bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phytosterols and fatty acids, but not phytosterol esters, affect cholesterol micellarization in vitro
Authors: Brown Andrew William , Hang Jiliang , Dussault Patrick H , Carr Timothy P 
Published: June 2021

The mechanisms by which consumption of phytosterols and their fatty acyl esters decreases LDL cholesterol, an atherosclerotic risk factor, are incompletely characterized. To test the hypothesis that phytosterols, phytosterol esters, and simulated hydrolysis products of the esters differentially affect micellarization of cholesterol (a necessary step in efficient cholesterol absorption), we measured the influence of these compounds on cholesterol incorporation in model mixed‐bile micellar systems. We found that sterols and fatty acids independently altered cholesterol incorporation: oleic acid increased cholesterol micellarization as compared with palmitic and stearic acids; phytosterols resulted in an almost 50% reduction in cholesterol micellarization in a dose‐dependent manner, with no differences among phytosterols. Phytosterol esters did not incorporate into the micelles, nor did they result in a change in cholesterol micellarization. We conclude that phytosterols decrease micellarization by competition, and that fatty acids can differentially affect cholesterol micellarization.Grant Funding Source: Research supported by USDA‐NRI competitive grant no. 2007‐35200‐18298
Influence of maternal hypothyroidism in fetal cardiac Renin‐Angiotensin System (RAS)
Authors: Lino Caroline Antunes , Shibata Caroline Emy Rodrigues , Barreto‐Chaves Maria Luiza 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveThyroid hormones (TH) are critical for organogenesis and fetal development. Similarly, the RAS has also been implicated in embryogenesis. However, the possible influence exerted by maternal hypothyroidism during the pregnancy in cardiac RAS of embryos is unknown. The aim of this study was to analyze the maternal hypothyroidism effect in the expression of some RAS components in fetal heart at embryonic day 20 (ED 20).MethodsFemales Wistar rats were mating with 12 weeks of age. At gestational day 9, the dams were divided into 2 groups. The control received water and hypothyroid (hypo) group received water with Metimazol (0.02%). Dams and offspring were killed at ED20. Total body, heart, lung and renal weights of fetuses were evaluated. Western Blotting was used to evaluate AT1, AT2 and Ang I/II expression levels in fetal heart. Data were expressed as mean±SD and were analyzed using analysis of variance. Values of P<0.05 were considered statistically significant (n=5).ResultsTotal body, lung and renal weights were decreased in embryos of hypo group. However, AT1, AT2 and Ang I/II expression levels in fetal heart in hypo group were not different compared to that observed in control.ConclusionAlthough RAS is modulated during the embryogenesis period, the induction of maternal hypothyroidism was not able to promote alteration on fetal cardiac expression levels of RAS components at ED 20.
Total and high molecular weight adiponectin levels in mice with altered GH signaling
Authors: Lubbers Ellen , Miles Donald Bailey , List Edward O. , Kopchick John J. , Berryman Darlene E. 
Published: June 2021

Adiponectin, which negatively correlates to fat mass and insulin resistance, associates into high molecular weight (HMW) and low molecular weight forms. The HMW form possesses the predominate insulin sensitizing bioactivity, yet most mouse studies have reported only total levels. This study evaluates total and HMW adiponectin concentrations in giant bovine GH transgenic (bGH), dwarf GH receptor gene disrupted (GHR−/−), dwarf GH antagonist (GHA) transgenic mice fed either a high fat (HF) or low fat (LF) diet as compared to littermate controls. The bGH and GHR−/− strains represent opposites in GH signaling, with GHR−/− mice being highly insulin sensitive, obese and long‐lived in the absence of GH signaling and with bGH mice being insulin resistant, lean and short‐lived with excess GH signaling. GHA mice have repressed GH signaling are dwarf and obese, like GHR−/− mice, but do not have increased longevity or improved insulin sensitivity. GHR−/− mice on a HF and LF diet and GHA females have increased HMW, total and HMW/total adiponectin levels. Total adiponectin levels are increased in GHA males and decreased in bGH males, but there is no difference in HMW or HMW/total ratio as compared to littermate controls. The increase in total, HMW, and HMW/total adiponectin levels in the long‐lived male GHR−/− mice suggests that elevated adiponectin concentrations could contribute to their improved lifespan.Research was supported via funds from NIDDK (DK064905, DK075436), NIA (AG031736, AG19899), State of Ohio's Eminent Scholar Program that includes a gift from Milton and Lawrence Goll, DiAthegen, Diabetes Research Initiative at Ohio University, and AMVETS.Grant Funding Source: DEB was supported in part by funds from NIDDK (DK064905) and NIA (AG031736). EOL is supported by funds from NIA (AG031736) and NIDDK (DK075436). JJK is supported by funds from NIA (AG19899 and AG031736), NIDDK (DK075436), the State of Ohio's Eminent Scholar Program that includes a gift from Milton and Lawrence Goll, and a grant from DiAthegen LLC. All work was further supported by the Diabetes Research Initiative at Ohio University and by a grant from AMVETS.
Sodium selenate inhibits adipogenesis in vitro
Authors: Wiacek Julie Lynn , Kim Kee‐Hong 
Published: June 2021

Adipogenesis refers to the differentiation of predadipocytes into mature adipocytes. This process is a potential target to treat or prevent obesity. Adipogenesis not only increases fat accumulation, but also elevates inflammation and oxidative stress. Selenium, an essential micromineral, has been shown to have potent anti‐oxidative and anti‐inflammatory properties. We therefore hypothesized that selenium can serve as a potential anti‐adipogenic agent. Sodium selenate was chosen over sodium selenite due to its relatively low toxicity in 3T3‐L1 cells. We found that selenate significantly inhibits adipogenesis in vitro in a dose dependent manner. Complete inhibition was observed at 50 microM, at which there were no negative effects on cell viability. We revealed that selenate's inhibitory action is limited to the early stage (day 0 to 2) of adipogenesis. Furthermore, we found that selenate reduced mRNA expression levels of adipogenic transcription factors, such as, peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐gamma (PPAR‐gamma). More importantly, selenate was likely to maintain preadipocyte factor‐1 (Pref‐1), a preadipocyte marker gene expression, during adipogenesis. Taken together, our results support selenate's anti‐adipogenic properties in vitro. These effects are likely due to selenate‐mediated alteration of the adipogenic transcriptional program in the early stage of differentiation. This project is partially funded by the USDA‐AFRI grant and The Showalter Trust Fund Award.Grant Funding Source: USDA‐AFRI and The Showalter Trust Fund Award
Anti‐inflammatory and metabolic mechanisms by which omega‐3 fatty acids improve insulin resistance in high fat diet‐induced obese mice
Authors: Kalupahana Nishan Sudheera , Claycombe Kate , Stewart Taryn , Hadidsaz Rachael , Booker Suzanne , Siriwardhana Nalin , Moustaid‐Moussa Naima 
Published: June 2021

In this study, we investigated the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on prevention (P) and reversal (R) of high‐fat (HF) diet‐induced obesity and metabolic alterations. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed low‐fat (LF), HF or a HF‐EPA‐P diet for 11 weeks. A fourth group was initially fed HF for 6 weeks followed by HF‐EPA‐R diet for 5 weeks. As expected, mice fed HF diet developed obesity and glucose intolerance. In contrast, mice fed HF‐EPA‐P diet maintained normal glucose tolerance despite weight gain when compared to the LF group. While the HF group developed fasting hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia, both HF‐EPA groups (P and R)‐R exhibited normal glycemia and insulinemia, demonstrating EPA's ability to prevent and improve insulin resistance associated with high fat feeding. Analysis of adipokines revealed that plasma adiponectin levels were lower in the HF group, but were comparable between LF and HF‐EPA groups, regardless of the high fat content of the diet. Further analysis of adipose tissue adipokine levels and proteomic studies in cultured adipocytes demonstrated that EPA reduces adipose inflammation (MCP‐1 and PAI‐1) and lipogenesis, while increasing fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial content. These studies demonstrate that beneficial effects of EPA in improving insulin resistance are in part mediated by EPA's lipid oxidizing and anti‐inflammatory effects.Grant Funding Source: UT‐ORC, AHA and USDA‐NRI
The effects of cocaine use on dietary intake and BMI changes in HIV+ adults
Authors: Lin Olivia , Campa Adriana , Johnson Paulette , Stewart Tiffanie , Sales Sabrina , Baum Marianna K 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveCocaine use has been shown to affect appetite. This study examines the effects of cocaine use on caloric and macronutrient intake in a cohort of HIV+ drug users over a 6‐month period.MethodsAfter consenting 231 HIV+ participants, 24‐hour recalls were administered and anthropometries determined for BMI calculation at baseline, 3 and 6 months. Use, frequency and route of consumption of illicit drugs were assessed through a questionnaire and confirmed by urine toxicology.ResultsMean age was 42.7±7 years and 73.2 % were male. At baseline, use of cocaine (74.7%) was confirmed and was inversely correlated with BMI (r=−0.207, p=0.004), remaining significant over time (r= −0.202, p=0.006). Protein (z= −.904, p=0.046) and carbohydrate (z= −1.904, p=0.05) intakes significantly decreased in cocaine users over time. Changes in energy and fat intake were not significant over 6 months. Protein intake was significantly higher in those who were not using drugs compared to those using either cocaine alone or in combination with other drugs (÷2= 11.4, p=0.01).ConclusionThese findings support a significant association of sustained cocaine use with adverse changes in BMI that seems to be mediated by decreased intake of protein and carbohydrate over time, without significant changes in total energy. Further studies are needed to determine dietary recommendations for HIV+ cocaine users.Funded by NIDAGrant Funding Source: NIDA
Dietary Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in a Midwestern donor milk population
Authors: Valentine Christina Jensen , Morrow G , Haban‐Bartz A , Collins K , Hodge A , Pennell M , Welty S , Rogers L K 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundDHA is an important fatty acid for neurodevelopment and immune homeostasis in the neonate. In our first study we found low levels of DHA in donor milk (0.1mol wt%). As a result our preterm infants receive 13 mg/day of DHA fed 150ml/kg/day as compared to fetal accretion of 65 mg/day. Dietary intake correlates well with milk concentrations but a paucity of data exists as to the amount in a donor milk population.ObjectiveWe tested the hypotheses that dietary DHA would be significantly lower than 200 mg per day suggested intake for lactation.MethodsAfter IRB approval and informed consent, human milk donors to the Mother's Milk Bank of Ohio completed dietary records. Dietary Analysis was done using NDST software by a trained individual. Statistics were done using Wicoxon Signed Rank Test.ResultsN= 14 had complete records. Donor age was 27–39 years with lactational stage 2–11 months. Origin of donors were OH, PA, MA, and NY. Dietary analysis demonstrated low intake of DHA with a median value of 23 mg per day (0–194mg range) in all participants which was significantly different from 200 mg/day (p = 0.0001).Neither age nor lactational stage correlated with DHA intake.ConclusionsThe donor milk population demonstrated low dietary intake of DHA. Next, the other 9 North America milk banks should be evaluated to determine if this is a regional experience or if supplementation with DHA >200mg/day is required for mothers providing human milk.Funding: Intramural support from the Research Institute
Breastfeeding practices in Mexico: an analysis through four decades
Authors: Flores‐Quijano Maria Eugenia , Echarri‐Cánovas Carlos Javier 
Published: June 2021

Information about breastfeeding (bf) in México became available in the 70's when the global interest in fertility and birthrates brought about the first fertility surveys. These inquired about bf practices for its effect on amenorrhea and the intergenesic interval. Subsequently, in the 80's, the interest was based on the association between bf and infectious morbidity; and later, also for its potential protective role for chronic and degenerative illnesses.The objective of this study is to analytically describe the findings of six national surveys, during the 70's (1 survey), 80's (2), 90's (1) and the present decade (2), comment on the promoting/discouraging environment that has prevailed through the decades, and describe, through a multiple classification analysis of the last three surveys, how some influencing factors such as socioeconomic status (SES), mode of delivery and urban/rural origin, have changed their association to the % of women who start bf and the duration of exclusive (ebf) and any bf, through time. The % of women who start bf has risen from 83% in the 70's to 94% in 2006, but the mean duration has reduced from 12 to 5 months; ebf, which has been an uncommon practice, in 2006 had a mean duration of 2 mo. The % of women and the mean duration of bf have ceased being influenced by SES but are still associated to the rural/urban origin. C‐section is negatively associated to bf initiation, but no longer to duration.
Child Feeding Behaviors of Asian Indian Mothers
Authors: Momin Shabnam Riyazali , Olson Beth 
Published: June 2021

The increased prevalence of obesity among children in the US has not spared Asian children, as their risk of obesity increases with acculturation and birth in the US. Several parental behaviors influence children's eating habits and thereby their weight status. The purpose of this study was to assess the motivators and barriers of Asian Indian mothers in practicing child feeding behaviors. In‐depth interviews were conducted with 25 Asian Indian mothers. The interview guide was based on projective techniques, which used culturally relevant pictures and stories. Acculturation level was measured using the Suinn‐Lew Asian Self‐Identified Acculturation Scale. The mothers recognized that having family meals, modeling healthy eating behaviors, and making healthy food available and accessible at home resulted in healthful eating outcomes for children. However, they perceived a range of barriers in successfully practicing these behaviors. Despite the adverse outcomes on children's eating habits and weight, most mothers practiced behaviors such as TV viewing and eating, pressuring children to eat, restricting consumption of certain foods, and offering food rewards for finishing meals. Several factors, including cultural, were identified that contributed the performance of negative behaviors. The results indicate that there is a need to educate Asian Indian mothers about appropriate child feeding behaviors.Funded by: Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station
Prevalence of chronic health conditions and risk factors among participants in a faith‐based health campaign
Authors: Hoy‐Rosas Jamillah , Lancaster Kristie J 
Published: June 2021

IntroductionThe Central Harlem Health Revival (CHHR) was created by community and faith‐based organizations to motivate Central Harlem (CH) residents to adopt a healthier lifestyle. 67% of CH's residents are Black, suffer from a 40% higher mortality rate, and have increased rates of many chronic diseases compared to New York City residents overall. The main event is a week‐long campaign including a 2‐mile walk through the community to a rally promoting a healthy lifestyle, weekday seminars and screenings focusing on different chronic diseases, and a health fair on the last day.MethodsIn 2008, surveys assessing prevalence of chronic health conditions, weight status, fruit and vegetable intake and other health indicators were completed by residents during the campaign. Measured height and weight were used to calculate BMI.ResultsOf the 188 who completed the survey, 94% were Black, 84% were female, 41% reported having high blood pressure, 34% high cholesterol, 20% diabetes and 42% had a BMI > 25. They reported eating 2.1 servings of fruit and 1.1 of vegetables. 64% reported that they would eat healthier and 51% would increase their physical activity as a result of participating in CHHR events.ConclusionThe CHHR model can successfully reach at‐risk Black Americans and increase awareness of the need for lifestyle change in the community.This project was funded in part by the New York City Council.Grant Funding Source: Nutrition ASN
Comparison of dietary intake between female Vietnamese immigrants to Korea and Vietnamese females and immigrant's sisters living in Haiphong, Vietnam
Authors: Hwang Ji‐Yun , Kim Sun Hye , Choi Ha Ney , Lee Yo A , Chung Hye Won , Nguyet Tran Thi Phuc , Chang Namsoo , Kim Wha Young 
Published: June 2021

Dietary changes are inevitable for Vietnamese female immigrants in Korea. This study was to investigate whether dietary intake of immigrants was different from females living in their hometown and their sisters in the rural areas of Haiphong, Vietnam. A cross‐sectional study of 1471 female immigrants (data from the Cohort of Intermarried Women in Korea) and 123 Vietnamese females (data from the International Collaboration Study for the Construction of Asian Cohort) aged 20–39 years, and 47 immigrants and 54 sisters aged 20–59 years was conducted. About 15% of immigrants were current alcohol drinkers and 10% of them were current smokers whereas none of local females indicated that they were alcohol drinkers or smokers. Female immigrants consumed less cereal and cereal products and fishes, and more fruits, eggs, milk and dairy products, oil and fat and beverage than females living in their hometown and sisters. However, immigrants had less consumption of energy, carbohydrate, protein, fat, VitaminB1, and Vitamin C than local females and sisters in Vietnam. Female immigrants may change their diet after immigration to Korea but their nutrient intake was lower than that of local females and sisters. These findings may provide basic data for policymakers and dieticians in order to develop future nutrition and health programs for minority immigrants in Korea.This work was supported by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Brain Korea 21 project in 2009.
Fish Consumption and the Prevalence of Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes, and Hypertension among Women of Childbearing Age: Analysis of 2003–2006 NHANES Data
Authors: Jones Samira S , Greenwood MRC , Zidenberg‐Cherr Sheri 
Published: June 2021

Omega 3 fatty acids, docosahexanoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentanoic acid (EPA), found in fish reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance, and high blood pressure (BP) in adults. However, data presenting the relationship between these chronic diseases and fish intake status among women of childbearing age (WOC), is lacking. A secondary data analysis of the 2003–2006 NHANES dataset was conducted to assess the relationship between fish consumption and the likelihood of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and hypertension among WOC using food frequency questionnaire and clinical laboratory data. Approximately 12% of WOC were ‘high’ fish consumers (> 4 times/mo.). High fish consuming WOC were two times less likely to have high BP (>120/80 mmHg) than other moderate (1–4 times/mo) and low (≥1 times/mo) fish consuming WOC after controlling for age, income, and education. However, a negative relationship was observed for high fish consuming WOC and type 2 diabetes (HbA1c > 6.5%) with a 21% higher likelihood compared to the other WOC. High fish consuming non‐Hispanic Black (NHB) women were less likely to have type 2 diabetes than their NHB female counterparts. Results indicate the need for targeted fish consumption education strategies for WOC, specifically ethnic groups, to emphasize the relationships and effects of fish intake and health status. Supported in part by the UC Davis, Department of Nutrition.Grant Funding Source: UC Davis Department of Nutrition
A Home‐based educational intervention to caregivers in South India to improve complementary feeding and responsive feeding, and psychosocial stimulation increases dietary intake, growth and development of infants
Authors: Bentley Margaret E , Vazir Shanaz , Engle Patrice , Balakrishna N. , Johnson Susan , Creed Hilary , Griffiths Paula , Rao Sylvia Fernandez 
Published: June 2021

The 3‐arm trial had 3 groups: a Control Group (CG), receiving routine care through Integrated Child Development Services; a Complementary Food Group (CFG), receiving WHO recommendations on IYC foods; and a Complementary Feeding‐Responsive Feeding & Play Group (CFRF&PG), receiving complementary feeding recommendations plus skills for responsive feeding/psychosocial stimulation. Baseline results indicated no significant group differences. After 12 months of intervention, the median intakes of Energy, Protein, Vitamin A, Calcium, Iron and Zinc were significantly higher in CFG and CFRF&PG children, compared to the CG. After controlling for potential confounding variables at baseline, height for age was higher among children in the CFG compared to the CG. The Mental Index scores on the Bayley and some HOME subscales were significantly greater among CFRF&PG children, compared to CG and CFG children.Community‐based interventions have the potential to significantly improve dietary intake, growth, home stimulation and mental development in settings with high child malnutrition.The study was funded by the Indian Council of Medical Research and the NIH/NICHD (5 R01 HD042219‐S1), with additional funding from UNICEF/New York.
Akt regulates Raf/MEK/ERK cascade, VEGF and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression, and malignant characteristics of NSCLC cells
Authors: Jiang Kun , Rice Shawn , Sharp Tina , Qi Ji , Mu David , Han Bing , Zander Dani S. 
Published: June 2021

Phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K)/Akt‐mediated regulation of Raf/MEK/ERK activity has been identified in immune cells, the central nervous system, and skeletal muscle; however, an interaction has not been established in non‐small cell lung carcinoma (NCSLC).We examined Akt‐Raf cross‐talk in NSCLC by immunofluorescence (IF), co‐immunoprecipitation (co‐IP) and manipulation of target gene expression. While transiently expressed PI3K and Akt decreased MEK/ERK activity, functional‐deficient PI3K and Akt elevated MEK/ERK activity, suggesting that the PI3K/Akt pathway negatively regulates MEK/ERK activity in NSCLC. IF revealed Akt co‐localization with Raf but not Ras or ERK. Additionally, co‐IP confirmed an increased Akt‐Raf association and enriched cytoplasmic Raf following Akt activation. PI3K/Akt, but not MEK/ERK signaling, appears to be essential for maintaining malignant characteristics of NSCLC cells. Furthermore, both the promoter activity and protein levels of VEGF and MMP‐2 showed a PI3K/Akt‐, but not MEK/ERK‐dependent, pattern. Moreover, interference with PI3K/Akt function, but not that of MEK/ERK, decreased cell viability. These data reveal regulation of Raf/MEK/ERK by the PI3K/Akt pathway, a novel finding in NSCLC. This finding is highly relevant to understanding the pathogenesis and behavior of NSCLC and may be of value for future therapeutic directions.Research support: Penn State University College of Medicine Department of Pathology.