bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Silicon strip defects and their impact on electrical performance of readout electronics
Authors: Affolder A. , Fadeyev V. , Galloway Z. , Gignac M. , Gunnell J. , Johnson J. , Kang N. , Kaplon J. , Martinez-Mckinney F. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In preparation for the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) runs,
the ATLAS inner detector will be completely replaced with an all
silicon Inner Tracker (ITk). Hybrid silicon pixel modules will be
used for the innermost tracking layers, and silicon micro-strip
detectors will be used the outer layers of the tracker. During the
production of the detector, the sensors, readout electronics, and
other components will undergo a series of quality control (QC) and
quality assurance tests. Defects in the fabrication of the sensors
will be flagged early in the manufacturer's and ATLAS QC tests. A
study of the influence of sensor defects was performed to assess the
characteristics of these defects in completed modules, and whether
any defect posed a risk to the operation of the front-end readout
electronics. All defects were found to have no impact on the
performance of the front-end readout electronics for healthy
amplifier channels, and defects that short the coupling between the
strip implant and the metal readout electrode were only noticeable
for strip leakage currents in excess of 250 nA, beyond the
end-of-life currents expected for most sensors at the HL-LHC.
Multiscale porosity in a 3D printed gellan–gelatin composite for bone tissue engineering
Authors: Gupta Deepak , Vashisth Priya , Bellare Jayesh 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe aim of this work was to develop a complex-shaped gelatin–gellan composite scaffold with multiscale porosity using a combination of cryogenic 3D printing and lyophilization for bone tissue engineering. Cryogenic 3D printing was used to fabricate a low-concentration composite of complex-shaped macroporous gelatin–gellan structures with a pore size of 919 ± 89 µm. This was followed by lyophilization to introduce micropores of size 20–250 µm and nanometre-level surface functionalities, thus achieving a hierarchical porous structure. These multiscale porous scaffolds (GMu) were compared with two other types of scaffolds having only microporosity (GMi) and macroporosity (GMa) with regard to their physical andin vitrobiological properties. GMu scaffolds were found to be better than GMi and GMa in terms of swelling percentage, degradation rate, uniform pore distribution, cellular infiltration, attachment, proliferation, protein generation and mineralization. In conclusion, we have developed a controlled hierarchical bone-like structure, biomimicking natural bone, together with a reproducible process of manufacture by coupling soft hydrogel 3D printing with lyophilization. This enables the development of complex-shaped patient-specific 3D printed hydrogel scaffolds with enhanced performancein vitroand great potential in the fields of tissue engineering, bioprinting and regenerative medicine.
Global warming and population change both heighten future risk of human displacement due to river floods
Authors: Kam Pui Man , Aznar-Siguan Gabriela , Schewe Jacob , Milano Leonardo , Ginnetti Justin , Willner Sven , McCaughey Jamie W , Bresch David N 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Every year, millions of people around the world are being displaced from their homes due to climate-related disasters. River flooding is responsible for a large part of this displacement. Previous studies have shown that river flood risk is expected to change as a result of global warming and its effects on the hydrological cycle. At the same time, future scenarios of socio-economic development imply substantial population increases in many of the areas that presently experience disaster-induced displacement. Here we show that both global warming and population change are projected to lead to substantial increases in flood-induced displacement risk over the coming decades. We use a global climate-hydrology-inundation modelling chain, including multiple alternative climate and hydrological models, to quantify the effect of global warming on displacement risk assuming either current or projected future population distributions. Keeping population fixed at present levels, we find roughly a 50% increase in global displacement risk for every degree of global warming. Adding projected population changes further exacerbates these increases globally and in most world regions, with the relative global flood displacement risk is increasing by roughly 350% at the end of the 21st century, compared to an increase of 150% without the contribution of population change. While the resolution of the global models is limited, the effect of global warming is robust across greenhouse gas concentration scenarios, climate models and hydrological models. These findings indicate a need for rapid action on both climate mitigation and adaptation agendas in order to reduce future risks to vulnerable populations.
Finance-based accounting of coal emissions
Authors: Manych Niccolò , Steckel Jan Christoph , Jakob Michael 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Most new coal-fired power plants are currently being constructed in Asia. These plants are financed by banks and investors, which in many instances reside elsewhere. This paper examines the international dimension of coal financing from commercial banks and institutional investors based on a newly constructed dataset. We analyse domestic as well as cross-border financial flows and propose a methodology to calculate ‘finance-based emissions’ associated with the construction of coal-fired power plants. Our results indicate that financial institutions from the United States, Europe and Japan play a major role in financing coal plants globally, especially in terms of loans, bonds and equity investment. From a finance-based perspective some countries account for a substantially larger share of coal emissions than under the commonly used territorial approach that assigns emissions to the country where they are released.
Coupling the dual isotopes of water (δ
2H and δ
18O) and nitrate (δ
15N and δ
18O): a new framework for classifying current and legacy groundwater pollution
Authors: Weitzman Julie N , Brooks J Renée , Mayer Paul M , Rugh William D , Compton Jana E 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Nitrate contamination of groundwater is a concern globally, particularly in agricultural regions where decades of fertilizer nitrogen (N) use has led to a legacy of N accumulation in soils and groundwater. Linkages between current management practices and groundwater nitrate dynamics are often confounded by the legacy effect, and other processes unrelated to management. A coupled analysis of dual stable isotopes of water (δH2O = δ
2H and δ
18O) and nitrate (δNO3
−= δ
15N and δ
18O) can be a powerful approach to identify sources and processes responsible for groundwater pollution. To assess how management practices impact groundwater nitrate, we interpreted behavior of δH2O and δNO3
−, together with nitrate concentrations, in water samples collected from long-term monitoring wells in the Southern Willamette Valley (SWV), Oregon. The source(s) of nitrate and water varied among wells, suggesting that the nitrate concentration patterns were not uniform across the shallow aquifer of the valley. Analyzing the stability versus variability of a well’s corresponding δH2O and δNO3
− values over time revealed the mechanisms controlling nitrate concentrations. Wells with stable δH2O and δNO3
− values and nitrate concentrations were influenced by one water source with a long residence time and one nitrate source. Variable nitrate concentrations of other wells were attributed to dilution with an alternate water source, mixing of two nitrate sources, or variances in the release of legacy N from overlying soils. Denitrification was not an important process influencing well nitrate dynamics. Understanding the drivers of nitrate dynamics and interaction with legacy N is crucial for managing water quality improvement. This case study illustrates when and where such coupled stable isotope approaches might provide key insights to management on groundwater nitrate contamination issues.
Feedback attribution to dry heatwaves over East Asia
Authors: Seo Ye-Won , Ha Kyung-Ja , Park Tae-Won 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Summer heatwave events have exhibited increasing trends, with sudden increases occurring since the early 2000s over northeastern China and along the northern boundary of Mongolia. However, the mechanism behind heatwaves remains unexplored. To quantitatively examine the feedback attribution of concurrent events related to surface temperature anomalies, the coupled atmosphere–surface climate feedback-response analysis method based on the total energy balance within the atmosphere–surface column was applied. The results demonstrate that the contributions of the latent heat flux and surface dynamic processes served as positive feedback for surface warming by reducing the heat release from the surface to the atmosphere because of deficient soil moisture based on dry conditions. Cloud feedback also led to warm temperature anomalies through increasing solar insolation caused by decreasing cloud amounts associated with anomalous high-pressure systems. In contrast, the sensible heat flux played a role in reducing the warm temperature anomalies by the emission of heat from the surface. Atmospheric dynamic feedback led to cold anomalies. The influence of ozone, surface albedo, and water vapor processes is very weak. This study provides a better understanding of combined extreme climate events in the context of radiative and dynamic feedback processes.
Multipartite quantum systems: an approach based on Markov matrices and the Gini index
Authors: Vourdas A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
An expansion of row Markov matrices in terms of matrices related to permutations with repetitions, is introduced. It generalises the Birkhoff–von Neumann expansion of doubly stochastic matrices in terms of permutation matrices (without repetitions). An interpretation of the formalism in terms of sequences of integers that open random safes described by the Markov matrices, is presented. Various quantities that describe probabilities and correlations in this context, are discussed. The Gini index is used to quantify the sparsity (certainty) of various probability vectors. The formalism is used in the context of multipartite quantum systems with finite dimensional Hilbert space, which can be viewed as quantum permutations with repetitions or as quantum safes. The scalar product of row Markov matrices, the various Gini indices, etc, are novel probabilistic quantities that describe the statistics of multipartite quantum systems. Local and global Fourier transforms are used to define locally dual and also globally dual statistical quantities. The latter depend on off-diagonal elements that entangle (in general) the various components of the system. Examples which demonstrate these ideas are also presented.
Improvement on the Production Energy of Shale oil Using Waste Plastics
Authors: Olugbenga A. G. , Yahya M. D. , Umeh B. O. , Ojochegbe O. S. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
An alternative fuels is obtained by co-pyrolysis of waste plastics and oil shale as well as contribute to the search of technologies that reduce the negative environmental impact of waste. Shale oil and waste plastic are unconventional sources of energy. The two materials are significant to Nigeria’s economic sustainability but yet to be exploited efficiently. The aim of this work is to reduce the energy needed to obtain shale oil via kinetic parameters by the thermal decomposition of Lokpanta oil shale mixed with plastics. The kinetics of the thermal decomposition of Lokpanta oil shale/ polyethylene blend was determined using data provided by thermo-gravimetric analysis done at 28°C to 887.44°C with heating rate of 10°C/min and a nitrogen flow rate of 60ml/min. The decomposition of the co-pyrolysis of the mixture of Lokpanta oil shale and the polyethylene was recognized in three stages, of which the first stage was between 28 and 316.41°C which corresponded to the loss of water from the sample. The second stage was between 316.41°C and 481.47°C, which depicted an overlap of the organic matter (kerogen) and the degradation of polyethylene. The final stage was between 481.47°C and 887.44°C, and it exposed the decomposition of the mineral matter of the oil shale. The Kinetic parameter was determined using non-isothermal methods of degradation. Hence the presence of the plastic acted as catalyst in the decomposition of the organic matter of the shale which consequently lowered the activation energy required to obtain shale oil with relevant application as aliphatic fractions of petroleum.
Production of Fuels from Nigeria’s Untapped ‘Waste Wealth’ Using Pyrolysis.
Authors: Olugbenga Adeola Grace , Egbedayo Temilorun Taiwo , Yahya Muibat Diekola , Garba Mohammed Umar 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The extent of pollution that plastic waste poses to our environment is phenomenal. In Nigeria, millions of metric ton of plastics are manufactured continuously due to industrialization and urbanization, a measurable rise in the generation of waste plastics is inevitable, so also is the need to seek alternate energy sources in the place of conventional fuels. Oral disposal of plastics has led to blockage of drainages, flooding and several mess yet unemployment is very high. It is important to venture into how this solid waste can create job opportunities along recycling value chain. Plastics are made by polymerization of hydrocarbons. These hydrocarbon are of typically high molecular mass which are fuel based material. The catalytic and thermal pyrolysis of waste polyethylene terephthalate was carried out using a fixed bed reactor operating at a maximum temperature of 600°C and 350°C respectively. The product obtained are liquid fuel, char and gaseous fuels. For the latter, the catalyst to plastic ratio was effective for ratio 1:6 thus increasing the yield of gas from 50.7% to 55%. The liquid oil obtained in thermal pyrolysis has low quality compare to catalysis pyrolysis with high yield of 39%, but 30.5% for catalysis pyrolysis. The effect of catalyst on temperature, the retention time and product yield enhance the identification of the hydrocarbon compounds present in the liquid oil, ZSM 5 catalyst ratio was raised to ratio 1:10. About sixty-one compounds were identified and the quality of fuel oil was described in terms of aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbon content. The direct implication is that the fuels can serve as alternatives to kerosene petroleum fuel fractions.
Empirical Assessment Of Ammonia And Urea Concentrations In Wastewater From A Pharmaceutical Plant: A Case Study
Authors: Sanni S E , Odigure J O , Agboola O , Emetere M E , Okoro E E , Audu C 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In several ways, urea is one of the most prominent sources of fixed nitrogen due to its relative abundance in waste water treatment plants. In this study, the wastewater effluent from X-Chemical Industries was considered for hazard analysis in order to ascertain the water quality and impact at the outfall effluent of company X relative to environmental standards. The study period is for December, 2013 – February 2014. Based on the results, it was observed that at the company’s sluice gate, the desorber (primary treatment unit) did not perform optimally. Also, the variation of the parameters measured i.e. urea concentration, pH and ammonia concentrations exceeded the standards established by the World Bank, International Finance Corporation (IFC) and the National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA), i.e. against the specified standard of 100 ppm, higher concentrations include December 3, 9, 11, 12, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25, 27, 28 and 29 with corresponding urea concentrations of 1457, 1970.4, 122.7, 163.2, 150.3, 171.4, 148.76, 270.78, 178, 123, 101.33 and 250.43 ppm respectively, whereas that of ammonia is higher than 5 ppm on December 3, 21, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28 and 29 with corresponding concentrations of 8.4, 9.69, 8.13, 9.45, 12.5, 6.98, 22.95 and 9.95 respectively, whereas, it was lowest on other days. It was also observed that the treated waste water advancing the creek (jetty) close to the plant, will have environmental consequences on marine lives such as marine micro-flora as well as fishes.
Developing a Multi-factor Authentication-based Cardless Electronic Payment System
Authors: Ayo C.K , Mac-Eze C.M , Adebiyi A.A. , Oni A. , Okesola J.O. , Odun-Ayo I. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The Nigerian economy is still largely cash based arising from inadequate infrastructure, trust and instability in the banking sector. However, there are improvements in the adoption of the electronic platform through the concerted efforts of government by introducing some policies that encourage its use. The recent policy is the cashless policy, which is aimed at reducing the use of cash to the barest minimum. This paper is aimed at developing an electronic payment system that integrates all the bank accounts of a particular holder together and access granted to them with or without a payment card through a multi-factor authentication procedures such as pin, fingerprint, irish or 3D facial recognition. On a full implementation, this system incorporates additional security protocol on the device to avoid nonrepudiation and ensure that the user is actually who he claims to be. The system will enhance ease of use as well as simplify the use of the e-Payment channels.
A search for appropriate anchor tenants in shopping malls in Lagos metropolis
Authors: Iroham C. O. , Olawale O.S. , Oni A. S. , Okagbue H. I. , Emetere M. E. , Oletubo A. A. , Egejuru A. C. , Osazuwa O. N. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Anchor tenant which have been regarded as tenants in shopping mall that propel visitation and activities in the mall has been studied majorly in line with its impact on customers, other shopping outlets and generally on the mall. There appears to be no work on a search for the constituents of anchor tenant in the mall. This happens to be the crux of the present study with emphasis on three notable malls in Lagos Metropolis, The Palms Mall, Ikeja City Mall and Adeniran Ogunsanyan Shopping Mall. A total of 207 questionnaires were distributed to customers of the mall using the mall intercept approach of which a cumulative response rate of 81% was achieved. Data collated which was geared towards ascertaining the stores/products offered that attract the customers to the malls was rated on a likert scale of 5 and analysed using the Relative Importance Index and result substantiated with the chi-square test of significance both at the 0.05% and 0.01% level of significance. The study advocated that mix of the plethoric of Departmental Stores (4.7917); Entertainment centres (4.6250); clothing foot wares and accessories (4.5833); Electronics and electrical appliances (4.4881); food and beverage (4.4583); food stuff (4.2381); Watches, jewellery and ornament (4.1904); and Financial Services (4.0000) will be best suited as anchor tenants in the study area.
Resilient Design Strategy: Engaging Amphibious Structures to Combat Flood in the Development of an Internally Displaced Persons Settlement Scheme in Nigeria
Authors: Sholanke A. B. , Chilaka D. A. , Oti M. A. , Nelson S. A. , Nnatuanya M. C. , Udezi B. E. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Flooding is a natural disaster that has been on the increase in many parts of the world. In the last two decades, this unforeseen destructive occurrence has led to the loss of millions of lives and properties valued at millions of dollars in many countries, including Nigeria. Though several attempts have been advanced as possible solutions to help curb the devastating consequences of flooding in the past, many of the solutions have proven not to be as effective as expected. This paper, examined the potentials amphibious structures present as a resilient strategy to combat flood, to develop an architectural design proposal of a sustainable Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) settlement, that can withstand the peculiar challenges caused by flooding in Nigeria. The study adopted qualitative research approaches. Data consulted to develop the design proposal were assembled through random search of the internet from archival documents related to the subject and the data were analysed by thematic textual analysis. The findings were presented with texts, architectural two-dimensional and 3-dimensional drawings, tables and plates. Useful information from the analysed data became the conceptual framework on which the scheme was developed. The outcome of the study is the development of an architectural design scheme that utilised a combination of amphibious structures strategy and simple sustainable innovative design measures to proffer solution to an environmental problem, as well as the peculiar social, cultural and religious issues associated with the study area. The conceptual base on which the model was developed is for the settlement to co-exist with flood, rather than the common concept of resisting flood. Though the design was developed for a location in Girei, Adamawa State in the Northern part of Nigeria, the scheme is a useful guide for designing settlements and addressing issues in flood-prone areas in other parts of the globe, as well as a valuable educational material on issues pertaining to the development of settlements in flood-prone areas.
Promoting Green Urbanism in Nigerian Purlieus as Therapy for Psychological Wellbeing/Health
Authors: Ekhaese E N , Adejuwon G A , Evbuoma I K 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Green urbanism highlight on reducing unforeseen dangers to human wellbeing through exposure to various environmental hazards, poor living conditions and other challenges associated with purlieus. This paper examined the influence of green urbanism on psychological wellbeing (physical symptoms and positive functioning) of residents in urban sprawls. Participants were 240 residents of purlieus’ in Ota, Ogun, Nigeria randomly selected to participate in the study. They completed standardized questionnaires which measured demographic variables, Physical symptoms and Positive Functioning. Data analysis was done using inferential statistics. Findings indicated that Physical Symptoms (PS) means score was found to increase as number of children in the family increases. Positive functioning (PF), among the participants were found to decrease as the number of children in the families increases. Physical symptoms (PS) increases as the length of stay in the houses increases among the participants while Positive functioning (PF) was found to be decreasing. Most of the houses were constructed in the 2000s yet they do not meet the standard practice in sustainable buildings. The poorly built houses are situated in unhygienic environment where basic amenities are unavailable. The implication of this is that the occupants of these building are prone to high level of physical symptoms such as stomach upset, headache, backache, have trouble sleeping, diarrhea, dizziness, tiredness and fatigue. The result of the study has addressed health related issues in built environment as well as showed that built environment should have an organic sustainable content (green living initiatives) for healthy living and psychological wellbeing.