bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Visit 1
Authors: Ferguson Robert J. , Gillock Karen Lee 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
During Visit 1, clinicians provide survivors with an introduction and overview of MAAT and review the eight-session training schedule. The education component covers cancer background, significance, and causes as well as helping survivors recognize that not all memory/attention failures are related to cancer or cancer treatment (reattribution). MAAT highlights the important rationale that while we can’t know all the causes of cancer-related memory problems, we do know that factors such as stress, fatigue, and the divided attention of busy, daily life also contribute to memory problems, and we can change environment and stress response and manage fatigue by using compensatory strategies aimed at minimizing the effects of memory failures. Self-awareness is introduced, and self-monitoring forms are explained and assigned for homework in order to identify the environmental, affective, and cognitive antecedents of memory failures in daily life. Survivors are instructed in progressive muscle relaxation, home practice and application in daily activity.
Visit 3
Authors: Ferguson Robert J. , Gillock Karen Lee 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In this visit, survivors review their practice, their response to quick relaxation, and their overall ability to use relaxation skills in a practical way since the prior visit. They also review their use of self-instructional training, review homework, and discuss any other memory and attention problems they’ve noticed. Visit 3 involves reviewing verbal rehearsal strategies (verbal rehearsal, spaced rehearsal, chunking, and rhymes) and selecting one to focus on. The survivor learns how to identify and challenge thinking that leads to excessive stress or erodes emotional strength and resilience and to practice the new memory and attention strategy by applying in daily life. The clinician introduces and teaches cognitive restructuring techniques of probability estimation and decatastrophizing.
Visit 6
Authors: Ferguson Robert J. , Gillock Karen Lee 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In Visit 6, survivors are introduced to their first combined internal and external strategies: active listening and verbal rehearsal for socializing. Active listening is a compensatory strategy used in MAAT to help reduce social avoidance due to cognitive difficulties. Active listening involves using basic interviewing methods, such as summarizing and clarifying what one heard, so that survivors can compensate for parts of conversation they may miss. It presents an opportunity to clarify and “verbally rehearse” the conversational point to register and encode that point. Verbal rehearsal also provides a strategy to help become re-engaged in previously avoided social activity. Three steps can be taken to aid with active listening skills: (1) review nonverbal behaviors and paralinguistic tone; (2) review summarization (when the listener repeats back a summary of what it is they believed they heard, thus rehearsing the message); and (3) review clarification to seek assurance that what was heard was the intended message. Further, fatigue management and sleep improvement are highlighted if relevant to the survivor, with the rationale of using simple behavior change to minimize the potential impact of sleep problems and fatigue on cognitive function.
Defining obesity
Authors: Sinha Sunil , Abubakar Hawa 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Obesity is defined in different ways in different parts of the world, though an excess of adipose tissue may be the easiest acceptable definition of the problem. In most of the world, the body mass index, easily calculated using the two metrics of height and weight, is used as a surrogate marker of obesity. The limitations of the body mass index include that it does not account for fat mass or distribution and the ‘healthy’ obese are clubbed with the unhealthy. Also, due to its heterogeneity, a simple scale of obesity is inapplicable to the Caucasian population compared to the people of Mongoloid descent and many Eastern countries have used different cut-offs to label overweight and obese.
Genetics of obesity
Authors: Rose Chase D. , Pathmanathan Ajintha 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Genetic studies of obese animals and humans have led to findings of multiple genes that confer risk of developing obesity. Individuals can be classified as having genetic obesity, strong or slight genetic predisposition, or genetic resistance to obesity. The current evidence based on familial studies suggests that 40–80% of the variation between individual body mass indices has a genetic basis. The genetic reference tool ‘human obesity gene map’ provides a global encyclopaedia for identified genes, mutations, and qualitative trait loci. Studies such as genome-wide association studies have pointed researchers towards new pathways of neurohumoral mechanisms, other regulators of energy balance, and the interplay with the obesogenic environment. Gene studies have also unmasked the presence and significance of human microbiomes (particularly gut microbiomes) in the pathogenicity of obesity. The likelihood or presence of clinical obesity can be predicted in an individual through the use of genetic susceptibility with 60% accuracy. When gut microbiomes are identified, the predictive accuracy increases to 90%.
Neuromuscular blocking agents in obesity
Authors: Pathmanathan Ajintha , Stewart Paul 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Obese patients present unique challenges to the anaesthesiologist, requiring careful management of neuromuscular blockade to facilitate intubation, optimize surgical conditions, and ensure safe recovery of patients. Neuromuscular blockade is a key component of the balanced anaesthesia technique initially identified by Cecil Gray and colleagues and termed the Liverpool technique—a triad of unconsciousness, analgesia, and muscle relaxation. Furthermore, monitoring of blockade prior to reversal will allow the anaesthesiologist to select the appropriate reversal agent and correct dosage. Confirmation of recovery of the train-of-four ratio to greater than 0.9 prior to extubation will reduce the adverse effects associated with residual neuromuscular blockade that may be exacerbated in the obese patient. This chapter reviews neuromuscular blocking agents, monitoring of neuromuscular blockade, and reversal agents. This will optimize the management of neuromuscular blockade to improve safety and outcomes in the obese patients.
Patient selection and overview of selected procedures
Authors: Pontell Matthew E. , Galvez Alvaro , Renza-Stigone Elizabeth , Castellanos Andres 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The surgical management of morbid obesity is a rapidly evolving practice, the indications for which continue to be the subject of discussion. Current indications for bariatric surgery include the following: patients with a body mass index (BMI) of at least 40 kg/m2 who are reasonable candidates for surgery, patients with a BMI of at least 35 kg/m2 with at least one severe comorbid condition associated with morbid obesity, and patients with a BMI between 30 and 34.9 kg/m2 with type 2 diabetes mellitus or metabolic syndrome. Patients who meet these indications and decide to proceed require a thorough, multidisciplinary preoperative assessment. In the current practice at the authors’ institution, preoperative planning can take anywhere between 3 and 6 months. All patients undergo a comprehensive medical evaluation during this time period and are evaluated by cardiology, pulmonology, psychiatry, and gastroenterology specialists who then dictate the appropriate workup required before proceeding with surgery. The field of weight loss surgery has evolved appreciably over the past years, and it continues to do so. The surgical procedures that served as the forefront of this field have been continuously modified to create those that are employed in current practice. Despite the numerous options available to the surgeon, there is still no evidence-based algorithm recommending one procedure over another, nor is there a proven, single best surgical option. The three most commonly practised procedures are the laparoscopic adjustable gastric band, the laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy, and the laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. At the authors’ institution, the laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass are routinely offered to patients, both of which are relatively safe options for surgical weight loss.
Peripheral nerve blocks in the morbidly obese patient
Authors: Mahmoud Ammar , Aman Mansoor M. , Aman Fahad 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Morbidly obese patients have an elevated risk from opioid- and sedative-induced respiratory compromise. Post-surgical pain control should include a multimodal approach with an emphasis on peripheral nerve blocks when indicated. The appropriate utilization of regional anaesthetic techniques provides superior analgesia when compared to oral medications alone and offers a favourable safety profile. This chapter aims to highlight the basics of ultrasound-guided regional anaesthesia, and the specifics of performing common upper and lower extremity peripheral nerve blocks in morbidly obese patients.
Salivary gland manifestations and management
Authors: Carter Emily 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSalivary gland dysfunction is one of the main consequences of Sjögren’s syndrome (SS), primarily due to autoimmune destruction of the excretory tissue of the glands, resulting in inflammation and symptoms such as xerostomia and salivary gland enlargement. In this chapter, the anatomy, physiology, and the structure of the glands are outlined. The pathological process of SS in the major salivary glands and its complications are described. Patients with SS are more susceptible to ascending sialadenitis, pain, and swelling of the salivary glands, which can be managed with a variety of medical, minimally invasive, and surgical techniques. Other salivary gland conditions which may present in ways similar to SS are mentioned in this chapter, and discussed in more details in the section Overlap and mimics of SS.
The asymptotic tidal remnants of cold dark matter subhaloes
Authors: Errani Raphaël , Navarro Julio F 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
We use N-body simulations to study the evolution of cuspy cold dark matter (CDM) haloes in the gravitational potential of a massive host. Tidal mass-losses reshape CDM haloes, leaving behind bound remnants whose characteristic densities are set by the mean density of the host at the pericentre of their respective orbit. The evolution to the final bound remnant state is essentially complete after ∼5 orbits for nearly circular orbits, while reaching the same remnant requires, for the same pericentre, ∼25 and ∼40 orbits for eccentric orbits with 1:5 and 1:20 pericentre-to-apocentre ratios, respectively. The density profile of tidal remnants is fully specified by the fraction of mass lost, and approaches an exponentially truncated Navarro–Frenk–White profile in the case of heavy mass-loss. Resolving tidal remnants requires excellent numerical resolution; poorly resolved subhaloes have systematically lower characteristic densities and are more easily disrupted. Even simulations with excellent spatial and time resolution fail when the final remnant is resolved with fewer than 3000 particles. We derive a simple empirical model that describes the evolution of the mass and the density profile of the tidal remnant applicable to a wide range of orbital eccentricities and pericentric distances. Applied to the Milky Way, our results suggest that 108–$10^{10}\, \mathrm{M_{\odot }}$ haloes accreted $\sim 10\, \mathrm{Gyr}$ ago on 1:10 orbits with pericentric distance $\sim 10\, \mathrm{kpc}$ should have been stripped to 0.1–1 per cent of their original mass. This implies that estimates of the survival and structure of such haloes (the possible hosts of ultra-faint Milky Way satellites) based on direct cosmological simulations may be subject to substantial revision.
A marginally fast-cooling proton–synchrotron model for prompt GRBs
Authors: Florou Ioulia , Petropoulou Maria , Mastichiadis Apostolos 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTA small fraction of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) with available data down to soft X-rays (∼0.5 keV) has been shown to feature a spectral break in the low-energy part (∼1–10 keV) of their prompt emission spectrum. The overall spectral shape is consistent with optically thin synchrotron emission from a population of particles that have cooled on a time-scale comparable to the dynamic time to energies that are still much higher than their rest-mass energy (marginally fast cooling regime). We consider a hadronic scenario and investigate if the prompt emission of these GRBs can originate from relativistic protons that radiate synchrotron in the marginally fast cooling regime. Using semi-analytical methods, we derive the source parameters, such as magnetic field strength and proton luminosity, and calculate the high-energy neutrino emission expected in this scenario. We also investigate how the emission of secondary pairs produced by photopion interactions and γγ pair production affect the broad-band photon spectrum. We support our findings with detailed numerical calculations. Strong modification of the photon spectrum below the break energy due to the synchrotron emission of secondary pairs is found, unless the bulk Lorentz factor is very large (Γ ≳ 103). Moreover, this scenario predicts unreasonably high Poynting luminosities because of the strong magnetic fields (106–107 G) that are necessary for the incomplete proton cooling. Our results strongly disfavour marginally fast cooling protons as an explanation of the low-energy spectral break in the prompt GRB spectra.
Late-time radio observations of the short GRB 200522A: constraints on the magnetar model
Authors: Bruni G , O’Connor B , Matsumoto T , Troja E , Piran T , Piro L , Ricci R 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
GRB 200522A is a short duration gamma-ray burst (GRB) at redshift z= 0.554 characterized by a bright infrared counterpart. A possible, although not unambiguous, interpretation of the observed emission is the onset of a luminous kilonova powered by a rapidly rotating and highly magnetized neutron star, known as magnetar. A bright radio flare, arising from the interaction of the kilonova ejecta with the surrounding medium, is a prediction of this model. Whereas the available data set remains open to multiple interpretations (e.g. afterglow, r-process kilonova, magnetar-powered kilonova), long-term radio monitoring of this burst may be key to discriminate between models. We present our late-time upper limit on the radio emission of GRB 200522A, carried out with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array at 288 d after the burst. For kilonova ejecta with energy Eej $\approx 10^{53}\, \rm erg$, as expected for a long-lived magnetar remnant, we can already rule out ejecta masses $M_{\rm ej}\lesssim 0.03\, \mathrm{M}_\odot$ for the most likely range of circumburst densities n ≳ 10−3 cm−3. Observations on timescales of ≈ 3–10 yr after the merger will probe larger ejecta masses up to Mej ∼ 0.1 M⊙, providing a robust test to the magnetar scenario.
LipidSig: a web-based tool for lipidomic data analysis
Authors: Lin Wen-Jen , Shen Pei-Chun , Liu Hsiu-Cheng , Cho Yi-Chun , Hsu Min-Kung , Lin I-Chen , Chen Fang-Hsin , Yang Juan-Cheng , Ma Wen-Lung , Cheng Wei-Chung 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
With the continuing rise of lipidomic studies, there is an urgent need for a useful and comprehensive tool to facilitate lipidomic data analysis. The most important features making lipids different from general metabolites are their various characteristics, including their lipid classes, double bonds, chain lengths, etc. Based on these characteristics, lipid species can be classified into different categories and, more interestingly, exert specific biological functions in a group. In an effort to simplify lipidomic analysis workflows and enhance the exploration of lipid characteristics, we have developed a highly flexible and user-friendly web server called LipidSig. It consists of five sections, namely, Profiling, Differential Expression, Correlation, Network and Machine Learning, and evaluates lipid effects on cellular or disease phenotypes. One of the specialties of LipidSig is the conversion between lipid species and characteristics according to a user-defined characteristics table. This function allows for efficient data mining for both individual lipids and subgroups of characteristics. To expand the server's practical utility, we also provide analyses focusing on fatty acid properties and multiple characteristics. In summary, LipidSig is expected to help users identify significant lipid-related features and to advance the field of lipid biology. The LipidSig webserver is freely available at http://chenglab.cmu.edu.tw/lipidsig
Nutrient cycling is an important mechanism for homeostasis in plant cells
Authors: Dreyer Ingo 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Homeostasis in living cells refers to the steady state of internal, physical, and chemical conditions. It is sustained by self-regulation of the dynamic cellular system. To gain insight into the homeostatic mechanisms that maintain cytosolic nutrient concentrations in plant cells within a homeostatic range, we performed computational cell biology experiments. We mathematically modeled membrane transporter systems and simulated their dynamics. Detailed analyses of ‘what-if’ scenarios demonstrated that a single transporter type for a nutrient, irrespective of whether it is a channel or a cotransporter, is not sufficient to calibrate a desired cytosolic concentration. A cell cannot flexibly react to different external conditions. Rather, at least two different transporter types for the same nutrient, which are energized differently, are required. The gain of flexibility in adjusting a cytosolic concentration was accompanied by the establishment of energy-consuming cycles at the membrane, suggesting that these putatively “futile” cycles are not as futile as they appear. Accounting for the complex interplay of transporter networks at the cellular level may help design strategies for increasing nutrient use efficiency of crop plants.
Phylloquinone is the principal Mehler reaction site within photosystem I in high light
Authors: Kozuleva Marina , Petrova Anastasia , Milrad Yuval , Semenov Alexey , Ivanov Boris , Redding Kevin E , Yacoby Iftach 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Photosynthesis is a vital process, responsible for fixing carbon dioxide, and producing most of the organic matter on the planet. However, photosynthesis has some inherent limitations in utilizing solar energy, and a part of the energy absorbed is lost in the reduction of O2 to produce the superoxide radical (O2•−) via the Mehler reaction, which occurs principally within photosystem I (PSI). For decades, O2 reduction within PSI was assumed to take place solely in the distal iron–sulfur clusters rather than within the two asymmetrical cofactor branches. Here, we demonstrate that under high irradiance, O2 photoreduction by PSI primarily takes place at the phylloquinone of one of the branches (the A-branch). This conclusion derives from the light dependency of the O2 photoreduction rate constant in fully mature wild-type PSI from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, complexes lacking iron–sulfur clusters, and a mutant PSI, in which phyllosemiquinone at the A-branch has a significantly longer lifetime. We suggest that the Mehler reaction at the phylloquinone site serves as a release valve under conditions where both the iron–sulfur clusters of PSI and the mobile ferredoxin pool are highly reduced.
Using Data from Reddit, Public Deliberation, and Surveys to Measure Public Opinion about Autonomous Vehicles
Authors: Chen Kaiping , Tomblin David 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
When and how can researchers synthesize survey data with analyses of social media content to study public opinion, and when and how can social media data complement surveys to better inform researchers and policymakers? This paper explores how public opinions might differ between survey and social media platforms in terms of content and audience, focusing on the test case of opinions about autonomous vehicles. The paper first extends previous overviews comparing surveys and social media as measurement tools to include a broader range of survey types, including surveys that result from public deliberation, considering the dialogic characteristics of different social media, and the range of issue publics and marginalized voices that different surveys and social media forums can attract. It then compares findings and implications from analyses of public opinion about autonomous vehicles from traditional surveys, results of public deliberation, and analyses of Reddit posts, applying a newly developed computational text analysis tool. Findings demonstrate that social media analyses can both help researchers learn more about issues that are uncovered by surveys and also uncover opinions from subpopulations with specialized knowledge and unique orientations toward a subject. In light of these findings, we point to future directions on how researchers and policymakers can synthesize survey and social media data, and the corresponding data integration techniques, to study public opinion.
Fundamental Arbitrage under the Microscope: Evidence from Detailed Hedge Fund Transaction Data
Authors: von Beschwitz Bastian , Lunghi Sandro , Schmidt Daniel 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We exploit detailed transaction and position data for a sample of long-short equity hedge funds to study the trading activity of fundamental investors. We find that hedge funds exhibit skill in opening positions, but that they close their positions too early, thereby forgoing about one-third of the trades’ potential profitability. We explain this behavior with the limits of arbitrage: hedge funds close positions early in order to reallocate their capital to more profitable investments and/or to accommodate tightened financial constraints. Consistent with this view, we document that hedge funds leave more money on the table after opening new positions, negative returns, or increases in funding constraints and volatility. (JEL G11, G12, G14, G15)