bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation and Investigation Physical Properties of Functionally Graded Materials of Aluminum-Nickel Alloys
Authors: Hussein Massoud Aziz , Al-Shafaie Saad Hameed , Radhi Nabaa S. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Materials that are functionally graded and have a layered structure made of nickel and aluminum were fabricated by powder metallurgy procedure. Al/Ni FGM consist of five layers. The functionally graded material sample starts with pure aluminum and ends with pure nickel. the graded layers were (25 Ni-75Al) %, (50 Ni-50 Al) % and (75 Ni-25Al) %. Samples were sintered at a temperature 600° C. Apparent density, green density, porosity, and shrinkage of each layer were measured.
Analysis of Thermal Effect in Thin Disk Laser: A Review
Authors: Shibib K.S. , Abdulrazzaqand M.J. , Bader J. K. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Since its first invitation in 1993, solid-state diode end-pumped thin-disk laser attracts much attention due to its significant improvements in the solid-state laser system. It had many advantages; it has high optical and electrical efficiency, high produced peak power, a simple cooling system, and high beam quality more than the usual solid-state diode laser system. The thin-disk laser (TDL) permits an effective pulse mode, which permits a new type of very short-pulsed laser system that could be used in the industry. Due to the influence of the many factors such as effective cooling system, the type of pumping, and the used thin crystal, a one-dimensional heat flow through thin-disk laser could be achieved which permits excellent enhancement in the beam quality. Finally, in this work, a review is made to the works devoted to discussing the basic principle and the solutions used to analyze the thermal effect in the thin disk laser.
Thermo Elastic Properties of Nano-TiO2 Under High Pressure Using Different Equations of State
Authors: Ghazal Abdulwahab Ibrahim , Al-sheikh Adnan Mohammed 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In this paper, different EOSs (Birch-Murnaghan, modified Lennard-Jones, Singh and Kao, Tait) are used to study the effect of high pressure on thermo-elastic properties of nano TiO2 (Nano titanium dioxide). The results of V/Vo variation calculations under high pressure, using all the four EOSs, showed excellent agreement with the experimental data. This gives a conclusion that the EOSs used in the calculations of bulk materials, (Birch-Murnaghan, modified Lennard-Jones, Tait), can be used to perform the calculation for nanomaterials. The results obtained using these equations showed a complete agreement between them, on the one hand, and with the experimental data, on the other hand, when calculating the change of V/VO under high pressure. While the results obtained by S-K EOS differed from the results of the rest of the EOSs when calculating the change of, isothermal bulk modulus and thermal expansion coefficient, for Nano TiO2 under high pressure. This deviation may be attributed to considering B’O a constant value (B’O = 4) across all the derivation of S-K EOS.
Finding Roots of Nonlinear Equation for Optoelectronic Device
Authors: Rasheed Mohammed , Shihab Suha , Alabdali Osama , Rashid Ahmed , Rashid Taha 
Published: September 2021

AbstractNew three iterative methods in order to solve non-linear problems for PV cell equations with various data of R (load resistance) have been investigated. A series of hybrid algorithms Newton’s, Predictor-Corrector Type (A1), Predictor-Corrector Type (A2) and Dekker’s are implemented to obtain approximate solutions for non-linear functions. The purpose of the present paper is to analysis on numerical comparison between the standard Newton’s algorithm with A1, A2 and DM algorithms. It is evidenced that these methods have nearly eight computations while; the proposed method has six computations per iteration. The Numerical and illustrative results reveal that the new suggested technique (DM) is more accurate, least iterations for convergence than other numerical methods and a computational Matlab 18a is used for this paper.
On the Solution of Nonlinear Equation for Photovoltaic Cell Using New Iterative Algorithms
Authors: Rasheed Mohammed , Alabdali Osama , Shihab Suha , Rashid Ahmed , Rashid Taha 
Published: September 2021

AbstractRoot finding is a basic example that still remnant an interest to several researchers. Several hybrid experiments are developed to obtain approximate solutions for nonlinear equations. Thus, this paper presents an analysis on numerical comparison between common method and the other methods. An evaluation iterative method MATLAB is utilized for this paper. Numerical and interpretative results prove that Dekker’s Formula is acceptably efficient, accurate, and easy to use compared with other iterative methods.
Sensor and Regional Gradient Detectability of Distributed Systems
Authors: Al-Saphory Raheam A. , Al-Jawari Naseif J. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In this paper the Regional Gradient Detectability ( R G – Detectability) based on Sensors and Actuators Structures (SAS). So, we reflect a class of Distributed Parameter Systems (DPSs) in Sobolev Space (SS) such that the dynamics of the system is ruled by Strongly Continuous SemiGroup (SCSS). More accurately, we discover numerous outcomes connected with diverse types of structures with a view to accomplish that Regional Gradient Observability ( R G – Observabilityty) notion. Therefore, we establish that, the existence of Gradient Detectable System (GD – System) is not realized in general case, but it perhaps Regionally Gradient Detectable System (RG – Detctable System).
Use of a modified Markov models for parallel reliability systems that are subject to maintenance
Authors: Ameer issa Laith Abd Al , Haddi Hassan Zahir Abdul 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we shall describe the reliability function R(t) as probability that the system will not malfunction within a given interval of execution times for maintained systems. Although, we shall be concerned with developing the reliability functions and predicted time to equipment breakdown (MTTF), Time between failures on average (MTBF) and the overall repair time (MTTR) from concepts of Markov model and some of transformations of Laplace to obtain the reliability and availability.
Oscillatory Flow and Variable Viscosity by the Heat for the Prandtl -Eyring Fluid through Porous Channel
Authors: Al-Khafajy Dheia G. Salih , Al-Kaabi Wedyan A.Muhi 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This paper looked into the effect of heat transfer on the magnetohydrodynamics oscillatory flow of Prandtl-Eyring Fluid through a porous channel. The perturbation procedure is used to obtain accurate forms for velocity profiles. and discuss the solutions for two types of flow “Couette flow and Poiseuille flow” of this problem. The results are presented by graphs. The first section in your paper.
On semi θ-‘ axioms
Authors: Alkazragy Ali. , Mayah Faik. , Al-Hachami Ali Kalaf. H. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to introduce some new separation axioms based on the idea of defining new kinds of open sets, namely semi-θ-open sets. We study there basic properties and also the implications of these new separation axioms among themselves and with the known axioms T2,T1
and T0
are obtained.
QOTRU: A New Design of NTRU Public Key Encryption Via Qu-Octonion Subalgebra
Authors: Abo-Alsood H.H. , Yassein H. R. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
NTRU is an open-source public key cryptosystem that encrypts and decrypts data using lattice-based cryptography. It is more resistant to attacks than other common public-key cryptosystems, and its performance has been demonstrated to be significantly higher. Any cryptosystem that uses non-commutative computations in its encryption and decryption processes becomes a highly lattice attack-resistant system as a result of Shamir’s conclusion. This paper presents a new multidimensional public-key cryptosystem which is a non-commutative variant of the NTRU called QOTRU. It operates in the subalgebra of octonion algebra called Qu-octonion subalgebra with a new mathematical structure of two public keys and five private keys. This new structure has enhanced the public key system to be more secure and complex.
Doubly Truncated Exponentiated Inverted Gamma Distribution
Authors: Abid Salah H. , Kadhim Fadhl J. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Based on the ongoing actual need for probability distributions that are more elastic than that already in place, we present here the doubly truncated Exponentiated Inverted Gamma distribution (DTEIGD). The rth raw moments function form derives for new density. Stress-strength reliability, Shannon and relative entropies have also been discussed.
A New Type of Step Sizes for Unconstrained Optimization
Authors: Hassan Basim A. , Younis Maha S. , Taha Mohammed W. , Ibrahim Abdulkarim Hassan 
Published: September 2021

AbstractStep sizes is very important for a global convergence gradient method for solving the problems of unconstrained optimization. The new step sizes formulas techniques proposed, the key idea used in the construction of the algorithm is to approximate Hessian by a suitable diagonal matrix, which has been found to be the most efficient in this paper. Under weaker conditions, we define the convergences of the proposed methods. In addition, we will show that performance of proposed algorithm is better than of the gradient descent (GD) method.
Influence of Heat Transfer on Magnetohydrodynamics Oscillatory Flow for Bingham Fluid with Variable Viscosity Through a Porous channel
Authors: Al-Khafajy Dheia G. Salih , Mohammed Safaa N. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis paper aims to study a mathematical model explaining the impacts influence of heat transfer on magnetohydrodynamics oscillatory flow for Bingham Fluid with variable viscosity through a porous channel. The governing equations are solved numerically by developing a suitable finite difference scheme. As an application of the theory in the field of magneto. We used the perturbation method to obtain a clear formula for fluid motion. The results obtained are illustrated by graphs after we reached the momentum equation solution, and used the MATHEMATICA program for plot the velocity and temperature of the fluid for two types of flow (Poiseuille and Couette).
Increase the Reliability of Critical Units by Using Redundant Technologies
Authors: Abbas Sameer Abd Karim , Haddi Hassan Zahir Abdul 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn this article, we will look at the importance of each unit in a mixed system and attempt to estimate the impact of their effect on the system’s overall performance depending on their importance. We will also demonstrate how to use an addition technique to enhance the efficiency of the units that have a greater impact on the system’s overall performance than others.
A Numerical Study for Solving Mathematical Fuzzy Population Model
Authors: Mechee Mohammed S. , Mahdi Ahlam A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Population models are used to determine maximum harvest for agriculturists and to understand the dynamics of biological invasions and for environmental conservation. Also, population models are used to understand the spread of parasites, viruses and disease. However, the mathematical model of population can be used to make future prediction of the growth of population. In this paper, numerical study for solving mathematical fuzzy population model has been introduced. The development of direct explicit numerical integrators of RK-type to be consistent with solving fuzzy ordinary differential equations. The computational efficiency of the numerical method has been developed. The advantage and the efficiency of the proposed method have been shown clearly using the numerical results which are agree well with analytical solutions due to the proposed method is more efficient and accurate method.
α-PSB update method
Authors: Mahmood Saad Shakir , Ibraheem Haider Aliwe 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In this work, we propose modification for PSB update with a new extended Quasi – Newton condition for unconstrained optimization problem, so it’s called (α – PSB) method. PSB update kind of rank two update, which solve the unconstrained optimization problem, but this update can’t guarantee the positive definite property of Hessian matrix. In this work, the guarantee of positive definite property for the Hessian matrix be confirmed by updating the vector sk, which represent the difference between the next gradient and the current gradient of the objective function which assume to be continuous twice and differentiable. Then we proved the existentialism of this update. Numerical results are reported where the comparison between the proposed method and the PSB update method under standard problems.
A Novel Encryption System Based on PGP Using Elliptic Curve Cryptosystem and Bézier Curve for Secure Information Exchange
Authors: Ghadi Dua Mohammed 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis paper presents an approach to generating a secure ciphertext. Quadratic Bézier curve equation has been used in this paper to add more secure and complexity to elliptic curve cryptosystem. Proposed method using quadratic Bézier curve with ElGamal elliptic curve cryptosystem (ElGamal ECC). The idea of proposed method is encrypt the key that has been generated by public key in ElGamal elliptic curve cryptosystem by using quadratic Bézier curve equation based on PGP behavior. The proposed method have been more efficiency and complex. This method have been compared with different keys size to computing the randomness tests National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and running time for the encryption and decryption process.
Digital Watermark Technique: A Review
Authors: makhrib Zainab F. , karim Abdulamir A. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractMultimedia security is extremely significant concern for the internet technology because of the ease of the duplication, distribution and manipulation of the multimedia data. The digital watermarking is a field of information hiding which hide the crucial information in the original data for protection the illegal duplication and distribution of multimedia data. This paper presents a survey on the existing digital image watermarking techniques. In the digital watermarking the secret information are implanted into the original data for protecting the ownership rights of the multimedia data. The image watermarking techniques may divide on the basis of domain like spatial domain or transform domain. The while spatial domain techniques directly work on the pixels and the frequency domain works on the transform coefficients of the image. This survey elaborates the most important methods of spatial domain and transform domain and focuses on the merits and demerits of these techniques.
Experimental Investigation of gamma-ray shielding capability of clay used as building materials in Thi Qar Province
Authors: Abdul Alaa T. , Rashid Jabbar M. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Clay is one of the oldest building materials known to man uses in construction. This material has many important potentials and features, and the methods of using this material in construction in the past and present varied greatly, responding to environmental determinants; Such as the climate, the quality of the soil, and the available materials on the one hand. The aim of the present study is to test the ability of this material to attenuate gamma-ray radiation. Gamma ray attenuation coefficients such as linear and mass attenuation half value layer, tenth value layer, and mean free path for deferent thickness slabs of clay was measured using 3”×3” NaI(Tl) gamma spectroscopy system at energy 662 KeV, 1173 KeV, and 1332 KeV. The measured values of the attenuation parameters showed good agreement with the theoretical calculations. The elemental compositions of the clay slabs analyzed by using an EDXRF spectrometer. The obtained results appear that the clay is a suitable alternative for radiation protection and achieve a safe level of radiation exposure for photons that have moderate energy.
A New Neuron Ion Channel Model Under Time Varying Input Currents
Authors: Khudhur Ahmed Mahmood , Shano Ahmed M , Abbas Abdul Salam Hassan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In recent years, it has been argued and shown experimentally that ion channel noise in neurons can cause fundamental effects on the neuron’s dynamical behavior. Most profoundly, ion channel noise was seen to be able to cause spontaneous firing and stochastic resonance. However, Hodgkin-Huxley model affected when inserting some colored noise terms inside the conductance’s, where those effects captured by colored noise due to the gate multiplicity. This paper presents a new ion channel model under time varying periodic input currents. It firstly introduced the effect of without, with (colored noise), on the proposed model and the comparison of ion channel based on HH, Fox- Lu, and Linaro models. Additionally, in order to overcome the limitations of other parameter estimation methods, the proposed method fully constraints their models and obtains all models capabilities of reproducing the data. Finally, the relationship between the sequence of colored noise and the spike frequency are simulated efficiently each gate compared with microscopic simulations of the stochastic Markov process method. The simulation results revealed that above a critical value of the input frequency and also below a certain amplitude value, the colored terms play a very prominent role on the firing statistics. In addition, the spiking rate generated from the proposed model very close to microscopic simulations and doesn’t effect by the membrane size.
The Effect of Different Thickness on The Optical and Electrical Properties of TiO2 Thin Films
Authors: Abdullah Muhaj T. , Raoof Lamyaa M. , Hasan Mazin H. , Abd Ahmed N. , Mohammed Ibraheem M. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In the recent years TiO2 films are extensively studied because of their interesting chemical, optical and electrical properties. In the researcher work, TiO2 thin films have received great attention, because of having excellent photocatalytic and antibacterial properties when exposed to UV light (320 – 400 nm). TiO2 films spectra have maximum transmission at (900 nm) and exhibit high visible transmittance, up to 78 %, for 150 nm, which decreased slightly to 61.4 % for 450 nm. When wavelength decreases the absorptance will increase. The absorption coefficient is increasing with thickness decreasing (the probability of occurrence direct transition). From the light scattering effect for its high surface roughness the formation stage of anatase was appear with increase in grain size and density of layers. The refractive index increases with thickness increasing, and then the enhancement of growth crystalline. It have found a wide range of applications in various fields like photocatalysis, antibacterial and protective coatings, antireflecting coatings, etc.
Lightness Enhancement by Fuzzy Logic Depending on Power Membership Function
Authors: Jawad Murtadha k. , Daway Hazim G. , Mohamad Haidar J. , Daway Esraa G. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Lightness problem considered one of the challenging fields in the image enhancement category. The power membership function based on a fuzzy logic algorithm is developed within this paper to enhance lightness in the color images. The suggested algorithm depends on nonlinear power function to enhance image contrast. The suggested algorithm compared with other algorithms such as fuzzy logic (square method), fuzzy logic (cubic method), Histogram Equalization and Multi-Scale Retinex. Different criteria used to evaluate the performance of the presented algorithm like Mean Square Error in the Saturation (MSES), Mean Square Error in the Hue (MSEH), nature image quality Evaluator and entropy. The evaluated methods show that the suggested algorithm improved the lightness and contrast batter than the other methods.
Optical Fiber Communication Affected by Magnetic Field of a Straight Conductor
Authors: Khudhair Muntadher J. , Mohammed Khalid Ghalib , Mohammed Firas S. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This paper deals with the effect of magnetic field of a straight Conductor on data transmission in optical fiber communication systems. A proposed method utilized to measure the stability of system performance. The experimental and simulation results demonstrated that the system instability increases effectively under the effect of external Magnetic Field. The experimental results show linear dependence of the output power fluctuation with the low magnetic field. Furthermore, for higher magnetic field values the maximum probability values of the output power close to110%. Moreover, high values of Q-factor (≥ 6) indicate a lower rate of received signal loss and the effect of the external magnetic field can be neglected in common applications.
Fabrication and Characterization of Gold Nanoparticles by Electrolysis Technique for schottky photodiode applications
Authors: Abd Ahmed N. , Jabbar Mushtak A. , Hassoni Majid H. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In this research gold nano-particles (AuNPs) was synthesized by electrolysis Technique. Au thin films were deposited on the silicon and the borosilicate glass at a Temperature (80 °C) by dropcasting method. Structural, optical and topographic properties of prepared Au NPs was estimated by UV-VIS spectrometer, TEM, AFM, and XRD diffraction. The open circuit Voltage (Voc=2.8 mV) and Short-circuit density (Isc=5mA). This resultant relive that the fill factor (F.F) and conversation efficiency (η), were 32% and 9.3% respectively.
Secure Electronic Voting System using Swarm Intelligence
Authors: Rasheed Manar Muwafaq 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
One of the important systems for society today is the electronic voting system. All the people around the world are looking for transparency and integrity, and they afraid of voting fraud. Electronic voting system is looking for confirming the true identity of a person. Fingerprint identification may be preferred over traditional methods (e.g. passwords, smart-cards) because its information is virtually impossible to steal. This paper introduces secure election system depending on swarm intelligence techniques, especially PSO and firefly algorithms. The proposed system is successful within 500 iterations for PSO to find best features for fingerprint. Best steganographic positions are found by firefly algorithm. PSO has been reduced the time for features extraction of one fingerprint from (1.1 sec) to (0.36 sec). Firefly algorithm has been raised the PSNR of the stegocovers up to (66.246-69.447)dB. The percentage matching of all bands at receiver side is 100%.
Classification of Imbalanced leukocytes Dataset using ANN-based Deep Learning
Authors: Alkrimi Jameela Ali , Hasin Rajaa Salih Mohammed , Naji Ali Zaki , George Loay E. , Tome Sherna Aziz 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Nowadays, classification of imbalanced data is a major challenge in the machine learning (ML) algorithms, especially in medical data analysis, In this paper, deep learning algorithm which is the advance artificial neural network (ANN) is used for classifying five white blood cells (WBCs). Different preprocessing image techniques and algorithms are applied to isolate WBCs and segment the nucleus for the cytoplasm. Geometric, statistical and color features are extracted, the principal component analysis technique is applied to select the optimal features. The classification process has been repeated several times to tune the algorithm parameters and to find the best pattrens match through the training data in the learning process until achieve best classification accuracy. Multi-class classification results show high accuracy of more than 94% for the five types of WBCs. We evaluate the classification model using the geometric mean, Cohen’s Kappa, Receiver operating characteristic curve, Root mean squared error, relative absolute error and cross-validation techniques. The algorithm model achieves high accuracy and can conduct a multi-class classification of imbalanced datasets in terms of the above-mentioned metrics.