bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Economic Perspectives on Free Speech
Authors: Hemel Daniel 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the potential for economic analysis to illuminate freedom of speech. For early scholars of law and economics, the similarities and differences between the metaphorical marketplace for ideas and literal markets for goods and services were subjects of much attention. The chapter then argues that information economics has the potential to explain failures in the ‘marketplace of ideas’. Just as information asymmetry in the market for goods and services allows low quality goods and services to drive high quality goods and services out of the marketplace, there is reason to think that ‘bad speech’ will tend to drive out the ‘good’. For good information to compete in the market, readers and listeners must be able to tell the difference between good and bad information—an idea with particular resonance in the age of ‘fake news’, and with potential implications for the design of free-speech laws.
Freedom of Speech and Public Reason
Authors: Sadurski Wojciech 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses the salience of the Rawlsian idea of public reason for freedom of speech. It applies a philosophical template of Public Reason to a typically legal issue: what motivations for speech restrictions render the restriction legitimate under the Public Reason criterion, and what motivations taint the law as illegitimate, because they are non-endorsable by reasonable persons to whom they apply. Traces of this pattern of argument can be found in several legal systems: in the United States, Germany, New Zealand, and Australia, when they grapple with constitutionality of restrictions on freedom of speech, and choose the motive path (rather than the effects path) of scrutiny. The most typical pattern of argument is the one which disfavours content-oriented restrictions, as compared to content-neutral restrictions. This distinction offers attractive avenues of argument when it is viewed in the context of legislative motives, and how they fare under a general principle of Public Reason. The chapter then establishes that viewpoint restrictions and subject-matter restrictions—two subcategories of a broader genus of content-based restrictions of freedom of speech—correspond to two perceived wrongful motivations in regulating speech: intolerance and paternalism.
The Pentateuch
Authors: Büchner Dirk 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The impetus behind the translation of the Pentateuch likely emanated from a well-educated sector of the Jewish community, whose members were not unfamiliar with the Hebrew original. The translation’s language style adheres closely enough to Semitic syntax and idiom to suggest that the original’s words were never expected to be lost from view. Being the first undertaking of its kind, the translated Pentateuch is filled with renderings that speak of a spontaneous, creative procedure in which various strategies were attempted. The extent to which the Greek Pentateuch would have functioned as a theological guide for Hellenistic Judaism is not clear. Some parts do exhibit interpretive shifts, while others simply defy being counted as Torah in Greek. The Greek Pentateuch was known to later translators who depended in varying degrees upon its vocabulary.
Ezekiel
Authors: Hauspie Katrin 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The twentieth century was most important for the study of Greek Ezekiel, starting with the pioneering work of Thackeray which set the tone for further research. He launched the multiple-translator theory, which tended to dominate research on Ezekiel for decades. He also isolated Ezek. 36:23c–38 as a separate unit from the surrounding text, which later seemed corroborated by the omission of this pericope in Papyrus 967. The more the century progressed, the more Greek Ezekiel generated renewed scholarly interest, owing largely to the publication of Papyrus 967: the authenticity of nomina sacra gained new interest, the minuses and transposition in this papyrus seriously raised the question of a variant literary edition, the messianic tendencies in the Septuagint version needed to be reassessed. Crucial and still an ongoing question in the research of the Septuagint of Ezekiel is the issue of distinguishing the Vorlage from the translator’s contributions. Skopostheorie, focusing on the goals of the translator, has opened new venues of research, as evidenced in Ezekiel chs. 40–8.
The Constantinople Pentateuch and Medieval Jewish Use of Greek Biblical Texts
Authors: Krivoruchko Julia G. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The Late Antique period was characterized both by textual plurality of the Hebrew Bible and numerous concomitantly circulating translations of the Scripture into Greek. Scholars tend to agree that with increasing standardization of the Hebrew Bible and the emergence of the Masoretic Text (MT), editorial activity in the field of Greek translations concentrated on creating the versions that were closer to Hebrew. Numerous attempts have been undertaken to establish whether the emergence of new versions caused older ones to be forgotten; which of the Greek translations continued to enjoy popularity among the Greek-speaking Jews in post-Hellenistic times; and what was the ultimate fate of these translations. The present chapter surveys the afterlife of Greek biblical texts in Byzantine and medieval Jewish communities.
The Septuagint in the Latin World
Authors: Graves Michael 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Greek Old Testament texts were being translated into Latin by the second century ce, with a complete Old Latin version extant by the third century. Tertullian was aware of Latin translations but typically consulted the Greek directly. The Old Latin version underwent revisions and textual diversification in the third and fourth centuries, reflecting updates in style and adjustments based on evolving Greek texts. In 391–405 Jerome produced his Latin translations based on the Hebrew. Although he doubted the inspiration of the LXX and promoted the hebraica veritas, Jerome never ceased commenting on the LXX and sometimes acknowledged its traditional ecclesial status. In contrast, Augustine consistently affirmed the inspiration of the LXX, although he eventually recognized the value of the Hebrew. Over time the Old Latin version steadily lost ground to Jerome’s Hebrew version, although elements of the LXX were preserved in Latin through the deuterocanonical books and Jerome’s Gallican Psalter.
Modern Translations of the Septuagint
Authors: Bons Eberhard 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The chapter presents the current situation of translations of the Septuagint in European languages. The focus lies on the following projects: La Bible d’Alexandrie, the New English Translation of the Septuagint, Septuaginta Deutsch, La Biblia griega—Septuaginta, La Bibbia dei Settanta. The first section addresses general features of these translations, the second section deals with methodological decisions underlying the translations, the third focuses on specific problems of translating the Septuagint (Hebraisms, Greek of Ptolemaic Egypt, difficult expressions). Finally, the fourth section touches upon notes and comments on Septuagint translations.
Joshua and Judges
Authors: Fernández Marcos Natalio 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
These two books are treated in the same chapter: they are contiguous in both Jewish and Christian collections, and LXX Joshua provides two extra verses that form a ‘bridge’ to Judges. Though their Septuagintal forms are dissimilar textually, they each present particular challenges to editors. LXX Joshua is shorter than the Hebrew MT, while LXX Judges displays a very different text in the two main codices, Vaticanus and Alexandrinus. In both cases it is very difficult to determine what the original Greek translations would have looked like. The section on Joshua describes the present state of the question concerning the structure, language, and translation technique of the book. The conclusion indicates the most promising directions of the research, namely the analysis of the language in comparison with the other books of the Septuagint and with the history of the Greek language; the study of the Antiochian text in Joshua; the relationship between the Masoretic Text and the Greek text as well as between textual and literary criticism. The section on Judges classifies and describes the textual groups of Judges, including the present state of the question. Some of the most promising directions of research are the production of a critical edition of Judges in the Göttingen series maior; the analysis of the Antiochian text; the translation technique of the Old Greek and the relationship between the Masoretic Text and the different groups of Greek manuscripts, especially the groups A and B.
Illustrated Manuscripts of the Septuagint
Authors: Kominko Maja 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The chapter provides a brief overview of illustrated Greek manuscripts of the Bible, starting from Late Antiquity until the end of the Byzantine Empire. It outlines different, often conflicting, hypotheses on the origins, development, and transmission of the illustrative cycles in Byzantine Bibles. The material is organized according to the diverse biblical textual units preserved in illustrated Byzantine manuscripts. The chapter traces connections between codices, and continuity in the use of pictorial vocabulary. At the same time, it flags diverse approaches to illustrating the biblical text, from literal illustrations through to highly symbolic visual exegesis.
Manuscripts, Papyri, and Epigraphy
Authors: Theophilos Michael P. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores issues concerned with both the classification and incorporation of papyrological and epigraphic material relating to the LXX, as well as the question of how this material has and should be used in critical discussions of relevant LXX texts. Papyrological discussion is focused on the Rylands Greek Papyrus 458, Papyrus Fouad 266, select Oxyrhynchus materials, and the Berlin Genesis. Epigraphic discussion of select material specifically highlights the value of the geographical demarcation they inherently provide. Avenues for further research are highlighted as 1) definition of an LXX quotation, 2) the continued need for work on the considerable unpublished material, and 3) methodological clarity on what constitutes material evidence as being classified as ‘Jewish’, ‘Christian’, or other.
Geochemical and O–C–Sr–Nd Isotopic Constraints on the Petrogenetic Link between Aillikites and Carbonatites in the Tarim Large Igneous Province
Authors: Wang Changhong , Zhang Zhaochong , Giuliani Andrea , Cheng Zhiguo , Liu Bingxiang , Kong Weiliang 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAillikites are carbonate-rich ultramafic lamprophyres often associated with carbonatites. Despite their common field relationships, the petrogenetic links, if any, between aillikites and carbonatites remain controversial. To address this question, this study reports the results of a detailed geochemical and isotopic examination of the Permian Wajilitag aillikites in the northwestern Tarim large igneous province, including bulk-rock major- and trace-element and Sr–Nd isotope compositions, olivine major- and trace-element and (in situ secondary ion mass spectrometry) oxygen isotope compositions, oxygen isotope data for clinopyroxene separates, and bulk-carbonate C–O isotopic analyses. Olivine in the aillikites occurs in two textural types: (1) microcrysts, 0·3–5 mm; (2) macrocrysts, 0·5–2·5 cm. The microcrysts exhibit well-defined linear correlations between Fo (79–89) and minor and trace elements (e.g. Ni = 1304–3764 μg g–1 and Mn = 1363–3042 μg g–1). In contrast, the olivine macrocrysts show low Fo (79–81), Ni (5·3–442 μg g–1) and Ca (477–1018 μg g–1) and very high Mn (3418–5123 μg g–1) contents, and are displaced from the compositional trend of the microcrysts. The microcrysts are phenocrysts crystallized from the host aillikite magmas. Conversely, the lack of mantle-derived xenoliths in these aillikites suggests that the macrocrysts probably represent cognate crystals (i.e. antecrysts) that formed from earlier, evolved aillikite melts. Olivine phenocrysts in the more primitive aillikite dykes (Dyke 1) have relatively higher Fo (Fo82–89) and mantle-like oxygen isotope values, whereas those in the more evolved dykes (Dykes 2 and 3) exhibit lower Fo (Fo79–86) and oxygen isotope values that trend toward lower than mantle δ18O values. The decreasing δ13C values of carbonate from Dyke 1 to Dykes 2 and 3, coupled with the indistinguishable Sr–Nd isotopes of these dykes, suggest that the low δ18O values of olivine phenocrysts in Dykes 2 and 3 resulted from carbonate melt/fluid exsolution from a common progenitor melt. These lines of evidence combined with the overlapping emplacement ages and Sr–Nd isotope compositions of the aillikites and carbonatites in this area suggest that these exsolved carbonate melts probably contributed to the formation of the Tarim carbonatites, thus supporting a close petrogenetic relationship between aillikites and carbonatites.
State transitions and photosystems spatially resolved in individual cells of the cyanobacteriumSynechococcus elongatus
Authors: Bhatti Ahmad Farhan , Kirilovsky Diana , van Amerongen Herbert , Wientjes Emilie 
Published: February 2021

AbstractState transitions are a low-light acclimation response through which the excitation of Photosystem I (PSI) and Photosystem II (PSII) is balanced; however, our understanding of this process in cyanobacteria remains poor. Here, picosecond fluorescence kinetics was recorded for the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus using fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM), both upon chlorophyll a and phycobilisome (PBS) excitation. Fluorescence kinetics of single cells obtained using FLIM were compared with those of ensembles of cells obtained with time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. The global distribution of PSI and PSII and PBSs was mapped making use of their fluorescence kinetics. Both radial and lateral heterogeneity were found in the distribution of the photosystems. State transitions were studied at the level of single cells. FLIM results show that PSII quenching occurs in all cells, irrespective of their state (I or II). In S. elongatus cells, this quenching is enhanced in State II. Furthermore, the decrease of PSII fluorescence in State II was homogeneous throughout the cells, despite the inhomogeneous PSI/PSII ratio. Finally, some disconnected PBSs were resolved in most State II cells. Taken together our data show that PSI is enriched in the inner thylakoid, while state transitions occur homogeneously throughout the cell.
Should COVID-19 patients &gt;75 years be Ventilated? An Outcome Study
Authors: Raheja H , Chukwuka N , Agarwal C , Sharma D , Munoz-Martinez A , Fogel J , Khalid M , Hashmi A T , Ehrlich S , Waheed M A , Siddiqui S , de Brito Gomes B A , Aslam A , Merino Gualan C J , Aftab I , Tiwari A , Singh S , Pouching K , Somal N , Shani J , Rojas-Marte G 
Published: February 2021

Summary

Background
Elderly patients with COVID-19 disease are at increased risk for adverse outcomes. Current data regarding disease characteristics and outcomes in this population are limited.

Aim
To delineate the adverse factors associated with outcomes of COVID-19 patients ≥75 years of age.

Design
Retrospective cohort study.

Methods
Patients were classified into mild/moderate, severe/very severe and critical disease (intubated) based on oxygen requirements. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality.

Results
A total of 355 patients aged ≥75 years hospitalized with COVID-19 between 19 March and 25 April 2020 were included.Mean age was 84.3 years. One-third of the patients developed critical disease. Mean length of stay was 7.10 days. Vasopressors were required in 27%, with the highest frequency in the critical disease group (74.1%). Overall mortality was 57.2%, with a significant difference between severity groups (mild/moderate disease: 17.4%, severe/very severe disease: 71.3%, critical disease: 94.9%, P &lt; 0.001).Increased age, dementia, and severe/very severe and critical disease groups were independently associated with increased odds for mortality while diarrhea was associated with decreased odds for mortality (OR: 0.12, 95% CI: 0.02–0.60, P &lt; 0.05). None of the cardiovascular comorbidities were significantly associated with mortality.

Conclusion
Age and dementia are associated with increased odds for mortality in patients ≥75 years of age hospitalized with COVID-19. Those who require intubation have the greatest odds for mortality. Diarrhea as a presenting symptom was associated with lower odds for mortality.
Sub-setting systemic lupus erythematosus by combined molecular phenotypes defines divergent populations in two phase III randomized trials
Authors: Petri Michelle , Watts Steven D , Higgs Richard E , Linnik Matthew D 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Heterogeneity of SLE patients in clinical trials remains a challenge for developing new therapies. This study used a combinatorial analysis of four molecular biomarkers to define key sources of heterogeneity.

Methods
Combinations of IFN (high/low), anti-dsDNA (+/−) and C3 and C4 (low/normal) were used to subset n = 1747 patients from two randomized phase III trials. A dichotomous classification scheme defined SLE (+) as: IFN (high), anti-dsDNA (+), C3 (low) and/or C4 (low). SLE (−) required all of the following: IFN (low), anti-dsDNA (−), C3 (normal) and C4 (normal). Additional analyses subset the data further by IFN, anti-dsDNA and complement.

Results
The trials enrolled n = 2262 patients of which n = 1747 patients had data for IFN, anti-dsDNA, C3 and C4 at baseline. There were n = 247 patients in the SLE (−) population and n = 1500 patients in the SLE (+) population. The SLE (−) population had more mucocutaneous and musculoskeletal disease at baseline, while SLE (+) had more haematological, renal and vascular involvement. There was lower concomitant medication use in the SLE (−) population for corticosteroids and immunosuppressants, except for MTX. Time to severe flare was significantly longer in SLE (−) vs SLE (+) (P &lt; 0.0001) and SRI-4 response rate was significantly lower in SLE (−) vs SLE (+) (P = 0.00016). The USA had more SLE (−) patients (22%) than Mexico/Central America/South America (10%), Europe (7%) and the rest of the world (5%).

Conclusion
Combinatorial analysis of four molecular biomarkers revealed subsets of SLE patients that discriminated by disease manifestations, concomitant medication use, geography, time to severe flare and SRI-4 response. These data may be useful for designing clinical trials and identifying subsets of patients for analysis.
The clinical phenotype of systemic sclerosis patients with anti-PM/Scl antibodies: results from the EUSTAR cohort
Authors: Lazzaroni Maria-Grazia , Marasco Emiliano , Campochiaro Corrado , DeVries-Bouwstra Jeska , Gonzalez-Perez Montserrat-Ixchel , Rojas-Serrano Jorge , Hachulla Eric , Zanatta Elisabetta , Barsotti Simone , Furini Federica , Triantafyllias Konstantinos , Abignano Giuseppina , Truchetet Marie-Elise , De Luca Giacomo , De Langhe Ellen , Hesselstrand Roger , Ingegnoli Francesca , Bertoldo Eugenia , Smith Vanessa , Bellando-Randone Silvia , Poormoghim Hadi , Colombo Enrico , Ceribelli Angela , Furloni Alessio , Zingarelli Stefania , Cavazzana Ilaria , Franceschini Franco , Del Galdo Francesco , Denton Christopher P , Cavagna Lorenzo , Distler Oliver , Allanore Yannick , Airò Paolo ,   for the EUSTAR co-authors
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate clinical associations of anti-PM/Scl antibodies in patients with SSc in a multicentre international cohort, with particular focus on unresolved issues, including scleroderma renal crisis (RC), malignancies, and functional outcome of interstitial lung disease (ILD).

Methods
(1) Analysis of SSc patients from the EUSTAR database: 144 anti-PM/Scl+ without SSc-specific autoantibodies were compared with 7202 anti-PM/Scl−, and then to 155 anti-Pm/Scl+ with SSc-specific antibodies. (2) Case–control study: additional data were collected for 165 anti-PM/Scl+ SSc patients (85 from the EUSTAR registry) and compared with 257 anti-PM/Scl− SSc controls, matched for sex, cutaneous subset, disease duration and age at SSc onset.

Results
Patients with isolated anti-PM/Scl+, as compared with anti-Pm/Scl−, had higher frequency of muscle involvement, ILD, calcinosis and cutaneous signs of DM, but similar frequency of SRC and malignancies (either synchronous with SSc onset or not). The presence of muscle involvement was associated with a more severe disease phenotype. Although very frequent, ILD had a better functional outcome in cases than in controls. In patients with both anti-PM/Scl and SSc-specific antibodies, a higher frequency of typical SSc features than in those with isolated anti-PM/Scl was observed.

Conclusion
The analysis of the largest series of anti-PM/Scl+ SSc patients so far reported helps to delineate a specific clinical subset with muscle involvement, cutaneous DM, calcinosis and ILD characterized by a good functional outcome. SRC and malignancies do not seem to be part of this syndrome.
Learning from Feedback: Evidence from New Ventures*
Authors: Howell Sabrina T 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This article studies how early-stage entrepreneurs respond to negative feedback about the quality of their ventures. We use data from new venture competitions, some of which privately inform founders of their relative rank. The empirical strategy compares lower and higher ranked losers across competitions in which they did and did not observe their standing. Receiving negative feedback increases average venture abandonment by 13%. Differences in responsiveness—for example, in venture risk, venture maturity, and signal precision—are consistent with particular theories about entrepreneurship, including the importance of experimentation.
Metabolic responses of date palm (Phoenix dactyliferaL.) leaves to drought differ in summer and winter climate
Authors: Du Baoguo , Kruse Joerg , Winkler Jana Barbro , Alfarraj Saleh , Albasher Gadah , Schnitzler Joerg-Peter , Ache Peter , Hedrich Rainer , Rennenberg Heinz 
Published: February 2021

AbstractDrought negatively impacts growth and productivity of plants, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. Although drought events can take place in summer and winter, differences in the impact of drought on physiological processes between seasons are largely unknown. The aim of this study was to elucidate metabolic strategies of date palms in response to drought in summer and winter season. To identify such differences, we exposed date palm seedlings to a drought-recovery regime, both in simulated summer and winter climate. Leaf hydration, carbon discrimination (${\Delta}$13C), and primary and secondary metabolite composition and contents were analyzed. Depending on season, drought differently affected physiological and biochemical traits of the leaves. In summer, drought induced significantly decreased leaf hydration, concentrations of ascorbate, most sugars, primary and secondary organic acids, as well as phenolic compounds, while thiol, amino acid, raffinose and individual fatty acid contents were increased compared with well-watered plants. In winter, drought had no effect on leaf hydration, ascorbate and fatty acids contents, but resulted in increased foliar thiol and amino acid levels as observed in summer. Compared with winter, foliar traits of plants exposed to drought in summer only partly recovered after re-watering. Memory effects on water relations, and primary and secondary metabolites seem to prepare foliar traits of date palms for repeated drought events in summer. Apparently, a well-orchestrated metabolic network, including the anti-oxidative system, compatible solutes accumulation and osmotic adjustment, and maintenance of cell-membrane stability strongly reduces the susceptibility of date palms to drought. These mechanisms of drought compensation may be more frequently required in summer.