bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Sander Barrie 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis chapter introduces the book’s consideration of how international criminal courts have confronted the past in different institutional contexts. The chapter provides a chapter-by-chapter overview of the book’s central themes and arguments. The book is concerned with the historical function of international criminal courts—their role in the construction of historical narratives concerning both the culpability of the accused on trial and the broader mass atrocity context in which they are alleged to have participated. This historical function raises a number of questions concerning the scope and content of the historical narratives constructed within international criminal judgments, the actors that exert influence over such processes, and the extent to which such histories are consistent and authoritative both within and beyond the courtroom. This book aims to address these questions by examining how the past has been confronted within three sets of international criminal courts: first, the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg and the International Military Tribunal for the Far East at Tokyo; second, the United Nations ad hoc tribunals, namely the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, and the Special Court for Sierra Leone; and finally, the International Criminal Court. By critically examining the scope and content of the histories constructed within the judgments of these courts and by surfacing the influence of different actors and contexts over the precise orientation of judicial narratives, this book seeks to develop a deeper understanding of the emancipatory potential and limits of international criminal courts across different institutional settings.
Reasons for Reliabilism
Authors: Beddor Bob 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
One leading approach to justification comes from the reliabilist tradition, which maintains that a belief is justified provided that it is reliably formed. Another comes from the ‘Reasons First’ tradition, which claims that a belief is justified provided that it is based on reasons that support it. These two approaches are typically developed in isolation from each other; this essay motivates and defends a synthesis. On the view proposed here, justification is understood in terms of an agent’s reasons for belief, which are in turn analysed along reliabilist lines: an agent’s reasons for belief are the states that serve as inputs to their reliable processes. I show that this synthesis allows each tradition to profit from the other’s explanatory resources. In particular, it enables reliabilists to explain epistemic defeat without abandoning their naturalistic ambitions. I go on to compare my proposed synthesis with other hybrid versions of reliabilism that have been proposed in the literature.
Undercutting Defeat
Authors: McGrath Matthew 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Although there is disagreement about the details, John Pollock’s framework for defeat is now part of the received wisdom in analytic epistemology. Recently, however, cracks have appeared in the consensus, particularly on the understanding of undercutting defeat. While not questioning the existence of undercutting defeat, Scott Sturgeon argues that undercutting defeat operates differently from rebutting. Unlike the latter, undercutting defeat, Sturgeon claims, occurs only in conjunction with certain higher-order contributions, i.e., with beliefs about the basis on which one does or would believe. Sturgeon concludes that Pollock misconceives undercutting defeat. I argue that in the case of defeat of inferential justification, undercutting defeat is a genuine phenomenon and takes roughly the shape Pollock suggests, not needing help from higher-order beliefs or justifications. However, I agree with Sturgeon that for noninferential justification the Pollockian account is in trouble. I try to explain why there should be this difference. This difference in defeaters has important implications for epistemology. In a final section, I use the defeat-related difference between inferential and noninferential justification to argue that there is less noninferential perceptual or testimonial justification than is commonly thought.
Doris Lessing’s Going Home (1957) and Under My Skin (1994)
Authors: Riley Kathleen 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines Doris Lessing’s status as a ‘modern nostalgic’, one who ‘can be homesick and sick of home at once’. It points out that in her novels nostalgia is often depicted as something to be mistrusted and resisted, while at the same time some of her most lyrical prose is deeply nostalgic and expressive of a nourishing melancholy associated with the physical landscape of her childhood in colonial Rhodesia. It then focuses on two autobiographical works, Going Home (1957) and Under My Skin (1994), to show how Lessing’s ambivalent nostalgia issues from the historic circumstances of her birth, the thwarted ambitions of her parents, and her own sense of never wholly belonging to the Ithaca that had made her who she was.
Doris Pilkington Garimara’s Follow the Rabbit-Proof Fence (1996)
Authors: Riley Kathleen 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Chapter 12 focuses on Doris Pilkington Garimara’s Follow the Rabbit-Proof Fence, which reconstructs, through firsthand testimony and archival sources, the epic nostos undertaken in 1931 by three Australian Aboriginal girls who were part of the Stolen Generations of Indigenous children forcibly removed from their families in accordance with government policy. The chapter also looks at some of the testimony included in Bringing Them Home, the 1997 Report of the National Inquiry into the Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from their Families. And it considers, with reference to Indigenous Australia, the phenomenon of ‘solastalgia’, a term devised by environmental philosopher Glenn Albrecht to convey the homesickness a person feels while remaining at home.
John Logan’s Peter and Alice (2013)
Authors: Riley Kathleen 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter investigates the particular kind of nostalgia at the heart of John Logan’s Peter and Alice, a play inspired by the brief real-life meeting in 1932 between Alice Liddell Hargreaves and Peter Llewellyn Davies (the former muses of Lewis Carroll and J. M. Barrie, respectively). It argues that the same nostalgia permeates (and generated) Peter Pan and Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland—a proleptic nostalgia, fed by uniquely human intimations of adulthood. Logan’s eponymous characters seek to isolate that moment of dawning consciousness. In doing so they demonstrate that it is our capacity to anticipate, as much as our capacity to reflect, that makes the human condition inherently nostalgic. The chapter also shows how Barrie himself traced the genesis of his autarkic and amnesiac hero to an improvised version of that founding epic of nostalgia, Homer’s Odyssey.
Afterword
Authors: Riley Kathleen 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The Afterword considers the concepts of nostos and nostalgia within the extraordinary context of the COVID-19 pandemic. It explains how, in common with Brexit, COVID-19 has put nostalgia under the microscope, but less as a disease than a remedy or, at any rate, a palliative. What was toxic in the context of Brexit is now being recommended as a nourishing psychological resource. The Afterword also addresses the seventy-fifth anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz; it draws lessons from the experiences of Holocaust survivors about the importance of imagining Ithaca and of nurturing a nostalgia grounded in hope.
Overview
Authors: Chen C. Julian 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter presents the basic designs and working principles of STM and AFM, as well as an elementary theory of tunneling and the imaging mechanism of atomic resolution. Three elementary theories of tunneling are presented: the one-dimensional Schrödinger’s equation in vacuum, the semi-classical approximation, and the Landauer formalism. The relation between the decay constant and the work function, and a general expression of tunneling conductance versus tip-sample distance are derived. A brief summary of experimental facts on the mechanism of atomic resolution STM and AFM is presented, which leads to a picture of interplay between the atomic states of the tip and the sample, as well as the role of partial covalent bonds formed between those electronic states. Four illustrative applications are presented, including imaging self-assembed molecules on solid-liquid interfaces, electrochemical STM, catalysis research, and atom manipulation.
Tunneling Matrix Elements
Authors: Chen C. Julian 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter presents systematic methods to evaluate the tunneling matrix elements in the Bardeen tunneling theory. A key problem in applying the Bardeen tunneling theory to STM is the evaluation of the tunneling matrix elements, which is a surface integral of the wavefunctions of the tip and the sample, roughly in the middle of the tunneling gap. By expanding the tip wavefunction in terms of spherical harmonics and spherical modified Bessel functions, very simple analytic expressions for the tunneling matrix elements are derived: the tunneling matrix elements are proportional to the amplitudes or the corresponding x-, y-, or z-derivatives of the sample wavefunction at the center of the tip. Two proofs are presented. The first proof is based on the Green’s function of the Schrödinger’s equation in vacuum. The second proof is based on a power-series expansion of the tip wavefunctions.
Atomic Forces
Authors: Chen C. Julian 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the physics and properties of four types of atomic forces occurring in STM and AFM: the van der Waals force, the hard core repulsion, the ionic bond, and the covalent bond. The general mathematical form of the van der Waals force between a tip and a flat sample is derived. The focus of this chapter is the covalent-bond force, which is a key in the understanding of STM and AFM. The concept of covalent bond is illustrated by the hydrogen molecular ion, the prototypical molecule used by Pauling to illustrate Heisenberg’s concept of resonance. The Herring-Landau perturbation theory of the covalent bond, an analytical incarnation of the concept of resonance, is presented in great detail. It is then applied to molecules built from many-electron atoms, to show that the perturbation theory can be applied to practical systems to produce simple analytic results for measurable physical quantities with decent accuracy.
Piezoelectric Scanner
Authors: Chen C. Julian 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the physical principle, design, and characterization of piezoelectric scanners, which is the heart of STM and AFM. The concept of piezoelectricity is introduced at the elementary level. Two major piezoelectric materials used in STM and AFM, quartz and lead zirconate titanate ceramics (PZT), are described. After a brief discussion of the tripod scanner and the bimorph, much emphasis is on the most important scanner in STM and AFM: the tube scanner. A step-by-step derivation of the deflection formula is presented. The in-situ testing and calibration method based on pure electrical measurements is described. The formulas of the resonance frequencies are also presented. To compensate the non-linear behavior of the tube scanner, an improved design, the S-scanner, is described. Finally, a step-by-step procedure to repole a depoled piezo is presented.
Implied Licences in Copyright Law
Authors: Mysoor Poorna 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Implied licences can serve as a flexible and targeted mechanism to balance competing interests, including those of copyright owners and content users, especially in today’s dynamic technological environment. However, implication as a process is contentious and there are no established principles for implying copyright licences. The resulting uncertainty has led to incoherence, diminishing the value of implied licences in judicial reasoning. This book develops a methodical and transparent way of implying copyright licences, based on three sources: the consent of the copyright owner; an established custom; and state intervention to achieve policy goals. The frameworks proposed are customised separately for implying bare and contractual licences, where relevant. The book goes on to analyse the existing case law methodically in the light of these frameworks to demonstrate how the court’s reasoning can be made transparent. Underscoring the contemporary relevance of implied licences, the book tests and validates the methodology in relation to three essential and ubiquitous functions on the internet—browsing, hyperlinking, and indexing.
Copyright Licence as a Legal Relationship
Authors: Mysoor Poorna 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter identifies what kind of legal relationship a copyright licence is. It begins by explaining what a ‘licence’ is, because the reliability of the doctrine of implied licence depends on the coherence of the concept of licence. The most widely used definition of a licence (derived from land law) as that which makes an action lawful without which the action would be unlawful reflects the universality of a licence, but it sheds little light on the constituents of a licence. The chapter therefore, turns to Hohfeldian analytics to identify the constituents of a licence that hold good regardless of the diversity of circumstances in which licences arise. The identification of the constituents of a licence helps in understanding the kind of transaction that a licence is. It helps to demonstrate that a licence is not in itself a contract, although a licence can be partly or wholly the consideration that moves from one party to another. This facilitates the distinction between a bare licence and a contractual licence. The distinction is important because a licence within a contract must be assessed as part of the bargain, and. therefore, different considerations go into implying a licence into a contract than if one were to imply a bare licence.
The Asian Development Bank
Authors: Barjot Dominique , Lanthier Pierre 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Rivalry between the United States and Japan over Asian economic growth left its mark on the ‘personality’ of the Asian Development Bank (ADB). The evolution of the ADB provides, therefore, interesting insights as regards the extent to which a principal-agent approach can be used to shed light on this regional development bank’s evolution. Usually, a principal-agent approach opposes the owner (principal) to the manager (agent). Competition observed in the ADB opposes less the principals to the agent than the principals with each other. The ADB Charter ensures regional members a majority of ‘voice’ in the Bank and that smaller members have a minimum of representation. Moreover, competition between the United States and Japan during the 1990s encouraged other member countries to counterbalance the leaders’ influence by increasing their share in voting power. China’s entry into the Bank from 1986 also contributed to diversifying the points of view among the member countries.
Municipal Prostitution and Subjectivity
Authors: Page Jamie 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores a criminal investigation into an alleged abortion in the municipal brothel of Nördlingen in 1471–2. As well as abortion, the city council was drawn into investigating a range of exploitative labour practices imposed on the women by two brothel-keepers after allegations of abuse surfaced from the women in the brothel during the initial hearings. The chapter argues that municipal prostitution created the opportunity for women to engage a subject position of common women (gemeine frawen) in dialogue with the authorities, one which enabled them to push for redress of unfair working conditions. The latter sections of the chapter focus on one woman in particular, Els von Eichstätt, alleged to have been forced to abort her child. It places Els’s own ordeal in the larger context of abuses uncovered at the trial to examine how discourses surrounding municipal prostitution shaped individual experience.
Necessity
Authors: O'Meara Chris 
Published: April 2021

AbstractChapter 2 focuses on the meaning and content of necessity. It argues for the first time that there are two different ‘types’ of necessity. In so doing, this author proposes a novel taxonomy to distinguish between them. This distinction addresses, and better explains, the two principal and distinct concerns of necessity that are reflected in state practice, International Court of Justice jurisprudence and scholarship: (a) is military force required at all in the circumstances (an issue of ‘general necessity’), and (b) if so, where must such force be directed (an issue of ‘specific necessity’)? Without general necessity, the applicability of both specific necessity and proportionality is moot. Drawing on core principles of international humanitarian law, Chapter 2 provides a clearer and more workable understanding of necessity that highlights both the weaknesses in, and opportunities for, its operation.
Comparing Global Inequality of Income and Wealth
Authors: Davies James , Shorrocks Anthony 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter is the first to compare global trends in income and wealth inequality this century. It is based on large income and wealth synthetic microdata samples designed to be representative of all countries. Measured by the Gini coefficient, inequality between countries accounts for about two-thirds of global income inequality, but noticeably less—around one half—of wealth inequality. Broadly similar results are found for different years and different inequality indices, bar the share of the top 1 per cent. Over time, changes in countries’ mean income and wealth, and in population sizes, have reduced world inequality. Income inequality has changed little within countries, so the downward trend remains intact. However, within-country wealth inequality has risen, halting the downward shift in global wealth inequality and raising the share of the top 1 per cent since 2007.
Epistemic Injustice and Epistemic Solidarity
Authors: Wiland Eric 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter contains two more arguments against pessimism about moral testimony. First, it argues that epistemic justice sometimes requires you to accept moral testimony, despite the fact that doing so seems to clash with autonomy. Both good and bad experiences teach a person what matters, and how much things matter. Those who systematically suffer have moral knowledge that others tend to lack, and whose testimony is routinely dismissed. Epistemic justice demands that we trust their moral testimony. Second, this chapter argues that prioritizing individual autonomy is in tension with another plausible claim: that epistemic solidarity is an important good. When you accept moral testimony, you and the speaker may thereby benefit from the epistemic solidarity that the two of you now stand together in, and that this epistemic solidarity is a moral good, a good you would forego by declining moral testimony on the grounds that to do so would compromise your own autonomy.
Advising Duos and Joint Agency
Authors: Wiland Eric 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This final chapter aims to show that the actions of those who trust moral advice can have moral worth. Some adviser-advisee duos are joint agents. The activity of this joint agent displays moral understanding, autonomy, and all the other goods had by individual moral agents. To show this, this chapter argues 1) that highly informal duos can exhibit joint agency, 2) that joint agents can be constituted by individuals whose contributions are highly idiosyncratic, 3) that a commander and a commandee can exhibit joint agency, 4) that an adviser and an advisee can likewise exhibit joint agency, and finally 5) that their actions can be morally evaluated and have moral worth. This chapter ends with a conclusion about the value of studying plural agency.
Salvation through War? The Ottoman Search for Sovereignty in 1914
Authors: Genell Aimee , Aksakal Mustafa 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Aimee Genell and Mustafa Aksakal show in this chapter that the Ottoman Empire had perhaps one of the most elaborate schemes to make participation in the First World War appear as a defensive war. Not only the German Empire claimed ‘self-defence’ (see Isabel V. Hull’s chapter) as a narrative of justification for waging war in 1914: On 29 October 1914, an Ottoman navy opened fire on Russian ships and port cities in the Black Sea. When the fleet returned to Istanbul/Constantinople, the government claimed that Russian forces had shot first. As this chapter shows, the Ottoman encounter and experience with international law and the Great Powers, especially Britain, France, and Russia, throughout the nineteenth century, not only made the fiction of a Russian attack in 1914 appear plausible to an Ottoman public but it also rendered an alliance with Germany the most promising long-term, post-war course of action for the empire's leaders.
The War on Terror and the Law of War: Shaping International Order in the Context of Irregular Violence
Authors: Stohl Michael 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
After 11 September 2001 it was routinely declared that 9/11 ‘changed everything’ and that what had changed was immutable. Following the synthesis on democracies’ war justifications over the last three decades presented by Anna Geis and Wolfgang Wagner, Michael Stohl focuses on US-American justifications of the ‘war on terror’: He explores how 9/11 altered the constructions of the threat of terrorism and how these constructions in turn affected arguments and justification for the use of force in the context of counter-terrorism. The creation of the ‘war on terror’ was a core component of the construction of new national security threats. This was accompanied by the securitization of counter-terrorism. Increased fear of further attacks reinforced the persistence of a Westphalian interstate system and the central role of sovereignty claims within the global governance regime. This altered the balance within most democratic national states between law enforcement approaches for domestic threats and alliance-based or unilateral armed responses for international threats. The chapter explores how this has further altered arguments for and justifications of the use of force at home and abroad.
Justification and Critique: Humanitarianism and Imperialism over Time
Authors: Chimni B.S. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In his second contribution to this volume, B.S. Chimni sketches a history of international humanitarianism. He explores its complicity with the politics of imperialism which manifests itself in its contribution to the justification of the use of force. While Arnulf Becker Lorca (ch 5) and Lauren Benton (ch 9) address this issue in specific historical contexts—the Spanish-native encounters in the sixteenth century and parts of the nineteenth-century British Empire—this chapter can be read as a step towards writing a critical global history of humanitarianism, a step crucial to constructing an idea of humanitarianism that is not internally linked to the vision of empire. The chapter begins by briefly looking at the meaning of humanitarianism as it has evolved from colonialism to the present times. Subsequently it explores the idea of writing a global history of humanitarianism that would take cognizance of the non-western critique of the notion of humanitarianism. Third, it examines the role of humanitarianism in the era of colonialism in comparison to the practice of contemporary humanitarianism in the backdrop of key features of present world order. Finally it debates how we can integrate power and principles to avoid the complicity of humanitarianism with the politics of imperialism.