bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Democracy Works within a Populist Party: Candidate Selection in the Alternative for Germany
Authors: Höhne Benjamin 
Published: September 2021

AbstractDoes the demand for more direct democracy by populist parties have any implications for their internal decision-making? To answer this question, a novel large-scale research project analyses the 2017 candidate selection of all Bundestag parties, including the populist Alternative for Germany. Some 1,334 individual nominations of seven parties are compared using quantitative indicators along three dimensions of intra-party democracy (IPD): competition between aspirants for candidacy, inclusion of members and nomination-related communication. It shows that the AfD is living up to its promise of practising grassroots democracy: in all results it ranks at the top by a wide margin. A new populist organizational model seems to have emerged following neither the classic hierarchical and leader-oriented mode of many other European right-wing populist parties nor the delegate assembly mode typical of German parties. Our further development of IPD concepts, newly elaborated measuring methods and surprising empirical evidence improve the understanding of democratic decision-making in populist parties.
Does Conjoint Analysis Mitigate Social Desirability Bias?
Authors: Horiuchi Yusaku , Markovich Zachary , Yamamoto Teppei 
Published: September 2021

AbstractHow can we elicit honest responses in surveys? Conjoint analysis has become a popular tool to address social desirability bias (SDB), or systematic survey misreporting on sensitive topics. However, there has been no direct evidence showing its suitability for this purpose. We propose a novel experimental design to identify conjoint analysis’s ability to mitigate SDB. Specifically, we compare a standard, fully randomized conjoint design against a partially randomized design where only the sensitive attribute is varied between the two profiles in each task. We also include a control condition to remove confounding due to the increased attention to the varying attribute under the partially randomized design. We implement this empirical strategy in two studies on attitudes about environmental conservation and preferences about congressional candidates. In both studies, our estimates indicate that the fully randomized conjoint design could reduce SDB for the average marginal component effect (AMCE) of the sensitive attribute by about two-thirds of the AMCE itself. Although encouraging, we caution that our results are exploratory and exhibit some sensitivity to alternative model specifications, suggesting the need for additional confirmatory evidence based on the proposed design.
Sinuous stromatolites of the Chandi Formation, Chattisgarh Basin, India: their origin and implications for Mesoproterozoic seawater
Authors: Słowakiewicz Mirosław , Banerjee Amlan , Patranabis-Deb Sarbani , Kumar Deb Gautam , Tucker Maurice E. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractRemnants of some of the planet’s most ancient life forms, stromatolites in the late Mesoproterozoic sea of the Chattisgarh Basin, India, preserve a conspicuous sinuous pattern. They occur as successive biostromes, 10–30 cm thick, separated by 2–5-cm-thick marly layers and discrete bioherms up to several metres thick and 20 m across. Stromatolite columns in the Chandi Formation are 5–10 cm high, sinuous, inclined and straight, with both branched and non-branched types. These stromatolites are composed of calcite micrite and show well defined light and dark laminae with evidence of erosion between lamina sets. The column sinuosity probably originated as a response to changes in direction and strength of currents. Successive flat beds of stromatolite (biostromes), separated by marl/clay horizons, impart a rhythmic pattern to the succession. The Chandi sinuous stromatolite columns resemble those occurring in China, North America and Siberia, of a comparable age, suggesting that similar marine conditions of stromatolite formation might have been operating in the late Mesoproterozoic seas worldwide. However, the petrographic and sedimentological analyses of these stromatolites indicate their development throughin situproduction of carbonate with some trapping and binding of detrital sediment. As a result of the presence of terrigenous material within the stromatolites, whole-rock geochemical analyses for trace elements and rare earth elements cannot be used for interpretation of seawater chemistry and the redox conditions at the time.
Protein kinase A regulation of pigment granule motility in retinal pigment epithelial cells from fish, Lepomis spp.
Authors: Leitner Nicole E. , King-Smith Christina 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Retinomotor movements include elongation and contraction of rod and cone photoreceptors, and mass migration of melanin-containing pigment granules (melanosomes) of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) within the eyes of fish, frogs, and other lower vertebrates. Eyes of these animals do not contain dilatable pupils; therefore the repositioning of the rods and cones and a moveable curtain of pigment granules serve to modulate light intensity within the eye. RPE from sunfish (Lepomis spp.) can be isolated from the eye and dissociated into single cells, allowing in vitro studies of the cytoskeletal and regulatory mechanisms of organelle movement. Pigment granule aggregation from distal tips of apical projections into the cell body can be triggered by the application of underivatized cAMP, and dispersion is effected by cAMP washout in the presence of dopamine. While the phenomenon of cAMP-dependent pigment granule aggregation in isolated RPE was described many years ago, whether cAMP acts through the canonical cAMP-PKA pathway to stimulate motility has never been demonstrated. Here, we show that pharmacological inhibition of PKA blocks pigment granule aggregation, and microinjection of protein kinase A catalytic subunit triggers pigment granule aggregation. Treatment with a cAMP agonist that activates the Rap GEF, Epac (Effector protein activated by cAMP), had no effect on pigment granule position. Taken together, these results confirm that cAMP activates RPE pigment granule motility by the canonical cAMP-PKA pathway. Isolated RPE cells labeled with antibodies against PKA RIIα and against PKA-phosphorylated serine/threonine amino acids show diffuse, punctate labeling throughout the RPE cell body and apical projections. Immunoblotting of RPE lysates using the anti-PKA substrate antibody demonstrated seven prominent bands; two bands in particular at 27 and 64 kD showed increased levels of phosphorylation in the presence of cAMP, indicating their phosphorylation could contribute to the pigment granule aggregation mechanism.
Strictifying and taming directed paths in Higher Dimensional Automata
Authors: Raussen Martin 
Published: September 2021

AbstractDirected paths have been used by several authors to describe concurrent executions of a program. Spaces of directed paths in an appropriate state space contain executions with all possible legal schedulings. It is interesting to investigate whether one obtains different topological properties of such a space of executions if one restricts attention to schedulings with “nice” properties, e.g. involving synchronisations. This note shows that this is not the case, i.e. that one may operate with nice schedulings without inflicting any harm. Several of the results in this note had previously been obtained by Ziemiański in Ziemiański (2017. Applicable Algebra in Engineering, Communication and Computing28 497–525; 2020a. Journal of Applied and Computational Topology4 (1) 45–78). We attempt to make them accessible for a wider audience by giving an easier proof for these findings by an application of quite elementary results from algebraic topology; notably the nerve lemma.
When neurologists diagnose functional neurological disorder, why don’t they code for it?
Authors: Herbert Lorena DoVal , Kim Rachel , Hassan Asim A.O. , Wilkinson-Smith Alison , Waugh Jeff L. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundClinicians who recognize functional neurological disorders (FND) may not share that diagnosis with patients. Poor communication delays treatment and contributes to substantial disability in FND. Diagnostic (ICD-10) coding, one form of medical communication, offers an insight into clinicians’ face-to-face communication. Therefore, quantifying the phenomenon of noncoding, and identifying beliefs and practice habits that reduce coding, may suggest routes to improve medical communication in FND.MethodsWe reviewed all pediatric neurology consultations in our hospital from 2017 to 2020, selecting those in which neurologists explicitly stated an FND-related diagnosis (N = 57). We identified the neurological symptoms and ICD-10 codes assigned for each consultation. In parallel, we reviewed all encounters that utilized FND-related codes to determine whether insurers paid for this care. Finally, we assessed beliefs and practices that influence FND-related coding through a nationwide survey of pediatric neurologists (N = 460).ResultsAfter diagnosing FND, neurologists selected FND-related ICD-10 codes in only 22.8% of consultations. 96.2% of neurologists estimated that they would code for non-epileptic seizure when substantiated by electroencephalography; in practice, they coded for 36.7% of such consultations. For other FND manifestations, neurologists coded in only 13.3% of cases. When presented with FND and non-FND scenarios with equal levels of information, neurologists coded for FND 41% less often. The strongest predictor of noncoding was the outdated belief that FND is a diagnosis of exclusion. Coding for FND never resulted in insurance nonpayment.ConclusionNoncoding for FND is common. Most factors that amplify noncoding also hinder face-to-face communication. Research based on ICD-10 coding (eg, prevalence and cost) may underestimate the impact of FND by >fourfold.
Detection and Localization of Eu on Biosilica by Analytical Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Hieckmann Ellen , Kammerlander Kaitlin K K , Köhler Lydia , Neumann Laura , Saager Stefan , Albanis Nico , Hutsch Thomas , Seifert Frank , Brunner Eike 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Algae like diatoms are widely studied as a means to remediate anthropogenically contaminated sites. In the present study, CL (cathodoluminescence) and EDX (energy-dispersive X-ray) spectroscopy in an SEM (scanning electron microscope) were optimized for the detection of Eu(III) sorbed on diatom biosilica. The required stability of biosilica under a focused electron beam was extensively investigated. Using experimentally determined data of thermal properties, the temperature increase within biosilica exposed to an electron beam was simulated by finite element calculations based on results from Monte Carlo simulations of electron scattering. Complementary thermogravimetric studies substantiated a chemical stability of biosilica in a wide temperature range, confirming its suitability for long-lasting SEM investigations. In subsequent EDX measurements, characteristic Eu lines were detected. Eu was found to preferentially accumulate and aggregate on silica fragments. CL spectra were obtained for the Eu(III) reference material, EuCl3. For Eu-loaded biosilica, even parts without detectable Eu signal in the EDX spectra show significant Eu(III) signals in the CL spectra. This highlights the sensitivity of CL in studying f-element sorption. CL data showed that Eu(III) was distributed on the entire surface. In conclusion, this work demonstrates the merit of CL and EDX methods for sorption studies on biogenic materials.
The Rule of Climate Policy: How Do Chinese Judges Contribute to Climate Governance without Climate Law?
Authors: Zhu Mingzhe 
Published: September 2021

AbstractChina's climate governance is distinguished by the contrast between an abundance of policies on climate change and the lack of legally binding laws. This article argues that Chinese courts bridge this difference, which fosters a ‘rule of climate policy’ rather than a strict rule of law. The effective authority of Chinese climate policy is made possible in practice both by provisions of the Chinese Constitution and the prevailing use of legal reasoning. China's constitutional design of ‘ecological civilization’ delegates the duty and the power of managing climate change issues to the executive branch of its government. Most Chinese documents on climate governance have no binding legal force, which means, according to positive law, that they cannot serve as legal grounds for judicial decisions. Chinese judges, in deciding climate-related disputes, must combine legal provisions and non-binding materials to achieve regulatory goals. They use non-legal materials to support statutory or contractual interpretations and determine the existence or limits of rights, which alters the meaning and scope of existing legal terms and principles. This rule of climate policy is possible in the courtroom because judges justify public policy considerations with arguments of principle that are substantiated in various non-binding climate plans.
Impact of Langmuir Turbulence, Wave Breaking, and Stokes Drift on Upper Ocean Dynamics Under Hurricane Conditions
Authors: Hughes Colin J. , Liu Guoqiang , Perrie William , Sheng Jinyu 
Published: September 2021

AbstractOcean surface gravity waves can modulate the upper ocean circulation and vertical mixing through air‐sea interactions, wave breaking, Coriolis‐Stokes forcing, Langmuir turbulence and the grid resolved vortex force. However, the roles of these wave induced processes remain uncertain under hurricane conditions. This study examines the impact of these surface wave associated dynamics on the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), thermal structure and currents in the upper ocean under idealized hurricane forcing using a coupled wave‐circulation model. Eight experiments were conducted with hurricanes moving at three translational speeds. The simulations include two fully coupled experiments and five additional coupled experiments in which wave effects are selectively disabled. All coupled experiments are compared with a baseline circulation simulation. Consistent with previous studies, our results indicate that Langmuir turbulence has the biggest impact on upper ocean currents, temperature and TKE during hurricanes. However, all considered wave effects contribute to vertical mixing and the two‐way fully coupled experiment differs the most from the baseline experiment. The combined wave effects reduce the surface currents by over 0.8 m/s in the front two quadrants of the slow hurricane and enhance the cold wake and near‐surface cooling by as much as 0.6°C, predominantly to the right of the storm track. The wave contributions to the cooling are inversely related to the hurricane translational speed, although their contributions to currents and TKE are correlated with hurricane translational speed. SST differences can alter the latent heat flux driving hurricanes, suggesting that wave dynamics should be included in hurricane forecast models.
Functional independence in the Finnish spinal cord injury population
Authors: Majamäki Kirsi , Tallqvist Susanna , Vainionpää Aki , Koskinen Eerika , Kauppila Anna-Maija , Bergman Paula , Anttila Heidi , Hämäläinen Harri , Täckman Anni , Kallinen Mauri , Arokoski Jari , Hiekkala Sinikka 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Study design
A cross-sectional survey of the Finnish population with spinal cord injury (FinSCI database).

Objectives
To describe the functional independence of the population with spinal cord injury (SCI) in Finland and to identify how generic and lesion characteristics affect their functional independence.

Setting
The participants were recruited from the registers of three SCI outpatient clinics responsible for lifelong follow-up and care for people with SCI in Finland.

Methods
The data were retrieved from FinSCI (n = 1772). The response rate was 50% (n = 884). The Spinal Cord Independence Measure-Self Report (SCIM-SR) was used. The data were analyzed with univariate testing, factor analyses, and multiple linear regression models.

Results
The median (percentiles 25; 75) SCIM-SR total score was 76.0 (58.8; 89.0), and the score was 18.0 (13.0; 20:0) for the self-care sub-scale, 33.0 (25.0; 39.0) for the respiration and sphincter management sub-scale and 29.0 (16.0; 36.8) for the mobility sub-scale. The higher the neurological level in groups AIS A, B, and C, the lower the functional ability. Group AIS D at any injury level had the highest level of functional ability. Age and the number of years since injury negatively influenced the SCIM-SR scores for every sub-scale.

Conclusion
Based on the International Spinal Cord Injury Core Data Set, the severity of SCI can differentiate persons with SCI according to their functional ability. The results suggest that SCI affects individuals’ health more than ageing alone does, thereby reducing the functional ability and independence of persons with SCI over time.
Cortical structure and the risk for Alzheimer’s disease: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study
Authors: Wu Bang-Sheng , Zhang Ya-Ru , Li Hong-Qi , Kuo Kevin , Chen Shi-Dong , Dong Qiang , Liu Yong , Yu Jin-Tai 
Published: September 2021

AbstractProgressive loss of neurons in a specific brain area is one of the manifestations of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Much effort has been devoted to investigating brain atrophy and AD. However, the causal relationship between cortical structure and AD is not clear. We conducted a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis to investigate the causal relationship between cortical structure (surface area and thickness of the whole cortex and 34 cortical regions) and AD risk. Genetic variants used as instruments came from a large genome-wide association meta-analysis of cortical structure (33,992 participants of European ancestry) and AD (AD and AD-by-proxy, 71,880 cases, 383,378 controls). We found suggestive associations of the decreased surface area of the temporal pole (OR (95% CI): 0.95 (0.9, 0.997), p = 0.04), and decreased thickness of cuneus (OR (95% CI): 0.93 (0.89, 0.98), p = 0.006) with higher AD risk. We also found a suggestive association of vulnerability to AD with the decreased surface area of precentral (β (SE): –43.4 (21.3), p = 0.042) and isthmus cingulate (β (SE): –18.5 (7.3), p = 0.011). However, none of the Bonferroni-corrected p values of the causal relationship between cortical structure and AD met the threshold. We show suggestive evidence of an association of the atrophy of the temporal pole and cuneus with higher AD risk. In the other direction, there was a suggestive causal relationship between vulnerability to AD and the decreased surface area of the precentral and isthmus cingulate. Our findings shed light on the associations of cortical structure with the occurrence of AD.
The LOVD3 platform: efficient genome-wide sharing of genetic variants
Authors: Fokkema Ivo F.A.C. , Kroon Mark , López Hernández Julia A. , Asscheman Daan , Lugtenburg Ivar , Hoogenboom Jerry , den Dunnen Johan T. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractGene variant databases are the backbone of DNA-based diagnostics. These databases, also called Locus-Specific DataBases (LSDBs), store information on variants in the human genome and the observed phenotypic consequences. The largest collection of public databases uses the free, open-source LOVD software platform. To cope with the current demand for online databases, we have entirely redesigned the LOVD software. LOVD3 is genome-centered and can be used to store summary variant data, as well as full case-level data with information on individuals, phenotypes, screenings, and variants. While built on a standard core, the software is highly flexible and allows personalization to cope with the largely different demands of gene/disease database curators. LOVD3 follows current standards and includes tools to check variant descriptions, generate HTML files of reference sequences, predict the consequences of exon deletions/duplications on the reading frame, and link to genomic views in the different genomes browsers. It includes APIs to collect and submit data. The software is used by about 100 databases, of which 56 public LOVD instances are registered on our website and together contain 1,000,000,000 variant observations in 1,500,000 individuals. 42 LOVD instances share data with the federated LOVD data network containing 3,000,000 unique variants in 23,000 genes. This network can be queried directly, quickly identifying LOVD instances containing relevant information on a searched variant.
Fatal attraction of Caenorhabditis elegans to predatory fungi through 6-methyl-salicylic acid
Authors: Yu Xi , Hu Xiaodi , Pop Maria , Wernet Nicole , Kirschhöfer Frank , Brenner-Weiß Gerald , Keller Julia , Bunzel Mirko , Fischer Reinhard 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSalicylic acid is a phenolic phytohormone which controls plant growth and development. A methyl ester (MSA) derivative thereof is volatile and involved in plant-insect or plant-plant communication. Here we show that the nematode-trapping fungus Duddingtonia flagrans uses a methyl-salicylic acid isomer, 6-MSA as morphogen for spatiotemporal control of trap formation and as chemoattractant to lure Caenorhabditis elegans into fungal colonies. 6-MSA is the product of a polyketide synthase and an intermediate in the biosynthesis of arthrosporols. The polyketide synthase (ArtA), produces 6-MSA in hyphal tips, and is uncoupled from other enzymes required for the conversion of 6-MSA to arthrosporols, which are produced in older hyphae. 6-MSA and arthrosporols both block trap formation. The presence of nematodes inhibits 6-MSA and arthrosporol biosyntheses and thereby enables trap formation. 6-MSA and arthrosporols are thus morphogens with some functions similar to quorum-sensing molecules. We show that 6-MSA is important in interkingdom communication between fungi and nematodes.
Achieving ultrahigh instantaneous power density of 10 MW/m2 by leveraging the opposite-charge-enhanced transistor-like triboelectric nanogenerator (OCT-TENG)
Authors: Wu Hao , Wang Steven , Wang Zuankai , Zi Yunlong 
Published: September 2021

AbstractConverting various types of ambient mechanical energy into electricity, triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has attracted worldwide attention. Despite its ability to reach high open-circuit voltage up to thousands of volts, the power output of TENG is usually meager due to the high output impedance and low charge transfer. Here, leveraging the opposite-charge-enhancement effect and the transistor-like device design, we circumvent these limitations and develop a TENG that is capable of delivering instantaneous power density over 10 MW/m2 at a low frequency of ~ 1 Hz, far beyond that of the previous reports. With such high-power output, 180 W commercial lamps can be lighted by a TENG device. A vehicle bulb containing LEDs rated 30 W is also wirelessly powered and able to illuminate objects further than 0.9 meters away. Our results not only set a record of the high-power output of TENG but also pave the avenues for using TENG to power the broad practical electrical appliances.