bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lesser Known Uses of γ‐Aminobutyric Acid Analogue Medications in Otolaryngology
Authors: Miller Nathaniel , Noller Michael , Yang Alex , McCoul Edward D. , Tolisano Anthony M. , Riley Charles A. 
Published: September 2021

Objectives/HypothesisIn otolaryngology, γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) analogues have been previously analyzed for their roles in neuropathic pain, chronic cough, tinnitus, and perioperative analgesia. The primary aim of this study is to comprehensively summarize and synthesize the existing evidence for lesser known uses of gabapentin and pregabalin in otolaryngology.Study DesignA scoping review conducted of the available English‐language literature was performed by two authors through April 1, 2021.MethodsThe Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis criteria were followed, and a quality assessment of included studies was performed using the Methodological Index for Non‐Randomized Studies.ResultsTen studies met inclusion criteria. Three studies found that gabapentin may reduce gastrostomy tube usage and improve swallowing function in head and neck cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy (RT). Three studies suggested that gabapentin may help reduce opiate use when used as a primary analgesic in patients with radiation‐induced mucositis. One study demonstrated that pregabalin‐reduced trismus severity in patients with radiotherapy‐induced trismus. One study demonstrated gabapentin may be useful in patients with phonasthenia. Two studies demonstrated that GABA analogues may be a useful adjunct in patients with globus pharyngeus in the context of likely laryngeal sensory neuropathy.ConclusionsThe most promising potential uses for GABA analogues identified in this review are for improving swallowing, trismus, and narcotic overuse after RT. The benefit of GABA analogues for improving nonorganic voice disorders is also promising while the benefit for globus pharyngeus when possibly related to laryngeal sensory neuropathy is inconclusive. Laryngoscope, 132:954–964, 2022
Reduced interactivity during microbial community degradation leads to the extinction of Tricholomas matsutake
Authors: Zhou Hanchang , Ma Anzhou , Liu Guohua , Zhou Xiaorong , Yin Jun , Liang Yu , Wang Feng , Zhuang Guoqiang 
Published: September 2021

AbstractEcosystem degradation is a process during which different ecosystem components interact and affect each other. The microbial community, as a component of the ecosystem whose members often display high reproduction rates, is more readily able to respond to environmental stress at the compositional and functional levels, thus potentially threatening other ecosystem components. However, very little research has been carried out on how microbial community degradation affects other ecosystem components, which hampers the comprehensive understanding of ecosystems as a whole. In this study, we investigated the variation in a soil microbial community through the extinction gradient of an ectomycorrhizal species (Tricholomas matsutake) and explored the relationship between microbial community degradation and ectomycorrhizal species extinction. The result showed that during degradation, the microbial community switched from an interactive state to a stress tolerance state. During degradation, the interactivity of the microbial community decreased from average degree (avgK) 3.54 of undegraded state to 1.63 of degraded state, and the interactivity parameter was significantly related to T. matsutake dominance (R2 = 0.953, p < 0.05). The reduced community interactions with T. matsutake marginalized it from a large central interactive module (67 nodes with 399 intra‐module links and 86 inter‐module links) to a small peripheral module (four nodes with three intra‐module links and no inter‐module links), eventually leading to its extinction. This study highlights the mechanisms of T. matsutake extinction due to the loss of soil microbial community interactivity, offering valuable information about soil microbial community degradation and the plant ectomycorrhizal species conservation.
Development of a physiological model of human middle ear epithelium
Authors: Mather Michael William , Verdon Bernard , Botting Rachel Anne , Engelbert Justin , Delpiano Livia , Xu Xin , Hatton Catherine , Davey Tracey , Lisgo Steven , Yates Philip , Dawe Nicholas , Bingle Colin D. , Haniffa Muzlifah , Powell Jason , Ward Chris 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIntroductionOtitis media is an umbrella term for middle ear inflammation; ranging from acute infection to chronic mucosal disease. It is a leading cause of antimicrobial therapy prescriptions and surgery in children. Despite this, treatments have changed little in over 50 years. Research has been limited by the lack of physiological models of middle ear epithelium.MethodsWe develop a novel human middle ear epithelial culture using an air‐liquid interface (ALI) system; akin to the healthy ventilated middle ear in vivo. We validate this using immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and membrane conductance studies. We also utilize this model to perform a pilot challenge of middle ear epithelial cells with SARS‐CoV‐2.ResultsWe demonstrate that human middle ear epithelial cells cultured at an ALI undergo mucociliary differentiation to produce diverse epithelial subtypes including basal (p63+), goblet (MUC5AC+, MUC5B+), and ciliated (FOXJ1+) cells. Mature ciliagenesis is visualized and tight junction formation is shown with electron microscopy, and confirmed by membrane conductance. Together, these demonstrate this model reflects the complex epithelial cell types which exist in vivo. Following SARS‐CoV‐2 challenge, human middle ear epithelium shows positive viral uptake, as measured by polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry.ConclusionWe describe a novel physiological system to study the human middle ear. This can be utilized for translational research into middle ear diseases. We also demonstrate, for the first time under controlled conditions, that human middle ear epithelium is susceptible to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, which has important clinical implications for safe otological surgery.Level of EvidenceNA.
Radiographic disease severity in chronic rhinosinusitis patients and health care utilization
Authors: Mehta Mitesh P. , Hur Kevin , Price Caroline P. E. , Shintani‐Smith Stephanie , Welch Kevin C. , Conley David B. , Kern Robert C. , Tan Bruce K. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectivesChronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) affects approximately 12% of the population and leads to increased health care utilization and indirect costs exceeding $20 billion annually in the United States. The Lund‐Mackay score (LMS) measures radiographic disease severity for CRS but poorly correlates with symptom scores. The association between LMS and health care utilization in CRS patients has not yet been investigated. The study aimed to assess the association between health care utilization and CRS radiographic severity using LMS.MethodsCRS patients enrolled in a clinical registry were evaluated. Nasal endoscopy findings and LMS were recorded for patients with sinus CT imaging. Patient symptom scores, demographic characteristics, and health care utilization measures were collected. The relationship between these factors and LMS was examined.ResultsA total of 556 patients met inclusion criteria. Mean age was 45.3 years, 53.4% were male, and 41.7% had nasal polyps. There was no difference in sex, smoking history, 22‐item Sino‐nasal Outcome Test scores, or past medical history factors between patients with high (≥8, n = 410) and low (<8, n = 146) LMS. Among high LMS patients, 73.7% underwent endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) compared to 55.5% with low LMS (P < .01), and a greater percentage of patients had nasal polyps (49.3% vs 20.5%, P < .01). On multivariable logistic regression, high LMS patients used fewer antibiotic courses (OR: 0.68 [0.51‐0.91]), but were more likely to be managed with ESS (OR: 2.28 [1.41‐3.73]), and have nasal polyps (OR: 2.11 [1.16‐3.93]) compared to low LMS patients. There was no significant difference in the number of steroid courses, over the counter pill use, provider visits, work/school days missed, or symptom duration between the two LMS groups.ConclusionCRS patients with severe radiographic disease are more likely to have nasal polyps, undergo ESS, and take fewer antibiotic courses. However, there is no association between radiographic disease severity and other measures of health care utilization.Level of Evidence2b, individual retrospective cohort study.
Hydraulic and biological controls of biofilm nitrogen uptake in gravel‐bed streams
Authors: Anlanger Christine , Risse‐Buhl Ute , von Schiller Daniel , Noss Christian , Weitere Markus , Lorke Andreas 
Published: September 2021

AbstractEpibenthic biofilms are important in regulating nitrogen (N) fluxes in stream ecosystems. The efficiency of the regulation is controlled by hydraulic and biological processes and their interactions. However, knowledge on the underlying physical and biological processes, their controlling parameters, and interactions in stream ecosystems is still limited. To analyze the relative importance of hydraulic and biological controls on biofilm N uptake, we measured turbulence, biofilm N uptake using a stable isotope tracer, and biofilm biomass in two gravel‐bed streams with contrasting nutrient concentrations for two seasons. We found high within‐stream variability in biofilm areal N uptake and uptake velocity, which exceeded variability between streams and seasons by 60% and 30%, respectively. Sixty‐four percent of the within‐stream variability in uptake velocity was explained by hydraulic mass transfer and biofilm characteristics, which were described in terms of the turbulent dissipation rate and the biofilm biomass, respectively. We show that surface renewal theory based on scales of the smallest turbulent eddies can be used to estimate transfer velocities at the sediment–water interface and can be extrapolated to larger scales by spatial averaging. Our results improved the mechanistic understanding of the processes regulating biofilm N uptake at small scale which contributes to the understanding of ecosystem functioning in low‐order streams and supports upscaling to larger spatiotemporal scales along stream networks.
Recent Improvement in Survival Outcomes and Reappraisal of Prognostic Factors in Pediatric Living Donor Liver Transplantation
Authors: Oh Seak Hee , Jeong In Sook , Kim Dae Yeon , Namgoong Jung‐Man , Jhang Won Kyoung , Park Seong Jong , Jung Dong‐Hwan , Moon Deok Bog , Song Gi‐Won , Park Gil‐Chun , Ha Tae‐Yong , Ahn Chul‐Soo , Kim Ki‐Hun , Hwang Shin , Lee Sung Gyu , Kim Kyung Mo 
Published: September 2021

Living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) is a significant advancement for the treatment of children with end‐stage liver disease given the shortage of deceased donors. The ultimate goal of pediatric LDLT is to achieve complete donor safety and zero recipient mortality. We conducted a retrospective, single‐center assessment of the outcomes as well as the clinical factors that may influence graft and patient survival after primary LDLTs performed between 1994 and 2020. A Cox proportional hazards model was used for multivariate analyses. The trends for independent prognostic factors were analyzed according to the following treatment eras: 1, 1994 to 2002; 2, 2003 to 2011; and 3, 2012 to 2020. Primary LDLTs were performed on 287 children during the study period. Biliary atresia (BA; 52%), acute liver failure (ALF; 26%), and monogenic liver disease (11%) were the leading indications. There were 45 graft losses (16%) and 27 patient deaths (7%) in this population during the study period. During era 1 (n = 81), the cumulative survival rates at 1 and 5 years after LDLT were 90.1% and 81.5% for patients and 86.4% and 77.8% for grafts, respectively. During era 2 (n = 113), the corresponding rates were 92.9% and 92% for patients and 89.4% and 86.7% for grafts, respectively. During era 3 (n = 93), the corresponding rates were 100% and 98.6% for patients and 98.9% and 95.4% for grafts, respectively. In the multivariate analyses, primary diagnosis ALF, bloodstream infection, posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease, and chronic rejection were found to be negative prognostic indicators for patient survival. Based on generalized care guidelines and center‐oriented experiences, comprehensive advances in appropriate donor selection, refinement of surgical techniques, and meticulous medical management may eventually realize a zero‐mortality rate in pediatric LDLT.
Designing Tunable Omniphobic Surfaces by Controlling the Electropolymerization Sites of Carbazole‐Based Monomers
Authors: Fradin Caroline , Guittard Frédéric , Darmanin Thierry 
Published: September 2021

AbstractCarbazole‐based monomers are electrodeposited in dichloromethane with different water content and water pH in order to control the surface micro‐ and nanostructures. The presence of water makes the depositions more porous by the formation of a micellar soft template. Due to the presence of the free amine groups, the water acidity plays a role on the structure of the monomers by protonation, limiting their polymerization ways and thus controlling the morphology of the structures. The wetting properties are tuned either by deprotonation of the depositions, or fluorinated postgrafting. Surfaces reach superhydrophobic and oleophobic properties.
Age of Onset of Huntington's Disease in Carriers of Reduced Penetrance Alleles
Authors: McDonnell Erin I. , Wang Yuanjia , Goldman Jill , Marder Karen 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundAge of manifest Huntington's disease (HD) onset correlates with number of CAG repeats in the huntingtin gene. Little is known about onset with 36 to 39 repeats, the “reduced penetrance” (RP) range.ObjectivesWe provide allele‐specific estimates of HD penetrance (diagnostic confidence level of 4) for RP allele carriers.MethodsWe analyzed 431 pre‐manifest RP allele carriers from Enroll‐HD, the largest prospective observational HD study. Cumulative penetrance (CP) was estimated from Kaplan–Meier curves.ResultsNo one with 36 repeats (n = 25) phenoconverted. CP for 38 repeats (n = 120) was 32% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0%–55%) and 51% (CI, 10%–73%) by ages 70 and 75, respectively, and 68% (CI, 46%–81%) and 81% (CI, 58%–92%) by ages 70 and 75 for 39 repeats (n = 253). CP was not estimable at those ages for 37 repeats (n = 33).ConclusionsDifferences by RP‐range repeat length did not reach significance with a 3‐year median follow‐up duration among censored individuals. © 2021 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Compound heterozygous KCNV2 variants contribute to cone dystrophy with supernormal rod responses in a Chinese family
Authors: Liu Man , Zhu Yingchuan , Huang Lian , Jiang Wenhao , Wu Na , Song Yue , Lu Yilu , Ma Yongxin 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundCone dystrophy with supernormal rod response (CDSRR) is an autosomal recessive retinal disorder characterized by myopia, dyschromatopsia, nyctalopia, photophobia, and nystagmus. CDSRR is caused by mutations in KCNV2, the gene encoding for an electrically silent Kv subunit (Kvs) named Kv8.2.MethodsA Chinese CDSRR family was recruited. Complete ophthalmology clinical examinations were performed to clarify the phenotype. Genetic examination was underwent using whole exome sequencing (WES). In addition, a candidate gene was validated by Sanger sequencing. Expression analysis in vitro including immunoblotting, quantitative real‐time PCR (qRT‐PCR), and co‐immunoprecipitation experiments was performed to investigate the pathogenic mechanism of the identified gene variants.ResultsWES identified two KCNV2 heterozygous mutations from the proband. Sanger sequencing validated that the patient's parents had, respectively, carried those two mutations. Further in vitro functional experiments indicated that the mutated alleles had led the Kv8.2 proteins to fail in expressing and interacting with the Kv2.1 protein, respectively.ConclusionsThis study expanded the KCNV2 mutation spectrum. It can also be deduced that CDSRR has a broad heterogeneity. It is further confirmed that the inability expression of Kv8.2 proteins and the failure of Kv8.2 proteins to interact with Kv2.1 may have accounted for the etiology of CDSRR based on previous studies and this study.
Experience in reconstruction of esophagus, epiglottis, and upper trachea due to caustic injuries in pediatric patients and establishment of algorithm
Authors: Aksoyler Dicle , Ercan Alp , Losco Luigi , Chen Shih‐Heng , Chen Hung‐Chi 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundUnintentional swallowing of corrosive agents cause problems in the pediatric population. Swallowing dysfunction can be seen after injuring the pharynx and/or epiglottis which leads to the obstruction of esophagus. An algorithm was established taking into account the injury to the epiglottis and restoring gastrointestinal continuity with isolated or combine free and or supercharged jejunum flap, or supercharged colon transposition flap.MethodsSeventeen patients between the ages of 3 and 16 (mean age: 7.7) were treated between 1985 and 2019. Three different procedures were performed based on endoscopic findings; for patients with no or minimal damage to epiglottis, pedicled colon transposition was done in 12 cases. For patients with epiglottic scarring or edema, a two‐stage reconstruction was performed. In the first stage, free jejunum flap was implemented to the pharynx to facilitate food passage, followed by a pedicled jejunum in two cases, or a pedicled colon transposition in two cases to provide gastrointestinal continuity. For one patient with severe epiglottic scarring, a free jejunal flap was used as a diversion conduit in the first stage, followed by supercharged colon transposition to restore gastrointestinal continuity.ResultsSupercharged intestinal flaps were harvested with 3–4 cm of extra intestinal tissue than the measured thoracic portion in each individual in order to reach the hypopharyngeal region. The size of the free jejunal flaps were 10 cm.Oral feeding was initiated on the eighth postoperative day. Partial loss of the anterior wall of the jejunal flap was seen in one case, in which a free anterolateral thigh–vastus lateralis musculocutaneous flap was used for reconstruction. The mean follow‐up time was 5.1 years and there was no stricture in the final outcome.ConclusionA competent epiglottis is essential for proper swallowing reflex. Meticulous microsurgical dissection and performing supercharged intestinal flaps provide a complication‐free end result.
27Al NMR diffusometry of Al13 Keggin nanoclusters
Authors: Graham Trent R. , Chun Jaehun , Schenter Gregory K. , Zhang Xin , Clark Sue B. , Pearce Carolyn I. , Rosso Kevin M. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAlthough nanometer‐sized aluminum hydroxide clusters (i.e., ϵ‐Al13, [Al13O4(OH)24(H2O)12]7+) command a central role in aluminum ion speciation and transformations between minerals, measurement of their translational diffusion is often limited to indirect methods. Here, 27Al pulsed field gradient stimulated echo nuclear magnetic resonance (PFGSTE NMR) spectroscopy has been applied to the AlO4 core of the ϵ‐Al13 cluster with complementary theoretical simulations of the diffusion coefficient and corresponding hydrodynamic radii from a boundary element‐based calculation. The tetrahedral AlO4 center of the ϵ‐Al13 cluster is symmetric and exhibits only weak quadrupolar coupling, which results in favorable T1 and T2 27Al NMR relaxation coefficients for 27Al PFGSTE NMR studies. Stokes–Einstein relationship was used to relate the 27Al diffusion coefficient of the ϵ‐Al13 cluster to the hydrodynamic radius for comparison with theoretical simulations, dynamic light scattering from literature, and previously published 1H PFGSTE NMR studies of chelated Keggin clusters. This first‐of‐its‐kind observation proves that 27Al PFGSTE NMR diffusometry can probe symmetric Al environments in polynuclear clusters of greater molecular weight than previously considered.
Patterns of communicating care and caring in the intensive care unit
Authors: Al‐Shamaly Hanan Subhi 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAimTo explore the perceptions and experiences of nurses in communicating the care and caring in the intensive care unit (ICU).DesignA focused ethnography.MethodsThis study was conducted in an Australian metropolitan hospital, in which data were gathered from multiple sources: participant observations, document reviews, interviews, and participant's additional written information ‐ over

six months (April‐September, 2014). The data were analysed thematically.FindingsThis study addressed inclusively communicating care and caring to patients, families, nurses and other health professionals in ICU. The findings identified main themes concerning the changing patterns of communicating the care and caring in ICU, various patterns of communication used, enablers and barriers of communicating care and caring, and significant issues in communicating care and caring in ICU. Documentation of patients’ psychological and emotional needs, and nurses’ caring behaviours are crucial. These findings need further consideration from all stakeholders.
Pattern selection in the Schnakenberg equations: From normal to anomalous diffusion
Authors: Khudhair Hatim K. , Zhang Yanzhi , Fukawa Nobuyuki 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPattern formation in the classical and fractional Schnakenberg equations is studied to understand the nonlocal effects of anomalous diffusion. Starting with linear stability analysis, we find that if the activator and inhibitor have the same diffusion power, the Turing instability space depends only on the ratio of diffusion coefficients . However, smaller diffusive powers might introduce larger unstable wave numbers with wider band, implying that the patterns may be more chaotic in the fractional cases. We then apply a weakly nonlinear analysis to predict the parameter regimes for spot, stripe, and mixed patterns in the Turing space. Our numerical simulations confirm the analytical results and demonstrate the differences of normal and anomalous diffusion on pattern formation. We find that in the presence of superdiffusion the patterns exhibit multiscale structures. The smaller the diffusion powers, the larger the unstable wave numbers, and the smaller the pattern scales.