bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of Nanochannels Using Glancing Angle Deposition With Line Seeds
Authors: Qu Chuang , Ratnayake Dilan , Alphenaar Bruce , McNamara Shamus , Walsh Kevin 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This paper presents the fabrication of nanochannels using glancing angle deposition (GLAD) with line seeds. GLAD is a bottom-up nanofabrication technique that creates nanometer-level features by the ballistic shadowing effect at oblique incident angles in physical vapor deposition (PVD) processes. GLAD exhibits the unique advantage to create 3D nanofeatures such as nanocolumns, helices, chevrons, and combinations, comparing to top-down nanonamufacturing techniques. Advanced seeding schemes allow GLAD to produce ordered nanostructure arrays. In this paper, we focus on studying the design rules of line seeds for GLAD, and the potential for creating nanochannels using GLAD nanoribbons grown from the line seeds. Unlike traditional one-dimensional (1D) point seeds, the cross-sectional profiles of line seeds have an important impact on the size and morphology of the nanoribbons. We demonstrated that line seeds with circular cross-sections and micrometer widths created from conventional photolithography can be used for creating ribbons with width less than 300 nm. The centimeter-long nanoribbons are used as nanotemplates for nanochannels. The process is compatible with various materials such as parylene C and silicon dioxide as the capping material, and rigid/flexible substrate choices for the nanochannels as well. The nanochannels created by GLAD with line seeds can potentially be used in nanofluidics, biological, and sensing applications.
Simulation and Characterization of Cold Spray Deposition of Metal Powders on Polymer Substrate Electrically Conductive Application
Authors: Tsai Jun-Ting , Bahr David F. , Akin Semih , Zhou Fengfeng , Jun Martin Byung-Guk , Park MinSoo 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Cold sprayed polymer substrates offer a promising platform for bridging electroless deposition methods and applications. This study’s contribution to the field is the combination of cold sprayed polymer substrate and the electroless-plating process. In simulation, finite element analysis of the as-sprayed polymer substrate using a viscoelastic model that considers large strain time-dependent behavior were conducted. A three-network constitutive model was applied to capture the non-linear and time-dependent response of large strain polymer deformation. In experiment, the process-structure-property relationship was examined from the as-sprayed specimen to the final coated electroless-plated samples. A controlled coating process of Cu powders was first cold sprayed on polyamide 6. The as-sprayed specimen was then electroless deposited. Mechanical testing was performed on as-sprayed specimens and adhesion testing was performed on electroless deposited specimens. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to observe the surface and the cross-section of the as-sprayed and electroless deposited specimens. Lastly, the behavior of Cu coated specimens immersed in KOH solution was examined by cyclic voltammetry.
Experimental Investigation of Alginate-Methylcellulose Composition and Printing Direction on Dimensional Accuracy of 3D Printed Constructs
Authors: Thakare Ketan , Wei Xingjian , Jerpseth Laura , Pei Zhijian , Qin Hongmin 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Bioprinting technology has a great potential in the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. In tissue engineering, for a bioprinted tissue to be successful in supporting regeneration of new tissue, it should morphologically mimic the native tissue in vivo. Therefore, the bioprinted tissue needs to be dimensionally accurate. In extrusion-based bioprinting, 3D printing process parameters and bioink properties affect dimensional accuracy of printed constructs. Currently, little information is available on effects of bioink composition and printing direction on dimensional accuracy of 3D printed constructs using alginate:methylcelluolose based bioink. In this study, strands were printed using four compositions of alginate:methylcellulose bioink and two printing directions. The four compositions of alginate:methylcellulose bioink were 1:1.5, 1:2, 1:2.5 and 1:3, and the two printing directions were vertical and horizontal. The statistical analysis of strand width measurement data revealed that while bioink composition has significant effect, printing direction does not affect the strand width of 3D printed constructs at the significance level of 0.05.
Novel Sprue Designs to Reduce Casting Defects in Nickel-Aluminum Bronze: A Computational Study
Authors: King Philip , Martinez Daniel , Manogharan Guha P. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
As 3D Sand-Printing technology becomes more widely available to the casting market, the search for opportunities to take advantage of its freedom of design is critical for its rapid adoption by the casting community. This original research investigates casting design principles towards defect-free alloy Nickel-Aluminum Bronze (NAB). This is an alloy of interest for marine applications due to its corrosion resistance, mechanical strength and good castability. Numerical modeling of flow within a casting is examined, and rigging redesigns are proposed to improve casting quality by controlling flow behavior. It has been demonstrated that turbulence and filling velocity are determining factors that seriously impact casting performance due to the generation of casting defects. Among these are bifilm formations, gas and sand entrapment and cold shut. This work examines the effectiveness of mathematically designed rigging components in controlling mold filling and compares the results to a conventional casting rig. Design solutions are proposed using 3DSP that can be directly applied to casting operations of Nickel-Aluminum Bronze. The results from this study demonstrate the effectiveness of mathematically designed sprues to reduce filling velocity of Nickel-Aluminum Bronze. The procedure followed here can be extended to marine casting production environments. Findings from this study can be seamlessly transferred to castings of any geometry, alloy and pouring conditions.
Machining Behavior and Material Properties in Additive Manufacturing Ti-6Al-4V Parts
Authors: Gong Xi , Manogharan Guha 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Although Additive Manufacturing (AM) has unique advantages in processing complex part designs using superalloys, metal AM parts currently do not meet the part tolerance and surface finish requirements for most mechanical applications. Hence, there is a growing need for integrated metal hybrid manufacturing through both “in-envelope” and “sequential” additive-subtractive manufacturing. Since AM parts are inherently different from traditionally manufactured parts (e.g., anisotropy, residual stress), there is a critical gap in the literature to correlate as-built AM material properties, material characterization, machining parameters with resulting machining behavior such as cutting force and specific cutting energy. This study reports on the machining behavior of Electron Beam Melting (EBM) and Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) processed Ti-6Al-4V parts with highly textured microstructure due to build orientation, and heat treatment across different machining conditions. It was found that specific cutting energy of AM parts changes up to 21.6% based on AM processing, cessed parts, build orientation, and heat treatment conditions. The finding from this study can be used to predict machining behavior based on material characterization. In the future, this study will lead to creating a correlation model on AM parts microstructure and correlated machining behavior, surface finish, and tool wear behavior.
Determination of Modal Parameters Using Finite Element Modeling Considering the Compliance at the Clamping End
Authors: Saraf Aditya , Mittal Rinku K. , Singh Ramesh K. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Micromilling process is widely used in biomedical and aerospace industries to produce complex 3D microscale features and components. The benefits of the micromilling process are ability of processing of wide range of materials, high quality surface finish, high material removal rate and submicron accuracy. One of the key limitations of micromachining is the low flexural stiffness of the microtool which can lead to chatter. Chatter in micromilling can be avoided by using the machining parameters within the stability limits. To predict the accurate stability limits, the tool tip dynamics need to be determined precisely. In this paper, a finite element method for determination of modal parameters has been proposed which considers the machine tool compliance at the clamping. The modeling of micro endmill and machine compliance is achieved by introducing elastic foundation interaction at the clamping interface. The model is further validated using experimental modal analysis on micro endmill at various locations and the results obtained were found to be in agreement with simulated results.
Investigation of Porosity and Microstructure-Induced Property Variations in Additive Manufactured Stainless Steel 316L
Authors: Parikh Yash , Carter Julia , Kuttolamadom Mathew 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The objective of this study is to investigate the porosity and microstructure-induced mechanical property variations in additive manufactured (AM) stainless steel (SS) 316L alloy with a view to create functionally graded (FG) bulk structures in the future. The first step towards fulfilling this objective is to explore the range of mechanical properties of SS 316L (such as hardness, density, Modulus, and stress-strain behavior) achievable by varying Volumetric Energy Density (VED)-related process parameters such as laser power and scanning speed, in a pulsed selective laser melting (SLM) process. In the present work, the mechanical properties of interest are hardness, density, and Young’s modulus. For this, a design of experiments consisting of 28 samples was assembled. The results demonstrate the significant variations achievable in hardness (209–318 HV), relative density (90–99%) and modulus (154–211 GPa) across the samples. In summary, a strong correlation between the process parameters and the resulting mechanical properties were identified which also depends on the underlying porosity and microstructure. Altogether, this study exhibited the feasibility of fabricating tailored spatial mechanical properties, thereby demonstrating the feasibility of SLM to tailor mechanical responses.
Thermal Influence on Printlet Quality in the Selective Laser Sintering of Pharmaceutical Formulations
Authors: Funkhouser Cyrus , Barakh Ali Sogra Fathima , Richardson Laura , Rahman Ziyaur , Khan Mansoor , Kuttolamadom Mathew 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The objective of this research is to determine the influence of temperature on the mechanical and dissolution performance of pharmaceutical printlets (tablets) fabricated via selective laser sintering (SLS) additive manufacturing. When compared to traditional high-volume pharmaceutical manufacturing, additive manufacturing has the potential to effectively cater to personalized and just-in-time medicine. Among additive manufacturing methods, SLS has the advantage of not needing to reconstitute the drug(s) with other liquids or powders, as well as the ability to tailor certain location-specific properties via process parameter control. One of the critical parameters that affect the printlet quality is the temperature during the printing process. To explore the thermal effects, two separate experiment sets were conducted. First, process parameters including chamber temperature were studied based on a partial-factorial design of experiments, and their effects on parameters such as weight, hardness, structural disintegration and dissolution rates studied. Next, a smaller scale study was conducted to correlate surface temperatures with structural integrity. Results showed the beneficial and detrimental effects of operating at chamber and bed temperature ranges, in relation to the polymer percentage and melting point. A certain minimum energy density needed to be imparted onto the powder mixture combinations (resulting in a certain surface temperature) for proper fusion and performance of the printlets. This work served to investigate and show the potential of using SLS to reliably fabricate pharmaceutical formulations.
Representation of Athletic Girls on Young Adult Sport Fiction Cover Art
Authors: Roper Emily A. , Santiago José A. 
Published: January 2021

The purpose of this study was to examine how and how often athletic girls were represented on the cover art of young adult (YA) sport fiction. In this research, 154 YA sport fiction books were analyzed using quantitative content analysis. Using existing sport research and theory focused on women’s representation in sport media, the researchers developed a coding scheme to assess cover art for each of the following categories: (a) presence and racial representation of female character/s on cover; (b) portrayal of female body on cover (whole body, partial body/with head, or partial body/without head); (c) portrayal of female character as active or passive; (d) portrayal of female character in or out of athletic uniform; (e) portrayal of female character in or out of the sport setting; (f) presence of sport equipment; and (g) type of cover. Findings revealed that 81% of the book covers had a female character in which 29% of the covers displayed the whole body, 47% displayed partial body/with head, and 23% displayed partial body/with no head of the female character. Only 0.06% of the book covers had a female character of color. Approximately 31% of the female characters were displayed in active positioning, 58% in athletic attire, and 44% in the sport setting. Of the books reviewed, 55% displayed equipment on the cover. The findings indicate that athletic girls have few images on YA sport fiction cover art that accurately represent their athleticism, and there is a clear absence of diverse representation. It is critical that those responsible for the design and layout of book covers clearly represent active females in action, in uniform, and in the sport context.
Next-Generation Profiling of Medulloblastoma: Old Drugs Are an Elegant Weapon in a Civilized Age
Authors: Nör Carolina , Ramaswamy Vijay 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Personalized therapies have remained elusive in medulloblastoma, resulting in treatment paradigms that have been largely stagnant for almost four decades. A recent study by Rusert and colleagues applies a novel integrated approach to the identification of new targets in medulloblastoma by combining genomics, transcriptomics, and high-throughput drug screening across a panel of molecularly characterized patient-derived models. Actinomycin D, a common chemotherapeutic agent, was identified as highly active in the most aggressive form of medulloblastoma, highlighting the power of this approach over genomic paradigms alone.
See related article by Rusert et al.; Cancer Res 80(23):5393–407.
The Cairo Genizah Fragment of the Visions of Levi from the University of Manchester Library
Authors: Drawnel Henryk 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Although the Visions of Levi (so-called Aramaic Levi Document) is a Jewish priestly composition written in the second or third century BCE, the largest part of its text comes from the trove of Jewish medieval manuscripts found in the Genizah of the Ezra synagogue in Old Cairo. Among the Genizah scrolls housed at the University of Manchester Library, Gideon Bohak found a new fragment (P 1185) of the pseudepigraphic document dedicated to Levi and his life. The present study contains a new edition of P 1185, including its paleographic description, notes on the readings, comments and photographs of the manuscript.
Nahmanides’ Disputes with Rashi as a Gateway to His Worldview
Authors: Yahalom Shalem 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Although he highly praises Rashi’s Torah commentary, Nahmanides emphasizes that Rashi’s work is not beyond criticism. This article points out one aspect of Nahmandes’ disagreement with Rashi. Rashi, for his part, is willing to cite traditional Midrashic commentaries without significant additions, assuming that tradition is an effective tool for transmitting reliable information. Nahmanides argued with Rashi over this claim. Rather than sufficing to repeat exegetical traditions, in his Torah commentary, Nahmanides expands them and raises alternatives. In this way, he asserts the importance of analyzing all information critically. This article demonstrates how reservations regarding tradition stand behind several exegetical and halakhic disputes between Rashi and Nahmanides. Through analyzing this principle, the study demonstrates how Nahmanides, under the guise of a guardian of tradition, constructed an original, creative spiritual world in the areas of exegesis, halakha, and kabbalah.
An Inquiry into the Semiotic Thought of Laozi
Authors: Zhu Dong , Ren Wei 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Tao Te Ching, the masterpiece of Laozi the renowned philosopher of Pre-Imperial China, plays an important role in Chinese history. Laozi’s philosophy centres on such concepts as ming (names), li (rituals), and dao (the way). Ming, originally developed as a result of human beings’ endeavours to understand the world in which they live and to bring order to their society, has degenerated into the sources of evils and the reason for turbulence when people stop at nothing for fame and fortune; Li, an effective and efficient means for the kings of West Zhou Dynasty to maintain social stability, has become but a collection of empty sign vehicles with the disintegration of rituals and music; Dao concerns Laozi’s metaphysical reflection on the origin of the universe and its ultimate laws. Ming and li are but artificial restraints imposed on human intelligence whereas dao provides the way out. Therefore, to lead a simple and natural life, it is advisable to eliminate ming and li, and worship dao. In semiotic terms, this means that desemiotisation is the solution to the crisis.
The Postulate of Clarification in Cheng Yi’s Commentary on the Book of Changes
Authors: Harrington L. Michael 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Erwin Panofsky developed the postulate of clarification to explain the mental habit common to Gothic architecture and Western medieval scholasticism, but the postulate is equally applicable to the commentary tradition of Song-dynasty China. The commentary on the Book of Changes authored by Cheng Yi (1033–1107) provides a good example of how the Confucians of the Song dynasty took their concern for clarity to a recognizably medieval extreme. By looking at how Cheng Yi understands and foregrounds the clarity of the Book of Changes, we can begin to see both what was medieval about Song-dynasty China and why the medieval method continues to be viable for interpreters of the Book of Changes.
The Historic Rainfalls of Hurricanes Harvey and Florence: A Perspective from the Multi-Radar Multi-Sensor System
Authors: Martinaitis Steven M. , Cocks Stephen B. , Osborne Andrew P. , Simpson Micheal J. , Tang Lin , Zhang Jian , Howard Kenneth W. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractHurricane Harvey in 2017 generated one of the most catastrophic rainfall events in United States history. Numerous gauge observations in Texas exceeded 1200 mm, and the record accumulations resulted in 65 direct fatalities from rainfall-induced flooding. This was followed by Hurricane Florence in 2018, where multiple regions in North Carolina received over 750 mm of rainfall. The Multi-Radar Multi-Sensor (MRMS) system provides the unique perspective of applying fully automated seamless radar mosaics and locally gauge-corrected products for these two historical tropical cyclone rainfall events. This study investigates the performance of various MRMS quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE) products as it pertains to rare extreme tropical cyclone rainfall events. Various biases were identified in the radar-only approaches, which were mitigated in a new dual-polarimetric synthetic radar QPE approach. A local gauge correction of radar-derived QPE provided statistical improvements over the radar-only products but introduced consistent underestimation biases attributed to undercatch from tropical cyclone winds. This study then introduces a conceptual methodology to bulk correct for gauge wind undercatch across the numerous gauge networks ingested by the MRMS system. Adjusting the hourly gauge observations for wind undercatch resulted in increased storm-total accumulations for both tropical cyclones that better matched independent gauge observations, yet its application across large network collections highlighted the challenges of applying a singular wind undercatch correction scheme for significant wind events (e.g., tropical cyclones) while recognizing the need for increased metadata on gauge characteristics.
Association of reduced retinal arteriolar tortuosity with depression in older participants from the Northern Ireland Cohort for the Longitudinal Study of Ageing
Authors: O’Neill R. A. , Maxwell A. P. , Kee F. , Young I. , Hogg R. E. , Cruise S. , McGuinness B. , McKay G. J. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Introduction
The retina shares similar anatomical and physiological features with the brain and subtle variations in retinal microvascular parameters (RMPs) may reflect similar vascular variation in the brain. The aim of this study was to assess associations between RMPs and measures of depression in the Northern Ireland Cohort for the Longitudinal Study of Ageing.

Methods
RMPs (arteriolar and venular caliber, fractal dimension and tortuosity) were measured from optic disc centred fundus images using semi-automated software. Depression was characterised by the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) in the absence of mild cognitive impairment or use of anti-depressive medications. Associations between depression and RMPs were assessed by regression analyses with adjustment for potential confounders.

Results
Data were available for 1376 participants of which 113 (8.2%) and 1263 (91.8%) were classified with and without depression. Participants had a mean age of 62.0 ± 8.4 yrs., 52% were female, and 8% were smokers. Individuals with depression had a higher CES-D score than those without (22.0 ± 6.2 versus 4.4 ± 3.9). Lower values of arteriolar tortuosity were significantly associated with depression, before and after adjustment for potential confounders (odds ratio = 0.79; 95% confidence intervals: 0.65, 0.96; P = 0.02).

Conclusion
Decreased retinal arteriolar tortuosity, a measure of the complexity of the retinal microvasculature was associated with depression in older adults independent of potential confounding factors. Retinal measures may offer opportunistic assessment of microvascular health associated with outcomes of depression.