bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inter‐ and intra‐observer agreement for grading radiographs of thoracolumbar spinous processes in healthy horses during a pre‐purchase examination
Authors: Looijen Maty G. P. , Hanousek Katherine , Maree Jacques T. M. , Visser Margriet C. , Berner Dagmar 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundThere is wide variability in radiographic grading systems in thoracolumbar spinous processes in horses. The aim of this study was to determine the agreement of grading different parameters, and combinations of those, in radiographs of the spinous processes of the equine thoracolumbar spine in the scope of a pre‐purchase examination. We hypothesized that agreement is variable and interpretation of these radiographs is difficult.MethodsRadiographs of the thoracolumbar spine of healthy horses (N = 100) were assessed by three observers. Spinous processes were separately graded for interspinous space width, modelling, radiopacities, radiolucencies and isolated opacities dorsally. Inter‐ and intra‐observer agreement was assessed for individual and combinations of parameters.ResultsAgreement (inter‐ and intra‐observer) was good for the following parameters: interspinous space width, isolated opacities dorsally, beak‐shaped formations craniodorsally and modelling cranioventrally. The agreement increased slightly for a sum of specific parameters such as radiopacities, modelling, dorsal abnormalities and related abnormalities involving increased opacity, modelling and osseous cyst‐like lesions. Agreement for the total radiographic abnormalities per back was moderate.ConclusionsGrading of thoracolumbar radiographs in horses without back pain showed good inter‐ and intra‐observer agreement for specific parameters and these should be used in future grading of spinous processes. Limitations should be considered in pre‐purchase examinations.
Understanding Medical Biostatistics
Authors: Sapra R. L. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractVariation is a law of nature that makes this universe beautiful. In healthcare, two human beings, though genetically similar, may not respond equally to the same drug. The same drug may also have a varying response and become ineffective in an individual over a period of time. When we look at a population of individuals, variations are so prominent that no two individuals are ever exactly alike. There may be several factors for these variations among individuals which include those which are due to biological, genetic, environmental, or ecological effects [1]. Variations also occur when we sample these individuals. Moreover, variability in the observers themselves may also contribute to variations in assessment. These variations are bound to occur whatever may be the reasons and consequently lead to uncertainties in clinical practice, identification of risk factors, and policy planning.
Who Should Be An Author?
Authors: Nundy Samiran , Kakar Atul , Bhutta Zulfiqar A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAn author is a person who creates a manuscript or paper. He is the one who initiates the process of crafting the document. He is also called a writer, a person who begins the process or plan or an idea. Before venturing into the authorship of biomedical research, one should know if one is entering ‘a sweet fruit of inspiration’ or drifting ‘towards a bitter fruit of the trade’. Stephen Lock has summed up authorship as not being ‘a bread ticket; it is an intellectual responsibility’. Incidence of inappropriate authorship even in Cochrane review has increased.
How to Choose a Title?
Authors: Nundy Samiran , Kakar Atul , Bhutta Zulfiqar A. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract‘What’s in a name? That which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet’ is a famous quote from Shakespeare’s play ‘Romeo and Juliet’. However, in biomedical research, the title or name of the article is without any reservation the most important part of the paper and the most read part in the journal. The title is the face of the research and it should sum up the main notion of the experiment/research in such a way that in the fewest possible words one can summarize the facts of the paper and attract the reader as well. ‘Being concise, precise, and meticulous is the key’ for planning a title [1].
Why Should We Publish Papers?
Authors: Nundy Samiran , Kakar Atul , Bhutta Zulfiqar A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAcademic medicine traditionally includes three principal pursuits, i.e., educating doctors and biomedical scientists, discovering the causes and cures of illness, and using knowledge to improve patient care. Teaching, research, and service are the triad of academic medicine (Fig. 2.1). It has also been described as ‘the capacity of the system for health and health care to think, study, research, discover, evaluate, innovate, teach, learn, and improve’ [1].
Overcoming the Initial Barriers to Publication and the Role of the Mentors?
Authors: Nundy Samiran , Kakar Atul , Bhutta Zulfiqar A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAlthough India has 1.3 billion inhabitants, which is 17.7% of the world’s population, it contributes only1.6% of all the articles to the medical literature (1998–2008) [1, 2]. The top two countries with the largest number of scientific publications are the United States and China. The other countries that are at the top after they are the United Kingdom, Japan, and Germany (Fig. 3.1). There is, however, a large difference between the number of papers published by America and other top countries. Although India ranked among the top 20 countries based on the number of publications from 2008 to 2012 [2]. It produced much fewer papers than the world’s leading nations.
To Which Journal Should You Submit Your Article?
Authors: Nundy Samiran , Kakar Atul , Bhutta Zulfiqar A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMedical journals help physicians to upgrade their knowledge. Beside education, they also contain news and views about the profession and provide a forum for doctors to debate other issues. Journals are an amalgamation of clinical medicine, basic science and popular journalism and can be divided into two major categories based on the content they publish:
Publication Algorithm
Authors: Nundy Samiran , Kakar Atul , Bhutta Zulfiqar A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThere is a famous proverb by Sir Francis Bacon, ‘reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man’. The first two are still easy to achieve but for the last, there are many barriers. It is a fact that only 10–30% of science research is published in journals [1]. A first-time publication is associated with fear and excitement for the author but it is the role of his mentor to guide him or her closely and make it an enjoyable experience (Fig. 31.1).
How to Start a New Medical Journal?
Authors: Nundy Samiran , Kakar Atul , Bhutta Zulfiqar A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractA medical journal encourages research and promotes publication from the institution which publishes it. Many of the best academic institutions abroad and in India publish medical journals, e.g., the Mayo Clinic (Mayo Clinic Proceedings) in the USA and the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (The National Medical Journal of India).
E-Learning in the Developing World
Authors: Nundy Samiran , Kakar Atul , Bhutta Zulfiqar A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMedicine is a changing field and so is the art of teaching medicine. To cope up with technology and science is a major challenge. We all have been trained by conventional classroom teaching, which includes seminars, demonstrations, and bedside clinics but should now be aware of e-learning, blended learning, use of smartphones and tablets, webinars, telemedicine, and tele-education. There is lots of medical content in social media (Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn), which is very easy to access. This chapter gives an overview of how electronics have changed the way we practice, keep our records, learn, and teach.
Developing Learning Objectives and Evaluation: Multiple Choice Questions/Objective Structured Practical Examinations
Authors: Nundy Samiran , Kakar Atul , Bhutta Zulfiqar A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe practice of medicine depends on qualified doctors who strive to achieve and maintain appropriate knowledge, skills, and attitude. Competent doctors are the need of the hour and hence tests of clinical competence, which allow a decision to be made about whether or not a doctor is fit to practice are in demand. This demand poses a challenge for all involved in medical education. Therefore, assessment and evaluation of medical trainees play important role in choosing good doctors.
Clinical Audit
Authors: Nundy Samiran , Kakar Atul , Bhutta Zulfiqar A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAudit literally means ‘official inspection of an organization’s data or finances, typically by an independent body’. While most audits relate to financial matters, medical audits are used by health care professionals to evaluate, estimate, and improve the care of their patients in an organized way. These can be internal or external. Medical audit provides a systemic feedback to health authorities about the quality of medical care that was being given. With the help of audits, doctors learn about what they have been practicing, comparing their results with other benchmarks, and thus changing their practice to improve its effectiveness [1].
How to Think of a Research Question?
Authors: Nundy Samiran , Kakar Atul , Bhutta Zulfiqar A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractA research question is the central theme of a scientific experiment around which everything revolves. It is a probing statement for which an answer is required. If the research question is not clear at the beginning the whole research becomes questionable and doubtful. Thus, formulating a question is the critical step towards biomedical research [1]. The research question is a signpost that indicates the direction of a study [2] and is based on the gaps in our knowledge.
Flavor-violating Higgs decays and stellar cooling anomalies in axion models
Authors: Badziak Marcin , Grilli di Cortona Giovanni , Tabet Mustafa , Ziegler Robert 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
We study a class of DFSZ-like models for the QCD axion that can address observed anomalies in stellar cooling. Stringent constraints from SN1987A and neutron stars are avoided by suppressed couplings to nucleons, while axion couplings to electrons and photons are sizable. All axion couplings depend on few parameters that also control the extended Higgs sector, in particular lepton flavor-violating couplings of the Standard Model-like Higgs boson h. This allows us to correlate axion and Higgs phenomenology, and we find that BR(h → τe) can be as large as the current experimental bound of 0.22%, while BR(h → μμ) can be larger than in the Standard Model by up to 70%. Large parts of the parameter space will be tested by the next generation of axion helioscopes such as the IAXO experiment.
Two-component scalar dark matter in Z2n scenarios
Authors: Yaguna Carlos E. , Zapata Óscar 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In multi-component scalar dark matter scenarios, a single ZN (N ≥ 4) symmetry may account for the stability of different dark matter particles. Here we study the case where N is even (N = 2n) and two species, a complex scalar and a real scalar, contribute to the observed dark matter density. We perform a phenomenological analysis of three scenarios based on the Z4 and Z6 symmetries, characterizing their viable parameter spaces and analyzing their detection prospects. Our results show that, thanks to the new interactions allowed by the Z2n symmetry, current experimental constraints can be satisfied over a wider range of dark matter masses, and that these scenarios may lead to observable signals in direct detection experiments. Finally, we argue that these three scenarios serve as prototypes for other two-component Z2n models with one complex and one real dark matter particle.
On a Class of Linear Cooperative Systems with Spatio-temporal Degenerate Potentials
Authors: Álvarez-Caudevilla P. , Belinchón F. , Brändle C. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis paper analyses a class of parabolic linear cooperative systems in a cylindrical domain with degenerate spatio-temporal potentials. In other words, potentials vanish in some non-empty connected subdomains which are disjoint and increase in size temporally. Then, the vanishing subdomains for the potentials are not cylindrical. Following a similar idea to the semiclassical analysis behaviour, but done here for parabolic problems, under these geometrical assumptions, the asymptotic behaviour of the system is ascertained when a parameter, in front of these potentials, goes to infinity. In particular, the strong convergence of the solutions of the system is obtained using energy methods and the theory associated with the $$\Gamma $$
Γ
-convergence. Also, the exponential decay of the solutions to zero in the exterior of the subdomains where the potentials vanish is achieved.
Translationally Invariant Universal Quantum Hamiltonians in 1D
Authors: Kohler Tamara , Piddock Stephen , Bausch Johannes , Cubitt Toby 
Published: October 2021

AbstractRecent work has characterized rigorously what it means for one quantum system to simulate another and demonstrated the existence of universal Hamiltonians—simple spin lattice Hamiltonians that can replicate the entire physics of any other quantum many-body system. Previous universality results have required proofs involving complicated ‘chains’ of perturbative ‘gadgets.’ In this paper, we derive a significantly simpler and more powerful method of proving universality of Hamiltonians, directly leveraging the ability to encode quantum computation into ground states. This provides new insight into the origins of universal models and suggests a deep connection between universality and complexity. We apply this new approach to show that there are universal models even in translationally invariant spin chains in 1D. This gives as a corollary a new Hamiltonian complexity result that the local Hamiltonian problem for translationally invariant spin chains in one dimension with an exponentially small promise gap is PSPACE-complete. Finally, we use these new universal models to construct the first known toy model of 2D–1D holographic duality between local Hamiltonians.
Dietary determinants of postprandial blood glucose control in adults with type 1 diabetes on a hybrid closed-loop system
Authors: Vetrani Claudia , Calabrese Ilaria , Cavagnuolo Luisa , Pacella Daniela , Napolano Elsa , Di Rienzo Silvia , Riccardi Gabriele , Rivellese Angela A. , Annuzzi Giovanni , Bozzetto Lutgarda 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Aims/hypothesis
The aim of this work was to assess the relationship between meal nutrients and postprandial blood glucose response (PGR) in individuals with type 1 diabetes on a hybrid closed-loop system (HCLS).

Methods
The dietary composition of 1264 meals (398 breakfasts, 441 lunches and 425 dinners) was assessed by 7-day food records completed by 25 individuals with type 1 diabetes on HCLSs (12 men/13 women, mean ± SD age 40 ± 12 years, mean ± SD HbA1c 51 ± 10 mmol/mol [6.9 ± 0.2%]). For each meal, PGR (continuous glucose monitoring metrics, glucose incremental AUCs) and insulin doses (pre-meal boluses, post-meal microboluses automatically delivered by the pump and adjustment boluses) over 6 h were evaluated.

Results
Breakfast, lunch and dinner significantly differed with respect to energy and nutrient intake and insulin doses. The blood glucose postprandial profile showed an earlier peak after breakfast and a slow increase until 4 h after lunch and dinner (p < 0.001). Mean ± SD postprandial time in range (TIR) was better at breakfast (79.3 ± 22.2%) than at lunch (71.3 ± 23.9%) or dinner (70.0 ± 25.9%) (p < 0.001). Significant negative predictors of TIR at breakfast were total energy intake, per cent intake of total protein and monounsaturated fatty acids, glycaemic load and absolute amounts of cholesterol, carbohydrates and simple sugars consumed (p < 0.05 for all). No significant predictors were detected for TIR at lunch. For TIR at dinner, a significant positive predictor was the per cent intake of plant proteins, while negative predictors were glycaemic load and intake amounts of simple sugars and carbohydrate (p < 0.05 for all).

Conclusions/interpretation
This study shows that nutritional factors other than the amount of carbohydrate significantly influence postprandial blood glucose control. These nutritional determinants vary between breakfast, lunch and dinner, with differing effects on postprandial blood glucose profile and insulin requirements, thus remaining a challenge to HCLSs.

Graphical abstract
The effects of electrically exploding gold bridgewires into inert and explosive powder beds
Authors: Rae P. J. , Rettinger R. C. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe particle velocity created in beds of both low-density inert sugar and explosive PETN as a function of distance from an exploding bridgewire was measured using optical velocimetry and a silvered PMMA window. As expected, more violent bridge-bursts (from a greater-stored-energy capacitive discharge unit) resulted in greater particle velocities and a better supported compaction wave in sugar. In all cases, ramp waves, not shocks, were observed in the inert sugar. Large window velocities were observed for very powerful bursts (up to 270 m/s), but bursts required for stochastic detonator operation conditions resulted in sugar/PMMA window velocities of only 8–10 m/s 0.85 mm from the bridge location. In contrast, after a distance of only 0.65 mm, a building shock wave was observed in PETN under both threshold and reliable firing conditions. Subsequently a hot-spot-driven shock-to-detonation (SDT) process was observed prior to full detonation. The measured buildup process accounts for $$\approx $$
≈
66% of the so-called excess transit time (ETT) between the observed and theoretical total function time for the particular exploding-bridge-wire (EBW) detonator studied. The remainder must occur in the powerful output pellet region. In contrast to a common understanding, the ETT is found to be a weak function of the discharge energy. Thus, the operation of the detonator after a bridge-burst energy-to-powder reaction transition process is found to be hot-spot-driven SDT in both the low- and high-density pellets.
Persistent autism-relevant behavioral phenotype and social neuropeptide alterations in female mice offspring induced by maternal transfer of PBDE congeners in the commercial mixture DE-71
Authors: Kozlova Elena V. , Valdez Matthew C. , Denys Maximillian E. , Bishay Anthony E. , Krum Julia M. , Rabbani Kayhon M. , Carrillo Valeria , Gonzalez Gwendolyn M. , Lampel Gregory , Tran Jasmin D. , Vazquez Brigitte M. , Anchondo Laura M. , Uddin Syed A. , Huffman Nicole M. , Monarrez Eduardo , Olomi Duraan S. , Chinthirla Bhuvaneswari D. , Hartman Richard E. , Kodavanti Prasada Rao S. , Chompre Gladys , Phillips Allison L. , Stapleton Heather M. , Henkelmann Bernhard , Schramm Karl-Werner , Curras-Collazo Margarita C. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPolybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are ubiquitous persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that are known neuroendocrine disrupting chemicals with adverse neurodevelopmental effects. PBDEs may act as risk factors for autism spectrum disorders (ASD), characterized by abnormal psychosocial functioning, although direct evidence is currently lacking. Using a translational exposure model, we tested the hypothesis that maternal transfer of a commercial mixture of PBDEs, DE-71, produces ASD-relevant behavioral and neurochemical deficits in female offspring. C57Bl6/N mouse dams (F0) were exposed to DE-71 via oral administration of 0 (VEH/CON), 0.1 (L-DE-71) or 0.4 (H-DE-71) mg/kg bw/d from 3 wk prior to gestation through end of lactation. Mass spectrometry analysis indicated in utero and lactational transfer of PBDEs (in ppb) to F1 female offspring brain tissue at postnatal day (PND) 15 which was reduced by PND 110. Neurobehavioral testing of social novelty preference (SNP) and social recognition memory (SRM) revealed that adult L-DE-71 F1 offspring display deficient short- and long-term SRM, in the absence of reduced sociability, and increased repetitive behavior. These effects were concomitant with reduced olfactory discrimination of social odors. Additionally, L-DE-71 exposure also altered short-term novel object recognition memory but not anxiety or depressive-like behavior. Moreover, F1 L-DE-71 displayed downregulated mRNA transcripts for oxytocin (Oxt) in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) and supraoptic nucleus, and vasopressin (Avp) in the BNST and upregulated Avp1ar in BNST, and Oxtr in the paraventricular nucleus. Our work demonstrates that developmental PBDE exposure produces ASD-relevant neurochemical, olfactory processing and behavioral phenotypes that may result from early neurodevelopmental reprogramming within central social and memory networks.
Numerical analysis of a finite element formulation of the P2D model for Lithium-ion cells
Authors: Bermejo R. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe mathematical P2D model is a system of strongly coupled nonlinear parabolic-elliptic equations that describes the electrodynamics of lithium-ion batteries. In this paper, we present the numerical analysis of a finite element-implicit Euler scheme for such a model. We obtain error estimates for both the spatially semidiscrete and the fully discrete systems of equations, and establish the existence and uniqueness of the fully discrete solution.
Investigating the Accuracy of Quantitative Echocardiographic-Modified Task Force Criteria for Arrhythmogenic Ventricular Cardiomyopathy in Adolescent Male Elite Athletes
Authors: Sharma Chetanya , Dorobantu Dan M. , Ryding Diane , Perry Dave , McNally Steven R. , Stuart A. Graham , Williams Craig A. , Pieles Guido E. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAthlete preparticipation screening focuses on preventing sudden cardiac death (SCD) by detecting diseases such as arrhythmogenic ventricular cardiomyopathy (AVC), which affects primarily the right ventricular myocardium. Diagnosis may be obscured by physiological remodeling of the athlete heart. Healthy athletes may meet the 2010 Task Force Criteria right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) dimension cut-offs, questioning the suitability of the modified Task Force Criteria (mTFC) in adolescent athletes. In this study, 67 male adolescent footballers undergoing preparticipation screening were reviewed. All athletes underwent a screening for resting ECG and echocardiogram according to the English FA protocol, as well as cardiopulmonary exercise testing, stress ECG, and exercise echocardiography. Athletes’ right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) that met the major AVC diagnostic criteria for dilatation were identified. Of 67 evaluated athletes, 7 had RVOT dilatation that met the major criteria, all in the long axis parasternal view measurement. All had normal right ventricular systolic function, including normal free-wall longitudinal strain (ranging from − 21.5 to − 32.7%). Left ventricular ejection fraction ranged from 52 to 67%, without evidence of structural changes. Resting ECGs and cardiopulmonary exercise tests were normal in all individuals. In a series of healthy athletes meeting the major AVC diagnostic criteria for RVOT dilatation, none had any other pathological changes on a detailed screening including ECG, exercise testing, and echocardiography. This report highlights that current AVC echocardiographic diagnosis criteria have limitations in this population.