bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetics, its role in preventing the pandemic of coronary artery disease
Authors: Roberts Robert , Fair Jacques 
Published: May 2021

AbstractEpidemiologists have claimed for decades that about 50% of predisposition for coronary artery disease (CAD) is genetic. Advances in technology made possible the discovery of hundreds of genetic risk variants predisposing to CAD. Multiple clinical trials have shown that cardiac events can be prevented by drugs to lower plasma low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C). A major barrier to primary prevention is the lack of markers to identify those individuals at risk prior to the development of symptoms of the disease. Conventional risk factors are age‐dependent, occurring mostly in the sixth or seventh decade, which is less than desirable for early primary prevention. A polygenic risk score, derived from the number of genetic risk variants predisposing to CAD inherited by an individual, has been evaluated in over 1 million individuals. The risk for CAD is stratified into high, intermediate, and low. Polygenic risk scores derived from retrospective genotyping of several clinical trials evaluating the effect of statin therapy or PCSK9 inhibitors show the genetic risk is reduced 40%–50% by decreasing plasma LDL‐C. Prospective randomized placebo‐controlled clinical trials document a 40%–50% reduction in cardiac events in individuals at high genetic risk associated with favorable lifestyle changes and increased physical activity. The polygenic risk score is not age‐dependent and remains the same throughout life. Thus, the GRS is superior to conventional risk factors in identifying asymptomatic individuals at risk for CAD early in life for primary prevention. These results indicate clinical embracement of the GRS in primary prevention would be a paradigm shift in the treatment of the number one killer, CAD.
Influence of coronary artery disease and percutaneous coronary intervention on mid‐term outcomes in patients with aortic valve stenosis treated with transcatheter aortic valve implantation
Authors: Kaihara Toshiki , Higuma Takumi , Izumo Masaki , Kotoku Nozomi , Suzuki Tomomi , Kameshima Haruka , Sato Yukio , Kuwata Shingo , Koga Masashi , Mitarai Takanobu , Watanabe Mika , Okuyama Kazuaki , Kamijima Ryo , Ishibashi Yuki , Yoneyama Kihei , Tanabe Yasuhiro , Harada Tomoo , Akashi Yoshihiro J. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundA high frequency of coronary artery disease (CAD) is reported in patients with severe aortic valve stenosis (AS) who undergo transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). However, the optimal management of CAD in these patients remains unknown.HypothesisWe hypothesis that AS patients with TAVI complicated by CAD have poor prognosis. His study evaluates the prognoses of patients with CAD and severe AS after TAVI.MethodsWe divided 186 patients with severe AS undergoing TAVI into three groups: those with CAD involving the left main coronary (LM) or proximal left anterior descending artery (LAD) lesion (the CAD[LADp] group), those with CAD not involving the LM or a LAD proximal lesion (the CAD[non‐LADp] group), and those without CAD (Non‐CAD group). Clinical outcomes were compared among the three groups.ResultsThe CAD[LADp] group showed a higher incidence of major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs) and all‐cause mortality than the other two groups (log‐rank p = .001 and p = .008, respectively). Even after adjustment for STS score and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) before TAVI, CAD[LADp] remained associated with MACCE and all‐cause mortality. However, PCI for an LM or LAD proximal lesion pre‐TAVI did not reduce the risk of these outcomes.ConclusionsCAD with an LM or LAD proximal lesion is a strong independent predictor of mid‐term MACCEs and all‐cause mortality in patients with severe AS treated with TAVI. PCI before TAVI did not influence the outcomes.
Impact of pathological response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy on adjuvant therapy decisions and patient outcomes in gastrointestinal cancers
Authors: Bhalla Sheena , Zhu Huili , Lin Jung‐Yi , Özbek Umut , Wilck Eric J. , Chang Sanders , Chen Xiuxu , Ward Stephen , Harpaz Noam , Polydorides Alexandros D. , Miller William , Fiel Maria Isabel , Modica Ippolito , Fan Wen , Zeizafoun Nebras , Ang Celina 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundNeoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is frequently used in gastrointestinal cancers (GIC), and pathological, radiological, and tumor marker responses are assessed during and after NAC.AimTo evaluate the relationship between pathologic, radiologic, tumor marker responses and recurrence‐free survival (RFS), overall survival (OS), adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) decisions, and the impact of changing to a different AC regimen after poor response to NAC.Methods and resultsMedical records of GIC patients treated with NAC at Mount Sinai between 1/2012 and 12/2018 were reviewed. One hundred fifty‐six patients (58.3% male, mean age 63 years) were identified. Primary tumor sites were: 43 (27.7%) pancreas, 62 (39.7%) gastroesophageal, and 51 (32.7%) colorectal. After NAC, 31 (19.9%) patients had favorable pathologic response (FPR; defined as College of American Pathologists [CAP] score 0–1). Of 107 patients with radiological data, 59 (55.1%) had an objective response, and of 113 patients with tumor marker data, 61 (54.0%) had a ≥50% reduction post NAC. FPR, but not radiographic or serological responses, was associated with improved RFS (HR 0.28; 95% CI 0.11–0.72) and OS (HR 0.13; 95% CI 0.2–0.94). Changing to a different AC regimen from initial NAC, among all patients and specifically among those with unfavorable pathological response (UPR; defined as CAP score 2–3) after NAC, was not associated with improved RFS or OS.ConclusionsGIC patients with FPR after NAC experienced significant improvements in RFS and OS. Patients with UPR did not benefit from changing AC. Prospective studies to better understand the role of pathological response in AC decisions and outcomes in GIC patients are needed.
Trends in Postpartum Opioid Prescribing: A Time Series Analysis
Authors: Zipursky Jonathan S. , Pang Andrea , Paterson J. Michael , Austin Peter C. , Mamdani Muhammad , Gomes Tara , Ray Joel G. , Juurlink David N. 
Published: May 2021

Opioids are commonly prescribed following childbirth, but data are lacking on trends in postpartum opioid prescribing over time. We examined whether a highly publicized 2006 case report questioning the safety of codeine during lactation was associated with changes in postpartum opioid prescribing. We conducted a cross‐sectional time series analysis of all publicly funded prescriptions for opioids to postpartum women in Ontario, Canada, from April 1, 2000, to March 31, 2017. The intervention was the publication of a case report in 2006 attributing the death of a breastfeeding neonate to maternal codeine use. The primary outcome was the rate of opioid prescribing to postpartum women. Among postpartum women eligible for prescription drug coverage, 17.5% filled an opioid prescription in the third quarter of 2006 (immediately prior to the intervention), with codeine representing 89.8% of all prescriptions. By the fourth quarter of 2010, only 12.2% of postpartum women filled an opioid prescription, representing a decline of 30% (P < 0.01), with codeine representing 71.9% of all prescriptions. During this period, we observed sizeable relative increases in the proportion of opioid prescriptions filled for morphine, hydromorphone, and oxycodone. By 2017, among women prescribed opioids post partum, 39.0% filled a prescription for codeine, while the remainder filled prescriptions for oxycodone (18.6%), morphine (25.5%), and hydromorphone (16.9%). A highly publicized case report questioning the safety of maternal codeine use during breastfeeding was associated with significant changes in opioid prescribing to postpartum women, including a decline in overall opioid prescribing and a shift from codeine to stronger opioids.
Synthesis of Bi2MoO6 and Activating Peroxymonosulfate to Enhance Photocatalytic Activity under Visible Light Irradiation
Authors: Zhao Qianqian , Long Mingyang , Li Hongmiao , Wang Li , Bai Xiaojuan , Zhang Yujie , Li Di 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBi2MoO6 nanoflakes are synthesized via a normal hydrothermal method. Bi2MoO6 photocatalysts show lower photocatalytic activity for the degradation of methylene blue under visible light irradiation. In order to further enhance the degradation efficiency, Bi2MoO6 is used to activate the peroxymonosulfate for the degradation of methylene blue under visible light. Bi2MoO6 nanoflakes show excellent degradation efficiency in the Bi2MoO6/Vis/peroxymonosulfate (PMS) system. Moreover, the influences of PMS dosage, pH value, and inorganic anions on photodegradation are evaluated. The mechanism of activating peroxymonosulfate is proved by radical quenching experiment, which reveals that sulfate radicals govern the removal of methylene blue.
Female differential allocation in response to extrapair offspring and social mate attractiveness
Authors: Wilson Kerianne M. , Burley Nancy Tyler 
Published: May 2021

AbstractRenewed debate over what benefits females might gain from producing extra‐pair offspring emphasizes the possibility that apparent differences in quality between within‐pair and extra‐pair offspring are confounded by greater maternal investment in extra‐pair offspring. Moreover, the attractiveness of a female's social mate can also influence contributions of both partners to a reproductive attempt. Here, we explore the complexities involved in parental investment decisions in response to extra‐pair offspring and mate attractiveness with a focus on the female point of view. Adult zebra finches paired and reproduced in a colony setting. A male's early‐life diet quality and his extra‐pair reproductive success were used as metrics of his mating attractiveness. Females paired with males that achieved extra‐pair success laid heavier eggs than other females and spent less time attending their nests than their mates or other females. Extra‐pair nestlings were fed more protein‐rich hen's egg than within‐pair nestlings. Females producing extra‐pair offspring had more surviving sons than females producing only within‐pair offspring. Collectively, results show that females differentially allocate resources in response to offspring extra‐pair status and their social mate's attractiveness. Females may also obtain fitness benefits through the production of extra‐pair offspring.
Linking behavioral states to landscape features for improved conservation management
Authors: Sur Maitreyi , Woodbridge Brian , Esque Todd C. , Belthoff Jim R. , Bloom Peter H. , Fisher Robert N. , Longshore Kathleen , Nussear Kenneth E. , Tracey Jeff A. , Braham Melissa A. , Katzner Todd E. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

A central theme for conservation is understanding how animals differentially use, and are affected by change in, the landscapes they inhabit. However, it has been challenging to develop conservation schemes for habitat‐specific behaviors.

Here we use behavioral change point analysis to identify behavioral states of golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) in the Sonoran and Mojave Deserts of the southwestern United States, and we identify, for each behavioral state, conservation‐relevant habitat associations.

We modeled behavior using 186,859 GPS points from 48 eagles and identified 2,851 distinct segments comprising four behavioral states. Altitude above ground level (AGL) best differentiated behavioral states, with two clusters of short‐distance movement behaviors characterized by low AGL (state 1 AGL = 14 m (median); state 2 AGL = 11 m) and two associated with longer‐distance movement behaviors and characterized by higher AGL (state 3 AGL = 108 m; state 4 AGL = 450 m).

Behaviors such as perching and low‐altitude hunting were associated with short‐distance movements in updraft‐poor environments, at higher elevations, and over steeper and more north‐facing terrain. In contrast, medium‐distance movements such as hunting and transiting were over gentle and south‐facing slopes. Long‐distance transiting occurred over the desert habitats that generate the best updraft.

This information can guide management of this species, and our approach provides a template for behavior‐specific habitat associations for other species of management concern.
Ant community composition and functional traits in new grassland strips within agricultural landscapes
Authors: Scharnhorst Victor Sebastian , Fiedler Konrad , Frank Thomas , Moser Dietmar , Rabl Dominik , Brandl Manuela , Hussain Raja Imran , Walcher Ronnie , Maas Bea 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Ongoing intensification and fragmentation of European agricultural landscapes dramatically reduce biodiversity and associated functions. Enhancing perennial noncrop areas holds great potential to support ecosystem services such as ant‐mediated pest control.

To study the potential of newly established grassland strips to enhance ant diversity and associated functions, we used hand collection data and predation experiments to investigate differences in (a) ant community composition and (b) biocontrol‐related functional traits, and (c) natural pest control across habitats in cereal fields, old grasslands, and new grassland transects of three years of age.

Ant species diversity was similar between new and old grasslands, but significantly higher in new grasslands than in surrounding cereal fields. Contrary, ant community composition of new grasslands was more similar to cereal fields and distinct from the species pool of old grasslands. The functional trait space covered by the ant communities showed the same distribution between old and new grasslands. Pest control did not differ significantly between habitat types and therefore could not be linked to the prevalence of functional ant traits related to biocontrol services in new grasslands.

Our findings not only show trends of convergence between old and new grasslands, but also indicate that enhancing ant diversity through new grasslands takes longer than three years to provide comparable biodiversity and functionality.

Synthesis and applications: Newly established grasslands can increase ant species richness and abundance and provide a consistent amount of biocontrol services in agroecosystems. However, three years after their establishment, new grasslands were still dominated by common agrobiont ant species and lacked habitat specialists present in old grasslands, which require a constant supply of food resources and long colony establishment times. New grasslands represent a promising measure for enhancing agricultural landscapes but must be preserved in the longer term to promote biodiversity and resilience of associated ecosystem services.
The effect of metabolic phenotype on sociability and social group size preference in a coral reef fish
Authors: Killen Shaun S. , Nadler Lauren E. , Grazioso Kathryn , Cox Amy , McCormick Mark I. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAlthough individuals within social groups experience reduced predation risk and find food patches more consistently, there can be competition for food among groupmates. Individuals with a higher standard metabolic rate (SMR) may be less social, to prioritize food acquisition over defense, while a greater maximum metabolic rate (MMR) may modulate sociability through increased competitive ability. Therefore, in theory, individuals with a higher SMR may prefer smaller groups and those with greater MMR may prefer larger groups. We examined links among metabolic phenotype, sociability, and choice of group size in the redbelly yellowtail fusilierCaesio cuning. Individuals were exposed to three association tests: (a) a choice between two fish or zero fish; (b) a choice between five fish or zero fish; and (c) a choice between two fish and five fish. The first two tests quantified sociability while the third measured relative group size choice. Although there was no link between SMR and sociability, fish with a higher MMR were more social than those individuals with a lower MMR. While no correlation was found between MMR and group size choice, there was weak evidence that, if anything, individuals with a higher SMR preferred larger groups, contrary to our hypothesis. AsC.cuningis an active fish that spends a large proportion of time operating above SMR, this result could suggest that the links between sociability and SMR may shift depending on a species’ routine behavior. Links between sociability and MMR may arise if competitive ability allows individuals to obtain resources within groups. Although metabolic traits had no significant influence on group size choice, variation in food availability or predation risk could alter the effects of metabolism on group size choice.
Enhanced Ethylene Formation from Carbon Dioxide Reduction through Sequential Catalysis on Au Decorated Cubic Cu2O Electrocatalyst
Authors: Cao Xuerui , Cao Guangwei , Li Mei , Zhu Xinli , Han Jinyu , Ge Qingfeng , Wang Hua 
Published: May 2021

AbstractElectrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to fuels has been recognized as a perspective way to address the environmental and energy issues. Herein, the novel Au decorated Cu2O electrocatalysts were synthesized via the galvanic replacement reaction and the successive pre‐reduction by linear voltammetry (LSV) method. In contrast to Cu2O, CO formation became dominant over HCOOH and H2on AuxCu2O, and a remarkably enhanced selectivity of C2H4was obtained beyond −1.1 V vs. RHE. Among them, Au0.02Cu2O exhibited the highest Faraday efficiency (FE) of C2H4of 24.4 % at −1.3 V vs. RHE, which was as high as 2∼2.5 and 5 times of those on other two AuxCu2O and bare Cu2O, respectively. Meanwhile, it is demonstrated that the optimal ratio of Au/Cu was essential for effective sequential catalysis between Au and Cu2O to enhance C−C coupling. Furthermore, the effect of copper states resulting from different pre‐reduction methods on the selectivity of C2H4was explored. A half decrease of C2H4FE was observed on HPR‐Au0.02Cu2O (high potential reduced) relative to the LSV reduced Au0.02Cu2O, which was ascribed to the different content of Cu0and residual Cu+in two catalysts. Our results demonstrate an effective approach to construct Cu2O based bimetallic catalysts for ethylene formation from CO2.
(Spectro)electrochemical Properties of Anthracene Containing Triarylamine Platinum(II) Acetylides
Authors: Hildebrandt Alexander , Kovalski Eduard , Korb Marcus 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe synthesis of [Pt{2}2(PPh3)2] (5) (10‐ethinyl‐9‐di(p‐anisyl)aminoanthracene=alkyne 2H) in a cis and trans configuration was achieved. Adsorption of cis‐5 on AlOx as well as electrochemical oxidation led to a reductive elimination of 10,10′‐(buta‐1,3‐diyne‐1,4‐diyl)bis(9‐di(p‐anisyl)amino‐anthracene) (6). The molecular structures of the alkyne intermediate 2H, [Pt{2}Cl(PPh3)2] (4) and butadiyne 6 have been determined by single crystal X‐ray diffraction. Cyclic voltammetry measurements of the platinum‐acetylides trans‐4, and cis‐ and trans‐5 demonstrated, that the back donation from platinum towards the π‐system results in a shift of the triarylamine and anthracene related redox processes towards lower E°′ values, when compared to the SiMe3‐protected alkyne of 2 (=2SiMe3). Both platinum complex trans‐5 and butadiyne 6 demonstrated that the individual arylamine and the respective anthracenyl buildings blocks can be oxidized in four one electron processes. Spectroelectrochemical studies revealed several intense intra‐ligand absorptions in the NIR, demonstrating a high degree of delocalization in the ligand. However, a direct IVCT through the platinum was not observed.
Analyzing environmental‐trait interactions in ecological communities with fourth‐corner latent variable models
Authors: Niku Jenni , Hui Francis K. C. , Taskinen Sara , Warton David I. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn ecological community studies it is often of interest to study the effect of species related trait variables on abundances or presence‐absences. Specifically, the interest may lay in the interactions between environmental and trait variables. An increasingly popular approach for studying such interactions is to use the so‐called fourth‐corner model, which explicitly posits a regression model where the mean response of each species is a function of interactions between covariate and trait predictors (among other terms). On the other hand, many of the fourth‐corner models currently applied in the literature are too simplistic to properly account for variation in environmental and trait response and any residual covariation between species. To overcome this problem, we propose a fourth‐corner latent variable model which combines the following three features: latent variables to capture the correlation between species, fourth‐corner terms to account for environment‐trait interactions, and species‐specific random slopes for modeling excess heterogeneity between species in their environmental response. We perform an extensive numerical study comparing a variety of fourth‐corner models available in the literature which account for the aforementioned sources of variation to varying degrees. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed fourth‐corner latent variable models performed well when testing for the fourth‐corner (interaction) coefficients, across both Type I error and power. By comparison, some models that do not full account for all relevant sources of variation suffer from inflated Type I error leading to potentially misleading inference. The proposed method is illustrated by an example on ground beetle data.
Modeling and global optimization of biodiesel synthesis using hybrid response surfacemethodology‐crowsearch algorithm: Case study of papaya seed waste oil utilization
Authors: Hossain S. M. Zakir , Sultana N. , Taher S. , Khan A. , Razzak S. A. , Hossain M. M. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBiodiesel is potential renewable and clean energy, which can be produced form wide range of waste materials. This study employs a hybrid response surface methodology (RSM) and crow search algorithm (CSA) as novel tool for global optimization of transesterification reaction parameters to maximize biodiesel synthesis from papaya seed‐derived waste oil. Catalyst (NaOH) dose, methanol to oil molar ratio (M:O), and reaction time were considered independent factors, while biodiesel yield was taken as a dependent variable. The experimentally produced biodiesel was characterized by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis. The experiments were developed based on RSM with Box–Behnken design matrix, which was subsequently used for modeling, optimization and model validation. Initially, a quadratic regression model was developed following RSM technique, correlating the transesterification reaction parameters and biodiesel yield. Afterward, the CSA coupled with RSM approach was employed to assess the global optimization. A highest biodiesel yield of 99.48% was attained with a catalyst (NaOH) dose of 0.5 wt%, M:O of 8.5:1 at a reaction time of 40 min. The results acquired by RSM‐CSA were also compared with the results achieved by desirability function‐based optimization technique. Further, the optimal set for maximizing biodiesel yield was validated experimentally with an error margin of 2.0%. These observations indicate that the hybrid RSM‐CSA is an efficient and economic approach to optimize the process conditions for biodiesel production from alternative sources.