bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaporation Through a Dry Soil Layer: Column Experiments
Authors: Balugani E. , Lubczynski M. W. , Metselaar K. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractModeling of water vapor transport through a dry soil layer (DSL), typically formed in the top soil during dry seasons in arid and semi‐arid areas, is still problematic. Previous laboratory experiments in controlled environments showed that the only vapor transport process through the DSL is by Fick's law of diffusion. However, field experiments exhibited consistently higher evaporation rates than predicted by diffusion flow only. Some proposed reasons for the mismatch were: (a) daily cycles of condensation and evaporation in the DSL due to changes in solar radiation; (b) wind effects on air movement in the DSL; (c) atmospheric pressure fluctuations; (d) nonlinear influence of the DSL thickness on the evaporation process. To link the laboratory experiments with field observations, we performed soil column experiments in the laboratory with thick (>50 cm) DSL, and with different wind speeds, two radiative lamp schedules (continuous and 12 h daily cycles) and different thicknesses of DSL. Atmospheric pressure, air temperature and humidity were measured continuously. The results show that the evaporation rates observed are larger than those predicted by diffusion flow only. We found that it was possible to model the evaporation rates as a function of atmospheric pressure fluctuations. In conclusion, atmospheric pressure fluctuations can induce evaporation rates in DSL larger than estimated by diffusion flow only, possibly explaining the discrepancy between laboratory and field evaporation rates.
A Single‐Year Cosmic Ray Event at 5410 BCE Registered in 14C of Tree Rings
Authors: Miyake F. , Panyushkina I. P. , Jull A. J. T. , Adolphi F. , Brehm N. , Helama S. , Kanzawa K. , Moriya T. , Muscheler R. , Nicolussi K. , Oinonen M. , Salzer M. , Takeyama M. , Tokanai F. , Wacker L. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe annual 14C data in tree rings is an outstanding proxy for uncovering extreme solar energetic particle (SEP) events in the past. Signatures of extreme SEP events have been reported in 774/775 CE, 992/993 CE, and ∼660 BCE. Here, we report another rapid increase of 14C concentration in tree rings from California, Switzerland, and Finland around 5410 BCE. These 14C data series show a significant increase of ∼6‰ in 5411–5410 BCE. The signature of 14C variation is very similar to the confirmed three SEP events and points to an extreme short‐term flux of cosmic ray radiation into the atmosphere. The rapid 14C increase in 5411/5410 BCE rings occurred during a period of high solar activity and 60 years after a grand 14C excursion during 5481–5471 BCE. The similarity of our 14C data to previous events suggests that the origin of the 5410 BCE event is an extreme SEP event.
Drivers of Summer Extreme Precipitation Events Over East China
Authors: Tang Yong , Huang Anning , Wu Peili , Huang Danqing , Xue Daokai , Wu Yang 
Published: June 2021

AbstractExtreme summer precipitation often associated with flash floods has devastating impact on the local economies and livelihood of millions of people over East China. Tracking down the drivers of those extreme events will help to understand their formation mechanisms and to improve forecasts. Here the synoptic patterns associated with summer extreme precipitation events over East China during 1961–2018 have been identified systematically and quantitatively using a circulation clustering method. The results show that regional events over East China are dominated by the Eastern Asian summer monsoon associated Meiyu front, landfalling tropical cyclones and low‐pressure vortices. Most sub‐regions have seen increasing trends of extreme rainfall events during the past 6 decades with comparable contributions from the two main drivers. There was a decreasing trend over the North China Plain driven by the low‐level southeasterly winds.
Gata2-L359V impairs primitive and definitive hematopoiesis and blocks cell differentiation in murine chronic myelogenous leukemia model
Authors: Fu Ya-Kai , Tan Yun , Wu Bo , Dai Yu-Ting , Xu Xiao-Guang , Pan Meng-Meng , Chen Zhi-Wei , Qiao Niu , Wu Jing , Jiang Lu , Lu Jing , Chen Bing , Rein Avigail , Izraeli Shai , Sun Xiao-Jian , Huang Jin-Yan , Huang Qiu-Hua , Chen Zhu , Chen Sai-Juan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractGATA2, a key transcription factor in hematopoiesis, is frequently mutated in hematopoietic malignancies. How the GATA2 mutants contribute to hematopoiesis and malignant transformation remains largely unexplored. Here, we report that Gata2-L359V mutation impeded hematopoietic differentiation in murine embryonic and adult hematopoiesis and blocked murine chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cell differentiation. We established a Gata2-L359V knockin mouse model in which the homozygous Gata2-L359V mutation caused major defects in primitive erythropoiesis with an accumulation of erythroid precursors and severe anemia, leading to embryonic lethality around E11.5. During adult life, the Gata2-L359V heterozygous mice exhibited a notable decrease in bone marrow (BM) recovery under stress induction with cytotoxic drug 5-fluorouracil. Using RNA sequencing, it was revealed that homozygous Gata2-L359V suppressed genes related to embryonic hematopoiesis in yolk sac, while heterozygous Gata2-L359V dysregulated genes related to cell cycle and proliferation in BM Lin-Sca1+c-kit+ cells. Furthermore, through chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing and transactivation experiments, we found that this mutation enhanced the DNA-binding capacity and transcriptional activities of Gata2, which was likely associated with the altered expression of some essential genes during embryonic and adult hematopoiesis. In mice model harboring BCR/ABL, single-cell RNA-sequencing demonstrated that Gata2-L359V induced additional gene expression profile abnormalities and partially affected cell differentiation at the early stage of myelomonocytic lineage, evidenced by the increase of granulocyte–monocyte progenitors and monocytosis. Taken together, our study unveiled that Gata2-L359V mutation induces defective hematopoietic development and blocks the differentiation of CML cells.
FKBP39 controls nutrient dependent Nprl3 expression and TORC1 activity in Drosophila
Authors: Zhou Ying , Guo Jian , Wang Xinyu , Cheng Yang , Guan Jianwen , Barman Priyam , Sun Ming-An , Fu Yuanyuan , Wei Wanhong , Feng Congjing , Lilly Mary A. , Wei Youheng 
Published: June 2021

AbstractTarget of Rapamycin Complex 1 (TORC1) is a master regulator that coordinates nutrient status with cell metabolism. The GTPase-activating protein towards Rags complex 1 (GATOR1) inhibits TORC1 activity and protects cells from damage during periods of stress. Here we characterize multiple pathways that regulate the expression of the GATOR1 component Nprl3 in Drosophila. We determine that the stability of Nprl3 is impacted by the Unassembled Soluble Complex Proteins Degradation (USPD) pathway. In addition, we find that FK506 binding protein 39 (FKBP39)-dependent proteolytic destruction maintains Nprl3 at low levels in nutrient replete conditions. Nutrient starvation abrogates the degradation of the Nprl3 protein and rapidly promotes Nprl3 accumulation. Consistent with a role in promoting the stability of a TORC1 inhibitor, mutations in fkbp39 decrease TORC1 activity and increase autophagy. Finally, we show that the 5′UTR of nprl3 transcripts contain a functional upstream open reading frame (uORF) that inhibits main ORF translation. In summary, our work has uncovered novel mechanisms of Nprl3 regulation and identifies an important role for FKBP39 in the control of cellular metabolism.
Germline deletion of chromosome 2p16-21 associated with Lynch syndrome
Authors: Natsume Soichiro , Yamaguchi Tatsuro , Eguchi Hidetaka , Okazaki Yasushi , Horiguchi Shin-ichiro , Ishida Hideyuki 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe identified a Japanese patient with Lynch syndrome with a novel large germline deletion of chromosome 2p16-21, including the EPCAM, MSH2, and KCNK12 genes. The proband was a 46-year-old man with ascending colon cancer. The clinical significance of germline KCNK12 gene deletion, which encodes one of the subfamilies of two-pore-domain potassium channels, is still unknown.
Infant gut microbiome composition is associated with non-social fear behavior in a pilot study
Authors: Carlson Alexander L. , Xia Kai , Azcarate-Peril M. Andrea , Rosin Samuel P. , Fine Jason P. , Mu Wancen , Zopp Jared B. , Kimmel Mary C. , Styner Martin A. , Thompson Amanda L. , Propper Cathi B. , Knickmeyer Rebecca C. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractExperimental manipulation of gut microbes in animal models alters fear behavior and relevant neurocircuitry. In humans, the first year of life is a key period for brain development, the emergence of fearfulness, and the establishment of the gut microbiome. Variation in the infant gut microbiome has previously been linked to cognitive development, but its relationship with fear behavior and neurocircuitry is unknown. In this pilot study of 34 infants, we find that 1-year gut microbiome composition (Weighted Unifrac; lower abundance of Bacteroides, increased abundance of Veillonella, Dialister, and Clostridiales) is significantly associated with increased fear behavior during a non-social fear paradigm. Infants with increased richness and reduced evenness of the 1-month microbiome also display increased non-social fear. This study indicates associations of the human infant gut microbiome with fear behavior and possible relationships with fear-related brain structures on the basis of a small cohort. As such, it represents an important step in understanding the role of the gut microbiome in the development of human fear behaviors, but requires further validation with a larger number of participants.
Atomistic insights into the nucleation and growth of platinum on palladium nanocrystals
Authors: Gao Wenpei , Elnabawy Ahmed O. , Hood Zachary D. , Shi Yifeng , Wang Xue , Roling Luke T. , Pan Xiaoqing , Mavrikakis Manos , Xia Younan , Chi Miaofang 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDespite the large number of reports on colloidal nanocrystals, very little is known about the mechanistic details in terms of nucleation and growth at the atomistic level. Taking bimetallic core-shell nanocrystals as an example, here we integrate in situ liquid-cell transmission electron microscopy with first-principles calculations to shed light on the atomistic details involved in the nucleation and growth of Pt on Pd cubic seeds. We elucidate the roles played by key synthesis parameters, including capping agent and precursor concentration, in controlling the nucleation site, diffusion path, and growth pattern of the Pt atoms. When the faces of a cubic seed are capped by Br−, Pt atoms preferentially nucleate from corners and then diffuse to edges and faces for the creation of a uniform shell. The diffusion does not occur until the Pt deposited at the corner has reached a threshold thickness. At a high concentration of the precursor, self-nucleation takes place and the Pt clusters then randomly attach to the surface of a seed for the formation of a non-uniform shell. These atomistic insights offer a general guideline for the rational synthesis of nanocrystals with diverse compositions, structures, shapes, and related properties.
An antibody against L1 cell adhesion molecule inhibits cardiotoxicity by regulating persistent DNA damage
Authors: Nam Jae-Kyung , Kim A-Ram , Choi Seo-Hyun , Kim Ji-Hee , Choi Kyu Jin , Cho Seulki , Lee Jae Won , Cho Hyun-Jai , Kwon Yoo-Wook , Cho Jaeho , Kim Kwang Seok , Kim Joon , Lee Hae-June , Lee Tae Sup , Bae Sangwoo , Hong Hyo Jeong , Lee Yoon-Jin 
Published: June 2021

AbstractTargeting the molecular pathways underlying the cardiotoxicity associated with thoracic irradiation and doxorubicin (Dox) could reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with these anticancer treatments. Here, we find that vascular endothelial cells (ECs) with persistent DNA damage induced by irradiation and Dox treatment exhibit a fibrotic phenotype (endothelial–mesenchymal transition, EndMT) correlating with the colocalization of L1CAM and persistent DNA damage foci. We demonstrate that treatment with the anti-L1CAM antibody Ab417 decreases L1CAM overexpression and nuclear translocation and persistent DNA damage foci. We show that in whole-heart–irradiated mice, EC-specific p53 deletion increases vascular fibrosis and the colocalization of L1CAM and DNA damage foci, while Ab417 attenuates these effects. We also demonstrate that Ab417 prevents cardiac dysfunction-related decrease in fractional shortening and prolongs survival after whole-heart irradiation or Dox treatment. We show that cardiomyopathy patient-derived cardiovascular ECs with persistent DNA damage show upregulated L1CAM and EndMT, indicating clinical applicability of Ab417. We conclude that controlling vascular DNA damage by inhibiting nuclear L1CAM translocation might effectively prevent anticancer therapy-associated cardiotoxicity.
Toward a mechanistic understanding of electrocatalytic nanocarbon
Authors: Askins Erik J. , Zoric Marija R. , Li Matthew , Luo Zhengtang , Amine Khalil , Glusac Ksenija D. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractElectrocatalytic nanocarbon (EN) is a class of material receiving intense interest as a potential replacement for expensive, metal-based electrocatalysts for energy conversion and chemical production applications. The further development of EN will require an intricate knowledge of its catalytic behaviors, however, the true nature of their electrocatalytic activity remains elusive. This review highlights work that contributed valuable knowledge in the elucidation of EN catalytic mechanisms. Experimental evidence from spectroscopic studies and well-defined molecular models, along with the survey of computational studies, is summarized to document our current mechanistic understanding of EN-catalyzed oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen electrochemistry. We hope this review will inspire future development of synthetic methods and in situ spectroscopic tools to make and study well-defined EN structures.
Polarity-dependent nonlinear optics of nanowires under electric field
Authors: Ben-Zvi Regev , Bar-Elli Omri , Oron Dan , Joselevich Ernesto 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPolar materials display a series of interesting and widely exploited properties owing to the inherent coupling between their fixed electric dipole and any action that involves a change in their charge distribution. Among these properties are piezoelectricity, ferroelectricity, pyroelectricity, and the bulk photovoltaic effect. Here we report the observation of a related property in this series, where an external electric field applied parallel or anti-parallel to the polar axis of a crystal leads to an increase or decrease in its second-order nonlinear optical response, respectively. This property of electric-field-modulated second-harmonic generation (EFM-SHG) is observed here in nanowires of the polar crystal ZnO, and is exploited as an analytical tool to directly determine by optical means the absolute direction of their polarity, which in turn provides important information about their epitaxy and growth mechanism. EFM-SHG may be observed in any type of polar nanostructures and used to map the absolute polarity of materials at the nanoscale.
Engineered reproductively isolated species drive reversible population replacement
Authors: Buchman Anna , Shriner Isaiah , Yang Ting , Liu Junru , Antoshechkin Igor , Marshall John M. , Perry Michael W. , Akbari Omar S. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractEngineered reproductive species barriers are useful for impeding gene flow and driving desirable genes into wild populations in a reversible threshold-dependent manner. However, methods to generate synthetic barriers are lacking in advanced eukaryotes. Here, to overcome this challenge, we engineer SPECIES (Synthetic Postzygotic barriers Exploiting CRISPR-based Incompatibilities for Engineering Species), an engineered genetic incompatibility approach, to generate postzygotic reproductive barriers. Using this approach, we create multiple reproductively isolated SPECIES and demonstrate their reproductive isolation and threshold-dependent gene drive capabilities in D. melanogaster. Given the near-universal functionality of CRISPR tools, this approach should be portable to many species, including insect disease vectors in which confinable gene drives could be of great practical utility.
Prohibitin 1 is essential to preserve mitochondria and myelin integrity in Schwann cells
Authors: Della-Flora Nunes Gustavo , Wilson Emma R. , Marziali Leandro N. , Hurley Edward , Silvestri Nicholas , He Bin , O’Malley Bert W. , Beirowski Bogdan , Poitelon Yannick , Wrabetz Lawrence , Feltri M. Laura 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn peripheral nerves, Schwann cells form myelin and provide trophic support to axons. We previously showed that the mitochondrial protein prohibitin 2 can localize to the axon-Schwann-cell interface and is required for developmental myelination. Whether the homologous protein prohibitin 1 has a similar role, and whether prohibitins also play important roles in Schwann cell mitochondria is unknown. Here, we show that deletion of prohibitin 1 in Schwann cells minimally perturbs development, but later triggers a severe demyelinating peripheral neuropathy. Moreover, mitochondria are heavily affected by ablation of prohibitin 1 and demyelination occurs preferentially in cells with apparent mitochondrial loss. Furthermore, in response to mitochondrial damage, Schwann cells trigger the integrated stress response, but, contrary to what was previously suggested, this response is not detrimental in this context. These results identify a role for prohibitin 1 in myelin integrity and advance our understanding about the Schwann cell response to mitochondrial damage.
Roton-like acoustical dispersion relations in 3D metamaterials
Authors: Chen Yi , Kadic Muamer , Wegener Martin 
Published: June 2021

AbstractRoton dispersion relations have been restricted to correlated quantum systems at low temperatures, such as liquid Helium-4, thin films of Helium-3, and Bose–Einstein condensates. This unusual kind of dispersion relation provides broadband acoustical backward waves, connected to energy flow vortices due to a “return flow”, in the words of Feynman, and three different coexisting acoustical modes with the same polarization at one frequency. By building mechanisms into the unit cells of artificial materials, metamaterials allow for molding the flow of waves. So far, researchers have exploited mechanisms based on various types of local resonances, Bragg resonances, spatial and temporal symmetry breaking, topology, and nonlinearities. Here, we introduce beyond-nearest-neighbor interactions as a mechanism in elastic and airborne acoustical metamaterials. For a third-nearest-neighbor interaction that is sufficiently strong compared to the nearest-neighbor interaction, this mechanism allows us to engineer roton-like acoustical dispersion relations under ambient conditions.
Ruderman–Kittel–Kasuya–Yosida-type interfacial Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction in heavy metal/ferromagnet heterostructures
Authors: Kim Taehyun , Cha In Ho , Kim Yong Jin , Kim Gyu Won , Stashkevich Andrey , Roussigné Yves , Belmeguenai Mohamed , Chérif Salim M. , Samardak Alexander S. , Kim Young Keun 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe manipulation of magnetization with interfacial modification using various spin-orbit coupling phenomena has been recently revisited due to its scientific and technological potential for next-generation memory devices. Herein, we experimentally and theoretically demonstrate the interfacial Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction characteristics penetrating through a MgO dielectric layer inserted between the Pt and CoFeSiB. The inserted MgO layer seems to function as a chiral exchange interaction mediator of the interfacial Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction from the heavy metal atoms to ferromagnet ones. The potential physical mechanism of the anti-symmetric exchange is based on the tunneling-like behavior of conduction electrons through the semi-conductor-like ultrathin MgO. Such behavior can be correlated with the oscillations of the indirect exchange coupling of the Ruderman–Kittel–Kasuya–Yosida type. From the theoretical demonstration, we could provide approximate estimation and show qualitative trends peculiar to the system under investigation.
A metal ion orients SARS-CoV-2 mRNA to ensure accurate 2′-O methylation of its first nucleotide
Authors: Viswanathan Thiruselvam , Misra Anurag , Chan Siu-Hong , Qi Shan , Dai Nan , Arya Shailee , Martinez-Sobrido Luis , Gupta Yogesh K. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe SARS-CoV-2 nsp16/nsp10 enzyme complex modifies the 2′-OH of the first transcribed nucleotide of the viral mRNA by covalently attaching a methyl group to it. The 2′-O methylation of the first nucleotide converts the status of mRNA cap from Cap-0 to Cap-1, and thus, helps the virus evade immune surveillance in host cells. Here, we report two structures of nsp16/nsp10 representing pre- and post-release states of the RNA product (Cap-1). We observe overall widening of the enzyme upon product formation, and an inward twisting motion in the substrate binding region upon product release. These conformational changes reset the enzyme for the next round of catalysis. The structures also identify a unique binding mode and the importance of a divalent metal ion for 2′-O methylation. We also describe underlying structural basis for the perturbed enzymatic activity of a clinical variant of SARS-CoV-2, and a previous SARS-CoV outbreak strain.
Radiosensitivity index emerges as a potential biomarker for combined radiotherapy and immunotherapy
Authors: Dai Yang-Hong , Wang Ying-Fu , Shen Po-Chien , Lo Cheng-Hsiang , Yang Jen-Fu , Lin Chun-Shu , Chao Hsing-Lung , Huang Wen-Yen 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn the era of immunotherapy, there lacks of a reliable genomic predictor to identify optimal patient populations in combined radiotherapy and immunotherapy (CRI). The purpose of this study is to investigate whether genomic scores defining radiosensitivity are associated with immune response. Genomic data from Merged Microarray-Acquired dataset (MMD) were established and the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were obtained. Based on rank-based regression model including 10 genes, radiosensitivity index (RSI) was calculated. A total of 12832 primary tumours across 11 major cancer types were analysed for the association with DNA repair, cellular stemness, macrophage polarisation, and immune subtypes. Additional 585 metastatic tissues were extracted from MET500. RSI was stratified into RSI-Low and RSI-High by a cutpoint of 0.46. Proteomic differential analysis was used to identify significant proteins according to RSI categories. Gene Set Variance Analysis (GSVA) was applied to measure the genomic pathway activity (18 genes for T-cell inflamed activity). Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed for survival analysis. RSI was significantly associated with homologous DNA repair, cancer stemness and immune-related molecular features. Lower RSI was associated with higher fraction of M1 macrophage. Differential proteomic analysis identified significantly higher TAP2 expression in RSI-Low colorectal tumours. In the TCGA cohort, dominant interferon-γ (IFN-γ) response was characterised by low RSI and predicted better response to programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) blockade. In conclusion, in addition to radiation response, our study identified RSI to be associated with various immune-related features and predicted response to PD-1 blockade, thus, highlighting its potential as a candidate biomarker for CRI.