bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neem-based oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion as a biopesticide
Authors: Ramadhany Putri , Witono Judy Retti B. , Rosaria Regina 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Neem tree (Azadirachta indica) is well-known to contain active components, such as azadirachtin (AZA), nimbin, and nimbidin that are potent to eliminate pesky insects. These active components can be found in large numbers in the neem oil. The favourable properties of neem oil to kill pests with minimum impacts to the ecosystem makes it veritably attractive to replace synthetic chemical pesticide. In this research, the neem oil is mixed with water and emulsifiers in the homogenizer to generate oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions. The droplet size, the size distribution, the stability, and the effectiveness of emulsion are analysed to determine the best formulation of neem-based biopesticide. The results showed that the formulation of 10%- w neem oil and 5%-w non-ionic emulsifier Lutensol® TO 6 produces the most stable emulsion with d32 of 0.50 μm. The fastest mortality rate for Musca domestica larvae is achieved at 20 ppm and 8 minutes with emulsion formulae of 10%-w neem oil and 5%-w non-ionic emulsifier Lutensol® TO 8.
Autocatalytic Hydrolysis of Palm Oil for Fatty Acid Production by Using Hydrothermolysis Process
Authors: Yulianto Mohamad Endy , Amalia Rizka , Paramita Vita , Hartati Indah , Nisa’ Qurrotun A’yuni Khoirun 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
As the world major leader in the palm oil production, Indonesia need to develop a new efficient technology to replace the conventional production process of fatty acid from palm oil. Auto catalytic hydrolysis reaction of palm oil in a hydrothermal reactor offers several benefits in fatty acid production. This research objective was to determine the rate constant of hydrothermal auto catalytic hydrolysis reaction of palm oil in fatty acid production. The Auto catalytic hydrolysis reaction of palm oil was conducted in several reaction temperatures (130- 150°C) at a different time (5-30 minutes). The research results show that at all the temperature applied, along with the increasing of reaction time, the fatty acid obtained were increasing also, while the highest fatty acid concentration was obtained from the auto catalytic hydrolysis reaction of palm oil performed at temperature of 130°C.
Analysis of Red Colorants and Heavy Metals in Lipstick at Traditional Market in Surabaya
Authors: Sumiyani R , Diatmika I K C , Muslimah N H , Rachmaniah O 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Lipstick is classified as decorative cosmetics, generally, with many colours’ variance attracting the consumers. However, red is the favourites amongst them. Protecting the consumer’s health, lipstick should meet certain requirements which is registered by (National Agency of Drug and Food Control (Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan/BPOM). Regulation of BPOM No.HK.03.1.23.08.11.07517 of 2011 regulates prohibited red colorants such Rhodamine B. While at regulation of BPOM No.HK.03.1.23.07.11.6662 regulates a maximum level of heavy metals concentration. This study was conducted to determine the presence of Rhodamine B, Red Allure, and Amaranth as well as Pb and Cd in illegal brands of red lipstick at PXXX Market in Surabaya. The red colorants were identified with Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)-densitometry while the metals, lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd), were analysed with Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometer (ICPS). A validation method both for TLC-densitometry and ICPS were performed previously prior the analysis; meet the requirements for linearity, accuracy, precision as well as limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ). Six illegal brands of lipsticks were identified at PXXX Market in Surabaya. One of them was qualitatively detected contains only Rhodamine B, 2 samples contain both Rhodamine B and Red Allure while the rest of 3 brands were contain Red Allure. None of them contain Amaranth. Hence, a quantitative analysis of Red Allure was further conducted. The Red Allure content in the identified red lipsticks was 34.19-187.88 mg/kg, below the maximum allowable content. In case of heavy metals, Pb and Cd. None of the lipstick’s samples contain both Pb and Cd.
Effect of Activated Carbon and Catalyst on Physical and Chemical Properties of Pyrolytic Oil from Microwave Assisted Pyrolysis of Automotive Paint Sludge (APS)
Authors: Za’bar Johan Ariff , Rahman Norazah Abd , Idris Siti Shawalliah 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Automotive paint sludge (APS) contains valuable material which can be recovered by microwave-assisted pyrolysis as studied by previous researchers. In this study, combined application of microwave absorber and catalyst are studied in order to study the effect of both components in microwave-assisted pyrolysis of APS. Activated carbon and ZSM-5 acted as microwave absorber and catalyst, respectively were used to investigate their effect on pyrolytic oil produced from APS. By using One-Factor-At-Time (OFAT) analysis, results showed that at 1000W power level, 30 minutes radiation time, 6% activated carbon loading and 1.5% catalyst loading, the process was capable to produce highest oil yield of 7.75% pyrolytic oil as compared to other parameters. On the other hand, physical and chemical properties of pyrolytic oil produced via this process was also improved.
Rapid expansion supercritical solution (RESS) of CO2 as a green technology method for pineapple peels solid oil particle formation
Authors: Zainuddin N A , Mohamad N D , Rodzay R M 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Current development using the technique of Rapid Expansion Supercritical Solution (RESS) in solid oil particle formation pineapple peel contains a great deal active pharmacological which are anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidants, and anti-cancer agent. Many researchers use the conventional technique such as hydro-distillation, supercritical fluid extraction, and soxhlet extraction in order to extract the valuable component in oil formed. However, these techniques have several disadvantages such as long extraction time, high usage of solvent and produce toxic residual which can harm the environment. The RESS technique is not as time consuming as it will directly produce oil in particle formation, instead of conventional technique that need to undergo further technique such as spray drying in order to produce solid oil particle. In this study the extraction was conducted using temperature 40, 45, 50, 55, 60°C and the pressure used were 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000 and 7000 psi at a constant flowrate of 24ml/min for 50 minutes extraction time. The extracted component in solid oil particle was analyzed using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) and show that pineapple peels is rich in volatile components such as 1-Hexene, 4-methyl, Benzene, 1,1’-(1,2 cyclobutanediyl) bis-, trans, and 1-Buten-3-one, 1-(2-carboxy-4,4-dimethylcyclobutenyl).
The effects of UV-C and HNO2 mutagen, pH and the use of commercial fertilizers on the growth of microalgae Botryococcus braunii
Authors: Murprayana Ratnasari , Pukan Maria Stella Hadiyanti , Soedarmodjo Thea Prastiwi , Widjaja Arief , Wirawasista Hakun 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Botryococcus braunii microalgae is a potential producer of biodiesel as an alternative fossil fuel because it has a high lipid content. This paper was conducted to determine the optimal mutation agent, microalgae resistance to changes in pH and, optimal nutrients from commercial fertilizers for the growth of Botryococcus Braunii. To find the best mutation agent, culture was planted in seawater media with Walne nutrient with UV-C and HNO2 exposure. The results showed that the optimal mutation agent was a mutation with UV-C exposure expressed by lipid productivity values. Furthermore, to see microalgae resistance to changes in pH, B. braunii was cultured in seawater media with Walne nutrients at various pHs, namely 3-8 with mutations of UV-C rays and without mutation agents. The results show that natural and mutated B. braunii microalgae grow optimally at pH 8. This also shows that mutated microalgae have better adaptability compared to natural microalgae, as evidenced by the number of natural microalgae cells that continues to decrease with a decrease in pH. The final goal is to find the optimal nutrient for growth in B. Braunii from commercial fertilizer. Culture was planted in seawater media with various concentrations of commercial fertilizer, for 7 days of culture, the results showed that each nitrogen source had a different effect on the growth of microalgae
Catalytic co-pyrolysis palm oil empty fruit bunch and low-density polyethylene of plastic waste into high grade bio-oil
Authors: Sunarno  , Zultiniar  , Santoso A H , Utama P S 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Bio-oil produced from biomass pyrolysis is still acidic and has a low heating value. Co-pyrolysis is a process of pyrolysis of biomass and material that has a higher (H/C) effective. Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) is a type of plastic waste that has a higher hydrogen index than empty fruit bunch (EFB). To improve the quality of bio-oil, it is necessary to co-pyrolysis EFB and LDPE using a calcium oxide catalyst. The purpose of this research is to produce bio-oil from a mixture of EFB and LDPE, to determine the effect of the CaO catalyst ratio and temperature on the bio-oil yield, and to determine the physical and chemical characteristics of the bio-oil product. The catalytic co-pyrolysis process uses 10 grams of EFB/LDPE mixture (EFB/LDPE ratio 50%:50%), CaO catalyst with a variation of CaO/raw material ratio (1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5% w/w) and temperature variations (400°C, 450°C, 500°C,550 and 600 °C), with nitrogen gas flowing at a flow rate of 400 mL/min for 45 minutes. The highest yield generated on the use of CaO/raw material ratio of 5% w/w and temperature of 550 °C was 35.2%. The characteristics of the bio-oil obtained were the density of 0.948 g/mL, the viscosity of 4.18 cSt, pH of 4.04, and heating value of 43.4 MJ/Kg. The results of GC-MS analysis showed that bio-oil contained 37.05% phenol compounds, 27.88% hydrocarbon, 20.27% ketones, 7.21% alcohol, 4.36% aldehydes, and 1.08% ester.
The Effect of Air Temperature on Drying Rate of Red Cayenne Pepper
Authors: Yusuf Syafza M , Diamantini Yura Amalia , Djaeni Mohamad 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The red cayenne pepper (red chili), an agriculture crop, is useful for food seasoning. The fresh red pepper popular as red chili contains around 73-75% water. With high water content, the pepper cannot be stored for a long time due to the microorganism and enzymatic activities. The drying is a good option to remove its water content in which improves the storage life. The research studies the effect of drying temperature on the drying rate of the red pepper. Here, the red pepper was put in a tray dryer to be contacted with air at various temperatures ranging from 40°C - 70°C for 180 minutes. As a response, the moisture content in the red pepper was observed and the drying rate, as well as thermal efficiency, were calculated. Research showed that the higher air temperature accelerated the rate of water removal. At operational temperature 70°C, thermal efficiency was the highest. Besides, the moisture content in the pepper was also below 15% in which was favorable for dry pepper storing.
Modeling of Glycerolysis Kinetic of Free Fatty Acid in Crude Palm Oil
Authors: Suriaini N , Raaf A , Arpi N , Syamsuddin Y , Supardan M D 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Kinetics describing chemical glycerolysis reaction of free fatty acid (FFA) in crude palm oil (CPO) with crude glycerol has been investigated. In this study, the kinetics was explored under the conventional procedure using KOH as a homogenous catalyst. The FFA value was measured by the acid-base titration technique. The effect of FFA to glycerol molar ratio and reaction temperature are examined to determine the best condition for FFA reduction. The glycerolysis achieved a maximum FFA reduction from 6.15% to 0.28% under the following conditions: FFA to glycerol molar ratio of 1:4 and 75°C temperature. Under these conditions, the total reaction orders and the reaction rate constant of glycerolysis were determined by establishing six kinetic models. It was found that the highest R2 was 0.89, which was presented from model 5 (α=2, β=0): ^j = kCAOt. The calculated rate constant, activation energy, and pre-exponential factor were’ 6^5608 L mol-1 min−1, 9,432 cal mol-1, and 5.4x106 L mol-1 min−1, respectively.
The effect of solvent volume ratio and extraction time on the yield of red dye from sappanwood
Authors: Septiani I E , Kumoro A C , Djaeni M 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Natural red dye from sappanwood (Caesalpinia sappan L) contains brazilin that can be used as an antioxidant source. The dye can be isolated by extraction using a polar solvent such as distilled water. The more water was added, the more extract can be obtained. However, the process cannot be straightforward since the excessive solvent consumes more energy cost in the extract product purification. The study aims to investigate the effect of water to sappanwood ratio and operational time on the effective time for the extraction of red dye from sappanwood assisted by ultrasound vibration. Here, the water to sappanwood ratios were varied from 5:1 to 8:1 at operational temperatures 60°C. With more excessive solvent, the yield of sappanwood extract increased. For example, at 60°C and solvent to sappanwood ratio 8:1, the process yielded 4.0% extract for 15 minutes. Compared to the literature with conventional extraction without ultrasound, this achievement was twofold. Lowering solvent to sappanwood ratio reduced the extract yield, but it will ease in product separation. Furthermore, extending extraction time increased the yield, but after 15 minutes the effect was limited.
Experimental Investigations of Partial Replacement of OPC with PFA and GGBS in cement mortar
Authors: Quraya Abdullah Bin , Al-Ameeri Abbas , Hashim Raad , Yeboah David , Shubbar Ali , AL-Hayawi Anas Y. , Al-Jumeily Dhiya , Mustafina Jamila 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Production of cement has been identified as a major source of carbon dioxide, particulates, and other gases, where it was reported that the production of one ton of OPC could produce one ton of CO2. These gases and particulates exert significant effects on human health and the environment. Therefore, the supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) are becoming sustainable concrete in comparison with ordinary Portland cement (OPC) by decreasing the consumption of cement and carbon dioxide emissions. This experimental study is to focus on the effect of partial replacement in cement by pulverized fly ash (PFA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). Four mixes were used with different values of PFA and GGBS and they tested at 1, 2, and 4 weeks. The compressive strength of these specimens was carried out by a compression test. The test results revealed that increasing the ratios of PFA and GGBS replacement results in a decrease in the compressive strength of specimens. The decrease in compressive strength of SCMs mortar ranged from 20 to 30%, and they could be an acceptable value.
An experimental study for adapting electrocoagulation as a technique for fluoride removal from water
Authors: Aayef Ali Naser , Mahdi Al Masoodi Wasim T. , Kamel Ruaa Jameel , Abdulredha M , Almansoori Nayef A. , Kot Patryk , Muradov Magomed 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A small amount of fluoride in potable water can maximize teeth mineralization and minimizes their cavities. However, fluoride presence in excess quantities in drinking water could cause severe illnesses including Alzheimer’s syndrome and women infertility. Thus, scholars are concerned over the last decades in developing techniques to minimizes the concentration of fluoride from wastewater and lower its impact on human health. The current research aims to utilize the electrocoagulation technique to remove the fluoride from wastewater. Experiments were conducted to study fluoride removal using rectangular electrocoagulation cell and analyze the influence of four main parameters namely detention duration, electrodes spacing, pH and current density on the performance of the electrocoagulation techniques on fluoride removal. The results showed that 93% of the fluoride was removed from the wastewater after 20 minutes of treatment using 5mm electrodes spacing with a current density of 2 mA/cm2 at a pH level of 7. The main parameters have a significant influence on the removal efficiency of the fluoride. A higher fluoride removal efficiency can be achieved in the acidic setting. The removal efficiency is positively related to the electrical current and the detention time while it is negatively related to the electrode spacing.
Dye removal from textile wastewater using solar-powered electrocoagulation reactor
Authors: Jawad Sabrean Farhan , Saddam Nahlah Salman , Adaami Qasim J. , Kareem Mohanad M. , Abdulredha M , Mubarak Hayfaa A. , Kot Patry , Gkantou Michaela , AlKhayyat Ahmed 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A wide range of methods is currently used to remove various pollutants from wastewater. The current focus of research and industries is the use of electrocoagulation for wastewater treatment as this technique can be run using solar energy which produces in-site coagulant able remove dissolved and suspended pollutants at a short time and low cost. Dyes are currently categorised as a universal surface water pollution problem since many industries produce dyes polluted wastewater such as the textile industry. The current investigation focus on the use of electrocoagulation to treat acid orange 2 dye polluted synthetic wastewater and study the impact of the experimental parameters. An electrocoagulation reactor was developed using Iron electrodes and the energy was provided to the reactor using a solar panel. It was found that 100% of the pollutant was removed using electrocoagulation reactor runs on solar power. The Neutral pH level is favourable to remove the dye from textile wastewater. Higher current density and smaller distance between electrodes provide higher removal efficiency of the dye. Generally, it could be said that the best removal of the dye was achieved at pH level at 7, the current density at 2 mA/cm2, the spacing at 5 mm, and the treatment time at 40 minutes.
Agro-based carbon for lead removal from solutions
Authors: Naser Salam M. , Ali Sarah A. , Alkizwini Rasha S. , Alshamali Mohammad , Alquzweeni Saif S. , Abdellatif Mawada , Amoako-Attah Joseph , AlKhayyat Ahmed 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe current study utilizes the carbon derived from the lemon peel (CLP) as an adsorbent to remove Pb (II) ions from solutions. Activation of the lemon peels was carried out by adding 1 part of the lemon peels to 1.8 parts of concentrated sulphuric acid, and well-mixed before heating the mixture at a temperature of 150 °C for 24 hours. The produced material, CLP, was employed for lead adsorption from water. A number of parameters namely, treatment times, pH, and doses of CLP were studied to assess their influence on the removability of Pb (II) by the CLP. The results indicated that the optimum contact time, pH, and dosage values for the best removal of lead were 80 min, 5, and 3 g/L respectively. To analyze the observed data gained from batch equilibrium tests, isotherm models (Freundlich and Langmuir), kinetic models (the pseudo-first-order, and the pseudo-second-order), and inter-particle diffusion using non-linear regression techniques were applied for this purpose. The obtained results proved that the equilibrium data have reasonable and good fitness and correspondence with the Freundlich isotherm models. The highest adsorption capacity and the highest removal percentage for Pb (II) were 32.98 mg/g and 99% respectively at ambient temperature.
Agri-food wastes for heavy metals removal from water
Authors: Talebi Zainab Abbas Al , Abbas Sahar F. , Alkizwini Rasha S. , Alazemi Saud , Alquzweeni Saif S. , Kot Patryk , Muradov Magomed , AlKhayyat Ahmed H. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The current study explores the possibility of using granular activated carbon derived from wasted coconut shell (CCS) as a bio adsorbent to purify aqueous solution from Al(II) ions. A number of different parameters including treatment time, pH, and dosage of adsorbent (CCS) were tested to assess their influence on the Al(II) removability. The optimum conditions for best removal were contact time of 90 min, pH of 7, and a dosage of 1 g/L. Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models and kinetic models including the pseudo-first-order, the pseudo-second-order, and interparticle diffusion were employed to analyse the observed data which were gained from batch equilibrium tests using nonlinear regression methods. The obtained results revealed that the equilibrium data have good and reasonable fitness and correspondence with the Langmuir isotherm models. The maximum adsorption capacity for CCS and the maximum Al(II) removability were 120.6801335 mg/g and about 100%, respectively, at ambient temperature.
Study the performance of three-phase induction motor under imbalanced non-sinusoidal supply
Authors: Jassim Abdulsatar H. , Hussein Arkan A. , Abbas Laith F. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The rising of single-phase distributed generators and imbalanced loads in the electrical power grid can cause the three phases voltage to unbalance, causing in risen losses and overheating in motors. As a consequence of the growing usage of electronic equipment and non-linear load, the waveform of the voltage source of the electrical system is becoming distorted and variations appear among the phases. This work explores the negative impacts of imbalanced of 10 HP three phase induction motor squirrel-cage fed by three phase IGBT inverter at full load. The drive system has been designed and simulated by MATLAB/Simulink. The inverter switches are controlled by a pulse controller, which consists of two level pulse width modulation (PWM). The results represent the effects on the performance of the motor. The results of the Simulation show the negative impacts of imbalanced non-sinusoidal voltages which are higher than the case of balanced non-sinusoidal voltages. Also, the computation of voltage unbalance factor (VUF) depending on positive and negative sequence components are considered.
An encryption based on DNA and AES algorithms for hiding a compressed text in colored Image
Authors: Alsaffar Qusay S. , Mohaisen Hatem N. , Almashhdini Firas N. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The vast serious security challenges has created new secured ways of transmitting information and reduce the chance of hackers to use their methods to analyse the confidential information between two parties. The research combines between several stages of encryption techniques: DNA encryption algorithm, GZIP algorithm, AES cryptography and image steganography. We proposed multiplying by a factor along the last stage of DNA encryption, and the outputs of this process are compressed using the GZIP algorithm, where the message is converted to a new form and its size reduced to (75%), then after the message is encrypted using the AES encryption algorithm to increase the level of security. Furthermore, LSB image Steganography technology is utilized to hide the encrypted message in a high-quality image. By combining these four security technologies we obtained good results for image measures such that Lina sample provided (PSNR is equal 67.589, MSE is equal 0.0116, SSIM is equal 1, NPCR score is 0.011630262741374 and UACI score is 4.5608873495583733e-05) and we ensure transferring data without gaps & make it difficult and more complex for the hacker.