bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phenotypic plasticity in floral scent in response to nutrient, but not water, availability in the perennial plant Arabis alpina
Authors: Luizzi Victoria J. , Friberg Magne , Petrén Hampus 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Floral scent is an important mediator of plant–pollinator interactions. Multiple recent studies report ample intraspecific scent variation among populations and individuals. Yet, few studies have estimated effects of phenotypic plasticity on floral scent in response to differing environmental factors.

In this study, we investigated the effects of nutrient and water availability on floral scent in self‐compatible and self‐incompatible populations of the perennial herb Arabis alpina. We subjected greenhouse grown plants to different nutrient and water treatments in a crossed design, examined the effects on floral scent emission rate and composition, compared the level of plasticity to that of other plant traits, and conducted hand‐pollinations of nutrient‐limited individuals to test for a potential allocation cost of scent production.

For both self‐compatible and self‐incompatible populations, the per‐flower scent emission rate was 1.2–4 times higher when nutrients were abundant, but this effect explained little variation in scent emission rate and was limited compared to plasticity in flower number. There was no effect of water treatment on scent emission. Additionally, neither treatment had an effect on the composition of the floral scent, and there was no detectable trade‐off between scent and seed production that would imply a cost of floral scent production.

Overall, while per‐flower floral scent emission displayed limited phenotypic plasticity in response to nutrient conditions, the total amount of scent emitted by plants may increase more strongly at higher nutrient availabilities due to an increase in flower production. Therefore, our results suggest that fitness benefits due to increased scent emission rates under favourable nutrient conditions might depend on the extent to which floral scent serves as a long‐ or short‐distance pollinator attractant for the focal plant species.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Thinking Globally about Attitudes to Immigration: Concerns about Social Conflict, Economic Competition and Cultural Threat
Authors: Dennison James , Geddes Andrew 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis article looks globally at the motivations behind attitudes to immigration. Such motivations have been typically conceptualised by academics either in terms of the ‘economic competition’ or ‘cultural threat’ that immigrants are perceived to pose to the individual or their ‘in‐group’. We propose and test a third possibility: that support for or opposition to immigration is determined by one's perceptions of immigration's effects on social conflict. Using the 2017–2020 World Values Survey (WVS) for forty‐nine countries, we show that: in most countries, globally, citizens are more likely to agree than disagree that immigration leads to social conflict; levels of concern about the effects of immigration on social conflict are higher than those regarding unemployment or culture in sixteen—disproportionately economically developed—countries; concern about social conflict is conceptually and distributionally distinct; belief that immigration leads to social conflict predicts immigration policy preferences; but, uniquely, is positively predicted by higher education. Our findings highlight the importance of institutional conflict resolution capacity, including those related to integration, for the politics of migration.
Beyond deficit: ‘strengths‐based approaches’ in Indigenous health research
Authors: Bryant Joanne , Bolt Reuben , Botfield Jessica R. , Martin Kacey , Doyle Michael , Murphy Dean , Graham Simon , Newman Christy E. , Bell Stephen , Treloar Carla , Browne Annette J. , Aggleton Peter 
Published: June 2021

AbstractHealth research concerning Indigenous peoples has been strongly characterised by deficit discourse—a ‘mode of thinking’ that is overly focused on risk behaviours and problems. Strengths‐based approaches offer a different perspective by promoting a set of values that recognise the capacities and capabilities of Indigenous peoples. In this article, we seek to understand the conceptual basis of strengths‐based approaches as currently presented in health research. We propose that three main approaches exist: ‘resilience’ approaches concerned with the personal skills of individuals; ‘social–ecological’ approaches, which focus on the individual, community and structural aspects of a person's environment; and ‘sociocultural’ approaches, which view ‘strengths’ as social relations, collective identities and practices. We suggest that neither ‘resilience’ nor ‘social–ecological’ approaches sufficiently problematise deficit discourse because they remain largely informed by Western concepts of individualised rationality and, as a result, rest on logics that support notions of absence and deficit. In contrast, sociocultural approaches tend to view ‘strengths’ not as qualities possessed by individuals, but as the structure and character of social relations, collective practices and identities. As such, they are better able to capture Indigenous ways of knowing and being and provide a stronger basis on which to build meaningful interventions.
Competing revolutionaries: Legitimacy and leadership in revolutionary situations
Authors: Rasit Huseyin 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWhen the Arab Spring gave way to demonstrations in Syria in 2011, the Kurds in the country were also full of hope. While they were going into the streets, the Kurdish political parties were debating what their people should do and offering competing visions for the future. Then in July 2012, the regime unexpectedly withdrew its forces from the Kurdish regions (Rojava). Suddenly, a revolutionary situation emerged in Rojava: a mobilized population and several political parties claiming leadership and offering competing political projects for a new society. Among these parties, only the Democratic Union Party (PYD) managed to move into the power vacuum and establish its control over large areas. Its rivals were unable to stop the rapid rise of this relatively young organization and fast erosion of their own base. How did the PYD manage to become the dominant organization even though it had rarely drawn attention before the civil war? This question raises the larger problem of how a revolutionary organization becomes the dominant one among competitors. Even though multiple organizations competing in a single revolution is a recurrent phenomenon, we still lack a comprehensive framework specifically focusing on this issue. In this paper, I argue for an approach based on legitimation: for people to follow a certain organization over others, they should see it as a legitimate leader. Bringing together the insights of the political and organizational legitimacy literatures, I identify three processes of legitimation for revolutionary organizations: ideological/normative congruence, effective organizational capacity, and accumulation of prestige. Drawing upon participant observation and 30 in‐depth interviews with Kurdish individuals collected during fieldwork in Iraq, Germany, and the United States between 2016 and 2019, I demonstrate that the PYD has outperformed its contenders and managed to legitimate its leadership through these three processes.
Rallying in fear? Estimating the effect of the UK COVID‐19 lockdown with a natural experiment
Authors: EGGERS ANDREW C. , HARDING ROBIN 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe use a natural experiment to study how the announcement of the UK COVID‐19 lockdown affected citizens' attitudes towards the pandemic and the government's response to it. On the day of the lockdown announcement, YouGov ran a survey that captured responses before and after the announcement. Comparison of these responses suggests that the lockdown announcement made people more supportive of the government's response to the crisis but also (perhaps surprisingly) more concerned about the pandemic. Analysis of heterogeneous treatment effects suggests that the announcement narrowed gaps in perceptions of the crisis, increasing support for the government's response especially among those who had been least supportive and increasing concern about the pandemic especially among those who had been least concerned. Overall, the findings highlight a tension inherent in governing during times of crisis: actions that increase people's confidence in government and induce compliance with government directives may also tend to increase anxiety among the population.
Challenges associated with spray drying of lactic acid bacteria: Understanding cell viability loss
Authors: Moreira Maria Tereza Cratiú , Martins Evandro , Perrone Ítalo Tuler , de Freitas Rosângela , Queiroz Lucas Sales , de Carvalho Antônio Fernandes 
Published: June 2021

AbstractLactic acid bacteria (LAB) cultures used in food fermentation are often dried to reduce transportation costs and facilitate handling during use. Dried LAB ferments are generally lyophilized to ensure high cell viability. Spray drying has come to the forefront as a promising technique due to its versatility and lower associated energy costs. Adverse conditions during spray drying, such as mechanical stress, dehydration, heating, and oxygen exposure, can lead to low LAB cell viability. This reduced viability has limited spray drying's industrial applications thus far. This review aims to demonstrate the operations and thermodynamic principles that govern spray drying, then correlate them to the damage suffered by LAB cells during the spray‐drying process. The particularities of spray drying that might cause LAB cell death are detailed in this review, and the conclusion may enhance future studies on ways to improve cell viability.
Sensory evaluation of fresh/frozen mackerel products: A review
Authors: Huang Yi‐Zhen , Liu Yu , Jin Zheng , Cheng Qiaofen , Qian Michael , Zhu Bei‐Wei , Dong Xiu‐Ping 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMackerel has received considerable attention in the global food market as one of the most important pelagic commercial fish species. The quality of mackerel is influenced by species, season, fishing area, nutritional status, catching method, handling, and storage. Due to the mackerel's perishability, its quality is mainly measured by sensory procedures. Although considerable effort has been made to explore quick and reliable quality analysis, developing a practical and scientific sensory evaluation of mackerel has been an active ongoing study area to meet the quality evaluation demand of the industry. Different sensory evaluation methods have been used to assess the mackerel fish quality, including Palatability and Spoilage test, Torry scheme, EU scheme, Quality Index Method, Catch damage index and Processed fish damage index, Affective test, Discriminative test, and Descriptive test. Each method has its strength and weakness. Despite mackerel sensory evaluation protocols having undergone partial harmonization, specific sample process needs to be carefully followed to minimize the change during sample preparation. This review summarizes the sensory evaluation methods in mackerel research, the factors affecting sensory evaluation, and then updates the latest advances in mackerel sensory evaluation and offers guidance for presenting its application in the mackerel chain. Also, each technique's advantages and limitations are discussed. In our opinion, the future trends for sensory evaluation of mackerel should be consumer‐centric.
Avocado oil: Production and market demand, bioactive components, implications in health, and tendencies and potential uses
Authors: Cervantes‐Paz Braulio , Yahia Elhadi M. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAvocado is a subtropical/tropical fruit with creamy texture, peculiar flavor, and high nutritional value. Due to its high oil content, a significant quantity of avocado fruit is used for the production of oil using different methods. Avocado oil is rich in lipid‐soluble bioactive compounds, but their content depends on different factors. Several phytochemicals in the oil have been linked to prevention of cancer, age‐related macular degeneration, and cardiovascular diseases and therefore have generated an increase in consumer demand for avocado oil. The aim of this review is to critically and systematically analyze the worldwide production and commercialization of avocado oil, its extraction methods, changes in its fat‐soluble phytochemical content, health benefits, and new trends and applications. There is a lack of information on the production and commercialization of the different types of avocado oil, but there are abundant data on extraction methods using solvents, centrifugation‐assisted aqueous extraction, mechanical extraction by cold pressing (varying concentration and type of enzymes, temperature and time of reaction, and dilution ratio), ultrasound‐assisted extraction, and supercritical fluid to enhance the yield and quality of oil. Extensive information is available on the content of fatty acids, although it is limited on carotenoids and chlorophylls. The effect of avocado oil on cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases has been demonstrated through in vitro and animal studies, but not in humans. Avocado oil continues to be of interest to the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries and is also generating increased attention in other areas including structured lipids, nanotechnology, and environmental care.
Recent developments of natural antimicrobials and antioxidants on fish and fishery food products
Authors: Rathod Nikheel Bhojraj , Ranveer Rahul Chudaman , Benjakul Soottawat , Kim Se‐Kwon , Pagarkar Asif Umar , Patange Surendra , Ozogul Fatih 
Published: June 2021

AbstractFish and fishery products (FFP) are highly perishable due to their high nutritional value and moisture content. The spoilage is mainly caused by microorganisms and chemical reactions, especially lipid oxidation, leading to losses in quality and market value. Microbiological and lipid deteriorations of fishery‐derived products directly lower their nutritive value and pose the risk of toxicity for human health. Increasing demand for safe FFP brings about the preservation using additives from natural origins without chemical additives due to their safety and strict regulation. Antimicrobials and antioxidants from natural sources have exhibited an excellent control over the growth of microorganisms causing fish spoilage via different mechanisms. They also play a major role in retarding lipid oxidation by acting at various stages of oxidation. Antimicrobials and antioxidants from natural sources are usually regarded as safe with no detrimental effects on the quality attributes of FFP. This review provides recent literature on the different antioxidant and antimicrobial agents from natural sources, focusing on microbial and oxidative spoilage mechanisms, their inhibition system, and their applications to retard spoilage, maintain safety, and extend the shelf life of FFP. Their applications and benefits have been revisited.
Wine phenolic profile altered by yeast: Mechanisms and influences
Authors: Zhang Pangzhen , Ma Wen , Meng Yiqi , Zhang Yifan , Jin Gang , Fang Zhongxiang 
Published: June 2021

AbstractGrape phenolic compounds undergo various types of transformations during winemaking under the influences of yeasts, which further impacts the sensory attributes, thus the quality of wine. Understanding the roles of yeasts in phenolics transformation is important for controlling wine quality through fermentation culture selection. This literature review discusses the mechanisms of how yeasts alter the phenolic compounds during winemaking, summarizes the effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and non‐Saccharomyces yeasts on the content and composition of phenolics in wine, and highlights the influences of mixed cultural fermentation on the phenolic profile of wine. Collectively, this paper aims to provide a deeper understanding on yeast–phenolics interactions and to identify the current literature gaps for future research.
Bacillus spore germination at moderate high pressure: A review on underlying mechanisms, influencing factors, and its comparison with nutrient germination
Authors: Delbrück Alessia I. , Zhang Yifan , Heydenreich Rosa , Mathys Alexander 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSpore‐forming bacteria are resistant to stress conditions owing to their ability to form highly resistant dormant spores. These spores can survive adverse environmental conditions in nature, as well as decontamination processes in the food and related industries. Bacterial spores may return to their vegetative state through a process called germination. As spore germination is critical for the loss of resistance, outgrowth, and development of pathogenicity and spoilage potential, the germination pathway has piqued the interest of the scientific community. The inhibition and induction of germination have critical applications in the food industry. Targeted germination can aid in decreasing the resistance of spores and allow the application of milder inactivation procedures. This germination‐inactivation strategy allows better maintenance of important food quality attributes. Different stimuli are reported to trigger germination. Among those, isostatic high pressure (HP) has gained increasing attention due to its potential applications in industrial processes. However, pressure‐mediated spore germination is extremely heterogeneous as some spores germinate rapidly, while others exhibit slow germination or do not undergo germination at all. The successful and safe implementation of the germination‐inactivation strategy, however, depends on the germination of all spores. Therefore, there is a need to elucidate the mechanisms of HP‐mediated germination. This work aimed to critically review the current state of knowledge on Bacillus spore germination at a moderate HP of 50–300 MPa. In this review, the germination mechanism, heterogeneity, and influencing factors have been outlined along with knowledge gaps.
Food polysaccharides and roles of rheology and tribology in rational design of thickened liquids for oropharyngeal dysphagia: A review
Authors: Methacanon Pawadee , Gamonpilas Chaiwut , Kongjaroen Akapong , Buathongjan Chonchanok 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn today's market environment, an aging society is recognized as one of the megatrends in the world. The demographic change in the world population age structure has driven a huge demand in healthcare products as well as services that include the technological innovation for the health and wellness of the elderly. Dysphagia or swallowing difficulty is a common problem in the elderly as many changes in swallowing function come with aging. The presence of a strong relationship between swallowing ability, nutritional status, and health outcomes in the elderly leads to the importance of dysphagia management in the population group. Modification of solid food and/or liquid is a mainstay of compensatory intervention for dysphagia patients. In this regard, texture‐modified foods are generally provided to reduce risks associated with choking, while thickened liquids are recommended for mitigating risks associated with aspiration. In this review, we discuss thickened liquids and other issues including the importance of their rheological and tribological properties for oropharyngeal dysphagia management in the elderly. The review focuses on both commercial thickeners that are either based on modified starch or xanthan gum and other potential polysaccharide alternatives, which have been documented in the literature in order to help researchers develop or improve the characteristic properties of thickened liquids required for safe swallowing. Furthermore, some research gaps and future perspectives, particularly from the nutrition aspect related to the interaction between thickeners and other food ingredients, are suggested as such interaction may considerably control the rate of nutrient absorption and release within our body.
Fatal jellyfish envenoming—Pediatric and geographic vulnerabilities
Authors: Tiemensma Marianne , Currie Bart J. , Byard Roger W. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractLethal jellyfish envenoming is a very rare event. Two illustrative cases of fatalities following envenomation from the multi‐tentacled box jellyfish, Chironex fleckeri, are reported that involved a six‐year‐old boy and a three‐year‐old girl, both of whom had been playing in shallow beach waters in remote Northern Territory communities (Australia). A recommended approach to autopsy in suspected cases is described, which should include examination of the clothing and skin surfaces for the fine tentacles of Chironex fleckeri. In addition, the combined length and maximum width of tentacle marks should be measured/calculated and collection of unfixed tentacles with adhesive tape onto a glass slide should be undertaken to check for nematocysts. Such rare cases show that children are at higher risk of a lethal outcome, particularly if they are resident in remote coastal tropical communities.
A spectroscopic approach for rapid and simple serial number restoration on polyamide 6 parts of firearms: The use of video spectral comparator 8000
Authors: Uysal Serdar , Armutcu Canan , Mercan Mustafa , Uzun Lokman 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSerial numbers have forensic value as they help to identify firearms. While the serial numbers are mostly stamped on the metal parts of firearms, the characters on polymer parts involve non‐serial number information such as caliber, brand, model, or proof marks, which also serve for identification purposes. The forensic evidence indicates that the polymer frames of firearms bearing non‐serial number information are obliterated through heating and scraping. Although the destructive restoration techniques for polymers are well‐documented, there is little theoretical and practical knowledge regarding the non‐destructive restoration techniques applied on polymers. In view of this gap, this study aims to devise a non‐destructive spectral technique to recover the obliterated characters on Polyamide 6. Considering its wide use on polymers, the numbering is carried out by hot stamping and the numbers are defaced through heating, scraping, and hammering both superficially and deeply at varying depths. Herein, we focused on imitating the manual obliteration techniques used by criminals instead of the deepness‐controlled techniques preferred by previous studies. The samples are then viewed under the UV and IR lights in the Video Spectral Comparator 8000 for the first time. The results suggest that spectral imaging provided restoration to a good extent after heating and scraping which made the characters invisible at a relatively low depth of deformation compared to hammering. The recovery of characters with this novel technique brings a new perspective forensic marks examination literature by producing quick, successful and reliable results and facilitating reexamination by not harming the sample.