bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ON THE CARE OF THE PREMATURE INFANT BY LAURENCE STERNE AS DESCRIBED IN HIS NOVEL TRISTRAM SHANDY (1760)
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

One of the earliest descriptions of the care of the premature infant is that of the English clergyman and novelist Laurence Sterne (1713-1768) in his preposterously comic novel, Tristram Shandy. Sterne described the case of Licetus Fortunio (1577-1657), an Italian physician who was born prematurely as follows:
. . . And for Licetus Fortunio . . . all the world knows he was born a foetus. [He] was no larger than the palm of the hand, but the father, having examined it in his medical capacity, and having found that it was something more than a mere embryo, brought It living to Rapallo, where it was seen by Jerome Bardi and other doctors of the place. They found it was not deficient in anything essential to life, and the father, in order to show his skill, undertook to finish the work of nature and to perfect the formation of the infant by the same artifice as is used in Egypt for the hatching of chickens. He instructed a wet-nurse in all she had to do, and having put his son in an oven, suitably arranged, he succeeded in rearing him, and in making him take on the necessary increase of growth, by the uniformity of the external heat, measured accurately in the degrees of a thermometer, or other equivalent instrument.
ON THE EVILS OF CHILD LABOR IN 1907 BY THE AMERICAN POET EDWIN MARKHAM
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

Edwin Markham (1852-1940), an American poet, achieved worldwide fame for the poem "The Man with the Hoe." Inspired by Millet's famous painting, the poem was a forceful protest against the degradation and exploitation of labor. Markham's description of child labor, written in 1907, stirred the nation with its bitter depiction of the evils of child labor.
And the children are called in from play to drive and drudge beside their elders. The load falls upon the ones least able to bear it—upon the backs of the little children at the base of the labor pyramid.
All the year in New York and in other cities you may watch children radiating to and from such pitiful homes. Nearly any hour on the East Side of New York City you can see them—pallid boy or spindling girl—their faces dulled, their backs bent under a heavy load of garments piled on head and shoulders, the muscles of the whole frame in a long strain. The boy always has bowlegs and walks with feet wide apart and wobbling.
In the rush times of the year, preparing for the changes of seasons or for the great "white sales," there are no idle fingers in the sweatshops. A little child of "seven times one" can be very useful in threading needles, in cutting the loose threads left on, or for any stitch broken by the little bungling fingers. The light is not good, but baby eyes must "look sharp."
In New York City alone, 60,000 children are shut up in the home sweatshops.
HEALTH TECHNOLOGY
Authors: Mahler H. ,   Student
Published: December 2021

Essential health care requires essential health technology, a technology which people can understand and which the non-expert can apply. The identification or generation of such technology forms part of the revolution in community health and thus presents a tremendous challenge to [W.H.O.].
We just cannot afford to continue the indiscriminate use of methods, machines and medicines, so many of which have never undergone the critical evaluation of a controlled trial, let alone a proper cost/effectiveness analysis. . . . We must break the chains of dependence on unproved, oversophisticated and overcostly health technology by developing another kind of technology that is more appropriate because it is technically sound, culturally acceptable and financially feasible.
Chorioretinitis in the Adolescent: Two Case Presentations With Discussion
Authors: Greydanus Donald E. , Noble Kenneth G. , Hofmann Adele D. 
Published: December 2021

Two cases of chorioretinitis in adolescence demonstrate the characteristic course of events. It is typically caused by Toxoplasma gondii and is usually acquired congenitally. Toxocara infection must be considered in younger children. Other etiologic agents are rarely implicated in children and youth.
Diagnosis of toxoplasmic chorioretinitis is based on a characteristic history of visual disturbance and specific funduscopic appearance, along with confirmatory serological studies. Management is complex, utilizing pyrimethamine (Daraprim), sulfadiazine, and prednisone in combination for several weeks or months. The combined long-term care by the physician generalist and ophthalmologist is essential. Recognition of adolescent developmental issues is important to insure optimal compliance.
The prognosis is guarded, with 5% to 30% recurrence rates noted after treatment. Severe visual impairment may be seen.
Current Trends in Pediatric Urology
Authors: Woodard John R. , Belman A. Barry , Walker R. Dixon , Kaplan George W. , Firlit Casimir F. 
Published: December 2021

More than 40 papers were read before the Urology Section of the annual meeting of the American Academy of Pediatrics in Chicago, October 17 to 2i, 1976. Some of those papers were presented as parts of symposia currently important to both pediatricians and urologists. Three such symposia are summarized in this report.
EFFECT OF VESICOURETERAL REFLUX ON THE KIDNEY
Vesicoureteral reflux continues to be a controversial topic and one in which the parameters for management are being constantly reassessed. The Joint Action Committee on Vesicoureteral Reflux presented a panel discussion emphasizing the effects of reflux on the kidney.
The most fundamental facts about reflux concern its relationship to bacteriuria and chronic renal scarring.1 While prevalence of bacteriuria in preschool girls is about 1%, in school-age girls it rises to about 2%. In these children the emergence rate of urinary tract infection is between 3% and 5%. Among girls found to have bacteriuria the prevalence of reflux is 20% to 30% with renal scarring being present in 15% to 20% of this group. These latter figures are considered to be conservative estimates. Actually, 90% of children with renal scarring demonstrate evidence of current or previous vesicoureteral reflux.2 The data of Winberg et al. indicate that the kidney is most vulnerable to scarring during the first year of life.3
In 1969 Hodson introduced the concept that intrarenal reflux may be the primary factor leading to renal scarring. In support of his concept Hodson et al. carried out extensive experimental studies in swine, an animal selected because of the similarities between the kidney of the pig and that of the humans.4
Febrile seizures: An end to confusion
Authors: Freeman John M. 
Published: December 2021

After years of conflicting advice from numerous experts about treatment or nontreatment of febrile seizures, there is now a sound basis on which the pediatrician can make decisions. Recent studies1-4 have approached the problems of febrile seizures from different viewpoints and are beginning to present a coherent, understandable picture of their outcome and the results and problems of therapy.
Nelson and Ellenberg in this issue (p. 720) present the last in a series of articles on the 1,706 children with febrile seizures from the 54,000 pregnant women enrolled in the Collaborative Perinatal Project and followed up to the age of 7. All data were collected prospectively.
Relative Effects of Drugs and Diet on Hyperactive Behaviors: An Experimental Study
Authors: Williams J. Ivan , Cram Douglas M. , Tausig Frances T. , Webster Evelyn 
Published: December 2021

In a test of Feingold's hypothesis that food additives trigger the hyperactive response, 26 hyperactive children were randomly assigned to treatment conditions whereby they were given active or placebo medications in combination with challenge cookies with artificial food colors or control cookies without the additives. The children were crossed over into each of the four treatment conditions and experimental procedures were employed, including double-blind assessments through the completion of behavior checklists, by teachers and parents.
Stimulant medications were clearly more effective than diet in reducing hyperactive behavior. The parent ratings indicate strong drug effects and inconclusive diet effects. Drug effects are marked in teacher ratings as well. However, when the children were receiving placebos, their hyperactive behaviors in the classroom were greater when eating cookies with artificial colors than when eating cookies without artificial colors.
According to the ratings, approximately seven children were no longer hyperactive. There is evidence to suggest that the behavior of three to eight children was diet-responsive, depending on the criteria used. There is evidence, particularly in teacher ratings, in support of Feingold's hypothesis if it is modified.
Further research is required to specify which subtypes of hyperactive children respond to a diet free of artificial food colors.
OLIVER AND NATURE
Authors: Dickens Charles 
Published: December 2021

"Although I am not disposed to maintain that the being born in a workhouse is in itself the most fortunate and enviable circumstance that can befall a human being, I do mean to say that in this particular instance it was the best thing for Oliver Twist that could by possibility have occurred. The fact is, that there was considerable difficulty in inducing Oliver to take upon himself the office of respiration-a troublesome practice, but one which custom has rendered necessary to our easy existence; and for some time he lay gasping on a little flock mattress, rather unequally poised between this world and the next; the balance being decidedly in favor of the latter. Now, if, during this brief period, Oliver had been surrounded by careful grandmothers, anxious aunts, experienced nurses, and doctors of profound wisdom, he would most inevitably and indubitably have been killed in no time. There being nobody by, however, but a pauper old woman, who was rendered rather misty by an unwonted allowance of beer; and a parish surgeon who did such matters by contract; Oliver and Nature fought out the point between them. The result was, that, after a few struggles, Oliver breathed, sneezed, and proceeded to advertise to the inmates of the workhouse the fact of a new burden having been imposed upon the parish, by setting up as loud a cry as could reasonably have been expected from a male infant who had not been possessed of that very useful appendage, a voice, for a much longer space of time than three minutes and a quarter.
As Oliver gave this first proof of the free and proper action of his lungs, the patchwork coverlet which was carelessly flung over the iron bedstead, rustled; the pale face of a young woman was raised feebly from the pillow; and a faint voice imperfectly articulated the words, "Let me see the child, and die."
Cost of Living for Infants Weighing 1,000 Grams or Less at Birth
Authors: Pomerance Jeffrey J. , Ukrainski Christinia T. , Ukra Tara , Henderson Diane H. , Nash Andrea H. , Meredith Janet L. 
Published: December 2021

This article reports the in-hospital cost of caring for 75 infants weighing 1,000 gm or less at birth who were born during the 2½-year period between January 1973 and June 1975. Thirty infants (40%) survived. Nineteen of 27 infants tested (70%) appear to be neurologically and developmentally "normal" at 1 to 3 years of age.
Hospital charges were adjusted to September 1976 rates and corrected for a 94% collection rate. Physicians' fees represented less than 5% of the total bill and were not included. The average adjusted daily and total costs for the 45 infants who died were $825 and $14,236, respectively. The average adjusted daily and total costs for the 30 survivors were $450 and $40,287, respectively. The average adjusted total cost per "normal" survivor was $88,058. It is our belief that the outcome justifies this expense. Society, however, must be the ultimate judge.
Certification for pediatric nurse practitioners and associates
Authors: McAtee Patricia R. , Goldstein Paul S. , Hochheiser Louis 
Published: December 2021

Through the collaborative efforts of nursing and medicine, a national entry-level certification for pediatric nurse practitioners and associates has been developed and offered. This marked the culmination of a decade of effort in which the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) joined with pediatric nurse practitioners and associates and the faculty of nurse practitioners programs to develop a means of recognizing and accrediting the special skills and competencies of pediatric nurse practitioners and associates.
In May of 1977 the National Board of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners and Associates (which includes representation from the AAP, the National Association of Pediatric Nurse Associates and Practitioners [NAPNAP], and the Association of Faculties of Nurse Practitioner and Associate Programs [AFNPP]) announced the certification of 823 pediatric nurse practitioners and associates.
Phenobarbital and Febrile Seizures
Authors: Hamburger David 
Published: December 2021

I read with great interest the article on febrile convulsions by Wolf et al. (Pediatrics 59:378, March 1977). It is always enjoyable to read an article which confirms one's personal bias.
I would like to offer one point for discussion. In group 1, which received phenobarbital continuously, the daily dose of 3 to 4 mg/kg/day was at the low range of the commonly used anticonvulsant dose of 4 to 6 mg/kg/day.1 Perhaps the continuous use of a dose of 5 mg/kg/day would have further decreased the incidence of recurrent febrile convulsions.
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CHILD PSYCHIATRY
Authors: Haggerty Robert J. 
Published: December 2021

The best evidence is that around 10% of children have a recognizable psychiatric disorder. This is a sobering reminder of the impact of this major public health problem today. This issue of the journal reports a series of papers presented at an institute of epidemiology on child psychiatry, and it provides important facts for any pediatrician interested in the behavioral issues of children. There is a useful series of papers on causation and also on treatment. For instance, Needleman and colleagues present data on the correlation of increasing lead burden in a population of schoolchildren with psychological disturbance. Rutter presents the Isle of Wight studies of a total population of children, demonstrating how different behavioral problems are correlated with different epidemiologic factors, thus allowing separation of what had seemed similar problems. Suicide, one of the few causes of death that is increasing in incidence in children, is examined and shown to be a special phenomenon of recent cohorts of children. Robbins' classic follow-up of a group of children who persisted with behavioral problems in adult life demonstrated that this group mainly comprised those who had shown antisocial rather than other behavioral disorders in childhood. Kellam and colleagues describe a treatment phenomenon, namely, that adolescents use mental health services on the basis of the nature of the service, and how it is perceived, more than on the severity of their illness.
A short summary cannot do justice to a 141-page monograph, but the quality and the importance of this epidemiologic section makes this required reading for serious students of child behavior.
Asymptomatic Neonatal Familial Hypercalcemia
Authors: Eichenbrenner Timothy J. , Schwartz Robert P. 
Published: December 2021

In the article by Orwoll et al,1 an infant with a serum calcium of 12.4 mg/100 ml at 2 hours of age is described. The mother was reported as having primary hyperpara-thyroidism, but the urine calcium was not mentioned and she most likely had hypocalciuric hypercalcemia.
We have seen two similar infants. The 23-year-old mother had a serum calcium of 12.8 mg/100 ml and an elevated parathormone level. She underwent exploratory surgery at another hospital.
Violaceous Cellulitis
Authors: Nudelman Robert , Bral Masood , Sakhai Yussef , Wesselius Dirk , Cohen Myles J. 
Published: December 2021

In light of the two articles which appeared in Pediatrics concerning Group B streptococcal skin infections of the head and neck,1,2 we would like to relate our experience with a young infant who had group B streptococcal cellulitis of the hand.
An 11-week-old white female infant was in her usual state of good health, except for a seborrheic appearing rash present since 3 weeks of age, until 5 AM on the day of admission when she became fussy, starting crying excessively, and refused to breast-feed.
Letter to the Editor
Authors: Reichelderfer Thomas E. , Dorst John P. 
Published: December 2021

Frye refers to the sentence in the next to the last paragraph of our article1 which states that the new zinc cent "will cost 49 cents as compared to 99 cents for the bronze penny."
Those of us in the military who drilled with the Springfield rifle, which weighs 9.6 pounds, often thought that after a period of time the decimal point dropped out. So did ours. The sentence should have read, ".49 cents as compared to .99 cents."
Zinc Toxicity
Authors: Tasic Velibor , Gordova Alexandra , Delidzhakova Maria , Kozhinkova Nada 
Published: December 2021

The report of Zimmerman et al1 strongly offers us the hypothesis for defect of mammary zinc secretion leading to secondary acrodermatitis in premature breast-fed infants. The validity of their study is in the prospective measurement of the breast milk zinc concentrations during lactation.
We have also observed a premature infant who had the characteristic skin lesions along with failure to thrive and diarrhea, although the infant was exclusively breast fed, and his family history was negative.
Promoting Successful Breast-Feeding
Authors: Naylor Audrey J. 
Published: December 2021

I was pleased to read the Policy Statement "The Promotion of Breast-Feeding."1 While the final conclusions and recommendations are commendable, there are two recommendations within the text of the section "Influencing the Choice" that are questionable and warrant comment.
First, there is the advice that "discharge packs should be given only at the discretion of the attending physician or at the request of the mother." Since "the mother" is not specifically defined as one who has already made an informed choice to formula feed, the phrase presumably includes both those who are breast-feeding and those who have chosen to use formula.
PURGING SUGAR-PLUMS FOR CHILDREN, AN ENGLISH PROPRIETARY MEDICATION ADVERTISED IN 1705
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

Patent, or proprietary, medicines for children were frequently advertised in early eighteenth century English and American newspapers. A typical example is the following published in the Flying Post, 1-3 January 1705.
Purging sugar-plums for children, and others of nice palates, nothing differing in taste, colour, etc. from sugar-plums at the confectioners, having been experienced by thousands to sweeten and purify the blood to admiration, kill worms, cure the green-sickness in maids, pale looks in children, rickets, stomach pains, King's-Evil, scurvies, rheumatisms, dropsies, scabs, itch, tetters [skin disease] etc., good in all cases, where purging is necessary, doing all that is possible to be done by a purging medicine, being the cheapest, safest, and pleasantest purge in the world, fit for persons of all ranks, ages and sexes. Price 1s. the box, to be had only at Mr. Spooner's at the Golden Half-Moon in Buckle-Street in Goodmans-fields near White-Chapel, with directions.
Neonatal Nurse Clinicians
Authors:   COMMITTEE ON FETUS AND NEWBORN
Published: December 2021

The Committee on Fetus and Newborn is cognizant of the increased employment of neonatal nurse clinicians in expanded roles to render intensive care to critically ill neonates. The Committee supports the role of these practitioners. In view of the fact that neonatal nurse clinicians are members of a team rendering sophisticated neonatal intensive care, the Committee strongly recommends the following guidelines:
1 Supervision by the physician in charge of the neonatal intensive care unit in the delivery of pediatric medical care.
2. Participation in the delivery of neonatal intensive care as a member of the neonatal team.
3. Specific training in, and a demonstrated ability to perform, skill-related activities prior to the performance of the activities.
4. Coverage by malpractice liability insurance which recognizes the expanded role of the neonatal nurse clinician.
5. Adequate training of the neonatal nurse clinician for the educational component of the neonatal nurse clinician role.
6. Responsibility for obtaining continuing education to update and revise knowledge, skills, and technologic and therapeutic modalities.
7. Documentation of completion of formal education training as a neonatal nurse clinician.
8. Development of the neonatal nurse clinician role so that growth, advancement, and satisfaction can occur.
9. Regulation of the neonatal nurse clinician/ house officer ratio so as not to detract from house officer preparation and development.
Help Needed on Hot Water Burns
Authors: FELDMAN KENNETH W. 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor.—
Tap water scald burns present a serious, yet highly preventable, injury to children. They can be most easily prevented by reduction of home water heater temperature to safe levels. In order to protect a maximum number of children, efforts have been made to convince the US Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) to modify water heater industry policy. In February 1981, the US Consumer Product Safety Commission rejected a petition requesting a maximum setting of 130°F on new water heaters for home use.
Cerebral Blood Flow
Authors: AHMANN PETER A. , DYKES FRANCINE D. , LAZZARA ANTHONY , WILCOX W. DEAN , CARRIGAN TIMOTHY , GIDDENS DON P. 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor.—
Doppler ultrasound assessment of flow velocity in cerebral vessels in neonates has generated intense interest since the technique was originally applied to the preterm infant by Bada et al.1 The value and indication both as a research tool and useful clinical tool have yet to be defined. We have been using a range-gated, pulsed Doppler instrument with a specially designed transducer for the past 18 months and would like to add some comments to those of Bejar et al2 and Volpe et al3 concerning Doppler ultrasound, pulsatility index, patent ductus arteriosus effects on cerebral flow, and autoregulation.
Should Screening Programs Be Perfect?
Authors: MITCHELL MARVIN L. 
Published: December 2021

In Reply.—
Wyatt makes two points regarding the vulnerability of newborn screening programs but only one, in my opinion, has serious implications. With regard to the first, that the pitfalls might be used as an excuse to curtail screening programs seems unlikely. The overwhelming evidence accumulated from all programs involved in neonatal screening indicates that despite the occasional missed case, without such programs, the damage to children and their families would have been incalculable. Faced with this evidence few would have the temerity to attempt to discredit the value of screening programs or limit their involvement in health care.