bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Triaxiality on the Technical Cohesive Strength of Steels
Authors: Sachs George , Lubahn J. D. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper describes the fundamental metal characteristics revealed by means of extensive notched tensile tests. The effects of the three major factors, triaxiality, plastic strain, and stress concentration, can be separated by means of systematic tests covering the dependence of notch strength characteristics upon numerous variables, such as notch radius, notch depth, and hardness (of heat-treated steels). The characteristic strength values supplied by notched-bar tensile tests appear to be of considerably greater practical significance than those obtainable by means of regular tensile tests. The investigations on notched tensile-test bars also furnish an example of a practical approach to a complex fundamental problem which can be solved only by means of correlated and carefully controlled experimentation covering the effects of all pertinent variables.
Average Wall Radiative Heat Transfer Characteristic of Isothermal Radiative Medium in Inner Straight Fin Tubes
Authors: Wenping Peng , Min Xu , Xiaoxia Ma , Xiulan Huai 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Wall radiative heat transfer in inner straight fin tubes is very complex considering the coupling of heat conduction in fins and radiative heat transfer of medium with solid surfaces, influenced by a number of factors such as fin parameters, radiative properties and run conditions. The method of simulation is very inconvenient to design the heat exchanger involving the enhancement of inner straight fins on wall radiative heat transfer in tube, such as ascension pipe heat exchanger and radiant syngas cooler. In this study, a simplified method is used. The average radiative heat transfer between radiative medium and solid surfaces is first studied by simulation with fins supposed have a constant temperature. Then an approximate correlation of this radiative heat transfer coefficient is proposed using the traditional radiative heat transfer calculation method with a view coefficient, which has a little error within 15%. A calculation method of average wall radiative heat transfer coefficient is further derived based on fin theory with an average temperature of fin surface used to consider the varying of the temperature along the fin when the conductivity of fins is finite. Using the predicting method proposed, a method for design calculation of fins in tubes to optimize wall radiative heat transfer is also given with three dimensionless numbers of π/n, 2H/D, and nt/πD representing the structural properties of fins defined. Three cases of (ks = 43 W/(m•K), ɛw = 0.7, Tg = 1073.15 K, Tw = 573.15 K, D = 0.66 m, κD = 1.32), (ks = 162 W/(m•K), ɛw = 0.7, Tg = 1073.15 K, Tw = 573.15 K, D = 0.66 m, κD  = 1.32) and (ks = 43 W/(m•K), ɛw = 0.3, Tg = 973.15 K, Tw = 673.15 K, D = 0.66 m, κD = 0.66) are analyzed in detail based on the design calculation method. It is verified that the radiative heat transfer could be enhanced twice by introducing fins. Under the same h0, conductivity and emissivity are two important factors that should be considered to choose the material for fins. The microfins or the special treatments on the tube wall are a best choice for the fin material having a relatively small conductivity.
Numerical Study of Turbulent Convective Heat Transfer of Aviation Kerosene in Coiled Pipes
Authors: Fan Wenhui , Zhong Fengquan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Turbulent flow and convective heat transfer of kerosene in coiled pipes with different wall boundary conditions and curvature radii of coiled pipes are numerically studied. The Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations are solved by finite volume method and the realizable k–ε model is applied for turbulence modeling. The fluid media is aviation kerosene with an inlet supercritical pressure of 3 MPa and an inlet temperature of 400 K. The present results provide temperature and velocity fields as well as distributions of turbulence kinetic energy and streamlines at different axial locations along the flow direction. The Nusselt number at the outer side of the pipe wall is higher than that at the inner side by 75%. Compared to a straight pipe with the same pipe radius of 6 mm and inlet flow conditions, the coiled pipe with a curvature radius of 192.5 mm can increase the averaged heat transfer coefficient by 28.5%. Meanwhile, it is found that when the curvature ratio increases, the effect of secondary flow in the cross section of pipe is more significant and the heat transfer effect at different locations of the pipe wall also changes significantly. In addition, the present results also reveal that heat transfer deterioration takes place for the kerosene flow in coiled pipe with an increased wall heat flux due to the state change of kerosene from liquid to supercritical.
A Heuristic for Designing Hybrid Compact Heat Exchangers for Nuclear Applications
Authors: Saranam Venkata Rajesh , Carter Peter , Rozman Kyle A. , Doğan Ömer N. , Paul Brian K. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Hybrid compact heat exchangers (HCHEs) are a potential source of innovation for intermediate heat exchangers in nuclear industry, with HCHEs being designed for generation IV nuclear power applications. Compact heat exchangers are commonly fabricated using diffusion bonding (DB), which can provide challenges for HCHEs due to resultant nonuniform stress distributions across hybrid structures during bonding, leading to variations in joint properties that can compromise performance and safety. In this paper, we introduce a heuristic for determining whether a feasible set of DB conditions exist for producing HCHE designs capable of meeting regulatory requirements under nuclear boiler and pressure vessel codes. A DB model was used to determine DB parameters for predicting percent bonded area, which determines the lower threshold of DB parameters. Structural analysis was performed on the heat exchanger design for 316 stainless steel to determine higher threshold on the DB parameters to avoid failure modes due to creep, buckling, and yield in the HCHE structure during DB. A set of DB conditions were identified and validated experimentally by producing various test coupons for evaluating bond strength, ductility, porosity, grain size, creep rupture, creep fatigue, and channel deviation. A five-layer hybrid compact heat exchanger structure was fabricated and tensile tested demonstrating that the bonding parameters satisfy all criteria in this paper for DB HCHEs with application to the nuclear industry.
Evaluation of the Effect of a Rear Operator Guard on the Overall Safety for Operators of Standup Lift Trucks
Authors: Rodowicz Kathleen , Campolettano Eamon T. , Bruno Alexander G. , Schimpf Nicole , Rogers Michael W. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Standup high lift trucks have an open operator compartment designed to allow for easy egress from the truck in the event of an off-dock, off-trailer, or tip-over accident. The open compartment design also protects the operator during nontip-over collision accidents, provided the operator maintains him or herself within the compartment before impact. However, it has been suggested that an additional rear operator guard would better protect operators during nontip-over collision accidents. This study aimed to investigate operator injury potential and kinematics during off-dock and off-trailer accidents where the presence of a rear operator guard prevents the operator from exiting the truck and to evaluate the potential for an operator to restrain him or herself within the operator compartment of a standup lift truck during an off-dock or off-trailer accident. An instrumented anthropomorphic test device (ATD) was subjected to a series of off-dock accidents and a single off-trailer accident utilizing three different standup lift trucks. The kinematics and loads experienced by the ATD were quantified and correlated to human injury potential. Additionally, this study examined the potential for a rear operator guard to impede operator egress during an off-dock or off-trailer accident. Testing demonstrated the potential for serious or greater injury to an operator subjected to an off-dock or off-trailer accident. The authors conclude that a rear guard would negatively impact the overall safety of a standup lift truck in most working environments.
Performance of national COVID-19 ‘symptom checkers’: a comparative case simulation study
Authors: Mansab Fatma , Bhatti Sohail , Goyal Daniel 
Published: March 2021

ObjectivesIdentifying those individuals requiring medical care is a basic tenet of the pandemic response. Here, we examine the COVID-19 community triage pathways employed by four nations, specifically comparing the safety and efficacy of national online ‘symptom checkers’ used within the triage pathway.MethodsA simulation study was conducted on current, nationwide, patient-led symptom checkers from four countries (Singapore, Japan, USA and UK). 52 cases were simulated to approximate typical COVID-19 presentations (mild, moderate, severe and critical) and COVID-19 mimickers (eg, sepsis and bacterial pneumonia). The same simulations were applied to each of the four country’s symptom checkers, and the recommendations to refer on for medical care or to stay home were recorded and compared.ResultsThe symptom checkers from Singapore and Japan advised onward healthcare contact for the majority of simulations (88% and 77%, respectively). The USA and UK symptom checkers triaged 38% and 44% of cases to healthcare contact, respectively. Both the US and UK symptom checkers consistently failed to identify severe COVID-19, bacterial pneumonia and sepsis, triaging such cases to stay home.ConclusionOur results suggest that whilst ‘symptom checkers’ may be of use to the healthcare COVID-19 response, there is the potential for such patient-led assessment tools to worsen outcomes by delaying appropriate clinical assessment. The key features of the well-performing symptom checkers are discussed.
Being a woman, being a soldier, being a mother: a qualitative analysis of perceptions of pregnancy on working lives of women in the Spanish Armed Forces
Authors: Hossain-López Sheima , Ruiz-Berdún D 
Published: March 2021

IntroductionThirty-two years after Spain first allowed women to join the armed forces, 12% of active troops are women, although there are no data on how many of them are mothers. There is a lack of research related to the impact of motherhood on their careers and the challenges they face as well. Previous quantitative research, within North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) forces, has focused on the increased vulnerability and reduced performance of women returning to service after childbirth. However, no study to date has examined the narratives of these women.MethodsA qualitative, cross-sectional study was carried out by means of individual interviews which were subsequently analysed employing the interpretative approach of hermeneutic phenomenology. All the interviews were conducted by videoconference, being recorded for subsequent transcription and analysis with MAXQDA v.2018.ResultsServicewoman reported experiencing fear of informing their command chain of their pregnancy. Many women described feelings of constantly having to prove their worth, and thus perceived the physical restrictions associated with pregnancy and/or postpartum as a threat to their previous achievements. This sometimes led to behaviours that posed a risk to the health of mothers and babies, or eventually resulted in both acute and chronic conditions.ConclusionsSome restrictions put in place to protect them during their pregnancies become a source of additional anxiety. Returning to active service, we found that women’s desire to fulfil their duties can cause long-term damage to their physical and psychological health. The attitudes servicewomen perceive towards pregnant women and mothers seems to exert a strong influence on the risks they are willing to assume. Understanding and addressing the needs of servicewomen after childbirth, either now, as active members of the Armed Forces, or in the foreseeable future, as veterans, is crucial to both military and civilian healthcare providers.
Professional footballers have a limited understanding of the precompetition medical assessment and the possible outcomes including disqualification: a cross-sectional survey
Authors: Chin Thomas J , Lee Arier C L , Fulcher Mark L 
Published: March 2021

ObjectivesTo determine professional footballers’ level of understanding of the purpose of the precompetition medical assessment (PCMA) and to evaluate their knowledge of potential outcomes following a PCMA, including disqualification.MethodsProfessional footballers from the Australasian A-League and Westfield W-League were asked to complete a 25-question survey. The relationship between dichotomised outcomes and explanatory variables was analysed with multivariate logistic regression; p<0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsA total of 212 players participated (response rate=48.8%). Most respondents selected ‘To detect medical conditions that may affect performance’ and ‘To detect current injuries’ (n=137, 64.6%; n=130, 61.3%) as the purpose of a PCMA. Approximately one-third (n=74, 38.1%) were neutral or believed that a normal PCMA prevented cardiac arrest. Receiving more PCMAs (p<0.0003) and receiving an explanation during their PCMA (p=0.0175) led to greater awareness of the assessment’s limitations. Most participants did not know the definitions of syncope (n=181, 93.3%) or Marfan syndrome (n=183, 94.3%). Fifty players (28.1%) did not know that disqualification was a possible outcome of a PCMA, and younger players were less aware of this possible outcome (p=0.0216).ConclusionProfessional footballers appear to have a limited understanding of the purpose of a PCMA, emphasising the musculoskeletal system and performance. They also appear unfamiliar with the components of the PCMA and medical terms. Finally, many are unaware that disqualification can result from an abnormal PCMA. Player health knowledge must be improved; the informed consent process appears an ideal time to provide this education.
Psychometric properties of the Caregiver Strain Questionnaire among Chinese parents of children with ADHD or ASD
Authors: Yang Runxu , Zhou Huizhi , Liu Jin , Wang Yufeng , Zhang Yan , Wang Yanjiao , Liu Ruixiang , Cao Xia , Han Dong , Yang Shuran , Yang Jianzhong , Kang Chuanyuan 
Published: March 2021

BackgroundThere is an urgent need in clinical practice to measure the stress of parenting. The Caregiver Strain Questionnaire (CGSQ) was found to be useful to measure parenting stress, but it has not been validated among the Chinese population.AimsTo assess the reliability and construct validity of the Chinese version of CGSQ among Chinese parents.MethodsFrom 2016 to 2017, 266 parents (patient group) with a child having DSM-5–defined attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (n=107) or autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (n=159) and 268 parents of healthy children (control group) were recruited to the present study in Kunming, Yunnan province. All the parents were asked to fill out the Chinese version of CGSQ. We conducted exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to verify construct validity of CGSQ in both patient and control groups. Cronbach’s α coefficient as an index of internal consistency was assessed for each subscale. Fourteen days later, 23 subjects filled out the scale again. Intra-class correlation coefficient was calculated to evaluate the test–retest reliability.Results(1) Cronbach’s alpha of the global scale was 0.901 for the control group and 0.952 for the patient group. The test–retest reliability for the whole scale was 0.890; (2) CFA indicated that the three-factor model had better fitting indices compared with the two-factor model in both groups. Besides, the fitting indices in the patient group were more favourable than those of the control group, with χ2/df=1.564, Goodness-of-Fit Index=0.841, Comparative Fit Index=0.954, and root mean square error of approximation=0.065 for the patient group at three-factor model; (3) The caregiver strain of ASD parents was statistically higher than that of ADHD parents, and caregiver strain of ADHD parents was higher than that of control group.ConclusionThese findings provide initial evidence to support the construct validity and reliability of CGSQ as a parenting stress measurement tool for Chinese parents, especially for parents of children with ADHD or ASD.
Anti-TROVE2 Antibody Determined by Immune-Related Array May Serve as a Predictive Marker for Adalimumab Immunogenicity and Effectiveness in RA
Authors: Chen Po-Ku , Lan Joung-Liang , Chen Yi-Ming , Chen Hsin-Hua , Chang Shih-Hsin , Chung Chia-Min , Rutt Nurul H. , Tan Ti-Myen , Mamat Raja Nurashirin Raja , Anuar Nur Diana , Blackburn Jonathan M. , Chen Der-Yuan 
Published: March 2021

Anti-drug antibody (ADAb) development is associated with secondary therapeutic failure in biologic-treated rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. With a treat-to-target goal, we aimed to identify biomarkers for predicting ADAb development and therapeutic response in adalimumab-treated patients. Three independent cohorts were enrolled. In Cohort-1, 24 plasma samples (6 ADAb-positive and 6 ADAb-negative patients at baseline and week 24 of adalimumab therapy, respectively) were assayed with immune-related microarray containing 1,636 correctly folded functional proteins. Next, we executed statistically powered autoantibody profiling analysis of 50 samples in Cohort-2 (24 ADAb-positive and 26 ADAb-negative patients). Subsequently, immunofluorescence assay was performed on 48 samples in Cohort-3 to correlate with ADAb titers and drug levels. The biomarkers were identified for predicting ADAb development and therapeutic response using the immune-related microarray and machine learning approach. ADAb-positive patients had lower drug levels at week 24 (

median
=
0.024

μ
g
/
ml

) compared with ADAb-negative patients (

median
=
6.38

μ
g
/
ml

,

p
<
0.001

). ROC analysis based on the ADAb status revealed the top 20 autoantibodies with

AUC
≥
0.7

in differentiating both groups in Cohort-1. Analysis of Cohort-2 dataset identified a panel of 8 biomarkers (TROVE2, SSB, NDE1, ZHX2, SH3GL1, CARD9, PTPN20, and KLHL12) with 80.6% specificity, 77.4% sensitivity, and 79.0% accuracy in discriminating poor from EULAR responders. Immunofluorescence assay validated that anti-TROVE2 antibody could highly predict ADAb development and poor EULAR response (AUC 0.79 and 0.89, respectively). Multivariate regression analysis proved anti-TROVE2 antibody to be an independent predictor for developing ADAb. Immune-related protein microarray and replication analysis identified anti-TROVE2 antibody as a useful biomarker for predicting ADAb development and therapeutic response in adalimumab-treated patients.
Coexpressed Genes That Promote the Infiltration of M2 Macrophages in Melanoma Can Evaluate the Prognosis and Immunotherapy Outcome
Authors: Yan Kexin , Wang Yutao , Lu Yuxiu , Yan Zhangyong 
Published: March 2021

Purpose. To improve immunotherapy efficacy for melanoma, a coexpression network and key genes of M2 macrophages in melanoma were explored. A prognostic risk assessment model was established for M2-related coexpressed genes, and the role of M2 macrophages in the immune microenvironment of melanoma was elucidated. Method. We obtained mRNA data from melanoma and peritumor tissue samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas-skin cutaneous melanoma (TCGA-SKCM). Then, we used CIBERSORT to calculate the proportion of M2 macrophage cells. A coexpression module most related to M2 macrophages in TCGA-SKCM was determined by analyzing the weighted gene coexpression network, and a coexpression network was established. After survival analysis, factors with significant results were incorporated into a Cox regression analysis to establish a model. The model’s essential genes were analyzed using functional enrichment, GSEA, and subgroup and total carcinoma. Finally, external datasets GSE65904 and GSE78220 were used to verify the prognostic risk model. Results. The yellow-green module was the coexpression module most related to M2 macrophages in TCGA-SKCM; NOTCH3, DBN1, KDELC2, and STAB1 were identified as the essential genes that promoted the infiltration of M2 macrophages in melanoma. These genes are concentrated in antigen treatment and presentation, chemokine, cytokine, the T cell receptor pathway, and the IFN-γ pathway. These factors were analyzed for survival, and factors with significant results were included in a Cox regression analysis. According to the methods, a model related to M2-TAM coexpressed gene was established, and the formula was

risk

score
=

0.25

∗

NOTCH
3
+

0.008

∗

DBN
1
−

0.031

∗

KDELC
2
−

0.032

∗

STAB
1

. The new model was used to perform subgroup evaluation and external queue validation. The results showed good prognostic ability. Conclusion. We proposed a Cox proportional hazards regression model associated with coexpression genes of melanoma M2 macrophages that may provide a measurement method for generating prognosis scores in patients with melanoma. Four genes coexpressed with M2 macrophages were associated with high levels of infiltration of M2 macrophages. Our findings may provide significant candidate biomarkers for the treatment and monitoring of melanoma.
Patient-Derived Organoids for Precision Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Grönholm Mikaela , Feodoroff Michaela , Antignani Gabriella , Martins Beatriz , Hamdan Firas , Cerullo Vincenzo 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized the way tumors are treated. Nevertheless, efficient and robust testing platforms are still missing, including clinically relevant human ex vivo tumor assays that allow pretreatment testing of cancer therapies and selection of the most efficient and safe therapy for a specific patient. In the case of immunotherapy, this testing platform would require not only cancer cells, but also the tumor microenvironment, including immune cells. Here, we discuss the applications of patient-derived tumor organoid cultures and the possibilities in using complex immune–organoid cultures to provide preclinical testing platforms for precision cancer immunotherapy.