bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of a food preference instrument for energy dense foods and sugar sweetened beverages (1022.2)
Authors: McGuerty Amber , Cater Melissa , Prinyawiwatkul Witoon , Tuuri Georgianna 
Published: June 2021

The current environment may promote adolescent palate preferences for highly marketed, energy dense foods and sugar‐sweetened beverages. The present study developed and examined the construct validity of a food preference survey to estimate adolescent’s willingness to eat these items. Five focus group interviews with 13 to 19 year‐old male and female high school students were conducted. A list of 5 items representing each of the following was developed: energy‐dense foods, energy‐dilute foods, sweetened beverages, and unsweetened beverages. The final survey instrument was administered to 234 public high school students. Willingness to consume each of the 20 items was assessed using a 7‐point Likert Scale with 1 representing “Extremely Unwilling” to 7 indicating “Extremely Willing.” Exploratory Factor Analysis using Principal Axis factoring with a Promax (oblique) rotation found two factors. Factor one included French fries, Kool‐Aid, glazed donuts, cookies, lemonade, and pizza (23.9% of the variance). Factor 2 included nuts or peanut butter, low‐fat or fat‐free yogurt, grapes, and bananas (13.8% of the variance). Internal consistency measured by Cronbach’s alpha was 0.770 for factor 1 and 0.664 for factor 2. The factor explaining most of the variance included foods processed with added fat and/or sugar.Grant Funding Source: Supported in part by Hatch Act Funds # LAB 93846
Soy intake and age at onset of menarche among adolescents with a high and wide range of soy consumption (1024.1)
Authors: Sabaté Joan , Siapco Gina , Pribis Peter , Oda Keiji 
Published: June 2021

Early onset of menarche impacts the future health of adolescent girls. We examined if soy is related to age at onset of menarche (AOM) in a population with a high and wide range of soy intake. We conducted a cross‐sectional study on 339 girls ages 12‐18 years in selected middle and high schools in California and Michigan using a web‐based physical development and dietary intake (DI) questionnaire. Soy consumption (categorized as total soy, meat analogs, tofu/ traditional soy, and soy beverages) was estimated from the DI while AOM was self‐reported. Data analyses included descriptive statistics, Cox proportional hazard ratios, and Poisson regression with adjustment for confounders. Mean (SD) intakes were: total soy,12.9 (14.4) svg/wk; meat analogs, 7.0 (8.9) svg/wk; tofu/traditional soy, 2.1 (3.8) svg/wk; soy beverages, 3.8 (6.3) svg/wk. Mean AOM for those who reached menarche was 12.5 (1.4) y. Consumption of total soy and the 3 types of soy foods were not significantly associated with AOM neither with the odds for early‐ or late‐AOM. Adjustment for demographic and dietary factors did not change the results. Soy intake is not associated with AOM in a population of adolescents who have a wide range and relatively higher intake of soy than the general US population. Our finding suggests that the increasing popularity of soy in the US may not be associated with the declining trend in menarcheal age.Grant Funding Source: WhiteWave
High refined carbohydrates diet promotes comparable hepatic tumorigenesis in mice as high fat diet, potentially through inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress PKR‐like kinase signaling (1029.1)
Authors: IP Blanche , Liu Chun , Smith Donald , Wang Xiang‐Dong 
Published: June 2021

Previous animal studies showed that obesity induced with a semi‐purified high fat diet (HFD) promoted hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development as compared to mice fed a non‐semi‐purified chow, through inducing systemic and hepatic inflammation. Since ingredients in chow may elicit chemopreventative effects that are absent in HFD, this present study evaluated the liver tumorigenic effects of dietary fat by replacing it with refined carbohydrates (digestible saccharides; HCD), without altering other dietary components. C57Bl/6J mice fed ad‐libitum HCD (66% energy from carbohydrates) for 24 weeks resulted in comparable degree of carcinogen‐initiated liver tumorigenesis (tumor number and volume) as HFD‐fed mice (60% energy from fat), despite having reduced body weights, suggesting HCD may promote HCC through obesity‐independent pathways. As compared to HFD, HCD: 1) induced liver endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress‐mediated PKR‐like kinase (PERK) activation; 2) increased hepatic oncogenic IL‐6/STAT3 signaling; 3) induced Akt‐Erk1/2 activation and cyclin D1 protein expression in tumors; 4) promoted pro‐apoptotic CHOP and cleaved caspase‐3 protein expression in tumors; 5) had more severe liver steatosis; 6) elevated hepatic de novo lipogenesis (ACC, SCD gene and protein). This data indicated that chronic HCD consumption can result in comparable severity of hepatic tumorigenesis as HFD, potentially through inducing ER stress‐mediated PERK signaling.Grant Funding Source: USDA/ARS grant 1950‐51000‐074S
A case study of the influence of maternal pregnancy body composition changes on newborn outcomes (1031.16)
Authors: Weekley Arielle , Harper Kristin , Bailey Caitlin , Anderson Alex 
Published: June 2021

Studies suggest women are entering pregnancy overweight/obese and gaining excess gestational weight, both negatively associated with pregnancy outcome. This was a case study that examined the impact of gestational body composition changes of 3 pregnant women and their newborns. Maternal body composition was monitored via the BOP POD at 16, 24 and 36 weeks gestation as well as 2 weeks postpartum. Newborn body composition via the PEA POD was measured at 2 weeks after delivery. All 3 mothers were Caucasians, aged 29 yrs, 34 yrs and 37 yrs, pre‐pregnancy BMI of 18.8 kg/m2, 22.1 kg/m2 and 40.5 kg/m2, respectively. All cases have college level or more education. Pregnancy weight gain was within the recommended gestational weight gain for each case. Interestingly, the obese case lost percent body fat but gained fat free mass during gestational weight gain. Although, both the normal weight and lean cases gained percent body fat during pregnancy, the gain was lower in the normal weight case compared to the lean case (4.2% vs. 7.9%). Overall, each case had normal vaginal deliveries of normal birth weight newborns. The infant of the normal weight case weighed the most (3.38 kg) at birth while that of the lean case weighed the least (3.24 kg). Findings from this study suggest that percent body fat gained during pregnancy may be associated with newborn adiposity and not the absolute gestational weight gain.Grant Funding Source: Hatch‐GEO00701
Ripening of cheddar cheese with Lactobacillus helveticus as adjunct culture produces peptides that protect human vein endothelial cells against inflammatory markers relevant to cardiovascular disease (1034.12)
Authors: Ravisankar Shreeya , Yuan Jialing , Munske Gerhard , Noratto Giuliana 
Published: June 2021

Lactobacillus helveticus has been recognized as an adjunct culture that contributes to flavor development in cheddar cheese. However changes in peptides profiles throughout ripening and their anti‐inflammatory effects on HUVEC have not been investigated.Peptides in cheddar cheese (Cougar Gold) were assessed by LC‐MS/MS analysis throughout ripening (0, 6, and 12 months). The protective effects of peptides in HUVEC challenged with glucose (G) or E. coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS) were assessed by quantification of reactive oxygen species (ROS), H2O2, glutathione S‐transferase activity (GST), and expression of inflammatory genes by standard analytical methods.Results showed that peptides produced within 0‐12 months ripening varied in masses from 1226 to 7474 Da with the lowest masses found at 12 months. These peptides prevented ROS production in HUVEC challenged with LPS or G to 0.7‐fold and to 0.36‐fold of LPS‐ and G‐controls, respectively and this was correlated with levels of H2O2. These effects were in part due to higher induction of GST by the 12 month peptides (1.64‐fold of control) and downregulation of NF‐ĸB mRNA and NF‐ĸB‐target genes IL‐8, IL‐6, IL‐1β, and ICAM1. We are currently investigating the peptide profiles and bioavailability throughout ripening. Overall, these results strongly suggest that these peptides can protect HUVEC against inflammation and the mechanisms involve more than the widely reported antihypertensive activities with relevance for CVD prevention.
Role for dusp4 in modulating PPARγ activity by covalent modification in adipocytes (1037.12)
Authors: Guo Wei , Ferguson Bradley , Nam Heesun , Hopkins Robin , Morrison Ron 
Published: June 2021

Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a ligand‐activated transcription factor that plays a prominent role in adipocyte differentiation and insulin sensitivity with aberrant activity linked to obesity and type 2 diabetes. Recent studies have highlighted covalent modification of PPARγ, including phosphorylation, sumoylation and ubiquitylation, as an important mechanisms modulating biological outcome. Phosphorylation of PPARγ by mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs; ERK, JNK) inhibits transcriptional activity while mice with targeted mutation against the single MAPK‐consensus recognition site are protected against diet‐induced insulin resistance. Others have also shown MAPK‐dependent phosphorylation of PPARγ as an obligatory step in sumoylation‐dependent inhibition of activity. As MAPK activity is modulated by kinases and phosphatases, the objective of this study was to investigate a role for MAPK‐specific phosphatases in modulating PPARγ activity through covalent modification. We examined the expression profile of the 10 known MAPK‐specific phosphatases, collectively referred to as dual‐specificity phosphatases (DUSPs), in insulin‐responsive tissues of genetic‐ and diet‐induced obese mice. We observed that dusp4 was significantly more abundant in white adipose tissue relative to liver, skeletal muscle, and heart in lean mice and that this phosphatase was induced during early stages of obesity and repressed during later stages correlating with the onset of obesity‐induced inflammation. The expression profile of dusp4 was further shown to correlate precisely with PPARγ during differentiation of 3T3‐L1 and F442A adipocytes. Loss‐of‐function studies are underway to support our working model that dusp4 plays a role in modulating biological outcome of PPARγ activity through covalent modification involving phosphorylation by MAPK.Grant Funding Source: Support by NIH‐NIDDK (R15‐DK082799)
No effect of the type of sugar on ectopic fat storage (1039.1)
Authors: Lowndes Joshua , Bravo Steven , Sinnett Stephanie , Jordan Richard , Grench Kory , Rippe James 
Published: June 2021

Dietary sugar intake has been implicated in the development of insulin resistance and subsequent cardiometabolic disease. It has been proposed the fructose component of commonly consumed sugars may promote the storage of ectopic fat deposits to a greater degree than other types of sugars. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the changes in muscle and liver fat after ten weeks of daily consumption of different types of sugars.48 weight‐stable (weight change <3% in previous 30 days) individuals aged 20‐60 years old drank sugar‐sweetened low fat milk every day for 10 weeks as part of their usual diet. The amount of milk consumed was individualized for each participant based on the estimated number of calories required to maintain body weight (Miflin St Jeor equation) and random group assignment: Groups 1 and 2 ‐ 9% estimated caloric intake from fructose or glucose respectively added to milk. Groups 3 and 4 ‐ 18% of estimated caloric intake from HFCS or sucrose respectively added to the milk ( 50th percentile for consumption levels of fructose in the USA). Whole body fat percentage was measured by DEXA (GE Lunar) while muscle fat was measured by MRI and liver fat content was measured by MRS (Siemens 3T Skyra).There was a small increase in weight (166.7 ± 29.4 vs 169.0 ± 31.2lbs, p<0.01) and body fat percentage (32.6 ± 8.9 vs 33.1 ±8.4%, p<0.05) in the entire cohort, but there was no effect of the type of sugar consumed. Small increases were also observed in the vastus lateralis (2.7 ± 0.9 vs 3.1 ±1.2 g/dl, p<0.01) and gluteus maximus (3.6 ±1.1 vs 4.3 ±1.6 g/dl, p<0.001) and in the liver (4.1 ±5.4 vs 4.9 ±6.1 %, p<0.01), but none of these changes were affected by the type of sugar consumed.These data suggest that short‐term changes in overall body composition are also reflected in the fat content of the liver and muscles, even when the changes are small. Furthermore, in the context of overall fat gain, whether or not the sugar contained fructose had no impact on the magnitude of change.
1, 25‐Dihydroxyvitamin D3/Vit D receptor suppresses brown adipocyte differentiation and mitochondrial biogenesis (1041.6)
Authors: Ricciardi Carolyn , Bae Jiyoung , Hu Pan , Esposito Debora , Komarnytsky Slavko , Chen Jiangang , Zhao Ling 
Published: June 2021

Brown adipose tissue, now known to be present in adult humans, is a specialized tissue responsible for heat production through non‐shivering thermogenesis. Understanding of the regulation of the differentiation from the precursors to functional brown adipocytes holds the promise for novel strategies to combat obesity. The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D/Vit D receptor on the differentiation and function of brown adipocytes from the immortalized precursor cells derived from interscapular brown adipose tissue of newborn C57BL/6 mice. Here we report that Vitamin D dose‐dependently (1‐100nM) suppressed brown adipocyte differentiation, as measured by both mRNA and protein expression of brown adipocyte markers and oil red O staining of lipid accumulation. Consistently, over‐expression of Vit D receptor also significantly impaired differentiation of the brown adipocytes. Further, results from the cellular bioenergetics measurements showed that suppression of differentiation by Vit D was accompanied by significant impairment of isoproterenol‐induced oxygen consumption rates, maximal respiration and the uncoupled respiration from proton leaks. Together, our results conclude that Vit D signaling suppresses brown adipocyte differentiation and function.Grant Funding Source: Supported by the University of Tennessee faculty start‐up funds to L.Z.
Compounds from rosemary and Mexican oregano are natural inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase‐IV, a target for type‐2 diabetes management (1045.20)
Authors: Bower Allyson , Real‐Hernandez Luis , Berhow Mark , de Mejia Elvira 
Published: June 2021

Herbs are a concentrated source of polyphenols. Emerging research shows polyphenols can inhibit the diabetic drug target dipeptidyl peptidase‐IV (DPPiv). The aim was to identify compounds from culinary herbs that may be used in the management of type‐2 diabetes (T2DM). Total polyphenol (TP) and total flavonoid (TF) concentrations as well as DPPiv inhibition were measured and bioassay guided fractionation was used to identify compounds from oregano (OV, Origanum vulgare), marjoram (MO, Origanum majorana), rosemary (RO, Rosmarinus officinalis) and Mexican oregano (LG, Lippia graveolens) that inhibit DPPiv. OV had the highest concentration of TP (430 ± 17 μg gallic acid equiv/mg dry weight, DW) while RO of TF (661 ± 25 μg rutin equiv/mg DW, P<0.01). The herb extracts and their fractions with the lowest IC50 for DPPiv were RO (16 ± 5 μM), LG (31 ± 3 μM), RO fractions (range 0.37‐20.27 μM) and LG fractions (range 1.1‐17.4 μM). LC/MS identified flavonoids in fractions from RO and LG; of these compounds, computational modeling identified hispidulin (‐9.4), eriodictyol (‐8.9) and naringenin (‐8.6) as having the lowest binding affinities (kcal/mol). The IC50 of these compounds were 0.5, 11.2 and 2.8 μM, respectively, and formed H‐bonds to Thr565 and Arg560; hispidulin and naringenin to Lys512, while only hispidulin formed H‐bonds to Asn562. These amino acids may be important sites of DPPiv inhibition by flavonoids. Overall, these data suggest that hispidulin, naringenin and herbs containing these flavonoids are potent inhibitors of DPPiv and should be investigated further in the management of T2DM.Grant Funding Source: Jonathan Baldwin Turner Fellowship, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Il
Effect of the high hydrostatic pressure extract of Korean ginseng on hepatic lipid metabolism and AMP‐activated protein kinase activation in HepG2 cells (1045.25)
Authors: Lee Mak‐Soon , Shin Yoonjin , Kim Yangha 
Published: June 2021

Ginseng is a medicinal plant widely used for the treatment of various diseases in Asian countries, including Korea, China, and Japan. In this study, we investigated the effects of the high hydrostatic pressure extract of Korean ginseng (Panax Ginseng C.A. Meyer) on hepatic lipid metabolism and AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation in HepG2 cells. First, we investigated the potential effects of high hydrostatic pressure extract of fresh ginseng (HFG) on the cytotoxicity and apoptosis in HepG2 cells. Cytotoxicity and apoptosis were unaffected in the concentrations of 1‐50 μg/ml of HFG. Intracellular lipid accumulation as assessed by the quantification of intracellular triglyceride and cholesterol contents. HFG significantly reduced hepatic cholesterol and triglyceride contents in a time‐ or dose‐dependent manner. Furthermore, HFG inhibited expression of fatty acid synthase (FAS), a key enzyme in fatty acid synthesis, and 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methyl glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG‐CoA) reductase, a rate‐limiting enzyme in hepatic cholesterol synthesis. In contrast, HFG increased activity of AMPK, a major regulator of lipid metabolism. These results suggest that HFG reduces hepatic lipid accumulation with inhibition of FAS and HMG‐CoA reductase expression and stimulation of AMPK activity in HepG2 cells. Therefore, HFG may be beneficial for the treatment of fatty liver and dyslipidemia.Grant Funding Source: This work was supported by the Brain Korea 21 plus project funding (No. 22A20130012143).
Inhibition of osteoclast actin ring formation and activation by phloretin through disturbing integrin αvβ3‐PYK2 pathway (1045.29)
Authors: Lee Eun‐Jung , Kim Yun‐Ho , Kang Young‐Hee 
Published: June 2021

Osteoclast activation is important for bone remodeling and is altered in multiple bone disorders such as osteoporosis. This process requires cell adhesion and extensive actin cytoskeletal reorganization. Phloretin, a dihydrochalcone and a type of natural phenols, can be found in apple tree leaves. The goal of this study was to define the process and mechanism of bone resorption. RAW 264.7 macrophages were incubated with 1‐20 μM phloretin for 5 days in the presence of RANKL. RANKL stimulated Akt activation and c‐Src expression, which was blunted by phloretin. The integrin αvβ3, heterodimer of adhesion receptors, is crucial in osteoclast activation mediating cell‐matrix and cell‐cell interactions. Phloretin suppressed integrin β3 induction and PYK2 activation elevated by RANKL, indicating its inhibition of osteoclastic fusion. The activation of PYK2, a major cell adhesion‐activated tyrosine kinase in osteoclasts, is required for the formation of actin rings. Taken together, these results suggest that phloretin was an inhibitor of actin ring formation, disrupting integrin‐PYK2 pathway for the regulation of actin cytoskeletal organization in osteoclasts.Grant Funding Source: Supported by Brain Korea 21 plus
Effect of high hydrostatic pressure extract of Korean ginseng on adipogenesis in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes (1045.4)
Authors: Oh Soojung , Lee Mak‐Soon , Jung Sunyoon , Kim Chong‐Tai , Kim Yangha 
Published: June 2021

Ginseng, especially steam‐and‐dry processed red ginseng, has been shown to decrease adipogenesis in adipose tissue. In the food processing industry, high hydrostatic pressure extraction technique has become an alternative to heat processing. The aim of this study was to comparatively investigate the anti‐adipogenic effects of water extract of red ginseng (WRG) and high hydrostatic pressure extract of fresh ginseng (HPG) in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes. Intracellular lipid and triglyceride were decreased in both WRG and HPG treated cells, while the cell viability remained unaffected. This observed decrease was consistent with the reduction of GPDH activity, a key enzyme in triglyceride biosynthesis. The mRNA expressions of adipogenic genes, including peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐gamma, CCAAT/enhancer‐binding protein‐α, sterol regulatory element‐binding protein‐1c, and adipocyte fatty acid binding protein, were significantly decreased in both WEG and HPG treated cells. The activity of AMPK, a key regulator of energy metabolism, was significantly increased in the HPG treated cells compared to the WRG. From these results, it is assumed that anti‐adipogenic mechanisms of the WRG and HPG in adipocytes might be associated with inhibition of GPDH activity and adipogenic gene expression as well as AMPK activation. Moreover, efficiency of the HPG might be comparable to that of the WRG.Grant Funding Source: This work was supported by the Brain Korea 21 plus project funding (No. 22A20130012143)
Investigation of sorbitan niosomal gel for sustained release ocular delivery of piroxicam (1053.3)
Authors: Abdul Rasool Bazigha , Alsawad Oday , Lootah Hamda , Abusharbain Iman , Abu‐Alhaj Hiba 
Published: June 2021

Objective: In this study, niosomal hydrogel formulation was investigated as a promising carrier for piroxicam sustained release ocular delivery.Methods: Piroxicam loaded niosomes were prepared by thin film hydration technique using various proportions of span and cholesterol. Optimized formulation was selected depending on the highest percent drug entrapment. Morphology, mean size, encapsulation efficiency (EE) and in vitro drug release from niosomes in phosphate buffer pH 7.4, were evaluated. Drug‐cholesterol interaction was studied by FTIR spectroscopy. Drug retention in niosomes was performed at refrigerated temperature and room temperature for the period of two months. The optimized niosomal formulation was incorporated into 1% carbopol gel and evaluated for the ex vivo transocular drug permeation comparing to a plain drug gel through excised albino rabbit cornea using Franz diffusion cell.Results: Maximum drug EE was obtained with Span 80: cholesterol niosomes of µmolar ratio (300:200). Also they were stable during the storage time. No significant interaction between the drug and cholesterol was detected. The optimized niosomal gel formulation showed prolonged drug release and enhanced drug ocular bioavailability comparing to the plain gel.Conclusion: piroxicam niosomal formulation was prepared successfully and is useful as a sustained release preparation.