bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
النساء التاجرات في مكة والمدينة في صدر الإسلام
Authors: كريم محمد شمس الدين 
Published: May 2021

هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى إلقاء الضوء على دور ونشاط النساء في التجارة في مكة والمدينة في صدر الإسلام ومما يجدر به الإشارة، إن المتتبع والقارئ والباحث في شؤون الدراسات الإسلامية بصورة عامة، والدراسات التاريخية بصورة خاصة، يجد في النظام السياسي والشريعة الإسلامية آنذاك، لم تقف بوجه تطلعات المرأة العربية المسلمة ومنعها من المسير قدماً نحو تحقيق الذات، وخوض غمار التجارة أو أي نشاط آخر، بل على العكس فقد وجدنا من خلال هذه الدراسة هناك مساندة كبيرة من قبل القائمين على شؤون الدولة الإسلامية الناشئة آنذاك، ولم يقفوا ضد محاولاتها في تنمية ذاتها وبيان دورها وقدراتها على المشاركة الفعالة في المجتمع. لذا نلاحظ فيما سبق من خلال البحث والدراسة وقراءة متأنية للمصادر التاريخية والفقهية القديمة، والتي أورد فيها المؤرخون روايات عديدة تذكر دور المرأة العربية المسلمة ومشاركتها الفعالة في ممارسة النشاط التجاري في مكة والمدينة، وعلى الرغم من قلة مشاركة النساء في التجارة إلا أنه كان لها الأثر الكبير في المجتمع، من خلال منافستها مع الرجال وفي مضمار صعب إذ نجد فيها مشقة السفر والترحال ما بين الأسواق والوقوف ند بند معهم، وكان لها القدرة على عملية ممارسة البيع والشراء، وكذلك المضاربة بأموالها مع الرجال، ومنهن كانت تسافر إلى الأسواق لجلب السلعة الأكثر رغبة بين الناس، وبذلك استطاعت المرأة العربية المسلمة مجاراة الرجال، ونلاحظ البعض منهن قد ساندْنَ أزواجهم في تلبية متطلبات الحياة اليومية وتوفير العيش الرغيد في بيئة صعبة وقاسية، وقد أورد المؤرخون في كتاباتهم ظهور أسواق خاصة بالنساء في المدينة المنورة، وبأمر من الخليفة الراشدي عمر بن الخطاب رضي الله عنه تم استعمال الشفاء بنت عبدالله على هذه الأسواق كمحتسبة تراقب ما يدور فيها وكانت من واجباتها مراقبة المكاييل والموازين لئلا يحدث فيها غش. ومن أهم النتائج التي توصلت إليها الدراسة: • أظهرت الدراسة دور المرأة وهي تؤدي كافة الأدوار الحيوية ومشاركة أخيها المسلم وتكون سبباً في نهوض المجتمع الحضاري، من خلال استعمالها كعاملة مسؤولة عن السوق وإبراز دورها وقدرتها على أداء المهام الموكلة بها بأحسن صورة. • كان لموقع شبه جزيرة العرب الذي يتوسط العالم القديم وينفتح على اليمن والعراق وفارس والشام ومصر، وإطلالها في الوقت نفسه على مياه شط العرب والبحر الأحمر والبحر العربي وخليج عدن، أثر كبير في تنشيط حركة التجارة.
(Reading the markers in the internal public spaces in Iraq (international airports model: قراءة العلامات الدالة في الفضاءات الداخلية العامة في العراق (المطارات الدولية انموذجاً)
Authors: ‏​‏​‏​​‏​‏​​‏​‏​‏​‏​‏​‏ Nemir Qassem Khalaf Al Bayati  
Published: May 2021

The problem of the study emphasized on recognizing the level of recognition of the addressee in reading the referential signs in the public interior spaces in Iraq through recognizing and comprehending the expressive theme. The study aimed at: recognizing the level of recognition of the addressee in reading the referential signs in the public interior spaces in Iraq. And recognizing the level of availability of such signs. The study comprised of: the subjective domain, represented in the internal general signs such as reading the symbols and the expressive meaning. The place domain is represented by the public interior spaces like international Iraqi airports. While in the time domain the study is the current situation of the community of the study in 2015. The study came up with some conclusions and recommendations. Such as the poor of the public interior spaces Important in Iraq for their users. And the inability to many users to recognize and comprehend the signs of the international internal references. Because of the weakness of the users for the weakness of the visual culture and the need of the public interior international spaces This led to the use of local referential signs coming from the local environment. The research came up with some recommendations that help the aim of the study.
The Views of Imam Al-Tabari on the Night of Isra and Mi'raj : رَأْيُ الإِمامِ الطَّبَرِيِّ في حادِثةِ الإسْراءِ والمِعْراج
Authors: Naima Abu Al-Qasim Sweia  
Published: May 2021

The article addresses the views of Imam Al-Tabari on the night of Isra and Mi'raj. The importance of this article lies in the precise presentation of the details of the journey of Isra and Mi'raj from the Sacred Mosque to Al-Aqsa Mosque, and how the Messenger of Allah traveled with Jibril (peace be upon him) using Al-Burāq([1]), to pray at Al-Aqsa mosque and then going to the heavens and the details of his trip there. The objectives of this article are to clarify and to highlight the views of Imam Al-Tabari on the merits of the journey of Isra and Mi'raj. It also focuses on revealing the views of the people of interpretation regarding the events of this trip. From this article, we reach several conclusions, the most important of which is the truth of the Miracle of Isra and Mi'raj, the miracle of the great journey scenes, the scenes of the ascending to Heaven, the miracle of going out of Mecca to Jerusalem in the same night, and the miracle of Al-Burāq, it was the animal that God created. Everything about Al-Burāq was a miracle. Its color was a miracle, it would put its foot in a place and it would block the whole horizon of the eyesight, and the camels were afraid of the sound of its feet that they fled to the desert. Knowing all of that, Al-Burāq was not the only wonderful thing, but all that the Prophet saw is considered to be miracles that give advice, guidance, and vision to all people. ([1]) Al-Burāq is the creature from the heavens that carried the Islamic prophet Muhammad from Mecca to Jerusalem and back during the Isra and Mi'raj or "Night Journey", as recounted in hadith literature.
Impact of political parties sites on the network "Facebook" On the participation of Arab youth in the general elections
Authors: AbdelSalam Mohamed Sayed AbdelRahman AbdelSalam Mohamed Sayed AbdelRahman 
Published: May 2021

The aim of the study is to identify the interest and follow-up of the Arab youth to the pages of the political parties on Facebook, and to identify the habits, patterns and motives of the uses of Arab youth, as well as the interactive activities carried out on the pages of the political parties and to identify the confidence of Arab youth and their dependence on party pages on Facebook, and identify the impact of the Arab youth on those pages on their participation in the general elections The study was based on a descriptive study. The field study was conducted on a sample of 400 Arab youth who were active in the Facebook in the age group (18-40 years) Through the electronic questionnaire The study concluded: - Male respondents use Facebook more than females (61% for males versus 46.5% for females). - There are differences between males and females in the forms of participation in the general elections based on their follow-up to the pages of political parties on Facebook depending on the nationality variable and variable monthly income, and educational level. - The male respondents were more political than the females, at 26% compared to 18.5% for females.
Study the effect of sound encodings on AD-HOC networks using TORA routing protocol and VOIP application
Authors: Suleiman Zidan Aldarf, Jamal Al-yassin Suleiman Zidan Aldarf, Jamal Al-yassin 
Published: May 2021

Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks are used for data transfer. The nodes of such networks do not require presetting. They are characterized by dynamic data transfer during their movement of the nodes. Routing protocols of mobile ad-hoc networks differ from the existing internet protocols which are designed for the fixed structure based wireless networks. MANET protocols have to face high challenges due to dynamically changing of topologies, low transmission power and asymmetric links. Due to link instability, node mobility and frequently changing topologies routing becomes one of the core issues in MANETs. Currently existent routing protocols provide routing solutions up to a certain level and most of them are designed and implemented in small areas. Many researchers are still working on the developments of MANET routing protocols. This research study effect of some voice codecs on ad-hoc networks using the (TORA routing protocol) and by running the VOIP application on a network randomized scenario. This effect will be compared through several performance parameters for the network used. The Network Simulation Program (OPNET), which is the first program in the area of telecommunications networks in general, is used to provide accurate results for studies in the field of networks.
Social and economic variables associated with academic achievement: المتغيرات الاجتماعية والاقتصادية المرتبطة بالتحصيل الدراسي في المدارس الثانوية بمكة المكرمة
Authors: Awad bin Mohammed Al - Qurashi  
Published: May 2021

The study seeks to identify the relationship between the social and economic variables associated with academic achievement. Under this main goal are three sub goals: 1.The level of performance.2.Distribution to academic departments.3.Joining the "talent" system. The study based on the quantitative approach using a field survey method on a random sample of 422 students. The most important results are: One of the most influential social factors related to academic achievement (for the sample of the study) is in descending order: 1.The educational level of the mother where the correlation coefficient was 0.508 at the level of significance (0.01). 2.The educational level of the father where the ratio of correlation was 0.416 at the level of significance (0.01). 3.The extent of the effect of the parents in the choice of specialization, where the value of correlation coefficient 0.329 at the level of significance (0.01). 4.The degree of parental interest in presenting cultural programs where the correlation coefficient was 0.297 at the level of (0.01). One of the most influential economic factors associated with the achievement of the study (for the sample of the survey) is in descending order: 1.The work of the father where the coefficient of correlation 0.408 at the level of significance (0.01). 2.The monthly income of the family where the ratio of the relationship was 0.349 at the level of significance (0.01). 3.The presence of brothers who have jobs to the student where the coefficient of correlation 0.318 at the level of significance (0.01). 4.Housing ownership with a correlation coefficient of 0.280 at a concentration of significance (0.01).
Producing Authenticity: Urban Youth Arts, Rogue Archives and Negotiating a Home for Social Justice
Authors: Poyntz Stuart R. 
Published: May 2021

Social justice needs a home, a place where it can be found, especially for young people growing up in fragmented and increasingly inequitable societies. Community youth arts organizations have secured a certain prominence in this context over the past three decades and are now part of the urban infrastructures that shape connected learning networks in highly industrialized nations. In this capacity, youth arts organizations regularly engage a language and aesthetics of authenticity and trust as part of how they call out, represent and make a home for children and youth. This paper examines how authenticity in youth culture and youth cultural expression is negotiated by arts organizations and how organizations locate their own trustworthiness as allies of young people through the curation of online media archives.
The analysis draws on the internet media archives of two youth arts organizations in Canada’s largest English-speaking cities. The Oasis Skateboard Factory (OSF) in Toronto, ON is an extension program of the Toronto District School Board that enables participants to create their own brands and learn to run a skateboard or professional design business. ReelYouth (Vancouver, BC) started in Vancouver in 2005 as a community media empowerment project, and now delivers programs across Canada and internationally.The claims to youth authenticity articulated in each media archive reveal how authenticity and trust are negotiated ideologically by each organization and how organizations mark their ontological status, as a home from which young people can think and respond to an unjust world.
I examine how youth authenticity is produced by analyzing how discourses of youth identity, connection and trust are deployed across each archive. Whilst showcasing how authenticity is negotiated by each group, I show how the production of authenticity discourses by OSF and ReelYouth simultaneously convey a deeper reality: the way youth arts groups operate as care structures (Scannell, 2014) that offer ontological security (Giddens, 1991), and places of increasing “awareness of previously unnoticed interconnections” (Frosh, 2019, p. 16) for youth. In this way, they operate as sites of border work, places of routing from which the work of social justice can be borne.
Класифікація трансакційних витрат суб’єктів рентних відносин
Authors: Бардаш Сергій Володимирович , Осадча Тетяна Станіславівна 
Published: May 2021

Зміна економічної формації в країнах пострадянського простору обумовила перегляд ставлення до рентних відносин, а також здійснення оцінки їх ефективності. Останнє є можливим за умови врахування трансакційних витрат, що безумовно виникають в умовах рентних відносин. Наразі їх склад, і у першу чергу під час реалізації рентних відносин, залишається нерозкритим. Стаття спрямована на розв’язання означеної проблеми, а також окреслення способів відображення трансакційних витрат у системі бухгалтерського обліку. Отже, дослідження в цьому напрямі є актуальними та перспективними.
Метою статті є ідентифікація та класифікація трансакційних витрат у системі рентних відносин. Методологічною основою дослідження є діалектичний метод пізнання сутності рентних відносин та заходів щодо їх удосконалення; бібліографічний метод для ідентифікації трансакційних витрат у контексті теорій власності, інституціоналізму, агентських відносин та колабораційних альянсів як теоретичного підґрунтя реалізації рентних відносин; компаративний аналіз економічної сутності, причин виникнення та класифікації трансакційних витрат; абстрактно-логічний метод для обґрунтування основних теоретичних положень, формулювання висновків; метод моделювання для побудови класифікації трансакційних витрат суб’єктів рентних відносин.
На підставі вивчення останніх публікацій узагальнено існуючі підходи до визначення сутності трансакційних витрат, ідентифіковано багатоваріантність їх класифікації, а також розроблено класифікацію трансакційних витрат, що виникають у межах рентних відносин та яка може бути покладена в основу їх відображення на рахунках бухгалтерського обліку. Практичне значення дослідження полягає у розробці класифікації трансакційних витрат, яка спрощує їх ідентифікацію та зарахування до різних стадій реалізації рентних відносин.
Desempenho de crotalária consorciada com milheto na produção de biomassa
Authors: Bertolino Karina Mendes , Duarte Giuliana Rayane Barbosa , Vasconcelos Gustavo Maldini Penna de Valadares e , Botrel Élberis Pereira 
Published: May 2021

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desempenho da crotalária e milheto consorciados em diferentes proporções, bem como a melhor época de manejo e a combinação de consórcio para a produção de palhada. O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados em esquema de parcela subdividida, sendo as parcelas constituídas de crotalária (Crotalaria spectabilis (CR) e milheto (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) (MI) consorciados em diferentes proporções (100% CR; 80% CR + 20% MI; 60% CR + 40% MI; 40% CR + 60% MI; 100% MI) e as subparcelas duas épocas de manejo (86 e 118 dias após a semeadura), com quatro repetições. No qual tiveram como variável resposta a altura de plantas e a biomassa seca. O índice de eficiência e uso da terra foi calculado por meio dos dados obtidos de massa seca total dos consórcios aos 118 dias após a semeadura. A melhor época para o manejo das plantas em consórcio foi aos 118 dias após a semeadura, onde se obteve a quantidade suficiente de massa seca para cobertura do solo sob sistema de plantio direto. O consórcio mais vantajoso em termos agronômicos foi o constituído por 20% CR + 80% MI.
Palavras-chave: Palhada. Crotalaria spectabilis. Pennisetum glaucum (L.).

Crotalary performance consortiated with millet in biomass production
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of intercropped crotalary and millet in different proportions, as well as the best management time and the combination of intercropping for the production of straw. The design used was that of randomized blocks in a subdivided plot scheme, with plots consisting of crotalary (Crotalaria spectabilis) (CR) and millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.)) (MI) intercropped in different proportions (100% CR; 80% CR + 20 % MI; 60% CR + 40% MI; 40% CR + 60% MI; 100% MI) and the subplots two management times (86 and 118 days after sowing), with four replications. In which the height of plants and dry biomass were the variable response. The efficiency and land use index were calculated using data obtained from the total dry mass of the consortia at 118 days after sowing. The best time for the management of the intercropped plants was 118 days after sowing, where sufficient dry mass was obtained to cover the soil under no-tillage system. The most advantageous consortium in agronomic terms was the one constituted by 20% CR + 80% MI.
Keywords: Straw. Crotalaria spectabilis. Pennisetum glaucum (L.)
Predicting Tensile Strength Growth From Self Compacting Concrete Partially Replaced Cement with Wood and Fly Ash
Authors: S.N. Eluozo , K Dimkpa 
Published: May 2021

This paper monitors the growth rate of tensile strength under partial replacement of locally sourced materials, the study monitor the behaviour of tensile between seven and twenty eight days of optimum curing age, modeling and simulation were applied in the study, whereby parameters that generate the attained tensile strength from self compacting concrete were monitored considering various factors such as variation of compaction and water cement ratio, the reaction of these parameters were examined in the study through the simulation, the reflection of these parameters influence where observed in all the trend, the study examined the level of significances of tensile on concrete structure, therefore try to evaluate various reflection effect from permeability and other parameters that were not considered in experimental process, these are developed from self compacting concrete partially replace cement with fly ash and wood. Tensile strength is an important property of concrete due its level of vulnerability to tensile cracking base on different kind of applied loading itself. The influence of permeability as a physical property has definitely affect the durability of concrete, these where observed on the its reflection on tensile strength in all the trend, the rate of permeability effect on tensile were monitored to reflect its reaction through microstructural perspective influence from porosity, pore size, connectivity including its rates of bonding, these correlation includes air content and capillarity, there rate of permeability coefficient on its reduction are determined by the decrease in porosity and void ratios from concrete compaction rate, it is reflected on its variation of tensile strength in self compacting concrete, the rate of permeability reducing at constant rates determined the tensile strength through it microstructural setting on the self compacting concrete, these condition were applied on the simulation to generates the predictive values compared with experimental values by an expert [22], while an improvement were made on it study, these include monitoring of concrete permeability and void ratios effect on tensile, the behaviour of porosity under the influence of permeability and variation concrete void were examined from the permeability influence on tensile strength.
Who Studied at the Beit Midrash?: Funding Palestinian Amoraic Education
Authors: Marks Susan 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The house of study of Amoraic Palestine has resisted study because of its informality. By situating it alongside Hellenistic, Roman and Christian education, this article argues that examining their funding provides a means of understanding the structural tendencies of these study circles. Communal support appears mostly aspirational, providing clues as to intention and conflicts regarding inclusion. Similarly, narratives concerning individual gifts urge their moral good rather than their reliability, thus pointing inevitably to fees as the underlying means of support for the beit midrash. The necessity of fees in turn demands consideration of how those of more marginal means, including scribes, could afford this tuition. Finally, that teaching younger children provided one avenue of such support reveals a complex interdependency of those who had easier access to this education and those who had less access, as well as the barely glimpsed suggestion of other educational alternatives.
Bile in excess
Authors: Gubergrits N. B. , Agibalov O. M. 
Published: May 2021

The article presents consideration for the pathogenetic mechanisms of the occurrence of duodenogastric reflux (DGR), duodenogastroesophageal reflux (DGER), their role in the occurrence of biliary reflux gastritis and reflux esophagitis. The fundamental bases for the formation of bile reflux are the failure of the sphincter apparatus, antroduodenal dysmotility, elimination of the natural antireflux barrier. Gallbladder dysfunction and duodenal dysmotility are considered the risk factors for primary DGR. The leading mechanism for the development of DGR, DGER after cholecystectomy is a violation of gastroduodenal motility and gastroduodenal hypertension. These syndromes are formed also at gallstone disease and other organic and functional pathological conditions, including pancreatic insufficiency. The syndrome of chronic duodenal hypertension or «duodenal demon» is manifested by heaviness in the epigastrium, belching, heartburn, nausea, vomiting, flatulence, and stool disorders. It is supplemented by the phenomena of psychosomatic asthenization, decreased mental and physical performance, apathy, and a negative assessment of life prospects. The clinical features of hologenous diarrhea are considered, differential diagnostic signs of diarrhea in chronic duodenal hypertension and irritable bowel syndrome are demonstrated.The clinical and pathogenetic substantiation of the treatment of chronic duodenal hypertension accompanied by hologenous diarrhea with colloidal bismuth preparations is presented. The summary of the comparative analysis has been presented of the physicochemical and structural properties of tablet formulations, containing bismuth tripotassium subcitrate, the original drug De‑Nol (Astellas) and the generic Ulcavis (KRKA). It has been concluded that it is advisable to include Ulcavis in the treatment regimen for patients with hologenous diarrhea.