bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Examining the effects of calorie restriction on testosterone concentrations in men: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Smith Stephen J , Teo Shaun Y M , Lopresti Adrian L , Heritage Brody , Fairchild Timothy J 
Published: August 2021

AbstractContextTestosterone concentrations decline with age, and lower testosterone concentrations are associated with several morbidities, including sexual dysfunction, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and metabolic syndrome.ObjectiveBecause dietary habits play a critical role in weight regulation and T2DM management, the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to summarize and critically evaluate the evidence from randomized controlled trials to determine the effects of calorie restriction (CR) on testosterone concentrations in men.Data SourcesA literature search was conducted across 4 databases, from their inception until March 2020.Data ExtractionThe screening and data extraction were completed by 2 authors independently, and in a blinded manner, according to a priori inclusion and exclusion criteria.Data AnalysisOf the 4198 studies identified from the initial search, 7 randomized controlled trials were included for data extraction. Significant increases in total testosterone concentrations were reported in 3 of 4 studies in which CR was examined with overweight or obese men, compared with the control groups. Significant decreases in total testosterone concentrations were reported in 2 of 3 studies in which the effects of CR were examined with normal-weight, healthy men, compared with the control groups. In all 4 studies that examined the effect of CR on sex hormone–binding globulin concentrations, the intervention significantly increased sex hormone–binding globulin concentrations compared with that of the control groups irrespective of body composition.ConclusionThis systematic review and meta-analysis provide some evidence that CR affects testosterone concentrations in men and this effect depends on their body mass index. PROSPERO registration no. CRD42020173102
Monocyte Gene Expression Distinguishes Enhancing Brain Parenchymal Cysticercal Granulomas From Tuberculomas
Authors: Pamela Betcy Evangeline , Vasudevan Prabhakaran , Thamizhmaran Subashini , Moorthy Ranjith K , Oommen Anna , Manoj Josephin , Thanigachalam Anupriya , Zhang Miao , Drevets Douglas A , Carabin Hélène , Rajshekhar Vedantam 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Background
In patients with enhancing brain parenchymal lesions, parenchymal neurocysticercosis (pNCC) is often difficult to distinguish from tuberculoma, necessitating biopsy or empirical therapy.

Methods
In a prospective study, peripheral blood monocytes were isolated from patients with definitive pNCC (n = 39) and brain tuberculomas (n = 20). Patients with tuberculomas were diagnosed by the presence of concurrent systemic tuberculosis (n = 7), pathological or bacteriological confirmation (n = 5), and resolution of typical brain lesions following a therapeutic trial of antituberculous therapy (n = 8). Expressions of 14 NCC-associated monocyte genes were determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and analyzed for diagnostic usefulness between the 2 groups.

Results
Expression of 7 genes (TAX1BP1, RAP1A, PLCG2, TOR3A, GBP1P1, LRRFIP2, and FEZ2) was significantly higher in pNCC patients than in tuberculoma patients, with TAX1BP1 and RAP1A expressions more than 22- and 5-fold higher in pNCC patients. TAX1BP1 had the highest sensitivity of 66.7% at a specificity of 100% in discriminating pNCC from tuberculoma. A combination of TAX1BP1 and RAP1A increased the sensitivity to 84.6%, and including GBP1P1 with TAX1BP1 and RAP1A further increased sensitivity to 87.2% while maintaining specificity of 100%.

Conclusions
Expression of a panel of genes in blood monocytes distinguishes pNCC from brain tuberculomas in patients with enhancing brain lesions.
Fin de Siècle, Gilded Age, or Belle Époque
Authors: West Shearer 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers the origin and significance of three terms widely used to characterize a decadent periodization in Britain, the United States, and France: fin de siècle, Gilded Age, and Belle Époque. While these terms were used loosely, and in some cases retrospectively, to describe the last thirty years of the nineteenth century, they also highlight dominant social narratives of the period. These decades witnessed unprecedented economic growth, rapid technological progress, and relative peace following such crises as the Franco-Prussian War in Europe and the Civil War in the United States. However, the cultural products of decadence were more likely to emphasize millennial doom, nervous exhaustion, sexual perversion, and scientific failure, while the decadent style was seen as a novel way of expressing how it felt to live in an era in which the pace of modern life brought with it febrile cultural, social, and political change.
Culture, or the Meaning of Meaning Making
Authors: Borer Michael Ian 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The exploration and investigation of culture is nothing short of complex since the term itself is used in many ways by both academics and lay publics. Symbolic interactionists and “fellow travelers” tend to approach the study of culture from the position of those who experience and practice it. That is, they focus on the cultural context of practices and interaction and often do so by illuminating the activities of individuals and groups in everyday life. The meanings that people give to their actions and interactions are of utmost importance for scholars interested in the culture as a social forces and a shared collection of beliefs and practices.
Sex and Sexuality
Authors: Rinaldi Cirus 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Symbolic interactionist approaches to sexuality state that human beings become sexual as they become whatever else and learn sexual definitions and sexual meanings just like they learn any other kind of meaning. Therefore, interactionist analysis shifts the focus of inquiry into sex from being sexual towards becoming sexual, which takes into account how sexualities are produced, organized, and negotiated, rather than tracing their sources in an immutable (conception of) nature. Sociosexual meanings give people the chance to define themselves and others sexually, to construct their sexual self and doing sexual things together in the shaping of more complex sexual choreographies and performance.
Timbre, Rhythm, and Texture within Music Theory’s White Racial Frame
Authors: Lavengood Megan L. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses music theory’s neglect of EDM as it relates to the dominant methodologies of the field and Philip Ewell’s concept of the white racial frame, arguing that EDM is overlooked due to implicit biases against racial Otherness and against technological mediation, biases that runs deep enough in US culture to have impacted the trajectory of music theory as an academic field. The chapter examines unpitched percussion through analysis of performance, timbre, and texture in a Roland TR-909 drum machine “workout” performed by Jeff Mills. This analysis models one way that music theory might learn to take EDM seriously. By broadening the methodological toolbox, music theory can begin to course-correct and become more inclusive of music that challenges certain principles of Western music.
Durkheim and the Philosophy of His Time
Authors: Fabiani Jean-Louis 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Durkheim was trained as a philosopher, taught philosophy, and never left the philosophical field. He started his career with standard philosophical equipment but also with a growing disenchantment about the eclectic and metaphysical mainstream that had survived the establishment of the Third Republic. Philosophy was too general to deal with the growth of scientific invention. Durkheim pursued simultaneously two goals: first, he established a firm demarcation line between philosophy and sociology, guaranteeing the full autonomy of the latter. Second, he benefited from his full membership in the philosophical institution. Rationalism remained his lifetime affiliation. It was largely based on a French version of neo-Kantianism. In the last part of his life, he engaged in a strong discussion with American pragmatism, as a way of clarifying his grasp of social practice.
The Personality Nexus
Authors: Zhu Chen Wei 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the changing legal landscape of moral rights in the context of music creation. It traces moral rights’ roots to the Kantian theory of authors’ personality rights in continental Europe and it also explains common law jurisdictions’ ideological resistance to a freestanding moral right doctrine in favor of a patchwork approach to the issue. It shows that international agreements including the Berne Convention, the WPPT, and the Beijing Treaty, have played different roles in promoting the minimal moral right standard for either music creators or performers at the international level. Furthermore, it should not be ignored that there has always been an unresolved tension between moral rights and the time-honored practice of music parody, because the former might exert a chilling effect on the latter. It is suggested that a reimagination of moral rights through the Kantian communicative authorship is crucial for accommodating parodic expressions in an increasingly reconfigurable music ecosystem.
Ancillary-Care Obligations
Authors: Richardson Henry S. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Medical researchers’ ancillary-care obligations have, until recently, been ignored by the authoritative guidelines on the ethics of medical research. Ancillary care is medical care, often unrelated to what is under study, that is not required by sound science, safe trial conduct, morally optional promises, or redressing research injuries. The question is when medical researchers have moral responsibilities to provide such care if their study participants need it. This question shows up insistently in studies done in resource-poor areas and—as the question of whether to return incidental findings—in genomic and imaging studies. After laying out six desiderata for a fully adequate account of medical researchers’ ancillary-care obligations, this chapter critically evaluates six potential grounds for such obligations—the duty of rescue, human rights, rectificatory justice, professional-role obligations, the researcher–participant relationship, and partial entrustment. It closes by suggesting the possibility of combining two or more of these grounds.
The Comparative Politics of Environmental Justice
Authors: Fuentes-George Kemi 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Although the terms “environmental justice” and “environmental racism” emerged due to race-based mobilization in the United States, justice is a constant feature of environmental struggles around the world. Pursuing social justice in environmental advocacy can be difficult, but case studies of activism in places including New Zealand, Mexico, Jamaica, Brazil, and the United States show that it is possible. Environmental injustice emerges when populations that are already politically and socioeconomically marginalized disproportionately bear the costs of environmental consumption, and they are often systematically excluded from the benefits of this consumption. Although different political systems vary in how they structure marginalization, this close association of social injustice with environmental injustice characterizes cases like fossil fuel extraction in industrialized countries and agricultural development in the Global South alike. While skeptics have argued that promoting environmentalism is counterproductive to social justice, because environmental regulations often constrain economic growth, combining the two can lead to more sustainable environmental practices.
Assessing 30 Years of Neoliberal Environmental Management in
Chile
Authors: Barandiarán Javiera 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Neoliberal environmental policies operate through markets, including for carbon, water, ecosystem services, or—as in contemporary Chile—for environmental scientific knowledge. Chile illustrates how markets for science operate, such as for monitoring data or environmental impact assessments, and their negative impacts on public trust in science and on the state’s regulatory efforts. In a society governed by a market for science, environmental scientists cannot escape the suspicion that conflicts of interest compromise their independence and the credibility of their work. Chile’s neoliberal 1980 Constitution sustains this market for knowledge but will be reformed following national demonstrations in 2019. The health of Chile’s environment depends on a new constitution that democratizes both democracy and science. Rights of nature doctrines, as in Ecuador’s 2008 Constitution, can provide the constitutional foundation for strong mutual accountability between science, the state, society, and nature.
Civil Disobedience, Sabotage, and Violence in US Environmental
Activism
Authors: Brown Joseph M. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the logic of illegal or “radical” tactics in the United States environmentalist movement, generating broader theoretical insights to guide research in other national settings. Two theoretical concepts help to explain environmentalists’ escalation from legal activism (lobbying, litigation, marches, etc.) to more confrontational tactics such as civil disobedience, sabotage, and violence. The first concept is the stepwise escalation of intensity: from legal activism to civil disobedience, to sabotage, to interpersonal violence. Activists escalate from one level of tactical intensity to the next when government and business interests prove unresponsive to activism at the lower level. The degree of escalation is proportional to the degree of government and business resistance. The second concept is the diversity of tactics. Even in highly contested campaigns, only a minority of activists escalates to illegal tactics, while the majority continues to employ legal means of struggle. Tactical diversity is a source of strength: civil disobedience and sabotage may temporarily block environmentally destructive projects until legal challenges and legislative rule changes end them for good. Tactical diversity also creates opportunities for solidarity, with different organizations contributing to the same campaign according to their tactical comparative advantages. The chapter lays out directions for further research and speculates about the future—whether the worsening climate crisis portends an increase in the most radical tactics, sabotage and violence.
The Politics of Climate Disasters, Social Inequality, and Perceptions of
Government Assistance
Authors: Alcañiz Isabella , Sanchez-Rivera Ana Ivelisse 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses a central research question of the politics of climate disaster: Who do citizens believe responsible for aftermath relief? The authors examine the issue of responsibility attribution in federal disaster assistance—and the related question of who voters believe deserves government disaster relief—against three devastating 2017 hurricanes, with a special focus on the impact of Hurricane Maria on Puerto Rico. The authors begin to answer the questions of responsibility and deservingness with survey data collected by them in a pilot study on the Island of Puerto Rico in 2019. They conclude by identifying fruitful links of comparative analysis between climate disaster politics and distributive and welfare politics.
Modern IPE
Authors: Germain Randall 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Although there is some disagreement, a remarkable consensus exists that IPE as a formal subject of study emerged in the late 1960s or early 1970s, as the Bretton Woods system was dissolving. This chapter interrogates such a consensus by considering why modern IPE failed to materialize as an organized subject of enquiry after World War II, when there was a demonstrable calling for knowledge of the type it provides. To explore this puzzle I establish that an ongoing academic conversation was available through the work of three eminent intellectuals who would today be clearly recognized as IPE scholars: Karl Polanyi, E.H. Carr and David Mitrany. Although they all advanced distinct IPE-centered ways of framing the central problems of the post-1945 world, their work failed to launch a systematic and coherent conversation about IPE because of the absence of key conditions for this to occur. There are two lessons which we may draw from this case: disciplines require institutional homes from which to carry out “conversations,” and, more controversially, these homes might best be assembled within an architecture provided by a single discipline rather than within multi- or inter-disciplinary venues in which few agreed-upon rules exist.
Foreign Economic Policy
Authors: Bearce David H. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of foreign economic policy. First, it defines the subject as it relates to the discipline of Political Science in order to demonstrate how this discipline’s research on foreign economic policy is problem-centered and what problem is its focus: explaining the variation in policy related to trade, external investment, capital, exchange rates, and immigration. Second, it reviews two major research programs related to this problem: the state-level variation based on political regime type and the individual-level preference variation for different foreign economic policies. Third, this chapter highlights the obstacle to connecting these two research programs: how to explain outcomes at the state-level based on preferences at the individual-level.
Friends and Lovers
Authors: Simpson Kathryn 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Friendship was the vital centre of Woolf’s life and she had a diverse social circle. She was not always kind about her friends, particularly those for whom she felt most complexly and passionately. On first impression Mansfield is ‘cheap’ and ‘stinks like a … civet cat’ (D1 58); Vita Sackville-West fares no better: she is ‘florid, moustached, parakeet coloured’ (D2 216); E. M. Forster is ‘timid as a mouse’ (L2 63), and Ethel Smyth’s friendship feels ‘like being caught by a giant crab’ (L4 171). Yet this menagerie of friends were important companions, sparring partners, and love(r)s. They provoked, affirmed, and inspired her, prompting her admiration for qualities she felt she did not possess. She valued these friends and depended on them for love and to satisfy her complicated, unconventional, and sometimes contradictory needs and desires. This chapter explores some of Woolf’s closest relationships in this light.
Woolf and Suffrage
Authors: Green Barbara 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In Night and Day and The Years, Woolf employs the figure of the suffragist/suffragette to think through problems of feminist history and to imagine feminism’s temporality. Extending work by Sowon Park, Naomi Black, and Clara Jones on Woolf’s relation to the suffrage movement, this chapter places Woolf’s novelistic meditations on suffrage in close dialogue with Elizabeth Robins’s earlier movement novel, The Convert, in order to explore what Woolf can offer us in a rereading of the suffrage archive. Woolf’s careful assessment of movement feminism, and even her ambivalence regarding her activist heroines, invites us to notice complexity, and even ambivalence, in the work of her feminist precursor.
Oceans and Empire
Authors: Uphaus Maxwell 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores how Woolf’s frequent writing about the ocean highlights both her opposition to and her enmeshment in the British Empire. Woolf scholarship has emphasized Woolf’s portrayal of oceans and empire as naturally antithetical, demonstrating the various ways in which Woolf’s oceans oppose patriarchal imperialism. The chapter argues that, in portraying this antithesis, Woolf’s writing subverts a central tenet of British imperial ideology during her lifetime: the belief that oceans and empire were naturally connected and that, because of the critical importance of maritime trade and sea power to British imperialism, the sea was in fact an agent of empire, foundational to British imperial identity. The chapter shows how Woolf’s subversion of this naturalized connection between oceans and empire both augmented her anti-imperial critique and, by amplifying her blind spots regarding race and the representation of non-European peoples, significantly constrained it.
Queer Theory
Authors: Coffman Chris 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Many of Virginia Woolf’s books from the 1920’s and early 1930’s feature characters with queer longings. The mock biography Orlando (1928) was written for Vita Sackville-West, Woolf’s lover, and exemplifies her work’s queerness. Beginning male but waking up one morning female, Orlando shakes up fixed ontologies of gender identity and sexual orientation, anticipating Sara Ahmed’s analysis of queer spatiality and Elizabeth Freeman’s examination of queer temporality. Orlando’s concerns are reinflected in the work of contemporary English novelist Jeanette Winterson and invite transnational comparisons to twentieth-century Islamic writing, such as the works of Indian writer Iqbalunnisa Hussain, Egyptian novelist Nawal El Saadawi, and Moroccan writer Tahar Ben Jelloun. Crossing borders of gender, nation, and time, Orlando and other of Woolf’s writings ask readers to engage the divergences and continuities between what we now call feminist, lesbian, queer, and transgender theories.
Early Novels and Stories (1915–1923)
Authors: Rodal Jocelyn 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Between 1915 and 1923, Virginia Woolf published her first three novels (The Voyage Out, Night and Day, and Jacob’s Room) as well as some of her most iconic essays and stories. This chapter examines that work with particular attention to how Woolf’s early fiction describes modern novels, placing it in conversation with her essays on the modern novel. Woolf turned repeatedly to the problem of how to achieve the freedoms of a new modernity, and her early work struggles to imagine a new kind of novel while acknowledging that this new kind of novel does not exist: not quite yet. This chapter examines Woolf’s deliberately undetermined vision of modernity, tracing how her early work persistently ponders and imagines what a new era of writing will offer even as she refuses to specify and delimit what has yet to come to pass.
Late Works (1933–1941)
Authors: Wood Alice 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter traces the development of Woolf’s late feminist politics and aesthetic experimentalism, focusing on her penultimate and final novels, The Years (1937) and Between the Acts (1941), and her anti-war pamphlet, Three Guineas (1938). It reads across these texts and Woolf’s wider writings from 1933–1941, including essays, unpublished drafts, and her fictional biography Flush (1933), to identify key strands of social and political enquiry in Woolf’s late works. The chapter pays particular attention to Woolf’s late analysis of the role of art in society and her evolving feminist-pacifist critique of the links between patriarchy, nationalism, fascism, and war. Rejecting a narrative of creative decline, the chapter highlights the productive relationship between political engagement and formal experiment in Woolf’s late works.