bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pain versus Gain: Multiport versus single-port thoracoscopic surgery for pediatric pneumothorax a case series
Authors: Sacks Marla A. , Goodman Laura F. , Mendez Yomara S. , Khan Faraz A. , Radulescu Andrei 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT

Background:
The indications for single-incision thoracoscopic surgery in children are expanding. We present outcome comparisons in single versus multi-port surgical technique for management of Primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax (PSP) in seven children.

Methods:
This retrospective chart review of the outcomes from a single-surgeon's experience in thoracoscopic technique over a two-year period includes seven cases, divided into two groups: traditional multiport video assisted thoracoscopic surgery (MP-VATS) (n = 3) versus single-port VATS (SP-VATS) (n = 4). Data for patient demographics, chest tube placement, operation details, opioids usage, and postoperative course were recorded and analyzed.

Results:
Seven patients had a median age of 14.88 years [range 12–17 years] with a male predominance 67% MP-VATS and 75% SP-VATS (p = 0.41). Average time to surgery: 3.6 days (p = 0.21) operating time: 1.2 hours (p = 0.09). Estimated blood loss was higher for MP-VATS 5.33 ml vs SP-VATS 2.25 ml but not statistically significant (p = 0.11). Opioids given in the post-operative period until chest tube removal were similar: MP 0.19 vs SP 0.12 mg/kg (p = 0.17). Time to chest tube removal was significantly longer at 5.54 vs 3.59 days for MP-VATS vs SP-VATS (p < 0.05). Length of stay was 10.46 vs 8.33 days for MP-VATS vs SP-VATS (p = 0.30). One SP patient had recurrent pneumothorax after chest tube removal, requiring replacement of chest tube, one MP patient required an additional surgery for contralateral PSP.

Conclusion:
In this small case series, outcomes were similar for MP-VATS and SP-VATS for PSP, but chest tube removal was earlier in SP. This provides a convincing basis to expand the usage for this technique.

Highlights
Estimation of Ion Temperature in the Upper Ionosphere Along the Swarm Satellite Orbits
Authors: Lomidze L. , Burchill J. K. , Knudsen D. J. , Huba J. D. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIon temperature is one of the key parameters that provides insight into the thermal balance of the coupled ionosphere‐thermosphere system. Together with the temperatures of neutral and electron gases, it affects physical and chemical processes and parameters in the upper atmosphere. These include the ion‐neutral collision frequencies, chemical reaction rates and plasma scale height, all of which influence the variation and distribution of ionospheric plasma. The European Space Agency's three, nearly polar‐orbiting Swarm satellites at about 500 km altitude measure ionospheric electron temperature, density, and ion drifts using electric field instrument (EFI) Langmuir probes and Thermal Ion Imagers. Measurements of the ion temperature, though initially planned, are not available due to technical problems with the ion imagers. This paper describes a model that estimates the ion temperature along the orbits of Swarm satellites and evaluates the validity of the corresponding data. This data‐driven, physics‐based model combines an ion heat balance equation of the upper ionosphere, the Swarm EFI measurements, and empirical models for neutral composition, winds, and electric field. The validity of this approach was investigated using a physics‐based ionosphere model (SAMI3) for different geophysical conditions. We have studied the effects of various assumptions and input data limitations to the model accuracy, and have validated the estimated ion temperature against independent measurements from low, middle, and high‐latitude incoherent scatter radars (ISRs). When compared with the ISR data, the obtained Swarm‐based ion temperature shows small systematic errors (1%–2%), high correlations (Swarm A/C 0.8, Swarm B 0.6), and random errors of 10%–20%.
A Stochastic Method for Simulating Near‐Field Seismograms: Application to the 2016 Tottori Earthquake
Authors: Dang Pengfei , Liu Qifang , Xia Songlin , Ma Wanjun 
Published: November 2021

AbstractA stochastic finite‐fault approach based on corner frequency (EXSIM) is applied to simulate the Tottori Mw 6.2 earthquake. The parameter κ0 is calculated based on ground motion recordings. Other parameters, such as quality factor (127f0.61) and stress drop (27.97 bars) are taken from our earlier work. The slip distribution refers to the results of Kubo et al. (2017, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-017-0714-3). The geometric spreading function and ground motion duration are taken from Atkinson and Boore (1995, https://doi.org/10.1785/bssa0850010017). The simulated results match well with the observed values in a short period (T < 1 s). In addition, the effects of hanging wall (HW) and footwall (FW) on the simulated values are discussed. The results show that the simulated results of HW stations are more consistent with the observed values than those of FW stations. The differences between simulated Pseudo Spectral Acceleration (PSA) and observed PSA with epicentral distance and azimuth are also analyzed. The results show that the local site amplification and geometric location of stations influence the simulation results for soft soil sites. Overall, the simulated ground motions obtained by applying EXSIM approach matched well with the observed recordings which could be considered as the basis for earthquake‐resistant design during the post‐disaster recovery and could become a powerful tool for earthquake ground motion prediction.
CFOSAT Rotating Fan‐Beam Scatterometer Backscatter Measurement Processing
Authors: Yun Risheng , Dong Xiaolong , Liu Jianqiang , Lin Wenming , Zhu Di , Ma Jianying , Lang Shuyan , Wang Zhisen 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe China‐France Oceanography Satellite (CFOSAT) was successfully launched on October 29, 2018, which carries two innovative payloads, that is, the surface waves investigation and monitoring (SWIM) instrument and the rotating fan‐beam scatterometer (RFSCAT). CFOSAT scatterometer (CSCAT) is dedicated to the monitoring of sea surface wind vectors and climate studies, but also for the applications over land and polar regions. CSCAT employs a “rotating fan‐beam” design rather than “pencil‐beam” approach and “fixed fan‐beam” approach adopted by the scatterometers in orbit before. In this paper, the data processing approach of CSCAT is described. The geolocation reference mapping model is employed in CSCAT slice geolocation. In noise processing, CSCAT adopts the method of weighted least squares polynomial surface fitting to conduct noise correction factor estimation adaptively. The attitude cube algorithm used for X integral factor computation is developed to obtain precise backscatter coefficients based on the radar equation. Because of the interdependency of the CSCAT data processing and the hardware configuration and onboard signal processing of the instrument, the instrument module configuration and signal processing design are also analyzed and presented comprehensively. Especially, the influence and compensation of Doppler frequency are introduced. The backscatter coefficient accuracy is estimated on the Amazon forest, and the results show that the backscatter coefficient accuracy of CSCAT on 25 × 25 km grids is less than 0.5 dB except that the near end and far end of the beam are slightly higher. The statistical results show the wind retrieval results meet the CFOSAT mission requirements.
Automatic Detection of Atmospherics and Tweek Atmospherics in Radio Spectrograms Based on a Deep Learning Approach
Authors: Maslej‐Krešňáková Viera , Kundrát Adrián , Mackovjak Šimon , Butka Peter , Jaščur Samuel , Kolmašová Ivana , Santolík Ondřej 
Published: November 2021

AbstractLightning strikes can be routinely observed by the radio receivers that measure electromagnetic signals in the very low frequency range. The acquired pulses called atmospherics provide valuable details about source lightning discharges and also about the Earth‐ionosphere waveguide where they can propagate thousands of kilometers. The automatic acquisition of the events requires also automatic methods for extraction of atmospherics' details to confirm the observed trends with statistical significance. For this purpose, we have developed a method based on a deep learning approach to automatically obtain the type of atmospherics, their exact time, and the frequency range from the frequency‐time spectrograms. The method that employs convolutional neural networks is designed to be adaptable to scientific needs and provide reliable results according to the requirements on the sensitivity to events, computation performance, and precision of extracted details. The efficiency and specific steps of our method are demonstrated for data recorded by the ELMAVAN‐G instrument. The comprehensive description of the method allows its usage for regular characterization of the ionospheric D‐layer or for other similar applications in the future.
Evidence for Stress Localization Caused by Lithospheric Heterogeneity From Seismic Attenuation
Authors: Zhu Zhao , Bezada Maximiliano J. , Byrnes Joseph S. , Ford Heather A. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe Wyoming Craton underwent tectonic modifications during the Laramide Orogeny, which resulted in a series of basement‐cored uplifts that built the modern‐day Rockies. The easternmost surface expression of this orogeny ‐ the Black Hills in South Dakota ‐ is separated from the main trend of the Rocky Mountains by the southern half of the Powder River Basin, which we refer to as the Thunder Basin. Seismic tomography studies reveal a high‐velocity anomaly which extends to a depth of ∼300 km below the basin and may represent a lithospheric keel. We constrain seismic attenuation to investigate the hypothesis that variations in lithospheric thickness resulted in the localization of stress and therefore deformation. We utilize data from the CIELO seismic array, a linear array that extends from east of the Black Hills across the Thunder Basin and westward into the Owl Creek Mountains, the BASE FlexArray deployment centered on the Bighorn Mountains, and the EarthScope Transportable Array. We analyze seismograms from deep teleseismic events and compare waveforms in the time‐domain to characterize lateral variations in attenuation. Bayesian inversion results reveal high attenuation in the Black Hills and Bighorn Mountains and low attenuation in the Thunder and Bighorn Basins. Scattering is rejected as a confounding factor because of a strong anticorrelation between attenuation and the amplitude of P wave codas. The results support the hypothesis that lateral variations in lithospheric strength, as evidenced by our seismic attenuation measurements, played an important role in the localization of deformation and orogenesis during the Laramide Orogeny.
Winter Warming in North America Induced by Urbanization in China
Authors: Wang Yong , Zhang Guang J. , Gong Peng , Dickinson Robert E. , Fu Rong , Li Xuecao , Yang Jun , Liu Shu , He Yujun , Li Lijuan , Wang Bin , Xu Bing 
Published: November 2021

AbstractRapid urbanization in China in the past several decades has been shown to affect surface air temperature (SAT) locally, but its global impact is unclear. Using a global climate model, we have investigated the potential impact of urbanization in China on SAT at the global scale. The expansion of urban areas in China from 1985 to 2017 leads to winter surface air warming by as much as 0.8°C in North America (NA), largely caused by warm temperature advection due to global‐scale atmospheric circulation changes. The East Asian jet stream moves northward in eastern and northeastern China where the expansion of urban areas has increased SAT and sensible heat flux, forcing change of the atmospheric stationary waves and so the structure of the jet streams.
A Local Similarity Function for Katabatic Flows Derived From Field Observations Over Steep‐ and Shallow‐Angled Slopes
Authors: Hang Chaoxun , Oldroyd Holly J. , Giometto Marco G. , Pardyjak Eric R. , Parlange Marc B. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractKatabatic flows are notoriously difficult to model for a variety of reasons. Notably, the assumptions underpinning Monin‐Obukhov similarity theory (MOST) are inherently violated by the sloping terrain, causing the traditional flux‐gradient relations used in numerical weather prediction models to break down. Focusing on turbulent momentum transport, we show significant flux divergence, further violating MOST assumptions, and that the traditional parameterizations fail even with local scaling for katabatic flow. In response, we propose a modified local‐MOST stability‐correction function, informed by near‐surface turbulence observations collected over two mountainous slopes with inclination angles () of and . The proposed relation includes directly, making data from both slopes collapse with unprecedented agreement. RMSE between measured fluxes and estimates from the proposed and Businger et al. (1971, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1971)028<0181:FPRITA>2.0.CO;2) relations show significant improvement. Results can be used to inform future development of wall‐model and turbulence closures in the katabatic flow layer.
Swarm‐Derived Indices of Geomagnetic Activity
Authors: Papadimitriou Constantinos , Balasis Georgios , Boutsi Adamantia Zoe , Antonopoulou Alexandra , Moutsiana Georgia , Daglis Ioannis A. , Giannakis Omiros , de Michelis Paola , Consolini Giuseppe , Gjerloev Jesper , Trenchi Lorenzo 
Published: November 2021

AbstractGround‐based indices, such as the Dst, ap, and AE, have been used for decades to describe the interplay of the terrestrial magnetosphere with the solar wind and provide quantifiable indications of the state of geomagnetic activity in general. These indices have been traditionally derived from ground‐based observations from magnetometer stations all around the Earth. In the last 7 years though, the highly successful satellite mission Swarm has provided the scientific community with an abundance of high quality magnetic measurements at Low Earth Orbit, which can be used to produce the space‐based counterparts of these indices, such the Swarm‐Dst, Swarm‐ap, and Swarm‐AE indices. In this work, we present the first results from this endeavor, with comparisons against traditionally used parameters. We postulate on the possible usefulness of these Swarm‐based products for a more accurate monitoring of the dynamics of the magnetosphere and thus, for providing a better diagnosis of space weather conditions.
The Correlation Between Whistler Mode Waves and Electron Beam‐Like Distribution: Test Particle Simulations and THEMIS Observations
Authors: Kong Zhenyu , Gao Xinliang , Chen Huayue , Lu Quanming , Chen Rui , Ke Yangguang , Wang Shui 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe beam‐like electron population is often observed along with whistler mode waves in the Earth's magnetosphere, but its generation mechanism is still under debate. In this study, we use a test particle simulation model to study the Landau resonance between whistler mode waves and electrons, and quantify the proportion of beam‐like electrons. There is a trend that the first increases and then decreases with the increasing temperature of hot electrons or ratio of plasma frequency to electron gyrofrequency. While the is positively correlated with the parallel electric field, magnetic amplitude, wave normal angle, or frequency of whistler mode waves if other parameters are fixed. Essentially the parallel electric field is the key parameter in determining . Furthermore, we have also compared simulation results with THEMIS observations for one year. The results suggest the observed beam‐like population could be generated by simultaneously observed whistler mode waves for 44.5% quasi‐parallel cases. But the beam‐like population is unlikely to be generated by simultaneously observed waves for the remaining 55.5% of quasi‐parallel cases and nearly all oblique cases. Our study provides a better understanding of the formation of beam‐like electron distribution in the Earth's magnetosphere.
The Impact of a 3‐D Earth Structure on Glacial Isostatic Adjustment in Southeast Alaska Following the Little Ice Age
Authors: Marsman C. P. , van der Wal W. , Riva R. E. M. , Freymueller J. T. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn Southeast Alaska, extreme uplift rates are primarily caused by glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA), as a result of ice thickness changes from the Little Ice Age to the present combined with a low‐viscosity asthenosphere. Previous GIA models adopted a 1‐D Earth structure. However, the actual Earth structure is likely more complex due to the long history of subduction and tectonism and the transition from a continental to an oceanic plate. Seismic evidence indeed shows a laterally heterogenous Earth structure. In this study, a numeral model is constructed for Southeast Alaska, which allows for the inclusion of lateral viscosity variations. The viscosity follows from scaling relationships between seismic velocity anomalies and viscosity variations. We use this scaling relationship to constrain the thermal effect on seismic variations and investigate the importance of lateral viscosity variations. We find that a thermal contribution to seismic anomalies of 10% is required to explain the GIA observations. This implies that non‐thermal effects control seismic anomaly variations in the shallow upper mantle. Due to the regional geologic history, it is likely that hydration of the mantle impact both viscosity and seismic velocity. The best‐fit model has a background viscosity of 5.0 × 1019 Pa‐s, and viscosities at ∼80 km depth range from 1.8 × 1019 to 4.5 × 1019 Pa‐s. A 1‐D averaged version of the 3‐D model performed slightly better, however, the two models were statistically equivalent within a 2σ measurement uncertainty. Thus, lateral viscosity variations do not contribute significantly to the uplift rates measured with the current accuracy and distribution of sites.
Numerical Simulations of a Fluidized Granular Flow Entry Into Water: Insights Into Modeling Tsunami Generation by Pyroclastic Density Currents
Authors: Battershill L. , Whittaker C. N. , Lane E. M. , Popinet S. , White J. D. L. , Power W. L. , Nomikou P. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe tsunami generation potential of pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) entering the sea is poorly understood, due to limited data and observations. Thus far, tsunami generation by PDCs has been modeled in a similar manner to tsunami generation associated with landslides or debris flows, using two‐layer depth‐averaged approaches. Using the adaptive partial differential equation solver Basilisk and benchmarking with published laboratory experiments, this work explores some of the important parameters not yet accounted for in numerical models of PDC‐generated tsunamis. We use assumptions derived from experimental literature to approximate the granular, basal flow component of a PDC as a dense Newtonian fluid flowing down an inclined plane. This modeling provides insight into how the boundary condition of the slope and the viscosity of the dense granular‐fluid influence the characteristics of the waves generated. It is shown that the boundary condition of the slope has a first‐order impact on the interaction dynamics between the fluidized granular flow and water, as well as the energy transfer from the flow to the generated wave. The experimental physics is captured well in the numerical model, which confirms the underlying assumption of Newtonian fluid‐like behavior in the context of wave generation. The results from this study suggest the importance of considering vertical density and velocity stratification in wave generation models. Furthermore, we demonstrate that granular‐fluids denser than water are capable of shearing the water surface and generating significant amplitude waves, despite vigorous overturning.
Seasonal Modulation of Dissolved Oxygen in the Equatorial Pacific by Tropical Instability Vortices
Authors: Eddebbar Y. A. , Subramanian A. C. , Whitt D. B. , Long M. C. , Verdy A. , Mazloff M. R. , Merrifield M. A. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractTropical instability vortices (TIVs) have a major influence on the physics and biogeochemistry of the equatorial Pacific. Using an eddy‐resolving configuration of the Community Earth System Model (CESM‐HR) and Lagrangian particle tracking, we examine TIV impacts on the three‐dimensional structure and variability of dissolved oxygen (O2) in the upper equatorial Pacific water column. In CESM‐HR, the simulated generation and westward propagation of TIVs from boreal summer through winter lead to the seasonal oxygenation of the upper northern equatorial Pacific, exhibited as a deepening of hypoxic depth west of 120°W. TIV effects on the equatorial Pacific oxygen balance are dominated by eddy‐advection and mixing, while indirect TIV effects on O2 consumption play minor roles. These advective effects reflect the transient displacements of isopycnals by eddy pumping as well as vortex transport of oxygen by eddy trapping, stirring, and subduction. TIVs influence on the upper equatorial Pacific O2 distribution and variability has important implications for understanding and modeling marine ecosystem dynamics and habitats, and should be taken into consideration in designing observation networks in this region.
On the Magnitude of Canyon‐Induced Mixing
Authors: Nazarian Robert H. , Burns Christian M. , Legg Sonya , Buijsman Maarten C. , Kaur Harpreet , Arbic Brian K. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe location of mixing due to internal tides is important for both the ocean circulation as well as local biogeochemical processes. Numerous observations and modeling studies have shown that submarine canyons may be regions of enhanced internal tide‐driven mixing, but there has not yet been a systematic study of all submarine canyons resolved in bathymetric datasets. Here, we parameterize the internal tide‐driven dissipation from a suite of simulations and pair this with a global high‐resolution, internal tide‐resolving model and bathymetric dataset to estimate the internal‐tide‐driven dissipation that occurs in all documented submarine canyons. We find that submarine canyons dissipate a significant fraction of the incoming internal tide's energy, which is consistent with observations. When globally integrated, submarine canyons are responsible for dissipating 30.8–75.3 GW, or 3.2%–7.8% of the energy input into the M2‐frequency internal tides. This percentage of the internal tide energy that is dissipated in submarine canyons is comparable to or larger than previous calculations using extrapolations from observations of single canyons.