bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inside and Outside Chinese America
Authors: Heinz Annelise 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
By the 1930s, mahjong stood in both China and abroad as “the national game of China.” Many Chinese Americans embraced mahjong for both its perceived Chineseness and its perceived Americanness. Chinese Americans interacted with mahjong in ways that in effect helped navigate tensions associated with Americanization. Chinatown residents participated in commodifying and marketing mahjong as an aspect of Chinese culture for outsiders, while also using it to create separate ethnic spaces for Chinese Americans to engage with each other. The presence of mahjong—through the noises of the tiles and the language of game-play, through its visual presence in public spaces and in private homes—helped mark geographic spaces of ethnic community. For Chinese Americans, playing mahjong was not about assimilation in contrast to cultural continuity or vice versa. Rather, it was a versatile pastime that helped create spaces for a shared Chinese American experience.
Suburban Migrations and Summer Bungalows
Authors: Heinz Annelise 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Through mahjong, Jewish women effectively created a new cultural marker of a midcentury Jewish ethnicity—with a Chinese game played in an evolving residential and residentially segregated geography of increasingly suburban homes and summer vacationing landscapes. Straddling modernization and a received identity handed down over generations, Americanization took form in the development of an ethnic identity in the years when American ideas about race were changing alongside new concepts of ethnicity. By tapping into an American Orientalist tradition, Jewish women participated in mainstream white American culture, but through a marginal activity no longer engaged in by most Americans. In doing so, they exemplified the insider/outsider tension that their upward mobility into the privileges of white America provoked, and which mahjong culture (in unintentional ways) helped resolve. American mahjong resulted from the material, residential, and social elements that made up an increasingly coherent Jewish American culture—and helped create it.
Political Equality
Authors: Schemmel Christian 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues that liberal relational egalitarianism requires, for reasons of both non-domination and equal respect for persons’ sense of justice, a demandingly egalitarian conception of rights to political participation, and that this requirement has to enjoy a qualified priority over other requirements of justice. However, it must, in principle, be open to some restriction, should this be strictly necessary to fulfil such other requirements. The chapter goes on to identify the conditions governing the justification of such restrictions and shows that these are likely to permit special institutional practices such as constitutional review, while ruling out ground-level political inequality between citizens, because egalitarian strategies for improving the quality of citizen input will almost always be available. It concludes by showing how Ronald Dworkin’s account of political rights fails to do justice to the expressive value of political equality. This result strengthens the case against distributive egalitarian theories made earlier.
“We Have No End”
Authors: Young Elliott 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In the spring and summer of 1980, 125,000 Cubans fled from the port of Mariel outside of Havana to Florida. By 1987, close to 2,400 Mariel Cubans were being held in prisons in Oakdale, Louisiana, and Atlanta, Georgia, because they had committed crimes in the United States and been ordered deported. Lacking the ability to carry out the deportation, the US government incarcerated the Cubans indefinitely. Upon learning in November 1987 that the Cuban government would accept some of these deportees, detainees in these two prisons rose up, seized 138 hostages, and set the prisons ablaze. After two weeks, the Cuban detainees surrendered once the US government agreed to individually review their asylum claims. The story of the longest prison uprising in US history reveals how law and order politics, emphasizing a heavy-handed policing of crime, merged with immigration restrictions in the 1980s to produce mass immigrant incarceration.
History in the Ylias and Alexandreis
Authors: Haynes Justin A. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues that the Alexandreis and Ylias reflect the way that Virgil was believed, in the twelfth century, to have constructed history and myth in the Aeneid. The key witnesses to the twelfth-century perception of history in the Aeneid are the “Anselm” commentary on the Aeneid and Servius, which was ubiquitous in the period and determined the shape of most other available commentaries on the Aeneid. Servius’s understanding of history (historia) and myth (fabula), and especially anachronism, is discussed in detail. Servius reads the Aeneid as a historical text which, although often bending the historical truth, did so with intentional allusion to specific historical events or alternate historical possibilities. The Alexandreis’s and the Ylias’s special interest in historical truth (historia) accords well with the way in which the Aeneid was read in the twelfth century.
Policy Choices and Conclusions
Authors: Anand Anita Indira 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This concluding chapter argues that the nexus-of-contract model continues to bear importance in analyses of the corporation but that this model only explains part of the story. While the corporation is certainly a hub of contractual relationships, it remains subject to the increasingly important phenomenon of shareholder-driven corporate governance (SCG). The chapter examines policy choices in a regime that allows and facilitates SCG. SCG is a trend to be observed, but it is also an ideal to be achieved. Achieving this ideal calls for greater shareholder participation in corporate governance, a weighty objective that can be reached by providing shareholders with the ability to nominate directors, imposing protections in dual-class share companies, and imposing restrictions on executive compensation, for example.
The Living Image of the People
Authors: Frank Jason 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The transition from royal to popular sovereignty during the age of democratic revolutions entailed not only the reorganization of institutions of governance and norms of political legitimacy, but also a dramatic and less-examined transformation in the iconography of political power and rule. Drawing on a wide range of seventeenth- to nineteenth-century visual sources, this chapter examines the pressures of popular visualization that accompanied the victorious appearance of popular sovereignty at key moments of its emergence, and how competing strategies of imaging popular will were implicated in different conceptions of popular agency and power. The chapter is focused on the emergence of “the living image of the people,” the idea that collective assemblies, crowds, and mass protests were no longer understood as mere factious riots or seditious rebellions, but instead as living manifestations of the people’s authority, sublime expressions of the vitality and significance of popular will.
Counseling Persons with Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Cole Allan Hugh 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Counseling Persons with Parkinson’s Disease offers a distinctive, practical, philosophically grounded, and person-centered approach to counseling those living with Parkinson’s disease and other chronic illnesses. As a seasoned teacher of professional counselors who also lives with Parkinson’s, the author demonstrates that chronic illness requires accepting and living with profound loss, but that this loss may lead to personal transformation and constructive ends, wherein one finds new hope, meaning, purpose, happiness, and passion for living. Equal parts memoir and professional resource, this book guides clinicians who give counsel, educators who teach counseling, and anyone wanting to know more about Parkinson’s disease and provide support for those who live with it.
Living with an Illness Called Parkinson’s
Authors: Cole Allan Hugh 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers three matters. First, it explains how a counselor best becomes familiar with the experiences and needs of persons with Parkinson’s (PwP) by using a phenomenological approach to counseling. Second, the chapter details the nature of living with Parkinson’s, including the condition’s wide-ranging effects on quality of life. Third, the chapter shows how counselors may work with PwP using a time-limited approach after understanding the fundamental nature of Parkinson’s and what it requires in the way of supportive care. The loss-based counseling (LBC) approach is introduced. Finally, perhaps most crucial for the book as a whole, the chapter presents an argument for why thinking in terms of a person having an illness, as opposed to a disease, is most helpful. Specifically, a focus on disease prioritizes the objective physiological state, whereas a focus on illness prioritizes a person’s subjective experience of living with the disease.
Making Better Choices
Authors: Phelps Charles E. , Madhavan Guru 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Making Better Choices is about how we make decisions together and the tools we use to get to those decisions. We make joint decisions out of necessity because the choices we make affect each other. Each decision we take has a consequence. This book reinforces why we need better systems design and analyses given the consequences of our decisions. It is also about carefully thinking about the values of the choices we make, whether they occur in a small meeting of individuals in a local association or community or in a national election. It will illuminate the differences between sincere behavior and strategic behavior to defeat an opponent in voting, the latter being quite common. The book will also review different voting systems, what their original intents were, and what their deficits are. In trying to bring all these topics together and more, the authors realized that the book is in essence an outcome of the arranged marriage between social choice and systems engineering that they conducted. The more one begins to explore the aspects of social choice and systems engineering, the more one realizes how much they have in common, and how much more they can offer if they are unified.
Why Delegate?
Authors: Mitchell Neil J. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Why Delegate? investigates the incentives to delegate and the risks that one takes in doing so. From mundane interactions like choosing a plumber to weightier tasks like the running of a country, and from recreational enjoyments to the protection of human rights, the world turns on delegation. Where it is successful, delegation brings efficiency, shared responsibility, and even happiness. Where it is not, it brings conflict, corruption, and an absence of accountability. One may hear of Saudi hit squads loose in Istanbul, rogue software engineers creating pollution scandals at Volkswagen, and individuals at FIFA selling the rights to host the World Cup, but one may question whether these individuals were out of control. One wonders about the chronic indifference of the Catholic Church to child abusers, and why those in charge ignore the misbehavior of security officials and even the war crimes of their soldiers. Is it can’t control, or won’t control? An understanding of the structure of the delegation relationship, more or less as economists have described it, simplifies a myriad of important and seemingly disparate problems in private and public life. Yet in the collision of principal-agent theory with the practice of delegation, there are further important insights to be found where the principal behaves in ways that are unexpected and puzzling to a rational-choice eye. A broader, more descriptively useful logic of delegation offers a fresh take on a wide variety of issues, whether corruption in sports organizations, war crimes, or the church’s child abuse scandal.
Miscellaneous
Authors: Collins Richard B. , Oesterle Dale A. , Friedman Lawrence 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores Article XVIII of the Colorado Constitution, titled “Miscellaneous.” As the title indicates, it covers a broad variety of subjects. The article’s original eight sections forbade lotteries and required the general assembly to pass “liberal homestead and exemption laws,” provisions for arbitration of disputes, laws outlawing imports of fake or adulterated liquors, laws to preserve state forests, and measures for publishing laws adopted at each legislative session. Amendments and additions to the article allow and define the state lottery and limited gambling, impose term limits on state officials, try to promote term limits for federal offices, restrict methods of trapping wildlife, and legalize medical and recreational marijuana under complex rules.
The History of the Colorado Constitution
Authors: Collins Richard B. , Oesterle Dale A. , Friedman Lawrence 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter traces the history of the Colorado Constitution. After some misfires for Colorado Territory, the constitution was drafted in the 1875–76 convention, approved by voters and federal authorities, and became effective when statehood was proclaimed by the President on August 1, 1876. Amendments made it one of America's longest state charters. Unique provisions define water rights, impose broad tax restrictions, forbid underground nuclear detonations, and commit redistricting of congressional and legislative seats to special commissions. Crucial tests of the constitutional system arose over public school and state government funding, municipal home rule, direct democracy, labor unrest in the mines, the Great Depression, redistricting, and coping with the 1992 tax restrictions.
Crackup
Authors: Popkin Samuel L. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Crackup: The Republican Implosion and the Future of Presidential Politics explains how changes in campaign finance laws and the proliferation of mass media fractured the Republican Party into uncompromising groups with irreconcilable demands. The 2002 “McCain-Feingold” campaign finance reform bill aimed to weaken the power of big businesses and strengthen political parties by ending corporate donations to the parties. Instead, it weakened legislative leaders and made bipartisanship a four-letter word. Moving money outside the political parties fuelled the rise of “purity for profit” groups and Super PACs funded by billionaires with pet issues. This allowed self-promoting politicians to undermine intraparty colleagues with an unprecedented use of tactics once only used to disrupt the opposition.
The Last Republican President?
Authors: Popkin Samuel L. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The last (relatively) bloodless presidential primary for the GOP came in 2000, when George W. Bush won the nomination by quietly unifying religious conservatives, fiscal conservatives, and defense hawks. Yet the warning signs of the coming crackup would soon arrive. Soon after his inauguration, conflicts over tax cuts and demands to end stem cell research broke out. Trying to cut government programs, Bush quickly lost his Senate majority when Senator Jim Jeffords left the party to caucus with the Democrats. When 9/11 changed the country’s concerns from a weak domestic economy to national security, Bush passed a second tax cut and ignored his campaign promise to strengthen social security. Taking advantage of a rising wave of concern about the flow of large corporate donations into the two national parties, Senators John McCain and Russ Feingold crafted the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act. The bill attempted to end the power of major donors to influence candidates and parties, and remove the advantage enjoyed by men like Bush and his deep-pocketed connections. However, driving money out of the parties gave big donors more influence, ambitious candidates more ways to make waves, and legislative leaders fewer ways to protect the Republican brand. It fueled the rise of uncompromising single-issue candidates, increased the power of lobbyists, and weakened party leaders in both the House and Senate. Changing campaign finance regulations pushed the party to the right and turned compromise and bipartisanship into four-letter words.
Augustus and the Economics of Adultery
Authors: Skinner Marilyn B. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines Augustus’ legislation criminalizing adultery in the light of first-century bce social arrangements that allowed Roman noblewomen to manage property without interference from their husbands and sometimes with little input from natal kin. During and after the Second Punic War (218–201 bce), concentration of wealth in female hands had triggered major legal changes and produced a corresponding shift toward marriage sine manu (“free” marriage). By the end of the Republic, the phenomenon of legally independent (sui iuris) women controlling their finances, especially with purely nominal oversight from tutors, created apprehension among husbands without a say in their wives’ dealings and arguably contributed to widespread concern over female sexual license. Responding to such anxieties, Augustus’ adultery law imposed economic penalties upon convicted women that, in addition to serving as deterrents, probably facilitated the transfer of property out of irresponsible (female) hands into the hands of those more deserving.
The Woman in the Street
Authors: Richlin Amy 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Although ignored in current treatments of Roman political culture, women were active in the streets of Rome and throughout Italy in the war-torn mid-Republic. Comedy is the best contemporary witness, developing as it did from the 270s bce onward. City sackings entailed rape, enslavement, loss of kin, and the movement of refugees across Italy, and the resulting issues inflect the content of comedy, emblematized in a slave-woman’s fake jewelry in the shape of the goddess Victoria. Comedy addresses women in the audience, while, onstage, women move through the city and participate in political actions and discourse, laying claim to rights. In Livy’s later accounts of the Punic Wars, women appear in religious worship and reacting to war news, demonstrating bereavement like the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo. They even join in the fighting, in ways seen in Vietnam and Northern Ireland, or as Cicero’s wife Terentia defended her own home.
Popular Song vs. Theatre Song
Authors: Church Joseph 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2 follows up on the material of earlier chapters with an extensive description and comparison of rock songs and theatre songs. First, the commonalities of all songs are reviewed, and a connection is made between song and human behavior. The notion of popular song and musical theatre as commercial enterprises is established. Following this is a detailed breakdown of the essential yet separate qualities of popular songs and theatre songs, both music and lyrics, and the connection between text and music. Each genre is examined through its definitive characteristics, then the two types of song are compared. Last is a discussion of the integration of popular songs and rock styles into theatre scores, divided into archetypal themes for songs of all kinds.
Musical Values in Rock Theatre Songs
Authors: Church Joseph 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Here the nature of rock music is broken down into its components, with an emphasis on rhythm. In rock, the melody and the accompaniment are both rhythmic; this chapter contains an extensive discussion of how melody and accompaniment interact to create the essential rock element of groove. The notions of rhythmic accuracy and rhythmic freedom are discussed at length from both aesthetic and technical standpoints. Among the primary topics are meter, tempo, feel, improvisation, tension and resolution, and underlying rhythmic motors in rock. A singer’s approach to melody is examined by genre, including extensive examples: rock ’n’ roll, hard rock, pop and pop-rock, blues and gospel, soul and r&b, rap, and ballads.
The Hunger Strikes
Authors: Ó Dochartaigh Niall 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter analyses back-channel negotiations during the republican hunger strikes of 1980 and 1981. Although it has ancient precedents in Ireland, hunger-striking is a modern negotiating tactic. Time was crucial to the power exerted by the H-Block hunger strikers of 1980 and 1981 and it is a key focus of the analysis here of the negotiations to end their strikes. The central concerns are the negotiating dynamics at work in the hunger strikes and the intense struggle over time that they involved. The chapter analyses how and when the deadline set by the prospect of a hunger striker dying generated movement in negotiations and the temporal strategies deployed during the approach to this deadline, focusing on the nexus of information, biological processes, and communication. The hunger strikes distilled the wider conflict, concentrating it in time and space. It became the site of a massive concentration of forces by both the British government and the IRA, and both parties understood it as a location at which the outcome of the conflict that had begun in 1969 might finally be determined. The failure to negotiate a settlement illuminates some of the deep structural pressures working against a compromise that would end the wider conflict. But it also provides glimpses of some of the underlying forces that would bring both Britain and the IRA back to the back-channel in the 1990s.
One Man, One Vote
Authors: Crook Malcolm 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
All adults are entitled to vote today, yet this principle was not established until relatively recently. Even in the case of men, who were invariably enfranchised before women, the recognition of universal male suffrage was far more problematic than is often realized, though much has been written about it. In fact, the belief that the franchise should be awarded on the basis of certain criteria, such as property ownership or tax payment, as opposed to constituting a right of citizenship, was widely accepted during the nineteenth century, in France as elsewhere. Universal manhood suffrage was proclaimed in the French Constitution of 1793, but not implemented, and its later foundation in 1848 was unanticipated. There were also periods of reversal as well as progress, with moments of disenfranchisement, notably under the restored monarchy after 1814, but also during the First and Second Republics. Even in the early 1870s, the principle of one man, one vote was still being challenged by conservatives and its consolidation under the Third Republic was by no means preordained; it had taken nearly a century to achieve.
‘Handle with Care’ in StrasbourgThe Effective Access of Vulnerable Undocumented Migrants to Minimum Socio-economic Rights
Authors: Ippolito Francesca , González Carmen Pérez 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter aims to analyse how the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) has developed the protection of certain socio-economic rights of irregular migrants contributing to the consolidation of a minimum standard in this field. In particular, this chapter focuses on Strasbourg case law developments regarding rights to adequate housing, health care, and education, along with protection against labour exploitation and trafficking with the purpose of labour exploitation. Relevant contributions from other human rights bodies, particularly the European Committee of Social Rights (ECSR), will be also considered in order to conclude whether we can affirm the existence of a minimum core protections in this regard. The chapter concludes that international courts and non-judicial mechanisms are contributing to the definition of a shared global understanding of the centrality of human dignity in the quest to protect fundamental rights.