bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antecedent lake conditions shape resistance and resilience of a shallow lake ecosystem following extreme wind storms
Authors: Thayne Michael W. , Kraemer Benjamin M. , Mesman Jorrit P. , Ibelings Bastiaan W. , Adrian Rita 
Published: June 2021

AbstractExtreme wind storms can strongly influence short‐term variation in lake ecosystem functioning. Climate change is affecting storms by altering their frequency, duration, and intensity, which may have consequences for lake ecosystem resistance and resilience. However, catchment and lake processes are simultaneously affecting antecedent lake conditions which may shape the resistance and resilience landscape prior to storm exposure. To determine whether storm characteristics or antecedent lake conditions are more important for explaining variation in lake ecosystem resistance and resilience, we analyzed the effects of 25 extreme wind storms on various biological and physiochemical variables in a shallow lake. Using boosted regression trees to model observed variation in resistance and resilience, we found that antecedent lake conditions were more important (relative importance = 67%) than storm characteristics (relative importance = 33%) in explaining variation in lake ecosystem resistance and resilience. The most important antecedent lake conditions were turbidity, Schmidt stability, %O2 saturation, light conditions, and soluble reactive silica concentrations. We found that storm characteristics were all similar in their relative importance and results suggest that resistance and resilience decrease with increasing duration, mean precipitation, shear stress intensity, and time between storms. In addition, we found that antagonistic or opposing effects between the biological and physiochemical variables influence the overall resistance and resilience of the lake ecosystem under specific lake and storm conditions. The extent to which these results apply to the resistance and resilience of different lake ecosystems remains an important area for inquiry.
Immune cell landscape and immunotherapy of medulloblastoma
Authors: Zhang Jin , Wang Tianyou 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACTMedulloblastoma is the most common primary pediatric malignancy of the central nervous system. Recurrent and refractory patients account for approximately 30% of them. Immune cells are an important component of the brain tumor microenvironment, including tumor‐associated macrophages, T lymphocytes, natural killer cells, dendritic cells, neutrophils and B lymphocytes. Understanding how they behave and interact is important in the investigation of the onset and progression of medulloblastoma. Here, we overview the features and recent advances of each component of immune cells in medulloblastoma. Meanwhile, immunotherapy is a promising but also challenging treatment strategy for medulloblastoma. At present, there are a growing number of immunotherapeutic approaches under investigation including immune checkpoint inhibitors, oncolytic viruses, cancer vaccines, chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapies, and natural killer cells in recurrent and refractory medulloblastoma patients.
Plant developmental stage influences responses of Pinus strobiformis seedlings to experimental warming
Authors: Moler Ehren Reid Von , Kolb Thomas , Brady Anne , Palmiero Briana Nicole , Wallace Taylor Robert , Waring Kristen Marie , Whipple Amy Vaughn 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSeedling emergence, survival, morphological and physiological traits, and oxidative stress resistance of southwestern white pine (Pinus strobiformis Engelm.) were studied in response to warming treatments applied during embryogenesis, germination, and early seedling growth. Daytime air temperature surrounding cones in tree canopies was warmed by +2.1°C during embryo development. Resulting seeds and seedlings were assigned to three thermal regimes in growth chambers, with each regime separated by 4°C to encompass the wide range of temperatures observed over space and time across the species’ range, plus the effect of heat waves coupled with a high carbon emissions scenario of climate warming. The embryo warming treatment reduced percent seedling emergence in all germination and growth environments and reduced mortality of seedlings grown in the warmest environment. Warm thermal regimes during early seedling growth increased subsequent seedling resistance to oxidative stress and transpirational water use. Experimental warming during seed development, germination, and seedling growth affected seedling emergence and survival. Oxidative stress resistance, morphology, and water relations were affected only by warming imposed during germination and seedling growth. This work explores potential outcomes of climate warming on multiple dimensions of seedling performance and uniquely illustrates that plant responses to heat vary with plant developmental stage in addition to the magnitude of temperature change.
Fighting the future: The politics of climate policy failure in Australia (2015–2020)
Authors: Crowley Kate 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis Focus review provides an overview of climate politics and policy under the Turnbull (2015–2018) and Morrison (2018) conservative Coalition governments following the dismantling of carbon pricing in 2014. Without effective policies to reduce emissions in place, Australia will fail to meet its 2030 Paris emissions reduction target. Climate policy failure is framed in these terms. The paper outlines Australia's climate policy challenge and the macroconstraints upon action, before detailing commentary and analysis of climate politics and policies post 2015. In reviewing accounts of the Turnbull and Morrison government's climate policy efforts, the paper draws attention to the handbrake of conservative politics upon decisive action. It finds that Australia's climate policy is not only structurally constrained by its reliance upon fossil fuels, but has been politically constrained by conservatives within the Coalition government since 2015.This article is categorized under:
Policy and Governance > National Climate Change Policy
Wind turbine robust disturbance accommodating control using non‐smooth H∞ optimization
Authors: Do M. Hung , Söffker Dirk 
Published: June 2021

SummaryDisturbance accommodating control (DAC) has been developed in the last decades for wind turbines to control the rotor/generator speed and to reduce structural loads. The method allows accommodating unknown disturbance effects by using the combination of disturbance observers and disturbance rejection controllers. The actual main problem of DAC is to define suitable disturbance observer and controller gain matrices to achieve the desired overall performance including turbine speed regulation in combination with structural load mitigation. The disturbance rejection controller is often designed and tuned separately for individual applications and operating conditions. The closed‐loop system stability and uncertainties due to the use of the linearized reduced‐order model in controller synthesis procedure are not fully considered. This paper introduces a method to design DAC by optimizing the observer and controller parameters simultaneously to guarantee system performance respecting to structural loads mitigation, power regulation, and robustness. To eliminate the rotor speed control steady‐state error due to model uncertainties, partial integral action is included. Simulation results using NREL reference wind turbine models show that the proposed method successfully regulates the rotor speed without error despite the presence of the model uncertainties. Structural loads are also reduced using proposed method compared to DAC designed by Kronecker product method. The proposed approach is able to define a stable and robust DAC controller by solving a non‐smooth H∞ optimization problem with structure and stability constraints.
GABAergic signaling by cells of the immune system: more the rule than the exception
Authors: Bhandage Amol K. , Barragan Antonio 
Published: June 2021

AbstractGamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is best known as an essential neurotransmitter in the evolved central nervous system (CNS) of vertebrates. However, GABA antedates the development of the CNS as a bioactive molecule in metabolism and stress-coupled responses of prokaryotes, invertebrates and plants. Here, we focus on the emerging findings of GABA signaling in the mammalian immune system. Recent reports show that mononuclear phagocytes and lymphocytes, for instance dendritic cells, microglia, T cells and NK cells, express a GABAergic signaling machinery. Mounting evidence shows that GABA receptor signaling impacts central immune functions, such as cell migration, cytokine secretion, immune cell activation and cytotoxic responses. Furthermore, the GABAergic signaling machinery of leukocytes is implicated in responses to microbial infection and is co-opted by protozoan parasites for colonization of the host. Peripheral GABA signaling is also implicated in inflammatory conditions and diseases, such as type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis and cancer cell metastasis. Adding to its role in neurotransmission, growing evidence shows that the non-proteinogenic amino acid GABA acts as an intercellular signaling molecule in the immune system and, as an interspecies signaling molecule in host–microbe interactions. Altogether, the data raise the assumption of conserved GABA signaling in a broad range of mammalian cells and diversification of function in the immune system.
The ideal duplication
Authors: Troia Danny 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn this paper we present and study the ideal duplication, a new construction within the class of the relative ideals of a numerical semigroup S, that, under specific assumptions, produces a relative ideal of the numerical duplication $$S\bowtie ^b E$$

S

⋈
b

E

. We prove that every relative ideal of the numerical duplication can be uniquely written as the ideal duplication of two relative ideals of S; this allows us to better understand how the basic operations of the class of the relative ideals of $$S\bowtie ^b E$$

S

⋈
b

E

work. In particular, we characterize the ideals E such that $$S\bowtie ^b E$$

S

⋈
b

E

is nearly Gorenstein.
Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP‐2) and Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinases (TIMP‐2) in Male Inguinal Hernia Patients at Different Ages
Authors: Wang Dianchen , Zhang Hongyue , Li Jianhua , Qiu Xinguang , Chen Yake 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundCollagen metabolism, controlled by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), might be related to inguinal hernia formation. It was reported that the incidence of inguinal hernia and the recurrence rate after inguinal hernia repair were higher in the elderly. The objective of the research was to assess the amounts of MMP‐2 and TIMP‐2 in patients at different ages in order to examine the relationship between age and inguinal hernia occurrence.MethodsThe research included 40 primary inguinal hernia male patients, and four groups were created: 50–59 years old (A group); 60–69 years old (B group); 70–79 years old (C group); 80–89 years old (D group). We got the samples from anterior rectus sheath fascia. Real‐time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and immunohistochemistry were applied to estimate the levels of MMP‐2 and TIMP‐2.ResultsThe MMP‐2 amounts in C and D group were statistically higher than control group (P < 0.05), and the TIMP‐2 levels in C and D group were statistically lower than control group (P < 0.05). We found a positive correlation between age and expression levels of MMP‐2 (r = 0.537, P < 0.001; r = 0.569, P < 0.001) and a negative correlation between age and TIMP‐2 in inguinal hernia patients (r = − 0.759, P < 0.001; r = − 0.759, P < 0.001).ConclusionsIncreased MMP‐2 and reduced TIMP‐2 may have some relationships with higher inguinal hernia incidence of the elderly.
Tooth discoloration induced by apical plugs with hydraulic calcium silicate-based cements in teeth with open apices—a 2-year in vitro study
Authors: Krug Ralf , Ortmann C. , Reich S. , Hahn B. , Krastl G. , Soliman S. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Objectives
To assess tooth discoloration induced by different hydraulic calcium silicate-based cements (HCSCs), including effects of blood and placement method.

Materials and methods
Eighty bovine teeth cut to a length of 18 mm (crown 8 mm, root 10 mm) were randomly assigned to 10 groups (n = 8), receiving orthograde apical plug treatment (APT). Apical plugs were 4 mm in length and made of ProRoot MTA (Dentsply), Medcem MTA (Medcem), TotalFill BC RRM Fast Set Putty (Brasseler), or Medcem Medical Portland Cement (Medcem) plus bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) with and without bovine blood. Further, orthograde (with or without preoperative adhesive coronal dentin sealing) and retrograde APT were compared. Teeth were obturated with gutta-percha and sealer, sealed with composite and stored in distilled water. Tooth color was measured on apical plug, gutta-percha/sealer, and crown surface before treatment versus 24 h, 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after treatment by spectrophotometry. Color difference (ΔE) values were calculated and analyzed by Shapiro–Wilk test, ANOVA with post hoc tests, Friedman test, t test, and post hoc tests with Bonferroni correction (α = .05).

Results
Tooth discoloration occurred in all groups with no significant differences between HCSCs (p > .05). After 24 months, color changes were prominent on roots but insignificant on crowns. Blood contamination induced a significantly decreased luminescence (p < .05). Blood had a stronger impact on tooth color than Bi2O3. No relevant effects of retrograde placement (p > .05) or preoperative dentin sealing (p > .05) were detected.

Conclusions
Apical plugs of the tested HCSCs cause discoloration of bovine roots, but not discoloration of bovine tooth crowns within a 24-month period.

Clinical relevance
APT should be performed carefully while avoiding direct contact with the coronal dentin, and in that case no aesthetic impairments occur.
Symmetric solutions of the singular minimal surface equation
Authors: Dierkes Ulrich , Groh Nico 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe classify all rotational symmetric solutions of the singular minimal surface equation in both cases $$\alpha <0$$

α
<
0

and $$\alpha >0$$

α
>
0

. In addition, we discuss further geometric and analytic properties of the solutions, in particular stability, minimizing properties and Bernstein-type results.
How Does an Entity Acquire Identity? Reassembling Relativistic Physics with Actor-Network Theory
Authors: Croce Mariano , Margoni Emilia 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWhat is it that determines the identity of an entity? Processualism is a theoretical perspective that offers a startling answer to this question. The identity of an entity—whether human or nonhuman, animate or inanimate—depends on the set of relations in which this entity is located. And as the sets of relations are several, so are the identities that an entity can take. This article discusses this conclusion by integrating processual accounts from different fields of inquiry, such as relativistic physics and actor-network theory. According to a processual interpretation of relativistic physics, speaking of states of things is but an abstraction. For states come from the introduction of arbitrary (physically meaningless) breakups of the spacetime continuum. Therefore, processes precede states, a process being a set of relations that confers identity on a physical state. According to a processual interpretation of actor-network theory, the same holds true for actors. Again, speaking of states of actors is but an abstraction. For what really acts is heterogeneous networks. When one describes actors in isolation, one is neglecting a whole array of relations with other actors whereby that actor can act or is made to act in such and such a way. These strands of processualism come to the same conclusion as to the identity of entities. These are not characterized by individuality but by individua(bi)lity: they can be differently individuated according to the set of relations one is able to take into account. The main methodological consequence is that, if one intends to describe what an entity is, knowledge of this entity—whether human or nonhuman, animate or inanimate—should be based on progressively less narrow localizations and mappings of the relations it has to other entities.
Solving $$(k-1)$$-stable instances of k-terminal cut with isolating cuts
Authors: Velednitsky Mark 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe problem, also known as the multiterminal cut problem, is defined on an edge-weighted graph with k distinct vertices called “terminals.” The goal is to remove a minimum weight collection of edges from the graph such that there is no path between any pair of terminals. The problem is APX-hard. Isolating cuts are minimum cuts which separate one terminal from the rest. The union of all the isolating cuts, except the largest, is a $$(2-2/k)$$

(
2
-
2
/
k
)

-approximation to the optimal k-terminal cut. An instance of is $$\gamma $$
γ
-stable if edges in the cut can be multiplied by up to $$\gamma $$
γ
without changing the unique optimal solution. In this paper, we show that, in any $$(k-1)$$

(
k
-
1
)

-stable instance of , the source sets of the isolating cuts are the source sets of the unique optimal solution to that instance. We conclude that the $$(2-2/k)$$

(
2
-
2
/
k
)

-approximation algorithm returns the optimal solution on $$(k-1)$$

(
k
-
1
)

-stable instances. Ours is the first result showing that this $$(2-2/k)$$

(
2
-
2
/
k
)

-approximation is an exact optimization algorithm on a special class of graphs. We also show that our $$(k-1)$$

(
k
-
1
)

-stability result is tight. We construct $$(k-1-\epsilon )$$

(
k
-
1
-
ϵ
)

-stable instances of the problem which only have trivial isolating cuts: that is, the source set of the isolating cuts for each terminal is just the terminal itself. Thus, the $$(2-2/k)$$

(
2
-
2
/
k
)

-approximation does not return an optimal solution.
Choquet-Integral Aggregation Method to Aggregate Social Indicators to Account for Interactions: An Application to the Human Development Index
Authors: Pinar Mehmet 
Published: June 2021

AbstractComposite well-being and sustainability indices are usually obtained as arithmetic and geometric means of sub-dimensions. However, the arithmetic mean does not consider potential interactions across the dimensions of the indices and the geometric mean does not penalize unbalanced achievements across dimensions strongly enough. This paper uses a flexible non-additive aggregation model—the Choquet integral—to account for potential synergies and redundancies of the dimensions that are used to obtain indices, and uses the Human development index (HDI) as an example to illustrate the flexibility of the aggregation procedure. This paper relies on multiple theoretical and empirical studies, which indicate mutually strengthening relationships (positive interactions) among the three HDI dimensions. To illustrate and show-case how positive interactions among the three HDI dimensions could be taken into account, this paper uses five hypothetical weight sets and simulates 500 weight sets that allow varying positive interactions among the three dimensions. The analyses with the HDI data suggest that both geometric and arithmetic mean HDI scores are roughly the same for most countries, even when variations across the three dimensions are relatively large. On the other hand, countries with balanced (unbalanced) achievements across dimensions rank in higher (lower) positions with the Choquet integral aggregation. The illustrations of this paper show-case how Choquet integral is a flexible aggregation method to take into account varying positive interactions across the HDI dimensions and able to detect unbalanced achievements.
Factive inferentialism and the puzzle of model-based explanation
Authors: Verreault-Julien Philippe 
Published: June 2021

AbstractHighly idealized models may serve various epistemic functions, notably explanation, in virtue of representing the world. Inferentialism provides a prima facie compelling characterization of what constitutes the representation relation. In this paper, I argue that what I call factive inferentialism does not provide a satisfactory solution to the puzzle of model-based—factive—explanation. In particular, I show that making explanatory counterfactual inferences is not a sufficient guide for accurate representation, factivity, or realism. I conclude by calling for a more explicit specification of model-world mismatches and properties imputation.
AI ethics: A framework for measuring embodied carbon in AI systems
Authors: Mulligan Catherine , Elaluf-Calderwood Silvia 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis paper outlines the ethical implications of AI from a climate perspective. So far, much of the discussion around AI ethics have focused on bias, unexplainable outcomes, privacy and other social impacts of such systems. The role and contribution of AI towards climate change and the ethical implications of its contribution to an unjust distribution of impact on the planet, humans and flora and fauna have not yet been covered in detail within the technical community. Within this paper, we aim to raise some of the issues of AI associated with climate justice and we propose a framework that will allow the AI and ICT industries to measure their true impact on the planet, propose an organisational structure to take this work forward and propose future research areas for this important topic.
Recognition of Psychogenic Versus Epileptic Seizures Based on Videos
Authors: Birca Veronica , Keezer Mark R. , Chamelian Laury , Lortie Anne , Nguyen Dang K. 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACTObjective:Ictal semiology interpretation for differentiating psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNESs) and epileptic seizures (ESs) is important for the institution of appropriate treatment. Our objective was to assess the ability of different health care professionals (HCPs) or students to distinguish PNES from ES based on video-recorded seizure semiology.Methods:This study was designed following the Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (STARD) guidelines. We showed in a random mix 36 videos of PNES or ES (18 each) and asked 558 participants to classify each seizure. The diagnostic accuracy of various groups of HCPs or students for PNES versus ES was assessed, as well as the effect of patient age and sex. Measures of diagnostic accuracy included sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve (AUC).Results:The descending order of diagnostic accuracy (AUC) was the following (p ≤ 0.001): (1) neurologists and epileptologists; (2) neurology residents; (3) other specialists and nurses with experience in epilepsy; and (4) undergraduate medical students. Although there was a strong trend toward statistical difference, with AUC 95% confidence intervals (CIs) that were not overlapping, between epileptologists (95% CI 93, 97) compared to neurologists (95% CI 88, 91), and neurologists compared to electroencephalography technicians (95% CI 82, 87), multiple pairwise comparisons with the conservative Tukey–Kramer honest significant difference test revealed no statistical difference (p = 0.25 and 0.1, respectively). Patient age and sex did not have an effect on diagnostic accuracy in neurology specialists.Conclusion:Visual recognition of PNES by HCPs or students varies overall proportionately with the level of expertise in the field of neurology/epilepsy.