bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GROWTH
Authors: WASHBURN ALFRED H. 
Published: December 2021

IT IS with a very real sense of humility that I accept the Borden Award from the Academy of Pediatrics. I am happy to receive it in San Francisco since this was the scene of some of my earlier adventures in pediatrics. It is not quite polite, I suppose, to question the wisdom of the committee which made this award. Perhaps, however, its members will not be offended if I point out that I am only one member of a team—that such contributions as have been made from the Child Research Council during the past two decades are the product of the teamwork and loyalty of many investigators. A brief description of our institute will serve as an easy introduction to my subject.
We are following intensively a small group of individuals. At present we have 137, ranging in age from birth to 25 years. Each new baby is registered in the study early in his prenatal career. Thus we have the opportunity of knowing something about the mother's health and diet, as well as some beginning understanding of the family and home into which this new human being is to be born. Each baby is then observed frequently, regularly, and from many different aspects through infancy, childhood, adolescence and on into the mature years; for we have become an institute engaged in following the whole life-span of individual persons. We try to make use of the wisdom and skills from many fields of science. We are not using human subjects as "guinea pigs" to contribute new knowledge to a specific field but, instead, all fields of science are being utilized to contribute to an awareness of the unique individuality of each child—to an understanding of how his own peculiar characteristics and patterns of growth contribute to his chance for healthy development and happy adaptation to his environment.
HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS NOT THE ETIOLOGIC AGENT OF RECURRENT STOMATITIS
Authors: DODD KATHARINE , RUCHMAN ISAAC 
Published: December 2021

The virus of herpes simplex is not the usual etiologic agent of recurrent aphthous or ulcerative stomatitis.
In reported cases in which the herpes virus has been recovered from the mouths of individuals suffering from recurrent stomatitis or the titer of antibodies has risen in the blood serum following infection, it seems probable that these were chance findings which bore no relation to the etiology of the disease.
PUBLIC HEALTH, NURSING AND MEDICAL SOCIAL WORK
Authors: WEGMAN MYRON E. 
Published: December 2021

THE five White House Conferences represent in no small degree the stages in the development of pediatrics in the United States. The first Conference was called by President Roosevelt in 1909 to meet the needs of the orphaned, abandoned, and neglected children. It was the year in which the American Association for the Study and Prevention of Infant Mortality was organized. It was at a time when there was not a single fully developed pediatric clinic in the U.S.A.
As a result of this Conference the Children's Bureau was established in 1912, and it has continued to give at the Federal level leadership in the prevention of disease, improvement in the care of children and standardization of child labor practices. The American Association for the Study and Prevention of Infant Mortality was organized to solve a problem by what today is called the multidisciplinary approach. It focused the attention of the pediatrician, the public health nurse, social worker, statistician, public health officer, and interested lay groups on the problem of high infant mortality, with a resulting remarkable success. A reduction of the infant mortality rate from 150 to 40 has been accomplished in the last 40 years. We must not forget that in 1909 we did not know how many babies were born in the United States. Complete birth registration was not accomplished until 1933.
DOES GLUTAMIC ACID ADMINISTRATION INFLUENCE MENTAL FUNCTION?
Authors: LOEB HAROLD G. , TUDDENHAM READ D. 
Published: December 2021

Thirty-three feebleminded individuals, mostly adolescents and without epilepsy or other neurologic involvement, were divided into two groups well matched as to intelligence quotient, sex, age and type of feeblemindedness. One group received orally 1(+) monosodium glutamate, 24 gm. daily, for 17 wk. The other group served as controls and received a placebo given at the same time and in like manner. Throughout the entire period of the investigation, experimental and control cases were patients in the same institution, on the same regimen and receiving the same care and diet, the latter being prepared in a central kitchen.
The following psychologic tests were administered before and after the experimental period: Stanford-Binet (Form L before and Form M after), Cornell-Coxe Performance Ability Scale, Porteus Maze, Thurstone and Thurstone Primary Mental Abilities and the Rorschach Test.
On the basis of detailed statistical analysis employing the method of co-variance, no significant difference between control and experimental subjects could be shown, and it was therefore concluded that a beneficial effect of glutamic acid in the treatment of feeblemindedness has not been demonstrated.
CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE ESOPHAGUS
Authors: LADD WILLIAM E. 
Published: December 2021

AS THIS is the first general meeting of the Academy since the establishment of a surgical section, it would seem fitting to comment on our hopes for this venture. The last few decades have seen great advances in all fields of medicine. Among the most widely known, perhaps, are insulin, antibiotics, chemotherapy, water balance, vitamin and hormone therapy and other laboratory discoveries. I want, however, to call your attention to some of the advances which have been made in the field of pediatric surgery and to remind you that although these have been aided by laboratory achievements they would have been impossible without the cooperation of the pediatrician.
Please recall that roughly 30 years ago atresia of the bile ducts carried a mortality of 100%. Intestinal obstruction due to midgut volvulus had an equally high mortality. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia—other than those through the esophageal hiatus—had an estimated 90% mortality. The recovery of a patient with intestinal atresia was indeed a rare incident. The mortality from intussusception, and even from pyloric stenosis, was nearly 60%.
Today the mortality in these and other conditions has been reduced by from 25% to 75%, and in some conditions to nearly zero. This striking lowering of mortality has been brought about largely by men, both medical and surgical, who devote their energies to the care of infants and children. It seems, therefore, particularly opportune and appropriate that these pediatricians and pediatric surgeons should join together in a concerted effort to advance the care of this age group. I, for one, am sufficiently optimistic to believe that greater advances will be made in the decades to come if we all work together and with one goal in mind; namely, the improvement of the lot of the afflicted child. The establishment of a surgical section in this Academy certainly should help the pediatrician, the pediatric surgeon and last, but far from least, sick children.
STUDIES OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR AND RENAL SYSTEMS IN THE NEWLY BORN INFANT USING FLUORESCEIN
Authors: SLOBODY LAWRENCE B. , ROOK GEORGE D. , LEVBARG MORRISON , MORCY MADELAINE 
Published: December 2021

The circulation time with fluorescein has been determined in 90 normal newborn infants immediately after birth.
The umbilical vein-to-lip time was determined in 45 newborn infants. The mean circulation time was 4.8 ± 0.7 sec. with a range of 3.1 to 7.0 sec. The ductus venosus-to-lip time was determined in 45 newborn infants. The mean circulation time was 4.4 ± 0.6 sec. with a range of 3.3 to 5.8 sec.
Polyethylene tubing 0.047 internal diameter and 5% fluorescein 0.1 ml. in 5% sodium bicarbonate solution are recommended for the determination of circulation time in the newborn infant immediately after birth.
This determination is simple and accurate and may aid in the differential diagnosis of cyanosis of the newborn infant.
ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC FINDINGS IN SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
Authors: HILL FONTAINE S. , HUGHES JAMES G. , DAVIS BILLIE CAMP 
Published: December 2021

Electroencephalographic findings in 38 cases of sickle cell anemia are presented, of which 35 patients were children under 14 years of age.
The EEGs were considered to be abnormal in 26 patients. Of special interest was the fact that all children under 6 years of age had abnormal EEGs.
In the group as a whole, there were nine patients with a past history or the presence of nervous system symptoms who had normal EEGs, and three in this group whose tracings were thought to be borderline.
A brief review of the principal pathologic changes in the brain in sickle cell anemia is presented, and a discussion is given of the way in which these changes might influence brain potentials.
Abnormal brain potentials in patients with sickle cell anemia are considered to be due primarily to cerebral anoxia, and secondarily to degenerative processes in nerve cells.
Electroencephalography offers a new approach to the determination of the incidence and character of cerebral dysfunction in sickle cell disease.
Round Table Discussion
Authors: GLASER JEROME , FRIES JOSEPH H. , BAKER JULIA , HORESH ARTHUR J. , DEES SUSAN C. , LECKS HAROLD I. , GRAUBARTH JULIAN , SLESINGER HYMAN A. 
Published: December 2021

Chairman Glaser: By gastrointestinal allergy is meant an allergic reaction in an organ of the gastrointestinal tract. While gastrointestinal allergy most commonly occurs from foods, it may also be produced by allergens from other sources, as for example the patient with ulcerative colitis described by Rowe whose condition was shown to be due to the inhalation of pollen. By food allergy is meant an allergic reaction caused by a food, regardless of the tissue in which the reaction occurs; thus atopic dermatitis of infants may be the result of an allergy to egg, for example.
McGee believes that the first allergic reaction to occur in the human being may occur in utero, most commonly as a manifestation of allergy to food ingested by the mother, in the form of "fetal hiccoughs." While such spasmodic movements of the fetus are well authenticated, the general acceptance of McGee's views awaits confirmation by other investigators. The first allergic manifestation to occur in the newborn human being is urticaria. The urticarial wheals seen in the newborn infant, however, may not necessarily be due to an allergic reaction per se but may be due to the unstable vasomotor regulating mechanism of the newborn child. However, in many instances the urticarial wheals are produced by substances ingested by the infant or carried through the mother's breast milk when the infant nurses.
Colic or gastroenterospasm is the first clinical manifestation of allergy in the newborn human being of which the parents may complain. This commonly starts during the first weeks of life and usually terminates regardless of therapy by the time the infant is 3 months of age.
SPECIAL REVIEWS
Authors: HOLLANDER MILTON H. , STARK MERITT W. 
Published: December 2021

A fatal case of hemorrhage in an infant 10 weeks of age due to a bleeding duodenal ulcer is presented.
The relative infrequency of duodenal ulcer in infancy is cited. The relationship to trauma and burns and to vascular, chemical and neurogenic theories are discussed. Diagnosis, including the use of roentgenograms, is presented. Hemorrhage is the only definite sign pointing to duodenal ulcer. After persistent vomiting, with or without blood, plus melena and the appearance of sudden collapse, the possibility of peptic ulcer should be considered.
CONGENITAL DEFICIENCY OF ABDOMINAL MUSCULATURE WITH ASSOCIATED GENITOURINARY ABNORMALITIES: A SYNDROME
Authors: EAGLE J. FREDERICK , BARRETT GEORGE S. 
Published: December 2021

Nine cases of congenital deficiency of the abdominal musculature with associated genitourinary abnormalities are presented, the literature is reviewed and the pathogenesis and treatment are discussed.
It is emphasized that when congenital deficiency of the abdominal muscles is recognized, particularly in a male infant with undescended testes, or when there is a patent urachus, obstructive manifestations in the genitourinary tract must be searched for and corrected at the earliest possible moment. Urinary symptoms in these cases are usually not present.
SPECIAL REVIEWS
Authors: GLASER KURT , LIMARZI LOUIS R. , PONCHER HENRY G. 
Published: December 2021

The bone marrow of 151 normal infants, children and young adults ranging in age from birth to 20 years was studied. The data were statistically evaluated and recorded in table and graph form. The following observations were made:
1. The height of the various layers in the centrifuged specimen as obtained by aspiration of 1 cc. or fraction thereof of marrow fluid was compared in the different age groups and showed an increase with progressing age of the fat and myeloid-erythroid cell layers and a decrease of the mature red cell layer.
2. The cellular composition of the bone marrow varies with age.
3. Marked variations occur during the first year of life and particularly during the first month. Thereafter up to the end of the observation period the changes are of minor extent and average values for this age group were established for all cells.
4. The cells of the erythroid series show a sharp decrease in number during the first days of life and reach essentially stable values (23.12%) by the end of the first month with a temporary decrease around the third month of life.
5. The myeloid series shows an increasing during the first two weeks of life followed by a sharp drop around the third week and the establishment by the end of the first month of values close to the average percentage as calculated for the period from 1 to 20 years (60.59%).
6. The lymphocytes increase in number during the first weeks of life, followed by a gradual decrease during the first and second year and thereafter do not show marked variations in number. (Average:16.03%.)
7. The individual cells of the myeloid and erythroid series show a pattern similar to the one described for the entire series of which they are part. There is, however, a tendency for the younger cells to slightly decrease in number and the older cells to increase with advancing age. Numerical variations with age on cells occurring in smaller numbers are less noticeable than on cell groups occurring in higher percentages.
8. The myeloid-erythroid ratio is the expression of the numerical relationship of the myeloid and erythroid series. The values are low at birth, increase rapidly during the first two weeks and approach the 1 to 20 year average (2.95) during the first year.
9. The data reported in the literature were recorded in order to complement and compare the findings of this study.
10. The normal bone marrow pattern as described may contribute to the interpretation of the cellular composition of the bone marrow under abnormal conditions. However, the diagnostic significance of individual cell findings may be limited by the great variations occurring normally in the cellular composition of the bone marrow of healthy individuals.
Primary Meningococcal Conjunctivitis
Authors: Newton Dale Alan , Wilson William Grady 
Published: December 2021

Primary meningococcal conjunctivitis is a rare disorder with clinical characteristics that are similar to those of gonococcal conjunctivitis. Although infections of the conjunctivas occur as unusual complications of meningococcemia, primary meningococcal conjunctivitis has been reported even less frequently. We recently observed a patient with primary meningococcal conjunctivitis. This case reinforces the need for bacteriological identification of the etiologic agent in acute conjunctivitis to avoid mismanagement.
CASE REPORT
A 9½-year-old white girl had a red eye of three hours' duration. While riding her bicycle, she noted increased tearing, followed quickly by yellow conjunctival discharge and minimal lid edema. There was no pain, photophobia, history of trauma, or known exposure to conjunctivitis.
Traumatic Pneumatocele From a Revolving Restaurant
Authors: Swank Ralph L. , Wolfson Sorrell L. 
Published: December 2021

Revolving restaurants and lounges are becoming very popular. Usually rotating at about one revolution per hour, their motion is inconspicuous. Distracted or inebriated adults or inattentive children may be caught by the progress of the moving parts. Two such incidents have occurred recently in Tampa, Florida. The case of one child is presented.
CASE REPORT
A 3-year-old boy was leaning out of a booth in a revolving restaurant when the motion of the floor compressed him between the booth and the stationary wall. The space between the end of the booth and the wall was 12.5 cm (Fig. 1). He was trapped until the rotation of the restaurant was stopped by turning off the motor and his father pulled him out, with considerable effort.
Acute Confusional State in Children With Migraine
Authors: Emery E. Stanley 
Published: December 2021

A wide variety of paroxysmal visual, sensory, and motor disturbances with or without headache is included in the migraine syndrome, but disturbances in consciousness and mental functioning as a part of the migraine syndrome in children are not well recognized.1 In 1970, Gascon and Barlow reported four children, ranging in age from 8 to 16 years, who displayed acute confusional states during an attack of migraine.2 This report describes similar episodes in four additional children in order to call attention to this disorder and provide additional characterization.
See figure in PDF file
CASE REPORTS
Case 1
An 8-year-old girl fell off her sled and rolled down a hill.
Polygraphic Studies of Normal Infants During the First Six Months of Life: III. Incidence of Apnea and Periodic Breathing
Authors: Hoppenbrouwers Toke , Hodgman Joan E. , Harper R. M. , Hofmann Elvira , Sterman M. B. , McGinty D. J. 
Published: December 2021

The incidence of apnea and periodic breathing was studied in full-term infants between birth and 6 months of age. Apnea was defined as a pause equal to or exceeding six seconds, periodic breathing as two cessations of breathing within a 20-second period, each equal to or longer than three seconds but less than six seconds. Sleep and cardiopulmonary variables were monitored.
Apnea was common in the normal full-term infant. The incidence of apnea was highest in the newborn period and apneas exceeding 15 seconds were limited to this age. A reduction in apnea incidence occurred between birth and 3 months of age; thereafter, the incidence remained unchanged. The majority of apneas occurred during active sleep (AS). Few minutes were classified as indeterminate; the number of apneas during these minutes was comparable to those during AS. The incidence of apneas during quiet sleep was low. Periodic breathing remained stable across the ages, occurring primarily in AS.
Apnea exceeding 15 seconds is rare in infancy. The tabulation of shorter apnea may be of limited value in identifying infants at risk for abnormal apnea due to extreme variability among infants. The sleep-waking state of the infants must be considered in order to evaluate apnea counts.
Nutritional Needs of Low-Birth-Weight Infants
Authors:   Committee on Nutrition
Published: December 2021

The goal of feeding regimens for low-birth-weight infants is to obtain a prompt postnatal resumption of growth to a rate approximating intrauterine growth because this is believed to provide the best possible conditions for subsequent normal development. This statement reviews current opinion and practices as well as earlier reviews1-5 of the feeding of the low-birth-weight infant.
Caloric Requirement
The basal metabolic rate of low-birth-weight infants is lower than that of full-term infants during the first week of life, but it reaches and exceeds that of the full-term infant by the second week. Daily caloric requirements reach 50 to 100 kcal/kg by the end of the first week of life and usually increase to 110 to 150 kcal/kg in subsequent active growth.
A partition of the daily minimum energy requirements is shown in Table I.6
There are considerable variations from these average values, depending on both biological and environmental factors. Infants who are small for gestational age tend to have a higher basal metabolic rate than do premature infants of the same weight.7 The degree of physical activity appears to be a characteristic of the individual infant. Environmental factors may have a greater influence than biological variation in determining the total caloric requirements. The maximal response to cold stress can increase the resting rate of heat production up to 2½ times.6Calories expended for specific dynamic action and for fecal losses are dependent on the composition of the milk or formula fed, as well as on individual variations in absorption of
Drs. Long and Rogers Reply
Authors: LONG THOMAS , ROGERS KENNETH D. 
Published: December 2021

Margolis concludes from our data that (1) information in physicians' office records is valid and (2) an association exists between charting and performing a procedure. We agree.
Margolis makes a further inference that “improving charting might bring about improved clinical performance.” He supports this conclusion not by our data (which neither support nor refute it) but by the study of Zuckerman et al. and his own as yet unpublished review article. Our report identified limitations
Oral Syringes and Aspiration Risk
Authors: GRANOFF DAN M. 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor:
The report of the Committee on Drugs entitled “Inaccuracies in Administering Liquid Medication (Pediatrics 56:327, August 1975) is highly relevant. The suggestion to use a calibrated syringe for measuring and administering liquid medication should better enable parents to give the exact amount prescribed. In a letter to the editor which appeared subsequently(Pediatrics 56:613, October 1975), Dr. Schunk comments on the safety of this method when the medication is given “a drop
Act of 1975
Authors: BLOCKSTEIN ZAGA 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor:
The Education for All Handicapped Children Act (S6) of 19751 not only provides special appropriations for education of handicapped children, but has the potential to add considerably to the progress and development of better health care for handicapped children.
Act S6 stipulates that all handicapped children 3 to 21 years of age may enjoy the right to education in the least restrictive environment, at no cost to parents. Such legislation will reduce
Twenty-Six Years of Experience
Authors: HARVEY NORMAN A. 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor:
The present battle between family physician and pediatrician for the child care “market” is an unfortunate but inevitable result of our system, which in turn results from an evolutional problem in the specialty of pediatrics.
Something has been wrong with primary-care pediatrics for many years, as seen in the high rate of dissatisfaction, the low economic return, the frequent dropouts, and what could now be described as a dog-in-the-manger attitude toward family
Coughs Should Be Suppressed
Authors: SAFIR DAVID E. 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor:
In response to the letter by Drs. Ivey and Kattwinkel concerning Actifed-C,what a peculiar letter for academicians.
I am not surprised at the sweeping statement regarding banning the use of codeine in infancy; apparently academic pediatricians feel we should not treat symptoms such as cough. I am surprised at their shoddy example of the danger. They claimed that an infant suffered respiratory arrest while a serum level taken three days after