bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some Homological Properties of Category 𝒪, V
Authors: Ko Hankyung , Mazorchuk Volodymyr , Mrden Rafael 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWe compute projective dimension of translated simple modules in the regular block of the Bernstein–Gelfand–Gelfand category $\mathcal{O}$ in terms of Kazhdan–Lusztig combinatorics. This allows us to determine which projectives can appear at the last step of a minimal projective resolution for a translated simple module, confirming a conjecture by Johan Kåhrström. We also derive some inequalities, in terms of Lusztig’s $\textbf{a}$-function, for possible degrees in which the top (or socle) of a translated simple module can live. Finally, we prove that Kostant’s problem is equivalent to a homological problem of decomposing translated simple modules in $\mathcal O$. This gives a conjectural answer to Kostant’s problem in terms of the Kazhdan–Lusztig basis and addresses yet another conjecture by Johan Kåhrström.
Transcription factor MafB-mediated inhibition of type I interferons in plasmacytoid dendritic cells
Authors: Saiga Hiroyuki , Ueno Masaki , Tanaka Takashi , Kaisho Tsuneyasu , Hoshino Katsuaki 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Type I IFNs (IFN-α and IFN-β), immunomodulatory cytokines secreted from activated plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), contribute to the innate defense against pathogenic infections and the pathogenesis of the autoimmune disease psoriasis vulgaris. A previous study has shown that an E26 transformation-specific (Ets) family transcription factor Spi-B can transactivate the type I IFN promoter in synergy with IFN regulatory factor (IRF)-7 and is required for type I IFN production in pDCs. However, the mechanism of negative regulation of type I IFNs by pDCs remains unknown. In this study, we report that a basic leucine zipper (bZip) transcription factor v-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog B (MafB) suppresses the induction of type I IFNs in pDCs. The elevated expression of MafB inhibited the transactivation of type I IFN genes in a dose-dependent manner. At the molecular level, MafB interacted with the Ets domain of Spi-B and interfered with IRF-7–Spi-B complexation. Decreased MafB mRNA expression and degradation of MafB protein in the early phase of immune responses led to the enhancement of type I IFNs in pDCs. In vivo studies indicated that MafB is involved in resistance against imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin inflammation. Overall, these findings demonstrate that MafB acts as a negative regulator of type I IFN induction in pDCs and plays an important role in maintaining immune homeostasis.
Interaction in vitro of pulmonary surfactant with antifungal agents used for treatment and prevention of invasive aspergillosis
Authors: Rauwolf Kerstin K , Hoertnagl Caroline , Lass-Floerl Cornelia , Groll Andreas H 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Background
Optimizing antifungal therapy is important to improve outcomes in severely immunocompromised patients.

Objectives
We analysed the in vitro interaction between pulmonary surfactant and antifungal agents used for management of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis.

Methods
Amphotericin B formulations, mould-active triazoles and echinocandins were tested in vitro against 24 clinical isolates of different Aspergillus spp. with and without the addition of a commercial porcine surfactant (Curosurf®; Poractant alfa, Nycomed, Austria). The data are presented as MIC or minimum effective concentration (MEC) ranges, as MIC or MEC values that inhibited 90% of the isolates (MIC90 or MEC90) and as geometric mean (GM) MIC or MEC values.

Results
For amphotericin B products, addition of surfactant to a final concentration of 10% led to a statistically significant reduction of the GM MIC for all Aspergillus isolates tested after 24 h (0.765 versus 0.552 mg/L; P &lt; 0.05). For the mould-active triazoles, addition of 10% surfactant resulted in a significantly higher GM MIC at 48 h (0.625 versus 0.898 mg/L; P &lt; 0.05). For the echinocandins, the addition of 10% surfactant led to a significantly higher GM MEC after both 24 h (0.409 versus 0.6532 mg/L; P &lt; 0.01) and 48 h (0.527 versus 0.9378 mg/L; P &lt; 0.01). There were no meaningful differences between individual members of the three existing classes of antifungal agents or between the different Aspergillus spp. tested.

Conclusions
Using EUCAST methodology, addition of porcine surfactant up to a concentration of 10% had a minor, and presumably non-relevant, impact on the in vitro activity of antifungal agents used in prophylaxis and treatment of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis.
Diagnosis of Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura by ADAMTS13 Activity Quantification
Authors: Dimopoulos Konstantinos , Philips Malou , Goetze Jens P 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Background
Rapid quantification of ADAMTS13 activity in plasma is essential for establishing a diagnosis of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP); a rare, but potentially lethal disorder. The current methods for quantitating ADAMTS13 activity are manual and only available at specialized laboratories, which often results in initiation of specific treatments long before a diagnosis of TTP is established.

Methods
We compared the performance of the HemosIL, a novel and rapid automated method, and the current standard FRET (fluorescence resonance energy transfer) method in quantitating ADAMTS13 activity using 706 consecutive plasma samples collected over a period of 14 years. The clinical accuracy of both methods was further examined using 212 diagnostic samples.

Results
The correlation between the FRET and HemosIL methods in all 706 samples and in the 212 diagnostic samples was excellent (Pearson’s r of 0.919 and 0.912, respectively). Both methods displayed a high degree of clinical accuracy using the current cutoff of ADAMTS13 activity &lt;0.10 kIU/L (&lt;10%) as diagnostic for TTP: the area under the curve (AUC) was 97.7% for the FRET method and 99.5% for the HemosIL method. When applying a lower cutoff (ADAMTS13 activity &lt;0.05 kIU/L or &lt;5%), the diagnostic accuracy of the HemosIL method increased further (AUC = 99.7%).

Conclusions
A novel, rapid method for ADAMTS13 quantification is comparable to the more laborious FRET method in patients with possible TTP. A rapid analysis available in the acute setting assessing patients with possible TTP allows for improved care and optimized treatment of a life-threatening condition.
Estimating the impact of engagement with digital health interventions on patient outcomes in randomized trials
Authors: Nelson Lyndsay A , Spieker Andrew J , Mayberry Lindsay S , McNaughton Candace , Greevy Robert A 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Objective
Guidance is needed on studying engagement and treatment effects in digital health interventions, including levels required for benefit. We evaluated multiple analytic approaches for understanding the association between engagement and clinical outcomes.

Materials and Methods
We defined engagement as intervention participants’ response rate to interactive text messages, and considered moderation, standard regression, mediation, and a modified instrumental variable (IV) analysis to investigate the relationship between engagement and clinical outcomes. We applied each approach to two randomized controlled trials featuring text message content in the intervention: REACH (Rapid Encouragement/Education and Communications for Health), which targeted diabetes, and VERB (Vanderbilt Emergency Room Bundle), which targeted hypertension.

Results
In REACH, the treatment effect on hemoglobin A1c was estimated to be −0.73% (95% CI: [−1.29, −0.21]; P = 0.008), and in VERB, the treatment effect on systolic blood pressure was estimated to be −10.1 mmHg (95% CI: [−17.7, −2.8]; P = 0.007). Only the IV analyses suggested an effect of engagement on outcomes; the difference in treatment effects between engagers and non-engagers was −0.29% to −0.51% in the REACH study and −1.08 to −3.25 mmHg in the VERB study.

Discussion
Standard regression and mediation have less power than a modified IV analysis, but the IV approach requires specification of assumptions. This is the first review of the strengths and limitations of various approaches to evaluating the impact of engagement on outcomes.

Conclusions
Understanding the role of engagement in digital health interventions can help reveal when and how these interventions achieve desired outcomes.
Measurement of Cumulative Preterm Neonatal and Maternal Stressors During Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Admission
Authors: Abdelmageed Reham I , Youssef Azza M , EL-Farrash Rania A , Mohamed Haidy M , Abdelaziz Asmaa W 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Objectives
By nature, the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) environment is stressful for both infants and mothers. This study aimed to explore and quantify the severity of early life stressors in premature infants admitted to the NICU and evaluate the effect of cumulative neonatal stressors on maternal mental health.

Methods
This cross-sectional study included 100 preterm infants admitted to the NICU for at least 10 days. Daily experiences with painful/stressful procedures for 10 days were determined using the Neonatal Infant Stressor Scale. The included mothers were assessed for their psychological well-being 1 week after NICU admission using the Parental Stressor Scale: NICU and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale.

Results
During the first 10 days of NICU admission, preterm infants experienced an average of 350.76 ± 84.43 acute procedures and an average of 44.84 ± 11.12 cumulative hours of chronic events, with the highest scores recorded on first 3 days of admission. Although intravenous flushing for patency was the most frequent acute procedure, blood gas sampling was the most painful. Forty-five percent of the mothers showed significant depressive symptoms, with the maternal role alteration reported as the most stressful experience, especially for young and new mothers (p &lt; .001). The cumulative stressors experienced by infants were significantly associated with elevated maternal perception of psychological maladjustment (p &lt; .001).

Conclusion
This study confirmed that the NICU environment is stressful for both infants and mothers, with the total cumulative stressors experienced by preemies in the NICU having an negative impact on maternal mental health.
April 27, 2005—Holding On
Authors: McQuellon Richard P. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The main subject of this dialogue is facing, accepting, and yielding to death. Nell is managing physical decline and finding meaning in mortal time, recurrent themes in our conversations. She succinctly describes her plan for making sense of death, but she recognizes that her self-prescription is not easy to fulfill. Facing death requires detaching from activities that give meaning and link Nell to the broader world. On most days, she lacks the energy to engage the outside world; she is housebound. In his autobiography, Dr. Paul Kalanithi presents an example of yielding as he describes his slow decline due to lung cancer. Nell is facing death directly like Dr. Kalanithi, with grace, until the very end, literally editing from her deathbed. Nell addresses a central question throughout these dialogues: What makes life worth living when death is imminent? We discuss security objects and Nell tells me about parish priest Fr. Jay, who gives her a ceramic angel when he administers the Sacrament of Anointing of the Sick. She finds comfort in consoling iconography and holding on to her rosary, a crucifix, angels, and the Buddha.
May 17, 2005—Acceptance
Authors: McQuellon Richard P. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In this dialogue, Nell reflects on the paradox of accepting death and letting go of friends while at the same time enjoying a sense of well-being and happiness. Her main unfinished task is dying. She is impatient with her extended lifespan in mortal time. She is getting better at managing her physical symptoms, allowing her comfort and creating ambivalence about leaving this world. She is finding meaning with being at home with husband Al. Her sense of well-being surprises her, and she wonders if it is an obstacle. She finds her situation—busy living while talking about dying—comical and paradoxical. She laughs at the irony of purchasing expensive nightgowns that may not arrive before she dies. Nell asks me to help her deliver gifts to the people she loves. The task of shedding her possessions and relationships has become more urgent now, yet letting go of the things that help us to remember who we are is no simple task. Nell is managing to detach from her objects even though in contemporary America we are what we own.
May 24, 2005—Finding Home
Authors: McQuellon Richard P. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Nell experiences a spiritual crisis. She worries her faith is not complete, reasoning that if she had more faith, she would not fear the unknown of death. The importance of faith and of receiving the Sacrament of Confession and the ritual of anointing the senses is affirmed. Through her brother John’s dream of reuniting, she finally feels what it is like to “go home,” to return to feelings of family, even when those feelings include the recollection of violence, which Nell wisely sees as preparation for death. She is letting go of her family and friends by setting boundaries and closing down phone calls and emails. Holding on and letting go, a fundamental rhythm of life, is shifting toward release. Nell’s dear friend Mary sends her a heartfelt message in a beautiful greeting card where she articulates the painful process of letting go and her hope of their reunion in the next world. When loving family members or friends try to express empathy with cancer patients, it often seems like pity, which irritates rather than comforts. In this peculiar dynamic, the patient experiences the caregiver’s good intention as overly solicitous. Hollow compassion creates distance, not closeness.
Disorders of Consciousness and the Disability Critique
Authors: Johnson L. Syd M 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Some members of disability communities and activist organizations have strenuously objected to the withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment from persons in the vegetative state/unresponsive wakefulness syndrome, notably in the case of Terri Schiavo. A history of medical neglect and ableism prompts reasonable fears that the rights of disabled persons are threatened by the withdrawal of treatment from patients who lack the ability to decide for themselves. This chapter considers the disability critique of the right to die. Implicit and explicit bias against disabled persons, and the withdrawal of treatment as a means to prevent disability are examined, alongside concerns about epistemic injustice and questions about who has the epistemic authority to speak for those with disorders of consciousness. What we owe to profoundly impaired persons, including those with disorders of consciousness, is what we owe to others: care, careful consideration of their preferences and interests, and respect for their personhood.
Health Surveys
Authors: Vaughan J Patrick , Victora Cesar , R Chowdhury A Mushtaque 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Surveys are used to collect data on the population distribution and frequency of health behaviours and use of services, health risks and diseases, as well as for the monitoring the implementation of health interventions, services, and programmes. Cross-sectional surveys collect prevalence data and longitudinal surveys collect mainly incidence information. Surveys can provide more accurate data than is available from local health information or surveillance systems. Survey methods are explained, such as on objectives, choice of variables, and sampling. Before undertaking surveys, local teams are advised to seek specialist advice and support.
Presenting Health Information
Authors: Vaughan J Patrick , Victora Cesar , R Chowdhury A Mushtaque 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Health data become useful information after analysis. It is important to communicate health plans and findings on services and programmes to district and ministry staff, as well as to other health related sectors and other local organizations. Popular methods for presenting and communicating health information include tables, figures, graphs, histograms, bar charts, pie charts, scatter diagrams, and maps. Details for constructing and presenting these are explained. Mobile phones and photographs are useful to record and send health information. The importance of displaying and publicising local health information and achievements is stressed.
Diagnostic evaluation of sacroiliac disease
Authors: Canzanello Nicholas C. , Hagedorn Jonathan M. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The diagnosis of sacroiliac joint dysfunction is often difficult and requires a thoughtful and thorough workup to uncover. A proper diagnosis is required so that appropriate treatment can be provided for the chronic pain patients suffering from sacroiliac joint dysfunction. This chapter discusses the symptoms of sacroiliac joint dysfunction (including inciting factors, location, and inflammatory etiologies), the components of a physical examination (including detailed explanations of several physical examination maneuvers, as well as their reliability), the utility of diagnostic injections, the imaging techniques that are useful in this setting (radiography, ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging), and laboratory evaluation that might be required in this setting (bloodwork).
Lateral branch blocks
Authors: Homra Benjamin K. , Eshraghi Yashar , Guirguis Maged 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The posterior sacral network is a complex meshwork of lateral branches of the dorsal sacral rami that innervate the posterior aspect of the sacroiliac joint. Pain arising from this joint can be diagnostically targeted using either a fluoroscopic or ultrasound technique to determine if the patient would benefit from radiofrequency ablation of the lateral branches. Injecting local anesthetic near the dorsal foramina using these techniques will temporarily block the transmission of pain by the lateral branches from the sacroiliac joint. This chapter covers the anatomy of the posterior sacral network, discusses the details of the two techniques for lateral branch blocks and evidence for their utility, provides information about the risks and contraindications associated with the techniques, and concludes by discussing the implications of the procedure.
Imaging techniques for sacroiliac joint injections
Authors: Weisbein Jacqueline 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Injections into the sacroiliac joint for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes have become commonplace. There have been advances in the use of regenerative therapies other than prolotherapy, such as platelet-rich plasma and stem cells. Prior to the introduction of image-guided techniques, blind injections were performed. However, data have consistently shown that without image guidance, injections failed to be accurately placed within the joint. Therefore, the use of image guidance, whether by computed tomography, fluoroscopy, or ultrasound, is imperative to ensure accurate placement of the injectate. This chapter discusses these three types of imaging techniques for sacroiliac joint injections.
Preoperative considerations for peripheral nerve stimulation of the sacroiliac joint
Authors: Antony Ajay B. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter reviews preoperative factors to be considered before performing peripheral nerve stimulation of the sacroiliac joint. When designing a preoperative plan, it is important to consider the type of anesthesia to be administered, anticoagulation management, infection risk, and other relevant medical comorbidities that may complicate the procedure. These factors vary depending on the patient, and in many cases coordination with other specialists is required. Optimization of patient comorbidities, appropriate management of anticoagulation, and planning strategies to minimize infection risk (including the use of perioperative antibiotics) are paramount to ensure the best possible outcomes for the patient undergoing this procedure.
The mandible
Authors: van Gijn Daniel R. , Dunne Jonathan 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The mandible is the largest of the facial bones, occupying a prominent position upon and providing the foundation for the lower third of the face. Despite holding the honour of being the strongest bone in the face, its protrusive location makes it vulnerable to injury – particularly in relation to aggressively placed fists, steering wheels and concrete. Anatomically, the mandible consists of a symmetrical, horseshoe shaped body continuous with paired broad rami posteriorly. The former houses the lower teeth within the alveolus whilst the latter provides attachment for the four principle muscles of mastication from the its medial and lateral surfaces and coronoid and condylar processes. In addition to the aforementioned muscles of mastication, the mandible provides origin to the muscles of the tongue, the floor of mouth and some muscles of facial expression.
The cranial nerves
Authors: van Gijn Daniel R. , Dunne Jonathan 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves that are individually named and numbered using Roman numerals. Only some cranial nerves are mixed in function, i.e. they carry both sensory and motor fibres; others are purely sensory or motor and some may also carry pre- or post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibres. They pass through foramina in the base of the skull and are the olfactory (through cribriform plate to the nasal cavity), optic (through the optic foramen to the eye), oculomotor (through the cavernous sinus and superior orbital fissure to supply the eye), trochlear (as per oculomotor), trigeminal (three main branches that pass through the superior orbital fissure, foramen rotundum and foramen ovale, respectively), abducens (as per oculomotor), facial (through stylomastoid foramen to supply muscles of facial expression), vestibulocochlear (through the internal acoustic canal to control balance and hearing), glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory (all pass through the jugular foramen) and hypoglossal (through the hypoglossal canal to control movements of the tongue) nerves.
The neck
Authors: van Gijn Daniel R. , Dunne Jonathan 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The neck occupies the space between the clavicles and thoracic inlet inferiorly, to the base of the skull and inferior border of the mandible superiorly. The cervical part of the vertebral column provides the support for the skull above and strength and movement to the neck proper. The anterior neck provides passage for the major neurovascular supply to and drainage from the head, neck and intracranial region, transmits the upper aerodigestive tract and houses the thyroid and parathyroid glands. In the posterior neck a large mass of extensor musculature is situated posterior to the cervical vertebrae. Cranial nerves nine through twelve descend into the neck: nine (glossopharyngeal) and twelve (hypoglossal) meander towards the oropharynx and tongue, respectively; cranial nerve eleven (accessory) deflects backwards to supply the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles whilst the tenth cranial nerve (vagus) wanders inferiorly within the carotid sheath between and posterior to the common carotid artery and internal jugular vein, before disappearing into the thoracic and abdominal cavities.