bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The social determinants of health and health outcomes among adults during the COVID‐19 pandemic: A systematic review
Authors: Green Heidi , Fernandez Ritin , MacPhail Catherine 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo synthesize the best available evidence on the relationship between the social determinants of health and health outcomes among adults during the COVID‐19 pandemic.IntroductionCOVID‐19 has created widespread global transmission. Rapid increase in individuals infected with COVID‐19 prompted significant public health responses from governments globally. However, the social and economic impact on communities may leave some individuals more susceptible to the detrimental effects.MethodsA three‐step search strategy was used to find published and unpublished papers. Databases searched included: MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, and Google Scholar. All identified citations were uploaded into Endnote X9, with duplicates removed. Methodological quality of eligible papers was assessed by two reviewers, with meta‐synthesis conducted in accordance with JBI methodology.ResultsFifteen papers were included. Three synthesized‐conclusions were established (a) Vulnerable populations groups, particularly those from a racial minority and those with low incomes, are more susceptible and have been disproportionately affected by COVID‐19 including mortality; (b) Gender inequalities and family violence have been exacerbated by COVID‐19, leading to diminished wellbeing among women; and (c) COVID‐19 is exacerbating existing social determinants of health through loss of employment/income, disparities in social class leading to lack of access to health care, housing instability, homelessness, and difficulties in physical distancing.ConclusionReflection on social and health policies implemented are necessary to ensure that the COVID‐19 pandemic does not exacerbate health inequalities into the future.
The Role of Personal Risk Experience—An Investigation of Health and Terrorism Risk Perception in Germany and Israel
Authors: Kollmann Josianne , Benyamini Yael , Lages Nadine C. , Renner Britta 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe present study examined the relationship between risk experience and risk perceptions in relation to the target (risk to the self vs. others) and for two different types of risk: acute risks (i.e., terrorist attacks) and cumulative health risks (i.e., alcohol consumption, tobacco consumption, and unhealthy eating) in two countries (Israel and Germany). An online survey (N = 571) was conducted to assess participants’ previous personal experience with acute and cumulative risks and their personal and general risk perceptions. The results showed that personal experience with terrorism was related to increased personal and general risk perceptions, while personal experience with cumulative health risks was related to increased personal but not general risk perceptions. It is argued that an increase in risk perception with more risk experience can be explained by the amount of available information about people's personal as well as other people's risk status. The findings emphasize that the experience–risk perception relationship depends on the target of the risk and the type of risk experience.
Changes in ploidy affect vascular allometry and hydraulic function in Mangifera indica trees
Authors: Barceló‐Anguiano Miguel , Holbrook N. Michele , Hormaza José I. , Losada Juan M. 
Published: August 2021

SUMMARYThe enucleated vascular elements of the xylem and the phloem offer an excellent system to test the effect of ploidy on plant function because variation in vascular geometry has a direct influence on transport efficiency. However, evaluations of conduit sizes in polyploid plants have remained elusive, most remarkably in woody species. We used a combination of molecular, physiological and microscopy techniques to model the hydraulic resistance between source and sinks in tetraploid and diploid mango trees. Tetraploids exhibited larger chloroplasts, mesophyll cells and stomatal guard cells, resulting in higher leaf elastic modulus and lower dehydration rates, despite the high water potentials of both ploidies in the field. Both the xylem and the phloem displayed a scaling of conduits with ploidy, revealing attenuated hydraulic resistance in tetraploids. Conspicuous wall hygroscopic moieties in the cells involved in transpiration and transport indicate a role in volumetric adjustments as a result of turgor change in both ploidies. In autotetraploids, the enlargement of organelles, cells and tissues, which are critical for water and photoassimilate transport at long distances, point to major physiological novelties associated with whole‐genome duplication.
Vessel‐ and ray‐specific monolignol biosynthesis as an approach to engineer fiber‐hypolignification and enhanced saccharification in poplar
Authors: De Meester Barbara , Vanholme Ruben , de Vries Lisanne , Wouters Marlies , Van Doorsselaere Jan , Boerjan Wout 
Published: August 2021

SUMMARYLignin is one of the main factors determining recalcitrance to processing of lignocellulosic biomass towards bio‐based materials and fuels. Consequently, wood of plants engineered for low lignin content is typically more amenable to processing. However, lignin‐modified plants often exhibit collapsed vessels and associated growth defects. Vessel‐specific reintroduction of lignin biosynthesis in dwarfed low‐lignin cinnamoyl‐CoA reductase1 (ccr1) Arabidopsis mutants using the ProSNBE:AtCCR1 construct overcame the yield penalty while maintaining high saccharification yields, and showed that monolignols can be transported between the different xylem cells acting as ‘good neighbors’ in Arabidopsis. Here, we translated this research into the bio‐energy crop poplar. By expressing ProSNBE:AtCCR1 into CRISPR/Cas9‐generated ccr2 poplars, we aimed for vessel‐specific lignin biosynthesis to: (i) achieve growth restoration while maintaining high saccharification yields; and (ii) study the existence of ‘good neighbors’ in poplar wood. Analyzing the resulting ccr2 ProSNBE:AtCCR1 poplars showed that vessels and rays act as good neighbors for lignification in poplar. If sufficient monolignols are produced by these cells, monolignols migrate over multiple cell layers, resulting in a restoration of the lignin amount to wild‐type levels. If the supply of monolignols is limited, the monolignols are incorporated into the cell walls of the vessels and rays producing them and their adjoining cells resulting in fiber hypolignification. One such fiber‐hypolignified line had 18% less lignin and, despite its small yield penalty, had an increase of up to 71% in sugar release on a plant base upon saccharification.
Who sends me face masks? Evidence for the impacts of COVID‐19 on international trade in medical goods
Authors: Hayakawa Kazunobu , Imai Kohei 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis study empirically investigates what kinds of countries imported and exported medical products during the COVID‐19 pandemic. We examine the bilateral trade values of medical products traded among 35 reporting countries and 250 partner countries between January and August in both 2019 and 2020. We shed light on four kinds of bilateral linkages, including political ties (captured by voting similarity in the United Nations), economic ties (existence of trade agreements), demographic ties (migrants) and geographical ties (distance). Our findings can be summarised as follows. An increase in COVID‐19 burden leads to decreases in exports of medical products. However, such a decrease is smaller when exporting to countries with closer political, economic or geographical ties. In contrast, demographic ties play a key role in the import of personal protective products. Immigrants receive face masks from relatives in their home country when the immigrant's country of residence is strongly impacted by COVID‐19.
Labial and buccal minor salivary glands of the dog – location, three‐dimensional arrangement and histology
Authors: Gabner Simone , Michels Christina , Lanz Bernadette , Nell Barbara , Handschuh Stephan , Egerbacher Monika 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectiveTransplantation of minor salivary glands (MSGs) to the conjunctiva is a treatment option for patients suffering from dry eye disease. As there is not enough information about labial and buccal MSGs in dogs, the aim of this study was to provide evidence of the presence of these glands and to investigate their spatial arrangement and excretory ducts.MethodsThe oral mucosa of the lower lip of 4 dogs and the whole lower jaw of 1 dog were used for histological and microCT analysis. Presence, number, volumes and the tissue depth of MSGs were assessed.ResultsHistological analysis showed that compact tubulo‐acinar glands were located in the submucosal connective tissue. MicroCT images revealed that 9 to 21 MSGs were arranged in a single row at the level of the dental alveolae. The volume of the MSGs increased from rostral to caudal and the total volume of glandular tissue per animal ranged from 35.01 mm3 to 549.43 mm3. The mean tissue depth of MSGs ranged from 0.57 mm to 1.37 mm (upper surface of glands) and between 1.43 mm and 3.09 mm (lower surface of the glands). Excretory ducts left the dorsal part of the glands and ran in dorso‐rostral direction.ConclusionsThe location, number and volume of the labial and buccal MSGs in the dog could be detected and described using microCT scans and histology. The present results can provide valuable information for future transplantation of labial MSGs as therapeutic measure against keratoconjunctivitis sicca.
Biology, distribution and management of the invasive Jatropha gossypiifolia (Bellyache bush): A global review of current and future management challenges and research gaps
Authors: Roberts Jason , Florentine Singarayer 
Published: August 2021

AbstractJatropha gossypiifolia (Bellyache bush) is an evergreen, perennial, invasive woody shrub that globally threatens agricultural and native landscapes. The species is native to North and South America, but is currently found in over 52 countries; in many of these countries, it is listed as invasive, due to its aggressive and competitive growth. These behaviour traits are characterised by its quick flowering and seed production that make the species difficult to contain and control, as it forms dense monocultures and restricts the growth of many native and pastoral species through aggressive competition for resources, such as soil moisture and nutrients. Infestation by J. gossypiifolia results in a loss of biodiversity in the affected area and disrupts the maintenance of sustainable land systems. It has been reported that J. gossypiifolia is used in many countries as a traditional medicine to treat a range of diseases, illnesses and injuries. However, despite these claims of its positive use, J. gossypiifolia leaves, seeds and stems are highly toxic to grazing animals and humans, leading to disruption and significant increases in the cost of agricultural production through the loss of production and the instituting of necessary management efforts. Around the world, there have been various attempts to control J. gossypiifolia, but these have widely varied in their success. The most common and successful treatments to control J. gossypiifolia, including herbicide application (cut stump application), fire management and mechanical control; however, when each is applied as a single treatment, long‐term success is often limited. Consequently, this review explores the biology and distribution of J. gossypiifolia, together with previous and current control attempts, and synthesises potentially useful approaches to control this noxious weed, whilst identifying areas of future research to improve effective and long‐term sustainable management strategies for this noxious species.
Study on Pipe Wear Based on Large Scale Experiment and Scale Effect for Deep Sea Mining
Authors: Takano Satoru , Sato Hirotaka , Terao Takashi , Masanobu Sotaro , Kawano Seiya 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
For the production of seafloor massive sulfides, the ores are expected to be transported as a slurry up to the sea surface. The pipe wear is caused mainly by the collision of the ores against the pipe wall; thus, the evaluation of pipe wear is required for the operation of the production system. The authors conducted a full-scale experiment for evaluating pipe wear due to slurry flow. As the result, the pipe wear resistance of a SUS304 stainless steel is higher than the ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene. In addition, the pipe wall thickness was measured before and after the experiment to obtain the distribution of the erosion on the pipe wall. The authors confirmed that the wall thickness reduced uniformly along the circumferential direction for vertical pipe, and the erosion occurred mainly along the bottom surface of the pipe for the horizontal and inclined pipes. Also, the authors investigated the relation between the index of rock abrasivity and erosion and proposed a correlation for pipe wear with the index of rock abrasivity. Finally, the authors predicted the pipe wear on the condition of full-scale experiment based on the data obtained in the reduced-scale experiment conducted previously. Then, the authors compared the predicted pipe wear with that measured in the full-scale experiment.
Fluid Migration Characterization of Full-Scale Annulus Cement Sections Using Pressure-Pulse-Decay Measurements
Authors: Skadsem Hans Joakim 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Fluid migration behind casings is a well integrity problem that can result in sustained casing pressure, undetected leaks to the environment, and potentially very challenging remediation attempts. Understanding the geometric dimensions and extent of annular migration paths is important for diagnosing and effectively treating fluid migration and sustained casing pressure problems in wells. In this study, permeability and micro-annuli sizes in two full-scale cemented annulus test sections are measured using transient pressure-pulse-decay and steady-state seepage measurements. One of the studied sections is a cemented 9 5/8-in. and 13 3/8-in. casing section from a 30 years old Norwegian North Sea production well. A model for predicting the transient pressure decay in annular sections with non-uniform permeability is presented and the permeabilities of the two sections are determined by fitting the transient model to pressure measurements at either side of the test sections and at selected axial positions. For both sections, measured micro-annulus sizes are within the range of effective wellbore permeabilities based on sustained casing pressure records and previous vertical interference tests from other wells. The test sections display measurable axial permeability variations with the bottom part of these vertical sections having the lower permeability. For the retrieved casing section, the axial permeability variation occurs close to the middle of the test section and is attributed to the top-of-cement. Increasing internal casing pressure is found to slightly reduce the equivalent micro-annulus size, indicative of fracture-like response of the migration paths. Using two independent test protocols, we have measured effective permeabilities as well as local permeability variations in full-scale test sections and found consistent results. The study suggests that the transient test procedure can be used to more effectively characterize low-permeable annular cement where it is otherwise time-consuming or difficult to establish steady-state flow conditions.
Relationships between pest density and associated leaf necrosis for an invasive leaf-mining weevil, Orchestes fagi, on American beech (Fagus grandifolia)
Authors: Edwards Sara , Brodersen Garrett , Hughes Cory , Moore Keegan , Morin Benoit , Morrison Andrew , Owens Emily , Sweeney Jon , Johns Rob C. 
Published: August 2021

Pest density – plant damage relationships are essential guides for decision-making in integrated pest management. In this article, we established pest density – leaf damage relationships for the beech leaf-mining weevil, Orchestes fagi L. (formerly Rhynchaenus fagi, Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in its invasive range of Nova Scotia, Canada. Outbreaks of O. fagi cause tree-wide leaf necrosis in American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.), which can eventually result in tree mortality. In 2014 and 2016, we collected weekly samples in stands with American beech and assessed leaves for densities during different life stages (eggs, larvae, and pupae), population proxy measures (adult feeding damage, egg slits, and larval galleries), and percent necrosis. In general, feeding damage and leaf necrosis plateaued soon after the end of budburst, but before the larval mine expanded. This strongly suggested that leaf necrosis may be linked to damage caused by adults or by mine initiation rather than that caused by larval mine expansion and gallery development. The density of O. fagi per leaf for life stages and population proxies all significantly explained ∼42%–81% of the variation in end-of-season percent leaf necrosis. Results from this study provide a variety of relationships that could be used in both short- and long-term monitoring efforts for O. fagi.
Orbital angular momentum uncertainty relations of entangled two-photon states
Authors: Li Wei , Zhao Shengmei 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The inseparability of quantum correlation requires that the particles in the composite system be treated as a whole rather than treated separately, a typical example is the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) paradox. In this paper, we provide a theoretical study on the uncertainty relations of two kinds of bipartite observables in two-photon orbital angular momentum (OAM) entanglement, that is, the relative distance and centroid of the two photons at azimuth. We find that the uncertainty relations of the bipartite observables holds in any two-photon state, and they are separable in two-photon OAM entanglement. In addition, the entangled state behaves as a single particle in the bipartite representation. Finally, we find that the uncertainty relations of the bipartite observables can be used to manipulate the degree of the entanglement of an EPR state.

Graphic abstract
Pressure-induced metallic phase transition in gallium arsenide up to 24.3 GPa under hydrostatic conditions
Authors: Zhang Xinyu , Dai Lidong , Hu Haiying , Hong Meiling 
Published: August 2021

A series of experiments of structural, vibrational and electrical transport characterization of gallium arsenide (GaAs) have been performed up to 24.3 GPa under hydrostatic conditions in a diamond anvil cell (DAC) in conjunction with in situ Raman scattering spectroscopy, electrical conductivity measurements, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Upon compression, a phase transition from the zinc-blende (zb) to the orthorhombic (Cmcm) structure of GaAs was observed at 12.2 GPa through the discontinuous variations of the Raman shifts, Raman full-width at half-maximum values and electrical conductivity. Furthermore, the results of variable temperature electrical conductivity experiments confirmed that the high-pressure phase (Cmcm) exhibited one obvious metallic behavior. Upon decompression, the Raman scattering results of the recovered sample under ambient conditions indicated that the phase transition was reversible under hydrostatic conditions. The reversibility of the phase transition was further verified by HRTEM and AFM images for the recovered sample.
Waiting Times for Prostate Cancer Diagnosis in a Nigerian Population
Authors: Omisanjo Olufunmilade A. , Ogunremi Olawale O. , Akinola Olufemi O. , Adebayo Olaolu O. , Ojewuyi Olufemi , Omorinde Mofeyisayo O. , Abolarinwa Abimbola A. , Ikuerowo Stephen O. , Balogun Fatai A. 
Published: August 2021

Background. Prostate biopsy remains an important surgical procedure in the diagnostic pathway for prostate cancer, but access to prostate biopsy service is poorly studied in the Nigerian population. While there has been a well-documented delay in patient presentation with prostate cancer in Nigeria, little is however known about how long patients wait to have a histological diagnosis of prostate cancer and start treatment after presenting at Nigerian hospitals. Method. This was a descriptive retrospective study to document the specific duration of the various timelines in getting a diagnosis of prostate cancer at the Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Nigeria. Results. There were 270 patients. The mean age was

69.50
±
8.03

years

(range 45-90). The mean PSA at presentation was

563.2
±
1879.2

ng
/
ml

(range 2.05-15400), and the median PSA was 49.3 ng/ml. The median waiting times were (i) 10 days from referral to presentation; (ii) 30 days from presentation to biopsy; (iii) 24 days from biopsy to review of histology; (iv) 1 day from histology review to discussion/planning of treatment. The median overall waiting time from referral to treatment was 103 days. The mean time from presentation to biopsy was significantly shorter for patients with PSA of ≥50 ng/ml compared to those with

PSA
<
50

ng
/
ml

.

p
=
0.048

. Overall, the median time from biopsy to histology was significantly shorter for patients whose specimens were processed in private laboratories (17 days) compared to those whose specimens were processed at the teaching hospital laboratory (30 days),

p
≤
0.001

. Conclusion. There is a significant delay within the health care system in getting a prostate cancer diagnosis in the Nigerian population studied. The major points of the identified delay were the waiting time from patient presentation to having a biopsy done and the histology report waiting time.
Digital Oceans and Algorithmic Castaways
Authors: Farber Liliana 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
As a result of the digital revolution, legal complexities have increased for Internet users. With an opaque and dispersed world network, users are often bound to sovereignties and laws they are unaware of. The author explores how Internet corporations are redefining geopolitics. Through two artworks, this statement reframes the novel Robinson Crusoe within the context of current technologies. The author proposes the castaway as a framework for users’ political position in relation to Internet infrastructure.
Importance, Value, and Causal Impact
Authors: Kahane Guy 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Many believe that because we are so small, we must be utterly insignificant on the cosmic scale. But whether this is so depends on what it takes to be important. On one view, what matters for importance is the difference to value that something makes. On this view, what determines our cosmic importance is not our size, but what else of value is out there. But a rival view also seems plausible: that importance requires sufficient causal impact on the relevant scale; since we have no such impact on the grand scale, that would entail our cosmic insignificance. I argue that despite appearances, causal impact is neither necessary nor sufficient for importance. All that matters is impact on value. Since parts can have non-causal impact on the value of the wholes that contain them, this means that we might have great impact on the grandest scale without ever leaving our little planet.
“I Counted Sun’s Faces” in the Short Recension of 2 Enoch
Authors: Navtanovich Liudmila 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
2 Enoch without any doubt is one of the most interesting and enigmatic texts of Slavonic Pseudepigrapha. Since the publication of the first fragments of it in the middle of the 19th century, there has been a protracted debate on all the questions concerning the history of the pseudepigraphon. And the “astronomical information” in it is possibly one of the most mysterious parts of 2 Enoch. The contents of the two main recensions are quite different in the chapter dealing with astronomical material. The paper studies the fragment, in which, in the short recension, it is literally said: “I [Enoch] counted Sun’s faces”.