bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. SALA CIVIL. LUIS ARMANDO TOLOSA VILLABONA, Magistrado Ponente. SC3273-2020. Radicación: 11001-31-03-013-2011-00079-01 (Aprobado en Sala virtual de once de junio de dos mil veinte) Bogotá, D. C., siete (7) de septiembre de dos mil veinte (2020)
Authors: Isaza Posse Maria Cristina 
Published: January 2021

LOS HECHOS

Los hechos consignados en la sentencia son los siguientes:

QBE del Istmo Compañía de Reaseguros-Inc. y Seguros del Estado SA. celebraron contrato de reaseguro proporcional, tipo "cuota parte”, con un límite de $5.000'000.000. El valor del siniestro se pactó, para la primera en 75%, y respecto de la segunda, en 25%.
El objeto del contrato consistió en cobijar el riesgo de cumplimiento amparado por Seguros del Estado a la Bolsa Nacional Agropecuaria S.A. (BNA S.A.). “El seguro protegía a Inaves Fuenterrabia S.A. del riesgo de incumplimiento de obligaciones por la expedición de certificados avícolas de operaciones bursátiles.”
La afianzada, Inaves, desatendió los compromisos adquiridos. La asegurada beneficiaria, BNA S.A., formuló la correspondiente reclamación y se le remuneró la suma de $4.144.000.000, cancelada, en alícuota parte, entre la aseguradora y reaseguradora en los porcentajes arriba discriminados.
Seguros del Estado S.A. se subrogó en los derechos de la asegurada beneficiaria. En esa condición intervino en el proceso de reorganización empresarial y finiquito de Inaves donde su crédito se admitió con el sello de privilegiado "por tener origen en una operación bursátil'.
La aseguradora cedente, sin haber recibido a satisfacción el pago, a espaldas de la reaseguradora, mediante contrato de cesión, transfirió el crédito por $1.000.000.000 a Avícola Miluc SAS.
El precio de la transacción fue lesivo, pues la aseguradora cedente recibió del cesionario menos de la mitad del valor de la acreencia subrogada. La situación perjudicó el patrimonio de la reaseguradora, al impedirle percibir el 75% de su monto, máxime cuando esa cifra estaba reconocida per sé en el concurso y garantizada su pago con privilegio.
Seguros del Estado S.A. desconoció las prestaciones del reaseguro, al celebrar la cesión y renunciar al recobro del 100% de lo indemnizado por vía de la subrogación. De esa manera frustró a la demandante de obtener el reembolso de la parte que costeó.
El contrato de seguro en la responsabilidad extracontractual de la administración pública: Estudio comparado con el derecho español
Authors: Palacio Vargas Ana María 
Published: January 2021

El seguro de responsabilidad de la Administración Pública, tanto en España como en Colombia, es un contrato típico, es decir, reconocido legalmente. Este tipo de seguro se identifica en sus rasgos esenciales con el seguro de responsabilidad civil, por lo tanto, es un seguro de daños.
En el ordenamiento jurídico español, así como en el colombiano, el aludido contrato de seguro se rige por normas especiales, en atención a que el asegurado es un ente de derecho público. Se advierte que, en uno y otro ordenamiento, se comparten los elementos definitorios de la figurar bajo estudio, lo cual no genera sorpresa, debido a que ambos ordenamientos encuentran su fuente, al menos en la materia, en el derecho francés.
Axial Low-Velocity Impact of Sandwich Columns With Aluminum Face-Sheets and Hexagonal Honeycomb Core
Authors: Wang Mingshi , Chen Shangjun , Xiang Chunping , Qin Qinghua , Wang T. J. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The dynamic behavior of sandwich columns with aluminum face-sheets and hexagonal honeycomb core under axial low-velocity impact is investigated experimentally and theoretically. In the impact tests, two typical competing cases of deformation, i.e., core shear-curling (CS-Cu) and local denting-plastic hinge (LD-PH), were observed following the first-order or higher-order global buckling. The deformation process, permanent deformation, cushioning property, energy dissipation efficiency, and factors affecting the competition of CS-Cu and LD-PH were compared and discussed in detail. It is found that, if CS-Cu occurs instead of LD-PH, an axially impacted sandwich column may perform better in both cushioning and efficiently dissipating residual energy. The theoretical analysis is carried out by extending the existing quasi-static global buckling theory of sandwich columns. A good agreement between the oscillatory plateau on the measured force–time curve and the predicted critical plastic global buckling load is found for the strain rate-insensitive face-sheet material.
Five-Axis Machine Tool Volumetric and Geometric Error Reduction by Indirect Geometric Calibration and Lookup Tables
Authors: Esmaeili Sareh M. , Mayer J. R. R. , Sanders Mark P. , Dahlem J. Philipp , Xing Kanglin 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Modern CNC machine tools provide lookup tables to enhance the machine tool’s precision but the generation of table entries can be a demanding task. In this paper, the coefficients of the 25 cubic polynomial functions used to generate the LUTs entries for a five-axis machine tool are obtained by solving a linear system incorporating a Vandermonde expansion of the nominal control jacobian. The necessary volumetric errors within the working volume are predicted from the machine’s geometric errors estimated by the indirect error identification method based on the on-machine touch probing measurement of a reconfigurable uncalibrated master ball artifact (RUMBA). The proposed scheme is applied to a small Mitsubishi M730 CNC machine. Two different error models are used for modeling the erroneous machine tool, one estimating mainly inter-axis errors and the other including numerous intra-axis errors. The table-based compensation is validated through additional on-machine measurements. Experimental tests demonstrate a significant reduction in volumetric errors and in the effective machine error parameters. The LUTs reduce most of the dominant machine error parameters. It is concluded that although being effective in correcting some geometric errors, the generated LUTs cannot compensate for some axis misalignments such as EB(OX)A and EB(OX)Z. The root-mean-square of the translational volumetric errors is improved from 87.3, 75.4, and 71.5 µm down to 24.8, 18.8, and 22.1 µm in the X-, Y-, and Z-directions, respectively.
Peptidoglycan: Structure, Synthesis, and Regulation
Authors: Garde Shambhavi , Chodisetti Pavan Kumar , Reddy Manjula 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT

Peptidoglycan is a defining feature of the bacterial cell wall. Initially identified as a target of the revolutionary beta-lactam antibiotics, peptidoglycan has become a subject of much interest for its biology, its potential for the discovery of novel antibiotic targets, and its role in infection. Peptidoglycan is a large polymer that forms a mesh-like scaffold around the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane. Peptidoglycan synthesis is vital at several stages of the bacterial cell cycle: for expansion of the scaffold during cell elongation and for formation of a septum during cell division. It is a complex multifactorial process that includes formation of monomeric precursors in the cytoplasm, their transport to the periplasm, and polymerization to form a functional peptidoglycan sacculus. These processes require spatio-temporal regulation for successful assembly of a robust sacculus to protect the cell from turgor and determine cell shape. A century of research has uncovered the fundamentals of peptidoglycan biology, and recent studies employing advanced technologies have shed new light on the molecular interactions that govern peptidoglycan synthesis. Here, we describe the peptidoglycan structure, synthesis, and regulation in rod-shaped bacteria, particularly
Escherichia coli
, with a few examples from
Salmonella
and other diverse organisms. We focus on the pathway of peptidoglycan sacculus elongation, with special emphasis on discoveries of the past decade that have shaped our understanding of peptidoglycan biology.
Influence of pre-existing structure on pluton emplacement and geomorphology: The Merrimac plutons, northern Sierra Nevada, California, USA
Authors: Langenheim V.E. , Vazquez J.A. , Schmidt K.M. , Guglielmo G. , Sweetkind D.S. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn much of the western Cordillera of North America, the geologic framework of crustal structure generated in the Mesozoic leaves an imprint on later plutonic emplacement, subsequent structural setting, and present landscape morphology. The Merrimac plutons in the northern Sierra Nevada (California, USA) are a good example of the influence of pre-existing structure at a larger scale. This paper updates and refines earlier studies of the Merrimac plutons, with the addition of analysis of gravity and magnetic data and new 206Pb/238U zircon dates. The gravity and magnetic data not only confirm the presence of two different neighboring plutons, but also (1) support the presence of a third pluton, (2) refine the nature of the contact between the Merrimac plutons as being structurally controlled, and (3) estimate the depth extent of the plutons to be ∼4–5 km. The zircon 206Pb/238U dates indicate that the two main plutons have statistically different crystallization ages nearly 4 m.y. apart. Geomorphic analyses, including estimates of relief, roughness and drainage density and generation of chi plots, indicate that the two main plutons are characterized by different elevations with large longitudinal channel knickpoints that we speculatively attribute to possible reactivation of pre-existing structure in addition to lithologic variations influencing relative erosion susceptibility in response to prior accelerated surface uplift.
Home and Online Management and Evaluation of Blood Pressure (HOME BP) using a digital intervention in poorly controlled hypertension: randomised controlled trial
Authors: McManus Richard J , Little Paul , Stuart Beth , Morton Katherine , Raftery James , Kelly Jo , Bradbury Katherine , Zhang Jin , Zhu Shihua , Murray Elizabeth , May Carl R , Mair Frances S , Michie Susan , Smith Peter , Band Rebecca , Ogburn Emma , Allen Julie , Rice Cathy , Nuttall Jacqui , Williams Bryan , Yardley Lucy 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Objective
The HOME BP (Home and Online Management and Evaluation of Blood Pressure) trial aimed to test a digital intervention for hypertension management in primary care by combining self-monitoring of blood pressure with guided self-management.

Design
Unmasked randomised controlled trial with automated ascertainment of primary endpoint.

Setting
76 general practices in the United Kingdom.

Participants
622 people with treated but poorly controlled hypertension (>140/90 mm Hg) and access to the internet.

Interventions
Participants were randomised by using a minimisation algorithm to self-monitoring of blood pressure with a digital intervention (305 participants) or usual care (routine hypertension care, with appointments and drug changes made at the discretion of the general practitioner; 317 participants). The digital intervention provided feedback of blood pressure results to patients and professionals with optional lifestyle advice and motivational support. Target blood pressure for hypertension, diabetes, and people aged 80 or older followed UK national guidelines.

Main outcome measures
The primary outcome was the difference in systolic blood pressure (mean of second and third readings) after one year, adjusted for baseline blood pressure, blood pressure target, age, and practice, with multiple imputation for missing values.

Results
After one year, data were available from 552 participants (88.6%) with imputation for the remaining 70 participants (11.4%). Mean blood pressure dropped from 151.7/86.4 to 138.4/80.2 mm Hg in the intervention group and from 151.6/85.3 to 141.8/79.8 mm Hg in the usual care group, giving a mean difference in systolic blood pressure of −3.4 mm Hg (95% confidence interval −6.1 to −0.8 mm Hg) and a mean difference in diastolic blood pressure of −0.5 mm Hg (−1.9 to 0.9 mm Hg). Results were comparable in the complete case analysis and adverse effects were similar between groups. Within trial costs showed an incremental cost effectiveness ratio of £11 ($15, €12; 95% confidence interval £6 to £29) per mm Hg reduction.

Conclusions
The HOME BP digital intervention for the management of hypertension by using self-monitored blood pressure led to better control of systolic blood pressure after one year than usual care, with low incremental costs. Implementation in primary care will require integration into clinical workflows and consideration of people who are digitally excluded.

Trial registration

ISRCTN13790648
.
Impact of military medicine on civilian medical practice in the UK from 2009 to 2020
Authors: France Katherine , Handford C 
Published: January 2021

IntroductionThe positive impact of advances in military medicine and the influence these have had on civilian medical practice have been well documented throughout history: this review will be looking specifically between 2009 and 2020.AimsReview of innovations that have been implemented or have influenced civilian practice within the areas of trauma, disease outbreak management and civilian systems between 2009 and 2020. This review will also aim to explore the impact that working with or within the military can have on individuals within civilian healthcare systems and the future challenges we face to maintain skills.ResultsUsing a narrative approach to this review, we found that there have been numerous changes to trauma management within the UK, based on military practice and research during conflict, which have improved survival outcomes. In addition, the use of niche military skills as part of a coordinated response, during both internal and international disease outbreaks, are thought to have supported civilian systems enabling an efficient and prolonged response. Furthermore, adaptation of military concepts and their application to the NHS through consultant-led prehospital teams, centralisation of specialties in the form of major trauma centres and the introduction of guidelines to manage 'major incidents and mass casualty events' in 2018 have improved patient outcomes.ConclusionFrom 2009 to 2020, lessons learnt from the British and other nations’ militaries have been integrated into UK practice and have likely contributed to improved outcomes in the management of major incidents both nationally and internationally.
Impaired antibacterial response of liver sinusoidal Vγ9+Vδ2+ T cells in patients with chronic liver disease
Authors: Rha Min-Seok , Han Ji Won , Koh June-Young , Lee Ha Seok , Kim Jong Hoon , Cho Kyungjoo , Kim Soon Il , Kim Myoung Soo , Lee Jae Geun , Park Su-Hyung , Joo Dong Jin , Park Jun Yong , Shin Eui-Cheol 
Published: January 2021

ObjectiveThe liver acts as a frontline barrier against diverse gut-derived pathogens, and the sinusoid is the primary site of liver immune surveillance. However, little is known about liver sinusoidal immune cells in the context of chronic liver disease (CLD). Here, we investigated the antibacterial capacity of liver sinusoidal γδ T cells in patients with various CLDs.DesignWe analysed the frequency, phenotype and functions of human liver sinusoidal γδ T cells from healthy donors and recipients with CLD, including HBV-related CLD (liver cirrhosis (LC) and/or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)), alcoholic LC and LC or HCC of other aetiologies, by flow cytometry and RNA-sequencing using liver perfusates obtained during living donor liver transplantation. We also measured the plasma levels of D-lactate and bacterial endotoxin to evaluate bacterial translocation.ResultsThe frequency of liver sinusoidal Vγ9+Vδ2+ T cells was reduced in patients with CLD. Immunophenotypic and transcriptomic analyses revealed that liver sinusoidal Vγ9+Vδ2+ T cells from patients with CLD were persistently activated and pro-apoptotic. In addition, liver sinusoidal Vγ9+Vδ2+ T cells from patients with CLD showed significantly decreased interferon (IFN)-γ production following stimulation with bacterial metabolites and Escherichia coli. The antibacterial IFN-γ response of liver sinusoidal Vγ9+Vδ2+ T cells significantly correlated with liver function, and inversely correlated with the plasma level of D-lactate in patients with CLD. Repetitive in vitro stimulation with E. coli induced activation, apoptosis and functional impairment of liver sinusoidal Vγ9+Vδ2+ T cells.ConclusionLiver sinusoidal Vγ9+Vδ2+ T cells are functionally impaired in patients with CLD. Bacterial translocation and decreasing liver functions are associated with functional impairment of liver sinusoidal Vγ9+Vδ2+ T cells.
Comparative genomics of the Pasteurella multocida toxin
Authors: Siddaramappa Shivakumara 
Published: January 2021

Pasteurella multocida is a zoonotic pathogen whose genetic heterogeneity is well known. Five serogroups (A, B, D, E, and F) and 16 serotypes of P. multocida have been recognized thus far based on capsular polysaccharide typing and lipopolysaccharide typing, respectively. Progressive atrophic rhinitis in domestic pigs is caused by P. multocida strains containing toxA, which encodes a 146 kDa heat-labile toxin. Among the five serogroups, only some strains of serogroups A and D are toxigenic. In this study, by comparative analyses of the genomes of many strains, it has been shown that toxA is sparsely distributed in P. multocida. Furthermore, full-length homologs of P. multocida toxA were found only in two other bacterial species. It has also been shown that toxA is usually associated with a prophage, and that some strains contain an orthologous prophage but not toxA. Among the toxA-containing prophages that were compared, an operon putatively encoding a type II restriction-modification system was present only in strains LFB3, HN01, and HN06. These results indicate that the selection and maintenance of the heat-labile toxin and the type II restriction-modification system are evolutionarily less favorable among P. multocida strains. Phylogenetic analysis using the alignment- and parameter-free method CVTree3 showed that deduced proteome sequences can be used as effectively as whole/core genome single nucleotide polymorphisms to group P. multocida strains in relation to their serotypes and (or) genotypes. It remains to be determined if the toxA-containing prophages in strains HN01 and HN06 are inducible, and if they can be used for lysogenic transfer of toxA to other bacteria.
Chapter 2.2a Palmer Land and Graham Land volcanic groups (Antarctic Peninsula): volcanology
Authors: Riley Teal R. , Leat Philip T. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The break-up of Gondwana during the Early–Middle Jurassic was associated with flood basalt volcanism in southern Africa and Antarctica (Karoo–Ferrar provinces), and formed one of the most extensive episodes of continental magmatism of the Phanerozoic. Contemporaneous felsic magmatism along the proto-Pacific margin of Gondwana has been referred to as a silicic large igneous province, and is exposed extensively in Patagonian South America, the Antarctic Peninsula and elsewhere in West Antarctica. Jurassic-age silicic volcanism in Patagonia is defined as the Chon Aike province and forms one of the most voluminous silicic provinces globally. The Chon Aike province is predominantly pyroclastic in origin, and is characterized by crystal tuffs and ignimbrite units of rhyolite composition. Silicic volcanic rocks of the once contiguous Antarctic Peninsula form a southward extension of the Chon Aike province and are also dominated by silicic ignimbrite units, with a total thickness exceeding 1 km. The ignimbrites include high-grade rheomorphic ignimbrites, as well as unwelded, lithic-rich ignimbrites. Rhyolite lava flows, air-fall horizons, debris-flow deposits and epiclastic deposits are volumetrically minor, occurring as interbedded units within the ignimbrite succession.
Chapter 1.2 Antarctic volcanism: volcanology and palaeoenvironmental overview
Authors: Smellie John L. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Since Jurassic time (
c.
200 Ma), Antarctica has had a greater diversity of volcanism than other southern continents. It includes: (1) voluminous mafic and felsic volcanism associated with the break-up of Gondwana; (2) a long-lived continental margin volcanic arc, including back-arc alkaline volcanism linked to slab rollback; (3) small-volume mafic alkaline volcanism associated with slab-window formation; and (4) one of Earth's major continental rift zones, the West Antarctic Rift System (WARS), with its numerous large alkaline central volcanoes. Several of Antarctica's volcanoes are still active. This chapter is a review of the major volcanic episodes and their principal characteristics, in their tectonic, volcanological and palaeoenvironmental contexts. Jurassic Gondwana break-up was associated with large-scale volcanism that caused global environmental changes and associated mass extinctions. The volcanic arc was a major extensional arc characterized by alternating volcanic flare-ups and lulls. The Neogene rift-related alkaline volcanism is dominated by effusive glaciovolcanic eruptions, overwhelmingly as both pāhoehoe- and ‘a‘ā-sourced lava-fed deltas. The rift is conspicuously poor in pyroclastic rocks due to the advection and removal of tephra erupted during glacial intervals. Volcanological investigations of the Neogene volcanism have also significantly increased our knowledge of the critical parameters and development of the Antarctic Ice Sheet.
Chapter 1.3 Antarctic volcanism: petrology and tectonomagmatic overview
Authors: Panter Kurt Samuel 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Petrological investigations over the past 30 years have significantly advanced our knowledge of the origin and evolution of magmas emplaced within and erupted on top of the Antarctic Plate. Over the last 200 myr Antarctica has experienced: (1) several episodes of rifting, leading to the fragmentation of Gondwana and the formation by
c.
83 Ma of the current Antarctica Plate; (2) long-lived subduction that shut down progressively eastwards along the Gondwana margin in the Late Cretaceous and is still active at the northernmost tip of the Antarctic Peninsula; and (3) broad extension across West Antarctica that produced one of the Earth's major continental rift systems. The dynamic tectonic history of Antarctica since the Triassic has led to a diversity of volcano types and igneous rock compositions with correspondingly diverse origins. Many intriguing questions remain about the petrology of mantle sources and the mechanisms for melting during each tectonomagmatic phase. For intraplate magmatism, the upwelling of deep mantle plumes is often evoked. Alternatively, subduction-related metasomatized mantle sources and melting by more passive means (e.g. edge-driven flow, translithospheric faulting, slab windows) are proposed. A brief review of these often competing models is provided in this chapter along with recommendations for ongoing petrological research in Antarctica.