bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The relative importance of households as a source of variation in child malnutrition: a multilevel analysis in India
Authors: Jain Anoop , Rodgers Justin , Kim Rockli , Subramanian S. V. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background
Child malnutrition remains a major public health issue in India. Along with myriad upstream and social determinants of these adverse outcomes, recent studies have highlighted regional differences in mean child malnutrition rates. This research helps policy makers look between urban and rural communities and states to take a population-level approach to addressing the root causes of child malnutrition. However, one gap in this between-population approach has been the omission of households as a unit of analysis. Households could represent important sources of variation in child malnutrition within communities, districts, and states.

Methods
Using the fourth round of India’s National Family Health Survey from 2015 to 2016, we analyzed four and five-level multilevel models to estimate the proportion of variation in child malnutrition attributable to states, districts, communities, households, and children.

Results
Overall, we found that of the four levels that children were nested in (households, communities, districts, and states), the greatest proportion of variation in child height-for-age Z score, weight-for-age Z score, weight-for-height Z score, hemoglobin, birthweight, stunting, underweight, wasting, anemia, and low birthweight was attributable to households. Furthermore, we found that when the household level is omitted from models, the variance estimates for communities and children are overestimated.

Conclusions
These findings highlight the importance of households as an important source of clustering and variation in child malnutrition outcomes. As such, policies and interventions should address household-level social determinants, such as asset and social deprivations, in order to prevent poor child growth outcomes among the most vulnerable households in India.
Green synthesis of AgNP–ligand complexes and their toxicological effects on Nilaparvata lugens
Authors: Fouad Hatem , Yang Guiying , El-Sayed Ahmed A. , Mao Guofeng , Khalafallah Diab , Saad Mahmoud , Ga’al Hassan , Ibrahim Ezzeldin , Mo Jianchu 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background
Despite developments in nanotechnology for use in the pharmaceutical field, there is still a need for implementation of this technology in agrochemistry. In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were successfully prepared by a facile and an eco-friendly route using two different ligands, 2ʹ-amino-1,1ʹ:4ʹ,1″-terphenyl-3,3″,5,5″-tetracarboxylic acid (H4L) and 1,3,6,8-tetrakis (p-benzoic acid)-pyrene (TBAPy), as reducing agents. The physiochemical properties of the as-obtained AgNPs were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The toxicity of H4L–AgNP and TBAPy–AgNP against the brown planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens) was also measured.

Results
SEM and TEM analyses demonstrated the formation of quasi-spherical AgNP structures in the presence of H4L and TBAPy. Insecticidal assays showed that TBAPy is less effective against N. lugens, with a median lethal concentration (LC50) of 810 mg/L, while the toxicity of H4L increased and their LC50 reached 786 mg/L 168 h posttreatment at a high concentration of 2000 mg/L. H4L–AgNPs were also highly toxic at a low concentration of 20 mg/L, with LC50 =  ~ 3.9 mg/L 168 h posttreatment, while TBAPy–AgNPs exhibited less toxicity at the same concentration, with LC50 =  ~ 4.6 mg/L.

Conclusions
These results suggest that the synthesized AgNPs using the two ligands may be a safe and cheaper method compared with chemical insecticides for protection of rice plants from pests and has potential as an effective insecticide in the N. lugens pest management program.
Herbal medicine derived carbon dots: synthesis and applications in therapeutics, bioimaging and sensing
Authors: Luo Wei-Kang , Zhang Liang-Lin , Yang Zhao-Yu , Guo Xiao-Hang , Wu Yao , Zhang Wei , Luo Jie-Kun , Tang Tao , Wang Yang 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSince the number of raw material selections for the synthesis of carbon dots (CDs) has grown extensively, herbal medicine as a precursor receives an increasing amount of attention. Compared with other biomass precursors, CDs derived from herbal medicine (HM-CDs) have become the most recent incomer in the family of CDs. In recent ten years, a great many studies have revealed that HM-CDs tend to be good at theranostics without drug loading. However, the relevant development and research results are not systematically reviewed. Herein, the origin and history of HM-CDs are outlined, especially their functional performances in medical diagnosis and treatment. Besides, we sort out the herbal medicine precursors, and analyze the primary synthetic methods and the key characteristics. In terms of the applications of HM-CDs, medical therapeutics, ion and molecular detection, bioimaging, as well as pH sensing are summarized. Finally, we discuss the crucial challenges and future prospects.
Recovery capital among people receiving treatment for opioid use disorder with buprenorphine
Authors: Parlier-Ahmad Anna Beth , Terplan Mishka , Svikis Dace S. , Ellis Laura , Martin Caitlin E. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background
Recovery is a multidimensional process that includes health, quality of life, and citizenship. Recovery capital is a strengths-based concept representing the sum of an individual’s resources that support recovery. This study (1) describes recovery capital, (2) examines the relationship between recovery capital and treatment duration, and (3) assesses differences by gender in recovery capital among people receiving medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD).

Methods
This is a secondary data analysis of a cross-sectional study, with survey and medical record review components, conducted with patients recruited from an office-based opioid treatment clinic between July and September 2019. Analyses included participants receiving MOUD with buprenorphine who completed the Brief Assessment of Recovery Capital (BARC-10; n = 130). Univariate analyses explored differences by gender. Multivariate linear regression assessed the relationship between BARC-10 total score and length of current treatment episode.

Results
Participants were 54.6% women and 67.4% Black with mean age of 42.4 years (SD = 12.3). Mean length of current MOUD treatment was 396.1 days (SD = 245.9). Total BARC-10 scores were high, but participants perceived low community-level resources. Women scored higher than men within the health and purpose recovery dimensions. While length of treatment was not associated with BARC-10 score, experiencing recent discrimination was associated with a significantly lower BARC-10 score.

Conclusions
Recovery capital among individuals receiving MOUD was high suggesting that participants have resources to support recovery, but gender differences and prevalent discrimination highlight areas for improved intervention. More work is needed to investigate recovery capital as an alternative treatment outcome to abstinence in outpatient MOUD populations.
The decreased platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio could predict a good prognosis in patients with oligometastatic colorectal cancer: a single-center cohort retrospective study
Authors: Huang Xiaojuan , Cui Jin , Li Xiaohui , Liu Chao , Sun Jujie , Yue Jinbo 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background
Inflammation markers have an important effect on tumor proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. Oligometastatic disease (OMD) is an intermediate state between widespread metastases and locally confined disease, where curative strategies may be effective for some patients. We aimed to explore the predictive value of inflammatory markers in patients with oligometastatic colorectal cancer (OMCC) and build a nomogram to predict the prognosis of these patients.

Methods
Two hundred nine patients with OMCC were retrospectively collected in this study. The Kaplan-Meier survival curves and Cox regression analysis were used to estimate overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). A multivariate Cox analysis model was utilized to establish the nomogram. The concordance index (C-index), calibration curve, and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) were established to verify the validity and accuracy of the prediction model.

Results
According to the multivariate analysis, decreased platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) might independently improve OS in patients with OMCC (HR = 2.396, 95% CI 1.391–4.126, P = 0.002). Metastases of extra-regional lymph nodes indicated poor OS (HR = 2.472, 95% CI 1.247–4.903, P = 0.010). While the patients with early N stage had better OS (HR = 4.602, 95% CI 2.055–10.305, P = 0.001) and PFS (HR = 2.100, 95% CI 1.364–3.231, P = 0.007). Primary tumor resection (HR = 0.367, 95% CI 0.148–0.908, P = 0.030) and lower fibrinogen (HR = 2.254, 95% CI 1.246–4.078, P = 0.007) could significantly prolong the OS in patients with OMCC. PLR, metastases of extra-regional lymph nodes, N stage, primary tumor resection, and fibrinogen were used to make up the nomogram. The C-index and area under the curve (AUC) of the ROC in nomogram were 0.721 and 0.772 respectively for OS, showed good consistency between predictive probability of OS and actual survival.

Conclusions
Decreased PLR could predict a good prognosis in patients with OMCC. The nomogram including inflammatory factors and clinicopathological markers was credible and accurate to predict survivals in patients with OMCC.
Prevalence, risk, and outcome of deep vein thrombosis in acute respiratory distress syndrome
Authors: Cui Na , Jiang Chunguo , Chen Hairong , Zhang Liming , Feng Xiaokai 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background
Few data exist on deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a group of heterogeneous diseases characterized by acute hypoxemia.

Study design and methods
We retrospectively enrolled 225 adults with ARDS admitted to the Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital and the First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University between 1 January 2015 and 30 June 2020. We analyzed clinical, laboratory, and echocardiography data for groups with and without DVT and for direct (pulmonary) and indirect (extrapulmonary) ARDS subgroups.

Results
Ninety (40.0%) patients developed DVT. Compared with the non-DVT group, patients with DVT were older, had lower serum creatinine levels, lower partial pressure of arterial oxygen/fraction of inspired oxygen, higher serum procalcitonin levels, higher Padua prediction scores, and higher proportions of sedation and invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). Multivariate analysis showed an association between age, serum creatinine level, IMV, and DVT in the ARDS cohort. The sensitivity and specificity of corresponding receiver operating characteristic curves were not inferior to those of the Padua prediction score and the Caprini score for screening for DVT in the three ARDS cohorts. Patients with DVT had a significantly lower survival rate than those without DVT in the overall ARDS cohort and in the groups with direct and indirect ARDS.

Conclusions
The prevalence of DVT is high in patients with ARDS. The risk factors for DVT are age, serum creatinine level, and IMV. DVT is associated with decreased survival in patients with ARDS.
Tissue-resident M2 macrophages directly contact primary sensory neurons in the sensory ganglia after nerve injury
Authors: Iwai Haruki , Ataka Koji , Suzuki Hajime , Dhar Ashis , Kuramoto Eriko , Yamanaka Atsushi , Goto Tetsuya 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background
Macrophages in the peripheral nervous system are key players in the repair of nerve tissue and the development of neuropathic pain due to peripheral nerve injury. However, there is a lack of information on the origin and morphological features of macrophages in sensory ganglia after peripheral nerve injury, unlike those in the brain and spinal cord. We analyzed the origin and morphological features of sensory ganglionic macrophages after nerve ligation or transection using wild-type mice and mice with bone-marrow cell transplants.

Methods
After protecting the head of C57BL/6J mice with lead caps, they were irradiated and transplanted with bone-marrow-derived cells from GFP transgenic mice. The infraorbital nerve of a branch of the trigeminal nerve of wild-type mice was ligated or the infraorbital nerve of GFP-positive bone-marrow-cell-transplanted mice was transected. After immunostaining the trigeminal ganglion, the structures of the ganglionic macrophages, neurons, and satellite glial cells were analyzed using two-dimensional or three-dimensional images.

Results
The number of damaged neurons in the trigeminal ganglion increased from day 1 after infraorbital nerve ligation. Ganglionic macrophages proliferated from days 3 to 5. Furthermore, the numbers of macrophages increased from days 3 to 15. Bone-marrow-derived macrophages increased on day 7 after the infraorbital nerve was transected in the trigeminal ganglion of GFP-positive bone-marrow-cell-transplanted mice but most of the ganglionic macrophages were composed of tissue-resident cells. On day 7 after infraorbital nerve ligation, ganglionic macrophages increased in volume, extended their processes between the neurons and satellite glial cells, and contacted these neurons. Most of the ganglionic macrophages showed an M2 phenotype when contact was observed, and little neuronal cell death occurred.

Conclusion
Most of the macrophages that appear after a nerve injury are tissue-resident, and these make direct contact with damaged neurons that act in a tissue-protective manner in the M2 phenotype. These results imply that tissue-resident macrophages signal to neurons directly through physical contact.
Astrocytic A1/A2 paradigm participates in glycogen mobilization mediated neuroprotection on reperfusion injury after ischemic stroke
Authors: Guo Haiyun , Fan Ze , Wang Shiquan , Ma Lina , Wang Jin , Yu Doutong , Zhang Zhen , Wu Lin , Peng Zhengwu , Liu Wenming , Hou Wugang , Cai Yanhui 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background
Astrocytic glycogen works as an essential energy reserve for surrounding neurons and is reported to accumulate excessively during cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Our previous study found that accumulated glycogen mobilization exhibits a neuroprotective effect against I/R damage. In addition, ischemia could transform astrocytes into A1-like (toxic) and A2-like (protective) subtypes. However, the underlying mechanism behind accumulated glycogen mobilization-mediated neuroprotection in cerebral reperfusion injury and its relationship with the astrocytic A1/A2 paradigm is unknown.

Methods
Astrocytic glycogen phosphorylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in glycogen mobilization, was specifically overexpressed and knocked down in mice and in cultured astrocytes. The I/R injury was imitated using a middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion model in mice and an oxygen–glucose deprivation/reoxygenation model in cultured cells. Alterations in A1-like and A2-like astrocytes and the expression of phosphorylated nuclear transcription factor-κB (NF-κB) and phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) were determined by RNA sequencing, immunofluorescence and immunoblotting. Metabolites, including glycogen, NADPH, glutathione and reactive oxygen species (ROS), were analyzed by biochemical analysis.

Results
Here, we observed that astrocytic glycogen mobilization inhibited A1-like astrocytes and enhanced A2-like astrocytes after reperfusion in an experimental ischemic stroke model in vivo and in vitro. In addition, glycogen mobilization could enhance the production of NADPH and glutathione by the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) and reduce ROS levels during reperfusion. NF-κB inhibition and STAT3 activation caused by a decrease in ROS levels were responsible for glycogen mobilization-induced A1-like and A2-like astrocyte transformation after I/R. The astrocytic A1/A2 paradigm is closely correlated with glycogen mobilization-mediated neuroprotection in cerebral reperfusion injury.

Conclusions
Our data suggest that ROS-mediated NF-κB inhibition and STAT3 activation are the key pathways for glycogen mobilization-induced neuroprotection and provide a promising metabolic target for brain reperfusion injury in ischemic stroke.
Impact of peer education on sexual health knowledge among adolescents and young persons in two North Western states of Nigeria
Authors: Akuiyibo Selema , Anyanti Jennifer , Idogho Omokhudu , Piot Sara , Amoo Babatunde , Nwankwo Nelson , Anosike Nnamdi 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background
Generally, social development among young people is largely influenced by their peers. Peer education is a proven and effective approach for promoting reproductive health among young people, especially HIV/AIDS education. This study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of a peer-led education intervention in addressing sexual and reproductive health related knowledge and concerns among young people in Kaduna and Kano States, northwest Nigeria.

Methods
A pre and post-test study was conducted among 8930 young people aged 15–24 years who participated in the MTV Shuga Peer Education intervention selected from communities in Kaduna and Kano States. A baseline pre-test was conducted before the education program, and it was followed up with a post-test at the end of the five-day long peer education sessions.

Results
Majority of the respondents, 7846 (87.9%) were adolescents aged 15–19 years while the rest 1084 (12.1%) were young adults aged 20–24 years. A total of 6099 (68.3%) of the respondents correctly stated that condoms prevent pregnancy during the pre-test compared to 6429 (72.0%) peers during the post test. Lower abdominal pain was correctly indicated as a symptom of STI by 6282 (70.3%) and 6984 (78.2%) of the respondents at pre-test and post-test respectively. More males (58.5%) had good knowledge about condom use compared to the females, 51.9% (χ2 = 24.62, p < 0.001). while more females (79.6%) compared to 74.7% males opined that going for HIV test with their sexual partner is important to them during the pre-test (χ2 = 19.44, p≤ 0.001).However, no significant difference was observed on knowledge of condom use and opinion on going for HIV testing with sexual partner among either gender at post-test.

Conclusion
Significant positive changes in knowledge, views and opinions regarding STIs and HIV, HIV anti-stigma and the use of condoms were observed following exposure to the peer sessions of the MTV Shuga peer education intervention. Sustained exposure and access to informative and enlightening peer education sessions over time have the potential to comprehensively improve SRH knowledge, influence positive opinion change and in turn adoption of positive behaviours among young people.
Investigation of astrovirus, coronavirus and paramyxovirus co-infections in bats in the western Indian Ocean
Authors: Hoarau Axel O. G. , Goodman Steven M. , Al Halabi Dana , Ramasindrazana Beza , Lagadec Erwan , Le Minter Gildas , Köster Marie , Dos Santos Andréa , Schoeman M. Corrie , Gudo Eduardo S. , Mavingui Patrick , Lebarbenchon Camille 
Published: October 2021

AbstractCo-infections have a key role in virus transmission in wild reservoir hosts. We investigated the simultaneous presence of astroviruses, coronaviruses, and paramyxoviruses in bats from Madagascar, Mayotte, Mozambique, and Reunion Island. A total of 871 samples from 28 bat species representing 8 families were tested by polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) targeting the RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase genes. Overall, 2.4% of bats tested positive for the presence of at least two viruses, only on Madagascar and in Mozambique. Significant variation in the proportion of co-infections was detected among bat species, and some combinations of co-infection were more common than others. Our findings support that co-infections of the three targeted viruses occur in bats in the western Indian Ocean region, although further studies are needed to assess their epidemiological consequences.
Nanoscale organization of Nicastrin, the substrate receptor of the γ-secretase complex, as independent molecular domains
Authors: Kedia Shekhar , Mandal Kousik , Netrakanti Pallavi Rao , Jose Mini , Sisodia Sangram S. , Nair Deepak 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAlterations in the canonical processing of Amyloid Precursor Protein generate proteoforms that contribute to the onset of Alzheimer’s Disease. Modified composition of γ-secretase or mutations in its subunits has been directly linked to altered generation of Amyloid beta. Despite biochemical evidence about the role of γ-secretase in the generation of APP, the molecular origin of how spatial heterogeneity in the generation of proteoforms arises is not well understood. Here, we evaluated the localization of Nicastrin, a γ-secretase subunit, at nanometer sized functional zones of the synapse. With the help of super resolution microscopy, we confirm that Nicastrin is organized into nanodomains of high molecular density within an excitatory synapse. A similar nanoorganization was also observed for APP and the catalytic subunit of γ-secretase, Presenilin 1, that were discretely associated with Nicastrin nanodomains. Though Nicastrin is a functional subunit of γ-secretase, the Nicastrin and Presenilin1 nanodomains were either colocalized or localized independent of each other. The Nicastrin and Presenilin domains highlight a potential independent regulation of these molecules different from their canonical secretase function. The collisions between secretases and substrate molecules decide the probability and rate of product formation for transmembrane proteolysis. Our observations of secretase nanodomains indicate a spatial difference in the confinement of substrate and secretases, affecting the local probability of product formation by increasing their molecular availability, resulting in differential generation of proteoforms even within single synapses.
Effects and mechanisms of mUCMSCs on ovarian structure and function in naturally ageing C57 mice
Authors: Pan Xing-Hua , Zhang Xue-Juan , Yao Xiang , Tian Ni-Ni , Yang Zai-Ling , Wang Kai , Zhu Xiang-Qing , Zhao Jing , He Jie , Cai Xue-Min , Pang Rong-Qing , Ruan Guang-Ping 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background
The ovaries are the core reproductive organs in women and are critical for maintaining normal reproductive function and endocrine system stability. An ageing C57 mouse model was used to evaluate the efficacy and mechanism of mouse umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (mUCMSCs) and to explore the mechanism by which mUCMSCs promote the antioxidant repair of mouse granulosa cells (mGCs).

Results
Eighteen-month-old C57 mice were randomly divided into a model group and a treatment group. At the same time, 2-month-old C57 mice were established as a young group (15 mice per group). The mice in the treatment group were injected via the tail vein with GFP-labelled mUCMSCs. The ovarian volume in ageing C57 mice was decreased, and there were no follicles at any stage. After mUCMSC transplantation, the mouse ovaries increased in size, follicles at various stages were observed in the cortex, and the antral follicle counts increased. The serum E2, AMH, and INH-B levels of mice in the treatment group were significantly higher than those of mice in the model control group (P < 0.05). mUCMSCs downregulated the expression of the autophagy-related gene LC3b and the apoptosis-related genes Bax and Caspase-3, upregulated the expression of SOD2 and the peroxidase gene PRDX IV, and reduced apoptosis rates and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in granulosa cells.

Conclusions
mUCMSCs play roles in promoting the repair of ageing ovaries by regulating immunity, anti-inflammatory responses and the PI3K-Akt signalling pathway.