bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Socioeconomic Background and Gene–Environment Interplay in Social Stratification across the Early Life Course
Authors: Erola Jani , Lehti Hannu , Baier Tina , Karhula Aleksi 
Published: June 2021

AbstractTo what extent are differences in education, occupational standing, and income attributable to genes, and do genetic influences differ by parents’ socioeconomic standing? When in a children’s life course does parents’ socioeconomic standing matter for genetic influences, and for which of the outcomes, fixed at the different stages of the attainment process, do they matter most? We studied these research questions using Finnish register-based data on 6,529 pairs of twins born between 1975 and 1986. We applied genetically sensitive variance decompositions and took gene–environment interactions into account. Since zygosity was unknown, we compared same-sex and opposite-sex twins to estimate the proportion of genetic variation. Genetic influences were strongest in education and weakest in income, and always strongest among those with the most advantaged socioeconomic background, independent of the socioeconomic indicator used. We found that the shared environment influences were negligible for all outcomes. Parental social background measured early during childhood was associated with weaker interactions with genetic influences. Genetic influences on children’s occupation were largely mediated through their education, whereas for genetic influences on income, mediation through education and occupational standing made little difference. Interestingly, we found that non-shared environment influences were greater among the advantaged families and that this pattern was consistent across outcomes. Stratification scholars should therefore emphasize the importance of the non-shared environment as one of the drivers of the intergenerational transmission of social inequalities.
Marriage, the Risk of Overeducation, and Selection into Both: Evidence from Germany
Authors: Hamjediers Maik , Schmelzer Paul 
Published: June 2021

AbstractTwo competing theories of social support and role specialization have been invoked to explain how marital status affects labour market outcomes. Whereas evidence of beneficial labour market outcomes among married men and employed married women favours a social support perspective, evidence of married women’s reduced labour market participation corresponds to a role specialization perspective. We make two contributions to this literature. First, we apply both theories to first jobs in positions for which the employee is overeducated (educational attainment exceeding job requirements). Second, we employ preference theory to show how selection into marriage shapes its association with being in a position of overeducation. To account for potential selection, we model the probability of being married and the risk of starting a career in overeducation simultaneously based on retrospective data from the German National Educational Panel Study. In line with the theory of role specialization, married women seem to be more likely to start in overeducation than unmarried women. However, adjusting for selection into marriage yields lower risks of overeducation for married women and men in comparison to their unmarried counterparts. This supports the social support perspective on overqualification and highlights how selection into marriage shapes its association with labour market outcomes.
Truth Beyond the ‘Trigger Puller’: Moral Accountability, Transitional (In)Justice and the Limitations of Legal Truth
Authors: Hearty Kevin 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This article critically examines how existing truth recovery processes have, and how proposed truth recovery processes might, address the issue of shoot-to-kill in Northern Ireland. In contrast to ongoing legacy case prosecutions of British Army veterans, it argues that truth recovery processes should adopt a maximalist conceptualization of truth and responsibility. This, it is argued, necessitates differentiating between legal truth and structural truth, and between legal, political and moral responsibility. It is further submitted that such an approach would reflect the importance of identifying and understanding patterns (looking at similar cases collectively) and context (looking at the socio-political-legal backdrop to them) when establishing the ‘broad circumstances’ around disputed killings. This approach would allow truth recovery to advance beyond low-level ‘trigger pullers’ to ensure ‘moral accountability’ for the complicity of other actors within the state apparatus.
Early Changes in Interferon Gene Expression and Antibody Responses Following Influenza Vaccination in Pregnant Women
Authors: Giacomelli Cao Raquel , Christian Lisa , Xu Zhaohui , Jaramillo Lisa , Smith Bennett , Karlsson Erik A , Schultz-Cherry Stacey , Mejias Asuncion , Ramilo Octavio 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Background
Influenza immunization during pregnancy provides protection to the mother and the infant. Studies in adults and children with inactivated influenza vaccine have identified changes in immune gene expression that were correlated with antibody responses. The current study was performed to define baseline blood transcriptional profiles and changes induced by inactivated influenza vaccine in pregnant women and to identify correlates with antibody responses.

Methods
Pregnant women were immunized with inactivated influenza vaccine during the 2013–2014 and 2014–2015 seasons. Blood samples were collected on day 0 (before vaccination) and on days 1 and 7 after vaccination for transcriptional profile analyses, and on days 0 and 30, along with delivery and cord blood samples, to measure antibody titers.

Results
Transcriptional analysis demonstrated overexpression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) on day 1 and of plasma cell genes on day 7. Prevaccination ISG expression and ISGs overexpressed on day 1 were significantly correlated with increased H3N2, B Yamagata, and B Victoria antibody titers. Plasma cell gene expression on day 7 was correlated with increased B Yamagata and B Victoria antibody titers. Compared with women who were vaccinated during the previous influenza season, those who were not showed more frequent significant correlations between ISGs and antibody titers.

Conclusions
Influenza vaccination in pregnant women resulted in enhanced expression of ISGs and plasma cell genes correlated with antibody responses.
Brief summary: This study identified gene expression profiles of interferon-stimulated genes and plasma cells before vaccination and early after vaccination that were correlated with antibody responses in pregnant women vaccinated for influenza.
Embodied Conversational Agents in eHealth: How Facial and Textual Expressions of Positive and Neutral Emotions Influence Perceptions of Mutual Understanding
Authors: ter Stal Silke , Jongbloed Gerbrich , Tabak Monique 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Embodied conversational agents (ECAs) could engage users in eHealth by building mutual understanding (i.e. rapport) via emotional expressions. We compared an ECA’s emotions expressed in text with an ECA’s emotions in facial expressions on users’ perceptions of rapport. We used a $2 \times 2$ design, combining a happy or neutral facial expression with a happy or neutral textual expression. Sixty-three participants (mean, 48$ \pm $22 years) had a dialogue with an ECA on healthy living and rated multiple rapport items. Results show that participants’ perceived rapport for an ECA with a happy facial expression and neutral textual expression and an ECA with a neutral facial expression and happy textual expression was significantly higher than the neutral value of the rapport scale ($P = 0.049$ and $P = 0.008$, respectively). Furthermore, results show no significant difference in overall rapport between the conditions ($P = 0.062$), but a happy textual expression for an ECA with a neutral facial expression shows higher ratings of the individual rapport items helpfulness ($P = 0.019$) and enjoyableness ($P = 0.028$). Future research should investigate users’ rapport towards an ECA with different emotions in long-term interaction and how a user’s age and personality and an ECA’s animations affect rapport building. Optimizing rapport building between a user and an ECA could contribute to achieving long-term interaction with eHealth.
Recurrent solitary fibrous tumor of the pleura with malignant transformation: a case report
Authors: Sakamoto Risa , Hamahiro Tomoka , Maeda Ryo , Ayabe Takanori , Tomita Masaki , Tanaka Hiroyuki 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
We report a rare case of recurrent solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) of the pleura with suspicious malignant transformation. A 78-year-old man had undergone prior surgical resection of the primary and recurrent SFT tumors at 11 and 2 years before the current presentation. Although his primary tumor had a round shape and did not show invasive growth, the current recurrent tumor extended through the neural foramen and had an osteoclastic progression into the thoracic spine. A computed tomography (CT) guided needle biopsy was performed and the pathological diagnosis of the tumor was confirmed as the recurrence of SFT. Immunohistochemically, the MIB-1 proliferation index (Ki-67) of the primary tumor and the current tumor was 1.74 and 30.00%, respectively. These clinical and immunohistochemical findings were strongly suspected the malignant transformation of SFT from benign. He was treated with radiotherapy, and a response was observed.
A case of seat belt-induced small bowel rupture and Chance fracture accompanied by elevated serum amylase
Authors: Tatekawa Yukihiro 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
We report herein our experience with a 10-year-old girl who incurred injuries consistent with seat belt syndrome. The patient was involved in a low-speed motor vehicle accident while restrained in a three-point belt (shoulder and lap belts). She complained of abdominal pain and developed tenderness and abdominal guarding. On admission, enhanced computed tomography (CT) demonstrated a fluid collection in the pelvis and a fractured vertebra in the lumbar spine. The following day, her C-reactive protein and serum amylase levels were elevated and plain CT demonstrated free air in the left side of the abdominal cavity. A ruptured jejunum was detected on laparoscopy. The involved segment of intestine was resected and an end-to-end anastomosis performed. She had an uneventful post-operative course. On post-operative day 14, she was transferred to another facility to undergo therapy for her spinal fracture. After completing conservative therapy, she was discharged 5 weeks after the initial injury.
On the evolution of plant thermomorphogenesis
Authors: Ludwig Wenke , Hayes Scott , Trenner Jana , Delker Carolin , Quint Marcel 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPlants have a remarkable capacity to acclimate to their environment. Acclimation is enabled to a large degree by phenotypic plasticity, the extent of which confers a selective advantage, especially in natural habitats. Certain key events in evolution triggered adaptive bursts necessary to cope with drastic environmental changes. One such event was the colonization of land 400–500 million years ago. Compared with most aquatic habitats, fluctuations in abiotic parameters became more pronounced, generating significant selection pressure. To endure these harsh conditions, plants needed to adapt their physiology and morphology and to increase the range of phenotypic plasticity. In addition to drought stress and high light, high temperatures and fluctuations thereof were among the biggest challenges faced by terrestrial plants. Thermomorphogenesis research has emerged as a new sub-discipline of the plant sciences and aims to understand how plants acclimate to elevated ambient temperatures through changes in architecture. While we have begun to understand how angiosperms sense and respond to elevated ambient temperature, very little is known about thermomorphogenesis in plant lineages with less complex body plans. It is unclear when thermomorphogenesis initially evolved and how this depended on morphological complexity. In this review, we take an evolutionary–physiological perspective and generate hypotheses about the emergence of thermomorphogenesis.
History of pain in children
Authors: Unruh Anita M. , McGrath Patrick J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The problem of pain has always concerned humankind, as pain is a compelling call for attention and a signal to escape. Early efforts to understand pain, and its origins, features, and treatment reflected the duality between spiritual conceptualizations of pain and physiological explanations depending on the predominance of such views in a given culture. When spiritual perspectives dominated, prayer, amulets, supplication, and religious rites controlled approaches to pain treatment. Herbal remedies were often part of such strategies and might themselves been physiologically effective. In ancient writings about pain and disease, treatments for children were often given alongside discussions about the health of women. In this chapter, we trace early approaches to pain in children to the modern era, highlighting points of transition and improvements in pediatric pain management.
Prevention of the development and maintenance of pediatric chronic pain and disability
Authors: Rosenbloom Brittany N. , Pagé M. Gabrielle , Huguet Anna , Katz Joel 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Understanding the predisposing factors that confer a greater or lesser risk of developing chronic, or persistent, pain is an essential step in chronic pain prevention and management. This chapter focuses on current theoretical models that can inform prevention of pediatric pain and disability. We review the literature on known risk/protective factors, markers, correlates, and prognostic factors for the transition to chronic pain and disability across a variety of pain conditions. We distinguish between primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of pain prevention and discuss the clinical implications of this distinction.
Nociceptive signaling in the periphery and spinal cord
Authors: Hathway Gareth , Greenspon Charles M. , Baccei Mark L. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Responses to painful or noxious stimuli are functional at birth. However, postnatal changes in the transmitters, receptors, and pathways involved in nociceptive signaling result in significant age-related changes in the nature and degree of response. Noxious mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli are detected by peripheral nociceptors, transduced into electrical stimuli, and transmitted to the spinal cord. Within the spinal cord, there are significant postnatal changes in the balance of inhibitory and excitatory signaling, that not only influence the acute response to afferent input, but can also underlie long-term alterations in sensory processing following tissue injury in early life. Evaluating age-related changes in nociceptive signaling is essential not only for understanding acute behavioral responses to noxious stimuli, but also for identifying the most appropriate and effective pain-management interventions at different developmental ages.
Theoretical basis of pain
Authors: Goubert Liesbet , Pillai Riddell Rebecca , Simons Laura , Borsook David 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Pain experiences, both acute and chronic, are common in infants, children, and adolescents. The aim of this chapter is to give an overview of different biopsychosocial pediatric pain models that address acute or chronic pain. Recent insights in neural processes are discussed, as well as psychosocial mechanisms across a child’s development. The crucial role of parents in different theoretical conceptualizations is highlighted. We emphasize that both risk factors for the development of chronic pain-related disability and resilience mechanisms for adaptive child functioning should be considered. Finally, clinical implications are outlined ensuing from the different theoretical models discussed in this chapter.
Pain in the cultural context
Authors: Latimer Margot , Bombay Amy , VanEvery Rachel 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Pain and culture are complex and multifactorial phenomena. The concepts are difficult to define and measure since they intersect with the biological, psychological, and social realms. Considering the intrinsic multidimensionality of each phenomenon, we are only beginning to understand the myriad ways in which culture may influence pain. Consequently, (1) the study of the relationship between culture and pain has been fraught with methodological and theoretical challenges; and (2) there is little evidence to support specific guidelines on how to assess and treat pain of specific cultural groups. Therefore, researchers face challenges in conducting research on pain with indigenous populations.
Pain, social relationships, and school
Authors: Forgeron Paula , King Sara , Fales Jessica 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Social consequences of chronic pain for youth have only been a focus of research in the past decade. Research suggests that peer relationships, including close friendships, of children and adolescents with chronic pain may be negatively affected by pain. It has also been suggested that social reactions from others can negatively affect the child or adolescent’s pain experience. School functioning (i.e., academic performance and social engagement at school) may also be impaired as a result of chronic pain. Clinicians should understand the many challenges experienced by youth with chronic pain and should attend to the social consequences of pain when working with youth and their families. Research investigating interventions to manage the effects of chronic pain on school and social functioning is needed. However, there are some strategies that may be helpful in mitigating the negative consequences to social and school functioning associated with chronic pain.
Neuropathic pain in children
Authors: Verriotis Madeleine A. , Walker Suellen M. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Lesions or disease of the somatosensory nervous system can produce neuropathic pain (NP). Typical features include spontaneous or paroxysmal pain, often described as burning, shooting, like electric shocks, or pins and needles. NP does occur in childhood, but age at the time of injury may influence the risk of NP following traumatic nerve injuries. Whilst conditions commonly associated with NP in adults may be less common in childhood (e.g., trigeminal neuralgia), other conditions (e.g., Fabry’s disease and erythromelalgia), may present with pain in childhood and present a diagnostic challenge for paediatric practitioners.
Persisting pain in childhood medical illness
Authors: Mherekumombe Martha , Collins John J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Persistent pain in childhood and medical illness can be challenging to manage. The chapter has been revised to give a brief overview of the approach to pain management in some childhood diseases. Better understanding of the etiology of pain mechanisms guide the management of pain. In addition, an understanding of the pathophysiology of the underlying processes and utilizing a stepwise assessment and treatment approach is important. Discussion around the multifaceted approach to childhood pain management incorporating the understanding of the role and place of analgesics in managing these medical illnesses is outline. In addition, appropriate medication or analgesia prescription and the role of nonpharmacological approaches has been considered in this revision.
Behavioral measures of pain
Authors: Chorney Jill M. , McMurtry C. Meghan 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Though self-report has historically been considered the “gold-standard” measure of pain, behavioral observations are an important source of information and can address a number of limitations of self-report. In this chapter, we will review the current state of evidence on behavioral measures of pain in children and adolescents, including a brief discussion of future directions. We focus on measures that are considered to be well-established or have been included in recent systematic reviews, and provide an overview of the contexts of use (population, settings) and scoring method of each measure. We highlight areas of special consideration, including cross-cultural considerations, automaticity of behavior, and similarities and differences between behavioral conceptualizations of pain, fear, anxiety, and distress. To demonstrate the utility of behavioral scales, we also include a case study.
Biomarkers of pain in infants and children
Authors: Rotem-Kohavi Naama , Brummelte Susanne , Craig Kenneth D. , Oberlander Tim F. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Biomarkers are commonly used in clinical care and research as indicators of diseases and physiological states. Preferably, a biomarker should be readily accessible, low in cost, easy to interpret, highly specific, and sensitive to health and disease. Owing to the complexity of the pain system, no unidimensional reliable biomarker for pain has been identified that meets all of these criteria to date. In children, neurologically dependent developmental changes, maturation of physiological stress reactivity systems, and life experience add additional layers of complexity to the use of biomarkers of pain. Nevertheless, readily available and reliable biomarkers reflecting function of the pain system would greatly enhance timely and appropriate understanding and treatment of pain, especially in infants and children with communication, cognitive, and motor disabilities. This chapter examines currently available pain-related biomarkers, their use, and limitations.
Measurement of health-related quality of life and physical function
Authors: Tham See Wan , Wilson Anna C. , Murphy Lexa K. , Palermo Tonya M. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter reviews the measurement of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and physical function in pediatric pain populations, including details about questionnaire and performance-based measures, and recommendations for their use. Because many children and adolescents with pain report impairment in participation in physical activities, physical functioning is a core target and intervention outcome. The domain of physical functioning encompasses a number of constructs such as physical fitness, physical activity, and disability, which are interrelated, but represent distinct aspects of functioning. Moreover, HRQoL is a broader concept that subsumes physical and psychosocial function. There are a wide variety of measurement tools, but no established guidelines for measurement. Better understanding of assessment of HRQoL and physical function may enable clinicians and researchers to track functional performance and changes over time, and improve the design and testing of effective interventions for children with pain.
Interventional pain-management techniques for chronic pain
Authors: Sethna Navil F. , Alrayashi Walid , Dinakar Pradeep , Boretsky Karen R. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
As part of the multidisciplinary management of pediatric chronic pain, interventional pain-management (IPM) techniques can play an important role when pain is unrelieved by conventional treatment modalities. Many procedures and indications are extrapolated from adult studies, and evidence for long-term efficacy in pediatric populations is limited. Interventions range from injection techniques with local anesthetic and/or corticosteroids to neuraxial blockade with implanted catheters. In selected patients, IPM procedures can serve as useful adjuncts in multidisciplinary management of chronic pain disorders.