bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design and Experimental Validation of a Process Chain for Thin Components Manufacturing by Micro Injection Molding Process
Authors: Bellantone Vincenzo , Lavecchia Fulvio , Surace Rossella , Spadavecchia Onofrio , Modica Francesco , Guerra Maria Grazia , Fassi Irene , Galantucci Luigi Maria 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Micro-applications, especially in biomedical and optical sectors, require the fabrication of thin polymeric parts which can be commonly realized by micro-injection molding process. However, this process is characterized by a relevant constraint regarding the tooling. Indeed, the design and manufacturing of molds could be a very time-consuming step and so, a significant limitation for the rapid development of new products. Moreover, if the design displays challenging microfeatures, their realization could involve the use of more than one mold for the fabrication of a single thin part. Therefore, proper integration of different manufacturing microtechnologies may represent an advantageous method to realize such polymeric thin microfeatures. In this work, a micromanufacturing process chain including stereolithography, micromilling, and micro-injection molding is reported. The mold for the micro-injection molding process was fabricated by means of stereolithography and micromilling, which allowed us to produce low-cost reconfigurable modular mold, composed of insert support and a removable insert. The assessment of the proposed process chain was carried out by evaluating the dimensions and the surface finishing and texturing of the milled mold cavities and molded components. Finally, a brief economic analysis compares three process chains for fabricating the micromold showing that the proposed one reduces the manufacturing cost by almost 61% with the same production time.
Feasibility of Molten Salt Reactor Heat Exchanger Online Monitoring
Authors: Glass S.W. , Good M.S. , Forsi E.L. , Montgomery R.O. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Online structural health corrosion monitoring in advanced molten salt reactor heat exchangers is desirable for detecting tube degradation prior to leaks that would either cause mixing of heat exchanger fluids or release of radiologically contaminated fluids beyond the design containment boundary. This program seeks to demonstrate the feasibility for a torsional wave mode sensor to attach to the outside of a long (30-m) heat exchanger tube in the stagnant flow area where the tube joins the heat exchanger plenum and where it is possible to protect a sensor cable from high-force flow connecting through a heat exchanger shell to a monitoring instrument. The envisioned sensor and cable management approach will be impractical to implement on existing heat exchangers; rather, sensors must be installed in conjunction with the heat exchanger fabrication. Initially, flaw surrogates of interest (50% notch and 50% flat-bottom hole) have been detected in a 3-m tube using low-temperature PZT piezoelectric crystals. The transducer consisted of multiple shear elements placed circumferentially around a tube. The program will continue to investigate higher temperature piezoelectric ceramics, long-term performance of high-temperature adhesives, and flaw sensitivity on long (30-m +) tubes.
Long-Term Social Isolation Reduces Expression of the BDNF Precursor and Prolyl Endopeptidase in the Rat Brain
Authors: Shirenova Sofie D. , Khlebnikova Nadezhda N. , Krupina Nataliya A. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Early-life stress is a risk factor for the development of behavioral and cognitive disorders in humans and animals. Such stressful situations include social isolation in early postnatal ontogenesis. Behavioral and cognitive impairments associated with neuroplastic changes in brain structures. We have found that after ten weeks of social isolation, male Wistar rats show behavioral abnormalities and cognitive deficit, accompanied by an increase in the relative expression of gene encoding serine protease prolyl endopeptidase (PREP, EC 3.4.21.26) in the brain frontal cortex. The present study aimed to assess synaptophysin (SYP), brain-derived neurotrophic factor precursor (proBDNF), and PREP expression using Western blot in the brain structures – the hippocampus, frontal cortex, and striatum of the rats subjected to prolonged social isolation compared with group-housed animals. Twenty Wistar rats were used for this study (10 males and 10 females). Experimental animals (5 males and 5 females) were kept one per cage for nine months, starting from the age of one month. Ten-month-old socially isolated rats showed memory deficit in passive avoidance paradigm and Morris Water Maze and reactivity to novelty reduction. We used monoclonal antibodies for the Western blot analysis of the expression of SYP, proBDNF, and PREP in the rat brain structures. Social isolation caused a proBDNF expression reduction in the frontal cortex in females and a reduction in PREP expression in the striatum in males. These data suppose that neurotrophic factors and PREP are involved in the mechanisms of behavioral and cognitive impairments observed in the rats subjected to prolonged social isolation with an early life onset.
Patterns of extreme temperature-related catastrophic events in Europe including the Russian Federation: a cross-sectional analysis of the Emergency Events Database
Authors: Brennenstuhl Heiko , Will Manuel , Ries Elias , Mechler Konstantin , Garbade Sven , Ries Markus 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveTo investigate reported extreme temperature-related catastrophic events and associated mortality on the European continent including the Russian Federation.DesignCross-sectional respecting Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) criteria.SettingsData source: Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT).ParticipantsSearch criteria: location—European continent including Russian Federation, time—years 1988 until 2019 (close of database 12 July 2019), catastrophic events—extreme temperatures.Primary outcome measuresNumbers of heat waves, cold waves, severe winter conditions and associated number of deaths, overall, and per country and year, respecting STROBE criteria.ResultsThe most frequent type of the 243 events recorded in EM-DAT were cold waves (54.7%). However, cold waves and severe winter conditions only accounted for 6460 deaths (4.5%), while heat waves were associated with 137 533 deaths (95.5%). The five most severe heat waves in 2003, 2006, 2010, 2013 and 2015 were associated with a total of 135 089 deaths. The most severe heat waves were geographically distributed over the Russian Federation (2010), as well as France, Italy, Spain and Germany, each in 2003.ConclusionAlthough cold waves are more frequently reported in EM-DAT, heat waves are the major cause for temperature-related deaths. In order to better protect the public, it is important to address resiliency and vulnerability of populations at risk and age groups.
Comparing long-term projected outcomes of adaptive silvicultural approaches aimed at climate change in red pine forests of northern Minnesota, USA
Authors: Muller Jacob J. , Nagel Linda M. , Palik Brian J. 
Published: June 2021

The Adaptive Silviculture for Climate Change (ASCC) project was developed to test ecosystem-specific adaptation approaches. The first ASCC trial was installed on the Cutfoot Experimental Forest (CEF) in northern Minnesota, USA, in 2014. Three adaptation treatments (resistance, resilience, and transition), along with a no action control, were tested and compared using Forest Vegetation Simulator to determine their relative success. We compared mean annual increment (MAI) and mortality and determined how well each treatment achieved its species composition and stand structure targets. MAI was highest in the no action (3.77 ± 0.43 m3·ha–1·year–1) and lowest in the transition (1.72 ± 0.16 m3·ha–1·year–1). However, MAI for the transition treatment continually increased over time, which extended culmination age. The no action control had the highest mortality with 38.76 (±1.32) trees·ha–1 per 10-year timestep, while the resistance and transition treatments had the lowest levels at 9.36 (±0.49) and 4.19 (±0.35) trees·ha–1, respectively. Our findings highlight the relative success of the transition, which had lower mortality, greater structural diversity, and a future-climate-adapted species composition. The results from this study provide important context for adaptive silviculture aimed at climate change and offers an example of potential outcomes of these forest adaptation options.
Evaluation of the imaging performance of the TECNOMUSE muon tomograph and its feasibility in a real scenario
Authors: Cianchi Alessandro , Andreani Carla , Camarri Paolo , Fazi Laura , Fornaro Claudio , Preziosi Enrico , Prioriello Anna , Santonico Rinaldo , Scacco Valerio , Scatigno Claudia , Senesi Roberto , Picozza Piergiorgio 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMuon tomography is a very promising imaging technique for the control of cargo containers. It takes advantage of cosmic muons and their interaction mechanisms to reconstruct images of the volume traversed by these particles. In the present work, the imaging performance of a novel muon tomography scanner based on resistive plate chambers detectors is investigated. By means of several Monte Carlo simulations, some imaging parameters are evaluated. The results in terms of spatial resolution, field-of-view and volume and material recognition make the presented scanner and its geometry suitable for muon tomography.
Multiparametric Early Detection and Prediction of Cardiotoxicity Using Myocardial Strain, T1 and T2 Mapping, and Biochemical Markers: A Longitudinal Cardiac Resonance Imaging Study During 2 Years of Follow-Up
Authors: Giusca Sorin , Korosoglou Grigorios , Montenbruck Moritz , Geršak Blaž , Schwarz Arne Kristian , Esch Sebastian , Kelle Sebastian , Wülfing Pia , Dent Susan , Lenihan Daniel , Steen Henning 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Our goal was to evaluate the ability of cardiovascular magnetic resonance for detecting and predicting cardiac dysfunction in patients receiving cancer therapy. Left ventricular ejection fraction, global and regional strain utilizing fast-strain-encoded, T1 and T2 mapping, and cardiac biomarkers (troponin and BNP [brain natriuretic peptide]) were analyzed.

Methods:
Sixty-one patients (47 with breast cancer, 11 with non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and 3 with Hodgkin lymphoma) underwent cardiovascular magnetic resonance scans at baseline and at regular intervals during 2 years of follow-up. The percentage of all left ventricular myocardial segments with strain ≤−17% (normal myocardium [%]) was analyzed. Clinical cardiotoxicity (CTX) and sub-CTX were defined according to standard measures.

Results:

Nine (15%) patients developed CTX, 26 (43%) had sub-CTX. Of the 35 patients with CTX or sub-CTX, 24 (69%) were treated with cardioprotective medications and showed recovery of cardiac function. The amount of normal myocardium (%) exhibited markedly higher accuracy for the detection of CTX and sub-CTX compared with left ventricular ejection fraction, T1, and T2 mapping as well as troponin I (Δareas under the curve=0.20, 0.24, and 0.46 for normal myocardium (%) versus left ventricular ejection fraction, troponin I, and T1 mapping,
P
<0.001 for all). In addition, normal myocardium (%) at baseline accurately identified patients with subsequent CTX (
P
<0.001), which was not achieved by any other markers.

Conclusions:
Normal myocardium (%) derived by fast-strain-encoded cardiovascular magnetic resonance, is an accurate and sensitive tool that can establish cardiac safety in patients with cancer undergoing cardiotoxic chemotherapy not only for the early detection but also for the prediction of those at risk of developing CTX.

Registration:

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
; Unique identifier: NCT03543228.
Shark-Related Injuries in the United States: A National Trauma Data Bank Analysis
Authors: Ganske William , Sharma Rohit , Kaminski Stephen , Johnson Arianne 
Published: June 2021

Background Shark-related injuries (SRIs) are a dreaded, but rare, source of injury that have not been well described. The present study aims to examine the incidence, injuries, and outcomes of SRIs presenting to US trauma centers. Study Design The National Trauma Data Bank was queried from 2015 to 2018 to identify SRIs using ICD-10 e-codes W56.41XA, W56.42XA, and W56.49XA. Descriptive analyses were conducted on patient demographics, injuries, hospital course, procedures, and outcomes. Results Fifty-three patients were identified with a mechanism of injury that was shark-related. The median age was 29 years (range: 3-67) and median injury severity score was 5 (IQR: 3-10). The majority of patients (96%) were admitted to the hospital (median length of stay (LOS): 4.0 days, IQR: 3.0-8.0), 55% went directly to the operating room, and 53% required intensive care unit (ICU) admission (median ICU LOS: 4.5 days, IQR: 1.3-7.0). Extremity injuries were common: 47% suffered lower extremity injuries, 40% had upper extremity injuries, and 13% had both. The majority of patients underwent surgical procedures: 83% had soft tissue injuries requiring debridement, flap coverage, or skin grafting; 28% suffered neurovascular injuries (17% requiring nerve repair and 2% requiring arterial bypass); and 59% required orthopedic intervention. Six patients (11%) required amputation(s). All patients survived to discharge. Conclusion Although an exceedingly rare source of trauma, SRIs are frequently associated with devastating injuries. Given the severity of injuries and associated procedures required, these patients warrant referral to a trauma center capable of providing comprehensive care.
RAGE!, Retaliation, and Retribution: Recurring Themes in August Wilson’s Work
Authors: Williams-Witherspoon Kimmika 
Published: June 2021

Following the murders of George Floyd, Breonna Taylor and so many others, recent protest in Minneapolis, New York, Philadelphia, Chicago, Washington, DC, LA, Portland and a host of other locations, both, stateside and abroad are being framed in the public discourse as everything from radical resistance to public madness and everything in between. From the Black Lives Matter movement activist to Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion advocates, one of the key components in, both, radical resistance strategies or public expressions of cultural madness, is a ground swelling of rage! But what is rage? How can we recognize it? Historically, what has been the consequences of Black rage? And in this unique, historical moment, what if anything can be done to leverage it? Mining August Wilson’s work for definitions, instances, and consequences of Black rage, this paper interrogates August Wilson’s narratives on rage as a way to talk about the historiography and commodifying of Black rage as a way of victimizing and disposing of Black bodies in America. In this way, we hope to offer suggestions in this historical moment on how to leverage Black rage, rather than to be snared by it.
Social Support and Help-Seeking Among Suicide Bereaved: A Study With Italian Survivors
Authors: Entilli Lorenza , Leo Diego De , Aiolli Fabio , Polato Mirko , Gaggi Ombretta , Cipolletta Sabrina 
Published: June 2021

Background Research over how suicide survivors approach services is limited. Aims: This cross-sectional study explores the psychological state and perceived social support of Italian survivors, including those who have not sought for help, and investigates differences for gender or kinship with the departed. Methods: Rule-based system (RBS) analyses identified relationships between social support and reported formal/informal help-seeking behavior. One-hundred thirty-two (103F; 27M) suicide survivors (53 having never sought for support) answered an anonymous online survey. Life satisfaction, wellbeing, perceived social support, suicidal ideation and formal/informal help-seeking were investigated. Results: RBS analysis identified different help-seeking behaviors: survivors lacking social support may avoid reaching a psychologist and prefer GPs, look for advice in online forums and rely on people out of their narrower network such as co-workers. Conclusion: These unique study’s results offer insight to identify which specific areas would be fruitful to investigate while assessing social support in bereaved individuals.
Management of Chronic Rhinosinusitis Prior to Otolaryngology Referral: An Opportunity for Quality Improvement
Authors: Jang David W. , Lee Hui‐Jie , Chen Philip G. , Cohen Seth M. , Scales Charles D. 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveThe management of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) by a nonotolaryngologist prior to otolaryngology referral is an important component of the patient care pathway. The purpose of this study is to characterize CRS management during this period and to identify areas of quality improvement.Study DesignRetrospective review of a national claims database.SettingAcademic institution.MethodsData were analyzed from the IBM Health MarketScan Research Databases (2013‐2017). Patients with 3‐year enrollment data were identified who were initially diagnosed with CRS by a nonotolaryngologist and subsequently seen by an otolaryngologist. Management of CRS by the nonotolaryngologist was assessed in terms of duration, demographics, health care resource utilization, and health care expenditure.ResultsA total of 51,273 patients met inclusion criteria. The median length of the referral period was 142 days, with variations according to geography. Patients with a delayed referral period had higher health care resource utilization in terms of visits for CRS (mean, 1.8 vs 1.2), total visits (mean, 12.6 vs 3.9), and medication prescriptions (especially antibiotics; mean, 5.8 vs 2.1). Health care expenditure was almost twice as high for the delayed referral group (mean, $986 vs $571), mainly due to CRS‐related medication costs (mean, $578 vs $214).ConclusionOur findings suggest that there are wide variations in how CRS is managed prior to referral to an otolaryngologist. The dissemination of clinical practice guidelines to primary care providers may help to increase efficiency of CRS care and offers a unique opportunity for quality improvement that extends beyond the bounds of our own specialty.
Demoralization in End-of-Life Cancer Patients’ Family Caregivers: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Bovero Andrea , Vitiello Ludovica Panzini , Botto Rossana , Gottardo Francesco , Cito Alessandra , Geminiani Giuliano Carlo 
Published: June 2021

Objectives: The aims of this study were to evaluate the prevalence of demoralization in a sample of end-of-life cancer patients’ family caregivers and investigate the association between demoralization and different factors, such as distress, hope, quality of life, and caregiver burden. Methods: The study used a cross-sectional design and 142 participants were sampled. Family caregivers were included if they were caring for a cancer patient in palliative care with a limited life expectancy. Socio-demographic data were gathered, and Italian versions of the following scales were administered: Demoralization Scale (DS), Herth Hope Index (HHI), Caregiver Reaction Assessment (CRA), Short Form-36 Health Survey (SF-36), and Distress Thermometer (DT). Results: The average total demoralization score was 29.04 (SD = 13.62). 19.50% of caregivers was the low scorers at DS (0-25th percentile), 27.50% was the middle scorers (25th-75th percentile), and 39.00% was the high scorers (75th-100 percentile). 19.50% of the caregivers showed mild demoralization, 27.50% moderate demoralization, and 39.00% showed severe demoralization. Strong Moderate correlations were found between the total DS score and the Temporality and Future HHI subscale (ρ = .520); the HHI total score (ρ = .528); the Social functioning (ρ = .536) and Mental health (ρ = .675) SF-36 subscales. The HHI total score and the Mental health SF-36 subscale emerged as the main predictors of demoralization. Conclusions: The results show that not only end-of-life patients but also family caregivers may experience demoralization. This demoralization seems to be more associated to spiritual and psychological suffering rather than difficulties relating to caregivers’ personal time, social roles, physical states, and financial resources.
Multilingualism in eastern Indonesia: linguistic evidence of a shift from symmetric to asymmetric multilingualism
Authors: Moro Francesca Romana 
Published: June 2021

Aims and Objectives/Purpose/Research Questions: The Alorese in eastern Indonesia are an Austronesian community who have inhabited two Papuan-speaking islands for approximately 600 years. Their language presents a paradox: contact with the neighbouring Papuan languages has led to both complexification and simplification. This article argues that these opposite outcomes of contact result from two distinct scenarios, and formulates a hypothesis about a shift in multilingual patterns in Alorese history. Design/Methodology/Approach: To formulate a hypothesis about the discontinuity of multilingual patterns, this article first sketches the past and present multilingual patterns of the Alorese by modelling language contact outcomes in terms of bilingual optimisation strategies. This is followed by a comparison of the two scenarios to pinpoint similarities and differences. Data and Analysis: Previous research shows that two types of contact phenomena are attested in Alorese: (a) complexification arising from grammatical borrowings from Papuan languages, and (b) morphological simplification. The first change is associated with prolonged child bilingualism and is the result of Papuan-oriented bilingual strategies, while the latter change is associated with adult second language (L2) learning and is the result of universal communicative strategies. Findings/Conclusions Complexification and simplification are the results of two different layers of contact. Alorese was first used in small-scale bilingual communities, with widespread symmetric multilingualism. Later, multilingualism became more asymmetric, and the language started to undergo a simplification process due to the considerable number of L2 speakers. Originality: This article is innovative in providing a clear case study showing discontinuity of multilingual patterns, supported by linguistic and non-linguistic evidence. Significance/Implications: This article provides a plausible explanation for the apparent paradox found in Alorese, by showing that different outcomes of contact in the same language are due to different patterns of acquisition and socialisation. This discontinuity should be taken into account by models of language contact.