bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Wisman Jon D. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The introductory chapter sets forth the book’s central argument that the struggle over inequality has been the underlying force driving the unfolding of all human history. This struggle underlies the other presumed primary drivers of history such as technological advances, demographics, group conflict, war, religion, or great men. Three key supporting claims are briefly explored. First, the ultimate driving force for inequality is found in human biology, the fact that the decisive competition that counts for sexually reproducing animal species is success in mating and thereby sending one’s unique set of genes into future generations. Second, because of sexual selection and because humans are social beings, inequality underlies all politics. Third, although physical violence always remains the trump card in creating, maintaining, or increasing inequality, ideology has always been, day to day, the most important inequality-sustaining political weapon. How the book will unfold is then set forth.
The Shift toward Secular Ideology
Authors: Wisman Jon D. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Following the rise of the state, religion served to legitimate societies’ institutions, practices, and unequal distributions of income, wealth, and privilege. However, emerging capitalism and its expanding bourgeoisie in Western Europe challenged the Catholic Church’s monopoly on truth and meaning, opening space for secular legitimation. The science of political economy increasingly evolved as a principal body of social thought legitimating inequality. This transfer from religion to political economy begins with the mercantilists and is mostly complete by the end of the nineteenth century. Political economy’s principal inequality-legitimating doctrines include the utility of poverty, the justice of the invisible hand, the Malthusian population doctrine, the wages-fund doctrine, and the trickle-down thesis. Most of these doctrines take on more of a patina of “natural” science in the late nineteenth century when the neoclassical revolution in economics attempted to sever economic science from morality and politics and express itself technically with calculus.
Inequality, Conspicuous Consumption, and the Growth Trap
Authors: Wisman Jon D. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Avoiding devastation of the human habitat is arguably the greatest challenge humanity has ever faced, and high inequality greatly impairs successfully addressing this threat. In societies in which fluid social mobility is believed possible, inequality encourages households to seek social certification and status through consumption. Rising inequality strengthens this dynamic. The institutions and behavior generated by the belief that ever-greater consumption brings ever-greater well-being reduce the potential for people to achieve social status and self-respect through more environmentally friendly domains such as democratized work and community. Inequality impedes responses aimed at reducing environmental damage by augmenting the political power of the wealthy, whose interests would be most harmed by measures to protect the environment. The wealthy benefit from pollution because their far greater consumption is made less expensive and their assets yield higher profits. They are also better able to shield themselves from the negative consequences of environmental degradation.
The Problem Is Inequality, Not Private Property and Markets
Authors: Wisman Jon D. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Capitalism has always had vociferous critics, none of whom was more insightful than Marx. He recognized that although capitalism produced unprecedented wealth, behind its ideological patina of freedom, it was an exploitative social system wherein capitalists extracted workers’ surplus. Marx and other critics also held capitalism’s institutions of private property and markets to be corrupting. This has been a mistake. The problem is not these institutions but the inequality that co-evolved with them, providing elites with the political power to structure private property and markets to exploit producers. Marx believed that capitalism’s evolution would eventually empower producers to take political power, and that they would abandon these institutions. But these institutions are essential for economic dynamism and freedom. Blaming capitalism’s institutions of private property and markets for the injustices and social irrationality that accompanied them is a mistake that hinders evolution of a non-exploitative future that makes use of them.
U.S. Export Controls and Economic Sanctions
Authors: Hirschhorn Eric L. , Egan Brian J. , Krauland Edward J. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
U.S. Export Controls and Economic Sanctions is a must for those who deal with U.S. government export control and economic sanctions regulations. Written as a user’s manual rather than an academic or historical treatise, it covers in considerable detail—but in language that is intelligible to non-lawyers as well as lawyers—the Commerce Department’s controls on exports of commercial, “dual-use” (having both commercial and military utility), and low-level military items, the State Department’s controls on higher-level military items, the Treasury Department’s approximately thirty different economic sanctions programs, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission’s controls on nuclear-related commodities, and the Energy Department’s restrictions on assistance to foreign nuclear programs. Given the authors’ decades of experience with these regulations, the book not only explains the legal rules but also offers tips—not necessarily reflected in the regulations themselves—about how to interpret the regulations and deal with the regulators.
Spiritual Support
Authors: Krause Neal M. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Spiritual support is defined as assistance that is provided by one church member to a fellow church member with the explicit purpose of bolstering and maintaining the faith of the recipient. Four issues are examined in this chapter: (1) a detailed theoretical explanation of the ways in which communities of faith promote spiritual support is provided; (2) issues in the measurement of spiritual support are discussed; (3) the scant empirical literature on communities of faith and spiritual support is reviewed; and (4) two submodels are presented that provide further insight into the nature of the relationship between communities of faith and spiritual support.
Women and Minorities as Living Organ Donors
Authors: Friedman Lainie , Thistlethwaite, Jr J. Richard 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In this chapter, two demographic traits of living donors are observed: the over-representation of women and the under-representation of Blacks. This raises the question of whether these differences should be considered a disparity or a preference. A traditional bioethics approach would state that as long as living donors believe that the benefits of participation outweigh the risks and harms (beneficence) and the donors give a voluntary and informed consent (autonomy or, more accurately, respect for persons), then the demographics reflect a mere difference in preferences. Such an analysis, however, ignores the social, economic, and cultural determinants as well as various forms of structural discrimination (such as racism and sexism) that may imply that the distribution is less voluntary than may appear initially. The distribution also raises justice concerns regarding the fair recruitment and selection of living donors and their recipients. A vulnerabilities analysis can help explain the demographics of living donation.
Kidney Paired Exchanges and Variants
Authors: Friedman Lainie , Thistlethwaite, Jr J. Richard 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Given the growing gap between the demand and supply of kidneys needed for transplantation, and the better outcomes of living versus deceased donor kidney transplants, living kidney donation is being more aggressively endorsed and promoted. Traditionally, living kidney donors were ABO- and HLA-compatible with their recipients, with whom they were genetically and/or emotionally related. When a living donor-recipient pair is not compatible, there is growing acceptance of employing alternative living donor transplantation strategies such as paired kidney exchanges and domino chains. This chapter addresses the ethical and policy issues that are raised by participation in kidney paired exchanges and domino kidney chains. Specific attention is given to the participation of histocompatible donor-recipient pairs in these programs when the donor could just donate directly. Justice and other ethical issues raised by advance donor programs and list-paired exchanges are also discussed.
Organ Markets
Authors: Friedman Lainie , Thistlethwaite, Jr J. Richard 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the arguments in favor of and opposed to a market for kidney grafts from living sources. Although the National Organ Transplant Act (NOTA) of 1984 made it illegal to buy or sell organs in the US, and the World Health Organization recommended a similar ban in 1991 (which was reaffirmed in 2010), there is some support for a kidney market in academic circles. While measures to make living donation financially neutral for living donors are ethical and widely popular, payments that serve as incentives or bribes are neither. The buying and selling of living organ grafts are not an ethical means to mitigate the shortage of organs for transplantation.
Rondas (Singing Games)
Authors: Gibson Rachel 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Part 2: La Música (The Music) contains 90 joyful songs learned on playgrounds, in classrooms, and from families and teachers. The repertoire allows for musical play and movement, encourages lyrical improvisation, and fosters community. The collection is organized into three categories: Rondas (Singing games), Rimas y Juegos (Chants and games), and Canciones (Songs). Canciones, which comprises 51 songs, includes many pieces with accompanying actions as well as three religious songs and three in a Mayan language, Kaqchikel. La Musica includes song transcriptions, game or movement directions, English translations, informant and location citations, brief notes on song histories or performance practice, and illustrations by the Mayan artist Sucely Puluc. Field video, audio recordings, and additional song information on the companion website allow teachers and students to witness the songs in authentic contexts, demonstrate singing games, guide in pronunciation, and learn more about the history of the songs.
Conclusion
Authors: Metz Thaddeus 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Chapter 13 concludes the book. It first highlights some of the communal ethic’s advantages compared to standard utilitarian and Kantian moral theories, recalling how it uniquely grounds judgements such as: animals have a moral status, albeit one less than that of humans; persons have a dignity of a sort that plausibly explains why reducing their quality of life matters morally; and despite people’s dignity’s demanding impartial consideration, an agent has duties to do more for those who have been in relationship with her. Then, the chapter sketches three projects it would be sensible to undertake, supposing the book’s central ideas have been worth taking seriously. Whereas the book focuses on prescriptive matters pertaining to right action in interpersonal contexts, it is also worth considering how well communality describes morality, whether it grounds an attractive account of good character, and what it entails for justice in legal, political, and economic institutions.
Foreign States in Domestic Markets
Authors: Thatcher Mark , Vlandas Tim 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Political economy debates have focused on the internationalization of private capital. But foreign states increasingly enter domestic markets as financial investors. How do policy makers in recipient countries react? Do they treat purchases as a threat and impose restrictions or see them as beneficial and welcome them? What are the wider implications for debates about state capacities to govern domestic economies in the face of internationalization of financial markets? In response, the book develops the concept of ‘internationalized statism’—governments welcoming and using foreign state investments to govern their domestic economies—and applies it to the most prominent overseas state investors: Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs). Many SWFs are from Asia and the Middle East and their number and size have greatly expanded, reaching $9 trillion by 2020. The book examines policies towards non-Western SWFs buying company shares in four countries: the US, the UK, France, and Germany. Although the US has imposed significant legal restrictions, the others have pursued internationalized statism in ways that are surprising given both popular and political economy classifications. The book argues that the policy patterns found are related to domestic politics, notably the preferences and capacities of the political executive and legislature, rather than solely economic needs or national security risks. The phenomenon of internationalized statism underlines that overseas state investment provides policy makers in recipient states with new allies and resources. The study of SWFs shows how and why internationalization and liberalization of financial markets offer national policy makers opportunities to govern their domestic economies.
Trust and Distrust
Authors: Knights Mark 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The book offers the first overview of Britain’s history of corruption in office in the pre-modern era, 1600–1850. As such, it is intended to appeal to historians but also to political and social scientists, whose work is extensively cited in an expansive and evaluative bibliography. Another distinctive feature of the book is the interaction of the domestic and imperial stories of corruption in office—a key argument is that these were intertwined and related. Linking corruption in office to the domestic and imperial state has not been attempted before, and the book makes extensive use of material relating to the East India Company as well as other colonial officials in the Atlantic world and elsewhere in Britain’s emerging empire. Both ‘corruption’ and ‘office’ were evolving concepts during the period 1600–1850 and underwent very significant but protracted change which the book charts and seeks to explain. To do so, the book makes innovative use of the concept of trust, which helped to shape office in ways that underlined principles of selflessness, disinterestedness, integrity, and accountability of officials. The reader’s report suggested that ‘no historian of this long period can afford to ignore the book, and it will certainly appeal to a large readership not only among historians of Britain and its empire but among political scientists more generally’. There is a brief concluding section highlighting policy implications.
Freedom of the Press and Anti-Corruption
Authors: Knights Mark 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Public discussion of corruption was very important in shaping cultural norms as well as scrutinising and pressing for the reform of Britain’s domestic and imperial administrations. The focus of this chapter is on the debates surrounding the nature and extent of the freedom of Britain’s precociously free press to expose corruption. The chapter argues that there was a close connection between justifications for anti-corruption and ideological defences of a free press: freedom of the press and freedom from corruption often went hand in hand. Some critics argued that the press should not be shackled by those in office whose desire to restrict it was rooted in a concern to screen themselves. But officials (in both domestic and imperial contexts) often had a very different view, seeing the press as seditious, libellous, and destructive of authority. This tension existed both at home and abroad for much of the period.
Medievalism Disoriented
Authors: D'Arcens Louise 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the valency of the Middle Ages in the recent French political imaginary, tracing how the nationalist medievalisms of recent decades can be read as a response to the perceived threats and uncertainties of globalization. The chapter explores the heated debates sparked by neoreactionary commentator Éric Zemmour’s use of the Middle Ages to account for France’s apparent loss of identity in the era of multiculturalism and the globalized economy. It also analyses how these debates play out in three recent novels that offer medievalist explorations of contemporary French identity: Jérôme Ferrari’s Sermon on the Fall of Rome (2012), Michel Houellebecq’s notorious 2015 novel Submission, and Mathias Enard’s 2015 novel Compass. By examining these texts together, the chapter offers an account of how France in the age of globalization has used the Middle Ages to understand its own long, contradictory love affair with ideas of nation, empire, and world.
Medievalism Re-oriented
Authors: D'Arcens Louise 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines interfaith encounter and conflict in the Islam Quintet, a suite of historical novels written between 1992 and 2010 by British-Pakistani author and commentator Tariq Ali. It explores the novels’ engagement with ‘Clash of Civilisations’ ideologies and with neocolonial politics, particularly in the three novels that are set in medieval Islamicate contexts shaped by interfaith and intercultural encounters: Shadows of the Pomegranate Tree, set in fifteenth-century al-Andalus, A Sultan in Palermo, set in twelfth-century Sicily, and The Book of Saladin, set in Crusade-era Egypt, Syria, and Palestine. The chapter argues that the novels develop a tension between convivencia, interfaith cohabitation achieved under Arab governance, and occupation, a hostile monocultural regime imposed under Christian rule. The chapter does not recuperate the Islamicate world into Western chronologies; rather, it complicates Western understandings of ‘the medieval’ by exploring how these novels highlight the linked destinies of Western and Islamic societies.
An Anatomy of International Thought
Authors: Wight Martin 
Published: December 2021

AbstractInternational relations encompass three aspects: international anarchy, with sovereign states recognizing no political superior; routine interactions in diplomatic, legal, and commercial institutions; and moral solidarity, with cultural and psychological links more profound than those of politics and economics. Thinkers who underscore international anarchy regard the idea of international society as fictional. Hobbes, for example, maintains that the only remedy for anarchical competition is to make a contract for a ruler or an assembly to take power and act to ensure security. Grotius and other thinkers who emphasize the extensive informal, legal, and customary interactions in international affairs highlight humanity’s sociability and its potential for constitutionalism and the rule of law. Kant and others anticipate the vindication of humanity’s potential for peace through the deepening of the material and moral interdependence of people around the world. This may come about through uniformity of independent states in standards of virtue and legitimacy or through the political and moral unification of humanity.
The Idea of Just War
Authors: Wight Martin 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn this note Wight describes pendulum swings in opinion about the requirements of justice in war in Western civilization since the Middle Ages. Medieval Catholicism emphasized the righteousness of the ruler’s cause and asserted orthodoxy against infidels or heretics. Prominent writers on international law in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries (Gentili, Grotius, and Vattel) marked a shift toward secularization and rationalism (with both sides usually able to claim justice) and restraint in the laws of war governing the methods of combat. Moser’s study of international law, published in 1777–1780, was representative of an ‘age of positivism’ (1763–1918) in which all sovereign states had a right to resort to war or to remain neutral, while codifying obligations concerning the conduct of war. The Covenant of the League of Nations, signed in 1919, initiated a return to restrictions on the right to resort to war, reinforced by the 1928 Kellogg–Briand Pact, also known as the General Treaty for the Renunciation of War as an Instrument of National Policy, which was upheld by the Nuremberg Tribunals. The Covenant ruled out aggression as unjust, while action in defence of the Covenant would be just by enforcing collective security. The Soviet Union reintroduced Holy War with its view of the Great Patriotic War (World War II) and the Cold War as just causes that advanced Communist revolutionary objectives. Counter-force strategies of nuclear deterrence may be regarded as strengthening restraint in the methods of war, compared to counter-value or ‘anti-city’ approaches.
Dynastic Legitimacy
Authors: Wight Martin 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn this essay Wight clarified the importance of dynastic legitimacy—that is, hereditary monarchy—in European history. In the Middle Ages and subsequent centuries, rulers were mainly princes who inherited their crowns. The principal exceptions were the leaders of republics, including Venice, Ragusa, Genoa, and Lucca in Italy; the Swiss confederation; and the United Provinces of the Low Countries. Dynastic principles included the theory that the ruler was chosen by God through hereditary succession, and that the monarch represented his or her subjects, notably with regard to the official religious denomination of the country. Such principles made dynastic marriages valuable means to provide heirs to the crown, to clarify succession to the throne, to consolidate alliances, to gain influence and wealth, and to legitimize territorial gains. Despite imprudent and egocentric behaviour by some royal leaders, monarchs were increasingly expected to pursue national rather than personal dynastic interests. After the Napoleonic Wars, the Congress of Vienna reaffirmed dynastic principles of legitimacy, including in Venice and the Netherlands; the Swiss confederation was a conspicuous exception. Dynastic rulers have, however, tended to become symbols and instruments of national unity and self-determination. Popular support for dynastic houses has in many cases led to popular legitimacy for constitutional monarchies.