bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TWO-STAGE COOKING AS A METHOD OF IMPROVING THE NUTRITIVE VALUE OF JACKBEAN (Canavalia ensiformis) FOR BROILERS
Authors: UDEDIBIE A. B. I. , ESONU B. O. , UNACHUKWU C. , IWUOMA N. C. 
Published: March 2021

A 4 - week feeding trial was conducted to determine the effect of 2-stage cooking on the 1988; Wyss and Bickel, 1988). The best known nutritive value of jackbean (Canavalia ensiformis) for broilers. Two-stage cooking is one of the practices employed in the village for preparing toxic foodstuffs for human consumption. Jack Beans were cooked for 40 minutes at the end of which the cooking water was thrown out. Fresh water was added and it was valuable as a protein and energy supplement cooking continued thereafter for another 40 minutes. The two-stage cooked jackbeans were dried, ground and included in a broiler finisher diet at 0,10,15 and 20% levels, respectively, and each diet fed to 30 broiler chickens for 4 weeks. There were no significant (P <0.05) differences in feed intake, growth rate and feed conversion ration among the four experimental groups.
FEED UTILIZATION BY BROILER CHICKENS FED THREE COMMERCIAL MICRONUTRIENT PREMIXES AT TWO PHYSIOLOGICAL STAGES OF GROWTH
Authors: ODUGUWA O. O. , OGUNMODEDE B. K. , FANIMO A. O. 
Published: March 2021

Three commercial premix types were fed in and duplicated to six groups of 45 broilers each at the starter pbase (0-5 weeks). At the finisher phase (5-9 weeks) each treatment group of the vital roles in starter was further divided into three groups. Nine premix combinations were used at the finisher pbase. Performance of the birds was monitored. At the starter phase, birds fed premix Z diet had a mean body weight blood (629.90gm) that was higher (P<0.05) than fed premix A diet (518.87 gm) which was also the maintenance of osmotic relations and acid higher than those fed premix U diet (414.59gm). The mean daily weight gain followed the same trend with 16.81gm, 14.04gm, or 10.58 gm for birds fed diets that contained premixes Z A or U respectively. Birds fed a diet that contained premix Z consumed 48.80 gm daily which was more than those for birds fed premix U in their diet (37.85gm). The feed to gain ratio was not significantly affected (P>0.05) by the premix type fed at this phase. Poor growth rate caused by premixes with marked differences in their by premix fed at the starter phase was not completely overcome due to the premix type fed at the finisher phase varied (P<0.05) with the type of premix fed. No difference (P>0.05) was observed among the premix types for the metabolic trials at the starter phase.
MODELS FOR THE PREDICTION OF QUALITY PARAMETERS OF TABLE EGGS STORED UNDER DIFFERENT CONDITIONS
Authors: ESSIEN A. , EBOH L. , EMURASHE S. E. 
Published: March 2021

A total of 144 newly - laid eggs obtained from Lohmann Brown layers were distributed and stored under three storage conditions: room temperature, polythene bag/room temperature and refrigeration. Changes in Haugh unit, yolk ), index and percentage weight loss were evaluated between 0 and 14 days at intervals of two days each, Haugh unit, yolk index, and albumen have significantly (P>0.001), while percentage weight loss increased (P<0.001) with storage duration, Generally, quality on the parameters of refrigerated eggs were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those stored used in polythene bag or those stored open in the room o. Polythene-bagged eggs had the least percentage weight loss. Significant (P<0.001) storage method x storage duration interactions were obtained. Regressing the internal egg quality measurement (Y) over storage period (X) in simple linear Y = a +bx) or the exponential (Y = ab ). regression functions showed that the predictive ability measured as also the r2 - values was generally higher with the. exponential than the simple linear model. The predictive ability of each egg quality parameter was higher with the polythene - bagged eggs than with other storage conditions. Using the simple linear prediction model, table eggs purchased randomly from retail egg shops had quality values of eggs that were about 4 - 11 days after lay prior to purchase.
THE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL QUALITIES OF 'NONO' FERMENTED AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES
Authors: BANKOLE M. O. , OKAGBUE R. N. 
Published: March 2021

The effects of fermentation at temperatures of 15°C, 25*C, 30°C and 37 C on the physico chemical and sensory qualities of 'nono', fermented milk products were determined. Of the four temperatures used, milk fermented at 25°C and 30*C produced the most suitable and acceptable 'nono'. While diacetyl, a flavor enhancer was 1.04g/ml and 3.2 wyn in 'nono' fermented at 25°C and 30'C respectively, it was zero ug/ml at 15°C and 6.3 ugel at 37°C temperatures of fermentation. The på readings at 24 hours of milk fermented at 25°C and 30°C temperatures of fermentation were 4.9 and 4.8 respectivdy, while at 15°C and 37°C temperature of fermentation, pH, readings were 5.1 and 4.3 respectively. The taste panellists assessment of 'nono' favoured 25°C and 30°C temperature of fermentation more than 15°C and 37°C.
COSTS AND RETURNS IN ALTERNATIVE POULTRY EGG PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS IN TWO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS OF OGUN STATE OF NIGERIA
Authors: AYANWALE A. B. , BAMIRE A. S. 
Published: March 2021

Costs and returns involved in the intensive and semi-intensive management systems of poultry egg production were examined in Ijebu-Ode and Odogbolu Local Government Areas of Ogun State in Nigeria with a view identifying the more profitable of the two systems. The free systems. Data obtained through structured questionnaires from the to feed and is suitable where there are no respondents who were selected through the simple random sampling procedure. Descriptive and Budgetary techniques were employed to analyse the data. Results from the analysis revealed that intensive poultry management systems are more profitable than semi-intensive as indicated by the Benefit-Cost ratio estimated at 2.2:1 and 2.0:1two systems respectively. Further analysis revealed that the majority (50%) of farmers under the Intensive system of management undertook egg production enterprise only against none under the semi-intensive management system. Egg production averaged 132 egg\ bird and 68 eggs/bird respectively for a semi-intensive system. It was concluded that poultry egg production under an intensive management system needs to be encouraged under the present economy in the country. This could be effected by providing the right economic policies aimed at reducing the cost of livestock feeds and day old chicks.
EFFECT OF REPLACING MAIZE WITH GRADED LEVEL OF MANGO-SEED KERNEL MEAL ON THE PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF BROILERS CHICKS AND CHICKENS
Authors: Faniyi G. F. 
Published: March 2021

Eighty day-old broiler chicken were fed diets in which maize was replaced weight for weight with mango seed-kernel meal at 0, 10, 20, and 30% levels during starter and finisher phases of four weeks each. No significance differences (p>0.05) were observe in the final body weight, body weight gain, feed intake, mortality, feed conversion efficiency and feed efficiency ratio among the chicks. During the starter phase, the highest feed intake value (2001.81 g/birds) was recorded for diet IV and the least value was obtained for diet I (control diet). During the finisher phase, however, the least feed intake value (773.24 g/bird) was obtained in respect of diet I while feed intake values were similarly high for others diets. It was, therefore, concluded that mango seed-kernel meal could be utilized by broiler chicks during the starter and finisher phase and it could serve as an alternative energy source to maize in broiler starter and finisher diets.
THE INFLUENCE OF SUPPLEMENTS OF COTTON SEED CAKE ON THE UTILIZATION OF SORGHUM GLUME BY THE GOAT
Authors: Adeloye A. A. , Fesetan J. O. 
Published: March 2021

The influence of supplements of cotton seed cake (CSC)on the voluntary intake and utilization of sorghum glume (SG) by the goat was studied in a 4 x 4 Latin Square digestibility trial. The study involved a total of 12 West African dwarf goats made up of 8 dry, non-pregnant does and 4 bucks aged between 14 and 20 months with av, live weight of 13.7kg. there were diets in all made up of 3 experimental diets in which cotton seed cake replaced, in each case, 25, 50 and 75% of the sorghum glume. The control diet was the unsupplemented sorghum glume. The goats were fed dry matter at 4% of body weight and water and mineral salt lick were provided ad-libitum. The dry matter intake (DMI) increased (P < 0.05) with CSC supplementation but the DMI value between 50 and 75% CSC levels were comparable (P > 0.05). Weight gains in all treatments were positive being highest (63.34±12.7 g/d) with the 50% CSC supplementation of the sorghum glume and lowest (11.67 ± 12.7 g/d) with the (control) unsupplemented sorghum glume. Increase in the oil seed cake supplementation of the sorghum glume resulted in increase (P < 0.05) in nitrogen intake across the treatment. Increase in the feed digestibility, nitrogen retention, digested feed energy and organic matter were significant (P < 0.05) up to 50% cotton seed supplementation of the sorghum glume. The performances of the goats on the 50% CSC and 75% CSC supplementation of sorghum glume are comparable (P < 0.05) in respect of feed intake, nitrogen retention and nutrients digestibilites. A juidicious use of the protein concentrate for optimum feed intake and feed utilization makes the 50% CSC supplementation more desireable. A 50% cotton seed cake supplementation of the sorghum glume is recommended as suitable in the dry season feeding of the goat
GENETIC AND DIURNAL VARIATIONS IN THE SERUM PROTEIN PROFILE OF YEARLING CAPRINE MALES
Authors: Ogbunike G. N. , Jeyakuma L. H. , Obi T. U. 
Published: March 2021

12 GOATS comprising 4 of each of three breeds, namely West African Dwarf, Red Sokoto and crossbreds (West African Dwarf x Saanen), were bled alternately in the mornings and afternoons to evaluate their serum protein profile. The three breeds were similar in total serum proteins but not in protein profile. The crossbred goats had more albumin than the purebreds. Alpha and beta globulins occurred in equal proportions in the West African Dwarf and crossbred goats although the latter were extremely low in gamma globulins. The results imply a higher growth rate and susceptibility to infection of the crossbred goats and suggest the need for greater husbandry care by them.
INFLUENCE OF CONCENTRATE SUPPLEMENTATION WITH BROWSE PLANT (GLIRICIDIA SEPIUM) ON NUTRIENT UTILIZATION AND GROWTH OF THE WEST AFRICAN DWARF (FOUTA DJALLON) KIDS
Authors: MBA A. U. , MANIGUI S. A. , AWAH A. A. 
Published: March 2021

TWELVE West African dwarf (Fouta Djallon) kids, 4 to 6 months of age and weighing between 5.96 and 7.24kg, were used in the study of three dietary treatments involving a basal diet of browse plant (gliricidia Septum) supplemented with concentrate feed at 25 and 50% levels of dry matter intake to appetite. The diets were fed for a period of three months in order to estimate nutrient intake and utilization, protein and energy requirements including growth performances of the kids.
Kids maintained on gliricidia sepium alone (G1000CO) needed significantly (P/0.05) more dry matter (DM) consumption to appetite (294.66 ± 14.941 g/day) than kids maintained on either 75% gliricidia sepium plus 25% concentrate (G75 C25) or 50% gliricidia sepium plus 50% concentrate (GC)50 (236.26±0.385kg) than either kids on treatments G100C0 or (GC)50 (6.84±0.214 and 6.92±0.313kg respectively). DM intake as a percentage of liveweight was about 3.60 +0.237%.
The kids were in positive nitrogen balance and the nitrogen retention value ranged from 31.36 ±1.633 to 50.22 ±0.994%. Metabolic faecal nitrogen (MFN) and endogenous urinary nitrogen (ENU) were 0.232±0.005g/100g DM intake and 0.070 g/day wkg734 respectively. The biological value (BV) of the diets ranged from 56.79 to 75.62%. The digestible crude protein (DCP) requirement for maintenance was 0.853±0.133 g/day/wkg734 while the DCP requirement for liveweight gain was 0.030±0.001 g/day/wkg734 per g of liveweight gain. The digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable (ME) energy requirements for maintenance were 124.42±3.274 kcal/day/wkg734 and 100.78 + 4.588 kcal/day/wkg734 respectively.
Results showed that the utilization of the browse plant (gliricidia sepium) by the kids was best when fed at 75% browse plus 25% concentrate.
DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTION OF INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE (GUMBORO) VACCINE IN NIGERIA
Authors: OKEKE E. N. , TANIMU T. 
Published: March 2021

An infectious bursal disease virus strain obtained from an pathogenic strain that was attenuated in em-bryonated eggs, is produced in a primary culture of chicken embryo fibroblast, (CEF). This virus has been passaged 10 times further in CEF, and is now intended for use in the active immunisation of chickens against IBD. The vaccinę virus replicates well in CEF giving a titer of up to107.5 TCID50 per ml. In spite of its pathogenicity for CEF, the vaccine has no pathogenicity for chickens as shown by the absence of gross and histopathological lesions in the bursa of Fabricius (BF) of birds infected with it. Immunogenicity is retained and infact compares favourably with those of other IBD virus strains. The vaccine virus does not revert back to its original pathogenicity but can be adversely affected by storage at room temperature and at 37°C. It could however be stored at +2°C to +8°C or lower for up to six months without loss in potency, The vaccine can be administered by mouth or intramuscularly and as low as 50 TCID50 per bird guarantees full protection. However, as much as 125,000 times the guaranteed dose per bird has been administered without any observable changes in the BF of the affected birds. The field dosage is calculated so that at least one guaranteed dose (i.e. 50 TCID50 ) is still available to each bird even after incubation at 37°C for 7 days. The vaccine did not depress the immune response of chickens to ND vaccine intraocular when administered concurrently with it. The vaccine was tested for safety and immunogenicity in a population of two isolated flocks totalling 8504 birds. The immune status of a flock tested was significantly enhanced as a result of the vaccination (Table 6). More than 10.8 million doses have been issued to the field from 1979 to 1982 and the demand is increasing. Every batch of vaccine produced is tested for viability in CEF, sterility in bacterial culture media and for safety and potency in chickens.
THE EFFECTS OF IBD FIBROGUM-BOVAC VACCINE AND A COMMERCIAL VACCINE ON THE BODY WEIGHT BURSAL WEIGHT AND DEVELOPMENT OF ANTIBODIES IN BROILERS
Authors: OKEKE E. N. , CHOJI C. , NJIKE M.C. 
Published: March 2021

A CHICKEN embryo-fibroblast (CEF) cell culture-adapted infectious bursal disease vaccine (Fibrogumbovac) and a commercial vaccine were studied for their effects on the rate of growth, bursal atrophy and the attainment of antibody level in 450 broilers.
No appreciable difference in weight was observed in vaccinated birds when compared with unvaccinated control birds. The birds were vaccinated at the age of 4 week and at 9 week of age the average weights for birds vaccinated with IBD Fibrogum-bovac, the commercial vaccine and unvaccinated controls were respectively 1.949, 2.014 and 1,900kg. The vaccinated birds did not gain weight as rapidly as the controls between the 9th and 14th week (Table 1).
The relative weight loss per week for the last five weeks (10th to 14th week) averaged 0.7 per cent for the IBD Fibrogumbovac vaccinated birds as compared with control birds.
The highest antibody levels recorded in vaccinated birds at the end of two weeks were 1:1024 for Fibrogumbovac, and 1:16 for the commercial vaccine. On the third day after vaccination when the bursa of Fabricius was expected to be largest the average weight of the buçsa of 5 birds was found to be 0.250, 0.135 and 0.245 per cent of body weight respectively for birds vaccinated with IBD Fibrogun-bovac vaccine, the commercial vaccine, and unvaccinated controls.
KOMBINASI BILAKUPU (BIJI LABU KUNING DAN KUNYIT PUTIH) DALAM MENURUNKAN HIPERKOLESTEROLEMIA
Authors: Puspaningdyah Evita 
Published: March 2021

Kolesterol merupakan senyawa lemak yang lunak, seperti lilin yang diproduksi oleh hati dan sisanya diperoleh dari makanan. Hiperkolesterolemia adalah kadar kolesterol yang melebihi batas normal dalam darah atau >200mg/dl(nilai normal 40-130 mg/dl). Biji labu kuning (Cucurbita moschata) dan kunyit putih (Curcuma mangga Val.) merupakan tanaman yang mudah didapatkan di Indonesia.Tujuan penelitian ini ialah untuk mengetahui pengaruh kombinasi serbuk biji labu kuning (Cucurbita moschata) dan rebusan kunyit putih (Curcuma mangga Val.) dalam menurunkan kadar kolesterol darah pada mencit. Pengumpulan data pada penelitian ini menggunakan studi eksperimental yaitu denganmenggunakan 30 ekor mencit yang dibagi menjadi 3 kelompokyaitu kontrol normal(kandang 1)dengan pemberian pakan ayam cp 511, kontrol positif (kandang 2) dengan pemberian jeroan ayamdan kontrol terapi(kandang 3)dengan pemberian BILAKUPU.Hasil penelitian menunjukkanadanya perbedaan antara kelompok kontrol positif dengan kelompok kontrol terapi yang ditunjukkan dengan uji statistik yaitu uji Paired T-Test menunjukkan hasil signifikansi 0,000 (p < 0,05) yang menunjukkan bahwa kombinasi BILAKUPU dapat menurunkan kadar kolesterol darah secara bermakna.
IDENTIFIKASI DAN HITUNG ANGKA KAPANG PADA KULIT APEL PASCA PANEN DI DAERAH BATU, MALANG
Authors: Alfanda M. Yunas 
Published: March 2021

Kurangnya kesadaran masyarakat terhadap kesehatan pangan, membuat banyak terjadi kasus kontaminasi bahan pangan oleh mikroba. Salah satu mikroba yang mencemari bahan pangan adalah kapang. Penelitian ini bertujuanuntukmengidentifikasi dan menghitung jumlah kapang penyebab pembusukan pada kulit buah apel pascapanen di daerah Batu, Malang. Kapang adalah jamur multiseluler yang memiliki hifa yang menjadi ciri khas pembeda dengan khamir. Selain itu, kapang juga dapat menghasilkan mikotoksin yang berbahaya bagi kesehatan manusia. Sampel diambil secara acak dari perkebunan apel di daerah Batu. Identifikasi menggunakan metode Mounting Block dan media Saboroud Dextrose Agar (SDA), dan penghitungan jumlah kapang menggunakan metode Angka Kapang Khamir Cawan Tuang. Identifikasi mengguanakan mikroskop dengan perbesaran 400x, diamati berdasarkan morfologi hifa, konidia dan konidiofornya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya Aspergillus niger pada kulit buah apelsebanyak 5×101sampai 7×101. Kapang jenis inipaling mudah dijumpai padabuah-buahan. Selain pada buah-buahan, Aspergillus niger juga bisa diisolasi dari tanah, udara, dan serasah daun. Perlakuan buah apel pascapanen dan waktu penyimpanan berpengaruh pada jumlah kapang yang tumbuh. Batas cemaran mikroba untuk buah apel (kategori buah kering) pada jenis cemaran mikroba kapang adalah <5 x 101.
PENGARUH IBU BEKERJA TERHADAP PEMBERIAN ASI EKSKLUSIF PADA BAYI USIA 0-6 BULAN (Di Rumah Sakit Islam Jemursari Surabaya Provinsi Jawa Timur)
Authors: Dewi Ratna Sari 
Published: March 2021

Pemberian ASI di Indonesia belum dilaksanakan sepenuhnya. Upaya meningkatkan perilaku menyusui khususnya ASI Ekslusifmasih dirasa kurang. Permasalahan yang utama adalah faktor sosial budaya, kesadaran akan pentingnya ASI, pelayanan kesehatan dan petugas kesehatan yang belum sepenuhnya mendukung Program Peningkatan Pemberian ASI (PP ASI), gencarnya promosi susu formula, dan ibu bekerja.Karena dari sekian ibu yang bekerja tidak memberikan ASI Eksklusiflebih memberikan susu formula dari 3 bayi yang mendapatkan ASI Eksklusifsedangkan dari 7 bayi tidak mendapatkan ASI Eksklusif. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui pengaruh ibu bekerja terhadap pemberian ASI eksklusifpada bayi usia 0-6 bulan di Rumah Sakit Islam Jemursari Surabaya Provinsi Jawa Timur.Desain penelitian ini adalah AnalitikCrossSectional.Populasinya ibu yang memiliki bayi usia 0-6 bulan yang berkunjung ke Rumah Sakit Islam Jemursari Surabaya Provinsi Jawa Timur 43 orang. Tehnik sampling menggunakan ConsecutiveSamplingdengan responden ibu bekerja 31 orang dan responden ibu tidak bekerja 9 orang sejumlah 40 orang.Instrumen penelitian menggunakan lembar observasidengan pengolahan data editing, coding, tabulatingdan uji statistik menggunakan Fisher Exact Test. Hasil penelitian pada ibu bekerja yang memberikan ASI Eksklusif pada bayinya usia 0-6 bulan sebanyak 4 responden (12,9%), ibu bekerja yang tidak memberikan ASI Eksklusif pada bayinya usia 0-6 bulan sebanyak 27 responden (87,1%) dan ibu tidak bekerja yang memberikan ASI Eksklusif pada bayinya usia 0-6 bulan sebanyak 7 responden (77,8%), ibu tidak bekerja yang tidak memberikan ASI Eksklusif pada bayinya usia 0-6 bulan sebanyak 2 responden (22,2%). Hasil uji Fisher Exact Test menunjukkan nilai signifikansi r= 0,001 <a(0,05), sehingga H0 ditolak. Penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa ada pengaruh Ibu bekerja terhadap Pemberian ASI Eksklusifpada Bayi Usia 0-6 Bulan di Rumah Sakit Islam Jemursari Surabaya Provinsi Jawa Timur. Ibu lebih aktif untuk memberikan ASI Eksklusif pada bayi usia 0-6 bulan dengan cara bertanya pada petugas kesehatan, membaca buku, mengikuti penyuluhan tentang manfaat ASI Eksklusifpada ibu bekerja.
The Influence of Strategic Culture on Legal Justifications
Authors: Hock Martin 
Published: March 2021

The Influence of Strategic Culture on Legal Justifications Comparing British and German Parliamentary Debates Regarding the War against ISIS
This article presents an interdisciplinary comparison of British and German legal arguments concerning the justification of the use of force against the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS). It is situated in the broader framework of research on strategic culture and the use of international law as a tool for justifying state behaviour. Thus, a gap in political science research is analysed: addressing legal arguments as essentially political in their usage. The present work questions whether differing strategic cultures will lead to a different use of legal arguments. International legal theory and content analysis are combined to sort arguments into the categories of instrumentalism, formalism and natural law. To do so, a data set consisting of all speeches with regard to the fight against ISIS made in both parliaments until the end of 2018 is analysed. It is shown that Germany and the UK, despite their varying strategic cultures, rely on similar legal justifications to a surprisingly large extent.
Efficient and Color-tunable Organic Light-emitting Diodes for Rear Light Application on the Motor Vehicle
Authors: LI Yilian , LIU Na , ZHOU Pengchao , LAN Weixia , PU Huayan , LIAO Yingjie 
Published: March 2021

By designing double emissive layers, orange light-emitting layer (EML) and red EML and a space layer of blending hole-transporting material (HTM) with electron-transporting material (ETM), we have achieved efficient and color-tunable organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). It is found that the red shift of EL spectrum was enhanced when the ratio of HTM to ETM was 5:1. And a maximum current efficiency of 41.17 cd/A was reached. It has been demonstrated that two ultra-thin emissive layers could improve the current efficiency of the OLEDs. The current efficiency of the OLEDs with a 1 nm o;6range EML and a 1 nm red EML was enhanced by 27.4 % as compared to the reference devices. This is a novel approach to realizing voltage-controlled electroluminescence (EL) over different colors and intensity in a single OLED. The color-tunable OLEDs show the potential to be utilized as rear light on motor vehicle. We have investigated the effect of the ratio of HTM to ETM on the efficiency and spectral shift of the OLEDs through the control of recommendation zone.