bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why lawyers internationalize and police transnationalize: disjointed criminal justice at the border of the state
Authors: Christensen Mikkel Jarle 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis article investigates the socio-genesis of two different types of criminal justice developed at the border of the state. At this border, the field of international criminal justice was differentiated from the field of transnational criminal justice. The article analyzes how elites of these two fields are characterized by distinct relations to the state that structure their ability to affect criminal justice outside of the national context. These professionals worked in parallel in national systems of justice where they accumulated distinct patterns of expertise and access to the state. On the basis of these socio-professional differences, law and police professionals helped define new criminal justice initiatives at the border of the state that deepened the division between them. The development of international criminal justice was dominated by professionals of law whereas transnational criminal justice was built primarily around police professionals. Societal responses to globalized crime are structured by this disjointed space of criminal justice in which legal and police professionals dominate distinct enforcement initiatives.
How ICT can contribute to realize a sustainable society in the future: a CGE approach
Authors: Zhang Xiaoxi , Shinozuka Machiko , Tanaka Yuriko , Kanamori Yuko , Masui Toshihiko 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMany information and communications technology (ICT) services have become commonplace worldwide and are certain to continue to spread faster than before, particularly along with the commercialization of 5G and movement restrictions in response to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Although there is a concern that ICT equipment usage may increase power consumption and emit greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, ICT has also been contributing to reducing GHG emissions through improved productivity and reduced mobility. This research targeted the main ICT services used in Japan and adopted a dynamic national computable general equilibrium model to quantitatively analyze future impacts on economic growth and GHG emission reduction until 2030 by using these ICTs, while considering both the increase in power consumption of ICT itself and the reduction in environmental load in other sectors. The results showed that the spread of ICT services, especially some artificial intelligence-based services, can improve productivity in most sectors through labor-saving and contribute to improving overall gross domestic product (GDP). Additionally, increased efficiency of logistics and manufacturing can greatly reduce the input of oil and coal products and so greatly contribute to GHG emission reduction. In 2030, compared with the baseline scenario in which all technology levels are fixed at current levels, at least 1% additional GDP growth and 4% GHG emission reduction can be expected by the targeted introduction of ICT in the ICT accelerated scenario in which the technology level of ICT accelerates. This also means ICT can potentially decouple the economy from the environment.
A Conceptualisation of Crowd Knowledge
Authors: Blesik Till , Bick Markus , Kummer Tyge-F. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPropelled by digitalisation, crowd knowledge (CK) has gained popularity alongside a plurality of related crowd-based concepts (crowdsourcing, wisdom of crowds and collective intelligence), resulting in an inconsistent understanding of the terms and their application. Based on a structured literature review, we conceptualise CK and develop a formal definition, which is then evaluated using knowledge artefacts on different crowd-related platforms and differentiation criteria in relation to participants, context, purpose and process. The paper posits that CK is conceptually different from related concepts, due to its dynamic nature and its instantiation in the form of a CK knowledge artefact which requires a specific context and a unique knowledge-creation process. Furthermore, we discuss how the concept of CK and its associated artefact relates to established knowledge management concepts such as knowledge assets and the flow of CK in the epistemological differentiation of knowledge into tacit and explicit elements. The article contributes to the formal conceptualisation of crowd-based concepts and therefore improves understanding of existing implementations and supports the prudent design of future systems.
Perception and Production of Statement-Question Intonation in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Developmental Investigation
Authors: Wang Li , Beaman C. Philip , Jiang Cunmei , Liu Fang 
Published: August 2021

AbstractProsody or “melody in speech” in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is often perceived as atypical. This study examined perception and production of statements and questions in 84 children, adolescents and adults with and without ASD, as well as participants’ pitch direction discrimination thresholds. The results suggested that the abilities to discriminate (in both speech and music conditions), identify, and imitate statement-question intonation were intact in individuals with ASD across age cohorts. Sensitivity to pitch direction predicted performance on intonation processing in both groups, who also exhibited similar developmental changes. These findings provide evidence for shared mechanisms in pitch processing between speech and music, as well as associations between low- and high-level pitch processing and between perception and production of pitch.
Revealing the structure and evolution of entrained oxide film in Mg–Y alloy castings
Authors: Li Tian , Davies J. M. T. , Zhu Xiangzhen 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe structure and evolution of oxide film in Mg alloys have been a research objective for a long time but are still unclear up to now. In the present work, the structure of the entrained oxide film (which is also known as bifilm) in Mg–Y alloy castings protected by SF6/air cover gas was characterized. It was found that the entrained oxide film can be divided into two typical types: (1) single-layered F-rich films and (2) double-layered films with a F-rich inner layer and a F-poor outer layer. Based on the experimental phenomena and thermodynamic calculation, the evolution mechanism of the oxide film was also revealed. It was found that F element from the cover gas reacted with the melt firstly to form the initial F-rich single-layered film. Then, O and S were also involved in the reaction, transforming the initial film to be a (F, O, S)-rich single-layered film. Finally, when the F element was depleted, the newly formed layer on the existing oxide film is characteristically F-poor but (O, S)-enriched, leading to a double-layered oxide film. It was also found that the oxide film grew faster in SF6/air cover gas than in SF6/CO2 cover gas, resulting in a higher repeatability of mechanical properties of Mg–Y alloy castings.
Robust two-stage combinatorial optimization problems under convex second-stage cost uncertainty
Authors: Goerigk Marc , Kasperski Adam , Zieliński Paweł 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn this paper a class of robust two-stage combinatorial optimization problems is discussed. It is assumed that the uncertain second-stage costs are specified in the form of a convex uncertainty set, in particular polyhedral or ellipsoidal ones. It is shown that the robust two-stage versions of basic network optimization and selection problems are NP-hard, even in a very restrictive cases. Some exact and approximation algorithms for the general problem are constructed. Polynomial and approximation algorithms for the robust two-stage versions of basic problems, such as the selection and shortest path problems, are also provided.
Cognitive Flexibility and Reaction Time Improvements After Cognitive Training Designed for Men Perpetrators of Intimate Partner Violence: Results of a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Romero-Martínez Á. , Santirso F. , Lila M. , Comes-Fayos J. , Moya-Albiol L. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPurposeCurrent interventions for intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetrators are designed to reduce IPV recidivism by treating risk factors and increasing protective factors. However, these interventions pay less attention to cognitive functioning in IPV perpetrators and how these variables interfere with the future risk of recidivism. Therefore, the main objective of this research was to compare the effectiveness of Standard Intervention Programs for men who perpetrate IPV [SIP] + cognitive training vs SIP + placebo training in promoting cognitive improvements and reducing recidivism. Furthermore, we also aimed to assess whether changes in the risk of recidivism would be related to cognitive changes after the intervention.MethodIPV perpetrators who agreed to participate were randomly allocated to receive SIP + cognitive training or SIP + placebo training. Several cognitive variables were assessed before and after the interventions with a complete battery of neuropsychological tests assessing processing speed, memory, attention, executive functions, and emotion decoding abilities. Moreover, we also assessed the risk of recidivism.ResultsOur data pointed out that only the IPV perpetrators who received the SIP + cognitive training improved their processing speed and cognitive flexibility after this intervention. Furthermore, these participants presented the lowest risk of recidivism after the intervention. Nonetheless, cognitive improvements and reductions in the risk of recidivism after the intervention were unrelated.ConclusionsOur study reinforces the importance of implementing cognitive training to reduce risk of recidivism after SIP. Hence, these results might encourage professionals to incorporate neuropsychological variables in IPV intervention programs.
Do Interpersonal Networks Mediate the Relationship Between International Academic Mobility and Entrepreneurial Knowledge?
Authors: De Moortel Kevin , Crispeels Thomas , Xie Jinyu , Jing Qiaosong 
Published: August 2021

AbstractTemporary international mobility is an increasingly relevant practice amongst academics. However, current literature lacks understanding on whether such mobility influences the individual academics’ entrepreneurial knowledge. This paper hypothesizes that temporary international academic mobility is conducive to the academic’s entrepreneurial knowledge and that interpersonal social networks play a crucial role in the transfer of this knowledge through their strength and size properties. We perform a Partial Least Squares - Structural Equation Model and build upon an original survey data set collected amongst 281 Chinese academics. We find that the size of one’s interpersonal social network fully mediates the relationship between international academic mobility and entrepreneurial knowledge. This result points to the importance of a structurally broad - rather than a relationally strong - international social network in the academic’s accumulation of entrepreneurial knowledge abroad.
Regeneration dynamics in fragmented landscapes at the leading edge of distribution: Quercus suber woodlands as a study case
Authors: Montero-Muñoz Jorge Luis , Ureña Carmen , Navarro Diego , Herrera Valentín , Alonso-Rojo Pilar , Hernández-Alonso Héctor , Cepeda-González María Fernanda , Jovellar Luis Carlos , Fernández-Santos Belén , Silla Fernando 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Aims
We studied the regeneration dynamics of woodlands and abandoned old fields in a landscape dominated by Quercus suber in its lower limits of rainfall and temperature. Two hypotheses were established: (1) regeneration of Quercus species is strongly favored by the presence of tree cover; and (2) growth of Q. suber is driven by the climatic variables that represent the lower ecological limit of its leading distribution edge.

Methods
We selected woodlands and old fields with and without tree remnants (n = 3 per type), and analyzed stand structure, soil parameters and tree growth.

Results
Succession was arrested in old fields without tree remnants. By contrast, remnant trees were accelerators of forest recovery in old fields. Tree cover played a fundamental role in Quercus recruitment throughout seed dispersal and facilitation that mitigate the effects of summer drought on seedlings. Also, tree cover improved soil parameters (e.g., organic matter) that are important factors for understanding differences in regeneration. Winter/spring precipitation exerted a positive effect on tree growth, as well as temperatures during winter/spring and September.

Conclusions
Regeneration dynamics are modeled by the density of tree cover in the cold and dry edge of the distribution area of Q. suber where Q. ilex is increasing in abundance. Although temperature has a positive effect on the tree growth of Q. suber, when demographic processes are considered, decreases in water availability likely play a critical role in Q. ilex recruitment. This in turn changes dominance hierarchies, especially in abandoned areas with little or no tree cover.
The Random Normal Matrix Model: Insertion of a Point Charge
Authors: Ameur Yacin , Kang Nam-Gyu , Seo Seong-Mi 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn this article, we study microscopic properties of a two-dimensional Coulomb gas ensemble near a conical singularity arising from insertion of a point charge in the bulk of the droplet. In the determinantal case, we characterize all rotationally symmetric scaling limits (“Mittag-Leffler fields”) and obtain universality of them when the underlying potential is algebraic. Applications include a central limit theorem for$\log |p_{n}(\zeta )|$log|pn(ζ)|wherepnis the characteristic polynomial of ann:th order random normal matrix.
Interplay between upsampling and regularization for provider fairness in recommender systems
Authors: Boratto Ludovico , Fenu Gianni , Marras Mirko 
Published: August 2021

AbstractConsidering the impact of recommendations on item providers is one of the duties of multi-sided recommender systems. Item providers are key stakeholders in online platforms, and their earnings and plans are influenced by the exposure their items receive in recommended lists. Prior work showed that certain minority groups of providers, characterized by a common sensitive attribute (e.g., gender or race), are being disproportionately affected by indirect and unintentional discrimination. Our study in this paper handles a situation where (i) the same provider is associated with multiple items of a list suggested to a user, (ii) an item is created by more than one provider jointly, and (iii) predicted user–item relevance scores are biasedly estimated for items of provider groups. Under this scenario, we assess disparities in relevance, visibility, and exposure, by simulating diverse representations of the minority group in the catalog and the interactions. Based on emerged unfair outcomes, we devise a treatment that combines observation upsampling and loss regularization, while learning user–item relevance scores. Experiments on real-world data demonstrate that our treatment leads to lower disparate relevance. The resulting recommended lists show fairer visibility and exposure, higher minority item coverage, and negligible loss in recommendation utility.
What’s new and notable in bacterial spore killing!
Authors: Setlow Peter , Christie Graham 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSpores of many species of the orders Bacillales and Clostridiales can be vectors for food spoilage, human diseases and intoxications, and biological warfare. Many agents are used for spore killing, including moist heat in an autoclave, dry heat at elevated temperatures, UV radiation at 254 and more recently 222 and 400 nm, ionizing radiation of various types, high hydrostatic pressures and a host of chemical decontaminants. An alternative strategy is to trigger spore germination, as germinated spores are much easier to kill than the highly resistant dormant spores—the so called “germinate to eradicate” strategy. Factors important to consider in choosing methods for spore killing include the: (1) cost; (2) killing efficacy and kinetics; (3) ability to decontaminate large areas in buildings or outside; and (4) compatibility of killing regimens with the: (i) presence of people; (ii) food quality; (iii) presence of significant amounts of organic matter; and (iv) minimal damage to equipment in the decontamination zone. This review will summarize research on spore killing and point out some common flaws which can make results from spore killing research questionable.
Separation of virgin plastic polymers and post-consumer mixed plastic waste by sinking-flotation technique
Authors: Meneses Quelal Washington Orlando , Velázquez-Martí Borja , Ferrer Gisbert Andrés 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe main objective of this research is to separate virgin polymers (PA, PC, PP, HDPE; PS, and ABS) and post-consumer plastic waste from municipal solid waste (MSW) using the sinking-flotation technique. Separation was carried out on a pilot scale in an 800-l useful volume container with 160 rpm agitation for one hour. Tap water, ethanol solutions, and sodium chloride at different concentrations were used as densification medium. Virgin polymers were separated into two groups: low-density (HDPE and PP) and high-density polymers groups (PS, ABS, PA, and PC). Polymers whose density was less than that of the medium solution floated to the surface, while those whose density was greater than those of the medium solution sank to the bottom. The experimental results showed that complete separation of HDPE from PP achieved 23% ethanol v/v, whereas high-density polymers separated up to 40% w/v sodium chloride. Polymer recovery ranged from 70 to 99.70%. In post-consumer recycled plastic waste, fractions of 29.6% polyolefins, 37.54% PS, 11% ABS, 8% PA, 12% PC PET, and PVC were obtained. Finally, cast plates were made of the post-consumer waste to properly identify the polymer type present in the separated fractions.
Key factors controlling microbial distribution on a DNAPL source area
Authors: Herrero Jofre , Puigserver Diana , Nijenhuis Ivonne , Kuntze Kevin , Carmona José M. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractChlorinated solvents are among the common groundwater contaminants that show high complexity in their distribution in the subsoil. Microorganisms play a vital role in the natural attenuation of chlorinated solvents. Thus far, how the in situ soil microbial community responds to chlorinated solvent contamination has remained unclear. In this study, the microbial community distribution within two boreholes located in the source area of perchloroethene (PCE) was investigated via terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) and clone library analysis. Microbial data were related to the lithological and geochemical data and the concentration and isotopic composition of chloroethenes to determine the key factors controlling the distribution of the microbial communities. The results indicated that Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes were the most abundant phylums in the sediment. The statistical correlation with the environmental data proved that fine granulometry, oxygen tolerance, terminal electron-acceptor processes, and toxicity control microbial structure. This study improves our understanding of how the microbial community in the subsoil responds to high concentrations of chlorinated solvents.
Lehren aus der Russischen Grippe für das Endspiel der derzeitigen Pandemie – die Exitstrategie für Deutschland
Authors: Weigl Josef 
Published: August 2021

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Seit dem Beginn der SARS-CoV-2-Pandemie wurde in Deutschland noch nie eine konkrete Strategie formuliert. Einzelne Themen verselbstständigen sich immerfort und die Begründungen für den Lockdown, nämlich die Reduktion der Mortalität bei den vulnerablen Personen- und Altersgruppen und die Gefahr einer erhöhten Letalität bei Überlastung des Gesundheitswesens, allen voran der Intensivstationen, geraten aus den Fokus.

Methode
Auf der Basis von Erkenntnissen, die bereits vor dieser Pandemie vorlagen und solchen, die bisher akkumuliert wurden, wird eine Refokussierung vorgenommen und eine Exitstrategie für Deutschland entwickelt.

Ergebnisse
Das eigentliche Ziel in der Pandemie ist, die Erstinfektion der Bevölkerung mittels Wildvirusinfektion oder Impfung möglichst schnell zu überwinden und die Herdenimmunitätsschwelle zu erreichen. Nur so kann dem Virus sein Gefahrenpotenzial genommen und eine neujustierte endemische Lage erreicht werden. Die Russische Grippepandemie 1889–1892 durch CoV-OC43, heute eine pandemische Narbe von damals, ist dazu das Modell. Die aktuell erfolgreiche Impfstoffentwicklung in nie dagewesener Geschwindigkeit ist eine historische Gnade.

Schlussfolgerungen
Die Russische Grippepandemie war die zuletzt größte Coronaviruspandemie. Nach einem Impfangebot an die vulnerablen Gruppen („Targetpopulation“) ist der Lockdown schnellst möglich aufzuheben, das Impfangebot für Erwachsene ohne etablierte Risikofaktoren fortzusetzen und parallel dazu der Rest der Bevölkerung schnellst möglich durchseuchen zu lassen. Trotz erfolgreicher Impfstoffentwicklung drängt die Zeit, um weiteren Verwerfungen vorzubeugen.
New taxa in Glomeromycota: Polonosporaceae fam. nov., Polonospora gen. nov., and P. polonica comb. nov.
Authors: Błaszkowski Janusz , Niezgoda Piotr , Meller Edward , Milczarski Paweł , Zubek Szymon , Malicka Monika , Uszok Sylwia , Casieri Leonardo , Goto Bruno Tomio , Magurno Franco 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPhylogenetic analyses of sequences of the nuc rDNA small subunit (18S), internal transcribed spacer (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 = ITS), and large subunit (28S) region (= 18S-ITS-28S), as well as sequences of this region concatenated with sequences of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB1) gene, proved that the species originally described as Acaulospora polonica (phylum Glomeromycota) represents a new genus and a new family of the ancient order Archaeosporales, here introduced into the Glomeromycota under the names Polonospora and Polonosporaceae, respectively. The phylogenetic analyses and BLASTn queries also indicated that the Polonosporaceae with P. polonica comb. nov. still contains several morphologically undescribed taxa at the ranks of genus and species, which have a worldwide distribution.
Intergenerationenbeziehungen im bäuerlichen Milieu zu Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts
Authors: Eder Anja , Haring-Mosbacher Sabine A. , Höllinger Franz 
Published: August 2021

ZusammenfassungTrotz des Strukturwandels in der Landwirtschaft hat sich die bäuerliche Lebensform der Mehrgenerationenfamilie in Österreich weitgehend erhalten. Allerdings stellt sich die Frage, wie sich diese Lebensform zu den tiefgreifenden Individualisierungstendenzen, die moderne Gesellschaften durchziehen, verhält. Anhand von 30 Interviews und einer österreichweiten Umfrage unter 269 Betriebsleiterinnen und -leitern untersucht der vorliegende Artikel, wie die Generationenbeziehungen von Alt und Jung wahrgenommen werden. Dazu greift der Beitrag auf soziologische Konzepte der Generationensolidarität, des Generationenkonflikts und der Ambivalenzen in den Generationenbeziehungen sowie auf die historische Familienforschung zurück. Die Analyse, die auch die Geschlechterverhältnisse mit einbezieht, zeigt eine Kontinuität der Familiensolidarität, zugleich aber einen erheblichen Wandel der Solidaritäts- und Konfliktmuster. Als charakteristisch für das bäuerliche Milieu zu Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts erweisen sich der Wandel von der verpflichtenden zur freiwilligen Generationensolidarität, von traditionellen Abhängigkeitsverhältnissen zu einer autonomeren Lebensführung sowie mehr Privatsphäre und vom patriarchalen Gehorsam zur egalitären Familienkommunikation.