bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Gendered Harassment of Parliamentary Candidates in the UK
Authors: Collignon Sofía , Campbell Rosie , Rüdig Wolfgang 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis article explores the role gender plays in the harassment, abuse and intimidation (HAI) of parliamentary candidates in the UK at election time. Using data from the Representative Audit of Britain surveys (2015–2019) this article takes an intersectional approach to investigate whether trends identified in 2017 suggesting that women candidates reported more incidences of HAI and were more likely to be concerned for their personal safety as a result than men, remain apparent in the subsequent election. Results suggest that HAI is getting worse for candidates in general, and the gender gap is widening. About three in every four women experienced some levels of fear while campaigning.
Service trade network structure and its determinants in the Belt and Road based on the temporal exponential random graph model
Authors: Feng Lianyue , Xu Helian , Wu Gang , Zhang Wenting 
Published: October 2021

AbstractService trade has become an important engine of world economic growth. Using complex network method and temporal exponential random graph models, we constructed the Belt and Road service trade networks (BR‐STNs) and global service trade networks (G‐STNs) in 2010–2017, systematically analysed the features of BR‐STNs compared with G‐STNs, and tested the factors affecting their evolution. We find that (a) the scale of BR‐STNs is small, but potential is huge. The BR‐STNs present the features of small‐world, larger degree disassortativity, lower reciprocity, and smaller heterogeneity than G‐STNs. (b) The BR‐STNs are divided into three communities and their pattern is more stable than G‐STNs. (c) Luxembourg, Italy and Singapore are the core in BR‐STNs, but there is a gap compared with the USA, the UK and Germany. (d) Reciprocity, structural embeddedness, the clustering effect and stability play important roles in the evolution of BR‐STNs and these effects increased after the proposal of the BRI. Economy‐pairs with similar trade openness, urbanization rates and quality of institution, and with different GDP and per capita GDP are more likely to trade. Countries with higher GDP, trade openness or quality of institution are active. Sharing a language, religion, colonial relationship or border, signing regional trade agreements and using a common currency facilitate service trade between countries in BR.
Artificial intelligence for microbial biotechnology: beyond the hype
Authors: Robinson Serina L. 
Published: October 2021

SummaryIt has been a landmark year for artificial intelligence (AI) and biotechnology. Perhaps the most noteworthy of these advances was Google DeepMind’s AlphaFold2 algorithm which smashed records in protein structure prediction (Jumper et al., 2021, Nature, 596, 583) complemented by progress made by other research groups around the globe (Baek et al., 2021, Science, 373, 871; Zheng et al., 2021, Proteins). For the first time in history, AI achieved protein structure models rivalling the accuracy of experimentally determined structures. The power of accurate protein structure prediction at our fingertips has countless implications for drug discovery, de novo protein design and fundamental research in chemical biology. While acknowledging the significance of these breakthroughs, this perspective aims to cut through the hype and examine some key limitations using AlphaFold2 as a lens to consider the broader implications of AI for microbial biotechnology for the next 15 years and beyond.
Taxon‐specific or universal? Using target capture to study the evolutionary history of rapid radiations
Authors: Yardeni Gil , Viruel Juan , Paris Margot , Hess Jaqueline , Groot Crego Clara , de La Harpe Marylaure , Rivera Norma , Barfuss Michael H. J. , Till Walter , Guzmán‐Jacob Valeria , Krömer Thorsten , Lexer Christian , Paun Ovidiu , Leroy Thibault 
Published: October 2021

AbstractTarget capture has emerged as an important tool for phylogenetics and population genetics in nonmodel taxa. Whereas developing taxon‐specific capture probes requires sustained efforts, available universal kits may have a lower power to reconstruct relationships at shallow phylogenetic scales and within rapidly radiating clades. We present here a newly developed target capture set for Bromeliaceae, a large and ecologically diverse plant family with highly variable diversification rates. The set targets 1776 coding regions, including genes putatively involved in key innovations, with the aim to empower testing of a wide range of evolutionary hypotheses. We compare the relative power of this taxon‐specific set, Bromeliad1776, to the universal Angiosperms353 kit. The taxon‐specific set results in higher enrichment success across the entire family; however, the overall performance of both kits to reconstruct phylogenetic trees is relatively comparable, highlighting the vast potential of universal kits for resolving evolutionary relationships. For more detailed phylogenetic or population genetic analyses, for example the exploration of gene tree concordance, nucleotide diversity or population structure, the taxon‐specific capture set presents clear benefits. We discuss the potential lessons that this comparative study provides for future phylogenetic and population genetic investigations, in particular for the study of evolutionary radiations.
Large‐scale provocation studies identify maladaptive responses to ubiquitous aeroallergens as a correlate of severe allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma
Authors: Smith Alisha M. , Ramirez Robert M. , Harper Nathan , Jimenez Fabio , Branum Anne P. , Meunier Justin A. , Pandranki Lavanya , Carrillo Andrew , Winter Caitlyn , Winter Lauryn , Rather Cynthia G. , Ramirez Daniel A. , Andrews Charles P. , Restrepo Marcos I. , Maselli Diego J. , Pugh Jacqueline A. , Clark Robert A. , Lee Grace C. , Moreira Alvaro G. , Manoharan Muthu Saravanan , Okulicz Jason F. , Jacobs Robert L. , Ahuja Sunil K. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundAllergic asthma (AA) and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (ARC) are common comorbid environmentally triggered diseases. We hypothesized that severe AA/ARC reflects a maladaptive or unrestrained response to ubiquitous aeroallergens.MethodsWe performed provocation studies wherein six separate cohorts of persons (total n = 217) with ARC, with or without AA, were challenged once or more with fixed concentrations of seasonal or perennial aeroallergens in an aeroallergen challenge chamber (ACC).ResultsAeroallergen challenges elicited fully or partially restrained vs. unrestrained evoked symptom responsiveness, corresponding to the resilient and adaptive vs. maladaptive AA/ARC phenotypes, respectively. The maladaptive phenotype was evoked more commonly during challenge with a non‐endemic versus endemic seasonal aeroallergen. In an AA cohort, symptom responses evoked after house dust mite (HDM) challenges vs. recorded in the natural environment were more accurate and precise predictors of asthma severity and control, lung function (FEV1), and mechanistic correlates of maladaptation. Correlates included elevated levels of peripheral blood CD4+ and CD8+ T‐cells, eosinophils, and T‐cell activation, as well as gene expression proxies for ineffectual epithelial injury/repair responses. Evoked symptom severity after HDM challenge appeared to be more closely related to levels of CD4+ and CD8+ T‐cells than eosinophils, neutrophils, or HDM‐specific IgE.ConclusionsProvocation studies support the concept that resilience, adaptation, and maladaptation to environmental disease triggers calibrate AA/ARC severity. Despite the ubiquity of aeroallergens, in response to these disease triggers in controlled settings (ie, ACC), most atopic persons manifest the resilient or adaptive phenotype. Thus, ARC/AA disease progression may reflect the failure to preserve the resilient or adaptive phenotype. The triangulation of CD8+ T‐cell activation, airway epithelial injury/repair processes and maladaptation in mediating AA disease severity needs more investigation.
Distribution and association of visual impairment with myopic maculopathy across age groups among highly myopic eyes – based on the new classification system (ATN)
Authors: Ye Luyao , Chen Qiuying , Hu Guangyi , Xie Jiamin , Lv Hanyi , Shi Ya , Yin Yao , Zhu Jianfeng , Fan Ying , He Jiangnan , Xu Xun 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPurposeTo investigate the percentages and risk factors for visual impairment (VI) across age groups in a highly myopic cohort with a wide range of age (18–93 years).MethodsA total of 2099 eyes (1220 participants) were enrolled. All participants underwent detailed ocular examinations. Myopic maculopathy (MM) was assessed as myopic atrophy maculopathy (MAM), myopic traction maculopathy (MTM) or myopic neovascular maculopathy (MNM) based on the ATN system.ResultsMost participants younger than 50 years had normal vision, while the cumulative risk of VI and blindness gradually increased after 50–59 years. The percentage of each type of MM increased nonlinearly with ageing (all p < 0.001), with an accelerated period of increase after 45 years for MAM, and after 50 years for MTM and MNM. Axial length (AL) ≥30 mm was the only associated factor for mild VI or worse in participants aged 18–39 years (p < 0.001). Older age, AL ≥30 mm and the presence of MAM were predictors for mild VI or worse in the group aged 40–49 years (all p < 0.05). In participants aged ≥50 years, older age, female sex, longer AL and increased severity of MM were risk factors for VI and blindness (all p < 0.05).ConclusionThe percentages of MM and related VI increased nonlinearly with older age, with a turning point at 45 years for MAM, preceding that of MTM, MNM and VI by 5 years, warranting future longitudinal studies to confirm. Different age groups presented different risk factors for VI. Timely screening should be in place for middle‐aged high myopes.
Effects of the supplementation of a calcium soap containing medium‐chain fatty acids on the fecal microbiota of pigs, lactating cows, and calves
Authors: Matsui Hiroki , Imai Taichi , Kondo Makoto , Ban‐Tokuda Tomomi , Yamada Yutaka 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMedium‐chain fatty acids (MCFAs) have antialgal, antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoan, and antiviral activities. However, antibacterial activities of MCFAs in the hindgut of pigs and cattle are still unknown. We report the effects of the supplementation of MCFAs on fecal bacteria of pigs, lactating cows, and Japanese Black calves. Lactobacillus spp., Bifidobacterium spp., eaeA(+) Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter jejuni, and Clostridium perfringens in the feces of animals were quantified by real‐time PCR assay. There was no significant increase or decrease in Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. in the three animals. In the pig feces, eaeA(+) E. coli was reduced to less than a third in the treatment group (P < 0.01). C. jejuni in the pig feces was also significantly less in the treatment group compared with the control (P < 0.01). In the lactating cow, eaeA(+) E. coli was reduced to one fifth of that in the control (P < 0.01). Salmonella spp. was halved in calf feces (P < 0.01). Thus, a reduction in Gram‐negative pathogenic bacteria was observed. In conclusion, supplementation of a MCFA calcium soap in the diet would be beneficial to growing pigs, lactating cow, and calves by reducing pathogenic bacteria.
Impaired robust interhemispheric function integration of depressive brain from REST‐meta‐MDD database in China
Authors: Deng Ke , Yue Ji‐Hui , Xu Jian , Ma Ping‐Ping , Chen Xiao , Li Le , Bai Tong‐Jian , Bo Qi‐Jing , Cao Jun , Chen Guan‐Mao , Chen Ning‐Xuan , Chen Wei , Cheng Chang , Cui Xi‐Long , Duan Jia , Fang Yi‐Ru , Gong Qi‐Yong , Guo Wen‐Bin , Hou Zheng‐Hua , Hu Lan , Kuang Li , Li Feng , Li Tao , Liu Yan‐Song , Liu Zhe‐Ning , Long Yi‐Cheng , Luo Qing‐Hua , Meng Hua‐Qing , Peng Dai‐Hui , Qiu Hai‐Tang , Qiu Jiang , Shi Yu‐Shu , Si Tian‐Mei , Tang Yan‐Qin , Wang Fei , Wang Kai , Wang Li , Wang Xiang , Wang Ying , Wu Xiao‐Ping , Wu Xin‐Ran , Xie Chun‐Ming , Xie Guang‐Rong , Xie Hai‐Yan , Xie Peng , Yang Hong , Yang Jian , Yao Jia‐Shu , Yao Shu‐Qiao , Yin Ying‐Ying , Yuan Yong‐Gui , Zhang Ai‐Xia , Zhang Hong , Zhang Ke‐Rang , Zhang Lei , Zhang Zhi‐Jun , Zhou Ru‐Bai , Zhou Yi‐Ting , Zhu Jun‐Juan , Zou Chao‐Jie , Zhou Cong , Zuo Xi‐Nian , Yan Chao‐Gan , Xu Xiu‐Feng , Cheng Yu‐Qi 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundRecently, functional homotopy (FH) architecture, defined as robust functional connectivity (FC) between homotopic regions, has been frequently reported to be altered in MDD patients (MDDs) but with divergent locations.MethodsIn this study, we obtained resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (R‐fMRI) data from 1004 MDDs (mean age, 33.88 years; age range, 18–60 years) and 898 matched healthy controls (HCs) from an aggregated dataset from 20 centers in China. We focused on interhemispheric function integration in MDDs and its correlation with clinical characteristics using voxel‐mirrored homotopic connectivity (VMHC) devised to inquire about FH patterns.ResultsAs compared with HCs, MDDs showed decreased VMHC in visual, motor, somatosensory, limbic, angular gyrus, and cerebellum, particularly in posterior cingulate gyrus/precuneus (PCC/PCu) (false discovery rate [FDR] q < 0.002, z = −7.07). Further analysis observed that the reduction in SMG and insula was more prominent with age, of which SMG reflected such age‐related change in males instead of females. Besides, the reduction in MTG was found to be a male‐special abnormal pattern in MDDs. VMHC alterations were markedly related to episode type and illness severity. The higher Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score, the more apparent VMHC reduction in the primary visual cortex. First‐episode MDDs revealed stronger VMHC reduction in PCu relative to recurrent MDDs.ConclusionsWe confirmed a significant VMHC reduction in MDDs in broad areas, especially in PCC/PCu. This reduction was affected by gender, age, episode type, and illness severity. These findings suggest that the depressive brain tends to disconnect information exchange across hemispheres.
Patient's perception of recovery after sinus membrane elevation and blood coagulum compared with 1:1 mixture of autogenous bone graft and deproteinized porcine bone mineral. Secondary outcomes from a single‐blinded randomized controlled trial
Authors: Starch‐Jensen Thomas , Bruun Niels Henrik 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectiveThe objective was to assess patient's perception of recovery after maxillary sinus membrane elevation (MSME) and blood coagulum (test) compared with maxillary sinus floor augmentation (MSFA) and 1:1 mixture of autogenous bone graft from the buccal antrostomy and deproteinized porcine bone mineral (DPBM) (control).Materials and methodsForty healthy patients were randomly allocated to test or control. Oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) was evaluated by Oral Health Impact Profile‐14 (OHIP‐14) at enrollment and 1 week postsurgical. Recovery was estimated by questionnaires and visual analog scale assessing pain, social and working isolation, physical appearance, eating and speaking ability, diet variations, sleep impairment, and discomfort after 1 week and 1 month. Mean differences were expressed with 95% confidence interval (CI). Association between OHRQoL and recovery was estimated. p‐value below .05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsMaxillary sinus membrane elevation revealed 2.1 less days of pain (p = .03, 95% CI: 0.2–4.1) and 1.2 days of sick leave (p = .01, 95% CI: 0.3–2.1) compared with MSFA. No significant difference was observed in eating and speaking ability, physical appearance, work performance, and sleep impairment. No significant association between impaired OHRQoL and recovery was observed. Females reported 4.77 higher OHIP‐14 score compared with males (p = .01, 95% CI: 1.60–7.94), while association between age and OHIP‐14 was −0.10 (p = .28, 95% CI: −0.28 to 0.08).ConclusionMaxillary sinus membrane elevation revealed significantly less days of pain and sick leave compared with MSFA. Harvesting of autogenous bone graft seems, therefore, to have a significant impact on perception of recovery.
Acute paediatric mastoiditis in the UK before and during the COVID‐19 pandemic: A national observational study
Authors: Smith Matthew E. , Jones G. Huw , Hardman John C. , Nichani Jaya , Khwaja Sadie ,   The INTEGRATE (The UK ENT Trainee Research Network) UK Acute Paediatric Mastoiditis Audit Collaborators, Bruce Iain A. , Rea Peter 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo explore the impact of COVID‐19 on the management and outcomes of acute paediatric mastoiditis across the UK.DesignNational retrospective and prospective audit.Setting48 UK secondary care ENT departments.ParticipantsConsecutive children aged 18 years or under, referred to ENT with a clinical diagnosis of mastoiditis.Main outcome measuresCases were divided into Period 1 (01/11/19‐15/03/20), before the UK population were instructed to reduce social contact, and Period 2 (16/03/20‐30/04/21), following this. Periods 1 and 2 were compared for population variables, management and outcomes. Secondary analyses compared outcomes by primary treatment (medical/needle aspiration/surgical).Results286 cases met criteria (median 4 per site, range 0–24). 9.4 cases were recorded per week in period 1 versus 2.0 in period 2, with no winter increase in cases in December 2020‐Febraury 2021. Patient age differed between periods 1 and 2 (3.2 vs 4.7 years respectively, p < 0.001). 85% of children in period 2 were tested for COVID‐19 with a single positive test. In period, 2 cases associated with P. aeruginosa significantly increased. 48.6% of children were scanned in period 1 vs 41.1% in period 2. Surgical management was used more frequently in period 1 (43.0% vs 24.3%, p = 0.001). Treatment success was high, with failure of initial management in 6.3%, and 30‐day re‐admission for recurrence in 2.1%. The adverse event rate (15.7% overall) did not vary by treatment modality or between periods 1& 2.ConclusionThe COVID‐19 pandemic led to a significant change in the presentation and case mix of acute paediatric mastoiditis in the UK.
Pitches that Wire Together Fire Together: Scale Degree Associations Across Time Predict Melodic Expectations
Authors: Verosky Niels J. , Morgan Emily 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe ongoing generation of expectations is fundamental to listeners’ experience of music, but research into types of statistical information that listeners extract from musical melodies has tended to emphasize transition probabilities and n‐grams, with limited consideration given to other types of statistical learning that may be relevant. Temporal associations between scale degrees represent a different type of information present in musical melodies that can be learned from musical corpora using expectation networks, a computationally simple method based on activation and decay. Expectation networks infer the expectation of encountering one scale degree followed in the near (but not necessarily immediate) future by another given scale degree, with previous work suggesting that scale degree associations learned by expectation networks better predict listener ratings of pitch similarity than transition probabilities. The current work outlines how these learned scale degree associations can be combined to predict melodic continuations and tests the resulting predictions on a dataset of listener responses to a musical cloze task previously used to compare two other models of melodic expectation, a variable‐order Markov model (IDyOM) and Temperley's music‐theoretically motivated model. Under multinomial logistic regression, all three models explain significant unique variance in human melodic expectations, with coefficient estimates highest for expectation networks. These results suggest that generalized scale degree associations informed by both adjacent and nonadjacent relationships between melodic notes influence listeners’ melodic predictions above and beyond n‐gram context, highlighting the need to consider a broader range of statistical learning processes that may underlie listeners’ expectations for upcoming musical events.
The Formal Structure of Kind Representations
Authors: Haward Paul , Carey Susan , Prasada Sandeep 
Published: October 2021

AbstractKind representations, concepts liketable, triangle, dog, and planet, underlie generic language. Here, we investigate theformal structureof kind representations—the structure that distinguishes kind representations from other types of representations. The present studies confirm that participants distinguish generic‐supporting properties of individuals (e.g., this watch is made of steel) and accidental properties (e.g., this watch is on the nightstand). Furthermore, work dating back to Aristotle establishes thatonly somegeneric‐supporting properties bear aprincipled connectionto the kind, that is, are true of an individual by virtue of its being a member of a specific kind (e.g., telling time for a watch). The present studies tested the hypothesis that principled connections are part of the formal structure of kind representations. Specifically, they tested whether they structure a newly learned kind representation. Experiment 1 found that introducing a property of a newly encountered novel kind in any one of four linguistic frames that provide evidence that a property has a principled connection to a kind (e.g., “It has fur because it is a blick”) led participants to infer adifferentconceptual consequence of principled connections (i.e., “There is something wrong with this blick, which does not have fur”) for which they had no direct evidence. Two introduction frames that provided no evidence for principled connections (e.g., “Almost all blicks have fur”) did not generate the same consequence. Experiment 2 found that all of the targeted properties were generic licensing, irrespective of the introduction frame. That the distinction between properties that bear principled connections to their kinds, and merely generic‐supporting properties structuresnovelkind representations, provides strong evidence that this distinction is part of the formal structure of kind representations.
Constrained Choice: Children's and Adults’ Attribution of Choice to a Humanoid Robot
Authors: Flanagan Teresa , Rottman Joshua , Howard Lauren H. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractYoung children, like adults, understand that human agents can flexibly choose different actions in different contexts, and they evaluate these agents based on such choices. However, little is known about children's tendencies to attribute the capacity to choose to robots, despite increased contact with robotic agents. In this paper, we compare 5‐ to 7‐year‐old children's and adults’ attributions of free choice to a robot and to a human child by using a series of tasks measuring agency attribution, action prediction, and choice attribution. In morally neutral scenarios, children ascribed similar levels of free choice to the robot and the human, while adults were more likely to ascribe free choice to the human. For morally relevant scenarios, however, both age groups considered the robot's actions to be more constrained than the human's actions. These findings demonstrate that children and adults hold a nuanced understanding of free choice that is sensitive to both the agent type and constraints within a given scenario.