bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON RESPIRATORY RATE IN THE NEWBORN
Authors: Haddad Heskel M. , Hsia David Yi-Yung , Gellis Sydney S. 
Published: December 2021

Data has been presented to show that the respiratory rates of infants of diabetic mothers are significantly higher than those of normal full-term infants. [SEE TABLE VI IN SOURCE PDF].
Although the respiratory rates of premature infants and normal infants delivered by cesarean section are slightly higher than those of normal full-term infants, they are insufficient to account for the marked increase of respiratory rates in infants of diabetic mothers. The high incidence of pulmonary hyaline membranes in these infants appears to be the most likely explanation for the elevated respiratory rates.
Cortisone does not appear to materially affect the respiratory distress nor the respiratory rates in infants of diabetic mothers.
Although the results obtained in the present study do not directly clarify either the etiology nor the mechanism for formation of hyaline membranes in infants of diabetic mothers, the simple measurement of respiratory rates does provide an objective means for evaluating therapy in controlled trials.
THE RISK OF POLIOMYELITIS INFECTION AMONG EXPOSED HOSPITAL PERSONNEL
Authors: Wehrle Paul F. 
Published: December 2021

Hospital personnel caring for acute poliomyelitis patients were studied for serologic evidence of infection by the 3 types of poliomyelitis virus during 1 poliomyelitis season.
Although nearly one-third of the personnel were presumably susceptible to the types of poliomyelitis virus present in the cases and an additional and slightly smaller proportion had antibody in low titer, there was no evidence of transfer of infection under these circumstances, as measured by increases in neutralizing antibody titer.
The striking difference between the rate of infection among members of households where a case has occurred and among hospital personnel is believed to be due chiefly to a decrease in the infectiousness of cases at the time of hospitalization.
The usual hospital isolation techniques appear adequate to prevent transmission of virus from the patient to susceptible personnel under the conditions of hospital exposure.
CEREBELLAR ASTROCYTOMA IN CHILDHOOD
Authors: Matson Donald D. 
Published: December 2021

Thirty-four children with cerebellar astrocytoma have been treated at Children's Medical Center in Boston during the last 7 years. There was no operative mortality. The case mortality to date is 5.8 per cent.
Thirty-two of the thirty-four children are alive and free of increased intracranial pressure. Six have moderate and 2 have severe [See FIG. 8. in Source Pdf] neurological disturbance in the form of residual ataxia and cranial nerve disturbances. The other 24 patients are leading normal lives, and show no abnormality on neurological examination.
The importance and desirability of early recognition and complete one-stage surgical removal of cerebellar astrocytomas, which represent 20 per cent of all intracranial tumors of childhood, is emphasized by the high rate of cure which can be achieved.
It is estimated that the rate of cure for this intracranial tumor should be about 90 per cent. Significant neurological disturbance should probably not persist in more than 15 to 20 per cent of these patients.
DEVELOPMENT OF ANTIBODIES TO ENTERIC PATHOGENS: PLACENTAL TRANSFER OF ANTIBODIES AND DEVELOPMENT OF IMMUNITY IN CHILDHOOD
Authors: Yeivin Rina , Salzberger M. , Olitzki A. L. 
Published: December 2021

Sera of newborns show a much lower content of antibodies against E. coli, serotypes 055 and 0111, than the corresponding maternal sera.
The bactericidal test yielded a higher percentage of positive results than the hemagglutination test with sensitized erythrocytes, and the titration of inactivated sera in the presence of a constant amount of guinea pig complement gave higher titers than the titration of active human sera without added complement.
The hemagglutination titer for erythrocytes sensitized with extracts of pathogenic E. coli or Shigellae rises from the third month until the peak of the average titer for all enteric pathogens tested is reached in the fourth year of life.
The highest percentage of positive reactors is reached for most of the strains at the age of 15 years, indicating that after the age of 5 years further contacts with these pathogenic microorganisms still take place.
SULFONAMIDE ADMINISTRATION IN NEWBORN AND PREMATURE INFANTS
Authors: Fichter Elaine G. , Curtis John A. 
Published: December 2021

All newborn infants, both full-term and premature, who received, on the first day of life, a single subcutaneous injection of sulfadiazine, 100 mg./kg. body weight, maintained a satisfactory concentration of sulfonamide in the blood for 48 hours thereafter. This therapeutic concentration was subsequently maintained by single 24-hour doses of 50 mg./kg. body weight given subcutaneously, or by single 12-hour doses of 50 mg./kg. body weight given orally. A therapeutic concentration in the blood is generally considered to be a minimum of 5 mg./100 ml.
Based on these data the authors recommend the following sulfonamide dosage schedules:
A. Infants under 24 hours of age, full-term and premature: 1) subcutaneous sodium sulfadiazine, initial dose 100 mg./ kg. body weight, followed in 48 hours by 50 mg./kg. body weight as a single dose, and repeated each 24-hour period thereafter, or 2) subcutaneous sodium sulfadiazine, initial dose 100 mg./kg. body weight, followed in 48 hours by an oral preparation in the amount of 50 mg./kg. as a single oral dose, each 12-hour period thereafter. (This was evaluated only in full-term infants.)
B. Premature infants over 48 hours of age. (This dosage schedule is comparable to that generally accepted for older infants and children): 1) subcutaneous sodium sulfadiazine, initial dose 100 mg./kg. body weight, followed in 12 hours by 50 mg./kg. body weight as a single dose, each 12-hour period thereafter, or 2) oral sulfonamide preparation, initial dose 100 mg./kg. body weight, followed in 12 hours by 50 mg./kg. body weight as a single dose, each 12-hour period thereafter.
CONVULSIVE REACTION IN A TWO-YEAR-OLD CHILD FOLLOWING THE ACCIDENTAL INGESTION OF AN OVERDOSAGE OF ISONIAZID
Authors: Livingston Samuel , Petersen Don , Peck John L. 
Published: December 2021

S. K., a 26-month-old white male, was admitted to the hospital because of several generalized convulsions in the preceding hour. The mother had tuberculous pleurisy with effusion in 1938. The father had pulmonary tuberculosis with cavitation in 1933 for which pneumothorax was induced from 1934 to 1939 and a lobectomy performed in 1940. Since 1942 neither parent showed signs of active tuberculosis.
The patient was one of twins born 3 weeks prematurely by breech presentation. Birth weight was 1,955 gm. He breathed and cried spontaneously. The neonatal period was eventful, development was entirely normal and there were no serious illnesses or convulsions.
Because of the family history of tuberculosis, the patient and 3 siblings were vaccinated on June 18, 1954 with 1/16 ml. of Rosenthal's B.C.G. vaccine (dry freeze), intradermally. Tuberculin tests preceding vaccination were negative and became positive by September 11, 1954. Because the patient had a continuously draining ulcer at the site of vaccination and a large, tender, fluctuant axillary lymph node, treatment was started with streptomycin sulfate 250 mg. twice weekly and 50 mg. of isoniazid t.i.d. on August 4. On September 11, the streptomycin sulfate was reduced to 125 mg. twice weekly, but the isoniazid was continued at the original dosage. This regimen of therapy was maintained until admission to the hospital on November 1.
About 1 hour before admission, the patient vomited several times while riding in the car with his mother. Shortly after this, the mother noted that ho seemed less alert and responsive than usual. He then had 3 generalized clonic convulsions in rapid succession, following which he became unconscious. He was brought immediately to the hospital.
A PLAN FOR MEDICAL CARE FOR ADOLESCENTS
Authors: Roth Arthur , Weissman Arthur , Linden Corinne 
Published: December 2021

IN 1953 a teen-age clinic was established at the Kaiser Foundation Hospital Medical Center in Oakland, California. This report gives the reasons for establishing this medical service for adolescents; describes its setting, organization and method of operation of the service, and presents a brief review of the experience in the clinic.
Doctors differ in their approach to the dilemma of the adolescent's medical problems. Some find it an interesting and challenging experience to provide care to this in-between group; others find it unpleasant and at times forbidding. The striving of the adolescent for both independence and social acceptance, for recognition as an individual who is no longer a child and, at the same time, for the continuance of the security enjoyed as a child, may present special problems to the physician who assumes responsibility for the medical care of the adolescent.
In the medical care environment, as in other social environments, the adolescent resents being considered as a child, yet may not have the necessary understanding and background to accept being considered as an adult. The teenager is urged by parents and teachers to have periodic physical examinations and to obtain medical care for specific illnesses or injuries. His reaction to the attitudes and behavior of the receptionist, the nurse and particularly the physician can establish antagonisms to routine medical care which carry over into adulthood. In contrast, favorable reactions at this age can assist in developing a significant appreciation of the advantages of periodic examinations, disease prevention, and early detection of disease. If he learns to seek and to apply medical advice during a period of his life in which there is a low incidence of diseases that are difficult to treat, he probably will continue to do so in later years.
CLINICAL CONFERENCE
Authors: Wright F. Howell , Kenwood John F. 
Published: December 2021

Dr. Wright: I shall describe a boy with ulcerative colitis whom we have been following for the last 15 years. His father is of Swedish extraction, American born. He is a very placid, long-suffering gentleman who enters very little into the picture which follows. His education extended slightly beyond the high school level as he went to college for 2 years at a technical school.
The boy's mother, by contrast, was born in Italy. Her family migrated to this country when she was only 9 months. They settled in Chicago and set up a closely knit family unit which spoke Italian most of the time. His mother grew up under circumstances which made her feel considerably inferior to persons around her. She had a younger sister of whom she was very jealous during the early part of her life. She also had many feelings of resentment toward her mother from whom she apparently received little or no affection. During her early childhood she had clubbed feet which were corrected by her mother by the application of an apparatus which was painful and which caused her to cry a good ideal without receiving much solace from her mother. Her education extended only through grammar school, with the addition of 2 years of secretarial training. After this, she never held a job for any length of time. She worked sporadically as a waitress. She lived at home with her family and became closely attached to them. In spite of her feeling toward her mother, she was quite dependent upon her.
BRAIN TUMORS IN CHILDREN
Authors: Odom Guy L. , Davis H. , Woodhall Barnes 
Published: December 2021

IN 1889 Starr published the first comprehensive review of the problem of brain tumors in children. This report was followed by those of Read, Tooth and Critchley, representing the total experience, chiefly neuropathologic, gained from 564 patients. A high incidence of tuberculoma was noted, probably due to the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in Europe and the inclusion in these statistics of minute tuberculomas found in cases of tuberculous meningitis. The modern treatment of this subject may be said to have commenced with successive analyses of the Cushing tumor material by Van Wagenen and by Cushing. Their findings may be summarized in the simple statement that 75% of the neoplasms of the pre-adolescent brain are malignant gliomas; numerous references are made by these authors to the almost complete absence of such common adult tumors as meningiomas, acoustic neuromas and pituitary adenomas. It is the purpose of this paper to report our experience, covering a 12-year period, with 164 cases of brain tumor in patients 16 years of age or younger, with the hope that this record may aid in formulating what appears to be an historic end-point in the consideration of these difficult problems.
INCIDENCE
Between January, 1939, and January, 1951, these 164 cases of brain tumor appeared among 28,385 children less than 16 years of age admitted to Duke Hospital, an incidence of 0.42%. Rand and Van Wagenen found 38 cases of brain tumor in children among total admissions of 11,340, an incidence of 0.33%. From a similar hospital population, Bailey, Buchanan and Bucy found 38 cases in 40,443 admissions, an incidence of 0.09%. In the general population of the Duke Hospital during the 10-year period, these 164 cases were recorded among an inpatient census of 135,066 cases, an incidence of 0.09%.
SPECTROGRAPHIC COMPARISON OF RANGES OF VIBRATION FREQUENCY AMONG SOME INNOCENT CARDIAC MURMURS IN CHILDHOOD AND SOME MURMURS OF VALVULAR INSUFFICIENCY
Authors: Harris T. N. , Saltzman Herbert A. , Needleman Herbert L. , Lisker Leigh 
Published: December 2021

Tape recordings have been made of some cardiac murmurs in children, including examples both of organic murmurs, aortic and mitral insufficiency and some congenital malformations, and the two major groups of presumably innocent murmurs, the precordial vibratory "twanging-string murmur" of Still and pulmonic systolic murmurs. Relative values of the upper limit of frequencies of vibration of these murmurs were determined by the use of a sound spectrograph. These data have significance as relative measurements, within conditions of sensitivity of the spectrography, which were kept constant within the present study.
In the case of the precordial vibratory murmur the upper limit of frequencies was in most cases less than 170 cy/sec, with a range extending to 240 cy/sec. Of the pulmonic systolic murmurs examined there was a broader distribution of maximum frequencies, the range of these extending to 370 cy/sec. The groups of organic murmurs tested were all found to have maximum frequencies ranging from 800 to 1300 cy/sec.
NEONATAL AND MATERNAL THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA DUE TO QUININE
Authors: Mauer Alvin M. , DeVaux William , Lahey M. E. 
Published: December 2021

A case of quinine induced thrombocytopenic purpura in a mother and her newborn born infant is presented. In-vitro confirmation of the presence of quinine-platelet "antibodies" in the plasma of both mother and infant was obtained just after delivery. Five months later the "antibody" was still demonstrable in the mother, though backing in the infant. It is suggested that the neonatal thrombocytopenic purpura in this infant resulted from transplacental passage of antibody and quinine from the mother.
A careful search for possible drug sensitization seems warranted in other cases of neonatal thrombocytopenia not explained by other means.
PUBLIC HEALTH, NURSING, MEDICAL SOCIAL WORK
Authors: Robinson Pinchas 
Published: December 2021

When this column presented the paper by Dr. Lowe on "Observations on the Care of Children in Afghanistan," there was considerable interest in the rather unusual conditions presented. The way children live and are cared for in other countries of the world interests pediatricians, both because of their catholic interest in child health and the possible lessons to be learned from such a study which can be applied in one's own situation.
Dr. Robinson has been serving as Consultant in Maternal and Child Health in the Regional Office for South East Asia of the World Health Organization, one of the most populous regions in the world. India itself, as Dr. Robinson indicates in the cold figures of his opening paragraph, has a population larger than that of the 21 American republics, that is of North and South America combined. It is clear that variations within the region must be great and that generalizations must be made with great care.
THE MAINTENANCE NEED FOR WATER IN PARENTERAL FLUID THERAPY
Authors: Holliday Malcolm A. , Segar William E. 
Published: December 2021

It is generally agreed that the maintenance requirements for water of individuals is determined by their caloric expenditure. By means of the following formulae, the caloric expenditure of hospitalized patients can be determined from weight alone. For weights ranging from 0 to 10 kg, the caloric expenditure is 100 cal/kg/day; from 10 to 20 kg the caloric expenditure is 1000 cal plus 50 cal/kg for each kilogram of body weight more than 10; over 20 kg the caloric expenditure is 1500 cal plus 20 cal/kg for each kilogram more than 20.
Maintenance requirements for water depend upon insensible loss of water and renal loss. An allowance of 50 ml/100 cal/day will replace insensible loss of water, and 66.7 ml/100 cal/day will replace the average renal loss so that the total requirement is 116.7 ml/100 cal/day. As water of oxidation will supply approximately 16.7 ml/100 cal/day, the remaining 100 ml/100 cal/day must be supplied to meet the remaining water losses of patients on parenteral fluid therapy. Possible exceptions to this figure are discussed.
Maintenance requirements of sodium, chloride and potassium are 3.0, 2.0 and 2.0 mEq/100 cal/day, respectively.
URINARY RETENTION DUE TO HEMATOCOLPOMETRA
Authors: BLOXSOM ALLAN , POWELL NORBORNE 
Published: December 2021

Two additional cases of acute urinary retention due to hematocolpometra have been added to the seven cases already reported.
In three of the nine cases reported there has been a partial, congenital, intrinsic obstruction of the urethra which together with the extrinsic hematocolpometra resulted in the complete bladder obstruction.
Spontaneous rupture of the overstretched hymen can occur; and, when it does, it leads to relief and recovery.
IMMUNOLOGIC AND BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO RHEUMATIC FEVER
Authors: LUBSCHEZ ROSE 
Published: December 2021

Electrophoretic analyses of blood plasma or serum of 30 children in apparent health between the ages of two and 11 years revealed that the relative concentration of the various components was in close agreement with adult values, although the individual variation was several times greater.
For 27 children in apparent health, but who had experienced various types of infection during a one to four month interval prior to the time the specimen was taken, elevation of the gamma component occurred in about 40% of the determinations. Illness within the month produced the greatest number of abnormalities, although abnormalities were noted in specimens of children who had been free of infection two to three months. A few abnormalities were noted in all components except beta globulin.
At younger ages (two to four years) children showed a slightly higher albumen level and a slightly lower gamma globulin level.
Normal children susceptible to rheumatic fever on a genetic basis exhibited no specific differences in the electrophoretic pattern.
IMMUNOLOGIC AND BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO RHEUMATIC FEVER
Authors: WILSON MAY G. , LUBSCHEZ ROSE 
Published: December 2021

Electrophoretic analyses are presented for 79 specimens of blood plasma or serum from 42 rheumatic subjects during apparent health, following respiratory illness, and during rheumatic fever.
Electrophoretic studies revealed a prolonged elevation in the gamma component for a period varying from weeks to months following an antecedent respiratory illness with or without the development of rheumatic fever.
During acute rheumatic fever, the gamma globulin component was normal in the absence of antecedent illness. Elevation of the gamma globulin component in rheumatic fever is not a function of the rheumatic process. The alpha globulin components were usually elevated during febrile periods.
No evidence was obtained in these studies that the immune response of rheumatic subjects to infections presumably streptococcal in origin differed from that of nonrheumatic individuals.
Teaching Psychotherapeutic Medicine
Authors: MERCER MARY E. 
Published: December 2021

This book is a striking account of how 25 general practitioners, under the skilled direction of a small group of psychiatrists, came to see, understand and handle some of the basic emotional problems that belong to all human beings sick or well. Few books follow so faithfully and honestly each step in the development of insight on the part of the physician.
It has unique value for the physician unable to take such a refresher course. It answers the questions he would ask. It translates into clear practical terms the often-times baffling problem of treating a patient as a "total human being."
HEREDITARY RENAL DISEASE ASSOCIATED WITH NERVE DEAFNESS AND OCULAR LESIONS
Authors: Goldbloom R. B. , Fraser F. C. , Waugh Douglas , Aronovitch M. , Wiglesworth F. W. 
Published: December 2021

A family with an unusual hereditary syndrome characterized by renal disease, nerve deafness, and sometimes by lesions of the ocular lens, is reported. A total of 10 apparently unrelated families are known to us, either in the literature or in unpublished data, to have been affected by the syndrome.
The pattern of inheritance of the renal disease appears to be due to a dominant gene, which may be partially sex-linked, males being more severely affected than females. Evidence is presented which indicates that the auditory and ocular lesions are due to the presence of the same abnormal gene.
The histologic appearance of the terminal renal lesion is usually that of a chronic interstitial pyelonephritis. Suggestions regarding the possible etiology of the syndrome are advanced.