bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychological/Behavioral Therapies
Authors: Doleys Daniel M. , Doleys Nicholas D. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The sole use of medically (somatic)-based therapies when treating a patient is rarely sufficient to address the complex nature of chronic pain. The risk of iatrogenic dependence, and compromising adverse events, encourages the use of a more comprehensive and patient-involved process. There are a number of psychologically based therapies applicable to the treatment of chronic pain. The most researched and commonly used are the behavioral-based therapies. They range from simple to complex and from brief to prolonged. While it may be preferable to have these treatments applied by a trained behavioral specialist with a background in chronic pain, many can be adapted for use in the primary care setting. Furthermore, a variety of cell phone apps, self-help books, and YouTube presentations are available for patient and family use.
Coronary artery spasm and microvascular angina
Authors: Ong Peter , Sechtem Udo 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Ischaemic heart disease comprises a variety of coronary abnormalities, ranging from obstructive atherosclerotic stenoses to functional coronary vasomotor disorders. The latter comprise coronary spasm, as well as coronary microvascular dysfunction. Importantly, structural and functional abnormalities can coexist in a given patient, making it sometimes difficult to determine the underlying cause of angina. Thus, diagnostic algorithms should not only consider the evaluation of atherosclerotic epicardial disease, but also look for the presence of functional coronary disorders. This holds especially true for patients in whom obstructive coronary disease has been excluded, as many of these patients are labelled as having ‘non-cardiac chest pain’. Such an approach may enable the treating physician to adjust the pharmacological therapy more appropriately, in order to improve symptoms and prognosis. Often drug classes such as calcium channel blockers and nitrates are beneficial in these patients. This chapter gives an overview on the current pharmacological management of patients with coronary artery spasm and those suffering from microvascular angina.
A Narrative Review on the Role of Staphylococcus aureus Bacteriuria in S. aureus Bacteremia
Authors: Schuler Franziska , Barth Peter J , Niemann Silke , Schaumburg Frieder 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus bacteriuria (SABU) can occur in patients with S. aureus bacteremia (SAB). However, little is known on the (molecular) pathomechanisms of the renal passage of S. aureus. This review discusses the epidemiology and pathogenesis of SABU in patients with SAB and identifies knowledge gaps. The literature search was restricted to the English language. The prevalence of SABU in patients with SAB is 7.8%–39% depending on the study design. The main risk factor for SABU is urinary tract catheterization. SABU in SAB patients is associated with increased mortality. Given present evidence, hematogenous seeding—as seen in animal models—and the development of micro-abscesses best describe the translocation of S. aureus from blood to urine. Virulence factors that might be involved are adhesion factors, sortase A, and coagulase, among others. Other potential routes of bacterial translocation (eg, transcytosis, paracytosis, translocation via “Trojan horses”) were identified as knowledge gaps.
Introduction To Strict Product Liability
Authors: Fairgrieve Duncan , Goldberg Richard 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The adoption of the strict liability scheme for defective products by the European Union Product Liability Directive, and its subsequent transposition through Pt 1 of the Consumer Protection Act 1987, changed the basis on which actions for compensation for damage caused by defective products had been brought for over fifty years. In essence, the change was from a system which required proof of negligence to one in which liability was dependent on proving that a defective product had caused damage. While we shall see that many academics and commentators had originally assumed a critical view of the strict liability regime, considering that in practice liability would be no wider than under negligence, it is now clearly established that, in respect of products supplied on or after 1 March 1988, strict liability under the 1987 Act is the primary cause of action in product liability litigation in the United Kingdom. In many Member States, the effects of the new regime have been very significant indeed.
Provisions Covering General Product Safety
Authors: Fairgrieve Duncan , Goldberg Richard 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The main purpose of this book is to provide a detailed statement of the principles governing the civil liability of manufacturers and others for damage or loss caused by defective products. In this final chapter we refer briefly to some of the main sources which seek to regulate product safety through the use of the criminal law. Of course, many types of products are covered by specific legislation. For example, the sale of food for human consumption and medicines fall into this category. The details fall outside the scope of this work.
When the Worlds of Preferences Collide: Determinants of MP’s Attitudes on the Italian Questione Romana 1861–1870
Authors: Casiraghi Matteo C M , Curini Luigi 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The relationship between original and induced preferences in affecting political actions has been a recurrent topic in the literature. Less attention has been devoted to investigating the interaction between these two preferences, and possible neutralising/reinforcing effects. We explore this dynamic on a crucial issue in XIX century Italy, the ‘Questione Romana’, employing a quantitative analysis on an original corpus of legislative speeches (1861–1870). The absence of strong parties allows investigating the relationship between MPs’ original preferences and that induced by their voters’ linkage. Moreover, as politicians and voters were part of the same elite, we can check how their paths of political socialisation shape this relationship, leading to aligned or colliding preferences.
Supersymmetric quantum field theory with exotic symmetry in 3+1 dimensions and fermionic fracton phases
Authors: Yamaguchi Satoshi 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We propose a supersymmetric quantum field theory with exotic symmetry related to fracton phases. We use superfield formalism and write down the action of a supersymmetric version of the $\varphi$ theory in $3+1$ dimensions. It contains a large number of ground states due to the fermionic higher pole subsystem symmetry. Its residual entropy is proportional to the area instead of the volume. This theory has a self-duality similar to that of the $\varphi$ theory. We also write down the action of a supersymmetric version of a tensor gauge theory, and discuss Bogomol’nyi–Prasad–Sommerfield (BPS) fractons.
Physical Therapist Interventions for Infants With Nonsynostotic Positional Head Deformities: A Systematic Review
Authors: Cabrera-Martos Irene , Ortigosa-Gómez Salvador Jesús , López-López Laura , Ortiz-Rubio Araceli , Torres-Sánchez Irene , Granados-Santiago María , Valenza Marie Carmen 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Objective
This study sought to examine the methodological quality and summarize the evidence from clinical trials that examined the effectiveness of physical therapist interventions in the management of nonsynostotic positional head deformities in infants.

Methods
The following electronic databases were searched: PubMed/MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, CINAHL, Scopus, PEDro, and Web of Science. Two different authors conducted the searches and completed the data extraction. Randomized and non-randomized clinical trials were included. The risk of bias was assessed using the Downs and Black Scale and the Cochrane Collaboration’s tool.

Results
Six articles were finally included. The main features of interventions included education to parents about positioning, manual therapy, and motor stimulation. The small sample sizes were not adequately powered and methodological quality showed a high risk of bias, mainly from a lack of blinding and limited external validity.

Conclusion
There are indicators that suggest that physical therapist interventions may be useful for infants with nonsynostotic head deformities at improving cranial asymmetries and motor development. However, the validity of such conclusion is limited because most trials included had a high risk of bias. More rigorous research on physical therapy, including randomized controlled trials with larger sample sizes, is required in this area.

Impact
The high prevalence and incidence of nonsynostotic positional head deformities in infants calls for the development of effective interventions. Physical therapists have a promising role in the improvement of cranial asymmetry and motor development. The most reported interventions involved educating parents about positioning and manual therapy. Some studies show that changes obtained after physical therapist intervention were comparable with those obtained after helmet therapy.

Lay Summary
Early referral to physical therapy may help to prevent or reduce the severity of nonsynostotic positional head deformities. Education about positioning is important to prevent and improve the asymmetry of the baby’s head when there is nonsynostotic positional head deformity. Physical therapist interventions can improve motor development in infants with nonsynostotic positional head deformity who have motor delays.
Celebrating holy week practices at home during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines
Authors: Gozum Ivan Efreaim A , Nucum John Lu Allan M , Noriega Patrick Joseph D 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
A recent correspondence suggested that taking home ashes and launching digital Lenten ashes filters are non-traditional yet creative ways for the Catholic Church to perform the ritual practice in celebrating Ash Wednesday. These creative practices are deemed as necessary so that the Catholic community can celebrate the liturgical celebration while ensuring public health. With this, we propose in this paper practices that can be done during the holy week so that the spread of the coronavirus will be mitigated.
Science and religion for COVID-19 vaccine promotion
Authors: Galang Joseph Renus F 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
A recent correspondence published in this journal proposed a multi-sectoral approach on the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination hesitancy, whereas another proposed that religious leaders play a role in gaining the public’s trust in COVID-19 vaccine. This article raises awareness that though religious leaders play a huge role in promoting the COVID-19 vaccine, they are still bound by the findings of science. What this article, therefore, proposes is the collaboration of science and religion in COVID-19 vaccine promotion.
Is There an Association Between Psychiatric Disorders and Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis? A Large-database Study
Authors: Lee Soo-Bin , Chae Hyun-Wook , Kwon Ji-Won , Sung Sahyun , Lee Hwan-Mo , Moon Seong-Hwan , Lee Byung Ho 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
Children with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) have reduced quality of life related to poor self-image, perhaps because of cosmetic concerns. However, there has not been a large-database epidemiologic study on the association between psychiatric disorders and scoliosis.

Questions/purposes
Using the Korean National Health Insurance database, we asked: (1) How common are psychiatric disorders among children with AIS? (2) After controlling for gender, age, insurance type, and residential district, are psychiatric disorders more common among children with AIS than among age-matched controls?

Methods
A retrospective analysis was conducted using sample datasets from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service from 2012 to 2016, which is a 10% randomly extracted sample of total inpatients and outpatients each year. The mean number of total patients in each dataset was 1,047,603 ± 34,534. The mean number of children with AIS was 7409 ± 158 for each year. The age criteria was 10 to 19 years for the matching. Mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and behavioral disorders were selected as disorders possibly associated with AIS. We identified children with AIS who had any of the disorders above, and we obtained the prevalence of these disorders based on diagnostic codes. As an exploratory analysis, clinically meaningful variables were selected among the available codes in the dataset, and a univariable logistic regression test was performed for each variable. A multivariable logistic regression test with advanced variables was performed to identify the adjusted odds ratios of psychiatric disorders in children with AIS.

Results
The median (range) prevalence of psychiatric disorders in children with AIS from 2012 to 2016 was 7% (6% to 7%). Compared with children who did not have AIS, and after controlling for gender, age, insurance type, and residential district, children with AIS were more likely to have psychiatric disorders in all 5 years. The adjusted ORs of psychiatric disorders in children with AIS compared with children who did not have AIS ranged from 1.47 to 1.74 (2012: OR 1.60 [95% CI 1.46 to 1.75]; p < 0.001; 2013: OR 1.73 [95% CI 1.58 to 1.89]; p < 0.001; 2014: OR 1.74 [95% CI 1.59 to 1.91]; p < 0.001; 2015: OR 1.71 [95% CI 1.56 to 1.88]; p < 0.001; 2016: OR 1.47 [95% CI 1.33 to 1.62]; p < 0.001).

Conclusion
Considering the higher prevalence of psychiatric disorders in children with AIS compared with children who did not have AIS, children with AIS and their parents should be counseled about the increased risk of deteriorating mental health of the patients, and surgeons should provide early referral to pediatric psychiatrists. Further studies should investigate the effect of the factors related to AIS, such as curve type, Cobb angle, and treatment modality.

Level of Evidence
Level III, prognostic study.
Palliative Reconstructive Surgery for Advanced Maxillofacial Osteosarcoma in the Peak of COVID-19 Pandemic: A Matter of Ethical Decision-making
Authors: Gasteratos Konstantinos , Alser Osaid , Hart Justin , Chaiyasate Kongkrit 
Published: March 2021

Summary:
The coronavirus disease 2019 posed an unprecedented strain to plastic surgery services. The scarcity of validated guidelines—at the beginning of this healthcare crisis—to direct clinical, ethical, transparent decision-making for head and neck cancer patients requiring palliative reconstructive surgery was a difficult situation. We report a 15-year-old girl with an advanced chemoresistant rare radiotherapy-induced mandibular osteosarcoma during the early phase of the pandemic in the United States in mid-March 2020, when official recommendations for triage were still developing. Local guidelines suggested canceling all elective procedures, and allowed operating emergency and/or nonelective cases only. Many surgeons declined surgery due to patient’s poor prognosis and high perioperative risk, but her mother pursued different professional opinions elsewhere. However, upon Beaumont hospital approval, the patient underwent radical en bloc resection of the tumor, hemimandibulectomy, zygomatic resection, maxillectomy, and hemipalate resection followed by reconstruction with free fibula osteocutaneous and anterolateral thigh flaps. The challenging decision to proceed with surgery was based on evidence-based and objective risk-stratifying scores, available at the time, and ethical recommendations from emerging reliable published literature. Despite a favorable postoperative outcome, the patient expired due to cardiac complications of the disease. Our patient taught us that ethical decision-making, sound clinical judgment, and a patient-centered individualized approach remain pivotal aspects of the medical profession. Although the surgery will not provide a cure for the disease, we have found that palliative reconstructive surgery can greatly improve patient’s quality of life, and help family cope with the advancing stages of disease.
Dry Those Crying Eyes
Authors: Rakofsky Jeffrey J. , Rakofsky Sanford I. , Dunlop Boadie W. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Purpose/Background
Several clinic-based and large population studies have associated a depression diagnosis or depression severity with dry eye disease (DED) or symptoms. On the other hand, several other large population studies have found that antidepressant use was also associated with DED. Unfortunately, many of the studies finding associations between depression and DED did not control for concomitant antidepressant use, whereas the ones that found associations between antidepressant use and DED did not control for severity of depression or other psychiatric indications for selective serotonin inhibitor use. The purpose of this review was to identify whether depression and antidepressants play an independent role from one another in the onset of DED.

Methods/Procedures
A systematic literature review was conducted searching for DED studies that adjusted for concomitant antidepressant use in depressed patients, that adjusted for depressive symptoms in patients taking antidepressants, and that enrolled depressed patients who were not taking psychiatric medications at the time of the study. Additionally, the prescribing information of marketed antidepressants was reviewed to determine rates of dry eyes reported during clinical trials.

Findings/Results
The literature review initially identified 43 studies with 13 fitting the inclusion criteria. Although these studies varied in their quality, 7 revealed statistically significant associations between depression and DED, whereas 7, including 1 randomized trial, revealed significant associations between antidepressants and DED. Sixteen percent of the antidepressant package inserts inspected reported DED symptoms as an infrequent risk.

Implications/Conclusions
This review suggests that independent of one another, both depression and antidepressant use are associated with DED.
Melancholic Features in Bipolar Depression and Response to Lamotrigine
Authors: Peters Evyn M. , Zhang Yanbo , Lodhi Rohit , Li Hua , Balbuena Lloyd 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
A pilot study suggested lamotrigine may be more effective for bipolar depression with melancholic features. We tested this hypothesis in a pooled analysis of 5 randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trials of lamotrigine for acute bipolar depression.

Methods
The pooled sample consisted of 1072 adult outpatients. Depressive symptoms were assessed for 7 to 10 weeks with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale. The outcome measure was end-trial response (score reduction ≥ 50%). Melancholic features were assessed with both the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV and baseline depression scale items, according to DSM criteria.

Results
The item-based melancholic specifier was associated with numerically larger treatment effects, although subgroup-treatment interactions in logistic regression models did not reach statistical significance. The small subgroup of patients with severe psychomotor retardation also appeared to benefit from lamotrigine. However, the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV melancholic specifier was not associated with larger treatment effects. Baseline depression severity was inconsistently associated with response, depending on which scale was used to define severity. The 2 melancholia variables had poor agreement despite having similar prevalences.

Conclusions
Our results do not clearly support the original hypothesis but do reinforce the importance of replicating secondary analyses of clinical trials with additional data.
Fat Grafting in Radiation-Induced Soft-Tissue Injury: A Narrative Review of the Clinical Evidence and Implications for Future Studies
Authors: Kenny Elizabeth M. , Egro Francesco M. , Ejaz Asim , Coleman Sydney R. , Greenberger Joel S. , Rubin J. Peter 
Published: March 2021

Summary:
Radiation-induced changes in skin and soft tissue result in significant cosmetic and functional impairment with subsequent decrease in quality of life. Fat grafting has emerged as a therapy for radiation-induced soft-tissue injury, and this narrative review aims to evaluate the current clinical evidence regarding its efficacy. A review was conducted to examine the current clinical evidence of fat grafting as a therapy for radiation-induced injury to the skin and soft tissue and to outline the clinical outcomes that can be used to more consistently quantify chronic radiation-induced injury in future clinical studies. The current clinical evidence regarding the efficacy of fat grafting to treat radiation-induced injury of the skin and soft tissue suggests that fat grafting increases skin softness and pliability, induces volume restoration, improves hair growth in areas of alopecia, reduces pain, and improves cosmetic and functional outcomes. However, literature in this field is far from robust and mired by the retrospective nature of the studies, lack of adequate controls, and inherent limitations of small case series and cohorts. A series of actions have been identified to strengthen future clinical data, including the need for physical examination using a validated scale, appropriate imaging, skin biomechanics and microcirculation testing, and histologic analysis. In conclusion, radiation-induced soft-tissue injury is a significant health burden that can lead to severe functional and aesthetic sequelae. Although still in a preliminary research phase, there is promising clinical evidence demonstrating the benefits of fat grafting to treat chronic changes after radiation therapy. Future clinical studies will require larger cohorts, adequate controls, and consistent use of objective measurements.
Insurance Reimbursement in Plastic Surgery
Authors: Kim You J. , Chung Kevin C. 
Published: March 2021

Summary:
The ambiguity of medical finances, both to the patient and to the provider, has direct effects on the quality of care that is delivered to the patient. To encourage transparency in health care, physician reimbursement is a process that must be understood to ensure patient satisfaction, a physician’s willingness to deliver care, and the success of health care facilities. Furthermore, physicians should be aware of the effects that legislative action, such as the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, has on their income. As a field that encompasses both cosmetic and reconstructive surgery, plastic surgeons must know this process intimately to ensure efficient services and appropriate reimbursement. In particular, plastic surgeons should be familiar with how the Affordable Care Act affects their income, practice, and the patient’s access to care. As Medicare and Medicaid continue to increase health care access for many Americans, specialists such as plastic surgeons will need to reinforce the value of the specialty in the continuum of care. As the health care industry moves away from a fee-for-service system to one of value-based care, plastic surgeons need to be at the forefront of this transition to ensure that they are delivering quality care, and receiving appropriate reimbursement. The authors have provided data from the University of Michigan to demonstrate the reimbursement patterns seen in plastic surgery. This Special Topic article provides insight into the reimbursement process in the era of the Affordable Care Act and the various challenges that may be encountered within this field.