bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Licensure of Health Care Professionals: The Consumer's Case for Abolition
Authors: Baron Charles H. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWhile state medical licensure laws ostensibly are intended to promote worthwhile goals, such as the maintenance of high standards in health care delivery, this Article argues that these laws in practice are detrimental to consumers. The Article takes the position that licensure contributes to high medical care costs and stifles competition, innovation and consumer autonomy. It concludes that delicensure would expand the range of health services available to consumers and reduce patient dependency, and that these developments would tend to make medical practice more satisfying to consumers and providers of health care services.I don't know that I cared much about these osteopaths until I heard you were going to drive them out of the State; but since I heard this I haven't been able to sleep . Now what I contend is that my body is my own, at least I have always so regarded it. If I do harm through my experimenting with it, it is I who suffer, not the State."Mark Twain
Obesity is a strong risk factor for short-term mortality and adverse outcomes in Mexican patients with COVID-19: a national observational study
Authors: Vera-Zertuche J. M. , Mancilla-Galindo J. , Tlalpa-Prisco M. , Aguilar-Alonso P. , Aguirre-García M. M. , Segura-Badilla O. , Lazcano-Hernández M. , Rocha-González H. I. , Navarro-Cruz A. R. , Kammar-García A. , Vidal-Mayo J. de J. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Conflicting results have been obtained through meta-analyses for the role of obesity as a risk factor for adverse outcomes in patients with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), possibly due to the inclusion of predominantly multimorbid patients with severe COVID-19. Here, we aimed to study obesity alone or in combination with other comorbidities as a risk factor for short-term all-cause mortality and other adverse outcomes in Mexican patients evaluated for suspected COVID-19 in ambulatory units and hospitals in Mexico. We performed a retrospective observational analysis in a national cohort of 71 103 patients from all 32 states of Mexico from the National COVID-19 Epidemiological Surveillance Study. Two statistical models were applied through Cox regression to create survival models and logistic regression models to determine risk of death, hospitalisation, invasive mechanical ventilation, pneumonia and admission to an intensive care unit, conferred by obesity and other comorbidities (diabetes mellitus (DM), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, immunosuppression, hypertension, cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease). Models were adjusted for other risk factors. From 24 February to 26 April 2020, 71 103 patients were evaluated for suspected COVID-19; 15 529 (21.8%) had a positive test for SARS-CoV-2; 46 960 (66.1%), negative and 8614 (12.1%), pending results. Obesity alone increased adjusted mortality risk in positive patients (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.04–2.98), but not in negative and pending-result patients. Obesity combined with other comorbidities further increased risk of death (DM: HR = 2.79, 95% CI 2.04–3.80; immunosuppression: HR = 5.06, 95% CI 2.26–11.41; hypertension: HR = 2.30, 95% CI 1.77–3.01) and other adverse outcomes. In conclusion, obesity is a strong risk factor for short-term mortality and critical illness in Mexican patients with COVID-19; risk increases when obesity is present with other comorbidities.
Short‐Term Variability of Equatorial Electrojet Modulation by Solar Tidal and Planetary Waves, as Derived From the Swarm Constellation
Authors: Lühr Hermann , Zhou Yun‐Liang , Alken Patrick 
Published: April 2021

AbstractESA’s constellation mission Swarm with its three identical spacecraft allows the separation of spatial and temporal variations of wave phenomena. Here we investigate the modulation of the equatorial electrojet (EEJ) amplitude by solar tides and planetary waves. This is the first study to exploit the short‐term variability of these signals in the EEJ. Based on 6‐day data sets of quasi‐simultaneous observations from the well separated Swarm A and Swarm B spacecraft we derive amplitudes and phases of solar tides and prominent planetary waves. Tidal amplitudes can vary by a factor of 2 from week to week. Conversely, the phases of the tides show steady changes, suggesting a stable tidal system. Simultaneous observations at different local times return quite different wave forms, suggesting local time dependent amplitude changes of the tidal signatures in EEJ. DE3 signatures get weak toward evening, while DE2 is strongest around 15:00 magnetic local time. Modulation of the EEJ by planetary waves up to 6 days is also analyzed. Clearly dominating is the westward propagating quasi‐6‐day wave. Derived amplitudes are largest around September and exhibit a secondary occurrence maximum at spring time. Generally, the influence of this planetary wave on the EEJ hardly reaches 30% of that caused by solar tides. For the first time we monitor the influence of eastward propagating ultra‐fast Kelvin waves at 2–3 days period on the EEJ. Related activity occurs sporadically at intervals of 1–4 months and the effects on the EEJ are even smaller than that from the 6‐day wave.
Brain reactivity during aggressive response in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder treated with a selective progesterone receptor modulator
Authors: Kaltsouni Elisavet , Fisher Patrick M. , Dubol Manon , Hustad Steinar , Lanzenberger Rupert , Frokjaer Vibe G. , Wikström Johan , Comasco Erika , Sundström-Poromaa Inger 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPremenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is a psychiatric condition characterized by late luteal phase affective, cognitive, and physical impairment. The disorder causes significant suffering in about 5% of women in their reproductive age. Altered sensitivity of cognitive-affective brain circuits to progesterone and its downstream metabolite allopregnanolone is suggested to underlie PMDD symptomatology. Core mood symptoms include irritability and anger, with aggression being the behavioral outcome of these symptoms. The present study sought to investigate the neural correlates of reactive aggression during the premenstrual phase in women with PMDD, randomized to a selective progesterone receptor modulator (SPRM) or placebo. Self-reports on the Daily Record of Severity of Problems were used to assess PMDD symptoms and gonadal hormone levels were measured by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was performed in 30 women with PMDD, while performing the point subtraction aggression paradigm. Overall, a high SPRM treatment response rate was attained (93%), in comparison with placebo (53.3%). Women with PMDD randomized to SPRM treatment had enhanced brain reactivity in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex during the aggressive response condition. The fronto-cingulate reactivity during aggressive responses depended on treatment, with a negative relationship between brain reactivity and task-related aggressiveness found in the placebo but not the SPRM group. The findings contribute to define the role of progesterone in PMDD symptomatology, suggesting a beneficial effect of progesterone receptor antagonism, and consequent anovulation, on top-down emotion regulation, i.e., greater fronto-cingulate activity in response to provocation stimuli.
Transcription-dependent domain-scale three-dimensional genome organization in the dinoflagellate Breviolum minutum
Authors: Marinov Georgi K. , Trevino Alexandro E. , Xiang Tingting , Kundaje Anshul , Grossman Arthur R. , Greenleaf William J. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDinoflagellate chromosomes represent a unique evolutionary experiment, as they exist in a permanently condensed, liquid crystalline state; are not packaged by histones; and contain genes organized into tandem gene arrays, with minimal transcriptional regulation. We analyze the three-dimensional genome of Breviolum minutum, and find large topological domains (dinoflagellate topologically associating domains, which we term ‘dinoTADs’) without chromatin loops, which are demarcated by convergent gene array boundaries. Transcriptional inhibition disrupts dinoTADs, implicating transcription-induced supercoiling as the primary topological force in dinoflagellates.
First isolation and genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii strains from domestic animals in Tunisia
Authors: Lachkhem Arwa , Galal Lokman , Lahmar Ibtissem , Passebosc Karine , Riahi Homayoun , Plault Nicolas , Dardé Marie-Laure , Mercier Aurélien , Babba Hamouda 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe isolation and molecular typing of Toxoplasma gondii strains provide an essential basis for a better understanding of the parasite’s genetic diversity, determinants of its geographical distribution and associated risks to human health. In this study, we isolated and genetically characterized T. gondii strains from domestic animals in Southern and coastal area of Tunisia. Blood, hearts and/or brains were collected from 766 domestic animals (630 sheep and 136 free-range chickens). Strain isolation from these samples was performed using mouse bioassay and genotyping was carried out with a multiplex PCR technique using 15 microsatellite markers. Thirty viable strains of T. gondii were successfully isolated from tissues of sheep (19/142) and chickens (11/33). In addition, 3 strains could be successfully genotyped from animal tissues for which mouse bioassay was unsuccessful. A large predominance of type II strains (n = 29) was found in the sampled regions, followed by type III (n = 3) and, for the first time in Tunisia, a single isolate of Africa 4 lineage from a sheep. Analyses of population genetics showed the presence of a divergent population of type II lineage in Tunisia, supporting limited recent migrations of strains between Tunisia and other countries of the world.
Sakrale Wurzeltaschenzysten - Epidemiologie, Diagnostik und Therapie
Authors: Neulen Axel , Jägersberg Max , Brockmann Carolin , Ringel Florian 
Published: April 2021

ZusammenfassungSakrale Wurzeltaschenzysten (Tarlov Zysten) sind Zysten, die von den sakralen Nervenwurzeln ausgehen. Sie stellen in der wirbelsäulenchirurgischen Sprechstunde ein eher seltenes Krankheitsbild dar. Allerdings berichten radiologische Studien von einer relativ hohen Prävalenz von bis zu 8,9%, wobei nur ein sehr kleiner Teil der Zysten symptomatisch wird. Die Symptome können sich einerseits in mono- oder polyradikulären Beschwerden wie Ischialgien, sensiblen Defiziten, Paresen oder Blasen-/Mastdarmstörungen äußern, andererseits in Schmerzen wie tief sitzenden Lumbalgien, sakralen Schmerzen, einer Coccygodynie oder auch abdominellen Schmerzen. Die Diagnose einer Wurzeltaschenzyste wird in der Schnittbildgebung gestellt, meist in der Magnetresonanztomographie. Eine Myelographie erlaubt die Differenzierung zwischen Zysten mit und ohne freier Kommunikation mit dem Liquorraum. Bei persistierenden der Zyste zuzuordnenden Beschwerden stehen operative wie auch interventionelle Verfahren zur Verfügung.
Stellenwert der operativen multimodalen venösen Thrombektomie bei der Behandlung der akuten iliofemoralen Thrombose
Authors: Mühlberger Dominic , Falkenstein Thomas , Mumme Achim , Stücker Markus , Reich-Schupke Stefanie , Hummel Thomas 
Published: April 2021

ZusammenfassungFür das Gros aller Patienten mit tiefer Beinvenenthrombose ist ein konservatives Vorgehen mit Antikoagulation und Kompression die Therapie der Wahl. In ausgewählten Fällen kann jedoch auch ein rekanalisierendes Therapieverfahren zum Einsatz kommen. Dies gilt speziell für besonders ausgedehnte Thrombosen mit Beteiligung der Vena cava oder der Beckenetage. Die multimodale operative Thrombektomie kann ein drohendes postthrombotisches Syndrom abwenden. Die Vorteile der operativen Therapie liegen vor allem in der hohen Effektivität und einer breiten Anwendbarkeit, auch bei Kontraindikation zur Fibrinolysetherapie.
Autoimmunerkrankung Typ-1-Diabetes
Authors: Scherm Martin G. , Daniel Carolin 
Published: April 2021

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDie umfassende Erforschung der Immunologie des Typ-1-Diabetes kann entscheidend zu unserem Verständnis der Krankheit beitragen. Hierbei ist insbesondere auch die Identifizierung der zugrundeliegenden Signalwege, die zur fehlerhaften Immuntoleranz sowie der Aktivierung und dem Fortschreiten der Inselautoimmunität beitragen, von entscheidender Bedeutung für die Entwicklung zukünftiger Interventionsstrategien, um die Entstehung von Typ-1-Diabetes zu verlangsamen oder sogar ganz zu verhindern 1. So bieten kürzlich identifizierte miRNAs, die zur Entstehung von Inselautoimmunität beitragen, einen vielversprechenden Ansatz, um Treg-vermittelte Toleranzdefekte mittels gezielter miRNA-Modulation zu reduzieren.
Risk evaluation of duodenoscope-associated infections in the Netherlands calls for a heightened awareness of device-related infections: a systematic review
Authors: Kwakman Judith A. , Erler Nicole S. , Vos Margreet C. , Bruno Marco J. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background The risk of exogenous infections from endoscopic procedures is often cited as almost negligible (1 infection in 1.8 million procedures); however, this risk is based on older literature and does not seem to match the number of infectious outbreaks due to contaminated duodenoscopes reported after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Using Dutch data, we aimed to estimate the minimum risk of duodenoscope-associated infection (DAI) and colonization (DAC) in patients undergoing ERCP.
Methods A systematic literature search identified all DAI outbreaks in the Netherlands reported between 2008 and 2019. Included cases were confirmed by molecular matching of patient and duodenoscope cultures. Risk ratios were calculated based on the total number of ERCPs performed during the study period.
Results Three outbreaks were reported and published between 2008 and 2018, including 21 confirmed DAI cases and 52 confirmed DAC cases. The estimated number of ERCPs performed during the same period was 181 209–227 006. The calculated minimum estimated DAI risk was approximately 0.01 % and the minimum estimated DAC risk was 0.023 %–0.029 %.
Conclusions The estimated risk of DAI in Dutch ERCP practice was at least 180 times higher than previously published risk estimates. The actual risk is likely to be (much) higher due to underreporting of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms and sensitive bacteria. Greater awareness by healthcare personnel involved in endoscopy and endoscope cleaning is required, as well as innovative technical solutions to contain and ultimately eliminate DAIs.
Illuminating a Path4914. Copyright 2016 Wiley for Organic Synthesis Towards Sustainability. No One Said It Would Be Easy…
Authors: Lipshutz Bruce H. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA personalized account is presented describing some of the stories behind the scenes in efforts to convert organic chemistry into a more sustainable discipline. These are part of a group ‘crusade’ started almost 15 years ago aimed at providing technologies illustrative of how key reactions used today can be ‘faster, better, cheaper’ when run in recyclable water. Hence, the option now exists to do organic synthesis in a far more environmentally responsible fashion. By contrast, most of organic chemistry developed over the past 200 years that relies on organic solvents continues to generate enormous amounts of pollution, while depleting finite petroleum reserves and our supplies of many precious and base metals. Making the switch to water, Nature’s chosen reaction medium, akin to that in which bio-catalysis is typically performed, is inevitable.1 The Story Begins: A Different Type of Prejudice2 Are We up to the Challenge? Too Late Now…3 ‘Impossible’ Reactive Metal Chemistry in Water4 Didn’t I Once Say: ‘It’s All about the Ligand’?5 What Happens When Our Supply of Palladium Runs Out?6 What Are the Implications from These Tales for Today and Tomorrow?7 What Is the ‘Broader Impact’ of This Work?8 The Bottom Line…
Primary Systemic Therapy for HER2/Neu-Positive Operable Breast Cancer Increases the Number of Breast-Conserving Surgery and Disease-Free Survival: Retrospective Cohort Analysis at Single Institution
Authors: Azhar Yohana , Agustina Hasrayat , Hernowo Bethy S 
Published: April 2021

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and cardiotoxicity profile, and to reduce the extend of breast cancer surgery in primary systemic therapy (PST) HER2/neu–positive operable breast cancer patients.
Materials and Methods A total of 152 patients diagnosed from 2010 to 2015 were included in the study. The PST consisted of a sequential regimen of taxanes and anthracyclines plus trastuzumab. The clinical and pathological responses and the type of breast cancer surgery were evaluated and correlated with clinical and biological factors. The cardiotoxicity profile and long-term benefits were analyzed.
Results The median patient age was 47 (37–67) years, with T2 and T3 67 (44.1%) and 85 (55.9%), respectively. Axillary lymph node breast cancer at diagnosis N0 was 104 (68.4%) and N1 and N2 were 28.9% and 2.6%, respectively. A total of 95.7% of patients had nonspecific type of breast cancer, 67% of tumors were hormonal receptor–negative, 75.5% were grade III, 100% Ki67 > 20%, and 90% of tumors were confirmed to be HER2/neu–positive through immunohistochemistry. Following PST, pathological complete response (pCR) rate was achieved in 44.7% evaluable patients. The pCR rate was higher in HR-negative (93.1% vs. 6.9%) cancer and in grade III (86.2%) than in grade I and II (13.8%) cancer; only 75.5% of complete response (CR) on ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging were also CR on pathology results. Breast conserving surgery was performed in 41.4%. Regarding type of chemotherapy, there were no significant differences between chemotherapy with anthracycline backbone or taxanes to achieved pathological complete response. Despite that, we were unable to demonstrate an association between pCR and better DFS with p = 0.096; HR 5.7 95.0% CI (0.73–45.52). Patients who are hormonal receptor positive tend to have lower disease-free survival (DFS) than those who are hormonal receptor negative; HR = 6.34, 95.0% CI (1.54–26.00) and p = 0.010. Five years DFS was higher for those who achieved pCR compare with those who did not. Even in this research we failed to show it is statistically significant.
Conclusion A sequential regimen of taxanes and anthracyclines plus trastuzumab was effective with high pCR rates and increases the possibility to do breast conservation surgery and had tolerable cardiotoxicity profile.
Measurements of neutron fluxes from tokamak plasmas using a compact neutron spectrometer
Authors: Iliasova M. V. , Shevelev A. E. , Khilkevitch E. M. , Lebedev S. V. , Askinazi L. G. , Kornev V. A. , Minaev V. B. , Tukachinsky A. S. , Doinikov D. N. , Polunovsky I. A. , Naidenov V. O. , Gin D. B. 
Published: April 2021

A compact neutron spectrometer based on the BC-501A liquid organic scintillator was applied to neutron measurements at the TUMAN-3M tokamak. The spectrometer was calibrated using measurements from the ion beam of the cyclotron accelerator. Neutron spectra were measured during discharges using a neutral deuterium beam injection into the TUMAN-3M D-plasma. An energy distribution of the neutrons from the plasma that hit the spectrometer was obtained from the measured BC-501A instrumental spectra by the DeGaSum code using detector response functions obtained in the course of the calibration. This allowed for the estimation of the 2.45 MeV neutron yield and the evaluation of both the time evolution of the DD fusion rate and the characteristic time of the injected deuterium slowing down in discharges with neutral beam injection heating.
Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (zebra chip).
Authors: Munyaneza Joseph E 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (Lso) is a phloem-limited, Gram-negative, unculturable bacterium that is primarily spread by psyllid insect vectors. It is considered very invasive due to its ability to be transported primarily in infective psyllids (Munyaneza et al., 2007a; 2010a,b; 2012a,b; Munyaneza, 2012; Alfaro-Fernandez et al., 2012a,b). It has been shown that Lso distribution in the Americas, New Zealand and Europe follows the distribution of its known psyllid vectors (Munyaneza, 2010; 2012).In New Zealand, where Lso was introduced along with Bactericera cockerelli, supposedly from Western USA in early 2000s, the bacterium had already spread to both North and South Island by the time it was first documented in 2006 (Gill, 2006). It is clear that introduction of the psyllid vectors of Lso into new regions is likely to result in the rapid spread of this bacterium. Lso and several of its vectors are already on several alert lists, including the EPPO A1 Regulated Quarantine Plant Pests.
Citrus tristeza virus (citrus tristeza).
Authors: Cambra Mariano 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

CTV is the most economically important virus pathogen of citrus worldwide. About 100 million citrus trees on sour orange have been killed by CTV decline epidemics in Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela, Peru, Florida and California (USA), Israel, Spain, and other locations. With current estimates of approximately 45 million trees on sour orange killed by CTV in Spain (Cambra et al., 2000a; Vidal et al., 2012) from 1935 to date without T. citricida implication. It is estimated that worldwide, mainly in the Mediterranean basin citrus industries, there are over 200 million trees on sour orange rootstock which are at risk to this disease. Sour orange is popular because it produces a vigorous tree with high quality fruit, is adaptable to many soil conditions including high lime and salt content, and has tolerance to many other viruses, viroids and virus-like pathogens, and to Phytophthora. The use of tristeza-tolerant rootstocks often risks losses from other factors. In addition to decline, many severe CTV isolates cause stem pitting diseases of susceptible scion cultivars and these occur even when tolerant rootstocks are used. Stem pitting weakens trees and eventually reduces fruit size, quality and quantity (Marais et al., 1996). Grapefruit and lime are very sensitive to stem pitting. Sweet orange is more tolerant but can be severely affected by some isolates. Mandarin is the most tolerant among the main citrus cultivars against SP isolates.
A toy model for relativistic neutrino masses
Authors: Bruce Stanley A. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We propose a toy model to study Dirac charged leptons and their associated antineutrinos in the presence of a homogeneous magnetic field within the framework of relativistic quantum mechanics. The discussion is kept concrete by reducing the space dimensions to 2, considering ‘spinless antineutrinos’ in 2 + 1 space-time dimensions. Solutions to specific problems in particle physics are often hindered by the technical complexities encountered in

3
+
1

-dimensions. In such cases, it is convenient to have a lower space dimensional model at ones disposal that captures some physical features while reducing technical difficulties to a minimum. The content of this article is suitable for graduate students in theoretical and experimental particle physics.