bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implementation of sequential cropping into JULESvn5.2 land-surface model
Authors: Mathison Camilla , Challinor Andrew J. , Deva Chetan , Falloon Pete , Garrigues Sébastien , Moulin Sophie , Williams Karina , Wiltshire Andy 
Published: January 2021

Abstract. Land-surface models (LSMs) typically simulate a single crop per year in a field or location. However, actual cropping systems are characterized by a succession of distinct crop cycles that are sometimes interspersed with long periods of bare soil. Sequential cropping (also known as multiple or double cropping) is particularly common in tropical regions, where the crop seasons are largely dictated by the main wet season. In this paper, we implement sequential cropping in a branch of the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) and demonstrate its use at sites in France and India. We simulate all the crops grown within a year in a field or location in a seamless way to understand how sequential cropping influences the surface fluxes of a land-surface model. We evaluate JULES with sequential cropping in Avignon, France, providing over 15 years of continuous flux observations (a point simulation). We apply JULES with sequential cropping to simulate the rice–wheat rotation in a regional 25 km resolution gridded simulation for the northern Indian states of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar and four single-grid-box simulations across these states, where each simulation is a 25 km grid box. The inclusion of a secondary crop in JULES using the sequential cropping method presented does not change the crop growth or development of the primary crop. During the secondary crop growing period, the carbon and energy fluxes for Avignon and India are modified; they are largely unchanged for the primary crop growing period. For India, the inclusion of a secondary crop using this sequential cropping method affects the available soil moisture in the top 1.0 m throughout the year, with larger fluctuations in sequential crops compared with single-crop simulations even outside the secondary crop growing period. JULES simulates sequential cropping in Avignon, the four India locations and the regional run, representing both crops within one growing season in each of the crop rotations presented. This development is a step forward in the ability of JULES to simulate crops in tropical regions where this cropping system is already prevalent. It also provides the opportunity to assess the potential for other regions to implement sequential cropping as an adaptation to climate change.
Improving dust simulations in WRF-Chem v4.1.3 coupled with the GOCART aerosol module
Authors: Ukhov Alexander , Ahmadov Ravan , Grell Georg , Stenchikov Georgiy 
Published: January 2021

Abstract. In this paper, we rectify inconsistencies that emerge in the Weather Research and Forecasting model with chemistry (WRF-Chem) v3.2 code when using the Goddard Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport (GOCART) aerosol module. These inconsistencies have been reported, and corrections have been implemented in WRF-Chem v4.1.3. Here, we use a WRF-Chem experimental setup configured over the Middle East (ME) to estimate the effects of these inconsistencies. Firstly, we show that the old version underestimates the PM2.5 diagnostic output by 7 % and overestimates PM10 by 5 % in comparison with the corrected one. Secondly, we demonstrate that submicron dust particles' contribution was incorrectly accounted for in the calculation of optical properties. Therefore, aerosol optical depth (AOD) in the old version was 25 %–30 % less than in the corrected one. Thirdly, we show that the gravitational settling procedure, in comparison with the corrected version, caused higher dust column loadings by 4 %–6 %, PM10 surface concentrations by 2 %–4 %, and mass of the gravitationally settled dust by 5 %–10 %. The cumulative effect of the found inconsistencies led to the significantly higher dust content in the atmosphere in comparison with the corrected WRF-Chem version. Our results explain why in many WRF-Chem simulations PM10 concentrations were exaggerated. We present the methodology for calculating diagnostics we used to estimate the impacts of introduced code modifications. We share the developed Merra2BC interpolator, which allows processing Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 (MERRA-2) output for constructing initial and boundary conditions for chemical species and aerosols.
Are Kenya Meteorological Department heavy rainfall advisories useful for forecast-based early action and early preparedness for flooding?
Authors: MacLeod David , Kilavi Mary , Mwangi Emmah , Ambani Maurine , Osunga Michael , Robbins Joanne , Graham Richard , Rowhani Pedram , Todd Martin C. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract. Preparedness saves lives. Forecasts can help improve preparedness by
triggering early actions as part of pre-defined protocols under the
Forecast-based Financing (FbF) approach; however it is essential to
understand the skill of a forecast before using it as a trigger. In order to support the development of early-action protocols over Kenya, we evaluate the 33 heavy rainfall advisories (HRAs) issued by the Kenya Meteorological Department (KMD) during 2015–2019. The majority of HRAs warn counties which subsequently receive heavy rainfall within the forecast window. We also find a significant improvement in the advisory ability to anticipate flood events over time, with particularly high levels of skill in recent years. For instance actions with a 2-week lifetime based on advisories issued in 2015 and 2016 would have failed to anticipate nearly all recorded flood events in that period, whilst actions in 2019 would have anticipated over 70 % of the instances of flooding at the county level. When compared against the most significant flood events over the period which led to significant loss of life, all three such periods during 2018 and 2019 were preceded by HRAs, and in these cases the advisories accurately warned the specific counties for which significant impacts were recorded. By contrast none of the four significant flooding events in 2015–2017 were preceded by advisories. This step change in skill may be due to developing forecaster experience with synoptic patterns associated with extremes as well as access to new dynamical prediction tools that specifically address extreme event probability; for example, KMD access to the UK Met Office Global Hazard Map
was introduced at the end of 2017. Overall we find that KMD HRAs effectively warn of heavy rainfall and flooding and can be a vital source of information for early preparedness. However a lack of spatial detail on flood impacts and broad probability ranges limit their utility for systematic FbF approaches. We conclude with suggestions for making the HRAs more useful for FbF and outline the developing approach to flood forecasting in Kenya.
Distribution, microphysical properties, and tectonic controls of deformation bands in the Miocene subduction wedge (Whakataki Formation) of the Hikurangi subduction zone
Authors: Elphick Kathryn E. , Sloss Craig R. , Regenauer-Lieb Klaus , Schrank Christoph E. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract. We analyse deformation bands related to horizontal contraction with an
intermittent period of horizontal extension in Miocene turbidites of the
Whakataki Formation south of Castlepoint, Wairarapa, North Island, New
Zealand. In the Whakataki Formation, three sets of cataclastic deformation
bands are identified: (1) normal-sense compactional shear bands (CSBs), (2) reverse-sense CSBs, and (3) reverse-sense shear-enhanced compaction bands
(SECBs). During extension, CSBs are associated with normal faults. When
propagating through clay-rich interbeds, extensional bands are characterised
by clay smear and grain size reduction. During contraction,
sandstone-dominated sequences host SECBs, and rare CSBs, that are generally
distributed in pervasive patterns. A quantitative spacing analysis shows
that most outcrops are characterised by mixed spatial distributions of
deformation bands, interpreted as a consequence of overprint due to
progressive deformation or distinct multiple generations of deformation
bands from different deformation phases. As many deformation bands are
parallel to adjacent juvenile normal faults and reverse faults, bands are likely
precursors to faults. With progressive deformation, the linkage of
distributed deformation bands across sedimentary beds occurs to form
through-going faults. During this process, bands associated with the wall-,
tip-, and interaction-damage zones overprint earlier distributions resulting
in complex spatial patterns. Regularly spaced bands are pervasively
distributed when far away from faults. Microstructural analysis shows that
all deformation bands form by inelastic pore collapse and grain crushing
with an absolute reduction in porosity relative to the host rock between 5 %
and 14 %. Hence, deformation bands likely act as fluid flow barriers.
Faults and their associated damage zones exhibit a spacing of 9 m on
the scale of 10 km and are more commonly observed in areas
characterised by higher mudstone-to-sandstone ratios. As a result, extensive
clay smear is common in these faults, enhancing the sealing capacity of
faults. Therefore, the formation of deformation bands and faults leads to
progressive flow compartmentalisation from the scale of 9 m down to
about 10 cm – the typical spacing of distributed, regularly spaced
deformation bands.
Obava z komunikace v cizím jazyce ve třídě
Authors: Jelínková Jaroslava 
Published: January 2021

The aim of the study is to introduce the concept of foreign language communication anxiety and to outline studies dealing with this topic at the university level. The paper provides an overview based on data from sixteen studies that were included in the international databases Web of Science and Scopus in the range of the last nineteen years. Both quantitatively and qualitatively focused studies examine the concept of foreign language communication anxiety in relation to the personal characteristics of individuals and external variables, e.g. teacher´s personality or classroom dynamics.
Zdvořilostí výrazy ve výuce ruského jazyka na ZŠ z pohledu učitele – metodologie a první výsledky pilotáže
Authors: Krejčí Janina 
Published: January 2021

An integral part of the development of sociolinguistic competence as a component of communicative competence is teaching politeness expressions, the acquisition of which enables communicants to conduct conversations in accordance with existing social standards. This article presents the results of the research that aimed to find out how Czech teachers view the development of sociolinguistic competence and teaching of courtesy expressions in Russian lessons at primary schools.
El uso del portafolio electrónico en evaluación educativa en Medicina.
Authors: Gutiérrez Morales Gabriel , Sánchez Mendiola Melchor 
Published: January 2021

La educación médica se encuentra en una profunda transformación, que exigirá a los docentes reconsiderar las prácticas habituales de enseñanza y desarrollar estrategias innovadoras para optimizar el aprendizaje de los estudiantes y residentes. Se ha llevado a cabo una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos PubMed y ERIC, entre los años 2000-2019. Ningún instrumento individual de evaluación educativa provee todos los elementos que se requieren para evaluar a un individuo, necesitándose analizar suficientes tareas y que sean representativas de los diferentes aspectos que comprenden el aprendizaje. El uso del portafolio electrónico ayuda a recoger la evidencia del progreso del aprendizaje del alumno con un propósito determinado, brindando al profesor las herramientas necesarias para una evaluación más amplia y variada. Para su uso se requiere tener en cuenta aspectos inherentes al profesor, estudiante y a su entorno para lograr los objetivos de las intervenciones educativas.
Medical education is undergoing a profound transformation, which will require teachers to reconsider current teaching practices and develop innovative strategies to optimize student and resident learning. No single educational assessment instrument provides all the elements required to evaluate an individual; sufficient tasks representative of the different aspects that comprise learning need to be analyzed. The use of the e-portfolio helps to collect evidence of student learning progress for a given purpose, providing the teacher with the necessary tools for a broader and more varied assessment. Its use requires taking into account aspects inherent to the teacher, student and their environment in order to achieve the objectives of educational interventions.
Aportaciones y enmiendas al artículo “Americanismos en las guajiras flamencas: arte entre dos continentes”
Authors: Cid Lucas Fernando 
Published: January 2021

En el presente trabajo se amplían y se enmiendan algunas de las informaciones recogidas en el artículo titulado: “Americanismos en las guajiras flamencas: arte entre dos continentes”. Con esto se pretende seguir profundizando en el uso de los vocablos llegados desde el continente americano hasta el flamenco y, a su vez, se apuesta por un mejor conocimiento de dichas palabras a la hora de su pronunciación y su recepción en los aficionados o en los estudiosos del flamenco.
This essay expands and revises previous research presented in “Americanisms in the guajiras flamencas: art between two continents” (“Americanismos en las guajiras flamencas: arte entre dos continents”). One of the final aims of this academic review is to offer a better understanding and a deeper explanation of the use of some terms borrowed from the Native American cultures by the 'flamenco' culture. Indeed, a detailed explanation of such terms and their pronunciation will help to shed some light on both amateur and the scholarly studies about flamenco.
La expresividad del cuerpo y la comunicación gestual en el baile flamenco
Authors: Amar Víctor , Ferreira Tania 
Published: January 2021

El arte flamenco se escribe con mayúscula. De una tradición anclada al pasado podríamos encontrar su explicación actual a través de pasajes de la mitología antigua, al igual que de la herencia de árabes y sefardíes. El presente artículo pretende poner en valor el potencial expresivo del cuerpo y la comunicación gestual en el baile flamenco. Con ello, pies y manos, cara y cabello dibujan el compás en el escenario y permiten diseñar siluetas con el cuerpo como si de un pincel se tratase. Mientras que la expresividad eclosiona con tonos cromáticos que facilita el deleite y la belleza. Un baile que se nutre de objetos para significarlo y el bailaor o bailaora se vale del zapateo para hacerse, también, en músico que lleva el compás, comunicando según su intensidad o velocidad de ejecución. El cuerpo en el baile flamenco y la comunicación gestual es un pretexto para iniciar un debate que no concluye sino que se nutre de la herencia y camina, evolucionando, hacia un presente con futuro.
Flamenco art is written with a capital letter. From a tradition anchored in the past we could find its current explanation through passages from ancient mythology, as well as from the heritage of Arabs and Sephardim. Everything gives us to understand the expressive value of the body and the gestual communication in the flamenco dance. Body and face, hair and hands draw the compass on stage. They allow to draw silhouettes that take the compass taking as a brush the body and its expressiveness hatches with chromatic tones that facilitate the delight and the beauty. A dance that is nourished by objects to signify it and the dancer uses the zapateo to become, also, a musician who carries the compás and communicates according to its intensity or speed of execution. The body in flamenco dance and gestural communication is a pretext to start a debate that does not end, but is nourished by heritage and walks, evolving, towards a present with a future.
The Effect of Sudden Rise in Salinity on Survival Rates and Salinity Tolerance Ability of Ctenopharyngodon idella
Authors: Alkhshali Mohammed Shaker , Alhilali Hasan Ali 
Published: January 2021

This study aimed to identify the extent of the effect of sudden rise in salinity on survival rates of Ctenopharyngodon idella and determine the lethal concentration (LC50) that kills half of the number of fish. The fish were suddenly exposed to lethal concentrations (LC50 values) of: 4, 8, 12, and 16 g / l at a weight of 31.4 ± 2.2 g, as well as hypertonic water at the rate of (0.1 g of LC50), which was considered as a controlling sample. The (LC50) were prepared by adding a known weight of dried sea salt in a liter of chlorine-free hypertonic water until the required lethal concentrations (LC50) were reached. The results of the survival rates experiment showed that the survival rate of Ctenopharyngodon idella reached 90%, 20% and 0% at the lethal concentration (LC50) of 8, 12 and 16 g /I respectively, while the survival rate was 100% in both hypertonic water and the lethal concentration (LC50) of 4 g / l.
The results of the experiment to determine the lethal concentration (LC50) that kills half of the number of fish also showed that the LC50 in Ctenopharyngodon idella reached 9.68 g / l during 96 hours of sudden exposure to LC50 at the rate of 0.1, 4, 8, 12 and 16 g / l. During the experiment, the fish were fed on food ration containing 32% protein, at the rafe of 3% of the weight of fishs' body.
State‐Of‐The‐Art and Future Challenges in High Energy Lithium–Selenium Batteries
Authors: Sun Jinmeng , Du Zhuzhu , Liu Yuhang , Ai Wei , Wang Ke , Wang Tian , Du Hongfang , Liu Lei , Huang Wei 
Published: January 2021

AbstractLi‐chalcogen batteries, especially the Li–S batteries (LSBs), have received paramount interests as next generation energy storage techniques because of their high theoretical energy densities. However, the associated challenges need to be overcome prior to their commercialization. Elemental selenium, another chalcogen member, would be an attractive alternative to sulfur owing to its higher electronic conductivity, comparable capacity density, and moreover, excellent compatibility with carbonate electrolytes. Unlike LSBs, the research and development of Li–Se batteries (LSeBs) have garnered burgeoning attention but are still in their infant stage, where a comprehensive yet in‐depth overview is highly imperative to guide future research. Herein, a critical review of LSeBs, in terms of the underlying mechanisms, cathode design, blocking layer engineering, and emerging solid‐state electrolytes is provided. First, the electrolyte‐dependent electrochemistry of LSeBs is discussed. Second, the advances in Se‐based cathodes are comprehensively summarized, especially highlighting the state‐of‐the‐art SexSy cathodes, and mainly focusing on their structures, compositions, and synthetic strategies. Third, the versatile separators/interlayers optimization and interface regulation are outlined, with a particular focus on the emerging solid‐state electrolytes for advanced LSeBs. Last, the remaining challenges and research orientations in this booming field are proposed, which are expected to motivate more insightful works.
Ultrathin Amorphous/Crystalline Heterophase Rh and Rh Alloy Nanosheets as Tandem Catalysts for Direct Indole Synthesis
Authors: Ge Jingjie , Yin Peiqun , Chen Ye , Cheng Hongfei , Liu Jiawei , Chen Bo , Tan Chaoliang , Yin Peng‐Fei , Zheng Hong‐Xing , Li Qiang‐Qiang , Chen Shuangming , Xu Wenjie , Wang Xiaoqian , Wu Geng , Sun Rongbo , Shan Xiang‐Huan , Hong Xun , Zhang Hua 
Published: January 2021

AbstractHeterogeneous noble‐metal‐based catalysis plays an essential role in the production of fine chemicals. Rh‐based catalysts are one of the most active candidates for indole synthesis. However, it is still highly desired to develop heterogeneous Rh‐based catalysts with high activity and selectivity. In this work, a general, facile wet‐chemical method is reported to synthesize ultrathin amorphous/crystalline heterophase Rh and Rh‐based bimetallic alloy nanosheets (NSs), including RhCu, RhZn, and RhRu. Impressively, the amorphous/crystalline heterophase Rh NSs exhibit enhanced catalytic activity toward the direct synthesis of indole compared to the crystalline counterpart. Importantly, the obtained amorphous/crystalline heterophase RhCu alloy NSs can further enhance the selectivity to indole of >99.9% and the conversion is 100%. This work demonstrates the importance of phase engineering and metal alloying in the rational design and synthesis of tandem heterogeneous catalysts toward fine chemical synthesis.
Gas–Liquid–Solid Triphase Interfacial Chemical Reactions Associated with Gas Wettability
Authors: Li Zhaohua , Hu Rui , Song Jun , Liu Liwei , Qu Junle , Song Weiguo , Cao Changyan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWettability is widely studied in biological systems and attracts tremendous attention in numerous fields. Gas wettability has been increasingly investigated for the past few years because of the presence of gases in many reactions that are essential to environmental protection, health monitoring, energy conversion, and industrial catalysis. In general, traditional liquid–solid diphase systems with poor solubility and tardy diffusion of gases severely hinder the reaction efficiency. Researches show that this problem can be effectively solved by creating a gas–liquid–solid triphase reaction system through the regulation of gas wettability. This study summarizes the latest advances in creating appropriate gas wettability to introduce gas–liquid–solid triphase interfaces in gas‐involved reactions for enhanced catalytic performance. In these triphase systems, gaseous reactants are transported directly from the gas phase to active sites while gaseous products are rapidly removed from the catalyst surface, realizing efficient mass transport and consequently improving the reaction activity and selectivity. Reactions summarized are gas‐consuming reactions and gas‐forming reactions, which are further divided into photocatalytic reactions, bioelectronic reactions, electrochemical reactions, and heterogeneous thermocatalytic reactions. For the first time, heterogeneous thermocatalytic reactions are included in the system, thus forming a relatively comprehensive review of this field so far.
High‐Q Plasmonic Resonances: Fundamentals and Applications
Authors: Wang Baoqing , Yu Peng , Wang Wenhao , Zhang Xutao , Kuo Hao‐Chung , Xu Hongxing , Wang Zhiming M. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSubwavelength confinement of light with plasmonics is promising for nanophotonics and optoelectronics. However, it is nontrivial to obtain narrow plasmonic resonances due to the intrinsically high optical losses and radiative damping in metallic structures. In this review, a thorough summary of the recent research progress on achieving high‐quality (high‐Q) factor plasmonic resonances is provided, emphasizing the fundamentals and six resonant mode types, including surface lattice resonances, multipolar resonances, plasmonic Fano resonances, plasmon‐induced transparency, guided‐mode resonances, and Tamm plasmon resonances. The applications of high‐Q plasmonic resonances in spectrally selective thermal emission, sensing, single‐photon emission, filtering, and band‐edge lasing are also discussed.