bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Machine Learning Application for Gas Lift Performance and Well Integrity
Authors: Yakoot Mostafa Sa'eed , Ragab Adel Mohamed Salem , Mahmoud Omar 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Constructing and maintaining integrity for different types of wells requires accurate assessment of posed risk level, especially when one barrier element or group of barriers fails. Risk assessment and well integrity (WI) categorization is conducted typically using traditional spreadsheets and in-house software that contain their own inherent errors. This is mainly because they are subjected to the understanding and the interpretation of the assigned team to WI data.
Because of these limitations, industrial practices involve the collection and analysis of failure data to estimate risk level through certain established probability/likelihood matrices. However, those matrices have become less efficient due to the possible bias in failure data and consequent misleading assessment.
The main objective of this work is to utilize machine learning (ML) algorithms to develop a powerful model and predict WI risk category of gas-lifted wells. ML algorithms implemented in this study are; logistic regression, decision trees, random forest, support vector machines, k-nearest neighbors, and gradient boosting algorithms. In addition, those algorithms are used to develop physical equation to predict risk category. Three thousand WI and gas-lift datasets were collected, preprocessed, and fed into the ML model.
The newly developed model can predict well risk level and provide a unique methodology to convert associated failure risk of each element in the well envelope into tangible value. This shows the total potential risk and hence the status of well-barrier integrity overall. The implementation of ML can enhance brownfield asset operations, reduce intervention costs, better control WI through the field, improve business performance, and optimize production.
Overcoming Challenges of Mechanical Lifting Capabilities on Offshore Installation by Utilizing Coiled Tubing Boat Spooling Technique
Authors: Dinger Stefan , Casali Andrei , Lind Frank , Hadi Keong Azwan , Bårdsen Johnny , Staveland Nilsen Bjørn Engvald , Nesvik Kjell Tore , Bell Eleanor , Sporstøl Terje 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Coiled tubing (CT) operations in the Norwegian continental shelf (NCS) often require a long and large-outside-diameter pipe due to big diameter completions, deep wells, and the need for high annular velocity during fluid circulation. However, getting the CT string onboard becomes a challenge when the crane lifting limit is 35 t, and using a standalone crane barge increases the cost of the operation. The alternative is spooling the CT from a vessel to the platform.
Boat spooling is done by placing the CT string on a floating vessel with dynamic positioning while the standard CT injector head is secured at the edge of the platform to pull the pipe from the vessel to an empty CT reel on the platform. The boat is equipped with a CT guide; special tension clamps; and an emergency disconnect system, which consists of a standard CT shear-seal blowout preventer. The technique requires careful study of the platform structure for placement of the injector head support frame, metocean data of the field, and equipment placement on the vessel and platform.
The boat spooling operation of a 7,700-m long, 58.7-t, 2.375-in.-outside-diameter CT string was successfully executed for a platform at 70-m height from mean sea level. The total operating time from hooking up the vessel to successfully spooling the string only took 12 hours. Historically for the region, the method has been attempted in sea state of up to 4-m wave height and 16 knots maximum wind speed. For this operation, the spooling was carried out during an average sea state of 2-m wave height and 15-knot wind speed. The continuous CT string allows a telemetry cable to be installed inside the pipe after the CT is spooled onto the platform reel, enabling real-time downhole measurements during the intervention. Such installation is not possible or presents high risk if the CT string is taken onboard by splicing two sections of pipe together with a spoolable connector or butt welding. From a cost perspective, the boat-spooling operation had up to 80% direct cost saving for the operator when compared to other methods of lifting a single CT string onboard, such as using a motion-compensated barge crane. The planning for the boat spooling included several essential contingency plans.
Performing a CT boat spooling operation in a complex environment is possible and opens new opportunities to use longer and heavier CT strings, with lower mobilization costs. Such strings enable more advanced and efficient interventions, with the option of using real-time CT downhole measurements during the execution of a wide range of production startup work. This, in turn, is critical to support the drilling of more extended reach wells, which allow access to untapped reservoirs.
Deployment of Methane Detection and Quantification Technologies
Authors: Abdul Talip Noor Arnida , Muhamad Pikri Mohd Hafiz , Zainal Abidin Dr Shahrul Azman , Hashim Hasnor Hassaruddin 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Methane emission affects advocacy on natural gas as low carbon fuel as it has a global warming potential of 25 times GWP compared to CO2. In promoting natural gas against coal and address concerns of stakeholders, it is critical for an Oil & Gas Company to manage the methane emissions across gas value chain for it be qualified as a cleaner fuel in the energy transition. Methane emission is usually quantified from key intended emission sources such as venting, flaring and combustion. With this greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions monitoring enables gradual reduction of large intended methane sources. However, unintended fugitive methane emission as well as those from other small intended sources such as compressor seals are usually not quantified and reported.
In supporting energy transition, there is a need to step-up in accurate quantification and reduction of methane emissions and determine long term reduction target in driving competitiveness of natural gas as low carbon fuel. Hence, an initiative was taken to measure baseline data for methane emission for gas processing facilities and gas transmission and regasification unit by utilizing accurate measurement tools and methodologies for detection and quantification.
An Integrated IR4.0 Software Enables Autonomous Casing Crossflow Rate Calculation
Authors: Al-Hajri Nasser M. , Barghouti Akram R. , Ureiga Sulaiman T. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This paper will present an alternative calculation technique to predict wellbore crossflow rate in a water injection well resulting from a casing leak. The method provides a self-governing process for wellbore related calculations inspired by the fourth industrial revolution technologies. In an earlier work, calculations techniques were presented which do not require the conventional use of downhole flowmeter (spinner) to obtain the flow rate. Rather, continuous surface injection data prior to crossflow development and shut-in well are used to estimate the rate. In this alternative methodology, surface injection data post crossflow development are factored in to calculate the rate with the same accuracy.
To illustrate the process an example water injector well is used. To quantify the casing leak crossflow rate, the following calculation methodology was applied:Generate a well performance model using pre-crossflow injection data. Normal modeling techniques are applied in this step to obtain an accurate model for the injection well as a baseline case.Generate an imaginary injection well model: An injection well mimicking the flow characteristics and properties of the water injector is envisioned to simulate crossflow at flowing (injecting) conditions. In this step, we simulate an injector that has total depth up to the crossflow location only and not the total depth of the example water well.Generate the performance model for the secondary formation using post crossflow data: The total injection rate measured at surface has two portions: one portion goes into the shallower secondary formation and another goes into the deeper (primary) formation. The modeling inputs from the first two steps will be used here to obtain the rate for the downhole formation at crossflow conditions.Generate an imaginary production well model: The normal model for the water injector will be inversed to obtain a production model instead. The inputs from previous steps will be incorporated in the inverse modeling.Obtaining the crossflow rate at shut-in conditions: Performance curves generated from step 3 & 4 will be plotted together to obtain an intersection that corresponds to the crossflow rate at shut-in conditions.
This numerical methodology was analytically derived and the prediction results were verified on syntactic field data with very high accuracy. The application of this model will benefit oil operators by avoiding wireline logging costs and associated safety risks with mechanical intervention.
Adapted Methodology for Evaluating EOR Reserves and Resources, Incorporated and Applied at an Oil and Gas Company
Authors: Perdomo Lilibeth Chiquinquira , Alvarez Carlos , Gracia Maria Edith , Salomone Guillermo Danilo , Ventuirini Gilberto , Selva Gustavo Adolfo 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
As other companies registered in the US stock market, the company reports oil and gas reserves, in compliance with the definitions of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). In addition, it complies internally with the guidelines established by the Petroleum Resources Management System to certify its resources.
The PRMS focuses on supporting consistent evaluation of oil resources based on technically sound industry practices, providing fundamental principles for the assessment and classification of oil reserves and resources, but does not provide specific guidance for the classification and categorization of quantities associated with IOR projects.
Recently, the company has implemented EOR pilot projects, and their results seem to show commerciality for future development or expansion to new areas, displaying multiple opportunities and proposals to incorporate reserves and resources.
So far, the pilot projects and their expansions have been addressed only from the point of view of incremental projects, as an improvement over the previous secondary recovery.
The company does not have sufficient track record in booking reserves or resources from EOR projects, their quantities have been incorporated following bibliographic references and results of EOR projects with proven commerciality around the world.
For this reason, the need arose to have a tool that provides the company with methodological criteria to evaluate the resources and reserves inherent in this type of project, that incorporate the "best practices" of the industry and that respect the guidelines and definitions of PRMS for incremental projects.
That was how, the need to meet this challenging goal led company to develop its "EOR Resources and Reserves Assessment Guide" with the advice of a renowned consulting company.
Although the Guide is not intended to be a review of the large body of existing IOR literature, it contains several useful references that serve as a starting point for understanding the IOR project for assessment process of resources and reserves.
This document shows the process of development and implementation of the EOR guide, complementing the existing guides within the corporation and providing the company with a positive result within the internal processes of Audit, reserves and resources for this type of projects.
Artificial Intelligence Adoption in Drilling Optimization: Guidelines for Successful System Configuration and User Onboarding
Authors: Creegan Andrew , Roberts Michael 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The usage of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the arena of drilling optimization is a rapidly evolving endeavor and is becoming increasingly prevalent. In many applications the goal is process automation and optimization with the intent to reduce cost, improve yield/outcome and address risk. Real-world experience, however, has taught us that the correct application, configuration, and realtime management of an AI system is equally as important as the underlying algorithms.
This paper poses that the implementation of an automated AI drilling system must consider the human element of acceptance in order to succeed. Proper onboarding and user acceptance is requisite to proper system configuration and performance. This paper sets forth guidelines that can be considered standard for initiating an AI drilling program.
Estimating evapotranspiration and irrigation water requirement in phonology stages of grape (VitisVinifera) using agro-hydrological model and remote sensing techniques
Authors: Sadeghi SeyyedHadi , Faramarzi Mohammad , Nouri Hamid 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This study aims to compare the remote sensing (RS) approach and an agro-hydrological model to estimate evapotranspiration (ET) and irrigation water requirement (IWR) in semi-arid region, and the effect of vineyards management and their ages on these parameters. In the study region, after vineyards were classified into three main scenarios based on three vineyards ages (12-15, 15-18 and 18-21 years) and two management approaches (proper and improper management), ET and IWR were determined in each scenario using the Soil-Water-Atmosphere–Plant (SWAP) Model and Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) for the year of 2019-2020 with Landsat8 images. While the accumulated ET calculated with SEBAL was compared with a field water balance, the results showed that without calibration or parameter optimization, the accumulated ET estimated with SEBAL exceeded that computed with SWAP. According to the findings, the most and least RMSE was related to August (1.32) and June (1.26). Analyses of scenarios showed that at the first stage of phonology (bud-break to bloom), the S3 scenario has the most IWR for each pixel (900 m2) by 2.7 m3, and at the second stage (bloom to ripening) and the third stage (ripening), the S1 scenario by 229.5 m3 and 78 m3 has the highest IWR, respectively.
Rabinovich-Fabrikant Chaotic System and its application to Secure Communication
Authors: Ravichandran Kiran 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This paper aims for the implementation and analysis of Rabinovich-Fabrikant System and its properties where it is found that for the value of parameters having α=0.1, γ=0.077 the system was stable and it was able to Mask any kind of digital signals properly and it showed non-linearity properties which paved the path to secure communication.
FNA Cytological Diagnosis of Breast Metastasis From a Plantar Melanoma: Case Report
Authors: Yang Yan , Yu Xiaomeng , Wang Miao 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
BackgroundBenign and primary malignant breast tumors are quite common, but metastatic malignancies are rare and the diagnosis is challenging due to its low incidence.Case presentationHere, we report a case of metastatic melanoma which was initially diagnosed in breast by fine needle aspiration(FNA). Although the suggestive diagnosis is based on the strong pigmentation of tumor cells in FNA smears, cell block and immunohistochemical melanocyte markers (HMB45 and MART-1) help to confirm the diagnosis. Later, FNAs from lower limb mass and inguinal mass also revealed the same tumor. In addition, a pigmented nevus with the appearance of malignant melanoma was found on the sole of the patient's right foot.Conclusion Our report illustrates the morphological evaluation on cytology，ancillary testing on cell block and meticulous clinical examination play a pivotal role in establishing the correct diagnosis.
One- and Two-Slit Experiments with Photons and Electrons: A Proper Resolution
Authors: Arulsamy Andrew Das 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
We construct proper microscopic propositions to consistently explain the interference patterns obtained for electrons and photons in well-defined one- and two-slit experiments. Our propositions are also made explicit on the basis of quantum mechanics with proper quantitative analysis to support the correctness of the physical mechanisms proposed herein, which obey the wave-particle duality. Apart from that, the microscopic propositions constructed herein can be treated as guidelines in setting up the future experiments such that one can unambiguously support or oppose this strange notion—a quantum particle behaves differently depending upon the number of slit, and where we place the detector such that the particle can sense the detector and the number of slit, before physically interacting with them.
REALISASI KESANTUNAN BERBAHASA INDONESIA SISWA DALAM PEMBIASAAN KARAKTER KOMUNIKATIF DI MTs DARUL HUDA WONODADI BLITAR
Authors: Azizah Rini Nur 
Published: October 2021

Abstrak
Kesantunan berbahasa merupakan cara orang untuk menghormati orang lain dalam berinteraksi. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif-kualitatif yang bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan (1) wujud pematuhan kesantunan berbahasa Indonesia siswa di MTs Darul Huda Wonodadi Blitar; (2) wujud pelanggaran kesantunan berbahasa siswa di MTs Darul Huda Wonodadi Blitar; dan (3) strategi pembiasaan karakter komunikatif siswa melalui pembelajaran kesantunan berbahasa siswa di MTs Darul Huda Wonodadi Blitar. Data dikumpulkan dengan teknik observasi sambil melakukan simak, libat, catat. Data dianalisis dengan model interaktif yang diadopsi dari Miles dan Huberman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat kesantunan berbahasa di MTs Darul Huda masih rendah. Hal ini diketahui dari jumlah maksim pematuhan kesantunan berbahasa yang berjumlah tiga maksim, yakni maksim kebijaksanaan, maksim kedermawanan, dan maksim kesimpatian. Sementara pelanggaran kesantunan berbahasa yang dilakukan terdapat lima maksim yaitu maksim kebijaksanaan, maksim kedermawanan, maksim penghargaan, maksim pemufakatan, dan maksim kesimpatian. Adapun strategi yang diterapkan oleh guru menggunakan teknik teguran, yakni siswa yang diketahui melanggar kesantunan berbahasa dinasehati agar berbahasa dengan santun.
PERAN GURU BAHASA INDONESIA MTsN DI KABUPATEN TRENGGALEK DALAM GERAKAN LITERASI
Authors: Masithoh Dewi 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The literacy movement should be promoted in the education unit. This is due to the low level of literacy activities, especially students. This study aims to determine the role of Indonesian teachers in the literacy movement and the results of the application of the State Islamic Junior High School Literacy Movement in Trenggalek Regency. The method used is qualitative with a descriptive approach. The data source is gained from State Islamic Junior High School Indonesian teachers in Trenggalek Regency. Data collection techniques in this research are observation, interview and documentation. The results showed that the majority of State Islamic Junior High School Indonesian teachers in Trenggalek Regency had played an active role in the literacy movement and had met the criteria as the pioneers of the literacy movement in their respective institutions. As a good example, Indonesian teachers have a very important contribution in the literacy movement. Although in its application there are also challenges that require Indonesian teachers to find solutions to continue developing literacy to be better in its implementation.
CERPEN ANAK PENYAPU JALAN SEBAGAI MEDIA ALTERNATIF UNTUK IMPLEMENTASI PENGEMBANGAN KARAKTER SISWA
Authors: Etikasari Dian , Nurjanah Elen 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
As a literary work, short stories have a useful value for the reader. The positive values ​​contained in a short story can be used as an alternative media to develop student character. The objectives of this study were (1) to describe the advantages of short stories from the aspect of the theme, (2) the use of language, (3) background, and (4) moral messages. This research use desciptive qualitative approach. The method used is the method of content analysis (content analysis). The data in this study are the sentences in the short story Anak Sweep Jalan. The instrument used in this study was the classification table. The result of this research is the exposure to the advantages of short stories which is the reason this short story was chosen as an implementation of student character development.
MENGHADIRKAN TEKS-TEKS AUTENTIK DALAM KELAS BIPA DARING
Authors: Setyaningrum Rooselina Ayu 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Indonesian that taught as the foreign language in BIPA (Indonesian for Foreigners) classes and its authenticity are inseparable. Authenticity is related to the originality. In the context of BIPA learning, the authenticity can be presented in class activities related to contexts and real experiences, for examples students are asked to shop at the market, practice to bargain, practice to use public transportations, practice how to introduce themselves, interview native speakers, and many other authentic tasks. However, what makes it challenging today is that BIPA students cannot come directly to Indonesia and the learning process should be conducted online. Nonetheless, the authenticity can be still presented in authentic texts, not only in written but also in spoken. In addition, texts have complete thinking structures and understandings. Before presenting them in the class, teachers should understand the texts, situation context, culture context, authenticity, and types of text. The author also analyzes Graduate Competency Standards (SKL) of BIPA to identify types of text based on student’s level.
Keywords: texts, situation contex, culture contex, authenticity, types of texts
PENGEMBANGAN MULTIMEDIA LITERASI BERBASIS PENDIDIKAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP UNTUK PEMBELAJARAN MENULIS RESENSI SISWA SMA
Authors: Karona Arenda Tri , Dewi Putri Kumala 
Published: October 2021

Abstrak
Hasil observasi dan wawancara ditemukan kendala pada KD resensi. Terbukti dari hasil meresensi siswa yang berbeda dan kurangnya penguasaan kemampuan menulis resensi. Permasalahan lain yang ditemukan adalah kurangnya pembahasan mengenai PLH. Namun, belum adanya media pembelajaran yang mendukung visi misi dari sekolah. Multimedia dikolaborasikan dengan literasi memiliki tujuan untuk membantu siswa dalam peningkatan daya kritis dan aktif. Selama kegiatan pembelajaran literasi yang dilakukan di sekolah siswa masih kurang mengikuti langkah literasi dengan benar. Dari pengembangan media ini akan menjawab rumusan masalah dan tujuan yang berhubungan dengan kelayakan isi, bahasa, dan sistematika penyajian. Penelitian ini berjenis pengembangan menggunakan metode ADDIE. Hasil penelitian ini (1) aspek kelayakan isi, tujuan pembelajaran ditampilkan serta disesuaikan dengan literasi. (2) aspek kelayakan bahasa, setiap bacaan paragraf bertemakan PLH serta menggunakan kalimat efektif dan disusun menggunakan diksi sesuai tema PLH, (3) aspek kelayakan sistematika penyajian, pemilihan warna lebih berfariatif, penambahan petunjuk, dan jenis ukuran gambar, (4) praktisi, pengecekan penulisan ejaan pada kalimat dan paragraf, (5) uji coba skala kecil dan besar, materi sudah lengkap.