bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alternatives in Counterfactuals: What IsRightand What IsNot
Authors: Romoli Jacopo , Santorio Paolo , Wittenberg Eva 
Published: December 2021

AbstractClassical semantics for counterfactuals is based on a notion of minimal change: If ${\textsf {A}}$, would ${\textsf {C}}$ says that the worlds that make ${\textsf {A}}$ true and that are otherwise minimally different from the actual world are ${\textsf {C}}$-worlds. This semantics suffers from a well-known difficulty with disjunctive antecedents (see e.g. Alonso-Ovalle, 2009; Willer, 2018; Santorio, 2018, a.o.). In a recent study, Ciardelli, Zhang, and Champollion (Ciardelli et al., 2018b; henceforth, CZC) present new, related difficulties for the classical approach having to do with unpredicted differences between counterfactuals with De Morgan-equivalent antecedents, and related pattern of inferences. They propose a new semantics for counterfactuals, which builds on inquisitive semantics (see Ciardelli et al., 2018a) and gives up on minimal change. Building on this debate, we report on a series of experiments that investigate the role of overt negation in this data. Our results replicate CZC’s main effects, but they also indicate that those effects are linked to the presence of overt negation. We propose a novel account, based on three key assumptions: (i) the semantics for counterfactuals does involve a notion of minimal change, after all; (ii) the meanings of disjunction and negation are associated with alternatives, which interact with the meaning of counterfactuals; (iii) the alternatives generated by negation are partially determined by the question under discussion (QUD). We compare our account with other existing accounts, including CZC’s own proposal, as well as Schulz (2019) and Bar-Lev & Fox (2020) ones.
Comparisons and Intercorrelations of Physical Performance Variables of Operational Preparedness in Special Operations Forces
Authors: Ross Jeremy A , Winters Joshua D , Royer Scott D , Hoch Matthew C , Bergin Reiley , Morelli Nathan , Conley Caitlin , Sheppard Ryan L , Heebner Nicholas R 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Marine Forces Special Operations Command (MARSOC) deploys teams of operators (OP) and enablers (EN) to accomplish special operations missions. OP and EN are required to train and deploy together to accomplish these missions; however, they have different training and selection pipelines. Advanced strength and conditioning training strategies are applied to both OP and EN to enhance physical preparedness; however, it is unclear how the selection pipeline of these two personnel types affects overall physical preparedness and the relationships between performance variables. The purpose of this study is to gain a greater understanding of the relationships of a wide array of physical preparedness variables in OP and EN in an effort to streamline testing and training strategies.

Materials and Methods
For this study, 155 male (82 OP, 73 EN) MARSOC personnel (age: 29.5 ± 4.9 years, mass: 87.9 ± 11.1 kg, height: 1.79 ± 0.07 m) completed a physical preparedness assessment that included a DEXA assessment of body composition (BF%), 27.4 m sprint (30 yd), countermovement jump (VJ), 5–10–5 pro-agility (Agility), medicine ball toss (UBP), isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP), and a 30 second (AnC) and 5 minute (AC) non-motorized treadmill run. Independent samples t tests, Mann–Whitney U tests, and Spearman’s Rank correlations were used to compare variables between OP and EN.

Results
OP demonstrated greater VJ, UBP, IMTP, AnC, and AC (P &lt; 0.05); and significantly lower BF% and agility time (P &lt; 0.05). Measurements of mass, height, body mass index, and 30 yd were not significantly different (P &gt; 0.05). Weak to moderate correlations were seen between anthropometric and performance variables. OP and EN demonstrated similar correlations for most performance and anthropometric variables.

Conclusions
These results suggest that MARSOC OP demonstrate better physical preparedness over EN, while similar trends are observed between performance variables. Tests with moderate to high correlations may be removed from the protocol to account for testing time constraints. Height, weight, and BF% variables are poorly correlated with performance, particularly in OP, questioning their value in physical performance assessments in this population.
Physical Exercise as Treatment for PTSD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Björkman Frida , Ekblom Örjan 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a cluster of physical and psychiatric symptoms following military or civilian trauma. The effect of exercise on PTSD symptoms has previously been investigated in several studies. However, it has not been fully determined what type of exercise most impacts PTSD symptoms. The aim of the present study was to systematically review the effects of different types of exercise on PTSD symptom severity and symptoms of coexisting conditions in adults.

Materials and Methods
Electronic searches were conducted in the databases PubMed, APA PsycInfo, and SportDiscus, from database inception up until February 1, 2021. Inclusion criteria were randomized controlled trials published in English, participants having a PTSD diagnosis or clinically relevant symptoms, and participants randomly allocated to either a non-exercising control group or an exercise group. Data concerning the number of participants, age, exercise type and duration, PTSD symptom severity (primary outcome), and symptoms of coexisting conditions (secondary outcomes) were extracted. The subgroup analysis included high or low training dose, military trauma versus non-military trauma, the type of intervention (yoga versus other exercise), active or passive control condition, group training versus individual exercise, and study quality. The study quality and risk of bias were assessed using grading of recommendation assessment, development and evaluation (GRADE) guidelines. A meta-analysis was performed with a mixed-effects model and restricted maximum likelihood as model estimator, and effect size was calculated as the standardized difference in mean and 95% CI.

Results
Eleven studies were included in the present review. Results showed a main random effect of exercise intervention (0.46; 95% CI: 0.18 to 0.74) and a borderline significant interaction between more voluminous (&gt;20 hours in total) and less voluminous (≤20 hours in total) exercise interventions (P = .07). No significant findings from the subgroup analysis were reported. The secondary outcome analysis showed a small but significant effect of exercise on depressive symptoms (0.20, 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.38), and a larger effect on sleep (0.51, 95% CI: 0.29 to 0.73). For substance use (alcohol and drugs combined) and quality of life, we found significant effects of 0.52 (95% CI: 0.06 to 0.98) and 0.51 (95% CI: 0.34 to 0.69), respectively. No significant effect was found for anxiety (0.18, 95% CI: −0.15 to 0.51), and no sign of publication bias was found.

Conclusions
Exercise can be an effective addition to PTSD treatment, and greater amounts of exercise may provide more benefits. However, as there were no differences found between exercise type, possibly due to the inclusion of a low number of studies using different methodologies, further research should aim to investigate the optimal type, dose, and duration of activity that are most beneficial to persons with PTSD.
Bias in apparent dispersion measure due to de-magnification of plasma lensing on background radio sources
Authors: Er Xinzhong , Yu Jiangchuan , Rogers Adam , Liu Shihang , Mao Shude 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
The effect of ionized gas on the propagation of radio signals is known as plasma lensing. Unlike gravitational lensing, plasma lensing causes both magnification and strong de-magnification effects to background sources. We study the cross-section of plasma lensing for two density profiles, the Gaussian and power-law models. In general, the cross-section increases with the density gradient. Radio sources can be used to measure the free electron density along the line of sight. However, plasma lensing de-magnification causes an underestimate of the electron density. Such a bias increases with the electron density, and can be up to $\sim 15{{\ {\rm per \ cent}}}$ in the high density region. There is a large probability that high density clumps will be missed due to this bias. The magnification of plasma lensing can also change the luminosity function of the background sources. The number density of sources on both the high- and low-luminosity ends can be overestimated due to this biasing effect.
Orbit decay of 2–100 au planetary remnants around white dwarfs with no gravitational assistance from planets
Authors: Veras Dimitri , Birader Yusuf , Zaman Uwais 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
A widely held assumption is that each single white dwarf containing observable rocky debris requires the presence of at least one terrestrial or giant planet to have gravitationally perturbed the progenitor of the debris into the star. However, these planets could have been previously engulfed by the star or escaped the system, leaving behind asteroids, boulders, cobbles, pebbles, sand, and dust. These remaining small bodies could then persist throughout the host star’s evolution into a white dwarf at ≈2–100 au scales, and then be radiatively dragged into the white dwarf without the help of a planet. Here, we identify the parameter space and cooling ages for which this one metal-pollution mechanism is feasible by, for the first time, coupling Poynting–Robertson drag, the Yarkovsky effect, and the YORP effect solely from rapidly dimming white dwarf radiation. We find that this no-planet pollution scenario is efficient for remnant 10−5 to 10−4 m dust up to about 80 au, 10−4 to 10−3 m sand up to about 25 au, and 10−3 to 10−2 m small pebbles up to about 8 au, and perhaps 10−1 to 100 m small boulders up to tens of au. Further, young white dwarf radiation can spin-up large strengthless boulders with radii of 102–103 m to destruction, breaking them down into smaller fragments that then can be dragged towards the white dwarf. Our work hence introduces a planetless metal-pollution mechanism that may be active in some fraction of white dwarf planetary systems.
Tracking the orbit of unresolved subhaloes for semi-analytic models
Authors: Delfino Facundo M , Scóccola Claudia G , Cora Sofía A , Vega-Martínez Cristian A , Gargiulo Ignacio D 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACTWe present a model to track the orbital evolution of ‘unresolved subhaloes’ (USHs) in cosmological simulations. USHs are subhaloes that are no longer distinguished by halo finders as self-bound overdensities within their larger host system due to limited mass resolution. These subhaloes would host ‘orphan galaxies’ in semi-analytic models of galaxy formation and evolution (SAMs). Predicting the evolution of the phase-space components of USHs is crucial for the adequate modelling of environmental processes, interactions, and mergers implemented in SAMs that affect the baryonic properties of orphan satellites. Our model takes into account dynamical friction drag, mass-loss by tidal stripping and merger with the host halo, involving three free parameters. To calibrate this model, we consider two DM-only simulations of different mass resolution (MultiDark simulations). The simulation with higher mass resolution (smdpl; $m_{\rm DM} = 9.6 \times 10^7\, h^{-1}\, \mathrm{M_{\odot }}$) provides information about subhaloes that are not resolved in the lower mass resolution one (mdpl2; $m_{\rm DM} = 1.5 \times 10^9\, h^{-1}\, \mathrm{M_{\odot }}$); the orbit of those USHs is tracked by our model. We use as constraining functions the subhalo mass function (SHMF) and the two-point correlation function (2PCF) obtained from smdpl, being the latter a novel aspect of our approach. While the SHMF fails to put tight constraints on the efficiency of dynamical friction and the merger condition, the addition of clustering information helps us to specify the parameters of the model related to the spatial distribution of subhaloes. Our model allows to achieve good convergence between the results of simulations of different mass resolution, with a precision better than 10 per cent for both SHMF and 2PCF.
Observed structural parameters of EAGLE galaxies: reconciling the mass–size relation in simulations with local observations
Authors: de Graaff Anna , Trayford James , Franx Marijn , Schaller Matthieu , Schaye Joop , van der Wel Arjen 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
We use mock images of z = 0.1 galaxies in the 100 Mpc EAGLE simulation to establish the differences between the sizes and morphologies inferred from the stellar mass distributions and the optical light distributions. The optical, r-band images used were constructed with a radiative transfer method to account for the effects of dust, and we measure galaxy structural parameters by fitting Sérsic models to the images with galfit. We find that the derived half-light radii differ systematically from the stellar half-mass radii, as the r-band sizes are typically 0.1 dex larger, and can deviate by as much as ${\approx}0.5\,$ dex, depending on the dust attenuation and star formation activity, as well as the measurement method used. Consequently, we demonstrate that the r-band sizes significantly improve the agreement between the simulated and observed stellar mass–size relation: star-forming and quiescent galaxies in EAGLE are typically only slightly larger than observed (by 0.1 dex), and the slope and scatter of the local relation are reproduced well for both populations. Finally, we compare the obtained morphologies with measurements from the GAMA survey, finding that too few EAGLE galaxies have bulge-like light profiles (Sérsic indices of n ∼ 4). Despite the presence of a significant population of triaxial systems among the simulated galaxies, the surface brightness and stellar mass density profiles tend to be closer to exponential discs (n ∼ 1–2). Our results highlight the need to measure the sizes and morphologies of simulated galaxies using common observational methods in order to perform a meaningful comparison with observations.
Dwarf stellar haloes: a powerful probe of small-scale galaxy formation and the nature of dark matter
Authors: Deason Alis J , Bose Sownak , Fattahi Azadeh , Amorisco Nicola C , Hellwing Wojciech , Frenk Carlos S 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
We use N-body cosmological simulations and empirical galaxy models to study the merger history of dwarf-mass galaxies (with $M_{\rm halo}\sim 10^{10}\, \mathrm{M}_\odot$). Our input galaxy models describe the stellar mass–halo mass relation, and the galaxy occupation fraction. The number of major and minor mergers depends on the type of dark matter; in particular, minor mergers are greatly suppressed in warm dark matter models. In addition, the number of mergers that bring in stars is strongly dependent on the galaxy occupation model. For example, minor mergers are negligible for stellar halo growth in models with a high mass threshold for galaxy formation (i.e. $10^{9.3}\, \mathrm{M}_\odot$ at z = 0). Moreover, this threshold for galaxy formation can also determine the relative difference (if any) between the stellar haloes of satellite and field dwarfs. Using isolated simulations of dwarf–dwarf mergers, we show that the relative frequency of major and minor mergers predict very different stellar haloes: Typically, ‘intermediate’ dark matter merger ratios (∼1:5) maximize the growth of distant stellar haloes. We discuss the observability of dwarf stellar haloes and find that the surface brightness of these features are incredibly faint. However, when several dwarfs are stacked together, models that form particularly rich stellar haloes could be detectable. Finally, we show that stellar streams in the Galactic halo overlapping in phase space with known dwarf satellites are likely remnants of their stripped stellar haloes. The mere existence of dwarf stellar haloes can already put constraints on some small-scale models, and thus observational probes should be a high priority.
Physics of radio emission in the long-period pulsars
Authors: Jones P B 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
Recent multifrequency measurements of pulse widths W50 for the long-period pulsar J0250+5854 by Agar et al. provide a unique insight into the emission process owing to its small polar-cap radius. The frequency dependence of W50 can be simply understood as a consequence of the emitting plasma remaining under acceleration during the interval of radio emission. This is possible in a plasma of ions and protons but not in one of high-multiplicity electron–positron pairs. Extension of the model to the pulse profiles of the general pulsar population is considered briefly.
Landscape and Climatic Variations Shaped Secondary Contacts amid Barn Owls of the Western Palearctic
Authors: Cumer Tristan , Machado Ana Paula , Dumont Guillaume , Bontzorlos Vasileios , Ceccherelli Renato , Charter Motti , Dichmann Klaus , Kassinis Nicolaos , Lourenço Rui , Manzia Francesca , Martens Hans-Dieter , Prévost Laure , Rakovic Marko , Roque Inês , Siverio Felipe , Roulin Alexandre , Goudet Jérôme 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe combined actions of climatic variations and landscape barriers shape the history of natural populations. When organisms follow their shifting niches, obstacles in the landscape can lead to the splitting of populations, on which evolution will then act independently. When two such populations are reunited, secondary contact occurs in a broad range of admixture patterns, from narrow hybrid zones to the complete dissolution of lineages. A previous study suggested that barn owls colonized the Western Palearctic after the last glaciation in a ring-like fashion around the Mediterranean Sea, and conjectured an admixture zone in the Balkans. Here, we take advantage of whole-genome sequences of 94 individuals across the Western Palearctic to reveal the complex history of the species in the region using observational and modeling approaches. Even though our results confirm that two distinct lineages colonized the region, one in Europe and one in the Levant, they suggest that it predates the last glaciation and identify a secondary contact zone between the two in Anatolia. We also show that barn owls recolonized Europe after the glaciation from two distinct glacial refugia: a previously identified western one in Iberia and a new eastern one in Italy. Both glacial lineages now communicate via eastern Europe, in a wide and permeable contact zone. This complex history of populations enlightens the taxonomy of Tyto alba in the region, highlights the key role played by mountain ranges and large water bodies as barriers and illustrates the power of population genomics in uncovering intricate demographic patterns.
Clinical features of Behçet’s disease patients with joint symptoms in Japan: A national multicenter study
Authors: Tono Toshihiro , Kikuchi Hirotoshi , Sawada Tetsuji , Takeno Mitsuhiro , Nagafuchi Hiroko , Kirino Yohei , Tanaka Yoshiya , Yamaoka Kunihiro , Hirohata Shunsei 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT

Objectives
Approximately 30–60% of Behçet’s disease patients exhibit joint symptoms. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical characteristics of such patients in Japan.

Methods
This study retrospectively analyzed 151 Behçet’s disease patients with joint symptoms who had been treated at seven cooperative medical institutions from 2007 to 2017. We investigated their clinical characteristics and treatments.

Results
The most commonly affected joints were the knee, ankle, and proximal interphalangeal joints. Of the cases with pain and swelling, 18 of 293 joints (11 cases) displayed narrowing of the cleft or deformity by X-ray analysis. Improvement in their arthritis was observed in 80% of the patients who received steroids as initial treatment; however, the rate of improvement was lower in patients who had received prednisolone (PSL) at &lt;10 mg/day. The recurrence of joint symptoms was significantly less common in the colchicine group than in the PSL group.

Conclusions
These results suggest that PSL is effective for remission induction for the treatment of joint symptoms of Behçet’s disease. Additionally, colchicine is effective in preventing the recurrence of joint symptoms in Behçet’s disease. Furthermore, joint damages like joint space narrowing or with any deformity can often be observed in Behçet’s disease.
Effect of gait protocols and postoperative shoes on off-loading of forefoot in preoperative patients for forefoot disorders
Authors: Kasai Taro , Tsuji Marina , Takeda Ryutaro , Chang Song Ho , Anzai Emi , Nakajima Kanako , Tanaka Sakae , Ohta Yuji , Matsumoto Takumi 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT

Objectives
The purpose of this study was to clarify the effect of gait protocols and postoperative shoes on forefoot load in preoperative patients for forefoot disorders and compare footwear comfort between different types of postoperative shoes.

Methods
Fourteen subjects scheduled to undergo forefoot surgeries were recruited. The maximum force under the forefoot region was measured during 10 m straight walking in two gait patterns with six different shoe types. Visual analogue scale (VAS) scores for footwear comfort, subjective lower thigh pain, and electrical activities of lower thigh muscles were also evaluated.

Results
The body weight-normalized maximum force under the forefoot region significantly decreased in step-to gait compared to normal gait regardless of the shoe types used. Under the same gait condition, no significant difference was observed in the forefoot off-loading effect between the different shoe types used. Significantly worse VAS scores, significantly higher tibialis anterior muscle activities, and complaints of lower thigh pain were demonstrated in the gait with the reverse camber shoe.

Conclusions
Gait protocol of step-to gait had more forefoot off-loading effect than postoperative shoes. The forefoot off-loading effect did not differ among the postoperative shoes, suggesting that postoperative shoes can be selected with an emphasis on footwear comfort.
Challenges in diagnosing COVID-19 related disease in pediatric patients with rheumatic disease
Authors: Sener Seher , Basaran Ozge , Lacinel Gurlevik Sibel , Kaya Akca Ummusen , Atalay Erdal , Kasap Cuceoglu Muserref , Balik Zeynep , Batu Ezgi Deniz , Bilginer Yelda , Ozsurekci Yasemin , Ozen Seza 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT

Objectives
Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a rare but severe condition associated with coronavirus disease 2019. Here we aimed to raise awareness for the symptoms of MIS-C in patients with rheumatic diseases, emphasizing the challenges of the differential features.

Methods
We retrospectively evaluated the demographic and clinical characteristics, laboratory and imaging findings, treatments, and outcomes of six MIS-C patients with previous rheumatic disease.

Results
Three of the patients had familial Mediterranean fever (FMF), one had juvenile dermatomyositis, one had systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), and another patient had oligoarticular JIA. All FMF patients presented with fever and abdominal pain, two also had chest pain. The patient with systemic JIA presented with fever, rash, and myalgia. All patients had elevated inflammatory markers and high d-dimer levels. Chest imaging of two FMF patients showed infiltrations compatible with pneumonia. One FMF patient had mildly decreased systolic functions with a shortening fraction of 48% in his echocardiography. Intravenous immunoglobulin and methylprednisolone were administered to all patients. Anakinra was given to four patients.

Conclusions
Clinical and laboratory signs of MIS-C may overlap with the findings of various rheumatic diseases, and this may cause a delay in diagnosis.