bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rate of Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis in Ovarian Teratomas
Authors: Li Jennifer H. , Milla Sarah S. , Gombolay Grace Y. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Background The rate of anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis (NMDARE) in ovarian teratomas is unknown. We aim to identify the prevalence of NMDARE as well as volumetric and histopathologic characteristics of ovarian teratomas in patients with versus without.
Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study to identify patients with confirmed ovarian teratomas and the characteristics of teratomas in NMDARE compared with non-NMDARE patients. Patients aged between 0 and 21 years with confirmed histopathological diagnosis of ovarian teratoma after resection were included. The rate of NMDARE in ovarian teratomas was identified. Moreover, volumes of ovarian teratomas and the frequency of neuronal glial elements on histopathology in NMDARE versus non-NMDARE patients were assessed.
Results Five out of one-hundred-and-sixty-three (3.07%) patients with histopathology confirmed ovarian teratomas were diagnosed with NMDARE. Age was not different between the NMDARE (mean: 13.8 years, standard deviation: 3.9) and non-NMDARE groups (median: 14, interquartile range [IQR]: 5). Teratoma volumes from NMDARE patients were smaller than those of non-NMDARE patients (median 28.3 cm3 with IQR of 431.2 and median 182.8 with IQR of 635.0, respectively). Both age and NMDARE diagnosis were statistically significant variables in the analysis of variance on a multiple linear regression model. Age (p = 0.013) had a positive correlation with teratoma size, whereas presence of NMDARE had a negative correlation (p = 0.008).
Conclusion The rate of NMDARE in ovarian teratomas is low and NMDARE patients have smaller teratomas than non-NMDARE. Further studies are needed to understand the timing of anti-NMDA receptor antibodies in teratomas and the development of NMDARE.
Local dendritic balance enables learning of efficient representations in networks of spiking neurons
Authors: Mikulasch Fabian A. , Rudelt Lucas , Priesemann Viola 
Published: December 2021

Significance
Neurons have to represent an enormous amount of sensory information. To represent this information efficiently, neurons have to adapt their connections to the sensory inputs. An unresolved problem is how this learning is possible when neurons fire in a correlated way. Yet, these correlations are ubiquitous in neural spiking, either because sensory input shows correlations or because perfect decorrelation of neural spiking through inhibition fails due to physiological transmission delays. We derived from first principles that neurons can, nonetheless, learn efficient representations if inhibition modulates synaptic plasticity in individual dendritic compartments. Our work questions pairwise Hebbian plasticity as a paradigm for representation learning and draws a link between representation learning and a dendritic balance of input currents.
Preventing extreme polarization of political attitudes
Authors: Axelrod Robert , Daymude Joshua J. , Forrest Stephanie 
Published: December 2021

Significance
Democracies require compromise. But compromise becomes almost impossible when voters are divided into diametrically opposed camps. The danger is that intolerance will grow, democratic norms will be undermined, and winners will be reluctant to let the losers ever regain power. To better understand how polarization can be prevented, or at least slowed, we developed a simple model in which people tend to be exposed to and attracted by views similar to their own, but are repulsed by views that are too dissimilar. The policy implications are described in terms of level of tolerance to other views, responsiveness to other views, exposure to dissimilar views, multiple ideological dimensions, economic self-interest, and external shocks.
Link recommendation algorithms and dynamics of polarization in online social networks
Authors: Santos Fernando P. , Lelkes Yphtach , Levin Simon A. 
Published: December 2021

Significance
Polarization is rising while political debates are moving to online social platforms. In such settings, algorithms are used to recommend new connections to users, through so-called link recommendation algorithms. Users are often recommended based on structural similarity (e.g., nodes sharing many neighbors are similar). We show that preferentially establishing links with structurally similar nodes potentiates opinion polarization by stimulating network topologies with well-defined communities (even in the absence of opinion-based rewiring). When networks are composed of nodes that react differently to out-group contacts—either converging or polarizing—connecting structurally dissimilar nodes enhances moderate opinions. Our study sheds light on the impacts of social-network algorithms in opinion dynamics and unveils avenues to steer polarization in online social networks.
The microdynamics of spatial polarization: A model and an application to survey data from Ukraine
Authors: Chu Olivia J. , Donges Jonathan F. , Robertson Graeme B. , Pop-Eleches Grigore 
Published: December 2021

SignificanceWe advance our understanding of changes in polarization over time and across space by highlighting how the nature and structure of social interactions shape changes in attitudinal polarization. We show how including geographical information in adaptive voter models improves their predictive accuracy for both individual-level attitude change and for aggregate patterns of spatial polarization. By applying the model to panel survey data from Ukraine, we address the dearth of empirical applications with real-world data in the agent-based modeling literature. This article also demonstrates the importance of a key mechanism underlying earlier findings about the importance of local effects in shaping individual attitudes, namely the role of political discussion in locally rooted networks.
A single intranasal dose of a live-attenuated parainfluenza virus-vectored SARS-CoV-2 vaccine is protective in hamsters
Authors: Liu Xueqiao , Luongo Cindy , Matsuoka Yumiko , Park Hong-Su , Santos Celia , Yang Lijuan , Moore Ian N. , Afroz Sharmin , Johnson Reed F. , Lafont Bernard A. P. , Martens Craig , Best Sonja M. , Munster Vincent J. , Hollý Jaroslav , Yewdell Jonathan W. , Le Nouën Cyril , Munir Shirin , Buchholz Ursula J. 
Published: December 2021

Significance
Pediatric SARS-CoV-2 infections, though generally mild, are associated with substantial morbidity and contribute to transmission dynamics. No SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are available for young children. Bovine/human parainfluenza virus 3 (B/HPIV3) vectors for intranasal immunization of children were evaluated previously in phase 1/2 studies and were well-tolerated in children as young as 2 mo of age. This manuscript describes a B/HPIV3 vector expressing a prefusion-stabilized version of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein (S-2P), and shows that a single intranasal dose is highly immunogenic and protective against SARS-CoV-2 challenge in the hamster model, the most robust SARS-CoV-2 challenge model available. Based on these results, B/HPIV3/S-2P represents a promising vaccine candidate for clinical evaluation as a pediatric vaccine for intranasal immunization against HPIV3 and SARS-CoV-2.
Contrastive grammar in the Renaissance
Authors: Van Rooy Raf 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This paper focuses on how Jean Pillot, author of the most popular French grammar of the sixteenth century in terms
of editions, took efforts to contrast his native language with Greek. His Gallicæ linguæ institutio (1550/1561),
although written in Latin, contains numerous passages where Pillot subtly confronted French with Greek, surveyed in Section 2, in order to give his audience of educated German speakers a clearer view of the
idiosyncrasies of French. In Section 3, I analyze why he preferred Greek to the other
languages he knew in quite a number of cases, arguing that this subtle contrastive endeavor bore an indirect pedagogical and
ideological load. Section 4 discusses the terminological means Pillot used to confront Greek
with French, and their origins. In Section 5, I frame Pillot’s appropriation of Greek grammar
in the long history of contrastive language studies, with special reference to the pivotal role of sixteenth-century linguistic
analysis.
Climate change and Lyme disease.
Authors: Cox Peter , Huntingford Chris , Sparey Morgan , Nuttall Pat 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

This chapter examines the key climatic driving factors for changes in the incidence of Lyme disease and explores how these depend on the level of global warming. It aims to provide some context for the more detailed expert opinions in this book as well as to show how the key climatic driving factors for Lyme disease relate to the Paris targets for climate stabilization. Section 3.1.2 summarizes some of the key findings in the literature concerning the sensitivity of Ixodes life cycles to climate. Section 3.1.3 offers a very brief summary of anthropogenic climate change and climate change projections. Section 3.1.4 tentatively suggests some simple climate thresholds that are broadly consistent with the current global pattern of Lyme disease hotspots. Lastly, Section 3.2 explores the implications for the distribution of Lyme disease under the 2°C limit of the Paris climate agreement.
Possible direct and human-mediated impact of climate change on tick populations in Turkey.
Authors: Kar Sırrı , Keles Aysen Gargili 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

This chapter provides an introduction on the basic geographical, ecological and climate characteristics of Turkey as well as general information (such as host, life cycle) on the tick fauna in the country. It also discusses the possible direct and human-mediated impact of climatic change on the biology, ecology, behaviour and prevalence of tick populations in Turkey, with emphasis on Hyalomma marginatum, H. rufipes, H. aegyptium, H. excavatum, H. anatolicum, H. scupense, Boophilus (Rhipicephalus) annulatus, Rhipicephalus turanicus, R. sanguineus, R. bursaIxodes, Ixodes ricinus, Haemaphysalis spp. and Dermacentor spp.
Distribution, seasonal occurrence and biological characteristics of Haemaphysalis longicornis, a vector of bovine piroplasmosis in Japan.
Authors: Umemiya-Shirafuji Rika 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

This expert opinion focuses on the distribution and seasonal occurrence of Haemaphysalis longicornis and H.longicornis-transmitted protozoan parasites in Japan, and describes expected changes in the distribution areas and biological characteristics of this tick, as a vector, due to climate change.
Climate and other global factors at the zoonotic interface in America: influence on diseases caused by tick-borne pathogens.
Authors: Munderloh Ulrike , Kurtti Timothy 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

This expert opinion discusses evidence for global change (including rapid human population growth) and climate change impacts on the distribution and abundance of ticks on human and animal hosts as well as the prevalence and intensity of tick-borne diseases at the zoonotic interface in America.
Microclimatic conditions and RNA viruses in ticks.
Authors: Huang Yan-Jang , Higgs Stephen , Vanlandingham Dana 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

This expert opinion focuses on the quantities of infectious viruses secreted in the saliva of infected ticks under different microclimatic conditions and how this information is critical for assessing the transmission efficiency from infected ticks to vertebrate hosts. It also highlights the impact of constantly changing ecological conditions on both tick-borne arboviruses and ticks.
Climate, ticks and tick-borne encephalitis in Central Europe.
Authors: Danielová Vlasta , Daniel Milan 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a serious human disease of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by the European subtype of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) - genus Flavivirus of the family Flaviviridae - in the European area of its distribution. Its major vector is the tick, Ixodes ricinus. This expert opinion discusses the ecology of I. ricinus and the epidemiology of TBE in relation to changing climate in Central Europe.
Climate change and debilitating symptom complexes attributed to ticks in Australia.
Authors: Dehhaghi Mona , Panahi Hamed Kazemi Shariat , Schloeffel Richard , Hudson Bernard , Ruiwen Benjamin , Guillemin Gilles 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

This expert opinion focuses on the impact of global warming and climate change on the spread and distribution of Australian ticks and the prevalence and intensity of associated human diseases.
Ornithodoros tick vectors and African swine fever virus.
Authors: Bastos Armanda , Boinas Fernando 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

African swine fever (ASF) virus, currently the only recognized DNA arbovirus, is the causative agent of a highly virulent and frequently lethal haemorrhagic fever of pigs and wild boar. The virus is readily transmitted between infected Sus scrofa (wild and domestic), as well as through ingestion of infected pork, fomites and some haematophagous vectors. Although several arthropod species have been evaluated for virus competence, argasids (soft ticks) of the genus Ornithodoros are the only known invertebrates that are reservoirs of the virus. This chapter provides information on ASF virus infection status and vector competence of Ornithodoros tick populations in Africa.
Ticks and tick-borne pathogens in the Caribbean region in the context of climate change.
Authors: Alvarez Dasiel Obregón , Charles Roxanne Albertha , Estrada-Peña Agustín 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

This expert opinion refers to the most important ticks and tick-borne pathogens in the Caribbean and how global warming and climate change may influence their distribution in the next decades.
Relationship between self‐reported and objectively measured physical fitness in young men and women
Authors: Aandstad Anders 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACTSelf‐reported physical fitness has advantages in cost and time over objective methods, but previous studies demonstrate equivocal conclusions regarding validity. Methods for self‐reporting are usually based on subjective judgements, while another approach includes performing field tests at home. The Norwegian military relies on the latter method for conscript selection, but its validity is unknown and should be investigated. In total 14,166 young men and women were included in the study. During conscript selection step one, the subjects were requested to perform 3,000 m run, push‐up, pull‐up and standing long jump tests at home, and report the results online (“self‐reported measurements”). Step two took place at a conscript selection centre 1–18 months later. Here, the subjects completed a maximal treadmill test, seated medicine ball throw, pull‐up and standing long jump tests (“objective measurements”). The results demonstrated correlation coefficients from 0.29 to 0.82 (P < 0.05) for self‐reported vs. objective measurements, with the highest association found for self‐reported and objectively measured pull‐ups. Kappa values ranged from 0.05 to 0.34 (P < 0.05), with pull‐ups demonstrating the highest agreement. More women than men over‐reported their physical fitness. Among men and women indicating similar self‐reported fitness, men's objective fitness was higher for all objective tests (effect sizes from 0.5 to 3.0). In conclusion, large variations in correlation coefficients were observed between self‐reported and objectively measured physical fitness, while the kappa values indicated poor to fair agreement. The finding that more women than men over‐reported their fitness level contradicts most previous studies.Highlights
Low, moderate, and high correlations, and poor to fair agreements (kappa values), were observed between self‐reported and objectively measured endurance and muscle strength variables.
More women than men overreported their actual fitness level.
Self‐reported fitness based on performing field tests at home may be a feasible alternative to traditional methods which rely on self‐perceived fitness.
Accessible, large-area, uniform dose photolithography using a moving light source
Authors: Kaltashov Alexander , Parameshwar Prabu Karthick , Lin Nicholas , Moraes Christopher 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Photolithography is an essential microfabrication process in which ultraviolet (UV) light is projected through a mask to selectively expose and pattern a light-sensitive photoresist. Conventional photolithography devices are based on a stationary UV lamp and require carefully-designed optics to ensure that a uniform exposure dose is provided across the substrate being patterned. Access to such systems is typically limited to certain labs with domain-specific expertise and sufficient resources. The emergence of light emitting diode (LED)-based UV technologies has provided improved access to the necessary light sources, but issues with uniformity and limited exposure sizes still remain. In this work, we explore the use of a moving light source (MOLIS) for large-area lithography applications, in which the light source path speed, elevation, and movement pattern can be used to smooth out any spatial variations in source light intensity profiles, and deliver a defined and uniform cumulative UV exposure dose to a photoresist-coated substrate. By repurposing a 3D printer and UV-LED flashlight, we constructed an inexpensive MOLIS platform, simulated and verified the parameters needed to produce a uniform UV dose exposure, and demonstrate this approach for SU-8 microfabrication of features with dimensions relevant to many areas in biomedical engineering. The ready accessibility and inexpensive nature of this approach may be of considerable value to small laboratories interested in occasional and low-throughput prototype microfabrication applications.
Underwater shock wave induced by pulsed discharge on water
Authors: Furusato Tomohiro , Sasaki Mitsuru , Matsuda Yoshinobu , Yamashita Takahiko 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Plasmas on liquids have provided significant applications in material, environmental, and biological sciences. The mechanisms of these chemical reactions in liquids have been primarily described by the plasma–liquid interactions and convection by an electrohydrodynamic flow. Although shock waves play a significant role in radical formation, agitation and cell destruction, not much information is available on underwater shock waves induced by the surface discharge on water. In this study, an underwater shock wave generated by the pulsed surface discharge on water using the laser shadowgraph method has been demonstrated. The results reveal that the shock wave generated by the discharge on water was transmitted into the water. The mean velocity of the shock wave reached 1.7 km s−1. The results indicate that the surface discharge accelerates the reaction in the water by the combined action of the underwater shock wave and the plasma reaction at the air–water interface. The results are expected to aid in the understanding the mechanisms of existing applications, such as decomposition, synthesis, and sterilization.
Desorption induced formation of low-density GaN quantum dots: nanoscale correlation of structural and optical properties
Authors: Schürmann H , Schmidt G , Bertram F , Berger C , Metzner S , Veit P , Dadgar A , Strittmatter A , Christen J 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We report on the formation process of GaN/AlN quantum dots (QDs) which arises after the deposition of 1–2 monolayers of GaN on an AlN/sapphire template followed by a distinct growth interruption (GRI). The influence of the duration of a GRI on the structural and optical properties of the GaN layer has been systematically investigated. QDs develop from initially bulky GaN islands, which nucleate in close vicinity to bundles of threading dislocations (TDs). For prolonged GRIs, a decreasing island size is observed which is consistent with a systematic blue shift of the emission wavelength. In addition, fragmentation of the bulky GaN islands into several smaller islands occurs, strongly dependent on local strain fields caused by TDs as well as on the different facet orientation of the islands. This morphological transition during GRI eventually leads to GaN QD formation, which assemble as clusters with a density of 108 cm−2. Desorption of GaN is identified as the major source for this morphological transition. The GRI time allows for tuning of the QD emission wavelength in the ultraviolet spectral range.
Influence of C=O groups on the optical extinction coefficient of graphene exfoliated in liquid phase
Authors: Rico J , Castaño-Soto M , Lopez-Arango N , Hernandez Y 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Liquid phase exfoliation of graphite is currently one of the most promising graphene production methods at large scale. For this reason, an accurate calculation of the concentration in graphene dispersions is important for standardization and commercialization. Here, graphene dispersions, at high concentrations, were produced by electrochemical exfoliation. Furthermore, a cleaner methodology to obtain graphene oxide by electrochemical exfoliation at high acid concentrations was implemented. The absorption coefficient for graphene and graphene oxide was determined in the optical range (α
660 nm = 1414 (±3%) ml mg−1 m−1 and α
660 nm = 648 (±7%) ml mg−1 m−1, respectively) with an exponential dependence with the wavelength. The difference in α for both materials is attributed to an increased presence of C=O groups as evidenced by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV–vis and Raman spectroscopy, as well as, in the calculation of the optical extinction coefficient and optical band-gap via Tauc-plots.