bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Formation of Subtropical Phytoplankton Blooms Is Dictated by Water Column Stability During Winter and Spring in the Oligotrophic Northwestern North Pacific
Authors: Matsumoto K. , Sasai Y. , Sasaoka K. , Siswanto E. , Honda M. C. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSubtropical phytoplankton blooms were observed in winter and late spring (rather than in early spring, as is typical) via shipboard observations in an area south of the Kuroshio Extension in the northwestern North Pacific subtropical gyre. Satellite‐based observations revealed that these submesoscale blooms occurred in warmer water masses in winter and in cooler water masses in late spring. The fact that winter blooms occurred in warmer areas suggests that they depend on water column stratification caused by solar heating. In contrast, the fact that the late‐spring blooms occurred in cooler areas suggests a breakdown of stratification due to a recurrence of convective mixing. Mesoscale blooms occurred at intermediate water temperatures in early spring, suggesting a repeating sequence of stratification and mixing during this period. Wintertime deep convective mixing in the northwestern North Pacific subtropical gyre creates Subtropical Mode Water. The behavior of the wintertime mixed‐layer depth, which determines the thickness of Subtropical Mode Water, also dictates the characteristics of subtropical blooms such as their magnitude and the timing of onset and demise. Based on in situ observations and a model analysis, we conclude that deeper winter mixing, which increases nutrient concentrations, will intensify early‐spring blooms and facilitate the formation of episodic blooms in winter and late spring. On the other hand, shallower winter mixing should increase stratification and thus facilitate the formation of smaller blooms, even in winter.
A Nonlinear System Science Approach to Find the Robust Solar Wind Drivers of the Multivariate Magnetosphere
Authors: Blunier S. , Toledo B. , Rogan J. , Valdivia J. A. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe propose a method, based on Neural Networks, that detects the nonlinear robust interplanetary solar wind variables, with varying delays, driving the coupled behavior of three geomagnetic indices (Dst, AL, and AU). As opposed to minimizing a prediction error, the method is based on degrading the prediction by distorting the inputs of the trained Neural Networks in order to highlight the most sensible drivers. We show that the z component of the magnetic field, the duskward oriented electric field, and the speed of the particles of the interplanetary medium, at particular time delays, seem to be the most efficient drivers of the three coupled geomagnetic indices. Using only the sensible or robust drivers in the model, we demonstrate that iterated predictions during geomagnetic storm are significantly improved from models that only use one of the outstanding drivers with multiple time delays. The derived robust nonlinear Neural Network model is also a significant improvement over linear approximations, specially when used as iterated predictors.
Declining Sediment Discharge in the Yangtze River From 1956 to 2017: Spatial and Temporal Changes and Their Causes
Authors: Tian Q. , Xu K. H. , Dong C. M. , Yang S. L. , He Y. J. , Shi B. W. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA sharp decline in the Sediment load at the seaward most Datong station (DTS) of the Yangtze River occurred at an average rate of 7.22 × 106 t/yr since 1956, and this drop had a staircase pattern that can be divided into five distinct periods (1956–1968, 1969–1991, 1992–2002, 2003–2012, and 2013–2017). In this study, a new holistic basin‐wide Sediment Budget Method (SBM) was developed using sediment data from a total of 74 gauging stations (arguably the largest datasets so far) to estimate the sediment contributions to DTS from tributaries and mainstream. Our results show that the Jinsha River in upper basin between Panzhihua and Xiangjiaba used to be one of the largest contributors to DTS in 1956–2002 (16%–33%), but its contribution decreased sharply after 2003 due to the impoundment of Three Gorges Dam (TGD) and decreased further to nearly nil in 2013–2017 due to the impoundment of new cascade dams (CDs) which were upstream of TGD. In contrast, the mainstream between Yichang and Datong contributed 50%–64% of the DTS in 2003–2017, owing to the active channel erosion downstream of TGD. Before 2003 about 66%–84% of the DTS was contributed by the upper reach, but 72%–91% of the DTS was from the middle‐lower reaches after 2003, reflecting a drastic shift in sediment suppliers from upper to middle‐lower reaches. On average, the drop of DTS was 128.37 × 106 t/yr due to TGD impoundment in 2003–2012 and 27.28 × 106 t/yr due to CDs impoundment in 2013–2017 because of the reservoir trapping and the inhibition of historically eroding channels in the reservoir area. This new SBM can be applied to other large and small rivers around the world to track sediment sources/sinks and provide valuable results for sediment resource management.
Blanket Peat Restoration: Numerical Study of the Underlying Processes Delivering Natural Flood Management Benefits
Authors: Goudarzi Salim , Milledge David G. , Holden Joseph , Evans Martin G. , Allott Timothy E. H. , Shuttleworth Emma L. , Pilkington Michael , Walker Jonathan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractRestoration of eroded blanket peatlands through revegetation and gully blocking is observed to also deliver significant natural flood management (NFM) benefits (reduce and delay floodpeaks). But there is a lack of clear understanding regarding how different catchment processes interact/counteract under each intervention scenario. We seek to provide more insight by rigorously calibrating TOPMODEL rainfall‐runoff model to different experimental catchments each representing an intervention scenario. Through numerical experimentation with the calibrated parameters, we estimate the impact‐magnitude of different processes. Our findings confirm the NFM benefits of these restoration‐focused interventions. In both interventions and in our largest storms, both the delay and reduced floodpeaks are primarily due to surface roughness reducing the floodwave speed thus thickening the overland flow; we conceptualize this as an increase in a “kinematic storage.” Impact of gully blocking in increasing kinematic storage is very significant and comparable to that of revegetation alone. Interventions' impact on “static storage” (interception + ponding + evapotranspiration) becomes important for smaller storms. Although interventions always increase lag times, they can be less effective in reducing peak magnitude when maximum rainfall intensity is sustained for durations longer than mean catchment delay. We propose two approaches to further increase catchment's static and kinematic storage. Finally, while our field‐scale numerical study contributes to the evidence‐base for NFM's effectiveness, it also provides a basis for modeling these interventions in the future. Such catchment‐scale numerical studies are necessary to extend our findings to spatial scales where flooding can cause socioeconomic damage, and to provide a tool for optimizing the distributed configuration of these interventions.
Late Oligocene Precipitation Seasonality in East Asia Based on δ13C Profiles in Fossil Wood
Authors: Vornlocher J. R. , Lukens W. E. , Schubert B. A. , Quan C. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe onset, characteristics, and drivers of paleo‐monsoon conditions in East Asia remain a topic of heated debate. Records from the Eocene suggest pronounced rainfall seasonality consistent with monsoon rainfall across China, likely driven by migrations of the Inter‐Tropical Convergence Zone. Model simulations indicate that modern‐like monsoon circulation of China was established by the early Miocene at the latest, but uncertainty remains due to a paucity of proxy records from the Oligocene. Here, we provide the first annually resolved, quantitative estimates of seasonal precipitation from East Asia during the Oligocene, based upon intra‐annual variation in carbon isotopes across growth rings of exquisitely preserved fossil wood from southern China. We find a clear pattern of consistent, summer‐dominated precipitation with ∼4.5 times more precipitation in summer (Ps) than winter (Pw). Seasonal precipitation estimates were calculated using Monte Carlo resampling, resulting in median Ps = 1,042 (95% C.I. = 628–1,517) and Pw = 235 (95% C.I. = 50–578), which are indistinguishable from the instrument record at a nearby weather station, where Ps = 977 (95% C.I. = 662–1,434) and Pw = 292 (95% C.I. = 165–515), and from proxy application on two modern trees near the fossil site, where Ps = 1,058 (95% C.I. = 617–1,558) and Pw = 188 (95% C.I. = 31–583). These data demonstrate that by the late Oligocene, precipitation patterns in East Asia had similar strength and seasonality to modern conditions, which suggests the presence of an East Asian Monsoon‐style system prior to the Neogene.
Flexible high-energy-density lithium-sulfur batteries using nanocarbon-embedded fibrous sulfur cathodes and membrane separators
Authors: Park Jun-Woo , Jo Seong-Chan , Kim Min-Ju , Choi Ik-Hyeon , Kim Byung Gon , Lee You-Jin , Choi Hae-Young , Kang Sung , Kim TaeYoung , Baeg Kang-Jun 
Published: April 2021

AbstractTo obtain soft electronics, it is essential to develop high-performance and mechanically flexible energy storage at the industry level. Herein, we report flexible high-energy-density lithium-sulfur (Li–S) batteries based on all-fibrous sulfur cathodes and separators. To implement free-standing and flexible sulfur cathodes, electrically conductive single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are impregnated with cellulose nanofibers. This fibrous structure forms a 3D porous electrode with a large surface area to improve redox kinetics and achieve a high sulfur loading content without the use of a metal collector, which can then be applied in high-energy-density batteries. These flexible sulfur cathodes are combined with a commercial glass fiber separator coated with a CNT layer through a cost-effective solution process to suppress the shuttle effects of lithium–polysulfide, thereby exhibiting robust cycling stability. The prepared Li–S batteries exhibit high capacities of 940 mAh g−1 at a charge current density of 1.57 mA cm−2 and at 25 °C, and the Coulombic efficiency exceeds 90% even after 50 charge/discharge cycles. Moreover, Li-S batteries with a high gravimetric energy density of 443 Wh kg−1 per cell is achieved, and these batteries demonstrate excellent reliability in regard to electrochemical performance even under severe mechanical stress conditions for over 100 cycles.
Testing short distance anisotropy in space
Authors: Mann Robert B. , Husin Idrus , Patel Hrishikesh , Faizal Mir , Sulaksono Anto , Suroso Agus 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe isotropy of space is not a logical requirement but rather is an empirical question; indeed there is suggestive evidence that universe might be anisotropic. A plausible source of these anisotropies could be quantum gravity corrections. If these corrections happen to be between the electroweak scale and the Planck scale, then these anisotropies can have measurable consequences at short distances and their effects can be measured using ultra sensitive condensed matter systems. We investigate how such anisotropic quantum gravity corrections modify low energy physics through an anisotropic deformation of the Heisenberg algebra. We discuss how such anisotropies might be observed using a scanning tunnelling microscope.
Supercritical-CO2 extraction, identification and quantification of polyprenol as a bioactive ingredient from Irish trees species
Authors: Alaydi Hadil , Downey Peter , McKeon-Bennett Michelle , Beletskaya Tanya 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis study ascertained the accumulation of polyprenol from four Irish conifer species Picea sitchensis, Cedrus atlantica ‘Glauca’, Pinus sylvestris and Taxus baccata and one flowering tree Cotoneaster hybrida using supercritical fluid extraction with carbon dioxide (SFE-CO2) and solvent extraction. The effects of SFE-CO2 parameters such as temperature (ranged from 40 to 70 $$^\circ{\rm C}$$

∘

C

), pressure (ranged from 100 to 350 bars) and dynamic time (from 70 min to 7 h) were analysed on the extraction efficiency of polyprenol. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of polyprenol was examined using high-performance liquid chromatography. Results showed that P. sylvestris accumulated the highest polyprenol yield of 14.00  ± $$0.4$$

0.4

mg g−1 DW when extracted with hexane:acetone (1:1 v/v). However, with SFE-CO2 conditions of 200 bars, 70 $$^\circ{\rm C}$$

∘

C

, 7 h, with absolute ethanol as a cosolvent with a flow rate of 0.05 ml min−1, P. sitchensis accumulated the highest polyprenol yield of 6.35 ± $$0.4$$

0.4

mg g−1DW. This study emphasised the potential application of SFE-CO2 in the extraction of polyprenol as an environmentally friendly method to be used in pharmaceutical and food industries.
Time-resolved nanosecond optical pyrometry of the vapor to plasma transitions in exploding bridgewires
Authors: Feagin T. A. , Heatwole E. M. , Rae P. J. , Rettinger R. C. , Parker G. R. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractElectrically exploded wires find uses throughout high-energy physics. For example, they are commonly used as high-temperature sources, X-ray generators, and in precision timing detonators. However, the detailed and complete physics that occurs is complex and still poorly understood. A full mechanistic description of these complex phenomena is beyond the scope of a single paper. Instead, we focus on the formation of metal vapor and its transition to plasma. This single transition is commonly assumed to comprise “bridge-burst”. We use a suite of diagnostics including a novel, fiber-based, high-speed, optical pyrometer to better characterize this transition. The primary finding from this project is that peak light output from an exploding wire does not temporally match the peak temperature. Additionally, it is found that peak light does not align with peak bridge-burst voltage and that the peak temperature is not voltage-dependent. These findings are non-intuitive and will allow for the correction of false assumptions previously made about this topic.
Ferric carboxymaltose vs. ferrous sulfate for the treatment of anemia in advanced chronic kidney disease: an observational retrospective study and cost analysis
Authors: Cirillo Luigi , Somma Chiara , Allinovi Marco , Bagalà Alfredo , Ferro Giuseppe , Di Marcantonio Elio , Bellelli Stefania , Dallari Lorenzo Antonio , Ballo Piercarlo , Dattolo Pietro Claudio 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn non-dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease (NDD-CKD), erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) and iron supplementation are essential for anemia management. Ferric carboxymaltose (FCM) is a relatively novel intravenous iron formulation used in different clinical settings, although scarce data exist in NDD-CKD patients. Primary objective of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the efficacy of FCM compared with oral ferrous sulfate for the treatment of iron-deficiency anemia in a cohort of NDD-CKD patients, considering also the treatment costs. This was a monocentric, retrospective observational study reviewing 349 NDD-CKD patients attending an outpatient clinic between June 2013 and December 2016. Patients were treated by either FCM intravenous infusion or oral ferrous sulfate. We collected serum values of hemoglobin, ferritin and transferrin saturation (TSAT) and ESAs doses at 12 and 18 months. The costs related to both treatments were also analysed. 239 patients were treated with FCM intravenous infusion and 110 patients with oral ferrous sulfate. The two groups were not statistically different for age, BMI and eGFR values. At 18 months, hemoglobin, serum ferritin and TSAT values increased significantly from baseline in the FCM group, compared with the ferrous sulfate group. ESAs dose and rate of infusion decreased only in the FCM group. At 18 months, the treatment costs, analysed per week, was higher in the ferrous sulfate group, compared with the FCM group, and this was mostly due to a reduction in ESAs prescription in the FCM group. Routine intravenous FCM treatment in an outpatient clinic of NDD-CKD patients results in better correction of iron-deficiency anemia when compared to ferrous sulfate. In addition to this, treating NDD-CKD patients with FCM leads to a significant reduction of the treatment costs by reducing ESAs use.
Vitamin D receptor upregulates lncRNA TOPORS-AS1 which inhibits the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and associates with favorable prognosis of ovarian cancer
Authors: Fu Yuanyuan , Katsaros Dionyssios , Biglia Nicoletta , Wang Zhanwei , Pagano Ian , Tius Marcus , Tiirikainen Maarit , Rosser Charles , Yang Haining , Yu Herbert 
Published: April 2021

AbstractLong non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have important biological functions, but their involvement in ovarian cancer remains elusive. We analyzed high-throughput data to identify lncRNAs associated with ovarian cancer outcomes. Our search led to the discovery of lncRNA TOPORS Antisense RNA 1 (TOPORS-AS1). Patients with high TOPORS-AS1 expression had favorable overall survival compared to low expression. This association was replicated in our study and confirmed by meta-analysis. In vitro experiments demonstrated that overexpressing TOPORS-AS1 in ovarian cancer cells suppressed cell proliferation and inhibited aggressive cell behaviors, including migration, invasion, and colony formation. Analysis of tumor cell transcriptomes indicated TOPORS-AS1′s influence on the Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Additional experiments revealed that TOPORS-AS1 increased the phosphorylation of β-catenin and suppressed the expression of CTNNB1, disrupting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Our experiments further discovered that vitamin D receptor (VDR) upregulated TOPORS-AS1 expression and that inhibition of β-catenin by TOPORS-AS1 required a RNA binding protein, hnRNPA2B1 (heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2B1). Taken together, these findings suggest that TOPORS-AS1 may behave like a tumor suppressor in ovarian cancer through interrupting the Wnt/β-catenin signaling and that VDR upregulates the expression of TOPORS-AS1. Assessing TOPORS-AS1 expression in ovarian cancer may help predict disease prognosis and develop treatment strategy
Exogenous 5-azaCitidine accelerates flowering and external GA3 increases ornamental value in Iranian Anemone accessions
Authors: Yari Vahideh , Roein Zeynab , Sabouri Atefeh 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe Anemone genus is a tuberous geophyte which undergoes a dormancy period during unfavorable environmental conditions for growth. Five species of the Anemone genus naturally grow in several regions of Iran. The diverse uses of Anemone in gardens for landscaping, cut flowers, and potted plants indicate its high ornamental potential. Its dormancy and flowering are influenced by various factors. The present paper was conducted to explore the flowering behavior of Anemone accessions in response to different pre-treatments. For this purpose, tubers of 18 Anemone accessions (A. coronaria and A. biflora) were collected from natural regions of six provinces in Iran. These tubers were subjected to different conditions of non-chilling (20 °C, 90 days), chilling (4 °C, 90 days), GA3 (150 mgL-1; 24 h), and 5-azaCitidine (5-azaC; 40 µM; 24 h) prior to the cultivation. Most of the accessions were able to enter the flowering stage without chilling. The shortest period for the sprouting of tubers (16.89 ± 7.83 days) belonged to 5-azaC pre-treatment. In addition, this treatment accelerated the flowering time (about 30 days earlier) and diameter of the stem, bud, and flower. Morphological characteristics, such as stem height, number of leaves, bud, and petal and the longevity of flowers on the plant were significantly affected by GA3 pre-treatment. Our results indicated a positive correlation between flower length, stem height, and stem diameter with flower longevity under different pre-treatment conditions. The present study demonstrated that accessions Anm3, Anm12, and Anm18 had ornamental values higher than the population mean across four conditions.
Association of sonic hedgehog signaling pathway genes IHH, BOC, RAB23a and MIR195-5p, MIR509-3-5p, MIR6738-3p with gastric cancer stage
Authors: Fattahi Sadegh , Nikbakhsh Novin , Ranaei Mohammad , Sabour Davood , Akhavan-Niaki Haleh 
Published: April 2021

AbstractGastric cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Given the importance of gastric cancer in public health, identifying biomarkers associated with disease onset is an important part of precision medicine. The hedgehog signaling pathway is considered as one of the most significant widespread pathways of intracellular signaling in the early events of embryonic development. This pathway contributes also to the maintenance of pluripotency of cancer stem cells pluripotency. In this study, we analyzed the expression levels of sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway genes IHH, BOC, RAB23a and their regulatory miRNAs including MIR-195-5p, MIR-509-3-5p, MIR-6738-3p in gastric cancer patients. In addition, the impact of infection status on the expression level of those genes and their regulatory miRNAs was investigated. One hundred samples taken from 50 gastric cancer patients (50 tumoral tissues and their adjacent non-tumoral counterparts) were included in this study. There was a significant difference in all studied genes and miRNAs in tumoral tissues in comparison with their adjacent non-tumoral counterparts. The lower expression of IHH, BOC, RAB23, miR-195-5p, and miR-6738-3p was significantly associated with more advanced cancer stage. Additionally, IHH upregulation was significantly associated with CMV infection (P < 0.001). Also, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis indicated that mir-195 was significantly related to several clinicopathological features including tumor stage, grade, age, gender, and infection status of gastric cancer and can be considered as a potential diagnostic biomarker for gastric cancer. This study confirms the important role of Shh signaling pathway genes in gastric cancer tumorigenesis and their potential as novel molecular biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
Simulating lesion-dependent functional recovery mechanisms
Authors: Sajid Noor , Holmes Emma , Hope Thomas M. , Fountas Zafeirios , Price Cathy J. , Friston Karl J. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractFunctional recovery after brain damage varies widely and depends on many factors, including lesion site and extent. When a neuronal system is damaged, recovery may occur by engaging residual (e.g., perilesional) components. When damage is extensive, recovery depends on the availability of other intact neural structures that can reproduce the same functional output (i.e., degeneracy). A system’s response to damage may occur rapidly, require learning or both. Here, we simulate functional recovery from four different types of lesions, using a generative model of word repetition that comprised a default premorbid system and a less used alternative system. The synthetic lesions (i) completely disengaged the premorbid system, leaving the alternative system intact, (ii) partially damaged both premorbid and alternative systems, and (iii) limited the experience-dependent plasticity of both. The results, across 1000 trials, demonstrate that (i) a complete disconnection of the premorbid system naturally invoked the engagement of the other, (ii) incomplete damage to both systems had a much more devastating long-term effect on model performance and (iii) the effect of reducing learning capacity within each system. These findings contribute to formal frameworks for interpreting the effect of different types of lesions.