bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Computer Simulation of Three-Dimensional Mechanical Assemblies: Part I — General Formulation
Authors: Fang Yong , Liou F. W. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In Part I of this paper, a dynamic modeling system for the simulation of three dimensional mechanical assemblies is presented. With this simulation tool, a designer can interactively create an assembly of mechanical components ready for dynamic analysis. The modeling system presented in this paper includes the derivation of the equations of motion of spatial multi-body systems, and the formulation of the equations to model the associated collision detection and collision responses. Part II of this paper is to introduce the geometry modeling and computer simulation of 3D systems.
Computer Simulation of Three-Dimensional Mechanical Assemblies: Part II — Computer Simulation
Authors: Chou T. C. , Liou F. W. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Computer simulation of the kinematic and dynamic behaviors of mechanical assemblies has become a very important tool in design and manufacturing, because the designer can foresee how a product is going to perform before the product is actually fabricated. However, up to now, the most current simulation modules are based on analysis from another kinematic or dynamic module by specifying the mating conditions between components, and then displaying the motion on the screen. This computer simulation actually performs similarly to a movie, and can only provide visual checking. The drawback of this simulation approach is that designers are forced to use the available joint models, and may lose their creativity. In part I of this paper, general mathematical modeling of the multi-body system is presented, while part II of this paper, a prototype convex-feature modeling system is presented with which a designer can interactively create an assembly of mechanical components ready for dynamic analysis. It can provide a state-of-the-art technology for real simulation of any mechanical systems, and act as a cost-effective test bed for concepts, final design, and control algorithms.
Design and Analysis of Mechanical Systems Using Electronic Spreadsheet Packages
Authors: Khosrowjerdi Mohammad , Sniezak Gary A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In the past decade, sophisticated mathematical, statistical and graphical routines have been added to spreadsheet packages, thus converting them to serious analytical tools. The engineering community has adopted these packages to perform various sensitivity analyses on design problems which lend themselves to these types of applications. Design engineers can now rapidly and conveniently utilize these tools to perform a wide variety of analyses on design problems having simple geometries and loading conditions, without having to develop any FORTRAN, Basic or C code.
This paper is concerned with the applications of spreadsheet packages in the area of steady and transient thermal analysis, design optimization and solution of initial-value differential equations. Lotus 1-2-3 in conjunction with the explicit finite difference method (Gauss-Seidel method) has been used to predict transient temperature distribution in an axi-symmetric model of the barrel of a handgun. Borland International Quattro Pro spreadsheet program along with Runge-Kutta and Newmark numerical integration techniques have been employed to optimally design the recoil system of a handgun. Also, the use of Quattro Pro for constructing the contour plots of temperature in a Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) chip and the IBM 3081 TCM cold plate are demonstrated. Finally, the built-in Error and Bessel functions in Microsoft Excel have been used to find temperature distribution in a semi-infinite and cylindrical objects.
MS Windows GUI for Linear Spring Design
Authors: Yip T. Gary , Patel Ajay 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Two versions of a Windows-based linear spring design software have been developed. They are presented here to illustrate how graphical user interfaces can enhance the flow of control of a design process. The software also demonstrates that optimized usage of screen space can make an expert system based design software more intuitive. The two software presented here illustrate that well conceived GUI’s can improve the productivity of a design engineer.
Comparison of a Nonlinear k-ε Turbulence Closure Model With Stress Transport Models
Authors: Sharif Muhammad A. R. , Wong Yat-Kit E. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The performance of a nonlinear k-ϵ turbulence closure model (NKEM), in the prediction of isothermal incompressible turbulent flows, is compared with that of the stress transport models such as the differential Reynolds stress transport model (RSTM) and the algebraic stress transport model (ASTM). Fully developed turbulent pipe flow and confined turbulent swirling flow with a central non-swirling jet are numerically predicted using the Marker and Cell (MAC) finite difference method. Comparison of the prediction with the experiment show that all three models perform reasonably well for the pipe flow problem. For the swirling flow problem, the RSTM and ASTM is superior than the NKEM. RSTM and ASTM provide good agreement with measured mean velocity profiles. However, the turbulent stresses are over- or under-predicted. NKEM performs badly in prediction of mean velocity as well as the turbulent stresses.
A Design Process Model With Multiple Design Object Models
Authors: Yoshioka Masaharu , Nakamura Masahiko , Tomiyama Tetsuo , Yoshikawa Hiroyuki 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
An intelligent CAD system is not merely a set of intelligent design tools, but rather it must be an intelligent, integrated design environment. This requests it must be equipped with a large scale knowledge base in which design knowledge is intensively and systematically stored. To do so, design knowledge must be systematically formalized, made computable, and organized. The present paper investigates fundamental issues of systematization of design knowledge. Design knowledge has two categories; i.e., design object knowledge and design process knowledge. In our previous reports, we have formalized a computable design process model to represent design process knowledge and the concept of metamodel dealing with multiple design object models. This paper proposes a framework to achieve harmonized combination of these two. In this framework, the computable design process model navigates the metamodel mechanism to generate and modify models of the design object. We describe a prototype system and illustrate an example of ship design.
Life-Cycle Clumping of Product Designs for Ownership and Retirement
Authors: Marks Matthew D. , Eubanks Charles F. , Ishii Kos 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper describes a design strategy for mechanical systems called clumping and its effect on product value during the ownership and retirement phases of its life-cycle. A “clump” is a collection of components and/or subassemblies that share a physical relationship and some common characteristic based upon user intent. Clumping for product ownership values, i.e. reliability and serviceability, aims to increase component accessibility. Clumping for product retirement issues, i.e. reuse, recycling, and disposal, seeks to form aggregations of components for material compatibility, thus decreasing disassembly cost. This paper gives a detailed description of life-cycle ownership and retirement assessment methods and how they can be adapted into an existing computer-based design aid. A refrigerator in-door ice dispenser serves as an illustrative example.
Consideration of Failure Diagnosis in Conceptual Design of Mechanical Systems
Authors: Ruff David N. , Paasch Robert K. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A methodology for improving quality and reducing life cycle costs of mechanical systems is described. The principle concept is that a system can be designed, in the conceptual stages, to be easier to diagnose for failures. To perform this, functional decomposition and form to function mapping are utilized both as a model of design and to demonstrate the relation of diagnosis to design. Design guidelines from other disciplines of engineering and concurrent engineering principles are applied to enhance the concept. The affects of the different elements of concurrent engineering on each other are explored. Of the elements of concurrent engineering, design for manufacturability affects the others the greatest. Design for manufacturability principles impact the size of field replaceable units and can improve the ease of failure diagnosis of a system. For a hypothetical case, form to function mapping that would create a difficult to diagnose system is redesigned to reduce the difficulty of failure diagnosis. Further, three diagnosability metrics are developed and four hypothetical conceptual designs are evaluated for diagnosability and compared The area of design for diagnosis offers promise in improving system quality and reducing life cycle cost; research is continuing to refine and integrate the procedures with other components of the concurrent engineering design process.
Iterative Overlapping: Accelerating Product Development by Preliminary Information Exchange
Authors: Krishnan Viswanathan , Eppinger Steven D. , Whitney Daniel E. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we consider the problem of accelerating commercial product development by overlapping adjacent functions. We formulate an approach, called iterative overlapping, in which downstream development activities start with preliminary design information and incorporate upstream design changes in subsequent iterations. In the absence of careful control, iterative overlapping could cause excessive downstream rework and result in an increase in development time. We develop models of iterations and design change to help decide when upstream design information should be committed for downstream iterations. When applied to an automobile door panel development process at a US automaker, the models suggest improvements that would reduce development time by 27%.
On the Parametrically Excited Response of the Quadratically Nonlinear Model of a Rotating Ring on an Elastic Hub
Authors: Zadoks Rick I. , Krousgrill Charles M. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
As a first approximation, a steel-belted radial tire can be modeled as a one dimensional rotating ring connected elastically to a moving hub. This ring can be modeled mathematically using a set of three nonlinear partial differential equations, where the three degrees of freedom are a radial displacement, a tangential displacement and a section rotation. In this study, only quadratic geometric nonlinearities are considered. The system is excited by a temporally harmonic point load f^(t) and a temporally harmonic hub motion z^(t) that have the same harmonic frequency. The point load f^(t) appears in the equations of motion as a single in-homogeneous term, while the hub motion z^(t) appears in inhomogeneous and parametric excitation terms. To simplifying the ensuing analysis, the rotation rate of the hub is assumed to be constant.
The partial differential equations of motion are reduced to a set of four second-order ordinary differential equations by using two linear normal modes to approximate the spatial distribution of the displacements. A region of the parameter space, as defined by ranges of values of the excitation amplitude z and the excitation frequency ω (or detuning parameter σ), is identified, from a Strutt diagram, where the parametric excitation is expected to be dominant. In this region σ is varied to locate a secondary Hopf bifurcation that leads to a set of complex steady-state quasi-periodic solutions. These solutions contain two families of frequency components where the fundamental frequencies of these families are non-commensurate, and they are characterized by Poincaré sections with closed or nearly closed “orbits” as opposed to the distinct points displayed by periodic responses and the strange attractor sections displayed by chaotic solutions.
The Doctrine of Manifest Danger and its Relationship to Reliability, Preventive Maintenance and Fail-Safe Design
Authors: Barnett Ralph L. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
“Dust thou art, and unto dust shalt thou return.”1 Man has made no observations that would challenge this notion from the Bible and certainly safeguarding systems fall into lockstep. Safety technology has responded to the reality of eventual degradation using four general approaches: reliability design, preventive maintenance, fail-safe design and danger manifestation. The optimum implementation of these approaches will still not eliminate accidents; indeed, no work of manor nature is or can be danger free. Nevertheless, these sophisticated approaches are capable of producing ever-increasing levels of safety, albeit, with attendant ever-increasing cost. It is at once unfortunate and unacceptable that common law2 is not equally sophisticated in dealing with the inevitable failure of safeguarding systems over time.
This paper introduces The Doctrine of Manifest Danger which is defined as a design concept using direct cues or indicator devices to communicate to the community of users that the safety of a system has been compromised before injuries occur. Furthermore, the paper addresses a related legal issue by distinguishing between proximate cause and cause of action.
A Statistical Adaptable Distribution Function Model for Low Probabilities of Failure
Authors: Bhonsle Suryaji R. , Thompson Paul 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Weibull, log normal, and some other Distribution function models (D.F.M.) have a tendency to deviate from experimental results. This deviation, either exceedingly conservative or nonconservative, is amplified at low probabilities of failure. To remedy such problems a new D.F.M. is derived. It is then used to predict low probabilities of failure. The predictions are consistent with experimental data and are not too conservative or too nonconservative.
Determination of Residual Stress Distribution in Sensitive and Insensitive Materials
Authors: Jahanian Shahriar 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
One of the important factors to be considered in design is the residual stress distribution in the component. The positive or negative effect of these stresses plays an important role in the life of components. The unexpected failure of the components latter determined to be attributed to the residual stress distribution is not uncommon. Often in the design of nuclear reactor coolant system and components, the level of residual and transient thermal stress distribution is an important factor to be considered. Obviously the level of these stresses depend on the fact that if the material is sensitive (material with temperature dependent properties or insensitive. In this paper an infinite hollow cylinder is considered as an example. A theoretical study, which predict the thermoelastoplastic and residual stress distribution is presented. A quasi static and uncoupled thermoelastoplastic analysis based on incremental theory of plasticity is developed and a numerical procedure for successive approximation is presented. The problem is solved for both case of sensitive and insensitive material. The level of residual and thermoelastoplastic stress for both cases are compared and discussed in detail.
On the Fundamental Issues in Nonstationary Dynamics and Chaos
Authors: Evan-Iwanowski Ross M. , Lu Chu Ho , Ostiguy Germain L. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In nonstationary (NS) systems some control parameters (CPs) have the following forms: CP(t) = CP0 + ψ(t), where CP0 = const, and ψ(t) are arbitrary functions of t. Other arbitrary functions which play a pivotal role in the NS systems are the parameter functions ϕ(CP) = 0, CP = {CP1, CP2...CPn}. While the functions ψ(t) determine the time directions of the NS dynamical behavior, the functions ϕ(CP) = 0 determine the paths for the CPs to follow.
The NS processes are permanently transient due to the functions ψ(t) and/or ϕ(CP) = 0, and for that reason, they can be extremely complex. Clearly then, it is essential to address the fundamental problems of cohesion and definitness of these processes.
Using select examples, these issues have been studied in this presentation and have been resolved in positive. Specifically, the following have been demonstrated:
(1) convergence (definitivness) of the NS logistic map and the softening Duffing oscillator to an NS limit motion
(2) the appearance of a sequence of similar attractors for different NS bifurcations
(3) the effects of different parameter paths, ϕ(CP) = 0, in the period doubling region of the Duffing oscillator
(4) the effects of linear and cyclic paths in transition through the Ueda bifurcation regions. The results obtained show considerable complexity of the NS dynamic and chaotic responses
(5) for exponential ψ(t), the Lorenz “weather” three-term model exhibit a periodic “window” in the chaotic range for an extended value of t.
(6) the effects of different ψ(t) in the typical codimension one bifurcations
(7) the ST chaos may be created or annihilated by injection of NS inputs
(8) an efficient and fast stabilization, i.e., reduction of ST vibration to near the static equilibrium in a short time, can be accomplished by NS changes of the parameters of the system.
A Constructive Method for Locating Periodic Solutions of Linear and Nonlinear Systems
Authors: Torok J. S. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this paper, an efficient algorithm is developed for the identification of stable steady-state solutions to periodically-forced linear and nonlinear dynamical systems. The developed method is based on mapping techniques introduced by Henri Poincare and the theory of one-parameter transformation groups. The algorithm successfully identifies initial conditions which give rise to strictly periodic orbits.
Elastically Mounted Body in Cross Flow With an Attached Pendulum
Authors: Tondl Aleš 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A pendulum is attached to an elastically mounted body in cross flow. The body is excited due to the action of vortex shedding. The stability of the semi-trivial solution (representing the vibration of the body with the non-oscillating pendulum) is investigated. It is proved that a certain interval of the vortex shedding frequency can exist where the semi-trivial solution representing the vertical vibration of the body is unstable. The body vibration is the source of parametric excitation of the pendulum resulting in autoparametric resonance.
A Study of the Nonlinear Dynamics of a Flap-Lag Rotor Model in Forward Flight
Authors: Putko Michele M. , Flowers George T. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
For the purposes of stability analyses, it is necessary to describe the dynamic equilibrium state of a rotor blade in forward flight in terms of a Fourier series. Typically, this is assumed to consist of constant and sinusoidal terms that are integer multiples of the rotor speed. Such an approach neglects potentially important dynamics associated with subsynchronous, supersynchronous, and aperiodic responses. The current work investigates the occurrence of such behavior and discusses some conditions where it may be important. Simulation studies are conducted using a simplified nonlinear rotor blade model in forward flight. This model consists of a rigid blade with effective hinges at the root to simulate a hingeless rotor blade. Quasi-steady linear strip theory is used to provide aerodynamic forcing in the model. The nonlinear terms arise from geometrical effects in the structural and aerodynamic modeling procedure. The resulting system of equations is studied using direct numerical integration and harmonic balancing. Nonsynchronous and aperiodic responses are observed for several realistic parameter configurations.
A Study of Optimal Equivalent Characteristics of Insole Materials
Authors: Shiue Yeu-Sheng , Tan Teong E. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this preliminary study, a methodology was illustrated in the determination of the characteristics of an insole material by modeling it as an equivalent mass-spring-damper system.
The experimental deceleration-time data obtained from specimens of twenty commercial formulations of shoe insole materials were utilized to verify a suitable mathematical model that could be used as an adequate representation of a shoe insole material. The suitable equivalent model was used to search for parameter values that would yield the best cushioning effect. For this study, two linear and two nonlinear mass-spring-damper systems were investigated. The two models with linear spring and damping elements were found to be unsuitable representations of the tested materials. The nonlinear six-parameter model was found to perform only marginally better than the nonlinear four-parameter model. Therefore, the simpler four-parameter model was selected for optimization study.
In the optimization study, multiple local minima were found with the nonlinear four-parameter model using an unbounded variable optimization routine. However, when lower and upper bounds were specified for the four parameters, two of the parameters consistently approached the lower bound values, one parameter approached the upper bound value, and the remaining parameter settled at a value close to the lower bound. Global minimum was unattainable in the present study.
Experimental Study of Chaos in a Flexible Parametrically Excited Beam
Authors: Baker C. P. , Genaux M. E. , Burton T. D. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Nonlinear vibrations in an axially driven limber cantilever beam are studied experimentally to determine whether the observed aperiodic motions are chaotic, and to find the attractor dimension. Using the method of delays and time series calculations, the largest Lyapunov exponent is found to be positive, indicating that the aperiodic motions are chaotic. The correlation and embedding dimensions are computed; a phase space dimension in the range of 5–7 is found for the chaotic attractor. The system is also studied analytically, using a truncated Galerkin reduction of the planar equation of motion. It is found that this analytical approach does model the near-harmonic periodic motions of this system; however, the chaotic motions and chaotic transitions are not predicted. The model does exhibit interesting chaotic responses for non-physical values of the driving parameters.
Stability of the Second Order Difference Equation With Time-Varying Parameter
Authors: Tanaka Toshiyuki , Sato Chikara 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper deals with the stability of the second order difference equation possessing periodic parameter, which characterizes discrete periodic system. Discrete periodic system corresponding to Mathieu equation is expressed as second order difference equation with small parameter ε in the time-varying term. This parameter ε plays an important role in stability. For the fundamental equation without damping, stability boundary curves are analytically obtained with respect to parameters in the equation by using McLachlan’s method, which is based on Floquet’s theory and perturbation method. The boundary curves are computed by pursuing periodic solutions on the boundaries and letting secular term zero. The boundary curves are expressed as the power series of ε. When periodic parameter consists of even function of Fourier series, stability boundary curves are obtained. For the fundamental equation with damping, stability criterion is shown in the neighbor of important resonant points. This criterion is obtained by computing points on the boundary curves.
The Response of Nonlinear Systems to Modulated High-Frequency Input
Authors: Nayfeh S. A. , Nayfeh A. H. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We study the response of a single-degree-of-freedom system with cubic nonlinearities to an amplitude-modulated excitation whose carrier frequency is much higher than the natural frequency of the system. The only restriction on the amplitude modulation is that it contain frequencies much lower than the carrier frequency of the excitation. We apply the theory to different types of amplitude modulation and find that resonant excitation of the system may occur under some conditions.