bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Failure of integration or symbol of racism: The case of soccer star Mesut Özil
Authors: Waas Sabine 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn May 2018, Mesut Özil, a third‐generation Turkish immigrant, was photographed with Turkey's President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. This incident was constructed by the media and politicians as an endorsement for Erdoğan in the upcoming Turkish election and resulted in a public discussion about Özil's loyalty to German democratic values. The debate intensified especially after the World Cup and led to Özil's resignation from the national team via social media on 22 July 2018, where he cited racism against him as one of his reasons. Newspapers, news magazines and tabloids all over the world covered the story, discussing racism and the failure of German integration policies. Through a qualitative media content analysis of German national newspapers and tabloid press articles following the publication of the photograph of Erdoğan and Özil on 14 May 2018, this paper will analyse how Özil was portrayed in the media.
Fibroblasts and macrophages: Collaborators in tissue homeostasis
Authors: Franklin Ruth A. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractFibroblasts and macrophages are universal cell types across all mammalian tissues. These cells differ in many ways including their cellular origins; dynamics of renewal, recruitment, and motility within tissues; roles in tissue structure and secretion of signaling molecules; and contributions to the activation and progression of immune responses. However, many of the features that make these two cell types unique are not opposing, but instead complementary. This review will present cell‐cell communication in this context and discuss how complementarity makes fibroblasts and macrophages highly compatible partners in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis.
Deciding to discontinue prescribed psychotropic medication: A qualitative study of service users’ experiences
Authors: Watts Mike , Murphy Esther , Keogh Brian , Downes Carmel , Doyle Louise , Higgins Agnes 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMany mental health service users decide to discontinue their psychotropic medication at some stage in the treatment process; however, few studies have captured these experiences. This study aimed to explore people’s experiences of coming off medication. A qualitative descriptive design and individual interviews with 23 people who experienced coming off medication were employed. COREQ checklist was used. Data were analysed using inductive and deductive approaches and six major themes were developed. Findings suggest that while medication was useful for many in the short‐term, the adverse effects had significant impact and contributed to the decision to come off medication. Participants also reported being driven by a questioning of the biomedical model of treatment and the belief that there were other strategies to manage their distress. Mixed experiences of support from healthcare professionals for the medication cessation process were reported. The discontinuation process was often difficult resulting in changes in mood and behaviour which for many culminated in relapse of distress, rehospitalization and return to medication. To support the process of coming off and staying off medication, participants identified a range of useful strategies but particularly highlighted the importance of peer support. Findings from this study demonstrate the importance of mental health nurses having a collaborative discussion with service users which may support safer decision‐making and lessen the risk of people discontinuing medication abruptly. Finding also indicates a need for robust studies that develop and test interventions to support people who wish to discontinue psychotropic medications.
Negative‐pressure wound therapy for donor‐site closure in radial forearm free flap: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Shimada Kazuki , Ojima Yosuke , Ida Yukiko , Komiya Takako , Matsumura Hajime 
Published: June 2021

AbstractNegative‐pressure wound therapy (NPWT) is often used for skin graft site dressing, and several studies have reported that its use improves skin graft failure in the forearm flap donor site. The present systematic review aimed to evaluate the efficacy of NPWT with skin graft for donor‐site closure in radial forearm free flap (RFFF) reconstruction. A systematic search in PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases was conducted. The search terms used for PubMed were ([radial forearm]) AND ([donor]) AND ([negative pressure or vacuum]). This review was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews and performed in accordance with the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta‐analyses statement. Three prospective randomised controlled trials and three retrospective comparative studies were included. Compared with conventional bolster dressing, the use of NPWT dressing did not lead to significant improvements in partial skin graft loss, tendon exposure, and other complications. NPWT improved hand functionality earlier; nonetheless, the cost of the device and dressings was a disadvantage. The use of NPWT for skin graft fixation in the RFFF donor site is not generally recommended.
Eligibility for Baroreflex Activation Therapy and medication adherence in patients with apparently resistant hypertension
Authors: Schäfer Ann‐Kathrin , Kuczera Tim , Wurm‐Kuczera Rebecca , Müller Dieter , Born Ellen , Lipphardt Mark , Plüss Marlene , Wallbach Manuel , Koziolek Michael 
Published: June 2021

AbstractUncontrolled hypertension is a main risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity. Baroreflex activation therapy (BAT) is an effective therapy option addressing true resistant hypertension. We evaluated patients’ eligibility for BAT in a staged assessment as well as adherence to antihypertensive drug therapy. Therefore, we analyzed files of 345 patients, attending the hypertension clinic at University Medicine Göttingen. Additionally, gas chromatographic‐mass spectrometric urine analyses of selected individuals were performed evaluating their adherence. Most common cause for a revoked BAT recommendation was blood pressure (BP) control by drug adjustment (54.2%). Second leading cause was presence of secondary hypertension (31.6%). Patients to whom BAT was recommended (59 (17.1%)) were significantly more often male (67.8% vs. 43.3%, P = .0063), had a higher body mass index (31.8 ± 5.8 vs. 30.0 ± 5.7 kg/m², P = .0436), a higher systolic office (168.7 ± 24.7 vs. 147.7 ± 24.1 mmHg, P < .0001), and 24h ambulatory BP (155.0 ± 14.6 vs. 144.4 ± 16.8 mmHg, P = .0031), took more antihypertensive drugs (5.8 ± 1.3 vs. 4.4 ± 1.4, P < .0001), and suffered more often from numerous concomitant diseases. Eventually, 27 (7.8%) received a BAT system. In the toxicological analysis of 75 patients, mean adherence was 75.1%. 16 patients (21.3%) showed non‐adherence. Thus, only a small number of patients eventually received a BAT system, as treatable reasons for apparently resistant hypertension could be identified frequently. This study is—to our knowledge—the first report of a staged assessment of patients’ suitability for BAT and underlines the need for a careful examination and indication. Non‐adherence was proven to be a relevant issue concerning apparently resistant hypertension and therefore non‐eligibility for interventional antihypertensive therapy.
Enforcing European Privacy Regulations from Below: Transnational Fire Alarms and the General Data Protection Regulation*
Authors: Jang Woojeong , Newman Abraham L. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe European Union is a global leader in data protection. Nevertheless, its efforts to shape market practice have been criticized as bureaucratic and lacking citizen participation. The adoption of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) has again stoked a heated implementation debate, focusing either on the law's complexity or its new enforcement sanctions. This article draws attention to a less explored provision, Article 80, which allows third parties including non‐governmental organizations to bring complaints for investigation. Empirically, the article demonstrates how NGOs are playing a bottom up role in transforming policy implementation. Theoretically, the article suggests that the legislation offers a novel governance tool – transnational fire alarms – in which third parties enhance accountability in the enforcement phase of the multilevel governance process. The article has implications for the evolution of privacy and data security within Europe as well as the interaction between transnational civil society and pan‐regional democracy.
Evolutionary origins of viviparity consistent with palaeoclimate and lineage diversification
Authors: Recknagel Hans , Kamenos Nicholas A. , Elmer Kathryn. R. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIt is of fundamental importance for the field of evolutionary biology to understand when and why major evolutionary transitions occur. Live‐bearing young (viviparity) is a major evolutionary change and has evolved from egg‐laying (oviparity) independently in many vertebrate lineages and most abundantly in lizards and snakes. Although contemporary viviparous squamate species generally occupy cold climatic regions across the globe, it is not known whether viviparity evolved as a response to cold climate in the first place. Here, we used available published time‐calibrated squamate phylogenies and parity data on 3,498 taxa. We compared the accumulation of transitions from oviparity to viviparity relative to background diversification and a simulated binary trait. Extracting the date of each transition in the phylogenies and informed by 65 my of global palaeoclimatic data, we tested the nonexclusive hypotheses that viviparity evolved under the following: (a) cold, (b) long‐term stable climatic conditions and (c) with background diversification rate. We show that stable and long‐lasting cold climatic conditions are correlated with transitions to viviparity across squamates. This correlation of parity mode and palaeoclimate is mirrored by background diversification in squamates, and simulations of a binary trait also showed a similar association with palaeoclimate, meaning that trait evolution cannot be separated from squamate lineage diversification. We suggest that parity mode transitions depend on environmental and intrinsic effects and that background diversification rate may be a factor in trait diversification more generally.
Association between serum ferritin, incident primary liver cancer, and chronic liver disease mortality in the Linxian Nutrition Intervention Trials: A nested case–control study
Authors: Zhu Zhikai , Yin Jian , Dawsey Sanford M , Liu Bin , Freedman Neal D , Yin Liangyu , Taylor Philip R , Cui Jianfeng , Fan Jinhu , Liu Yuanli , Chen Wen , Qiao Youlin , Abnet Christian C 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackground and AimPrevious studies suggest that serum ferritin may be associated with higher risk of liver cancer. However, additional studies of the association are needed. It is also not clear whether serum ferritin is associated with mortality from chronic liver disease (CLD).MethodsWe performed a nested case–control study in the Linxian Nutrition Intervention Trials. Baseline serum ferritin was measured for 226 incident primary liver cancer cases, 281 CLD mortalities diagnosed, and 1061 age‐matched, gender‐matched, and trial‐matched controls. We used multivariable logistic regression models to calculate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Subgroup analysis and interaction tests were performed by age, gender, alcohol drinking, hepatitis B virus seropositivity (HBV+)/hepatitis C virus seropositivity (HCV+), and trial.ResultsParticipants with serum ferritin in the highest quartile, as compared with those in the lowest quartile, had an increased risk of CLD mortality (odds ratio = 1.72, 95% confidence interval = 1.12, 2.64, P‐trend < 0.01). Moreover, the association with higher serum ferritin was stronger among alcohol drinkers and those who were HCV+ (P‐interaction < 0.05). For incident liver cancer, risk estimates were above one but were not statistically significant.ConclusionIn this study, higher levels of serum ferritin at baseline were associated with subsequent mortality from CLD, particularly if combined with alcohol drinking or viral hepatitis. Further work is warranted to confirm our findings.
Formal and informal social participation and elder mistreatment in a national sample of older adults
Authors: Yang Emmy Z. , Kotwal Ashwin A. , Lisha Nadra E. , Wong Jaclyn S. , Huang Alison J. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackground/ObjectivesOlder adults' susceptibility to mistreatment may be affected by their participation in social activities, but little is known about relationships between social participation and elder mistreatment.DesignCross‐sectional analysis.Setting/ParticipantsNational probability sample of older community‐dwelling U.S. adults interviewed in 2015–2016, including 1268 women and 973 men (mean age 75 years and 76 years, respectively; 82% non‐Hispanic white).MeasurementsFrequency of participation in formal activities (organized meetings, religious services, and volunteering) and informal social activities (visiting friends and family) was assessed by questionnaire. Elder mistreatment included emotional (four items), physical (two items), and financial mistreatment (two items) since age 60. Multivariable logistic regression examined associations between each type of social participation and elder mistreatment among men and women, adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, education, and comorbidity.ResultsForty percent of women and 22% of men reported at least one form of mistreatment (emotional, physical, or financial). Women reporting at least monthly engagement in formal social activities were more likely to report emotional mistreatment (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.09–2.33). Among men, monthly organized meeting attendance was associated with increased odds of emotional mistreatment (AOR 1.34, 95% CI 1.01–1.93). Weekly informal socializing was inversely associated with emotional mistreatment (AOR 0.59, 95% CI 0.44–0.78) and financial mistreatment (AOR 0.59, 95% CI 0.42–0.85) among women.ConclusionIn this national cohort, older adults who were frequently engaged in formal social activities reported similar or higher levels of mistreatment than those with less frequent organized social participation. Older women with regular informal contact with family or friends were less likely to report some kinds of mistreatment. Strategies for detecting and mitigating elder mistreatment should consider differences in patterns of formal and informal social participation and their potential contribution to mistreatment risk.
Polypharmacy among older adults with dementia compared with those without dementia in the United States
Authors: Growdon Matthew E. , Gan Siqi , Yaffe Kristine , Steinman Michael A. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackground/objectivesIn older persons with dementia (PWD), extensive medication use is often unnecessary, discordant with goals of care, and possibly harmful. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and medication constituents of polypharmacy among older PWD attending outpatient visits in the United States.DesignCross‐sectional analysis.Setting and participantsPWD and persons without dementia (PWOD) aged ≥65 years attending outpatient visits recorded in the nationally representative National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS), 2014–2016.MeasurementsPWD were identified as those with a diagnosis of dementia on the NAMCS encounter form and/or those receiving an anti‐dementia medication. Visits with PWD and PWOD were compared in terms of sociodemographic, practice/physician factors, comorbidities, and prescribing outcomes. Regression analyses examined the effect of dementia diagnosis on contributions by clinically relevant medication categories to polypharmacy (defined as being prescribed ≥5 prescription and/or nonprescription medications).ResultsThe unweighted sample involved 918 visits for PWD and 26,543 visits for PWOD, representing 29.0 and 780 million outpatient visits. PWD had a median age of 81 and on average had 2.8 comorbidities other than dementia; 63% were female. The median number of medications in PWD was eight compared with three in PWOD (p < 0.001). After adjustment, PWD had significantly higher odds of being prescribed ≥5 medications (AOR 3.0; 95% CI: 2.1–4.3) or ≥10 medications (AOR 2.8; 95% CI: 2.0–4.2) compared with PWOD. The largest sources of medications among PWD were cardiovascular and central nervous system medications; usage from other categories was generally elevated in PWD compared with PWOD. PWD had higher odds of receiving at least one highly sedating or anticholinergic medication (AOR 2.5; 95% CI: 1.6–3.9).ConclusionIn a representative sample of outpatient visits, polypharmacy was extremely common among PWD, driven by a wide array of medication categories. Addressing polypharmacy in PWD will require cross‐cutting and multidisciplinary approaches.
Pushed Past the Limit? How Japanese Banks Reacted to Negative Rates
Authors: HONG GEE HEE , KANDRAC JOHN 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe investigate how the surprise introduction of negative interest rate policy (NIRP) in Japan affected banks' lending and risk‐taking behavior. Equity prices of Japanese financial firms fell sharply despite the accommodative policy, and we document the characteristics that heighten Japanese banks' exposure to NIRP. We exploit the cross‐sectional variation in the change of share prices around the announcement to measure banks' differential exposure to NIRP. Consistent with the risk taking channel, we find that more exposed banks insulated their profits from the adverse effects of NIRP by boosting risk‐taking behavior and increasing credit supply relative to less exposed banks.
Parvovirus B19 in Pregnancy: A Case Review
Authors: Hunter Linda A. , Ayala Nina K. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractParvovirus B19 has been identified as the cause of erythema infectiosum, a common childhood illness. Also known as fifth disease, this virus is highly contagious among school‐age children, especially during the winter months when outbreaks within classrooms are widespread. The majority of adults have had the infection in childhood and are immune to recurrence. Approximately 40% of childbearing‐age individuals, however, remain nonimmune and susceptible to infection. If acquired during pregnancy, parvovirus B19 infection can have devastating fetal consequences, especially if contracted in the second trimester. Vertical transmission of parvovirus B19 occurs more readily during this gestational period, and fetal loss rates of 8% to 17% have been reported as a result of severe fetal anemia and hydrops fetalis. Unfortunately, adults with parvovirus B19 infection are often asymptomatic and do not exhibit the classic slapped‐cheek rash seen in childhood. More commonly, adults will exhibit atypical symptoms such as joint arthralgias. Maternal history of direct exposure to a confirmed case within the family or the presence of atypical symptoms warrants serum antibody screening. Although the presence of immunoglobulin G confirms immunity, any immunoglobulin M positivity will require ongoing fetal surveillance for evidence of fetal anemia and hydrops fetalis. Serial ultrasound imaging for 8 to 12 weeks with Doppler measurements of the peak systolic velocity in the middle cerebral artery are the mainstays of fetal monitoring. Referral to a maternal‐fetal medicine specialist with experience in fetal blood sampling and intrauterine transfusion is recommended for any cases of hydrops fetalis or if a concern for severe fetal anemia exists.
Phosphorylation of trans‐active response DNA‐binding protein‐of 43 kDa promotes its cytoplasmic aggregation and modulates its function in tau mRNA stability and exon 10 alternative splicing
Authors: Wu Ruozhen , Zhou Dingwei , Shen Xin , Chen Feng , Liu Fei , Gu Jianlan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractTrans‐active response DNA‐binding protein of 43 kDa (TDP‐43) promotes tau mRNA instability and tau exon 10 inclusion. Aggregation of phosphorylated TDP‐43 is associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Casein kinase 1ε (CK1ε) phosphorylates TDP‐43 at multiple sites, enhances its cytoplasmic aggregation, and modulates its function in tau mRNA processing. To determine roles of TDP‐43 site‐specific phosphorylation in its localization, aggregation, and function in tau mRNA processing, TDP‐43 was mutated to alanine or aspartic acid at Ser379, Ser403/404, or Ser409/410 to block or mimic phosphorylation. Site‐specific phosphorylation of TDP‐43 and its mutants by CK1ε was studied in vitro and in cultured cells. Cytoplasmic and nuclear TDP‐43 and phospho‐TDP‐43 were analyzed by western blots. Aggregation of TDP‐43 was assessed by immunostaining and level of radioimmunoprecipitation assay buffer‐insoluble TDP‐43. Green florescent protein tailed with tau 3′‐untranslated region and mini‐tau gene pCI/SI9‐LI10 were used to study tau mRNA stability and alternative splicing of tau exon 10. We found that phospho‐blocking mutations of TDP‐43 at Ser379, Ser403/404, or Ser409/410 were not effectively phosphorylated by CK1ε. Compared with TDP‐43, higher level of phosphorylated TDP‐43 in the cytoplasm was observed. Phospho‐mimicking mutations at these sites enhanced cytoplasmic aggregation of TDP‐43. Green florescent protein expression was not inhibited by phospho‐blocking mutants of TDP‐43, but tau exon 10 inclusion was further enhanced by phospho‐blocking mutations at Ser379 and Ser403/404. Phosphorylation of TDP‐43 at Ser379, Ser403/404, or Ser409/410 primes its phosphorylation by CK1ε, promotes TDP‐43 cytoplasmic aggregation, and modulates its function in tau mRNA processing in site‐specific manner.
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Small junction, big problems: Neuromuscular junction pathology in mouse models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
Authors: Alhindi Abrar , Boehm Ines , Chaytow Helena 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a motor neuron disease with an extremely heterogeneous clinical and genetic phenotype. In our efforts to find therapies for ALS, the scientific community has developed a plethora of mouse models, each with their own benefits and drawbacks. The peripheral nervous system, specifically the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), is known to be affected in ALS patients and shows marked dysfunction across mouse models. Evidence of pathology at the NMJ includes denervated NMJs, changes in endplate size and loss of terminal Schwann cells. This review compares the temporal disease progression with severity of disease at the NMJ in mouse models with the most commonly mutated genes in ALS patients (SOD1, C9ORF72, TARDBP and FUS). Despite variability, early NMJ dysfunction seems to be a common factor in models with SOD1, TARDBP and FUS mutations, while C9ORF72 models do not appear to follow the same pattern of pathology. Further work into determining the timing of NMJ pathology, particularly in newer ALS mouse models, will confirm its pivotal role in ALS pathogenesis and therefore highlight the NMJ as a potential therapeutic target.