bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reduction of the effect of internal activity in LaCl3:Ce scintillator
Authors: Chattopadhyay D. , Sharma S. , Saha Sarkar M. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Despite having excellent energy and time resolutions, the intrinsic α and β contaminations in the lanthanum halide scintillators pose severe limitations in their usage in rare-event detections, especially. In the present work, pulse shape discrimination (PSD) with a pre-defined algorithm of a commercially available fast digitizer has been utilized to separate the effect of α contamination from the spectrum. The efficacy of the method has been measured experimentally and compared with simulation. The contribution of the β activity has been eliminated by generating its shape with the help of a Monte-Carlo based simulation code. Thus the background events generated by intrinsic β and α activities have been reduced appreciably. The present study will encourage the application of these detectors in low cross-section measurement experiments.
Time of emergence of economic impacts of climate change
Authors: Ignjacevic Predrag , Estrada Francisco , Botzen W J Wouter 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
We introduce the concept of time of emergence of economic impacts (ToEI), which identifies the initial moment when the climate change impact signal exceeds a previously defined threshold of past economic output shocks in a given geographic area. We compute the ToEI using probabilistic climate change projections and impact functions from three integrated assessment models of climate change: DICE, RICE and CLIMRISK. Our results demonstrate that, in terms of the business-as-usual carbon emissions scenario, the global economy could reach its ToEI by 2095. Regional results highlight areas that are likely to reach the ToEI sooner, namely Western Europe by 2075, India by 2083, and Africa by 2085. We also explore local-scale variations in the ToEI demonstrating that, for example, Paris already reached the ToEI around 2020, while Shanghai will reach it around 2080. We conclude that the ToEI methodology can be applied to impact models of varying scales when sufficient historical impact data are available. Moreover, unprecedented impacts of climate change in the 21st century may be experienced even in economically developed regions in the US and Europe. Finally, moderate to stringent climate change mitigation policies could delay the extreme economic impacts of climate change by three decades in Latin America, the Middle East, and Japan, by two decades in India, Western Europe, and the US, and by one decade in Africa. Our results can be used by policymakers interested in implementing timely climate policies to prevent potentially large economic shocks due to climate change.
Chesapeake legacies: the importance of legacy nitrogen to improving Chesapeake Bay water quality
Authors: Chang S Y , Zhang Q , Byrnes D K , Basu N B , Van Meter K J 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In the Chesapeake Bay, excess nitrogen (N) from both landscape and atmospheric sources has for decades fueled algal growth, disrupted aquatic ecosystems, and negatively impacted coastal economies. Since the 1980s, Chesapeake Bay Program partners have worked to implement a wide range of measures across the region—from the upgrading of wastewater treatment plants to implementation of farm-level best management practices—to reduce N fluxes to the Bay. Despite widespread implementation of such measures and notable reductions in N inputs, water quality across the region has been slow to improve. Such lack of response has in some cases been attributed to N legacies—accumulations of surplus N in soils and groundwater—that can contribute to time lags between implementation of conservation measures and improvements in water quality. Here, we use the ELEMeNT-N modeling framework to explore the role of legacy N in slowing reductions in N loading to the Bay, and to provide estimates of the time required to meet water quality goals in nine major tributary watersheds. Our results first show that recent improvements in water quality can be attributed to decreases in N surplus magnitudes that began to occur in the 1970s and 1980s, and that such improvements will continue in the coming decades. Future simulations suggest that, even with no additional changes in current management practices, goals to reduce N loads across the region by 25% can nearly be met within the next two decades. The present results also suggest that time lags to achieving water quality may vary considerably in the individual study watersheds, with the longest lag times being found in the highly agricultural Choptank watershed, where N surplus magnitudes remain high and where legacy N remains a major control on water quality.
Longitudinal associations between C-reactive protein and cognitive performance in normative cognitive ageing and dementia
Authors: Lewis Nathan A , Knight Jamie E 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Background
systemic inflammation appears to play an important role in the pathogenesis and expression of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias. Previous research has found that elevated levels of serum C-reactive protein (CRP) is associated with poorer cognitive functioning and increased risk for dementia. However, most studies are limited by single CRP measurements, which fail to capture long-term inflammatory exposures or dynamic changes in inflammation and cognition which may occur across repeated measurements.

Methods
using data from 3,563 older adults aged 65–101 from the Health and Retirement Study, we examined bivariate changes in CRP and cognition measured repeatedly over a 10-year follow-up. Bivariate multilevel models estimated the effect of time-varying CRP on cognition among cognitively healthy older adults and in a subset of 427 participants who reported incident dementia onset during the follow-up period.

Results
in cognitively healthy participants, CRP was associated with lower level of cognitive functioning, but not rate of change over time. This effect was significant in participants under 80 years of age (b = −0.09, standard error (SE) = 0.05, P = 0.04), but not in older participants. In participants with incident dementia, those with higher CRP experienced smaller rates of cognitive decline, leading up to dementia diagnosis.

Conclusions
elevated levels of CRP predict poorer cognition and increased dementia risk in cognitively healthy adults under the age of 80. Conversely, increased CRP may confer protective effects on cognition in the prodromal stage of dementia.
An Illumination of a Floating World
Authors: Gallois William 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
If a picture was not seen to be art when it was made, can we imagine that its producer may have designed the work to be read elsewhere in time or space? Or, perhaps, that the eyes that have been trained upon the work have rarely been those that were able to see and describe its value? This piece (also available on Instagram @cendrillondefes) tries to dramatize the gains that come to history through a process of learning to read a text whose significance was not seen in the moment in which it was made. It aims at a discrete form of upending, in reevaluating the work of an important artist and the culture from which they came, while aspiring to be a more of a beginning than an ending in its more general goals. These humbler aspirations depend upon seeing its subject as a teacher, rather than simply as an object of study.
Is Alcohol Consumption Associated With Risk of Early Menopause?
Authors: Freeman Joshua R , Whitcomb Brian W , Purdue-Smithe Alexandra C , Manson JoAnn E , Langton Christine R , Hankinson Susan E , Rosner Bernard A , Bertone-Johnson Elizabeth R 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Earlier age at menopause is associated with increased long-term health risks. Moderate alcohol intake has been suggested to delay menopause onset, but it is unknown whether alcohol subtypes are associated with early menopause onset at age 45 years. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate risk of early natural menopause among 107,817 members of the Nurses’ Health Study II who were followed from 1989 to 2011. Alcohol consumption overall and by subtypes, including beer, red wine, white wine, and liquor, was assessed throughout follow-up. We estimated hazard ratios in multivariable models that were adjusted for age, body mass index, parity, smoking, and other potential confounders. Women who reported moderate current alcohol consumption had lower risks of early menopause than did nondrinkers. Those who reported consuming 10.0–14.9 g/day had a lower risk of early menopause than did nondrinkers (hazard ratio = 0.81, 95% confidence interval: 0.68, 0.97). Among specific beverages, evidence of lower early menopause risk was confined to consumption of white wine and potentially red wine and liquor, but not to beer. Data from this large prospective study suggest a weak association of moderate alcohol intake with lower risk of early menopause, which was most pronounced for consumption of white and red wine and liquor. High consumption was not related to lower risk of early menopause.
Relationship Between Serum Cystatin C and Early Indicators of Arteriosclerosis in Hypertensive Patients with Normal Renal Function
Authors: Zhang Jie-mei , Shang Qian-hui , Wang Xiao-chun 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Background
To explore the relationship between serum cystatin C (CysC) and arteriosclerotic indicators such as brachial ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV), carotid femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV), ankle brachial index (ABI), and augmentation index (AIx) in hypertensive patients with normal renal function.

Methods
From January 2017 to May 2019, 2,486 hypertensive patients with normal renal function were recruited and grouped according to CysC quartile, age, blood pressure, and whether or not taking antihypertensive drugs. Analysis of variance, χ2 test, Pearson correlation, and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to clarify the relationship between CysC and arteriosclerosis indicators.

Results
As CysC levels increased, the incidence of baPWV ≥1.4 m/s and cfPWV &gt;10 m/s increased gradually (P &lt; 0.05). With increasing age and blood pressure classification, the incidence of baPWV ≥1.4 m/s and cfPWV &gt;10 m/s as well as ABI and AIx gradually increased (P &lt; 0.05). The incidence of cfPWV &gt;10 m/s and AIx in patients taking antihypertensive drugs were higher than those in patients not taking antihypertensive drugs (P &lt; 0.05). Pearson correlation analysis showed that CysC was weakly correlated with baPWV and cfPWV (r = 0.334, 0.283, P &lt; 0.05), and had no significant correlation with ABI and AIx (r = 0.013, −0.005, P &gt; 0.05). After adjusting for various factors, the multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that compared with quartile 1 CysC patients, odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval [CI]) of baPWV ≥1.4 m/s in quartile 4 group was 2.51 (1.47–4.31) while OR (95% CI) of cfPWV &gt;10 m/s in quartile 2, 3, and 4 groups were 1.60 (1.03–2.48), 1.96 (1.25–3.08), and 2.11 (1.30–3.43), respectively. For per standard deviation increase of CysC, the OR (95% CI) of baPWV ≥1.4 m/s and cfPWV &gt;10 m/s were 1.25(1.04–1.51) and 1.31 (1.10–1.56), respectively.

Conclusions
CysC is an independent predictor of increased baPWV and cfPWV in hypertensive patients with normal renal function.
Resource preferences and the emergence of individual niche specialization within populations
Authors: Sol Daniel , Lapiedra Oriol , González-Lagos Cesar , de Cáceres Miquel 
Published: June 2021

AbstractGrowing evidence that individuals of many generalist animals behave as resource specialists have attracted substantial research interest for its ecological and evolutionary implications. Variation in resource preferences is considered to be critical for developing a general theory of individual specialization. However, it remains to be shown whether diverging preferences can arise among individuals sharing a similar environment, and whether these preferences are sufficiently stable over time to be ecologically relevant. We addressed these issues by means of common garden experiments in feral pigeons (Columba livia), a species known to exhibit among-individual resource specialization in the wild. Food-choice experiments on wild-caught pigeons and their captive-bred cross-fostered descendants showed that short-term variation in food preferences can easily arise within a population, and that this variation may represent a substantial fraction of the population foraging niche. However, the experiments also showed that, rather than being limited by genetic or vertical cultural inheritance, food preferences exhibited high plasticity and tended to converge in the long-term. Although our results challenge the notion that variation in food preferences is a major driver of resource specialization, early differences in preferences could pave the way to specializations when combined with neophobic responses and/or positive feedbacks that reinforce niche conservation.
Improving distance measures between genomic tracks with mutual proximity
Authors: Haschka Thomas , Morlot Jean Baptiste , Carron Leopold , Mozziconacci Julien 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
An increasing number of genomic tracks such as DNA methylation, histone modifications or transcriptomes are being produced to annotate genomes with functional states. The comparison of such high dimensional vectors obtained under various experimental conditions requires the use of a distance or dissimilarity measure. Pearson, Cosine and $L_{p}$-norm distances are commonly used for both count and binary vectors. In this article, we highlight how enhancement methods such as the contrast increasing mutual proximity’ (MP) or local scaling’ improve common distance measures. We present a systematic approach to evaluate the performance of such enhanced distance measures in terms of separability of groups of experimental replicates to outline their effect. We show that the MP’ applied on the various distance measures drastically increases performance. Depending on the type of epigenetic experiment, MP’ coupled together with Pearson, Cosine, $L_1$, Yule or Jaccard distances proves to be highly efficient in discriminating epigenomic profiles.
Contact Tracing Solution for Global Community
Authors: Narayanan Hari T S 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
There are several Contact Tracing solutions since the outbreak of SARS COVID-19. All these solutions are localized—specific to a country. The Apps supported by these solutions do not interwork with each other. There are no standards to the proximity data collected by these Apps. Once the international travel restrictions are relaxed, this will become an issue. This paper explores this issue, by addressing one of the key requirements of Contact Tracing solutions. All the current solutions use an Identifier, Proximity Identifier (PID), that anonymously represents the user in the proximity data exchanged. The PID used in these applications varies in their structure, management and properties. This paper first identifies the common desirable properties of PID, including some non-obvious ones for its global application. This identification is essential for the design and development of the Contact Tracing solution that can work across boundaries seamlessly. The paper also evaluates representative solutions from two different design classes against these properties.
Diagnostic Performance of Diffusion-weighted Imaging for Evaluation of Bowel Inflammation in Paediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Kim Pyeong Hwa , Yoon Hee Mang , Jung Ah Young , Lee Jin Seong , Cho Young Ah 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Background and Aims
The diagnostic performance of diffusion-weighted imaging magnetic resonance enterography [DWI-MRE] has not been clearly established in a paediatric population. We systematically evaluated the diagnostic performance of DWI-MRE for the detection of bowel inflammation in paediatric patients with suspected or known inflammatory bowel disease [IBD].

Methods
MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, Web of science and the Cochrane library were searched for articles investigating the diagnostic performance of DWI-MRE for the detection of bowel inflammation in paediatric patients with suspected or known IBD up to December 31, 2020. Pooled sensitivity and specificity were calculated using a bivariate random-effects model. Pooled inter-reader agreement for the interpretation of DWI-MRE was also calculated. This study was registered as PROSPERO CRD42021228754.

Results
Nine studies covering 400 paediatric patients were included. The pooled sensitivity and specificity of DWI-MRE for the detection of bowel inflammation were 0.93 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.88–0.96) and 0.96 [95% CI, 0.87–0.99], respectively. Substantial heterogeneity was noted in both sensitivity [I2 = 66%; p &lt; 0.01] and specificity [I2 = 94%; p &lt; 0.01]. Meta-regression analysis identified that the use of spasmolytics contributed to higher specificity [0.89–0.99] and that quantitative assessment with an apparent diffusion coefficient cut-off value contributed to lower sensitivity [0.93–0.85] and specificity [0.98–0.72]. The pooled coefficient of inter-reader agreement, including four studies using visual assessment, was 0.97 [95% CI, 0.78–1.00].

Conclusions
DWI-MRE, especially when used with spasmolytics, is accurate for the detection of bowel inflammation in paediatric patients with suspected or known IBD. Quantitative measurement of ADC is not practical for this purpose.
The Trampslator: Performing the Translation of the Sound of Silence
Authors: Broqua Vincent 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This article seeks to explore the aesthetics of translation through analysis of Charlie Chaplin’s Modern Times, in which the Tramp sings a song that can be analysed as a performance of the translation of the sound of silence. While defining silence as effects of silence, and clarifying the relation between performance and translation, the article places itself within a paradigm of heterodox translation, namely a practice of translation that while being non-metaphorical, expands the realm of translation in its relation to sound and multilingualism. The Tramp’s song is analysed in relation to its meaning for Modern Times and as carrying more meaning than critics usually read. Read from the perspective of translation studies and of US experimental poetry, the song is seen as a crucial sequence for translation at large, as an example of what the article calls ‘trampslation’ or, that is, a motley of translations such as homophonic or intersemiotic translations that destabilize our conceptions of translation and languages. Thus, the article seeks to use what Lawrence Venuti defines as heuristic translation and demonstrate that translation is a strong interpretive tool.
Do You Care Who Flagged This Post? Effects of Moderator Visibility on Bystander Behavior
Authors: Bhandari Aparajita , Ozanne Marie , Bazarova Natalya N. , DiFranzo Dominic 
Published: June 2021

Abstract This study evaluates whether increasing information visibility around the identity of a moderator influences bystanders’ likelihood to flag subsequent unmoderated harassing comments. In a 2-day preregistered experiment conducted in a realistic social media simulation, participants encountered ambiguous or unambiguous harassment comments, which were ostensibly flagged by either other users, an automated system (AI), or an unidentified moderation source. The results reveal that visibility of a content moderation source inhibited participants’ flagging of a subsequent unmoderated harassment comment, presumably because their efforts were seen as dispensable, compared to when the moderation source was unknown. On the contrary, there was an indirect effect of other users versus AI as moderation source on subsequent flagging through changes in perceived social norms. Overall, this research shows that the effects of moderation transparency are complex, as increasing visibility of a content moderator may inadvertently inhibit bystander intervention.Lay SummaryThis study examines the effects of flagging unmoderated offensive posts on social media, and how this changes the users’ subsequent behavior. We examined users’ reactions to the flagging of these posts by other users, an automated system, or an unspecified process to determine whether this affects the users’ ensuing behavior. A 2-day experiment on a simulated social media site showed that the visibility of the “flagger” impacts how users perceive social norms and think about the accountability for their own online actions. The results showed that the visibility of the person/system that flagged the material generally deterred subsequent flagging. The analysis also shows that the effect was stronger when the users thought that it was other users, and not an automated system, that had flagged the online harassment.
Efficacy of Naturally Occurring and Commercial Entomopathogenic Nematodes Against Sugar Beet Wireworm (Coleoptera: Elateridae)
Authors: Nikoukar Atoosa , Ensafi Pooria , Lewis Edwin E , Crowder David W , Rashed Arash 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Wireworms are the larval stage of click beetles (Coleoptera: Elateridae), and some of their species are serious pests of many crops. In the present study, we evaluated the efficacy of naturally occurring and commercial entomopathogenic nematode species against the sugar beet wireworm, Limonius californicus (Mannerheim), in the laboratory. First, efficacies of Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) collected from an irrigated (S. feltiae-SSK) and a dryland (S. feltiae-SSC) field and the two commercial entomopathogenic nematode species, S. carpocapsae (Weiser) (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae), were examined. Efficacies of the two field-collected S. feltiae isolates were also compared against a commercial S. feltiae strain. In the first bioassay, S. feltiae-SSK caused 63.3% wireworm mortality, followed by 30% caused by S. carpocapsae, 23.3% by S. feltiae-SSC, and 6.7% by H.bacteriophora. In the second assay, S. feltiae-SSK killed 56.7% of the wireworms, ≈2.1- and ≈5.7-fold higher than S. feltiae-SSC and the commercial isolate, respectively.
Searching for Vance Lowry: “Banjo King” and “A Kind of Parisian Figure”
Authors: O’Connell Deirdre M 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The life stories of traveling people reveal hidden historiographical connections and serve as allegories for broader cultural patterns. This biographical portrait of African American banjo player Vance Lowry tracks a path from the Appalachian Mountains to the avant-garde salons of 1920s Paris. As a figure on the vanguard of cultural change, Lowry’s knowledge was absorbed by like-minded white people on both sides of the Atlantic. Yet he has been remembered only as a person who influenced the vanguard—if he has been remembered at all. If histories of the white avant-garde have emphasized the ruptures of modernism, this account of Vance Lowry’s life, family, and career point to its continuities. Namely, that Black materials fashioned American culture and the culture of the modern world. In tracing this tradition, the article chronicles the shifting place of the banjo in the modern imagination, while disassembling systems of white patronage that sustained Vance Lowry’s performing life but relegated him to a footnote in annals of modernism.