bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Equivalent Distribution of Natural and Artificial Lighting in the Interior Space
Authors: Ameen Abdulsalam A M , Abdulhussein Ruaa Saad , Suhair Hussein A Y 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this research, the classrooms of the College of Applied Arts in Baghdad were chosen as a model for studying the levels of illumination and the extent of their homogeneity in all points of space for four similar classrooms in terms of design. The readings obtained by measuring devices were compared with the required standards, where a large deviation of these readings was observed with general criteria due to the rotation of earth around itself. This leads to a change in the angle of sunlight falling on the windows of the interior space in one day for the period during which students were in these halls. Although natural lighting is important, by obtaining the ideal display factor of (1), it may be impossible to obtain this value by using artificial lighting in addition to the health and economic aspects. Therefore, the researchers suggested an electrical system consisting of sensors of the intensity of illumination distributed on multiple points regularly within the area. The internal space is linked to an electronic self-control panel, in a way that achieves a level of illumination and uniformity close to the required standards. This electrical circuit controls the automatic closing and opening of window blinds, which are made of metal strips or any other material chosen by the interior designer so that they move horizontally and vertically and change automatically in conjunction with the change of the angle of sunlight falling on the windows of the interior space. Each curtain is divided into parts and every part moves vertically and horizontally separately from the other part to cover a specific area of space in order to achieve the best state of homogeneity, with a level of illumination close to the general standards and for the total area of the internal space.
Studying the Effect of Head Difference on Exit Gradients and Uplift Pressures Beneath Hydraulic Structures by Gene Expression Programming
Authors: Khashan Duaa Hadi , Hassan Waqed H 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe seeping flow under the hydraulic structure produces uplifting pressure on its floor, which affects the performance of these structures. This problem was numerically analyzed using the finite difference method in Matlab after verification with GeoStudio software. This study’s main objective is to investigate the effects of head difference variation, the cutoffs’ locations, and depths on the exit gradient and uplift pressure. An empirical equation has been developed to predict the exit gradient by employing gene expression programming (GEP). More than 975 runs were executed using finite difference code with differential (H=5,10,15m), were studied over isotropic soil foundation. The results indicate that the differential head ratio (H/B) had a considerable effect on increasing the exit gradient and uplift pressure, mainly when the value of the differential head ratio (H/B =3/3) and minimum exit gradient was observed when the cutoff location ratio at the downstream is of (x1/b=1) with a maximum relative depth of (d1/b=0.6), while the minimum uplift pressure was observed when the cutoff location ratio at the upstream is of (x1/B=0) with a minimum relative depth of (d1/B=0.1). The results also indicate that the maximum exit gradient is observed when the ratio of the length of upstream cutoff to the length of downstream cutoff is (d1/d2 = 1). Based on the simulation results, the equation obtained using the Genetic expression programming (GEP) model performed better predicting to exit gradient for one cutoff with a coefficient of determination R2 equals 0.954 for training and 0.957 for testing and two cutoffs with R2 equals 0.93 for training and 0.94 for testing.
Effect of Curvature on the Dynamic Response of Composite Steel I-Girder Bridges
Authors: Qassim Huda J , Ali Anis A Mohamad 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Elaborated three-dimensional finite element models are generated to study the effect of the radius of curvature on the free vibration and dynamic response of the composite steel I-girder bridges. The bridge is modelled by using ANSYS 15.0 program with solid and shell elements to represent concrete and steel members, respectively. AASHTO LRFD HL-93 truck is idealized as 3D model consisting of five lumped masses connected by rigid beams and supported by spring-dampers. The profiles of road surface roughness are generated by MATLAB developed program depend on the power spectral density (PSD). The models used are capable to take all bridge and vehicle characteristics into consideration. The dynamic responses of the horizontally curved bridge are investigated under conditions of various vehicular loading positions. The dynamic behaviour is presented in terms of Impact Factors (IM). The results show that the bridge natural frequencies are significantly affected by the radius of curvature. The relationship between the IM and the radius of curvature is governed by the position of vehicle on transverse sections of the bridge. AASHTO LRFD specification tends to underestimate the values of IM.
Hybrid ANOVA and LASSO Methods for Feature Selection and Linear Support Vector, Multilayer Perceptron and Random Forest Classifiers Based on Spark Environment for Microarray Data Classification
Authors: Albaldawi Wafaa S , Almuttairi Rafah M 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMicroarray dataset frequently contains a countless number of insignificant and irrelevant genes that might lead to loss of valuable data. The classes with both high importance and high significance gene sets are commonly preferred for selecting the genes, which determines the sample classification into their particular classes. This property has obtained a lot of importance among the specialists and experts in microarray dataset classification. The trained classifier model is tested for cancer datasets and Huntington disease data (HD) which consists of Prostate cancer (Singh) dataset comprising 102 samples, 52 of which are tumors and 50 are normal with 12625 genes. The lung cancer (Gordon) dataset comprises 181 samples, 150 of which are normal and 31 are tumors with 12533 genes. The breast cancer (Chin) dataset comprises 118 samples, 43 of which are normal and 75 are tumors with 22215 genes. The breast cancer (Chowdary) dataset comprises 104 samples, 62 of which are normal and 42 are tumors with 22283 genes. Finally, the Huntington disease (Borovecki) dataset comprises 31 samples, 14 of which are normal and 17 are with Huntington’s disease with 22283 genes. This paper uses Multilayer Perceptron Classifier (MLP), Random Forest (RF) and Linear Support Vector classifier (LSVC) classification algorithms with six different feature selection methods named as Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Extra Tree Classifier (ETC), Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO), Chi-Square and Random Forest Regressor (RFR). Further, the paper presents a comparative analysis on the obtained classification accuracy and time consumed among the models in Spark environment and in conventional system. Performance parameters such as accuracy and time consumed are applied in this comparative analysis to analyze the behavior of the classifiers in the two environments. Th results indicate that the models in spark environment was extremely effective for processing large-dimension data, which cannot be processed with conventional implementation related to a some algorithms. After that, a proposed hybrid model containing embedded approach (LASSO) and the Filter (ANOVA) approach was used to select the optimized features form the high dimensional dataset. With the reduced dimension of features, classification is performed on the reduced data set to classify the samples into normal or abnormal and applied in spark in hadoop cluster (distributed manner). The proposed model achieved accuracy of 100% in case of Borovecki dataset when using all classifiers, 100% in case of Singh, Chowdary and Gordon datasets when classified with RF and LSVC classifiers. Also, accuracy was 96% in case of Chin dataset when using RF classifier with optimal genes with respect to accuracy and time consumed.
Behavior of Foundation Rested on Geogrid-Reinforced Soil : A Review
Authors: Jawad Zahraa H , Shakir Ressol R 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In many cases, the soil in Nasseriyah, Iraq, is not suitable to support the shallow foundations of low to medium rise buildings without improvement or replacing the founded layer with a strong layer. Therefore, the reinforcement method as one of many types of improvement methods may be used to increase the bearing capacity and reduce the settlement when the replacement soil is not enough to support the foundation. This paper reviews the most important reinforcement materials such as geogrid that may be used to increase the strength of the soil and other details of the number of layers, the distance between layers and the optimum location of the top reinforced layer for clay and sand soil. Experimental studies and theoretical modelling performed through the last decades are reviewed to choose the best arrangement of geogrid material that gives the best performance when it is used with soil. It is found that the geogrid can be used to increase the bearing capacity, however, the studies on clay reinforced with geogrid compared to sand soil are few. Since the researches on the behavior of foundation resting on clay reinforced with geogrid are few and because the soil in Nasseriyah is mostly clay soil, it is recommended to study the behavior of foundation resting on clay reinforced soil.
Modal Analysis of Fixed - Free Beam Considering Different Geometric Parameters and Materials
Authors: Flaieh Enass H , Dwech Abbas Aziz , Mosheer Mohammed Refaat 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The early studying of natural frequencies and associated mode shapes for different geometric parameters and different boundary conditions is considered an integral approach that has received great attention in industrial applications to prevent catastrophic failure in machines. The effect of different diameters (Solid and Hollow) on the transverse bending and torsional natural frequencies on a uniform steel beam with a circular cross-section is studied. The effect of different materials and different beam lengths on the fundamental transverse bending and torsional natural frequencies are introduced for Fixed-Free supported beam. Theoretical analysis calculation and the Finite Element Methods using ANSYS Workbench 17 software results are introduced. Theoretical and numerical methods give approximately the same results. Figures of effects of the beam length, material types, and different inner diameters on the transverse bending, and torsional natural frequencies of the uniform beam are performed.
Experimental Investigation and Parametric Optimization of FSW for the 2024-O Aluminum Alloy Joints
Authors: Takhakh A M , Hussein H K 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The effect of welding parameters on mechanical properties of aluminum alloy AA 2024-O Friction stir-welded (FSW) joints was investigated in the present study. Taguchi method was used to evaluate the optimum value of process parameters from tensile tests using nine experiments designed according to the matrix proposed by the scientist Taguchi for the design of experiments (L9) using two parameters (welding speed and rotation speed). Two different process parameters have been selected: rotational speeds of 1300,1500 and 1700 rpm and feed speeds of 20,40 and 60 mm/min. The design of experiments (DOE) is performed by L9 (3Λ2) orthogonal array (9 experiments, two variables, three levels). Also, the signal–to–noise (S/N) ratio larger is better has been performed for analyzing the results σu for FSW &FSP) by the statistical software (MINITABTM ® 16). The best results of the weld gained at the parameter 40 mm/min travel speed and 1300 rpm rotation speed. The efficiency obtained was 95% respect to the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of the base metal. In addition, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) techniques has also been performed by the statistical software (DOE Pro XL) to identify the essential factors that are affecting the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) for FSW.
Influence of Additive Alumina Nanopowder on Surface Roughness During WEDM Process
Authors: Abed Farook Nehad , sapit Azwan bin , Shather Saad Kariem 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The present paper focuses on the wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) of titanium alloys. It can be considered as an attempt to develop two dielectrics in the WEDM significantly affects the efficiency of machining. This paper explores surface ruggedness during the processing of titanium of various dielectric fluids, including demineralized water and dielectric alumina. The findings show that dielectric alumina as a dielectric produces decreased ruggedness on the surface. Also, surface rudeness is better for demineralized water as the dielectric powder is mixed with non-conductive alumina powder. Many dielectric liquids show that surface ruggedness decreases. Alumina powder and ethylene glycol to dielectric water. A comparative surface roughness analysis for different dielectric fluids was also performed. Using surface roughness to analyze surface roughness is further studied. Conducting a further investigation to use the response surface method (RSM) on surface integrity in each type of the dielectric with the help of better. Hence, WEDM is performed on Ti-6242 to use the designer expert 10 to analysis ANOVA RSM titanium and varying dielectric fluids. From the findings, it is noted that combining non-conductive alumina powder and demineralized water has a significant impact, which decreased of WEDM machined surface of Ti-6242.
Enhancement Tensile Strength, Creep Resistance and Hardness of an Epoxy Resin by Adding SiO2 Nanoparticles
Authors: Al-Shawi Safaa A , Alansari Luay S , Diwan Abbas Ali , Alkhatat Aseel 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Improving the mechanical properties of polymeric materials has become necessary for the mechanical designer, especially by using nano materials due to easy and wide use. Therefore, in this research, silica nanoparticles (SiO2NPs) were used to improve the tensile, creep resistance, and hardness of epoxy. The volumetric ratios of SiO2NPs (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2%) were mixed by using a magnetic starrier and ultrasound mixer then poured into a mold. The tensile, creep resistance, and hardness properties of the resulting composites were studied. The microstructure was investigated using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and x-ray diffraction devices. The results showed that the best Young Modules and the ultimate stress were obtained at (1.5%) of SiO2NPs, while the best creep strain improvement was at (1%) of SiO2NPs. The SEM and X-ray diffraction results showed homogeneous silica nanostructures.
Design and Manufacturing of New Low (Weight and Cost) 3D Printed Pylon Prosthesis for Amputee
Authors: Tahir Muhammad Safa Al-Din , Kadhim Fahad M 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The standard traditional prosthetic pylon is manufactured from stainless steel, titanium, Aluminium alloys due to their lightweights. Despite the low weight of pylon made of these alloys, the pylon is characterized by its high costs. In this study, a new prosthetic pylon is designed and manufactured from PLA carbon fiber material to produce a pylon characteristic with a lighter weight and cheaper than the standard pylon with its ability to bear the patient’s weight without any mechanical failure. The mechanical properties (yield stress, ultimate stress, and endurance stress) of the PLA carbon fiber filament were measured. The finite element method analysis of the pylon was done by using the ANSYS-14.5 program. The experimental and numerical results showed that the weight of the new prosthetic pylon is less than the weights of Stainless steel, Titanium, and Aluminium pylon by 60%,42%, and 50%, respectively, and the cost of the new prosthetic pylon is cheaper than the Stainless steel, Titanium, and Aluminium pylon by 97.5%,98%, and 96%, respectively. The mechanical properties of printed pylon material are the modulus of elasticity equal to 1.38GPa, the yield stress is 33.5MPa, the ultimate stress is 49.14 MPa, and the endurance stress is 19.16 MPa. The results also showed that the pylon’s buckling stress is higher than the yield stress and von mises stress is less than the yield stress; this proves the successful design of the pylon. The new design is cheaper, lighter, and can withstand higher patient weights.
Structural Properties of Porous Silicon Carbide Bonded with Bentonite, Prepared by a Gas-Emitting Chemical Reaction Method
Authors: Shalal Lara A , Zaidan Shihab A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Direct foaming and bonding techniques were used to fabricate porous silicon carbide ceramics. Silicon carbide is characterized by a high melting temperature; it is always referred to as being bonded with low melting point materials such as bentonite. The technique of generating gases from the reaction of hydrochloric acid HCl with aluminum was used in silicon carbide-bentonite suspension, and by means of which high porosity bodies were prepared by adding different bentonite (10,15,20 and 25 wt.%). After molding them, it is dried and fired at 1100°C. The results of the X-ray diffraction analysis was founded that the main phases appearing after the firing process are α and β–SiC with quartz and mullite, where a part of (β–SiC) is transformed to (α-SiC) and transformation a part of Quartz to Tridymite, which means an increase in the stability of the crystalline phases. The porosity of specimens was decreased with bentonite increases after the firing process, and the values ranged between 62.3% and 72.3%. The compressive strength was increased with bentonite additions increases in the range from 4.35 MPa to 5.08 MPa. From the above results, it is clear that this type of porous (SiC-bentonite) composites can be used in fluid filtration with high efficiency, especially at high temperatures.
Optimization of Electroless Ni-P, Ni-Cu-P and Ni-Cu-P-TiO2 Nanocomposite Coatings Microhardness using Taguchi Method
Authors: Ali Sama Z. , Abbas Laith K. , Hussein Abbas Kh. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper studies the electroless (Ni-P) deposition which is used in different engineering applications due to their ability to modify and enhance the surface properties of the steel substrate. The electroless plating process was used to prepare (Ni-Cu-P), (Ni-P) and (Ni-Cu-P/Nano TiO2) alloys in this research. Deposition process parameters based on (L28) Taguchi orthogonal configuration with three process parameters, viz., stirring speed, temperature, time, are designed for optimum microhardness. Under the Taguchi series, the microhardness activity of electroless (Ni-P-TiO2) nanocomposite deposition was measured. The findings revealed that the integration of TiO2 into the coating allows micro-hardness cause an increase. Finally, optimum conditions were achieved as A2B1C2 (i.e. Speed of stirring = 1000 r.p.m, Temperature = 90 °C and Time = 70 min).
Characterization and Buckling Investigation of Composite Materials to be used in the Prosthetic Pylon Manufacturing
Authors: Abdalikhwa Hayder Zaher , Al-Shammari Mohsin Abdullah , Hussein Emad Qasem 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A prosthetic pylon is a part of an artificial lower limb, which is a very interesting area of biomedical engineering today. The research aims to show the hung innovations and developments of new suggested composite material, to modify the prosthetic pylon (which is generally made of lightweight metal such as aluminum, titanium, stainless steel, or an alloy of these), extends its life and increase the comfort of its user. Vacuum bagging technique was used to manufacture the samples which consist of constant perlon layers and a different number of composite material (Carbon or Glass) fiber layers as reinforcement materials at (0°/90°) orientation relative to the applied load and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) as a resin. The work included two major parts; theoretical and experimental tests for the real case. The theoretical and experimental results showed that the modulus of elasticity, tensile strength, and critical buckling load increase with the increasing the number of composite fiber layers. The percentage of increase in modulus of elasticity, tensile strength and critical buckling load for the specimen with three carbon layers and perlon layers in PMMA matrix was compared with three glass layers and perlon layers in PMMA matrix specimen and it was (12.5%, 5% & 17%) respectively, at (0°/90°) fibers orientation relative to the applied force. Validation of the results is conducted by comparing with results in other literature, a good agreement between them was found.
Flexural Properties of Functionally Graded Silica Nanoparticles
Authors: Shareef Mahdi M S , Al-Khazraji Ahmed Naif , Amin Samir Ali 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In the present research, layered-functionally graded polymer nanocomposites were made via the silica (SiO2) nanoparticles (14-36 nm in diameter) distributed in the epoxy matrix throughout the ultra-sonication by hand lay–up technique. The change in volume fraction (Vf.) of the nanoparticles was given in the direction of thickness to reach the gradation. Layers having a thickness of (1.2 mm) with different nanoparticles concentrations were consecutively casted in acrylic molds to fabricate the graded composite sheet having a thickness of (6 mm). To fabricate the functionally graded layers, different concentrations of nanoparticles were taken (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5 %Vf) and tested by tensile test. The improvement in the properties of composite samples included the all ratios up to 2% Vf. of the adding filler, and the properties were then decreased. The mechanical property that was studied was the flexural resistance. Flexural properties of three types of FGMs (FGM1, FGM2 and FGM3), isotropic nanocomposite (1% SiO2) and pristine epoxy in order to evaluate their mechanical property, such as Stress–Strain criteria and flexural Young’s modulus, were obtained by 3-point bending test, with loading from pure and composite side for FGM1 and at one side of FGM2 and FGM3 isotropic nanocomposite (1% SiO2) and pristine epoxy. The results manifested that the flexural strength and Young’s modulus loaded from the pure epoxy side was higher than when samples loaded from the composites side for FGM1. The mechanical properties of the epoxy resin and nanocomposites (tensile and compression) and the density for each layer were determined and could be useful for the finite element analysis of the 3-point bending test for FGMs specimens by using Design Modeler (ANSYS Workbench). Experimental results were validated by developing a detailed three-dimensional finite element model. Results of the progressive deformation from the finite element model agreed well with the experimental results.