bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Population Pharmacokinetics of Diethylcarbamazine in Patients with Lymphatic Filariasis and Healthy Individuals
Authors: Bala Veenu , Chhonker Yashpal S. , Alshehri Abdullah , Edi Constant , Bjerum Catherine M. , Koudou Benjamin G. , King Christopher L. , Murry Daryl J. 
Published: July 2021

Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) is a drug of choice to treat lymphatic filariasis (LF) either used alone or in combination as mass drug administration (MDA) preventive strategies. The objective of this study was to develop a population pharmacokinetics (PK) model for DEC in subjects infected with lymphatic filariasis (LF) compared to healthy individuals, and to evaluate the effect of covariates on the volume of distribution (
V
/
F
) and oral clearance (CL/
F
) of DEC. This was an open-label cohort study of treatment-naive
Wuchereria bancrofti
-infected (
n
= 32) and uninfected (
n
= 24) adults residing in the Agboville District of Côte d’Ivoire.
Central nervous system of a 310-m.y.-old horseshoe crab: Expanding the taphonomic window for nervous system preservation
Authors: Bicknell Russell D.C. , Ortega-Hernández Javier , Edgecombe Gregory D. , Gaines Robert R. , Paterson John R. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) presents unique insight into the behaviors and ecology of extant and extinct animal groups. However, neurological tissues are delicate and prone to rapid decay, and thus their occurrence as fossils is mostly confined to Cambrian Burgess Shale–type deposits and Cenozoic amber inclusions. We describe an exceptionally preserved CNS in the horseshoe crab Euproops danae from the late Carboniferous (Moscovian) Mazon Creek Konservat-Lagerstätte in Illinois, USA. The E. danae CNS demonstrates that the general prosomal synganglion organization has remained essentially unchanged in horseshoe crabs for &gt;300 m.y., despite substantial morphological and ecological diversification in that time. Furthermore, it reveals that the euarthropod CNS can be preserved by molding in siderite and suggests that further examples may be present in the Mazon Creek fauna. This discovery fills a significant temporal gap in the fossil record of euarthropod CNSs and expands the taphonomic scope for preservation of detailed paleoneuroanatomical data in the Paleozoic to siderite concretion Lagerstätten of marginal marine deposits.
Healthcare utilisation, cancer screening and potential barriers to accessing cancer care in rural South West Nigeria: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Sharma Avinash , Alatise Olusegun Isaac , O'Connell Kelli , Ogunleye Samson Gbenga , Aderounmu Adewale Abdulwasiu , Samson Marquerite L , Wuraola Funmilola , Olasehinde Olalekan , Kingham T Peter , Du Mengmeng 
Published: July 2021

Background/aimsCancer burden is predicted to double by 2030 in sub-Saharan Africa; access to healthcare services for cancer management is a priority in the region. In Nigeria, National Cancer Control Plan aims to ensure >50% cancer screening of eligible populations by 2022 for all Nigerians. We describe healthcare utilisation, cancer screening activities and potential barriers to accessing cancer care within an understudied rural community-based adult population in South West Nigeria.MethodsIn April 2018, we conducted a cross-sectional study of community-based adults (>18 years) ~130 km east of Ibadan, 250 km from Lagos in Osun State, South West Nigeria. Participants completed a face-to-face survey in local dialect. We used a questionnaire to assess demographics, health status, income, medical expenditures, doctor visits and cancer screening history.ResultsWe enrolled 346 individuals: with median age of 52 years and 75% women. Of the entire cohort, 4% had medical insurance. 46% reported a major medical cost in the last year. Cancer screening activities were infrequent in eligible participants: 1.5% reported having had cervical cancer screening, 3.3% mammogram and 5% colonoscopy screening. Cancer screening assessment was less frequent in those with less income and lower education levels. Using a multivariable logistic regression model including personal income, insurance status and education, higher personal income was associated with more cancer screening activity (OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.3 to 5.7, p<0.01). Despite this, most individuals had contact with a primary healthcare doctor (52% in the last year), and over 70% access to radio and TV suggesting the opportunity to expand community-based screening interventions and awareness exists.ConclusionsDespite national increases in cancer cases, we highlight a deficiency in cancer screening and universal healthcare coverage within a community-based adult Nigerian population. Subject to availability of governmental resources, increasing financial risk protection, awareness and targeted resource allocation may help expand access in Nigeria.
Adolescent mental health difficulties and educational attainment: findings from the UK household longitudinal study
Authors: Smith Neil R , Marshall Lydia , Albakri Muslihah , Smuk Melanie , Hagell Ann , Stansfeld Stephen 
Published: July 2021

ObjectiveThis study examines whether there is an independent association between mental difficulties in adolescence and educational attainment at age 16.DesignLongitudinal study.SettingNationally representative data from the UK Household Longitudinal Study (UKHLS) were linked to the National Pupil Database for England.ParticipantsRespondents (N=1100) to the UKHLS between 2009 and 2012 were linked to the National Pupil Database to investigate longitudinal associations between mental difficulties at ages 11–14 and educational attainment at age 16 (General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE)).Primary outcome measureNot gaining five or more GCSE qualifications at age 16, including English and maths at grade A*–C.ResultsAn atypical total mental health difficulty score measured using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire at ages 11–14 predicted low levels of educational attainment at age 16 (OR: 3.11 (95% CI: (2.11 to 4.57)). Controlling for prior attainment and family sociodemographic factors, happiness with school (/work) and parental health, school engagement and relationship with the child partially attenuated the association, which was significant in the fully adjusted model (2.05, 95% CI (1.15 to 3.68)). The association was maintained in the fully adjusted model for males only (OR: 2.77 (95% CI (1.24 to 6.16)) but not for females. Hyperactivity disorder strongly predicted lower attainment for males (OR: 2.17 (95% CI: (1.11 to 4.23)) and females (OR: 2.85 (95% CI (1.30 to 6.23)).ConclusionMental difficulties at ages 11–14 were independently linked to educational success at age 16, highlighting an important pathway through which health in adolescence can determine young people’s life chances.
Development of a healthcare system COVID Hotspotting Score in California: an observational study with prospective validation
Authors: Liu Vincent X , Thai Khanh K , Galin Jessica , Gerstley Lawrence David , Myers Laura C , Parodi Stephen M , Chen Yi-Fen Irene , Goler Nancy , Escobar Gabriel J , Kipnis Patricia 
Published: July 2021

ObjectiveTo examine the value of health systems data as indicators of emerging COVID-19 activity.DesignObservational study of health system indicators for the COVID Hotspotting Score (CHOTS) with prospective validation.Setting and participantsAn integrated healthcare delivery system in Northern California including 21 hospitals and 4.5 million members.Main outcome measuresThe CHOTS incorporated 10 variables including four major (cough/cold calls, emails, new positive COVID-19 tests, COVID-19 hospital census) and six minor (COVID-19 calls, respiratory infection and COVID-19 routine and urgent visits, and respiratory viral testing) indicators assessed with change point detection and slope metrics. We quantified cross-correlations lagged by 7–42 days between CHOTS and standardised COVID-19 hospital census using observational data from 1 April to 31 May 2020 and two waves of prospective data through 21 March 2021.ResultsThrough 30 September 2020, peak cross-correlation between CHOTS and COVID-19 hospital census occurred with a 28-day lag at 0.78; at 42 days, the correlation was 0.69. Lagged correlation between medical centre CHOTS and their COVID-19 census was highest at 42 days for one facility (0.63), at 35 days for nine facilities (0.52–0.73), at 28 days for eight facilities (0.28–0.74) and at 14 days for two facilities (0.73–0.78). The strongest correlation for individual indicators was 0.94 (COVID-19 census) and 0.90 (new positive COVID-19 tests) lagged 1–14 days and 0.83 for COVID-19 calls and urgent clinic visits lagged 14–28 days. Cross-correlation was similar (0.73) with a 35-day lag using prospective validation from 1 October 2020 to 21 March 2021.ConclusionsPassively collected health system indicators were strongly correlated with forthcoming COVID-19 hospital census up to 6 weeks before three successive COVID-19 waves. These tools could inform communities, health systems and public health officials to identify, prepare for and mitigate emerging COVID-19 activity.
Play interventions for paediatric patients in hospital: a scoping review
Authors: Gjærde Line Klingen , Hybschmann Jane , Dybdal Daniel , Topperzer Martha Krogh , Schrøder Morten Arnborg , Gibson Jenny Louise , Ramchandani Paul , Ginsberg Elisabeth Ida , Ottesen Bent , Frandsen Thomas Leth , Sørensen Jette Led 
Published: July 2021

ObjectivePlay is a non-invasive, safe and inexpensive intervention that can help paediatric patients and their families manage difficult aspects of being ill or hospitalised. Although play has existed in hospitals for decades, research on hospital play interventions is scarce. This review aimed to categorise and synthesise the last 20 years of research on hospital play interventions.DesignScoping review.Data sourcesPubMed, CINAHL, CENTRAL, ERIC and PsycINFO (1 January 2000– 9 September 2020).Study selection and data extractionWe systematically searched for original peer-reviewed articles, written in English, on hospital play interventions in paediatric patients (0–18 years) in non-psychiatric settings. Two reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts, reviewed full text of relevant articles and extracted data. We thematically synthesised the data from the included studies, and a descriptive analysis, based on a developed framework, is presented.ResultsOf the 297 included articles, 78% came from high-income countries and 56% were published within the last 5 years. Play interventions were carried out across all ages by various healthcare professionals. Play interventions served different roles within four clinical contexts: A) procedures and diagnostic tests, B) patient education, C) treatment and recovery and D) adaptation. Across these contexts, play interventions were generally facilitated and purpose-oriented and had positive reported effects on pain, stress, and anxiety.ConclusionsPlay in hospitals is an emerging interdisciplinary research area with a significant potential benefit for child and family health. Future research should further describe principles for play in hospitals. High-quality studies investigating short-term and long-term effects are needed to guide when and how to best integrate play in hospitals.
Structures of paediatric pain management: a PERUKI service evaluation study
Authors: Durnin Sheena , Barrett Michael J , Lyttle Mark D , Hartshorn Stuart 
Published: July 2021

BackgroundPain is very common in childhood emergency department (ED) attendances, but is under-recognised and undertreated. Sequential national paediatric analgesia audits demonstrate suboptimal outcomes in several domains. The Donabedian framework examines the structures, processes and outcomes to evaluate quality of care. To date there has been no network-level exploration of structures supporting analgesic practices or attempts to address failure to attain national standards.ObjectiveTo benchmark current variation in assessment and management of childhood pain at network level.MethodsOnline survey distributed between December 2016 and January 2017 exploring health system structures including pain score tools, pain assessment/protocols, training, practice guidelines and analgesic agent usage. We explored structures, processes and outcomes to identify interventions, and their potential effectiveness and feasibility.ResultsIn total 95% (38/40 sites) responded, including 25 tertiary (66%) and 13 secondary hospitals (34%), with a total annual paediatric ED census of 1 225 000 (range 11 500–65 000). Availability of analgesics varied included topical wound anaesthesia in 29/38 sites (76%), oral diclofenac sodium in 22/38 sites (58%) and tramadol in 16/38 sites (42%). Pain assessment was mandatory in initial assessment in 34/38 sites (89%), and 18/38 sites had a policy on frequency of pain assessment (47%). Local guidance aligned with national guidance in 21/38 sites (55%). There was no staff training at induction/orientation in 14/38 sites (37%) and no mandatory competencies in pain management in 23/38 sites (61%). Play specialist services were available in 21/38 sites (55%).ConclusionDespite national guidance and recommendations from multiple audits, there are substantial variations in structures relating to pain assessment and management across sites. The lack of uniformity is a likely root cause for the persistent suboptimal practices identified by serial national audits. A whole system and person-centred approach to improving pain outcomes by utilising effective interventions seeks to improve paediatric pain outcomes.
Impact of COVID-19 on the lives of vulnerable young people in New Delhi, India: a mixed method study
Authors: Napier-Raman Sharanya , Rattani Ananya , Qaiyum Yawar , Bose Vijayluxmi , Seth Rajeev , Raman Shanti 
Published: July 2021

BackgroundIndia is home to the largest child population in the world. India also has faced a devastating burden of COVID-19 infections. During the first wave of COVID-19, the Indian government’s lockdown measures brought loss of livelihoods for millions. We aimed to explore the social, psychological and health impacts of the government’s pandemic measures on children and young people (CYP), and their families.MethodsBal Umang Drishya Sanstha (BUDS) is a non-profit organisation providing child health and welfare services to marginalised urban slum communities in New Delhi, India. As part of formative evaluation of BUDS’s COVID-19 pandemic relief efforts, the team conducted a rapid survey of 60 children (10–17 years) and 62 young adults (18–25 years) who were beneficiaries of the relief programme. The team also undertook semi-structured interviews with nine young women attending BUDS’s second-chance education programme.ResultsAlmost all respondents had some understanding of COVID-19 (54 children (90%) and 53 young adults (85%)) and the reasons for public health measures (59 children (98%) and 56 young adults (90%)). Over 80% of girls and 60% of boys experienced financial strains and food shortages. Gender discrepancies were particularly evident in areas of family stress, with girls and young women disproportionately experiencing distress and family violence. Girls were more likely to be fearful of contracting the disease, while boys were more concerned about getting back to school. In-depth interviews with young women revealed that government ration schemes were insufficient to support vulnerable families; there were interesting cultural understandings of and responses to the pandemic. Young women reported high rates of anxiety and distress.ConclusionsThe lockdown had a multitude of adverse social, health and psychosocial effects on marginalised CYP, disproportionately affecting girls and young women. A tailored response based on equity and child rights is urgently required to address concerns voiced by CYP.
Peripheral neuropathy in systemic lupus erythematosus: what can neuromuscular ultrasonography (NMUS) tell us? A cross-sectional study
Authors: Mahran Safaa A , Galluccio Felice , Khedr Tayseer Mohamed , Elsonbaty Amira , Allam Abdallah El-Sayed , Garcia Martos Alvaro , Osman Doaa M M , Matucci-Cerinic Marco , Guiducci Serena , Galal Marwa A A 
Published: July 2021

ObjectiveTo evaluate peripheral nerve involvement in patients with SLE with neuromuscular ultrasonography (NMUS) and understand its role in investigating SLE-related peripheral neuropathy.MethodsThis is an observational cross-sectional study on patients with SLE and healthy controls. Five nerves in each patient were examined bilaterally with NMUS, and the cross-sectional area (CSA) of each nerve at certain sites was estimated. The mean CSA at each site, for each nerve, in each group was statistically analysed and compared between groups.Results370 nerves were evaluated in 37 patients. By nerve conduction study (NCS), 36 patients had polyneuropathy (80.6% mixed type, 19.4% sensory). Significant mean CSA enlargement was present among the ulnar nerve at the Guyon’s canal and mid-humerus (both p=0.001); tibial nerve at the distal leg and proximal to the tarsal tunnel (p=0.003 and p=0.001, respectively); and peroneal nerve at the popliteal fossa (p=0.042). The mean CSA showed high specificity compared with NCS.ConclusionOur study shows that CSA could be a complementary tool to NCS for studying peripheral neuropathy in SLE. Furthermore, NMUS provides data on the different pathophysiological aspects of nerve involvement in SLE. Future studies using more than one sonographic parameter in combination with NCS and nerve histopathology are recommended to further investigate SLE-related neuropathy.Trial registration numberNCT04527172.
A fundação da Universidade de Toulouse: as relações entre o papado e as forças locais toulouseanas no século XIII (1209 – 1229)
Authors: Moreira Cassia Luana de Freitas 
Published: July 2021

Esse artigo objetiva esclarecer a performasse de forças e interesses que culminou na formação da Universidade de Toulouse, no sul da Frances, entre os anos de 1209 a 1229 período em que se deu a Cruzada Albigense. haja vista o contexto instável em que se deu tal formação, qualificado por conflagrações políticas entre os agentes do Papado, a monarquia Francesa e as forças locais da região do Languedoc. A metodologia utilizada pauta-se na análise do discurso Foucaultiana, destacando a contribuição de Foucault (1970) no que diz respeito à articulação no discurso entre saber e poder, somando a percepção do autor em como se provoca resultados repressivos, mas sim constituidores de verdade. Esta pesquisa aponta que o condado de Toulouse é marcado por conflitos internos e externos, que foi intensificado após a enorme adesão daquela região, incluindo a nobreza, a heresia Cátara, conflito este que alcançou seu nível mais alto na cruzada realizada para erradica a heresia, o fim do conflito armado se dá graças a assinatura do tratado de Paris de 1229, onde a Universidade aparece como uma das cláusulas que condiciona a capitulação daquele conflito. Constatasse que a Universidade foi fundada estrategicamente em Toulouse como parte de uma política anti-herética coordenada pelo papado no Languedoc, visto que há evidencias que mesmo após o termino da cruzada ainda existiam casos de heresia naquela região, a Universidade servirá de base ortodoxia sob a tutela do Papa.
On the rediscovery of a rare root parasite Gleadovia ruborum Gamble & Prain (Orobanchaceae) from Uttarakhand, western Himalaya, India
Authors: Kumar Amit , Page Navendu , Adhikari Bhupendra S. , Nair Manoj V. , Rawat Gopal S. 
Published: July 2021

Gleadovia ruborum Gamble & Prain (Orobanchaceae), a rare root parasite is recorded after a gap of 57 years from a new locality in Uttarakhand, western Himalaya. A total of four individuals were located in a shady moist forest of Abies pindrow-Quercus floribunda at Surkanda hill near Mussoorie. All the individual plants were growing on the roots of Rubus pedunculosus D. Don. The current communication provides an updated description, habitat characteristics and host species of Gleadovia ruborum.
FIP1L1-PDGFRA-Associated Hypereosinophilic Syndrome as a Treatable Cause of Watershed Infarction
Authors: Tennenbaum Juliette , Groh Matthieu , Venditti Laura , Campos-Gazeau France , Chalayer Emilie , De Broucker Thomas , Hamidou Mohamed , Hunault Mathilde , Lyoubi Aicha , Meunier Raphaëlle , Muron Thierry , Sène Damien , Slama Borhane , Guidoux Céline , Lefèvre Guillaume , Kahn Jean-Emmanuel , Denier Christian , Rohmer Julien 
Published: July 2021

Background and Purpose:

Ischemic stroke has been reported in various conditions associated with eosinophilia.
FIP1L1-PDGFRA
fusion ([Fip1-like 1-platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha];
F/P
) leads to the proliferation of the eosinophilic lineage and thus to a clonal hypereosinophilic syndrome that is highly responsive to imatinib.

Methods:

We previously reported on a nationwide retrospective study of 151 patients with
F/P
-associated clonal hypereosinophilic syndrome. Patients from this cohort with a clinical history of ischemic stroke (as well as 2 additional cases) were further analyzed to better define their clinical picture and outcomes.

Results:
Sixteen male patients (median age, 51 [43–59] years) with low-to-intermediate cardiovascular risk were included. Median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale was 4 (range, 1–6). Most cerebral imaging disclosed multiple bilateral infarctions of watershed distribution (69%). Despite frequent cardiac involvement (50%), cardiac thrombus was evidenced in a single patient and, according to the TOAST classification (Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment), 62.5% of strokes were presumably of undetermined etiology. Among the 15 patients treated with imatinib, and after a median follow-up of 4.5 years, stroke recurred in only 3 patients (consisting of either cardio embolic or hemorrhagic events, unrelated to the first episode).

Conclusions:

F/P
+ clonal hypereosinophilic syndrome is a diagnosis to consider in patients with unexplained ischemic stroke and hypereosinophilia (especially in the setting of multiple cortical borderzone distribution) and warrants prompt initiation of imatinib.
Usefulness of oxidative stress marker evaluation at admission to the intensive care unit in patients with COVID-19
Authors: Daskaya Hayrettin , Yilmaz Sinan , Uysal Harun , Calim Muhittin , Sümbül Bilge , Yurtsever Ismail , Karaaslan Kazım 
Published: July 2021

Objective Two critical processes in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic involve assessing patients’ intensive care needs and predicting disease progression during patients’ intensive care unit (ICU) stay. We aimed to evaluate oxidative stress marker status at ICU admission and ICU discharge status in patients with COVID-19. Methods We included patients in a tertiary referral center ICU during June–December 2020. Scores of Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II), Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA), and clinical severity, radiologic scores, and healthy discharge status were noted. We collected peripheral blood samples at ICU admission to evaluate total antioxidants, total oxidants, catalase, and myeloperoxidase levels. Results Thirty-one (24 male, 7 female) patients were included. At ICU admission, patients’ mean APACHE II score at ICU admission was 17.61 ± 8.9; the mean SOFA score was 6.29 ± 3.16. There was no significant relationship between clinical severity and oxidative stress (OS) markers nor between radiological imaging and COVID-19 data classification and OS levels. Differences in OS levels between patients with healthy and exitus discharge status were not significant. Conclusions We found no significant relationship between oxidative stress marker status in patients with COVID-19 at ICU admission and patients’ ICU discharge status.