bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cost-Effective Low-Dose Streptozotocin and High-Fat Diet Improve the Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Rat Analysis
Authors: Asmara Holifa Saheera , A Latif Ahmad Zubaidi , Mohammad Nasir , Mahadevo Rao US , Haque Mainul 
Published: June 2021

Objective:
The induction of type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rat model using the Sprague Dawley (SD) species is commonly performed for further laboratory experimental purposes. Various laboratory conditions or even other environments provide different outcomes in achieving the model utilising the previous protocol.

Materials and Methods:
We performed an experimental animal study. Researchers administered a revamped induction regimen involving a variation of a high-fat diet (HFD) with several low-dose streptozotocin injections and a glucose drink immediately after injection.

Results:
HFD-fed rats have demonstrated severe hyperglycaemic status, though they were further evaluated to assess their insulin sensitivity. Analysing subgroups, HFD with glucose drink indicated poor insulin sensitivity after 2 h of intraperitoneal insulin injection. Poor glucose clearance revealed insulin resistance in the rat model (P = 0.026). Different dietary courses and fasting blood glucose were found not significant, P < 0.05. Complementary glucose in HFD was much more likely to cause hyperglycaemic characteristic, although HFD alone did not indicate many discrepancies in hyperglycaemic condition χ2 (2, N = 216) =181.385, P < 0.01. The extra glucose in HFD greatly decreased glucose clearance efficiency, although HFD alone did not demonstrate a clear correlation with the glucose clearance rate, χ2 (2, N = 1003) =700.638, P < 0.01. In addition, the hyperglycaemic state was conversely correlated with insulin sensitivity (r = −0.727, P < 0.001).

Conclusion:
This approach provides an alternative T2DM induction technique in SD rats. The key features of T2DM, including hyperglycaemic state and insulin insensitivity, were successfully developed in the animal model.
Protective Effects of Abelmoschus Esculentus Hydroalcoholic Extract on Changes in Pituitary-Gonadal Axis Hormones and Testicular Tissue in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Adult Rats
Authors: Hosseinpur Mahya , Shariati Mehrdad , Hosseini Seyed Ebrahim 
Published: June 2021

Background:
The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effect of different doses Abelmoschus esculentus hydroalcoholic extract (AEHE) on changes in pituitary-gonadal axis hormones and testicular tissue in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic adult rats.

Materials and Methods:
The rats were randomly divided into six groups of six. The control group did not receive treatment, but the STZ60 group received 60 mg/kg STZ intraperitoneally for 3 days to induce diabetes and the AEHE400 group received 400 mg/kg AEHE orally for 28 days. The STZ60 + AEHE100, 200 and 400 groups first received 60 mg/kg STZ intraperitoneally for 3 days to induce diabetes and then received 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg AEHE, respectively, for 28 days orally. At the end of the study, the hormonal levels were measured by ELISA method, and the testicular tissue was evaluated histopathologically.

Results:
Hormonal results represented that compared to the control and AEHE400 groups, the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels had increased in STZ60 group, and testosterone level had decreased. In the STZ60 + AEHE groups, FSH, LH and testosterone levels were improved compared to the STZ60 group. Histopathological findings also showed that compared to the control and AEHE400 groups, the number of spermatogenic and Leydig cells decreased in STZ60 group, but there were no changes in Sertoli cells. In the STZ60 + AEHE groups, an improvement in the number of spermatogenic and Leydig cells was observed compared to the STZ60 group.

Conclusion:
At the optimum dose (400 mg/kg), AEHE has protective effects on the testicular tissue and levels of pituitary-gonadal axis hormones in STZ-induced diabetic rats.
An Evaluation of Sustained Attention with Frontal Electroencephalogram
Authors: Khan Shah M , Mir Suhail Rafiq , Husain Akbar 
Published: June 2021

Background:
The activity in various regions of the brain can be assessed through changes in spectral and temporal aspects of EEG, in reference to particular and diverse physiological states. The band powers calculated through frequency domain decline through the baseline and execution of voluntary movements. The deterioration in perceptual efficiency resulting from prolonged focused attention and conditions. The present study investigated the feasibility of using Clock task as a means to evaluate the sustained attention through frontal EEG.

Method:
The Clock task, a paradigm for the assessment of sustained attention was designed. The participants have to monitor and react when the hand of the clock stops slightly longer than usual. The sample comprised of 6 participants who complete Clock task. Frontal EEG signals were recorded.

Results:
The left inferior frontal gyrus are associated with vigilance in beta frequency bands when attention is directed towards task. The performance in clock task, showed high brain activity when the subject was engaged in maintaining vigilance. The exploration of beta activity strengthens the Sensory feedback through visual modality during static motor control.

Conclusion:
The ventral pathway of the visual information processing in the described cognitive task may play a significant role to regulate attentional processes. The study concluded the left prefrontal and temporal regions plays a significant role in the modulation of sustained attention. The area can be potentially used to monitor changes both at physiological and psychological level during alertness.
Investigating the Effects Of Ketofol and the Combination of Remifentanil and Propofol on the Duration of the Convulsion and Haemodynamics of Psychotic Patients in Electroconvulsive Therapy
Authors: Yazdi Bijan , Modir Hesameddin , Kamali Alireza , Jamilian Hamidreza , Najafi Forogh 
Published: June 2021

Introduction:
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a method of treatment for patients suffering from depressive disorders, bipolarity, and schizophrenia and is accompanied by hyperdynamic responses. This study aimed to find intravenous anaesthesia with profound effects but fewer side effects.

Materials and Methods:
This study was an interventional clinical trial, in which 35 patients were categorised into three groups each being treated in three sessions (105 cases in total). Group A received distilled water + propofol 1mg/kg, Group B received remifentanil 1 µg/kg + propofol 1mg/kg and Group C received ketamine + propofol (ketofol) 1 with the dose of 1 mg/kg. Then, the patients were investigated in terms of hemodynamic changes and recovery time in the first 10 min.

Results:
There were no significant differences in the three groups of the study in terms of the patients' heart rate, blood pressure and oxygen saturation percentage (P = 0.598, P = 0.283 and P = 0.172, respectively). However, there was a significant difference (P = 0.0001) amongst the three groups in terms of recovery time as Group C (ketofol) had the lowest recovery time and Group B (remifentanil + propofol) had the highest recovery time. Moreover, there was a significant difference across the three groups regarding the agitation score showing that sole propofol resulted in the lowest amount of agitation in the three groups (P = 0.026). The highest amount belonged to Group C.

Conclusions:
The ketofol compound had the lowest recovery time, and the remifentanil + propofol compound had the highest recovery time in ECT candidate patients. Sole propofol caused the lowest amount of agitation and ketofol caused the highest amount of agitation in the patients.
Laboratory virtual instrument engineering workbench-based semi-automated measurement of cranial asymmetry
Authors: Sun Jui-Ming , Huang Chih-Ta , Hsieh Cheng-Ta 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Cranial asymmetry has been associated with the laterality of neurological diseases including chronic subdural hematoma, subdural hygroma, and stroke. Although picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) are commonly used radiologic tools, simple angle or contoured area measurement cannot accurately reflect the actual severity of cranial asymmetry. Therefore, we developed an objective semi-automated image analysis tool based on the Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench (LabVIEW) system and compared its efficacy and variability with those of PACS in measuring cranial asymmetry.

Methods:
This image analysis software was developed on the basis of the LabVIEW system. Three sizes of plastic water pipes and computed tomographic images of the brain from three patients were used for experimental and clinical validations, respectively. We compared the percent error of the calculated areas of the pipes as well as coefficient of variation (CV) and cranial index of symmetry (CIS) ratio obtained from LabVIEW and PACS.

Results:
Experimental validation showed the overall mean difference of actual size versus estimated size obtained using PACS and LabVIEW-based image analysis to be 7.51% and 4.68%, respectively. This result indicated that LabVIEW-based image analysis provided an estimated area closer to that of the actual size of the phantom, with significantly low inter- and intraobserver variability (P < 0.001). Clinical validation also showed lower variability in the CVs and CIS ratios of areas estimated using LabVIEW-based image analysis, ranging from 0.01% to 0.13% and from 89.2% to 99.1%, respectively.

Conclusion:
Our study demonstrated through experimental and clinical validation that LabVIEW-based image analysis is a convenient and effective method for investigating cranial asymmetry. This imaging tool can provide more clues in understanding cranial asymmetry.
Postoperative outcomes of microphlebectomy and Trendelenburg operation with stripping for saphenofemoral junction incompetence
Authors: Lakshmi Bhuvana , Gowthaman Siddartha , Elamaran E , Vinoth S , Ramanathan M 
Published: June 2021

Background:
With more than 10 million cases occurring annually in India, varicose veins can sometimes result in severe discomfort and pain besides disfiguration of skin. The objective of the study was to assess the most viable treatment options for varicose veins between the traditional Trendelenburg procedure and microphlebectomy.

Methods:
This was an interventional study conducted at a tertiary center in South India. Patients above 18 years of age, presenting with varicose veins due to saphenofemoral junction (SFJ) incompetence and scheduled for surgical management, were included in a sample size of 46. Subjects were randomized into two groups – Group 1 underwent micro phlebectomy and Group 2 underwent Trendelenburg operation with stripping of great saphenous vein (GSV). Postoperative pain was assessed on day of surgery, day after, and postoperative day 7. A venous Doppler ultrasound was conducted 6 weeks after the surgical procedure, to look for reflux at SFJ.

Results:
Group 1 subjects reported lesser immediate postoperative pain and incurred significantly less cost as determined by an independent sample t-test. Chi-square test found no significant difference in the rate of occurrence of local complications (P > 0.05), and no recurrence was noted among both groups.

Conclusion:
Microphlebectomy is a more feasible treatment option than Trendelenburg operation with GSV stripping on account of lower costs. It is also a patient friendly alternative due to immediate reduction in pain.
Knowledge, attitude, and practices on sanitation, water, and hygiene among mothers of under five children in rural area
Authors: Katkuri Sushma 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Simple practices such as appropriate washing of the hands, supply as well as use of clean water, excreta disposal in a scientific manner, sanitary latrine use, persona hygiene, etc., help to maintain health and promote the quality of life by preventing a number of diseases.

Objective:
The objective of this study is to study knowledge, attitude, and practices on sanitation, water and hygiene among mothers of under five children in rural area.

Materials and Methods:
A community-based cross-sectional study was carried out among 347 mothers of under five children in villages around the Rural Health Training Center. Data were collected in semistructured questionnaire where the information was obtained by face-to-face interview.

Results:
Majority mothers belonged to 21–30 years (87.3%); educated up to intermediate level (69.7%); were home makers (77.5%) and majority (94.5%) belonged to lower class of socioeconomic status. 43.8% used boiling method to purify water at household level. For the baby food, 31.1% were using boiled water. Majority (84.7%) had adequate knowledge on hand-washing. 71.5% told that hand washing is necessary to keep oneself away from the diseases. 97.1% were washing their hands after defecation and 85.9% expressed the need of soap for hand washing. 33.7% told that flies over food are the cause of worm infections. For diarrhea, 44.4% told that unhygienic food is the cause of diarrhea. 87.1% used dumping for disposal of waste water from kitchen and general household; 82.7% were dumping solid waste. Using the sanitary latrine was seen in 83.3%.

Conclusion:
It was observed that the knowledge on purification of water was poor. Second, very few people use boiled water for preparing baby's food. The knowledge about washing of hands after defecation was good.
Clinical profile, management, and postoperative complications among patients with trigeminal neuralgia at a tertiary care hospital
Authors: Raykar Rajesh R. , Ganapathy Sibhi 
Published: June 2021

Background:
There is no clarity in diagnostic criteria of trigeminal neuralgia, and hence, the diagnosis is difficult and often delayed. Therefore, the patient has to visit many clinics before the final and correct diagnosis is established. Trigeminal neuralgia is not harmful, but it definitely affects the quality of life. It may become nonresponsive to treatment.

Objective:
To study clinical profile, management, and postoperative complications among patients with trigeminal neuralgia.

Methods:
The present study was designed as a retrospective study for which the case records of patients as having trigeminal neuralgia kept with Medical Records Department, of a tertiary care hospital were studied and the patients were called for follow-up during the study period of July 2012 to December 2015 in the present study. Sixty-five patients who responded to follow-up call during the study period were included in the present study.

Results:
Majority belonged to 41–50 years (36.9%). Males (75.4%) were more than females (24.6%). Male-to-female ratio was 3.1:1. Both sides were equally affected. Pain distribution was commonly seen (38.5%) in V2+V3. Most common precipitating factor was cold (33.8%). 13.8% had hyperesthesia and 12.3% had hypoesthesia. Majority (83.1%) were directly operated for microvascular decompression. Trigeminal neuralgia was due to vascular compression (83.1%). The most common microvascular relationship was with superior cerebellar artery (50.8%). Only five patients had postoperative complications.

Conclusion:
Males were affected more than females. V2+V3 was common site of pain distribution. Cold was found to precipitate trigeminal neuralgia. The most common microvascular relationship was with superior cerebellar artery. Thus, trigeminal neuralgia has varied presentation, and hence, care needs to be taken in the diagnosis and management.
Coconut oil and palm oil’s role in nutrition, health and national development: A review
Authors: Boateng Laurene , Ansong Richard , Owusu William , Steiner-Asiedu Matilda 
Published: June 2021

Coconut and palm oils which were the major sources of dietary fats for centuries in most of West Africa have been branded as unhealthy highly saturated fats. Their consumption has been peddled to supposedly raise the level of blood cholesterol, thereby increasing the risk of coronary heart disease. This adverse view has led to a reduction in their consumption in West Africa and they have been substituted for imported vegetable oils. Recent information however, indicates some beneficial effects of these oils particularly their roles in nutrition, health and national development. There is the need for a better understanding of their effects on health, nutritional status and national development. This paper therefore attempts to review the roles which coconut and palm oils play in these respects in developing countries, as a means of advocating for a return to their use in local diets.Funding: None declaredKeywords: Palm oil, coconut oil, nutrition, health, national development
Risk of transmission of viral haemorrhagic fevers and the insecticide susceptibility status of aedes aegypti (linnaeus) in some sites in Accra, Ghana
Authors: Suzuki Takashi , Osei Joseph H , Sasaki Sasaki , Adimazoya Michelle , Appawu Maxwell , Boakye Daniel , Ohta Nobuo , Dadzie Samuel 
Published: June 2021

Background: Dengue is one of the emerging diseases that can mostly only be controlled by vector control since there is no vaccine for the disease. Although, Dengue has not been reported in Ghana, movement of people from neighbouring countries where the disease has been reported can facilitate transmission of the disease. Objective: This study was carried on the University of Ghana campus to determine the risk of transmission of viral haemorrhagic fevers and the insecticide susceptibility status of Ae. aegypti in some sites in Accra, Ghana. Design: Larval surveys were carried to inspect containers within households and estimate larval indices and adult Aedes mosquitoes were collected using human landing collection technique. WHO tube assays was used to assess the insecticide susceptibility status of Aedes mosquitoes. Results: Ae. aegypti were the most prevalent species, 75.5% and followed by Ae. vittatus, 23.9 %. Ae. albopictus and Ae. granti were in smaller numbers. Household index (HI), Breteau index (BI), and container index were calculated as 8.2%, 11.2% and 10.3% respectively with man-vector contact rate of 0.67 bites/man-hour estimated for the area. The mortalities recorded for Ae. aegypti from WHO tube assays was 88%, 94%, 80% and 99% for DDT (4%), deltamethrin (0.05%), lambdacyhalothrin (0.05%) and permethrin (0.75%) respectively.Conclusion: The survey results indicated that the density of Aedes mosquitoes was considered to be sufficient to promote an outbreak of viral haemorrhagic fevers on Legon Campus. Aedes mosquitoes were found to be resistant to DDT, deltamethrin and lamdacyhalothrin, but susceptible to permethrin. Funding: This study was supported in part by Japan Initiative for Global Research Network on Infectious Diseases(J-Grid).Keywords: Mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti, insecticide, risk, VHF transmission, Ghana
Students’ perceptions of the learning environment in two Nigerian medical schools offering different curricula
Authors: Ogun Olufunmilola A. , Nottidge Timothy E. , Roff Sue 
Published: June 2021

Objective: Compare the results of administering the DREEM questionnaire in two Nigerian medical schools offering traditional and student-centred curricular respectively, to identify any differences in the learning environment and appreciate advantages of the more modern curriculum.Methods: A survey design was used. Data was analysed using the DREEM scoring rubric. The independent t-test was used to compare results. Setting: The DREEM questionnaire was administered to final year medical students at two participating centres. Participants: Final year students of a teacher-centred and a student-centred medical school. Results: There were 138 respondents – 50 (96.2% of the final year students) from the teacher centred school and 88 (59.1% of the final year students) from the student-centred school. The mean total DREEM score was 117+22.3 in the former and 119 +23.6 in the latter (p = 0.798). Mean age of students in the teacher centred school was 28 ± 5.28 years, while that of the student-centred school was 23 ± 1.83 years (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The mean total DREEM score proximity between the schools suggests that the younger students using a more student-centred curriculum have less of an appreciation of their improved learning environment than is expected. Thus, the hidden curriculum could be lagging behind the written one. The older students in the teacher centred environment have a more mature appreciation of their learning climate. Funding: Personal sourcesKeywords: medical education, Nigeria, curriculum, DREEM
An update of Vaccine development against Entamoeba histolytica
Authors: Oryakhil Qudratullah , Hanif Muhammad , Irfan Mohammad 
Published: June 2021

Purpose: This review literature reveals designing of an effective vaccine against Entamoeba.histolytica, but due to some major limiting factors a successful vaccine has not been designed yet. The researches focusing on designing an ideal vaccine are summarized in this review literature. The major limiting factors leading to the failure of this particular vaccine are also discussed here
Methodology: This study is literature based focusing on recent advancement and contribution to vaccine designing. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of Entamoeba histolytica has been studied posing a major health threat. Some vaccines candidates and adjuvants have also been studied having promising results but require clinical trials.
Findings: The major finding in this review is less investment on tropical diseases and lack of long term immunity also needs to be elucidated. Various proteins associated with the chemical structure of Entamoeba histolytica are immunogenic and can be used as potential vaccine candidates. The interaction of Entamoeba histolytica with gut microbiota may result into new strains of the pathogen leading to evasion strategy of this particular parasite. In asymptomatic cases it colonizes the large intestine and sometimes spread to other soft organs of the body causing abscesses. Entamoeba histolytica can be transmitted through polluted water and food. The international transport of food materials may have a major role in Entamoeba histolytica transmission.
Recommendation: Further researches may be the base for an effective vaccine having long term immunological memory against Entamoeba histolytica. An effective vaccine may be effective in all age groups with no adverse effects. The improvement in hygiene and health care system may the possible ways of combating amoebiasis.