bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical applications of artificial intelligence and machine learning‐based methods in inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Cohen‐Mekelburg Shirley , Berry Sameer , Stidham Ryan W , Zhu Ji , Waljee Akbar K 
Published: February 2021

AbstractOur objective was to review and exemplify how selected applications of artificial intelligence (AI) might facilitate and improve inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) care and to identify gaps for future work in this field. IBD is highly complex and associated with significant variation in care and outcomes. The application of AI to IBD has the potential to reduce variation in healthcare delivery and improve quality of care. AI refers to the ability of machines to mimic human intelligence. The range of AI's ability to perform tasks that would normally require human intelligence varies from prediction to complex decision‐making that more closely resembles human thought. Clinical applications of AI have been applied to study pathogenesis, diagnosis, and patient prognosis in IBD. Despite these advancements, AI in IBD is in its early development and has tremendous potential to transform future care.
Impact of environmental and health consciousness on ecological consumption intention: The moderating effects of haze and self‐competence
Authors: Hao Zhang , Chenyue Qi 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis study is an investigation of how environmental consciousness and health consciousness influence consumers' ecological purchase intentions regarding eco‐friendly products (pollution‐reduction behavior) and self‐protective products (pollution‐avoidance behavior). Data collected in a between‐subject experiment indicate that environmental and health consciousness influence ecological purchase intentions. Moreover, haze pollution moderates these effects. On hazy days, environmental consciousness motivates ecological intentions; on clear days, health consciousness motivates ecological purchase intentions. In addition, perceived self‐competence moderates the impacts of environmental consciousness and health consciousness on purchase intentions. Consumers with high self‐competence are only influenced by environmental consciousness. Health consciousness has the strongest effects on consumers who have low self‐competence. Implications for policymakers and managers are discussed.
Evaluation of the accuracy of an electronic point‐of‐care analyzer to quantify blood creatinine concentration in goats
Authors: Boileau Melanie J , Wagner Leslie , Taylor Jared D 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundThere are no commercially available handheld blood creatinine analyzers validated in goats.ObjectivesThe objective of the study was to validate the accuracy of a handheld point‐of‐care (POC) analyzer (Nova StatSensor) for quantifying blood creatinine concentration in goats. A secondary objective was to compare this POC against a chemistry analyzer to classify goats as normal or having mild or moderate azotemia.AnimalsSixty‐three goats admitted to a referral hospital.MethodsCross‐sectional study. Venous blood was obtained, and creatinine concentration was measured by the POC in duplicate. Plasma was submitted for creatinine determination via the chemistry analyzer (gold standard).ResultsA total of 101 blood samples were collected from 63 goats. There was high repeatability for creatinine concentrations obtained by the POC (adjusted R2 = .97, P < .0001). Correlation of POC concentrations with those reported by the chemistry analyzer was moderate (adjusted R2 = .57, P < .0001). When correctly categorizing goats with mild azotemia, the POC demonstrated a sensitivity of 73.3% and a specificity of 88.3%. For moderate to severe azotemia, the POC had a sensitivity of 75.0% and specificity of 97.5%.Conclusion and Clinical ImportanceThe Nova StatSensor POC provided above average accuracy for measuring blood creatinine concentration in goats compared with the gold standard test.
Validation of an international prediction model including the Oxford classification in Korean patients with IgA nephropathy
Authors: Hwang Dohui , Choi Kyoungjin , Cho Nam‐Jun , Park Samel , Yu Byung Chul , Gil Hyo‐Wook , Lee Eun Young , Choi Soo Jeong , Park Moo Yong , Kim Jin Kuk , Hwang Seung Duk , Kwon Soon Hyo , Jeon Jin Seok , Noh Hyunjin , Han Dong Cheol , Kim Hyoungnae 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundRecently, a new international risk prediction model including the Oxford classification was published which was validated in a large multi‐ethnic cohort. Therefore, we aimed to validate this risk prediction model in Korean patients with IgA nephropathy.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study was conducted with 545 patients who diagnosed IgA nephropathy with renal biopsy in three medical centers. The primary outcome was defined as a reduction in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of >50% or incident end‐stage renal disease (ESRD). Continuous net reclassification improvement (cNRI) and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) were used to validate models.ResultsDuring the median 3.6 years of follow‐up period, 53 (9.7%) renal events occurred. In multivariable Cox regression model, M1 (hazard ratio [HR], 2.22; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02–4.82; p = .043), T1 (HR, 2.98; 95% CI, 1.39–6.39; p = .005) and T2 (HR, 4.80; 95% CI, 2.06–11.18; p < .001) lesions were associated with increased risk of renal outcome. When applied the international prediction model, the area under curve (AUC) for 5‐year risk of renal outcome was 0.69, which was lower than previous validation and internally derived models. Moreover, cNRI and IDI analyses showed that discrimination and reclassification performance of the international model was inferior to the internally derived models.ConclusionThe international risk prediction model for IgA nephropathy showed not as good performance in Korean patients as previous validation in other ethnic group. Further validation of risk prediction model is needed for Korean patients with IgA nephropathy.
Evidence for the presence and release of BDNF in the neuronal and non‐neuronal structures of the internal anal sphincter
Authors: Singh Arjun , Singh Jagmohan , Rattan Satish 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundData on the neuromodulatory effects of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the gastrointestinal tract were recently reported, but there are still no data on the presence, distribution, and release of BDNF in the gastrointestinal tract, including the internal anal sphincter (IAS).MethodsWe examined the presence and distribution of BDNF and its receptor TrkB in the different IAS structures (neuronal and non‐neuronal) via immunohistochemical and immunocytochemical analyses. We also monitored the release of BDNF in an IAS muscle bath (consisting of smooth muscle cells [SMCs], myenteric plexus, and submucosal plexus) before and after different agonists, and electrical field stimulation in the absence and presence of neurotoxin tetrodotoxin.Key ResultsBDNF/TrkB was found to be present in all layers of the IAS, especially the smooth muscle, mucosa, myenteric plexus, and submucosal plexus. Detailed analyses revealed a significant colocalization between BDNF and TrkB in different structures, especially in the smooth muscle, the SMCs, and both plexuses. Data further showed higher levels of BDNF in the cytosol and that of TrkB toward the periphery of the SMCs.Conclusions & InferencesThese studies showed that BDNF/TrkB was present not only in the enteric nervous system (ENS), but also in the SMCs. For the neuromodulatory effects, BDNF is released locally from the ENS ((myenteric (10.01 ± 0.23 pg/ml) and submucosal plexus (9.05 ± 0.51 pg/ml)) and the SMCs (18.63 ± 1.63 pg/ml). Collectively, these findings have pathophysiological and therapeutic implications regarding the role of BDNF/TrkB in the IAS‐associated rectoanal motility disorders.
A Model-Free Approach for Testing Association
Authors: Chatterjee Saptarshi , Chowdhury Shrabanti , Basu Sanjib 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe question of association between outcome and feature is generally framed in the context of a model based on functional and distributional forms. Our motivating application is that of identifying serum biomarkers of angiogenesis, energy metabolism, apoptosis and inflammation, predictive of recurrence after lung resection in node-negative non-small cell lung cancer patients with tumour stage T2a or less. We propose an omnibus approach for testing the association that is free of assumptions on functional forms and distributions and can be used as a general method. This proposed maximal permutation test is based on the idea of thresholding, is readily implementable and is computationally efficient. We demonstrate that the proposed omnibus tests maintain their levels and have strong power for detecting linear, nonlinear and quantile-based associations, even with outlier-prone and heavy-tailed error distributions and under nonparametric setting. We additionally illustrate the use of this approach in model-free feature screening and further examine the level and power of these tests for binary outcome. We compare the performance of the proposed omnibus tests with comparator methods in our motivating application to identify the preoperative serum biomarkers associated with non-small cell lung cancer recurrence in early stage patients.
The historical postulate: Is it the basis, at the level of the system, for self‐nonself discrimination?
Authors: Bretscher Peter A. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBurnet envisaged the early presence of self‐antigens in development, or ‘the history’ of an animal, ablates the animal's ability to immunologically respond against them. Lederberg added the idea that the continuous presence of self‐antigens is required to maintain tolerance throughout life. We refer to Lederberg's proposal as ‘The Historical Postulate’. The mechanism of central tolerance, as now understood, is consistent with The Historical Postulate. Some observations, reflecting peripheral tolerance, appear inconsistent with this postulate. For example, some foreign peripheral tissues, grafted onto an animal before the immune system develops, can be rejected as the immune system matures. The original two‐signal model of lymphocyte activation was proposed in part because it accounted for peripheral tolerance in a manner consistent with The Historical Postulate. We proposed that lymphocyte activation required antigen‐mediated lymphocyte cooperation, whereas antigen would inactivate lymphocytes when insufficient in number to achieve activation. We argue here that the exceptions to The Historical Postulate can be explained by the two‐signal model of lymphocyte activation: they reflect the existence of greater numbers of lymphocytes specific for these antigens than for natural peripheral antigens, and so are outside the physiological limits important in selecting through evolution this mechanism of peripheral tolerance. We argue that a consideration of whether The Historical Postulate is valid is important, even if only valid within certain understandable limits. The currently popular DAMP model of CD4 T cell activation is, strictly speaking and in a manner we discuss, in violation of this postulate.
A dynamical systems approach to examining the efficacy of suicide‐focused interventions
Authors: Butner Jonathan E. , Bryan Craig J. , Munion Ascher K. , Tabares Jeffrey V. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectiveSuicide risk is a nonlinear temporal process, but the ways in which suicide‐focused interventions have statistically examined risk effects have ignored these nonlinearities. This paper highlights the potential benefits of using data analytic methods that account for nonlinear change patterns.MethodUsing a dynamical systems perspective, interventions are framed in terms of attractor dynamics. An attractor has three primary qualities where an intervention can have an effect. These correspond to contextual differences, shifts in the underlying temporal patterns, and changes in the stability of the temporal pattern.Results/ConclusionsIt is argued that the ideal effect is one in which there is both an observed change in stability and a shift in the underlying temporal pattern toward less risk. Other types of intervention effects can have alternate explanations that are less desirable. Mean, variance, and growth differences are discussed within a systems context, and an example model is provided using Latent Change Score Modeling (McArdle, Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 2009, 577–605).
Study designs and statistical approaches to suicide and prevention research in real‐world data
Authors: Lavigne Jill E. , Lagerberg Tyra , Ambrosi John W. , Chang Zheng 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo provide researchers, clinicians and policy makers with a primer to study designs, statistical approaches and graphical reporting methods for suicide research in real world data (RWD).MethodsStudy designs, statistical method and graphical reporting standards are detailed with examples from the recently published literature.ResultsData sources and codes for identifying suicidal behavior are described. Study designs are described in detail for post‐market surveillance, retrospective cohort studies, case control and nested case–control studies, and self‐controlled (within‐individual) studies including applications of marginal structural models. Graphical reporting of designs is described using an original research study.ConclusionsCompared to RCTs, RWE studies offer larger sample sizes, greater generalizability, and real‐world validity. However, these non‐experimental data risk uncontrolled confounding and potential introduction of bias unless data, design and statistical approaches are rigorously aligned.
Mechanical Structural Interference Detection for Dedicated Hybrid Transmissions
Authors: Sun Hanqiao , Xu Xiangyang , Liu Yanfang , Dong Peng , Wang Shuhan , Ma Mingyue 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Planetary gear set (PGS) has been one of the best components to constitute a transmission configuration, including the dedicated hybrid transmission (DHT). Using different synthesis approaches, the DHT configurations can be obtained through algorithms. However, different synthesis results correspond to different connection states of the planetary gear system. There are a certain number of results that violate the motion requirements of the mechanical principal need to be detected and removed. Therefore, this paper presents a novel modeling method to systematically remove the interference structures, with graph theory in structural synthesis. Based on the original graph theory, this paper proposes an equivalent replacement modeling method to convert the motor graph model into a brake-like graph model. Based on the conversion, avoid the appearance of the hanging points in the graph model. By applying the proposed approach, a DHT structure proves the feasibility of the method. The proposed detection approach can systematically detect all the PGS-based transmission with multi-PGSs, multi-shifting elements, and multi-power sources.
Static Balancing of Four-Bar Compliant Mechanisms With Torsion Springs by Exerting Negative Stiffness Using Linear Spring At the Instant Center of Rotation
Authors: Franco Jorge A. , Gallego Juan A. , Herder Just L. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A design approach for the quasi-static balancing of four-bar linkages with torsion springs is proposed. Such an approach is useful in the design of quasi-statically balanced fully compliant mechanisms by tuning the stiffness of the pseudo-rigid-body-model. Here, the positive stiffness exhibited by torsion springs at the R-joints is compensated by a negative stiffness function. The negative stiffness is created by a non-zero-free-length linear spring connected between the coupler link and the ground, and where both connecting points trace a line directed to the coupler link’s instant center of rotation. A full example of the static balancing of two compliant linkages for approximate straight path generation is developed, where actuation energy of the compliant designs is reduced in 66% and 54%, respectively.
Combining Sport and Study in High School: An Insight Into a Dual Career Environment in Estonia
Authors: Kiens Kristel , Larsen Carsten H. 
Published: February 2021

Although dual career research has received growing attention, there is a lack of research specifically focusing on whole dual career development environments (DCDEs). The overall aim of this study was to provide a thorough insight into a DCDE with two main objectives, as follows: (a) provide a holistic description of a DCDE and connections within the environment and (b) examine factors influencing the environment’s success in supporting student-athletes’ development. The data analysis and collection were guided by recently developed DCDE and dual career environment’s success factors (DC-ESF) models. The data were gathered from multiple perspectives via interviews, informal discussions, and observations to analyze a real-life setting and its everyday processes. The authors found that the school’s dual career philosophy was aimed toward supporting holistic growth development via communication, feedback, and flexibility. The main success factors contributing to the environment’s success were placing importance on effort and task-related focus in everyday activities, being flexible, reinforcing openness, and developing responsibility in student-athletes. Furthermore, providing a systematic daily schedule, establishing systematic information sharing, and organizing a variety of school events contributed to the development of planning, and time management, resilience, effort, and communication skills in student-athletes represented factors of success. These findings are presented in two empirical models (DCDE and DC-ESF) of the Audentes Sports Gymnasium.
Rapid Weight Gain Following Weight Cutting in Male and Female Professional Mixed Martial Artists
Authors: Murugappan Kadhiresan R. , Mueller Ariel , Walsh Daniel P. , Shaefi Shahzad , Leibowitz Akiva , Sarge Todd 
Published: February 2021

Rapid weight loss or “weight cutting” is a common but potentially harmful practice used in mixed martial arts competition. Following the official weigh-in, competitors refeed and rehydrate themselves in a process known as rapid weight gain (RWG) to realize a potential competitive advantage. While data from surveys and small series have indicated the majority of mixed martial arts athletes engage in rapid weight loss, there is a lack of officially collected data from sanctioning organizations describing its prevalence. The present investigation represents a summary of the data collected between December 2015 and January 2018 by the California State Athletic Commission. In total, 512 professional mixed martial artists (455 males and 57 females) were included. Of these, 503 (98%) athletes gained body mass between weigh-in and their bouts. Total RWG between weigh-in and competition was 5.5 ± 2.5 kg, corresponding to an 8.1% ± 3.6% body mass increase. Total RWG was 5.6 ± 2.5 kg (8.1% ± 3.6%) for males and 4.5 ± 2.3 kg (8.0% ± 3.8%) for females. More than one quarter of men and one third of women gained >10% body mass between weigh-in and competition. Athletes from leading international promotions gained more absolute, but not relative, body mass than those from regional promotions. Our findings indicate RWG is nearly ubiquitous in professional , with a similar prevalence in male and female athletes. Trends based on promotion suggest a larger magnitude of RWG in presumably more experienced and/or successful mixed martial artists from leading international promotions.
Effects of Myofascial Self-Release on Range of Motion, Pressure Pain Threshold, and Hamstring Strength in Asymptomatic Individuals: A Randomized, Controlled, Blind Clinical Trial
Authors: Nehring Alexandre , Serafim Thiago Teixeira , Silva Elisa Raulino , Sprada de Menezes Fábio , Maffulli Nicola , Sanada Luciana Sayuri , Okubo Rodrigo 
Published: February 2021

Context: Myofascial self-release is performed using a roller to exert pressure on the soft tissues and to promote effects similar to those of traditional massage. However, there is no standardization regarding its application, mainly in relation to time. Objective: To evaluate the effects of myofascial self-release with a rigid roller on range of motion (ROM), pressure pain threshold (PPT), and hamstring strength in asymptomatic individuals following 2 different times of intervention. Design: Randomized, controlled, blind, clinical trial comparing preintervention and immediately postintervention within 2 groups. Setting: Institutional physiotherapy clinic. Participants: A total of 40 university students (18–30 y), who had no symptoms, participated. Intervention: Foam roller for 30 seconds and 2 minutes for group 2. Main Outcome Measures: Hamstring PPT, knee-extension ROM, and peak knee-flexion torque measured before and immediately after the intervention. Results: Both groups experienced a statistically significant increase in ROM compared with baseline (30 s and 2 min for group 2 P < .024). There were no statistically significant differences comparing peak knee-flexion torque or PPT. Conclusions: Hamstring myofascial self-release using a roller for 30 seconds or 2 minutes produced an increase in ROM in healthy individuals. PPT and peak knee-flexion isometric torque showed no effects.
Excess mortality in Wuhan city and other parts of China during the three months of the covid-19 outbreak: findings from nationwide mortality registries
Authors: Liu Jiangmei , Zhang Lan , Yan Yaqiong , Zhou Yuchang , Yin Peng , Qi Jinlei , Wang Lijun , Pan Jingju , You Jinling , Yang Jing , Zhao Zhenping , Wang Wei , Liu Yunning , Lin Lin , Wu Jing , Li Xinhua , Chen Zhengming , Zhou Maigeng 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Objective
To assess excess all cause and cause specific mortality during the three months (1 January to 31 March 2020) of the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) outbreak in Wuhan city and other parts of China.

Design
Nationwide mortality registries.

Setting
605 urban districts and rural counties in China’s nationally representative Disease Surveillance Point (DSP) system.

Participants
More than 300 million people of all ages.

Main outcome measures
Observed overall and weekly mortality rates from all cause and cause specific diseases for three months (1 January to 31 March 2020) of the covid-19 outbreak compared with the predicted (or mean rates for 2015-19) in different areas to yield rate ratio.

Results

The DSP system recorded 580 819 deaths from January to March 2020. In Wuhan DSP districts (n=3), the observed total mortality rate was 56% (rate ratio 1.56, 95% confidence interval 1.33 to 1.87) higher than the predicted rate (1147
v
735 per 100 000), chiefly as a result of an eightfold increase in deaths from pneumonia (n=1682; 275
v
33 per 100 000; 8.32, 5.19 to 17.02), mainly covid-19 related, but a more modest increase in deaths from certain other diseases, including cardiovascular disease (n=2347; 408
v
316 per 100 000; 1.29, 1.05 to 1.65) and diabetes (n=262; 46
v
25 per 100 000; 1.83, 1.08 to 4.37). In Wuhan city (n=13 districts), 5954 additional (4573 pneumonia) deaths occurred in 2020 compared with 2019, with excess risks greater in central than in suburban districts (50%
v
15%). In other parts of Hubei province (n=19 DSP areas), the observed mortality rates from pneumonia and chronic respiratory diseases were non-significantly 28% and 23% lower than the predicted rates, despite excess deaths from covid-19 related pneumonia. Outside Hubei (n=583 DSP areas), the observed total mortality rate was non-significantly lower than the predicted rate (675
v
715 per 100 000), with significantly lower death rates from pneumonia (0.53, 0.46 to 0.63), chronic respiratory diseases (0.82, 0.71 to 0.96), and road traffic incidents (0.77, 0.68 to 0.88).

Conclusions
Except in Wuhan, no increase in overall mortality was found during the three months of the covid-19 outbreak in other parts of China. The lower death rates from certain non-covid-19 related diseases might be attributable to the associated behaviour changes during lockdown.