bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some Points in the Development of Scorpio fulvipes
Authors: Laurie Malcolm 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In the introduction to my paper on the development of Euscorpius italicus (‘Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci.,’ vol. xxxi) I mentioned that a species of scorpion (Scorpio ful vipes), which I was permitted to examine by the kindness of Professor Lankester, showed a considerable difference in its mode of development from that of Euscorpius. This difference is, as there stated, fundamentally due to the absence of yolk from the egg of S corpio fulvipes, in which particular it contrasts strongly with that of Euscorpius, in which the proportion of yolk is enormous. Further examination of more abundant material, which Professor Bourne of Madras collected and preserved with great care and forwarded to Professor Lankester, shows that the specialisation of the embryo in relation to its mode of nutrition has reached a very high pitch.
Abstract of Maupas’s Researches on Multiplication and Fertilisation in Ciliate Infusorians
Authors: Hartog Marcus M. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The interest so widely felt in all questions of heredity and reproduction removes all need for excuse in presenting an abstract of two of the most important contributions to this question.1 I drew this up originally for my own guidance,2 and have now enlarged it with a few modifications in what I may term “notation,” to make the nuclear relations more easy to master.
On a Specimen of the True Teeth of Ornithorhynchus
Authors: Stewart Charles 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The interesting discovery by Mr. Poulton of the existence of true teeth beneath the epithelium of the jaw of a young Ornithorhynchus, of which an account was given by him in this Journal, vol. xxix, 1889, followed by a further description given by Mr. Oldfield Thomas in the same year (‘Proc. Roy. Soc.’), in which he pointed out that the teeth were not absorbed whilst still beneath the gum, but were functionally active until the animal had attained about half its adult size, made me anxious to obtain a specimen for the museum of the Royal College of Surgeons which would illustrate so remarkable and important an anatomical fact. A search amongst the rich stores of the College was fortunately rewarded by the discovery of a young male, 316 mm. in length, which showed these teeth in an extremely perfect state.
The Formation of the Germ-layers in Crangon vulgaris
Authors: Weldon W. F. R. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The development of the common shrimp has recently been studied by Kingsley,1 whose papers contain full references to the work of other authors on Crustacean embryology. To these, and to the memoir of Nusbaum2 on the development of My sis, the reader is referred for an account of the literature of the subject.
The Oscula and Anatomy of Leucosolenia clathrus, O. S
Authors: Minchin E. A. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
As is well known, Leucosolenia clathrus is a sponge in which the oscula have been hitherto supposed to be conspicuous by their absence. In Haeckel’s “Kalkschwamme “will be found a full description of this sponge, together with an account of all observations upon it published previously to the publication of that monograph. The following is a summary of Haeckel’s description ; for further details I refer to the monograph itself.
Researches into the Embryology of the Oligochæta: No. I.—On Certain Points in the Development of Acanthodrilus multiporus
Authors: Beddard Frank E. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Our knowledge of the development of the Oligochæta is at present based only upon that of a few indigenous forms. Indeed, Lumbricus (including Allolobophora andAllurus), Enchytræus, Rhynchelmis, and Criodrilus are the only types which have been investigated by modern methods. The present paper is the first of what I hope will be a series of memoirs dealing with exotic forms. In addition to Acanthodrilus multiporus, which is treated of in the present communication, I have a few embryos of Acanthodrilus novæ-zelandiæ, which will form the subject of a later communication. Mr. W. W. Smith, of Ashburton, New Zealand, to whom I am deeply indebted for these and many other specimens, has kindly promised to collect other cocoons for me. They travel very well in a living condition. I have already had two sets of cocoons belonging to a new genus of aquatic Oligochæta (Pelodrilus), the anatomy of which I have described in the ‘Transactions’ of the Edinburgh Royal Society ; but unfortunately the tubes in which they were packed were broken in transit. As the cocoons of this species are common and easy to find I have great hopes of getting more.
The Development of the Genital Organs, Ovoid Gland, Axial and Aboral Sinuses in Am-phiura squamata; together with some Remarks on Ludwig’s Haemal System in this Ophiurid
Authors: MacBride E. W. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The work which forms the subject of the present memoir was carried on at the Zoological Station at Naples during the six months from October, 1891, till April, 1892.
A New English Genus of Aquatic Oligochseta (Sparganophilus) belonging to the Family Rhinodrilidæ
Authors: Benham W. B. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In the summer of 1891, during a stay at the village of Goring-on-Thames, I was on the look-out for Criodrilus, which hitherto has not been found in England. I looked carefully amongst the roots of waterweeds, and in the mud in which these were growing, and ultimately I believed I was successful, for I found a few worms, some three or four inches in length, agreeing closely, so far as regarded external character, with C. lacuum, with the exception that the male pore, which is very conspicuous in the latter worm, was not evident. But on further examination the worms were found to present several internal characters which did not harmonise with those of Criodrilus. However, the worms had passed the period of their sexual maturity, so that the generative system was in a degenerate condition, and I was unable to trace the sperm-ducts to a pore. I had therefore to wait till the following summer, when I paid several flying visits to Goring, with finally good results, for I found more of the worms, and this time sexually mature. The genital organs conclusively showed that a new genus was in my hands, belonging not to the family Lumbricidse, but to the Rhinodrilidse (mihi).
On Homœclabia in Fresh Water
Authors: Eulenstein F. L. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The majority of frond-bearing diatoms, constituting the Tribe II of Professor Smith, the status involucratus of Küt- zing, are marine; still nearly every generic type of the tribe is found represented by a fresh-water form, and the cymbelloid type of frustule is even exclusively such. The fresh-water genus, Frustulia, Ehr., characterised by naviculoid frustules in a gelatinous stratum, may be said to prepare the way for the higher marine forms with definite fronds. Berkeleyia, Drokreia, and several species of that genus, are common on the continent. The higher Schizonemata are all strictly marine; but Colletonema affords a good fresh-water illustration on a lower scale, the latter genus being, however, much less known on the continent. Only this spring I have discovered C. vulgare, Thu., to be pretty frequent in the environs of Stuttgart, and it may have been often overlooked from its uncommon habitat, which, as far as my experience goes, is confined to deep mud, where it creeps below the films of Pleurosigma attenuatum, Pinnularia viridula, etc. Another species, C. viridulum, Bréb., has been found in Silesia by M. Bleisch, who has accurately followed up its development. At first the frustules aggregate into small dark-brown compact heaps on a soft gelatinous stratum. From the latter, at the points where the frustules aggregate, tubes are evolved which penetrate into the mud like the roots of a plant, and thus a Colletomena results which before any judge would have pronounced a Frustulia. From a series of specimens in his possession, M. Bleisch believes these genera to pass into each other without a definite line of demarcation.
On the Question of Priority with Regard to certain Discoveries upon the Ætiology of Malarial Diseases
Authors: Nuttall George H. F. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Though it has long been a popular belief in certain countries that malaria is communicated to man by means of mosquitoes, experimental proof was lacking until a recent date. The history of the mosquito-malaria theory has been amply discussed elsewhere by the writer, to whose papers the reader is also referred for a detailed description of the experimental work on the part played by mosquitoes in the propagation of malarial diseases.1 It is not the object of this paper to discuss these matters in detail.
Typhlorhynchus nanus: a New Rhabdocœle
Authors: Laidlaw F.F. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The small Rhabdocœle described below was found by Mr. Goodrich at Naples, living on the body of the Polychæte worm Nephthys scolopendroides, Delle Chiaje. He sent a number of specimens preserved with Lang’s reagent to Dr. Gamble, who was good enough to hand them over to me for examination. I am indebted to Mr. Goodrich for a further series of specimens, some fixed with corrosive sublimate and acetic acid, others with Lang’s reagent; also for figs. 2, 6 a, b, drawn from life. I have, unfortunately, been unable to study living specimens ; hence my account, especially as regards the genital organs, is necessarily somewhat incomplete. The work was done in the Zoological Laboratory at Owens College.
The Metamorphosis of Corystes Cassivelaunus (Pennant)
Authors: Gurney Robert 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The material upon which the following account of the development of Corystes is based has been derived entirely from tow-net collections, taken generally in or just outside Plymouth Sound, between February and May of the present year. Occurring first on February 21st, the larvæ were obtained in small numbers fairly regularly from that time onwards. Advanced stages occurred first on March 15th, and in considerable numbers. The tow-net collections of April 14th, taken in the West Channel, were remarkable for the extraordinary abundance of the zoæa stage of Corystes. They abounded on that date to the almost complete exclusion of all other zoæas, nearly all the specimens being at an advanced stage of development. Since April 14th the zoæas have continued to occur, but very few have been found in the early stages.
On Hypurgon Skeati, a New Genus and Species of Compound Ascidians.
Authors: Sollas Igerna B. J. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Among the marine sponges from the Malay Peninsula collected by Mr. R. Evans, of Oxford, at present Curator of the Government Museum in Georgetown, Demerara, and very kindly handed over to me by Dr. Harmer for description, there were included two specimens of the new genus of Synascida Didemnida, which I have endeavoured to describe below.
On Planktonetta atlantica, Borgert
Authors: Herbert Fowler G. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
It is now many years ago that Richard Hertwig1 founded the group of Tripylarian Radiolariaus. Since that date Haeckel 2 has added enormously to the list of known forms in his monumental monograph ; yet but little attention has been paid to the intimate structure of these curious organisms. As there were several comparatively unbroken and numerous broken specimens of an unusual Phæodarian type among the Plankton which I collected in the Bay of Biscay on H.M.S. Research, in 1900, it seemed worth while to study them somewhat more systematically than has usually been the lot of members of this group.
A New Koenenia from Texas
Authors: Rucker Augusta 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
During the later part of July I received from Bonham, Texas, a small package of soil containing Koenenia, which was sent by Miss Florence Rhine. The distance from Bonham, which is in the northern part of the State, near Red River, to Austin was so great, and the heat at that time was so intense, that the soil, which was in a paper box, became perfectly dry before it reached me. However, on placing the dry earth in a large dish of water, several specimens of Koenenia, in a wrinkled and distorted condition, were floated out and taken up with a brush. The wrinkles were smoothed out, by the use of KOH, to an extent that allowed of a partially satisfactory examination of the exoskeleton. The first glance at the ventral surface of an adult female revealed the fact that an entirely new species of Koenenia had been taken.
On the Dermal Fin-rays of Fishes–Living and Extinct
Authors: Goodrich Edwin S. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In the following paper are given the results of a study, carried, on for some years, on the structure and development of the dermal fin-rays of fish. The classification of living and extinct fish is a subject which has grown much in importance of late years, and has been greatly advanced in quite modern times through the labours of Cope, Traquair, A. Smith Woodward, and others. Almost every available character has been made use of in turn by systematists in the endeavour to classify the larger groups; and of these characters it is obvious that those which are based on structures capable of being fossilised must be the most useful. No parts of a fish are, as a rule, better preserved than the dermal skeleton. Yet, although Agassiz (1) long ago classified’ fish into large divisions according to the structure of the scales, modern systematists are inclined to attach so little importance to the exo-skeleton that I venture to think they have somewhat neglected the dermal fin-rays. If it is true that the application of cut and dried definitions of the scaling will no longer enable us satisfactorily to subdivide the Pisces into Placoidei, Ganoidei, Cycloidei, and Ctenoidei; if it is true that “placoid” scales may be present in the Ganoidei, and that various forms of cycloid scales may have been independently evolved from rhomboid ganoid scales in later groups,—nevertheless these facts do not by any means prove that the scaling is of little systematic importance.
Notes on the Structure and the Development of the Elephant’s Placenta
Authors: Assheton Richard , Stevens Thomas G. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
On August 31st, 1902, an elephant belonging to Messrs. Sanger and Sons gave birth to a calf in the gardens of the Zoological Society of London under circumstances related by the Society’s Prosector, Mr. F. E. Beddard, F.R.S., in the ‘Proceedings’ of the year 1902, vol. ii.
The Development, Structure, and Morphology of the Scales in some Teleostean Fish
Authors: Marett Tims H. W. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The interest attaching to a precise knowledge of the structure and development of the scales of fishes is twofold. Not only may it throw light upon the affinities between groups of existing fishes and their evolution, but it helps to elucidate the problems involved in regard to tooth-genesis; for there can be but little doubt that scales and teeth are homologous structures.
Studies in Spicule Formation.: I.—The Development and Structure of the Spicules in Sycons: with Remarks on the Conformation, Modes of Disposition and Evolution of Spicules in Calcareous Sponges generally
Authors: Woodland W. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
It being my immediate intention to systematically study the subject of spicule formation in various animal groups, I hope to publish, from time to time, papers containing the results of my inquiries in this direction. Whilst so engaged in elucidating the facts I may, on occasion, be tempted to accompany them with interpretations, but, however this may be, I propose to more fully deal with the theoretical aspect of the subject at the close of the series of studies contemplated, ensuring by this procedure a sound basis of facts upon which to found my final conclusions.
III.—On the Mode of Formation of the Spicular Skeleton in the Pluteus of Echinus esculentus
Authors: Woodland W. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Though the mode of development of the skeleton of the Pluteus larva has already been ascertained, as regards the main features, in the case of several genera, as, e. g., in Echinus (miliaris) by Selenka (17) in 1879, and Théel (23) in 1902, in Arbacia (Echinoid) by Garman and Colton (6) in 1882,in Ophiopholis (Ophiuroid) and Echinarachnius (Echinoid) by Fewkes (5) in 1886, and especially in Echino-cyamus (Echinoid) by Théel (21) in 1892, yet since this subject has not hitherto been investigated in detail in any one instance (excepting the case of Echinocyamus), it is well that the following description of the process of spicule formation as it occurs in the larva of Echinus esculentus should be published. This is further desirable in that I have both several new facts of importance to add to our existing knowledge of this process and a few minor suggestions to make relevant to the factors concerned.
The Gastrulation of the Vertebrates1
Authors: Hubrecht A. A. W. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
On p. 945 of the first volume of his ‘Handbuch der Entwickelungslehre ‘Oscar Hertwig refers (in a postscript to his theory of the germinal layers) to a theoretical view concerning the process of gastrulation in mammals (and also in vertebrates generally) which I have attempted to establish in my article on ‘Keimblattbildung und Furchung bei Tarsius spectrum’ (1902, Verhandel. Kon. Akad. v. Wetensch. Amsterdam). He points out that I have “considerably changed my views,’ and that I have “now been induced to look upon matters in a way which differs considerably from what lie (Hertwig) and many other embryologists are ready to uphold.”
Notes on the Maturation of the Ovum of Alcyonium digitatum
Authors: Hill M.D. , Oxon M.A. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
As long ago as 1892 Professor Hickson1 drew attention to certain recorded facts as to the fragmentation of the oosperm in the ova of various animals, and added thereto subsequently accounts of his own researches on Distichopora and Alcyonium. In these papers he showed that at least there was strong reason to believe that the early development of these ova was strikingly different to what had been described in a host of other animals, and to what was generally held to be necessary from a theoretical standpoint. It luis always been a matter of surprise to me that these observations did not attract more notice from cytologists. In fact, they appear to have been almost entirely overlooked. Prof. E. B. Wilson in his widely known summary of our knowledge of the cell3 makes no reference to them, nor does he include Hickson’s papers in his bibliography of cytological literature. There could, however, be no doubt that if Hickson’s observations were correct a new series of phenomena in cytology had to be reckoned with. Press of administrative and other work prevented Prof. Hickson from following up his discovery, and in 1895 he suggested that I should take the matter up. He most kindly handed over to me all his material, preparations, and the notes he had made thereon. I found, however, that certain important stages were missing, and if the work was to be completed, it would be necessary to obtain ova preserved after artificial fertilisation, in all stages up to the time of the beginning of segmentation. To gain this object proved far more difficult than either of us had imagined, and altogether we made five attempts to obtain ova in the right stages of development. I myself visited Plymouth in December, 1896, and January, 1897, and at the same season in 1902-3. In 1900-1 I sent my laboratory assistant. It was, however, only in the first week of January, 1903, that I was able to get anything approaching to satisfactory material, and I am much indebted to Dr. E. J. Allen, Director of the Plymouth Biological Station, for the zeal with which he did all that was possible to provide me with ripe colonies of Alcyonium.
On Some Points in the Anatomy of the Platydesmidæ
Authors: Sinclair F. O. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In 1901 I received a small amount of material which enabled me to make out a little of the anatomy of the species of Platydesmus, which I described in my paper on the Myriapods of the Skeat Expedition as Platydesmus kelantanicus.
A Study of the Life-history of Bucephalus Haimeanus; a Parasite of the Oyster
Authors: Hilt Tenuent David 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Among a number of oysters which I procured in February, 1902, for the purpose of a demonstration, were several which were badly infected with the cercaria Bucephalus. At the suggestion of Professor Brooks I undertook a study of the origin of the germ-cells, from which the cercariæ arise, the material at my command promising to be favourable for such an investigation.
On the Auditory Organ in the Decapod Crustaceans
Authors: Hensen Du. V. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The auditory organ of the Decapod Crustaceans is usually situated in the basal portion of the inner antenna, for it has been satisfactorily shown that the organ at one time termed an “auditory cylinder,” and enclosed in the basal joint of the outer antenna, has nothing to do with the function of audition. The true auditory organ was discovered by Rosenthal, in 1811, and in 1843 it formed the subject of careful studies by M. Favre. It has since been studied by several observers, and in particular by M. Kröyer †but the details of its structure have nevertheless, in great part, remained a subject of dispute. The excellent researches of M. Hensen, which have extended to twenty-eight species of Crustacea, are therefore a welcome contribution on the subject.
The Anatomy of the Earthworm
Authors: Lankester E. Ray 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In the last number of this Journal the tegumentary, muscular, and digestive organs of the earthworm were briefly described, the form and structure of certain œsophageal appendages being more particularly noticed. The following pages will be devoted to the consideration of the Reproductive system, and of such secreting organs as are not of necessity connected either with it or the digestive system.
Note on CœNurus
Authors: Cobbold T. Spencer 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
I beg to call the attention of the Society to a specimen of Cœuurus obtained from the viscera of an American Squirrel which died at the Zoological Gardens, Regent’s Park, several years back. In doing so, my object is partly to correct the opinion, still very generally held, that there is only one kind of Cœnurus, and partly, also, to point out the time when the existence of a second kind of Cœnurus was first demonstrated, and by whom, likewise, the discovery was made. When, in January 1859, I described to the Society a large Cœnurus obtained from the viscera of a Madagascar Lemur, I carefully abstained from theorizing on the subject, but I never entertained any doubt as to its distinctness from the ordinary Cœnurus cerebralis of the Sheep. I refrained also from giving it any specific title, on the ground that it was only a larval parasite. Shortly afterwards, Leuckart, in one of his able, ‘Reports ‘in Wiegmann’s Archiv (for 1860, S. 140), made special allusion to the description and figure as given in the Society’s ‘Transactions,’ and at the same time referred to a case by Baillet who had recently discovered a Cœnurus in the pectoral muscle of a rabbit; he also quotes a similar example by Eichler, who had found a Cœnurus in the subdermal cellular tissue of a sheep. Until recently, I must confess that I was not aware that the discovery of a second kind of Cœnurus dated even much earlier than the period here mentioned, and I doubt if even Leuckart is yet aware of the earliest record on the subject. A few weeks ago, Mr. Caleb B. Rose, now of Great Yarmouth, but formerly of Swaffham, Norfolk, called my attention to the circumstance that he had described