bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nativism
Authors: Lewis Desiree 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Although the focus of this chapter is a particular recent photographer, its broader concern is with how performative African identities have been and continue to be imagined as anatomically and culturally generalized bodies. Several writers have identified the simultaneous growth of photography, ethnography, and colonizing projects from the nineteenth century. The photographed subject was frozen as an object for others’ scrutiny, with photography reinforcing the huge divide between the meanings attached to the surfaces of the bodies of African people and ideas about whiteness and the West. The chapter focuses on how anthropological constructs and codes perist in ostensibly postcolonial and counterhegemonic representations. It analyzes the contemporary photographs of the internationally acclaimed South African photographer Zanele Muholi, especially images from her “Faces and Phases” photographs of black lesbians and transmen. On one hand, the portraits are powerful political statements: they portray the dignity and courage of certain lesbians and transmen, make a marginalized community visible in a heterosexist and racist public sphere, and gesture toward meanings of African identities that are radically at odds with both colonial and (patriarchal) nationalist identities. On the other hand, viewers are invited to recognize the agency and public visibility of the subject in ways similar to how viewers of colonial and nationalist performances have been encouraged to recognize and categorize the bodies of authentic African women and men.
Theatricality, Sovereignty, and Resistance
Authors: Parameswaran Ameet 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The practices brought under the term theater of the roots in postindependent India are often framed as articulating postcolonial resistance as they use ritual and traditional forms in opposition to the practices of realism, naturalism, and tragedy that are deemed to be Western and colonial. The canonical Malayalam and Sanskrit productions of the significant playwright-director from the southern Indian state of Kerala, K. N. Panikkar, has been conceived as a productive site for such a framing of postcolonial resistance. The chapter analyzes how assumptions about theatricality and in certain cases absence of the cleft in the mundane effected by theatricality of both modern theater practices as well as what are categorized as indigenous or traditional practices are at the heart of these claims. Analyzing existing scholarly writings as well as theater discussions centered on the early productions of Panikkar in the vernacular language, the chapter foregrounds the need to historicize theatricality as an object and as discourse in India in the 1960s through 1980s. The chapter shows how it is precisely by the elision of the force of discourses of theatricality and how it opens out the sociopolitical—especially sovereignty and countersovereignty—in the region that an imagined national is instituted. The chapter ends by looking at P. K. Balakrishnan’s analysis of the trilogy of Ramayana plays by Srikanthan Nair foregrounding the potentiality of a specific sonic theatricality—wherein tragic can be felt as a critical tone—that registers a newness troubling the existing worlds of sovereignty and power.
Representation
Authors: Daloz Jean-Pascal 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The polysemic nature of the term representation is widely recognized, and we know that in English it may refer to (1) perceptions and conceptions, (2) mechanisms of delegation, and (3) performances, in the sense of something “staged.” This is often viewed as a problem by scholars dealing with political representation who fear that a seemingly solid notion might disappear behind uncontrolled shifts in meaning. However, it can be held to the contrary that the very nature of this type of relationship depends on how it is perceived by both the representatives and the represented. It is also the outcome of the way in which representatives defend the interest of the represented, as well as how they present themselves and those they claim to embody. Most representatives are expected to fulfill a function of expression of the represented group. As its visible face, they are a kind of living symbol. It is in this regard that the complementarity of the theatrical dimension becomes clearly apparent. The chapter offers some preliminary reflections about the theatricality of politics and on the parallels that can be established between dramatic art and the staging of representation. It then turns to the issue of performativity, that is, to the efficacy of the process and its ability to achieve certain results. Finally, with a view to show concretely how a theatrical approach of representation (combined with the two other aspects) can yield rich findings, developments are proposed on the ways in which political actors deal with the opposing imperatives of eminence and nearness.
The Spanish Conquest?
Authors: Matthew Laura E. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The Spanish conquest is a highly mythologized historical moment of profound consequence. For some, it represents the launching of a global Catholic empire—perhaps with lamentable violence, but ultimately as part of an inevitable, proud march of Euro-Christian progress. For Indigenous populations, the meaning of Spanish conquest is decidedly more somber: the invasion of their lands, the criminalization of their customs, the loss of sovereignty, and, indeed, the closest they have ever come to total extermination. In between these two poles of interpretation, scholars have sought not only new sources and information beyond published Spanish works but also new perspectives from less famous actors. Central America features prominently in this recent scholarship, which has ended up questioning all three parts of the phrase “the Spanish conquest.” Indigenous Central America’s sixteenth-century experience of military invasion and colonization—made worse by a brief but intense period of legalized Indigenous slavery—was brutal, and more complex than the mythology usually admits. It was not a single sweeping event, it was not militarily won only by Spaniards or even Europeans, and ultimately, it was incomplete.
A Southeast Asian Perspective on the Role for the Sociology of Generations in Building a Global Youth Studies
Authors: Woodman Dan , Batan Clarence M. , Sutopo Oki Rahadianto 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter interrogates and develops one of the major conceptual traditions for thinking about social change as it intersects with youth and the life course: the sociology of generations. Grounded in an overview of how the notion of generations is used in two Southeast Asian contexts, Indonesia and the Philippines, it develops an alternative concept of generation, emphasizing intergenerational relationships, the impact of youth on the life course, the continuing impact of history and the refiguring of long-standing inequalities in the context of rapid change. An orientation to generations is limited if it is only used to illustrate change across groups within countries, but not new connections across borders. However, the opposite is also a limitation, too easily slipping into claims of a homogenous global generation. A global sociology of generations needs simultaneously to be aware of these differences and similarities that are in a constant state of flux.
Researching the South on Its Own Terms as a Matter of Justice
Authors: Breakey Jessica , Nyamnjoh Anye-Nkwenti , Swartz Sharlene 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This essay draws on the collective learnings from the research study published as Moral Eyes: Youth and justice in Cameroon, Nigeria, Sierra Leone and South Africa in order to explore both the principles and possibilities of producing theory from the South by the South. By describing the journey of the study and highlighting its struggles and challenges, as well as innovative steps taken along the way, it offers insights into how existing geopolitical inequalities in knowledge production between the Global North and the Global South may be disrupted. Central to these disruptions include the role of Southern theory, the relationships between researchers, methods of data collection, and the ways in which participants are engaged in the study. The task of producing knowledge from the South by the South entails speaking out and insisting on the space to produce knowledge; speaking back while remaining geographically, ethically, and theoretically grounded; speaking up and rooting research in emancipatory methodologies and ontologies; and never being spoken for especially by only accepting funding that supports principles of justice and emancipation in Southern knowledge production.
Western Christianity and Meditation
Authors: Laird Martin 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Like other religions, Christianity has its own tradition of meditation, the practice of contemplation, that has evolved over two millennia. This tradition has a core celebration and a core problem. The core celebration is that by grace we are all one in the ineffable mystery of God in Christ. The core problem is that we live most of our lives in ignorance of this. The practice of contemplation aims to heal this ignorance and the inner noise it generates by training the mind to abide in silence. The silent mind is a loving mind that sees through the illusion of separation from God. This chapter examines the teachings of five key authors or traditions from the fourth to fourteenth century so as to learn how to bring the mind home to itself, a self hidden in the mystery of God in Christ (Col 3:3).
Behavioral Modernity, Evolutionary Synergies, and the Symbolic Species
Authors: Majkić Ana 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Many of the hallmarks of “what makes us human”—complex cognition and language, self-consciousness, and symbolic and artistic behaviors—are commonly subsumed under the term “behavioral modernity.” Several models have been proposed to account for its emergence and different ways of understanding the term itself exist. However, the concept of behavioral modernity remains elusive and difficult to define in a consistent manner. It is vulnerable to critique from a number of perspectives, both theoretically and methodologically, especially on how to recognize its expression in the archaeological record. Overview of the proposed behavioral traits and archaeological features indicate: (1) that highlighting assumptions implicit in those traits and features may allow us to avoid inconsistencies when identifying behaviorally modern populations in the archaeological record; and (2) that elaborating methods for recognizing archaeological indicators of “symbolically mediated behavior” might represent the most reliable pathway to define what constitutes “modern behavior” and identify surviving tangible expression of it in past material culture.
The Evolution of Writing Systems
Authors: de Voogt Alex 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The evolution of writing systems has occurred in multiple regions of the world starting in the third millennium bce. The first writing systems were largely logographic in nature, but often included syllabic or even consonantal signs. Alphabets and alpha-syllabaries with their small sign inventories developed in the fifteenth century and fourth century bce, respectively. History has shown that logographic, syllabic, and (alpha)syllabic systems all continue to function until today and are even newly developed, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. The administrative function of scripts is neither mandatory nor inevitable and no discernable development of scripts towards smaller sign inventories, less ambiguity or less variation can be generalized.
Artificial Intelligence and Administrative Evil
Authors: Young Matthew M , Himmelreich Johannes , Bullock Justin B , Kim Kyoung-Cheol 
Published: March 2021

AbstractArtificial intelligence (AI) offers challenges and benefits to the public sector. We present an ethical framework to analyze the effects of AI in public organizations, guide empirical and theoretical research in public administration, and inform practitioner deliberation and decision making on AI adoption. We put forward six propositions on how the use of AI by public organizations may facilitate or prevent unnecessary harm. The framework builds on the theory of administrative evil and contributes to it in two ways. First, we interpret the theory of administrative evil through the lens of agency theory. We examine how the mechanisms stipulated by the former relate to the underlying mechanisms of the latter. Specifically, we highlight how mechanisms of administrative evil can be analyzed as information problems in the form of adverse selection and moral hazard. Second, we describe possible causal pathways of the theory of administrative evil and associate each with a level of analysis: individual (micro), organizational (meso), and cultural (macro). We then develop both descriptive and normative propositions on AI’s potential to increase or decrease the risk of administrative evil. The article hence contributes an institutional and public administration lens to the growing literature on AI safety and value alignment.
In-Group Bias or Out-Group Reluctance? The Interplay of Gender and Religion in Creating Religious Friendship Segregation among Muslim Youth
Authors: Kretschmer David , Leszczensky Lars 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Even in diverse schools that provide opportunities for interreligious friendships, Muslim youth disproportionally tend to be friends with Muslims rather than non-Muslims. Echoing broader debates about minorities’ self-segregation versus exclusion by majority group members, a key question is whether religious friendship segregation arises because of Muslims’ in-group bias or because of non-Muslims’ reluctance to befriend them. We suggest that the answer differs for Muslim boys and girls. Building on research on interreligious romantic relations and accounts of the lives of young Muslims and other ethno-religious minorities in Western societies, we propose that religious in-group bias is stronger for Muslim girls than for Muslim boys. Conversely, we expect non-Muslim youth to be more open to befriend Muslim girls than Muslim boys. Applying stochastic actor-oriented models of network dynamics to large-scale longitudinal data of friendship networks in German schools, we find that Muslim girls indeed have a strong in-group bias, whereas non-Muslim youth are not reluctant to be friends with them. Muslim boys, by contrast, have a much weaker in-group bias, but non-Muslim youth are less willing to be friends with them rather than with non-Muslims. A simulation analysis demonstrates that these gendered individual-level processes result in comparable aggregate patterns of friendship segregation among Muslim boys and girls. Religious friendship segregation thus arises because Muslim girls tend to self-segregate and non-Muslim youth are less willing to befriend Muslim boys although the latter are open to interreligious friendships. This gendered friendship-making behavior has implications for the larger question of minority social integration.
Detection of autoimmune antibodies in severe but not in moderate or asymptomatic COVID-19 patients
Authors: Fakhroo Aisha D. , Nasarallah Gheyath K. , Khan Taushif , Cyprian Farhan S. , Ali Fatima Al , Ata Manar M.A. , Taleb Sara , Hssain Ali A. , Eid Ali H. , Abu-Raddad Laith J. , Al-Khal Abdullatif , Thani Asmaa A. Al , Marr Nico , Yassine Hadi M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe heterogeneity of COVID-19 lies within its diverse symptoms and severity, ranging from mild to lethal. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has been shown to be the leading cause of mortality in COVID-19 patients, characterized by a hyper cytokine storm. Autoimmunity is proposed to occur as a result of COVID-19, given the high similarity of the immune responses observed in COVID-19 and autoimmune diseases. Here, we investigate the level of autoimmune antibodies in COVID-19 patients with different severities. Initial screening for antinuclear antibodies (ANA) IgG revealed that 1.6% (2/126) and 4% (5/126) of ICU COVID-19 cases developed strong and moderate ANA levels, respectively. However, all the non-ICU cases (n=273) were ANA negative. The high ANA level was confirmed by immunofluorescence (IFA) and large-scale autoantibody screening by phage immunoprecipitation-sequencing (PhIP-Seq). Indeed, the majority of the samples showed “speckled” ANA pattern by microscopy, and we demonstrate that samples of ICU patients with strong and moderate ANA levels contain autoantibody specificities that predominantly targeted proteins involved in intracellular signal transduction, metabolism, apoptotic processes, and cell death; further denoting reactivity to nuclear and cytoplasmic antigens. In conclusion, our results further support the notion of routine screening for autoimmune responses in COVID-19 patients, which might help improve disease prognosis and patient management. Further, results provide compelling evidence that ANA-positive individuals should be excluded from being donors for convalescent plasma therapy in the context of Covid-19.
Site-specific steric control of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycosylation
Authors: Allen Joel D. , Chawla Himanshi , Samsudin Firdaus , Zuzic Lorena , Shivgan Aishwary Tukaram , Watanabe Yasunori , He Wan-ting , Callaghan Sean , Song Ge , Yong Peter , Brouwer Philip J. M. , Song Yutong , Cai Yongfei , Duyvesteyn Helen M. E. , Malinauskas Tomas , Kint Joeri , Pino Paco , Wurm Maria J. , Frank Martin , Chen Bing , Stuart David I. , Sanders Rogier W. , Andrabi Raiees , Burton Dennis R. , Li Sai , Bond Peter J. , Crispin Max 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA central tenet in the design of vaccines is the display of native-like antigens in the elicitation of protective immunity. The abundance of N-linked glycans across the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is a potential source of heterogeneity between the many different vaccine candidates under investigation. Here, we investigate the glycosylation of recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins from five different laboratories and compare them against infectious virus S protein. We find patterns which are conserved across all samples and this can be associated with site-specific stalling of glycan maturation which act as a highly sensitive reporter of protein structure. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of a fully glycosylated spike support s a model of steric restrictions that shape enzymatic processing of the glycans. These results suggest that recombinant spike-based SARS-CoV-2 immunogen glycosylation reproducibly recapitulates signatures of viral glycosylation.
PulseNet international: the missing link between PFGE and WGS
Authors: Adam Ibrahim-Elkhalil M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIntroductionDNA-based surveillance of bacterial diseases has been using pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) since 1996. Currently, the international surveillance network (PulseNet international) is turning toward whole genome sequencing (WGS). ATCGs of WGS are compared using several sequence alignment methods. While patterns of horizontal lines of PFGE profiles are being compared using relative positioning of bands within a range of tolerance. A recently suggested image analysis algorithm and a deployed database (geltowgs.uofk.edu) collectively invented a promising method for comparing PFGE toin-silicoobtained digestion models (DMs) derived from WGS. The database requires a parameter that determines PFGE resolution. Here, the author suggests a new method for calculating this factor. Epidemiological and molecular conclusions returned by the database are evaluated.Methodologytwo PFGE profiles representingXbaI digests ofE. coliandSalmonella entericaanalyzed by the suggested image analysis algorithm were submitted to the database after calculating resolution of PFGE using Dice percentage of difference between the closest PFGE bands in length.E. coliandSalmonella entericatest subjects were compared to 489 and 401 DMs respectively. The three data sets returned were analyzed.Results and conclusionsaccording to modified PFGE evaluation criteria; a single DM is possibly related toE. colitest subject. It belonged to the same serovar. No epidemiologically related DM was shown forS. entericatest subject. Conclusions mentioned earlier could never be made ignoring co-migration. Standardization of both; suggested image analysis and database algorithms will deepen our understanding of bacterial epidemiology by means of possible qualitative approach built upon identification of fragment sequences and their locations within chromosomes.
In vitro rapid inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 by visible light photocatalysis using boron-doped bismuth oxybromide
Authors: Ling Li , Carletti Tea , Cheng Zihang , Wang Ruixuan , Ren Yanxiao , Westerhoff Paul , Shang Chii , Marcello Alessandro , Chen Shuyu 
Published: March 2021

AbstractInactivation of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater and on surfaces is critical to prevent the fecal-oral and fomite transmission, respectively. We hypothesized that visible light active photocatalysts could dramatically enhance the rate or extent of virus inactivation and enable the use of visible light rather than shorter wavelength ultraviolet light. A novel visible light active photocatalyst, boron-doped bismuth oxybromide (B-BiOBr), was synthesized and tested for its SARS-CoV-2 inactivation towards Vero E6 cell lines in dark and under irradiation at 426 nm by a light emitting diode (LED) in water. SARS-CoV-2 inactivation in the presence of B-BiOBr (0.8 g/L) under LED irradiation reached 5.32-log in 5 min, which was 400 to 10,000 times higher than those achieved with conventional photocatalysts of tungsten or titanium oxide nanomaterials, respectively. Even without LED irradiation, B-BiOBr inactivated 3.32-log of SARS-CoV-2 in the dark due to the ability of bismuth ions interfering with the SARS-CoV-2 helicase function. LED irradiation at 426 nm alone, without the photocatalyst, contributed to 10% of the observed inactivation and was attributed to production of reactive oxygen species due to blue-light photoexcitation of molecules in the culture media, which opens further modes of action to engineer disinfection strategies. The visible light active B-BiOBr photocatalyst, with its rapid SARS-CoV-2 inactivation in the presence and absence of light, holds tremendous opportunities to build a healthy environment by preventing the fecal-oral and fomite transmission of emerging pathogens.