bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Water-level changes in response to the 20 December 1994 earthquake near Parkfield, California
Authors: Quilty Eddie G. , Roeloffs Evelyn A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
We analyze co-seismic changes of water level in nine wells near Parkfield, California, produced by an MD 4.7 earthquake on 20 December 1994 in order to test the hypothesis that co-seismic water-level changes are proportional to co-seismic volumetric strain. For each well, a quantitative relationship between water level and volumetric strain can be inferred from water-level fluctuations due to earth tides and barometric pressure. The observed co-seismic water-level changes, which ranged from −16 to +34 cm, can therefore be compared with volumetric strain recorded by borehole strainmeters or calculated using a dislocation model of the earthquake. We were able to find a dislocation model of the earthquake rupture that predicts volumetric expansion at five of the six wells where water level fell co-seismically, as well as volumetric contraction at one of the two sites where water level rose. Strain predicted by the dislocation model is in good quantitative agreement with the strain inferred from water-level changes observed at four of the well sites, as well as strain recorded by three borehole strainmeters. Water-level changes at two more well sites correspond to strain somewhat greater than predicted by the model but agree in sign with model-calculated strains. At three of the well sites, however, water-level changes took place that cannot be explained as responses to co-seismic volumetric strain for any plausible dislocation model of the earthquake rupture. At two of these sites, one in and one near the San Andreas fault, large water-level drops are probably influenced by co-seismic fault creep. The third site has a history of large water-level rises in response to earthquakes at distances up to several hundred kilometers. This data set shows that co-seismic water-level changes in many wells are proportional to volumetric strain but that other wells exist in which different mechanisms dominate co-seismic response.
High-frequency radiation process during earthquake faulting—envelope inversion of acceleration seismograms from the 1993 Hokkaido-Nansei-Oki, Japan, earthquake
Authors: Kakehi Yasumaro , Irikura Kojiro 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
We investigate the process of high-frequency (1 to 10 Hz) radiation on the fault plane of the 1993 Hokkaido-Nansei-Oki, Japan, earthquake (MW = 7.5) from the envelope inversion of strong-motion acceleration seismograms. For the analysis, empirical Green's functions are used because theoretical approach is not available for such high frequencies. The source is modeled with two fault planes with different strike angles. The rupture process of this earthquake is very complex in terms of high-frequency wave generation. The rupture, which started on the northern fault plane, had a delay of about 10 sec or propagated very slowly between the northern and southern fault planes. High-frequency wave radiation is large at the northern and southern edges of the source region. Deceleration of rupture is also observed there. This is interpreted to be associated with stopping of rupture. Another high-frequency wave radiation area is found at the center of the northern fault plane, where discontinuity in the depth distribution of aftershocks suggests an existence of a barrier. The areas of high- and low-frequency wave radiation are not correlated. This is considered to result from the complexity of rupture process. We cannot distinguish between westward and eastward dip of the southern fault plane because of one-sided station distribution.
Identification and picking ofSphase using an artificial neural network
Authors: Wang Jin , Teng Ta-liang 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAn artificial neural network (ANN) algorithm has been applied to the automatic picking of local and regional S phase. For a set of local three-component seismic data, a variety of features for signal detection and phase identification were analyzed in terms of sensitivity and efficiency. Comparing the performance of each feature in discriminating the local S phases, four features were selected as input attributes of the ANNS-phase picker: (1) the ratio between short-term average and long-term average, (2) the ratio between horizontal power and total power, (3) autoregressive model coefficients, and (4) the short-axis incidence angle of polarization ellipsoid. The four attributes were calculated in the frequency band of 2 to 8 Hz with a 2.56-sec moving window. This choice of frequency band and window length is appropriate for local microearthquake monitoring. The results of preliminary training and testing with a set of local earthquake recordings show that the ANNS-phase picker can achieve a good performance in identification and onset-time estimation for local S phases. In overall result, 86% correct rate of phase identification has been achieved by the trained ANNS-phase picker, 74% of them are precisely picked with less than 0.10-sec onset time error. We believe that the method presented here is a promising approach to automatic phase identification and onset-time estimation.
More onMmax
Authors: Ward Steven N. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractM max the maximum magnitude earthquake that a fault is likely to suffer, plays an important role in earthquake hazard estimation. Although observational evidence summarized in plots of characteristic earthquake magnitude (Mchar) versus fault length indicate that smaller faults produce lower magnitude events, an argument has been made that any fault regardless of its length should have Mmax near magnitude 8. The rationale for this argument charges that the contrary observational evidence stems from historical catalogs of limited extent and that it largely excludes nonconventional earthquakes in which several short and apparently disconnected fault segments fail simultaneously. This article addresses Mmax using computer models of rupture on faults of various strengths and configurations. Computer models have advantages in that (a) Mmax earthquakes always can be generated by forcing complete stress drop on fully stressed faults, thus avoiding the limitations of short historical catalogs, and (b) the circumstances necessary for the failure of several segments to contribute to a large Mmax can be investigated quantitatively. I find that for a strikeslip California environment, it is physically unlikely for an M 8 event to break less than 300 to 400 km of fault. Were this M 8 rupture to occur on as few as five independent segments, shear strength of the participating faults would have to be raised to implausible levels. If the fault segments are not independent and their coseismic stress fields interact, then amplifications in slip are possible without drastic increase in strength. The range of fault geometries where strong interactions and amplifications of stress occur, however, is very restricted, and discontinuous faults separated by even 5% of their length act more or less independently. Mmax earthquakes breading realistic-looking distributions of discontinuous faults rarely are more than 0.1-magnitude unit bigger than would be predicted from a moment summation based on the characteristic magnitude Mchar of each of the individual faults. A prudent course in hazard analysis differentiates Mmax from Mchar allowing Mmax to be 0.2 to 0.3 units larger than Mchar but not automatically equal to 8.
Simulation-based comparison of four site-response estimation techniques
Authors: Coutel Fabien , Mora Peter 
Published: September 2021

AbstractRecent earthquakes have triggered renewed interest to understand better earthquake site response. Most of the studies comparing various techniques for estimating site response were based on real data (from earthquakes, nuclear blasts, and seismic noise). A theoretical approach, using synthetic data generated with the pseudospectral method, is used to compare four site-response estimation techniques. The limits of applicability of each method were determined by modeling microtremors and incoming SV waves (with different incidence angles) and analyzing the site amplifications. The first two techniques investigated consist of dividing the spectrum of the horizontal motion at a site by that of a reference site using either incident S waves or microtremors. The latter was unable to reveal either the resonant frequencies or peak amplitudes in any cases. The two other techniques are based on the horizontal-to-vertical (H/V) spectral ratio using S waves or microtremors. These techniques were found to reveal at least the fundamental resonant frequency and amplitude (former method only) within 10% error, in the case of simple geology (flat layers). However, the results show that these techniques are unable to take into account 2D effects such as focusing effects and basin-edge effects and yield unreliable or incorrect results in such cases.
Three-dimensional finite-difference modeling of the San Andreas fault: Source parameterization and ground-motion levels
Authors: Graves Robert W. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractOlsen et al. (1995) recently simulated an Mw 7.75 earthquake on the San Andreas fault, predicting long-period (T &gt; 2.5 sec) ground velocities of 140 cm/sec in the Los Angeles basin, about 60 km from the fault. These motions are much larger than estimates derived from empirical relations or other numerical simulations. Standard area-magnitude relations predict that the 170 × 16 km fault used in the simulations would produce an Mw 7.5 earthquake, giving a moment of 2.0 × 1027 dyne-cm, which is 2.4 times smaller than the moment used by Olsen et al. (1995). Further, self-similar scaling predicts a rise time of 3 sec for an Mw 7.75 event and 2.2 sec for an Mw 7.5 event. The filtered impulse slip function used by Olsen et al. (1995) has an effective rise time of 1.6 sec, yielding a response that is about 2 times larger than expected for periods less than 5 sec. This combination of high seismic moment and short rise time, along with the use of a uniform slip distribution, leads to the extreme ground-motion levels predicted by Olsen et al. (1995).To quantify the sensitivity of the long-period ground-motion response to source parameterization, we have performed 3D finite-difference (FD) simulations using various combinations of seismic moment, source rise time, and slip heterogeneity. These calculations incorporate the same grid dimensions, fault size, and bandwidth employed by Olsen et al. (1995). With a moment of 2.0 ՠ1027 dyne-cm, a rise time of 2 sec, and a smoothly heterogeneous slip distribution, we simulate peak long-period ground velocities of 155 cm/sec in the near-fault region and 40 cm/sec in the Los Angeles basin. These values are much closer to (although still higher than) empirical predictions. A uniform slip distribution produces the largest peak motions, both in the near-fault region and in the Los Angeles basin, whereas a rough asperity slip distribution noticeably reduces the maximum near-fault ground velocities. Our results indicate that the accurate simulation of long-period ground motions requires a realistic source parameterization, including appropriate choices of seismic moment and rise time, as well as the use of spatial and temporal variations in slip distribution.
Histopathological spectrum of vulvar lesions on a remote Indian Island
Authors: Bal Gargade Chitrawati , Hemant Deshpande Archana , Palo Seetu 
Published: September 2021

A wide spectrum of normal, benign, premalignant, and malignant lesions may occur on the vulva. Symptoms of vulvar disorders may be non-specific. Empiric treatment of vulvovaginal symptoms is common but usually not helpful. Though the varied clinical presentation and diverse histopathological spectrum of vulvar lesions have amazed Pathologists, only a few studies have been reported in the literature. The present study consists of a histopathological spectrum of vulvar lesions. 1.To evaluate the histopathological spectrum of vulvar lesions. 2. To compare the incidences of non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions of the vulva. Present study includes all types of vulvar lesion specimens received in the Department of pathology over a period of four years. All thirty-nine vulvar biopsies received in the Department of Pathology were studied for histomorphologic features. The lesions were categorized as non-neoplastic, neoplastic. The neoplastic ones were further divided into benign, malignant, and premalignant. The age of the women ranged from 15 to 69 years (mean 36.18±12.71) with the maximum number of patients between 30 to 40 years of age. Non neoplastic lesions were more common (22; 56.4%) than the (17; 43.6%) neoplastic lesions. There were 15(38.5%) benign lesions while 2 cases (5.13%) were malignant. Among the non-neoplastic lesions, Bartholin's duct cyst was the most common histopathologic diagnosis (35.9%). The fibroepithelial polyp was the most common benign neoplastic lesion constituting 15.3%. In the present study nonneoplastic lesions were more common than neoplastic lesions. Among the neoplastic lesions, benign neoplasms were more frequent than malignant lesions.
Histopathological array of cardiac lesions: An autopsy based study in a tertiary care centre
Authors: Verma Renuka , Singh Sunita , Marwah Nisha , Pawar Richa , Rana Deepshikha 
Published: September 2021

Cardiac lesions are responsible for approximately 60-70% of sudden deaths. Histopathological examination of heart on autopsy plays an essential role in determining the cause of death.The present study was conducted to analyse histopathological spectrum of various cardiac lesions in autopsy specimens.This retrospective randomized study was conducted in the Department of Pathology, Pt. B. D. Sharma, PGIMS, Rohtak, Haryana. A total of 1152 autopsies were analysed, irrespective of cause of death. Among them heart was included in 1062 autopsies, out of which 62 were autolysed. Hence, 1000 specimen of whole heart were included in our study. A detailed gross and microscopic examination was done and histopathological findings were correlated clinically.Atherosclerosis was the most common cardiac lesion seen in 610 out of 1000 autopsied heart (61%), followed by ischaemic heart disease in 346 cases (34.6%). 27 cases had pericarditis, 23 cases revealed myocardial hypertrophy, 16 cases showed myocarditis, 11 cases had ventricular haemorrhage, 8 cases revealed changes of electrocution, 7 cases had tuberculosis, 6 cases had calcification of valve and 4 cases had metastasis from carcinoma. One case each of infective endocarditis, rheumatic heart disease and aortitis were also noted. The cause of death was not identified in 304 cases. Left anterior descending artery was most frequently involved vessels (35.02%) followed by left circumflex artery (33.41%) then right coronary artery (31.57%). Out of three major vessels 16.24% had single vessel involvement whereas 32.14% & 51.62% cases had two vessels and three vessels involvement respectively. Ischemic heart disease with coronary artery atherosclerosis was found to be the leading cause of death with triple vessel disease as the most common pattern of involvement.
Cytomorphological study of peritoneal fluid in suspected cases of malignancy
Authors: Vidyashree V Anchan , Deepak R Kanabur 
Published: September 2021

Cytology of body fluid is one of the oldest methods that is widely accepted. Though the pleural fluid cytology is well documented, data on peritoneal fluid cytology is sparse. It has a distinct value in confirming or disapproving malignant lesion. Most of the laboratories use cytospin smears for cytological study. While cytospin smears without doubt is a good method for cytodiagnosis, it can be complemented with cellblock for a more accurate diagnosis. Cellblock is a diagnostic modality which can help in pointing the cause for effusion and also in staging, prognosis and therapy of many malignant conditions. The aim of this study is to (1) analyse the cytomorphology of peritoneal fluid using cytospin and cellblock technique and (2) to assess the utility of cellblock method in identifying malignant cells in peritoneal effusion and wash samples. A total of 53 ascitic fluid and peritoneal wash samples that were clinically suspected of malignancy were studied. Each of the samples were processed by cytospin smear and cell block method. The results were interpreted by descriptive analysis. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and diagnostic accuracy of the cytological test was 96.15%, 100%, 100%, 96.42% and 98.11% respectively. Cellular yield for malignancy was 3.85% more by the cellblock method. Cellblock can provide an additional information which can aid in increasing the sensitivity of cellblock. It can complement cytospin smears, especially to detect malignant cells in peritoneal fluid. A combined approach of cytospin and cellblock can help in a more accurate diagnosis.
Przegląd metod przygotowania mieszanin wzorcowych dla kontroli procesu nawaniania
Authors:   Instytut Nafty i Gazu – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy, Lisman Szymon , Huszał Anna ,   Instytut Nafty i Gazu – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
Published: September 2021

Nawanianie, podobnie jak wiele innych procesów technologicznych, jest procesem stale ewoluującym. Dzięki szybko rozwijającej się technologii realizacji tego procesu pojawiają się coraz doskonalsze narzędzia służące do jego realizacji, wliczając w to również nadzór nad nim. Obecnie w Polsce proces nawaniania jest ustabilizowany i prowadzony na odpowiednio wysokim poziomie. Przyjęte zostały międzynarodowe standardy w tym zakresie. Jednym z ważniejszych wymagań dotyczących jakości gazów ziemnych dostarczanych odbiorcom z sieci rozdzielczej, gwarantującym ich bezpieczne użytkowanie, jest zapewnienie właściwego poziomu nawonienia, który będzie umożliwiał wykrycie niekontrolowanych upływów gazów z sieci rozdzielczej, instalacji i urządzeń gazowych. Zmienność stężenia środka nawaniającego w sieci gazowej jest wielkością dynamiczną, towarzyszącą stale procesowi nawaniania. Stąd wynika potrzeba stałego nadzoru metrologicznego nad przebiegiem procesu, m.in. przez pomiary stężenia środka nawaniającego. W ostatnich latach w przemyśle gazowniczym obserwuje się tendencję do prowadzenia coraz dokładniejszej kontroli procesu nawaniania metodami analitycznymi, w tym zwłaszcza metodą chromatografii gazowej. Podstawowym warunkiem uzyskiwania dokładnych wyników pomiarów wykonywanych metodami porównawczymi (do których zalicza się chromatografia gazowa), wymagającymi kalibracji lub wzorcowania urządzeń pomiarowych, jest stosowanie wzorców o odpowiedniej jakości metrologicznej. W celu uzyskania wyniku odznaczającego się możliwie jak najniższą niepewnością niezbędne jest wręcz stosowanie gazowych mieszanin wzorcowych środka nawaniającego o jak najwyższej tolerancji analitycznej. Jakość i stabilność gazów wzorcowych uzależniona jest od wielu różnorodnych czynników, takich jak czystość składników stosowanych do ich wytworzenia, szczelność instalacji służącej do ich wytwarzania czy rodzaj samej metody wytwarzania. W praktyce gazowe mieszaniny wzorcowe otrzymywane są przy zastosowaniu technik statycznych, dynamicznych lub mieszanych. Niniejszy artykuł przybliża różne metody sporządzania mieszanin wzorcowych jednego ze środków nawaniających, stosowanych m.in. w Polsce, jakim jest tetrahydrotiofen (THT). Opisano również wyniki przeprowadzonych w Zakładzie Nawaniania Paliw Gazowych Instytutu Nafty i Gazu – Państwowego Instytutu Badawczego badań stabilności składu mieszanin wzorcowych THT wykonywanych metodą własną. Pozwoliły one określić minimalny okres przechowywania i użytkowania wzorców bez pogorszenia się ich jakości.
Sprawdzenie możliwości wykorzystania potencjału mikroskopii IR w branży naftowej
Authors:   Instytut Nafty i Gazu – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy, Wieczorek Agnieszka , Sroczyńska Dagmara ,   Instytut Nafty i Gazu – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
Published: September 2021

Mikroskopia w podczerwieni z transformacją fourierowską (FT-IR) wykorzystuje dwie techniki badawcze: mikroskopię i spektrometrię FT-IR. Pozwala to na analizę materiału pod kątem występowania charakterystycznych grup funkcyjnych oraz na przedstawienie jego topograficznego rozkładu. Daje to możliwość analizy związków chemicznych w mikroobszarach badanego materiału. Przegląd literatury wskazuje na szerokie zastosowanie tych połączonych technik, m.in. w diagnostyce medycznej, kryminalistyce czy w badaniu jednorodności analitów. Analizie poddawane są tkanki, a także pojedyncze komórki. Wśród zalet połączonych technik jako narzędzia diagnostycznego należy wymienić możliwość rejestracji anomalii składu chemicznego z mikrometrową rozdzielczością przy minimalnej preparatyce, próbki nie wymagają dodatkowego utrwalania materiału do badań ani stosowania żadnych markerów. Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu przedstawienie przykładowych możliwości zastosowania mikroskopii IR w pracy laboratorium naftowego, podczas badania próbek ciekłych oraz stałych w postaci zawiesin czy osadów wytrąconych na elementach zbiorników, silników i różnych urządzeń. Wskazano na konieczność właściwego przygotowania próbek w zależności od ich charakteru oraz rodzaju zastosowanej techniki. Pokazano też możliwości związane z posiadanymi bibliotekami widm oraz mapowania po wybranym obszarze widm. Należy jeszcze raz wskazać na istotną rolę, jaką pełni mikroskopia FT-IR w badaniu próbek niejednorodnych, głównie ze względu na możliwość wytypowania konkretnych punktów pomiarowych o większej koncentracji substancji organicznych w stosunku do obszarów z dużą koncentracją, np. wody. Dzięki temu można w prostszy sposób określać, czy dana substancja lub produkt występujący w miejscu poboru wpływa na powstawanie osadów lub emulsji. Mikroskopia IR umożliwia przede wszystkim prowadzenie analizy niewielkiej ilości próbki, co jest szczególnie ważne w badaniu pobranych substancji w śladowych ilościach.
Molecular Characterization and Assessment of Hematobiochemical and Oxidative Indices in Dog Naturally Infected with Babesia canis vogeli
Authors: Shil Prabhakar , Solanki Jayesh B. , Kumar Niranjan , Patel Dharmesh C. , Thakuria Nabanita 
Published: September 2021

Background: The study was aimed at molecular detection and assessment of important biomarkers in the natural cases of canine babesiosis. Methods: Blood samples of 239 dogs were examined in PCR by targeting 18S rRNA gene. Hematobiochemical, oxidant-antioxidant and plasma cortisol parameters were estimated in the dogs on the day of presentation. Result: The 18S rRNA gene sequence showed 100% homology with Babesia canis vogeli and phylogram formed a tight cluster of B. canis vogeli originated from India/other countries. Higher prevalence rate (P less than 0.05) was noted in the PCR (7.95%) than the cytological technique (3.76%). Hemogram of infected dogs showed decrease (P less than 0.05) in the mean value of hemoglobin, RBC, WBC, HCT, whereas an increase in MCHC, lymphocytes, eosinophils, monocytes and thrombocytes. The ALT (49.29±1.53 U/L), AST (48.33±2.93 U/L), total protein (10.56±0.60 g/dL), creatinine (1.41±0.10 mg/dL) and urea (19.32±0.97 mg/dL) showed significant (P less than 0.005) increase, whereas decrease in the levels of serum glucose (82.76±2.78 mg/dL) in the infected dogs. Activity of MDA and SOD was significantly (P less than 0.01) increased (7.50±7.08 nmole/µL blood) and decreased (0.015±3.91 nmole/µL blood) in the diseased dogs, respectively. Plasma cortisol concentration was 11.10±7.84 nmol/L and 2.77±5.78 nmol/L (P less than 0.01) in the infected and uninfected dogs, respectively.