bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bulgaria
Authors: Stolarov-Demuth Guergana 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides an extended look at health politics and the compulsory health insurance system in Bulgaria. It traces the historical development of the Bulgarian healthcare system characterized by the introduction of social health insurance, which after the establishment of communist rule in Bulgaria after World War II was replaced with a state-run healthcare system. Starting in 1989, Bulgaria underwent a transition to democracy and free market economy. This triggered structural healthcare reforms, including the re-introduction of social health insurance with both public and private provision. However, as privatization was permitted without effective price control mechanisms and conditions for entry into the public insurance system, out-of-pocket payments became extensive, especially for pharmaceuticals. The main reform challenges have been to close the coverage gaps and secure sufficient financing by stipulating selective contracting with hospitals, strengthening the control on pharmaceuticals, and tightening the collection of insurance contributions. While political debates were initially structured along traditional left–right political party lines, since 2001 new center-right parties have shaped Bulgarian health politics. Nevertheless, the reform process still suffered from lack of continuity, and private interest groups have successfully blocked cost-containment policies.
Former Yugoslavia
Authors: Popic Tamara , Perišić Natalija 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter traces the common past of the healthcare systems of seven countries that formerly were part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY): Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia and Slovenia. Due to their common state histories, these countries witnessed similar health policy developments, marked by the introduction of a social insurance system under the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and establishment of universal healthcare during the communist period. After the break-up of the SFRY in 1992, the countries departed on independent policy trajectories, which were protracted and disrupted by conflicts over state-building and nationalism, and in some countries also by civil war.
North Macedonia
Authors: Kacarska Simonida , Kostova Neda Milevska 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers an in-depth look at health politics and the compulsory health insurance system in North Macedonia. It traces the development of the North Macedonian healthcare system, characterized by the establishment of decentralized free-for-all-at-point-of-delivery health system during communism, which served as a basis for the current system. Since the early 1990s, when North Macedonia declared independence and started a transition towards democracy and a free market economy, North Macedonian health politics focused on permitting private provision, establishing a compulsory health insurance system, and integrating private services in the public insurance. Despite support from international organizations, the reform process was hampered by economic difficulties, inter-ethnic conflict, and the conflict with Greece regarding North Macedonia. As highlighted in the chapter, the main healthcare challenges have been to ensure the insurance system’s fiscal solvency, the conversion of primary care provision from local public health centers into private practices, and, since 2012, the integration of higher level private hospital services into the public system in order to reduce out-of-pocket payments and ensure equal geographical access.
Kosovo
Authors: Uka Arta 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers an in-depth look at health politics and the tax-financed health system in Kosovo, a system which is in a process of transition towards social health insurance. It traces the development of Kosovo’s healthcare system, characterized by the establishment of a decentralized free-for-all-at-point-of-delivery health system during communism. After the end of the Kosovo War in 1999, Kosovo started actively seeking independence. Until the declaration of independence in 2008, politics in the country was mainly focused on the state-building process, while health policy was not a priority. Although facilitated by international organizations, legislation for establishing a social health insurance has been passed, the social health insurance system has not been implemented yet. Thus, healthcare services still remain financed by state and municipal budgets, medical professionals are public employees, and the private sector is not integrated into the public insurance system. Key healthcare issues have been high out-of-pocket payments, mainly for pharmaceuticals and private services, inequalities in health access, and high unemployment rates, which are likely to undermine the collection of social insurance contributions in the future.
Literary Cosmopolitanism in the English Fin de Siècle
Authors: Evangelista Stefano 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Derived from the ancient Greek for ‘world citizenship’, cosmopolitanism offers a radical alternative to identities and cultural practices built on the idea of the nation: cosmopolitans imagine themselves instead as part of a global community that cuts across national and linguistic boundaries. This book argues that fin-de-siècle writing in English witnessed an extensive and heated debate about cosmopolitanism, which transformed readers’ attitudes towards national identity, foreign literatures, translation, and the idea of world literature. It offers a critical examination of cosmopolitanism as a field of controversy. While some writers and readers embraced the creative, imaginative, emotional, and political potentials of world citizenship, hostile critics denounced it as a politically and morally suspect ideal, and stressed instead the responsibilities of literature towards the nation. In this age of empire and rising nationalism, world citizenship came to enshrine a paradox: it simultaneously connoted positions of privilege and marginality, connectivity and non-belonging. Chapters on Oscar Wilde, Lafcadio Hearn, George Egerton, the periodical press, and artificial languages bring to light a variety of literary responses. The book interrogates cosmopolitanism as a liberal ideology that celebrates human diversity and as a social identity linked to worldliness. It investigates its effect on gender, ethics, and the emotions. It presents English-language literature of the fin de siècle as a dynamic space of exchange and mediation, and argues that our own approach to literary studies should become less national in focus.
The ‘History of Everyday Life’ on BBC Radio
Authors: Carter Laura 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The second part of this book, which starts with this chapter, is about the ‘history of everyday life’ in practice. This opening chapter is about the broadcasting of history on BBC radio before the 1960s, drawing on programme schedules, scripts, and production documents. The ‘history of everyday life’ flourished as part of the BBC’s educational, citizen-making project, underpinned by the ethos of John Reith, the BBC’s first Director-General between 1922 and 1938. This chapter reveals how the ‘history of everyday life’ was bound up with the concentration of female talent within the inter-war BBC and the emergence of new radiophonic technologies during the 1930s. Sound effects, music, and femininity helped to construct a genre of ‘light’ social history broadcasting, designed to appeal to ordinary listeners across both schools and general programming. This trend is highlighted through a focus on the work of Rhoda Power, a BBC educationaist. A particular shift is identified during the period from the 1940s to the 1960s, when history content on the radio became stratified between the ‘expert’ and the ‘popular’ due to gendered and professionalizing impulses within the BBC. As a consequence, the ‘history of everyday life’ came to be regarded as history for leisure in the post-1945 period.
‘Histories of Everyday Life’ in Local Museums
Authors: Carter Laura 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The second part of this book, of which this chapter is part, is about the ‘history of everyday life’ in practice. This chapter examines the ‘history of everyday life’ in local community settings. It argues that folk museums were the museological vehicles of popular social history in mid-twentieth-century Britain. The British folk museum movement is traced via museum case studies in Luton, Cambridge, York, and the Highlands. Collecting practices, curation, visitors, and the educational programmes within each museum are analysed. The practices of several curator-collectors of everyday life, notably Enid Porter and Isabel Grant, are explored in depth. The chapter argues that folk history, so often thought of as a talisman of the extreme right, was recast at a community level into a feminized and conservative ‘history of everyday life’ for ordinary people. The final part of the chapter connects the ‘history of everyday life’ to debates about the emergence of commercial and industrial heritage in Britain during the 1960s and 1970s.
Generalized Linear Models (GLM)
Authors: Touchon Justin C. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Chapter 7 introduces one of the most useful statistical frameworks for the modern life scientist: the generalized linear model (GLM). GLMs extend the linear model to an array of non-normally distributed data such as Poisson, negative binomial, binomial, and Gamma distributed data. These models dramatically improve the breadth of data that can be properly analysed without resorting to non-parametric statistics. Using the same RxP dataset, readers learn how to assess the error distribution of their data and evaluate competing models to achieve the best, most robust analysis possible. Diagnostic plots and assessing model fit is continually taught as is how to interpret the model output and calculate summary statistics. Plotting non-normal error distributions with ggplot2 is taught, as is using the predict() function.
Mixed Effects Models
Authors: Touchon Justin C. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Mixed effects models are powerful techniques for controlling for non-independence of data or repeated measures, and can be harnessed for both normal and non-normal data structures. Chapter 8 teaches readers how to code, assess, interpret, and troubleshoot both linear and generalized linear mixed models using the same RxP dataset which has been used throughout the book, although now it is viewed through a new lens. Readers are taught how to code likelihood ratio tests to calculate statistical significance and how to use multiple packages, such as lme4 and glmmTMB.
Language-Mastery and the Sorites Paradox
Authors: Wright Crispin 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter, originally written for Gareth Evans’s and John McDowell’s edited anthology of papers, Truth and Meaning, on the philosophical issues raised by Davidsonian truth-theoretic semantics for natural language, reprises the key arguments of Chapter 1, but with a more explicit focus on the question: what is the nature of linguistic competence? Can it, at least at the most basic level, be viewed as consisting in propositional knowledge of, and a consequent ability to follow, semantic and syntactic rules? The suggestion is that the Davidsonian programme is implicitly invested in a positive answer to that question, and that one lesson of the Sorites is to make that answer seriously doubtful, mandating a ‘more purely behaviouristic’ conception of basic linguistic competence.
Hairier than Putnam Thought
Authors: Read Stephen 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter is a short note, co-written with Stephen Read, reacting to Hilary Putnam’s observation in his ‘Vagueness and Alternative Logic’ that intuitionistic logic would block the transition from the negation of the usual universally quantified conditional form of major premise for a Sorites to the assertion of a sharp boundary to the target predicate in the series concerned, and would thus allow the paradox to be reconceived as a straightforward reductio of its major premise. It is pointed out that a Sorites need not employ that form of major premise but can instead proceed, in intuitionistic logic, from the negation of the existential claim that the series in question contains a sharp boundary and that, while an intuitionistically suspect double negation elimination step would still be needed to enforce the unpalatable conclusion that the predicate in question indeed has a sharp boundary, nothing like the semantic motivation that the Intuitionists have favoured in mathematics for a restriction on double negation elimination can be operative in this context.
Further Reflections on the Sorites Paradox
Authors: Wright Crispin 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter revisits certain of the issues of Chapters 1 and 2. It is argued that Dummett’s ‘incoherentist’ response to the Sorites is unacceptable, and urges that we should distinguish a variety of types of Sorites, as individuated by the differing motivations for their various respective major premises, including what are here termed the No Sharp Boundaries paradox and the Tachometer paradox. The chapter rejects Christopher Peacocke’s contention that the major premises for Sorites can be motivated under the aegis of a behaviouristic conception of linguistic competence, so that jettison of the Governing View is beside the point as a response to Sorites paradoxes. It musters six objections to Peacocke’s own treatment of the Sorites, as representative of degree-theoretic approaches to vagueness in general. The chapter includes further discussion of the relationship between tolerance and observationality.
The Arabidopsis PeptideAtlas: Harnessing worldwide proteomics data to create a comprehensive community proteomics resource
Authors: van Wijk Klaas J , Leppert Tami , Sun Qi , Boguraev Sascha S , Sun Zhi , Mendoza Luis , Deutsch Eric W 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
We developed a resource, the Arabidopsis PeptideAtlas (www.peptideatlas.org/builds/arabidopsis/), to solve central questions about the Arabidopsis thaliana proteome, such as the significance of protein splice forms and post-translational modifications (PTMs), or simply to obtain reliable information about specific proteins. PeptideAtlas is based on published mass spectrometry (MS) data collected through ProteomeXchange and reanalyzed through a uniform processing and metadata annotation pipeline. All matched MS-derived peptide data are linked to spectral, technical, and biological metadata. Nearly 40 million out of ∼143 million MS/MS (tandem MS) spectra were matched to the reference genome Araport11, identifying ∼0.5 million unique peptides and 17,858 uniquely identified proteins (only isoform per gene) at the highest confidence level (false discovery rate 0.0004; 2 non-nested peptides ≥9 amino acid each), assigned canonical proteins, and 3,543 lower-confidence proteins. Physicochemical protein properties were evaluated for targeted identification of unobserved proteins. Additional proteins and isoforms currently not in Araport11 were identified that were generated from pseudogenes, alternative start, stops, and/or splice variants, and small Open Reading Frames; these features should be considered when updating the Arabidopsis genome. Phosphorylation can be inspected through a sophisticated PTM viewer. PeptideAtlas is integrated with community resources including TAIR, tracks in JBrowse, PPDB, and UniProtKB. Subsequent PeptideAtlas builds will incorporate millions more MS/MS data.
Reduced blood circulating calcium level is an outstanding biomarker for preeclampsia among 48 types of human diseases
Authors: Xu S , Zhang M , Cong J , He Y , Zhang L , Guo Y , Li X 
Published: August 2021

Summary

Background
Calcium ion (Ca2+) is essential for human physiology by regulating various signal transduction pathways inside all cells and in the blood circulation.

Aim
We compared circulating Ca2+ levels in the healthy control against 48 different types of human diseases.

Design
A total of 144 201 independent test results of Ca2+ levels from 48 clinically defined diseases and 141 679 independent test results of Ca2+ from healthy individuals who came to the hospital for annual physical examination were retrieved during the past 5 years.

Methods
Ca2+ was determined by the standard ‘Arsenazo III method’ in the clinical laboratory of Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University. We analyzed all data using RStudio V.1.3.1073 and python libraries 3.8.

Results
All 48 types of diseases had decreased Ca2+ levels than the healthy control based on either mean or median values. Patients suffering from preeclampsia had the lowest Ca2+ levels among all 48 diseases. The perfect area under the curve, sensitivity, and specificity values of 1.0, 0.96 and 0.96 indicated that Ca2+ was an excellent biomarker for diagnosing preeclampsia. Extremely low Ca2+ was present in patients suffering kidney-related diseases. Since the correlation between each disease on the statistical features is proportional to their vector distance, the two-component analysis revealed that preeclampsia, sepsis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were closely related among 48 diseases.

Conclusions
All human diseases were associated with reduced circulating Ca2+ levels, where the decreased Ca2+ was a perfect biomarker for preeclampsia. Kidney-related conditions were related to over-down-regulation of Ca2+ levels. The resemblance of preeclampsia to sepsis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease based on two-component analysis suggested that the three unrelated diseases might share a similar mechanism of the circulating Ca2+ regulation.
Photocrosslinking silver nanoparticles–aloe vera–silk fibroin composite hydrogel for treatment of full-thickness cutaneous wounds
Authors: Liu Yangkun , Fan JinChuan , Lv MingQi , She Kepeng , Sun Jiale , Lu Qingqing , Han Changhao , Ding SongTao , Zhao Shuang , Wang GuiXue , Zhang YuChan , Zang GuangChao 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Damage to the skin causes physiological and functional issues. The most effective treatment approach is the use of wound dressings. Silk fibroin (SF) is a promising candidate biomaterial for regulating wound healing; however, its antibacterial properties and biological activity must be further improved. In this study, a photocrosslinking hydrogel was developed to treat full-thickness cutaneous wounds. The composite hydrogel (Ag–AV–SF hydrogel) was prepared by introducing the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and aloe vera (AV) as the modifiers. In vitro study exhibited great antibacterial ability, biocompatibility and cell-proliferation and -migration-promoting capacities. It also showed the pH-response releasing properties which release more AgNPs in a simulated chronic infection environment. The healing effect evaluation in vivo showed the healing-promoting ability of the Ag–AV–SF hydrogel was stronger than the single-modifiers groups, and the healing rate of it reached 97.02% on Day 21, higher than the commercial wound dressing, silver sulfadiazine (SS) cream on sale. Additionally, the histological and protein expression results showed that the Ag–AV–SF hydrogel has a greater effect on the pro-healing regenerative phenotype with M2 macrophages at the early stage, reconstructing the blood vessels networks and inhibiting the formation of scars. In summary, the Ag–AV–SF hydrogel developed in this study had good physical properties, overwhelming antibacterial properties, satisfactory biocompatibility and significantly promoting effect on cell proliferation, migration and wound healing. Overall, our results suggest that the Ag–AV–SF hydrogel we developed has great potential for improving the wound healing in clinical treatment.
COVID-19 instructional approaches (in-person, online, hybrid), school start times, and sleep in over 5,000 U.S. adolescents
Authors: Meltzer Lisa J , Saletin Jared M , Honaker Sarah M , Owens Judith A , Seixas Azizi , Wahlstrom Kyla L , Wolfson Amy R , Wong Patricia , Carskadon Mary A 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Study Objectives
To examine associations among instructional approaches, school start times, and sleep during the COVID-19 pandemic in a large, nationwide sample of U.S. adolescents.

Methods
Cross-sectional, anonymous self-report survey study of a community-dwelling sample of adolescents (grades 6–12), recruited through social media outlets in October/November 2020. Participants reported on instructional approach (in-person, online/synchronous, online/asynchronous) for each weekday (past week), school start times (in-person or online/synchronous days), and bedtimes (BT) and wake times (WT) for each identified school type and weekends/no school days. Sleep opportunity was calculated as BT-to-WT interval. Night-to-night sleep variability was calculated with mean square successive differences.

Results
Respondents included 5,245 racially and geographically diverse students (~50% female). BT and WT were earliest for in-person instruction; followed by online/synchronous days. Sleep opportunity was longer on individual nights students did not have scheduled instruction (&gt;1.5 h longer for online/asynchronous than in-person). More students obtained sufficient sleep with later school start times. However, even with the same start times, more students with online/synchronous instruction obtained sufficient sleep than in-person instruction. Significantly greater night-to-night variability in sleep-wake patterns was observed for students with in-person hybrid schedules versus students with online/synchronous + asynchronous schedules.

Conclusions
These findings provide important insights regarding the association between instructional approach and school start times on the timing, amount, and variability of sleep in U.S. adolescents. Given the public health consequences of short and variable sleep in adolescents, results may be useful for education and health policy decision-making for post-pandemic secondary schools.