bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vapor Pressure and Physicochemical Properties of {LiBr + IL-Based Additive + Water} Mixtures: Experimental Data and COSMO-RS Predictions
Authors: Królikowska Marta , Skonieczny Michał , Paduszyński Kamil , Zawadzki Maciej 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn recent years, many compounds have been proposed as additives to conventional working fluids to improve the performance of the absorption refrigeration system. The main aim of this research is to show the influence of ionic liquid based additives on thermodynamic and physicochemical properties of {LiBr + water} solutions. The following additives: 3-(1-methyl-morpholinium)propane-1-sulfonate, N,N-di(2-hydroxyethyl)-N,N-dimethylammonium bromide, and N,N,N-tri(2-hydroxy-ethyl)-N-methylammonium bromide have been added to aqueous lithium bromide solutions (IL to LiBr mass fraction, w2 = 0.3). The physicochemical and thermodynamic properties of {LiBr (1) + additive (2) + water (3)} and {LiBr + water} systems including (vapor + liquid) phase equilibria (VLE), density (ρ) and dynamic viscosity (η) were determined over wide temperature and composition ranges. The conductor-like screening model for real solvents (COSMO-RS) was used for the VLE data prediction. For the density and dynamic viscosity correlations, empirical equations were applied. A comparison of experimental data for {LiBr + additive + water} with those for {LiBr + water} systems shows the influence of using the additives proposed in this work. The data presented are complementary to the current state of knowledge in this area and provide directions for future research.
Classroom Predictors of National Belonging: The Role of Interethnic Contact and Teachers’ and Classmates’ Diversity Norms
Authors: van Vemde Lian , Hornstra Lisette , Thijs Jochem 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSchools can be important for the development of national belonging in students with immigrant backgrounds. Following Contact Theory and prior research on diversity norms, this cross-sectional survey study examined if intergroup contact and perceived diversity norms of teachers and classmates predicted national belonging in ethnic minority (i.e., Turkish [n = 95], Moroccan [n = 73], and Surinamese [n = 15]) versus majority students (n = 213) living in the Netherlands (Mage = 10.53 years; 50.3% female). Minority students reported less national belonging than their ethnic Dutch classmates. Multilevel analyses indicated that their national belonging was affected by the presence of ethnic Dutch classmates and the relationship with their teacher. These results indicate that minority students’ national belonging could be promoted by reducing school segregation and stimulating positive teacher-student relationships.
Topological Approach to Mathematical Programs with Switching Constraints
Authors: Shikhman Vladimir 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe study mathematical programs with switching constraints (for short, MPSC) from the topological perspective. Two basic theorems from Morse theory are proved. Outside the W-stationary point set, continuous deformation of lower level sets can be performed. However, when passing a W-stationary level, the topology of the lower level set changes via the attachment of a w-dimensional cell. The dimension w equals the W-index of the nondegenerate W-stationary point. The W-index depends on both the number of negative eigenvalues of the restricted Lagrangian’s Hessian and the number of bi-active switching constraints. As a consequence, we show the mountain pass theorem for MPSC. Additionally, we address the question if the assumption on the nondegeneracy of W-stationary points is too restrictive in the context of MPSC. It turns out that all W-stationary points are generically nondegenerate. Besides, we examine the gap between nondegeneracy and strong stability of W-stationary points. A complete characterization of strong stability for W-stationary points by means of first and second order information of the MPSC defining functions under linear independence constraint qualification is provided. In particular, no bi-active Lagrange multipliers of a strongly stable W-stationary point can vanish.
Urban ecosystem services in strategic planning in Swedish municipalities
Authors: Sang Åsa Ode , Hagemann Frederik Aagaard , Ekelund Nils , Svännel Jessica 
Published: April 2021

AbstractResearch to date on urban ecosystem services has mainly been conducted in large cities, particularly in China, the USA and some European countries. This study examined the provision of urban ecosystem services in a Swedish municipality context, based on interviews with municipal stakeholders in strategic management and planning from six municipalities and a review of existing publications readily available to practitioners. The analysis focused on (1) the ecosystem services explicitly covered, (2) whether multifunctionality was covered and specific synergies and trade-offs identified and, (3) the spatial scale and context used for ecosystem services (valuation/mapping, planning, design or maintenance) in practical application. The results showed that regulatory services are very much the focus in municipal operations as well as in publications available to practitioners. This is reflected in the implementation of the concept through problem solving often related to regulatory services, using multifunctionality and win-win situations in ecosystem service supply. These findings contribute to the growing body of work exploring how the concept of ecosystem services is adapted and utilised in practice.
Comparative toxicity of ionic and nanoparticulate zinc in the species Cymodoce truncata, Gammarus aequicauda and Paracentrotus lividus
Authors: Prato Ermelinda , Fabbrocini Adele , Libralato Giovanni , Migliore Luciana , Parlapiano Isabella , D’Adamo Raffaele , Rotini Alice , Manfra Loredana , Lofrano Giusy , Carraturo Federica , Trifuoggi Marco , Biandolino Francesca 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDue to the continuous development, production and consumption of nanoparticles (NPs), their release, fate and effects in marine coastal environment can represent a major concern. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and compare it to bulk ZnSO4 on three macroinvertebrates: the isopod Cymodoce truncata (i.e. used for the first time in ecotoxicology), the amphipod Gammarus aequicauda and the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. This study showed concentration- and time-dependent relationships for all biological models for both ZnO NPs and ZnSO4. Both Zn forms elicited high toxicity to G. aequicauda and C. truncata juveniles, but ZnO NPs induced comparable responses to both species (96h-LC50 = 0.30 and 0.37 mg/L for G. aequicauda and C. truncata, respectively; p > 0.05), while differences were found after ZnSO4 exposure (96h-LC50 = 0.28 and 0.63 mg/L, respectively; p < 0.05). ZnO NPs generated sub-lethal effects on P. lividus embryos (72h-EC50 = 0.04 (0.03, 0.05) mg/L), not significantly different from ZnSO4 ones (72h-EC50 = 0.06 (0.05, 0.07) mg/L). Effects of ZnO NPs were similar to existing literature data for other testing species. C. truncata can be considered as a promising new biological model in (nano)ecotoxicology.
Graphical abstract
Evaluation of triethanolamine-cashew nutshell liquid derivatives as crude oil emulsion breakers
Authors: Victor-Oji C. O. , Chukwu U. J. , Akaranta O. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThree bio-based crude oil emulsion breakers have been prepared from agricultural waste by chemical treatment of cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL) extract with triethanolamine via a one-pot reaction at 120 ℃. The triethanolamine-ester derivatives were characterized by Fourier Transform–InfraRed spectroscopy. Their effectiveness as crude oil emulsion breakers were investigated experimentally using the bottle test method. The effect of solvent type, water content, and concentration of the emulsion breaker, was used to study the demulsification process and determine their demulsification efficiency at a temperature of 60 ℃ for a contact time of 180 min. A commercial demulsifier, PhaseTreat 4633 (PT-4633) was used as a benchmark. Performance evaluation of the prepared emulsion breakers revealed their effectiveness in descending order as: triethanolamine dianacardate (TED) > triethanolamine trianacardate (TET) > triethanolamine anacardate (TEA). The data reveals that their emulsion breaking efficiency increases with increasing emulsion water content, and concentration. PT-4633 exhibited better demulsification efficiency than the triethanolamine-esters in xylene across the concentration and water content studied. Improved water separation was however observed for the triethanolamine-esters in butanol, as triethanolamine trianacardate (TET) performed better than PT-4633 at 10 ppm to 20 ppm at 30% water content with a water separation of 83.33% and 80% respectively. The evaluated triethanolamine ester derivatives exhibited better emulsion breaking potentials in butanol than xylene at shorter times, which may be due to the synergistic effect of butanol. Therefore, butanol could be used as a sustainable solvent substitute for xylene in demulsifier formulations.
Effect of Various Types of Intermittent Fasting (IF) on Weight Loss and Improvement of Diabetic Parameters in Human
Authors: Nowosad Karolina , Sujka Monika 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Purpose of Review
A number of recent studies have suggested that intermittent fasting is as effective as traditional calorie restriction (CR) for weight loss and for cardioprotection. However, it is still unclear whether IF improves diabetes risk indicators as does CR. This review provides an overview of various patterns of intermittent fasting and shows the effect of intermittent fasting on human anthropometric such as excess body weight and biochemical parameters for example high glucose and fasting insulin, which are risk factors for diabetes.

Recent Findings
There is a growing body of evidence pointing to the benefits of intermittent fasting for glucose and insulin homeostasis, but this should be confirmed by further studies in population groups with (or at high risk) type II diabetes and insulin resistance. Long-term studies are also needed that could reveal potential negative health effects that some studies report.

Summary
Eleven studies in overweight/obese adult people that included changes in weight, body composition, and diabetic parameters (fasting glucose, fasting insulin, HbA1c concentration, and HOMA-IR index) were published between 2012 and 2020. Seven studies concerning the effects of alternate day fasting (ADF) on weight loss and diabetic parameters were analyzed. All of them have shown the effects of ADF on weight loss and slight improvement in diabetic parameters. For time-restricted feeding (TRF), a significant improvement in the HOMA-IR index was observed in 2 studies. One study saw an increase in fasting glucose. An analysis of 2 studies using a complete alternate day fasting (CADF) was performed. One study showed decrease in fasting glucose and insulin, and in one a decrease in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was observed.

Conclusion
Different types of intermittent fasting reduce body weight and reduce diabetes parameters such as fasting glucose, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR index, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c).
Simply too much: the extent to which weight bias internalization results in a higher risk of eating disorders and psychosocial problems
Authors: Gmeiner Michaela Silvia , Warschburger Petra 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPurposeWeight bias internalization (WBI) is associated with negative health consequences such as eating disorders and psychosocial problems in children. To date, it is unknown to what extent WBI considerably raises the risk of negative outcomes.MethodsAnalyses are based on cross-sectional data of 1,061 children (9–13 years,M = 11,SD = 0.9; 52.1% female) who filled in the WBI scale (WBIS-C). First, ROC analyses were run to identify critical cut-off values of WBI (WBIS-C score) that identify those who are at higher risk for psychosocial problems or eating disorder symptoms (as reported by parents). Second, it was examined whether WBI is more sensitive than the relative weight status in that respect. Third, to confirm that the cut-off value is also accompanied by higher psychological strain, high- and low-risk groups were compared in terms of their self-reported depressive symptoms, anxious symptoms, body dissatisfaction, and self-esteem.ResultsWBIS-C scores ≥ 1.55 were associated with a higher risk of disturbed eating behavior; for psychosocial problems, no cut-off score reached adequate sensitivity and specificity. Compared to relative weight status, WBI was better suited to detect disturbed eating behavior. Children with a WBIS-C score ≥ 1.55 also reported higher scores for both depressive and anxious symptoms, higher body dissatisfaction, and lower self-esteem.ConclusionThe WBIS-C is suitable for identifying risk groups, and even low levels of WBI are accompanied by adverse mental health. Therefore, WBI is, beyond weight status, an important risk factor that should be considered in prevention and intervention.Level of evidenceLevel III, cross-sectional analyses based on data taken from a well-designed, prospective cohort study.
An enhanced chimp optimization algorithm for continuous optimization domains
Authors: Jia Heming , Sun Kangjian , Zhang Wanying , Leng Xin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractChimp optimization algorithm (ChOA) is a recently proposed metaheuristic. Interestingly, it simulates the social status relationship and hunting behavior of chimps. Due to the more flexible and complex application fields, researchers have higher requirements for native algorithms. In this paper, an enhanced chimp optimization algorithm (EChOA) is proposed to improve the accuracy of solutions. First, the highly disruptive polynomial mutation is used to initialize the population, which provides the foundation for global search. Next, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient of the chimps with the lowest social status is calculated with respect to the leader chimp. To reduce the probability of falling into the local optimum, the beetle antennae operator is used to improve the less fit chimps while gaining visual capability. Three strategies enhance the exploration and exploitation of the native algorithm. To verify the function optimization performance, EChOA is comprehensively analyzed on 12 classical benchmark functions and 15 CEC2017 benchmark functions. Besides, the practicability of EChOA is also highlighted by three engineering design problems and training multilayer perceptron. Compared with ChOA and five state-of-the-art algorithms, the statistical results show that EChOA has strong competitive capabilities and promising prospects.
Fostering Spatial Ability Through Computer-Aided Design: a Case Study
Authors: Dilling Frederik , Vogler Amelie 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSpatial ability is considered a major factor of intelligence and is increasingly important in times of digitization. This article explores the fostering of spatial ability through computer-aided design software. Different notions of spatial ability will be discussed, and, finally, a concept consisting of five aspects will be described. In addition, literature reviews on the connection between the use of computers and the fostering of spatial ability, as well as on the use of 3D printing technology in mathematics education, are given. Building on this, a case study is presented which examines the work of two middle-school students using computer-aided design software within a workshop at the University of Siegen. From the data material, basic possible actions within such software are derived. These are, based on theory, connected with the five aspects of the specific concept of spatial ability used. The results show various perspectives for the fostering of spatial ability with computer-aided design software.
Transmission of SARS-Cov-2 and other enveloped viruses to the environment through protective gear: a brief review
Authors: Petrosino Francesco , Mukherjee Debolina , Coppola Gerardo , Gaudio Maria Teresa , Curcio Stefano , Calabro Vincenza , Marra Francesco , Bhattacharya Prosun , Pal Umapada , Khélifi Nabil , Chakraborty Sudip 
Published: April 2021

AbstractOver the past two decades, several deadly viral epidemics have emerged, which have placed humanity in danger. Previous investigations have suggested that viral diseases can spread through contaminants or contaminated surfaces. The transmission of viruses via polluted surfaces relies upon their capacity to maintain their infectivity while they are in the environment. Here, a range of materials that are widely used to manufacture personal protective equipment (PPE) are summarized, as these offer effective disinfection solutions and are the environmental variables that influence virus survival. Infection modes and prevention as well as disinfection and PPE disposal strategies are discussed. A coronavirus-like enveloped virus can live in the environment after being discharged from a host organism until it infects another healthy individual. Transmission of enveloped viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 can occur even without direct contact, although detailed knowledge of airborne routes and other indirect transmission paths is still lacking. Ground transmission of viruses is also possible via wastewater discharges. While enveloped viruses can contaminate potable water and wastewater through human excretions such as feces and droplets, careless PPE disposal can also lead to their transmission into our environment. This paper also highlights the possibility that viruses can be transmitted into the environment from PPE kits used by healthcare and emergency service personnel. A simulation-based approach was developed to understand the transport mechanism for coronavirus and similar enveloped viruses in the environment through porous media, and preliminary results from this model are presented here. Those results indicate that viruses can move through porous soil and eventually contaminate groundwater. This paper therefore underlines the importance of proper PPE disposal by healthcare workers in the Mediterranean region and around the world.
Spacecraft collision avoidance challenge: Design and results of a machine learning competition
Authors: Uriot Thomas , Izzo Dario , Simões Luís F. , Abay Rasit , Einecke Nils , Rebhan Sven , Martinez-Heras Jose , Letizia Francesca , Siminski Jan , Merz Klaus 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSpacecraft collision avoidance procedures have become an essential part of satellite operations. Complex and constantly updated estimates of the collision risk between orbiting objects inform various operators who can then plan risk mitigation measures. Such measures can be aided by the development of suitable machine learning (ML) models that predict, for example, the evolution of the collision risk over time. In October 2019, in an attempt to study this opportunity, the European Space Agency released a large curated dataset containing information about close approach events in the form of conjunction data messages (CDMs), which was collected from 2015 to 2019. This dataset was used in the Spacecraft Collision Avoidance Challenge, which was an ML competition where participants had to build models to predict the final collision risk between orbiting objects. This paper describes the design and results of the competition and discusses the challenges and lessons learned when applying ML methods to this problem domain.
Engine performance and exhaust emissions of Garcinia gummi-gutta based biodiesel–diesel and ethanol blends
Authors: Ajith B. S. , Math M. C. , Manjunath Patel G. C. , Parappagoudar Mahesh B. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe use of abundantly available Garcinia gummi-gutta seeds grown at forest lands and ethanol a by-product of sugar industries has led to resource conservation and their use as alternate fuel to diesel engines for pollution reduction. Garcinia gummi-gutta (GGG) oil-based methyl esters blended with 20% ethanol and diesel fuel composed of six fuel samples (D100, B20E20, B30E20, B40E20, B100E20 and B100) are tested at different engine loads (0%, 20%, 40%, 80% and 100%) for their practical usefulness in diesel engine. Six fuel samples are tested for fuel properties. Biodiesel–diesel–ethanol blends showed approximately closer fuel properties to standard diesel fuel. Tests are carried out experimentally to know their performance and emission characteristics of six test samples fuelled in diesel engine varied subjected to different loads. Brake specific fuel consumption for all biodiesel blends is slightly higher for diesel fuel and its proportion decreases with increase in engine load. At full load engine condition, the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) for diesel fuel is 26.25%, and for biodiesel blends vary in the ranges of 22.5 to 25.2%. Compared to diesel fuel there is a reduction in 32.56% of carbon monoxide (CO) emission and 35.71% of hydrocarbon (HC) emission for biodiesel fuel (B100E20). For all biodiesel blended fuels tested at all engine loads, the oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions are marginally higher than diesel fuel. At full load engine condition, B100E20 (100% diesel and 20% ethanol) reduces CO emissions by 6.45%, HC emissions by 6.64%, and increases BTE by 0.8%, compared to neat biodiesel (B100). GGG based biodiesel blended with ethanol resulted with better fuel properties, performance and emission characteristics to that of diesel fuel. Garcinia gummi-gutta seed yields 45% of oil with a high conversion ratio to biodiesel of 1:0.96, which help the industry for biodiesel production in large scale at reduced cost.
Adoptees facing adolescence: What accounts for their psychological well‐being?
Authors: Ranieri Sonia , Ferrari Laura , Danioni Francesca Vittoria , Canzi Elena , Barni Petra , Rosnati Rosa , Rodriguez Maite Roman 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTIntroductionIn accordance with the “resilience paradigm”, this study was aimed at exploring the role of the parent‐child relationship in supporting internationally adopted adolescents’ ability to develop a strong adoptive identity and a feeling of satisfaction with their own life.MethodsParticipants were 105 Italian adopted adolescents (13–17 years) asked to complete a self‐report questionnaire.ResultsResults showed that adolescents generally feel fairly comfortable discussing adoption‐related issues (especially with their mothers), have a medium‐high level of adoptive identity, and appear to be quite satisfied with their life. Moreover, while adoptive identity mediates the association between openness in communication regarding adoption and adoptees’ well‐being with mothers, father‐child communication openness has a direct influence on well‐being.ConclusionsFindings highlighted that the quality of mother‐child and father‐child relationship plays a crucial role in guiding the process of adoptees’ identity formation and influencing their well‐being. Recommendations for professionals working with adoptive families were discussed.
Real-world assessment of severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) nasopharyngeal swab testing in a region with a high burden of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
Authors: Sangal Rohit B. , Peaper David R. , Rothenberg Craig , Fadlallah Hasan , Mobolaji-Lawal Motunrayo , Landry Marie L. , Sussman L. Scott , Ulrich Andrew , Venkatesh Arjun K. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractConcerns persist regarding possible false-negative results that may compromise COVID-19 containment. Although obtaining a true false-negative rate is infeasible, using real-life observations, the data suggest a possible false-negative rate of ˜2.3%. Use of a sensitive, amplified RNA platform should reassure healthcare systems.