bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hip Arthroscopy for Femoracetabular Impingement in China: A Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Yang Hsueh , You Mingke , Li Ya , Li Tao , Qin Taolin , Chen Gang 
Published: October 2021

ObjectiveTo explore the development of hip arthroscopy in China through reviewing the change of the application of hip arthroscopy operation on treating femoracetabular impingement (FAI).MethodPapers were retrieved from January 1, 2005 to November 1, 2019, from databases CNKI, Wanfang Data, VIP, PubMed, and Embase. The keywords are Hip Impingement, Femoroacetabular impingement, Hip arthroscopy, Arthroscopic operation, Hip Arthroscopy operation, and Arthroscope, etc. The quality of papers was assessed through MINORS , and statistics and meta‐analysis were performed by Word, Excel, and Revman 5.3 Zurich, Switzerland.ResultsFrom a total of 8,953 papers, 46 review articles without data and 48 articles with data were involved, and 25 papers were included in the Meta‐analysis. The twenty‐five papers were selected from 48 papers with data, of which 41 were reported in Chinese, 11 were missing complete Harris scores, five did not mention the number of patients who had lost follow‐up, three had minors quality scores below 7, one did not have enough FAI cases, and three did not have standard deviations in Harris scores. Overall, in China, the application of hip arthroscopy regarding FAI has flourished while maintaining a high level of treatment and has reached its peak in the past 2 years.ConclusionWith the rapid development of hip arthroscopy in China, hip operation is widely recognized, many reports on its application on FAI have emerged successively, and the scope of application and technical level have been improved.
Study on the co‐infection of children with severe community‐acquired pneumonia
Authors: Tran Quang Khai , Tran Do Hung , Pham Hung Van , Nguyen Vu Trung , Tran Xuan Bach , Larsson Mattias , Duong‐Quy Sy , Nguyen‐Thi‐Dieu Thuy 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroudPneumonia is one of the leading causes of death in children under 5 years old. Viruses have historically been the most common cause of community‐acquired pneumonia in children. Co‐infections in severe pneumonia are more concern by clinicians.MethodIt was a perspective and descriptive study. Real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) is a modern test that was used to detect many new pathogens, including microbiological co‐infections. RT‐PCR technique was used in this study to investigate the causes of severe pneumonia.ResultsThrough the analysis of nasopharyngeal aspiration samples from 95 children with severe community‐acquired pneumonia, the positive RT‐PCR rate was 90.5%. Viral‐bacterial co‐infection accounted for the highest proportion (43.1%), followed by bacterial co‐infection (33.7%), viral infection (7.4%), bacterial infection (6.3%) and the remaining 9.5% was unknown. In the co‐infections groups, the five main bacteria species detected by PCR were Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, MRSA, Moraxella catarrhalis and Mycoplasma pneumoniae.ConclusionAntibiotic treatment should focus on detected microbes in cases of severe pneumonia for having a good result.
Effect of the Steric Hindrance and Branched Substituents on Visible Phenylamine Oxime Ester Photoinitiators: Photopolymerization Kinetics Investigation through Photo‐DSC Experiments
Authors: Lee Zhong‐Han , Huang Tung‐Liang , Hammoud Fatima , Chen Ching‐Chin , Hijazi Akram , Graff Bernadette , Lalevée Jacques , Chen Yung‐Chung 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACTIn this work, free radical photopolymerization (FRP) kinetics for series of different phenylamine oxime ester structures (DMA–P, DEA–P, DMA–M, TP–2P, TP–2M and TP–3M) was investigated. Steric hindrance and branched substituents were prepared to realize the corresponding electronic and photopolymerization effects. The photophysical, electrochemical, thermal properties and radical concentration were investigated by UV‐visible spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry (CV), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). Furthermore, the structure–reactivity relationships were also studied in detail through photo‐DSC experiment. We demonstrate that the introduction of alkyl chains and/or numbers of oxime esters affects significantly the photoreactivity. Under the same weight ratio of formulation and irradiated condition, TP–3M containing three oxime esters in its structure and methyl group in the periphery exhibits the highest double‐bond conversion efficiency. TP–3M‐based formulation also shows a wide operation window under different contents and light intensities. Importantly, the photoreactivity of the TP–3M‐based system was found to be better than the commercial photoinitiator (OXE–01) under LED@405 nm at a low concentration. This work could provide some significance to the design of oxime esters with enhanced photoreactivity.
Solitary waves in a Whitham equation with small surface tension
Authors: Johnson Mathew A. , Truong Tien , Wheeler Miles H. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractUsing a nonlocal version of the center‐manifold theorem and a normal form reduction, we prove the existence of small‐amplitude generalized solitary‐wave solutions and modulated solitary‐wave solutions to the steady gravity‐capillary Whitham equation with weak surface tension. Through the application of the center‐manifold theorem, the nonlocal equation for the solitary wave profiles is reduced to a four‐dimensional system of ODEs inheriting reversibility. Along particular parameter curves, relating directly to the classical gravity‐capillary water wave problem, the associated linear operator is seen to undergo either a reversible bifurcation or a reversible bifurcation. Through a normal form transformation, the reduced system of ODEs along each relevant parameter curve is seen to be well approximated by a truncated system retaining only second‐order or third‐order terms. These truncated systems relate directly to systems obtained in the study of the full gravity‐capillary water wave equation and, as such, the existence of generalized and modulated solitary waves for the truncated systems is guaranteed by classical works, and they are readily seen to persist as solutions of the gravity‐capillary Whitham equation due to reversibility. Consequently, this work illuminates further connections between the gravity‐capillary Whitham equation and the full two‐dimensional gravity‐capillary water wave problem.
Parents’ reasoning about HPV vaccination in Sweden
Authors: Runngren Eva , Eriksson Mats , Blomberg Karin 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIntroductionThe aim of this study was to describe parents’ reasoning in making decisions about vaccinating their daughters against human papilloma virus (HPV), a part of the Swedish vaccination programme.MethodTwenty parents whose daughter had been offered HPV vaccination participated. Semi‐structured individual interviews were conducted and analysed using thematic analysis.ResultsThe findings reveal that the decision‐making process is complex. The parents trusted the vaccination programme and saw it as beneficial to society. They also described using different resources to decide about HPV vaccination, but they did not include their daughters in making the decision.DiscussionParents need better vaccine and health literacy to be able to decide, based on evidence and in consultation with their daughters, on HPV vaccination. School nurses can play an important role in evidence‐based decision‐making about HPV vaccination and introducing children to this health‐promoting intervention.
Examining psychometric properties of the Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire among college students in India
Authors: Aggarwal Pankhuri , Ortiz Shelby , Jain Anjali , Velkoff Elizabeth , George Tony S. , Smith April , Raval Vaishali V. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundWith the second‐highest population in the world, suicide‐related deaths in India are high, and adults under 30 are particularly at an increased risk. However, empirical examinations of factors contributing to suicide in India and assessments of reliability and validity of self‐report measures assessing these constructs are rare.AimsThe present study examined the psychometric properties of the Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire (INQ).Materials & MethodsUndergraduate students in India (N = 432) completed the INQ and questionnaires assessing suicidal ideation, depression, fearlessness about death, and pain tolerance.ResultsConfirmatory factor analyses of the 15‐item INQ indicated that after removing three items assessing perceived burdensomeness, the two‐factor structure of INQ demonstrated acceptable fit with good internal consistency for each of the subscales (α = .84–.90). In line with the interpersonal‐psychological theory of suicidal behavior (IPTS), thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness interacted to predict suicidal ideation. Additionally, these constructs were positively associated with suicidal ideation and depression, and weakly correlated with fearlessness about death and pain tolerance.DiscussionResults support the relevance of the IPTS for understanding suicidal ideation among college students in India.ConclusionThe results suggest that modified INQ demonstrates strong internal consistency, as well as good construct, criterion, and discriminant validity among Indian college students.
Immigration and public opinion: Will backlash impede immigrants’ policy progress?
Authors: Bishin Benjamin G. , Hayes Thomas J. , Incantalupo Matthew B. , Smith Charles Anthony 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectiveWe investigate the question: How should immigrants pursue policy in a system that privileges majority rule? Scholars suggest that opinion backlash impedes policy gains by marginalized groups. That is, pushing too hard for policy leads to backlash, a sharp and sustained negative reaction among citizens that delays these groups’ ability to obtain their desired policy.MethodsExamining immigration, we develop and test two plausible alternatives to backlash: opinion elite cues and opinion stability. We use experimental and observational data.ResultsWe find no evidence of backlash. Instead, we find modest evidence attitudes move in the direction of the cues provided by party elites.ConclusionImmigrants and other marginalized groups should pursue rights without fear of opinion backlash.
Rigid rules and slippery standards: How the nature of U.S. Supreme Court precedents influences subsequent state court treatments
Authors: Montgomery Matthew D. , Fix Michael P. , Kingsland Justin T. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectiveThis research develops a new theoretical framework that explains how the U.S. Supreme Court's decision between a rigid rule and a flexible standard influences compliance with the decisions of state high courts over time.MethodsTo assess the effects of doctrinal rules and standards on state court compliance, we apply our theoretical framework to an examination of state court responses to Miller v. California (1973) and Atkins v. Virginia (2002).ResultsOur findings show that doctrinal characteristics of Supreme Court precedents influence state court treatments. Our central theoretical argument posits that applications and positive treatments of deterministic rules should decrease the likelihood of future positive treatments, whereas applications and positive treatments of indeterministic standards should increase the likelihood of future positive treatment. Our findings provide support for this expectation.ConclusionThis research demonstrates the importance of doctrinal characteristics in shaping state court compliance with U.S. Supreme Court precedent. Our findings suggest that rigid, deterministic rules, and slippery indeterministic standards influence lower court compliance in unique ways.
Measurement of Lean Blowoff Limits in Swirl-Stabilized Distributed Combustion With Varying Heat Release Intensities
Authors: Roy Rishi , Gupta Ashwani K. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Lean blowoff in distributed combustion was investigated at moderate heat release intensities of 5.72, 7.63, and 9.53 MW/m3-atm to characterize the blowoff phenomenon. Distributed combustion conditions were established from a conventional swirl flame at an equivalence ratio of 0.9 using carbon dioxide as the diluent to the inlet airstream. A gradual increase in the air flowrate provided a reduction of equivalence ratio that eventually resulted in the lean blowoff limit. Blowoff occurred at relatively higher equivalence ratios for higher heat release intensities, which was attributed to higher inlet turbulence leading to the early introduction of flame instabilities and blowoff. High-speed chemiluminescence imaging (at 500 frames/second) performed near blowoff moments demonstrated the transition of distributed reaction zone to a near V-shape zone due to quenching of flame surface along the sides. A closer examination of the reduction in equivalence ratio in small steps near the global blowoff showed the presence of a very thin thread-like rotating reaction zone. The observations of blowoff were further supported by the analysis of chemiluminescence signals in each case. The effect of inlet air preheats on blowoff was also investigated. Air preheats broadened the lean blowoff to a lower equivalence ratio which was attributed to enhanced flame speed, providing additional flame stability and reduction of flowfield instabilities. The laminar flame speeds obtained at each preheats case using Chemkin-Pro© simulation with GRI-Mech 3.0 reaction mechanisms supported such a hypothesis of gradually enhanced flame speed, providing additional flame stability.
Surface to Through-Wall Crack Transition Model for Circumferential Cracks in Pipes
Authors: Shim Do Jun , Park Jeong Soon , Kurth Robert , Rudland David 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In this paper, finite element (FE) analyses were performed to update and also extend the applicable ranges of the existing KI and crack-opening displacement (COD) solutions for nonidealized through-wall cracks (TWCs). Then, a surface to TWC transition model was proposed based on these solutions. The proposed model provides a criterion which determines when the final surface crack (SC) should transition to a TWC. It also provides a criterion to determine the two crack lengths (at the inner diameter (ID) and outer diameter (OD) surfaces) of the initial nonidealized TWC. Furthermore, crack growth of nonidealized TWCs can be simulated by using the proposed method. Finally, the proposed model was verified by demonstrating that it can well predict the surface to through-wall transition behavior when compared to the natural crack growth simulations.
Mechxels: A Preliminary Exploration of Leveraging Bistability for Text and Image Display
Authors: Chan Wan Kyn , Riley Katherine S. , Arrieta Andres F. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This paper explores Mechxels — mechanical pixels capable of rendering text and images — with preliminary evaluations of their effectiveness using pre-configured optical character recognition. Leveraging switchable multistablility through a combination of pre-strain and shape memory during fused deposition modeling (FDM), Mechxels are passive and, at 1/16th the size of the previous iteration of bistable mechanical pixels, easy to manufacture, tessellate, reprogram and reuse. A Python program is developed to assist with the tessellation by using image processing to tessellate the image and providing an interface in which images are mapped to their tessellated equivalent in Mechxels. This minimizes trial and error and determines the physical size of the tessellation and number of Mechxels required. Without the need for constant external stimulus to maintain perceived value change, Mechxels have the potential to enable passive deformation-based color changing displays that actuate based on environmental stimuli, with applications in product design and interior and exterior architecture.
Finite Element Modeling and Simulation of a Soft Array of Dielectric Elastomer Actuators
Authors: Croce Sipontina , Moretti Giacomo , Neu Julian , Hubertus Jonas , Seelecke Stefan , Schultes Günter , Rizzello Gianluca 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Dielectric elastomers (DEs) consist of thin membranes of dielectric material (e.g., silicone) coated with compliant electrodes. When subject to a high voltage, a DE undergoes an in-plane expansion which can be used for actuation purposes. Nowadays, most of the applications of DE actuators (DEAs) are based on single-degree-of-freedom systems. If many DEA elements are combined together in an array-like structure, a new generation of distributed and cooperative micro-actuators can be developed, with potential applications in fields such as soft robotics, distributed acoustics, and wearables. In this work, we present the first steps towards the development of such types of cooperative DEA systems. In particular, we report a finite element (FE) simulation study conducted on a one-dimensional array of silicone-based DEAs. Individual activation of each actuator in the array can be performed in an independent way, thus allowing to implement cooperative control paradigms. First, a FE model of the system is implemented in COMSOL environment and validated by means of experimental data. Then, a simulation analysis is conducted with the aim of understanding how the system parameters (e.g., geometry, pre-stress, actuators spacing) affect the overall electro-mechanical performance. The presented analysis will serve as a reference for the development of distributed cooperative DEA systems.
Tailoring Structure-Borne Traveling Waves in Targeted Areas of a Two-Dimensional Plate for Particle Motion Applications
Authors: Rogers William C. , Albakri Mohammad I. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Structure-borne traveling wave (SBTWs) have been investigated as means of propulsion and solid-state motion. Experimental studies have shown that SBTWs can be excited at various frequencies simultaneously by the superposition of the excitation signals. This paper examines superposition as a tool to improve the quality of SBTWs in targeted areas of a two-dimensional aluminum plate. Such waves are better suited for particle motion applications, where high quality SBTWs are required to exist on specific areas.
The superposition of SBTWs is investigated through the use of a Finite Element model which represents a thin plate with coupled-piezoelectric wafers and fixed boundary conditions. Superposition of excitation signals is then applied to combine two SBTWs: one with overall high quality but poor quality in a region of interest and one with high quality in this region of interest but with poor overall quality. The quality of the SBTW is evaluated using complex orthogonal decomposition (COD). The superimposed SBTWs are then tailored further by adjusting the relative amplitude of the two excitation signals. Tailoring SBTWs to be more prevalent in specific areas of the plate allows for high-quality waves in prescribed locations to be generated while maintaining the overall quality across the plate, without the need for a large number of actuators.
Contact-Poling Enhanced, Fully 3D Printed PVdF Pressure Sensors: Towards 3D Printed Functional Materials
Authors: Fan Jinsheng , Newell Brittany , Garcia Jose , Voyles Richard M. , Nawrocki Robert A. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This work presents a new process to print piezoelectric polymer-based sensors through additive manufacturing via three-dimensional (3D) printing technology. 3D printing has become an efficient method to fabricate devices with complex geometric structures and embedded functionalities. The motivation of this research was to explore a path towards fully 3D printed multifunctional thin and flexible sensing devices. The 3D printed methods used were Fused Deposition Modelling and Direct Ink Writing. A fully 3D printed sensor consisting of a (2.54 cm × 2.54 cm) poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVdF) film with thickness in the range of ∼250 μm to 350 μm was sandwiched between two fast-drying silver paint printed electrodes with thickness ranging from ∼10 μm to 50 μm. The arithmetic average roughness, Ra, of typical printed PVdF profiles with and without printed silver electrodes was ∼12.9 μm and ∼7.3 μm, respectively. Silver electrodes were printed to facilitate contact poling and to collect charges generated due to piezoelectricity. The average piezoelectric activity of printed unpoled films was 7.13 pC/N. The polarization in the printed PVdF films was realized by conventional contact poling at elevated temperatures (100, 110, 120 and 130 °C, respectively) with step increased electric fields, which were varied from 0.4 MV/m to 14 MV/m at 1 MV/m increments. To perform contact poling, PVdF films were immersed in mineral oil and a controlled voltage was applied to electrodes on one side while electrodes on the opposite side were grounded. The extrusion process during 3D printing and the subsequent contact poling process enabled the phase transition from the thermally stable α-phase to the piezoelectric active β-phase and the rearranging of the dipole alignments. The efficiency of poling was evaluated through measurement of the average value of the charge generated by six poled PVdF films in response to mechanical input increasing from 0.29 N to 1.91 N with ∼0.27 N increments. The highest average piezoelectric activity obtained was 59.2 pC/N, and a single device of 96.44 pC/N, at step increased poling voltages up to 3.5 kV under a fixed temperature 120 °C. The results demonstrate that by increasing the poling voltages and time, a higher piezoelectric activity (about 8 times compared to unpoled films) was achieved, indicating improvement of the β-phase content. This study provides a new method for continuous and direct printing of piezoelectric devices from PVdF polymeric filament. This technology opens a new path towards fully 3D printed free-form structured functional materials for sensing applications.