bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of a consensus algorithm and data block structure based on digital blockchain technology for distributed systems for storing information about the state of power equipment
Authors: Sultanov M M , Smirnov AA , Yurov VA , Lunenko VS 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The article considers the main directions of technological transformations in the Russian electric power industry, which performs an integrating function for the fuel and energy complex of the country. The methods of achieving and ensuring a high level of reliability and safety of power equipment for thermal power plants, hydroelectric power plants, and nuclear power plants at all stages of their life cycle from design to decommissioning are considered. The issues of creating a unified system of information support for power equipment of generating systems for thermal power plants, hydroelectric power plants, nuclear power plants and power complexes based on renewable energy sources, taking into account the technical condition during the entire life cycle, are studied. In order to improve the security and efficiency of planning and forecasting of power equipment operation modes, it is proposed to consider an information model consisting of a centralized data warehouse and a distributed registry based on blockchain technologies. The principle of operation of a distributed closed registry, the structure of data blocks, and the algorithm of consensus between private users of the registry are considered.
Procedure for assessment of technical condition of equipment of generating systems taking into account control effects on the basis of data management complex of monitoring and diagnostics system
Authors: Sultanov M M , Tyagunov M G , Baydakova N V 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This work presents the results of the analysis of existing methods for assessing the technical condition of generating systems’ equipment, the advantages of maintenance and repair systems by the actual condition are considered.
Modelling of developing capacity of power systems based on hybrid power complexes by reliability indicators
Authors: Shestopalova T A , Sultanov M M , Zhelyaskova O I 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Currently, short-term power supply failures of consumers are the main cause of failures in the stability of normal operating modes of the system. The result of real power supply failures is emergency modes due to improper load distribution. We propose the joint operation of algorithm and the program for forecasting capacity of power transmission lines in order to ensure reliable uninterrupted operation of power system. The results of the study are presented on the example of hybrid operation of the Thermal Power Plant (TPP) and Mini hydroelectric power plant (HPP).
Application of the underground natural brines for energy coal enrichment
Authors: Burakov IA , Burakov AY , Nikitina IS , Hn Aung , Va Ye , Anufrieva EA , Bragina NA 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
As part of the development of coal generation in the Russian Federation, one of the important issues is the use of enrichment processes for thermal coal. There are a large number of mineral processing methods, namely: gravity processing, flotation processing, methods of magnetic and electrical processing, as well as special processing methods, from which there are: radiometric, chemical and mechanical methods of coal preparation. Based on the results of an economic evaluation of existing enrichment methods, the team of authors identifies the gravity enrichment method as the most applicable method for thermal coals in view of the low cost of the resulting coal concentrate during its implementation. Among the existing methods of gravitational enrichment, one can distinguish enrichment in a heavy medium, as the most easily implemented, and again, the cheapest of all existing methods of gravitational enrichment. In industry, magnetite and water-sand suspensions are most often used as a heavy medium. The advantage of using these difficult media is the depth of the enrichment process - the output of coal concentrate and the amount of valuable rock recovered (combustible part of the fuel). The downside is the difficulty in operation - the suspensions must be homogenized, and the contamination of the resulting coal concentrate with weighting particles (magnetite or sand), which reduces the amount of valuable rock. It is proposed to solve this problem by using sodium chloride and calcium chloride as a natural medium in underground brines. According to the results of the work, the main indicators of the enrichment processes are estimated when using brines as a dividing medium.
Evaluation of the possibility of using underground salts for the regeneration of Na-cationite filters of WTP TPP and NPP in the territory of the CFD
Authors: Burakov A Y , Burakov I A , Nikitina I S , Verkhovsky A E 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
When studying groundwater in the Central Federal District (CFD), it was found that the mineralization of groundwater, including brines, increases “from top to bottom” - as the depth of the aquifer complex. The possibility of using underground natural chloride sodium brines for the regeneration of Na-cationite exchange filters is determined by two boundaries - upper and lower. The upper limit of applicability of the brines is controlled by the salinity of the brines of 165 g/dm3, that is, you can use brines with a salinity of at least 165 g/dm3. The lower limit of applicability of the brines is determined by the ratio of the content of sodium ion (in mEq/dm3) to the total hardness of the brine (in mEq/dm3), which should be at least 3.5. In addition to these requirements, the ability to use underground natural chloride sodium brines as a regeneration solution for Na-cation exchange filters is influenced by the total hardness of the brine depending on the total salinity of the brine: to prevent an increase in the counterionic effect, the total hardness of the brine should not exceed 500 mEq/dm3 with a total mineralization of 100 - 150 g/dm3, and should not exceed a value of 1,500 mEq/dm3 with a total mineralization of 250 - 300 g/dm3. The regionalization of the territory of the CFD, taking into account these requirements, revealed 41 thermal power plants and one nuclear power station as potential consumers of underground sodium chloride brines. In addition, on the basis of regionalization, aquifer complexes containing underground brines of conditional quality, depths of aquifer complexes, and approximate depths of design salt-producing wells, on which the cost of well construction largely depend, were determined.
Systemic issues of the power plants APCS development technology and performance paradigm
Authors: Tverskoy Yu S , Golubev A V , Muravev I K , Nikonorov A N , Kolesov I A , Gajdina Yu A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Current development of power engineering in Russia is characterized by deployment of power units with distributed multifunctional automatic process control systems (APCS) based on software and hardware systems (I&C) complex with hierarchical network structure. I&C is the backbone of this structure and APCS creates common information and technological environment of the power unit. Key issues of the multifunctional APCS are associated with lack of the technical efficiency of the I&C, usage of unproven control algorithms and immaturity of the system development technology. Overcoming the identified key issues in the development of the technology of creating I&C and APCS as a whole is associated with the formation of special functionality developed by I&C, their capabilities to use mathematical models of control objects and processes in real time (RT), assessing the information properties of controlled and uncontrolled parameters and generated signals. Performance paradigm (price/quality) of the APCS which answers on these questions can be received only after putting system in the operation and caring additional work on the assessment and optimization of information-functional and technical structures of APCS. The report discusses some new results in solving the indicated issues as part of improving the technology of modern APCS and prospects for their development as the main scientific direction of the Department of Automatic control Systems of ISPU.
Problems of assessing the energy systems reliability in Russia
Authors: Kondrateva O E , Loktionov O A , Vanin A S , Borovkova A M 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The paper analyzes the main approaches to assessing the energy systems reliability currently used in Russia. The main terms and requirements for the reliability of energy systems are defined, and gaps in the regulatory framework in this area are indicated. Based on the review and analysis of regulations and scientific research on ensuring the uninterrupted operation of power systems, a universal classification of reliability types is proposed. The expediency of developing a comprehensive approach to assessing system reliability based on the analysis of adequacy and operating reliability is shown, and the directions for improving existing methods for evaluating various types of power systems reliability are determined.
Estimation of reliability of TPS as a complex system using logical probabilistic methods
Authors: Kondrateva O E , Borovkova A M , Bayeva P N , Cherkasskiy E B 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The existing regulatory requirements for reliability assessment and the economic necessity of this assessment are considered. Modern methods and approaches to assessing quantitative indicators of reliability of structurally complex systems, such as thermal power plants, are presented. The expediency of using software systems for calculating reliability based on the General logical-probabilistic method is proved. On the example of one power unit, the application of a domestic software package for modeling and calculating reliability and safety using logical-probabilistic research methods is clearly presented. The existing problems of forecasting reliability indicators after the technical impact are described.
Verification of digital models of coolant self-oscillation of NPP with VVER
Authors: Proskuryakov K N , Anikeev A V , Afshar E 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The results of verification of VVER-440 digital acoustic model are presented. The vibration control system of the main equipment, named SÜS, which is used in normal operation of nuclear power plants (NPP), is used to measure coolant pressure pulsations and mechanical vibrations. The method of calculation of acoustic standing waves (ASW) generated in the equipment is developed; the calculated values of ASW frequencies are in agreement with the results of measurements of signals from pressure pulsation sensors. It is proved that in the nominal and start-up modes, as a result of transformation of stochastic random pulsations caused by turbulence and vortex formation into ordered oscillations, acoustic waves appear. It is shown that the frequencies of acoustic waves depend on the operating conditions and can coincide with the vibration frequencies of the equipment. It is proved that the acoustic properties of a nuclear reactor, regardless of the number of coolant circulation loops, are similar to the properties of a group of simultaneously used Helmholtz resonators. The use of the acoustic model of the reactor allows optimizing design and engineering solutions by creating equipment capable of minimizing unwanted cyclic loads. This capability is the most important to ensure long - term operation in manoeuvrable modes of small modular reactors.
EU countries experience analysis in using various fume gas treatment systems from acid gases removing for WTE Plants
Authors: Dudolin A A , Efremov A N 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The existing method of selecting the structure of a Waste to energy plant (WTE plant) for thermal utilization of MSW in the Russian Federation is often not applicable to real objects, which leads to the need for each project to search for new methods, select the criteria for choosing the best technology.
Conducting a comparative analysis of various structural schemes WTE plant, common in the EU and Japan, will help to identify their main advantages and disadvantages, determine the scope of application.
This article describes the statistical indicators of the flue gas treatment system (FGT) from acid gases, which can be applied at the stage of feasibility study, development of basic engineering. When building a WTE plant in urban conditions and striving to minimize the gross emissions of acid gases into the atmosphere, a wet FGT cleaning system can be recommended, which will provide low emissions of HF, HCl, and SOx. The system with a wet reactor will reduce the gross emissions of harmful substances during the construction of WTE plant with high-capacity, and in this case it is justified.
When building WTE plant with medium-capacity (up to 350 thousand tons of MSW per year), it may be recommended to use a semi-dry and dry FGT, while the highest preference should be given to the technology with a semi-dry reactor as the most promising.
Hygroscopic method application and realization for demineralization of sea and salted water
Authors: Sokolov P S , Kozlova M V , Bannikov A V 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The desalination of sea and salty water is one of the alternatives in solving the problem of freshwater recourses shortage. Reverse osmosis and distillation desalination methods are widely used for industrial, household and potable water supply. Each method requires definite energy and material costs. That’s why the problem of developing and researching the most effective energy and financial desalination plants is up to date. The aim of our research is the analysis of self-sufficient hygroscopic desalination plant operation efficiency. The comparative analysis of the most popular desalination methods has been carried out. The authors describe the desalination plant components and its operation principle. The main factors that influence plant intensity are determined. The plant developed efficiency is to increase the performance due to additional steam generation on the basis of steam-gas-liquid balanced condition law. Energy effectiveness increase is reached thanks to heat energy recycling in a condenser-separator and in a fresh water coil. The authors state that one of the best ways to accelerate the hygroscopic desalination process is to increase the initial temperature of water in barbotage area. The plant developed is characterized with high energy effectiveness, low costs and high quality of fresh water obtained.
Determination Of Thermal Technical Characteristics Of Sewage Sludge
Authors: Bernadiner I M , Khoreva P V , Ekimova V A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
One of the largest environmental problems of the Russian Federation is the pollution of the territory waste. The focus is on waste generated during the treatment of urban wastewater - sewage sludge and sewage sludge (SS). The shortage of areas sharply raised the issue of eliminating these wastes. The main elimination method is high temperature combustion. The complex process of elimination requires preliminary heat engineering studies of sewage sludge. In the scientific work, gas-analytical studies of flue gases were carried out, the experimental process of preliminary drying of sewage sludge was reproduced, and calorimetric tests of specific samples of precipitation were calculated with recalculation to the lower calorific value.
Electrocatalytic materials for solid polymer electrolyte water electrolyzers
Authors: Pushkarev A S , Pushkareva I V , Akelkina S V , Kozlova M V , Grigoriev S A , Kuleshov N V , Bessarabov D G 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In the present work the activity and stability of the IrOx/TiOx catalyst obtained by the polyol approach in the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) were studied in comparison with the commercial analogue IrOx. Electrochemical studies were provided, including accelerated stress testing. The synthesized IrOx/TiOx catalyst demonstrated higher OER activity and stability than the commercial IrOx, and the obtained results allow to suggest and discuss possible mechanisms of the studied catalysts degradation. Tests of membrane-electrode assemblies based on synthesized IrOx/TiOx catalysts in SPE water electrolyzer demonstrate the possibility to significantly reduce the noble metal content on the anode..
Parametric optimization of the semi-closed oxy-fuel combustion combined cycle
Authors: Kindra V O , Kaplanovich I B , Smirnov M V , Naumov V Y , Zonov A S 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The report discloses thermodynamic studies of the semi-closed oxy-fuel combustion combined cycle. The computer simulation and parametric optimization approaches are described in details. The oxy-fuel cycle net efficiency in relationship to the carbon dioxide turbine exhaust pressure and the steam turbine inlet pressure is shown. The power production efficiency reduction is related to the turbine cooling losses is described. It is shown that the semi-closed oxy-fuel combustion cycle maximal net efficiency of 52.5% occurs at the initial temperature and pressure 1400°C and 60 bar at the carbon dioxide turbine exhaust pressure 0.5 bar and the steam turbine inlet pressure 90 bar. The cooling losses consideration leads to the net efficiency of 47.76% that is reached at the carbon dioxide turbine exhaust pressure 1 bar and the steam turbine inlet pressure 90 bar.
Assessment of scale formation in heat exchangers
Authors: Matukhnov T A , Matukhnova O D , Yurkina M Y , Khomchenko N V 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The paper evaluates the influence of the scale formation on the inner surface of the heat exchanger on its technical characteristics. The subject of research is a heater 12 OST 34-588-68 Number 12 diameter of 219 of the second stage of hot water supply, intended for heating cold water into a hot water supply system. A survey of the Central heating point and connected heat and water supply systems located in the city of Moscow was conducted. For the study, an analysis of indicators of water quality at a heat point was carried out. In the course of the work, the following were calculated: the intensity of scale formation, their thickness, and also the deviation of the calculated value of the formed deposits from the actual one obtained by field measurements was found. As a result of the work, an increase in the hydraulic resistance inside the tubes of the heat exchanger was calculated in connection with the formation of deposits and an increase in the consumed electricity to ensure the required parameters of the hot water supply system.
Monitoring and updating of specific electric loads of residential and public buildings
Authors: Soluyanov Y I , Fedotov A I , Akhmetshin A R , Khalturin V A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Design organizations use standard specific load values to calculate the power consumed by residential and public buildings. The practice of operating power supply systems has shown that in most cases the actual load is 1.5 – 2.5 times less than the calculated load. The constructed cable networks and transformer substations of 0.4 / 10 kV are actually underloaded. The Association “Roselektromontazh” conducted research of TS loading of 0.4/10 kV in several cities of the Russian Federation, the results of which determined that about 80% of TS work with a maximum load of less than 30% during the year. The capacity of power transformers is selected according to account 70% of the total maximum load in the rated mode. Low load of power transformers leads to an increase in losses in them by comparing those working with a load of 70%; an inefficient use of investments. To solve this situation, it is proposed to monitor electric loads with subsequent updating of standard documents in terms of calculated specific electric loads, which will bring the calculated values closer to the actual ones to increase economic efficiency in the construction and operation of the power grid complex.
Hybrid energy systems based on renewable energy sources in various climate zones
Authors: Gasho E G , Kiseleva A I , Romanov G A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Alternative and renewable energy sources are slowly but surely strengthening their positions in the fuel and energy balance of countries. The presented article assesses the potential use of non-traditional and renewable sources for heat supply systems. World experience in introducing alternative energy sources allows us to highly evaluate the implementation of such systems. Application of energy supply schemes based on renewable energy sources is difficult for several reasons in Russia. The study addresses the key problems of the active use of hybrid systems and suggests ways to solve them.
Modelling of autonomous power source for gas distribution station using ASPEN HYSYS
Authors: Dronov S A , Fedyukhin A V , Panarin V E , Chernykh A S , Yavorovsky Y V , Khromchenkov V G , Martynov A V 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The article is devoted to the study of energy conservation issues in gas transmission and gas distribution systems. In the Aspen HYSYS software package, the authors developed a model of an autonomous power source for gas distribution station (GDS). A brief simulation sequence is described. The dependence of the electric power of the expander-generator unit on the natural gas flow ratio is determined.
High-pressure alkaline water electrolyser of coaxial configuration
Authors: Kuleshov V N , Kurochkin S V , Kuleshov N V , Udris E Ya 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
At present, hydrogen is increasingly being used in various industries. Moreover, among all technologies for producing hydrogen, the proportion of electrolytic hydrogen is constantly increasing. The most widely used technology is industrial water alkaline electrolysers of various capacities. In parallel, the direction associated with the development of high-pressure water alkaline electrolysers begins to develop. This paper considers the issue of creating and testing a high-pressure water alkaline electrolyser of coaxial configuration. Possible problems are considered during the operation of its components under high pressures, and ways to solve these problems. The proposed type of coaxial configuration and the changes made to the composition of the diaphragm material made it possible to reach a pressure of 100 bar.
Assessment of economic efficiency of unconvential renewable energy sources utilization for energy supply of individual residential houses
Authors: Pavlenok A A , Kalenskaya E V , Frey D A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Practical topics of evaluation of efficiency of heat pumps usage for individual residential houses heating with comparing of different technical options and solutions. Power of the heating system on the basis of geothermal heat pump on the example of specific building investigated. The role of heat insulation in heat losses and influence on the required power of heating system assessed, economical aspects evaluated. Comparison with alternative heating on the basis of main (pipelined) gas made in order to get objective picture of competitiveness of renewable energy sources with traditional ones in the existing regulatory and energy market conditions.
An analysis of the convective drying kinetics of wild grass seeds
Authors: Berezina T S , Vlasenko G P , Alekseev R O , Sabanova A N , Sabanova E N , Toepel T , Schuetz W 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The experimental results of the sorption properties and the capillary-vesicular structure of wild-growing seed grass are given in this study. This data can be applied to refining the drying process parameters. Methods for improvement of drying plants used for heat treatment of wild-growing seed grass, as well as for technical plant varieties are proposed.