bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling urban regions: Comparing random forest and support vector machines for cellular automata
Authors: Rienow Andreas , Mustafa Ahmed , Krelaus Leonie , Lindner Claudia 
Published: May 2021

AbstractCellular automat​on (CA) are important tools that provide insight into urbanization dynamics and possible future patterns. The calibration process is the core theme of these models. This study compares the performance of two common machine‐learning classifiers, random forest (RF), and support vector machines (SVM), to calibrate CA. It focuses on the sensitivity analysis of the sample size and the number of input variables for each classifier. We applied the models to the Wallonia region (Belgium) as a case study to demonstrate the performance of each classifier. The results highlight that RF produces a land‐use pattern that simulates the observed pattern more precisely than SVM especially with a low sample size, which is important for study areas with low levels of land‐use change. Although zoning information notably enhances the accuracy of SVM‐based probability maps, zoning marginally influences the RF‐derived probability maps. In the case of the SVM, the CA model did not significantly improve due to the increased sample size. The performance of the 5,000 sample size was observed to be better than the 15,000 sample size. The RF‐driven CA had the best performance with a high sample, while zoning information was excluded.
A high‐efficiency global model of optimization design of impervious surfaces for alleviating urban waterlogging in urban renewal
Authors: Yu Huafei , Zhao Yaolong , Xu Tao , Li Jiufeng , Tang Xianzhe , Wang Fangfang , Fu Yingchun 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe rapid expansion and unreasonable design of impervious surfaces caused by urbanization have seriously aggravated urban waterlogging. Determining how to optimize the spatial layout of impervious surfaces is the focus of urban waterlogging prevention in urban renewal. The existing urban‐renewal methods include constructing low‐impact development measures by reducing the area of impervious surfaces or implementing a local high‐strength design based on the ant colony algorithm (ACA) from the viewpoint of optimization design. However, these methods have obvious shortcomings in terms of time efficiency, and their optimized design schemes are insufficient at considering the global impervious surface design. Therefore, to address these problems, the study proposes a coupled model of multivariate linear programming and Soil Conservation Service curve number. The model is employed in the central city of Guangzhou, China. The results show, first, that the optimal design of impervious surfaces in urban renewal is to construct a discontinuous connection of high‐low‐high‐density impervious surfaces; second, that, compared with ACA, our method has higher robustness, increases the average optimization rate by 4.48 to 14.00%, and reduces the optimization time over 30 days to 20.8 s; and third, that the optimal results realize the global low‐strength transformation as complements of the existing design scheme of local high‐strength transformation. This study optimizes methods for alleviating urban waterlogging urban renewal at different scales or intensities.
Utilizing of Spent Fuel Storage Pool in Gamma Irradiation Experiments
Authors: Abdelhady Amr 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The objective of this study is suggesting a new method for gamma irradiating experiment using spent fuel elements (SFEs). An irradiation device was developed to contain the sample during the gamma irradiation process under water in spent fuel storage pool. The maximum burned fuel elements were used as a source of gamma rays with intensity and energy spectrum depend on the decay time from the reactor core withdrawal. A SFE configuration was introduced to verify an ideal condition of irradiating the sample with uniform gamma flux. The gamma dose rate inside the sample chamber was calculated using SCALE/MAVRIC code for the SFEs configuration source at decay times ranging between 0 and 5 years. A relationship was introduced to obtain the required accumulated dose depending on choosing the proper SFE configuration with the proper irradiation time.
A Review of Models for the Sodium Boiling Phenomena in Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor Subassemblies
Authors: Tsige-Tamirat Haileyesus , Perez-Martin Sara , Pfrang Werner , Anderhuber Marine , Gerschenfeld Antoine , Laborde Laurent , Mikityuk Konstantin , Peniguel Christophe , Mimouni Stephane 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The Euratom Horizon-2020 project European sodium fast reactor safety measures assessment and research tools (ESFR-SMART) aims to enhance the safety and performance of the European sodium-cooled fast reactor (ESFR) considering safety objectives envisaged for generation-IV reactors and the update of European and international safety frameworks, taking into account the Fukushima accident. Further, the project aims to support the development and validation of the computational tools for the situations to be considered at each defense-in-depth level in order to support the safety assessments using data produced in the project as well as selected legacy data. Within this activity, the focus is on the assessment and when needed further development of computer codes for the analysis of the sodium thermal-hydraulics phenomena in sodium cooled fast reactor (SFR) subassemblies under operational and accidental conditions including sodium boiling and transitional convection from forced to natural/mixed convection. In support of this activity, a review is performed for the sodium boiling models used in the codes participating in benchmark activities within the project. The objective of this paper is to summarize the result of the review, which encompasses both the phenomenological and mathematical models implemented in the codes. In particular, the review addresses the physical bases of sodium boiling models, the analytical models in connection with the numerical implementations in the codes, and the geometry representations ranging from a one-dimensional single channel and finite volume to full three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and porous media representations. Finally, the needs for further developments are discussed.
Processing Aleatory and Epistemic Uncertainties in Experimental Data From Sparse Replicate Tests of Stochastic Systems for Real-Space Model Validation
Authors: Romero Vicente J. , Black Amalia R. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a practical methodology for propagating and processing uncertainties associated with random measurement and estimation errors (that vary from test-to-test) and systematic measurement and estimation errors (uncertain but similar from test-to-test) in inputs and outputs of replicate tests to characterize response variability of stochastically varying test units. Also treated are test condition control variability from test-to-test and sampling uncertainty due to limited numbers of replicate tests. These aleatory variabilities and epistemic uncertainties result in uncertainty on computed statistics of output response quantities. The methodology was developed in the context of processing experimental data for “real-space” (RS) model validation comparisons against model-predicted statistics and uncertainty thereof. The methodology is flexible and sufficient for many types of experimental and data uncertainty, offering the most extensive data uncertainty quantification (UQ) treatment of any model validation method the authors are aware of. It handles both interval and probabilistic uncertainty descriptions and can be performed with relatively little computational cost through use of simple and effective dimension- and order-adaptive polynomial response surfaces in a Monte Carlo (MC) uncertainty propagation approach. A key feature of the progressively upgraded response surfaces is that they enable estimation of propagation error contributed by the surrogate model. Sensitivity analysis of the relative contributions of the various uncertainty sources to the total uncertainty of statistical estimates is also presented. The methodologies are demonstrated on real experimental validation data involving all the mentioned sources and types of error and uncertainty in five replicate tests of pressure vessels heated and pressurized to failure. Simple spreadsheet procedures are used for all processing operations.
Development and rapid rollout of The QUiPP App Toolkit for women who arrive in threatened preterm labour
Authors: Carlisle Naomi , Watson Helena A , Shennan Andrew H 
Published: May 2021

BackgroundOften the first opportunity for clinicians to assess risk of preterm birth is when women present with threatened preterm labour symptoms (such as period-like pain, tightening’s or back ache). However, threatened preterm labour symptoms are not a strong predictor of imminent birth. Clinicians are then faced with a complex clinical dilemma, the need to ameliorate the consequences of preterm birth requires consideration with the side-effects and costs. The QUiPP app is a validated app which can aid clinicians when they triage a women who is in threatened preterm labour.AimOur aim was to produce a toolkit to promote a best practice pathway for women who arrive in threatened preterm labour.MethodsWe worked with two hospitals in South London. This included the aid of a toolkit midwife at each hospital. We also undertook stakeholder focus groups and worked with two Maternity Voice Partnership groups to ensure a diverse range of voices was heard in the toolkit development. While we aimed to produce the toolkit in September 2020, we rapidly rolled out and produced the first version of the toolkit in April 2020 due to COVID-19. As the QUiPP app can reduce admissions and hospital transfers, there was a need to enable all hospitals in England to have access to the toolkit as soon as possible.ResultsWhile the rapid rollout of The QUiPP App Toolkit due to COVID-19 was not planned, it has demonstrated that toolkits to improve clinical practice can be produced promptly. Through actively welcoming continued feedback meant the initial version of the toolkit could be continually and iteratively refined. The toolkit has been recommended nationally, with National Health Service England recommending the app and toolkit in their COVID-19 update to the Saving Babies Lives Care Bundle and in the British Association of Perinatal Medicine Antenatal Optimisation Toolkit.
Effect of medical treatment on heart failure incidence in patients with a systemic right ventricle
Authors: Ladouceur Magalie , Segura de la Cal Teresa , Gaye Bamba , Valentin Eugenie , Ly Reaksmei , Iserin Laurence , Legendre Antoine , Mousseaux Elie , Li Wei , Rafiq Isma , Kempny Aleksander , Barradas-Pires Ana , Babu-Narayan Sonya V , Gatzoulis Michael A , Dimopoulos Konstantinos 
Published: May 2021

BackgroundTo date, clinical trials have been underpowered to demonstrate a benefit from ACE inhibitors (ACEis) or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) in preventing systemic right ventricle (sRV) failure and disease progression in patients with transposition of the great arteries (TGA). This observational study aimed to estimate the effect of ACEi and ARB on heart failure (HF) incidence and mortality in a large population of patients with an sRV.MethodsData on all patients with an sRV under active follow-up at two tertiary centres between January 2007 and September 2018 were studied. The effect of ACEi and ARB on the incidence of HF and mortality was estimated using a propensity score weighting approach to control confounding.ResultsAmong the 359 patients with an sRV (32.2 (IQR 26.4–38.3) years, 59.3% male, 66% complete TGA with atrial switch repair and 34% congenitally corrected TGA), 79 (22%) had a moderate to severe sRV dysfunction and 138 (38%) were treated with ACEi or ARB. Fourteen (3.6%) patients died, 8 (2.1%) underwent heart transplantation and 46 (11.8%) had a new HF event over a median follow-up of 7.1 (IQR 4.0–9.4) years. On multivariate Cox analysis with adjustment using propensity score weighting approaches, ACEi or ARBs treatment was not significantly associated with a lower HF incidence or mortality in patients with an sRV.ConclusionsDespite significant neurohormonal activation described in patients with an sRV, there is still no evidence of a beneficial effect of ACEi or ARB on morbidity and mortality in this population.
Estimating Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial Participant Posttrial Survival Using Pooled Epidemiologic Cohort Data
Authors: Bellows Brandon K. , Zhang Yiyi , Zhang Zugui , Lloyd‐Jones Donald M. , Bress Adam P. , King Jordan B. , Kolm Paul , Cushman William C. , Johnson Karen C. , Tamariz Leonardo , Oelsner Elizabeth C. , Shea Steven , Newman Anne B. , Ives Diane G. , Couper David , Moran Andrew E. , Weintraub William S. 
Published: May 2021

Background
Intensive systolic blood pressure treatment (<120 mm Hg) in SPRINT (Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial) improved survival compared with standard treatment (<140 mm Hg) over a median follow‐up of 3.3 years. We projected life expectancy after observed follow‐up in SPRINT using SPRINT‐eligible participants in the NHLBI‐PCS (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Pooled Cohorts Study).

Methods and Results
We used propensity scores to weight SPRINT‐eligible NHLBI‐PCS participants to resemble SPRINT participants. In SPRINT participants, we estimated in‐trial survival (<4 years) using a time‐based flexible parametric survival model. In SPRINT‐eligible NHLBI‐PCS participants, we estimated posttrial survival (≥4 years) using an age‐based flexible parametric survival model and applied the formula to SPRINT participants to predict posttrial survival. We projected overall life expectancy for each SPRINT participant and compared it to parametric regression (eg, Gompertz) projections based on SPRINT data alone. We included 8584 SPRINT and 10 593 SPRINT‐eligible NHLBI‐PCS participants. After propensity weighting, mean (SD) age was 67.9 (9.4) and 68.2 (8.8) years, and 35.5% and 37.6% were women in SPRINT and NHLBI‐PCS, respectively. Using the NHLBI‐PCS–based method, projected mean life expectancy from randomization was 21.0 (7.4) years with intensive and 19.1 (7.2) years with standard treatment. Using the Gompertz regression, life expectancy was 11.2 (2.3) years with intensive and 10.5 (2.2) years with standard treatment.

Conclusions
Combining SPRINT and NHLBI‐PCS observed data likely offers a more realistic estimate of life expectancy than parametrically extrapolating SPRINT data alone. These results offer insight into the potential long‐term effectiveness of intensive SBP goals.
Unequal Local Progress Towards Healthy People 2020 Objectives for Stroke and Coronary Heart Disease Mortality
Authors: Woodruff Rebecca C. , Casper Michele , Loustalot Fleetwood , Vaughan Adam S. 
Published: May 2021

Background and Purpose:
Healthy People establishes objectives to monitor the nation’s health. Healthy People 2020 included objectives to reduce national stroke and coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality by 20% (to 34.8 and 103.4 deaths per 100 000, respectively). Documenting the proportion and geographic distribution of counties meeting neither the Healthy People 2020 target nor an equivalent proportional reduction can help identify high-priority geographic areas for future intervention.

Methods:

County-level mortality data for stroke (
International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision
codes I60–I69) and CHD (I20–I25) and bridged-race population estimates were used. Bayesian spatiotemporal models estimated age-standardized county-level death rates in 2007 and 2017 which were used to calculate and map the proportion and 95% credible interval of counties achieving neither the national Healthy People 2020 target nor a 20% reduction in mortality.

Results:
In 2017, 45.8% of counties (credible interval, 42.9–48.3) met neither metric for stroke mortality. These counties had a median stroke death rate of 42.2 deaths per 100 000 in 2017, representing a median 12.8% decline. For CHD mortality, 26.1% (credible interval, 25.0–27.8) of counties met neither metric. These counties had a median CHD death rate of 127.1 deaths per 100 000 in 2017, representing a 10.2% decline. For both outcomes, counties achieving neither metric were not limited to counties with traditionally high stroke and CHD death rates.

Conclusions:
Recent declines in stroke and CHD mortality have not been equal across US counties. Focusing solely on high mortality counties may miss opportunities in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease and in learning more about factors leading to successful reductions in mortality.
Διαθήκη in Ptolemaic Documentary Papyri and LXX Genesis
Authors: Kim Kyu Seop 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In this article, we observe that in Ptolemaic testament papyri the full proprietorship of the patrimony was not immediately transferred to heirs, and that, by διαθήκη, heirs could acquire only the “usufruct” (the right to use the land) during the lifetime of the testator. From this perspective, this study proposes that the translators of LXX Genesis selected the Greek equivalent διαθήκη for the Hebrew word בְּרִית because the term διαθήκη referred to the bestowal of the usufruct. In LXX Genesis, Abraham, Isaac, and all living beings did not possess the proprietorship of the land by διαθήκη even though they could use the land.
Prolonged Occupation and Exploitation of Natural Resources
Authors: Pabian Emilia 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
During recent years, natural gas reserves have been located off the coast of Cyprus and their possible exploitation has drawn the attention of Turkey, which has been in occupation of Northern Cyprus for decades. This contribution explores whether the law of occupation could provide a legal basis for the exploitation by Turkey of Northern Cyprus’ natural gas, specifically considering the prolonged nature of the occupation. It argues that Turkey is obliged to comply with the restrictive rules governing the use of natural resources in occupied territories. Furthermore, this contribution discusses the argument that during prolonged occupations an occupying power should be granted more leeway in imposing wider ranging initiatives to prevent the local population’s developmental stagnation, including more extensive natural resource exploitation. However, this contribution argues that granting such leeway has the potential to entrench the authority of the occupant into a state of permanency under the guise of legitimacy.
Johnson on Van Til: A Rejoinder
Authors: Frame John , Hays Steve 
Published: May 2021

John Johnson has taken the position that Van Tilian apologetics can at most prove a generic theism, but not Christian theism. He further alleges that a Muslim apologist could just as well deploy a presuppositional defense because, in Johnson’s opinion, Van Tilian apologetics offers no way to broker rival religious claims. His final contention is that the presuppositional method robs the Christian apologist of appeal to the Resurrection, in direct contravention of NT practice.
It is the contention of this paper that Johnson’s critique suffers from a scanty acquaintance with the relevant literature and a sim plistic overview of the alternatives.
Diurnal Cycle of Precipitation Features Observed during DYNAMO
Authors: Rocque Marquette N. , Rutledge Steven A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis study uses shipborne (R/V Roger Revelle and R/V Mirai) radar, upper-air, ocean, and surface meteorology datasets from the DYNAMO field campaign to investigate the diurnal cycle (DC) of precipitation over the central Indian Ocean related to two distinct Madden–Julian oscillations (MJOs) observed. This study extends earlier studies on the MJO DC by examining the relationship between the DC of convective organization and the local environment and comparing these results on- and off-equator. During the suppressed phase on-equator, the DC of rain rates exhibited two weak maxima at 1500 and 0100 LT, which was largely controlled by the presence of sub-MCS nonlinear precipitation features (PFs). During the active phase on-equator, MCS nonlinear features dominated the rain volume, and the greatest increase in rain rates occurred between 2100 and 0100 LT. This maximum coincided with the maxima in convective available potential energy (CAPE) and sensible heat flux, and the column moistened significantly overnight. Off-equator, the environment was much drier and there was little large-scale upward motion as a result of limited deep convection. The DC of rain rates during the active phase off-equator was most similar to the DC observed during the suppressed phase on-equator, while rainfall off-equator during the suppressed phase did not vary much throughout the day. The DC of MCS nonlinear PFs closely resembled the DC of rainfall during both phases off-equator, and the DC of environmental parameters, including sea surface temperature, CAPE, and latent heat flux, was typically much weaker off-equator compared to on-equator.
Dying from COVID-19 in nursing homes-sex differences in symptom occurrence
Authors: Martinsson Lisa , Strang Peter , Bergström Jonas , Lundström Staffan 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is a disease with diverse presentation. Several studies have shown different occurrence of symptoms for women and men, but no studies have been found examining sex differences in clinical presentation for nursing home residents dying from COVID-19.
The objective of this study was to describe sex and age differences and the impact of a dementia diagnosis on symptom occurrence during the last week in life for persons dying from COVID-19 in nursing homes.

Methods
This is a population-based retrospective study based on data from the Swedish Register of Palliative Care. A total of 1994 residents aged 65 or older who died from COVID-19 in nursing homes were identified. The impact of sex, age and a dementia diagnosis on six different symptoms was analysed using chi2-test and multivariate logistic regression.

Results
Residents dying from COVID-19 were more often men (p < .002). Men more often had dyspnoea and death rattles (p < .001). Nausea was more common in women (p < .001). No sex differences in the occurrence of pain, anxiety or confusion were seen. Dyspnoea and nausea were less commonly reported in residents with dementia (p < .001).

Conclusions
We found sex differences in symptom presentation for fatal COVID-19 in nursing home settings which remained after adjusting for age. Residents with a dementia diagnosis had fewer symptoms reported before death compared to those without dementia.
Clinical presentation of fatal COVID-19 differs between women and men in nursing homes. Residents with fatal COVID-19 present with more unspecific and less prominent symptoms when also suffering from dementia.