bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Examining socio-economic factors to understand the hospital case fatality rates of COVID-19 in the city of São Paulo, Brazil
Authors: Lorenz Camila , Bermudi Patricia Marques Moralejo , de Aguiar Breno Souza , Failla Marcelo Antunes , Toporcov Tatiana Natasha , Chiaravalloti-Neto Francisco , Barrozo Ligia Vizeu 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Understanding differences in hospital case fatality rates (HCFRs) of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may help evaluate its severity and the capacity of the healthcare system to reduce mortality.

Methods
We examined the variability in HCFRs of COVID-19 in relation to spatial inequalities in socio-economic factors, hospital health sector and patient medical condition across the city of São Paulo, Brazil. We obtained the standardized hospital case fatality ratio adjusted indirectly by age and sex, which is the ratio between the HCFR of a specific spatial unit and the HCFR for the entire study area. We modelled it using a generalized linear mixed model with spatial random effects in a Bayesian context.

Results
We found that HCFRs were higher for men and for individuals ≥60 y of age. Our models identified per capita income as a significant factor that is negatively associated with the HCFRs of COVID-19, even after adjusting for age, sex and presence of risk factors.

Conclusions
Spatial analyses of the implementation of these methods and of disparities in COVID-19 outcomes may help in the development of policies for at-risk populations in geographically defined areas.
Assessing gender differences among presumed and diagnosed patients with pulmonary TB: observations from Guinea-Bissau
Authors: Bohlbro Anders Solitander , Mendes Antonio Matteus , Sifna Armando , Patsche Cecilie Blenstrup , Gomes Victor , Wejse Christian , Rudolf Frauke 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundGlobally, more males than females are diagnosed with pulmonary TB (PTB); however, the cause of this gender disparity remains unknown. We aimed to assess gender differences in an observational cohort of patients with presumed PTB (prePTB) at the Bandim Health Project, Guinea-Bissau.MethodsAdult patients with signs and symptoms suggestive of PTB seeking medical care were invited to participate and were referred to comprehensive diagnostic work-up.ResultsWe included 2020 patients with prePTB; 54.6% were female. Females were younger than males and more often infected with HIV. More male patients with prePTB were diagnosed with PTB and the proportion of smear-positive cases was greater among males. There was no gender difference in loss to follow-up during the diagnostic process. Of 219 patients with PTB, 205 started treatment, with no difference between genders regarding pretreatment loss to follow-up or treatment outcome.ConclusionsMore women sought help for symptoms indicative of PTB, yet more men were diagnosed. Women did not have more clinically severe disease at presentation, did not drop out of diagnostic procedures more frequently and did not experience a worse outcome than men. This suggests that the gender gap in PTB is unlikely to be due solely to differences in care-seeking behaviour or diagnostic procedures in our setting.
Rater Attributions of Malfunctions in Videoconference Interviews
Authors: White Jerod C , Behrend Tara S 
Published: September 2021

AbstractVirtual interviews have become ubiquitous, yet research on the psychological effects of their technological characteristics remains sparse. Many practitioners caution that malfunctions that commonly occur during interviews may negatively influence interviewers’ perceptions of an applicant. This concern is heightened for some groups of applicants, particularly those of certain age groups. Age stereotypes characterize older adults as technologically inept, and per the similarity effect, the dual ages of an applicant and an interviewer likely influence an interviewer’s attributions of a technology malfunction. We explored these propositions by investigating the effects that one such malfunction, an echo, has on raters. This experiment used a 2 (younger applicant vs. older applicant) × 2 (younger rater vs. older rater) × 3 (no echo vs. minor echo vs. severe echo) between-subject design to test hypotheses. Results showed that raters generally made situational attributions of malfunctions. Raters blamed the echo on older applicants slightly more than younger applicants, but attributions did not predict perceptions of interview performance, decisions to hire, or salary recommendations. Malfunctions and age similarity were generally not related to hiring outcomes. These findings advance theories surrounding attributions and age biases while offering no clear evidence that specific age groups are at a disadvantage in virtual interviews.
Organizational Response to Workforce Aging: Tensions in Human Capital Perspectives
Authors: Berg Peter , Piszczek Matthew M 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe proportion of older workers in the labor force is increasing. While much research over recent decades has suggested that this will create significant challenges for organizations, current evidence suggests that age-related human resource management practices are rare. Using a grounded theory approach, we examine why organizations are not adopting formal practices and what they are doing instead of using data from 43 interviews and focus groups within eight German and U.S. manufacturing facilities in 3 organizations. We find significant tension between perceptions of aging’s impact by top managers and unit supervisors. Lacking top-level formal support for age-related initiatives, our evidence shows supervisors adopting more informal, unit-level responses that do not require significant reorganization of work, masking the impact of workforce aging to top leaders. We also develop a typology of practices used to respond to workforce aging based on their effects on human capital flows in and out of the organization. Finally, we find that while aging is assessed similarly in the U.S. and Germany, German firms have greater flexibility and more formal practice options in their response due to employee relations systems, working time arrangements, and human resource planning systems which pressure organizations more to adopt formal practices. Our results inform a human capital perspective of the organizational response to workforce aging.
Macroecology of Southern Ocean benthic Ostracoda (Crustacea) from the continental margin and abyss
Authors: Brandão Simone N , Saeedi Hanieh , Brandt Angelika 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe Southern Ocean (SO) is the least understood environment on earth, but anthropogenic impacts related to climate change, fishing activities and tourism are already well-established in the region. Herein, we investigate biodiversity patterns in the Atlantic Sector of the SO by investigating a considerable number of samples collected from a wide depth range (89–6224 m). Three topics are addressed: (1) which taxa occur in the SO; (2) if there are distinct shelf, slope and abyssal faunas; and (3) which abiotic parameters explain the ostracod assemblages. We also tested putative ecological preferences of ostracod genera, widely used in palaeoceanographical reconstruction. For this, almost 5000 living ostracods from 51 epibenthic sledge samples were identified to 140 species. Statistically significant differences were observed among the faunas from the shelf, slope and abyssal faunas, indicating that the shelf fauna survived in refugia during the glacial periods of the Quaternary. Our analyses showed that the main variables influencing ostracod distribution is depth, followed by nitrate and phosphate. Temperature, salinity and oxygen content do not seem to be as important as previously proposed. Putative ecological preferences of ostracod genera, for example, low oxygen for Cytherella, could not be confirmed, suggesting that this topic requires further investigation.
Prepollex diversity and evolution in Cophomantini (Anura: Hylidae: Hylinae)
Authors: Pinheiro Paulo D P , Blotto Boris L , Ron Santiago R , Stanley Edward L , Garcia Paulo C A , Haddad Célio F B , Grant Taran , Faivovich Julián 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSeveral species of Cophomantini are known to have an enlarged prepollex, commonly modified as an osseous spine. We surveyed the osteology and myology of the prepollex and associated elements of 94 of the 190 species of Cophomantini, sampling all genera, except Nesorohyla. Two distinct prepollex morphologies were found: a blade-shaped and a spine-shaped morphology. We described the observed variation in 17 discrete characters to study their evolution in the most inclusive phylogenetic hypothesis for Cophomantini. Both morphologies evolved multiple times during the evolutionary history of this clade, but the origin of the spine-shaped distal prepollex in Boana and Bokermannohyla is ambiguous. The articulation of metacarpal II with the prepollex through a medial expansion of the metacarpal proximal epiphysis is a synapomorphy for Boana. The shape of the curve of the spine, and a large post-articular process of the distal prepollex, are synapomorphies for the Boana pulchella group, the latter being homoplastic in the Bokermannohyla martinsi group. Muscle character states associated with the spine-shaped prepollex are plesiomorphic for Cophomantini. We discuss evolution, function, behaviour and sexual dimorphism related to the prepollical elements. A bony spine is associated with fights between males, but forearm hypertrophy could be more related with habitat than with territorial combat.
A new multilocus phylogeny reveals overlooked diversity in African freshwater crabs (Brachyura: Potamoidea): a major revision with new higher taxa and genera
Authors: Cumberlidge FLS Neil , Daniels Savel R 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The taxonomy of 185 species of Afrotropical freshwater crabs is revised to conform to the updated phylogenetic relationships within this large assemblage, based on the largest taxonomic sampling to date (that includes almost all genera and 57% of the species). Four DNA loci were sequenced including three mitochondrial loci (COI, 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA) and one nuclear locus (histone 3), and evolutionary relationships were estimated using maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches. The divergence times of the major clades were estimated with a Yule tree prior and an uncorrelated lognormal relaxed molecular clock. The taxonomic acts proposed here include the recognition of two Afrotropical families of freshwater crabs (Potamonautidae and Deckeniidae) each with two subfamilies. In the revised Potamonautidae, three new tribes and three new genera (Maritimonautes gen. nov., Nesonautes gen. nov., Occidensonautes gen. nov.), are established, three previously published genera are revised and four subgenera are raised to genus (Arcopotamonautes, Lirrangopotamonautes, Longipotamonautes, Rotundopotamonautes). An updated species list and identification keys for the new taxa, revised distribution maps, digital images and illustrations of diagnostic characters are provided.
Mechanisms underlying host defense and disease pathology in response to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV2 infection: insights from inborn errors of immunity
Authors: Tangye Stuart G. , Bucciol Giorgia , Meyts Isabelle 
Published: September 2021

Purpose of review
The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronavirus 2 (CoV2)/COVID-19 pandemic has reminded us of the fundamental and nonredundant role played by the innate and adaptive immune systems in host defense against emerging pathogens. The study of rare ‘experiments of nature’ in the setting of inborn errors of immunity (IEI) caused by monogenic germline variants has revealed key insights into the molecular and cellular requirements for immune-mediated protection against infectious diseases. This review will provide an overview of the discoveries obtained from investigating severe COVID-19 in patients with defined IEI or otherwise healthy individuals.

Recent findings
Genetic, serological and cohort studies have provided key findings regarding host defense against SARS-CoV2 infection, and mechanisms of disease pathogenesis. Remarkably, the risk factors, severity of disease, and case fatality rate following SARS-CoV2 infection in patients with IEI were not too dissimilar to that observed for the general population. However, the type I interferon (IFN) signaling pathway – activated in innate immune cells in response to viral sensing – is critical for anti-SARS-CoV2 immunity. Indeed, genetic variants or autoAbs affecting type I IFN function account for up to 20% of all cases of life-threatening COVID-19.

Summary
The analysis of rare cases of severe COVID-19, coupled with assessing the impact of SARS-CoV2 infection in individuals with previously diagnosed IEI, has revealed fundamental aspects of human immunology, disease pathogenesis and immunopathology in the context of exposure to and infection with a novel pathogen. These findings can be leveraged to improve therapies for treating for emerging and established infectious diseases.
Effect of IV High-Dose Vitamin C on Mortality in Patients With Sepsis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials*
Authors: Sato Ryota , Hasegawa Daisuke , Prasitlumkum Narut , Ueoka Miki , Nishida Kazuki , Takahashi Kunihiko , Nasu Michitaka , Dugar Siddharth 
Published: September 2021

OBJECTIVES:
The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials to investigate whether IV high-dose vitamin C improves the short-term mortality of patients with sepsis.

DESIGN:
This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. We searched EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and MEDLINE for randomized controlled trials that met inclusion criteria. The protocol was registered at the University hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN000040528). All analyses were presented with the use of random-effects models. The primary outcome was short-term mortality defined as 28-day, 30-day, or in-hospital mortality.

PATIENTS:
Two authors independently evaluated the following eligibility criteria: 1) randomized controlled trial, 2) patients with sepsis aged ≥18 years, and 3) received intravenous high-dose vitamin C in addition to standard of care, or standard of care alone. Then, two authors independently extracted the selected patient and study characteristics and outcomes from studies that met above eligibility criteria.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
Eleven randomized controlled trials (n = 1,737 patients) were included in this meta-analysis. High-dose IV vitamin C was not associated with a significantly lower short-term mortality (risk ratio, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.73–1.06; p = 0.18; I
2 = 29%) but was associated with a significantly shorter duration of vasopressor use (standardized mean difference, –0.35; 95% CI, –0.63 to –0.07; p < 0.01; I
2 = 80%) and a significantly greater decline in the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score at 72–96 hours (standardized mean difference, –0.20; 95% CI, –0.32 to –0.08; p < 0.01; I
2 = 16%). One study reported significant association with hypernatremia, but adverse effects were rare, and high-dose vitamin C is deemed relatively safe.

CONCLUSIONS:
In this meta-analysis, the use of IV high-dose vitamin C in patients with sepsis was not associated with lower short-term mortality although it was associated with significantly shorter duration of vasopressor use and greater decline in the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score at 72–96 hours.
Vaginal symptoms in women who are affected by gynecologic cancer
Authors: Vargas Maldonado Darlene , Madsen Annetta M. 
Published: September 2021

Purpose of review
Pelvic floor disorders are common among gynecologic cancer survivors. With improvements in survivorship, quality of life conditions in these women need greater attention and care. This review focuses specifically on vulvovaginal symptoms, which are common and have a negative impact on sexual health and quality of life in women affected by gynecologic cancer.

Recent findings
We review publications on treatment-specific sexual health outcomes, screening and treatment of vulvovaginal symptoms and sexual pain, and surgical management options. Recent evidence regarding the safety of concomitant prolapse repair at the time of surgery for gynecologic malignancies and CO2 laser therapy is discussed and areas needing further research and innovation are highlighted.

Summary
Pelvic floor disorders, including vaginal and sexual health concerns, are common in women affected by gynecologic cancer due to both common risk factors and as a side effects of cancer treatment. Gynecologists play a critical role in screening, treatment, and collaboration with other specialists to provide comprehensive care for these women throughout their lifetime.
Recent advances in diagnosis and management of sympathetic ophthalmia
Authors: Fromal Ollya V. , Swaminathan Vishal , Soares Rebecca R. , Ho Allen C. 
Published: September 2021

Purpose of review
Sympathetic ophthalmia is a bilateral granulomatous uveitis that occurs following unilateral trauma or surgery and is sight-threatening in the contralateral eye. Despite significant potential morbidity, disease remains poorly understood. Variable presentations and clinical courses, as well as a lack of definitive diagnostic laboratory tests can complicate the diagnosis and result in delayed treatment, which can beget permanent vision loss. This review focuses on recent advances in areas of pathophysiology, classification, diagnosis and treatment.

Recent findings
Sympathetic ophthalmia is thought to involve a cell-mediated immune response to retinal and uveal antigens exposed through trauma or surgery. Multiple mechanisms have been implicated, including activation of the interleukin-23/IL-17 pathway. Ongoing emphasis is placed on early disease recognition and prompt treatment with multimodal imaging. Multiple authors advocate for the routine use of optical coherence tomography (OCT) for screening and disease monitoring. Systemic steroids and steroids sparing-immunosuppressive agents remain the mainstay of treatment.

Summary
Understanding pathophysiology may provide useful targets for drug development, as well as allow for identification of patients at risk. OCT is a useful tool in early diagnosis and management of sympathetic ophthalmia, as OCT changes may precede clinical symptoms and signs, allowing for early disease detection and better visual outcomes.
The Impact of Motivational Interviewing on Self-care and Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure
Authors: Garcimartín Paloma , Astals-Vizcaino Monica , Badosa Neus , Linas Anna , Ivern Consol , Duran Xavier , Comín-Colet Josep 
Published: September 2021

Background
Self-care is an integral component of successful chronic heart failure (HF) management. Structured educational programs have already been shown to be effective in improving self-care, but some patients show resistance and little motivation for change.

Objective
The objective of this study was to compare efficacy in improving self-care and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) for an educational intervention based on motivational interviewing (MI) compared with a conventional educational intervention.

Methods
This experimental pretest-posttest study with an equivalent historical control group included 93 patients in the intervention group and 93 matched patients in the control group. Participants attended a first visit after HF hospitalization discharge and 6 to 7 follow-up visits during 6 months. The European Heart Failure Self-care Behavior scale and the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire were used to assess self-care and HRQoL, respectively. Data on mortality and hospital readmissions were collected as adverse events.

Results
Self-care improved significantly more in the MI-based intervention group than in the control group (P = .005). Although both self-care and HRQoL improved in both groups over time (P < .05), there was no significant between-group difference in terms of HRQoL improvement over time (P = .13).

Conclusions
Our findings suggest that MI delivered by MI-trained nurses is effective in significantly improving self-care by patients with HF. Nonetheless, further studies are required to evaluate the impact of MI on other outcomes, such as HRQoL and adverse clinical events.
The Initial Positive and Negative Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Rural Healthcare Providers: Associations With Team Culture and Leadership
Authors: Terry Danielle L. , Hui Patricia , Buntoro Shirley 
Published: September 2021

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This study aimed to use qualitative and quantitative methods to (1) understand the initial positive and negative impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on rural healthcare providers; (2) explore associations between team culture and leadership and provider distress and job satisfaction after the initial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic; and (3) determine whether changes occurred in perceived stress and burnout. Participants included 213 providers working in rural Pennsylvania. The researchers administered an electronic survey to participants 10 days after the organization issued directives to cancel routine care appointments. Descriptive statistics were used to examine sample characteristics. The researchers used thematic analysis to assess open-ended responses. Correlational analyses were used to examine associations among perceived stress, team culture, job satisfaction, COVID-19 engagement, and team leadership. Most providers reported that the pandemic had the greatest effect on them psychologically, followed by professionally (i.e., changes in workload and conflicts with coworkers) and financially. Statistically significant positive associations were observed among leadership, provider distress, and team culture. Identification of the psychological impact highlights the need to support healthcare providers and address their psychological needs. Moreover, understanding ways in which leaders can effectively lead may help personnel better prepare for a public health crisis.
KIDS SAVE LIVES: a narrative review of associated scientific production
Authors: Nakagawa Naomi Kondo , Salles Igor Caitano , Semeraro Federico , Böttiger Bernd W. 
Published: September 2021

Purpose of review
In sudden out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is one of the most important elements of the chain of survival. Since 2015, international health societies and associations have recognized KIDS SAVE LIVES (KSL) as an essential initiative on CPR principles dissemination among schoolchildren. Children can be potential multipliers of the CPR competencies by teaching families, relatives, and friends. This review aimed to determine the main CPR issues raised in the KSL-associated publications.

Recent findings
We found 12 Editorials, 9 Letters, 2 Special Reports, 4 Reviews, 2 Guidelines, 9 Original Articles and 17 Conference Presentations on KSL history, the schoolchildren CPR education, and KSL program implementation in several countries. In nine original studies, the main issues were instructors’ and learners’ CPR knowledge, skills, and retention, gender and physical aspects affecting CPR performance, types of KSL programs and new technologies to teach CPR.

Summary
The KSL-associated literature is limited to support KSL benefits. However, the KSL could potentially contribute to improve out-of-hospital CPR performed by lay people at earlier age in different countries. Children are an important target group to diffuse CPR principles (’CHECK-CALL-COMPRESS’), as they are curious, motivated and enjoy teaching others.