bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Postoperative Outcomes after Index vs Interval Cholecystectomy for Perforated Cholecystitis
Authors: Krecko Laura K. , Gomez Tatiana Hoyos , Scarborough John E. , Jung Hee Soo 
Published: January 2021

BACKGROUND:
Gallbladder perforation is a known morbid sequela of acute cholecystitis, yet evidence for its optimal management remains conflicting. This study compares outcomes in patients with perforated cholecystitis who underwent cholecystectomy at the time of index hospital admission with those in patients who underwent interval cholecystectomy.

STUDY DESIGN:
A retrospective analysis was conducted of 654 patients from the American College of Surgeons NSQIP database who underwent cholecystectomy for perforated cholecystitis (2006-2018). Primary outcomes were 30-day postoperative major and minor morbidity, 30-day mortality, and need for prolonged hospitalization. Patient and procedure characteristics and outcomes were compared using Mann-Whitney rank sum test for continuous variables and Pearson chi-square tests for categorical variables. A subset analysis was conducted of patients matched on propensity for undergoing interval cholecystectomy.

RESULTS:
The 30-day postoperative mortality rate of matched cohort patients undergoing index cholecystectomy was 7% vs 0% of patients undergoing interval cholecystectomy (p = 0.01). The 30-day minor morbidity rates were 2% for index and 8% for interval patients (p = 0.06), and the major morbidity rates were 33% for index and 14% for interval patients (p = 0.003). Of the index patients, 27% required prolonged hospitalization compared with 6% of interval patients (p < 0.001). Results showed similar trends in the unmatched analysis.

CONCLUSIONS:
Patients who underwent index cholecystectomy had significantly longer postoperative hospitalizations and higher 30-day postoperative major morbidity and mortality. There were no differences in 30-day minor morbidity. Selected patients with perforated cholecystitis can benefit from operative management on an interval, rather than urgent, basis.
How can mobile networks protect critical infrastructure?
Authors: Gent Andy 
Published: January 2021

Critical infrastructure is being targeted by hostile states, terrorists and criminals for the purposes of disruption, espionage and financial gain. Increasingly, these national infrastructure sites rely on technology to monitor, measure and manage activities. And one piece of technology that could play a significant role is the IMSI-catcher. By being able to detect mobile devices used by persons of interest, critical infrastructure organisations can throw up a defensive shield fine-tuned to provide geographical coverage of a specific location, explains Andy Gent of Revector. Critical infrastructure such as oil refineries, nuclear power stations and dams could be targeted by hostile states, terrorists or criminals for the purposes of disruption, espionage and/or financial gain. However, the use of IMSI intelligence to analyse the behaviour and profile of devices in the proximity of potential targets could add a further level of protection to these high-risk sites.
Higher dietary fibre intake is associated with lower CVD mortality risk among maintenance haemodialysis patients: a multicentre prospective cohort study
Authors: Lin Zizhen , Qin Xianhui , Yang Yaya , Huang Yan , Wang Jieyu , Kong Yaozhong , Li Yumin , Yang Shenglin , Lu Yongxin , Zhao Yanhong , Li Youbao , Wan Qijun , Wang Qi , Huang Sheng , Liu Yan , Liu Aiqun , Liu Fanna , Hou FanFan , Liang Min 
Published: January 2021

AbstractHigh fibre intake is associated with reduced mortality risk in both general and chronic kidney disease populations. However, in dialysis patients, such data are limited. Therefore, the association between dietary fibre intake (DFI) and the risk of all-cause and CVD mortality was examined in this study. A total of 1044 maintenance haemodialysis (MHD) patients from eight outpatient dialysis centres in China were included in this study. Data on DFI were collected using 24-h dietary recalls for 3 d in a week and were normalised to actual dry weight. The study outcomes included all-cause and CVD mortality. Over a median of 46 months of follow-up, 354 deaths were recorded, of which 210 (59 %) were due to CVD. On assessing DFI as tertiles, the CVD mortality risk was significantly lower in patients in tertiles 2–3 (≥0·13 g/kg per d; hazard ratio (HR) 0·71; 95 % CI 0·51, 0·97) compared with those in tertile 1 (<0·13 g/kg per d). A similar but non-significant trend was found for the association between DFI (tertiles 2–3 v. tertile 1; HR 0·83; 95 % CI 0·64, 1·07) and all-cause mortality. In summary, higher DFI was associated with lower CVD mortality risk among Chinese MHD patients. This study emphasises the significance of DFI in MHD patients and provides information that is critical for the improvement of dietary guidelines for dialysis patients.
Dietary strawberry improves cognition in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in older adults
Authors: Miller Marshall G. , Thangthaeng Nopporn , Rutledge Grant A. , Scott Tammy M. , Shukitt-Hale Barbara 
Published: January 2021

AbstractFunctional changes in the brain during ageing can alter learning and memory, gait and balance – in some cases leading to early cognitive decline, disability or injurious falls among older adults. Dietary interventions with strawberry (SB) have been associated with improvements in neuronal, psychomotor and cognitive functions in rodent models of ageing. We hypothesised that dietary supplementation with SB would improve mobility and cognition among older adults. In this study, twenty-two men and fifteen women, between the ages of 60 and 75 years, were recruited into a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in which they consumed either freeze-dried SB (24 g/d, equivalent to two cups of fresh SB) or a SB placebo for 90 d. Participants completed a battery of balance, gait and cognitive tests at baseline and again at 45 and 90 d of intervention. Significant supplement group by study visit interactions were observed on tests of learning and memory. Participants in the SB group showed significantly shorter latencies in a virtual spatial navigation task (P= 0·020,ηp2= 0·106) and increased word recognition in the California Verbal Learning test (P= 0·014,ηp2= 0·159) across study visits relative to controls. However, no improvement in gait or balance was observed. These findings show that the addition of SB to the diets of healthy, older adults can improve some aspects of cognition, but not gait or balance, although more studies with a larger sample size and longer follow-up are needed to confirm this finding.
THE KITĀB AL-TURJUMĀN: A TWENTIETH-CENTURY HISTORIOGRAPHICAL (RE)MAPPING OF THE SOUTHERN SAHARA AND SAHEL
Authors: Mathee Mohamed Shahid 
Published: January 2021

AbstractNumeroustārīḫs (chronicles) were written in Timbuktu and its surrounding world from the seventeenth to the twentieth century CE. They constitute the Timbuktutārīḫtradition. Thetārīḫs were embedded in different political projects, which became possible and necessary only under certain historical conditions. Hence,tārīḫs do not all belong to one single genre of historical literature. A chronicle that belongs to the Timbuktutārīḫtradition is the twentieth-centuryKitāb al-turjumān. It sheds light on history writing in the Sahel during a crucial time, namely European colonial rule and the political realities it gave birth to thereafter. One of modern historians’ most important tasks is precisely to identify, describe, and analyse the different genres within thetārīḫtradition. We attempt to do that in the case of theKitāb al-turjumān.
A PD Computed Torque Control Method with Online Self-gain Tuning for a 3U

P

S-

P

S Parallel Robot
Authors: Song Xiaogang , Zhao Yongjie , Chen Chengwei , Zhang Liang’an , Lu Xinjian 
Published: January 2021

SUMMARYIn this paper, an online self-gain tuning method of a PD computed torque control (CTC) is used for a 3UPS-PS parallel robot. The CTC is applied to the 3UPS-PS parallel robot based on the robot dynamic model which is established via a virtual work principle. The control system of the robot comprises a nonlinear feed-forward loop and a PD control feedback loop. To implement real-time online self-gain tuning, an adjustment method based on the genetic algorithm (GA) is proposed. Compared with the traditional CTC, the simulation results indicate that the control algorithm proposed in this study can not only enhance the anti-interference ability of the system but also improve the trajectory tracking speed and the accuracy of the 3UPS-PS parallel robot.
Patient involvement in relative effectiveness assessments in the European Network for Health Technology Assessment
Authors: Elvsaas Ida Kristin Ørjasæter , Ettinger Sabine , Willemsen Anne 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Patient involvement in the process of producing health technology assessments has become increasingly important. In the European Network for Health Technology Assessment (EUnetHTA), several approaches to patient involvement were explored. The outcome was a document on “Patient Input in Relative Effectiveness Assessments” that is available for access and was published in 2019.
The aim of this article is to analyze the experience gained by EUnetHTA in patient involvement for EUnetHTA assessment production, describe and quantify the approaches used, and outline the challenges and avenues for the improvement of current processes.
Patients were involved in twenty-three of thirty-six pharmaceutical and other technology EUnetHTA assessments from June 2016 until the end of November 2019. Approaches to patient involvement included using a patient input template, one-on-one conversations, group conversations, scoping meeting with patients, and other approaches.
Although it is recognized that patient involvement is important to understand the needs of the target patient population, challenges remain with timely patient involvement. Additionally, further efforts are needed to guide assessment teams on how to implement and enhance the visibility of patient input in assessments.
Toward a New Philosophy of Nursing
Authors: Gadow Sally 
Published: January 2021

Anyone who has ever prepared a college of nursing catalogue has had to engage, if only briefly and superficially, in the development of a philosophy of nursing. I would like to carry that activity a little further here in order to propose and develop a particular philosophy of nursing.I will describe what could be called the self care philosophy. But an important distinction must be made at the outset. “Self care” usually suggests the lay revolt against professional care; often, self care is billed as an alternative to rather than a philosophy of professional health care. What then do we mean by self care as a philosophy of nursing? The philosophy is this: that nursing have as its primary ideal active assistance to individuals, families, and communities in the development and exercise of their autonomy in health matters. The concept of self care, or patient autonomy, involves two dimensions, action and agency, and the nurse provides assistance in both of these. Self care action is the health behavior that is performed.
Medicaid Not Required to Fund Medically Necessary Abortions
Authors: Annas George J. 
Published: January 2021

In an extraordinary and highly controversial 5-4 decision, the United States Supreme Court decided on June 30, 1980, that the United States Constitution does not require either the federal government or the individual states to fund medically necessary abortions for poor women who qualify for Medicaid.At issue in this case is the constitutionality of the Hyde Amendment. The applicable 1980 version provides:|N]one of the funds provided by this joint resolution shall be used to perform abortions except where the life of the mother would be endangered if the fetus were carried to term; or except for such medical procedures necessary for the victims of rape or incest when such rape or incest has been reported promptly to a law enforcement agency or public health service, (emphasis supplied)
On Concealing Mistakes
Authors: Greenlaw Jane 
Published: January 2021

What happens when a nurse is ordered to do something illegal or unethical? What should a nurse do when ordered to falsify a patient's record? Is her behavior justified because she is following orders from a superior?These important and troubling questions were raised but left unanswered by a recent Connecticut malpractice case. The case has received much attention because the verdict awarded the plaintiff— $3.6 million — is the largest in the history of the state. The case should interest nurses, not because of the record-making verdict, but because of ethical problems raised by the behavior of the attending staff.
Client-Centered Emergency Care
Authors: MacPherson Jennifer 
Published: January 2021

Since Florence Nightingale, nurses have agreed that care should be individualized for each patient. Emergency care is no different and texts on this subject instruct the nurse to involve the client in his own care and to recognize that being an emergency victim is physically and psychologically difficult for the client. But just what is client-centered emergency care and are clients getting it?A client is brought to the emergency room, unconscious, with severe head trauma resulting from a motorcycle accident. In this instance client-centered care consists of the nurse reacting swiftly and probably unemotionally. It is not in the client's best interest at this time for the nurse to try to ascertain that person's values and life views. Here client-centered care is compatible with the values and views of both the nurse and the institution.
Impact of a behaviourally focused nutrition education intervention on attitudes and practices related to eating habits and activity levels in Indian adolescents
Authors: Moitra Panchali , Madan Jagmeet , Verma Preeti 
Published: January 2021

AbstractObjective:To evaluate the effectiveness of a behaviourally focused nutrition education (NE) intervention based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) to improve knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) related to eating habits and activity levels in 10–12-year-old adolescents in Mumbai, India.Design:School-based cluster randomised controlled trial. The experimental group (EG) received weekly NE and three parent sessions over 12 weeks; no sessions were conducted for the control group (CG). The theoretical framework of HBM and focus group discussion results guided the development of behaviour change communication strategies and NE aids. KAP were measured using a validated survey instrument, administered at baseline and endline in EG and CG. Paired and independent t tests determined within-group and between-group changes in pre–post scores.Setting:Two aided and two private schools that were randomly allocated to either an EG or CG.Participants:Adolescent boys and girls (n 498; EG n 292 and CG n 206).Results:EG reported improvements in mean knowledge (39·3%), attitude (7·3 %), diet (9·6 %) and activity practice (9·4%) scores from pre to post intervention. No significant changes were observed in CG. Significant improvements in scores associated with perceived benefits, barriers and self-efficacy, breakfast and vegetable consumption, and moderate-to-vigorous activities were observed in EG.Conclusions:Integrating NE into the academic curriculum and adopting evidence-based lessons that entail targeted information delivery and participatory activities can improve knowledge, foster right attitudes and facilitate better eating and activity-related practices in Indian adolescents.
“Make it Happen!”
Authors: Formanowicz Magdalena , Pietraszkiewicz Agnieszka , Roessel Janin , Suitner Caterina , Witkowska Marta , Maass Anne 
Published: January 2021

Abstract. Verbs may be attributed to higher agency than other grammatical categories. In Study 1, we confirmed this hypothesis with archival datasets comprising verbs ( N = 950) and adjectives ( N = 2115). We then investigated whether verbs (vs. adjectives) increase message effectiveness. In three experiments presenting potential NGOs (Studies 2 and 3) or corporate campaigns (Study 4) in verb or adjective form, we demonstrate the hypothesized relationship. Across studies, (overall N = 721) grammatical agency consistently increased message effectiveness. Semantic agency varied across contexts by either increasing (Study 2), not affecting (Study 3), or decreasing (Study 4) the effectiveness of the message. Overall, experiments provide insights in to the meta-semantic effects of verbs – demonstrating how grammar may influence communication outcomes.
Correlations Between Sea‐Level Components Are Driven by Regional Climate Change
Authors: Lambert Erwin , Le Bars Dewi , Goelzer Heiko , van de Wal Roderik S.W. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe accurate quantification of uncertainties in regional sea‐level projections is essential for guiding policy makers. As climate models do not currently simulate total sea level, these uncertainties must be quantified through summation of uncertainties in individual sea‐level components. This summation depends on the correlation between the components, which has previously been prescribed or derived from each individual component's dependence on global mean surface temperature. In this study, we quantify, for the first time, regional correlations between sea‐level components based on regional climate change projections. We compute regional sea‐level projections consistent with climate projections from an ensemble of 14 Earth System Models. From the multi‐model spread, we estimate the uncertainty in the regional climate's response to greenhouse forcing. To quantify the total uncertainty, we add the uncertainty in the response of sea‐level components to this regional climate change. This approach reveals how regional climate processes impose correlations between sea‐level components, affecting the total uncertainty. One example is an anti‐correlation between North Atlantic sterodynamic change and Antarctic dynamic mass loss, suggesting a teleconnection established by the large‐scale ocean circulation. We find that prescribed correlations, applied in the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, lead to a global overestimation in the uncertainty in regional sea‐level projections on the order of 20%. Regionally, this overestimation exceeds 100%. We conclude that accurate uncertainty estimates of regional sea‐level change must be based on projections of regional climate change and cannot be derived from global indicators such as global mean surface temperature.
Plume‐Induced Sinking of Intracontinental Lithospheric Mantle: An Overlooked Mechanism of Subduction Initiation?
Authors: Cloetingh Sierd , Koptev Alexander , Kovács István , Gerya Taras , Beniest Anouk , Willingshofer Ernst , Ehlers Todd A. , Andrić‐Tomašević Nevena , Botsyun Svetlana , Eizenhöfer Paul R. , François Thomas , Beekman Fred 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAlthough many different mechanisms for subduction initiation have been proposed, only few of them are viable in terms of consistency with observations and reproducibility in numerical experiments. In particular, it has recently been demonstrated that intra‐oceanic subduction triggered by an upwelling mantle plume could greatly contribute to the onset and operation of plate tectonics in the early and, to a lesser degree, modern Earth. On the contrary, the initiation of intra‐continental subduction still remains underappreciated. Here we provide an overview of 1) observational evidence for upwelling of hot mantle material flanked by downgoing proto‐slabs of sinking continental mantle lithosphere, and 2) previously published and new numerical models of plume‐induced subduction initiation. Numerical modeling shows that under the condition of a sufficiently thick (>100 km) continental plate, incipient downthrusting at the level of the lowermost lithospheric mantle can be triggered by plume anomalies of moderate temperatures and without significant strain‐ and/or melt‐related weakening of overlying rocks. This finding is in contrast with the requirements for plume‐induced subduction initiation within oceanic or thinner continental lithosphere. As a result, plume‐lithosphere interactions within continental interiors of Paleozoic‐Proterozoic‐(Archean) platforms are the least demanding (and thus potentially very common) mechanism for initiation of subduction‐like foundering in the Phanerozoic Earth. Our findings are supported by a growing body of new geophysical data collected in various intra‐continental areas. A better understanding of the role of intra‐continental mantle downthrusting and foundering in global plate tectonics and, particularly, in the initiation of “classic” ocean‐continent subduction will benefit from more detailed follow‐up investigations.
The Role of Fluid‐Related Heterogeneous Structures in Controlling the Fault Slip Behavior in the Slow‐Earthquake Source Region Along the Nankai Subduction Zone, Southwest Japan
Authors: Kurashimo Eiji , Iwasaki Takaya , Tsumura Noriko , Iidaka Takashi 
Published: January 2021

AbstractA seismic array observation across the slow‐earthquake source region in the eastern Kii Peninsula, southwest Japan, reveal the detailed structure and seismicity along the upper boundary of the subducted Philippine Sea Plate. Tomography analysis and earthquake reflection imaging clarify the geometry of the upper boundary of the Philippine Sea Plate with a subduction angle of ∼15° at a depth range of 22–30 km. We observe intraslab low‐frequency earthquakes (LFEs) in and around the low‐Vp and high‐Vp/Vs zones, which are located above the intraslab earthquakes that are controlled by the dehydration embrittlement of serpentine. The intraslab LFE activity may be related to fluid movement. Fluids, which are derived from both dehydration of the serpentinized oceanic mantle and crustal eclogitization, may control the fault slip behavior. Therefore, the fluid behavior around the subducting plate boundary has an important role in controlling the downdip limit of the seismogenic zone.
Extensive Frost Weathering Across Unglaciated North America During the Last Glacial Maximum
Authors: Marshall J. A. , Roering J. J. , Rempel A. W. , Shafer S. L. , Bartlein P. J. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn unglaciated terrain, the imprint of past glacial periods is difficult to discern. The topographic signature of periglacial processes, such as solifluction lobes, may be erased or hidden by time and vegetation, and thus their import diminished. Belowground, periglacial weathering, particularly frost cracking, may have imparted a profound influence on weathering and erosion rates during past climate regimes. By combining a mechanical frost‐weathering model with the full suite of Last Glacial Maximum climate simulations, we elucidate the meters‐deep magnitude and continent‐spanning expanse of frost weathering across unglaciated North America at ∼21 ka. The surprising extent of modeled frost weathering suggests, by proxy, the broad legacy of diverse periglacial processes. Complementing previous studies that championed the role of precipitation‐driven changes in Critical Zone evolution, our results imply an additional strong temperature control on surficial process efficacy across much of modern North America, both during glacial periods and modern climes.