bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Raw-SWCNTs, SWCNTs/Ag-TiO2 nanoparticles for control the biological contaminates in water Treatment
Authors: Mohammed M. K. A. , Mohammed M. R. , Ahmed D. S. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this study, hybrid material like Ag-TiO2 coated single-walled carbon nanotubes (Ag–titania hybrid/SWCNTs) was formation by a multistep chemical procedure and evaluated for their application potentials as an antimicrobial agent for slowing down bacterial growth as bacteriostatic and inactivating pathogenic. The structural and morphological properties of Raw-SWCNTs and SWCNTs/TiO2-Ag nanoparticles were investigated by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) and Raman spectroscopy improving the polycrystalline structure of Ag and TiO2 NPs decorating SWCNTs due to chemical method. As well as, Raman spectroscopy, reveal the formation of nanocomposite by increasing the intensity of D to G and disorder of carbon structure with Ag-TiO2 interaction. In addition, the antimicrobial properties of nanocomposite material (SWCNTs/TiO2-Ag) were tested against bacterial strains, including E. coli as Gram negative by using standard agar dilution (plate count) method to inhibit microbial growth in water treatment.
Raw bentonite as supplementary cementitious material – a review
Authors: Al-Hammood Amer A , Frayyeh Qais J , Abbas Waleed A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Bentonite is a type of clay that consists mainly of the montmorillonite mineral when it is finely ground and used as a partial replacement of Portland cement. The result is the low-cost and eco-friendly cementitious binder. Using this binder leads to modify both fresh and hardened properties of cement paste, mortar, and concrete. The desired modifications include; reduce the heat of hydration, reduce the absorption, promote both sulphates and acids resistance; the undesired effects include: increase water demand, reduce setting time, and declination of the mechanical properties. Although raw bentonite may meet the standard requirements for natural pozzolan, it’s considering as a supplementary cementing material that still lacks conclusive evidence.
Study of the Optical and Structural Properties of PbI2 Thin Films Prepared by Spin Coating Technique at Room Temperature
Authors: Mohammed S M , Amani K H 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Lead iodide thin films were deposited on a glass substrate using a spin coating technique. Powder of with a concentration (0.2M) was dissolved in a solution of Dimethylformamide (DMF). the thickness of the prepared films was controlled through the time of deposition and the spinning speed. the X-ray patterns show that the PbI2 thin films have hexagonal structures The bandgap of the thin films was measured optically and found to be about 2.45 eV. The FTIR measurements depicted the vibration modes from 1650 to 700 cm−1; the energy bandgap from the diffused reflectivity measurements was 2.4 eV; which is in a good agreement with energy gap from Tauc plot. (FESEM) images shows the nano rod shape of particles with large pores and non uniform distribution of particles
Three Prior Selection Estimate Reliability Function of Exponential Distribution
Authors: Hussein Nabeel A , Hussain Ahmed H , Abbas Sameer A , Salman Abbas M 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we studied the function of reliability for exponential distribution using traditional methods of estimation (Mle, Jackknife). As well as studying Bayes’ methods as only prior and Double priors with a new suggestion used three Prior by using distributions Exponential and Gamma and Chi-Square. An experimental study was conducted to compare these methods and to demonstrate the efficiency of the methods proposed in practice by relying on the generated observations from Exponential distribution. We compare between these methods by using Mean square error (MSE). We did study was performed by using simulation with different values parameter (θ) and different sample sizes ( N=10, 30, 50, 100). With the writing of the simulation program by MATLAB 2015a.
Synthesis and Quantum Chemical Study of Novel Pyridine Derivative Derived from N-Substituted Coumarin
Authors: Ibraheem Hiba H. , Mohammed Mariam M. , Al-Majedy Yasameen K. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis work includes a synthesis of 3-acetyl-7-hydroxy-2H-chromen-2-one (1) through the reaction of 2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde with ethyl acetoacetate, then reacted with 4-(dimethylamino) benzaldehyde to produce Coumarinyl Chalcone (2). And cyclization of Coumarinyl Chalcones (2) with malononitrile in the presence of ammonium acetate to produce 2-amino-4-(4-(dimethylamino) phenyl)-6-(7-hydroxy-2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl) nicotinonitrile (3). Prepared compounds were diagnosed through melting point, TLC, FT-IR Spectroscopy analysis and1H-NMR. Quantum chemical parameters like highest occupied molecular orbital energy, lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy (EHOMO while ELUMO), while dipole moment (μ) was interpretation.
Structural, Optical and Electrical Properties of KCsI2 Film Deposited by Spray Pyrolysis
Authors: Moosa Jaafar M , Ismail Raid A , Khulaife Jabbar H 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A KCsI2 film has been deposited on the glass by chemical spray pyrolysis (CSP) technique using an equal mixture of solvent solutions of KI and CsI at substrate temperature in the range of (150-300) °C. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results show that potassium cesium iodide films were polycrystalline in nature with centred cubic structure with sharp peaks along (200), (210), (003) and (110) planes. The electrical resistivity of the film increases with increasing the deposition temperatures reaching 3.59x108 Ωcm, while the mobility of films decreases from 1.47x104 to the value of 1.18x102 cm2/Vs after increasing the substrate temperature from 150 to 300 °C. The energy gap of the film increased from 3.25 to 4.15 eV as the substrate temperature increases from 150 to 300 °C.
Effect of Secondary Ionization Coefficient on the Breakdown Voltage in Nitrogen Gas
Authors: Jasim Ammar M , Khlaief Jabbar H , Zamel Rafid S 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A theoretical investigation of the secondary ionization coefficients that responsible for the ionization current growth in uniform electric field studied. Nitrogen gas was from the range of E/p various 60 to 392 V/cm Torr, which corresponding to low values of pressures (0.05 < p < 0.684 Torr). The secondary ionization coefficients have been calculated using the breakdown criterion condition for a discharge gap in a uniform electric field. Using theoretical values of the primary ionization coefficient determined from numerically solving Boltzmann equation together with the values of the sparking distance (ds) obtained from present work. The program provided all cross-sections data from nitrogen. Experimentally, the measurement of breakdown voltage was taken after fixing sparking distance at ds= 69 cm. The results of the present work showed that, the value of breakdown voltage decreased during the increase of the secondary ionization coefficient value. Furthermore, under very low-pressure range, and within the studied sparking distance ds, the value of secondary ionization coefficient was negligible. During pressure increase, the value of secondary ionization coefficient becomes a saturation value.
Laser synthesis of Si nanopillars-based SERS for efficient chlorpyrifos detection
Authors: Jubaier D. S. , Hamoudi W. K. , Alwan A. M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA uniform and high-density Si nanopillars-based SERS layer was synthesized; as an efficient means, for detecting ultra-low concentration of chlorpyrifos. A low (20 %) laser pulse duty cycle of 405 nm wavelength and 600mW/cm2intensity from a laser diode was used to achieve laser–induced etching. A simple, low-cost, and stable current wave driver circuit was utilized to drive the laser diode. Structural and spectroscopic features of the based SERS layer and AuNPs/Si nano-pillars sensor were studied by scanning probe microscopy, (FESEM) images, x-ray diffraction patterns and Raman spectroscopy. The results revealed that the Si nano-pillars layer provided superior features for creating high density hot spot gaps. A uniform, high population and unique size distributions of (AuNPs) layers on the AuNPs/Si nano-pillars layer were achieved by ion reduction process. The sensor performance displays an excellent detection of chlorpyrifos with an exponential relationship with Raman signal. The highest chlorpyrifos enhancement factor (EF= 1.1*106) with minimum limit of detection (LOD= 22*10−8M); equivalent to 0.07 mg/Kg, was obtained with Si nano pillars of high value altitude populated with partially three dimensions AuNPs layer. This limit of detection is much lower than the recognized (0.1 mg/kg) value by the European Union.
Experimental study of food waste powder FWP influence on compressive and wear behaviour of polyester composite
Authors: Rasheed Zaynab N , Hussein Samah M 
Published: March 2021

AbstractComposites reinforced by natural fillers approved to have good tribological properties which essentially required in industrial applications demand specific friction coefficient and wear resistance such as flooring materials and brake pads materials…etc. Food wastes powder (FWP) such as crusts are abundant and possess good mechanical properties, these materials evaluated to assess the possibility of using (Polyester/FWP) as a new engineering material with enhanced mechanical properties. In this research, (UPE/FWP) composites prepared by Hand lay-up molding. Compression and wear behavior of UPE composites reinforced with different types of food waste powder FWP have been investigated. Matrix polyester reinforced with four types of FWP (Coconuts Shells, Chestnuts shells, Egg shells, and Pistachio shells) proposed as new engineering materials with enhanced mechanical and frictional properties. The utilize particles size vary between (713.9, 1094.7, 1060.4 and 543.7) nm respectively. Mixing concentration ratio utilize were (2 and 4 wt %) for all. The results showed that all four types of FWP have improved the mechanical and tribological behavior of UPE composites with mild variation. Both, coconuts and chestnuts particles have the significant effect on the compression strength (C.S.), 4wt% ratio present the higher (C.S) value measured for all (FWP) used and the performance increase gradually as filler contain increased. Also, the value of Young’s Modulus observed to be increased as the (FWP) increases and the best value observe at 4wt% (UPE/coconuts shell and UPE/chestnuts shell) composites. Wear rate (W.R.) results present a noticeable reduction during the increase of additive concentration with mild variation. FWP acts as a good reinforcement with polyester composite so the wear resistances consequently increase.
Glucose biosensor electrode fabrication based on CuO /ZnO nanostructures
Authors: Khalef Wafaa K. , Aljubour Ali A. , Faisal Abdulqader D. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Zinc oxide nanowires (ZnO NWs) were successfully synthesized by Zn-metal evaporation and deposition of a thin metal film about 20 µm on quartz substrates. Followed by the subsequent oxidation process in the air at 550 oC for 4h. Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) were then deposited on ZnO NWs, using the drop-casting technique. The crystal structure and morphology of ZnO nanowires were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results of XRD confirmed that the ZnO has the Wurtizite polycrystalline structure along [101] direction. The SEM images revealed that the highest density of ZnO nanowires was distributed over a large area of the substrate with many wrinkles. The current response to glucose of the CuO/ZnO/Qz electrode gives a linear dependence range from 50 µM to 500 µM of glucose. The typical sample of CuO/ZnO NWs was used for a glucose biosensor electrode. It was found that CuO NPs layer on ZnO NWs has well improved the performance of the electrode and increased the electrocatalytic ability towards glucose oxidation.
Antibacterial activity of Zinc Oxide nanostructured materials synthesis by laser ablation method
Authors: Khashan Khawla S. , Badr Ban A. , Sulaiman Ghassan M. , Jabir Majid S. , Hussain Sura A. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractZinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructure (NS) materials with different shapes were synthesis via pulsed laser ablation in water. The characterizations were done using X-ray diffraction XRD, and scanning electron microscopy SEM. The XRD results proved the presence of the (100) and (002) patterns, referring to the ZnO NS. The SEM images show that the structures were changed from flakes with a thickness of about 10-50 nm to spherical like structures with diameter from 24 - 42 nm and high agglomerated. Also, the antibacterial activity of ZnO NS was studied and the results manifested that the inhibition zone inStaphylococcus aureus (S.aureus)is higher than inEscherichia coli (E.coli),which showed an inhibition zone againstS. aureus(21mm), as well as againstE.coliwas (15mm) for ZnO NS prepared at 25 laser pulses, and these activities increased with an increased number of laser pulses for both type of bacteria. Therefore the ZnO NS materials are recommended as a powerful Anti-bacterial material
Using Wheat and Barely Legs for Manufacturing Multi-Applications Composite Material
Authors: Hameed Awham M , Ali Hajer A 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis research focuses on recycling agriculture waste to produce a composite material that could be utilized for different purposes. The current work is interested to study the role of the interface and the mechanism to enhance the bonding between this type of fibers with resin. This paper introduces an idea to perform chemical treatment with (Ethanol, HCl, NaCl, NaOH) solutions on the fibers to improve the adhesion. The natural fibers named (wheat and barley legs) were used as a reinforcing phase within the polyester resin as a matrix phase to prepare the composite material. The composite material was prepared by hand lay-up method with weight fraction (40%) of natural fibers. Mechanical tests of these composite such as impact, flexural strength, compression tests were carried out. It is found that the treating of these fibers with ethanol gives positive results and enhances the adhesion of the interface between the fibers and the matrix of the composite which leading to an increase in the strength of composite under effect the applied force.
Theoretical and Experimental Estimation of Soil Temperature Distribution in Arid Region
Authors: Younis S E , Shibib K S , Munshid M A 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn this work, the one-dimensional finite element solution of the transient heat equation was used to calculate the temperature distribution through the soil in the arid region. As an example, Baghdad city was chosen due to the dryness of its weather which can be regarded as an arid region. The solar radiation, ambient temperature, relative humidity, soil thermal properties, soil water content, and wind speed were used as input parameters to the solution to obtain the surface and in-depth temperature distribution in the soil. The solar light components that hit the soil have been obtained theoretically and measured experimentally with good nearby results. The obtained temperature distributions were compared with experimental data and good nearby results could verify the used methodology.
Ferroelectric Photodiode Based on BaTiO3 Nanorods Film
Authors: Sami Aya T , Salman Odai N. , Ismail Mukhlis M. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The photodiode e of BT/Si film has successfully fabricated by growing BT on the surface of the p-type Si (100) substrate using the hydrothermal method. BT films were made after preparing TiO2 film and deposited on a Si substrate via screen printing method. The structural, optical, electrical properties of the fabricated films were done. The morphology and distribution of the BT nanoparticles were homogenous and in the form of nanorods of 1.5 micron height through FESEM image. The I-V characteristic was conducted in dark and illuminate conditions with a Xenon lamp. The crystallite D size and strain were calculated using the Williamson Hall plot of BT film. The band gap of BT film is calculated using the Tauc and reflection method. The value of the energy gap extracted using the reflection method was greater than it was when using the Tawc method. The dark and (b) illuminated (J-V) characteristics have measured under simulated AM1 conditions for a BT/Si photodiode. The BT/Si film begins to become more conductive when illuminating power density increased, which qualifies the film for photovoltaic applications.
Synthesis and characterization of tellurium oxide nanoparticles using pulse laser ablation and study their antibacterial activity
Authors: Khalef Wafaa K. , Marzoog Thoria R. , Faisal Abdulqader D. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn this study, tellurium oxide (TeO2) nanoparticles were synthesized via PLA of tellurium targets with a 1064 nm laser in distilled water. The morphology and the particle size of the nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM) respectively. The optical properties were studied by UV-Visible Spectrophotometer. Tellurium oxide nanoparticles with diameters of 55 nm were formed in a colloid solution. The UV–vis spectrum of the material shows a strong peak of around 200 nm. In addition, the morphology of gram-negative bacteria and gram-positive attachment of TeO2nanoparticles was studied by using SEM measurement. The activity of TiO2nanoparticles toward the inhibition and removal of Escherichia coli, Proteus, Pseudomonas bacteria and Staphylococcus aureus was investigated and discussed.
Preparation and Characterization of CuS Nanoparticles Prepared by Two-Phase Colloidal Method
Authors: Al-Jawad Selma M. H. , Taha Ali A. , Muhsen Mustafa M. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this paper, two-phase colloidal method was employed to synthesis CuS nanoparticles with different Cu : S ratios. The characterization of prepared CuS involves structural, morphological and optical properties analysis. X-Ray Diffractometer indicate that the covellite CuS have hexagonal structure. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope showed the formation of spherical nanostructure of CuS. UV-Visible Spectrophotometer showed the two absorption peaks of CuS nanoparticles one at UV-Visible region and the second at near infra-red region and the energy gap increase with sulfur content.
Synthesis and characterization of cordierite ceramic through reaction sintering kaolin and spent magnesia-carbon bricks
Authors: Ladjama S , Grid A , Touati N , Mebrek A , Rezzag H , Bouchoucha S 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The main objective of this work is to study and characterization of a refractory material made of a mixture of natural raw material and spent refractory bricks. Relative weight ratios of 25/75 and 75/25 were studied in order to obtain cordierite ceramics having an important class in the field of refractories with the stoichiometric formula (2MgO. 2Al2O3. 5SiO2), by mixing the raw material of Kaolin with spent brick powder magnesia-carbon (MgO-C). The mixtures were sintered at 1200, 1300 and 1400°C for 2 h. The phase composition of the sintered samples was analyzed by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), porosity and density are presented and discussed. The results obtained reveal that when the level of spent brick is high ≥75%, the formation of only a spinel phase and periclase were observed, however where the kaolin level is predominant we observe the formation of the cordierite phase at 1300°C. The morphology obtained by SEM confirmed these results.
Characterization of Thin Films of Graphene Nanosheets Prepared with Low-Cost Technique
Authors: Khattab Noor , Habib Nasser A. , Abdul Hussein Adi M. , Adnan Ihab 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Exploring and adjusting techniques to synthesis Graphene Nano-sheets (GNS) becomes strongly pursued due to the unique physical and mechanical properties in the desired applications. In this work, Multi-layer thin films of (GNS) were deposited on glass slides using a non-premixed flame technique. The aim was to prepare the homogeneous structure of films with fewer defects. Propane gas was used at monitored temperatures (400-500)°C, under atmospheric pressure. Morphological characteristics of (GNS) were analyzed by optical and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectrometer was used and showed high transmittance via the prepared films which close to nano-size thickness, it increased with increasing the temperature corresponding to about 13 and 11 layers at 400°C and 500°C respectively. The x-ray diffraction (XRD) test illustrated the polycrystalline pattern of (GNS) with sharp peaks at 2θ= 14.22° and 2θ=17.03° that corresponds to the interlayer distances of 6.22 Å and 5.2 Å respectively. However, the broad peak at 2θ= 25.9° for (002) direction matches up with an interlayer space of 3.43Å which refers to ordinary graphite layers presence. The concluded results provided an essential advantage of producing Multilayers of (GNS) with high characteristics.
Structural, surface morphology and optical properties of annealing treated Copper Phthalocyanine doped Fullerene (CuPc: C60) thin films
Authors: Abdulameer Ameer F. , Abbas Lamiaa K. , Sadeq Noor S. , Mohammadsalih Zaid G. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The doping process with materials related to carbon has become a newly emerged approach for achieving an improvement in different physical properties for the obtained doped films. Thin films of CuPc: C60 with doping ratio of (100:1) were spin-coated onto pre-cleaned glass substrates at room temperature. The prepared films were annealed at different temperatures of (373, 423 and 473) K. The structural studies, using a specific diffractometry of annealed and as deposited samples showed a polymorphism structure and dominated by CuPc with preferential orientation of the plane (100) of (2θ = 7) except at temperature of 423K which indicated a small peak around (2θ = 31) for C60. AFM remarks showed the existence of a compact packing film with a smooth surface. The FTIR spectra emphasized the bonding between CuPc and C60. UV-Vis Absorption spectroscopy confirmed that the CuPc was dominating the optical properties with a small shift in Q band towards higher wavelengths.
Reduction of Nonlinear Mode Coupling in Mode Division Multiplexing Systems Based on Wavelength Interleaving Method
Authors: Hamed E K , Hmood J K , Munshid M A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Mode division multiplexing (MDM) based few-mode fiber (FMF) transmission scheme is considered as one of the promising choices when one trying to achieve high bit rates in cascade to reduced cost per bit and upgrading the fiber capacity. Nonlinear mode coupling over FMFs can be addressed as the main degradation issue that can limit the efforts to reach their full capacity. In this work, we propose a new method to reduce nonlinear modal coupling by suppressing phase matching between different fiber modes using wavelength interleaving (WI) technique. This technique relays on interleave the optical carrier wavelength in a specific mode from those in adjacent ones. The five modes MDM system is analytically modeled and numerically demonstrated. Each spatial mode is modulated by a 4-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (4QAM) format with a symbol rate of 20 Gsymbol/s. The results reveal that the nonlinear phase (NLP) noise is reduced and the signal to noise ratio (SNR) is increased when applying the WI method. Additionally, it turned out that analytical and numerical results are in good agreement with each other.