bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stereomicroscopic Evaluation of Microcrack Formation in Dentin by ProTaper Next, Revo S, and WaveOne Gold File System
Authors: Rahman Hena , Chandra Anil , Khangwal Monika , Goel Akriti , Shakya Vijay Kumar 
Published: December 2021

Background:
During the biomechanical preparation of the root canal by rotary file systems, stress is generated within the canal, which leads to dentinal microcrack formation. Such defects are evaluated only under the microscope.

Aim:
The present study aimed to evaluate dentinal microcrack formation after instrumentation with ProTaper Next (M-wire), Revo S (conventional NiTi), and WaveOne Gold (Gold-wire) file systems under the stereomicroscope.

Materials and Methods:
Forty single-rooted teeth free from any defect were selected and divided into four groups (Control, PTN, RS, and WOG). Experimental groups were instrumented with file system used in the study, and the control group were left unprepared. Samples were further decoronated and sectioned at 3 mm, 6 mm, and 9 mm from the apex perpendicular to the long axis and examined under a stereomicroscope at ×25 for different types of microcracks (no fracture, complete fracture, partial fracture, and other fracture).

Statistical Analysis Used:
Data analysis was done by the Chi-square test using the SPSS version 17.0 software. A two-sided (α = 2) P < 0.05 (P < 0.05) was considered statistically significant.

Results:
The null hypothesis was rejected. There was a statistically significant difference between the groups. All file systems created microcracks in the root dentin. WOG group showed an incidence of 66.7% for no fracture, PTN group had 40% for other fracture, and RS group had 60% for complete fracture.

Conclusion:
Single file system WOG with gold wire technology proves to be the best choice for canal preparation among the tested groups in terms of least dentinal crack formation.
Prevalence of refractive errors in Upper Egypt schoolchildren
Authors: Abdelrheem Shaimaa S. , Gaffer Mustafa A. , Abdalla Abdalla M.E. , Gabr Ahmed F. 
Published: December 2021

Purpose
To determine the prevalence, types, and magnitude of refractive errors (RE) among the sampled-children population in Upper Egypt.

Patients and methods
In this cross-sectional study, 14 787 students of 22 primary schools in three governorates in Upper Egypt (Qena, Luxor, and Aswan) were examined and their cycloplegic refraction had been documented. These schools were distributed between urban (seven schools represented by 5289 students) and rural (15 schools represented by 9498 students) areas.

Results
According to the present study, the overall prevalence of REs was 11.7% among examined primary schoolchildren. REs were more prevalent in rural schoolchildren (15.5%) than urban (5.5%), in students between 6 and 9 years (12.1%) other than those between 9 and 12 years (11.1%) and were the most vulnerable to have amblyopia. Total REs decreased with age, it reached 13.8% in first-grade and 10.2% among the sixth-grade schoolchildren. Aswan students had the highest prevalence, 24.9%, followed by Qena 5.3% and the least was Luxor governorate by 4.4%.

Conclusions
The overall prevalence of REs among primary schoolchildren in Upper Egypt was 11.7% and this indicates the significance of periodic screening for these errors.
Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, Threat Analysis of the Adaptations in Anatomy Training During COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Ucar Ilyas , Karartı Caner 
Published: December 2021

Introduction:
Educational methods used in Turkey as an immediate response to COVID-19 pandemic definitely bear strengths and weaknesses. In this context, the aim of the present study is to carry out Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, Threat (SWOT) analysis of Turkey's adaptations in the anatomy training.

Material and Methods:
This descriptive study included 12 state universities. A questionnaire was used to collect information regarding the modifications of the anatomy departments. All responses were analyzed by the researchers using a thematic analysis following a 6-step process. For the purpose of SWOT analysis, these themes were assigned to either strengths, weaknesses, opportunities or threats.

Results:
According to the results of the study, increasing skills in utilizing new technologies and resources (83.3%), developing new online resources (83.3%) and alternative examination methods (58.3%) and free access to online resources (16.6%) were the strengths of Anatomy training during the crisis. Exam-related issues (83.3%), being obliged to work from home due to curfews, self-isolation, and social-distancing rules (75.0%), insufficiency in practical courses and cadaver practices (75.0%) and time restrictions (58.3%) were considered as weaknesses. The departments consider the teleworking model (83.3%), preparation for including blended learning in future curricula (83.3%) and academic cooperation (33.3%) as important environmental opportunities. There are issues that anatomy departments consider as important environmental threats. These threats include decrease in student-student (83.3%) and teacher-student interaction (66.6%) and suspension of the donor programs (58.3%).

Discussion and Conclusion:
The COVID-19 pandemic has created several opportunities and challenges. Undoubtedly, Anatomy training will need revisions in the normalization process. Results of SWOT analysis studies are thought to be a guide for the departments during the revision process.
Comparison of Human Renal Arteries in Cadavers and in Computed Tomography Scans – A Morphometric Study
Authors: Patil Rashmi Avinash , Chowki Parvez Abutaher 
Published: December 2021

Introduction:
The right and left kidneys receive their blood supply from the lateral branches of the abdominal aorta that is, respectively, from the right and the left renal arteries. The study of renal arteries is thus very important, but the literature shows a scarcity of data for the Indian population. This study was, therefore, planned to compare the morphometry of human renal arteries in cadavers and in computed tomography scans.

Material and Methods:
The study was conducted on 36 formalin-fixed cadavers and on 36 computed tomographic scans of renal arteries. The various parameters measured included the length of renal arteries, internal diameter of renal arteries at its origin, the vertical distance between the renal arteries at its origin and the point of bifurcation of the aorta, and vertical distance between the origins of the right and left renal arteries.

Results:
The length of the right renal artery was more than the left renal artery, there was no difference in the internal diameter of both the vessels at their origin and no difference in the vertical distance between the site of origin of renal arteries and bifurcation of Aorta.

Discussion and Conclusion:
The information of the right renal artery being longer than the left kidney confirms with the data available in the literature. The vertical distance between the origins of the renal artery and bifurcation of the aorta is important as it aids the radiologists for performing angiography. Furthermore, the data from this study would aid and supplement the preexisting data for the surgeons during renal transplantations.
Gestational Diabetes Influences Bone Morphogenic Protein Signaling During Heart Development in C57BL Mice
Authors: Ghasemzadeh Fatemeh , Golalipour Masoud , Haidari Kamran , Nazari Zahra , Golalipour Mohammad Jafar 
Published: December 2021

Introduction:
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is one of the most common metabolic complications of pregnancy that causes fetal mortality and morbidity. As uncontrolled gestational diabetes could induce congenital heart defects in the offspring. Therefore, this study was done to evaluate the effect of GDM on bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) gene expression during heart development in the C57BL mouse embryo.

Material and Methods:
In this experimental study, twelve 8-week old pregnant C57BL with an approximate weight of 130 g were randomly allocated into control and induced diabetic groups. On day 1 of gestation, the dams of the Diabetic group were received 150 mg/kg streptozotocin. While that of the control group were received an equivalent volume of normal saline. On day 11.5 of pregnancy, six embryos were withdrawn from each group. Total RNA was extracted from the cardiac tissue pieces of the embryos for expression of BMPs by quantitative real-time PCR.

Results:
BMP6 of the induced diabetic group increased to 2.4018-fold compared to the controls (P<0.05). While BMP 5,7, and 10 increased to (1.58, 1.0445, and 1.7623, respectively) and 1.7623-fold respectively in GDM in comparison to controls. Discussion and

Conclusion:
Therefore, it is suggested that the GDM could induce heart malformations by the upregulation of BMPs, particularly BMP6 expression.
Success and Complication Rate of Fluoroscopic, Doppler, and Contrast Venography-Guided Subclavian Venous Puncture for Implantation of Cardiovascular Electronic Devices
Authors: Kumar Ashok , Hussain Khandy Aashaq , Nabi Tauseef , Golwara Ashish Kumar , Singh Ajeet Kumar 
Published: December 2021

Background:
Cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIED) are life-saving devices, but may lead to puncture-related complications during implantation.

Aim:
The aim of this study was to compare the success and complications of the subclavian venous puncture under the guidance of fluoroscopy, venography, and Doppler.

Methods:
This was a prospective observational study conducted for one year at a tertiary health center in North India. We studied the clinical profile, success, and complications in three puncture techniques for CIED lead implantation in 75 adult patients of >18 years of age, randomized in three equal groups of 25 participants.

Results:
The mean age was 66.6 ± 15.6 years, with the majority being males. The left-sided approach for lead implantation was common (84%). Pacemakers were most commonly implanted CIED devices. The overall success of punctures was 100% each in Doppler and venography group, and 92% in the fluoroscopic-guided venous puncture group. Success in the first attempt was observed in 48% in the Doppler group and 24% each in the fluoroscopic and venographic group. There were total of 12 complications, the most common were arterial puncture (10.7%), followed by major hematoma (4%), and pneumothorax (1.3%). The fluoroscopic group had maximum complications (83%), followed by the venography group. Significantly higher arterial punctures occurred in the fluoroscopic venous puncture group.

Conclusion:
There were 100% success in the Doppler and venographic groups and only 92% success in the fluoroscopic venous puncture group. Maximum complications were seen in the fluoroscopic group, with significantly higher arterial punctures seen in the fluoroscopic venous puncture group.
Gut Microbiome Profiling in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Healthy Individuals in Indonesian Population
Authors: Daud Nu'man AS , Akram Nasrul Hadi , Hidayah Najdah , Jayanti Sri , Handayani Irda , Massi Muhammad Nasrum 
Published: December 2021

Background:
The gut microbiome is thought to produce metabolites that are widely investigated to play a role in various disease pathophysiologies.

Aim:
This study aims to identify the differences in gut microbiome diversity and profile between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and healthy individuals.

Methods:
This was a cross-sectional study. We collected 21 fecal specimens from NAFLD subjects and 13 controls. The gut microbiota from all samples were profiled by using 16s ribosomal RNA next-generation sequencing. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 25.0 software.

Results:
NAFLD subjects had a greater body mass index. Hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia were found in 19%, 28.6%, and 81%, respectively, in NAFLD subjects. There was a lower diversity of gut microbiota in NAFLD compared to the control group. At the phylum level, Firmicutes was found more in the control than the NAFLD group (42.24% vs. 54.01%, P = 0.037). At the genus level, the percentage of Enterobacter was more abundant in the NAFLD group compared to the control group (0.517% vs. 0%, P = 0.001). At the genus level, there was a negative correlation between Bifidobacterium and NAFLD fibrosis score (NFS) (r = −0.532, P = 0.013).

Conclusion:
The diversity of the gut microbiota in NAFLD group was less than in control group. Firmicutes was found to be less prevalent in NAFLD patients compared to control. Enterobacter was found to be more abundant in NAFLD patients. The amount of Bifidobacterium was inversely correlated to the severity of NAFLD based on NFS.
The Dual Method (Dye and Ultrasound) for Axillary Mapping in Patients Receiving Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Locally Advanced Breast Cancer
Authors: Kumar Deepak , Chintamani  , Naghma Shahida , Gupta Sajal 
Published: December 2021

Background:
Sentinel lymph node (SLN) remains one of the most important indicators of axillary lymph node status, defining the prognosis of breast cancer (BC) patients. The present study was done to map axillary SLN using dual method of intraoperative axillary ultrasound-guided (USG) and methylene blue dye, in patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAT) for locally advanced BC.

Methods:
A prospective interventional cross-sectional study was conducted on 36 core-needle biopsy-proven cases of locally advanced breast carcinoma (Stage IIb and Stage III) who received NAT. The SLNs as identified by the bluest staining node (dye method) and the node with a needle inserted in it through axillary USG method were dissected and sent for frozen section in normal saline. It was followed by complete axillary dissection and final histopathology reporting. Diagnostic test was used for calculation of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV).

Results:
After NAT, 26/29 patients with pre-NAT staging of N1 and 5/7 patients with pre-NAT staging of N2 showed significant downstaging of the nodal status after NAT (P < 0.001). We found that the dual method showed similar sensitivity to the dye method and the USG method (94.74%). But, the specificity, PPV, and NPV of the dual method although similar to the dye method (76.47%, 81.82%, and 92.86%, respectively) were lower than that of the USG method (82.35%, 85.71%, and 93.33%, respectively).

Conclusion:
In conclusion, dual method (dye and USG) is a good attempt in increasing the SLN detection but it is not a powerful test in the application of avoiding axillary lymph node dissection. The comparable sensitivity but lower specificity in determining the SLN restricts its use, and warrants future studies with contrast-enhanced USG to decrease the false negatives.
Influence of haematological profile on the exercise capacity of children with sickle cell disease in Kano
Authors: Adeyinka O. , Badaru U.M. , Nuhu J.M. , Ahmad R.Y. , Bello B. , Nura G. 
Published: December 2021

The Exercise Capacity (ExC) of children with sickle cell disease (SCD) may be influenced negatively by both haematological and environmental factors.This study aimed to assessthe influence of haematological profile on the ExC of children with SCD in Kano and to ascertain the safety of conducting 6 minute walk test (6MWT) on those children. In the cross-sectional survey, 162 children were recruited from Murtala Mohammed SpecialistHospital, Kano. Each of them walked to-and-fro for 6 minutes on a 10 meter marked level floor at their own walking pace in order to determine their actual 6 minute walk distance (6MWD). The actual 6MWD was compared with a predicted one in order to determine their ExC. Full blood count was used to evaluate haematological profiles. The data wereanalysed with Pearson product moment correlation and unpaired t test, at a level of significance of p<0.05 using SPSS version 20. Results showed that seventy (70) males (43.2%) and ninety two (92) females (56.8%) with mean age of 10.7±3.27 years took part in the study. The actual 6MWD was 366.20 m ± 59.88m (95%CI=356.91m - 375.49m) which was 59.17% of the predicted one. ExCcorrelated with each of White blood cell count (WBC)(r= - 0.22; p=0.005), Sex (r= - 0.27; p=0.001) and age (r=0.19; p=0.013). None of the participants experienced exercise-induced vaso-occlusive crisis during or immediately after the 6MWT.It was concluded that infection (signified by increased WBC count) and female gender have negative influence on ExC. 6MWT is safe to be performed by children with SCD.
Influence of physical activity level and body adiposity on lumbar multifidus muscle fat infiltration of low back pain individuals
Authors: Dambele, M.Y. , Yamsat N.A. , Raheem S. , Akindele M.O. 
Published: December 2021

The stability of the spinal column is largely dependent on the integrity of the spinal muscles, especially the multifidus muscle. However, this important role of the multifidus muscle might be compromised due to both mechanical and non-mechanical causes leading to change in its contents, fat deposition and reduction in the cross-sectional area. This study was carried out to determine the influence of physical activity level and body adiposity indices on lumbar multifidus muscle (LMM) fatty infiltration among individuals with low back pain (LBP). This was a cross-sectional study in which 94 participants, male and female samples with non-specific LBP were recruited conveniently and assessed for LMM fat infiltration, pain intensity, functional disability, physical activity and socio-demographic variables. There were positive and moderate correlations between LMM fatty infiltration body mass index (BMI) (r=0.575, p=0.001), waist circumference (WC) (r=0.514, p=0.001) and gender (r=0.409, p=0.001) for normally distributed data using Pearson moment correlation coefficient. For not normally distributed variables, LMM fatty infiltration was moderately and positively correlated with gender (r=0.422, p=0.001), %body fat (r=0.621, p=0.001), visceral fat (r=0.470, p=0.0001), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) (r=0.238, p=0.021) and visual analogue scale (VAS) (r=0.232, p=0.024) respectively. However, there was a weak negative correlation between LMM fatty infiltration and occupation (r=p=0.046). There were significant differences between male and female multifidus fat infiltration and body adiposity indices. There was a positive relationship between multifidus fatty infiltration and BMI, gender, %body fat, visceral mass, ODI and VAS, while we observed a negative relationship between lumbar multifidus fatty infiltration and occupation. Furthermore, the best correlate of lumbar multifidus % body fat.
Comparative bacteriological analysis of frozen and fresh chicken meats sold around old site Bayero University Kano
Authors: Abdu Habibu Usman , Abubakar Aisha Mustapha 
Published: December 2021

Foodborne pathogens are serious public healthproblems that greatly affect the cost of food production and healthcare while poultry are often associated with foodborne disease outbreaks. This study aimed at investigating the occurrence and distribution of bacterial pathogens associated with chicken meats sold around Bayero University, Kano old site. A total of twenty (20) meat samples comprised of 10 frozen and ten freshly slaughtered chicken were purchased from different selling outlets around the study area. The samples were processed using standard cultural and biochemical procedures. The results of the study showed the mean aerobic mesophilic bacterial count of 5.93 x 106 CFU/g and 3.12 x 106 CFU/g for frozen and freshly slaughtered chicken meat samples respectively. The coliform counts were 420.1 and 347.7 CFU/100g for frozen and freshly slaughtered chicken meat samples respectively. The distribution of different bacterial species revealed E. coli (26.0%), Klebsiella spp (4.0%), Salmonella spp (19.5%), Campylobacter spp. (14.6%) and Staphylococcus aureus (30%) in frozen chicken meat samples while freshly slaughtered chicken meat samples revealed E. coli (21.0%), Klebsiella spp (8.9%), Salmonella spp (30%), Campylobacter spp. (15.0%) and Staphylococcus aureus (24.0%). This showed that frozen chicken meats were more contaminated than freshly slaughtered chicken meats which might be associated with poor handling and storage conditions.
AN INVESTIGATION OF CZECH STUDENTS' PERCEPTIONS TOWARDS UK HIGHER EDUCATION – BENEFITS AND POST-BREXIT ISSUE
Authors: Domesova Karolina , Hussain Shahzeb , Khaneja Suyash 
Published: December 2021

This paper covers an insight on how EU students specifically ‘Czech students’ would behave after Brexit, i.e. how Brexit would affect their selection of the UK higher education. Further, this study also examines why Czech students would choose UK over other EU and English speaking countries. In particular, this study examines three objectives: (i) to examine why Czech students would choose the UK over other European countries, (ii) to examine what are the value-added features that UK higher education would provide to students from the Czech Republic, and (iii) to examine how Brexit would affect Czech students’ selection of the UK’s higher education. A qualitative study was conducted with students based in universities in North-East. The findings suggest that Czech students choose UK because of its language, global recognition, job prospects, work-based learning, innovative teaching methods, quality of teaching, less distance between UK and Czech Republic, culture, and international environment are some of the reasons to choose UK as destination. Further, they have suggested that coming UK was their and their families’ dream. They have also explained that after Brexit, UK would not be as attractive as the current time. They mentioned that limitations in students’ loans, financial help, internships, NHS facilities, increase in prices, racial abuses, and fees would be few of the reasons to stop them to choose UK for higher educations. Implications and limitations are discussed in the study.<p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0942/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>
DIFFICULTÉS DU DÉMARCHE EXPÉRIMENTALE EN ÉDUCATION SCIENTIFIQUE / DIFFICULTIES OF THE EXPERIMENTAL PROCESS IN SCIENTIFIC EDUCATION
Authors: Nertivich Dimitri 
Published: December 2021

<p>Cet article présente une série des réflexions et un exemple détaillé sur les difficultés du démarche expérimental dans de l’éducation scientifique. Après une discussion sur les obstacles et les difficultés qui s'opposent à l'appropriation de la démarche de la méthode expérimentale, ce travail touche la question de la démarche expérimentale pour la formation des ombres. Deux exemples typiques de situations d'enseignement sont utilisés et les difficultés tant au niveau conceptuel que procédural sont mises en évidence.</p><p> </p><p>This article presents a series of reflections and a detailed example of the difficulties of the experimental approach in scientific education. After a discussion on the obstacles and difficulties that stand in the way of appropriation of the experimental method approach, this work touches on the question of the experimental approach to the formation of shadows. Two typical examples of teaching situations are used and the difficulties at both the conceptual and procedural levels are highlighted.</p><p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0720/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>