bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fitness cost associated with enhancedEPSPSgene copy number and glyphosate resistance in anAmaranthus tuberculatuspopulation
Authors: Cockerton Helen M. , Kaundun Shiv S. , Nguyen Lieselot , Hutchings Sarah Jane , Dale Richard P. , Howell Anushka , Neve Paul 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe evolution of resistance to pesticides in agricultural systems provides an opportunity to study the fitness costs and benefits of novel adaptive traits. Here, we studied a population ofAmaranthus tuberculatus(common waterhemp), which has evolved resistance to glyphosate. Following the production of seed families with contrasting levels of glyphosate resistance, we assessed the growth and fitness of seed families in the absence of glyphosate and determined their ability to compete for resources under intra- and interspecific competition. Further investigation revealed a positive correlation between the level of resistance and gene copy number for the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) glyphosate target, thus indicating gene amplification as the mechanism of resistance within the population. Resistant common waterhemp plants were found to have a lower competitive response when compared to the susceptible phenotypes. A substitution rate of 2.76 glyphosate resistant plants was required to have an equal competitive effect as a single susceptible plant. A growth trade-off was associated with the gene amplification mechanism under intra-phenotypic competition where 20 extra gene copies were associated with a 26.5 % reduction in dry biomass. Interestingly, this growth trade-off was mitigated when assessed under interspecific competition from maize.
Double stranded RNA drives innate immune responses, sickness behavior and cognitive impairment dependent on dsRNA length, IFNAR1 expression and age
Authors: McGarry Niamh , Murray Carol L. , Garvey Sean , Wilkinson Abigail , Tortorelli Lucas , Ryan Lucy , Hayden Lorna , Healy Daire , Griffin Eadaoin. W. , Hennessy Edel , Arumugam Malathy , Skelly Donal T. , Mitchell Kevin J. , Cunningham Colm 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDouble stranded RNA is generated during viral replication. The synthetic analogue poly I:C is frequently used to mimic anti-viral innate immune responses in models of psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders including schizophrenia, autism, Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. Many studies perform limited analysis of innate immunity despite these responses potentially differing as a function of dsRNA molecular weight and age. Therefore fundamental questions relevant to impacts of systemic viral infection on brain function and integrity remain. Here, we studied innate immune-inducing properties of poly I:C preparations of different lengths and responses in adult and aged mice. High molecular weight (HMW) poly I:C (1-6kb, 12 mg/kg) produced more robust sickness behavior and more robust IL-6, IFN-I and TNFα responses than poly I:C of <500 bases (low MW) preparations. This was partly overcome with higher doses of LMW (up to 80 mg/kg), but neither circulating IFNβ nor brain transcription ofIrf7were significantly induced by LMW poly I:C, despite brainIfnbtranscription, suggesting that brain IFN-dependent gene expression is predominantly triggered by circulating IFNβ binding of IFNAR1. In aged animals, poly I:C induced exaggerated IL-6, IL-1β and IFN-I in the plasma and similar exaggerated brain cytokine responses. This was associated with acute working memory deficits selectively in aged mice. Thus, we demonstrate dsRNA length-, IFNAR1- and age-dependent effects on anti-viral inflammation and cognitive function. The data have implications for CNS symptoms of acute systemic viral infection such as those with SARS-CoV-2 and for models of maternal immune activation.
ATAC-seq reveals megabase-scale domains of a bacterial nucleoid
Authors: Melfi Michael D. , Lasker Keren , Zhou Xiaofeng , Shapiro Lucy 
Published: January 2021

Here we adapted ATAC-seq to probe chromosome accessibility of bacterial cells. We found that the chromosome of Caulobacter crescentus is composed of eight differentially compacted regions we name Chromosomal Accessibility Domains (CADs). This domain structure is depended on the cell cycle stage, DNA gyrase activity, and the nucleoid-associated protein (NAP) GapR, but not on the function of SMC. We show the chromosome is punctuated by fourhighly transposase-inaccessible transcribed regions (HINTs). The HINTs include Caulobacter’s ribosomal RNA clusters and its largest ribosomal protein gene cluster. Further, we show that HINTs are also formed by rDNA in E. coli and provide evidence that their high levels of transcription do not strictly govern their formation. Overall, this work argues that physical forces, including those created by the activities of DNA gyrase and specific NAPs, significantly contribute to bacterial nucleoid structure at the megabase scale.Abstract FigureSignificanceIn bacteria, chromosomal DNA is highly compacted and organized. Many forces contribute to bacterial DNA compaction, including the transcription, DNA replication, and the activities of topoisomerases and nucleoid-associated proteins. At the megabase scale, the resulting chromosome structure is important for coordinating cell cycle events; for example, inE. colithe improper structuring of a Mb-scale nucleoid domain leads to errors in the fidelity of chromosome segregation. It was previously unknown whether Mb-scale regions of a bacterial chromosome could be differentially compacted, and which factors might contribute to this spatial variation in compaction. Our work provides a novel method for measuring global chromosome compaction in bacteria. By applying this method in the bacteriumCaulobacter crescentus, we show that theCaulobacternucleoid’s compaction varies between megabase-scale domains. We also show that DNA gyrase and the nucleoid-associated protein GapR are key players in shaping the uneven compaction of the chromosome.
Epidermal TRPV4 ion channels regulate UVB induced sunburn by triggering inflammmasome activation and ERK signaling
Authors: Moore Carlene , Choi Shinbe , Moon Gene , Zhang Jennifer , Chen Yong , Liedtke Wolfgang 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACTSkin inflammation is an evolutionary-honed protective mechanism that serves to clear noxious cues and irritants and initiate regeneration. Calcium-permeable transient-receptor-potential (TRP) ion channels have critical functions in sensory transduction which is sensitized in skin inflammation. Skin sensory transduction relies on skin-innervating sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG), but also on innervated keratinocytes (KC). The multimodally-activated TRPV4 is robustly expressed in KC, where it can readily be activated by Ultraviolet-B (UVB). Our goal was to deconstruct keratinocyte TRPV4-mediated signaling, specifically how TRPV4 can facilitate inflammatory injury, thus lowering pain thresholds and rendering KC into pain-generator cells. We wanted to uncover the effect of TRPV4-mediated signaling on UVB-induced inflammasome activation in KC given the powerful impact of the activated inflammasome on pro-inflammatory/pro-algesic secretory signaling, using mouse models and cultured human KC. In mice, our evidence suggests that TRPV4 functions as calcium-permeable channel upstream of the KC inflammasome. Furthermore, we found that UVB induced activation of TRPV4 caused rapid - within minutes -Extracellular SignalRegulatedKinase (ERK) phosphorylation, caspase-1 activation and Interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) secretion. In human primary KC we demonstrated that UVB induced secretion of IL-1ß was dependent on the NLR family pyrin domain containing 1 (NLRP1) inflammasome. Direct chemical TRPV4 activation could also activate NLRP1 and to lesser extent NLPR3. Building on our previous work, we now define at increased resolution TPRV4-dependent forefront signaling mechanisms in KC in response to UVB, showing TRPV4 upstream of the NLRP1 inflammasome, subsequent rapid ERK activation and pro-inflammatory/pro-algesic secretory function.
MCPdb: The Bacterial Microcompartment Database
Authors: Ochoa Jessica M. , Bair Kaylie , Holton Thomas , Bobik Thomas A. , Yeates Todd O. 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACTBacterial microcompartments are organelle-like structures composed entirely of proteins. They have evolved to carry out several distinct and specialized metabolic functions in a wide variety of bacteria. Their outer shell is constructed from thousands of tessellating protein subunits, encapsulating enzymes that carry out the internal metabolic reactions. The shell proteins are varied, with single, tandem and permuted versions of the PF00936 protein family domain comprising the primary structural component of their polyhedral architecture, which is reminiscent of a viral capsid. While considerable amounts of structural and biophysical data have been generated in the last 15 years, current resources present challenges for understanding the functional and structural properties of microcompartments (MCPs) and their diversity. In order to make the remarkable structural features of bacterial microcompartments accessible to a broad community of scientists and non-specialists, we developed MCPdb: The Bacterial Microcompartment Database (https://mcpdb.mbi.ucla.edu/). MCPdb is a comprehensive resource that categorizes and organizes known microcompartment protein structures and their larger assemblies. To emphazise the critical roles symmetric assembly and architecture play in microcompartment function, each structure in the MCPdb is validated and annotated with respect to: (1) its predicted natural assembly state (2) tertiary structure and topology and (3) the metabolic compartment type from which it derives. The current database includes 134 structures and is available to the public with the anticipation that it will serve as a growing resource for scientists interested in understanding protein-based metabolic organelles in bacteria.
Laminar Mechanisms of Saccadic Suppression in Primate Visual Cortex
Authors: Denagamage Sachira , Morton Mitchell P. , Reynolds John H. , Jadi Monika P. , Nandy Anirvan S. 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACTSaccades are a ubiquitous and crucial component of our visual system, allowing for the efficient deployment of the fovea and its accompanying neural resources. Initiation of a saccade is known to cause saccadic suppression, a temporary reduction in visual sensitivity1, 2and visual cortical firing rates3–6. While saccadic suppression has been well characterized at the level of perception and single neurons, relatively little is known about the visual cortical networks governing this phenomenon. Here we examine the effects of saccadic suppression on distinct neural subpopulations within visual area V4. We find cortical layer- and cell type-specific differences in the magnitude and timing of peri-saccadic modulation. Neurons in the input layer show changes in firing rate and inter-neuronal correlations prior to saccade onset, indicating that this layer receives information about impending saccades. Putative inhibitory interneurons in the input layer elevate their firing rate during saccades, suggesting they play a role in suppressing the activity of other cortical subpopulations. A computational model of this circuit recapitulates our empirical observations and demonstrates that an input layer-targeting pathway can initiate saccadic suppression by enhancing local inhibitory activity. Collectively, our results provide a mechanistic understanding of how eye movement signaling interacts with cortical circuitry to enforce visual stability.
A phase 3, multicenter, randomized, double‐blind, vehicle‐controlled, parallel‐group study of 5% sofpironium bromide (BBI‐4000) gel in Japanese patients with primary axillary hyperhidrosis
Authors: Yokozeki Hiroo , Fujimoto Tomoko , Abe Yoichiro , Igarashi Masaru , Ishikoh Akiko , Omi Tokuya , Kanda Hiroki , Kitahara Hiroto , Kinoshita Miwako , Nakasu Ichiro , Hattori Naoko , Horiuchi Yuki , Maruyama Ryuji , Mizutani Haruko , Murakami Yoshiyuki , Watanabe Chiharu , Kume Akihiro , Hanafusa Takaaki , Hamaguchi Masamitsu , Yoshioka Akira , Egami Yuriko , Matsuo Keizo , Matsuda Tomoko , Akamatsu Motoki , Yorozuya Toshiyuki , Takayama Shinichi 
Published: January 2021

AbstractA phase 3 study was conducted to verify the efficacy and safety of 5% sofpironium bromide (BBI‐4000) gel (hereinafter referred to as sofpironium) administrated for 6 weeks in Japanese patients with primary axillary hyperhidrosis. The primary efficacy end‐point was the proportion of patients who satisfied both criteria of a Hyperhidrosis Disease Severity Score (HDSS) of 1 or 2 at the end of 6‐week treatment and a 50% or more reduction in total gravimetric weight of sweat at the end of treatment relative to baseline. A total of 281 patients were randomized to receive 5% sofpironium (141 patients) or vehicle (140 patients), and all patients were included in the full analysis set (FAS). In the FAS, 70.1% of patients were female, and the median age was 35.0 years. The proportion of patients who achieved the primary efficacy end‐point was 53.9% in the sofpironium group and 36.4% in the vehicle group, with a statistically significant difference of 17.5% (95% confidence interval, 6.02–28.93) between these two groups (P = 0.003). The incidence of adverse events was 44.0% in the sofpironium group and 30.7% in the vehicle group, and the incidence of adverse drug reactions was 16.3% in the sofpironium group and 5.0% in the vehicle group. Reported adverse events were generally mild or moderate in severity. In the sofpironium group, common events (incidence, ≥5%) were nasopharyngitis (14.2%) and dermatitis/erythema at the application site (8.5%/5.7%), with no serious adverse events reported. This study demonstrated the efficacy and safety of 5% sofpironium.
Differing thermal sensitivities in a host–parasitoid interaction: High, fluctuating developmental temperatures produce dead wasps and giant caterpillars
Authors: Moore M. Elizabeth , Hill Christina A. , Kingsolver Joel G. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Insect parasitoids, and the arthropod hosts they consume during development, are important ecological players in almost all environments across the globe. As ectothermic organisms, both parasitoid and host are strongly impacted by environmental temperature. If thermal tolerances differ between host insect and parasitoid, then the outcome of their interaction will be determined by the ambient temperature. As mean temperatures continue to rise and extreme temperatures become more frequent, we must determine the effect of high temperature stress on host–parasitoid systems to predict how they will fare in the face of climate change.

The majority of studies conducted on host–parasitoid systems focus on either performance under constant temperature or a fixed metric of thermal tolerance (CTmax) for individual organisms. However, performance at constant temperatures is not predictive of performance under ecologically relevant, fluctuating temperatures and measurements of thermal thresholds provide little information regarding the effects of temperature throughout development. We address this by testing the effects of increasing mean temperature in both constant and fluctuating (±10°C) environments throughout development on the performance of the parasitoid wasp Cotesia congregata and its lepidopteran larval host, Manduca sexta.

The growth of M. sexta was influenced by mean temperature, diurnal fluctuations and parasitization status. Caterpillar growth rate increased with increasing mean temperature, but decreased in response to diurnal fluctuations and parasitization by C. congregata wasps.

Wasp survival decreased with increasing mean temperature and with diurnal fluctuations. The effect of diurnal fluctuations was stronger at higher mean temperatures. Diurnal fluctuations at our highest mean temperature treatment (30 ± 10°C) resulted in complete wasp mortality, and parasitized hosts displayed abnormal physiology, wherein they failed to exhibit wasp emergence, did not enter the prepupal stage, continued to feed and grew up to twofold larger than a normal, unparasitized caterpillar.

Our results indicate hosts and parasitoids in this system have different thermal tolerances during development; the parasitoid wasp suffered complete mortality at a temperature regime that is mildly stressful for the unparasitized caterpillar host species. Our findings suggest C. congregata will suffer more severely under increasing temperatures than M. sexta, with cascading trophic and ecological effects.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
A comparative study of the antibacterial properties of milk from different domestic animals
Authors: Ebrahimi Alireza , Moosavy Mir‐Hassan , Khatibi Seyed Amin , Barabadi Zahra , Hajibemani Abolfazl 
Published: January 2021

This study aimed to compare the antimicrobial properties of milk from donkey, horse, goat, sheep, cow and camel. The antibacterial properties of samples were analysed against foodborne pathogenic bacteria held at 5, 10 and 20 °C during 96 h of storage. The highest antimicrobial activity was obtained with donkey and horse milk at 20 °C after 96 h. This study has highlighted the variations in the antibacterial properties of the milk from various animal species. The extent of antibacterial activity of milk was shown to depend upon the animal species, the storage temperature and the bacterial strain studied.
Combined interventional radiology and surgical management of a complex caesarean scar ectopic pregnancy
Authors: Rajadurai Suraindra M , Wong Avelyn , Brooks Duncan Mark , Vance Carol 
Published: January 2021

SummaryCaesarean scar ectopic pregnancies are rare but growing in incidence due to increasing rates of caesarean deliveries. These cases have historically been treated with either medical or surgical management which both have significant limitations. More recently, uterine artery embolisation (UAE) has shown significant promise in the treatment of this condition. We present the case of a complex patient with a caesarean scar ectopic successfully managed with combined UAE and surgery.
Evidence and patterns of maternal transfer of metals and trace elements in Western tiger snakes (Notechis scutatus occidentalis) – a pilot study
Authors: Lettoof Damian Christopher , Van Dyke James Urban , Gagnon Marthe Monique 
Published: January 2021

AbstractUrban wildlife are regularly exposed to a variety of anthropogenic contaminants that have the potential to bioaccumulate in body tissues. As a consequence, developing embryos and offspring can be at risk from exposure to maternally accumulated contaminants, yet this has rarely been reported in reptiles. We opportunistically collected one pregnant Western tiger snake (Notechis scutatus occidentalis) from each of three wetlands with differing sediment metal contamination around Perth, and analysed maternal snake livers and three foetuses per litter for a suite of 17 elements representing either alkaline earth metals, transition metals or metalloids. We detected 14 elements, and compared their concentrations in maternal livers to foetus whole bodies to determine preliminary patterns of maternal transfer. Our results suggest antimony, arsenic, manganese, mercury, molybdenum and zinc are maternally transferred in Western tiger snakes. We urge further research to further quantify patterns of contaminant maternal transfer in viviparous snakes and determine their impacts on the development and health of contaminated offspring.
The role of polymorphism of the IL6 gene in tooth replantation
Authors: Roskamp Liliane , Trevilatto Paula Cristina , Souza Cleber Machado , Ignácio Sergio Aparecido , de Lima Giomo Dieila , Pereira Thaís Munhoz , Westphalen Vânia Portela Ditzel 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe absence or presence of root resorption on the root surface of a replanted tooth indicates an immune‐inflammatory reaction. Since interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) is considered an inflammatory marker in bone resorption, this study aimed to investigate the association between clinical variables and polymorphisms in IL6, with the outcome of replanted teeth at 1‐year follow‐up. Altogether, 127 avulsed teeth that were replanted and had their root canals treated were selected for this study. Periapical radiographs were taken after replantation and after 1 year. Real‐time PCR was used to genotype IL6 polymorphisms. Chi‐square and ‘Z’ tests were performed to verify the association between genetic variables and the prognosis of replanted teeth (P < 0.05). An association was observed between the rs2069843 polymorphism of IL6 and the outcome of replanted teeth (P < 0.05). The rs2069843 polymorphism of IL6 may influence the outcome of avulsed and replanted teeth in the first year post‐trauma.
Evaluation of the knowledge of final‐year dental students on the use of antibiotics in endodontics in Turkey
Authors: Arıcan Burçin , Çiftçioğlu Elif , Işık Vasfiye , Karagöz‐Küçükay Işıl 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe knowledge of the final‐year dental students on antibiotic use in endodontics in Turkey was assessed. The study was conducted at 20 Dentistry Faculties. A questionnaire was sent to the universities including the concerning several scenarios about endodontic cases. 1113 final‐year dental students participated in the study. Respondents’ significant choice was not to administrate antibiotics in endodontic treatments of symptomatic irreversible pulpitis, pulp necrosis, acute apical periodontitis, chronic apical abscess with or without sinus tract, retreatment, inadequate local anaesthesia and patient requests (P > 0.05). In acute apical abscess (AAA) with diffuse cases, choice of antibiotic administration was statistically higher (P < 0.05), while in AAA‐localised cases, the ratio of antibiotic administration versus non‐administration was similar. Amoxicillin was found to be the first‐choice antibiotic in patients without medical allergies, whereas in allergic patients the first choice was clindamycin. Final‐year dental students have fundamental knowledge on the antibiotic administration in endodontics.
Fijian swallowtail butterfly Papilio schmeltzi (Papilionidae: Lepidoptera) shows clear preference–performance relationships on both native and exotic host plants
Authors: Chandra Visheshni , Hodge Simon 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe swallowtail butterfly Papilio schmeltzi is endemic to the Fiji Islands. To date, P. schmeltzi larvae and eggs have been found exclusively on a native Fijian shrub, Micromelum minutum, even though numerous other seemingly suitable native and exotic species of Rutaceae now occur in its Fijian forest habitat. This study used outdoor cages and laboratory studies to examine oviposition preferences and larval development of P. schmeltzi on four species of Rutaceae: the native species Micromelum minutum and Euodia hortensis and the introduced species Murraya koenigii and Citrus reticulata. The female oviposition preference sequence was the same as that for larval feeding preference, which ran, from most preferred, as Micromelum minutum > C. reticulata > Murraya koenigii > E. hortensis. The survival of the first and fifth instar larvae was highest (≥80%) when maintained on leaves of M. minutum and C. reticulata and lowest when reared on Murraya koenigii (≤20%) and E. hortensis (≤4%). Of the two preferred host plants, P. schmeltzi larvae gained weight more quickly, consumed a larger area of leaf and pupated earlier when reared on the natural host Micromelum minutum compared with the exotic C. reticulata. In quantitative nutritional studies, the consumption rate of leaf material, and the relative growth rate of the P. schmeltzi larvae, was highest when reared on Micromelum minutum compared with C. reticulata, although the efficiency of converting leaf biomass into larval biomass was highest when reared on C. reticulata, especially in the later instars. Overall, the results of our study indicate the plants on which P. schmeltzi females choose to lay eggs are not restricted to native Fijian plant species but are appropriate when viewed in terms of subsequent larval preferences, survival and growth rate.