bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prediction of target position from multiple fiducial markers by partial least squares regression in real-time tumor-tracking radiation therapy
Authors: Ukon Kanako , Arai Yohei , Takao Seishin , Matsuura Taeko , Ishikawa Masayori , Shirato Hiroki , Shimizu Shinichi , Umegaki Kikuo , Miyamoto Naoki 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The purpose of this work is to show the usefulness of a prediction method of tumor location based on partial least squares regression (PLSR) using multiple fiducial markers. The trajectory data of respiratory motion of four internal fiducial markers inserted in lungs were used for the analysis. The position of one of the four markers was assumed to be the tumor position and was predicted by other three fiducial markers. Regression coefficients for prediction of the position of the tumor-assumed marker from the fiducial markers’ positions is derived by PLSR. The tracking error and the gating error were evaluated assuming two possible variations. First, the variation of the position definition of the tumor and the markers on treatment planning computed tomograhy (CT) images. Second, the intra-fractional anatomical variation which leads the distance change between the tumor and markers during the course of treatment. For comparison, rigid predictions and ordinally multiple linear regression (MLR) predictions were also evaluated. The tracking and gating errors of PLSR prediction were smaller than those of other prediction methods. Ninety-fifth percentile of tracking/gating error in all trials were 3.7/4.1 mm, respectively in PLSR prediction for superior–inferior direction. The results suggested that PLSR prediction was robust to variations, and clinically applicable accuracy could be achievable for targeting tumors.
Modern architecture in the professional discourse: analysis of the Architectural Biennial of Quito’s 1976–92 archive using bipartite networks
Authors: Rosa Zambrano María , Gonzalez Mario , Medina Ana , Acosta-Vargas Patricia 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This article studies the contents of the Architectural Biennial of Quito’s (BAQ) archive from its first edition in 1978 to its eighth in 1992, using technological tools and producing bipartite networks that make visible the inter- and intra-relationships of the archive’s data through quantitative and qualitative analysis. By using these methods and means, the results firstly show how the BAQ articulated discussions of modern architecture in Ecuador, and secondly, the extent of local and international exchanges implicated in the professional scope throughout the BAQ. The study of this archive allows one to understand the most important relationships in the architectural productions and communications at the hands of BAQ as a platform for circulating ideas.
The general applicability of self-similar solutions for thermal disc winds
Authors: Sellek Andrew D , Clarke Cathie J , Booth Richard A 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
Thermal disc winds occur in many contexts and may be particularly important to the secular evolution and dispersal of protoplanetary discs heated by high energy radiation from their central star. In this paper, we generalize previous models of self-similar thermal winds – which have self-consistent morphology and variation of flow variables – to the case of launch from an elevated base and to non-isothermal conditions. These solutions are well-reproduced by hydrodynamic simulations, in which, as in the case of isothermal winds launched from the midplane, we find winds launch at the maximum Mach number for which the streamline solutions extend to infinity without encountering a singularity. We explain this behaviour based on the fact that lower Mach number solutions do not fill the spatial domain. We also show that hydrodynamic simulations reflect the corresponding self-similar models across a range of conditions appropriate to photoevaporating protoplanetary discs, even when gravity, centrifugal forces, or changes in the density gradient mean the problem is not inherently scale free. Of all the parameters varied, the elevation of the wind base affected the launch velocity and flow morphology most strongly, with temperature gradients causing only minor differences. We explore how launching from an elevated base affects Ne ii line profiles from winds, finding it increases (reduces) the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the line at low (high) inclination to the line of sight compared with models launched from the disc midplane and thus weakens the dependence of the FWHM on inclination.
Model-independent constraints on superfluidity from the cooling neutron star in Cassiopeia A
Authors: Shternin Peter S , Ofengeim Dmitry D , Ho Wynn C G , Heinke Craig O , Wijngaarden M J P , Patnaude Daniel J 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
We present a new model-independent (applicable for a broad range of equations of state) analysis of the neutrino emissivity due to triplet neutron pairing in neutron star cores. We find that the integrated neutrino luminosity of the Cooper Pair Formation (CPF) process can be written as a product of two factors. The first factor depends on the neutron star mass, radius, and maximal critical temperature of neutron pairing in the core, TCnmax, but not on the particular superfluidity model; it can be expressed by an analytical formula valid for many nucleon equations of state. The second factor depends on the shape of the critical temperature profile within the star, the ratio of the temperature T to TCnmax, but not on the maximal critical temperature itself. While this second factor depends on the superfluidity model, it obeys several model-independent constraints. This property allows one to analyse the thermal evolution of neutron stars with superfluid cores without relying on a specific model of their interiors. The constructed expressions allow us to perform a self-consistent analysis of spectral data and neutron star cooling theory. We apply these findings to the cooling neutron star in the Cassiopeia A supernova remnant using 14 sets of observations taken over 19 yr. We constrain TCnmax to the range of (5–10) × 108 K. This value depends weakly on the equation of state and superfluidity model, and will not change much if cooling is slower than what the current data suggest. We also constrain the overall efficiency of the CPF neutrino luminosity.
Synchrotron self-Compton radiation from magnetically dominated turbulent plasmas in relativistic jets
Authors: Sobacchi Emanuele , Sironi Lorenzo , Beloborodov Andrei M 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
Relativistic jets launched by rotating black holes are powerful emitters of non-thermal radiation. Extraction of the rotational energy via electromagnetic stresses produces magnetically dominated jets, which may become turbulent. Studies of magnetically dominated plasma turbulence from first principles show that most of the accelerated particles have small pitch angles, i.e. the particle velocity is nearly aligned with the local magnetic field. We examine synchrotron self-Compton radiation from anisotropic particles in the fast cooling regime. The small pitch angles reduce the synchrotron cooling rate and promote the role of inverse Compton (IC) cooling, which can occur in two different regimes. In the Thomson regime, both synchrotron and IC components have soft spectra, νFν ∝ ν1/2. In the Klein–Nishina regime, synchrotron radiation has a hard spectrum, typically νFν ∝ ν, over a broad range of frequencies. Our results have implications for the modelling of BL Lacertae objects (BL Lacs) and gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). BL Lacs produce soft synchrotron and IC spectra, as expected when Klein–Nishina effects are minor. The observed synchrotron and IC luminosities are typically comparable, which indicates a moderate anisotropy with pitch angles θ ≳ 0.1. Rare orphan gamma-ray flares may be produced when θ ≪ 0.1. The hard spectra of GRBs may be consistent with synchrotron radiation when the emitting particles are IC cooling in the Klein–Nishina regime, as expected for pitch angles θ ∼ 0.1. Blazar and GRB spectra can be explained by turbulent jets with a similar electron plasma magnetization parameter, σe ∼ 104, which for electron–proton plasmas corresponds to an overall magnetization σ = (me/mp)σe ∼ 10.
CTCF as a regulator of alternative splicing: new tricks for an old player
Authors: Alharbi Adel B , Schmitz Ulf , Bailey Charles G , Rasko John E J 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThree decades of research have established the CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) as a ubiquitously expressed chromatin organizing factor and master regulator of gene expression. A new role for CTCF as a regulator of alternative splicing (AS) has now emerged. CTCF has been directly and indirectly linked to the modulation of AS at the individual transcript and at the transcriptome-wide level. The emerging role of CTCF-mediated regulation of AS involves diverse mechanisms; including transcriptional elongation, DNA methylation, chromatin architecture, histone modifications, and regulation of splicing factor expression and assembly. CTCF thereby appears to not only co-ordinate gene expression regulation but contributes to the modulation of transcriptomic complexity. In this review, we highlight previous discoveries regarding the role of CTCF in AS. In addition, we summarize detailed mechanisms by which CTCF mediates AS regulation. We propose opportunities for further research designed to examine the possible fate of CTCF-mediated alternatively spliced genes and associated biological consequences. CTCF has been widely acknowledged as the ‘master weaver of the genome’. Given its multiple connections, further characterization of CTCF’s emerging role in splicing regulation might extend its functional repertoire towards a ‘conductor of the splicing orchestra’.
Front-Back Cervical Deformity Correction by Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion With Posterior Instrumentation: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Srinivasan Ethan S , Karikari Isaac O , Williamson Theresa , Shaffrey Christopher I , Than Khoi D 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Front-back procedures for cervical deformity permit the correction of cervical kyphosis in the setting of unfused facets. Here, we highlight the operative treatment of a 65-yr-old female entailing a 4-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) at C3-C4, C4-C5, C5-C6, and C6-C7 with hyperlordotic interbody implants, supplemented by a posterior C2-T2 instrumented fusion. The patient initially presented with symptoms of treatment-refractory neck pain while neurologically intact on examination. Her imaging demonstrated significant cervical kyphosis measuring 46° as the Cobb angle between C2 and C7 without neural compression. The patient consented to the procedure and publication of their image. After 2 d of traction, the operation proceeded with the patient initially in a supine position with dissection medial to the sternocleidomastoid muscle down to the vertebral bodies. Discectomies were performed at each level followed by installation of the interbody implants. After closure of this access wound, the patient was turned to a prone position for the posterior element of the operation. The posterior bony elements were exposed and a C2-T2 instrumented fusion performed. Postoperative imaging demonstrated improvement of her sagittal cervical curvature and the patient described improvement in her neck pain.
History and State Coercion in the Arab Spring
Authors: Said Atef 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn this chapter, the author proposes the need to study the colonial and postcolonial nexus of coercion in Arab states in order to explore how the coercive apparatus in the region was tied to a colonial formation, through postcolonial configurations of states. In doing so, the author argues against the dominance of presentism and methodological nationalism in the study of Arab states. While focusing on the cases of Egypt, Syria, Libya, and Yemen, the author demonstrates that one cannot understand the role that coercion played in the Arab Spring and its trajectory or the new wave of repression after the Arab Spring as an insulated contemporary problem. The author interrogates the existence of paramilitary groups and the entanglements of coercion with regional and international postcolonial politics. The analysis reveals that understanding the central problems related to the coercive apparatus of Arab states necessitates situating them within their foundation—that is, within the colonial and postcolonial contexts out of which they emerged.
Doing Tricks: Affordances and Challenges for a Sociolinguistics of Sex Work
Authors: Borba Rodrigo 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Sex work has long been of interest to a variety of fields, among them anthropology, sociology, public health, and feminist theory, to name but a few. However, with very few exceptions, sociolinguistics seems to have ignored the fact that commercial sex, as an intersubjective business transaction, is primarily negotiated in embodied linguistic interaction. By reviewing publications in distinct social scientific areas that directly or indirectly discuss the role of language in the sex industry, this chapter critically assesses the analytical affordances and methodological challenges for a sociolinguistics of sex work. It does so by discussing the “tricks” played by sex work on sociolinguistic theory and methods, as a power-infused context of language use in which issues of agency (or lack thereof) and embodiment are paramount. The chapter concludes that the study of language in commercial sex venues is sociolinguistically promising and epistemologically timely.
Language and Sexual Politics: Discursive Negotiations of Belonging
Authors: Levon Erez 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the relationship between language and sexual politics. It focuses on the ways language is used to police membership in different gendered and sexual groups, to construct self and others along gendered and sexual lines, and to negotiate belonging in different communities and institutions. The first half of the chapter summarizes prominent research in this area. Topics covered include struggles over labeling practices, discursive constructions of sexual authenticities, and the role of language and sexuality in the creation and reproduction of national ideologies. The second half turns to a detailed case study of language and sexual politics among lesbians in Israel. The chapter describes how the women in question use particular linguistic practices, such as variation in Hebrew gender morphology, to construct distinct sexual selves, and, in the process, challenge prevailing sexual norms in Israel. The discussion also highlights future directions for language and sexuality research, focusing on the importance of an adequate theory of power.
Mediatizing Sex: Sexting and/as Digital Discourse
Authors: Thurlow Crispin 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on sex/uality in the context of so-called new media and, specifically, digital discourse: technologically mediated linguistic or communicative practices, and mediatized representations of these practices. To help think through the relationship among sex, discourse, and (new) media, the discussion focuses on sexting and two instances of sexting “scandals” in the news. Against this backdrop, the chapter sets out four persistent binaries that typically shape public and academic writing about sex/uality and especially digital sex/uality: new-old, mediation-mediatization, private/real-public/fake, and personal-political. These either-or approaches are problematic, because they no longer account for the practical realities and lived experiences of both sex and media. Scholars interested in digital sex/uality are advised to adopt a “both-and” approach in which media (i.e., digital technologies and The Media) both create pleasurable, potentially liberating opportunities to use our bodies (sexually or otherwise) and simultaneously thwart us, shame us, or shut us down. In this sense, there is nothing that is really “new” after all.
Administrative Justice in the Private Sector
Authors: Benish Avishai , Pélisse Jérôme 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis chapter explores the still largely uncharted territory of administrative justice in the private sector. The chapter presents a theoretical and empirical account of the extension of administrative justice norms and institutions into the private sphere. It does so by mapping and analysing the different paths by which administrative justice is diffused in privatized and contracted out services and in originally private services. It draws upon illustrative examples of such diffusion for each of these private realms. The chapter concludes with insights into the convergence of public and private models of decision-making and dispute resolution and the hybrid nature of this field.
Public Inquiries and Administrative Justice
Authors: Donson Fiona , O'Donovan Darren 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The public inquiry represents a final accountability backstop in many jurisdictions—an institution born of the failures of other mechanisms to respond to scandals, crises, and disasters. While each inquiry responds to differing political and administrative dynamics, there are many shared features and challenges in delivering their mandate of truth and reform. This article analyses the shared design challenges inquiries face in developing historical narratives, holding actors to account, producing recommendations for change, and delivering a restorative process for victims. The discussion begins with a reflection on the theoretical and constitutional underpinning of the public inquiry, something often overlooked given the pragmatic nature of such mechanisms. The article then moves to the practice of inquiries, reflecting on how design of their remit and their procedures rests upon a clear and effective terms of reference. The article offers an analytical framework for understanding the normative and operational choices that determine whether an inquiry can be successful. For all the limitations that can be highlighted in relation to the operation of public inquiries, the article concludes that the institution has an important role to play in administrative justice. Yet for an inquiry to be an effective administrative justice change-maker, effective design and a clear remit need to be combined with broader public and political acceptance of the inquiry.
The International Law of Peace
Authors: Bailliet Cecilia M. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Contemporary international law is in a state of flux based on shifts within the geopolitical order. This chapter discusses the normative evolution of the concept of peace international law from peaceful coexistence to the current identification of a right to peace and discusses the interface with the Responsibility to Protect doctrine. It discusses a wide range of dilemmas presented by peace treaties, Jus Post Bellum, and the interface between the umbrella terms of Human Security, Security, and Peace. The chapter suggests that these normative iterations represent a watershed in human rights and international law as non-Western approaches to conflict prevention gain traction.
Peace in Non-Western Theory
Authors: Polat Necati 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks critically into the exhortations in recent peace thinking to accommodate visions of peace outside European modernity, called the West. The discussion problematizes the premise of a radical distinction in cultural terms between the West and the non-West, questioning for each front the notion of a linear cultural transmission from ancient times onward. The binary, the chapter argues, is premised effectively on an oblivion of hybridities, especially in the Mediterranean basin, already before modernity and, later, under modernity, of the virtual recasting of much of what has been out there in the periphery, however named or classified, in the image of modernity. The chapter then considers some of the characteristic oversimplifications in peace research around the theme, which, albeit with a strong anti-ethnocentric posture to begin with, end up largely reproducing the classical Orientalism in its reductionisms.
The United Nations and the Responsibility to Rebuild
Authors: Bellamy Alex J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Peacebuilding and statebuilding were integral parts of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) when the principle was first articulated in 2001. But since 2005 they have developed quite separately, creating a gap between the theories and practices of protection and peacebuilding. The effects of this gap are not just theoretical but practical too. The UN’s failure to properly follow through with rebuilding support in Libya contributed to that country’s descent into chaos and civil war, especially after 2013. Likewise a failure to incorporate atrocity-prevention concerns into ongoing peacebuilding efforts in places like Sri Lanka and the Central African Republic meant that the UN’s field presences did not do all they could to prevent atrocities or protect vulnerable populations. This chapter examines the relationship between peacebuilding and R2P in the UN context. It shows how the two were conceived as being mutually supporting activities but were separated during the UN’s wider deliberations on reform. It describes the effects of this gap between peacebuilding and protection before arguing that the two agendas are closely aligned and should be integrated. And it points to practical work to ensure that atrocity prevention is mainstreamed into peacebuilding efforts, and vice versa.
Global Civil Society, Peacebuilding, and Statebuilding
Authors: Kaldor Mary , Kostovicova Denisa 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter grounds a definition of global civil society in the existence of international law and links with international networks of either international NGOs or support groups crucial for enabling civil society groups in postconflict countries to operate. Conceptualizing civil society in these global terms, the chapter critiques a technocratic approach to peace- and statebuilding that reduces the multitude of civil society actors to NGOs and their limited ability to address the social condition created by war. If the state of persistent disorder created by a combination of fragmentation and globalization is to be transformed, activist civil society needs to be regarded as a partner in countering sectarian and fundamentalist narratives and in increasing the accountability of corrupt elites. Activist civil society is underpinned by an assumption that protest, activism, debate, and deliberation are the main mechanisms for change. Linked up with international actors, it can provide the basis for a strategy for constructing legitimate institutions at different levels. By focusing on elites associated with the armed groups as participants in the peace talks in a top-down approach to conflict resolution, the international community has at least implicitly endorsed the marginalization of activist civil society. Reversing this relationship opens up new possibilities for reducing violence and for building peace.