bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Involvement of TRPC5 channels, inwardly rectifying K+channels, PLCβ and PIP2in vasopressin‐mediated excitation of medial central amygdala neurons
Authors: Boyle Cody A. , Hu Binqi , Quaintance Kati L. , Lei Saobo 
Published: April 2021

Key pointsActivation of V1avasopressin receptors facilitates neuronal excitability in the medial nucleus of central amygdala (CeM)V1areceptor activation excites about 80% CeM neurons by opening a cationic conductance and about 20% CeM neurons by suppressing an inwardly rectifying K+(Kir) channelThe cationic conductance activated by V1areceptors is identified as TRPC5 channelsPLCβ‐mediated depletion of PIP2is involved in V1areceptor‐elicited excitation of CeM neuronsIntracellular Ca2+release and PKC are unnecessary for V1areceptor‐mediated excitation of CeM neuronsAbstractArginine vasopressin (AVP) serves as a hormone in the periphery to modulate water homeostasis and a neuromodulator in the brain to regulate a diverse range of functions including anxiety, social behaviour, cognitive activities and nociception. The amygdala is an essential brain region involved in modulating defensive and appetitive behaviours, pain and alcohol use disorders. Whereas activation of V1areceptors in the medial nucleus of the central amygdala (CeM) increases neuronal excitability, the involved ionic and signalling mechanisms have not been determined. We found that activation of V1areceptors in the CeM facilitated neuronal excitability predominantly by opening TRPC5 channels, although AVP excited about one fifth of the CeM neurons via suppressing an inwardly rectifying K+(Kir) channel. G proteins and phospholipase Cβ (PLCβ) were required for AVP‐elicited excitation of CeM neurons, whereas intracellular Ca2+release and the activity of protein kinase C were unnecessary. Prevention of the depletion of phosphatidylinositol 4,5‐bisphosphate (PIP2) blocked AVP‐induced excitation of CeM neurons, suggesting that PLCβ‐mediated depletion of PIP2is involved in AVP‐mediated excitation of CeM neurons. Our results may provide a cellular and molecular mechanism to explain the anxiogenic effects of AVP in the amygdala.
Influence of Tool and Workpiece Properties on the Wear of the Counterparts in Contact Sliding
Authors: Li Wei , Zhang Liangchi , Wu Chuhan , Cui Zhenxiang , Niu Chao 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In a deep drawing process, the contact sliding between the surfaces of a metal sheet and a die/mold under high contact stresses brings about wear of both the counterpart surfaces. This paper aims to investigate the influence of tool and workpiece properties on the wear behaviors subjected to cylinder-on-flat sliding conditions. The effects of different tool materials (Cr12MoV, SKD11, and DC53), radii, surface hardness, and surface treatment processes including thermal diffusion (TD) coating, nitriding coating, and vacuum heat treatment (VHT) were investigated. Two types of workpieces with high tensile strength (DP980 and QP980) were also applied in the tests. The friction coefficient, surface morphology, and material removal were analyzed with the aid of load cells installed and microscopy measurements. It was found that the DC53 tool experiences the smallest tool wear and material transfer. The least material transfer is attributed to its low adhesion to workpiece material, which also results in more wear debris and a higher friction coefficient. The TD coated tool surface can further improve the wear resistance and bring about the lowest friction coefficient. The debris density associated with the TD coating is also the smallest. These findings provide a useful guideline for the design and optimization of molds/dies for the deep drawing processes of sheet metals.
Combustion of Flat Shaped Char Particles With Oxygen
Authors: Molintas Henry J. , Gupta Ashwani K. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Thin flat-shaped carbon black particles of 1.5 mm thickness by 22.5 mm diameter were combusted in pure oxygen at atmospheric pressures and temperatures in the range of 500–650 °C. One-film kinetic-diffusion model was derived to characterize the kinetic and energy parameters for particles arranged in the form of a thin flat-shaped configuration. The kinetic and energy parameters, and operating regimes of thin flat-shaped char particles were characterized during the nonisothermal combustion process. The gasification regimes during preheating were also analyzed. Steady-state energy processes were considered to derive an energy conservation equation used for calculating the evolution of char surface temperatures as well as released peak energy rates and the specific energy, which are considered key engineering design parameters. The one-film kinetic-diffusion model showed that combustion of such particles was purely kinetic controlled under these conditions. The activation energy obtained varied between 50 and 74 kJ/mol using discrete time and linear fits to the Arrhenius equation. The total energies released per weight of char converted varied between 32.8 and 40.6 kJ/g. The highest peak energy rate released was 134 J/s when combusting char in O2 at a reactor temperature of 504 °C.
End-of-Use Management of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries From Sustainability Perspective: A Review
Authors: Cong Liang , Liu Weiwei , Kong Shuai , Li Honglei , Deng Yelin , Ma Huazheng 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe rapid growth of electric vehicle (EV) market promotes the mass production of lithium-ion batteries. However, the battery production is subjected to high cost and serious environmental issues. Effective and efficient end-of-use lithium-ion battery (LIB) management should be carried out to enhance sustainable development, following the principles of the triple bottom line and circular economy. From the life cycle perspective, battery refurbishing and material recovery are the two major end-of-use options to recover the value of spent batteries. The refurbishing of spent batteries can extend the battery useful life and make full use of battery remaining functional value. Material recycling can recover the battery materials for a new life cycle. However, there still exist many barriers that should be investigated to ensure the success of end-of-use battery recovery. The review covered the pathways to present a full view of end-of-use battery recovery, identified the key bottlenecks in different dimensions, and discussed the strategies for specific scenarios. Industrial practice and pilot projects associated with the two end-of-use options are summarized. In the end, analysis and research suggestions are provided to facilitate the establishment of a sustainable circular battery recovery system.
Double-Layer Deployable Mechanical Network Constructed of Threefold-Symmetric Bricard Linkages and Sarrus Linkages
Authors: Song Xiaoke , Guo Hongwei , Chen Jingjing , Yuan Wenhui , Xu Younan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Threefold-symmetric (TFS) Bricard linkages are known for their excellent deployment performance properties. This paper proposes a novel networking method of TFS Bricard linkages and a double-layer mechanical network. First, the angle relationship for parts of the TFS Bricard linkage is analyzed. Then, the angle relationship of two TFS Bricard linkages connected by a scissor mechanism is studied. The result suggests that when the twist angles of the two TFS Bricard linkages are equal, their corresponding planes are parallel, and the link lengths have no effect on the parallel relationship. A novel networking method of the TFS Bricard linkage is recommended according to these results. This mechanical network is constructed of two different sized units and can be plane deployed and be folded with a smaller height. We also propose a hybrid linkage constructed of the TFS Bricard linkage and Sarrus linkage. Two kinds of double-layer mechanical networks are suggested by applying the hybrid linkage to a smaller unit in the mechanical network and using the hybrid linkage as the interlayer pillar. The new networking method and the double-layer mechanical network provide convenience for the TFS Bricard linkage's engineering application.
The Relationship Between Neuromuscular Function and the W′ in Elite Cyclists
Authors: Kordi Mehdi , Parker Simpson Len , Thomas Kevin , Goodall Stuart , Maden-Wilkinson Tom , Menzies Campbell , Howatson Glyn 
Published: April 2021

Purpose: To assess the association between the W′ and measures of neuromuscular function relating to the capacity of skeletal muscle to produce force in a group of elite cyclists. Methods: Twenty-two athletes specializing in a range of disciplines and competing internationally volunteered to participate. Athletes completed assessments of maximum voluntary torque (MVT), voluntary activation, and isometric maximum voluntary contraction to measure rate of torque development (RTD). This was followed by assessment of peak power output (PPO) and 3-, 5-, and 12-minute time trials to determine critical power. Pearson correlation was used to examine associations with critical power and W′. Goodness of fit was calculated, and significant relationships were included in a linear stepwise regression model. Results: Significant positive relationships were evident between W′ and MVT (r = .82), PPO (r = .70), and RTD at 200 milliseconds (r = .59) but not with RTD at 50 milliseconds and voluntary activation. Correlations were also observed between critical power and RTD at 200 milliseconds and MVT (r = .54 and r = .51, respectively) but not with PPO, voluntary activation, or RTD at 50 milliseconds. The regression analysis found that 87% of the variability in W′ (F1,18 = 68.75; P < .001) was explained by 2 variables: MVT (81%) and PPO (6%). Conclusions: It is likely that muscle size and strength, as opposed to neural factors, contribute meaningfully to W′. These data can be used to establish training methods to enhance W′ to improve cycling performance in well-trained athletes.
The principles of Nurturing Care promote human capital and mitigate adversities from preconception through adolescence
Authors: Black Maureen M , Behrman Jere R , Daelmans Bernadette , Prado Elizabeth L , Richter Linda , Tomlinson Mark , Trude Angela C B , Wertlieb Donald , Wuermli Alice J , Yoshikawa Hirokazu 
Published: April 2021

A comprehensive evidence-based framework is needed to guide policies and programmes that enable children and adolescents to accrue the human capital required to meet the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This paper proposes a comprehensive, multisectoral, multilevel life-course conceptualisation of human capital development by building on the Nurturing Care Framework (NCF), originally developed for the foundational period of growth and development through the age 3 years. Nurturing care (NC) comprises stable environments that promote children’s health and nutrition, protect from threats, and provide opportunities for learning and responsive, emotionally supportive and developmentally enriching relationships. NC is fostered by families, communities, services, national policies and beyond. The principles apply across the life course, endorse equity and human rights, and promote long-term human capital. This paper presents an evidence-based argument for the extension of the NCF from preconception through adolescence (0–20 years), organised into six developmental periods: preconception/prenatal, newborn/birth, infancy/toddlerhood, preschool, middle childhood and adolescence. The proposed framework advances human capital within each developmental period by promoting resilience and adaptive developmental trajectories while mitigating negative consequences of adversities.Attaining the SDGs depends on strengthening human capital formation, extending throughout childhood and adolescence and supported by NC. Embedded in enabling laws, policies and services, the dynamic NCF components can mitigate adversities, enhance resilience and promote the well-being of marginalised groups. The life-course extension of the NCF is strategically positioned to enhance human capital, to attain the SDGs and to ensure that children or adolescents are not left behind in reaching their developmental potential.
Effectiveness of HPV vaccine by age at vaccination and number of doses: protocol for a population-based matched case–control study
Authors: Oliveira Carlos R , Ortiz Anette Michelle , Sheth Sangini S , Shapiro Eugene D , Niccolai Linda M 
Published: April 2021

IntroductionIn 2006, the first human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in the USA based on pre-licensure clinical trials that found it to be highly efficacious at preventing persistent infection and precancerous, high-grade cervical lesions (HGCLs) caused by viral types the vaccine protects against. However, the real-world effectiveness of HPV vaccines as used in clinical practice may be quite different from the efficacy found in pre-licensure clinical trials. More than 10 years have passed since the introduction of the vaccine programme. It is critical to determine if the full benefits of HPV are being realised in real-world settings.Methods and analysisThe objectives of this study were to estimate the effectiveness of HPV vaccines as used in real-world clinical settings and to determine the degree to which the vaccine’s effectiveness varies based on age at the time of immunisation and the number of doses received. The study will be a population-based, matched case–control study. Cases will be women with newly diagnosed HGCL associated with HPV types 16 and 18. Matched controls will be women with a normal Pap test result, matched individually to cases in a 2:1 ratio by age, a practice and date of testing. Medical records will be reviewed to determine dates of receipt of the HPV vaccine for all participants. We will use multivariate conditional logistic regression to control for potential confounders.Ethics and disseminationThis protocol presents minimal risk to the subjects. This protocol has received approval from the Institutional Review Board of Yale University (HIC: 1502015308), and a Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Waiver of Authorisation has been granted to allow investigators to recruit subjects for the study. Findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed, open-access scientific journals and conference presentations.
Characterising and describing postpartum haemorrhage emergency kits in context: a protocol for a mixed-methods study
Authors: Woodward Matthew , Ansari Akbar , Draycott Tim , Winter Cathy , Marjanovic Sonja , Dixon-Woods Mary 
Published: April 2021

IntroductionPostpartum haemorrhage (PPH) is an obstetric emergency requiring prompt and accurate response. PPH emergency kits containing equipment and medications can facilitate this kind of intervention, but their design and contents vary, potentially introducing risk of confusion or delay. Designs may be suboptimal, and relying on localised kit contents may result in supply chain costs, increased waste and missed opportunities for economies of scale. This study aims to characterise contextual influences on current practice in relation to PPH kits and to describe the range of kits currently employed in UK maternity units.Methods and analysisThis mixed-methods study comprises two phases. The first will use field observations and semistructured interviews to research PPH kits in a small number (3–5) of maternity units that will be selected to represent diversity. Analysis will be conducted both using an established human factors and ergonomics framework and using the constant comparative method for qualitative data analysis. The second phase will use a research and development platform (Thiscovery) to conduct a crowdsourced photography-based audit of PPH kits currently in use in the UK. Participants will tag images to indicate which objects have been photographed. Quantitative analysis will report the frequency of inclusion of each item in kits and the content differences between kit and unit types. All maternity units in the UK will be invited to take part, with additional targeted recruitment strategies used, if necessary, to ensure that the final sample includes different maternity unit types, sizes and PPH kit types. Study results will inform future work to develop consensus on effective PPH kit designs.Ethics and disseminationApproval has been received from the UK Health Research Authority (project ID 274147). Study results will be reported through the research institute’s website, presented at conferences and published in peer-reviewed journals.
COVID-19 in patients with hepatobiliary and pancreatic diseases: a single-centre cross-sectional study in East London
Authors: Dayem Ullah Abu Z M , Sivapalan Lavanya , Kocher Hemant M , Chelala Claude 
Published: April 2021

ObjectiveTo explore risk factors associated with COVID-19 susceptibility and survival in patients with pre-existing hepato–pancreato–biliary (HPB) conditions.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingEast London Pancreatic Cancer Epidemiology (EL-PaC-Epidem) Study at Barts Health National Health Service Trust, UK. Linked electronic health records were interrogated on a cohort of participants (age ≥18 years), reported with HPB conditions between 1 April 2008 and 6 March 2020.ParticipantsEL-PaC-Epidem Study participants, alive on 12 February 2020, and living in East London within the previous 6 months (n=15 440). The cohort represents a multi-ethnic population with 51.7% belonging to the non-White background.Main outcome measureCOVID-19 incidence and mortality.ResultsSome 226 (1.5%) participants had confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis between 12 February and 12 June 2020, with increased odds for men (OR 1.56; 95% CI 1.2 to 2.04) and Black ethnicity (2.04; 1.39 to 2.95) as well as patients with moderate to severe liver disease (2.2; 1.35 to 3.59). Each additional comorbidity increased the odds of infection by 62%. Substance misusers were at more risk of infection, so were patients on vitamin D treatment. The higher ORs in patients with chronic pancreatic or mild liver conditions, age >70, and a history of smoking or obesity were due to coexisting comorbidities. Increased odds of death were observed for men (3.54; 1.68 to 7.85) and Black ethnicity (3.77; 1.38 to 10.7). Patients having respiratory complications from COVID-19 without a history of chronic respiratory disease also had higher odds of death (5.77; 1.75 to 19).ConclusionsIn this large population-based study of patients with HPB conditions, men, Black ethnicity, pre-existing moderate to severe liver conditions, six common medical multimorbidities, substance misuse and a history of vitamin D treatment independently posed higher odds of acquiring COVID-19 compared with their respective counterparts. The odds of death were significantly high for men and Black people.
Mental health difficulties among professional jockeys: a narrative review
Authors: King Lewis , Cullen Sarah Jane , McGoldrick Adrian , Pugh Jennifer , Warrington Giles , Woods Gary , Losty Ciara 
Published: April 2021

IntroductionEmerging academic literature and high-profile disclosures of mental health difficulties and mental illness from current and former professional jockeys suggest that further exploration of the mental health of jockeys is required. To date, a comprehensive review of jockeys’ mental health has yet to be conducted.ObjectivesTo examine the existing literature related to jockeys’ mental health, including the prevalence of symptoms associated with mental health difficulties and help-seeking.DesignA narrative review of the literature was conducted with articles screened from inception until January 2021.ResultsSixteen studies were included in the narrative review. Studies covered a range of mental health difficulties which included mood (depression), anxiety, distress, disordered eating and substance misuse. Rates of help-seeking among jockeys were also explored. Results indicated that jockeys reported higher levels of depressive and anxiety symptoms compared with other elite athletes. Substance misuse, in particular adverse alcohol use, also appears greater among jockeys than other elite athletes. Distress symptoms appear comparable with other elite athletes. Risk factors for mental health difficulties included injury, perceived stress, athlete burnout, career dissatisfaction and the contemplation of retirement. Weight-making negatively impacts jockeys’ mood and attitudes towards eating, with lower competitive riding weights associated with more disordered eating attitudes. Moreover, help-seeking from mental health professionals appears low.ConclusionThe review identifies a high prevalence of symptoms of mental health difficulties among professional jockeys. Applied recommendations and future research considerations are proposed throughout the review article.
Spinal anesthesia in a patient on monoclonal antibody treatment: a poisoned chalice? A case report
Authors: Herijgers Anneleen , Van Dyck Lisa , Leroy Ilse , Dobbels Laurens , Van de Putte Peter B C 
Published: April 2021

Background
Paraplegia is a rare complication of spinal anesthesia.

Case presentation
We report a case of a 68-year-old man who developed postoperative paraplegia and hypoesthesia after spinal anesthesia for an otherwise uncomplicated transurethral resection of the prostate. Acute transverse myelitis was diagnosed based on urgent MRI. A prior history of similar though less severe neurological symptoms after obinutuzumab treatment for follicular lymphoma suggested a potential causative role for obinutuzumab, a novel monoclonal antibody that has not been associated with such devastating neurological side effects yet. High-dose steroid treatment partially attenuated the symptoms, but debilitating hypoesthesia and motor deficit remained present 3 months postoperatively.

Conclusion
The presented case warrants caution when performing neuraxial anesthesia in patients on monoclonal antibody therapies.
Theory of neutrino detection: flavor oscillations and weak values
Authors: Porto-Silva Yago P. , de Oliveira M. C. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe revisit the theory of neutrino oscillations and describe it through the formalism of weak measurements with postselection. It is well understood that due to the large momentum uncertainty in detection, there is no collapse of the neutrino wavefunction in the momentum or energy basis, and the mass eigenstates are detected coherently. Here we show that postselection, which projects the system to a final flavor state, deforms the system wavefunction in such a way that the momentum detected is not the expectation value of the neutrino mass eigenstates momenta, but the corresponding weak value. We use the weak values to describe the intermediate state in the oscillation process, avoiding problems in defining probability currents for particle states with mass superposition.