bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Green synthesis of Supercapacitor electrodes activated carbon from Veitchia Merilli Seed waste by a two-stages pyrolysis in integration
Authors: Farma Rakhmawati , Anggriawan Ficho , Apriyani Irma , Taer Erman , Awitdrus  , Setiadi Rahmondia Nanda 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Pyrolysis process consists of two-stages in integration aims to carbon purification, evaporates volatile compounds so that it enlarges the pore diameter, and increases the surface area of the activated carbon. This research was used Veitchia Merilli seed (VMS) waste by optimizing the stages-carbonization to obtain a high specific capacitance. Initial preparation begins with the pre-carbonization process at a temperature of 200°C, the activated carbon powder is converted into a monolith form using a Hydraulic Press and followed by a pyrolysis process in the stages-carbonization with temperature variations of 500°C, 600°C, and 700°C and the stages-physical activation at temperature of 800°C. The results showed that the thermal resistance temperature of the carbon powder was 287°C. The lowest density value occurs in the VMS-600 sample of 0.591 gr/cm3 and Microstructure analysis shows that the carbon electrode is amorphous which is characterized by the presence of peaks at 2θ angles around 24° and 44° with the highest Lc value of 15.069 nm, with the highest specific capacitance value of the supercapacitor cell of 210,442 F/g. Temperature 600°C is the optimum temperature carbonization in the process fabrication of carbon electrodes from VMS waste for supercapacitor cell application.
Characteristics of Charcoal Briquettes Corn Cobs Charcoal with the Addition of Areca Peel Charcoal
Authors: Satria Muhammad , Harun Noviar , Hamzah Faizah , Pramana Angga 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Corn cobs and areca peel are biomass waste that can be used in the form of charcoal briquettes as an alternative source of energy because they contain lignin and cellulose. The purpose of this research was the best obtain character briquettes from a combination corn cobs charcoal and areca peel charcoal. This research used complete randomized design with 5 treatment and 3 replications. Data were statically analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA). The treatments in this research include ratio of corn cobs charcoal and areca peel charcoal 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, and 50:50. The result of analysis showed that the ratio of corn cobs charcoal and areca peel affect on density, water content, fix carbon content, ash content but did not significantly affected calorific value. The best treatment briquettes was (90:10) with density content 0,66 g/cm3, water content 4,23%, volatile matter content 15,01%, ash content 3,68%, fixed carbon content 77,07% and calorific value of 6528,73 cal/g.
Opacity and Washability Properties of Emulsion Paint with Natural Rubber Latex/Polyvinyl Acetate Blend Binder
Authors: Bahruddin  , Helwani Zuchra , Fadhillah Ivan , Raysa  , Rumi  , Wiranata Arya , Miharyono Joni 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) has long been known as a binder material to improve the washability, opacity (hiding power), and viscosity of commercial emulsion paints. This study aims to study the properties of opacity (hiding power), washability resistance, and viscosity of emulsion paint added with a binder from a mixture of natural rubber latex (NRL) and PVAc. Emulsion paint samples were made with a binder content of 4, 6, and 8% w/w. The binder was made from a mixture of NRL and PVAc with various NRL levels of 0%, 15%, 25%, 35%, 50%, and 100% w/w. Testing of paint samples includes washability using a digital BGD 526 Wet Abrasion Scrub Tester and viscosity testing using a HAAKE 6R digital viscometer. At the same time, the opacity test uses the Indonesian Standard (SNI 3564:2009). The results showed that the opacity met the standard emulsion paint for all binder levels, except for the composition of NRL 100% w/w at all binder levels. The higher the NRL content in the binder causes the washability resistance and paint viscosity to decrease and become unstable. The best washability resistance and viscosity properties were obtained at NRL in a binder of 15% w/w and a binder content of 8% w/w, with washability resistance properties of 50 times and a viscosity of 3300 cp.
Influence of Friction Stir Welding Parameters on Joint Defects, Temperature and Hardness of AA6061-T6 and S27JR Mild Steel FSW Joint
Authors: Syafiq W M , Afendi M , Mazlee M N 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The influence of welding parameters such as tool plunge depth, tool travel speed and tool tilt angle on welding temperature during friction stir welding of AA6061-T6 and S275JR mild steel was the focus of this research. Thermocouple placed in the aluminum alloy plate prior to welding was used to measure the temperature during the welding of joints under different set of parameter values. Joint appearance as well as defects occurring on the surface or within the joint was observed. Microhardness profiles were also taken by measuring microhardness values across the cross section of joints. Excessive flash, tunnel defects and insufficient welding were the type of weld defects observed on different joints with different parameters. Defects were attributed to the varied parameter values affecting the heat generation as well as the flow of the plasticized material. Highest temperature was recorded by the joint fabricated using the largest tool plunge depth, owing to the increased downwards pressure. Microhardness profiles were seen to be similar for all the welded joints. A “plateau” of low microhardness value was observed for all joints associated with the thermomechanically affected zone (TMAZ) and heat affected zone (HAZ). A wider plateau was observed for joints welded with higher tool plunge depth due to higher temperature.
Tensile Properties of Hybridised Fire Retardants in Pineapple Leaf Fibre (PALF) Reinforced Polymer Composites
Authors: Hazwani M , Abdul Majid M S , Azaman M D , Ridzuan M J M , Cheng EM 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This paper presents the tensile properties of hybridised fire retardants Pineapple Leaf Fibre (PALF) reinforced polymer composite. The polymer composites were prepared using the hand lay-up method of fabrication, in which two-layer PALF was used, and the epoxy resin with the fire retardants were mixed. The non-hybridised fire retardants are ammonium polyphosphate (APP), magnesium hydroxide (MH) and aluminium hydroxide (ALH), while the hybridised fire retardants are ammonium polyphosphate/magnesium hydroxide (APP/MH), ammonium polyphosphate/aluminium hydroxide (APP/ALH) and magnesium hydroxide/aluminium hydroxide (MH/ALH). The samples were tested using the universal testing machine with load cell 50kN using ASTM D3039 standard. The samples APP/ALH and MH/ALH have better tensile strength, which is 37.10 MPa and 37.05 MPa, respectively. The dispersion of fire-retardants in the reinforced composites seems to affect their mechanical performance. Meanwhile, sample MH/ALH has the highest elastic modulus with 3.65 GPa. Sample MH/ALH likely to be an excellent hybridised fire-retardant filler for the composites.
Analysis of an Arduino based solar tracking system
Authors: Mohamad A , Rahman MTA , Phasinam K , Bin Mohamad MS , Saad MAM , Chionh SY 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The main purpose of this research is to develop and evaluate a solar tracking system which able to maximize the power output of the solar panel. The design of the solar tracking system consists of some electronic components such as an Arduino Uno R3 microcontroller, four light-dependent resistors (LDRs), two servo motors, and one solar panel. The Arduino microcontroller acts as the main controller of the whole system, light-dependent resistor is used as a light sensor to detect sunlight while the function of the servo motor is to rotate the solar panel to align with the sunlight. The prototype of the solar tracking system was build and tested. The data result obtained are tabulated and the comparison of performance between the static solar panel and solar tracking system is showed using the graphical method. As a result, solar panels with tracking mechanisms can generate more current, voltage, and power than static solar panels. The overall efficiency of the solar panel had increased after the implementation of the tracking system.
Minimizing Warpage and Shrinkage of Plastic Car Rear Bumper Fabrication via Simulation Based Optimisation
Authors: Rosli M.U. , Khor C.Y. , Nawi M. A. M. , Mohamad N.S. , Zakaria M.S. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Car bumpers are designed to absorb small impacts, such as accidentally bumping into another car while backing off a parking spot, not major road accidents. As to make it lighter, plastic is the best available material. To fabricate it by injection molding, thin-wall and complex parts such as car bumper might create a lot of defects such as shrinkage and warpage. So, the stronger plastic material and correct optimized parameters should be applied. Butadiene Styrene (ABS) is selected in this study. This project aims to optimize the injection moulding process parameters of plastic car bumper by using Central Composite Design (CCD) in Response Surface Methodology. Mould temperature, melt temperature, injection time are selected as factors to be studied. As the results, the optimum values suggested by the software were mould temperature of 25°C, 226.36°C melt temperature and 1.88s injection time. The best material suggested is ABS. With small differences in error value between solution and simulation, 0.895% of shrinkage and 10.3% for warpage, the results were acceptable.
Characterisation of Biocomposite Film with Napier based Nanocrystalline Cellulose
Authors: Sucinda E F , Abdul Majid M S , Ridzuan M J M , Kamaruddin M F S , Cheng E M 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Nowadays, biocomposite polymers are widely used in daily life based on their ability which is compossible, recyclable and sustainable. This paper presents biocomposite film’s characterisation with different concentrations of nanocrystalline cellulose(NCC) (0 wt.%, 0.5 wt.%, 1.0 wt.% and 1.5 wt.%). Several techniques were used to review biocomposite film’s characterisation, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformed infrared spectra (FTIR) and biodegradable test. In the XRD study, the reinforcement PLA with NCC shows the improvement of crystallinity from 43.00% to 46.09% and decrease to 45.87% due to agglomeration of excessive NCC. FTIR shows the same chemical structure for each samples. As a result of the biodegradable test, the increasing concentration of NCC in the PLA increased the percentage of weight loss. Sample with NCC 1.5 wt.% shows the highest weight loss value (6.223%) compared to neat PLA (3.646%). Hence, PLA reinforced with nanocrystalline cellulose shows high potential and practical implementation as a biomaterial commercial application.
Investigating the thermal characteristic of copper alloys valve seat towards engine performance enhancement of MODENAS CT115 through steady-state analysis
Authors: Zainol M A A , Hassan M A S M , Shahriman A B , Razlan Z M , Rahman A.A. , Hashim M S M , Kamarrudin N S , Khairunizam W K N , Harun A , Ibrahim I , Faizi M K , Rani M F H 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
MODENAS CT115 engine is a single overhead camshaft (SOHC) engine, with a rated power of 8.8 horsepower at 9000 rpm. One of the main concerns of engine research is the overheating of engines. Overheating can affects the performance of an engine by leading to a loss of strength and thermal strain. To prevent failure, thermal analysis is used to determine the flow of heat with precision to optimise temperature distribution. The investigation is done using ANSYS Thermal simulation on the CAD model of the engine cylinder head, intake and exhaust valve, and intake and exhaust valve seat insert. The comparison to the existing valve seat insert is made using three different valve seat insert materials: Beryllium-copper C17200, Bronze-copper C61300, and Brass C36000. The research results proved that Brass C36000 provides the best thermal reduction and heat transfer increment compared to the existing valve seat insert material.
A comparative study on chitosan/gelatin composite films with incorporated Pith and Cortex of Napier Grass.
Authors: Tuan Rohadi T.N. , Ridzuan M.J.M. , Abdul Majid M.S. , Cheng E.M. , Norasni M.J. , Marsi Noraini 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The problem in end-of-life of petroleum-based plastic management had risks wildlife and human health with rapid used in fossil reserves. Therefore, the exploration of biodegradable plastics that embraced a new eco-friendly alternative to overcome these limitations have been conducted. In this paper, the chitosan and gelatine composite film with incorporated pith and cortex of Napier grass were prepared via solution casting will be evaluated. The thermal, chemical, mechanical properties and morphological characterization of composite film had been conducted via thermo-gravimetric analysis, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy, tensile strength, and scanning electron microscope. The results shows that the cortex had potential to be used as reinforcement material same as the pith to broaden the use of Napier grass in industrial. Thus, further studied with additional of cellulose from pith and cortex of Napier grass in the chitosan/gelatin composite films may improve the tensile strength due to the removal of non-cellulosic component.
Bending strength analysis of HDPE plastic reinforced wood waste and thermoplastic polymer to replace ceramic tile composites
Authors: Hashim Mohamad Mohshein , Marsi Noraini , Letchumanan Thineshnaidu , Mohd Rus Anika Zafiah , Mohd Jamir Mohd Ridzuan , Hassan Nurhafizzah 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Commercial products made from plastics, papers, and various other materials are always in high demand in this day and age. The waste products also increase with time accumulating becomes very high that it impacts the environment. Recycling waste products can reduce waste and improve the development of manufacturing products as the materials are readily available as waste especially plastic waste. This project research presents bending strength analysis of HDPE plastic waste reinforced wood waste and thermoplastic polymer. The waste materials of HDPE plastic waste and wood waste potential to replace ceramic tile composites. Four samples were prepared to produce ceramic tile samples at different composition ratio of HDPE plastic waste: 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 weight by weight (wt/wt%) reinforced composition ratio of wood waste at 2.0 (wt/wt%) and thermoplastic polymer. It is revealed the higher bending strength test for composition ratio of 3.0 HPDE plastic waste produce 8.28 MPa with the density at 0.83 g/cm3 and a porosity value of 0.05%. The image microstructure by using Optical Microscope (OM) analysis shows the 10x magnification of matrix reinforcement bonding between HDPE plastic waste reinforced wood waste and thermoplastic polymer has a good matrix-reinforcement bonding and suitable to replace ceramic tile applications.
Parametric Study of Bio-Inspired Thin-Walled Tubes Impacted under Axial and Oblique Loadings
Authors: Samsolbahar Amirulamri , Ahmad Masniezam , Mat Fauziah , Mohd Hanid Mohd Hazwan , Roslan Ahmad Muzammil , Mohd Nawi Mohd Al-Hafiz , Abdul Khadir Mohamad Syafiq 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Thin-walled structure is widely used as energy absorber in automotive industries due to its superior crashworthiness characteristics. In these recent years, many studies had been performed to design the new shapes of thin-walled tube that are inspired by a biological component, especially from animals and plants. This research aims to conduct a parametric study of bio-inspired thin-walled tubes to enhance the energy absorption characteristics. Two designs of bio-inspired thin-walled tubes had been proposed in this study. The tubes were impacted under axial and oblique loadings by using a finite element analysis software. The results show that the proposed designs provide better energy absorption capacity and specific energy absorption compared to the conventional tube at different thicknesses and diameters. The trend of the results obtained from this study can be used to improve the design of bio-inspired thin-walled structure in the future.
Emission characteristics of modified inlet poppet valve
Authors: Mahesh G , Yerrennagoudar Hiregoudar , Somanath Swamy R H M , Sharth Kumar S 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In the case of a diesel engine, air is very important for increasing and decreasing engine parameters. On IC engines, air enters through an inlet valve passage, which is more critical. This is a promising combustion strategy for achieving homogeneity that combines the benefits of both SI and CI engines. Turbulence must be created in engines to achieve homogeneity, and as a result, swirl flow will be activated in the ignition chamber. In light of the stream properties of air streaming in different structures of the CI engine’s air inlet channel, many types are available to create swirl flow for enhancing engine efficiency and lowering emissions. The advantages of an HCCI engine is that it produces low NOx emissions by burning a lean mixture of charge. Working in cylinder with emission in exhaust gas are HC, CO, CO2 and Nox of CI engine, this is based on chamber pressure, temperature, loss of heat transfer on chamber surfaces, and working in cylinder with HC, CO, CO2 and Nox of CI engine. Changes to the inlet route must be performed to create turbulent conditions in order to improve IC engine characteristics. Turbulent will improve the uniformity of the air/fuel mixture at all ignition chamber entry points. This research is aimed at lowering emissions by modifying the inlet poppet valve of a four-stroke single-cylinder diesel engine. For modified inlet poppet valves of HC, CO for modified (masking) inlet poppet valve (4M), and CO2 for modified (masking) inlet poppet valve (4M), emission levels are lowered (2M).
Temperature profile of PCM and HTF in packed bed storage during the process of solidification in spherical capsules
Authors: Chandrasekaran P , Sivakumar B 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Amassing of cold energy is a foremost area in the field of thermal energy storage. The storing of cold thermal energy in a phase shift material is an art of solidification. The following experimentation depends on the domain of packed bed storage in which the 74mm spherical nodules of HDPE material whose fill volumes is around 90% is been solidified in a packed bed. The solidification curves and the HTF temperature profile concerning various set conditions have been analysed. The results revealed that layer 1 takes a minimum time to attain a lower temperature when compared with other reference layers. The results reveal that when the HTF temperature is brought from -6 to -9°C this trend is also maintained in the HTF temperature profile and found to be rapidly decreasing. Hence it is concluded that the inlet temperature of HTF plays a significant role during the process of solidification.
Improvement in the performance of Simarouba blended diesel fuel using Di-Ethyl Ether and Di-Methyl Carbonate as additives in a CRDI engine
Authors: Mathan Raj V , Chaitanya Abhinav , Thakur Harsh 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This study investigates the effects of B20 and additives added to the B20 blend when run in a CRDI engine under different loading conditions. Experimental studies compared to diesel show the poor performance of B20. The addition of DMC (dimethyl carbonate) and DEE (diethyl ether) in B20 significantly improved. Under high load conditions, the performance characteristics of BTHE of B20 DMC are relatively higher and lower BSFC than B20 DEE values. It can be seen from the emission results that NOx emissions are higher due to proper combustion in the case of B20 DMC. The emission characteristics show that B20 with 5% DMC showed better results than other samples present. This happens because of better and proper combustion of the fuel. It showed better results in the emission of CO and hydrocarbons while the DEE sample at 600bar showed better results for smoke emission. The combustion characteristics also show the same result that B20 with 5% DMC is a better fuel when compared with the rest of the samples. Though in performance characteristics we noted that B20 with 5% DEE showed better results in the graph between crank angle vs cylinder pressure and crank angle vs heat released.
Evaluation of various wet scrubbing solutions for CI engine exhaust
Authors: Premkumar S , Balaji G 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Automotive sector emissions, including nitrogen oxide (NO), Carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrocarbons (HC), are extremely hazardous. For environmental regulations, the scrubber technique is commonly used in naval application. In this investigation, a Diesel Plastic Oil Blend (DPB) is used to minimize the emissions. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), Lime soda (NaCl), and potassium permanganate (KMnO4) solutions were used to reduce the amount of pollution. The evaluation was done using a computerized, water-cooled, 4-stroke, Mono-cylinder, 5.2 kW diesel engine with a scrubber to ascertain its emission and performance characteristics. The experiments were conducted under several loading conditions. The NaOH, KMnO4, and NaHCO3 solutions were found to reduce the NO emission. The NaOH and KMnO4 solution minimized the HC emission. Additionally, the NaHCO3 solution minimized the smoke emission, and the NaCl solution reduced the CO and CO2 emissions effectively.
Experimental investigation on reducing agents for catalytic converters of CI engine
Authors: Suresh Kumar K , Balaji G , Teja P , Rahul Kumar S 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
High level pollution and emissions arising out of ever-increasing transport vehicles are wrecking a lot of havoc on the environment globally. Stringent emission norms and regulations force the research community across the globe to develop exhaust gas after-treatment systems for effective emission control. Catalytic converters are used to reduce the emissions of hydrocarbon, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and particulate matter. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) is a system used in IC engines, in which the NOx emission is reduced by injecting a reducing agent in the presence of catalyst. Normally adblue solution is used as the reducing agent for the dissociation of NOx into nitrogen and water. However, it has many drawbacks like NH3 slip, deposit formation and incomplete conversion of NOx. In the present study investigation has been carried out in a CI engine provided with a Vanadium based catalytic converter. Three different reducing agents were used for the dissociation of NOx into nitrogen and water and their effectiveness in controlling the NOx emission has been analyzed and reported.