bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Absence of ERAP1 in B Cells Increases Susceptibility to Central Nervous System Autoimmunity, Alters B Cell Biology, and Mechanistically Explains Genetic Associations between ERAP1 and Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: O’Connell Patrick , Blake Maja K , Godbehere Sarah , Aldhamen Yasser A , Amalfitano Andrea 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Hundreds of genes have been linked to multiple sclerosis (MS); yet, the underlying mechanisms behind these associations have only been investigated in a fraction of cases. Endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 (ERAP1) is an endoplasmic reticulum–localized aminopeptidase with important roles in trimming peptides destined for MHC class I and regulation of innate immune responses. As such, genetic polymorphisms in ERAP1 have been linked to multiple autoimmune diseases. In this study, we present, to our knowledge, the first mechanistic studies performed to uncover why polymorphisms in ERAP1 are associated with increased susceptibility to MS. Combining multiple mouse models of CNS autoimmunity with high-dimensional single-cell spectral cytometry, adoptive transfer studies, and integrative analysis of human single-cell RNA-sequencing datasets, we identify an intrinsic defect in B cells as being primarily responsible. Not only are mice lacking ERAP1 more susceptible to CNS autoimmunity, but adoptive transfer of B cells lacking ERAP1 into B cell–deficient mice recapitulates this susceptibility. We found B cells lacking ERAP1 display decreased proliferation in vivo and express higher levels of activation/costimulatory markers. Integrative analysis of single-cell RNA sequencing of B cells from 36 individuals revealed subset-conserved differences in gene expression and pathway activation in individuals harboring the MS-linked K528R ERAP1 single-nucleotide polymorphism. Finally, our studies also led us to create, to our knowledge, the first murine protein-level map of the CNS IL-10+ immune compartment at steady state and during neuroinflammation. These studies identify a role for ERAP1 in the modulation of B cells and highlight this as one reason why polymorphisms in this gene are linked to MS.
The efficacy of okra fruit extract on the expression of transforming growth factor beta 1 in the tooth socket of diabetic Wistar rats
Authors: Luthfi Muhammad , Yuliati  , Wijayanti Elvina Hasna , Abdul Razak Fathilah Binti , Irmalia Wahyuning Ratih 
Published: November 2021

Background:
Patients with diabetes mellitus suffer from an additional macrophage dysfunction in the secretion of growth factor, which later decreases transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1). This condition disrupts proliferation and angiogenesis. Extract of okra fruit (Abelmoschus esculentus) contains flavonoid, an active substance which acts as antioxidant, anti-inflammation, and antidiabetes. The purpose of this study is to analyze the difference in TGF-β1 expression in wound-healing process after tooth extraction of diabetic Wistar rats.

Materials and Methods:
This is a laboratory experimental study using pretest and posttest on 24 Wistar rats which are divided into two groups: control group (treated with streptozotocin induction but without administration of okra fruit extract) and treatment group (treated with streptozotocin induction and oral administration of 250 mg/kg okra fruit extract once a day). Extractions of the rats’ mandibular left incisors were performed using a pair of modified forceps and an elevator. The tooth sockets were then irrigated using saline solution. Four rats in each group were sacrificed on day 3 (KO1, PO1), 5 (KO2, PO2), and 7 (KO3, PO3). The socket tissues from the rats were then immunohistochemically analyzed. Data were analyzed at level significance of 0.05.

Results:
The average level of TGF-β1 expression in the treatment groups was higher compared to the control group: PO1 (11.59 ± 0.58), PO2 (15.15 ± 1.07), and PO3 (18.75 ± 2.73) as compared to KO1 (5.32 ± 1.69), KO2 (8.47 ± 0.60), and KO3 (9.28 ± 1.16) with P = 0.001.

Conclusion:
The administration of okra fruit extract can increase the level of TGF-β1 in wounds after tooth extraction of diabetic Wistar rats.
The clinical and radiographic evaluation of Allium sativum oil (garlic oil) in comparison with mineral trioxide aggregate in primary molar pulpotomy
Authors: Faghihi Taraneh , Haghgoo Roza , Taghizade Fateme , Zareiyan Mehrshad , Mehran Majid , Ansari Ghassem 
Published: November 2021

Background:
Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) is known as a common biomaterial for pulpotomy of primary molars, with limitation including high cost, difficult handling, and long setting time. This study was conducted to compare the clinical and radiographic success rate of Allium sativum oil and MTA in pulpotomy of primary molar teeth.

Materials and Methods:
This randomized, controlled, clinical trial was performed on a group of children with at least two symptom-free primary molars requiring pulpotomy. A total of 90 teeth were randomly assigned into two groups: After pulp amputation and hemostasis, Group I received MTA as medication in the pulp chamber and Group II received Allium sativum oil over the pulp stumps. Pulp chamber was then filled with reinforced ZOE paste (zinc oxide eugenol) and teeth were restored using stainless steel crowns. The follow-up scheme of 6, 12, and 18 months was set, and teeth evaluation was conducted by a calibrated pediatric dentist based on the modified criteria proposed by Zurn and Seale. The results were analyzed using the generalized estimating equation analysis with the P = 0.05 as the level of significance.

Results:
The clinical success rate was 100% in both groups after all follow-ups. The radiographic success rate was, however, 91.1% after 6.75. 6% after 12 and 18 months in Group II while it was 95.6% after 6, 91.1% after 12 and 18 months in Group I in those follow-up points. The difference between the two groups was not statistically significant.

Conclusion:
According to the results, Allium sativum oil has a high clinical and radiographic success rate comparable to those of MTA.
Comparison of Adverse Events between Ramipril and Perindopril in Contemporary Cardiac Practice
Authors: Sankaran Ramesh , Senguttuvan Nagendraboopathy , Muralidharan Thoddi Ramamurthy , Balakrishnan Vinodkumar , Sadhanandham Shanmugasundaram , Panchanatham Manokar , Balasubramaniyan Jayanthy Venkata , Krishnamurthy Preetham , Badimela Phulgun 
Published: November 2021

Background:
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) are extensively used for the treatment and management of cardiovascular diseases. Although ACEIs are a well-tolerated medication in high percentage of patients, around 30% can develop adverse reactions like dry cough.

Objective:
The objective of the study was to capture the incidence of cough in patients with cardiovascular diseases that were prescribed with perindopril and ramipril in an Indian tertiary care hospital.

Methods:
In this observational study, the incidence of cough in patients with cardiovascular diseases that were prescribed with perindopril and ramipril was estimated.

Results:
A total of 223 patients were enrolled in this study. Around 50.67% patients received ramipril; among them, 6.02% received 1.25 mg, 78.95% received 2.5 mg, and 13.53% received 5 mg of ramipril. Around 35.9% (n = 80) patients received perindopril. In perindopril group, 31.3% of the patients received 2 mg dose and 68.8% of patients received 4 mg dose. Among perindopril group, the incidence of cough was observed in 10% (n = 8) of the patients, whereas in ramipril group, it was 19.55% (P = 0.00136). Due to cough, in perindopril group, 6.3% (5/80) of the patients discontinued treatment whereas in ramipril group, 9% (12/133) of the patients discontinued treatment medication.

Conclusions:
Our study has demonstrated that perindopril has been associated with a relatively low incidence of cough compared to ramipril.
Assessment of the Factors Influencing Dental Students to Choose Dentistry as a Career
Authors: Karagir Amol , Khairnar Mahesh Ravindra , Adaki Shridevi , Dhole Rohit Ishwar , Patil Madhuri C. , Ingale Amritha 
Published: November 2021

Objective:
Career choice, one of the most important process in a student's life, has an influence on his/her future life. Hence, it is important to understand student's motives behind choosing a specific career. Hence, the study was designed with an aim to evaluate the factors influencing dental students to choose dentistry as career.

Methods:
The present cross-sectional survey was conducted on 401 dental students from a dental institute. The data was collected using a structured questionnaire consisting of 13 reasons that possibly influenced students' decision to study dentistry. Data collected was analyzed using SPSS 20 software.

Results:
Majority of the students participating were female (77.1%). Top four reasons to choose dentistry as a profession were to help poor people (95.5%), to earn prestige and respect (95.0%) followed by self-interest (94.7%) and study of human parts especially teeth (92.8%). Making money was the reason reported by 77.8% of the students. Other reasons reported were inspiration from other dentists (63.3%), did not get admission to medicine (MBBS) course (52.1%), and no doctor in family (51.9%). Family members in medical/dental profession was the least reported reason (36.9%). There were no significant differences among males and females for reported reasons except for one reason, that is, did not get admitted to medicine (MBBS) course (60.9% male and 48.9% female; P = 0.031).

Conclusion:
Students were mostly influenced by own interest and altruistic nature to opt for dental profession.
Influence of Volume of Endodontic Irrigants used in Different Irrigation Techniques on Root Canal Dentin Microhardness
Authors: Arul Buvaneshwari , Suresh Nandini , Sivarajan Ranjithkumar , Natanasabapathy Velmurugan 
Published: November 2021

Introduction:
Overzealous application of endodontic irrigants affects the root canal dentin mechanical properties. The effect of volume of endodontic irrigants on the microhardness of root canal dentin has not been studied.

Aim:
This study assessed the effect of volume of endodontic irrigants used in different final irrigation activation techniques on root canal dentin microhardness (RCDM).

Methodology:
Sixty human maxillary central incisors were embedded in acrylic resin in Kuttler's endodontic cube to the level of cementoenamel junction. The root samples were randomly divided into 4 experimental groups (n = 15): Group-NI-needle irrigation, Group-PUI–continuous passive ultrasonic irrigation, Group-EndoVac–apical negative pressure system, Group combination– EndoVac + PUI irrigation. Root canals were instrumented up to size 40 (F4). The resin mounted specimens were sectioned longitudinally into two halves and were reassembled in Kuttler's kube to carry out final irrigation activation. A predetermined standardized volume of irrigants was used in each group. The RCDM was measured after root canal instrumentation and after final irrigation using Vicker microhardness tester (coronal, middle, and apical third). The reduction in RCDM values (P < 0.0086) were analyzed using Kruskal Wallis and Mann Whitney-U tests.

Results:
Reduction in RCDM was observed with all the endodontic irrigating techniques tested. EndoVac and combination irrigation techniques showed maximum reduction in RCDM in all thirds of root canal.

Conclusion:
It is concluded that the volume of irrigants and agitation plays a role in reducing RCDM. The overall volume of irrigants to cause maximum reduction was 25 ml, beyond which neither volume nor agitation affects RCDM.
Association between Hypertriglyceridemia and Disease Severity in Visceral Leishmaniasis
Authors: Varela Mariana Garcez , de Oliveira Bezerra Mariana , Santana Felipe Vieira , Gomes Marcos Couto , de Jesus Almeida Pedro Ribeiro , Silveira da Cruz Geydson , de Melo Enaldo Vieira , de Oliveira Costa Paulo Roberto , de Oliveira Fabrícia Alvisi , de Jesus Amélia Ribeiro , de Almeida Roque Pacheco 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT.
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a tropical disease endemic to Brazil. The clinical manifestations of the infection range from asymptomatic to severe. In VL, changes in lipid metabolism, such as hypocholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia, occur that are believed to be related to its progression and severity. This study investigated the associations between serum levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, and lipoproteins (high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and very low-density lipoprotein) with clinical and hematological parameters that predict severity in a case series of 83 VL patients. Severely ill patients had higher mean serum triglyceride levels than non-severely ill patients. There was a significant positive correlation between disease severity score and serum triglyceride levels, very low-density lipoprotein, international normalized ratio for prothrombin time test, total bilirubin, and age. An inverse correlation was detected between the disease severity score and mean platelet and neutrophil counts. Hypertriglyceridemia can be a prognostic indicator of severity in patients diagnosed with VL.
Serological Evidence of Zika Virus Infection in Febrile Patients and Healthy Blood Donors in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo, 2017–2018
Authors: Ngwe Tun Mya Myat , Mori Daisuke , Sabri Shahnaz Binti , Kugan Omar , Shaharom Saliz Binti , John Jecelyn , Soe Aung Min , Nwe Khine Mya , Dony Jiloris Frederick , Inoue Shingo , Morita Kouichi , Ahmed Kamruddin 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT.
Several Zika virus (ZIKV) seroprevalence studies have been conducted in Africa, Asia, Oceania, the Americas, and the Caribbean. However, studies on ZIKV seroprevalence are limited in Malaysia though several studies have shown that the disease is endemic in the Malaysian state of Sabah. To evaluate the seroprevalence of ZIKV infection, 818 serum samples were collected from febrile patients and healthy blood donors from the Kudat and Kota Kinabalu districts in Sabah from 2017 to 2018. They were screened for ZIKV infection by IgM and IgG ELISA, and positive ZIKV IgM samples were subjected to a 90% neutralization test for confirmation. Twenty-four (6% [95% CI 4 to 8]) confirmed and two (0.5% [95% CI 0.13 to 1.8]) probable ZIKV infections were detected among 400 febrile illness patients. Of 418 healthy blood donor samples, six (1.4% [95% CI 0.65 to 3]) were determined as confirmed ZIKV infections and six (1.4% [95% CI 0.65 to 3]) indicated probable ZIKV infection. This is the first study on the seroprevalence of ZIKV infections among patients and healthy blood donors in Sabah. Compared with previous studies in Malaysia, this study shows that the incidence of ZIKV infection has increased. It also suggests that a sero-surveillance system is essential to determine the circulation of ZIKV in Sabah, Malaysia.
Statehood: the Essential Prerequisite for Law and Liberty
Authors: Laughland John 
Published: November 2021

The attempt to subject Poland and Hungary to procedures under EU law for allegedly not respecting European values has its roots both in the supranational nature of the EU project and also in the differing concepts of the nation in the Eastern and Western halves of the continent. The hegemonic West is deeply post-modern while former Communist states have retained some faith in the nation. Globalisation generally, and the EU project in particular, are based on functionalist assumptions whose origins lie in the early 19th century, yet these fail to understand the eminently political nature of law: all jurisdictions are rooted in society and the state and it is the role of government to adjudicate between the competing claims of citizens. This makes it very difficult, impossible even, to formulate universal rights since their formulation and application depend on interpretation, i.e. on jurisdiction, and therefore on the sovereignty of the ultimate decision-maker.
Integração de SIG com técnica AHP na identificação de locais com vulnerabilidade a erosão hídrica de uma micro bacia hidrográfica em contexto de mata atlântica
Authors: Martins Vinicius Emmel , Bergmann Mireli Duarte , Reolon Schmidt Marcio Augusto 
Published: November 2021

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo utilizar o método multicritério Analytic Hierachy Process (AHP), aplicado na busca de locais com vulnerabilidade à ocorrência de erosão hídrica, delimitando locais com risco de ocorrência de erosão considerando o aspecto laminar e linear. Os procedimentos metodológicos realizados no artigo foram primordialmente a comparação par a par e o cruzamento de cinco critérios de análises considerados decisivos para a determinação da vulnerabilidade: classe de solo, declividade, vigor da vegetação, uso do solo e intensidade de chuvas, bem como análise estatística das respostas dos especialistas, geração do autovetor de ponderação AHP e pôr fim a criação de um mapa utilizando o autovetor de ponderações AHP e o cruzamento dos cinco critérios, utilizando a Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG). Sete especialistas participaram da pesquisa. Áreas com maiores declividades e menor concentração de vegetação demonstraram tendências de serem locais com maior vulnerabilidade à ocorrência de erosão. Por outro lado, os locais com menor suscetibilidade à erosão, são justamente as regiões com uma declividade menos acentuada, encontram-se geralmente próximas ao local de deságue do córrego Castelhano.
جهود الكندي في التوفيق بين الفلسفة والإسلام
Authors: محمد حماد النور د/ عرفه 
Published: November 2021

In this research, I tackled the Arab philosopher Alkindi, the pioneer of Islamic philosophy, who is one of Islamic scholars. I tackled the meaning of word philosophy in the first chapter; then I tackled the conception of philosophy in ancient Greeks including naturalists, Stoics and Atheists as well as I tackled the way that Greek wisdom (philosophy) extracted by Arabs; particularly translation method which was used in translating many books of logic, philosophy and others. The second chapter includes Alkindi’s life; his birth, education, ancestry, his work in translation and philosophy.
In the third chapter, I tackled the efforts that were done by Alkindi to harmonize between philosophy and Islam; in other words, between mentality and inspiration through his Islamic theories in which he based his own Islamic belief, his great Islamic culture and knowledge of ancients. He gave evidences and proofs to pursue his theories and ratify theories of disbelievers of Greek philosophers. I also mentioned his great and unique additions to science of philosophy, which paved the way for Islamic philosophers who appeared after his era.
The research ended bya conclusion and recommendations
Excavating the Future: Utopia as a Method of Historical Analysis
Authors: Stainforth Elizabeth 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This article explores the question of “excavating the future” and utopia’s potential to expand the modalities within which history has been written and thought. Here, utopia is positioned both as a lens through which to understand the growth of modern historical thinking and as a method for historical analysis. The first part of the article investigates the emergence of the temporal utopia in the modern period and its entanglement with history. The second part of the article begins to trace the contours of utopia as a framework for interrogating history. This framework draws from a branch of utopianism, adapted from the work of Ruth Levitas and Fredric Jameson, via reference to Michel Foucault’s writing on genealogical methods. The article ends by highlighting some examples of historical studies in which the future emerges as an analytical category, to signal a way forward for utopia as a method of historical analysis.
Effects of funding on the collaboration and citation in environmental papers and the relationship with nation’s science and technology budgets
Authors: Nabout João Carlos , Faquim Ruan Carlos Pires , Carvalho Rodrigo Assis , Machado Karine Borges 
Published: November 2021

Input, output, impact, and processes are central indicators of the science, technology, and innovation production. The input is usually associated to investments made in science and technology, and it varies among different countries and scientific fields. Thus, the input can influence other impact indicators. Here, we evaluated the effect of the input data (i.e., number of funding) on process (i.e., collaboration) and output (i.e., number of citation) indicators of ecological research. Moreover, we detailed the effect of the number of funding on the collaboration and number of citations by each country (based on the nationality of authors). We found that most of published papers had some degrees of financial support, and that the production of papers with funding increased over the years. Funding had a positive effect on the collaboration and citation of papers; however, we observed that: in countries with higher investments in Science and Technology, the number of funding impacts positively and directly on the number of authors (collaboration) and in countries with low levels of investments in Science and Technology, the number of funding impacts positively and directly on the number of citations. Our models presented a low predictive power, but similar to other informetric studies. Our results indicated that impact indicators evaluated have an integrated structure, and the effects at one level can affect other levels. Nonetheless, the impact of the number of funding on informetric data can vary among countries; therefore, these results are important to the development of national policies and future informetric studies.
Quali-quantitative characterization of biogas with the temporal behavior of organic load on wastewater treatment plant with upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors through measurement in full‑scale systems
Authors: Duarte Hernandez Orlando Antonio , Paula Ana Caroline , Possetti Gustavo Rafael Collere , Cantão Mauricio Pereira , Aisse Miguel Mansur 
Published: November 2021

This study aims to present the time behavior of wastewater flow parameters, organic matter, biogas flow, biogas composition, and its relations, measured through online sensors, in a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) operating full-scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors, installed in the south of Brazil. WWTP has online measurement devices to evaluate some physicochemical variables of the sewage and the biogas. The COD analyzer (UV– Vis probe), ultrasonic flow meter, biogas flow meter, and biogas composition analyzer were the equipment used. The monitoring occurred for two time periods each of 72 h and one time period for 48 h in the year 2018. Data were checked with descriptive statistics, data independence was checked through the autocorrelation Box– Ljung test, normality behavior was checked with several tests (Shapiro– Wilk, Kolmogorov–Smirnov, Lilliefors, Anderson–Darling, D’Agostino K2, and Chen–Shapiro), and Spearman’s correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the correlations among the parameters. The mean sewage flow was 345 ± 120 L.s-1; removed organic load was, in average, 48%; biogas quality values were 82.32% ± 3.62% v/v (CH4), 2.66% ± 1.19% v/v (CO2), and 3453 ± 1268 ppm (H2S); and the production per capita obtained was 4.51 ± 1.65 NL.hab-1.d-1. It was estimated an electric power generation of 3118.6 kWh.d-1, which is equivalent to an installed power of 130 KW. The behavior of removed organic load and biogas flow (Nm3.h-1), produced in the treatment plant, showed variable, periodic, and nonstationary time behavior.