bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disputed Transactions: Documents, Language, and Authority in Eighteenth-Century Marwar
Authors: Thelen Elizabeth M. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Even though all state documents in Marwar in the second half of the eighteenth century were issued in Rajasthani, Persian-language documents continued to have an active legal life and were debated, discussed and judged through Rajasthani-language petitions and orders. A close reading of one such dispute highlights tensions over the authority of community versus documents, how new forms of state record-keeping affected the legal use of documents, and how the Rajput king’s practice of customary law led both to the interpolation of shariʿa principles into that law when applied to Muslims and to the restriction of the qazi’s jurisdiction.
Flexible Forms of Contracts: Transactions through Fictitious Settlements (ṣulḥ/muṣālaḥa) in Iran
Authors: Werner Christoph U. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In the second half of the nineteenth century, practitioners of law in Iran were looking for more flexibility in contractual forms, especially those used to conclude routine transactions of properties and services. They increasingly made use of a type of contract named muṣālaḥa-nāma, derived from the legal concept of ṣulḥ and defined primarily as a means to arrange the amicable settlement of disputes. The present contribution attempts to categorise the kind of transactions for which this universal contractual type could be employed and raises the question what advantages such a “new” contractual form might have entailed.
Ennius-Zitat (F 142 TrRF) oder -Imitation?
Authors: Feddern Stefan 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
As the late antique Terence commentator Aelius Donatus notes, by using the term parodia, which is misleading from a modern point of view, Terence imitates Ennius in a passage in the Eunuchus (Eu. 590). Researchers have used this comment as well as Donatus’ use of the adverb tragice as an opportunity to extract a fragment from an unknown tragedy by Ennius (F 142 TrRF). This fragment remains somewhat of a mystery, because there is uncertainty about where the corresponding quotation begins and where it ends. According to the analysis presented here, we are not dealing with a parody in our sense, and at most partially with an Ennius fragment, since parodia denotes the modified quotation in ancient usage. In a new solution, a fragment from Ennius’ Annales (fr. 555f. Skutsch) is proposed as the pretext for the parodia.
How Brasidas Was Honoured at Skione (Thucydides 4.121.1)
Authors: Panegyres Konstantine 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The crux at Thucydides 4.121.1 has recently come under renewed scrutiny from scholars, but decisive conclusions were not reached. This article argues that commentators have not yet taken into account all relevant considerations, and that as a result the passage still remains incompletely understood. The verb προσήρχοντο is derived from προσέρχομαι, not προσάρχομαι. The unusual imperfect form προσήρχοντο (instead of expected Attic προσῇσαν) can perhaps be regarded as an instance of poetic verbal inflection (compare Pi. O. 9.93 διήρχετο), a type of diction suitable in the context of Thucydides’ heroic-poetic depiction of Brasidas. Modern scholars’ focus on the textual criticism of this one word has in general caused them to neglect matters of verbal interpretation. As a consequence, some important aspects of Thucydides’ language and the cultural context of the scene remain underappreciated.
Aristotle’s Uses of ἕνεκα
Authors: Oki Takashi 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
I argue that Aristotle’s arguments in passages regarding chance in the Physics and in passages about ignorance in action in the Nicomachean and Eudemian Ethics presuppose two different uses of ‘for the sake (ἕνεκα) of something’, which are able to explain respectively the wish or thought of agents and the type or nature of what they actually do. In my view, however, this does not commit Aristotle, in the ‘ignorance’ passages from the two Ethics, to holding that the type or nature of what the agents actually do is for the sake of killing or wounding.
Could Women Own Agricultural Land? Rethinking the Relationship of Islamic Law and Contextual Reality (Wāqiʿ)
Authors: al-Marakeby Muhammad 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Various studies have discussed the Ḥanafī opinion about the ownership of agricultural land. In this study, instead, I analyze the Mālikīs’ and Shāfiʿīs’ views. Their madhāhib suggested that arable land was in the public ownership of the state. However, I show how the systemized deprivation of women from inheriting agricultural land in the Ottoman period motivated late Mālikīs and Shāfiʿīs to divert from the standard doctrine of their madhāhib. Late scholars suggested that Egyptian land should be owned by the cultivators, and, therefore, be inheritable by both men and women. This turn of late Mālikīs and Shāfiʿīs, which stands as an antithesis to the Ḥanafīs’ development, stimulates us to think of a different mechanism of ijtihād. In this mechanism, Islamic law reform is defined by questioning and challenging the contextual reality (wāqiʿ) instead of being adjusted to it, even if this reality is not prohibited.
Protecting the Identity of Juveniles in Criminal Proceedings in Viet Nam and Victoria
Authors: Duy Le Huynh Tan , McMahon Marilyn 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This article compares protections relating to the non-disclosure of the identity of juveniles involved in the criminal justice systems of Viet Nam and Victoria (Australia). Both jurisdictions are committed to the principle of having an open court for the trials of juveniles. Nevertheless, being mindful of recommendations made by human rights bodies such as the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child – which promotes a closed court for these cases – both jurisdictions also recognise the importance of protecting the identity of juveniles on trial for criminal offences. They seek to balance their competing commitments to open court hearings and the protection of privacy through severely restricting the publication of information that could identify juvenile defendants. However, a review of the law and practices in both jurisdictions identifies different impacts and a number of problems. While restrictions on the publication of identifying information works effectively in Victoria, relevant laws are regularly breached without prosecution in Viet Nam. Significantly, existing protections in both Viet Nam and Victoria are almost exclusively focused on the trial phase and very few effective protections exist at earlier points, such as arrest and interrogation. This was highlighted by a focused investigation of pre-trial detention (bail), which revealed that while the practical operation of bail processes in Victoria is relatively stronger than in Viet Nam, statutory reform is required in both jurisdictions to strengthen legal protections against disclosure. In summary, the analysis demonstrates that it is possible to effectively protect the identity of juvenile defendants at the trial phase in an open court system provided that laws prohibiting the publication of identifying information are enacted, observed and enforced. In Viet Nam, significant changes in attitudes and practices are required to achieve this. Moreover, reform is required in both jurisdictions if the identity of juveniles involved in criminal justice proceedings is to be protected at the pre-trial phase.
Procedural Rights Supporting Expeditious Trials for Juveniles
Authors: Teeuwen Aekje 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Delays pending trials can negatively impact juveniles. Encouragingly, the right of juvenile defendants to be tried within a reasonable time has been enshrined in international and regional human rights instruments. To support and strengthen the realisation of this specific right, several additional procedural entitlements, to which existing scholarship has paid limited attention, are of importance. This article focuses on how the rights to an effective remedy and legal representation can support the fulfilment of expeditious trials for juveniles. Furthermore, it analyses to what extent these two identified rights have been incorporated into significant international human rights standards and, specifically, in the Cambodian, Philippine and Vietnamese legislative frameworks. It identifies lessons Cambodia can draw from the latter two countries.
Climate Change and the Challenges for Developing Countries in the Implementation of the Human Right to a Healthy Environment: Case of Vietnam
Authors: Yen Nguyen Thi Hong , Dung Nguyen Phuong 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Climate change is becoming the largest crisis that humans have ever faced and a major challenge to the socio-economic and prosperous development of almost every country in the world, especially developing countries. According to the Report of the 2019 Long-Term Climate Risk Index of Germanwatch, Vietnam is rated as one of the most vulnerable countries in the world to the impacts of climate change due to factors such as its geographic location, economic development model and population density. The negative impacts of climate change have become barriers for Vietnam in implementing socio-economic development policies, sustainable development goals and human rights, including the right to a healthy environment. This article will focus on clarifying the legal basis as well as the direct challenges of climate change in ensuring the right to a healthy environment in Vietnam and will recommend appropriate solutions to improve the law and capacity to enforce this right in Vietnam.
Elena, Palamede e l’enigma della colpa: percezione, emozione, volontà
Authors: Ioli Roberta 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Gorgias’ two speeches Encomium of Helen and Defense of Palamedes face, from different points of view, the problem of free will, deliberation and responsibility. While Palamedes is introduced as hero of the kratos, Helen can be considered as a victim of persuasion and erotic passion. My aim is to analyze Gorgias’ emphasis on sight and hearing as perceptions related to the origin of our actions: powerful perceptions can give rise to violent emotions and force people to change their nature, becoming different from what they previously were. By focusing on the Hippocratic medicine and ancient doctrines about the physiology of perception, we can shed new light on the arguments used by Gorgias in order to defend Helen overwhelmed by the seduction of logos and eros. What the Sophist is mainly interested in is the connection between perception, emotion, and our consequent disposition to act.
Diagnosis and Inconsistency in the Axiochus
Authors: Joosse Albert 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The Socrates of the dialogue Axiochus seems to advance incompatible arguments in his attempt to cure Axiochus of his fear of death. Is this incompatibility a foreseen and accepted consequence of the author’s therapeutic strategy? This paper argues that it is rather an intended and functional inconsistency: it serves to stimulate critical thinking in order to anchor philosophical conviction more deeply in the reader’s soul. The paper musters support for this reading by drawing attention to the different levels of inconsistency in the dialogue; the multiple ways in which the text thematizes inconsistency; the importance of exercising judgement in the text; and the motivating concern of superficial persuasion.
Differences of the stem vascular system across populations of two tropical species under contrasting water conditions
Authors: Blagitz Marcela , Nogueira Anselmo , Marcati Carmen Regina 
Published: December 2021

Summary
Structural differences in the secondary vascular tissues among habitats can contribute to understanding species performances, especially regarding water and photosynthate transport. The pattern of association between the secondary xylem tissue and water availability from the environment has been widely studied, unlike the secondary phloem, which has been barely explored. Here, we evaluated the structural variation of the secondary xylem and phloem in stems of four populations of two tropical tree species under contrasting water conditions. We also investigated the mirrored structure between both tissues. At dry sites, Moquiniastrum polymorphum had higher vessel density, thicker xylem fibers cell walls, and taller rays in both tissues commonly associated with safe transport, in agreement with our expectations. In contrast, the populations of Zanthoxylum rhoifolium had most features in disagreement with the water availability of each site. The perforation and sieve plates, the ray composition, and the axial parenchyma were similar in the two tree species’ xylem and phloem tissues. However, the quantitative descriptors of cell sizes were not correlated between the xylem and phloem. In general, there is a different pattern of morphological variation across sites in the two tropical tree species, highlighting that any generalization regarding the vascular system structure across environments should be avoided. Xylem and phloem revealed a mirrored structure in a few qualitative features, not followed by the dimensions of different cell types. Future research needs to explore the causes of the unexpected structural variation in the vascular system across populations in tropical tree species.
Zabel Yesayan, “Chronicle – The Role of the Armenian Woman during the War”
Authors: Belli Meriam 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The following is a translation of a lecture delivered in French by Zabel Yesayan at the Engineers Hall on 17 January 1920. The talk was originally published, seemingly without much editing, in the French Revue des Études Arméniennes 2 (1922): 121–138. The lyricism of this nationalist panegyric and ode to the Armenian woman exposes the author’s raw emotions, as she describes the exodus of Armenians from their homeland during World War I, their struggle, their resilience, and the crimes committed against them. Zabel Yesayan’s speech is altogether révolté – in the sense of moral and political indignation – and righteous. It also reveals with poignant and at times excruciating details, the gendered violence that conventional political narratives often silence about women, especially during genocide.
The page numbers referenced below in brackets correspond to the page numbers in the Revue des Études Arméniennes publication. I have maintained as much as possible the orality of this speech, delivered in florid, melodramatic, nineteenth-century oratory style. I have, however, added punctuation when the lack thereof led to confusion or unintelligibility.
Development of a Monsoon Depression and Its Interaction with the Large-Scale Background: A Case Study
Authors: Mishra S. K. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Structure and time evolution of the large-scale background and an embedded synoptic-scale monsoon depression and their interactions are studied. The depression formation is preceded by a cyclonic circulation around 400 hPa. The Fourier-based scale separation technique is used to isolate large (wavenumbers 0–8) and synoptic-scale (wavenumbers 12–60). The wavelength and depression center is determined objectively. The synoptic-scale depression has an average longitudinal wavelength of around 1900 km and a north–south size of 1100 km; it is most intense with a vorticity of 20.5 × 10
−5
s
−1
at 900 hPa. The strongest cold core of −3.0°C below 850 hPa and the above warm core of around 2.0°C are evident. The depression is tilted southwestward in the midtroposphere with no significant vertical tilt in the lower troposphere. The mean maximum intensity and upward motion over the life cycle of depression are in close agreement with the composite values. A strong cyclonic shear zone is developed in the midtroposphere preceding the depression. The necessary condition for barotropic (baroclinic) instability is satisfied in the midtroposphere (boundary layer). Strong northward transport of momentum by the depression against the southward shear is found. The strong growth of the MD in the lower troposphere is due to downward transfer of excess energy gained in the midtroposphere from the barotropic energy conversion and east–west direct thermal circulation as the vertical energy flux. The baroclinic interaction contributes to the maintenance of the cold core in the lower troposphere. The diabatic heating rate is computed and its role in the genesis and growth of MD is investigated.
Rapid Dual-Task Decrements After a Brief Period of Manual Tracking in Simulated Weightlessness by Water Submersion
Authors: Dalecki Marc , Steinberg Fabian , Beurskens Rainer 
Published: December 2021

Objective Investigating dual-task (DT) performance during simulated weightlessness by water submersion, using a manual tracking and a choice reaction task. In contrast to previous work, we focus on performance changes over time. Background Previous research showed motor tracking and choice reaction impairments under DT and single-task (ST) conditions in shallow water submersion. Recent research analyzed performance as average across task time, neglecting potential time-related changes or fluctuations of task-performance. Method An unstable tracking and a choice reaction task was performed for one minute under ST and DT conditions in 5 m water submersion and on dry land in 43 participants. Tracking and choice reaction time performance for both tasks were analyzed in blocks of 10 seconds. Results Tracking performance deteriorated underwater compared to dry land conditions during the second half while performing one minute in DT conditions. Choice reaction time increased underwater as well, but independent of task time and type. Conclusion Tracking error increased over time when performing unstable tracking and choice reaction together. Potentially, physiological and psychological alterations under shallow submersion further strain the human system during DT operations, exceeding available recourse capacities such that DT performance deteriorated over time. Application Humans operating in simulated weightlessness underwater should be aware of substantial performance declines that can occur within a short amount of time during DT situations that include continuous tracking.
Synthesis of novel poly(arylene ether amide) containing aliphatic ring for optical property
Authors: Luo Shajie , Dai Junyu , Ji Xiaoyu , Chen Jialin , Jiang Yue , Li Sixin , Mao Tianzi , Fan Xiaoxia 
Published: December 2021

In this work, the monomer N, N′-bis(4-fluorobenzamide)dicyclohexyl methane (BFDCM) was synthesized successfully by 4-fluorobenzoylchloride and 4,4′-diaminodicyclohexylmethane through interfacial reaction, and then the monomer BFDCM and 1,4-benzenediol (HQ) or 4.4′-biphenol (BH) were used to prepare the novel poly(arylene ether amide) (HQ-BFDCM and BH-BFDCM) containing an aliphatic ring in the main chain by nucleophilic substitution in NMP solution. These two polymers exhibited the inherent viscosities ranging from 0.828 to 1.044 dL g−1, high glass-transition temperatures (Tg) of 214.1–235.0 °C, and weight-loss temperature (T5%) of 425.2–441.3 °C. The polymers HQ-BFDCM and BH-BFDCM could completely or partly dissolve in some polar solutions, such as NMP, DMF, and so on, and they showed moderate corrosion resistance. Additionally, the obtained polymers HQ-BFDCM and BH-BFDCM exhibited good optical property, and the optical transmittances of HQ-BFDCM and BH-BFDCM were 74% and 80% at 450 nm, respectively, which showed that they could be applied to the heat-resistant optical films.
Does Sleeve Gastrectomy Worsen Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Obese Patients? A Prospective Study
Authors: Balla Andrea , Palmieri Livia , Corallino Diletta , Meoli Francesca , Carlotta Sacchi Maria , Ribichini Emanuela , Pronio Annamaria , Badiali Danilo , Paganini Alessandro M. 
Published: December 2021

Background To evaluate the impact of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) and gastric bypass (LGB) on gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Methods GERD was evaluated by the Modified Italian Gastroesophageal reflux disease—Health-Related Quality of Life (MI-GERD-HRQL) questionnaire, pH-manometry, endoscopy, and Rx-esophagogram, before and 12 months after surgery. Based on these exams, patients without GERD underwent LSG, and patients with GERD underwent LGB. Results Thirteen and six patients underwent LSG and LGB, respectively. After LSG, the only statistically significant difference observed at pH-manometry was the median DeMeester score, from 5.7 to 22.7 (P = .0026). De novo GERD occurred in 6 patients (46.2%), with erosive esophagitis in one. The median MI-GERD-HRQL score improved from 3 to 0. Overall, nine patients underwent LGB, but three were lost to follow-up. Preoperative pH-manometry changed the surgical indication from LSG to LGB in 7 out of 9 patients (77.8%). Six patients who underwent LGB completed the study, and at pH-manometry, statistically significant differences were observed in the percentage of total acid exposure time, with the number of reflux episodes lasting >5 minutes and DeMeester score (P = .009). The median MI-GERD-HRQL score improved from 6.5 to 0. Statistically significant differences were not observed at endoscopy and Rx-esophagogram findings in both groups. Conclusions LSG has a negative impact on GERD, even in patients without preoperative GERD. LGB confirmed to be the intervention of choice in patients with GERD. Preoperative pH-manometry may identify patients with silent GERD, to candidate them to LGB rather than LSG. pH-manometry should be used more liberally to establish the correct surgical indication on objective grounds.
Laparoscopic-Guided Ropivacaine Trocar-Site Infiltration Can Improve Post-Operative Pain Control after Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy
Authors: Cavallaro Giuseppe , Polistena Andrea , Petramala Luigi , Gazzanelli Sergio , Crocetti Daniele , Iorio Olga , Iossa Angelo , Fiori Enrico , Bracale Umberto , De Toma Giorgio , Letizia Claudio 
Published: December 2021

Background There is no consensus on pain control in patients undergoing laparoscopy; nowadays, conventional therapy may be improved by transversus abdominis plane block. The aim of this evaluation is to investigate the role of laparoscopic-assisted trocar-site ropivacaine infiltration during adrenalectomy in pain control Methods This is a retrospective evaluation of a prospectively maintained database including patients undergoing adrenalectomy. Patients were divided into 2 groups: Group A patients received laparoscopic-assisted trocar-site infiltration of 7.5 mg/mL ropivacaine and Group B patients did not receive any infiltration. All patients received a 24-hour infusion of 20 mg morphine; pain was checked at 6, 24, and 48 hours after surgery by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score. A rescue analgesia by was given if VAS score was > 4 or on patient request. Results No differences in operative time, complications, and post-operative stay and no complications related to trocar-site infiltration were found. 6-hour and 48-hour VAS scores were not found to be significantly different between groups, even if a slight decrease in VAS score in Group A was reported. Group A showed significant reduction in VAS score at 24 hours (2.44 +/− .41 vs 3.01 +/− .78, P < .005) and in the number of patients requiring further analgesic drugs administration (40.6% vs 57.8%, P < .005) Conclusions Laparoscopic-guided trocar-site ropivacaine infiltration can be considered safe and effective in the management of post-operative pain and in the reduction of analgesic need in patients undergoing laparoscopic adrenalectomy. The retrospective nature of the study and the lack of a consistent series of patients require further evaluations.