bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Puccinia schedonnardi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mulder J. L. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Puccinia schedonnardi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Aecial stage on species of
Abutilon, Callirhoe, Hibiscus, Gossypium
and on a few other genera of
Malvaceae
. Uredial and telial stages on species of
Limnodea, Melica, Monanthochloe, Muhlenbergia, Schedonnardus
and
Triplasis
. DISEASE: A minor leaf disease of cotton, infection also occurring on the bolls and involucral bracts. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Fairly general in USA (more abundant southwards) but absent from the N. Pacific slope. On cotton it occurs in Ariz., lower California, N. Mex., Okla and Texas (14: 628) and also in Mexico. Telial and aecial states are reported from Argentina (25: 234) and the former also from Canada (Manitoba) and S. Africa. TRANSMISSION: No studies reported.
Cochliobolus heterostrophus
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cochliobolus heterostrophus
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Generally on leaves of
Zea mays
, the main host,
Euchlaena mexicana, Sorghum vulgare
and many species of
Gramineae
(41: 40; 45, 3084; 48, 414; 50, 2257i). During an epidemic in USA caused by race T in 1970 no important hosts apart from Z.
mays
were noted (50, 2257b). DISEASE: Southern leaf blight of maize, forming very numerous lesions up to 2.5 cm long, mostly on the leaves. They are at first elliptical, then longitudinally elongate, becoming rectangular as restriction by the veins occurs; cinnamon-buff (sometimes with a purplish tint) with a reddish-brown margin and occasionally zonate, coalescing and becoming greyish with conidia. Symptoms caused by race T show a less well defined, somewhat diffuse lesion, with marginal chlorosis leading to leaf collapse, and all parts of the plant can be attacked. Perithecia have been recently reported in the field at the junction of leaf sheath and blade (50, 2257j). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in the tropics and subtropics (CMI Map 346, ed. 3, 1969) but not reported from Australia. Records not yet mapped are: Brunei, Guatemala, Hawaii, Israel, Laos, Mexico, Salvador and Venezuela. TRANSMISSION: Presumably air-dispersed but no detailed studies seem to have been reported. During the recent USA outbreak the disease spread from Florida to Maine in
c
. 6 months (50, 2257c). Spread by seed occurs (50, 3690, 3692; Crosier & Boothroyd,
Phytopathology
61: 427, 747).
Corynespora cassiicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Corynespora cassiicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Plurivorous, especially abundant in the tropics. Ellis (36: 666) gives 57 hosts and later records include:
Citrullus vulgaris, Cucumis melo, Cyamopsis psoraloides, Eucalyptus grandis, Gossypium
spp.,
Hydrangea macrophylla, Lupinus
spp.,
Musa
sp.,
Piper betle, Rhododendron obtusum, Ricinus communis
and
Solanum melongena
. DISEASE: Target spot; usually on the leaves but also on stems roots and flowers. The necrotic lesions becoming darker, are usually irregular, often with a wavy border and frequently zonate, up to 2 cm diam., shot-holing sometimes occurs and defoliation. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, Austria, Brazil, British Solomon Islands, Bolivia, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burma, Cameroon, Cambodia, Canada, Ceylon, China, Colombia, Congo, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Dahomey, Denmark, England, Ethiopia, Fiji, France, French Guiana, Germany, Ghana, Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, Honduras, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Mauritius, Mexico, Nepal, Netherlands, New Hebrides, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Rumania, Samoa (W.), Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Sudan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad, Uganda, USA, US Virgin Islands, Venezuela. TRANSMISSION: Conidia air-dispersed (43, 2801) and a diurnal periodicity with a forenoon peak is reported from India (46, 745). The fungus is seed-borne (28: 155; 39: 710; 44, 200) and survives on host debris for up to 2 yr (37: 199; 40: 754; 43, 2171).
Drechslera sacchari
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Drechslera sacchari
[Bipolaris sacchari]
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Saccharum officinarum
and also reported causing diseases in
Pennisetum purpureum
(Napier or elephant grass) and
Cymbopogon citratus
[Cymbopogon nardus]
(lemon grass). DISEASE: Eye spot and seedling blight of sugarcane. Small reddish spots, surrounded by a straw-coloured halo, develop on the leaves; conspicuous on young leaves, becoming 5-12 × 3-6 mm, longer axis parallel to the main veins, coalescing. These spots may develop long chlorotic streaks running towards the leaf tip, 60-90 cm long and possibly due to toxin production. Germinating seed may be killed 12-14 days from sowing and severely attacked young plants show a top rot. On lemon grass the leaf spots have pale centres with a dark purple border, 4-10 × 1.5-2 mm (20: 229). Older leaves of Napier grass are attacked most, severe outbreaks causing death (17: 753; 21: 258). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in the tropics and subtropics (CMI Map 349, 2nd ed. 1968). Additional records not yet mapped: Cambodia, French Guiana, Panama, Salvador and Senegal. TRANSMISSION: Presumably through air-dispersed conidia; seed-borne infection also occurs (36: 350).
Glomerella cingulata
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Glomerella cingulata
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Reported frequently an
Annona
, apple, avocado, banana, cacao,
Camellia, Capsicum
, cherry, citrus (grapefruit, lemon, lime, orange), coffee, lupin, mango, papaw, pear,
Piper
, rubber, tea, tomato, vine, yams; also on many other cultivated and wild plants. DISEASE: Anthracnose of stems and leaves, dieback, root rot, leaf spot, blossom rot, fruit rot (dieback and ripe rot), seedling blight. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World wide, though more abundant in tropics and subtropics than in temperate regions. TRANSMISSION: Persists on and in seed, trash and weed hosts and is dispersed locally by water splash, air currents, insects or other form of contact. Frequently isolated from soil.
Pestalotiopsis theae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Pestalotiopsis theae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Camellia sinensis
; also recorded on
Cocos, Diospyros, Elaeis, Gossypium, Mangifera, Syzgium, Theobroma
and a number of other unrelated hosts. DISEASE: Grey blight of tea, which begins as small brown spots on the leaves, later enlarging to 1 cm diam. or more and showing (on the upper surface) a greyish centre with light to dark brown margins. Lesions are usually circular or oval with concentric zonations marked out on the upper surface by the dark acervuli. On young leaves these zonations are often absent. Coalescence of the spots may occur. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, Azores, Brazil, Burma, Ceylon, China, Canary Island, Ethiopia, Formosa, Ghana, Guinea, Hawaii, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, Kenya, Laos, Malagasy Republic, Malawi, Malaysia, Mozambique, Nepal, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Rhodesia, Sierra Leone, Somaliland, S. Africa, Tanzania, Thailand, Turkey, Uganda, USSR, Vietnam (S.). TRANSMISSION: No detailed studies reported; the spores may be soil-borne (40: 184).
Poria hypobrunnea
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Pegler D. N. , Gibson I. A. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Poria hypobrunnea
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On cacao, rubber, tea, dadap (
Erythrina
sp.),
Tephrosia candida, Crotalaria anagyroides, Spathodea campanulata
,
Crotalaria incrassata
. DISEASE: Root rot and stem canker, sometimes known as
Poria
root rot or red rust rot. Both these names can be misleading, as they are also used to refer to root infections caused by
Poria hypolaterita
. Woody tissues of trees attacked by the fungus are decayed to a soft, friable condition and are permeated by red mycelium. The flat sporophore is rarely found in association with infected tissues.
Poria hypobrunnea
is believed to be able to infect dead snags on tea bushes in Assam, producing a dieback and canker condition (27: 260), but more recent work by Agnihothrudu (44, 3142; 45, 596) suggests that this condition may be caused by
P. punctata
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ghana); Asia (Ceylon, India (Assam), West Malaysia). TRANSMISSION: The fungus spreads from infected stumps into the soil by means of rhizomorphs that are at first red and later become black. At times the rhizomorphs fuse to form red sheets; the interior is white at all stages. Stump infection is said to occur by air-borne basidiospores (45, 36).
Rhizina undulata
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C. , Gibson I. A. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Rhizina undulata
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Larix decidua, L. leptolepis, Picea abies, P. sitchensis, Pinus contorta, P. nigra, P. maritima, P. sylvestris, P
.
elliottii
var.
elliottii, P. patula, P. pinaster, P. strobus, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Tsuga mertensiana, T. heterophylla
,
Abies alba
among softwoods, and
Castanea sativa
, a hardwood. DISEASE: Group dying of conifers. The disease is characterized by the death of seedlings or plantation trees in groups, which are always found around old fire sites. The roots of infected trees are covered with white or yellowish mycelial strands and fruit bodies of the fungus are formed on the litter at the base of diseased trees during wet weather. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Belgium, Britain, Bulgaria, Finland, France, Germany, Netherlands, Poland, Republic of Ireland, Sweden, USSR (Lithuania & Latvia SSR)); Africa (Rhodesia, Ngwane (formerly Swaziland), South Africa); USA (Oregon, Washington State, Minnisota, California, Md, New York); Canada (British Columbia). TRANSMISSION: By ascospores through the soil, after they have been activated by exposure to temperatures of 35-45°C in the neighbourhood of pine roots.
Herpotrichia coulteri
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. , Gibson I. A. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Herpotrichia coulteri
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Pinus
spp.,
P. albicaulis, P. contorta, P. engelmannii, P. mugo var.pumilio, P. murrayana
and
P. nigra
var.
amasia
. DISEASE: Brown felt-blight of pine. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America and Europe (Cyprus, Poland, Rumania, Switzerland). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores, mycelial growth from adjacent infected leaves.
Leptosphaeria maculans
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Leptosphaeria maculans
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Brassica
spp. ;
Brassica oleracea, B. rapa
and
B. napobrassica
and other
Cruciferae
. DISEASE: Variously known as canker, dry rot and black leg, mainly of
Brassica oleracea, B. rapa
and
B. napobrassica
. Several cruciferous genera are attacked. The first symptoms are seen on seedlings as pale lesions on the stem, cotyledons and first true leaves. These become greyish with the pycnidia developing in their centres. On older plants in the field lesions on the leaves and other above-ground parts often have purplish margins. The stem, root and bulb are attacked causing necrotic, girdling cankers and transverse splits; severe infection of stem or root leads to wilt or the plant toppling over. Pycnidia develop abundantly on all infected areas. The perfect state has been reported from Australia, Canada, England and the Republic of Ireland (44, 65; 45, 1568; 48, 51). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread but mostly in temperate regions (CMI Map 73 ed. 3, 1969). Records not yet mapped are: Australia (NT), Brazil, Costa Rica, Salvador, USSR (Ukraine). TRANSMISSION: The seed is invaded, dormant mycelium forming beneath the seed coat (11: 489; 19: 58). A recent survey in Denmark (48, 2641) showed seed of
B. oleracea
var.
capitata
to be most frequently infected and a longevity of 3 yr 8 months reported. From New Zealand a longevity of 14 months was found (39: 200). Seed treatment for control of conidial infection has led to the recognition that the disease may also be introduced by air-borne ascospores from host debris (42: 62; 49, 1822; 50, 2027). A persistence of 3 yr in soil organic matter can occur (9: 218; 29: 448).
Leptosphaeria salvinii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Leptosphaeria salvinii
[Magnaporthe salvinii]
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Oryza sativa
. DISEASE: Stem rot of rice (
Oryza sativa
). Symptoms are usually first seen at the later growth stages. Necrotic lesions begin on the outer leaf sheath near the water line; these spread gradually to the inner sheaths and the stem base. At about maturity lodging may occur and sclerotia will be found within the tissues. Partial sterility is caused and grain becomes light and chalky. Late infection can lead to small tillers but whether the pathogen caused excessive tillering, as earlier reports stated, is in doubt. Sclerotia form conidia when floating free or detached on moist substrata. Symptoms seem to vary with the growing conditions. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread with host (CMI Map 448, ed. 1, 1968). Additional records not mapped are: Costa Rica, Indonesia, Laos, Panama, Peru. TRANSMISSION: Probably largely through the sclerotia; the role of the conidium and ascospore has been little studied. Viability of the sclerotium is variable, depending on temperature and substratum conditions (11: 599; 47, 182), and a period of 6 yr has been reported (20: 381). Both sclerotia and perithecia survive high summer temperatures (46, 1574).
Alternaria padwickii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Alternaria padwickii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Oryza sativa
. DISEASE: Stackburn, seedling blight and leaf spot of rice (
Oryza sativa
). Necrotic spotting on the roots and coleoptile leads to death of seedlings. Leaf spots are circular or oval, up to 1 cm diam., with a dark margin; the centre becomes pale and bears the black sclerotia. Spotting occurs on the glumes, the kernels are invaded and become discoloured and shrivelled. Sclerotia are formed in all infected areas (27: 447). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in S.E. Asia and parts of Oceania but not reported from Australia; it also occurs in Egypt, Malagasy Republic, Nigeria and Surinam (CMI Map 314, ed. 3, 1972). TRANSMISSION: By seed, up to 79% infection of seed samples has been found (25: 182). The pathogen probably survives between crops on the straw.
Rosellinia bunodes
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Rosellinia bunodes
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On arrowroot,
Artocarpus integer
, avocado, banana, cacao, camphor, cassava,
Centrosemapubescens, Cinchona, Citrus
, coffee,
Colocasia antiquorum, Crotalaria, Desmodium gyroides, Dryobalanops aromatica, Erythrina
, ginger,
Gliricidia, Grevillea robusta, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Holigarna longifolia, Indigofera, Inga laurina, Leucaena glauca, Litsea
, pepper (black),
Petiveria alliacea, Phyllanthus
, rattan, rubber,
Schleichera trijuga
, tea,
Tephrosia
and yams. DISEASE: Black root rot, mainly of tropical and subtropical woody hosts; plurivorous but described mostly from cacao (
Theobroma cacao
), quinine (
Cinchona
spp.), coffee (
Coffea
spp.), rubber (
Hevea brasiliensis
) and tea (
Camellia sinensis
). Wilt and death of the whole plant or single branches may be the first signs of attack. At the collar the mycelial sheet is at first cream-white shading to purplish-black and may extend well above the soil surface in damp conditions. On the root surface the firm, black, branching strands are firmly applied and thicken into irregular knots. In the cortex the strands have a black periphery and white core; in the wood they appear thread-like and black or sometimes as dots in transverse section. In culture the mycelium is white, later buff with black strands. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in tropical America and also in Central African Republic, India (Nilgris, Maharashtra). Indonesia (Java, Sumatra), Malaysia (W.), Philippines. Sri Lanka (Ceylon) and Zaire Republic (CMI Map 358, ed. 2, 1970). Additional records not yet mapped are Honduras, Panama. TRANSMISSION: As mycelium from surface oreanic litter and woody debris.
Rosellinia necatrix
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Rosellinia necatrix
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Acacia
, almond,
Annona
, apple, apricot, artichoke, avocado, barley, bean, beet,
Begonia
, blackberry,
Boemeria nivea
, cherry, chestnut,
Citrus
, coffee,
Cotoneaster
, currants,
Cyclamen neapolitanum, Cynara scolymus
, elm, fig,
Genista monosperma
, jasmine, lucerne, maize, mulberry,
Narcissus
, oak, olive, peach, pear, peony, pepper (black), pistachio,
Pittosporum crassifolium
, plum, poplar, potato, quince, rose,
Salix
, sorghum, strawberry, tea, tulip,
Vaucheria
, vine, violet, walnut, wheat,
Zantedeschia
. DISEASE: White root rot of temperate fruit crops particularly grapevine (
Vitis viniferd
). apple (
Malus pumila
) and mulberry (
Morus
spp.). Probably a plurivorous pathogen: it has also been reported causing disease in artichoke (
Cynara scolymus
; 7: 218), coffee (
Coffea
spp. ; 36: 318), lucerne (
Medicago sativa
; 21: 23), mandarin (
Citrus reticulata
: 45, 3299), ramie (
Boehmeria nivea
) and tea (
Camellia sinensis
; 35: 330). The roots (young ones of tea being attacked first) are invested with a white mycelium which on older roots turns to brown and almost black; superficial black sclerotia may occur and the hyphae are swollen near the septa. Wilt and death of the tree may be slow or fairly rapid and infection is generally confined to the roots. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in Europe, W. Asia, central Africa and also occurs in Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Philippines, Uruguay and USA (CMI Map 306, ed. 2, 1965). Additional records not yet mapped are: Colombia, Dominican Republic, India (Himachal Pradesh), New Zealand, UK (Scilly Is.). TRANSMISSION: Plant roots and debris in soil. There appears to be no evidence for spread by spores.
Scirrhia acicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. , Gibson I. A. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Scirrhia acicola
[Mycosphaerella dearnessii]
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On pines, including
Pinus palustris, P. tueda, P. halepensis, P. nigra
(and varieties),
P. pinaster, P. pinea, P. sylvestris, P. thunbergii, P. ponderosa, P. strobus, P. monticola, P. attenuata, P. caribaea, P. elliottii, P. radiata
,
P. echinata, P. glabra, P. rigida, P. serotina, P. sondereggii, P. virginiana
. DISEASE: Brown spot needle blight (11, 813; 41, 185). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Canada (46, 1929); USA (Southern States, Idaho, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Oregon, Wisconsin); USSR (Republic of Georgia) (46, 3231). (CMI Map 482, ed. 1, 1971). TRANSMISSION: By splash-dispersed, airborne conidia from infected foliage on the tree or after the needles have been cast. The role of ascospores in spread of brown spot needle blight is not known; endospores (45, 3229) have also been described. The incubation period has been found by various authors to be 28-65 days (46, 2329), 2-3 months for young foliage of
P. palustris
(40, 636) and 4-7 months for old foliage of
P. tueda
(46, 3230). Accounts of the effect of age of foliage on susceptibility also vary (40, 636; 46, 3230).
Pseudomonas andropogonis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Pseudomonas andropogonis
[Burkholderia andropogonis]
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Sorghum vulgare
[Sorghum bicolor]
and its vars.
sudanense, technicum, saccharatum, S. halepense
and unspecified grain and grass varieties of
Sorghum, Zea mays, Bougainvillea
sp.,
Mucuna deeringiana, Trifolium repens, T. pratense, Euchlaena mexicana
and
Vicia saliva
. The following have been infected artificially:
Medicago sativa, Viciafaba, Trifolium subterraneum
by spray inoculation, and
Dolichos lablab, Lespedeza
sp.,
Phaseolus vulgaris
(Allen
et al.
; 36, 408) and
Saccharum officinarum
(Elliott & Smith, 1929) after injury. DISEASE: Bacterial stripe of sorghum, bacterial leaf spot or blight of velvet bean, vetch and other legumes. usually a leaf spot disease. On species of
Sorghum
spots and stripes on leaves and sheaths vary in colour from reddish or purplish-brown to tan or brick red, depending on host reaction. On legumes the spots are usually small, angular, dark brown to dark reddish-brown or nearly black. Stem lesions are extensive in vetch, where they can result in death progressively from the base. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Argentina, Brazil, USA, Rhodesia, Uganda, Zambia, South Africa, Nigeria, Hungary, USSR, China, Australia (NSW), Japan, Taiwan (CMI Map 495, ed. 1, 1973). TRANSMISSION: In the field transmission is by wind and rain and can lead to very rapid development of the disease if conditions remain humid. Overwintering is thought to take place in plant debris, in soil and possibly in weed hosts (42, 194). There is some observational evidence for seed transmission in
Sorghum
(Elliott & Smith, 1929) and in
Mucuna
(Allen
et al
, 1970). This would explain the very scattered distribution. With
Bougainvillea
, when the new wet season starts, the young growth is infected by rain splash from old infected leaves that have lasted over from the previous wet season, either attached or on the ground.