bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Otolaryngology burden of disease and surgical case triage in resource‐limited settings: An example from Cameroon
Authors: Windon Melina J. , Faniriko Marco B. A. , Bogale Mesele , Acha Everistus , Koch Wayne 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectivesOtolaryngology services worldwide faced an unprecedented demand for case triage during the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic. We propose and apply a novel case‐leveling schema in a resource‐limited setting. Describing the surgical burden of otolaryngologic disease in this setting may critically inform resource planning to address global surgical disparities.MethodsThis is a retrospective study of otolaryngology cases performed over a 28‐month period (1/2016‐4/2018) at a hospital in rural Cameroon. Case details were collated and categorized as a surrogate measure of otolaryngologic disease in resource‐limited settings. A case‐levelling schema based on temporal urgency and anticipated impact on health was proposed and applied.Results1277 cases took place during the study. The largest proportion of cases were head and neck (517, 40%), followed by pediatrics (316, 25%). A four‐tiered leveling system was generated: level 1 cases were immediately life‐saving; level 2 cases were expected to result in a significant return to functions of daily living, or would prevent future death from cancer; level 3 cases aimed to significantly improve quality of life; level 4 cases were purely elective. Upon application of the schema, most cases were deemed to be level 2 (661, 52%).ConclusionWe use our experience in a resource‐limited setting to generate and apply a novel schema to be used for otolaryngology case triage in services facing unprecedented states of emergency such as the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic. This is the first study describing the surgical otolaryngologic disease burden in a resource‐limited setting, data which may be used for future resource allocation.Level of Evidence4.
On‐Chip Generation of Structured Light Based on Metasurface Optoelectronic Integration
Authors: Wang Qiu‐Hua , Ni Pei‐Nan , Xie Yi‐Yang , Kan Qiang , Chen Pei‐Pei , Fu Pan , Deng Jun , Jin Tai‐Lai , Chen Hong‐Da , Lee Ho Wai Howard , Xu Chen , Genevet Patrice 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMetasurfaces offer complete control of optical wavefront at the subwavelength scale, advancing a new class of artificial planar optics, including lenses, waveplates, and holograms, with unprecedented merits over conventional optical components. In particular, the ultrathin, flat, and compact characteristics of metasurfaces facilitate their integration with semiconductor devices for the development of miniaturized and multifunctional optoelectronic systems. In this work, generation of structured light is implemented at an ultracompact wafer‐level through the monolithic integration of metasurface with standard vertical cavity surface‐emitting lasers (VCSELs). This work opens new perspectives for the design of structured light systems with compactness, lightweight, and scalability. Ultracompact beam structured laser chips with versatile functionalities are experimentally demonstrated, including multichannel beams array generation, on‐chip large‐angle beam steering up to 60°, and wafer‐level holographic beam shaping with a wide field of view (about 124°). The results will promote the development of compact light structuring systems with great potential in 3D imaging, displays, robotic vision, human–computer interaction, and augmented/virtual reality.
Seeds‐Assisted Space‐Confined Growth of All‐Inorganic Perovskite Arrays for Ultralow‐Threshold Single‐Mode Lasing
Authors: Lan Shangui , Peng Yunyi , Shen Hongzhi , Wang Shuai , Ren Junwen , Zheng Zhiping , Liu Weiwei , Li Dehui 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAll‐inorganic lead halide perovskites have gained wide attention as a class of promising material for both fundamental investigations and optoelectronic applications due to their excellent optical properties. They simultaneously possess relatively high refractive index and high exciton binding energy exceeding 100 meV, making them possess high emission efficiency at room temperature and thus promise a coherent light source. High‐quality all‐inorganic lead halide perovskite microcrystal arrays exhibiting ultralow‐threshold single‐mode lasing would find promising applications in the on‐chip integration of photonic and electronic circuits. However, currently it is still challenging to synthesize high‐quality all‐inorganic perovskite arrays. Here, the seeds‐assisted space‐confined growth of all‐inorganic perovskite arrays is reported for ultralow‐threshold single‐mode lasing. The naturally vapor‐phase‐grown submicron plates possess high crystal quality, exhibiting an ultralow lasing threshold of ≈0.22 µJ cm–2 among reported perovskite‐based lasing. Benefiting from the space‐confined effect, the as‐grown samples have small lateral size (submicron) leading to the single whispering‐gallery mode (WGM) lasing. Importantly, the method can successfully synthesize high‐quality CsPbI3 submicron plate arrays and demonstrate single‐mode lasing in those submicron plate arrays. The study provides a convenient and effective route to controllably grow all‐inorganic submicron plate arrays for ultralow‐threshold single‐WGM lasing.
Unraveling the Energy Landscape and Energy Funneling Modulated by Hole Transport Layer for Highly Efficient Perovskite LEDs
Authors: Li Ting , Xiang Ting , Wang Miaosheng , Zhang Wei , Shi Jishan , Shao Ming , Xu Tianfei , Ahmadi Mahshid , Wu Xiaoyan , Gao Zhao , Xu Long , Chen Ping 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPrevious reports have demonstrated significant effects of hole transport layer (HTL) on the morphology of quasi‐2 dimensional (2D) perovskites, hole injection, and interfacial defect density. However, the effects of HTL on energy landscape and energy funneling of quasi‐2D perovskites have not been revealed so far. Herein, the PEA2Csn−1PbnBr3n+1 perovskite films are fabricated on four types of HTLs including poly(9‐vinylcarbazole):poly(ethylene oxide) (PVK:PEO), PVK, poly(3,4‐ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), and nickel oxide (NiOx). The steady‐state and transient absorption spectroscopies reveal that the energy landscape and energy funneling of quasi‐2D perovskites vary significantly on different HTLs. All domains with n = 1, 2, 3, and higher order (n ≥ 4) are formed with desired population ratios on the PVK:PEO HTL, leading to the most efficient energy funneling. Furthermore, the interfacial passivation effect of PEO on the energy funneling process is studied. The light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) based on PEA2Csn−1PbnBr3n+1 and PVK:PEO (with an optimized ratio of 5.3:0.7 w/w) HTL result in a maximum luminescence of ≈23 110 cd m–2 and maximum external quantum efficiency of ≈11.5%, respectively. This is the best performance reported so far using pure PEA2Csn−1PbnBr3n+1 without perovskite composition modifications. This study provides new insights into the HTL for the development of highly efficient quasi‐2D perovskite LEDs.
Wood Removals from Lakes May Not Necessarily Elicit Fish Population Responses
Authors: Smokorowski Karen E. , Pearce Jennie L. , Geiling William D. , Pratt Thomas C. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Coarse woody habitat (CWH) in aquatic ecosystems provides structural complexity and a surface for food production for fish. Depending on abundance and complexity of CWH, it is usually associated with influencing predator–prey dynamics, fostering greater localized fish abundance, increasing fish growth, and contributing to fish production, but some conflicting evidence exists about its importance as fish habitat. Our experiment was designed to test for direct linkages between whole-lake CWH availability and fish community abundance, biomass, and production. We removed ~50% of CWH from three lakes while concurrently sampling them and two other unaffected lakes as controls in a before-after–control-impact (BACI) design. Due to the loss of quality foraging habitat, structure, and cover for small fish, we hypothesized that the CWH removal would cause a measurable decline in fish abundance, biomass, and/or production. Despite CWH being a preferred habitat type for fish, our hypothesis was not supported because observed changes in measured fish community metrics could not be attributed to the CWH removal. The inability to directly link the wood removal to changes in the fish metrics we examined may have been due to a number of factors including the composition of the fish community, the high availability of alternate habitat structure (rocks, macrophytes), large quantities of wood remaining in the lakes, the relative lack of littoral habitat use by piscivores, or low statistical power (small sample size, high variance). However, we still urge resource managers to be cautious when considering authorizing removal of CWH from lakes because it does provide temporally stable year-round structure and high-quality foraging habitat with unique microbial, fungal, and invertebrate communities. Coarse woody habitat was a preferred habitat for fish and may have a greater relative importance in lakes with minimal alternative cover for fishes or in lakes containing different fish assemblages.
Indexing Reservoir Channel Catfish Population Density and Size Structure with Tandem, Baited Hoop Nets
Authors: Tyszko Stephen M. , Pritt Jeremy J. , Conroy Joseph D. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Fisheries managers efficiently sample reservoir Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus populations with tandem, baited hoop nets. However, catchability (the fraction of a fish stock caught with a defined unit of effort) of Channel Catfish with this gear and the size selectivity of this gear are not fully known. Furthermore, scientists have not identified a standard sampling period that maximizes catches while minimizing variation in catchability. Here, we estimated Channel Catfish population density (number/ha) and catchability with tandem, baited hoop nets using mark–recapture methods in three Ohio reservoirs during May–July 2016–2018. We tested for differences in catchability (1) among reservoirs; (2) among 50-mm length categories; and (3) by week. We then tested CPUE as an index of density by simulating the sampling of populations with different densities based on observed variation in catchability and estimating the statistical power to detect density differences. We found that total catchability differed among study reservoirs, among length categories, and among sampling events but did not consistently change during the May–July sampling period. Catchability of 50-mm length categories did not differ among reservoirs. The greatest catchability was observed for 400–649-mm Channel Catfish. Our power analysis showed that we could detect a large (&gt;2:1 effect sizes) difference in density with 80% power by using 20 or more sample sites. Furthermore, our length-category-specific catchability estimates provide information to reduce bias in size structure, growth, and mortality estimates derived from Channel Catfish samples collected with tandem, baited hoop nets. We encourage further development, validation, and application of tandem, baited hoop nets to better understand differences in reservoir Channel Catfish densities and size structures.
A two‐tier urban delivery network with robot‐based deliveries
Authors: Bakach Iurii , Campbell Ann Melissa , Ehmke Jan Fabian 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn this article, we investigate a two‐tier delivery network with robots operating on the second tier. We determine the optimal number of local robot hubs as well as the optimal number of robots to service all customers and compare the resulting operational cost to conventional truck‐based deliveries. Based on the well‐known p‐median problem, we present mixed‐integer programs that consider the limited range of robots due to battery size. Compared with conventional truck‐based deliveries, robot‐based deliveries can save about 70% of operational cost and even more, up to 90%, for instances with customer time windows.
Topology optimization employing a condensation method for nonlinear structural frames with supplemental mass
Authors: Changizi Navid , Warn Gordon P. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA topology optimization schema employing a condensation method for nonlinear frame structures with supplemental mass subjected to time‐varying excitation is presented. In the context of the design of structural frames, in certain applications, the supplemental mass can be order(s) of magnitude larger than the mass of the system itself. Thus, condensing the system of governing equations to only those associated with the supplemental mass, reduces the complexity and computational cost of the dynamic analysis and thus the optimization process. In addition to considering material nonlinearity, distributed plasticity, and multiaxial interactions, the hysteretic beam finite element (FE) model employed in this study has constant elastic stiffness and hysteretic matrices facilitating a Guyan‐type condensation of the nonlinear dynamic equations. Furthermore, the nonlinear dynamic equations and element evolution equations of hysteretic FE modeling are concisely presented as a system of first‐order nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) that can be solved using general ODE solvers. The schema is demonstrated on various design problems considering different arrangements of supplemental mass, where the objective is to minimize the volume of the structure subject to maximum displacement constraint using a single p‐norm.
Prenatal diagnosis of diencephalic‐mesencephalic junction dysplasia: Fetal magnetic resonance imaging phenotypes, genetic diagnoses, and outcomes
Authors: Lawrence Anne K. , Whitehead Matthew T. , Kruszka Paul , Sanapo Laura , Yano Sho , Tanpaiboon Pranoot , Muenke Maximilian , Fraser Jamie L. , du Plessis Adre J. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectiveReport a single‐center 12‐year experience in the fetal diagnosis of diencephalic‐mesencephalic junction dysplasia (DMJD) to expand the phenotype with Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐based classification, evaluate genetic etiologies, and ascertain outcomes.MethodsRetrospective medical record and imaging review of all fetal MRI exams with DMJD were performed at our institution.ResultsThirty‐three pregnancies with fetal MRI findings of DMJD at 24 (18–37) weeks gestational age were studied; 70% were referred for fetal hydrocephalus. Three fetal MRI patterns were recognized. Type A (butterfly/hypothalamus‐midbrain union) was seen in two cases (6%), Type B (partial thalamus‐midbrain union) in 22 fetuses (70%), and Type C (complete/near complete midbrain‐thalamic continuity) in nine fetuses (24%). L1CAM mutations were identified in four cases, and biallelic VRK1 variants in another. Among 14 live‐born cases, 11 survived infancy, and 10 underwent postnatal brain MRI which confirmed the fetal MRI diagnosis in all but one case. Development was delayed in all surviving infants, most with additional neurological sequelae.ConclusionsDMJD may be identified by prenatal MRI as early as 18 weeks gestation. We propose three distinct phenotypic forms of DMJD, Types A–C. Next‐generation sequencing provides an underlying molecular diagnosis in some patients, but further studies on associated genetic diagnoses and clinical outcomes are indicated.
Electrical conductivity under shear flow of molten polyethylene filled with carbon nanotubes: Experimental and modeling
Authors: Collet Anatole , Serghei Anatoli , Lhost Olivier , Trolez Yves , Cassagnau Philippe , Fulchiron René 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis work aims to describe the conductivity evolution of polymer composites (polyethylene filled with carbon nanotubes) during a shearing deformation. Rheo‐electric measurements were carried out to observe the shear‐induced fillers network modification. Extended steady shear forces the conductivity to evolve asymptotically to a steady level attesting to an equilibrium between structuring and break up mechanisms in the melted polymer. Numerous experiments were conducted to cover a wide range of shear rate from 0.05 to 10 s−1 and for carbon nanotubes concentrations between 1.3 and 2.9 vol%. A model is proposed to predict the conductivity evolution under shear deformation using a simple kinetic equation inserted in a percolation law. Structuring parameter was found to be solely dependent on the temperature whereas shear induced modification terms were found to be mostly driven by the shear rate and the fillers content.
Electronic and adsorption properties of the zigzag‐edged triangle graphene nanosheets
Authors: Ding Jijun , Jin Yanxin , Chen Haixia 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe electronic and adsorption properties of the zigzag‐edged triangle graphene nanosheets with different size are investigated, including the calculation of the adsorption energy, sensitivity and recovery time after adsorbing CO2, NO2, CH4 and CO. The results show that the quantum size effect is satisfied in the triangle graphene nanosheets, and its conductivity type can be changed from p to n. In addition, the triangle graphene nanosheets with n = 5 has the highest sensitivity to NO2 (374.79%), which is more than 300 times as compared to the lowest one. The recovery time of triangle graphene nanosheets with n = 4 is the shortest, and its sensitivity and recovery time are the best at 144 K. These results reveal that the zigzag‐edged triangular graphene nanosheets can serve as the fundamental structural unit for the design of high sensitivity gas sensors.
Imaging for precision medicine: can V‐P SPECT measure mepolizumab response in asthma?
Authors: McDonald Vanessa M. , Urroz Paola D. , Bajc Marika , Rutherford Natalie , Brooker Bree , Gibson Peter G. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMonoclonal antibody therapies are effective for many but not all people with severe asthma. Precision medicine guides treatment selection using biomarkers to select patients most likely to respond according to their inflammatory endotypes. However, when assessing response to treatment, greater precision is required. We report a case series describing treatment response to mepolizumab in four severe asthma patients, assessed by traditional methods and with objective ventilation/perfusion single photon emission computed tomography (V‐P SPECT). In this series, patients with severe asthma received mepolizumab treatment with clinical outcomes recorded at commencement and at approximately 16 weeks post‐treatment initiation. V‐P SPECT imaging was performed before and after treatment to determine ventilation heterogeneity and perfusion, and its ability to assess treatment responsiveness. V‐P SPECT shows promise as an objective measure to assess lung ventilation and perfusion to observe and assess responsiveness to mepolizumab. With quantification, this measure may allow better precision in determining treatment improvements.
Copper‐Based Nanoscale Coordination Polymers Augmented Tumor Radioimmunotherapy for Immunogenic Cell Death Induction and T‐Cell Infiltration
Authors: Wang Yuxiang , Ding Yawen , Yao Dan , Dong Hong , Ji Changwei , Wu Jinhui , Hu Yiqiao , Yuan Ahu 
Published: February 2021

AbstractInsufficient T‐cell infiltration seriously hinders the efficacy of tumor immunotherapy. Induction of immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a potentially feasible approach to increase T‐cell infiltration. Since ionizing radiation can only induce low‐level ICD, this study constructs Cu‐based nanoscale coordination polymers (Cu‐NCPs) with mixed‐valence (Cu+/Cu2+), which can simultaneously and independently induce the generation of Cu+‐triggered hydroxyl radicals and Cu2+‐triggered GSH elimination, to synergize with radiation therapy for potent ICD induction. Markedly, this synergetic therapy remarkably enhances dendritic cell maturation and promotes antitumor CD8+ T‐cell infiltration, thereby potentiating the development of checkpoint blockade immunotherapies against primary and metastatic tumors.
A Virus‐Spike Tumor‐Activatable Pyroptotic Agent
Authors: Nadeem Sadia , Yang Chuang , Du Yang , Li Fangyuan , Chen Zheng , Zhou Yan , Lee Ji Young , Ding Qiang , Ling Daishun 
Published: February 2021

AbstractInvoking the occurrence of pyroptosis is an emerging strategy for the treatment of cancer. However, the practical applications of pyroptosis for cancer therapy are currently hindered due to the lack of tumor‐specific and efficient pyroptotic agents in vivo. Herein, a virus‐spike tumor‐activatable pyroptotic agent (VTPA) for cancer‐specific therapy is reported. The VTPA is composed of an organosilica coated iron oxide nanoparticle core and spiky manganese dioxide protrusions, which can readily accumulate in tumor after systemic administration, facilitate the tumor intracellular lysosomal rupture, and be degraded by tumor over‐expressed intracellular glutathione (GSH) to release Mn ions and iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) for the synergetic activation of nucleotide binding oligomerization domain‐like receptors protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes. Consequently, the activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes and the release of lactate dehydrogenase of tumor cells are observed after the treatment of VTPA, resulting in a specific pyroptotic cell death. To our best knowledge, the structure‐dependent and tumor intracellular GSH activatable pyroptotic agents represent the first demonstration of cancer‐specific pyroptosis in vivo, providing a novel paradigm for the development of next‐generation cancer‐specific pyroptotic nanomedicine.
Growth of Semiconducting Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes Array by Precisely Inhibiting Metallic Tubes Using ZrO2 Nanoparticles
Authors: Lin Dewu , Yu Yue , Li Lanying , Zou Mingzhi , Zhang Jin 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSynthesis of high‐quality single‐walled carbon nanotubes arrays with pure semiconducting type is crucial for the fabrication of integrated circuits in nanoscale. However, the naturally grown carbon nanotubes usually have diverse structures and properties. Here the bicomponent catalyst using Au and ZrO2 is designed and prepared. The Au nanoparticle serves as the catalysts for carbon feedstock cracking and facilitating the nucleation of carbon nanotubes, whereas the close‐connected ZrO2 forms a localized etching zone around Au by releasing lattice oxygen and to inhibit the nucleation of metallic carbon nanotubes precisely. The obtained single‐walled carbon nanotubes array show a high semiconducting content of >96%, on the basis of good performance of field‐effect transistor devices. And such building of localized etching zone is compatible with other catalyst systems as a universal and efficient method for the scalable production of semiconducting carbon nanotubes.
Five Principles to Nurture Motivation Within Early Reading Interventions
Authors: Erickson Joy Dangora , Ward Alessandra E. , Boivin Jacquelynne Anne , Fornauf Beth 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe authors illustrate the compatibility of building K‐2 readers’ foundational skills and their motivation for completing reading and related tasks within reading interventions. First, the authors introduce the orthographic mapping process, which requires foundational reading skills because of its role in facilitating fluent reading. Research demonstrating the relation between motivation and achievement is synthesized next to convey the need to maximize students’ motivation for intervention tasks. Finally, the authors offer five general design principles to support motivation. They underscore the importance of educators relying on these principles in combination with their deep knowledge of each student to offer intervention experiences that nurture motivation. An example of a foundational skills activity supportive of the orthographic mapping process and adapted to exemplify the motivation principle of focus accompanies each principle.