bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of Literacy on Working Status and Income Expenditure Gap among Senior Citizens in Rural & Urban Areas of Mirpurkhas
Authors: Arbab Ghulam Qadir , Ram Nanik , Khawaja Imdad Ali 
Published: September 2021

The rapidly increasing population of older people in developed as well developing countries including Pakistan is a serious concern. As a result senior citizens face problems during their latter part of life. In most of the cases, the senior citizens are forced to continue work for their livelihood due to poverty. But due to the lack of conducive working opportunities they face hurdles in getting suitable work. This study was conducted with the main objective to evaluate difference in the working status and income expenditure gap among literate and illiterate senior citizens. Descriptive method was followed to conduct this study and random sampling technique was used to select the respondents. Close ended questionnaire was used to collect data from 385 male and female senior citizens in the rural and urban areas of district Mirpurkhas. The study found that the literate senior citizens were in better position as compared to illiterate senior citizens. Literate senior citizens has comparative advantage over illiterate senior citizens in getting work resultantly got better monthly income level as compared to illiterate senior citizens. Moreover, the current status of health of literate senior citizens was also better as compared to illiterate senior citizens.
Keywords: Senior citizens, older people, income security, living standard, working status, health, income expenditure gap
Implementing the Sustainable Development Goals for Quality Education in institutions of Higher Education in Pakistan: A Qualitative Analysis
Authors: Khurshid Khalid , Noureen Shazia , Hussain Bashir 
Published: September 2021

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) markedly focused on access to education for all through poverty elevation. All nations and especially developing countries like Pakistan had responded positively to achieve these MDGs. Afterward, UNO announced sustainable development goals(SDGs) agenda of 2030, fourth goal of which was about the quality of education in higher education institutes (HEIs).In this relation, the focus of present research was to analyze current implementations by institutes of higher education for imparting “quality education to promote life-long learning for all” under guidelines of the Higher Education Commission (HEC) of Pakistan. Therefore, it is important to ensure sustainability in providing quality education to future generations. For conducting this study, a qualitative approach was adopted to get opinions from the heads of departments about measures taken for sustainability. Population of this study comprised all the heads of the departments from all faculties of Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan. Whereas, sample consisted nineteen (19) heads from Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, using purposive sampling technique. For data collection purposes, an open-ended semi structured interview protocol was developed, consisting of six questions. Thematic analysis technique was adopted to analyze the opinions of all heads of the departments to achieve SDGs to enhance quality of higher education. Results of study showed that most heads agreed to implement sustainable goals at university level within their capacity. Moreover, the lack of resources and expertise were the major obstacles for implementing these goals in their institutes.
Keywords: Sustainable Development Goals, Quality Education, Higher Education
Gendered Perceptions’ regarding Career Guidance Needs at Higher Education Level
Authors: Aurangzeb Wajeeha , Mehmood Azhar , Khan Sumaira 
Published: September 2021

Career guidance had been a strong variable for consideration in democratic societies at global level. Individual autonomy and choice making is imperative for indulging in better market economy. Career guidance programs, if introduced at university level are very helpful for students in overcoming hesitation in career choices and selecting desirable study paths. The study compared career guidance needs among students at higher education level in Pakistan with reference to gender. Mix method design was adopted to extract data from graduating students enrolled in Management Sciences through questionnaire and semi structured interviews (male=100, female=100). Findings illuminated that male students (μ=4.1) have a clear idea about career guidance through internship programs whereas female students (μ=3.1) differed in their views about it. Male students suggested that career planning strategies, if implemented in their course may help designing lifelong careers whereas female students’ focus was towards development of effective career skills only. It is suggested that career guidance is on the brink of coming a national reality at all of the educational levels, so it may be included as a vital part in curriculum. Furthermore, as female students in our society are given less projection so they may be provided with more chances of exposure towards their future careers.
Keywords: Perceptions, career guidance, career skills, career planning
Measurements of the Dust Properties in z ≃ 1–3 Submillimeter Galaxies with ALMA
Authors: da Cunha E. , Hodge J. A. , Casey C. M. , Algera H. S. B. , Kaasinen M. , Smail I. , Walter F. , Brandt W. N. , Dannerbauer H. , Decarli R. , Groves B. A. , Knudsen K. K. , Swinbank A. M. , Weiss A. , van der Werf P. , Zavala J. A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
We present Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) 2 mm continuum observations of a complete and unbiased sample of 99 870 μm selected submillimeter galaxies (SMGs) in the Extended Chandra Deep Field South (ALESS). Our observations of each SMG reach average sensitivities of 53 μJy beam−1. We measure the flux densities for 70 sources, for which we obtain a typical 870 μm-to-2 mm flux ratio of 14 ± 5. We do not find a redshift dependence of this flux ratio, which would be expected if the dust emission properties of our SMGs were the same at all redshifts. By combining our ALMA measurements with existing Herschel/SPIRE observations, we construct a (biased) subset of 27 galaxies for which the cool dust emission is sufficiently well sampled to obtain precise constraints on their dust properties using simple isothermal models. Thanks to our new 2 mm observations, the dust emissivity index is well constrained and robust against different dust opacity assumptions. The median dust emissivity index of our SMGs is β ≃ 1.9 ± 0.4, consistent with the emissivity index of dust in the Milky Way and other local and high-redshift galaxies, as well as classical dust-grain model predictions. We also find a negative correlation between the dust temperature and β, similar to low-redshift observational and theoretical studies. Our results indicate that β ≃ 2 in high-redshift dusty star-forming galaxies, implying little evolution in dust-grain properties between our SMGs and local dusty galaxy samples, and suggesting that these high-mass and high-metallicity galaxies have dust reservoirs driven by grain growth in their interstellar medium.
An M Dwarf’s Chromosphere, Corona, and Wind Connection via Nonlinear Alfvén Waves
Authors: Sakaue Takahito , Shibata Kazunari 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
An M dwarf’s atmosphere is expected to be highly magnetized. The magnetic energy can be responsible for heating the stellar chromosphere and corona and driving the stellar wind. The nonlinear propagation of Alfvén waves is a promising mechanism for both heating the stellar atmosphere and driving the stellar wind. Based on this Alfvén wave scenario, we carried out a 1D compressive magnetohydrodynamic simulation to reproduce the stellar atmospheres and winds of TRAPPIST-1, Proxima Centauri, YZ CMi, AD Leo, AX Mic, and the Sun. The nonlinear propagation of Alfvén waves from the stellar photosphere to the chromosphere, corona, and interplanetary space is directly resolved in our study. The simulation result particularly shows that the slow shock generated through the nonlinear mode coupling of Alfvén waves is crucially involved in both the dynamics of the stellar chromosphere (stellar spicule) and stellar wind acceleration. Our parameter survey further revealed the following general trends of the physical quantities of the stellar atmosphere and wind. (1) The M dwarf coronae tend to be cooler and denser than the solar corona. (2) The M dwarf stellar winds can be characterized by a relatively faster velocity and much smaller mass-loss rate compared to those of the solar wind. The physical mechanisms behind these tendencies are clarified in this paper, where the stronger stratification of the M dwarf’s atmosphere and relatively smaller Alfvén wave energy input from the M dwarf’s photosphere are remarkable.
Two-dimensional Particle-in-cell Simulation of Magnetic Reconnection in the Downstream of a Quasi-perpendicular Shock
Authors: Lu Quanming , Yang Zhongwei , Wang Huanyu , Wang Rongsheng , Huang Kai , Lu San , Wang Shui 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In this paper, by performing a two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation, we investigate magnetic reconnection in the downstream of a quasi-perpendicular shock. The shock is nonstationary, and experiences cyclic reformation. At the beginning of the reformation process, the shock front is relatively flat, and part of the upstream ions are reflected by the shock front. The reflected ions move upward in the action of the Lorentz force, which leads to the upward bending of the magnetic field lines at the foot of the shock front, and then a current sheet is formed due to the squeezing of the bending magnetic field lines. The formed current sheet is brought toward the shock front by the solar wind, and the shock front becomes irregular after interacting with the current sheet. Both the current sheet carried by the solar wind and the current sheet associated with the shock front are then fragmented into many small filamentary current sheets. Electron-scale magnetic reconnection may occur in several of these filamentary current sheets when they are convected into the downstream, and magnetic islands are generated. A strong reconnection electric field and energy dissipation are also generated around the X line, and a high-speed electron outflow is also formed.
Constraining Saturn’s Interior with Ring Seismology: Effects of Differential Rotation and Stable Stratification
Authors: Dewberry Janosz W. , Mankovich Christopher R. , Fuller Jim , Lai Dong , Xu Wenrui 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Normal mode oscillations in Saturn excite density and bending waves in the C ring, providing a valuable window into the planet’s interior. Saturn’s fundamental modes (f-modes) excite the majority of the observed waves, while gravito-inertial modes (rotationally modified g-modes) associated with stable stratification in the deep interior provide a compelling explanation for additional density waves with low azimuthal wavenumbers m. However, multiplets of density waves with nearly degenerate frequencies, including an m = 3 triplet, still lack a definitive explanation. We investigate the effects of rapid and differential rotation on Saturn’s oscillations, calculating normal modes for independently constrained interior models. We use a non-perturbative treatment of rotation that captures the full effects of the Coriolis and centrifugal forces, and consequently the mixing of sectoral f-modes with g-modes characterized by very different spherical harmonic degrees. Realistic profiles for differential rotation associated with Saturn’s zonal winds can enhance these mode interactions, producing detectable oscillations with frequencies separated by less than 1%. Our calculations demonstrate that a three-mode interaction involving an f-mode and two g-modes can feasibly explain the finely split m = 3 triplet, although the fine-tuning required to produce such an interaction generally worsens agreement with seismological constraints provided by m = 2 density waves. Our calculations additionally demonstrate that sectoral f-mode frequencies are measurably sensitive to differential rotation in Saturn’s convective envelope. Finally, we find that including realistic equatorial antisymmetry in Saturn’s differential rotation profile couples modes with even and odd equatorial parity, producing oscillations that could in principle excite both density and bending waves simultaneously.
The Biodiversity of Ecological Interactions: Challenges for recording and documenting the Web of Life
Authors: Jordano Pedro 
Published: September 2021

Biodiversity is more than a collection of individual species. It is the combination of biological entities and processes supporting life on Earth: no single species persists without interacting with other species. A full account of biodiversity on Earth needs to document the essential ecological interactions that support Earth’s system through their functional outcomes. Quantifying biodiversity’s interactome (the whole suite of interactions among biotic organisms) is challenging not just because of the daunting task of describing ecosystem complexity, it’s also limited by the need to define and establish a proper grammar to record and catalog species interactions. Actually, a record of a pairwise interaction between two species can be identified as a "tetranomial species", with just a concatenation of the two Latin binomials. Thus sampling interactions requires solving exactly the same constraints and problems we face when sampling biodiversity. In real interaction webs, the number of actual pairwise interactions among species in local assemblages scales exponentially with species richness.
I discuss the main components of these interactions and those that are key to properly sample and document them. Interactions take the form of predation, competition, commensalism, amensalism, mutualism, symbiosis, and parasitism and, in all cases, involve reciprocal effects for the interacting species and build into highly complex networks (Fig. 1).
The type of metadata required to document ecological interactions between partner species depends on interaction type; yet a fraction of these metadata is shared with those of the partner species. The interaction type sets limits to between-species encounters (actually, encounters between individuals of the partner species) and, more importantly, sets the type of outcome emerging from the interactions. There is a broad range of information that can eventually be acquired when recording an ecological interaction: from its simple presence (the interaction exists, it's been just recorded) to an estimate of its frequency, to obtaining data about its outcome or per-interaction effect (e.g., number of flowers pollinated in a visit by a pollinator to a plant). In addition, the types of interaction data can be quite diverse, reflecting the variety of sampling methods: interaction records from direct observation in the field; camera-traps; DNA-barcoding; bibliographic sources; surveys of image databases, etc. Interaction biodiversity inventories may require merging information coming from these distinct data sources. All these components need to be properly defined in order to build informative metadata and to document ecological interaction records. We are just starting to delineate the main components needed to catalog and inventory ecological interactions as a part of biodiversity inventories.
Économie de fonctionnalité et réseaux de chaleur : vers une innovation au niveau territorial ?
Authors: Mothe Caroline , Grébert Fabienne , Delfosse Estelle 
Published: September 2021

Les réseaux de chaleur sont un outil essentiel pour participer à la transition énergétique. Dans cette optique, l’économie de fonctionnalité peut constituer une nouvelle opportunité. Mais elle repose sur la définition et la mise en place de logiques de coopération entre les parties-prenantes pour co-concevoir, coproduire et co-évaluer le service dans une approche multicritères. Ainsi, comment les RC peuvent-ils être gérés selon les principes de l’économie de fonctionnalité ? Pour répondre à cette question, nous avons réalisé vingt entretiens avec des acteurs clés de réseaux de chaleur pour nous focaliser sur le cas de Lucinges pour illustrer la manière dont ils ont intégré les quatre piliers de l’économie fonctionnelle. Notre recherche permet ainsi de proposer un nouveau modèle économique permettant de mettre en œuvre une économie de fonctionnalité reposant sur une gouvernance territoriale innovante allant au-delà des acteurs institutionnels et élargie notamment aux utilisateurs et citoyens. Codes JEL : L30, O35
Le travail d’inclusion en UPE2A : l’exil dans la langue, un point d’appui pour la rencontre avec l’autre
Authors: Pirone Ilaria 
Published: September 2021

À l’appui de l’analyse d’entretiens de recherche non-directifs, l’objet de cette contribution est de montrer comment les missions spécifiques des professeurs des écoles référents des Unités pédagogiques pour élèves allophones arrivants (UPE2A) et la rencontre avec ces enfants nouvellement arrivés suite à des déplacements forcés et à des périples migratoires propres de notre époque, conduisent les enseignants à un travail particulier sur la question de l’altérité, où la langue devient un enjeu de rencontre et l’exil un point d’appui. Les entretiens font émerger comment très souvent les professionnels, à leur insu, s’appuient sur des expériences intimes d’exil subjectif, c’est-à-dire sur des points d’altérité intime, pour essayer de composer avec cette altérité extime que représentent ces élèves, enfants de l’exil. C’est à partir de ce point d’exil que la relation éducative devient un lieu d’hospitalité.
Les enseignants face à l’inquiétante altérité : étude clinique d’un rapport à l’Autre-élève en situation de grande pauvreté
Authors: Gevrey Vincent 
Published: September 2021

Cet article s’appuie sur une partie des résultats scientifiques de l’état des lieux d’une recherche mise en place depuis 2019 avec cinq laboratoires et l’association ATD ¼ Monde sur la scolarisation des élèves en situation de grande pauvreté en France. S’appuyant sur des observations réalisées dans une classe de CP ainsi que des verbatim d’entretiens semi-directifs effectués auprès d’élèves et du directeur d’établissement, cet article témoigne d’une problématisation qui a vu le jour au fur-et-à-mesure d’analyses cliniques d’orientation psychanalytique : les situations de grande pauvreté des élèves peuvent être ressenties par les enseignants comme relevant d’une inquiétante altérité, les conduisant vers des pratiques pédagogiques et institutionnelles, des regards et des fantasmes négativement différenciateurs et potentiellement ségrégatifs, rendant les élèves vulnérables dans les situations d’apprentissage. Ainsi les résultats de cet état des lieux montrent que la rencontre des enseignants avec la grande précarité des élèves peut être pensée comme une confrontation avec une altérité susceptible de provoquer un sentiment d’inquiétante étrangeté qui altère les pratiques pédagogiques et éducatives.
Regard sur l’altérité et inclusion scolaire d’élèves en situation de handicap
Authors: Thomas Fanny 
Published: September 2021

Cet article est construit autour de la rencontre de son auteure, professeure des écoles, et de deux élèves ayant des difficultés cognitives et scolarisés à la fois dans un dispositif Ulis-école et dans une classe de référence. Au fur et à mesure de son analyse de deux séances d’inclusion de ces élèves dans leur classe ordinaire, Fanny Thomas montre en quoi l’abord de ces enfants par le prisme de la différence produit des effets contraires au paradigme inclusif. Elle en déduit alors des principes d’action pédagogique pensés au bénéfice du bien-être et des apprentissages des élèves et de la prise en compte de leurs besoins, qu’elle articule à une réflexion sur l’école inclusive.
Handicap ou besoin éducatif particulier, comparaison des usages de ces notions dans huit pays européens en rapport avec l’éducation inclusive
Authors: Mazereau Philippe , Orion Geneviève 
Published: September 2021

Dans le contexte international de promotion de principes inclusifs en matière d’éducation, l’article compare, huit pays européens, dans leur mise en œuvre les nouvelles directives en matière de scolarisation des élèves à Besoins éducatifs particuliers (BEP). Dans une démarche de comparaison sociétale (Maurice, 1989) nous tentons d’éclairer deux questions principales. Quelle est l’articulation entre les notions de handicap et de BEP dans les systèmes éducatifs ? Peut-on remarquer des évolutions identiques selon les traditions de séparation ou d’intégration de l’enseignement ordinaire et spécialisé ? À partir de l’analyse des statistiques fournies par l’ European Agency for Special Needs and Inclusive Education et d’un recueil de données de terrain par questionnaire et entretiens, l’enquête dégage deux orientations quant à la caractérisation des difficultés des élèves. D’un côté les pays qui délimitent strictement les BEP aux situations de handicap médicalement attestées, de l’autre ceux qui raisonnent plus largement en termes de besoins pédagogiques des élèves. Par ailleurs, le traitement des difficultés scolaires et des handicaps au sein des systèmes ordinaires de scolarisation se généralise ce qui déstabilise les enseignants dans les pays à forte tradition d’enseignement spécialisé séparé (Belgique, Suisse, Allemagne, France).
Changes in fatty acid profile of Holothuria forskali muscle following acute mercury exposure
Authors: Rabeh I. , Telahigue K. , Hajji T. , Fouzai C. , El Cafsi M. , Soudani N. 
Published: September 2021

The present study aimed to document the interaction between mercury (Hg), as a model chemical stressor to an aquatic organism, and Fatty acid (FA) profile in the longitudinal muscle of the sea cucumber Holothuria forskali. To assess the sensitivity of this species to the toxic effects of Hg, young H. forskali were exposed to gradual doses of Hg (40, 80 and160 µg·L-1) for 96 h. The results showed that following Hg exposure, the FA profile of H. forskali corresponded to an increase in the level of saturated fatty acids, and the decrease in the level of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The most prominent changes in the FA composition were recorded at the lowest dose with noticeable decreases in linoleic, arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acid levels and an increase of docosahexaenoic acid. The occurrence of a state of oxidative stress induced by Hg contamination was evidenced by the enhanced levels of malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide and lipid hydroperoxide. Overall, the low concentration of mercury exerted the most obvious effects on lipid metabolism, suggesting that changes in fatty acid composition may be act as an early biomarker to assess mercury toxicity in this ecologically and economically important species.