bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Familial combined hyperlipidemia: current knowledge about pathophysiology, diagnostics and correction
Authors: Chernyshov V. A. 
Published: June 2021

The review is devoted to the current knowledge about pathophysiology, diagnostics and correction of familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL) that is considered to be the most frequent among primary dyslipidemias in general population (1 — 3 %) as well as among the patients survived after myocardial infarction (20 — 38 %). The current knowledge about genetic characterization of FCHL and its pathophysiology are adduced. FCHL is emphasized to be a heterogenic state and many of genetic determinants are involved in its development. Excessive concentration of apolipoprotein B (ApoB) — containing lipoproteins is shown to be the main biochemical sign of FCHL and hence, the genes of proteins participated in their metabolism could be claimed for genes‑candidates of FCHL. A special attention is paid to the diagnostics of FCHL, the most valuable diagnostic signs of FCHL are emphasized because FCHL is not monogenic disorder and due to its phenotype characterized by high levels of low‑density lipoprotein cholesterol and/or triglyceride (TG), this lipid disorder is not frequently diagnosed. A combination of concentrations of ApoB > 120 mg/dl and TG > 1.5 mmol/l (> 133 mg/dl) with a family history of early cardiovascular debut could be used today for revelation of patients with a probable diagnosis of FCHL. The influence of FCHL on cardiovascular risk (CVR) that is partly realized through its association with metabolic comorbid conditions such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is considered. These comorbid conditions could play a role of etiological causes of cardiovascular disease and could increase a CVR through some common pathophysiological mechanisms such as insulin resistance of muscular and fat tissues and hepatic overproduction of very low‑density lipoproteins. The current approaches to FCHL correction in accordance with acting recommendations are elucidated. They consider its correction to be necessary as a primary atherogenic dyslipidemia and propose to start intervention from the influence on modified factors of CVR (smoking, alcohol consumption, excessive body mass, obesity). Some differential approaches to correction of lipid exchange disorders in FCHL from the beginning of the first line hypolipidemic agent (statin of fibrate) or their combined usage depended on dyslipidemia phenotype revealed during diagnostics of FCHL are discussed. Update combinations of hypolipidemic agents with an addition to statin and fibrate omega‑3 fatty acids, ezetimibe and inhibitors of PCSK9 (alirocumab, evolocumab) from the point of their influence on a reduction of CVR as well as on the components of dyslipidemia phenotype occurred in FCHL are considered.
Anatomical Variations in the Origin of Superior Thyroid Artery and its Relation with External Laryngeal Nerve and their Clinical Importance-A Cadaveric Study
Authors: T Manjappa , Pandit Ruku 
Published: June 2021

INTRODUCTION
The major arterial supply of thyroid gland is from superior and inferior thyroid arteries. The superior thyroid artery (STA) usually arises from the external carotid artery. The external laryngeal nerve runs in close proximity to the origin of the superior thyroid artery later leaves the artery by turning medially above or below the upper pole of the thyroid gland.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
A descriptive study was undertaken on 20 embalmed cadavers. The anterior triangle of neck was dissected bilaterally. The site of origin of STA level of origin in relation to the upper border of lamina of thyroid cartilage and relation of the STA with external laryngeal nerve were observed and noted.

RESULTS
The STA arises from the external carotid artery in 27.5%, common carotid artery in 62.5%, common carotid bifurcation in 5% and arises by a common trunk with lingual artery at common carotid bifurcation in 5%. The distance from the upper pole to the point where external laryngeal nerve turns medially is more than 10 mm in 50%, less than 10 mm in 25% and 10 mm in 25%.

CONCLUSION
The variations in the pattern of origin of the superior thyroid artery and its relation to external laryngeal nerve is a very common phenomenon. The head and neck surgeons must be aware of all possible variations to avoid postoperative complications and legal issues.
Asymptomatic Bacteriuria among Pregnant Women Attending a Tertiary Care Hospital in Western Nepal: A Cross-sectional Prospective Study
Authors: Raut Shristi , Khatiwada Sulochana , GC Narayan 
Published: June 2021

INTRODUCTION
Urinary tract of female undergoes tremendous changes during pregnancy which increases their risk of acquiring infection. Asymptomatic bacteriuria is a common entity among pregnant women which refers to significant bacteriuria (>105 bacteria per ml of urine) without any typical symptoms of urinary tract infection. Asymptomatic bacteriuria can lead to various maternal and fetal complications if not detected and treated on time.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Total 280 urine samples were collected in sterile universal containers from pregnant women not showing typical symptoms of urinary tract infection at the time of sample collection. Urine samples were inoculated in both MacConkey agar and Blood agar by semi quantitative culture method. Culture plates were reported after 24 hours of incubation at 370C. Bacteria isolated were subjected to antibacterial susceptibility testing by modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method.
RESULTS
Out of 280 urine cultures, 213 samples were sterile. Significant bacteriuria was seen in 25 cases (8.9%) followed by insignificant bacteriuria (20, 7.14%) and contamination (17, 6.10%). Highest number of cultures positive were in age group 21-30 years (19, 9.1%,). Out of 25 cases of significant bacteriuria, 60% were primigravida and 40% were multigravida. The most common organism isolated was Escherichia coli (10, 60%) followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (5, 40%).
CONCLUSION
Screening of all pregnant women for asymptomatic bacteriuria is essential during their antenatal checkup. Escherichia coli is the commonest organism that cause asymptomatic bacteriuria. Appropriate antibiotic therapy is absolutely necessary for positive cases on the basis of antimicrobial susceptibility result to prevent unwanted obstetric complications.
Estimation of Serum Vitamin D2, Growth Hormone, Alkaline Phosphatase and Calcium Phosphate Product in Patients with End Stage Renal Disease
Authors: Chaudhary Santosh , Gautam Narayan , Karki Manoj , Deshar Sunkeshari , Jayan Archana , Jha Amit Chandra , Tamang Binaya , Pokhrel Buddhi Raj , Shrestha Jharana , Dubey Raju Kumar 
Published: June 2021

INTRODUCTION
The chronic kidney disease (CKD) patient's calcium phosphate product, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), vitamin-D2 and human growth hormone (hGH) are altered under haemodialysis. This study aimed to evaluate these biochemical variables in conjunction with haemoglobin and blood pressure to find out their association in End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) patients.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
This cross-sectional study comprised of 104 patients with ESRD undergoing haemodialysis. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated by Cockcroft-Gault (CG) equation and calcium, phosphorus, ALP were measured by fully automated analyzer whereas vitamin-D2 and hGH were measured by sandwich and competitive enzyme linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) techniques.
RESULTS
The mean age of patients was 53.12 ±16.37 years comprising 68% male. The hypovitaminosis D was 57.7% deficiency and 23.1% insufficiency states whereas hGH insufficiency was 22.1%. The calcium phosphate product was found to be increased in only 39.9% cases. The increased ALP level was observed in 64.4% cases. There was statistically significant association between hGH and Hb status (p=0.03). The significant difference in mean sodium and Ca×P of ESRD cases was observed with hypertension status (p=0.03 and p=0.01) respectively. Moreover, the significant difference in mean eGFR and hGH was observed with haemoglobin status (p=0.0001and p=0.01) respectively.
CONCLUSION
Increased level of ALP and hypovitaminosis-D was very common in ESRD patients undergoing dialysis with less prevalence of hGH insufficiency and calcium phosphate product increment. The anaemia and hypertension status can be pre-existing condition with ESRD which are cumbersome to control if not monitor in these patients.
Writing A Research Paper: A Guide
Authors: Shrestha Laxmi , Joshi Bishal , Kumar Anand 
Published: June 2021

INTRODUCTION
A research paper is a part of academic writing where there is a gathering of information from different sources. It is multistep process. Selection of title is the most important part of research writing. The title which is interesting should be chosen for the research purpose. All the related information is gathered and the title for research is synthesized. After thorough understanding and developing the title, the preliminary outline is made which maintains the logical path for its exploration. After preliminary research, proper research work is started with collection of previous resources which is then organized and important points are noted. Then research paper is written by referring to outlines, notes, articles, journals and books. The research paper should be well structured containing core parts like introduction, material and methods, results and disscussion and important additional parts like title, abstract, references.
DEVELOPMENT AREAS OF REENGINEERING PROCESSES OF MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS IN THE CONTEXT OF INNOVATIVE ECONOMY
Authors: Plakhotnik Olena 
Published: June 2021

The authors considered anti-evolutionary, institutional, entrepreneurial and integration models of management systems in the context of studying the transformational cycle of economic processes development. This made it possible to prove that the effectiveness of the application of a specific approach to the organization of the structure of the management system depends on the degree of its implementation at a specific economic asset, and the transition to another structure is necessary in the case of the limitations of the existing one. It has been proven that one of the most promising mechanisms is the reengineering of business processes, which provides process orientation and an inductive approach to the use of modern information technologies, allowing flexible adaptation of the management system to changes in external and internal environments. The use of an object-oriented approach to the analysis, design and synthesis of applied software is proposed. It will allow the use of an iterative method of project development, which increases the efficiency, quality and speed of performing all types of work, as well as the possibility of forming multi-option solutions for the development of production and economic systems.
TENDENCIES OF FINANCIAL BEHAVIOR OF EUROPEAN HOUSEHOLDS
Authors: Hurzhiy Tamara 
Published: June 2021

Households, as an institutional sector, are active actors in financial relations in the national economy. There is no consensus on explanations of certain features of financial behavior of households, its impact on the formation of the net worth of their assets. The aim of the study is to identify and explain trends in the financial behavior of European households in view of the formation of their wealth. In the process of research the following methods were used: statistical analysis of dynamics, structural analysis – to study the indicators that characterize the financial behavior of households; economic and mathematical modeling – to build a model of dependence of household wealth on the structure of their financial assets; abstract-logical method – for making conclusions. The study of financial behavior of EU households revealed: excess of disposable income over expenditures, growth of savings and wealth of EU households, high borrowings, which increase in times of crisis, especially in countries where financial assets are concentrated in insurance or pension funds. The steady tendency to expand investments in Pension Funds, even in times of crisis, is highlighted. It is emphasized that savings directed to the financial assets of households are the main impetus for long-term economic growth of the country. It is established that 76.02 % of the variability in the total net asset value of households is explained by the structure of financial assets: the growth of the share of deposits in financial assets of households has the least impact on their wealth, while the share of securities (excluding shares) and share investments in insurance funds. The practical significance of the obtained results is to substantiate the need to regulate the behavioral determinants of households in terms of economic education, financial literacy, state support for the development of a strong banking system and attractive conditions for deposits, insurance and private pension funds, securities market.
DICTIONARY DEFINITION AS A WAY OF OBJECTIVATION OF ETHNOS KNOWLEDGE ABOUT TOOLS
Authors: Molodychuk Olha 
Published: June 2021

This article analyzes the peculiarities of objectification of ethnos knowledge about tools on the material of definitions of lexicographical works of different years. It has been proved that there is a seal of their creation time on dictionary interpretations. The main tools in their constructions remain as they were many years ago, but their once important details for the consciousness of a native speaker have lost their significance, so in modern definitions they are absent, because there is no need for a more detailed interpretation of these historicisms nowadays. A comparison of interpretations of tools gives grounds to talk about how their perceptions have changed during the historical development of society.
The analysis of practical material proves that there is an inversely proportional relationship between the structure of knowledge presentation and its lexicographic definition. Comparison of dictionary articles presented in lexicographical works of the middle of the 19th – early 20th enturies and late 20th – early 21st centuries proves «tool» progress of the society, where the usual for Ukrainians of the previous time period tool was interpreted in one word, because everything was clear without further explanation, while lexicographic works representing the second time period testify presentation of a detailed description of a tool in the definition, because they are actually used today by representatives of mostly older (sometimes) middle generation of Ukrainians.
The research proves that metaphorical processes are seldom recorded in lexicographical works as objectification of steps up in the semantic structure of the lexical item caused by people’s knowledge about tools and their functioning. This requires of lexicographers to create electronic versions of dictionaries to respond quickly to new meanings.
OLD BELARUSIAN BUSINESS WRITING VOCABULARY FROM THE MIDDLE 16th TO 18th CENTURIES: WAYS OF REPLENISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Paliashchuk Natallia 
Published: June 2021

The article summarizes the results of the lexical studies of the Belarusian business monuments from the middle 16th to 18th centuries. The studies found the following results: 1) lexical units noted in business monuments of different genres can be divided into eight large thematic groups (legal, social and political, clerical, economic, household, professional and industrial, natural science vocabularies, and vocabulary that characterizes a person physically, mentally, and intellectually); religious, military, medical vocabularies, and lexical units from other spheres are represented to a lesser extent; polyfunctional vocabulary is highlighted separately; 2) taking into account the materials of the “Histaryčny sloŭnik bielaruskaj movy” (“Historical Dictionary of the Belarusian Language”), some innovations are determined, namely a) lexical units that were fixed in business writing during the specified period for the first time, b) previously known lexical units that implemented new meaning / new meanings in business writing during the specified period; 3) the dominance of certain thematic groups or their subgroups in each specific monument depends on its genre; 4) by style, one can distinguish lexemes, which were fixed in monuments of a) business content, b) business and secular-artistic content, c) business and religious content, d) business, religious and secular-artistic content during the period from the middle 16th to 18th centuries; 5) the extremely wide representation of Latinisms, the penetration and consolidation of which was influenced by extra- and intralinguistic factors, is a characteristic feature of the business writing vocabulary of the specified period. The results of the research will be important for the preparation and creation of scientific and theoretical works devoted to the evolution of the lexical system of the Belarusian language in general and its stylistic and genre varieties, in particular, to the characteristics of the vocabulary features of different Old Belarusian monuments; when compiling special lexicographic reference books, for example, a consolidated dictionary of business texts of a specific chronological section / local fixation / specific genre, etc.
CORRELATION BETWEEN THE GARDEN AND THE SIGN IN THE LITERATURE IN THE SCIENTIFIC THEORIES OF VARIOUS LITERATURE RESEARCHERS (ON THE EXAMPLE OF SOFIYIVKA GARDEN)
Authors: Yemelianova Mariana 
Published: June 2021

The article reveals the correlation between such concepts as the sign and the garden in the literature, analyzes the difference between the concepts of semantics and semiotics. The concept of the sign is analyzed in a broad sense i.e. in the context of a system of signs. The study also examines the difference between semiotics and structuralism. The theoretical works by Mikhail Bakhtin, Ferdinand de Saussure, Umberto Eco and others were used to determine the best method for studying the sign and sign systems, in particular in the literature. The article applies the method of structuralism to reveal possible errors while sign systems are being investigated. Identifying the weaknesses of structuralism resulted in the rise of a new method called structuralist semiotics. The article describes this method and its main features. The possibilities of using the structuralist semiotics method are shown on the example of Sofiyivka garden, which can be considered as a complex system of signs, and consequently literary works about this garden can be treated as signs of signs, i. e. a literary work about Sofiyivka is presented as a multilevel sign system in which semiotic levels generate each other. The garden is studied as a sign system, and a literary work about the garden can be presented as a sign system generated by another sign system.
ATHENA PASHKO. UNUSUAL THOUGHTS ABOUT UNUSUAL WORLDVIEW AND POETRY OF PASSIONARY PERSONALITY
Authors: Yamchuk Pavlo 
Published: June 2021

The proposed article outlines the multifold semiosphere of understanding the worldview and poetics of the bright creator of the figurative word of the second half of the 20th – early 21st century – Athena Pashko. In the universe of her personality, the deep rootedness in the whole worldview-aesthetic discourse is organically combined with the specific need and ability to actualize this discourse in the Ukrainian semiosphere. The images and poetic visions created by the poetess pave a unique bridge from the «past to the future» (D. Humenna’s statement). The actual dominant of the proposed study is the study in the phenomenon of Athena Pashko specific ancient union of artistic image-meaning with the universe of the author’s personality. This dichotomous unity is recorded in the reflections and memories of contemporaries about her extraordinary personality. Attention is paid to the musicality of A. Pashko’s works and their agreement with the musicality of P. Tychyna’s poetics. Such harmony is based on the medieval-baroque aesthetics of Ukrainian music by D. Bortnyanskyi, A. Wedel and large-scale perspectives in the 21st century. A special dominant of the article, which determines the worldview-poetic universals relevant for the present and prospects, is the discourse of concordances between spiritual-intellectual phenomena of V. Svidzinskyi, P. Tychyna, V. Stus and A. Pashko. The outlined multidimensional discourse is still terra incognita in philosophical-Ukrainian studies and in particular literary studies. The article notes that the world of ideas and actions of A. Pashko as a passionary person is an unknown perspective field in the context of understanding the prospects for the revival of the Ukrainian state and the semiosphere of state formation as its ideological basis. In conceptual connection, the ideological world of A. Pashko is studied, which appears in correspondence with her husband V. Chornovil, analytical memoirs of M. Kotsiubynska, S. Kyrychenko, where philosophical and state-building dominants of the «Sixtiers» are interpreted as sources of poetics of their work and worldview.
Illocutionary Acts Used in the Dead Poets Society Movie
Authors: Adawiyah Robiah AL , Diani Irma , Azwandi Azwandi 
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this study was to describe the category of illocutionary and reaction to illocutionary interlocutors expressed by the speakers used in the Dead Poets Society movie. The method used in this study is a qualitative descriptive method. The object of the research is the Dead Poets Society movie script. Based on data analysis, the researcher found 72 utterances illocutionary acts, the dominant ones are Verdictives, namely Estimating and Behabitives, namely Complimenting, while the reaction of the interlocutor to illocutionary acts is dominated by Behabitives illocutionary acts, namely Applauding, and Expositives illocutionary acts, namely Denying. The researcher assumes the tendency of using inspired speech acts by the genre of movie, namely tragedy and drama because this movie features several characters show interest in poetry, and have conflicts between students, parents, and teachers when taught by Mr. Keating is considered to have deviated in principle from Welton Academy. The results of this study can be used as a reference in studying speech acts in pragmatics because, in this study, the researcher classified the types of illocutionary acts more easily based on Austin's theory.