bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From the Communists and Post-Communists Alike: State-Paid Salaries of the Clergy in the Czech Lands 1949–2012
Authors: Minarik Pavol 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe article examines the development of state-paid salaries for the clergy introduced by the Communists in Czechoslovakia from their institution in 1949 until they were removed in a major change of church-state relations in 2012. In the initial years of Communist rule, it appears that the salaries were part of a “carrot and stick” strategy aiming to subject churches to the state. Later, the real value of salaries steadily decreased, leaving priests marginalized in the economic structure. Following the collapse of the Communist regime, the salaries of the clergy were significantly increased; although, in subsequent years, they followed a trend similar to the pre-1989 period. The similarity in the development of salaries in the Communist and post-Communist period and the reluctance to restitute the church property after 1989 reflects the attitudes of the Czech population and the political representation toward organized religion and the transition from assertive to passive secularism.
LiDAR and Paleoseismology Solve Earthquake Mystery in the Pacific Northwest, USA
Authors: Sherrod Brian L. , Blakely Richard J. , Weaver Craig S. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractOne of the largest historical earthquakes in the U.S. Pacific Northwest occurred on December 15, 1872 near the south end of Lake Chelan. Lack of recognized surface deformation suggested that the earthquake occurred on a blind, perhaps deep, fault. New LiDAR data revealed a NW‐side‐up scarp along the north side of Spencer Canyon near Entiat, Washington. Landslides triggered during the earthquake impounded small ponds in Spencer Canyon; the larger of the two landslides obliterated a portion of the scarp. Tree‐ring counts show that the oldest trees on each landslide are 130 and 128 years old, and lend credence to the idea that the earthquake triggered the landslides. Trenches across the scarp exposed a NW‐dipping thrust fault offsetting young soils and Mesozoic bedrock. Radiocarbon and tree ring data shows that the last fault movement was between 1856 and 1873 CE, and was most likely during the 1872 CE earthquake.
Seismic Imaging of a Shale Landscape Under Compression Shows Limited Influence of Topography‐Induced Fracturing
Authors: Ma Lisa , Oakley David , Nyblade Andrew , Moon Seulgi , Accardo Natalie , Wang Wei , Gu Xin , Brubaker Kristen , Mount Gregory J. , Forsythe Brandon , Carr Bradley J. , Brantley Susan L. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe used seismic refraction to image the P‐wave velocity structure of a shale watershed experiencing regional compression in the Valley and Ridge Province (USA). From estimates showing strong compressional stress, we expected the depth to unweathered bedrock to mirror the hill‐valley‐hill topography (“bowtie pattern”) by analogy to seismic velocity patterns in crystalline bedrock in the North American Piedmont that also experience compression. Previous researchers used failure potentials calculated for strong compression in the Piedmont to suggest fractures are open deeper under hills than valleys to explain the “bowtie” pattern. Seismic images of the shale watershed, however, show little evidence of such a “bowtie.” Instead, they are consistent with weak (not strong) compression. This contradiction could be explained by the greater importance of infiltration‐driven weathering than fracturing in determining seismic velocities in shale compared to crystalline bedrock, or to local perturbations of the regional stress field due to lithology or structures.
Quantitative Precipitation Estimation of Extremes in CONUS With Radar Data
Authors: Molter Edward M. , Collins William D. , Risser Mark D. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractConstructing an accurate, continental, in‐situ‐based, kilometer‐scale, long‐term record of the precipitation field and its spatiotemporal changes remains a significant challenge. Here, we determine the extreme‐value behavior of the NEXRAD Stage IV radar‐based quantitative precipitation estimate. We find that the climatology of 5‐year daily return values in the contiguous United States East of the Rocky Mountains shows only slight variability on spatial scales smaller than 100 km. In light of this finding, we test whether rain‐gauge‐only daily precipitation data sets can produce accurate extreme‐value behavior at spatial scales finer than the spacing between gauges. We find that the 5‐year daily return values are accurate at locations far from rain gauges only if the interpolation between gauges is carried out appropriately for extremes. Precipitation statistics derived from in‐situ rain gauge data are therefore of sufficient spatial resolution to faithfully capture daily extremes over much of the eastern United States.
Remote Sensing of Electric Fields Observed Within Winter Precipitation During the 2020 Investigation of Microphysics and Precipitation for Atlantic Coast‐Threatening Snowstorms (IMPACTS) Field Campaign
Authors: Schultz Christopher J. , Harkema Sebastian S. , Mach Douglas M. , Bateman Monte , Lang Timothy J. , Heymsfield Gerald M. , McLinden Matthew L. , Li Lihua , Poellot Michael , Sand Kendra 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAircraft electric fields from NASA's Lightning Instrument Package (LIP) were coupled with other airborne and ground‐based, and in situ measurements to understand electrification in winter clouds that did not produce lightning. The measurements were made during seven research flights by a NASA ER‐2 during the 2020 Investigation of Microphysics and Precipitation for Atlantic Coast‐Threatening Snowstorms (IMPACTS) campaign. Observed total electric field magnitudes were as high as 80 V m−1 and variability in the electric field was observed along the flight path of the ER‐2, indicating horizontal and/or vertical inhomogeneity in the cloud's electrical structure. X‐band airborne radar data indicated 20‐dBZ echo tops above 5 km in regions where electrification exceeded 10 V m−1. In these regions, 85‐GHz brightness temperatures (TB) from an airborne radiometer were lower than 265 K, with the lowest TB (∼210 K) associated with ice scattering collocated with the strongest electric fields. In situ microphysical measurements from the NASA P‐3 aircraft on February 7 indicated that regions near strong electric field contained supercooled water, rimed ice hydrometeors, ice water p‐ content as high as 1 g m−3, liquid water content as high as 0.15 g m−3, and supersaturation as high as 3.5%. These observations support the role of mixed phase microphysics in the generation of electric fields in clouds. In three case studies, ground based S‐band polarimetric radar observed depolarization streaks in differential reflectivity near areas where the strongest electrification was observed. This observation reinforces the utility of depolarization streaks to identify areas of electrification prior to lightning occurrence.
All Logjams Are Not Created Equal
Authors: Livers Bridget , Wohl Ellen 
Published: August 2021

AbstractLogjams create diverse physical and ecological effects in stream channels, including at least temporary storage of water, sediment, and particulate organic matter. We hypothesize that logjams that span the entire bankfull channel width in channels ≤25 m wide are more effective in storing these materials than non‐channel spanning logjams. We test this hypothesis by systematically comparing characteristics of 183 logjams from 17 stream reaches in the Southern Rocky Mountains. Our data set is novel in that it evaluates naturally occurring logjams in unaltered streams in a single study area specifically based on whether they span the stream channel. We find that channel‐spanning logjams have a significantly larger number of wood pieces, longer & wider pieces, more ramp and bridge pieces, and greater logjam height and volume, both as raw data and when standardized by average channel width. Channel‐spanning logjams also have significantly greater backwater pool volume and volume of particulate organic matter stored in backwater pools and in logjams. Restoration employing engineered logjams in relatively small channels currently focuses on non‐spanning logjams, but could be expanded to include spanning logjams.
Intermittent Retreat Behavior in Experimental Barrier Island Response to Constant Sea Level Rise and Wave Forcing
Authors: Rodgers N. , Paola C. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBarrier islands are naturally low‐lying features and are susceptible to drowning from sea level rise. However, previous work suggests that barrier islands can retreat upslope to maintain their subaerial extent, though not necessarily at a constant rate even under steady forcing. To explore this idea, we performed physical experiments where barrier islands were subjected to a constant relative sea level rise (RSL) and a constant wave environment. We tracked the islands through time with overhead images and periodic laser elevation scans. Time series of island location show that the islands did not retreat at constant rates through the transgression. Rather, overall long‐term retreat occurred through a punctuated retreat motion comprising steady retreat alternating with accelerated steps. The source of this complex behavior is a cycling between two morphologies: one where an island has a developed ridge and another where no ridge is present. Sea level rise allows waves to overtop the island and erode the ridge that once kept the waves at bay. That sediment is deposited behind the island, moving the barrier landward. Waves continue to push sediment back toward the mainland until the island becomes too wide for waves to carry sediment across the island. This begins a process of backfilling the overwash fan, eventually creating a new ridge. These simple experiments support previous theoretical suggestions that periodic overwash is a key part of a barrier island's behavior during a transgression, and that this can lead to punctuated retreat even when RSL rise is steady.
Redox Properties of Peat Particulate Organic Matter: Quantification of Electron Accepting Capacities and Assessment of Electron Transfer Reversibility
Authors: Joshi Prachi , Schroth Martin H. , Sander Michael 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPeat particulate organic matter (POM) has been hypothesized to act as a terminal electron acceptor (TEA) for anaerobic microbial respiration in northern peatlands, thereby lowering dissolved methane (CH4) concentrations in these systems. However, the redox properties of peat POM and an assessment of its redox state in situ remain missing, mainly due to the lack of an accurate analytical approach to quantify the number of electrons that are transferred to/from POM. Here, we first developed a new spectrophotometric method to quantify the number of electrons that are transferable to peat POM—denoted hereafter as electron accepting capacity (EAC)—by reacting POM with the reduced species of the probe compound 4,4’‐bipyridinium‐1,1'bis(2‐ethylsulfonate). Second, we used this analytical approach to quantify the EAC of an oxidized reference POM material (0.38 ± 0.039 mmol e−/g POM) and of redox‐preserved POM from three ombrotrophic bogs in Värmland, Sweden (0.17–0.24 mmol e−/g POM). These EAC values are substantially higher than previous estimates, likely reflecting kinetic artifacts in previous analytical methods. We further established reversible electron transfer to the oxic reference POM over a cycle of electrochemical reduction and O2 re‐oxidation. Finally, we determined that the EAC of two of the three bog POM samples that were collected anoxically (i.e., redox state‐preserved POM) increased by ∼0.09 mmol e−/g POM upon exposure to air for 8 days, demonstrating that the POM was indeed reduced in situ. Collectively, our results strongly support that POM acts as a sustainable TEA in northern peatlands, which may lower methane release from these systems.
Paleoproductivity Modes in Central Mediterranean During MIS 20—MIS 18: Calcareous Plankton and Alkenone Variability
Authors: Maiorano Patrizia , Herbert Timothy D. , Marino Maria , Bassinot Franck , Bazzicalupo Pietro , Bertini Adele , Girone Angela , Nomade Sebastien , Ciaranfi Neri 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPaleoproductivity is reconstructed across a Mediterranean benchmark record, the Early/Middle Pleistocene Montalbano Jonico section, cropping out in southern Italy. High‐resolution coccolithophore and alkenone data (C37 and C37:2/C38:2 ratio) were collected in order to extend the data set on Mediterranean paleoproductivity pattern and forcing mechanisms. The multi‐proxy record indicates low productivity during glacial and stadial phases and enhanced productivity during interglacial and interstadials. Increased surface water turbidity, cold‐water temperature and polar‐subpolar low salinity water incursion appear as the dominant controls for low productivity during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 20. Enhanced productivity during MIS 19c was sustained by warmer surface waters, coupled with a seasonal precipitation regime, providing higher nutrient availability. Productivity increases during interstadials with respect to stadials, in relation with enhanced land‐derived nutrient input through river discharge during wetter winters. The productivity scenario we propose is similar to those reconstructed from deep‐sea records in the central and western Mediterranean during Dansgaard‐Oeschger oscillations over the last 70 ka. This indicates that similar forcing mechanisms acted on productivity dynamics on a regional scale over different times. We suggest that migration of the westerly wind system over the Mediterranean and the polar water inflow influenced productivity on a regional scale. The acquired data set provides new evidences on the environmental significance of the C37:2/C38:2 ratio and on its relation with surface water productivity.
TRIM31 facilitates K27-linked polyubiquitination of SYK to regulate antifungal immunity
Authors: Wang Xueer , Zhang Honghai , Shao Zhugui , Zhuang Wanxin , Sui Chao , Liu Feng , Chen Xiaorong , Hou Jinxiu , Kong Lingli , Liu Hansen , Zheng Yi , Liu Bingyu , Chen Tian , Zhang Lei , Jia Xinming , Gao Chengjiang 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSpleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, which plays an essential role in both innate and adaptive immunity. However, the key molecular mechanisms that regulate SYK activity are poorly understood. Here we identified the E3 ligase TRIM31 as a crucial regulator of SYK activation. We found that TRIM31 interacted with SYK and catalyzed K27-linked polyubiquitination at Lys375 and Lys517 of SYK. This K27-linked polyubiquitination of SYK promoted its plasma membrane translocation and binding with the C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), and also prevented the interaction with the phosphatase SHP-1. Therefore, deficiency of Trim31 in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) and macrophages (BMDMs) dampened SYK-mediated signaling and inhibited the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines against the fungal pathogen Candida albicans infection. Trim31−/− mice were also more sensitive to C. albicans systemic infection than Trim31+/+ mice and exhibited reduced Th1 and Th17 responses. Overall, our study uncovered the pivotal role of TRIM31-mediated K27-linked polyubiquitination on SYK activation and highlighted the significance of TRIM31 in anti-C. albicans immunity.
Hypoxic stress suppresses lung tumor-secreted exosomal miR101 to activate macrophages and induce inflammation
Authors: Li Jie , Xu Peng , Wu Di , Guan Minjie , Weng Xuanwen , Lu Yongzhen , Zeng Yuwei , Chen Rongchang 
Published: August 2021

AbstractHypoxia promotes inflammation in the tumor microenvironment. Although hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) is a master modulator of the response to hypoxia, the exact mechanisms through which HIF1α regulates the induction of inflammation remain largely unclear. Using The Cancer Genome Atlas Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma (TCGA-LUSC) database, we divided patients with LUSC into two groups based on low or high HIF1α expression. After analyzing the differentially expressed genes in these two groups, we found that HIF1α was positively correlated with interleukin 1A (IL1A) and IL6 expression. Our in vitro study showed that hypoxic stress did not induce IL1A or IL6 expression in tumor cells or macrophages but dramatically enhanced their expression when co-cultured with tumor cells. We then investigated the effect of tumor-derived exosomes on macrophages. Our data suggested that the changes in miR101 in the tumor-derived exosomes played an important role in IL1A and IL6 expression in macrophages, although the hypoxic stress did not change the total amount of exosome secretion. The expression of miR101 in exosomes was suppressed by hypoxic stress, since depletion of HIF1α in tumor cells recovered the miR101 expression in both tumor cells and exosomes. In vitro, miRNA101 overexpression or uptake enriched exosomes by macrophages suppressed their reprogramming into a pro-inflammatory state by targeting CDK8. Injection of miR101 into xenografted tumors resulted in the suppression of tumor growth and macrophage tumor infiltration in vivo. Collectively, this study suggests that the HIF1α-dependent suppression of exosome miR101 from hypoxic tumor cells activates macrophages to induce inflammation in the tumor microenvironment.
Non-viral delivery of CRISPR–Cas9 complexes for targeted gene editing via a polymer delivery system
Authors: O’Keeffe Ahern Jonathan , Lara-Sáez Irene , Zhou Dezhong , Murillas Rodolfo , Bonafont Jose , Mencía Ángeles , García Marta , Manzanares Darío , Lynch Jennifer , Foley Ruth , Xu Qian , Sigen A , Larcher Fernando , Wang Wenxin 
Published: August 2021

AbstractRecent advances in molecular biology have led to the CRISPR revolution, but the lack of an efficient and safe delivery system into cells and tissues continues to hinder clinical translation of CRISPR approaches. Polymeric vectors offer an attractive alternative to viruses as delivery vectors due to their large packaging capacity and safety profile. In this paper, we have demonstrated the potential use of a highly branched poly(β-amino ester) polymer, HPAE-EB, to enable genomic editing via CRISPRCas9-targeted genomic excision of exon 80 in the COL7A1 gene, through a dual-guide RNA sequence system. The biophysical properties of HPAE-EB were screened in a human embryonic 293 cell line (HEK293), to elucidate optimal conditions for efficient and cytocompatible delivery of a DNA construct encoding Cas9 along with two RNA guides, obtaining 15–20% target genomic excision. When translated to human recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) keratinocytes, transfection efficiency and targeted genomic excision dropped. However, upon delivery of CRISPR–Cas9 as a ribonucleoprotein complex, targeted genomic deletion of exon 80 was increased to over 40%. Our study provides renewed perspective for the further development of polymer delivery systems for application in the gene editing field in general, and specifically for the treatment of RDEB.
Association of the ratio of visceral-to-subcutaneous fat volume with renal function among patients with primary aldosteronism
Authors: Haze Tatsuya , Hatakeyama Moe , Komiya Shiro , Kawano Rina , Ohki Yuki , Suzuki Shota , Kobayashi Yusuke , Fujiwara Akira , Saka Sanae , Tamura Kouichi , Hirawa Nobuhito 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPatients with primary aldosteronism have a higher risk of chronic kidney disease. Visceral fat tissue is hypothesized to stimulate the adrenal glands to overproduce aldosterone, and aldosterone promotes visceral fat tissue to produce inflammatory cytokines. However, it is unclear whether the volume of accumulated visceral fat tissue is associated with renal impairment among patients with hyperaldosteronism. We conducted a single-center cross-sectional study to assess the association between the estimated glomerular filtration rate and the ratio of the visceral-to-subcutaneous fat volume calculated by computed tomography. One hundred eighty patients with primary aldosteronism were enrolled. The mean ± SD age was 52.7 ± 11.0 years, and 60.0% were women. The ratio of visceral-to-subcutaneous fat volume was highly correlated with the estimated glomerular filtration rate (r = 0.49, p < 0.001). In multiple linear regression models, the ratio of visceral-to-subcutaneous fat tissue volume was significantly associated with the estimated glomerular filtration rate (estimates: −4.56 mL/min/1.73 m² per 1-SD), and there was an interaction effect between the plasma aldosterone concentration and the ratio of visceral-to-subcutaneous fat volume (p < 0.05). The group with a higher plasma aldosterone concentration exhibited a steeper decline in eGFR than the lower plasma aldosterone concentration group when the ratio increased. The ratio of visceral-to-subcutaneous fat tissue volume was an independent risk factor for renal dysfunction. This association increased in the presence of a high plasma aldosterone concentration. Clinicians should pay attention to the ratio of visceral-to-subcutaneous fat tissue volume and encourage primary aldosteronism patients to improve their lifestyle in addition to treating renin-aldosterone activity.
Synergistic effect of tumor chemo-immunotherapy induced by leukocyte-hitchhiking thermal-sensitive micelles
Authors: Qi Jing , Jin Feiyang , You Yuchan , Du Yan , Liu Di , Xu Xiaoling , Wang Jun , Zhu Luwen , Chen Minjiang , Shu Gaofeng , Wu Liming , Ji Jiansong , Du Yongzhong 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSome specific chemotherapeutic drugs are able to enhance tumor immunogenicity and facilitate antitumor immunity by inducing immunogenic cell death (ICD). However, tumor immunosuppression induced by the adenosine pathway hampers this effect. In this study, E-selectin-modified thermal-sensitive micelles are designed to co-deliver a chemotherapeutic drug (doxorubicin, DOX) and an A2A adenosine receptor antagonist (SCH 58261), which simultaneously exhibit chemo-immunotherapeutic effects when applied with microwave irradiation. After intravenous injection, the fabricated micelles effectively adhere to the surface of leukocytes in peripheral blood mediated by E-selectin, and thereby hitchhiking with leukocytes to achieve a higher accumulation at the tumor site. Further, local microwave irradiation is applied to induce hyperthermia and accelerates the release rate of drugs from micelles. Rapidly released DOX induces tumor ICD and elicits tumor-specific immunity, while SCH 58261 alleviates immunosuppression caused by the adenosine pathway, further enhancing DOX-induced antitumor immunity. In conclusion, this study presents a strategy to increase the tumor accumulation of drugs by hitchhiking with leukocytes, and the synergistic strategy of chemo-immunotherapy not only effectively arrested primary tumor growth, but also exhibited superior effects in terms of antimetastasis, antirecurrence and antirechallenge.