bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Production and Properties of Native Potato Starch-Coated Urea
Authors: PALECKIENĖ Rasa 
Published: May 2021

This work is dedicated to researching the possibilities of using starch coating for slow-release fertilizers. Urea was used as nitrogen containing component, because it is the most suitable for the production of slow-release nitrogen fertilizers and has the highest concentration of nitrogen – 46.6 %. During the studies, native potato starch film was prepared and its stability was evaluated, subsequently, urea was coated with starch film/coating and the influence on properties of fertilizer granules (hygroscopicity and strength) was evaluated. Single and/or multiple layered films were formed during the coating process and the influence of coating thickness on urea solubility was researched. It was found that the mechanical properties of urea with double coating change quite insignificantly while coating reduces the solubility of urea by more than 20 %.
Function, structure and quality of striated muscles in the lower extremities in patients with late onset Pompe Disease—an MRI study
Authors: Vaeggemose Michael , Mencagli Rosa Andersen , Hansen Julie Schjødtz , Dräger Bianca , Ringgaard Steffen , Vissing John , Andersen Henning 
Published: May 2021

Background
Pompe Disease (PD) is a rare inherited metabolic myopathy, caused by lysosomal-α-glucosidase (GAA) deficiency, which leads to glycogen accumulation within the lysosomes, resulting in cellular and tissue damage. Due to the emergence of a disease modifying treatment with recombinant GAA there has been a large increase in studies of late onset Pompe Disease (LOPD) during the last decade.

Methods
The present study evaluates muscle quality in 10 patients with LOPD receiving treatment with enzyme replacement therapy and in 10 age and gender matched healthy controls applying T1-weighted Dixon MR imaging and isokinetic dynamometry. Muscle quality was determined by muscle strength in relation to muscle size (contractile cross-sectional area, CSA) and to muscle quality (fat fraction). A follow-up evaluation of the patients was performed after 8–12 months. Patient evaluations also included: six-minute walking test (6MWT), forced vital capacity, manual muscle testing and SF-36 questionnaire.

Results
Fat fraction of knee flexors (0.15 vs 0.07, p < 0.05) and hip muscles (0.11 vs 0.07, p < 0.05) were higher in patients than controls. In patients, contractile CSA correlated with muscle strength (knee flexors: r = 0.86, knee extensors: r = 0.88, hip extensors: r = 0.83, p < 0.05). No correlation was found between fat fraction and muscle strength. The fat fraction of thigh muscles did not correlate with scores from the clinical tests nor did it correlate with the 6MWT. During follow-up, the contractile CSA of the knee extensors increased by 2%. No other statistically significant change was observed. Quantitative MRI reflects muscle function in patients with LOPD, but larger long-term studies are needed to evaluate its utility in detecting changes over time.
Scoliosis in Friedreich's ataxia: longitudinal characterization in a large heterogeneous cohort
Authors: Rummey Christian , Flynn John M. , Corben Louise A. , Delatycki Martin B. , Wilmot George , Subramony Sub H. , Bushara Khalaf , Duquette Antoine , Gomez Christopher M. , Hoyle J. Chad , Roxburgh Richard , Seeberger Lauren , Yoon Grace , Mathews Katherine D. , Zesiewicz Theresa , Perlman Susan , Lynch David R. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectiveThe objective of this study was to characterize the incidence and progression of scoliosis in the natural history of Friedreich’s ataxia (FRDA) and document the factors leading to the requirement for corrective surgery.MethodsData on the prevalence of scoliosis and scoliosis surgery from up to 17 years of follow‐up collected during a large natural history study in FRDA (1116 patients at 4928 visits) were summarized descriptively and subjected to time to event analyses.ResultsWell over 90% of early or typical FRDA patients (as determined by age of onset) developed intermediate to severe scoliosis, while patients with a later onset (>14 years) had no or much lower prevalence of scoliosis. Diagnosis of scoliosis occurs during the onset of ataxia and in rare cases even prior to that. Major progression follows throughout the growth phase and puberty, leading to the need for surgical intervention in more than 50% of individuals in the most severe subgroup. The youngest patients appear to delay surgery until the end of the growth period, leading to further progression before surgical intervention. Age of onset of FRDA before or after reaching 15 years sharply separated severe and relatively mild incidence and progression of scoliosis.InterpretationScoliosis is an important comorbidity of FRDA. Our comprehensive documentation of scoliosis progression in this natural history study provides a baseline for comparison as novel treatments become available.
Tandem Organic Solar Cells with 18.7% Efficiency Enabled by Suppressing the Charge Recombination in Front Sub‐Cell
Authors: Liu Gongchu , Xia Ruoxi , Huang Qiri , Zhang Kai , Hu Zhicheng , Jia Tao , Liu Xiang , Yip Hin‐Lap , Huang Fei 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe maximum photocurrent in tandem organic solar cells (TOSCs) is often obtained by increasing the thicknesses of sub‐cells, which leads to recombination enhancement of such devices and compromises their power conversion efficiency (PCE). In this work, an efficient interconnecting layer (ICL) is developed, with the structure ZnO NPs:PEI/PEI/PEDOT:PSS, which enables TOSCs with very good reproducibility. Then, it is discovered that the optimal thickness of the front sub‐cell in such TOSCs can be reduced by increasing the proportion of a non‐fullerene acceptor in the active layer. The non‐fullerene acceptor used in this work has a much larger absorption coefficient than the donor in the front sub‐cell, and the absorption reduction of donor can be well complemented by that of the acceptor when increasing the acceptor proportion, thus leading to a significant overall absorption enhancement even with a thinner film. As a result, the optimal thickness of the front sub‐cell is reduced and its charge recombination is suppressed. Ultimately, the use of this ICL combined with fine‐turning of the composition in the front sub‐cell enables an efficient TOSC with a very high fill factor of 78% and an excellent PCE of 18.71% (certified by an accredited institute to be 18.09%) to be obtained.
Enhancing Light–Matter Interactions in MoS2 by Copper Intercalation
Authors: Stern Chen , Twitto Avraham , Snitkoff Rifael Z. , Fleger Yafit , Saha Sabyasachi , Boddapati Loukya , Jain Akash , Wang Mengjing , Koski Kristie J. , Deepak Francis Leonard , Ramasubramaniam Ashwin , Naveh Doron 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe intercalation of layered compounds opens up a vast space of new host–guest hybrids, providing new routes for tuning the properties of materials. Here, it is shown that uniform and continuous layers of copper can be intercalated within the van der Waals gap of bulk MoS2 resulting in a unique Cu–MoS2 hybrid. The new Cu–MoS2 hybrid, which remains semiconducting, possesses a unique plasmon resonance at an energy of ≈1eV, giving rise to enhanced optoelectronic activity. Compared with high‐performance MoS2 photodetectors, copper‐enhanced devices are superior in their spectral response, which extends into the infrared, and also in their total responsivity, which exceeds 104 A W−1. The Cu–MoS2 hybrids hold promise for supplanting current night‐vision technology with compact, advanced multicolor night vision.
Induced defense and its cost in two bryophyte species
Authors: Chen Yong‐Da , Moles Angela , Bu Zhao‐Jun , Zhang Ming‐Ming , Wang Zu‐Cheng , Zhao Hong‐Yan 
Published: May 2021

PremiseCurrent knowledge about defense strategies in plants under herbivore pressure is predominantly based on vascular plants. Bryophytes are rarely consumed by herbivores since they have ample secondary metabolites. However, it is unknown whether bryophytes have induced defenses against herbivory and whether there is a trade‐off between growth and defense in bryophytes.MethodsIn an experiment with two peatland bryophytes, Sphagnum magellanicum Brid. and S. fuscum (Schimp.) H. Klinggr., two kinds of herbivory, clipping with scissors and grazing by mealworms (Tenebrio molitor L.) were simulated. At the end of the experiment, we measured growth traits, carbon‐based defense compounds (total phenolics and cellulose) and storage compounds (total nonstructural carbohydrates) of these two Sphagnum species.ResultsGrazing but not clipping increased total phenolics and C:N ratio and reduced biomass production and height increment. A negative relationship between biomass production and total phenolics was found in S. magellanicum but not in S. fuscum, indicating a growth–defense trade‐off that is species‐specific. Grazing reduced the sugar starch content of S. magellanicum and the sugar of S. fuscum. Either clipping or grazing had no effect on chlorophyll fluorescence (including actual and maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II) except that a significant effect of clipping on actual photochemical efficiency in S. fuscum was observed.ConclusionsOur results suggest that Sphagnum can have induced defense against herbivory and that this defense can come at a cost of growth. These findings advance our knowledge about induced defense in bryophytes, the earliest land plants.
Fifty years of recognizable patterns of human malformation: Insights and opportunities
Authors: Innes A. Micheil , Lynch Danielle C. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractNow in its 7th edition, Smith's Recognizable Patterns of Human Malformation was first published in 1970. This 1st edition comprised 135 “dysmorphic syndromes of multiple primary defects” and 12 “single syndromic malformations resulting in secondary defects.” Of the former, other than a few chromosomal and environmental disorders, most were heritable conditions of then unknown etiology. In 2021, the majority of these conditions are now “solved,” a notable exception is Hallermann‐Streiff syndrome. The “solved” conditions were typically clinically delineated decades prior to understanding the underlying etiology, which rarely required recent technologies such as exome sequencing (ES) to elucidate. The 7th edition includes nearly 300 syndromes, sequences, and associations. An increasing number of conditions first appearing in the latest editions are sporadic, with many solved using either array CGH or ES. We have reviewed all syndromes that have appeared in “Smith's” with a focus on inheritance, heterogeneity, and year and method of etiologic discovery. Several themes emerge. Genetic heterogeneity and pleiotropy of genes are frequent. Several of the currently “unresolved” syndromes are clinically diverse such as Dubowitz syndrome. Multiple recurrent constellations of embryonic malformations, with VACTERL association as a paradigm, are increasingly likely to have a shared pathogenesis requiring further study.
Enantioselective Total Synthesis of the Archaeal Lipid Parallel GDGT‐0 (Isocaldarchaeol)**
Authors: Falk Isaac D. , Gál Bálint , Bhattacharya Ahanjit , Wei Jeremy H. , Welander Paula V. , Boxer Steven G. , Burns Noah Z. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractArchaeal glycerol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGT) are some of the most unusual membrane lipids identified in nature. These amphiphiles are the major constituents of the membranes of numerous Archaea, some of which are extremophilic organisms. Due to their unique structures, there has been significant interest in studying both the biophysical properties and the biosynthesis of these molecules. However, these studies have thus far been hampered by limited access to chemically pure samples. Herein, we report a concise and stereoselective synthesis of the archaeal tetraether lipid parallel GDGT‐0 and the synthesis and self‐assembly of derivatives bearing different polar groups.
Multifunctional epoxy composites modified with a graphene nanoplatelet/carbon nanotube hybrid
Authors: Kopsidas Sotirios , Olowojoba Ganiu B. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractEpoxies are a class of thermoset polymers which find use in high performance applications. However, epoxies are inherently brittle and are poor conductors of electricity, which limits their ability to be employed in functional applications. Carbon nanomaterials have attracted considerable attention as filler materials, due to their combination of outstanding properties. In the present work, an epoxy polymer was modified with a hybrid nanofiller, consisting of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) at a mass ratio of 9:1, using three‐roll milling. Addition of 1 wt% resulted in an increase of eight orders of magnitude in the electrical conductivity and a 182% increase in the fracture energy, GIC, of the epoxy. CNTs contributed greatly in the reduction of the percolation threshold, which was 10 times lower than that of conventional GNP/epoxy composites, while the increase in toughness was entirely attributed to the GNPs, predominantly through the mechanism of crack deflection. The toughening contribution of the hybrid nanofiller was theoretically calculated using analytical modeling, which showed excellent agreement between the predicted and experimental values of GIC.
Production of polyurethane elastomer from highly reactive acetic acid lignin‐derived polyols with reduced molecular weights
Authors: He Tian , Zhu Wenxiang , Liu Mingyou , Tian Xiaofei , Chen Fangeng 
Published: May 2021

AbstractHighly reactive polyols were prepared from modified acetic acid lignin (AAL) by a two‐step combination of mild hydrothermal degradation and hydroxylation. The AAL‐based polyols became relatively reactive and compatible with diisocyanate, with a reduction in the number average molecular weight (Mn) from 2923 to 684 g/mol and an increase in the hydroxyl content from 5.21 to 9.13 mmol/g. The mechanical performance and thermal properties of the AAL‐based polyurethane elastomers (LPUEs) strongly depended on the molecular weight and hydroxyl content of the AAL‐based polyols in the partial substitution of polytetramethylethylene ether glycol (PTMEG). This study proposed the prospective utilization of AAL as an alternative resource in the synthesis of polymers and biomaterials. © 2021 Society of Industrial Chemistry and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Simple TLC–spectrodensitometric method for studying lipophilicity and quantitative analysis of hypoglycemic drugs in their binary mixture
Authors: Abbas Noha S. , Mohamed Yahya Abduh Salim , Derayea Sayed M. , Omar Mahmoud A. , Saleh Gamal A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractA selective and simple salting‐out‐assisted thin‐layer chromatographic methodology was developed for the simultaneous determination of two oral hypoglycemic drugs, dapagliflozin (DAPA) and metformin (MET) in their pure forms, tablets and spiked human plasma samples. Silica gel 60 F254 plates were used in the separation of the two drugs using a mobile phase consisting of 0.5 m (NH4)2SO4 and methanol (3:7, v/v). The plates were scanned in the reflectance mode at λmax = 237 nm. The obtained retardation factor (Rf) values for DAPA and MET were 0.77 ± 0.02 and 0.25 ± 0.02, respectively. The thin‐layer chromatography method was validated according to International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. The peak areas were linearly increased with the increases in concentrations of 45–1,000 and 50–1,500 ng/band for DAPA and MET, respectively. Moreover, the method was applied to estimate the molecular lipophilicity parameters of DAPA and MET via retention data. The suggested method was efficiently utilized for the analysis of DAPA and MET in pharmaceutical tablets and plasma samples with recoveries 98.4–100.4 and RSDs in the ranges of 1.4–2.6 and 2.2–3.0% for DAPA and MET, respectively.
Investigating the association between serum human papillomavirus type 16 E7 antibodies and risk of head and neck cancer
Authors: Huang Cheng‐Chih , Su Yu‐Chu , Chang Chan‐Chi , Lee Wei‐Ting , Ou Chun‐Yen , Wu Yuan‐Hua , Wu Shang‐Yin , Lai Yu‐Hsuan , Huang Jehn‐Shyun , Chen Ken‐Chung , Hsueh Wei‐Ting , Tsai Sen‐Tien , Yen Chia‐Jui , Chang Jang‐Yang , Tsai Mei‐Ling , Lin Chen‐Lin , Weng Ya‐Ling , Yang Han‐Chien , Chen Yu‐Shan , Hsiao Jenn‐Ren , Chang Jeffrey S. 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTHuman papillomavirus (HPV) is recognized as a major cause of oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) in Western countries. Less is known regarding its contribution to the OPC occurring in Asia. The current study aimed to investigate the association between antibody responses to HPV16 E7 and head and neck cancer (HNC) risk in a hospital‐based case–control study conducted in Taiwan with 693 HNC cases and 1,035 controls. A positive association was observed between seropositivity to HPV16 E7 and OPC risk, whereas no significant association was found in the non‐OPC cases. The increased OPC risk associated with seropositivity to HPV16 E7 was more significant among nonbetel quid or noncigarette users. Seropositivity to HPV16 E7 showed moderate agreement with P16 expression in OPC. OPC patients that were seropositive to HPV16 E7 or p16 positive were more highly educated and less likely to use alcohol, betel quids, and cigarettes compared to HPV16 E7 seronegative or p16 negative OPC patients. Furthermore, patients with p16 positive OPC were more likely to be women compared to patients with p16 negative OPC, likely owing to the low prevalence of alcohol, betel quid, and cigarette users among women. Overall, this study suggested that similar to Western countries, HPV may also be an important risk factor of OPC in Taiwan. With the declining consumption of betel quids and cigarettes in Taiwan, a higher percentage of OPC cases in Taiwan will be attributed to HPV in the future. Public health measures, including HPV vaccination, need to be implemented to prevent the occurrence of HPV‐positive OPC.
Helpful and unhelpful elements of synchronous text‐based therapy: A thematic analysis
Authors: Dhesi Meera , Sefi Aaron , Donati Mark , Hayes Jacqueline , Cooper Mick 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWithin the UK, there has been a growth of services delivering online therapy to young people. This study identifies the factors that young people find helpful and unhelpful in synchronous text‐based therapy (STBT), and the processes by which these factors may be of value. Thirteen young people, aged between 14 and 18, were interviewed synchronously online. All participants had had a minimum of four sessions of STBT. Data were analysed thematically. Four main domains of helpful and unhelpful factors were identified: 1) anonymity, 2) access, 3) communication, and 4) control. Control was a particularly important element for young people and was an underlying aspect across all themes. Young people not only valued several aspects of STBT but also recognised its limitations. Further research should explore the contexts in which online counselling may be helpful or not.
Applications of Mechanochemistry for the Synthesis of DNA on Ionic Liquid Supports
Authors: Johnston Christopher , Hardacre Christopher , Migaud Marie E. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe standard methodology for the synthesis of oligonucleotides is the solid‐phase method. Here, we report the first case of mechanochemistry being directly applied to synthesising a dinucleotide on a soluble support. While mechanochemistry eliminates the need to solubilise a supported oligomer in the solution phase for phosphoramidite coupling, the support still confers the benefit of being able to purify the product by precipitation or by simple liquid‐liquid extractions as needed. Furthermore, this study also explores the use of mechanochemistry in the initial functionalisation of the ionic liquid support with a nucleoside monomer.
A Phase 1 Open‐Label, Fixed‐Sequence Pharmacokinetic Drug Interaction Trial to Investigate the Effect of Cannabidiol on the CYP1A2 Probe Caffeine in Healthy Subjects
Authors: Thai Ching , Tayo Bola , Critchley David 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis pharmacokinetic (PK) drug‐interaction trial investigated the effects of repeated dosing of a plant‐derived pharmaceutical formulation of highly purified cannabidiol (CBD; Epidiolex in the United States and Epidyolex in Europe; 100 mg/mL oral solution) on caffeine clearance via modulation of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2 activity in healthy adults. In this phase 1 open‐label, fixed‐sequence trial, all subjects received a single 200 mg caffeine dose and placebo on day 1. Subjects then titrated CBD from 250 mg once daily to 750 mg twice daily between days 3 and 11 and took 750 mg CBD twice daily between days 12 and 27. On day 26, subjects received a single 200‐mg caffeine dose with their morning CBD dose. Plasma concentrations of caffeine and its CYP1A2‐mediated metabolite, paraxanthine, were determined on days 1 and 26 and PK parameters derived using noncompartmental analysis. Safety was monitored throughout. Sixteen subjects enrolled, and 9 completed treatment. When caffeine was administered with steady‐state CBD, caffeine exposure increased by 15% for Cmax and 95% for AUC0‐∞, tmax increased from 1.5 to 3.0 hours, and t1/2 increased from 5.4 to 10.9 hours compared with caffeine administered with placebo. Under the same conditions, paraxanthine exposure decreased by 22% for Cmax and increased by 18% for AUC0‐∞, tmax increased from 8.0 to 14.0 hours, and t1/2 increased from 7.2 to 13.7 hours. Overall, there were no unexpected adverse events; diarrhea was most common, and 6 subjects discontinued because of elevated liver transaminases. These data suggest that CBD is an inhibitor of CYP1A2.
Nonlinear adaptive normalized least mean absolute third algorithm for the control of five‐level distribution static compensator
Authors: Bansal Praveen , Singh Alka 
Published: May 2021

SummaryThis paper presents the design and control of single‐phase five‐level cascaded H‐bridge multilevel inverter (CHB‐MLI) as a shunt active power filter (SAPF) unit to mitigate the various power quality (PQ) problems such as reactive power burden, injection of harmonics in the supply, poor power factor, and so on. The control of CHB‐MLI has been done using the normalized least mean absolute third (NLMAT) algorithm, which overcomes the shortcoming of conventional least mean square (LMS), normalized LMS (NLMS), and least mean absolute third (LMAT) algorithm. The control algorithm is designed in MATLAB Simulink, and its scaled down prototype model is developed in the laboratory to find the fundamental active component of load current and to mitigate the aforementioned PQ problems. The proposed system is tested for single‐phase grid‐connection, and it works satisfactorily under steady state and dynamic load conditions. A dSpace1104 microcontroller is used to test the proposed algorithm and to generate firing pulses. Besides, the detailed comparison in the context of mean square error (MSE), weights convergence and intermediate error with conventional LMS, NLMS, and LMAT algorithm have also been discussed. Moreover, the harmonic distortion observed in the source current is within stipulated IEEE‐519 limits.