bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Generation and Characterization of oscsn1 Mutants Reveal That OsCSN1 Regulate ABI5 Degradation In Seedling Growth
Authors: Han Shining , Liu Yanxi , Xu Miao , Gao Xiaowei , Zhang Chunyu , Chen Shuhua , Wu Ming , Guo Liquan 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In many developmental processes in plants, the COP9 signalosome (CSN) plays multiple effects. It is a complex composed of eight subunits CSN1 to CSN8, which is very conservative.The CSN1 acted in a network of signal transduction pathways critical for plant development. Although there are many studies on the CSN1 subunit in Arabidopsis, there are few studies on the CSN1 subunit in rice. We used CRISPR/Cas9 technology to edit the CSN1 subunit of Oryza sativa subsp. japonica (rice). We screened knockout mutants and then observed phenotypic changes of the mutants under different light conditions. Previous research demonstrated that atCSN1 promotes seed germination by regulating ABA effector ABI5. However, we found that this mechanism did not occur in rice. In the oscsn1 mutant, ABI5 protein was rapidly degraded at the seedling stage, and it did not show the displayed defects in degradation of ABI5. As a result, the mutants exhibited weak dormancy and the rapid growth phenotype of seedlings. Our observations demonstrate that osCSN1 plays a role in effecting growth and development by regulating protein turnover the ABA effector ABI5, but the direct the mechanism of their action and molecular targets are needed to explore.
Development of a local scour prediction model clustered by soil class
Authors: Annad M. , Lefkir A. , Mammar-kouadri M. , Bettahar I. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Several studies have been conducted to assess local scour formulas in order to select the most appropriate one. Confronted with the limits of the previous formulas, further studies have been performed to propose new local scour formulas. Generalizing a single scour formula, for all soil classes, seems approximate for such a complex phenomenon depending on several parameters and may eventually lead to considerable uncertainties in scour estimation. This study aims to propose several new scour formulas for different granulometric classes of the streambed by exploiting a large field database. The new scour formulas are based on multiple non-linear regression (MNLR) models. Supervised learning is used as an optimization tool to solve the hyper-parameters of each new equation by using the ‘Gradient Descent Algorithm’. The results show that the new formulas proposed in this study perform better than some other empirical formulas chosen for comparison. The results are presented as seven new formulas, as well as abacuses for the calculation of local scour by soil classes.
Building College Readiness: Theories and Practices
Authors: Wariyo L. G. , Asgedom A. 
Published: July 2021

The purpose of this study was to 1) explore theories and practices in building college readiness; 2) examine the Ethiopian college readiness policy and the Ethiopian preparatory for higher education curriculum through the lens of the theories and practices around the world.Materials and methods. To achieve these objectives, extant literature reviews were conducted. The international research databases such as Scimago Journal and Country Rank, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were used for the collection of the resources. Some local government reports and research findings were accessed in hard copy. The resources reviewed in this study consist of quantitative, qualitative, mixed-methods empirical research reports, and systematic reviews. This systematic review mainly focused on 1) searching for interventionist approaches, theories, and practices of building college readiness across k-12 education beyond the traditional school-based teaching and learning arena; 2) how the trends in building college readiness focused on narrowing the gap between theory and practices through student supports from early years of schooling as well as how the practices focused on managing and monitoring student learning outcomes effectively.Results. The review analysis shows that the current practice of building college readiness has spread its roots in societal and ecological grounds than ever before. For this reason, the traditional school-based college readiness building tends to be more supplemented by the advanced, research-oriented, and community-based, or ecologically grounded early support and monitoring of student progress. The Ethiopian college readiness curriculum, admission processes, and practices in teaching-learning are highly school-based and traditional compared to the contemporary practices of building college readiness around the world. The early warning and support systems are highly dependent on the teachers’ classroom tests and national assessments that are administered at some grade levels only.Conclusion. Building college readiness is a significant factor in promoting college success and higher education student learning outcomes. The contemporary college readiness and transition to higher education is highly affected by multiple personal and ecological factors, in addition to the traditional school, curriculum, and teachinglearning factors. Multiple community-based and research-oriented early interventions and support systems need to supplement the role of schooling in building college readiness. The curriculum and teaching-learning processes need to be rich enough in narrowing the gap between theories and practices. The teachers play a great role in building college readiness.
The Role of 4-Thiazolidinone Scaffold in Targeting Variable Biomarkers and Pathways Involving Cancer
Authors: Chawla Pooja , Negi Meenakshi , Faruk Abdul , Chawla Viney 
Published: July 2021

Background:
Cancer can be considered as a genetic as well as a metabolic disorder. The current cancer
treatment scenario looks like aggravating tumor cell metabolism, causing the disease to progress even with greater
intensity. The cancer therapy is restricted to the limitations of poor patient compliance due to toxicities to normal tissues
and multi-drug resistance development. There is an emerging need for cancer therapy to be more focused towards
better understanding of genetic, epigenetic and transcriptional changes resulting in cancer progression and their relationship
with treatment sensitivity.

Objective:
The 4-thiazolidinone nucleus possesses marked anticancer potential towards different biotargets, thus targeting
different cancer types like breast, prostate, lung, colorectal and colon cancers, renal cell adenocarcinomas and
gliomas. Therefore, conjugating the 4-thiazolidinone scaffold with other promising moieties or directing the therapy
towards targeted drug delivery systems like the use of nanocarrier systems, can provide the gateway for optimizing the
anticancer efficiency and minimizing the adverse effects and drug resistance development, thus providing stimulus for
personalized pharmacotherapy.

Methods:
An exhaustive literature survey has been done to give an insight into the anticancer potential of the 4-
thiazolidinone nucleus either alone or in conjugation with other active moieties, with the mechanisms involved in preventing
proliferation and metastasis of cancer covering a vast range of publications of repute.

Conclusion:
This review aims to summarise the work reported on anticancer activity of 4-thiazolidinone derivatives
covering various cancer biomarkers and pathways involved, citing the data from the year 2005 till now, which may be
beneficial to the researchers for future development of more efficient 4-thiazolidinone derivatives.
Gut Microbiota and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors-Based Immunotherapy
Authors: Tian Mingming , Zhang Si , Tseng Yujen , Shen Xizhong , Dong Ling , Xue Ruyi 
Published: July 2021

Abstract:
Application of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is a major breakthrough in the field of cancer therapy,
which has displayed tremendous potential in various types of malignancies. However, their response rates range widely
in different cancer types and a significant number of patients experience immune-related adverse effects (irAEs) induced
by these drugs, limiting the proportion of patients who can truly benefit from ICIs. Gut microbiota has gained
increasing attention due to its emerging role in regulating the immune system. In recent years, numerous studies have
shown that gut microbiota can modulate antitumor response, as well as decrease the risk of colitis due to ICIs in patients
receiving immunotherapy. The present review analyzed recent progress of relevant basic and clinical studies in
this area and explored new perspectives to enhance the efficacy of ICIs and alleviate associated irAEs via manipulation
of the gut microbiota.
Quantification of Flavonoids in Alpinia officinarum Hance. via HPLC and Evaluation
of its Cytotoxicity on Human Prostate Carcinoma (LNCaP) and Breast Carcinoma
(MCF-7) Cells
Authors: Kazemi Sohrab , Asadi Farideh , Barari Ladan , Morakabati Payam , Jahani Maryam , Kani Seyede Narges Mousavi , Soorani Farangiz , Kolangi Fatemeh , Memariani Zahra 
Published: July 2021

Background:
Various plant species have been shown to be effective in the prevention or adjuvant therapy of
cancer. Alpinia officinarum and its main phytochemicals have also been the subject of several studies for their anticancer
properties.

Objective:
The objective of this study is to analyze the extracts of A. officinarum to quantify flavonoids and to evaluate
the growth inhibitory effects of the extracts on MCF-7 and LNCaP cells.

Methods:
A. officinarum aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts were analyzed by using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
(HPLC) for the quantification of three flavonoid compounds. Then, MCF-7, LNCaP, and fibroblast cells
were treated with several concentrations (25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 μg/mL) of extracts (24, 48 and 72h). Cell viability
was assessed using an MTT assay. Flow cytometry was conducted to evaluate apoptosis.

Results:
Galangin and kaempferol (3.85 and 1.57 mg/g dry extract) were quantified, respectively, in hydroalcoholic
and aqueous extracts using a validated method. The hydroalcoholic extract significantly decreased the viability of
MCF-7 (IC50: 43.45μg/mL for 48 h) and LNCaP cells (IC50: 168 μg/mL for 48 h). The aqueous extract reduced cancer
cell viability by more than 50% only at 200 and 400 μg/mL (72 h). Treatment of primary fibroblasts with both
extracts showed no significant decrease in cell viability (25-100 μg/mL; 24 and 48h). The hydroalcoholic extract induced
a significant increase in apoptotic cells in both MCF-7 and LNCaP cells.

Conclusion:
Obtained results demonstrated the cytotoxicity of A. officinarum through apoptosis induction in two cancer
cell lines. Further investigations are required to determine the underlying apoptotic cell death mechanisms induced
by A. officinarum in cancerous cells.
Effects of Different Nitrogen and Sulfur Fertilizer Rates on Growth, Yield, Quality and Nutrient Uptake of Onion (Allium cepa L.) at Shewa Robit, North Shewa, Ethiopia
Authors: Tilahun Mandefro , Tena Wondwosen , Desta Bizuayehu 
Published: July 2021

Background:
Onion is one of the most important crops widely cultivated throughout the world, including Ethiopia. The production of onion is mainly affected by the inadequate application of inorganic fertilizer types and rates.

Objective:
A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of nitrogen and sulfur fertilizers on the growth, yield, quality, and nutrient uptake of onion at Shewa Robit in 2018/19 under irrigation.

Methods:
The experiment consisted of four nitrogen rates (100, 150, 200, and 250 kg N /ha) and five sulfur rates (0, 15, 30, 45, and 60kg S/ha). The treatments were laid out in a factorial arrangement with three replications using randomized complete block design (RCBD). Bombay Red was used as a testing onion variety.

Results:
The interaction effect of nitrogen and sulfur significantly increased plant height, leaf length, leaf diameter, leaf area index, neck diameter, shoot dry weight, bulb fresh weight and bulb dry weight, percent dry matter content, yield, and quality parameters. The application of 200kg N/ha and 45 kg S/ha resulted in the highest yield (42.6 t ha-1), the average weight of bulb (193.6g), and a marketable bulb (99.8%). The highest N uptake (243.3 kg ha-1) and S uptake (31.9kg ha-1) were obtained by the combined application of 200 kgN/ha and 45kg S/ha.

Conclusion:
The application of 200 kgN/ha and 45kgS/ha can be recommended for high yield and quality onion production in the study area.
Evaluation of the Structural Behaviour of a Unilateral External Fixator for Osteosynthesis
Authors: Terzini Mara , Sicuranza Simona , Alberghina Flavia , Ravera Laura , Aloj Domenico Costantino , Bignardi Cristina 
Published: July 2021

Background:
External fixation is an osteosynthesis technique particularly useful in trauma surgery and Damage Control Orthopedics (DCO). However, complications, such as pin loosening and pin tract infections, are fairly common. For reducing thermal damage and infection rates, monocortical pins have been proposed as an alternative to the most used bicortical pins. However, there is a lack of studies regarding their mechanical properties.

Objective:
The aim of the study is to assess the static and dynamic stability of a unilateral external fixator experimentally when applied through monocortical pins for the reduction of femur and tibia fractures.

Methods:
A modular unilateral external fixator was used and a total number of 6 pins were used per test. The static tests were performed in displacement control by applying a vertical displacement to the upper fixture at 1 mm/min until a tension load of 380 N was reached. The dynamic tests were performed by applying a sinusoidal displacement. During each test, forces and crosshead displacements were acquired. Two different stiffness indexes were assessed.

Results:

By comparing the two anatomic regions, it was found that the fixator behaves stiffer when mounted on the femur, regardless of the pins used, while stiffnesses comparable to the femur ones are reached by the tibia when 4 mm diameter pins are used. Static analysis revealed excellent fixator stability when implanted with 4 mm diameter monocortical pins on both anatomic regions. On the contrary, two tibia and one femur samples showed failures at the bone-pin interface when 3 mm diameter pins were used.

Conclusion:
Dynamic analysis showed no substantial difference between the tested configurations and confirmed the fixator's ability to sustain cyclic loading without further damage to the sample.
Social Exclusion and High-Speed Railways: Evidence from China
Authors: Azzouz Labib , Jack Anson 
Published: July 2021

Background:
Despite their economic, social, and environmental advantages, HSRs are associated with some negative social impacts and controversy about their equitability.

Gap:
Very few studies have explored the relationship between HSR and social exclusion.

Aims:
This paper examines the relationship between HSR and social exclusion, and it focuses on China as a case study.

Objectives:
The objectives of the study are as follows; to identify the most important and favourable factors for choosing HSR from passengers' perspective; to reveal issues and reasons that inhibit passengers from using HSR and limit their accessibility to the service, and to propose some solutions and interventions.

Methods:
The study utilizes an online survey comprising a set of stated preference and revealed preference questions. A total of 3655 responses were collected, of which 3353 responses were complete and useful.

Results:
A key finding is that comfort is proven to be the most favourable factor for using HSR, followed by travel time and reliability. Another finding is that the economic exclusion followed by the geographical exclusion is prevailing across different age and monthly income groups of non-HSR users. Those who have the lowest income and the elderly experience the strongest levels of economic exclusion. Moreover, physical, time-based, and fear-based exclusions are also notable.

Conclusion:
To create a modal shift from other modes to HSR and allow more groups to access the service, HSR should be competitive in terms of affordability and accessibility. Possible solutions and policy interventions that may help to tackle categories of social exclusion in China are presented.
M. Spaak et M. Harmel : Dix années de politique étrangère belge, deux hommes, une même politique
Authors: Desmedt Luc 
Published: July 2021

P.H. Spaak and P. Harmel originnally were differently indoctrinated. They had very little in common, except that they both were brilliant diplomats. In addition they had the ability to lead Belgiums foreign policy. But due to Belgiums international context, «The continuation» was the most characteristic guidline in both men's successive policy. Owing to the force of circumstances, it is certainly not paradoxical that Belgium's options in the field of foreign policy are in any case limited.
De discussies rond een legalisering van opzettelijke abortus
Authors: De Clercq Bertrand J. 
Published: July 2021

This article deals with the problems of abortion as a political issue, in the form represented in the two reports of the Belgian «National Commission for Ethical Problems» (Fall 1976). Both the «translation» of the political problem into a question to be handled by an «apolitical» commission on the level of scientific expertness, and the delivery of two mutually dissenting reports, are studied as a typical stage of the development of the political decision-making process in this matter and compared with similar evolutions in the neighbour countries (W.-Germany, France, the Netherlands). From a view point of political theory the main problem is the following : how a parliamentary democracy solves such a deap-seated confiict concerning the «basic values» of ethical order of society ? Elements of an answer can be gathered from a comparative analysis of the different positions and arguments in the two reports of the Ethical Commission.
La campagne en français
Authors: Thoveron Gabriel , Geerts Claude , Legros Michèle , Thoveron Jacqueline , Dartevelle Roseline , Nobre-Correia José Manuel 
Published: July 2021

The article represents a first approach of the campaign in the frenchspeakingradio and television. A thorough study will be done later.
The topics examined here are: the impact of the campaign on the people; the organization of the campaign in the radio and television and the presentation of the different broadcastings in the national and the regional campaign; the topics of the campaign through the political platforms, the debates between several parties and the questions asked by the audience; the personalities and «stars» during the campaign ; the audience and the campaign on RTL and in the press.
L'expérience des sections
Authors: Courtoy Claude 
Published: July 2021

In 1974 specialized chambers were introduced in Belgium as an attempt to improve the functioning of the Parliament.Only the Senate endeavoured to put info full practice the experiment of these chambers during the 1974/75 session. The attempt, though proved ephemeral : during the following session a deep cleavage was felt even among those who were initially its fervent advocates. Today, this experiment has been completely nipped in the bud. These chambers have proved inefficient; the goal proving neither attainable nor conclusive.It would appear, therefore, that the specialized chamber is merely a void concept which does not provide for a concrete application. This, at least, is the lesson to be drawn from the «sections» of the Belgian Senate.However, in the context of a reallocation of tasks between the Senate and the House of Representatives, such specialized chambers might prove useful.
Veranderingen in het Belgische partijenstelsel van 1945 tot 1980
Authors: Van Haegendoren Mieke 
Published: July 2021

The major changes in the Belgian partysystem occurred within the context of the rise of the welfare state. Most welfare provisions were subcontracted to the different «zuil» organisations, with their political parties functioning as masterorganisation.The contrasts between «catholic» Flanders and «red» Wallonia dominated the political agenda, and led up to the fractionalisation of the party-system. The political positions of the parties remained unchanged : ascendancy of the catholics, challenged by the socialists, with the liberals holding the balance, and communists and «federalist» parties beingback in opposition after a short period of governmental participation.Although party identification has shifted from ideological towards clientelist motives, the party preference of the electorate did not alter. The functions of parties did change : the power of mandatories decreased and parties increasingly control and even formulate public policy.Television has personalized political propaganda, which is, in between elections, professionally made by highly subsidized cultural masterorganisations. The costs of electoral propaganda, nowadays runned by commercial - advertising bureaus, have increased substantially. All this led to the decline of the propaganda by volunteers.
Morfologie van de uiterst-rechtse groeperingen in België
Authors: Verlinden Peter 
Published: July 2021

White a generally acknowledged definition of «right» and «extreme right» does not exist, an external definition was accepted, departing from what the most important authors accepted as being «right and extreme right wing groups» in Belgium.In Flandern the most important ones situate themselves within the «Flemish Movement», although being a small part of this Movement. These groupings are classified into three categories : groups oriented towards the Flemish-Nationalistic past, students- and youth-organizations, and the recently activist groups.In Brussels and Wallonia two initiatives delineate this political field : Le Nouvel Europe Magazine, a well distributed monthly magazine, and the Front de la Jeunesse, initially founded as the youth organization of the magazine.The relevance of these rather small groups must be seen on two levels : that of the global Belgian political context, and on the level of the political Flemish Movement. To analyse strictly the amount of that influence needs more than a systematic review of the groupings that operate on this specific political field in Belgium last year.
Les élections législatives du 8 novembre 1981 : Analyse des résultats
Authors: Fraeys William 
Published: July 2021

The general elections of november 1981 in Belgium showed the second most important change in party-vote since 1945. The non-voting is in the three regions slightly superior to the nonvoting at the 1978 elections, but considerably lower than the non-voting for the European Parliament.In contrast with the results of the public opinion polls, the number of blank and spoilt ballot papers shows a rather sharp decline compared with 1978. For the country taken as a whole, these votes totalled about 5 % less than at the time of the European election.The election trends are very much alike in the three regions of the country : a considerable loss by the Christian Democrats, a quasi status quo for the Socialists, a gain by the Liberals and the UDRT-RAD (Democratic Union for Respect of Work), a Communist loss, a very heavy defeat by the French-speaking nationalist parties contrasting with the ahead movement of the Volksunie (Flemish federalists), this being the only «reversed» trend according to the regions, and at last a significant breakthrough of the «green» lists.The parties of the outgoing coalition have been «punished» by the electorate; together they lost 10.11 % of the valid votes. The loss, however, has been suffered almost entirely by the Christian Democrats.