bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disconnection and Reconnection as Resistance to Geosurveillance
Authors: Swanlund David 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Digital media has spawned entire industries centered on geosurveillance, resulting in complex flows of sensitive data. Practices surrounding the collection, use, and sale of this data are commonly concealed behind lengthy privacy policies riddled with legal jargon and devoid of technical specificity. Simultaneously, new methods of analysis tease out information from even “anonymized” data. As a result, it increasingly seems that the only reliable shelter from geosurveillance is to disconnect, but how difficult is this in practice, is it worth pursuing, and how might we do so? This chapter examines these questions. It first outlines several conceptualizations of privacy and establishes what is at stake every time privacy is eroded. It then overviews the many mechanisms that can produce geospatial data, illustrating the ubiquity of geosurveillance and difficulty of disconnection. Finally, and despite this difficulty, it discusses tactics for resistance, demonstrating that modern privacy requires not just disconnection, but reconnection.
Networked Intimacies
Authors: Sundén Jenny 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter zooms in on transformations of intimacy and relational spaces in a time of a viral, global crisis. Set against the backdrop of “social distancing” practices, the chapter opens with a discussion of digital intimacy, focusing on the layering of anxiety and anticipation within networked connectivity. Secondly, it moves on to discuss how such anticipatory anxiety may become punctuated by pleasure and joy. Considering the dynamics between physical disconnection and digital intensity within pandemic hookup practices, it explores in particular instances of quarantine humor in queer hookup cultures. This humor stems from impossibly contradictory spaces of self-isolation, desire, and longing, in relation to which the swiftness of the swipe is transformed into a disconnect in the shape of a delay. The chapter ends with an example of Swedish, queer quarantine humor and a discussion of partial disconnections, or selective connectivity in difficult times in the interest of self-care.
Introduction
Authors: Reader Ian , Shultz John 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
An itinerant Shikoku pilgrim who said that he would continue doing the Shikoku pilgrimage ‘until I die’ and examples of pilgrims who do hundreds of circuits, often by cars adapted so they can sleep in them, serve to show that repetition and unending practice are common aspects of the Shikoku pilgrimage. The Introduction examines theoretical studies of pilgrimage to show that such issues have barely been examined in the field. Arguing that attention needs to be paid to the idea of pilgrimage as recurrent and permanent rather than temporary and transient, it posits a rethinking of studies of pilgrimage, using the Shikoku pilgrimage as its prime mode of analysis. It also shows how ideas of ‘addiction’ and Shikokubyō, ‘Shikoku illness’, are warmly embraced by pilgrims in Shikoku, thereby enhancing their readiness to become unending pilgrims.
The Shikoku pilgrimage
Authors: Reader Ian , Shultz John 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes the Shikoku pilgrimage and shows how itinerant ascetics and legends helped shape its development. It shows that the idea of unending itinerancy was embedded in the pilgrimage from the outset, articulated in foundation legends and the asceticism of early pilgrims, and facilitated by the circuit-like structure of the route, in which pilgrims on completing the route return to their point of departure and thus simultaneously are at the end and start of the pilgrimage. It provides case studies of famed historical pilgrims who walked multiple times and shows how faith in the holy Buddhist figure Kōbō Daishi, depicted as a perennially wandering pilgrim in Shikoku, played a part in encouraging repetition. It further indicates how local customs, including almsgiving and themes of competition among pilgrims, have further encouraged the culture of multiple performance in Shikoku.
Living on the pilgrimage
Authors: Reader Ian , Shultz John 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
There are some pilgrims who live permanently as homeless itinerants on the route. They are often viewed negatively as beggars who are only doing the pilgrimage to solicit alms and avoid work. However, this chapter presents a more nuanced picture, showing that while some itinerant pilgrims beg and succumb to drink and theft, others lead disciplined ascetic lives. It presents case studies of homeless itinerants who have lived for many years on the pilgrimage, from one who turned to drinking and theft, to an ascetic Buddhist practitioner who eschewed alcohol, to a famous fugitive from the law who had a devoted group of supporters and a colourful history of crime, and whose dualistic nature as a revered pilgrim and infamous felon encapsulates the contradictory dimensions of itinerant pilgrims in Shikoku.
Pilgrims and their cars
Authors: Reader Ian , Shultz John 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the most common way to do multiple pilgrimages: by vehicle. It also examines the social dimensions of such performance, initially by examining pilgrimage confraternities, usually centred around a leader revered as a spiritual authority, and how they create a culture of encouraging repeat pilgrimages. The chapter then looks at the most common social grouping doing multiple Shikoku pilgrimages by vehicle: husband and wife couples. These examples also draw attention to enjoyment as a prominent factor in pilgrimage. The chapter then looks at individuals who drive multiple times around the pilgrimage, particularly those who sleep in their cars to do speedier and more frequent pilgrimages. The chapter outlines the motivations and practices of such pilgrims and indicates that hybrid pilgrimage performance—trying out various ways of doing it—also plays a part in the culture of repetition.
Frances Elizabeth Caroline Willard
Authors: Giver-Johnston Donna 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 narrates the life and public reform of Frances Willard. A female public speaker and writer, Willard took on the cult of domesticity and the strict gender roles enforced in the American Industrial Age. Facing gender inequality, Willard fought for women’s rights and social reform, serving as the president of the Women’s Christian Temperance Union. In addition to describing Willard’s life, this chapter examines the use of her public platform and the authority of her public rhetoric to influence the lives of women seeking equal opportunities. Analyzing her narrative of cultural reform in her two books, How to Win: A Book for Girls and Woman in the Pulpit, this chapter explores the rhetorical tactics Willard used to effectively argue for equality and egalitarianism for women in church and society.
Outro
Authors: Boffone Trevor 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The Outro explores how the Renegades throughout this book used their social media platforms and clout to further social justice messages during the height of the renewed Black Lives Matter movement following the murder of George Floyd in summer 2020. Renegade Zoomers played a significant role in celebrating Blackness and made many of these “moves” on social media. Whether it was through attending marches, creating viral dance challenges, or producing new music, Renegades positioned their creativity, joy, and labor as central to the movement for Black lives. Their work forced onlookers, moreover, to recognize the labor of Black girls in our social movements. Renegades reveal, ultimately, that the revolution will be digital.
The Social Origins of Views on Privacy
Authors: Gandy Jr. Oscar H. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Understanding the nature of public opinion about privacy and the collection and use of information by corporate and government agencies was dependent primarily upon the secondary analysis of a large number of surveys made public by the Harris Data Center. An additional and somewhat different perspective on related concerns was developed through the analysis of data from an original large telephone survey administered through an AT&T contractor, Maritz Marketing. A number of key questions were asked in both sets of surveys, but comparisons between 1978 and 1990 surveys allowed for the comparisons of the ways in which key responses changed over time. Among the more interesting were the changes in the levels of trustworthiness associated with particular actors at the time. The Census Bureau became more trustworthy, while telephone companies became considerably less so. Another comparison assessed the extent to which respondents were seeking to have a regulatory response applied to a particular area of activity. The secondary analysis of Harris data from 1978 made it possible to explore the social characteristics that were predictive of respondents’ orientations toward particular aspects of the panoptic sort. The variations of trust toward different institutional actors as a function of respondent age were quite substantial, and often curvilinear, with younger and older respondents often agreeing more with each other. Secondary analysis of data from 1989 surveys examined the relations between trust, and age, social class, and a variety of differences in experience. While those socioeconomic factors had considerable explanatory power, it was also clear that mass media exposure was playing an important role in shaping those opinions.
Afterword
Authors: Gandy Jr. Oscar H. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The afterword provides a detailed description of developments in the area of privacy and surveillance after the turn of the century and of the rapid developments in information technology and the monopoly firms like Google, Facebook, Apple, and Amazon, which have come to dominate the flow of information and the appropriation of consumer surplus. Its focus on technological systems includes the expanded internet, with special emphasis on the Internet of Things and the impact of the connections between humans, sensors, and machines. Special attention is paid to transformations in the nature of capitalism, reflected in assessments made by Shoshana Zuboff with regard to its focus on surveillance, and David Lyon and Bernard Harcourt with regard to the role of social media and the exhibitionist culture that it helped to develop. The risks to democratic systems associated with developments in computation and analysis, accelerated through advances in artificial intelligence and machine learning, are described in the context of transformations in governance likely to accompany the emergence of an algorithmic Leviathan. At this point, an assessment of Jacques Ellul’s predictions about the future of our democratic systems is provided once again.
Consolidating Bolshevik Power
Authors: Breslauer George W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
After the Bolsheviks came to power in November 1917, a combination of internal and external military forces launched a civil war to overthrow the Bolshevik regime. The Bolsheviks prevailed after almost four years of violence that killed many more Russians than had died in World War I. The civil war shaped Bolshevik conceptions of the need to monopolize power, to eliminate the social classes that had been pillars of the old regime, and to use virtuous “revolutionary violence” toward these ends.
Building Socialism
Authors: Breslauer George W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
After Stalin won the power struggle, he adopted a strategy for building socialism that entailed a frenzied pace of industrialization, city-building, collectivization of agriculture, state-building, and social transformation, accompanied by the vast use of revolutionary violence against the peasantry in particular, causing the deaths of over six million people. The rhetorical basis for both the scope and the pace of change was the claim that the national security of the Soviet state required the earliest possible construction of a communist state with the capacity to mobilize its population for war and defend itself militarily.
Was Stalinism a Logical Continuation of Marxism, Leninism, or Neither?
Authors: Breslauer George W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
For political activists as well as scholars, the relationship between Stalinism and the Marxist-Leninist (or Bolshevik) heritage is a fraught one. If Stalinism grew organically out of the Marxist apocalyptic vision or the Leninist commitment to revolutionary violence, then the discrediting of Stalinism would call into question the entire intellectual and organizational heritage of Bolshevik rule. This chapter presents the arguments for and against continuity and concludes that the Leninist heritage facilitated, but did not determine, the Stalinist Revolution from Above or the Great Terror.
The Creation of East European Communist States
Authors: Breslauer George W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Soviet occupation of much of Eastern Europe at the conclusion of World War II facilitated Moscow’s imposition of communist regimes in five countries. In Yugoslavia and Albania, by contrast, communist regimes came to power largely on their own, and remained autonomous of Red Army control. In Czechoslovakia, an urban coup brought the communist party to power largely indigenously, but in the shadow of Soviet power. And in Austria and Greece, communist parties did not succeed in coming to power, and Stalin largely conceded that they would not.
World War II and the Creation of Asian Communist States
Authors: Breslauer George W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Mao’s formula for coming to power differed from the Bolshevik pathway. It entailed a peasant-based guerrilla war that helped to defeat Japanese occupation and that went on to defeat the Nationalist forces, led by Chiang Kai-shek, in conventional warfare after World War II was over. There were many differences between the Maoist and Soviet models of revolution, but there were also many similarities in the willingness to attempt a “socialist” revolution in a peasant society, in the glorification of revolutionary violence, in the determination to ensure that the communist party monopolizes power and politics after winning the civil war, in the determination to build socialism thereafter, and in the commitment to anti-imperialist struggle within a world communist movement led by Moscow.
Cuba’s Indigenous Revolution, 1959–1970
Authors: Breslauer George W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Fidel Castro, his brother Raul, and Che Guevara prosecuted a guerrilla war that brought them to power in January 1959. They were socialist in orientation, but not yet faithful to a communist party. US hostility to the new regime’s policies of nationalization of industries controlled by US companies led to intensification of political controls and the seeking of external protection and assistance from Moscow. The Cuban Missile Crisis brought to a head the issue of US determination to overthrow the Castro regime, but also led the superpowers to the brink of war.
The Soviet Union after Khrushchev
Authors: Breslauer George W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Khrushchev was overthrown by his associates in the Politburo in October 1964. The new collective leadership proceeded to institutionalize a regime I call “Bureaucratic Leninism.” This is a top-down vision of the centralized communist party “scientifically managing” society, and doing so through the cadres of the party and the state. “Trust in cadres” became the phrase that signaled a willingness to govern through the party, not over it.
The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, 1966–1969
Authors: Breslauer George W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution was launched by Mao as a reaction against the rationalizing policies of 1960–1965. It was at once a power struggle, a civil war, a purge of cadres and critical intelligentsia, an effort to reverse authority relationships within society, and a romantic-revolutionary crusade to instill revolutionary consciousness in the masses.
The Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, December 1979
Authors: Breslauer George W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The year 1979 was a fateful one. Relations between the United States and the PRC warmed considerably, while almost everything went wrong in the US-Soviet relationship. The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan was driven by a determination to show the Americans that Moscow did not have feet of clay and to rescue an allied regime from collapse. The timing was dictated by the failure of US-Soviet arms control talks.
Gorbachev and the Abandonment of Anti-Imperialist Struggle
Authors: Breslauer George W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Gorbachev knew that reform at home could not be accomplished while the US-Soviet relationship remained confrontational and marked by arms races. His interactions and negotiations with President Reagan led Gorbachev continuously to augment Soviet concessions, even unilaterally, in hopes of ending the Cold War. He succeeded in doing so. Moreover, Gorbachev’s long-standing unwillingness to use military force to prevent democratization in Eastern Europe led directly to the collapse of these communist regimes in 1989.
Why the Drive to Difference?
Authors: Breslauer George W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter inquires as to the factors that drove the drive to difference within the communist world. Factors discussed include limited guidance from the ideological heritage (Marxism and Leninism) as to how to proceed after “building socialism,” the clash between the ideals of Marxism and the realities of governing an elite-dominated system, the shortage economy, the reality of bureaucratism, varieties of nationalism among the communist states, diverse pathways to power among those states, differences in the timing of the many communist revolutions, nuclearism, the realities of affluence and liberty in the capitalist world, and the idiosyncrasies of certain leaders within the communist world.
Revisionist States’ Strategies and Encounters with Their Counterparts
Authors: Chan Steve , Feng Huiyun , He Kai , Hu Weixing 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues that the current literature’s emphasis on revisionist attempts to challenge the existing international order by means of war and conquest is misplaced due to the changed nature of international relations. In contrast to “hard” revisionism, “soft” revisionism, intended to promote institutional change, has become more relevant to today’s world. Four “soft” revisionist strategies are introduced to show how a revisionist state is likely to pursue its agenda. They are institutional reform, institutional competition, institutional obstruction, and institutional exit, with illustrations from Chinese and US conduct toward different multilateral organizations. The choice among these strategies is hypothesized to depend on a state’s comparative advantage and the benefits it receives from a specific institution.
The British Example
Authors: Fox Jonathan , Topor Lev 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In order to place the empirical findings of this study into a more concrete context, in this chapter the authors examine the United Kingdom as a case study, using traditional comparative politics qualitative methodology. They examine the history of anti-Semitism and discrimination against Jews in the United Kingdom, focusing on the religious, anti-Zionist, and conspiracy-based explanations in this context. They demonstrate that it is plausible to argue that all three of these motives have caused discrimination against Jews in the United Kingdom. The chapter also discusses briefly the allegations of anti-Semitism by the Labour Party in recent years, specifically under the leadership of Jeremy Corbyn.
Conclusion
Authors: Barbalet Jack 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In concluding the analysis of guanxi, the image is invoked of Chinese reticulated carved balls, in which one hollow sphere sits inside another, with as many as a dozen—each smaller than the other—interlocked in a descending nested order. The suggestion is that this is a metaphor for guanxi in today’s China, in which guanxi determines relations between businesses, and between entrepreneurs and officials; additionally, popular mobilizations against official corruption draw on the guanxi between protestors, and state repression of protest draws on the guanxi between state workers and protestors, and so on, in continuing descending interlockings of guanxi. It is shown that guanxi is sufficiently versatile to access quite different resources, and sufficiently flexible to enter new areas of relations and engagement. Reliance on guanxi is not confined to the elderly, but used by young people in China, and the educated. The future of guanxi seems assured.
The Vernacular Alternatives Composed during the Age of Revolutions
Authors: Canny Nicholas 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Irish-language vernacular verse history proved adaptable throughout the eighteenth century to take account both of new reverses, and of opportunities presented by revolutionary developments in North America, in France, and in Ireland. The oral and the written records were interlinked because manuscript copyists aided memory. Themes from the Irish oral tradition also resurfaced in English-language print form or in political speeches by Daniel O’Connell. Similarly in the Protestant experience narratives composed in the seventeenth century by such as Temple entered into Protestant vernacular culture because they were regularly regurgitated in sermons. When Musgrave composed a Protestant narrative of the 1798 rebellion he could therefore allude to Catholic proclivity to rebel knowing that this was a trope in Protestant oral culture. Musgrave could also dovetail the occurrences of 1798 with Temple’s narrative on 1641 and thus make it comprehensible for his audience.
Fresh Unionist Re-Appraisals of the History of Early Modern Ireland
Authors: Canny Nicholas 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Landowners were challenged both by political change and by historical arguments. Their contribution to debate took the form of county histories to illustrate how landowners had been responsible for improvement and communal leadership. These histories varied because the experience of no two counties was identical. However, most dated the introduction of civil order to the establishment of counties, they enumerated the ‘improvements’ introduced by individual proprietors, they decried absenteeism, and they rejoiced that sectarian strife had been kept at bay other than when it had been provoked by external provocateurs—usually Catholic clerics. George Hill, writing of Ulster counties, dissented from this narrative by attributing past disturbances to the unfair treatment accorded natives in the Ulster Plantation and to the indifference of principal landowners to communal welfare. For him, the bedrock of Ulster society was its Protestant tenant farmers and their willingness to co-operate with their Catholic counterparts.
Male Choice, Female Competition, and Female Ornaments in Sexual Selection
Authors: Schlupp Ingo 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
When Darwin first proposed sexual selection theory he suggested two mechanisms: competition among males and choice by females. There is no doubt that these mechanisms are immensely important, but their mirror images have been largely underappreciated so far. In fact, males choose as well and females compete. Males choose based on female quality, often selecting mating partners that are more fecund. But male choice is also associated with changes in the sex ratio of a population and males can be choosy when they are rare. Furthermore, males sometimes invest heavily into reproduction and that too can be associated with male choice. That females compete with another, although less often with open aggression, is another understudied phenomenon. Finally, we now know that females are often ornamented, but are these ornaments under sexual selection by males? This book tries to review what we know and point to what we don’t know while pointing out the connections between male mate choice and female competition for a more complete view of sexual selection.