bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemical Texturing Used to Reduce The Reflectance of the Multi-Crystalline Silicon Wafer For Improving Optical Properties and Solar Cell Efficiency
Authors: Raji Madhesh , Venkatachalam Kesavan , Manikkam Srinivasan , Perumal Ramasamy 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The aim of this work is to improve the optical properties in the multi-crystalline silicon (mc-Si) by acid texturization. Generally, HF and HNO3 are using the mc-Si wafer acid texturization process and it is toxic chemical acids. In this work, H2O2 is used instead of HNO3 because of H2O2 less toxic chemical compared to HNO3. In this work, we have used the different types of chemical acids in different ratios for etching. Here, we have used HF: H2O2: CH3COOH=3:2:2, HF: H2O2: KMnO4 =3:2:0.2 M and HF: H2O2: HNO3: KMnO4 =3:2:2:0.2M for etching with the etching time of 60 sec. The HF: H2O2: KMnO4 =3:2:0.2M gives the better results as obtained from optical microscope, UV- Visible reflectance studies and X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies. The etched mc-Silicon wafer surface was analyzed by the optical microscope and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The FTIR results indicate the reduction of oxidation in the etched samples. Moreover, the HF: H2O2: KMnO4 =3:2:0.2M textured wafers have the advantages of lower reflectance and increased etching of the mc-Silicon wafer.
Green Constructing an Intelligent Temperature-Regulating Fabric with Multiple Heat-Transfer Capabilities
Authors: Qi Bing , Wang Feiyu , Chen Qin , Xu Bo , Wang Ping , Man Zhou , Yu Yuanyuan , Wang Qiang 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Textiles with heat management function have good effects on improving human comfort during sport. However, it is still a great challenge to endow textiles with responsiveness to external environmental changes. Herein, we developed an intelligent temperature-regulating cotton textile with multiple heat transfer capability by a two-step method. Firstly, hydroxylated boron nitride (BN-OH) nanosheet dispersion liquid was prepared using a two-step ultrasonic-alkali treatment. Subsequently, enzymatic graft polymerization of N-isopropyl acrylamide (NIPAM) onto cotton fibers were performed using horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The composite cotton fabric, containing entrapped BN-OH exhibits unique temperature-regulating ability, and the thermal diffusivities in vertical and parallel directions reach 1.2 and 1.7 times of the untreated, respectively. This can be attributed to the temperature responsiveness of poly-NIPAM (PNIPAM) and the increase in the packing density of the thermal conductive nanosheets at high temperatures. Meanwhile, the PNIPAM covering the fiber surfaces slowly expands at low temperatures, accordingly minishes the gap sizes between fabric yarns and endows the fabric with improved heat preservation effects. The present work provides a facile and green strategy for developing the intelligent textiles with ambient temperature self-response ability.
Achieving Paris climate goals calls for increasing ambition of the Kigali Amendment
Authors: Purohit Pallav , Borgford-Parnell Nathan , Klimont Zbigniew , Höglund-Isaksson Lena 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
We assess that full global compliance with the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol will not provide emission reductions consistent with the 1.5oC target of the Paris Agreement. Following the Montreal Protocol’s start-and-strengthen approach to refrigerant management, fast-tracking hydrofluorocarbon phase-down under the Kigali Amendment would result in additional reductions vital for achieving the Paris climate goals. This would also increase chances of staying below 1.5oC additional warming throughout this century.
Harmonization of PD-L1 Immunohistochemistry and mRNA Expression Scoring in Metastatic Melanoma: A Multicenter Analysis
Authors: Darmon-Novello Marie , Adam Julien , Lamant Laurence , Battistella Maxime , Ortonne Nicolas , Balme Brigitte , Fouchardière Arnaud de la , Chaltiel Leonor , Gerard Emilie , Franchet Camille , VERGIER Beatrice 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background: Melanoma is a type of cancer with robust response to immunotherapy. Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) testing is not required to treat patients, but most studies have demonstrated correlations between PD-L1 expression and treatment response using various assays and scoring methods. This multicenter study aimed to harmonize PD-L1 immunohistochemistry (IHC) and scoring in melanoma. To provide a reference for PD-L1 expression independent of the IHC protocol, PD-L1 mRNA expression was determined via RNAscope, then compared to IHC.Methods: Standardized PD-L1 assays (22C3, 28–8, SP142, and SP263) and laboratory-developed tests (clone QR1 and 22C3) were evaluated on three IHC platforms using a training set of 7 cases. mRNA expression was determined via RNAscope (CD274/PD-L1 probe) and analyzed by image analysis. PD-L1 IHC findings were scored by seven blinded pathologists using the tumor proportion score (TPS), combined positive score (CPS), and MELscore. After the study, a standardized method was proposed; this was validated by three blinded pathologists on a set of 40 metastatic melanomas that were stained using three protocols.Results: Concordances among various antibody/platforms were high across antibodies (e.g., intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] > 0.80 for CPS), except for SP142. Two levels of immunostaining intensities were observed: high (QR1 and SP263) and low (28–8, 22C3, and SP142). Reproducibilities across pathologists were higher for QR1 and SP263 (ICC ≥ 0.87 and ≥ 0.85 for TPS and CPS, respectively). QR1, SP263, and 28-8 showed the highest concordance with mRNA expression (ICC ≥ 0.81 for CPS). Accordingly, we proposed a standardized method for PD-L1 immunodetection and scoring, then tested it on 40 metastatic melanomas. This method included analysis of specimen quality (e.g., host-tumor interface and pigmentation). Concordances among antibodies were excellent for all criteria, and concordances among pathologists were better for the MELscore than for other scores.Conclusion: Harmonization of PD-L1 staining and scoring in melanomas with good concordance is achievable using the PD-L1 IHC protocols applied to other cancers; this reproducible approach can simplify daily practice. Our proposal for a PD-L1 standardized methodology has higher reproducibility across pathologists for clinical and research use.
Starbursts with suppressed velocity dispersion revealed in a forming cluster at
z = 2.51
Authors: Xiao Mengyuan , Wang Tao , Elbaz David , Iono Daisuke , Lu Xing , Bing Longji , Daddi Emanuele , Magnelli Benjamin , Gómez-Guijarro Carlos , Bournaud Frederic , Gu Qiusheng , Jin Shuowen , Valentino Francesco , Zanella Anita , Gobat Raphael , Martin Sergio , Brammer Gabriel , Kohno Kotaro , Schreiber Corentin , Ciesla Laure , Yu Xiaoling , Okumura Koryo 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
One of the most prominent features of galaxy clusters is the presence of a dominant population of massive ellipticals in their cores. Stellar archaeology suggests that these gigantic beasts assembled most of their stars in the early Universe via intense starbursts. However, the role of dense environments and their detailed physical mechanisms in triggering starburst activities remain unknown. Here we report spatially-resolved Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations of the molecular gas, with a resolution of about 2.5 kiloparsecs, toward a forming galaxy cluster core with intense starburst galaxies at z = 2.51. In contrast to starburst galaxies in the field often associated with galaxy mergers or highly turbulent gaseous disks, our observations show that the two starbursts in the cluster exhibit dynamically cold (rotation-dominated) gas-rich disks. Their gas disks have extremely low velocity dispersion (σ ∼ 20 − 30 km s−1 ), three times lower than their field counterparts at similar redshifts. The high gas fraction and suppressed velocity dispersion yield gravitationally unstable gas disks, which enables highly efficient star formation. The suppressed velocity dispersion, likely induced by accretion of co-rotating and co-planar cold gas, might serve as an essential avenue to trigger starbursts in forming galaxy clusters at high redshift.
A Preliminary Study on the Relationship Between High-resolution Computed Tomography and Lung Function in People at Risk of Developing Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Lv Rui , Jin Huaqian , Xie Mengyao , Shu Pingping , Ouyang Mingli , Wang Yanmao , Yao Dan , Yang Lehe , Huang Xiaoying , Wang Yiran 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background: There is high morbidity and mortality for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in China. The aim of our study was to explore the differences in high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) emphysema parameters, air trapping parameters, and lung density parameters between patients at high risk and low risk of developing COPD and evaluate their correlation with lung function indicators.Methods: In this retrospective, single-center cohort study, we enrolled outpatients from the Physical Examination Center and Respiratory Medicine of The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University. The patients at risk of developing COPD were ≥40 years-old, had chronic cough or sputum production, and/or had exposure to risk factors for the disease and had not reached the diagnostic criteria. Patients were divided into a low-risk group and high-risk group according to FEV1/FVC≥80% and 80%>FEV1/FVC≥70%. The data on clinical characteristics, clinical symptom score, lung function, and HRCT were recorded.Results: 72 COPD high-risk patients and 86 COPD low-risk patients were enrolled in the study, and the air trapping index of the left, right, and bilateral lungs of the high-risk group were significantly higher than those of the low-risk group . Additionally, the mean lung density during expiration was significantly lower than that of the low-risk group. The emphysema index of left, right, and bilateral lungs was negatively correlated with FEV1/FVC (correlation coefficients were -0.33-0.22-0.26). There was a negative correlation between the air trapping index of left and right lungs and bilateral lungs and FEV1/FVC(correlation coefficients were -0.33-0.23-0.28, respectively), and the mean expiratory lung density of left and right lungs and bilateral lungs was positively correlated with FEV1/FVC (correlation coefficients were 0.31, 0.25, 0.29, respectively).Conclusions: The air trapping index and the mean expiratory lung density obtained by HRCT combined with post-processing technology can be used as a basis for distinguishing between people at high risk and low risk for developing COPD. Emphysema index, air trapping index, and mean expiratory lung density shows significantly negative correlation with FEV1/FVC, and this can be used to assess the pulmonary function status of people at risk of developing COPD.
Noisy Urbanization: Green Space Occupancy By Native Birds in a Mediterranean-Type South American City
Authors: Arévalo Constanza , Amaya-Espinel Juan David , Henríquez Cristián , Ibarra José Tomás , Bonacic Cristian 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Urban green spaces provide natural habitat for birds in city landscapes, yet the effects of noise and surrounding urban morphology on bird community structure and distribution are not well understood in Latin America, the second most urbanized region in the world. Santiago, Chile, located in the epicenter of the single portion of Mediterranean ecosystem in South America, is subject to extensive urbanization seen throughout Latin America. We examined the role of 65 urban green spaces (6 large: PAR and 59 small: SGS) in harboring native birds during winter 2019, analyzing the quality of green areas in terms of vegetation (i.e. NDVI, native vegetation, and tree cover), exotic bird species, noise levels, and surrounding urban matrix (i.e. building height and cover). Significantly higher noise levels were detected in SGS, along with significantly greater exotic bird (n=4) richness and abundance than PAR, which possessed significantly greater native bird (n=25) richness and abundance. Native birds were more abundant than exotic birds in green spaces with average noise levels < 52 dB and average NDVI > 0.5. Occupancy models indicate that green space occupancy by 50% of modeled native bird species was influenced by maximum noise levels, playing a larger role than vegetation (30%) and the urban matrix (0%). We stress the importance of developing networks of large green spaces in rapidly urbanizing regions, with abundant tree cover, surrounded by smaller urban morphology, and regulating noise levels to ensure the preservation of native bird communities in cities, particularly those of greater conservation value.
Activation of Chaperon-Mediated Autophagy Via Modulation of Hsp90 Activity Inhibits Tumor Growth Under Hypoxia
Authors: Byun Jun-Kyu , Lee Sun Hee , Moon Eui Jung , Park Myo-Hyeon , Jang Hyeonha , Weitzel Douglas H. , Kim Hyun-Hwi , Basnet Nikita , Kwon Do-Yeon , Lee Chen-Ting , Stephenson Tesia N. , Jeong Ji-Hak , Patel Bhargav A. , Park Sung Jean , Song Im Sook , Chi Jen-Tsan , Dewhirst Mark W. , Hong Jiyong , Lee You Mie 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background: Chaperon-mediated autophagy (CMA) is a target specific degradation pathway among autophagic processes. Although CMA plays critical roles in tumor progression in general, the role of CMA in tumor progression under hypoxia is poorly understood. We investigated the role of CMA in hypoxic tumor using a novel Hsp90-mediated modulator of CMA.Methods: We examined whether manassantin A (ManA), known as a potent inhibitor of HIF-1α, is a CMA modulator using biochemical, molecular, and cell biology approaches. We analyzed the effects of ManA on Hsp90 chaperone function by using Significant Analysis of Microarray, luciferase refolding assay, HS-10 resin binding assay, NMR spectroscopy, and SPR assay. We investigated tumor growth in response to monotherapy and combination therapy with ManA and anti-programmed death-1 (PD-1) antibody in vivo. To assess the clinical efficacy of CMA-related genes, we analyzed the gene expressions of HIF-1α, HSP90AA1, and transcription factor EB (TFEB) using TCGA datasets. Finally, we assessed in vivo/in vitro absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion properties of ManA.Results: ManA inhibits Hsp90 chaperone function through disruption of the Hsp90/F1F0-ATP synthase (chaperone/co-chaperone) complex. The inhibition of Hsp90 enhances the interaction of CMA substrates and LAMP-2A as well as TFEB nuclear localization, thus leading to CMA activation. Importantly, CMA activation not only retards tumor growth in vitro and in vivo, but also displays cooperative antitumor activity with anti-PD-1 antibody in vivo. An in-depth analysis of TCGA datasets shows that combined expression of HSP90AA1High/HIF1AHigh or TFEBLow/HIF1AHigh is strongly correlated with poor prognosis in lung cancer patients. Conclusions: ManA-induced inhibition of Hsp90 promotes CMA activity and decreases the stability of CMA substrates such as HIF-1α protein, leading to a marked reduction of hypoxic tumor growth. Therefore, targeting CMA activity via Hsp90 may present a promising therapeutic strategy for hypoxic tumor.
Flood exposure and poverty in 188 countries
Authors: Rentschler Jun , Salhab Melda , Jafino Bramka 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Flooding is among the most prevalent natural hazards, with particularly disastrous impacts in poor countries. Presenting the first global estimates of the number of people exposed to high flood risks in interaction with poverty, this study finds that 1.81 billion people (23% of world population) are directly exposed to 1-in-100-year floods. Of these, 1.24 billion are located in South and East Asia, where China (395 million) and India (390 million) account for over one-third of global exposure. Low- and middle-income countries are home to 89% of the world’s flood-exposed people. Of the 170 million facing high flood risk and extreme poverty (living on under $1.90 per day), 44% are in Sub-Saharan Africa. Over 780 million of those living on under $5.50 per day face high flood risk. Using state-of-the-art poverty and flood data, our findings highlight the scale and priority regions for flood mitigation measures to support resilient development.
To Investigate Musculoskeletal Status and Mental State of Female Recruits During Training
Authors: Wang Qingbo , Lu Zhonghui , Sun Guodong , Liu Shuai , Zhou Zheng , Sun Ziwen , Ding Qingjian 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Objective: To investigate the musculoskeletal status and psychological status of female recruits during military boot enlistment training. Methods: The musculoskeletal status and psychological status of 110 boot training patients were assessed by scale, the psychological status of the subjects was assessed by Zung Anxiety Self-Rating Scale and Zung Depression Self-Evaluation Scale, the musculoskeletal status was assessed by visual analogue scale, Neck disability index, JOA low back pain evaluation form, Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score scale, the medical document data during boot training were collated, and the risk factors affecting physical and mental health were analyzed. Thus, interventions are taken to reduce the injury rate and improve training performance.Results: Logistic regression analysis showed that neck dysfunction was a risk factor for depressive state and lumbar dysfunction; lumbar dysfunction was a risk factor for anxiety state, neck dysfunction and pain symptoms around the knee joint; pain around the knee joint was a risk factor for lumbar dysfunction and a protective factor for neck dysfunction; anxiety state was a risk factor for depressive state; depression state was a risk factor for anxiety state and neck dysfunction; and young age was a protective factor for anxiety state. Conclusion: In 10 weeks of military training, the site with the highest musculoskeletal injury is around the knee joint, followed by the neck and waist. Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score scale scores were significantly associated with mental health status, with neck dysfunction increasing the risk of depression and lumbar dysfunction increasing the risk of anxiety in recruits. Prevention and treatment need to pay attention to these parts, gradually improve the balance, flexibility, strength of the body, while paying close attention to the mental health of recruits, so as to reduce the rate of injury. Keywords: recruits; military training; female soldiers; anxiety; depression; musculoskeletal injury.
Comparative Geomorphometric Approach to Understand the Hydrological Behaviour and Identification of the Erosion Prone Areas of a Coastal Watershed Using RS and GIS Tools
Authors: Rautela Kuldeep Singh , Kumar Mohit , Khajuria Varun , Alam M. A. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Assessment of the geomorphometric parameters using RS and GIS tools assumes an imperative part in routing the runoff and the remaining hydrological processes. The current study demonstrates a geospatial model based on geomorphometric parameters for the categorization of surface runoff and identification of the erosion-prone areas within the watershed. The 4th order Kuttiyadi river is dominated by a dendritic to semi-dendritic drainage pattern in the subwatersheds. The linear aspect of subwatersheds indicates the subwatersheds have a structurally permeable surface and subsurface materials with uniform lithology. The aerial and relief aspects of the subwatersheds shows fine drainage texture, gentle slopes, delayed peak flow, flatter hydrograph, and large time of concentration which indicates subwatersheds are quite capable to manage flash floods during storm events. The estimated values of surface runoff and sediment production rate are range from 2.13-32.88 km2-cm/km2 and 0.0004-0.017 Ha-m/100km2/year respectively and suggest that SW1 will generate more surface runoff and prone to soil erosion followed by SW2 while compare to the other subwatersheds. As a result of this paper, reliable assessment of peak flooding and relevant basic knowledge will be provided to decision-makers and policymakers responsible for establishing suitable policies and sustainable land use practices for the watershed.
Clinicopathologic Analysis of 12 Cases of Cutaneous Extranodal NK/T-Cell Lymphoma
Authors: Wang Dan Feng , Min Shu Hui , Lin Xiao , Jiang Guan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background To investigate the clinical and pathological features of cutaneous extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (CENKTL). Methods Clinical data of 12 patients with CENKTL who were admitted to the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University between February 2013 and February 2021 were retrospectively analyzed, and the patients were followed up. Results The patients included 10 men and two women, and their ages ranged from 19 to 92 years. The lesion distribution was as follows: the extremities, six cases; the nose and face, two cases; the trunk, three cases; and disseminated disease, one case. The patients’ clinical presentation consisted of erythema, papules, nodules, and ulceration. Histopathological examinations showed abnormal proliferation of lymphocytes that had infiltrated the dermis and subcutaneous region. The tumor tissue showed central growth of blood vessels, vascular occlusion, and coagulation necrosis. The tumor cells were mainly of medium size, and nuclear divisions were common. In situ hybridization revealed that Nine patients were positive for Epstein–Barr virus-coding RNA (EBER). Immunohistochemistry showed that the tumor cells were positive for CD3ε (11 patients), CD56 (11 patients), TIA-1 (seven patients), and CD20 (three patients). Eleven patients were positive for Ki-67 with values of 30%-90%. Seven of the 12 patients died, and one patient was lost to follow up. The time from onset to diagnosis was 1–42 months. Conclusion CENKTL is highly invasive, with a short survival period and poor prognosis, and its diagnosis depends on histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and EBER in situ hybridization results.
Transcriptome Analyses of Pre-parasitic and Parasitic Meloidogyne Chitwoodi Race 1 to Identify Putative Effector Genes
Authors: Zhang Lei , Gleason Cynthia 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Meloidogyne chitwoodi is a root-knot nematode that is a major pest of potato in the northwestern United States. Due to the lack of resistance against root-knot nematodes in potato, research has been undertaken to understand the M. chitwoodi-potato interaction at the molecular level. To identify the nematode genes that are playing roles in parasitism, we have performed transcriptome analyses on pre-parasitic and parasitic M. chitwoodi juveniles in susceptible potato. We compared gene expression profiles and identified genes that were significantly up- or down- regulated during nematode parasitism. Because parasitism proteins are typically secreted by the nematode to facilitate infection of host roots, we focused on the genes that encoded proteins that were predicted to be secreted. We found that approximately 34% (43/127) of the genes in the predicted secretome encoded proteins with no significant homology in the public genome databases, and 12% (15/127) encoded either a known effector, putative effectors or putative esophageal gland cell proteins. The transcriptome analyses of M. chitwoodi at the pre-parasitic and parasitic life stages shed light on the genes involved in nematode parasitism.