bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Responses of a root system structure to soil compaction stress among maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids
Authors: Rut Grzegorz , Grzesiak Maciej T. , Maksymowicz Anna , Jurczyk Barbara , Rzepka Andrzej , Hura Katarzyna , Grzesiak Stanisław 
Published: June 2021

AbstractEffects of soil compaction stress were investigated in maize hybrids subjected to low (L‐1.10), medium (M‐1.30) and high (H‐1.60 g/cm3) soil compaction. The hybrids selected for the study differed in their susceptibility to growth under soil compaction stress conditions. We used appropriate methods of non‐destructive cleaning and analysis of all intact compartments of the root system. Petrolatum–wax test, proved as an effective screening technique for selecting resistant and sensitive maize hybrids, was also employed. The seedlings were grown in custom‐made ‘root‐box’ and ‘root‐basket’ containers. The penetration resistance (PR) strength of 0.52 and 1.07 MPa was satisfactory for estimating root penetration index (RPA) among maize hybrids. The soil compaction stress affected root system structure (RSS) in maize hybrids. The resistant hybrids showed a lower decrease in root dry matter (DM) in M and H treatments at 0.0–15 cm soil depth, and an increase in the number of roots growing at an angle of 0°–30° in relation to the main growth axis, comparing to sensitive hybrids. The soil compaction stress lowered root number (RN) and length (RL), shoot and root DM, and increased shoot to root ratio (S/R). The changes were greater in sensitive than in resistant hybrids. In addition, a regression coefficient (R2) between stress susceptibility index (SSI) and relative trace change (RTC) marked for changes in dry matter of shoot (S), roots (R), shoot to root (S/R) ratio and root length (RL) and number RN was statistically significant. Seedlings of maize single‐cross hybrids demonstrated differences in their responses to soil compaction stress, which caused changes in shoot and root dry matter and the distribution of roots in the soil profile.
Concurrent and prospective associations between fitbit wearable‐derived RDoC arousal and regulatory constructs and adolescent internalizing symptoms
Authors: Nelson Benjamin W. , Flannery Jessica E. , Flournoy John , Duell Natasha , Prinstein Mitchell J. , Telzer Eva 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundAdolescence is characterized by alterations in biobehavioral functioning, during which individuals are at heightened risk for onset of psychopathology, particularly internalizing disorders. Researchers have proposed using digital technologies to index daily biobehavioral functioning, yet there is a dearth of research examining how wearable metrics are associated with mental health.MethodsWe preregistered analyses using the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study dataset using wearable data collection in 5,686 adolescents (123,862 person‐days or 2,972,688 person‐hours) to determine whether wearable indices of resting heart rate (RHR), step count, and sleep duration and variability in these measures were cross‐sectionally associated with internalizing symptomatology. All models were also run controlling for age, sex, body mass index, socioeconomic status, and race. We then performed prospective analyses on a subset of this sample (n = 143) across 25 months that had Fitbit data available at baseline and follow‐up in order to explore directionality of effects.ResultsCross‐sectional analyses revealed a small, yet significant, effect size (R2 = .053) that higher RHR, lower step count and step count variability, and greater variability in sleep duration were associated with greater internalizing symptoms. Cross‐lagged panel model analysis revealed that there were no prospective associations between wearable variables and internalizing symptoms (partialR2 = .026), but greater internalizing symptoms and higher RHR predicted lower step count 25 months later (partialR2 = .010), while higher RHR also predicted lower step count variability 25 months later (partialR2 = .008).ConclusionsFindings indicate that wearable indices concurrently associate with internalizing symptoms during early adolescence, while a larger sample size is likely required to accurately assess prospective or directional effects between wearable indices and mental health. Future research should capitalize on the temporal resolution provided by wearable devices to determine the intensive longitudinal relations between biobehavioral risk factors and acute changes in mental health.
Early intervention for inhibited young children: a randomized controlled trial comparing the Turtle Program and Cool Little Kids
Authors: Chronis‐Tuscano Andrea , Novick Danielle R. , Danko Christina M. , Smith Kelly A. , Wagner Nicholas J. , Wang Christine H. , Druskin Lindsay , Dougherty Lea R. , Rubin Kenneth H. 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundChildren classified as behaviorally inhibited (BI) are at risk for social anxiety. Risk for anxiety is moderated by both parental behavior and social–emotional competence. Grounded in developmental–transactional theory, the Turtle Program involves both parent and child treatment components delivered within the peer context. Our pilot work demonstrated beneficial effects of the Turtle Program (‘Turtle’) over a waitlist control group. Herein, we report results of a rigorous randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing Turtle to the best available treatment for young children high in BI, Cool Little Kids (CLK).MethodsOne hundred and fifty‐one parents and their 3.5‐ to 5‐year‐old children selected on the basis of BI were randomly assigned to Turtle or CLK, delivered in group format over 8 weeks. Effects on child anxiety, life interference, BI, and observed parenting were examined at post‐treatment and 1‐year follow‐up. ClinicalTrials.gov registration: NCT02308826.ResultsNo significant main effect differences were found between Turtle and CLK on child anxiety; children in both programs evidenced significant improvements in BI, anxiety severity, family accommodation, and child impairment. However, Turtle yielded increased observed warm/engaged parenting and decreased observed negative control, compared with CLK. Parental social anxiety moderated effects; parents with higher anxiety demonstrated diminished improvements in child impairment, and parent accommodation in CLK, but not in Turtle. Children of parents with higher anxiety demonstrated more improvements in child BI in Turtle, but not in CLK.ConclusionsTurtle and CLK are both effective early interventions for young children with BI. Turtle is more effective in improving parenting behaviors associated with the development and maintenance of child anxiety. Turtle also proved to be more effective than CLK for parents with social anxiety. Results suggest that Turtle should be recommended when parents have social anxiety; however, in the absence of parent anxiety, CLK may offer a more efficient treatment model.
The ocellate river stingray (Potamotrygon motoro) exploits vortices of sediment to bury into the substrate
Authors: Seamone Scott G. , Syme Douglas A. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractParticle image velocimetry and video analysis were employed to determine the pectoral‐fin mechanism used by the stingray Potamotrygon motoro to bury into sand. Rapid oscillations of the body and folding motions of the posterior portion of the pectoral fin suspended sediment beneath the pectoral disc and directed vortices of sediment onto the dorsal surface, where they dissipated and the sediment settled. Body coverage was increased by increased fin displacement and speed and also by the occasional collision of vortices that redirected sediment flow towards the head and tail.
Environmental habituation and sexual composition affect juveniles' shoaling activity in a cichlid fish (Pelvicachromis taeniatus)
Authors: Schons Rieke F. , Vitt Simon , Thünken Timo 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACTGroup living is widespread in animals, and many fishes form shoals. Examining within‐group interactions in fishes may contribute to the general understanding of dynamic social structures in animals. The sex ratio of a group has been shown to influence grouping decisions of fishes and can be expected to affect behaviour at group level. Behavioural experiments usually involve relatively short acclimatisation times, although the establishment of environmental habituation in fishes is understudied. This study tests whether the sex ratio and long‐term habituation to experimental conditions influence general shoal performance (activity parameters, density) and responses of shoals to an acoustic‐mechanical disturbance cue in juveniles of the cichlid fishPelvicachromis taeniatus viaindividual tracking. The disturbance consisted of a defined hit against the experimental tank, which caused sudden noise and water movement. We found that a higher proportion of females increases shoal activity (swimming speed and distance covered), suggesting that femaleP. taeniatusare more active than males. Furthermore, shoal activity declined when shoals habituated to the experimental settings and with the time that the shoals were grouped together, which may reflect intensified group member familiarity. Moreover, behavioural changes after disturbance were weaker when individuals were kept with their group longer and more familiar to the experimental conditions. For prey species, lower activity might be beneficial under natural conditions due to lower conspicuousness of the group. We did not find any significant effects of the investigated factors on shoal density (mean interindividual distance) and speed synchronisation. The results indicate that sexual composition, familiarity between shoal members and habituation to the experimental environment affect shoal performance in a cichlid fish.
Dysphagia in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Quantification of bulbar motor dysfunction
Authors: Adamske Deike , Heyduck Adrienne , Weidenmüller Matthias , Göricke Bettina , Frank Tobias , Olthoff Arno 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundDysphagia as a sequel and possible early sign of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is caused by progressive impaired bulbar motor function.ObjectiveTo evaluate bulbar motor dysfunction in patients suffering from ALS compared to a healthy reference group.MethodsA clinical study and prospective group comparison was designed. Patients and healthy volunteers were examined in the outpatient clinic of our university medical center. Ten patients with ALS and 20 healthy volunteers were included. All participants underwent a flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) and a manometric measurement of the maximal sub‐palatal atmospheric pressure generated by suction as well as of the prevalent pressure during swallowing. Additionally, the Sydney Swallow Questionnaire (SSQ) was completed by all participants to score the self‐rated extent of dysphagia.ResultsComparing maximal suction pressures, the group of patients showed significantly lower values (p < .001). There was a significant correlation between reduced pressures and the degree of dysphagia (SSQ score) (r = −0.73).ConclusionsAs the oral cavity is an easily accessible compartment of the upper digestive tract, manometric measurements might serve as a simple instrument in order to detect or to monitor bulbar motor dysfunction. Oral manometry may facilitate early detection and monitoring of dysphagia in ALS. Larger studies are required to confirm our findings.
Holocene population expansion of a tropical bee coincides with early human colonization of Fiji rather than climate change
Authors: Dorey James B. , Groom Scott V. C. , Velasco‐Castrillón Alejandro , Stevens Mark I. , Lee Michael S. Y. , Schwarz Michael P. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThere is substantial debate about the relative roles of climate change and human activities on biodiversity and species demographies over the Holocene. In some cases, these two factors can be resolved using fossil data, but for many taxa such data are not available. Inferring historical demographies of taxa has become common, but the methodologies are mostly recent and their shortcomings often unexplored. The bee genus Homalictus is developing into a tractable model system for understanding how native bee populations in tropical islands have responded to past climate change. We greatly expand on previous studies using sequences of the mitochondrial gene COI from 474 specimens and between 171 and 3928 autosomal (DArTSeq) single nucleotide polymorphism loci from 19 specimens of the native Fijian bee, Homalictus fijiensis, to explore its historical demography using coalescent and mismatch analyses. We ask whether past changes in demography were human‐ or climate‐driven, while considering analytical assumptions. We show that inferred changes in population sizes are too recent to be explained by past climate change. Instead we find that a dramatic increase in population size for the main island of Viti Levu coincides with increasing occupation by humans and their modification of the environment. We found no corresponding change in bee population size for another major island, Kadavu, where human populations and agricultural activities have been historically very low. Our analyses indicate that molecular approaches can be used to disentangle the impacts of humans and climate change on a major tropical pollinator and that stringent analytical approaches are required for reliable interpretation of results.
Stochastic community assembly decreases soil fungal richness in arid ecosystems
Authors: Jiao Shuo , Zhang Baogang , Zhang Guozhuang , Chen Weimin , Wei Gehong 
Published: June 2021

AbstractUncovering the linkages between community assembly and species diversity is a fundamental issue in microbial ecology. In this study, a large‐scale (transect intervals of 1257.6 km) cross‐biome soil survey was conducted, which ranged over agricultural fields, forests, wetlands, grasslands and desert, in the arid regions of northwest China. The aim was to investigate the biogeographic distribution, community assembly and species co‐occurrence of soil fungi. The fungal communities in agricultural soils exhibited a steeper distance–decay slope and wider niche breadths, and were more strongly affected by stochastic assembly processes, than fungi in other natural habitats. A strong relationship was revealed between soil fungal richness and community assembly in arid ecosystems, with the influence of stochastic assembly processes decreasing with increasing fungal richness. Moreover, aridity was the most important environmental factor influencing fungal richness, β‐diversity and species co‐occurrence patterns. Specifically, the predicted increase in arid conditions will probably reduce fungal richness and network complexity. These findings represent a considerable advance in linking fungal richness to mechanisms underlying the biogeographic patterns and assembly processes of fungal communities in arid ecosystems. These results can thus be used to forecast species co‐occurrence and diversities pattern of soil fungi under climate aridity and land‐use change scenarios.
Early maternal separation enhances melanoma progression in adult female mice by immune mechanisms
Authors: Barreto Francisco Stefânio , Ribeiro Wesley Lyeverton Correia , Cavalcanti Bruno Coêlho , Silva Paulo Goberlânio de Barros , Soares de Sousa Caren Nádia , Vasconcelos Germana Silva , Nunes Ana Paula Negreiros , Moraes Filho Manoel Odorico de , Macedo Danielle S. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMaternal separation (MS) is a risk factor for major depressive disorder. Both cancer and depression seem to share a common biological link. Here, we evaluated the progression of melanoma and the underlying mechanisms related to this progression, namely cell proliferation and apoptosis, in adult female mice exposed to MS. Female C57BL/6 mice were exposed to MS for 60 min/day during the first 2 postnatal weeks (here called MS mice) or left undisturbed (here called non‐MS mice). Melanoma cells were inoculated subcutaneously into the axillary region of adult animals, and tumor progression was evaluated for 25 days. Adult MS mice presented depressive‐like behavior and working memory deficits. MS accelerated murine melanoma growth by mechanisms related to decreased apoptosis and increased cell proliferation rate, such as increased expression of IL‐6 and mTOR. MS stimulated eukaryotic elongation factor 2 expression and increased the number of circulating monocytes and DNA damage in peripheral blood leukocytes, an effect associated with oxidative DNA damage. In conclusion, MS accelerated the progression of murine melanoma by mechanisms related to tumor proliferation and apoptosis, revealing a relationship between adverse childhood experiences and cancer progression, particularly melanoma.
Rising to the challenge: Introducing protocols to monitor food marketing to children from the World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe
Authors: Tatlow‐Golden Mimi , Jewell Jo , Zhiteneva Olga , Wickramasinghe Kremlin , Breda João , Boyland Emma 
Published: June 2021

SummaryUnhealthy marketing has been unequivocally linked to children's food preferences, requests, purchases and eating behaviors and hence to childhood obesity. Regulating children's exposure to such marketing has been identified as a key challenge to which States must rise. Regulation mandates the need for monitoring and hence for credible data that are comparable between countries, regions and across time. However, there are major challenges presented by the complexity of the digital marketing ecosystem including the personalized targeting with persuasive, exploitative advertising to which children are subject. This narrative review identifies challenges faced by researchers in the digital ecosystem; reviews recent papers attempting to address these and specifies benefits and limitations; and introduces a set of WHO protocols with templates and guidance for studies of food marketing to children.
Due diligence in global value chains: Conceptualizing ‘adverse environmental impact’
Authors: Mackie Colin 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDue diligence norms often require enterprises to address ‘adverse environmental impacts’ in their value chains. It is, however, rare for that phrase to be defined. Thus, it is not known precisely what effects are to be prevented or remedied or, where relevant, when sanctions and/or liability can be imposed. This article seeks to determine how ‘adverse environmental impact’ should be conceptualized in these norms, a question largely unexplored in the literature. It is argued that the polluter‐pays principle, and theory of cost internalization that it is built upon, offers a stable normative base from which to sculpt a robust definition. With specificity garnered from exemplar legal frameworks, it is demonstrated that ‘traditional damage’ (e.g. damage to property or human health) and damage to the environment itself ought to be covered by the phrase. This will ensure that incentives for prevention can be harnessed and that the costs of an enterprise’s goods and services will reflect their true social cost more closely.
Predicting risk along the suicidality continuum: A longitudinal, nationally representative study of the Irish population during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Hyland Philip , Rochford Sarah , Munnelly Anita , Dodd Philip , Fox Robert , Vallières Frédérique , McBride Orla , Shevlin Mark , Bentall Richard P. , Butter Sarah , Karatzias Thanos , Murphy Jamie 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIntroductionLittle is known about the lifetime prevalence of different indicators of suicidality in the Irish general population; whether suicidality has increased during the COVID‐19 pandemic; and what factors associated with belonging to different points on a continuum of suicidality risk.MethodsA nationally representative sample of Irish adults (N = 1,032) completed self‐report measures in May 2020 and a follow‐up in August 2020 (n = 715).ResultsLifetime prevalence rates were 29.5% for suicidal ideation, 12.9% for non‐suicidal self‐injury (NSSI), and 11.2% for attempted suicide. There were no changes in past two‐week rates of NSSI and attempted suicide during the pandemic. Correlations between the indicators of suicidality supported a progression from ideation to NSSI to attempted suicide. Suicidal ideation alone was associated with being male, unemployed, higher loneliness, and lower religiosity. NSSI (with no co‐occurring attempted suicide) was associated with a history of mental health treatment. Attempted suicide was associated with ethnic minority status, lower education, lower income, PTSD, depression, and history of mental health treatment.ConclusionSuicidal ideation, NSSI, and attempted suicide are relatively common phenomena in the general adult Irish population, and each has unique psychosocial correlates. These findings highlight important targets for prevention and intervention efforts.
Paradoxical positivity: Suicide notes use less distressed language than blogs about depression, suicidal thoughts, and even cooking
Authors: Leavitt Jacob , Hong Judy H. , Walker Rheeda L. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIntroductionWhile suicide attempts and deaths increase, research and assessment methods have stagnated in terms of increasing predictive power. Lexical analysis has been a useful method in descriptive suicide research, but may have utility for assessment and prediction.ObjectiveThe present study used lexical analysis to examine language differences across a spectrum of psychological distress, with death by suicide as the most extreme indicator.MethodsSuicide writings were collected for 38 persons who died by suicide in two southern U.S. cities. Blog writings were collected from the “Depression” and “Suicide” categories of an online mental health discussion community and from food blogging communities (n = 38 each). Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count was used to calculate proportions of words that fell into lexical categories indicative of distress.ResultsOne‐way ANOVA revealed significant differences in first‐person singular pronouns and words related to positive emotions, negative emotions, religion, and death. Suicide notes were found to use less frequent lexical markers of distress than depression and suicide ideation blogs, and more frequent positive emotion language than all comparison groups.ConclusionThe present findings suggest that deciding to take one's life may be associated with a decrease in distress, and possibly an increase in positive emotion, when compared to those experiencing depression and suicidal thoughts.
The Effect of a Segmented Wall Filled With Phase Change Material on Heat Transfer and Airflow in a Closed Cavity
Authors: Orozco D. A. , Hinojosa J. F. , Amaya K. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The heat transfer effect of a sectioned wall made of five volumes filled with a phase change material (PCM) coupled to an air cavity is presented. The analysis system was equipped with a heat source next to the sectioned wall and an opposite isothermal wall. The experimental study was carried out by measuring the temperature of the five PCM volumes, likewise in four profiles along the air cavity. For the numerical formulation of the phase change of the PCM wall, the enthalpy method was used. With the validated model, the temperature fields, velocity contours, liquid fraction contours, and heat transfer coefficients are presented and discussed. The comparison between the numerical model and the experimental data presented a general average percentage difference in the range of 3.8–7% for the temperature of the air profiles, while for the PCM was 0.9–3.2%. The numerical results showed that the amount of liquid PCM in the enclosure can be reduced by dividing the wall into segments. Additionally, the heat transfer mechanism of conduction was noted between PCM volumes due to the union of these.