bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bioelectric signaling as a unique regulator of development and regeneration
Authors: Harris Matthew P. 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
It is well known that electrical signals are deeply associated with living entities. Much of our understanding of excitable tissues is derived from studies of specialized cells of neurons or myocytes. However, electric potential is present in all cell types and results from the differential partitioning of ions across membranes. This electrical potential correlates with cell behavior and tissue organization. In recent years, there has been exciting, and broadly unexpected, evidence linking the regulation of development to bioelectric signals. However, experimental modulation of electrical potential can have multifaceted and pleiotropic effects, which makes dissecting the role of electrical signals in development difficult. Here, I review evidence that bioelectric cues play defined instructional roles in orchestrating development and regeneration, and further outline key areas in which to refine our understanding of this signaling mechanism.
Can offsetting the energetic cost of hibernation restore an active season phenotype in grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis)?
Authors: Jansen Heiko T. , Evans Hutzenbiler Brandon , Hapner Hannah R. , McPhee Madeline L. , Carnahan Anthony M. , Kelley Joanna L. , Saxton Michael W. , Robbins Charles T. 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
Hibernation is characterized by depression of many physiological processes. To determine if this state is reversible in a non-food caching species, we fed hibernating grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) dextrose for 10 days to replace 53% or 100% of the estimated minimum daily energetic cost of hibernation. Feeding caused serum concentrations of glycerol and ketones (β-hydroxybutyrate) to return to active season levels irrespective of the amount of glucose fed. By contrast, free fatty acids (FFAs) and indices of metabolic rate, such as general activity, heart rate, strength of heart rate circadian rhythm, and insulin sensitivity were restored to approximately 50% of active season levels. Body temperature was unaffected by feeding. To determine the contribution of adipose to the metabolic effects observed after glucose feeding, we cultured bear adipocytes collected at the beginning and end of the feeding and performed metabolic flux analysis. We found a ∼33% increase in energy metabolism after feeding. Moreover, basal metabolism before feeding was 40% lower in hibernation cells compared with fed cells or active cells cultured at 37°C, thereby confirming the temperature independence of metabolic rate. The partial depression of circulating FFAs with feeding likely explains the incomplete restoration of insulin sensitivity and other metabolic parameters in hibernating bears. Further depression of metabolic function is likely to be an active process. Together, the results provide a highly controlled model to examine the relationship between nutrient availability and metabolism on the hibernation phenotype in bears.
A TRIZ-driven conceptualisation of finger grip enhancer designs for the elderly
Authors: Tan Dominic Wen How , Ng Poh Kiat , Noor Ervina Efzan Mhd 
Published: May 2021

Background: Elderly people with severe finger weakness may need assistive health technology interventions. Finger weakness impedes the elderly in executing activities of daily living such as unbuttoning shirts and opening clothes pegs. While studies have related finger weakness with ageing effects, there appears to be no research that uses an algorithmic problem-solving approach such as the theory of inventive problem-solving (TRIZ) to recommend finger grip assistive technologies that resolve the issue of finger weakness among the elderly. Using TRIZ, this study aims to conceptualise finger grip enhancer designs for elderly people. Methods: Several TRIZ tools such as the cause-and-effect chain (CEC) analysis, engineering contradiction, physical contradiction, and substance-field analysis are used to conceptualise solutions that assist elderly people in their day-to-day pinching activities. Results: Based on the segmentation principle, a finger assistant concept powered by a miniature linear actuator is recommended. Specific product development processes are used to further conceptualise the actuation system. The study concluded that the chosen concept should use a DC motor to actuate fingers through tendon cables triggered by a push start button. Conclusions: Finger pinch degradation worsens the quality of life of the elderly. A finger grip enhancer that assists in day-to-day activities may be an effective option for elderly people, not only for their physical but also their mental well-being in society.
Prevalence of comorbidities associated with type 2 diabetes in patients attending a disease management program, Medellín, Colombia 2014 - 2019: a descriptive study.
Authors: Palacios-Barahona Uriel , Ordoñez Molina Jaime , Alvis Guzmán Nelson , Botero Arango José Fernando 
Published: May 2021

Background: Type 2 diabetes is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The prevalence has increased due to population aging, obesity, and longer life expectancy. Likewise, the development of complications related to the disease has contributed to a more significant disease burden and is the leading cause of death in people with diabetes. Methods: A descriptive study of patients in a disease management program in Medellín, Colombia, from June 10, 2014 to March 30, 2019 was carried out. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected from clinical records. Descriptive analysis was performed using absolute and relative frequencies and the prevalences presented by sex. The Chi-square test was used to calculate the prevalence ratio with a 95 % confidence interval, with a p-value < 0.05 being considered statistically significant.Results: There were 1,018 patients with type 2 diabetes analyzed. The mean age was 66.0 years (SD: 12.93), the mean duration with diabetes was 12.9 years (SD:9.3), 55 % of patients were women, and 60.6 % of patients had no metabolic control. The main comorbidities were dyslipidemia in 67.9 %, obesity in 61.4 %, and hypertension in 59 % of patients. Differences were observed in the prevalence ratio (PR) of women versus men for dyslipidemia (PR 0.68 [CI: 0.52 - 0.89]), coronary artery disease (PR 0.41 [CI: 0.28 - 0,61]) and obesity (PR 0.23 [CI: 0.17 - 0.30]).Conclusions: Patients with type 2 diabetes have a high prevalence of comorbidities: dyslipidemia, obesity and arterial hypertension. A lower prevalence of comorbidities was observed in women than men for dyslipidemia, coronary heart disease, and obesity.
Comparative assessment of the relationship between emotional factors and quality of life in a group of patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes – preliminary report
Authors: Badura-Brzoza Karina , Główczyński Patryk , Piegza Magdalena , Błachut Michał , Nabrdalik Katarzyna , Gumprecht Janusz , Gorczyca Piotr 
Published: May 2021

Cel pracyStały wzrost zachorowań na cukrzycę skłania do poszukiwań nowszych form leczenia, ale także do badań różnych czynników mających wpływ na jakość życia tych pacjentów. Celem pracy była ocena związku wybranych parametrów stanu psychicznego z jakością życia pacjentów z cukrzycą.MetodaBadaniem objęto 51 pacjentów z cukrzycą typu 1 i 52 pacjentów z cukrzycą typu 2. W badaniach wykorzystano skale: jakości życia SF-36, AIS, HADS oraz SWLS.WynikiPacjenci z cukrzycą typu 2 osiągnęli niższe wartości niż pacjenci z cukrzycą typu 1 jedynie w zakresie funkcjonowania fizycznego skali SF-36 (p=0.001). Oceniając związek między parametrami badanymi wykazano, że długość trwania choroby wiązała się z gorszą oceną ogólnego stanu zdrowia (p=0.036) wśród pacjentów z cukrzycą typu 1. Natomiast wśród pacjentów z cukrzycą typu 2 czas trwania choroby korelował ujemny z funkcjonowaniem fizycznym (p=0.002), fizycznym funkcjonowaniem w rolach społecznych (p=0.001) i bólem fizycznym (p=0.047) a także satysfakcją z życia (p=0.012) a dodatnio z wartościami hemoglobiny glikowanej ( p=0,04). Wśród pacjentów z cukrzycą typu 1 poziom depresji ujemnie korelował z poziomem akceptacji choroby (p= 0.0009) oraz satysfakcją z życia (p=0.006), natomiast poziom lęku jedynie z poziomem akceptacji choroby (p=0.0004) a większe nasilenie lęku wiązało się z gorszą kontrolą metaboliczną (p= 0, 02). W grupie pacjentów z cukrzycą typu 2 poziom lęku korelował negatywnie z poziomem akceptacji choroby (p=0.003).WnioskiZ powodu licznych ograniczeń, jakie niesie ze sobą przewlekła choroba, należy zwracać większą uwagę na aspekt jakości życia oraz stan psychiczny pacjentów z rozpoznaniem cukrzycy oraz włączyć ocenę powyższych parametrów do procesu terapeutycznego.
„Kronika Podhorecka” jako źródło do badań nad dziejami zamku w Podhorcach w drugiej połowie XIX wieku na początku XX wieku
Authors: Papa Iwanna 
Published: May 2021

“Kronika Podhorecka” as a Primary Source for the History of the Pidhirtsi Castle in the Second half of the 19th Century and at the Beginning of the 20th Century
„Kronika Podhorecka” has been preserved in two versions: the first working version was written by A. Kryczynski (1869-1887) and the second one was completed by the next castle administrators (1869-1906). This article aims to analyze this primary source of the history of the Pidhirtsi castle and its owners: the time of its composition, its goal, the role of castle administrators in the history of Pidhirtsi castle. The article contains an edition of “Kronika Podhorecka”, reconstructed on the basis of the archival source.
Evaluating Stochastic Seeding Strategies in Networks
Authors: Chin Alex , Eckles Dean , Ugander Johan 
Published: May 2021

When trying to maximize the adoption of a behavior in a population connected by a social network, it is common to strategize about where in the network to seed the behavior, often with an element of randomness. Selecting seeds uniformly at random is a basic but compelling strategy in that it distributes seeds broadly throughout the network. A more sophisticated stochastic strategy, one-hop targeting, is to select random network neighbors of random individuals; this exploits a version of the friendship paradox, whereby the friend of a random individual is expected to have more friends than a random individual, with the hope that seeding a behavior at more connected individuals leads to more adoption. Many seeding strategies have been proposed, but empirical evaluations have demanded large field experiments designed specifically for this purpose and have yielded relatively imprecise comparisons of strategies. Here we show how stochastic seeding strategies can be evaluated more efficiently in such experiments, how they can be evaluated “off-policy” using existing data arising from experiments designed for other purposes, and how to design more efficient experiments. In particular, we consider contrasts between stochastic seeding strategies and analyze nonparametric estimators adapted from policy evaluation and importance sampling. We use simulations on real networks to show that the proposed estimators and designs can substantially increase precision while yielding valid inference. We then apply our proposed estimators to two field experiments, one that assigned households to an intensive marketing intervention and one that assigned students to an antibullying intervention. This paper was accepted by Gui Liberali, Management Science Special Section on Data-Driven Prescriptive Analytics.
The effects of the form of sugar (solid vs. beverage) on body weight and fMRI activation: A randomized controlled pilot study
Authors: Apolzan John W. , Carmichael Owen T. , Kirby Krystal M. , Ramakrishnapillai Sreekrishna R. , Beyl Robbie A. , Martin Corby K. 
Published: May 2021

Objective
To test if sugar sweetened beverages (SSBs) and sugar sweetened solids (SSSs) have differential effects on body weight and reward processing in the brain.

Methods
In a single blind randomized controlled pilot trial (RCT), twenty participants with BMI between 20 and 40 kg/m2 were randomized to consume a 20 fluid ounce soda (SSB, 248 kcal) or the equivalent in solid form (SSS; similar to thick gelatin or gummy candy) daily. At baseline and day 28, fasting body weight and fed-state BOLD fMRI of the brain were assessed. Differences in fMRI signals between views of low-fat (LF (<30%)) high sugar (HS (>30%)) food, and non-food images were calculated in brain regions implicated in energy homeostasis, taste, and reward.

Results
All participants in the SSB (6F 4M; 8 Caucasian; 36±14 y, 28.2±5.5 kg/m2; Mean±SD) and SSS (3F 7M; 6 Caucasian; 39±12; 26.3±4.4) groups completed the study. Weight change was 0.27±0.78 kg between SSB and SSS participants. Changes in the fMRI response to LF/HS foods in reward, homeostatic and taste regions tended to not be different between the groups over the four weeks. However, activation of the right substantia nigra increased following the SSB but decreased activation following the SSS in response to LF/HS foods over 28 days (-0.32±0.12). Ratings of wanting for LF/HS foods were correlated with activation in several brain regions, including the OFC.

Conclusions
Change in weight was modest between the groups in this study. Daily consumption of a SSB over 28 days led to mixed responses to LF/HS foods in areas of the brain associated with reward. Ratings of wanting are correlated with fMRI activation inside an MRI scanner.
Motor skills in relation to body-mass index, physical activity, TV-watching, and socioeconomic status in German four-to-17-year-old children
Authors: Möller Siegfried , Poulain Tanja , Körner Antje , Meigen Christof , Jurkutat Anne , Vogel Mandy , Wessela Sven , Hiemisch Andreas , Grafe Nico , Kiess Wieland 
Published: May 2021

Background
The present study describes motor skills in a large sample of German children and adolescents and investigates associations with age, gender, body-mass index, physical activity, television time, and socioeconomic status.

Methods
2,106 children (1076 boys, 1030 girls) aged 4 to 17 years performed five different motor tests for strength (pushups, standing long jump), coordination (backward balancing, jumping side-to-side) and flexibility (forward bend) within the framework of the LIFE Child study (Leipzig, Germany). Anthropometric parameters were assessed through standardized measurement. Data on physical activity, television time, and socioeconomic status were collected via questionnaires. Linear regression analyses were applied to assess relations.

Results
Strength and coordination performance were higher in older than in younger children. While boys showed a higher performance in strengths tests than girls, girls performed better in flexibility and coordination during precision tasks (backward balancing). In terms of coordination under time constraint (jumping side-to-side), both genders produced similar results. Lower body-mass index, higher physical activity, and higher socioeconomic status were significantly related to better motor skills. Longer television times were significantly associated with lower performance in long jump.

Conclusions
The present findings are similar to data collected at the beginning of the century, indicating that motor skills have hardly changed in recent years. The findings furthermore suggest that children from lower social strata, children with higher body weight, and children who move little have a higher risk of developing insufficient motor skills and should therefore be given special support.
Does varying the ingestion period of sodium citrate influence blood alkalosis and gastrointestinal symptoms?
Authors: Urwin Charles S. , Snow Rodney J. , Orellana Liliana , Condo Dominique , Wadley Glenn D. , Carr Amelia J. 
Published: May 2021

Objectives
To compare blood alkalosis, gastrointestinal symptoms and indicators of strong ion difference after ingestion of 500 mg.kg-1 BM sodium citrate over four different periods.

Methods
Sixteen healthy and active participants ingested 500 mg.kg-1 BM sodium citrate in gelatine capsules over a 15, 30, 45 or 60 min period using a randomized cross-over experimental design. Gastrointestinal symptoms questionnaires and venous blood samples were collected before ingestion, immediately post-ingestion, and every 30 min for 480 min post-ingestion. Blood samples were analysed for blood pH, [HCO3-], [Na+], [Cl-] and plasma [citrate]. Linear mixed models were used to estimate the effect of the ingestion protocols.

Results
For all treatments, blood [HCO3-] was significantly elevated above baseline for the entire 480 min post-ingestion period, and peak occurred 180 min post-ingestion. Blood [HCO3-] and pH were significantly elevated above baseline and not significantly below the peak between 150–270 min post-ingestion. Furthermore, blood pH and [HCO3-] were significantly lower for the 60 min ingestion period when compared to the other treatments. Gastrointestinal symptoms were minor for all treatments; the mean total session symptoms ratings (all times summed together) were between 9.8 and 11.6 from a maximum possible rating of 720.

Conclusion
Based on the findings of this investigation, sodium citrate should be ingested over a period of less than 60 min (15, 30 or 45 min), and completed 150–270 min before exercise.
Learning Thermodynamically Stable and Galilean Invariant Partial Differential Equations for Non-Equilibrium Flows
Authors: Huang Juntao , Ma Zhiting , Zhou Yizhou , Yong Wen-An 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In this work, we develop a method for learning interpretable, thermodynamically stable and Galilean invariant partial differential equations (PDEs) based on the conservation-dissipation formalism of irreversible thermodynamics. As governing equations for non-equilibrium flows in one dimension, the learned PDEs are parameterized by fully connected neural networks and satisfy the conservation-dissipation principle automatically. In particular, they are hyperbolic balance laws and Galilean invariant. The training data are generated from a kinetic model with smooth initial data. Numerical results indicate that the learned PDEs can achieve good accuracy in a wide range of Knudsen numbers. Remarkably, the learned dynamics can give satisfactory results with randomly sampled discontinuous initial data and Sod’s shock tube problem although it is trained only with smooth initial data.
Silicon heterojunction-based tandem solar cells: past, status, and future prospects
Authors: Li Xingliang , Xu Qiaojing , Yan Lingling , Ren Chengchao , Shi Biao , Wang Pengyang , Mazumdar Sayantan , Hou Guofu , Zhao Ying , Zhang Xiaodan 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Due to stable and high power conversion efficiency (PCE), it is expected that silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells will dominate the photovoltaic market. So far, the highest PCE of the SHJ-interdigitated back contact (IBC) solar cells has reached 26.7%, approximately approaching the theoretical Shockley–Queisser (SQ) limitation of 29.4%. To break through this limit, multijunction devices consisting of two or three stacked subcells have been developed, which can fully utilize the sunlight by absorbing different parts of the solar spectrum. This article provides a comprehensive overview of current research on SHJ-based tandem solar cells (SHJ-TSCs), including perovskite/SHJ TSCs and III–V/SHJ TSCs. Firstly, we give a brief introduction to the structures of SHJ-TSCs, followed by a discussion of fabrication processes. Afterwards, we focus on various materials and processes that have been explored to optimize the electrical and optical performance. Finally, we highlight the opportunities and challenges of SHJ-TSCs, as well as personal perspectives on the future development directions in this field.
Elimination of the Cortico-Subthalamic Hyperdirect Pathway Induces Motor Hyperactivity in Mice
Authors: Koketsu Daisuke , Chiken Satomi , Hisatsune Tatsuhiro , Miyachi Shigehiro , Nambu Atsushi 
Published: May 2021

The substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) is the output station of the basal ganglia and receives cortical inputs by way of the following three basal ganglia pathways: the cortico-subthalamo (STN)-SNr hyperdirect, the cortico-striato-SNr direct, and the cortico-striato-external pallido-STN-SNr indirect pathways. Compared with the classical direct and indirect pathways via the striatum, the functions of the hyperdirect pathway remain to be fully elucidated. Here we used a photodynamic technique to selectively eliminate the cortico-STN projection in male mice and observed neuronal activity and motor behaviors in awake conditions. After cortico-STN elimination, cortically evoked early excitation in the SNr was diminished, while the cortically evoked inhibition and late excitation, which are delivered through the direct and indirect pathways, respectively, were unchanged. In addition, locomotor activity was significantly increased after bilateral cortico-STN elimination, and apomorphine-induced ipsilateral rotations were observed after unilateral cortico-STN elimination, suggesting that cortical activity was increased. These results are compatible with the notion that the cortico-STN-SNr hyperdirect pathway quickly conveys cortical excitation to the output station of the basal ganglia, resets or suppresses the cortical activity related to ongoing movements, and prepares for the forthcoming movement.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe basal ganglia play a pivotal role in the control of voluntary movements, and their malfunctions lead to movement disorders, such as Parkinson's disease and dystonia. Understanding their functions is important to find better treatments for such diseases. Here we used a photodynamic technique to selectively eliminate the projection from the motor cortex to the subthalamic nucleus, the input station of the basal ganglia, and found greatly reduced early excitatory signals from the cortex to the output station of the basal ganglia and motor hyperactivity. These results suggest that the neuronal signals through the cortico-subthalamic hyperdirect pathway reset or suppress ongoing movements and that blockade of this pathway may be beneficial for Parkinson's disease, which is characterized by oversuppression of movements.