bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Model of Simulation Training for Students of Medical Colleges
Authors: Laptiyeva L. N. , Rublevskaya E. I. 
Published: November 2021

Objective: to develop a model of simulation training for students of medical colleges.Material and methods. The normative documents and training programs of medical colleges, literature on the research problem have been analyzed, the methods of questioning, modeling have been applied.Results. A model of simulation training includes the following stages: preclinical, clinical, and on thejob. Simulation training modeling at each stage allows to identify the following blocks: specialpurpose, problemspecific, contentspecific, and evaluative, having their own structure and content.Conclusion . The proposed model of simulation training for the students streamlines the activities of all the subjects of the educational process at medical colleges, makes it possible to carry them out stepwise and to achieve a high level of professional knowledge and skills during the medical training, thereby ensuring successful adaptation of young professionals in health care institutions
The NO Level after Coronary Artery Bypass Graft under the Conditions of Artificial Circulation
Authors: Maksimovich E. N. , Pronko T. P. , Guliay I. E. , Snezhitsky V. A. 
Published: November 2021

Objective:to study the nature of changes in the content of stable metabolites of nitric oxide (NOx) - nitrites and nitrates - in the blood of patients after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) under the conditions of artificial circulation.Material and methods.Depending on the level of [Hb] in the blood plasma, the patients with CABG surgery were divided into three groups: 1 - without IOH (Hb ≤ 0.1 g/l), n = 43, 2 - with low IOH (l IOH, Hb > 0.1 g/l and < 0.5 g/l, n = 42), 3 - with high IOH (hIOH, Hb ≥ 0.5 g/l, n = 38). The level of NOx was determined in the blood plasma of the patients.Results.At the end of CABG, compared with the baseline, the patients revealed a decrease of NOx in the blood plasma and its increase - within 5-7 days after the surgery, to the utmost in the group with high IOH.Conclusion.The change of NOx in the blood plasma depended on the severity of intraoperative hemolysis, which indicates the influence of the hemolysis products on the formation and utilization of nitric oxide.
PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF SEA BUCKTHORN SEED OIL EXTRACT ON ACETAMINOPHEN INDUCED HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES OF HEPATOCYTES IN ADULT ALBINO RATS.
Authors: Basit Annum , Shahid Attya , Nasreen Shagufta 
Published: November 2021

Objective: to reveal the effects of sea buckthorn seed oil on acetaminophen induced variations (Diameter of hepatocytes and vacuolization) in liver of rats.
Methods: it was experimental study, conducted at Post Graduate Medical Institute. This study was performed on 24 adult rats, which were then randomly separated into 4 groups A,B,C and D. the experiment lasted for 13 days. Group A was control received normal saline and distilled water. Group B, received acetaminophen750mg/kg as single dose on day 10. Group C and D received acetaminophen at dose of 750mg/kg along with sea buckthorn seed oil extract 2.6mg/kg and 5.2mg/kg. Liver was removed and fixed in 10% formalin. To observe the effect of acetaminophen and sea buckthorn seed oil , slides were prepared for histological examination. The diameter of hepatocytes and vacuolization was observed. The evaluation of results was done by using SPSS 21.
Results: In Group B, vacuolization was seen in all animals and significant increase in mean diameter (11.9± 1.5 μm) of hepatocytes was seen. However in Group C, vacuolization was absent in all animals and mean hepatocyte diameter was (6 ± 0.6 μm). In Group D, no vacuolization was seen in all animals and mean hepatocyte diameter decreased to (5.2± 1.5 μm) after administration of SBT seed oil.
Conclusion: Administration of SBT( 2.6mg/kg and 5.2mg/kg) exerts a protective effect against damaging effects of ACM ( 750 mg/kg) on hepatocytes in albino rats. This hepatoprotective role becomes greater with increasing dose of SBT.
FREQUENCY OF ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY AMONG PATIENTS OF HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS
Authors: Muhammad Shahid  , Muhammad Aftab  , Muzammal Aslam Kataria  , Rana Muhammad Arif  
Published: November 2021

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has emerged as a major public health problem worldwide over the last two decades. Many complications and problems are associated with HIV like lipodystrophy, retarded growth in young patients, impaired endocrine and renal functioning and cardiovascular diseases.
Objective: To determine the frequency of adrenal insufficiency among patients of human immunodeficiency virus presenting to HIV clinic in a tertiary care hospital.
Study Design: Cross Sectional Study.
Setting: HIV clinic, Jinnah Hospital Lahore.
Study Duration: August, 2019 to February, 2020.
Material and Methods: A total of 180 patients of HIV presenting to HIV clinic of Jinnah hospital Lahore and fulfilling the selection criteria were approached after approval from ethical review board an informed consent was taken from the subject and an ACTH stimulation test was performed and adrenal Insufficiency was diagnosed. Intramuscular injection of 0.25 mg of synthetic ACTH was administered to all patients; and after 60 minutes serum cortisol was measured. A peak stimulated cortisol of less than 20 mcg/dl was labeled as adrenal insufficiency.
Results: Mean and standard deviation of the age was 42.16 ± 17.31 years. Male patients were 56.1% while female patients were 43.9%. Adrenal insufficiency was present in 38.3% patients while it was absent in 61.7% patients. No significant association found between age and presence of adrenal insufficiency (p=0.280). Also no significant association found between duration of disease and adrenal insufficiency (p=.557). There was a significant association found between intake of antiretroviral therapy and presence of adrenal insufficiency having (p<0.005)
Conclusion: Adrenal insufficiency was found in significant number of HIV patients but effect modifiers like age, duration of disease did not show significant association except intake of antiretroviral therapy.
1898-1921 1898-1921. LAS REFORMAS MILITARES FALLIDAS: ÁFRICA COMO ESCENARIO DE LA DECADENCIA GEOPOLÍTICA Y MILITAR ESPAÑOLA
Authors: Sánchez de Rojas Díaz Emilio 
Published: November 2021

Las causas del desastre de Annual de 1921, se enraízan con la perdida de las últimas colonias españolas en América en 1898, y los problemas consecuentes para un ejercito anticuado, sobredimensionado en número de oficiales, con materiales obsoletos y presupuestos paupérrimos. Mientras, la intervención de los principales líderes militares en asuntos políticos era continua siendo varios de ellos presidentes del consejo de ministros.
No faltaron los intentos de reforma militar incluso antes de 1898, pero todos resultaron fallidos. Es este aspecto el que tratamos en este artículo, pues no se puede desvincular el desastre de Annual de Cuba, en cuyas guerras se formaron los lideres militares responsables del mismo, varios de ellos – como Silvestre y Berenguer- nacen en Cuba. Tampoco se puede desvincular el citado desastre de el fracaso a la hora de modernizar un ejército que aún mantenía una estructura nacida en la Guerra de la Independencia de 1808
Testing Computational Magnetohydrodynamics Algorithms with a Problem Having an Exact Solution
Authors: Галкин В. А. , Гореликов А. В. , Бычин И. В. , Дубовик А. О. , Ряховский А. В. 
Published: November 2021

Представлены результаты тестирования разработанного пакета программ для численного моделирования задач магнитной гидродинамики. Программный комплекс создан с использованием технологии CUDA Fortran и ориентирован на вычислительные системы с графическими процессорами. Получено точное трехмерное решение системы уравнений магнитной гидродинамики, которое использовалось для тестирования реализованных вычислительных алгоритмов. Результаты тестовых расчетов демонстрируют корректность получаемых численных решений.
The results of testing the magnetohydrodynamic simulation software package developed by the authors are presented. The software package was developed with CUDA Fortran and is intended for GPU computing systems. An exact 3D solution of the system of magnetohydrodynamic equations was obtained and applied to testing the computational algorithms. The test results demonstrate that the numerical solutions are valid.
Can Homeostasis Be Static?
Authors: Пятин В. Ф. , Еськов В. В. 
Published: November 2021

Особое понимание гомеостаза и гомеостатичного регулирования в целом появилось за последние 20 лет в связи с доказательством гипотезы W. Weaver о биосистемах третьего типа и открытием эффекта Еськова–Зинченко. Однако имеется ряд работ, в которых высказывалось мнение о нестатичности в гомеостатичном регулировании внутренней среды организма человека. Более того, в рамках этого эффекта сейчас говорят об отсутствии статичных состояний любых функций организма человека. Это существенно расширяет наши представления о теории функциональных систем организма человека, которую разрабатывал П. К. Анохин в середине XX века. Сейчас мы вправе говорить о новом понимании кибернетики, которая лежит в основе описания различных физиологических функций человека. Возникает новая биологическая и медицинская кибернетика, в которой нет статичного гомеостаза и нет статики в параметрах функций организма человека.
In 20 years the new understanding of homeostasis and special homeostatic regulation emerged associated with the W. Weaver hypothesis on biosystems of the third type and the discovery of the Eskov-Zinchenko effect. There are some papers about the unstable behavior of the homeostasis regulation in the human body. Now we can speak about the absence of any stable states of any human body function. This significantly expands our understanding of the theory of human functional systems developed by P. K. Anokhin in the middle of the 20th century. Now we can speak of a new understanding of cybernetics as a basis for the definition of various human physiological functions. A new biological and medical cybernetics is emerging; it denies static homeostasis and static parameters of the human body functions.
On the Thinking Creature and Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Деев Г. Е. , Ермаков С. В. 
Published: November 2021

Дано описание некоторых свойств любого мыслящего существа. В качестве обоснованности описанного набора свойств мыслящего существа показано, как с необходимостью мыслящее существо с приведенным набором свойств порождает такое цивилизационное понятие, как понятие множества натуральных чисел. Приведенными свойствами мыслящее существо полностью не характеризуется; пополнение этого набора свойств мыслящего существа возможно до неопределенных объемов. Перечисленные свойства должны быть атрибутом любого мыслящего существа. Прослеживается связь между мыслящим существом с приведенным набором свойств и искусственным интеллектом. Статья носит концептуальный характер и является одним из вариантов идеологической основы для построения вычислительных и кибернетических устройств, в частности В-компьютеров.
Some features of any thinking creature are presented. To substantiate the selection of such properties, it is shown that a thinking creature with the given set of features always generates such a civilizational concept as the set of natural numbers. A thinking creature is not fully characterized by the given features; it is possible to extend the set of features to indefinitely. The proposed features should be an attribute of any thinking creature. There is a relation between a thinking creature with the given set of features and artificial intelligence. This paper is conceptual and is an ideological option for building computing and cybernetic devices, in particular B-computers.
Rancang Bangun Alat Screw Extruder Untuk Pembuatan Papan Partikel Campuran Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit dan Plastik LDPE
Authors: Florenza Dytha , Meidinariasty Anerasari , Dewi Erwana 
Published: November 2021

Screw Extruder merupakan mesin dengan penggerak motor DC dengan pemanas berupa band heater sebagai elemen utama dengan jenis plastic yang akan dilelehkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat alat screw extruder untuk pencampuran serbuk tandan kosong kelapa sawit dan plastik Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) menjadi papan partikel ukuran 20x10 yang memenuhi SNI 03-2015-2006 untuk pelapis dinding ruangan. Percobaaan dilakukan dengan tiga tahapan proses yaitu pre-treatment tandan kosong kelapa sawit, tahap pembuatan papan partikel dengan menggunakan alat screw extruder, dan tahap analisa papan partikel yang dihasilkan. Parameter yang diukur ialah kerapatan, kadar air, penambahan tebal, dan daya serap air dari papan partikel yang dihasilkan dengan variasi komposisi bahan TKKS:LDPE 20:80, 25:75, 30:70, 35:75, 40:60, dan variasi suhu extruder 250ºC, 270ºC, dan 290ºC dengan putaran screw tetap sebesar 20 rpm. Perancangan alat screw extruder ini memiliki kapasitas maksimal 19 kg/jam dengan putaran screw maksimal 100 rpm. Komposisi TKKS:LDPE 20:80 dengan suhu extruder 290ºC menghasilkan papan partikel dengan nilai kerapatan sebesar 0,75 gr/cm3 dengan kadar air minimum 0,11%, daya serap air minimum 13,04%, dan penambahan tebal minimum sebesar 3,05%. Dari variasi suhu extruder 250ºC, 270ºC, dan 290ºC yang telah dilakukan pada pembuatan papan partikel, didapatkan kondisi optimum yaitu pada suhu extruder 290ºC dan kondisi optimum variasi komposisi TKKS:LDPE adalah sebesar 20:80. Papan partikel yang dihasilkan dari alat screw extruder telah memenuhi SNI 03-2015-2006 dengan kondisi optimum suhu ektruder 290ºC dan kondidi optimum perban komposisi TKKS:LDPE adalah 20:80.
Reversal of portal gastropathy with partial internal biliary diversion in a case of progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis
Authors: Dhali Arkadeep , Roger B Rathna , Pasangha Elaina , D'Souza Christopher , Dhali Gopal Krishna 
Published: November 2021

Progressive intrahepatic cholestasis is a rare, genetic disorder causing bile acid secretion or transport defects. It can result in intrahepatic cholestasis that can progress to end-stage liver disease. Diagnosis is made using a combination of clinical and biochemical approaches. Genetic testing is currently the gold standard for investigation.
We report a case of an 18-month-old male child with cholestatic pattern of jaundice from 16 months of life, which was associated with features suggestive of portal gastropathy. Detailed workup led to the diagnosis of progressive intrahepatic cholestasis (type 2). Early diagnosis prevented the need for liver transplant, and the child underwent surgical treatment with partial internal biliary diversion. Portal gastropathy and disease progression dramatically changed with corrective surgery. The patient was symptom-free at 10-week follow-up.
Detecting this rare genetic disorder early has very good therapeutic implications from the patient's perspective and their morbidity and mortality profile; if untreated, it has a high propensity to progress to end-stage liver disease. The requirement of surgical interventions and liver transplantation is individualized on a case-to-case basis. An early diagnosis and initiation of treatment can prevent the need for a liver transplant as shown in the present case.
Prevalence of infertility in Sudan: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: A. A. Abdullah , Ahmed Musa , Oladokun Adesina 
Published: November 2021

Background/aim: Infertility is defined as the inability of heterosexual couples to achieve a successful clinically recognizable pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular, unprotected sexual intercourse. Infertility estimations are very important to inform the healthcare policymakers and governments to implement appropriate social and economic policies. Thus, this study aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence of infertility (primary and secondary) and its etiologic factors in Sudan.
Methods: This study included all published and unpublished studies written in Arabic or English. Electronic sources (namely, PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and ClinicalTrials.gov) and nonelectronic sources (direct Google search, Google Scholar, OpenGrey, OATD, WorldCat log, and university websites) were used from their inception to May 16, 2021. A total of 1955 studies were reviewed, of which only 20 studies were eligible for the meta-analysis. Studies were eligible if they provided the prevalence of infertility in Sudan. The Joanna Briggs Institute Quality Assessment Tool was used to evaluate each study. Data synthesis and statistical analysis were conducted using Jeffrey's Amazing Statistics Program version 0.14.1.0.
Results: The pooled prevalence of overall infertility, primary infertility, and secondary infertility in Sudan were 13% (I2 = 96.45, p < 0.001), 65% (I2 = 98.5, p < 0.001), and 35% (I2 = 98.5, p < 0.001), respectively, and the prevalence of infertility factors were 41%, 27%, 16%, and 17% for female, male, combined factors, and unexplained factors, respectively. Women with infertility were mainly present because of ovulatory disorders (ovulatory factors, 36%; polycystic ovary syndrome, 38%). By contrast, spermatic disorders such as azoospermia (37%), oligozoospermia (30%), and asthenozoospermia (30%) were the main causes of male infertility.
Conclusion: In Sudan, the prevalence of primary infertility is higher than that of secondary infertility. Female factors were the most common causes of infertility in Sudan, and this study found a high prevalence of unexplained factors. Polycystic ovary syndrome and azoospermia were the most common causes of female and male infertility in Sudan, respectively. The interpretation of these findings should take into consideration the presence of substantial heterogeneity between the included studies.
Prevalence and risk factors of gallbladder polyps in primary health care centers among patients examined by abdominal ultrasonography in Qatar: a case–control study
Authors: Ali Tamer A. , Abougazia Abdelwahed Samir , Alnuaimi Ahmed Sameer , Mohammed Mona A. M. 
Published: November 2021

Background: Gallbladder (GB) polyps are raised lesions from the GB wall and projected into its lumen. The prevalence of GB polyps ranged between 4.3% and 12.3%. The clinical presentation of GB polypoid lesions vary, can be nonspecific and vague, and may be asymptomatic. Identifying malignant and premalignant polyps is important to provide treatment early and prevent cancer spread or development of malignancy. Ultrasonography (US) is the first imaging modality widely used in abdominal imaging. It is a noninvasive, rapid, painless, and safe imaging technique, with no radiation; thus, it is considered the best available examination with good sensitivity and specificity for GB polyps.
Aim of the work: This study aimed to determine the relative frequency of the GB polyps and its risk factors among patients who underwent abdominal US in Primary Health Care Corporation, Qatar.
Materials and methods: This was quantitative multicenter observational case–control study nested in a cross-sectional design. For the cross-sectional top-level study, the first step was to assess available abdominal ultrasound studies for the presence of GB polyps and stones. The second step was to perform a case–control study with three groups (a case group and two control groups; first, participants without GB stones and GB polyps; second, patients with GB stones but without GB polyps).
Results: The study evaluated the GB images of 7156 individuals. The overall prevalence of GB polyps was 7.4% in the study population. Specifically, the overall prevalence of solitary GB polyp was 4.2% and that of multiple GB polyps was 3.2%. Regarding the size distribution of GB polyps in positive cases, 89.4% were < 6 mm, 9.3% were 69 mm, and 1.3% were ≥ 10 mm. Prevalence rate of selected comorbidities were as follows: liver disease, 1.8%; diabetes mellitus, 25.5%; hypertension, 25.5%; and dyslipidemia, 29.8%. The prevalence in male and female patients was 7.7% and 7%, respectively. The prevalence of GB polyps was higher in south-eastern patients (21.4% of positive cases) and was the highest in the overweight group (8.8%). A higher prevalence was noted in the hypertensive group (hypertensive group, 9.8%; non-hypertensive group, 6.6%) and dyslipidemia group (dyslipidemia group, 7.8%; no dyslipidemia group, 7.2%). Moreover, a higher prevalence was noted in hepatitis B surface (HBS)-positive group (15%) than in the HBS-negative group (8.2%) and slightly higher in Helicobacter pylori antigen positive group than in the negative group.
Conclusion: Abdominal US is an important and commonly used imaging modality in the detection of GB polyps. In this study, the prevalence of GB polyps was approximately 7.4%, with higher prevalence in participants who were overweight and had diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia.
Association of endometriosis with interstitial cystitis in chronic pelvic pain syndrome: Short narrative on prevalence, diagnostic limitations, and clinical implications
Authors: Al-Shaiji Tariq F. , Alshammaa Dalal H. , Al-Mansouri Mariam M. , Al-Terki Abdullatif E. 
Published: November 2021

Introduction: Chronic pelvic pain (CPP) is a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge affecting women of all ages globally. The syndrome is not well understood, but the association of interstitial cystitis (IC) with endometriosis in causing CPP should not be overlooked in managing this cohort. Herein, we present a mini review of this association to evaluate the literature in determining the prevalence of endometriosis and IC concomitantly in patients with CPP, diagnostic limitations, and clinical implications.
Methods: A Medline search of the key words “evil twins’ syndrome,” “interstitial cystitis,” “bladder pain syndrome,” and “endometriosis” was conducted for full-text articles published in English over the past 20 years. The search yielded 40 articles, of which 21 were selected. Cross-referencing bibliographies of each publication yielded an additional 25 references.
Results: Both endometriosis and IC share a similar array of symptoms that are often exacerbated during the perimenstrual period. Multiple authors have reported the frequent coexistence of these two conditions. Over 80% of patients with CPP were found to have both conditions. The prevalence of endometriosis and IC coexistence was greater than that of each condition separately.
Conclusions: It is crucial to look beyond the traditionally diagnosed endometriosis as the cause of CPP. This is true especially in patients whose previous treatment was ineffective. Simultaneous assessment for both conditions is essential to avoid the frequently delayed diagnosis and prevent unsuccessful medical and surgical therapies.