which model-generated masks were compared to manually delineated masks from two expert delineators. A subsequent qualitative evaluation of the implemented model was performed by two expert delineators, in which generated delineation masks on a clinical dataset of 53 patients were rated acceptable (< 10% errors) or unacceptable (> 10% errors) based on the total number of true lesions.

Results
The quantitative evaluation resulted in an average accuracy score (F1) of 0.71, recall of 0.77 and dice similarity coefficient of 0.62. Our implemented model obtained the highest scores in all three metrics, when compared to three out of the box lesion segmentation models. In the clinical evaluation an average of 94% of our 53 model-generated masks were rated acceptable.

Conclusion
After adaptation to our local dataset, the implemented segmentation model was able to delineate MS lesions with a high clinical value as rated by delineation experts while outperforming popular out of the box applications. This serves as a promising step towards implementation of automatic lesion delineation in our MS clinic.
Magnetic exchange coupling in Cu dimers studied with modern multireference methods and broken-symmetry coupled cluster theory
Authors: Singh Gurjot , Gamboa Stefani , Orio Maylis , Pantazis Dimitrios A. , Roemelt Michael 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSpin-state energetics of exchange-coupled copper complexes pose a persistent challenge for applied quantum chemistry. Here, we provide a comprehensive comparison of all available theoretical approaches to the problem of exchange coupling in two antiferromagnetically coupled bis-μ-hydroxo Cu(II) dimers. The evaluated methods include multireference methods based on the density matrix renormalization group (DMRG), multireference methods that incorporate dynamic electron correlation either perturbatively, such as the N-electron valence state perturbation theory, or variationally, such as the difference-dedicated configuration interaction. In addition, we contrast the multireference results with those obtained using broken-symmetry approaches that utilize either density functional theory or, as demonstrated here for the first time in such systems, a local implementation of coupled cluster theory. The results show that the spin-state energetics of these copper dimers are dominated by dynamic electron correlation and represent an impossible challenge for multireference methods that rely on brute-force expansion of the active space to recover correlation energy. Therefore, DMRG-based methods even at the limit of their applicability cannot describe quantitatively the antiferromagnetic exchange coupling in these dimers, in contrast to dinuclear complexes of earlier transition metal ions. The convergence of the broken-symmetry coupled cluster approach is studied and shown to be a limiting factor for the practical application of the method. The advantages and disadvantages of all approaches are discussed, and recommendations are made for future developments.