bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A gépesített hadviselés kérdésének szovjet megközelítése a két világháború között
Authors: Harka Ödön 
Published: March 2021

Triandafillov tábornok A korszerű hadseregek hadműveleteinek jellege című munkájában már megjelent a nagymélységű hadművelet kategóriája. A támadó hadműveletek mélységi kiterjedése kapcsán rámutatott arra, hogy ez alapvetően a védelem mélységi tagoltságától függ, amely gépesített hadseregek esetében 80-100 km is lehet. Tuhacsevszkij tábornok A háború új kérdései című művében tovább finomította Triandafillov gépesített hadviselésre vonatkozó elképzeléseit. Meglátása szerint az arcvonalak szélesebbé válásának következtében a döntő ütközet megvívásához szükséges, a szárnyakon végrehajtott manőverek teljesítésére nem marad hely, emiatt a küzdelem frontális jellegűvé alakult át már az I. világháborúban is. A tábornok szerint a megkerülő hadműveletek a légierő és a harckocsik bevetésével határozottabbá válnak majd, a meglepetésszerű alkalmazás pedig tovább fokozza az új típusú harci eszközök hatékonyságát.
The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) Loan Projects: Analyzing The People’s Republic of China’s Multilayered Multilateralism Strategy to Turkey (2016-2018)
Authors: Raharyo Anggara , Saady Shelia 
Published: March 2021

The establishment of Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) was first marked with the proposition made by People’s Republic of China (PRC) President Xi Jinping in 2013. Many since then believes that the establishment of the AIIB is part of PRC’s bigger plan that is the Belt and Road Initiatives (BRI). The significance of Turkey strategic position for the implementation of BRI, it is very crucial for PRC to maintain a steady flow of cooperation with Turkey. Out of 93 members that has joined as a part of AIIB, Turkey stands as the second largest loan receiver by the end of 2018. This article argues that PRC has been using AIIB as part as their BRI plan through its multilayered-multilateralism strategy to Turkey. This article analyze the loan policies that has been made by PRC and AIIB to Turkey from 2016 to 2018
Analiza postrzegania prawdziwości informacji wśród studentów – podobieństwo super fake newsów do prawdziwych wiadomości
Authors: Rosińska Klaudia , Brzóska Paweł , Nowak Bartłomiej 
Published: March 2021

Cel i hipoteza: przedmiotem badań prezentowanych w artykule jest postrzeganie prawdziwości fake newsów w zależności od sposobu ich definiowania: jako dezinformacji intencjonalnej (wąska definicja) lub niezamierzonej dezinformacji (szeroka definicja). U podstaw analizy leży hipoteza, zgodnie z którą fake newsy definiowane wąsko będą skuteczniej udawały prawdziwe wiadomości niż fake newsy definiowane szeroko, a zatem użytkownicy będą obie te grupy fake newsów postrzegać w różny sposób. Metody badań: metoda sondażu diagnostycznego, zawierającego skalę fake newsów, oraz psychologiczny pomiar poziomu analitycznego myślenia i aktywnie otwartego myślenia. Wyniki i wnioski: analiza udowadnia, że użytkownicy postrzegają prawdziwość fake newsów w dwojaki sposób: twarde fake newsy (fake newsy definiowane szeroko) są postrzegane jako mniej prawdziwe, a super fake newsy (fake newsy definiowane wąsko) są postrzegane jako bardziej prawdziwe. Ponadto, podczas gdy analityczne myślenie wpływa korzystnie jedynie na rozpoznawanie twardych fake newsów, to aktywnie otwarte myślenie chroni przed uwierzeniem zarówno w twarde, jak i super fake newsy. Wartość poznawcza: w artykule przedstawiono medioznawczo-psychologiczną analizę postrzegania prawdziwości różnych grup fake newsów i dzięki temu wskazano różne sposoby projektowania działań edukacyjnych w tym obszarze.
ОРІЄНТИРИ ДІЯЛЬНІСНОГО ПІДХОДУ В КОНЦЕПТУАЛІЗАЦІЇ ЗМІННОЇ «САМОАКТИВНІСТЬ КУРСАНТА»
Authors: Грибенюк Г.С. , Дмитренко М. , Грибенюк І.Г. 
Published: March 2021

Стаття розкриває особливості концептуалізації змінної «самоактивність курсанта», що, дає змогу обґрунтувати необхідну діагностичну процедуру та отримати дані щодо внутрішніх резервів психіки курсанта. Представлені результати роботи дозволяють з’ясувати окремі взаємозалежності між змістом концетуальних та операціональних змінних у дослідженні самоактивності курсанта. Обгрунтовані концептуальні змінні у дослідження та розкрито специфіку компоненти «самоактивність курсанта».
Ключові слова: самоактивність курсанта; діяльнісний підхід; концептуальні змінні; діяльність;, навчання; виховання; екстремальні умови.
Metabolic Reprogramming and Reactive Oxygen Species in T Cell Immunity
Authors: Peng Hao-Yun , Lucavs Jason , Ballard Darby , Das Jugal Kishore , Kumar Anil , Wang Liqing , Ren Yijie , Xiong Xiaofang , Song Jianxun 
Published: March 2021

T cells undergo metabolic reprogramming and multiple biological processes to satisfy their energetic and biosynthetic demands throughout their lifespan. Several of these metabolic pathways result in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The imbalance between ROS generation and scavenging could result in severe damage to the cells and potential cell death, ultimately leading to T cell-related diseases. Interestingly, ROS play an essential role in T cell immunity. Here, we introduce the important connectivity between T cell lifespan and the metabolic reprogramming among distinct T cell subsets. We also discuss the generation and sources of ROS production within T cell immunity as well as highlight recent research concerning the effects of ROS on T cell activities.
Glycated Hemoglobin as a Marker for Predicting Outcomes of Patients With Stroke (Ischemic and Hemorrhagic): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Bao Yaya , Gu Dadong 
Published: March 2021

Background: Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) has emerged as a useful biochemical marker reflecting the average glycemic control over the last 3 months, and the values are not affected by short-term transient changes in blood glucose levels. However, its prognostic value in the acute neurological conditions such as stroke is still not well-established. The present meta-analysis was conducted to assess the relationship of HbA1c with outcomes such as mortality, early neurological complications, and functional dependence in stroke patients.Methods: A systematic search was conducted for the PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases. Studies, either retrospective or prospective in design that examined the relationship between HbA1c with outcomes of interest and presented the strength of association in the form of adjusted odds ratio/hazard ratios were included in the review. Statistical analysis was done using STATA version 13.0.Results: A total of 22 studies (15 studies on acute ischemic stroke and seven studies on hemorrhagic stroke) were included in the meta-analysis. For patients with acute ischemic stroke, each unit increase in HbA1c was found to be associated with an increased risk of mortality within 1 year, increased risk of poor functional outcome at 3 months, and an increased risk of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) within 24 h of admission. In those with HbA1c ≥ 6.5%, there was an increased risk of mortality within 1 year of admission, increased risk of poor functional outcomes at 3 and 12 months as well as an increased risk of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) within 24 h of admission. In patients with hemorrhagic stroke, each unit increase in HbA1c was found to be associated with increased risk of poor functional outcome within the first 3 months from the time of admission for stroke. In those with HbA1c ≥ 6.5%, there was an increased risk of poor functional outcome at 12 months.Conclusions: The findings indicate that glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) could serve as a useful marker to predict the outcomes in patients with stroke and aid in the implementation of adequate preventive management strategies at the earliest.
The Accuracy of Individualized 3D-Printing Template-Assisted I125 Radioactive Seed Implantation for Recurrent/Metastatic Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Qiu Bin , Jiang Yuliang , Ji Zhe , Sun Haitao , Fan Jinghong , Li Weiyan , Shao Yuxia , Jiang Ping , Wang Junjie 
Published: March 2021

PurposeTo evaluate the accuracy of individualized 3D-printing template-assisted I125 radioactive seed implantation (3D-PT assisted I125 RSI) for recurrent/metastatic head and neck cancer.Materials and MethodsFrom February 2017 to January 2020, clinical data of 41 patients (mean age, 58.5 ± 16.1 years; 28 males) with recurrent (48.8%)/metastatic (51.2%) head and neck cancer underwent individualized 3D-PT assisted I125 RSI under CT guidance in a single institute were retrospectively reviewed. Total 430 seed needles [mean, 10.5 (range 3–17) per patient] were inserted.ResultsAll seed needles were inserted manually in a single attempt with the technical success rate of 100% without major perioperative complications. The mean needle’s entrance deviation was 0.090 cm (95% Confidence Interval, 0.081–0.098). The mean intraoperative depth and angle of the needle were consistent with that of planned (6.23 ± 0.24 vs. 6.21 ± 0.24 cm, p = 0.903; 83.14 ± 3.64 vs. 83.09 ± 3.66 degrees, p = 0.985, respectively). The mean deviation between the needle’s planned and intraoperative depth and angle was 0.168 ± 0.024 cm and 1.56 ± 0.14 degrees, respectively. The postoperative dosimetry parameters, including D90, D100, V100, V150, V200, conformity index, external index, and homogeneity index, were all well-coordinated with planned dosimetry without significant difference (p = 0.515, 0.662, 0.958, 0.865, 0.872, 0.278, 0.456, and 0.989, respectively).ConclusionsWithin the limitation of this study, individualized 3D-PT assisted I125 RSI may be accurate in obtaining favorable postoperative dosimetry for patients with recurrent/metastatic head and neck cancer.Clinical Trial Registration[website], identifier [registration number].
Changing Patient and Public Beliefs About Antimicrobials and Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Using a Brief Digital Intervention
Authors: Chan Amy Hai Yan , Horne Rob , Lycett Helen , Raebel Eva , Guitart Jordi , Wildman Emilie , Ang Karen 
Published: March 2021

Background: A key driver of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is patient demand for unnecessary antibiotics, which is driven by patients’ beliefs about antibiotics and AMR. Few interventions have targeted beliefs to reduce inappropriate demand.Objective: To examine whether a brief, online algorithm-based intervention can change beliefs that may lead to inappropriate antibiotic demand (i.e. perceptions of antibiotic necessity and lack of concern about antibiotic harm).Design: Pre- and post-intervention study.Participants: Participants were 18 years or older, and residing in the United Kingdom, who self-selected to participate via Amazon mTurk, an online survey plaform, and via research networks.Intervention: Participants were presented with a hypothetical situation of cold and flu symptoms, then exposed to the intervention. The online intervention comprised: 1) a profiling tool identifying individual beliefs (antibiotic necessity, concerns, and knowledge) driving inappropriate antibiotic demand; 2) messages designed to change beliefs and knowledge (i.e. reduce antibiotic necessity, and increase antibiotic concerns and knowledge), and 3) an algorithm linking specific messages to specific beliefs and knowledge.Main measures: The profiling tool was repeated immediately after the intervention and compared with baseline scores to assess change in beliefs. A paired samples t-test was used to determine intervention effect.Key Results: A total of 100 respondents completed the study. A significant change in beliefs relating to inappropriate demand was observed after the intervention, with a reduction in beliefs about antibiotic necessity (t = 7.254; p &lt; 0.0001), an increase in antibiotic concerns (t = −7.214; p &lt; 0.0001), and increases in antibiotic and AMR knowledge (t = −4.651; p &lt; 0.0001).Conclusion: This study is the first to demonstrate that patient beliefs about antibiotics and AMR associated with inappropriate demand can be changed by a brief, tailored online intervention. This has implications for the design of future interventions to reduce unnecessary antimicrobial use.
A Dual-Pathway Perspective on Food Choices in Adolescents: The Role of Loss of Control Over Eating
Authors: Van Malderen Eva , Kemps Eva , Claes Laurence , Verbeken Sandra , Goossens Lien 
Published: March 2021

IntroductionOne in three adolescents frequently consume unhealthy snacks, which is associated with negative developmental outcomes. To date, it remains unclear how intrapersonal factors account for food choices in adolescents. Guided by the dual-pathway model, the current study aimed to: (1) examine the joint contribution of inhibitory control and attentional bias in predicting unhealthy food choices in adolescents, and (2) determine whether this mechanism is more pronounced in adolescents who experience loss of control over eating (LOC).Materials and MethodsA community sample of 80 adolescents (65% female; 10–17 years old,Mage= 13.28,SD= 1.94) was recruited. Based on a self-report questionnaire, 28.7% of this sample reported at least one episode of LOC over the past month. Food choice was assessed using a computerized food choice task. Both inhibitory control and attentional bias were measured with behavioral tasks (go/no-go and dot probe task, respectively). Binary logistic regressions were conducted to address the research questions.ResultsInhibitory control and attentional bias did not significantly interact to predict unhealthy food choices. However, there was a significant three-way interaction between inhibitory control, attentional bias and LOC. For adolescents without LOC, the combination of poor inhibitory control and low attentional bias was significantly associated with unhealthy food choice. Surprisingly, for adolescents with LOC, there was no significant association between unhealthy food choice and inhibitory control or attentional bias.DiscussionDual-pathway processes do not seem to add to the explanation of food choice behavior for adolescents with LOC. For adolescents who do not experience LOC, those with poor inhibitory control combined with low attentional bias might be at particular risk for making unhealthy food choices.
Compromised Conscience: A Scoping Review of Moral Injury Among Firefighters, Paramedics, and Police Officers
Authors: Lentz Liana M. , Smith-MacDonald Lorraine , Malloy David , Carleton R. Nicholas , Brémault-Phillips Suzette 
Published: March 2021

BackgroundPublic Safety Personnel (e.g., firefighters, paramedics, and police officers) are routinely exposed to human suffering and need to make quick, morally challenging decisions. Such decisions can affect their psychological wellbeing. Participating in or observing an event or situation that conflicts with personal values can potentially lead to the development of moral injury. Common stressors associated with moral injury include betrayal, inability to prevent death or harm, and ethical dilemmas. Potentially psychologically traumatic event exposures and post-traumatic stress disorder can be comorbid with moral injury; however, moral injury extends beyond fear to include spiritual, cognitive, emotional or existential struggles, which can produce feelings of severe shame, guilt, and anger.ObjectiveThis scoping review was designed to identify the extant empirical research regarding the construct of moral injury, its associated constructs, and how it relates to moral distress in firefighters, paramedics, and police officers.MethodsA systematic literature search of peer-reviewed research was conducted using databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, APA PsychInfo, CINHAL PLUS, Web of Science, SCOPUS, and Google Scholar. Included studies were selected based on the inclusion criteria before being manually extracted and independently screened by two reviewers.ResultsThe initial database search returned 777 articles, 506 of which remained after removal of duplicates. Following review of titles, abstracts, and full texts, 32 studies were included in the current review. Participants in the articles were primarily police officers, with fewer articles focusing on paramedics and firefighters. There were two studies that included mixed populations (i.e., one study with police officers, firefighters, and other emergency service workers; one study with paramedic and firefighter incident commanders). Most studies were qualitative and focused on four topics: values, ethical decision-making, organizational betrayal, and spirituality.ConclusionPublic safety organizations appear to recognize the experience of moral distress or moral injury among public safety personnel that results from disconnects between personal core values, formal and informal organizational values, vocational duties, and expectations. Further research is needed to better understand moral distress or moral injury specific to public safety personnel and inform training and treatment in support of public safety personnel mental health.
Correlates of Psychological Distress Among Pakistani Adults During the COVID-19 Outbreak: Parallel and Serial Mediation Analyses
Authors: Ashraf Farzana , Zareen Gull , Nusrat Aasia , Arif Amna , Griffiths Mark D. 
Published: March 2021

Objective: The global outbreak of COVID-19 has greatly affected individual's lives around the world and resulted in various negative psychological consequences. During the pandemic, reflection on and attention to COVID-19 may help in dealing with its symptomology but frequent and persistent thoughts about the situation can be unhealthy. The present study examined the direct and indirect associations between obsession concerning COVID-19, psychological distress, life satisfaction, and meaning in life.Design: This mediation study presents a primary analysis of normative data collected after the initial outbreak of COVID-19 in Pakistan. Parametric bootstrapping was used to test the mediation models of subjective well-being, the extent of the effect, and meaning in life as parallel and serial mediators concerning the associations between COVID-19 obsession and psychological distress measures.Setting: A sample of 1,002 adults (45% men and 55% women) were recruited utilizing an online survey between April to May 2020. They were aged between 19 and 45 years (M = 24.30, SD = 7.29) and normalized on population characteristics.Results: Two out of three mediators in parallel mediation fully mediated the relationship between obsession and psychological distress (total effect = 0.443, SE = 0.050, p &lt; 0.0001) illustrating that high-level obsessions were associated with low levels of satisfaction with life and presence of meaning in life and search for meaning in life. Psychological distress is likely to decrease in the presence of a high level of satisfaction with life and meaning. Moreover, satisfaction with life and search for meaning in life significantly mediated the association between COVID-19 obsession (z=-3.507, p &lt; 0.0001 and z = −2.632, p &lt; 0.001 respectively).Conclusion: The present study showed that life satisfaction and search for meaning in life may play a significant role in decreasing psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Supporting Clinician-Scientist Development in Child Psychiatry: A Four-Domain Model for Individual or Programmatic Self-Reflection
Authors: Calhoun Amanda , Herrington Olivia D. , Leckman James F. , Martin Andrés 
Published: March 2021

Background: The Albert J. Solnit Integrated Training Program (AJSP) is a novel educational initiative designed to prepare physician-scientists for independent careers in the investigation and treatment of childhood psychiatric disorders.Methods: We conducted a qualitative study to explore the impact and active components of the AJSP through hour-long individual interviews of its enrollees and graduates. We were specifically interested in identifying individual or programmatic traits for success that could be replicated elsewhere. As components of our theoretical framework, we used sources on Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and Threat (SWOT) Analysis as applied to healthcare, and on mentorship and career development as pertaining to child and adolescent psychiatry (CAP).Results: Thirty-four individuals matriculated into the AJSP between 2004 and 2020, 33 (97%) of whom participated. Through iterative thematic analysis, we developed a model consisting of quadrants resulting from the intersection of a developmental perspective (spanning professional or personal spheres) and a reflective direction (with outward- or inward-facing vantage points). The model can be of practical utility through putative questions that trainees/program leaders could ask themselves by using the four domains as points of departure: (I) Individual: “Is becoming a clinician-scientist right for me?”/“What traits are we looking for in prospective applicants?”; (II) Program: “Is this the right program for me?”/“What is the right balance between structure and freedom for trainees to thrive in?”; (III) Mentorship: “What is the right number and constellation of mentors for me?”/“How can we optimize our experience and backgrounds toward the benefit of our trainees?”; and (IV) Charting Course: “Who do I want to become?”/“How can we help our charges embrace, find, or reconnect with their true vocation?”Conclusion: Our analytic approach can help identify, refine, and replicate programs that are urgently needed to increase the workforce of clinician-scientists dedicated to improving the well-being and mental health of children and families. The model we describe can be fruitfully applied to the self-reflection by individuals or program leaders. Although based on a single program with very specific goals, the model could also be applied to other training initiatives within psychiatry—and beyond.
Utilization of Mycophenolic Acid, Azathioprine, Tacrolimus, Cyclosporin, Sirolimus, and Everolimus: Multinational Study
Authors: Sahman Majda , Mugosa Snezana , Rancic Nemanja 
Published: March 2021

Background: Organ transplantations are difficult, complicated and very expensive interventions. In order to preserve the transplanted organs, it is necessary to provide medical care to the patients in terms of immunosuppression. According to the guidelines, the first-line therapy choices for achieving immunosuppression after transplantation are tacrolimus, cyclosporine, mycophenolic acid, azathioprine, sirolimus, everolimus„ and corticosteroids. The aim of our study was to examine the utilization of this drugs in Montenegro and to compare the results with the ones from Finland, Croatia, and Serbia.Methods: In our investigation we used Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical/Defined Daily Dose (ATC/DDD) methodology. Prices per DDD of drugs are presented in euros (€).Results: In all observed countries, there is a positive trend in the consumption of all 6 drugs during the analyzed period. The prices per DDD of these drugs generally show a negative trend. Tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid in Montenegro recorded the largest reduction in the price per DDD. Price per one DDD of tacrolimus decreased from €13.28 in 2009 to €5.11 in 2019, thus by about 260%, and as regards mycophenolic acid, the price per one DDD decreased from €9.59 in 2009 to € 3.36 in 2019, thus by almost 300%.Conclusion: Despite the reduction in the price per DDD, drugs that are used as immunosuppressants are showing increasing costs from year to year. Since these drugs are expensive, they participate in a significant percentage in the budget for medicines in each country.