bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘All eyes are on you’: Gender, race, and opinion writing on the US Courts of Appeals
Authors: Moyer Laura P. , Szmer John , Haire Susan , Christensen Robert K. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBecause stereotyping affects individual assessments of ability and because of socializing experiences in the law, we argue that women and judges of color, while well-credentialed, feel pressure to work harder than their white male peers to demonstrate their competence. Using an original dataset of published appellate court opinions from 2008–2016, we find that majority opinions authored by female and non-white judges go farther to explain and justify their rulings, when compared to opinions written by white male peers. In comparison to other judges, opinions by white men are about 6% shorter, with 11% fewer citations, and 17% fewer extensively discussed citations. Our findings suggest that norms about crafting judicial opinions are gendered and racialized in ways that create higher workloads for women and judges of color.
Police fairness and legitimacy across the post-communist divide in Europe
Authors: Baćak Valerio , Apel Robert 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn the present study, we compared two European regions with deeply contrasting policing traditions—post-communist countries and established democracies—to explore whether political history may have long-term consequences for police–public interactions. Using data from 26 countries that participated in the 2010 European Social Survey, we first measured and compared the prevalence of police-initiated contact and satisfaction with contact once it took place. We found that both tended to be higher in established democracies. Next, we contrasted the magnitude of the association between police contact and attitudes about police fairness and legitimacy between the two regions, finding consistently stronger associations in post-communist countries. Taken together, our results help expand procedural justice theory by demonstrating that incorporating history and context can enhance its ability to explain how interactions with police shape public opinion about law enforcement.
Moral career of migrant il/legality: Undocumented male youths in New York City and Paris negotiating deportability and regularizability
Authors: Ruszczyk Stephen P. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAs undocumented youths transition from arrival to adolescence to adulthood, regimes of migrant il/legality shape their lives in varying ways. Over the life course, undocumented youths' legal status may also shift, creating different “careers of il/legality,” sequences characterized by changes to legal status over time that re-shape self, mobility, and social roles. Longitudinal, comparative ethnographic data with undocumented male youths in Paris and New York and schools, municipal and civil society organizations show how shifts in legal status reshape youths' social identities based on access to institutional roles and evaluation of current and future conditions. Showing how undocumented youths simultaneously navigate deportation and regularization possibilities over time reveals the possibilities of, and constraints to, life after regularization.
TPRG1‐AS1 induces RBM24 expression and inhibits liver cancer progression by sponging miR‐4691‐5p and miR‐3659
Authors: Choi Ji‐Hye , Kwon So M. , Moon Sung U. , Yoon Sarah , Shah Masaud , Lee Byoung G. , Yang Jieun , Park Young N. , Wang Hee‐Jung , Woo Hyun G. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackground & AimsNoncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) play critical roles in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression. Here, by performing RNA‐sequencing (RNA‐Seq) profiling, we sought to identify novel ncRNAs that potentially drive the heterogeneous progression of liver cancers.MethodsRNA‐Seq profiles were obtained from 68 HCC specimens and 10 samples of adjacent non‐tumour liver tissues. The functional significance of the potential driver ncRNAs was evaluated by cell experiments.ResultsTPRG1‐AS1 was identified as a potential driver noncoding RNA that promotes heterogeneous liver cancer progression. TPRG1‐AS1 induced tumour suppressor RNA‐binding motif protein 24 (RBM24), suppressing tumour growth by activating apoptotic tumour cell death. In addition, we report that TPRG1‐AS1 acts as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) for RBM24, sponging miR‐4691‐5p and miR‐3659 to interfere with their binding to RBM24.ConclusionsWe suggest that TPRG1‐AS1 is a novel ceRNA sponging miR‐4691‐5p and miR‐3659, resulting in RBM24 expression and suppression of liver cancer growth. Our results provide new insights into the functions of ncRNAs in heterogeneous HCC progression.
Primary sclerosing cholangitis with moderately elevated serum‐IgG4 – characterization and outcome of a distinct variant phenotype
Authors: Zhou Taotao , Lenzen Henrike , Dold Leona , Bündgens Bennet , Wedemeyer Heiner , Manns Michael P. , Gonzalez‐Carmona Maria A. , Strassburg Christian P. , Weismüller Tobias J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackground and aimsImmunoglobulin G4‐associated cholangitis (IAC) is characterized by distinctly elevated immunoglobulin G4 in serum (sIgG4) and responds well to corticosteroid therapy. Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC) is a progressive liver disease without causal treatment options usually not responding to immunosuppression. Increased serum levels of sIgG4 in patients with PSC, that do not meet criteria of IAC, have been reported in 10%‐25%. Therefore, we aimed to characterize this subgroup of patients in a retrospective, multicenter study.MethodssIgG4 values of 289 patients with PSC from three German university hospitals were analysed. Patients with elevated sIgG4 levels were identified and further characterized by clinical and biochemical parameters and by cholangiographic presentation. Clinical endpoints, death and liver transplantation were compared between groups. Parameters associated with outcome were identified with Cox regression analysis.Results14.5% of patients with PSC showed increased sIgG4 levels (PSC‐IgG4), presented with significantly higher (P < .02) albumin, aspartate‐aminotransferase, bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase and had a significant lower prevalence of a concomitant autoimmune hepatitis (P = .025). Cholangiogram obtained via ERC showed extrahepatic dominant strictures more often in the PSC‐IgG4 subgroup (P = .047). The disease severity models Amsterdam‐Oxford‐Score (P = .018) and Mayo‐Risk‐Score (P = .025) predicted lower survival rates for the PSC‐IgG4 subgroup. Transplant‐free survival after first diagnosis of PSC was shorter in patients with elevated sIgG4 (11.6 vs 15.1 years, P = .001).ConclusionPatients with PSC and elevated sIgG4 should be considered as a distinct subgroup, characterized by different clinical and cholangiographical features and are associated with an inferior outcome.
Of mammals and milk: how maternal stress affects nursing offspring
Authors: Stead Samantha M. , Bădescu Iulia , Boonstra Rudy 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A large body of research shows that maternal stress during an offspring’s early life can impact its phenotype in both the short and long term. In the Vertebrata, most research has been focused on maternal stress during the prenatal period. However, the postnatal period is particularly important in mammals because maternal milk provides a conduit by which maternal hormones secreted in response to stressors (glucocorticoids, GCs) can reach offspring. Moreover, lactation outlasts gestation in many species.

Though GCs were first detected in milk over 40 years ago, few studies have explored how they affect nursing offspring, and no reviews have been written on how maternal stress affects nursing offspring in the natural world.

We discuss the evolution of milk and highlight its importance in each of the three mammalian lineages: monotremes (subclass Monotremata), marsupials (infraclass Marsupialia), and eutherians (infraclass Placentalia). Most research on the effects of milk GCs on offspring has been focused on eutherians, but monotremes and marsupials rely on their mothers’ milk for a proportionally longer period of time, and so research on these taxa may yield more insight.

We show that GCs are important for milk production, both during an individual nursing bout and over the entire lactation period, and review evidence of GCs moving from maternal blood to milk, and eventually to nursing offspring. We examine evidence from rodents and primates of associations between GC levels in lactating females (either blood or milk) and offspring behaviour and growth rates. We discuss ways that maternal stress may impact these offspring phenotypes outside of milk GCs, such as changes to: (1) milk output, (2) other milk constituents (e.g. macronutrients, growth factors, cytokines), and (3) maternal care behaviour.

Critical to understanding the fitness impacts of elevated maternal GC levels during lactation is to place this within the context of the natural environment. Species‐specific traits and natural histories will help us to understand why such maternal stress produces different offspring phenotypes that equip them to cope with and succeed in the environment they are about to enter.
The New Gulf Order: Crisis, Mediation, and Reconciliation
Authors: Al‐Ansari Majed Mohammed Hassan , Aras Bülent , Yorulmazlar Emirhan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe longevity and depth of regional challenges in the Middle East have elevated political and security concerns to a new level within the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) in recent years. Three conflicting worldviews have confronted one another, resulting in debilitating consequences for the region. Increasing fragmentation of Arab politics, in turn, has engendered attempts at enforced Arab unity that have ultimately failed, further dividing and destabilizing the regional order. This article delineates the background of the Gulf crisis of 2017 within the broader context of the Arab Spring and analyzes the ensuing attempts at mediation, the US role in the region, political developments in Kuwait and Oman, normalization efforts with Israel, and the recent resolution of the Gulf crisis by examining various actors’ political roles.
Assessing bite force estimates in extinct mammals and archosaurs using phylogenetic predictions
Authors: Sakamoto Manabu 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBite force is an ecologically important biomechanical performance measure that is informative in inferring the ecology of extinct taxa. However, biomechanical modelling to estimate bite force is associated with some level of uncertainty. Here, I assess the accuracy of bite force estimates in extinct taxa using a Bayesian phylogenetic prediction model. I first fitted a phylogenetic regression model on a training set comprising extant data. The model predicts bite force from body mass and skull width while accounting for differences owing to biting position. The posterior predictive model has a 93% prediction accuracy as evaluated using leave‐one‐out cross‐validation. I then predicted bite force in 37 species of extinct mammals and archosaurs from the posterior distribution of predictive models, generating posterior predictive distributions of null expectations given body mass, skull width and phylogenetic position. Biomechanically estimated bite forces from the literature fall within the posterior predictive distributions for all except four species of extinct taxa and are thus as accurate as predicted from body size and skull width, given the variation inherent in extant taxa and the amount of time available for variance to accrue. Biomechanical modelling remains a valuable means to estimate bite force in extinct taxa and should be reliably informative of functional performances and serve to provide insights into past ecologies.
Researchers’ choice of pain scales in trials of children undergoing surgery: A cross‐sectional analysis of systematically searched randomized controlled trials and survey of authors
Authors: Gerstman Michelle Diana , Rolland Lucie Renée , Tramèr Martin Richard , Habre Walid , Elia Nadia 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundMany pain scales are used post‐operatively in pediatric trials, making the comparison of trials, and the pooling of data for meta‐analyses difficult. The Pediatric Initiative on Methods, Measurement, and Pain Assessment in Clinical Trials (PedIMMPACT) statement, published in 2008, attempted to address this issue. We aimed to investigate the reasons for authors’ choice of pain scales and the potential impact of PedIMMPACT.MethodsWe performed a cross‐sectional analysis of systematically searched randomized controlled trials testing tramadol in children (up to 16 years) undergoing surgery, published between 2000 and 2020 (9 years prior to and 12 years following the publication of PedIMMPACT).ResultsAmong 76 trials (6211 children), 49 unique pain scales were used. The choice of the scales was explained in 18 trials (24%); in 13 of them, authors at least partly justified their choice by the fact that the pain scale was validated. In 52 trials (68%), the pain scales were referenced, with a total of 59 unique references, most often to prior studies using the same scale (36%) or to studies validating the chosen scale (31%). Twenty‐three trials (30%) provided no explanation nor reference. One single trial referenced PedIMMPACT. There was no evidence of a change in the choice of pain scales after the publication of PedIMMPACT.ConclusionsA large variety of pain scales are still used in pediatric post‐operative pain trials 12 years after the publication of PedIMMPACT. Only a minority of trials provided an explanation for their choice of pain scale. The reasons given most often included that the scale was validated or it was justified by a reference to a prior study using that scale. The impact of the publication of the PedIMMPACT seems limited. The ethics of the ongoing usage of large numbers of pain scales in pediatric pain trials must be challenged.
In conversation: David Hostetter and Matt Meyer on the pasts and futures of peace research
Authors: Fryer Heather 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPeace & Change is nearing fifty years as a vehicle for disseminating new research in peace history and peace studies. The Peace History Society has sponsored the journal since its founding in 1972 and it has grown and evolved through its partnerships with fellow organizations. The International Peace Research Association (IPRA) became a partner organization to Peace & Change in late 2020, expanding the journal’s community of scholars, readers, and reviewers to include more diverse disciplinary, international, and transnational perspectives. To mark this fruitful new partnership, Peace & Change editor Heather Fryer hosted a Zoom conversation between Peace History Society president David Hostetter and IPRA Secretary General Matt Meyer on the state of the field in our present historical moment. Awakened to activism by President Jimmy Carter’s call for a military draft in 1980, both Hostetter and Meyer have been deeply engaged in peace activism, scholarship, and leadership in the academic societies that have shaped the conversations in Peace & Change over many years. Here, they reflect on the past to propose next steps forward for the journal, for peace research, and for our organizations. Throughout their wide‐ranging discussion is a call to resist the urge to hastily enact new post‐2020 agendas and to concentrate instead on building trust—everywhere.
Gender disparities in the pediatric allergy‐related guidelines in Japan
Authors: Inage Eisuke , Tanaka Yuko , Matsui Kotoko , Yamada Hiromichi , Kojima Mayuki , Toriumi Shun , Kudo Takahiro , Baba Yosuke , Shimizu Toshiaki 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundInclusion of female authors has been noted as potentially beneficial in the development of medical guidelines. Japanese professional committees representing allergic subspecialties develop practical guidelines with recommendations to caregivers, but these committees may be influenced by their gender composition. The objective of our study was to examine the influence of gender in developing pediatric allergic disease guidelines in Japan from 1999 to 2020.MethodsWe examined the gender parities among the guideline committee members in allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, bronchial asthma, and food allergy guidelines in Japan. We examined the gender composition of the committees, annual trends, and differences in guideline content.ResultsThe median proportion of women members among the 22 guidelines committees was 6.6% (range: 0%–27.3%). The analysis of the quadrant period did not show a significant increase in the proportion of female members. The food allergy group had a significantly higher proportion of female members than other guidelines (P < 0.01), but the proportion decreased from 25% to 14.3% during the observation period. For the pediatric asthma guidelines, the proportion of female committee members decreased from 5.3% in the 2000 version to 0% in the most recent revision in 2017.ConclusionsThe proportion of women on the committees that develop pediatric guidelines continues to be low and has not improved over the past 20 years.
Moral distress in public health practice: Case studies from nursing education
Authors: Wros Peggy L. , Mathews Launa Rae , Beiers‐Jones Kristen , Warkentin Patti 
Published: July 2021

AbstractMoral distress in critical care nursing has been well studied; however, there is a gap in the literature related to moral distress among nurses and nursing students practicing in the community. This paper describes moral distress experienced during participation in the Interprofessional Care Access Network, a community‐based nurse‐led education and practice program providing longitudinal care coordination for underserved individuals and families in rural communities and urban neighborhoods. Two case studies represent client situations resulting in moral distress for nursing faculty and students. Contributing factors include unaddressed social determinants creating barriers to health and health care; inexperience and discomfort with people living in extreme poverty; lack of access to critical services for the most vulnerable; and powerlessness to influence discriminatory systems. Strategies are described to reduce moral distress and build moral resilience among students and faculty practicing in the community. Research is needed to expand understanding of causes, interventions, and consequences of moral distress in public health nursing.
Contribution of phototesting in the diagnosis of photodermatoses: Retrospective study of 100 cases
Authors: Pralong Pauline , Ciszynski Meryl , Moncourier Marie , Beani Jean‐Claude , Charles Julie , Leccia Marie‐Therese 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundPhotodermatoses are sun‐related inflammatory skin diseases. They usually require phototesting in diagnosis. However, fewer and fewer medical centers in France are equipped with photobiological equipment.ObjectivesThe main purpose was to evaluate the relevance of phototesting in photodermatosis diagnosis. The second goal was to study the proportions of the different kinds of photodermatosis found in this particular study.MethodsThis study was descriptive, retrospective, and mono‐centric. It was based on 100 consecutive patients, who have been phototested in a French University Hospital from 2014 to 2018. Phototesting included determination of the minimal erythematous dose (MED), UVA and UVB phototests, and photopatch testing.ResultsThe use of phototesting led to 60% of photodermatosis diagnosis and formally eliminated the latter in 13% of the cases. The diagnosis remained undetermined in 27% of the cases.Nineteen cases of polymorphous light eruption (PLE), 14 cases of photocontact dermatitis (PCD), 10 cases of solar urticaria, 8 cases of photo‐aggravated atopic eczema, 5 cases of chronic actinic dermatitis, and 2 cases of systemic photosensitization were diagnosed. The allergens involved in PCD were topical non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID) in 9 cases, sunscreens in 3 cases, and fragrance in 2 cases. The average amount of time between the first symptoms and actual phototesting was about 7,5 years.ConclusionThis study confirms phototesting is truly useful. PLE was the most common form of photodermatosis, followed by PCD and solar urticaria. As photodermatosis could imply severe diseases sometimes requiring hospitalization, it is critical to maintain this expertise.
Effect of prenatal screening on trends in perinatal mortality associated with congenital anomalies before and after the introduction of prenatal screening: A population‐based study in the Northern Netherlands
Authors: Bardi Francesca , Bergman Jorieke E. H. , Bouman Katelijne , Erwich Jan Jaap , Duin Leonie K. , Walle Hermien E. K. , Bakker Marian K. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundPerinatal mortality in foetuses/children with congenital anomalies remains high. Prenatal diagnosis, essential for risk assessment and organisation of perinatal/postnatal care, offers parents the opportunity to consider the termination of pregnancy. In times of quick changes in prenatal screening programmes, it is relevant to evaluate the effect of prenatal screening on perinatal mortality rates.ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to study trends in early foetal and perinatal mortality associated with congenital anomalies before/after the introduction of the Dutch prenatal screening programme.MethodsThis population‐based cohort study included 8535 foetuses/neonates with congenital anomalies born in the Northern Netherlands between 2001 and 2017. Total deaths were defined as sum of early foetal (before 24 weeks’ gestation) and perinatal deaths (from 24 weeks’ gestation till day 7 post‐partum). Foetal deaths were categorised into spontaneous or elective termination of pregnancy for foetal anomalies (TOPFA). Trends in total mortality as well as early foetal and perinatal mortality were studied. Joinpoint regression was used to calculate the average annual percentage chance (AAPC) and identify linear trends in mortality within subperiods.ResultsTotal and perinatal mortality were 17% and 4%. Total mortality was higher in abnormal karyotype and central nervous system anomalies. We observed an increase in total mortality over time: 11.9% in 2001 versus 21.9% in 2017 (AAPC 2.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.5, 3.7), caused by an increase in early foetal mortality from 5.5% to 19.2% (AAPC 8.7, 95% CI 4.7, 12.9) and a decrease in perinatal mortality from 6.4% to 2.7% (AAPC −5.6, 95% CI −10.0, −1.0). The increase in early foetal mortality reflects an increase in TOPFA from 3.6% to 16.9% (AAPC 8.3, 95% CI 4.2, 12.7), mostly occurring at 13–14 and 20–23 weeks’ gestation.ConclusionsThe introduction of the prenatal screening programme led to a decrease in perinatal mortality among foetuses and neonates with congenital anomalies and a marked increase in early foetal mortality before 24 weeks’ gestation due to higher rates of TOPFA.