bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: association of serum melatonin, increased daytime sleepiness, and intermitting night hypoxemia
Authors: Madaeva Irina M. , Kurashova Nadezhda A. , Semenova Natalya V. , Ukhinov Erdem B. , Berdina O. N. , Bairova Tatyana A. , Belskikh Alexey V. , Kolesnikova Lyubov I. , Kolesnikov Sergey I. 
Published: December 2021

The relevance of studies related to the features of respiratory disorders during sleep is undeniable due to the steady growth of the worldwide prevalence of apnea syndrome, which leads to a decrease in quality of life, the risk of early cardiovascular diseases together with cerebrovascular, endocrine, and pulmonary disorders.The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the morning serum melatonin, blood oxygen saturation (SрO2), and increased daytime sleepiness in patients with SOAS, as well as to assess changes in the production of endogenous melatonin after eliminating clinical manifestations of nocturnal hypoxemia, through a 3-month course of non-invasive continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy. The study enrolled 30 male patients who came to the Federal State Public Scientific Institution “Scientific Centre of Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems” because of snoring, sleep apnea, and increased daytime sleepiness.Methods. Polysomnography, questionnaire, HPLC-MS/MS analysis of serum melatonin levels, CPAP-therapy for the respiratory support at home for 3 months, monitoring of the sleep scores, serum melatonin, and daytime sleepiness after the treatment.Results. A comparative assessment of the sleep scores before and after the respiratory support for 3 months revealed a significant improvement in sleep structure, elimination of the apnea episodes, and restoration of blood SрO2 after the therapy. Analysis of the serum melatonin vales confirmed a statistically significant increase of melatonin level against baseline in patients with SOAS after the treatment. A correlation analysis showed a relationship between the melatonin level, daytime sleepiness, and blood SрO2.Conclusion. The results of this study and the data of other researchers demonstrate that the elimination of intermittent nocturnal hypoxia in patients with SOAS allows reducing the morning serum melatonin level, thereby reducing the daytime sleepiness and subsequently improving the quality of life.
A new delivery device for benralizumab (autoinjector, pen-injector device) in the clinical practice of treating severe eosinophilic asthma: Conclusion of the Expert Council
Authors: Avdeev Sergey N. , Emelyanov Alexandr V. , Kurbacheva Oksana M. , Marusenko Irina M. , Novikov Pavel I. , Rizakhanova Olga A. , Shul’zhenko Larisa V. 
Published: December 2021

The emergence of new means of administering genetically-engineered biological drugs, such as an autoinjector (pen injector device), can positively affect the organizational aspects of treating patients with severe eosinophilic asthma (SA) who need biological therapy.The aim. To determine the place of a new delivery device for benralizumab (autoinjector, pen injector device) in the clinical practice of treating eosinophilic SA.Results. The expert council considered the results of the latest clinical studies and real practice data on the use of genetically-engineered biological drugs in the form of an autoinjector. The experts discussed the safety and efficacy of this delivery device and recommended considering the possibility of switching eosinophilic SA patients to self-administration of genetically-engineered biological drugs (autoinjector form) at home. This treatment tactic is especially relevant in the current epidemiological situation since it will reduce the risks of infection compared to planned medical care in inpatient or outpatient treatment settings and reduce the burden for healthcare workers.Conclusion. The practice of switching eosinophilic SA patients to self-administration of biologics in the form of an autoinjector (pen injector device) can improve the adherence to biological therapy and quality of life of this group of patients.
The achievements of pulmonology and the main directions of further improvement of medical care in the Russian Federation
Authors: Bilichenko Tatiana N. , Shutov Alexey A. 
Published: December 2021

The development of pulmonology in Russia is linked with the creative activity of the Scientific Research Institute of Pulmonology of the Federal Medico-Biological Agency (Research Institute of Pulmonology of the FMBA) and its scientific school.The aim of the analytical review was to assess the role and contribution of the research team of the Research Institute of Pulmonology in improving the quality of medical care to the population of Russia.Methods. The data of medical statistics of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation on morbidity and mortality of the population due to respiratory diseases (RD) from 2004 - 2018 are analyzed. The publications on scientific research conducted with the participation of employees of the Research Institute of Pulmonology for the period from 2005 to 2020 were studied.Results. Over the past 30 years in Russia, with the participation of the staff of the Research Institute of Pulmonology, the state task of creating a system for organizing medical care for the population with RD has been successfully solved. The study and implementation of modern innovative approaches in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of RD, the training of primary care physicians allowed to improve the quality of medical care to patients to the level of world standards. For the period from 2004 - 2018 the mortality of the population from RD 35.6% decrease was registered. During the pandemic of a new coronavirus infection, the use of pulmonology achievements in clinical practice contributed to a decrease in the frequency of deaths in people with COVID-19.Conclusion. Currently, the Research Institute of Pulmonology of the FMBA of Russia retains a leading position in the country in the field of fundamental scientific research, innovative methods of diagnosis and treatment of RD, educational activities and training of specialists in the field of pulmonology.
Secretory immunoglobulin A of the respiratory system and COVID-19
Authors: Kryukova Nadezhda O. , Rakunova Ekaterina B. , Kostinov M. P. , Baranova Irina A. , Svitich Oxana A. 
Published: December 2021

The main focus in the course of COVID-19 goes on assessing the overall immune response. The role of mucosal immunity in this disease has not been studied sufficiently.The studyaimed to analyze published data about secretory IgA as a significant indicator of the mucosal immune response of the respiratory tract in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods.Articles were identified via PubMed bibliographic database. The time-span of research was two years (2020, 2021).Results.The search identified 54 articles. There is evidence that secretory IgA (sIgA) is the main antibody isotype of the mucosal immunity. It is produced in quantities significantly higher than those of all other isotypes of immunoglobulins combined. sIgA antibodies are effective against various pathogens, including the SARS-CoV-2 virus, due to mechanisms such as neutralization, suppression of adhesion to the mucosal surface and invasion of epithelial cells, agglutination and facilitating the removal of pathogenic microorganisms with the mucosal secretions. Virus-specific IgA antibodies in the blood serum are detected in patients with COVID-19 as early as two days after the first symptoms, while IgM or IgG class antibodies appear only after 5 days. We accessed the efficacy of intranasal immunization as to induction of predominant production of sIgA in the upper and lower respiratory tract.Conclusion.The current information on the local immune response of the respiratory mucosa is important for understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms of the disease, diagnosis, and development of new methods of treatment and prevention of COVID-19.
Respiratory pathophysiology in obesity
Authors: Sergeeva Victoria A. 
Published: December 2021

In the modern world, obesity is the most important medical and social problem that requires an interdisciplinary approach. Many diseases of the respiratory system are caused by obesity.Aim. The review analyzes scientific sources on respiratory disorders in patients with obesity from the open-access electronic libraries PubMed and eLibrary published in the last 15 years.Methods. A comparative systematical assessment of the results of these studies was carried out. The mechanical effects of excess body weight on the respiratory apparatus have been singled out. The current views about cellular and humoral effects of adipose tissue on the development of respiratory pathology have been given.Conclusion. The analysis results present evidence of the multifactorial negative influence of excessive body weight on the respiratory system. Some aspects of the role of obesity in the development of respiratory disorders require further study. Understanding the pathogenic mechanisms behind the influence of obesity on the respiratory apparatus is essential for developing the patient management strategy.
Women Participation in Rural Tourism: A Case of Ella, Sri Lanka
Authors: Rasanjali Chamika , Sivashankar Pathmanathan , Mahaliyanaarachchi Rohana P. 
Published: December 2021

Tourism industry is one of sectors that have potential to develop and grow in the next few years in Sri Lanka. According to Tourism Development Strategy of Sri Lanka, tourism industry is expected to be the largest foreign exchange earner by 2024. The principal focus of this study was to explore major factors that affect women’s participation and non-participation in the hospitality industry in Ella DS division Sri Lanka. The study used a deductive approach, and primary data were collected through a self-administered structured questionnaire. Samples were 60 women, consisting of thirty women involved in the hospitality industry and thirty women of the non-hospitality industry, randomly selected. Results were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. The results found that the differences in language skills and problem-solving had the most significant effect on women’s participation in hospitality industry. Besides, childcare responsibility and lack of experience were affected women’s involvement in this industry. The results also showed that most of the non-hospitality workers have language barriers (33.3%), lack of knowledge about tourism industry (23.3%), and lack of opportunities to engage in tourism work (13.3%). Based on the results, 53.3% of 30 non-hospitality workers had an idea to be involved in tourism and hospitality industry in the future, while the remaining 46.6% had no idea to be involved.
Niewidomi we wspólnocie religijnej. Potrzeby i trudności
Authors: Maciejewska Magdalena 
Published: December 2021

Celem artykułu, mającego charakter teoretyczno-empiryczny, jest zaprezentowanie potrzeb i trudności, których doświadczyły badane osoby z niepełnosprawnością wzrokową zaangażowane w działalność wspólnot religijnych. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na potrzeby skoncentrowane na „ja” oraz potrzeby skoncentrowane na „ty”, a także na ograniczenia o charakterze zewnętrznym oraz wewnętrznym. W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki badań przeprowadzonych w oparciu o strategię jakościową, metodę indywidualnych przypadków i z wykorzystaniem techniki wywiadu pogłębionego. W gronie respondentów znalazło się 10 osób zmagających się z dysfunkcjami wzroku, które przynależą lub w przeszłości przynależały do wspólnot religijnych. W artykule rozpatrywano m.in. to, w jaki sposób bycie członkiem określonej grupy o charakterze religijnym umożliwiało realizację istotnych dla respondentów potrzeb, a także z jakimi ograniczeniami musieli się w związku z tym zmagać.
Description of the Imperative Programming Language in Haskell
Authors: Protsenko Volodymyr 
Published: December 2021

When creating a programming language, it is necessary to determine its syntax and semantics. The main task of syntax is to describe all constructions that are elements of the language. For this purpose, a specific syntax highlights syntactically correct sequences of characters of the language alphabet. Most often it is a finite set of rules that generate an infinite set of all construction languages, such as the extended Backus-Naur (BNF) form.To describe the semantics of the language, the preference is given to the abstract syntax, which in real programming languages is shorter and more obvious than specific. The relationship between abstract syntax objects and the syntax of the program in compilers solves the parsing phase.Denotational semantics is used to describe semantics. Initially, it records the denotations of the simplest syntactic objects. Then, with each compound syntactic construction, a semantic function is associated, which by denotations of components of a design calculates its value – denotation. Since the program is a specific syntactic construction, its denotation is possible to determine using the appropriate semantic function. Note that the program itself is not executed when calculating its denotation.The denotative description of a programming language includes the abstract syntax of its constructions, denotations – the meanings of constructions and semantic functions that reflect elements of abstract syntax (language constructions) in their denotations (meanings).The use of the functional programming language Haskell as a metalanguage is considered. The Haskell type system is a good tool for constructing abstract syntax. The various possibilities for describing pure functions, which are often the denotations of programming language constructs, are the basis for the effective use of Haskell to describe denotational semantics.The paper provides a formal specification of a simple imperative programming language with integer data, block structure, and the traditional set of operators: assignment, input, output, loop and conditional. The ability of Haskell to effectively implement parsing, which solves the problem of linking a particular syntax with the abstract, allows to expand the formal specification of the language to its implementation: a pure function — the interpreter.The work contains all the functions and data types that make up the interpreter of a simple imperative programming language.
Rhetoric Analysis on the Relationship between Executive Compensation and Performance of Commercial public enterprises in Namibia.
Authors: Ngalandji - Hakweenda Dr Helena Megameno Nailonga 
Published: December 2021

The purpose of this paper was to investigate the relationship between compensation packages and the performance of executive officers in Commercial Public Enterprises in Namibia. The paper was conducted to achieve the following specific objective: to determine the relationship between compensation packages of executives and the performance of Commercial PEs in Namibia. It was all in the context of mixed research approach for data collection using a questionnaire as a tool. The study found that there is a partial relationship between executive compensation and the performance of some commercial public enterprises, in accordance with their Tier Levels. It is recommended that the Government (shareholder) finds the best fit model of executive compensation packages in order to induce a positive level of performance. It is further recommended that a study be conducted, to investigate the relationship between the role of an independent high-level committee on executive compensation packages, aimed at enhancing performance in Commercial Public Enterprises in Namibia

Keywords: Compensation Package; Performance; Commercial Public Enterprises; Executives
Second home tourism present and future. The case of Greece.
Authors: Vagena Akrivi 
Published: December 2021

Second-home tourism is a rapidly growing form of tourism around the world. Being an integral part of rural areas and their history, second homes are an established example of the post-productive consumption of the countryside. Τhe expansion of urbanization and the pressures of the urban way of life, as well as the search for a pleasant climate and clean environment, have contributed particularly to the development of second home tourism globally.
This study intends to investigate the present, the future and the impact of second home tourism on destinations, local people and tourists. The development of second home tourism, or tourist home is, undoubtedly, a strongly evolving social phenomenon. Activated by economically developed societies and is linked to income growth, urbanization, the possibility of geographical mobility and the increase of leisure time. This phenomenon operates and intensifies, almost in parallel with tourism.
Also, the study investigates the effects of second home tourism in Greece, a very popular destination for international and domestic tourism. The country has been experienced a high growth of second home tourism in the last few years.
Natychmiastowa detekcja nielegalnego poboru gazu u odbiorców ze zdemontowanym gazomierzem
Authors:   Instytut Nafty i Gazu – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy, Łach Maciej 
Published: December 2021

"Jednym ze źródeł nierozliczonych ilości gazu w sieci dystrybucyjnej są kradzieże gazu. Najczęściej do tego typu procederu dochodzi poprzez ingerencję w gazomierz u odbiorcy indywidualnego. Operatorzy, starając się minimalizować straty gazu, prowadzą ciągłą kontrolę urządzeń pomiarowych, mającą na celu wychwycenie nieautoryzowanych ingerencji. W przypadku wykrycia nieprawidłowości gazomierz może zostać skierowany na badanie metrologiczne lub/i mechanoskopijne w akredytowanym do tego celu laboratorium, którego zadaniem, jako niezależnej strony trzeciej, jest określenie stopnia ingerencji oraz wyznaczenie błędu wskazań gazomierza. Pozwala to operatorowi sieci na oszacowanie poniesionych strat oraz wystosowanie konkretnych roszczeń w stosunku do konsumenta. Kolejnym źródłem strat przedsiębiorstwa gazowniczego mogą być kradzieże gazu z całkowitym pominięciem układów pomiarowych. Może do nich dochodzić np. po rozwiązaniu umowy z konsumentem lub nawet przed jej zawarciem. W takich przypadkach kontrola punktów pomiarowych jest szczególnie trudna, a dochodzenie należności z tytułu nielegalnego poboru gazu łatwe do zakwestionowania ze względu na brak możliwości wyznaczenia ilości pobranego gazu. Sytuację pogarsza fakt negatywnego wpływu tego typu połączeń na bezpieczeństwo działania sieci gazowej. W ramach prac badawczych prowadzonych w INiG – PIB podjęto próbę opracowania urządzenia umożliwiającego detekcję nielegalnego poboru gazu z pominięciem gazomierza. W artykule przedstawiono zagrożenia oraz skutki prawne, jakie niesie ze sobą nielegalny pobór gazu z pominięciem gazomierza, w szczególności gdy proceder jest realizowany za pomocą np. dętki. Następnie omówiono, jakie wymagania powinno spełniać urządzenie, które pozwoliłoby ograniczyć problem nielegalnego poboru gazu u odbiorców ze zdemontowanym gazomierzem. W dalszej części artykułu omówiono technologię spełniającą wskazane założenia oraz zaprezentowano rysunek koncepcyjny urządzenia. W efekcie przedstawiono sposób wykonania pierwszej wersji prototypu oraz potwierdzono poprawność jego działania. Opisana na łamach artykułu druga wersja prototypu posłużyła do zgłoszenia wynalazku do Urzędu Patentowego Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. "
Poprawa parametrów ekologicznych paliw opałowych pochodzących z upraw rolnych
Authors:   Instytut Nafty i Gazu – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy, Żak Grażyna , Wojtasik Michał ,   Instytut Nafty i Gazu – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy, Markowski Jarosław ,   Instytut Nafty i Gazu - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy, Wojtowicz Robert ,   Instytut Nafty i Gazu - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy, Rataj Mateusz ,   Instytut Nafty i Gazu - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy, Kwilosz Tadeusz ,   Instytut Nafty i Gazu - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
Published: December 2021

Wykonane badania zostały ukierunkowane na poprawę parametrów ekologicznych paliw opałowych wytworzonych z komponentów pochodzących z upraw rolnych. Dotyczyły przede wszystkim: oceny wpływu różnych innych niż biomasa leśna komponentów paliw biomasowych na wielkość emisji toksycznych składników spalin powstających w trakcie spalania, poprawy parametrów ekologicznych paliw biomasowych poprzez wykorzystanie mieszanin komponentów „agro” z mniej problematycznym komponentem pochodzenia leśnego oraz poprawy procesu spalania poprzez zastosowanie modyfikatora procesu spalania. Jako komponenty paliw z biomasy wykorzystano pozostałości roślin uprawnych (słomę pszenżyta, łuski słonecznika), roślinę z upraw energetycznych (miskant) oraz biomasę pochodzenia leśnego w postaci pozostałości z przemysłu meblarskiego (trociny). Testy spalania próbek peletów przeprowadzono w piecu kominkowym na pelet model AirPell 8, o nominalnej mocy cieplnej 8 kW. Wykonano pomiary zawartości w spalinach: CO, NOx oraz OGC. Spaliny przeznaczone do analizy zawartości substancji szkodliwych pobierano z króćców zamontowanych w odcinku pomiarowym łączącym ogrzewacz z przewodem kominowym. Skład spalin analizowano z wykorzystaniem analizatorów gazu: model MRU ECU 3000 oraz model Thermo-FID TG. Paliwa biomasowe otrzymane wyłącznie ze składników pochodzących z upraw rolnych charakteryzowały się znacznie wyższymi poziomami emisji CO i OGC niż paliwo z biomasy leśnej. Poprawa parametrów ekologicznych paliw z biomasy poprzez zastosowanie komponentu pochodzenia leśnego okazała się skuteczna w przypadku słomy i łuski słonecznika i dotyczyła obniżenia średniej emisji CO i OGC. Wprowadzenie do składu paliwa trocin w przypadku miskantu wpłynęło jednak negatywnie na stabilność procesu spalania oraz w niewielkim stopniu poprawiło stabilność procesu spalania paliwa z łuskami słonecznika. Zastosowanie modyfikatora spalania wpłynęło pozytywnie na wielkość emisji CO i OGC mieszanek paliw zawierających miskant i łuskę słonecznika. Modyfikator stabilizował również przebieg procesu spalania mieszanek z tymi komponentami. W przypadku wartości emisji NOx nie zaobserwowano jednoznacznego wpływu na ten parametr ani w przypadku wprowadzenia do składu paliw biomasy leśnej, ani modyfikatora spalania.
ARABULUCULUK ANLAŞMA BELGESİNİN BORÇLAR HUKUKU AÇISINDAN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ
Authors: BADUR Emel 
Published: December 2021

Arabuluculuk, 6325 sayılı Hukuk Uyuşmazlıklarında Arabuluculuk
Kanunu’nun (HUAK) kabulü ve yürürlüğe girmesiyle birlikte 2012
yılında Türk Hukuku’na dahil olmuş, nispeten yeni bir alternatif
uyuşmazlık çözüm yoludur. HUAK’ın kabulünden sonra, Türk
Hukuku’na üç ayrı dava şartı arabuluculuk eklenmiştir. Bu düzenlemeler
Türk Hukuku açısından arabuluculuğun önemini ve yaygınlığını
arttırmıştır. Arabuluculuk faaliyeti sonrasında, uyuşmazlığın tarafları
arasında anlaşma sağlanacak olursa, bu anlaşmaya ilişkin arabuluculuk
anlaşma belgesinin düzenlenmesi mümkündür. Arabuluculuğun
tarafları, arabuluculuk anlaşma belgesinin içeriğini belirlemek
konusunda serbesttir. Ancak bu belge borçlar hukuku açısından bir
sözleşme olarak nitelendirildiğinden, sözleşme serbestisinin sınırlarına
uygun olmalıdır. Arabuluculuk anlaşma belgesi, taraflar ve arabulucu
tarafından imzalanır. Geçerli bir arabuluculuk anlaşma belgesinden söz
edilebilmesi için, arabuluculuk faaliyeti sonrasında ulaşılan bir anlaşma
olması ve tarafların iradelerini yansıtması gereklidir. Arabuluculuk
anlaşma belgesinin, akde aykırı davranış, ehliyetsizlik, irade sakatlığı
veya sahtelik iddialarıyla yargılamaya konu edilebilmesi mümkündür.