bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Trade-off Between Prioritization and Vaccination Speed Depends on Mitigation Measures
Authors: Agarwal Nikhil , Komo Andrew , Patel Chetan , Pathak Parag , Ünver M. Utku 
Published: February 2021

AbstractCalls for eliminating prioritization for SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are growing amid concerns that prioritization reduces vaccination speed. We use an SEIR model to study the effects of vaccination distribution on public health, comparing prioritization policy and speed under mitigation measures that are either eased during the vaccine rollout or sustained through the end of the pandemic period. NASEM’s recommended prioritization results in fewer deaths than no prioritization, but does not minimize total deaths. If mitigation measures are eased, abandoning NASEM will result in about 134,000 more deaths at 30 million vaccinations per month. Vaccination speed must be at least 53% higher under no prioritization to avoid increasing deaths. With sustained mitigation, discarding NASEM prioritization will result in 42,000 more deaths, requiring only a 26% increase in speed to hold deaths constant. Therefore, abandoning NASEM’s prioritization to increase vaccination speed without substantially increasing deaths may require sustained mitigation.
Relation between educational qualifications and occupations/incomes in a globalised world: focusing on Nepalese youth
Authors: Ezaki Naruho 
Published: February 2021

PurposeGlobalisation drives many people to seek overseas employment. However, research on the relation between educational attainment and occupations/incomes mostly focuses on domestic workers while excluding overseas migrant workers. Therefore, the present study includes overseas migrant labourers and aims to examine the relation between educational attainment and occupations/incomes and gender disparity within this relation in Nepal.Design/methodology/approachThis study conducted interview surveys with teachers and home-visit surveys with the subjects and their families based on the school records to collect information such as educational attainment, current occupation, monthly income, etc. The study compared occupations and incomes by educational attainment and gender and analysed the trend. Gender disparity in average monthly incomes was also analysed.FindingsThe results of this study registered almost no difference in the proportions of mental labour and high incomes for both males and females at the primary to secondary education echelons. Surprisingly, the average monthly incomes of females were around 60% or less than the remunerations offered to male workers with equivalent educational qualifications. This disparity does not narrow even at the higher educational classifications. Moreover, the disparity is widening even more by overseas migrant labour.Originality/valueSince this study gathered extensive data on individual youth and did not rely on secondary data, it was possible to perform an in-depth analysis and accurately portray the real situation faced by Nepalese youth. Moreover, by including overseas migrant labourers, the study could examine the relation between educational attainment and occupations/incomes not only in the domestic market but also in the global market.
Democratic leadership as a political weapon: competition between fictions and practices
Authors: Metz Rudolf 
Published: February 2021

PurposeThis article aims to analyze possible interpretations of democratic leadership by revealing the implicit leadership theory (ILT) of a moral, a material and a political ideal of democracy, namely deliberative–participatory democracy (DPD), aggregative–pluralist democracy (APD) and leader democracy (LD). As special “filters,” ILT helps the author to organize and compare conflicting premises and assumptions democratic theories hold about exemplary leadership and followership.Design/methodology/approachIn order to reconstruct the possible meanings of ideal leadership (challenges and political knowledge) and the ideal followership (power relations, interactions and roles) portrayed by theories, the article sets a specific template for conceptual analysis.FindingsThe author argues that there is a contest over the meaning of democratic leadership. Political leaders use leadership fictions as political weapons to mobilize possible followers, legitimize their actions and discredit opponents. The article creates a heuristic typology providing a “plural” or nonessentialist reading of actual political situations and democratic practices.Originality/valueThe literature usually aims to find an absolute moral understanding of leadership fitted in democracy or to reconcile the idea of leadership with democracy. Extending J. Thomas Wren's approach, this article examines competing fictions of democratic leadership by blending leadership and democracy theories.
Banking sector openness and entrepreneurship
Authors: Ghosh Amit 
Published: February 2021

Purpose
Using an extensive data set of 137 nations spanning the period 2002–2014, this paper aims to examine the effect of banking sector openness on entrepreneurship, as measured by new business entry rate.

Design/methodology/approach
The paper uses a panel data estimation framework covering 137 nations during 2002–2014. This study uses fixed effects, two-stage instrumental variables, two-step systems-generalized method of moments and difference-in-difference estimation methodologies.

Findings
Greater banking sector openness significantly increases new business formations. This paper finds a one-unit increase in the share of non-residential bank loans leads to 1.25 new business start-ups in the average nation. Likewise, a unit increase in the ratio of external to domestic deposits raises new business formation by 1.31 new businesses. Furthermore, the positive impact of banking sector openness on entrepreneurial activities is strengthened in nations with deeper financial markets, ones with better business environments to start a business and those with higher economic growth and development.

Practical implications
These findings have key implications for policy measures on both institutional business entry reforms and banking sector openness and the interaction between the two. From a policy perspective, the results show greater banking sector openness can only maximize its benefits on entrepreneurship in the presence of an effective institutional framework and sound macroeconomic fundamentals in host nations. It is also imperative that policymakers simplify regulations for the entry of new businesses. Additionally, achieving higher economic growth rates and greater economic affluence should allow both current and potential business owners to respond better to changes in financing conditions like greater access to loans from foreign banks.

Originality/value
Entrepreneurship and new business formation are central to any economic and business activity in a nation. The entrance of new firms into an economy creates jobs, fosters research, diffusion of knowledge and innovation and contributes to economic growth. Liberalizing a nation’s banking industry may represent an invaluable source of capital for new entrepreneurs and foster the creation of new companies. However, there is scant literature that has empirically examined the impact of opening up a nation’s banking sector on new business formations.
Draw your organization! A solution-focused theory-method for business school challenges and change
Authors: Roth Steffen 
Published: February 2021

PurposeThis study aims to present a solution-focused approach to current problems and criticisms faced by business schools.Design/methodology/approachTo facilitate the required shift from problems to solutions, this study outlines a theory method and demonstrates how it has informed my teaching at Financial Times (FT)-ranked business schools and other institutions of higher education in two subjects and on three continents.FindingsThe study reports on two student exercises showing that even advanced business school students confuse organizations with political economic hierarchies.Originality/valueThe study concludes that business schools pursuing a smart specialization strategy by challenging this reductionist view may turn into new schools of management distinguished by a broader, multifunctional concept of themselves and their impact on their environment.
Linking socioeconomic disadvantage to healthiness of food practices: Can a practice‐theoretical perspective sharpen everyday life analysis?
Authors: Halkier Bente , Holm Lotte 
Published: February 2021

AbstractFood is one of the key themes in public health policy and debates over inequalities in health. In this article, we argue that more research is needed to understand how socioeconomic disadvantage is translated into low degrees of healthiness. We suggest that everyday life analysis may be sharpened by way of drawing upon a practice‐theoretical perspective on the mundane processes involved in this translation. We base our suggestion on a small review of three strands in the literature on social inequality, food and health, namely public health research, lifestyle analysis and everyday life studies, and we take our analytical starting point in the latter. In the article, we argue that a practice‐theoretical perspective may enable research in social disadvantage and healthiness of food that describes and interprets variants in the conditioned agency, which cuts cross the multiplicity of different practices that make‐up people's daily lives. Finally, we suggest that a stronger focus on social interaction and social hierarchy would adapt a practice‐theoretical perspective further to empirical analysis in the field of food, health and socioeconomic disadvantage.
Structural analysis and biochemical properties of laccase enzymes from two Pediococcus species
Authors: Olmeda Isidoro , Casino Patricia , Collins Robert E. , Sendra Ramón , Callejón Sara , Huesa Juanjo , Soares Alexei S. , Ferrer Sergi , Pardo Isabel 
Published: February 2021

SummaryProkaryotic laccases are emergent biocatalysts. However, they have not been broadly found and characterized in bacterial organisms, especially in lactic acid bacteria. Recently, a prokaryotic laccase from the lactic acid bacterium Pediococcus acidilactici 5930, which can degrade biogenic amines, was discovered. Thus, our study aimed to shed light on laccases from lactic acid bacteria focusing on two Pediococcus laccases, P. acidilactici 5930 and Pediococcus pentosaceus 4816, which have provided valuable information on their biochemical activities on redox mediators and biogenic amines. Both laccases are able to oxidize canonical substrates as ABTS, ferrocyanide and 2,6‐DMP, and non‐conventional substrates as biogenic amines. With ABTS as a substrate, they prefer an acidic environment and show sigmoidal kinetic activity, and are rather thermostable. Moreover, this study has provided the first structural view of two lactic acid bacteria laccases, revealing new structural features not seen before in other well‐studied laccases, but which seem characteristic for this group of bacteria. We believe that understanding the role of laccases in lactic acid bacteria will have an impact on their biotechnological applications and provide a framework for the development of engineered lactic acid bacteria with enhanced properties.
Thoracic manifestations of inhalational injury caused by the Whakaari/White Island eruption
Authors: Bergin Colleen J , Wilton Sophia , Taylor Matthew HG , Locke Michelle 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIntroductionThoracic imaging of people who have survived exposure to a volcanic pyroclastic flow has not been described. In December 2019, an active volcano in New Zealand erupted with loss of life and severe burns to groups of people who were within one kilometre of a new fissure. Our aim was to describe the range of pulmonary abnormality in patients admitted to the Burns unit at Middlemore Hospital.MethodsWe describe the initial radiographic and computed tomography (CT) appearance of lung injuries in 14 people close to this fissure who were transported to our national burns centre in Middlemore hospital. We compared these appearances with bronchoscopy findings and A‐a gradients as a measure of oxygen utilisation.ResultsAll patients had chest radiographs and eight had CT scans within two days after admission. Nine had bronchoscopies within the first week. Two were repatriated to Australia, one of whom did not survive. Two died within 3 days after admission, and the remaining ten patients survived the first week. Eight patients required ongoing ventilation, seven of whom had abnormal CXRs or CT scans on admission. Two of these patients developed an ARDS pattern of oedema reflecting lung injury from the toxic surge but they recovered. In the five patients who survived the first week with relatively minor evidence of lung injury, bibasal atelectasis was the most common finding.ConclusionPyroclastic flow effect caused a variety of lung abnormalities most likely due to toxic gas emissions. Upper airway burns were seen at bronchoscopy in only 5 patients. An ARDS response in the lungs of two patients improved within three months.
Evidence for aposematism in a southern hemisphere stonefly family (Plecoptera: Austroperlidae)
Authors: Foster Brodie J , McCulloch Graham A , Waters Jonathan M 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAposematism is a phenomenon in which defended prey advertise their unprofitability to predators through conspicuous signals. Aposematic (warning) colouration is widespread across numerous insect orders but rarely occurs in insects that inhabit aquatic environments where conditions can impose constraints on visual signal transmission. In the semi‐aquatic insect order Plecoptera (stoneflies), only the terrestrial adult stage of Austroperla cyrene (Austroperlidae) from New Zealand has been suggested to possess aposematic colouration, associated with the presence of hydrogen cyanide and documented unpalatability to predators. Here, we review evidence for the occurrence of aposematic colouration in Australian and South American Austroperlidae based on a synthesis of taxonomic literature and studies examining feeding preferences of predators in aquatic environments. Contrasting black, white and yellow colouration occurs commonly in adult Austroperlidae, and nymphs of several surveyed species were found to be aversive to predators, together suggesting that aposematism may be widespread in this family. The wider prevalence of aposematism in Austroperlidae should be examined further by directly testing the palatability of various species to predators and by analysing the chemical compositions of their defensive secretions. Austroperlid stoneflies offer new potential for understanding the evolution of aposematism in ecological and phylogenetic contexts that have not yet been explored.
Risk factors for surgical site infections following spinal column trauma in an Australian trauma hospital
Authors: Baroun‐Agob Louay , Liew Susan , Gabbe Belinda 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundThere is limited, and often conflicting, data in the literature about the prevalence and risk factors for surgical site infections (SSI) in spine surgery patients, with the majority consisting of elective spine surgery cohorts. Furthermore, there is no reported Australian data regarding rates of SSI in a spinal trauma cohort. The aim of this study is to identify factors associated with SSI following spinal column trauma.MethodsAdult (16+ years) patients that underwent surgery following emergency admission for spinal trauma between January 2010 and December 2016 at a major trauma centre in Melbourne, Australia, were identified through the Victorian Orthopaedic Trauma Outcomes Registry. The presence of an SSI was confirmed from the electronic medical record. Patient and clinical factors were analysed by SSI status. Generalized Estimating Equations were used to model predictors of SSI, with a P‐value <0.05 deemed significant.ResultsData for 458 patients and 520 surgical wounds were collected. Twenty‐six (5.7%) patients developed an SSI. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common microorganism with methicillin‐sensitive S. aureus found in 46% of SSI cases. A posterior surgical approach and same site reoperation were predictors of SSI with adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of 4.26 (1.22–14.80, P = 0.02) and 4.99 (1.10–22.58, P = 0.04), respectively.ConclusionsA posterior surgical approach and same site reoperation increased the risk of SSI after spinal trauma. Further research into modifiable associations within these and other factors will help mitigate the risk of SSI and hence decrease the personal and financial costs of this potentially devastating complication.
Effects of the proximity of metastasis to the central vessels of the liver on surgical outcomes and survival in colorectal cancer with liver metastasis
Authors: Bong Jun Woo , Ju Yeonuk , Seo Jihyun , Kang Sang Hee , Park Pyoung‐Jae , Choi Sae‐Byeol , Lee Sun Il , Oh Sang Cheul , Min Byung Wook 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundResectability of liver metastasis is important to establish a treatment strategy for patients with colorectal cancer. We aimed to evaluate the effect of the distance from metastasis to the centre of the liver on surgical outcomes and survival after hepatectomy.MethodsThe clinical data of a total of 155 patients who underwent hepatectomy for colorectal cancer with liver metastasis were retrospectively reviewed. We measured the minimal length from metastasis to the bifurcation of the portal vein at the primary branch of the Glissonean tree and defined it as ‘centrality’. The postoperative outcomes and survival among the patients were then analysed.ResultsAnatomic resections were more frequently performed, and the operative time was longer in the patients with high centrality (≤1.5 cm) than in the patients with low centrality (>1.5 cm). A size of ≥5 cm for the largest lesion, a number of lesions of ≥3 and centrality of ≤1.5 cm were found to be the independent risk factors of a positive resection margin after hepatectomy. The patients with high centrality showed worse recurrence‐free survival than those with low centrality; however, there was no significant difference found in the overall survival. In the multivariate analysis, high centrality was not found to be associated with worse recurrence‐free and overall survival.ConclusionCentrality significantly affected the surgical outcomes and treatment strategy for liver metastasis but did not influence the survival of the patients with colorectal cancer. Active efforts through surgical resections are important to treat liver metastasis of high centrality.
Survival in small choroidal melanocytic lesions with risk factors managed by initial observation until detection of tumour growth
Authors: Vigués‐Jorba Laura , Morwani Rahul , Lorenzo Daniel , Baradad‐Jurjo Maria C. , Arias Luis , Piulats Josep M. , Gutiérrez Cristina , Cobos Estefania , Garcia‐Bru Pere , Caminal Josep M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe main objective was to describe metastatic and survival rates in patients with small choroidal melanocytic lesions initially managed by observation.MethodsRetrospective, observational study of consecutive cases recruited from 2001 through 2018, followed for a median (mean, range) of 81.0 (89.3, 10‐204) months in a tertiary referral centre for ocular oncology. Seventy‐five consecutive patients diagnosed with small choroidal melanocytic lesions with risk factors for growth initially observed and who showed progression during follow‐up. Treatment was performed (plaque radiotherapy or enucleation in 96% and 4% of cases, respectively) at detection of tumour growth.ResultsMedian (mean, range) tumour thickness was 2.2 (2.23, 1.08‐3.40) mm, and median maximum basal diameter was 8.5 (8.16, 4‐12) mm. At diagnosis, a median (mean, range) of 5 (5.48, 1‐8) risk factors for progression were present. Lesions grew at a median (mean, range) rate of 0.42 mm/y (1.12, 0‐7.68) in thickness and 1.05 mm/y (3.14, 0‐4.8) in maximum diameter. Median (mean, range) time until growth was 17.00 (32.6, 1‐161) months post‐diagnosis, at which time tumours were treated. Five patients developed local recurrence after brachytherapy requiring enucleation. Four patients developed hepatic metastasis. Melanoma‐specific survival was 98% at 5 years (95% CI, 94.2‐100%) and 91.6% (95% CI, 82‐100%) at 10 and 15 years.ConclusionIn small melanocytic lesions with risk factors for growth, initial observation until detection of tumour growth results in a seemingly low risk of metastasis, suggesting that this may be an initial approach to consider in tumours with indeterminate malignant potential.
Development of an ICF Core Set for adults with cerebral palsy: capturing their perspective on functioning
Authors: Noten Suzie , Troenosemito Lorenzo A A , Limsakul Chonnanid , Selb Melissa , de Groot Vincent , Konijnenbelt Manin , Driessen Daniëlle M F , Hilberink Sander R , Roebroeck Marij E ,   ICF Core Set for Adults with Cerebral Palsy Study Group
Published: February 2021

AimTo examine the most relevant aspects of functioning of adults with cerebral palsy (CP) from their perspective, in order to develop an International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) Core Set for adults with CP.MethodWe conducted six focus group discussions with adults with CP without intellectual disability and seven interviews with adults with CP with intellectual disability and caregivers, addressing all ICF components. Meaningful concepts were identified from verbatim transcripts and linked to ICF categories by two independent researchers.ResultsIn total, 31 adults with CP without intellectual disability (mean [SD] age 46y 1mo [14y 1mo]; 20 females, 11 males; Gross Motor Function Classification System [GMFCS] levels I–IV) and seven adults with CP and intellectual disability (mean [SD] age 25y 8mo [6y 8mo]; four females, three males; GMFCS levels III–V) participated. We identified 132 unique second‐level categories: 47 body functions, seven body structures, 43 activities and participation, and 35 environmental factors. The most frequently mentioned categories were emotional function, pain, muscle tone function, support of family, products and technology, and health services.InterpretationAdults with CP experienced problems in a broad range of body functions and activities and indicated the importance of environmental factors for functioning. The identified categories will be added to the list of candidate items to reach consensus on an ICF Core Set for adults with CP.
What this paper adds

Including the lived experience is crucial for fully understanding functioning of adults with cerebral palsy (CP).

Adults with CP perceive environmental factors as essential elements for everyday functioning.

Adults with intellectual disability should be considered as a group with specific problems.
The environmental cost and the accident externality of driving: Evidence from the Swiss franc's appreciation
Authors: Bello Piera 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis study investigates the effects of driving on air quality and road safety by exploiting exogenous variation in traffic flows associated with the Swiss franc's appreciation. It shows that the higher mobility along the border increased the nitrogen oxides concentration during peak hours on working days and the risk of car accidents during the late morning on nonworking days. The elasticity of both variables of interest with respect to the number of cars turns out to be larger than one. This suggests the need for programs that treat traffic congestion, air quality, and road safety jointly and has implications for optimal road use pricing.