bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stability of Atmospheric Redox States of Early Mars Inferred from Time Response of the Regulation of H and O Losses
Authors: Koyama Shungo , Terada Naoki , Nakagawa Hiromu , Kuroda Takeshi , Sekine Yasuhito 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The ratio of total losses of H and O from the atmosphere is crucial for determining the Martian atmospheric redox state. The H and O escapes are shown to be regulated in a stoichiometric 2:1 ratio in a converged model of present-day Mars over a timescale of ∼105 yr, which is called self-regulation. Self-regulation timescales under different atmospheric conditions on early Mars are not well understood. Here we use a 1D photochemical model to calculate the timescales of self-regulation for denser CO2 atmospheres with various surface temperatures as benchmark cases for early Mars. Self-regulation is driven by variations in the amount of O2 or CO in the atmosphere, depending on the atmospheric redox state. Self-regulation timescales are likely to be controlled by the net redox balance. A 1 bar CO2 atmosphere with a surface temperature of 240 K has a self-regulation timescale of a few million years. Denser atmospheres of early Mars have a longer regulation timescale and are less redox-stable than the atmosphere of present-day Mars. Obliquity variations cause atmospheric CO2 fluctuations, producing a difference in the self-regulation timescale between high and low obliquity. Because an increase in CO2 suppresses H escape, the net effect of the obliquity cycle could have driven the atmospheric redox states to be more reducing. Our results also suggest the possibility of a CO-dominated atmosphere of 10–100 mbars at 3 Ga. The redox state of ancient Mars might have fluctuated more easily than that of the present.
On the Origin of the Asymmetry of the Ejecta Structure and Explosion of G350.1–0.3
Authors: Tsuchioka Tomoya , Uchiyama Yasunobu , Higurashi Ryota , Iwasaki Hiroyoshi , Otsuka Shumpei , Yamada Shinya , Sato Toshiki 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We present X-ray analysis of the ejecta of supernova remnant (SNR) G350.1–0.3 observed with Chandra and Suzaku, clarify the ejecta’s kinematics over a decade, and obtain a new observational clue to understanding the origin of the asymmetric explosion. Two images from Chandra X-ray Observatory taken in 2009 and 2018 are analyzed with several methods and enable us to measure the velocities in the plane of the sky. A maximum velocity is 4640 ± 290 km s−1 (0.218 ± 0.014 arcsec yr−1) in the eastern region in the remnant. These findings trigger us to scrutinize the Doppler effects in the spectra of the thermal emission, and the velocities in the line-of-sight direction are estimated to be 1000 km s−1. The results are confirmed by analyzing the spectra of Suzaku. Combining the proper motions and line-of-sight velocities, the ejecta’s 3D velocities are ∼3000–5000 km s−1. The center of the explosion is more stringently constrained by finding the optimal time to reproduce the observed spatial expansion. Our findings that the age of the SNR is estimated at most to be 655 yr and the CCO is observed as a point source object against the SNR strengthen the “hydrodynamical kick” hypothesis on the origin of the remnant.
A Case against a Significant Detection of Precession in the Galactic Warp
Authors: Chrobáková Ž. , López-Corredoira M. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Recent studies of warp kinematics using Gaia DR2 data have produced detections of warp precession for the first time, which greatly exceeds theoretical predictions of models. However, this detection assumes a warp model derived for a young population (few tens of megayears) to fit velocities of an average older stellar population of the thin disk (several gigayears) in Gaia-DR2 observations, which may lead to unaccounted systematic errors. Here, we recalculate the warp precession with the same approach and Gaia DR2 kinematic data, but using different warp parameters based on the fit of star counts of the Gaia DR2 sample, which has a much lower warp amplitude than the young population. When we take into account this variation of the warp amplitude with the age of the population, we find that there is no need for precession. We find the value of warp precession

β
=

4

−
4

+
6

km s−1 kpc−1, which does not exclude nonprecessing warp.
Irving Howe, un socialiste libéral
Authors: Cohen Mitchell , Lalo Alexandra 
Published: May 2021

La vie et l’œuvre d’Irving Howe, critique littéraire et politique, fondateur de la revue Dissent , sont une véritable traversée dans l’histoire de la gauche américaine au cours du xx e siècle. D’abord militant marxiste et révolutionnaire, l’auteur s’est progressivement ouvert aux préceptes libéraux, sans jamais renier l’humanisme radical au fondement de son engagement socialiste.
Le « logement social » en Turquie depuis le début des années 2000 : méprises conceptuelles, redéfinition des systèmes d’acteurs et invisibilisation des nécessiteux
Authors: Pérouse Jean-François 
Published: May 2021

Pays désormais massivement urbanisé (et même, d’une certaine manière, métropolisé de force), pays où l’accession à la propriété est l’horizon ultime de toute politique publique de logement, la Turquie n’a pas de politique publique de logement social clairement identifiable. Souvent confondu avec le logement collectif, le logement social n’existe pas comme une catégorie stable de l’action publique, pas plus au niveau de l’Etat qu’au niveau des pouvoirs locaux. Ce constat opéré, il s’agira de voir comment la catégorie « logement social » est manipulée et détournée à des fins partisanes et comment la vision de l’espace social s’en trouve faussée, privilégiant – pour fonder la politique publique de logement – les affiliations politiques et les relations de dépendance au détriment des critères socio-économiques plus objectifs. Autrement dit, alors que les populations les plus nécessiteuses sont invisibilisées et dès lors cantonnées dans l’autoproduction et le bricolage au jour le jour, les politiques publiques de « logement social », tout en étant des instruments d’ingénierie sociale (au service d’une conception conservatrice de l’ordre social), servent soit à récompenser des fidèles, soit à maintenir dans une dépendance totale des groupes sociaux aspirant à accéder à la propriété. Les endettés reconnaissants et les familles de şehit ont évincé les pauvres.
COMMUNICATION IN AND AROUND MESMERISM. CONTROVERSIES, CASE HISTORIES AND THE CULTURAL IMAGINATION
Authors: Barkhoff Jürgen 
Published: May 2021

Mesmerism or animal magnetism was the most controversial and most spectacular medical concept of the late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century. It was also conceptualised and practiced as a medical therapy based entirely on communication; a communication that worked on many levels: between magnetiser and patient, between body and mind and – in its theoretical explanations – between human beings and the cosmos. This paper will first briefly look at theories of mesmerism from this perspective and then discuss some of the scandalous and provocative communicative phenomena of the so-called magnetic rapport between magnetiser and patient in the somnambulist trance. It will also briefly review the controversies between supporters and sceptics of the magnetic cure around the communicative experience in the rapport. The final part of this paper will turn to Romantic literature, as its rich aesthetic representations of mesmerism transcend enlightenment controversies and offer more complex, nuanced and insightful negotiations of the forms of communication prevalent and observable in the mesmerist phenomena. In mesmerism we can thus observe that around 1800 literature seems to know and understand more about psychodynamic and psychophysical communication than medical science.
CORPOREITÀ E IMMAGINARIO NEL DISCORSO MEDICO SETTECENTESCO: GLI <em>ÉLÉMENTS DE PHYSIOLOGIE</em> DI DIDEROT
Authors: Iotti Gianni 
Published: May 2021

L’article part d’une série de considérations sur la précocité des intérêts de Diderot dans le domaine médical. «Pas de livres que je lise plus volontiers que les livres de médecine, pas d’hommes dont la conversation soit plus intéressante pour moi que les médecins», il affirmera vers la fin de sa vie. En fait, le discours médical, dans son oeuvre, s’identifie à un discours philosophique militant sous le signe d’un monisme rigoureux polémiquement opposé au dualisme de la tradition platonicienne-chrétienne, un discours nettement orienté vers la traduction totale de ‘l’âme’ dans le fonctionnement des organes du corps. Cependant, au-delà de la controverse philosophique, chez Diderot la connaissance médicale se révèle comme la base d’une fascinante vision biologique. Contrairement à un Buffon, qui continue de reconnaître une centralité ontologique à l’homme, Diderot tend à nier toute solution de continuité entre l’être humain et le règne animal - et même entre le règne animal et le règne minéral. L’article met en évidence quelques conséquences capitales d’une telle position sur les idées esthétiques de Diderot; et, d’ici, les réflexions sur l’enracinement de la pensée dans le corps présentes dans les Éléments de physiologie sont ramenées à l’un des plus grands changements de paradigme culturel de l’histoire européenne moderne.
Changes in the Blink Reflex during Migraine with Aura and the Inter-Attack Period
Authors: Ates Mehlika Panpalli , Ferik Sevgi , Pektezel Leyla Das , Guven Hayat , Comoğlu Selim Selcuk 
Published: May 2021

Introduction:
This study aimed to investigate the possible excitability changes in the trigeminovascular system based on blink reflex (BR) in patients experiencing migraine and to compare migraine aura attacks and attack-free period.

Materials and Methods:
A total of 56 patients diagnosed with migraine headache with aura and 20 healthy individuals without migraine were evaluated electrophysiologically using the BR test. The BR test was repeated twice in patients with migraines during attacks with aura and attack-free period.

Results:
During the migraine attack with aura, R1 latencies were shorter, and R2 latencies were longer than in the interictal period. Likewise, R1 latencies were shorter, and R2 latencies were longer, in the interictal period compared to normal values obtained in the control group.

Conclusion:
The detected BR abnormalities have been thought to be able to reflect migraine-related dysfunction in the brainstem and trigeminovascular connections.

Significance:
It has been concluded that the detected BR abnormalities might reflect migraine-related dysfunction in the brainstem and trigeminovascular connections, indicating increased neuronal excitability in migraine.
Effect of Nursing Protocol Regarding Nasal Skin Breakdown for Preterm Infants Receiving Continuous Positive Airway Pressure
Authors: Said Khadiga M. , Mohamed Rawia A. , Draz Safaa F. 
Published: May 2021

Context: Neonates, particularly those who are born premature, may require ventilation assistance immediately after birth, since their lung may not be fully developed. The use of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is increasing as a means of respiratory support in many premature infants. So, the presence of nasal skin breakdown may be seen as a complication.
Aim: To evaluate the effect of nursing protocol regarding nasal skin breakdown for preterm infants receiving nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP).
Methods: A quasi-experimental research design utilized to conduct the current study. The study conducted at Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs) and Surgical Neonatal Intensive Care Unit "SNICU" of Benha Specialized Pediatric Hospital at Benha city. A convenient sample of nurses (70) working in NICU sand SNICU and a purposive random sample of (77) preterm infants included from the settings mentioned above. Those premature infants were divided into two groups (study and control) (35) in the control group and (42) in the study group, who selected according to the power analysis equation based on the total number of preterm infants who admitted to the setting mentioned above during 2017. Three tools used. A structured interviewing questionnaire sheet designed to assess nurses’ sociodemographic characteristics, and nurses' knowledge regarding CPAP, care provided to preterm infants undergoing CPAP, and nasal skin breakdown. The second tool was a nursing practice observation checklist to assess nurses' practice regarding nasal CPAP. The third tool was Preterm Medical Assessment Record. It designed to assess the characteristics of preterm infants and medical data of preterm infants. The last tool was the Neonatal Skin Condition Score (NSCS) scale that is designed to assess the neonates’ skin condition.
Results: Findings of the present study revealed a statistically significant difference (P<0.05) pre and post nursing protocol implementation regarding CPAP, the role of the nurse caring for preterm infants undergoing nasal CPAP, and nasal skin breakdown. The results also revealed a highly statistically significant difference in nursing practice regarding care for preterm infants undergoing nasal CPAP pre and post nursing protocol implementation at (p<0.001). Nasal Skin Breakdown in the study group was significantly less than in the control group at a different time of assessment at (p˂0.001).
Conclusion: It can be concluded that the research hypothesis is accepted, nursing protocol implemented for nurses improved their knowledge and practice as well as reduced nasal skin breakdown in the preterm newborns receiving NCPAP. The study recommended applying the nursing protocol for nurses caring for preterm infants to reduce nasal skin breakdown during CPAP ventilation, which is an effective and safe non-invasive intervention in all NICUs as a standard of care for all preterm infants.
Factors Associated with Academic Achievements of Students in Mathematics
Authors: Ullah Kaleem , Badshah Sareer , Rauf Muhammad 
Published: May 2021

This study is conducted to find out the factors which are associated with students’ academic achievements in the subject of mathematics in different higher education institutions which are based in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The data is collected through a structured questionnaire from Bachelor of Studies (BS) 5th semester program of all the academic departments of well-known government educational institutions of Peshawar. All academic departments, except the departments of mathematics were selected, especially where the subject of mathematics is taught as compulsory or general course to the undergraduate students. The collected data is analysed on SPSS-20. For the analysis purpose mean, standard deviation, T-test, chi-square, and odd ratios are used. The results show that earlier performance such as primary level, attitude toward mathematics, difficulty of mathematics, study hours and self-confidence in mathematics learning are associated with students’ academic achievement in mathematics.
The Role of Civil Society in Democratic Consolidation in Pakistan and Turkey
Authors: Batool Samina , Mahmood Amna , Ullah Amin 
Published: May 2021

In the modern era, the role of civil society cannot be ignored in the development of a country. In the democratic arena, it compels the undemocratic elements to follow democratic norms in a given society and keeps a vigilant watch on the activities of the government. This article, apart from the conceptual clarification of civil society and democracy, throws light on how civil society played its role in the promotion of democratisation in Pakistan and Turkey. In Pakistan, civil society is considered as an umbrella phrase for a range of non-state and non-market citizen organisations and initiatives, network, and unions operating in an expansive gamut. The civil society in Pakistan has been flawed by the structural dynamics of state consolidation from the beginning. In current years, nevertheless, civil society organisations have proven to be stronger and dedicated but is still at a developing stage. Looking at the Turkish politics after the World War II, it has been under the influence of rapid democratisation as well as social mobilisation. It also precipitated the delivery of services to the neglected periphery of society.
Debate
Authors: Ciência Cadernos de História da 
Published: May 2021

Os textos apresentados a seguir são reconstituições sintéticas dos depoimentos verbais proferidos pelos debatedores por ocasião do evento dedicado ao museu histórico e horto Osvaldo Cruz. Procuramos assegurar, nesse trabalho de edição, o melhor compromisso entre fidelidade ao conteúdo e economia da forma . Oregistro de tais depoimentos por gravação, assim como sua transcrição literal, encontram-se à disposição dos interessados nos arquivos do LEHG.
- Dra. Jandira Lopes de Oliveira - Diretora do Museu Emílio Ribas da Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo.
- Dra. Maria Amélia Mascarenhas Dantes - Docente do Programa de Pós-graduação em História Social do Depto. de História da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da USP.
AMSTAR-2: herramienta de evaluación crítica de revisiones sistemáticas de estudios de intervenciones de salud
Authors: Ciapponi Agustin 
Published: May 2021

El número de revisiones sistemáticas (RS) de estudios de intervenciones sanitarias publicadas ha aumentado rápidamente.
Estos documentos de síntesis son ampliamente utilizados para la toma de decisiones clínicas y de políticas de salud, pero están sujetos a una serie de sesgos y es importante que los usuarios pueden identificar las RS de mejor calidad. Considerando la relevancia de la actualización de la herramienta Ameasurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR) para la valoración crítica de RS de estudios de intervenciones en salud, el autor resume los aspectos más relevantes de la publicación de Shea y col, traduce el instrumento y su guía de aplicación, y comenta los aspectos salientes del instrumento AMSTAR-2 junto con sus potenciales implicancias en el desarrollo y reporte de RS.
Uso de pregabalina en el tratamiento de la ciática
Authors: Sguiglia Schutz Sebastian Andres 
Published: May 2021

La lumbociatalgia es un problema clínico común, que en la mayoría de los casos se autolimita y se puede tratar
conservadora, usando medidas no farmacológicas y analgésicos como paracetamol o los antiinflamatorios no esteroideos. Otro medicamento muy utilizado en nuestro medio es la pregabalina, a pesar de que no se encuentra aprobada para dicha indicación. En este trabajo, el autor se pregunta acerca de la utilidad clínica de la pregabalina y luego de hacer una búsqueda bibliográfica sobre la evidencia más actualizada y de mejor calidad acerca del tema, concluye que no es efectiva para lumbociatalgia y que se acompaña de efectos adversos significativos. Esto coincide con las recomendaciones de las guías internacionales, que en su mayoría desaconsejan el uso de anticonvulsivantes para la lumbalgia.
Expectativas de los pacientes respecto de la consulta con un médico de familia: estudio de corte transversal
Authors: Nusfaumer Marcos , Terrasa Sergio 
Published: May 2021

Antecedentes. El modelo biopsicosocial propone que la atención de la salud se centre en las necesidades de las personas. Sin embargo, no siempre los profesionales de la salud conocen adecuadamente lo que esperan de los encuentros clínicos sus pacientes.
Objetivo. Explorar las expectativas respecto de sus encuentros clínicos de los/as pacientes atendidos por médicos de familia en un Centro de Salud de Atención Primaria del Conurbano Bonaerense (Buenos Aires, Argentina).
Métodos. Estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal llevado a cabo sobre una muestra consecutiva de pacientes que acudieron a las consultas médicas de un centro de salud. Se les pidió a los pacientes que de un listado de diez potenciales expectativas, valoraran y priorizaran las más importantes para esa consulta.
Resultados. Fueron entrevistadas 146 personas (91 % mujeres) con una mediana de edad de 30 años.
Las expectativas más mencionadas (94 % de las personas encuestadas) fueron que el médico demuestre interés y escuche a sus pacientes, y que les brinde explicaciones sobre sus problemas y dudas.
Conclusiones. Hemos podido documentar que las expectativas de nuestros pacientes respecto de sus entrevistas clínicas están muy vinculadas a su componente actitudinal (predisposición a escuchar con interés sus problemas) y al de las habilidades comunicacionales del profesional de la salud (explicaciones).
La administración de ondansetrón no mejora la evolución de los niños con gastroenteritis aguda sin deshidratación
Authors: Kemnitz Mauricio Pablo 
Published: May 2021

Sobre la base de una viñeta clínica de un niño con gastroenteritis aguda sin deshidratación, el autor de este artículo realiza una búsqueda bibliográfica para revisar la evidencia que avala el uso de ondansetrón para tratar sus vómitos, práctica bastante común en instituciones con acceso a este fármaco en sus centrales de emergencia.
Luego de dicha búsqueda, el autor concluye que en niños con gastroenteritis aguda sin deshidratación, la administración de ondansetrón no reduce la necesidad de hidratación intravenosa ni la frecuencia ni la severidad de los vómitos.
ظاهرة التضاد في معجم متن اللغة دراسة في التغير الدلالي
Authors: Aamir Muhammad Muhammad , Ismail Alewi Hayam 
Published: May 2021

الحمد لله من أول الدنيا إلى فنائها ومن الآخرة إلى بقائها وصل اللهم على محمد خير الأنام وعلى آله الطيبين الطاهرين الكرام أهل الذكر وأولي الأمر وبعد:
أن ظاهرة التضاد في اللغة العربية وغيرها من اللغات لها أهمية كبيرة في استيضاح معاني الكلمات, وهذا ما دعى الباحثين في هذا الشأن أن يغوصوا في أعماق بحر اللغة بحثاً عن المفردات المتضادة ودلالتها على معانيها, ولم يكن البحث في هذا الموضوع مقتصر على جيل معين, فقد بحث فيه القدامى والمحدثين على حد سواء, وكل منهم توصل إلى ما توصل إليه في هذا الشأن, فاكتنفت هذه الظاهرة( التضاد) آراء منها ما كان ينكر هذه الظاهرة ومنها مؤيد ومنها ينكر أو يؤيد لكن بقيود وشروط ومنهم من حدد هذه الظاهرة بظروف معينة, ونحن نستعرض في هذا البحث البسيط اهتمام الشيخ أحمد رضا العاملي(ت1372م) بهذه الظاهرة في معجمه متن اللغة, فقد زخر هذا المعجم بالعديد من الظواهر اللغوية وكان من ضمنها ظاهرة التضاد, ويعني بها وجود كلمتان مختلفتان متضادتان لفظاً ومعنى كالفرح والحزن, مما يلحظ أن الشيخ قد نبه عليها في معجمه بصورة واضحة وجلية من خلال استخدامه بعض العبارات المعبرة عن التضاد منها( مقابل ونقيض وخلاف مكان ضد).
سأتناول في هذه الصفحات المتواضعة مطلبين لدراسة التضاد، الأول: الجانب النظري: تتناول الباحثة فيه: مفهوم التضاد، وموقف اللغويين منه، وأسباب نشوء التضاد في اللغة، وأنواع التضاد . والثاني: الجانب النظري: تتناول الباحثة فيه تحليل بعض الأمثلة في المادة المدروسة لمعجم متن اللغة .
Las Anotaciones de Herrera a Garcilaso como texto polémico: aspectos materiales, editoriales y autorialesHerrera’s Anotaciones to Garcilaso as a Polemical Text: Material, Editorial and Authorial Aspects
Authors: Montero Juan 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Herrera’s commented edition of Garcilaso de la Vega’s works advances an innovative formula in comparison to El Brocense’s edition in material and editorial aspects. Our analysis shows that with those innovations Herrera strove to underscore his authorial role (against Garcilaso and El Brocense) and his attempt to hijack the leadership of Spanish letters with the help of the group of Seville learned men who supported him. Under his nationalist discourse lurks, therefore, controversy and the rivalry between regional groups (Andalusians against Castilians) and social tiers (men of letters against nobles).
Poética y polémica en la poesía de Bartolomé Leonardo de ArgensolaPoetic and Polemic in Bartolomé Leonardo de Argensola’s Poetry
Authors: D’Agostino Maria 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Bartolomé Leonardo de Argensola never took part in the polemic typical of his own time, but this attitude did not prevent him from expressing his disapproval of Góngora. Thus far critics have always thought that Bartolomé had not commented on the greatest literary scandal of that time: the Soledades. However, a more careful analysis of his texts highlights how Argensola fiercely criticized Gongora’s poem, even stating—although in Horatian mode—that poetry had become a monster, referring precisely to the verses in which Góngora offers one of the best proves of his genius: the dedication to the Duke of Béjar.