bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Functional morphology of the cornea of the Little PenguinEudyptula minor(Aves)
Authors: Collin Shaun P. , Collin H. Barry 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe cornea is a specialized component of the vertebrate eye that provides protection, refractive power, transparency for optical imaging and mechanical support. However, the corneas of birds have received little attention with no comprehensive study of their functional morphology. Using light microscopy and both scanning and transmission electron microscopy, the first description of the ultrastructure of all of the main components of the cornea in two different‐sized individuals of the Little PenguinEudyptula minoris presented. Two types of microprojections protrude from the surface of the cornea with a predominance of microridges and microvilli found in central (flattened) and peripheral regions, respectively. Epithelial cell density is higher in peripheral cornea, especially in the larger (older) individual, while there is a reduction of epithelial cell density with age. The cornea comprises a thick epithelium uniquely attached to the basement membrane with numerous incursions rather than anchoring fibres and anchoring plaques as is found in other vertebrate corneas. Posterior to Bowman's layer, the orthogonally‐arranged collagen fibril lamellae in the stroma form extensive branches and anastomoses. Desçemet's membrane is well‐developed with an anterior or foetal portion with long banding. However, the thickness of Desçemet's membrane is larger in the older individual with the inclusion of an additional irregular pale‐staining posterior portion. Polygonal endothelial cells extend across the cornea as a monolayer with often tortuous cell junctions. Endothelial cell density increases towards the periphery, but decreases with age. Primary cilia are observed protruding through the central region of some endothelial cells into the anterior segment but subsurface structures resembling cilia suggest that these features may be more common. The ultrastructure of the corneal components reveals a range of functional adaptations that reflect the amphibious lifestyle of this seabird.
A review of combined treatments for melasma involving energy‐based devices and proposed pathogenesis‐oriented combinations
Authors: Mehrabi Joseph N. , Bar‐Ilan Efrat , Wasim Shehadeh , Koren Amir , Zusmanovitch Lior , Salameh Fares , Isman Nelkenbaum Gila , Horovitz Tamir , Zur Eyal , Song Lim Ting , Mashiah Jacob , Artzi Ofir 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundMelasma is an acquired disorder of hyperpigmentation, affecting a million individuals worldwide. Energy‐based devices (EBDs) employed to treat melasma include various types of lasers, intense pulsed light (IPL), and radiofrequency (RF). Recent studies have attempted to address recalcitrant and recurring melasma by combining energy‐based devices with topical or oral medications.ObjectiveThis article reviews EBDs‐based augmented treatment for melasma and suggests practical pathogenesis‐oriented treatment regimens. Treatment algorithms are proposed to address various components of melasma.MethodsA systematic PubMed search was conducted acquiring information from various studies on combination treatments of melasma involving EBDs.ResultsThe 286 retrieved articles were filtered by title to contain at least one type of energy‐based modality such as laser, IPL, or RF along with at least one other treatment method. Based on their subject matter, combinations were further categorized into the subheadings: laser plus medication, laser plus laser, and IPL‐ and RF‐containing treatment methods.ConclusionThere are many energy‐based combination treatments that have been explored for mitigation of melasma including laser therapy with medication, multi‐laser therapies, IPL, RF, and microneedling devices. Melasma is an exceedingly difficult condition to treat, however, choosing the appropriate tailor‐made treatment combination can improve the final outcome.
Comparing novel versus conventional technique of platelet‐rich plasma therapy in periorbital hyperpigmentation: A randomized prospective split‐face study
Authors: Budania Anil , Mandal Saptarshi , Pathania Yashdeep Singh , Lahoria Utkrist , Khan Md. Atik , Puri Inder , Mishra Richa 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundPlatelet‐rich plasma (PRP) has been found to be effective in treating periorbital hyperpigmentation (POH). PRP prepared by double‐spin (DS) method and activated by calcium has been used conventionally. PRP can be prepared by single spin (SS) and activated at low temperature (novel method), but the evidence is limited.ObjectiveTo compare the novel and conventional PRP in the treatment of periorbital hyperpigmentation.MethodsWe selected 21 patients of POH and randomly divided the face into two halves. One‐half of the face (group A) was treated with novel PRP (SS and low‐temperature activation). The other half (group B) was treated with conventional PRP (DS and calcium activation). A total of 3 PRP injections were given at 4 weekly intervals. Patients were observed and assessed on 12th week by photography, dermoscopy, visual analog scale (VAS) score, and Dermatology life quality index (DLQI). Platelet counts and growth factors were assessed in PRP.ResultsMean platelet count in novel and conventional PRP was 7.41 ± 1.76 lacs and 8.17 ± 2.23 lacs (p = 0.348). Mean photographic and dermoscopic assessment at the end of the study in group A and group B was 52.33 ± 6.468 and 53.14 ± 6.99 (p = 0.151). Change in VAS in groups A and B was 3.85 ± 1.27 and 3.90 ± 1.04 (p = 0.895). Levels of various growth factors assessed by ELISA did not differ significantly. There was significant decline in DLQI.ConclusionThe novel method is not inferior to conventional method of PRP in the treatment of periorbital hyperpigmentation.
MRI topography of lesions related to internuclear ophthalmoplegia in patients with multiple sclerosis or ischemic stroke
Authors: Kleinsorge Marie T. , Ebert Anne , Förster Alex , Weber Claudia E. , Roßmanith Christina , Platten Michael , Gass Achim , Eisele Philipp 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackground and PurposeInternuclear ophthalmoplegia is a dysfunction of conjugate eye movements, caused by lesions affecting the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF). Multiple sclerosis (MS) and ischemic stroke represent the most common pathophysiologies. While magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows for localizing lesions affecting the MLF, comprehensive comparative studies exploring potential different spatial characteristics of lesions affecting the MLF are missing until now.MethodsWe retrospectively investigated MRI examinations of 82 patients (40 patients with MS and 42 patients with ischemic stroke). For lesion localization, the brainstem was segmented into (1) ponto‐medullary junction, (2) mid pons, (3) upper pons, and (4) mesencephalon.ResultsCorresponding lesions affecting the MLF were observed in 29/40 (72.5%) MS and 38/42 (90.5%) stroke patients. Compared to stroke patients, MS patients had significantly more lesions in multiple locations (P < .001). Stroke patients showed more lesions at the level of the mesencephalon (P < .001), while lesions at the level of the ponto‐medullary junction, mid, and upper pons did not statistically differ between the groups.ConclusionOur results demonstrate that multiple lesions affecting the MLF make inflammatory‐demyelination due to MS more likely, while lesion localization at the level of the mesencephalon favors ischemia.
Risk attitudes and migration decisions
Authors: Roca Paz Roberto , Uebelmesser Silke 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis paper analyzes the relationship between individuals' attitudes towards risk and their decision to migrate. We consider migration in the United States across metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) between 1997 and 2015, based on data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID). Using random‐effects specifications, we find that being relatively more willing to take risks is positively and significantly related to cross‐MSA migration. For cross‐state migration and migration across larger distances, risk attitudes are slightly more important. A recursive bivariate probit model of simultaneous equations addresses the potential endogenous nature of attitudes towards risk and allows ruling out reverse causality.
Reptin/RUVBL2 is required for hepatocyte proliferation in vivo, liver regeneration and homeostasis
Authors: Javary Joaquim , Allain Nathalie , Ezzoukhry Zakaria , Di Tommaso Sylvaine , Dupuy Jean‐William , Costet Pierre , Dugot‐Senant Nathalie , Saltel Frédéric , Moreau Violaine , Dubus Pierre , Benhamouche‐Trouillet Samira 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPrevious studies have shown that Reptin is overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma and that it is necessary for in vitro proliferation and cell survival. However, its pathophysiological role in vivo remains unknown. We aimed to study the role of Reptin in hepatocyte proliferation after regeneration using a liver Reptin knock‐out model (ReptinLKO). Interestingly, hepatocyte proliferation is strongly impaired in ReptinLKO mice 36 h after partial hepatectomy, associated with a decrease of cyclin‐A expression and mTORC1 and MAPK signalling, leading to an impaired liver regeneration. Moreover, in the ReptinLKO model, we have observed a progressive loss of Reptin invalidation associated with an atypical liver regeneration. Hypertrophic and proliferative hepatocytes gradually replace ReptinKO hypotrophic hepatocytes. To conclude, our results show that Reptin is required for hepatocyte proliferation in vivo and liver regeneration and that it plays a crucial role in hepatocyte survival and liver homeostasis.
Views of Bedouin physicians and nurses on nursing as a profession in Israel: There is more to strive for
Authors: Abu Rabia Rasmiya , Hendel Tova , Kagan Ilya 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBedouin society poses challenges to attempts at modernization. Great efforts are being made to expand the number of nurses coming from the Bedouin population. This cross‐sectional study among 201 Bedouin nurses and physicians from southern Israel examined differences in their views on nursing as a profession and its relationship to the working environment, using a self‐administered questionnaire. Bedouin physicians demonstrated less positive attitudes towards the nursing profession than did nurses, but perceived the nursing work environment more positively. Compared to nurses, physicians ranked both nurses’ involvement in policy practice and their clinical contribution to quality care lower, but scored nurses’ dependence on physicians’ orders higher. They also ranked teamwork and professional nursing development higher, and the autonomy of nurses lower. In conclusion, the perception of nursing as a profession in Bedouin society is linked to cultural fundamentals, gender, and the social status of women. Managers of multicultural teams, especially those including Bedouin‐origin healthcare workers, should be aware of the effect of cultural background and should take care to address social disparities and eliminate differences in perspectives.
The feather pattern autosomal barring in chicken is strongly associated with segregation at the MC1R locus
Authors: Schwochow Doreen , Bornelöv Susanne , Jiang Tingxing , Li Jingyi , Gourichon David , Bed’Hom Bertrand , Dorshorst Ben J. , Chuong Cheng‐Ming , Tixier‐Boichard Michèle , Andersson Leif 
Published: April 2021

AbstractColor patterns within individual feathers are common in birds but little is known about the genetic mechanisms causing such patterns. Here, we investigate the genetic basis for autosomal barring in chicken, a horizontal striping pattern on individual feathers. Using an informative backcross, we demonstrate that the MC1R locus is strongly associated with this phenotype. A deletion at SOX10, underlying the dark brown phenotype on its own, affects the manifestation of the barring pattern. The coding variant L133Q in MC1R is the most likely causal mutation for autosomal barring in this pedigree. Furthermore, a genetic screen across six different breeds showing different patterning phenotypes revealed that the most striking shared characteristics among these breeds were that they all carried the MC1R alleles Birchen or brown. Our data suggest that the presence of activating MC1R mutations enhancing pigment synthesis is an important mechanism underlying pigmentation patterns on individual feathers in chicken. We propose that MC1R and its antagonist ASIP play a critical role for determining within‐feather pigmentation patterns in birds by acting as activator and inhibitor possibly in a Turing reaction–diffusion model.
Mental health in Japanese children during school closures due to the COVID‐19
Authors: Saito Mari , Kikuchi Yutaka , Lefor Alan Kawarai , Hoshina Masaru 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundChanges in relationships, sleep rhythms, and physical activity caused by school closures instituted to curb the spread of COVID‐19 influenced children’s mental health. We explored changes in children’s daily life and effects on their mental health during school closures.MethodsParticipants included elementary and junior high school students 9 years of age and older seen in the outpatient clinic during school closures and were required to complete the Japanese version of WHO Five Well‐Being Index (WHO‐5‐J). The results were compared with those of students seen after schools reopened.ResultsParticipants included 78 students in the school closure group and 113 in the school reopening group. Although those in the closure group devoted more time to family and sleep, their sleep rhythms, eating habits, and physical activities were disrupted. Although there were no significant differences between the two groups in total WHO‐5‐J scores, single WHO‐5‐J items such as activity and vigor and interest were significantly worse and rest was significantly better in the school closure group.ConclusionAlthough school closures resulted in elementary and junior high school students spending more time with family and sleeping, their sleep rhythms, eating habits, and physical activities were disrupted. As the children’s living environment changed, they felt less active and vigorous and had difficulty finding things that interested them. However, their sleep improved and overall, the number of children with potential mental health problems did not change.
Differences in phototherapy among skin diseases and genders in real‐life conditions—A retrospective analysis of the cumulative doses, numbers of sessions, side effects and costs in 561 patients
Authors: Merkel Tamara Alessia , Navarini Alexander , Mueller Simon 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundPhototherapy has been a mainstay therapy for dermatological diseases since more than a century. Although phototherapy is still extensively used and some recommendations exist, only scarce data are available addressing disease‐specific differences in cumulative doses, treatment durations and costs. Knowledge of such differences could help to avoid over‐/undertreatment, predict treatment duration and costs.Therefore, we sought to determine differences in cumulative doses, numbers of sessions, side effects and costs among different skin diseases and genders in real‐life conditions.MethodsIn this single‐centre, retrospective study, patients treated with phototherapy between March 2014 and April 2019 were classified into seven diagnostic groups and analysed according to the study goals.ResultsOut of 561 patients (age 53.9 ± 20.3 yrs; 52.9% females), 83.7% percent were treated with cabin NB‐UVB (mean cumulative dose 17.79 ± 17.11 J/cm2). Patients with vitiligo and psoriasis were treated with significantly higher cumulative NB‐UVB doses (cabin, local) in comparison with the five other diagnostic groups as were males in comparison with females. Consequently, significantly higher UV‐related costs resulted in patients with vitiligo, psoriasis and males.Patients with atopic dermatitis and pruritus were treated with significantly higher cumulative UVA1 doses compared to patients with non‐atopic eczema.The complication rate (pooled from all UV modalities) in our population was 3.8% (erythema 3.4%, aggravated itch 0.4% and worsening of symptoms 0.2%).ConclusionsOur results demonstrate that cumulative doses and phototherapy‐related costs vary strongly among skin diseases–a fact not adequately considered in recommendations. A more disease‐specific stratification of phototherapy could not only help to optimize outcomes, but also to facilitate comparability of clinical trials using phototherapy.
Vitamin D status at birth and acute respiratory infection hospitalisation during infancy
Authors: Saraf Rajneeta , Jensen Berit P. , Camargo Carlos A. , Morton Susan M.B. , Jing Ma , Sies Chris W. , Grant Cameron C. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundHospital admission for acute respiratory infections (ARIs) during early childhood is a global public health concern. Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent during pregnancy and infancy. Evidence indicates that vitamin D supplementation prevents ARIs.ObjectivesTo determine whether vitamin D deficiency at birth is associated with ARI hospitalisations during infancy.MethodsWe performed a nested case–control study in children aged 0‐12 months. Cases had ≥1 ARI hospitalisation and 4 controls were individually matched to each case. Newborn 25(OH)D concentration was measured on dried blood spots using two‐dimensional liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Hospital admissions were measured using health care records. Median serum 25(OH)D concentration in cases and controls was compared, and covariates of ARI hospitalisation during infancy were assessed using conditional logistic regression analysis.ResultsSix per cent of the cohort (n = 384) had an ARI hospitalisation during infancy, and 1536 controls were matched to cases. Median DBS [25(OH)D] was lower among ARI cases than controls (46 nmol/l vs. 61 nmol/L). Median 25(OH)D levels were lower for those hospitalised ≥2 times (47, IQR 36, 58) vs. those hospitalised once (52, IQR 42, 62) vs. the controls and also lower for those who stayed in the hospital for ≥3 days (45, IQR 36, 54) vs 1‐2 days (48, IQR 38, 59) compared to the controls. After adjustment for season of birth and covariates describing demographic, antenatal, perinatal, and infant characteristics, DBS 25(OH)D concentration (<50 nmol/L) at birth was associated with increased odds of ARI hospitalisation during infancy (odds ratio 2.20, 95% confidence interval 1.48, 2.91).ConclusionsVitamin D deficiency at birth is associated with increased odds of ARI hospitalisations in infants. The findings have implications for a developed country like New Zealand where vitamin D supplementation is not routinely recommended and the burden of ARI hospitalisation in young children is high.
Effect of surgical intervention for mild childhood obstructive sleep apnoea on attention and behavioural outcomes: A randomized controlled study
Authors: Au Chun T. , Chan Kate C. C. , Lee Dennis L. Y. , Leung Natalie , Chow Samuel M. W. , Chow Judy S. , Wing Yun K. , Li Albert M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackground and objectiveWe evaluated inattention and behavioural outcomes following surgery versus watchful waiting (WW) in school‐aged children with mild obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA).MethodsA prospective randomized controlled study was performed in pre‐pubertal children aged 6–11 years with polysomnography (PSG)‐confirmed mild OSA. They were assigned randomly to early surgical intervention (ES) or WW. The surgical intervention consisting of tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy and turbinate reduction was carried out within 4–6 weeks after randomization. Both groups underwent PSG, attention and behavioural assessment and review by an otorhinolaryngologist at baseline and 9‐month follow‐up. The primary outcome was omission T score from Conners' continuous performance test (CPT). Secondary outcomes were parent‐reported behaviours, quality of life, symptoms and PSG parameters.ResultsA total of 114 participants were randomized. Data of 35 subjects from the ES and 36 from the WW group were available for final analysis. No significant treatment effect could be found in all CPT parameters and behavioural outcomes. Nevertheless, significantly greater reductions were seen in PSG parameters (obstructive apnoea–hypopnoea index [−1.4 ± 2.0 cf. +0.3 ± 4.1/h, p = 0.038] and arousal index [−1.3 ± 4.4 cf. +1.4 ± 4.5/h, p = 0.013]) and OSA‐18 total symptom score (−17.3 ± 19.7 cf. −3.6 ± 14.1, p = 0.001) in the ES group. Subjects who underwent surgery also had significantly greater weight gain (+3.3 ± 2.1 cf. +2.2 ± 1.5 kg, p = 0.014) and increase in systolic blood pressure (+5.1 ± 12.4 cf. −1.2 ± 8.7 mm Hg, p = 0.016).ConclusionDespite improvements in PSG parameters and parent‐reported symptoms, surgical treatment did not lead to parallel improvements in objective attention measures in school‐aged children with mild OSA.
One year of Football Fitness improves L1–L4 BMD, postural balance, and muscle strength in women treated for breast cancer
Authors: Uth Jacob , Fristrup Bjørn , Sørensen Victor , Helge Eva Wulff , Christensen Maja Kjærgaard , Kjærgaard Julie Boye , Møller Trine Kjeldgaard , Helge Jørn Wulff , Jørgensen Niklas Rye , Rørth Mikael , Vadstrup Eva Soelberg , Krustrup Peter 
Published: April 2021

PurposeTo examine efficacy of 12 months Football Fitness offered twice per week on bone mineral density (BMD), bone turnover markers (BTM), postural balance, muscle strength, and body composition in women treated for early‐stage breast cancer (BC).MethodsWomen treated for early‐stage BC were randomized to Football Fitness (FFG, n = 46) or control (CON, n = 22) in a 2:1 ratio for 12 months, with assessments performed at baseline, 6 months and 12 months. Outcomes were total body‐, lumbar spine‐ and proximal femur BMD, total body lean and fat mass, leg muscle strength, postural balance, and plasma amino‐terminal propeptide of type 1 procollagen (P1NP), osteocalcin, and C‐terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX). Intention‐to‐treat (ITT) analyses and per‐protocol analyses (≥50% attendance in FFG) were performed using linear mixed models.ResultsParticipants in FFG completing the 12‐month intervention (n = 33) attended 0.8 (SD = 0.4) sessions per week. Intention to treat analysis of mean changes over 12 months showed significant differences (p<.05) in L1–L4 BMD (0.029 g/cm2, 95%CI: 0.001 to 0.057), leg press strength (7.2 kg, 95%CI: 0.1 to 14.3), and postural balance (−4.3 n need of support, 95%CI: −8.0 to −0.7) favoring FFG compared to CON. In the per‐protocol analyses, L1–L4 and trochanter major BMD were improved (p = .012 and .030, respectively) in FFG compared with CON. No differences were observed between groups in BTMs in the ITT or per protocol analyses.ConclusionOne year of Football Fitness training may improve L1–L4 BMD, leg muscle strength, and postural balance in women treated for early‐stage breast cancer.
The agencies of landscape in rural gentrification: Impressions from the wood, the village and the moortop
Authors: Phillips Martin , Smith Darren , Brooking Hannah , Duer Mara 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis paper brings together research on rural gentrification with emerging work on lived landscapes that has emphasized the intertwining of the human and more‐than‐human with the performance of activities of everyday living and their affective significance. It draws on research examining rural gentrification in three contrasting landscapes, termed ‘the wood’, ‘the village’ and ‘the moortop’. These landscapes connect to earlier studies of rural social change and gentrification in England, with ‘the wood’ and ‘the village’ being sites research by Ray Pahl and the ‘moortop’ one of the landscapes identified in Darren Smith and Deborah Phillips' examination of the role of representations of rurality in processes of rural gentrification. The paper draws on research that returned to the locations of this earlier research, and seeks to re‐examine arguments advanced by these studies about the formation of socially differentiated worlds and representations of rurality through a lived‐landscape perspective.