bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why do humans have unique auditory event‐related fields? Evidence from computational modeling and MEG experiments
Authors: Hajizadeh Aida , Matysiak Artur , Brechmann André , König Reinhard , May Patrick J. C. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAuditory event‐related fields (ERFs) measured with magnetoencephalography (MEG) are useful for studying the neuronal underpinnings of auditory cognition in human cortex. They have a highly subject‐specific morphology, albeit certain characteristic deflections (e.g., P1m, N1m, and P2m) can be identified in most subjects. Here, we explore the reason for this subject‐specificity through a combination of MEG measurements and computational modeling of auditory cortex. We test whether ERF subject‐specificity can predominantly be explained in terms of each subject having an individual cortical gross anatomy, which modulates the MEG signal, or whether individual cortical dynamics is also at play. To our knowledge, this is the first time that tools to address this question are being presented. The effects of anatomical and dynamical variation on the MEG signal is simulated in a model describing the core‐belt‐parabelt structure of the auditory cortex, and with the dynamics based on the leaky‐integrator neuron model. The experimental and simulated ERFs are characterized in terms of the N1m amplitude, latency, and width. Also, we examine the waveform grand‐averaged across subjects, and the standard deviation of this grand average. The results show that the intersubject variability of the ERF arises out of both the anatomy and the dynamics of auditory cortex being specific to each subject. Moreover, our results suggest that the latency variation of the N1m is largely related to subject‐specific dynamics. The findings are discussed in terms of how learning, plasticity, and sound detection are reflected in the auditory ERFs. The notion of the grand‐averaged ERF is critically evaluated.
Efficacy of essential oil of cinnamon for the treatment of oral candidiasis: A randomized trial
Authors: de Araújo Maria Rejane Cruz , Maciel Panmella Pereira , Castellano Lúcio Roberto Cançado , Bonan Paulo Rogério Ferreti , Alves Danielle da Nóbrega , de Medeiros Ana Cláudia Dantas , de Castro Ricardo Dias 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAimIt was analyzed the efficacy of mouthwash and spray containing essential oil (EO) ofCinnamomum zeylanicumBlume for the treatment of oral candidiasis.Methods and resultsA randomized, controlled, and blinded clinical trial was conducted with 36 individuals (probabilistic sample) with oral candidiasis who were divided into two treatment groups:C. zeylanicum(0.5 mg/mL), n = 18; nystatin (100,000IU/mL), n = 18. The efficacy of the products was evaluated by two parameters: (a) clinical evolution recorded by calibrated examiners (Kappa = 0.822) according to Newton's classification and (b) reduction of colony‐forming units/mL. Mycological and clinical parameters were analyzed before and at 15 days after treatment. Clinical examination of the mucosa showed thatC. zeylanicum(p < 0.0339) and nystatin (p < .0139) had efficacy, resulting in a reduction of signs and symptoms (Mann‐Whitney test). Mycological analysis showed thatC. zeylanicumcaused a reduction of 61% and 33% ofCandidaspp., isolates oral mucosa and dentures, respectively.Candida tropicalisstrains were eliminated afterC. zeylanicum, in both sites. The participants reported a pleasant taste and few product‐related complaints.ConclusionC. zeylanicumEO and nystatin exhibited clinical efficacy, according to the Newton classification, and reducing inCandidaspp. The clinical trial has been registered (Registration number: NBR–33s6 × 5, ensaiosclinicos.gov.br).
Defying the Supreme Court: The Impact of Overt Resistance to Landmark Legal Rulings
Authors: Zilis Michael A. , Borne Xander 
Published: January 2021

ObjectiveTo explore the political impact of overt resistance to judicial rulings. Existing approaches to answering this question rely on a framework that overlooks important components of how resistance resonates in the modern era.MethodsFocusing on the Supreme Court's ruling in Obergefell v. Hodges and resistance by local county clerks, we model the relationship between resistance and public opinion. We demonstrate that disobedience affected the media's framing of same‐sex marriage, changing it from an issue framed primarily around equal rights to one in which alternative, anti‐same‐sex marriage frames proliferated. We then use these frames to design an externally valid survey experiment, which we administer to a national sample.ResultsWe find that resistance framing depresses support for same‐sex marriage and increases support for defying the Court.ConclusionThe findings suggest that political resistance to the judiciary continues to resonate in the modern era, although not in the ways that many assume.
Educational models of spiritual formation in theological education: Introspection‐based spiritual formation
Authors: Lu Jane I. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractGiven that spiritual formation of students is a key pursuit of theological training and in light of the evolving landscape of Christian spiritual formation, designing an effective educational model for the goal of students' formation is challenging. This article explores the educational means and factors of self‐awareness that enhance spiritual formation. Based on a review of the most recent literature, this article intends to synthesize their theories and findings to provide an introspection‐based spiritual formation model that focuses on students' self‐awareness development with the goal of spiritual formation in theological education.
ABO maternal‐child discordance: Evidence of variable allelic expression and considerations for investigation
Authors: McKnight Tristan F.P. , Strain Jonathan E. , Vege Sunitha , Lam Christina , Hubbard Eustratia M. , Kopko Patricia M. , Westhoff Connie M. , Allen Elizabeth S. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundWe report a case of apparent mother‐child ABO group noninheritance. A Caucasian mother initially typed as group O and her infant group AB. Investigation ruled out preanalytical causes such as mislabeled samples and in vitro fertilization.Materials and MethodsRed blood cells were characterized by routine serologic testing. Genomic data were analyzed by targeted polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism and Sanger sequencing. Transferase structures were modeled using PyMOL molecular visualization software.ResultsSerologic testing initially demonstrated the mother was group O, father group AB, and infant group AB. Further testing of the maternal sample with anti‐A,B demonstrated weak A expression. Molecular testing revealed the maternal sample had an ABO*O.01.01 allele in trans to an A allele, ABO*AW.29 (c.311T>A, p.Ile104Asn), determined by gene sequencing. The sample from the infant carried the same ABO*AW.29 allele in trans to a B allele, ABO*B.01.ConclusionABO genotyping revealed an A transferase encoded by ABO*AW.29, with apparent variable activity. Although A antigen expression is well known to be weak in newborns, it was robust on the red blood cells (RBCs) of the AB infant and undetectable with anti‐A on the mother. Variable expression of weak subgroups may reflect competition or enhancement by a codominant allele, as well as glycan chain maturation on red cells. Previous examples in group AB mothers with Aweak infants suggested that the decreased expression is primarily due to glycan immaturity. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of the ABO*AW.29 allele presenting with weak A expression in a group Aweak mother and robust A expression in a group AB infant, suggesting the in trans allele is an important factor in determining transferase activity and may override age‐related effects.
Fascial plane mapping for superficial tumor resection in dogs. Part I: Neck and trunk
Authors: Schroeder Mikayla M. , Skinner Owen T. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo provide qualitative fascial categories and classify the intersections of various fascial planes of the trunk of the dog to facilitate preoperative planning for superficial cancers.Study designQualitative anatomical study.Sample populationTwo male and three female mixed breed canine cadavers weighing approximately 15 to 35 kg.MethodsThe skin and subcutaneous fat were excised. Fascial planes were incised and elevated to allow exploration of their quality and borders. Fascia was categorized as type I (discrete sheets), type II (tightly adhered to thin muscles), type III (tightly adhered to thick muscles), or type IV (associated with periosteum). Photographs of specimens were digitally modified with overlays to map tissue types.ResultsDifferences between cadavers were largely associated with muscle mass or sex, with only minor anatomical differences and enough subjective similarity among specimens to allow mapping. The fasciae of the neck and trunk were predominantly type I or type II, with type III fascia at the shoulder and type IV fascia at the scapular spine, 13th rib, dorsal spinous processes, and the wing of the ilium.ConclusionThe superficial fasciae of the canine trunk were consistent among the dogs evaluated and can be classified as four broad fascial types. The population used was small, and individual variation should be considered when using these images in a clinical setting.Clinical significanceThe images and categorization of fascia and transitions between fascial layers detailed here provide a visual and written reference for surgeons to facilitate preoperative planning and excision of superficial cancers.
Full‐thickness labial flaps to reconstruct facial defects in four dogs
Authors: Pavletic Michael M. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the use of the upper lip for reconstruction of the external nose and closure of large facial defects in dogs.AnimalsFour dogs with facial defects with exposure of the underlying nasal cavity.Study designShort case series.MethodsA variation of the lip‐to‐lid technique was used to reconstruct one‐half of the external nose after resection of a mast cell tumor in one dog. A full‐thickness labial transposition flap (upper lip) was used to reconstruct facial and nasal defects exposing the nasal cavity. A cylindrical mucosal graft was employed in the restoration of nostril patency in one dog.ResultsThe lip‐to‐lid variation (also known as lip‐to‐nose) restored the right nostril and nasal planum after mast cell tumor resection in one dog. In three dogs, the nasal defects were reconstructed with full‐thickness upper labial transposition flaps. Restoration of nostril patency in one dog was also aided by the cylindrical mucosal graft.Clinical significanceThe full‐thickness labial transposition flap and the lip‐to‐lid flap variation were successfully used to reconstruct major defects of the external nose and facial defects involving the nasal cavity.ConclusionComposite flaps of the upper lip should be considered to close problematic nasocutaneous fistulas and restore function to the external nose. The upper lip provides a source of mucosa to restore patency of stenotic nares or obstructed nostrils.
Shaping Pedestrians’ Trust in Autonomous Vehicles: An Effect of Communication Style, Speed Information, and Adaptive Strategy
Authors: She Jinjuan , Neuhoff Jack , Yuan Qingcong 
Published: January 2021

AbstractCompared with conventional vehicles, autonomous vehicles (AVs) are featured by increased energy efficiency and road safety, yet hardly meet with much success without enough human trust. Designing appropriate interactions between AV and human, such as communication with pedestrians, could help enhance trust and public acceptance. In this work, we examine design characteristics of AV interface, including communication style, explicit display of vehicle speed, and adaptive strategy, and study their effects on pedestrians’ trust behaviors. It is found that any communication style could improve pedestrians’ trust in AV and decision alignment with AV expectations. Among the three communication styles, commanding and advisory are significantly better than informative, in terms of trust improvement (commanding versus informative: t = 3.61 and p &lt; 0.001; advisory versus informative: t = 2.78, p = 0.005) and decision alignment ((a) in expected cross scenarios, commanding versus informative: t = 0.35 and p &lt; 0.001; advisory versus informative: t = 11.71, p &lt; 0.001; (b) in expected not cross scenarios, commanding versus informative: t = −7.61, p &lt; 0.001; advisory versus informative: t = −6.40, p &lt; 0.001). Adding speed information on top of explicit message communication does not change the relative effectiveness of individual styles, even though the display of speed-only information has significantly improved both measures (trust: F = 9.39 and p = 0.002; decision: F = 6.04 and p = 0.015). In addition, applying an adaptive communication strategy when yielding would significantly improve pedestrians’ trust (t = 9.33 and p &lt; 0.001) and decision alignment (t = 14.78 and p &lt; 0.001). This study demonstrates the influence of design characteristics on the formation of trust relationships between pedestrians and autonomous vehicles and paves the ways for developing more advanced AV communication mechanisms.
Thermal Performance Optimization of a Parabolic Trough Collector Operating With Various Working Fluids Using Copper Nanoparticles
Authors: Abdullatif Yasser M. , Okonkwo Eric C. , Al-Ansari Tareq 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This study presents a thermal performance comparison of various working fluids operating in a parabolic trough collector. Fluids such as gases (helium, carbon dioxide, and air), liquid sodium, and liquids (pressurized water, Therminol VP1, and Syltherm 800) are evaluated. This study also examines the efficiency enhancement obtained from the dispersion of copper nanoparticles in water, Therminol VP1, and Syltherm 800 base fluids. The optimum parameters for nanoparticle concentration, volume flowrate, and inlet temperature to obtain the maximum efficiencies for each working fluid were evaluated in this study. The thermal model used in this study was modeled after the commercially available LS-2 collector, which is designed in the engineering equation solver (EES) and validated with results found in the literature. The results of the study show that the Cu/Syltherm 800 nanofluid showed the most enhancement in thermal efficiency with 0.141%, while Cu/water and Cu/Therminol VP1 had enhancements of 0.037% and 0.088% respectively.
Inertial Measurement Unit-Based Optimization Control of a Soft Exosuit for Hip Extension and Flexion Assistance
Authors: Chen Qiang , Guo Shijie , Sun Lei , Liu Qiming , Jin Shanhai 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The optimization of the assistive force of a soft exosuit is crucial to the assistive effect. In this paper, an inertial measurement unit (IMU)-based optimization controller was designed to provide effective hip extension and flexion assistance for a soft hip-assistive exosuit. The parameters of the assistive profiles that were defined by two functions were approximatively estimated based on an analysis of biological hip power, and then optimized in real time using the hip angles measured by two IMUs bound to the thighs of the wearer. The peak and offset timings were determined using the parameters of the previous gait, while the start and stop points were determined from those of the current gait. Confirmation experiment was conducted in which four subjects were tested to demonstrate the validity of the optimization by applying the optimized parameters to the soft exosuit developed by the authors' group. Two of the subjects completed the outdoor walking test at a self-determined pace while carrying a load of 15 kg. All the subjects conducted the walking test on a treadmill at a constant speed of 1.53 m/s with the same load. The results showed that the proposed optimization controller worked well without considering individual differences. In the outdoor walking test, the wearer's natural gait could be maintained by applying the optimized assistive forces. In the treadmill walking test, metabolic rate with assistance turned on was reduced by 8.53 ± 2.65% (average ± SEM) compared with the result of assistance turned off.
Physiological and Metabolic Responses to Exercise on Treadmill, Elliptical Trainer, and Stepper: Practical Implications for Training
Authors: Bosch Andrew N. , Flanagan Kirsten C. , Eken Maaike M. , Withers Adrian , Burger Jana , Lamberts Robert P. 
Published: January 2021

Elliptical trainers and steppers are proposed as useful exercise modalities in the rehabilitation of injured runners due to the reduced stress on muscles and joints when compared to running. This study compared the physiological responses to submaximal running (treadmill) with exercise on the elliptical trainer and stepper devices at three submaximal but identical workloads. Authors had 18 trained runners (male/female: N = 9/9, age: mean ± SD = 23 ± 3 years) complete randomized maximal oxygen consumption tests on all three modalities. Submaximal tests of 3 min were performed at 60%, 70%, and 80% of peak workload individually established for each modality. Breath-by-breath oxygen consumption, heart rate, fuel utilization, and energy expenditure were determined. The value of maximal oxygen consumption was not different between treadmill, elliptical, and stepper (49.3 ± 5.3, 48.0 ± 6.6, and 46.7 ± 6.2 ml·min−1·kg−1, respectively). Both physiological measures (oxygen consumption and heart rate) as well as carbohydrate and fat oxidation differed significantly between the different exercise intensities (60%, 70%, and 80%) but did not differ between the treadmill, elliptical trainer, and stepper. Therefore, the elliptical trainer and stepper are suitable substitutes for running during periods when a reduced running load is required, such as during rehabilitation from running-induced injury.
Contribution of an Eastern Indochina-derived fragment to the formation of island arc systems in the Philippine Mobile Belt
Authors: Gong Lin , Hollings Pete , Zhang Yu , Tian Jing , Li Dengfeng , Berador Al Emil , Chen Huayong 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe Philippine Mobile Belt is a complex plate boundary with multiple terranes in Southeast Asia, yet its early tectonic evolution is still not fully understood due to a scarcity of solid evidence. Here we report new whole rock geochemical, Sr-Nd isotopic, and zircon U-Pb-Hf isotopic data for Cretaceous-Miocene arc magmatic rocks from the Cebu and Bohol Islands, Philippine Mobile Belt. Bulk geochemical data display arc affinities with enriched large ion lithophile elements (e.g., Sr and Ba) and depleted high field strength elements (e.g., Nb, Ta, and Ti). The high positive εNd(t) (+4.6 to +9.1) values and low initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7032–0.7048) suggest that these igneous rocks were generated by partial melting of mantle wedge in an arc setting. U-Pb dating of zircons revealed Cretaceous (ca. 120–90 Ma), middle Eocene to early Oligocene (ca. 43–30 Ma), and middle Miocene (ca. 14 Ma) crystallization ages for the arc magmatism with abundant Permian-Triassic zircon xenocrysts clustering at ca. 250 Ma. The Permian-Triassic grains show dominantly negative εHf(t) values ranging from −16.2 to −6.6, which are similar to those of coeval rocks in Eastern Indochina. Combined with previous paleomagnetic studies, we propose that an Eastern Indochina-derived continental fragment was involved during the formation of arcs in the Cebu and Bohol Islands, which highlights the potential contribution of ancient continental materials in the formation of intra-oceanic arcs. This scenario does not support the previously proposed model that the Cretaceous arc in the Philippine Mobile Belt formed in the northern margin of the proto-Philippine Sea Plate and Australian margin.
Predictive study of tuberculosis incidence by time series method and Elman neural network in Kashgar, China
Authors: Zheng Yanling , Zhang Xueliang , Wang Xijiang , Wang Kai , Cui Yan 
Published: January 2021

ObjectivesKashgar, located in Xinjiang, China has a high incidence of tuberculosis (TB) making prevention and control extremely difficult. In addition, there have been very few prediction studies on TB incidence here. We; therefore, considered it a high priority to do prediction analysis of TB incidence in Kashgar, and so provide a scientific reference for eventual prevention and control.DesignTime series study.Setting Kashgar, ChinaKashgar, China.MethodsWe used a single Box-Jenkins method and a Box-Jenkins and Elman neural network (ElmanNN) hybrid method to do prediction analysis of TB incidence in Kashgar. Root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) were used to measure the prediction accuracy.ResultsAfter careful analysis, the single autoregression (AR) (1, 2, 8) model and the AR (1, 2, 8)-ElmanNN (AR-Elman) hybrid model were established, and the optimal neurons value of the AR-Elman hybrid model is 6. In the fitting dataset, the RMSE, MAE and MAPE were 6.15, 4.33 and 0.2858, respectively, for the AR (1, 2, 8) model, and 3.78, 3.38 and 0.1837, respectively, for the AR-Elman hybrid model. In the forecasting dataset, the RMSE, MAE and MAPE were 10.88, 8.75 and 0.2029, respectively, for the AR (1, 2, 8) model, and 8.86, 7.29 and 0.2006, respectively, for the AR-Elman hybrid model.ConclusionsBoth the single AR (1, 2, 8) model and the AR-Elman model could be used to predict the TB incidence in Kashgar, but the modelling and validation scale-dependent measures (RMSE, MAE and MAPE) in the AR (1, 2, 8) model were inferior to those in the AR-Elman hybrid model, which indicated that the AR-Elman hybrid model was better than the AR (1, 2, 8) model. The Box-Jenkins and ElmanNN hybrid method therefore can be highlighted in predicting the temporal trends of TB incidence in Kashgar, which may act as the potential for far-reaching implications for prevention and control of TB.