bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Subconjunctival Versus Peribulbar Anesthesia in Trabeculectomy: A Prospective, Randomized Study
Authors: Azuara-Blanco Augusto , Moster Marlene R , Marr Brian P 
Published: April 2021

* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To compare the use of subconjunctival and peribulbar anesthesia for trabeculectomy.
* PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixty patients undergoing trabeculectomy were prospectively randomized to receive either peribulbar or subconjunctival anesthesia. Peribulbar anesthesia consisted of a 3ml inferior and a 1-ml superior injection of a 1:1 mixture of 2% mepivacaine, 0.75% bupivacaine, and hyaluronidase. Subconjunctival anesthesia consisted of a 1- to 2-ml injection of the same mixture without hyaluronidase in the superotemporal quadrant. Intraoperative pain, presence of eye movements, and complications during surgery were evaluated.
* RESULTS: The frequency and intensity of pain was statistically similar between the two groups. All episodes of pain (20% in the subconjunctival group and 6.6% in the peribulbar group) were rated as mild. Eye movement was more common in the subconjunctival group than in the peribulbar group, but it was controlled by verbal command and did not interfere with the procedure. No clinically significant complications occurred during surgery.
* CONCLUSION: Subconjunctival anesthesia is an effective alternative to peribulbar anesthesia for trabeculectomy.
[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1997;28:896-899.]
Complex Retinal Detachment Treated With Silicone Oil or Sulfur Hexafluoride Gas: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Hammer Mark , Margo Curtis E , Grizzard W Sanderson 
Published: April 2021

* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To determine if either silicone oil or sulfur hexafluoride gas (SF
6
) is superior to the other in the treatment of complex retinal detachment after previously failed vitreous surgery.

* PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this randomized clinical trial, 18 patients received treatment with silicone oil and 16 patients received SF
6
. The primary outcome was defined as successful anatomic attachment of the retina. Secondary outcomes included the time to retinal detachment, visual acuity, anatomic macular attachment, and any complications of surgery.

RESULTS: The odds of successful reattachment with silicone oil were 50% greater than they were with SF
6
, but this difference was not statistically significant. There were no differences between the two groups in any of the secondary outcomes.

* CONCLUSIONS: This study did not have enough statistical power to detect a small but clinically important difference between the two treatment groups. Physicians must use their clinical judgment to select a vitreal substitute for complex retinal detachment when clinical trials are inconclusive. Data pooling is one method of overcoming the limitation of clinical trials with small sample sizes.
[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1997;28:926-931.]
Fluorescent Microsphere Imaging: A Particle-Tracking Approach to the Hemodynamic Assessment of the Retina and Choroid
Authors: Khoobehi Bahram , Shoelson Brett , Zhang Yu-zhong , Peyman Gholam A 
Published: April 2021

* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Quantitative assessment of choriocapillaris circulation has proven difficult. Although the fluorescent vesicle system provides a means of quantifying the retinal circulation, the attempts at imaging fluorescent liposomes in the choroidal microcirculation have been largely unsuccessful. The authors introduce a new tool, fluorescent microsphere imaging, and examine its utility for evaluating the hemodynamics of the retina and choroidal microcirculation. The usefulness of fluorescent microsphere imaging is demonstrated through the examination of the retinal and choroidal circulations of three rhesus monkeys.
* MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fluorescent microsphere imaging uses polystyrene latex microspheres that incorporate one or more dyes. These microspheres are injected intravenously into an animal and are excited in the eye through the resident lasers of a scanning laser ophtfialmoscope. The excited particles are detected by the ophthalmoscope, and its output is then digitized directly or recorded on a videocassette recorder for subsequent image analysis. Multiple-dye microspheres use the principle of resonance energy transfer for the activation of the final dye in a nonradiative cascade. These microspheres enable the investigator to tailor the excitation and emission spectra of the particles for the investigation of different ocular tissues.
* RESULTS: Using 488/515 microspheres (excitation and emission peaks at 488 nm and 515 nm, respectively), the authors captured images of particles circulating in the perimacular retinal circulation. Shifting excitation and emission spectra toward the red and infrared enabled the imaging of blood flow in progressively deeper tissue. Using 633/825 microspheres, the authors recorded and tracked particles in the microcirculation of the choroid.
* CONCLUSION: The authors' findings suggest that fluorescent microsphere imaging provides images useful for studying the retinal circulation and for evaluating previously inaccessible choroidal hemodynamics.
[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1997;28:937-947.]
Subretinal Fluid Drainage With the Erbium:YAG Laser in Rabbit Eyes
Authors: Kawasaki Atsushi , Ohji Masahito , Lewis John M , Marcellino George , Hida Tetsuo , Tano Yasuo 
Published: April 2021

* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the erbium:yttrium- aluminum-garnet (Er: YAG) laser for choroidotomy as a means of performing external drainage of subretinal fluid with less risk of choroidal bleeding.
* MATERIALS AND METHODS: The authors tested this application in a rabbit model of retinal detachment by evaluating the effects of EnYAG laser energy on the bare choroid at various energy settings (1, 2, 3, or 5 mj/pulse) and repetition rates (2, 4, 10, or 30 Hz).
RESULTS: Although the choroid was not perforated at low energy and frequency settings, choroidotomy was successfully achieved as energy and repetition rate were increased. Through higher energy levels per pulse and higher repetition rates, choroidotomy was achieved at lower total energy levels. No retinal damage was detected after laser choroidotomy. Choroidal bleeding was noted in 2 of 97 eyes-, however, no subretinal hemorrhage occurred.
* CONCLUSION: These results indicate that the Er: YAG laser may be a clinically useful tool for retinal reattachment surgery.
[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1997;28:1011-1016.]
Alpha-Tocopherol Derivatives and Wound Healing in an Experimental Model of Filtering Surgery
Authors: Larrosa Jose M , Polo Vicente , Ramirez Teresa , Pinilla Isabel , Pablo Luis E , Honrubia Francisco M 
Published: April 2021

* OBJECTIVE: To describe the effect of a-tocopherol derivatives (acetate and acid-succinate) on the histopathological characteristics of the surgical fistula in an experimental model of filtering surgery.
* MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty pigmented rabbits were divided into 3 groups. Twentyfour hours before surgery the animals were injected subconjunctivally with 0.5 mL of solution that depended on the group of treatment: Group 1 (n = 10) 0.75% ethanol in balanced salt solution (BSS); Group 2 (n = 10) 100 µg a-tocopherol-acetate in 0.75% ethanol in BSS; Group 3 (n = 10) 100 µd atocopheryl-acid-succinate in 0.75% ethanol in BSS. Histological findings were evaluated 30 days after surgery.
* RESULTS: The groups treated with a-tocopherol derivatives showed a higher percentage of persistence of the fistula and better intraocular pressure (IOP) control.
* CONCLUSIONS: Alpha-tocopherol derivatives showed antiproliferative properties in this experimental model of filtering surgery.
[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 2000;31:131-135.]
Dome-Shaped Detachment of Premacular Vitreous Cortex in Macular Hole Development
Authors: Mori Keisuke , Abe Tomoatsu , Yoneya Shin 
Published: April 2021

* PURPOSE: To clarify the role of the posterior vitreous cortex in macular hole development, we evaluated the follow-up findings of clinical observations and optical coherence tomography (OCT) images of macular holes in early stage.
* METHODS: The vitreoretinal tomography was examined and followed in eyes with stage 1 and 2 macular holes with OCT.
* RESULTS: The posterior cortical vitreous was identified in 12 of 17 eyes with early-stage macular holes by OCT (71%). In these eyes, the detached posterior vitreous appeared to be merged to the fovea and the disc. The vitreoretinal separations showed typically dome-shaped. A long scan along the papillomacular axis also delineated the posterior vitreous face as dome-shaped perifoveal vitreous detachment with adhesion to the fovea and disc. Repetitive OCT examinations clearly demonstrated the course of development of the macular hole.
* CONCLUSIONS: The dome-shaped vitreoretinal separation seen with OCT gives rise to an idea that the posterior vitreous cortex may not be taut but slack, and would not cause a continuous fractional force even in early-stage macular holes. This finding brings us an idea that the tangential traction at the fovea may be generated by fluid movements, rather than by contraction of the cortical vitreous.
[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 2000:31:205-209]
Retinal Thickness Immediately After Cataract Surgery Measured by Optical Coherence Tomography
Authors: Grewing Ralf , Becker Horst 
Published: April 2021

* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To evaluate changes in retinal thickness immediately after cataract surgery.
* PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retinal thickness before and 0.5 hours after uneventful cataract surgery was determined in 1 0 patients at 1 5 different points at the posterior pole by optical coherence tomography (OCT).
* RESULTS: The mean retinal thickness at the posterior pole was 251 urn (±30 µ??) before cataract surgery and 249 pm (±25 µ??) after cataract surgery. No statistical difference between pre- and postoperatively values could be evaluated (P = 0.8).
* CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that uncomplicated cataract surgery does not influence retinal thickness immediately postoperatively in eyes without ocular pathologies.
[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 2000;31:215-217]
Grayscale and Proportion-Corrected Optical Coherence Tomography Images
Authors: Ishikawa Hiroshi , Gürs-Özden Rabia , Hoh Sek-Tien , Dou Hong-Liang , Liebmann Jeffrey M , Ritch Robert 
Published: April 2021

* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The commercially available optical coherence tomography (OCT) scanner displays images in a pre-set window regardless of the projected scan length on the retinal surface. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the true dimensions of proportion-corrected OCT images and the additional information present in grayscale images.
* MATERIALS AND METHODS: OCT raw data were exported to an IBM-compatible PC and processed to show grayscale and proportion-corrected images using an automated software of our own design.
* RESULTS: Eyes with cystoid macular edema and retinal pigment detachment were analyzed. Grayscale images showed a finer gradation of signal reflectance. Scan lengths of 2, 4, 6, and 8 mm on the retinal surface showed different qualitative appearances using proportion-corrected software from the printed or onscreen images.
* CONCLUSIONS: Grayscale OCT images can be used to demonstrate additional information not present in false-color images. The disparity between the standard OCT image format and proportion-corrected images emphasizes the need for quantitative rather than qualitative evaluation of retinal dimensions and internal reflectance.
[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 2000;3 1:223-228]
A Weighted Scoring Based Rating Scale to Identify the Severity Level of Mathematics Anxiety in Students
Authors: Tamal Maruf Ahmed , Akter Rabia , Hossain Syed Akhter , Rezaul Karim Mohammed 
Published: April 2021

The purpose of the current study was to develop an effective scale that can be used to assess the severity level of Mathematics Anxiety (MA) among students. Generally, measures for assessing MA adopt primitive questionnaires and unweighted rating-scale based approaches which are predominantly intended for a particular range of students. As a consequence, this type of approach is inherently static and not effective to be used widely. To bridge this gap, considering the view of 839 students, the present study has proposed a Weighted Scoring Based Mathematics Anxiety Rating Scale (WSB-MARS) which represents a more reliable, valid, generalized, and new approach to assess the severity level of mathematics anxiety in students. Besides, the proposed scale can be implemented as a mobile application that is applicable to the research &amp; education field.
Randomized Clinical Trials of Traditional Chinese Medicines for Treating Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: Zheng You-You , Wang Xiao , Si Jiang-Tao , Sun Yu-Xin , Hou Wen-Bin , Liu Jian-Ping , Li Yuan-Xi , Liu Zhao-Lan 
Published: April 2021

Objective:
Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) are efficacious against ulcerative colitis (UC). In recent years, the number of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) of TCM has increased. Thus, it is very important to summarize the basic characteristics, quality, and types of TCM interventions in published RCTs. This scoping review was performed to systematically identify and describe the current situations about RCTs of TCMs for treating UC. Hope to express the focus and specifics of nowadays research in TCM interventions in RCTs and evaluate their common disadvantages exposed to help advance in TCM researching.

Materials and Methods:
A scoping review was conducted according to the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews. We searched two English databases and four Chinese databases from the date of establishment of each database to January 2020. Data from RCTs focusing on any TCM treatment for patients with UC were extracted and evaluated. Selection and characterization were performed by two independent reviewers using predefined forms. All discrepancies were resolved by consensus discussion with a third reviewer. Microsoft Excel 2010 was used to extract the following data from the included studies: (1) basic information of the included studies including research ID, article title, publication language, journal, year of publication, and funding information; (2) patient information including gender, age, disease course, disease stage, severity, sample size; and (3) information on intervention measures, types of intervention measures, drug dosage forms, and treatment courses.

Results:
The search identified 2225 RCTs published between 1987 and 2020. These studies covered 36 provinces in China. The time frame of the RCTs was <28 days in approximately one-third of the RCTs (647, 29.08%). Only one RCT was published in English. Nearly three-quarters of RCTs (1665, 74.83%) did not report the severity of the disease. Three types of interventions were included in the RCTs: pharmacotherapy (2028, 91.15%), nonpharmacotherapy (57, 2.56%), and a combination of the two (140, 6.29%). The administration modes of the intervention groups were evaluated. Drug therapy involved 12 types of TCM dosage forms, which were decoctions, troches, powders, capsules, granules, pills, suppositories, ointments, injections, gels, oral liquids, and substitute tea according to the frequency of use. Nondrug intervention measures involved 10 treatment options, namely, acupuncture, moxibustion, hemospasia, auricular point, acupoint catgut embedding, acupoint injection, scrapping, tuina, acupoint application, and five-tone therapy according to the frequency of use. Most studies included in this review were low in quality. This underscores the need for improvement in the quality of trial methodology in TCM RCTs.
World Malaria Day 2021: Commemorating 15 Years of Contribution by the United States President’s Malaria Initiative
Authors: Steketee Richard W. , Choi Misun , Linn Anne , Florey Lia , Murphy Matthew , Panjabi Rajesh 
Published: April 2021

Abstract.World Malaria Day 2021 coincides with the 15th anniversary of the United States President’s Malaria Initiative (PMI) and follows the first anniversary of the declaration of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. From 2006 to the present, the PMI has led to considerable country-managed progress in malaria prevention, care, and treatment in 24 of the highest-burden countries in sub-Saharan Africa and three countries in the Southeast Asia Greater Mekong subregion. Furthermore, it has contributed to a 29% reduction in malaria cases and a 60% reduction in the death rates in sub-Saharan Africa. In this context of progress, substantial heterogeneity persists within and between countries, such that malaria control programs can seek subnational elimination in some populations but others still experience substantial malaria disease and death. During the COVID-19 pandemic, most malaria programs have shown resilience in delivering prevention campaigns, but many experienced important disruptions in their care and treatment of malaria illness. Confronting the COVID-19 pandemic and building on the progress against malaria will require fortitude, including strengthening the quality and ensuring the safety and resiliency of the existing programs, extending services to those currently not reached, and supporting the people and partners closest to those in need.
Ajoka Theatre as an Icon of Liberal Humanist Values
Authors: Bibi Ambreen , Ashfaq Saimaan , Ullah Qazi Muhammad Saeed , Abbas Naseem 
Published: April 2021

There are multiple ways of transferring human values, cultures and history from one generation to another. Literature, Art, Paintings and Theatrical performances are the real reflection of any civilization. In the history of subcontinent, theatres played a vital role in promoting the Pakistani and Indian history; Mughal culture and traditions. Pakistani theatre, “Ajoka” played significant role to propagate positive, humanitarian and liberal humanist values. This research aims to investigate the transformation in the history of Pakistani theatre specifically the “Ajoka” theatre that was established under the government of military dictatorship in Pakistan in the late nineteenth century. It was not a compromising time for the celebration of liberal humanist values in Pakistan as the country was under the rules of military dictatorship. The present study is intended to explore the dissemination of liberal humanist values in the plays and performances of “Ajoka” theatre. The research is meant to highlight the struggle of “Ajoka” theatre for enhancing the message of love, tolerance, peace and other humanist values in such crucial time.
Análise do comportamento da força de aderência de um ajuste prensado em rodas de aço ABNT 4340
Authors: Martins Celso Luiz Azevedo , Ribeiro Rosinei Batista , RAymundo Emerson Augusto 
Published: April 2021

Esta pesquisaconfirmou, por meio de resultados experimentais, que nos ajustes prensadosentre peças de aço, a força de aderência aumenta muito nos primeiros dias apósa montagem e segue aumentando lentamente ao longo do tempo. Os conjuntosroda-eixo foram montados e desmontados com a utilização de uma máquinauniversal hidráulica de ensaios mecânicos. As desmontagens foram realizadas emsequência, após períodos que variaram entre a primeira hora até quarenta e um (41) dias após montagem. Destemodo, foi possível verificar o aumento da força necessária para desmontagemdecorrente do tempo entre a montagem e a desmontagem.
Gestão de Desempenho por Competência (GDP): análise da avaliação de desempenho utilizada em uma instituição bancária para ascensão profissional
Authors: Derrosso Giuliano , Boewerk Samara 
Published: April 2021

Cada vez mais, as empresas utilizam a área de Recursos Humanos, para conseguir vantagem competitiva em relação a seus concorrentes, devido a isso, cada vez mais, elas estão implementando sistemas de avaliação de desempenho para, através dessas avaliações, poderem conhecer melhor as falhas de seus funcionários e sua necessidade de desenvolvimento, para com esses dados poderem investir no desenvolvimento profissional dos mesmos, gerando, assim, satisfação em seus colaboradores. Levando em consideração o papel cada vez mais importante das avaliações de desempenho nas organizações, o presente estudo, faz uma analise geral da avaliação de desempenho utilizada por uma instituição financeira a Gestão de Desempenho por Competências (GDP) e a sua forma de utilização, como um dos critérios, para ascensão profissional dentro da empresa em estudo, buscando fazer uma comparação entre a teoria e a pratica.
Rubric Assessment and Spatial Zonal Mapping of Atmospheric Corrosion of Steel in India
Authors: Kumar Vanapalli Naveen , Sil Arjun 
Published: April 2021

Steel is an imperative engineering material due to its endurance; it accounts for a significant part of the world economy. It has enormous demand all over the world for its extensive use in construction and other industries. These industries are experiencing inevitable atmospheric exposure, and exposed steel structures are rapidly deteriorating due to induced atmospheric corrosion. This study assessed and interpreted trends in atmospheric corrosion rates in India for the last 39 y, and spatially mapped seasonal decade-by-decade trends. Northeast India has been identified as the most corrosive region in the country, with the rainy season being the most corrosive season. Corrosion maps for India are prepared on the basis of 39 y of atmospheric data. A corrosion zone map is prepared to classify the country into five different zones based on the rate of atmospheric corrosion. Long-term atmospheric corrosion rates are projected for the next 50 y in all major cities across the country. Long-term corrosion is estimated to reduce the rate of atmospheric corrosion by 81% after 10 y of exposure and 91% after 50 y of exposure.
Construyendo estados viables. Lecciones y retos del proceso de construcción del Estado en Centroamérica
Authors: Montobbio Manuel 
Published: April 2021

En Centroamérica, como en otras regiones, la capacidad del Estado para proporcionar seguridad y garantizar la vigencia del derecho y el bienestar de su ciudadanía condiciona su viabilidad y su precariedad. La viabilidad del Estado viene determinada por su legitimidad, por el sentido de pertenencia a una comunidad y por el origen democrático de sus autoridades, así como por su eficacia: los ciudadanos y las ciudadanas no solo quieren que el Estado garantice la seguridad y el derecho, sino también que promueva políticas que satisfagan sus necesidades básicas, en tanto que seres humanos.
ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 61, No. 696, 2006: 981-997.
Modernidad y postmodernidad en América Latina
Authors: Vargas-Hernández José G. 
Published: April 2021

En este artículo, el autor hace un análisis del desarrollo del capitalismo en América Latina. Para ello explica los conceptos de modernidad —así como las estrategias de modernización neoliberal y estructuralista— y postmodernidad. Con base en estos referentes, analiza la complejidad de la realidad económica y social, lo cual le permite concluir que los procesos de globalización neoliberal aumentan las desigualdades sociales que debilitan el sistema democrático, agudizan sus contradicciones y lo vuelven incompatible con el capitalismo.
ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 61, No. 696, 2006: 999-1022.