bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effects of computer‐assisted cognitive rehabilitation on cognitive impairment after stroke: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Nie Pingying , Liu Fang , Lin Shaohong , Guo Jiaying , Chen Xinming , Chen Sulian , Yu Liqiang , Lin Ruhui 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo determine the effectiveness of computer‐assisted cognitive rehabilitation in improving cognitive function in patients with post‐stroke cognitive impairment.BackgroundIn recent years, computer‐assisted cognitive rehabilitation has been accepted as a good substitute or supplement for traditional cognitive rehabilitation. Some clinical randomised controlled trials have been carried out, but no relevant systematic evaluations have been performed. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review of studies involving computer‐assisted cognitive rehabilitation to provide evidence‐based data for its promotion and application.MethodsNine databases (Cochrane Library, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, OVID, Wanfang Data, CNKI, VIP and SinoMed databases) were systematically searched. Randomised controlled trials that assessed computer‐assisted cognitive rehabilitation for patients with post‐stroke cognitive impairment were included. Two reviewers appraised the risks of bias through the Cochrane Collaboration's tool and performed the meta‐analysis, including the assessment of heterogeneity. We follow the PRISMA 2020 guidelines.ResultsThirty‐two studies comprising 1837 participants were included. Compared with conventional therapy alone, the addition of computer‐assisted cognitive rehabilitation significantly improved the global cognition of patients, evaluated using the Montreal cognitive assessment, mini‐mental state examination and Loewenstein occupational therapy cognitive assessment (p < .01 for all tests). The therapy also significantly improved activities of daily living, assessed using the Barthel index, modified Barthel index and functional independence measure (p < .05 for all tests).ConclusionComputer‐assisted cognitive rehabilitation significantly improved the cognitive function and activities of daily living of patients with post‐stroke cognitive impairment.Relevance to clinical practiceComputer‐assisted cognitive rehabilitation can be a valuable technique for cognitive rehabilitation after stroke. It is advantageous for improving patient cognition and restoring the overall functional state of patients. Moreover, the research findings can provide suggestions and inspiration for researchers to implement the proposal, which is conducive to the design of more rigorous and high‐quality randomised controlled trials.
Rice ubiquitin‐conjugating enzyme OsUBC26 is essential for immunity to the blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae
Authors: Liu Xin , Song Linlin , Zhang Heng , Lin Yijuan , Shen Xiaolei , Guo Jiayuan , Su Meiling , Shi Gaosheng , Wang Zonghua , Lu Guo‐Dong 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe functions of ubiquitin‐conjugating enzymes (E2) in plant immunity are not well understood. In this study, OsUBC26, a rice ubiquitin‐conjugating enzyme, was characterized in the defence against Magnaporthe oryzae. The expression of OsUBC26 was induced by M. oryzae inoculation and methyl jasmonate treatment. Both RNA interference lines and CRISPR/Cas9 null mutants of OsUBC26 reduced rice resistance to M. oryzae. WRKY45 was down‐regulated in OsUBC26 null mutants. In vitro E2 activity assay indicated that OsUBC26 is an active ubiquitin‐conjugating enzyme. Yeast two‐hybrid assays using OsUBC26 as bait identified the RING‐type E3 ligase UCIP2 as an interacting protein. Coimmunoprecipitation assays confirmed the interaction between OsUBC26 and UCIP2. The CRISPR/Cas9 mutants of UCIP2 also showed compromised resistance to M. oryzae. Yeast two‐hybrid screening using UCIP2 as bait revealed that APIP6 is a binding partner of UCIP2. Moreover, OsUBC26 working with APIP6 ubiquitinateds AvrPiz‐t, an avirulence effector of M. oryzae, and OsUBC26 null mutation impaired the proteasome degradation of AvrPiz‐t in rice cells. In summary, OsUBC26 plays important roles in rice disease resistance by regulating WRKY45 expression and working with E3 ligases such as APIP6 to counteract the effector protein AvrPiz‐t from M. oryzae.
The puzzle of learning by doing and the gradability of knowledge‐how
Authors: Piñeros Glasscock Juan S. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMuch of our know‐how is acquired through practice: we learn how to cook by cooking, how to write by writing, and how to dance by dancing. As Aristotle argues, however, this kind of learning is puzzling, since engaging in it seems to require possession of the very knowledge one seeks to obtain. After showing how a version of the puzzle arises from a set of attractive principles, I argue that the best solution is to hold that knowledge‐how comes in degrees, and through practice a person gradually learns how to do something. However, the two standard accounts of know‐how in the literature, intellectualism and anti‐intellectualism, cannot properly account for the distinctive way in which know‐how is gradually acquired by practice, a process in which conceptual representations and practical abilities are intimately interwoven. Drawing on Gareth Evans's work, I outline an account that may do so, and use this account to distinguish between two forms of learning to explain why skill generally cannot be learnt through testimony, and requires practice.
Air pollution and the pandemic: Long‐term PM2.5 exposure and disease severity in COVID‐19 patients
Authors: Mendy Angelico , Wu Xiao , Keller Jason L. , Fassler Cecily S. , Apewokin Senu , Mersha Tesfaye B. , Xie Changchun , Pinney Susan M. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackground and objectiveEcological studies have suggested an association between exposure to particulate matter ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5) and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) severity. However, these findings are yet to be validated in individual‐level studies. We aimed to determine the association of long‐term PM2.5 exposure with hospitalization among individual patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2).MethodsWe estimated the 10‐year (2009–2018) PM2.5 exposure at the residential zip code of COVID‐19 patients diagnosed at the University of Cincinnati healthcare system between 13 March 2020 and 30 September 2020. Logistic regression was used to determine the odds ratio (OR) and 95% CI for COVID‐19 hospitalizations associated with PM2.5, adjusting for socioeconomic characteristics and comorbidities.ResultsAmong the 14,783 COVID‐19 patients included in our study, 13.6% were hospitalized; the geometric mean (SD) PM2.5 was 10.48 (1.12) μg/m3. In adjusted analysis, 1 μg/m3 increase in 10‐year annual average PM2.5 was associated with 18% higher hospitalization (OR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.11–1.26). Likewise, 1 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 estimated for the year 2018 was associated with 14% higher hospitalization (OR: 1.14, 95% CI: 1.08–1.21).ConclusionLong‐term PM2.5 exposure is associated with increased hospitalization in COVID‐19. Therefore, more stringent COVID‐19 prevention measures may be needed in areas with higher PM2.5 exposure to reduce the disease morbidity and healthcare burden.
The effect of oil export on direct external democratizing pressures
Authors: Woo Jungmoo 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectiveI argue that an autocracy’s oil export discourages democracies from employing foreign policies fostering democracy in the autocracy because three characteristics of oil trade—the importance of oil as a primary energy source, the international oil market’s exporter‐favored structure, and the price inelasticity of supply of and demand for petroleum—increase costs of such policies. Thus, an autocracy’s oil export hinders democratization by reducing both domestic and external democratizing pressures.MethodsTo measure the effect of oil export on direct external democratizing pressures, I gather the dyad‐level oil trade ties using numerous oil trade datasets, and calculate each state’s oil export leverage using closeness centrality in weighted networks. Using this measure, I test the effect of oil export on the likelihood of democratization.ResultsEmpirical results support that as an autocracy’s oil export leverage increases, the autocracy’s
likelihood of democratization should decrease.
Fjord network in Namibia: A snapshot into the dynamics of the late Paleozoic glaciation
Authors: Dietrich Pierre , Griffis Neil P. , Le Heron Daniel P. , Montañez Isabel P. , Kettler Christoph , Robin Cécile , Guillocheau François 
Published: August 2021

AbstractFjords are glacially carved estuaries that profoundly influence ice-sheet stability by draining and ablating ice. Although abundant on modern high-latitude continental shelves, fjord-network morphologies have never been identified in Earth's pre-Cenozoic glacial epochs, hindering our ability to constrain ancient ice-sheet dynamics. We show that U-shaped valleys in northwestern Namibia cut during the late Paleozoic ice age (LPIA, ca. 300 Ma), Earth's penultimate icehouse, represent intact fjord-network morphologies. This preserved glacial morphology and its sedimentary fill permit a reconstruction of paleo-ice thicknesses, glacial dynamics, and resulting glacio-isostatic adjustment. Glaciation in this region was initially characterized by an acme phase, which saw an extensive ice sheet (1.7 km thick) covering the region, followed by a waning phase characterized by 100-m-thick, topographically constrained outlet glaciers that shrank, leading to glacial demise. Our findings demonstrate that both a large ice sheet and highland glaciers existed over northwestern Namibia at different times during the LPIA. The fjords likely played a pivotal role in glacier dynamics and climate regulation, serving as hotspots for organic carbon sequestration. Aside from the present-day arid climate, northwestern Namibia exhibits a geomorphology virtually unchanged since the LPIA, permitting unique insight into this icehouse.
Early Pleistocene climate-induced erosion of the Alaska Range formed the Nenana Gravel
Authors: Sortor Rachel N. , Goehring Brent M. , Bemis Sean P. , Ruleman Chester A. , Caffee Marc W. , Ward Dylan J. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe Pliocene-Pleistocene transition resulted in extensive global cooling and glaciation, but isolating this climate signal within erosion and exhumation responses in tectonically active regimes can be difficult. The Nenana Gravel is a foreland basin deposit in the northern foothills of the Alaska Range (USA) that has long been linked to unroofing of the Alaska Range starting ca. 6 Ma. Using 26Al/10Be cosmogenic nuclide burial dating, we determined the timing of deposition of the Nenana Gravel and an overlying remnant of the first glacial advance into the northern foothills. Our results indicate that initial deposition of the Nenana Gravel occurred at the onset of the Pleistocene ca. 2.34 Ma and continued until at least ca. 1.7 Ma. The timing of initial deposition is correlative with expansion of the Cordilleran ice sheet, suggesting that the deposit formed due to increased glacial erosion in the Alaska Range. Abandonment of Nenana Gravel deposition occurred prior to the first glaciation extending into the northern foothills. This glaciation was hypothesized to have occurred ca. 1.5 Ma, but we found that it occurred ca. 0.39 Ma. A Pleistocene age for the Nenana Gravel and marine oxygen isotope stage 10 age for the oldest glaciation of the foothills necessitate reanalysis of incision and tectonic rates in the northern foothills of the Alaska Range, in addition to a shift in perspective on how these deposits fit into the climatic and tectonic history of the region.
A molecular biomarker for end-Permian plant extinction in South China
Authors: Wang Chunjiang , Visscher Henk 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
To help resolve current controversies surrounding the fundamental question of synchrony between end-Permian mass extinction on land and in the sea, we examined the marine Permian–Triassic reference section at Meishan (southeastern China) for land-derived molecular degradation products of pentacyclic triterpenoids with oleanane carbon skeletons, diagnostic for the Permian plant genus Gigantopteris. We identified a continuous quantitative record of mono-aromatic des-A-oleanane, which abruptly ends in the main marine extinction interval just below the Permian-Triassic boundary. This taxon-specific molecular biomarker, therefore, reveals in unmatched detail the timing and tempo of the demise of one of the most distinctive Permian plants and provides evidence of synchronous extinction among continental and marine organisms. Parallel reduction in the relative abundance of lignin phenols confirms that aridity-driven extinction was not restricted to Gigantopteris but likely affected the entire wetland flora of the equatorial South China microcontinent.
Comparison of intraosseous and intravenous epinephrine administration during resuscitation of asphyxiated newborn lambs
Authors: Roberts Calum T , Klink Sarah , Schmölzer Georg M , Blank Douglas A , Badurdeen Shiraz , Crossley Kelly J , Rodgers Karyn , Zahra Valerie , Moxham Alison , Roehr Charles Christoph , Kluckow Martin , Gill Andrew William , Hooper Stuart B , Polglase Graeme R 
Published: August 2021

ObjectiveIntraosseous access is recommended as a reasonable alternative for vascular access during newborn resuscitation if umbilical access is unavailable, but there are minimal reported data in newborns. We compared intraosseous with intravenous epinephrine administration during resuscitation of severely asphyxiated lambs at birth.MethodsNear-term lambs (139 days’ gestation) were instrumented antenatally for measurement of carotid and pulmonary blood flow and systemic blood pressure. Intrapartum asphyxia was induced by umbilical cord clamping until asystole. Resuscitation commenced with positive pressure ventilation followed by chest compressions and the lambs received either intraosseous or central intravenous epinephrine (10 μg/kg); epinephrine administration was repeated every 3 min until return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). The lambs were maintained for 30 min after ROSC. Plasma epinephrine levels were measured before cord clamping, at end asphyxia, and at 3 and 15 min post-ROSC.ResultsROSC was successful in 7 of 9 intraosseous epinephrine lambs and in 10 of 12 intravenous epinephrine lambs. The time and number of epinephrine doses required to achieve ROSC were similar between the groups, as were the achieved plasma epinephrine levels. Lambs in both groups displayed a similar marked overshoot in systemic blood pressure and carotid blood flow after ROSC. Blood gas parameters improved more quickly in the intraosseous lambs in the first 3 min, but were otherwise similar over the 30 min after ROSC.ConclusionsIntraosseous epinephrine administration results in similar outcomes to intravenous epinephrine during resuscitation of asphyxiated newborn lambs. These findings support the inclusion of intraosseous access as a route for epinephrine administration in current guidelines.
Low-dose transscleral cyclophotocoagulation with subsequent phacoemulsification in the treatment of prolonged acute primary angle closure
Authors: Shi Yan , Oatts Julius , Tian Jiaxin , Qiao Chunyan , Zhang Qing , Han Ying , Wang Ningli 
Published: August 2021

BackgroundTo explore the outcomes and mechanisms of intraocular pressure (IOP) control using low-dose transscleral cyclophotocoagulation (LDTSCP) followed by phacoemulsification in patients with prolonged acute primary angle closure (APAC).MethodsPatients with prolonged APAC refractory to all other treatment modalities were prospectively recruited, and underwent LDTSCP (10 shots, 2 s duration, 120° treatment with the energy starting at 1500 mW and titrated to the level with audible burst but not exceeding 2000 mW) and anterior chamber paracentesis 1 week prior to phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation and viscogoniosynechiolysis. Postoperative IOP, vision, anatomic changes on anterior segment optical coherence tomography and complications were recorded.ResultsTwenty eyes with prolonged APAC were recruited. Median follow-up was 12 months (range 9–18), at which point the vision in all eyes had improved and IOP was ≤17 mm Hg on no antiglaucoma medications. Following LDTSCP at postoperative day (POD) 1, IOP decreased in all eyes to a median 15 mm Hg (range: 6–28 mm Hg). Post-LDTSCP supraciliary effusion (SCE) occurred in 90% of eyes on POD1 or POD7 and ciliary body defect (CBD) was detected in 30% of eyes and resolved in all cases by postoperative month 1. Lower post-LDTSCP IOP was associated with more number of bursts (r=−0.558, p=0.011) and higher grade of SCE (r=−0.877, p<0.001), but not with total energy (p=0.240). Eyes with CBD (p=0.018) and a higher number of bursts (r=0.657, p=0.002) had higher grade SCE.ConclusionsLDTSCP-induced SCE may explain the post-LDTSCP IOP reduction seen in eyes with prolonged APAC. LDTSCP instead of traditional more extensive treatment, was sufficient to provide a relatively safe and effective bridge therapy prior to phacoemulsification.Trial registration numberChinese Clinical Trials Registry (ChiCTR1900023567).
Study protocol: long-term effect of the New Nordic Renal Diet on phosphorus and lipid homeostasis in patients with chronic kidney disease, stages 3 and 4: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Hansen Nikita Misella , Rix Marianne , Kamper Anne-Lise , Feldt-Rasmussen Bo , Christoffersen Christina , Astrup Arne , Salomo Louise 
Published: August 2021

IntroductionChronic kidney disease (CKD) causes severe disturbances in phosphate metabolism. New Nordic Renal Diet (NNRD) is a new dietary concept designed by the present research group that aims to offer patients with moderate CKD a whole food approach with a markedly reduction in dietary phosphorus intake, corresponding to 850 mg/day. The present protocol describes a randomised controlled trial aiming to test the long-term effects of dietary intervention with NNRD versus a non-restricted habitual diet on important parameters of phosphorus and lipid homeostasis.Methods and analysisThis trial will be executed at the Department of Nephrology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. Sixty patients aged>18 years with CKD stages 3 and 4 (estimated glomerular filtration rate between 15 and 45 mL/min) will be recruited and randomly assigned to the intervention or control group. The other inclusion criterion includes a medically stable condition for at least 2 months prior to the start of the study. Exclusion criteria are treatment with phosphate binders, metabolic disorders that require specific dietary regulation, pregnancy and breast feeding, any types of food allergies or those who are vegans. The observation period is 26 weeks including seven study visits at the outpatient clinic combined with a weekly telephone consultation in both groups. A follow-up visit 3 months after study completion finalises the intervention. The primary outcome is the difference in the change in 24-hour urine phosphorus excretion from baseline to week 26 between the two study groups. Secondary outcomes include changes in phosphate-related and lipid metabolism-related blood and urine biochemistry, blood pressure and body composition. Moreover, we wish to explore adherence to the diet as well as quality of life.Ethics and disseminationThe study has been approved by the Scientific Ethical Committee of the Capital Region of Denmark and the Danish Data Protection Agency. The results of the studies will be presented at national and international scientific meetings, and publications will be submitted to peer-reviewed journals.Trial registration numberClinicalTrials.gov (wwwclinicaltrialsgov) Registry (NCT04579315).Protocol versionThe protocol, version 2, has been approved by the Ethical Committee Denmark on 18 September 2020. The protocol has also been approved by Data Protection Regulation and Data Protection Law on 15 September 2020. This study protocol is in accordance with the Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for International Trials.
Remote-Management of COPD: Evaluating the Implementation of Digital Innovation to Enable Routine Care (RECEIVER): the protocol for a feasibility and service adoption observational cohort study
Authors: Taylor Anna , Lowe David J , McDowell Grace , Lua Stephanie , Burns Shane , McGinness Paul , Carlin Christopher M 
Published: August 2021

IntroductionReductions in exacerbation and hospitalisations are the outcomes rated as most important by people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Most COPD management is currently based on a reactive approach, and delays in recognising treatable opportunities underpin COPD care quality gaps. Innovations that empower COPD self-management, facilitate integrated clinical care and support delivery of evidence-based treatment interventions are urgently required.Methods and analysisThe Remote-Management of COPD: Evaluating the Implementation of Digital Innovation to Enable Routine Care trial is a prospective observational cohort hybrid implementation and effectiveness study that will explore the adoption of a digital service model for people with ‘high-risk’ COPD and evaluate the feasibility of this approach versus current standards of care. People with COPD, who have had recent severe exacerbation and/or COPD–obstructive sleep apnoea overlap or chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure requiring home non-invasive ventilation (NIV) or continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), with internet access will be recruited into the study and enrolled into the digital service.Study endpoints will examine participant utilisation, clinical service impact and clinical outcomes compared with historical and contemporary control patient data. The digital infrastructure will also provide a foundation to explore the feasibility of approaches to predict outcomes and exacerbation in people with COPD through machine learning analysis.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval for this clinical trial has been obtained from the West of Scotland Research Ethics Service. The trial will commence in September 2019 for a duration of 2 years. Results will be presented at local, national and international meetings, as well as submission for publication to peer-reviewed journals.Trial registration numberNCT04240353.