bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Decreasing Thickness of Partial Lateral Trochlear Cartilage in Patients with Patellar Instability
Authors: Fan Chongyi , Li Ming , Yang Guangmin , Feng Xunkai , Wang Fei 
Published: May 2021

ObjectiveTo explore morphological characteristics of patellofemoral joint surface of patients with patellar instability by adopting the MRI‐based method.MethodsA retrospective analysis was performed from March 2016 to January 2020 to assess morphological characteristics of the patellofemoral joint surface by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scanning knees of 30 patients (24 females, six males) with patellar instability and trochlear dysplasia and knees of 30 subjects from a randomly selected control group (25 females, five males). The control group was matched as per age and sex. All participants had undergone MRI scans in the supine position and keep knees in or near full extension. Six parts were measured in total, including thickness of trochlear cartilage, thickness of patella cartilage, cartilaginous sulcus angle, cartilaginous Wiberg angle, contact range and frequency and distributions of the mean difference measurement of the femoral trochlea, to evaluate the difference of trochlear and patellar morphology between the patient group and the control group. The threshold for statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.ResultsThere were significant differences in four values between the two groups (P < 0.05). The cartilage thickness two‐third along the lateral condyle in the patient group was significantly lower than that in the control group (LCT2,1.80 ± 0.37 vs 2.06 ± 0.52, 1.92 ± 0.36 vs 2.17 ± 0.50), but there was no significant difference in other sites. There was no significant difference in patella thickness between the patient group and the control group. The cartilaginous sulcus angle in the patient group was larger than that in the control group (157.90 ± 6.64 vs 142.23 ± 3.95, P < 0.001), but there was no significant difference in cartilaginous Wiberg angle. The patient group had a larger initial contact ratio (59.47 ± 6.13 vs 46.50 ± 3.67, P < 0.001), and a smaller contact range (16.55 ± 4.14 vs 27.55 ± 4.09, P < 0.001). The deepest part of the intercondylar suclus appears more often in the lateral of the deepest part of the osseous concavity of the femoral trochlea. Among the patient group, 18 cases (60%) were found with the deepest part of the intercondylar suclus lateral to the deepest point of the osseous concavity of the femoral trochlea while among the control group only 4 cases (13.33%) were found. The distribution of trochlear dysplasia of Dejour grades was type B (n = 22), type C (n = 5), and type D (n = 3).ConclusionThickness of partial lateral trochlear cartilage decreases in patients with patellar instability and the trochlear cartilage develops abnormal morphological characteristics. Moreover, it also suggests that MRI can be used to further present the morphology of cartilage for the convenience of surgical planning.
Discrepancies in persons with dementia, family members, and physician perspectives of dementia treatment: a descriptive study
Authors: Maki Yohko , Ohashi Wataru , Hattori Hideyuki , Suzuki Takao 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundThis study aims to reconsider diagnostic approaches to dementia where pharmacological approaches are not available to reverse the pathological changes caused by dementia.MethodsA questionnaire survey was conducted with 524 physicians specialising in dementia management in Aichi, Japan, with 163 (31.1%) valid responses. The survey gathered information on the perceived merits and demerits of the early diagnosis of dementia and the priorities in treating those with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), mild dementia, and moderate or advanced dementia. In the interview survey, 27 outpatients with mild Alzheimer's disease (76.2 ± 7.6 years old; Mini‐Mental State Examination score 23.3 ± 2.7 points; 21 women, six men) and 24 family members (12 spouses, 12 children) were asked about their priorities in treatment.ResultsA total of 61.3% of physicians answered that persons with dementia having more time to accept the diagnosis is a merit of early diagnosis, while 61.3% answered that the possibility of causing anxiety was a demerit. Around 45% of the physicians chose the option ‘maintaining cognitive function’ as the first priority in cases of MCI and mild dementia, while 39.3% considered it the last priority in moderate or advanced cases. About 22.2% of persons with dementia and 37.5% of their families assigned the highest priority to ‘maintaining cognitive function’, whereas 37.0% of persons with dementia prioritised ‘maintaining quality of life for them and their families’.ConclusionsAlthough it is important to build therapeutic alliances among persons with dementia, their families, and physicians by sharing a common perspective for better treatment of dementia, this study suggested that the three parties do not always share the same vision. Future research is needed to determine how to build therapeutic alliances for better approaches to dementia, especially to ensure that timely diagnosis is beneficial for persons with dementia and their families.
New methods for oscillation analyses push new theories of discrete cognition
Authors: Lundqvist Mikael , Wutz Andreas 
Published: May 2021

AbstractClassical ways of analyzing neural time series data has led to static views on cognition, in which the cognitive processes are linked to sustained neural activity and interpreted as stationary states. The core analytical focus was on slow power modulations of neural oscillations averaged across many experimental trials. Whereas this custom analytical approach reduces the complexity and increases the signal‐to‐noise ratio, it may disregard or even remove important aspects of the underlying neural dynamics. Novel analysis methods investigate the instantaneous frequency and phase of neural oscillations and relate them to the precisely controlled timing of brief successive sensory stimuli. This enables to capture how cognitive processes unfold in discrete windows within and across oscillatory cycles. Moreover, several recent studies analyze the oscillatory power modulations on single experimental trials. They suggest that the power modulations are packed into discrete bursts of activity, which occur at different rates and times, and with different durations from trial‐to‐trial. Here, we review the current work that made use of these methodological advances for neural oscillations. These novel analysis perspectives emphasize that cognitive processes occur in discrete time windows, instead of sustained, stationary states. Evidence for discretization was observed for the entire range of cognitive functions from perception and attention to working memory, goal‐directed thought and motor actions, as well as throughout the entire cortical hierarchy and in subcortical regions. These empirical observations create demand for new psychological theories and computational models of cognition in the brain, which integrate its discrete temporal dynamics.
Power transitions and the rise of the regulatory state: Global market governance in flux
Authors: Lavenex Sandra , Serrano Omar , Büthe Tim 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis special issue examines the consequences of the ongoing power transition in the world economy for global regulatory regimes, especially the variation in rising powers' transition from rule‐takers to rule‐makers in global markets. This introductory article presents the analytical framework for better understanding those consequences, the Power Transition Theory of Global Economic Governance (PTT‐GEG), which extends the scope of traditional power transition theory to conflict and cooperation in the international political economy and global regulatory governance. PTT‐GEG emphasizes variation in the institutional strength of the regulatory state as the key conduit through which the growing market size of the emergent economies gives their governments leverage in global regulatory regimes. Whether or not a particular rising power, for a particular regulatory issue, invests its resources in building a strong regulatory state, however, is a political choice, requiring an analysis of the interplay of domestic and international politics that fuels or inhibits the creation of regulatory capacity and capability. PTT‐GEG further emphasizes variation in the extent to which rising powers' substantive, policy‐specific preferences diverge from the established powers' preferences as enshrined in the regulatory status quo. Divergence should not be assumed as given. Distinct combinations of these two variables yield, for each regulatory regime, distinct theoretical expectations about how the power transition in the world economy will affect global economic governance, helping us identify the conditions under which rule‐takers will become regime‐transforming rule‐makers, regime‐undermining rule‐breakers, resentful rule‐fakers, or regime‐strengthening rule‐promoters, as well as the conditions under which they remain weakly regime‐supporting rule‐takers.
Demystifying the modernized European data protection regime: Cross‐disciplinary insights from legal and regulatory governance scholarship
Authors: Yeung Karen , Bygrave Lee A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis article critically examines fundamental aspects of the recently reformed European regime for protection of personal data, focusing on the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) adopted by the European Union (EU) in 2016. Although the GDPR is now a central concern for many organizations across multiple sectors, many complain that it is arcane, confusing, and complex. By combining knowledge from two disciplinary perspectives – from regulatory governance scholarship, on the one hand, with legal scholarship from the fields of data protection law, constitutional law, and fundamental rights, on the other hand – this article seeks to “demystify” the key elements of the regime's architecture and approach in light of the significant uncertainties concerning the nature of its requirements. In particular, this article examines the tension between the regime's pronounced “risk‐based” approach to compliance and its basic objective of safeguarding fundamental rights, and the challenges facing data protection authorities in providing timely clarifications of the regime's norms. We argue that, despite its complex and arcane character and continuing uncertainty about the precise scope of its requirements, the regime is an innovative hybrid with a significant degree of in‐built “future‐proofing” that should help render it more resistant to being rapidly overtaken or outpaced by organizational–technological developments. The secondary aim of this article is to demonstrate how academic insights from two distinct but related disciplinary perspectives – legal scholarship and regulatory governance studies – offer a potentially fruitful approach to enrich understandings of the European data protection regime in particular, and of the mechanics, efficacy, and legitimacy of regulatory governance regimes more generally.
Exploring Risks of Human Challenge Trials For COVID‐19
Authors: Manheim David , Wiȩcek Witold , Schmit Virginia , Morrison Josh ,   1Day Sooner Research Team
Published: May 2021

AbstractHuman challenge trials (HCTs) are a potential method to accelerate development of vaccines and therapeutics. However, HCTs for COVID‐19 pose ethical and practical challenges, in part due to the unclear and developing risks. In this article , we introduce an interactive model for exploring some risks of a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐COV‐2) dosing study, a prerequisite for any COVID‐19 challenge trials. The risk estimates we use are based on a Bayesian evidence synthesis model which can incorporate new data on infection fatality risks (IFRs) to patients, and infer rates of hospitalization. The model estimates individual risk, which we then extrapolate to overall mortality and hospitalization risk in a dosing study. We provide a web tool to explore risk under different study designs. Based on the Bayesian model, IFR for someone between 20 and 30 years of age is 15.1 in 100,000, with a 95% uncertainty interval from 11.8 to 19.2, while risk of hospitalization is 130 per 100,000 (100–160). However, risk will be reduced in an HCT via screening for comorbidities, selecting lower‐risk population, and providing treatment. Accounting for this with stronger assumptions, we project the fatality risk to be as low as 2.5 per 100,000 (1.6–3.9) and the hospitalization risk to be 22.0 per 100,000 (14.0–33.7). We therefore find a 50‐person dosing trial has a 99.74% (99.8–99.9%) chance of no fatalities, and a 98.9% (98.3–99.3%) probability of no cases requiring hospitalization.
FVE promotes RNA‐directed DNA methylation by facilitating the association of RNA polymerase V with chromatin
Authors: Zhou Jin‐Xing , Du Ping , Liu Zhang‐Wei , Feng Chao , Cai Xue‐Wei , He Xin‐Jian 
Published: May 2021

SummaryAssociation of RNA polymerase V (Pol V) with chromatin is a critical step for RNA‐ directed DNA methylation (RdDM) in plants. Although the methylated DNA‐binding proteins SUVH2 and SUVH9 and the chromatin remodeler‐containing complex DRD1‐DMS3‐RDM1 are known to be required for the association of Pol V with chromatin, the molecular mechanisms underlying the association of Pol V with different chromatin environments remain largely unknown. Here we found that SUVH9 interacts with FVE, a homolog of the mammalian retinoblastoma‐associated protein, which has been previously identified as a shared subunit of the histone deacetylase complex and the polycomb‐type histone H3K27 trimethyltransferase complex. We demonstrated that FVE facilitates the association of Pol V with chromatin and thus contributes to DNA methylation at a substantial subset of RdDM target loci. Compared with FVE‐independent RdDM target loci, FVE‐dependent RdDM target loci are more abundant in gene‐rich chromosome arms than in pericentromeric heterochromatin regions. This study contributes to our understanding of how the association of Pol V with chromatin is regulated in different chromatin environments.
A fluorometric erythrophagocytosis assay using differentiated monocytic THP‐1 cells to assess the clinical significance of antibodies to red blood cells
Authors: Balola Abdelwahab Hassan Ahmed , Mayer Beate , Bartolmäs Thilo , Salama Abdulgabar 
Published: May 2021

Background and ObjectivesThe significance of antibodies to red blood cells (RBCs) is variable and cannot be predicted solely by serological testing. A flow cytometry‐based erythrophagocytosis assay was established using phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate (PMA)‐treated THP‐1 cells and RBCs labelled with PKH26 to assess allo‐ and autoantibodies to RBCs.Materials and MethodsTHP‐1 cells were differentiated into macrophage‐like cells by treatment with PMA. RBC samples coated with alloantibodies or autoantibodies were obtained from 16 patients with autoimmune haemolytic anaemia of warm type (wAIHA) as well as from five pregnant women with warm autoantibodies. RBCs from healthy blood donors were used as controls. RBCs were labelled with the red lipophilic fluorescent dye PKH26 and incubated with PMA‐treated THP‐1 cells. After removal of nonadherent RBCs by washing and haemolysis of adherent RBCs, erythrophagocytosis was quantified by flow cytometry.ResultsWe observed significant phagocytosis of RBCs coated with clinically relevant alloantibodies (i.e. anti‐D and anti‐K) or autoantibodies from patients with active wAIHA, but not of those coated with alloantibodies (anti‐Ch) or autoantibodies from patients and pregnant women without haemolysis.ConclusionThe flow cytometry‐based erythrophagocytosis test described here is quantitative, highly reliable, and may be helpful for the assessment of the clinical significance of antibodies to RBCs.
Determinants of the intention to participate in a programme of plasma donation for fractionation among men who have sex with men
Authors: Veillette‐Bourbeau Ludivine , Otis Joanne , Lewin Antoine , Godin Gaston , Germain Marc , Daunais‐Laurin Gabriel , Lalonde Frédérick , Caruso Jessica , Myhal Geneviève , Pronovost Frédérick 
Published: May 2021

Background and objectivesSeveral approaches are currently under study to contribute to efforts to allow men who have sex with men (MSM) to donate blood. One of these approaches involves implementing a programme of plasma donation for fractionation, with a quarantine period. The goal of this article is to identify the determinants of intention to participate in the plasma donation programme among MSM in Montreal, Canada.Materials and methodsBased on the theory of planned behaviour, a questionnaire was developed to measure MSM’s intention to donate plasma and identify influencing factors. A multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to identify the determinants of intention to donate plasma.ResultsRespondents’ (N = 933) intention to donate plasma in the next six months was moderate. The multiple linear regression model explained 55% (P < 0·001) of the variation of intention. Intention was predicted by attitudes (β = 0·34, P < 0·001), perceived behavioural control (β = 0·28, P < 0·001), aged under 35 years (β = 0·26, P < 0·001), history of blood donation (β = 0·24, P < 0·001), subjective norm (β = 0·21, P < 0·001), income above $40,000 (β = 0·20, P < 0·001), moral norm (β = 0·18, P < 0·001) and higher level of involvement in various issues LGBTQ+ communities are fighting for (β = 0·09, P < 0·001).ConclusionOur analyses show that intention to donate plasma within the proposed programme is associated with personal, social and structural factors, but more strongly predicted by factors related to the theory of planned behaviour. Our results also highlight the importance of involving MSM; community acceptability of the plasma donation programme would probably be higher if MSM felt respected and party to the decisions.
Quantification of testosterone‐dependent erythropoiesis during male puberty
Authors: Mancera‐Soto Erica , Ramos‐Caballero Diana Marcela , Magalhaes Jose , Chaves Gomez Sandra , Schmidt Walter F. J. , Cristancho‐Mejía Edgar 
Published: May 2021

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?
To what extent does testosterone influence haemoglobin formation during male puberty?

What is the main finding and its importance?
In boys, testosterone might be responsible for about 65% of the increase in haemoglobin mass during puberty. The underlying mechanisms are assumed to be twofold: (i) indirectly, mediated by the increase in lean body mass, and (ii) directly by immediate testosterone effects on erythropoiesis. Thereby, an increase in testosterone of 1 ng/ml is associated with an increase in haemoglobin mass of ∼65 g. These processes are likely to determine endurance performance in adulthood.

AbstractThe amount of haemoglobin during puberty is related to endurance performance in adulthood. During male puberty, testosterone stimulates erythropoiesis and could therefore be used as a marker for later endurance performance. This cross‐sectional study aimed to determine the relationship between serum testosterone concentration and haemoglobin mass (Hbmass) in both male and female children and adolescents and to evaluate the possible influences of altitude and training. Three‐hundred and thirteen differentially trained boys and girls aged from 9 to 18 years and living at altitudes of 1000 and 2600 m above sea level entered the study. The stage of sexual maturation was determined according to the classification of Tanner. Testosterone was measured by ELISA. Hbmass was determined by CO‐rebreathing. Haemoglobin concentration did not change during maturation in girls and was 11% higher during puberty in boys, while Hbmass was elevated by 33% in Tanner stage V compared to stage II in girls (498 ± 77 vs. 373 ± 88 g) and by 95% in boys (832 ± 143 vs. 428 ± 95 g). This difference can most likely be attributed to indirect testosterone influences through an increase in lean body mass (LBM) and to direct testosterone effects on erythropoiesis, which increase the Hbmass by ∼65 g per 1 ng/ml. Altitude and training statuses were not associated with testosterone, but with an increase in Hbmass (altitude by 1.1 g/kg LBM, training by 0.8 g/kg LBM). Changes in Hbmass are closely related to testosterone levels during male puberty. Further studies will show whether testosterone and Hbmass during childhood and adolescence can be used as diagnostic tools for endurance talents.
Energy and Exergy Analyses of Simultaneous Charging and Discharging Latent Heat Storage System at Different Inclination Angles—An Experimental Study
Authors: Khobragade Sandip , Devanuri Jaya Krishna 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In this study, the effect of inclination on the thermal performance of a shell and tube latent heat storage system (LHSS) is investigated. Due to its practical applicability, a simultaneous charging and discharging (SCD) condition is considered. The SCD process for the LHSS involves the circulation of the hot fluid from one side and at the same time cold fluid from the other side. The inclination angles considered for this study are 0 deg (horizontal), 30 deg, 60 deg, and 90 deg (vertical). The effect of inclination on the temperature distribution at various locations of LHSS, melting behavior, energy stored, exergy efficiency, heat input, and recovery are presented. The experimental results indicate that the orientation of an LHSS has a great impact on the melting behavior and performance of LHSS. The maximum energy stored is obtained for the horizontal (θ = 0 deg) configuration and shows 27.42% higher value than the vertical. This study reveals that during the initial stage, higher melting rate is observed in horizontal configuration due to the efficient buoyancy-induced thermal transport. After attaining the steady-state condition, the energy storage is not significant, and the thermal transport is noted between the hot and cold heat transfer fluids.
Turning Parameters Optimization for Diffraction Effect Suppression of Diamond-Turned Surface Combining Surface Micro-Topography Model and Scattering Theory
Authors: Sheng Pengfeng , Shen Zhengxiang , Jiang Li , Fang Shenghuan , Wang Zhanshan 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The diamond-turning process is a mean optical surface generation technique with high figure accuracy and surface finish. The diamond-turned surface has a significant diffraction effect introduced by the tool marks remaining on the surface, which heavily degrade the optical performance in the visible wavelength spectrum. The traditional approach that was used to eliminate this effect was polishing. In this paper, we present a method to find turning parameters that can generate an optical surface without diffraction effect directly by coupling a surface micro-topography model of a turned surface via the scattering theory. The surface micro-topography model of the turned surface reveals the relationship between tool marks and the diamond-turning parameters (DTPs). The scattering theory reveals the relationship between diffraction intensity distributions (DIDs) and surface micro-topography of the turned surface. Therefore, we obtained the relationship between DIDs and DTPs. The diffraction effect is considered to be eliminated when the first-order diffraction intensity is less than 0.01% of incidence intensity. The criterion of turning parameters for diffraction elimination is then obtained. Finally, turning experiments are performed to confirm the effectiveness of this method, and the diffraction-free surface finish is achieved.