bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Netnography
Authors: Milik Oskar T. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Netnography refers to a particular set of research methods and practices developed for digital systems and users of digital platforms. Netnography may consist of traditional methodologies, much like digital ethnography, but is differentiated by a greater use of other readily available data made possible by the growing use of smart devices and digital communications systems. With the ever increasing speed of technological development, social norms and perceptions in online spaces tend to change with equal rapidity. It is the netnographer who attempts to keep pace with these ever shifting social spaces and tries to capture and make sense of the different social, political, and cultural changes made real by technological change. Netnography is a powerful tool in generating critiques of established digital systems and the impacts they have on the individual and the wider society.
Climate Change and Aging
Authors: Chazan May 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
There are massive bodies of critical sociological research focused on climate change or on aging, but less frequently on both at once. Understanding the intersecting dynamics of climate change and aging is a complex task that overlaps with the rapidly emerging field of climate gerontology. This entry introduces key themes within recent aging and climate change scholarship, and charts potential areas for further research, around four themes: uneven vulnerabilities to climate change; support for meaningful adaptation; (inter)generational grief and responsibility; and advocacy/activisms. The entry concludes that sociologists can play a role in better understanding which groups of older adults are more at risk, and what underpins their vulnerabilities. By undertaking critical research that centers the lived experiences of the most vulnerable and marginalized older adults, they can also inform equitable adaptation strategies. In addition, future sociological research could offer critical analyses of how age intersects with multiple systems of oppression within climate justice movements, and how intergenerationality occurs in different contexts. Finally, sociologists can play an important role in exposing underlying ageism and ableism in all aspects of climate change discourse, policy, and research.
Community College
Authors: Carnes Rebekah 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Community colleges are two‐year educational institutions that represent a global movement embedded in local community norms. Community colleges serve local economic needs by offering affordable courses that transfer to four‐year institutions; technical and occupational training; continuing and remedial education programs; and workforce development. In the USA they have become a key point of entry to college for those who could not otherwise afford or access a college education, and a key provider of English as a second language to adult immigrants. Community college student populations tend to be made up of both lower socioeconomic levels and under‐represented groups; thus, they serve a democratizing function within higher education and the larger society. These institutions face particular challenges because success, funding, and political capital in higher education are tied to a neoliberal emphasis on degree completion and upward social mobility, yet efforts to increase retention and accelerate the time to degree completion can undermine efforts at accommodating the most vulnerable students. This entry examines the open‐door and democratizing functions of community colleges, and the competing challenges on economic and political levels experienced by these institutions.
Tourism and Tourists
Authors: Gibson Heather J. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Travel for pleasure is integrated into many lives. As contemporary tourism grew, sociologists worked on delineating behaviors associated with tourism. Using role theory, they developed tourist role typologies to understand behaviors and impacts on host communities, and to address growing concerns about inauthenticity. Initially analyses were largely functionalist until postmodern and poststructuralist perspectives were introduced and yielded insights on post‐tourist consumption and the gendered nature of tourism, among other subjects. Today, attention is on mobile lives and technologies in the post‐ COVID‐19 pandemic era.
Global Warming
Authors: Everuss Louis , Marinache Ramona 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Since the Industrial Revolution, humans have significantly increased the concentration of atmospheric greenhouse gases, which has led to a warming of the earth's climate. This global warming and related climate changes are creating a less stable and habitable environment for life by, among other ways, radically altering precipitation patterns, causing more destructive weather events, and melting polar ice and consequently generating sea level rises. While sociological research on global warming was initially limited by the conceptual separation of nature and society, more recent sociological scholarship has generated significant knowledge on the social and structural features of global warming. Sociological work has connected global warming and climate change to dominant political and economic systems, studied how it is impacting communities and creating inequalities, and studied public responses to global warming, including by identifying institutional attempts to generate skepticism toward climate change to diminish potential political responses. Such lines of sociological analysis are essential to challenging the political systems, public apathy, and climate change denialism that are entrenching global warming trends and pushing the world toward catastrophic natural tipping points.
Health Professions and Occupations
Authors: Humphris Debra , Jaspal Rusi 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This entry focuses on the sociological aspects of health professions and occupations. It outlines five key theoretical perspectives and explores three significant areas of sociological enquiry: science, technology, and the digital; socialization; and interprofessional practice. It argues that the innovations in these three areas, rather than being a threat to the health professions and occupations, can be seen as opportunities to enhance the health professions and occupations and thus the patient experience.
Lesbian and Gay Families
Authors: Geist Claudia , Gaytán Marie Sarita 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The term “lesbian and gay families” often refers to the families of lesbians, gay men, and their children. The updated term “queer families” more explicitly applies to a broader range of sexually diverse families, and is less strongly tied to traditional notions of the nuclear family, and includes child‐free families, families of choice, and/or fictive kin. With changing social attitudes toward LGBTQI+ individuals and marriage equality, research on queer families is becoming more prominent in mainstream sociology. However, there are opportunities to improve our understanding of gender identities and expression in relation to the social construction of families.
IROC phantoms accurately detect MLC delivery errors
Authors: Edward Sharbacha S. , Pollard‐Larkin Julianne M. , Balter Peter A. , Howell Rebecca M. , Peterson Christine B. , Kry Stephen F. 
Published: February 2025

AbstractPurposeWe evaluated the impact of random and whole‐bank multileaf collimator (MLC) delivery errors on dosimetric delivery accuracy in the Imaging and Radiation Oncology Core (IROC) phantom audits, as well as differences in delivery accuracy between the IROC phantom prescription and typical clinical fraction sizes.Methods and MaterialsPlans were created for the IROC IMRT head and neck (H&N) and SBRT spine phantoms. MLC leaf errors were introduced into the plans: random shifts between −2 and 2 mm, and whole bank shifts of 0.5, 1, and 2 mm. Plans were recalculated and delivered on a Varian Truebeam, and the log files were analyzed using Mobius Fx software. A second study examined the impact of fraction size on MLC position accuracy and corresponding dose delivery accuracy. The standard IROC phantom prescriptions (∼6 Gy) were scaled to the extremes of 2 Gy for H&N and 27 Gy for spine. All plans (original and scaled) were delivered on a Varian Truebeam and 21EX machine.ResultsRandom MLC positioning errors produced small average dose deviations in the PTV of up to −2.8% for H&N and 0.7% for spine. Whole‐bank MLC shifts resulted in larger average PTV dose deviations up to 8% for H&N and 7.1% for spine. The Varian 21EX irradiations had greater MLC root mean square (RMS) error than Truebeam plans. Plans with smaller prescriptions (and faster leaf motion) had greater MLC RMS errors, but plan accuracy was not affected dosimetrically – all results remained within 1% regardless of fraction size.ConclusionsBoth random and whole bank MLC shifts caused dose deviations in the IROC phantoms that were comparable to clinical results previously found in the literature. Deviations measured with ion chambers were well matched with delivery log file analysis. Smaller dose‐per‐fraction prescriptions caused larger MLC RMS errors that were detected with log files, but were clinically insignificant compared to the dosimetric accuracy of the plan.
From 2D to 3D gamma passing rate tolerance and action limits for patient‐specific quality assurance in volumetric‐modulated arc therapy
Authors: Zarros Christos , Patatoukas George , Kollaros Nikos , Chalkia Marina , Kougioumtzopoulou Andromachi , Kouloulias Vasilios , Platoni Kalliopi 
Published: February 2025

AbstractBackgroundVolumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) requires an accurate patient‐specific quality assurance (PSQA) program. In clinical practice, this is usually performed using the γ‐index and the two‐dimensional gamma passing rate (2D %GP). A three‐dimensional (3D) index incorporating the patient anatomy could be more useful for the 3D dose distribution verification.PurposeThe current study demonstrates a thorough investigation of VMAT PSQA treatment plans by examining the correlation between 3D Gamma passing rate (%GP) and 2D %GP. The aim was to establish the tolerance limits (TL) and action limits (AL) that could be adopted in clinical practice.Materials and methodsPSQA was performed for 67 head and neck (H&N) and 69 prostate treatment plans, using an appropriate phantom and the γ‐index method. The 3%/2 mm acceptance criterion was used. Treatment plans’ 2D% GP and 3D %GP values were collected and correlated with individual 3D %GP values of planning target volume (PTV) and organs at risk (OARs). Institutional TL and AL of both 2D %GP and 3D %GP were established using 30 prostate and 30 H&N treatment plans, as per recommendations proposed by AAPM TG‐218.ResultsA moderate correlation was observed between 2D %GP and 3D %GP of the treatment plans. Τhe correlations demonstrated a stronger association for the 3D %GP than for the 2D %GP with respect to the 3D %GP of the individual structures considered. The TL for the 3D %GP (both plan and individual) and the plans’ 2D %GP were generally more stringent, while the AL showed a wider range compared to the corresponding limits suggested by the TG‐218 protocol for plan 2D %GP.ConclusionsInstitution‐specific 3D %GP as well as TL and AL for treatment plan, PTV and OARs could be incorporated in the PSQA procedure in synergy with the 2D evaluation, as they can provide a more‐in‐depth‐view of the treatment quality.
Clinical application specifications for ulcer oil in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers
Authors: Wang Jie , Yuan Quan , Wang Yueqi , Qiao Jiajun , Chen Yunru , Tan Chunli , Xia Zhongyuan , Liu Shouyao 
Published: February 2025

AbstractDiabetic foot is a chronic refractory wound associated with high disability and mortality rates, which not only threatens the health of patients but also imposes a heavy medical burden on patients and their families. Chinese medicine has been widely used to treat diabetic foot. As a traditional Chinese medicine, ulcer oil possesses a number of beneficial properties. It can clear heat and toxins, activate blood and tissue regeneration, reduce swelling, and alleviate pain. Moreover, ulcer oil can regulate inflammation, promote capillary neoangiogenesis, and enhance granulation growth and epithelial crawling. Furthermore, it can maintain a moist environment within the wound. It is hypothesized that ulcer oil can accelerate the healing of diabetic foot ulcers via a combination of these effects. These observations indicate that ulcer oil has the potential to prevent diabetic foot ulcers and treat high‐risk diabetic foot conditions. In this article, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the utilization of ulcer oil in the management of diabetic foot conditions. Its indications, contraindications, and other pertinent aspects are described to establish a foundation for the clinical application of this therapeutic modality.
A Novel Adaptive State Estimation Model: Kalman Filter Coupled With Neural Networks
Authors: Bai Yuting , Yan Bin , Dong Wei , Jin Xuebo , Su Tingli , Ma Huijun 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTTraditional motion models often cannot describe real‐world motion systems accurately when using the Kalman filter (KF) for target tracking. This paper aims to achieve an adaptive estimation of motion states and proposes a KF coupled with neural networks (NNs). First, an adaptive estimation framework is proposed for motion state recognition and target tracking, which couples different NN models with the classical KF. Second, an adaptive NN filtering algorithm is introduced. This filter utilizes NNs to learn the motion patterns of the target and the total Gaussian probability density of the state sequence and performs iterative updates within the framework of the KF. Finally, simulation results on the KITTI dataset demonstrate the proposed filter's high estimation accuracy. Compared to traditional KFs, this filter achieves the prediction of target states through a data‐driven approach, thereby avoiding issues related to fixed motion models and parameters during the filtering process.
Capturing Copper Single Atom in Proton Donor Stimulated O‐End Nitrate Reduction
Authors: Zuo Yunpeng , Sun Mingzi , Li Tingting , Sun Libo , Han Shuhe , Chai Yang , Huang Bolong , Wang Xin 
Published: February 2025

AbstractAmmonia (NH3) is vital in global production and energy cycles. Electrocatalytic nitrate reduction (e‐NO3RR) offers a promising route for nitrogen (N) conversion and NH3 synthesis, yet it faces challenges like competing reactions and low catalyst activity. This study proposes a synergistic mechanism incorporating a proton donor to mediate O‐end e‐NO3RR, addressing these limitations. A novel method combining ultraviolet radiation reduction, confined synthesis, and microwave treatment was developed to create a model catalyst embedding Cu single atoms on La‐based nanoparticles (p‐CNCusLan‐m). DFT analysis emphasizes the critical role of La‐based clusters as proton donors in e‐NO3RR, while in situ characterization reveals an O‐end adsorption reduction mechanism. The catalyst achieves a remarkable Faraday efficiency (FENH3) of 97.7%, producing 10.6 mol gmetal−1 h−1 of NH3, surpassing most prior studies. In a flow cell, it demonstrated exceptional stability, with only a 9% decrease in current density after 111 hours and a NH3 production rate of 1.57 mgNH3/h/cm−2. The proton donor mechanism's effectiveness highlights its potential for advancing electrocatalyst design. Beyond NH3 production, the O‐end mechanism opens avenues for exploring molecular‐oriented coupling reactions in e‐NO3RR, paving the way for innovative electrochemical synthesis applications.
Self‐Powered Artificial Neuron Devices: Towards the All‐In‐One Perception and Computation System
Authors: Zheng Tong , Xie Xinkai , Shi Qiongfeng , Wu Jun , Yu Cunjiang 
Published: February 2025

AbstractThe increasing demand for energy supply in sensing units and the computational efficiency of computation units has prompted researchers to explore novel, integrated technology that offers high efficiency and low energy consumption. Self‐powered sensing technology enables environmental perception without external energy sources, while neuromorphic computation provides energy‐efficient and high‐performance computing capabilities. The integration of self‐powered sensing technology and neuromorphic computation presents a promising solution for an all‐in‐one system. This review examines recent developments and advancements in self‐powered artificial neuron devices based on triboelectric, piezoelectric, and photoelectric effects, focusing on their structures, mechanisms, and functions. Furthermore, it compares the electrical characteristics of various types of self‐powered artificial neuron devices and discusses effective methods for enhancing their performance. Additionally, this review provides a comprehensive summary of self‐powered perception systems, encompassing tactile, visual, and auditory perception systems. Moreover, it elucidates recently integrated systems that combine perception, computing, and actuation units into all‐in‐one configurations, aspiring to realize closed‐loop control. The seamless integration of self‐powered sensing and neuromorphic computation holds significant potential for shaping a more intelligent future for humanity.
Robust Full‐Surface Bonding of Substrate and Electrode for Ultra‐Flexible Sensor Integration
Authors: Takakuwa Masahito , Inoue Daishi , Sun Lulu , Yamamoto Michitaka , Umezu Shinjiro , Hashizume Daisuke , Itoh Toshihiro , Fukuda Kenjiro , Someya Takao , Yokota Tomoyuki 
Published: February 2025

AbstractThe integration of multiple flexible electronics is crucial for the development of ultra‐flexible wearable and implantable devices. To fabricate an integrated system, robust and flexible bonding throughout the connection area, irrespective of the electrode or substrate, is needed. Conventional methods for flexible direct bonding have primarily been confined to metal electrodes or substrate‐only bonding due to varying material properties. Consequently, the mechanical and electrical properties of the connections deteriorate based on their shape and size. This study introduces a bonding technique for wearable electronics, achieving strong, flexible connections between materials like gold and parylene at a low temperature (85 °C). This hybrid direct bonding method ensures strong bonding across both the Au electrode and parylene substrate within electronic interconnections. Additionally, a 3D‐stacked flexible structure that maintains robustness and high flexibility without an adhesive layer is successfully developed. An ultrathin photoplethysmography sensor developed by stacking an ultrathin organic photodetector atop an organic light‐emitting diode is demonstrated. Unlike traditional methods requiring adhesives or high pressure, this approach maintains flexibility essential for deformation, withstanding bending at a radius of 0.5 mm. The technique's robustness suggests promising applications in durable, ultra‐flexible electronics integration.
Fully Printed 3D‐Thermoformed Electroluminescent Capacitive System for Human–Machine Interface Applications
Authors: Campos‐Arias Lia , Peřinka Nikola , Vicente Javier , Gomes Correia Vitor Manuel , Mendes‐Felipe Cristian , Vilas‐Vilela José Luis , Lanceros‐Méndez Senentxu 
Published: February 2025

AbstractIn‐mold electronics (IME) has emerged as a suitable approach to enable conformable electronics with improved integration and reduction of assembling parts. It also presents a lower environmental impact comparing with conventional electronics since it requires less material an energy during fabrication. The combination of screen‐printing and thermoforming to develop IME products has been used to manufacture sensors and conductive circuits. However, it has not been explored in more complex fields combining several functionalities, such as lighting and sensing. In this work, an electroluminescent capacitive interface by screen‐printing and thermoforming is developed. The morphology and electrical properties are analyzed before and after thermoforming to determine the impact of the fabrication process. It is found that the luminance of the thermoformed device is superior to the device before thermoforming. Moreover, the capacitance activity is also tested, obtaining a functional system by combining the sensing capacitance of one of the electrodes and the luminance of another one. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, a completely functional screen‐printed and thermoformed device with electroluminescent activity and capacitive sensors is reported for the first time. Thus, this work strongly contributes to a broader understanding and application of IME technology.
Quasi‐Continuous Efficient Regulation of Single‐Molecule Electronic Distribution
Authors: Li Zhizhou , Hu Weilin , Zhou Shuyao , Xu Changqing , Li Mingyao , Wang Jinying , He Suhang , Zhang Liang , Jia Chuancheng , Guo Xuefeng 
Published: February 2025

AbstractThe electronic distribution characteristics of molecules significantly influence the charge transport properties and the device performance of molecular electronic devices. These characteristics are closely related to subtle molecular structures, forming a formidable challenge for effective control. Here, a flexible crown ether moiety is integrated into the single‐molecule junction, where its spatial structure can be regulated by an external electric field, enabling efficient tuning of the electronic characteristics. It is found that the transformation barriers between different structures and the conductance of single‐molecule junctions can be adjusted by the external electric field. Both theoretical and experimental results consistently demonstrate that the interaction between the external electric field and the intrinsic molecular dipole can alter the molecular energy and stabilize a series of metastable molecular configurations, allowing for the quasi‐continuous manipulation of the electronic characteristics. This study unveils efficient control of the single‐molecule electronic characteristics by external electric fields, advancing a deeper understanding of molecular electronics and supramolecular chemistry.
Revealing the Origin and Nature of the Buried Metal‐Substrate Interface Layer in Ta/Sapphire Superconducting Films
Authors: Anbalagan Aswin k. , Cummings Rebecca , Zhou Chenyu , Mun Junsik , Stanic Vesna , Jordan‐Sweet Jean , Yao Juntao , Kisslinger Kim , Weiland Conan , Nykypanchuk Dmytro , Hulbert Steven L. , Li Qiang , Zhu Yimei , Liu Mingzhao , Sushko Peter V. , Walter Andrew L. , Barbour Andi M. 
Published: February 2025

AbstractDespite constituting a smaller fraction of the qubit's electromagnetic mode, surfaces and interfaces can exert significant influence as sources of high‐loss tangents, which brings forward the need to reveal properties of these extended defects and identify routes to their control. Here, we examine the structure and composition of the metal‐substrate interfacial layer that exists in Ta/sapphire‐based superconducting films. Synchrotron‐based X‐ray reflectivity measurements of Ta films, commonly used in these qubits, reveal an unexplored interface layer at the metal‐substrate interface. Scanning transmission electron microscopy and core‐level electron energy loss spectroscopy identified an intermixing layer (≈0.65 ± 0.05 nm) at the metal‐substrate interface containing Al, O, and Ta atoms. Density functional theory modeling reveals that the structure and properties of the Ta/sapphire heterojunctions are determined by the oxygen content on the sapphire surface prior to Ta deposition for two atomic terminations of sapphire. Using a multimodal approach, we gained deeper insights into the interface layer between the metal and substrate, which suggests that the orientation of deposited Ta films depend on the surface termination of sapphire. The observed elemental intermixing at the metal‐substrate interface influences the thermodynamic stability and electronic behavior of the film, which may also affect qubit performance.