bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sexual processes and life cycle transitions of the tropical Pacific Alexandrium minutum (Dinophyceae)
Authors: Liow Guat Ru , Lau Winnie Lik Sing , Law Ing Kuo , Gu Haifeng , Leaw Chui Pin , Lim Po Teen 
Published: May 2021

SUMMARYResting cysts of harmful marine dinoflagellates, including Alexandrium species, play an important role in their bloom dynamics, where massive cyst germination is regarded as the natural phenomenon that initiates blooms. The life cycle of Alexandrium minutum from the temperate region has been intensively studied, however, related studies on its tropical counterparts are scarce. In this study, sexual reproduction of a toxigenic A. minutum (tropical Pacific ribotype) was investigated in a laboratory setting. Gamete expression was observed in both compatible cross‐mating and self‐crossed cultures, but sexual induction was observed only in the compatible cross‐mating cultures, confirming the heterothallic nature of the species. Resting cysts were successfully produced in 41 out of 91 pairwise combinations of cross‐mating strains. The crossing matrix results showed that the mating system of the tropical Pacific A. minutum was complex, with at least four distinct mating groups observed. The resting cysts had a relatively shorter dormancy period (5–8 days). The rapid encystment‐excystment processes and a short cyst dormancy period in this tropical Pacific A. minutum are believed to play crucial roles in governing the bloom and its dynamics in the tropical coastal region.
Impact of dental treatment on the oral health‐related quality of life of children and adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: de Almeida Joelma Silva , Fernandes Regina Fátima , Andrade Áurea Castelo Branco , Almeida Bruna da Costa , Amorim Anderson Nixon da Silva , Lustosa Jorge Henrique da Cunha Mascarenhas , Mendes Regina Ferraz , Prado Júnior Raimundo Rosendo 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAimTo evaluate the impact of dental treatment on the oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) of children and adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), through the perception of caregivers.Methods and resultsA prospective longitudinal study was conducted on 115 individuals with ASD, 6‐14 years of age, recruited from the referral centers for special needs individuals at Teresina, Brazil. A clinical examination was carried out and the OHRQoL was measured using the Brazilian version of the Parental‐Caregiver Perceptions Questionnaire (P‐CPQ) before and 3 months after dental treatment. Data were analyzed using Kolmogorov‐Smirnov, Levene, Mann‐Whitney, Kruskall‐Wallis, and Wilcoxon tests, and the Poison regression with backward method (P < .05). Treatment needs of children with ASD consisted of dental restorations (81.7%), oral prophylaxis (66.1%), endodontic treatment (10.4%), and tooth extractions (10.4%). The baseline P‐CPQ total score varied from 1 to 33 (mean score = 13.2 [±6.4]), and at 3 months after treatment it ranged from 0 to 10 (mean score 3.4 [±2.2] (P < .001). The effect magnitude varied between 0.55 and 0.56.ConclusionAccording to the perception of the caregivers, dental treatment had a positive impact on the OHRQoL of children and adolescents with ASD.
Stimulation of toll‐like receptor pathways by burn eschar tissue as a possible mechanism for hypertrophic scarring
Authors: Agrawal Ambika , Ding Jie , Agrawal Babita , Kwan Peter O. , Tredget Edward E. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractHypertrophic scars (HTS) are a common complication following burn injuries with prolonged inflammation. They do not respond well to current treatment options including mechanical, biomolecular and surgical therapies. Toll‐like receptor (TLR) 2 and 4 respond to microbes and damaged endogenous ligands to trigger pro‐inflammatory pathways, and they are expressed more in HTS fibroblasts compared to normal skin fibroblasts. TLR2 responds to microbial lipoteichoic acid (LTA) while TLR4 responds to microbial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and endogenous ligands. We investigated the role of burn tissue and small leucine‐rich proteoglycans (decorin and biglycan) in the stimulation of TLR2 and TLR4 pathways using cells stably transfected with TLR2 or TLR4 linked to a reporter system. Normal skin (n = 5) was collected post‐abdominoplasty, and burn eschar samples (n = 18) were collected from 18 patients between 0 and 14 days post‐burn. We found that burn tissue stimulates TLR2 activity significantly more than normal tissue and contains significantly higher levels of LTA. Burn tissue was a stronger stimulator of TLR4 than was normal skin. Burn tissue samples' stimulation of TLR4 and TLR2 correlated. The time post‐burn (0–14 days) of wound tissue sampling correlated positively but moderately with TLR2 and TLR4 simulation. In comparison to the dose‐dependent effects of natural decorin or biglycan on TLR4 activation, their denatured forms exhibited stronger or weaker stimulation, respectively. They were not potent stimulators of TLR2. TLR2 and TLR4 stimulation is not limited to bacteria in wounds and likely involves multiple endogenous damage‐associated molecular patterns. Insight into mechanisms of HTS will facilitate the development of future targeted therapies to modify wound progression and provide benefits to patients suffering with HTS and other fibroproliferative disorders.
INCIDENCES OF BITUMEN CONTAMINATION OF WATER SOURCES IN SOME COMMUNITIES OF ONDO STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Atojunere Eganoosi Esme 
Published: May 2021

Bitumen was discovered in some communities: Agbabu, Ilubinrin, Lodasa and Boridele in Ondo State, Nigeria around 1900 but was found inadequate for commercial exploitation. This report is on the levels of presence of bitumen in the areas and its effects on the available water sources and to make recommendations. Samples of water taken from 3 selected streams and 2 wells per location were subjected to physico-chemical analyses in line with America Public Health Association (APHA). Questionnaire were administered to sixty (60) people from bitumen-affected areas which covered sources of water, water pre-treatment measures, availability of water treatment facilities and effects of bitumen deposits on water bodies. Results obtained shown that most water users sourced water from groundwater recorded 73.33% followed by 16.67% for surface water and 9% for rain water harvesting. There might be population using a combination of the two or more sources of water. About 90% of the respondents knew that direct use of such water was harmful for drinking, washing, bathing and cooking. Water quality impairment such as colour and high level of salt are common in the water. This practice could have health implication on them if continued unabated. Pollution index for toxic metals (Pb,As and Hg ) and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons(TPH) values determined were relatively high suggesting pollutant are related to the bitumen deposits in the region. For example Ilubinrin well (0.5 mg/L), and Lodasa well (0.3 mg/L) while others were at non detection level. For TPH, there were variations in the tested water samples, Lodasa well recorded the highest value of 1480 mg/L, Agbabu stream 900, Ilubinrin stream and well 240 mg/L and 120 mg/L, respectively, Agbabu well 110 mg/L, and the least at Lodasa stream 80 mg/L. This could be attributed to seasonal rain that control streamflow of water bodies in the bitumen-rich area. The study indicated that bitumen, being a complex mixture of hydrocarbons and associated metals was responsible to the pollution level in the water bodies reported
Computational Fluid Dynamic Analysis of the ESFR Reactor Pit Cooling System in Case of Sodium Leakage
Authors: Grah Aleksander , Tsige-Tamirat Haileyesus , Guidez Joel , Gerschenfeld Antoine , Mikityuk Konstantin , Bodi Janos , Girardi Enrico 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The decay heat removal system (DHRS) for the European sodium-cooled fast reactor (ESFR) concept consists of three cooling systems, which provide highly reliable, redundant, and diversified decay heat removal functions. Two of the systems provide a strong line of defense, whereas the third system provides long term-heat removal. This third DHR system, DHRS-3, involves in separating oil, and water-cooled loops integrated in the reactor pit serves the purpose of the safety vessel. It is expected that the proposed DHR concept enables a robust demonstration of the practical elimination of the prolonged loss of the decay heat removal function. For its confirmation, detailed numerical analysis is needed as a basis for further investigation. Supporting this approach, the current evaluation with means of computational fluid dynamic (CFD) provides a preliminary thermal analysis of the capability of the oil cooling system in the reactor to be used for residual heat removal in the pit in case of emergency. For the evaluation, different heat flux values are assumed at the vessel wall to examine the range of the resulting temperatures. The temperature of the main vessel wall should be below 800 °C. Furthermore, a sodium leakage at 500 °C into the reactor pit is assumed. The concrete structure is below 70 °C.
Association between antidepressant medication use and steroid dependency in patients with ulcerative colitis: a population-based study
Authors: Blackwell Jonathan , Alexakis Christopher , Saxena Sonia , Creese Hanna , Bottle Alex , Petersen Irene , Hotopf Matthew , Pollok Richard C G 
Published: May 2021

BackgroundAnimal studies indicate a potential protective role of antidepressant medication (ADM) in models of colitis but the effect of their use in humans with ulcerative colitis (UC) remains unclear.ObjectiveTo study the relationship between ADM use and corticosteroid dependency in UC.DesignUsing the Clinical Practice Research Datalink we identified patients diagnosed with UC between 2005 and 2016. We grouped patients according to serotonin selective reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) and tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) exposure in the 3 years following diagnosis: ‘continuous users’, ‘intermittent users’ and ‘non-users’. We used logistic regression to estimate the adjusted risk of corticosteroid dependency between ADM exposure groups.ResultsWe identified 6373 patients with UC. Five thousand two hundred and thirty (82%) use no ADMs, 627 (10%) were intermittent SSRI users and 282 (4%) were continuous SSRI users, 246 (4%) were intermittent TCA users and 63 (1%) were continuous TCA users.Corticosteroid dependency was more frequent in continuous SSRI and TCA users compared with non-users (19% vs 24% vs 14%, respectively, χ2p=0.002). Intermittent SSRI and TCA users had similar risks of developing corticosteroid dependency to non-users (SSRI: OR 1.19, 95% CI 0.95 to 1.50, TCA: OR 1.14, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.66). Continuous users of both SSRIs and TCAs had significantly higher risks of corticosteroid dependency compared with non-users (SSRI: OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.15 to 2.27, TCA: OR 2.02, 95% CI 1.07 to 3.81).ConclusionsContinuous ADM exposure has no protective effect in routine clinical practice in UC and identifies a population of patients requiring more intensive medical therapy. ADM use is a flag for potentially worse clinical outcomes in UC.
COVID-19 and perinatal intimate partner violence: a cross-sectional survey of pregnant and postpartum individuals in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Muldoon Katherine A , Denize Kathryn M , Talarico Robert , Boisvert Carlie , Frank Olivia , Harvey Alysha L J , Rennicks White Ruth , Fell Deshayne B , O'Hare-Gordon Meagan Ann , Guo Yanfang , Murphy Malia S Q , Corsi Daniel J , Sampsel Kari , Wen Shi Wu , Walker Mark C , El-Chaar Darine 
Published: May 2021

ObjectiveThe objectives of this study were to: (1) document violent and controlling behaviours within intimate partnerships during the perinatal period; and (2) determine individual, interpersonal and household-level factors influencing the risk of perinatal intimate partner violence (IPV).DesignCross-sectional survey.SettingThe Ottawa Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.ParticipantsPatients who gave birth at The Ottawa Hospital and were >20 days post partum between 17 March and 16 June 2020.Main outcomes and measuresPerinatal IPV was defined as regular controlling behaviours or act-based forms of emotional/physical/sexual abuse in the 12 months before pregnancy, during pregnancy and/or post partum. Log-binomial multivariable regression models were used to compute adjusted risk ratios (aRRs) and 95% CIs to identify potential risk factors for IPV: maternal age, postpartum depression, parity, increase in partner substance use and household income.ResultsAmong 216 participants, the median maternal age was 33 years (IQR: 30–36). In total, 52 (24.07%) reported some form of perinatal IPV, 37 (17.13%) reported regular controlling behaviour and 9 (4.17%) reported both. Household income below the municipal median was the strongest risk factor for perinatal IPV (aRR: 3.24, 95% CI: 1.87 to 5.59). There was no apparent association between maternal age (aRR: 0.99, 95% CI: 0.94 to 1.04), postpartum depression (aRR: 1.03, 95% CI: 1.00 to 1.07), nulliparity (aRR: 1.18, 95% CI: 0.71 to 1.97) or increases in partner substance use (aRR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.42 to 1.25) with IPV.ConclusionOne in four individuals in this study experienced perinatal IPV. Household income was the strongest risk factor, and surprisingly, many hypothesised risk factors (eg, mental health, partner substance use, etc) were not significantly associated with perinatal IPV in this sample. This highlights the challenges in both measuring IPV and identifying individuals exposed to perinatal IPV during the high stress of the COVID-19 pandemic.
FDA Approval Summary: Pralsetinib for the Treatment of Lung and Thyroid Cancers With RET Gene Mutations or Fusions
Authors: Kim Janice , Bradford Diana , Larkins Erin , Pai-Scherf Lee H. , Chatterjee Somak , Mishra-Kalyani Pallavi S. , Wearne Emily , Helms Whitney S. , Ayyoub Amal , Bi Youwei , Sun Jielin , Charlab Rosane , Liu Jiang , Zhao Hong , Liang Dun , Ghosh Soma , Philip Reena , Pazdur Richard , Theoret Marc R. , Beaver Julia A. , Singh Harpreet 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The FDA granted accelerated approval for pralsetinib on September 4, 2020 for non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and December 1, 2020 for thyroid cancer, for: (i) adult patients with metastatic RET fusion–positive NSCLC, (ii) adult and pediatric patients ≥12 years of age with advanced or metastatic RET-mutant medullary thyroid cancer who require systemic therapy, and (iii) adult and pediatric patients ≥12 years of age with advanced or metastatic RET fusion–positive thyroid cancer who require systemic therapy and who are radioactive iodine refractory (if radioactive iodine is appropriate). Approval was based on the results of a multicenter, open-label, multi-cohort clinical trial (ARROW, NCT03037385), demonstrating substantial overall response rates (ORR) and durable responses in patients with RET-altered tumors. ORRs within the approved patient populations ranged from 57% [95% confidence interval (CI), 46–68] in patients with RET fusion–positive NSCLC previously treated with platinum chemotherapy to 89% (95% CI, 52–100) in patients with RET fusion–positive thyroid cancer, with response duration of at least 6 months in most responders. The product label includes warnings and precautions for pneumonitis, hypertension, hepatotoxicity, hemorrhagic events, tumor lysis syndrome, risk of impaired wound healing, and embryo-fetal toxicity. This article summarizes the major considerations during FDA review leading to the approval of pralsetinib.
Increased Risk of Stroke in Patients With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Nationwide Longitudinal Study
Authors: Chen Mu-Hong , Tsai Shih-Jen , Su Tung-Ping , Li Cheng-Ta , Lin Wei-Chen , Chen Tzeng-Ji , Pan Tai-Long , Bai Ya-Mei 
Published: May 2021

Background and Purpose:
Patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) tend to be comorbid with stroke-related risk factors, including obesity, hypertension, and diabetes. However, the temporal association between OCD and subsequent stroke risk is unclear.

Methods:

Using data collected between 2001 and 2010 by Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database, 28 064 adult patients with OCD (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification [
ICD-9-CM
] code: 300.3) and 28 064 age-, sex-, and comorbidity-matched controls were included in this study. Patients who developed ischemic (
ICD-9-CM
codes: 433, 434, and 435) and hemorrhagic (
ICD-9-CM
codes: 430, 431, and 432) stroke during follow-up (from enrollment to end of 2011) were identified. Moreover, medications used for treating OCD were assessed.

Results:
Patients with OCD (hazard ratio [HR], 3.02 [95% CI, 1.91–4.77]), especially middle-aged (HR, 2.66 [95% CI, 1.34–5.29]) and elderly adults (HR, 3.46 [95% CI, 1.70–7.05]), had an elevated risk of developing ischemic stroke during the follow-up period compared with non-OCD controls. The cumulative HR of hemorrhagic stroke did not differ (HR, 0.87 [95% CI, 0.42–1.80]) between the OCD and non-OCD groups. In patients with OCD, both short- (HR, 1.69 [95% CI, 0.74–3.88]; HR, 0.31 [95% CI, 0.05–1.95]) and long-term use (HR, 1.37 [95% CI, 0.60–3.16]; HR, 0.90 [95% CI, 0.22–3.76]) of OCD medications were not correlated with ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke compared with nonuse.

Conclusions:
Clinicians should closely monitor cerebrovascular disease and related risks in patients with OCD. The pathomechanism of OCD with an increased risk of ischemic stroke warrants further investigation.
Predictive Performance of a Polygenic Risk Score for Incident Ischemic Stroke in a Healthy Older Population
Authors: Neumann Johannes T. , Riaz Moeen , Bakshi Andrew , Polekhina Galina , Thao Le T.P. , Nelson Mark R. , Woods Robyn L. , Abraham Gad , Inouye Michael , Reid Christopher M. , Tonkin Andrew M. , Williamson Jeff D. , Donnan Geoffrey A. , Brodtmann Amy , Cloud Geoffrey C. , McNeil John J. , Lacaze Paul 
Published: May 2021

Background and Purpose:
Polygenic risk scores (PRSs) can be used to predict ischemic stroke (IS). However, further validation of PRS performance is required in independent populations, particularly older adults in whom the majority of strokes occur.

Methods:
We predicted risk of incident IS events in a population of 12 792 healthy older individuals enrolled in the ASPREE trial (Aspirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly). The PRS was calculated using 3.6 million genetic variants. Participants had no previous history of cardiovascular events, dementia, or persistent physical disability at enrollment. The primary outcome was IS over 5 years, with stroke subtypes as secondary outcomes. A multivariable model including conventional risk factors was applied and reevaluated after adding PRS. Area under the curve and net reclassification were evaluated.

Results:

At baseline, mean population age was 75 years. In total, 173 incident IS events occurred over a median follow-up of 4.7 years. When PRS was added to the multivariable model as a continuous variable, it was independently associated with IS (hazard ratio, 1.41 [95% CI, 1.20–1.65] per SD of the PRS;
P
<0.001). The PRS alone was a better discriminator for IS events than most conventional risk factors. PRS as a categorical variable was a significant predictor in the highest tertile (hazard ratio, 1.74;
P
=0.004) compared with the lowest. The area under the curve of the conventional model was 66.6% (95% CI, 62.2–71.1) and after inclusion of the PRS, improved to 68.5 ([95% CI, 64.0–73.0]
P
=0.095). In subgroup analysis, the continuous PRS remained an independent predictor for large vessel and cardioembolic stroke subtypes but not for small vessel stroke. Reclassification was improved, as the continuous net reclassification index after adding PRS to the conventional model was 0.25 (95% CI, 0.17–0.43).

Conclusions:
PRS predicts incident IS in a healthy older population but only moderately improves prediction over conventional risk factors.

Registration:

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
; Unique identifier: NCT01038583.
Size-assortative mating in explosive breeders: a case study of adaptive male mate choice in anurans
Authors: Swierk Lindsey , Langkilde Tracy 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Exploration of size-assortative mating (SAM) in animals has led to a near consensus that it arises through constraints in choice, such as preference for large females combined with a large male advantage during intrasexual competition. Although such ‘apparent’ SAM is well explored, whether SAM arises because of specific preferences for size-matched mates has been less thoroughly considered. We tested for ‘preference-based’ SAM in an explosively breeding frog (Rana sylvatica), quantifying how male and female sizes affected fertilization and if males preferred size-matched females. We found that size mismatch severely reduced fertilization. Furthermore, males preferred size-matched, not larger, females in mate choice trials. Because males that mated with much larger females fertilized fewer eggs overall than they would have with size-matched females, male preference for size-matched females may be adaptive. Our results expand understanding of the mechanisms underlying SAM, suggesting that multiple mechanisms may simultaneously cause size-assortative mating patterns to emerge.
When a Global War Befell a Global City: Recent Historiography on Wartime Shanghai
Authors: Yang Taoyu , Han Hongquan 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Shanghai was the first Chinese city to bear the full brunt of Japanese aggression during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945). This historiographical article reviews the development of the study of wartime Shanghai in Chinese- and English-language academia in the past two decades. In the People’s Republic of China, Shanghai’s history during World War II has long been a favorite topic for academic historians. In the English-speaking world, however, the history of Shanghai’s wartime experience has only recently become a popular research topic. This article introduces many significant works related to wartime Shanghai, lays out important areas of inquiry, and identifies key historiographical trends. Its conclusion offers some suggestions on how the study of wartime Shanghai can be further advanced in the future.