bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Widespread and interrelated gray matter reductions in child sexual offenders with and without pedophilia: Evidence from a multivariate structural MRI study
Authors: Klöckner Mona S. , Jordan Kirsten , Kiehl Kent A. , Nyalakanti Prashanth K. , Harenski Carla L. , Müller Jürgen L. 
Published: August 2021

AimTo further investigate the neuroanatomical correlates of child sexual offending and disentangle them from the neural correlates of pedophilia, using a multivariate analytical approach in order to minimize loss of statistical power.MethodsThis study presents structural MRI data on gray matter in an incarcerated, male population of 22 pedophilic and 21 non‐pedophilic child sexual offenders, and 20 violent non‐sexual offender controls, based on a multivariate whole‐brain approach using source‐based morphometry.ResultsWe identify a network of several neuroanatomical regions exhibiting interrelated reduced gray matter in both child sexual offender groups relative to controls, comprising extensive clusters in the bilateral cerebellum and frontal lobe, as well as smaller clusters in the bilateral parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes, the bilateral basal ganglia, the medial cingulate and the hippocampus.ConclusionOur results speak to the interpretation that there are inter‐ and possibly connectivity‐related brain structural abnormalities in child sexual offenders that are not (only) pertaining to pedophilia per se. Interpretations and limitations of the present data are discussed and recommendations for future works are given.
Photolysis of 3‐Azido‐3‐phenyl‐3H‐isobenzofuran‐1‐one at Ambient and Cryogenic Temperatures†
Authors: Thenna‐Hewa Kosala , Sebastien William , Lemen Elaine M. , Karney William L. , Abe Manabu , Gudmundsdottir Anna D. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAlthough alkyl azides are known to typically form imines under direct irradiation, the product formation mechanism remains ambiguous as some alkyl azides also yield the corresponding triplet alkylnitrenes at cryogenic temperatures. The photoreactivity of 3‐azido‐3‐phenyl‐3H‐isobenzofuran‐1‐one (1) was investigated in solution and in cryogenic matrices. Irradiation (λ = 254 nm) of azide 1 in acetonitrile yielded a mixture of imines 2 and 3. Monitoring of the reaction progress using UV‐Vis absorption spectroscopy revealed an isosbestic point at 210 nm, indicating that the reaction proceeded cleanly. Similar results were observed for the photoreactivity of azide 1 in a frozen 2‐methyltetrahydrofuran (mTHF) matrix. Irradiation of azide 1 in an argon matrix at 6 K resulted in the disappearance of its IR bands with the concurrent appearance of IR bands corresponding to imines 2 and 3. Thus, it was theorized that azide 1 forms imines 2 and 3 via a concerted mechanism from its singlet excited state or through singlet alkylnitrene 11N, which does not intersystem cross to its triplet configuration. This proposal was supported by CASPT2 calculations on a model system, which suggested that the energy gap between the singlet and triplet configurations of alkylnitrene 1N is 33 kcal/mol, thus making intersystem crossing inefficient.
Antileishmanial potential of immunomodulator gallic acid against experimental murine visceral leishmaniasis
Authors: Keshav Poonam , Goyal Deepak Kumar , Kaur Sukhbir 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe menace of the enfeebling disease leishmaniasis prevails due to the inaccessibility of effective vaccine and chemotherapy. Hence in the pursuit of finding novel alternative options with reasonable efficacy, immunomodulation, leishmanicidal activity and fewer side effects, screening of compounds from natural sources is needed. This study was focused on in vitro and in vivo antileishmanial screening of gallic acid (GA) against Leishmania donovani infection in BALB/c mice. GA showed in vitro parasiticidal activity and IC50 value of 19.59 ± 0.74 µg/ml and is able to arrest cell cycle at the sub‐G0/G1 phase. The therapeutic potential of gallic acid was assessed in the L. donovani‐infected BALB/c mice. GA reported a reduction in parasite burden and augmentation of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. Also, the polarization of mouse immune status to protective Th1 response was evidenced by increased delayed‐type hypersensitivity response and levels of IgG2a, reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide. GA was reported to be safe and non‐toxic to human cell line THP‐1 and also to the liver and kidney of mice. Hence, the findings of the present study indicate the possible role of GA in the strengthening of host immune system and thus facilitating the clearance of leishmanial infection and conferring protection.
Emerging indicators of fish welfare in aquaculture
Authors: Barreto Michelle Orietta , Rey Planellas Sonia , Yang Yifei , Phillips Clive , Descovich Kris 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAs aquaculture continues to grow and intensify, there is an increasing public concern over the welfare of farmed fish. Stress and production‐related pathologies and repressed growth are examples of the challenges facing aquaculture, and their impacts could be minimised by effective identification of the early signs of impaired welfare. Many welfare monitoring methods have been recommended; however, continuous and reliable welfare monitoring in aquaculture is not yet widespread and commonplace. The aim of this scoping review was to present an overview of the most recent developments in fish welfare assessments with a specific focus on practical translation to the aquaculture industry. A keyword‐based search was undertaken to identify peer‐reviewed papers published between 2014 and 2020 in which a novel method with the potential to be used for the assessment of fish welfare in aquaculture was introduced. The results were sorted into two categories: non‐invasive and invasive methods. All methods were assessed for their advantages and disadvantages, potential applicability to aquaculture. Invasive methods were also ranked on their degree of impact. It is concluded that increased interest into fish welfare, in combination with more intelligent modern technology, has resulted in the development of newer and more refined alternatives to traditional methods of welfare assessment such as behaviour monitoring by 2D cameras and plasma cortisol evaluation. Although, in many cases, more research is needed before these methods are suitable for widespread industry use, studies that focus on increasing the precision, automation and practical applicability of these methods are a promising avenue for future research.
Covariate Powered Cross-Weighted Multiple Testing
Authors: Ignatiadis Nikolaos , Huber Wolfgang 
Published: August 2021

AbstractA fundamental task in the analysis of data sets with many variables is screening for associations. This can be cast as a multiple testing task, where the objective is achieving high detection power while controlling type I error. We consider m hypothesis tests represented by pairs ((Pi,Xi))1≤i≤m of p-values Pi and covariates Xi, such that Pi⊥Xi if Hi is null. Here, we show how to use information potentially available in the covariates about heterogeneities among hypotheses to increase power compared to conventional procedures that only use the Pi. To this end, we upgrade existing weighted multiple testing procedures through the independent hypothesis weighting (IHW) framework to use data-driven weights that are calculated as a function of the covariates. Finite sample guarantees, for example false discovery rate control, are derived from cross-weighting, a data-splitting approach that enables learning the weight-covariate function without overfitting as long as the hypotheses can be partitioned into independent folds, with arbitrary within-fold dependence. IHW has increased power compared to methods that do not use covariate information. A key implication of IHW is that hypothesis rejection in common multiple testing setups should not proceed according to the ranking of the p-values, but by an alternative ranking implied by the covariate-weighted p-values.
Leveraging the Fisher Randomization Test using Confidence Distributions: Inference, Combination and Fusion Learning
Authors: Luo Xiaokang , Dasgupta Tirthankar , Xie Minge , Liu Regina Y. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe flexibility and wide applicability of the Fisher randomization test (FRT) make it an attractive tool for assessment of causal effects of interventions from modern-day randomized experiments that are increasing in size and complexity. This paper provides a theoretical inferential framework for FRT by establishing its connection with confidence distributions. Such a connection leads to development’s of (i) an unambiguous procedure for inversion of FRTs to generate confidence intervals with guaranteed coverage, (ii) new insights on the effect of size of the Monte Carlo sample on the estimation of a p-value curve and (iii) generic and specific methods to combine FRTs from multiple independent experiments with theoretical guarantees. Our developments pertain to finite sample settings but have direct extensions to large samples. Simulations and a case example demonstrate the benefit of these new developments.
The Confidence Interval Method for Selecting Valid Instrumental Variables
Authors: Windmeijer Frank , Liang Xiaoran , Hartwig Fernando P. , Bowden Jack 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe propose a new method, the confidence interval (CI) method, to select valid instruments from a larger set of potential instruments for instrumental variable (IV) estimation of the causal effect of an exposure on an outcome. Invalid instruments are such that they fail the exclusion conditions and enter the model as explanatory variables. The CI method is based on the CIs of the per instrument causal effects estimates and selects the largest group with all CIs overlapping with each other as the set of valid instruments. Under a plurality rule, we show that the resulting standard IV, or two-stage least squares (2SLS) estimator has oracle properties. This result is the same as for the hard thresholding with voting (HT) method of Guo et al. (Journal of the Royal Statistical Society : Series B, 2018, 80, 793–815). Unlike the HT method, the number of instruments selected as valid by the CI method is guaranteed to be monotonically decreasing for decreasing values of the tuning parameter. For the CI method, we can therefore use a downward testing procedure based on the Sargan (Econometrica, 1958, 26, 393–415) test for overidentifying restrictions and a main advantage of the CI downward testing method is that it selects the model with the largest number of instruments selected as valid that passes the Sargan test.
Erasing and dehumanizing Natives to protect positive national identity: The Native mascot example
Authors: Dai Juntao Doris , Lopez Julisa J. , Brady Laura M. , Eason Arianne E. , Fryberg Stephanie A. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractFor individuals who view being American as central to their sense of self, the reality of Native oppression (e.g., genocide, police brutality) threatens their ability to maintain a positive national identity. We theorize that long‐standing narratives in American culture erase and dehumanize Natives, enabling non‐Natives to psychological distance and justify Native oppression as a means of protecting positive national identity. We illustrate this protective process using the example of Native mascots. We first demonstrate that Native mascots erase and dehumanize Natives and then illustrate how the use of Native mascots protects national identity. We conclude by calling for individual‐ and institutional‐level changes to create a society free of harmful and toxic narratives and the practices that perpetuate these narratives.
Identifying hyperelastic constitutive parameters with sensitivity‐based virtual fields
Authors: Tayeb Adel , Le Cam Jean Benoît , Grédiac Michel , Toussaint Evelyne , Robin Eric , Balandraud Xavier , Canévet Frédéric 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis work deals with the identification of hyperelastic constitutive parameters using the virtual fields method. The choice of the virtual displacement fields is a crucial aspect of the method, typically for reducing the sensitivity to the measurement noise. A first and simple option is to generate the virtual displacement fields randomly. Nevertheless, in case of hyperelastic models for which the stress is not a linear function of the constitutive parameters, improving the choice of the virtual displacement fields is not trivial and an alternative strategy has to be found. In the present study, the sensitivity‐based virtual fields approach is applied and compared with the randomly generated virtual displacement fields approach. Two material models were considered: the Mooney model, which describes quite well the behavior of hyperelastic materials for small and moderate strains, and the Ogden model, which accounts for the stress hardening phenomenon observed at higher strains. The full kinematic fields are measured by using the digital image correlation technique during an equibiaxial tensile test performed on a cruciform specimen. Identification results are discussed through their capability to predict the external force measured during the test. The sensitivity‐based virtual fields approach is found to improve significantly the prediction compared with the randomly generated virtual displacement fields approach.
Chalmers and Semantics
Authors: Raatikainen Panu 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDavid Chalmers' two‐dimensionalism is an ambitious philosophical program that aims to ground or construct Fregean meanings and restore “the golden triangle” of apriority, necessity, and meaning that Kripke seemingly broke. This paper aims to examine critically what Chalmers' theory can in reality achieve. It is argued that the theory faces severe challenges. There are some gaps in the overall arguments, and the reasoning is in some places somewhat circular. Chalmers' theory is effectively founded on certain strong philosophical assumptions. It is concluded that it is unclear whether the theory can deliver all it promises.
Evaluating the cascade of care for hypertension in Sierra Leone
Authors: Geraedts Tessa J. M. , Boateng Daniel , Lindenbergh Karel C. , van Delft Diede , Mathéron Hanna M. , Mönnink Gulia L. E. , Martens Janine P. J. , van Leerdam Daniel , Vas Nunes Jonathan , Bu‐Buakei Jabbi Sonnia‐Magba , Kpaka Mohamed S. , Westendorp Josien , van Duinen Alex J. , Sankoh Osman , Grobusch Martin P. , Bolkan Håkon A. , Klipstein‐Grobusch Kerstin 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the care for hypertension in Sierra Leone, by the use of a cascade‐of‐care approach, to identify where the need for healthcare system interventions is greatest.MethodsUsing data from a nationwide household survey on surgical conditions undertaken in 1956 participants ≥18 years from October 2019 to March 2020, a cascade of care for hypertension consisting of four categories – hypertensive population, those diagnosed, those treated and those controlled – was constructed. Hypertension was defined as having a blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg, or self‐reported use of antihypertensive medication. Logistic regression analysis was used to investigate factors associated with undiagnosed hypertension.ResultsThe prevalence of hypertension was 22%. Among those with hypertension, 23% were diagnosed, 11% were treated and 5% had controlled blood pressure. The largest loss to care (77%) was between being hypertensive and receiving a diagnosis. Male sex, age and living in a rural location, were significantly associated with the odds of undiagnosed hypertension. There was no significant difference between men and women in the number of patients with controlled blood pressure. Adults aged 40 or older were observed to be better retained in care compared with those younger than 40 years of age.ConclusionThere is a significant loss to care in the care cascade for hypertension in Sierra Leone. Our results suggest that increasing awareness of cardiovascular risk and risk factor screening for early diagnosis might have a large impact on hypertension care.
Outcomes of nine cats with urinary retention after sacrocaudal luxation managed with long‐term urinary diversion
Authors: Garcia Marcos , Dumartinet Caroline , Bernard Fabrice , Bernardé Antoine 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo document the outcomes of cats with urinary retention (UR) after sacrocaudal luxation (SCL) and managed with a long‐term cystostomy (LTC).Study DesignShort case series.AnimalsNine client‐owned cats with SCL and subsequent UR.MethodsNine cats suffering from non‐relievable UR secondary to SCL, between March 2013 and December 2020, had a LTC placed 4.5 days post‐SCL (mean, range 3.5–6.0), until clinical evidence of normal urination recovery. The bladder was emptied at least twice daily. No antimicrobial was given during LTC. Indication for tube removal was voluntary micturition with complete emptying for a minimum of three consecutive days. Recheck examinations were scheduled for post‐SCL days 7 and 14, as well as for LTC tube removal. Minor and major complications and length of LTC use were recorded.ResultsThe LTC was removed 11–42 days (mean 26 days) after placement. All cats recovered normal micturition spontaneously within 17–47 days post‐SCL (mean 30.7 days): 1 cat between the 2nd and 3rd weeks, 5 cats between the 3rd and 4th weeks, and 3 cats >30 days after the trauma. Major complications, such tube dislodgement, occurred in two cats, whereas complications resolving after tube removal were recorded in 6 cats.ConclusionLTC was effective at managing UR post‐SCL in 9 cats. All cats recovered normal urinary function within 7 weeks.Clinical SignificanceLTC can be an alternative to manual expression or bladder catheterization in cats with temporary UR after SCL.
Exploring the use of simulation to develop leadership skills in undergraduate nursing students: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Huynh Ngoc 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT

Objective:
This review will explore the use of simulation to develop leadership skills in nursing students in undergraduate nursing education programs.

Introduction:
Leadership skills are traditionally incorporated into nursing curriculum as a stand-alone course. A demonstrated need for leadership skills in nursing graduates and recent evidence on the effectiveness of simulation in nursing education programs has led to increased use of simulation to develop leadership skills in undergraduate nursing students. Identification, explication, and mapping of the various strategies are required to help advance the use of simulation to develop leadership skills in nursing education.

Inclusion criteria:
Papers that focus on the use of simulation strategies specifically related to the development of nursing leadership skills in undergraduate nursing students will be included. Papers focused on post-registration/licensure nurses, graduate nurses, nurse practitioners, midwives, allied health care professionals, or psychomotor nursing skills will be excluded.

Methods:
This review will be conducted in accordance with JBI methodology for scoping reviews and will consider English-language literature from 2000 to the present. Data will be extracted from the following databases: CINAHL Plus with Full Text (EBSCO); MEDLINE (R) and Epub Ahead of Print (Ovid), In-Process, In-Data-Review and Other Non-Indexed Citations, and Daily and Versions (R); PsycINFO (Ovid); Embase (Ovid); ERIC (EBSCO); and ProQuest Nursing and Allied Health Source. The search will also include unpublished non-peer-reviewed literature.
Numerical Analysis of SS316L Biaxial Cruciform Specimens Under Proportional Loading Paths
Authors: Mamros Elizabeth M. , Eaton Matthew C. , Ha Jinjin , Kinsey Brad L. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In this paper, finite element analyses were conducted to investigate the stress and strain states resulting from varying the deformation of stainless steel 316L under biaxial loading. To that end, a biaxial specimen geometry was designed in collaboration with the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to achieve large and uniform strain values in the central pocket region. Special care was taken to ensure that the specimen design could be readily manufactured with available resources. Simultaneously, the specimen design criteria required an acceptable strain uniformity in a sufficiently large pocket section to allow for accurate deformation and austenite to martensite phase fraction measurements. This demonstrates the concept of altering the final material properties through stress superposition. Numerical results show that nearly linear curves were observed in the strain path plots. The minimum uniform deformation area for the 4:1 case had a radius of ∼1 mm, which is sufficient for experimental analyses, e.g., digital imaging correlation and electron beam backscatter diffraction. As an application for such heterogeneous materials, patient specific trauma fixation hardware, which are surgically implanted to set broken bones during healing, require high strength in areas where screws are located, i.e., martensite phase, yet low weight elsewhere.
Molecular Dynamics Modeling the Nano-Identation of Titanium
Authors: Yang Peiqiang , Zhang Xueping , Yao Zhenqiang , Shivpuri Rajiv 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Titanium alloys’ excellent mechanical and physical properties make it the most popular material widely used in aerospace, medical, nuclear and other significant industries. The study of titanium alloys mainly focused on the macroscopic mechanical mechanism. However, very few researches addressed the nanostructure of titanium alloys and its mechanical response in Nano-machining due to the difficulty to perform and characterize nano-machining experiment. Compared with nano-machining, nano-indentation is easier to characterize the microscopic plasticity of titanium alloys. This research presents a nano-indentation molecular dynamics model in titanium to address its microstructure alteration, plastic deformation and other mechanical response at the atomistic scale. Based on the molecular dynamics model, a complete nano-indentation cycle, including the loading and unloading stages, is performed by applying Large-scale Atomic/Molecular Massively Parallel Simulator (LAMMPS). The plastic deformation mechanism of nano-indentation of titanium with a rigid diamond ball tip was studied under different indentation velocities. At the same time, the influence of different environment temperatures on the nano-plastic deformation of titanium is analyzed under the condition of constant indentation velocity. The simulation results show that the Young’s modulus of pure titanium calculated based on nano-indentation is about 110GPa, which is very close to the experimental results. The results also show that the mechanical behavior of titanium can be divided into three stages: elastic stage, yield stage and plastic stage during the nano-indentation process. In addition, indentation speed has influence on phase transitions and nucleation of dislocations in the range of 0.1–1.0 Å/ps.