bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long-term outcomes following endovascular and surgical revascularization for peripheral artery disease: a propensity score-matched analysis
Authors: Parvar Saman L , Ngo Linh , Dawson Joseph , Nicholls Stephen J , Fitridge Robert , Psaltis Peter J , Ranasinghe Isuru 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Aims
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) revascularization can be performed by either endovascular or open surgical approach. Despite increasing use of endovascular revascularization, it is still uncertain which strategy yields better long-term outcomes.

Methods and results
This retrospective cohort study evaluated patients hospitalized with PAD in Australia and New Zealand who underwent either endovascular or surgical revascularization between 2008 and 2015, and compared procedures using a propensity score-matched analysis. Hybrid interventions were excluded. The primary endpoint was mortality or major adverse limb events (MALE), defined as a composite endpoint of acute limb ischaemia, urgent surgical or endovascular reintervention, or major amputation, up to 8 years post-hospitalization using time-to-event analyses 75 189 patients fulfilled eligibility (15 239 surgery and 59 950 endovascular), from whom 14 339 matched pairs (mean ± SD age 71 ± 12 years, 73% male) with good covariate balance were identified. Endovascular revascularization was associated with an increase in combined MALE or mortality [hazard ratio (HR) 1.13, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.09–1.17, P &lt; 0.001]. There was a similar risk of MALE (HR 1.04, 95% CI: 0.99–1.10, P = 0.15), and all-cause urgent rehospitalizations (HR 1.01, 95% CI: 0.98–1.04, P = 0.57), but higher mortality (HR 1.16, 95% CI: 1.11–1.21, P &lt; 0.001) when endovascular repair was compared to surgery. In subgroup analysis, these findings were consistent for both claudication and chronic limb-threatening ischaemia presentations.

Conclusion
Although the long-term risk of MALE was comparable for both approaches, enduring advantages of surgical revascularization included lower long-term mortality. This is at odds with some prior PAD studies and highlights contention in this space.
Comprehensive genetic analysis of adhesin proteins and their role in virulence ofCandida albicans
Authors: Rosiana Sierra , Zhang Liyang , Kim Grace H , Revtovich Alexey V , Uthayakumar Deeva , Sukumaran Arjun , Geddes-McAlister Jennifer , Kirienko Natalia V , Shapiro Rebecca S 
Published: February 2021

AbstractCandida albicans is a microbial fungus that exists as a commensal member of the human microbiome and an opportunistic pathogen. Cell surface-associated adhesin proteins play a crucial role in C. albicans’ ability to undergo cellular morphogenesis, develop robust biofilms, colonize, and cause infection in a host. However, a comprehensive analysis of the role and relationships between these adhesins has not been explored. We previously established a CRISPR-based platform for efficient generation of single- and double-gene deletions in C. albicans, which was used to construct a library of 144 mutants, comprising 12 unique adhesin genes deleted singly, and every possible combination of double deletions. Here, we exploit this adhesin mutant library to explore the role of adhesin proteins in C. albicans virulence. We perform a comprehensive, high-throughput screen of this library, using Caenorhabditis elegans as a simplified model host system, which identified mutants critical for virulence and significant genetic interactions. We perform follow-up analysis to assess the ability of high- and low-virulence strains to undergo cellular morphogenesis and form biofilms in vitro, as well as to colonize the C. elegans host. We further perform genetic interaction analysis to identify novel significant negative genetic interactions between adhesin mutants, whereby combinatorial perturbation of these genes significantly impairs virulence, more than expected based on virulence of the single mutant constituent strains. Together, this study yields important new insight into the role of adhesins, singly and in combinations, in mediating diverse facets of virulence of this critical fungal pathogen.
Use of carotid artery cannulation during redo sternotomy in congenital cardiac surgery: a single-centre experience
Authors: Brancaccio Gianluca , Perri Gianluigi , Della Porta Marco , Iodice Francesca , Trezzi Matteo , Filippelli Sergio , Amodeo Antonio , D'Abramo Mizar , Iorio Fiore S , Galletti Lorenzo 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
Management of resternotomy is often a difficult challenge in patients with congenital diseases who have undergone multiple sternotomies. Our goal was to report our single-centre experience with carotid cannulation using a graft interposed during redo sternotomy in complex cardiac reintervention procedures.

METHODS
We performed a retrospective review of all patients who had undergone complex redo sternotomies between January 2019 and May 2020 utilizing a cervical cannulation technique with a Gore-Tex graft interposed on the carotid artery. We classified our population study on the basis of the primary diagnosis and the type of surgery. The primary outcomes of our analysis were the evaluation of the safety of the procedure in terms of survival and freedom from neurological events.

RESULTS
We analysed 22 patients who had undergone previous complex operations. The median age and weight at the time of reintervention were 130.35 (range 0.46–435) months and 31.5 (range 2.2–85) kg, respectively. Composite graft carotid cannulation provided adequate arterial flow in all patients with a median arterial flow of 3.5 l/min/m2 (range 0.6–6). One major cardiac injury occurred during sternotomy when emergency cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) was initiated. Moreover, during their hospital stays, all patients had an uneventful recovery without neurological or vascular complications and no cervical wound infections.

CONCLUSIONS
Carotid cannulation using interposition of a side graft on the common carotid artery for arterial inflow is a reliable and safe method for initiation of CPB in complex redo surgeries in patients with congenital disease. Complications directly associated with this type of cannulation are uncommon and allow surgical re-entry with overall low risks.
Examining the Effect of Message Style in Esteem Support Interactions: A Laboratory Investigation*
Authors: Holmstrom Amanda J , Reynolds Reed M , Shebib Samantha J , Poland Travis L , Summers Morgan E , Mazur Allison P , Moore Salena 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe cognitive–emotional theory of esteem support messages predicts that message style will affect the outcomes of esteem support interactions. However, little research has focused on the effects of message style; that is, how esteem support messages are delivered. The present experiment addresses this lacuna by manipulating message style in a laboratory study examining face-to-face esteem support interactions. Confederates were trained to provide emotion-focused esteem support to naïve participants (N = 173) in four styles along the assertive–inductive dimension, in addition to a listening-only control condition. We then assessed the effect of the interaction on participants’ state self-esteem. Results indicated that emotion-focused esteem support improved state self-esteem more than listening support; however, there was no significant effect of message style. Post-interaction state self-esteem improvement was positively associated with the quantity of emotion-focused esteem support content provided during the interaction.
Camera Point-of-View Exacerbates Racial Bias in Viewers of Police Use of Force Videos
Authors: Bailey Rachel L , Read Glenna L , Yan YaoJun Harry , Liu Jiawei , Makin David A , Willits Dale 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe implementation of body-worn cameras (BWC) by policing agencies has received widespread support from many individuals, including citizens and police officers. Despite their increasing prevalence, little is known about how the point-of-view (POV) of these cameras affects perceptions of viewers. In this research, we investigate how POV interacts with skin color of citizens in police use of force videos to affect perceptions of procedural justice. In an experimental study, participants watched eight police use of force videos—half recorded from BWC and half from an onlooker’s perspective—in which skin tone of the citizen varied. Results indicate that POV interacts with citizen skin tone such that, compared to the onlooker perspective, the BWC exacerbated viewer racial bias against dark skin tone citizens. Furthermore, identification with the police officer fully mediated this relationship. Results are discussed in relation to media theory and practical implications.
The Relationship Between Blast-related Hearing Threshold Shift and Insomnia in U.S. Military Personnel
Authors: MacGregor Andrew J , Joseph Antony R , Markwald Rachel R , Dougherty Amber L 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACTIntroductionHearing loss and insomnia emerged as preeminent sources of morbidity among military service members and veterans who served in the recent Iraq and Afghanistan conflicts. Significant threshold shift (STS), an early indicator of hearing loss, has not been studied in relation to insomnia. This study’s objective was to examine the co-occurrence of STS and insomnia among U.S. military personnel with blast-related injury.Materials and MethodsA total of 652 service members who were blast-injured during military operations in Iraq or Afghanistan between 2004 and 2012 were identified from the Blast-Related Auditory Injury Database. Pre- and post-injury audiometric data were used to ascertain new-onset STS, defined as 30 dB or greater increase for the sum of thresholds at 2,000, 3,000, and 4,000 Hz for either ear. Insomnia diagnosed within 2 years post-injury was abstracted from electronic medical records. Multivariable logistic regression analysis examined the relationship between STS and insomnia, while adjusting for age, year of injury, occupation, injury severity, tinnitus and concussion diagnosed in-theater, and PTSD.ResultsA majority of the study sample was aged 18-25 years (79.9%) and sustained mild-to-moderate injuries (92.2%). STS was present in 21.1% of service members. Cumulative incidence of diagnosed insomnia was 22.3% and 11.1% for those with and without STS, respectively. After adjusting for covariates, those with STS had nearly 2-times higher odds of insomnia (odds ratio (OR) = 1.91, 95% CI = 1.12-3.24) compared with those without STS. In multivariable modeling, the strongest association was between PTSD and insomnia (OR = 5.57, 95% CI = 3.35-9.26). A secondary finding of note was that military personnel with STS had a significantly higher frequency of PTSD compared with those without STS (28.1% vs. 15.2%).ConclusionsHearing threshold shift was associated with insomnia in military personnel with blast-related injury and could be used to identify service members at risk. Multidisciplinary care is needed to manage the co-occurrence of both conditions during the post-deployment rehabilitation phase. Future research should evaluate the specific mechanisms involved in this relationship and further explore the association between hearing threshold shift and PTSD.
Child-rearing During Postgraduate Medical Training and Its Relation to Stress and Burnout: Results From a Single-institution Multispecialty Survey
Authors: Spruce Marguerite W , Gingrich Alicia A , Phares Amanda , Beyer Carl A , Salcedo Edgardo S , Guralnick Susan , Rea Margaret M 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Child-rearing is difficult for medical trainees, but much of the available evidence is limited to individual specialties or lacks an analysis of well-being. In light of this, we sought to examine current perspectives across a wide range of medical specialties, determine associations with stress and burnout, and identify potential supportive solutions.

Methods
After Institutional Review Board approval, a voluntary and anonymous survey was sent to all residents and fellows at a large academic medical center with a U.S. Air Force joint training agreement in 2019. Frequency tables were generated for survey responses, using χ2 test for analysis between groups.

Results
One hundred and eighty-four physician trainees completed the survey (21.6% response rate), of which 38.0% were parents. Overall, 90.8% of trainees want children but 68.5% plan to wait until after training to start or grow their families, mainly due to insufficient time or inadequate child care. Less than 2% cited lack of program support as the reason. Among trainee parents, 72.0% reported that child care was at least quite stressful. Child care contributes to burnout for 68.6% of trainee parents, and there was no difference between medical and surgical trainees or between military and nonmilitary trainees. Day care was the most common primary child care strategy, and 37.1% of trainee parents reported spending &gt;25% of their household income on child care. Proposed helpful solutions include on-site day care and subsidies.

Conclusions
Most medical trainees in this sample want children, yet many are delaying growing their families due to time and financial constraints. For trainee parents, child care causes stress and family and financial strain and contributes to burnout. Physicians in training, including military members training at civilian medical centers, could benefit from child care assistance in order to relieve stress, reduce burnout, and improve well-being. Furthermore, by expanding existing resources and implementing new creative solutions to the challenges of child-rearing among medical professionals, the U.S. military has an opportunity to improve members’ well-being and be a model to civilian graduate medical education programs nationwide.
Relative occurrence rates of terrestrial planets orbiting FGK stars
Authors: Jin Sheng 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
This paper aims to derive a map of relative planet occurrence rates that can provide constraints on the overall distribution of terrestrial planets around FGK stars. Based on the planet candidates in the Kepler DR25 data release, I first generate a continuous density map of planet distribution using a Gaussian kernel model and correct the geometric factor that the discovery space of a transit event decreases along with the increase of planetary orbital distance. Then, I fit two exponential decay functions of detection efficiency along with the increase of planetary orbital distance and the decrease of planetary radius. Finally, the density map of planet distribution is compensated for the fitted exponential decay functions of detection efficiency to obtain a relative occurrence rate distribution of terrestrial planets. The result shows two regions with planet abundance: one corresponds to planets with radii between 0.5 and 1.5 R⊕ within 0.2 au, and the other corresponds to planets with radii between 1.5 and 3 R⊕ beyond 0.5 au. It also confirms the features that may be caused by atmospheric evaporation: there is a vacancy of planets of sizes between 2.0 and 4.0 R⊕ inside of ∼0.5 au, and a valley with relatively low occurrence rates between 0.2 and 0.5 au for planets with radii between 1.5 and 3.0 R⊕.
Gravitational instability of non-isothermal filamentary molecular clouds in presence of external pressure
Authors: Motiei Mohammad Mahdi , Hosseinirad Mohammad , Abbassi Shahram 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
Filamentary molecular clouds are omnipresent in the cold interstellar medium. Observational pieces of evidence show that the non-isothermal equations of state describe the filaments properties better than the isothermal one. In this paper, we use the logatropic and the polytropic equations of state to study the gravitational instability of the pressure-confined filaments in presence of a uniform axial magnetic field. To fully explore the parameter space, we carry out very large surveys of stability analysis that cover filaments with different radii in various magnetic fields. Our results show that for all the equations of state the instability of thinner filaments is more sensitive to the magnetic field variations than the thicker ones. Moreover, for all the equations of state, an intermediate magnetic field can entirely stabilize the thinner filaments. Albeit for the thicker ones, this effect is suppressed for the magnetic field stronger than B ≃ 70 μG.
Searching for multiple populations in Ruprecht 106
Authors: Frelijj H , Villanova S , Muñoz C , Fernández-Trincado J G 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
More than a decade has passed since the definition of globular cluster (GC) changed, and now we know that they host multiple populations (MPs). But few GCs do not share that behaviour and Ruprecht 106 is one of these clusters. We analysed 13 member red giant branch stars using spectra in the wavelength range 6120–6405 Å obtained through the GIRAFFE Spectrograph, mounted at UT2 telescope at Paranal, as well as the whole cluster using C, V,R, and I photometry obtained through the Swope telescope at Las Campanas. Atmospheric parameters were determined from the photometry to determine Fe and Na abundances. A photometric analysis searching for MPs was also carried out. Both analyses confirm that Ruprecht 106 is indeed one on the few GCs to host simple stellar population, in agreement with previous studies. Finally, a dynamical study concerning its orbits was carried out to analyse the possible extragalactic origin of the cluster. The orbital integration indicates that this GC belongs to the inner halo, while an energy plane shows that it cannot be accurately associated with any known extragalactic progenitor.
Probing within the Bondi radius of the ultramassive black hole in NGC 1600
Authors: Runge J , Walker S A 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
We present deep (250 ks) Chandra observations of the nearby galaxy group NGC 1600, which has at its centre an ultramassive black hole (17 ± 1.5 billion M⊙). The exceptionally large mass of the black hole coupled with its low redshift makes it one of only a handful of black holes for which spatially resolved temperature and density profiles can be obtained within the Bondi radius with the high spatial resolution of Chandra. We analysed the hot gas properties within the Bondi accretion radius R$_{\mbox{B}}=1.2\!-\!1.7\:\mathrm{ arcsec}= 0.38\!-\!0.54 \,{\mbox{kpc}}$. Within a ∼3 kpc radius, we find two temperature components with statistical significance. Both the single-temperature and two-temperature models show only a very slight rise in temperature towards the centre, and are consistent with being flat. This is in contrast with the expectation from Bondi accretion for a temperature profile which increases towards the centre, and appears to indicate that the dynamics of the gas are not being determined by the central black hole. The density profile follows a relatively shallow ρ ∝ r−[0.61 ± 0.13] relationship within the Bondi radius, which suggests that the true accretion rate on to the black hole may be lower than the classical Bondi accretion rate.
Constraining protoplanetary disc accretion and young planets using ALMA kinematic observations
Authors: Rabago Ian , Zhu Zhaohuan 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
Recent ALMA molecular line observations have revealed 3D gas velocity structure in protoplanetary discs, shedding light on mechanisms of disc accretion and structure formation. (1) By carrying out viscous simulations, we confirm that the disc’s velocity structure differs dramatically using vertical stress profiles from different accretion mechanisms. Thus, kinematic observations tracing flows at different disc heights can potentially distinguish different accretion mechanisms. On the other hand, the disc surface density evolution is mostly determined by the vertically integrated stress. The sharp disc outer edge constrained by recent kinematic observations can be caused by a radially varying α in the disc. (2) We also study kinematic signatures of a young planet by carrying out 3D planet–disc simulations. The relationship between the planet mass and the ‘kink’ velocity is derived, showing a linear relationship with little dependence on disc viscosity, but some dependence on disc height when the planet is massive (e.g. 10MJ). We predict the ‘kink’ velocities for the potential planets in DSHARP discs. At the gap edge, the azimuthally averaged velocities at different disc heights deviate from the Keplerian velocity at similar amplitudes, and its relationship with the planet mass is consistent with that in 2D simulations. After removing the planet, the azimuthally averaged velocity barely changes within the viscous time-scale, and thus the azimuthally averaged velocity structure at the gap edge is due to the gap itself and not directly caused to the planet. Combining both axisymmetric kinematic observations and the residual ‘kink’ velocity is needed to probe young planets in protoplanetary discs.
Out of sight, out of mind? The impact of correlated clustering in substructure lensing
Authors: Lazar Alexandres , Bullock James S , Boylan-Kolchin Michael , Feldmann Robert , Çatmabacak Onur , Moustakas Leonidas 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
A promising route for revealing the existence of dark matter structures on mass scales smaller than the faintest galaxies is through their effect on strong gravitational lenses. We examine the role of local, lens-proximate clustering in boosting the lensing probability relative to contributions from substructure and unclustered line-of-sight (LOS) haloes. Using two cosmological simulations that can resolve halo masses of Mhalo ≃ 109 M⊙ (in a simulation box of length $L_{\rm box}{\sim }100\, {\rm Mpc}$) and 107 M⊙ ($L_{\rm box}\sim 20\, {\rm Mpc}$), we demonstrate that clustering in the vicinity of the lens host produces a clear enhancement relative to an assumption of unclustered haloes that persists to $\gt 20\, R_{\rm vir}$. This enhancement exceeds estimates that use a two-halo term to account for clustering, particularly within $2-5\, R_{\rm vir}$. We provide an analytic expression for this excess, clustered contribution. We find that local clustering boosts the expected count of 109 M⊙ perturbing haloes by $\sim \! 35{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ compared to substructure alone, a result that will significantly enhance expected signals for low-redshift (zl ≃ 0.2) lenses, where substructure contributes substantially compared to LOS haloes. We also find that the orientation of the lens with respect to the line of sight (e.g. whether the line of sight passes through the major axis of the lens) can also have a significant effect on the lensing signal, boosting counts by an additional $\sim 50{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ compared to a random orientations. This could be important if discovered lenses are biased to be oriented along their principal axis.