bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GIS and geographical analysis of the main harbors in the world
Authors: Valjarević Aleksandar , Radovanović Dragan , Šoškić Svetislav , Bačević Nikola , Milentijević Nikola , Golijanin Jelena , Ivanović Marko 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This paper points out the possibilities of better exploitation of marine traffic as well as its connection with other kinds of traffic. Special attention is given to the analysis of 1,081 harbors about their availability during the year. The methods and algorithms used in GIS are buffers, cluster, method of interpolations, and network analysis. The methods used for the purpose of conducting numerical analyses are algorithms that served for the analysis of the network, its transport features, and the connectivity with harbors in terms of geospace. The main results found in this research showed that harbors have good connectivity in the first place with road traffic and after that with air and railroad traffic. According to data from 2019, all traffic lines cover 4.1 × 1015 km, and the road traffic has the most significant potential in connection with the harbors. The most connected harbors and airports are in the east coast of North America, west coast, north Europe, southern Europe, south-east Australia, a central part of Oceania, and south-east Africa. The results in the modified Likert scale between airports and harbors showed medium results. The densest road network is located in the eastern part of USA, western and central part of Europe, and east coast of China. The number of possible connected lines between main road nodes and harbors is 0.8 × 109. This type of traffic showed excellent results and connection with harbors. The number of possible connected lines per month between railroads and harbors is 1.3 × 103. This type of traffic showed low connectivity with the harbors. In the end comparison of harbors with air, road and railroad networks were established. The geographical position of harbors was analyzed, and better understanding was performed on a global scale.
The Question of the Applicable Law in Cross-Border Claims on Product Liability: Reflections from India
Authors: Khanderia Saloni 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The blurring of international barriers has impacted the nature and complexity of tortious claims and, in particular, those concerning product liability. Products manufactured in one country are often sold or used in another State – and there is often a separation in time and space between the occurrence of the harmful behaviour the resultant injury. For this reason, countries across the globe have increasingly considered it inappropriate to subject such claims to the same mechanism to identify the governing law that applies to other tortious claims of different nature such as negligence, nuisance or defamation. The EU, the UK, Australia, Canada, and India’s BRICS partners – Russia and China – are examples of legal systems that have developed a special conflict of law rules on the applicable law in product liability claims. In contrast, the principles of Indian private international law do not contain any special rule. The applicable law is determined on the basis of a uniform principle that extends to all cross-border disputes on tort. The paper provides a critical evaluation of the mechanism to identify the applicable law in international disputes on product liability. It highlights the predicaments in extending the uniform rule to product liability claims and demonstrates how it debilitates access to justice and is not suitable for disputes that arise from accidents caused by products such as autonomous vehicles, which incorporate new technology. Consequently, the paper suggests workable solutions to develop the Indian conflict-of-law rules on the subject.
An estimative (warning) model for recognition of pandemic nature of virus infections
Authors: Kudryashov Nikolay A. , Chmykhov Mikhail , Vigdorowitsch Michael 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A simple SIS-type mathematical model of infection expansion is presented and analysed with focus on the case SARS-Cov-2. It takes into account two processes, namely, infection and recovery/decease characterised by two parameters in total: contact rate and recovery/decease rate. Its solution has a form of a quasi-logistic function for which we have introduced an infection index that, should it become negative, can also be considered as a recovery/decease index with decrease of infected down to zero. Based on the data from open sources for the SARS-Cov-2 pandemic, seasonal influenza epidemics and a pandemic in the fauna world, a threshold value of the infection index has been shown to exist above which an infection expansion pretends to be considered as pandemic. Lean (two-parameter) SIR models affined with the warning SIS model have been built. Their general solutions have been obtained, analysed and shown to be a priori structurally adjusted to the infectives’ peak in epidemiological data.
Is there a bilingual advantage? the effects of non-English language skills on occupational attainment among immigrants and natives
Authors: Ubalde Josep , Heyman Josiah 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
There is a considerable number of studies that analyze the benefits of language(s) in the labor market. It is a sensitive topic because of its relevance for language maintenance, and therefore, for the selective acculturation of immigrants in host societies. In this paper, the effect of non-English language fluency on the occupational attainment of immigrants and natives is analyzed, both in terms of occupational wages and socio-economic status. Results indicate that there is no advantage associated with non-English language fluency, either for natives or immigrants. Rather, a penalty for the specific case of Spanish fluency among immigrants was found. Three explanations from previous literature regarding the benefits of bilingualism in the labor market – human capital, devaluation and discrimination— are discussed in relation to the obtained results. The paper concludes with some recommendations about the recognition of language diversity in the labor market and policies aimed at the integrative acculturation of immigrants.
A Critique and Discussion of the View That Shi Miyuan Proposed the Five-Mountain, Ten-Monastery System
Authors: Jih-chang Lan 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
When Japan, during the Kamakura (1180-1333) and Muromachi (1336-1573) periods, imported Zen 禪 Buddhism from Song (960-1279) and Yuan (1279- 1368) China, it not only continually dispatched Zen monks on pilgrimages to China to seek materials for transmitting sectarian doctrine, but also introduced Zen temple architecture and monastic discipline to Japan, established the Five Mountain, Ten Monastery 五山十剎 system of government temples, and developed Five Mountain 五山 literature. This system of government temples is believed to have imitated the Song system of government temples of the same name. Moreover, it is the best example of Sino-Japanese cultural interaction in the field of Buddhism. In contrast with the ample materials we have on the operation of the Japanese system of the Five Mountain, Ten Monastery government temples, we lack sufficient materials to determine the time and impetus of the Song system of Five Mountain, Ten Monastery government temples and are at a loss to give a detailed accurate account of the Song system. Among the many views in circulation, the view most accepted by modern scholars is that Shi Miyuan 史彌遠 proposed to the court to establish this system of government temples during the reign of Emperor Ningzong (r. 1194-1224) of the Southern Song dynasty. But this theory comes down to us from Song Lian 宋濂 (1310-1381) of the early Ming dynasty, and no Song or Yuan sources mention this matter. Moreover, no Japanese Five Mountain Zen monks touch on this matter in any of their writings. Hence, whether Shi Miyuan actually proposed this system of government temples is a topic worth revisiting. This paper discusses whether Shi Miyuan proposed the Five Mountain, Ten Monastery system from the vantage point of materials related to Shi Miyuan and observations of Japanese Zen monks, and it reaches the conclusion that it is not credible that Shi Miyuan proposed the system to the court.
Effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic fields on flora and fauna, part 1. Rising ambient EMF levels in the environment
Authors: Levitt B. Blake , Lai Henry C. , Manville Albert M. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Ambient levels of electromagnetic fields (EMF) have risen sharply in the last 80 years, creating a novel energetic exposure that previously did not exist. Most recent decades have seen exponential increases in nearly all environments, including rural/remote areas and lower atmospheric regions. Because of unique physiologies, some species of flora and fauna are sensitive to exogenous EMF in ways that may surpass human reactivity. There is limited, but comprehensive, baseline data in the U.S. from the 1980s against which to compare significant new surveys from different countries. This now provides broader and more precise data on potential transient and chronic exposures to wildlife and habitats. Biological effects have been seen broadly across all taxa and frequencies at vanishingly low intensities comparable to today’s ambient exposures. Broad wildlife effects have been seen on orientation and migration, food finding, reproduction, mating, nest and den building, territorial maintenance and defense, and longevity and survivorship. Cyto- and geno-toxic effects have been observed. The above issues are explored in three consecutive parts: Part 1 questions today’s ambient EMF capabilities to adversely affect wildlife, with more urgency regarding 5G technologies. Part 2 explores natural and man-made fields, animal magnetoreception mechanisms, and pertinent studies to all wildlife kingdoms. Part 3 examines current exposure standards, applicable laws, and future directions. It is time to recognize ambient EMF as a novel form of pollution and develop rules at regulatory agencies that designate air as ‘habitat’ so EMF can be regulated like other pollutants. Wildlife loss is often unseen and undocumented until tipping points are reached. Long-term chronic low-level EMF exposure standards, which do not now exist, should be set accordingly for wildlife, and environmental laws should be strictly enforced.
Notes on the Orthography of the Shapira Manuscripts: The Forger’s Marks
Authors: Hendel Ronald 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The Shapira manuscripts, putatively precursors of Deuteronomy, have many indications of forgery, particularly in the orthography, which mixes the writing conventions of the Mesha stele and the Hebrew Bible. Notably, the consistent use of waw, instead of he, to mark final ō is an anachronism. These problems were not perceivable by the text’s nineteenth century critics (or its forgers), but in hindsight are clear marks of the forger’s art.
Structural, electric and dielectric properties of perovskite based nanoparticles for energy applications
Authors: Nazir Arif , Khalid Fraz , Rehman Shafiq ur , Sarwar Masood , Iqbal Munawar , Yaseen Muhammad , Iftikhar Khan Muhammad , Abbas Mazhar 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A nanocomposite electrode, obtained by combining two high performance perovskite materials, such as lanthanum strontium cobalt ferrite, La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3−δ (LSCF) and gadolinium doped ceria, Ce0.85Gd0.15O1.5 (GDC), were investigated as a promising cathode for moderate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). The synthesized material has good conductivity and catalytic performance. The purpose of this synthesis was to prepare a stable and highly performing nanocomposite cathode material. In this research work, LSCF and GDC were separately synthesized by co-precipitation and solid-state reaction method to gain a homogeneous perovskite phase. Varying concentrations of LSCF–GDC composite with GDC (10 wt.%, 20 wt.% and 30 wt.%) were synthesized followed by calcination at 600 °C to remove water content and to achieve an adequate porous structure for oxygen absorption and desorption. These fabricated LSCF, GDC, and the nanocomposite specimens were characterized for microstructure, particle size etc. via. X-ray diffraction method (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the laser particle size analyzer. This procedural approach helps to expand new methods for generating bi-functional duel nano-sized perovskites with great performance and stability which can be utilized for advancement of renewable energy sectors especially for rechargeable fuel batteries.
Fabrication and characterization of Fe2O3, Bi2O3 and BiFeO3 and evaluation of their photo catalytic performances on degradation of methylene blue dye
Authors: Akram Fiza , Saeed Muhammad , Akhtar Javaid , Raza Naqvi Syed Ali , Haq Atta ul 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This study reports the fabrication of Fe2O3, Bi2O3, and BiFeO3, characterization and evaluation of the photocatalytic performances for methylene blue dye degradation. The materials were synthesized by precipitation method and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-rays analyses, and Fourier transform infrared analyses. The photocatalytic activities of Fe2O3, Bi2O3, and BiFeO3 were compared by performing degradation experiments with 50 mL of 100 mg/L methylene blue solution. The as-prepared BiFeO3 was found as 2.4 times and 1.7 times more effective than Fe2O3 and Bi2O3, with a 79, 47, and 57% catalytic activity, respectively. The degradation of methylene blue over the BiFeO3 catalyst was optimized in terms of pH, catalyst dosage, temperature, and methylene blue concentration. The Eley–Rideal mechanism was proposed to describe the reaction kinetics in terms of the first order and second order kinetics model. Activation energy E (kJ/mol), enthalpy ΔH (kJ/mol), entropy ΔS (J/mol) and free energy ΔG (kJ/mol) were calculated as 20.8, 18.2, 197.5 and −45.3 respectively. The negative value of free energy shows that photodegradation is favored in present conditions.
The diagnostic accuracy of fine-needle aspiration cytology for thyroid nodules is not affected by coexistent chronic autoimmune thyroiditis: results from a cyto-histological series of patients with indeterminate cytology
Authors: Rotondi Mario , Molteni Martina , Cappelli Carlo , Croce Laura , Caputo Alessandro , Groppelli Gloria , Liboà Federico , Guazzoni Valeria , Villani Laura , Zeppa Pio , Chiovato Luca 
Published: May 2021

Objective
Indeterminate cytological result at fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) remains a clinical challenge for endocrinologists. Aim of the present study was to evaluate whether a coexistent chronic autoimmune thyroiditis (CAT) might affect the diagnostic accuracy of fine-needle aspiration cytology for thyroid nodules.

Design and methods
A retrospective cohort study was designed including all nodules receiving an indeterminate cytology result (TIR3A or TIR3B) undergoing thyroid surgery and subsequent histological confirmation. Patients were stratified into two groups according to the presence or absence of CAT. The hypothesis to be tested was whether follicular cell alterations induced by CAT might increase the rate of indeterminate cytological results in histologically benign thyroid nodules. Additional control groups were represented by nodules with determinate cytology, either benign (TIR 2) or malignant (TIR5).

Results
One hundred and eighty-nine indeterminate thyroid nodules were included (67 TIR3A and 122 TIR3B). At post-surgical histology, 46 nodules (24.3%) were malignant. No significant differences were observed in the rate of histologically proven malignancy between patients without CAT and patients with CAT in the TIR3B (29.4% vs 32.4%; P = 0.843) nor TIR3A (13.0% vs 11.4%; P = 1.000) nodules. The rate of coexistent CAT was similar between TIR3B and TIR5 nodules harboring PTC at histology (30.4% vs 39.4%, P = 0.491) and between indeterminate nodules and a control group of TIR2 nodules (39.2% vs 37.0%; P = 0.720).

Conclusions
The similar rates of histologically proven malignancy found in cytologically indeterminate nodules in the presence or absence of concomitant CAT would not support that CAT itself affects the diagnostic accuracy of fine-needle aspiration cytology.
Koronavírus és oktatáspolitika
Authors: Nahalka István 
Published: May 2021

Összefoglaló. A COVID–19-járvány számos nehezen megoldható feladatot
jelentett a magyar oktatásirányítás számára is. Ma még nem áll rendelkezésre
kellő mennyiségű konkrét ismeret annak eldöntésére, hogy a szigorúbb
intézkedések jelentősen hozzájárulnak-e a járvány hatásainak enyhítéséhez. Az
oktatás folyamatossága biztosításának legfontosabb feltétele, hogy az oktatási
rendszerben domináns szerepet játsszon a korszerű pedagógiai kultúra.
Magyarországon ez a feltétel nem áll rendelkezésre, ennek okait az
oktatáspolitikában kell keresni. Az esélyegyenlőtlenségek növekedése az egész
világon jelentős volt, így hazánkban is. Az iskolabezárások a hátrányos helyzetű
tanulók esetében okoztak jelentősebb tanulási elmaradásokat. Az
oktatáspolitikának és az oktatásirányításnak nem volt válasza erre a súlyos
problémára.
Summary. In the course of COVID-19 epidemic the Hungarian
educational government also had numerous challenges. Today we have not enough
concrete knowledge to say that hard measures are conductive to mitigate the
effects of the epidemic or not. The most important condition of the continuation
of education is the dominant role of the modern pedagogical culture in the
educational system. In Hungary this condition is not ready. The causes of this
situation we have to seek in the educational policy. The rising of inequality of
opportunity was appreciable on the whole World, in our country too. The closures
of schools caused more significant lagging in learning processes and outcomes in
the case of handicapped students. Educational policy and administration had no
any answer to this serious problem.
A koronavírus-válság hatása a felsőoktatásra
Authors: Hrubos Ildikó 
Published: May 2021

Összefoglaló. A tanulmány azokat a fontosabb kutatási eredményeket
foglalja össze, amelyek a koronajárvány kezdeti szakaszában születtek, és
nyilván jórészt mozaikszerű empirikus vizsgálódásokon alapulnak. A fő hangsúlya
azonban a várható következményekre kerül. Vajon mennyiben, milyen mértékben és
formákban szükséges és kívánatos a rendkívüli állapot körülményei között
bevezetett tanulási és tanítási formák fenntartása, azok továbbfejlesztése és a
jövőbeni gyakorlatba való – hosszabb távban gondolkodó – beépítése. Ez a
kutatási megközelítés kapcsolódik az utóbbi években kiemelten kezelt témához, a
tanulás és tanítás korszerűsítésének kérdéséhez, de túl is mutat azon. Ismét
élesen merül fel a felsőoktatás (és főleg az egyetem) létének kérdése európai és
globális színtéren egyaránt.
Summary. The study summarizes significant research results that were
born in the initial phase of the coronavirus and are clearly based mostly on
mosaic-type empirical surveys. However, they mainly emphasize the expected
consequences. In what ways, to what extent and in what forms is it necessary and
favourable to maintain the education methods introduced under the state of
emergency conditions, and to further develop them – considering the long term –
for integration into future practices. This research approach is connected to
the subject that has been highlighted in recent years, the matter of modernizing
learning and teaching, but points even beyond that. The question of the
existence of higher education (and mostly universities) in the European and
global arena sharply rises again.
Szülői segítségnyújtás a jelenléti és távolléti oktatás idején
Authors: Engler Ágnes , Markos Valéria , Dusa Ágnes Réka 
Published: May 2021

Összefoglaló. Tanulmányunk fókuszában a koronavírus során bevezetett
járványügyi intézkedések gyermekeket érintő kérdései állnak, a járványnak a
családok időgazdálkodásra való hatása és az otthoni tanulás, digitális átállás
nehézségei. Kutatásunkban egy telefonos kérdőíves lekérdezésen (CATI) alapuló
adatbázist használunk, melyet a járvány első hulláma idején készítettek, 2020
áprilisában a Kopp Mária Intézet megbízásából (N = 1000).
Vizsgáljuk, hogy mi befolyásolja az otthoni tanulást akkor, ha a szülőknek
esetleg a tananyag elsajátításában is segítséget kell nyújtaniuk. Eredményeink
szerint a családok többségének lehetősége és szándéka volt a közös tanulásra,
ennek mértékére és mikéntjére nem a megszokott társadalmi háttérváltozók mentén
találtunk különbségeket, hanem a családi kapcsolatok és az otthoni munkavégzés
kapcsán.
Summary. The focus of our study is on the issues of epidemiological
measures introduced during the coronavirus that affect children, the impact of
the pandemic on time management of families and the difficulties of home
learning and digital transition. In our research, we use a database based on a
telephone questionnaire (CATI), which was created during the first wave of the
pandemic, in April 2020 on behalf of the Mária Kopp Institute
(N = 1000). We examine what influences home learning when
parents may need to help with curriculum acquisition. According to our results,
the majority of families had the opportunity and intention to learn together,
and we did not find differences in the extent and manner of this along the usual
social background variables, but in relation to family relationships and working
from home.
Alsó tagozatosok kortárskapcsolatai az offline és online térben+
Authors: Károlyi Borbála , Fehérvári Anikó 
Published: May 2021

Összefoglaló. Az okoseszközök, az internet használata egyre
fiatalabb életkorban jelenik meg a gyermekek körében. Az online környezet
sajátosságairól, a szocializációra, valamint más tényezőkre gyakorolt negatív
hatásairól már számos kutatás számolt be, azonban a tanulók
kortárskapcsolatainak alakulásáról eddig kevés elemzés született. E pilotkutatás
felhívja a figyelmet az offline-online jelenlét, valamint a kortárskapcsolatok
összefüggéseire, az azzal járó lehetséges veszélyekre, melyek most különös
jelentőséggel bírnak, hiszen a digitális oktatás bevezetése óta még több
gyermeket érint az online jelenlét.
Summary. Nowadays, smart devices and the internet among children
appear at younger ages than they did a few years ago. The particularities of the
online environment, the social, and other negative effects are the topics of
several studies, but very few focused on these effects on students’
relationships. Our pilot-research highlights the connections between offline and
online relationships and the potential dangers caused by the online presence of
children at a young age, which is even relevant since the beginning of the
digital online education caused by the pandemic when even more primary-school
children joined the online platforms.
Additional records of the genus <i>Acropimpla townes </i> (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae) from Vietnam and an updated key to species
Authors: Nhi Pham Thi 
Published: May 2021

Two species of the genus Acropimpla, viz. A. bicarinata (Cameron) and A. uchidai (Cushman), are recorded for the first time from Vietnam. An updated, illustrated key to all eight Vietnamese species of Acropimpla is provided.