bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rosellinia arcuata
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Rosellinia arcuata
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Plurivorous; important on
Camellia sinensis
. DISEASE: Black root rot mainly of tropical and subtropical woody hosts; plurivorous but only of serious importance on tea (
Camellia sinensis
). The advancing edge of the mycelium is white, shading to black. On the root surface the black network of strands gives a woolly appearance and beneath the bark star-like fans of white mycelium spread out on the wood. On tea the fungus may spread up the stem fan a short distance; the bush often dies suddenly, the leaves remaining attached for some time. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Records of this fungus are apparently infrequent. It has been reported from Central African Republic, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia (Java, Sumatra), Kenya, Papua New Guinea, Sri Lanka, Zaire Republic. TRANSMISSION: As mycelium from surface organic litter and woody debris and possibly also through spores.
Rosellinia pepo
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Rosellinia pepo
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: According to Waterston (1941)
R. pepo
has a more restricted range than
R. bunodes
. Susceptible species include avocado, banana, breadfruit, cacao, coffee, dasheen (
Colocasia antiquorum
), jak (
Artocalpus integer
), horse bean (
Canavalia
sp.), immortelle (
Erythrina
), lime, nutmeg, pigeon pea, West Indian locust (
Hymenaea coulbalii
). DISEASE: Black root rot, mainly of tropical and subtropical woody hosts; plurivorous but recorded less often than
R. bunodes
(CMI Descript. 351), with which it has often been associated in the American tropics. At the collar the mycelial fan has a light grey margin, shading to brown or purplish-black. On roots the greyish cobweb-like strands become black and coalesce into a woolly or felt-like mass. Beneath the bark white fans (star-like) of mycelium occur on the surface of the wood. Thin plates of mycelium in the wood appear as zig-zag lines in section. In culture deep brown, later olive green, strands, white becoming black. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Apparently at present restricted to central America, the West Indies and West Africa; other records are of doubtful authenticity. TRANSMISSION: As mycelium from surface organic litter and woody debris.
Hypoxylon mammatum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hawksworth D. L. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Hypoxylon mammatum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On trunks and branches of species of
Acer, Alnus, Betula, Carpinus, Fagus, Malus, Picea, Platanus, Populus, Pyrus, Quercus, Salix, Sorbus
and
Ulmus
. DISEASES: Causes perennial cankers (most commonly near the bases) leading to the death of infected trees. It is a particularly important pathogen of species of
Populus (P. grandidentata, P. tacamahaca, P. tremuloides
). Invades all bark zones except the periderm and destroys all cell types except sclerenchyma (44, 543d). Loss in weight occurs (43, 2113) and infected trees of P.
tremuloides
may die within three years of the appearance of the canker (39: 56). The degree of damage is correlated with the age of
Populus
stands and their geographical location (32: 222; 43, 2415b). Bark blisters arise and
c
. 3 months after inoculation conidial pillars rupture the periderm to expose the subiculum (Berbee & Rogers. 1964). In Minnesota conidial pillars are most abundantly produced in May and June and the perithecial stroma in August and September (45, 242). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in North America from 200 miles north of the Mexican border to Alaska (44, 2899) and particularly common in Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Alberta, Quebec etc. Rare in Europe but known from Czechoslovakia, Finland, Germany, Sweden, UK, USSR (Ukraine) (Miller, 1961: CMI Map 465, ed. 1, 1970). TRANSMISSION: By ascospores in wind entering through wounds in the periderm, but also able to invade tissues beneath sound bark (44, 1277). Peak ascospore liberation occurs at high relative humidity and low air temperature (47, 659), discharge continuing at below -4°C (45, 242). Available data suggest that conidia have little significance in the transmission of this pathogen (Berbee & Rogers, 1964).
Cylindrocladium scoparium
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C. , Gibson I. A. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cylindrocladium scoparium
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: A very wide host range, mainly of woody plants, including conifers, but also extending to beet, strawberry and watermelon. Particularly notable as a pathogen of young eucalyptus and pine. DISEASE: Damping-off, seedling root-rot, seedling blight. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide, including North America (USA, Canada), South America (Brazil, Argentina), West Indies (Jamaica), Australia and New Zealand, Asia (India, Japan, Malaysia), Africa. TRANSMISSION: By microsclerotia and infected debris in the soil and by airborne, splash-dispersed conidia.
Olivea tectonae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mulder J. L. , Gibson I. A. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Olivea tectonae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Tectona grandis
. DISEASE: Teak rust. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India, Pakistan. Ceylon, Taiwan, Burma) (47, 921). TRANSMISSION: By airborne urediospores.
Cercospora sequoiae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mulder J. L. , Gibson I. A. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cercospora sequoiae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Cryptomeriajaponica, Juniperus virginiana, Thuja orientalis, Sequoia gigantea, S. sempervirens, Taxodium distichum, Cupressus arizonica, C. lusitanica, C. macnabiana, C. sempervirens, Chamaecyparis pisifera
. DISEASE:
Cercospora
blight. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Japan); N. America (USA); S. America (Brazil). TRANSMISSION: By splash-dispersed conidia during periods of mist and light rain (42, 282).
Phomopsis juniperivora
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. , Gibson I. A. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phomopsis juniperivora
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On a wide range of conifers, including
Juniperus ashei, J. horizontalis
var.
douglasii, J. japonica, J. scopulorum, J. chinensis, J. virginiana, J. communis, J. sabina
var.
tamariscifolia, Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, C. thyoides, Cupressus macrocarpa, C. arizonica, C. lusitanica, C. sempervirens, C. torulosa, Cryptomeriajaponica, Thuja orientalis, Larix decidua, Pinus banksiana, Pseudotsuga taxifolia, Cephalotaxus drupacea, Abies
spp.,
Taxus baccata
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA, Canada), Europe (UK, France, Denmark), Africa (Kenya, South Africa, Mozambique), Australasia and Oceania (New Zealand). TRANSMISSION: By airborne conidia produced in pycnidia on diseased tissues, liberated by a splash take-off mechanism.
Corynebacterium oortii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Corynebacterium oortii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Tulipa gesneriana
, the garden tulip. DISEASE: 'Geel-pok' (yellow pustule) of tulip bulbs and 'hels vuur' (hell-fire) of the leaves. Primary infection occurs on leaves, which show silver grey spots after a short time. These become up to about 5 mm diam. with brittle, easily cracked epidermis and disorganised-looking parenchyma within. Plants may also show leaves with areas in which the upper and lower epidermis is badly cracked, giving a characteristic rough look to the leaves. These plants show yellowish stem interiors that run down to the young growing bulbs. On bulbs the outermost white scale develops many tiny white spots which turn yellow and by the end of the storage period are yellow areas with raised tissue and ruptured outer skin. In section many vascular bundles are yellow. Less severely affected bulbs develop into stunted plants with leaves showing silvery streaks along veins. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Netherlands, England. TRANSMISSION: By planting out of infected bulbs, which may produce infected plants and in turn more infected bulbs; also from plant to plant in the field by leaf infection. The latter presumably in windy and wet conditions.
Corynebacterium tritici
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Corynebacterium tritici
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Triticum aestivum
. Sabet (1954a) obtained infection artificially on
T. dicoccum, T. durum
and
T. pyramidale
, using the nematode vector. Williams (1964) claimed infection of
Dactylis glomerata
and
Secale cereale
, but no details of the inoculation method used have been published. DISEASE: Yellow slime or 'tundu' disease of wheat. Infected parts bear yellow slimy bacterial exudate. Wheat ears covered by such slime become distorted or fail to emerge properly and produce little or no grain. On leaves and sheaths long slimy yellow spots may be seen. The bacterium has an obligate association with the ear-cockle nematode,
Anguina tritici
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: India and Egypt (CMI Map 156a, ed. 1, 1966), to which should be added W. Australia (6, 216), China (Hopei & Kweichow) (26, 446), Cyprus (17, 15), Ethiopia (48, 3413a) and Iran (49, 445). TRANSMISSION: The bacterium is carried with the seed in infected galls of the ear-cockle nematode
Anguina tritici
. The presence of the nematode is considered essential for the establishment of the bacteria in the plant, and many different attempts to inoculate wheat artificially in the absence of the nematode have failed to produce infection (e.g. Hutchinson, 1917; 4, 470; 6, 216; 26, 446; 51, 2391). Chaudhury (14, 571) claimed successful inoculation of the bacteria alone, but later workers have refuted this. Severin & Docea (50, 1047y) and Williams (1917) reported successful artificial inoculations, but little or no details of the methods are given. Neither report mentions use of nematodes. The bacteria carried by galls can remain viable for at least 5 years (45, 3125), while the nematodes within the galls are known to remain viable for even longer periods. Experiments of Swarup & Singh (43, 1299) indicate that the bacteria are not carried within the galls on or inside the larvae, but probably on the gall surface.
Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Walker J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Gramineae
(in nature on
Oryza, Pennisetum, Stenotaphrum, Triticum
and possibly others including
Axonopus, Chloris
and
Cynodon
; artificially infecting
Avena
); also said to overwinter on sheaths of
Typha latifolia
(Tullis, 1951). Due to possible confusion between this fungus and
G. graminis
var.
tritici
, the host ranges of both need more detailed study. DISEASE: Crown sheath rot of rice (Ou, 1972) sometimes called brown (or black) sheath rot and Arkansas foot rot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Probably widespread: reported from Australia (NSW), Central African Republic, French Equatorial Africa, India, Italy, Ivory Coast, Japan (Ou, 1972), Kenya, Madagascar, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Sweden (Nilsson, 1972), Tanzania, USA (Ark., La., Texas). TRANSMISSION: Presumably soil-borne. The part played by ascospores in spreading the fungus is not known. It is carried on roots, stolons and leaf sheaths of several grasses. There is one report of possible spread with seed (42, 727; 47, 3058).
Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Walker J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Gramineae
, especially
Triticum, Hordeum, Secale, Agropyron
and several other grass genera and, more rarely,
Sorghum
and
Zea
; also recorded from the roots of plants in other families. DISEASE: Take-all of cereals and grasses (also referred to as deadheads or whiteheads, pietin and pied noir (France), Schwarzbeinigkeit and Ophiobolus Fusskrankheit (Germany), Ophiobolusvoetziekt (Netherlands) and others). Root infection is favoured by soil temperature from 12-20°C (Butler, 1961). Ascospore germ tubes penetrate root hairs and the epidermis in the meristematic region (Weste, 1972) leading to plugging of xylem and root death. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: (CMI Map 334, ed. 3, 1972). Widespread, especially in temperate zones. Africa; Asia (India, Iran, Japan, USSR): Australasia and Oceania; Europe; North America (Canada, USA); South America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Uruguay). TRANSMISSION: In soil on infected organic fragments, as runner hyphae on roots of cereals and grasses and, under special conditions, by ascospores. Seed transmission very doubtful (47, 3058).
Gibberella pulicaris
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Gibberella pulicaris
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Cereals, flax, hops, lupin, strawberry, tomato, potato. DISEASE: This fungus has a threefold expression in terms of economic importance; canker and dieback, root rots, storage rots. As a canker form it can be a serious disease of hops (Burgess, 1964); as a root rot it attacks a wide variety of hosts especially cereals in Eastern Europe, but also flax (49, 1044), lupin (47, 2190), strawberry (43, 1091), tomato (46, 61c) and numerous other hosts; as a storage rot it is of considerable importance on potato. Although this fungus may be important as a root rotting organism or as a storage rot, the perithecia are usually found only in association with its third role, that of a canker forming or dieback organism of woody hosts. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Common in N. temperate and Mediterranean regions; Asia, Europe, N. Africa and N. America. In the southern hemisphere it probably represents an introduction. Dingley (36, 127) states the early records for NZ are misidentifications although it has since been recorded there on passion fruit (49, 2943). In Australia it can be a serious problem in stored potatoes. TRANSMISSION: By conidial splash or by ascospores; canker of hops becomes progressively more severe if infected material is allowed to remain in the hop garden.
Pyrenophora graminea
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Waller J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Pyrenophora graminea
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Barley and other
Hordeum
spp. Also, occasionally, on oats, wheat and rye. DISEASE: Causes leaf stripe of barley. Severe seedling infection can cause stunting and post-emergence death, but symptoms are not usually apparent until later, when long, chlorotic or yellow stripes on leaves and sheaths appear. Most leaves of a diseased plant are usually affected. Dark brown streaks develop later in the stripes, which eventually dry out and cause leaf shedding. Ears may not emerge or be deformed and discoloured. Grain production by infected plants is severely restricted. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread distribution; occurs in most barley-growing areas of the world. TRANSMISSION: Seed-borne (49, 1342) usually by mycelium in the pericarp. Perithecia are uncommon, but overwintering sclerotia on crop debris have been reported from Russia (42, 13). Secondary infection by conidia is apparently important only for floral infection and subsequent seed contamination.
Cymadothea trifolii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C. , O'Rourke C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cymadothea trifolii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On leaves of a wide range of
Trifolium
species; reported on
Medicago
in India. DISEASES: Black blotch or sooty blotch of clover. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Bavaria, Britain, Canada, Cyprus, Ethiopia, Germany, Guernsey, India, Iraq, Irish Rep., Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Jersey, Kenya, New Zealand, Pakistan, Rumania, Sweden, USA, USSR. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in spring and by conidia throughout the growing season. Believed to overwinter as ascospores in stromata on infected leaves; has been reported to survive in soil for 5 yr.
Pyrenochaeta terrestris
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Pyrenochaeta terrestris
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Allium cepa
; other species of
Allium
. DISEASE: Pink root of onion (
Allium cepa
), and also may cause disease in Welsh onion (
A. fistulosum
), leek (
A
.
ampeloprasum
), shallot (
A. cepa
var.
aggregatum
), garlic (
A. sativum
) and chive (
A. schoenoprasum
). Also, as a soil inhabitant, it is frequently isolated from the roots of many crops on which no disease is caused (20, 138; 22, 429; 23, 261; 25, 82; 33, 332; 45, 311; 47, 2119; 50, 136). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Egypt, Germany, Hong Kong, Mauritius, New Zealand, Pakistan, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Uganda, UK, USA, Venezuela. TRANSMISSION: Soil, water and the infected host.
Rhizoctonia tuliparum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Rhizoctonia tuliparum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On tulip,
Allium, Amaryllis, Brodiaea, Chionodoxa, Colchicum, Crocus, Eranthis, Fritillaria, Galanthus
,
Gladiolus, Hyacinthus, Iris, Ixia, Lilium, Narcissus
and
Scilla
. DISEASE: Grey bulb rot. Infection begins in late autumn or early spring on bulb tip and the shoot may be killed at this stage; later development results in rotting of leaf and flower shoot bases, with eventual formation of large numbers of sclerotia on the rotted tissues and in the surrounding soil. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Austria, Denmark, Germany, Iceland, Netherlands, Switzerland, UK, Russia, Canada, USA. TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne. Sclerotia survive 3-5 yr in soil and are readily disseminated by agricultural practices such as ploughing. Also disseminated as sclerotia and mycelium on bulbs.
Cercospora coffeicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mulder J. L. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cercospora coffeicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Coffea
spp. DISEASE: Brown eye spot of coffee; symptoms occur on leaves and berries. On the former the small chlorotic spots expand, becoming deep brown but lighter in colour on the lower surface; the centre becomes grey white and surrounded by a ring of dark brown tissue, 5-15 mm diam., sometimes with a yellowish halo. This is most distinct on the upper leaf surface; the dark sporulation is seen in the greyish area. Leaves may be shed. On green berries lesions are brown, sunken, irregular or oval with ashy centres, rarely > 5 mm long and sometimes with a purplish surround. Infection may penetrate the berry thus causing the pulp to stick to the bean during fermentation. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Throughout the tropics (CMI Map 59, ed. 4, 1973). TRANSMISSION: Conidia probably windborne mostly during the day. The possible role of any other hosts seems unimportant.
Calonectria kyotensis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Peerally A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Calonectria kyotensis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Acacia dealbata, Camellia sinensis, Dianthus barbatus, Pinus
sp.,
Prunus persica, Rhododendron (Azalea
) and
Syringa vulgaris
. DISEASE: Causes a root rot of peach trees and in inoculation tests was found to cause wilting, root rot and death of peach seedlings (46, 2468). Severe losses to cuttings and liners of azaleas, lilac and Sweet William reported (47, 3461). Associated with
Cylindrocladium scoparium
with 'short life' of peach trees (51, 1648),
C. floridanum
being usually more virulent. Causes death of single-node tea cuttings in Mauritius (52, 1249) and associated with decline of tea bushes (Peerally, 1972). Soil drenches with benomyl give complete control of the pathogen (47, 3461). Soil drenches with benomyl and dithane M-45, and manuring with artificial fertilizers followed by earthing up, have given satisfactory control of root rot of tea bushes in Mauritius. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: England, Germany, Japan, Mauritius and USA. TRANSMISSION: The pathogen is soil-inhabiting, rarely attacking aerial parts of plants.
Calonectria theae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Peerally A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Calonectria theae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Acacia
spp.,
Albizia, Camellia sinensis, Eucalyptus
spp. and
Rhododendron
(
Azalea
). DISEASE: Causes the well-known '
Cercosporella
disease' of tea bushes. Spots on young leaves are at first brown or black and in humid weather enlarge and coalesce. On mature leaves spots are at first black then grey or greyish-white with a purplish margin. On fully mature leaves spots are brown or black then turn greyish. Tea bushes may be severely defoliated. Also causes root discoloration but not mortality of azaleas (52, 1935). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Ceylon and USA. Other records are of doubtful authenticity TRANSMISSION: By wind-borne conidia and ascospores in Ceylon. Transmission
from Acacia decurrens
, used as a shade tree, frequently reported.