bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spontaneous emission in micro- or nanophotonic structures
Authors: Qian Zhiyuan , Shan Lingxiao , Zhang Xinchen , Liu Qi , Ma Yun , Gong Qihuang , Gu Ying 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSingle-photon source in micro- or nanoscale is the basic building block of on-chip quantum information and scalable quantum network. Enhanced spontaneous emission based on cavity quantum electrodynamics (CQED) is one of the key principles of realizing single-photon sources fabricated by micro- or nanophotonic cavities. Here we mainly review the spontaneous emission of single emitters in micro- or nanostructures, such as whispering gallery microcavities, photonic crystals, plasmon nanostructures, metamaterials, and their hybrids. The researches have enriched light-matter interaction as well as made great influence in single-photon source, photonic circuit, and on-chip quantum information.
Implementation of a Molecular Tumor Registry to Support the Adoption of Precision Oncology Within an Academic Medical Center: The Duke University Experience
Authors: Green Michelle F. , Bell Jonathan L. , Hubbard Christopher B. , McCall Shannon J. , McKinney Matthew S. , Riedel Jinny E. , Menendez Carolyn S. , Abbruzzese James L. , Strickler John H. , Datto Michael B. 
Published: September 2021

PURPOSE Comprehensive genomic profiling to inform targeted therapy selection is a central part of oncology care. However, the volume and complexity of alterations uncovered through genomic profiling make it difficult for oncologists to choose the most appropriate therapy for their patients. Here, we present a solution to this problem, The Molecular Registry of Tumors (MRT) and our Molecular Tumor Board (MTB). PATIENTS AND METHODS MRT is an internally developed system that aggregates and normalizes genomic profiling results from multiple sources. MRT serves as the foundation for our MTB, a team that reviews genomic results for all Duke University Health System cancer patients, provides notifications for targeted therapies, matches patients to biomarker-driven trials, and monitors the molecular landscape of tumors at our institution. RESULTS Among 215 patients reviewed by our MTB over a 6-month period, we identified 176 alterations associated with therapeutic sensitivity, 15 resistance alterations, and 51 alterations with potential germline implications. Of reviewed patients, 17% were subsequently treated with a targeted therapy. For 12 molecular therapies approved during the course of this work, we identified between two and 71 patients who could qualify for treatment based on retrospective MRT data. An analysis of 14 biomarker-driven clinical trials found that MRT successfully identified 42% of patients who ultimately enrolled. Finally, an analysis of 4,130 comprehensive genomic profiles from 3,771 patients revealed that the frequency of clinically significant therapeutic alterations varied from approximately 20% to 70% depending on the tumor type and sequencing test used. CONCLUSION With robust informatics tools, such as MRT, and the right MTB structure, a precision cancer medicine program can be developed, which provides great benefit to providers and patients with cancer.
Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Remains Dependent on Oncogenic Drivers Found in Primary Tumors
Authors: Einstein David J. , Arai Seiji , Calagua Carla , Xie Fang , Voznesensky Olga , Capaldo Brian J. , Luffman Christina , Hecht Jonathan L. , Balk Steven P. , Sowalsky Adam G. , Russo Joshua W. 
Published: September 2021

PURPOSE Metastatic prostate cancer is initially sensitive to androgen receptor inhibition, but eventually becomes castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Early use of more intensive therapies targeting androgen receptor and other oncogenic drivers in treatment-naïve primary prostate cancer (PC) may be more effective than that in advanced mCRPC. However, analysis of primary tumors may not reveal targetable metastatic drivers that are subclonal in the primary tumor or acquired at metastatic sites. METHODS PC samples spanning one patient's clinical course: diagnostic biopsies, pre- or post-enzalutamide metastatic biopsies, and rapid autopsy samples including a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) were analyzed by targeted exome sequencing followed by phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS Left- and right-lobe primary PC tumors appeared to diverge, with the right acquiring additional shared mutations and striking differences in copy number alterations that later appeared in metastatic samples during the treatment course and at autopsy, whereas the left base tumor maintained a quiet copy number alteration landscape and partitioned into a dead-end node. RB1 loss, a common finding in advanced castration-resistant disease, was identified throughout mCRPC samples, but not in the primary tumor. Significantly, a truncal EGFR-activating mutation (R108K) was identified in the primary tumor and was also found to be maintained in the mCRPC samples and in a PDX model. Furthermore, the PDX model remained sensitive to the EGFR inhibitor erlotinib, despite the presence of both RB1 and BRCA2 losses. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that truncal alterations identified in primary PC can drive advanced mCRPC, even in the presence of additional strong oncogenic drivers (ie, RB1 and BRCA2 loss), and suggest that earlier detection and targeting of these truncal alterations may be effective at halting disease progression.
4-Arylethynyl-5-fluorobenzoyl-1-methylimidazole Exhibiting Self-Recovering Mechanofluorochromism and Forming Fluorescence Molecular Glass
Authors: Miura Youhei , Murai Kazuki , Yamada Kazufumi , Yoshioka Naoki 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
4-Arylethynyl-5-fluorobenzoyl-1-methyl-1H-imidazoles exhibited self-recovering mechanofluorochromism and formed a glass state. Although the solid sample of the anisyl-substituted 1a and dimethoxyphenyl-substituted 1b exhibited no and blue fluorescence, respectively, they exhibited bluish-green fluorescence after grinding. These compounds recovered the color of their fluorescence after approximately 20 s and after 20 h, respectively. Both compounds exhibited non-crystalline samples after melting and rapid cooling to room temperature. Based on thermal analysis, it was found 1a and 1b were supercooling liquid and glass, respectively, at room temperature. Both non-crystalline samples exhibited fluorescence at a wavelength longer than that of the solid state. DFT calculations indicated that the bluish-green fluorescence of the ground and non-crystalline samples was derived from the twisted intramolecular charge transfer excitation state.
Polythiophene-Based Chemical Sensors: Toward On-Site Supramolecular Analytical Devices
Authors: Sasaki Yui , Lyu Xiaojun , Tang Wei , Wu Hao , Minami Tsuyoshi 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Polythiophene (PT) derivatives are in the spotlight as functional materials with their conductivity and optical properties, which depend on the distortion of coplanarity of the flexible backbone. The PT derivatives can be applied to chemical sensors owing to their tunable chemical and physical properties, while on-site sensing in aqueous media using PT-based solid-state devices is still challenging. In this Account, we describe a strategy for on-site supramolecular analytical devices. To maximize the applicability of PTs, we designed two types of PT-based chemical sensors. In the optical sensors, microarrays made of a hydrogel containing PTs on portable glass chips can simultaneously analyze multi-analytes combined with pattern recognition techniques. The various optical responses by adding analytes on the microarray chips can be recorded by easy-to-handle methods such as a digital camera, achieving on-site and high-throughput analysis without large spectrophotometers. Next, water-gated polythiophene transistors can offer highly sensitive detection due to a synergy effect of field-effect doping and interfacial charge modulation. Moreover, the electrical device with a microfluidic chamber allows real-time monitoring. We believe that our approaches would be a guideline to pave the way for the realization of supramolecular analytical devices.
Advances in Organic Ionic Materials Based on Ionic Liquids and Polymers
Authors: Watanabe Masayoshi 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Ionics has emerged as an important scientific area for realizing the key materials necessary for the development of advanced electrochemical devices that would support a sustainable society. In this paper, new organic ion-conducting materials such as ionic liquids and polymer electrolytes are the research focus, as conventional aqueous and organic electrolyte solutions have several disadvantages that prove to be a bottleneck for making a breakthrough in electrochemical materials and devices. A detailed investigation of the ion dynamics in these materials and their interfaces with electrodes was performed, and significant contribution was made to establish the field of organic ionics. Furthermore, stimuli-responsive smart materials based on ionic liquids and polymers have been proposed, and new materials distinguished by advantageous features have been realized. The relevant studies are reviewed in this paper.
Role of free style Libre-Flash Glucose Monitoring: Glycemic control of Type-1 Diabetes
Authors: Mohamed Imad , Talaat Iman M. , Alghamdi Hamed A. , Allam Gamal 
Published: September 2021

Background & Objective: Type-1 diabetics (T1D) usually do not meet guidelines for glycaemic control. This study aimed to determine the benefit of free style libre-flash glucose monitoring system (FSL-FGM) in lowering glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in poorly controlled T1D patients.
Methods: This prospective two single arm clinical study included 273 T1D patients, and data collected at one, six and 18 months with concomitant extraction of samples for HbA1c basal and at six and 18 months. The study was conducted in Prince Mansour Military Hospital at Taif, Saudi Arabia from June 2017 to November 2018.
Results: HbA1c % was significantly diminished in patients used FSL-FGM at 6 and 18 months. The median percentage difference in HbA1c at 6 and 18 months versus basal was significantly decreased in those using FSL-FGM. Within diabetics using FSL-FGM, the median difference in HbA1c after 18 months was significantly decreased in patients with HbA1c >10% compared to those with HbA1c <10%. Estimated HbA1c by FSL showed a significant correlation with HbA1C assayed in the blood. The snapshot information showed a highly significant difference in average glucose with low significant difference in hypoglycemia parameters. The FSL-FGM provides significant changes in HbA1c in diabetic patients without observed risk for hypoglycemia.
Conclusions: The dynamic way of blood glucose monitoring using FSL-FGM provides improvement in HbA1c in diabetic patients without observed risk for hypoglycemia.
doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.7.4114
How to cite this:Mohamed IAA, Talaat IM, Alghamdi HA, Allam G. Role of free style Libre–Flash Glucose Monitoring: Glycemic control of Type-1 Diabetes. Pak J Med Sci. 2021;37(7):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.7.4114
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
High flow nasal oxygen for acute type two respiratory failure: a systematic review
Authors: Alnajada Asem Abdulaziz , Blackwood Bronagh , Mobrad Abdulmajeed , Akhtar Adeel , Pavlov Ivan , Shyamsundar Murali 
Published: September 2021

Background: Acute type two respiratory failure (AT2RF) is characterized by high carbon dioxide levels (PaCO2 >6kPa). Non-invasive ventilation (NIV), the current standard of care, has a high failure rate. High flow nasal therapy (HFNT) has potential additional benefits such as CO2 clearance, the ability to communicate and comfort. The primary aim of this systematic review is to determine whether HFNT in AT2RF improves 1) PaCO2, 2) clinical and patient-centred outcomes and 3) to assess potential harms. Methods: We searched EMBASE, MEDLINE and CENTRAL (January 1999-January 2021). Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort studies comparing HFNT with low flow nasal oxygen (LFO) or NIV were included. Two authors independently assessed studies for eligibility, data extraction and risk of bias. We used Cochrane risk of bias tool for RCTs and Ottawa-Newcastle scale for cohort studies. Results: From 727 publications reviewed, four RCTs and one cohort study (n=425) were included. In three trials of HFNT vs NIV, comparing PaCO2 (kPa) at last follow-up time point, there was a significant reduction at four hours (1 RCT; HFNT median 6.7, IQR 5.6 – 7.7 vs NIV median 7.6, IQR 6.3 – 9.3) and no significant difference at 24-hours or five days. Comparing HFNT with LFO, there was no significant difference at 30-minutes. There was no difference in intubation or mortality. Conclusions: This review identified a small number of studies with low to very low certainty of evidence. A reduction of PaCO2 at an early time point of four hours post-intervention was demonstrated in one small RCT. Significant limitations of the included studies were lack of adequately powered outcomes and clinically relevant time-points and small sample size. Accordingly, systematic review cannot recommend the use of HFNT as the initial management strategy for AT2RF and trials adequately powered to detect clinical and patient-relevant outcomes are urgently warranted.
The Renaissance of Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty appears rational – A radiograph-based comparative Study on adverse Events and patient-reported Outcomes in 353 TKAs and 98 UKAs
Authors: Tveit Magnus 
Published: September 2021

PurposeTotal knee arthroplasty (TKA) and unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) are both considered suitable for antero-medial osteoarthritis and spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee. National registry data are consistent in showing higher revision rates for UKA. Adequately adjusted, these findings may be challenged by differences in adverse events and patient-reported outcomes, as both can have serious long-term implications. Based on preoperative radiographs, the aim was to retrospectively compare the two principle surgeries in these respects.MethodsAll TKA procedures in 2016 in one Swedish county council were, according to certain radiograph-based consensus criteria, visually evaluated for medial UKA suitability. Then, using different regression models, they were compared with the corresponding medial UKAs performed in 2015–2017 regarding complications and patient-reported outcomes one year after surgery.ResultsThe UKA group showed an 82% reduced risk (OR 0.2; 95% CI 0.0–0.6) of any complications, whereas the 55% reduced risk of severe complication did not reach statistical significance (OR 0.5; 95% CI 0.1–2.1). These findings corresponded in high-volume surgeries to an absolute complication rate of 0% in the UKA group and 10% in the TKA group (p = 0.005) and to a severe complication rate of 0% and 5% respectively (p = 0.05). Though no differences were seen in any general patient-reported outcomes, the pain and function based OMERACT-OARSI responder criteria indicated in both around a 60% better chance of any response (OR 1.6 CI % 0.6–4.5) and a high response (OR 1.6; 95% CI 0.7–3.4) in the UKA group.ConclusionNo differences were shown in patient-reported outcomes but a clear difference in risk of complications, favoring the UKA procedure.
Validity of caregivers’ reports on prior use of antibacterials in children under five years presenting to health facilities in Gulu, northern Uganda
Authors: Lanyero Hindum , Ocan Moses , Obua Celestino , Stålsby Lundborg Cecilia , Agaba Katureebe , Kalyango Joan N. , Eriksen Jaran , Nanzigu Sarah 
Published: September 2021

Introduction
Given the frequent initiation of antibacterial treatment at home by caregivers of children under five years in low-income countries, there is a need to find out whether caregivers’ reports of prior antibacterial intake by their children before being brought to the healthcare facility are accurate. The aim of this study was to describe and validate caregivers’ reported use of antibacterials by their children prior to seeking care at the healthcare facility.

Methods
A cross sectional study was conducted among children under five years seeking care at healthcare facilities in Gulu district, northern Uganda. Using a researcher administered questionnaire, data were obtained from caregivers regarding reported prior antibacterial intake in their children. These reports were validated by comparing them to common antibacterial agents detected in blood and urine samples from the children using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods.

Results
A total of 355 study participants had a complete set of data on prior antibacterial use collected using both self-report and LC-MS/MS. Of the caregivers, 14.4% (51/355, CI: 10.9–18.5%) reported giving children antibacterials prior to visiting the healthcare facility. However, LC-MS/MS detected antibacterials in blood and urine samples in 63.7% (226/355, CI: 58.4–68.7%) of the children. The most common antibacterials detected from the laboratory analysis were cotrimoxazole (29%, 103/355), ciprofloxacin (13%, 46/355), and metronidazole (9.9%, 35/355). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value and agreement of self-reported antibacterial intake prior to healthcare facility visit were 17.3% (12.6–22.8), 90.7% (84.3–95.1), 76.5% (62.5–87.2), 38.5% (33.0–44.2) and 43.9% (k 0.06) respectively.

Conclusion
There is low validity of caregivers’ reports on prior intake of antibacterials by these children. There is need for further research to understand the factors associated with under reporting of prior antibacterial use.
Revisiting the placental clock: Early corticotrophin-releasing hormone rise in recurrent preterm birth
Authors: Herrera Christina L. , Bowman Maria E. , McIntire Donald D. , Nelson David B. , Smith Roger 
Published: September 2021

Objective
To determine if maternal plasma CRH and preterm birth history were associated with recurrent preterm birth risk in a high-risk cohort.

Study design
Secondary analysis of pregnant women with a prior preterm birth ≤35 weeks receiving 17-alpha hydroxyprogesterone caproate for the prevention of recurrent spontaneous preterm birth. All women with a 24-week blood sample were included. Maternal plasma CRH level at 24- and 32-weeks’ gestation was measured using both enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and extracted radioimmunoassay (RIA) technologies. The primary outcome was spontaneous preterm birth <37 weeks. The association of CRH, prior preterm birth history, and the two combined was assessed in relation to recurrent preterm birth risk.

Results
Recurrent preterm birth in this cohort of 169 women was 24.9%. Comparing women who subsequently delivered <37 versus ≥37 weeks, mean levels of CRH measured by RIA were significantly different at 24 weeks (111.1±87.5 vs. 66.1±45.4 pg/mL, P = .002) and 32 weeks (440.9±275.6 vs. 280.2±214.5 pg/mL, P = .003). The area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) at 24 and 32 weeks for (1) CRH level was 0.68 (95% CI 0.59–0.78) and 0.70 (95% CI 0.59–0.81), (2) prior preterm birth history was 0.75 (95% CI 0.67–0.83) and 0.78 (95% CI 0.69–0.87), and (3) combined was 0.81 (95% CI 0.73–0.88, P = .001) and 0.81 (95% CI 0.72–0.90, P = .01) respectively for delivery <37 weeks. CRH measured by ELISA failed to correlate with gestational age or other clinical parameters.

Conclusion
In women with a prior preterm birth, CRH levels were higher and had an earlier rise in women who experienced recurrent preterm birth. Second trimester CRH may be useful in identifying a sub-group of women with preterm birth due to early activation of the placenta-fetal adrenal axis. Assay methodology is a variable that contributes to difficulties in reproducibility of CRH levels in the obstetric literature.
The Cinema of Paolo Sorrentino: Commitment to Style, Russell J. A. Kilbourn (2020)
Authors: Cooper Allison 
Published: September 2021

Review of: The Cinema of Paolo Sorrentino: Commitment to Style, Russell J. A. Kilbourn (2020)
New York: Columbia University Press, 231 pp.,
ISBN 978-0-23118-993-4, p/bk, $30.00
Clocking Out: The Machinery of Life in 1960s Italian Cinema, Karen Pinkus (2020)
Authors: Luijnenburg Linde 
Published: September 2021

Review of: Clocking Out: The Machinery of Life in 1960s Italian Cinema, Karen Pinkus (2020)
Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, 157 pp.,
ISBN 978-1-51790-854-6, p/bk, £18.99
Amara terra mia/Io vado via: Cinema Italiano e canti della grande emigrazione del Novecento, Stefania Carpiceci (2020)
Authors: Bonelli Diego 
Published: September 2021

Review of: Amara terra mia/Io vado via: Cinema Italiano e canti della grande emigrazione del Novecento, Stefania Carpiceci (2020)
Pisa: Edizioni ETS, 288 pp.,
ISBN 978-8-84675-984-9, p/bk, €27.00
Disabled Students at the Palestinian Universities: Birzeit University as a Model
Authors: Ramahi Refa' Jamal , Fteiha Ahmad , Khalili Ola 
Published: September 2021

Universities vary in the logistic support they provide for the disabled students. At the same time, universities can be a model for the bigger society in the way they undertake and involve this category. In this study, we tried to explore how do students of disabilities perceive their university life at Birzeit University. This will definitely reflect their relationship to their wider society. We also tried to identify the various challenges face the disabled students during their university life.
Participants own narratives were used to collect data in focused groups. Data from interviews was transcribed and analyzed following the qualitative approach of content analysis. Results indicated that the disabled students at Birzeit University are trying to live as independent students. They believe that their daily experiences are very similar to other students’ experiences at the university. This perception helps them to construct a positive sense of self, which, in turn, encourage them to overcome the social burdens upon them. In conclusion, the interviewees believed that their disabilities are not what identify them as students. Regarding their relationship to the society, the disabled students struggle to change the stereotype that the society stigmatizes them with as incapable and helpless. The results indicated also that the disabled students are distinguished by having the ‘desire ‘which is their main motif to achieve their dreams and to challenge the existing stereotyping about them. They do not give up; they have a strong will and determination to achieve their goals.
The study recommended increasing the financial and learning support for disabled students and raising the awareness about their potentials among Birzeit University students.