bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Land-Ocean Contrast on The Seasonal To Decadal Variability of The Northern Hemisphere Jet Stream
Authors: Hallam Samantha , Josey Simon , McCarthy Gerard , Hirschi Joel 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Seasonal to decadal variations in Northern Hemisphere jet stream latitude and speed over land (Eurasia, North America) and oceanic (North Atlantic, North Pacific) regions are presented for the period 1871 – 2011 from the Twentieth Century Reanalysis dataset. Significant regional differences are seen on seasonal to decadal timescales. The ocean acts to reduce the seasonal jet latitude range from 20° over Eurasia to 10° over the North Atlantic where the ocean meridional heat transport is greatest. The mean jet latitude range is at a minimum in winter (DJF), along the western boundary of the North Pacific and North Atlantic, where the land-sea contrast and SST gradients are strongest. The 141-year trends in jet latitude and speed show differences on a regional basis. The North Atlantic has significant increasing jet latitude trends in all seasons, up to 3° in winter. Eurasia has significant increasing trends in winter and summer, however, no increase is seen across the North Pacific or North America. Jet speed shows significant increases evident in winter (up to 4.7ms -1 ), spring and autumn over the North Atlantic, Eurasia and North America however, over the North Pacific no increase is observed. Long term trends are generally overlaid by multidecadal variability, particularly evident in the North Pacific, where 20-year variability in jet latitude and jet speed are seen, associated with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation which explains 50% of the winter variance in jet latitude since 1940. Northern hemisphere jet variability and trends differ on a regional basis (North Atlantic, North Pacific, Eurasia and America) on seasonal to decadal timescales, indicating different mechanisms are influencing the jet latitude and speed. It is important that the differing regional trends and mechanisms are incorporated into climate models and predictions.
Effective Degradation of Cellulose by Microwave Irradiation in Alkaline Solution
Authors: Jabareen Lama , Maruthapandi Moorthy , Saravanan Arumugam , Gedanken Aharon 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The utilization of lignocellulosic biomass is effective to produce chemicals and fuels, which are of importance for the establishment of a sustainable society. The conversion of cellulose, which is the main component of the lignocellulosic biomass, into significant chemicals that can be further converted to different chemicals or fuels in the subsequent step, under gentle conditions is a promising route. Organic acids such as acetic acid, glycolic acid and formic acid are significant chemicals are examples of such products. A novel method to producing important platform chemicals from Micro-crystalline cellulose was developed. Micro-crystalline cellulose was degraded as a result of an oxidation with potassium chlorate by microwave radiation, in a one-pot procedure, efficient reaction conditions such as short reaction time and full conversion of the cellulose were identified. The reaction products have been analyzed by 1H, 13C NMR, XPS, TGA and XRD.
Development of A Physiological-Based Pharmacokinetic Model to Predict Bendamustine Exposure in Paediatric Patients
Authors: Leong Hui Wen , Tummala Hari Prabhath , Madheswaran Thiagajaran , Kandasamy Murugesh 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background the study aimed to predict bendamustine pharmacokinetics in paediatric patients by employing physiological-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model that considers age-dependent physiological maturity. Methods Using PK-Sim, a paediatric PBPK model was constructed based on a validated PBPK adult model using the recommended paediatric dose at 120 mg/m2 bendamustine intravenous (IV) infusion for 60 minutes and age-dependent mechanistic scaling. Parameter optimisation was done based on model fitting to the observed in vivo population pharmacokinetic (PK) data using the visual predictive check. The final paediatric PBPK model was extrapolated to various paediatric age categories (term newborn, infant, toddler, preschool, school-age, adolescent) for PK estimate and comparisons. The PBPK paediatric model was compared with the adult model, and PK comparisons were made for different age categories with the reference paediatric model. Results The model estimated a bendamustine fraction unbound of 4% in a paediatric patient. Renal clearance, biliary clearance and total hepatic clearance in a typical child were 1.38 mL/min/kg, 0.02 mL/min/kg and 13.76 mL/min/kg respectively. The paediatric model was comparable to the adult model. Compared to a typical child, a term newborn has the highest estimated maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and systemic exposure (AUC0-24h), which were 1.24-fold respectively. Clearance in term newborn and infant were 1.4-1.5-fold higher than a typical child. Conclusions We developed a bendamustine PBPK model for a paediatric patient with relapsed/refractory Acute Lymphocytic Leukaemia (ALL) and Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML). The current model may be useful to estimate systemic exposure in paediatric for various age categories in different settings. More in vivo studies are needed in paediatric patients to challenge the robustness of this model.
Curcumin Sensitizes Prolactinoma to Bromocriptine by Activating the ERK/EGR1 and Inhibiting AKT/GSK3β Signaling Pathway
Authors: Tang Chao , Zhu Junhao , Yuan Feng , Yang Jin , Cai Xiangming , Ma Chiyuan 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Although bromocriptine (BRC) as first-line drugs are recommended for treating patients with prolactinoma, a minority of patients with prolactinoma resistance to BRC. Moreover, our previous study showed that the difference in drug sensitivity in BRC- treated rat prolactinoma cells, MMQ cells are more resistant to BRC, and GH3 cells are more sensitive to BRC. Curcumin (Cur) has been shown to inhibit proliferation of prolactinoma cell lines. The aim of this study is to further investigate whether Cur could enhance the growth-inhibitory effect of BRC resistance on prolactinoma cell lines and its possible mechanism. CCK-8 kit was used to test cell growth. Cell-cycle analysis and apoptosis was performed by flow cytometry. Electron microscopy was used to test autophagosome. The mRNA expression profiles were analysed using the Affymetrix Gene-Chip array. Western blotting was used to test protein expression. Our data showed that Cur enhanced the growth-inhibitory effect of BRC on GH3 and MMQ cell proliferation. BRC and Cur both induced cell apoptosis, and Cur could significantly increase the apoptosis of BRC on pituitary adenoma cells through the ERK/EGR1 signaling pathway. Moreover, Cur could enhance the autophagic cell death (ACD) of BRC on tumor cell by inhibiting the AKT/GSK3β signaling pathway. The same results were confirmed in vivo study. Taken together, Cur sensitizes rat pituitary adenoma cell to BRC by activating the ERK/EGR1 and inhibiting AKT/GSK3β signaling pathway.
Force Analysis of the Overconstrained Mechanisms Based on Equivalent Stiffness Considering Limb Axial Deformation
Authors: Guo Jinwei , Zhao Yongsheng , Chen Bo , Zhang Guoxing , Xu Yundou , Yao Jiantao 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Considering the limb axial deformation, taking typical 2SS + P and 7-SS passive overconstrained mechanisms, 2SPS + P and 7-SPS active overconstrained mechanisms, and 2SPS + P and 7-SPS passive-input overconstrained mechanisms as examples, a new force analysis method based on the idea of equivalent stiffness is proposed. The equivalent stiffness matrix of passive overconstrained mechanism is derived by combining the force balance and deformation compatibility equations with consideration of axial elastic limb deformations. The relationship between the constraint wrench magnitudes and the external force, limb stiffness is established. The equivalent stiffness matrix of active overconstrained mechanism is derived by combining the force balance and displacement compatibility equations. Here, the relationship between the magnitudes of the actuated wrenches and the external force, limb stiffness is investigated. Combining with the equivalent stiffness of the passive overconstrained mechanism, an analytical relationship between the actuated forces of passive-input overconstrained mechanism and the output displacement, limb stiffness is explored. Finally, adaptability of the equivalent stiffness to overconstrained mechanisms is discussed, and the effect of the limb stiffness on overconstrained mechanisms force distribution is revealed.
Self and Nonself Short Constituent Sequences of Amino Acids in The SARS-CoV-2 Proteome for Vaccine Development
Authors: Otaki Joji , Nakasone Wataru , Nakamura Morikazu 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Current SARS-CoV-2 vaccines take advantage of the viral spike protein required for infection in humans. However, spike proteins may contain both “self” and “nonself” sequences (sequences that exist in the human proteome and those that do not, respectively). Nonself sequences are likely to be better candidate epitopes than self sequences for vaccines to efficiently eliminate pathogenic proteins and to reduce the potential long-term risks of autoimmune diseases. Here, we comprehensively identified self and nonself short constituent sequences (SCSs) of 5 amino acid residues in the proteome of SARS-CoV-2. Self and nonself SCSs comprised 91.2% and 8.8% of the SARS-CoV-2 proteome, respectively. We identified potentially important nonself SCS clusters in the receptor binding domain of the spike protein that overlap with previously identified epitopes of neutralizing antibodies. These nonself SCS clusters may serve as functional epitopes for effective, safe, and long-term vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 infection to resolve the current COVID-19 pandemic.
Evaluation of Failure of Oestrus Synchronization and Mass Insemination in Conception Rate of Dairy Cows in Silte Zone
Authors: Haile sharew mekonnen , Wondala Tigist , kassa Mesobework 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate failure of oestrus synchronization and mass insemination in the conception of dairy cattle in Silte zone. To evaluate the mechanism of the failure of OSMI conception rate we have collected (HF, jersey, and HF×Boran breed semen) from the three districts and evaluated their quality in NAGII laboratory thereafter bought 1000 qualified HF semen straw and distributed in the 3 districts. 150 cows were brought by farmers for services, and from those cows 130 cows were fulfil the precondition for this program and injected them with 2 ml of PGF2 alpha hormone. Among the 130 injected cows, 72 (55.38%) of them were responded from day 2 up to day 3 after hormone treated and then inseminated them. The lower percentages of conception rate which was observed in this study were associated with low number of AIT and mass number of cows provided during OSMI program, lack of awareness about heat detection, lack of inseminator equipment and cows did not properly managed after hormone and semen administered as we evaluated. As a result, the quality of semen in Dalocha and Sankura districts was facing with quality problem. We have checked the AITs efficiency through placing six cow per AIT thereafter they inseminated them. As a result, there was no AIT efficiency difference on conception rate based on their working experience in this study. Generally, there is a great need of skilled and experienced technician and capacity building of farmers in heat detection, husbandry practices, and good handling practice of semen in the office and improvement strategy. Therefore, improvement in facilities and management should be necessary before implementing an effective estrous synchronization and mass artificial insemination programs.
A GIS-based Novel Approach for Sustainable Sanitary Landfill Site Selection Using Integrated Fuzzy AHP and Machine Learning Algorithms
Authors: Mohsin Mohd , Ali Sk Ajim , Shamim Syed Kausar , Ahmad Ateeque 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Disposal of collected waste is the least preferable way of sustainable solid waste management. But most of the cities in developing nations prefer to use open dumping in an inappropriate and non-scientific way, causing negative impacts on the environment as well as human health. This study offers a novel approach for scientific landfill site selection and sustainable waste management in Aligarh city, India. This could be possible through relevant data collection, selection of suitable models for criterion weighting, and model validation. In order to prepare a suitable landfill site selection map, a GIS-based ensemble FAHP-SVM and FAHP-RF model was implemented. Considering the previous studies and the characteristics and the study area, a total of eighteen thematic layers (decision criteria) were selected. The result reveals that land value, nearness to residential roads, nearness to hospitals and clinics, distance from waste bins, and NDBI having a fuzzy weight of > 0.10, indicates significant factors; whereas land elevation, land slope, surface temperature, soil moisture index, NDVI and urban classification having a fuzzy weight of 0, indicates these criteria have no importance for the present study. The result further reveals that FAHP-RF with an AUC value of 0.9182 is the more accurate model in comparison to FAHP-SVM. According to the final result of weight-based overlay, a total of seven potential landfill sites were identified, out of which three sites were determined as most suitable by considering current land cover, environmental and economic concerns, and public opinions. This study proposed a zonal division model based on the location of suitable landfill sites for sustainable waste management in the study area. The findings of this study may provide a guideline to the decision-makers and planners for optimal landfill site selection in other cities of developing countries.
Ketogenic Diet as a Potential Treatment for Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice
Authors: Har-Even Meirav , Rubovitch Vardit , Ratliff Whitney A. , Citron Bruce A. , Pick Chaim G. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a brain dysfunction without present treatment. Previous studies have shown that animals fed a ketogenic diet (KD) perform better in learning tasks than those fed a standard diet (SD) following brain injury. The goal of this study was to examine whether KD is neuroprotective in a TBI mouse model. Methods: We utilized a closed head injury model to induce mild TBI (mTBI) in mice. Mice were fed KD or SD starting immediately following the trauma and throughout the following 30 days. Tail blood ketone bodies levels were checked at 0, 3, 7 and 30 days post injury. Behavioral tests took place at 7 and 30days post injury, visual and spatial memory impairments were assessed using the Novel object recognition (NOR) paradigm and the Y-maze test, respectively, and anxiety-like behavior was assessed using the elevated plus maze test. Primary mouse SIRT1 levels antibodies were used to detect changes in protein levels following TBI induction and treatments 7 and 30 days post injury and Immunohistochemical sections were stained with, NeuN (for mature neurons), Iba-1 (for microglia) and GFAP (for astrocyte). Results: Elevated levels of ketone bodies were confirmed in the blood following KD. Cognitive and behavioral performance was assessed post injury and molecular and cellular changes were assessed within the temporal cortex and hippocampus. Y‑maze and NOR tasks indicated that mTBI mice maintained on KD displayed better cognitive abilities than mTBI mice maintained on SD. Mice maintained on SD post-injury demonstrated SIRT1 reduction when compared with uninjured and KD groups. In addition, KD management attenuated mTBI-induced microglia activation and astrocyte reactivity in the dentate gyrus and decreased degeneration of neurons in the dentate gyrus and in the cortex. Conclusion: These results support accumulating evidence that KD may be an effective approach to increase the brain’s resistance to damage and suggest a potential new therapeutic strategy for treating mTBI.
Effects of Thermal Undercooling and Thermal Cycles on the Grain and Microstructure Evolution of TC17 Titanium Alloy Repaired by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Zhuo Yimin , Yang Chunli , Fan Chenglei , Lin Sanbao 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) can be used to repair blades or blisk made of titanium alloy with the advantage of high efficiency and low-cost. In this work, the finite element model of repairing the blade based on the arc heat source was established to investigate it. Results showed that the maximum effect of thermal undercooling appears when the peak current transforms to the base current (1Hz or 5Hz), which will promote the grains refinement with the combination of sufficient constitutional supercooling. Compared to the single-layer deposition, the microstructure in the near-heat affected zone (near-HAZ) of multi-layer deposition changes from the metastable β phases to the extremely fine α phases, which was caused by the repeated thermal cycles.
Etiologies of Fever of Unknown Origin in HIV/AIDS Patients, Hanoi, Vietnam
Authors: Nguyen Kim Thu , Nguyen Hai Yen , Nguyen Thi Hao , Khong Minh Quang , Tran Kim Ngoc 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background: Prolonged fever is a challenge for clinicians in managing patients with HIV/AIDS. Their TCD4 counts can be helpful in the diagnosis and treatment. This study aimed to determine several common etiologies of prolonged fever and their distribution in different TCD4 count levels in HIV/AIDS patients.Methods: A cross-sectional, retrospective and prospective study was conducted on 195 HIV/AIDS patients with fever of unknown origin admitted to National Hospital for Tropical Diseases from January 2016 to June 2019. Clinical parameters, immune status, and etiologies for each patient were recorded. Odds ratio was used to compare the distribution of common etiologies in two different TCD4 count levels, including <50 cells/mm3 and ≥50 cells/mm3.Results: The proportion of opportunistic infections and non-infectious etiologies was 93.3% and 3.6%, respectively. Tuberculosis was the most common opportunistic infection (46.7%), followed by Talaromycosis (29.2%) and Pneumocystis jiroveci (20.5%). Tuberculosis was predominant in all stratified CD4 levels. Most cases with Talaromycosis had CD4 counts below 50 cells/mm3. 53.8% of cases were infected by one pathogen. There was no difference between the number of concurrent etiologies and T-CD4 levels. Conclusions: Opportunistic infections, especially tuberculosis, are still the leading cause of prolonged fever in HIV/AIDS patients. Talaromyces marnefei should be screened in patients with CD4 <50 cells/mm3. This study implies that guidelines regarding providing the appropriate treatment for FUO-HIV patients based on the CD4 cells count should be developed that may reduce the burden of clinicians in managing HIV/AIDS patients.
Survival of Lateral Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty in Short-to-long-term Follow-ups: Meta-analysis
Authors: Guo Zhao , Qian Ligang , Gao Wenshan , Wang Yunfei , Gao Fei , Zhao Baohui 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
BackgroundThe effectiveness of unicompartmental knee arthroplasty by lateral UKA remains poorly characterized as a limit of lateral UKA were operated for osteoarthritis (OA). However, the field of UKA surgery has rapidly expanded the usage of partly knee replacement in KOA patients with increased satisfaction, survivorship and functional outcomes. Methods A meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the survivorship of lateral UKA with assessment with short-to midterm (<10years) and long-term (>10years) follow-up. Five databases were searched for eligible studies with search terms modified to the instructions of different databases. Twenty-three studies met the inclusion criteria and the pooling data were summarized in forest plots.ResultsThe implant survivorship of lateral UKA in short-term (3 year) was 96% (95%CI, 0.95-0.97, P<0.001), mid-term (5 year) 95% (0.93-0.96, P<0.001), long-term (10 year) 89% (0.85-0.93, P<0.001), and 15 year (85.5%, 0.79-0.92, P<0.001). Sensitivity and subgroup analysis was conducted for potential source of heterogeneity. ConclusionLateral UKA is a promising method of 90% survivorship over a short- to long-term follow up. Lateral UKA is a viable option in primary treatment of OA.
High Seroprevalence of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies Among Ethiopian Healthcare Workers
Authors: Gelanew Tesfaye , Seyoum Berhanu , Mulu Andargachew , Mihret Adane , Abebe Markos , Wassie Liya , Gelaw Baye , Sorsa Abebe , Merid Yared , Muchie Yilkal , Teklemariam Zelalem , Tesfaye Bezalem , Osman Mahlet , Jebessa Gutema , Atinafu Abay , Hailu Tsegaye , Habte Antenehe. , Kenea Dagaga , Gadissa Anteneh , Admasu Desalegn , Tesfaye Emmet , Bates Timothy A. , Bulcha Jote , Tschopp Rea , Tsehay Dareskedar , Mullholand Kim , Howe Rawleigh , Genetu Abebe , Tafesse Fikadu G. , Abdissa Alemseged 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
BackgroundCOVID-19 pandemic has a devastating impact on the economies and health care system of sub-Saharan Africa. Healthcare workers (HWs), the main actors of the health system, are at higher-risk because of their occupation. Serology-based estimates of SARS-CoV-2 infection among HWs represent a measure of HWs’ exposure to the virus and a guide to the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in the community. This information is currently lacking in Ethiopia and other African countries. This study aimed to develop an in-house antibody testing assay, assess the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among Ethiopian high-risk frontline HWs.MethodsA cross-sectional seroprevalence study was conducted among HWs in five public hospitals located in different geographic regions of Ethiopia. Socio-demographic and clinical data were collected using questionnaire-based interviews. From consenting HWs, blood samples were collected between December 2020 and February 2021, the period between the two peaks of COVID-19 in Ethiopia. The collected sera were tested using an in-house immunoglobin G (IgG) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies on sera collected from HWs. Results Of 1,997 HWs who provided a blood sample, demographic and clinical data, 50.5% were female, 74.0% had no symptoms compatible with COVID-19, and 29.0% had history of contact with suspected or confirmed patient with SARS-CoV-2 infection. The overall seroprevalence was 39.6%. The lowest (24.5%) and the highest (48.0%) seroprevalence rates were found in Hiwot Fana Specialized Hospital in Harar and ALERT Hospital in Addis Ababa, respectively. Of the 821 seropositive HWs, 224(27.3%) had history of symptoms consistent with COVID-19. A history of close contact with suspected/confirmed COVID-19 cases was strongly associated with seropositivity (Adjusted odds Ratio (AOR) =1.4, 95% CI 1.1-1.8; p=0.015). ConclusionHigh SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence levels were observed in the five Ethiopian hospitals. These findings highlight the significant burden of asymptomatic infection in Ethiopia, and may reflect the scale of transmission in the general population.