bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity of the stress field of the proximal femur predicted by CT‐based FE analysis to modeling uncertainties
Authors: Youssefian Sina , Bressner Jarred A. , Osanov Mikhail , Guest James K. , Zbijewski Wojciech B. , Levin Adam S. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractProximal femur anatomy and bone mineral density vary widely among individuals, precluding the use of one predefined finite element (FE) model to determine the stress field for all proximal femurs. This variability poses a challenge in current prosthetic hip design approach. Given the numerous options for generating computed tomography (CT)‐based FE models, selecting the best methods for defining the mechanical behavior of the proximal femur is difficult. In this study, a combination of computational and experimental approaches was used to explore the susceptibility of the predicted stress field of the proximal femur to different combinations of density–elasticity relationships, element type, element size, and calibration error. Our results suggest that FE models with first‐order voxelized elements generated by the Keyak and Falkinstein density–elasticity relationship or quadratic tetrahedral elements generated by the Morgan density–elasticity relationship lead to accurate estimations of the mechanical behavior of human femurs. Other combinations of element size, element type, and mathematical relationships produce less accurate results, especially in the cortical bone of the femoral neck and calcar region. The voxelized model was more susceptible to variation of element size and density–elasticity relationships than FE models with quadratic tetrahedral elements. Regardless of element type, the stress fields predicted by the Keyak and Falkinstein and the Morgan relationships were the most robust to calibration error when deriving material density from CT‐generated Hounsfield data. These results provide insight into the implementation of a robust platform for designing patient‐specific implants capable of maintaining or modifying the stress in bones.
Computational modeling, fabrication, and characterization of the deep eutectic solvent‐based green molecular cage for selective metronidazole extraction from plasma followed by UHPLC with diode array detector determination
Authors: Sanjari Raheleh , Kazemipour Maryam , Zeidabadinejad Leila , Ansari Mehdi 
Published: July 2021

AbstractFour ternary deep eutectic solvents were computationally designed and synthesized, being used as candidate functional monomers in metronidazole molecular imprinting polymer synthesis, allowing selective extraction and determination by ultra high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection. In terms of metronidazole selective extraction, the best results were obtained by (deep eutectic solvent)2:(ethylene glycol dimethacrylate)11, in which deep eutectic solvent is the functional monomer constructed by combining three components in 6:6:2 ratios of choline chloride:ethylene glycol:methacrylic acid. The effects of different parameters on molecular imprinted solid‐phase extraction of metronidazole were thoroughly explored through screening design and response surface methodology. The adsorption mechanism findings show that the adsorption data are primarily fitted on the Freundlich model based on higher correlation coefficient. Kinetic experiments have shown that the mechanism of adsorption fits the pseudo‐second‐order model. The best extraction recovery (96.5%) was obtained in 25‐min elution time, desorption temperature of 40°C, and 1.0 mL ACN as eluent. Metronidazole was measured by a validated ultra high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection method. The calibration of the method was linear in the range of 0.1–10 μg/mL with limits of detection and quantification of 0.03 and 0.1 μg/mL, respectively. The method was successfully applied for the determination of metronidazole in human plasma.
Kinetics and mechanism of self‐decomposition/reduction of oxo bis (peroxo) pyridine chromium(VI) in nonaqueous solvents
Authors: Toofan Jahansooz , Vessal Behnam 
Published: July 2021

AbstractKinetics of oxidation of phenylmethanol, as a model by the oxo bis (peroxo) pyridine chromium(VI), OPPC, has been studied in different nonaqueous solvents. Decomposition of oxidant in solvents is studied and explained. The probable mechanism of the reaction is expounded and is related to the kinetics data. Furthermore, the data show a hydride abstraction by η2‐peroxo, forming a terminal oxo plus hydroxo ligand. The effects of solvent dielectric constant on the reaction rates are then considered. A formal potential (0.87 V) decomposition of OPPC on the Pt electrode is measured, which is accompanied by a one‐electron transition in determining the reaction. In addition, thermodynamic parameters are calculated and discussed based upon the proposed reaction mechanism.
Trends and Health Care Outcomes Among Living Liver Donors: Are We Ready to Expand the Donor Pool With Living Liver Donations?
Authors: Jalil Sajid , Black Sylvester M. , Washburn Ken , Rangwani Neil , Hinton Alice , Kelly Sean G. , Conteh Lanla , Hanje James , Michaels Anthony , Mumtaz Khalid 
Published: July 2021

We studied the trends and various outcomes, including the readmission rates, health care utilization, and complications among living liver donors (LLDs) in the United States. We queried the National Database for data from 2010 to 2017 for all LLDs. The primary outcomes were 30‐day and 90‐day readmission rates. The secondary outcomes included health care use (length of stay [LOS], cost of care), index admission, and calendar‐year mortality. Logistic regression models were fit for various outcomes. A total of 1316 LLDs underwent hepatectomy during the study period. The median donor age was 35.0 years (interquartile range, 27.4‐43.6), and donors were predominantly women (54.2%). The trend of LLD surgeries remained stable at large medical centers (85.3%). The 30‐day and 90‐day readmission rates were low at 5% and 5.9%, respectively. Older age (50 years and older; 8%; confidence interval [CI], 0.6%‐15.9%; P = 0.03) and hepatectomy at small to medium‐sized hospitals were associated with increased index LOS (13.4%; 95% CI, 3.1%‐24.7%; P = 0.01). Moreover, older age of donor (−11.3%; 95% CI, −20.3% to −1.4%; P = 0.03), Elixhauser score ≥3 (17%; 95% CI, 1.2%‐35.3%; P = 0.03), and Medicaid insurance (24.5%; 95% CI, 1.2%‐53.1%; P = 0.04) were also associated with increased cost. The overall rate of any complications during index admission was 42.8%. Male sex (odds ratio [OR], 1.63; 95% CI, 1.19‐2.23) was an independent predictor of post‐LLD complications. There was no index admission or calendar‐year mortality reported during the study period. This is the largest national report of LLDs to date, showing that the trend of LLD surgeries is stable in the United States. With established safety, fewer complications, and less health care utilization, LLDs can be a potential source of continuation of liver transplantation in the context of changing liver allocation policies in the United States.
The multifaceted involvement of exosomes in tumor progression: Induction and inhibition
Authors: Gu Wen‐Jie , Shen Yi‐Wen , Zhang Li‐Jun , Zhang Hong , Nagle Dale G. , Luan Xin , Liu San‐Hong 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAs key performers in intercellular communication, exosomes released by tumor cells play an important role in cancer development, including angiogenesis, cancer‐associated fibroblasts activation, epithelial‐mesenchymal transformation (EMT), immune escape, and pre‐metastatic niche formation. Meanwhile, other cells in tumor microenvironment (TME) can secrete exosomes and facilitate tumor progression. Elucidating mechanisms regarding these processes may offer perspectives for exosome‐based antitumor strategies. In this review, we mainly introduce the versatile roles of tumor or stromal cell derived exosomes in cancer development, with a particular focus on the biological capabilities and functionalities of their diverse contents, such as miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs. The potential clinical application of exosomes as biomarkers in cancer diagnosis and prognosis is also discussed. Finally, the current antitumor strategies based on exosomes in immunotherapy and targeted delivery for chemotherapeutic or biological agents are summarized.
The feasibility of ultrasound‐assisted endovascular laser thrombolysis in an acute rabbit thrombosis model
Authors: Singh Rohit , Jo Janggun , Riegel Matthew , Forrest M. Laird , Yang Xinmai 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPurposeThis study aimed to test the feasibility of combined ultrasound and laser technique, namely, ultrasound‐assisted endovascular laser thrombolysis (USELT), for thrombolysis by conducting in vivo tests in a rabbit thrombosis model.Materials and methodsAn acute thrombus was created in the right jugular vein of rabbit and then was treated with ultrasound only, laser only, and USELT to dissolve the blood clot. A total of 20 rabbits were used. Out of which, the first three rabbits were used to titrate the laser and ultrasound parameters. Then, five rabbits were treated with ultrasound only, five rabbits were treated with laser only, and seven rabbits were treated with USELT. During USELT, 532‐nm laser pulses were delivered endovascularly directly to the clot through a fiber optic, and 0.5 MHz ultrasound pulses were applied noninvasively to the same region. A laser fluence of 4 to 12 mJ/cm2 and ultrasound amplitude of 1 to 2 MPa were used. Recanalization of the jugular vein was assessed by performing ultrasound Doppler imaging immediately after the treatment. The maximum blood flow speed after the treatment as compared to its value before the treatment was used to calculate the blood flow recovery in vessel.ResultsThe blood flow was fully recovered (100%) in three rabbits, partially recovered in two rabbits (more than 50% and less than 100%) with mean percentage recovery of 69.73% and poorly recovered in two rabbits (<50%) with mean percentage recovery of 6.2% in the USELT group. In contrast, the treatment group with ultrasound or laser alone did not show recanalization of vein in any case, all the five rabbits were poorly/not recovered with a mean percentage recovery of 0%.ConclusionsThe USELT technology was shown to effectively dissolve the blood clots in an acute rabbit jugular vein thrombosis model.
Design and characterization of a 3D‐printed axon‐mimetic phantom for diffusion MRI
Authors: Mushtaha Farah N. , Kuehn Tristan K. , El‐Deeb Omar , Rohani Seyed A. , Helpard Luke W. , Moore John , Ladak Hanif , Moehring Amanda , Baron Corey A. , Khan Ali R. 
Published: July 2021

PurposeTo introduce and characterize inexpensive and easily produced 3D‐printed axon‐mimetic diffusion MRI phantoms in terms of pore geometry and diffusion kurtosis imaging metrics.MethodsPhantoms were 3D‐printed with a composite printing material that, after the dissolution of the polyvinyl alcohol, exhibits microscopic fibrous pores. Confocal microscopy and synchrotron phase‐contrast micro‐CT imaging were performed to visualize and assess the pore sizes. Diffusion MRI scans of four identical phantoms and phantoms with varying print parameters in water were performed at 9.4 T. Diffusion kurtosis imaging was fit to both data sets and used to assess the reproducibility between phantoms and effects of print parameters on diffusion kurtosis imaging metrics. Identical scans were performed 25 and 76 days later, to test their stability.ResultsSegmentation of pores in three microscopy images yielded a mean, median, and SD of equivalent pore diameters of 7.57 μm, 3.51 μm, and 12.13 μm, respectively. Phantoms had T1/T2 = 2 seconds/180 ms, and those with identical parameters showed a low coefficient of variation (~10%) in mean diffusivity (1.38 × 10−3 mm2/s) and kurtosis (0.52) metrics and radial diffusivity (1.01 × 10−3 mm2/s) and kurtosis (1.13) metrics.Printing temperature and speed had a small effect on diffusion kurtosis imaging metrics (< 16%), whereas infill density had a larger and more variable effect (> 16%). The stability analysis showed small changes over 2.5 months (< 7%).ConclusionThree‐dimension‐printed axon‐mimetic phantoms can mimic the fibrous structure of axon bundles on a microscopic scale, serving as complex, anisotropic diffusion MRI phantoms.
Selbst messen und Versuche digital auswerten
Authors: Gräb Patrick , Kahre Maurice , Woßmann Peter , Geidel Ekkehard 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAn den Minicomputer Raspberry Pi lassen sich Geräte wie ein dispersives Vis‐Spektrometer oder eine Wärmebildkamera anschließen. Damit sind in Schulunterricht und Hochschulpraktikum physikochemische Experimente ohne teure Ausstattung machbar.
Branchenbilanzen: Kunst‐, Wirk‐ und Düngestoffe
Authors: Bulmahn Maren 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIm Jahr 2020 haben Branchen wie Biotech, Pharma und Waschmittel im Durchschnitt mehr umgesetzt als im Jahr zuvor. Viele Chemiefirmen haben dagegen Verluste gemacht. In allen Bilanzen einzelner Unternehmen nehmen Nachhaltigkeitsziele großen Raum ein.
Die neue mRNA‐Medizin
Authors: Groß Michael 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDer Erfolg der mRNA‐Impfstoffe gegen Covid‐19 dürfte auch die Einführung anderer Therapien beschleunigen, die auf Boten‐RNA basieren. Unternehmen wie Curevac, Biontech und Moderna arbeiteten bereits Jahre vor der Pandemie an solchen Therapien. Diese eignen sich prinzipiell für zahllose medizinische Anwendungen, doch Krebs, Lebererkrankungen und multiple Sklerose zählen zu den vorrangigen Zielen.
Ein Weg zur Lösung des kosmischen Antimaterie‐Rätsels?
Authors: Bison Georg , Ries Dieter , Schmidt‐Wellenburg Philipp 
Published: July 2021

ZusammenfassungWarum blieb nach dem Urknall nur Materie übrig? Dies ist eine der großen ungelösten Fragen der Physik. Eine mutmaßliche Ursache könnte eine starke Verletzung der sogenannten CP‐Symmetrie gewesen sein. Nach allgemeinen Prinzipien der Teilchenphysik müsste diese allerdings zu einem messbaren elektrischen Dipolmoment (EDM) von Elementarteilchen führen. Neutronen sind für die Suche nach EDMs besonders gut geeignet. Neue präzisere Daten lieferte jetzt das nEDM‐Experiment am Paul Scherrer Institut. Es senkte den Grenzwert für ein EDM von Neutronen erheblich. Der neue Messwert verschärft somit die Bedingungen für neue Theorien, die das Standardmodell erweitern. Der im Aufbau befindliche Nachfolger n2EDM soll 2022 in Betrieb gehen und als Ziel das Neutronen‐EDM zehnfach genauer bestimmen.
Vaccine‐induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia after vaccination against Covid‐19: A clinical dilemma for clinicians and patients
Authors: Mohseni Afshar Zeinab , Babazadeh Arefeh , Janbakhsh Alireza , Afsharian Mandana , Saleki Kiarash , Barary Mohammad , Ebrahimpour Soheil 
Published: July 2021

SummaryThe coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid‐19) pandemic has had devastating effects on public health worldwide, but the deployment of vaccines for Covid‐19 protection has helped control the spread of SARS Coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection where they are available. The common side effects reported following Covid‐19 vaccination were mostly self‐restricted local reactions that resolved quickly. Nevertheless, rare vaccine‐induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) cases have been reported in some people being vaccinated against Covid‐19. This review summarizes the thromboembolic events after Covid‐19 vaccination and discusses its molecular mechanism, incidence rate, clinical manifestations and differential diagnosis. Then, a step‐by‐step algorithm for diagnosing such events, along with a management plan, are presented. In conclusion, considering the likeliness of acquiring severe SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and its subsequent morbidity and mortality, the benefits of vaccination outweigh its risks. Hence, if not already initiated, all governments should begin an effective and fast public vaccination plan to overcome this pandemic.
Dynamic learning control design for interval type‐2 fuzzy singularly perturbed systems: A component‐based event‐triggering protocol
Authors: Yang Yekai , Niu Yugang , Reza Karimi Hamid 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn this work, the sliding mode control (SMC) problem is addressed for the discrete‐time interval type‐2 fuzzy singularly perturbed systems. A component‐based dynamic event‐triggering scheme is first proposed to determine the transmission of each measurement component according to the prespecified triggering condition, under which each sensor node will transmit independently its signal to the controller. Meanwhile, the SMC approach is used to design an effective interval‐type‐2 fuzzy controller by only utilizing the transmitted component signals, and the ‐independent conditions are developed to attain the stability of the closed‐loop system and the reachability of the sliding domain. In addition, a framework of the optimization control design is established, where the learning‐based iterative optimization algorithm is proposed via reducing the convergence domain around the sliding surface. Finally, the proposed SMC scheme is verified via the simulation results.
Phosphorus Ester Containing Mesoporous Silica as Novel High‐Effective Flame Retardant in Polyurethane and Polyester Coatings
Authors: Aytan Emre , Aytan Tuğçe Akbal , Kahraman Memet Vezir 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn this study mesoporous silica spheres (MPSs) and polyphosphoric acid based organophosphate ester flame retardant (FR material) material were synthesized and flame retardancy performance in acrylate‐based polyurethanes (PUR) and polyester (PET) resins investigated. For this, both MPSs and FR material were synthesized according to literature and FR material was loaded into MPSs which takes the role of carrier. Loaded MPSs were put into UV curable PUR and PET resins and polymerized under UV radiation. Their characteristics were investigated by FT‐IR, TGA, LOI, SEM and TEM. The results showed that FR material had excellent flame‐retardant abilities for both PUR and PET series. The TGA curves suggested that synthesized FR material shows lower thermal stability at low temperatures than original materials however it showed good ability of char formation at higher temperatures, therefore improving the flame retardant property of samples. Moreover the LOI analysis showed that flame retardancy properties were improved significantly. The additive increased the LOI value from 20,5 and 21 to 26,5 and 27.
Layer‐by‐Layer Assembly of Strong Thin Films with High Lithium Ion Conductance for Batteries and Beyond
Authors: Wang Zhen , Ouyang Liangqi , Li Hailong , Wågberg Lars , Hamedi Mahiar Max 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPolyethylene oxide (PEO) is one of the most widely used polymeric ion conductors which has the potential for a wide range of applications in energy storage. The enhancement of ionic conductivity of PEO‐based electrolytes is generally achieved by sacrificing the mechanical properties. Using layer‐by‐layer (LbL) self‐assembly with a nanoscale precision, mechanically strong and self‐healable PEO/polyacrylic acid composite thin films with a high Li+ conductivity of 2.3 ± 0.8 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 30 °C, and a strength of 3.7 MPa is prepared. These values make the LbL composite among the best recorded multifunctional solid electrolytes. The electrolyte thin film withstands at least 1000 cycles of striping/plating of Li at 0.05 mA cm−2. It is further shown that the LbL thin films can be used as separators for Li‐ion batteries to deliver a capacity of 116 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C in an all‐LbL‐assembled lithium iron phosphate/lithium titanate battery. Finally, it is demonstrated that the thin films can be used as ion‐conducting substrates for flexible electrochemical devices, including micro supercapacitors and electrochemical transistors.
Construction of Dual‐Site Atomically Dispersed Electrocatalysts with Ru‐C5 Single Atoms and Ru‐O4 Nanoclusters for Accelerated Alkali Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Cao Dong , Wang Jiayi , Xu Haoxiang , Cheng Daojian 
Published: July 2021

AbstractRationally integrating multi‐active sites into one ideal catalyst is an effective approach to accelerate multistep reactions by synergic catalysis. Herein, a universal and facile room temperature impregnation strategy is developed to construct Ru atomically dispersed catalyst (Ru ADC) with Ru‐C5 single atoms and Ru oxide nanoclusters (≈1.5 nm), which can also be extended to prepare Ir, Rh, Pt, Au, and Mo atomically dispersed catalysts (ADCs). It is found that the obtained Ru ADC largely boosts alkali hydrogen evolution by concerted catalysis between single atoms and sub‐nanoclusters, which only needs an overpotential of 18 mV at 10 mA cm−2. Further mechanistic studies reveal that Ru‐C5 single atoms and Ru oxide nanoclusters with Ru‐O4 configuration in one catalyst can synergically boost water molecule capture, water dissociation, and hydrogen release. This study opens up a simple method to synthesize dual‐site metal ADCs for synergic catalysis of typical multistep reactions.
Where Does Information Come From?: Visibility in Author’s Notes for Emergent Information Literacy
Authors: Mertens Gillian E. , Adams Brittany 
Published: July 2021

AbstractInformation literacy is a critical 21st‐century skill, yet young readers rarely have opportunities to consider where information comes from. In this Teaching Tip, the authors use author’s notes in nonfiction storybooks to promote student awareness of authorship. The author’s visibility in author’s notes varies along a continuum from invisible (authors discussing the subject of the text using third‐person pronouns) to visible (authors describing a personal relationship to the text). Using information literacy tenets to focus on how narrative nonfiction is created, this article highlights two specific examples of author’s notes, as well as pragmatic questions related to various levels of author visibility for teachers to ask as they support their students’ developing information literacy.
Extended genetic testing in fetuses with sonographic skeletal system abnormalities
Authors: Kucińska‐Chahwan A. , Roszkowski T. , Nowakowska B. , Geremek M. , Paczkowska M. , Bijok J. , Massalska D. 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACTObjectivesTo analyze genetic causes of skeletal system abnormalities diagnosed by prenatal sonography and to establish a diagnostic protocol with regard to extended genetic testing in this group of patients.MethodsThis prospective observational cohort study included all singleton pregnancies with a sonographic abnormality of the skeletal system evaluated in a single ultrasound department during a 1‐year period (2019). Fetuses underwent routine genetic testing by chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) supplemented with polyploidy testing, and those with either a normal result or an abnormal result not consistent with the observed phenotype underwent exome sequencing (ES). Interpretation of variants was discussed by a panel of specialists to identify pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants.ResultsThe study group comprised 55 fetuses. A chromosomal abnormality consistent with the observed phenotype was detected in 24 (43.6%) cases. After exclusions, 26 (47.3%) cases underwent further molecular testing by ES, of which 18 (69.2%) were classified as having abnormal ES results, thus increasing the diagnostic yield by a further 18 (32.7%) cases and giving an abnormal genetic test result in 42/55 (76.4%) fetuses overall. Pathogenic or likely pathogenic sequence variants in 14 different genes were detected across 18 fetuses. Seven genes are already listed in the International Skeletal Dysplasia Society Nosology and seven are not typically found to be causal for skeletal dysplasias and are not listed in the Nosology.ConclusionsIn fetuses with skeletal system anomalies, chromosomal abnormality was the most common genetic diagnosis. Exome sequencing increased the diagnostic yield over that of CMA and polyploidy testing. Fetuses with skeletal abnormalities should undergo extended genetic testing following routine testing, as many genetic anomalies responsible for skeletal defects may otherwise be missed. © 2021 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.