bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Inter-Rater and Intra-Rater Reliability of Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need Index by Newly Trained Orthodontic Residents
Authors: Mahida Khyati , Kubavat Ajay , Srivastava Shrish Charan , Desai Manish , Patel Harshit , Modi Harsh S 
Published: October 2021

Introduction:
This study aimed to test the reliability of the index of treatment need by newly trained orthodontic residents.

Materials and Methods:
A total of 100 patients were assessed by the panel of four consultant orthodontists using the index of orthodontic treatment need (IOTN) index, and the agreed category was set as the 'gold standard'. Four residents of the department in the initial stages of formal orthodontic training and lacking the knowledge of using the IOTN index were trained to score the treatment need according to the IOTN index. All four residents were then asked to score the 100 sets of models using both the indexes of IOTN.

Results:
Kappa scores for inter-rater agreement with the expert panel for the major categories (1–4) demonstrated moderate agreement (kappa: 0.59–0.5623) for all raters. The percentage agreement ranged from 84.03% to 88.10% in all cases. Intra-rater agreement for the major categories was fair to moderate (kappa: 0.53–0.80).

Conclusions:
The IOTN index is a reliable index to be used for determining the priority of treatment needs in orthodontic treatment. The clarity and simplicity make the index easy to learn and apply with minimal training. The simplicity of the IOTN index makes it easy to learn and apply by novices.
Assessment of Alveolar Bone Loss at Mandibular First Molar on Panoramic Radiographs
Authors: Mhatre Apoorva , Shetty Devanand , Shetty Arvind , Dharmadhikari Suyog , Wadkar Pooja 
Published: October 2021

Introduction:
The loss of alveolar bone is one of the important indicators of periodontitis. There is a widespread use of panoramic radiographs for the detection of bone loss due to periodontitis. The present study is aimed to evaluate the severity and prevalence of alveolar bone loss at mandibular first molar sites on randomly selected 250 orthopantomograms.

Materials and Methods:
The alveolar bone level was assessed by direct measurements from the cemento-enamel junction to the crest of alveolar bone at the mandibular first molar region at the mesial and distal surface with a Hu-Friedy University of North Carolina probe-15 Probe. Bone loss was assessed based on gender and age.

Results:
The results indicated that the bone loss was statistically higher in the mandibular molar region on the distal surface than the mesial surface. The bone loss notably increased with age.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, the study is in accordance with the finding that radiographic bone loss can be used as an important tool to identify patients susceptible to periodontitis.
Impact of Lifestyle Change Plus Dental Care Programme on Stress Levels and Periodontal Status in Chronic Periodontitis Patients
Authors: Duseja Shilpa , Parikh Hiral 
Published: October 2021

Introduction:
Periodontitis is a polymicrobial chronic disease modified by numerous factors, with stress and unhealthy lifestyles being associated with the progression of the disease. It is believed that cognitive-behavioural approaches can improve stress and lifestyle patterns which may subsequently improve oral hygiene-related behaviours.

Materials and Methods
: Hundred systemically healthy patients participated in the study. Patients with chronic periodontitis, stress (Social Readjustment Rating scale) and with unhealthy lifestyles (Abel's criteria) were selected for the study. The selected patients in the test group (n = 50) were provided with Individual lifestyle counselling and oral education programme along with non-surgical periodontal therapy, while the patients in the control group (n = 50) were provided with non-surgical periodontal therapy. Plaque index (PI), modified gingival index (GI) and probing depth were recorded at baseline and 3 months. The self-efficacy scale for self-care (SESS) was also recorded at baseline and 3 months. Means of all parameters were collected and subjected to Student's t-test.

Results:
Statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05) reductions were observed in both test and control group for PI, modified GI and probing depth. The SESS showed statistically significant improvement (P ≤ 0.01) in the test group as compared to the control group.

Conclusion:
Self-efficacy is related to numerous health-related practices such as diet and health-promoting lifestyle, and smoking cessation. The approaches applying the social cognition model are useful for the improvement of periodontal status and should be made part of regular treatment and maintenance regimens.
The Prevalence and Severity of Dental Caries In Permanent Molars Amongst 8–10 Years of Children in Vadodara, Gujarat
Authors: Thaker Bhriti Aditya , Dave Bhavna Haresh , Thaker Aditya , Shah Susmita Shrenik , Chari Deepika Narasimha 
Published: October 2021

Introduction:Oral diseases and traumatic injuries are serious public health problems, especially when talking about children. Mutilation of the function and reduced quality of life has an influence on individuals and communities. The most widespread oral disease in developing countries has been found to be dental caries. The maintenance of healthy permanent molars is very important. DMFT and PUFA index can be used to determine the caries status and severity in untreated carious teeth of an individual.Materials and Methods:This was a cross-sectional descriptive survey that included 1380 children between the age group 8–10 years from public and private schools of Vadodara, Gujarat. The study population was divided based on their socioeconomic status as upper, middle and low according to the Kuppuswamy scale. The study was conducted 2 days per week for 6 months to examine the participants. Dental caries was assessed using DMFT index, and the severity of caries was evaluated by PUFA index for permanent first molars.Results:The prevalence of first permanent molar caries in Vadodara city was 55.38%; 747 out of 1380 children of 8–10 years of age were affected with caries evaluated using DMFT index. The severity of first permanent molar caries (PUFA index) was found to be 56.22%. That is, 420 out of 747 children had more severe first permanent molar caries.Conclusion:Caries prevalence and severity increase with age. PUFA index is an effective index in evaluating the clinical sequel of untreated carious teeth and helps better treatment plans for a socially deprived group of society.
Comparative Study of Dietary Habits and Sedentary Lifestyle among the Female Medical and Non-Medical Students in a Saudi Arabia University
Authors: Alharbi Norah , Alshowibi Rahaf , Aljabri Norah , Alamri Fayza , Alali Fatimah , Alajmi Nouf , Almarshad Alhanouf , Almasoudi Shahad 
Published: October 2021

Introduction:
Risk factors such as dietary habits and physical inactivity for non-communicable diseases are common and preventable. Thus the reduction in risk factors forms the epicentre of the management of non-communicable diseases. This study was carried out with an objective to compare dietary habits and sedentary lifestyle among the female health Sciences College and non-health college students in a Saudi Arabia University.

Materials and Methods:
The comparative cross-sectional study was carried out among 700 students belonging to both health sciences and non-health colleges at Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, from October 2019 to December 2019. A self-administrated questionnaire regarding their diet habits and physical activity was shared with the participants. The distributive statistics were analysed and discussed.

Results:
Among the total 700 students, 363 students were from the college of health sciences, and 337 were from Non-health College students. The majority of students did not have the recommended meals, with most of them eating only two meals in a day, 51.2% in health sciences college students and 48.1% in non-health college students. About 29.9% of the college students were physically inactive, wherein 28.4% were among the college of health sciences, and 31.5% were non-health, college students, respectively. The difference in the two groups regarding primary source of daily food, the quantity of daily fluid intake, number of hours of sedentary life and the activity after food intake was statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05).

Conclusion:
This study showed that the eating and sedentary lifestyle habits in the two groups were almost the same, but the difference between the type of food, the quantity of fluid intake and time for physical activity did have significance statistically. These findings have to be further studied to understand the impact on health.
Evaluation of Efficacy of Platelet-Rich Fibrin for Papilla Reconstruction
Authors: Raval Yesha Haresh , Shah Monali Amit , Dave Rahul Deepak , Debnath Aastha Vishwanath 
Published: October 2021

Introduction:
Blood clot or platelet concentrates have been used as a scaffold for regeneration of lost tissues. The most difficult case to date is the restoration of missing interdental papillae in the anterior maxillary area. Hence, the aim of the study is to evaluate the efficacy of the use of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) membrane in the treatment of black triangles and regeneration of interdental papilla.

Materials and Methods:
A non-randomised, single-arm study was carried out. Each participant had undergone an initial periodontal diagnosis, including oral hygiene instructions, plaque control and scaling and root planing. All clinical recordings were recorded immediately before surgery (baseline), 1 week, 4-week and after 12-week intervals following periodontal surgery. The measurements recorded were triangle height (TH), triangle width (TW), Papilla Presence Index (PPI) and percentage fill. The split-thickness flap was carried via the semilunar incision, creating a pouch. PRF was obtained using a standard protocol, which was inserted into the pouch allowing interdental papillae to be filled. The periodontal dressing was given for 7 days. The observations were recorded after 1 week, 49 weeks and 12 weeks of surgery. For descriptive analysis, mean ± standard deviation SD at baseline, 1 week, 4 weeks and 12 weeks was calculated, and for non-parametric test, Friedman and Chi-square tests were used.

Results:
Clinical parameters such as TH, TW and PPI (mm) was 3.96, 3.86 and 3.82 at baseline which after 12 weeks got reduced to 1.36, 1.68 and 1.58, respectively. This reduction in TH, TW and PPI(mm) was statistically significant (P< 0.001). Percentage fill in black triangle area was about 85% after 12-week follow-up.

Conclusion:
PRF membrane is effective in treating black triangles and regeneration of interdental papilla and can be used successfully.
Diagnostic and prognostic value of Sepsis-Induced coagulopathy and International Society on Thrombosis and Hemostasis scoring systems in COVID-19-associated disseminated intravascular coagulopathy
Authors: Hosseini Sayyideh Forough , Behnam- Roudsari Sahar , Alavinia Ghazal , Emami Anahita , Toghyani Arash , Moradi Sanaz , Zadeh Mahtab Mojtahed , Mohseni Sana , Shafiee Mohammad Ali 
Published: October 2021

Background:
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) presents various phenotypes from asymptomatic involvement to death. Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC) is among the poor prognostic complications frequently observed in critical illness. To improve mortality, a timely diagnosis of DIC is essential. The International Society on Thrombosis and Hemostasis (ISTH) introduced a scoring system to detect overt DIC (score ≥5) and another category called sepsis-induced coagulopathy (SIC) to identify the initial stages of DIC (score ≥4). This study aimed to determine whether clinicians used these scoring systems while assessing COVID-19 patients and the role of relevant biomarkers in disease severity and outcome.

Materials and Methods:
An exhaustive search was performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, using Medline, Embase, Cochrane, CINAHL, and PubMed until August 2020. Studies considering disease severity or outcome with at least two relevant biomarkers were included. For all studies, the definite, maximum, and minimum ISTH/SIC scores were calculated.

Results:
A total of 37 papers and 12,463 cases were reviewed. Studies considering ISTH/SIC criteria to detect DIC suggested a higher rate of ISTH ≥5 and SIC ≥4 in severe cases and nonsurvivors compared with nonsevere cases and survivors. The calculated ISTH scores were dominantly higher in severe infections and nonsurvivors. Elevated D-dimer was the most consistent abnormality on admission.

Conclusion:
Higher ISTH and SIC scores positively correlate with disease severity and death. In addition, more patients with severe disease and nonsurvivors met the ISTH and SIC scores for DIC. Given the high prevalence of coagulopathy in COVID-19 infection, dynamic monitoring of relevant biomarkers in the form of ISTH and SIC scoring systems is of great importance to timely detect DIC in suspicious patients.
Impact of resistance training and basic ferritin on hepcidin, iron status and some inflammatory markers in overweight/obese girls
Authors: Behzadnezhad Nasim , Esfarjani Fahimeh , Marandi Sayyed Mohammad 
Published: October 2021

Background:
Exercise can reduce hepcidin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin (IL)-6 and improve the iron status, but the intensity of exercises is very important. This study will compare the effect of resistance training (RT) intensity on hepcidin levels, iron status, and inflammatory markers in overweight/obese girls with and without iron stores deficient.

Materials and Methods:
In this quasi-experimental study, 40 students of the University of Isfahan (18–22-year old, with 35 > body mass index [BMI] ≥25) voluntarily participated in the study. Participants were divided into two groups with 20 participants, based on serum ferritin (>30 ng/ml or ≤30 ng/ml). Participants in each group were randomly and equally assigned to one of the moderate or high-intensity training groups. RT was performed 8 weeks, 4 days a week, and each session for 1 h, with an elastic band. The iron levels, hepcidin, total iron-binding capacity, ferritin, hemoglobin, TNF-α, and IL-6 before and after intervention were collected with the blood samples. Two-way analysis of variance was used to assess the impact of exercise and ferritin level and their interaction, and the paired test was utilized for test changes from baseline.

Results:
There are no significant interactions between ferritin levels and exercise intensity for the main outcomes (all P > 0.05). The significant impact of the mode of exercise was observed in TNF-α (P < 0.05), and a significant difference between low and high levels of ferritin was observed in hepcidin (P = 0.002). Besides, in all four groups, significant decreases were observed in BMI (28.00 ± 3.00 to 27.00 ± 3.00), hepcidin (1234.02 ± 467.00 to 962.06 ± 254.00), and TNF-α (223.00 ± 99.00 to 174.00 ± 77.00) compared to the baseline measurements (all P < 0.05).

Conclusion:
Basal ferritin levels appear to be effective on hepcidin levels, TNF-α, and IL-6 after the intervention. RT with two different intense can reduce BMI, hepcidin, ferritin, and TNF-α in all groups. It seems that performing RT reduces inflammation and hepcidin in obese/overweight participants with different iron stores.
Development and Efficacy of Droplet Digital PCR for Detection of Strongyloides stercoralis in Stool
Authors: Iamrod Kantapong , Chaidee Apisit , Rucksaken Rucksak , Kopolrat Kulthida Y. , Worasith Chanika , Wongphutorn Phattharaphon , Intuyod Kitti , Pinlaor Somchai , Sithithaworn Jiraporn , Sithithaworn Paiboon , Hongsrichan Nuttanan 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT.
Human strongyloidiasis is one of the neglected tropical diseases caused by infection with soil-transmitted helminth Strongyloides stercoralis. Conventional stool examination, a method commonly used for diagnosis of S. stercoralis, has low sensitivity, especially in the case of light infections. Herein, we developed the droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) assay to detect S. stercoralis larvae in stool and compared its performance with real-time PCR and stool examination techniques (formalin ethyl-acetate concentration technique [FECT] and agar plate culture [APC]). The ddPCR results showed 98% sensitivity and 90% specificity, and real-time PCR showed 82% sensitivity and 76.7% specificity when compared with the microscopic methods. Moreover, ddPCR could detect a single S. stercoralis larva in feces, and cross-reactions with other parasites were not observed. In conclusion, a novel ddPCR method exhibited high sensitivity and specificity for detection of S. stercoralis in stool samples. This technique may help to improve diagnosis, particularly in cases with light infection. In addition, ddPCR technique might be useful for screening patients before starting immunosuppressive drug therapy, and follow-up after treatment of strongyloidiasis.
Accident rate and degree of consistency on roads in a mountainous area of Perú
Authors: Jara Orlando Barreto , Rivera Urpi Barreto , Sánchez Yasser Abarca , Cruz Gabriel Suyo , Ugarte Jorge Luis Diaz 
Published: October 2021

En el Perú, según los reportes históricos, la infraestructura vial no constituye un motivo de accidentes de tránsito; a pesar de que, según el estado del arte, los accidentes de tránsito se encuentran entre los diez primeros motivos de accidentes mortales a nivel mundial, hecho que es aún más visible en los países subdesarrollados. Los estudios sobre relieves montañosos (realidad de los países andinos) y para vehículos de carga son escasos. Por esta razón, se tomó como unidad de análisis una vía principal correspondiente a la red vial nacional, el objetivo fue establecer el nivel de consistencia de las vías de estudio y su incidencia en los accidentes de tránsito. Para ello, se establecieron los tramos críticos y su correspondencia con los accidentes de tráfico; se incorporaron al análisis tres tipos de vehículos (ligeros, de pasajeros y de carga); se utilizó la metodología de análisis de consistencia, en su modalidad de velocidad de operación para establecer los tramos críticos; se analizó la carretera bajo el criterio local y el criterio continuo. Los resultados muestran que existen tramos inconsistentes; el criterio local explica mejor la inconsistencia de la unidad de análisis respecto al criterio continuo. Con la regresión de Poisson, el modelo integral es significativo; las variables independientes optimizan conjuntamente el modelo.

In Peru, according to historical reports, road infrastructure does not constitute a reason for traffic accidents; despite the fact that, according to the state of the art, traffic accidents are among the top ten reasons for fatal accidents worldwide, a fact that is even more visible in underdeveloped countries. Studies on mountainous reliefs (reality of the Andean countries) and for cargo vehicles are scarce. For this reason, a main road corresponding to the national road network was taken as the unit of analysis, the objective was to establish the level of consistency of the study roads and their incidence in traffic accidents. To this end, the critical sections and their correspondence with traffic accidents were established; three types of vehicles (light, passenger and cargo) were incorporated into the analysis; the consistency analysis methodology was used, in its operating speed modality to establish the critical sections; the road was analyzed under the local criterion and the continuous criterion. The results show that there are inconsistent sections; the local criterion explains better the inconsistency of the unit of analysis with respect to the continuous criterion. With Poisson regression, the integral model is significant; the independent variables jointly optimize the model.
Tension-Torsion Fatigue Tests on the proton Exchange membrane Nafion 115, used in fuel cells
Authors: Almaraz Gonzalo Mariano Domínguez , Duarte Luis Miguel Torres , Pacheco Christian Jesús Torres 
Published: October 2021

Fatigue tests under tension-torsion have been carried out on the membrane Nafion 115 (Perfluorosulfonic acid, PFSA). This polymeric material is a main component to construct fuel cells, used as proton exchange membrane. These membranes undergo mechanical loading of tension and torsion during its industrial life. A self-designed machine has been constructed to obtain the fatigue endurance on this polymeric material under tension-torsion and the following conditions: one magnitude for the torsion angle, five initial tensile stresses, room temperature, and environmental relative humidity, and frequency of 1.6 Hz. The experimental results show that fatigue endurance decreases with the increase of tensile stress when the torsion angle remains constant, as well as temperature and relative humidity (both taken at environmental conditions). Fracture surfaces were analyzed by SEM, in order to investigate the principal trends of crack initiation and propagation under this modality of fatigue loading.

Se han realizado ensayos de fatiga bajo tensión-torsión en la membrana Nafion 115 (ácido perfluorosulfónico, PFSA). Este material polimérico es un componente principal para la construcción de pilas de combustible, utilizado como membrana de intercambio de protones. Estas membranas se someten a cargas mecánicas de tensión y torsión durante su vida industrial. Se ha construido una máquina de diseño propio para obtener la resistencia a la fatiga de este material polimérico bajo tensión-torsión y en las siguientes condiciones: una magnitud para el ángulo de torsión, cinco tensiones iniciales de tracción, temperatura ambiente y humedad relativa ambiental, y frecuencia de 1,6 Hz. Los resultados experimentales muestran que la resistencia a la fatiga disminuye con el aumento de la tensión de tracción cuando el ángulo de torsión se mantiene constante, así como la temperatura y la humedad relativa (ambas tomadas en condiciones ambientales). Las superficies de fractura fueron analizadas por SEM, con el fin de investigar las principales tendencias de iniciación y propagación de grietas bajo esta modalidad de carga de fatiga.