bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Carbon Footprint of Residency Interview Travel
Authors: Donahue Laura M. , Morgan Helen K. , Peterson William J. , Williams John A. 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT

Background
Over the last decade, medical student residency applicants have shown a substantial increase in the number of interviews attended, which is associated with a significant increase in travel. The carbon footprint associated with residency interviews has not been well documented prior to this investigation, and is a critical issue related to climate health.

Objective
The purpose of this study is to document the carbon footprint associated with travel to residency interviews of the applicants from a single institution.

Methods
Graduating medical students from the University of Michigan Medical School were surveyed in 2020 to gather information regarding travel related to residency interviews. A validated carbon emissions calculator was used to determine the associated carbon footprint.

Results
Response rate was 103 of 174 (59%). Average interviews per student across all specialties was 14.39 interviews per student. The overall class average for total carbon footprint per student was calculated as 3.07 metric tons CO2, making the class average carbon footprint per interview 0.21 metric tons CO2. If we extrapolate the results of our study to all residents, the resulting CO2 emissions approach 51 665 metric tons CO2 per year, which is equivalent to the amount of CO2 produced by 11 162 passenger cars in 1 year.

Conclusions
Medical education leaders could help reduce the carbon footprint by encouraging a reduction in number of in-person interviews attended by applicants.
ANÁLISIS DE LAS HERRAMIENTAS Y TÉCNICAS UTILIZADAS EN PRUEBA DE PENETRACIÓN PARA LA DETECCIÓN DE VULNERABILIDADES EN APLICACIONES WEB
Authors: Marcillo Parrales Marcillo Parrales , Marcillo Castro Jessica Carolina , Ortiz Hernández María Mercedes , Mero Lino Edwin Antonio 
Published: January 2021

En vista de los riesgos de ataque cibernético que se presenta en los sistemas informático, en especial en las aplicaciones web, que maneja gran cantidad de información y datos de carácter privado como, por ejemplo, publicidad comercial, páginas web turísticas, marketing digital, entro otros, una manera de prevenirlo, es actuar anticipadamente, detectando a tiempo las vulnerabilidades potenciales, que pueden ser aprovechadas por los atacantes o hacker que carecen de consideraciones éticas. Se analizan las diferentes herramientas y técnicas utilizadas en prueba de penetración para la detección de vulnerabilidades en aplicaciones web, con la finalidad de detectar las posibles amenazas, que afecten, en el correcto funcionamiento de los diferentes sistemas informáticos. La metodología aplicada fue la bibliográfica, que permitió recopilar información relevante para realizar la investigación y el método analítico-sintético que se empleó para extraer las características principales y comparar las técnicas y herramientas para la detección de vulnerabilidades en aplicaciones web, además se realizó un análisis comparativo para determinar que herramienta fue la más utilizada en los ataques cibernéticos. Se determinó, que existen muchas herramientas y técnicas que proporcionan la detección de vulnerabilidad en aplicaciones web, entre la más utilizada por los usuarios de la informática, se tiene la Qualys Guard Web Application Scanning WAS. Este análisis permitió determinar, la eficacia de las herramientas y técnicas al ser aplicadas en prueba de vulnerabilidad considerando el análisis presentado por diferentes autores, entre ellos la matriz de trazabilidad, información detallada de los hallazgos de seguridad detectados, que sirvió para establecer los diferentes tipos de ataque cibernéticos, que se producen en las páginas web.
ALABRAS CLAVE: análisis de vulnerabilidades; prueba de penetración; seguridad informática
PRACTICES OF MANAGING STUDENTS’ DIVERSITY OF RESIDENTIAL STATUS AND ACHIEVEMENT OF EDUCATIONAL GOALS IN MAKERERE UNIVERSITY (UGANDA)
Authors: Mukisa Elizabeth Juliet , Musoke Dr. Gyaviira Genza , Kimoga Joseph 
Published: January 2021

Purpose: The Purpose of the study was to explore the management practices that govern students’ residential affairs that enable the pursuit of educational goals in Makerere University. The research objective that guided the study was how management practices regarding residential affairs enabled or disabled on-campus and off-campus students to pursue their educational goals.
Methodology: Cushioned by the social justice literature we inquired on how Makerere University managed students’ residential affairs and how such management practices supported the students to achieve their educational goals. We adopted a qualitative approach informed by comparative phenomenological design. A purposive sampling technique was used to obtain 8 informants drawn from the science and humanities schools. Data was analysed qualitatively using thematic analysis.
Findings: The study found out that management practices such as allocation and flexibility regarding residential affairs enabled pursuit of educational goals. However, absence of regular supervision contributed to poorly maintained halls of residence, toilets and bathrooms are filthy, dilapidated rooms, poor security and meals. These acted as barriers in the way the students pursued their educational goals.
Contribution to theory, practice and policy: the findings and discussion will contribute to the knowledge required for managing students’ residential affairs for Makerere University and other higher learning institutions through formulation and implementation responsive strategies for convenience that enable students to accomplish their educational goals.
Unresolved binaries in open clusters
Authors: Бородина О.И. , Ковалева Д.А. 
Published: January 2021

Проведено исследование популяции двойных звезд в рассеянных звездных скоплениях Галактики с использованием данных космической миссии Европейского космического агентства Gaia. Разработаны две независимые методики определения доли неразрешенных двойных звезд в рассеянных звездных скоплениях. Методики исследованы на моделях скоплений, изучены их возможности и ограничения с учетом особенностей наблюдательных данных. Сделаны оценки доли неразрешенных двойных звезд в скоплениях NGC 2516 и NGC 2447.
A study of the binary stars population in open star clusters in the Galaxy was carried out using data from the Gaia space mission of the European Space Agency. Two independent methods have been developed for determining the fraction of unresolved binary stars in open clusters. The techniques were studied on the models of clusters, their capabilities and limitations were studied taking into account the peculiarities of the observational data. The unresolved stars fraction was estimated for the clusters NGC 2516 and NGC 2447.
On the radio beacon technique for refinement the orbit of an asteroid
Authors: Шустов Б.М. , Поль В.Г. 
Published: January 2021

Приводятся аргументы в пользу неизбежной интенсификации полетов к астероидам. Это обусловлено ростом внимания к проблеме астероидно-кометной опасности, а также быстрым ростом интереса к освоению астероидных ресурсов. Массовость полетов ставит задачу оптимизации технологии уточнения параметров движения астероидов. Метод радиопередатчика (маяка), размещенного на околоастероидной орбите, позволяет уточнить положение астероида по сравнению с обычными средствами на 2-3 порядка. Отработка такой возможности была заложена в космическом проекте «Апофис», который ранее предлагался для включения в Федеральную космическую программу, а сейчас может быть частично реализован в рамках проекта «Бумеранг».
Arguments are given in favor of the inevitable intensification of flights to the asteroids. This is due to the growing attention to the problem of asteroid/comet hazard, as well as the rapid growth of interest in exploration of asteroid resources. The massive flights require an optimal technology for refining the motion parameters of asteroid. The method of a radio transmitter (beacon) placed into a near-asteroid orbit makes it possible to refine the position of the asteroid by 2-3 orders of magnitude in comparison to conventional techniques. Working out this possibility was laid down in the “Apophis” space project, which was previously proposed for inclusion in the Federal space program, and now can be implemented in the “Boomerang” project.
A mass-weighted isentropic coordinate for mapping chemical tracers and computing atmospheric inventories
Authors: Jin Yuming , Keeling Ralph F. , Morgan Eric J. , Ray Eric , Parazoo Nicholas C. , Stephens Britton B. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract. We introduce a transformed isentropic coordinate Mθe,
defined as the dry air mass under a given equivalent potential temperature
surface (θe) within a hemisphere. Like θe, the
coordinate Mθe follows the synoptic distortions of the
atmosphere but, unlike θe, has a nearly fixed
relationship with latitude and altitude over the seasonal cycle. Calculation
of Mθe is straightforward from meteorological fields. Using
observations from the recent HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations (HIPPO) and Atmospheric Tomography Mission (ATom) airborne campaigns, we map the
CO2 seasonal cycle as a function of pressure and Mθe, where
Mθe is thereby effectively used as an alternative to
latitude. We show that the CO2 seasonal cycles are more constant
as a function of pressure using Mθe as the horizontal coordinate
compared to latitude. Furthermore, short-term variability in
CO2 relative to the mean seasonal cycle is also smaller when the data
are organized by Mθe and pressure than when organized by latitude
and pressure. We also present a method using Mθe to compute
mass-weighted averages of CO2 on a hemispheric scale. Using this method
with the same airborne data and applying corrections for limited coverage,
we resolve the average CO2 seasonal cycle in the Northern Hemisphere
(mass-weighted tropospheric climatological average for 2009–2018), yielding
an amplitude of 7.8 ± 0.14 ppm and a downward zero-crossing on Julian
day 173 ± 6.1 (i.e., late June). Mθe may be similarly
useful for mapping the distribution and computing inventories of any
long-lived chemical tracer.
Increased carbon capture by a silicate-treated forested watershed affected by acid deposition
Authors: Taylor Lyla L. , Driscoll Charles T. , Groffman Peter M. , Rau Greg H. , Blum Joel D. , Beerling David J. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract. Meeting internationally agreed-upon climate targets requires
carbon dioxide removal (CDR) strategies coupled with an urgent phase-down of
fossil fuel emissions. However, the efficacy and wider impacts of CDR are
poorly understood. Enhanced rock weathering (ERW) is a land-based CDR
strategy requiring large-scale field trials. Here we show that a low 3.44 t ha−1 wollastonite treatment in an 11.8 ha acid-rain-impacted forested watershed in New Hampshire, USA, led to cumulative carbon capture by carbonic acid weathering of 0.025–0.13 t CO2 ha−1 over 15 years. Despite a 0.8–2.4 t CO2 ha−1 logistical carbon penalty from mining,
grinding, transportation, and spreading, by 2015 weathering together with
increased forest productivity led to net CDR of 8.5–11.5 t CO2 ha−1. Our results demonstrate that ERW may be an effective, scalable
CDR strategy for acid-impacted forests but at large scales requires
sustainable sources of silicate rock dust.
Visual-Motor Perception and Handwriting Performance of Students with Mixed Subtype Dyslexia
Authors: Aparecida Capellini Simone , Sellin Larissa , D’Angelo Ilaria , Del Bianco Noemi , Giaconi Catia , Donadon Germano Giseli 
Published: January 2021

This studyaimed to characterize and compare the visual-motor perception and handwriting performance of students with mixed dyslexia and students with good academic performance. Twenty-six schoolchildren of both sexes participated in this study, aged 9 to 11 years and 11 months old, from fourth and fifth grades of an elementary school in municipal public schools, from an average socioeconomic level, divided into two groups: Group I (GI) composed of 13 students with a multidisciplinary diagnosis of mixed developmental dyslexia and Group II (GII) composed of 13 students with good academic performance from a municipal school and matched according to gender, education, and age to GI. All students in this study were subjected to the application of the following procedures: Developmental Test of Visual Perception III—DTVP-III, Dysgraphia Scale and writing analysis by NeuroScript MovAlyzeR 6.1 software. The results were analyzed statistically using the following tests: Mann-Whitney test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and Friedman test, aiming to verify intragroup and intergroup differences for the variables of interest in the DTVP-III, the Dysgraphia Scale, and the measures of handwriting speed and pressure by the MovAlyzeR software. The results were analyzed statistically at a significance level of 5% (0.050). The results showed that there were statistically significant differences between GI and GII in the parameters of the Dysgraphia Scale, floating lines, irregular spaces between words, junction points, sudden movements, and dimension irregularities. GII showed a superior performance in relation to GI in the variables analyzed with the DTVP-III in visual-motor integration, reduced motricity perception, and general visual perception. There was no statistically significant difference between GI and GII in the variables analyzed by the MovAlyzeR software. The results of this study allowed us to conclude that students with mixed dyslexia present a lower performance profile than the students with good academic performance in general visual perception, reduced motricity visual perception, and visual-motor perception skills, which may be the cause of the quality of dysgraphic writing characterized by floating lines, irregular spaces, junction points, sudden movements, and dimension irregularities.
A Broken Mirror Held to History’s Face On the Narrative Use of Computer Screens, Multi Screen Experiences, and a Transmedia Theoretical Console in the Popular Assassin’s Creed Series
Authors: Ottens Michel 
Published: January 2021

This paper presents media theorist Nanna Verhoeff’s concept of the theoretical console, as a popular and overt form of transmedia narrative. The theoretical console is taken to be a transmedia assemblage that draws attention to itself, as comprising diverse and meaningful media objects, that can be connected in a shared narrative. My main examples of this concept here are those popular video games that spatially juxtapose several types of computer screens and computer uses, with a narrative emphasis. With extensive references to theory on screened media and on transmedia narratives, Assassin’s Creed IV: Black Flag is my main example case study. Specifically, this game and its series peers encourage historiographic contemplations, by assembling a theoretical console across several media forms. Other popular video games from that series provide variations of this same transmedia constellation, this “theoretical console”. In its transmedia constellation, with a second screen mobile phone app, and other complementary screen media, the fictionalized history of Assassin’s Creed IV: Black Flag implicates elements from its actual reality, across various forms of engagement. Assassin’s Creed IV: Black Flag presents a high fidelity historical fiction, to be comprehensively enacted. It mirrors the player’s use of differing computer screens diegetically within playable frame story sections. In addition, the complementary affordances of the mobile phone app, and integrated social media websites, all encourage its player to stay involved in this fictional world, even outside immediate play. With this, the game draws many activities into a single transmedial fiction constellation. Moreover, the game diegetically references online repositories for both its fictionalized history, and actual history. This use of computer screens, to form a transmedia constellation in the form of an overt theoretical console, is shown to complement this popular game’s hypermediative narrative of a fictional shadow war secretly driving actual human history, which then meaningfully posits how to theorize history in our everyday lives.
Transmedia Narratives of Social Intervention: Affecting Reflexiveness in the Communicative Phenomenon as a Key Competence in Education
Authors: Sotelo Xiana 
Published: January 2021

Highlighting the educational grounds of transmedia frameworks, this article acknowledges the positive impact of multimedia technology in cademic achievement and focuses on the examination of the reflexiveness in the communicative phenomenon as a key competence in education. In the search for a deeper understanding of the role that transmedia formats can play in both teaching and learning, the theoretical and conceptual ground for the analysis will follow the premises of the new field called TPCK (Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge) and the well-known Seven Elements of Digital Storytelling. Moreover, a cognitive approach to narrative will be introduced to delineate the reflectiveness of the affection in linguistic and cognitive parameters.
The link between suggestibility, compliance, and false confessions: A review using experimental and field studies
Authors: Otgaar Henry , Schell‐Leugers Jennifer Maria , Howe Mark L. , Vilar Alejandra De La Fuente , Houben Sanne T. L. , Merckelbach Harald 
Published: January 2021

AbstractExpert witnesses and scholars sometimes disagree on whether suggestibility and compliance are related to people's tendency to falsely confess. Hence, the principal aim of this review was to amass the available evidence on the link between suggestibility and compliance and false confessions. We reviewed experimental data in which false confessions were experimentally evoked and suggestibility and compliance were measured. Furthermore, we reviewed field data of potential false confessions and their relationship with suggestibility and compliance. These diverse databases converge to the same conclusion. We unequivocally found that high levels of suggestibility (and to a lesser extent compliance) were associated with an increased vulnerability to falsely confess. Suggestibility measurements might be informative for expert witnesses who must evaluate the false confession potential in legal cases.
Tackling Photonic Inverse Design with Machine Learning
Authors: Liu Zhaocheng , Zhu Dayu , Raju Lakshmi , Cai Wenshan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMachine learning, as a study of algorithms that automate prediction and decision‐making based on complex data, has become one of the most effective tools in the study of artificial intelligence. In recent years, scientific communities have been gradually merging data‐driven approaches with research, enabling dramatic progress in revealing underlying mechanisms, predicting essential properties, and discovering unconventional phenomena. It is becoming an indispensable tool in the fields of, for instance, quantum physics, organic chemistry, and medical imaging. Very recently, machine learning has been adopted in the research of photonics and optics as an alternative approach to address the inverse design problem. In this report, the fast advances of machine‐learning‐enabled photonic design strategies in the past few years are summarized. In particular, deep learning methods, a subset of machine learning algorithms, dealing with intractable high degrees‐of‐freedom structure design are focused upon.
Preferential snake detection in a simulated ecological experiment
Authors: Jensen Cody H. , Caine Nancy G. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractObjectivesAccording to Isbell's snake detection theory (SDT), the need to rapidly detect and thus avoid snakes had a major impact on the evolution of the primate visual system, and thus the origin and evolution of the primate lineage, as expansion of the visual sense is a key characteristic of primates. The SDT rests on the assumption that there are both cortical (conscious) and subcortical (unconscious) brain structures and pathways that are responsible for rapid visual detection of and quick avoidance reactions to snakes. Behavioral evidence for the SDT primarily comes from visual search tasks and presentations of images on a computer screen; our aim was to evaluate the SDT under more ecologically valid circumstances.Materials and methodsWe asked participants to take a virtual hike in which a realistic model of a snake, rabbit, or bottle had been placed on the trail. Subjects were instructed simply to imagine themselves as the hiker while watching the video. We measured heart rate and skin conductance reactions while the participants viewed the video. After the video, the participants were shown pictures of the three stimuli and asked if they had seen any of them.ResultsWe found that snakes were detected more often than rabbits or bottles, and that participants showed greater changes in heart rate and greater skin conductance responses in the snake condition than in the other two conditions, even when the participant did not report having seen the snake.DiscussionA critical component of the SDT is that primates must be able to quickly detect snakes even when their attention is directed elsewhere. Using a novel experimental context—a simulated hike—we assessed arousal and detection without directing participants to attend to any particular stimulus or event. Our data support the SDT by providing evidence of enhanced detection and autonomic arousal even in the absence of detection. Replication of these results using additional controls and experimental contexts will help refine our understanding of snake avoidance by primates.
Telechelic PEG‐polymers end‐capped with chromophores: Using as cationic reactive dyes and salt‐free dyeing properties on cotton fabrics
Authors: Zhang Zhen , Wang Haiying , Sun Jie 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn this article, telechelic polymers containing polyethylene glycol (PEG) moieties as space groups were combined with chromophores to synthesize cationic reactive dyes (BCD‐R, BCD‐Y, and BCD‐B). The salt‐free dyeing performance of these telechelic polymeric cationic reactive dyes on cotton fabrics was evaluated. The exhaustion and fixation of the dyes in salt‐free dyeing was above 89.33 and 77.22%, respectively. The color fastness of dry rubbing for the three dyes reached grade 4–5, and their color fastness to light reached grade 5–6. Their washing fastness also reached grade 4–5, except for that of BCD‐Y (grade 3–4). The results showed that the dyes possessed good leveling and build‐up properties and substantivity to cellulose fiber. The zeta potential (ξ‐potential) of dyed fabric was estimated, and it was found that the ξ‐potential of the fabrics increased after dying with telechelic polymeric cationic reactive dyes, and the more dye that was used, the greater ξ‐potential increase. The exhaustion curves of dyes were also determined, and they were much different from those of anionic reactive dyes. The adsorption kinetics and isotherms of BCD‐R were investigated. It was found that the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model gave the best fit of the experimental data at all three tested dyeing temperatures (25, 45, and 65°C) with R2 values over 0.998. Both the Langmuir and Freundlich models could be used to describe the adsorption of BCD‐R onto cellulose fibers and the Langmuir model fit the experimental data better than the Freundlich model. The thermodynamic parameters (ΔG, ΔS, ΔH, and activation energy) of the dye adsorption process were researched further. The results indicated that the adsorption of BCD‐R onto cotton fibers was spontaneous and exothermic and that after adsorption onto the cotton fibers, the degree of freedom of the dye decreased.