bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Les finances publiques
Authors: Roger Charles 
Published: June 2021

Après l’effort de redressement budgétaire en décembre 1932, succédant aux tentatives similaires de mars et de septembre, on pouvait espérer que l’équilibre du budget de 1933 était assuré. Malheureusement, les sacrifices considérables demandés en décembre (1.650 millions d’impôts nouveaux et 350 millions d’économies budgétaires) s’avérèrent encore insuffisants. Fin mars 1933, un mois à peine après le dépôt tardif du budget des Voies et Moyens sur le bureau du Parlement, le Ministre des Finances devait déclarer que les recettes ne répondaient pas à l’attente et fléchissaient profondément, alors que les dépenses de chômage et de pensions s’accroissaient démesurément. Le Gouvernement avouait avec loyauté que les mécomptes du côté des recettes s’élevaient à 510 millions et à 390 millions de francs du côté des dépenses.Pour faire face à cette situation angoissante, le Gouvernement obtint du Parlement une délégation de pouvoirs spéciaux, le 17 mai 1933. Grâce à cette procédure, 65 arrêtés furent pris en l’espace de trois mois, réduisant certaines dépenses, assurant des recettes nouvelles et complétant les opérations de trésorerie. Le déficit réel étant de 959 millions, le redressement budgétaire a porté sur la somme de 987 millions laissant un boni probable de 20 millions au budget ordinaire.
Vers la fin de la crise charbonnière belge…
Authors: Demeure Charles 
Published: June 2021

Quatre années de crise, entendue au sens large de ce mot — c’est-à-dire en y comprenant la dépression qui suit la crise proprement dite —, ont maintenant passé sur l’industrie charbonnière belge. L'épreuve semble longue aux optimistes de 1929, et nombreux sont ceux qui, dans le cours de l’année écoulée, ont cru à la ruine définitive des exploitations houillères de nos bassins du Sud, avec une conviction égale à la certitude qu’ils avaient autrefois de leur brillant avenir.En fait, l’année 1933 a été, pour certaines catégories de combustibles, une période de stabilisation au plus bas; c’était là, comme nous l’écrivions il y a douze mois, le maximum que l’on pût espérer (1). Pour d’autres catégories, une accentuation de la crise s’est même produite; pour toutes, le niveau intérieur des prix sur le marché belge est resté nettement inférieur au niveau mondial. Et l’année écoulée a vu s’accroître de près dé huit cent mille tonnes les stocks de charbon qui encombrent le carreau de nos mines.
A Tale of Two Lines: “The Transylvanian” and “The Imperial”: Mapping Territorial Integration through Railway Architecture
Authors: Purcar Cristina 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWhile states undertook railway construction targeting economic and military objectives, this article questions whether and to which extent their symbolic territorial cohesion was also at stake. The hypothesis we aim to verify is that railway buildings acted as recurrent visual signifiers of territorial coherence and had, therefore, the potential of being instrumental as state-building tools. This research explores how an architectural reading of railway networks can inform our understanding of state-building projects and processes. We expect that geographically scoped railway architectural history is capable of cross-fertilizing political and planning history, through a better understanding of empire, state, and regional building discourses. The investigation focuses on the stylistic architectural choices of edifices on two trunk lines in Transylvania, North-West Romania, before World War I, while this territory belonged to the Habsburg then, as of 1867, Austro-Hungarian Empire. The large-scale analysis of railway architecture is discussed in relation to railway-line ownership, political (central, regional, and local) agency, economic development, and architectural Zeitgeist, highlighting state-building and territorial integration patterns. The mapping carried out reveals two successive architectural layers. These denote a shift in the role of railway architecture from an initial liberal phase, before the 1880s, to a bloom phase, prior to World War I. While during the former there was little state control over architectural aspects, during the latter architecture became a foremost representation instrument for the state railway administration. At the same time, the extant railway architecture appears as a palimpsest, a genuinely cross-border, European heritage, documenting the dynamics between imperial, state, regional, and local agencies.
Characterizing Near‐Field Surface Deformation in the 1990 Rudbar Earthquake (Iran) Using Optical Image Correlation
Authors: Ajorlou Najmeh , Hollingsworth James , Mousavi Zahra , Ghods Abdolreza , Masoumi Zohreh 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe 1990 Rudbar earthquake (Mw 7.3) broke along three right‐stepping segments of the left‐lateral Rudbar fault, in the western Alborz mountains (Iran), producing ∼80 km of surface rupture. Previously reported horizontal (∼60 cm) field offsets were surprisingly low, and the vertical (∼95 cm) unexpected, given the relatively large moment release, shallow source depth, vertical fault geometry, and left‐lateral rake. We characterize the surface displacement from optical image correlation of satellite and aerial images. A maximum displacement of ∼6.5 m is observed in the eastern part of the rupture consistent with both a sharp pulse in the moment release rate ∼10 s after the rupture initiation, and the macroseismic isoseismal curves. We find ∼2.2 m mean surface slip, larger than field measurements, but consistent with empirical scaling laws based upon the seismological moment release. Estimates of fault zone width based on correlation of 1 m resolution aerial photos (and corrected for smoothing bias) are <200 m; these values increase artificially with lower resolution imagery, which is more affected by smoothing bias. The large mismatch between field and correlation displacements suggests the Rudbar earthquake probably featured significant off‐fault deformation, consistent with its low structural maturity. Finally, we document a surface rupture along a structural continuation of the Kabateh segment, east of the Sefid Rud river. Slip along this segment (1–2 m), is less than the neighboring Zard Geli segment (1.5–6 m). The two faults converge at Sefid Rud, which appears to represent a major structural feature controlling fault segmentation in this region.
The Long Sinuous Rille System in Northern Oceanus Procellarum and Its Relation to the Chang'e‐5 Returned Samples
Authors: Qian Yuqi , Xiao Long , Head James W. , Wilson Lionel 
Published: June 2021

AbstractChina's Chang'e‐5 (CE‐5) mission recently returned samples from a young intermediate‐Ti mare unit (Em4/P58, ∼1.5 Ga) in Northern Oceanus Procellarum. Rima Sharp, previously mapped as the longest lunar sinuous rille, is the most prominent volcanic feature associated with the landing region. Our analysis shows that Rima Sharp is not a single rille, but instead is composed of two separate rilles (Rima Sharp, originating from the North Vent, and Rima Mairan from the South Vent), meeting at ∼40.40°N, 48.38°W. Both vent have characteristics suggesting relatively low magma volatile contents. Rima Mairan and associated lavas (southeast of Em4/P58), embay and are slightly younger than Rima Sharp. Rille formation is largely influenced by pre‐existing topography (earlier mare surface, proto‐wrinkle ridges, highlands); rilles and deposits experienced post‐formation deformation (wrinkle ridges, mare subsidence). CE‐5 samples probably originate mainly from Rima Sharp's source vent, but may represent deposits from both rilles.
miR-5000-3p confers oxaliplatin resistance by targeting ubiquitin-specific peptidase 49 in colorectal cancer
Authors: Zhuang Yan-yan , Zhong Wa , Xia Zhong-sheng , Lin Shu-zhen , Chan Man chung , Jiang Ke , Li Wen-fei , Xu Xin-yi 
Published: June 2021

AbstractColorectal cancer (CRC) is the most common form of gastrointestinal malignancies. A growing number of reports focusing on oxaliplatin (OXA) resistance in CRC treatment have revealed that drug resistance is an urgent issue in clinical applications, especially for finding effective therapeutic targets. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) are reported to play a critical role in tumor progressions and multi-drug resistance. The main aim of this study is to establish whether miR-5000-3p is an oncogene that is resistant to OXA and further confirm its underlying regulatory role in CRC. The OXA-associated gene expression dataset in CRC cells was downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Statistical software R was used for significance analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between OXA-resistant (OR)-CRC cells and CRC cells, and results indicated ubiquitin-specific peptidase 49 (USP49) was upregulated in OR-CRC cells. Luciferase reporter assay showed that USP49 was verified to act as a downstream target gene of miR-5000-3p. From the results of TCGA database, miR-5000-3p expression was upregulated and USP49 was downregulated in patients with CRC. The function of miR-5000-3p was detected using MTT assay, wound healing, Transwell, and flow cytometry assays. Moreover, through in vitro and in vivo experiments, miR-5000-3p expression was confirmed to be upregulated in CRC cells or OR-CRC cells comparing to normal cell lines. Molecular mechanism assays revealed that USP49 binds to the miR-5000-3p promoter to increase the expression of miR-5000-3p, resulting in cancer cells sensitized to OXA. To sum up, these results suggest that miR-5000-3p may be a novel biomarker involved in drug-resistance progression of CRC. Moreover, the drug-resistance mechanism of miR-5000-3p/USP49 axis provides new treatment strategies for CRC in clinical trials.
Multi-year analyses on three populations reveal the first stable QTLs for tolerance to rain-induced fruit cracking in sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.)
Authors: Quero-García José , Letourmy Philippe , Campoy José Antonio , Branchereau Camille , Malchev Svetoslav , Barreneche Teresa , Dirlewanger Elisabeth 
Published: June 2021

AbstractRain-induced fruit cracking is a major problem in sweet cherry cultivation. Basic research has been conducted to disentangle the physiological and mechanistic bases of this complex phenomenon, whereas genetic studies have lagged behind. The objective of this work was to disentangle the genetic determinism of rain-induced fruit cracking. We hypothesized that a large genetic variation would be revealed, by visual field observations conducted on mapping populations derived from well-contrasted cultivars for cracking tolerance. Three populations were evaluated over 7–8 years by estimating the proportion of cracked fruits for each genotype at maturity, at three different areas of the sweet cherry fruit: pistillar end, stem end, and fruit side. An original approach was adopted to integrate, within simple linear models, covariates potentially related to cracking, such as rainfall accumulation before harvest, fruit weight, and firmness. We found the first stable quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for cherry fruit cracking, explaining percentages of phenotypic variance above 20%, for each of these three types of cracking tolerance, in different linkage groups, confirming the high complexity of this trait. For these and other QTLs, further analyses suggested the existence of at least two-linked QTLs in each linkage group, some of which showed confidence intervals close to 5 cM. These promising results open the possibility of developing marker-assisted selection strategies to select cracking-tolerant sweet cherry cultivars. Further studies are needed to confirm the stability of the reported QTLs over different genetic backgrounds and environments and to narrow down the QTL confidence intervals, allowing the exploration of underlying candidate genes.
Association between confirmed congenital Zika infection at birth and outcomes up to 3 years of life
Authors: Hcini Najeh , Kugbe Yaovi , Rafalimanana Zo Hasina Linah , Lambert Véronique , Mathieu Meredith , Carles Gabriel , Baud David , Panchaud Alice , Pomar Léo 
Published: June 2021

AbstractLittle is known about the long-term neurological development of children diagnosed with congenital Zika infection at birth. Here, we report the imaging and clinical outcomes up to three years of life of a cohort of 129 children exposed to Zika virus in utero. Eighteen of them (14%) had a laboratory confirmed congenital Zika infection at birth. Infected neonates have a higher risk of adverse neonatal and early infantile outcomes (death, structural brain anomalies or neurologic symptoms) than those who tested negative: 8/18 (44%) vs 4/111 (4%), aRR 10.1 [3.5–29.0]. Neurological impairment, neurosensory alterations or delays in motor acquisition are more common in infants with a congenital Zika infection at birth: 6/15 (40%) vs 5/96 (5%), aRR 6.7 [2.2–20.0]. Finally, infected children also have an increased risk of subspecialty referral for suspected neurodevelopmental delay by three years of life: 7/11 (64%) vs 7/51 (14%), aRR 4.4 [1.9–10.1]. Infected infants without structural brain anomalies also appear to have an increased risk, although to a lesser extent, of neurological abnormalities. It seems paramount to offer systematic testing for congenital ZIKV infection in cases of in utero exposure and adapt counseling based on these results.
Room temperature exciton–polariton Bose–Einstein condensation in organic single-crystal microribbon cavities
Authors: Tang Ji , Zhang Jian , Lv Yuanchao , Wang Hong , Xu Fa Feng , Zhang Chuang , Sun Liaoxin , Yao Jiannian , Zhao Yong Sheng 
Published: June 2021

AbstractExciton–polariton Bose–Einstein condensation (EP BEC) is of crucial importance for the development of coherent light sources and optical logic elements, as it creates a new state of matter with coherent nature and nonlinear behaviors. The demand for room temperature EP BEC has driven the development of organic polaritons because of the large binding energies of Frenkel excitons in organic materials. However, the reliance on external high-finesse microcavities for organic EP BEC results in poor compactness and integrability of devices, which restricts their practical applications in on-chip integration. Here, we demonstrate room temperature EP BEC in organic single-crystal microribbon natural cavities. The regularly shaped microribbons serve as waveguide Fabry–Pérot microcavities, in which efficient strong coupling between Frenkel excitons and photons leads to the generation of EPs at room temperature. The large exciton–photon coupling strength due to high exciton densities facilitates the achievement of EP BEC. Taking advantages of interactions in EP condensates and dimension confinement effects, we demonstrate the realization of controllable output of coherent light from the microribbons. We hope that the results will provide a useful enlightenment for using organic single crystals to construct miniaturized polaritonic devices.
Electrokinetic and in situ spectroscopic investigations of CO electrochemical reduction on copper
Authors: Li Jing , Chang Xiaoxia , Zhang Haochen , Malkani Arnav S. , Cheng Mu-jeng , Xu Bingjun , Lu Qi 
Published: June 2021

AbstractRigorous electrokinetic results are key to understanding the reaction mechanisms in the electrochemical CO reduction reaction (CORR), however, most reported results are compromised by the CO mass transport limitation. In this work, we determined mass transport-free CORR kinetics by employing a gas-diffusion type electrode and identified dependence of catalyst surface speciation on the electrolyte pH using in-situ surface enhanced vibrational spectroscopies. Based on the measured Tafel slopes and reaction orders, we demonstrate that the formation rates of C2+ products are most likely limited by the dimerization of CO adsorbate. CH4 production is limited by the CO hydrogenation step via a proton coupled electron transfer and a chemical hydrogenation step of CO by adsorbed hydrogen atom in weakly (7 < pH < 11) and strongly (pH > 11) alkaline electrolytes, respectively. Further, CH4 and C2+ products are likely formed on distinct types of active sites.
Pressure-induced superconductivity and modification of Fermi surface in type-II Weyl semimetal NbIrTe4
Authors: Mu Qing-Ge , Fan Feng-Ren , Borrmann Horst , Schnelle Walter , Sun Yan , Felser Claudia , Medvedev Sergey 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWeyl semimetals (WSMs) hosting Weyl points (WPs) with different chiralities attract great interest as an object to study chirality-related physical properties, topological phase transitions, and topological superconductivity. Quantum oscillation measurements and theoretical calculations imply that the type-II WPs in NbIrTe4 are robust against the shift of chemical potential making it a good material for pressure studies on topological properties. Here we report the results of electrical transport property measurements and Raman spectroscopy studies under pressures up to 65.5 GPa accompanied by theoretical electronic structure calculations. Hall resistivity data reveal an electronic transition indicated by a change of the charge carrier from multiband character to hole-type at ~12 GPa, in agreement with the calculated Fermi surface. An onset of superconducting transition is observed at pressures above 39 GPa, with critical temperature increasing as pressure increases. Moreover, theoretical calculations indicate that WPs persist up to highly reduced unit cell volume (−17%), manifesting that NbIrTe4 is a candidate of topological superconductor.
Immobilization of Pt nanoparticles on hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile-based nanofiber paper
Authors: Kwon Soon Yeol , Ra EunJu , Jung Dong Geon , Kong Seong Ho 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe electrochemical activity of catalysts strongly depends on the uniform distribution of monodisperse Pt nanoparticles without aggregates. Here, we propose a new hydrolysis-assisted smearing method for Pt loading on a free-standing paper-type electrode. Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based nanofiber paper was used as the electrode, and it acted as a Pt support. Hydrolysis of the electrode tripled the number of active nucleation sites for Pt adsorption on the PAN nanofibers, thereby significantly enhancing the wettability of the nanofibers. This facilitated the uniform distribution of Pt nanoparticles without aggregate formation up to 40 wt% (about 0.8 mg/cm2) with a particle size of about 3 nm. The catalytic current of the hydrolyzed Pt electrode in CH3OH/H2SO4 solution exceeded 213 mA/cm2 Pt mg, which was considerably greater than the current was 148 mA/cm2 Pt mg for an unhydrolyzed electrode.
Targeting of the CD80/86 proinflammatory axis as a therapeutic strategy to prevent severe COVID-19
Authors: Julià Antonio , Bonafonte-Pardàs Irene , Gómez Antonio , López-Lasanta María , López-Corbeto Mireia , Martínez-Mateu Sergio H. , Lladós Jordi , Rodríguez-Nunez Iván , Myers Richard M. , Marsal Sara 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAn excessive immune response known as cytokine storm is the hallmark of severe COVID-19. The cause of this cytokine rampage is yet not known. Based on recent epidemiological evidence, we hypothesized that CD80/86 signaling is essential for this hyperinflammation, and that blocking this proinflammatory axis could be an effective therapeutic approach to protect against severe COVID-19. Here we provide exploratory evidence that abatacept, a drug that blocks CD80/86 co-stimulation, produces changes at the systemic level that are highly antagonistic of the proinflammatory processes elicited by COVID-19. Using RNA-seq from blood samples from a longitudinal cohort of n = 38 rheumatic patients treated with abatacept, we determined the immunological processes that are significantly regulated by this treatment. We then analyzed available blood RNA-seq from two COVID19 patient cohorts, a very early cohort from the epicenter of the pandemic in China (n = 3 COVID-19 cases and n = 3 controls), and a recent and larger cohort from the USA (n = 49 severe and n = 51 mild COVD-19 patients). We found a highly significant antagonism between SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity with the systemic response to abatacept. Analysis of previous single-cell RNA-seq data from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from mild and severe COVID-19 patients and controls, reinforce the implication of the CD80/86 proinflammatory axis. Our functional results further support abatacept as a candidate therapeutic approach to prevent severe COVID-19.
Predictors of obstructive sleep apnea misclassification when using total bed time versus total sleep time
Authors: Lim Wei Yang , See Kay Choong 
Published: June 2021

AbstractObstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a highly prevalent condition worldwide. Untreated, it is associated with multiple medical complications as well as a reduced quality of life. Home sleep apnea tests are increasingly used for its diagnosis and evaluation of severity, but using total bed time rather than total sleep time may underestimate OSA severity. We aim to uncover the extent and predictors of OSA misclassification when using total bed time. A retrospective observational study was conducted using data from the sleep laboratory of the National University Hospital, Singapore, a tertiary hospital with 1200 beds. Misclassification of OSA was defined as any OSA severity that was less severe using total bed time versus total sleep time. Logistic regression was used to identify predictors of OSA misclassification. A total of 1621 patients were studied (mean age 45.6 ± 15.9 years; 73.4% male). 300 (18.5%) patients were misclassified. Risk factors for OSA misclassification included age (OR 1.02, 95% CI 1.01–1.03, P = 0.001) and body-mass index (BMI) (OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.95–0.99, P = 0.015). Risk for misclassification was significant in patients aged ≥ 57 years old, with BMI < 32.3 kg/m2. Using total bed time rather than total sleep time to quantify OSA severity was associated with a significant risk of misclassification, particularly in patients aged ≥ 57 years old, with BMI < 32.3 kg/m2.
On the climate benefit of a coal-to-gas shift in Germany’s electric power sector
Authors: Ladage Stefan , Blumenberg Martin , Franke Dieter , Bahr Andreas , Lutz Rüdiger , Schmidt Sandro 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMethane emissions along the natural gas supply chain are critical for the climate benefit achievable by fuel switching from coal to natural gas in the electric power sector. For Germany, one of the world’s largest primary energy consumers, with a coal and natural gas share in the power sector of 35% and 13%, respectively, we conducted fleet-conversion modelling for reference year 2018, taking domestic and export country specific greenhouse gas (GHG)-emissions in the natural gas and coal supply chains into account. Methane leakage rates below 4.9% (GWP20; immediate 4.1%) in the natural gas supply chain lead to overall reduction of CO2-equivalent GHG-emissions by fuel switching. Supply chain methane emissions vary significantly for the import countries Russia, Norway and The Netherlands, yet for Germany’s combined natural gas mix lie with << 1% far below specific break-even leakage rates. Supply chain emission scenarios demonstrate that a complete shift to natural gas would emit 30–55% (GWP20 and GWP100, respectively) less CO2-equivalent GHG than from the coal mix. However, further abating methane emissions in the petroleum sector should remain a prime effort, when considering natural gas as bridge fuel on the path to achieve the Paris climate goals.