bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Energetics of Swimming by the Platypus Ornithorhynchus Anatinus: Metabolic Effort Associated With Rowing
Authors: Fish F. E. , Baudinette R. V. , Frappell P. B. , Sarre M. P. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The metabolism of swimming in the platypus Ornithorhynchus anatinus Shaw was studied by measurement of oxygen consumption in a recirculating water flume. Platypuses swam against a constant water current of 0.45–1.0 m s−1. Animals used a rowing stroke and alternated bouts of surface and submerged swimming. Metabolic rate remained constant over the range of swimming speeds tested. The cost of transport decreased with increasing velocity to a minimum of 0.51 at 1.0 m s−1. Metabolic rate and cost of transport for the platypus were lower than values for semiaquatic mammals that swim at the water surface using a paddling mode. However, relative to transport costs for fish, the platypus utilized energy at a similar level to highly derived aquatic mammals that use submerged swimming modes. The efficient aquatic locomotion of the platypus results from its specialised rowing mode in conjunction with enlarged and flexible forefeet for high thrust generation and a behavioral strategy that reduces drag and energy cost by submerged swimming.
The Energy-Sources in Ontogenesis
Authors: Needham Joseph 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In the foregoing papers of this series (19, 20,21,22) experimental data have been brought forward dealing with the nitrogenous excretion of the chicken embryo during its development in the egg. From studies of the ammonia, urea, and uric acid excretion, it was possible to calculate the amount of protein burnt every day, and as a result it was shown that a high peak of protein combustion existed about the ninth day of development. A systematic examination of the other papers in the literature brought out a powerful correlation between carbohydrate combustion and the earlier period, and between fat combustion and the later period. There thus appeared to be a succession of energy-sources in ontogenesis, carbohydrate preceding protein, and protein preceding fat.
Olfaction and Vision in Fish Schooling
Authors: Hemmings C. C. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The behaviour of individual roach was observed in a horizontal linear gradient of species odour. No attempt was made to analyse the odour involved. The behaviour of roach, grey mullet and Chromis was studied in the presence of (a) a mirror, or (6) a second fish behind a clear plastic sheet. Roach showed nearly as strong a response to attractant species odour as to the repellent ‘Schreckstoff’. The relative strengths of responses to directional visual images and non-directional odour gradients were compared. Short-term and long-term declines in the strength of the response to odour occurred. Observation of a ‘two-fish school’ suggested that a system of exploratory, returning and following tendencies co-ordinated schooling behaviour. Isolation of roach for a period of 20–25 weeks caused enhancement of the olfactory reaction but completely disrupted the visual response. It is suggested that school structure is maintained by balanced attractive and repulsive ‘forces ‘; the attraction modalities involved are vision by day and olfaction by night, and the repulsion modality is the lateral line sense.
Reflexes Mediated by Non-Impulsive Afferent Neurones of Thoracic-Coxal Muscle Receptor Organs in the Crab, Carcinus Maenas
Authors: Cannone A. J. , Bush B. M. H. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
A preparation of the thoracic-coxal muscle receptor organ of the posterior leg of the shore crab, in which central synaptic efficacy of the sensori-motor reflex pathways is maintained for long periods, is described. The reflex response to receptor muscle stretch commonly involves three promotor motoneurones, designated Pm 1–3 in order of their recruitment. Motoneurone Pm1, and less frequently Pm2 and Pm3, may be tonically active during maintained receptor length changes within the in situ length range of the receptor muscle. The following observations suggest that the T rather than the S sensory fibre provides the afferent drive onto reflexly activated promotor motoneurones: selective section of the S or T sensory fibres; frequency ‘envelopes’ of individual motoneurone responses to trapezoid stretch stimuli, including features such as adaptation and velocity sensitivity of the reflex response; and the ‘hysteresis’ in the response to increasing followed by decreasing receptor length changes, with or without superimposed trapezoid stretch stimuli. The initial reflex response to ramp stretch can be directly related to the complex ‘initial component’ of the T fibre receptor potential waveform. This comprises a variable spiky alpha (α) component, followed by a longer duration, more predictable beta (β) component, which depends upon stimulus parameters such as stretch velocity and the length and tension of the receptor muscle at the onset of stretch. In the de-efferented receptor muscle, changes in compliance or ‘tonus’ resulting from receptor manipulation have a marked effect on the sensory, and hence reflex, response to stretch. As this would have profound implications for the functioning of this muscle receptor organ in vivo, a role for the receptor motor innervation in counteracting any such response variability seems likely.
Validation of the 4AT tool for delirium assessment in specialist palliative care settings: protocol of a prospective diagnostic test accuracy study
Authors: Arnold Elizabeth , Finucane Anne M. , Spiller Juliet A. , Tieges Zoë , MacLullich Alasdair M.J. 
Published: April 2021

Background: Delirium is a serious and distressing neuropsychiatric condition, which is prevalent across all palliative care settings. Hypoactive delirium is particularly common, but difficult to recognize, partly due to overlapping symptoms with depression and dementia. Delirium screening tools can lead to earlier identification and hence better management of patients. The 4AT (4 ‘A’s Test) is a brief tool for delirium detection, designed for use in clinical practice. It has been validated in 17 studies in over 3,700 patients. The test is currently used in specialist palliative care units, but has not been validated in this setting. The aim of the study is to determine the diagnostic accuracy of the 4AT for delirium detection against a reference standard, in hospice inpatients. Methods: 240 participants will be recruited from the inpatient units of two hospices in Scotland. If a patient lacks capacity to consent, agreement will be sought from a legal proxy. Each participant will complete the 4AT and a reference standard assessment based on the diagnostic delirium criteria in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). This will be supplemented by tests of cognition and attention, including reverse days of the week, counting down from 20 to 1, Vigilance 'A', the Observational Scale for Level of Arousal, the modified Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale and the Delirium Rating Scale-Revised-98. The assessments will be conducted in a randomized order by two independent clinicians, who will be blinded to the results until both are complete. Primary outcomes will be the sensitivity and specificity of the 4AT in detecting delirium. Discussion: The findings will inform clinical practice regarding delirium assessment in palliative care settings. Trial registration: ISRCTN ISRCTN97417474 (21/02/2020).
The role of neuroplasticity in stroke nursing
Authors: Kennedy Niamh C 
Published: April 2021

Background: Neuroplasticity refers to the brain's ability to reorganise and change in response to experience or after brain damage. Neuroplasticity is an imperative component of recovery from stroke, and rehabilitation aims to capitalise on this during a patient's recovery. Aims: To highlight the role of neuroplasticity in stroke recovery and to explore how stroke nursing can use it. Methods: The paper is a narrative review of the literature on neuroplasticity and role of nursing in stroke recovery. Findings: Nurses can play a pivotal role in ensuring optimum conditions for neuroplasticity through a variety of means. These include the encouragement of repetition, integration of repetition into everyday tasks, creating a stimulating environment, educating stroke patients as well as their carers about the recovery process and working as part of multidisciplinary team. Conclusions: This paper highlights the important role stroke nursing can play in enhancing neuroplasticity during stroke recovery.
The observation and management of patients with orolingual angioedema associated with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator
Authors: Corns Jennifer 
Published: April 2021

Background: Orolingual angioedema (OA) is a recognised hypersensitivity reaction to tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA). Due to the potential for airway compromise, unsurprisingly, it is often treated as anaphylaxis. Aims: To use a patient case study to demonstrate a more appropriate method of treatment. Methods: An observation of an acute stroke patient with rtPA-associated OA was made, and the management of her case is discussed. Findings: If rtPA-associated OA is driven by bradykinin, rather than histamine, following anaphylaxis protocol may not be the most appropriate treatment option. Recommendations: An alternative means of management is suggested as a contribution to best practice; however, further research into the mechanism behind rtPA-associated OA is needed. Further education for stroke teams and the updating ofstandardised protocols for the observation and management of OA to include the detail, frequency and duration of required mouth and skin inspection is recommended.
Incidence of lung cancer and mortality among civil construction industry workers: A protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Cahuana Pinto Rita Stella Maria , Castro Panzenhagen Alana , Silva Oliveira Luis Felipe , Fonseca Moreira José Claudio , Schnorr Carlos Eduardo 
Published: April 2021

Background
The construction sector is one of the most stable growth industries in the world. However, many studies have suggested an association between occupational exposure in civil construction and lung cancer risk. Thus, this study aims to assess lung cancer risk in civil construction workers occupationally exposed to physical and chemical agents through a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Methods/design
Studies will be identified by searching PUBMED, Embase, SCOPUS, WEB OF SCIENCE and the reference list of included articles. Eligible study designs will be cohort, cross-sectional, and case-control studies that report occupational exposure to physical or chemical agents and lung cancer risk through mortality or incidence outcomes. A meta-analysis will be used to combine odds ratios (ORs) from case-control studies and relative risks (RR) from cohort studies. Two reviewers will independently screen articles, extract data, and assess scientific quality using standardized forms and ROBINS-E tool if available. Otherwise, the New-Castle Ottawa rating scale will be used. Any of those will also be used in combination with the GRADE approach for quality of evidence. Overall risk estimates and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) will be obtained using the random-effects model meta-analysis. This systematic review and meta-analysis will be conducted following the Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines. Results will be reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement.

Discussion
This review will identify and synthesize studies investigating the association between occupational exposure in the construction industry and lung cancer. The findings will help governmental entities and researchers with evidence-based decision-making because they will integrate and validate the evidence on construction workers’ health effects due to occupational exposure.

Systematic review registration
PROSPERO CRD42020164209
Keystone Flap for Reconstruction of Sacral and Ischial Pressure Injury
Authors: Tunjung Narottama , Putri Nandita Melati 
Published: April 2021

Introduction: Reconstruction of sacral and ischial pressure injury offers great challenges due to its high complication and recurrence rate. Providing durable tissue coverage with minimal donor site morbidity is paramount while ensuring fast operative time for the patients who often possess multiple comorbidities. This study aims to present cases of sacral and ischial pressure injury reconstruction using a keystone flap.
Method: A retrospective study was performed by reviewing data from fifteen patients with a sacral and ischial pressure injury who underwent reconstruction using various types of keystone flaps in our center between 2019 and 2020.
Results: The patients’ age ranged from 10 to 83 years old (average, 40.5 years old). The average wound dimensions were 9.4 ± 3.1 cm x 6.5 ± 2.7 cm and the mean area of the defects was 52.3 ± 35.7 cm2, with the largest defect was 15 x 12 cm (141.3 cm2). Mean operative time was 140 ± 24.5 minutes with nine wounds were reconstructed using type IV keystone flap (60%) and six patients using type IIA (40%). Postoperative complications occurred in three patients (20%). Other patients resulted in uneventful complete healing.
Conclusion: The keystone flap is reliable, simple, has a fast technique, and minimal donor site morbidity to cover the defects of sacral and ischial pressure injury. Performing thorough debridement, choosing the right type of keystone flap, elevating the flap adequately to allow mobilization, preserving perforator “hotspots”, and suturing of the flap without tension are keys to achieve satisfactory results.
Crisis and Risks in Engineering Project Management: A Review
Authors: Alves Josivan Leite , Ferreira Edivan Alexandre , Nadae Jeniffer de 
Published: April 2021

Goal: This paper performs a literature review to identify and analyze the main gaps related to crisis management and risk management in the engineering projects context.
Design / Methodology / Approach: A literature review research design was carried out merging bibliometrics, network and qualitative and quantitative content analysis. Data were obtained from the scientific database Scopus.
Results: Publications per year illustrates that in 2016 as concentrated the major number of papers. Only 1% of the authors published 4 papers about models for software engineering risks analysis and reduction. The paper distribution by country shows that the United States has the highest percentage, about 16% of the total. The network of co-occurrence of all keywords has three well-defined clusters.
Limitations of the investigation: The quantity of papers analyzed and the selection of a single database.
Practical implications: This research encourages project managers to develop pertinent skills for crisis management and risk management in the engineering projects context. Furthermore, this study can guide decision-makers on how to manage risks during the crisis, and also highlights the importance of creating a lessons learned database.
Originality / Value: The current study can contribute to companies catching lessons learned from literature, helping project managers to motivate the team during the crisis scenarios, to perform an effective struggle during the crisis, and to turn to the former position in a short time after the crisis.
Diagnostic reasoning: relationships among expertise, accuracy, and ways that nurse practitioner students self-explain
Authors: Burt Leah , Finnegan Lorna , Schwartz Alan , Corte Colleen , Quinn Laurie , Clark Lou , Corbridge Susan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Objectives
To improve diagnostic ability, educators should employ multifocal strategies. One promising strategy is self-explanation, the purposeful technique of generating self-directed explanations during problem-solving. Students self-explain information in ways that range from simple restatements to multidimensional thoughts. Successful problem-solvers frequently use specific, high-quality self-explanation types. In a previous phase of research, unique ways that family nurse practitioner (NP) students self-explain during diagnostic reasoning were identified and described. This study aims to (a) explore relationships between ways of self-explaining and diagnostic accuracy levels and (b) compare differences between students of varying expertise in terms of ways of self-explaining and diagnostic accuracy levels. Identifying high-quality diagnostic reasoning self-explanation types may facilitate development of more refined self-explanation educational strategies.

Methods
Thirty-seven family NP students enrolled in the Doctor of Nursing Practice program at a large, Midwestern university diagnosed three written case studies while self-explaining. During the quantitative phase of a content analysis, associational and comparative data analysis techniques were applied.

Results
Expert students voiced significantly more clinical and biological inference self-explanations than did novice students. Diagnostic accuracy scores were significantly associated with biological inference scores. Clinical and biological inference scores accounted for 27% of the variance in diagnostic accuracy scores, with biological inference scores significantly influencing diagnostic accuracy scores.

Conclusions
Not only were biologically focused self-explanations associated with diagnostic accuracy, but also their spoken frequency influenced levels of diagnostic accuracy. Educational curricula should support students to view patient presentations in terms of underlying biology from the onset of their education.
Mathematical analysis of the impact of vaccination and poor sanitation on the dynamics of poliomyelitis
Authors: Bornaa Christopher S. , Seidu Baba , Makinde Oluwole D. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A deterministic model is developed to study the dynamics of poliomyelitis virus infection with vaccination in a population with insanitary conditions. The polio-free equilibrium is shown to be locally asymptotically stable whenever the basic reproduction number is less than one but global stability requires other conditions to be satisfied. The spread of the disease is also shown to be sensitive to the average contact rate with the faecal matter of the infectious individuals, the transmission probability, natural death rate and vaccination, probabilities of the exposed individuals progressing to the non-paralytic and paralytic classes, the open defecation parameter and the polio-induced death rate. Other interesting results are illustrated through numerical simulation of the model.
Exploring the Cave Rock Art of Siberian Trans-Baikal: Fertility, Shamanism, and Gender
Authors: Ponomareva Irina Alexandrovna 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The paper explores the phenomenon of rock art found in and around rock art cavities in Trans-Baikal region of South-East Siberia. Although many researchers noticed that caves have had a special value in cultures around the globe, no research has been carried out specifically into the cave rock art of Trans-Baikal which was not distinguished from other rock art found in open localities and shelters. This study was conducted based on field data collected by the author in 2017. In order to answer the question whether the cave sites had a specific role in the cultures of Bronze Age Trans-Baikal, the sets of motifs of the cave sites were compared to those of the closest open sites. Drawing on the stylistic difference revealed by the analysis and landscape context, it is suggested that the cave rock art sites could be places where rituals of more restricted nature took place. Ethnographic records may imply that these ceremonies were aimed at the fertility increasing being performed by shamans or shamannesses or without their assistance. It is also possible that the ceremonies could be gender-exclusive, conducted only for women, although this interpretation needs further research.
Effects of Training on Sand or Hard Surfaces on Sprint and Jump Performance of Team-Sport Players: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis
Authors: Pereira Lucas A. , Freitas Tomás T. , Marín-Cascales Elena , Bishop Chris , McGuigan Michael R. , Loturco Irineu 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
We examined the effectiveness of training on sand and compared the effects of sand and hard surface training programs on the sprint and jump performance of team-sport players. PubMed MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science databases were used in the literature search. A total of 377 records were initially identified, and 6 studies comprising 136 athletes were included in the meta-analysis. Precomparisons and postcomparisons showed that sand training interventions were effective at improving both jump and sprint capacities. When comparing sand and hard surfaces, no significant differences in favor of any of the interventions were observed. In summary, this review revealed that sand training is an efficient strategy to improve jump and sprint performances in team-sport players. Moreover, sand surfaces produced similar gains to those observed after hard surface training schemes. Strength and conditioning coaches and sport scientists who work with team sports can use both sand and hard surface training programs as part of their regular training practices, during distinct phases of the season.
Lack of In Vivo Function of Osteopontin in Experimental Anti-GBM Nephritis
Authors: BONVINI JOHN MICHAEL , SCHATZMANN URSULA , BECK-SCHIMMER BEATRICE , SUN LI KANG , RITTLING SUSAN R. , DENHARDT DAVID T. , LE HIR MICHEL , WÜTHRICH RUDOLF P. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract.
Osteopontin (Opn) is a potent chemoattractant for mononuclear cells that is upregulated in various inflammatory states of the kidney. Opn is believed to contribute to mononuclear cell infiltration and renal injury. The importance of Opn was examined in vivo in rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis in Opn knockout mice. Glomerulonephritis was induced by intravenous injection of rabbit anti-mouse glomerular basement membrane antiserum in mice that had been presensitized to rabbit IgG. Immunologic responsiveness to rabbit IgG (assessed by cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity and antibody titers) showed no significant difference between wild-type and Opn -/- mice. Proteinuria was also similar in both groups. Glomerular crescent formation was not different in Opn +/+ and -/- groups (26 ± 6% versus 29 ± 7%). Tubulointerstitial infiltration was assessed qualitatively and showed no significant difference between the two genotypes. Formation of thrombi in the glomerular capillaries on a scale from 0 to 3 also showed no significant difference (1.3 ± 0.3 for Opn +/+ and 1.4 ± 0.3 for Opn -/- mice). Northern blot analysis of total kidney RNA showed a 5.1-fold increase of Opn expression in Opn +/+ mice compared with untreated controls and the absence of expression in Opn -/- mice, as expected. Regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 mRNA levels were also markedly upregulated with no significant difference between the two strains, excluding compensatory overexpression of these two chemokines in Opn -/- mice. It is concluded that the known upregulation of Opn in murine anti-glomerular basement membrane nephritis does not significantly contribute to the glomerular and tubulointerstitial mononuclear cell infiltration in this model.