bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Driving singing behaviour in songbirds using multi-modal, multi-agent virtual reality
Authors: Larsen Leon Bonde , Adam Iris , Berman Gordon J. , Hallam John , Elemans Coen P.H. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractInteractive biorobotics provides unique experimental potential to study the mechanisms underlying social communication but is limited by our ability to build expressive robots that exhibit the complex behaviours of birds and small mammals. An alternative to physical robots is to use virtual reality (VR). Here, we designed and built a modular, audio-visual virtual reality environment that allows online, multi-modal, multi-agent interaction for social communication. We tested this system in songbirds, which provide an exceptionally powerful and tractable model system to study social communication. We show that zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) communicating through the VR environment exhibit normal call timing behaviour, males sing female directed song and both males and females display high-intensity courtship behaviours to their mates. These results suggest that the VR system provides a sufficiently natural environment to elicit normal social communication behaviour. Furthermore, we developed a fully unsupervised online song motif detector and used it to manipulate the virtual social environment of male zebra finches based on the number of motifs sung. Our VR setup represents a first step in taking automatic behaviour annotation into the online domain and allows for animal-computer interaction using higher level behaviours such as song. Our unsupervised acoustic analysis eliminates the need for annotated training data thus reducing labour investment and experimenter bias.
APIs, the glue under the hood. Looking for the “API economy”
Authors: Simon Jean Paul 
Published: October 2021

Purpose
Some specialized consultancies have been making the case of an “API economy”. This study aims to investigate the issue, marshalling data on the economic dimension, to better understand the environments of APIs. It offers an overview of the functions and definition of application programming interfaces (APIs) in the backdrop of the history of services computing. The paper attempt assessing the economic value (size of the market) of APIs and reviews some of the available metrics. The paper also takes a look some issues and challenges ahead for the deployment of all kind of APIs.

Design/methodology/approach
The paper is based on desk research and a scientific and grey literature review. However, it relies mostly on specialized consultancies although from a critical viewpoint. The paper provides an historical account of the notions of APIs and API economy.

Findings
The paper questions the idea of an “API economy” that still stands on the “hype” side and is not clearly substantiated. It reveals that the number of firms with mature API programs remains small and that there is an uneven development across industries (traditional firms are less active than digital natives) and countries (Silicon Valley is leading). It highlights that the domination of IT companies (leaders and pioneers of APIs) raises issue of competition and at some point, may prevent rather than foster innovation.

Research limitations/implications
There is no robust data about the size of the API market nor about its value. Sources are highly heterogeneous and delimitations not always precise. The standard metrics or indicators are hard to find. Further research would be needed to better document this area.

Practical implications
The paper reviews some of the expected benefits of the use of APIs as enablers of private or public ecosystems.

Social implications
The paper delineates some of the economic benefits of the public APIs based on open data. It shows some positive examples of public APIs in the EU.

Originality/value
There is hardly any mention of the API economy in research literature. Most of the academic literature still stems from engineering department or business-management departments, not department of economics. Consultants would usually focus on the potential of business growth, on how to design an effective API strategy but not on the very economic dimension. The paper attempts providing a synthesis of the available data.
Antecedents and consequences of chatbot initial trust
Authors: Mostafa Rania Badr , Kasamani Tamara 
Published: October 2021

PurposeArtificial intelligence chatbots are shifting the nature of online services by revolutionizing the interactions of service providers with consumers. Thus, this study aims to explore the antecedents (e.g. compatibility, perceived ease of use, performance expectancy and social influence) and consequences (e.g. chatbot usage intention and customer engagement) of chatbot initial trust.Design/methodology/approachA sample of 184 responses was collected in Lebanon using a questionnaire and analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) by AMOS 24.FindingsThe results revealed that except for performance expectancy, all the other three factors (compatibility, perceived ease of use and social influence) significantly boost customers’ initial trust toward chatbots. Further, initial trust in chatbots enhances the intention to use chatbots and encourages customer engagement.Research limitations/implicationsThe study provides insights into some variables influencing initial chatbot trust. Future studies could extend the model by adding other variables (e.g. customer experience and attitude), in addition to exploring the dark side of artificial intelligence chatbots.Practical implicationsThis study suggests key insights for marketing managers on how to build chatbot initial trust, which, in turn, will lead to an increase in customers’ interactions with the brand.Originality/valueThe current study marks substantial contributions to the artificial intelligence marketing literature by proposing and testing a novel conceptual model that examines for the first time the factors that impact chatbot initial trust and the key outcomes of the latter.
The digital habitus of the unwedded emerging adults: a sociological interpretation of male-female differences in Facebook behavior
Authors: Masoom Muhammad Rehan 
Published: October 2021

Purpose
By considering Facebook as a social context of manifesting digital habitus, this paper aims to explore the differences between men and women in the compensatory use of Facebook, their engagement in crafting and exhibiting virtual self-representation, and addictive traits associated with it. It is argued that while Facebook compensates for the negative consequences of real-world experiences by allowing users, particularly women to display an ideal self or a true virtual self and so aid in socializing, users eventually develop an addiction, which results in various social difficulties.

Design/methodology/approach
The study surveyed 511 male and 413 female undergraduate students who were between 19 to 26 years of age and reported being unmarried. Psycho-Social Aspects of Facebook Use Scale was used to solicit the responses. The factors were quantified by the items selected from the scale, and confirmatory factor analysis was used to assess the construct validity and reliability of items to check the usability of the scale in cross-cultural contexts. The Independent Samples t-test was used to check whether statistical evidence exists that the related sample means of men and women vary significantly.

Findings
While there is no difference in virtualizing the self by gender; women perceive Facebook as more compensating than men. Likewise, compared with men, women are found to be more self-presenting, more addictive and highly involved in socializing. The item-wise differences show that Facebook comparatively enhances the self-esteem of the women and women are more adventurous than men in Facebook interaction.

Originality/value
The study argues that there is a strong connection between the digital habitus and the social world. Social values and conditioning constrain people’s intention of being in the digital world and reflect their intention and decisions. Overall, the study is the most elaborative quantitative examination of how men and women differ in their Facebook behavior.
Knowledge and cardiovascular disease risk perception from the perspectives of prisoners and staff in a Scottish prison: a qualitative study
Authors: Mohan Andrea R.M. , Thomson Patricia , Haw Sally , Leslie Stephen J. , McKay Janet 
Published: October 2021

Purpose
Prisoners have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared to the general population. Knowledge and risk perception of CVD can influence engagement in preventative behaviours that lower an individual’s CVD risk. This paper aims to explore prisoners’ knowledge of CVD, and prisoners and staff’s perceptions of prisoners’ CVD risk.

Design/methodology/approach
This was a qualitative study in which semi-structured interviews were conducted with 16 prisoners and 11 prison and National Health Services staff in a Scottish prison. Data were analysed thematically using the framework method.

Findings
Most prisoners had limited knowledge of CVD as they could not describe it or could only identify one or two risk factors or cardiovascular events. Both prisoners and staff viewed prisoners’ CVD risk as either pertaining to one individual, or pertaining to the general prisoner population. Unhealthy behaviours that were believed to increase CVD risk were linked to three perceived consequences of imprisonment: mental health problems, boredom and powerlessness.

Originality/value
To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to explore the CVD knowledge of prisoners, and perceptions of CVD risk from the perspectives of prisoners and prison staff. Findings from this study indicate that CVD education needs to be a priority for prisoners, addressing knowledge of CVD, its risk and risk perceptions. Additionally, the findings indicate that individual and socio-environmental factors linked to prisoners’ CVD risk need to be targeted to reduce this risk. Future research should focus on socio-environmental interventions that can lead to reducing the CVD risk of prisoners.
Lubrication efficiency of crankpin bearing using square-cylindrical textures of partial textures optimized by genetic algorithm
Authors: Xu Shaoyong , Nguyen Vanliem , Guo Xiaoyan , Yuan Huan 
Published: October 2021

Purpose
This paper aims to propose an optimal design of the partial textures in the mixed lubrication regime of the crankpin bearing (CB) to maximize the CB's lubrication efficiency.

Design/methodology/approach
Based on a hybrid model between the slider-crank-mechanism dynamic and CB lubrication, the square-cylindrical textures (SCT) of partial textures designed on the CB’s mixed lubrication regime are researched. The effect of the density distributions of partial textures on CB’s lubrication efficiency is then evaluated via two indices of increasing the oil film pressure (p) and decreasing the frictional force (Ff) of the CB. The SCT’s geometrical dimensions are then optimized by the genetic algorithm to further improve the CB’s lubrication efficiency.

Findings
The results show that the SCT of partial textures optimized by the genetic algorithm has an obvious effect on enhancing CB’s lubrication efficiency. Especially, with the CB using the optimal SCT of partial textures (4 × 6), the maximum p is significantly increased by 3.7% and 8.2%, concurrently, the maximum Ff is evidently reduced by 9.5% and 21.6% in comparison with the SCT of partial textures (4 × 6) without optimization and the SCT of full textures (12 × 6) designed throughout the CB’s bearing surface, respectively.

Originality/value
The application of the optimal SCT of partial textures on the bearing surface not only is simple for the design-manufacturing process and maximizes CB’s lubrication efficiency but also can reduce the machining time, save cost and ensure the durability of the bearing compared to use the full textures designed throughout the CB’s bearing surface.
Optimal investment with time-varying transition probabilities for regime switching
Authors: Lee Hyo-Chan , Park Seyoung , Yoon Jong Mun 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis study aims to generalize the following result of McDonald and Siegel (1986) on optimal investment: it is optimal for an investor to invest when project cash flows exceed a certain threshold. This study presents other results that refine or extend this one by integrating timing flexibility and changes in cash flows with time-varying transition probabilities for regime switching. This study emphasizes that optimal thresholds are either overvalued or undervalued in the absence of time-varying transition probabilities. Accordingly, the stochastic nature of transition probabilities has important implications to the search for optimal timing of investment.
How and when do employees hide knowledge from co-workers?
Authors: Arain Ghulam Ali , Hameed Imran , Khan Abdul Karim , Strologo Alberto Dello , Dhir Amandeep 
Published: October 2021

Purpose
Drawing on social learning and social cognitive theories, this study aims to examine a multi-level moderated mediation model that tests the mediating effect of moral disengagement (MD: Level 1) between perceived organisational politics (POP: Level 1) and employee knowledge hiding from coworkers (EKHC: Level 1). The authors further propose that supervisor knowledge hiding from employees (SKHE: Level 2) moderates this mediation effect.

Design/methodology/approach
The authors obtained multi-sourced, multi-timed and multi-level data regarding 294 employees, working under 80 supervisors, from multiple organisations operating in Pakistan. The authors analysed these data using multi-level structural equation modelling via Mplus.

Findings
The results show that employee MD significantly mediates the direct relationship between POP and EKHC. The mediation effect is further positively moderated by SKHE, which amplifies the mediation effect.

Originality/value
To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first empirical study that examines both EKHC and SKHE together in a single research model and provides a thorough understanding of why, how and when POP leads to EKHC.
Evaluation of the condition of a Mamluk-illuminated paper manuscript at Al-Azhar Library, Egypt
Authors: Abdel-Maksoud Gomaa , Abdel-Hamied Mostafa , Abdelhafez Ahmed A.M. 
Published: October 2021

Purpose
This paper aims to present the components' characterization and condition assessment of an important deteriorated Mamluk-illuminated paper manuscript housed in Al-Azhar Library, Egypt.

Design/methodology/approach
Different analytical techniques used in this study were the portable digital optical microscope, stereomicroscope, scanning electron microscope with EDX (SEM.EDX), portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), pH measurement and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).

Findings
The results obtained by different microscopes showed that the gilding in the surface of illuminated paper sheets was performed with gold leaves. Additionally, these microscopes revealed that the illuminated paper manuscript has different aspects of deterioration such as adhered dirt, staining, some micro-cracks, cracks and detachment of some parts in some illuminated areas. The results of elemental analysis by EDX, portable XRF and XRD analysis showed that the orange red pigment is red lead (Pb3O4), blue pigment is azurite (2CuCo3.Cu (OH)2), and the gold layer is has consisted of brass alloy (Cu-Zn) with a small amount of gold element (Au). The pH measurement stated that the historical paper in the acidity level. The ATR-FTIR analysis also revealed the oxidation of cellulose. Moreover, it was found from ATR-FTIR that Arabic gum was used as a binder for the pigments.

Originality/value
This study presents the important results of analytical methods used for condition assessment and identification of the components of an important Mamluk-illuminated paper manuscript, where these results referred that the studied paper manuscript had different aspects of deterioration. The conservation steps either conservation treatment or preventive conservation are urgently needed in future studies.
Autoregressive conditional duration models for high frequency financial data: an empirical study on mid cap exchange traded funds
Authors: Nunkoo Houmera Bibi Sabera , Gonpot Preethee Nunkoo , Sookia Noor-Ul-Hacq , Ramanathan T.V. 
Published: October 2021

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to identify appropriate autoregressive conditional duration (ACD) models that can capture the dynamics of tick-by-tick mid-cap exchange traded funds (ETFs) for the period July 2017 to December 2017 and accurately predict future trade duration values. The forecasted durations are then used to demonstrate the practical usefulness of the ACD models in quantifying an intraday time-based risk measure.

Design/methodology/approach
Through six functional forms and six error distributions, 36 ACD models are estimated for eight mid-cap ETFs. The Akaike information criterion and Bayesian information criterion and the Ljung-Box test are used to evaluate goodness-of-fit while root mean square error and the Superior predictive ability test are applied to assess forecast accuracy.

Findings
The Box-Cox ACD (BACD), augmented Box-Cox ACD (ABACD) and additive and multiplicative ACD (AMACD) extensions are among the best fits. The results obtained prove that higher degrees of flexibility do not necessarily enhance goodness of fit and forecast accuracy does not always depend on model adequacy. BACD and AMACD models based on the generalised-F distribution generate the best forecasts, irrespective of the trading frequencies of the ETFs.

Originality/value
To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study that analyses the empirical performance of ACD models for high-frequency ETF data. Additionally, in comparison to previous works, a wider range of ACD models is considered on a reasonably longer sample period. The paper will be of interest to researchers in the area of market microstructure and to practitioners engaged in high-frequency trading.
Percentage of residual B cells after 2 weeks of rituximab treatment predicts the improvement of systemic sclerosis‐associated interstitial lung disease
Authors: Ebata Satoshi , Yoshizaki Ayumi , Fukasawa Takemichi , Yoshizaki‐Ogawa Asako , Asano Yoshihide , Kashiwabara Kosuke , Oba Koji , Sato Shinichi 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe benefit of rituximab (RTX) for systemic sclerosis‐associated interstitial lung disease (SSc‐ILD) has been shown in previous clinical trials. However, predictors of RTX efficacy have not been clarified. We investigated whether B‐cell responsiveness to RTX is related to therapeutic effect. Ten SSc‐ILD patients treated with RTX in an independent clinical trial (Japan Registry of Clinical Trials, jRCTs031180373) were included in this analysis. Peripheral B‐cell counts were examined retrospectively before RTX administration (baseline) and at 2, 4, 12, and 24 weeks after the first RTX administration, along with percent‐predicted forced vital capacity (%FVC) before and 24 weeks after RTX treatment. Relative to baseline, the percentage of residual peripheral blood B cells at 2 weeks after RTX was negatively correlated with the %FVC improvement at the 24‐week assessment (r = −0.41, p = 0.04). In the subgroup with less than 5% B‐cell persistence at week 2, %FVC at the 24‐week assessment was significantly improved compared to baseline (p = 0.02). In another subgroup with more than 5% residual B cells, %FVC was not significantly different after 24 weeks compared to baseline (p = 0.41). In conclusion, the removal rate of B cells after 2 weeks of RTX treatment may be a useful surrogate marker of subsequent SSc‐ILD improvement.
Morphological trait‐matching in plant–Hymenoptera and plant–Diptera mutualisms across an elevational gradient
Authors: Zhao Yan‐Hui , Lázaro Amparo , Li Hai‐Dong , Tao Zhi‐Bin , Liang Huan , Zhou Wei , Ren Zong‐Xin , Xu Kun , Li De‐Zhu , Wang Hong 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Morphological trait‐matching and species abundance are thought to be the main factors affecting the frequency and strength of mutualistic interactions. However, the relative importance of trait‐matching and species abundance in shaping species interactions across environmental gradients remains poorly understood, especially for plant–insect mutualisms involving generalist species.

Here, we characterised variation in species and trait composition and the relative importance of trait‐matching and species abundance in shaping plant–Hymenoptera and plant–Diptera mutualisms in four meadows across an elevational gradient (2,725–3,910 m) in Yulong Snow Mountain, Southwest China. We also evaluated the effects of morphological traits of flower visitors and plant composition on their foraging specialisation (d' and normalised degree).

There was a high degree of dissimilarity in the composition of Hymenoptera and Diptera visitors and their visited plants between communities. This variation was mainly driven by the spatial replacement of species. Both for plant–Hymenoptera and plant–Diptera networks, trait‐matching between nectar tube depth and proboscis length was a stronger predictor of the interactions between temporally co‐occurring plants and flower visitors than species abundance. Fourth‐corner analyses revealed statistically significant trait‐matching between nectar tube depth and proboscis length in plant–Hymenoptera networks at all sites, suggesting that Hymenoptera consistently foraged on plant species with nectar tube depths matching their proboscis lengths. By contrast, significant trait‐matching in plant–Diptera networks was only observed at the two lower elevation sites. The species‐level specialisation d' of flower visitors increased significantly as the proboscis length and the difference in nectar tube depth between the plant community and the plants visited by flower visitors increased.

Our results highlight that the importance of trait‐matching in shaping pairwise interactions and niche partitioning depends on the specific features (e.g. species composition and trait availability) of the plant–pollinator system. For specialised plant–Hymenoptera systems, trait‐matching is an important determinant of species interactions, whereas for generalist plant–Diptera systems, trait‐matching is relatively unimportant.
The Law of Central Bank Reserve Creation
Authors: Bateman Will , Allen Jason 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis article explores legal and constitutional dimensions of central banks’ powers to create money, ‘central bank reserves’, through monetary policy operations. Despite the prominence of monetary authority since the Financial Crisis, the law supporting the creation of central bank reserves is very obscure, as is the role of law in structuring constitutional authority over money. We de‐mystify those important matters in three steps. First, we explain, for a legal audience, the role of central bank reserves in the financial system and broader economy. Secondly, we analyse the legal basis for the creation of central bank reserves in three prominent ‘North Atlantic’ monetary jurisdictions: the US Dollar, Euro and Sterling systems. Thirdly, we show how the legal structure of central banking intermediates the constitutional state's authority over money through parts of the financial system, focusing on high‐profile policy proposals, including ‘QE for the people’, and the creation of central bank digital currencies.