bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transcranial sonography in differential diagnosis of Parkinson disease and other movement disorders
Authors: Wang Li-Shu , Yu Teng-Fei , Chai Bin , He Wen 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background:
Reports evaluating the efficacy of transcranial sonography (TCS) for the differential diagnosis of Parkinson disease (PD) and other movement disorders in China are scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the application of TCS for the differential diagnosis of PD, multiple system atrophy (MSA), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), and essential tremor (ET) in Chinese individuals.

Methods:
From 2017 to 2019, 500 inpatients treated at the Department of Dyskinesia, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University underwent routine transcranial ultrasound examination. The cross-sections at the midbrain and thalamus levels were scanned, and the incidence rates of substantia nigra (SN) positivity and the incidence rates of lenticular hyperechoic area were recorded. The echo of the SN was manually measured.

Results:
Of the 500 patients, 125 were excluded due to poor signal in temporal window sound transmission. Among the 375 individuals with good temporal window sound transmission, 200 were diagnosed with PD, 90 with ET, 50 with MSA, and 35 with PSP. The incidence rates of SN positivity differed significantly among the four patient groups (χ
2 = 121.061, P < 0.001). Between-group comparisons were performed, and the PD group showed a higher SN positivity rate than the ET (χ
2 = 94.898, P < 0.017), MSA (χ
2 = 57.619, P < 0.017), and PSP (χ
2 = 37.687, P < 0.017) groups. SN positivity showed a good diagnostic value for differentiating PD from the other three movement diseases, collectively or individually. The incidences of lenticular hyperechoic area significantly differed among the four patient groups (χ
2 = 38.904, P < 0.001). Next, between-group comparisons were performed. The lenticular hyperechoic area was higher in the PD group than in the ET (χ
2 = 6.714, P < 0.017) and MSA (χ
2 = 18.680, P < 0.017) groups but lower than that in the PSP group (χ
2 = 0.679, P > 0.017).

Conclusion:
SN positivity could effectively differentiate PD from ET, PSP, and MSA in a Chinese population.
Colorectal cancer incidence and mortality: the current status, temporal trends and their attributable risk factors in 60 countries in 2000–2019
Authors: Lu Bin , Li Na , Luo Chen-Yu , Cai Jie , Lu Ming , Zhang Yu-Han , Chen Hong-Da , Dai Min 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background:
Globally, colorectal cancer (CRC) imposes a substantial burden on healthcare systems and confers considerable medical expenditures. We aimed to evaluate the global and regional burden in epidemiological trends and factors associated with the incidence and mortality of CRC.

Methods:
We used data from the GLOBOCAN database to estimate CRC incidence and mortality worldwide in 2020 and their association with the human development index (HDI). Trends of age-standardized rates of incidence and mortality in 60 countries (2000–2019) were evaluated by Joinpoint regression analysis using data of Global Burden of Disease 2019. The association between exposure to country-level lifestyle, metabolic and socioeconomic factors obtained from the World Health Organization Global Health Observatory and World Bank DataBank data and CRC incidence and mortality was determined by multivariable linear regression.

Results:
CRC incidence and mortality varied greatly in the 60 selected countries, and much higher incidence and mortality were observed in countries with higher HDIs, and vice versa. From 2000 to 2019, significant increases of incidence and mortality were observed for 33 countries (average annual percent changes [AAPCs], 0.24–3.82) and 18 countries (AAPCs, 0.41–2.22), respectively. A stronger increase in incidence was observed among males (AAPCs, 0.36–4.54) and individuals <50 years (AAPCs, 0.56–3.86). Notably, 15 countries showed significant decreases in both incidence (AAPCs, −0.24 to −2.19) and mortality (AAPCs, −0.84 to −2.74). A significant increase of incidence among individuals <50 years was observed in 30 countries (AAPCs, 0.28–3.62). Countries with higher incidence were more likely to have a higher prevalence of alcohol drinking, higher level of cholesterol level, higher level of unemployment, and a poorer healthcare system.

Conclusions:
Some high-HDI countries showed decreasing trends in CRC incidence and mortality, whereas developing countries that previously had low disease burden showed significantly increased incidence and mortality trends, especially in males and populations ≥50 years, which require targeted preventive health programs.
Leveraging Systems Science to Promote the Implementation and Sustainability of Mental Health and Psychosocial Interventions in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Authors: Greene M. Claire , Huang Terry T. K. , Giusto Ali , Lovero Kathryn L. , Stockton Melissa A. , Shelton Rachel C. , dos Santos Palmira , Saúte Francisco , Wainberg Milton L. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Advancements in global mental health implementation research have revealed promising strategies for improving access to evidence-based mental health care. These advancements have not translated, however, into a reduced prevalence of mental disorders. In this review we examine the relationships between determinants (i.e., barriers and facilitators) and outcomes of mental health services in low- and middle-income countries to identify opportunities for improving the population-level impact and sustainability of innovations in global mental health. We identified three key implementation and services outcomes that influenced the prevalence of mental disorders in the 56 included review articles: supply (access, implementation), demand (help seeking, utilization), and quality (effectiveness, quality of care) of mental health services. Determinants of these outcomes revealed seven themes: community stakeholder engagement; cultural relevance; stigma; human resource capacity; organization of services; governance, policy, and financing; and sociopolitical and community context. We developed a causal loop diagram to illustrate the relationships among these determinants and outcomes. The causal loop diagram revealed the central role of community stakeholder engagement in bridging implementation and patient outcomes, the importance of addressing stigma and social determinants of mental health, and the need to complement supply-side implementation strategies with approaches to equilibrate demand and improve the quality of services. Applying systems science methodologies to global mental health research presents an opportunity to examine the complex relationships among community and health system factors that influence implementation of evidence-based interventions in order to identify sustainable approaches to improve the population-level impact of mental health services in low- and middle-income countries.
Physical Activity Surveillance in the United States for Work and Commuting
Authors: Whitsel Laurie P. , Huneycutt Frederique , Anderson David R. , Beck Alan M. , Bryant Cedric , Bucklin Rebecca S. , Carson Russell L. , Escaron Anne L. , Hopkins Jammie M. , Imboden Mary T. , McDonough Christina , Pronk Nicolaas P. , Wojcik Janet R. , Zendell Anna , Ablah Elizabeth 
Published: July 2021

Objective:
To summarize and describe the current US surveillance systems that assess physical activity (PA) for work and commuting.

Methods:
An expert group conducted an environmental scan, generating a list (n = 18) which was ultimately reduced to 12, based on the inclusion of PA and/or sedentary behavior data.

Results:
The 12 surveys or surveillance systems summarized provide nationally representative data on occupational-level PA or individual-level PA at work, data on active commuting, some are scorecards that summarize workplace health best practices and allow benchmarking, and one is a comprehensive nationally representative survey of employers assessing programs and practices in different worksites.

Conclusions:
The various surveillance systems and surveys/scorecards are disparate and need to be better analyzed and summarized to understand the impact of occupational-level PA and commuting on population health and well-being, life expectancy, and workforce productivity.
Pediatric Patients with a Dual Diagnosis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis
Authors: Dushnicky Molly J. , Beattie Karen A. , Cellucci Tania , Heale Liane , Zachos Mary , Sherlock Mary , Batthish Michelle 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACTThere is a paucity of information about the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of patients with a dual diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO). A retrospective chart review was performed of patients at McMaster Children's Hospital with a diagnosis of either IBD or CRMO, to identify those with the dual diagnosis over a 10‐year period. A dual diagnosis was identified in seven patients. Most patients (6/7) had a diagnosis of IBD first and were subsequently diagnosed with CRMO. At the time of CRMO diagnosis, IBD treatment regimens included one or more of, sulfasalazine (1/6), infliximab (3/6), adalimumab (1/6), or no treatment (1/6). Although the etiology of the link remains unknown, there does not seem to be an association to a specific IBD subtype, age, or treatment. Our patient population demonstrated a response to biologic agents, specifically tumor necrosis factor‐α inhibitors, as treatment for both conditions.
Updates and Challenges in Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Clostridioides difficile Infection in Children
Authors: Hourigan Suchitra K. , Nicholson Maribeth R. , Kahn Stacy A. , Kellermayer Richard 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is currently the most effective but loosely regulated therapy, for recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection (rCDI) in pediatrics. Over the last 2 years, there have been mounting challenges in the ability to provide FMT to pediatric patients. Firstly, an Food and Drug Administration (FDA) safety alert in 2019 reported transmission of a multidrug resistant organism from FMT donor to recipient resulting in the death of 1 patient. Secondly, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic induced further safety and regulatory challenges. Biotherapeutics are promising and more readily regulated treatment options for rCDI, which may replace FMT in the near future for adults upon regulatory agency approvals. Such approvals, however, are expected to be significantly delayed for children, raising concerns for limited access to effective treatment for children with rCDI. In this commentary, we discuss the recent challenges and future directions of FMT and microbial therapeutics in children with rCDI.
Implicit and Explicit Beliefs About the Effectiveness of Psychotherapy vs. Medication
Authors: Silverman Alexandra L. , Werntz Alexandra , Ko Tomohiro M. , Teachman Bethany A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
One exploratory study (N = 10,335) and one preregistered replication and extension study (N = 6648) evaluated implicit and explicit beliefs in the effectiveness of psychotherapy versus medication, and whether these beliefs vary as a function of demographics, mental health difficulties, and treatment experiences. Data were collected from a sample of visitors to a mental health research website who completed the Therapy vs. Medication Effectiveness Implicit Association Test (IAT). The IAT demonstrated evidence of convergent validity with two measures of explicit therapy versus medication effectiveness beliefs. Across both studies, individuals held greater implicit and explicit beliefs that therapy is more effective than medication, and individuals who were Black (versus all other races, excluding “other/unknown”) and who had experienced past (versus current) mental health difficulties had stronger implicit and explicit beliefs in the effectiveness of therapy versus medication. More work is needed to understand how these differences in beliefs arise, as well as to evaluate the clinical utility of this novel measure.
HIV Infection Prevalence Significantly Intersects With COVID-19 Infection At the Area Level: A US County-Level Analysis
Authors: Luan Hui , Song Insang , Fiellin David A. , Ransome Yusuf 
Published: July 2021

Background:Limited empirical evidence exists about the extent to which the current HIV epidemic intersects with COVID-19 infections at the area/geographic level. Moreover, little is known about how demographic, social, economic, behavioral, and clinical determinants are jointly associated with these infectious diseases.Setting:Contiguous US counties (N = 3108).Methods:We conducted a cross-sectional analysis and investigated the joint association between new HIV infection prevalence in 2018 and COVID-19 infections (January 22, 2020 and October 7, 2020) and explore the contribution of factors such as income inequality, binge drinking, and socioeconomic deprivation. We used Bayesian multivariate spatial models to estimate the cross-disease correlations between these diseases and identified hotspots, which we defined as a county with a posterior probability greater than 80% of being in the top decile of that disease.Results:New HIV infection prevalence and COVID-19 infection moderately and significantly intersect [spatial correlation = 0.37, 95% credible interval (CrI) = 0.36–0.37]. Seventy-five counties, mostly in the south, were at elevated burden for HIV and COVID-19 infections. Higher income inequality was positively associated with both COVID-19 (relative risk 1.05, 95% CrI = 1.03–1.07) and HIV infection (relative risk = 1.12, 95% CrI = 1.09–1.15).Conclusions:We found that there is a considerable intersection between the current distribution of HIV burden with COVID-19 infections at the area level. We identified areas that federal funding and vaccination campaigns should prioritize for prevention and care efforts.
Performance of Multiparametric Functional Imaging to Assess Peritoneal Tumor Burden in Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Mallet Estelle , Angeles Martina Aida , Cabarrou Bastien , Chardin David , Viau Philippe , Frigenza Mélanie , Navarro Anne Sophie , Ducassou Anne , Betrian Sarah , Martínez-Gómez Carlos , Tanguy Le Gac Yann , Chantalat Elodie , Motton Stéphanie , Ferron Gwénaël , Barranger Emanuel , Gabiache Erwan , Martinez Alejandra 
Published: July 2021

Purpose
The aim of the study was to evaluate the clinical utility of pretreatment 18F-FDG PET/CT with quantitative evaluation of peritoneal metabolic cartography in relation to staging laparoscopy for ovarian carcinomatosis.

Patients and Methods
A retrospective review of prospectively collected data from 84 patients with FIGO (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics) stage IIIC to IV ovarian cancer was carried out. All patients had a double-blinded 18F-FDG PET/CT review. Discriminant capacity of metabolic parameters to identify peritoneal carcinomatosis in the 13 abdominal regions according to the peritoneal cancer index was estimated with area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC).

Results
The metabolic parameter showing the best trade-off between sensitivity and specificity to predict peritoneal extension compared with peritoneal cancer index score was the metabolic tumor volume (MTV), with a Spearman ρ equal to 0.380 (P < 0.001). The AUC of MTV to diagnose peritoneal involvement in the upper abdomen (regions 1, 2, and 3) ranged from 0.740 to 0.765. MTV AUC values were lower in the small bowel regions (9–12), ranging from 0.591 to 0.681, and decreased to 0.487 in the pelvic region 6. 18F-FDG PET/CT also improved the detection of extra-abdominal disease, upstaging 35 patients (41.6%) from stage IIIC to IV compared with CT alone and leading to treatment modification in more than one third of patients.

Conclusions

18F-FDG PET/CT metrics are highly accurate to reflect peritoneal tumor burden, with variable diagnostic value depending on the anatomic region. MTV is the most representative metabolic parameter to assess peritoneal tumor extension.
Fully Automated Gross Tumor Volume Delineation From PET in Head and Neck Cancer Using Deep Learning Algorithms
Authors: Shiri Isaac , Arabi Hossein , Sanaat Amirhossein , Jenabi Elnaz , Becker Minerva , Zaidi Habib 
Published: July 2021

Purpose
The availability of automated, accurate, and robust gross tumor volume (GTV) segmentation algorithms is critical for the management of head and neck cancer (HNC) patients. In this work, we evaluated 3 state-of-the-art deep learning algorithms combined with 8 different loss functions for PET image segmentation using a comprehensive training set and evaluated its performance on an external validation set of HNC patients.

Patients and Methods

18F-FDG PET/CT images of 470 patients presenting with HNC on which manually defined GTVs serving as standard of reference were used for training (340 patients), evaluation (30 patients), and testing (100 patients from different centers) of these algorithms. PET image intensity was converted to SUVs and normalized in the range (0–1) using the SUVmax of the whole data set. PET images were cropped to 12 × 12 × 12 cm3 subvolumes using isotropic voxel spacing of 3 × 3 × 3 mm3 containing the whole tumor and neighboring background including lymph nodes. We used different approaches for data augmentation, including rotation (−15 degrees, +15 degrees), scaling (−20%, 20%), random flipping (3 axes), and elastic deformation (sigma = 1 and proportion to deform = 0.7) to increase the number of training sets. Three state-of-the-art networks, including Dense-VNet, NN-UNet, and Res-Net, with 8 different loss functions, including Dice, generalized Wasserstein Dice loss, Dice plus XEnt loss, generalized Dice loss, cross-entropy, sensitivity-specificity, and Tversky, were used. Overall, 28 different networks were built. Standard image segmentation metrics, including Dice similarity, image-derived PET metrics, first-order, and shape radiomic features, were used for performance assessment of these algorithms.

Results
The best results in terms of Dice coefficient (mean ± SD) were achieved by cross-entropy for Res-Net (0.86 ± 0.05; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.85–0.87), Dense-VNet (0.85 ± 0.058; 95% CI, 0.84–0.86), and Dice plus XEnt for NN-UNet (0.87 ± 0.05; 95% CI, 0.86–0.88). The difference between the 3 networks was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The percent relative error (RE%) of SUVmax quantification was less than 5% in networks with a Dice coefficient more than 0.84, whereas a lower RE% (0.41%) was achieved by Res-Net with cross-entropy loss. For maximum 3-dimensional diameter and sphericity shape features, all networks achieved a RE ≤ 5% and ≤10%, respectively, reflecting a small variability.

Conclusions
Deep learning algorithms exhibited promising performance for automated GTV delineation on HNC PET images. Different loss functions performed competitively when using different networks and cross-entropy for Res-Net, Dense-VNet, and Dice plus XEnt for NN-UNet emerged as reliable networks for GTV delineation. Caution should be exercised for clinical deployment owing to the occurrence of outliers in deep learning–based algorithms.
Chronic Colitis Mimicking Malignancy on 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT
Authors: Yang Xiao , Huang Yilin , Mou Chunru , Liu Huipan , Chen Yue 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
A 40-year-old man presented with abdominal pain and diarrhea for 2 months. Abdominal CT showed thickening of the cecal wall, which was considered likely malignant. The patient was subsequently enrolled in a clinical trial of 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT study in tumors. Intense 68Ga-FAPI activity was noted in the thickened cecum, also suggestive of malignancy. However, pathological examination from biopsy rendered a diagnosis of chronic colitis.
Assessment of Apparent Diffusion Coefficients and SUVs as Predicators of Histological Differentiation in Anal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Parsai Arman , Zerizer Imene , Jan Hikmat , Kastler Adrian , Subhan Sana , Balogh Petra , Nowosinska Ewa , Thaha Mohammed , Miquel Marc. E. 
Published: July 2021

Aim
The study aims to assess minimal apparent diffusion coefficient (ADCmin) and SUVmax as predictors of histological differentiation in patients with anal squamous cell carcinoma (ASCC) and to determine cutoff values for each histopathological tumor grade.

Patients and Methods
A retrospective study of 41 ASCC patients (14 males, 27 females; mean age, 65 ± 13 years) staged with FDG PET/CT and MRI (mean scan time interval, 21 ± 11 days). SUVmax and ADCmin values were measured and compared with histopathological tumor grading obtained from biopsy.

Results
The mean size and tumor volume were 3 ± 2 cm and 16.5 ± 27.3 cm3, respectively. The mean ADCmin values for well-, moderately, and poorly differentiated ASCC were 935 ± 179, 896 ± 123, and 637 ± 114, respectively. The mean SUVmax for well-, moderately, and poorly differentiated ASCC were 6.9 ± 1.8, 11.5 ± 4.1, and 13.4 ± 2.6, respectively. The difference in mean ADCmin values between poorly and moderately/well-differentiated tumors was statistically significant, whereas this was not significant between moderately and well-differentiated tumors. Differences in SUVmax values were statistically significant between poorly/moderately and well-differentiated tumors, whereas there was no statistical significance between poorly and moderately differentiated tumors. By combining the 2 modalities using cutoff values of 675 × 10−6 mm2·s−1 for ADCmin and 8.5 for SUVmax, it was possible to differentiate the tumor categories with a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value, respectively, of 84.6%, 96.4%, 91.7%, and 93.1% for well-differentiated ASCC, 76.5%, 87.5%, 81.3%, and 84% for moderately, and 90.9%, 89.3%, 76.9%, and 96.2% for poorly differentiated ASCC, respectively.

Conclusions
ADCmin and SUVmax values correlated with the degree of differentiation in ASCC and can be used as predictors of tumor grading and aggressiveness. Combined ADCmin and SUVmax cutoff values can therefore be used for early patient risk stratification and treatment decision making.
Benign Bone Cyst Mimicking Bone Metastasis Demonstrated on 68Ga-FAPI
Authors: Gungor Serkan , Selçuk Nalan Alan 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
A 59-year-old woman with lobular breast cancer was referred to nuclear medicine department for a 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT study after completion of treatment to rule out the possibility of metastatic disease. It revealed a lytic lesion showing increased FAPI accumulation in the right acetabulum, highly suspicious for bone metastasis. In comparison to an initial 18F-FDG PET/CT study done 2 years before, the lytic lesion showing no FDG uptake in the right acetabulum remained unchanged, and the findings were consistent with bone cyst. This case highlighted that benign bone cyst may demonstrate increased 68Ga-FAPI uptake mimicking bone metastasis on 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT.