bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The ‘Surprise question’ in heart failure: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Gonzalez-Jaramillo Valentina , Arenas Ochoa Luisa Fernanda , Saldarriaga Clara , Krikorian Alicia , Vargas John Jairo , Gonzalez-Jaramillo Nathalia , Eychmüller Steffen , Maessen Maud 
Published: August 2021

ObjectiveThe Surprise Question (SQ) is a prognostic screening tool used to identify patients with limited life expectancy. We assessed the SQ’s performance predicting 1-year mortality among patients in ambulatory heart failure (HF) clinics. We determined that the SQ’s performance changes according to sex and other demographic (age) and clinical characteristics, mainly left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and the New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classifications.MethodsWe conducted a prospective cohort study in two HF clinics. To assess the performance of the SQ in predicting 1-year mortality, we calculated the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratios, and the positive and negative predictive values. To illustrate if the results of the SQ changes the probability that a patient dies within 1 year, we created Fagan’s nomograms. We report the results from the overall sample and for subgroups according to sex, age, LVEF and NYHA functional class.ResultsWe observed that the SQ showed a sensitivity of 85% identifying ambulatory patients with HF who are in the last year of life. We determined that the SQ’s performance predicting 1-year mortality was similar among women and men. The SQ performed better for patients aged under 70 years, for patients with reduced or mildly reduced ejection fraction, and for patients NYHA class III/IV.ConclusionsWe consider the tool an easy and fast first step to identify patients with HF who might benefit from an advance care planning discussion or a referral to palliative care due to limited life expectancy.
Biomechanical analysis of force distribution in one-handed and two-handed adult chest compression: a randomised crossover observational study
Authors: Kao Chia-Lung , Tsou Jui-Yi , Hong Ming-Yuan , Chang Chih-Jan , Chi Chih-Hsien 
Published: August 2021

IntroductionThe standard method of chest compression for adults is a two-handed procedure. One-handed external chest compression (ECC) is used in some situations such as during transport of patients who had an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, but the quality of one-handed ECC is still not well known. The distribution of force is related to the quality of chest compression and may affect the risk of injury. This study aimed to determine the differences in the quality and potential safety concern between one-handed ECC and two- handed ECC.MethodsIn this randomised crossover study, participants recruited from National Cheng Kung University Hospital and the ambulance team from the fire bureau were asked to perform one-handed and two-handed ECC on the Resusci Anne manikin according to standard 2015 ECC guidelines. The MatScan Pressure Measurement system was used to investigate the compression pressure and force distribution.ResultsTwo-handed ECC had better results than one-handed ECC in terms of the median (IQR) depth (51.00 (41.50–54.75) mm vs 42.00 (27.00–49.00) mm, p=0.018), the proportion of depth accuracy (82.05% (13.95%–99.86%) vs 11.17% (0.00%–42.13%), p=0.028) and the proportion of incomplete recoil (0.23% (0.01%–0.44%) vs 2.42% (0.60%–4.21%), p=0.002). The maximum force (45.72 (36.10–80.84) kgf vs 35.64 (24.13–74.34) kgf, p<0.001) and ulnar–radial force difference (7.13 (−16.58 to 21.07) kgf vs 23.93 (11.19–38.74) kgf, p<0.001) showed statistically significant differences. The perceived fatigue of two-handed ECC versus one-handed ECC was 5.00 (3.00–6.00) vs 6.00 (5.00–8.00), p<0.001.ConclusionThe quality of one-handed ECC, based on depth and recoil, is worse than that of standard two-handed ECC. The pressure and force distribution of one-handed ECC result in greater ulnar pronation of the hand than that of two-handed ECC. One-handed ECC more easily causes operator fatigue. Acknowledging these findings and adjusting training for one-handed ECC would potentially improve the quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation during transport.
Association between widespread pain and dementia, Alzheimer’s disease and stroke: a cohort study from the Framingham Heart Study
Authors: Wang Kanran , Liu Hong 
Published: August 2021

Background and objectiveChronic pain may be an early indicator of cognitive decline, but previous studies have not systematically examined the population-level associations between widespread pain and adverse cognitive outcomes and stroke. This study was designed to determine the association between widespread pain, a common subtype of chronic pain, and subsequent dementia, Alzheimer’s disease dementia and stroke.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study used data from the US community-based Framingham Heart Study. Pain status was assessed at a single time point between 1990 and 1994. Widespread pain was determined based on the Framingham Heart Study pain homunculus. Dementia follow-up occurred across a median of 10 years (IQR, 6–13 years) for persons who were dementia free at baseline. Proportional hazard models examined associations between widespread pain and incident dementia, Alzheimer’s disease dementia and stroke.ResultsA total of 347 (14.1%) subjects fulfilled the criteria for widespread pain, whereas 2117 (85.9%) subjects did not. Of 188 cases of incident all-cause dementia, 128 were Alzheimer’s disease dementia. In addition, 139 patients suffered stroke during the follow-up period. After multivariate adjustment including age and sex, widespread pain was associated with 43% increase in all-cause dementia risk (HR: 1.43; 95% CI 1.06 to 1.92), 47% increase in Alzheimer’s disease dementia risk (HR: 1.47; 95% CI 1.13 to 2.20) and 29% increase in stroke risk (HR: 1.29; 95% CI 1.08 to 2.54). Comparable results were shown in the subgroup of individuals over 65 years old.ConclusionWidespread pain was associated with an increased incidence of all-cause dementia, Alzheimer’s disease dementia and stroke.Trial registration numberNCT00005121.
Two new species of encrusting sponge (Porifera, family Crellidae) from eastern Canada
Authors: Goodwin Claire , Dinn Curtis , Nefedova Ekaterina , Nijhof Frauke , Murillo Francisco Javier , Nozères Claude 
Published: August 2021

Two new species of Crellidae Dendy, 1922 from the east coast of Canada are described. The first is Crella (Pytheas) cutis sp. nov., a massively encrusting species of Crella (Pytheas) collected from depths of 84 to 249 m in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and on the Scotian Shelf. The second is Crellomima mehqisinpekonuta sp. nov., a thinly encrusting sponge found at diving depths in the Bay of Fundy. We also report the first records of Crellomima derma Hentschel, 1929 from outside the type locality (Barents Sea). All known species of Crellomima are reviewed based on type material.
An investigation of the $$\alpha _S$$ and heavy quark mass dependence in the MSHT20 global PDF analysis
Authors: Cridge T. , Harland-Lang L. A. , Martin A. D. , Thorne R. S. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe investigate the MSHT20 global PDF sets, demonstrating the effects of varying the strong coupling $$\alpha _S(M_Z^2)$$

α
S

(

M
Z
2

)

and the masses of the charm and bottom quarks. We determine the preferred value, and accompanying uncertainties, when we allow $$\alpha _S(M_Z^2)$$

α
S

(

M
Z
2

)

to be a free parameter in the MSHT20 global analyses of deep-inelastic and related hard scattering data, at both NLO and NNLO in QCD perturbation theory. We also study the constraints on $$\alpha _S(M_Z^2)$$

α
S

(

M
Z
2

)

which come from the individual data sets in the global fit by repeating the NNLO and NLO global analyses at various fixed values of $$\alpha _S(M_Z^2)$$

α
S

(

M
Z
2

)

, spanning the range $$\alpha _S(M_Z^2)=0.108$$

α
S

(

M
Z
2

)

=
0.108

to 0.130 in units of 0.001. We make all resulting PDFs sets available. We find that the best fit values are $$\alpha _S(M_Z^2)=0.1203\pm 0.0015$$

α
S

(

M
Z
2

)

=
0.1203
±
0.0015

and $$0.1174\pm 0.0013$$

0.1174
±
0.0013

at NLO and NNLO respectively. We investigate the relationship between the variations in $$\alpha _S(M_Z^2)$$

α
S

(

M
Z
2

)

and the uncertainties on the PDFs, and illustrate this by calculating the cross sections for key processes at the LHC. We also perform fits where we allow the heavy quark masses $$m_c$$

m
c

and $$m_b$$

m
b

to vary away from their default values and make PDF sets available in steps of $$\Delta m_c =0.05~\mathrm GeV$$

Δ

m
c

=
0.05

G
e
V

and $$\Delta m_b =0.25~\mathrm GeV$$

Δ

m
b

=
0.25

G
e
V

, using the pole mass definition of the quark masses. As for varying $$\alpha _S(M_Z^2)$$

α
S

(

M
Z
2

)

values, we present the variation in the PDFs and in the predictions. We examine the comparison to data, particularly the HERA data on charm and bottom cross sections and note that our default values are very largely compatible with best fits to data. We provide PDF sets with 3 and 4 active quark flavours, as well as the standard value of 5 flavours.
The Z lineshape challenge: ppm and keV measurements
Authors: Alcaraz Maestre Juan , Blondel Alain , Dam Mogens , Janot Patrick 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe FCC-ee offers powerful opportunities for direct or indirect evidence for physics beyond the standard model, via a combination of high-precision measurements and searches for forbidden and rare processes and feebly coupled particles. A key element of FCC-ee physics program is the measurement of the Z lineshape from a total of $$5\times 10^{12}$$

5
×

10
12

Z bosons and a beam-energy calibration with relative uncertainty of $$10^{-6}$$

10

-
6

. With this exceptionally large event sample, five orders of magnitude larger than that accumulated during the whole LEP1 operation at the Z pole, the defining parameters—$$m_\mathrm{Z}$$

m
Z

, $$\Gamma _\mathrm{Z}$$

Γ
Z

, $$N_\nu $$

N
ν

, $$\sin ^2\theta _\mathrm{W}^\mathrm{eff}$$

sin
2

θ

W

eff

, $$\alpha _\mathrm{S}(m_\mathrm{Z}^2)$$

α
S

(

m

Z

2

)

, and $$\alpha _\mathrm{QED}(m^2_\mathrm{Z})$$

α
QED

(

m
Z
2

)

—can be extracted with a leap in accuracy of up to two orders of magnitude with respect to the current state of the art. The ultimate goal that experimental and theory systematic errors match the statistical accuracy (4 keV on the Z mass and width, $$3\times 10^{-6}$$

3
×

10

-
6

on $$\sin ^2\theta _\mathrm{W}^\mathrm{eff}$$

sin
2

θ

W

eff

, a relative $$3\times 10^{-5}$$

3
×

10

-
5

on $$\alpha _\mathrm{QED}$$

α
QED

, and less than 0.0001 on $$\alpha _\mathrm{S}$$

α
S

) leads to highly demanding requirements on collider operation, beam instrumentation, detector design, computing facilities, theoretical calculations, and Monte Carlo event generators. Such precise measurements also call for innovative analysis methods, which require a joint effort and understanding between theorists, experimenters, and accelerator teams.
Can classical electrodynamics predict nonlocal effects?
Authors: Heras José A. , Heras Ricardo 
Published: August 2021

AbstractClassical electrodynamics is a local theory describing local interactions between charges and electromagnetic fields and therefore one would not expect that this theory could predict nonlocal effects. But this perception implicitly assumes that the electromagnetic configurations lie in simply connected regions. In this paper, we consider an electromagnetic configuration lying in a non-simply connected region, which consists of a charged particle encircling an infinitely long solenoid enclosing a uniform magnetic flux, and show that the electromagnetic angular momentum of this configuration describes a nonlocal interaction between the encircling charge outside the solenoid and the magnetic flux confined inside the solenoid. We argue that the nonlocality of this interaction is of topological nature by showing that the electromagnetic angular momentum of the configuration is proportional to a winding number. The magnitude of this electromagnetic angular momentum may be interpreted as the classical counterpart of the Aharonov–Bohm phase.
Myocardial Contraction Fraction for Risk Stratification in Low-Gradient Aortic Stenosis With Preserved Ejection Fraction
Authors: Rusinaru Dan , Bohbot Yohann , Kubala Maciej , Diouf Momar , Altes Alexandre , Pasquet Agnès , Maréchaux Sylvestre , Vanoverschelde Jean-Louis , Tribouilloy Christophe 
Published: August 2021

Background:
Myocardial contraction fraction (MCF) is a volumetric measure of myocardial shortening independent of left ventricular size and geometry. This multicenter study investigates the usefulness of MCF for risk stratification in low-gradient severe aortic stenosis with preserved ejection fraction.

Methods:
We included 643 consecutive patients with low-gradient severe aortic stenosis with preserved ejection fraction in whom MCF was computed at baseline and analyzed mortality during follow-up.

Results:

Throughout follow-up with medical and surgical management (34.9 [16.1–65.3] months), lower MCF tertiles had higher mortality than the highest tertile. Eighty-month survival was 56±4% for MCF>41%, 41±4% for MCF 30% to 41%, and 40±4% for MCF<30% (
P
<0.001). After comprehensive adjustment, mortality risk remained high for MCF 30% to 41% (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.53 [1.08–2.18]) and for MCF<30% (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.82 [1.24–2.66]) versus MCF>41%. The optimal MCF cutoff point for mortality prediction was 41%. Age, body mass index, Charlson index, peak aortic velocity, and ejection fraction were independently associated with mortality. MCF (χ
2
to improve 10.39;
P
=0.001), provided greater additional prognostic value over the baseline parameters than stroke volume (SV) index (χ
2
to improve 5.41;
P
=0.042), left ventricular mass index (χ
2
to improve 2.15;
P
=0.137), or global longitudinal strain (χ
2
to improve 3.67;
P
=0.061). MCF outperformed ejection fraction for mortality prediction. When patients were classified by SV index and MCF, mortality risk was low when SV index was ≥30 mL/m
2
and MCF>41%, higher for patients with SV index ≥30 mL/m
2
and MCF≤41% (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.47 [1.05–2.07]) and extremely high for patients with SV index <30 mL/m
2
(adjusted hazard ratio, 2.29 [1.45–3.62]).

Conclusions:
MCF is a valuable marker of risk in low-gradient severe aortic stenosis with preserved ejection fraction and could improve decision-making, especially in normal-flow low-gradient severe aortic stenosis with preserved ejection fraction.
Ethical Emergentism and Moral Causation
Authors: Stringer Ryan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This paper focuses on a recently articulated, emergentist conception of ethical naturalism and its commitment to causal efficacy, or the idea that moral properties have causal powers, along with its supporting commitment to moral causation. After I reconstruct the theory, I explain how it offers some interesting theoretical benefits to moral realists in virtue of its commitment to causal efficacy. Then, after locating some examples of moral causation in support of this commitment, I present and respond to five objections to such causation, which all threaten to undermine this support. Lastly, I consider a very serious problem that the theory faces in virtue of positing emergent moral properties as responsible for moral causation – namely, the problem of downward moral causation. I describe this problem in detail and argue that, as it stands, it does not spell doom for the theory.
Critical Repetition Rates for Perceptual Segregation of Time-Varying Auditory, Visual and Vibrotactile Stimulation
Authors: Jurado Carlos , Larrea Marcelo , Rosero David , Vizuete Juan , Marquardt Torsten 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
What sound quality has led to exclude infrasound from sound in the conventional hearing range? We examined whether temporal segregation of pressure pulses is a distinctive property and evaluated this perceptual limit via an adaptive psychophysical procedure for pure tones and carriers of different envelopes. Further, to examine across-domain similarity and individual covariation of this limit, here called the critical segregation rate (CSR), it was also measured for various periodic visual and vibrotactile stimuli. Results showed that sequential auditory or vibrotactile stimuli separated by at least ~80‒90 ms (~11‒12-Hz repetition rates), will be perceived as perceptually segregated from one another. While this limit did not statistically differ between these two modalities, it was significantly lower than the ~150 ms necessary to perceptually segregate successive visual stimuli. For the three sensory modalities, stimulus periodicity was the main factor determining the CSR, which apparently reflects neural recovery times of the different sensory systems. Among all experimental conditions, significant within- and across-modality individual CSR correlations were observed, despite the visual CSR (mean: 6.8 Hz) being significantly lower than that of both other modalities. The auditory CSR was found to be significantly lower than the frequency above which sinusoids start to elicit a tonal quality (19 Hz; recently published for the same subjects). Returning to our initial question, the latter suggests that the cessation of tonal quality — not the segregation of pressure fluctuations — is the perceptual quality that has led to exclude infrasound (sound with frequencies < 20 Hz) from the conventional hearing range.
Agricultural Involution and Bureaucratic Involution: Types, Concepts, Empirical Generalizations, and Theoretical Mechanisms
Authors: Huang (黄宗智) Philip C. C. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The article reviews the history of the word “involution,” the empirical basis of the concept of “agricultural involution,” and the mechanisms operating behind that phenomenon. It then considers the very different empirical bases and mechanisms of “bureaucratic involution.” State and peasant might interact in a positive way that leads to development – as when the state in the Reform era gave peasants the power and right to respond to market stimuli and develop the “labor and capital dual intensifying” “new agriculture” that has led to genuine development, demonstrating how small peasants have been the true primary subjects of Chinese agriculture and the true key to genuine agricultural development. By contrast, if bureaucratic involution should force on peasants policies that run counter to realities, it can lead to malignant “ultra-involution.” Similar consequences can be seen in spheres with scarce opportunities relative to the number of people seeking them, once they are placed under the forces of bureaucratic involution, as in the “examinations-above-all-else education system” as well as in similar (public and private) enterprise management. That is why the word “involution” has recently triggered such widespread resonance among so very many people. What is needed is state-party policies that truly accord with the interests of the people and draw their active participation. That kind of combination is what can check tendencies toward ultra-involution.
Notaries and Basic-Level Society: A Study of the Itinerant Notary System during the Republican Period
Authors: Guo (郭玉龙) Yulong 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The itinerant notary system was an important measure taken by the Nationalist government in Nanjing to enhance its control of grassroots society in rural China. There was no intent to challenge the central government’s wishes of “enlarging government revenues for the benefit of the state treasury” and safeguarding the integrity of the central government’s jurisdiction, which made smooth implementation of the itinerant notary system possible. It was against this background that the court of Linxia, Gansu province, expanded its reach to local business centers, selected superintendents of public notaries from among local gentry elites, and offered awards for notary services. The itinerant notary system thus combined a “modern” legal institution transplanted from the West with endogenous resources, and turned out to be an experiment conducive to overcoming the either/or binary of Western vs. Chinese, exploring a pluralistic and less disruptive path of institutional development.
Sila qanuippa? (how's the weather?): Integrating Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit and environmental forecasting products to support travel safety around Pond Inlet, Nunavut in a changing climate
Authors: Simonee Natasha , Alooloo Jayko , Carter Natalie Ann , Ljubicic Gita , Dawson Jackie 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAs Inuit hunters living in Pond Inlet, Nunavut, we (Natasha Simonee and Jayko Alooloo) travel extensively on land, water, and sea ice. Climate change, including changing sea ice and increasingly unpredictable weather patterns, has made it riskier and harder for us to travel and hunt safely. Inuit knowledge supporting safe travel is also changing and shared less between generations. We increasingly use online weather, marine, and ice products to develop locally relevant forecasts. This helps us to make decisions according to wind, waves, precipitation, visibility, sea ice conditions, and floe edge location. We apply our forecasts and share them with fellow community members to support safe travel. In this paper, we share the approach we developed from over a decade of systematically and critically assessing forecasting products such as: Windy.com; weather and marine forecasts; tide tables; C-CORE’s floe edge monitoring service; SmartICE; ZoomEarth; and time lapse cameras. We describe the strengths and challenges we face when accessing, interpreting, and applying each product throughout different seasons. Our analysis highlights a disconnect between available products and local needs. This disconnect can be overcome by service providers adjusting services to include: more seasonal and real-time information, non-technical language, familiar units of measurement, data size proportional to internet access cost and speed, and clear relationships between weather/marine/ice information and safe travel. Our findings have potential relevance in the Circumpolar Arctic and beyond, wherever people combine Indigenous weather forecasting methods and online information for decision-making. We encourage service providers to improve product relevance and accessibility.
Addressing the Leaking Pipeline: Supporting Disabled Graduate Student Teachers in Psychology
Authors: Lund Emily M. 
Published: August 2021

Introduction People with disabilities are under-represented among psychology faculty and graduate students and are more likely than their non-disabled peers to attrite from psychology graduate programs. They face numerous barriers in graduate training. Statement of the Problem Teaching experience is a core experience for psychology graduate students, especially those pursuing faculty positions. Disabled graduate students face many barriers that may make it difficult for them to obtain high-quality graduate student teaching experience. This contributes to the continuing under-representation of disabled faculty in psychology programs. Literature Review I review key empirical and conceptual articles on the experiences of disabled psychology trainees and how to best support them. Teaching Implications I provide evidence-based suggestions and strategies for supporting graduate students with disabilities as they obtain teaching experience. Conclusion By actively supporting graduate students with disabilities in their teaching endeavors, psychology faculty can help stem the leaky pipeline and increase the numbers of psychology faculty with disabilities.