bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Let's get physical – mechanisms of crossover interference
Authors: von Diezmann Lexy , Rog Ofer 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
The formation of crossovers between homologous chromosomes is key to sexual reproduction. In most species, crossovers are spaced further apart than would be expected if they formed independently, a phenomenon termed crossover interference. Despite more than a century of study, the molecular mechanisms implementing crossover interference remain a subject of active debate. Recent findings of how signaling proteins control the formation of crossovers and about the interchromosomal interface in which crossovers form offer new insights into this process. In this Review, we present a cell biological and biophysical perspective on crossover interference, summarizing the evidence that links interference to the spatial, dynamic, mechanical and molecular properties of meiotic chromosomes. We synthesize this physical understanding in the context of prevailing mechanistic models that aim to explain how crossover interference is implemented.
Australian state influenza notifications and school holiday closures in 2019
Authors: Scott Anna Mae , Bakhit Mina , Clark Justin , Vermeulen Melanie , Jones Mark , Looke David , Del Mar Chris , Glasziou Paul 
Published: May 2021

Background: The impact of school holidays on influenza rates has been sparsely documented in Australia. In 2019, the early winter influenza season coincided with mid-year school breaks, enabling us the unusual opportunity to examine how influenza incidence changed during school holiday closure dates. Methods: The weekly influenza data from five Australian state and one territory health departments for the period of week 19 (mid-May) to week 39 (early October) 2019 were compared to each state’s public-school holiday closure dates. We used segmented regression to model the weekly counts and a negative binomial distribution to account for overdispersion due to autocorrelation. The models’ goodness-of-fit was assessed by plots of observed versus expected counts, plots of residuals versus predicted values, and Pearson’s Chi-square test. The main exposure was the July two-week school holiday period, using a lag of one week. The effect is estimated as a percent change in incidence level, and in slope. Results: School holidays were associated with significant declines in influenza incidence in three states and one territory by between 41% and 65%. Two states did not show evidence of declines although one of those states had already passed its peak by the time of the school holidays. The models showed acceptable goodness-of-fit. The first decline during school holidays is seen in the school aged (5-19 years) population, with the declines in the adult and infant populations being smaller and following a week later. Conclusions: Given the significant and rapid reductions in incidence, these results have important public health implications. Closure or extension of holiday periods could be an emergency option for state governments.
Concomitant chronic subdural hematomas and arachnoid cysts in young adults
Authors: Benek Huseyin Berk , Akcay Emrah 
Published: May 2021

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between arachnoid cysts and chronic subdural hematomas in young adults. Methods: This retrospective study evaluated ten patients having concomitant chronic subdural hematomas and arachnoid cysts. Patients were evaluated with the data of age and gender, location of hematoma and arachnoid cyst, trauma history, symptoms at admission, maximum hematoma diameter, contiguity between arachnoid cyst and hematoma, and treatment methods. Results: We treated 285 patients who were diagnosed with cSDH between January 2013 and December 2019. 22 patients were under the age of 40 years. Ten of them had both cSDH and arachnoid cysts. The mean age of patients was 24.8±3.9 years. Patients with only chronic subdural hematoma had higher mean age than the patients with arachnoid cyst-related chronic subdural hematoma. In four patients, the onset of chronic subdural hematoma was reported after arachnoid cyst diagnosis. Four of the patients did not have causative trauma history, and two patients suffered minor sports-related traumas. All patients had headache, and only two patients had hemiparesis. The location of arachnoid cysts were in the middle fossa in eight patients. All patients had chronic subdural hematomas on the ipsilateral side of arachnoid cyst. Four patients who had smaller than 10 mm maximal cSDH diameter underwent conservative management. They were followed by serial neuroimaging studies and it was noted that the hematoma disappered and the size of the arachnoid cysts decreased over time without any neurological complication. In six cases, craniotomy was required, and all recovered completely. cSDH did not recur during 5–60 months of follow-up period (median 12 months). Conclusions: It seems that presence of an arachnoid cyst in young adults is a predisposing factor for the formation of chronic subdural hematoma. Coincidentally diagnosed arachnoid cyst patients may be followed up with periodical clinical examinations and neuroimaging studies.
Radiation-Induced Changes in Nucleic Acids of Brain Neurons
Authors: Ushakov I. , Fyodorov Vladimir 
Published: May 2021

Purpose: Study of radiation-induced changes in the content of nucleic acids in neurons of the brain after exposure to ionizing radiation in doses of 0.1 – 1.0 Gy.
Material and methods. The study was carried out in compliance with the rules of bioethics on 240 white outbred male rats at the age of 4 months. by the beginning of the experiment, exposed to a single exposure to γ-radiation of 60Co in doses of 0.1–1.0 Gy. Neuromorphological methods were used to assess morphometric and tinctorial parameters of nerve cells, as well as the dynamics of changes in the content of nucleic acids in neurons during the entire life span of animals. Statistical processing of the results was carried out using the Statistica 6.1 software packages, using parametric criteria.
Results: In control and irradiated animals throughout their life, there are undulating changes in the content of nucleic acids in the neurons of the brain with a gradual decrease in indicators by the end of the experiment. At the same time, changes in the level of DNA in the nuclei and RNA in the nucleoli are usually associated with changes in the size of the structures of their localization, and the RNA content in the cytoplasm is apparently associated with changes in the physiological state of neurons (rest, excitation, inhibition) and the corresponding structural and functional rearrangement of nerve cells. Nucleic acid changes do not have a linear dose and time dependence on the factors investigated. At the end of the experiment, when death of both irradiated and control animals is observed, the content of nucleic acids in neurons is statistically significantly reduced in all groups, and to a greater extent in irradiated animals.
Conclusion: No functionally significant radiation-induced changes in the content and topochemistry of the products of histochemical reactions were revealed in the detection of nucleic acids in the structures of brain neurons. However, in some periods of observation, the content of nucleic acids in neurons in irradiated animal’s changes to a greater extent than in animals of age control.
Patient-oriented Approaches for X-ray Therapy Medical Care
Authors: Kicha D. , Zuenkova J , Kamyshanskaya I , Cheremisin V 
Published: May 2021

X-ray is a highly demanded therapy method with wide clinical indications. The high operational efficiency of such equipment makes it possible to ensure the accessibility of medical care. Taking into account the current healthcare trend towards patient-oriented principles of work, it is necessary to evaluate medical organizations and their units for compliance with these principles.
Purpose of the study: to assess the implementation of patient-oriented principles in the work of the X-ray therapy service of the City Mariinsky Hospital.
Objectives of the research: to analyze the organizational conditions of the X-ray therapy service, to study the structure and dynamics of patients and make conclusions about the implementation of the principles of patient-oriented principles of work.
Material and methods. The activity of the X-ray therapy was assessed from the patient-oriented approach. The methods of bibliographic and informational search of sources in document databases, as well as semantic search on the Internet were used. Results: The hospital’s X-ray therapy service demonstrates high rates of operational efficiency, providing in a short time high rate of access to the X-ray therapy for patients with different nosology. It’s work meets most of the criteria for patient-centered work - the proximity of medical care to the patient, orientation towards respectful attitude to the values and needs of patients, rational use of available technical, time and human resources. For further improvement of work in accordance with the principles of patient orientation, it is necessary to introduce formalized questionnaires of the quality of life and assess the quality of medical services.
Conclusion. The presented analysis is the first comprehensive multicriteria study of the patient-centered work of the X-ray therapy service in Russia.
Creation and validation of a Vietnamese version of the Frommelt Attitudes Toward Care of the Dying Scale
Authors: Nguyen Thuy Ly , Annoussamy Lourdes Symphorien Clemenceau , Krakauer Eric L 
Published: May 2021

Background: This study aims to develop a valid measurement of the Frommel Attitudes Toward Care of the Dying (FATCOD) scale to address some of the gaps in the existing knowledge of this field in Vietnam. Methods: The FATCOD scale was translated and culturally adapted to make it suitable for use in Vietnam. Following this, the FATCOD_VN scale was assessed for content validity. The construct validity of the instrument was then determined by exploratory factor analysis (n=237), and confirmatory factor analysis (n=245), based on the combined data from two cross-sectional studies. The internal consistency reliability and background factors associated with the FATCOD_VN were examined to further support the validity of the Vietnamese version. Results: The exploratory factor analysis of the FATCOD_VN yielded a three-factor structure that presents the most plausible goodness of fit, supported by confirmatory factor analysis. The Cronbach's alpha of the FATCOD_VN was 0.74 for overall scale and ranges from 0.56 to 0.81 for each sub-scale. Conclusions: The study results indicate that the FATCOD_VN is acceptable and appropriate to use in the Vietnamese context.
Comparison of the egg recovery rates and limit of detection for soil-transmitted helminths using the Kato-Katz thick smear, faecal flotation and quantitative real-time PCR in human stool
Authors: Zendejas-Heredia Patsy A. , Colella Vito , Hii Sze Fui , Traub Rebecca J. 
Published: May 2021

Background
Monitoring the success of soil-transmitted helminth (STH) control programs relies on accurate diagnosis and quantitative assessment of infection prevalence and intensity. As preventative chemotherapeutic program coverage for STH expands, the necessity of gaining insights into the relative or comparative sensitivities, in terms of limits of detection (LOD) and egg-recovery-rates (ERR) for microscopy and quantitative polymerase chain reaction qPCR-based diagnostic techniques becomes imperative to inform suitability for their intended use for large scale STH monitoring and treatment efficacy studies.

Methodology/Principal findings
The diagnostic performance in terms of ERR and LOD of the Kato-Katz (KK) thick smear technique, sodium nitrate (NaNO3) faecal floatation (FF) and qPCR for the accurate detection and enumeration of STH eggs were calculated and expressed in eggs per gram (EPG), by experimentally seeding parasite-free human faeces with Ascaris spp., Trichuris spp. and Necator americanus eggs representing low, medium and high intensity infections. The efficiency of NaNO3 flotation was also calculated over a range of specific gravities (SpGr) for the optimum recovery of STH eggs. FF of SpGr 1.30 recovered 62.7%, 11% and 8.7% more Trichuris spp., Necator americanus and Ascaris spp. eggs respectively, than the recommended SpGr of 1.20. All diagnostic methods demonstrated strong direct correlation to the intensity of seeded EPG. KK and FF (SpGr 1.30) resulted in significant lower ERRs compared to qPCR (p <0.05). qPCR demonstrated significantly (p <0.05) greater sensitivity with an ability to detect as little as 5 EPG for all three STH, compared to 50 EPG by KK and FF (SpGr 1.30).

Conclusions/Significance
This study compares the diagnostic parameters in terms of LOD and ERRs of STHs for the KK, FF and qPCR. These results indicate that the diagnostic performance of qPCR assays should be considered by control programs in the phase that aims to seek confirmation of transmission break and cessation of preventive chemotherapy in low-transmission settings, in line with the control targets of the WHO neglected tropical diseases 2030 Roadmap.
Temporal and spatial relationship between gluteal muscle Surface EMG activity and the vertical component of the ground reaction force during walking
Authors: Anders Christoph , Sander Klaus , Layher Frank , Patenge Steffen , Kinne Raimund W. 
Published: May 2021

Background
Optimized temporal and spatial activation of the gluteal intermuscular functional unit is essential for steady gait and minimized joint loading.

Research question
To analyze the temporal relationship between spatially resolved surface EMG (SEMG) of the gluteal region and the corresponding ground reaction force (GRF).

Methods
Healthy adults (29♀; 25♂; age 62.6±7.0 years) walked at their self-selected slow, normal, and fast walking speeds on a 10 m walkway (ten trials/speed). Bilateral paired eight-electrode strips were horizontally aligned at mid-distance of the vertical line between greater trochanter and iliac crest. Concerning the ventral to dorsal direction, the center of each strip was placed on this vertical line. Initially, these signals were monopolarly sampled, but eight vertically oriented bipolar channels covering the whole gluteal region from ventral to dorsal (P1 to P8) were subsequently calculated by subtracting the signals of the corresponding electrodes of each electrode strip for both sides of the body.
Three vertical bipolar channels represented the tensor fasciae latae (TFL; P2), gluteus medius (Gmed, SENIAM position; average of P4 and P5), and gluteus maximus muscles (Gmax; P7).
To determine the interval between SEMG and corresponding GRF, the time delay (TD) between the respective first amplitude peaks (F1) in SEMG and vertical GRF curves was calculated.

Results
Throughout the grand averaged SEMG curves, the absolute amplitudes significantly differed among the three walking speeds at all electrode positions, with the amplitude of the F1 peak significantly increasing with increasing speed. In addition, when normalized to slow, the relative SEMG amplitude differences at the individual electrode positions showed an impressively homogeneous pattern.
In both vertical GRF and all electrode SEMGs, the F1 peak occurred significantly earlier with increasing speed. Also, the TD between SEMG and vertical GRF F1 peaks significantly decreased with increasing speed.
Concerning spatial activation, the TD between the respective F1 peaks in the SEMG and vertical GRF was significantly shorter for the ventral TFL position than the dorsal Gmed and Gmax positions, showing that the SEMG F1 peak during this initial phase of the gait cycle occurred earlier in the dorsal positions, and thus implying that the occurrence of the SEMG F1 peak proceeded from dorsal to ventral.

Significance
Tightly regulated spatial and temporal activation of the gluteal intermuscular functional unit, which includes both speed- and position-dependent mechanisms, seems to be an essential requirement for a functionally optimized, steady gait.
Characteristics and conflicts of interest at Food and Drug Administration Gastrointestinal Drug Advisory Committee meetings
Authors: Khan Rishad , Elsolh Karam , Gimpaya Nikko , Scaffidi Michael A. , Bansal Rishi , Grover Samir C. 
Published: May 2021

Introduction
The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Gastrointestinal Drug Advisory Committee (GIDAC) is involved in gastrointestinal drug application reviews. Characteristics and conflicts of interest (COI) in GIDAC meetings are not well described. This study analyzed FDA GIDAC meetings and characteristics that predict recommendations.

Methods
In this cross-sectional study, all publicly available GIDAC meetings where proposed medications were voted on were included. Data were collected regarding indications, medication sponsor, primary efficacy studies, and voting member characteristics (e.g. committee membership, COI). Univariate analyses were conducted at per-meeting and per-vote levels to assess for predictors of committee recommendation and individual votes respectively.

Results
Thirty-four meetings with 476 individual votes from 1998–2018 were included. Twenty-three (68%) proposals were recommended for approval and 25 (74%) received FDA approval. Most proposals involved >1 primary study (n = 27, 79%). At least one voting member had a COI in 24 (71%) of 34 meetings. Twelve (35%) meetings had at least one sponsor COI. Among 476 individual votes, 74 (15.5%) involved a COI, with 33 (6.9%) sponsor COI. COI decreased significantly over time, with fewer COI in 2006–2010, 2011–2015, and 2016–2020 compared to 1996–2000 and 2001–2005 (p<0.01). There were no significant associations between pre-defined predictors, including COI, and committee level recommendations or individual votes (p>0.05 for all univariate analyses).

Conclusions
The GIDAC reviewed 34 proposals from 1998–2018. The majority were recommended for approval and later approved by the FDA, highlighting the GIDAC’s prominence in the regulatory process. COI are present among GIDAC panelists but decreasing over time and not associated with recommendations.
New Problems of Realism inMartín Rivas
Authors: Álvarez Ignacio 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis article discusses a central feature in the poetics ofMartín Rivas(1862): its realism. It describes the way in which the particularisation of experience and the breakdown of the old theory of the levels of discourse – two main components of realism – are embodied in the novel. Like its models in French realism,Martín Rivasfocuses on the unique experiences of singular subjects. This particularisation, however, rarely acquires an interclass dimension, as it did in French forms. The “ideas of realism” are misplaced inMartín Rivas.The novel represents times, spaces, and people in the dramatically reduced frame of the times, spaces, and people of the oligarchy. It signifies a return to the same old rule that European realism had broken from. Blest Gana’s realism could be considered, therefore, as an example of the Chileanmodo de ser aristocrático[aristocratic way of being], that is, a set of cultural operations which allow the oligarchy to live their privileges as natural, far from the bourgeois ethos. This insight can be a point of departure for an international discussion as we think about how these transformations might enter into dialogue with similar phenomena in other parts of the world.
A simple network reduction technique for large autonomous microgrids incorporating an efficient reactive power sharing
Authors: Daniel Anitha , Dayalan Suchitra 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Reactive power sharing continues to be a challenge for an autonomous Microgrid (MG) since reactive power sharing is largely affected by the mismatch in line impedance and the asymmetry of local loads. Several reactive power sharing methods have been proposed in an autonomous MG but their effectiveness on large MG systems has not been explored much. This paper considers a standard IEEE 38 bus autonomous MG to study the effectiveness of proportionate power sharing. A simple network reduction technique has been proposed to obtain an equivalent reduced MG for which a reactive power sharing technique is applied. The most feasible method has been analyzed and the communication based reactive power sharing along with droop controller is proved to be the popular and most generalized strategy for effective power sharing. MATLAB-Simulink tool is used to validate the power sharing with equal and unequal DG ratings in a standard IEEE 38 bus autonomous MG system with network reduction.
Comparative analysis of blind tropospheric correction models in Ghana
Authors: Osah S. , Acheampong A. A. , Fosu C. , Dadzie I. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe impact of the earth’s atmospheric layers, particularly the troposphere on Global Navigation satellite system (GNSS) signals has become a major concern in GNSS accurate positioning, navigation, surveillance and timing applications. For precise GNSS applications, tropospheric delay has to be mitigated as accurately as possible using tropospheric delay prediction models. However, the choice of a particular prediction model can signifi-cantly impair the positioning accuracy particularly when the model does not suit the user’s environment. A performance assessment of these prediction models for a suitable one is very important. In this paper, an assessment study of the performances of five blind tropospheric delay prediction models, the UNB3m, EGNOS, GTrop, GPT2w and GPT3 models was conducted in Ghana over six selected Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS) using the 1˚x1˚ gridded Vienna Mapping Function 3 (VMF3) zenith tropospheric delay (ZTD) product as a reference. The gridded VMF3-ZTD which is generated for every six hours on the 1˚x1˚ grids was bilinearly interpolated both space and time and transferred from the grid heights to the respective heights of the CORS locations. The results show that the GPT3 model performed better in estimating the ZTD with an overall mean (bias: 2.05 cm; RMS: 2.53 cm), followed by GPT2w model (bias: 2.32cm; RMS: 2.76cm) and GTrop model (bias: 2.41cm; 2.82cm). UNB3m model (bias: 6.23 cm; RMS: 6.43 cm) and EGNOS model (bias: 6.70 cm; RMS: 6.89 cm) performed poorly. A multiple comparison test (MCT) was further performed on the RMSE of each model to check if there is significant difference at 5% significant level. The results show that the GPT3, GPT2w and GTrop models are significantly indifferent at 5% significance level indicating that either of these models can be employed to mitigate the ZTD in the study area, nevertheless, the choice of GPT3 model will be more preferable.
Sea level acceleration under the magnifier
Authors: İz H. Bâki 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Detection and quantification of sea level accelerations at tide gauge stations are needed for assessing anthropogenic contributions to the climate change. Nonetheless, uniform or non-uniform sea level accelerations/decelerations are particularly di˚cult to discern partly because of their small magnitudes and partly because of the low frequency sea level variations as confounders. Moreover, noisy excursions in the observed sea level variations also exacerbate reliability of estimated sea level accelerations. This study explores the uniformity of a sea level acceleration graphically that is left unmodeled in the residuals of a least squares solution using cumulative sum charts. Key West, USA tide gauge station’s record is studied for a demonstration. The cumulative sum charts of the residuals of a rigorous kinematic model solution without the acceleration parameter revealed its crisp and uniform signature experienced at this station since 1913.