bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cutting-Edge Sample Preparation from FIB to Ar Concentrated Ion Beam Milling of Advanced Semiconductor Devices
Authors: Bonifacio C.S. , Nowakowski P. , Li R. , Ray M.L. , Fischione P.E. , Downing C. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Fast and accurate examination from the bulk to the specific area of the defect in advanced semiconductor devices is critical in failure analysis. This work presents the use of Ar ion milling methods in combination with Ga focused ion beam (FIB) milling as a cutting-edge sample preparation technique from the bulk to specific areas by FIB lift-out without sample-preparation-induced artifacts. The result is an accurately delayered sample from which electron-transparent TEM specimens of less than 15 nm are obtained.
A Solution for Obtaining an Advanced Lamella Geometry on the Grid with a Single Manipulation Step
Authors: Šikula Marek , Denisyuk Andrey , Hladík Lukáš , Oboňa Jozef Vincenc 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A protocol for obtaining an advanced TEM lamella geometry using FIB-SEM is presented. Lamella lift-out procedure might require multiple manipulation steps or even breaking the vacuum in order to reach inverted or plan-view lamella geometries. We have developed a setup which enables lamella transfer from a bulk sample onto a TEM grid within a single, very simple manipulation step, with no need to break the vacuum or unload the sample. Most importantly, this approach does not require any additional devices to be installed.
Color Normalization for Robust Automatic Bill of Materials Generation and Visual Inspection of PCBs
Authors: Paradis Olivia P. , Jessurun Nathan T. , Tehranipoor Mark , Asadizanjani Navid 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A Bill of Materials (BoM) is the list of all components present on a Printed Circuit Board (PCB). BoMs are useful for multiple forms of failure analysis and hardware assurance. In this paper, we build upon previous work and present an updated framework to automatically extract a BoM from optical images of PCBs in order to keep up to date with technological advancements. This is accomplished by revising the framework to emphasize the role of machine learning and by incorporating domain knowledge of PCB design and hardware Trojans. For accurate machine learning methods, it is critical that the input PCB images are normalized. Hence, we explore the effect of imaging conditions (e.g. camera type, lighting intensity, and lighting color) on component classification, before and after color correction. This is accomplished by collecting PCB images under a variety of imaging conditions and conducting a linear discriminant analysis before and after color checker profile correction, a method commonly used in photography. This paper shows color correction can effectively reduce the intraclass variance of different PCB components, which results in a higher component classification accuracy. This is extremely desirable for machine learning methods, as increased prior knowledge can decrease the number of ground truth images necessary for training. Finally, we detail the future work for data normalization for more accurate automatic BoM extraction. Index Terms – automatic visual inspection; PCB reverse engineering; PCB competitor analysis; hardware assurance; bill of materials
Influence of Alkaline Cleaning on Reliability of Stacked Copper Micro-Via
Authors: Yu Yeonseop , Ha Job , Lee HyoungRok , Lee Joohyung , Cho Kang-Young , Jeon Jongmyeong 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Fan Out - Panel Level Packaging (FO-PLP) has redistribution layers (RDLs) which connect IC to a substrate. And each layer in the RDLs is connected through copper micro-vias. Viarelated defects including via separation are very critical because they can escape from electrical test and be found in the field. So many cleaning methods have been developed to keep the target pad surface free of oxides or organic contamination before forming vias. In this paper, we present a via separation case caused by alkaline cleaning introduced before seed metal deposition for electroplating of copper. We investigated the cause by analyzing the microstructure and chemical composition using a focused ion beam (FIB) and a transmission electron microscope (TEM) equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). Via separation, interestingly occurred at the interface between the seed Ti and the seed Cu not the interface between the seed Ti and the target pad..Cu surface which is known to be weak. We suggest a mechanism that structural imperfections at the outer rim of via bottom and galvanic couple of titanium and copper are involved in the separation of vias. Since two dissimilar metals of Ti and Cu are in direct contact, galvanic corrosion can occur in the presence of alkaline solution and discontinuities in the seed Ti layer. We found that galvanic corrosion in the studied system can be further complicated by the existence of copper oxide and titanium oxide as well as Cu and Ti.
Unlocking Novel FA Case Studies Using a Lock-in Amplifier
Authors: Lee Sukho , van Veenhuizen Marc , Navaretti Paolo , Donati Gaia 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Lock-in techniques enable the detection of very small signals in a background that can be dominated by noise. This strength makes these techniques valuable especially for failure analysis of active devices where the deviation may be difficult to detect. This paper describes novel use case applications in which the lock-in amplifier plays a key role. The case studies covered are multi-frequency mapping fault isolation with nonperiodic patterns and frequency resonance measurement of a micro electro-mechanical system (MEMS) gyroscope. The paper presents how lock-in amplifiers enable digital failure analysis using compressed scan patterns. It reports on using a lock-in to characterize a MEMS gyroscope and on how to directly observe the gyroscope motion using phase laser voltage imaging/electro-optical frequency mapping. It can be concluded that the lock-in techniques form an essential part of the failure analysis toolkit and will only be more so with this study.
Ga Aggregation in Cu Layer on In-situ TEM Analysis: Observation and Alternative Solutions
Authors: Kim Seo-Jin , Park Byung-Kyu , Kang Christopher H. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In semiconductor manufacturing technology, copper has been widely used for BEOL process due to better conductivity than aluminum. TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy) characterization has been played in key role to understand the process of semiconductor manufacturing. Gallium base Focused Ion Beam (FIB) is widely used on TEM sample preparation. The experiment to understand the impact of gallium which is from sample preparation process on Cu layer was performed. In-situ TEM studies have shown real time material characteristic of Cu at various temperature [1]. We observed the gallium aggregation phenomenon on Cu layer at round the temperature of 400°C. This thermal aggregation of gallium on Cu layer has been confirmed by EDS analysis in the study. Detectable amount of gallium was found in whole area in the sample before heating the sample at in-situ TEM work. This paper also introduces alternative solutions to resolve this gallium aggregation in copper layer including the sample preparation technique using Xe Plasma Focused Ion Beam (PFIB) [2]. This Xe PFIB showed the substantial improvement of specimen quality for the in-situ TEM experiment of sample preparation.
Природні умови як фактор впливу на повсякденне життя православного населення українських земель другої половини XVI – XVII ст.
Authors: Гончаренко Інна 
Published: February 2021

The purpose of this article is to analyze natural conditions as a significant factor of influence on everyday life, practices and strategies for the survival of the population of Ukrainian lands in the second half of the 16th – 17th centuries. The main task of the study is to reconstruct the environment of the second half of the 16th – 17th centuries and to identify the mutual influence of man and nature. Research methodology: the following methods were used: general scientific – historical and logical, analysis and synthesis, generalization; special – historical-systemic, historical reconstruction, which consists in drawing up a fairly complete picture of everyday life from disparate facts. Scientific novelty: the natural factor in the pre-industrial era is significantly underestimated in the studies of everyday life and is one of the most significant in the impact on human life, but it is ignored in modern historical works. Therefore, the analysis of the natural conditions of everyday life, especially in the early modern era, is relevant today. Conclusions. The analysis of the influence of natural conditions on everyday life of the population shows that a significant part of the population in one way or another was engaged in the transformation of nature in their production practices and was largely dependent on the environment. In the minds of the population, nature was seen as an endless resource for consumption. When assessing the influence of nature on everyday life in the second half of the 16th – 17th centuries, emphasis should be placed on the fact that during this period there was a combination of reproduction and appropriating forms of the economy in everyday production practices. The richness of natural resources, the fertility of the soil helped people to survive, but everyday survival was often due to the merciless exploitation of nature, especially in forests and wild animals. Parallel to this, there are attempts to protect resources from overuse by granting privileges to a limited number of consumers and legislative regulation. In general, the environmental circumstances of everyday life of the specified period cannot be characterized as stable due to the reduction of forest, plowing of virgin lands, excessive extermination of wild animals.
Utility of ventriculogallbladder shunts in complex cases of hydrocephalus related to extreme prematurity
Authors: Reisner Andrew , Smith Alexis D. , Wrubel David M. , Buster Bryan E. , Sawvel Michael S. , Blackwell Laura S. , Laxpati Nealen G. , Brahma Barunashish , Chern Joshua J. 
Published: February 2021

OBJECTIVE
The management of hydrocephalus resulting from intraventricular hemorrhage related to extreme prematurity remains demanding. Given the complexities of controlling hydrocephalus in this population, less commonly used procedures may be required. The authors examined the utility of ventriculogallbladder (VGB) shunts in a series of such children.

METHODS
The authors retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all children who underwent surgery for hydrocephalus in the period from 2011 through 2019 at Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta. Six patients who underwent VGB shunt placement were identified among a larger cohort of 609 patients who had either a new shunt or a newly changed distal terminus site. The authors present an analysis of this series, including a case of laparoscopy-assisted distal VGB shunt revision.

RESULTS
The mean age at initial shunt placement was 5.1 months (range 3.0–9.4 months), with patients undergoing a mean of 11.8 shunt procedures (range 5–17) prior to the initial VGB shunt placement at a mean age of 5.3 years (range 7.9 months–12.8 years). All 6 patients with VGB shunt placement had hydrocephalus related to extreme prematurity (gestational age < 28 weeks). At the time of VGB shunt placement, all had complex medical and surgical histories, including poor venous access due to congenital or iatrogenic thrombosis or thrombophlebitis and a peritoneum hostile to distal shunt placement related to severe necrotizing enterocolitis. VGB complications included 1 case of shunt infection, identified at postoperative day 6, and 2 cases of distal shunt failure due to retraction of the distal end of the VGB shunt. In all, there were 3 conversions back to ventriculoperitoneal or ventriculoatrial shunts due to the 2 previously mentioned complications, plus 1 patient who outgrew their initial VGB shunt. Three of 6 patients remain with a VGB shunt, including 1 who underwent laparoscopy-assisted distal shunt revision 110.5 months after initial VGB shunt insertion.

CONCLUSIONS
Placement of VGB shunts should be considered in the armamentarium of procedures that may be used in the particularly difficult cohort of children with hydrocephalus related to extreme prematurity. VGB shunts show utility as both a definitive treatment and as a “bridge” procedure until the patient is larger and comorbid abdominal and/or vascular issues have resolved sufficiently to allow conversion back to ventriculoperitoneal or ventriculoatrial shunts, if needed.
Saint Augustine of Hippo. Commentary on Statements in the Letter to Romans. Part II
Authors: Тюленев В. М. 
Published: February 2021

В публикации представлен русский перевод глав с 24-й по 50-ю сочинения блж. Августина «Разъяснение некоторых положений из Послания к Римлянам». Это произведение, написанное блж. Августином в начале 394 г., в период его активной полемики с манихеями, затрагивает важнейшие для теологии автора вопросы о Божественной благодати и человеческой воле, которые он будет разрабатывать на протяжении всего творчества. Вводная статья знакомит с историей обращения блж. Августина к посланиям ап. Павла, а также показывает отличие его взглядов на свободную волю, которые он высказал в публикуемом сочинении, от идей, сформулированных после 396 г. Сочинение переводится на русский язык впервые. Перевод сопровождается предисловием и необходимым комментарием.
This publication contains the Russian translation of the 24-50 chapters of the Augustine’s work «Commentary on Statements in the Letter to Romans». This work was written by Augustine of Hippo in the beginning of 394, during his active controversy with the Manichaeans, and touches on the most important questions for the author’s theology of divine grace and human will, which he will develop throughout his work. The introduction describes the circumstances that led St. Augustine to turn to the Epistles of the Apostle Paul, and also shows the difference between his views on free will, which he expressed in the published work, and the ideas formulated by him after 396. The work is translated into Russian for the first time. The translation is accompanied by a Preface and the necessary commentary.
The Persuasive Power of Religious Metaphor in Selected Qur’anic and Biblical Verses
Authors: Naser Hayder Sadeq , Mohammed Ali Badeen 
Published: February 2021

ان تحديد الاستعارات في معظم النصوص الدينية ليست يسيرة (Charteris-Black, 2005). فبالنسبة للاستعارات التي يتم التعامل معها من خلال النصوص الدينية مثل حياة الإنسان كرحلة أو لعبة ، الصلاة نهر متدفق ، الشهداء الأحياء ، طعم الموت ، رحلة الموتى و "يموت ، ومع ذلك يجب أن يعيش" هي أمور روحانية في الغالب يعد التقييم الأكاديمي لها ضروريًا (Lakoff, 1980 & Johnson؛ Gibbs,2008). أي أن نوعية التفسيرات التي تقدمها مثل هذه الاستعارات تحتاج إلى تحقيق مكثف بصفة الوظيفة الرئيسية للاستعارة في النصوص الدينية. علاوة على ذلك ، قد يُساء الحكم على الاستعارات في النصوص المقدسة بسبب: غياب الصورة في اللغة المستهدفة واختلاف المعاني الرمزية للاستعارات في المصدر. لذا ، نهدف إلى معالجة هذه المشكلة من خلال تحليل الأشكال والوظائف المختلفة للاستعارات
Incorporating a Usual Care Comparator into a Study of Meditation and Music Listening for Older Adults with Subjective Cognitive Decline: A Randomized Feasibility Trial
Authors: Innes Kim E. , Montgomery Caitlin , Selfe Terry Kit , Wen Sijin , Khalsa Dharma Singh , Flick Madison 
Published: February 2021

Background: Recent studies suggest meditation and music listening (ML) may improve cognitive and psychosocial outcomes in adults with subjective cognitive decline (SCD). However, lack of a usual care group has limited conclusions. Objective: To assess the: 1) feasibility of incorporating an enhanced usual care (EUC) comparator in a trial of Kirtan Kriya meditation (KK) and ML for adults experiencing SCD; and 2) preliminary effects of active treatment (KK/ML) versus an EUC program. Methods: Forty participants with SCD were randomized 1:1:2 to a 12-week KK, ML, or EUC program. KK and ML participants were asked to practice 12 minutes/day; EUC participants were given a comprehensive educational packet regarding healthy aging and strategies for improving/maintaining brain health and asked to record any activities or strategies used. Feasibility was assessed using measures of retention, adherence, treatment expectancies, and participant satisfaction, as well as information from exit questionnaires and daily practice/activity logs. Cognitive functioning, stress, mood, sleep-quality, and health-related quality of life (QOL) were measured pre- and post-intervention using well-validated instruments. Results: Thirty-two participants (80%) completed the 3-month study, with retention highest in the EUC group ( p < 0.05). Active treatment participants averaged 6.0±0.4 practice sessions/week, and EUC participants, 7.5±0.6 brain health activities/week. Treatment expectancies were similar across groups. EUC participants indicated high satisfaction with the program and study. Despite limited study power, the active treatment group showed significantly greater gains in subjective memory functioning (ps≤0.025) and nonsignificant improvements in cognitive performance (TMT-B), perceived stress, QOL, and mood (ps≤0.08) compared to the EUC group. Conclusion: Findings of this pilot feasibility trial suggest incorporation of an EUC program is feasible, and that participation in a simple 12-week relaxation program may be helpful for adults with SCD versus engagement in an EUC program.
Sensory Cueing of Autobiographical Memories in Normal Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease: A Comparison Between Visual, Auditory, and Olfactory Information
Authors: Lopis Desirée , Le Pape Thibault , Manetta Céline , Conty Laurence 
Published: February 2021

Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic, neurodegenerative disease resulting in a progressive decline of autobiographical memories (AMs) which favors the development of psycho-behavioral disorders. One of the most popular psychosocial interventions in dementia care, Reminiscence Therapy, commonly uses sensory cueing to stimulate AMs retrieval. However, few empirical studies have investigated the impact of sensory stimulation on AMs retrieval in AD. Objective: Our goal was to determine the most relevant cue for AMs retrieval in patients with early to mild AD when comparing odors, sounds and pictures. Methods: Sixty AD patients, 60 healthy older adults (OA), and 60 healthy young adults (YA) participated in our study. Participants were presented with either 4 odors, 4 sounds, or 4 pictures. For each stimulus, they were asked to retrieve a personal memory, to rate it across 3 dimensions (emotionality, vividness, rarity) and then to date it. Results: Overall, results showed no clear dominance of one sensory modality over the others in evoking higher-quality AMs. However, they show that using pictures is the better way to stimulate AD patients’ AM, as it helps to retrieve a higher number of memories that are also less frequently retrieved, followed by odors. By contrast, auditory cueing with environmental sounds presented no true advantage. Conclusion: Our data should help dementia care professionals to increase the efficiency of Reminiscence Therapy using sensory elicitors. Other clinical implications and future directions are also discussed.
Optimizing Subjective Cognitive Decline to Detect Early Cognitive Dysfunction
Authors: Chapman Silvia , Sunderaraman Preeti , Joyce Jillian L. , Azar Martina , Colvin Leigh E. , Barker Megan S. , McKeague Ian , Kreisl William C. , Cosentino Stephanie 
Published: February 2021

Background: The utility of subjective cognitive decline (SCD) as an indicator of preclinical AD is overshadowed by its inconsistent association with objective cognition. Objective: This study examines if manipulations of SCD measurement affect its association with early cognitive dysfunction characteristic of preclinical AD. Methods: Cognitively healthy older adults ( n = 110) completed SCD questionnaires that elicited complaints in general, compared to 5 years ago (retrospective SCD) and compared to their peers (age-anchored SCD) in binary and Likert scales. Outcome cognitive tasks included an associative memory task (Face-Name Test), a visual short-term memory binding task (STMB test), and a clinical neuropsychological list learning test (Selective Reminder Test). Results: SCD complaints, when compared to age-matched peers (age-anchored SCD) were endorsed less frequently than complaints compared to 5 years ago (retrospective SCD) ( p < 0.01). In demographically adjusted regressions, age-anchored ordinal-rated SCD was associated with short term memory binding (β= –0.22, p = 0.040, CI = –0.45, –0.01), associative memory (β= –0.26, p = 0.018, CI = –0.45, –0.06), and list learning (β= –0.31, p = 0.002, CI = –0.51, –0.12). Retrospective and general ordinal-rated SCD was associated with associative memory (β= –0.25, p = 0.012, CI = –0.44, –0.06; β= –0.29, p = 0.003, CI = –0.47, –0.10) and list learning only (β= –0.25, p = 0.014, CI = –0.45, –0.05; β= –0.28, p = 0.004, CI = –0.48, –0.09). Conclusion: Ordinal age-anchored SCD appears better suited than other SCD measurements to detect early cognitive dysfunction characteristic of preclinical AD.
Race/Ethnic Disparities in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: The Northern Manhattan Study
Authors: Wright Clinton B. , DeRosa Janet T. , Moon Michelle P. , Strobino Kevin , DeCarli Charles , Cheung Ying Kuen , Assuras Stephanie , Levin Bonnie , Stern Yaakov , Sun Xiaoyan , Rundek Tatjana , Elkind Mitchell S.V. , Sacco Ralph L. 
Published: February 2021

Background: Variability in dementia rates across racial and ethnic groups has been estimated at 60%. Studies suggest disparities in Caribbean Hispanic and Black populations, but community-based data are limited. Objective: Estimate the prevalence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia in the racially and ethnically diverse community-based Northern Manhattan Study cohort and examine sociodemographic, vascular risk factor, and brain imaging correlates. Methods: Cases of MCI and dementia were adjudicated by a team of neuropsychologists and neurologists and prevalence was estimated across race/ethnic groups. Ordinal proportional odds models were used to estimate race/ethnic differences in the prevalence of MCI or dementia adjusting for sociodemographic variables (model 1), model 1 plus potentially modifiable vascular risk factors (model 2), and model 1 plus structural imaging markers of brain integrity (model 3). Results: There were 989 participants with cognitive outcome determinations (mean age 69±9 years; 68% Hispanic, 16% Black, 14% White; 62% women; mean (±SD) follow-up five (±0.6) years). Hispanic and Black participants had greater likelihood of MCI (20%) and dementia (5%) than White participants accounting for age and education differences. Hispanic participants had greater odds of MCI or dementia than both White and Black participants adjusting for sociodemographic variables, vascular risk factors, and brain imaging factors. White matter hyperintensity burden was significantly associated with greater odds of MCI or dementia (OR = 1.3, 1.1 to 1.6), but there was no significant interaction by race/ethnicity. Conclusion: In this diverse community-based cohort, cross-sectional data revealed significant race/ethnic disparities in the prevalence of MCI and dementia. Longer follow-up and incidence data are needed to further clarify these relationships.