bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Black-Boxing 101
Authors: Nathan Marco J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter breaks down the black-boxing process into three constitutive steps. First, in the framing stage, the explanandum is sharpened by placing the object of explanation in the appropriate context. This is typically accomplished by constructing a frame, a placeholder that stands in for patterns of behavior in need of explanation. Second, the difference-making stage provides a causal explanation of the framed explanandum. This involves identifying the relevant difference-makers, placeholders that stand in for the mechanisms producing these patterns. The final representation stage determines which mechanistic components and activities should be explicitly represented, and which can be idealized or abstracted away. The outcome of this process is a model of the explanandum, a depiction of the relevant portion of the world. This analysis provides the general definition the reader has been looking for. A black box is a placeholder—frame or difference-maker—in a causal explanation represented in a model.
The Beauty of the Houri
Authors: Rustomji Nerina 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The fascination with the houri, the pure female of Islamic paradise, began long before September 11, 2001. The Beauty of the Houri demonstrates how the ambiguous reward of the houri, mentioned in the Qurʾan and developed in Islamic theological writings, has gained a distinctive place in English and French literature from the sixteenth to the twenty-first century and in digital material in the twenty-first century. The houri had multiple functions in Islamic texts that ranged from caretaker to pure companion to entertainment. French, English, and American writers used the houri to critique Islam and Muslim societies while also adopting the houri as a model of feminine beauty. Unlike earlier texts that presented different forms of the houri or universalized the houri for all women, writings about the houri after September 11th offer contradictory messages about Islam. In the twenty-first century, the image of the houri symbolizes a reward for violence and the possibility of gender parity. As a cosmic figure that inspires enduring questions about the promise of paradise and the idealized feminine form, the houri has a singular past and potential for future interpretation.
The Nature and Etiology of Uncertainty
Authors: Han Paul K.J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2 examines the nature and etiology of uncertainty in medicine. It reviews existing conceptions of uncertainty and demonstrates the diversity of ways in which it has been defined, both in and outside of medicine. It describes the meaning and functions of metacognition, and offers a working definition of uncertainty as the metacognitive awareness of ignorance. Referencing various insights from the social science literature, the chapter describes how uncertainty as a more general phenomenon is both psychologically generated by novelty, discrepancy, and deliberation and socially constructed and transmitted through the exchange of information.
The Management of Uncertainty
Authors: Han Paul K.J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Chapter 5 presents an approach to managing uncertainty in medicine. It develops the idea of “uncertainty tolerance” as a normative goal for efforts to manage uncertainty. It offers a working definition of uncertainty tolerance as an optimal, adaptive balance in people’s responses to uncertainty and identifies humility, flexibility, and courage as key moral virtues or capacities that enable uncertainty tolerance. The chapter presents a practical integrative framework of uncertainty management that aims to promote uncertainty tolerance through four key tasks: establishing the diagnosis of uncertainty, assessing its prognosis, clarifying goals, and initiating treatment. The chapter uses a case study to explore the potential practical value of the framework in helping clinicians and patients to manage and tolerate the uncertainties they experience.
Interiority and Expression in Dickinson’s Lyrics, Magdalena Ostas
Authors: Ostas Magdalena 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The argument in this chapter is that Dickinson’s poetics of inner life makes us see anew the long-standing philosophical problem of expression. Dickinson’s poetry invests itself in an understanding of subjectivity that rearranges the anchors we often turn to in thinking about how lives and identities take on shape in expressive forms. Poetry forces this essentially inward poet to conclude that introspection leads to blindness and rather than to self-knowledge and understanding. Dickinson presents us with a new picture of a human subject unable to find comfort or satisfaction in pursuing itself on the inside. Poetry, instead, gives Dickinson evidence of herself and allows her to encounter the particular what and how of her own inner life as it takes shape outside of her. What literature and philosophy at their crossroads can gain by engaging the idea that poems probe hypotheses about subjectivity is a central concern in the readings.
Dickinson and Pivoting Thought, Eileen John
Authors: John Eileen 
Published: July 2021

AbstractEmily Dickinson’s poems hold a constructive response to an epistemic and practical predicament. We are aware of an overwhelmingly expansive reality, and we know that our knowledge is limited. Must we be disoriented or stymied as knowers and agents? I will highlight Dickinson’s attention to devices that link different planes and materials, such as hinges and seams. These devices have a bearing on our predicament, as they can be understood to orient us in relation to a multiply demanding reality. Competence with using or maintaining a seam or hinge shows some understanding of what “pulls” us toward different domains, of what is relevant to multiple fields of knowledge and action, without simultaneous grasp of the whole.
Absent and Present
Authors: Hernández Gloria Maité 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The second chapter initiates the comparative readings by examining the dynamics of absence and presence through the lenses of poetry and theological meaning. Read together, the Cántico and Rāsa Līlā bring into focus the capacity of poetry to evoke the presence of God. But in the two poems most of such evocations take place not through descriptive narratives but through intimations of God’s presence when he is not obviously there. The two sections that comprise this second chapter—“Singing the Absent God” and “Looking for God in Nature”—examine the means by which the Cántico’s female lover (the Amada) and Kṛṣṇa’s lovers (the gopīs) search for their hidden lovers and invoke his presence. In their commentaries, John and the Gauḍīya theologians explain God’s absence and presence as the two sides of the coin of God’s love.
Introduction
Authors: Coen Sharon , Bull Peter 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In contemporary Western societies, journalism often comes under fire. This is due in part to the increased economic threat posed to the profession by a steady decline in the consumption of news but also to increasing scepticism in the value of news and the media in general. This introductory chapter summarizes the theoretical approaches taken in this book, highlighting the unique contributions that a media psychological approach can make to our understanding of news-making and the construction of meaning. The chapter presents an overview of how psychology can contribute to our understanding of news, and it describes in relation to journalism uniquely media psychological constructs (parasocial interactions and the third-person effect). The chapter concludes with a chapter-by-chapter summary of the rest of the book.
The Importance of Visual Attention and Perception in Journalism
Authors: Thompson Catherine , Coen Sharon 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In this chapter, psychological theories of visual perception and attention are considered in relation to journalism. First, the chapter discusses so-called limited capacity processing—that is, humans are limited in the amount of information they can process at any one time. Next, journalists’ use of visual images is discussed. Although a picture ‘may be worth a thousand words’ (or more), journalists also need to take account of so-called ‘wishful seeing’—that people may see only what they want to see. The chapter then considers the phenomenon of ‘priming’ in relation to the way in which a story is framed, which may trigger particular concepts or stereotypes (positive or negative). Finally, the chapter considers emotional processing within journalism—how an individual’s emotional state may impact on their perceptions of a story, and how journalists may utilize emotion to influence audience engagement and comprehension.
Reconsidering Informed and Participatory Citizenship in the Current Media Ecosystem
Authors: Grabe Maria Elizabeth , Bas Ozen 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The focus of this chapter is on how changes in the media landscape have forced the reconsideration of the way in which ‘memory’, ‘knowledge’, and ‘informed citizenship’ are understood, defined, and researched. Thus, for example, journalism needs to take account of the phenomenon of so-called news grazing (the active consumption of news by flipping through channels and skipping unwanted material) and that of incidental news exposure (unintended exposure to news when media users go online for non-news functions). Traditional views of informed citizenship (as simply acquiring appropriate facts and information) are challenged by calls to include applied understanding and comprehension of social issues and emotional responses to those issues. The chapter is critical of an excessive reliance on verbal tests of memory and stresses the need to develop visual measures, given that the human brain is better adapted for visual than verbal processing.
Ideology and Culture
Authors: Meurs Nathalie Van , Coen Sharon , Bull Peter 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In this chapter, cross-cultural psychology is discussed in relation to the influence of ideology and culture on journalism. As a case study, a cross-cultural analysis of media systems is reported. One major finding is that in countries in which media have a strong public service mandate and public broadcasting systems, there is a better quality of news provision and a higher level of informed and engaged citizenry. Particular attention is given to the research of Hofstede, who has identified six major dimensions for cross-cultural analysis, and that of Schwartz (1992), who has identified value dimensions with universal meaning (e.g., security, happiness, and benevolence). Social identity theory is also considered, illustrated by the way in which the media may create and foster an ‘us’ versus ‘them’ mentality. In conclusion, the chapter affirms that there is no one nation which holds the gold standard for journalism and can be used as a reference point for all others.
Romantic Relationships and the Transition to Work
Authors: Domene José F. , Johnson Sarah M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In this chapter, the authors address intersections between romantic relationship factors and the transition to work experience. They briefly summarize the nature of romantic relationships during emerging adulthood and then review research conducted around the world, which reveals that these two aspects of a person’s life are closely intertwined during emerging adulthood. They describe the ways romantic relationship development and career development have been found to influence each other and the concerns that many emerging adults have about balancing their goals in these two areas of life. Drawing on this literature, they make several recommendations for practitioners who are assisting emerging adults to make an optimal transition to work in the context of their romantic relationships. Finally, the authors use a case study, drawn from research conducted by the first author, to illustrate how the principles discussed in this review can manifest in the lives of one emerging adult couple.
Introduction
Authors: Leuprecht Christian 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In recent decades in general and since the turn of the millennium in particular, accountability has emerged as the democratic state’s most important legitimation mechanism for national security and intelligence practices and institutions. The functional imperative of accountability is to scrutinize intelligence agencies, practices, and systems to ensure their compliance with regulations, mandates, laws, and the Constitution—largely to provide reassurance that organisations that must operate in secret are not abusing their special powers and authorities. In addition to compliance, however, many other benefits that flow from crucial subsidiary functions that intelligence accountability performs. This chapter tracks the value and importance of intelligence to detect, disrupt, and deter a growing number of threat actors and vectors to security, prosperity, and democracy, and concomitant shift in intelligence posture from foreign spies to an array of domestic counterterrorism, counterespionage, counter sabotage, counter propaganda, counter information and counter cyber operations. In an era of social and political disruption that is marked by technological change, changing threat vectors, changing public expectations and scandals, democratic governments have established, evolved, and expanded accountability systems to review and oversee the intelligence community. The chapter introduces readers to ways of theorizing and reconciling the relationship between the intelligence community and civilian institutions of the democratic state, notably as a principal–agent problem: a relationship in which one side (the civilians) attempts to have an epistemic community (the ‘spies’) carry out its will. Politicians and the civil service leverage the intelligence community’s expert knowledge to keep the democratic state, its institutions, and its citizens safe and secure and deter and contain existential threats. In fulfilling this mandate, the democratic public expects the intelligence community to comply with relevant legal and constitutional frameworks.
The Political Commissioner
Authors: Mérand Frédéric 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Based on four years of embedded observation in the cabinet of a European Commissioner, this book develops a sociology of international political work. Empirically, it offers an insider’s chronicle of the European Union between 2015 and 2019. The analysis traces the successes and failures of Commissioner Pierre Moscovici and his team on five issues that defined European politics between 2015 and 2019: the Greek crisis, budgetary disputes with Spain and Portugal, the rise of populism in Italy, the reform of the eurozone, and the fight against tax evasion. The aim is not to ascertain whether the Commission’s policy was good or bad, but to understand how political work is done in a European Union where the “spectacle of power” is blurred by twenty-four official languages, twenty-eight national histories, a powerful technocracy, and sometimes opaque institutions. As a life-long socialist politician and former French finance minister, Pierre Moscovici was perhaps the most intensely political character in Jean-Claude Juncker’s self-styled “Political Commission.” Brandishing his leftist identity, rejecting technocratic talk, he surrounded himself with staffers sharing his ambition—but also critical of his actions. Shadowing them from the corridors of the Berlaymont, the seat of the European Commission, to Washington and Athens, The Political Commissioner throws light on the partisan struggles that shaped the Juncker Commission, tensions with the Eurogroup and the Parliament, and recurring conflicts with the Member States. It also shows how political staffers operate informally and in their interaction with the media and civil servants, as they craft and sell public policies to the public.
Constitutionalism and Developmental Authoritarianism
Authors: Pinto Teresa Nogueira 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter contributes to the debate about ‘presidents for life’ in sub-Saharan Africa. Through an analysis of Paul Kagame’s leadership in Rwanda, it seeks to understand the legitimizing factors that could explain the resilience of personalized authoritarian regimes and the extent to which these factors undermine constitutionalism and democracy. The first part of the chapter examines the phenomena of personal rule and power legitimation in sub-Saharan Africa and how they were impacted on by colonial rule, independence, ‘democracy’s third wave’, and the more recent period of ‘democratic recession’. The second part appraises the case of Rwanda through the three prisms of history, power, and law. First, it is argued, the legitimacy of the ruling Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) stems from the fact that it ended the genocide. Second, the RPF is seen as effecting a ‘miracle’ by transforming a devastated country into one where real socio-economic gains were made. Finally, the authoritarian tendencies which have minimized opposition to the regime are not openly contested, neither internally nor externally. With the emphasis on national unity, the RPF is portrayed as being a non-negotiable pre-condition for political stability and prosperity, thus condoning any democratic deficits.
Party-Political Financing, Democracy, and Constitutionalism in Ethiopia
Authors: Degifie Zelalem 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Political party funding stands central to the process of democratization, because it affects whether the political playing field is level allowing for electoral competition. However, it can also threaten democracy if party funding regimes allow parties to be captured by private interests or a ruling party abuses its position as the incumbent government to gain access to resources. Adequately regulation is thus required. This chapter examines the interplay of party financing regulation, democracy, and constitutionalism in Ethiopia. Based on the normative framework of political finance in the democratic process, the study finds that badly designed and weakly enforced rules are the main challenges for political finance regulation in Ethiopia to provide a level playing field. The legislative framework and its implementation favours the ruling party, thereby causing a wide discrepancy in financial capacity between the ruling party and opposition parties. Furthermore, political parties are not transparent in their financial matters, as the law requires because the National Electoral Board of Ethiopia (NEBE) is reluctant to enforce the rules requiring such. Finally, the chapter recommends political finance reforms in order to level the political playing field and ensure transparency with regard to the funding of political parties. In this regard, diversified sources of income that combine regulated private donations with regular public funding should be introduced. Finally, the chapter suggests restrictions on the size of financial contributions and also imposing spending ceilings. A reformed legal framework would require, however, that the NEBE enforce it in a rigorously and non-discriminatory manner.
Reversing the Surging Tide towards Authoritarian Democracy in Africa
Authors: Fombad Charles M 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The global crisis of democracy and constitutional governance is particularly manifest in Africa. Signs of authoritarian mobilization and resurgence are clearly apparent in the decline in the quality of democratic elections and governance in the last two decades. What emerges from many of the chapters in this book is that the legislative and constitutional framework for a sustainable democracy in Africa is weak; a weakness which has been aggravated by the weakness of a civil society often unable to mobilize to protect the laws, rules, and regulations that are in place. Arresting the decline in the quality of elections is a sine qua non to reviving and sustaining the present faltering progress towards a credible and sustainable culture of democracy, rule of law, and constitutionalism on the continent. It is contended that the key to reversing the surging tide towards authoritarian democracy in Africa is to enhance the legal and constitutional framework for elections to make it more robust. The chapter suggests certain critical reforms that are needed to ensure that elections are no longer used as a survival strategy in which opposition parties are kept in the game to maintain a semblance of democracy whilst autocrats hold on to power.
The 1890s
Authors: Smith Gary Scott 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The 1890s were a difficult decade for the Clemens as they dealt with the death of their daughter Susy at age twenty-four and financial struggles that brought them nearly to bankruptcy and led Twain to undertake a world lecturing tour to pay off their debts. More positively, by the mid-1890s, Twain was a global celebrity whose opinions were solicited on many matters and who enjoyed friendships with numerous political, business, and literary luminaries. In earlier works, Twain had spoofed religious tracts, pompous preachers and grandstanders, and pretentious moralizing, but during the 1890s, his criticism of Christianity, God, and the Bible became harsher. In 1896, however, Twain published his most enigmatic book—Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc—a glowing portrait of the fifteenth-century French warrior-saint who played a pivotal role in liberating France from long-standing British domination but was captured and burned at the stake for her alleged heresy.
Free Particle, Wave Packet and Dynamics, Quantum Dots, Defects and Traps
Authors: Steel Duncan G. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter continues with a study of the time independent Schrödinger equation and seeks to contrast the quantum behavior of a free particle with that of a particle localized in a potential quantum well. A free particle can exist over all space or can be localized in a wave package. The wave packet is a coherent superposition of the plane waves that make up the wave function that localizes the particle because of constructive and destructive interference. The wave packet spreads out in time because the waves leading to constructive interference get out of phase. In Chapter 2, the particle was localized by a quadratic potential energy. Here, the potentials are described as piecewise constant. The approach is based on assuming a one-dimensional space, x, which is relevant to many problems in the laboratory. The solution is easily generalized to higher dimensions (x-y or x-y-z), but the physics remains the same. The objective is to understand the shape of the eigenfunctions in space and to be able to relate this to the probability density of locating the particle, as well as understanding the relevance of these systems to today’s technology.
Bosons and Fermions: Indistinguishable Particles with Intrinsic Spin
Authors: Steel Duncan G. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
If we imagine a Hamiltonian, H^(r1,r2), describing two identical particles at positions r1 and r2 and then we interchange the particles, the Hamiltonian will be unaffected, i.e. H^(r1,r2)=H^(r2,r1). If we introduce an exchange operator P^r1,r2 such that P^r1,r2H^(r1,r2)=H^(r2,r1)P^r1,r2=H^(r1,r2)P^r1,r2, we see that they commute, or [P^r1,r2,H^(r1,r2)]=0. We know then that P^r1,r2andH^(r1,r2) have common eigenfunctions. We can then easily show that the eigenfunctions of the exchange operator must be either even or odd. Experiments show that odd exchange symmetry corresponds to half-integer spin particles called fermions, while even exchange symmetry corresponds to integer spin particles called bosons. The notes then discuss the implications of the new postulate and then presents the Heitler–London theory and the Heisenberg exchange Hamiltonian which has been so successful in predicting molecular structure.