bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Peran taman baca masyarakat Pagon Sinau dalam edukasi literasi anak di Dusun Jayan
Authors: Purwanto Aris , Lestari Sri 
Published: January 2021

Objektif: Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mendeskripsikan peran edukasi literasi yang dilakukan oleh TBM Panggon Sinau kepada anak-anak.Metode: Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu metode kualitatif studi kasus yang datanya dikumpulkan melalui wawancara, observasi dan dokumentasi. Penelitian ini melibatkan pengurus IMM, pengelola TBM Panggon Sinau, pemerintah Dusun, orang tua. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan analisis tematik. Keabsahan data dicapai dengan triangulasi.Temuan: Hasil penelitian menunjukan edukasi literasi anak dilakukan melalui penyediaan sarana prasarana serta berbagai macam kegiatan untuk meningkatkan minat baca anak, masyarakat memaknai positif kegiatan yang dilakukan oleh taman baca masyarakat bagi anak-anak mereka.Kesimpulan: Keberadaan TBM mampu membangun sikap kolektifitas masyarakat untuk sadar akan pentingnya membaca. Hambatan yang dialami TBM berkaitan dengan kurangnya peran pemerintah dalam pengembangan TBM serta minimnya pengetahuan terkait pengadministrasian taman baca.
Agronomic performance of Raphanus sativus L. cultivars grown under different spacings
Authors: Alvim Jorgeana Francis , Lopes Sobrinho Oswaldo , Cantanhede Erika Kássia , Pereira Alvaro Itaúna , Silva Valdelânia , Santos Leonardo 
Published: January 2021

An ideal spacing between plants should be established for the optimization of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) crops since the plant spatial distribution of plants affects the crop yield. This study was conducted aiming to evaluate the agronomic performance of radish cultivars grown under different spacings. The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Field of the Federal Institute of Education, Science, and Technology of Maranhão, in Codó, MA, Brazil, from June to July 2017. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with five replications, using a 2×2 factorial arrangement. The factors consisted of 2 cultivars (Sparkler Ponta Branca and Saxa) and 2 spacings between plants (5 and 8cm), totaling 20 experimental plots. Data were collected in 6 plants from each experimental plot. The agronomic parameters: total fresh weight (TFW), root fresh weight (RFW), root mean diameter (RMD), root means length (RML), and root yield (RY) of the radish plants were evaluated. The factors (cultivars and spacing between plants) had no significant effect on TFW, RFW, RML, and RMD. The spacing between plants has a significant effect on the yield of radish crops of the cultivar Saxa, and higher yields are found when using the spacing of 5cm.
Obstáculos na ‘Pista Livre’: Algumas Considerações sobre a Pragmática dos Dispositivos da ‘Lei do Trânsito’ no Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Werneck Alexandre Vieira 
Published: January 2021

O objetivo deste texto é analisar alguns dispositivos sensíveis do que chamo de lei do trânsito, a lógica moral efetivamente operada pelos envolvidos nos deslocamentos do trânsito na cidade do Rio de Janeiro – e que se coordena e/ou muitas vezes entra em conflito com a lei de trânsito, normatividade oficial destinada a regrar esse cenário. A pesquisa consistiu em um ano de observação etnográfica móvel em deslocamentos por automóvel pela cidade, observando-se in loco as interações entre vários tipos de unidades móveis (automóveis, motocicletas, bicicletas, pedestres etc.) e privilegiou uma observação radicalmente compreensiva desse mundo, a fim de descrever sua pragmática em seus próprios termos. Com isso, percebeu-se um conjunto de comportamentos fundados em um engajamento ao mesmo tempo variante (passando-se de uma a outra) e misto (coordenando-se entre si) entre três formas: um engajamento no plano; um engajamento exploratório; e aquilo que aqui denomino engajamento circunstancial. O plano é representado por um conjunto de comportamentos visando se chegar a um destino, e em relação ao qual outros elementos desse cenário são tratados como obstáculos a serem evitados. A atividade exploratória determina um fluxo tateante entre crítica industrial (a lei de trânsito não é realista) e crítica inspirada (o outro “não sabe dirigir”, isto é, não é hábil e criativo para desviar dos obstáculos e não se tornar um). E o engajamento circunstancial pressupõe uma coordenação com o mundo e os outros em termos das contingências à medida que aparecem.
Gastroesophageal Junction Cancer
Authors: Joyce Daniel , Schwarz Roderich E. 
Published: January 2021

Cancers of the gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) remain challenging malignancies to treat effectively. The GEJ represents the transition between esophagus and stomach, and approaching GEJ cancers as “esophageal” or as “gastric” cancers, a priori will run risk for excluding some more appropriate therapeutic options based on actual location. Gastroesophageal junction cancers are increasing in incidence, in particular at the distal esophageal and gastric cardia locations. They may be discovered in an early stage on upper GI endoscopy, but when presenting with dysphagia symptoms they are often of more advanced stage. Endoscopic resection options are limited to non-ulcerated T1 lesions, and surgical resection as only therapy is accepted for nodal-negative T1 or T2 disease. All other mid-stage GEJ cancers should be considered for multimodality therapy and should undergo a formal and complete multidisciplinary evaluation process before any therapy is started. While the proper approach remains debated, most often trimodality therapy with preoperative chemoradiation followed by resection is being offered, as it offers the greatest likelihood for complete pathologic response and survival benefit but requires a shorter preoperative treatment duration. Perioperative chemotherapy remains acceptable as well, based on the patient’s tolerance for related toxicity. The Siewert classification with 3 subtypes of GEJ cancers, based on the relationship of the tumor’s epicenter to the gastric cardia, remains useful for planning resection approach and extent as well as reconstruction technique. Type I (proximal GEJ) tumors require esophageal resection with mediastinal and retrogastric lymphadenectomy; reconstruction most often involves a gastric tube pull-up. Type III (distal GEJ) lesions are gastric cancers that require total or proximal gastrectomy with D2 dissection; reconstruction often utilizes Roux-Y esophagojejunostomy, but may include small bowel interposition for proximal gastrectomy too. Best approaches to type II lesions (of the cardia) remain debated; complete resection through esophagectomy (as type I) or transhiatal esophagogastrectomy (as in type III with appropriate proximal extension) remain acceptable, as long as complete resection and proper extent lymphadenectomy are performed. Minimally invasive approaches (versus open), patient comorbidity, individual tumor extent and surgeon’s experience should determine the best individual choice for operative approach. Surgeons engaging in GEJ cancer care should be familiar with all aspects of multidisciplinary and operative treatment planning, and should be able to offer the most appropriate resection choice for the patient’s best benefit.
This review contains 2 figures, 3 tables, and 100 references.
Key words: adenocarcinoma, gastrectomy, gastroesophageal junction, laproscopy, lymphadenectomy, metastasis, minimally invasive esophagectomy
Solitary Fibrous Tumors
Authors: Tseng William W , Chopra Shefali , Patel Dakshesh , In Gino K , Ragab Omar , Hu James S , Menendez Lawrence R , Sener Stephen F 
Published: January 2021

Solitary fibrous tumors (SFTs) are a subtype of soft tissue sarcoma with fibroblastic differentiation. SFTs typically occur in patients between ages 50 and 70 and most commonly develop in the pleural space or abdomen, although they have been described in virtually every body site. Cross-sectional imaging (CT or MRI) is useful to help characterize the tumor, and core-needle biopsy is critical to obtain tissue for diagnosis. Definitive diagnosis is now made by immunohistochemical expression of STAT6, which results from a key genetic aberration (NAB2-STAT6 fusion) recently identified in SFTs. For patients with SFT, surgical resection is the mainstay of treatment. Current data suggest some benefit with adjuvant radiation therapy and systemic therapy; however, further studies are needed. After treatment, surveillance in SFT patients is important, and late recurrences have been reported. Although these tumors are generally indolent, with low metastatic potential, a subset of cases will demonstrate aggressive behavior. Simple risk assessment models have been developed to help predict clinical behavior. Novel predictive biomarkers and disease biology–driven targeted therapy options are needed.

This review contains 4 Figures, 2 Tables and 37 references
Key words: cellular angiofibroma, characteristic chromosomal translocation, dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, Doege-Potter syndrome, hemangiopericytoma, perineuroma, preoperative angioembolization, schwannoma, solitary fibrous tumors
Pediatric Renal Replacement Therapy
Authors: Vaughan Nathan A. , Qureshi Faisal G. 
Published: January 2021

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common in the critically ill patient, including the traumatically injured and postsurgical setting. Renal replacement therapy (RRT) provides an efficacious therapy in the management of AKI. The expanding knowledge of the technique and its challenges have propagated its application to the treatment of critically ill children. RRT utilizes diffusion and convection to manage electrolytes and toxic metabolites to maintain homeostasis. The various components of the dialysis circuit can be arranged to best address the patient’s physiologic derangements during continuous RRT. A knowledge of the anticoagulation management, circuit priming, and dosing in children is required by the intensivist to provide efficacious care. Understanding the technique for venous and peritoneal access facilitates the surgeon to safely provide a means of therapy. Peritoneal dialysis provides a means of therapy when continuous RRT is not available. As with any therapy, the complication profile determines the role of therapy. Comprehension of the associated outcomes with different pediatric pathologies will allow the surgical team to improve patient care.

This review contains 5 figures, 7 tables, and 66 references.
Key Words: acute renal failure, critical care, hemodialysis, pediatric, renal replacement therapy
Regional Therapies for Extremity Sarcoma
Authors: Colombo Chiara , Pasquali Sandro 
Published: January 2021

Several regional therapies are used for the local treatment of patients with soft tissue sarcomas (STS), especially for tumors at high risk for local recurrence. Surgery with negative tumor resection margins is the main treatment for primary STS. External-beam radiation therapy is considered for deeply seated, large, and high-grade disease to lower the risk of local recurrence. A combination of preoperative chemo-radiation is associated with improved local control. TNF-α-based isolated limb perfusion is another regional chemotherapy strategy available at specialized surgical oncology units for unresectable STS. Other strategies suitable for management of advanced STS include cryoablation and radiofrequency. This review discusses these and other current regional treatment strategies.

This review contains 10 figures, 6 tables and 64 references
Key words: cryoablation, extremity, hyperthermia, isolated limb perfusion, limb infusion, radiotherapy, regional therapy, sarcoma
Drug Hepatotoxicity
Authors: Bessone Fernando , Andrade Raúl J 
Published: January 2021

Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (DILI) caused by xenobiotics (drugs, herbals, and dietary supplements) is an elusive liver disease presenting with a range of phenotypes and severity, including acute hepatitis that is indistinguishable from viral hepatitis, autoimmune hepatitis, steatosis, fibrosis or rare chronic vascular syndromes, asymptomatic liver test abnormalities,and acute liver failure. Case definition and characterization using liver biochemistry and histology are crucial for appropriate phenotyping. The incidence of DILI is probably higher than expected by the cases that are identified in clinical practice because of misdiagnosis and underreporting.The pathogenesis of DILI is complex, depending on the interaction of a drug’s physicochemical properties and host factors. Genome-wide association studies have identified several alleles from the major histocompatibility complex system, indicating a fundamental role of the adaptive immune system in DILI pathogenesis. As specific biomarkers for hepatotoxicity are still not available, the diagnosis of DILI remains one of exclusion of the alternative causes of liver damage. Structured causality assessment using the Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method (RUCAM) or previously Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS) instrument adds consistency to the diagnostic process, although there is room for improvement in the scale domains and score weighting. The therapy for idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity is supportive and relies on the prompt withdrawal of the offending agent. Corticosteroid therapy for hypersensitivity reactions or ursodeoxycholicacid for prolonged cholestasis is empirically used, although the degree of evidence is low. Existing databases have enabled a better prediction of immediate and long-term DILI prognosis. Multivariate models have identified clinical and analytical variables as predictive of acute liver failure and mortality as well as of chronic DILI.

This review contains 2 figures, 5 tables, and 55 references
Key Words: adaptive immune system; causality assessment; drug-induced liver injury; epidemiology; HLA alleles; pharmacogenetics; registries; risk factors
Coronaviruses: HCoV, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and COVID-19
Authors: Ison Michael G. 
Published: January 2021

Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a group of viral pathogens that infect mammals and birds. The presentation in humans is typically that of a mild upper respiratory tract infection, similar to the common cold. However, in recent years, dramatic attention has arisen for more lethal members of this viral family (e.g., severe acute respiratory syndrome [SARS-CoV], Middle East respiratory syndrome [MERS-CoV], and coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19]). The epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of these viruses are discussed in this review. Importantly, new guideline tables from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, as well as the World Health Organization are provided at the conclusion of the review.
This review contains 3 figure, 11 tables, and 47 references.
Keywords: Coronavirus, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), COVID-19, respiratory infection, antiviral, real-time polymerase chain reaction
Drug Hepatotoxicity
Authors: Bessone Fernando , Andrade Raúl J 
Published: January 2021

Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (DILI) caused by xenobiotics (drugs, herbals, and dietary supplements) is an elusive liver disease presenting with a range of phenotypes and severity, including acute hepatitis that is indistinguishable from viral hepatitis, autoimmune hepatitis, steatosis, fibrosis or rare chronic vascular syndromes, asymptomatic liver test abnormalities,and acute liver failure. Case definition and characterization using liver biochemistry and histology are crucial for appropriate phenotyping. The incidence of DILI is probably higher than expected by the cases that are identified in clinical practice because of misdiagnosis and underreporting.The pathogenesis of DILI is complex, depending on the interaction of a drug’s physicochemical properties and host factors. Genome-wide association studies have identified several alleles from the major histocompatibility complex system, indicating a fundamental role of the adaptive immune system in DILI pathogenesis. As specific biomarkers for hepatotoxicity are still not available, the diagnosis of DILI remains one of exclusion of the alternative causes of liver damage. Structured causality assessment using the Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method (RUCAM) or previously Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS) instrument adds consistency to the diagnostic process, although there is room for improvement in the scale domains and score weighting. The therapy for idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity is supportive and relies on the prompt withdrawal of the offending agent. Corticosteroid therapy for hypersensitivity reactions or ursodeoxycholicacid for prolonged cholestasis is empirically used, although the degree of evidence is low. Existing databases have enabled a better prediction of immediate and long-term DILI prognosis. Multivariate models have identified clinical and analytical variables as predictive of acute liver failure and mortality as well as of chronic DILI.

This review contains 2 figures, 5 tables and 55 references
Key Words: adaptive immune system;causality assessment;drug-induced liver injury; epidemiology; HLA alleles; pharmacogenetics; registries; risk factors
Stable Ischemic Heart Disease: Medical Therapy With or Without Revascularization
Authors: Sarraju Ashish , Maron David J 
Published: January 2021

Coronary artery disease (CAD) poses a significant global public health burden. Patients with CAD who do not present with acute coronary syndromes are considered to have stable ischemic heart disease (SIHD). Options for the management of SIHD are medical therapy including pharmacologic therapy and lifestyle modification and revascularization with either percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Guideline-directed medical therapy is recommended for all patients with SIHD. Aside from severe stenosis in an unprotected left main coronary artery, the role of routine revascularization in the management of SIHD is unclear. Early CABG trials from the 1970s and 1980s demonstrated prognostic benefit with CABG versus medical therapy, but these results have limited applicability in the setting of modern medical therapy, including the widespread use of statins and aspirin and intensive lifestyle interventions. Contemporary strategy trials examining PCI plus medical therapy versus medical therapy alone have not demonstrated prognostic benefit with the addition of PCI. The addition of revascularization offers consistent symptom and quality-of-life benefit compared with medical therapy alone based on trial data, though this benefit may be time limited with PCI. Thus, there is a state of equipoise regarding the addition of revascularization to guideline-directed medical therapy in the management of SIHD. Therefore, shared decision-making is key when determining the best management strategy for a patient with SIHD and should include discussion of expected risks and benefits based on high-quality evidence, costs, and patient preferences.
This review contains 6 figures, 8 tables, and 55 references.
Key Words: angina, antianginal therapy, coronary artery disease, coronary artery bypass grafting, guideline-directed medical therapy, ischemia, optimal medical therapy, percutaneous coronary intervention, revascularization
Pediatric Infectious Diarrhea and Dehydration
Authors: Martel John W. , McCorvey Scott 
Published: January 2021

Diarrhea is a common emergency department (ED) complaint, leading to more than 1.5 million outpatient visits and 200,000 hospital admissions in the United States alone. Although concomitant dehydration also exists in some cases, there are no standard clinical criteria to aid in identifying those children who merit intravenous resuscitation. Current pediatric volume repletion guidelines are based primarily on the estimated degree of volume depletion per the World Health Organization, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and American Academy of Pediatrics criteria. These practice guidelines stratify patients into mild (3 to 5% volume depletion), moderate (5 to 10% volume depletion), and severe (> 10% volume depletion).

This review contains 5 figures, 9 tables, and 64 references.
Key Words: Clostridium difficile, dehydration, diarrhea, gastroenteritis, hemolytic-uremic syndrome, pediatrics
Endocrine Aspects of Kidney Disease
Authors: Adamczak Marcin , Kuczera Piotr , Wiecek Andrzej 
Published: January 2021

Kidneys play the major role in the synthesis and degradation of several hormones. Different coexisting conditions such as inflammation, malnutrition and metabolic acidosis and applied treatment may also cause endocrine abnormalities in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. A tendency towards decreased thyroxin and triiodothyronine with normal serum concentrations of reversed triiodothyronine (as opposed to other chronic non-thyroid, non-kidney diseases) and thyroid stimulating hormone are observed. As far as the somatotopic axis is concerned, in CKD normal serum concentration of growth hormone and its effector – the insulin-like growth factor are observed. Nevertheless, due to the phenomenon of GH/IGF-1 “resistance” CKD patients usually present a phenotype resembling GH deficiency. Serum prolactin concentrations are often elevated in CKD women and men. This leads to the dysregulation of the pituitary-gonadal axis causing hypogonadism and it’s clinical consequences regardless of patient’s gender. The alterations in hormones of gonadal origin caused by uremia, together with hyperprolactinemia lead to the development of sexual dysfunction and infertility in men and women. The alterations of thyroid, pituitary gland and gonads associated with CKD are discussed in this chapter.
This review contains 4 tables, and 64 references.
Keywords: chronic kidney disease, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, growth hormone, recombinant human GH, insulin-like growth factors, hemodialysis
Metabolic Encephalopathy - Part II
Authors: Gill Rick , McCoyd Matthew , Ruland Sean , Biller José 
Published: January 2021

Normal neurologic function requires a constantly balanced environment of electrolytes. Normal hepatic and renal function is critical in maintaining this balance while removing toxins, maintaining a physiologic pH and regulating the excretion of electrolytes. Nutritional intake provides essential nutrients but deficiencies can lead to characteristic syndromes such as Wernicke's encephalopathy and pellagra and exposure to neurotoxic substances such as heavy metals can lead to encephalopathy. Thyroid and adrenal dysfunction are common endocrine causes of encephalopathy and symptoms can often improve rapidly with treatment. A subset of idiopathic encephalopathy is increasingly being recognized as having an autoimmune basis, often presenting as a paraneoplastic process, and having a constellation of symptoms which can aide in the diagnosis. Timely recognition and treatment of the autoantibodies which target neural structures, with immunosuppressive therapy, can improve outcome in these patients.
This review contains 4 figures, 3 tables, and 42 references.
Key words: osmotic demyelination syndrome,hepatic encephalopathy, renal failure, triphasic waves, dialysis disequilibrium syndrome, Wernicke encephalopathy, Korsakoff syndrome, myxedema coma, Hashimoto encephalopathy