bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emissions Evaluation of Methanol-Gasoline Blend in Spark Ignition Engine
Authors: Nwovu Sampson Ojon , Etebu O. M. O 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT
This study experimentally evaluated exhaust emissions from methanol-gasoline blend (G95) and pure gasoline (G100) fuels using Spark Ignition (SI) engine. We produced methanol from Carbon (IV) Oxide (CO2) and water for transport and other applications. The methanol production involved simultaneous electrolysis of water within the anodic half-cell and catalytic reduction of CO2 within cathodic half-cell of an electrochemical set-up. We separated the produced methanol from its solution by fractional distillation. G95 was a mixture of 5 percent of methanol and 95 percent of gasoline. The experimental engine was naturally aspirated, single cylinder, 4-stroke with port-fueled injector. We operated the engine under constant load of 3000 kg with varying engine speeds of 2200, 2600, 3000, 3400, 3800, and 4200 rpm. The experimental test results showed that CO and uHC emissions by G95 are lower than that of G100 at all engine speeds. However, CO2 and lambda (λ) emissions by G95 are higher than that of G100 specifically at full load operations. The results found in this study highlight that application of methanol in transportation industry has high potential to lessen vehicle's emissions and improve atmospheric environment.
Application of Geomechanics for Successful Drilling of Onshore Well with Multiple Challenges of Losses and Intense Gas Cut Mud in Naturally Fractured Zone.
Authors: Akong Bassey , Orimoloye Samuel , Otutu Friday , Mfonnom Goodluck , Ojo Akinwale , Mrakpo Ovie , Samuel Ogba , Oladoyin Olumide , Obasuyi Edward 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Drilling of deviated development wells in O-field X has proven to be challenging. Drilling experience in several wells within the field has different issues of wellbore instability, most recent is when traversed through a pre-existing/naturally fractured intervals. Numerous lost-time incidents related to wellbore instability-related problems were experienced, ranging from tight hole (remedied by reaming) to Overpulls, pack-off followed by stuck pipe, fill on-bottom to difficulties in running casing, and tensile cavings to high gas associated with drilling breaks. These problems were observed particularly when drilling previous and current wells in the O-field X. Many of the wells in O-field X were drilled with water-based mud (WBM) for top-hole and POBM for intermediate hole section. However, drilling the most recent well became more challenging with issues of severe losses just below the 13-3/8inch shoe where an interbedded lignite formation characterized with pre-existing fractures was drilled through. Faced with continual non-productive time (NPT), the predrill GeoMechanical report was immediately reviewed coupled with the stress caging procedure adopted to further mitigate the loss circulation wellbore instability problem. The recommendations arising from the comprehensive review of the GeoMechanical window, stress caging and drilling experience analyses was immediately implemented to improve performance which has helped in drilling the well to final completion. This paper highlights the importance of integrating GeoMechanics, stress caging and with proper drilling practices which has helped in delivery of the candidate well. A full-scale GeoMechanical window review was proactively adopted considering the mid-line collapse gradient approach for unconsolidated, naturally fracture formations and critical depleted intervals. All the above strategies were adopted, which assisted in safe delivery of candidate well in O-field X.
Enhanced Method of Estimating Crude Oil Losses in a Unitized Pipeline Supply and Trunk Facilities
Authors: Enweugwu Charles , Monorien Aghogho , Mbeledogu Ikechukwu , Dosunmu Adewale , Illedare Omowunmi 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Most unitized Pipelines in Nigeria are Trunk lines which take crude oil from flow stations to the Terminals. Very few International Oil and Gas Companies own and operate trunk lines in Nigeria. As a result, marginal field owners, independent producers, and some JV partners share the trunk line for the sale of their crude. But because of the use of wide range of non-compliant meters by the injectors into the trunk lines a lot of line losses due to measurement errors are introduced. Another major feature is that trunk lines are exposed to leakages due to sabotage, aged pipeline and valve failures. The issue here is how does the owner of the trunk line back allocate these losses to their respective injectors. The Reverse Mass Balanced Methodology (RMBM) is currently in use having replaced Interim Methodology (IM) in 2017. In RMBM, the crude trunk line losses have been found to be unaccountable and it's proportionate rule for distribution of the losses to the producers are inequitable as the field owners expressed dissatisfaction with unfair deduction from trunk line operators. This study developed a procedure and an algorithm for estimation of crude contributions from each producer at the Terminal and equitable distribution of crude trunk line losses to the producers irrespective of the type of meters, meter factor and leakages and sporadic theft on the trunk lines. This study also identified two alternatives to the RMBM, the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Flow based models. The results showed that flow-based model accounts for both individual and group losses, not accounted for in the RMBM, and allocates and corrects for leak volumes at the point of leak instead of at the terminal. This is a significant improvement from the RMBM.
Imperatives for Implementing Gas-Lifting for Fields with Sand Control: OT Field Experience
Authors: Iheajemu Kingsley , Nnanna Erasmus , Odumodu Somtochukwu 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Unconsolidated sandstone formations are normally completed with one form of sand control or the other. The aim is to manage sand production as low as reasonably practicable and protect well and surface equipment from possible loss of containment. There are about 8 broad types of sand control namely; internal gravel pack, external gravel pack, chemical sand consolidation (SCON), open-hole expandable sand screen, cased-hole expandable sand screen, stand-alone screen, pre-packed screen and frac & pack.
Gas-lifting targets to increase pressure drawdown required for wells to produce by injecting gas at a pre-determined depth using gas-lift valves installed in the tubing. Whereas gas-lift design targets to optimize the gas-lift injection to ensure stable production, the associated drawdown may challenge the operating envelope of the sand control mechanism in place.
The OT field has been in production for about 50 years and has been on gas-lift for about 20 years. There have also been occasional sand production problems in the field; some of which occur in gas-lifted wells. This paper will highlight the outcome of a study that investigated the performance of various sand control mechanisms under gas-lift production and present observed trends to serve as guide in maximizing the performance of such gas-lifted wells with sand control mechanism.
The Synergy Between Borehole Imaging and Geosteering
Authors: Ndokwu Chidi Ndokwu , Amadi Kenneth , Okowi Victor , Okengwu Kingsley O. , Acra Jones E. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The quest to gain more knowledge of the subsurface and to reduce uncertainty in the interpretation of subsurface data has been an age-long effort in the oil and gas industry. To achieve this, asset owners use tools with improved resolution, utilize different types of logging tools and integrate the interpretation from these logging tools. This paper will review some projects where data from borehole imaging tools were used to support geosteering decisions and to gain more knowledge of reservoir structure.
Borehole images are logs based on the circumferential measurement of a petrophysical parameter along a borehole wall. Logging-while-drilling borehole images can be used for structural, sedimentological and petrophysical analysis. These near-wellbore analyses contribute greatly to the success of most geosteering jobs. Geosteering is a process used in placing high-angled and horizontal wells in subsurface intervals of interest. It involves the use and integration of data from varied sources.
This paper will show different scenarios, in different depositional environments, where borehole imaging supported the geosteering process and how geological interpretations from geosteering brought more clarity to borehole imaging analysis. Examples of these will highlight the stratigraphic relationship between geological structures and wellbore trajectory, detection of subsurface structural discontinuities, primary sedimentary structures, and the interpretation of complex geological structures. This paper will broaden our understanding of the applications of borehole imaging and how it integrates with geosteering in achieving oil and gas well objectives.
Adopting Subsea Separation Technologies for Deepwater West-Africa: A Review Study
Authors: Okereke Ndubuisi Uchechukwu , Ogazi Isaac Anayo , Umofia Anitie , Abili Nimi , Ohia Nnaemeka Princewill , Ekwueme Stanley Tochukwu 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Recent developments in offshore oil and gas production indicate a trend of deployment of subsea separation technologies in a reasonable number of offshore oil and gas fields in the Northsea and Offshore Brazil. Although Pazflor field Offshore Angola has adopted a vertical gravity separator, there is still a slow acceptance of this technology in Offshore West-Africa. This work reviewed over ten technical papers and also captured expert views; identifying some of the challenges and potential benefits of subsea separation technologies to deepwater West-Africa. Subsea separation of gas and liquid phase for instance creates the opportunity to overcome hydrostatic pressure in lifting the produced fluid to the topside Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO) vessel using single phase or hybrid pumps. Gas/liquid phase separation could also reduce possibility of flow assurance challenges like hydrates formation and slugging. In spite of these potential advantages, there are also challenges facing the deployment of subsea separation, especillay in West Africa oil fields. This work reviewed current trends, opportunities, challenges and best practices with respect to subsea separation. Also, possibility of a future driven by compact separators in deepwater environments was explored in this work. Strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats (SWOT) analysis was conducted to identify the key technical challenges and opportunities of already deployed subsea separation technologies in Pazflor and Shell BC 10 field. Improved phase separation was identified as one of the key benefits of compact separators. The challenges in accessing installation vessels for deployment of gravity based subsea separators in West-Africa was also highlighted as one of the key technical challenge in the deployment of subsea separators in Offshore West-Africa. Recommendations for future subsea separation technologies application in Deepwater West-Africa was also done in this work.
Well Logging Analysis in Niger Delta Basin
Authors: Sunday Aniekeme Edet 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
A hydrocarbon exploration begins with the geological recognition of probable hydrocarbon accumulation areas, which are confirmed by seismic survey and, to ensure certainty, it is necessary to drill a well. On those exploration wells measurements are made down the hole for the formation evaluation. The evaluation of water, oil and gas saturations are attained by geological and petrophysical characteristics. To obtain such information it is necessary to use a combination of several sources, namely mud logging, coring, well logging and occasionally down the hole tests. Due to the high risks associated with drilling activities, such as safety problems and environmental impacts, it is extremely important to have a very well designed and established drilling program. Therefore, the activities monitoring and control and a good knowledge of what types of formations will be affected, and its principal characteristics, are priorities to take into consideration. Bearing in mind the sources for the formation evaluation, the present work aims to focus on wireline logs and the major challenge that is faced here which is data acquisition and petrophysical evaluation. The case study is a Niger Delta basin (Nigeria).
Practical Approach for Implementation of the Revised National Policy on Occupational Safety and Health 2020 in the Informal Sector: A Focus on South-South Nigeria
Authors: Adebiyi Juwon , Bada Adebola , Maduagwu Daniel , Udoh Emem 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The regulation of Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) in Nigeria, which is currently seeing some progress in the formal sector, has been short of impressive in the informal sector of the economy. Con- sidering it is the role of every government to ensure that all sectors of the economy operate in a manner that guarantees and ensures the safety and well-being of its citizens, Article 4 of International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention No. 155- Occupational Safety and Health Convention was ratified by the Government of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (FRN) in 1994, which led to the development of a coherent National Policy on Occupational Safety and Health in 2006. This, inter alia, failed to address the informal sector; hence the Revised National Policy on OSH 2020 was introduced by the Govern- ment, through the office of the Honorable Minister of the Federal Ministry of Labour and Employment, as a framework for bridging the existing gap. In a bid to ensure the success of the Policy document, the Department of Occupational Safety and Health of the Federal Ministry of Labour and Employment was designated the Competent Authority by the Government. This paper takes a look at the stakeholders in the informal sector of the economy, focusing on the south- south part of Nigeria, and identifies some of the challenges hampering the effective implementation of Occupational Safety and Health systems needed for the promotion of safety and health at workplaces.
It concludes by providing a practical tool that can be a guide for the policy users, especially in the in- formal sector of the Nigerian economy, in alignment with the second of the three determinants of the future of energy, as captured in the theme for NAICE 2021: "The Future of energy – a trilogy of de- terminants; Climate Change, Public Health, and the Global Oil Market".
Determinants of IOGP Life-Saving Rules Compliance Among Nigerian Petroleum Industry Workers
Authors: Abanum Andrew Monday , Alebere Ibidabo David , Patricks-E Chinemerem 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Life-saving rules (LSRs) are a set of defined rules that support and complement general site-specific safety rules and procedures (SRPs). LSRs are popular in the oil & gas (O&G) industry and are part of the safety management system framework designed to prevent incidents in the workplace. Complying with LSRs ensures its intent of incident prevention, drives the goal of creating decent work, economic growth and sustainable development. With the continuum of incidents in the industry, total compliance with LSRs and SRPs still remains a mirage. Even though the introduction of LSRs in the O&G caused a paradigm shift from fair to better safety performance, incident investigations continue to unveil cases of violations/non-compliance. In the space of continuous improvement, it becomes expedient to determine possible causes of these LSRs and SRPs non-compliance, with a view to nipping the causal factors in the bud. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the factors affecting the level of workers compliance with IOGP LSRs in selected O&G companies operating in Delta State, Nigeria. The research recruited 317 sharp end workers and selected leaders, through a multistage sampling technique. A semi-structured, self-administered questionnaire was used as instrument for data collection. The study in its findings was able to elicit numerous compliance determinants arising from socio-demography, occupational and organisational factors. These factors are barriers to strengthen if the goal of total compliance and zero incident must be achieved in the workplace. The study recommends that management should comply with Thomas Legge's aphorisms 1 & 4 on SRPs and design training programmes for employees to be imparted with requisite knowledge needed for compliance, commit to safety and lead a positive safety culture to drive continuous improvement. Furthermore, there is the need to pursue total compliance with LSRs, SRPs and any site-specific safety rules to achieve zero incidents in the O&G industry.
Assessment of Gas Leak Detection Techniques in Natural Gas Infrastructure: A Review
Authors: Appah Dulu , Aimikhe Victor , Okologume Wilfred 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The undetected gas leak, also referred to as fugitive gas emissions, are produced from natural gas infrastructure during operational activities. If not monitored, this undetected gas leakage can lead to undesirable economic loss of natural gas from installed infrastructures and are often accompanied by toxic air pollutants that typically pose safety and public health concerns. The efficient quantification of gas leaks from natural gas infrastructure value chain is still largely inadequate. Several studies have repeatedly opined that the actual rate of leaks from natural gas infrastructure is often higher than the documented estimates. The latter is largely dependent on assumptions that rely on inadequate data. This study reviewed most of the existing methods implemented to detect and quantify gas leaks in natural gas infrastructure by assessing the techniques based on the amount of leak detected compared to the amount of gas produced from such facilities. The study illustrates both the problem of methane leakage and the opportunities for instantaneous reduction from natural gas transmission facilities. Furthermore, this review provides a detailed account of the various analytical models and instrumentation-based research performed to identify and quantify gas leak detection. The study opined that the uncertainties associated with efficient quantification of natural gas leak rates demonstrate the need for innovative approaches or processes to identify and quantify leak rates from natural gas infrastructure.
Propane Dehydrogenation Technology; A Viable Alternative to Meet Nigeria's Growing Propylene Demand
Authors: Ichado Solomon 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Global propylene demand increases year on year, conventional sources of propylene production like steam crackers, refinery fluid catalytic cracker (FCC) are unable to meet global demand for propylene and this has necessitated the use of "On-Purpose" sources for propylene production like propane dehydrogenation (PDH). The PDH and its impact in the propylene mix of the Nigerian petrochemical industry is what this work is centered on.
The need for PDH technology in Nigeria stems from the reality that, Nigeria currently has no refinery with operational fluid catalytic cracker nor sufficient steam crackers to meet an estimated propylene demand gap of about 140 KTA (2016/2017) despite propylene production from a major player in Nigeria (at present, demand gap is expected to be more).
This work involves analysis of Nigeria's petrochemical import and export, petrochemical market size, exposition to the PDH trendand technology focusing on UOP Oleflex technology (chemistry and operation/process flow) and how this technology can help close the current propylene demand gap in Nigeria especially as Nigeria enters its decade of gas.
Petrochemical companies in Asia have been able to use this PDH technology to manufacture propylene thereby significantly closing the propylene demand gap, constructing the most PDH plants in the last 5 years in the process. This also can be replicated in Nigeria and aid in closing propylene demand gap, and with surplus, begin to export propylene to the West African market to generate revenue, improving GDP.
Correcting Subsurface Seismic Depth Uncertainty in Real-Time Using Reservoir Navigation Distance-to-Bed Mapping
Authors: Imomoh Victor , Amadi Kenneth , Onyeji Johnbosco 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The most common challenge in horizontal drilling is depth uncertainty which can be due to poor seismic data or interpretation. It is arguable that a successful landing of the wellbore in the reservoir optimally and within the desired zone is the most challenging in most geosteering operation. The presence of fluid contacts such as oil-water-contact (OWC) and gas-oil-contact (GOC) complicates the whole drilling process, most especially if these fluid contacts are not well defined or known. Additionally, the ability to map the boundaries of the reservoir as the BHA drills the lateral section is an added advantage to remaining within the desired reservoir section.
The success of any reservoir navigation service where seismic uncertainty at the reservoir top is high will rely largely on how effective the geosteering system is and how the geosteering engineer is able to react promptly to changes while landing the well in the reservoir and drilling the lateral section with without exiting the reservoir.
Reservoir Navigation Service (RNS) provides the means for the drilling near horizontal or horizontal wells for the purpose of increasing hydrocarbon extraction from the earth's subsurface. This involves the use of a pre-defined bottom hole assembly (BHA) with inbuilt downhole logging while drilling (LWD) and measurement while drilling (MWD) sensors. The measurements from these downhole sensors are uplinked to the surface of the wellbore where they are converted to meaningful petrophysical data. The goal is to use the downhole petrophysical data such as gamma ray, propagation resistivity and so on, to update an existing pre-well geological model of a section of the earth in such a way that the final result depicts the true model picture of the earth subsurface.
This paper focuses on using well CBH-44L to showcase how the use of real-time distance-to-boundary (D2B) measurement from a deep reading azimuthal propagation resistivity tool is use to correct for depth uncertainty in seismic, thereby, improving the chance of successfully landing and drilling a horizontal well.