bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Whiplash injuries associated with experienced pain and disability can be visualized with [11C]-D-deprenyl positron emission tomography and computed tomography
Authors: Aarnio Mikko , Fredrikson Mats , Lampa Erik , Sörensen Jens , Gordh Torsten , Linnman Clas 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Knowledge of etiological mechanisms underlying whiplash-associated disorders is incomplete. Localisation and quantification of peripheral musculoskeletal injury and inflammation in whiplash-associated disorders would facilitate diagnosis, strengthen patients' subjective pain reports, and aid clinical decisions, all of which could lead to improved treatment. In this longitudinal observational study, we evaluated combined [11C]-D-deprenyl positron emission tomography and computed tomography after acute whiplash injury and at 6-month follow-up. Sixteen adult patients (mean age 33 years) with whiplash injury grade II were recruited at the emergency department. [11C]-D-deprenyl positron emission tomography and computed tomography, subjective pain levels, self-rated neck disability, and active cervical range of motion were recorded within 7 days after injury and again at 6-month follow-up. Imaging results showed possible tissue injuries after acute whiplash with an altered [11C]-D-deprenyl uptake in the cervical bone structures and facet joints, associated with subjective pain locale and levels, as well as self-rated disability. At follow-up, some patients had recovered and some showed persistent symptoms and reductions in [11C]-D-deprenyl uptake correlated to reductions in pain levels. These findings help identify affected peripheral structures in whiplash injury and strengthen the idea that positron emission tomography and computed tomography detectable organic lesions in peripheral tissue are relevant for the development of persistent pain and disability in whiplash injury.
Mitochondrial calcium uniporter deletion prevents painful diabetic neuropathy by restoring mitochondrial morphology and dynamics
Authors: George Dale S. , Hackelberg Sandra , Jayaraj Nirupa D. , Ren Dongjun , Edassery Seby L. , Rathwell Craig A. , Miller Rachel E. , Malfait Anne-Marie , Savas Jeffrey N. , Miller Richard J. , Menichella Daniela M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN) is an intractable complication affecting 25% of diabetic patients. Painful diabetic neuropathy is characterized by neuropathic pain accompanied by dorsal root ganglion (DRG) nociceptor hyperexcitability, resulting in calcium overload, axonal degeneration, and loss of cutaneous innervation. The molecular pathways underlying these effects are unknown. Using high-throughput and deep-proteome profiling, we found that mitochondrial fission proteins were elevated in DRG neurons from mice with PDN induced by a high-fat diet (HFD). In vivo calcium imaging revealed increased calcium signaling in DRG nociceptors from mice with PDN. Furthermore, using electron microscopy, we showed that mitochondria in DRG nociceptors had fragmented morphology as early as 2 weeks after starting HFD, preceding the onset of mechanical allodynia and small-fiber degeneration. Moreover, preventing calcium entry into the mitochondria, by selectively deleting the mitochondrial calcium uniporter from these neurons, restored normal mitochondrial morphology, prevented axonal degeneration, and reversed mechanical allodynia in the HFD mouse model of PDN. These studies suggest a molecular cascade linking neuropathic pain to axonal degeneration in PDN. In particular, nociceptor hyperexcitability and the associated increased intracellular calcium concentrations could lead to excessive calcium entry into mitochondria mediated by the mitochondrial calcium uniporter, resulting in increased calcium-dependent mitochondrial fission and ultimately contributing to small-fiber degeneration and neuropathic pain in PDN. Hence, we propose that targeting calcium entry into nociceptor mitochondria may represent a promising effective and disease-modifying therapeutic approach for this currently intractable and widespread affliction. Moreover, these results are likely to inform studies of other neurodegenerative disease involving similar underlying events.
What can a learning healthcare system teach us about improving outcomes?
Authors: Casey Jonathan D. , Courtright Katherine R. , Rice Todd W. , Semler Matthew W. 
Published: July 2021

Purpose of review
This review describes the learning healthcare system paradigm, recent examples, and future directions. Patients, clinicians, and health systems frequently encounter decisions between available treatments, technologies, and healthcare delivery methods with little or no evidence about the comparative effectiveness and safety of the available options. Learning healthcare systems endeavor to recognize such knowledge gaps, integrate comparative effectiveness research – including clinical trials – into clinical care to address the knowledge gaps, and seamlessly implement the results into practice to improve care and patient outcomes.

Recent findings
Recent studies comparing the effectiveness of diagnostic tests and treatments, using information technology to identify patients likely to experience an outcome or benefit from an intervention, and evaluating models of healthcare delivery have demonstrated how a learning healthcare system approach can reduce arbitrary variation in care, decrease cost, and improve patient outcomes.

Summary
Learning healthcare systems have the potential to answer questions of importance to patients, clinicians, and health system leaders, improve efficiency of healthcare delivery, and improve patient outcomes. Achieving this goal will require realignment of the culture around clinical care, institutional and federal investment, expanded stakeholder engagement, tailored ethical and regulatory guidance, and methodologic advances in information technology and biostatistics.
How trustworthy guidelines can impact outcomes
Authors: Rochwerg Bram , Kawano-Dourado Leticia , Qadir Nida 
Published: July 2021

Purpose of review
If developed using rigorous methods and produced in a timely manner, clinical practice guidelines have the potential to improve patient outcomes. Although the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the challenges involved in generating reliable clinical guidance, it has also provided an opportunity to address these challenges.

Recent findings
New research addressing drugs for COVID-19 is being produced at unprecedented rates. Incorporating this new knowledge into patient care can be daunting for the average clinician. In collaboration with the BMJ and MAGIC, the WHO has developed a living guideline initiative with the goal of providing rapid and trustworthy clinical guidance in response to practice-changing evidence. As new evidence becomes available, it is incorporated into a living network meta-analysis that informs these guidelines, which are iteratively updated. Until this point, the group has generated guidelines addressing the use of corticosteroids, remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir, and ivermectin for COVID-19.

Summary
We provide an example of how rapid and rigorous guidelines can be accomplished, even in the setting of a pandemic, capitalizing on expertise, large and dedicated teams, and focused scope. We highlight the benefits of multifaceted knowledge dissemination through multiple formats to ensure global dissemination and in order to maximize impact.
Endoscopic Findings in Patients With PTEN Hamartoma Tumor Syndrome Undergoing Surveillance
Authors: Khare Anshika , Burke Carol A. , Heald Brandie , O’Malley Margaret , LaGuardia Lisa , Milicia Susan , Cruise Michael , Eng Charis , Mankaney Gautam 
Published: July 2021

Goals and Background:
Phosphatase and tensin homolog hamartoma tumor syndrome (PHTS) is an inherited disorder that increases the risk for cancer in multiple organ systems, including breast, endometrial, thyroid, and the gastrointestinal tract. Surveillance is recommended however there lacks data to describe the change in polyposis phenotype and cancer incidence over surveillance. Our aim is to describe the polyposis phenotype and cancer incidence in PHTS patients undergoing endoscopic surveillance.

Study:
PHTS patients, ages 17 through 89, who underwent at least 2 esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGDs) or colonoscopies were identified. Number and sizes of polyps were noted, from which 5 categories were recreated. Incidence of colorectal and gastric cancer was evaluated.

Results:
Seventy patients were included. Patients were clustered and classified into 1 of 5 categories: no polyps, few small polyps (<1 cm, < 10 polyps), few large polyps (≥1 cm, < 10 polyps), many small polyps (<1 cm, ≥10 polyps), many large polyps (≥1 cm, ≥10 polyps). There was no significant difference in polyp number or size on EGD (P=0.47 and 0.83, respectively) or colonoscopy (P=0.49 and 0.10, respectively) over the surveillance period (4.8±3.9 y for stomach and 5.6±4.4 y for colon). The average interval between endoscopies was 28±24 months for EGDs and 29±23 months for colonoscopies. A stage II transverse colon adenocarcinoma and stage IV gastric adenocarcinoma were identified. Standardized incidence rates for gastric and colon cancers were 5427 (P=0.0002) and 353 (P=0.002), respectively.

Conclusions:
PTHS individuals can be classified into polyposis phenotypes which do not change over an endoscopic surveillance period. Two cancers were associated with a large size polyp phenotype. Surveillance intervals should be determined by polyp size ≥1 cm and pathology.
Sarcoidosis and maligancy: the chicken and the egg?
Authors: Bonifazi Martina , Renzoni Elisabetta A. , Lower Elyse E. 
Published: July 2021

Purpose of review
There is a complex interaction between sarcoidosis and malignancy. Since tumors can elicit a granulomatous reaction, the presence of granulomas alone is insufficient to diagnose sarcoidosis in a patient with cancer. In addition, check point inhibitors can also lead to a granulomatous reaction which can be misdiagnosed as sarcoidosis. These issues need to be considered when exploring the relationship between sarcoidosis and malignancy. Despite these limitations, a growing amount of evidence supports the potential interaction of sarcoidosis and malignancy.

Recent findings
Several large epidemiologic studies of patients from Europe, the USA, and Japan reveal an increased relative risk for cancer in sarcoidosis patients. The highest relative risks are seen in patients with lymphoma and breast cancer. New criteria have been developed to standardize the diagnosis of sarcoidosis, which should further clarify the association.

Summary
The diagnosis of sarcoidosis may precede or occur after malignancy. In a sarcoidosis patient with an atypical lesion, such as a breast mass, a biopsy should be considered.
Psychological factors to predict chronic diarrhea and constipation in Korean high school students
Authors: Kim Ji Young , Lim Myung Ho 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Chronic diarrhea and constipation are common in adolescents and are associated with depression and anxiety. However, the association was not reported in adolescents adjusted for other psychological factors (resilience, personality traits, perceived stress, and suicidal ideation). Therefore, we investigated the significant psychological factors predicting chronic diarrhea and constipation in adjusted individuals for co-variables.
A total of 819 Korean high school students who completed bowel health and psychological questionnaires were enrolled in this study. Depression and anxiety were assessed using validated questionnaires. We used multivariate analyses, controlling for demographic, dietary, lifestyle, and psychological variables to predict chronic diarrhea and constipation.
Chronic diarrhea and constipation were more common in individuals with depression (22.3% and 18.6%, respectively) than in individuals with no depression (7.0% and 10.9%, respectively). In addition, they were more prevalent in individuals with anxiety (24.5% and 18.6%, respectively) than in individuals with no anxiety (9.1% and 12.7%, respectively). Multivariate analyses showed that resilience (adjusted risk ratio [aRR] = 0.98, adjusted 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.97–0.99), moderate (aRR = 6.77, adjusted 95% CI = 3.55–12.91), and severe depression (aRR = 7.42, adjusted 95% CI = 3.61–15.27) were associated with chronic diarrhea. Only mild depression was associated with chronic constipation (aRR = 2.14, adjusted 95% CI = 1.36–3.38). However, anxiety was not significantly associated with chronic diarrhea or constipation.
Among the psychological factors predicting disordered bowel habits, resilience and moderate and severe depression were significant predictors of chronic diarrhea, but not anxiety. Furthermore, only mild depression was an independent predictor of chronic constipation.
Aristolochic acid nephropathy
Authors: Ji Hongjian , Hu Jingyin , Zhang Guozhe , Song Jianxiang , Zhou Xiaohua , Guo Dean 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background:
Aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN) is a type of drug-induced nephropathy that may result in acute kidney injury and is associated with a potentially progressive course of kidney fibrosis and upper tract urothelial carcinoma. Aristolochic acids (AAs) are a group of toxins commonly present in plants of the genera Aristolochia and Asarum, which are found worldwide. AAN still occurs in Asian and Balkan regions. The progressive lesions and mutational events initiated by AAs are irreversible, and no effective therapeutic regimen for AAN has been established. Furthermore, more people are at risk of this disease due to casual exposure to AAs. This study performed a scientometric analysis of global research literature focusing on AAN.

Methods:
The Web of Science database was searched to identify all publications pertaining to “aristolochic acid nephropathy” or “Balkan endemic nephropathy” using these terms as key words to search the literature from 1971 to 2019. The collected data included the document type, author, journal, publication year, citation reports, and country of publication, and were analyzed using the VOSviewer software.

Results:
A total of 1251 records were initially obtained. Publication types, including “meeting abstract,” “letter,” “editorial material,” and “proceedings paper” were excluded, which left 1083 publications comprising 923 articles and 160 reviews. English was the predominant language of the publications. China had the most number of articles published with 217 (20.0%), followed by the USA with 186 articles (17.2%), and Germany with 138 articles (12.7%). Kidney International, Food and Chemical Toxicology, and Toxins were the 3 most active journals in publishing articles related to AAN. The total number of citations received by all publications was 39,970, with an average of 36.91 citations per article (range: 0–1769). The literature mainly focused on apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation in AAN.

Conclusion:
This study indicated that AAN is a significant topic in nephrology research, as shown by the large number of publications. The literature has mainly focused on the mechanisms of AA-induced nephropathy.
Local anesthetic volume in ultrasound-guided interscalene block and opioid consumption during shoulder arthroscopic surgery
Authors: Lim Jung A. , Lim Hyungseop , Lee Ji Hyeon , Kwak Sang Gyu , Kim Jong Hae , Song Seok Young , Roh Woon Seok 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Interscalene block (ISB) is commonly performed for regional anesthesia in shoulder surgery. Ultrasound-guided ISB enables visualization of the local anesthetic spread and a reduction in local anesthetic volume. However, little is known about the appropriate local anesthetic dose for surgical anesthesia without sedation or general anesthesia. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the appropriate local anesthetic volume by comparing intraoperative analgesics and hemodynamic changes in ISB in arthroscopic shoulder surgery.
Overall, 1007 patients were divided into groups 1, 2, and 3 according to the following volume of local anesthetics: 10–19, 20–29, and 30–40 mL, respectively. The use of intraoperative analgesics and sedatives, and the reduction in intraoperative maximum blood pressure and heart rate were compared through retrospective analysis.
Fentanyl was used in 55.6% of patients in group 1, which was significantly higher than in those groups 2 and 3 (22.3% and 30.7%, respectively); furthermore, it was also higher than those in groups 2 and 3 in dose-specific comparisons (P < .05). The percent of the maximum reduction in intraoperative systolic blood pressure and heart rate in group 3 was significantly higher than those in groups 1 and 2. Ephedrine administration was lower in group 2 than that in other groups (P < .05). The incidence of hypotensive bradycardic events was lowest (9.1%) at the local anesthetic volume of 24 mL as revealed by the quadratic regression analysis (R
2 = 0.313, P = .003).
Decreasing the local anesthetic volume to less than 20 mL for ultrasound-guided ISB as the sole anesthesia increases the opioid consumption during shoulder arthroscopic surgery. Local anesthetics >30 mL or increased opioid consumption with <20 mL of local anesthetics could increase the risk of cardiovascular instability intraoperatively. Our findings indicate that 24 mL of local anesthetic could be used to lower the incidence of hypotensive bradycardic events.
Posterior myocardial infarction caused by superdominant circumflex occlusion over an absent right coronary artery
Authors: Oh Seok , Kim Ju Han , Kim Min Chul , Hong Young Joon , Ahn Youngkeun , Jeong Myung Ho 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Rationale:
Congenital agenesis of the right coronary artery (CARCA) initially presenting as acute myocardial infarction (AMI) due to total occlusion is a rare clinical condition that can lead to severe complications, including death. We report a case of successful percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in a patient with this condition.

Patient concerns:
A 57-year-old man was admitted to our center with chest pain that had occurred several hours prior. Since he was initially diagnosed with AMI with ST-segment elevation, we promptly commenced coronary angiography (CAG).

Diagnosis:
CAG revealed the absence of a right coronary artery (RCA). In the left coronary cusp area, the left circumflex coronary artery (LCX) was occluded totally.

Interventions:
We performed PCI for total occlusion of the proximal part of the LCX. Follow-up CAG showed a superdominant branch of the LCX, sprouting into the RCA territory.

Outcomes:
The patient was discharged uneventfully after successful PCI.

Lessons:
CARCA with AMI, which is an extremely unusual case, can be fatal; however, PCI seems to be an effective treatment option.
Predictors of clinical outcomes of self-expandable metal stent treatment for malignant colorectal obstruction
Authors: Han Bora , Hong Ji-Yun , Myung Eun , Oh Hyung-Hoon , Yang Hee-Chan , Kim Sang-Wook , Lee Jun , Kim Seong-Jung , Han Yeom-Dong , Seo Geom-Seok , Hong Gun-Young , Kim Ho-Dong , Kim Hyun-Soo , Joo Young-Eun 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
There has been increased use of self-expandable metal stents (SEMS) in treating malignant colorectal obstruction (MCO). The aim of this study was to investigate factors that are associated with the outcomes of SEMS placement for MCO.
Clinical data from patients who underwent SEMS placement for MCO at 6 hospitals in Honam province of South Korea between 2009 and 2018 were reviewed retrospectively. Eight hundred two patients were identified and their data were analyzed. Technical success, clinical success, complications, and predictors of outcome were included as main outcome measures.
Technical and clinical success rates were 98.8% (792/802) and 90.1% (723/802), respectively. Complications including stent migration, stent occlusion due to tumor ingrowth and outgrowth, perforation, bacteremia/fever, and bleeding occurred in 123 (15.3%) patients. In multivariate regression analyses, procedure time was significantly associated with the technical success of SEMS placement (P = .001). Longer length of obstruction, the use of covered stent, and longer procedure time were significant independent predictive factors for the clinical success of SEMS placement (odds ratio [OR] 0.974 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.950–0.990); P = .043, OR 0.255 (95% CI 0.138–0.471); P < .001, and OR 0.957 (95% CI 0.931–0.984); P = .002, respectively). Stage IV colorectal cancer and the use of covered stent were significant independent predictive factors for the development of complications after SEMS placement (OR 2.428 (95% CI 1.407–4.188); P = .001 and OR 3.329 (95% CI 2.060–5.378); P < .001, respectively).
Longer length of obstruction, the use of covered stent, and longer procedure time were associated with lower clinical success rates. Having stage IV colorectal cancer and the use of covered stents were associated with an increased risk of complications.
Hip fractures in elderly patients with non-dialysis dependent chronic kidney disease
Authors: Roy Debajyoti , Pande Shrikant , Thalanki Srikiran , Yeon Wenxiang , Prasad Ankit , Lau Adrian , Varman Surendra , Carson John Allen 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) causes bone and mineral disorders and alterations in vitamin D metabolism that contribute to greater skeletal fragility. Hip fracture in elderly is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to investigate the outcome of elderly patients with non-dialysis dependent CKD and hip fracture undergoing surgery.
Retrospective study with IRB approval of patients above 65 years of age, with hip fractures admitted between June 2014 to June 2016 in a Southeast Asian cohort. Data collected included demographic variables and the haematological and biochemical parameters HBA1c, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), serum calcium, phosphorous, and 25(OH) Vitamin D. Co-morbidities investigated were ischemic heart disease, congestive heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, malignancy, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cerebro vascular accident, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia. All patients were followed up from index date to either death or June 1, 2018.
Of the 883 patients, 725 underwent surgery and 334 had CKD. Death rates for CKD patients with hip fractures and those with normal renal function did not differ significantly [8.08% vs 6.54%, (HR= 1.33, 95% CI: 0.95, 1.86; P = .102)], whilst median hospital length of stay was significantly higher in CKD patients [10.5 vs 9.03 days (P = .003)]. Significant risk factors associated with higher risk of mortality in the elderly with hip fracture were male gender, age ≥80 years and serum albumin < 30 g/L (all, P < .0001).
In summary, in elderly, non-dialysis dependent CKD patient with hip fracture we found that male gender, age ≥80 years, low serum albumin and eGFR < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 were associated with higher risk of death. The hospital stay in the CKD group was also longer. Additional studies are needed to validate our findings.