bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SuessR: Regional corrections for the effects of anthropogenic CO2 on δ13C data from marine organisms
Authors: Clark Casey T. , Cape Mattias R. , Shapley Mark D. , Mueter Franz J. , Finney Bruce P. , Misarti Nicole 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Anthropogenic CO2 emissions associated with fossil fuel combustion have caused declines in baseline oceanic δ13C values. This phenomenon, called the Suess effect, can confound comparisons of marine δ13C data from different years. The Suess effect can be corrected for mathematically; however, a variety of disparate techniques are currently used, often resulting in corrections that differ substantially. SuessR is a free, user‐friendly tool that allows researchers to calculate and apply regional Suess corrections to δ13C data from marine systems using a unified approach.

SuessR updates existing methods for calculating region‐specific Suess corrections for samples collected from 1850 to 2020. It also estimates changes in phytoplankton 13C fractionation associated with increasing water temperature and aqueous CO2 concentrations, referred to here as the Laws effect. SuessR version 0.1.3 contains four built‐in regions, including three in the subpolar North Pacific (Bering Sea, Aleutian Islands and Gulf of Alaska) and one North Atlantic region (Subpolar North Atlantic). Users can also supply environmental data for regions not currently built into SuessR to generate their own custom corrections.

In 2020, net corrections (Suess + Laws corrections) were as follows—Bering Sea: 1.29‰; Aleutian Islands: 1.30‰, Gulf of Alaska: 1.30‰; and Subpolar North Atlantic: 1.31‰ (compared to a global atmospheric CO2 change of ~2.43‰ across the same period). For samples collected in 2020, the net correction exceeds instrumental error (±0.2‰) when making comparisons across only eight years (i.e. 2013–2020). The magnitude of the Suess effect calculated by SuessR aligns with published estimates, whereas the Laws effect is smaller than previously calculated, resulting from updated estimates of average community cell sizes, growth rates and permeability of phytoplankton plasmalemmas (the plasma membrane which bounds the cell) to CO2.

The increasing magnitude of the Suess effect means this phenomenon is no longer only of concern to historical ecologists, but now affects contemporary ecological studies using δ13C data. This highlights the importance of a unified approach for generating Suess corrections. The SuessR package provides a customizable tool that is simple to use and will improve the interpretability and comparability of future stable isotopic studies of marine ecology.

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Central nystagmus plus ABCD2 identifying stroke in acute dizziness presentations
Authors: Wang Weiheng , Zhang Yixin , Pan Qi , Liu Juan , Zhu Yinglin , Tan Ge , Zhan Qunling , Zhou Jiying 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectiveThe objective was to explore the ability of head impulse‐nystagmus‐test of skew (HINTS) combined with ABCD2 score to identify cerebrovascular causes of dizziness.Materials and MethodsWe prospectively recruited 85 patients with acute onset of dizziness from September 2016 to December 2018 and analyzed their clinical characteristics, ABCD2 scores, HINTS, and neuroimages data.ResultsAcute stroke was identified by MRI in 21 of 85 patients. The mean ± SD ABCD2 scores were significantly higher among patients with acute stroke than those without acute stroke (4.0 ± 0.8 h vs. 2.5 ± 0.7 h, p < 0.01). The majority (71.4%) of patients with cerebrovascular causes had central pattern of nystagmus at the initial 48 h from symptoms onset. The sensitivity and specificity of HINTS were 100% and 87% for the presence of stroke in patients with nystagmus. When combined central pattern of nystagmus and ABCD2 ≥ 4, the sensitivity increased to 100% for identifying cerebrovascular causes. Nystagmus were absence at time of examination in 16.5% of our patients, and ABCD2 scores in patients who had cerebrovascular diagnoses were all ≥ 4.ConclusionHINTS examinations could efficiently differentiate stroke from nonstroke under the condition that patients remaining symptomatic, including spontaneous or gaze‐evoked nystagmus. It is more practical to apply the combination of central pattern of nystagmus and ABCD2 ≥ 4 in ED setting. If patients were absence of central nystagmus at admission, cerebrovascular event should be a priority diagnosis when their ABCD2 ≥ 4.
Impacts of the introduced European honeybee on Australian bee‐flower network properties in urban bushland remnants and residential gardens
Authors: Prendergast Kit S. , Ollerton Jeff 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe European honeybee Apis mellifera is a highly successful, abundant species and has been introduced into habitats across the globe. As a supergeneralist species, the European honeybee has the potential to disrupt pollination networks, especially in Australia, whose flora and fauna have co‐evolved for millions of years. The role of honeybees in pollination networks in Australia has been little explored and has never been characterised in urban areas, which may favour this exotic species due to the proliferation of similarly exotic plant species which this hyper‐generalist can utilise, unlike many native bee taxa. Here, we use a bipartite network approach to compare the roles, in terms of species‐level properties, of honeybees with native bee taxa in bee‐flower (‘pollination’) networks in an urbanised biodiversity hotspot. We also assessed whether the abundance of honeybees influences overall network structure. Pollination networks were created from surveys across seven residential gardens and seven urban native vegetation remnants conducted monthly during the spring‐summer period over two years. There were consistent differences in species‐level properties between bee taxa, with honeybees often differing from all other native bees. Honeybees had significant impacts on network properties, being associated with higher nestedness, extinction slopes of plants, functional complementarity and niche overlap (year two), as well as lower weighted connectance and generalisation. These associations all are indicative that competition is occurring between the introduced honeybee and the native bee taxa in bee‐flower networks. In conclusion, the introduced honeybee occupies a dominant, distinct position in bee‐flower networks in urban habitats in the southwest Western Australian biodiversity hotspot and has a major, potentially disruptive, influence on plant‐pollinator network properties in these areas.
Metrosideros (Myrtaceae) in Oceania: Origin, evolution and dispersal
Authors: Wright Shane D. , Liddell Luke G. , Lacap‐Bugler Donnabella C. , Gillman Len N. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMetrosideros (Myrtaceae) comprises 58 woody species distributed across Oceania and with three singleton outliers in Philippines, South America and Africa. Centres of species richness occur in New Zealand and New Caledonia. This distribution accords with a proposed Gondwanan origin for the family. While the phylogeography of one component of the genus – subgenus Metrosideros – has received some examination, the rest of the genus has not been resolved. In this study, we improve resolution of the phylogeny of Metrosideros and consider origin, possible vicariant relationships, long‐distance dispersal events and dispersal routes for the genus. A Bayesian phylogeny, with all but one recently described species of Metrosideros, was constructed using concatenated ITS + ETS rDNA from samples we collected and sequenced. Relative to previous work on Metrosideros using ITS alone, here, using ITS plus ETS, we produce a more detailed and robust phylogeny with a near threefold increase in significant nodal support. Putative centres of origin/diversification, vicariant events and dispersals were considered with reference to the phylogeny, present‐day diversity and fossil record of Metrosideros. Metrosideros occurs as five clades, including the former genera Tepualia and Carpolepis. The paraphyletic and now superseded subgenus Mearnsia included elements of four of these clades, whereas subgenus Metrosideros forms a single clade with robust support. Our phylogeography indicates multiple dispersal/vicariant events within the history of the genus, a number of which involved New Zealand. Among other such events, we infer an exceptional 6300 km trans‐equatorial dispersal from Fiji to the Bonin Islands (Japan). Australia and New Zealand, respectively, are the likely landmasses of origin and diversification for Metrosideros. Typical patterns of floral dispersal proceed from large continental landmasses onto increasingly remote islands and with distance from continent species diversity usually declines. However, Metrosideros shows a countervailing pattern since relatively remote islands are the main centres of speciation and dispersal.
Multiannual trends (2004–2019) in the abundance of larvae of the invasive mussel Limnoperna fortunei and crustacean zooplankton in a large South American reservoir
Authors: Boltovskoy Demetrio , Bordet Facundo , Leites Valentín , Cataldo Daniel 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe behavior of non‐indigenous species with time since introduction varies widely and is a major issue in the understanding of their long‐term effects on the habitats colonised. We analysed the long‐term trends in the densities of larvae of the invasive mussel Limnoperna fortunei and planktonic Copepoda and Cladocera in Salto Grande, a large South American reservoir in the Uruguay River (Argentina‐Uruguay), on the basis of weekly samples collected between June 2004 and November 2019. All three groups depicted variable interannual abundances. While mussel veligers showed no significant interannual trends (overall mean: 2552 larvae L−1), crustaceans decreased significantly in the time elapsed (Copepoda: from ˜1000 to 100 ind. L−1; Cladocera: from ˜500 to 100 ind. L−1). We conclude that increasing discharge rates by the Uruguay River and the concomitant decreases in reservoir water residence times are the most likely cause for these drops in their populations. As opposed to many other invasive species elsewhere, and to the same mussel in other South American waterbodies, L. fortunei larvae did not change in abundance with time since introduction. Our results underscore the assumption that each biological introduction is a particular and highly context‐dependent event and the dynamics of biological invasions in general elude broad generalizations.
Caspases and therapeutic potential of caspase inhibitors in moderate–severe SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and long COVID
Authors: Plassmeyer Matthew , Alpan Oral , Corley Michael J. , Premeaux Thomas A. , Lillard Kimberleigh , Coatney Paige , Vaziri Tina , Michalsky Suzan , Pang Alina P. S. , Bukhari Zaheer , Yeung Stephen T. , Evering Teresa H. , Naughton Gail , Latterich Martin , Mudd Philip , Spada Alfred , Rindone Nicole , Loizou Denise , Ulrik Sønder Søren , Ndhlovu Lishomwa C. , Gupta Raavi 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundCOVID‐19 can present with lymphopenia and extraordinary complex multiorgan pathologies that can trigger long‐term sequela.AimsGiven that inflammasome products, like caspase‐1, play a role in the pathophysiology of a number of co‐morbid conditions, we investigated caspases across the spectrum of COVID‐19 disease.Materials & MethodsWe assessed transcriptional states of multiple caspases and using flow cytometry, the expression of active caspase‐1 in blood cells from COVID‐19 patients in acute and convalescent stages of disease. Non‐COVID‐19 subject presenting with various comorbid conditions served as controls.ResultsSingle‐cell RNA‐seq data of immune cells from COVID‐19 patients showed a distinct caspase expression pattern in T cells, neutrophils, dendritic cells, and eosinophils compared with controls. Caspase‐1 was upregulated in CD4+ T‐cells from hospitalized COVID‐19 patients compared with unexposed controls. Post‐COVID‐19 patients with lingering symptoms (long‐haulers) also showed upregulated caspase‐1activity in CD4+ T‐cells that ex vivo was attenuated with a select pan‐caspase inhibitor. We observed elevated caspase‐3/7levels in red blood cells from COVID‐19 patients compared with controls that was reduced following caspase inhibition.DiscussionOur preliminary results suggest an exuberant caspase response in COVID‐19 that may facilitate immune‐related pathological processes leading to severe outcomes. Further clinical correlations of caspase expression in different stages of COVID‐19 will be needed.ConclusionPan‐caspase inhibition could emerge as a therapeutic strategy to ameliorate or prevent severe COVID‐19.
PROSPECT guideline for total hip arthroplasty: a systematic review and procedure‐specific postoperative pain management recommendations
Authors: Anger M. , Valovska T. , Beloeil H. , Lirk P. , Joshi G. P. , Van de Velde M. , Raeder J. ,   the PROSPECT Working Group* and the European Society of Regional Anaesthesia and Pain Therapy
Published: May 2021

SummaryThe aim of this systematic review was to develop recommendations for the management of postoperative pain after primary elective total hip arthroplasty, updating the previous procedure‐specific postoperative pain management (PROSPECT) guidelines published in 2005 and updated in July 2010. Randomised controlled trials and meta‐analyses published between July 2010 and December 2019 assessing postoperative pain using analgesic, anaesthetic, surgical or other interventions were identified from MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane databases. Five hundred and twenty studies were initially identified, of which 108 randomised trials and 21 meta‐analyses met the inclusion criteria. Peri‐operative interventions that improved postoperative pain include: paracetamol; cyclo‐oxygenase‐2‐selective inhibitors; non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs; and intravenous dexamethasone. In addition, peripheral nerve blocks (femoral nerve block; lumbar plexus block; fascia iliaca block), single‐shot local infiltration analgesia, intrathecal morphine and epidural analgesia also improved pain. Limited or inconsistent evidence was found for all other approaches evaluated. Surgical and anaesthetic techniques appear to have a minor impact on postoperative pain, and thus their choice should be based on criteria other than pain. In summary, the analgesic regimen for total hip arthroplasty should include pre‐operative or intra‐operative paracetamol and cyclo‐oxygenase‐2‐selective inhibitors or non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, continued postoperatively with opioids used as rescue analgesics. In addition, intra‐operative intravenous dexamethasone 8–10 mg is recommended. Regional analgesic techniques such as fascia iliaca block or local infiltration analgesia are recommended, especially if there are contra‐indications to basic analgesics and/or in patients with high expected postoperative pain. Epidural analgesia, femoral nerve block, lumbar plexus block and gabapentinoid administration are not recommended as the adverse effects outweigh the benefits. Although intrathecal morphine 0.1 mg can be used, the PROSPECT group emphasises the risks and side‐effects associated with its use and provides evidence that adequate analgesia may be achieved with basic analgesics and regional techniques without intrathecal morphine.
Differential vasodilator effect of Dioclea rostrata lectin in conductance and resistance arteries: Mechanisms and glycoconjugate binding relationships
Authors: Botelho Tatiani , Osterne Vinicius J.S. , Pinto‐Junior Vanir R. , Oliveira Messias V. , Cavada Benildo S. , Nascimento Kyria S. , dos Santos Leonardo 
Published: May 2021

AbstractLectins are proteins that recognize specific carbohydrates, and the vasorelaxant effect of legume lectins has been previously reported, for example the Dioclea rostrata lectin (DRL). This study evaluated major pathways of DRL‐induced relaxation in different artery segments and the possible molecular interactions involved. Rat thoracic aorta, coronary and mesenteric resistance arteries were tested “in vitro” with concentration‐response curves to DRL (0.01‐100 µg/mL). L‐NAME, indomethacin and high KCl were used to evaluate nitric oxide, cyclooxygenase and hyperpolarization‐dependent effects. DRL promoted relaxation of all vessels throughout different mechanisms. L‐NAME blunted DRL‐induced effects only in the aorta and mesenteric resistance artery. By the use of depolarizing KCl solution, vasodilation was reduced in all arteries, while incubation with indomethacin indicated a role of cyclooxygenase‐derived factors for DRL effects in mesenteric and coronary arteries, but not in the aorta. Molecular docking results suggested interactions between DRL and heparan sulphate, CD31 and other glycans present on the membrane surface. These data indicate that the mechanisms involved in DRL‐mediated vasodilation vary between conductance and resistance arteries of different origins, and these effects may be related to the capacity of DRL to bind a diversity of glycans, especially heparan sulphate, a proposed mechanoreceptor for nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase activation.
Navigating difficult waters in a digital era: Technology, uncertainty and the objects of informal lifelong learning
Authors: Goodyear Peter 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis paper uses two complementary examples from an autoethnographic study of learning and sailing to explore some connections between informal lifelong learning activities, their objects (purposes) and the hybrid (digital and material) technologies on which they depend. The examples focus on an aspect of the craft of sailing and on understanding the relations between sailing, place and local history. The paper argues that close attention to activities in which people engage can help discover some less visible purposes of learning and can broaden our understandings of situated skills. The paper also argues that being able to find and configure environments suitable for learning are important capabilities for successful lifelong learners. The paper has two additional implications for thinking about research and development in educational technology. First, a technology becomes educational by virtue of its relation to emerging activity, rather than because of any intrinsic physical properties. Second, educational technologies are often assembled in complex meshworks. Understanding how they function involves analysing dynamic relations and interdependencies: listing the affordances of individual components is not enough.Practitioner notesWhat is already known about this topicAcross the life course, a good deal of valuable learning is informal, incidental or both.Informal lifelong learning depends upon an ability to monitor and manage one's own learning activity.Informal lifelong learning also depends upon an ability to find useful (digital and other) learning resources.What this paper addsThe purposes (objects) of lifelong learning activities are not always evident. They can be ‘discovered’ through inquiry and reflection.Finding useful learning resources is sometimes complex. In some cases, it amounts to constructing and/or reconfiguring a productive learning/epistemic environment.Creating a productive learning or epistemic (knowledge‐making) environment entails assembling and holding together a meshwork of digital, material and hybrid artefacts.Learning ‘in the wild’ can also entail finding the rightplacefor learning: the right spot in a ‘skillscape’.A technology becomes educational by virtue of its relation to activity, rather than through a priori classification or because of its intrinsic features.Implications for practice and/or policyThose who encourage and/or support informal lifelong learning may want to consider the significance of implicit purposes for, and outcomes of, learning activities and may find it helpful to have a richer conception of how learning environments are found and assembled.
Zoom invigilated exams: A protocol for rapid adoption to remote examinations
Authors: Linden Kelly , Gonzalez Prue 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe rapid pivot to the online environment, necessitated by COVID‐19, has resulted in some universities adopting online meeting platforms, such as Zoom, for exam invigilation. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness and reflect on the student experience of exams invigilated with an online meeting platform. In 2020, twenty‐four subjects with 1728 students with high stakes, final exams trialled online invigilation. In practise scenarios, online meeting settings were optimised for invigilation to ensure supportive yet rigorous exam conditions. The average exam mark for students who sat a paper‐based invigilated examination in 2019 across the twenty‐four subjects was 72% compared to 70% for the exams invigilated with online meetings in 2020. There was no significant difference in the distribution of exam marks and subject grades and there were no significant technical issues that impacted the exams. A student‐centred approach ensured that exam supervisors could answer student concerns before and during the examinations. This study demonstrates that the use of online meeting platforms, not specifically designed for exam proctoring, can be a cost‐effective and valid tool. With the higher education sector again weighing up alternatives to traditional invigilated exams into the future there is an opportunity to rethink technology‐mediated assessment of student learning.
Practitioner notesWhat is already known about this topic?

Traditional examinations are a ubiquitous form of assessment, however, cheating in exams is less commonly detected than assignment outsourcing.

Online examinations offer a flexible option for authentic assessment and are viewed favourably by students.

Validating students’ identity, while maintaining a student‐centred environment has proven to be difficult.

​What this paper adds

Online meeting tools offer a rigorous option for validating student identity and encouraging academic integrity in online exams.

The methodology required to optimise online meeting settings.

A whole institution approach to student support is required.

​Implications for practice and/or policy

University leaders will be able to use the online exam settings and student support structure.

When implementing invigilated online exams, educational practitioners should consider online meeting tools.

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