bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improved water saturation estimation in shaly sandstone through variable cementation factor
Authors: Wan Bakar Wan Zairani , Mohd Saaid Ismail , Ahmad Mohd Riduan , Amir Zulhelmi , Japperi Nur Shuhadah , Ahmad Fuad Mohd Fazril Irfan 
Published: December 2021

AbstractEstimation of water saturation, Sw, in shaly sandstone is an intricate process. The surface conduction of clay minerals adds up to the electrolyte conduction in the pore spaces, thus generating high formation conductivity that overshadows the hydrocarbon effect. In each resistivity-based water saturation model, the key parameter is formation factor, F, which is typically derived from Archie’s Law. Referring to a log–log plot between formation factor and porosity, cementation factor reflects the slope of the straight line abiding Archie’s Law. In the case of shaly sandstone, derivation based on Archie’s Law in combination with Waxman–Smits equation leads to higher cementation factor, m*. In the shaly parts of the reservoir, high m* is counterbalanced by clay conductivity. Nonetheless, high m* used in clean parts increases Sw estimation. In this study, the variable cementation factor equation is introduced into the standard correlation of Sw versus Resistivity Index, RI, to develop a water saturation model with shaly sandstone parameters. Data retrieved from two fields that yielded mean arctangent absolute percentage error (MAAPE) were analysed to determine the difference between calculated and measured data within the 0.01–0.15 range for variable cementation factor method. The conventional method yielded maximum MAAPE at 0.46.
Responsibility with a Safety Net: Exploring the Medical Student to Junior Doctor Transition During COVID-19
Authors: Wilkinson Chris , Finn Gabrielle , Crampton Paul 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Introduction
The Foundation Interim Year-one (FiY1) Programme was part of a UK strategy to increase the medical workforce in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the strategy was introduced urgently without evidence. We sought to explore the transition experience of medical student to FiY1 to foundation doctor, with a view to inform future undergraduate education.

Methods
In this hermeneutic phenomenology study, semi-structured individual interviews were completed with nine foundation doctors who had experience of an FiY1 placement. A template analysis approach was taken, and themes reported.

Results
Participants reported that FiY1 tended to offer a positive experience of transition as a stepping stone to becoming a foundation doctor. Having a degree of clinical responsibility including the right to prescribe medication with supervision was highly valued, as was feeling a core member of the healthcare team. Participants perceived that FiY1 made them more prepared for the foundation transition, and more resilient to the challenges they faced during their first foundation job.

Discussion
The FiY1 fostered many opportunities for junior doctors to bridge the transition to foundation doctor. Aspects of the FiY1 programme, such as early licencing and increased team membership, should be considered for final-year students in the future.
EU Competition Law as Responsive Law
Authors: MAKRIS Stavros 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis article proposes two broad ways to conceptualise EU competition law. EU competition law could be viewed as ‘autonomous law’ (‘AL’), namely as a closed normative system a technocratic tool consisting in a set of rules that prohibit undue restraints of trade. Or, EU competition law could be viewed as ‘responsive law’ (‘RL’), namely as a relatively open normative system and an interpretive practice that oscillates between openness and integrity. The responsiveness approach offers a compelling conceptualisation as it explains certain endogenous features of EU competition law: its fuzzy mandate, conceptually elastic vocabulary, and use of rules and standards. In addition, the responsiveness approach can clarify the role economics plays in EU competition law. It views economics as an ‘ideological science’, which, even though it cannot insulate this legal field from value disagreements and make it ‘autonomous’, it can provide a source for positive and normative interpretive statements. On this basis the responsiveness approach maintains that EU competition law is by design open—ie conceptually elastic and factually sensitive—and that its openness can enhance, but also undermine its integrity—ie its capacity to realise its objective in a rule of law compatible manner. These conflicts between openness and integrity are the cause of EU competition law's relative indeterminacy. To deal with the problem of indeterminacy, the RL approach proposes a tripartite legal-institutional modus operandi consisting in constructive interpretation, responsive enforcement, and catalytic adjudication. Hence, considering EU competition law as a form of responsive law has three major implications: first, it offers a new way for understanding how this legal field works and changes; second, it suggests a strategy for dealing with EU competition law's indeterminacy, and third it proposes a new framing for the discursive practices of EU competition law's epistemic community.
Matching-based two-color X-ray free-electron laser generation utilizing laser–plasma accelerated electron beam
Authors: Liu Tao , Zhang Kaiqing , Qi Zheng , Chen Si , Feng Chao , Deng Haixiao , Liu Bo , Wang Dong 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Laser–plasma accelerators (LPAs) have great potential to realize a compact X-ray free-electron laser (FEL), which is limited by the beam properties currently. Two-color high-intensity X-ray FEL provides a powerful tool for probing ultrafast dynamic systems. In this paper, we present a simple and feasible method to generate a two-color X-ray FEL pulse based on an LPA beam. In this scheme, time-dependent mismatch along the bunch is generated and manipulated by the designed lattice system, enabling FEL lasing at different wavelength within two undulator sections. The time separation between the two pulses can be precisely adjusted by varying the time-delay chicane. Numerical simulations show that two-color soft X-ray FELs with gigawatt-level peak power and femtosecond duration can be generated, which confirm the validity and feasibility of the scheme.
Capabilities of global high-level isolation units: A pre-workshop survey
Authors: Herstein Jocelyn J. , Wolf Timo , Nicastri Emanuele , Leo Yee Sin , Lim Poh Lian , Jacobs Michael , Vanairsdale Sharon , Toner Eric , Shearer Matthew P. , Vasa Angela , Mukherjee Vikram , Echeverri Andrea , Shenoy Erica S. , Lowe John J. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractObjective:To assess experience, physical infrastructure, and capabilities of high-level isolation units (HLIUs) planning to participate in a 2018 global HLIU workshop hosted by the US National Emerging Special Pathogens Training and Education Center (NETEC).Design:An electronic survey elicited information on general HLIU organization, operating costs, staffing models, and infection control protocols of select global units.Setting and participants:The survey was distributed to site representatives of 22 HLIUs located in the United States, Europe, and Asia; 19 (86%) responded.Methods:Data were coded and analyzed using descriptive statistics.Results:The mean annual reported budget for the 19 responding units was US$484,615. Most (89%) had treated a suspected or confirmed case of a high-consequence infectious disease. Reported composition of trained teams included a broad range of clinical and nonclinical roles. The mean number of HLIU beds was 6.37 (median, 4; range, 2–20) for adults and 4.23 (median, 2; range, 1–10) for children; however, capacity was dependent on pathogen.Conclusions:Responding HLIUs represent some of the most experienced HLIUs in the world. Variation in reported unit infrastructure, capabilities, and procedures demonstrate the variety of HLIU approaches. A number of technical questions unique to HLIUs remain unanswered related to physical design, infection prevention and control procedures, and staffing and training. These key areas represent potential focal points for future evidence and practice guidelines. These data are important considerations for hospitals considering the design and development of HLIUs, and there is a need for continued global HLIU collaboration to define best practices.
Regime cycles and political change in African autocracies
Authors: Carboni Andrea , Raleigh Clionadh 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACTThis article applies a regime cycle framework to understand patterns of change and continuity in African competitive autocracies. We observe that regime change in African autocracies is rarely the result of actions carried out by rebels, opposition leaders or popular masses substantially altering the structure of power. Instead, they are more frequently carried out by senior regime cadres, resulting in controlled reshuffles of power. We argue that such regime shifts are best explained through a cyclical logic of elite collective action consisting of accommodation and consolidation, and ultimately leading to fragmentation and crisis. These dynamics indicate the stage of leader-elite relationships at a given time, and suggest when regimes may likely expand, contract, purge and fracture. We argue that, by acknowledging in which stage of the cycle a regime and its senior elites are dominant, we can gauge the likelihood as well as the potential success of a regime change. Our framework is finally applied to understand recent regime shifts in competitive autocracies across Africa.
The Celebratory Purpose of Herodotus: The Story of Arion in Histories 1.23-24
Authors: Munson Rosaria Vignolo 
Published: December 2021

The first sentence of the Histories, which identifies and justifies the work as a whole, reveals the author's double aim of celebration and explanation:This is the exposition of the research of Herodotus of Halicarnassus,(1) lest the events of men become faded with time, and the great and wonderful deeds performed by both Greeks and Barbarians be deprived of glory,(2) [the exposition of] among other things how they came to war with one another.Both explanation and celebration account for Herodotus' inclusiveness. On one hand, anything great and wonderful should be saved from oblivion, and is therefore appropriate subject for the exposition. On the other hand, the research of the causes of an event leads the historian beyond the simple narrative of the event itself into its remote antecedents and any circumstance which may have possibly affected it. Thus the specific focus of the inquiry — the war between Greeks and Barbarians — is doubly broadened even before it is announced.
Spatial and temporal differences in migration strategies among endangered European Greater Spotted Eagles Clanga clanga
Authors: VÄLI ÜLO , DOMBROVSKI VALERY , MACIOROWSKI GRZEGORZ , SELLIS URMAS , ASHTON-BUTT ADHAM 
Published: December 2021

Summary
Understanding connectivity between migratory bird breeding and wintering grounds is essential for range-wide planning of conservation activities. We used GPS tracking to explore the migration of 28 ‘Endangered’ Greater Spotted Eagles, Clanga clanga from three remaining European breeding populations towards their wintering range, and to identify population and sex-specific patterns in selection of wintering sites. The tracked eagles wintered in three continents, 46% in Africa (mostly Eastern Sahel), 43% across southern Europe (mostly Greece) and 11% in Asia (the Middle East). Migratory connectivity was weak (rM = 0.16), and the population spread across the wintering range was large (1,917 km). The three studied populations differed in their migration strategy, with northerly, Estonian breeders all wintering in Southern Europe, and Polish and Belarusian breeders divided between Southern Europe and Africa. Migration strategy was different between Belarusian males and females, with males more likely to winter in Africa than Europe, and on average, migrating 2,500 km further south than females. Migration to Africa took longer, but was partly compensated by higher migration speeds. Greater Spotted Eagles wintered in wetland sites throughout their wintering range, with 15 of 29 birds wintering in internationally or nationally protected sites (including 12 Ramsar sites). Nearly a third of European winterers stayed in the same Greek national park, perhaps indicating a limitation of suitable sites in Europe due to wetland loss or degradation. This highlights the importance of protected wetlands to this species, but also shows their vulnerability to future wetland degradation. Only two of 14 wintering sites in Africa were under protection, showing a potential mismatch between protection of females and males in their wintering grounds.
Aloe vera increases collagen fibres in extracellular matrix and mRNA expression of peroxiredoxin-6 in bovine ovarian cortical tissues cultured in vitro
Authors: Costa Francisco das Chagas , Vasconcelos Erlândia Márcia , Azevedo Venância Antônia Nunes , Teixeira de Assis Ernando Igo , Paulino Laís Raiane Feitosa Melo , Silva Anderson Weiny Barbalho , Silva José Roberto Viana , Batista Ana Liza Paz Souza 
Published: December 2021

SummaryIn vitro culture of ovarian tissue containing primordial follicles is an important tool to study the initiation of follicular populations and to develop efficient culture systems to support in vitro follicle growth. Considering that in vitro culture favours oxidative stress, it is very important to supplement culture medium with antioxidant substances such as Aloe vera extract. This study aims to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of Aloe vera on the distribution of collagen fibres in the extracellular matrix, follicular activation, development and survival in bovine ovarian cortical tissues cultured in vitro, as well as on expression of mRNAs for antioxidant enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxiredoxin 6 (PRDX6) and glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1)]. To this end, ovarian cortical tissues were cultured for 6 days in α-MEM alone or supplemented with different concentrations of Aloe vera extract (1.0, 5.0, 10.0 or 50.0%). After culture, fragments were fixed and processed histologically to evaluate follicular morphology and activation, as well as the extracellular matrix by staining with picrosirius red. The levels of mRNA for SOD, CAT, PRDX6 and GPX1 in cultured ovarian tissues were evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Ovarian tissues cultured with 10.0 or 50.0% Aloe vera had higher percentages of collagen fibres than tissues cultured in control medium. A significant increase in developing follicles was observed in ovarian tissues cultured in α-MEM alone or supplemented with 10% Aloe vera when compared with fresh control or tissues cultured with 1.0% Aloe vera. Presence of Aloe vera did not influence the percentage of morphologically normal follicles when compared with control medium. Ovarian tissues cultured with 50.0% Aloe vera had higher percentages of morphologically normal follicles than those cultured with 10.0% Aloe vera. Furthermore, 10% Aloe vera significantly increased mRNA levels for PRDX6. In conclusion, 10.0% Aloe vera improves extracellular matrix distribution in cultured tissues and increases the expression of mRNA for PRDX6 after 6 days in vitro.
Standardizing Spatial Reconstruction Parameters for the Atom Probe Analysis of Common Minerals
Authors: Fougerouse Denis , Saxey David W , Rickard William D A , Reddy Steven M , Verberne Rick 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWell-defined reconstruction parameters are essential to quantify the size, shape, and distribution of nanoscale features in atom probe tomography (APT) datasets. However, the reconstruction parameters of many minerals are difficult to estimate because intrinsic spatial markers, such as crystallographic planes, are not usually present within the datasets themselves. Using transmission and/or scanning electron microscopy imaging of needle-shaped specimens before and after atom probe analysis, we test various approaches to provide best-fit reconstruction parameters for voltage-based APT reconstructions. The results demonstrate that the length measurement of evaporated material, constrained by overlaying pre- and post-analysis images, yields more consistent reconstruction parameters than the measurement of final tip radius. Using this approach, we provide standardized parameters that may be used in APT reconstructions of 11 minerals. The adoption of standardized reconstruction parameters by the geoscience APT community will alleviate potential problems in the measurement of nanoscale features (e.g., clusters and interfaces) caused by the use of inappropriate parameters.
A Moral Stretch? US–Tariff Measures and the Public Morals Exception in WTO Law
Authors: Delev Christian 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe ‘public morals’ exception remains a key aspect of the international trade system; however, its outer bounds have never been precisely defined. This question became pertinent in the US–Tariff Measures panel report, which expansively read the exception to justify a wide range of economic interests, including prohibitions on economic espionage, anti-competitive behaviour, and the regulation of government takings. This note challenges the panel's interpretation, arguing that it is flawed and essentially amounts to a factual standard of review. It proposes an alternative approach to public morals review, which involves an objective standard of review of facts and law, while providing adequate deference to Members’ own factual determinations. It further engages with the issue of extraterritoriality, defending an approach based on Members’ legislative jurisdiction as this strikes a balance between Members’ right to regulate trade for moral purposes and the interests of the international community.
MAGMARS: A Melting Model for the Martian Mantle and FeO‐Rich Peridotite
Authors: Collinet Max , Plesa Ana‐Catalina , Grove Timothy L. , Schwinger Sabrina , Ruedas Thomas , Breuer Doris 
Published: December 2021

AbstractMartian basalts identified by rover in‐situ analyses and the study of meteorites represent a direct link to the melting process in the planet's interior and can be used to reconstruct the composition of the mantle and estimate its temperature. Experimentally calibrated numerical models are powerful tools to systematically search for the mantle compositions and melting conditions that can produce melts similar to primary basalts. However, currently available models are not suitable for modeling the melting of FeO‐rich peridotites. In this study, we present experiments performed at 1.0 and 2.4–2.6 GPa on a primitive Martian mantle with various P2O5 contents. We use the new experiments together with a comprehensive database of previous melting experiments to calibrate a new model called MAGMARS. This model can reproduce the experimental melt compositions more accurately than Gibbs free energy minimization software (e.g., pMELTS) and can simulate near‐fractional polybaric melting of various mantle sources. In addition, we provide an updated thermobarometer that can estimate the P–T melting conditions of primary melts and can be used as a prior step to constrain the input parameters of the MAGMARS melting model. We apply MAGMARS to estimate the source composition of the Adirondack‐class basalts and find that melting a depleted mantle, at 2.3–1.7 GPa (Tp = 1390 ± 40°C) can best explain their bulk composition and K2O/Na2O ratio. MAGMARS represents a fast and accurate alternative to calculate the composition of the Martian primary melts and can be used as a stand‐alone package or integrated with geodynamical models or other independent modeling software.
The Four‐Stage Evolution of Martian Mantle Inferred From Numerical Simulation of the Magmatism‐Mantle Upwelling Feedback
Authors: Ogawa Masaki 
Published: December 2021

AbstractTo understand how mantle dynamics exerts control over the history of magmatic activities and surface environment on Mars, I used a numerical model of magmatism in the convecting mantle that is nominally anhydrous and internally heated. Magmatism occurs as an upward permeable flow of basaltic magma generated by decompression melting through matrix. The mantle evolves in four stages in preferred models. In Stage I, high initial temperature in the uppermost mantle causes an extensive magmatism intensified by two types of positive feedback that operate between magmatism and mantle upwelling flow, the MMUb and MMUc feedbacks: the buoyancy and volume change of matrix, respectively, caused by migrating magma that a mantle upwelling flow generates intensify the flow itself to generate more magma. The stratification suppresses mantle convection and magmatism for the next tens to hundreds of millions of years, allowing heat to build up in the mantle by internal heating (Stage II). Eventually, magma is generated at depth, and the MMUb feedback operates to cause an episodic plume magmatism that releases water from the interior of Mars (Stage III). The plume magmatism also stirs the mantle to make it more homogeneous and extracts heat producing elements from the deep mantle to let the magmatism itself wane and cease. In the final stage IV, mantle convection becomes more akin to a thermal convection. The episodic magmatism and water outgassing in Stage III account for the volcanism and clement surface environment observed for early Mars.
Electroconvulsive therapy, electric field, neuroplasticity, and clinical outcomes
Authors: Deng Zhi-De , Argyelan Miklos , Miller Jeremy , Quinn Davin K. , Lloyd Megan , Jones Thomas R. , Upston Joel , Erhardt Erik , McClintock Shawn M. , Abbott Christopher C. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractElectroconvulsive therapy (ECT) remains the gold-standard treatment for patients with depressive episodes, but the underlying mechanisms for antidepressant response and procedure-induced cognitive side effects have yet to be elucidated. Such mechanisms may be complex and involve certain ECT parameters and brain regions. Regarding parameters, the electrode placement (right unilateral or bitemporal) determines the geometric shape of the electric field (E-field), and amplitude determines the E-field magnitude in select brain regions (e.g., hippocampus). Here, we aim to determine the relationships between hippocampal E-field strength, hippocampal neuroplasticity, and antidepressant and cognitive outcomes. We used hippocampal E-fields and volumes generated from a randomized clinical trial that compared right unilateral electrode placement with different pulse amplitudes (600, 700, and 800 mA). Hippocampal E-field strength was variable but increased with each amplitude arm. We demonstrated a linear relationship between right hippocampal E-field and right hippocampal neuroplasticity. Right hippocampal neuroplasticity mediated right hippocampal E-field and antidepressant outcomes. In contrast, right hippocampal E-field was directly related to cognitive outcomes as measured by phonemic fluency. We used receiver operating characteristic curves to determine that the maximal right hippocampal E-field associated with cognitive safety was 112.5 V/m. Right hippocampal E-field strength was related to the whole-brain ratio of E-field strength per unit of stimulation current, but this whole-brain ratio was unrelated to antidepressant or cognitive outcomes. We discuss the implications of optimal hippocampal E-field dosing to maximize antidepressant outcomes and cognitive safety with individualized amplitudes.