bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer and Rate of Seeds on Some Growth Criteria and Dry Matter Production of Barley (Hordeum Vulgare L.)
Authors: Rahi AL-HamdawiEsra , Mihbis AL-Tahir Faisal 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A field experiment was carried out at the Second Agricultural Research and Experiments Station of the College of Agriculture/University of Al-Muthanna in Al Bandar region, during the winter season (2019-2020), in order to know the effect of nitrogen fertilization and seed rate on the production of dry matter for barley crop, and the experiment was applied according to the arrangement of the split plates. According to the design of randomized complete blocks with three replications, the number of experimental units was 120 units. The experiment included the secondary factor of five seed quantities (40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 kg ha−1) and the main factor included 4 levels of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg ha−1). The results showed that the rate of seed were significantly superior in most of the growth characteristics and dry matter of the barley crop, where the rate of seeds 80 kg ha-1 outperformed in the characteristics of plant height, dry weight of the stem, dry weight of leaves, dry weight of ears and dry weight of the plant, where their averages were (96.64 cm, 10.34 g, 7.20 g, 4.78 g and 22.3 g) respectively, while the level of 120 kg ha−1 seed rate outperformed in increasing the area of the flag leaf, which amounted to 23.67 cm 2, and the lowest seed level 40 kg ha-1 gave an increase in the length of the spike, which reached 7.06 cm. As for nitrogen fertilizer levels, the levels were significantly higher in all studied traits, where the amount of fertilizer 100 kg ha−1 outperformed in all studied traits, plant height (100.20 cm) and area leaf flag (24.38 cm 2), the number of tillers (8.38 tillers Plant−1, the length of the spike (6.92 cm), the dry weight of the stem (10.84 g), the leaves (7.29 g), the spikes (5.38 g), and the dry weight of the whole plant (23.51 g). As for the interaction between the rate of seed and nitrogen fertilization, the combination (80 kg ha−1 seed * 100 kg ha−1 nitrogen) outperformed and gave the highest averages for most of the studied traits. And the weight of the full bat where their averages were (13.20, 10.51, 7.37 and 31.07 g) respectively.
Effect Irrigation Quality and Mineral Fertilization on Barley Productivity (Variety 244) and Some Nutrients Availability
Authors: Al-Maamori Haider.A. , Al-Budeiri Montazer.H. , Mousa Raji A. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
An experiment was conducted in fields of Agricultural Research office/Al-Dibuni Research Station in Clay Loam soil, to study the coexistence with irrigation salinity using different water qualities with a recommended mineral fertilizer by the Iraqi Ministry of Agriculture, and evaluate the role of this fertilizer in maintaining the nutritional balance in soil and barley productivity. A Factorial Experiment Design was used According to RCBD design. The results showed that mineral fertilization of 100% fertilizer recommendation was significantly superior in all measured characteristics (nitrogen and phosphorus availability in soil, EC, plant height, leaf area, number of branches, 1000 grain weight, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index) which gave (46.31, 27.29 mg kg−1, 5.59 dSm−1, 67.44 cm, 20.41 cm2plant−1, 7.66 branch plant−1, 44.08g, 3.16, 11.19 Mg ha−1, and 28.24%, respectively) compared with control treatment. The addition of irrigation different types affected on the measured characteristics, as the S1 treatment gave a significant values in each of (nitrogen and phosphorus availability in soil, EC, leaf area, number of branches, 1000 grain weight, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index) which gave (40.27, 23.39 mg kg−1, 5.10 dSm−1, 16.97 cm2plant−1, 6.91 branch plant−1, 40.31 g, 3.02, 10.13 Mgha−1, and 29.98%) compared with S2 treatment. The results showed the double interaction F4S3 treatment had a significant effect in all the measured characteristics(nitrogen and phosphorus availability in soil, leaf area, number of branches, 1000 grain weight, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index) which gave (48.61 and 28.97mg kg−1 and 20. 92 cm2plant−1, 8.06 branch plant−1, 45.75g, 3.22, 11.47 Mgha−1, and 28.07%, respectively) compared with F1S2 treatment, noting F4S3 treatment did not significantly of F4S1 treatment.
The Effect of Chelated Zinc and Nano-Zinc and Interaction on Growth Traits of Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.)
Authors: Mohammed Al-Toki Mohammed Abed , Halloul Rahim 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The field experiment was carried out in one of the farmers’ fields in Al-Fajr district, Dhi Qar governorate, located 90 km north of Nasiriyah city center, during the agricultural season 2020-2021. To show the effect of spraying different levels of chelated and nano zinc on the growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The experiment was conducted using factorial experiments according to the complete block design (RCBD). The experiment included two factors, the first factor using chelated zinc at five levels (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 mg. L−1), and the second factor using nano-zinc at five levels (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 mg. L−1). The results show that chelated zinc was a significant effect on the leaf area, the flag leaf, tiller number and chlorophyll, and no significant effect on plant height and spike length. As for the zinc nanoparticles, it had a significant effect on leaf area and chlorophyll, and no significant effect on the plant height, spike length and the tiller number. While the interaction affected significantly the leaf area, and no significantly affect the plant height, spike length, tiller number and chlorophyll.
Effect of Sulfur-Oxidizing Bacteria Thiobacillus Thioparus and Different Levels of Agricultural Sulfur on Wheat Yield (Triticum Aestivium L.)
Authors: Jabbar Abdullah Karim , Al-Ziyadi Dalia Qassem 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A field experiment was carried out in the agricultural season 2020-2021 in an agricultural field located in the Al-Jarboua area (Al Hafez) in Al-Muthanna Governorate to study the effect of inoculation with sulfur-oxidizing bacteria and agricultural sulfur levels and their interactions on the yield of wheat plant Triticum aestivum L. Ibaa cultivar 99. The study was carried out in two stages, the first is isolation Sulfur oxidizing bacteria and the second used as a inoculant in the agricultural experiment to study its effect on soil characteristics and its content of nutrients NPK and S. At two levels T0 without adding the bacterial inoculum and T1 adding the first isolate of bacteria The second factor included the addition of agricultural sulfur with four levels of sulfur (S0 were taken without addition, S1 added 750 kg ha−1, S2 added 1500 kg ha−1 and S3 added 2250 kg ha−1) In three replications, the number of experimental units reached 36 experimental units. The results of the study also showed that inoculation with bacterial isolates led to a significant increase in the readiness of nutrients N, P, K and S, and the highest rate of sulfur was (1895) mg. The pollination also led to a significant increase in the growth characteristics of the plant (plant height, number of spikes and grain yield), as it recorded (101.25 cm, 393.22 spike m−1 and 6.73 mcg/ha−1), respectively. The addition of agricultural sulfur at different levels affected a significant increase in the availability of nutrients N, P, K and S, and the highest rate of sulfur at the level of S3 was (1817) mg. Also, the bilateral interaction between inoculation with bacterial isolates and agricultural sulfur led to a significant increase in the availability of nutrients N, P, K and S. kg −1 soil.
The Effect of Type and Method of Immobilizing Bacillus Megaterium Bacteria Inoculation in Increasing Potassium Available and Growth of Wheat Plant Triticum Aestivum L
Authors: Al-Jubouri Abdullah K.J. , Khafaji Hajar A. H. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A field experiment was carried out at the second agricultural research and experiment station of the College of Agriculture, Muthanna University, for the 2019-2020 agricultural season, with the randomized complete block design RCBD, using two factors and three repeats, that’s to study the effect of adding the bio inoculant from Bacillus megaterium bacteria, and when loaded the bacterium with the immobilization inoculation technology on zeolite, sodium alginate, Agarose and bentonite and it’s symboled of M0, M1, M2 and M3 respectively to compare its efficiency in increasing potassium available and growth of wheat plant variety Eba’a 99. The experiment included two comparison treatments, the first being B0 without the addition of the bacterial inoculant and the second comparative treatment being B1 adding the bacterial vaccine. At the end of the experiment, potassium concentration was estimated in soil after cultivation. The results showed a clear moral effect of the use of the immobilized bacterial inoculant in Nitrogen available at a 15.65 (mg N kg−1 soil) and with an increase of 17.14%, Potassium available at a 289.2 (mg K kg−1 soil) and an increase of 6.79%, and the plant height was a rate of 84.87 cm and an increase of 9.41% and bio yield at 810.25 kg dunum−1 and an increase of 34.98%.
The Effect of Some Chemical Compounds and Plants Water Extracts on Inhibiting The Nitrification in The Soil and Wheat (Triticum Aestivuim L.) Growth and Yield
Authors: Al-Barakat Hanoon N.Kadhem , Neghamish Razzaq ghazi , Al-Shujairy Qassim A.T. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A field experiment was carried out in Dhi Qar Governorate, Al-Fadhliya region, for season of 2018-2019. Chemical compounds DMPP, DCD, and ATS as well as aqueous extracts of capers seeds and palm bast, were added to inhibiting the nitrification in the soil, and some of the growth characteristics of the wheat. Three of nitrogen level were added as urea (46% N) fertilizer (100, 150 and 200 kg N per ha). Aqueous extracts of plants were added to the urea fertilizer at a concentration of 100 ml for each kg of fertilizer. The experiment designed used RCBD with three replications. Wheat seeds were sown at 11/15/2018. Soil samples were Collecting from the soil (0-30) cm during the growing season after (10, 20, 40 and 60) days after the fertilization. The amount of ammonium, nitrate and nitrite, were estimated. The results showed that the fertilizer level 150 kg N ha−1 with all extracts and chemical compound treatments were exceeded compared with 200 kg N ha−1 without treatments.
The Effect of Humic Acid, Vermicompost and Nano-Phosphorous on Growth and Yield Characteristics of Maize (Zea mays L.)
Authors: Al-Taweel Luma Salih Jabbar , Al-Saadawi Ahmed Malik Waheed 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In order to study the effect of adding humic acid, vermicompost and nano-phosphorous on the growth characteristics and yield of maize. An experiment was carried out in one of the fields located in Afak sub-district - Diwaniyah Governorate - Iraq in the autumn season 2020.
The experiment was carried out according to a Complete Randomized Blocks Design with three replications. The treatments included adding humic acid at three levels (0, 10 and 20) kg H−1 and coded (H0, H1 and H2) sequentially, while vermicompost was added at two levels (0 and 4) tons H−1 and coded (V0 and V1) sequentially. While nano-phosphorous was added at three levels (0, 5 and 10) kg H−1 that coded by (nP0, nP1 and nP2) sequentially.
The results of the experiment showed outperform the fertilizer combination (VnP1), which consisted of vermicompost (4) H−
1ton and nano-phosphorous (5) kgH−1, as it recorded the highest content of chlorophyll in leaves, the highest plant height, the highest weight of the vegetative and root system, the percentage of protein and the total grain yield (66.53). SPAD and 269.93 cm, 53.53 g and 11.853 g) compared to the control treatment that recorded the lowest values, followed by treatment (V) with a single effect of vermicompost (4) tonH−1, which outperformed in the content of leaves from chlorophyll, plant height, dry weight of the vegetative and root system and the percentage of the protein and total yield which recorded (SPAD 65.77, 263.50 cm, 53.04 g, 11.520 g, 12.25% and 12,393 mcg H−1) compared to the control treatment that recorded the lowest values, as the second level of single nano-phosphorous fertilizer (nP2) was significantly superior compared to the levels addition of nP and comparison treatment.
Study of The Effect of Salt Stress and Kinetin and Their Interaction on The Growth and Yield of Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.)
Authors: Al-Khafaji Zahra Hussein , Al-Burki Fouad Razzaq 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A field experiment was conducted at the first station of the College of Agriculture/University of Al-Muthanna for the agricultural season 2020-2021, with the aim of studying the effect of treatment with salinity stress and kinetin on the growth and yield of the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar of Bohooth 22. The experiment was applied by split plates design using a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) with three Replicators of 36 experimental units The main units included levels of irrigation water salinity (2.5, 5, 7.5, 10) ds/m, while the secondary units included levels of kinetin (0, 30, 60 Ppm). The results of the statistical analysis showed a significant difference in the salinity of the high irrigation water in most growth traits such as plant height, flag leaf area, number of tillers plant−1, spike length (cm) and number of days to physiological maturity (day) at a rate of (.5473, 14.912, 3.222, 9.176, 143.67) respectively, and the traits of the yield and its components represented by the number of spikes. m2, number of grains per spike, weight of 1000 grains (gm), grain yield (ton ha−1) and biological yield (ton ha−1) at a rate of (300.06, 35.39, 31.60, 3.52, 9.46) respectively, while soaking the seeds with kinetin led to a significant increase in most of the studied traits. Thus, we conclude that salt stress has a negative role on the growth stages of the vegetative plant, and this leads to the reduction of the yield and its components.
Effect of Phosphate Fertilization and Iron Spraying on Growth Parameter and Yield of Oat (Avena Sativa L.)
Authors: Alabdalsayid Kadhm K.A. , Al-Freeh Lamiaa M.S. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractA field experiment was conducted during the agricultural season 2020-2021 at the Agricultural Research Station/College of Agriculture/University of Basra (Al-Haritha site) (20 km from the center of Basra Governorate). To study the effect of four levels of phosphate fertilizer (P0=0, P1=50, P2=100 and P3=150 Kg ha-1) and four concentrations of iron spray(F0=0, F1=1000, F2=2000 and F3=3000 PPM). on the growth, yield and quality of oats (Avena sativa L.) Janzania cultivar the experiment was carried out in a split-plot arrangementusinga randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Phosphate fertilizer levels occupied the main plot, and iron concentrations occupied the sub-plots. The results showed that the P3 level was significantly superior in all the studied traits, which gave the highest grain yield of 6.13 mcg ha-0. The concentration F2 was significantly superior in all the studied traits, which gave the highest grain yield of 5.29 mcg ha-0. The interaction also showed the superiority of the combination P3*F2 in plant height, flag leaf area, number of branches and grain yield, while the interaction was not significant in the trait of leaf area index and Net Assimilation rate and crop growth rate
Modelling adhesively-bonded T-joints by a meshless method
Authors: Sánchez I J , Ramalho L D C , Campilho R D S G , Belinha J 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Bonding of non-parallel substrates has many applications in the transport industry. Adhesively-bonded T-joints are employed for that purpose. However, geometrical dimensions, substrates’ shape and material choices are broad. The effect that varying upper substrate thickness has on the joint strength (P

max
) was investigated in this work through numerical analyses. The numerical analysis was performed using a meshless method, the natural neighbour radial point interpolation method (NNRPIM), which has been proven accurate and robust in another adhesive joint configuration. Materials were considered elastic-plastic. A yield criterion developed for rubber-like materials, the Exponent Drucker-Prager, was used for the adhesive layer, while the metallic substrates were analysed with the von Mises yield criterion. P

max
was determined numerically using a strain-based continuum mechanics failure criterion. Normalised peel and shear stress distributions along the bond-line are presented. Effective strains, both elastic and plastic, were also obtained. The estimated P

max
was compared with experimental data; a good agreement was found. The stress distribution along the bond line becomes asymmetric in joints with unbalanced substrate thicknesses. At P

max
, from 10 to 25% of the bond-line has entered into plastic regime. The results indicate that the proposed methodology is suitable to analyse adhesively-bonded joints under different load solicitations.
From single layer to multilayer networks in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Echegoyen Ignacio , López-Sanz David , Maestú Fernando , Buldú Javier M 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We investigate the alterations of functional networks of patients suffering from mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) when compared to healthy individuals. Departing from the magnetoencephalographic recordings of these three groups, we construct and analyse the corresponding single layer functional networks at different frequency bands, both at the sensors and the regions of interest (ROI) levels. Different network parameters show statistically significant differences, with global efficiency being the one having the most pronounced differences between groups. Next, we extend the analyses to the frequency-band multilayer networks (MN) of the same dataset. Using the mutual information as a metric to evaluate the coordination between brain regions, we construct the αβ MN and analyse their algebraic connectivity at baseline λ
2−BSL
(i.e., the second smallest eigenvalue of the corresponding Laplacian matrices). We report statistically significant differences at the sensor level, despite the fact that these differences are not clearly observed when networks are obtained at the ROIs level (i.e., after a source reconstruction procedure). Next, we modify the weights of the inter-links of the multilayer network to identify the value of the algebraic connectivity λ
2−T
leading to a transition where layers can be considered to be fully merged. However, differences between the values of λ
2−T
of the three groups are not statistically significant. Finally, we developed nested multinomial logistic regression models (MNR models), with the aim of predicting group labels with the parameters extracted from the MN (λ
2−BSL
and λ
2−T
). Using these models, we are able to quantify how age influences the risk of suffering AD and how the algebraic connectivity of frequency-based multilayer functional networks could be used as a biomarker of AD in clinical contexts.
TMNP: a transcriptome-based multi-scale network pharmacology platform for herbal medicine
Authors: Li Peng , Zhang Haoran , Zhang Wuxia , Zhang Yuanyuan , Zhan Lingmin , Wang Ning , Chen Caiping , Fu Bangze , Zhao Jinzhong , Zhou Xuezhong , Guo Shuzhen , Chen Jianxin 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
One of the most difficult problems that hinder the development and application of herbal medicine is how to illuminate the global effects of herbs on the human body. Currently, the chemo-centric network pharmacology methodology regards herbs as a mixture of chemical ingredients and constructs the ‘herb-compound-target-disease’ connections based on bioinformatics methods, to explore the pharmacological effects of herbal medicine. However, this approach is severely affected by the complexity of the herbal composition. Alternatively, gene-expression profiles induced by herbal treatment reflect the overall biological effects of herbs and are suitable for studying the global effects of herbal medicine. Here, we develop an online transcriptome-based multi-scale network pharmacology platform (TMNP) for exploring the global effects of herbal medicine. Firstly, we build specific functional gene signatures for different biological scales from molecular to higher tissue levels. Then, specific algorithms are designed to measure the correlations of transcriptional profiles and types of gene signatures. Finally, TMNP uses pharmacotranscriptomics of herbal medicine as input and builds associations between herbs and different biological scales to explore the multi-scale effects of herb medicine. We applied TMNP to a single herb Astragalus membranaceus and Xuesaitong injection to demonstrate the power to reveal the multi-scale effects of herbal medicine. TMNP integrating herbal medicine and multiple biological scales into the same framework, will greatly extend the conventional network pharmacology model centering on the chemical components, and provide a window for systematically observing the complex interactions between herbal medicine and the human body. TMNP is available at http://www.bcxnfz.top/TMNP.
The Crown’s Ecclesiastical Creditors: Loans from the English Church to Edward II and Edward III, 1307–1377
Authors: McCallum Robin 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This article examines the loans made by the English Church to the Crown between 1307 and 1377 to finance the defence of the kingdom. It traces the origins of this policy to the political crisis of 1310–11, highlighting how Edward II approached his subjects for loans in order to circumvent the Ordainers’ restrictions on purveyance. Setting them in the context of the wars with France and Scotland, it considers when and why loans became a common demand on the Church. Clergymen, however, were not substantial royal creditors and lent, at most, £50,000–£60,000 in money and victuals during this period. This article assesses why ecclesiastics agreed or refused to provide loans, and why Edward II and Edward III failed to develop them into important creditors. Essentially, the Crown encountered three groups of ecclesiastical creditors: a few prelates and abbots with close political ties to the king who lent extraordinary sums; a small group who pleaded poverty or lent negligible amounts; and numerous clergymen who were far from enthusiastic, but who lent an acceptable amount either for rewards or to keep the peace with the king. The Crown’s struggles in securing loans of considerable value were partly the result of its excessive taxation demands on the Church. But many clergymen also viewed loans as another attempt by a secular power to interfere with ecclesiastical privileges. Their reluctance to provide loans stemmed from their claims of liberty from secular interference, part of a wider, long-standing and pan-European struggle between the Church and secular powers.