bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Theoretical Analysis of Thin Film Evaporation in the Wicks of Loop Heat Pipes
Authors: Lin Bingyao , Li Nanxi , Wang Shiyue , Tao Leren , Xu Guangming , Wu Yinong 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In this paper, a thin film evaporation model that includes expressions for energy, mass, and momentum conservation was established through the augmented Young–Laplace model. Based on this model, the effects of pore size and superheating on heat transfer during thin film evaporation were analyzed. The influence of the wick diameter of the loop heat pipe (LHP) on the critical heat flux of the evaporator is analyzed theoretically. The results show that pore size and superheating mainly influence evaporation through changes in the length of the transition film and intrinsic meniscus. The contribution of the transition film area is mainly reflected in the heat transfer coefficient, and the contribution of the intrinsic meniscus area is mainly apparent in the quantity of heat that is transferred. When an LHP evaporator is operating in a state of surface evaporation, a higher heat transfer coefficient can be achieved using a smaller pore size.
Shock Isolation Characteristics of a Bistable Vibration Isolator With Tunable Magnetic Controlled Stiffness
Authors: Yan Bo , Ling Peng , Zhou Yanlin , Wu Chuanyu , Zhang Wenming 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This paper investigates the shock isolation characteristics of an electromagnetic bistable vibration isolator (BVI) with tunable magnetic controlled stiffness. The theoretical model of the BVI is established. The maximum acceleration ratio (MAR), maximum absolute displacement ratio (MADR), and maximum relative displacement ratio (MRDR) are introduced to evaluate the shock isolation performance of the BVI. The kinetic and potential energy are observed to further explore the performance of the BVI. The effects of the potential barrier, shape of potential well, and damping ratio on the BVI are discussed compared with the linear vibration isolators (LVIs). The results demonstrate that the intrawell oscillations and snap-through oscillations are determined by the excitation amplitude and duration time of main pulse. MADR and MRDR of the BVI are smaller than those of the LVI. The maximum acceleration peak amplitude of the BVI is far below that of the LVI, especially when the snap-through oscillation occurs. In brief, the proposed BVI has a better shock isolation performance than the LVI and has the potential to suppress the shock of space structures during the launch and on-orbit deploying process.
Laramide structure of southeastern Arizona: Role of basement-cored uplifts in shallow-angle subduction
Authors: Favorito Daniel A. , Seedorff Eric 
Published: July 2021

AbstractLaramide reverse faults in southeastern Arizona commonly are obscured by mid- to late Cenozoic extension and subsequent cover, resulting in debate about their configuration and origin. A new mid-Cenozoic paleogeologic map depicts the structural configuration before extension, and new structural reconstructions characterize Laramide shortening in terms of structural style, magnitude, evolution, and timing.Reverse faults restore to moderate to high angles, are associated with fault-propagation folds, and involve significant basement and thus constitute thick-skinned deformation. The paleogeologic map suggests several major basement-cored block uplifts, many of which are newly identified. The largest uplifts may measure 150 km along strike, similar to those in the classic Laramide province of Wyoming and Colorado. Estimated shortening across the central study area is 14% or 23 km, whereas it is only 5% (9 km) to the north and 11% (12 km) to the south. Shortening by this mechanism is inadequate to explain previous estimates of crustal thickening in the region (∼50–60 km). Therefore, magmatic underplating, lower-crustal flow, or underplating of trench sediments and lithospheric material also may have contributed to thickening. Shortening largely occurred from 86 Ma to 64 Ma and possibly as late as 53 Ma, with initiation being younger to the northeast or north. Integration with data from southwestern New Mexico implies complex geometry for the subducting flat slab. Finally, reverse faults generally do not appear to have reactivated older faults, as previously suggested, primarily because reverse faults have associated fault-propagation folds in rocks that predate supposed reactivated structures.
InfantEscherichia coliurinary tract infection: is it associated with meningitis?
Authors: Rafferty Aisling , Drew Richard J , Cunney Robert , Bennett Désirée , Marriott John Francis 
Published: July 2021

ObjectivesDetermine the prevalence of coexisting bacterial meningitis (BM) and sterile cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with raised white cell count relative to age (‘pleocytosis’) in the presence ofEscherichia coliurinary tract infection (UTI), with the addition of CSFE. coliPCR analysis.DesignSingle-centre, retrospective cohort study.SettingTertiary paediatric hospital.ParticipantsChildren aged 8 days to 2 years, with a pure growth ofE. colifrom urine and a CSF sample taken within 48 hours of a positive urine culture between 1 January 2014 and 30 April 2019.Main outcome measurePrevalence of coexistingE. coliBM with UTI, defined as a pure growthE. colifrom urine and a CSF culture with pure growthE. coliand/or positiveE. coliPCR.Results1903 patients had anE. coliUTI, of which 314 (16%) had a CSF sample taken within 48 hours. No cases of coexistingE. coliBM were identified. There were 71 (23%) cases of pleocytosis, 57 (80%) of these had PCR analysis, all of which wereE. coliPCR not detected. Patients aged 1–6 months accounted for 72% of all lumbar punctures (LPs).ConclusionThe risk ofE. coliUTI and coexistingE. coliBM is low. There is potential to reduce the number of routine LPs in infants with a diagnosis ofE. coliUTI with the greatest impact in children up to 6 months of age. CSFE. coliPCR can help further reduce post-test probability of BM in the setting of pleocytosis.
Laser goniopuncture after deep sclerectomy: incidence, long-term outcomes and risk factors for failure
Authors: Rabiolo Alessandro , Leadbetter Duncan , Kirk Jonathan , Anand Nitin 
Published: July 2021

AimsTo report the incidence, risk factors and long-term outcomes of laser goniopuncture (LGP) in patients with previous deep sclerectomy (DS).MethodsRetrospective cohort study of 1765 eyes (1385 patients) undergoing DS with or without cataract surgery between 2001 and 2020 in two UK institutions. Kaplan-Meier was used to estimate LGP incidence. DS success after LGP was calculated for criteria A, B, and C defined as intraocular pressure (IOP) of ≤18, ≤15 and ≤12 mm Hg with 20%, 25% and 30% reduction, respectively. Cox regression was used to investigate factors associated with the risk of failure.ResultsLGP had an estimated incidence of 33.3% (30.9%–35.6%), 56.3% (53.5%–58.9%) and 62.8% (59.7%–65.6%) at 1, 3, 5 years, respectively. Mean (±SD) IOP significantly (p<0.001) decreased from 21.2 (±6.0) mm Hg pre-LGP to 13.8 (±5.2) mm Hg and 12.9 (±4.7) mm Hg at 3 and 5 years post-LGP, respectively. Success rates at 3 and 5 years were, respectively, 40.9% (37.5%–44.6%) and 33.7% (30.3%–37.6%) for criterion A; 27.1% (24.0%–30.5%) and 22.3% (19.3%–25.7%) for criterion B and 13.9% (11.6%–16.7%) and 11.6% (9.5%–14.3%) for criterion C. In all models, higher pre-LGP IOP (p<0.001) and higher pre-LGP medication number (p<0.001) were associated with increased failure, while male gender (p≤0.004), intraoperative mitomycin C (p≤0.031), longer interval between DS and LGP (p≤0.01) with reduced failure.ConclusionMost patients undergoing DS will eventually require LGP. LGP is effective at rescuing eyes with a failing DS. This study identifies several factors associated with LGP outcomes, knowledge of which may help clinicians predict LGP success.
Sedation strategy and ICU delirium: a multicentre, population-based propensity score-matched cohort study
Authors: Casault Colin , Soo Andrea , Lee Chel Hee , Couillard Philippe , Niven Daniel , Stelfox Tom , Fiest Kirsten 
Published: July 2021

ObjectivesWe examined the relationship between dominant sedation strategy, risk of delirium and patient-centred outcomes in adults admitted to intensive care units (ICUs).DesignRetrospective propensity-matched cohort study.SettingMechanically ventilated adults (≥ 18 years) admitted to four Canadian hospital medical/surgical ICUs from 2014 to 2016 in Calgary, Alberta, Canada.Participants2837 mechanically ventilated adults (≥ 18 years) requiring admission to a medical/surgical ICU were evaluated for the relationship between sedation strategy and delirium.InterventionsNone.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary exposure was dominant sedation strategy, defined as the sedative infusion, including midazolam, propofol or fentanyl, with the longest duration before the first delirium assessment. The primary outcome was ‘ever delirium’ identified using the Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist. Secondary outcomes included mortality, length of stay (LOS), ventilation duration and days with delirium. The cohort was analysed in two propensity score (patient characteristics and therapies received) matched cohorts (propofol vs fentanyl and propofol vs midazolam).Results2837 patients (60.7% male; median age 57 years (IQR 43–68)) were considered for propensity matching. In propensity score-matched cohorts(propofol vs midazolam, n=712; propofol vs fentanyl, n=1732), the odds of delirium were significantly higher with midazolam (OR 1.46 (95% CI 1.06 to 2.00)) and fentanyl (OR 1.22 (95% CI 1.00 to 1.48)) compared with propofol dominant sedation strategies. Dominant sedation strategy with midazolam and fentanyl were associated with a longer duration of ventilation compared with propofol. Fentanyl was also associated with increased ICU mortality (OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.07 to 2.12)) ICU and hospital LOS compared with a propofol dominant sedation strategy.ConclusionsWe identified a novel association between fentanyl dominant sedation strategies and an increased risk of delirium, a composite outcome of delirium or death, duration of mechanical ventilation, ICU LOS and hospital LOS. Midazolam dominant sedation strategies were associated with increased delirium risk and mechanical ventilation duration.
Economic and social impacts of COVID-19 and public health measures: results from an anonymous online survey in Thailand, Malaysia, the UK, Italy and Slovenia
Authors: Osterrieder Anne , Cuman Giulia , Pan-Ngum Wirichada , Cheah Phaik Kin , Cheah Phee-Kheng , Peerawaranun Pimnara , Silan Margherita , Orazem Miha , Perkovic Ksenija , Groselj Urh , Schneiders Mira Leonie , Poomchaichote Tassawan , Waithira Naomi , Asarath Supa-at , Naemiratch Bhensri , Ruangkajorn Supanat , Skof Lenart , Kulpijit Natinee , Mackworth-Young Constance R S , Ongkili Darlene , Chanviriyavuth Rita , Mukaka Mavuto , Cheah Phaik Yeong 
Published: July 2021

ObjectivesTo understand the impact of COVID-19 and public health measures on different social groups, we conducted a mixed-methods study in five countries (‘SEBCOV—social, ethical and behavioural aspects of COVID-19’). Here, we report the results of the online survey.Study design and statistical analysisOverall, 5058 respondents from Thailand, Malaysia, the UK, Italy and Slovenia completed the self-administered survey between May and June 2020. Poststratification weighting was applied, and associations between categorical variables assessed. Frequency counts and percentages were used to summarise categorical data. Associations between categorical variables were assessed using Pearson’s χ2test. Data were analysed in Stata 15.0ResultsAmong the five countries, Thai respondents reported having been most, and Slovenian respondents least, affected economically. The following factors were associated with greater negative economic impacts: being 18–24 years or 65 years or older; lower education levels; larger households; having children under 18 in the household and and having flexible/no income. Regarding social impact, respondents expressed most concern about their social life, physical health, mental health and well-being.There were large differences between countries in terms of voluntary behavioural change, and in compliance and agreement with COVID-19 restrictions. Overall, self-reported compliance was higher among respondents who self-reported a high understanding of COVID-19. UK respondents felt able to cope the longest and Thai respondents the shortest with only going out for essential needs or work. Many respondents reported seeing news perceived to be fake, the proportion varying between countries, with education level and self-reported levels of understanding of COVID-19.ConclusionsOur data showed that COVID-19 and public health measures have uneven economic and social impacts on people from different countries and social groups. Understanding the factors associated with these impacts can help to inform future public health interventions and mitigate their negative consequences.Trial registration numberTCTR20200401002.
Patient-reported impact of myasthenia gravis in the real world: protocol for a digital observational study (MyRealWorld MG)
Authors: Berrih-Aknin Sonia , Claeys Kristl G , Law Nancy , Mantegazza Renato , Murai Hiroyuki , Saccà Francesco , Dewilde Sarah , Janssen Mathieu F , Bagshaw Emma , Kousoulakou Hara , Larkin Mark , Beauchamp Jon , Leighton Trevor , Paci Sandra 
Published: July 2021

IntroductionMyasthenia gravis (MG) is a rare, chronic, autoimmune disease, mediated by immunoglobulin G antibodies, which causes debilitating muscle weakness. As with most rare diseases, there is little patient-reported data with which to understand and address patient needs. This study explores the impact of MG in the real world from the patient perspective.Methods and analysisThis is a 2-year prospective, observational, digital, longitudinal study of adults with MG, resident in the following countries: the USA, Japan, Germany, France, the UK, Italy, Spain, Canada and Belgium. The planned sample size is 2000. Recruitment will be community based, via patient advocacy groups, social media and word of mouth. Participants will use a smartphone application (app) to check eligibility, provide consent and contribute data. Planned data entry is as follows: (1) personal profile on enrollment—covering demographics, MG characteristics and previous care; (2) monthly event tracker—current treatments, healthcare visits, treatment-related adverse events, productivity losses; (3) monthly selection of validated generic and disease-specific patient-reported outcomes instruments: EQ-5D-5L, Myasthenia Gravis Activities of Daily Living, Myasthenia Gravis Quality of Life 15-item revised scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and Health Utilities Index III. Analyses are planned for when the study has been running in most countries for approximately 6, 12, 18 and 24 months.Ethics and disseminationThe study protocol has been reviewed and granted ethics approval by Salus IRB for participants resident in the following countries: Germany, the UK and the US. Local ethics approval is being sought for the following study countries: Belgium, Canada, France, Italy, Japan and Spain. Study results will be communicated to the public and participants via conference presentations and journal publications, as well as regular email, social media and in-application communication.Trial registration numberNCT04176211.
Interrogating structural inequalities in COVID-19 mortality in England and Wales
Authors: Griffith Gareth J , Davey Smith George , Manley David , Howe Laura D , Owen Gwilym 
Published: July 2021

Background
Numerous observational studies have highlighted structural inequalities in COVID-19 mortality in the UK. Such studies often fail to consider the hierarchical, spatial nature of such inequalities in their analysis, leading to the potential for bias and an inability to reach conclusions about the most appropriate structural levels for policy intervention.

Methods
We use publicly available population data on COVID-19-related mortality and all-cause mortality between March and July 2020 in England and Wales to investigate the spatial scale of such inequalities. We propose a multiscale approach to simultaneously consider three spatial scales at which processes driving inequality may act and apportion inequality between these.

Results
Adjusting for population age structure and number of local care homes we find highest regional inequality in March and June/July. We find finer grained within region inequality increased steadily from March until July. The importance of spatial context increases over the study period. No analogous pattern is visible for non-COVID-19 mortality. Higher relative deprivation is associated with increased COVID-19 mortality at all stages of the pandemic but does not explain structural inequalities.

Conclusions
Results support initial stochastic viral introduction in the South, with initially high inequality decreasing before the establishment of regional trends by June and July, prior to reported regionality of the ‘second-wave’. We outline how this framework can help identify structural factors driving such processes, and offer suggestions for a long-term, locally targeted model of pandemic relief in tandem with regional support to buffer the social context of the area.
Strain-tunable electronic structure of two-dimensional monolayer SiP
Authors: Han Xiao , Meng Fan-Shun , Yan Xiao-Jie , Zhang Hui 
Published: July 2021

The 2D monolayer [Formula: see text]-SiP has a honeycomb lattice and an intrinsic indirect band gap. Herein, the density functional theory calculations are performed to modulate the electronic structure of 2D monolayer [Formula: see text]-SiP by applying strains. The band gap of monolayer [Formula: see text]-SiP is monotonously reduced by the strains. More interestingly, a direct band gap is more likely to be achieved by applying strains along the armchair direction than along the zigzag direction. Finally, 2D monolayer [Formula: see text]-SiP can possess a tunable direct band gap of 1.57–0.73 eV (HSE06) and considerable visible light absorption index, by applying compression strains of −6–−10% along the armchair direction. The work provides a route of modulating the electronic and optical properties of monolayer [Formula: see text]-SiP, which extends its application range for various fields such as electronic devices and solar energy conversion.
Outcomes of Acute Operative Repair of Complete Digital Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Collateral Ligament Ruptures: A Systematic Review
Authors: Bui David , Jenkins Michael , Schick Bernard , Sivakumar Brahman Shankar 
Published: July 2021

Background: No consensus exists regarding the management of complete collateral ligament injuries of the proximal interphalangeal joint (PIPJ) of fingers. Methods: We aimed to systematically review the outcomes of Acute (< 1 month) surgical repairs of these injuries. Outcomes assessed included Stability, Pain, Range-of-Motion and Return to Function. The Modified Coleman Methodology Score (MCMS) was utilised in critical appraisal. Results: 70 patients with complete collateral ligament injuries of the PIPJ were identified in 5 studies. 49 were managed operatively and 21 non-operatively. All trials were methodologically flawed with a mean MCMS of 50.4, corresponding to a “Poor” Level of evidence. Conclusions: Whilst acute surgical repair of complete collateral ligament injuries of finger PIPJs are a described viable management option with promising results, there is insufficient high-quality evidence to inform current practice. Based on the current literature, no evidence-based conclusions can be made regarding superiority of acute surgical repair over conservative management or one method of surgical repair over another. Further high level studies are required.
Telemedicine during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Hand Surgery Perspective
Authors: Moses Michael J. , Buchalter Daniel B. , Azad Ali , Hacquebord Jacques H. , Paksima Nader , Yang S. Steven 
Published: July 2021

Background: A major consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic on the U.S. healthcare system has been the rapid transition away from in-person healthcare visits to telehealth. This study analyzed patient and surgeon satisfaction in the utilization of telehealth within the hand surgery division during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: All hand surgery patients who completed a telemedicine visit from March 30th, 2020 through April 30th, 2020 completed a 14-question survey via e-mail. Hand surgeons who participated in telemedicine completed a separate 14-question survey. Survey results were presented descriptively (mean ± standard deviation) and patient factors influencing satisfaction were determined using univariate and multivariate proportional modeling. Results: 89 patients and five surgeons completed the surveys. Patients were very satisfied with their telemedicine visits (4.21/5.00 ± 0.89). Multivariate proportional modeling determined patients who found it “very easy” (5/5) to arrange telemedicine visits had greater satisfaction (OR = 4.928; 95% CI = 0.94 to 25.84) compared to those who found it “difficult” (2/5) (p = 0.059). Patients who believed they could ask/relay questions/concerns “extremely effectively” (5/5) had greater satisfaction (OR = 55.236; CI = 11.39 to 267.80) compared to those who asked/relayed questions only “slightly effective” to “moderately effectively” (p < 0.001). Surgeons were similarly satisfied with their telemedicine experience (4.00/5.00 ± 0.89) and were confident in their diagnoses (4.20/5.00 ± 0.84). All surgeons responded they will continue using telemedicine. 30.7% of patients would choose telemedicine over an inperson visit. Conclusions: Telemedicine provides a viable platform for healthcare delivery with high patient and surgeon satisfaction. Most patients still prefer in-person visits for the post-pandemic future.
End-to-end complex lens design with differentiate ray tracing
Authors: Sun Qilin , Wang Congli , Fu Qiang , Dun Xiong , Heidrich Wolfgang 
Published: July 2021

Imaging systems have long been designed in separated steps: experience-driven optical design followed by sophisticated image processing. Although recent advances in computational imaging aim to bridge the gap in an end-to-end fashion, the image formation models used in these approaches have been quite simplistic, built either on simple wave optics models such as Fourier transform, or on similar paraxial models. Such models only support the optimization of a single lens surface, which limits the achievable image quality.
To overcome these challenges, we propose a general end-to-end complex lens design framework enabled by a differentiable ray tracing image formation model. Specifically, our model relies on the differentiable ray tracing rendering engine to render optical images in the full field by taking into account all on/off-axis aberrations governed by the theory of geometric optics. Our design pipeline can jointly optimize the lens module and the image reconstruction network for a specific imaging task. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method on two typical applications, including large field-of-view imaging and extended depth-of-field imaging. Both simulation and experimental results show superior image quality compared with conventional lens designs. Our framework offers a competitive alternative for the design of modern imaging systems.