bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Olfactory systems across mosquito species
Authors: Wheelwright Matthew , Whittle Catherine R. , Riabinina Olena 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThere are 3559 species of mosquitoes in the world (Harbach 2018) but, so far, only a handful of them have been a focus of olfactory neuroscience and neurobiology research. Here we discuss mosquito olfactory anatomy and function and connect these to mosquito ecology. We highlight the least well-known and thus most interesting aspects of mosquito olfactory systems and discuss promising future directions. We hope this review will encourage the insect neuroscience community to work more broadly across mosquito species instead of focusing narrowly on the main disease vectors.
IMHOTEP: cross-professional evaluation of a three-dimensional virtual reality system for interactive surgical operation planning, tumor board discussion and immersive training for complex liver surgery in a head-mounted display
Authors: Kenngott Hannes Götz , Pfeiffer Micha , Preukschas Anas Amin , Bettscheider Lisa , Wise Philipp Anthony , Wagner Martin , Speidel Stefanie , Huber Matthias , Nickel Felix , Mehrabi Arianeb , Müller-Stich Beat Peter 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background
Virtual reality (VR) with head-mounted displays (HMD) may improve medical training and patient care by improving display and integration of different types of information. The aim of this study was to evaluate among different healthcare professions the potential of an interactive and immersive VR environment for liver surgery that integrates all relevant patient data from different sources needed for planning and training of procedures.

Methods
3D-models of the liver, other abdominal organs, vessels, and tumors of a sample patient with multiple hepatic masses were created. 3D-models, clinical patient data, and other imaging data were visualized in a dedicated VR environment with an HMD (IMHOTEP). Users could interact with the data using head movements and a computer mouse. Structures of interest could be selected and viewed individually or grouped. IMHOTEP was evaluated in the context of preoperative planning and training of liver surgery and for the potential of broader surgical application. A standardized questionnaire was voluntarily answered by four groups (students, nurses, resident and attending surgeons).

Results
In the evaluation by 158 participants (57 medical students, 35 resident surgeons, 13 attending surgeons and 53 nurses), 89.9% found the VR system agreeable to work with. Participants generally agreed that complex cases in particular could be assessed better (94.3%) and faster (84.8%) with VR than with traditional 2D display methods. The highest potential was seen in student training (87.3%), resident training (84.6%), and clinical routine use (80.3%). Least potential was seen in nursing training (54.8%).

Conclusions
The present study demonstrates that using VR with HMD to integrate all available patient data for the preoperative planning of hepatic resections is a viable concept. VR with HMD promises great potential to improve medical training and operation planning and thereby to achieve improvement in patient care.
Influence of land surface aridification on regional monsoon precipitation in East Asian summer monsoon transition zone
Authors: Ren Yulong , Yue Ping , Zhang Qiang , Liu Xiaoyun 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe East Asia summer monsoon transition zone, a unique area of transition from humid monsoon to arid continental climate, has the most prominent aridification in the world, and has experienced land surface aridification (LSA) in recent years. To investigate the influence of LSA on regional monsoon precipitation, two numerical experiments were run for vegetation degradation over a long period (30 years). Then, precipitation variation of different magnitudes was analyzed. After that, the mechanism of LSA influence on precipitation was studied. The results show that aridification reduced average summer precipitation by 5%. Additionally, LSA considerably changed the frequency of precipitation. Unlike aridification in North Africa caused by albedo variation, LSA in our study area mainly reduced surface thermal capacity, increased surface temperature, sharply increased the transport of surface sensible heat, and raised the atmospheric convective boundary layer. This reduces atmospheric moist static energy, which is not conducive to the generation of precipitation. LSA also increases the surface landscape gradient, local horizontal gradient of land surface turbulent flux, and probability of heavy convective precipitation. This paper reveals the mechanism by which land surface anomalies affect precipitation, which lays a foundation for follow-up studies.
Coastal groundwater systems: mapping chloride distribution from borehole and geophysical data
Authors: Rahman Mohammad Azizur , Zhao Qian , Wiederhold Helga , Skibbe Nico , González Eva , Deus Nico , Siemon Bernhard , Kirsch Reinhard , Elbracht Jörg 
Published: January 2021

AbstractInformation on chloride (Cl) distribution in aquifers is essential for planning and management of coastal zone groundwater resources as well as for simulation and validation of density-driven groundwater models. We developed a method to derive chloride concentrations from borehole information and helicopter-borne electromagnetic (HEM) data for the coastal aquifer in the Elbe-Weser region where observed chloride and electrical conductivity data reveal that the horizontal distribution of salinity is not uniform and does not correlate with the coastline. The integrated approach uses HEM resistivity data, borehole petrography information, grain size analysis of borehole samples as well as observed chloride and electrical conductivity to estimate Cl distribution. The approch is not straightforward due to the complex nature of the geology where clay and silt are present. Possible errors and uncertainties involved at different steps of the method are discussed.
Friction behavior of innovative carbon friction linings for wet multi-plate clutches
Authors: Stockinger U. , Groetsch D. , Reiner F. , Voelkel K. , Pflaum H. , Stahl K. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe torque transfer capability as well as long-term endurance are essential for wet multi-plate clutches. The quality of the torque transmission process largely depends on the tribological system consisting of friction pairing, lubricant and applied loads. The requirements on friction linings in wet multi-plate clutches increase continuously due to stricter CO2 reduction regulations and the demand of higher power densities.There is a lack of published data and information about the friction behavior of modern Carbon friction linings in wet multi-plate clutch applications, although these friction materials have successfully proven their performance capabilities over the last two decades in synchronizers. Therefore, this article presents results from experimental studies on the friction behavior of innovative Carbon friction linings carried out on a component test rig. Friction screening tests were performed with Carbon-fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) and Carbon-fiber reinforced Carbon (C/C) linings in brake and constant slip operation. Furthermore, our research included long-term tests with different lubricants (engine/marine/tractor oil).Results show that modern Carbon friction linings can offer advantages over other materials. In the friction screening (brake and constant slip operations) and long-term tests, the torque transfer capability of both friction linings is very stable, even at high specific loads—sliding velocities near 30 m/s and axial pressures of 2.5 MPa. Influences of sliding velocity, pressure and lubricant on the friction performance are presented. Furthermore, the gradient of the Coefficient of Friction (CoF) curve usually decreases at the end of the engagement to enable good control and shift comfort.
German tariffs for the ICECAP-Supportive Care Measure (ICECAP-SCM) for use in economic evaluations at the end of life
Authors: Dams Judith , Huynh Elisabeth , Riedel-Heller Steffi , Löbner Margrit , Brettschneider Christian , König Hans-Helmut 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Objectives
Economic evaluations often use preference-based value sets (tariffs) for health-related quality of life to quantify health effects. For wellbeing at the end of life, issues beyond health-related quality of life may be important. Therefore, the ICECAP Supportive Care Measure (ICECAP-SCM), based on the capability approach, was developed. A validated German ICECAP-SCM version was published recently. However, tariffs for the German ICECAP-SCM are not available. Therefore, the aim was to determine tariffs for the ICECAP-SCM based on preferences of the German general population.

Methods
An online sample of 2996 participants completed a best–worst scaling (BWS) and a discrete choice experiment (DCE). BWSs required participants to choose the best and worst statement within the same capability state, whereas DCEs required participants to trade-off between two capability states. First, BWS and DCE data were analyzed separately. Subsequently, combined data were analyzed using scale-adjusted conditional logit latent class models. Models were selected based on the stability of solutions and the Bayesian information criterion.

Results
The two latent class model was identified to be optimal for the BWS, DCE, and combined data, and was used to derive tariffs for the ICECAP-SCM capability states. BWS data captured differences in ICECAP-SCM scale levels, whereas DCE data additionally explained interactions between the seven ICECAP-SCM attributes.

Discussion
The German ICECAP-SCM tariffs can be used in addition to health-related quality of life to quantify effectiveness in economic evaluations. The tariffs based on BWS data were similar for Germany and the UK, whereas the tariffs based on combined data varied. We would recommend to use tariffs based on combined data in German evaluations. However, only results on BWS data are comparable between Germany and the UK, so that tariffs based on BWS data should be used when comparing results between Germany and the UK.
Discrete curvature and torsion from cross-ratios
Authors: Müller Christian , Vaxman Amir 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMotivated by a Möbius invariant subdivision scheme for polygons, we study a curvature notion for discrete curves where the cross-ratio plays an important role in all our key definitions. Using a particular Möbius invariant point-insertion-rule, comparable to the classical four-point-scheme, we construct circles along discrete curves. Asymptotic analysis shows that these circles defined on a sampled curve converge to the smooth curvature circles as the sampling density increases. We express our discrete torsion for space curves, which is not a Möbius invariant notion, using the cross-ratio and show its asymptotic behavior in analogy to the curvature.
Organic anion-transporting polypeptides are involved in the elimination of insecticides from the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum
Authors: Rösner Janin , Tietmeyer Johanne , Merzendorfer Hans 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATPs) are integral membrane transporters that mediate cellular uptake of a broad range of substrates in humans. The functions of OATPs in insects are less well investigated and only poorly understood. A large number of compounds potentially toxic to insects are organic anions that include secondary plant and insecticide-derived metabolites. Some insect OATP genes are expressed in metabolic, neuroprotective and excreting tissues, and they are co-expressed together with genes known to be involved in detoxification and excretion. Therefore, a role in the elimination of insecticides has been proposed for OATPs, but experimental proof was pending. The aim of this study was to identify OATPs that affect tolerance to insecticides in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, a genomic model species and stored product pest. We determined expression profiles of TcOATP genes in different tissues and developmental stages and analyzed RNAi phenotypes. We found that some TcOATP genes had particularly high transcript levels in relevant tissues and that knockdown of TcOATP4-C1 led to sever developmental defects during larval–pupal molt. Then, we exposed the larvae to different chemically unrelated insecticides and analyzed transcript levels and mortalities. Some genes were specifically upregulated in response to insecticide treatment, and mortalities observed after administering certain insecticides were significantly increased when specific TcOATPs were silenced. By applying systemic RNAi in T. castaneum, we provide first evidence that OATPs are involved in the elimination of insecticides and hence may contribute to insecticide resistance, which becomes an increasingly serious problem in agriculture and forestry.

Graphic abstract
Ranking and Rating Bicycle Helmet Safety Performance in Oblique Impacts Using Eight Different Brain Injury Models
Authors: Fahlstedt Madelen , Abayazid Fady , Panzer Matthew B. , Trotta Antonia , Zhao Wei , Ghajari Mazdak , Gilchrist Michael D. , Ji Songbai , Kleiven Svein , Li Xiaogai , Annaidh Aisling Ní , Halldin Peter 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBicycle helmets are shown to offer protection against head injuries. Rating methods and test standards are used to evaluate different helmet designs and safety performance. Both strain-based injury criteria obtained from finite element brain injury models and metrics derived from global kinematic responses can be used to evaluate helmet safety performance. Little is known about how different injury models or injury metrics would rank and rate different helmets. The objective of this study was to determine how eight brain models and eight metrics based on global kinematics rank and rate a large number of bicycle helmets (n=17) subjected to oblique impacts. The results showed that the ranking and rating are influenced by the choice of model and metric. Kendall’s tau varied between 0.50 and 0.95 when the ranking was based on maximum principal strain from brain models. One specific helmet was rated as 2-star when using one brain model but as 4-star by another model. This could cause confusion for consumers rather than inform them of the relative safety performance of a helmet. Therefore, we suggest that the biomechanics community should create a norm or recommendation for future ranking and rating methods.
Numerical conservative solutions of the Hunter–Saxton equation
Authors: Grunert Katrin , Nordli Anders , Solem Susanne 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn the article a convergent numerical method for conservative solutions of the Hunter–Saxton equation is derived. The method is based on piecewise linear projections, followed by evolution along characteristics where the time step is chosen in order to prevent wave breaking. Convergence is obtained when the time step is proportional to the square root of the spatial step size, which is a milder restriction than the common CFL condition for conservation laws.
Climatic impacts on water resources in a tropical catchment in Uganda and adaptation measures proposed by resident stakeholders
Authors: Mehdi Bano , Dekens Julie , Herrnegger Mathew 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe Ruhezamyenda catchment in Uganda includes a unique lake, Lake Bunyonyi, and is threatened by increasing social and environmental pressures. The COSERO hydrological model was used to assess the impact of climate change on future surface runoff and evapotranspiration in the Lake Bunyonyi catchment (381 km2). The model was forced with an ensemble of CMIP5 global climate model (GCM) simulations for the mid-term future (2041–2070) and for the far future (2071–2100), each with RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. In the Ruhezamyenda catchment, compared to 1971–2000, the median of all GCMs (for both RCPs) showed the mean monthly air temperature to increase by approximately 1.5 to 3.0 °C in the mid-term future and by roughly 2.0 to 4.5 °C in the far future. The mean annual precipitation is generally projected to increase, with future changes between − 25 and + 75% (RCP8.5). AET in the Lake Bunyonyi catchment was simulated to increase for the future by approximately + 8 mm/month in the median of all GCMs for RCP8.5 for the far future. The runoff for future periods showed much uncertainty, but with an overall increasing trend. A combination of no-regrets adaptation options in the five categories of: governance; communication and capacity development; water, soil, land management and livelihoods improvement; data management; and research, was identified and validated with stakeholders, who also identified additional adaptation actions based on the model results. This study contributes to improving scientific knowledge on the impacts of climate change on water resources in Uganda with the purpose to support adaptation.
Assembling a coalition of climate change narratives on UK climate action: a focus on the city, countryside, community and home
Authors: Howarth Candice , Parsons Laurie 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPerceptions of climate change and associated risks are complex and require greater consideration of the context in which behaviours are formed and changed. People tend to create their own stories of climate change providing an opportunity to capture personal experiences and frame solutions accordingly through narratives. Engagement with the issue can be further enhanced when using topics that resonate with individuals, especially through place attachments and local interests. Positioning climate change around communities, cities, homes and the countryside, for example, resonates with certain audiences as action at these scales provides useful narratives through which to engage audiences and increase positive associations with resilient and low-carbon futures. Nevertheless, we show how engagement with these narratives is complex and may overlap or contest in some cases. We present findings from thirty semi-structured interviews conducted with academic, policy and practitioner communities in the United Kingdom (UK) which explored what sub-themes could be utilised to engage audiences on climate change through narratives focused around cities, the countryside, communities and the home. We identify 10 sub-themes ranging from technological change (homes), connecting people (communities), alternative infrastructures (countryside) and positive visions of identity (cities). In search of a coherent coalition of diverse interests in shaping climate change action, we discuss two cross-cutting themes on technology and social norms which emerge strongly across each of the sub-themes.
Thermoelastic properties and γ’-solvus temperatures of single-crystal Ni-base superalloys
Authors: Horst O. M. , Schmitz D. , Schreuer J. , Git P. , Wang H. , Körner C. , Eggeler G. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The present work shows that thermal expansion experiments can be used to measure the γʼ-solvus temperatures of four Ni-base single-crystal superalloys (SX), one with Re and three Re-free variants. In the case of CMSX-4, experimental results are in good agreement with numerical thermodynamic results obtained using ThermoCalc. For three experimental Re-free alloys, the experimental and calculated results are close. Transmission electron microscopy shows that the chemical compositions of the γ- and the γʼ-phases can be reasonably well predicted. We also use resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS) to show how elastic coefficients depend on chemical composition and temperature. The results are discussed in the light of previous results reported in the literature. Areas in need of further work are highlighted.

Graphical abstract
Regenerative medicine for skeletal muscle loss: a review of current tissue engineering approaches
Authors: Langridge Benjamin , Griffin Michelle , Butler Peter E. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSkeletal muscle is capable of regeneration following minor damage, more significant volumetric muscle loss (VML) however results in permanent functional impairment. Current multimodal treatment methodologies yield variable functional recovery, with reconstructive surgical approaches restricted by limited donor tissue and significant donor morbidity. Tissue-engineered skeletal muscle constructs promise the potential to revolutionise the treatment of VML through the regeneration of functional skeletal muscle. Herein, we review the current status of tissue engineering approaches to VML; firstly the design of biocompatible tissue scaffolds, including recent developments with electroconductive materials. Secondly, we review the progenitor cell populations used to seed scaffolds and their relative merits. Thirdly we review in vitro methods of scaffold functional maturation including the use of three-dimensional bioprinting and bioreactors. Finally, we discuss the technical, regulatory and ethical barriers to clinical translation of this technology. Despite significant advances in areas, such as electroactive scaffolds and three-dimensional bioprinting, along with several promising in vivo studies, there remain multiple technical hurdles before translation into clinically impactful therapies can be achieved. Novel strategies for graft vascularisation, and in vitro functional maturation will be of particular importance in order to develop tissue-engineered constructs capable of significant clinical impact.
Long-term in vitro degradation and in vivo evaluation of resorbable bioceramics
Authors: Chen Ying-Cen , Hsu Pei-Yi , Tuan Wei-Hsing , Chen Chih-Yi , Wu Chia-Jung , Lai Po-Liang 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAn essential criterion for the selection of resorbable bioceramics is their ability to degrade inside human body within a reasonable time frame. Furthermore, if the bioceramic can release beneficial ions, such as strontium, as it degrades, recovery time might be shortened. The present study demonstrates that strontium-containing calcium sulfate (Sr,Ca)SO4 can fulfill these criteria. A long-term in vitro degradation analysis for 12 weeks using sintered (Sr,Ca)SO4 discs in phosphate buffered solution (PBS) was conducted. The sintered (Sr,Ca)SO4 disc was then implanted into defects in the distal femur of rats. The degradation rate of (Sr,Ca)SO4 discs showed a strong dependence on the Sr content. Similar results were observed between the long-term in vitro degradation analysis and the in vivo evaluation. The sintered (3.8%Sr,Ca)SO4 disc lost more than 80% of its initial weight after soaking in PBS with shaking at 37 °C for 12 weeks. After 12 weeks in vivo, the remaining volume of the (3.8%Sr,Ca)SO4 disc within the bone defect was ~25%. Over the same time period, new bone was formed at a relative volume of 40%. This study demonstrates the potential of (Sr,Ca)SO4 bioceramic, and the benefits of using a long-term degradation test during the evaluation of resorbable bioceramics.