bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of Dominant Hydrological Mechanisms Using Bayesian Inference, Multiple Statistical Hypothesis Testing, and Flexible Models
Authors: Prieto Cristina , Kavetski Dmitri , Le Vine Nataliya , Álvarez César , Medina Raúl 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn hydrological modeling, the identification of model mechanisms best suited for representing individual hydrological (physical) processes is of major scientific and operational interest. We present a statistical hypothesis‐testing perspective on this model identification challenge and contribute a mechanism identification framework that combines: (i) Bayesian estimation of posterior probabilities of individual mechanisms from a given ensemble of model structures; (ii) a test statistic that defines a “dominant” mechanism as a mechanism more probable than all its alternatives given observed data; and (iii) a flexible modeling framework to generate model structures using combinations of available mechanisms. The uncertainty in the test statistic is approximated using bootstrap sampling from the model ensemble. Synthetic experiments (with varying error magnitude and multiple replicates) and real data experiments are conducted using the hydrological modeling system FUSE (7 processes and 2–4 mechanisms per process yielding 624 feasible model structures) and data from the Leizarán catchment in northern Spain. The mechanism identification method is reliable: it identifies the correct mechanism as dominant in all synthetic trials where an identification is made. As data/model errors increase, statistical power (identifiability) decreases, manifesting as trials where no mechanism is identified as dominant. The real data case study results are broadly consistent with the synthetic analysis, with dominant mechanisms identified for 4 of 7 processes. Insights on which processes are most/least identifiable are also reported. The mechanism identification method is expected to contribute to broader community efforts on improving model identification and process representation in hydrology.
The Influence of Local and Nonlocal Factors on Soil Water Content in a Steep Forested Catchment
Authors: Jarecke Karla M. , Bladon Kevin D. , Wondzell Steven M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSurface topography can influence flow pathways and the location of runoff source areas and water transport in steep headwater catchments. However, the influence of topography on spatial patterns of residual soil moisture is less well understood. We measured soil volumetric water content (VWC) on 14 dates at 0–30 and 30–60 cm depth at 54 sites on a steep, 10 ha north‐facing forested slope in the west‐central Cascades Mountains of Oregon, USA. Spatial patterns in VWC were persistent over time, and contrary to expectations VWC at 30–60 cm depth was greater on divergent than convergent slopes, especially during wet periods (R2 = 0.27, p < 0.001). Vegetation characteristics were assessed for all VWC monitoring locations and soil properties were determined for 13 locations as local factors that affect spatial patterns in VWC. Mean VWC over all dates was negatively correlated to gravimetric rock content (R2 = 0.28, p = 0.03) and positively correlated to water storage at field capacity (R2 = 0.56, p < 0.01). The variability in rock content in quick‐draining soils influenced soil‐water retention, and by extension, created spatially heterogenous but temporally persistent patterns in VWC. While spatial patterns were persistent, they were not easily explained by surficial topography in a steep, mountainous landscape with rocky, well‐drained soils. Further research is needed to understand if combined soil‐terrain metrics would be a more useful proxy for VWC than terrain‐based wetness metrics alone.
Sediment Particle Velocity and Activity During Dune Migration
Authors: Terwisscha van Scheltinga Renske C. , Coco Giovanni , Friedrich Heide 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe processes underlying sediment transport mechanics are still debated. Here, we present novel ensemble particle bedload measurements, obtained with high‐frequency imaging of particle velocities and activity over various bedform migration stages. We show that the bedload particle flux quickly responds to the unsteady non‐uniform flow over the bed. Mean particle velocity linearly increases over the dune slopes towards the crest. In contrast, particle activity exhibits a power law increase over the dune slopes, with the top layer almost saturating in the saltation regime. Furthermore, the spatial and temporal variability of particle motion over dune slopes is high. For lower flow, spatial and temporal variability from small‐scale topography, such as superposed bedforms, spurs, and irregular crestlines, are shown to be important for quantifying sediment dynamics. With increasing flow, however, the cross‐stream particle velocities increase significantly, influenced by the large‐scale dune topography (transverse slopes). Overall, variability in the particle flux increases with both flow strength and frequency of turbulent events. For the mean particle flux over the dune slopes, however, differences between neighboring dunes are large, which are attributed to dune topography variations and flow acceleration. The presented insights are essential to validate numerical simulations of sediment dynamics in three‐dimensional flow conditions over dune beds.
Influence of Agricultural Managed Aquifer Recharge (AgMAR) and Stratigraphic Heterogeneities on Nitrate Reduction in the Deep Subsurface
Authors: Waterhouse Hannah , Arora Bhavna , Spycher Nicolas F. , Nico Peter S. , Ulrich Craig , Dahlke Helen E. , Horwath William R. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAgricultural managed aquifer recharge (AgMAR) is a strategy whereby surface water is used to intentionally flood croplands to recharge underlying aquifers. However, nitrate (NO3−) contamination in agriculturally intensive regions poses a threat to groundwater resources under AgMAR. We use a reactive transport model to understand the effects of AgMAR management strategies (i.e., by varying the frequency, duration between flooding events, and amount of water) on NO3− leaching to groundwater under different stratigraphic configurations and antecedent moisture conditions. We examine the potential of denitrification and nitrogen retention in deep vadose zone sediments (∼15 m) using variable AgMAR application rates on two‐dimensional representations of differently textured soils, soils with discontinuous bands/channels, and with preferential flow paths characteristic of agricultural fields. Simulations indicate finer textured sediments, alone or embedded within/adjacent to high flow regions, are important reducing zones providing conditions needed for denitrification. Simulation results suggest that applying water all‐at‐once rather than in increments transports higher concentrations of NO3− deeper into the profile, which may exacerbate groundwater quality. This transport into deeper depths can be aggravated by wetter antecedent soil moisture conditions. However, applying water all‐at‐once also increases denitrification within the vadose zone by promoting anoxic conditions. We conclude that AgMAR can be designed to enhance denitrification in the subsurface and reduce NO3− leaching to groundwater, while specifically accounting for lithologic heterogeneity, antecedent soil moisture conditions, and depth to the water table. Our findings are potentially relevant to other systems that experience flooding inundation such as floodplains and dedicated recharge basins.
Blood protein profiles related to preterm birth and retinopathy of prematurity
Authors: Danielsson Hanna , Tebani Abdellah , Zhong Wen , Fagerberg Linn , Brusselaers Nele , Hård Anna-Lena , Uhlén Mathias , Hellström Ann 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundNearly one in ten children is born preterm. The degree of immaturity is a determinant of the infant’s health. Extremely preterm infants have higher morbidity and mortality than term infants. One disease affecting extremely preterm infants is retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), a multifactorial neurovascular disease that can lead to retinal detachment and blindness. The advances in omics technology have opened up possibilities to study protein expressions thoroughly with clinical accuracy, here used to increase the understanding of protein expression in relation to immaturity and ROP.MethodsLongitudinal serum protein profiles the first months after birth in 14 extremely preterm infants were integrated with perinatal and ROP data. In total, 448 unique protein targets were analyzed using Proximity Extension Assays.ResultsWe found 20 serum proteins associated with gestational age and/or ROP functioning within mainly angiogenesis, hematopoiesis, bone regulation, immune function, and lipid metabolism. Infants with severe ROP had persistent lower levels of several identified proteins during the first postnatal months.ConclusionsThe study contributes to the understanding of the relationship between longitudinal serum protein levels and immaturity and abnormal retinal neurovascular development. This is essential for understanding pathophysiological mechanisms and to optimize diagnosis, treatment and prevention for ROP.ImpactLongitudinal protein profiles of 14 extremely preterm infants were analyzed using a novel multiplex protein analysis platform combined with perinatal data.Proteins associated with gestational age at birth and the neurovascular disease ROP were identified.Among infants with ROP, longitudinal levels of the identified proteins remained largely unchanged during the first postnatal months.The main functions of the proteins identified were angiogenesis, hematopoiesis, immune function, bone regulation, lipid metabolism, and central nervous system development.The study contributes to the understanding of longitudinal serum protein patterns related to gestational age and their association with abnormal retinal neuro-vascular development.
Alterations of core structural network connectome associated with suicidal ideation in major depressive disorder patients
Authors: Liu Xinyi , He Cancan , Fan Dandan , Zang Feifei , Zhu Yao , Zhang Haisan , Zhang Zhijun , Zhang Hongxing , Xie Chunming 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSuicide ideation (SI) is a most high-risk clinical sign for major depressive disorder (MDD). However, whether the rich-club network organization as a core structural network is associated with SI and how the related neural circuits are distributed in MDD patients remain unknown. Total 177 participants including 69 MDD patients with SI (MDDSI), 58 MDD without SI (MDDNSI) and 50 cognitively normal (CN) subjects were recruited and completed neuropsychological tests and diffusion-tensor imaging scan. The rich-club organization was identified and the global and regional topological properties of structural networks, together with the brain connectivity of specific neural circuit architectures, were analyzed. Further, the support vector machine (SVM) learning was applied in classifying MDDSI or MDDNSI from CN subjects. MDDSI and MDDNSI patients both exhibited disrupted rich-club organizations. However, MDDSI patients showed that the differential network was concentrated on the non-core low-level network and significantly destroyed betweeness centrality was primarily located in the regional non-hub regions relative to MDDNSI patients. The differential structural network connections involved the superior longitudinal fasciculus and the corpus callosum were incorporated in the cognitive control circuit and default mode network. Finally, the feeder serves as a potentially powerful indicator for distinguishing MDDSI patients from MDDNSI or CN subjects. The altered rich-club organization provides new clues to understand the underlying pathogenesis of MDD patients, and the feeder was useful as a diagnostic neuroimaging biomarker for differentiating MDD patients with or without SI.
Stabilisation of central wavelength of erbium‐doped fibre source as part of high‐accuracy fibre optic gyroscopes
Authors: Vostrikov Evgenii , Kikilich Nikita , Zalesskaya Yulia , Aleinik Artem , Smolovik Mikhail , Deyneka Ivan , Meshkovskii Igor 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe stability of the central wavelength of the erbium‐doped fibre source (EDFS) is one of the most important parameters to ensure the accurate operation of navigation systems based on high‐accuracy fibre optic gyroscopes (FOGs). Herein, the method of stabilisation of the EDFS as a part of the FOG is presented. The main advantage of this method is the possibility of quick and simple matching of temperature‐compensating spectral filters by changing the pump ratio without modifying the optic scheme. The EDFS optic scheme is based on the double‐pass bidirectional pumping configuration. This makes it possible to obtain the world‐class stability of the central wavelength of the EDFS as a component of different devices with the spectral selectivity and set the constant value of the optic power of the output light (OL). Also, this is the first study into the dependence of the temperature coefficient of the central wavelength on the pump ratio. The proposed method allows compensating the spectral characteristics of the FOG, achieving the OL central wavelength stability around 0.7 ppm/°C and the FOG scale factor stability around 0.73 ppm/°C.
Bewegungsförderung bei Patienten
Authors: Hagmann Dana 
Published: April 2021

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDurch kontinuierliche Forschung und Weiterentwicklung pflegerischer Bewegungskonzepte entstehen Konzeptionen wie das Viv-Arte® Pflegekonzept nach Bauder-Mißbach. Das Ziel dieses Beitrags ist, zu evaluieren, wie die Pflegekräfte der Station M2e der Klinik für Innere Medizin I des Universitätsklinikums Ulm dieses Konzept nutzen und umsetzen. Die Forschungsfrage lautet: „Warum wird das Viv-Arte® Pflegekonzept auf der Station M2e von examinierten Pflegekräften nur begrenzt angewendet?“. Die Arbeit beruht auf einem theoretischen und einem praktischen Teil. Im Theorieteil werden zunächst die relevanten Begrifflichkeiten definiert. Für den praktischen Teil werden mittels eines Fragebogens die im Theorieteil dargestellten Grundlagen auf ihre Umsetzung in der Praxis hin untersucht. Dies basiert auf einer hauptsächlich quantitativen Methode. Zudem erfolgt die Darstellung und Interpretation der Ergebnisse mit daraus resultierenden Handlungsempfehlungen für die Station M2e. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass das Konzept bei kontinuierlicher und richtiger Anwendung positive Effekte auf die Pflegekräfte, die Pflegeempfänger und die Wirtschaftlichkeit eines Klinikums haben. Es wird empfohlen, die Vorteile des Viv-Arte® Pflegekonzepts den Pflegekräften näher zu bringen, deren Vorurteile abzubauen und bestehende Denkweisen zu ändern. Zudem ist eine Zusammenarbeit mit der Stabstelle Bewegungsförderung anzuraten.
Symptomatische Behandlungsoptionen chronischer, neurologischer Gangstörungen
Authors: Schniepp Roman , Möhwald Ken , Wuehr Max 
Published: April 2021

ZusammenfassungStörungen des Gehens, der Mobilität und Stürze sind häufige Gesundheitsprobleme von Patienten mit chronischen, neurologischen Erkrankungen. Daher ist es wichtig, neben der Behandlung der neurologischen Grunderkrankung auch symptomatische Therapieoptionen mit dem Ziel der Verbesserung des Gehens einzusetzen.Mittels einer selektiven Literaturrecherche von Studien mit expliziter Untersuchung der Gehfähigkeit wurden symptomatische Therapiemöglichkeiten in den folgenden klinischen Entscheidungsfeldern identifiziert und diskutiert: (1) hypokinetische Gangstörung (z.B. bei M. Parkinson, Normaldruckhydrocephalus und vaskulärer Enzephalopathie), (2) Gangunsicherheit mit Ataxie (sensorisch und zerebellär) und (3) spastisch-paretische Gangstörung (bei Multipler Sklerose). Es werden medikamentöse und nicht-medikamentöse Therapieoptionen analysiert, speziell zu den Funktionsbereichen „Lokomotion“, „posturale Kontrolle“, „Modulation“ und „Adaptionsfähigkeit“. Die medikamentösen Behandlungskonzepte orientieren sich vorwiegend an den pathophysiologischen Veränderungen der Grunderkrankungen. Physikalisch-medizinische Basistherapien sowie Gang- und Bewegungstherapien erweitern das therapeutische Spektrum. Zudem können geh-relevante Einzelsymptome effizient mittels physikalisch-medizinischer oder pharmakologischer Therapien verbessert werden.Die Behandlungsoptionen neurologischer Gangstörungen sind gut und systematisch untersucht und ermöglichen eine individuelle Anpassung an die zugrundeliegende neurologische Erkrankung, an die Funktionsdefizite der individuellen Gangstörung sowie an relevante Einzelsymptome, welche das Gehen nochmals verschlechtern.
Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling Reaction and Arylation of Quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones under Iodide/Peroxide Conditions
Authors: Ma Chen , Wu Yujuan , Chu Xianglong , Yang Di , Xie Caixia 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA simple method has been developed for the synthesis of ­3-(2-oxo-2-phenylethylidene)-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one and ­3-aryl-quinoxalin-2(1H)-one derivatives through C–H activation of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones by peroxides and iodide. In this protocol, the per­oxide (TBPB) serves as both the radical initiator and aryl source, realizing arylation of quinoxalin-2(1H)-one in a one-step reaction. The methodology has the advantages of being a metal-free strategy and having broad functional group tolerance.
Proton-Mediated Practical Synthesis of McGeachin-Type Bisaminals
Authors: Du Hongguang , Xu Jiaxi , Yang Zhanhui , Chen Yang , Wang Tingting 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA proton-mediated practical synthesis of McGeachin-type bisaminals from 2-(alkylamino)arenecarbaldehydes and primary amines is achieved, with trifluoroacetic acid as the proton donor. The use of a proton, a smallest electrophilic activator, allows previously inviable ortho­-substituted anilines and linear and branched aliphatic amines to be viable substrates for McGeachin bisaminal synthesis. Overcoming the steric and electronic limitations provides a practical synthetic method. The applications in product derivation and pharmaceutical molecule modification are also demonstrated.
Capacity Building in Mental Health for Bihar: Overview of the 1-Year Blended Training Program for Nonspecialist Medical Officers
Authors: Bairy Bhavya K , Ganesh Aurobind , Kaur Sandeepa , Chand Prabhat Kumar , Kumar Channaveerachari Naveen , Manjunatha Narayana , Math Suresh Bada , Sinha Narendra Kumar , Arora Sanjeev 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Objective The aim of this study is to give an experiential overview of a 1-year blended training program for nonspecialist medical officers (primary care doctors; PCDs) of Bihar State of India. The training program was aimed to enable PCDs identify, diagnose, and treat commonly presenting psychiatric disorders in primary care

Methods PCDs had a brief onsite orientation program to psychiatric practice at National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro-Sciences (NIMHANS), followed by 10 months of online blended training. The online program followed the NIMHANS Virtual Knowledge- Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes (ECHO) model, that is, a hub and spokes model of training

Results Twenty-two PCDs participated in this program. Eleven of them got accredited at the end. The onsite orientation consisted of exposure to various psychiatry facilities at NIMHANS, in addition to learning psychiatric history taking and mental status examination. The ECHO model of online learning consisted of fortnightly sessions, lasting 2 hours each. There were 20 such sessions. Each session consisted of a didactic lecture by the psychiatrist followed by a case discussion. The cases were presented by PCDs, moderated by the hub specialists (NIMHANS). At the end of the training, participants rated an average of 4.5/5 on the mode, content and relevance of training and increase in knowledge due to the training. Around 23,000 patients were cared for during the said 1 year by the trained PCDs.

Conclusion Training PCDs in a manner that enables retaining the learnt skills is feasible. However, rigorous evaluation protocols are needed in order to test this in a systematic fashion.
Reviewing the Ethical Concerns of the Convalescent Plasma Therapy in COVID-19
Authors: Raturi Manish , Kala Mansi , Das Kunal , Kusum Anuradha 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe understanding of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is evolving periodically. There is also a marked increase in COVID-19 patients’ demand for the provision of COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) therapy. With the review of the literature, the stage of speculation is quickly moving towards conformity, with the interim guidelines given by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States, United Kingdom’s blood transfusion services, Saudi’s FDA, and the Indian Council for Medical Research, in addition to the European health authorities. It is prudent to address the ethical concerns that merit consideration while harvesting and utilizing CCP as a therapeutic tool in local hospital setting.
Drymaria cordata (tropical chickweed).
Authors: Rojas-Sandoval Julissa , Acevedo-Rodríguez Pedro 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

D. cordata is a vigorous fast-growing herb included in the Global Compendium of Weeds (Randall, 2012) and listed as one of the most aggressive weeds invading moist habitats in tropical and subtropical regions of the world (Holm et al., 1997; USDA-ARS, 2014). It is listed as a weed in 31 crops in more than 45 countries within and outside its native distribution range. D. cordata produces large amount of seeds (> 600 seeds/plants) and also spreads vegetatively rooting from the nodes, which is a trait that enable plants to multiply rapidly and colonize large areas very quickly. It has the potential to harm other plants by smothering them under a solid blanket of leaves and by climbing into the bushes (Holm et al., 1997).
Eleusine indica (goose grass).
Authors: Rojas-Sandoval Julissa , Acevedo-Rodríguez Pedro 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

E. indica is primarily listed as an agricultural and environmental weed (Randall, 2012) and is considered a "serious weed" in at least 42 countries (Holm et al., 1979). This species is described as a "dominant weed" especially in farming systems and annual row-crops where it grows vigorously and produces abundant seedlings (Holm et al., 1979). A single plant may produce more than 50,000 small seeds, which can be easily dispersed by wind and water, attached to animal fur and machinery and as a contaminant in soil (Waterhouse, 1993). E. indica invades disturbed habitats in natural areas and the margins of natural forests and grasslands, marshes, stream banks and coastal areas. It is also a common weed along roads, pavements, and powerline corridors (Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, 2011). Currently it is listed as invasive in several countries in Europe, Asia, Central and South America, the Caribbean and on many islands in the Pacific Ocean (see Distribution Table for details).
Monochamus leuconotus (white coffee stem borer).
Authors: Schoeman Schalk 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

M. leuconotus is indigenous to Africa south of the Sahara. Although another species with the same common name occurs in the Indian subcontinent, it is an entirely different species. This insect is not particularly invasive but because it severely affects coffee wherever it is grown in Africa it may create an impression of invasiveness. M. leuconotus is not on an alert list and due to its wide distribution, it cannot be considered as threatened.