bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mitigating SARS-CoV-2 in the Deployed Environment
Authors: O’Donnell Mary T , Kucera John , Mitchell Christopher A , Gurney Jennifer M 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Unlike other communal living environments (universities, boarding schools, and camps) that have been suspended during the COVID-19 pandemic, the deployed military force must continue its mission. Early challenges in the 2020 deployed environment included limited availability of living and quarantine space and limited testing capacity. This is a brief report of stringent quarantine strategies employed to newly arriving cohorts at a NATO and U.S. military base to prevent release of SARS-CoV-2 into a larger base population.

Methods
With awareness of the worldwide pandemic, beginning in late February 2020, all personnel arriving to the Hamid Karzai International Airport NATO base were quarantined for 14 days to prevent interaction with the wider base population. Testing capacity was limited. Names, locations, and dates of those within quarantine were tracked to improve contact tracing. Between February and April 2020, the first cases of SARS-CoV-2 were diagnosed on a military base in Afghanistan within quarantine.

Results
Within quarantine, 11 males became PCR positive for SARS-CoV-2 during April 2020. Five of the 11 were PCR tested for symptoms of fever, cough, or loss of taste. A sixth individual, who had been asymptomatic upon leaving the base after completion of quarantine, later developed symptoms and tested positive. Another five asymptomatic individuals were found with antibody testing just before planned release from 14 days of quarantine post-exposure and confirmed with PCR testing. All PCR-positive individuals were diagnosed before being released into the general population of the base because of strict screening, quarantine, and exit criteria.

Conclusion
Quarantine creates significant strain on resources in a deployed environment. Group quarantine facilities where social distancing is limited allow for the possibility for intra-quarantine transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Ideally, PCR testing is done upon entry into quarantine and upon exit. With the possibility of false-negative PCR or limited PCR testing, we recommend daily symptom screening, pulse oximetry, temperature checks, and small quarantine groups that must “graduate” together—all meeting exit criteria. Any introduction of new individual, even with negative testing, to a group increases risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission.
Upon exit of quarantine, testing should be performed, regardless of entry testing. If PCR is limited, serology testing should be done, followed by PCR, if positive. Serology testing can be combined with clinical judgment to conserve PCR testing for quarantine release of asymptomatic individuals.
Clumpiness of observed and simulated cold circumgalactic gas
Authors: Augustin Ramona , Péroux Céline , Hamanowicz Aleksandra , Kulkarni Varsha , Rahmani Hadi , Zanella Anita 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
Determining the clumpiness of matter around galaxies is pivotal to a full understanding of the spatially inhomogeneous, multiphase gas in the circumgalactic medium (CGM). We combine high spatially resolved 3D observations with hydrodynamical cosmological simulations to measure the cold circumgalactic gas clumpiness. We present new adaptive-optics-assisted VLT/MUSE observations of a quadruply lensed quasar, targeting the CGM of 2 foreground z ∼ 1 galaxies observed in absorption. We additionally use zoom-in FOGGIE simulations with exquisite resolution (∼0.1 kpc scales) in the CGM of galaxies to compute the physical properties of cold gas traced by Mg ii absorbers. By contrasting these mock-observables with the VLT/MUSE observations, we find a large spread of fractional variations of Mg ii equivalent widths with physical separation, both in observations and simulations. The simulations indicate a dependence of the Mg ii coherence length on the underlying gas morphology (filaments versus clumps). The zabs = 1.168 Mg ii system shows coherence over ≳6 kpc and is associated with an [O ii] emitting galaxy situated 89 kpc away, with SFR ≥ 4.6 ± 1.5 $\rm M_{\odot }$ yr−1 and M* = 109.6 ± 0.2M⊙. Based on this combined analysis, we determine that the absorber is consistent with being an inflowing filament. The zabs = 1.393 Mg ii system traces dense CGM gas clumps varying in strength over ≲2 kpc physical scales. Our findings suggest that this absorber is likely related to an outflowing clump. Our joint approach combining 3D-spectroscopy observations of lensed systems and simulations with extreme resolution in the CGM put new constraints on the clumpiness of cold CGM gas, a key diagnostic of the baryon cycle.
Improving parametric mass modelling of lensing clusters through a perturbative approach
Authors: Beauchesne Benjamin , Clément Benjamin , Richard Johan , Kneib Jean-Paul 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
We present a new method to model the mass distribution of galaxy clusters that combines a parametric and a free-form approach to reconstruct cluster cores with strong lensing constraints. It aims at combining the advantages of both approaches, by keeping the robustness of the parametric component with an increased flexibility thanks to a free-form surface of B-spline functions. We demonstrate the capabilities of this new approach on the simulated cluster Hera, which has been used to evaluate lensing codes for the analysis of the Frontier Fields clusters. The method leads to better reproduction of the constraints, with an improvement by a factor of ∼3–4 on the root mean square error on multiple-image positions, when compared to parametric-only approaches. The resulting models show a better accuracy in the reconstruction of the amplitude of the convergence field while conserving a high fidelity on other lensing observables already well reproduced. We make this method publicly available through its implementation in the lenstool software.
The KMOS galaxy evolution survey (KGES): the angular momentum of star-forming galaxies over the last ≈10 Gyr
Authors: Tiley Alfred L , Gillman S , Cortese L , Swinbank A M , Dudzevičiūtė U , Harrison C M , Smail I , Obreschkow D , Croom S M , Sharples R M , Puglisi A 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
We present the KMOS Galaxy Evolution Survey (KGES), a K-band Multi-Object Spectrograph (KMOS) study of the H α and [N ii] emission from 288 K-band-selected galaxies at 1.2 ≲ z ≲ 1.8, with stellar masses in the range $\log _{10}(M_{*}/\rm {M}_{\odot })\approx 9$ – 11.5. In this paper, we describe the survey design, present the sample, and discuss the key properties of the KGES galaxies. We combine KGES with appropriately matched samples at lower redshifts from the KMOS Redshift One Spectroscopic Survey (KROSS) and the SAMI Galaxy Survey. Accounting for the effects of sample selection, data quality, and analysis techniques between surveys, we examine the kinematic characteristics and angular momentum content of star-forming galaxies at z ≈ 1.5, ≈1, and ≈0. We find that stellar mass, rather than redshift, most strongly correlates with the disc fraction amongst star-forming galaxies at z ≲ 1.5, observing only a modest increase in the prevalence of discs between z ≈ 1.5 and z ≈ 0.04 at fixed stellar mass. Furthermore, typical star-forming galaxies follow the same median relation between specific angular momentum and stellar mass, regardless of their redshift, with the normalization of the relation depending more strongly on how disc-like a galaxy’s kinematics are. This suggests that massive star-forming discs form in a very similar manner across the ≈10 Gyr encompassed by our study and that the inferred link between the angular momentum of galaxies and their haloes does not change significantly across the stellar mass and redshift ranges probed in this work.
Museomics Dissects the Genetic Basis for Adaptive Seasonal Coloration in the Least Weasel
Authors: Miranda Inês , Giska Iwona , Farelo Liliana , Pimenta João , Zimova Marketa , Bryk Jarosław , Dalén Love , Mills L Scott , Zub Karol , Melo-Ferreira José 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDissecting the link between genetic variation and adaptive phenotypes provides outstanding opportunities to understand fundamental evolutionary processes. Here, we use a museomics approach to investigate the genetic basis and evolution of winter coat coloration morphs in least weasels (Mustela nivalis), a repeated adaptation for camouflage in mammals with seasonal pelage color moults across regions with varying winter snow. Whole-genome sequence data were obtained from biological collections and mapped onto a newly assembled reference genome for the species. Sampling represented two replicate transition zones between nivalis and vulgaris coloration morphs in Europe, which typically develop white or brown winter coats, respectively. Population analyses showed that the morph distribution across transition zones is not a by-product of historical structure. Association scans linked a 200-kb genomic region to coloration morph, which was validated by genotyping museum specimens from intermorph experimental crosses. Genotyping the wild populations narrowed down the association to pigmentation gene MC1R and pinpointed a candidate amino acid change cosegregating with coloration morph. This polymorphism replaces an ancestral leucine residue by lysine at the start of the first extracellular loop of the protein in the vulgaris morph. A selective sweep signature overlapped the association region in vulgaris, suggesting that past adaptation favored winter-brown morphs and can anchor future adaptive responses to decreasing winter snow. Using biological collections as valuable resources to study natural adaptations, our study showed a new evolutionary route generating winter color variation in mammals and that seasonal camouflage can be modulated by changes at single key genes.
Bis(ethylmaltolato)oxidovanadium (IV) attenuates amyloid-beta-mediated neuroinflammation by inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway via a PPARγ-dependent mechanism
Authors: He Zhijun , Li Xiaoqian , Han Shuangxue , Ren Bingyu , Hu Xia , Li Nan , Du Xiubo , Ni Jiazuan , Yang Xiaogai , Liu Qiong 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. During brain neuroinflammation, activated microglial cells resulting from amyloid-beta (Aβ) overload trigger toxic proinflammatory responses. Bis(ethylmaltolato)oxidovanadium (BEOV) (IV), an important vanadium compound, has been reported to have anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, and neuroprotective effects, but its anti-inflammatory property has rarely been investigated. In the present study, the inhibitory effects of BEOV on neuroinflammation were revealed in both Aβ-stimulated BV2 microglial cell line and APPswe/PS1E9 transgenic mouse brain. BEOV administration significantly decreased the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2 both in the hippocampus of APPswe/PS1E9 mice and in the Aβ-stimulated BV2 microglia. Furthermore, BEOV suppressed the Aβ-induced activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling and upregulated the protein expression level of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) in a dose-dependent manner. PPARγ inhibitor GW9662 could eliminate the effect of BEOV on Aβ-induced NF-κB activation and proinflammatory mediator production. Taken altogether, these findings suggested that BEOV ameliorates Aβ-stimulated neuroinflammation by inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway through a PPARγ-dependent mechanism.
Patterns and Prevalence of Daily Tobacco Smoking in Australia by Industry and Occupation: 2007–2016
Authors: McEntee Alice , Kim Susan , Harrison Nathan , Chapman Janine , Roche Ann 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Australian workers’ daily tobacco smoking over time was examined by industry and occupation, to identify factors associated with high and/or low prevalence.

Aims and Methods
Secondary analyses of 2007, 2010, 2013, and 2016 National Drug Strategy Household Surveys were undertaken (pooled n = 49 395). Frequency analyses informed subsequent modeling of select industries and occupations. Four logistic regression models estimated adjusted effects of demographics on daily smoking in industries with high (≥20%) and low (≤15%) daily smoking prevalence and occupations with high (≥20%) and low-moderate (&lt;20%) daily smoking prevalence.

Results
The sample comprised 55.7% men, 34.1% 25–39-year-olds, 31.4% New South Wales residents, 70.1% metropolitan residents, 66.9% high socioeconomic status workers, and 70.6% with low psychological distress. Daily smoking prevalence differed by industry and occupation in 2007, generally decreasing between 2007 and 2016. In high prevalence industries, daily smoking was associated with male gender and age (25–39-year-olds) and in low prevalence industries with males and nonmetropolitan workers. In high prevalence occupations, daily smoking was associated with males, female nonmetropolitan workers, and age 25–39 years and in low-moderate prevalence occupations with nonmetropolitan workers and negatively associated with females aged 14–24 years. In all models, increased odds of daily smoking were associated with low socioeconomic status and very high psychological distress.

Conclusions
Low socioeconomic status and very high psychological distress were risk factors for daily smoking regardless of industry, occupation, or high preexisting smoking prevalence. Targeted, as well as universal, interventions are required for workplaces and workers with greatest smoking vulnerability and least smoking cessation progress.

Implications
Specific strategies are warranted for identified industries, occupations, and subgroups with increased odds of daily tobacco smoking. Industries and occupations with low-moderate smoking prevalence may confer workers some protection but are not without risk; some subgroups in these settings (eg, nonmetropolitan areas) had elevated daily smoking risk. Hence, the following are supported: (1) universal interventions directed at low socioeconomic workers and workers with very high psychological distress regardless of workplace; (2) interventions targeted at high prevalence industries; (3) cessation efforts targeted for young workers in high prevalence industries and occupations; and (4) focused interventions addressing specific needs of nonmetropolitan at-risk workers in low prevalence industries.
SARS-CoV-2 Subgenomic RNA Kinetics in Longitudinal Clinical Samples
Authors: Verma Renu , Kim Eugene , Martínez-Colón Giovanny Joel , Jagannathan Prasanna , Rustagi Arjun , Parsonnet Julie , Bonilla Hector , Khosla Chaitan , Holubar Marisa , Subramanian Aruna , Singh Upinder , Maldonado Yvonne , Blish Catherine A , Andrews Jason R 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundGiven the persistence of viral RNA in clinically recovered coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients, subgenomic RNAs (sgRNAs) have been reported as potential molecular viability markers for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, few data are available on their longitudinal kinetics, compared with genomic RNA (gRNA), in clinical samples.MethodsWe analyzed 536 samples from 205 patients with COVID-19 from placebo-controlled, outpatient trials of peginterferon Lambda-1a (Lambda; n = 177) and favipiravir (n = 359). Nasal swabs were collected at 3 time points in the Lambda (days 1, 4, and 6) and favipiravir (days 1, 5, and 10) trials. N-gene gRNA and sgRNA were quantified by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. To investigate the decay kinetics in vitro, we measured gRNA and sgRNA in A549ACE2+ cells infected with SARS-CoV-2, following treatment with remdesivir or dimethylsulfoxide control.ResultsAt 6 days in the Lambda trial and 10 days in the favipiravir trial, sgRNA remained detectable in 51.6% (32/62) and 49.5% (51/106) of the samples, respectively. Cycle threshold (Ct) values for gRNA and sgRNA were highly linearly correlated (marginal R2 = 0.83), and the rate of increase did not differ significantly in the Lambda trial (1.36 cycles/d vs 1.36 cycles/d; P = .97) or the favipiravir trial (1.03 cycles/d vs 0.94 cycles/d; P = .26). From samples collected 15–21 days after symptom onset, sgRNA was detectable in 48.1% (40/83) of participants. In SARS-CoV-2-infected A549ACE2+ cells treated with remdesivir, the rate of Ct increase did not differ between gRNA and sgRNA.ConclusionsIn clinical samples and in vitro, sgRNA was highly correlated with gRNA and did not demonstrate different decay patterns to support its application as a viability marker.
Endoscopic Endonasal and Supraorbital Removal of Tuberculum Sellae Meningiomas: Anatomic Guides and Operative Nuances for Keyhole Approach Selection
Authors: Mallari Regin Jay , Thakur Jai Deep , Rhee John H , Eisenberg Amalia , Krauss Howard , Griffiths Chester , Sivakumar Walavan , Barkhoudarian Garni , Kelly Daniel F 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

BACKGROUND
With growing worldwide endoscopy experience, endonasal and supraorbital removal of tuberculum sellae meningiomas (TSM) has increased.

OBJECTIVE
To describe anatomic factors for guiding approach selection and outcomes.

METHODS
Retrospective analysis of patients undergoing endonasal or supraorbital TSM resection: approach criteria, clinical outcomes, acute magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery (FLAIR)/T2 changes.

RESULTS
From 2008 to 2020, 33 patients (mean age 55 ± 11 yr) were identified: 20 (61%) had endonasal and 13 (39%) supraorbital removal. Comparing endonasal and supraorbital approaches, mean tumor volume (3.7 ± 3.5 cm3 vs 7.7 ± 8.5 cm3, P = .07); percent tumor above planum (42% vs 65%, P = .02), and lateral tumor beyond supraclinoid internal carotid arteries (1.4 ± 2.0 mm vs 4.0 ± 3.2 mm, P = .006) were greater for supraorbital route. Sellar depth was greater for endonasal route tumors (12.2 ± 2.6 mm vs 9.3 ± 2.4 mm, P = .003). Endoscopy, used in 10/13(77%) supraorbital cases, was helpful in additional tumor removal in 4/10(40%). Gross total removal and mean volumetric tumor resection were 16/20(80%) and 97.5% by endonasal, and 5/13(39%) and 96% by supraorbital route. Vision improved in 12/17 (71%) endonasal, 6/8 (75%) supraorbital operations, and worsened in 1 (3%) supraorbital case. Endonasal approach with optic canal decompression increased over study period: 15/20 (75%) endonasal patients vs 1/13(8%) supraorbital (P < .001). Postoperative FLAIR/T2 MRI changes occurred in 2/12 supraorbital and 0/20 endonasal cases.

CONCLUSION
In our experience, both endonasal and supraorbital routes are safe and effective for TSM removal. Greater tumor extension below planum and medial optic canal invasion favor endonasal route, while larger size and lateral extension favor supraorbital route. Given high frequency of TSM growth into optic canals and better access for medial optic canal tumor removal, endonasal route may be preferred for most TSMs.
Performance of Computed Tomography-Guided Spine Biopsy for the Diagnosis of Malignancy and Infection
Authors: Harris Lauren , Rajashekar Devika , Sharma Puneet , David Karoly M 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Computed tomography (CT)-guided percutaneous biopsies are used to guide treatment in vertebral osteomyelitis and spinal malignancy, but the efficacy of this study remains unclear.

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the performance of CT-guided spinal biopsy, and factors that may influence its success.

METHODS
Retrospective study of all consecutive patients who underwent a CT-guided spine biopsy at a UK teaching hospital between April 2012 and February 2019. Biopsies were performed by 3 consultant neuroradiologists for a lesion suggestive of either malignancy or infection. Data collection included patient factors, biopsy factors, further investigations required, and diagnosis. Data were analyzed using contingency tables, analysis of variance, unpaired t-test, chi-squared test, and Fisher's exact test.

RESULTS
A total of 124 percutaneous biopsies were performed on 109 patients with a mean follow-up of 34.5 mo (range 4-86 mo) and a mean age of 66 yr (range 27-93). Approximately 32.3% (n = 40) of the biopsies investigated possible infection, and 67.7% investigated malignancy. The sensitivity for infected cases was 37.0%, and for malignancy 72.7%. The diagnostic accuracy was 57.5% and 78.6%, respectively. Complication rate was 1.6%. In our study, neither needle gauge, anatomic level of the biopsy, or bone quality significantly affected the rate of positive biopsy.

CONCLUSION
Both in our study and in the wider literature, CT-guided biopsy has a vastly superior sensitivity for malignancy compared with suspected infection. These procedures may be painful, poorly tolerated, and are not entirely risk free. As such we advocate judicious use of this modality particularly in cases of suspected infection.
Outcomes of Surgical Treatment for 138 Patients With Severe Sagittal Deformity at a Minimum 2-Year Follow-up: A Case Series
Authors: Scheer Justin K , Lenke Lawrence G , Smith Justin S , Lau Darryl , Passias Peter G , Kim Han Jo , Bess Shay , Protopsaltis Themistocles S , Burton Douglas C , Klineberg Eric O , Lafage Virginie , Schwab Frank , Shaffrey Christopher I , Ames Christopher P ,   on behalf of The International Spine Study Group
Published: June 2021

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Operative treatment of adult spinal deformity (ASD) can be very challenging with high complication rates. It is well established that patients benefit from such treatment; however, the surgical outcomes for patients with severe sagittal deformity have not been reported.

OBJECTIVE
To report the outcomes of patients undergoing surgical correction for severe sagittal deformity.

METHODS
Retrospective review of a prospective, multicenter ASD database. Inclusion criteria: operative patients age ≥18, sagittal vertical axis (SVA) ≥15 cm, mismatch between pelvic incidence and lumbar lordosis (PI-LL) ≥30°, and/or lumbar kyphosis ≥5° with minimum 2 yr follow-up. Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) scores including minimal clinically important difference (MCID)/substantial clinical benefit (SCB), sagittal and coronal radiographic values, demographic, frailty, surgical, and complication data were collected. Comparisons between 2 yr postoperative and baseline HRQOL/radiographic data were made. P < .05 was significant.

RESULTS
A total of 138 patients were included from 502 operative patients (54.3% Female, Average (Avg) age 63.3 ± 11.5 yr). Avg operating room (OR) time 386.2 ± 136.5 min, estimated blood loss (EBL) 1829.8 ± 1474.6 cc. A total of 71(51.4%) had prior fusion. A total of 89.9% were posterior fusion only. Mean posterior levels fused 11.5 ± 4.1. A total of 44.9% had a 3-column osteotomy. All 2 yr postoperative radiographic parameters were significantly improved compared to baseline (P < .001 for all). All 2yr HRQOL measures were significantly improved compared to baseline (P < .004 for all). A total of 46.6% to 73.8% of patients met either MCID/SCB for all HRQOL. A total of 74.6% of patients had at least 1 complication, 11.6% had 4 or more complications, 33.3% had minimum 1 major complication, and 42(30.4%) had a postop revision.

CONCLUSION
Patients with severe sagittal malalignment benefit from surgical correction at 2 yr postoperative both radiographically and clinically despite having a high complication rate.