bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the structure and mode of formation of the dental tissues, according to the principle of “ molecular coalescence”
Authors: Rainey George 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In a paper contained in the ‘British and Foreign Medico-Chirurgical Review,’ for October, 1857, “On the Elementary Formation of the Skeleton,” I have intimated that the globular form of dentine noticed by some of the later writers on the dental-tissues, is the result of the same process of molecular coalescence as that by which bone and shell are formed; and that the so-called “dentinal tubules” are merely spaces bounded directly by the dentine-fibres, and the partially coalesced dentine - globules. As, at that time, I was not aware that a similar view of the nature of these passages had been published by M. Raschkow, any observations of mine, however demonstrative of the fact, can only be regarded as confirmatory of his. This view of the nature of these passages had, to my knowledge, no supporters among those who had written upon the subject in this country, being supposed to have its origin entirely in the fibrous appearance presented by dentine under a low magnifying power, and thus Raschkow’s view was passed over as incorrect. I may remark, that as there are few structures which have been so minutely and carefully examined as the dental tissues, it must follow, that so far as microscopical appearances are concerned, it will be impossible to add much to what has, with more or less minuteness and accuracy, been described, and therefore I shall have but little to communicate strictly of an anatomical character which will be new. But originality in this respect is not, in this communication, my object, which is to give the proper interpretation of appearances already described, and to show that they admit of being accounted for, and their mode of formation demonstrated on the same principle of molecular coalescence as has been applied to the formation of shell-tissues. I may further notice, that as this article must be as brief as possible, only such details of the structure of the dental tissues, and the organs concerned in forming them, will be introduced, as are absolutely necessary to render the physiological observations and explanations intelligible.
Evenings at the Microscope ; or, Researches among the Minuter Organs and Forms of Animal, Life
Authors: Gosse Philip Henry 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
It is always a pleasant thing to meet Mr. Gosse in print, whether he ushers himself into the world from the Red Lion press in Pæternoster Row, or obtains the sanction of “the Committee of General Literature and Education appointed by the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.” Why Mr. Gosse publishes his books under the direction of a Society for promoting Christian knowledge at all we are at a loss to perceive, for we find nothing in this book that might not have been published by Mr. Van Voorst, or the most sceptical publisher in the Row. We are, in fact, a little jealous of religious societies publishing books of this sort, both on the grounds that such books are not strictly Christian, and that funds are appropriated to their production to the injury of the regular publisher which were not intended for this object. It is true that this does not in any’ way interfere with the quality of the work, and this is with what we have more particularly to do. As its name would imply, Mr. Gosse’s book is a popular introduction to working with the microscope. It differs, however, from other introductions to the microscope, that it contains no account of the structure of the microscope at all. This is really a feature, albeit a negative one, in the book. As reviewers bound to read every word of every book we notice, we are glad for once to deal with one on the microscope without anything about the microscope at all.
On some histological features in the shells of the crustacea
Authors: Williamson W. C. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In the Report of the British Association for 1848, Dr. Carpenter called attention to the fact that the tegumentary shell of the common crab chiefly consists of a tubulated structure closely resembling dentine. Since the publication of that report, the subject has been further investigated by Professor Quekett (‘Lectures on Histology vol. ii, 1854), and by Professor Huxley (‘Cyclopædia of Anatomy and Physiology art. Tegumentary Organs, 1855-6). Each of these later writers have contributed much to our previous stock of information on this subject. But as discrepancies exist between the conclusions at which they have arrived, a new investigation of the matter became desirable; hence the present communication.
The Nature-printed British Sea-Weeds; a history accompanied by figures and dissections of the Algae of the British Isles
Authors: Johnstone William Grosart , Croall Alexander 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The success of the production of the British ferns by the new process of nature-printing has encouraged Mr. Bradbury to attempt a much larger family of plants. The seaweeds, on account of their membranous nature, presented peculiar facilities for representing them by nature-printing; and in this volume we have an instalment of a work which is to be devoted to the whole of the British species of this family.
Description of Two New Species of Staurastrum
Authors: Archer W. , Dixon N. V. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
(Read before the Dublin Natural History Society, on Friday, June 3d, 1859; extracted from the ‘Natural Histmy Review and Quarterly Journal of Science,’ for Oct. 1859.)
In these days of cancelling from our lists, and their consolidation with others, of numerous species, or reputed species, in the various walks of natural history,—and this, no doubt, in many cases, with much reason,—it may appear unjustifiable rashness and temerity on my part to come forward for the purpose of describing the following two new forms to be added to our lists of Desmidiaceæ. But in a more extended point of view, in regard to what is a species and what is not, it seems to me that naturalists are prone to err in one of two directions: they either restrict the number of species in their lists within too narrow limits, or inordinately increase their number by giving a name and specific rank to almost every variation which they encounter. On the one hand, because, between two hitherto recognised distinct, but allied species, there are occasionally found forms, as it were intermediate, connecting them, it is assumed that these two original forms must necessarily make but one species. On the other hand, those naturalists might possibly be not wanting who would feel inclined to consider not only the two original, but also one or several of those intermediate forms, as themselves species. Both extremes, as it seems to me, may be wrong. Might it not be expected to be the case that the limits of variation of each of the two original species, so nearly allied, might, so to speak, so touch each other at the margin, as to seem to unite them together, and give rise to the assumption, always plausible, but perhaps not always correct, that one of the original species could (and does), by a series of transitions, pass into the other ? If any one species become modified, is it not to be expected that the characters of the most nearly allied form, and not those of one remote in affinity, will be those which, to a greater or less degree, it will be likely to simulate? Under this hypothesis, the two original forms would still justly be considered true and distinct species—in contradiction to the opinion of the former class of naturalists —while the forms intermediate would be but variations (perhaps but of a temporary or local nature), some derived from one species, some perhaps from the other, and could by no means be looked upon as true species—in opposition to the views of the latter class of naturalists. I do not mean to intimate, when a hitherto acknowledged species is rejected, that I imagine the step always to be an erroneous one, for he who successfully demolishes the spurious claims of a mere book-species does science a good service; but it seems to me that what I have tried to express is a state of things, the possibility of the existence of which, by those who are anxious to suppress species, may sometimes be lost sight of or ignored.
Further Observations on the Structure of Nerve-Fibres
Authors: Turner Wm. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In the number of this Journal for October, 1859, appeared a communication by Professor Lister and myself, ‘On the Structure of Nerve-Fibres? In it we directed attention to the great benefits to be derived from the use of chromic acid and carmine in the examination of these fibres. We especially pointed out the different action of these two substances upon the constituent structures of the fibres, the axial cylinders alone being coloured by the carmine, whilst the medullary sheaths assumed under the action of the chromic acid a peculiar fibroid appearance. Our observations were made especially upon transverse sections through the fibres, not only as they exist in an ordinary spinal nerve, such as the sciatic, but also as they lie in the columnar’ portions of the cord. In addition, we described and figured certain fibres, views of which were obtained by mailing longitudinal sections of the columnar portions of the cord. Since this paper was printed, I have continued my observations on the subject, and, by a slight modification of our former process have succeeded in obtaining extremely satisfactory views of the axial cylinder, and of the proportion which it bears to the medullary sheath. From the great simplicity and precision of this process, I am induced to make the following communication.
On the Marine Diatomaceæ of Northumberland, with a Description of Several New Species
Authors: Donkin Arthur Scott 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In my previous communication * on this subject, I believe I was the first to point out to observers, that in many localities on the sands of the open shore, marine Diatomaceæ, in a living state, can be collected in great abundance; and several to whom I have sent slides, or gatherings, have had opportunities of judging of their richness and purity; amongst whom I may mention my friends, Dr. Greyille, Mr. Roper, and Mr. Okeden. Since the publication of my former contribution, the ample experience of three consecutive summers has led me to arrive at the conclusion, that the presence of Diatomaceæ on the sandy beach of still bays is not an accidental occurrence, or the result of peculiarities of season; but, on the contrary, that such localities are the natural habitat of the free species belonging to this highly interesting class of microscopic organisms, and that, in such localities, these species are annually, during the spring and summer months, generated in surprising abundance. But my observations have led me to infer that certain conditions are essential to their propagation on the open shore. These are— 1, a clean sandy beach; 2, a still or calm condition of the water by which this beach is washed; 3, a certain degree of warmth in the sand.
Chemistry in its Relations to Physiology and Medicine
Authors: Day George E. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Although the science of physiology cannot be fully comprehended, unless studied in connection with the organs which perform the functions of life, there can be now little doubt of the vast importance to be attached to the chemical constitution and changes which the organs of living bodies undergo. In fact, the great development, in recent years, of physiological science has been in the direction of chemical inquiry. It is the object of Dr. Day, in this book, to set forth more particularly the relations of chemistry to physiology; and he has produced a work of great practical value. We have been previously indebted to him for having translated Simon’s work on ‘Animal Chemistry’ and Lehmann’s ‘Physiological Chemistry,’ and no one could be better fitted for giving a view of the whole subject than Dr. Day. But whilst it is easy to separate the chemistry of life from any detailed account of the morphology of the organs of living beings, it is impossible to treat this subject satisfactorily, without describing the histological structure of the organs and secretions. Hence the necessity for the use of the microscope, and the examination by its aid of the various tissues and secretions. Whilst, therefore, writing a book expressly devoted to the chemistry of life, Dr. Day has felt himself compelled to refer constantly to the nature of those living products which can only be detected by the aid of the microscope. The work is accompanied by five plates, illustrative of the microscopic structure of the crystals and histological elements found in the blood and secretions. These illustrations are got up in the style of those published in Funk’s Physiological Atlas,’ and will be found of great value to the student who is beginning to work at this subject.
On Nobert’s Test-Plate and the Striæ of Diatoms
Authors: Sullivant W. S. , Wormley T. G. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The limit of the resolvability of lines, or how small a space can exist between lines and still admit of their being separated under the microscope, appears to be an undecided point. Professor Queckett (‘Treatise on the Microscope,’ 3d ed., p. 238, 1855) asserts that “no achromatic has yet been made capable of separating lines closer together than the of an inch.” In the same work, p. 245, it is stated that Mr. Ross found it impossible to ascertain the position of a line nearer than the of an inch. We find also on p. 512, that Mr. De la Rue, in his extended examination of Nobert’s test-plates, was unable to resolve any lines closer than the of an inch. In Professor Carpenter’s work (‘The Microscope,’ 2d ed., p. 189, 1859) this sentence occurs: “The well-defined lines on Nobert’s test-plates have not yet been resolved -when they have approximated more closely than the of an inch.’’
The Minute Structure of the Human Umbilical Cord
Authors: Koester K. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Abstract
In a short historical introduction Dr. Koster recapitulates some of the views which have been taken of connective tissue in general, and of tissue such as that of the umbilical cord in particular. The peculiar interest of this structure lies in the fact that it is nourished without any proper vascular system. Virchow, who first showed the identity of bone-, cartilage-, and connective-tissue-corpuscles, was also the first to suggest that these bodies, with their prolongations, formed an anastomosing system of channels by which nutriment is conveyed. These views were energetically opposed by Henle and, to some extent, by Kölliker, and a long controversy arose, to which a new direction was given by the researches of Recklinghausen.3
On a New Method of Studying the Capillary Circulation in Mammals
Authors: Stricker S. , Sanderson Burdon 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The science of physiology is based on exact observation of the mechanical and chemical changes which take place in living beings. For this purpose the same methods and instruments must be used as are employed in physics. The observations, however, are much more difficult than those of the physicist, because the subject of observation is a living being, and consequently the conditions are much more complicated than those with which he has to deal. Hence it is of the greatest importance to devise good methods —so much so,’ that science is as much indebted to those who invent them, as to those who discover new truths.
Note on Methæmoglobin
Authors: Lankester E. Ray 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Hoppe-Seyler describes Methaemoglobin as an intermediate product of the spontaneous change of Hæmoglobin into Hæmatin. He states that it is soluble in water, is characterised by an absorption-band in red, like that of acid Hæmatin, and is precipitated by acetate of lead. He appears to have seen it only in mixture with Hæmoglobin, and doubts its distinct existence. Preyer, writing since in Pfluger’s c Archiv,’ describes Methaemoglobin as produced from Hæmoglobin either by ozone, carbonic acid gas, or spontaneous change in a dry chamber. He says it is not precipitated by acetate of lead. He considers it to have three absorption-, bands—one like but not identical with that of acid Hæmatin, the other two identical with those of Oxyhæmoglobin. He hence regards as Methaemoglobin what Hoppe-Seyler would regard as a mixture of Methæmoglobin and O-Hæmoglobin.
Notes on the Method of Application of Nitrate of Silver and Chloride of Gold in the Preparation of Certain Tissues for Microscopic Investigation
Authors: Moseley Henry N. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
It is hoped that the following notes may be of service to some of the readers of the Quart. Journal of Microscopical Science. I have this year spent six months in the laboratories of Professor Stricker in Vienna, and have worked with the microscopes under his assistant Dr. Klein, to whom I am indebted for the greater part of my knowledge of the methods here described.
Observations and Experiments on the Red Blood-Corpuscle, Chiefly with Regard to the Action of Gases and Vapours
Authors: Lankester E. Ray 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Preliminary.—1. The uses of gases and vapours as a means of microchemical research.—2. Opinions and doubts concerning the red bloodcorpuscle (bibliography).—3. The normal appearance of the frog’s red blood-corpuscle.—4. The normal appearance of the human red bloodcorpuscle.—5. Means of studying the changes of the blood-corpuscles in disease.—6. Effect of pressure on the red blood-corpuscle.—7. Effect of isolation: a, by adhesion; b, by oil.—8. Effect of water in minute quantities gradually added.—9. Effect of CO2 gas.—10. Effect of osmic acid (vapour).—11. Effect of acetic acid (vapour and liquid). 12. Effect of alcohol.—13. Effect of ammonia gas.—14. Effect of chloroform (vapour and liquid).—15. Effect of bisulphide of carbon.—16. Effect of benzine.—17. Effect of turpentine oil.—18. Effect of solution of acetate of rosanilin and of tannin (Robert’s experiments).—19. Effect of carbonic oxide.—20. Effect of cyanogen gas.—21. Effect of sulphuretted hydrogen.—General conclusions and summary.
On the Circulatton of the Blood in Pyrosoma, Especially as Observed in the Embryo
Authors: Pavesi P. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
At the commencement of last winter I was occupied in studying the very interesting phenomena of the alternating current of circulation in the Salpæ, when several living examples of Pyrosoma (P. giganteum, Sav.), caught in the bay, were brought to the Laboratory of Comparative Anatomy for the researches on phosphorescence, which Professor Panceri continues to prosecute with such important results.
On some Peculiar Forms of Navicula from the Sulu Archipelago
Authors: O’meara Kev E. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Great diversity of opinion has existed among the most distinguished writers on the subject of the Diatomaceæ, as to the question whether Ehrenberg’s separation of Pinnularia from Navicula is tenable or not. The ground on which this distinction is made rests on the character of the striæ, which in Pinnularia are supposed to be costate, while in Navicula they are moniliform. Kützing rejected this distinction, while W. Smith and Rabenhorst maintained its validity. Ralfs in ‘Pritchard,’ p. 892, included the forms of Pinnularia under the genus Navicula, and gives his reasons for adopting this course as follows:—”Were the costæ always plainly developed, as in Pinnularia nobils and its allies, no difficulty could occur in determining the genera, but in many of the more minute species it is often very difficult to distinguish between striæ and costæ. We have not admitted Pinnularia here, partly for the reason just given, but principally because we cannot decide to which genus a large number of Ehrenberg’s species should be referred.” The existence of the distinctive characteristic is here admitted, but the genus founded on it rejected on account of the difficulty of applying it in many cases.
Notes on Hanstein’s Researches on the Development of the Embryo in Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons (Die Entwicklung des Keimes der Monokotylen und Dikotylen, von Dr. Johannes Hanstein, ‘Botanische Abhandlungen, Heft 1)
Authors: McNAB W. R. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In Cryptogams the tissues at the growing-point of a stem or root always form by division from a single apical cell. Hanstein, in his researches on the development of the tissues at the growing-point of the stem of Phanerogams, found that the tissues were developed, not from a single apical cell, as in Cryptogams, but from a tissue of similar cells. In only two cases did he trace back the development to the embryo in the seed. The question, therefore, still remained to be answered as to when the separation of the different meristem layers took place in the embryo, and whether the cells formed from a tissue or a single apical cell.
On the Disappearance of the Primitive Groove in the Embryo Chick
Authors: Balfour F. M. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The investigations of Dursy (‘Der Primitivstreif des Hühnchens,’ von Dr. E. Dursy. Lahr, 1866) on the primitive groove, showing that it is a temporary structure, and not connected with the development of the neural canal, have in this country either been ignored or rejected. They are, nevertheless, perfectly accurate ; and had Dursy made use of sections to support his statements I dó not think they would so long have been denied. In Germany, it is true, Waldeyer has accepted them with a few modifications, but I have never seen them even alluded to in any English work. The observations which I have made corroborating Dr. Dursy may, perhaps, under these circumstances be worth recording.
On the Crystals in the Testa of the Elm (Ulmus suberosa, Ehrh.), and the Character of the Epidermis of the Tway-Blade
Authors: Gulliver George 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
During the month of May the fruit of the elm is shed and scattered in profusion on the ground, often so as to make patches in OUT paths. Each fruit is a capsule, of a pale green colour, somewhat oval or rounded, very fiat, and about as big as the thumb-nail. The seed is contained near the centre of this compressed and winged capsule or samara, and the outer coat of the seed is the seat of the crystals. Every cell of this part contains a short, brilliant crystal, in form cubical, lozenge-shaped, or prismatic ; sometimes flattened parallelograms, rarely either single or double octahedrons, or twins like certain crystals of gypsum. Their mean diameter is about th of an inch. They are so firmly imbedded in the tissue as to be separable from it with difficulty ; this may be overcome by macerating the capsule in water until the tissue becomes pulpy from putridity, when the crystals may be isolated, and made to rollover in the microscopic field of vision.
On Diatomaceæ from Spitzbergen
Authors: O’meara E. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The collections which are the subject of the present paper were made by Rev. A. E. Eaton, who went out to the Arctic Sea in Mr. Leigh-Smith’s yacht. They consisted, 1st, of some stones coated with mucor, in which no diatoms were found; 2nd, of several bottles of various size. Of these a large number had unhappily been broken in the conveyance and the contents lost except the material that remained attached to the surface of the glass. This material was carefully examined, but not a single diatomaceous frustule appeared to requite the labour, so that it may be inferred that no loss was sustained by the casualty. Of the bottles which came uninjured one was rich in forms, the others contributed only a few to the general result. 3rd, of a large package of a very miscellaneous nature, made up of broken shells, pieces of seaweed, sand, and such like; its general appearance was not encouraging, nevertheless it yielded forms of sufficient number, variety, and interest, amply to requite the labour of preparation.