bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impacts of multi‐timescale circulations on meridional heat transport
Authors: Liu Qiao , Li Tim , Zhou Weican 
Published: August 2021

AbstractRelative contributions to the zonal mean meridional heat transport by the climatological annual mean, climatological annual variation, synoptic, intra‐seasonal and lower‐frequency motions were examined based on the ERA‐Interim reanalysis data for the period of 1981–2015. The meridional heat transport analysed in this study only includes the component related to meridional wind and temperature. In the tropics, the climatological annual mean circulations dominate the long‐term mean meridional heat transport, while the interaction between the climatological annual mean temperature and the seasonal anomalous flow largely contributes to the seasonal variation of the meridional heat transport. In the middle latitudes, the climatological annual mean circulations and transient eddies (mostly synoptic and intra‐seasonal eddies) are of roughly equal importance in the poleward heat transport, leading to the maximum poleward heat transport around 50°N/S. The upper‐ and lower‐tropospheric heat transports by the climatological annual mean circulations appear opposite, with the magnitude of the lower‐tropospheric transport being greater. The preferred maximum zonal mean heat transport at 50°N by the climatological mean flow is attributed to the maximum zonal mean low‐level southerly in situ. The preferred peak latitude of the mid‐latitude poleward heat transport by synoptic eddies near 50°N arises from the combined effect of the strong synoptic‐scale meridional wind and temperature variabilities in situ and their in‐phase relationship. The heat transport by tropical cyclones (TCs) was estimated by applying a statistical relationship between TC intensity and the vertically integrated temperature averaged over the TC core region derived from high‐resolution Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model simulations. For northern hemisphere summer, TCs contribute about 35% of the total heat transport in the active TC regions, suggesting that TCs play a critical role in the regional meridional heat transport.
Index‐ and model‐dependent projections of East Asian summer monsoon in Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 simulations
Authors: Tian Zhiping , Hu Dan , Lang Xianmei , Jiang Dabang 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn terms of five categories of East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) indices and one classic meridional wind index, we project the EASM intensity change over the 21st century using 27 global climate models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) under the mid‐range combined scenarios of Shared Socioeconomic Pathways and Representative Concentration Pathways (SSP2‐4.5). Results show that future changes in the EASM intensity are index‐ and model‐dependent. Relative to the reference period 1985–2014, the EASM intensity strengthens slightly based on the east–west thermal contrast indices but varies little as a whole based on the southwest monsoon indices over the 21st century, with large discrepancies among the models. However, it tends to weaken over time based on the other three categories of indices, including the north–south thermal contrast indices, the shear vorticity indices, and the South China Sea monsoon indices. In terms of the meridional wind index that directly measures the EASM circulation in the lower troposphere and holds valid under future global warming, the EASM intensity strengthens significantly over the 21st century as a consequence of increases in zonal and meridional land–sea thermal contrasts between the East Asian continent and the adjacent oceans of western North Pacific and South China Sea. There are certain relationships between the trends of the meridional wind index and other EASM indices. The projections are overall consistent between the ensemble means of all available 27 models and the 14 good models as selected according to their abilities to simulate the present EASM climatology, but with different magnitudes.
Reluctant Militants: Colonialism, Territory, and Sanusi Resistance on the Ottoman‐Saharan Frontier
Authors: Lohnes Jonathan M. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractLibya's enigmatic Sanusi brotherhood has been the subject of perennial debate since its emergence in Ottoman Cyrenaica in the mid nineteenth century, becoming a screen upon which apologists and detractors could project their own political anxieties and desires. For European critics, the brotherhood embodied the irrationality and fanaticism of the Islamic East. Its networks in North and Central Africa constituted an obstacle to their expansionist designs, while Sanusi prestige throughout the Muslim world rendered the brotherhood a threat to the entire colonial order of things. Nationalist historiography has generally endorsed this view, albeit with a positive valence, characterizing the Sanusiyya as an anticolonial social movement. Meanwhile, modern critical scholarship has tried to impose order on the chaos of the turn‐of‐the‐century Sahara by assigning to the fraternity the role of a “proto‐state.” This article proposes a new framework for understanding the history and sociology of the Sanusi. Drawing on theorists of subaltern resistance such as James Scott and Michael Adas—alongside Ottoman, British, French, and Italian primary sources—I demonstrate that the brotherhood began its life as an inward‐looking Islamic social justice movement with little evident interest in state building or the geopolitical controversies of the moment. I coin the term “reluctant militants” to describe its mercurial trajectory from frontier evangelism to armed struggle in response to French and Italian colonial encirclement. This process culminated in the Long War of 1911–1931, during which the Sanusiyya played a critical part in the struggles over post‐Ottoman reconstruction, from the Maghreb to Anatolia.
The Development of the State‐Owned Enterprises in Turkey: 1923–1980
Authors: Zaifer Ahmet 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis article seeks to re‐interpret the development of state‐owned enterprises (SOEs) in Turkey from 1923 to 1980. The article shows that the dominant strong state tradition (SST) literature, which interpreted the development of SOEs as an independent project of the state to maintain its control over society, had been unable to fully explain the development processes of SOEs because it treated the state as an external entity distinct from (and even opposing to) the social classes. Employing an alternative Poulantzian framework, the article argues that the development of SOEs in Turkey was driven by class‐industry interest and appeared as a precondition of the development of capitalism in Turkey. As such, relations between SOEs and the social classes were internal and complementary, rather than external and antagonistic. The SOEs were providing the bulk of industrial inputs and investment capital to the bourgeoisie fractions within the constitutive context of domestic capital accumulation strategies at the time (e.g. capitalist consolidation in 1930s, capitalist expansion in 1950s, capitalist expansion with duty losses in 1960s and 1970s). The SOEs were also benefiting the laboring and popular classes in terms of employment opportunities and higher wages.
Evaluation of the phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of Lophatherum gracile Brongn based on chemical fingerprinting by HPLC with electrochemical detection
Authors: Zhang Ping , Chun Zeli , Shao Qiju , Fu Lidan , Luo Yipan , Gu Ding , Chen Rongxiang 
Published: August 2021

AbstractA combinative method using high‐performance liquid chromatography‐electrochemical detection for fingerprinting and quantitative analysis was developed and successfully applied for the quality evaluation of Lophatherum gracile Brongn leaves collected from 21 geographical locations in China. In the fingerprint analysis, 18 common peaks were observed among the 21 samples, and 10 peaks were identified. Simultaneous quantification of the 10 components was conducted to interpret the variations in these compounds among the L. gracile Brongn leaves originating from different geographical locations. The correlation between the chromatograms and the antioxidant activities of the samples was further studied. The results indicated a linear correlation between the antioxidant activity and the total common peak areas of the fingerprints obtained by high‐performance liquid chromatography‐electrochemical detection. Importantly, it was found that high‐performance liquid chromatography‐electrochemical detection fingerprinting can not only determine the quantities of individual components present in such samples but also evaluate the antioxidant activities of the samples. The developed method is a valuable reference for the further study and development of L. gracile Brongn.
Ultrasound‐assisted dispersive liquid‐phase microextraction by solidifying L‐menthol‐decanoic acid hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents for detection of five fungicides in fruit juices and tea drinks
Authors: Lin Zhihao , Zhang Yaohai , Zhao Qiyang , Chen Aihua , Jiao Bining 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAn ecofriendly and efficient ultrasound‐assisted deep eutectic solvents dispersive liquid‐phase microextraction by solidifying the deep eutectic solvents‐rich phase was developed to determine azoxystrobin, fludioxonil, epoxiconazole, cyprodinil, and prochloraz in fruit juices and tea drinks by high‐performance liquid chromatography. A varieties of environmental hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents serving as extraction agents were prepared using L‐menthol and decanoic acid as hydrogen‐bond acceptor and hydrogen‐bond donor, respectively. The deep eutectic solvents were ultrasonically dispersed in sample solutions, solidified in a freezer and easily harvested. The main variables were optimized by one‐factor‐at‐a‐time and response surface test. The new method performs well with relative recovery of 71.75‐109.40%, linear range of 2.5‐5000 μg/L (r ≥ 0.9968), detection limit of 0.75‐8.45 μg/L, quantification limit of 2.5‐25 μg/L,, and inter‐ and intraday relative standard deviations below 13.53 and 14.84%, respectively. As for the extraction mechanism, deep eutectic solvents were disposed into many fine particles in the solution and captured the analytes based on the changes of particle size and quantity in deep eutectic solvents droplets after extraction. The environmental method can successfully detect fungicide residues in real fruit juices and tea drinks.
Ultrasound Findings to Predict Risk of Recurrence in Pediatric Intussusception After Air Enema Reduction
Authors: Zhang Yuan , Shao Chun‐chun , Wei Xiu‐liang , Ni Ping‐juan , Guan Hui , Zhao Chen , Li Dian‐guo , Zhang Fei‐xue 
Published: August 2021

ObjectivesIntussusception is one of the most common abdominal emergencies in early children. Intussusception recurs in 8–20% of children after successful nonoperative reduction. The aim of this study was to explore the ultrasound findings to predict risk of recurrence in pediatric intussusception after air enema reduction.MethodsA total of 336 intussusception children were followed up for 1 year after received successful air enema reduction. They were divided into the recurrent group and the non‐recurrent group. The differences of clinical characteristics, ultrasonic features, and laboratory tests were analyzed by univariate analyses and the Cox proportional hazard model.ResultsSixty‐five children with recurrent intussusception were identified. There were statistically significances in the diameter of the mass, in the presence or absence of enlarged lymph nodes out of the sleeve, and in the sleeve between recurrent and non‐recurrent groups (P < .05). Other ultrasonic features, clinical characteristics, and blood parameters had no differences (P > .05). Multivariate Cox proportional hazard model showed that the diameter of the mass and abdominal lymph nodes may be the risk factors of intussusception recurrence (HR = 1.395, 95% CI: 1.045~1.863 and HR = 2.078, 95% CI: 1.118~3.865, P < .05). The cut‐off value of mass diameter was 2.55 cm, above which recurrence is more likely.ConclusionsIntussusception recurrence was prone with greater mass diameter (>2.55 cm) and enlarged abdominal lymph nodes. Although these ultrasound findings for recurrence do not necessarily reduce the rate of recurrence, it can predict the recurrent possibility, and help the emergency physicians to be more vigilant in these children and better counsel parents upon discharge.
Expected Costs of Primary Dental Treatments and Endoscopic Sinus Surgery for Odontogenic Sinusitis
Authors: Craig John R. , Tataryn Roderick W. , Sibley Haley C. , Mason William D. , Deuel Joshua A. , Loyd Gary E. , Nerenz David R. , Goyal Parul 
Published: August 2021

ObjectivesTreatment of odontogenic sinusitis (ODS) due to apical periodontitis (AP) is highly successful when both dental treatment and endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) are performed. Variation exists in the literature with regard to types and timing of dental treatments and ESS when managing ODS. This study modeled expected costs of different primary dental and sinus surgical treatment pathways for ODS due to AP.Study DesignDecision‐tree economic model.MethodsDecision‐tree models were created based on cost and treatment success probabilities. Using Medicare and consumer online databases, cost data were obtained for the following dental and sinus surgical treatments across the United States: root canal therapy (RCTx), revision RCTx, apicoectomy, extraction, dental implant, bone graft, and ESS (maxillary, ± anterior ethmoid, ± frontal). A literature review was performed to determine probabilities of dental and sinus disease resolution after different dental treatments. Expected costs were determined for primary dental extraction, RCTx, and ESS pathways, and sensitivity analyses were performed.ResultsExpected costs for the three different primary treatment pathways when dental care was in‐network and all diseased sinuses opened during ESS were as follows: dental extraction ($4,753.83), RCTx ($4,677.34), and ESS ($7,319.85).ConclusionsODS due to AP can be successfully treated with primary dental treatments, but ESS is still frequently required. Expected costs of primary dental extraction and RCTx were roughly equal. Primary ESS had a higher expected cost, but may still be preferred in patients with prominent sinonasal symptoms. Patients' insurance coverage may also impact decision‐making.Level of EvidenceNA Laryngoscope, 132:1346–1355, 2022
Median duration and factors that influence the duration of symptom resolution in COVID‐19 patients in Ethiopia: A follow‐up study involving symptomatic cases
Authors: Abrahim Saro Abdella , Tessema Masresha , Ejeta Eshetu , Ahmed Mahammed , Defar Atkure , Hussen Alemayehu , Demoz Getachew , Degu Eskindir , Aseratie Mulugeta , Merga Belay , Dillnessa Enatenesh , Regassa Tegene , Duguma Dereje , Whiting Susan 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundUnderstanding the clinical features of COVID‐19 and duration for resolution of symptoms is crucial for isolation of patients and tailoring public health messaging, interventions and policy. Therefore, this study aims to assess the median duration of COVID‐19 signs and symptoms’ resolution and explore its predictors among symptomatic COVID‐19 patients in Ethiopia.MethodsA hospital‐based prospective cohort study involving 124 COVID‐19 cases was conducted at Eka Kotebe General Hospital, COVID‐19 Isolation and Treatment Center. The study participants were all symptomatic COVID‐19 adult patients admitted to the hospital from 18 March to 20 August 2020. Physicians at the centre recorded the data using a log sheet. Cox proportional‐hazards regression model was conducted. Statistical significance was defined at P < 0.05.ResultsA total of 124 symptomatic COVID‐19 patients with a mean age of 42 years (±17) were involved in the study. The median duration of symptom resolution of COVID‐19 was seven days with a minimum of two and a maximum of sixty‐eight days. Sex and body mass index (BMI) were statistically significant predictors of the symptom resolution. The hazard of having delayed sign or symptom resolution in males was 55% higher than in females (P = 0.039; CI: 0.22–0.96) and the hazard of delayed sign or symptom resolution in those with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 was 35% higher than in those with BMI < 25 kg/m2 (P = 0.041; CI: 0.44–0.98]).ConclusionsThe median duration of COVID‐19 symptom resolution was seven days. Being male and/or having a BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 were predictors of a delayed sign or symptom resolution time. Therefore, it is important to consider proportion of males and those with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 when preparing isolation and treatment centres. Males and individuals with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 shall also be given priority when shielding from the COVID‐19.
Normative data for ages 18‐45 for ocular motor and vestibular testing using eye tracking
Authors: Kullmann Aura , Ashmore Robin C. , Braverman Alexandr , Mazur Christian , Snapp Hillary , Williams Erin , Szczupak Mikhaylo , Murphy Sara , Marshall Kathryn , Crawford James , Balaban Carey D. , Hoffer Michael , Kiderman Alexander 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectiveEye tracking technology has been employed in assessing ocular motor and vestibular function following vestibular and neurologic conditions, including traumatic brain injury (TBI). Assessments include tests that provide visual and motion (rotation) stimuli while recording horizontal, vertical, and torsional eye movements. While some of these tests have shown diagnostic promise in previous studies, their use in clinical practice is limited by the lack of normative data. The goal of this study was to construct normative reference ranges to be used when comparing patients' results.MethodsOptokinetic response, subjective visual horizontal and vertical, and rotation tests were administered to male and female volunteers, ages 18‐45, who were free from neurological, vestibular disorders, or other head injuries. Tests were administered using either a rotatory chair or a portable virtual reality‐like goggle equipped with video‐oculography.ResultsReference values for eye movements in response to different patterns of stimuli were analyzed from 290 to 449 participants. Analysis of gender (self‐reported) or age when grouped as pediatric (late adolescent; 18‐21 years of age) and adult (21‐45 years of age) revealed no effects on the test metrics. Data were pooled and presented for each test metric as the 95% reference interval (RI) with 90% confidence intervals (CI) on upper and lower limits of the RI.ConclusionsThis normative database can serve as a tool to aid in diagnosis, treatment, and/or rehabilitation protocols for vestibular and neurological conditions, including mild TBI (mTBI). This database has been cleared by the FDA for use in clinical practice (K192186).Level of evidence2b
Compact High Resolution Speckle Spectrometer by Using Linear Coherent Integrated Network on Silicon Nitride Platform at 776 nm
Authors: Zhang Zunyue , Li Yuan , Wang Yi , Yu Zejie , Sun Xiankai , Tsang Hon Ki 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMotivated by applications in mobile optical sensing, ultracompact high‐resolution integrated spectrometers have attracted much interest. Here, a high‐resolution integrated speckle spectrometer, comprising a linear coherent network formed by mutually coupled Mach–Zehnder interferometers and nonidentical microring resonators, is proposed and demonstrated. Deep‐etched grating lines used as mirrors on the edges of the coherent network increase the effective optical path lengths. The speckle spectrometer is realized on a silicon nitride platform, operating at 776 nm central wavelength. The eight‐in−eight‐out linear coherent network provides 64 physical channels. Fine spectral lines separated by 20 pm are experimentally resolved within a device footprint of 520 µm × 220 µm. Compressive sensing is achieved for sparse spectra over a wide optical bandwidth. Up to 600 distinctive wavelength channels can be reconstructed from the 64 physical channels, giving 12 nm operating bandwidth. Both sparse spectra and continuous spectra are well reconstructed experimentally. The integrated speckle spectrometer has great potential for use in future biosensing and bioimaging applications where high spectral resolution is desired.
Treatment of abdominal striae distensae in Fitzpatrick skin types IV to V using a 1064‐nm picosecond laser with a fractionated microlens array
Authors: Kaewkes Arisa , Manuskiatti Woraphong , Cembrano Kathryn Anne , Wanitphakdeedecha Rungsima 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundStriae distensae are atrophic dermal scars that can cause psychosocial distress among affected patients. Despite numerous available therapeutic modalities, no gold standard treatment has been established.ObjectiveTo evaluate the long‐term efficacy and safety of a fractional 1064‐nm picosecond laser for the treatment of striae alba in individuals with dark skin types.Materials and MethodsTwenty volunteers with Fitzpatrick skin types IV–V who presented with striae alba were enrolled. Subjects were treated with a fractional 1064‐nm picosecond laser for four sessions at 4‐week intervals. The skin texture, average melanin index (MI), and melanin variation score were assessed using Antera 3D® before treatment, at 1 month after the second treatment, and at 1, 3, and 6 months after the last treatment. Two independent investigators evaluated clinical improvement by comparing pretreatment and posttreatment photographs. The patient satisfaction rates were likewise assessed. Adverse effects were recorded during the entire study period.ResultsSignificant improvement of skin texture was seen at 1 month after the final treatment (p < 0.001) and continuously improved until the 6‐month follow‐up visit (p = 0.003). The average MI significantly increased at 1 month after the final treatment (p < 0.001), whereas the melanin variation score decreased throughout the follow‐up period. Investigator assessment at the 6‐month follow‐up revealed that 90% of subjects had moderate to marked improvement of striae appearance. Only two of 20 subjects (10%) developed transient postinflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) after laser treatment.ConclusionFractional picosecond 1064‐nm laser is effective and well‐tolerated for the treatment of striae alba in dark‐skinned individuals with a low incidence of PIH.
Effect of the Crosslinking Degree on Self‐Healing Poly(1,2,3‐Triazolium) Adhesive
Authors: Zhang Jun , Shang Chengyuan , Yu Zhuoer , Wang Linxiao , Tang Junkun , Huang Farong 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDynamic covalent materials are a class of polymer that could be stress‐relaxation, reprocessable, and self‐healing due to dynamic crosslinks in network. Dynamic crosslinks play an important role in the typical characteristic of self‐healing polymers. It is meaningful to understand the effect of crosslinking degree on the properties of poly(1,2,3‐triazolium) (PTAM). In this article, the dynamic covalent network of PTAM adhesive has been used to study the effect of crosslinking degree. A series of PTAM adhesive with different crosslinking degrees have been obtained by changing the amount of crosslinker. Adhesion property can first rise then fall down with the increase of crosslinking degree and the best lap‐shear strength is above 20 MPa. Creep resistance and solvent resistance can be enhanced with the increase of crosslinking degree. Self‐healing studies have shown that crosslinking degree can enhance the ability of self‐healing, but too high crosslinking degree raises the temperature of self‐healing and causes side reaction which reduces the self‐healing efficiency. These results provide some insights for the influence of the crosslinking degree on the self‐healing and the structural design of dynamic covalent materials.