bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
OLIGODYNAMIC ACTION OF METALLIC ELEMENTS AND OF METAL ALLOYS ON CERTAIN BACTERIA AND VIRUSES
Authors: MCKHANN CHARLES F. , CARLSON HARVE J. , DOUGLAS HARRIET 
Published: December 2021

THE OLIGODYNAMIC action of metals and metal compounds was noted in 1893 by von Naegeli who pointed out that "definite metals and metal compounds confer in minute quanity of water solutions the ability to change and finally kill cells in a characteristic way." Many metallic elements have been observed to inhibit the growth of bacteria and to inactivate enzymes. Practical application of such activity of metals has been made in the purification of water and in the preservation of tomato juice, of cider, and of hides.
Metallic lead, cadmium, and mercury have been noted to exert an oligodynamic action at varying distances from micro-organisms, apparently the result of solution of small amounts of individual ions in the medium. Minute amounts of certain metals have been found to stimulate the growth of tumors in rabbits.
Although the virus of poliomyelitis and that of influenza have been shown to be inactivated in vitro by salts of heavy metals, studies with viruses similar to those made on the oligodynamic action of metallic elements on bacteria are not available. Furthermore several metals are now obtainable which were not included in earlier studies.
The purpose of this report is to present the results of investigations of the possible oligodynamic action of metallic elements and metal alloys on various species of bacteria and fungi, and on the viruses of poliomyelitis (Lansing strain) and on influenza A (PR8) by in vitro methods. Table I depicts the periodic arrangement of the elements and a list of the metals employed.
Materials and Methods
Metallic elements and alloys: The metallic elements were obtained in so far as possible as pure substances, but manufacturers' analyses were accepted and no attempts were made to ascertain if there might be traces of impurities present. The manufacturers' analyses of the composition of some of the metal alloys are listed in Table II with amounts of each ingredient stated on a percentage basis.
THE PEDIATRICIAN AND THE PUBLIC
Authors: HARPER PAUL 
Published: December 2021

THREE communications are presented in this issue all of which are pertinent to the discussion of whether the Academy shall support the recommendation of its Committee for Improvement of Child Health that federal aid be sought for pediatric education. The editors of this column believe that support of this recommendation or some modification is of immediate and paramount importance. This position was ably presented in the statement by Maryland members of the Academy of Pediatrics. (Pediatrics 2:222, 1948.) The public demand for improved medical care will not be denied. The profession must lead in this program or be led. The most urgent need is for more and better training for all physicians—and this is also the area in which agreement among the profession should be most complete.
The first letter is from Dr. Donald G. Anderson, Secretary of the AMA Council on Medical Education and Hospitals, and presents the official view of the Council. It may be pointed out that this letter from Dr. Anderson indicates a legitimate change since the statement which he signed as a member of the Subcommittee on Medical Personnel of the Section on Professional Personnel at the National Health Assembly. The statement of this subcommittee contained the following:
". . . There is evidence to indicate the local support will be insufficient to meet the financial needs of a sound and expanding program of medical education, and that some form of federal support will be necessary. Federal appropriations should entail no federal control of the administration, curriculum and student admissions of the medical schools. . . ."
The second communication is from Dr. Allan M. Butler, Professor of Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School, which reviews the changing positions of the AMA with regard to medical care.
The final communication is from Dr. Paul Hawley, Chief Executive Officer, Blue Cross—Blue Shield Commissions. Dr. Hawley emphasizes the urgent need for the profession to take the lead in providing improved medical care to forestall the rising demand for socialized medicine. He makes the point that the profession in the recent past has not exercised such leadership and that time is running out.
A Psychology of Growth
Authors: SPOCK BENJAMIN 
Published: December 2021

This book is based on a series of lectures on psychology which the author has given to student nurses. The publisher recommends it for professional groups in child care and also for parents. It should be a good introductory text for nurses, physicians, teachers and other professionals. Part of it would be helpful to parents too. But other parts, which emphatically and no doubt justifiably blame parents for many behavior problems, would create only guilt and further confusion in the parents to whom it applied.
The author discusses such topics as normal emotional development, feeding, toilet training, companionship, discipline, intelligence, mental testing, schooling, fears, enuresis, stuttering, stealing.
THE EVALUATION OF CORD-BLOOD HEMOGLOBIN, RETICULOCYTE PERCENTAGE AND MATERNAL ANTIGLOBULIN TITER IN THE PROGNOSIS OF HEMOLYTIC DISEASE OF THE NEWBORN (ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS)
Authors: Kelsall G. A. , Vos G. H. , Kirk R. L. , Shield J. W. 
Published: December 2021

An unselected series of 218 consecutive pregnant women in whom Rh antibodies were detected by means of a standardized antiglobulin test has been studied to evaluate the prognostic significance of values for cord-blood hemoglobin, reticulocyte percentage and maternal antibody titer at term. Twenty-four of the women gave birth to Rh-negative infants, 35 to stillborn infants, the majority of whom were severely macerated, and 159 to liveborn Rh-positive infants.
All but three of the Rh-positive liveborn infants who were not moribund at birth were exchange-transfused if the maternal titer at term was 1:128 or higher.
Of the 159 Rh-positive liveborn infants, 19 subsequently died, 5 of these being in the untreated group. The remainder were alive and well at least 1 month after birth.
The antibody titer of the maternal serum at term determined by the indirect antiglobulin technique is not quite such a good prognostic index of the chance of survival of liveborn Rh-positive infants as either values for cord-blood hemoglobin or reticulocyte percentage. Titration values of the maternal serum have the distinct advantage that they can be determined before birth, and so give guidance in the management of the case, including the early induction of labor.
A statistical comparison of the effectiveness of treatment showed that the lower neonatal death rate achieved in the present series was not significantly different from that in comparable series in England and America.
Comparison with results published for a comparable American series, where the prognostic significance of maternal antibody titer at term as determined by the plasma-albumin method was evaluated, suggests that the indirect antiglobulin technique for titrating the antibodies in the maternal serum is not only more sensitive than the plasma-albumin method, but it achieves a more clear-cut separation between mild and severe cases. In consequence the indirect antiglobulin technique gives titration values of greater prognostic significance.
Once the child is born, prognosis based on a combination of either maternal antibody titer with values for cord-blood hemoglobin or reticulocyte percentage is more accurate than one based on maternal antibody titer alone.
CONGENITAL ABSENCE OF THE SPLEEN
Authors: Murphy James W. , Mitchell William A. 
Published: December 2021

A case is reported of congenital absence of the spleen in a 15-month-old Negro female infant. Her condition was uncomplicated by other congenital abnormalities, and represents the second such case in a child to appear in the literature. Most of the other reported instances of splenic agenesis are associated with congenital cardiac anomalies, partial situs inversus, accessory lobe of the left lung, and abnormal mesenteric attachments, forming a syndrome of anomalies. These probably arise from factors affecting the fetus at the 5-week stage of development. Some patients have hematologic findings similar to patients post splenectomy.
This child had a course marked by lack of resistance to infection, and leukocyte counts so high as to simulate leukemia. She finally expired, with pneumonia and Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE ETIOLOGY OF DWARFISM IN CONGENITAL TELANGIECTATIC ERYTHEMA
Authors: Hillman D. A. , Crawford J. D. , Talbot N. B. 
Published: December 2021

The case history of a boy with growth retardation, caloric undernutrition, telangiectatic skin lesions on the face and areas of altered skin pigmentation is presented. Administration of cortisone resulted in improvement of the appetite and significant weight gains. Following discontinuation of cortisone therapy, spurts in linear growth were observed which appeared to be limited and probably related to the utilization of fat deposits accumulated during an earlier period of cortisone administration.
It is concluded that the short stature observed in this patient was a function of caloric undernutrition.
MEASUREMENT OF FETAL HEMOGLOBIN IN NEWBORN INFANTS
Authors: Cook Charles D. , Brodie Hugh R. , Allen David W. 
Published: December 2021

A relation between per cent of the hemoglobin that is of the fetal type at birth and gestational age has been demonstrated. Data are presented which show that, after 34 weeks gestation, the per cent fetal hemoglobin drops approximately 3 to 4% per week prenatally. This is similar to the postnatal weekly decrease reported by other authors.
Intrauterine hypoxia, particularly of the sort associated with postmaturity, was not found to be associated with an increase in per cent fetal hemoglobin and probably not associated with an increase in total hemoglobin in the body. On the basis of reticulocyte counts and clinical examination and in the absence of studies of blood volume, it is suggested that the increased total concentrations of hemoglobin observed in the postmature infant with prenatal hypoxia are possibly the result of hemoconcentration rather than erythropoietic response to lack of oxygen.
Sinusitis and Rheumatic Fever
Authors: BROWN EDWARD E. 
Published: December 2021

Rheumatic fever interests every pediatrician. After reading two articles on rheumatic fever in the May, 1957 issue of Pediatrics, one by Diamond and the other by Galdston, as well as much of the recent literature on the subject, I would like to comment on the failure to discuss or consider the probable streptococcal focus for this disease, chronic sinusitis (Brown, E. E.: Cause of rheumatic fever—Chronic sinusitis. Arch. Pediat., 68:575, 1951).
Such theories of etiology as "heredity" (Diamond), "constitution of the victim" (Galdston), virus, diet, allergy, cortical hypoadrenia and others, cannot explain the varying seasonal and geographical incidence of rheumatic fever.
Helping Babies Survive: Lessons Learned From Global Trainers
Authors: Merali Hasan S. , Visick Michael K. , Amick Erick , Savich Renate D. 
Published: December 2021

BACKGROUND:
The Helping Babies Survive (HBS) suite of programs was launched in 2010 as an evidence-based educational package to train health care workers in low- and middle-income countries in neonatal resuscitation, immediate newborn care, and complications of prematurity. To date, there has been no purposeful examination of lessons learned from HBS trainers. Our intent with this study is to gather that data from the field.

METHODS:
To estimate the total global reach of the HBS program, we obtained equipment distribution data from Laerdal and HBS material download data from the HBS Web site as of March 2020. To understand the lessons learned from HBS trainers, we examined comments from trainers who recorded their trainings on the HBS Web site, and other first-hand accounts.

RESULTS:
More than 1 million pieces of equipment (simulators, flip charts, provider guides, and action plans) have been distributed worldwide. HBS materials have been downloaded from the Web site &gt;130 000 times and have now been translated into 27 languages. HBS equipment and training has reached an estimated 850 000 providers in 158 countries. Qualitative analysis revealed 3 major themes critical to building successful and sustainable HBS programs: support, planning and local context, and subthemes for each.

CONCLUSIONS:
Lessons learned from experienced trainers represent a vital distillation of first-hand experience into widely applicable knowledge to be used to reduce potential failures and achieve desired outcomes. Findings from this study offer further guidance on best practices for implementing and sustaining HBS programs and provide insight into challenges and successes experienced by HBS trainers.
URINARY EXCRETION OF COPROPORPHYRIN BY CHILDREN DURING AND AFTER ACUTE STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS
Authors: Galambos John T. 
Published: December 2021

The 24-hour urinary excretion of coproporphyrin was measured in three groups of children.
Group I consisted of 88 children with acute scarlet fever, hospitalized in Providence, Rhode Island, during an epidemic in the spring of 1957. Single 24-hour specimens of urine were obtained during the first or second week of illness.
Group II was composed of 54 children with sporadic streptococcal pharyngitis seen by private pediatricians in Atlanta, Georgia. Urinary excretions of coproporphyrin were measured during the acute illness and at weekly intervals thereafter.
Group III included 21 children with nonstreptococcal pharyngitis.
Acute streptococcal infection usually is not associated with a significantly increased rate of urinary excretion of coproporphyrin in children who do not develop subsequent acute rheumatic fever. A greater rate of urinary excretion of coproporphyrin by boys than by girls was significant at the 1% level of confidence.
THE CONCENTRATION OF LEAD IN PLASMA, WHOLE BLOOD AND ERYTHROCYTES OF INFANTS AND CHILDREN
Authors: Robinson Morton J. , Karpinski Felix E. , Brieger Heinrich 
Published: December 2021

The concentration of lead in the blood of 103 infants and children without history of pica or lead poisoning, ranging in age from 5 hours to 13 years, was studied. The children were divided into three groups according to age: Group I, 5 hours to 6 months of age; Group II, 6.1 months to 4 years of age; Group III, older than 4 years.
The values obtained in Group I were significantly lower than those obtained in Groups II and III. Groups II and III showed approximately the same content of lead in whole blood and erythrocytes. The median values in Group I were 0.015 mg/ 100 ml of whole blood and 0.034 mg/100 ml of erythrocytes. In the combined Groups II and III median values in whole blood were 0.027 mg/100 ml, and in erythrocytes 0.065 mg/100 ml. The range in Group I was 0.005-0.031 mg/100 ml of whole blood and 0.010-0.090 mg/100 ml of erythrocytes. In the two groups more than 6 months of age, the range for whole blood was found to be 0.003-0.054 mg/100 ml, and for erythrocytes 0.003-0.144 mg/100 ml; 90% of the values were between 0.015 and 0.040 mg/100 ml (whole blood), and between 0.028 and 0.103 mg/100 ml (erythrocytes).
Significant amounts of bead were found in the whole blood (0.007-0.028 mg/100 ml), and erythrocytes (0.010-0.044 mg/100 ml) of newborn infants.
IMMUNOLOGIC DISEASE
Authors: Raffel Sidney 
Published: December 2021

IMMUNOLOGIC diseases are those in which some kind of immunologic sequence of events in the body is of prime importance in initiation and progression. Underlying this there may be an infectious or toxic process, or simply exposure to an antigenic substance or cell. The list of such diseases is fairly lengthy, and they are often all spoken of as diseases of allergy or hypersensitivity. The main purpose of this paper is to categorize these diseases, as well as facts and speculation permit, on the basis of underlying immunologic mechanisms; the intention is to dispel the notion that these are all necessarily products of those changes which the term "hypersensitivity" denotes.
It is worth while to bring precision to our semantics because otherwise we may easily be trapped into an assumption of knowledge which we do not have, and into a corollary tendency to stop delving into that which we think we already know. The term "hypersensitivity" implies certain fairly well-understood immunologic processes which account for some of the diseases to be mentioned, but from the mechanistic standpoint these processes do not explain other disorders which may nonetheless be of immunologic origin.
The roster of these diseases includes such unequivocally allergic conditions as asthma, hay fever, serum sickness, and anaphylaxis, as well as the so-called delayed allergic reactivities which accompany infection or follow contact with various plant and chemical substances. To this list are added the so-called "collagen" diseases: periarteritis nodosa, disseminated lupus erythematosus, rheumatic fever, rheumatoid arthritis and dermatomyositis; glomerulonephritis, demyelinating encephalomyelitis, and sympathetic ophthalmia; the disorders in which two individuals are concerned, including tissue grafting and transplantation, transfusion reactions, erythroblastosis fetalis and possibly reactions occasioned by platelet and leukocyte group factors; and finally those hematologic disorders, including anemia, thrombocytopenic purpura and agranulocytosis, in which a transfer of cellular or tissue elements between two individuals is not involved.
Les Malformations Congénitales du Poumon
Authors: WARKANY JOSEF 
Published: December 2021

With the improvement of diagnostic methods and surgical procedures for recognition and alleviation of congenital malformations, the interest of physicians in morphologic deviations of development has increased in recent years. A monograph on congenital malformations of the lungs will be welcomed by many clinical students of this field.
In the introduction the authors review the classifications of pulmonary malformations established by other writers and then offer a classification of their own. The first chapter deals with the embryology of the respiratory apparatus and the changes occurring at and after birth.
Frenectomy
Authors: COLE ARTHUR R. C. 
Published: December 2021

Not too many years ago articles appeared in pediatric journals regarding the attachment of the frenulum of the upper lip to the gum and the relationship of this attachment to the separation of the upper central incisors.
I would like to know if there is any further more conclusive work on this subject.
The opportunity to see and correct this abnormality early is the pediatrician's and should be done if the correction is of definite value in reducing or eliminating orthodontic procedures at a later time.
ASSAY OF PROTEOLYTIC ACTIVITY IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF PANCREATIC FUNCTION
Authors: Frazier Robert G. 
Published: December 2021

Difficulties in the proper use of the gelatin-viscosity test for assay of proteolytic activity have been discussed. It is the author's opinion that for routine clinical diagnostic studies the Andersen-Early test is sufficiently accurate and much simpler.
The considerations presented regarding measurement of pancreatic function and interpretation of data justify a critical attitude toward accepting some of the published data regarding normal and partial or progressive loss of pancreatic function. That such possibilities may exist is not denied, but the actual incidence must be determined by proper application and interpretation of results from sound methods for assay of pancreatic enzymes in duodenal fluid.
SURVEY OF POISON CONTROL CENTERS
Authors: Cann Howard M. , Verhulst Henry L. , Neyman Dorothy S. 
Published: December 2021

As of April, 1958, there were 124 poison control centers in 40 states and territories. The results of a study of the operations of 102 of these centers are presented. Coordination of activities of poison control centers is desirable, especially where more than one center serve the same area. The American Academy of Pediatrics has led the way in establishing centers all over the country. Increasing numbers of state and local departments of health and medical schools are participating in control of poisonings and strengthening the movement for development of poison control centers.
Poison control centers give information concerning toxicity of a variety of products and substances. Many also maintain facilities for treatment of poisoning, but emergency rooms of all hospitals should be equipped to give proper treatment for poisoning.
Prevention of accidental poisoning is the best "treatment" for this "disease." Followup studies of patients will uncover significant causal factors and enable effective preventive measures to be instituted.
All physicians are encouraged to learn the location and utilize the services of the nearest poison control center.
DETERMINATION AND SIGNIFICANCE OF A DIETARY ALLOWANCE OF PROTEIN FOR INFANTS
Authors: May Charles D. 
Published: December 2021

PROBABLY the greatest contributions to successful artificial feeding of infants that will ever be witnessed have already been made, namely: the discovery of the importance of bacterial contamination; the recognition of the role of vitamins; and the realization that fresh cow's milk produces large curds in the infant's stomach and must be treated by heat or other means to improve its digestibility.
Elimination of these major handicaps of artificial feeding permitted attention to be focused on determination of precise figures for the amounts of individual nutrients which should be supplied by the diet to foster sound nutrition. Especial interest was attracted by the question of the relative adequacy of the protein in cow's milk and human milk. This called for refinement in methods of appraising the state of nutrition and clarification of the ultimate goal in infant feeding—the most desirable state of nutrition.
Premature or excessive emphasis on selection of a figure for the dietary allowance of a nutrient is liable to arouse emotional controversy and distract nutritionists from the fundamental issues involved in judging nutritional status. Progress in the science of nutrition could easily be hampered by satisfaction with the sort of pseudosophistication so readily conveyed by plain numbers.
If a figure for an allowance is proposed, there is a great temptation to exploit such a handy value by matching the composition of food products against this kind of "standard." The clamor of conflicting claims in the market place threatens to obscure the deficiencies in the fundamental knowledge upon which a meaningful figure for the allowance of protein or any other nutrient must be based.
The Food and Nutrition Board of the National Research Council has now wisely recognized these considerations by not including a figure for protein allowance in infancy in the 1958 revision of their Recommended Dietary Allowances which states: "Breast-feeding is the best and desired procedure for meeting the nutrient requirements in the first months of life."
This is a favorable setting in which to survey the principles which should govern the determination of the dietary allowance of protein for infants and to dwell upon the significance to be attached to any value proposed.