bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial covariation between solar-induced fluorescence and vegetation indices from Arctic-Boreal landscapes
Authors: Maguire Andrew J , Eitel Jan U H , Magney Troy S , Frankenberg Christian , Köhler Philipp , Orcutt Erica L , Parazoo Nicholas C , Pavlick Ryan , Pierrat Zoe A 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The Arctic-Boreal Zone (ABZ) is characterized by spatially heterogeneous vegetation composition and structure, leading to challenges for inferring patterns in vegetation productivity. A mechanistic understanding of the patterns and processes underlying spectral remote sensing observations is necessary to overcome these challenges. Solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF), near-infrared reflectance of vegetation (NIRv), and chlorophyll/carotenoid index (CCI) show promise for tracking productivity and disentangling links to the activity and distribution of chlorophyll at coarse spatial scales (e.g. 0.5°), but their effectiveness for studying mixed landscapes characteristic of the ABZ remains unclear. Here, we use airborne observations collected during NASA’s Arctic-Boreal Vulnerability Experiment to examine the spatial covariation between SIF, NIRv, and CCI at a scale (30 m) commensurate with the best available landcover products across interior Alaska. Additionally, we compare relationships among SIF and vegetation indices from spaceborne observations (TROPOMI and MODIS) resampled to a 0.01° (∼1000 m) scale. We find that the strength of the SIF-NIRv linear relationship degrades when compared from the spaceborne to the airborne scale (R
2 = 0.50 vs. 0.26) as does the strength of the SIF-CCI linear relationship (R
2 = 0.30 vs. 0.18), though the degradation of SIF-CCI is less severe than that of SIF-NIRv. The relationship of SIF with either vegetation index is strongly dependent on landcover class at both airborne and spaceborne scales. We provide context for how further work could leverage SIF with reflectance indices measurable from a variety of platforms to improve mapping of vegetation dynamics in this ecoregion.
Interdecadal variation of summer rainfall in the Greater Mekong Subregion and its possible causes
Authors: Wen Dayong , Cao Jie , Zhao Chenxi , Masiri Itsara , Buntoung Sumaman 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This paper investigates the interdecadal variation in summer rainfall over the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) during 1981–2020 and its possible causes, using Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation with Station rainfall datasets, European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis fifth generation data and the atmospheric general circulation model ECHAM6. The dominant mode of summer rainfall in the GMS features a seesaw pattern with an increase in rainfall over the central–southern GMS and a decrease in rainfall in northwestern Myanmar–Yunnan. The dominant mode of the GMS summer rainfall shows a change in regime around 2001/2002. Interdecadal variability in rainfall is largely related to sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) over the Western Pacific Warm Pool (WPWP). Warmer SSTAs in the WPWP lead to interdecadal variation in summer rainfall in the GMS by exciting an anomalous cyclone in the lower troposphere over the southern GMS–South China Sea. This is accompanied by anomalous ascending motions in the central–southern GMS and anomalous descending motions in northern Myanmar–Yunnan. The Matsuno–Gill mechanism, which links SSTAs with interdecadal variations in the GMS summer rainfall, is further confirmed by numerical experiments.
Global risks of infectious disease outbreaks and its relation to climate
Authors: Franzke Christian L E , Czupryna Marcin 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Infectious disease outbreaks are recurring events which can lead to a large number of fatalities every year. Infectious disease outbreaks occur infrequently and the role of global warming and modes of climate variability for those outbreaks is not clear. Here we use an extreme value statistics approach to examine annual spatially aggregated infectious disease fatality data to compute their probability to occur using generalized Pareto distribution (GPD) models. The GPD provides a good model for modeling the fatality data and reveals that the number of fatalities follows a power-law. We find that the magnitude of Covid-19 is of an expected level given previous fatality data over the period 1900–2020. We also examined whether including co-variates in the GPD models provide better model fits. We find evidence that a pure linear trend is the best co-variate and, thus, has increased the propensity of large outbreaks to occur for most continents and world-wide. This suggests that mainly non-climate factors affect the likelihood of outbreaks. This linear trend function provides a crude representation of socio-economic trends such as improved public health. However, for South America the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation modulates the outbreak propensity as the best co-variate, showing that climate can play some role in infectious disease outbreaks in some regions.
Evaluation of river flood extent simulated with multiple global hydrological models and climate forcings
Authors: Mester Benedikt , Willner Sven Norman , Frieler Katja , Schewe Jacob 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Global flood models (GFMs) are increasingly being used to estimate global-scale societal and economic risks of river flooding. Recent validation studies have highlighted substantial differences in performance between GFMs and between validation sites. However, it has not been systematically quantified to what extent the choice of the underlying climate forcing and global hydrological model (GHM) influence flood model performance. Here, we investigate this sensitivity by comparing simulated flood extent to satellite imagery of past flood events, for an ensemble of three climate reanalyses and 11 GHMs. We study eight historical flood events spread over four continents and various climate zones. For most regions, the simulated inundation extent is relatively insensitive to the choice of GHM. For some events, however, individual GHMs lead to much lower agreement with observations than the others, mostly resulting from an overestimation of inundated areas. Two of the climate forcings show very similar results, while with the third, differences between GHMs become more pronounced. We further show that when flood protection standards are accounted for, many models underestimate flood extent, pointing to deficiencies in their flood frequency distribution. Our study guides future applications of these models, and highlights regions and models where targeted improvements might yield the largest performance gains.
Increasing population exposure to global warm-season concurrent dry and hot extremes under different warming levels
Authors: Liu Wenbin , Sun Fubao , Feng Yao , Li Chao , Chen Jie , Sang Yan-Fang , Zhang Qiang 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Projecting future changes in concurrent dry and hot extremes (CDHEs) and the subsequent socio-economic risks (e.g. population exposure) is critical for climate adaptation and water management under different warming targets. However, to date, this aspect remains poorly understood on both global and regional scales. In this study, the changes in future CDHEs and their population exposures under 1.5 °C, 2 °C, and 3 °C warming were quantified using a Standardized Dry and Hot Index calculated based on the newly released Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 climate model outputs and global population datasets. It was found that relative to the baseline period (1986–2005), the severity of CDHEs would increase on the global scale and in most regions, such as in Southern Europe, the Mediterranean, Sahara, West Africa, Central America, Mexico, the Amazon, and the west coast of South America under 1.5 °C, 2 °C, and 3 °C of warming. Stabilizing the warming at 1.5 °C would constrain the adverse influence of CDHEs on the population suffering from severe CDHEs in most regions (especially in Central Europe, Southern Europe, the Mediterranean, Eastern North America, West Asia, East Asia, and Southeast Asia). Globally, the population impacted by severe CDHEs (with a constant 2000 population) would increase by 108 and 266 million (149 and 367 million when constant 2080 population is applied) for 2 °C and 3 °C increase compared to a 1.5 °C increase. These findings provide scientific evidence of the benefit of limiting anthropogenic warming to 1.5 °C in terms of the socio-economic risks related to CDHEs.
Tuning the optical response of Nano dipole antenna by using plasmonic materials as a load in the gap
Authors: Zarezadeh Esmail , Ghorbani Ayaz 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Possibility of tuning the optical response of a Nano dipole antenna by using various plasmonic based materials is demonstrated. By incorporating various load geometry in Nano dipole antenna’s gap, different optical characteristics of Nano dipole antennas, e.g. extinction cross section (ECS), input impedance, scattering cross section (SCS), has been numerically investigated. It is shown that by properly design, based on desired goal, tunable and broadband absorption cross section can be achieved. In addition, a graphene based load is also incorporated, and multiple peaks for ESC at THz band was showed.
Development of a Scoring System to Differentiate Amiodarone-Induced Liver Injury From Alcoholic Steatohepatitis
Authors: González Iván A , Fuller Lanisha D , Zhang Xuefeng , Papke David J , Zhao Lei , Zhang Dongwei , Liao Xiaoyan , Liu Xiuli , Fiel Maria I , Zhang Xuchen 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectivesAmiodarone-induced liver injury (AILI) is histopathologically similar to alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH). We sought to elucidate their histologic differences and develop a scoring system to differentiate these two entities.MethodsA cohort of 17 AILI and 17 ASH cases was included in the initial study. Cases from three different institutions were included for further validation.ResultsMacrovesicular steatosis was usually below 10% of the liver parenchyma in AILI. Hepatocyte ballooning degeneration was more common in ASH than in AILI. “Balloon-like” hepatocyte was more common in AILI than in ASH. Lobular neutrophilic inflammation, satellitosis, and cholestasis were more common in ASH. Mallory-Denk bodies and pericellular fibrosis in AILI were mainly located in zone 1 compared with a panacinar or zone 3 distribution in ASH. A scoring system was developed in which points were assigned to different histologic features; a total sum of less than 5 suggests AILI, more than 5 is ASH, and 5 is equivocal. This scoring system was then evaluated on a test cohort comprising 14 AILI cases, in which 13 cases were correctly assigned with a score less than 5. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for diagnosing AILI in the test cohort were 92.9%, 91.7%, and 92.3%, respectively.ConclusionsThis scoring system can aid pathologists to differentiate AILI from ASH.
Nature and Extent of Quantitative Research in Social Work Journals: A Systematic Review from 2016 to 2020
Authors: Kurten Sebastian , Brimmel Nausikaä , Klein Kathrin , Hutter Katharina 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This study reviews 1,406 research articles published between 2016 and 2020 in the European Journal of Social Work (EJSW), the British Journal of Social Work (BJSW) and Research on Social Work Practice (RSWP). It assesses the proportion and complexity of quantitative research designs amongst published articles and investigates differences between the journals. Furthermore, the review investigates the complexity of the statistical methods employed and identifies the most frequently addressed topics. From the 1,406 articles, 504 (35.8 percent) used a qualitative methodology, 389 (27.7 percent) used a quantitative methodology, 85 (6 percent) used the mixed methods (6 percent), 253 (18 percent) articles were theoretical in nature, 148 (10.5 percent) conducted reviews and 27 (1.9 percent) gave project overviews. The proportion of quantitative research articles was higher in RSWP (55.4 percent) than in the EJSW (14.1 percent) and the BJSW (20.5 percent). The topic analysis could identify at least forty different topics addressed by the articles. Although the proportion of quantitative research is rather small in social work research, the review could not find evidence that it is of low sophistication. Finally, this study concludes that future research would benefit from making explicit why a certain methodology was chosen.
Depoliticised or repoliticised policy practice?: The role of non-governmental social work organisations in policy-making in China
Authors: Cai Tian , Lei Jie , Chen Yuying 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The Chinese government has made increasing use of the strategy of contracting out social services to non-governmental social work organisations (SWOs) to improve its capacity for social governance. This institutional arrangement provides a space where SWOs are not only involved in the provision of welfare services but also have opportunities to influence policy-making. Based on a qualitative study conducted in Shenzhen and Nanjing, this article shows how SWOs in China engage in depoliticised policy practice, characterised by SWOs’ compliance with the state’s agenda, adoption of nonconfrontational tactics and exertion of professional influence based on expertise. As a result, SWOs have been repoliticised as an arm of the state rather than independent and autonomous policy advocates.
Promoting self-care in a community-based mother growth workshop: A Foucauldian discourse analysis
Authors: Dong Lei , To Siu-Ming 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBased on a qualitative case analysis conducted in Shenzhen in 2020, this study explored how self-care and childcare as two parenting discourses influence the discursive practices of the parent education practitioner to design and implement a mother growth workshop. Through a social constructionist lens and Foucauldian discourse analysis, both dominant and alternative parent education discourses were identified. These discourses framed the available subject positions for the parent education practitioner, which further influenced her strategies for promoting self-care of mothers during practice. Moreover, this study theorised self-care as an example of the integration of disciplinary and constitutive powers which led to the production of normalised subjectivities for parent education practitioners and participants. Findings of this study offered theoretical and practical implications for future research and social work practice in humanistic- and social constructionist-oriented parent education.
Elevated iron concentration in putamen and cortical speech motor network in developmental stuttering
Authors: Cler Gabriel J , Krishnan Saloni , Papp Daniel , Wiltshire Charlotte E E , Chesters Jennifer , Watkins Kate E 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Theoretical accounts of developmental stuttering implicate dysfunctional cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical motor loops through the putamen. However, the analysis of conventional MRI brain scans in individuals who stutter has failed to yield strong support for this theory in terms of reliable differences in the structure or function of the basal ganglia.
Here, we performed quantitative mapping of brain tissue, which can be used to measure iron content alongside markers sensitive to myelin and thereby offers particular sensitivity to the measurement of iron-rich structures such as the basal ganglia.
Analysis of these quantitative maps in 41 men and women who stutter and 32 individuals who are typically fluent revealed significant group differences in maps of R2*, indicative of higher iron content in individuals who stutter in the left putamen and in left hemisphere cortical regions important for speech motor control. Higher iron levels in brain tissue in individuals who stutter could reflect elevated dopamine levels or lysosomal dysfunction, both of which are implicated in stuttering.
This study represents the first use of these quantitative measures in developmental stuttering and provides new evidence of microstructural differences in the basal ganglia and connected frontal cortical regions.
Pharmacokinetics and Safety of 3 Months of Weekly Rifapentine and Isoniazid for Tuberculosis Prevention in Pregnant Women
Authors: Mathad Jyoti S , Savic Rada , Britto Paula , Jayachandran Priya , Wiesner Lubbe , Montepiedra Grace , Norman Jennifer , Zhang Nan , Townley Ellen , Chakhtoura Nahida , Bradford Sarah , Patil Sandesh , Popson Stephanie , Chipato Tsungai , Rouzier Vanessa , Langat Deborah , Chalermchockcharoentkit Amphan , Kamthunzi Portia , Gupta Amita , Dooley Kelly E 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
Pregnancy increases the risk of tuberculosis and its complications. A 3-month regimen of weekly isoniazid and rifapentine (3HP) is safe and effective for tuberculosis prevention in adults and children, including those with HIV, but 3HP has not been evaluated in pregnancy.

Methods
IMPAACT 2001 was a phase I/II trial evaluating the pharmacokinetics and safety of 3HP among pregnant women with indications for tuberculosis preventative therapy in Haiti, Kenya, Malawi, Thailand, and Zimbabwe (NCT02651259). Isoniazid and rifapentine were provided at standard doses (900 mg/week). Pharmacokinetic sampling was performed with the first (second/third trimester) and twelfth (third trimester/postpartum) doses. Nonlinear mixed-effects models were used to estimate drug population pharmacokinetics.

Results
Of 50 participants, 20 had HIV and were taking efavirenz-based antiretroviral therapy. Among women without HIV, clearance of rifapentine was 28% lower during pregnancy than postpartum (1.20 vs 1.53 L/hour, P &lt; .001), with area under the concentration-time curve (AUCSS) of 786 and 673 mg × hour/L, respectively. In pregnant women with HIV, clearance was 30% higher than women without HIV (P &lt; .001), resulting in lower AUCss (522 mg × hour/L); clearance did not change significantly between pregnancy and postpartum. Pregnancy did not impact isoniazid pharmacokinetics. There were no drug-related serious adverse events, treatment discontinuations, or tuberculosis cases in women or infants.

Conclusions
3HP does not require dose adjustment in pregnancy. Rifapentine clearance is higher among women with HIV, but all women achieved exposures of rifapentine and isoniazid associated with successful tuberculosis prevention. The data support proceeding with larger safety-focused studies of 3HP in pregnancy.

Clinical Trials Registration
ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02651259.
Trends, Mechanisms, and Racial/Ethnic Differences of Tuberculosis Incidence in the US-Born Population Aged 50 Years or Older in the United States
Authors: Kim Sun , Cohen Ted , Horsburgh C Robert , Miller Jeffrey W , Hill Andrew N , Marks Suzanne M , Li Rongxia , Kammerer J Steve , Salomon Joshua A , Menzies Nicolas A 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
Older age is a risk factor for tuberculosis (TB) in low incidence settings. Using data from the US National TB Surveillance System and American Community Survey, we estimated trends and racial/ethnic differences in TB incidence among US-born cohorts aged ≥50 years.

Methods
In total, 42 000 TB cases among US-born persons ≥50 years were reported during 2001–2019. We used generalized additive regression models to decompose the effects of birth cohort and age on TB incidence rates, stratified by sex and race/ethnicity. Using genotype-based estimates of recent transmission (available 2011–2019), we implemented additional models to decompose incidence trends by estimated recent versus remote infection.

Results
Estimated incidence rates declined with age, for the overall cohort and most sex and race/ethnicity strata. Average annual percentage declines flattened for older individuals, from 8.80% (95% confidence interval [CI] 8.34–9.23) in 51-year-olds to 4.51% (95% CI 3.87–5.14) in 90-year-olds. Controlling for age, incidence rates were lower for more recent birth cohorts, dropping 8.79% (95% CI 6.13–11.26) on average between successive cohort years. Incidence rates were substantially higher for racial/ethnic minorities, and these inequalities persisted across all birth cohorts. Rates from recent infection declined at approximately 10% per year as individuals aged. Rates from remote infection declined more slowly with age, and this annual percentage decline approached zero for the oldest individuals.

Conclusions
TB rates were highest for racial/ethnic minorities and for the earliest birth cohorts and declined with age. For the oldest individuals, annual percentage declines were low, and most cases were attributed to remote infection.
China’s Technology Cooperation with Russia: Geopolitics, Economics, and Regime Security
Authors: Hsiung Christopher Weidacher 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Technology cooperation has long constituted an important part in China’s bilateral engagement with Russia. In recent years, however, Sino-Russian technology cooperation has seen a remarkable increase and both sides now view such interaction as a core dimension in the current and future development of the strategic partnership. This article examines the two countries’ technological collaboration, focusing in particular on China’s engagement with Russia in emerging technologies and strategic domains. The article argues that three explanations account to explain closer engagement from China: (i) intensified strategic competition with the USA, (ii) broader efforts to expand the overall trade and economic relationship with Russia, and (iii) domestic regime security incentives. Overall, while there exist several challenges and obstacles, increased technology cooperation will continue to expand and also enhance the Sino-Russian strategic partnership. This does not mean that China and Russia will form a formal alliance, but technology cooperation will constitute a critical component in their bilateral relationship, as it reduces their dependence on Western technology, and further consolidates an already well-grounded bilateral relationship.
Integrating a genome-wide association study with transcriptomic data to predict candidate genes and favourable haplotypes influencing Brassica napus seed phytate
Authors: Liu Haijiang , Li Xiaojuan , Zhang Qianwen , Yuan Pan , Liu Lei , King Graham J , Ding Guangda , Wang Sheliang , Cai Hongmei , Wang Chuang , Xu Fangsen , Shi Lei 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Phytate is the storage form of phosphorus in angiosperm seeds and plays vitally important roles during seed development. However, in crop plants phytate decreases bioavailability of seed-sourced mineral elements for humans, livestock and poultry, and contributes to phosphate-related water pollution. However, there is little knowledge about this trait in oilseed rape (Brassica napus). Here, a panel of 505 diverse B. napus accessions was screened in a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using 3.28 × 106 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). This identified 119 SNPs significantly associated with phytate concentration (PA_Conc) and phytate content (PA_Cont) and six candidate genes were identified. Of these, BnaA9.MRP5 represented the candidate gene for the significant SNP chrA09_5198034 (27 kb) for both PA_Cont and PA_Conc. Transcription of BnaA9.MRP5 in a low-phytate variety (LPA20) was significantly elevated compared with a high-phytate variety (HPA972). Association and haplotype analysis indicated that inbred lines carrying specific SNP haplotypes within BnaA9.MRP5 were associated with high- and low-phytate phenotypes. No significant differences in seed germination and seed yield were detected between low and high phytate cultivars examined. Candidate genes, favourable haplotypes and the low phytate varieties identified in this study will be useful for low-phytate breeding of B. napus.