bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Racial bias and DUI enforcement: Comparing conviction rates with frequency of behavior
Authors: Kagawa Rose M.C. , McCort Christopher D. , Schleimer Julia , Pear Veronica A. , Charbonneau Amanda , Buggs Shani A.L. , Wintemute Garen J. , Laqueur Hannah S. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractResearch summaryThis study estimates disparities in driving under the influence (DUI) convictions relative to the frequency with which racial/ethnic groups engage in alcohol‐impaired driving. We use had‐been‐drinking crashes and self‐reported alcohol‐impaired driving to approximate alcohol‐impaired driving frequency for racial/ethnic groups in California from 2001 to 2016. DUI conviction and had‐been‐drinking crash data are from a sample of 72,368 California men aged 21–49 in 2001. Self‐reported alcohol‐impaired driving rates are from male Californians who responded to the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Relative to race/ethnicity‐specific estimated rates of engaging in alcohol‐impaired driving, Latino/Hispanic men had higher rates of DUI conviction than White men. This suggests racial bias plays a role in DUI convictions, with White men experiencing a lower probability of conviction than Latino/Hispanic men who engage in similar behavior.Policy implicationsThese findings suggest actions aimed at reducing individual and structural biases could lead to more equitable DUI conviction rates. Such actions could include limiting discretion at each level of the criminal justice system, for example, by providing prescriptive guidance to officers on when to stop drivers or using local had‐been‐drinking crash rates to determine sobriety checkpoint and saturation patrol locations.
Towards a more inclusive human resource community: Engaging ethnic minority microbusinesses in human resource development programmes targeted at more productive methods of operating
Authors: Ram Monder , McCarthy Imelda , Green Anne , Scully Judy 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe economic and social importance of ethnic minority microbusinesses (‘EMMBs’ with 1–9 employees) is neglected in human resource (HR) academic and policy discourse on productive ways of working. This article presents an action research approach to show how academics and intermediaries (local trusted industry representatives) can collaborate to promote HR development programmes targeted at more productive methods of operating in EMMBs. Our research collaboration involves academics, EMMBs (from the catering and creative sectors) and intermediaries. We develop perspectives on HR in small firms by showing how EMMBs can be engaged in initiatives of learning and development targeted at organisational change. The study contributes to recent calls for a more inclusive approach to HR theorising and practice.
Refining the evolutionary time machine: An assessment of whole genome amplification using single historical Daphnia eggs
Authors: O’Grady Christopher James , Dhandapani Vignesh , Colbourne John K. , Frisch Dagmar 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWhole genome sequencing is instrumental for the study of genome variation in natural populations, delivering important knowledge on genomic modifications and potential targets of natural selection at the population level. Large dormant eggbanks of aquatic invertebrates such as the keystone herbivore Daphnia, a microcrustacean widespread in freshwater ecosystems, provide detailed sedimentary archives to study genomic processes over centuries. To overcome the problem of limited DNA amounts in single Daphnia dormant eggs, we developed an optimized workflow for whole genome amplification (WGA), yielding sufficient amounts of DNA for downstream whole genome sequencing of individual historical eggs, including polyploid lineages. We compare two WGA kits, applied to recently produced Daphnia magna dormant eggs from laboratory cultures, and to historical dormant eggs of Daphnia pulicaria collected from Arctic lake sediment between 10 and 300 years old. Resulting genome coverage breadth in most samples was ~70%, including those from >100‐year‐old isolates. Sequence read distribution was highly correlated among samples amplified with the same kit, but less correlated between kits. Despite this, a high percentage of genomic positions with single nucleotide polymorphisms in one or more samples (maximum of 74% between kits, and 97% within kits) were recovered at a depth required for genotyping. As a by‐product of sequencing we obtained 100% coverage of the mitochondrial genomes even from the oldest isolates (~300 years). The mitochondrial DNA provides an additional source for evolutionary studies of these populations. We provide an optimized workflow for WGA followed by whole genome sequencing including steps to minimize exogenous DNA.
Trajectory mapping of primary Sjögren's syndrome via transcriptome learning demonstrates limitations of peripheral blood sequencing
Authors: Zhong Bing , Wang Yaqiong , Zou Qinghua , Xuemeng Chen , Qian Can , Chen Chengshun , Xiong Jie , Zheng Zihan , Zou Liyun , Li Jingyi 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPrimary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is a complex autoimmune disease characterized by aberrant immune cell action against secretory glands throughout the body. A number of studies have previously identified unique characteristics in the circulating expression profile of white blood cells of pSS patients. However, the molecular progression pattern of pSS is unclear. Through a systematic analysis of pSS transcriptome information, we found that pSS transcriptomes display broad heterogeneity, but cannot be distinguished from the broad range of possible profiles of healthy controls. Instead, only sample learning using a subset of pre‐identified signature genes could achieve partial separation through a trajectory governed by interferon activity. Interestingly, this trajectory is correlated with a decrease in dendritic cell counts. Our study thus highlights a major limitation to the utility of broad blood transcriptome analysis in the context of pSS, while also identifying several factors that influence the divergence between patient samples.
Genomic diversities of ctxB, tcpA and rstR alleles of Vibrio cholerae O139 strains isolated from Odisha, India
Authors: Behera Dipti Ranjan , Nayak Ashish Kumar , Nayak Smruti Ranjan , Nayak Dilena , Swain Sipraswati , Maharana Pradeep Kumar , Biswal Bhagyalaxmi , Pany Swatishree , Pati Sanghamitra , Pal Bibhuti Bhusan 
Published: October 2021

SummaryThe genome of Vibrio cholerae O139 strains has undergone cryptic changes since its first emergence in 1992 in South India. This study aimed to determine the presence of genotypic changes marked in ctxB, tcpA and rstR genes located within the CTX prophages among the strains of V. cholerae O139 isolated from 1999 to 2017 in Odisha. Antibiotic susceptibility test was conducted on 59 V. cholerae O139 strains. A conventional PCR assay was done for ctxB gene typing followed by sequencing along with identification of rstR and tcpA gene. Pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was carried out to reveal clonal variations among the V. cholerae O139 strains. Among V. cholerae O139 isolates more than 60% showed resistance to ampicillin, co‐trimoxazole, furazolidone, streptomycin, neomycin and nalidixic acid. The ctxB sequencing and rstR allele‐specific PCR assay revealed the presence of three genotypes 1, 3 and 4 with at least one copy of CTX Calc φ in addition to CTX ET and CTX Cl prophages in V. cholerae O139 isolates. PFGE analysis revealed 13 pulsotypes with two clades having 60% similarity among V. cholerae O139 strains. The circulating V. cholerae O139 strains in Odisha showed variation in genotypes with multiple clonal expansions over the years.
Microbial diversity and associated metabolic potential in the supraglacial habitat of a fast‐retreating glacier: a case study of Patsio glacier, North‐western Himalaya
Authors: Rathore Meena , Sinha Rupesh Kumar , Venkatachalam Siddarthan , Krishnan Kottekkattu Padinchati 
Published: October 2021

SummaryIn the present study, we investigated the microbial community composition and their associated metabolic potentials using the 16S rRNA gene (V3–V4) and ITS (ITS1) amplicon sequencing approach in the Patsio glacier. The bacterial community composition was mainly dominated by Bacteroidota (18%–38% of total reads) and Cyanobacteria (9%–30%), along with a rare Candidate phylum Patescibacteria. Ferruginibacter (13%) and Polaromonas (8%) were the most dominant genera identified across the samples known to have potential ecological roles in colonization, driving the functioning of supraglacial habitats. The prevalence of metabolic genes associated with nitrogen, carbon and sulfur cycling processes was identified in the present study. The fungal diversity was dominated by members of unclassified phyla, followed by Ascomycota (up to 6%) and Basidiomycota (up to 4%), in terms of its relative abundance. The relative abundance of Fusarium and Didymella (8%–14%) was higher among the high altitude, cryoconite samples (P1–P5), while Rhodotorula (12%–29%) dominated in the glacial ice debris samples (P6–P8). Thus, our study provides significant insights into dynamics of microbial communities and its potential ecological roles in the changing climate.
Audit pricing and corporate whistleblower governance: evidence from Australian financial firms
Authors: Eulaiwi Baban , Al‐Hadi Ahmed , Duong Lien , Clark Keira , Taylor Grantley , Perrin Brian 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWe investigate the relationship between firm whistleblower governance and audit pricing of Australian listed financial firms over the 2008–2018 period. Consistent with agency and organisational justice theoretical tenets, we find that firms that exhibit stronger whistleblower governance incur lower audit fees. We find that the negative association between strength in whistleblower governance and firms' audit fees is more pronounced for firms that are exposed to increased litigation risk, and for firms having an anti‐fraud policy. Our results are robust to endogeneity tests including difference‐in‐difference (DID), two‐stage least squares (2SLS) and propensity score matching (PSM) analyses.
Trading risk for ambiguity: Production versus health under pesticide application
Authors: Voica Daniel C. , Schmitz Troy G. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPesticide use reduces the variation in crop yields at the expense of potentially negative consequences to farmers and their family members. This article examines the trade‐off between decreasing production risk and increasing health ambiguity because of pesticide use. We find that under ambiguity, pesticide application decreases the variation in health outcomes, whereas under risk, it decreases the expected value of health outcomes. Health insurance protects health from the pesticide damage but not from the ambiguity effect of pesticide application, and the optimal choice of pesticide application does not depend on the farmer's health preferences over risk or ambiguity. However, in the absence of health insurance, ambiguity can increase or decrease the optimal choice of pesticide compared to the risk case. This suggests that public policies around pesticide usage should be designed to reflect and account for the multitude of behavioral responses in the presence of ambiguity and risk.
Time heals: Boosted breeding seabird populations on restored Cousine Island, Seychelles
Authors: Hart Lorinda A. , Olivier Iain , Gane Julie , Downs Colleen T. , Brown Mark 
Published: October 2021

AbstractHistorically, Cousine Island was used for agriculture and harvesting various seabird eggs, but following restoration efforts initiated in the 1990s, it has become an important nesting area for Seychelles seabirds. White‐tailed tropicbird (Phaethon lepturus), white tern (Gygis alba), and lesser (Anous tenuirostris) and brown noddy (Anous stolidus) populations were monitored on Cousine Island between 1997 and 2017 to determine the long‐term population responses to various environmental variables during the winter breeding season. White tern, brown noddy, and white‐tailed tropicbird populations are increasing, indicating that island conditions for breeding have improved for these species in the last 20 years. Lesser noddy populations are in decline, but not significantly, with winter air temperature significantly adding to this trend. Lesser noddies are true colonial nesters and are therefore potentially more affected by climatic conditions that result in nest failures and nearshore prey shortages. The relationship between numbers of seasonally breeding species (lesser and brown noddies) and those of year‐round breeders (white‐tailed tropicbirds and white terns) was also examined. Brown noddy population trends significantly predicted white‐tailed tropicbird and white tern winter breeding population trends, suggesting that these species populations respond similarly to local conditions. Data from this study establish a baseline for future population trend investigations and assessments of island conservation and management success.
Repair Work as Care: On Maintaining the Planet in the Capitalocene
Authors: Corwin Julia E. , Gidwani Vinay 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIf the Anthropocene is the Capitalocene, then one of its signature attributes in the drive for profits is the abstraction of life itself and of the human/nonhuman relations that sustain it, creating a wake of waste in its path. Repairing the fraying human and ecological systems that underwrite life entails ongoing care work that is frequently invisible or devalued, and whose burdens fall disproportionately on vulnerable populations. We detail this through three connected instances: infrastructural labour that recuperates the detritus of city life; social reproductive labour that undergirds these systems and life itself; and hands‐on repair work inherent to care. By understanding maintenance and repair work as care, our paper demonstrates the importance of this labour to our collective survival in a broken world, and the imperative of embracing a care ethics where we shoulder together the everyday burdens and benefits to live “as well as possible”.
Review article: drug‐induced small bowel injury
Authors: Hamdeh Shadi , Micic Dejan , Hanauer Stephen 
Published: October 2021

SummaryBackgroundDrug‐induced gastrointestinal injury has been increasingly reported, but its exact incidence is not known. The small and large intestines represent the most affected sites of injury, accounting for 20%‐40% of all gastrointestinal side effects.AimTo provide an updated literature review detailing medications linked to the development of small bowel injury.MethodsWe conducted a literature search on PubMed from its inception to May 1, 2021. We included English‐language original studies, meta‐analyses, systematic reviews, review articles and case reports.ResultsDrug‐induced enteropathy can range from asymptomatic histological changes resulting in a subtle, self‐limited disease to a chronic inflammatory condition mimicking inflammatory bowel disease, or bowel perforation. Endoscopy can demonstrate erythema, mucosal friability, oedema, erosions, ulcers or strictures in severe cases. Histology may include mucosal erosions and ulcerations, focal active enteritis, villous atrophy, epithelial apoptosis or necrotising enteritis. A well‐established association has been found with the use of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, immunosuppressants, chemotherapeutic agents, antibiotics, immunotherapies, etanercept and olmesartan. Possible associations have been reported with other biologic agents, medications used for glycemic control, antihypertensives, cholinesterase inhibitors, potassium and iron supplements, with conflicting data regarding contraceptives/hormonal therapy and isotretinoin.ConclusionPhysicians should be aware of the manifestations of drug‐induced enteropathy as early recognition can lead to prompt discontinuation of the offending therapy and, therefore, a reduced risk of future complications.
Distinct subcortical tau burden: The tau pallido‐claustral ratio separates progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal degeneration
Authors: Zhao Chelsey ShengQi , Yan Lei , He Wenqing , Ang Lee Cyn , Zhang Qi 
Published: October 2021

AbstractNeuropathological diagnosis of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and corticobasal degeneration (CBD) requires interpretation of tau morphology based on extensive brain sampling. Here we report subcortical tau burden is sufficient to distinguish PSP and CBD, regardless of the tau morphology. The tau pallido‐claustral ratio is a promising diagnostic indicator for PSP and CBD.
The school‐to‐work transitions of second‐generation immigrant youth
Authors: Aslam Awish , Lehmann Wolfgang 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe children of immigrants obtain high levels of post‐secondary attainment in Canada, but their ability to translate these educational credentials into good jobs varies among ethno‐racial groups. To understand the social processes behind these unequal outcomes, we conducted in‐depth interviews with 27 second‐generation immigrant youth living in the province of Ontario. Motivated by the desire for intergenerational upward mobility and trusting in the widespread misrecognition of Canada as an education‐based meritocracy, these young people pursued higher education as a means to gain entry into white‐collar occupations. Despite their ambitions, the second‐generation youth in this study did not have access to the ‘career relevant’ capital needed to mobilize their educational credentials in the white‐collar labour market. And although they engaged in various forms of meta‐work to help them acquire ‘career‐relevant’ capital, the challenges they faced were not only the result of differential access to capital, but they also had to do with the way their capital was recognized in the labour market. The findings presented here emphasize the importance of considering how the intersection of multiple overlapping processes of social differentiation (i.e., immigrant status, class position, and ethno‐racial background) shape second‐generation youth's access to and recognition of ‘career‐relevant’ capital in their school‐to‐work transitions.
Spanking and externalizing problems: Examining within‐subject associations
Authors: Pritsker Joshua 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis study examined the effects of spanking on externalizing on a within‐subject level, while excluding causally irrelevant between‐subject variance. Results from two longitudinal studies which used participants from the Child Development Project (n = 585) were reanalyzed with a random‐intercept cross‐lagged panel model using yearly measurements over ages 6–8. After removing between‐subject variance, there were no significant effects of general spanking on externalizing (β = .06, .07). However, when done without objects and at a rate of about once per month or less, spanking showed beneficial effects (β = −.17, −.21). Results suggest that previous findings may be due to a failure to separate between‐subject and within‐subject variance. Additionally, results illustrate the need to examine limited spanking separately from more general forms of physical punishment.
Younger age and early puberty are associated with cognitive function decline in children with Cushing disease
Authors: Keil Margaret F. , Kang Joo Y. , Liu Aiyi , Wiggs Edythe A. , Merke Deborah , Stratakis Constantine A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the effect of hypercortisolism on the developing brain we performed clinical, cognitive, and psychological evaluation of children with Cushing disease (CD) at diagnosis and 1 year after remission.Study DesignProspective study of 41 children with CD. Children completed diverse sets of cognitive measures before and 1 year after remission. Neuropsychological evaluation included the Wechsler Intelligence Scale, California Verbal Learning Test, Trail Making Test, the combined subset scores of Wide Range Achievement Test and Woodcock‐Johnson Psychoeducational Battery Test of Achievement, and the Behavioral Assessment System for Children.ResultsComprehensive cognitive evaluations at baseline and 1 year following cure revealed significant decline mostly in nonverbal skills. Decrements occurred in most of the various indices that measure all aspects of cognitive function and younger age and early pubertal stage largely contributed to most of this decline. Results indicated that age at baseline was associated with positive regression weights for changes in scores for verbal, performance, and full intelligence quotient (IQ) scores and for subtests arithmetic, picture completion, coding, block design, scores; indicating that older age at baseline was associated with less of a deterioration in cognitive scores from pre‐ to posttreatment.ConclusionOur findings suggest that chronic glucocorticoid excess and accompanying secondary hormonal imbalances followed by eucortisolemia have detrimental effects on cognitive function in the developing brain; younger age and pubertal stage are risk factors for increased vulnerability, while older adolescents have cognitive vulnerabilities like that of adult patients affected with CD.
Darier and Hailey‐Hailey disease: update 2021
Authors: Rogner Danielle Franziska , Lammer Judith , Zink Alexander , Hamm Henning 
Published: October 2021

SummaryThe autosomal‐dominant genodermatoses Darier disease and Hailey‐Hailey disease present special challenges to dermatologists. Despite their similar pathogenesis featuring impaired adhesion of suprabasal keratinocytes as a result of defective ATPases in epidermal calcium channels, the two diseases differ considerably in clinical presentation and therapeutic options. Darier disease is characterized by reddish brown, keratotic papules in seborrheic and intertriginous areas, which may coalesce into extensive lesions. Individuals affected with Hailey‐Hailey disease primarily develop intertriginous papulovesicles and small blisters, which often evolve into erythematous plaques with erosions and painful fissures. Quality of life is significantly reduced because of complaints (itch, burning sensation, pain), body malodor and chronicity. Therapeutic options remain limited. Antiseptics and intermittent topical corticosteroids are a cornerstone of therapy, and systemic anti‐infective treatment is often required in cases of superinfection. Ablative surgical interventions such as dermabrasion and CO2 laser surgery can lead to long‐term remissions in intertriginous Hailey‐Hailey disease, while temporary relief may also be achieved by intralesional injections of botulinum toxin. Of the systemic medications available for Darier disease, acitretin, which is approved for this purpose, has the best supporting evidence. The efficacy of immunosuppressants and immune modulators is inconsistent. Low‐dose naltrexone produces more satisfactory results in Hailey‐Hailey than Darier disease. The present CME article summarizes current knowledge of the two dermatoses, taking recent developments into account.