bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of DNA cleavage by the endonuclease SauUSI: a major barrier to horizontal gene transfer and antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Tumuluri Vinayak Sadasivam , Rajgor Vrunda , Xu Shuang-Yong , Chouhan Om Prakash , Saikrishnan Kayarat 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Acquisition of foreign DNA by Staphylococcus aureus, including vancomycin resistance genes, is thwarted by the ATP-dependent endonuclease SauUSI. Deciphering the mechanism of action of SauUSI could unravel the reason how it singularly plays a major role in preventing horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in S. aureus. Here, we report a detailed biochemical and structural characterization of SauUSI, which reveals that in the presence of ATP, the enzyme can cleave DNA having a single or multiple target site/s. Remarkably, in the case of multiple target sites, the entire region of DNA flanked by two target sites is shred into smaller fragments by SauUSI. Crystal structure of SauUSI reveals a stable dimer held together by the nuclease domains, which are spatially arranged to hydrolyze the phosphodiester bonds of both strands of the duplex. Thus, the architecture of the dimeric SauUSI facilitates cleavage of either single-site or multi-site DNA. The structure also provides insights into the molecular basis of target recognition by SauUSI. We show that target recognition activates ATP hydrolysis by the helicase-like ATPase domain, which powers active directional movement (translocation) of SauUSI along the DNA. We propose that a pile-up of multiple translocating SauUSI molecules against a stationary SauUSI bound to a target site catalyzes random double-stranded breaks causing shredding of the DNA between two target sites. The extensive and irreparable damage of the foreign DNA by shredding makes SauUSI a potent barrier against HGT.
Tandem RNA binding sites induce self-association of the stress granule marker protein TIA-1
Authors: Loughlin Fionna E , West Danella L , Gunzburg Menachem J , Waris Saboora , Crawford Simon A , Wilce Matthew C J , Wilce Jacqueline A 
Published: January 2021

AbstractTIA-1 is an RNA-binding protein that sequesters target RNA into stress granules under conditions of cellular stress. Promotion of stress granule formation by TIA-1 depends upon self-association of its prion-like domain that facilitates liquid-liquid phase separation and is thought to be enhanced via RNA binding. However, the mechanisms underlying the influence of RNA on TIA-1 self-association have not been previously demonstrated. Here we have investigated the self-associating properties of full-length TIA-1 in the presence of designed and native TIA-1 nucleic acid binding sites in vitro, monitoring phase separation, fibril formation and shape. We show that single stranded RNA and DNA induce liquid-liquid phase separation of TIA-1 in a multisite, sequence-specific manner and also efficiently promote formation of amyloid-like fibrils. Although RNA binding to a single site induces a small conformational change in TIA-1, this alone does not enhance phase separation of TIA-1. Tandem binding sites are required to enhance phase separation of TIA-1 and this is finely tuned by the protein:binding site stoichiometry rather than nucleic acid length. Native tandem TIA-1 binding sites within the 3′ UTR of p53 mRNA also efficiently enhance phase separation of TIA-1 and thus may potentially act as potent nucleation sites for stress granule assembly.
Smoking Status, Intensity of Smoking, and Their Relation to Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Working Aged Korean Men
Authors: Park Sung Keun , Ryoo Jae-Hong , Kang Jeong Gyu , Jung Ju Young 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Smoking is an established risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. However, the effect of smoking on left ventricular (LV) structure has been less studied. This study was designed to assess the association of smoking status and smoking intensity with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH).

Methods
Study subjects were 53,666 working aged Korean men who received echocardiography as an item of health check up. They were grouped by smoking status (never, former, and current smokers), pack-year of smoking (never, &lt;10, 10–19.9, and ≥20 pack-year), and urine cotinine excretion (&lt;100, 100–999, ≥1000 ng/mL). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used in calculating adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence interval for LVH (adjusted odds ratios [95% confidence interval]). The proportions of abnormal LV geometry patterns were compared among groups.

Results
Former and current smokers had the higher levels in LV mass index, relative wall thickness, and the prevalence of LVH than never smoker. The association with LVH increased in order of never (reference), former (1.44 [1.01–2.04]), and current smokers (2.10 [1.44–3.05]). LVH showed the proportional relationship with pack-year of smoking (never smoker: reference, &lt;10: 1.45 [1.01–2.08], 10–19.9: 1.73 [1.17–2.57], ≥20: 2.43 [1.58–3.74]) and urine cotinine excretion (never smoker: reference, 100–999: 1.70 [1.21–2.37], &gt;1000: 1.97 [1.43–2.72]). The proportions of abnormal LV geometry patterns were higher in smoking groups than never smoking group.

Conclusion
Exposure to tobacco use and intensity of smoking was associated with LVH in working aged population.

Implications
In working aged Koreans with mean age of 39.9 ± 7.0 years, former and current smokers are more likely to have LVH than never smoker. Dose-dependent relationship was found between the smoking status (never, former, and current smokers), pack-year of smoking, urine cotinine excretion, and LVH. These findings indicate that smoking has an adverse influence on LV structure even in relatively young age group.
Cranio-Orbital Pretemporal Approach for Resection of Right Superior Orbital Fissure/Orbital Renal Cell Metastasis: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Nguyen Vincent N , Khan Nickalus R , Arnautović Kenan I 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Orbital metastatic lesions are rare entities
1-3
best treated with radical surgical resection with preservation/improvement of neurological and visual function.
1-9
Renal cell metastases, in particular, respond less favorably to radiation.
9
To our knowledge, an operative video of microsurgical resection of a renal cell carcinoma metastasis to the superior orbital fissure and orbit has not been reported.
A patient presented with worsening right eye vision as demonstrated on preoperative visual field testing and found to have a 3 × 1 × 1 cm lesion in the orbit and superior orbital fissure. The patient was placed supine and stealth neuronavigation was used to aid in tumor localization and extension. A cranio-orbital craniotomy and pretemporal exposure
2,10,11
were performed to allow extradural dissection of the dura propria off the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus. Right-sided extradural cranial nerves II, III, IV, V1, and V2 were identified, and a high-speed diamond drill was used to perform extradural anterior clinoidectomy and optic nerve decompression. Microsurgical resection of the intraorbital tumor components was performed by the senior author (KIA) to delineate the plane between tumor and periorbita. An oval-shaped dural opening was made to resect the dura involved by tumor, confirmed on histological analysis, followed by closure via dural allograft. The patient's right-sided visual field improved markedly after surgery.
Metastatic renal cell carcinoma of the orbit should be resected while preserving and improving preoperative neurological and visual function. The orbitocranial pretemporal approach offers wide visualization to achieve surgical resection.
The patient provided written consent and permission to publish her image.
Transvenous Coil Embolization of a Transverse-Sigmoid Sinus Dural Arteriovenous Fistula: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Gomez-Paz Santiago , Akamatsu Yosuke , Salem Mohamed M , Moore Justin M , Thomas Ajith J , Ogilvy Christopher S 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This case is a 66-yr-old woman with a 2-mo history of left-sided tinnitus. Workup with magnetic resonance angiography showed early opacification of the left sigmoid sinus and internal jugular vein as well as asymmetric and abundant opacification of the left external carotid artery branches, suspicious for a dural arteriovenous fistula (dAVF). Diagnosis was confirmed with cerebral angiography, consistent with a left-sided Cognard type I dAVF.
1
Initial treatment attempt was made with transarterial 6% ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (Onyx 18) embolization of feeders from the occipital and middle meningeal arteries. However, embolization was not curative and there was a recurrence of a highly bothersome tinnitus 3 wk following treatment. Angiography redemonstrated the transverse sinus dAVF with new recruitment arising from several feeders, including the left external carotid artery, middle meningeal artery, and superficial temporal artery, now Cognard type IIa. Definitive treatment through a transvenous coil embolization provided permanent obliteration of the fistula without recrudescence of symptoms on follow-up. In this video, the authors discuss the nuances of treating a dAVF via a transvenous embolization. Patient consent was given prior to the procedure, and consent and approval for this operative video were waived because of the retrospective nature of this manuscript and the anonymized video material.
Direct Transverse Sinus Cannulation for Coil Embolization of a Transverse-Sigmoid Sinus Dural Arteriovenous Fistula: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Gomez-Paz Santiago , Akamatsu Yosuke , Salem Mohamed M , Moore Justin M , Ogilvy Christopher S , Thomas Ajith J 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
A 65-yr-old male presented 2 mo after an episode of acute-onset headache associated with altered mental status. Imaging workup with cerebral angiography revealed a Cognard type IV right-sided transverse-sigmoid junction dural arteriovenous fistula (dAVF). The patient was treated with endovascular embolization of several pedicles from the middle meningeal (MMA) and occipital arteries. Residual filling and cortical venous reflux were noted on follow-up imaging. Therefore, definitive treatment of the persistent fistula was offered with a combined open and endovascular embolization approach.
1
This would provide direct access into the sinus followed by embolization of the fistula. In the accompanying video, we present the case in detail and provide a discussion of the rational and treatment nuances associated with this approach.
Patient consent was given prior to the procedure and consent and approval for this operative video were waived due to the retrospective nature of this manuscript and the anonymized video material.
Endovascular Treatment of Aneurysms Using Flow-Diversion Embolization: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Cavalcanti Daniel D , Nelson Peter Kim , Raz Eytan , Shapiro Maksim , Nossek Erez , Tanweer Omar , Riina Howard A ,   Endovascular Neurosurgery Research Group (ENRG), Bain Mark , Bendock Bernard , Boulos Alan S , Fessler Richard , Grande Andrew , Guterman Lee , Hanel Ricardo , Hoit Daniel , Nelson L Hopkins , Howington Jay , James Robert , Jankowitz Brian , Kan Peter , Khalessi Alex A , Kim Louis , Langer David , Lanzino Giuseppe , Levitt Michael , Lopes Demetrius , Mack William , Mericle Robert , Mocco J , Ogilvy Chris , Replogle Robert , Riina Howard , Rodriguez Rafael , Saugaveau Eric , Schirmer Clemens , Siddiqui Adnan , Spiotta Alex , Sultan Ali , Thomas Ajith , Raymond Turner , Welch Babu , White Jonathan 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Initially developed for large and giant wide-necked aneurysms of the internal carotid artery, flow diverter devices are now used in almost every location safely and with effectiveness.
1-5
This video demonstrates a unique case of a giant aneurysm of the right petrous internal carotid artery in a 20-yr-old patient. This is an extremely rare location, and most of patients are asymptomatic.
3-6
Signs of compression of the seventh and eight cranial nerves can be present and even Horner syndrome and lower cranial nerves neuropathies. Nevertheless, rupture can lead to epistaxis and otorrhagia, and ultimately to hemorrhagic shock. The patient in the current report was otherwise healthy but presented with lightheadedness and dizziness for 10 d. The patient consented to the procedure. There was no history of major trauma or head and neck infection.
A transradial endovascular flow diversion embolization of a giant aneurysm of the petrous internal carotid artery is herein demonstrated in a stepwise manner. A triaxial system was used to deploy 3 overlapping devices. Concepts of J-wire technique, multiple coverage,
1
and the so-called weld technique are emphasized. The role of adjunctive coiling and main reasons for failure are also discussed.
7,8
Brief cases of flow diversion embolization of aneurysms of different morphologies at different locations are used to highlight the importance of assessing vessel wall apposition and follow-up imaging.
Promoting Participation in Physical Activity in Children and Adolescents With Down Syndrome
Authors: Wentz Erin E , Looper Julia , Menear Kristi S , Rohadia Dipika , Shields Nora 
Published: January 2021

Abstract Children with Down syndrome (DS) often have lower physical activity (PA) levels compared with their peers with typical development, and face challenges to being physically active such as medical comorbidities, access issues, and societal stigma. Physical therapists are experts in exercise prescription and PA and are thus uniquely qualified to successfully promote participation in children with DS, in spite of inherent challenges. Our perspective is that a shift in physical therapy service delivery is needed. We suggest that physical therapists change the focus of their interventions for children with DS from underlying impairments such as low tone or joint laxity or from developing motor skills in isolation and “correct” movement patterns. Instead, physical therapists should allow the PA preferences and the environmental contexts of the children and adolescents they are working with to direct the treatment plan. In this way, physical therapist intervention becomes more child centered by concentrating on developing the specific skills and strategies required for success in the child’s preferred PA. In this article, we consider the role of pediatric physical therapists in the United States, as well as in low- and middle-income countries, in promoting and monitoring PA in children with DS from infancy through adolescence. Examples of physical therapist interventions such as tummy time, movement exploration, treadmill training, bicycle riding, and strength training are discussed, across infancy, childhood, and adolescence, with a focus on how to successfully promote lifelong participation in PA.Lay summaryPhysical therapists are experts in exercise and physical activity and are thus uniquely qualified to promote participation in children with Down syndrome. Instead of focusing on impairments or “correct” movement patterns, physical therapists are encouraged to allow the child and the child’s environment to direct the treatment plan.
Does Strength Training for Chronic Ankle Instability Improve Balance and Patient-Reported Outcomes and by Clinically Detectable Amounts? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Luan Lijiang , Adams Roger , Witchalls Jeremy , Ganderton Charlotte , Han Jia 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Objective
Strength training as a form of exercise therapy has long been used to maintain or promote strength, but its effectiveness as a treatment intervention in chronic ankle instability (CAI) is not fully understood. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of strength training compared with no exercise and neuromuscular control training on balance and self-reported function in people with CAI.

Methods
Eight databases (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, EBSCO, PEDro, CNKI, and WanFang) were searched in June 2020. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving strength training conducted on individuals with CAI were included. Data were extracted by 2 independent reviewers using a standardized form. Methodological quality and risk of bias were assessed by using the PEDro Scale. In addition, the GRADE evaluation system (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) was used to determine the strength of evidence. A total of 554 studies were initially screened, resulting in a final selection of 11 RCTs involving 428 participants, and 8 RCTs were included in the final meta-analysis. Compared with no exercise, strength training demonstrated some benefits in the Star Excursion Balance Test (anterior: weighted mean difference [WMD] = 2.39, 95% CI = 0.60–4.18; posteromedial: WMD = 3.30, 95% CI = 0.24–6.35; posterolateral: WMD = 2.97, 95% CI = 0.37–5.57), but these intervention results did not reach the minimal detectable change values.

Conclusion
Available evidence showed that, compared with controls, strength training did not produce any minimal detectable changes on Star Excursion Balance Test or Foot and Ankle Ability Measure scores in individuals with CAI. Clinicians should use strength training cautiously for improving balance and symptoms in CAI.

Impact
The results of this study may have an impact on selecting effective physical therapy interventions for managing symptoms associated with CAI.
Buy-Side Competition and Momentum Profits
Authors: Hoberg Gerard , Kumar Nitin , Prabhala Nagpurnanand 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
We show that a new measure of buy-side competition explains momentum profits. The momentum quintile spread is 1.11% when competition is low and negligible when competition is high. Better alphas are attained with superior Sharpe and Sortino ratios, with no negative skewness, and in more investible strategies featuring value-weighted portfolios and large capitalization stocks. Stock characteristics traditionally related to momentum do not explain our results. Tests based on long-term reversals, the trading patterns of funds, their style peers, distant funds, and retail investors suggest that slow information diffusion explains the large momentum spreads and momentum reversals in low competition markets.
PATIENT-SPECIFIC DOSE ESTIMATES IN DYNAMIC COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION EXAMINATION
Authors: Sundell V-M , Kortesniemi M , Siiskonen T , Kosunen A , Rosendahl S , Büermann L 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The study aimed to implement realistic source models of a computed tomography (CT) scanner and Monte Carlo simulations to actual patient data and to calculate patient-specific organ and effective dose estimates for patients undergoing dynamic CT myocardial perfusion examinations. Source models including bowtie filter, tube output and x-ray spectra were determined for a dual-source Siemens Somatom Definition Flash scanner. Twenty CT angiography patient datasets were merged with a scaled International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) 110 voxel phantom. Dose simulations were conducted with ImpactMC software. Effective dose estimates varied from 5.0 to 14.6 mSv for the 80 kV spectrum and from 8.9 to 24.7 mSv for the 100 kV spectrum. Significant differences in organ doses and effective doses between patients emphasise the need to use actual patient data merged with matched anthropomorphic anatomy in the dose simulations to achieve a reasonable level of accuracy in the dose estimation procedure.
Subsequent memory effects on event-related potentials in associative fear learning
Authors: Wiemer Julian , Leimeister Franziska , Pauli Paul 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Studies of human fear learning suggest that a reliable discrimination between safe and threatening stimuli is important for survival and mental health. In the current study, we applied the subsequent memory paradigm in order to identify neurophysiological correlates of successful threat and safety learning. We recorded event-related potentials, while participants incidentally learned associations between multiple neutral faces and an aversive outcome [unconditioned stimulus (US)/conditioned stimulus (CS)+] or no outcome (noUS/CS−). We found that an enhanced late positive potential (LPP) to both CS+ and CS− during learning predicted subsequent memory. A quadratic relationship between LPP and confidence in memory indicates a possible role in both correct and false fear memory. Importantly, the P300 to the omission of the US (following CS−) was enhanced for remembered CS−, while there was a positive correlation between P300 amplitude to both US occurrence and omission and individual memory performance. A following re-exposure phase indicated that memory was indeed related to subjective fear of the CS+/CS−. These results highlight the importance of cognitive resource allocation to both threat and safety for the acquisition of fear and suggest a potential role of the P300 to US omission as an electrophysiological marker of successful safety learning.
Autonomic mechanisms of blood pressure alterations during sleep in orexin/hypocretin-deficient narcoleptic mice
Authors: Alvente Sara , Berteotti Chiara , Bastianini Stefano , Lo Martire Viviana , Matteoli Gabriele , Silvani Alessandro , Zoccoli Giovanna 
Published: January 2021

AbstractStudy ObjectivesIncrease in arterial pressure (AP) during sleep and smaller differences in AP between sleep and wakefulness have been reported in orexin (hypocretin)-deficient mouse models of narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) and confirmed in NT1 patients. We tested whether these alterations are mediated by parasympathetic or sympathetic control of the heart and/or resistance vessels in an orexin-deficient mouse model of NT1.MethodsThirteen orexin knock-out (ORX-KO) mice were compared with 12 congenic wild-type (WT) mice. The electroencephalogram, electromyogram, and AP of the mice were recorded in the light (rest) period during intraperitoneal infusion of atropine methyl nitrate, atenolol, or prazosin to block muscarinic cholinergic, β 1-adrenergic, or α 1-adrenergic receptors, respectively, while saline was infused as control.ResultsAP significantly depended on a three-way interaction among the mouse group (ORX-KO vs WT), the wake–sleep state, and the drug or vehicle infused. During the control vehicle infusion, ORX-KO had significantly higher AP values during REM sleep, smaller decreases in AP from wakefulness to either non-rapid-eye-movement (non-REM) sleep or REM sleep, and greater increases in AP from non-REM sleep to REM sleep compared to WT. These differences remained significant with atropine methyl nitrate, whereas they were abolished by prazosin and, except for the smaller AP decrease from wakefulness to REM sleep in ORX-KO, also by atenolol.ConclusionsSleep-related alterations of AP due to orexin deficiency significantly depend on alterations in cardiovascular sympathetic control in a mouse model of NT1.