bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of vaccine prioritization strategies on mitigating COVID-19: an agent-based simulation study using an urban region in the United States
Authors: Tatapudi Hanisha , Das Rachita , Das Tapas K. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Background
Approval of novel vaccines for COVID-19 had brought hope and expectations, but not without additional challenges. One central challenge was understanding how to appropriately prioritize the use of limited supply of vaccines. This study examined the efficacy of the various vaccine prioritization strategies using the vaccination campaign underway in the U.S.

Methods
The study developed a granular agent-based simulation model for mimicking community spread of COVID-19 under various social interventions including full and partial closures, isolation and quarantine, use of face mask and contact tracing, and vaccination. The model was populated with parameters of disease natural history, as well as demographic and societal data for an urban community in the U.S. with 2.8 million residents. The model tracks daily numbers of infected, hospitalized, and deaths for all census age-groups. The model was calibrated using parameters for viral transmission and level of community circulation of individuals. Published data from the Florida COVID-19 dashboard was used to validate the model. Vaccination strategies were compared using a hypothesis test for pairwise comparisons.

Results
Three prioritization strategies were examined: a minor variant of CDC’s recommendation, an age-stratified strategy, and a random strategy. The impact of vaccination was also contrasted with a no vaccination scenario. The study showed that the campaign against COVID-19 in the U.S. using vaccines developed by Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna 1) reduced the cumulative number of infections by 10% and 2) helped the pandemic to subside below a small threshold of 100 daily new reported cases sooner by approximately a month when compared to no vaccination. A comparison of the prioritization strategies showed no significant difference in their impacts on pandemic mitigation.

Conclusions
The vaccines for COVID-19 were developed and approved much quicker than ever before. However, as per our model, the impact of vaccination on reducing cumulative infections was found to be limited (10%, as noted above). This limited impact is due to the explosive growth of infections that occurred prior to the start of vaccination, which significantly reduced the susceptible pool of the population for whom infection could be prevented. Hence, vaccination had a limited opportunity to reduce the cumulative number of infections. Another notable observation from our study is that instead of adhering strictly to a sequential prioritizing strategy, focus should perhaps be on distributing the vaccines among all eligible as quickly as possible, after providing for the most vulnerable. As much of the population worldwide is yet to be vaccinated, results from this study should aid public health decision makers in effectively allocating their limited vaccine supplies.
Ethnographic research as an evolving method for supporting healthcare improvement skills: a scoping review
Authors: Black Georgia B. , van Os Sandra , Machen Samantha , Fulop Naomi J. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Background
The relationship between ethnography and healthcare improvement has been the subject of methodological concern. We conducted a scoping review of ethnographic literature on healthcare improvement topics, with two aims: (1) to describe current ethnographic methods and practices in healthcare improvement research and (2) to consider how these may affect habit and skill formation in the service of healthcare improvement.

Methods
We used a scoping review methodology drawing on Arksey and O’Malley’s methods and more recent guidance. We systematically searched electronic databases including Medline, PsychINFO, EMBASE and CINAHL for papers published between April 2013 – April 2018, with an update in September 2019. Information about study aims, methodology and recommendations for improvement were extracted. We used a theoretical framework outlining the habits and skills required for healthcare improvement to consider how ethnographic research may foster improvement skills.

Results
We included 274 studies covering a wide range of healthcare topics and methods. Ethnography was commonly used for healthcare improvement research about vulnerable populations, e.g. elderly, psychiatry. Focussed ethnography was a prominent method, using a rapid feedback loop into improvement through focus and insider status. Ethnographic approaches such as the use of theory and focus on every day practices can foster improvement skills and habits such as creativity, learning and systems thinking.

Conclusions
We have identified that a variety of ethnographic approaches can be relevant to improvement. The skills and habits we identified may help ethnographers reflect on their approaches in planning healthcare improvement studies and guide peer-review in this field. An important area of future research will be to understand how ethnographic findings are received by decision-makers.
Feasibility of a hybrid clinical trial for respiratory virus detection in toddlers during the influenza season
Authors: Muñoz-Ramírez Soledad , Escribano-López Begoña , Rodrigo-Casares Vallivana , Vergara-Hernández Carlos , Gil-Mary Desamparados , Sorribes-Monrabal Ignacio , Garcés-Sánchez María , Muñoz-Del-Barrio María-Jesús , Albors-Fernández Ana-María , Úbeda-Sansano María-Isabel , Planelles-Cantarino María-Victoria , Largo-blanco Ester-María , Suárez-Vicent Eva , García-Rubio Javier , Bruijning-Verhagen Patricia , Orrico-Sánchez Alejandro , Díez-Domingo Javier 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Background
Traditional clinical trials are conducted at investigator sites. Participants must visit healthcare facilities several times for the trial procedures. Decentralized clinical trials offer an interesting alternative. They use telemedicine and other technological solutions (apps, monitoring devices or web platforms) to decrease the number of visits to study sites, minimise the impact on daily routine, and decrease geographical barriers for participants. Not much information is available on the use of decentralization in randomized clinical trials with vaccines.

Methods
A hybrid clinical trial may be assisted by parental recording of symptoms using electronic log diaries in combination with home collected nasal swabs. During two influenza seasons, children aged 12 to 35 months with a history of recurrent acute respiratory infections were recruited in 12 primary health centers of the Valencia Region in Spain. Parents completed a symptom diary through an ad hoc mobile app that subsequently assessed whether it was an acute respiratory infection and requested collection of a nasal swab. Feasibility was measured using the percentage of returned electronic diaries and the validity of nasal swabs collected during the influenza season. Respiratory viruses were detected by real-time PCR.

Results
Ninety-nine toddlers were enrolled. Parents completed 10,476 electronic diaries out of the 10,804 requested (97%). The mobile app detected 188 potential acute respiratory infections (ARIs) and requested a nasal swab. In 173 (92%) ARI episodes a swab was taken. 165 (95.4%) of these swabs were collected at home and 144 (87.3%) of them were considered valid for laboratory testing. Overall, 152 (81%) of the ARIs detected in the study had its corresponding valid sample collected.

Conclusions
Hybrid procedures used in this clinical trial with the influenza vaccine in toddlers were considered adequate, as we diagnosed most of the ARI cases on time, and had a valid swab in 81% of the cases. Hybrid clinical trials improve participant adherence to the study procedures and could improve recruitment and quality of life of the participants and the research team by decreasing the number of visits to the investigator site.
This report emphasises that the conduct of hybrid CTs is a valid alternative to traditional CTs with vaccines. This hybrid CT achieved high adherence of participant to the study procedures.

Trial registration
2019–001186-33 (EudraCT).
Individual and facility-level factors associated with women’s receipt of immediate postpartum family planning counseling in Ethiopia: results from national surveys of women and health facilities
Authors: Mickler Alexandria K. , Karp Celia , Ahmed Saifuddin , Yihdego Mahari , Seme Assefa , Shiferaw Solomon , Zimmerman Linnea 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Background
Immediate postpartum family planning (IPPFP) helps prevent unintended and closely spaced pregnancies. Despite Ethiopia’s rising facility-based delivery rate and supportive IPPFP policies, the prevalence of postpartum contraceptive use remains low, with little known about disparities in access to IPPFP counseling. We sought to understand if women’s receipt of IPPFP counseling varied by individual and facility characteristics.

Methods
We used weighted linked household and facility data from the national Performance Monitoring for Action Ethiopia (PMA-Ethiopia) study. Altogether, 936 women 5–9 weeks postpartum who delivered at a government facility were matched to the nearest facility offering labor and delivery care, corresponding to the facility type in which each woman reported delivering (n = 224 facilities). We explored women’s receipt of IPPFP counseling and individual and facility-level characteristics utilizing descriptive statistics. The relationship between women’s receipt of IPPFP counseling and individual and facility factors were assessed through multivariate, multilevel models.

Results
Approximately one-quarter of postpartum women received IPPFP counseling (27%) and most women delivered government health centers (59%). Nearly all facilities provided IPPFP services (94%); most had short- and long-acting methods available (71 and 87%, respectively) and no recent stockouts (60%). Multivariate analyses revealed significant disparities in IPPFP counseling with lower odds of counseling among primiparous women, those who delivered vaginally, and women who did not receive delivery care from a doctor or health officer (all p < 0.05). Having never used contraception was marginally associated with lower odds of receiving IPPFP counseling (p < 0.10). IPPFP counseling did not differ by age, residence, method availability, or facility type, after adjusting for other individual and facility factors.

Conclusion
Despite relatively widespread availability of IPPFP services in Ethiopia, receipt of IPPFP counseling remains low. Our results highlight important gaps in IPPFP care, particularly among first-time mothers, women who have never used contraception, women who delivered vaginally, and those who did not receive delivery care from a doctor or health officer. As facility births continue to rise in Ethiopia, health systems and providers must ensure that equitable, high-quality IPPFP services are offered to all women.
Exploring the lived experiences of pregnant women and community health care providers during the pandemic of COVID-19 in Bangladesh through a phenomenological analysis
Authors: Akhter Sadika , Kumkum Feroza Akhter , Bashar Farzana , Rahman Aminur 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Background
Like many countries, the government of Bangladesh also imposed stay-at-home orders to restrict the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (COVID-19) in March, 2020. Epidemiological studies were undertaken to estimate the early possible unforeseen effects on maternal mortality due to the disruption of services during the lockdown. Little is known about the constraints faced by the pregnant women and community health workers in accessing and providing basic obstetric services during the pandemic in the country. This study was conducted to explore the lived experience of pregnant women and community health care providers from two southern districts of Bangladesh during the pandemic of COVID-19.

Methods
The study participants were recruited through purposive sampling and non-structured in-depth interviews were conducted. Data was collected over the telephone from April to June, 2020. The data collected was analyzed through a phenomenological approach.

Results
Our analysis shows that community health care providers are working under tremendous strains of work load, fear of getting infected and physical and mental fatigue in a widely disrupted health system. Despite the fear of getting infected, the health workers are reluctant to wear personal protective suits because of gender norms. Similarly, the lived experience of pregnant women shows that they are feeling helpless; the joyful event of pregnancy has suddenly turned into a constant fear and stress. They are living in a limbo of hope and despair with a belief that only God could save their lives.

Conclusion
The results of the study present the vulnerability of pregnant women and health workers during the pandemic. It recognizes the challenges and constraints, emphasizing the crucial need for government and non-government organizations to improve maternal and newborn health services to protect the pregnant women and health workers as they face predicted waves of the pandemic in the future.
Prognostic value and predication model of microvascular invasion in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a multicenter study from China
Authors: Chen Yifan , Liu Hongzhi , Zhang Jinyu , Wu Yijun , Zhou Weiping , Cheng Zhangjun , Lou Jianying , Zheng Shuguo , Bi Xinyu , Wang Jianming , Guo Wei , Li Fuyu , Wang Jian , Zheng Yamin , Li Jingdong , Cheng Shi , Zeng Yongyi , Liu Jingfeng 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Background
At present, hepatectomy is still the most common and effective treatment method for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) patients. However, the postoperative prognosis is poor. Therefore, the prognostic factors for these patients require further exploration. Whether microvascular invasion (MVI) plays a crucial role in the prognosis of ICC patients is still unclear. Moreover, few studies have focused on preoperative predictions of MVI in ICC patients.

Methods
Clinicopathological data of 704 ICC patients after curative resection were retrospectively collected from 13 hospitals. Independent risk factors were identified by the Cox or logistic proportional hazards model. In addition, the survival curves of the MVI-positive and MVI-negative groups before and after matching were analyzed. Subsequently, 341 patients from a single center (Eastern Hepatobiliary Hospital) in the above multicenter retrospective cohort were used to construct a nomogram prediction model. Then, the model was evaluated by the index of concordance (C-Index) and the calibration curve.

Results
After propensity score matching (PSM), Child-Pugh grade and MVI were independent risk factors for overall survival (OS) in ICC patients after curative resection. Major hepatectomy and MVI were independent risk factors for recurrence-free survival (RFS). The survival curves of OS and RFS before and after PSM in the MVI-positive groups were significantly different compared with those in the MVI-negative groups. Multivariate logistic regression results demonstrated that age, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), and preoperative image tumor number were independent risk factors for the occurrence of MVI. Furthermore, the prediction model in the form of a nomogram was constructed, which showed good prediction ability for both the training (C-index = 0.7622) and validation (C-index = 0.7591) groups, and the calibration curve showed good consistency with reality.

Conclusion
MVI is an independent risk factor for the prognosis of ICC patients after curative resection. Age, GGT, and preoperative image tumor number were independent risk factors for the occurrence of MVI in ICC patients. The prediction model constructed further showed good predictive ability in both the training and validation groups with good consistency with reality.
Current pattern of ocular trauma as seen in tertiary institutions in south-eastern Nigeria
Authors: Jac-Okereke Chinwe Cynthia , Jac-Okereke Chukwunonso Azubuike , Ezegwui Ifeoma Regina , Umeh Rich Enujioke 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Background
Ocular trauma is a leading cause of monocular blindness worldwide and in developing countries, are not only more common but also more severe. Industrialization and urbanization may alter or modify prevalent aetiological factors and the presentation of ocular trauma.

Objective
To determine the current pattern of eye injuries in Teaching Hospitals in Enugu State.

Methods
This prospective cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out at the eye clinics and emergency units of two tertiary institutions in Enugu, Nigeria. Consecutive ocular trauma patients were enrolled over a 5-month period. On presentation, they underwent ocular examination including visual acuity (which was categorized according to the WHO classification of visual impairment and blindness}, anterior and posterior segment examinations. Injuries were grouped using the Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology system.

Results
Within the study period, 2545 new patients presented to the hospitals where the study was conducted. A total of 89 patients presented with ocular trauma, giving an incidence of 3.5%. The male to female ratio was 1.3:1 and patients aged 10 to 19 years formed the majority (24%). Domestic accidents (22%) were the most common cause of ocular injuries while blunt objects (57%) were the most common agents. Closed globe injuries constituted 76% of all injuries. Forty-three per cent of patients presented within 24 h of injury.

Conclusion
Ocular trauma is still prevalent in South-eastern Nigeria and there has indeed been a change in the pattern as well as the incidence. Assault and road traffic accidents have emerged as important causes of eye injuries. In addition, there has been an improvement in the health-seeking behaviour of people living in Enugu and this may reflect positively on the uptake of recommended preventive strategies.
β-blocker eye drops affect ocular surface through β2 adrenoceptor of corneal limbal stem cells
Authors: Yuan Xingyue , Ma Xiubin , Yang Lingling , Zhou Qingjun , Li Ya 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundTopical application of β-blocker eye drops induces damage to the ocular surface in clinical. However, the mechanism involved remains incompletely understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence and mechanism of β-blocker eye drops on corneal epithelial wound healing.MethodsCorneal epithelial wound healing models were constructed by epithelial scraping including in the limbal region and unceasingly received eye drops containing 5 mg/mL β-blocker levobunolol, β1-adrenoceptor (β1AR)-specific antagonist atenolol or β2-adrenoceptor (β2AR)-specific antagonist ICI 118, 551. For the migration assay, the murine corneal epithelial stem/progenitor cells (TKE2) were wounded and subsequently incubated with levobunolol, atenolol, or ICI 118, 551. The proliferation and colony formation abilities of TKE2 cells treated with levobunolol, atenolol, or ICI 118, 551 were investigated by CCK-8 kit and crystal violet staining. The differentiation marker Cytokeratin 3 (CK3), the stem cell markers-Cytokeratin 14 (CK14) and Cytokeratin 19 (CK19), and corneal epithelium regeneration-related signaling including in Ki67 and the phosphorylated epithelial growth factor receptor (pEGFR) and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (pERK1/2) were assessed by immunofluorescence staining.ResultsLevobunolol and ICI 118, 551 impaired corneal wound healing, decreased the expressions of CK3, CK14, and CK19 after limbal region scraping in vivo and reduced the migration and proliferation of TKE2 in vitro, whereas atenolol had no significant effect. Moreover, levobunolol and ICI 118, 551 inhibited corneal wound healing by mediating the expression of Ki67, and the phosphorylation of EGFR and ERK1/2 in the limbal and regenerated corneal epithelium.Conclusionβ-blocker eye drops impaired corneal wound healing by inhibiting the β2AR of limbal stem cells, which decreased corneal epithelial regeneration-related signaling. Therefore, a selective β1AR antagonist might be a good choice for glaucoma treatment to avoid ocular surface damage.
Functional visual acuity after implantation of diffractive extended depth-of-focus intraocular lenses using an echelett optics
Authors: Sakisaka Toshihiro , Minami Keiichiro , Takada Keita , Mori Yosai , Miyata Kazunori 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Background
The prospective comparative case series aimed to evaluate all-distance visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and functional visual acuity (FVA) of eyes with diffractive extended depth-of-focus (EDOF) intraocular lenses (IOLs) using an echelett optics and monofocal IOLs with the same platform.

Methods
Diffractive EDOF and monofocal IOLs were implanted in 27 eyes of 27 patients each. At 3 months after implantation, all-distance visual acuities at distances of 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1, 2, 3, and 5 m were measured under distance-corrected. Static visual function was also examined using photopic contrast sensitivity and area under the logarithmic contrast sensitivity function (AULCSF). Dynamic visual function was examined with FVA, and mean FVA value, visual maintenance ratio (VMR), mean response time, and number of blinks were evaluated. These outcomes were compared between the two IOLs.

Results
The mean distance-corrected visual acuities were better at distances of 0.7 m or nearer in eyes with EDOF IOLs. There was no difference in the contrast sensitivities (P > 0.22). In the FVA results, no difference was found in mean FVA and VMR (P > 0.68).

Conclusion
The static and dynamic evaluations of postoperative visual functions demonstrated that the visual function of eyes with EDOF IOLs under photopic and distance-corrected conditions was comparable to eyes with monofocal IOLs.
Hordeum murinum aspiration revealed by a pneumopleurocutaneous fistula in a 15-month-old infant
Authors: Richard Nicolas , Paygambar Audrey , Ducou Le Pointe Hubert , Biaz Sarah , Corvol Harriet 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Background
Hordeum murinum is a specie of grass rarely reported among the aspirated foreign body. It has high tissue penetration power and may cause lung damages.

Case presentation
We report the case of a 15-month-old girl who choke while playing in the grass without any evident cause. This episode was immediately followed by vomiting and coughing with traces of blood. While she was fine during the following week, she relapsed at day (D) 7 with fever. At D10, she was finally hospitalized for signs of respiratory distress. The chest CT-scan revealed a voluminous right sub pleural empyema with an aerial component, responsible for the collapse of the right lower lobe, and complicated by a pneumopleurocutaneous fistula to the right paravertebral muscles. Intravenous antibiotics were prescribed, but no invasive procedure was performed. At D18, the spikelet of a false barley spontaneously externalized through the fistula. Evolution was favorable thereafter with disappearance of the fever and progressive decrease of the biological inflammatory syndrome. The follow-up at 4 months was reassuring, with normal clinical evaluation, and complete regression of the empyema on the chest X-rays.

Conclusions
Hordeum murinum is a rare type of foreign body, and the aspiration often goes unnoticed. In these peculiar cases, CT-scans can be as informative as bronchoscopies, and the evolution is usually favorable after fistulization.