bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of a fully closed real time PCR platform for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in nasopharyngeal swabs: a pilot study
Authors: De Luca Caterina , Gragnano Gianluca , Conticelli Floriana , Cennamo Michele , Pisapia Pasquale , Terracciano Daniela , Malapelle Umberto , Montella Emma , Triassi Maria , Troncone Giancarlo , Portella Giuseppe 
Published: April 2021

AimsTo date, reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) on nasopharyngeal swabs is the ‘gold standard’ approach for the diagnosis of COVID-19. The need to develop easy to use, rapid, robust and with minimal hands-on time approaches are warranted. In this setting, the Idylla SARS-CoV-2 Test may be a valuable option. The aim of our study is to evaluate the analytical and clinical performance of this assay on previously tested SARS-CoV-2 people by conventional RT-PCR based approach in different settings, including initial diagnosis and clinical follow-up.MethodsTo evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the Idylla SARS-CoV-2 Test, we retrieved 55 nasopharyngeal swabs, previously analysed by a fully validated assay, from symptomatic patients or from people who have been in close contact with COVID-19 positive cases. Discordant or high discrepant cases were further analysed by a third technique. In addition, a second subset of 14 nasopharyngeal swab samples with uncertain results (cycle threshold between 37 and 40), by using the fully validated assay, from patients with viral infection beyond day 21, were retrieved.ResultsOverall, Idylla showed a sensitivity of 93.9% and a specificity of 100.0%. In addition, in the additional 14 nasopharyngeal swab samples, only five (35.7%) featured a positive result by the Idylla SARS-CoV-2 Test.ConclusionsWe demonstrated that the Idylla SARS-CoV-2 Test may represent a valid, fast, highly sensitive and specific RT-PCR test for the identification of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Temporal patterns and ecosystem correlates of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) migration phenology in the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Agha Mickey , Losee James P. , Litz Marisa N.C. , Smith Craig , Schaffler Jason J. , Patton William S. , Dufault Aaron M. , Madel Gabe M. 
Published: April 2021

Understanding and quantifying migration phenology of commercially harvested Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) is a cornerstone for managing sustainable populations. Here, we use a multidecadal data time series together with a hypothesis-driven framework to evaluate migration phenology in adult fall and winter ecotype chum salmon (O. keta) in a poorly studied but highly managed system — the South Puget Sound (SPS) of Washington State, USA. Using generalized additive mixed models that accounted for temporal autoregressive dynamics, we examined the effect of commercial harvest, climate variation, intraspecific density dependence, and predator buffering on migration timing and run duration. SPS chum salmon are migrating earlier over time, especially the winter ecotype that showed the strongest temporal shift from historical timing. Migration timing shifts were closely associated with regional marine climate regimes, local scale freshwater availability, and increasing pinniped abundance. We conclude that there is potential for the winter ecotype migration converging with that of the fall ecotype and that directional change in migration phenology may be driven by a unique combination of ecosystem factors.
Prescription rules of Qingzhu Fu, Ziming Chen, and Qian Wu for threatened miscarriage based on traditional Chinese medicine inheritance auxiliary platform
Authors: Liu Xiaoyu , Lin Jing , Wang Qing , Xiao Siyao , Wang Ling 
Published: April 2021

Background: To explore the prescription rules of famous ancient physicians in the treatment of threatened miscarriage. Methods: Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) prescriptions for threatened miscarriage were screened out of Fu Ren Da Quan Liang Fang by Ziming Chen, Yi Zong Jin Jian by Qian Wu, and Fu Qing Zhu Nv Ke by Qingzhu Fu. Data were standardized and analyzed through the TCM inheritance auxiliary platform. Results: A total of 29 prescriptions for threatened miscarriage were screened. Dang Gui, E Jiao, Gan Cao, Chuan Xiong, Bai Shao were the top five frequently prescribed Chinese herbs. The common herb–herb combinations used by Ziming Chen contained E Jiao, Dang Gui, Chuan Xiong, Ai Ye, Cong Bai, and Sang Ji Sheng. Ren Shen, Gan Cao, and Bai Zhu were the common herbal groups used by Qingzhu Fu. Huang Qi, Shu Di Huang, Bai Shao, Dang Gui, and Gan Cao were one of Qian Wu’s core prescriptions, with Dang Gui and Chuan Xiong being the others. According to the analysis of four Qi, five flavors, and meridian tropism of the prescriptions, herbs with the warm nature, or with the sweet, pungent, bitter flavors topped the list of application. The top six meridian tropisms of high-frequency herbs were: liver, spleen, lung, kidney, heart, and stomach meridian. Conclusion: Based on the principle of restoring the balance within the organs and enriching Qi and blood, clinical treatment of threatened miscarriage involves invigorating the Chong and Ren channels, nourishing Yin, dispelling cold and wind, generating and activating blood, regulating and harmonizing Qi.
Global Carboniferous brachiopod biostratigraphy
Authors: Angiolini Lucia , Cisterna Gabriela A. , Mottequin Bernard , Shen Shu-Zhong , Muttoni Giovanni 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We present an updated look at Carboniferous brachiopod biozonation from most of the world framed into a revised Carboniferous palaeogeography, based on a selection of the literature published on Carboniferous brachiopods since the nineteenth century. The biostratigraphic significance of the most important brachiopod taxa is synthesized in seven geographical correlations.

The Mississippian is characterized by rich brachiopod faunas, with widespread taxa with a good potential for global correlation, such as
Rugosochonetes
,
Delepinea
,
Buxtonia
,
Antiquatonia
,
Spinocarinifera
,
Marginatia
,
Fluctuaria
,
Ovatia
,
Rhipidomella
,
Lamellosathyris
,
Unispirifer
,
Tylothyris
and
Syringothyris
.

From the mid-Visean to the late Serpukhovian, taxa of gigantoproductidines are biostratigraphically significant, and occur everywhere except South America and Australia, which remain as distinct faunal successions for most of the period. A major turnover occurs at the beginning of the Pennsylvanian, characterized by a higher degree of provincialism. Pennsylvanian brachiopod faunas are diverse in China, Russia and North America, but otherwise they are less developed and are characterized mostly by endemic taxa, hampering long-distance correlation. An exception is the rapid diversification of taxa of the Choristitinae, which were widespread from the Bashkirian to the Moscovian, allowing long-distance correlation.
Multimodal Molecular Imaging Detects Early Responses to Immune Checkpoint Blockade
Authors: Saida Yu , Brender Jeffrey R. , Yamamoto Kazutoshi , Mitchell James B. , Krishna Murali C. , Kishimoto Shun 
Published: April 2021

AbstractImmune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has become a standard therapy for several cancers, however, the response to ICB is inconsistent and a method for noninvasive assessment has not been established to date. To investigate the capability of multimodal imaging to evaluate treatment response to ICB therapy, hyperpolarized 13C MRI using [1–13C] pyruvate and [1,4–13C2] fumarate and dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) MRI was evaluated to detect early changes in tumor glycolysis, necrosis, and intratumor perfusion/permeability, respectively. Mouse tumor models served as platforms for high (MC38 colon adenocarcinoma) and low (B16-F10 melanoma) sensitivity to dual ICB of PD-L1 and CTLA4. Glycolytic flux significantly decreased following treatment only in the less sensitive B16-F10 tumors. Imaging [1,4–13C2] fumarate conversion to [1,4–13C2] malate showed a significant increase in necrotic cell death following treatment in the ICB-sensitive MC38 tumors, with essentially no change in B16-F10 tumors. DCE-MRI showed significantly increased perfusion/permeability in MC38-treated tumors, whereas a similar, but statistically nonsignificant, trend was observed in B16-F10 tumors. When tumor volume was also taken into consideration, each imaging biomarker was linearly correlated with future survival in both models. These results suggest that hyperpolarized 13C MRI and DCE MRI may serve as useful noninvasive imaging markers to detect early response to ICB therapy.Significance:Hyperpolarized 13C MRI and dynamic contrast enhanced MRI in murine tumor models provide useful insight into evaluating early response to immune checkpoint blockade therapy.See related commentary by Cullen and Keshari, p. 3444
Answers Are in the Blood: cfDNA to Enhance Precision Medicine for Breast Cancer
Authors: Rugo Hope S. , Huppert Laura 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Identification of biomarkers to drive treatment using cell-free DNA allows dynamic and safe assessment of tumor biology representing an important advance adding to tissue-based genotyping. Caution must be exercised interpreting commercial matching information as validation is often lacking, and true matching is feasible in a minority of patients.
See related article by Vidula et al., p. 3404
Risk of Major Bleeding With Potent Antiplatelet Agents After an Acute Coronary Event: A Comparison of Ticagrelor and Clopidogrel in 5116 Consecutive Patients in Clinical Practice
Authors: Mullen Liam , Meah Mohammed N. , Elamin Ahmed , Aggarwal Suneil , Shahzad Adeel , Shaw Matthew , Hasara Jaroslav , Rashid Muhammad , Fisher Michael , Ali Turab , Patel Billal , Ding Wern Y. , Grainger Ruth , Heseltine Thomas , Kirmani Bilal H. , Obeidat Mohammed , Kasolo Yande , Thatchil Jecko , Khand Aleem 
Published: April 2021

Background
Major bleeding after acute coronary syndrome predicts a poor outcome but is challenging to define. The choice of antiplatelet influences bleeding risk.

Methods and Results

Major bleeding, subsequent myocardial infarction (MI), and all‐cause mortality to 1 year were compared in consecutive patients with acute coronary syndrome treated with clopidogrel (n=2491 between 2011 and 2013) and ticagrelor (n=2625 between 2012 and 2015) in 5 English hospitals. Clinical outcomes were identified from national hospital episode statistics. Bleeding and MI events were independently adjudicated by 2 experienced clinicians, blinded to drug, sequence, and year. Bleeding events were categorized using Bleeding Academic Research Consortium 3 to 5 and PLATO (Platelet Inhibition and Patient Outcomes) criteria and MI by the Third Universal Definition. Multivariable regression analysis was used to adjust outcomes for case mix. The median age was 68 years and 34% were women. 39% underwent percutaneous coronary intervention and 13% coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Clinical outcome data were 100% complete for bleeding and 99.7% for MI. No statistically significant difference was seen in crude or adjusted major bleeding for ticagrelor compared with clopidogrel (Bleeding Academic Research Consortium 3–5, hazard ratio [HR], 1.23; 95% CI, 0.90–1.68;
P
=0.2, PLATO major adjusted HR, 1.30; 95% CI, 0.98–1.74;
P
=0.07) except in the non‐coronary artery bypass graft cohort (n=4464), where bleeding was more frequent with ticagrelor (Bleeding Academic Research Consortium 3–5, adjusted HR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.09–2.31;
P
=0.017; and PLATO major HR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.18–2.37;
P
=0.004). There was no difference in crude or adjusted subsequent MI (adjusted HR, 1.20; 95% CI, 0.87–1.64;
P
=0.27). Crude mortality was higher in the clopidogrel group but not after adjustment, using either Cox proportional hazards or propensity matched population (HR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.76–1.10;
P
=0.21) as was the case for stroke (HR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.52–1.32;
P
=0.42).

Conclusions
This observational study indicates that the apparent benefit of ticagrelor demonstrated in a clinical trial population may not be observed in the broader population encountered in clinical practice.

Registration

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
; Unique identifier: NCT02484924.
Conditioning Constructs: A Psychological Theory of International Negotiated Cooperation
Authors: Xian Rachel 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Political psychology and social constructivism exist in an “ideational alliance” against realism; however, both have overlooked behavioral conditioning, the basis of animal learning. Through six stages situated in international negotiation behaviors, the theory of Conditioning Constructs shows how behavioral conditioning can take parties from specific to diffuse reciprocity, rationalist to constructivist cooperation, and crisis to durable peace. In stages 1, 2 and 3, parties use negotiated agreements to exit prisoner’s dilemmas, continuously reinforce cooperation during agreement implementation, and satiate to rewards as initial implementation finalizes. In stages 4, 5 and 6, parties receive fresh rewards with new negotiations, undergo intermittent reinforcement with periodic agreements thereafter, and finally attribute cooperative behavior to actor constructs. Conditioning Constructs demonstrates that agency is possible in socially constructed structures through willful participation in conditioning through negotiation; and that, while Anatol Rapoport’s tit-for-tat strategy is suited to initial cooperation, intermittent reinforcement better preserves late-stage cooperation.
Applying Global History
Authors: Thompson Graeme A. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The Covid-19 crisis has prompted ongoing debates over the implications of the pandemic for the future of globalization, international order, and the deepening U.S.–China strategic rivalry. Too often, however, these debates betray a disinclination to think historically about the nature of globalization. Yet globalization has deep historical roots, and its development and periodic crises throughout history have been closely linked to shifting geopolitical conditions. This article therefore argues and seeks to demonstrate that “global history,” with its roots in the study of empires and transnational integration, provides a useful intellectual framework for better understanding the powerful forces currently reshaping the international system—most significantly geopolitical competition and economic decoupling between the United States and China in the age of Covid-19.
Constraining Ice Water Content of Thin Antarctic Cirrus Clouds Using Ground-Based Lidar and Satellite Data
Authors: Alexander S. P. , Klekociuk A. R. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe combine observations of optically thin cirrus clouds made by lidar at Davis, Antarctica (69°S, 78°E), during 14–15 June 2011 with a microphysical retrieval algorithm to constrain the ice water content (IWC) of these clouds. The cirrus clouds were embedded in a tropopause jet that flowed around a ridge of high pressure extending southward over Davis from the Southern Ocean. Cloud optical depths were 0.082 ± 0.001, and subvisual cirrus were present during 11% of the observation period. The macrophysical cirrus cloud properties obtained during this case study are consistent with those previously reported at lower latitudes. MODIS satellite imagery and AIRS surface temperature data are used as inputs into a radiative transfer model in order to constrain the IWC and ice water path of the cirrus. The derived cloud IWC is consistent with in situ observations made at other locations but at similarly cold temperatures. The optical depths derived from the model agree with those calculated directly from the lidar data. This study demonstrates the value of a combination of ground-based lidar observations and a radiative transfer model in constraining microphysical cloud parameters that could be utilized at locations where other lidar measurements are made.
Interdecadal Changes in the Impact of the Philippine Sea Anticyclone on Boreal Winter Precipitation in Southwestern China
Authors: KE ZONGJIAN , JIANG XINGWEN , FENG JINMING , WANG ZUNYA 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn the last two decades, southwestern China (SWC) has experienced severe droughts, which are always accompanied by severe deficiencies in precipitation. In this study, we found that the interannual variability in boreal winter precipitation in SWC is modulated by the Philippine Sea anomalous anticyclone (PSAC). The interannual relationship between the PSAC and SWC precipitation experienced an interdecadal change around the early 1980s. The correlation between them was enhanced in the period from 1981 to 2001 (P2) compared to the period from 1961 to 1980 (P1). In P1, the moisture transported by the PSAC mainly affected eastern China, as the PSAC was located over the northern Philippine Sea, and the moisture budget of SWC was dominated by moisture transport at the western boundary. The PSAC, however, strengthened and shifted southwestward in P2, accompanied by a deepened India-Burma trough. As such, the PSAC transported moist air from the western North Pacific and the Indian Ocean into SWC through its southern boundary. Meanwhile, the stronger PSAC in P2 was accompanied by an upper-level convergence from the western North Pacific to the Bay of Bengal, which induced an upper-level divergence and ascending motion over SWC. Thus, the PSAC caused a significant increase in precipitation in P2. Stronger air-sea interactions in the western North Pacific induced by the El Niño–Southern Oscillation may be responsible for the enhancement and southwestward shift of the PSAC in P2 compared to that in P1.
Initial Experience Treating HPV-Related Laryngeal Diseases with Oral Brincidofovir: A Pilot Study
Authors: Richardson Brent E. 
Published: April 2021

Objective: To determine if brincidofovir, an oral analog of cidofovir that achieves high tissue levels of the active metabolite with low systemic toxicity, has an observable effect on HPV-related disease of the larynx. Methods: Two patients with laryngeal recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (one each of genotypes 6 and 11) and 1 with recurring aryepiglottic fold carcinoma in situ (genotype 16) received oral brincidofovir according to protocol. Close-range videoendoscopic examinations were done during and after the study period to observe disease behavior in the absence of other interventions, and after subsequent surgical intervention. Disease character and magnitude of recurrence for each patient were compared to their patterns prior to brincidofovir. Results: Brincidofovir reduced papilloma burden in 1 patient and markedly attenuated the rate and magnitude of recurrence in both. After surgical intervention, Patient 1 remains disease-free at 10 years (7 years from last intervention) and Patient 2 has no symptoms at 8 years. Patient 3 with recurring carcinoma in situ has required less frequent resections and specimens show reduced degrees of dysplasia present only in islands amid normal mucosa at 8 years (currently no evidence of disease at 21 months from last intervention). Conclusion: Brincidofovir appears to attenuate HPV disease of the larynx in this small pilot study, though further investigation is required because of the highly variable nature of the disease and potential confounding factors.
So Many Phish, So Little Time: Exploring Email Task Factors and Phishing Susceptibility
Authors: Sarno Dawn M. , Neider Mark B. 
Published: April 2021

Objective The present studies examine how task factors (e.g., email load, phishing prevalence) influence email performance. Background Phishing emails are a paramount cybersecurity threat for the modern email user. Research attempting to understand how users are susceptible to phishing attacks has been limited and has not fully explored how task factors (e.g., prevalence, email load) influence accurate detection. Method In three experiments, participants classified emails as either legitimate or not legitimate and reported on a variety of other categorizations. The first two experiments examined how email load and phishing prevalence influence phishing detection independently. The third experiment examined the interaction of these two factors to determine whether they have compounding effects. All three experiments utilized individual difference variables to examine how cognitive, behavioral, and personality factors may influence classifications. Results Experiment 1 suggests that high email load can make the task appear more challenging. Experiment 2 indicates that low phishing prevalence can decrease sensitivity for phishing emails. Experiment 3 demonstrates that high levels of email load can decrease classification accuracy under 50/50 prevalence rates. Notably, performance was poor across all experiments, with phishing detection near chance levels and low discriminability for emails. Participants demonstrated poor metacognition with over confidence, low self-reported difficulty, and low perceived threat for the emails. Conclusion Overall, the present studies suggest that high email load and low phishing prevalence can influence email classifications. Application Organizations and researchers should consider the influences of both email load and phishing prevalence when implementing phishing interventions.
Cooperation in the Culture of Death
Authors: Noonan John T. 
Published: April 2021

The article reflects on the nature of moral choices and acts that participate in what John Paul II identified as a “culture of death.” As social beings, our actions are tied to a “chain of cooperators” (i.e., fellow agents), and because of these unavoidable connections, Noonan argues that assessing whether or how a particular act culpably cooperates in a culture of death requires a casuist regard. He shows how casuists like Alphonsus Liguori, when assessing situations that force upon individuals the choice between costly self-sacrifice or acting so as to contribute to undesirable evils, took account of the human agent’s fallen context and the particularities of the case—including intention, proximity, foreseeable results, and the gravity of those results—to argue for the liceity of the less heroic alternative. This article was originally given as an address under the same title at the University of Notre Dame’s Center of Ethics and Culture in 2000. Noonan’s examination of how our actions cooperate, or not, in a culture of death remains as valuable for us today as it was when he first delivered it. The journal expresses its gratitude to Cathleen Kaveny for bringing this work to our attention and to Mary Lee Noonan, the late judge’s widow, for allowing us to publish it. The original text has been lightly edited to bring it into conformity with journal style, correct minor typos, and supply missing details in Noonan’s bibliographic references. In addition, the editors have added a few contemporary updates (noted as such).