bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Politiques des sciences et diplomatie au temps de la guerre froide. La coopération spatiale franco-soviétique dans les dynamiques Est-Ouest
Authors: Gouarné Isabelle 
Published: November 2021

Présentées aujourd’hui comme une priorité des politiques scientifiques, les coopérations internationales ont été utilisées, à partir de la seconde moitié du xx e siècle, comme un instrument diplomatique privilégié. C’est en effet au temps de la guerre froide qu’un tel usage de la science s’est développé et institutionnalisé dans les dispositifs de politique étrangère de différents États. Pour rendre compte de ce mode d’internationalisation des sciences, je reviens sur un moment fondateur de la « diplomatie scientifique » française, celui des coopérations scientifiques nouées, sous impulsion politique, avec l’Union soviétique, à partir des années 1960, pour servir la stratégie gaullienne de rupture avec la logique bipolaire des « blocs » et la volonté d’affirmation de la « grandeur » nationale. Centrée sur les sciences spatiales, domaine le plus réussi de cette collaboration et pourtant le plus sensible, mon enquête, menée à partir de sources (archives et entretiens) françaises, russes et américaines, permet d’analyser la configuration d’acteurs que cette politique de coopération a mobilisée, les tensions auxquelles elle a donné lieu et les effets qu’elle a eus sur les dynamiques Est-Ouest.
Existe-t-il vraiment des droits naturels ?
Authors: Kervégan Jean-François 
Published: November 2021

Dans son article « Existe-t-il des droits naturels ? », H. L. A. Hart soutient que « s’il existe des droits moraux, il en résulte qu’il existe au moins un droit naturel, le droit égal de tous les hommes à être libres ». Il s’agit ici de dégager la signification et les possibles difficultés de cette thèse, et de mettre ainsi en évidence les ambiguïtés d’une notion comme celle de natural right . Une confrontation d’une part avec la typologie des droits de Hohfeld, d’autre part avec la thèse de Kant selon laquelle il existe un seul droit « inné », la liberté, permet d’opposer certaines objections à la théorie des droits de Hart.
Récit de soi en éducation thérapeutique du patient : valoriser des biographies ajustées au registre clinique
Authors: Gaborit Émilie , Terral Philippe , Génolini Jean-Paul , Forté Lucie 
Published: November 2021

Cet article s’intéresse au récit de soi dans les interactions entre patients et avec les soignants qui participent à un dispositif d’éducation thérapeutique du patient (ETP) sur l’autogestion des anticancéreux oraux. Ce programme a la particularité de conjuguer des objectifs d’acquisition de connaissances et de verbalisation de l’expérience auprès d’un collectif de patients. Nous analysons les effets des socialisations et des interactions entre les participants (patients et soignants) sur les récits de soi et le partage de connaissances en ETP. Une enquête ethnographique de plus de deux ans sur les ateliers d’ETP a été menée, des entretiens auprès de 24 participants (professionnels et patients) préalablement observés ont également permis de revenir sur leur expérience de l’ETP. Nous partons du postulat que les récits de soi font partie d’un ensemble de connaissances légitimes, mais qu’ils sont plus ou moins visibilisés dans le cadre des ateliers d’ETP. Nous constatons chez les patients une variation de leur récit selon la légitimité accordée à leur expérience et leur capacité à la traduire dans un collectif hétérogène. Nous montrons également combien les interactions entre les patients et l’animation des soignants valorisent les récits qui s’alignent sur le principe d’autonomisation des patients et en invisibilisent, voire en occultent d’autres au nom de cette même préoccupation.
E-réputation : étude descriptive auprès de 240 médecins généralistes de région sud
Authors: Gladines David , Bonnet Pierre-André , Durocher Axelle 
Published: November 2021

Introduction : L’e-réputation correspond à la réputation d’une entité sur internet. Ce phénomène touche de nombreux domaines, dont le milieu médical. L’objectif principal de cette étude était de décrire l’intérêt des médecins généralistes pour leur e-réputation et les données disponibles en la matière en région sud. Les objectifs secondaires étaient d’identifier les déterminants de l’intérêt et du sentiment de maîtrise de l’e-réputation des médecins. Méthodes : Il s’agit d’une étude descriptive. L’échantillon final comportait 240 médecins sélectionnés par tirage au sort. Les données ont été recueillies par un questionnaire auto-administré et par un recueil direct sur internet. Résultats : Le taux de réponse au questionnaire était de 64,2 %. Parmi les médecins ayant répondu, 51,3 % ne portaient aucun intérêt à leur e-réputation, 9,7 % s’y intéressaient fortement ou très fortement. Les médecins installés depuis moins de vingt-cinq ans et les médecins de moins de 50 ans y portaient plus d’intérêt. Ils étaient 79,9 % à considérer n’avoir aucune maîtrise de leur e-réputation (médiane = 1). Au sein de l’échantillon total de l’étude, 71,6 % des médecins avaient au moins une note. Le nombre moyen de notes par médecin était de 3,65 (écart type = 3,92). Les médecins de plus de 50 ans et les médecins pratiquant en milieu urbain ont reçu un plus grand nombre de notes. Près de la moitié des médecins (44,8 %) souhaiteraient être davantage informés sur la manière de répondre aux avis. Discussion : L’intérêt des médecins pour leur e-réputation était faible, leur maîtrise également. Ils sont cependant concernés par ce phénomène et demandeurs d’informations.
La prise en charge socio-sanitaire des populations vulnérables dans l’agglomération de Cayenne, Guyane française
Authors: Autrive Élise , Eliot Emmanuel 
Published: November 2021

Introduction : La communauté d’agglomération Centre Littoral (CACL) en Guyane française est marquée par une plus forte concentration de l’offre de services de santé au sein de l’île de Cayenne par rapport au reste du territoire, mais aussi par du bâti spontané qui regroupe, dans ses parties les plus détériorées, des personnes vulnérables, dont une partie est immigrée. Objectif : L’objectif de cet article est de mieux comprendre l’organisation du système sanitaire et social destiné à la prise en charge des populations en situation de vulnérabilité au sein de cette aire. Méthode : L’étude fut menée entre 2017 et 2019 auprès des acteurs du système sociosanitaire à partir d’entretiens semi-directifs analysés à l’aide de l’analyse de réseau (théorie des graphes – mesures de centralité). Résultats : Les résultats montrent que le système d’acteurs est hiérarchisé avec des rôles différents dans la prise en charge des populations. Ainsi se dessinent des points de passage importants qui constituent des portes d’entrée dans le système de santé pour ces populations.
Formulation and evaluation of mucoadhesive tablets of furosemide by design of experiment
Authors: Thimmaraju Manish K. , Sushma Desai , Vidhya Beebireddy , Jyothi Aenugu , Gudas Ganesh K. , Venu Kola 
Published: November 2021

Aim and objective
The present investigation concerns with the development and evaluation of mucoadhesive tablets of furosemide, which were designed to prolong the gastric residence time after oral administration.

Materials and methods
Mucoadhesive tablets of furosemide were formulated using different mucoadhesive polymers such as locust bean gum, tamarind gum, and chitosan in various ratios for treatment of hypertension by using design of experiment.

Results and discussion
The tablets were evaluated for various parameters such as compatibility studies, drug content, weight variation, hardness, thickness, friability, swelling studies, in vitro drug-release studies, in vitro mucoadhesion strength, ex vivo residence time test, and release rate kinetics. The in vitro release kinetics studies reveal that all formulations fit well with zero order, followed by Korsmeyer–Peppas, Higuchi, and the mechanism of drug release is erosion. After analysis of different evaluation parameters and drug-release kinetics, formulation code F16 was selected as a promising formulation for delivery of furosemide as a mucoadhesive gastroretentive tablet with best mucoadhesive strength and 98.76% cumulative percentage drug released at the 12th hour. Stability studies of the selected formulation were carried out to determine the effect of formulation additives on the stability of the drug and also to determine the physical stability of the formulation.

Conclusion
The stability studies were carried out at 40°C/75% RH for 90 days. There was no significant change in the physical property and weight variation, hardness, thickness, friability, in vitro drug-release studies, and in vitro mucoadhesion-strength drug content during the study period.
Surgical outcome of full-thickness macular hole secondary to tractional retinal detachment in proliferative diabetic retinopathy
Authors: Babu Naresh , Kohli Piyush , Mishra Chitaranjan , Rajan Renu P , Kumar Karthik , Ramasamy Kim , Dara Reshma , Lakshmi C Chandra 
Published: November 2021

Purpose:
To evaluate the surgical outcome of full-thickness macular hole (FTMH) secondary to active fibrovascular proliferation (FVP) and tractional retinal detachment (TRD) in eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), and factors influencing the outcome.

Methods:
This retrospective study included the patients who underwent vitrectomy for FTMH secondary to PDR TRD from 2016 to 2020. Anatomical and visual outcomes were analyzed after six months along with the factors predicting the final outcome and duration of subretinal fluid (SRF) resolution.

Results:
Group A (macula-off combined RD, i.e., tractional and rhegmatogenous) included 10 eyes, while group B (macula-threatening TRD) included eight eyes. The mean best-corrected visual acuity improved from logMAR 1.21 (Snellen equivalent: 20/324) to logMAR 0.76 (Snellen equivalent: 20/115) (P = 0.008). Seventeen patients gained ≥1 line(s) of vision. Mean visual gain in groups A and B was 3.7 ± 1.9 and 1.9 ± 1.1 lines, respectively (P = 0.051). MH closed in 88.9% eyes. Type 1 anatomical closure was achieved in 88.9% of eyes. At 6 months, SRF and central macular thickness reduced from 479.6 ± 512.5 μm to 11.4 ± 23.5 μm (P = 0.002) and 874.3 ± 422.6 μm to 207.6 ± 81.7 μm (P = 0.0002), respectively. Finally, macular SRF resolved in all the patients. The mean duration for complete SRF resolution was 4.9 ± 3.2 months. Eyes with a shorter duration of diabetes mellitus (rho = −0.49, P = 0.040) and macula-off combined RD (P = 0.048) took a longer time for complete SRF resolution.

Conclusion:
Good anatomical and visual outcomes can be achieved in eyes with PDR TRD-associated FTMH. The residual macular SRF resolves slowly after the surgery and extra intervention is not required. Macula-off combined RD is associated with worse outcome and a slower SRF resolution rate.
Quantitative analysis of retinal microvascular changes in prediabetic and diabetic patients
Authors: Ratra Dhanashree , Dalan Daleena , Prakash Nandini , Kaviarasan Kuppan , Thanikachalam Sadagopan , Das Undurti N , Angayarkanni Narayansamy 
Published: November 2021

Purpose:
To evaluate and correlate retinal microvascular changes in prediabetic and diabetic patients with functional and systemic parameters.

Methods:
Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) was performed on all subjects after medical evaluation and laboratory investigations for blood sugar, glycosylated hemoglobin, and others. Automated quantification of vascular indices of the superficial plexus were analyzed.

Results:
Hundred and eleven persons (222 eyes) were grouped into prediabetic (PDM) (60 eyes), diabetic without retinopathy (NDR) (56 eyes), diabetic with retinopathy (DR) (66 eyes), and healthy controls (CTR) (40 eyes). The superficial retinal capillary plexus showed no significant changes in the prediabetic and NDR groups; however, central foveal thickness (CFT) was significantly reduced in PDM (P = 0.04). The circularity of the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) (P = 0.03) and the vessel density (VD) (P = 0.01) showed significant reduction from PDM to NDR. All vascular parameters were significantly reduced in DR and correlated with disease severity. The CFT correlated significantly with FAZ area. The VD and perfusion density were seen to correlate significantly with HbA1c and contrast sensitivity. The visual acuity was significantly correlated with the FAZ. Logistic regression revealed VD [OR 20.42 (7.9–53)] and FAZ perimeter [OR 9.8 (4.2–23.2)] as the strongest predictors of DR.

Conclusion:
The changes in OCTA can help predict onset of DR. FAZ changes are seen in early stages and are correlated well with systemic parameters, making it an easy target to monitor and screen for severity of DR. Significant reduction in the CFT in PDM suggests that neuronal damage precedes vascular changes.
Outcomes of preoperative bevacizumab in diabetics with nonclearing vitreous hemorrhage without tractional detachment – A quasi-randomized retrospective study
Authors: Chakraborty Debdulal , Maiti Aniruddha , Kelkar Aditya , Sengupta Sabyasachi , Roy Sangeeta , Bolisetty Mounika , Kothari Akshay , Majumder Jaydeep 
Published: November 2021

Purpose:
To assess whether preoperative bevacizumab (BVZ) in treatment-naïve eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and vitreous hemorrhage (VH) without tractional retinal detachment (TRD) leads to lesser macular edema and better visual outcome compared to eyes that do not receive BVZ.

Methods:
This quasi-randomized retrospective study included 217 treatment-naïve eyes with nonclearing VH without TRD that had vitrectomy with or without BVZ and had a minimum 6-months follow-up. Postoperative variables, including visual acuity (BCVA), central macular thickness (CMT) at 1 month, and need for additional anti-VEGF injections till 6 months follow-up, were recorded for analysis.

Results:
Of the 217 eyes, 107 eyes (49%) received preoperative BVZ and 110 (51%) did not. Groups were comparable in terms of preoperative characteristics. At 1 month, mean CMT was significantly higher in eyes without BVZ (310 ± 33 μ vs. 246 ± 34μ; P < 0.001). The likelihood of developing center-involving DME at 1 month after vitrectomy was 67% lower if the eye received preoperative BVZ (OR = 0.33, 95%CI = 0.18–2.54, P = 0.56). Though BCVA improved significantly in both groups at 1 month, it was 1/3rd of a line better in the BVZ group (β coefficient = −0.035 logMAR, 95%CI = −0.04 to −0.008 logMAR, P = 0.01).

Conclusion:
Preoperative BVZ in treatment-naïve eyes with PDR and VH but without TRD lead to better macular status and marginally improved vision at 1 month, which was maintained at 6 months. In view of these results, patients may be offered BVZ only when it is readily affordable to them.
Role of optical coherence tomography-angiography in diabetes mellitus: Utility in diabetic retinopathy and a comparison with fluorescein angiography in vision threatening diabetic retinopathy
Authors: Shaikh Nawazish F , Vohra Rajpal , Balaji Akshaya , Azad Shorya V , Chawla Rohan , Kumar Vinod , Venkatesh Pradeep , Kumar Atul 
Published: November 2021

Purpose:
To determine the utility of optical coherence tomography-angiography (OCT-A) in diabetic retinopathy (DR) and comparison versus fluorescein angiography (FA) in vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy (VTDR).

Methods:
In this cross-sectional observational study, 60 eyes with no DR (NDR), 60 eyes with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), and 60 eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) underwent OCT-A. FA was done in VTDR. OCT-A of the NDR eyes was analyzed by two independent retina specialists. Vessel density (VD) (mm/mm2), perfusion density (PD) (%), and foveal avascular zone (FAZ) (mm2) area was analyzed among the groups. Montage angiography with vitreoretinal interface (VRI) segmentation was done in PDR. A qualitative comparison was done between OCT-A and FA for features of DR.

Results:
OCT-A detected 16.66% of the eyes with microaneurysm and 57.5% of the patients with capillary non-perfusion (CNP) areas in the NDR group. The inter-grader coefficient between the two observers was 0.820 for microaneurysm and 0.880 for CNP. The mean VD in NDR, NPDR, and PDR was 16.865, 13.983, and 11.643 mm/mm2. The mean PD in NDR, NPDR, and PDR was 30.595, 26.853, and 23.193%. The VD and PD values were statistically significant (P < 0.001). The mean FAZ area was not statistically significant (NPDR and PDR) (P > 0.05). The VRI showed elevated neovascularization in four eyes. OCT-A delineated microaneurysm and FAZ in 97/97 eyes who underwent FA. The FA failed to delineate FAZ in 2/37 NPDR eyes and 13/60 PDR eyes. The CNP areas (OCT-A) were detectable in all eyes. The FA demonstrated CNP areas in 17/37 and 36/60 eyes in NPDR and PDR, respectively. The FA could show peripheral CNP.

Conclusion:
The OCT-A helps in the early diagnosis of DR by providing vascular indices which are consistent with disease progression. OCT-A is non-invasive and ideal for follow-up. FA is a dynamic test with a larger field of view.
Relationship between diabetic retinopathy and diabetic peripheral neuropathy - Neurodegenerative and microvascular changes
Authors: Rasheed Rehna , Pillai Gopal S , Kumar Harish , Shajan Adish Thayyil , Radhakrishnan Natasha , Ravindran Greeshma C 
Published: November 2021

Purpose:
To determine the relationship between diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), and their associated risk factors.

Methods:
We conducted a cross-sectional analysis on 500 patients who attended the Endocrinology department at a quaternary health care center in Kerala between November 2017 and April 2018. Patients above the age of 30 years with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) were included. They underwent a detailed medical history, dilated fundus examination for DR, assessment and grading of DPN, and blood investigations. Among these, 49 randomly selected patients without DR had peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and ganglion cell inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) assessed by optical coherence tomogram. RNFL and GCIPL changes in different grades of neuropathy were evaluated.

Results:
Out of 500 patients, 303 (60.6%) were males and 197 (39.4%) were females. Prevalence of DR was 48% and DPN 71.8%. Risk factors for the development of DR included duration of DM >15 years, HbA1c (glycated hemoglobin) greater than 6.5%, serum creatinine more than 1.5 mg/dl, and the presence of DPN. There was a statistically significant association between DR and DPN. There was significant thinning of GCIPL in patients with moderate to severe neuropathy without DR.

Conclusion:
There is a significant association between DR and DPN and their severities. There are early changes in inner retinal layers of diabetic patients without microvascular changes of DR. These neurodegenerative changes parallel DPN in the course of DM. Our study stresses the importance of multidisciplinary approach in the management of diabetes and its complications.
Distribution and risk factors of postoperative endophthalmitis in people with diabetes
Authors: Gondhale Harshal , Jaichandran VV , Jambulingam Malathi , Anand Appakkudal R , Srinivasan Sangeetha , Raman Rajiv , Sharma Tarun 
Published: November 2021

Purpose:
To evaluate (i) the distribution of postoperative endophthalmitis (POE) in patients who underwent cataract surgery, (ii) risk factors in diabetic versus nondiabetic patients, and (iii) distribution of POE in those who had undergone rapid reduction of preoperative blood sugar levels versus those with normal blood sugar levels.

Methods:
Medical records were reviewed from January 1995 to July 2021. In total, 391 eyes of 391 patients who developed POE after cataract surgery were studied. Patients with POE were divided into Group A, patients with diabetes (n = 128), and Group B, patients without diabetes (n = 263), and the associations of various clinical factors in the two groups were studied. Patients with diabetes with raised random blood sugars (RBS) preoperatively were subjected to a rapid reduction of blood sugar (RBS <200 mg%) to be considered eligible for surgery. Microbiological profile of patients was examined.

Results:
The cumulative incidence of POE over 26 years was 0.09%. Those who underwent a rapid reduction in preoperative blood sugar levels had higher rates of POE (53.1%) compared with (46.9%) those with blood sugar levels under control (P = 0.486). Men with diabetes had 1.634 times higher odds of POE (P = 0.048), and those with diabetes and hypertension had 3.961 times greater odds of having POE (P < 0.001) when adjusted for age, alcohol, smoking, and socioeconomic strata and presence of posterior capsule rupture. Positive culture results were observed in 45/128 (35%) patients with diabetes and 71/263 (27%) patients without diabetes. Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most commonly identified organism and was detected in 10/45 (22%) in those with diabetes and 21/71 (29%) in those without diabetes of all the culture-positive cases.

Conclusion:
In patients with POE, the odds are greater for men with diabetes, those with a history of hypertension, as well as those who undergo a rapid reduction of preoperative blood sugar.
The All India Ophthalmological Society - Academic and Research Committee pan-India diabetic retinopathy project “Fixing the missing link”: Prevalence data from West Bengal
Authors: Biswas Partha , Batra Sneha , Majji Ajit Babu , Natarajan Sundaram , Sachdev Mahipal , Verma Lalit , Sharma Namrata , Honavar Santosh G , Sinha Satyajit , Porwal Amit C , R Krishna Prasad , Bawankule Prashant , Saxena Rohit , Narayanan Raja , Raman Rajiv , Nag Subhasish , Ghosh Prajjwal 
Published: November 2021

Purpose:
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and its risk factors among diabetic patients in rural and urban West Bengal (WB).

Methods:
Patients were screened in the physician’s clinic by a team of ophthalmologist, optometrist and counsellor. Demographic details, diabetic control, compliance to eye checkup, awareness regarding diabetic blindness, and visual acuity were recorded using a questionnaire. DR was graded both by indirect ophthalmoscopy and fundus photo taken with a portable fundus camera.

Results:
A total of 1553 subjects were screened over 39 camps across 14 districts of WB over 17 months. The prevalence of DR was 21.51%, with a significant difference between rural (26.55%) and urban (13.89%) areas (P < 0.01). No significant difference with gender was seen (P = 0.99). Presence and grade of DR were related to age, loss of vision, diabetic age, diabetic control, awareness of diabetic blindness and last eye checkup.

Conclusion:
This study provides the first major prevalence data from WB, and gives valuable insight regarding modifiable risk factors for DR. It is also the first DR study in India to be conducted in the physician’s clinic. The study results emphasise the need to “fix the missing link” between ophthalmologists and treating physicians to win the battle against DR.