bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethanol in Liquid Preparations Intended for Children
Authors:   Committee on Drugs
Published: December 2021

Ethanol is present in more than 700 pharmaceutical liquid preparations, ostensibly as an "inert" solvent on diluent.1 Despite recent voluntary efforts by several pharmaceutical companies to replace alcohol or reduce its content, there remain on the market an excessive number of liquid medications containing alcohol in concentrations ranging from 0.3% to 68%, eg, teething preparations, decongestants, and cough medicines. The presence of ethanol in children's medication is of major toxicologic interest with respect to both acute ingestion and passive exposure that occurs during therapy with ethanol-containing products. This commentary focuses upon the toxicology of ethanol in children and the determination of acceptable alcohol concentrations in children's medication.
INTERACTION WITH OTHER DRUGS
When taken in conjunction with other drugs, medicines containing alcohol may produce undesirable interactions. Acute ethanol administration may alter drug absorption2 or impair the degradation of other drugs.3 When taken with sedating drugs, it may result in enhanced psychomotor impairment.4,5 Chronic ethanol administration, which induces drug-metabolizing enzymes (such as P-450), may be of clinical importance by altering the clearance of several drugs (phenobarbital, phenytoin, meprobamate, and warfarin).3 Disulfiram (Antabuse) reactions, symptoms of which include flushing, tachycardia, nausea, vomiting, and, in severe forms, cardiac arrythmias, cardiovascular collapse, respiratory depression, and convulsions, may also be induced by alcohol-containing medicines. Of more direct importance to pediatricians are recent reports of disulfiram-like reactions that occur in some individuals after the simultaneous use of antibacterial drugs such as moxalactam, metronidazole, sulfonamides, chloramphenicol on cefamandole, and alcoholic beverages or medicinal elixirs.6-9
ESTABLISHING CRITERIA FOR ALCOHOL CONTENT IN CHILDREN'S MEDICATION
Neonatal Screening for Phenylketonuria
Authors: BERLOW STANLEY 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor.—
Publication of the article by McCabe et al1 in September 1983 marks the twentieth anniversary of Guthrie and Susi's description of newborn screening for phenylketonuria (PKU), also published in these pages.2 The bacterial inhibition assay (BIA), which was reported in the latter article became the basis of a system of preventive pediatric care which has expanded during the past two decades.
In 1974, Holtzman et al3 were the first to examine extensively the issue of false-negative tests or missed PKU, and this problem has become a major concern.
The Mother Working Outside the Home
Authors:   Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health
Published: December 2021

Sixty percent of women (35% of mothers of children less than 18 years of age and 45% of mothers with preschool-aged children) in the United States work outside the home either of necessity or by choice. The pediatrician, who has an important role in helping such women find the best way of dealing with their multiple and demanding roles as workers, wives, and mothers, is often asked to address some of the questions posed below.
1. Is my working harmful to my child? The answer to this question depends upon (a) the provision of a safe, caring environment for the child; and (b) the mother's satisfaction in her outside work, the support and help of her family, and her vitality at the end of the day to nurture her children.
2. How do I evaluate a substitute care-giving situation? In addition to safety, sanitation, and the provision of proper nutrition, the kind of care giver to whom a young infant or young child is entrusted is the overriding consideration. This person must be warm, caring, responsible, and able to provide the child the stimulation of new learning experiences. In all cases, parents should talk frequently with the care giver about the child-rearing practices they desire, especially if the substitute mother is inexperienced or comes from a different sociocultural background. Although the needs of each child in a group setting vary with his or her age and personality, a ratio of one adult to three infants less than 2 years of age is advised, with the desired ratio increasing to 1 to 4 or 1 to 5 for older children.
Percutaneous Absorption of Iodochlorhydroxyquin in Humans and Dogs
Authors: STOHS S. J. , EZZEDEEN F. W. 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor.—
Iodochlorhydroxyquin (Clioquinol, Vioform) has been widely used for the prophylaxis of traveler's diarrhea, treatment of amoebic dysentery, and the management of fungal infections, although its medical value has been questioned.1 However, its oral use has been severely restricted in recent years due to its potential for neurotoxicity,2,3 hepatoxicity and nephrotoxicity.3,4 Iodochlorhydroxyquin, is still used widely in the treatment of diaper rash and other skin disorders, and it is presumed to undergo little percutaneous absorption.
Formula Composition
Authors: MACLEAN WILLIAM C. 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor.—
In their recent article on chronic protracted diarrhea of infancy, Lo and Walker1 refer to some of the formulas that have been used in the management of this condition.
Carbohydrate malabsorption and intolerance are frequently the factors limiting intake during rehabilitation of these infants.2 Consequently, the type of carbohydrate is an important consideration in the choice of formula. The source of carbohydrate was inaccurately listed for most of the hydrolysate, low-lactose, and lactose-free formulas in their table 3.
Intellectual Impairment in Children of Women Who Smoke Cigarettes During Pregnancy
Authors: Olds David L. , Henderson Charles R. , Tatelbaum Robert 
Published: December 2021

Objective. To examine the relationship between maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy and children's intellectual functioning during the first 4 years of life.
Design. Prospective follow-up of participants in a randomized trial of pregnancy and infancy nurse home visitation.
Setting. Semirural community in Upstate New York.
Participants. 400 families in which the mothers registered before the 30th week of pregnancy and had no previous live births. Eighty-five percent of the mothers were either teenagers (&lt;19 years at registration), unmarried, or poor. Analysis limited to whites who comprised 89% of the sample.
Main results. Children in the comparison group whose mothers smoked 10 or more cigarettes per day during pregnancy had Stanford-Binet scores at 3 and 4 years of age that were 4.35 (95% CI: 0.02, 8.68) points lower (after controlling for a wide range of variables) than their counterparts whose mothers did not smoke during pregnancy.
Conclusions. The results of this study add to the increasingly consistent evidence that maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy poses a unique risk for neurodevelopmental impairment among children and provide an additional reason for pregnant women not to smoke cigarettes.
Neuron-Specific Enolase and Myelin Basic Protein: Relationship of Cerebrospinal Fluid Concentrations to the Neurologic Condition of Asphyxiated Full-Term Infants
Authors: Garcia-Alix Alfredo , Cabañas Fernando , Pellicer Adelina , Stinis Tom A. , Quero Jose , Hernanz Angel 
Published: December 2021

Objective. We questioned whether neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and myelin basic protein (MBP) concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the first 72 hours of life are correlated with the neurologic condition of asphyxiated full-term infants in the neonatal period and at 1 year of age.
Patients and methods. Sixty-nine asphyxiated infants were studied with serial neurologic examination, cranial ultrasonography, and neurologic follow-up. CSF samples were obtained by lumbar puncture at 12 and 72 hours of life. NSE was measured by enzyme immunoassay, and MBP was measured by radioimmunoassay.
Results. Twenty infants had no neonatal encephalopathy and 49 exhibited different stages of encephalopathy. NSE and MBP concentrations in CSF at 12 and 72 hours of life were related to the degree of neonatal encephalopathy. Neither NSE nor MBP levels were correlated with any perinatal factors. Infants with documented brain injury had the highest concentrations of both NSE and MBP. The concentrations of these two biochemical markers at both 12 and 72 hours correlated with adverse outcome (death or cerebral palsy at 1 year). Based on a receiver operating characteristics curve analysis for any given specificity, NSE at 12 hours was a more accurate marker than MBP at either 12 or 72 hours for distinguishing infants with motor impairment at age 1 year from infants with normal outcome at the same age.
Conclusions. Our findings suggest that NSE and MBP are reliable biochemical markers for early estimates of hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in asphyctic full-term newborns, NSE being superior to MBP.
Clinical Consequences and Treatment of Primary Immunodeficiency Syndromes Characterized by Functional T and B Lymphocyte Anomalies (Combined Immune Deficiency)
Authors: Berthet Françoise , Le Deist Françoise , Duliege Anne Marie , Griscelli Claude , Fischer Alan 
Published: December 2021

Objective. To review the clinical presentation and outcome of patients with an unusual primary T + B lymphocyte immunodeficiency syndrome, characterized by the presence of T lymphocytes with no detectable gross phenotypic anomaly, but which are not activated in vitro or in vivo in response to antigens, although they do respond to mitogens.
Methods. A retrospective analysis of clinical and immunological data recorded in 25 cases. Acquired immunodeficiencies and known primary T cell immunodeficiency syndromes (severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome, Di-George syndrome, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, cartilage hair hypoplasia, Omenn's syndrome, ataxia telangiectasia, defective expression of major histocompatability complex class II molecules, and defective expression of the CD3/T cell receptor complex) were excluded.
Results. The patients had severe and particularly protracted infections, mainly of the respiratory tract and gut. Severe viral infections, generally due to herpes viruses, occurred in nearly two-thirds of the patients, with a median follow-up of 54 months. Autoimmune manifestations are frequent (60%), targetting mainly marrow-derived cells, and were characterized by a tendency to relapse and by a dependence on immunosuppressive therapy. Allergic manifestations were also frequent (48% of cases). Eight of the 19 patients who had not undergone bone marrow transplantation died. All but one of the 11 survivors had moderate to severe sequelae. Bone marrow transplantation seemed to be the treatment of choice, because four of six recipients of HLA-identical (n = 2) or nonidentical (n = 4) marrow are alive and the immune deficiency has been corrected.
Conclusion. Early recognition of these life-threatening syndromes may improve the chances of cure. Despite common clinical manifestations and prognosis, these functional immunodeficiencies appear heterogeneous regarding inheritance pattern and at least existence of a B cell immunodeficiency.
Infant Dietary Experience and Acceptance of Solid Foods
Authors: Sullivan Susan A. , Birch Leann L. 
Published: December 2021

Objective. To examine the effects of dietary experience and milk feeding regimen on acceptance of their first vegetable by 4-to 6-month-old infants.
Design. Longitudinal study, of 26-days duration, observing infants aged 4 to 6 months at the start of the study. Random assignment to treatments, within-subject control.
Setting. General community in a medium-sized mid-western town.
Subjects. Thirty-six infants and their mothers. Subjects were solicited through birth records and advertisements in local newspapers.
Interventions. Infants were randomly assigned to be fed one vegetable on 10 occasions, either salted or unsalted peas or green beans, for a 10-day period.
Outcome measures. Infant intake of the vegetable consumed during the 10-day exposure period; intake of salted and unsalted versions: (1) before the 10-day exposure period, (2) immediately after the exposure period; and (3) after a 1-week period of delay. Intake of a control food was also measured before and after repeated consumption of the vegetable. Adult ratings of the infants' videotaped responses during test feedings were also obtained before and after the exposure period.
Results. After 10 opportunities to consume the vegetable, all infants significantly increased their intake (P &lt; .001). Although they did not differ initially, infants fed breast milk showed greater increases in intake of the vegetable after exposure and had an overall greater level of intake than formula-fed infants. Adult ratings of the infants' nonverbal responses correlated positively with infant intake.
Conclusions. Infants increase their acceptance (reflected both in changes in intake and in behavioral response) of a novel food after repeated dietary exposure to that food. Relative to formula-feeding, breast-feeding may facilitate the acceptance of solid foods.
Health Care of Children in Foster Care
Authors:   Committee on Early Childhood, Adoption, and Dependent Care
Published: December 2021

The foster care system in America has evolved as a means of providing protection and shelter for children who require out-of-home placement.1 It is designed to be a temporary service, with a goal of either returning children home or arranging for suitable adoptive homes. In recent years, child welfare agencies have been directing greater efforts toward supporting families in crisis to prevent foster care placements whenever feasible and to reunify families as soon as possible when placements cannot be avoided. Increasingly, extended family members are being recruited and assisted in providing kinship care for children when their biologic parents cannot care for them. However, during the past decade the number of children in foster care has nearly doubled, despite landmark federal legislation designed to expedite permanency planning for children in state custody.2 It is estimated that by 1995 more than 500 000 children will be in foster care.3 In large part, this unrelenting trend is the result of increased abuse and neglect of children occurring in the context of parental substance abuse, mental illness, homelessness, and human immunodeficiency virus infection.4 As a result, a disproportionate number of children placed in foster care come from that segment of the population with the fewest social and financial resources and from families that have few personal and limited extended family sources of support.5
It is not surprising then that children entering foster care are often in poor health. Compared with children from the same socioeconomic background, they suffer much higher rates of serious emotional and behavioral problems, chronic physical disabilities, birth defects, developmental delays, and poor school achievement.6-13
DINAMIKA PENGATURAN TENAGA KERJA ASING DI INDONESIA
Authors: Djazuli Riza Fauziah 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe unemployment rate in Indonesia has soared high enough since August 2020 with a total of 9,77 million person, while data on foreign labor recorded in 2020 amounted to 98.902 person. From this data, foreign workers from China rank first, namely 35,781 people or the equivalent of 36.17%. The research purposes are, firstly, to analyze the legal aspects of foreign labor in terms of national responsibility which is closely related to Article 27 verse (2) of the Constitution of 1945; secondly, to analyze the efforts to protect Indonesian employment law in terms of the national responsibility which is closely related to Article 27 verse (2) of the Constitution of 1945. This research used descriptive analytical method with normative juridical approach. Aspects of foreign employment law in terms of national responsibility are seen in the regulation of the control of foreign labor which can only be done in a work relationship for a certain time. Even though this needs to be emphasized regarding legal protection and social welfare insurance like domestic workers. In addition, in terms of supervision of foreign workers, there should be no imbalance in rights and obligations between foreign workers and domestic workers.. Efforts to protect Indonesian labor law in terms of the national responsibility can be seen in the implementation of efforts to educate and train domestic labor in order to improve competency standards that are able to compete with foreign labor.AbstrakAngka pengangguran di Indonesia melonjak cukup tinggi terhitung sejak Agustus 2020 dengan jumlah 9,77 juta orang, sementara data Tenaga Kerja Asing (TKA) pada tahun 2020 tercatat berjumlah 98.902 orang. Berdasarkan data tersebut, TKA yang paling banyak di Indonesia berasal dari Negara China yaitu 35.781 orang atau setara 36,17%. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah, pertama untuk menganalisis aspek hukum ketenagakerjaan asing ditinjau dari tanggungjawab negara yang memiliki kaitan erat dengan Pasal 27 ayat (2) Undang-Undang Dasar Tahun 1945; kedua untuk menganalisis upaya perlindungan hukum ketenagakerjaan Indonesia ditinjau dari tanggungjawab negara yang memiliki kaitan erat dengan Pasal 27 ayat (2) Undang-Undang Dasar Tahun 1945. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode deskriptif analitis menggunakan pendekatan yuridis normatif. Aspek hukum ketenagakerjaan asing ditinjau dari tanggungjawab negara dilihat pada pengaturan atas pengendalian TKA yang hanya dapat dilaksanakan dalam hubungan kerja pada waktu tertentu. Malahan perlu ditekankan mengenai perlindungan hukum dan jaminan kesejahteraan sosial layaknya tenaga kerja dalam negeri. Selain itu, dalam hal pengawasan tenaga kerja asing seharusnya tidak ada ketimpangan hak dan kewajiban antara tenaga kerja asing dan tenaga kerja dalam negeri. Upaya perlindungan hukum ketenagakerjaan Indonesia ditinjau dari tanggungjawab negara ini dapat dilihat pada implementasi mengenai upaya mendidik dan melatih tenaga kerja dalam negeri guna meningkatkan standar kompetensi yang mampu bersaing dengan tenaga kerja asing.
Kebiri Kimia sebagai Sanksi Tindakan dalam Double Track System
Authors: Jamaludin Ahmad 
Published: December 2021

The punishment policy in the form of chemical castration for perpetrators of sexual crimes is a confusing policy when viewed from the perspective of a double-track system. The application of castration sanctions is contrary to the purpose of action sanctions in the double-track system because it does not aim to restore the perpetrators, but rather to provide a deterrent effect and retaliation. So that the chemical castration policy is wrong because it is not in accordance with following the principle of action sanctions in the double-track system. The research method used is normative juridical using primary and secondary data and then analyzed qualitatively. This study aims to find out about the double-track system and to determine the action of chemical castration in the perspective of the double-track system. The results of this study show, First in the double-track system, the criminal system is known in two ways, namely, through legal sanctions and witnesses of action, legal sanctions are oriented towards revenge for their behavior while action sanctions are oriented towards improving the perpetrators so that they can be accepted back in the community. The two sanctions for castration are not included as witnesses for acts in the double-track system, because the basic idea is to improve the perpetrators, while chemical castration is more directed at retaliation. This research can be a reference for criminal law policymakers so that the legal policy does not get out of the basic idea of criminal law itself. Kebijakan pemidanaan berupa sanksi tindakan kebiri kimia bagi palaku kejahatan seksual menjadi kebijakan yang membingungkan jika dilihat dalam perpektif double track system. Penerapan sanksi tindakan kebiri kimia bertolak belakang dengan tujuan dari sanksi tindakan dalam sistem double track system dikarenakan tidak bertujuan memulihkan pelaku, namun lebih kepada pemberian efek jera dan pembalasan. Sehingga kebijakan kebiri kimia menjadi kebijakan yang keliru karena tidak sesuai dengan prinsip sanksi tindakan dalam sistem double track system. Penelitian ini menggunakan yuridis normatif dengan menggunakan data primer dan sekunder kemudian dianalisis secara kualitatif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tentang double track system dan untuk mengetahui tindakan kebiri kimia dalam per­spektif double track system. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan, Pertama dalam sistem double track system, sistem pemidanaan dikenal dengan dua jalan yakni melalui sanksi hukum dan saksi tindakan, sanksi hukum berorientasi pada upaya balas dendam terhadap prilakunya sedangkan sanksi tindakan berorientasi pada perbaikan pelaku agar bisa diterima kembali di masyarakat. Kedua saknsi tindakan kebiri tidak terma­suk saksi tindakan dalam double track system, sebab ide dasarnya perbaikan terhadap pelaku sedangkan kebiri kimia lebih mengarah kepada pembalasan. Penelitian ini dapat menjadi referensi pembuat kebijakan hukum pidana agar kebijakan hukum tersebut tidak keluar dari ide dasarnya hukum pidana itu sendiri.
Soil fertility management for groundnut in the lowveld of Mpumalanga and north coastal plain of KwaZulu-Natal provinces of South Africa
Authors: Zharare GE , Vilane NM 
Published: December 2021

Smallholder groundnut production contributes substantially to food security in Mpumalanga Lowveld (MLV) and in Manguzi, the northern coastal plain (NCP) of KwaZulu Natal (KZN), both of which are dominated by infertile structureless sandy soils. A study was conducted to obtain information on the chemical properties of the soils to guide fertilizer management for optimizing groundnut production on these soils. Soil samples were collected from representative sites in MLV and NCP, and analysed for pH, calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), phosphorous (P), zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) in the peg-zone (0-10 cm depth), root zone (10-40 cm depth) and subsoil (40-60 cm depth). The soils were largely acidic, with pH mostly falling below 5.5. The basic cation concentrations were generally low, and so were Zn and Mn concentrations. Nonetheless, with the exception of P and Mn, the soil concentrations of the other nutrients analysed were within ranges considered adequate for vegetative and reproductive growth of groundnut, though Zn was marginally so. General fertility management recommendations to inform agricultural extension are provided for groundnut production on the sandy soils based on the chemical analyses of the soils.
Appraisal of the management practices of goat farmers in selected districts of the KwaZulu-Natal province: can the extensionist play a role to improve?
Authors: Ntuli L , Fourie PJ 
Published: December 2021

The study was conducted to assess management practices by goat farmers in uMgungundlovu of the KwaZulu-Natal province. A total of 70 farmers were interviewed using structured questionnaires. A considerable number of respondents had low-level education (40%) n=28. Management activities performed by respondents included control of internal and external parasites, which was done by 94% and 96%, respectively. The most vaccinated for diseases were Pulpy kidney (61.54%) and Pasteurella (51.92%). Fifty-five respondents (78.57%) grazed their animals on the veld, while an insubstantial percentage of respondents had cultivated pastures (15.71%) n=11. Respondents provided winter and summer supplementary feed (46%) and supplementary lick (83%). A total of 17 farmers (24.29%) had a specific breeding season. Breeding management activities were done by farmers, and 5.71% of respondents tested bucks for fertility, while 18.57% provided flush feeding, and 11.43% performed pregnancy diagnosis. Most farmers who applied sound management practices reported elevated production levels.