bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gender determination and gender gap
Authors: Rawat Shalini , Yadav Ashwini , Bhate Kamaxi 
Published: October 2021

Background:
Sex ratio is an important sociodemographic characteristic of the country reflecting the status of its women and underlying socioeconomic and cultural patterns. PC-PNDT law is in place since so many years still sex determination is prevalent. Here not only doctors but the parents are also equally responsible for propagating this social evil as most of them are unaware about the Act and its legal implications and consequences of the declining sex ratio.

Methods:
Study was conducted over a period of 24 months from December 2018 to November 2018 in Immunisation OPD of a tertiary health care centre and a primary health centre with a sample size of 117 in both areas. Simple Random sampling method was used and analysis was done using SPSS software.

Results:
Out of 234 mothers approximately 70% were aware that pre-natal sex determination can be done. About 40% were aware that it is illegal, 30% said that ultrasonography is used for doing it, 20% said that both doctor and parents are punished under this act. Only 5% were aware about the correct punishment under this Act. Awareness regarding the place, method, legality and punishment was more among mothers of urban area as compared to rural area. Education and socioeconomic status was associated with awareness.

Conclusion:
Creating awareness in the general public and specifically mothers regarding the Act and consequences of its violation. Comprehensive behavioural change communication activities can be done through mass media for educating the people regarding the effect of declining sex ratio.
REAL-world evidence of risk factors and comorbidities in YOUNG Indian adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Saboo Banshi , Agarwal Sanjay , Gupta Sunil , Makkar Brij , Panneerselvam A , Sahoo Abhay Kumar , Ramchandani G. D. , Das Sambit , Erande Suhas , Kadam Yogesh , Abhyankar Mahesh V. , Revankar Santosh 
Published: October 2021

Objective:
To assess the clinical characteristics, risk factors, and comorbidities associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in young adult patients.

Methods:
This is a retrospective, multicentric real-world study that included young adults (18–45 years) with T2DM. Primary information including demographics, medical and family history, biochemical measures (pre-and post-prandial blood glucose levels, glycosylated hemoglobin [HbA1c] and blood pressure, and lipid parameters) smoking and drinking habits were collected retrospectively from the medical records of the respective hospitals/clinics. Data were analyzed using descriptive and appropriate comparative statistics.

Results:
A total of 22,921 patients from 623 sites were included. The median age was 37.0 years and the majority were men (61.6%). The proportion of patients from the age group >35–≤45 years was 62.7%. Among all patients, 46.9% had only T2DM; however, 53.1% of patients had T2DM with other comorbidities (T2DM with hypertension, dyslipidemia, and both). The majority of patients had elevated body mass index (BMI) (overweight, 46.6%; and obese, 22.9%). Family history of T2DM (68.1%) was most common in overall population. Sedentary lifestyle (63.1%), alcohol consumption (38.9%), and regular smoking (23.1%) were the most common associations in patients with T2DM with dyslipidemia and hypertension. Uncontrolled HbA1c level (≥7%) were observed in 79.2% of patients. The level of HbA1c was significantly increased with the duration of T2DM and sedentary lifestyle (p < 0.001).

Conclusion:
Higher BMI, family history of T2DM, sedentary lifestyle, alcohol consumption, and smoking were the most common risk facors, while hypertension and dyslipidemia were the most prevalent comorbidities associated with T2DM in young Indian adults.
Knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding dietary habits among medical and non-medical university students
Authors: Alghamdi Saeed Ali , Alqarni Abdulaziz Abdullah , Alghamdi Abdullah Fuad , Alghamdi Tariq Khalid , Hasosah Naif Mohammed , Aga Syed Sameer , Khan Muhammad Anwar 
Published: October 2021

Background:
Medical students even though being aware of the importance of well-balanced nutrition do tend to have laxity in practicing it themselves leading to poor nutrition. The aim of this study was to compare the awareness and knowledge of dietary habits among medical and non-medical students.

Methods:
This cross-sectional study was carried out in two universities in the Jeddah province, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS) and King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah over 6 months. A self-administered online questionnaire was employed to assess the knowledge and attitude of the dietary habits among the students.

Results:
The number of students who responded positively to the survey was 386, the mean age was 21.5 ± 2.10. 310 (80.3%) of which were males while 76 (19.7%) were females by a ratio of 4.07:1. Most of the participants were single (95.9%); 238 (87.6%) participants lived with their family and 272 (70.5%) participants were in the college of medicine. Among the medical students, 41.9% did exercise “sometimes,” 57.4% identified breakfast as an important meal of the day, and 14.7% were smokers.

Conclusion:
In our study, we found that the medical students were having a higher level of awareness about the dietary and lifestyle habits but it was not reflected in their practice which needed to be taken care of.
Sexual behavior and contraceptive practices
Authors: Beri Lakshay V. , Shelke Pallavi S. , Acharya Shrikala M. 
Published: October 2021

Background:
As many as half of people with HIV who are in a long-term sexual relationship have an HIV-negative partner. Data on sexual behavior and contraceptive needs of heterosexual serodiscordant couples are scarce in India. Keeping these facts in mind, it was considered imperative to conduct a study on sexual behavior, contraceptive practices and associated high risk factors among heterosexual serodiscordant couples.

Objectives:
The objective of the study was to assess the sexual behavior, current contraceptive practices and various risk factors of HIV transmission among married heterosexual HIV serodiscordant couples.

Materials and Methods:
Descriptive study conducted at antiretroviral therapy (ART) centre from where 100 discordant couples were included, data were collected related to their sexual practices, knowledge about different contraception methods and high risk factors related to infection transmission were recorded.

Results:
All couples had knowledge of use of condoms (100%) while consistent usage was seen only in 18%. The high risk of HIV transmission was seen among recently married serodiscordant couples. Couples engaged in daily intercourse were more likely to have high risk of transmission (P value < 0.05).

Conclusion:
This study showed various risk factors for infection transmission to the seronegative partner among serodiscordant couples. Henceforth, given conception that prevention of these factors could reduce overall seroconversion rate among such couples.
Treatment outcome among Post TB obstructive airways diseases and COPD
Authors: Swain Smrutirekha , Pothal Sudarsan , Behera Aurobindo , Manjhi Rekha , Dutta Pravati , Pradhan Gourahari 
Published: October 2021

Context:
Post Tubercular Obstructive Airways Diseases (Post-TB OAD) is a sequela of Pulmonary TB but diseases progression may not same like Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (COPD).

Aim:
To compare the frequency and severity of exacerbations, change of FEV1, frequency of hospitalization and mortality among COPD and post TB OAD patients.

Setting and Design:
Hospital-based prospective cohort study.

Methods and Material:
COPD cohort was diagnosed based on symptoms, history of exposure to risk factors and post bronchodilator FEV1/FVC ratio <70%. Post TB OAD cohort was diagnosed like COPD along with past history of Pulmonary TB. Both cohorts were followed up every 3-monthly intervals for up to 12 months.

Statistical Analysis:
Comparison of categorical variable was done by Chi-square test and continuous variable by unpaired t test. Longitudinal data of FEV1% were analyzed by repeated measure ANOVA test.

Results:
Totally, 68 patients with Post TB OAD and 66 COPD patients were taken into this study. The frequency of exacerbation (3.52 ± 1.84 verses 2.70 ± 1.37), number of severe exacerbation (56 verses 24) and frequency of hospitalization (1.37 ± 0.81 verses 0.97 ± 0.94) more seen in post-TB OAD cohort in compared to COPD cohort which is statistically significant. Mortality more seen in post-TB OAD group (14 verses 6). Rate of decline FEV1 per year more seen in Post-TB OAD (0.27 ± 0.28 lit verses 0.17 ± 0.26 liter) as compared to COPD. There was overall decreasing trend of FEV1% over period of 12 month but without any difference among two cohort.

Conclusion:
There was more in frequency of exacerbations, number of severe exacerbations, frequency of hospitalization and number of mortalities among post TB OAD compared to COPD.
Knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding child maltreatment among health care providers working in primary care centers in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alkathiri Moath Abdulmohsen , Baraja Muneera Abdullah , Alaqeel Suliaman Mohammed 
Published: October 2021

Objective:
The aim of the study was to assess the level of knowledge, attitudes, and current practice of primary healthcare physicians and nurses employed at the National Guard affiliated Primary Care Centers related to child abuse and neglect.

Method:
A cross-sectional study was conducted at four National Guard affiliated Primary Care Centers, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from May to September 2019. A total of 308 physicians and nurses participated in the study, using a convenience sampling technique. After obtaining informed consent, data was collected with a self-administered questionnaire.

Results:
The overall attitude score was excellent in 64.2% of the sample. The majority (90.3%) had an excellent knowledge score. The study indicated that the married group and participants with more than 10 years of experience were more aware of child maltreatment reporting procedures compared to the non-married group and less experienced participants. Almost two-thirds of the sample (67.2%) agreed that child abuse and neglect are underreported in Saudi Arabia. Lack of knowledge was the most frequent reason for underreporting.

Conclusion:
Our study highlighted that most of the primary care physicians and nurses at King Abdulaziz Medical City had excellent knowledge and positive attitudes related to child maltreatment. However, a major knowledge deficit exists in terms of the reporting procedures of suspected child maltreatment cases.
Cataract and Associated Factors Among OPD Attendees in a Teaching Institute of North East India
Authors: Das Rathindra , Sengupta Bitan , Debnath Arpita , Bhattacharjya Himadri 
Published: October 2021

Background:
In India 66% of blindness among individuals aged 50 yrs and above is attributable to cataract. Cataract has multiple etiologies and many of them are modifiable. But data regarding burden and correlates of cataract among OPD attendees in Northeast India are insufficient.

Objectives:
To estimate the proportion of cataract among the attendees of ophthalmology OPD of a teaching hospital of Northeast India and to study the factors associated with it.

Methods:
This hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted during 7th February to 6th March 2020, using a pre-tested structured interview schedule, among 330 adults attending ophthalmology OPD of Agartala Government Medical College, chosen by consecutive sampling.

Result:
Proportion of cataract among the attendees was 36.7% and it was 51.5% among the subjects aged ≥50 years. Age, family type, literacy, diabetes mellitus and hypertension had significant associations with cataract (P < 0.05). Logistic regression model has identified age ≥ 50 yrs (OR: 5.57, 95% CI: 2.98-10.43) and illiteracy (OR: 2.67, 95% CI: 1.55-4.59) as the significant predictors for developing cataract (P < 0.05) in the study population.

Conclusion:
Proportion of cataract among OPD attendees is 36.7%, which is higher than the community prevalence of cataract in Tripura. Promoting literacy, reducing family size, blood sugar and blood pressure may bring down the proportion of cataract in this population.
Assessment of factors influencing the contribution of primary healthcare physicians in prevention of type 2 diabetes in South of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Gosadi Ibrahim M. , Daghriri Khaled A. , Majrashi Ali A. , Ghafiry Hassan S. , Moafa Ramiz J. , Ghazwani Majed A. , Bahari Alanoud Y. , Ajeebi Reham E. , Zurayyir Atyaf J. , Jarab Fahad K. , Bahri Ahmed A. , Ryani Majed A. , Salim Abdulrhman M. 
Published: October 2021

Background:
This study was aiming to assess factors influencing the contribution of primary healthcare physicians concerning prevention of type 2 diabetes in the Jazan region, south of Saudi Arabia.

Materials and Methods:
A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess physicians' knowledge about evidence-based guidelines concerning diabetes prevention, their attitude towards lifestyle interventions and their practice concerning screening and provision of lifestyle interventions in their clinics. Interviews were conducted to complete a semi-structured questionnaire. Data analysis involved reviewing open-ended responses of physicians followed by quantitative analysis to assess level of knowledge, attitudes, and practice adherence.

Results:
A total of 234 physicians from 127 primary healthcare centres (PHCs) in the region were recruited. Knowledge of evidence-based clinical indicators for the prevention of diabetes was limited (mean level of knowledge 3.14/8 [SD: 1.2)]. Recruited physicians did have a positive overall attitude to the influence of lifestyle/behavioural therapy on the prevention of type 2 diabetes. The physicians narrated a variety of factors that might influence the effectiveness of this approach, which were related to the community, the patients and the physicians themselves. Only the association between gender of physicians and their levels of knowledge was statistically significant where odds of greater knowledge were higher among female physicians in comparison to males (odds ratio : 1.8, P value = 0.025).

Conclusion:
Most of the physicians in our sample were misinformed about the components of lifestyle/behavioural interventions for diabetes prevention, which mandates designing and implementing lifestyle medicine programmes for the PHC physicians in Jazan region.
Strategy to prevent infection from Covid-19 among security officers of tertiary care centre
Authors: Sharma Rakesh , Rohilla Kusum K. , Chadha Lisa , Malhotra Priyanka , Sharmila S , Jelly Prasuna 
Published: October 2021

Background:
The extensive spread of Covid-19 pandemic globally became the main cause of concern for everyone, including security officers working in a health care setting.

Objective:
To assess the effectiveness of instructional module for Covid-19 prevention among hospital security officers.

Methods and Materials:
A preexperimental study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital from North India. A total of 344 security officers were selected by the convenient sampling technique. A self-structured knowledge and practice questionnaires and instructional module were developed based on the guidelines released by World Health Organization, Centre for Disease Control and Prevention and Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Knowledge and practice were pretested, followed by the implementation of a video cum discussion instructional module for Covid-19 prevention. A posttest of knowledge and practice assessment was done after 7 days by using the same questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to compute and analyse the data.

Results:
The mean age of participants was 29.5 ± 2.25; mos participants (75%) were male security officers. Knowledge and practice scores improved after the implementation of instructional module as mean scores of pretest to mean posttest scores had shown a significant difference (P = 0.00). In practice, instructional module was significantly effective, except for touching hair again and again, as it could be a source of covid-19 infection.

Conclusion:
This study finding highlights the significance of training security officers about the prevention of Covid-19.
Cardiovascular complications in patients with interstitial lung disease and their correlation with 6-minute walk test and spirometry
Authors: Gupta Saurabh , Padhan Prasanta , Subhankar Saswat , Singh Pratima 
Published: October 2021

Introduction:
Pulmonary hypertension and other cardiac complications occur frequently due to chronic hypoxia induced by interstitial lung diseases (ILD) or due to connective tissue disorder itself. Two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography is ideal for identifying abnormalities at a given time. In this study, we tried to detect cardiovascular complications in patients with ILD using 2D echocardiography and correlate them with a 6-minute walk test (6 MWT) and spirometry.

Materials and Methods:
This study was carried out for 18 months including 100 consecutive cases of ILD. The diagnosis was made using the latest criteria as per the disease and high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) thorax. All patients were evaluated with 2D echocardiography, 6 MWT, and spirometry along with routine investigations. Their results were analyzed using STATA 15.1 software.

Result:
Cardiovascular involvement was detected in 68% of cases. Pulmonary hypertension predominated with a prevalence of 50%. In spirometry, mean Forced expiratory volume in first second (FEV1)and Forced vital capacity (FVC) were found to be 54.96 (L) and 53.49 (L), respectively, with a predominant restrictive pattern (89%). There was a significant correlation between baseline saturation of oxygen (SpO2) and pulmonary arterial systolic pressure (PASP) with a P value of <0.05. Baseline SpO2 and distance covered in 6 MWT had a significant correlation (P = 0.014).

Conclusion:
A baseline or nighttime hypoxia is responsible for developing PAH. Pulmonary arterial hypertension should be suspected in patients unable to perform 6 MWT or having low baseline SpO2. A routine follow-up with a 6 MWT and baseline SpO2 should be performed in each visit to identify early deterioration of the disease.
Geo-Mapping of Early Childhood Caries Risk
Authors: Pandey Pragya , Singh Manish K. , Singh Diksha , Gupta Sarika 
Published: October 2021

Context:
Given the uneven distribution of dental caries, there is an exigent need for a database of dental caries and its spatial distribution for better planning and efficient delivery of health promotional and preventive programs. Geo-mapping is a helpful tool for policy makers/administrators for efficient allocation of limited resources.

Aims:
To geo-map spatial distribution of caries risk in preschoolers of Lucknow and to identify associated predisposing factors.

Settings and design:
A cross-sectional study was done among 1000 preschool children (3-5 years of age) attending pediatrics, outpatient department at a medical college in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh.

Methods and Material:
Children were enrolled using the systematic random sampling. Each child was geo-coded with respect to his/her residence, clinically examined for dental caries and given a Decayed Missing Filled Tooth (DMFT) index score. A pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic data. Caries prevalence was geo-mapped using color codes.

Statistical Analysis Used:
Median DMFT scores were compared using Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis test. QQ plot/Shapiro-Wilk's test was used to check the normality of data.

Results:
Prevalence of caries was found to be 76%. 10% children had DMFT score of 4 and more. A significant difference in distribution of DMFT score was observed for gender, income levels and between wards. Wards closer to the center of Lucknow district had a higher prevalence of caries.

Conclusions:
Geo-mapping of caries prevalence gives a quick visual glance of specific areas vulnerable to caries and help deliver specific tailor-made services.
Students' Anxiety during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Saudi Arabia
Authors: AL-Shahrani Abdullah M. 
Published: October 2021

The sudden outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic prompted educational institutions to close down worldwide. This unprecedented step led to a feeling of anxiety in the student community that encountered obstacles in shifting to an online education mode. Saudi Arabia also followed these steps to minimize the loss of life, but simultaneously, the administration also assured people that they had nothing to fear as the country was prepared to support them in every way. The current study was accordingly commissioned between April 21, 2020, and May 20, 2020, to assess the impact of the new developments on the anxiety of 119 students from the College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Saudi Arabia, using an adapted Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale - 7 (GAD-7). The findings showed that 46.22% of respondents had minimal anxiety, 26.89% had mild anxiety, 12.60% had moderate anxiety, and 14.29% had severe anxiety. The findings indicate that Saudi University students had minimal anxiety issues concomitant to the pandemic. The results also significantly show that students' anxiety or its absence was a factor of gender and the students' current level of education in the university.

Context:
The sudden outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic prompted educational institutions to close down worldwide. This unprecedented step led to a feeling of anxiety in the student community that encountered obstacles in shifting to an online education mode. Saudi Arabia also followed these steps to minimize the loss of life, but simultaneously, the administration also assured people that they had nothing to fear as the country was prepared to support them in every way.

Aim:
To assess the impact of the new developments on the anxiety.

Settings and Design:
An exploratory cross-sectional study was conducted between April 21, 2020, and May 20, 2020 at the College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Saudi Arabia.

Methods and Material:
The students were asked to complete a self-administered questionnaire form, using an adapted GAD-7.

Results:
The findings showed that 46.22% of respondents had minimal anxiety, 26.89% had mild anxiety, 12.60% had moderate anxiety, and 14.29% had severe anxiety. The findings indicate that Saudi University students had minimal anxiety issues concomitant to the pandemic.