bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Upper Eocene travertine‐lacustrine carbonate in the Jianchuan basin, southeastern Tibetan Plateau: Reappraisal of its origin and implication for the monsoon climate
Authors: Sakuma Aki , Kano Akihiro , Kakizaki Yoshihiro , Tada Ryuji , Zheng Honbo 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe Asian monsoon is one of the largest climatic systems in the world, but age of its onset has been estimated differently ranging from the late Eocene to the Quaternary. We investigated the sedimentology and stable isotopic compositions of the upper Eocene Jiuziyan Formation, a terrestrial limestone unit in the Jianchuan basin, Yunnan Province in China. This limestone formation is restricted in several localities in the central part of the basin. Previously, this has been characterized as palustrine carbonate and the transition to the sublacustrine deposit of the overlying Shuanghe Formation was interpreted as the appearance of wetter climate during the late Eocene. Our observations of macro‐ and microfacies revealed sedimentary fabrics indicating rapid CaCO3 precipitation, such as dendritic calcite and calcified reed stems, which are unlikely to develop in a simple lacustrine setting. High carbonate content (mostly >90 %) and restricted distribution of the Jiuziyan limestone indicate a depositional setting spatially limited and isolated from clastic influx. These findings, together with clearly higher δ13C values (−0.7 ‰ to +6.9 ‰) and lower δ18O values (−14.6 ‰ to −10.5 ‰) than those of the Shuanghe Formation, indicate that the limestone was mainly travertine, carbonate formed from endogenic spring water. The elevated δ13C resulted from a large amount of CO2 degassing from spring water with high pCO2. In addition, the occurrence of centimeter‐scale lamination coupled with cyclic changes in δ13C and δ18O is almost identical with the modern annually‐laminated travertine reported from Baishuitai in northern Yunnan Province, implying comparable amplitude of seasonal temperature and precipitation changes to the record of the modern travertine at Baishuitai. Our results do not contradict the previous interpretation of late Eocene wetting and additionally suggest the existence of the late Eocene monsoon climate in the Jianchuan basin.
SEARCH AND THE SOURCES OF LIFE‐CYCLE INEQUALITY
Authors: Griffy Benjamin S. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractI study how initial wealth affects lifetime earnings inequality when labor markets are frictional. To do this, I construct a model life‐cycle model with search frictions, incomplete markets, and endogenous human capital accumulation. In the model, incomplete markets prevent low‐wealth workers from smoothing consumption, causing them to accept low pay jobs while unemployed. In anticipation, they build savings instead of human capital while employed. This amplifies the importance of initial wealth for life‐cycle inequality. Using this model, I find that differences in initial wealth cause larger differences in lifetime earnings than either initial human capital or ability.
Effect of malondialdehyde oxidation on structure and physicochemical properties of amandin
Authors: Xin Luo , Zhang Yufeng , Duan Wenshan , Ai Mingyan , Song Hongbo , Huang Qun , Lu Jiankang 
Published: June 2021

SummaryOil, accounting for 45% of almonds, is easily oxidised and can further induce the protein oxidation to reduce their quality. Structure and physicochemical properties of amandin, the main water‐soluble protein in almonds, inducing oxidation by malondialdehyde (MDA) were investigated. The results showed that the content of carbonyl group increased from 5.23 to 33.25 nmol mg−1 of protein with the increase in MDA concentration (P < 0.05). However, the sulphydryl content, surface hydrophobicity, particle size and the absolute value of ζ‐potential first increased and then decreased. Fourier‐transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) confirmed that the structure of amandin changed from order to disorder. Fluorescence spectroscopic analysis revealed that mild oxidation (0–0.1 mmol L−1 MDA) exposed hydrophobic groups of the protein. Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) suggested that protein oxidation promoted crosslinking between protein molecules. Furthermore, protein oxidation markedly declined the total amino acid content of amandin (P < 0.05). In conclusion, MDA oxidation changed the structure and amino acid content of amandin, and caused the protein aggregate and crosslink through hydrophobic interaction and electrostatic interaction.
Feasibility of once weekly exenatide‐LAR and enhanced diabetes care in Indigenous Australians with type 2 diabetes (Long‐acting‐Once‐Weekly‐Exenatide laR‐SUGAR, ‘Lower SUGAR’ study)
Authors: Ekinci Elif I. , Pyrlis Felicity , Hachem Mariam , Maple‐Brown Louise J. , Brown Alex , Maguire Graeme , Churilov Leonid , Cohen Neale 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundDiabetes is 3‐4 times more prevalent in Indigenous Australians with blood glucose levels often above target range. Once weekly formulations of exenatide(exenatide‐LAR) have demonstrated significantly greater improvements in glycaemic management with no increased risk of hypoglycaemia and with reductions in bodyweight but have not been studied in Indigenous Australians.AimsTo assess the feasibility and metabolic effects of once weekly supervised injection of exenatide‐LAR in addition to standard care in Indigenous Australians with type 2 diabetes.MethodsTwo communities in Central Australia with longstanding specialist clinical outreach services were allocated by random coin toss to receive once‐weekly exenatide‐LAR injection with weekly nurse review and adjustment of medication for 20 weeks (community with exenatide‐LAR) or to weekly nurse review in addition to standard care over 20 weeks (community without exenatide‐LAR). The primary outcome was the feasibility of an intensive diabetes management model of care with and without weekly supervised exenatide‐LAR. Secondary outcomes included change in HbA1c.ResultsThirteen participants from the community with exenatide‐LAR and nine participants from the community without exenatide‐LAR were analysed. Eighty‐five percent of individuals in the community with exenatide‐LAR and 67% in the community without exenatide‐LAR attended more than half of clinic visits. Median difference in the change in HbA1c from baseline to final visit, adjusted for baseline HbA1c, between the community with exenatide‐LAR and the community without exenatide‐LAR was −3.1%, 95% CI (−5.80%, −0.38%; P = 0.03).ConclusionsWeekly exenatide‐LAR combined with weekly nurse review demonstrated greater improvements in HbA1c, highlighting its potential for use in remote communities.
Capturing the rapidly evolving study of adaptation
Authors: Fruciano Carmelo , Franchini Paolo , Jones Julia C 
Published: June 2021

AbstractResearch on the genomics of adaptation is rapidly changing. In the last few decades, progress in this area has been driven by methodological advances, not only in the way increasingly large amounts of molecular data are generated (e.g. with high‐throughput sequencing), but also in the way these data are analysed. This includes a growing appreciation and quantitative treatment of covariation among units within the same data type (e.g. genes) or across data types (e.g. genes and phenotypes). The development and adoption of more and more integrative tools have resulted in richer and more interesting empirical work. This special issue – comprising methodological, empirical, and review papers – aims to capture a ‘snapshot’ of this rapidly evolving field. We discuss in particular three important themes in the study of adaptation: the genetic architecture of adaptive variation, protein‐coding and regulatory changes, and parallel evolution. We highlight how more traditional key themes in the study of genetic architecture (e.g. the number oflociunderlying adaptive traits and the distribution of their effects) are now being complemented by other factors (e.g. how patterns of linkage and number oflociinteract to affect the ability to adapt). Similarly, apart from addressing the relative importance of protein‐coding and regulatory changes, we now have the tools to look in‐depth at specific types of regulatory variation to gain a clearer picture of regulatory networks. Finally, parallel evolution has always been central to the study of adaptation, but now we are often able to address the question of whether – and to what extent – parallelism at the organismal or phenotypic level is matched by parallelism at the genetic level. Perhaps most importantly, we can now determine what mechanisms are driving parallelism (or lack thereof) across levels of biological organization. All these recent methodological developments open up new directions for future studies of adaptive changes across traits, levels of biological organization, demographic contexts and time scales.
Inconsistent effects of local and landscape factors on two key pests in Israeli vineyards
Authors: Krasnov Helena , Cohen Yafit , Goldshtein Eitan , Ovadia Shmuel , Sharon Rakefet , Harari Ally R. , Blank Lior 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAn ecoinformatics approach was used to test how two noxious species in grapevines with varying host preferences and movement characteristics: the European grapevine moth (Lobesia botrana), and a parasitic fungus, the grape powdery mildew (Uncinula necator), are affected by local and landscape variables. Data were collected from 202 vineyards during four seasons: 2013, 2014, 2016 and 2017 and analysed using generalized mixed models. We hypothesized that the European grapevine moth would be affected most by the landscape variables, while the grape powdery mildew would be affected most by local ones. We found that the number of sprayings during the season was an important variable explaining variation in infestation levels between vineyards for both species. At the landscape scale, we found larger variations in the relationship between the studied variables and the two pests, but both were also affected by the surrounding land use including areas of deciduous orchards. Understanding the factors that affect the occurrence of various pests in the same environment might improve farmers' decision‐making.
First examination of sterols in the marine dinoflagellate genus Vulcanodinium
Authors: Vandergrift Stephanie L. , Elkins Lindsey C. , Alves‐de‐Souza Catharina , Leblond Jeffrey D. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractVulcanodinium is an ecologically relevant dinoflagellate genus due to its production of neurotoxins known as pinnatoxins. We present here the first examination of the sterols of a Vulcanodinium rugosum isolate. Sterols are ringed lipids that assist in maintaining rigidity of cellular membranes, and the Dinophyceae are well‐studied for their ability to produce a diverse array of sterols, many of which have chemotaxonomic utility. We have determined that V. rugosum produces a set of major sterols, namely cholesterol, dinosterol, 4α,24‐dimethyl‐5α‐cholest‐22E‐en‐3β‐ol, and 4α,24‐dimethyl‐5α‐cholestan‐3β‐ol, common to the Dinophyceae. However, this displayed marked differences from those studied members of the genera Scrippsiella and Peridinium, the closest phylogenetic relatives. Included in these differences is production by V. rugosum of a much lower percentage of dinostanol, a saturated form of dinosterol.
Do glia provide the link between low‐grade systemic inflammation and normal cognitive ageing? A 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy study at 7 tesla
Authors: Lind Anna , Boraxbekk Carl‐Johan , Petersen Esben Thade , Paulson Olaf Bjarne , Andersen Ove , Siebner Hartwig Roman , Marsman Anouk 
Published: June 2021

AbstractLow‐grade systemic inflammation contributes to ageing‐related cognitive decline, possibly by triggering a neuroinflammatory response through glial activation. Using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H‐MRS) at 7T in normal human individuals from 18 to 79 years in a cross‐sectional study, we previously observed higher regional levels of myo‐inositol (mIns), total creatine (tCr) and total choline (tCho) in older than younger age groups. Moreover, visuo‐spatial working memory (vsWM) correlated negatively with tCr and tCho in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and mIns in hippocampus and thalamus. As mIns, tCr and tCho are higher in glia than neurons, this suggest a potential in vivo connection between cognitive ageing and higher regional levels of glia‐related metabolites. In the present study, we tested whether these metabolic differences may be related to low‐grade systemic inflammation. In the same individuals, plasma concentrations of the proinflammatory markers C‐reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 8 (IL‐8), and tumour necrosis factor α (TNF‐α) were measured on the same day as 1H‐MRS assessments. We tested whether CRP, IL‐8, and TNF‐α concentrations correlated with the levels of glia‐related metabolites. CRP and IL‐8, but not TNF‐α, were higher in older (69–79 years) than younger (18–26 years) individuals. CRP correlated positively with thalamic mIns and negatively with vsWM. IL‐8 correlated positively with ACC tCho and hippocampal mIns, but not with vsWM. Mediation analysis revealed an indirect effect of IL‐8 on vsWM via ACC tCho. Together, these findings corroborate the role of glial cells, perhaps via their role in neuroinflammation, as part of the neurobiological link between systemic inflammation and cognitive ageing.
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Oestrogen treatment modulates the impact of cognitive experience and task complexity on memory in middle‐aged surgically menopausal rats
Authors: Koebele Stephanie V. , Quihuis Alicia M. , Lavery Courtney N. , Plumley Zachary M. T. , Castaneda Arthur J. , Bimonte‐Nelson Heather A. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMenopause has been linked to changes in memory. Oestrogen‐containing hormone therapy is prescribed to treat menopause‐related symptoms and can ameliorate memory changes, although the parameters impacting oestrogen‐related memory efficacy are unclear. Cognitive experience and practice have been shown to be neuroprotective and to improve learning and memory during ageing, with the type of task playing a role in subsequent cognitive outcomes. Whether task complexity matters, and whether these outcomes interact with menopause and oestrogen status, remains unknown. To investigate this, we used a rat model of surgical menopause to systematically assess whether maze task complexity, as well as order of task presentation, impacts spatial learning and memory during middle age when rats received vehicle, low‐17β‐oestradiol (E2) or high‐E2 treatment. The direction, and even presence, of the effects of prior maze experience differed depending on the E2 dose. Surgical menopause without E2 treatment yielded the least benefit, as prior maze experience did not have a substantial effect on subsequent task performance for vehicle treated rats regardless of task demand level during the first exposure to maze experience or final testing. High‐dose E2 yielded a variable benefit, and low‐dose E2 produced the greatest benefit. Specifically, low‐dose E2 broadly enhanced learning and memory in surgically menopausal rats that had prior experience on another task, regardless of the complexity level of this prior experience. These results demonstrate that E2 dose influences the impact of prior cognitive experience on learning and memory during ageing, and highlights the importance of prior cognitive experience in subsequent learning and memory outcomes.
Topical antimicrobial peptides in combined treatment of acne patients
Authors: Ma Ziyuan , Kochergin Nikolay , Olisova Olga , Snarskaya Elena 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundAcne vulgaris (AV) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the pilosebaceous unit that affects over 80% of adolescents and young adults. This study aimed to compare the therapeutic efficacy and tolerability of an isotretinoin treatment course with GDP‐20 (granulysin‐derived peptides) versus the conventional isotretinoin monotherapy prescribed to patients with mild‐to‐moderate acne.MethodsOur study included 60 Russian subjects affected with AV of mild‐to‐moderate severity divided into two therapeutic groups. Half of the patients were female; mean age was 19.5 ± 5.6 years. Group 1 was treated with topical GDP‐20 twice daily to the affected skin of the face combined with systemic isotretinoin in a fixed low dose of 0.3 mg/kg/day. Group 2 was treated with systemic isotretinoin as a monotherapy.ResultsThe assessment of the changes of AV lesion count on the 12th week of the treatment showed that in Group 1, the mean value of open comedo number reduced from 21.4 ± 6.1 at day 0 to 4.4 ± 2.5 (p < 0.05), the mean number of closed comedo reduced from 7.6 ± 3.5 to 2.4 ± 1.05 (p < 0.05), and those of papules‐pustules reduced from 6.1 ± 1.03 to 1.4 ± 0.2 (p < 0.05).ConclusionsTopical antimicrobial peptides (GDP‐20) combined with low doses of systemic isotretinoin mild‐to‐moderate resulted in considerable improvement of clinical manifestations of mild‐to‐moderate AV and threefold reduction in the disease severity with IGA score 0–1 after 12 weeks. Topical application of GDP‐20 antimicrobial peptides can improve the efficacy of low‐dose systemic isotretinoin in combined treatment of mild‐to‐moderate AV.
Associations between person‐centred care and job strain, stress of conscience, and intent to leave among hospital personnel
Authors: Van Diepen Cornelia , Fors Andreas , Ekman Inger , Bertilsson Monica , Hensing Gunnel 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAimTo determine the associations between person‐centred care (PCC) and job strain, stress of conscience and intent to leave among healthcare professionals in Swedish hospital departments.BackgroundHospitals have experienced difficulty in retaining qualified healthcare personnel. Previous studies have shown that working in a person‐centred environment could offset this challenge, but research is scarce.DesignA cross‐sectional survey design using the STROBE checklist.MethodsHealthcare professionals (n = 94) in six hospital departments in Sweden completed a survey measuring perceived PCC, job strain, stress of conscience and intent to leave. Data were collected from April 2019 to April 2020. Bivariate analysis was used to describe the sample and correlations between the explanatory variables and perceived PCC and its subscales. Regression analyses were performed to explore the associations between perceived PCC and job strain, stress of conscience and intent to leave.ResultsThe organisational and environmental support subscale of perceived PCC showed significant correlations with all explanatory variables, while the extent of personalising care subscale only correlated with job strain and intent to leave. The regression analyses showed that higher perceived PCC was associated with higher job strain, less stress of conscience and less intent to leave.ConclusionHigher perceived PCC is associated with work‐related factors in hospital departments. There is scope for further research in this area.
Valuation effects of the US–China trade war: The effects of foreign managers and foreign exposure
Authors: Ding Haoyuan , Pu Bo , Qi Tong , Wang Kai 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWith an event study approach, this study examines the valuation effects of the US–China trade war. It is found that Chinese listed firms with American managers record lower announcement returns than their counterparts. This effect is heterogenous for firms with different foreign exposures. Specifically, the negative effect is more pronounced for firms exporting to the US market, while other foreign exposures, such as overseas direct investments and foreign shareholders mitigate the negative effects of American managers. These findings provide micro‐level evaluation of trade policy with the combination of stock market and corporate governance.
“The Way you Interpret Health”: Adolescent Definitions and Perceptions of Health Literacy
Authors: Joseph Patrece , Fleary Sasha A. 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDAdolescents are required to take increased responsibility for their health. Although health literacy is implicated in adults' health decision‐making and health behaviors, little is known about adolescents' health literacy and its relationship to their health behaviors. Furthermore, adolescent health literacy research overlooks adolescent development‐specific needs and skills. Therefore, we qualitatively explored adolescents' (1) definitions of health literacy, preventive health behaviors, and health risk behaviors; and (2) perception of the health literacy/health behavior relationship.METHODSSix semi‐structured focus groups were conducted with adolescents (N = 37) who answered questions about their perceptions of health literacy, preventive health behaviors, and health risk behaviors. Focus groups were coded using thematic analysis. Themes representing adolescents' definitions of health literacy were secondarily coded for alignment with definitions in the literature.RESULTSSome of adolescents' health literacy definitions aligned with the adult health literacy literature. They considered health literacy a tool for informed decision‐making, but acknowledged not always using these skills.CONCLUSIONSAdolescents' definitions of health literacy were multidimensional, going beyond numeracy and literacy skills. Developmental characteristics and adolescents' definition of health risk behaviors were related to use of health literacy skills. Opportunities for adolescents to develop and practice health literacy skills are discussed.