bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GsCLC‐c2 from wild soybean confers chloride/salt tolerance to transgenic Arabidopsis and soybean composite plants by regulating anion homeostasis
Authors: Liu Xun , Liu Feng , Zhang Lu , Cheng Cong , Wei Peipei , Yu Bingjun 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe responses of the GsCLC‐c2 gene and its promoter to NaCl stress, as well as the Cl−/salt tolerance of GsCLC‐c2‐transgenic Arabidopsis and overexpressed or RNAi wild soybean hairy root composite plants, were investigated. Results showed that both GsCLC‐c2 and its promoter display enhanced induction under salt stress. In the transgenic Arabidopsis WT‐GsCLC‐c2 and atclc‐c‐GsCLC‐c2 seedlings, the salt‐induced growth reduction was markedly ameliorated; plant fresh weight, leaf area, and relative water content (RWC) increased; relative electrolytic leakage (REL), and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in shoots decreased significantly. In addition, accumulation of Cl− and K+, especially Cl−, increased markedly in roots to minimize Cl− transport to shoots and maintain higher and lower Cl−/NO3− ratios in roots and shoots, respectively. When compared to GsCLC‐c2‐RNAi wild soybean composite plants under salt stress, clear advantages, such as growth appearance, plant height, and leaf area, were displayed by GsCLC‐c2‐overexpressing composite plants. Moreover, their REL values in roots and leaves declined significantly. The accumulation of absorbed Cl− and Na+ in the roots increased, as the transportation to the stems and leaves decreased, the NO3− content in roots, stems, and leaves significantly increased, and the changes in K+ contents were small, which resulted in the maintenance of a low Cl−/NO3− ratio in all plant parts and low Na+/K+ ratio in stems and leaves. Taken together, these results highlight the role of GsCLC‐c2 in regulating anionic homeostasis in NaCl‐stressed transgenic Arabidopsis and soybean composite plants to maintain lower Cl−/NO3− ratios in shoots, thus conferring enhanced Cl−/salt tolerance.
Acclimation of mesophyll conductance and anatomy to light during leaf aging in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Carriquí Marc , Nadal Miquel , Flexas Jaume 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMesophyll conductance (gm), a key limitation to photosynthesis, is strongly driven by leaf anatomy, which is in turn influenced by environmental growth conditions and ontogeny. However, studies examining the combined environment × age effect on both leaf anatomy and photosynthesis are scarce, and none have been carried out in short‐lived plants. Here, we studied the variation of photosynthesis and leaf anatomy in the model species Arabidopsis thaliana (Col‐0) grown under three different light intensities at two different leaf ages. We found that light × age interaction was significant for photosynthesis but not for anatomical characteristics. Increasing growth light intensities resulted in increases in leaf mass per area, thickness, number of palisade cell layers, and chloroplast area lining to intercellular airspace. Low and moderate—but not high—light intensity had a significant effect on all photosynthetic characteristics. Leaf aging was associated with increases in cell wall thickness (Tcw) in all light treatments and in increases in leaf thickness in plants grown under low and moderate light intensities. However, gm did not vary with leaf aging, and photosynthesis only decreased with leaf age under moderate and high light, suggesting a compensatory effect between increased Tcw and decreased chloroplast thickness on the total CO2 diffusion resistance.
Stress and aging: A neurovisceral integration perspective
Authors: Thayer Julian F. , Mather Mara , Koenig Julian 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDarwin emphasized the intimate relationship between the brain and the heart over 150 years ago. Healthy aging is associated with significant changes in both the brain and the heart. The changes between these, the two most important organs of the body, are linked via the vagus nerve. In this review, we examine the normative changes with aging and the effect that stress may have on how the brain–heart connection changes with age. We provide a framework based on the concept of neurovisceral integration and propose that stress regulation is emotion regulation. As such, studies that have investigated emotion regulation may yield insights into successful stress regulation that helps protect people from age‐related decline. In addition, interventions that improve brain health also improve heart health and vice versa. We conclude by noting that significant sex and ethnic differences exist but that future studies are needed to more fully explicate how they may moderate the associations between stress and aging.
Rates, patterns, and drivers of tree reinvasion 15 years after large‐scale meadow‐restoration treatments
Authors: Halpern Charles B. , Antos Joseph A. 
Published: March 2021

Tree encroachment threatens the biodiversity and ecological functioning of grasslands worldwide. Reversing effects of encroachment requires not only removing trees, but limiting subsequent invasions, which can stall grassland reassembly. We quantified rates and patterns of conifer reinvasion of mountain grasslands (meadows) in western Oregon, 7 and 15 years after experimental tree removal with or without burning. We assessed frequency (percentage of 100 m2 subplots) and density of reinvading trees in six 1‐ha plots as a function of burn treatment, abundance in the adjacent forest (a proxy for seed availability), and distance to or orientation of forest edges. After 15 years, frequency and density of colonists varied widely among plots (24–57% of subplots and 60–250 trees/ha, respectively), but burning had no effect on either measure. Abies grandis, which dominated adjacent forests, was the principal invader. Colonization by less‐common Pinus contorta and A. procera was correlated with species' density and basal area in adjacent forests, suggesting that establishment was seed limited. Annualized rates of invasion were similar between early and late sampling intervals (9–10/trees/ha). Establishment was generally greater along the forested edges of plots (0–10 m) than in the core (10–50 m). Prominence of shade‐tolerant A. grandis along northerly‐facing edges suggests strong microclimatic controls on establishment. In sum, tree removal, with or without prescribed fire, is successful in reversing effects of conifer encroachment. Despite abundant seed rain, reinvasion is slow and spatially restricted. Periodic hand removal of colonizing trees, while they are small, can be done efficiently and economically.
Potential benefits to breeding seabirds of converting abandoned coconut plantations to native habitats after invasive predator eradication
Authors: Carr Peter , Trevail Alice , Bárrios Sara , Clubbe Colin , Freeman Robin , Koldewey Heather J. , Votier Stephen C. , Wilkinson Tim , Nicoll Malcolm A. C. 
Published: March 2021

On many Pacific and Indian Ocean islands, colonization by humans brought invasive species, native vegetation destruction, and coconut plantations, leading to the decimation of seabird populations. The coconut industry on oceanic islands has since crashed, leaving the legacy of altered, impoverished ecosystems. Many island restoration projects eradicate invasive species, particularly rats, with the goal of restoring seabird‐driven ecosystems. However, in the absence of converting abandoned plantations to habitat conducive to breeding seabirds, seabird‐driven ecosystems may not fully recover after rat eradication. Here we quantify and, by resource selection function, confirm seabird habitat selection within the Chagos Archipelago, before estimating the potential difference in breeding abundance following rat eradication with and without active management of abandoned plantations. Using Ile du Coin as our primary example, we estimate that following rat eradication, but without plantation conversion, this island could potentially support 4,306 (±93) pairs of breeding seabird; if restored to habitat representative of associated rat‐free islands, 138,878 (±1,299) pairs. If 1 km2 of plantation is converted to produce 0.5 km2 each of native forest and savanna, it could theoretically support 319,762 (±2,279) breeding pairs—more than the entire archipelago at present. Our research indicates that when setting restoration goals in the Chagos Archipelago, at least 55% of the restored habitat should be composed of native forest and savanna in order to support a viable seabird community. Our research enhances the prospects of successfully restoring seabird islands across the tropical landscape with wider benefits to native biodiversity.
Household income changes and suicidal ideation in South Korea: Findings from a longitudinal study
Authors: Lee Doo Woong , Youn Hin Moi , Kang Soo Hyun , Jang Sung‐In , Park Eun‐Cheol 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIntroductionThis study aimed to provide evidence for the need for social and welfare support in suicide prevention.MethodsData were collected from the Korean Welfare Panel Study, 2011–2016. The study sample consisted of 7504 people (male: 3080 and female: 4424; mean age: 54.4 ± 16.6), with annual follow‐ups until 2016. A generalized linear mixed‐effects model using a logit link function with random intercept for longitudinal binary data was employed to identify the association between household income change and suicidal ideation status.ResultsSuicidal ideation was found in 279 (3.7%) people at the baseline year. A drastic reduction in household income was associated with an increased probability of having suicidal ideation (adjusted odds ratio: 2.205, 95% confidence interval: 1.326–3.666). Using interaction analyses, those who had a drastic reduction in household income and were married, males, aged 40–49, and previously in a middle‐ to high‐income group showed a higher probability of having suicidal ideation.ConclusionA drastic reduction in household income was associated with a higher probability of suicidal ideation, with specific differences according to gender, age, previous household income level, and marital status. This study reinforces the need for social and welfare support in suicide prevention policies and programs.
Protecting Black mothers: How the history of midwifery can inform doula activism
Authors: Cancelmo Cara M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn response to the crisis of racist disparities in maternal mortality, many activists are pushing for increased access to birth doulas for Black women. As states and municipalities respond by incorporating doulas into hospital settings with increasingly common requirements for doula certification, it is more important than ever to investigate the role of doulas, and how that role might change under the medical model of birth within US hospitals. Will activism for doulas turn into arguments for the “right” to a doula? Without the full privileges of citizenship—will the most marginalized women be left out of that right despite their health and safety being at the origins of the activist struggle? To investigate these questions, we can look to the history of midwives in the United States, and examine how the midwifery model of childbirth changed as activists fought for increased access to midwives to improve birth outcomes.
Lonely Hearts, Empty Booths? The Relationship between Loneliness, Reported Voting Behavior and Voting as Civic Duty
Authors: Langenkamp Alexander 
Published: March 2021

ObjectiveThe study investigates the relationship between perceived loneliness and the individuals' attitude whether voting is a civic duty. With that, it is the first study to shed light on the mechanism linking perceived loneliness to voting behavior.MethodsTwo independent, cross‐sectional, and representative datasets from Germany (n = 1641) and the Netherlands (n = 1431) are analyzed.ResultsThe regression results and effect decomposition techniques show that loneliness is associated with reduced intention to vote as well as a lower sense of duty to vote. The effect of loneliness on voting behavior is partially mediated through a reduced sense of duty.ConclusionLoneliness is associated with political disengagement. The study provides empirical evidence that the relationship between loneliness and turnout is partially mediated through sense of duty. This showcases that lonely individuals tend to feel detached from society and are less likely to feel obligated to participate in the electoral process.
Prognostic value of immunohistochemical markers in canine cutaneous mast cell tumours: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Freytag Jennifer Ostrand , Queiroz Mariana Ramos , Govoni Verônica Mollica , Pereira Isabel Veloso Alves , Pulz Lidia Hildebrand , de Francisco Strefezzi Ricardo , Queiroga Felisbina Luisa , Cogliati Bruno 
Published: March 2021

AbstractHistological grading systems remain cornerstones in the prognosis of canine cutaneous mast cell tumours (MCTs), but the distinct biological behaviour of each tumour often necessitates the use of complementary markers. Although a plethora of immunohistochemical markers have been proposed as prognostic factors, few are presently applied in routine diagnosis. This systematic review and meta‐analysis was designed to establish which immunohistochemical markers have verifiable prognostic value for cutaneous MCTs in dogs. A Boolean search of five databases identified 200 articles for screening, of which 73 were selected for full‐text assessment and 24 ultimately included in the systematic review. Odds Ratio (OR) was adopted as the summary measure for subsequent meta‐analysis but only 15 articles, relating to the immunomarkers Ki‐67 (9), KIT (5), and BAX (2), provided either a value for OR or sufficient data to calculate this statistic. Meta‐analysis verified that canine cutaneous MCTs with elevated expression of Ki‐67 or BAX, as well aberrant immuno‐expression of KIT, showed an increased odds of death, with respective OR values of 11.2 (95% CI 6.3‐20.0;p < .01), 9.9 (95% CI 1.3‐73.6;p = .03), and 4.1 (95% CI 1.1‐15.3;p = .03). Despite KIT, Ki67, and BAX arise as suitable prognostic factor for canine MCTs, this study highlighted the lack of important clinical and statistical data in many published articles, rendering it impossible to complete the meta‐analysis of several potentially valuable immunohistochemical markers.
Turbulent Flows With Drops and Bubbles: What Numerical Simulations Can Tell Us—Freeman Scholar Lecture
Authors: Soligo Giovanni , Roccon Alessio , Soldati Alfredo 
Published: March 2021

AbstractTurbulent flows laden withlarge, deformable drops or bubbles are ubiquitous in nature and a number of industrial processes. These flows are characterized by physics acting at many different scales: from the macroscopic length scale of the problem down to the microscopic molecular scale of the interface. Naturally, the numerical resolution of all the scales of the problem, which span about eight to nine orders of magnitude, is not possible, with the consequence that numerical simulations of turbulent multiphase flows impose challenges and require methods able to capture the multiscale nature of the flow. In this review, we start by describing the numerical methods commonly employed and by discussing their advantages and limitations, and then we focus on the issues arising from the limited range of scales that can be possibly solved. Ultimately, the droplet size distribution, a key result of interest for turbulent multiphase flows, is used as a benchmark to compare the capabilities of the different methods and to discuss the main insights that can be drawn from these simulations. Based on this, we define a series of guidelines and best practices that we believe to be important in the analysis of the simulations and the development of new numerical methods.
Sound Transmission Tuned by Active Feedback Control Attached to Elastic Wave Metamaterials Immersed in Water
Authors: He Zhi-Hua , Wang Yi-Ze , Wang Yue-Sheng 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Elastic wave metamaterials have been widely exploited with their dynamic superior properties and outstanding acoustic responses. However, it is difficult to directly manipulate sound pressure in low frequencies. In this study, we propose a new kind of elastic wave metamaterial which consists of vertical and lateral resonators as well as orthogonal stiffeners. The active feedback control system is applied to extend to the tunable scope for both lower and higher frequency regions and change the characteristics of acoustic-structure coupling. Its effective mass density is also discussed with different feedback constants. In order to present effects of the fluid–solid interaction, we considered that the elastic wave metamaterial is immersed in different fluid medium and its sound transmission loss (STL) is calculated. This work provides a feasible method for creating mechanical/acoustic models with multi-functional potentials.
Design of a Flexure Rotational Time Base With Varying Inertia
Authors: Thalmann E. , Henein S. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Flexure oscillators are promising time bases, thanks to their high quality factor and monolithic design compatible with microfabrication. In mechanical watchmaking, they could advantageously replace the traditional balance and hairspring oscillator, leading to improvements in timekeeping accuracy, autonomy, and assembly. As MEMS oscillators, their performance can rival that of the well-established quartz oscillator. However, their inherent nonlinear elastic behavior can introduce a variation of their frequency with amplitude called isochronism defect, a major obstacle to accurate timekeeping in mechanical watches. Previous research has focused on addressing this issue by controlling the elastic properties of flexure oscillators. Yet, these oscillators exhibit other amplitude-related frequency variations caused by changes of inertia with amplitude. In this article, we not only improve existing models by taking into account inertia effects but also present a new way of using them to adjust the isochronism defect. This results in a better understanding of flexure oscillators and an alternative way of tuning isochronism by acting on inertia instead of stiffness. This also opens the door to promising architectures such as the new rotation–dilation coupled oscillator (RDCO) whose symmetry has the advantage of minimizing the influence of linear accelerations on its frequency (the other major limitation of flexure oscillators). We derive analytical models for the isochronism of this oscillator, show a dimensioning with compensating inertia and stiffness variations, and present a practical method for post-fabrication isochronism tuning by displacing masses. The models are validated by finite element method (FEM) and mockups serve as preliminary proof-of-concept.
Gear Root Bending Strength: A Comparison Between Single Tooth Bending Fatigue Tests and Meshing Gears
Authors: Bonaiti Luca , Bayoumi Ahmed Bayoumi Mahmoud , Concli Franco , Rosa Francesco , Gorla Carlo 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Gear tooth breakage due to bending fatigue is one of the most dangerous failure modes of gears. Therefore, the precise definition of tooth bending strength is of utmost importance in gear design. Single tooth bending fatigue (STBF) tests are usually used to study this failure mode since they allow to test gears, realized and finished with the actual industrial processes. Nevertheless, STBF tests do not reproduce exactly the loading conditions of meshing gears. The load is applied in a predetermined position, while in meshing gears, it moves along the active flank; all the teeth can be tested and have the same importance, while the actual strength of a meshing gear, practically, is strongly influenced by the strength of the weakest tooth of the gear. These differences have to be (and obviously are) taken into account when using the results of STBF tests to design gear sets. The aim of this article is to investigate in detail the first aspect, i.e. the role of the differences between two tooth root stress histories. In particular, this article presents a methodology based on high-cycle multi-axial fatigue criteria to translate STBF test data to the real working condition; residual stresses are also taken into account.
An Experimental Study of the Leakage Flow Effect on the Film Cooling Effectiveness of a Gas Turbine Shroud
Authors: Kim Gi Mun , Lee Soo In , Jeong Jin Young , Kwak Jae Su , Kim Seokbeom , Choi Jung Uk 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In the vicinity of gas turbine blades, a complex flow field is formed due to the flow separation, reattachment, and secondary flows, and this results in a locally non-uniform and high heat transfer on the surfaces. The present study experimentally investigates the effects of leakage flow through the slot between the gas turbine vane and blade rows on the film cooling effectiveness of the forward region of the shroud ring segment. The experiment is carried out in a linear cascade with five blades. Instead of the vane, a row of rods at the location of the vane trailing edge is installed to consider the wake effect. The leakage flow is introduced through the slot between the vane and blade rows, and additional coolant air is injected from the cooling holes installed at the vane’s outer zone. The effects of the slot geometry, cooling hole configuration, and blowing ratio on the film cooling effectiveness are experimentally investigated using the pressure-sensitive paint (PSP) technique. CO2 gas and a mixture of SF6 and N2 (25% + 75%) are used to simulate the leakage flow to the mainstream density ratios of 1.5 and 2.0, respectively. The results indicate that the area-averaged film cooling effectiveness is affected more by the slot width than by the cooling hole configuration at the same injection conditions, and the lower density ratio cases show higher film cooling effectiveness than the higher density ratio case at the same cooling configuration.
Discretized Convolution Method for Vibration Analysis of Mechanical Systems With Local Dry Friction
Authors: Shih Hui-Ru 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a discretized convolution formulation for the vibration analysis of mechanical systems with local dry friction. For a system composed of several linear subsystems, the discretized convolution method is used to calculate the response of each of the linear subsystems. In the computational procedure, the coupling forces at nonlinear locations are treated as external forces of the subsystems. At each time increment, the magnitude of the coupling forces are predicted and corrected by the iterative method. This paper shows that the discretized convolution method can effectively handle the vibration analysis of a system with local dry friction, and also can substantially save the computational time.