bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor-4 Expression in Pituitary Adenomas is Associated with Aggressive Tumor Features
Authors: Durcan Emre , Keskin Fatma Ela , Ozkaya Hande Mefkure , Sirolu Sabri , Sahin Serdar , Korkmaz Ozge Polat , Gazioglu Nurperi , Tanriover Necmettin , Comunoglu Nil , Oz Buge , Kizilkilic Osman , Kadioglu Pinar 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Purpose To investigate the relationship of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor-4 (FGFR-4) expression with radiologic, pathologic, and clinical parameters in pituitary adenomas.
Methods Among 307 patients who underwent pituitary surgery for a pituitary adenoma between 2000 and 2015, we included 161 patients (53 gonadotroph, 26 corticotroph, 25 null cell, 22 lactotroph, 13 somatotroph, 8 adenomas with unusual combination, 7 Pit-1 positive adenomas, and 7 lactosomatotroph) based on availability of pathology specimens. Patients’ radiologic, pathologic, and clinical parameters were determined. FGFR-4 immunostaining was evaluated using a semi-quantitative histologic score (H-score).
Results The mean follow-up period was 61 (IQR=32–84) months. The median H-scores for FGFR-4 were higher in patients without remission, those with residual lesion, and T2-hyperintense adenoma (p<0.05). Ki-67 level was higher in patients without remission compared to those in remission (p<0.05). The mean Ki-67 levels did not differ between patients with and without residual lesion or T2-hyperintense tumor (p>0.05). There was no significant difference (p>0.05) when the H-score and Ki-67 levels were assessed in terms of sex, sellar-dural invasion, Knosp and a grading system for superior, inferior, parasellar, anterior and posterior tumor extension Classification, tumor function or presence of poor subtype. Adenomas with Ki-67 expression ≥3% had higher FGFR4 expression levels than those with <3% expression (p=0.002). There was a weak positive correlation between H-score and Ki-67 (p=0.011; r=0.201).
Conclusions Higher levels of FGFR-4 in pituitary adenomas could be use a marker for more aggressive tumor behavior.
Fluorine-Retentive Strategies for the Functionalization of gem-Difluoroalkenes
Authors: Altman Ryan A. , Sorrentino Jacob P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
gem-Difluoroalkenes are readily available fluorinated building blocks, and the fluorine-induced electronic perturbations of the alkenes enable a wide array of selective functionalization reactions. However, many reactions of gem-difluoroalkenes result in a net C–F functionalization to generate monofluorovinyl products or addition of F to generate trifluoromethyl-containing products. In contrast, fluorine-retentive strategies for the functionalization of gem-difluoroalkenes remain less generally developed and is now becoming a rapidly developing area. This review will present the development of fluorine-retentive strategies including electrophilic, nucleophilic, radical, and transition metal catalytic strategies with an emphasis on key physical organic and mechanistic aspects that enable reactivities.1	Introduction2	Two-Electron Processes2.1	Elimination of Allyl Groups2.2	Electrophilic Addition2.3	Halonium and Thiiranium Intermediates2.4	Kinetic Quench of Anionic Intermediates2.5	Concerted Cycloadditions3	Radical Processes3.1	Thermal Activation3.2	Photoactivation3.3	Transition-Metal-Mediated4	Reductions5	Cross-Coupling Reactions6	Conclusions
Decline in Overall Pulmonary Embolism-Related Mortality and Increasing Prevalence of Cancer-Associated Events in the Veneto Region (Italy), 2008–2019
Authors: Valerio Luca , Fedeli Ugo , Schievano Elena , Avossa Francesco , Barco Stefano 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background Despite evidence of ongoing epidemiological changes in deaths from venous thromboembolism in high-income countries, little recent information is available on the time trends in mortality related to pulmonary embolism (PE) as underlying or concomitant cause of death in Europe.
Methods We accessed the regional database of death certificates of Veneto Region (Northern Italy, population 4,900,000) from 2008 to 2019. We analyzed the trends in crude and age-adjusted annual rates of mortality related to PE (reported either as underlying cause or in any position in the death certificate) using Joinpoint regression; in the contribution of PE to mortality (proportionate mortality); and, using logistic regression, in the association between PE and cancer at death.
Results Between 2008 and 2019, the annual age-standardized mortality rate related to PE in Veneto decreased from 20.7 to 12.6 deaths per 100,000 population for PE in any position of the death certificate, and from 4.6 to 2.2 deaths per 100,000 population for PE as underlying cause of death. PE-related proportionate mortality remained up to twice as high in women. The age- and sex-adjusted odds ratio for cancer in deaths with versus without PE constantly increased from 1.01 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.88–1.16) in 2008 to 1.58 (95% CI: 1.35–1.83) in 2019.
Conclusion The descending trends in PE-related mortality reported for Europe up to 2015 for both sexes continued thereafter in this high-income region of Northern Italy. However, sex differences in proportionate mortality persist. The increasing strength in the association between cancer and PE may indicate a change in risk factor distribution, calling for tailored management practices in this patient group.
Synthetic Applications of Monofluoromethylsulfonium Salts
Authors: Veliks Janis , Melngaile Renate 
Published: July 2021

AbstractMonofluoromethylsulfonium salts are emerging reagents for the fluoromethylation and fluoromethylenation or fluoromethylene transfer. Using this type of reagent is a simple approach for the introduction of the fluoromethyl group into a wide range of nucleophiles using mild basic conditions. Recently, fluoromethylsulfonium salts have been demonstrated to act as a synthetic equivalent for the challenging fluoromethylene synthon. For instance, these reagents can be used for the direct synthesis of monofluoroepoxides and fluorocyclopropanes from activated alkenes via a sulfur fluoromethylide intermediate. Sulfonium salts are an alternative, easy-to-handle option to volatile and environmentally concerning freons for achieving monofluorinated compounds. This review focuses on synthetic application of these reagents known to date.1 Introduction2 Fluoromethylation of O-, N-, S-, P-, and C-Nucleophiles3 Sulfonium Salts for Radical Monofluoromethylation of Alkenes4 Sulfonium Salts for Fluoromethylene Transfer5 Conclusions
Organophosphane-Catalyzed Construction of Functionalized 2-Ylideneoxindoles via Direct β-Acylation
Authors: Lin Wenwei , Jeng Wey-Chyng , Chien Po-Chung , Vagh Sandip Sambhaji , Edukondalu Athukuri 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe report an efficient method for the direct β-acylation of 2-ylideneoxindoles with acyl chlorides that is catalyzed by organophosphanes in the presence of base. A variety of functionalized 2-ylideneoxindoles were prepared in moderate to good yields under mild, metal-free conditions via a tandem phospha-Michael/O-acylation/intramolecular cyclization/rearrangement sequence. Mechanistic investigations revealed that C–O bond cleavage on a possible betaine intermediate is the key step for the installation of the keto-functionality at the β-position of 2-ylideneoxindoles in a highly stereospecific manner. The synthetic utility of this protocol could also be proven by a scale-up reaction and synthetic transformations of the products.
Efficient Construction of (±)-epi-Costunolide through a Chromium(II)-Mediated Nozaki–Hiyama–Kishi Reaction
Authors: Hu Lihong , Zhang Yinan , Dai Weichen , Zheng Jie , Yan Xinyu , Tang Wei 
Published: July 2021

Abstract(±)-epi-Costunolide has been synthesized through a seven-step procedure starting from (E,E)-farnesol. The key step includes an intramolecular allylation of an aldehyde through a chromium(II)-mediated Nozaki–Hiyama–Kishi reaction, in which more than one equivalent of CrCl2 has been recognized as the most effective reagent to promote the conversion. An anti-inflammatory screen showed that epi-costunolide is a moderate inhibitor of B lymphocyte proliferation.
Unilateral Sinonasal Opacifications: A Histo-Radiological Correlation
Authors: Oukessou Youssef , Elbouhmadi Khadija , Rouadi Sami , Abada Reda , Roubal Mohamed , Mahtar Mohamed 
Published: July 2021

AbstractVarious pathological entities may manifest on imaging as unilateral or bilateral nasal and/or sinus opacity. The vast majority is represented by inflammatory pathologies, tumors are rare, but they are dominated mainly by benign tumors. Malignant diseases are uncommon, accounting for 3% of tumors of the head and neck. Advances in imaging using preoperative computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging have been significantly marked in the diagnostic approach to sinonasal pathologies. Surgical modalities are influenced by preoperative knowledge of the nature and topography of the tumor. The aim of this work is to describe the clinical, radiological, and anatomopathological characteristics of sinonasal pathologies expressed by unilateral sinonasal opacity in imaging, to identify the clinicoradiological variables likely to predict malignancy, and to make a correlation between the radiological images and the anatomopathological result.
Mélange of Lymphoepithelial Lesions of Salivary Glands from a Tertiary Care Center of North East India: Diagnostic Conundrums
Authors: Chowdhury Zachariah , Raphael Vandana , Khonglah Yookarin , Mishra Jaya , Marbaniang Evarisalin , Dey Biswajit 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background Lymphocytic infiltrates of the major salivary glands are involved in a spectrum of diseases that range from reactive to benign and malignant neoplasms. Occasionally, these pathologic entities present difficulties in the clinical and pathological diagnosis.
Aim and Objective The aim of this study was to highlight the importance of meticulous cytopathological and histopathological examination (HPE) in solving the diagnostic challenges encountered in the analysis of these salivary gland lesions.
Materials and Methods A retrospective analysis of salivary gland lesions was undertaken over a period of 5 years from 2013 to 2018 in the Department of Pathology at our institute. Salivary gland pathologies diagnosed either as chronic sialadenitis or reactive/benign/malignant lymphoepithelial lesions on fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and as lymphoepithelial carcinoma (LEC) were included in this study.
Results A total of 86 cases of salivary gland lesions diagnosed as mentioned above were found during this period. Out of the 86 cases, 16 were subjected to HPE. Biopsy was not warranted in most of the cases diagnosed as chronic sialadenitis. HPE was concordant with the FNAC diagnoses in 13 out of the 16 cases (81.3%), with a single case misinterpreted as LEC on FNAC.
Conclusion Benign and malignant lymphoepithelial lesions of salivary glands may sometimes be difficult to differentiate not only from one another on FNAC but also from other malignant lesions. FNAC is an effective tool for the diagnosis of nonneoplastic lesions, but in cases of benign lymphoepithelial lesions in the absence of salivary acini, biopsy is advisable.
Sperm Selection Technology in ART
Authors: Martin Catherine , Woodland Emma 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIntracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is a commonly used in vitro fertilization technique. Selection of sperm for injection is currently done using subjective assessment of morphology, which may not accurately identify the best-quality sperm. Hyaluronic acid receptors on sperm plasma membranes are a marker of maturity, and sperms which are capable of binding immobilized hyaluronic acid in vitro are of higher quality. This can be used as an advanced sperm selection technique to choose sperm for ICSI, termed physiological ICSI (PICSI). Several studies reported improved fertility treatment outcomes when using PICSI compared with conventional ICSI; however, the majority of studies are underpowered. Recently, a large, multicenter, randomized controlled trial, known as the Hyaluronic Acid Binding Sperm Selection (HABSelect) trial, found a significant reduction in miscarriage rates with PICSI, but no significant effect on live birth rate. There are still many avenues through which PICSI may provide an advantage, subject to confirmation by future research, such as improved long-term health of offspring. Other advanced sperm selection techniques include intracytoplasmic morphologically selected sperm injection, magnetic-activated cell sorting, and Zeta potential sperm selection; however, the most recent Cochrane review concluded that there is currently insufficient evidence to ascertain whether these techniques improve clinical outcomes, such as live birth rates.
Combining CD47 blockade with trastuzumab eliminates HER2-positive breast cancer cells and overcomes trastuzumab tolerance
Authors: Upton Rosalynd , Banuelos Allison , Feng Dongdong , Biswas Tanuka , Kao Kevin , McKenna Kelly , Willingham Stephen , Ho Po Yi , Rosental Benyamin , Tal Michal Caspi , Raveh Tal , Volkmer Jens-Peter , Pegram Mark D. , Weissman Irving L. 
Published: July 2021

SignificanceThis study demonstrates the efficacy of combining macrophage-checkpoint inhibition with tumor-specific antibodies for cancer immunotherapy. The combination of anti-CD47 (magrolimab) and anti-HER2 (trastuzumab) antibodies eliminated HER2+breast cancer cells with increased efficacy due to the enhancement of antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis by macrophages, even when the cancer cells were tolerant to trastuzumab-induced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity by natural killer cells. We believe these findings present a promising therapeutic approach for treating HER2+breast cancer patients whose tumors are either sensitive or resistant to trastuzumab treatment, as long as the cells harbor the HER2 trastuzumab-binding epitope. This study supports the notion that combining CD47 blockade with existing macrophage FcR-engaging tumor-specific antibodies may be an effective approach for treating a wide range of cancers.
When anti-corruption fails: the dynamics of procurement in contemporary South Africa
Authors: Gray Nomtha 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
Recent investigations into the phenomenon of state capture in South Africa have identified procurement as a central mechanism of rent generation for key actors. This article examines some of the ways in which anti-corruption measures failed, and argues that it will not be resolved by implementing more robust policies. Policies already conform to world-class standards, yet the way in which procurement is practised should be addressed more urgently. Practices that are reminiscent of apartheid-era levels of compliance have made it a function that prioritises ‘following orders’ above policy compliance, which undermines procurement’s ability to contribute to organisational effectiveness.
Optoelectronic oscillator for 5G wireless networks and beyond
Authors: Zou Fang , Zou Lei , Yang Bo , Ma Qian , Zou Xihua , Zou Jim , Chen Siming , Milosevic Dusan , Cao Zizheng , Liu Huiyun 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
With the development of 5G wireless network and beyond, the wireless carrier frequency will definitely reach millimeter-wave (mm-wave) and even terahertz (THz). As one of the key elements in wireless networks, the local oscillator (LO) needs to operate at mm-wave and THz band with lower phase noise, which becomes a major challenge for commercial LOs. In this article, we investigate the recent developments of the electronic integrated circuit (EIC) oscillator and the optoelectronic oscillator (OEO), and especially investigate the prospect of OEO serving as a qualified LO in the 5G wireless network and beyond. Both the EIC oscillators and OEOs are investigated, including their basic theories of operation, representative techniques and some milestones in applications. Then, we compare the performances between the EIC oscillators and the OEOs in terms of frequency accuracy, phase noise, power consumption and cost. After describing the specific requirements of LO based on the standard of 5G and 6G wireless communication systems, we introduce an injection-locked OEO architecture which can be implemented to distribute and synchronize LOs. The OEO has better phase noise performance at high frequency, which is greatly desired for LO in 5G wireless network and beyond. Besides, the OEO provides an easy and low-loss method to distribute and synchronize mm-wave and THz LOs. Thanks to photonic integrated circuit development, the power consumption and cost of OEO reduce gradually. It is foreseeable that the integrated OEO with lower cost may have a promising prospect in the 5G wireless network and beyond.
Anisotropic (p, q)-equations with gradient dependent reaction
Authors: Papageorgiou Nikolaos S , Rădulescu Vicenţiu D , Repovš Dušan D 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
We consider a Dirichlet problem driven by the anisotropic (p, q)-Laplacian and a reaction with gradient dependence (convection). The presence of the gradient in the source term excludes from consideration a variational approach in dealing with the qualitative analysis of this problem with unbalanced growth. Using the frozen variable method and eventually a fixed point theorem, the main result of this paper establishes that the problem has a positive smooth solution.
EDP-convergence for nonlinear fast–slow reaction systems with detailed balance*
Authors: Mielke Alexander , Peletier Mark A , Stephan Artur 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
We consider nonlinear reaction systems satisfying mass-action kinetics with slow and fast reactions. It is known that the fast-reaction-rate limit can be described by an ODE with Lagrange multipliers and a set of nonlinear constraints that ask the fast reactions to be in equilibrium. Our aim is to study the limiting gradient structure which is available if the reaction system satisfies the detailed-balance condition. The gradient structure on the set of concentration vectors is given in terms of the relative Boltzmann entropy and a cosh-type dissipation potential. We show that a limiting or effective gradient structure can be rigorously derived via EDP-convergence, i.e. convergence in the sense of the energy-dissipation principle for gradient flows. In general, the effective entropy will no longer be of Boltzmann type and the reactions will no longer satisfy mass-action kinetics.
An anisotropic bouncing universe in non-local gravity
Authors: Kumar K. Sravan , Maheshwari Shubham , Mazumdar Anupam , Peng Jun 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
We show that it is possible to realize a cosmological bouncing solution in an anisotropic but homogeneous Bianchi-I background in a class of non-local, infinite derivative theories of gravity. We show that the anisotropic shear grows slower than in general relativity during the contraction phase, peaks to a finite value at the bounce point, and then decreases as the universe asymptotes towards isotropy and homogeneity, and ultimately to de Sitter. Along with a cosmological constant, the matter sector required to drive such a bounce is found to consist of three components — radiation, stiff matter and k-matter (whose energy density decays like the inverse square of the average scale factor). Generically, k-matter exerts anisotropic pressures. We will test the bouncing solution in local and non-local gravity and show that in the latter case it is possible to simultaneously satisfy positivity of energy density and, at least in the late time de Sitter phase, avoid the introduction of propagating ghost/tachyonic modes.
Spectral and photophysical modifications of porphyrins attached to core–shell nanoparticles. Theory and experiment
Authors: Kelm A , Ostapko J , Gajewska A , Sánchez-Iglesias A , Waluk J 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Plasmonic nanostructures, of which gold nanoparticles are the most elementary example, owe their unique properties to localized surface plasmons (LSP), the modes of free electron oscillation. LSP alter significantly electromagnetic field in the nanostructure neighborhood (i.e., near-field), which can modify the electric dipole transition rates in organic emitters. This study aims at investigating the influence of Au@SiO2 core–shell nanoparticles on the photophysics of porphyrins covalently attached to the nanoparticles surface. Guided by theoretical predictions, three sets of gold nanoparticles of different sizes were coated with a silica layer of similar thickness. The outer silica surface was functionalized with either free-base meso-tetraphenylporphyrin or its zinc complex. Absorption and emission bands of porphyrin overlap in energy with a gold nanoparticle LSP resonance that provides the field enhancement. Silica separates the emitters from the gold surface, while the gold core size tunes the energy of the LSP resonance. The signatures of weak-coupling regime have been observed. Apart from modified emission profiles and shortened S1 lifetimes, Q band part intensity of the excitation spectra significantly increased with respect to the Soret band. The results were explained using classical transfer matrix simulations and electronic states kinetics, taking into account the photophysical properties of each chromophore. The calculations could reasonably well predict and explain the experimental outcomes. The discrepancies between the two were discussed.
Relativistic distorted wave approach to electron impact excitation of argon gas using a complex potential
Authors: Marucha Alex M , Kariuki Peter K , Okumu John , Singh Chandra S 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In this study, we apply relativistic effects to excitation of the lowest lying resonance states of argon gas with inclusion of absorption, polarization and exchange effects to the electrostatic distortion potential to form an overall complex distortion potential. The atomic wave functions are constructed in the multi-configuration Dirac Fork approach by modifying the general-purpose relativistic atomic structure code GRASP for numerical procedures, while differential cross sections (DCS) and integral cross sections (ICS) have been obtained using our new code RDWBA1. Our results are compared with available experimental and theoretical results in literature. Present results from this study predict that use of a complex distortion potential in the relativistic approach to excitation of argon generally lowers integral and differential cross sections as impact energies of the incident electron increases, specifically beyond 50 eV, and that the energy dependent polarization potential adopted in this work plays a major role in improving shapes of cross-sections at near threshold impact energies up to around 30 eV, where available distorted-wave methods fail to give satisfactory results when compared to experiments.