bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lattices and the Geometry of Numbers
Authors: Ghosh Sourangshu 
Published: May 2021

In this paper we discuss about properties of lattices and its application in theoretical and algorithmic number theory. This result of Minkowski regarding the lattices initiated the subject of Geometry of Numbers, which uses geometry to study the properties of algebraic numbers. It has application on various other fields of mathematics especially the study of Diophantine equations, analysis of functional analysis etc. This paper gives an elementary introduction to the field of geometry of numbers. In this paper we shall first give a broad overview of the concept of lattice and then discuss about the geometrical properties it has and its applications.
Extragalactic Radio Sources: Jet/Lobe Internal Pressure and Consequences
Authors: Chukwuemerie Ezeugo Jeremiah 
Published: June 2021

In this work, we use analytical methods to describe expansion of Extragalactic Radio Sources (EGRS). Result shows that source size expansion depends on the following parameters: age of the source, lobe internal pressure, ambient medium density, and angle of observation.
Moreover, from the analyses, we have shown that the obtained results, and , suggestively implies that and . This shows that since , jet internal pressure exceeds the lobe’s internal pressure. Therefore, for a typical EGRS, this simply indicates that ambient medium density is higher in the jet region than in the region of the lobe. This is expected since the ambient density thins out from the central core to the region where lobe is located. It is in consonance with the notion that for large extended EGRS, lobes are located outside the host galaxies rather than within the host galaxies. Moreover, we can conclude from these results that compact steep spectrum sources have denser ambient medium than their more extended counterparts.
Motivations of user access in situations characterized as non-urgent ready / Motivações do acesso de usuários em situações caracterizadas como não urgência em pronto atendimento
Authors: Gonçalves Ana Paula de Freitas Machado , Fettermann Fernanda Almeida , Da Rosa Andriele Berger , Damaceno Adalvane Nobres , Bordignon Juliana Silveira , Donaduzzi Daiany Saldanha da Silveira 
Published: June 2021

Objetivo: identificar os motivos pelos quais os usuários em situações caracterizadas como não urgentes acessam o Pronto Atendimento em um município do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Método: trata-se de um estudo descritivo e exploratório, desenvolvido a partir de uma abordagem qualitativa. Os dados foram coletados mediante entrevista semiestruturada com 21 usuários de um Pronto Atendimento em um município do estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS), em novembro de 2016, e submetidos à análise de discurso. Resultados: apontam que a Atenção Primária não tem sido efetiva como porta de entrada para o sistema de saúde. As justificativas pela busca ao serviço de urgência foram: falta de profissional médico nas unidades de saúde; Unidade Básica de Saúde com pouca resolutividade; horário de funcionamento inadequado aos usuários; filas; demanda maior que a oferta em relação às consultas médicas; facilidade em realizar exames e receber medicação. Conclusão: o acesso dos usuários aos serviços de saúde deve permear os planejamentos em saúde, preferencialmente a nível local, de modo a permitir a definição de ações que sejam aplicáveis em conformidade com a realidade da comunidade.
A novel method to determine linac mechanical isocenter position and size and examples of specific QA applications
Authors: Chojnowski Jacek M. , Sykes Jonathan R. , Thwaites David I. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe most important geometric characteristic of stereotactic treatment is the accuracy of positioning the target at the treatment isocenter and the accuracy of directing the radiation beam at the treatment isocenter. Commonly, the radiation isocenter is used as the reference for the treatment isocenter, but its method of localization is not strictly defined, and it depends on the linac‐specific beam steering parameters. A novel method is presented for determining the linac mechanical isocenter position and size based on the localization of the collimator axis of rotation at arbitrary gantry angle. The collimator axis of rotation position is determined from the radiation beam center position corrected for the focal spot offset. The focal spot offset is determined using the image center shift method with a custom‐design rigid phantom with two sets of ball‐bearings. Three specific quality assurance (QA) applications and assessment methods are also presented to demonstrate the functionality of linac mechanical isocenter position and size determination in clinical practice. The first is a mechanical and radiation isocenters coincidence test suitable for quick congruence assessment of these two isocenters for a selected energy, usually required after a nonroutine linac repair and/or energy adjustment. The second is a stereotactic beam isocentricity assessment suitable for pretreatment stereotactic QA. The third is a comprehensive linac geometrical performance test suitable for routine linac QA. The uncertainties of the method for determining mechanical isocenter position and size were measured to be 0.05 mm and 0.04 mm, respectively, using four available photon energies, and were significantly smaller than those of determining the radiation isocenter position and size, which were 0.36 mm and 0.12 mm respectively. It is therefore recommended that the mechanical isocenter position and size be used as the reference linac treatment isocenter and a linac mechanical characteristic parameter respectively.
Clinical characteristics of low‐grade tumor‐related epilepsy and its predictors for surgical outcome
Authors: He Chenmin , Hu Lingli , Chen Cong , Zheng Zhe , Jin Bo , Ding Yao , Wang Shuang , Ding Mei‐Ping , Zhu Junming , Wang Shan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectivesLow‐grade tumors are the most common neoplasms inducing focal epilepsy; however, the short‐ and medium‐term efficacy of surgery in epilepsy patients with low‐grade tumors remains underappreciated. This study aims to summarize the clinical characteristics of epilepsy patients with low‐grade tumors and to identify factors associated with postsurgical seizure‐free outcomes.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed consecutive patients with low‐grade tumors who underwent subsequent epilepsy surgery in our epilepsy center, between 2012 and 2018 with a minimum follow‐up of 1 year. Using Engel’s classification and Kaplan–Meier survival analysis, we assessed postoperative seizure freedom over time. Demographical, electroclinical, and other presurgical evaluations were then evaluated for association with postoperative seizure outcome.ResultsThe cohort included a total of 132 patients: 79 males and 53 females. Among them, 110 (83.33%) were seizure‐free through their last follow‐up. The Engel class I outcomes were 90.15%, 87.76%, 85.53%, 82.46%, and 73.17% at the end of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th postoperative years, respectively. Multivariate logistic analysis revealed that longer epilepsy duration (p < 0.001, OR 1.091, 95% CI 1.040–1.144) and incomplete resection (p = 0.009, OR 3.673, 95% CI 1.393–9.684) were independently associated with seizure recurrence through the last follow‐up.ConclusionsSurgical treatment for seizure control in patients with low‐grade tumors provides excellent short‐ and median‐term outcomes.
Increasing Advocacy Awareness in Early Career Rheumatologists: A Web‐Based Educational Tool
Authors: Ban Byung , Gokaraju Sirisha , Worthing Angus , Maher Katherine , Wright Grace , Kerr Gail 
Published: May 2021

ObjectiveTo evaluate the utility of a web‐based advocacy training tool in increasing advocacy awareness.MethodsEarly career rheumatologists who attended 2019 American College of Rheumatology Advocacy 101 were invited to participate. A web‐based tool consisting of 9 cases covering various aspects of advocacy was developed and included the opportunity for continuing medical education credit. A preparticipation questionnaire surveyed prior involvement, knowledge, and willingness to participate in an advocacy program. Participants rated cases based on educational quality, relevance of content, achievement of training goals, competency, and evidence of bias. Two web‐based conferences were held to address technical questions, review, and discussion of cases and responses, and to obtain feedback.ResultsTwenty‐one early career rheumatologists from 9 academic institutions enrolled, with 15 (75%) completing all cases. Correct continuing medical education answers were scored on 85% of cases. Overall educational quality of content received a mean rating of 4.3 of 5. Seven cases achieved positive ratings for relevance of case content, achievement of training goals, objectivity, and competency. All cases were assessed free of bias. Feedback indicated that 30 minutes were dedicated to each case, and that a combination of skill set and content learning were most effective. Pre‐ and postquestionnaire scores indicated significant improvement in knowledge of advocacy matters (P < 0.0001).ConclusionA web‐based advocacy training tool was successful in significantly improving awareness and knowledge of advocacy matters among early career rheumatologists. This innovative educational tool may play a vital role in shaping the future of rheumatology for both patients and physicians.
Artificial Optoelectronic Synapses Based on TiNxO2–x/MoS2 Heterojunction for Neuromorphic Computing and Visual System
Authors: Wang Wenxiao , Gao Song , Li Yang , Yue Wenjing , Kan Hao , Zhang Chunwei , Lou Zheng , Wang Lili , Shen Guozhen 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBeing capable of dealing with both electrical signals and light, artificial optoelectronic synapses are of great importance for neuromorphic computing and are receiving a burgeoning amount of interest in visual information processing. In this work, an artificial optoelectronic synapse composed of Al/TiNxO2–x/MoS2/ITO (H‐OSD) is proposed and experimentally realized. The H‐OSD can enable basic electrical voltage‐induced synaptic functions such as the long/short‐term plasticity and moreover the synaptic plasticity can be electrically adjusted. In response to the light stimuli, versatile advanced synaptic functions including long/short‐term memory, and learning‐forgetting‐relearning are successfully demonstrated, which could enhance the information processing capability for neuromorphic computing. Most importantly, based on these light‐induced salient features, a 4 × 4 synapse array is developed to show the potential application of the proposed H‐OSD in constructing artificial visual system. It is shown that the perceiving and memorizing of the light information that are respectively relevant to the visual perception and visual memory functions, can be readily attained through tuning of the light intensity and the number of illuminations. As such, the proposed optoelectronic synapse shows great potentials in both neuromorphic computing and visual information processing and will facilitate the applications such as electronic eyes and light‐driven neurorobotics.
Smart Construction of an Intimate Lithium | Garnet Interface for All‐Solid‐State Batteries by Tuning the Tension of Molten Lithium
Authors: Du Mingjie , Sun Yang , Liu Bo , Chen Bingbing , Liao Kaiming , Ran Ran , Cai Rui , Zhou Wei , Shao Zongping 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAll‐solid‐state lithium batteries (ASSBs) have the potential to trigger a battery revolution for electric vehicles due to their advantages in safety and energy density. Screening of various possible solid electrolytes for ASSBs has revealed that garnet electrolytes are promising due to their high ionic conductivity and superior (electro)chemical stabilities. However, a major challenge of garnet electrolytes is poor contact with Li‐metal anodes, resulting in an extremely large interfacial impedance and severe Li dendrite propagation. Herein, an innovative surface tension modification method is proposed to create an intimate Li | garnet interface by tuning molten Li with a trace amount of Si3N4 (1 wt%). The resultant Li‐Si‐N melt can not only convert the Li | garnet interface from point‐to‐point contact to consecutive face‐to‐face contact but also homogenize the electric‐field distribution during the Li stripping/depositing process, thereby significantly decreasing its interfacial impedance (1 Ω cm2 at 25 °C) and improving its cycle stability (1000 h at 0.4 mA cm−2) and critical current density (1.8 mA cm−2). Specifically, the all‐solid‐state full cell paired with a LiFePO4 cathode delivered a high capacity of 145 mAh g−1 at 2 C and maintained 97% of the initial capacity after 100 cycles at 1 C.
Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Warm White Organic Light Emitting Devices with External Quantum Efficiencies Over 30%
Authors: Chen Jia‐Xiong , Wang Kai , Xiao Ya‐Fang , Cao Chen , Tan Ji‐Hua , Wang Hui , Fan Xiao‐Chun , Yu Jia , Geng Feng‐Xia , Zhang Xiao‐Hong , Lee Chun‐Sing 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWhile monochrome organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) based on thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters have achieved over 30% external quantum efficiencies (EQEs), all‐TADF white OLEDs (WOLEDs) are still lagging behind. Herein, a simple system based on two color‐complementary TADF emitters is exploited to realize high‐performance WOLEDs. By doping a high‐performance orange–red TADF fluorophor (BPPZ‐DPXZ) into a blue TADF host (DBFCz‐Trz), energy transfer, and triplet‐to‐singlet conversion in the host‐dopant system can be optimized to simultaneously achieve full exciton utilization and color balance. With this design, all‐TADF single‐emitting‐layer WOLEDs with a maximum EQE up to 32.8% are demonstrated. This high efficiency surpasses EQEs of reported WOLEDs based on both TADF as well as phosphorescence. It is expected that this finding can provide new insight for designing highly efficient all‐TADF WOLEDs.
40.1% Record Low‐Light Solar‐Cell Efficiency by Holistic Trap‐Passivation using Micrometer‐Thick Perovskite Film
Authors: He Xilai , Chen Jiangzhao , Ren Xiaodong , Zhang Lu , Liu Yucheng , Feng Jiangshan , Fang Junjie , Zhao Kui , Liu Shengzhong (Frank) 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPerovskite solar cells exhibit not only high efficiency under full AM1.5 sunlight, but also have great potential for applications in low‐light environments, such as indoors, cloudy conditions, early morning, late evening, etc. Unfortunately, their performance still suffers from severe trap‐induced nonradiative recombination, particularly under low‐light conditions. Here, a holistic passivation strategy is developed to reduce traps both on the surface and in the bulk of micrometer‐thick perovskite film, leading to a record efficiency of 40.1% under 301.6 µW cm−2 warm light‐emitting diode (LED) light for low‐light solar‐cell applications. The involvement of guanidinium into the perovskite bulk film and 2‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)ethylamine hydrobromide (CH3O‐PEABr) passivation on the perovskite surface synergistically suppresses the trap states. The charge carrier lifetimes of the perovskite film increase by tenfold and fivefold to 981 ns and 8.02 µs at the crystal surface and in its bulk, respectively. The decreased nonradiative recombination loss translates to a high open‐circuit voltage (Voc) of 1.00 V, a high short‐circuit current (Jsc) of 152.10 µA cm−2, and a fill factor (FF) of 79.52%. Note that this performance also stands as the highest among all photovoltaics measured under indoor light illumination. This work of trap passivation for micrometer‐thick perovskite film paves a way for high‐performance, self‐powered IoT devices.
Double‐Gate MoS2 Field‐Effect Transistors with Full‐Range Tunable Threshold Voltage for Multifunctional Logic Circuits
Authors: Yi Jiali , Sun Xingxia , Zhu Chenguang , Li Shengman , Liu Yong , Zhu Xiaoli , You Wenxia , Liang Delang , Shuai Qin , Wu Yanqing , Li Dong , Pan Anlian 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMultifunctional reconfigurable devices, with higher information capacity, smaller size, and more functions, are urgently needed and draw most attention in frontiers in information technology. 2D semiconductors, ascribing to ultrathin body and easy electrostatic control, show great potential in developing reconfigurable functional units. This work proposes a novel double‐gate field‐effect transistor architecture with equal top and bottom gate (TG and BG) and realizes flexible optimization of the subthreshold swing (SS) and threshold voltage (VTH). While the TG and BG are used simultaneously, as a single gate to drive the transistor, ultralow average SS value of 65.5 mV dec−1 can be obtained in a large current range over 104, enabling the application in high gain inverter. While one gate is used to initialize the channel doping, full logic swing inverter circuit with high noise margin (over 90%) is demonstrated. Such device prototype is further extended for designing reconfigurable logic applications and can be dynamically switched and well maintained between binary and ternary logics. This study provides important concept and device prototype for future multifunctional logic applications.
Innervated, Self‐Sensing Liquid Crystal Elastomer Actuators with Closed Loop Control
Authors: Kotikian Arda , Morales Javier M. , Lu Aric , Mueller Jochen , Davidson Zoey S. , Boley J. William , Lewis Jennifer A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe programmable assembly of innervated LCE actuators (iLCEs) with prescribed contractile actuation, self‐sensing, and closed loop control via core–shell 3D printing is reported. This extrusion‐based direct ink writing method enables coaxial filamentary features composed of pure LM core surrounded by an LCE shell, whose director is aligned along the print path. Specifically, the thermal response of the iLCE fiber‐type actuators is programmed, measured, and modeled during Joule heating, including quantifying the concomitant changes in fiber length and resistance that arise during simultaneous heating and self‐sensing. Due to their reversible, high‐energy actuation and their resistive feedback, it is also demonstrated that iLCEs can be regulated with closed loop control even when perturbed with large bias loads. Finally, iLCE architectures capable of programmed, self‐sensing 3D shape change with closed loop control are fabricated.
Combining Switchable Phase‐Change Materials and Phase‐Transition Materials for Thermally Regulated Smart Mid‐Infrared Modulators
Authors: Lyu Xinrui , Heßler Andreas , Wang Xiao , Cao Yunzhen , Song Lixin , Ludwig Alfred , Wuttig Matthias , Taubner Thomas 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPhase‐change materials (PCMs) and phase‐transition materials (PTMs) both show a large contrast in their respective optical properties upon switching, enabling compact optical components with diverse functionalities like sensing, thermal imaging, and data recording. However, their switching properties differ significantly, that is, the switching is non‐volatile for PCMs while volatile for PTMs. Here, new‐generation smart mid‐infrared modulators with switchable transmission, reflection, and absorption are demonstrated conceptually and experimentally, which combine one PCM (Ge3Sb2Te6 or In3SbTe2) with one PTM (VO2) as two active layers. The bottom VO2 layer is employed as a thermally regulated (modulated) dynamic mirror, facilitating the switching of transmission between “on” state (using VO2 in its semiconducting state at temperatures below its phase transition temperature Tc) and “off” state (metallic VO2 at temperatures above Tc). The PCM layer on top of the metallic VO2 layer is used either for continuously adjusting the absorption peak spectrally (by up to 1.8 µm using different phases of Ge3Sb2Te6) or for switching between absorption mode (A = 0.99 with amorphous In3SbTe2) and reflection mode (R = 0.85 with crystalline In3SbTe2). The presented concept of merging static, non‐volatile thermal switching (via PCMs) with dynamic, volatile thermal modulation (via PTMs) empowers a new generation of optical devices for smart optical switching, for example in spectrally tunable safety optical switches.
Material Perspective on the Structural Design of Artificial Meat
Authors: He Jun , Zhao Yiguo , Jin Xin , Zhu Xinyuan , Fang Yapeng 
Published: May 2021

AbstractArtificial meat is a promising solution to the negative impacts of meat consumption on natural resources, public health, and animal welfare. Inspired by the use of framework, scaffold, and skeleton in material science, the concept of supporting structures is introduced into the artificial meat to complement the existing theory of structural design. The available structures in artificial meat are evaluated in prefabrication and post‐build strategies to illustrate the relationship between fabrication and characteristics. Due to its adjustable structural features and mechanical properties, supporting structures can regulate the quality of artificial meat. Emerging materials and approaches such as amyloid fibrils, double network gels, oleogels, and stretch processing, multicell co‐culture, as well as multiscale design, are recommended as candidates to enrich the supporting structures and thus to meet the various demands of artificial meat. This review provides an interdisciplinary insight into the structural design of artificial meat, and touches on the promising opportunities for future research and applications.
Mesocrystallizing Nanograins for Enhanced Li+ Storage
Authors: Liu Jingjie , Yuan Yifei , Guo Xiaowei , Li Bao , Shahbazian‐Yassar Reza , Liu Dai‐Huo , Chen Zhongwei , Amine Khalil , Lu Jun , Yang Lin , Bai Zhengyu 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe morphology and crystallinity of electrode materials have a major effect on their charge carrier storage properties when applied in rechargeable batteries. While nanosizing electrode particles (with larger surface area) and maintaining electrode integrity are both good for performance enhancement, they seem to contradict each other and are challenging to balanced. Herein, electrode particles consisting of numerous nanograins with uniform crystalline orientation are designed to guarantee both high surface area and high structural integrity, allowing the significant improvement of Li+ storage kinetics and performance. Applying this “mesocrystallizing” strategy to an NiCo2O4‐based anode, results in various degrees of pseudocapacitance response, the long‐term cyclability and rate performance of this material are also significantly enhanced. Impressively, the mesocrystalline NiCo2O4 electrode exhibits a high specific capacity of 1403 mAh g–1 after 200 cycles at 1.6 A g–1 (a rate of 1.8 C). The growth mechanism of mesocrystalline materials with different morphologies is identified to be a topotactic structural transition process featuring a gradual edge‐to‐core corrosion process. This work presents an important synthetic clue to balance the morphology and crystallinity of battery electrode materials for their performance optimization and is expected to inspire future structural design for battery materials beyond the one prototyped here.