bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Universalization of Ethical Universalism
Authors: Mungiu-Pippidi Alina 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues that the adoption of the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) in 2004 and its subsequent ratification by more than 180 parties indicates universal agreement on the norms of quality of government, putting an end to moral relativist arguments. While UNCAC does not define corruption, it defines good governance and sets ethical universalism as its key benchmark. The chapter then follows the intellectual history of this concept and its remarkable success, with the norm of equal, fair, and nondiscriminatory treatment of every citizen present in every current constitutional contract. Ratification does not necessarily mean implementation when corruption is concerned, and the chapter surveys limitations to the practice of ethical universalism in governance and existing approaches to narrow the gap between norm and practice.
Improving Governance in Tightly Controlled Societies
Authors: Rotberg Robert I. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter is about the seeming contradiction—quality of government without full democracy. Quality of government (QoG) depends critically on the vision and actions of transformational or less-than-transformational leadership. This factor is often overlooked by analyses of structural and contingent factors. The nature of that leadership sometimes leads to societies in which citizens enjoy high QoG despite undemocratic rule. A few nations provide high government quality to their citizens, but restrict fundamental freedoms (and thus are less than democratic). Should we reconceptualize quality of government to take account of these “imperfect” governmental providers?
The Challenge of State-Building in Historical Perspective
Authors: Berman Sheri 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Over the past decades scholars have increasingly recognized that strong, effective states are an essential prerequisite for a wide variety of political and economic goods. Yet while many recent studies remind us that strong, effective states are important and explain how they differ from weak, predatory ones, few focus on how such states actually develop. An examination of the European experience reveals that, in the past as today, centralizing authority was an extremely difficult process. The particular strategies state-builders used to defeat their adversaries, or at least gain their acquiescence, profoundly impacted subsequent political development in general and the challenges associated with establishing high-quality government in particular since these strategies critically influenced whether or how easily a state could develop.
The Quality of Government and Civil Conflict
Authors: Deglow Annekatrin , Fjelde Hanne 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
What does existing research tell us about the relationship between the quality of government and civil conflict? There is no clearly delineated literature that scholars interested in this relationship ascribe to. In general, scholars have devoted more effort to examining variations in the outlook of formal state institutions, rather than how governance is exercised within these structures. We discuss how research falling under other conceptual umbrellas, such as democracy, state repression, inequality, and institutional trust help inform the debate about the relationship between the quality of government and civil conflict. Through this broader lens we synthesize what we know both about the quality of government as a predictor for conflict outbreak and recurrence, and how civil conflict shapes the quality of government, drawing on macro- and micro-level studies. The chapter concludes by pointing towards fruitful avenues for future research.
Shadow Elites
Authors: Wedel Janine R. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Seismic transformational developments over the past several decades have reorganized governance, spawned new spaces of policy and governance, and weakened impartial government and accountability. Systemic, structural corruption, in which activities are mostly legal but violate an official institution’s public, impartial mission has arisen, along with a new breed of influencers. “Shadow elites” are the most insidious of these influencers. This chapter, grounded in social anthropology, examines the organization and modus operandi of shadow elites as compared with their “power elite” forebears and evaluates theories of institutional corruption in light of shadow elite practices and their merging of state and private power. International anticorruption regimes have emerged over the same time frame (the past quarter century) as shadow elites. Hence we ask why these regimes have largely failed to recognize the impact of the transformational developments and the forms of corruption they forge. A wide-ranging, multidisciplinary approach to studying shadow elite practices, ecosystems, and implications is urgently needed.
The Ethnographic Study of Corruption
Authors: Torsello Davide 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The ethnographic study of corruption is a comparatively recent scholarly field. Classical anthropological scholarship has not programmatically dealt with this phenomenon for a number of reasons that are methodological, epistemological, and deontological in nature. This chapter illustrates, mainly from the viewpoint of social anthropology, the potentialities and drawbacks of the ethnographic study of corruption. It maintains that although ethnographic approaches to the study of large-scale corruption are difficult, corruption and a number of petty phenomena (gift giving, reciprocity, favors, and informality) can be studied from original and innovative perspectives that focus simultaneously on ideas, ideologies, and practices.
Rewriting
Authors: Efthymiadis Stephanos 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The chapter surveys all the forms of rewriting in Byzantine literature: copying longer or shorter extracts from an “original” work; drawing on a previous text and adapting it into a new one; providing a new version by reworking an older text in terms of its language, style, and length; and parodying and modifying its literary character. Allegory, periphrasis, epitome, paraphrasis, and metaphrasis denoted different modes by which a given text could be rhetorically elaborated; yet, as terms, they were not used consistently by Byzantine authors. As a literary trend, rewriting had its representatives in the fourth and fifth centuries, but burgeoned in the ninth and tenth centuries, and then again in the Komnenian and Palaiologan eras, when it was characterized by literary experimentation. Compositions deriving from (an) older text(s) were treated with respect in Byzantium, as they were seen as creations that required special literary skills.
Arabic
Authors: Treiger Alexander 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
After the Muslim conquest of the Middle East in the seventh century, indigenous Christian populations translated thousands of Christian texts from their ancestral languages (Greek, Syriac, and Coptic) into Arabic. The present contribution surveys Arabic translations of Greek (primarily early Byzantine) Christian literature, discusses important translation centers (especially, Palestine and Antioch) and individual translators, and reviews the translated texts by genre, with special attention to biblical texts, hagiography, homiletics, theological and ascetic literature, and liturgy and hymnography. The vast majority of the texts discussed have not been edited or studied, and still await their researchers.
Biblical Hermeneutics
Authors: Constas Maximos 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter presents a survey of biblical interpretation in the Byzantine world from late antiquity through the late Byzantine period. Literary genres, schools of thought, historical periods, as well as major writers, theologians, and exegetes are covered. Consideration is given to the historical antecedents of Byzantine biblical hermeneutics in Jewish and Greek interpretive practices. Significant emphasis is given to hermeneutical questions, with special attention to allegory. Many of the texts that are surveyed are either unpublished, unavailable in modern translations, or only poorly known by scholars, opening up avenues for new research and study.
Orality and Textuality (With an Appendix on the Byzantine Conceptions)
Authors: Messis Charis , Papaioannou Stratis 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The chapter proposes that one cannot approach Byzantine literature—preserved in either medieval and early modern manuscript books or in the form of inscriptions—without an appreciation of its textual modes of production and circulation, its possible origins in oral creation, and its likely orientation toward oral performance and auditory reception. It thus introduces and surveys three types of texts: (i) texts that reflect conditions of primary orality (songs, sayings, and short or long “stories”); (ii) texts that entail secondary orality (primarily rhetorical and liturgical texts); and (iii) a middle type of texts (texts of fictive orality and rhetoricized liturgical literature). The chapter is rounded off by an examination of Byzantine conceptions of oral vs. written discourse.
Rhetorical Figures
Authors: Valiavitcharska Vessela 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe Byzantine tradition of tropes and figures, as it survives in various “handbooks,” is chiefly pedagogical in nature, aiming at practical proficiency. It derives from treatises composed between the first and fifth–sixth centuries ce, which were reworked and supplemented numerous times, but generally retained the late antique division into tropes (τρόποι), figures of diction (σχήματα λέξεως), and figures of thought (σχήματα διανοίας). This chapter describes the types of surviving treatises, their principles of classification, the lists of tropes and figures they contain, and their place in the rhetorical “curriculum.” It sketches out some prominent literary and rhetorical functions of figurative language in Byzantine literature, such as creating emphasis, blending concepts, setting a pace, expanding or contracting certain meanings, epitomizing arguments, and engaging the audience. The chapter is accompanied by a glossary of commonly used tropes and figures of diction and thought.
Metrics and Prose Rhythm
Authors: Hörandner Wolfram , Rhoby Andreas 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The chapter deals with Byzantine metrics and prose rhythm. Byzantine poets used various meters; from the seventh century onward, primarily the Byzantine dodecasyllable, i.e., a meter with a stable number of (12) syllables, which is based on the iambic trimeter of Antiquity and Late Antiquity and is read after the word accent. Various authors (such as Ioannes Geometres, Theodoros Prodromos, and Theodoros Metochites) also wrote hexameters (not only for special occasions), but this meter was less frequently used because for the Byzantine audience the distinction between short and long syllables was lost. The fifteen-syllable verse (or political verse) represents an independent Byzantine development, which, as a combination of hemistichs of eight and seven syllables, may have its origin in early hymnography. Rhythm is part of verse and prose. The prose rhythm, an elementary element of rhetoric, describes the tendency in Greek prose to end clauses in a rhythmically patterned way. The position most suitable for rhythmical regulation of a prose text is at the end of a clause or a period, as also pointed out by Byzantine theoreticians. The so-called Meyer’s law (after Wilhelm Meyer from Speyer) describes the system of placing at least two unstressed syllables between the last two accents of a clause. The character of Byzantine cadences has been very much under debate, and recently, editors have begun to take into account the punctuation practice in manuscripts in order to get a better view of the relationship between punctuation and rhythm.
Book Culture
Authors: Ronconi Filippo , Papaioannou Stratis 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The chapter surveys the culture of the manuscript book in Byzantium. It proposes a comprehensive study of Greek manuscripts that both looks at the Mediterranean multilingual book culture at large, and takes into consideration all facets (both material and social) that determined the production, circulation, and preservation of manuscripts. Statistics and relevant research tools of the preserved manuscript corpus are offered, while the disparities of such statistics and research tools also are highlighted—as Greek manuscripts remain, to a very large extent, still poorly studied despite the many recent advances. Attention is also drawn to the commerce and mobility of books in Byzantium, to the main human agents (copyists, patrons, and later owners), and main types of book (codices, scrolls, etc.) in Byzantine manuscript culture. The chapter also discusses the issue of forgery, as well as that of books which were used for ritual and other purposes, and were not meant primarily for reading.
Modes of Manuscript Transmission (Ninth–Fifteenth Centuries)
Authors: Martín Inmaculada Pérez 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The chapter presents some patterns of the transmission of Byzantine texts in their cultural context. It stresses the importance of material causes to explain the conservation or loss of texts, such as the use of a particular support or the conservation in a specific library; thus, e.g., the use of fragile Eastern paper undoubtedly explains the scarcity of manuscripts preserved from such a rich literary culture as that of the Komnenian period. It also analyzes the transmission of texts in miscellanies and the beneficial combination of ancient and Byzantine works; the role of the author and his circle, especially his disciples, in the conservation and transmission of his works; the center/periphery dialectic in an empire like Byzantium, where the learning and the literary canon promoted by the administration determined not only the texts that were most widely circulated but also those that were not. To sum up, the study of transmission offers a likely window into the values and goals of those who purchased, owned, read, and wrote books, and it can illuminate the multiple functions of books in Byzantium.
Readers and Their Pleasures
Authors: Papaioannou Stratis 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The chapter explores the ways in which the high value of reading and, especially, its association with various kinds of pleasure were constructed and conceived in Byzantium. More specifically, it examines what the effect of reading was, how its experience was perceived, and who was conceived as the ideal reader. It also explores the social profile of readers in Byzantium, and demarcates two main types of readers from the perspective of the typology of ideal discourse: the “ritual” and the “aesthetic” reader, the former predicated on the likely existential transformation enacted by reading, and the latter focused on the materiality and sensuality of reading. In relation to the aesthetics of reading, the chapter also examines the public recitation of texts in Byzantium as well as Byzantine “book art” (both the illustration and the decoration of manuscripts).
Latin
Authors: Forrai Réka 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Latin-Greek and Greek-Latin translations projects, even if asymmetric in their output, are strongly interconnected. This chapter discusses translations made from Greek into Latin in an attempt to reconstruct the canon of translated Greek works in the Latin West. It offers an overview of the major chronological stages of the translation activities, as well as an enumeration of translators and their translations. The chapter also aims to shed light on the social context in which the translator and his text are embedded: patrons, libraries, manuscripts, lay and ecclesiastical courts, religious orders, and cities involved.
The Reception of Classical Literature and Ancient Myth
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The reception of classical literature in Byzantium was a tense field, as ancient texts were socially and intellectually prestigious but religiously and theologically dangerous. Moreover, the rhetorical tradition in which Byzantine scholars were trained applied the same categories of analysis to both pagan and Christian texts, and linguistic affinity was not overridden by religious alienation. This chapter, focusing on the reception of texts about the gods, traces how Byzantine readers and writers coped with these tensions and found ways to ameliorate them. Pagan and Christian paradigms were at times juxtaposed, combined, or placed in an overt hierarchy. Through their selection of texts and commentaries on them, Byzantine scholars played a major role in shaping the modern “classical canon,” though this process is largely ignored by modern classical scholars. The chapter surveys the technologies (ideological and material) of this reception. How did the Byzantines cope with the gods?
Narrative
Authors: Nilsson Ingela 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter aims to offer the reader a basis for how to approach narrative both as an object of historical investigation and as a modern methodological tool. It addresses the meaning and function of narrative form and technique in Byzantine literature, examining them through specific examples of the Byzantines’ own constant and explicit interest in narrative. The chapter contains an opening section on narrative theory and “proto-narratology,” followed by three analytical sections on characterization and focalization; time and space; narrator and narrative, author and audience. Byzantine texts under discussion include progymnasmata, the Patria, and Timarion. The chapter is concluded with some ideas for future research in the field.
Constraining the sources of nitrogen fueling export production in the Gulf of Mexico using nitrogen isotope budgets
Authors: Knapp Angela N , Thomas Rachel K , Stukel Michael R , Kelly Thomas B , Landry Michael R , Selph Karen E , Malca Estrella , Gerard Trika , Lamkin John 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The availability of nitrogen (N) in ocean surface waters affects rates of photosynthesis and marine ecosystem structure. In spite of low dissolved inorganic N concentrations, export production in oligotrophic waters is comparable to more nutrient replete regions. Prior observations raise the possibility that di-nitrogen (N2) fixation supplies a significant fraction of N supporting export production in the Gulf of Mexico. In this study, geochemical tools were used to quantify the relative and absolute importance of both subsurface nitrate and N2 fixation as sources of new N fueling export production in the oligotrophic Gulf of Mexico in May 2017 and May 2018. Comparing the isotopic composition (“δ15N”) of nitrate with the δ15N of sinking particulate N collected during five sediment trap deployments each lasting two to four days indicates that N2 fixation is typically not detected and that the majority (≥80%) of export production is supported by subsurface nitrate. Moreover, no gradients in upper ocean dissolved organic N and suspended particulate N concentration and/or δ15N were found that would indicate significant N2 fixation fluxes accumulated in these pools, consistent with low Trichodesmium spp. abundance. Finally, comparing the δ15N of sinking particulate N captured within vs. below the euphotic zone indicates that during late spring regenerated N is low in δ15N compared to sinking N.
Decoding and recoding plant development
Authors: Guiziou Sarah , Chu Jonah C. , Nemhauser Jennifer L. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The development of multicellular organisms has been studied for centuries, yet many critical events and mechanisms of regulation remain challenging to observe directly. Early research focused on detailed observational and comparative studies. Molecular biology has generated insights into regulatory mechanisms, but only for a limited number of species. Now, synthetic biology is bringing these two approaches together, and by adding the possibility of sculpting novel morphologies, opening another path to understanding biology. Here, we review a variety of recently invented techniques that use CRISPR/Cas9 and phage integrases to trace the differentiation of cells over various timescales, as well as to decode the molecular states of cells in high spatiotemporal resolution. Most of these tools have been implemented in animals. The time is ripe for plant biologists to adopt and expand these approaches. Here, we describe how these tools could be used to monitor development in diverse plant species, as well as how they could guide efforts to recode programs of interest.
What If They Were White? The Differential Arrest Consequences of Victim Characteristics for Black and White Co-offenders
Authors: Lantz Brendan , Wenger Marin R , Craig Chloe J 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA substantial body of research focuses on racial disparity in the criminal justice system, with mixed results due to difficulty in disentangling differential offending from racial bias. Additionally, some research has demonstrated that victim characteristics can exacerbate racial disparity in outcomes for offenders, but little research has focused on the arrest stage. We use a quasi-experimental approach that examines incidents involving co-offending pairs to isolate the influence of offender race on arrest, beyond any characteristics of the incident itself, and we test for moderating effects of victim race and sex on racial disparities in arrest. Our findings reveal that, on average, when two offenders of different races commit the same offense together against the same victim, Black offenders are significantly more likely to be arrested than their White co-offending partners, especially for assault offenses. More importantly, this effect—for both assaults and homicides—is particularly strong when the victim is a White woman. Because these differences are between two offenders who commit the same offense together, we argue that the most plausible explanation for the differences is the presence of racial bias or discrimination.
Bioefficacy of bendiocarb WP80 in vector-borne and zoonotic diseases areas in borderline of Iran and Pakistan
Authors: Abai Mohammad Reza , Vatandoost Hassan , Dorzadeh Hossein , Shayeghi Mansoreh , Hanafi-bojd Ahmad Ali , Raeisi Ahmad 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Malaria and leishmaniasis are the public health problems in southern Iran. The main activity of vector control is indoor residual spraying using pyrethroids, using different insecticides as larviciding and impregnated bednets. The aim of study was to evaluate the biological assays of bendiocarb wettable powder (WP) at different surfaces of wall. The residual effect of bendiocarb WP80 at 400 milligram/meter square (mg/m2) was evaluated on various local surfaces of rooms such as mud and plaster as well as thatch roofs and wooden. World Health Organization standard cones using contact bioassays were carried out using laboratory reared sugar-fed, 48–72 h old females of Anopheles stephensi. Contact bioassays were carried out on sprayed surfaces for 150 days. Contact bioassay on surfaces treated with bendiocarb WP80 at different surfaces was estimated about 2 months. Fumigant tests of bendiocarb WP80 at 400 mg/m2 revealed 50–93.83% mortality with 1 month persistency. The results showed that carbamate insecticide could be used as rotation with pyrethroids for malaria vector control. Monitoring and evaluation of environmental toxicology of pesticides is important for decision making for choosing appropriate pesticides for disease vector control.