bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Complex differences in infection rates between ethnic groups in Scotland: a retrospective, national census-linked cohort study of 1.65 million cases
Authors: Gruer L D , Cézard G I , Wallace L A , Hutchinson S J , Douglas A F , Buchanan D , Katikireddi S V , Millard A D , Goldberg D J , Sheikh A , Bhopal R S 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Background
Ethnicity can influence susceptibility to infection, as COVID-19 has shown. Few countries have systematically investigated ethnic variations in infection.

Methods
We linked the Scotland 2001 Census, including ethnic group, to national databases of hospitalizations/deaths and serological diagnoses of bloodborne viruses for 2001–2013. We calculated age-adjusted rate ratios (RRs) in 12 ethnic groups for all infections combined, 15 infection categories, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV) viruses.

Results
We analysed over 1.65 million infection-related hospitalisations/deaths. Compared with White Scottish, RRs for all infections combined were 0.8 or lower for Other White British, Other White and Chinese males and females, and 1.2–1.4 for Pakistani and African males and females. Adjustment for socioeconomic status or birthplace had little effect. RRs for specific infection categories followed similar patterns with striking exceptions. For HIV, RRs were 136 in African females and 14 in males; for HBV, 125 in Chinese females and 59 in males, 55 in African females and 24 in males; and for HCV, 2.3–3.1 in Pakistanis and Africans.

Conclusions
Ethnic differences were found in overall rates and many infection categories, suggesting multiple causative pathways. We recommend census linkage as a powerful method for studying the disproportionate impact of COVID-19.
Anayudato the least advantaged: providing a program for those who were hit the hardest during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Gozum Ivan Efreaim A , Capulong Harvey Gain M , Galang Joseph Renus F , Gopez Jose Ma W 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn a recent article, it was reported that the COVID-19 pandemic impacted the economic situation of some countries. It led to some people losing jobs amidst the difficult situation that the pandemic caused. Thus, this paper discusses the need to provide a program for the least advantaged citizens so that they can still experience their basic liberties. The least advantaged citizens, as Rawls deem them, are the ones who lost jobs and incomes were hit the hardest during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Forecasting dynamic body weight of nonrestrained pigs from images using an RGB-D sensor camera
Authors: Yu Haipeng , Lee Kiho , Morota Gota 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Average daily gain is an indicator of the growth rate, feed efficiency, and current health status of livestock species including pigs. Continuous monitoring of daily gain in pigs aids producers to optimize their growth performance while ensuring animal welfare and sustainability, such as reducing stress reactions and feed waste. Computer vision has been used to predict live body weight from video images without direct handling of the pig. In most studies, videos were taken while pigs were immobilized at a weighing station or feeding area to facilitate data collection. An alternative approach is to capture videos while pigs are allowed to move freely within their own housing environment, which can be easily applied to the production system as no special imaging station needs to be established. The objective of this study was to establish a computer vision system by collecting RGB-D videos to capture top-view red, green, and blue (RGB) and depth images of nonrestrained, growing pigs to predict their body weight over time. Over a period of 38 d, eight growers were video recorded for approximately 3 min/d, at the rate of six frames per second, and manually weighed using an electronic scale. An image-processing pipeline in Python using OpenCV was developed to process the images. Specifically, each pig within the RGB frame was segmented by a thresholding algorithm, and the contour of the pig was identified to extract its length and width. The height of a pig was estimated from the depth images captured by the infrared depth sensor. Quality control included removing pigs that were touching the fence and sitting, as well as those showing extremely distorted shape or motion blur owing to their frequent movement. Fitting all of the morphological image descriptors simultaneously in linear mixed models yielded prediction coefficients of determination of 0.72–0.98, 0.65–0.95, 0.51–0.94, and 0.49–0.93 for 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-d ahead forecasting, respectively, of body weight in time series cross-validation. Based on the results, we conclude that our RGB-D sensor-based imaging system coupled with the Python image-processing pipeline could potentially provide an effective approach to predict the live body weight of nonrestrained pigs from images.
Cladistic analysis ofParaphasma(Phasmatodea: Pseudophasmatidae) highlights the importance of the phallic organ for phasmid systematics
Authors: Chiquetto-Machado Pedro I , Cancello Eliana M 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe internal male genitalia have been poorly investigated in Phasmatodea, remaining virtually unexplored in phylogenetic studies. Here we describe and illustrate the main phallic elements in several Neotropical stick insects, with emphasis on Paraphasma (Pseudophasmatidae), and present a phylogenetic analysis of this genus. The analysis included ten terminals in the ingroup and 18 in the outgroup, and was based on 32 characters of the phallic organ and 48 of external morphology. In order to compare these datasets in terms of phylogenetic signal and level of homoplasy, the consistency and retention indices of the cladogram were calculated separately for each of them, and partial analyses were also conducted using each dataset alone. The phylogenetic reconstruction revealed Paraphasma as polyphyletic and led us to propose a new, monotypic genus, Ecuadoriphasma gen. nov., three new combinations (Ecuadoriphasma cognatum, Paraphasma trianguliferum and Tithonophasma cancellatum) and place Oestrophora as a synonym of Paraphasma. Additionally, Olcyphides hopii and Paraphasma dentatum are synonymized with Paraphasma laterale. Both external and phallic characters were determinant for the topology obtained, and the latter were less homoplastic in the phylogenetic tree. Our results highlight the usefulness of phallic morphology for inferring phylogenetic relationships in Phasmatodea, especially among closely related genera and species.
Risk of misdiagnosis and delayed diagnosis with COVID-19
Authors: Muhrer Jill C. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract:
Misdiagnosis and delayed diagnosis are common problems in healthcare and are typically related to patient, provider, and socioeconomic factors. A syndemics model of COVID-19 is used to analyze the synergistic relationship between diseases and influences that impact patients' living conditions and health. NPs can use this approach to promote patient safety and equitable healthcare.
The role of chromosomal microarray and exome sequencing in prenatal diagnosis
Authors: Chau Matthew Hoi Kin , Choy Kwong Wai 
Published: January 2021

Purpose of review
Advancements in technologies have revolutionized prenatal diagnosis. Chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) became a proven method and was implemented to detect gains and losses of DNA and absence of heterozygosity across the genome. Next-generation sequencing technologies have brought opportunities and challenges to genetic testing. Exome sequencing detects single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) across the exome and its prenatal application is an emerging field. We reviewed the literature to define the role of CMA and exome sequencing in prenatal diagnosis.

Recent finding
The application of exome sequencing in genetic diagnosis shows increased diagnostic yield and could be potentially implemented for prenatal diagnosis of fetuses with one or more ultrasound structural abnormalities or suspected monogenetic conditions. Although CMA is a gold standard for copy number variant (CNV) detection, large clinical cohort studies emphasized integrated CNV and SNV analyses for precise molecular diagnosis. Recent studies also suggest low-pass genome sequencing-based CNV detection can identify genome-wide imbalances at higher resolutions.

Summary
Data suggest exome sequencing for SNVs and CMA for CNV detection are the most effective approach for prenatal genetic diagnosis. Emerging evidences show genome sequencing has the potential to replace CMA and even exome sequencing to become a comprehensive genetic test in the clinical diagnostic laboratory.
Thalamic neurometabolite alterations in patients with knee osteoarthritis before and after total knee replacement
Authors: Weerasekera Akila , Morrissey Erin , Kim Minhae , Saha Atreyi , Lin Yang , Alshelh Zeynab , Torrado-Carvajal Angel , Albrecht Daniel , Akeju Oluwaseun , Kwon Young-Min , Bedair Hany , Chen Antonia F. , Napadow Vitaly , Schreiber Kristin , Ratai Eva-Maria , Edwards Robert R. , Loggia Marco L. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The weak association between disability levels and “peripheral” (ie, knee) findings suggests that central nervous system alterations may contribute to the pathophysiology of knee osteoarthritis (KOA). Here, we evaluated brain metabolite alterations in patients with KOA, before and after total knee arthroplasty (TKA), using 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Thirty-four presurgical patients with KOA and 13 healthy controls were scanned using a PRESS sequence (TE = 30 ms, TR = 1.7 seconds, voxel size = 15 × 15 × 15 mm). In addition, 13 patients were rescanned 4.1 ± 1.6 (mean ± SD) weeks post-TKA. When using creatine (Cr)-normalized levels, presurgical KOA patients demonstrated lower N-acetylaspartate (NAA) (P < 0.001), higher myoinositol (mIns) (P < 0.001), and lower Choline (Cho) (P < 0.05) than healthy controls. The mIns levels were positively correlated with pain severity scores (r = 0.37, P < 0.05). These effects reached statistical significance also using water-referenced concentrations, except for the Cho group differences (P ≥ 0.067). Post-TKA patients demonstrated an increase in NAA (P < 0.01), which returned to the levels of healthy controls (P > 0.05), irrespective of metric. In addition, patients demonstrated postsurgical increases in Cr-normalized (P < 0.001), but not water-referenced mIns, which were proportional to the NAA/Cr increases (r = 0.61, P < 0.05). Because mIns is commonly regarded as a glial marker, our results are suggestive of a possible dual role for neuroinflammation in KOA pain and post-TKA recovery. Moreover, the apparent postsurgical normalization of NAA, a putative marker of neuronal integrity, might implicate mitochondrial dysfunction, rather than neurodegenerative processes, as a plausible pathophysiological mechanism in KOA. More broadly, our results add to a growing body of literature suggesting that some pain-related brain alterations can be reversed after peripheral surgical treatment.
Research design considerations for randomized controlled trials of spinal cord stimulation for pain: Initiative on Methods, Measurement, and Pain Assessment in Clinical Trials/Institute of Neuromodulation/International Neuromodulation Society recommendations
Authors: Katz Nathaniel , Dworkin Robert H. , North Richard , Thomson Simon , Eldabe Sam , Hayek Salim M. , Kopell Brian H. , Markman John , Rezai Ali , Taylor Rod S. , Turk Dennis C. , Buchser Eric , Fields Howard , Fiore Gregory , Ferguson McKenzie , Gewandter Jennifer , Hilker Chris , Jain Roshini , Leitner Angela , Loeser John , McNicol Ewan , Nurmikko Turo , Shipley Jane , Singh Rahul , Trescot Andrea , van Dongen Robert , Venkatesan Lalit 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is an interventional nonpharmacologic treatment used for chronic pain and other indications. Methods for evaluating the safety and efficacy of SCS have evolved from uncontrolled and retrospective studies to prospective randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Although randomization overcomes certain types of bias, additional challenges to the validity of RCTs of SCS include blinding, choice of control groups, nonspecific effects of treatment variables (eg, paresthesia, device programming and recharging, psychological support, and rehabilitative techniques), and safety considerations. To address these challenges, 3 professional societies (Initiative on Methods, Measurement, and Pain Assessment in Clinical Trials, Institute of Neuromodulation, and International Neuromodulation Society) convened a meeting to develop consensus recommendations on the design, conduct, analysis, and interpretation of RCTs of SCS for chronic pain. This article summarizes the results of this meeting. Highlights of our recommendations include disclosing all funding source and potential conflicts; incorporating mechanistic objectives when possible; avoiding noninferiority designs without internal demonstration of assay sensitivity; achieving and documenting double-blinding whenever possible; documenting investigator and site experience; keeping all information provided to patients balanced with respect to expectation of benefit; disclosing all information provided to patients, including verbal scripts; using placebo/sham controls when possible; capturing a complete set of outcome assessments; accounting for ancillary pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments in a clear manner; providing a complete description of intended and actual programming interactions; making a prospective ascertainment of SCS-specific safety outcomes; training patients and researchers on appropriate expectations, outcome assessments, and other key aspects of study performance; and providing transparent and complete reporting of results according to applicable reporting guidelines.
Drug-coated balloon treatment for nonsmall de-novo coronary artery disease: angiographic and clinical outcomes
Authors: Her Ae-Young , Yuan Song Lin , Jun Eun Jung , Bhak Youngjune , Kim Moo Hyun , Garg Scot , Kim Yong Hoon , Kun Liu , Hui Lin , Zhi Wang , Hao Jiang , Zhentao Shi , Qiang Tang , Shin Eun-Seok 
Published: January 2021

Objectives
Although drug-coated balloons (DCBs) are established for de-novo lesions in small coronary arteries, the impact of DCB treatment according to the reference vessel diameter (RVD) remains poorly defined. This study aimed to evaluate the angiographic and long-term clinical outcomes of DCB treatment for de-novo coronary lesions according to RVD.

Methods and results
A total of 227 patients were retrospectively enrolled and stratified according to an RVD >2.5 mm [nonsmall vessel disease (NSVD) group, n = 100] and ≤2.5 mm [small vessel disease (SVD) group, n = 127]. The primary endpoint was late lumen loss (LLL) at a 6-month follow-up, and the secondary endpoint was target vessel failure (TVF, a composite of cardiac death, target vessel myocardial infarction, target vessel revascularization and target vessel thrombosis). The LLL among the 206 patients (90.8%) returning for scheduled angiography at 6 month was similar (NSVD, 0.03 ± 0.22 mm vs. SVD, 0.06 ± 0.25 mm; P = 0.384). TVF was also comparable in both groups at a median follow-up of 3.4 years (NSVD, 7.0 vs. SVD, 7.9 %; P = 0.596). At baseline, there were numerically more dissections in the SVD group compared to the NSVD group (47.2 vs. 35.0 %; P = 0.064); however, most of these had disappeared in both groups at a 6-month follow-up. In a multivariable analysis, the presence of dissection was not associated with LLL or TVF in either group.

Conclusions
The safety and efficacy of DCB treatment for de-novo coronary lesions, in terms of LLL and TVF, was unrelated to RVD.
A clinical prediction model to assess risk for pancreatic cancer among patients with prediabetes
Authors: Boursi Ben , Finkelman Brian , Giantonio Bruce J. , Haynes Kevin , Rustgi Anil K. , Rhim Andrew D. , Mamtani Ronac , Yang Yu-Xiao 
Published: January 2021

Background
Early detection of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) may improve survival. We previously developed a clinical prediction model among patients with new-onset diabetes to help identify PDAs 6 months prior to the clinical diagnosis of the cancer. We developed and internally validated a new model to predict PDA risk among those newly diagnosed with impaired fasting glucose (IFG).

Methods
We conducted a retrospective cohort study in The Health Improvement Network (THIN) (1995–2013) from the UK. Eligible study patients had newly diagnosed IFG during follow-up in THIN. The outcome was incident PDA diagnosed within 3 years of IFG diagnosis. Candidate predictors were factors associated with PDA, glucose metabolism or both.

Results
Among the 138 232 eligible patients with initial IFG diagnosis, 245 (0.2%) were diagnosed with PDA within 3 years. The median time from IFG diagnosis to clinical PDA diagnosis was 326 days (IQR 120–588). The final prediction model included age, BMI, proton pump inhibitor use, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase. The model achieved good discrimination [area under the curve 0.71 (95% CI, 0.67–0.75)] and calibration (Hosmer and Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test P > 0.05 in 17 of the 20 imputed data sets) with optimism of 0.0012662 (95% CI, −0.00932 to 0.0108771).

Conclusions
We developed and internally validated a sequential PDA prediction model based on clinical information routinely available at the initial appearance of IFG. If externally validated, this model could significantly extend our ability to detect PDAs at an earlier stage.
Reticuloendothelial activation correlates with disease severity and predicts mortality in severe alcoholic hepatitis
Authors: Vijayalekshmi Balakrishnan , Sharma Anand , Prabhu Savit B , Nair Sukesh C. , Mammen Joy , Goel Ashish , Zachariah Uday George , Dutta Amit Kumar , Balasubramanian Kunissery A , Elias Elwyn , Eapen Chundamannil E. 
Published: January 2021

Background
Overactivation of reticuloendothelial cells lining liver sinusoids – Kupffer cells (macrophages) and sinusoidal endothelial cells – may narrow the sinusoidal lumen, impair perfusion in liver microcirculation and contribute to disease severity in alcoholic hepatitis.

Aim
The aim of the article was to assess reticuloendothelial activation in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis (SAH).

Methods
In SAH patients, we prospectively studied baseline reticuloendothelial activation markers [serum ferritin, sCD163 and plasma von Willebrand factor (VWF) antigen] and Macrophage Activation Syndrome (MAS) criteria, correlated them with disease severity scores [model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores] and analyzed their ability to predict survival over a 90-day follow-up period.

Results
A total of 50 SAH patients [45 (37–49) years, median (interquartile range), 49 males, discriminant function, 76.2 (54.5–106.6); MELD score, 30 (26.2–36)] were studied. 41 SAH patients (82%) had ferritin >500 ng/mL, and all (100%) had markedly raised sCD163 and VWF levels. The median sCD163 level was 10-fold higher than healthy controls and the median VWF level was 5-fold above the upper limit of normal. In total, 37 SAH patients (74%) met MAS criteria. Reticuloendothelial activation markers correlated with MELD and SOFA scores (P < 0.05). VWF was an independent marker to predict mortality in SAH [adjusted hazard ratio, 1.002 (1.000–1.004)].

Conclusions
The reticuloendothelial system was markedly activated and correlated with disease severity scores in SAH patients.VWF predicted short-term mortality independent of MELD and sCD163. Further larger multicentric studies are needed to validate these findings.
Increased prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome in migraine patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Wongtrakul Wasit , Charoenngam Nipith , Ungprasert Patompong 
Published: January 2021

Objective
Even though evidence showing increased prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) among migraine patients exists, it has not been well-established and the magnitude of association varies substantially across the studies. This study aimed to comprehensively compare the prevalence of IBS among migraineurs versus nonmigraineurs using the systematic review and the meta-analysis technique.

Methods
Two authors independently conducted a literature search in MEDLINE, EMBASE and Google Scholar database up to April 2020. The eligible study must consist of two groups of participants, migraineurs and nonmigraineurs, and report the prevalence of IBS in both groups. Alternatively, an eligible study may report the odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of the association between migraine and IBS. Point estimates and standard errors from each eligible study were combined together using the generic inverse variance method of DerSimonian and Laird.

Results
Of the 2531 articles identified from the three databases, 11 studies with a total of 28 336 migraineurs and 1 535 758 nonmigraineurs met the selection criteria and were included into the meta-analysis. The pooled analysis found that migraineurs had a significantly higher prevalence of IBS than nonmigraineurs with the pooled OR of 2.49 (95% CI, 2.22–2.78; I
2, 42%). The funnel plot was asymmetric and suggested the presence of publication bias.

Conclusion
A significantly increased prevalence of IBS among patients with migraine was demonstrated in this study.
Review article: safety of new biologic agents for inflammatory bowel disease in the liver
Authors: Magrì Salvatore , Chessa Luchino , Demurtas Mauro , Cabras Francesco , Mocci Giammarco 
Published: January 2021

New biologic agents (vedolizumab, ustekinumab and tofacitinib) represent an effective treatment for inflammatory bowel diseases and have been recently approved. However, with a rapidly evolving complement of advanced targeted therapies, new concerns about their potentially undesirable effects on liver function emerge. In particular, little is known about safety data in patients with hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus chronic infections, cirrhosis and in transplanted patients who are accumulating. In addition, these new agents have also been associated with drug-induced liver injury. Limited data on the efficacy of vedolizumab in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis are also available.
This article reviews available data about hepatic safety concerns in patients receiving vedolizumab, ustekinumab and tofacitinib with and without preexistent hepatic diseases.
Ureteropelvic junction obstruction: diagnosis and management
Authors: Vemulakonda Vijaya M. 
Published: January 2021

Purpose of review
Ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) is the most common cause of prenatally diagnosed hydronephrosis. Although associated with obstruction of the kidney, the natural history is variable, ranging from spontaneous resolution to progressive loss of function over the first few years of life. As a result, the optimal evaluation strategy and indications for treatment have not been well defined. The purpose of this article is to review recent literature focused on the prenatal and postnatal evaluation of infants with prenatally diagnosed hydronephrosis suspicious for UPJO.

Recent findings
Recent studies have focused on the effect of the urinary tract dilation (UTD) ultrasound classification system, as well as use of magnetic resonance imaging both prenatally and postnatally to stratify the risk of infants with prenatally diagnosed hydronephrosis to develop renal impairment or undergo surgery. Additionally, urinary biomarkers have been identified as a potential noninvasive alternative to diuretic renography in identifying infants with clinically significant UPJO.

Summary
Although continued work is needed to develop clear guidelines for evaluation and treatment and to better define long-term outcomes, these studies offer novel approaches to improve the care of these patients.