bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ACUTE INFANTILE GAUCHER'S DISEASE
Authors: RODGERS CHARLES LAWRENCE , JACKSON SANFORD HUGH 
Published: December 2021

A typical case of acute infantile Gaucher's disease is reported in a female infant, in which the initial symptoms were noted at 3½ months of age and death occurred at 9 months.
Clinical analysis of the liver and spleen showed a considerable excess of ceresin, approximately 73% of which was in the form of glucosido-cerebroside.
CONGENITAL VERBAL-AUDITORY AGNOSIA
Authors: KARLIN ISAAC W. 
Published: December 2021

The term congenital verbal auditory agnosia is proposed as a name for congenital word deafness in children.
The clinical features that these children present are: (a) lack of speech or limited speech; (b) an ability to hear sounds combined with inability to comprehend words by the auditory route.
The defect is apparently in the audito-psychic area or Wernicke's area.
The unusual case of a child with congenital verbal auditory agnosia is described.
PROGRESS IN THE STUDY OF "MUCOVISCIDOSIS" (PANCREATIC FIBROSIS)
Authors: SHWACHMAN HARRY 
Published: December 2021

IN ACCEPTING the first Mead Johnson Award for the year 1949, I should like to thank those who give it and those who have participated with me in the investigation of nutritional disorders, and particularly of the disease pancreatic fibrosis. I should like to acknowledge the assistance received from Dr. Paul R. Patterson who has been associated with me in most of our studies during the past three years.
Dr. May left the Children's Hospital in Boston over three years ago; it is a pleasure to be reunited with him here and to share this honor. Dr. May and I agreed that it would be difficult for us to attempt a presentation which would cover our independent activities. Instead, I should like to thank him for giving me this opportunity to tell you about some of our recent observations at the Children's Hospital. The advantages of working in an institution, in which a vast amount of energy has been expended over a long period of time in the study of pancreatic fibrosis, is quite obvious. The person most responsible for this activity and progress is Dr. Sidney Farber who has clearly presented a theory concerning the nature of the disease which after many years is being generally accepted. In 1941, he was able to refer to an experience of over 150 patients exhibiting the celiac syndrome studied at post mortem over an 18 year period.
Until recently and with rare exceptions all patients with proved pancreatic fibrosis have died. Nevertheless, I should like to suggest that we have much to gain if we discard the prevailing pessimistic attitude toward this disease (pancreatic fibrosis).
THE PRESIDENT'S PAGE
Authors: BEAVEN PAUL W. 
Published: December 2021

"The object of the Academy shall be to foster and stimulate interest in pediatrics and correlate all aspects of the work for the welfare of children that properly come within the scope of pediatrics. The Academy shall endeavor to establish and maitain the highest possible standards for pediatric education in medical schools and hospitals, pediatric practice and research . . . to maintain the dignity and efficiency of pediatric practice in its relationship to public welfare."
The above quotation gives the real object of our organization as formulated by those who wrote our Constitution. The Executive Board believes this object to be the aim to which we are pledged. Details will be described in later columns, for we are organized to carry this out. The Academy will continue to correlate all pediatric aspects of the work for the welfare of children. As a society we will seek to maintain the highest possible standards for pediatric education. We will point out the relationship of pediatric practice to public welfare. By means of strong national committees dealing with child health and by reason of the survey and its subsequent interpretation and by working with other groups interested in child welfare, we have already gone a long way in blazing a trail to that goal our founders envisioned. We have no intention of losing what has been gained nor do we intend to lose our leadership in child welfare. Rather we propose to enhance it.
Our membership is composed in large measure of practitioners.
EFFECTS OF LARGE LOADS OF ELECTROLYTES
Authors: GAMBLE J. L. , WALLACE W. M. , ELIEL L. , HOLLIDAY M. A. , CUSHMAN MARGARET , APPLETON JANET , SHENBERG ANITA , PIOTTI JEAN 
Published: December 2021

The effects of large electro'yte loads provided by adding various salts to a constant food intake were observed in two healthy infants on the basis of balance measurements found over a fore-period.
The salts used were NaCl, NaHCO3, KCl and K-acetate. The balances found over the periods of load were corrected for unmeasured loss by a value derived from the observed fore-period balances and an estimation of actual retention for growth based on expected body weight gain in relation to age. The measurements of balance thus obtained are regarded as rough approximations. It is believed, however, that they permit a description of the following main features of effects of load.
Adjustment of outgo to load was found to be a gradual process. Accumulation of surplus electrolyte in the body continued almost to the end of eight day periods of load and amounted to about 15% of initial body content.
With the large retentions of Na produced by NaCl or by NaHCO3, extensive depression of K retention below the fore-period level was found. The inverse effect, reduction of Na retention in the presence of large gain of K, was observed in the KCl and K-acetate periods.
Nitrogen retention was not disturbed by NaCl load and was found above the fore-period rate in the NaHCO3 and K-acetate periods but was extensively depressed by KCl.
Using the balance data and measurements of the concentration of Na and Cl in the blood plasma, estimations of sodium shift were obtained by the method of Darrow. A large transfer of Na to the intracellular compartment was found in the NaHCO3 period and in the KCl period Na was extensively removed. These transfers of Na closely preserved the usual concentration of bicarbonate in the plasma in the presence of widely unequal retentions of Na and Cl. A considerable gain of intracellular Na was observed under the NaCl load, but no removal was found in the K-acetate period.
Estimations of volume change of extracellular and of intracellular fluid are presented which illustrate the large effect of sodium shift in determining the distribution of body water accompanying electrolyte balance changes produced by load.
CIRCULATING EOSINOPHILS IN CHILDREN IN HEALTH AND DISEASE
Authors: HAIN KATHARINE 
Published: December 2021

A total of 351 circulating eosinophil counts were done on 75 children.
The range of circulating eosinophils for 18 normal children was 109 to 359.
In 12 patients with nonfebrile miscellaneous diseases the circulating eosinophil counts ranged from 84 to 599, and in three patients with mild febrile illnesses, from 170 to 341. A possible explanation for the fact that these counts fell within the normal range was discussed.
In 29 patients with acute febrile illnesses the initial circulating eosinophil counts ranged from 0 to 97. Serial counts during convalescence on three of these patients are presented and the prognostic significance discussed.
In 10 patients with various allergic manifestations there was a range of 393 to 2665. Serial counts on one case of acute atopic eczema treated with ACTH are presented.
Serial counts on one patient before and after laparotomy are presented.
Results of the "ACTH test," the "epinephrine test" and the "insulin test" on a group of children with miscellaneous diseases are presented.
ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM AND EYE DISORDERS
Authors: LEVINSON JULIAN D. , GIBBS ERNA L. , STILLERMAN MANUEL L. , PERLSTEIN MEYER A. 
Published: December 2021

A preliminary report is presented of electroencephalographic studies, both awake and asleep, on 1281 children under 16 years of age with respect to the presence of eye abnormalities, particularly strabismus.
Thirty per cent of 36 children with strabismus but otherwise normal, and only 0.5% of 180 children entirely normal, had occipital abnormalities on their EEGs.
In children with organic brain disease causing cerebral palsy, electroencephalographic foci in the occipital region occurred almost twice as frequently in the presence of abnormal eye findings. This relationship prevailed regardless of the presence or absence of seizures.
In patients with eye disorders, electroencephalographic foci involving the occipital region were six times more common than all other foci combined.
On the basis of this study, it would seem that children who show some neuro-ocular disorder should have a careful study of their EEGs for the detection of a possible central basis for their pathology. Conversely, patients who show an occipital focus on EEG should have a thorough ophthalmologic examination to rule out eye abnormalities.
THE PRESIDENT'S PAGE
Authors: BEAVEN PAUL W. 
Published: December 2021

OFTEN officers or members of the Board are asked questions concerning the Academy meetings. This letter is written to answer these questions.
The Academy now holds one areal meeting and one general meeting a year. For a time an attempt was made to have two areal meetings a year. Since it is difficult to interest commercial firms in that many meetings, it resulted in a deficit, which the Board felt we could not afford. Occasionally now the areal meetings do lose money, but the Board has felt that one such meeting is indispensable. The annual meeting results in a profit. The areal meeting this year is in Cincinnati; the annual meeting will be in Toronto. Next year the areal meeting will be in Washington, and the annual meeting in Chicago.
The Board has debated whether to hold most, if not all, the general meetings in Chicago. There are three advantages in this: it is centrally located, facilities are available, and the central office is located there. They would like your opinion as to the wisdom of doing this.
Each year the areal meeting is held in a different part of the country and its program is arranged completely by the men in the locality in which it is held. It has speakers, symposia, and panels; and most often they are outstanding. Sometimes comparisons are made between the excellence of the areal meeting and the annual meeting. They are not really comparable, for their composition is significantly different.
When it was first held, the composition of the annual general meeting was like the areal meeting, except that the annual business meeting was held at this session.
GALACTOSEMIA
Authors: DONNELL GEORGE N. , LANN STANLEY H. 
Published: December 2021

Four cases of galactosemia are presented; three occurred in one family. Autopsy findings on one case revealed portal cirrhosis and fatty infiltration of the liver.
The etiology of hepatomegaly and the genetic aspects of the disease are discussed. The importance of identifying the reducing substance in patients with glycosuria is emphasized by the cases reported here.
CHYLOUS ASCITES IN INFANCY
Authors: GRIBETZ DONALD , KANOF ABRAM 
Published: December 2021

A description of a case of chylous ascites with chylocele unassociated with chylous fluid in any other of the body cavities is described. The literature is reviewed and a summary of four similar cases is presented. The 25 cases in the literature are analyzed in terms of etiology, association of chylocele, roentgenographic findings, treatment and prognosis.
It is suggested that all such cases, particularly when they occur in the newborn infant, should be treated with conservative measures, i.e., paracentesis and supportive management, before resort to laparotomy.
Studies concerning the absorption of vitamin A are presented which indicate that where defects in fat absorption through lymphatic pathways exist, the use of aqueous dispersions of fat soluble vitamins ensures their absorption into the general circulation.
PREVALENCE OF HEART DISEASE IN TORONTO CHILDREN
Authors: GARDINER J. H. , KEITH JOHN D. 
Published: December 2021

The prevalence of heart disease in school children in this study was found to be .37%. This agrees rather closely with the recent findings of Rauh in Cincinnati and Robinson and Aggeler in San Francisco, but is a distinct drop from the findings of investigators 20 and 30 years ago, when 1 to 2% was the prevalence commonly reported.
From birth to 5 years of age heart disease in children is almost always congenital in origin. In the school age group 55% had congenital heart disease and 44% had rheumatic heart disease. Thus in the school age group, congenital heart disease occurred in just over half the heart cases, whereas if one takes the whole age group from birth to 15 years, congenital heart disease is found twice as commonly as rheumatic heart disease.
Deaths from congenital heart disease are roughly six times as common as rheumatic heart disease in the birth to 15 years age group. During one year there were 29 deaths from congenital heart disease and five from rheumatic heart disease.
It is of interest that by far the most common congenital defect of the heart is the ventricular septal defect. The patent ductus arteriosus is second with a third as many cases, tetralogy of Fallot is fourth, auricular septal defect is fifth, and so on. This is important to the paediatrician but it is of interest and importance to both the surgeon and the paediatrician to note the frequency according to the cause of death. Here tetralogy of Fallot is first, transposition of the great vessels second, anomalies of the aortic valve and ascending aorta third, ventricular septal defect fourth and coarctation of the aorta fifth. Thus efforts might well be directed to evolving satisfactory methods of treating transposition of the great vessels, the second most common cause of death from congenital heart anomalies.
Treatment of Critically III Newborns
Authors:   Committee on Bioethics
Published: December 2021

No more devastating event can befall parents than the birth of an abnormal or seriously ill child. A very prematurely born infant must be included in this category; in fact, 10% of newborns weighing 2,000 to 2,500 g will die despite the most heroic treatment. Moreover, the spectrum of congenital illness is vast and includes birth defects resulting from a complex interaction of genetic and environmental factors.
The American Academy of Pediatrics agrees with the Department of Health and Human Services of the federal government that the decision to treat or not treat seriously ill newborns should not be based on concomitant handicapping conditions, such as Down's syndrome or other congenital anomalies. However, we strongly oppose the remedy proposed by the DHHS. The President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research also strongly opposes the federal government's proposal. The pediatric research societies, the American Hospital Association, the National Association for Children's Hospitals and Related Institutions, and many other organizations and individuals including, we believe, the vast majority of the AAP membership, are opposed to these regulations. A better remedy, we believe, is the establishment in each hospital of an internal review procedure whenever the decision to forgo life-sustaming therapy is being considered.
The Academy's official policy with regard to the treatment or nontreatment of critically ill newborns has been developed by our Committee on Bioethics in consultation with the Committees on Fetus and Newborn, Hospital Care, and Children with Handicaps. It is published below.
Pediatrics, although the official journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics, publishes many commentaries that do not represent official AAP policy.
Neonatal Hyperviscosity
Authors: HATHAWAY WILLIAM E. 
Published: December 2021

Increased viscosity of the blood in newborn infants has been known to be associated with significant morbidity for more than a decade.1-4 A recent review of neonatal polycythemia and hyperviscosity by Black and Lubchenco5 summarizes the available literature and emphasizes the diagnostic and management problems that pediatricians currently face. This commentary will attempt to highlight some of these problems. During this discussion, measurements of hematocrit refer to venous microhematocrits and viscosity refers to measurements by the Wells-Brookfield microviscometer on heparinized whole blood samples, unless otherwise specified.
The syndrome of neonatal hyperviscosity may be defined as alterations in flow properties of blood associated with symptoms and signs of organ dysfunction.
Number Crunching
Authors: DAVIS HARRY C. , ROBERTSON ALEX 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor.—
A recent letter1 suggested that a "gaffe" and "blunder" was committed by the author of an earlier article.2 The letter is signed, "Student," reminding us of W. S. Gossett, the original "Student" of "Student's t-distribution" fame. Gossett was employed by Guinness Brewery which had forbidden him from publishing under his own name. Perhaps the letter writer was imbibing Gossett's product and not his wisdom.
Specifically, the letter writer suggests that Apgar scores are "semiquantitative," are ordinal and that "the arithmetic mean and standard deviation of Apgar scores are meaningless expressions."
Feeding of Infants with Cleft Palate
Authors: MARTIN LESTER W. 
Published: December 2021

In Reply.—
Perhaps, we should not have called the nipple "gravity flow," because, as described in the manuscript, the formula is expressed through the nipple by means of a compressible plastic feeding bottle. The bottle is compressed manually in order to deliver the formula.
What we introduced was a standard nipple that does not require puncturing with extra holes, cutting with a razor blade, or altering in some other manner.
W.A.S.T.E
Authors: GREENSHER JOSEPH 
Published: December 2021

In Reply.—
TIPP-The Injury Prevention Program, inaugurated by the American Academy of Pediatrics in April 1983, is gaining acceptance by pediatricians as an essential aspect of the care they provide their patients.
The major aim of TIPP is to give parents the impetus to acquire for their children the protection afforded by: (1) child car restraints, (2) smoke detectors, (3) safe hot water temperatures at the tap, (4) window and stairway guards/gates, and (5) a 1-oz bottle of Syrup of Ipecac.
Vitamin E Toxicity
Authors: SOKOL RONALD J. 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor.—
The article by Hittner et al1 extended some of their previous observations concerning the relationship between the retinopathy of prematurity and pharmacologic vitamin E therapy. The authors, however, reach what we consider are incorrect conclusions concerning the relationship between vitamin E status, patient survival, and vitamin E toxicity, and they provide the reader with recommendations that are not substantiated by the data presented.
The major concern is the error in the comparison of the two groups of infants in their table 4 (page 243), the "control" infants (oral vitamin E therapy alone) and the "treated infants" (combination of intramuscular and oral vitamin E therapy).
Factors Associated with the Choice and Duration of Infant-Feeding Practice
Authors: Simopoulos Artemis P. , Grave Gilman D. 
Published: December 2021

Breast-feeding makes a unique, fundamental contribution to the health and nutrition of infants. The World Health Organization International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes is designed to encourage, promote, and protect breast-feeding in all WHO member states. The Code acknowledges that a number of social and economic factors affect the decisions of women to breast-feed and that breast-feeding has declined. Member states have been urged, therefore, to develop appropriate social support systems to overcome and adjust for factors associated with breastmilk substitutes. Although the Code does not so state, these factors are not fully understood.
The reasons for unsuccessful breast-feeding and early termination are important concerns. So far only vague and rudimentary answers have been identified, eg, "the milk dried up"49 or "lack of satisfaction."7 The decision-making process involved in early weaning has yet to be carefully analyzed. Certainly, biologic variables are involved, such as maternal nutritional status, maternal nutrient intake, and volume and quality of milk produced. These factors have not been well studied, and they are presumably influenced by psychological, social, cultural, and economic factors.
Vahlquist,55 writing in the introduction to the WHO Collaborative Study on Breast-Feeding, noted, "Whereas, up to the 1960's it had been widely held that the decline in breast-feeding was a `fact of modern life,' this premise began to be increasingly questioned, and it was wondered whether the trend was really irreversible." The stakes in reversing the trend are great, as breast-feeding is the safest, most economical way to promote infant health and sound nutrition. Since then, the literature on the determinants of infant-feeding choice has grown rapidly.
Review of the Epidemiologic Evidence for an Association Between Infant Feeding and Infant Health
Authors: Kovar Mary Grace , Serdula Mary K. , Marks James S. , Fraser David W. 
Published: December 2021

The approach in this paper is to investigate the health impact of feeding infants breast milk or its substitutes in the United States and other industrialized countries today. This report is limited to an evaluation of epidemiologic and clinical studies of human populations conducted in the United States and other industrialized countries and published since 1970.
QUESTIONS ADDRESSED
This review addresses five questions on breast-feeding:
1. Is breast-feeding associated with lower post-neonatal mortality than alternative forms of feeding?
2. Is breast-feeding associated with lower infectious disease-specific morbidity than alternative forms of feeding?
3. Is breast-feeding associated with lower rates of allergic disease-specific morbidity than alternative forms of feeding?
4. Is breast-feeding associated with malnutrition as indicated by either unusually rapid growth or faltering growth?
5. Is breast-feeding associated with bonding or with better psychological and intellectual development?
QUESTIONS NOT ADDRESSED
The decision to focus on specific questions meant that several issues could not be addressed. For example, the relationship between breast-feeding and fertility, the possible impact of breast-feeding on the mother's health, and the possible impact of a mother's health condition or her use of drugs on infant feeding are not discussed, nor are medical characteristics of the infant that might make breast-feeding difficult or inadvisable. Thus, several factors that should be taken into consideration in evaluating whether breast-feeding should be encouraged or discouraged in specific circumstances are not discussed in this section.
Biochemical and immunologic laboratory studies and animal studies have also not been reviewed. Such studies are potentially valuable, and the decision to exclude them should in no way be interpreted as failure to recognize their importance.
Administration of Thyroxine to Very Low-Birth-Weight, Premature Infants
Authors: CHOWDHRY PARVEEN , ScANLON JOHN W. , AUERBACH RICHARD , ABBASSI VAL 
Published: December 2021

Schwartz et al have questioned the advisability of administering thyroxine (T4) to premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome and low levels of T4 as reported in our study.1 We have not advocated routine administration of T4, however, in premature babies who fail to increase their T4 concentration for several weeks. The question of possible consequences of prolonged hypothyroxinemia in a critical period remains unresolved. Our study demonstrated that hypothyroxinemia was of no immediate consequence.
The study by Hadeed et al2 on the prevalence of hypothyroxinemia of less than 6.5 µg/dL is on cord blood and does not apply to the postnatal period.