bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rail Neutral Temperature Estimation Using Field Data, Numerical Models, and Machine Learning
Authors: Wu Yuning , Zhu Xuan , Huang Chi-Luen , Lee Sangmin , Dersch Marcus , Popovics John S. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Effective Rail Neutral Temperature (RNT) management is needed for continuous welded rail (CWR). RNT is the temperature at which the longitudinal stress of a rail is zero. Due to the lack of expansion joints, CWR develops internal tensile or compressive stresses when the rail temperature is below or above, respectively, the RNT. Mismanagement of RNT can lead to rail fracture or buckling when thermal stresses exceed the limits of rail steel. In this work, we propose an effective RNT estimation method structured around four hypotheses. The work leverages field-collected vibration test data, high-fidelity numerical models, and machine learning techniques. First, a contactless non-destructive and non-disruptive sensing technology was developed to collect real-world rail vibrational data. Second, the team established an instrumented field test site at a revenue-service line in the state of Illinois and performed multi-day data collection to cover a wide range of temperature and thermal stress levels. Third, numerical models were developed to understand and predict rail vibration behavior under the influence of temperature and longitudinal load. Excellent agreement between model and experimental results were obtained using an optimization approach. Finally, a supervised machine learning algorithm was developed to estimate RNT using the field-collected rail vibration data. Sensitivity studies and error analyses were included in this work. The system performance with field data indicates that the proposed framework can support reasonable RNT estimation accuracy when measurement or model noise is low.
Analysis of Third Rail Condition and Performance With a Data Acquisition Suite
Authors: Howe Trevor , Forman Keith , Frost Ryan 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Third rail systems must be properly maintained to ensure trouble-free reliability. With limited maintenance resources and track maintenance windows, much of third rail maintenance is reactive. Most would agree that fixing problems when they arise is no way to run a railroad. A properly configured and implemented third rail analysis system enables maintainers to adopt a targeted Preventive Maintenance (PM) approach to the third rail. By pinpointing potential problems, maintainers can focus their valuable resources on the most critical conditions and locations before service is affected. The relatively low price point for sensor and processing technology has fostered the development of cost-effective tools for the analysis of third rail systems. Multi-channel data acquisition devices allow for simultaneous capture of a dozen or more variables with total sampling rates in the GHz range. Superimposing this data on train position creates a detailed and precise system condition map. In addition to mapping third rail condition for PM activity, this technology can also be used to verify and correct system condition at commissioning, thereby establishing a baseline of system condition for future analysis. Data such as collector shoe impact, voltage variation, and current level is captured and can be compared with periodic analyses to identify trends in third rail condition.
This paper examines the configuration and use of a third rail analysis system for both legacy and greenfield applications. The author steps through system architecture, data analysis, and several case studies of how the data was used to identify and locate problems that compromised system reliability and efficiency. Modern power rail analysis technology offers significant benefits to installers and maintainers.
Burden of out-of-pocket payments among patients with cardiovascular disease in public and private hospitals in Ibadan, South West, Nigeria: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Adeniji Folashayo 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveGiven that the mechanism for financial protection is underdeveloped in Nigeria, out-of-pocket (OOP) payment for treating cardiovascular disease could impose substantial financial burden on individuals and their families. This study estimated the burden of OOP expenditures incurred by a cohort of patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) in Ibadan, Nigeria.Design and settingsThis study used a descriptive cross-sectional study design. A standardised survey questionnaire originally developed by Initiative for Cardiovascular Health Research in Developing Countries was used to electronically collect data from all the 744 patients with CVD who accessed healthcare between 4 November 2019 and 31 January 2020 in the cardiology departments of private and public hospitals in Ibadan, Nigeria. Baseline characteristics of respondents were presented using percentages and proportions. The OOP payments were reported as means±SDs. Costs/OOP payments were in Nigerian Naira (NGN). The average US dollar to NGN at the time of data collection was ₦362.12 per $1. All quantitative data were analysed using STATA V.15.Outcome measuresThe burden of outpatient, inpatient and rehabilitative care OOP payments.ResultsMajority of the patients with CVD were within the age range of 45–74 years and 68.55% of them were women. The diagnostic conditions reported among patients with CVD were hypertensive heart failure (84.01%), dilated cardiomyopathy (4.44%), ischaemic heart disease (3.9%) and anaemic heart failure (2.15%). Across all the hospital facilities, the annual direct and indirect outpatient costs were ₦421 595.7±₦855 962.0 ($1164.2±$2363.8) and ₦19 146.5±₦53 610.1 ($52.87±$148.05). Similarly, the average direct and indirect OOP payments per hospitalisation across all facilities were ₦182 302.4±₦249 090.4 ($503.43±$687.87) and ₦14 700.8±₦ 69 297.1 ($40.60±$191.37), respectively. The average rehabilitative cost after discharge from index hospitalisation was ₦30 012.0 ($82.88).ConclusionThe burden of OOP payment among patients with CVD is enormous. There is a need to increase efforts to achieve universal health coverage in Nigeria.
Exploring the frequency, duration and experience of seclusion for women in a forensic mental health setting: a mixed-methods study protocol
Authors: Hansen Alison Claire , Hazelton Michael , Rosina Robyn , Inder Kerry J 
Published: June 2021

IntroductionSeclusion use is high in forensic mental health settings and is associated with avoidable physical and psychological harm. The use of seclusion causes significant distress and trauma for those secluded and women in these settings are particularly vulnerable. This study protocol aims to identify factors associated with the use of seclusion and the experience of seclusion for women in forensic mental health settings.Methods and analysisThis study will use a prospective mixed-methods design. Quantitative data on the frequency and duration of seclusion and potential explanatory demographic and clinical variables will be collected prospectively from consecutive medical records of women admitted to a forensic mental health service over a 2-year period. Data will be analysed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression techniques. Qualitative data will be collected from individual face-to-face semistructured interviews with women who have experienced seclusion about the reason for seclusion, whether they agreed with the reason for seclusion, their experience of the seclusion event and the seclusion environment and support provided while in seclusion using qualitative description methods. Data will be analysed using thematic analysis.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval has been granted by the University of Newcastle Human Research Ethics Committee (H-2019–0122) and organisational support granted from the participating forensic mental health service. Participation will be voluntary and written informed consent is required. Results will be disseminated via the first author’s doctoral thesis, in peer-reviewed journals and at conferences. Results will inform recommendations for policy, and evidence for timely and specific interventions to support the reduction of seclusion for women in forensic mental health settings.
Longitudinal cohorts for harnessing the electronic health record for disease prediction in a US population
Authors: Manemann Sheila M , St Sauver Jennifer L , Liu Hongfang , Larson Nicholas B , Moon Sungrim , Takahashi Paul Y , Olson Janet E , Rocca Walter A , Miller Virginia M , Therneau Terry M , Ngufor Che G , Roger Veronique L , Zhao Yiqing , Decker Paul A , Killian Jill M , Bielinski Suzette J 
Published: June 2021

PurposeThe depth and breadth of clinical data within electronic health record (EHR) systems paired with innovative machine learning methods can be leveraged to identify novel risk factors for complex diseases. However, analysing the EHR is challenging due to complexity and quality of the data. Therefore, we developed large electronic population-based cohorts with comprehensive harmonised and processed EHR data.ParticipantsAll individuals 30 years of age or older who resided in Olmsted County, Minnesota on 1 January 2006 were identified for the discovery cohort. Algorithms to define a variety of patient characteristics were developed and validated, thus building a comprehensive risk profile for each patient. Patients are followed for incident diseases and ageing-related outcomes. Using the same methods, an independent validation cohort was assembled by identifying all individuals 30 years of age or older who resided in the largely rural 26-county area of southern Minnesota and western Wisconsin on 1 January 2013.Findings to dateFor the discovery cohort, 76 255 individuals (median age 49; 53% women) were identified from which a total of 9 644 221 laboratory results; 9 513 840 diagnosis codes; 10 924 291 procedure codes; 1 277 231 outpatient drug prescriptions; 966 136 heart rate measurements and 1 159 836 blood pressure (BP) measurements were retrieved during the baseline time period. The most prevalent conditions in this cohort were hyperlipidaemia, hypertension and arthritis. For the validation cohort, 333 460 individuals (median age 54; 52% women) were identified and to date, a total of 19 926 750 diagnosis codes, 10 527 444 heart rate measurements and 7 356 344 BP measurements were retrieved during baseline.Future plansUsing advanced machine learning approaches, these electronic cohorts will be used to identify novel sex-specific risk factors for complex diseases. These approaches will allow us to address several challenges with the use of EHR.
Effects of a modified muscle sparing posterior technique in hip hemiarthroplasty for displaced intracapsular fractures on postoperative function compared to a standard lateral approach (HemiSPAIRE): protocol for a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Price Anna , Ball Susan , Rhodes Shelley , Wickins Robert , Gordon Elizabeth , Aylward Alex , Cockcroft Emma , Morgan-Trimmer Sarah , Powell Roy , Timperley John , Charity John 
Published: June 2021

IntroductionCurrently National Institute for Health and Care Excellence clinical guidelines in the UK suggest that surgeons performing partial hip replacements (hemiarthroplasty) should consider using the lateral approach. Alternatively, a newer, modified posterior approach using a muscle sparing technique named ‘Save Piriformis and Internus, Repairing Externus’ (SPAIRE) can be used leaving the major muscles intact. This randomised controlled trial (RCT) aims to compare the SPAIRE approach to the standard lateral approach, to determine if it allows patients to mobilise better and experience improved function after surgery.Methods and analysisHemiSPAIRE is a two-arm, assessor-blinded, definitive pragmatic RCT with nested pilot and qualitative studies. Two hundred and twenty-eight participants with displaced intracapsular fractures requiring hip hemiarthroplasty will be individually randomised 1:1 to either the SPAIRE, or control (standard lateral approach) surgical procedure. Outcomes will be assessed at postoperative day 3 (POD3) and 120 (POD120). The primary outcome measure will be level of function and mobility using the Oxford Hip Score at POD120. Secondary outcomes include: De Morton Mobility Index (DEMMI), Cumulated Ambulatory Score and Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) at POD3; DEMMI, NPRS and EQ-5D-5L at POD120, complications, acute and total length of hospital stay, and mortality. Primary analysis will be on an intention-to-treat basis. Participant experiences of the impact of surgery and recovery period will be examined via up to 20 semi-structured telephone interviews.Ethics and disseminationThe protocol has been approved by Yorkshire and the Humber—Bradford Leeds Research Ethics Committee. Recruitment commenced in November 2019. Findings will be disseminated via research articles in peer-reviewed journals, presentations at conferences, public involvement events, patient groups and media releases. A summary of the trial findings will be shared with participants at the end of the study.Trial registration numberNCT04095611.
Role of systems science in preventing and controlling emerging infectious diseases: protocol for a scoping review
Authors: Mansouri Mariam Abdulmonem , Kee Frank , Garcia Leandro , Bradley Declan T 
Published: June 2021

IntroductionIn recent history, many new infectious diseases have affected humans for the first time or have appeared in previously unaffected areas of the world; these diseases are known as emerging infectious diseases (EIDs). Examples of EIDs include COVID-19, Middle East respiratory syndrome and Ebola virus disease. EIDs are known for their complexity. Multiple factors play a role in their spread, including increases in human population, conflicts, urbanisation, air travel, global trade and inequalities in wealth distribution and access to healthcare. In order to gain a better understanding of such complexity, we aim to explore the role of systems science, which allows us to view EIDs in the context of complex adaptive systems rather than simple causes and effects. The objectives of this scoping review are to explore and map the theoretical concepts and key characteristics of studies that use systems methods in controlling EIDs, to identify the gaps in knowledge and disseminate the results.MethodsWe will follow the Joanna Briggs Institute guidance for this scoping review, comprising the following stages: formulating the research question and subquestions, scanning the literature for available data, selecting relevant publications, charting the data by two independent reviewers, aggregating the findings, reporting, summarising and disseminating the results. We will review peer-reviewed articles, preprints and grey literature available in all languages.DiscussionWe intend that this scoping review will contribute to a better understanding of the use of systems methods to inform policymakers about how to prevent and control EIDs.Ethics and disseminationResearch ethics approval is not required for a scoping review because it is based on reviewing and collecting data from publicly available sources. To disseminate the findings, results will be shared through academic publications, seminars and conferences.
Bidirectional association between migraine and rheumatoid arthritis: two longitudinal follow-up studies with a national sample cohort
Authors: Kim Yoo Hwan , Lee Jung Woo , Kim Yerim , Bae Jong Seok , Kim Yeo Jin , Min Chanyang , Choi Hyo Geun 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveTo investigate the bidirectional association between migraine and rheumatoid arthritis (RA).DesignTwo longitudinal follow-up studies.SettingData collected from a national cohort between 2002 and 2013 by the Korean National Health Insurance Service-Health Screening Cohort.ParticipantsIn cohort 1, matching resulted in the inclusion of 31 589 migraine patients and 126 356 control I participants. In cohort 2, matching resulted in the inclusion of 9287 RA patients and 37 148 control II participants.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe HRs for RA in patients with migraine (cohort 1) and migraine in patients with RA (cohort 2) were analysed using stratified Cox proportional hazard models after adjusting for autoimmune disease, Charlson Comorbidity Index scores without rheumatoid diseases, obesity (body mass index), smoking and history of alcohol intake. Subgroup analyses stratified by age, sex, income and region of residence were also performed.ResultsThe incidence of RA in the migraine group (2.0% (640/31 589)) was higher than that in the control I group (1.4% (1709/126 356), p<0.001). The adjusted HR for RA in the migraine without aura group was 1.48 (95% CIs=1.34 to 1.63, p<0.001).The incidence of migraine in the RA group (6.4% (590/9287)) was higher than that in the control II group (4.6% (1721/37 148), p<0.001). The adjusted HR for migraine without aura in the RA group was 1.35 (95% CI=1.23 to 1.49, p<0.001).ConclusionMigraine increases the risk of RA, and RA is also associated with an increased risk of migraine.
Which ethical values underpin England’s National Health Service reset of paediatric and maternity services following COVID-19: a rapid review
Authors: Chiumento Anna , Baines Paul , Redhead Caroline , Fovargue Sara , Draper Heather , Frith Lucy 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveTo identify ethical values guiding decision making in resetting non-COVID-19 paediatric surgery and maternity services in the National Health Service (NHS).DesignA rapid review of academic and grey literature sources from 29 April to 31 December 2020, covering non-urgent, non-COVID-19 healthcare. Sources were thematically synthesised against an adapted version of the UK Government’s Pandemic Flu Ethical Framework to identify underpinning ethical principles. The strength of normative engagement and the quality of the sources were also assessed.SettingNHS maternity and paediatric surgery services in England.ResultsSearches conducted 8 September–12 October 2020, and updated in March 2021, identified 48 sources meeting the inclusion criteria. Themes that arose include: staff safety; collaborative working – including mutual dependencies across the healthcare system; reciprocity; and inclusivity in service recovery, for example, by addressing inequalities in service access. Embedded in the theme of staff and patient safety is embracing new ways of working, such as the rapid roll out of telemedicine. On assessment, many sources did not explicitly consider how ethical principles might be applied or balanced against one another. Weaknesses in the policy sources included a lack of public and user involvement and the absence of monitoring and evaluation criteria.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that relationality is a prominent ethical principle informing resetting NHS non-COVID-19 paediatric surgery and maternity services. Sources explicitly highlight the ethical importance of seeking to minimise disruption to caring and dependent relationships, while simultaneously attending to public safety. Engagement with ethical principles was ethics-lite, with sources mentioning principles in passing rather than explicitly applying them. This leaves decision makers and healthcare professionals without an operationalisable ethical framework to apply to difficult reset decisions and risks inconsistencies in decision making. We recommend further research to confirm or refine the usefulness of the reset phase ethical framework developed through our analysis.
Seroprevalence study of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in healthcare workers following the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in a tertiary-level hospital in the south of Ireland
Authors: Faller Eamonn , Wyse Adrianne , Barry Rachel , Conlon Kevin , Everard Cormac , Finnegan Paula , Foran Claire , Herlihy Emer , Kerr Gerry , Lapthorne Susan , McGreal-Bellone Aimee , Morrissey Edmond , O’Sullivan Deirdre , O’Sullivan Grainne , Eustace Joseph A , Spillane Declan , Dempsey Catherine , Benson John , Prentice Mike , Gallagher John , MacSharry John , Fanning Liam J , O’Riordan Stephen , Horgan Mary , Sadlier Corinna 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveThis study investigated seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG antibodies, using the Abbott antinucleocapsid IgG chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA) assay, in five prespecified healthcare worker (HCW) subgroups following the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic.SettingAn 800-bed tertiary-level teaching hospital in the south of Ireland.ParticipantsSerum was collected for anti-SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid IgG using the Abbott ARCHITECT SARS-CoV-2 IgG CMIA qualitative assay, as per the manufacturer’s specifications.The groups were as follows: (1) HCWs who had real-time PCR (RT-PCR) confirmed COVID-19 infection (>1-month postpositive RT-PCR); (2) HCWs identified as close contacts of persons with COVID-19 infection and who subsequently developed symptoms (virus not detected by RT-PCR on oropharyngeal/nasopharyngeal swab); (3) HCWs identified as close contacts of COVID-19 cases and who remained asymptomatic (not screened by RT-PCR); (4) HCWs not included in the aforementioned groups working in areas determined as high-risk clinical areas; and (5) HCWs not included in the aforementioned groups working in areas determined as low-risk clinical areas.ResultsSix of 404 (1.49%) HCWs not previously diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection (groups 2–5) were seropositive for SARS-CoV-2 at the time of recruitment into the study.Out of the 99 participants in group 1, 72 had detectable IgG to SARS-CoV-2 on laboratory testing (73%). Antibody positivity correlated with shorter length of time between RT-PCR positivity and antibody testing.Quantification cycle value on RT-PCR was not found to be correlated with antibody positivity.ConclusionsSeroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in HCWs who had not previously tested RT-PCR positive for COVID-19 was low compared with similar studies.
Clinical spectrum of paediatric and adult eosinophilic oesophagitis in the North East of England from 2016 to 2019
Authors: Shillitoe Ben , Lee Ji Ching , Hussien Mohammed , Beintaris Iosif , Stothard Mark , Johnston Matthew , Dallal Helen Jane , Michaelis Louise J , Attwood Stephen , Dhar Anjan 
Published: June 2021

Background and study aimsEosinophilic oesophagitis (EoE) is a common disease with a significant impact on physical health and quality of life (QoL). Outcomes and management vary widely, with no agreed UK national guideline. This paper aims to describe an up-to-date description of demographics, clinical spectrum and outcomes for paediatric and adult patients with EoE from the North East of England between 2016 and 2019.Patients and methodsPatients from two large University Hospitals and the specialist paediatric hospital for the North East of England with histologically or clinically confirmed EoE were included in this analysis. Data were collected retrospectively via electronic patient records. Remission was defined as either the resolution of symptoms or improvement on histology.ResultsData were collected on 74 paediatric and 59 adult patients. Dysphagia was the most common presenting symptom in both groups, accounting for 51%–84% of all presentations. Proton pump inhibitors and dietary manipulation were the most common therapies associated with remission in children (95% of those achieving remission), whereas the use of swallowed topical steroids was more prevalent in the treatment of adults (55% achieving remission).ConclusionsEoE is a complex disease and poses significant challenges. Outcomes vary widely and need to be tailored to individual patient groups. Dietary manipulation plays a major role in treatment for EoE, but this is likely to be challenging for patients, especially children. Future work should continue to assess the outcomes in EoE, including on QoL and potential novel targeted therapies.