bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The expression of FOXP3 in lesions of several forms of leprosy in patients co-infected with HIV
Authors: Xavier Marília Brasil , Pires Carla Andréa Avelar , Gomes Cláudia Maria de Castro , Rodrigues Gabriela Fernandes , Xavier Débora Pinheiro , Brito João Augusto Gomes de Souza Monteiro de , Corbett Carlos Eduardo Pereira 
Published: November 2021

Background
Brazil remains endemic for infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and leprosy, having a major impact on public health and the life quality of affected patients. Although the relevance of this co-infection is recognized, several aspects, such as the immune response, are not yet fully understood. The objective of this study was to investigate the expression of FOXP3+ Treg cells in leprosy skin lesions and to correlate their clinical forms, laboratory characteristics (CD4, CD8, and CV), and the immune reconstitution syndrome in HIV-leprosy co-infection.

Methodology/Principal findings
An observational, cross-sectional, and analytical study was carried out comparing four groups of patients: those with concomitant diagnosis of leprosy and HIV infection without a leprosy reaction, those with leprosy and HIV co-infection patients with a reverse reaction (RR), those with leprosy without HIV and without reaction, and those with leprosywithout HIV and with RR. The patients were diagnosed at a dermatology outpatient clinic located in Belém, Pará, Brazil, from 2003 to 2017. In the sample studied, there was a positive correlation between FOXP3+ cell density and viral load, negative correlation with blood CD4+ (not statistically significant), significant positive correlation in CD8 count in patients with leprosy reaction, and positive relationship in patients with IRIS. The density of cells expressing FOXP3 was higher in the BL/LL forms in patients without HIV, although the difference was not statistically significant. However, the cell mean was higher in the TT/BT forms in patients co-infected with leprosy and HIV, showing contradictory results.

Conclusions/Significance
These findings support that higher activity of the HIV may stimulate or result in a higher expression of FOXP3-Tregs and that they may be involved in active immunosuppression observed at the infection site at the tissue level. This supports the need to expand studies on FOXP3+ Treg cells in co-infected patients.
Cost-effectiveness of point-of-care C-Reactive Protein test compared to current clinical practice as an intervention to improve antibiotic prescription in malaria-negative patients in Afghanistan
Authors: Dickinson Simon , Yi Chong Huey , Leslie Toby , Rowland Mark , Schultz Hansen Kristian , Boyers Dwayne 
Published: November 2021

BackgroundAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health problem requiring a reduction in inappropriate antibiotic prescribing. Point-of-Care C-Reactive Protein (POCCRP) tests could distinguish between bacterial and non-bacterial causes of fever in malaria-negative patients and thus reduce inappropriate antibiotic prescribing. However, the cost-effectiveness of POCCRP testing is unclear in low-income settings.MethodsA decision tree model was used to estimate cost-effectiveness of POCCRP versus current clinical practice at primary healthcare facilities in Afghanistan. Data were analysed from healthcare delivery and societal perspectives. Costs were reported in 2019 USD. Effectiveness was measured as correctly treated febrile malaria-negative patient. Cost, effectiveness and diagnostic accuracy parameters were obtained from primary data from a cost-effectiveness study on malaria rapid diagnostic tests in Afghanistan and supplemented with POCCRP-specific data sourced from the literature. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) reported the additional cost per additional correctly treated febrile malaria-negative patient over a 28-day time horizon. Univariate and probabilistic sensitivity analyses examined the impact of uncertainty of parameter inputs. Scenario analysis included economic cost of AMR per antibiotic prescription.ResultsThe model predicts that POCCRP intervention would result in 137 fewer antibiotic prescriptions (6%) with a 12% reduction (279 prescriptions) in inappropriate prescriptions compared to current clinical practice. ICERs were $14.33 (healthcare delivery), $11.40 (societal), and $9.78 (scenario analysis) per additional correctly treated case.ConclusionsPOCCRP tests could improve antibiotic prescribing among malaria-negative patients in Afghanistan. Cost-effectiveness depends in part on willingness to pay for reductions in inappropriate antibiotic prescribing that will only have modest impact on immediate clinical outcomes but may have long-term benefits in reducing overuse of antibiotics. A reduction in the overuse of antibiotics is needed and POCCRP tests may add to other interventions in achieving this aim. Assessment of willingness to pay among policy makers and donors and undertaking operational trials will help determine cost-effectiveness and assist decision making.
Items analysis of the Frailty Index (FI-35): Insight in the contribution of each item to the level of frailty
Authors: Zhang Xiaohong , Van Der Schans C. P. , Liu Yanhui , Krijnen W. , Hobbelen J. S. M. 
Published: November 2021

BackgroundThe FI-35 is a valid multidimensional Chinese frailty assessment instrument. Like other scales, functional measures rely on the information the total score provides. Our research aimed to analyze the contribution of each item.MethodsDescriptive statistics were used to summarize the sample characteristics. The expected item score (EIS) was used to determine how the items contribute to the generic measure of frailty.ResultsThis study showed that most of the EIS curves increased across the entire range of frailty levels, and most of the items discriminate relatively well over the entire frailty range. Items differentially contributed to the total frailty score and differentially discriminated between frailty levels.ConclusionsAlthough nearly all items monotonically increased with frailty levels, there were large differences between items in their ability to differentiate between persons being either weakly, moderately or highly frail.
Artificial intelligence applications in social media for depression screening: A systematic review protocol for content validity processes
Authors: Owusu Priscilla N. , Reininghaus Ulrich , Koppe Georgia , Dankwa-Mullan Irene , Bärnighausen Till 
Published: November 2021

Background
The popularization of social media has led to the coalescing of user groups around mental health conditions; in particular, depression. Social media offers a rich environment for contextualizing and predicting users’ self-reported burden of depression. Modern artificial intelligence (AI) methods are commonly employed in analyzing user-generated sentiment on social media. In the forthcoming systematic review, we will examine the content validity of these computer-based health surveillance models with respect to standard diagnostic frameworks. Drawing from a clinical perspective, we will attempt to establish a normative judgment about the strengths of these modern AI applications in the detection of depression.

Methods
We will perform a systematic review of English and German language publications from 2010 to 2020 in PubMed, APA PsychInfo, Science Direct, EMBASE Psych, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. The inclusion criteria span cohort, case-control, cross-sectional studies, randomized controlled studies, in addition to reports on conference proceedings. The systematic review will exclude some gray source materials, specifically editorials, newspaper articles, and blog posts. Our primary outcome is self-reported depression, as expressed on social media. Secondary outcomes will be the types of AI methods used for social media depression screen, and the clinical validation procedures accompanying these methods. In a second step, we will utilize the evidence-strengthening Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, Study type (PICOS) tool to refine our inclusion and exclusion criteria. Following the independent assessment of the evidence sources by two authors for the risk of bias, the data extraction process will culminate in a thematic synthesis of reviewed studies.

Discussion
We present the protocol for a systematic review which will consider all existing literature from peer reviewed publication sources relevant to the primary and secondary outcomes. The completed review will discuss depression as a self-reported health outcome in social media material. We will examine the computational methods, including AI and machine learning techniques which are commonly used for online depression surveillance. Furthermore, we will focus on standard clinical assessments, as indicating content validity, in the design of the algorithms. The methodological quality of the clinical construct of the algorithms will be evaluated with the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health status Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) framework. We conclude the study with a normative judgment about the current application of AI to screen for depression on social media.

Systematic review registration
International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews PROSPERO (registration number CRD42020187874).
Unilateral gynecomastia as an initial presentation of hyperthyroid Graves’ disease
Authors: Sakulterdkiat Titipatima , Romphothong Kessanee , Chatchomchuan Waralee , Nakasatien Soontaree , Krittiyawong Sirinate , Thewjitcharoen Yotsapon , Himathongkam Thep 
Published: November 2021

Summary
Graves’ disease is an autoimmune condition leading to the activation of and an increase in thyroid hormone secretion. Manifestations of hyperthyroidism in Graves’ disease can vary among people. In this case, we report a 24-year-old Thai man with a rare presentation of unilateral gynecomastia along with symptoms of thyrotoxicosis. Physical examination revealed a 3 cm non-tender palpable glandular tissue beneath and around the left areola without nipple discharge and moderately diffuse thyroid enlargement with thyroid bruit. Thyroid function test showed a typical thyrotoxicosis state with elevated serum-free T4 and decreased serum TSH. His diagnosis of Graves’ disease was confirmed biochemically with a highly elevated anti-TSH receptor antibody. Early treatment with anti-thyroid medication was given first, followed by Radioiodine treatment (RAI) for definitive treatment due to high level of anti-TSH receptor antibody, enlarged thyroid and severe thyrotoxicosis presentation at a young age, which might not resolve by anti-thyroid medication alone. The patient responded well to treatment and achieved complete resolution of unilateral gynecomastia with clinically and biochemically euthyroid within 3 months after treatment. No recurrent gynecomastia was found during the 2-year follow-up.

Learning points

Characteristic of gynecomastia in hyperthyroidism is usually presented with bilateral progressive gynecomastia; however, unilateral gynecomastia is occasionally found as a presentation of hyperthyroidism.

Complete resolution of gynecomastia without recurrence can be achieved within a few months of treatment after thyrotoxicosis is resolved in patients with hyperthyroidism with the recent development of gynecomastia.

RAI for definitive treatment is recommended in young adult patients expressing very high anti-TSH antibody level with severe thyrotoxicosis.
Digestive Toxicities Secondary to Immune Checkpoint Inhibition Therapy – Reports of Rare Events. A Systematic Review
Authors: Radulescu Liliana , Crisan Dana , Grapa Cristiana , Radulescu Dan 
Published: November 2021

Background and Aims: While immune checkpoint inhibitors therapy (ICI) is exceedingly effective, these drugs are associated with various immune-related adverse effects. As gastrointestinal, hepatic or pancreatic toxicity becomes more common, various reports of rare adverse effects have emerged, leading to a significant clinical and prognostic impact. We aimed to provide a systematic review of mainly case-reports on rare events, to help physicians to make an accurate and fast diagnosis.
Methods: We performed a systematic review of the literature, using established MeSH terms: “immune checkpoint inhibitors”, “gastrointestinal tract”, “gastrointestinal diseases”, “liver”, “pancreas”, “nivolumab”, “ipilimumab”, the subheadings “adverse effects”, “toxicity” and the supplementary concepts “pembrolizumab”, “tremelimumab”, “atezolizumab”, “avelumab”, “durvalumab”, with defined inclusion criteria.
Results: From 419 manuscripts initially selected, 74 reports of rare adverse events were included in our review. Special cases of neutrophilic gastritis, hemorrhagic gastritis, or even perforations were described at upper digestive tract. Different types of colitis were found secondary to ICI such as pseudomembranous, granulomatous, collagenous and microscopic colitis or even inflammatory bowel disease. In terms of liver toxicity, we found rare reports of cholangitis, granulomatous hepatitis, lipodystrophy and hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome. Pancreas toxicity was rarely reported as severe pancreatitis, exocrine failure and diabetes mellitus.
Conclusion: Although a complete check-up of every organ at every routine visit may not be practical, focus on symptoms, targeted laboratory and imaging testing may reveal rare organ damage. Raising awareness of the uncommon toxicities related to the immunotherapy is essential, as some rare events can lead to fatal outcomes.
Pediatric Ophthalmology for Primary Care, 3rd Ed
Authors: Wright Kenneth W. 
Published: November 2021

Formatted for practical problem solving, the new 3rd edition of this clinical resource manual covers the full spectrum of eye disorders, eye examinations, vision screening, strabismus, dyslexia, ocular trauma, genetic syndromes, and all the diverse pediatric-specific eye disorders you are likely to encounter. "This book is a useful and well presented source of pediatric ophthalmology. The excellent photos are clear and crisp." Stephen Mikell, MD, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, Doody's Review, 2008.
Clear, concise explanations and recommendations are complemented by numerous figures and photographs demonstrating eye pathology. Includes more than 200 color images; ready access to expert guidance through all the steps in effective diagnosis and intervention, including laboratory workup, etiology, differential diagnosis, preferred treatment approach, clinical course, prognosis, and indications for referral; expanded chapter on amblyopia and strabismus; new information on the importance of maintaining physiologic hypoxia; and down syndrome.
New Mother’s Guide to Breastfeeding
Authors:   American Academy of Pediatrics, Yu Winnie 
Published: November 2021

With everything new mothers need to know about breastfeeding, this fully revised and updated edition covers more than a decade's worth of the latest research! The Breastfeeding book that your doctor recommends! Nursing mothers everywhere will find this book an indispensable guide to important nutrition information that only the American Academy of Pediatrics can provide. Offering the most up-to-date information and statistics about the benefits of nursing, sage advice on how to establish a breastfeeding routine, and troubleshooting tips, the second edition of New Mother's Guide to Breastfeeding will provide new and expectant moms with everything they need to know about breastfeeding.
It takes time (and practice!) for mom and baby to adjust to the new routine. Helping to smooth the process, this book provides easy-to-understand guidance and the latest medical findings to ensure that the breastfeeding experience is a healthy and positive one. Complete with more than 50 illustrations and drawings, numerous Q&A sidebars addressing common questions and concerns, and a handy list of other breastfeeding resources, New Mother's Guide to Breastfeeding is an indispensable tool.
AM:STARs: Adolescent Gynecology, Vol 23, No. 1
Authors:   American Academy of Pediatrics
Published: November 2021

AM:STARs: Adolescent Medicine: State of the Art Reviews is the official publication of the AAP Section on Adolescent Health. Published 3 times per year, the journal offers adolescent medicine specialists and other primary care physicians who treat adolescents state of the art information on all matters relating to adolescent health and wellness. Each issue centers on a specific topic area and experts in those areas are invited to contribute review articles that cover the most up to date information available.
AM:STARs: Adolescent Medicine: State of the Art Reviews is the official publication of the AAP Section on Adolescent Health. Published 3 times per year, the journal offers adolescent medicine specialists and other primary care physicians who treat adolescents state of the art information on all matters relating to adolescent health and wellness. Each issue centers on a specific topic area and experts in those areas are invited to contribute review articles that cover the most up to date information available.
2012-2013 Nelson's Pediatric Antimicrobial Therapy
Authors: Nelson John D. 
Published: November 2021

Practical, evidence-based recommendations from the experts in antimicrobial therapy. This bestselling and widely used resource on pediatric antimicrobial therapy provides instant access to reliable, up-to-the-minute recommendations for treatment of all infectious diseases in children.
For each disease, the authors provide a commentary to help health care providers select the best of all antimicrobial choices. The inquiring physician can immediately link to the evidence for the recommendation in the ebook or mobile version. Drug descriptions cover all antimicrobial agents available today and include complete information about dosing regimens.
AM:STARs: Advances In Health Promotion for Adolescents and Young Adults, Volume 22, Number 3
Authors:   American Academy of Pediatrics
Published: November 2021

Adolescent Medicine: State of the Art Reviews is the official journal of the AAP Section on Adolescent Health Care. This volume highlights achievements in adolescent health research and practice that are advancing the state of the art. These researchers are taking advantage of a vulnerable period in the lifespan and wisely using it as a time to promote public health. The literature collected here shares the insight of a broad range of professionals throughout the country ready to advise policy-makers and practitioners on how to build a healthy society.
Topics in Advances in Health Promotion for Adolescents and Young Adults include:
Critical Junctures: Assuring Healthy Outcomes for Adolescents in the new Millennium
The Economic Impact of Adolescent Health Promotion Policies and Programs
Social Marketing: An Underutilized Tool for Promoting Adolescent Health and much more.
Pediatric Obesity
Authors: Hassink Sandra G. 
Published: November 2021

Significantly revised and updated, the new 2nd edition of this popular, user-friendly guide offers the latest tools and practice recommendations from the AAP needed to tackle childhood obesity.
The new 2nd edition brings you the latest point-of-care recommendations and ready-to-use tools including
- Step-by-step health supervision visit guidance spanning birth through youhg adulthood
- Numerous real-life case studies illustrating family intervention strategies
- Newly expanded, easy-to-use format
- New chapter titled, "Before Birth: Maternal Health"
- Patient education handouts, self-assessment forms, and counseling for pediatric patients and families
- Coding fact sheets for obesity-related health care services and template letter for handling carrier denials
- Growth charts for boys and girls including the new WHO growth charts
- And more!
Coding for Pediatrics, 2014
Authors:   AAP Committee on Coding
Published: November 2021

In its 19th edition, Coding for Pediatrics is the signature publication in a comprehensive suite of coding products offered by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). Written by coding experts for coders and physicians, this manual is a product of the AAP Committee on Coding and Nomenclature and is extensively reviewed each year by the AAP Coding Publications Editorial Advisory Board.
This edition has been fully updated and revised to include all changes to the 2014 Current Procedural Terminology (CPT®) and International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes, complete with accompanying guidelines for their application.
Your Baby's First Year, 4th Ed - Spanish
Authors:   American Academy of Pediatrics
Published: November 2021

The one guide pediatricians most recommend is now completely revised, updated and available in Spanish. From the American Academy of Pediatrics, the nation's most trusted name in child care, comes El primer año de su bebe , the definitive all-in-one resource that provides authoritative advice on every aspect of infant care. Featuring new and expanded content, including the latest reports on cutting-edge research into early brain development, Your Baby's First Year includes
Guidelines for prenatal care, with spotlights on maternal nutrition, exercise, and screening tests during pregnancy
Growth and developmental milestones through the first twelve months of a child's life, including physical, emotional, and cognitive development
An updated chapter on developmental disabilities
A complete health encyclopedia covering injuries, illnesses, and congenital diseases
Breastfeeding discussion, including its benefits, techniques, and challenges, as well as nutritional needs and vitamin/iron supplementation
Recommendations for choosing child care programs
Updated safety standards: the very latest AAP recommendations, including immunizations, childproofing, and toy safety
Safety checks for home, including bathing, preventing drowning, poisoning, choking, burns, and falls
Car safety, including information on car safety seats
And much more
AM:STARs: Advances in Adolescent Eating Disorders
Authors:   American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Adolescent Health
Published: November 2021

AM:STARs is the official publication of the AAP Section on Adolescent Health. Published 2 times a year, it offers adolescent specialists and primary care physicians timely information on matters relating to adolescent health and wellness.
https://shop.aap.org/amstars-advances-in-adolescent-eating-disorders-paperback/
Field Guide for Air and Ground Transport of Neonatal and Pediatric Patients: A Quick Reference for Transport Teams
Authors:   American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Transport Medicine
Published: November 2021

The guide is written by clinicians with extensive transport expertise and is a must for every clinician in the field of neonatal and pediatric transport.
https://shop.aap.org/field-guide-for-air-and-ground-transport-of-neonatal-and-pediatric-patients-paperback/