bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influences of the Mid‐Latitude Westerly Trough on Stratospheric Gravity Waves Generated by Typhoon Lekima (2019)
Authors: Wang Xu , Zhang Lifeng , Wang Yuan , Zhang Yun 
Published: November 2021

AbstractCharacteristics of the gravity waves (GWs) in the lower stratosphere, produced by typhoon “Lekima” (2019) after its landfall, are studied using simulations with the high‐resolution WRF‐ARW4.2 model. In particular, the Characteristics and sources of the GWs are investigated. The results show that the GWs have a significant wavelength of 200–400 km and a significant period of 2.5–10 hr. The characteristics of stratospheric gravity wave induced by the typhoon after landing are affected by a westerly trough at mid‐latitude. The GWs are reconstructed by Fourier inversion transform in the significant spectral region in order to reveal the source of waves inducing the stratospheric GWs. The frequency of reconstruction gravity waves varies with time, and the meridional wavenumber varies with latitude. The GW intensity (GWI) has two peak values during the interested period from 10 to 11 August 2019. The first peak in GWI is the result of the in‐phase superposition of the GWs induced by the jet stream and the typhoon, when the two waves propagate almost in the same direction. The second intensity peak occurred when the trough moved away. The correlation between GWI and the typhoon and the trough are analyzed. It is found that the main factor affecting the changes of GWI is the northward movement of the trough. The location and strength of the typhoon and trough and their interaction are used to fit variations in GWI.
Accounting for Fine‐Scale Forest Structure is Necessary to Model Snowpack Mass and Energy Budgets in Montane Forests
Authors: Broxton Patrick D. , Moeser C. David , Harpold Adrian 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAccurately modeling the effects of variable forest structure and change on snow distribution and persistence is critical to water resource management. The resolution of many snow models is too coarse to represent heterogeneous canopy structure in forests, and therefore, most models simplify forest effects on snowpack mass and energy budgets. To quantify the loss of snowpack prediction from simplifications of forest canopy‐mediated processes, we applied a high‐resolution energy balance snowpack model at two forested sites at a fine (1 m2) and coarse (100 m2) spatial resolution. Simulating open and forested areas separately, as is done in many land surface models (LSMs), leads to biases between the coarse and fine‐scale simulations because there is no representation of areas that are near (e.g., <15 m from) trees but with no overhead canopy, which are common in forests of low to medium tree density. Consistent with previous LSM intercomparisons, the coarser simulations predict greater under‐canopy radiation (by 30%–80% at our sites), faster snow ablation (by almost 2×), and earlier snow disappearance (by 1–22 days). Many of these biases are reduced dramatically or eliminated when canopy edge environments are considered in the coarser simulations. Furthermore, remaining disagreement between the 100‐m and 1‐m models can be partially explained by using a combination of tree height, canopy cover, and canopy edginess (which together can explain 46%–96% of remaining model biases). The lack of information about canopy edges and other fine‐scale forest structure characteristics in many current LSMs may limit their reliability for simulating forest disturbance.
A State‐of‐the‐Art Review of Optimal Reservoir Control for Managing Conflicting Demands in a Changing World
Authors: Giuliani M. , Lamontagne J. R. , Reed P. M. , Castelletti A. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe state of the art for optimal water reservoir operations is rapidly evolving, driven by emerging societal challenges. Changing values for balancing environmental resources, multisectoral human system pressures, and more frequent climate extremes are increasing the complexity of operational decision making. Today, reservoir operations benefit from technological advances, including improved monitoring and forecasting systems as well as increasing computational power. Past research in this area has largely focused on improving solution algorithms within the limits of the available computational power, using simplified problem formulations that can misrepresent important systemic complexities and intersectoral interactions. In this study, we review the recent literature focusing on how the operation design problem is formulated, rather than solved, to address existing challenges and take advantage of new opportunities. This paper contributes a comprehensive classification of over 300 studies published over the last years into distinctive categories depending on the adopted problem formulation, which clarifies consolidated methodological approaches and emerging trends. Our analysis also suggests that control policy design methods may benefit from broadening the types of information that is used to condition operational decisions, and from using emulation modeling to identify low‐order, computationally efficient surrogate models capturing realistic representations of river basin systems' complexity in order to isolate key decision‐relevant processes. These advances in reservoir operations hold significant promise for better addressing the challenges of conflicting human pressures and a changing world, which is particularly important, given the renewed interest in dam construction globally.
Impacts of Rossby Wave Packets and Atmospheric Rivers on Meteorological Drought in the Continental United States
Authors: Han Jeongwoo , Singh Vijay P. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractDrought is among the costliest natural disasters and its spatiotemporal scales are larger than those of other water‐related disasters. However, our understanding of drought causative mechanisms is less than complete, inhibiting accurate drought forecasting and early warning. While sea surface temperature teleconnection governs the 10%–60% precipitation variability at intra‐seasonal to multiannual scales, some of the unexplained variability can be understood by internal atmospheric variability, represented by Rossby wave packets (RWPs), and implications of atmospheric rivers (ARs). The amplitude and phase speed of the recurrent RWPs (RRWPs) and the atmospheric river index developed in this study were used to analyze the impacts of RWPs and ARs on droughts detected by three‐dimensional drought clustering algorithms for the continental U.S. during 1951–2015. The occurrence of RRWPs raised the likelihood of the occurrence of more severe drought than did the non‐occurrence of RRWPs. The increase in the occurrence of RRWPs with low phase speed escalated drought severity, area, and duration. Furthermore, the drying ARs affected drought by increasing the severity and area of extreme droughts. We measured the level of contributions of RRWPs and ARs to extreme drought occurrences. The drying ARs contributed more to extreme droughts than did RRWPs. However, the co‐occurrence of ARs and RRWPs contributed more than did each individually. Our findings of the implications of RRWPs and ARs on drought characteristics offer the potential to improve our understanding of drought causative mechanisms that can enhance the proactive drought mitigation measures.
CHD5 inhibits metastasis of neuroblastoma
Authors: Laut Astrid K. , Dorneburg Carmen , Fürstberger Axel , Barth Thomas F. E. , Kestler Hans A. , Debatin Klaus-Michael , Beltinger Christian 
Published: November 2021

AbstractCHD5, a tumor suppressor at 1p36, is frequently lost or silenced in poor prognosis neuroblastoma (NB) and many adult cancers. The role of CHD5 in metastasis is unknown. We confirm that low expression of CHD5 is associated with stage 4 NB. Forced expression of CHD5 in NB cell lines with 1p loss inhibited key aspects of the metastatic cascade in vitro: anchorage-independent growth, migration, and invasion. In vivo, formation of bone marrow and liver metastases developing from intravenously injected NB cells was delayed and decreased by forced CHD5 expression. Genome-wide mRNA sequencing revealed reduction of genes and gene sets associated with metastasis when CHD5 was overexpressed. Known metastasis-suppressing genes preferentially upregulated in CHD5-overexpressing NB cells included PLCL1. In patient NB, low expression of PLCL1was associated with metastatic disease and poor survival. Knockdown of PLCL1 and of p53 in IMR5 NB cells overexpressing CHD5 reversed CHD5-induced inhibition of invasion and migration in vitro. In summary, CHD5 is a metastasis suppressor in NB.
A quantitative approach for trap analysis between Al0.25Ga0.75N and GaN in high electron mobility transistors
Authors: Amir Walid , Shin Ju-Won , Shin Ki-Yong , Kim Jae-Moo , Cho Chu-Young , Park Kyung-Ho , Hoshi Takuya , Tsutsumi Takuya , Sugiyama Hiroki , Matsuzaki Hideaki , Kim Tae-Woo 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe characteristics of traps between the Al0.25Ga0.75N barrier and the GaN channel layer in a high-electron-mobility-transistors (HEMTs) were investigated. The interface traps at the Al0.25Ga0.75N/GaN interface as well as the border traps were experimentally analyzed because the Al0.25Ga0.75N barrier layer functions as a dielectric owing to its high dielectric constant. The interface trap density Dit and border trap density Nbt were extracted from a long-channel field-effect transistor (FET), conventionally known as a FATFET structure, via frequency-dependent capacitance–voltage (C–V) and conductance–voltage (G–V) measurements. The minimum Dit value extracted by the conventional conductance method was 2.5 × 1012 cm−2·eV−1, which agreed well with the actual transistor subthreshold swing of around 142 mV·dec−1. The border trap density Nbt was also extracted from the frequency-dependent C–V characteristics using the distributed circuit model, and the extracted value was 1.5 × 1019 cm−3·eV−1. Low-frequency (1/f) noise measurement provided a clearer picture of the trapping–detrapping phenomena in the Al0.25Ga0.75N layer. The value of the border trap density extracted using the carrier-number-fluctuation (CNF) model was 1.3 × 1019 cm−3·eV−1, which is of a similar level to the extracted value from the distributed circuit model.
Alterations in meibomian glands in patients treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy for head and neck cancer
Authors: Chen Xiangjun , Badian Reza A. , Hynne Håvard , Amdal Cecilie Delphin , Herlofson Bente Brokstad , Utheim Øygunn Aass , Westgaard Kristine Løken , Fineide Fredrik , Jensen Janicke Liaaen , Utheim Tor Paaske 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPatients undergoing intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) for head and neck cancer may have increased incidence of dry eye disease and the exact mechanism is unclear. The present study aims to assess tear film and meibomian gland (MG) features in patients who received IMRT for head and neck cancer not involving the orbital area. Twenty-seven patients (64.7 ± 9.8 years) and 30 age-matched controls (61.4 ± 11.0 years) underwent a comprehensive dry eye work-up. Compared to the control group, the patients had more lid margin abnormalities, and worse meibum quality. The MG loss, calculated as (tarsal area-MG area)/tarsal area, was higher in the patient group in both the upper (53.0 ± 12.0% vs. 35.1 ± 10.3%, p < 0.001) and lower lids (69.5 ± 12.6% vs. 48.5 ± 12.5%, p < 0.001). In the patient group, more MG loss in the lower lids correlated with worse meibum quality (r = 0.445, p = 0.029). In contrast, there was no significant difference in aqueous tear production level, measured with Schirmer test. Patients treated with IMRT for head and neck cancer seemed to have comparable lacrimal gland function to the controls despite more dry eye symptoms. However, the patients had MG functional and morphological changes, which may present a higher risk for developing dry eye disease.
Public Health Frameworks in Audiology Education: Rationale and Model for Implementation
Authors: Warren Sarah E. , Levy Marian 
Published: November 2021

Purpose:
Hearing health care is a public health priority at the national and global levels, yet training in clinical audiology programs lacks formal public health education. The purpose of this review article is to discuss audiology concepts in terms of the public health framework of assessment, policy, and assurance and describe two approaches for implementing public health frameworks into audiology doctoral programs.

Method:
This review article provides a review of audiology concepts through the framework of public health and discusses the rationale for why public health concepts are critical to achieving population-level objectives in hearing health care. We compare competencies of audiology and public health education and then provide a model for two methods for implementing public health education into audiology doctoral programs: (a) formal integration of public health concepts into existing coursework or curricula and (b) a dual doctor of audiology (AuD) and master's in public health (MPH) degree track.

Conclusions:
Public health is present in the field of audiology, and the field has many public health objectives; however, audiologists do not receive the training necessary to recognize public health concepts or meet population-level objectives. Educating future audiologists in public health concepts will provide them with the tools needed to work with other hearing professionals to make population-level advances in hearing health care. A subset of students may want to become experts in public health and wish to pursue a dual AuD/MPH track.
The Effect of Levosimendan on Phosphine-Induced Nephrotoxicity:
Biochemical and Histopathological Assessment
Authors: Baeeri Maryam , Rahimifard Mahban , Armandeh Maryam , Bameri Behnaz , Khalid Madiha , Haghi-Aminjan Hamed , Farhadi Ramtin , Abdollahi Mohammad 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Background Aluminum phosphide (AlP) toxicity is associated with a high
risk of death due to heart, liver, and kidney failure as the target organs.
Phosphine gas released due to the ingestion is the main factor involved in the
multi-organ failure with various mechanisms. Levosimendan (LEV) is a calcium
sensitizer with a pleiotropic effect on multiple organs. This study aimed to
investigate whether LEV can alleviate AlP-induced nephrotoxicity in the rat
model.
Method Six groups included control group (almond oil only), sole LEV group
(48 µg/kg), AlP group
(LD50=10 µg/kg), and the poisoned groups treated
with LEV at doses of 12, 24, and 48 µg/kg 30 min
after AlP gavage. After 24 hours of treatment, serum and kidney samples
were taken for biochemical and histopathological analyses.
Result Biochemical analysis of the AlP group showed that the activity of
complexes I, II, and IV was significantly reduced, while the levels of lipid
peroxidation (LPO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), lactate, and
myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity significantly increased. Also, AlP reduced live
renal cells and elevated necrosis. However, the levels of serum creatinine and
blood urea nitrogen were not affected by the poisoning. LEV co-treatment could
increase mitochondrial complex activity and reduce MPO activity, LPO, ROS, and
lactate levels. Additionally, the histopathological analysis showed the
detrimental effects of AlP on kidney tissue, which was mitigated by LEV
administration.
Conclusion Our findings showed that LEV can potentially improve oxidative
stress, imbalance in the redox status, necrosis, and pathological injuries in
kidney tissue following AlP-poisoning.
Silylated Sugars – Synthesis and Properties
Authors: Bols Mikael , Frihed Tobias Gylling , Pedersen Martin Jæger , Pedersen Christian Marcus 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSilicon has been used in carbohydrate chemistry for half a century, but mostly as a protective group for sugar alcohols. Recently, the use of silicon has expanded to functionalization via C–H activation, conformational arming of glycosyl donors, and conformational alteration of carbohydrates. Silicon has proven useful as more than a protective group and during the last one and a half decades we have demonstrated how it influences both the reactivity of glycosyl donors and stereochemical outcome of glycosylations. Silicon can also be attached directly to the sugar C-backbone, which has even more pronounced effects on the chemistry and properties of the molecules. In this Account, we will give a tour through our work involving silicon and carbohydrates.1	Introduction2	Conformational Arming of Glycosyl Donors with Silyl Groups3	Silyl Protective Groups for Tethering Glycosyl Donors4.	Si–C Glycosides via C–H Activation4.1	C–H Activation and Oxidation of Methyl 6-Deoxy-l-glycosides4.2	Synthesis of All Eight 6-Deoxy-l-sugars4.3	Synthesis of All Eight l-Sugars by C–H Activation4.4	Modification of the Oxasilolane Ring5	C–Si in Glycosyl Donors – Activating or Not?6	Si–C-Substituted Pyranosides7	Perspective
Can Nanoparticles in Homeopathic Remedies Enhance Phototherapy of Cancer? A Hypothetical Model
Authors: Loonat Ayesha , Pellow Janice , Abrahamse Heidi , Chandran Rahul 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe continuous rise in cancer incidence places a massive burden on the health sector to increase efforts in the fight against cancer. As a holistic complementary medicine modality, homeopathy has the potential to assist in the supportive and palliative treatment of cancer patients. Recent empirical studies demonstrate the presence of silica and original source nanoparticles in ultra-high dilutions of several homeopathic medicines. Recent studies have also demonstrated the efficacy of phototherapy in inducing the ablation of cancer cells through laser-activated nanoparticle photosensitizers. A new hypothetical research model is presented herein, in an attempt to investigate and compare the phototherapeutic effects of homeopathic source nanoparticles with photosensitizing nanoparticle agents that have previously been tested.
Bright mid-infrared photoluminescence from high dislocation density epitaxial PbSe films on GaAs
Authors: Meyer Jarod , Muhowski Aaron J. , Nordin Leland , Hughes Eamonn , Haidet Brian , Wasserman Daniel , Mukherjee Kunal 
Published: November 2021

We report on photoluminescence in the 3–7 µm mid-wave infrared (MWIR) range from sub-100 nm strained thin films of rocksalt PbSe(001) grown on GaAs(001) substrates by molecular beam epitaxy. These bare films, grown epitaxially at temperatures below 400 °C, luminesce brightly at room temperature and have minority carrier lifetimes as long as 172 ns. The relatively long lifetimes in PbSe thin films are achievable despite threading dislocation densities exceeding 109 cm−2 arising from island growth on the nearly 8% lattice- and crystal-structure-mismatched GaAs substrate. Using quasi-continuous-wave and time-resolved photoluminescence, we show that the Shockley–Read–Hall recombination is slow in our high dislocation density PbSe films at room temperature, a hallmark of defect tolerance. Power-dependent photoluminescence and high injection excess carrier lifetimes at room temperature suggest that degenerate Auger recombination limits the efficiency of our films, although the Auger recombination rates are significantly lower than equivalent III–V bulk materials and even a bit slower than expectations for bulk PbSe. Consequently, the combined effects of defect tolerance and low Auger recombination rates yield an estimated peak internal quantum efficiency of roughly 30% at room temperature, unparalleled in the MWIR for a severely lattice-mismatched thin film. We anticipate substantial opportunities for improving performance by optimizing crystal growth as well as understanding Auger processes in thin films. These results highlight the unique opportunity to harness the unusual chemical bonding in PbSe and related IV–VI semiconductors for heterogeneously integrated mid-infrared light sources constrained by tight thermal budgets in new device designs.
Quantitative assessment reveals the dominance of duplicated sequences in germline-derived extrachromosomal circular DNA
Authors: Mouakkad-Montoya Lila , Murata Michael M. , Sulovari Arvis , Suzuki Ryusuke , Osia Beth , Malkova Anna , Katsumata Makoto , Giuliano Armando E. , Eichler Evan E. , Tanaka Hisashi 
Published: November 2021

Significance
Extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) plays a role in human diseases such as cancer, but little is known about the impact of eccDNA in healthy human biology. Since eccDNA is a tiny fraction of nuclear DNA, artificial amplification has been employed to increase eccDNA amounts, resulting in the loss of native compositions. We developed an approach to enrich eccDNA populations at the native state (naïve small circular DNA, nscDNA) and investigated their origins in the human genome. We found that, in human sperm, the vast majority of nscDNA came from high-copy genomic regions, including the most variable regions between individuals. Because eccDNA can be incorporated back into chromosomes, eccDNA may promote human genetic variation.
Broken detailed balance and entropy production in the human brain
Authors: Lynn Christopher W. , Cornblath Eli J. , Papadopoulos Lia , Bertolero Maxwell A. , Bassett Danielle S. 
Published: November 2021

SignificanceTo perform biological functions, living systems must break detailed balance by consuming energy and producing entropy. At microscopic scales, broken detailed balance enables a suite of molecular and cellular functions, including computations, kinetic proofreading, sensing, adaptation, and transportation. But do macroscopic violations of detailed balance enable higher-order biological functions, such as cognition and movement? To answer this question, we adapt tools from nonequilibrium statistical mechanics to quantify broken detailed balance in complex living systems. Analyzing neural recordings from hundreds of human subjects, we find that the brain violates detailed balance at large scales and that these violations increase with physical and cognitive exertion. Generally, we provide a flexible framework for investigating broken detailed balance at large scales in complex systems.
Auditory startle disrupts speech coordination
Authors: Chiu Chenhao , Gick Bryan 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Speech production requires temporal coordination between the actions of different functional groupings of muscles in the human body. Crucially, such functionally organized units, or “modules”, may be susceptible to disruption by an external stimulus such as a startling auditory stimulus (SAS; >120dB), enabling a possible window into the internal structure of learned speech movements. Following on the observation that SAS is known to accelerate the release of pre-planned actions, the current study examines lip kinematics in SAS-induced responses during speech movements to test whether this accelerated release applies on the scale of entire syllables or on the scale of smaller functional units. Production measures show that SAS-elicited bilabial movements in [ba] syllables are prone to disruption as measured by discontinuity in velocity profiles. We use a 3D finite element method (FEM) biomechanical model to simulate the temporal interaction between muscle groupings in speech. Simulation results indicate that this discontinuity can be accounted for as an instance of temporally decoupled coordination across neuromuscular modules. In such instances, the muscle groupings controlling lip compression and jaw opening, which normally fire sequentially, appear more likely to be activated synchronously.