bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Visual Listening Guide
Authors: Chan-Hartley Hannah 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter is a systematic examination of the Visual Listening Guide, a new type of printed graphic guide to facilitate active listening and understanding of orchestral works. Created by musicologist Hannah Chan-Hartley, the Visual Listening Guide is the first of its kind to appear in a concert program book, for use during a live performance. This chapter describes the development and creation of the Guide’s distinctive design. An analysis of its elements reveals how the Guide aims to show the structure of a symphonic work, acting like a map to it, indicating important sonic landmarks and other features. It also reviews the reception of the Visual Listening Guide following its first phase of use by concert-goers from 2015 to 2020, and considers the efficacy and potential of graphic guides to communicate about Western classical music to the broad public, helping organizations foster audience engagement and appreciation.
Friendship Online
Authors: Cocking Dean 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The online social revolution has seen the pursuit of friendship online become core business of the internet and part of the friendships and social lives of most of us. This chapter provides an overview of the burgeoning contemporary research concerning online friendship and of the main themes, since Aristotle, on the nature and value of friendship. It also aims to provide some substantial fresh research for future analyses. It argues that the pursuit of friendship relies heavily upon the rich, face-to-face dynamic of plural modes of self-expression and communication that we have engaged in for thousands of years. Our social media platforms, such as Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter, flatline much of this territory, and as a result much of the moral universe that we have built upon it is lost or distorted online. The chapter concludes by suggesting that we need to better understand this social dependence of our values and valuing, both to improve the value-sensitive design of life online, and, where this social dependence cannot be well captured, to also improve our engagement in our traditional worlds and so help get us offline.
A Normative Framework for Sharing Information Online
Authors: Sullivan Emily , Alfano Mark 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
People have always shared information through chains and networks of testimony. It is arguably part of what makes us human and enables us to live in cooperative communities with populations greater than 150 or so. The invention of the internet and the rise of social media have turbocharged our ability to share information. This chapter develops a normative epistemic framework for sharing information online. This framework takes into account both ethical and epistemic considerations that are intertwined in typical cases of online testimony. The authors argue that, while the current state of affairs is not entirely novel, recent technological developments call for a rethinking of the norms of testimony, as well as the articulation of a set of virtuous dispositions that people would do well to cultivate in their capacity as conduits (not just sources or receivers) of information.
Crime and Presidential Accountability
Authors: Noble Benjamin S , Reeves Andrew , Webster Steven W 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Americans are anxious about crime regardless of their actual exposure or risk. Given this pervasive concern, US presidents frequently talk about crime, take actions to address it, and list crime prevention efforts among their top accomplishments. We argue that presidents act this way, in part, because fear of crime translates into lowered presidential approval. However, this penalty is not applied evenly. Given the parties' stances toward crime and the criminal justice system, White Americans punish Democratic presidents (i.e., Clinton and Obama) more severely when they are anxious about crime, while Black Americans are more punitive toward Republican presidents (i.e., Bush and Trump). We examine twenty years of survey data and find evidence consistent with our theory. Our results suggest that the relationship between fear of crime and presidential accountability is conditioned by an individual’s race and the president’s party.
Patterns of total root and shoot carbon dioxide fluxes and their impact on daily tree carbon budget in large tropical tree saplings
Authors: Oren Israel , Mannerheim Neringa , Fangmeier Andreas , Buchmann Nina , Grünzweig José M 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
A significant amount of the carbon (C) assimilated in photosynthesis by trees is re-emitted to the atmosphere via the respiratory CO2 flux of roots. Because of technical constraints, we have little understanding of the extent and dynamics of the respiratory CO2 flux of roots at the total root system scale (RCF). This study aimed to fill this gap and to quantify the daily C budget of entire trees. We used aeroponics as a novel approach to measure directly and simultaneously RCF and the net CO2 flux of the entire shoot (SCF), to estimate their night- and day-time contributions to daily tree CO2 budget and to estimate the relative contribution of different root categories to RCF in large saplings of the tropical tree species Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. By maintaining root temperature within a narrow range (24–27.5 °C), we controlled for its effect on RCF, thus allowing the potential relationship between RCF and SCF to be tested. The carbon gain of the fast-growing saplings was 0.79 ± 0.10 g C sapling−1 day−1, with day-time shoot CO2 uptake outweighing night-time shoot and day- and night-time root CO2 losses by a factor of two. Other than a slight rise in the morning hours, RCF was relatively stable and not coupled to the daily dynamics of SCF. Albeit having lower specific respiration rates compared with fine-roots, the relative contributions of coarse-roots (diameter &gt;2 mm) to RCF were substantial because of their large biomass and were estimated to range from 43 to 63% of RCF at midday of different days during the growing season. The results of this study suggest that (i) the entire root system needs to be monitored for its impact on the tree CO2 budget, (ii) RCF cannot be derived from SCF and (iii) the importance of coarse-root respiration to RCF may be greater than appreciated.
Physical and economic impacts of studded tyre use on pavement structures in cold climates
Authors: Abaza Osama A , Arafat Mahmoud , Uddin Muhammad Saif 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
In cold regions like Alaska of USA, Canada and the northern parts of Europe, using studded tyres is common among the public when driving in icy and snowy conditions. However, studded tyres cause extensive wear to asphalt pavement, reducing pavement life. This study addresses the physical and economic impacts of winter studded tyres on the roadway system to better inform decision makers as they develop alternative solutions and future polices. The approach is applied in a case study from a sample of Alaska statewide road segments. Surveys were employed to examine the extent of the use of studded tyres and cost-effective alternatives. A pavement life-cycle cost review was established considering several variables to discover a realistic cost of roadway resurfacing and rehabilitation. Wear rates due to studded tyres and rut rates due to wheel loads were found for different highway classes. The results indicate higher average wear rates due to studded passenger vehicles on freeways than average rut rates due to heavy wheel loads. The results also indicate lower average wear rates on arterial and collector roads. The estimates show that studded tyre use reduced asphalt surface life by about 7 years on the selected freeway sample in the case study, which is about 47% loss in pavement life based on the initial design life of 15 years. Other road classes experienced lower reductions in service life. Finally, cost analysis was provided to reflect the impact of studded tyres on the state's budget. Countermeasures were suggested, which in turn may help other cold regions develop strategies on the use of new winter tyre technology.
PA licensure questions, the Americans with Disabilities Act, and seeking medical care
Authors: Roman Christopher , Neary Stephanie , Nettesheim Emily , Zorn Jennifer 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT

Objective:
This study built on a recent publication to explore physician assistant (PA) licensure renewal applications, as well as PA likelihood to seek help for physical or mental health conditions.

Methods:
We were able to obtain licensure renewal applications from 47 states. A national survey was then conducted to explore the connection between licensure questions and help-seeking behavior.

Results:
Only 18 states were consistent with the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) in their approach to initial and renewal applications. Thirty-five percent of PAs expressed reluctance to seek help for a mental health issue due to concerns about licensure repercussions. States with applications that were inconsistent with the ADA were significantly more likely to express these concerns.

Conclusions:
Considerable stigma exists among PAs regarding seeking help for mental health issues. Problematic licensure questions increase this reluctance. Advocacy is needed to reduce stigma of mental health and substance use, and to modernize licensure applications.
A Cluster-based Method to Quantify Individual Heterogeneity in Tuberculosis Transmission
Authors: Smith Jonathan P. , Gandhi Neel R. , Silk Benjamin J. , Cohen Ted , Lopman Benjamin , Raz Kala , Winglee Kathryn , Kammerer Steve , Benkeser David , Kramer Michael R. , Hill Andrew N. 
Published: December 2021

Background:
Recent evidence suggests transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) may be characterized by extreme individual heterogeneity in secondary cases (i.e., few cases account for the majority of transmission). Such heterogeneity implies outbreaks are rarer but more extensive and has profound implications in infectious disease control. However, discrete person-to-person transmission events in tuberculosis (TB) are often unobserved, precluding our ability to directly quantify individual heterogeneity in TB epidemiology.

Methods:
We used a modified negative binomial branching process model to quantify the extent of individual heterogeneity using only observed transmission cluster size distribution data (i.e., the simple sum of all cases in a transmission chain) without knowledge of individual-level transmission events. The negative binomial parameter k quantifies the extent of individual heterogeneity (generally,

indicates extensive heterogeneity, and as

transmission becomes more homogenous). We validated the robustness of the inference procedure considering common limitations affecting cluster size data. Finally, we demonstrate the epidemiologic utility of this method by applying it to aggregate US molecular surveillance data from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Results:
The cluster-based method reliably inferred k using TB transmission cluster data despite a high degree of bias introduced into the model. We found that the TB transmission in the United States was characterized by a high propensity for extensive outbreaks (

; 95% confidence interval = 0.09, 0.10).

Conclusions:
The proposed method can accurately quantify critical parameters that govern TB transmission using simple, more easily obtainable cluster data to improve our understanding of TB epidemiology.
Decidualization and Related Pregnancy Complications
Authors: Tong Jing , Lv Shijian , Yang Jieqiong , Li Hongwanyu , Li Weiya , Zhang Cong 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Decidualization is the differentiation of endometrial stromal cells into secretory decidual stromal cells. Human decidualization involves some amount of signaling molecules and pathways as well as genetic reprogramming, which is driven by the postovulatory rise in progesterone levels and local cyclic adenosine monophosphate production. Decidualization extends from the primary decidual zone to the secondary decidual zone, and then exits through apoptosis. Evidences support that decidual fibroblasts function as the pool of decidual stromal cells during pregnancy. Decidualization undergoes an acute inflammatory phase, an anti-inflammatory secretory phase to the final recession phase. The decidualization of the inner layer of endometrium, termed decidua, is the most critical determinant of pregnancy success, which can promote placenta formation, modulate immune tolerance, foster resistance to oxidative stress, sense embryo quality, and control labor. Failure to adequate decidualization in terms of hormones, biochemistry, and immunology leads to adverse pregnancy outcomes, including diseases such as preeclampsia, miscarriage, premature labor, repeated implantation failures, and some age-related decline in reproductive capacity. The development of animal models and in vitro culture systems combined with emerging technologies provides a powerful system to explore the mechanism of decidualization. However, decidualization is a dynamic, multi-step process, and translating of current research progress into disease predictions and interventions for pregnancy complications remains to be achieved. The study of periodic regeneration and spontaneous decidualization of the endometrium will be beneficial to the diagnosis and treatment of pregnancy diseases.
Corneal Graft Rejection After Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine: Case Report
Authors: Simão Mariana Fernandez , Kwitko Sérgio 
Published: December 2021

Purpose:
Our aim was to report the case of endothelial corneal allograft rejection after inactivated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine with an atypical presentation.

Methods:
This was a case report.

Results:
A 63-year-old woman with previous penetrating keratoplasty and laser in situ keratomileusis presented with clinical signs of endothelial corneal graft rejection 24 hours after CoronaVac (SinoVac Biotech, Beijing/China) vaccine. Slitlamp examination showed corneal edema and interface fluid accumulation. It was partially resolved after treatment with topical corticosteroids and polydimethylsiloxane.

Conclusions:
Corneal allograft rejection was already reported after another SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. This is the first report in the literature describing a possible association with inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine and corneal allograft rejection, especially with laser in situ keratomileusis interface fluid accumulation presentation. Ophthalmologists should be aware of this potential complication.
Value of Conventional Ultrasound-based Scoring System in Distinguishing Adenomatous Polyps From Cholesterol Polyps
Authors: Zhu Lianhua , Han Peng , Jiang Bo , Li Nan , Jiao Ziyu , Zhu Yaqiong , Tang Wenbo , Fei Xiang 
Published: December 2021

Background and Aim:
Ultrasound has increased the detection of gallbladder polyps, but it has limitations in evaluating the nature of gallbladder polyps, especially the maximum size of 1.0 to 1.5 cm. We assessed the value of ultrasound scoring system based on independent predictive parameters in distinguishing adenomatous polyps from cholesterol polyps with the maximum size of 1.0 to 1.5 cm.

Materials and Methods:
We enrolled 163 patients with gallbladder polyps (1.0 to 1.5 cm) who underwent ultrasonography and cholecystectomy. Ultrasound image characteristics were compared between cholesterol polyps and adenomatous polyps in the training cohort from April 2018 to January 2020. An ultrasound scoring system was constructed in the training cohort, and its diagnostic performance was evaluated in the validation cohort from February 2020 to February 2021.

Results:
Maximum size, height/width ratio, stone or sludge, vascularity, and hyperechoic spot were significantly different between cholesterol polyps and adenomatous polyps in the training cohort (P<0.05). The independent predictive parameters for adenomatous polyps were lower height/width ratio, presence of vascularity and absence of hyperechoic spot. The total score was as follows: (height/width ratio, <0.9=4, ≥0.9=0) + (vascularity, present=3, absent=0) + (hyperechoic spot, absent=2, present=0). The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of ultrasound scoring system ≥5 for diagnosis of adenomatous polyps in the validation cohort were 73.33%, 80.49%, and 78.57%, respectively.

Conclusions:
The ultrasound scoring system aids in distinguishing adenomatous polyps from cholesterol polyps, and effectively decreasing unnecessary cholecystectomy.
The promising role of CCL2 as a noninvasive marker for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis diagnosis in Egyptian populations
Authors: Ali Ahmed Amin , Fouda Aya , Abdelaziz El sayed , Abdelkawy Khaled , Ahmed Mohammed Hussien 
Published: December 2021

Background
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common liver problem, including both nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). In this study, we investigated the role of CCL2 and IL6 as a noninvasive tool for the diagnosis of NASH in clinical practice and to establish criteria for discrimination NASH from NAFL in Egyptian populations with NAFLD.

Method
In addition to 30 healthy controls, serum samples from 66 NAFLD patients histologically diagnosed by biopsy (32 NAFL and 34 NASH) were analyzed for serum IL6, CCL2, liver biomarkers, complete blood count and lipid profile. Serum IL6 or CCL2 levels were tested for correlation with the NASH activity score (NAS score).

Result
Both IL6 and CCL2 were significantly upregulated in NASH patients compared with NAFL patients or control. Serum CCL2 was significantly correlated with the degree of hepatocytes ballooning (the diagnostic endpoint for NASH) without any significant correlation with steatosis or lobular inflammation. Serum IL6 was not correlated with the NAS score. The ROC curve analysis of CCL2 for NASH diagnosis revealed an area under curve (AUROC) of 0.959 at cutoff ≥227 pg/ml. While IL6 revealed an (AUROC) of 0.790.

Conclusion
Serum CCL2 but not IL6 is a promising noninvasive tool for NASH diagnosis and CCL2 can provide a reliable, validated scoring system to discriminate NAFL from NASH in the Egyptian population confirming the role of CCL2 in NASH pathogenesis. These findings will aid in the development of innovative NASH treatment strategies in Egypt and improve the quality of clinical care.
Re‐evaluation of King Wilson Index in Children With Acutely Decompensated Hepatic Wilson Disease
Authors: Chanpong Atchariya , Dhawan Anil 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACTObjectives:Liver transplantation (LT) in Wilson disease (WD) is a life‐saving option for patients presenting with liver failure and encephalopathy. Patients without encephalopathy can avoid LT and treated successfully with chelation therapy. It is essential to predict the risk of fatal outcomes where LT is required. We aim to critically analyse the validity of the WD Index prospectively from a cohort of WD patients managed at our institution.Methods:WD Index and other clinical data from 2005 to 2018, recorded prospectively as part of clinical management, were analysed.Results:Over 13‐year period, 52 children with WD (29 boys) with median age at diagnosis of 11.69 (range 3.92–17.26) years were studied. Of these, 17 were diagnosed as part of family screening, 17 presented with abnormal liver enzyme, and 18 with acute hepatic decompensation (AHD) as per PALF definition. Patients presented with abnormal liver enzyme and in the pre‐symptomatic group had WD Index <11, and none of them required LT. WD Index is still a good predictor for LT in WD patients with AHD, providing a sensitivity of 80%, specificity of 100%, positive‐predictive, and negative‐predictive value of 100% and 80%, respectively. Patients presented with an index of 8–10 also required LT at median duration of 58 days (IQR 48–135 days).Conclusions:WD patients presenting with AHD who had an index of ≥11 do require LT. Children with a WD Index of 8 to 10 within the first 2 months of admission require close monitoring as LT may become necessary.
The Role of Participation in and Effectiveness of Shared Governance Councils in the Nurses' Perception of a Professional Practice Work Environment
Authors: Al-Ruzzieh Majeda A. , Ayaad Omar , Hess Robert G. 
Published: December 2021

OBJECTIVES
The aims of this study were to identify the differences in nurses' perceptions of their professional practice work environment (PPWE) related to their participation in shared governance (SG) councils and to examine the perception of effectiveness of SG councils among nurses who participate in them.

BACKGROUND
Research suggests that adopting SG in nursing can lead to significant, positive outcomes, such as patient and nurse satisfaction and enhanced nurse empowerment, engagement, and a PPWE.

METHODS
The study used a cross-sectional design in a Magnet®-designated urban Jordanian cancer care hospital. A convenience sample of 580 direct care nurses was used. The data were collected using self-administered questionnaires, the Council Health (CH) instrument, and the Professional Practice Work Environment Inventory (PPWEI).

RESULTS
Results demonstrated a significant difference in the total score of PPWE between the SG council members (4.85) and nonmembers (4.68) (t = 2.906, P = 0.004). The results also indicated small to strong correlations of the total overall council health mean and all domain means of council effectiveness with total overall PPWEI mean and all domain means of PPWE (P < 0.05) among nurses who participated in SG councils.

CONCLUSION
Findings support involving more staff in SG councils and that enhancing the SG councils' effectiveness positively affects the PPWE.
Organizational Impact on Healthcare Workers' Moral Injury During COVID-19
Authors: Nelson Katie E. , Hanson Ginger C. , Boyce Danielle , Ley Cathaleen D. , Swavely Deborah , Reina Michelle , Rushton Cynda Hylton 
Published: December 2021

OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to explore relationships between organizational factors and moral injury among healthcare workers and the impact of perceptions of their leaders and organizations during COVID-19.

BACKGROUND
COVID-19 placed healthcare workers at risk for moral injury, which often involves feeling betrayed by people with authority and can impact workplace culture.

METHODS
Secondary data from a Web-based survey of mid-Atlantic healthcare workers were analyzed using mixed methods. Data were synthesized using the Reina Trust & Betrayal Model.

RESULTS
Fifty-five percent (n = 328/595) of respondents wrote comments. Forty-one percent (n = 134/328) of commenters had moral injury scores of 36 or higher. Three themes emerged: organizational infrastructure, support from leaders, and palliative care involvement. Respondents outlined organizational remedies, which were organized into 5 domains.

CONCLUSIONS
Findings suggest healthcare workers feel trust was breached by their organizations' leaders during COVID-19. Further study is needed to understand intersections between organizational factors and moral injury to enhance trust within healthcare organizations.