bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A unified and flexible modelling framework for the analysis of malaria serology data
Authors: Kyomuhangi Irene , Giorgi Emanuele 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Serology data are an increasingly important tool in malaria surveillance, especially in low transmission settings where the estimation of parasite-based indicators is often problematic. Existing methods rely on the use of thresholds to identify seropositive individuals and estimate transmission intensity, while making assumptions about the temporal dynamics of malaria transmission that are rarely questioned. Here, we present a novel threshold-free approach for the analysis of malaria serology data which avoids dichotomization of continuous antibody measurements and allows us to model changes in the antibody distribution across age in a more flexible way. The proposed unified mechanistic model combines the properties of reversible catalytic and antibody acquisition models, and allows for temporally varying boosting and seroconversion rates. Additionally, as an alternative to the unified mechanistic model, we also propose an empirical approach to analysis where modelling of the age-dependency is informed by the data rather than biological assumptions. Using serology data from Western Kenya, we demonstrate both the usefulness and limitations of the novel modelling framework.
Medical education and training within congenital cardiology: current global status and future directions in a post COVID-19 world
Authors: McMahon Colin J , Tretter Justin T , Redington Andrew N , Bu’Lock Frances , Zühlke Liesl , Heying Ruth , Mattos Sandra , Krishna Kumar R , Jacobs Jeffrey P , Windram Jonathan D 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDespite enormous strides in our field with respect to patient care, there has been surprisingly limited dialogue on how to train and educate the next generation of congenital cardiologists. This paper reviews the current status of training and evolving developments in medical education pertinent to congenital cardiology. The adoption of competency-based medical education has been lauded as a robust framework for contemporary medical education over the last two decades. However, inconsistencies in frameworks across different jurisdictions remain, and bridging gaps between competency frameworks and clinical practice has proved challenging. Entrustable professional activities have been proposed as a solution, but integration of such activities into busy clinical cardiology practices will present its own challenges. Consequently, this pivot towards a more structured approach to medical education necessitates the widespread availability of appropriately trained medical educationalists, a development that will better inform curriculum development, instructional design, and assessment. Differentiation between superficial and deep learning, the vital role of rich formative feedback and coaching, should guide our trainees to become self-regulated learners, capable of critical reasoning yet retaining an awareness of uncertainty and ambiguity. Furthermore, disruptive innovations such as “technology enhanced learning” may be leveraged to improve education, especially for trainees from low- and middle-income countries. Each of these initiatives will require resources, widespread advocacy and raised awareness, and publication of supporting data, and so it is especially gratifying thatCardiology in the Younghas fostered a progressive approach, agreeing to publish one or two articles in each journal issue in this domain.
Recall of government healthy eating campaigns by consumers in five countries
Authors: Goodman Samantha , Armendariz Gabriela C , Corkum Adele , Arellano Laura , Jáuregui Alejandra , Keeble Matthew , Marshall Josephine , Sacks Gary , Thrasher James F , Vanderlee Lana , White Christine M , Hammond David 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjective:To examine awareness and recall of healthy eating public education campaigns in five countries.Design:Data were cross-sectional and collected as part of the 2018 International Food Policy Study. Respondents were asked whether they had seen government healthy eating campaigns in the past year; if yes (awareness), they were asked to describe the campaign. Open-ended descriptions were coded to indicate recall of specific campaigns. Logistic models regressed awareness of healthy eating campaigns on participant country, age, sex, ethnicity, education, income adequacy and BMI. Analyses were also stratified by country.Setting:Online surveys.Participants:Participants were Nielsen panelists aged ≥18 years in Australia, Canada, Mexico, UK and the USA (n 22 463).Results:Odds of campaign awareness were higher in Mexico (50·9 %) than UK (18·2 %), Australia (17·9 %), the USA (13·0 %) and Canada (10·2 %) (P < 0·001). Awareness was also higher in UK and Australia v. Canada and the USA, and the USA v. Canada (P < 0·001). Overall, awareness was higher among males v. females and respondents with medium or high v. low education (P < 0·001 for all). Similar results were found in stratified models, although no sex difference was observed in Australia or UK (P > 0·05), and age was associated with campaign awareness in UK (P < 0·001). Common keywords in all countries included sugar/sugary drinks, fruits and vegetables, and physical activity. The top five campaigns recalled were Chécate, mídete, muévete (Mexico), PrevenIMSS (Mexico), Change4Life (UK), LiveLighter® (Australia), and Actívate, Vive Mejor (Mexico).Conclusions:In Mexico, UK and Australia, comprehensive campaigns to promote healthy lifestyles appear to have achieved broad, population-level reach.
Prospective BMI changes in preschool children are associated with parental characteristics and body weight perceptions: the ToyBox-study
Authors: Manios Yannis , Lambert Katrina A , Karaglani Eva , Mavrogianni Christina , Moreno Aznar Luis A , Iotova Violeta , Świąder-Leśniak Anna , Koletzko Berthold , Cardon Greet , Androutsos Odysseas , Moschonis George ,   Toy Box Study Group
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjective:To examine the effect of the intervention implemented in the ToyBox-study on changes observed in age- and sex-specific BMI percentile and investigate the role of perinatal factors, parental perceptions and characteristics on this change.Design:A multicomponent, kindergarten-based, family-involved intervention with a cluster-randomised design. A standardised protocol was used to measure children’s body weight and height. Information was also collected from parents/caregivers via the use of validated questionnaires. Linear mixed effect models with random intercept for country, socio-economic status and school were used.Setting:Selected preschools within the provinces of Oost-Flanders and West-Flanders (Belgium), Varna (Bulgaria), Bavaria (Germany), Attica (Greece), Mazowieckie (Poland) and Zaragoza (Spain).Participants:A sample of 6268 preschoolers aged 3·5–5·5 years (51·9 % boys).Results:There was no intervention effect on the change in children’s BMI percentile. However, parents’ underestimation of their children’s actual weight status, parental overweight and mothers’ pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity were found to be significantly and independently associated with increases in children’s BMI percentile in multivariate modelling.Conclusions:As part of a wide public health initiative or as part of a counseling intervention programme, it is important to assist parents/caregivers to correctly perceive their own and their children’s weight status. Recognition of excessive weight by parents/caregivers can increase their readiness to change and as such facilitate higher adherence to favourable behavioural changes within the family.
Dietary inflammatory index and pancreatic cancer risk: a systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis
Authors: Guo Zhangyou , Hong Yuan , Cheng Yao 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjective:The meta-analysis was conducted to test the link between pancreatic cancer (PC) risk and dietary inflammatory index (DII®) score.Design:Systematic review and meta-analysis.Setting:We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library up to 22 November 2020 to identify the relevant studies. Studies that reported the risk estimates and the corresponding 95 % CI for the DII category and PC risk were included. The effect sizes were pooled using the random-effects model. Dose–response analysis was conducted where possible.Participants:Two prospective cohort studies of 634 705 participants (3152 incident cases), and four case–control studies of 2737 cases and 4861 controls.Results:Overall, the pooled risk ratio (RR) indicated that individuals in the highest category compared with the lowest category had an increased PC risk (RR = 1·45; 95 % CI 1·11, 1·90;P= 0·006). Meanwhile, significant heterogeneity was also revealed. The dose–response meta-analysis indicated that a 1-unit increase in the DII score was associated with the PC risk (RR = 1·08; 95 % CI 1·002, 1·166;P= 0·045;I2= 94·1 %,P< 0·001). Nonlinear result showed an increased risk of moving from fewer to more inflammatory borders with increasing DII score (Pnonlinearity= 0·003;I2= 76·5 %,P< 0·001). Subgroup analyses found that significant positive association between PC risk and DII score appeared to be in case–control studies (RR = 1·70; 95 % CI 1·16, 2·50;P= 0·007) and studies with ≤ 31 DII components (RR = 1·76; 95 % CI 1·14, 2·72;P= 0·011).Conclusion:These findings suggested dietary habits with high inflammatory features (high DII score) might increase PC risk.
Fossil Reefs Reveal Temporally Distinct Late Holocene Lagoonal Reef Shutdown Episodes at Kiritimati Island, Central Pacific
Authors: Ryan E. J. , Morgan K. M. , Kench P. S. , Owen S. D. , Carvajal C. P. , Turner T. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAn extremely rare example of well‐preserved emergent Holocene fossil reefs exists at Kiritimati Island, central Pacific. Fossil reefs are rich geological archives of paleoenvironmental change. The first paleoecological surveys of two fossil reefs are presented, revealing high coral cover (40–50%) and low diversity (6 genera). Fossil coral ages suggest reefs exhibited disparity in the timing of reef development (4,113 and 1,915 cal yBP) and ecological surveys show different coral compositions (Acropora or Porites dominant), between reefs. Results constrain two discrete episodes of reef shutdown (at 2,905 and 1,705 cal yBP) as lagoonal reefs thrived, and subsequently died off, through the late Holocene. Shifts in physio‐chemical conditions associated with reduced lagoon flushing following storm‐driven changes in atoll rim morphology are argued as the driver for the staged reef die‐off. The findings have implications for interpreting past and future eco‐morphological change on atolls, given projected increases in storminess with climate change.
Why and How Does the Actual Spectral Response Matter for Microwave Radiance Assimilation?
Authors: Chen H. , Han W. , Wang H. , Pan C. , An D. , Gu S. , Zhang P. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBased on Global/Regional Assimilation and PrEdiction System‐Global Forecast System and actual Spectral Response Functions (SRFs) of three Selected Single‐Passband Channels (Channels 5–7) of FengYun‐3D MicroWave Temperature Sounders‐2, impacts of actual SRFs on Brightness Temperature (TB) simulation were analyzed. Compared with simulation by ideal SRFs, averaged STandard DeViation and bias of Observation minus Background by actual SRFs decrease about −5.0% and 37.3%. The reductions on Equatorial regions are more obvious than middle and high latitudes. Five types of deformations were put forward to analyze their impacts on TB simulation. Attenuation, shifting, and extending of passband have more impacts on simulated TB compared with trap on passband. The differences between TBs simulated using ideal and actual SRFs do not depend on the magnitude of the difference between ideal and actual SRFs, but on the balances of different types of deformations of actual SRF.
Vortex‐Dominated Aeolian Activity at InSight's Landing Site, Part 1: Multi‐Instrument Observations, Analysis, and Implications
Authors: Charalambous C. , McClean J. B. , Baker M. , Pike W. T. , Golombek M. , Lemmon M. , Ansan V. , Perrin C. , Spiga A. , Lorenz R. D. , Banks M. E. , Murdoch N. , Rodriguez S. , Weitz C. M. , Grant J. A. , Warner N. H. , Garvin J. , Daubar I. J. , Hauber E. , Stott A. E. , Johnson C. L. , Mittelholz A. , Warren T. , Navarro S. , Sotomayor L. M. , Maki J. , Lucas A. , Banfield D. , Newman C. , Viúdez‐Moreiras D. , Pla‐García J. , Lognonné P. , Banerdt W. B. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe report the aeolian changes observed in situ by NASA's InSight lander during the first 400 sols of operations: Granule creep, saltation, dust removal, and the formation of dark surface tracks. Aeolian changes are infrequent and sporadic. However, on sols, when they do occur, they consistently appear between noon to 3 p.m., and are associated with the passage of convective vortices during periods of high vortex activity. Aeolian changes are more frequent at elevated locations, such as the top surfaces of rocks and lander footpads. InSight observed these changes using, for the first time, simultaneous in‐situ and orbital imaging and high‐frequency meteorological, seismological, and magnetic measurements. Seismometer measurements of ground acceleration constrain the timing and trajectory of convective vortex encounters, linking surface changes to source vortices. Magnetometer measurements show perturbations in magnetic field strength during the passage of convective vortices consistent with charged‐particle motion. Detachment of sand‐scale particles occurs when high background winds and vortex‐induced turbulence provide a peak surface friction wind speed above the classic saltation fluid threshold. However, detachment of dust‐ and granule‐scale particles also occurred when the surface friction wind speed remained below this threshold. This may be explained by local enhancement of the surface roughness and other effects described here and further studied in Part 2 (Baker et al., 2021). The lack of saltation and bright dust‐coated surfaces at the InSight landing site implies surface stability and the onset of particle motion may be suppressed by dust “cushioning.” This differentiates the InSight landing site from other areas on Mars that exhibit more aeolian activity.
Late Eocene Record of Hydrology and Temperature From Prydz Bay, East Antarctica
Authors: Tibbett Emily J. , Scher Howie D. , Warny Sophie , Tierney Jessica E. , Passchier Sandra , Feakins Sarah J. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe Eocene‐Oligocene transition (EOT) marks the onset of Antarctic glaciation at 33.7 Ma. Although the benthic oxygen isotope record defines the major continental ice sheet expansion, recent sedimentary and geochemical evidence suggests the presence of earlier ephemeral ice sheets. Sediment cores from Ocean Drilling Program Legs 119 and 188 in Prydz Bay provide an archive of conditions in a major drainage system of East Antarctica. We study biomarker and microfossil evidence to discern how the vegetation and climate shifted between 36 and 33 Ma. Pollen was dominated by reworked Permian Glossopterid gymnosperms; however, penecontemporaneous Eocene pollen assemblages indicate that some vegetation survived the glacial advances. At the EOT, brGDGT soil biomarkers indicate abrupt cooling from 13°C to 8°C and soil pH increases from 6.0 to 6.7, suggesting drying which is further supported by plant wax hydrogen and carbon isotopic shifts of 20‰ and 1.1‰, respectively, and evidence for drying from weathering proxies. Although the terrestrial soil biomarker influx mostly precludes the use of TEX86, we find sea surface temperatures of 12°C in the late Eocene cooling to 8°C at the EOT. Marine productivity undergoes a sustained increase after the glacial advance, likely promoted by enhanced ocean circulation. Between the two glacial surge events of the Priabonian Oxygen Maximum at 37.3 Ma and the EOT at 33.7 Ma, we observe warming of 2–5°C at 35.7 and 34.7 Ma, with increase in penecontemporaneous pollen and enhanced marine productivity, capturing the last flickers of Antarctic warmth.
No Cryosphere‐Confined Aquifer Below InSight on Mars
Authors: Manga Michael , Wright Vanshan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe seismometer deployed by the InSight lander measured the seismic velocity of the Martian crust. We use a rock physics model to interpret those velocities and constrain hydrogeological properties. The seismic velocity of the upper ∼10 km is too low to be ice‐saturated. Hence there is no cryosphere that confines deeper aquifers and possibly no aquifers locally. An increase in seismic velocity at depths of ∼10 km could be explained by a few volume percent of mineral cement (1%–5%) in pore space and may document the past depth of aquifers.
Comparative performance of lung cancer risk models to define lung screening eligibility in the United Kingdom
Authors: Robbins Hilary A. , Alcala Karine , Swerdlow Anthony J. , Schoemaker Minouk J. , Wareham Nick , Travis Ruth C. , Crosbie Philip A. J. , Callister Matthew , Baldwin David R. , Landy Rebecca , Johansson Mattias 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
The National Health Service England (NHS) classifies individuals as eligible for lung cancer screening using two risk prediction models, PLCOm2012 and Liverpool Lung Project-v2 (LLPv2). However, no study has compared the performance of lung cancer risk models in the UK.

Methods
We analysed current and former smokers aged 40–80 years in the UK Biobank (N = 217,199), EPIC-UK (N = 30,813), and Generations Study (N = 25,777). We quantified model calibration (ratio of expected to observed cases, E/O) and discrimination (AUC).

Results
Risk discrimination in UK Biobank was best for the Lung Cancer Death Risk Assessment Tool (LCDRAT, AUC = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.81–0.84), followed by the LCRAT (AUC = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.79–0.82) and the Bach model (AUC = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.79–0.81). Results were similar in EPIC-UK and the Generations Study. All models overestimated risk in all cohorts, with E/O in UK Biobank ranging from 1.20 for LLPv3 (95% CI = 1.14–1.27) to 2.16 for LLPv2 (95% CI = 2.05–2.28). Overestimation increased with area-level socioeconomic status. In the combined cohorts, USPSTF 2013 criteria classified 50.7% of future cases as screening eligible. The LCDRAT and LCRAT identified 60.9%, followed by PLCOm2012 (58.3%), Bach (58.0%), LLPv3 (56.6%), and LLPv2 (53.7%).

Conclusion
In UK cohorts, the ability of risk prediction models to classify future lung cancer cases as eligible for screening was best for LCDRAT/LCRAT, very good for PLCOm2012, and lowest for LLPv2. Our results highlight the importance of validating prediction tools in specific countries.
Comprehensive germline-genomic and clinical profiling in 160 unselected children and adolescents with cancer
Authors: Wagener Rabea , Taeubner Julia , Walter Carolin , Yasin Layal , Alzoubi Deya , Bartenhagen Christoph , Attarbaschi Andishe , Classen Carl-Friedrich , Kontny Udo , Hauer Julia , Fischer Ute , Dugas Martin , Kuhlen Michaela , Borkhardt Arndt , Brozou Triantafyllia 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn childhood cancer, the frequency of cancer-associated germline variants and their inheritance patterns are not thoroughly investigated. Moreover, the identification of children carrying a genetic predisposition by clinical means remains challenging. In this single-center study, we performed trio whole-exome sequencing and comprehensive clinical evaluation of a prospectively enrolled cohort of 160 children with cancer and their parents. We identified in 11/160 patients a pathogenic germline variant predisposing to cancer and a further eleven patients carried a prioritized VUS with a strong association to the cancerogenesis of the patient. Through clinical screening, 51 patients (31.3%) were identified as suspicious for an underlying cancer predisposition syndrome (CPS), but only in ten of those patients a pathogenic variant could be identified. In contrast, one patient with a classical CPS and ten patients with prioritized VUS were classified as unremarkable in the clinical work-up. Taken together, a monogenetic causative variant was detected in 13.8% of our patients using WES. Nevertheless, the still unclarified clinical suspicious cases emphasize the need to consider other genetic mechanisms including new target genes, structural variants, or polygenic interactions not previously associated with cancer predisposition.
Inferring number of populations and changes in connectivity under the n-island model
Authors: Arredondo Armando , Mourato Beatriz , Nguyen Khoa , Boitard Simon , Rodríguez Willy , Mazet Olivier , Chikhi Lounès 
Published: April 2021

AbstractInferring the demographic history of species is one of the greatest challenges in populations genetics. This history is often represented as a history of size changes, ignoring population structure. Alternatively, when structure is assumed, it is defined a priori as a population tree and not inferred. Here we propose a framework based on the IICR (Inverse Instantaneous Coalescence Rate). The IICR can be estimated for a single diploid individual using the PSMC method of Li and Durbin (2011). For an isolated panmictic population, the IICR matches the population size history, and this is how the PSMC outputs are generally interpreted. However, it is increasingly acknowledged that the IICR is a function of the demographic model and sampling scheme with limited connection to population size changes. Our method fits observed IICR curves of diploid individuals with IICR curves obtained under piecewise stationary symmetrical island models. In our models we assume a fixed number of time periods during which gene flow is constant, but gene flow is allowed to change between time periods. We infer the number of islands, their sizes, the periods at which connectivity changes and the corresponding rates of connectivity. Validation with simulated data showed that the method can accurately recover most of the scenario parameters. Our application to a set of five human PSMCs yielded demographic histories that are in agreement with previous studies using similar methods and with recent research suggesting ancient human structure. They are in contrast with the view of human evolution consisting of one ancestral population branching into three large continental and panmictic populations with varying degrees of connectivity and no population structure within each continent.
Soil microbiome manipulation triggers direct and possible indirect suppression against Ralstonia solanacearum and Fusarium oxysporum
Authors: Deng Xuhui , Zhang Na , Shen Zongzhuan , Zhu Chengzhi , Liu Hongjun , Xu Zhihui , Li Rong , Shen Qirong , Salles Joana Falcao 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSoil microbiome manipulation can potentially reduce the use of pesticides by improving the ability of soils to resist or recover from pathogen infestation, thus generating natural suppressiveness. We simulated disturbance through soil fumigation and investigated how the subsequent application of bio-organic and organic amendments reshapes the taxonomic and functional potential of the soil microbiome to suppress the pathogens Ralstonia solanacearum and Fusarium oxysporum in tomato monocultures. The use of organic amendment alone generated smaller shifts in bacterial and fungal community composition and no suppressiveness. Fumigation directly decreased F. oxysporum and induced drastic changes in the soil microbiome. This was further converted from a disease conducive to a suppressive soil microbiome due to the application of organic amendment, which affected the way the bacterial and fungal communities were reassembled. These direct and possibly indirect effects resulted in a highly efficient disease control rate, providing a promising strategy for the control of the diseases caused by multiple pathogens.