Does music counteract mental fatigue? A systematic review
Authors: Ding Cong , Kim Geok Soh , Sun He , Roslan Samsilah , Cao Shudian , Zhao Yue 
Published: January 2025

Introduction
Mental fatigue, a psychobiological state induced by prolonged and sustained cognitive tasks, impairs both cognitive and physical performance. Several studies have investigated strategies to counteract mental fatigue. However, potential health risks and contextual restrictions often limit these strategies, which hinder their practical application. Due to its noninvasive and portable nature, music has been proposed as a promising strategy to counteract mental fatigue. However, the effects of music on performance decrements vary with different music styles. Synthesizing studies that systematically report music style and its impact on counteracting performance decrements is crucial for theoretical and practical applications.

Objectives
This review aims to provide a comprehensive systematic analysis of different music styles in counteracting mental fatigue and their effects on performance decrements induced by mental fatigue. Additionally, the mechanisms by which music counteracts mental fatigue will be discussed.

Methods
A comprehensive search was conducted across five databases—Web of Science, PubMed, SCOPUS, SPORTDiscus via EBSCOhost, and the Psychological and Behavioral Sciences Collection via EBSCOhost—up to November 18, 2023. The selected studies focused solely on music interventions, with outcomes including subjective feelings of mental fatigue, physiological markers, and both cognitive and behavioral performance.

Results
Nine studies met the predetermined criteria for inclusion in this review. The types of music interventions that counteract mental fatigue include relaxing, exciting, and personal preference music, all of which were associated with decreased subjective feelings of mental fatigue and changes in objective physiological markers. Cognitive performance, particularly in inhibition and working memory tasks impaired by mental fatigue, was countered by both relaxing and exciting music. Exciting music was found to decrease reaction time more effectively than relaxing music in working memory tasks. The physiological marker of steady-state visually evoked potential-based brain-computer interface (SSVEP-BCI) amplitude increased, confirming that exciting music counteracts mental fatigue more effectively than relaxing music. Behavioral performance in tasks such as arm-pointing, the Yo-Yo intermittent test, and the 5 km time-trial, which were impaired by mental fatigue, were counteracted by personal preference music.

Conclusion
Relaxing music, exciting music, and personal preference music effectively counteract mental fatigue by reducing feelings of fatigue and mitigating performance decrements. Individuals engaged in mentally demanding tasks can effectively counteract concurrent or subsequent cognitive performance decrements by simultaneously listening to relaxing or exciting music without lyrics or by using music during recovery from mental fatigue. Exciting music is more effective than relaxing music in counteracting mental fatigue. Personal preference music is effective in counteracting behavioral performance decrements in motor control and endurance tasks. Mentally fatigued individuals could apply personal preference music to counteract subsequent motor control performance decrements or simultaneously listen to it to counteract endurance performance decrements. Future studies should specify and examine the effects of different music genres, tempos, and intensities in counteracting mental fatigue. Additionally, the role of music in counteracting mental fatigue in contexts such as work productivity, traffic accident risk, and sports requires further investigation, along with the underlying mechanisms.