bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Institutional Complexity and Opportunity Structures: Weaker Actor Influence in International Intellectual Property Regulation
Authors: Dreyling Justus 
Published: June 2021

AbstractOverlap among international institutions affects the strategic options that are available to actors. Yet no existing approach fully explains who benefits from regime complexity. While some point to materially powerful actors, others highlight weaker challengers of the status quo. Drawing on historical institutionalism, I conceptualize two dimensions of complexity. I argue that depending on the mode of interaction among the institutions in and the degree of institutional fragmentation of a governance area, opportunity structures for weaker challengers are more open or closed. Shifts on these dimensions over time thus lead to an opening or a closure of opportunity structures for challengers. I assess this argument by focusing on such shifts in two areas intellectual property regulation. The article contributes to the overall topic of the special issue and advances the literature on regime complexity by highlighting the divergent effects of different forms of institutional complexity on different classes of actors.
Near work, screen time, outdoor time and myopia in schoolchildren in the Sunflower Myopia AEEC Consortium
Authors: Lanca Carla , Yam Jason C. , Jiang Wen‐Jun , Tham Yih‐Chung , Hassan Emamian Mohammad , Tan Chuen‐Seng , Guo Yin , Liu Hu , Zhong Hua , Zhu Dan , Hu Yuan‐Yuan , Saxena Rohit , Hashemi Hassan , Chen Li‐Jia , Wong Tien‐Yin , Cheng Ching‐Yu , Pang Chi‐Pui , Zhu Hui , Pan Chen‐Wei , Liang Yuan Bo , Fotouhi Akbar , Bi Hong‐sheng , Jonas Jost B. , Saw Seang‐Mei ,   The Asian Eye Epidemiology Consortium (AEEC)
Published: June 2021

AbstractPurposeTo examine the association between near work, screen time including TV and outdoor time with myopia in children from the Sunflower Myopia Asian Eye Epidemiology Consortium (AEEC).MethodsWe analysed AEEC cross‐sectional data (12 241 children) on risk factors (near work, screen time including TV and outdoor time) and myopia of six population‐based studies (China, Hong Kong and Singapore). Cycloplegic refraction and axial length (AL) measurements were included. Risk factors were determined using questionnaires. Data were pooled from each study, and multivariable regression analysis was performed to evaluate the associations between risks factors and myopia, spherical equivalent (SE) and AL.ResultsAmong the included children, 52.1% were boys, 98.1% were Chinese and 69.7% lived in urban areas. Mean±standard deviation (SD) for age was 8.8 ± 2.9 years, for SE was −0.14 ± 1.8 D and for AL was 23.3 ± 1.1 mm. Myopia prevalence was 30.6%. In multivariate analysis, more reading and writing (OR = 1.17; 95% CI, 1.11–1.24), more total near work (OR = 1.05; 95% CI, 1.02–1.09) and less outdoor time (OR = 0.82, 95% CI, 0.75–0.88) were associated with myopia (p’s < 0.05). These factors were similarly associated with SE and AL (p’s < 0.05), except for total near work and AL (p = 0.15). Screen time including TV was not significantly associated with myopia (p = 0.49), SE (p = 0.49) or AL (p = 0.83).ConclusionIn this study, increased reading and writing and decreased outdoor time were associated with myopia. Screen time may be a surrogate factor of near work or outdoor time, but further research is needed to assess its role as an independent risk factor for myopia.
Benign course and clinical features of COVID‐19 in hospitalised febrile infants up to 60 days old
Authors: Yarden Bilavski Havazelet , Balanson Sarit , Damouni Shalabi Ranaa , Dabaja‐Younis Halima , Grisaru‐Soen Galia , Youngster Ilan , Glikman Daniel , Ben Shimol Shalom , Somech Eli , Tasher Diana , Stein Michal , Gottesmanm Giora , Megged Orli , Livni Gilat 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAimMinimal data exist regarding the severity of COVID‐19 in febrile infants under 60 days old. This multicentre prospective study explored the clinical course and outcomes of this hospitalised patient population, as, to date, the best approach has not been specifically addressed.MethodsThis study focused on the clinical features, laboratory parameters and outcomes of febrile infants up to 60 days old who tested positive for the virus and were hospitalised in Israel from March 2020 to January 2021. The data were extracted from a real‐time prospective surveillance network for COVID‐19 that includes 20 of the country's 26 hospitals.ResultsWe identified 75 febrile young infants (60% female) with COVID‐19 at a median age of 28 days (range 8–56 days). Of these, 84% had an unremarkable medical history, 29% had respiratory symptoms, and 96% had a mild illness. The Rochester criteria showed that 44% were considered at high‐risk for serious bacterial infections, and we found that eight infants actually had concomitant bacterial infections. Outcomes were excellent, and no complications or fatalities were reported.ConclusionThe excellent outcomes of young febrile infants with COVID‐19 closely resembled other respiratory viral aetiologies of fever in this age group, and there were no fatalities.
WiSER: Robust and scalable estimation and inference of within‐subject variances from intensive longitudinal data
Authors: German Christopher A. , Sinsheimer Janet S. , Zhou Jin , Zhou Hua 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe availability of vast amounts of longitudinal data from electronic health records (EHRs) and personal wearable devices opens the door to numerous new research questions. In many studies, individual variability of a longitudinal outcome is as important as the mean. Blood pressure fluctuations, glycemic variations, and mood swings are prime examples where it is critical to identify factors that affect the within‐individual variability. We propose a scalable method, within‐subject variance estimator by robust regression (WiSER), for the estimation and inference of the effects of both time‐varying and time‐invariant predictors on within‐subject variance. It is robust against the misspecification of the conditional distribution of responses or the distribution of random effects. It shows similar performance as the correctly specified likelihood methods but is 103 ∼ 105 times faster. The estimation algorithm scales linearly in the total number of observations, making it applicable to massive longitudinal data sets. The effectiveness of WiSER is evaluated in extensive simulation studies. Its broad applicability is illustrated using the accelerometry data from the Women's Health Study and a clinical trial for longitudinal diabetes care.
Prognostic effect of gender on outcome of treatment for adults with acute myeloid leukaemia
Authors: Wiernik Peter H. , Sun Zhuoxin , Cripe Larry D. , Rowe Jacob M. , Fernandez Hugo F. , Luger Selina M. , Lazarus Hillard M. , Paietta Elisabeth M. , Tallman Martin S. , Litzow Mark R. 
Published: June 2021

SummaryThere are conflicting reports in the literature suggesting that one gender or the other has a better survival with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). The present study was done in an attempt to resolve the issue. The effect of gender was examined on 3546 newly diagnosed patients with AML, including 548 patients with acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL) enrolled in 10 multi‐institutional treatment studies from March 1984 to November 2008. Kaplan–Meier estimates were used to estimate event‐time distributions for survival and multivariate models were used to examine the gender effect after adjusting for multiple risk factors. P values were based on two‐sided tests. Non‐APL female patients had a significantly better overall (OS) but not disease‐free survival (DFS) than males, irrespective of age, initial white blood cell count, or dose of daunorubicin. No differences were observed for obese or FMS‐like tyrosine kinase 3‐internal tandem duplication (FLT3‐ITD)‐positive patients. Female patients with APL had a significantly better OS and DFS than male patients with APL, and differences in survival were greater for patients with t(15;17) + other cytogenetic abnormalities compared with those with t(15;17) only. Gender is an independent prognostic variable in patients with AML. Whether these survival differences are due to hormonal, genetic or pharmacokinetic differences between the sexes or differential toxin exposure such as smoking is unknown. However, the former seems less likely as patient age did not influence the survival advantage for female patients.
Inhibition of cow’s milk allergy development in mice by oral delivery of β‐lactoglobulin‐derived peptides loaded PLGA nanoparticles is associated with systemic whey‐specific immune silencing
Authors: Liu Mengshan , Thijssen Suzan , van Nostrum Cornelus F. , Hennink Wim E. , Garssen Johan , Willemsen Linette E. M. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundTwo to four percentage of infants are affected by cow's milk allergy (CMA), which persists in 20% of cases. Intervention approaches using early oral exposure to cow's milk protein or hydrolysed cow's milk formula are being studied for CMA prevention. Yet, concerns regarding safety and/or efficacy remain to be tackled in particular for high‐risk non‐exclusively breastfed infants. Therefore, safe and effective strategies to improve early life oral tolerance induction may be considered.ObjectiveWe aim to investigate the efficacy of CMA prevention using oral pre‐exposure of two selected 18‐AA β‐lactoglobulin‐derived peptides loaded poly (lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) in a whey‐protein induced CMA murine model.MethodsThe peptides were loaded in PLGA NPs via a double emulsion solvent evaporation technique. In vivo, 3‐week‐old female C3H/HeOuJ mice received 6 daily gavages with PBS, whey, Peptide‐mix, a high‐ or low‐dose Peptide‐NPs or empty‐NP plus Peptide‐mix, prior to 5 weekly oral sensitizations with cholera toxin plus whey or PBS (sham). One week after the last sensitization, the challenge induced acute allergic skin response, anaphylactic shock score, allergen‐specific serum immunoglobulins and ex vivo whey‐stimulated cytokine release by splenocytes was measured.ResultsMice pre‐treated with high‐dose Peptide‐NPs but not low‐dose or empty‐NP plus Peptide‐mix, were protected from anaphylaxis and showed a significantly lower acute allergic skin response upon intradermal whey challenge compared to whey‐sensitized mice. Compared with the Peptide‐mix or empty‐NP plus Peptide‐mix pre‐treatment, the high‐dose Peptide‐NPs‐pre‐treatment inhibited ex vivo whey‐stimulated pro‐inflammatory cytokine TNF‐α release by splenocytes.Conclusion & Clinical relevanceOral pre‐exposure of mice to two β‐lactoglobulin‐derived peptides loaded PLGA NPs induced a dose‐related partial prevention of CMA symptoms upon challenge to whole whey protein and silenced whey‐specific systemic immune response. These findings encourage further development of the concept of peptide‐loaded PLGA NPs for CMA prevention towards clinical application.
To be a STEM or not to be a STEM: Why do countries differ?
Authors: Bruno Bruna , Faggini Marisa 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis paper proposes a theoretical analysis and an empirical investigation on simultaneous choices of an enrolment and discipline field, comparing science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) to non‐STEM fields, to enlighten economic variables influencing students. The cross‐country analysis of 35 countries in the period 2013–2016 tries to disentangle factors shifting students from one choice to another and why countries differ in directing students toward specific disciplines. The results show that expenditures in R&D convince more students to choose STEM disciplines, whereas population density and the expected years of schooling have a negative impact on the percentage of STEM enrolments. As a whole, it appears that STEM enrolments are chosen for investment motives, whereas non‐STEM enrolments are less guided by economic factors and more dependent on a consumption effect.
TAZ inhibits acinar cell differentiation but promotes immature ductal cell proliferation in adult mouse salivary glands
Authors: Miyachi Yosuke , Nishio Miki , Otani Junji , Matsumoto Shinji , Kikuchi Akira , Mak Tak Wah , Maehama Tomohiko , Suzuki Akira 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThere are currently no treatments for salivary gland diseases, making it vital to understand signaling mechanisms operating in acinar and ductal cells so as to develop regenerative therapies. To date, little work has focused on elucidating the signaling cascades controlling the differentiation of these cell types in adult mammals. To analyze the function of the Hippo‐TAZ/YAP1 pathway in adult mouse salivary glands, we generated adMOB1DKO mice in which both MOB1A and MOB1B were TAM‐inducibly deleted when the animals were adults. Three weeks after TAM treatment, adMOB1DKO mice exhibited smaller submandibular glands (SMGs) than controls with a decreased number of acinar cells and an increased number of immature dysplastic ductal cells. The mutants suffered from reduced saliva production accompanied by mild inflammatory cell infiltration and fibrosis in SMGs, similar to the Sjogren's syndrome. MOB1‐deficient acinar cells showed normal proliferation and apoptosis but decreased differentiation, leading to an increase in acinar/ductal bilineage progenitor cells. These changes were TAZ‐dependent but YAP1‐independent. Biochemically, MOB1‐deficient salivary epithelial cells showed activation of the TAZ/YAP1 and β‐catenin in ductal cells, but reduced SOX2 and SOX10 expression in acinar cells. Thus, Hippo‐TAZ signaling is critical for proper ductal and acinar cell differentiation and function in adult mice.
Converting factor and nonfactor usage into a single metric to facilitate benchmarking the resources consumed for haemophilia care across jurisdictions and over time
Authors: Stonebraker Jeffrey S. , O'Mahony Brian , Noone Declan , Iorio Alfonso 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIntroductionThe World Federation of Hemophilia started measuring factor utilization at the country level as IU/capita (International Units of factor concentrates used per country population) in 2001 for its Annual Global Survey. IU/capita have been used to benchmark a country's usage over time and for advocacy. The introduction of a common metric usage spanning across standard half‐life (SHL), and extended half‐life (EHL) clotting factor concentrates (CFCs) and emicizumab would be a valuable simplification for national healthcare policymaking and industrial production planning.AimDevelop and examine a method of converting IU of SHL or EHL, and milligrams of emicizumab into a single metric.MethodsWe developed conversion factors from manufacturer's recommended dose for prophylaxis with SHL, EHL, and emicizumab as reported on the licensing information for the United States and Europe. We validate the accuracy of these conversion factors against real‐world usage data.ResultsThe prescribing information in the United States and Europe is marginally different. The SHL/EHL conversion factors are higher when calculated based on the prescribing information than on real‐world studies, which are considered more representative of clinical practice. The best estimate of the SHL/EHL conversion factors for FVIII and FIX were 1.04 and 1.87. The conversion factor for emicizumab to SHL is 70 IU/mg.ConclusionWe have generated robust estimates of conversion factors for currently used treatment options for prophylaxis in haemophilia. Usage of a single, harmonized metric will facilitate benchmarking across different countries or longitudinally irrespective of the case‐mix of treatment options.
New glass‐based binders from engineered mixtures of inorganic waste
Authors: Hujova Miroslava , Rabelo Monich Patricia , Kankova Hana , Lucas Hugo , Xakalashe Buhle , Friedrich Bernd , Kraxner Jozef , Galusek Dusan , Bernardo Enrico 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAluminum is one of the most important strategic resources, but the Bayer process, typically applied for the purification of ores, leads to vast amounts of alkaline slurry waste, known as red mud. Though interesting for potential reprocessing, red mud is still predominantly stored in big slurry pools, due to high levels of toxic metals. Toxic ions can be easily immobilized by vitrification, but the high costs of this solution need to be balanced by the reuse of the obtained glass. The present paper is dedicated to the transformation of waste‐derived glass into new binders for the construction industry, according to both “conventional melting” and “smelting” approaches. In the first case, red mud was included in a mixture of waste, designed to yield a reactive glass (CMG), that is, forming stable gels after activation in an alkaline aqueous solution. In the second approach, red mud was subjected to a thermal treatment in a reductive atmosphere, implying the separation of molten iron alloy. The remaining glassy slag, according to its chemical composition (CaO and Al2O3‐rich) underwent gelation by simple interaction with pure water, without any alkaline activator, thus configuring a new “glass cement.”
The motivation‐anxiety interface in language learning: A regulatory focus perspective
Authors: Jiang Chen , Papi Mostafa 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe study examined the relationship between chronic regulatory focus, L2 self‐guides, L2 anxiety, and motivated behavior. Questionnaire data were collected from 161 English learners in a foreign language context. Multiple regression results showed that the participants’ promotion focus (concerned with accomplishments and achievements) strongly and negatively predicted their L2 anxiety whereas their prevention focus (concerned with safety and obligations) was unrelated to L2 anxiety. Additionally, ought L2 self/own and ought L2 self/other, which have a prevention focus, positively predicted L2 anxiety, whereas ideal L2 self/own, which has a promotion focus, was a negative predictor. L2 anxiety was not directly related to motivated behavior for either promotion‐focused or prevention‐focused learners. The results suggest that a promotion‐focused approach in L2 learning and teaching might minimize L2 anxiety.
KNN based high dielectric constant X9R ceramics with fine grain structure and energy storage ability
Authors: Hui Kezhen , Chen Lingling , Cen Zenyong , Zhao Peiyao , Yu Yan , Guo Limin , Wang Xiaohui , Li Longtu 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn this study, SrZrO3doped K0.5Na0.5NbO3ceramics with Cu, Sn, and Mn as sintering aid are prepared to modulate the temperature stability by conventional solid‐state sintering, and samples are denoted as KNNC‐100xSZ, KNNS‐100xSZ, and KNNM‐100xSZ, respectively, where x is the doping amount. The average grain size of the KNNC‐12.75SZ sample was ~150 nm. The dielectric constant of KNNC‐13.00SZ was 2072 and its dielectric loss was 1.8% at room temperature, with a wide temperature stability range from −55°C to 220°C satisfying the X9R criteria. The discharge energy density of KNNC‐12.75SZ reached 1.47 J/cm3at room temperature; therefore, the modified KNN is a promising candidate for X9R dielectrics with a fine grain structure and potential anti‐reduction capability due to the absence of variable valence elements. The modified KNN can also be applied to energy storage capacitors subjected to high working temperatures.
The effectiveness of nurse‐led interventions to prevent childhood and adolescent overweight and obesity: A systematic review of randomised trials
Authors: Whitehead Lisa , Kabdebo Istvan , Dunham Melissa , Quinn Robyn , Hummelshoj Jennifer , George Cobie , Denney‐Wilson Elizabeth 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundObesity among children and adolescents continues to rise worldwide. Despite the efforts of the healthcare workforce, limited high‐quality evidence has been put forward demonstrating effective childhood obesity interventions. The role of nurses as primary actors in childhood obesity prevention has also been underresearched given the size of the workforce and their growing involvement in chronic disease prevention.AimTo examine the effectiveness of nurse‐led interventions to prevent childhood and adolescent overweight and obesity.DesignA systematic review of randomised trials.Data sourcesMedline, CINAHL, EMBASE, Cochrane (CENTRAL), ProQuest Central and SCOPUS were searched from inception to March 2020.Review methodsThis review was informed by the Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions.ResultsTwenty‐six publications representing 18 discrete studies were included (nine primary prevention and nine secondary prevention). Nurse‐led interventions were conducted in diverse settings, were multifaceted, often involved parents and used education, counselling and motivational interviewing to target behaviour change in children and adolescents’ diet and physical activity. Most studies did not determine that nurse‐led interventions were more effective than their comparator(s) in preventing childhood and adolescent overweight and obesity.ConclusionsNurse‐led interventions to prevent juvenile obesity are feasible but have not yet determined effectiveness. With adequate training, nurses could make better use of existing clinical and situational opportunities to assist in the effort to prevent childhood obesity.
The psychological well‐being of primary healthcare nurses during COVID‐19: A qualitative study
Authors: Ashley Christine , James Sharon , Williams Anna , Calma Kaara , Mcinnes Susan , Mursa Ruth , Stephen Catherine , Halcomb Elizabeth 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAimTo explore primary healthcare nurses' psychological well‐being related to the COVID‐19 pandemic.DesignQualitative descriptive study.MethodsSemi‐structured interviews were conducted with 25 participants between June and August 2020 who indicated their willingness to participate in an interview following a national survey. Interviews were audio‐recorded and transcribed verbatim by professional transcribers. Data were analysed using thematic analysis.ResultsThe importance of professional and public support and acknowledgement of the nurses' role during the pandemic positively influenced feelings of being valued. The psychological impact of negative experiences increased anxiety and stress levels. Participants reported a range of self‐care strategies, including increased vigilance with infection control at home and work and attention to physical exercise and diet. Most participants remained positive about their roles and career decisions, although some indicated that the negative psychological impacts prompted re‐evaluation of their career.ConclusionsPrimary healthcare nurses have been exposed to a range of personal and professional stressors during the pandemic that have impacted their psychological well‐being. Awareness of stressors and an understanding of what has helped and what has impacted well‐being are important in guiding future workplace support systems. Further work to explore the long‐term impact of these stressors and the effectiveness of coping strategies employed by primary healthcare nurses is warranted.ImpactManagers and professional organisations need to consider the personal and professional stressors that have impacted on primary healthcare nurses' psychological well‐being to promote health and well‐being among nurses following COVID‐19.