First MATISSE L-band observations of HD 179218
Authors: Kokoulina E. , Matter A. , Lopez B. , Pantin E. , Ysard N. , Weigelt G. , Habart E. , Varga J. , Jones A. , Meilland A. , Dartois E. , Klarmann L. , Augereau J.-C. , van Boekel R. , Hogerheijde M. , Yoffe G. , Waters L. B. F. M. , Dominik C. , Jaffe W. , Millour F. , Henning Th. , Hofmann K.-H. , Schertl D. , Lagarde S. , Petrov R. G. , Antonelli P. , Allouche F. , Berio P. , Robbe-Dubois S. , Ábraham P. , Beckmann U. , Bensberg A. , Bettonvil F. , Bristow P. , Cruzalèbes P. , Danchi W. C. , Dannhoff M. , Graser U. , Heininger M. , Labadie L. , Lehmitz M. , Leinert C. , Meisenheimer K. , Paladini C. , Percheron I. , Stee Ph. , Woillez J. , Wolf S. , Zins G. , Delbo M. , Drevon J. , Duprat J. , Gámez Rosas V. , Hocdé V. , Hron J. , Hummel C. A. , Isbell J. W. , Leftley J. , Soulain A. , Vakili F. , Wittkowski M. 
Published: June 2021

Context. Carbon is one of the most abundant components in the Universe. While silicates have been the main focus of solid phase studies in protoplanetary discs (PPDs), little is known about the solid carbon content especially in the planet-forming regions (~0.1–10 au). Fortunately, several refractory carbonaceous species present C-H bonds (such as hydrogenated nano-diamond and amorphous carbon as well as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), which generate infrared (IR) features that can be used to trace the solid carbon reservoirs. The new mid-IR instrument MATISSE, installed at the Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI), can spatially resolve the inner regions (~1–10 au) of PPDs and locate, down to the au-scale, the emission coming from carbon grains.
Aims. Our aim is to provide a consistent view on the radial structure, down to the au-scale, as well as basic physical properties and the nature of the material responsible for the IR continuum emission in the inner disk region around HD 179218.
Methods. We implemented a temperature-gradient model to interpret the disk IR continuum emission, based on a multiwavelength dataset comprising a broadband spectral energy distribution and VLTI H-, L-, and N-bands interferometric data obtained in low spectral resolution. Then, we added a ring-like component, representing the carbonaceous L-band features-emitting region, to assess its detectability in future higher spectral resolution observations employing mid-IR interferometry.
Results. Our temperature-gradient model can consistently reproduce our dataset. We confirmed a spatially extended inner 10 au emission in H- and L-bands, with a homogeneously high temperature (~1700 K), which we associate with the presence of stochastically heated nano-grains. On the other hand, the N-band emitting region presents a ring-like geometry that starts at about 10 au with a temperature of 400 K. Moreover, the existing low resolution MATISSE data exclude the presence of aromatic carbon grains (i.e., producing the 3.3 μm feature) in close proximity tothe star (≲1 au). Future medium spectral resolution MATISSE data will confirm their presence at larger distances.
Conclusions. Our best-fit model demonstrates the presence of two separated dust populations: nano-grains that dominate the near- to mid-IR emission in the inner 10 au region and larger grains that dominate the emission outward. The presence of such nano-grains in the highly irradiated inner 10 au region of HD 179218 requires a replenishment process. Considering the expected lifetime of carbon nano-grains from The Heterogeneous dust Evolution Model for Interstellar Solids (THEMIS model), the estimated disk accretion inflow of HD 179218 could significantly contribute to feed the inner 10 au region in nano-grains.Moreover, we also expect a local regeneration of those nano-grains by the photo-fragmentation of larger aggregates.