bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Newton’s Substance Monism, Distant Action, and the Nature of Newton’s Empiricism
Authors: Schliesser Eric 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis chapter is a critical response to Hylarie Kochiras’ (2009) “Gravity and Newton’s substance counting problem.” First, it argues that Kochiras conflates substances and beings; it proceeds to show that Newton is a substance monist. Second, it argues against the claim that Newton is committed to two speculative doctrines attributed to him by Kochiras and, earlier, Andrew Janiak—namely the passivity of matter and the principle of local causation. Third, the paper argues that while Kochiras’ (and Janiak’s) arguments about Newton’s metaphysical commitments are mistaken, it qualifies the characterization of Newton as an extreme empiricist as defended by Howard Stein and Rob DiSalle. In particular, the paper shows that Newton’s empiricism was an intellectual and developmental achievement that built on nontrivial speculative commitments about the nature of matter and space.
On Reading Newton as an Epicurean
Authors: Schliesser Eric 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis chapter argues for three distinct, albeit mutually illuminating theses: first it explains why well informed eighteenth-century thinkers, e.g., the pre-critical Immanuel Kant and Richard Bentley, would have identified important aspects of Newton’s natural philosophy with Epicureanism. Second, it explores how some significant changes to Newton’s Principia between the first (1687) and second (1713) editions can be explained in terms of attempts to reframe the Principia so that the charge of “Epicureanism” can be deflected. Third, the chapter argues that there is an argument in Kant’s (1755) Universal natural history and theory of the heavens that undermines a key claim of Newton’s “General Scholium” that was used to discredit Spinozism by Clarke in A Demonstration of the Being and Attributes of God.
Disconnection as Distinction
Authors: Fast Karin , Lindell Johan , Jansson André 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Disconnecting from digital media is often mentioned in the public debate as a way of improving quality of life, productivity, sustainability, and so forth. However, not everyone can afford to disconnect, and media morality varies across social space. Based on data from a national Swedish survey (2019), this chapter applies correspondence analysis and a Bourdieusian theoretical framework to chart the extent to which different social groups prioritize disconnecting in different places, and the forms of digital unease associated with smartphone use. Such preferences are mapped onto a social space constructed around the distribution of economic and cultural capital in Swedish society, also illuminating how disconnection practices correspond to other lifestyle practices. The analysis reveals that the handling of digital (dis)connection (in different places) plays into overarching patterns of taste and cultural distinction. As such, disconnection manifests as an emerging moral-symbolic battleground in affluent societies.
Pilgrims Until We Die
Authors: Reader Ian , Shultz John 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The Shikoku pilgrimage, a 1400-kilometre, eighty-eight-temple circuit around Japan’s fourth largest island, takes around forty days by foot and a week by car. Historically Buddhist ascetics walked it incessantly, creating a tradition of unending pilgrimage that continues in the present era, both by pilgrims on foot and by those in cars. Some spend decades walking the pilgrimage, while others drive repeatedly and do hundreds of pilgrimage circuits. Most are retired and make the pilgrimage the centre of their post-work lives, while others work full-time but spend their free time and weekends as pilgrims. Some have only done the pilgrimage a few times but already imagine themselves as unending pilgrims and intend to do it ‘until we die’. They talk, happily, of being addicted and having Shikokubyō, ‘Shikoku illness’, while portraying such ‘illness’ and addiction as blessings. This book, based in extensive fieldwork, shows that unending pilgrimage is the dominant theme of the Shikoku pilgrimage and argues that this is not specific to Shikoku but found widely in global contexts, although it has barely been examined in studies of pilgrimage. It counteracts normative portrayals of pilgrimage as a transient activity involving temporarily leaving home to visit sacred places outside the everyday parameters of life; rather, pilgrimage for many participants means creating a sense of home and permanence on the road. As such this book presents new theoretical perspectives on pilgrimage in general, along with rich ethnographic examples of pilgrimage practices in contemporary Japan.
The World Communist Movement
Authors: Breslauer George W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The death of Stalin also led to a loosening of controls within the world communist movement. Strict subordination to Stalin gave way to a pluralistic relationship within the movement, whereby Moscow, while still the leader, allowed for an interplay of interests and greater consensus building among the communist parties to become the norm. This resulted —sooner in some places, later in others—in a variety of postures toward the world communist movement as led by Moscow: attempted withdrawal from the movement, straddling of several camps in world affairs, loose bloc discipline, schism, and abandonment of anti-imperialist struggle in favor of pragmatic foreign policies that sought to advance the national-security and economic interests of the communist state.
Marxism
Authors: Breslauer George W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Marx provided the vision of revolution invoked by communist leaders as they sought to come to power. But he assumed this would happen in advanced capitalist countries, not in peasant-feudal societies. Ambiguities within Marxist theory led to a diversity of Marxisms in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, most notably among the so-called Economists, Orthodox Marxists, and Leninists.
Varieties of Opposition to Bureaucratic Leninism in Eastern Europe, 1968–1985
Authors: Breslauer George W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Brezhnev’s Bureaucratic Leninism was broadly emulated (or imposed) in East European communist regimes. But it was controversial and led to many rejections. The Prague Spring of 1968 was an effort to democratize the communist party from within. It was crushed by Warsaw Pact troops. Poland experienced a repeated wave of worker rebellions, as well as a cross-class alliance that resulted in Solidarity almost coming to power, until it was crushed in 1981 by Polish special-service troops. Hungary experimented with narrow-scope marketization of its economy, insufficient to create prosperity, but enough to avoid the extent of economic stagnation plaguing the Soviet Union. All these set the stage for Gorbachev’s reforms.
Market Leninism in Laos
Authors: Breslauer George W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The Laotian communist forces came to power in 1975, assisted by their patron, North Vietnam. They only briefly proceeded to “build socialism,” but then fell back upon leaving the peasantry to cultivate their private landholdings, usually at subsistence level. They then transitioned, already in the 1980s, to market Leninism on the Chinese model. This has created wealth, but much of it has been diverted, lining the pockets of the party and military elites who run the country.
Contesting Revisionism
Authors: Chan Steve , Feng Huiyun , He Kai , Hu Weixing 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
What motivates states to act the way they do? This book focuses on a particular kind of motivation inclining a state to challenge the existing norms, rules, and institutions of international order. Specifically, it addresses the concept of revisionism, which has loomed large in international relations narratives but has remained largely understudied until recently. The authors offer a critique of the existing discourse on revisionism and investigate the historical origin and evolution of the foreign policy orientations of revisionist states in the past. They moreover introduce an ensemble of indicators to discern and compare the extent of revisionist tendencies on the part of contemporary China and the United States. Questioning the facile assumption that past episodes will repeat in the future, they argue that “hard” revisionism relying on war and conquest is less viable and likely in today’s world. Instead, “soft” revisionism seeking to promote institutional change is more relevant and likely. They attend especially to contemporary Sino-American relations and conclude that much of the current discourse based on power-transition theory is problematic. Contrary to this theory, a dominant power is not inevitably committed to the defense of international order, nor does a rising power usually have a revisionist agenda to challenge this order. The transformation of international order does not necessarily require a power transition between China and the United States, nor does a possible power transition between these two countries necessarily augur war.
Introduction
Authors: Fox Jonathan , Topor Lev 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces and summarizes the book. It addresses four questions: First, what is this book about? Most studies focus on anti-Semitism. This book focuses on the causes of discriminating against Jews. The authors’ findings are valid whether or not this discrimination or its causes are labeled as anti-Semitic. Second, what are the patterns of discrimination against Jews? The authors address this in more detail in Chapter 2. Third, what are the causes of discrimination against Jews? This book focuses on three prominent theories from the anti-Semitism literature: religious motivations, anti-Israel motivations, and belief in conspiracy theories of Jewish power. Fourth, why is this study unique? This is the first book to examine the causes of discrimination against Jews using cross-national data from 76 countries. It also provides a comprehensive comparison of the predictions found in the anti-Semitism and social science academic literatures focusing on theories which explain the causes of discrimination.
Patterns of Discrimination
Authors: Fox Jonathan , Topor Lev 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses what the authors mean by discrimination and how they measure it. It also provides a detailed discussion and analysis of the levels of discrimination against Jews compared to other religious minorities. While government-based discrimination against Jews is below average, societal discrimination is higher than against other religious minorities. However, levels of discrimination against Jews are not uniform and range from none in a few countries to extremely high levels in others. From an empirical standpoint this is beneficial since this variation allows for the cross-country testing of the causes of religious discrimination in the subsequent chapters. This basic non-causal analysis reveals some interesting patterns, including that a good portion of government-based discrimination against Jews in the West is caused by secular-based opposition to practices common to both Jews and Muslims, including infant circumcision and ritual slaughter of meat (kosher and halal meat).
Conclusions
Authors: Fox Jonathan , Topor Lev 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks at the broader picture. It reviews from a broader perspective what the anti-Semitism and general social science literatures can learn from each other. It also discusses how this study impacts the understanding of (1) the causes of discrimination against Jews, (2) the causes of discrimination against religious minorities, (3) the causes of discrimination in general, and (4) how all of this impacts on the understanding of anti-Semitism. One interesting finding in this chapter is that conspiracy theories of Jewish power predict not only discrimination against Jews, but also discrimination against other religious minorities.
Being an Imperial Consort
Authors: Watanabe-O'Kelly Helen 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Within the structure of an imperial court, the empress played a key role, but one which was a challenge to negotiate for the twenty empresses between 1804 and 1947. They had to fulfil a biological imperative whose success was out of their hands while conforming to expectations of how they should act that often ran counter to their own individuality. In the latter part of the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth, they were also playing their role at a time when the place of women in society was up for debate, while at the same time they themselves were subject to increasing exposure in the developing mass media. The chapter discusses the empresses in relation to motherhood, beauty and fashion, charitable activities, and political involvement, as well as picking out some empresses for special discussion.
Seeing the Emperor
Authors: Watanabe-O'Kelly Helen 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Seeing and being seen is the glue that cements the relationship between ruler and ruled. That the ruler should present him or herself to the public gaze became even more important in the nineteenth century when his or her subjects began increasingly to call for self-determination. Emperors, like all rulers, had to be on show and, though they could sometimes be seen in the flesh, most people had to rely on images, which had to be carefully composed. The chapter discusses the different iconographical types of official imperial portrait. The technical means to reproduce and disseminate images became more and more sophisticated during the nineteenth century, with photography and film the most important innovations.
Showcasing the Empire
Authors: Watanabe-O'Kelly Helen 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The second half of the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth were remarkable for large-scale international exhibitions of agricultural products, manufactured goods, technological inventions, and artworks that were staged in major cities in purpose-built buildings and visited by very large numbers of people. These events were demonstrations of national pride, functioned as engines of modernity, and promoted the global exchange of knowledge, global competition, and global trade. The chapter discusses how Napoleon III used the Paris exhibitions of 1855 and 1867 to promote himself and his Empire and how Franz Joseph engaged in international diplomacy during the Viennese world exhibition on 1873. Pedro II used his prestige to promote Brazilian exhibits in Paris in 1862 and 1857, in Vienna in 1873 and in Philadelphia in 1876.
Staging Empire as History and Allegory in Austria and Germany
Authors: Watanabe-O'Kelly Helen 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Theatrical presentations of the foundational myths of the Austrian and German empires, either as costumed processions and pageants or as specially commissioned plays for the theatre, were staged on anniversaries and important jubilees. In Austria, the most important was Franz Joseph’s Diamond Jubilee in 1908, when a pageant of 12,000 lay participants took place in Vienna, while other elements of the national myth were presented on the stage. Wilhelm II played an active part in promoting the imperial theatre festival in Wiesbaden between 1896 and 1914, for which parts of the Hohenzollern myth were dramatized. In 1897, on Wilhelm I’s hundredth birthday, Ernst von Wildenbruch’s Willehalm was performed in Berlin, a verse drama presenting Wilhelm I in allegorical form as the hero who rescued Germany from the evil French.
Introduction
Authors: Riccardi Mattia 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Chapter 1 clarifies which parts of Nietzsche’s thought belong to his philosophical psychology and what role his philosophical psychology plays within his overall project, in particular, his critique of morality. Whereas some scholars have been primarily interested in Nietzsche’s specific claims about moral psychology, this book is primarily interested in Nietzsche’s philosophical psychology understood as a body of claims about more basic and more general psychological phenomena. The chapter also discusses methodological issues regarding the use of Nietzsche’s unpublished notes, and argues that unpublished materials may be an essential tool when one is interested in investigating how Nietzsche came to adopt a certain concept or formulate a certain view. The chapter ends by offering a brief overview of the book’s content.
The Soul’s Order
Authors: Riccardi Mattia 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with Nietzsche’s conception of the soul (human psychology) as constituted by the hierarchical order or structure among drives and affects. After a demonstration that that conception raises the spectre of the homunculus fallacy, it is argued that the two major interpretations of the Nietzschean soul’s order—the vitalistic one proposed by P. Wotling and the normative one proposed by M. Clark and D. Dudrick—should be rejected because they commit Nietzsche to that fallacy. The author’s own dispositional reading frees Nietzsche’s psychology of drives from any charge of fallacious homuncularism. In the light of this reading, the chapter investigates how the interaction between drives and affects should be understood.
Making Guanxi
Authors: Barbalet Jack 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores how guanxi is made by the people who participate in it. First there is recognition of a common identity, a guanxi base; then, if the relation is to endure, commitment between the persons and especially to their connection is required. How this is achieved is examined in the chapter. Emotional involvement of the participants in their relationship is explored. Typically neglected aspects of the making of guanxi are then considered, including the nature of debt between a favour giver and recipient, and the persistence of debt, so that guanxi exchanges are not exhausted or concluded. Finally, acknowledging the costs as well as the benefits of guanxi, the chapter goes on to theorize the ‘efficiency’ of guanxi, which relates to the societal persistence of guanxi and its changing form. Finally, the association of guanxi and corruption is explored.
Traditional Rural Society
Authors: Barbalet Jack 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
A constant source in academic discussion of guanxi is a book, universally regarded as a template for understanding guanxi, first published in 1947 by Fei Xiaotong. The relevance of Fei’s model is critically assessed in the chapter. It demonstrates that Fei’s account of Chinese social relationships draws upon an idealized Confucianism rather than empirically-grounded social analysis. The discussion shows that Fei ignores non-kin relations in rural society, and an account of their importance is provided. A problem with Fei’s account of social obligation is identified. A proposed solution distinguishes between obligations generated through role compliance and obligations arising from exchange relations. Finally, it is shown that guanxi requires a notion of instrumental self-interest, absent in Fei’s account, and that interested action in guanxi operates through enhancing social standing or face, about which Fei has nothing to say. In this way the chapter clears the ground for discussion in subsequent chapters.
Eighteenth-Century Aristocratic Histories of Ireland during the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
Authors: Canny Nicholas 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Historians, notably Carte, extolling the services rendered by members of the Clanricard and Ormond dynasties to Ireland’s governance, pronounced that Ireland’s populations would have become fully reformed had the Crown continued to act through them. Instead, the government had chosen the path of plantation that had enabled a cohort of Puritanical and disloyal English people to enrich themselves with office and land, and to alienate the population from government and reform. The counter-view, composed by Arthur Collins, concentrated on the Irish achievements of successive members of the Sidney family, crediting them with promoting reform through plantation, and with introducing to Ireland a cohort of godly families who were on the brink of completing their reform agenda. Charles Smith who, in a series of county studies, illustrated how several new Protestant families had improved society to everybody’s benefit, sustained this contention.
Re-Imagining Ireland’s Early Modern Past
Authors: Canny Nicholas 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Historians—Protestant and Catholic—associated with the Nation newspaper who were identified as members of Young Ireland constructed a romantic narrative of Ireland’s history in English verse that lauded heroes who had created an Irish nation by resisting English intrusion. This successful venture was designed to cultivate national sentiment among people with limited schooling. The more serious intellectual endeavour of Young Ireland was to sponsor a reasoned prose narrative of Ireland’s past to honour all—regardless of origin or denomination—who had fashioned an inclusive Irish nation. This proved less successful because it required their Catholic members to suppress memories of past injustice. Also, Catholic Church authorities, suspicious of the liberal agenda of Young Ireland, encouraged a counter-narrative that would dwell on past sufferings and celebrate those who had become martyrs for Catholicism rather than heroes of some imaginary Irish nation state.
The Birth and Early Demise of a Liberal Interpretation of Ireland’s Early Modern Past
Authors: Canny Nicholas 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Lecky, an Irish Protestant landowner, and liberal commentator on Irish affairs considered historians to be responsible to adjudicate between opposing views, having appraised the evidence. On this basis he condemned the English for harshness that provoked rebellion in 1641, insisted that no massacre had been involved, and that the Cromwellian confiscation had been falsely justified. However, he considered this injustice so ancient as to be irreversible, and he represented the government’s land reform measures as compensation for past injustice. Lecky’s call for moderation made no impression on the authors of Catholic county histories written to refute the elite narratives by insisting the landowners and Protestant were a foreign, malign presence in each county, and that memory was a surer guide to truth than documentary evidence. Protestant authors who insisted that a massacre in 1641 was well documented also decried Lecky’s views.
The Failure of the Imagination Concerning Ireland’s Pasts
Authors: Canny Nicholas 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
It was hoped that disputes concerning Ireland’s early modern past would be resolved by opening the official archives to public scrutiny. Catholic-nationalist authors seemed generally satisfied with this, but hard-line Unionist authors, concerned over the evidence of continuous official malfeasance that had been uncovered in the archives, demanded that the depositions taken from Protestant survivors in the aftermath of the 1641 rebellion be declared an official source. At the same time, moderate Unionists became convinced that the history they had written of the early modern centuries had persuaded officials in London to adopt policies for Ireland that were detrimental to their interests. Under the circumstances they abandoned further investigation into Ireland’s early modern past at the same time that the interest of Nationalist historians waned because they believed their interpretations had been vindicated by such as Prendergast and Lecky. A once vibrant subject was thus abandoned and was not fully resuscitated until the 1960s.