bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insomnia partially mediates the relationship between pathological personality traits and depression: a case-control study
Authors: Chen Fenglan , Lin Xiujin , Pan Yuli , Zeng Xuan , Zhang Shengjie , Hu Hong , Yu Miaoyu , Wu Junduan 
Published: March 2021

Background and Objective
Personality disorders are frequently associated with insomnia and depression, but little is known about the inter-relationships among these variables. Therefore, this study examined these inter-relationships and the possible mediating effect of insomnia on the association between specific personality pathologies and depression severity.

Methods
There were 138 study participants, including 69 individuals with depression and 69 healthy controls. The main variables were measured by the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-24 (HAMD-24), Athens Sleep Insomnia Scale (AIS), and the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire (PDQ-4+). Multivariate linear regression and mediation analysis were conducted.

Results
With the exception of the antisocial personality score, all the PDQ-4+ scores and AIS scores were significantly higher in the depression group than in the healthy control group (p < 0.001). In the total sample, all personality pathology scores (p < 0.001), except the antisocial personality score, had significant positive correlations with the AIS scores and HAMD-24 scores, and the AIS scores and HAMD-24 scores were positively correlated (r = 0.620, p < 0.001). Regression analysis revealed that borderline personality, passive-aggressive personality, and insomnia positively predicted the severity of depression, after adjusting for sociodemographic covariates, and that insomnia partially mediated the associations of borderline personality and passive-aggressive personality with depression severity.

Conclusions
Borderline personality, passive-aggressive personality, and insomnia tend to increase the severity of depression, and the effect of borderline and passive-aggressive personality on depression severity may be partially mediated by insomnia. This is the first study to report these findings in a Chinese sample, and they may help researchers to understand the pathways from specific personality pathologies to the psychopathology of depression better, which should be useful for designing interventions to relieve depression severity, as the impact of specific personality pathology and insomnia should be considered.
Effectiveness of isolation policies in schools: evidence from a mathematical model of influenza and COVID-19
Authors: Burns Adam A.C. , Gutfraind Alexander 
Published: March 2021

Background
Non-pharmaceutical interventions such as social distancing, school closures and travel restrictions are often implemented to control outbreaks of infectious diseases. For influenza in schools, the Center of Disease Control (CDC) recommends that febrile students remain isolated at home until they have been fever-free for at least one day and a related policy is recommended for SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). Other authors proposed using a school week of four or fewer days of in-person instruction for all students to reduce transmission. However, there is limited evidence supporting the effectiveness of these interventions.

Methods
We introduced a mathematical model of school outbreaks that considers both intervention methods. Our model accounts for the school structure and schedule, as well as the time-progression of fever symptoms and viral shedding. The model was validated on outbreaks of seasonal and pandemic influenza and COVID-19 in schools. It was then used to estimate the outbreak curves and the proportion of the population infected (attack rate) under the proposed interventions.

Results
For influenza, the CDC-recommended one day of post-fever isolation can reduce the attack rate by a median (interquartile range) of 29 (13–59)%. With 2 days of post-fever isolation the attack rate could be reduced by 70 (55–85)%. Alternatively, shortening the school week to 4 and 3 days reduces the attack rate by 73 (64–88)% and 93 (91–97)%, respectively. For COVID-19, application of post-fever isolation policy was found to be less effective and reduced the attack rate by 10 (5–17)% for a 2-day isolation policy and by 14 (5–26)% for 14 days. A 4-day school week would reduce the median attack rate in a COVID-19 outbreak by 57 (52–64)%, while a 3-day school week would reduce it by 81 (79–83)%. In both infections, shortening the school week significantly reduced the duration of outbreaks.

Conclusions
Shortening the school week could be an important tool for controlling influenza and COVID-19 in schools and similar settings. Additionally, the CDC-recommended post-fever isolation policy for influenza could be enhanced by requiring two days of isolation instead of one.
Marispirochaeta
Authors: Uppada Jagadeeshwari , Rai Anusha , Sasikala Ch , Ramana Ch V. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMa.ri.spi.ro.chae'ta. L. neut. n.mare, the sea; N.L. fem. n.Spirochaetaa bacterial genus; N.L. fem. n.Marispirochaetaa marineSpirochaeta.Spirochaetes / Spirochaetia / Spirochaetales / Spirochaetaceae / MarispirochaetaCells are helical in structure and Gram‐stain‐negative, motile with helical movement, and obligate anaerobes. Members of the classSpirochaetia, orderSpirochaetales, and familySpirochaetaceae. Production of the sphaeroplasts occurs during the stationary phase or during an unfavorable growth condition. Catalase and oxidase‐negative. Indole production froml‐tryptophan and gelatin hydrolysis are negative. Starch hydrolysis is positive. Exhibits chemoorganoheterotrophic mode of nutrition. Cells grow on a number of organic substrates. Traces of yeast extract are required for its growth. Glucose fermentation is observed. The major fatty acids are C14:0, C16:0, and iso‐C15:0. Cells contain diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylethanolamine as the major polar lipids. The DNA G + C content is 53.6–54.9 mol%. The only species with a validly published name under this genus isMarispirochaeta aestuarii. One species of the rankcandidatusis also described, that is,CandidatusMarispirochaeta associata. Both the species were isolated from sediment samples of the marine coast of Gujarat, India.DNA G + C content (mol%): 53.6–54.9 (Genome).Type species:Marispirochaeta aestuariiShivani et al. 2017VP.Candidatus species:CandidatusMarispirochaeta associata Shivani et al. 2016.
Variability in commercially available deformable image registration: A multi‐institution analysis using virtual head and neck phantoms
Authors: Kubli Alex , Pukala Jason , Shah Amish P. , Kelly Patrick , Langen Katja M. , Bova Frank J. , Mañon Rafael R. , Meeks Sanford L. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of three common deformable image registration (DIR) packages across algorithms and institutions.Methods and MaterialsThe Deformable Image Registration Evaluation Project (DIREP) provides ten virtual phantoms derived from computed tomography (CT) datasets of head‐and‐neck cancer patients over a single treatment course. Using the DIREP phantoms, DIR results from 35 institutions were submitted using either Velocity, MIM, or Eclipse. Submitted deformation vector fields (DVFs) were compared to ground‐truth DVFs to calculate target registration error (TRE) for six regions of interest (ROIs). Statistical analysis was performed to determine the variability between each DIR software package and the variability of users within each algorithm.ResultsOverall mean TRE was 2.04 ± 0.35 mm for Velocity, 1.10 ± 0.29 mm for MIM, and 2.35 ± 0.15 mm for Eclipse. The MIM mean TRE was significantly different than both Velocity and Eclipse for all ROIs. Velocity and Eclipse mean TREs were not significantly different except for when evaluating the registration of the cord or mandible. Significant differences between institutions were found for the MIM and Velocity platforms. However, these differences could be explained by variations in Velocity DIR parameters and MIM software versions.ConclusionsAverage TRE was shown to be <3 mm for all three software platforms. However, maximum errors could be larger than 2 cm indicating that care should be exercised when using DIR. While MIM performed statistically better than the other packages, all evaluated algorithms had an average TRE better than the largest voxel dimension. For the phantoms studied here, significant differences between algorithm users were minimal suggesting that the algorithm used may have more impact on DIR accuracy than the particular registration technique employed. A significant difference in TRE was discovered between MIM versions showing that DIR QA should be performed after software upgrades as recommended by TG‐132.
Multiple sclerosis, rituximab, and COVID‐19
Authors: Langer‐Gould Annette , Smith Jessica B. , Li Bonnie H. ,   the KPSC MS Specialist Group
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe conducted a retrospective cohort study in Kaiser Permanente Southern California from 1 January 2020 to 30 September 2020. We found that rituximab‐treated persons with multiple sclerosis (pwMS, n = 1895) were more likely be hospitalized (n = 8, 33.3%), but not die (n = 0) from COVID‐19, compared to the 4.81 million non‐MS population (5.8% and 1.4%, respectively). Time in months (adjusted OR = 0.32, 95% CI = 0.15–0.69, p = 0.0033) and receiving 1000 mg compared to lower doses at last infusion (adjusted OR = 6.28, 95% CI = 1.38–28.5, p = 0.0173) were independent predictors of COVID‐19 severity. Rituximab‐treated pwMS should be counseled to take extra precautions in the 5 months following each infusion. Using extended dosing intervals and lower doses could be considered.
Optical coherence tomography to measure the progression of myelopathy in adrenoleukodystrophy
Authors: van Ballegoij Wouter J. C. , Huffnagel Irene C. , van de Stadt Stephanie I. W. , Weinstein Henry C. , Bennebroek Carlien A. M. , Engelen Marc , Verbraak Frank D. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo prospectively determine the value of optical coherence tomography (OCT) as a surrogate outcome measure for the progression of myelopathy in males with adrenoleukodystrophy.MethodsRetinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and ganglion cell layer (GCL) thickness were measured at baseline, 1‐ and 2‐year follow‐up in patients and age‐matched controls. We assessed the severity of myelopathy with clinical parameters: Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), Severity Scoring system for Progressive Myelopathy (SSPROM), and timed up‐and‐go. Linear mixed model analysis was used to compare changes in retinal layer thickness of patients to controls. In addition, we correlated changes in retinal layer thickness with changes in clinical parameters.ResultsLongitudinal data were available for 28 patients and 29 controls. Peripapillary RNFL (pRNFL) thickness decreased significantly in patients compared to controls (−1.75µm, p = 0.001), whereas change in macular GCL and RNFL was not different between groups. Analysis of the symptomatic subgroup showed that, apart from a similar decrease in pRNFL thickness, GCL thickness decreased significantly (−0.55 µm, p = 0.014). There were moderately strong correlations between changes in retinal layer thickness and changes in clinical parameters of severity of myelopathy.InterpretationThis prospective study demonstrates the potential of OCT‐measured retinal neurodegeneration as a surrogate outcome measure for the progression of myelopathy in adrenoleukodystrophy. As differences were small, our findings need to be confirmed with longer follow‐up and/or in a larger patient sample.
A Nano “Immune‐Guide” Recruiting Lymphocytes and Modulating the Ratio of Macrophages from Different Origins to Enhance Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Sun Wenshe , Yang Jingxing , Hou Mengfei , Xie Shaowei , Xiong Liqin , Li Biao , Zhang Chunfu 
Published: March 2021

AbstractArtificially modulating the type, density, and location of immune cells within the tumor microenvironment can suppress tumor growth and efficiently promote current immunotherapy. In this study, a magnetite nanoparticle‐based “immune‐guide” is developed by the functionalization of magnetite nanoparticles with hyaluronic acid (HA). HA, an extracellular matrix component, can target various CD44‐overexpressing tumors and mediate the adhesion and migration of multiple types of immune cells. Thus, HA‐functionalized magnetite nanoparticles (HA‐PDA@Fe3O4) can highly efficiently accumulate in breast cancer and penetrate deep into the tumor parenchyma. Consequently, high intratumoral concentration of HA, serving as a “guidepost,” can directly recruit lymphocytes and elicit more chemokine production through cascading amplification effects, turning the immune “cold” tumor into a “hot” one. More importantly, HA‐PDA@Fe3O4 can effectively remodel the diversity, origin, and activation of tumor‐associated macrophages by recruiting and activating infiltrating macrophages, while simultaneously reducing the M2‐maintained tissue‐resident macrophages. Thus, HA‐PDA@Fe3O4 synergistically improves T cell‐ and macrophage‐based immunotherapies as well as interferes with the formation of premetastatic niches in the lung. By redistributing the localization of HA in tumors by using magnetite nanoparticles, this study provides a unique strategy to modulate the tumor immune microenvironment and potentiate tumor immunotherapies by using biocompatible nanomaterials without any therapeutic drug.
MXene Phase with C3 Structure Unit: A Family of 2D Electrides
Authors: Bae Soungmin , Espinosa‐García William , Kang Yoon‐Gu , Egawa Noriyuki , Lee Juho , Kuwahata Kazuaki , Khazaei Mohammad , Ohno Kaoru , Kim Yong‐Hoon , Han Myung Joon , Hosono Hideo , Dalpian Gustavo M. , Raebiger Hannes 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA new structural phase is discovered for M2CO2 MXenes with M = Sc, Y, La, Lu, Tm, and Ho. The hexagonal carbon layer sandwiched between M atoms, typical for MXenes, is transformed into C3 trimers with anionic electrons localized in quasi zero‐dimensional lattice spaces in‐between the C3 units, so the systems can be described as [M6 C3 O6]+II : 2e− electrides. The systems are readily ionized into [M6 C3 O6]+II with very low ionization energy via an anti‐doping mechanism. It is shown that this new structure of Sc2CO2 can bind multiple lithium atoms, with low migration barriers. The findings indicate that these M2CO2 MXenes with unusual carbon trimers are a new family of 2D electride insulators with the potential for charge storage applications, thermal field emission, and as anode material in lithium batteries.
Origin of Intramolecular Low‐Threshold Amplified Spontaneous Emission
Authors: Wei Qi , Duan Ruihong , Zhang Qi , Xie Linghai , Xia Ruidong , Yi Yuanping , Léonard Jérémie , Haacke Stefan , Cabanillas‐Gonzalez Juan , Qian Yan , Huang Wei 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAmorphous thin films from solution‐processable semiconductors are key materials for low‐cost and large area optoelectronics. Design rules toward novel amorphous compounds with outstanding light emission and light amplification properties require understanding of the intimate relation between chemical and electronic structure. Here, a series of compounds with tunable electronic transition characters of the lowest excited state, from local excited (LE), hybrid local charge‐transfer (HLCT) to charge‐transfer (CT) character is delicately designed. By deploying a combination of computational calculations and femtosecond‐transient absorption experiments, it is shown that pure LE states strongly coupled to high wavenumber vibrational modes favor to form a few dominant discrete vibrational levels and are essential for optical gain, whereas HLCT or CT states are preferably coupled to low frequency vibrational modes and form a large number of consecutive vibrational levels which lead to broad excited‐state absorption overwhelming stimulated emission. The results provide guidelines for the rational design of efficient organic laser materials.
Volatile Organic Compound Sensors Based on 2D Materials
Authors: Tan Wee Chong , Ang Kah‐Wee 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDue to their unique chemical and physical properties, 2D inorganic materials (2DMs) have attracted a lot of attention in recent years as an attractive platform for diverse applications in opto‐electronics, energy generation and storage, and sensing. This article presents the progress being made in sensors designed for measuring volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ambient air. It considers commercially available sensors, such as the amperometric and conductometric types, and the recent advancements in VOCs sensors employing 2DMs and their nanocomposites. Their performance is summarized in a graphical form and the challenges and possible mitigation methods for these types of VOC sensor are highlighted.
Fermi‐Level Pinning Free High‐Performance 2D CMOS Inverter Fabricated with Van Der Waals Bottom Contacts
Authors: Ngo Tien Dat , Yang Zheng , Lee Myeongjin , Ali Fida , Moon Inyong , Kim Dong Gyu , Taniguchi Takashi , Watanabe Kenji , Lee Kang‐Yoon , Yoo Won Jong 
Published: March 2021

AbstractEffective control of 2D transistors polarity is a critical challenge in the process for integrating 2D materials into semiconductor devices. Herein, a doping‐free approach for developing tungsten diselenide (WSe2) logic devices by utilizing the van der Waals (vdWs) bottom electrical contact with platinum and indium as the high and low work function metal respectively is reported. The device structure is free from chemical disorder and crystal defects arising from metal deposition, which enables a near ideal Fermi‐level de‐pinning. With effective controllability of device polarity through metal work function change, a complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor field effect transistor inverter with a gain of 198 at a bias voltage of 4.5 V is achieved. This study demonstrates an ultrahigh performance 2D inverter realized by controlling the device polarity from using Fermi‐level pinning‐free vdWs bottom contacts.
pH‐activated polymeric profragrances for dual‐controllable perfume release
Authors: Liu Ming , Yan Chenxu , Han Jianwei , Guo Zhiqian , Zhu Wei‐Hong , Xiao Zuobing , Wu Yue , Huang Jian 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDesign of controllable nanoprofragrances is critically challenging in cosmetic and decoration industries. Given that most profragrances based on physical encapsulation always suffer unreliable controllability, undefined loading efficiency, and poor stability, here we have for the first time constructed dual‐controllable profragrance platform based on pH‐activated polymer to achieve the specific pH‐triggered fragrance release, which consists of hydrophilic PEG unit, hydrophobic pH‐activated unit, and pH‐triggered unit, thereby guaranteeing profragrances with delicate controllability, homogeneous nanoparticles, well‐defined loading efficiency, and high stability. Dynamic laser scattering experiments demonstrate that the activated polymers possess excellent pH‐switchable property with high stability. Particularly, time‐dependent headspace release performance of all three profragrances is fitting to First‐Order kinetic model (R2 > 0.99). Finally, the step‐by‐step controllability of the profragrance platform with pH‐activated behavior and subsequently pH‐triggered release is realized both in aqueous solution and on targeted leather surface, which is highly desirable for the long‐lasting scent.
Using a multimethod life history approach to navigate the osteological paradox: A case study from Prehispanic Nasca, Peru
Authors: McCool Weston C. , Anderson Amy S. , Kennett Douglas J. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectivesWe leverage recent bioarchaeological approaches and life history theory to address the implications of the osteological paradox in a study population. The goal of this article is to evaluate morbidity and mortality patterns as well as variability in the risk of disease and death during the Late Intermediate period (LIP; 950–1450 C.E.) in the Nasca highlands of Peru. We demonstrate how the concurrent use of multiple analytical techniques and life history theory can engage the osteological paradox and provide salient insights into the study of stress, frailty, and resilience in past populations.Materials and methodsCrania from LIP burial contexts in the Nasca highlands were examined for cribra orbitalia (n = 325) and porotic hyperostosis (n = 270). All age groups and both sexes are represented in the sample. Survivor/nonsurvivor analysis assessed demographic differences in lesion frequency and severity. Hazard models were generated to assess differences in survivorship. The relationship between dietary diversity and heterogeneity in morbidity was assessed using stable δ15N and δ13C isotope values for bone collagen and carbonate. One hundred and twenty‐four crania were directly AMS radiocarbon dated, allowing for a diachronic analysis of morbidity and mortality.ResultsThe frequency and expression of both orbital and vault lesions increases significantly during the LIP. Survivor/nonsurvivor analysis indicates cranial lesions co‐vary with frailty rather than robusticity or longevity. Hazard models show (1) decreasing survivorship with the transition into the LIP, (2) significantly lower adult life expectancy for females compared to males, and (3) individuals with cranial lesions have lower survivorship across the life course. Stable isotope results show very little dietary diversity. Mortality risk and frequency of pathological skeletal lesions were highest during Phase III (1300–1450 C.E.) of the LIP.ConclusionResults provide compelling evidence of increasing physiological stress and mortality in the Nasca highlands during the LIP, but also reveal substantial heterogeneity in frailty and the risk of death. Certain members of society experienced a heavier disease burden and higher mortality compared to their contemporaries. Elevated levels of disease and lethal trauma among females account for some of the sex differences in survivorship but cannot explain the large degree of female‐biased mortality. We hypothesize that parental investment in males or increased female fertility rates may explain these differences.
Mehrfarbige Mechanofluorophore für die quantitative Anzeige kovalenter Bindungsbrüche in Polymeren
Authors: Baumann Christoph , Stratigaki Maria , Centeno Silvia P. , Göstl Robert 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDer Bruch von Polymermaterialien ist ein multiskaliger Prozess, der mit der Spaltung einer einzelnen molekularen Bindung beginnt und sich bis zu einer Bruchstelle im Festkörper ausbreitet. Die Quantifizierung der während dieses Prozesses gebrochenen Bindungen bleibt eine große Herausforderung, würde aber helfen, die Verteilung und Dissipation makroskopischer mechanischer Energie zu verstehen. Wir zeigen hier die Gestaltung und die Synthese von fluorogenen molekularen optischen Kraftsonden (Mechanofluorophoren), die das gesamte sichtbare Spektrum sowohl in Absorption als auch in Emission abdecken. Ihre dual‐fluoreszenten Eigenschaften ermöglichen es, nicht gebrochene und gebrochene Bindungen in gelösten Polymeren und im Festkörper durch Fluoreszenzspektroskopie und ‐mikroskopie zu verfolgen. Wichtig ist, dass wir einen Ansatz entwickeln, um die absolute Anzahl und den relativen Anteil von intakten und gebrochenen Bindungen mit hoher lokaler Auflösung zu bestimmen. Wir gehen davon aus, dass unsere Mechanofluorophore in Kombination mit unserer Quantifizierungsmethodik eine quantitative Beschreibung von Versagensprozessen in Materialien von weichen Hydrogelen bis hin zu Hochleistungspolymeren ermöglichen werden.