bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunity to error through misidentification in observer memories: A moderate separatist account
Authors: Perrin Denis , McCarroll Christopher Jude 
Published: November 2021

AbstractJudgments based on episodic memory are often thought to be immune to errors of misidentification (IEM). Yet there is a certain category of episodic memories, viz. observer memories, that seems to threaten IEM. In the resulting debate, some say that observer memories are a threat to the IEM enjoyed by episodic memory (Michaelian, 2021); others say that they pose no such threat (Fernández, 2021; Lin, 2020). In this paper, we argue for a middle way. First, we frame the debate, claiming that the existing literature lacks a satisfying definition both of observer memories and of the precise issue of errors of identification in such memories. Then, we contribute to the debate by challenging an anti‐separatist view about the relation between phenomenal and intentional features of observer memories that looms behind this debate. On this view, if the rememberer's self is a phenomenal feature of the memory, by implication it is also built into the intentional content. We reject this view and offer a moderate separatist account. Distinguishing between empirically‐grounded species of observer memories, we say that the phenomenal self sometimes is, and sometimes is not built into the intentional content of the memory, and this results in different implications for IEM.
Mixtures of organic amendments and biochar promote beneficial soil microbiota and affect Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae, Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotinia minor disease suppression
Authors: Bonanomi Giuliano , Zotti Maurizio , Idbella Mohamed , Cesarano Gaspare , Al‐Rowaily Saud L. , Abd‐ElGawad Ahmed M. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe use of soil fumigants and fungicides to control soilborne pathogens is reduced due to awareness of their negative drawbacks. Long‐term application of such agrochemicals negatively affects soil microbiota and reduces natural soil suppressiveness. We investigated long‐term impacts of biochar and not‐pyrogenic organic amendment (OAs: manure, alfalfa straw and glucose), on disease suppression compared with conventional management in three pathosystems: Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae (FOL)–lettuce, Rhizoctonia solani–tomato and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum–lettuce, by conditioning soil for 2 years. Soil analyses included pH, electrical conductivity, organic carbon, total nitrogen, C:N ratio, N‐NO3−, N‐NH4+, cation exchange capacity, available phosphorus, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, fluorescein diacetate (FDA), and total and active limestone. Soil microbiota was characterized by combining BIOLOG EcoPlates with next‐generation sequencing of 16S and 18S rRNA genes. Soil amended with OAs generally suppressed disease by S. sclerotiorum and FOL compared to fumigants and synthetic fertilizers. However, the incidence of R. solani infection was lower in soil treated with synthetic fertilizers than soil amended with OAs. EC, pH, C:N, N‐NO3−, N‐NH4+, FDA and BIOLOG were significantly correlated with disease, depending on pathosystem. Bacterial richness and diversity, presence of some genera like Acidobacteria, Chloracidobacteria, Solibacteres, Anaerolineae, Nitrospira and Deltaproteobacteria were negatively related to disease incidence of FOL and S. sclerotiorum, whereas damping‐off caused by R. solani was negatively affected by the presence of Flavobacterium and Chitinofagha. Therefore, we concluded that long‐term application of OAs can effectively improve soil suppressiveness and reduce disease incidence against root pathogens, although the effects vary considerably depending upon pathosystem.
Modeling Epistemic Uncertainty in Offshore Wind Farm Production Capacity to Reduce Risk
Authors: Zitrou Athena , Bedford Tim , Walls Lesley 
Published: November 2021

AbstractFinancial stakeholders in offshore wind farm projects require predictions of energy production capacity to better manage the risk associated with investment decisions prior to construction. Predictions for early operating life are particularly important due to the dual effects of cash flow discounting and the anticipated performance growth due to experiential learning. We develop a general marked point process model for the times to failure and restoration events of farm subassemblies to capture key uncertainties affecting performance. Sources of epistemic uncertainty are identified in design and manufacturing effectiveness. The model then captures the temporal effects of epistemic and aleatory uncertainties across subassemblies to predict the farm availability‐informed relative capacity (maximum generating capacity given the technical state of the equipment). This performance measure enables technical performance uncertainties to be linked to the cost of energy generation. The general modeling approach is contextualized and illustrated for a prospective offshore wind farm. The production capacity uncertainties can be decomposed to assess the contribution of epistemic uncertainty allowing the value of gathering information to reduce risk to be examined.
Examining Insensitivity to Probability in Evidence‐Based Communication of Relative Risks: The Role of Affect and Communication Format
Authors: Heard Claire Louise , Rakow Tim 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAffect can influence judgments of event riskiness and use of risk‐related information. Two studies (Ns: 85 and 100) examined the insensitivity‐to‐probability effect—where people discount probability information when scenarios are affect‐rich—applying it to evidence‐informed risk communication. We additionally investigated whether this effect is moderated by format, based on predictions from the evaluability and pattern‐recognition literatures, suggesting that graphical formats may attenuate insensitivity to probability. Participants completed a prior beliefs questionnaire (Study 1), and risk perception booklet (both studies) that presented identical statistical information about the relative risks associated with two scenarios—one with an affect‐rich outcome, the other an affect‐poorer outcome. In Study 1, this was presented graphically. In Study 2, information was presented in one of three formats: written, tabular, or graphical. Participants provided their perceptions of the risk for each scenario at a range of risk‐levels. The affect‐rich scenario was perceived as higher in risk, and, importantly, despite presenting identical relative risk information in both scenarios, was associated with a reduced sensitivity to probability information (both studies). These differences were predicted by participants’ prior beliefs concerning the scenario events (Study 1) and were larger for the single‐item written format than graphical format (Study 2). The findings illustrate that insensitivity to probability information can occur in evidence‐informed risk communications and highlight how communication format can moderate this effect. This interplay between affect and format therefore reflects an important consideration for information designers and researchers.
Root‐to‐shoot iron partitioning in Arabidopsis requires IRON‐REGULATED TRANSPORTER1 (IRT1) protein but not its iron(II) transport function
Authors: Quintana Julia , Bernal María , Scholle Marleen , Holländer‐Czytko Heike , Nguyen Nga T. , Piotrowski Markus , Mendoza‐Cózatl David G. , Haydon Michael J. , Krämer Ute 
Published: November 2021

SUMMARYIRON‐REGULATED TRANSPORTER1 (IRT1) is the root high‐affinity ferrous iron (Fe) uptake system and indispensable for the completion of the life cycle of Arabidopsis thaliana without vigorous Fe supplementation. Here we provide evidence supporting a second role of IRT1 in root‐to‐shoot partitioning of Fe. We show that irt1 mutants overaccumulate Fe in roots, most prominently in the cortex of the differentiation zone in irt1‐2, compared to the wild type. Shoots of irt1‐2 are severely Fe‐deficient according to Fe content and marker transcripts, as expected. We generated irt1‐2 lines producing IRT1 mutant variants carrying single amino‐acid substitutions of key residues in transmembrane helices IV and V, Ser206 and His232, which are required for transport activity in yeast. Root short‐term 55Fe uptake rates were uninformative concerning IRT1‐mediated transport. Overall irt1‐like concentrations of the secondary substrate Mn suggested that the transgenic Arabidopsis lines also remain incapable of IRT1‐mediated root Fe uptake. Yet, IRT1S206A partially complements rosette dwarfing and leaf chlorosis of irt1‐2, as well as root‐to‐shoot Fe partitioning and gene expression defects of irt1‐2, all of which are fully complemented by wild‐type IRT1. Taken together, these results suggest a regulatory function for IRT1 in root‐to‐shoot Fe partitioning that does not require Fe transport activity of IRT1. Among the genes of which transcript levels are partially dependent on IRT1, we identify MYB DOMAIN PROTEIN10, MYB DOMAIN PROTEIN72 and NICOTIANAMINE SYNTHASE4 as candidates for effecting IRT1‐dependent Fe mobilization in roots. Understanding the biological functions of IRT1 will help to improve Fe nutrition and the nutritional quality of agricultural crops.
Effectiveness of conditional cash transfers for uptake and retention in HIV prevention of mother-to-child transmission services in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Hadis Mamuye , Solomon Dagmawit , Mideksa Samson , Bogale Firmaye , Gebreyohannes Yosef 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT

Objective:
This systematic review will identify and synthesize evidence on the effectiveness of conditional cash transfers for the uptake and retention in prevention of mother-to-child transmission services in pregnant and/or breastfeeding women with HIV infection in low- and middle-income countries.

Introduction:
Regardless of the effectiveness of prevention of mother-to-child transmission services, uptake and retention in such services remains poor in low- and middle-income countries. This review intends to evaluate the effectiveness of conditional cash transfers in improving uptake and retention in such services for pregnant and/or breastfeeding women with HIV infection.

Inclusion criteria:
This review will consider studies that evaluate the impact of conditional cash transfers on uptake and retention in prevention of mother-to-child transmission services in pregnant and/or breastfeeding women with HIV. Studies will compare conditional cash transfers with no intervention or other interventions. Only studies carried out in low- and middle-income countries will be eligible for inclusion.

Methods:
Eight databases will be searched. Publication status will not be considered as a criterion for inclusion. Studies published in English since 2000 will be considered, because prevention of mother-to-child transmission services were first introduced in that year. Following the search, two independent reviewers will screen titles and abstracts against the inclusion criteria, critically appraise eligible studies for methodological quality using JBI critical appraisal tools, and extract data from included studies using a standardized data extraction tool. Where possible, quantitative data will be pooled using statistical meta-analysis.

Systematic review registration number:
PROSPERO CRD42021236729
Reporting of patient journey mapping in current literature: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Davies Ellen L. , Pollock Danielle , Graham Amy , Laing Robert E. , Langton Vikki , Bulto Lemma , Kelly Janet 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT

Objective:
This scoping review will assess the literature that documents or utilizes patient journey mapping methodologies in health care settings. It will also examine the reporting processes of studies that use this methodology.

Introduction:
Health care systems are complex and can be challenging for patients to navigate. Using patient journey mapping as a research method promotes a deeper understanding of patient experiences when navigating these systems. Patient journey mapping provides valuable insights into where systems are working well, where gaps in care exist, and how the system could respond to these gaps.

Inclusion criteria:
This review will consider peer-reviewed articles and publicly available academic literature documenting patient journey mapping methodologies. The review will also consider studies providing guidance and recommendations on how to report patient journey mapping studies in health care services and systems.

Methods:
The proposed review will follow JBI guidance for scoping reviews. The following databases will be searched: MEDLINE, Embase, Emcare, PsycINFO, Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, the Directory of Open Access Journals, Informit, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global. The search will not be limited to year of publication but will be limited to studies reported in English. The PRISMA-ScR extension will be used to document the literature search. Two reviewers will screen titles, abstracts, and full-text articles. An extraction table will be used to extract relevant data from all included articles and to facilitate data analysis.
A Meta-Analysis: Whether Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Improves Dysfunction Caused by Stroke with Lower Limb Spasticity
Authors: Liu Yu , Li Hong , Zhang Jun , Zhao Qing-qing , Mei Hao-nan , Ma Jiang 
Published: November 2021

Objective. To evaluate the efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in improving lower limb spasticity after stroke. Methods. The PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), China Biology Medicine (CBM) disc, China Science and Technology Journal Database (VIP), and Wanfang databases were searched online from their inception to May 2021 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for lower extremity spasticity after stroke. Valid data were extracted from the included literature, and the quality evaluation was conducted with the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions along with the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale (PE-Dro scale). The data that met the quality requirements were systematically analysed using Review Manager 5.4 software. Results. A total of 554 patients from seven articles (nine studies) were quantitatively analysed. Outcomes included the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS), Fugl–Meyer Assessment of Lower Extremity (FMA-LE), Modified Barthel Index (MBI), and Timed Up and Go (TUG), measured as the effect of rTMS compared with controls conditions after treatment. The systematic review showed that rTMS reduced MAS and increased MBI scores, respectively (SMD = −0.24, 95% CI [−0.45, −0.03],

P

= 0.02; MD = 6.14, 95% CI [−3.93,8.35],

P

＜ 0.00001), compared with control conditions. Low-frequency rTMS (LF-rTMS) significantly improved FMA-LE scores (SMD = 0.32, 95% CI [0.13, 0.51],

P

= 0.001). However, there was no significant difference in FMA-LE scores when using high-frequency rTMS (HF-rTMS) (

P

> 0.1) and in TUG times (

P

> 0.1) between the treatment and control groups. Conclusions. rTMS was effective in improving spasticity and activities of daily living. LF-rTMS has positive clinical effects on enhancing motor function in patients who experience lower extremity spasticity after stroke. To better validate the above conclusions, more multicentre, high-quality, and double-blind randomized controlled trials are needed.
De l’intelligence et des femmes
Authors: Ghersetti Antonella 
Published: November 2021

Résumé
Dans les Akhbār al-adhkiyāʾ (Histoires de personnes intelligentes), un ouvrage d’adab consacré aux personnes d’intelligence aiguë, Ibn al-Jawzī (d. 597/1200) traite des histoires des « femmes sagaces » (al-nisāʾ al-mutafaṭṭināt). Les anecdotes sur les femmes figurent dans un chapitre qui s’inscrit en contraste – par ses critères de catégorisation – avec les autres chapitres du livre. Cet agencement textuel spécifique vise-t-il à définir une intelligence typiquement féminine, ou une manière particulière pour les femmes de manifester leur intelligence ? Pour étudier cette question, je m’intéresserai d’abord à la conception de l’intelligence qui émerge dans les Akhbār al-adhkiyāʾ, en la comparant également avec le concept de mètis ; ensuite, je questionnerai les anecdotes du chapitre sur les femmes intelligentes dans la perspective des théories de Luce Irigaray.
The ‘Essential Practices’ Doctrine
Authors: Kaul Dushyant Kishan 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This article explores how the Supreme Court of India, in applying the judicial doctrine of ‘essential practices’, has embarked on a dangerous exercise of determining whether a particular religious practice is significant enough to warrant constitutional protection under Article 25(1) or not. In tracing a string of judgments, it shows how courts have been guilty of making ill-founded observations about the validity of religious practices, thereby detrimentally affecting religious groups and minorities. Due to this constitutional transgression, the question of ‘what is essentially religious’ turned into the question of ‘what is essential in religion’. The court has neither the right nor the expertise to decide if the religious practice indeed is ‘essential’. State intervention is warranted only based on constitutionally stipulated restrictions of ‘public order’, ‘morality’ and ‘health’. The cardinal rule ought to be of limited state intervention but maximum protection.
A Pilot Assessment of How Muslim Scientists Perceive Inclusion in the Scientific Workplace
Authors: Ferguson Jauhara , Ecklund Elaine Howard 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Much of the social science literature on how religious and scientific communities relate to one another is focused on the relationship Christian communities have to science in the US and to a lesser extent the UK. Our pilot research begins to address this gap by studying Muslim scientists, a key group of actors who are important to understanding the social implications of global discussions about religion and science. We ask: How do Muslim scientists in non-Muslim majority national contexts perceive the relationship between religion and science and the connection between their faith and their work? In this pilot study, we analyze 13 in-depth interviews with Muslim scientists from three non-Muslim majority national contexts—France, India, and the United Kingdom. We find that Muslim scientists in our sample generally view their faith as compatible with their identities as scientists. Despite this connection, Muslim scientists do not consider the scientific workplace to be a supportive environment for their faith expression and believe the visibility of Muslim identity creates the potential for religious discrimination in science. Initial findings contribute to our understanding of how national context shapes religious experiences and highlights potential challenges to facilitating more religiously plural workplace environments.
Gazella arabica dareshurii: a remarkable relict population on Farur Island, Iran
Authors: Fadakar Davoud , Raam Mojdeh , Lerp Hannes , Ostovar Ali , Rezaei Hamid Reza , Bärmann Eva V. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe islands in the Persian Gulf are home to several species of gazelles, i.e.,Gazella bennettii,G. subgutturosa, and a new subspecies of Mountain gazelles which was discovered on Farur Island and described for the first time in 1993 asGazella gazella dareshurii. Later, phylogenetic analyses showed that the Mountain gazelles consist of two species:G. gazellaandG. arabica. As the Farur gazelles are more closely related to the Arabian forms of the Mountain gazelles, this subspecies is regarded to beG. arabica dareshurii. Until now, the origin of this subspecies has been an enigma.ResultsHere, we used mitochondrial cytb, two nuclear introns (CHD2 and ZNF618), and morphological data to address this question by investigating the taxonomic position of the Farur gazelles. The results show that this population is monophyletic and split from otherG. arabicapopulations probably 10,000 BP.ConclusionsIt is a natural relict population that was trapped on the island due to the rising sea levels of the Persian Gulf after the Last Glacial Maximum. Intermittent drought and flooding are suggested to be the main factors balancing population growth in the absence of natural predators on this monsoon-influenced island. Conservation actions should focus on preserving the natural situation of the island (cease introducing mesquite tree and other invasive species, stop building new construction and roads, and caution in providing water sources and forage), and possibly introducing individuals to other islands (not inhabited by gazelles) or to fenced areas on the Iranian mainland (strictly isolated from other gazelle populations) when the population reaches the carrying capacity of the island.
Prevalence of HIV infection and high-risk behaviors in truck and bus drivers in Kurdistan province
Authors: Karimi Aisan , Ghanei Gheshlagh Reza , Afkhamzadeh Abdorrahim , Faraji Obeidollah , Rahmani Khaled 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Background
Truck, bus, transit drivers, and men with mobile jobs are at high risk for HIV/AIDS. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of HIV and risky behaviors among truck and bus drivers in Kurdistan province.

Methods
This cross-sectional study was conducted on 601 bus and truck drivers in Kurdistan province during 2018–2019. Data on high-risk behaviors were collected using a standard questionnaire. ELISA test was used to detect HIV in the study participants. Data were analyzed using Chi-square, Mann–Whitney U tests, and logistic regression modeling in Stata-14 software.

Results
The mean and standard deviation of the age of study participants was 44.04 ± 11.44 years. HIV rapid test was positive in two subjects; in other words, the prevalence of HIV in the study population was 0.33%. Ninety-two (15.3%) individuals reported a history of drug use, with one (1.1%) having a history of injecting drugs. One hundred and thirty-one (21.8%) of them had a history of high-risk sexual behavior outside of marriage.

Conclusion
According to the results of the present study, the prevalence of high-risk behaviors in bus and truck drivers is high. It seems necessary to direct the drivers’ attention to self-care while considering disciplinary intervention programs to prevent the use of drugs, cigarettes, alcohol along with high-risk sexual behaviors to maintain the health of drivers and passengers.