bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Aliverti Ana 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The Conclusion reflects on the key contributions of the book, revisiting some of the concepts and arguments presented in the Introduction. The section concludes by posing a number of questions on the implications of the findings presented for the academic field of policing and, more importantly, for social justice and democratic governance. I argue that migration policing is a privileged entry point to understanding the relationship between policing and society in a globalized, postcolonial world. The policing of immigration subverts—or rather unveils—the veneer of legality in the work of maintaining order. By foregrounding the non-rational, magic-like operation of state power, the book intended to unsettle rigid received epistemologies to theorizing policing in northern state bureaucracies. Ultimately, the morally and politically contested domain where front-line officers operate, the fragility, contingency, and provisionality of their authority, the fortuitous, capricious, and arbitrary nature of their decisions, the futility of the violence and harms they exert and the pains they endure, reveal also a frail, impotent, and inchoate state seeking to assert itself amid a fluid, murky, interconnected, and polarized world. The impetus to reassert the national by enforcing a bordered order reveals the exclusionary foundations of social democratic institutions and poses serious questions about the viability of these institutions and the modern nation-state to foster social justice. Equally, this juncture is an opportunity to think anew our political and economic institutions, take stock of global interdependence and its implications for livelihoods, and foster new forms of human conviviality.
The Beginnings of Literary Mass Culture
Authors: Werlin Julianne 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues that early modern England saw the emergence of an unprecedented literary phenomenon: a popular mass market for literature. Examining the ballad trade, it shows how working people became consumers of nationally produced cheap print alongside other mass commodities. In addressing an audience of working people, ballads pioneered new literary subjects and genres. They depicted labor in terms that appealed to their audiences, violating the norms of decorum that had shaped high literary culture. Yet they also cast working people in the circumscribed role of consumers; in the long run, mass commercial culture would come to replace many local, self-produced forms of popular art. The formation of a national market for cheap goods, one basis of capitalism, thus had a transformative impact on literary history.
Basic Statistical Analyses using R
Authors: Touchon Justin C. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
What are normal data? What are non-normal data? How do you tell them apart and how do you know what sort of data you have? Chapter 5 begins teaching statistical analysis with a focus on understanding the shape of one’s data and how to measure it. The RxP dataset is explored and the principal focus in this chapter is on normal data and on conducting an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), although classic non-parametric statistics such as a Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U test are also introduced. Readers are taught how to test for data normality, assess model fit, interpret the summary output from the model, calculate summary statistics and p-values, and how to conduct post-hoc tests (Tukey’s HSD) to compare different levels of a single predictor.
Is Higher-Order Vagueness Coherent?
Authors: Wright Crispin 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the No Sharp Boundaries form of the Sorites, which, independently of the kind of considerations used to support the universally quantified form of major premise in the Sorites paradoxes of Chapters 1 and 2, seems to show that vagueness is per se paradoxical. A natural response to the No Sharp Boundaries paradox is canvassed, facilitated by the introduction of a definiteness operator. But it is shown that, on natural assumptions about the logic of that operator, higher-order vagueness does indeed emerge as intrinsically paradoxical.
On Being in a Quandary
Authors: Wright Crispin 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses three problems: the problem of formulating a coherent relativism, the Sorites paradox, and a seldom noticed difficulty in the best intuitionistic case for the revision of classical logic. A response to the latter is proposed which, generalized, contributes towards the solution of the other two. The key to this response is a generalized conception of indeterminacy as a specific kind of intellectual bafflement—Quandary. Intuitionistic revisions of classical logic are merited wherever a subject matter is conceived both as liable to generate Quandary and as subject to a broad form of evidential constraint. So motivated, the distinctions enshrined in intuitionistic logic provide both for a satisfying resolution of the Sorites paradox and a coherent outlet for relativistic views about, for example, matters of taste and morals. An important corollary of the discussion is that an epistemic conception of vagueness can be prised apart from the strong metaphysical realism with which its principal supporters have associated it, and acknowledged to harbour an independent insight.
Rosenkranz on Quandary, Vagueness, and Intuitionism
Authors: Wright Crispin 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Sven Rosenkranz (‘Wright on Vagueness and Agnosticism’, Mind, 112/447, pp. 449–463) provides a searching critique of the central line of argument in ‘On Being in a Quandary’ (this volume, Chapter 7) towards a broadly intuitionistic conception of the nature and logic of vagueness. The three sections of Chapter 8 respectively outline the essence of Rosenkranz’s criticism, propose a modification of the argument of ‘On Being in a Quandary’ that can resist it, and then suggest a different, more economical route to the proposed intuitionistic distinctions for vague statements.
External validation of the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics Frailty Index as a predictor of adverse health outcomes in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Legge Alexandra , Malone Alicia , Hanly John G 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Objective
The SLICC frailty index (SLICC-FI) was recently developed as a measure of susceptibility to adverse outcomes in SLE. We aimed to externally validate the SLICC-FI in a prevalent cohort of individuals with more long-standing SLE.

Methods
This secondary analysis included data from a single-centre prospective cohort of adult patients with established SLE (disease duration &gt;15 months at enrolment). The baseline visit was the first at which both SLICC/ACR Damage Index (SDI) and 36-item Short Form data were available. Baseline SLICC-FI scores were calculated. Cox regression models estimated the association between baseline SLICC-FI values and mortality risk. Negative binomial regression models estimated the association of baseline SLICC-FI scores with the rate of change in SDI scores during follow-up.

Results
The 183 eligible SLE patients were mostly female (89%) with a mean age of 45.2 years (s.d. 13.2) and a median disease duration of 12.4 years (interquartile range 7.8–17.4) at baseline. The mean baseline SLICC-FI score was 0.17 (s.d. 0.09), with 54 patients (29.5%) classified as frail (SLICC-FI &gt;0.21). Higher baseline SLICC-FI values (per 0.05 increase) were associated with an increased mortality risk [hazard ratio 1.31 (95% CI 1.01, 1.70)] after adjusting for age, sex, education, SLE medication use, disease duration, smoking status and baseline SDI. Higher baseline SLICC-FI values (per 0.05 increase) were associated with increased damage accrual over time [incidence rate ratio 1.18 (95% CI 1.07, 1.29)] after adjusting for potential confounders.

Conclusion
Frailty, measured using the SLICC-FI, predicts organ damage accrual and mortality risk among individuals with established SLE.
Mathematics is different: student and tutor perspectives from Ireland and Australia on online support during COVID-19
Authors: Mullen Claire , Pettigrew Jim , Cronin Anthony , Rylands Leanne , Shearman Donald 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
From March 2020, the Mathematics Support Centre at University College Dublin, Ireland, and the Mathematics Education Support Hub at Western Sydney University, Australia, moved wholly online and have largely remained so to the point of writing (August 2021). The dramatic and swift changes brought on by COVID-19, in particular to fully online modes of teaching and learning including mathematics and statistics support (MSS), have presented students and tutors with a host of new opportunities for thinking and working. This study aims to gain insight both from students and tutors about their experience of wholly online learning and tutoring in the COVID-19 era. In this sense, it represents a ‘perspectives’ study, the idea being that before we examine specific aspects of this experience, it would be best to know what the issues are. Employing a qualitative analysis framework of 23 one-on-one interview transcripts with tutors and students from both institutions in Australia and Ireland, we identified five key themes as central to the shared experiences and perspectives of tutors and students. In this study, we discuss three of these themes in relation to the new normal with the intention of supporting MSS practitioners, researchers and students going forward. The themes describe the usage of online support, how mathematics is different and the future of online MSS.
Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay panel for the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and its variants
Authors: Lu Rou-Jian , Zhao Li , Huang Bao-Ying , Ye Fei , Wang Wen-Ling , Tan Wen-Jie 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Background:
With the ongoing worldwide coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, an increasing number of viral variants are being identified, which poses a challenge for nucleic acid-based diagnostic tests. Rapid tests, such as real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR), play an important role in monitoring COVID-19 infection and controlling its spread. However, the changes in the genotypes of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants may result in decreased sensitivity of the rRT-PCR assay and it is necessary to monitor the mutations in primers and probes of SARS-CoV-2 detection over time.

Methods:
We developed two rRT-PCR assays to detect the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and nucleocapsid (N) genes of SARS-CoV-2. We evaluated these assays together with our previously published assays targeting the ORF1ab and N genes for the detection and confirmation of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants of concern (VOCs). In addition, we also developed two rRT-PCR assays (S484K and S501Y) targeting the spike gene, which when combined with the open reading frames (ORF)1ab assay, respectively, to form duplex rRT-PCR assays, were able to detect SARS-CoV-2 VOCs (lineages B.1.351 and B.1.1.7).

Results:
Using a SARS-CoV-2 stock with predetermined genomic copies as a standard, the detection limit of both assays targeting RdRp and N was five copies/reaction. Furthermore, no cross-reactions with six others human CoVs (229E, OC43, NL63, HKU1, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus) were observed using these assays. In addition, the S484K and S501Y assays were combined with the ORF1ab assay, respectively.

Conclusions:
Four rRT-PCR assays (RdRp, N, S484K, and S501Y) were used to detect SARS-CoV-2 variants, and these assays were shown to be effective in screening for multiple virus strains.
Higher adalimumab maintenance regimen is more effective than standard dose in anti-TNF experienced Crohn’s disease patients
Authors: Greener Tomer , Boland Karen , Milgrom Raquel , Ben-Bassat Ofer , Steinhart A. Hillary , Silverberg Mark. S. , Narula Neeraj 
Published: August 2021

Background
Many Crohn’s disease patients treated with anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) therapies suffer from loss of response over time and require dose escalation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of treating anti-TNF experienced Crohn’s disease patients with higher maintenance regimens of adalimumab.

Methods
In a retrospective observational study, Crohn’s disease patients receiving adalimumab were categorized according to their maintenance regimen; 40 mg weekly, 80 mg every other week or greater were defined as a high-dose maintenance regimen and 40 mg every other week was defined as a standard maintenance regimen. The primary outcome was time to treatment failure.

Results
Thirty-nine patients were started on high-dose regimens following induction and 40 patients received the standard regimen. According to a Kaplan–Meier survival curve analysis, time to treatment failure was significantly longer in patients in the high-dose group (P = 0.0015). Patients on high-dose adalimumab had a lower treatment failure rate (hazard ratio 0.21; P = 0.0005) when compared to patients on the standard regimen, after adjusting for induction dose and concomitant immunomodulator use. No difference in adverse events was identified between the groups (31 vs. 30%; P = 0.94).

Conclusion
High-dose maintenance regimens were more effective than the standard adalimumab maintenance protocol with better short and long-term clinical outcomes.
Glucagon is associated with NAFLD inflammatory progression in type 2 diabetes, not with NAFLD fibrotic progression
Authors: Wang Yuying , Lin Zhiqi , Wan Heng , Zhang Wen , Xia Fangzhen , Chen Yi , Chen Xiaoman , Wang Chiyu , Chen Chi , Wang Ningjian , Lu Yingli 
Published: August 2021

Objectives
Higher prevalence of progressive stages of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and hyperglucagonemia were observed in type 2 diabetes. We aim to investigate whether islet alpha cell dysfunction (evaluated by glucagon) associates with NAFLD progression in type 2 diabetic adults.

Methods
A total of 4937 diabetic participants were enrolled from seven communities in Shanghai, China. Probable nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) was defined by the presence of NAFLD and metabolic syndrome. Probable NAFLD fibrosis score was used to identify patients with different risk stratification of bridging fibrosis (stage 3) or cirrhosis (stage 4).

Results
After adjustment for age, sex, duration of diabetes, current smoking, waist circumference, C-peptide, HbA1c, dyslipidemia, hypertension and use of incretins and SGLT2 inhibitor, glucagon quartiles were negatively associated with probable NASH (Q4 vs. Q1 OR 0.71, 95% confidence interval, 0.53–0.96, P for trend=0.010), though they were not associated with simple NAFLD (P for trend=0.176). Furthermore, glucagon was not significantly associated with fibrotic progression of liver steatosis in diabetic patients with NAFLD (P for trend=0.889).

Conclusions
Significant associations were observed among glucagon and inflammatory progression of NAFLD, but not with fibrotic progression. Further understanding the association between islet alpha cell and liver may lead to development of treatment strategies for NAFLD patients with type 2 diabetes.
Quality of life as a therapeutic objective in the management of hepatic encephalopathy and the potential role of rifaximin-α
Authors: Deltenre Pierre , Labenz Christian , Schuchmann Marcus 
Published: August 2021

Objective
Quality of life (QoL) is impaired in patients with hepatic encephalopathy and rifaximin-α can improve QoL within 6 months. This study assessed the importance of QoL as a therapeutic objective in hepatic encephalopathy management; whether QoL is routinely assessed in hepatic encephalopathy patients in clinical practice and the role of rifaximin-α in this context.

Methods
A survey was conducted of healthcare professionals (HCPs) from Europe and Australia involved in hepatic encephalopathy management. HCPs rated the importance of a range of therapeutic objectives on a 1–7 Likert scale (1 = not at all important; 7 = extremely important). HCPs were also required to provide three patient record forms (PRFs) based on their last three hepatic encephalopathy patients.

Results
There were 218 HCP respondents, who provided 654 PRFs (patients treated with rifaximin-α, n = 347; patients not treated with rifaximin-α, n = 307). The mean Likert score was highest for the therapeutic objective ‘improving a patient’s QoL’ (6.4), which was rated significantly more highly than all other therapeutic objectives, including ‘reducing the patient’s likelihood of hospital readmission’ (6.1; P < 0.001) and ‘preventing death of the patient’ (6.1; P < 0.001). Despite this, only 28.3% of PRFs documented specific QoL data assessment. Patients receiving rifaximin-α were treated later in their disease course than those not receiving rifaximin-α.

Conclusions
HCPs consider QoL improvement the main therapeutic objective in hepatic encephalopathy management, but most do not explicitly assess QoL. Earlier introduction of rifaximin-α may safeguard QoL improvement even when QoL monitoring is not possible.
Pediatric Endoscopy Quality Improvement Network Quality Standards and Indicators for Pediatric Endoscopy Facilities
Authors: Lightdale Jenifer R. , Walsh Catharine M. , Narula Priya , Utterson Elizabeth C. , Tavares Marta , Rosh Joel R. , Riley Matthew R. , Oliva Salvatore , Mamula Petar , Mack David R. , Liu Quin Y. , Lerner Diana G. , Leibowitz Ian H. , Jacobson Kevan , Huynh Hien Q. , Homan Matjaž , Hojsak Iva , Gillett Peter M. , Furlano Raoul I. , Fishman Douglas S. , Croft Nicholas M. , Brill Herbert , Bontems Patrick , Amil‐Dias Jorge , Kramer Robert E. , Ambartsumyan Lusine , Otley Anthony R. , McCreath Graham A. , Connan Veronik , Thomson Mike A. ,   PEnQuIN Working Group
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACTIntroduction:There is increasing international recognition of the impact of variability in endoscopy facilities on procedural quality and outcomes. There is also growing precedent for assessing the quality of endoscopy facilities at regional and national levels by using standardized rating scales to identify opportunities for improvement.Methods:With support from the North American and European Societies of Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition (NASPGHAN and ESPGHAN), an international working group of the Pediatric Endoscopy Quality Improvement Network (PEnQuIN) used the methodological strategy of the Appraisal of Guidelines for REsearch and Evaluation (AGREE) II instrument to develop standards and indicators relevant for assessing the quality of facilities where endoscopic care is provided to children. Consensus was reached via an iterative online Delphi process and subsequent in‐person meeting. The quality of evidence and strength of recommendations were rated according to the GRADE (Grading of Recommendation Assessment, Development and Evaluation) approach.Results:The PEnQuIN working group achieved consensus on 27 standards for facilities supporting pediatric endoscopy, as well 10 indicators that can be used to identify high‐quality endoscopic care in children. These standards were subcategorized into three subdomains: Quality of Clinical Operations (15 standards, 5 indicators); Patient and Caregiver Experience (9 standards, 5 indicators); and Workforce (3 standards).Discussion:The rigorous PEnQuIN process successfully yielded standards and indicators that can be used to universally guide and measure high‐quality facilities for procedures around the world where endoscopy is performed in children. It also underscores the current paucity of evidence for pediatric endoscopic care processes, and the need for research into this clinical area.
Pediatric Endoscopy Quality Improvement Network Pediatric Endoscopy Reporting Elements
Authors: Walsh Catharine M. , Lightdale Jenifer R. , Fishman Douglas S. , Furlano Raoul I. , Mamula Petar , Gillett Peter M. , Narula Priya , Hojsak Iva , Oliva Salvatore , Homan Matjaž , Riley Matthew R. , Huynh Hien Q. , Rosh Joel R. , Jacobson Kevan , Tavares Marta , Leibowitz Ian H. , Utterson Elizabeth C. , Croft Nicholas M. , Mack David R. , Brill Herbert , Liu Quin Y. , Bontems Patrick , Lerner Diana G. , Amil‐Dias Jorge , Kramer Robert E. , Otley Anthony R. , Ambartsumyan Lusine , Connan Veronik , McCreath Graham A. , Thomson Mike A. ,   PEnQuIN Working Group
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACTIntroduction:High‐quality procedure reports are a cornerstone of high‐quality pediatric endoscopy as they ensure the clear communication of procedural events and outcomes, guide patient care and facilitate continuous quality improvement. The aim of this document is to outline standardized reporting elements that achieved international consensus as requirements for high‐quality pediatric endoscopy procedure reports.Methods:With support from the North American and European Societies of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (NASPGHAN and ESPGHAN), an international working group of the Pediatric Endoscopy Quality Improvement Network (PEnQuIN) used Delphi methodology to identify key elements that should be found in all pediatric endoscopy reports. Item reduction was attained through iterative rounds of anonymized online voting using a 6‐point scale. Responses were analyzed after each round and items were excluded from subsequent rounds if ⩽50% of panelists rated them as 5 (“agree moderately”) or 6 (“agree strongly”). Reporting elements that ≥70% of panelists rated as “agree moderately” or “agree strongly” were considered to have achieved consensus.Results:Twenty‐six PEnQuIN group members from 25 centers internationally rated 63 potential reporting elements that were generated from a systematic literature review and the Delphi panelists. The response rates were 100% for all three survey rounds. Thirty reporting elements reached consensus as essential for inclusion within a pediatric endoscopy report.Discussion:It is recommended that the PEnQuIN Reporting Elements for pediatric endoscopy be universally employed across all endoscopists, procedures and facilities as a foundational means of ensuring high‐quality endoscopy services, while facilitating quality improvement activities in pediatric endoscopy.
Use of the Azure Kinect to measure foot clearance during obstacle crossing
Authors: Yoshimoto Kohei , Shinya Masahiro 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObstacle crossing is a typical adaptive locomotion known to be related to the risk of falls. Previous conventional studies have used elaborate and costly optical motion capture systems, which not only represent a considerable expense but also require participants to visit a laboratory. To overcome these shortcomings, we aimed to develop a practical and inexpensive solution for measuring obstacle-crossing behavior by using the Microsoft Azure Kinect, one of the most promising markerless motion capture systems. We validated the Azure Kinect as a tool to measure foot clearance and compared its performance to that of an optical motion capture system (Qualisys). We also determined the effect of the Kinect sensor placement on measurement performance. Sixteen healthy young men crossed obstacles of different heights (50, 150, and 250 mm). Kinect sensors were placed in front of and beside the obstacle as well as diagonally between those positions. As indices of measurement quality, we counted the number of measurement failures and calculated the systematic and random errors between the foot clearance measured by the Kinect and Qualisys. We also calculated the Pearson correlation coefficients between the Kinect and Qualisys measurements. The number of measurement failures and the systematic and random error were minimized when the Kinect was placed diagonally in front of the obstacle on the same side as the trail limb. The high correlation coefficient (r > 0.890) observed between the Kinect and Qualisys measurements suggests that the Azure Kinect has excellent potential for measuring foot clearance during obstacle-crossing tasks.