bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Responses of sweet pepper (Capsicum annum L.) cultivated in a closed hydroponic system to variable calcium concentrations in the nutrient solution
Authors: Ropokis Andreas , Ntatsi Georgia , Rouphael Youssef , Kotsiras Anastasios , Kittas Constantinos , Katsoulas Nikolaos , Savvas Dimitrios 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe use of water containing calcium bicarbonate (Ca(HCO3)2) at excessively high concentrations in closed hydroponic crops can cause calcium ion (Ca2+) accumulation in the recycled nutrient solution (NS) and concomitantly negatively affect yield and product quality. The aim of the study was to determine maximum Ca2+ concentrations that do not harm the crop and to simulate the pattern of Ca2+ accumulation when the Ca2+ concentration in the irrigation water, and concomitantly in the replenishment nutrient solution (RNS), is excessive. In the current study, irrigation water containing 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0 mmol L−1 Ca2+ was used to prepare the RNS supplied to pepper cultivated in a closed hydroponic system.RESULTSAt 1.5 mmol L−1 Ca2+, no Ca2+ accumulation was observed in the recirculating NS. However, at 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0 mmol L−1 in the irrigation water, the Ca2+ concentration in the recirculating NS, increased by the latter cropping stages to 17, 28 and 37 mmol L−1, corresponding to 6.4, 9.0 and 10.8 dS m−1. The accumulation of Ca2+ in the recirculating NS affected both tissue nutrient concentrations and uptake concentrations of Ca2+, sulphate ion (SO42−) and magnesium ion (Mg2+), but this was not the case for nitrogen (N) or potassium ion (K+). Growth, yield and plant water uptake were restricted at moderate (3.0 and 4.5 mmol L−1) and high (6.0 mmol L−1) external Ca2+ levels.CONCLUSIONIn soilless pepper crops with zero discharge of fertigation effluents, the Ca2+ concentration in the irrigation water and the RNS should be lower than 3.0 mmol L−1 to avoid yield restrictions due to salinity. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry
Quality differentiation of cocoa beans: implications for geographical indications
Authors: Hernandez Carlos Eduardo , Granados Leonardo 
Published: January 2021

AbstractGeographical indications may stimulate collective actions of governance for quality control, trade and marketing as well as innovation based on the use of local resources and regional biodiversity. Cocoa production, however, dominated by small family agriculture in tropical regions, has rarely made use of such strategies. This review is aimed at understanding major research interests and emerging technologies helpful for the origin differentiation of cocoa quality. Results from literature search and cited references of publications on cocoa research were imported into VOSviewer for data analysis, which aided in visualizing major research hotpots. Co‐occurrence analysis yielded major research clusters which guided the discussion of this review. Observed was a consensus recognizing cocoa quality resulting from the interaction of genotype, fermentation variables and geographical origin. A classic view of cocoa genetics based on the dichotomy of ‘fine versus bulk’ has been reexamined by a broader perspective of human selection and cocoa genotype evolution. This new approach to cocoa genetic diversity, together with the understanding of complex microbiome interactions through fermentation, as well as quality reproducibility challenged by geographical conditions, have demonstrated the importance of terroir in the production of special attributes. Cocoa growing communities around the tropics have been clearly enabled by new omics and chemometrics to systematize producing conditions and practices in the designation of specifications for the differentiation of origin quality. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of dietary phytogenic feed additives on lactation performance, methane emissions and health status ofMurrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)
Authors: Dey Avijit , Attri Kiran , Dahiya Satbir S , Paul Shyam S 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDSeveral feed additives have been used in recent past to reduce enteric methane production in ruminants. But most of them also inhibit feed digestibility and rumen fermentation, thereby lowering animal performance. Phytogenic feed additives are gaining importance owing to their safety in regard to human health issues. The present study examined the effect of dietary supplementation of phytogenic feed additive containing a blend of poplar (Populus deltoides) and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus citriodora) leaves on feed utilization, milk production, methane emissions and health status of Murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis).RESULTSThe daily milk yield, 6% fat corrected milk yield, and fat–protein corrected milk yield were increased (P < 0.05) in phytogenic composite feed additive (PCFA)‐supplemented buffaloes. A decrease (37.3%) in methane concentration in exhaled air of supplemented buffaloes was evident. The digestibility coefficient of dry matter, organic matter and neutral detergent fibre was increased (P < 0.05) in PCFA‐fed buffaloes without affecting feed intake. Total digestible nutrient content of the ration fed to buffaloes of the PCFA group was significantly (P < 0.05) increased. The buffaloes fed PCFA exhibited an enhanced cell‐mediated and humoral immune response.CONCLUSIONA discernible positive impact was evident on overall performances and health status along with lowered methane production of buffaloes fed (15 g kg−1dry matter intake) a blend of phytogenic feed additive composed of leaves of poplar (P. deltoides) and eucalyptus (E. citriodora). © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry
Quantification of three‐dimensional morphology of craniofacial mineralized tissue defects in Tgfbr2/Osx‐Cre mice
Authors: Snider Taylor Nicholas , Louie Ke’ale W. , Zuzo Gabrielle , de Oliveira Ruellas Antonio Carlos , Solem Richard Christian , Cevidanes Lucia H. S. , Zhang Honghao , Mishina Yuji 
Published: January 2021

AbstractCraniofacial morphology is affected by the growth, development, and three‐dimensional (3D) relationship of mineralized structures including the skull, jaws, and teeth. Despite fulfilling different purposes within this region, cranial bones and tooth dentin are derived from mesenchymal cells that are affected by perturbations within the TGF‐β signaling pathway. TGFBR2 encodes a transmembrane receptor that is part of the canonical, SMAD‐dependent TGF‐β signaling pathway and mutations within this gene are associated with Loeys‐Dietz syndrome, a condition which often presents with craniofacial signs including craniosynostosis and cleft palate. To investigate the role of Tgfbr2 in immature, but committed, mineralized tissue forming cells, we analyzed postnatal craniofacial morphology in mice with conditional Tgfbr2 deletion in Osx‐expressing cells. Novel application of a 3D shape‐based comparative technique revealed that Tgfbr2 in Osx‐expressing cells results in impaired postnatal molar root and anterior cranial growth. These findings support those from studies using similar Tgfbr2 conditional knockout models, highlight the anomalous facial and dental regions/structures using tomographic imaging‐based techniques, and provide insight into the role of Tgfbr2 during postnatal craniofacial development.
Functional performance evolution of urchin‐like structured SiO2‐carbon nanotube hybrid constructions reinforcing polyethylene‐based composites
Authors: Zhang Na , Liu Yu , Zhao Hang , Ma Shenghua , Gao Shuyan , He Delong , Bai Jinbo 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn order to meet the growing demands for high specific performance in advanced composite system, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are widely utilized to endow composite with optimized properties. However, the performance improvement is always impeded by CNTs aggregation. Herein, two typical urchin‐liked SiO2‐CNTs hybrid (SCH) and SiO2@SiO2‐CNTs hybrid (SSCH) were synthesized by utilizing chemical vapor deposition. SCH and SSCH filled polyethylene (PE) nanocomposites were fabricated by solution‐blending and hot‐compression. The electrical, dielectric, rheological, and thermal behaviors of the composites were carefully studied. Both composites showed the low percolation threshold that below 0.5 wt%. By adding 1 wt% hybrid, the electrical conductivity of composites were enhanced by 12 orders of magnitude. Moreover, the self‐strengthened SSCH was preferred to form homogeneous dispersion in polymer matrix, leading to a slightly negative influence on processability. All these features provide a reasonable route for designing CNTs‐filled composites with advanced structural or highly conductive properties in future.
Effective strategies for comprehensive action plans ‐ theory and practice
Authors: Cypriano Daniel , Marques Adriano , Salles Ricardo , Rudek Romildo 
Published: January 2021

AbstractFor this paper we discuss strategies adopted by the Industry to implement action plans, created from the study of accidents, incidents, or deviations. A pyramid of losses was established, structured based on tools and systems already defined as effective barriers for the occurrence of process safety events, creating a strong identity with technical and manager teams. For asset management, these losses could be considered for any function performed by the related equipment, and we highlight the primary containment itself, where it clearly converges to the objectives of process safety management: Effectiveness of management processes, barriers to failure; non‐recurrence of process safety accidents. A real case is presented, focused on positive material identification for process equipment and piping. This action plan was particularly challenging, either due to the resources invested (materials, labor, time), for long‐term monitoring and diligence, or mainly due to the results achieved. Actions were divided into three groups, structured in a multiannual coverage plan: (a) Materials already installed in the field (in the process); (b) Materials under the responsibility of the warehouses; (c) Materials under responsibility of the maintenance and installation areas.
It Started with Templates: The Future of Profiling in Side-Channel Analysis
Authors: Batina Lejla , Djukanovic Milena , Heuser Annelie , Picek Stjepan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSide-channel attacks (SCAs) are powerful attacks based on the information obtained from the implementation of cryptographic devices. Profiling side-channel attacks has received a lot of attention in recent years due to the fact that this type of attack defines the worst-case security assumptions. The SCA community realized that the same approach is actually used in other domains in the form of supervised machine learning. Consequently, some researchers started experimenting with different machine learning techniques and evaluating their effectiveness in the SCA context. More recently, we are witnessing an increase in the use of deep learning techniques in the SCA community with strong first results in side-channel analyses, even in the presence of countermeasures. In this chapter, we consider the evolution of profiling attacks, and subsequently we discuss the impacts they have made in the data preprocessing, feature engineering, and classification phases. We also speculate on the future directions and the best-case consequences for the security of small devices.
Information Extraction From the GDELT Database to Analyse EU Sovereign Bond Markets
Authors: Consoli Sergio , Tiozzo Pezzoli Luca , Tosetti Elisa 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In this contribution we provide an overview of a currently on-going project related to the development of a methodology for building economic and financial indicators capturing investor’s emotions and topics popularity which are useful to analyse the sovereign bond markets of countries in the EU.These alternative indicators are obtained from the Global Data on Events, Location, and Tone (GDELT) database, which is a real-time, open-source, large-scale repository of global human society for open research which monitors worlds broadcast, print, and web news, creating a free open platform for computing on the entire world’s media. After providing an overview of the method under development, some preliminary findings related to the use case of Italy are also given. The use case reveals initial good performance of our methodology for the forecasting of the Italian sovereign bond market using the information extracted from GDELT and a deep Long Short-Term Memory Network opportunely trained and validated with a rolling window approach to best accounting for non-linearities in the data.
An $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 1 Lagrangian for an $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 3 SCFT
Authors: Zafrir Gabi 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
We propose that a certain 4d$$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 1 SU(2) × SU(2) gauge theory flows in the IR to an $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 3 SCFT plus a single free chiral field. The specific $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 3 SCFT has rank 1 and a dimension three Coulomb branch operator. The flow is generically expected to land at the $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 3 SCFT deformed by the marginal deformation associated with said Coulomb branch operator. We also present a discussion about the properties expected of various RG invariant quantities from $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 3 superconformal symmetry, and use these to test our proposal. Finally, we discuss a generalization to another $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 1 model that we propose is related to a certain rank 3 $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 3 SCFT through the turning of certain marginal deformations.
Cobordism conjecture, anomalies, and the String Lamppost Principle
Authors: Montero Miguel , Vafa Cumrun 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
We consider consequences of triviality of cobordism classes and anomaly cancellation in supergravity theories in d > 6. We argue that this leads to the existence of certain defects which we call “I-folds” (a generalization of orientifolds). The requirement that compactifications to lower dimensions involving these defects be anomaly free leads to conditions on the higher dimensional theory. We show that in theories with 16 supercharges in d > 6 this leads to restrictions on the rank of the allowed gauge groups and thus provides an explanation for the observed restrictions in known string theory constructions. In particular, in eight and nine dimensions the only solutions to our constraints are precisely the ones realized in string theory compactifications. We also use these techniques to place constraints on the global structure of the gauge group in eight and nine dimensions.
Occlusal outcome after orthodontic treatment with preadjusted straight-wire and standard edgewise appliances
Authors: Papageorgiou Spyridon N. , Tilen Raphael , Vandevska-Radunovic Vaska , Eliades Theodore 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Orthodontic fixed appliances have been proven to be effective in treating a wide variety of malocclusions, and different types of appliances have emerged during recent decades. However, the comparative effects of different appliances have not been adequately assessed. Thus, the aim was to assess the occlusal outcome of orthodontic treatment with preadjusted straight-wire (SWIRE) and standard edgewise (SEDGE) appliances.

Methods
In all, 56 patients (mean age: 13.5 years; 45% male) receiving extraction-based treatment with either SWIRE or SEDGE appliances were included. Between-group differences in the occlusal outcome assessed with the American Board of Orthodontists Objective Grading System (ABO-OGS) and treatment duration were analyzed statistically at the 5% level.

Results
The average ABO-OGS score was 31.3 ± 7.2 points and 34.0 ± 10.4 points in the SWIRE and SEDGE groups with no statistically significant difference between groups (P = 0.26). Treatment duration was significantly shorter in the SWIRE group compared to the SEDGE group, with an average difference of −6.8 months (95% confidence interval [95% CI] = −9.6 to −4.0 months; P < 0.001). Likewise, fewer visits were needed with SWIRE compared to SEDGE appliances with an average difference of −7.2 visits (95% CI = −10.3 to −4.2 visits; P < 0.001). Adjusting for the influence of any potential confounders did not considerably impact the results.

Conclusion
Similar treatment outcomes were observed after premolar extraction treatment with SWIRE and SEDGE appliances. On the other hand, SEDGE appliances were associated with prolonged treatment duration and more visits needed to complete treatment compared to SWIRE appliances.
Hemocyanins of Muricidae: New ‘Insights’ Unravel an Additional Highly Hydrophilic 800 kDa Mass Within the Molecule
Authors: Schäfer Gabriela Giannina , Grebe Lukas Jörg , Depoix Frank , Lieb Bernhard 
Published: January 2021

AbstractHemocyanins are giant oxygen transport proteins that freely float within the hemolymph of most molluscs. The basic quaternary structure of molluscan hemocyanins is a cylindrical decamer with a diameter of 35 nm which is built of 400 kDa subunits. Previously published results, however, showed that one out of two hemocyanin subunits of Rapana venosa encompasses two polypeptides, one 300 kDa and one 100 kDa polypeptide which aggregate to typical 4 MDa and 8 MDa hemocyanin (di-)decamer molecules. It was shown that the polypeptides are bound most probably by one or more cysteine disulfide bridges but it remained open if these polypeptides were coded by one or two genes. Our here presented results clearly showed that both polypeptides are coded by one gene only and that this phenomenon can also be found in the gastropod Nucella lapillus. Thus, it can be defined as clade-specific for Muricidae, a group of the very diverse Caenogastropoda. In addition, we discovered a further deviation of this hemocyanin subunit within both species, namely a region of 340 mainly hydrophilic amino acids (especially histidines and aspartic acids) which have not been identified in any other molluscan hemocyanin, yet. Our results indicate that, within the quaternary structure, these additional amino acids most probably protrude within the inner part of didecamer cylinders, forming a large extra mass of up to 800 kDa. They presumably influence the structure of the protein and may affect the functionality. Thus, these findings reveal further insights into the evolution and structures of gastropod hemocyanins.
Improved Outcomes of Laparoscopic Liver Resection for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Located in Posterosuperior Segments of the Liver
Authors: Kwon Yujin , Cho Jai Young , Han Ho‐Seong , Yoon Yoo‐Seok , Lee Hae Won , Lee Jun Suh , Lee Boram , Kim Moonwhan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundLLR is widely adapted for HCC, while LLR in PS segments is still challenging. With recent improvement of techniques and accumulation of experiences, LLR in PS segments is feasible, but studies investigating the result after the modifications are lacking.MethodsIn this single‐center, retrospective study, 149 patients who underwent LLR for HCC located in PS segments from September 2003 to December 2016 were analyzed. The patients were divided into Group 1 (n=43) and Group 2 (n=106) who underwent LLR before and after 2012, respectively, when advanced techniques including use of intercostal trocars, Pringle maneuver, and semi‐lateral position of patient were introduced. Also, these patients were compared with those who underwent open liver resection (OLR; n=124) for HCC in PS segments during the same period.ResultsMean operative time (394.7 minutes vs 331.2 minutes; P=0.013), intraoperative blood loss (1545.8 ml vs 1208.2 ml; P=0.020), and hospital stay (11.6 days vs 9.2, P<0.001) were significantly less in Group 2. Postoperative complication rate (18.6% vs 18.9%; P=0.970), open conversion rate (23% vs 17%; P=0.374), 5‐year overall (79% vs 89%; P=0.607) and 5‐year disease‐free (52% vs 53%; P=0.657) survival rates were not significantly different between the groups. Compared to the OLR group, complication rate (40.3% vs 18.8%; P< 0.001) and hospital stay (17.6 days vs 9.7 days; P< 0.001) were significantly lower in the LLR group.ConclusionThe complexity of LLR for HCC in PS segments is being gradually overcome by the introduction of advanced techniques.
CT-like images based on T1 spoiled gradient-echo and ultra-short echo time MRI sequences for the assessment of vertebral fractures and degenerative bone changes of the spine
Authors: Schwaiger Benedikt J. , Schneider Charlotte , Kronthaler Sophia , Gassert Florian T. , Böhm Christof , Pfeiffer Daniela , Baum Thomas , Kirschke Jan S. , Karampinos Dimitrios C. , Makowski Marcus R. , Woertler Klaus , Wurm Markus , Gersing Alexandra S. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Objectives
To evaluate the performance of 3D T1w spoiled gradient-echo (T1SGRE) and ultra-short echo time (UTE) MRI sequences for the detection and assessment of vertebral fractures and degenerative bone changes compared with conventional CT.

Methods
Fractures (n = 44) and degenerative changes (n = 60 spinal segments) were evaluated in 30 patients (65 ± 14 years, 18 women) on CT and 3-T MRI, including CT-like images derived from T1SGRE and UTE. Two radiologists evaluated morphological features on both modalities: Genant and AO/Magerl classifications, anterior/posterior vertebral height, fracture age; disc height, neuroforaminal diameter, grades of spondylolisthesis, osteophytes, sclerosis, and facet joint degeneration. Diagnostic accuracy and agreement between MRI and CT and between radiologists were assessed using crosstabs, weighted κ, and intraclass correlation coefficients. Image quality was graded on a Likert scale.

Results
For fracture detection, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 0.95, 0.98, and 0.97 for T1SGRE and 0.91, 0.96, and 0.95 for UTE. Agreement between T1SGRE and CT was substantial to excellent (e.g., Genant: κ, 0.92 [95% confidence interval, 0.83–1.00]; AO/Magerl: κ, 0.90 [0.76–1.00]; osteophytes: κ, 0.91 [0.82–1.00]; sclerosis: κ, 0.68 [0.48–0.88]; spondylolisthesis: ICCs, 0.99 [0.99–1.00]). Agreement between UTE and CT was lower, ranging from moderate (e.g., sclerosis: κ, 0.43 [0.26–0.60]) to excellent (spondylolisthesis: ICC, 0.99 [0.99–1.00]). Inter-reader agreement was substantial to excellent (0.52–1.00), respectively, for all parameters. Median image quality of T1SGRE was rated significantly higher than that of UTE (p < 0.001).

Conclusions
Morphologic assessment of bone pathologies of the spine using MRI was feasible and comparable to CT, with T1SGRE being more robust than UTE.

Key Points
• Vertebral fractures and degenerative bone changes can be assessed on CT-like MR images, with 3D T1w spoiled gradient-echo–based images showing a high diagnostic accuracy and agreement with CT.
• This could enable MRI to precisely assess bone morphology, and 3D T1SGRE MRI sequences may substitute additional spinal CT examinations in the future.
• Image quality and robustness of T1SGRE sequences are higher than those of UTE MRI for the assessment of bone structures.