bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conformal bridge in a cosmic string background
Authors: Inzunza Luis , Plyushchay Mikhail S. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Hidden symmetries of non-relativistic $$ \mathfrak{so}\left(2,1\right)\cong \mathfrak{sl}\left(2,\mathrm{\mathbb{R}}\right) $$
so

2
1

≅
sl

2
ℝ

invariant systems in a cosmic string background are studied using the conformal bridge transformation. Geometric properties of this background are analogous to those of a conical surface with a deficiency/excess angle encoded in the “geometrical parameter” α, determined by the linear positive/negative mass density of the string. The free particle and the harmonic oscillator on this background are shown to be related by the conformal bridge transformation. To identify the integrals of the free system, we employ a local canonical transformation that relates the model with its planar version. The conformal bridge transformation is then used to map the obtained integrals to those of the harmonic oscillator on the cone. Well-defined classical integrals in both models exist only at α = q/k with q, k = 1, 2, . . ., which for q > 1 are higher-order generators of finite nonlinear algebras. The systems are quantized for arbitrary values of α; however, the well-defined hidden symmetry operators associated with spectral degeneracies only exist when α is an integer, that reveals a quantum anomaly.
Virtual corrections to gg → ZH via a transverse momentum expansion
Authors: Alasfar Lina , Degrassi Giuseppe , Giardino Pier Paolo , Gröber Ramona , Vitti Marco 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We compute the next-to-leading virtual QCD corrections to the partonic cross section of the production of a Higgs boson in association with a Z boson in gluon fusion. The calculation is based on the recently introduced method of evaluating the amplitude via an expansion in terms of a small transverse momentum. We generalize the method to the case of different masses in the final state and of a process not symmetric in the forward-backward direction exchange. Our analytic approach gives a very good approximation (better than percent) of the partonic cross section in the center of mass energy region up to ∼ 750 GeV, where at the LHC ∼ 98% of the total hadronic cross section is concentrated.
Non-standard neutrino oscillations: perspective from unitarity triangles
Authors: Masud Mehedi , Mehta Poonam , Ternes Christoph A. , Tórtola Mariam 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We formulate an alternative approach based on unitarity triangles to describe neutrino oscillations in presence of non-standard interactions (NSI). Using perturbation theory, we derive the expression for the oscillation probability in case of NSI and cast it in terms of the three independent parameters of the leptonic unitarity triangle (LUT). The form invariance of the probability expression (even in presence of new physics scenario as long as the mixing matrix is unitary) facilitates a neat geometric view of neutrino oscillations in terms of LUT. We examine the regime of validity of perturbative expansions in the NSI case and make comparisons with approximate expressions existing in literature. We uncover some interesting dependencies on NSI terms while studying the evolution of LUT parameters and the Jarlskog invariant. Interestingly, the geometric approach based on LUT allows us to express the oscillation probabilities for a given pair of neutrino flavours in terms of only three (and not four) degrees of freedom which are related to the geometric properties (sides and angles) of the triangle. Moreover, the LUT parameters are invariant under rephasing transformations and independent of the parameterization adopted.
CAD integrated automatic recognition of weld paths
Authors: Tran Tuan Anh , Lobov Andrei , Kaasa Tord Hansen , Bjelland Morten , Midling Ole Terje 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn this paper, a CAD integrated method is proposed for automatic recognition of potential weld locations in large assembly structures predominantly comprised of weld joints. The intention is to reduce the total man-hours spent on manually locating, assigning, and maintaining weld-related information throughout the product life cycle. The method utilizes spatial analysis of extracted stereolithographic data in combination with available CAD functions to determine whether the accessibility surrounding a given intersection edge is sufficient for welding. To demonstrate the method, a system is developed in Siemens NX using their NXOpen Python API. The paper presents the application of the method to real-life use cases in varying complexity in cooperation with industrial partners. The system is able to correctly recognize almost all weld lines for the parts considered within a few minutes. Some exceptions are known for particular intersection lines located deep within notched joints and geometries weldable through sequential assembly, which are left as a subject to further works.
A new approach in model selection for ordinal target variables
Authors: Ballante Elena , Figini Silvia , Uberti Pierpaolo 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMulti-class predictive models are generally evaluated averaging binary classification indicators without a distinction between nominal and ordinal dependent variables. This paper introduces a novel approach to assess performances of predictive models characterized by an ordinal target variable and a new index for model evaluation is proposed. The new index satisfies mathematical properties and it can be applied to the evaluation of parametric and non parametric models. In order to show how our performance indicator works, empirical evidences obtained on toy examples and simulated data are provided. On the basis of the results achieved, we underline that our approach can be a more suitable criterion for model selection than the performance indexes currently suggested in the literature.
Stability and convergence of second order backward differentiation schemes for parabolic Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equations
Authors: Bokanowski Olivier , Picarelli Athena , Reisinger Christoph 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe study a second order Backward Differentiation Formula (BDF) scheme for the numerical approximation of linear parabolic equations and nonlinear Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman (HJB) equations. The lack of monotonicity of the BDF scheme prevents the use of well-known convergence results for solutions in the viscosity sense. We first consider one-dimensional uniformly parabolic equations and prove stability with respect to perturbations, in the $$L^2$$

L
2

norm for linear and semi-linear equations, and in the $$H^1$$

H
1

norm for fully nonlinear equations of HJB and Isaacs type. These results are then extended to two-dimensional semi-linear equations and linear equations with possible degeneracy. From these stability results we deduce error estimates in $$L^2$$

L
2

norm for classical solutions to uniformly parabolic semi-linear HJB equations, with an order that depends on their Hölder regularity, while full second order is recovered in the smooth case. Numerical tests for the Eikonal equation and a controlled diffusion equation illustrate the practical accuracy of the scheme in different norms.
Intact plasma quantification of the large therapeutic lipopeptide bulevirtide
Authors: Sauter Max , Blank Antje , Stoll Felicitas , Lutz Natalie , Haefeli Walter E. , Burhenne Jürgen 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBulevirtide is a first-in-class entry inhibitor of the hepatitis B and hepatitis delta virus blocking the sodium/bile acid co-transporter NTCP, and was recently approved for the treatment of hepatitis D as a priority medicine (prime) in an accelerated assessment by the European Medicines Agency. It is a very large lipopeptide comprising 47 amino acids in its sequence and a myristoylation at the N-terminus. For support of clinical development, we established highly sensitive plasma quantification assays using 100 μL of plasma, spanning concentrations of 0.1 to 100 ng/mL and 1 to 1000 ng/mL with the option to measure ten-fold diluted samples up to 10,000 ng/mL. Quantification was performed with UPLC-MS/MS measurements after extraction with protein precipitation. Both assays were fully validated according to the pertinent guidelines of the FDA and EMA, including incurred sample reanalyses and cross-validation using clinical study samples.
Positron emission tomography in the COVID-19 pandemic era
Authors: Jin Chentao , Luo Xiaoyun , Qian Shufang , Zhang Kai , Gao Yuanxue , Zhou Rui , Cen Peili , Xu Zhoujiao , Zhang Hong , Tian Mei 
Published: May 2021

AbstractCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a major public health problem worldwide since its outbreak in 2019. Currently, the spread of COVID-19 is far from over, and various complications have roused increasing awareness of the public, calling for novel techniques to aid at diagnosis and treatment. Based on the principle of molecular imaging, positron emission tomography (PET) is expected to offer pathophysiological alternations of COVID-19 in the molecular/cellular perspectives and facilitate the clinical management of patients. A number of PET-related cases and research have been reported on COVID-19 over the past one year. This article reviews the current studies of PET in the diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19, and discusses potential applications of PET in the development of management strategy for COVID-19 patients in the pandemic era.
Laparoscopic Versus Open Incisional Hernia Repair: Long‐Term Follow‐up Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Asencio Francisco , Carbó Juan , Ferri Ramón , Peiró Salvador , Aguiló Javier , Torrijo Inmaculada , Barber Sebastian , Canovas Raul , Andreu‐Ballester Juan Carlos 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPurposeLong‐term extension of a previous randomized controlled clinical trial comparing open (OVHR) vs. laparoscopic (LVHR) ventral hernia repair, assessing recurrence, reoperation, mesh‐related complications and self‐reported quality of life with 10 years of follow‐up.MethodsEighty‐five patients were followed up to assess recurrence (main endpoint), reoperation, mesh complications and death, from the date of index until recurrence, death or study completion, whichever was first. Recurrence, reoperation rates and death were estimated by intention to treat. Mesh‐related complications were only assessed in the LVHR group, excluding conversions (intraperitoneal onlay; n = 40). Quality of life, using the European Hernia Society Quality of Life score, was assessed in surviving non‐reoperated patients (n = 47).ResultsThe incidence rates with 10 person‐years of follow‐up were 21.01% (CI 13.24–33.36) for recurrence, 11.92% (CI: 6.60–21.53) for reoperation and 24.88% (CI 16.81–36.82) for death. Sixty‐two percent of recurrences occurred within the first 2 years of follow‐up. No significant differences between arms were found in any of the outcomes analyzed. Incidence rate of intraperitoneal mesh complications with 10 person‐years of follow‐up was 6.15% (CI 1.99–19.09). The mean EuraHS‐QoL score with 13.8 years of mean follow‐up for living non‐reoperated patients was 6.63 (CI 4.50–8.78) over 90 possible points with no significant differences between arms.ConclusionIn incisional ventral hernias with wall defects up to 15 cm wide, laparoscopic repair seems to be as safe and effective as open techniques, with no long‐term differences in recurrence and reoperation rates or global quality of life, although lack of statistical power does not allow definitive conclusions on equivalence between alternatives.Trial registration numberClinicalTrial.gov (NCT04192838).
Pretreatment with ibrutinib reduces cytokine secretion and limits the risk of obinutuzumab-induced infusion-related reactions in patients with CLL: analysis from the iLLUMINATE study
Authors: Greil Richard , Tedeschi Alessandra , Moreno Carol , Anz Bertrand , Larratt Loree , Simkovic Martin , Gill Devinder , Gribben John G. , Flinn Ian W. , Wang Zhengyuan , Cheung Leo W. K. , Nguyen Aaron N. , Zhou Cathy , Styles Lori , Demirkan Fatih 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAnti-CD20 antibody treatments, such as obinutuzumab, have been associated with infusion-related reactions (IRRs). In the phase 3 iLLUMINATE study of ibrutinib-obinutuzumab versus chlorambucil-obinutuzumab in first-line chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma, IRRs were substantially reduced with ibrutinib-obinutuzumab versus chlorambucil-obinutuzumab. We prospectively analyzed inflammatory cytokines to evaluate the impact of ibrutinib on circulating cytokine levels following obinutuzumab infusion. In iLLUMINATE, ibrutinib or chlorambucil was given approximately 30–120 min before the first obinutuzumab infusion. Cytokines evaluated were IFNγ, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-18, MCP-1, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, and TNFα. Changes in peak cytokine levels from baseline (immediately before obinutuzumab) to post-obinutuzumab infusion were compared between arms and between patients with versus without IRRs using Wilcoxon rank sum test. Of 228 treated patients, 95 on ibrutinib-obinutuzumab (15 with IRRs, 80 without) and 88 on chlorambucil-obinutuzumab (45 with IRRs, 43 without) with cytokine data were included. Irrespective of IRR occurrence, median increase in cytokines was lower with ibrutinib-obinutuzumab versus chlorambucil-obinutuzumab for all cytokines (P < 0.01) except MIP-1β. Across treatment arms, post-obinutuzumab median increase in all cytokines except MIP-1β was greater in patients with versus without IRRs (P < 0.001). IL-6 and IL-8 elevations were associated with IRRs in both treatment arms. Among patients with IRRs, those receiving ibrutinib-obinutuzumab had lower post-obinutuzumab increases in IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and MCP-1 (P < 0.04) than patients receiving chlorambucil-obinutuzumab. For patients in the ibrutinib-treatment arm, we observed a reduction in both the rate of clinically apparent IRRs and the levels of IRR-related cytokines and chemokines. This observation supports an immunomodulatory mechanism of action for ibrutinib. Clinical Trial Registration: NCT02264574
Patient-reported effectiveness and safety of Pamidronate in NSAIDs-refractory chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis in children
Authors: Juszczak Bartłomiej , Sułko Jerzy 
Published: May 2021

AbstractTo evaluate patient-reported effectiveness, safety and social influence of Pamidronate in the therapy of NSAIDs-refractory Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis in children. Authors reviewed self-created questionnaires, which asked patients for symptoms alleviation, adverse drug reactions frequency and degree of severity and daily activities self-reliance. Only surveys with complete answers, which were returned to authors by an e-mail from juvenile patients treated for NSAIDs-refractory Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis at the University Children’s Hospital of Cracow were analyzed. Between 2010 and 2019, 61 children were diagnosed with NSAIDs-refractory Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis at our department. Out of 61 requests sent, 42 complete replies (33 females, 9 males) were gathered and analyzed. All patients included in this research were administered with at least one set of Pamidronate intravenously in the dose of 1 mg/kg/day for 3 consecutive days. Our analysis shows remarkable in terms of patient’s impressions decrease of pain intensity after 2.5 series of Pamidronate on average, and total pain resolution after 5.9 series on average. Overall number of adverse drug reaction events reported by responders was 105. One patient developed drug-dependent renal insufficiency in the course of therapy. Outcome assessment indicates that nearly 50% of the studied population was more eager to participate in social life just after the first infusion of the drug. 95% of the surveyed unanimously agreed to recommend Pamidronate therapy to cure NSAIDs-refractory CRMO. 39 out of 42 (93%) patients considered Pamidronate effective at the end of the treatment. Onset of Pamidronate’s action is gradual and differs in terms of symptoms alleviation between sexes. The therapy can induce considerable number of adverse drug reactions (2.5 per patient). Only 3 out of 42 (7%) patients were free from any ADRs. To demonstrate the impact of the use of Pamidronate on daily activities more precisely, further research with quantification of the quality of life is warranted.
Clinical value of radiomics and machine learning in breast ultrasound: a multicenter study for differential diagnosis of benign and malignant lesions
Authors: Romeo Valeria , Cuocolo Renato , Apolito Roberta , Stanzione Arnaldo , Ventimiglia Antonio , Vitale Annalisa , Verde Francesco , Accurso Antonello , Amitrano Michele , Insabato Luigi , Gencarelli Annarita , Buonocore Roberta , Argenzio Maria Rosaria , Cascone Anna Maria , Imbriaco Massimo , Maurea Simone , Brunetti Arturo 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Objectives
We aimed to assess the performance of radiomics and machine learning (ML) for classification of non-cystic benign and malignant breast lesions on ultrasound images, compare ML’s accuracy with that of a breast radiologist, and verify if the radiologist’s performance is improved by using ML.

Methods
Our retrospective study included patients from two institutions. A total of 135 lesions from Institution 1 were used to train and test the ML model with cross-validation. Radiomic features were extracted from manually annotated images and underwent a multistep feature selection process. Not reproducible, low variance, and highly intercorrelated features were removed from the dataset. Then, 66 lesions from Institution 2 were used as an external test set for ML and to assess the performance of a radiologist without and with the aid of ML, using McNemar’s test.

Results
After feature selection, 10 of the 520 features extracted were employed to train a random forest algorithm. Its accuracy in the training set was 82% (standard deviation, SD, ± 6%), with an AUC of 0.90 (SD ± 0.06), while the performance on the test set was 82% (95% confidence intervals (CI) = 70–90%) with an AUC of 0.82 (95% CI = 0.70–0.93). It resulted in being significantly better than the baseline reference (p = 0.0098), but not different from the radiologist (79.4%, p = 0.815). The radiologist’s performance improved when using ML (80.2%), but not significantly (p = 0.508).

Conclusions
A radiomic analysis combined with ML showed promising results to differentiate benign from malignant breast lesions on ultrasound images.

Key Points
• Machine learning showed good accuracy in discriminating benign from malignant breast lesions
• The machine learning classifier’s performance was comparable to that of a breast radiologist
• The radiologist’s accuracy improved with machine learning, but not significantly
Liver fibrosis staging by deep learning: a visual-based explanation of diagnostic decisions of the model
Authors: Yin Yunchao , Yakar Derya , Dierckx Rudi A. J. O. , Mouridsen Kim B. , Kwee Thomas C. , de Haas Robbert J. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Objectives
Deep learning has been proven to be able to stage liver fibrosis based on contrast-enhanced CT images. However, until now, the algorithm is used as a black box and lacks transparency. This study aimed to provide a visual-based explanation of the diagnostic decisions made by deep learning.

Methods
The liver fibrosis staging network (LFS network) was developed at contrast-enhanced CT images in the portal venous phase in 252 patients with histologically proven liver fibrosis stage. To give a visual explanation of the diagnostic decisions made by the LFS network, Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-cam) was used to produce location maps indicating where the LFS network focuses on when predicting liver fibrosis stage.

Results
The LFS network had areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.92, 0.89, and 0.88 for staging significant fibrosis (F2–F4), advanced fibrosis (F3–F4), and cirrhosis (F4), respectively, on the test set. The location maps indicated that the LFS network had more focus on the liver surface in patients without liver fibrosis (F0), while it focused more on the parenchyma of the liver and spleen in case of cirrhosis (F4).

Conclusions
Deep learning methods are able to exploit CT-based information from the liver surface, liver parenchyma, and extrahepatic information to predict liver fibrosis stage. Therefore, we suggest using the entire upper abdomen on CT images when developing deep learning–based liver fibrosis staging algorithms.

Key Points
• Deep learning algorithms can stage liver fibrosis using contrast-enhanced CT images, but the algorithm is still used as a black box and lacks transparency.
• Location maps produced by Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping can indicate the focus of the liver fibrosis staging network.
• Deep learning methods use CT-based information from the liver surface, liver parenchyma, and extrahepatic information to predict liver fibrosis stage.
Ventriculosubgaleal shunt and neuroendoscopic lavage: refining the treatment algorithm of neonatal post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus
Authors: Frassanito Paolo , Serrao Francesca , Gallini Francesca , Bianchi Federico , Massimi Luca , Vento Giovanni , Tamburrini Gianpiero 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
The optimal management of neonatal post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH) is still debated, though several treatment options have been proposed. In the last years, ventriculosubgaleal shunt (VSgS) and neuroendosdcopic lavage (NEL) have been proposed to overcome the drawbacks of more traditional options, such as external ventricular drainage and ventricular access device.

Methods
We retrospectively reviewed neonates affected by PHH treated at our institution since September 2012 to September 2020. Until 2017 patients received VSgS as initial treatment. After the introduction of NEL, this treatment option was offered to patients with large intraventricular clots. After NEL, VSgS was always placed. Primary VSgS was reserved to patients without significant intraventricular clots and critically ill patients that could not be transferred to the operating room and undergo a longer surgery.

Results
We collected 63 babies (38 males and 25 females) with mean gestational age of 27.8 ± 3.8SD weeks (range 23–38.5 weeks) and mean birthweight of 1199.7 ± 690.6 SD grams (range 500–3320 g). In 6 patients, hemorrhage occurred in the third trimester of gestation, while in the remaining cases hemorrhage complicated prematurity. This group included 37 inborn and 26 outborn babies. Intraventricular hemorrhage was classified as low grade (I–II according to modified Papile grading scale) in 7 cases, while in the remaining cases the grade of hemorrhage was III to IV. Mean age at first neurosurgical procedure was 32.2 ± 3.6SD weeks (range 25.4–40 weeks). Death due to prematurity occurred in 5 patients. First-line treatment was VSgS in 49 patients and NEL in the remaining 14 cases. Mean longevity of VSgS was 30.3 days (range 10–97 days) in patients finally requiring an additional treatment of hydrocephalus. Thirty-two patients required one to three redo VSgS. Interval from initial treatment to permanent shunt ranged from 14 to 312 days (mean 70.9 days). CSF infection was observed in 5 patients (7.9%). Shunt dependency was observed in 51 out of 58 surviving patients, while 7 cases remained shunt-free at the last follow-up. Multiloculated hydrocephalus was observed in 14 cases. Among these, only one patient initially received NEL and was complicated by isolated trapped temporal horn.

Conclusions
VSgS and NEL are two effective treatment options in the management of PHH. Both procedures should be part of the neurosurgical armamentarium to deal with PHH, since they offer specific advantages in selected patients. A treatment algorithm combining these two options may reduce the infectious risk and the risk of multiloculated hydrocephalus.