bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
bimA encodes a member of the tetratricopeptide repeat family of proteins and is required for the completion of mitosis in Aspergillus nidulans
Authors: O’donnell Kerry L. , Osmani Aysha H. , Osmani Stephen A. , Morris N. Ronald 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The recessive, temperature-sensitive bimAl mutation of Aspergillus nidulans blocks nuclei in metaphase at restrictive temperature. To determine whether the bimA product is essential, integrative transformation was used to create a mutation in the bimA gene. The mutation was maintained in a heterokaryon and the phenotype of spores produced by the heterokaryon was analyzed. Molecular disruption of the wild-type bimA gene is recessive in the heterokaryon and causes a metaphase block, demonstrating that bimA is an essential gene for mitosis. bimA was cloned by DNA-mediated complementation of its mutant phenotype at restrictive temperature, and the nucleotide sequence of a full-length cDNA was determined. A single large open reading frame was identified in the cDNA sequence, which predicts a protein containing 806 amino acid residues that is related (30.4 % identity) to the Schizosaccbaro-myces pombe nuc2+ gene product, which also is required for completion of mitosis. The sequence of the bimA gene indicates that it is a member of a family of mostly nuclear proteins that contain a degenerate 34 amino acid repeat, the TPR (tetratricopeptide repeat) gene family.
Expression in Escherichia coli of fragments of the coiled-coil rod domain of rabbit myosin: influence of different regions of the molecule on aggregation and paracrystal formation
Authors: Atkinson Simon J. , Stewart Murray 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
We have expressed in Escherichia coli a cDNA clone corresponding broadly to rabbit light meromyosin (LMM) together with a number of modified polypeptides and have used this material to investigate the role of different aspects of molecular structure on the solubility properties of LMM. The expressed material was characterized biochemically and structurally to ensure that it retained the coiled-coil conformation of the native molecule. Full-length recombinant LMM retained the general solubility properties of myosin and, although soluble at high ionic strength, precipitated when the ionic strength was reduced below 0.3 M. Constructs in which the ‘skip’ residues (that disrupt the coiled-coil heptad repeat) were deleted had solubility properties indistinguishable from the wild type, which indicated that the skip residues did not play a major role in determining the molecular interactions involved in assembly. Deletions from the N terminus of LMM did not alter the solubility properties of the expressed material, but deletion of 92 residues from the C terminus caused a large increase in solubility at low ionic strength, indicating that a determinant important for interaction between LMM molecules was located in this region. The failure of deletions from the molecule’s N terminus to alter its solubility radically suggested that the periodic variation of charge along the myosin rod may not be as important as proposed for determining the strength of binding between molecules and thus the solubility of myosin.
A Synopsis of the Bbitish Diatomacæ
Authors: Smith Rev. William 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Amongst the organic beings whose existence the microscope has demonstrated, few possess a higher interest than the group now known as the family of Diatomaceæ. Appearing everywhere as the first-born of Life, wherever inorganic matters are fit for its development, these beings were looked upon suspiciously by early observers, and, whilst regarded by some as doubtful in nature, were looked upon by others as evidences of spontaneous generation. Their siliceous structure, which was early known, served to give them a strange resemblance to the mineral world, whilst, although endowed with motion, they presented no traces of organic tissues. The labours, however, of Ehrenberg set at rest the question of their belonging to the mineral world, and showed how great their claims were to be regarded as members of the animal kingdom. Their relationship to the Desmideæ was always apparent, and these beings were placed by Ehrenberg also in the animal world. But as evidence of the vegetable nature of the Desmideæ multiplied, so it became evident that the Diatomaceæ must follow. The fact that both these families produce sporangia as the result of conjugation in common with a large number of the confervæ, give them a common character which could hardly be assigned to beings belonging to both the animal and vegetable kingdoms. Hence Diatomaceæ are now commonly regarded as plants. But whilst zoologists have readily admitted this argument, the botanist on other grounds has rejected the Diatomaceæ from his domain. Schleiden, in his ‘ Principles of Botany,’ refuses, on the ground of the complicated and unplantlike structure of Diatomaceæ, to recognise them in the vegetable kingdom. Organisms which have thus constituted the battle-field of systematists must have more than usual interest for those who employ the instrument by which alone they can be discerned. But independent of this, there is scarcely any class of objects that present more beautiful forms, and none that invites the microscopist to a higher trial of the greatest powers of his instrument. On these accounts the present work could hardly fail to be popular from the subject on which it treats, and when to this is added the well-known reputation of the author for researches upon the Diatomaceæ, we need hardly say that the work needs no recommendation from ourselves.
On the Nature of the Torbanehill and other Varieties of, Coal
Authors: Redfern Peter 
Published: April 2021

On the Nature of the Torbanehill and other Varieties of Coal. By Peter Redfern, M.D., Lond., Lecturer on Anatomy and Physiology, and on Histology, in the University of Aberdeen.
(Read at the Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science at Liverpool, 1854.)
On the Male reproductive Organs of Campanularia geniculata (Laomedea geniculata, Lam).
Authors: Schultze Dr. Max S. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The propagation of Campanularia geniculata, described by Lovén in 1837, * differs essentially from the mode of increase observed by V. Beneden in several species of the same genus. In the former species ciliated embryos are produced within axillary capsules, from vesicles presenting all the parts of an ovum, and after a distinct process of segmentation. These embryos, after they have quitted the tunic by which they are surrounded, and which resembles an incompletely developed polype, swim about free for some time, and precisely resemble the embryos of Medusa aurita; they then affix themselves, and grow into a polype resembling the parent animal. In the Campanularicæ, however, described by Van Beneden, medusoid creatures with tentacles, digestive and sensitive organs, are produced, also in axillary capsules; and which after quitting the capsule swim about free in the water and behave exactly like Medusæ. These were regarded by Van Beneden as the embryos. He considers that they are produced from ova, and supposes that they subsequently affix themselves, and after the obliteration and metamorphosis of some of their organs become Campanulariœ. Other observers on the contrary, particularly Nordmann and Dujardin, regard these medusiform products of the Campanularicæ as the developed forms of those polypes, believing that in the Medusœ arising in the asexual way, sexual organs are afterwards developed. The Campanulariœ consequently would have to be regarded as corresponding to the Strobila form of Medusa aurita.
An Account of the Structure and Relations of Sagitta Bipunctata
Authors: Busk G. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The minute creature to which the above name has been given, though abundant, perhaps, in all seas, and noticed so long ago as in the year 1781, has received but little attention from zoologists in general. Its curious and interesting structure, however, and doubtful position in the animal kingdom, render it a subject well worthy of further research ; and its minute size, and the extreme delicacy and transparence of its tissues, make it peculiarly an object of microscopical investigation. Though perhaps unknown, even by sight, to many of our readers, the Sagitta bipunctata will probably be met with on every part of the coast; and it may be procured, without difficulty, at any rate in fine and calm weather, by means of a small muslin towing net over the side of a boat.
On the Influence of Dilute Sulphuric Acid on the Deposit Layers of the Cell-Wall in its earliest condition
Authors: Hartig Dr. T. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In a previous paper in the same journal the author has shown that the continued multiplication of cells in the ligneous and alburnum layers, is effected by a twin pair of parent-cells belonging to each fibrous ray, the inner one of which throws off a series of sterile secondary cells towards the medulla, and the outer a similar series towards the bark.
The Micrographic Dictionary; A Guide to the Examination and Investigation of the Structure and Nature of Microscopic Objects
Authors: Griffith J. W. , Henfrey A. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
We congratulate our readers upon the completion of this laborious and valuable work, whose peculiar nature renders a notice of it in our pages almost imperative. Anything like a critical review, however, of such an extensive encyclopedic volume is obviously impossible within our necessarily confined limits. Nor, perhaps, since the work has been, in part at any rate, long before the public, is such a review now demanded. But we think it incumbent upon us to point out in brief terms what we conceive to be its more striking merits and demerits, and how nearly its execution corresponds with the conception implied in its title ; and to what extent it will prove specially useful to the general microscopic observer, for whom alone we take it to be intended.
The Microscope and its Revelations
Authors: Carpenter William B. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
It was only to be expected that if Dr. Carpenter undertook to write a book on the Microscope, it would be a good one, and at least not inferior to any that had hitherto been published. Such was our anticipation, and we have not been disappointed. The book is even better than we could have hoped for, for knowing as we do the great amount of literary and teaching labour performed by Dr. Carpenter, we are astonished to find that he could secure the time for producing a book in every way so complete and faithful a transcript of the subject to which it is devoted as the present volume. This work is not, in fact, as its name might seem to imply, a simple introduction to the use of the Microscope, but a treatise on this instrument, describing the principles of its construction, the various forms which are employed, their adaptations to special uses, and a survey of the various departments of science in which it has been successfully employed. The introduction consists of a sketch of the service rendered by the Microscope to science. The author indicates here the various facts observed by means of the Microscope, and points out their value as the foundation of philosophical reasoning in all those classes of phenomena to which they are related. We should have been glad to have quoted the whole of the concluding part of these observations devoted to the educational value of the Microscope. They are so applicable to the educational demands of the present day, and so in accordance with the aspirations of those who regard science and scientific research as only means to the higher, end of the intellectual and moral development of man, that we can but commend them to all interested in the subject of education. We must, however, find space for the introductory remarks.
On some New British Polyzoa
Authors: Hincks T. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The new British Polyzoon which I am about to describe is, in many points, so nearly related to the well-known Scruparia chelata, that I have determined to rank it in the same genus with this species, although the generic character, as given by Mr. Busk in his ‘ Catalogue,’ must be revised to allow of its admission.
On the Structure of Lecidea lugubris (Sommf.)
Authors: Lindsay W. Lauder 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
While engaged in lichenological studies in the Braemar Highlands during the summer of 1856 (August), I met with a beautiful little lichen, which has not hitherto, I believe, been detected in Britain, and which appears also to be very rare on the continent of Europe. It was the Lecidea lugubris of Sommerfeldt (‘Suppl. Lapp.,’ 143, and Schærer’s ‘Enumeratio Critica Lichenum Europæorum,’ Bern, 1850, p. 101) ; and the Schœreria lugubris of Körber ? Systema Lichenum Germanise,’ Breslau, 1856, p. 232). I was further fortunate enough to find specimens bearing not only apothecia, but spermogones; the latter organs not having apparently been hitherto discovered or described. The structure of the apothecia is exceedingly beautiful; and the peculiar spores serve to distinguish this species from all other British Lecideæ. The facts that the structure of this lichen is probably, in great measure, unknown to British lichenologists; that the plant has not hitherto been found in Britain, while it is a rare alpine continental species; that its spermogones have not been heretofore, so far as I am aware, discovered or described; and that its spores serve to distinguish it from all other British Lecideæ—induce me to offer the following account of its external characters and minute anatomy, based on my examinations of specimens collected at Braemar.
Abstract of “Observations on the Reproduction of the Rhizopoda.”
Authors: Schultze Max. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In the author’s work on the ‘Organization of the Polythalamia,’ he was in a condition merely to throw out surmises with respect to the mode of reproduction of these animals; but a supply of living Gromiæ—Rotalidæ and Miliolidæ—having afforded him an opportunity of making numerous observations on this subject, he now publishes the results at which he has arrived.
Humble Creatures.—The Earthworm and the Common House Fly
Authors: Samuelson James , Hicks J. B. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The appearance of works like this little book affords strong evidence of the fact that the study of natural science is gradually becoming a general object of pursuit. The popular mind is obviously beginning properly to appreciate the interest and value attached to the observation and investigation of natural phenomena, and even to perceive that the modes of thought and methods of inquiry demanded and promoted by such studies, constitute their real value, irrespective in great measure of the special subject of the inquiry.
A Descriptive Catalogue of the most instructive and beautiful objects for the Microscope
Authors: Clarke L. Lane 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The idea of this book is a good one ; and, on the whole, it is very well carried out. It is, as the title-page indicates, a description of microscopic objects. It supposes the reader possessed of a microscope, and that he has access to microscopic objects by purchase or preparation. These objects are arranged in something like a systematic manner, beginning with general “objects from the vegetable kingdom/’ Then follows “sections of wood” and “infusorial earths.” After these come objects from the animal kingdom, in which the author commences with spiders, and goes through groups of insects capable of affording interesting matter for the microscope, and leaves off with the “spicules of sponges.” “Slides of crystallization” finish the work. The remarks under these different heads might have been shorter, with advantage. The author has rather a tendency to write, which is a damaging propensity where conciseness is of value. Nevertheless, we think it will be found a useful book.
Method of Cleaning Diatomaceæ
Authors: Edwards Arthur M. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Though there are many methods that have been devised for cleaning deposits of Diatomaceæ, none has proved to be perfect in all its details; that one that appears nearest so being that which I give below; It is well known that the ordinary method given in the books, of boiling in nitric acid alone, is extremely unsatisfactory, as it does not remove all the organic matter that may be present in the deposit, and this is more particularly apparent when treating guanos for the purpose of obtaining the forms contained in them. Some few years back Bailey published, in the ‘American Journal of Science,’ a plan which seemed to meet all the wants of microscopists. This method was by removing all the organic matter through the agency of sulphuric acid and chlorate of potassa. In this process, however, at first a bisulphate of potassa is formed, which, when we attempt to wash it out with water, is converted into neutral sulphate and free sulphuric acid. The neutral sulphate of potassais a salt soluble only with difficulty, so that it becomes almost impossible to remove it entirely and leave the Diatomaceæ perfectly clean. It is to obviate this trouble that the following method has been devised, and, as it has been in constant use for over two years, with invariable success, it can be confidently recommended to microscopists.
Further Observations on the Development of Pentastomum Tænioides
Authors: Leuckart Rud 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The readers of this Journal will remember from my first paper* that I had commenced a series of experiments, in order to decide the question whether the Pentastomum denticulatum, which occasionally occurs as a parasite in man, be a fully developed animal, or whether, as might be concluded from certain reasons, it merely represents the larval condition of the well-known Pentastomum tœnioides which is found infesting the nasal cavity of dogs. To this end I had infected three dogs with P. denticulatum, not more than a few millimetres in size, by the introduction directly into their nostrils of several dozen of these parasites, procured from the abdomen of a rabbit.
On Chitine
Authors: Baur M. A. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In ‘Reichert’s Archiv ‘for I860,’ part 1, M. A. Baur has published an interesting memoir on the chitinous tendons of Articulata, and their relation to the change of skin. The simplest and oldest view of these structures regarded them as being nothing more than inward prolongations of the outer skeleton, resembling true tendons, but not as corresponding to those of the Vertebrata, which consist of connective tissue. Leydig, on the other hand, considers that these tissues do correspond to one another, and that, while the tendons of Vertebrata often become bony, those of Articulata tend to change themselves into chitine.
Descriptions of New Polyzoa from Ireland
Authors: Hincks Thomas 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The new species of Polyzoa which are described in this paper have been obtained from material dredged in deep water, off the coast of Antrim, by Mr. Hyndman of Belfast, whose researches, as a member of the North of Ireland Dredging Committee, appointed by the British Association, have yielded so many valuable results.
An Account of some Parasitic Ova found attached to the Conjunctivæ of the Turtle’s Eyes.
Authors: Canton Edwin 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
(Reprinted from the ‘Dublin Medical Press.’)
In July last, while engaged in the microscopical examination of the tissues of the eye of the common Turtle, I discovered a large number of parasitic ova attached to all parts of the conjunctiva, with the exception of the modified portion of this membrane which extends across the cornea. The ova were equally numerous in both eyes. I repeated the examination, and, in five consecutive instances, met with these cystic bodies, in the same situation, in the two eyes of each of the turtles. In a sixth specimen, however, the ova were entirely wanting.
A History of Infusoria, including the Desmidiaceæ and Diatomaceæ, &c
Authors: Pritchard Andrew , Arlidge J. T. , Archer W. , Ralfs J. , Williamson W. C. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
When a work has reached a fourth edition, it may be considered in most cases to have passed beyond the domain of the reviewer; and Pritchard’s ‘Infusoria’ has been so long before the world, and, as the number of editions through which it has passed shows, so well appreciated by microscopical observers, that it might now fairly be expected to have escaped any further critical ordeal. But the fact is, that although the old title, and a considerable part of the contents of former editions, are retained, the present may, in all essential respects, be regarded as a new and, to some extent, an original work. As such, we cannot but congratulate the world of microscopists upon its appearance. The names on the title-page are sufficient guarantee for the value of the respective portions they have contributed to the contents; and we have no hesitation, after a careful survey, in saying that we regard Mr. Pritchard’s work, in its present guise, as a valuable contribution to science, and well calculated to afford to those who are interested in the subjects upon which it treats a satisfactory and lucid compendium of nearly all that recent observations have brought to light.
On Ophryodendron Abietinum
Authors: Wright T. Strethill 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
A very curious protozoon appeared about five years ago in a limited locality, near Granton, on the southern shores of the Frith of Forth, from whence it spreads upwards towards Cramond, and now infests the Sertulariæ (8. pumila) which abound for miles along the coast. I described it in September, 1858, in a letter to Dr. Arlidge, one of the editors of Pritchard’s 1 Infusoria,’ who has introduced it into the last edition of that work, under the title of Corethria sertulariæ (Wright). I have also given a rough sketch of it in the ’Edin. Phil. Journal’ for July, 1859. Professor Claparède, however, has informed me, that he and Lachmann had previously deposited an account of it with the Academy of Sciences of Paris. It will be found referred to as Ophryodendron abietinum, in their recently published studies,* and it is to be more fully described in the concluding number of that excellent work.
On the Diamorphosis of Lyngbya, Schizogonium, and Prasiola, and their connection with the so-called Palmellaceæ
Authors: Hicks J. Braxton 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
No one can doubt but that the present discussion on the origin and properties of species, will produce a marked benefit on the study of natural history. Already its influence has been considerable, and as the minds of naturalists more fully appreciate the points involved in the question, upon whichever side they may rally, the fruit it will produce will be much more abundant; probably beyond our present anticipations. And this effect will be exerted quite as much on the opponents of Darwin’s theory, as on the supporters, not only by making them more careful to determine the amount of variation any species may permit, if it be really limited in this respect; but, also, it will urge them to the much more extended study of life-history. Thus, doubtless, many genera, and even families, will be erased, while the elevation of varieties into species will be much checked. Nothing shows the want of care in the two points here indicated more than the study of the lower forms of vegetation ; much has been done, but much yet remains; indeed, as I have already expressed myself, nearly the whole require revision by the study of their entire existence. So long as colour and size are held as specific, and even generic signs, while their diamorphoses are unnoticed, so long must the extreme confusion that meets one at every step, exist.