bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growing Healthy Minds, Bodies, and Communities: early childhood teachers’ perceptions of a nutrition-integrated pilot curriculum
Authors: Stapp Alicia C , Lambert Laurel , Mann Georgianna , Wolff Kenya 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjective:Healthy eating behaviours are often developed early in life, yet nutrition is rarely emphasised in early childhood education. Integration of nutrition into academic content is warranted, still its ability to positively impact teaching and learning has been understudied. Therefore, the current study explored the feasibility of application in the classroom and the perceived usability of a nutrition-integrated pilot curriculum.Design:Early childhood teachers’ perceptions of four nutrition-integrated lessons were explored through a qualitative research approach. Data were collected through pre- and post-focus groups, lesson observations and teacher feedback. Focus group transcripts were analysed using inductive thematic analysis and supplemented with observations and lesson feedback.Setting:This pilot study took place in Northwest Mississippi at three pre-schools which are part of the Mississippi Early Learning Collaborative.Participants:A non-probability convenience sample was utilised to acquire participants. Ten early childhood teachers and 132 Pre-K4 students participated in the study.Results:Three themes emerged and were categorised accordingly: (a) preconceived concern of the unknown v. experienced reality, (b) promoting buy-in and engagement through hands-on learning experiences and (c) manifestation of perceived prioritisation.Conclusions:Nutrition-integrated lessons were reported to be creative, facilitate positive food behaviours and highly engaging for teachers and children. Concerns for new and unfamiliar curriculum were noted but could be alleviated with more detailed instructions. Future nutrition-integrated curriculum efforts should include detailed video instructions and offer a gradual and flexible schedule allowing teacher autonomy in how to prioritise implementation.
Household and schooling rather than diet offset the adverse associations of height with school competence and emotional disturbance among Taiwanese girls
Authors: Huang Lin-Yuan , Lee Meei-Shyuan , Chiang Po-Huang , Huang Yi-Chen , Wahlqvist Mark L 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Objective:
Short stature may reflect health in early life and be an enduring disability. How birth weight, gender, household, elementary schooling and diet play a role in associations between stature and overall school competence (OSC) have been assessed.

Design:
The 2001–2002 Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan (NAHSIT) for elementary schoolchildren (n 2274, 52·1 % boys) was linked to birth records. It provided sociodemographic, dietary quality, body compositional and school performance (as Scale for Assessing Emotional Disturbance, SAED; OSC as an SAED subscale) data. Lower birth weight was ≤15th percentile: 2850 g for boys and 2700 g for girls, and stature as z-scores for Taiwanese. Multivariable linear regression was used for relationships between OSC and stature. Trends in OSC by stature and school grade were assessed.

Setting:
The 2001–2002 NAHSIT for elementary schoolchildren.

Participants:
Totally, 2274 schoolchildren aged 6–13 years.

Results:
Compared to normal height (−2< height for age z-score (HAZ) <2), shorter girls (HAZ ≤ −2) had a lower OSC (8·87 v. 10·5, P < 0·05) and taller girls (HAZ ≥ 2) had a better OSC (12·3 v. 10·5, P < 0·001). Maternal education and household income each contributed more than 5 % of OSC variance. OSC and HAZ among girls were positively associated and emotional disturbance negatively associated. Shortness-associated lower OSC underwent remediation with advancing school grade. Stature and OSC were not evidently related in boys.

Conclusions:
Shorter stature can compromise OSC among school girls. The major determinants in shorter girls are less household income and limited parental education.
A NOTE ON THE LEARNING-THEORETIC CHARACTERIZATIONS OF RANDOMNESS AND CONVERGENCE
Authors: STEIFER TOMASZ 
Published: March 2021

AbstractRecently, a connection has been established between two branches of computability theory, namely between algorithmic randomness and algorithmic learning theory. Learning-theoretical characterizations of several notions of randomness were discovered. We study such characterizations based on the asymptotic density of positive answers. In particular, this note provides a new learning-theoretic definition of weak 2-randomness, solving the problem posed by (Zaffora Blando, Rev. Symb. Log. 2019). The note also highlights the close connection between these characterizations and the problem of convergence on random sequences.
The Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic Affected Decision-Making Processes
Authors: Romero-Rivas Carlos , Rodriguez-Cuadrado Sara 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A sample of 641 participants were presented with four decision-making tasks during the first stages of the COVID–19 lockdown in Spain: The dictator game, framing problems, utilitarian/deontological and altruistic/egoistic moral dilemmas. Participants also completed questionnaires on mental health status and experiences related to the COVID–19 pandemic. We used boosted regression trees (an advanced form of regression analysis based on machine learning) to model relationships between responses to the questionnaires and decision-making tasks. Results showed that the psychological impact of the COVID–19 pandemic predicted participants’ responses to the framing problems and utilitarian/deontological and altruistic/egoistic moral dilemmas (but not to the dictator game). More concretely, the more psychological impact participants suffered, the more they were willing to choose the safest response in the framing problems, and the more deontological/altruistic were their responses to moral dilemmas. These results suggest that the psychological impact of the COVID–19 pandemic might prompt automatic processes.
Evaluating shade cloth to simulate Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) competition in sweetpotato
Authors: Moore Levi D. , Jennings Katherine M. , Monks David W. , Jordan David L. , Leon Ramon G. , Boyette Michael D. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractField studies were conducted in 2019 and 2020 to compare the effects of shade cloth light interception and Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeriS. Watson) competition on ‘Covington’ sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas(L.) Lam.]. Treatments consisted of a seven by two factorial arrangement, in which the first factor included shade cloth with an average measured light interception of 41%, 59%, 76%, and 94% andA. palmerithinned to 0.6 or 3.1 plants m−2or a nontreated weed-free check; and the second factor included shade cloth orA. palmeriremoval timing at 6 or 10 wk after planting (WAP).Amaranthus palmerilight interception peaked around 710 to 840 growing degree days (base 10 C) (6 to 7 WAP) with a maximum light interception of 67% and 84% for the 0.6 and 3.1 plants m−2densities, respectively. Increasing shade cloth light interception by 1% linearly increased yield loss by 1% for No. 1, jumbo, and total yield. Yield loss increased by 36%, 23%, and 35% as shade cloth removal was delayed from 6 to 10 WAP for No. 1, jumbo, and total yield, respectively.F-tests comparing reduced versus full models of yield loss provided no evidence that the presence of yield loss fromA. palmerilight interception caused yield loss different than that explained by the shade cloth at similar light-interception levels. Results indicate that shade cloth structures could be used to simulate Covington sweetpotato yield loss fromA. palmericompetition, and light interception could be used as a predictor for expected yield loss fromA. palmericompetition.
Hysteresis Patterns of Watershed Nitrogen Retention and Loss Over the Past 50 years in United States Hydrological Basins
Authors: Newcomer Michelle E. , Bouskill Nicholas J. , Wainwright Haruko , Maavara Taylor , Arora Bhavna , Siirila‐Woodburn Erica R. , Dwivedi Dipankar , Williams Kenneth H. , Steefel Carl , Hubbard Susan S. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPatterns of watershed nitrogen (N) retention and loss are shaped by how watershed biogeochemical processes retain, biogeochemically transform, and lose incoming atmospheric deposition of N. Loss patterns represented by concentration, discharge, and their associated stream exports are important indicators of integrated watershed N retention behaviors. We examined continental United States (CONUS) scale N deposition (e.g., wet and dry atmospheric deposition), vegetation trends, and stream trends as potential indicators of watershed N‐saturation and retention conditions, and how watershed N retention and losses vary over space and time. By synthesizing changes and modalities in watershed nitrogen loss patterns based on stream data from 2200 U.S. watersheds over a 50 years record, our work revealed two patterns of watershed N‐retention and loss. One was a hysteresis pattern that reflects the integrated influence of hydrology, atmospheric inputs, land‐use, stream temperature, elevation, and vegetation. The other pattern was a one‐way transition to a new state. We found that regions with increasing atmospheric deposition and increasing vegetation health/biomass patterns have the highest N‐retention capacity, become increasingly N‐saturated over time, and are associated with the strongest declines in stream N exports—a pattern, that is, consistent across all land cover categories. We provide a conceptual model, validated at an unprecedented scale across the CONUS that links instream nitrogen signals to upstream mechanistic landscape processes. Our work can aid in the future interpretation of in‐stream concentrations of DOC and DIN as indicators of watershed N‐retention status and integrators of watershed hydrobiogeochemical processes.
Polar Drift in the 1990s Explained by Terrestrial Water Storage Changes
Authors: Deng S. , Liu S. , Mo X. , Jiang L. , Bauer‐Gottwein P. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSecular polar drift underwent a directional change in the 1990s, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, polar motion observations are compared with geophysical excitations from the atmosphere, oceans, solid Earth, and terrestrial water storage (TWS) during the period of 1981–2020 to determine major drivers. When contributions from the atmosphere, oceans, and solid Earth are removed, the residual dominates the change in the 1990s. The contribution of TWS to the residual is quantified by comparing the hydrological excitations from modeled TWS changes in two different scenarios. One scenario assumes that the TWS change is stationary over the entire study period, and another scenario corrects the stationary result with actual glacier mass change. The accelerated ice melting over major glacial areas drives the polar drift toward 26°E for 3.28 mas/yr after the 1990s. The findings offer a clue for studying past climate‐driven polar motion.
Dispersion of Droplet Size Distributions in Supercooled Non‐precipitating Stratocumulus from Aircraft Observations Obtained during the Southern Ocean Cloud Radiation Aerosol Transport Experimental Study
Authors: Wang Yang , Zhao Chuanfeng , McFarquhar Greg M. , Wu Wei , Reeves Mike , Li Jiming 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe characteristics of cloud droplet size distributions and statistical relations of the relative dispersion (ε) with the vertical velocity (w) and with the interstitial aerosol concentration (Nia) are investigated for ubiquitous supercooled shallow stratocumulus observed over the Southern Ocean (SO) using aircraft measurements obtained during the Southern Ocean Cloud Radiation Aerosol Transport Experimental Study. Distinct vertical variations have been found using 36 non‐precipitating cloud profiles. The cloud droplet effective radius (re) increases nearly monotonically from 5.3 ± 1.9 μm at cloud base to 9.4 ± 2.2 μm at cloud top. The ε decreases rapidly from cloud base (0.42 ± 0.13) and then remains relatively constant in the upper cloud layer (0.27 ± 0.09). This study also shows robust dependence of ε on both Nia and w. The ε increases (decreases) with increasing Nia (w) at a 95% confidence level when values of w (low Nia) are restricted to a small range. The important roles of aerosols and dynamics on ε are demonstrated and are crucial to estimating aerosol indirect radiative forcing, especially for pristine SO regions where models almost universally underestimate reflected radiation.
Is the Combination of Linearized Theoretical Analysis and Sand Column Experiment Always Suitable for Estimating the Complex Effective Porosity?
Authors: Yang Mingzhe , Liu Haijiang , Meng Wenjian 
Published: March 2021

AbstractGroundwater hydrodynamics are significantly affected by the capillary effect when groundwater table approaches sand surface. A complex effective porosity was suggested to replace the specific yield to represent the capillary effect based on varieties of sand column experiments, and its estimation is based on the assumption that the response of time‐varying groundwater table is a simple harmonic motion. Nevertheless, groundwater hydrodynamics always consist of multiple harmonic components, which should be further examined. In this study, we first conducted laboratory sand column experiments with respect to different periodic oscillation conditions. Then, a fast Fourier transformation algorithm was applied to analyze the measured groundwater table, upon which the high order harmonic components under high frequency wave conditions was demonstrated. Subsequently, based on a perturbation approach, we presented a third order analytical solution of time‐varying groundwater table under a simple harmonic oscillation. The gradient descent method was applied to estimate the complex effective porosity by fitting the high order analytical solution to the experimental data. In addition, effects of various parameters, representing different driving head conditions and sediment properties, were testified through parametric studies, which demonstrates high order harmonic components should not be neglected under the conditions of large relative amplitude of driving head, short period oscillation, and the ratio of hydraulic conductivity to dynamic effective porosity being around 1 m/s, for example, in the scenarios of wave‐dominant swash zone. These new findings are of great importance to extend our understandings of the capillary effect on groundwater hydrodynamics.
Future Evolution of an Eddy Rich Ocean Associated with Enhanced East Atlantic Storminess in a Coupled Model Projection
Authors: Grist Jeremy P. , Josey Simon A. , Sinha Bablu , Catto Jennifer L. , Roberts Malcolm J. , Coward Andrew C. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractImproved representation of air‐sea fluxes afforded by eddy‐rich oceans in high‐resolution coupled ocean‐atmosphere models may modify the tracks and intensity of storms and their response to climate change. We examine changes in winter surface ocean conditions and storminess associated with moving from an eddy‐permitting (1/4°, HM) to an eddy‐rich (1/12°, HH) ocean in control and climate change (SSP585) simulations of the HadGEM3‐GC3.1 model in which atmosphere resolution is kept at 25 km. Differences in North Atlantic climate in the control runs stem from a revised location of the Gulf Stream in the eddy‐rich model. Projections reveal greater warming in the western Atlantic in HH than HM and a pronounced increase in eastern Atlantic storminess with changes six times greater than in the eddy‐permitting model. This increase is associated with the distinctive long‐term evolution of the North Atlantic warming hole and the Gulf Stream separation in the eddy‐rich model.
Drivers and constraints on offshore foraging in harbour seals
Authors: Vance H. M. , Hooker S. K. , Mikkelsen L. , van Neer A. , Teilmann J. , Siebert U. , Johnson M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractCentral place foragers are expected to offset travel costs between a central place and foraging areas by targeting productive feeding zones. Harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) make multi-day foraging trips away from coastal haul-out sites presumably to target rich food resources, but periodic track points from telemetry tags may be insufficient to infer reliably where, and how often, foraging takes place. To study foraging behaviour during offshore trips, and assess what factors limit trip duration, we equipped harbour seals in the German Wadden Sea with high-resolution multi-sensor bio-logging tags, recording 12 offshore trips from 8 seals. Using acceleration transients as a proxy for prey capture attempts, we found that foraging rates during travel to and from offshore sites were comparable to offshore rates. Offshore foraging trips may, therefore, reflect avoidance of intra-specific competition rather than presence of offshore foraging hotspots. Time spent resting increased by approx. 37 min/day during trips suggesting that a resting deficit rather than patch depletion may influence trip length. Foraging rates were only weakly correlated with surface movement patterns highlighting the value of integrating multi-sensor data from on-animal bio-logging tags (GPS, depth, accelerometers and magnetometers) to infer behaviour and habitat use.
Methylation analysis of Klebsiella pneumoniae from Portuguese hospitals
Authors: Spadar Anton , Perdigão João , Phelan Jody , Charleston James , Modesto Ana , Elias Rita , de Sessions Paola Florez , Hibberd Martin L. , Campino Susana , Duarte Aida , Clark Taane G. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractKlebsiella pneumoniae is an important nosocomial infectious agent with a high antimicrobial resistance (AMR) burden. The application of long read sequencing technologies is providing insights into bacterial chromosomal and putative extra-chromosomal genetic elements (PEGEs) associated with AMR, but also epigenetic DNA methylation, which is thought to play a role in cleavage of foreign DNA and expression regulation. Here, we apply the PacBio sequencing platform to eight Portuguese hospital isolates, including one carbapenemase producing isolate, to identify methylation motifs. The resulting assembled chromosomes were between 5.2 and 5.5Mbp in length, and twenty-six PEGEs were found. Four of our eight samples carry blaCTX-M-15, a dominant Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase in Europe. We identified methylation motifs that control Restriction–Modification systems, including GATC of the DNA adenine methylase (Dam), which methylates N6-methyladenine (m6A) across all our K. pneumoniae assemblies. There was a consistent lack of methylation by Dam of the GATC motif downstream of two genes: fosA, a locus associated with low level fosfomycin resistance, and tnpB transposase on IncFIB(K) plasmids. Overall, we have constructed eight high quality reference genomes of K. pneumoniae, with insights into horizontal gene transfer and methylation m6A motifs.
Developmental exposure to silver nanoparticles leads to long term gut dysbiosis and neurobehavioral alterations
Authors: Lyu Zhen , Ghoshdastidar Shreya , Rekha Karamkolly R. , Suresh Dhananjay , Mao Jiude , Bivens Nathan , Kannan Raghuraman , Joshi Trupti , Rosenfeld Cheryl S. , Upendran Anandhi 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDue to their antimicrobial properties, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are used in a wide range of consumer products that includes topical wound dressings, coatings for biomedical devices, and food-packaging to extend the shelf-life. Despite their beneficial antimicrobial effects, developmental exposure to such AgNPs may lead to gut dysbiosis and long-term health consequences in exposed offspring. AgNPs can cross the placenta and blood–brain-barrier to translocate in the brain of offspring. The underlying hypothesis tested in the current study was that developmental exposure of male and female mice to AgNPs disrupts the microbiome–gut–brain axis. To examine for such effects, C57BL6 female mice were exposed orally to AgNPs at a dose of 3 mg/kg BW or vehicle control 2 weeks prior to breeding and throughout gestation. Male and female offspring were tested in various mazes that measure different behavioral domains, and the gut microbial profiles were surveyed from 30 through 120 days of age. Our study results suggest that developmental exposure results in increased likelihood of engaging in repetitive behaviors and reductions in resident microglial cells. Echo-MRI results indicate increased body fat in offspring exposed to AgNPs exhibit.Coprobacillusspp.,Mucispirillumspp., andBifidobacteriumspp. were reduced, whilePrevotellaspp.,Bacillusspp.,Planococcaceae,Staphylococcusspp.,Enterococcusspp., andRuminococcusspp. were increased in those developmentally exposed to NPs.These bacterial changes were linked to behavioral and metabolic alterations. In conclusion, developmental exposure of AgNPs results in long term gut dysbiosis, body fat increase and neurobehavioral alterations in offspring.
Reduced scan time and superior image quality with 3D flow MRI compared to 4D flow MRI for hemodynamic evaluation of the Fontan pathway
Authors: Rijnberg Friso M. , van Assen Hans C. , Juffermans Joe F. , Kroft Lucia J. M. , van den Boogaard Pieter J. , de Koning Patrick J. H. , Hazekamp Mark G. , van der Woude Séline F. S. , Warmerdam Evangeline G. , Leiner Tim , Grotenhuis Heynric B. , Goeman Jelle J. , Lamb Hildo J. , Roest Arno A. W. , Westenberg Jos J. M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractLong scan times prohibit a widespread clinical applicability of 4D flow MRI in Fontan patients. As pulsatility in the Fontan pathway is minimal during the cardiac cycle, acquiring non-ECG gated 3D flow MRI may result in a reduction of scan time while accurately obtaining time-averaged clinical parameters in comparison with 2D and 4D flow MRI. Thirty-two Fontan patients prospectively underwent 2D (reference), 3D and 4D flow MRI of the Fontan pathway. Multiple clinical parameters were assessed from time-averaged flow rates, including the right-to-left pulmonary flow distribution (main endpoint) and systemic-to-pulmonary collateral flow (SPCF). A ten-fold reduction in scan time was achieved [4D flow 15.9 min (SD 2.7 min) and 3D flow 1.6 min (SD 7.8 s), p < 0.001] with a superior signal-to-noise ratio [mean ratio of SNRs 1.7 (0.8), p < 0.001] and vessel sharpness [mean ratio 1.2 (0.4), p = 0.01] with 3D flow. Compared to 2D flow, good–excellent agreement was shown for mean flow rates (ICC 0.82–0.96) and right-to-left pulmonary flow distribution (ICC 0.97). SPCF derived from 3D flow showed good agreement with that from 4D flow (ICC 0.86). 3D flow MRI allows for obtaining time-averaged flow rates and derived clinical parameters in the Fontan pathway with good–excellent agreement with 2D and 4D flow, but with a tenfold reduction in scan time and significantly improved image quality compared to 4D flow.