bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study of Life Cycle Assessment of Bricks and the Impacts to the Environment in Malaysia
Authors: Adnan H , Balasbaneh A T 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Life cycle assessment (LCA) is conducted in order to evaluate the environmental impacts of products chosen from the manufacturing phase and the end-of life cycle of the material and in clay brick and concrete were chose as the observed products. Brick is one of the important construction materials that can be seen at the surrounding. Main objective for this study is to investigate the impact of production of different types of brick to the level of emissions of carbon dioxide to the environment. Four stages of life cycle assessment were conducted before the result for the study analysis can be obtained and that stages including goal and scope definition, life cycle inventory (LCI), life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) and the interpretation part. The results obtained from the simulation of the Simapro shown that the concrete contributes more negative impact compared production of clay brick in terms of global warming, ozone depletion, formation of fine particulate matter and ozone formation. Manufacture of clay brick contributes more negative impact to the ionizing radiation, freshwater eutrophication and mineral resource scarcity.
Industrial Building System (IBS): A Unique Intra-Module Connection on Modular Steel Building (MSB)
Authors: Gapar M A , Razali M F , Mansor H , Hamid Y S , Subki N E A 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Modular Steel Building (MSB) provide benefits towards green building technology such as minimum wastage, faster build time and cost-efficiency. The intra-module connection is the most important aspect of MSB construction since it has a significant impact on overall structural stability and robustness. A novel intra-module connection was proposed for the MSB. The proposal was designed to suit the illustrative five-storey hexagon shape modular steel building that possibly imagines by Architect. Two analyses phases are being presented, namely the Macro and Microanalysis model. The former is the stage for global analysis design of the proposed five-storey hexagon shape modular steel building via SAP2000. The latter is the local intra-module connection behaviour analysis using ABAQUS software. Linear and nonlinear static analyses were carried out on the proposed intra-module connection under the vertical applied load. In this work, the failure of the connection under the given load was governed by the hexagon diaphragm, while the fin plate demonstrates the least affected constitutive component. It anticipates that the suggested unique intra-module connection will encourage architects to employ modular steel construction designs with greater flexibility. Future research will concentrate on the parametric study to improve the performance of the diaphragm and the connection’s limitations.
Shear Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Beams Using Fibre Reinforced Polymer: A Critical Review
Authors: Hakim S J S , Mohd Rodzi M A H , Ayop S S , Shahidan S , Mokhatar S N , Salleh N 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The primary purpose of reinforcing bar stirrups in a reinforced concrete beam is to improve shear strength. The FRP system may significantly improve a concrete beam’s ultimate shear strength, serviceability, and ductility. The application of FRP for the repair and reinforcement of the structures has become very popular due to its low weight, high tensile strength, and simplicity of installation on uneven surfaces. FRP material outperforms other traditional materials in strengthening applications due to its high strength-to-weight and stiffness-to-weight ratios, resistance to corrosion, and ease of handling. The overall objective of this research is to investigate and improve the understanding of the recent research in the area of shear FRP strengthening of reinforced concrete beams. In this paper, recent publications were reviewed to see how different anchoring procedures, different factors that affect FRP performance and different failure scenarios affect the shear strengthening of concrete beams. The benefits and limits of FRP systems, as well as some current research trends are discussed in this project. From the research, it can be stated that type of anchorage technique and different parameter give a different impact to failure mode of the beam.
Investigation of Dynamic Factor, Rail Stress and Track Foundation Modulus of Ballasted Railway Track for Different Bed Conditions Using Numerical Methods
Authors: Thenappan Shanmugasekar 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The track stiffness is the primary function of roadbeds thickness and subgrade characteristics. For this purpose, numerical scale track finite element technique representing the ballasted track with multi layered substructure founded on subgrade was simulated. The track deflection, stress was abstracted in static and dynamic conditions. The track significant design parameters: Foundation modulus, rail fatigue strength, rail bending stress and stress on subgrade levels were evaluated by using improved current track design numerical methods and compared against field test results which were carried out on part of MG Double track high speed main line (1600 km). Mathematical equations were developed to correlate the variables; ballast thickness, settlement, track stiffness, rail bending stress and rail fatigue strength on varying subgrade soil modulus. Incorporation of this parametric study will improve and optimise the conventional track design and maintenance standard. A simple improved track design was introduced by using single track stiffness parameter from conventional plate bearing test (PBT) on Force Displacement (FD) conventional curve method. The improved method with deriving equivalent track stiffness from rail pad and track substructure tested C value are accurate and simple. The current test method to determine the track stiffness in live track condition is expensive and unsafe with operational requirements. This PBT is simple, cost saving on labour, safe and without applying live train load.
Initial Implementation of Structural Health Monitoring System of a Railway Bridge
Authors: Purnomo D A , Aspar W A N , Barasa W , Harjono S M , Sukamdo P , Fiantika T 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In order to determine the actual condition of the railway bridge structure in the field, predictive monitoring is needed by installing a structural health monitoring system (SHMS). In the process of applying the SHMS, a bridge design review was applied to have railway bridge characteristics. The purpose of conducting this design review is to determine the allowable threshold for deflection and vibration of the bridge. This paper will present the analysis of the steel frame structure; with a span of 51.60 meters, 4.45 meters wide, of 5.00 meters high, respectively. According to the applicable standards, the loads used following the function of the bridge on the railroad tracks are calculated. The purpose of this paper is to (1) analyze the strength of the attached profile against the working forces, especially the live load of the rail line, (2) to know the deflection that occurs, (3) to know the natural frequency that occurs, and (4) to develop expert systems. The simulation results are used as the basis for placing sensors on the bridge and as the basis for determining the threshold for the railway bridge SHMS.
Prediction of Traffic Vibration Effect on Heritage Building at Muar, Johor, Malaysia
Authors: Ng J S , Chik T N T , Yusoff N A 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The vibration produced by road traffic can contribute to the long-term adverse effects on heritage structures. The objectives of this study were to analyze the dynamic response of the heritage building under time-dependent loads caused by traffic vibration by carried out the transient analysis in ANSYS and to determine the level of Vibration Criterion of the heritage building due to traffic vibration by using VSATs in MATLAB software. This research was to predict the traffic vibration effect on the old building of Telecom Muar at Johor, Malaysia. A field testing was carried out using a mobile application, iDynamics, to obtain the vibration signal induced by road traffic. The data obtained were analyzed using ANSYS and MATLAB software. Two types of analysis were carried out using ANSYS, which are modal analysis and transient analysis. MATLAB was used to obtain the vibration criteria plot (VC) for the building. The natural frequency of the fundamental mode shape was 2.57Hz. The natural frequency of the building is acceptable as it is below the human sensitivity frequency range. On the other hand, the level of vibration criteria of the building falls on VC-E, which is the lowest level in the Generic Vibration Criteria Plot implemented by Gordon (1991). In conclusion, both natural frequency and the vibration criteria of the selected building is acceptable according to the results obtained from the analysis conducted.
Numerical Simulation of Modified Rubberized Concrete Block Under Impact Loads
Authors: Pei T Y , Mokhatar S N , Mutalib N A N A , Hakim S J S 
Published: November 2021

AbstractRubberized concrete was innovated by many researchers to enhance energy absorption under impact load and by reusing scrap tires. Thus, this research was aims to develop the numerical procedure using the Finite Element Method (FEM) to simulate modified rubberized concrete under impact loads and predict its energy absorption under different impact loads. Three existing constitutive models: Concrete Damage Plasticity (CDP), Drucker-Prager (DP), and Modified Drucker-Prager Cap (MDPC) available in ABAQUS software were used to replicate the rubberized concrete with 10% of Rice Hush Ash (RHA) as cement substitution and different percentages (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) of crumb rubber as sand replacement. All three models produced successful FEM results with reasonable modelling assumption, and the CDP model was more effective in simulating rubberized concrete under impact to predict energy absorption than DP and MDPC models. Further, it was concluded that crumb rubber could enhance the energy absorption of concrete. Generally, the energy absorption of the concrete increased as the crumb rubber increase. However, the strength decreased as the crumb rubber increased, but 10% of RHA in concrete mix can maintain the concrete strength. Overall, this study reveals that FEM incorporated with the CDP model is able to predict the impact response of modified crumb rubber as an application of concrete road barrier.
Effects of Section Properties on Structural Behaviour and Failure Mode of Built-Up CFS Columns
Authors: Cheah W H , Jaini Z M , Mokhatar S N , Seyed Hakim S J , Abu Seman M , Kozlowski M 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Built-up CFS column is a type of structure that can be classified as an industrialized building system. This column has been widely used in the construction industry. It has relatively lightweight, easy to fabricate and provide efficient installation, thus suitable for the construction with difficulty inaccessibility. However, the main issue that arises from the built-up CFS column is its bearing capacity. The ultimate strength and displacement of the built-up CFS column are prominently governed by its section properties such as size and thickness. Therefore, this study intends to investigate the effects of section properties on the structural behaviour and failure mode of built-up CFS columns. The built-up CFS column was modelled in the three-dimensional using WELSIM, taking into account the nonlinearities of geometry, material criterion and contact surface. It was found that the built-up CFS column attains ultimate strength of 53.33 kN to 210.6 kN and displacement around 1.33 mm to 2.98 mm. When the size and thickness of square hollow sections are increased, the ultimate strength increases simultaneously but the displacement shows a decrement trend. Under compression force, it was observed that the built-up CFS column suffers distortional and flexural buckling as well as connector and stiffener failures.
Sensor Modules for Enhancement of Safety Performance in Construction Safety Management
Authors: Tuck Kiong MAK , Yap Loh Seng , Aminudin Eeydzah , Zakaria Rozana Binti 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Safety management is very important for construction sector as it is the most hazardous working environments when it comes to occupational fatalities. The high cases such as injuries at the workplace, illnesses, and fatalities often caused harm to the workers and create the delay on the work progress. Therefore, this paper reviewed the whole operation process of the sensor modules that enhanced safety performance to prevent accidents occurred on construction site. By providing lab scale location-based safety management services to the workers, this technology able to allow a speedy response in the event of accident. From the benchmark conducted, there are three study that had been conducted previously using vibrational alert signal which identified as an accurate transmitted especially inside a danger zone, as the vibrational function of the sensor module able to function within the designated range. The second benchmark shows that previous study able to identify errors in the location information of the workers arising from obstacles, even though so the technology able to conveyed within the designated range as well. Thirdly, the previous study able to shows the information of a fall was conveyed quickly upon occurrence, and the previous study showed that fall able to identified using the context-aware information from the sensor module. The findings showed that the real-time location and context-aware information collected from the sensor module can be used to prevent accidents and respond quickly in the event of a fall. However, the vibration signal which generated by sensor module was insufficient to alert the workers when approaching the danger zone at construction site. Therefore to improve the whole development of prototype sensor module a further study is needed to incorporate the vibrational and alarm signal for recognising accidents upon occurred for enhancement safety management at construction sites.
Masonry Dust Risk Control Practices and the Barriers to the Adoption of Engineering Controls in Reducing Risk due to Dust Exposure in Masonry Work
Authors: Abas N H , Mad Ali M , Abas N A 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The construction industry is known to be among the most vulnerable industries in terms of occupational safety and health. One of the riskiest activities in construction involves masonry, which reports several cases involving occupational health diseases due to the exposure to silica dust. Thus, this study aims to investigate the perception toward health risks due to exposure to dust in masonry work. A survey research method was adopted for this study, which involved the participation of 25 active construction contractors in Selangor and Kuala Lumpur. The findings reveal that respiratory problems and health diseases are the most perceived risks associated to dust exposure in masonry work. There are various barriers to the adoption of engineering control in masonry work such as high costs, lack of awareness of dust hazards, and workers’ attitudes. The current practical intervention methods used by contractor firms are respiratory protection, wet method, and sweeping compound. This study provides information on the current masonry work environment and the barriers of the adoption of engineering control technologies. Additionally, this study suggests that the key players in the construction industry should take an active part to increase the implementation of engineering controls in a construction project, and not rely solely on the use of PPE.
A Study of The Practical Use of Green Engineering-Based Technology for Building Sustainability: Users’ Perspective
Authors: Hasan Amirul Hakim , Ismail Sushilawati 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Sustainable construction has been the main priority in the global construction industry. For that reason, Malaysia is moving towards green building approach to promote built environment sustainability. Therefore, it is essential to raise awareness about the environmental-responsible practice among construction players particularly on the implementation of green engineering-based technology. This study aims to explore the existing green engineering-based technology and to investigate the preferred green engineering-based technology to upgrade the sustainability of existing residential buildings. The study focuses on the existing technology to be incorporated in the operation of buildings. A comprehensive literature review was carried out and 384 feedback was collected from questionnaire survey distribution among respondents in Johor Bahru. Various green engineering-based technology includes solar energy, wastewater treatment, rainwater harvesting, window shading, housing landscape, natural ventilation, smart PDLC film glasses, roof thermal insulation, and smart home control panel are discussed in this paper. From this study, it was found that that the housing landscape is the most preferred with the highest mean index value followed by daylighting system and solar panel. The results indicate the preferred green engineering-based technology is because of low cost and familiarity among users. The future study should consider relating the awareness of individuals on sustainability with their preferred green technology. Perhaps, the coverage of this study should be extended by involving respondents from all over Malaysia.
Numerical Modelling Observations of Settlement for Pad Footings Supported on Soft Clay Soil
Authors: Arab O A , Lim A J M S , Sim S Y , Guntor N A A 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Settlement calculation is an important part in the design of shallow foundations resting on soft soils. The size of the foundation, the depth of the footings, and the rise in ground water level are thought to influence settlement and have been the subject of much research for many years. Thus, this study compared several pad footing sizes using numerical techniques as the basis. The first objective of this study was to analyse soil and pad footing settlement, and to determine the optimal size of footing that withstands excessive settlement due to variation in the water table and the depth of the foundation. Three footing embedment depths of 1.5, 2, and 3m with three water table positions, at the GL (0m), 1.5, and 3m with an applied foundation concentrated load of 440 kN using five footing models of 1.5mx1.5m, 2mx1.5m, 2 m x 2 m, 2.5x1.5m, and 2.5x1.5m pad footing with a uniform thickness of 0.5m were considered. In this study, a 3D Plaxis simulation is used for predicting the settlement of shallow foundations on soft clay soils. Settlement results were discovered at various water table positions and foundation depths. The study found that the 2.5x2m footing was deemed the best among the simulated foundations, and the 3m foundation embedment was considered the best at shallow depths due to less excessive settlement than the other tested foundations. The settlement had a significant impact on the size of the foundation and the depth of the footing. The depth of the water table has a small impact on the settlement. Parametric analysis is also being used to gain a better understanding of the behaviour of the elastic settlement of various shallow foundations. It is found that the footing area increases, settlement decreases and vice versa.
Effects of transglutaminase cross-linking process on printability of gelatin microgel-gelatin solution composite bioink
Authors: Song Kaidong , Ren Bing , Zhai Yingnan , Chai Wenxuan , Huang Yong 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting has emerged as a powerful engineering approach for various tissue engineering applications, particularly for the development of 3D cellular structures with unique mechanical and/or biological properties. For the jammed gelatin microgel-gelatin solution composite bioink, comprising a discrete phase of microgels (enzymatically gelled gelatin microgels) and a cross-linkable continuous gelatin precursor solution-based phase containing transglutaminase (TG), its rheological properties and printability change gradually due to the TG enzyme-induced cross-linking process. The objective of this study is to establish a direct mapping between the printability of the gelatin microgel-gelatin solution based cross-linkable composite bioink and the TG concentration and cross-linking time, respectively. Due to the inclusion of TG in the composite bioink, the bioink starts cross-linking once prepared and is usually prepared right before a printing process. Herein, the bioink printability is evaluated based on the three metrics: injectability, feature formability, and process-induced cell injury. In this study, the rheological properties such as the storage modulus and viscosity have been first systematically investigated and predicted at different TG concentrations and times during the cross-linking process using the first-order cross-linking kinetics model. The storage modulus and viscosity have been satisfactorily modeled as exponential functions of the TG concentration and time with an experimentally calibrated cross-linking kinetic rate constant. Furthermore, the injectability, feature formability, and process-induced cell injury have been successfully correlated to the TG concentration and cross-linking time via the storage modulus, viscosity, and/or process-induced shear stress. By combing the good injectability, good feature formability, and satisfactory cell viability zones, a good printability zone (1.65, 0.61, and 0.31 h for the composite bioinks with 1.00, 2.00, and 4.00% w/v TG, respectively) has been established during the printing of mouse fibroblast-based 2% gelatin B microgel-3% gelatin B solution composite bioink. This printability zone approach can be extended to the use of other cross-linkable bioinks for bioprinting applications.
Performance analysis of nanowire and nanosheet NCFETs for future technology nodes
Authors: Sakib Fahimul Islam , Hasan Md Azizul , Hossain Mainul 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Negative capacitance (NC) effect in nanowire (NW) and nanosheet (NS) field effect transistors (FETs) provide the much-needed voltage scaling in future technology nodes. Here, we present a comparative analysis on the performance of NC-NWFETs and NC-NSFETs through fully calibrated, three-dimensional computer aided design (TCAD) simulations. In addition to single channel NC-NSFETs and NC-NWFETs, those, with vertically stacked NSs and NWs, have been examined for the same layout footprint (LF). Results show that NC-NSFETs can achieve lower subthreshold swing (SS) and higher ON-current (I

ON
) than NC-NWFET of comparable device dimensions. However, NC-NWFETs show slightly higher I

ON

/I

OFF
ratio. Negative differential resistance (NDR) is found to be more pronounced in NC-NSFET, enabling these devices to attain a stronger drain-induced-barrier-rising (DIBR) and steeper SS for gate lengths as small as 10 nm. The results presented here can, therefore, provide useful insights for performance optimization of NC-NWFETs and NC-NSFETs, in ultra-scaled and high-density logic applications, for 7 nm and beyond technology nodes.