bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rust, Smut, Mildew, and Mould: an Introduction to the Study of Microscopic Fungi
Authors: Cooke M. C. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
There are few persons possessing a microscope who have not examined more or less attentively the various forms of common moulds which attack our cheese, pears, grapes, and almost every eatable thing. A very superficial examination of these objects will show that they possess a great variety of structure, and are fully deserving patient investigation. It has not, however, been an easy thing to get to know what has been done with regard to the structure and functions of microscopic fungi. Most botanists have been aware of the laborious researches of the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, and his descriptions of all forms of British fungi in the last volumes of Sir W. Hooper’s ‘British Flora.’ But these were not accompanied with plates. The researches of Mr. Currey, the Secretary of the Linnean Society, on microscopic fungi, are also well known; but then he has published no systematic work, to which the student of the microscopic forms of fungi could appeal. Under these circumstances nothing could be more welcome than an attempt to give such an account of the more common forms of these fungi than has been done by Mr. M. C. Cooke, in the pages of our excellently conducted contemporary, the ‘Popular Science Review.’ An account of these fungi, embracing all the families which are strictly microscopic, has appeared from time to time, with very clear and easily understood illustrations; and they have now been collected together, so as to form an introduction to the study of microscopic fungi.
Contributions to our Knowledge of the Anatomy of Notoryctes typhlops, Stirling
Authors: Sweet Georgina 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The work, of which this paper records a part, has been done in the Biological Laboratory of the University of Melbourne, for the use of which I am indebted to Professor Baldwin Spencer. To his kindness I owe all the material used, together with much criticism and advice, and assistance in obtaining literature, without reference to which this research would have been incomplete. I wish also to thank Mrs. H. R. Elvins, who had commenced this work on the eye, but was prevented from proceeding with it, for the use of her series of sections and sketches.
The Modification of the Sexual Characters of the Hermit Crab caused by the Parasite Peltogaster (castration parasitaire of Giard)1
Authors: Potts F. A. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The discovery of the fact that an alteration in the sexual characters, both primary and secondary, of an organism may be brought about by parasitic infection, and the demonstration of the widespread occurrence of this phenomenon in the animal kingdom, we owe to Professor Alfred Griard. Admirable summaries of the work done in this department up till the date of writing, are to be found in two papers of Giard’s cited below (1 and 3). Most of the cases are drawn from the observations of Giard himself among the Crustacea, which group affords particularly favourable opportunities for study, on account of the well-marked secondary sexual differences and the frequent ecdyses, allowing the modifying influence of the parasite on the secondary sexual characters to be clearly demonstrated. But that in cases of this phenomenon the parasite and the host may belong to any phylum is shown by such varied instances as the brittle-star Amphiura parasitised by Orthonectidsand a copepod crustacean, the Hymenopteran insect Andrena infected by the parasitic strepsipteran Stylops, the mollusc Lymnæa by Trematodes, and the crab Inachus by the gregarine Aggregata.1
Studies on the Structure and Classification of the Digenetic Trematodes
Authors: Nicoll William 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The following work was commenced about the middle of 1907 at the Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews, under the Carnegie Trust Research Scheme. The greater part of it was done privately in the Pathological Laboratory, University College, Dundee, and it was concluded at the Marine Biological Laboratory, Millport, under a Government (Royal Society) Grant.
On the Anaspidacea, Living and Fossil
Authors: Smith Geoffrey 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The first members of the Anaspidacea to be discovered and described were certain fossil forms occurring in the Permian and Carboniferous strata of Europe and North America, and it was not until long afterwards that a living representative was found in the fresh waters of Tasmania and recognised as the near relative of these very ancient fossils.
On the Anatomy and Systematic Position of Incisura (Scissurella) lytteltonensis
Authors: Bourne Gilbert C. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
WHEN Mr. Geoffrey W. Smith was in Tasmania in 1907-08 I asked him to collect for me any rare or remarkable specimens of gastropod molluscs and preserve them in a form suitable for anatomical and histological examination. Among other forms Mr. Smith obtained for me, through the kind offices of Mr. C. Hedley, of the Australian Museum, Sidney, a number of specimens of the little gastropod which is the subject of the present memoir. They were preserved in Perenyi’s fluid, which of course dissolved the shells, but except for the difficulty of staining always resulting from a prolonged immersion in this reagent, the histological condition of the specimens leaves little to be desired.
Some Observations on a Flagellate of the Genus Cercomonas
Authors: Wenyon M. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In the present paper I shall describe a flagellate of the genus Cercomonas, a genus first created by Dujardin, in his Historie Naturelle des Zoophytes Infusoires,’ published in 1841. Since Dujardin’s original description numerous flagellates have incorrectly been attributed to this genus, so much so that Klebs, in his ‘Flagellatenstndien ‘(1893), says that this genus has not been defined with sufficient accuracy, that it has been confused with Heteromila and Bodo by the overlooking of the tail flagellum, and that the genus Cercomonas must be rejected. It is undoubtedly true that the genus Cercomonas is very confused, and this confusion has been considerably heightened by the description of Cercomonas from the intestine of man and other animals. Davaine (1854) was the first to record the presence of Cercomonas in the evacuations of a man suffering from cholera. Without going into the question of the correctness or otherwise of Davaine’s conclusions, it is undoubtedly a fact that many observers, noting the presence of active flagellates in the intestinal contents, have attributed them at once to the genus Cerco-inonas, and as a result of this various species of Trichomonas, Lamblia, and possibly other flagellates have been included in this genus. In the present instance the flagellate to be described was found in the fæces of a patient in the Albert Dock Hospital at the London School of Tropical Medicine. This patient was infected with Entamœba coli, andin order to observe changes in the encysted forms of this amœba some of the fæces were placed in a clean glass-stoppered bottle. In the course of a few days it was noticed that large numbers of flagellates were present. It is probable they had developed from cysts which must have been present in the fæces. On first examination it was seen that these flagellates corresponded very closely with the original description of Dujardin for the genus Cercomonas, and for this 1 took them to be. On more careful examination I found that the tapering posterior end was in reality a second flagellum, and that this could be traced along the surface of the body to which it was attached as far as the insertion of the long anterior flagellum. The presence of this posterior flagellum and its attachment to the body required very careful observation to make out, for it can only be clearly seen in certain portions of the animal, and it is quite conceivable, as Klebs maintains, that Dujardin overlooked this posterior flagellum. Dujardin’s original description of the genus is as follows :
Studies in the Experimental Analysis of Sex
Authors: Smith Gcoilrey 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In the ‘Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine/vol. i, “Patnology,” p. 153, 1907-8, Dr. 0. E. Walker describes an experiment in which he injected two adult hens with extract of cock’s testis for a certain period, with the apparent result that the combs grew very rapidly to quite twice their original area. On ceasing the injections they shrank gradually until they nearly reassumed their original size. A further experiment is alluded to in which several young hens of two months’ age were treated in the same manner, and it is stated that, though the results differed somewhat from the first experiment, they were entirely satisfactory, but no further details, as far as I am aware, have been given.
On Some Stages in the Life-History of Leptomonas muscæ domesticæ, with some remarks on the Relationships of the Flagellate Parasites of Insects
Authors: Dunkerly J. S. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In an endeavour to examine the biflagellate character of Herpetomonas as described by Prowazek (20), I have dissected and examined a number of house-flies. At’ first Musca domestica was investigated, as I had supposed that this was the animal indicated by the word “Stubenfliege.” In this country, however, M. domestica does not seem to be commonly infected, as I was unable to find the parasite in it, and Hewitt (6), who examined a good number of these flies, was similarly unsuccessful. In the smaller house-fly, Homalomyia canicularis, flagellate parasites were found to be present, but Hewitt had confined himself to M. domestica. Still, the infections were very rare. I examined these flies taken in three distinct localities: Chelsea and Wandsworth in London, and Benfleet in Essex. Parasites were found in flies from each place, but always in a low percentage, about 4 per cent., of the flies examined. Other species of flies1 have been examined, but not in large numbers, so that it is not surprising that no Herpetomonads have been met with in them as yet.
Observations on the Trypanosome of the Little Owl (Athene noctua), with Remarks on the other Protozoan Blood-parasites occurring in this Bird.
Authors: Minchin E. A. , Woodcock H. M. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The observations to be recorded in this and in a subsequent paper are the result of a study of the protozoan blood-parasites of the little owl, which was undertaken by us at Rovigno, Istria, the actual place where Schaudinn’s celebrated investigation (16) on the same parasites was carried out. A. re-investigation of these parasites has long been considered urgent, and stress has been laid by many people upon the importance of the work being done at Rovigno itself. The different views which have been taken with regard to the correctness or otherwise of Schaudinn’s account are now well known, aud it is scarcely necessary to recapitulate them here, more especially since they have been recently discussed by one of us in the first memoir of this series (18).
The Problem of Sex Determination, in Dinophilus gyrociliatus: Part 1.—The Sexual Cycle
Authors: Shearer Cresswell 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The problem of sex-determination in Dinophilus gyro-ciliatus is concerned, first, with the investigation of the factors involved in sex-determination in the sexual or fertilised egg; and secondly, with those involved in sex-determination of the parthenogenetic egg. In these two conditions the factors seem different, and for this reason are perhaps better considered separately. In the present paper only those concerned in sex-determination in the sexual egg are dealt with; while those involved in the parthenogenetic cycle, if it really exists, are left for a future paper.
Notes on Sporozoa. Nos. II, III, and IV.
Authors: Woodcock H. M. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
While working at Rovigno during April and May, 1909, Iexamined a few of the common wall-lizards (Lacerta mural is), which occurred abundantly on the neighbouring islet of Figarola, as in the time when Prowazek studied the intestinal flagellates of this reptile (26). My object was really to sec if a Trypanosome also occurred in it, Prowazek not having stated whether he examined the blood for that purpose or not; but Idid not succeed in finding any Trypanosomes. In the blood-smears made from two individuals, however, a Hæmogregaiine was found to be fairly plentiful. This Hæmogregaiiue is the same as that first described by] canilewsky (6) under the name Hæmogregarina lacertæ, and again later by Labbe (13), who placed it in a distinct genus, Karyolysus. Iwas too much occupied with other work at the time to undertake a study of this parasite, so that Ionly made a few smears and cover-slip preparations from the blood.
On the Morphology of the Leishmania of Italian Kala-Azar: Third Communication1: Cytological Researches on Leishmania in Cultures
Authors: Visentini Arrigo 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Researches on the minute structure of Protozoa, although initiated in comparatively recent times, have already contributed to science a considerable number of facts of great interest, especially from the point of view of general cytology. But while observations conducted with the most delicate methods of cytological technique are feasible up to a certain point when dealing with Protozoa of a certain size, they meet with no slight difficulties when dealing with microorganisms which, like the species of Leishmania, are of the smallest dimensions. When, more than a year ago, I made successful cultures of Leishmania on the medium of Novy, McNeal and Nicolle, by means of splenic juice obtained by puncture of the spleen of a young kala-azar patient of Bovalino Calabro, my teacher, Prof. Grassi, repeatedly recommended me to undertake the present investigations with the special object of studying the little-known structure of the blepharoplast and the rhizoplast, with regard to which Grassi, in collaboration with Foa, has described a whole complicated system of organellas in Jœnia, Trichonympha, and other Protozoan parasites of Termites.
The Effects of Hypertonic Solutions upon the Fertilised Eggs of Echinus (E. esculentus and E. acutus)
Authors: Gray J. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In the ‘Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society,’ vol. xvi, part v, 1911, a preliminary account was given of the cytology of the eggs from which the various hybrids obtained from the three species of Echinus—E. esculentus, E. acutus, and E. miliaris, have been reared by Shearer, De Morgan and Fuchs (15).
On Methods of Producing Artificial Parthenogenesis in Echinus esculentus and the Rearing of the Parthenogenetic plutei through Metamorphosis
Authors: Cresswell Shearer , Jordan Lloyd Dorothy 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
During the last seven or eight years extensive experiments have been carried on in the laboratory of the Marine Biological Association in rearing various marine larvae. In particular, attention has been directed to perfecting means for bringing the delicate plutei of Echinoderms through metamorphosis. As the result of considerable investigation a method has been found by which these larvæ can be reared with considerable ease and certainty. We have already successfully raised at Plymouth several species of sea-urchins and their hybrid crosses to the adult condition.
On some Queensland Trematodes, with Anatomical Observations and Descriptions of New Species and Genera.
Authors: Johnston S. J. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The Trematodes comprising the subject-matter of the present work were collected by officers of the Institute and forwarded to me from time to time by the director, Dr. Anton Breinl, together with notes on the location of the parasites in their hosts and on the methods of preservation employed. The specimens were fixed for the most part in hot 70 per cent, alcohol, or in sublimate acetic, hot or cold; and, in cases where the form of the worm seemed to require it, some were fixed under slight pressure. The specimens converted into whole mounts I have generally stained in Ehrlich’s or Delafield’s haematoxylin and cleared in clove oil; all the forms except two, which were represented by single specimens, were studied by means of serial sections as well as in whole mounts.
On Raphides as Natural Characters in the British Flora
Authors: Gulliver George 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
It has been well remarked by Dr. Lankester, that “the biography of our British plants has yet to be written, microscope in hand; and it is not till the minute details of the cell-life of each plant have been recorded that we shall be in a position to arrive at the laws which govern the life of the vegetable kingdom.” And, it maybe added, until due attention has been paid to this important subject, we shall never be able to comprehend and realise all the mysterious plans and specifications by which nature has marked, for our instruction, her own affinities and contrasts among allied groups of that kingdom.
Note on the Relation of Spermatozoa to Electrolytes and its bearing on the Problem of Fertilization.
Authors: Gray James 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In June 1913, a number of large male Luidia were obtained at Plymouth, and to all external appearances the gonads appeared to be perfectly ripe ; when, however, the spermatic fluid in sea-water was examined under the microscope, the spermatozoa were found to be quite motionless, and repeated experiments showed them to be quite incapable of fertilising ripe eggs of the same species. It was found, how-ever, that the addition of a few drops of N10NaOH to a suspension of sperm in sea-water immediately caused active movement. When such “activated “sperm was added to eggs from the same female as before, every egg was quickly fertilised and large numbers of healthy larvæ were obtained from the culture.1
Studies on the Turbellaria: Part III.—Didymorchis
Authors: Haswell W. A. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Of the many and varied inhabitants of the branchial cavities of Australasian crayfishes the Rhabdocœles are not the least remarkable. They are very minute colourless forms, which only occur in association with the crayfishes, and present certain adaptations to their special mode of life. They are able to adhere tenaciously by means of an apparatus having the function of a sucker to the filaments of the gills or to the walls of the branchial chamber, and are thus not liable to be swept out by the respiratory current or dislodged by the movements of the podobranchs ; and, with cilia only developed ventrally, they glide along in close contact with the substratum, so that they can instantaneously anchor themselves when any movement takes place that might displace them.
On the Corpora lutea and Interstitial Tissue of the Ovary in the Marsupialia
Authors: O’Donoghue Chas. H. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
It is becoming increasingly evident that the secretions of the ductless glands play a very important part in determining the functions and even the structure of an animal. Not least among these are the secretions of the sexual organs, and in particular the ovary. In the mammal interest is added by the fact that ovarian secretions appear to control two very characteristic mammalian activities, namely, the preparation of the uterine wall for the attachment of the embryo, and the growth of the mammary glands (28, 29, 30).
The Chromosome Complex of Culex pipiens-Part II.—Fertilisation
Authors: Taylor Monica 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The egg-rafts of Culex pipiens are laid most copiously between hours 10.30 p.m. and 12 p.m. They are also laid between 4 a.m. and 6 a.m. Fertilisation in Culex pipiens is normal. Segmentation begins in less than an hour after the deposition of the last egg. The chromosome number in the segmenting nuclei is six. A tendency to parasyndesis is exhibited by the segmenting nuclei. Parasyndesis probably effects the condition of the chromosomes in the nuclei of larva, pupa, and imago, i.e. is responsible for the presence of the apparently “haploid “character of the nuclei in the somatic cells.
“Proboscis pores” in Craniate Vertebrates, a Suggestion concerning the Premandibular Somites and Hypophysis.
Authors: Goodrich Edwin S. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
There is in Amphioxus on the roof of the buccal cavity a deep pit known as Hatschek’s pit, from its discoverer. Its blind, inner end extends upwards to the right of the notochord, while the lining epithelium is continuous at the opening of the pit with the areas of thickened ciliated epithelium which spread over the roof and sides of the buccal cavity. This ciliated organ is the wheel-organ of Johannes Muller, and was shown by him to drive a current of water and food-particles into the mouth. Van Wijhe (14) has since given a detailed account of its structure. An unpaired dorsal region extends backwards so as to surround the opening of the pit, then divides into right and left tracts. The two branches run towards the velum and then down the sides of the buccal cavity, but do not meet ventrally. As shown in Text-fig. 1, finger-shaped tracts extend forwards on the inner surface of the oral hood. These structures become more complicated in older specimens. The deeply staining epithelium of which Muller′s organ is composed is formed of very closely packed, narrow columnar cells, whose nuclei form several layers, and whose outer ends bear each one cilium. Good figures of these cells have been given by Langerhans (8).
The Segregation of the Germ-cells in Tricho-gramma evanescens.
Authors: Gaieiiby J. Brouté 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In a previous paper (4) I described a number of stages in the development of Tricliogrannna evanescens, but at that time I was unable to follow out the segregation of the germ-cells. Since then I have collected more material, and in this paper I am able to describe the missing stages.