bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Language and discounting future value: language as a moderator of internationalization–innovation performance relationships
Authors: Lim Eunah , Powell K. Skylar 
Published: April 2021

PurposeResearch on relationships between firms' degree of internationalization (DOI) and innovation performance has been mixed, and moderators of these relationships need to be explored. We focus on patents granted as an indicator of innovation performance and explore the moderating role of firms' home-country languages on the DOI–innovation performance relationship. We argue that in countries with languages that always require speakers to grammatically mark the future, firms will focus less on the future value of patents, which should moderate DOI–innovation performance relationships.Design/methodology/approachWe use an unbalanced panel consisting of 567 firm-year observations of 64 different large automotive suppliers from the year 2007 through 2019. This database was analyzed using negative binomial models with a 3-years lag structure and firm controls.FindingsResults show a U-shaped DOI–innovation performance relationship, but only for firms from countries that do not always require speakers to grammatically mark the future. Additionally, a firm's status as being from a country where dominate languages always require speakers to grammatically mark the future has a direct negative relationship with innovation performance.Research limitations/implicationsLimitations are that the sample included a large number of firms from one country (i.e. Japan) and focused on a single industry. Additionally, we used a narrow operational definition of innovation performance (i.e. patents) and relied upon a single methodology. In terms of implications, we identify one moderator that helps explain mixed results of past DOI–innovation performance research, and we identify a direct relationship between language and innovation performance. Hence, future research in this area should control for the dominant language type of firms' home countries.Originality/valueTo our knowledge, this is the first study to examine how language moderates DOI–innovation performance relationships and also relates to innovation performance directly.
Mammalian herbivore movement into drought refugia has cascading effects on savanna insect communities
Authors: Trisos Matthew O. , Parr Catherine L. , Davies Andrew B. , Leitner Monica , February Edmund C. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Global climate change is predicted to increase the frequency of droughts, with major impacts on tropical savannas. It has been suggested that during drought, increased soil moisture and nutrients on termite mounds could benefit plants but it is unclear how such benefits could cascade to affect insect communities.

Here, we describe the effects of drought on vegetation structure, the cascading implications for invertebrates and how termite mounds influence such effects. We compared how changes in grass biomass affected grasshopper and ant diversity on and off Macrotermes mounds before (2012) and during a drought (2016) at two locations that experienced large variation in drought severity (Skukuza and Pretoriuskop) in the Kruger National Park, South Africa.

The 2013–2016 drought was not ubiquitous across the study site, with rainfall decreasing at Skukuza and being above average at Pretoriuskop. However, grass biomass declined at both locations. Grasshopper abundance decreased at droughted Skukuza both on and off mounds but decreased on mounds and increased off mounds at non‐droughted Pretoriuskop. Ant abundance and species richness increased at Skukuza but remained the same on mounds and decreased off mounds at Pretoriuskop.

Our results demonstrate the spatially extensive effects of drought. Despite above average rainfall in 2016 at Pretoriuskop, grass biomass decreased, likely due to an influx of large mammalian herbivores from drought‐affected areas. This decrease in grass biomass cascaded to affect grasshoppers and ants, further illustrating the effects of drought on invertebrates in adjoining areas with higher rainfall. Our grasshopper results also suggest that increased drought in savannas will contribute to overall declines in insect abundance. Moreover, our recorded increase in ant abundance was primarily in the form of increases in dominant species, illustrating how drought‐induced shifts in relative abundance will likely influence ecosystem structure and function.

Our study highlights the phenomenon of spill‐over drought effects and suggests rather than mitigating drought, termite mounds can instead become the focus for more intense grazing, with important consequences for insect communities.
Eiders, nutrients and eagles: Bottom‐up and top‐down population dynamics in a marine bird
Authors: Morelli Federico , Laursen Karsten , Svitok Marek , Benedetti Yanina , Møller Anders Pape 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe main objective of this long‐term study (1978–2016) was to find the underlying factors behind the declining trends of eiderSomateria mollissimain the Baltic/Wadden Sea.Specifically, we aimed at quantifying the bottom‐up effect of nutrients, through mussel stocks, on reproduction and abundance of eider, and the top‐down effects caused by white‐tailed eagleHaliaeetus albicillapredation.Bottom‐up effects increase marine primary productivity with subsequent effects on food availability for a major mussel predator. Top‐down effects may also regulate eider populations because during incubation female eiders are vulnerable to predation by eagles.Our structural equation modelling explained a large percentage of the variance in eider abundance. We conclude that the Baltic/Wadden Sea eider population was regulated directly by white‐tailed sea eagle predation on incubating females and indirectly by the amount of nutrients in seawater affecting both mussel stocks and the breeding success of eiders, reflecting density dependence.These findings may explain the decreasing trend in the Baltic/Wadden Sea eider population during the last decades as an additive effect of top‐down and bottom‐up factors, and likely as an interaction between them.
Rapid evolution of a floral trait following acquisition of novel pollinators
Authors: Mackin Christopher R. , Peña Julián F. , Blanco Mario A. , Balfour Nicholas J. , Castellanos Maria Clara 
Published: April 2021

AbstractChanges in the pollinator assemblage visiting a plant can have consequences for reproductive success and floral evolution. We studied a recent plant trans‐continental range expansion to test whether the acquisition of new pollinator functional groups can lead to rapid adaptive evolution of flowers.InDigitalis purpurea,we compared flower visitors, floral traits and natural selection between native European populations and those in two Neotropical regions, naturalised after independent introductions. Bumblebees are the main pollinators in native populations while both bumblebees and hummingbirds are important visitors in the new range. We confirmed that the birds are effective pollinators and deposit more pollen grains on stigmas than bumblebees.We found convergent changes in the two new regions towards larger proximal corolla tubes, a floral trait that restricts access to nectar to visitors with long mouthparts. There was a strong positive linear selection for this trait in the introduced populations, particularly on the length of the proximal corolla tube, consistent with the addition of hummingbirds as pollinators.Synthesis. The addition of new pollinators is likely to happen often as humans influence the ranges of plants and pollinators but it is also a common feature in the long‐term evolution of the angiosperms. We show how novel selection followed by very rapid evolutionary change can be an important force behind the extraordinary diversity of flowers.
Shoulder dystocia, umbilical cord blood gases and neonatal encephalopathy
Authors: Battin Malcolm R. , van den Boom Jutta , Oben Glenda , McDonald Gabrielle 
Published: April 2021

The interpretation of umbilical cord gases may not be straightforward following shoulder dystocia. We reviewed Perinatal and Maternal Mortality Review Committee data from New Zealand infants with moderate and severe neonatal encephalopathy (NE) for 2010–2017 inclusive. If one or more of: pH of ≤7.1; base excess of ≤–12 mmol/L; or lactate of ≥6 mmol/L were present it was considered an abnormal result. One‐third (12/36) of infants born following shoulder dystocia had documented umbilical cord gases within the normal range. It is important for clinicians to be aware of this possibility when assessing newborn infants with NE.
Direct assessment of individual skin barrier components by electrical impedance spectroscopy
Authors: Mannweiler Roman , Bergmann Sophia , Vidal‐y‐Sy Sabine , Brandner Johanna M. , Günzel Dorothee 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundExpression of the tight junction proteins Cldn1 and 4 is altered in skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis, and Cldn1 deficiency affects skin barrier formation. Impedance spectroscopy (IS) has been proven to allow detection of alterations in the skin barrier but is currently unable to separate effects on viable epidermis (VE) and stratum corneum (SC).MethodsEffects of siRNA‐mediated Cldn1 and 4 knockdown in reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) on VE and SC barrier function were investigated with Ussing chamber‐based IS. Barrier components were sequentially altered, employing iron oxide nanoparticles and EGTA, to identify their contribution to the impedance spectrum. Resistance changes due to apically applied hyperosmolar electrolyte were used to identify barrier defects non‐invasively.ResultsIS of RHE yielded two relaxation frequencies, representing the barrier properties of the SC (~1000 Hz) and VE (~100 Hz). As proof of concept, it was shown that the Cldn1 knockdown‐induced resistance drop arises from the impairment of both SC and VE, indicated by a shift of both relaxation frequencies. Hyperosmolar electrolyte penetration allowed non‐invasive detection of Cldn1 knockdown via time‐dependent frequency shifts. The absence of Cldn4 knockdown‐induced changes revealed the weaknesses of transepithelial electrical resistance analysis.ConclusionIn conclusion, the present technique allows to separately measure the barrier properties of SC and VE and further evaluate the Cldn1 and 4 knockdown impact on the skin barrier. As the measurement with agarose‐embedded electrolyte allowed non‐invasive identification of the Cldn1 knockdown, this opens the way to detailed in vivo skin barrier assessment.
Eczema herpeticum in atopic dermatitis
Authors: Traidl Stephan , Roesner Lennart , Zeitvogel Jana , Werfel Thomas 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAtopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most common chronic inflammatory skin diseases leading to pruritic skin lesions. A subset of AD patients exhibits a disseminated severe HSV infection called eczema herpeticum (EH) that can cause life‐threatening complications. This review gives an overview of the clinical picture, and characteristics of the patients as well as the diagnosis and therapy of EH. A special focus lies on the pathophysiological hallmarks identified so far that predispose for EH. This aspect covers genetic aberrations, immunological changes, and environmental influences displaying a complex multifactorial situation, which is not completely understood. Type 2 skewing of virus‐specific T cells in ADEH+ patients has been implicated in immune profile abnormalities, along with impaired functions of dendritic cells and natural killer cells. Furthermore, aberrations in interferon pathway‐related genes such as IFNG and IFNGR1 have been identified to increase the risk of EH. IL‐4, IL‐25, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) are overexpressed in EH, whereas antimicrobial peptides like human β‐defensins and LL‐37 are reduced. Concerning the epidermal barrier, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in skin barrier proteins such as filaggrin were identified in ADEH+ patients. A dysbalance of the skin microbiome also contributes to EH due to an increase of Staphylococcus aureus, which provides a supporting role to the viral infection via secreted toxins such as α‐toxin. The risk of EH is reduced in AD patients treated with dupilumab. Further research is needed to identify and specifically target risk factors for EH in AD patients.
Complication profile of augmentation cystoplasty in contemporary paediatric urology: a 20‐year review
Authors: Taghavi Kiarash , O'Hagan Lomani A , Bortagaray Juan , Bouty Aurore , M Hutson John , O'Brien Mike 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to describe the complication profile of augmentation cystoplasty in contemporary paediatric urology as well as its effect on bladder metrics.MethodsConsecutive operative cases were retrospectively reviewed at a single institution over 20 years (1999–2019). Short‐ and long‐term outcomes and complications following augmentation cystoplasty were defined.ResultsOf the 71 operative cases; the most common underlying diagnoses were neurogenic bladder (34%), exstrophy‐epispadias complex (30%) and posterior urethral valves (23%). The most common tissue‐type utilized was ileal (58%) and ureteric (30%). Peri‐operative urine leak affected nine (13%) children but reservoir perforations were less common (4%). Mean end‐of‐study detrusor pressure improved significantly following bladder augmentation (38–17 cmH2O, P < 0.001). Bladder capacity improved significantly (67–89%, P = 0.041). The median follow‐up was 4.5 years (interquartile range: 1.9–10 years). Bladder urolithiasis affected 13 (18%) patients, and symptomatic urinary tract infections 36 (51%) patients. Formation of a continent catheterisable channel contributed a number of complications relating predominantly to stenosis (50%). Repeat augmentation cystoplasty was necessary in three (4%) cases.ConclusionAugmentation cystoplasty is a surgical intervention that improves bladder metrics. Given the potential complications, careful patient selection and appropriate pre‐operative counselling are essential. Furthermore, pro‐active post‐operative management and transitional care are vital in the surgical care of children following augmentation cystoplasty.
Evolution of surgical management for phaeochromocytoma over a 17‐year period: an Australian perspective
Authors: Cherry Tiffany J. , Gorelik Alexandra , Miller Julie A. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundMinimally invasive adrenalectomy and advances in anaesthetic techniques have transformed surgery for phaeochromocytoma. This 17‐year review describes the evolution of phaeochromocytoma care in our unit.MethodsWe performed a retrospective cohort review of all patients who underwent adrenalectomy for phaeochromocytoma from 2000 to 2016. Patients were divided into three time periods, early: 2000–2005 (n = 17), middle: 2006–2010 (n = 15) and late: 2011–2016 (n = 24). The posterior retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy was introduced in 2011. Demographics and clinicopathological details were extracted. Median values for nominal data were compared using Mann–Whitney U‐test. A chi‐squared test was used to compare categorical data.ResultsSixty‐one adrenalectomies were performed on 56 patients: 19 open, 17 laparoscopic and 20 posterior retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomies. The median length of operation decreased from 135 to 90 min from the early to the late time period (P > 0.05). Length of stay decreased from a median of 5 days in the early group to 1 day in the late group (P = 0.01). A total of 94.1% of the early period patients were admitted to the intensive care unit compared to 30.4% of the late group (P = <0.01). Need for post‐operative vasopressors and blood transfusions was significantly reduced.ConclusionOver the 17‐year period, the choice of operative technique has transitioned towards posterior retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy. Operative time, rate of intensive care unit admission, and admission length have all decreased without any increase in rates of complications.
β‐Arrestin1 and GPCR kinase2 play permissive roles in Src‐mediated endocytosis of α4β2 nicotinic ACh receptors
Authors: Acharya Srijan , Kundu Dooti , Kim Kyeong‐Man 
Published: April 2021

Background and PurposeThe α4β2 nicotinic ACh receptor (nAChR), a subtype of the ligand‐gated ion channel, is abundantly expressed in the brain and is implicated in several neurological disorders. The endocytosis of nAChRs plays important roles in the pathogenesis of neurological diseases, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood.Experimental ApproachLoss‐of‐function approaches and mutants of α4β2 nAChRs that display different endocytic properties were used to identify the cellular components and processes responsible for endocytosis. The signalling cascade that leads to endocytosis was deduced via protein interactions in predicted cellular components. The endocytosis of α4β2 nAChRs was determined and crosschecked using an ELISA and radioligand assay.Key ResultsEndocytosis of α4β2 nAChRs occurred through clathrin‐mediated endocytosis in a dynamin‐dependent manner. 14‐3‐3η‐dependent Src‐mediated phosphorylation of the nAChR α4 subunit at Y575 was required for nAChR endocytosis, and this occurred with the assistance of β‐arrestin1 and GPCR kinase 2 (GRK2) without the need for kinase activity. Endocytosis triggered the mouse double minute 2 homologue‐mediated ubiquitination and subsequent down‐regulation of α4β2 nAChRs.Conclusions and Implicationsα4β2 nAChR, an ionophore receptor, employs the metabotropic signalling pathway required for endocytosis, which leads to ubiquitination and down‐regulation. Further, GRK2 and β‐arrestin1, usually associated with GPCR signalling, are involved in the endocytosis of α4β2 nAChRs via different mechanisms. Considering the functional and pathological implications of nAChR endocytosis, results obtained in this study are crucial for the progression of basic research and clinical investigations.
Two‐minute tidal breathing methacholine bronchial challenge: Comparison of two jet nebulisers
Authors: Zhu Zheng , Wang Hongyu , Xie Yanqing , An Jiaying , Li Jing , Zheng Jinping 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe American Thoracic Society (ATS) guideline for methacholine challenge testing (MCT) recommended using the English Wright (EW) nebuliser. However, other brands of nebulisers are also indicated to be acceptable for this technique, but further validation of nebuliser performance is recommended.ObjectiveTo compare the methacholine provocation concentration causing a 20% fall in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (PC20‐FEV1) measured by using EW nebuliser and DV 646 nebuliser.MethodsSubjects were randomly assigned to undergo 2‐min tidal breathing methacholine challenge with either EW or DV 646 nebuliser on two separate days, which were at least 24 hours but not more than 7 days apart. The above procedure was repeated for each subject in 1 month, but the nebulisers were selected in a reverse order.ResultsThe study includes 15 mild and stable asthmatic patients. The geometric means (SD) of methacholine PC20 measured with using EW and DV 646 nebulisers were 1.82 (6.38) mg/mL versus 0.83 (1.82) mg/mL, respectively in the initial two visits and 2.56 (6.29) mg/mL versus 0.78 (1.40) mg/mL in the following two visits (both P < 0.05). There are well correlations between PC20‐EW1 and PC20‐EW2 (r = 0.99, P < 0.01), PC20‐DV1 and PC20‐DV2 (r = 0.88, P < 0.01), and between PC20‐EW1 and PC20‐DV1 (r = 0.91, P < 0.01), PC20‐EW2 and PC20‐DV2 (r = 0.78, P < 0.01).ConclusionsPC20‐FEV1 measured by using the two conventional jet nebulisers was both repeatable and the results were highly correlated.
Underpricing in a developing capital market: Australian equity issuances, 1920–39†
Authors: Fleming Grant , Liu Zhangxin (Frank) , Merrett David , Ville Simon 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDeveloping capital markets generally lack the regulatory safeguards and rich informational sources that assist investors in judging new equity issues in modern markets. Focusing on the early stage capital market in interwar Australia, we calculate the success (underpricing and percentage raised) of 786 new equity issues, comparing initial public offerings, seasoned equity offerings, and rights issues. We examine whether the use of underwriters and the choice of security (ordinary or preference shares) affected the success of the equity issue. We find that certification by underwriters had no effect on capital‐raising success once we controlled for firm‐specific factors in the multivariate regressions, while underpricing and percentage raised varied by type of shares offered to investors.
Kant on limits, boundaries, and the positive function of ideas
Authors: Howard Stephen 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIt is commonly claimed that Kant's critical philosophy aims to limit reason's speculative use and its metaphysical pretensions. This paper argues that such claims should be amended in light of a technical distinction between negative limits and positive boundaries that Kant held throughout his career. Kant's only extended discussion of this distinction appears in §§57–60 of the Prolegomena, a division entitled “On pure reason's boundary‐determination”. I examine these sections in detail in order to elucidate the account of the limits and boundaries of the activity of different cognitive faculties in the Critique of Pure Reason. I argue that once we understand a key ambition of the Critique to be the positive determination of the boundary between objects of experience and things in themselves, we gain insight into the essential contribution that Kant's theory of the positive utility of ideas of reason makes to the critical philosophy.
A game of thrones—Dynamics of internal CEO succession and outcome
Authors: Blank Brian , Hadley Brandy , Minnick Kristina , Rivolta Mia L. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe examine the implications of chief executive officer (CEO) succession methods for firm outcomes and executive incentives. Focusing on internal CEO successions, we find that the largest U.S. firms typically rely on two types of succession methods, namely, heir apparent and horse race successions. Although heir apparent and horse race CEO candidates have similar qualifications, the consequences of these two succession methods differ significantly. We find that horse race successions induce conflict and are detrimental to firm performance but not necessarily to the newly appointed CEOs. Our findings suggest succession method influences firm performance, executive incentives and CEO labour markets.