bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
After the Black Death
Authors: Bailey Mark 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The Black Death of 1348–9 is the most catastrophic event in recorded history, and this study—the Ford Lectures of 2019 at Oxford University—offers a major re-evaluation of its immediate impact and longer-term consequences in England. It draws upon recent inter-disciplinary research into climate and disease; renewed interest among econometricians in the origins of the Little Divergence, whereby economic performance in parts of north-western Europe began to move decisively ahead of the rest of the continent on the pathway to modernity; a close re-reading of case studies of fourteenth-century England; and original new research into manorial and governmental sources. The Black Death is placed within the wider contexts of extreme weather and epidemiological events, the institutional framework of markets and serfdom, and the role of the law in reducing risk and shaping behaviour. The government’s response to the crisis is re-considered to suggest an innovative re-interpretation of the Peasants’ Revolt of 1381. By 1400 the main effects of plague had worked through the economy and society, and their implications for England’s future precocity are analysed. This study rescues the third quarter of the fourteenth century from a little-understood paradox between plague and revolt, and elevates it to a critical period of profound and irreversible change in English and global history.
Other Worlds
Authors: Kolb Laura 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 turns from social fictions to fictive renderings of the wide and variegated world of trade. Early modern merchandise mirrored—and fueled—the poetic imagination. In turn, poets conjured fantastic visions of the world structured by trade. Ben Jonson’s Volpone exemplifies the period association of circulating commodities with poetic creativity: between world and word. Yet the play, remarkably, lacks debt relations. Decades later, Jonson revisits the relationship between word and world in his late, strange The Magnetic Lady, where credit takes center stage. The play’s figure of commerce, Moth Interest, is a moneylender whose verbal and imaginative capacity marks him as an heir of Jonson’s Volpone but renders him out of place in an economy increasingly oriented towards abstract capital and away from tangible wealth. Reading this play alongside tables of compound interest and tables of logarithms, the chapter argues that the play represents a world turning toward the abstract and numerical, and away from the verbal and material. It thus signals an end to the fictions of credit that had animated the Shakespearean stage: fictions that were fundamentally local and dialogic, developed in the interplay of artifice and interpretation.
The European Rescue of the Franco Regime, 1950-1975
Authors: Guirao Fernando 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This book explores how the governments of the founding members of the European Coal and Steel Community and the European Economic Community, acting collectively via the European Communities, assisted in the consolidation of the Franco regime. The Six (the Nine after 1973) provided the Spanish economy with a stable supply of raw materials and capital goods and with outlet markets for Spain’s main export commodities. Through both mechanisms, the European Communities assisted Spain’s development and supported the stabilization of its non-democratic régime. From 1950 to the mid-1960s, the Six avoided every sign of discrimination against Spain. By the mid-1960s, they became conscious of the need to promote Spanish exports in order to expand their own exports on the Spanish market. By 1970, Madrid obtained an arrangement with the EEC that, free of any political conditionality, provided ample access to the Common Market while keeping the Spanish market essentially closed. After 1972, the Nine negotiated Franco Spain’s integration into a pan-European industrial free-trade area, in exchange for access to the Spanish market. It was the Spanish cabinet, at the last minute, for protection reasons, who decided to derail the offer. The Franco regime was never threatened by European integration and the Six/Nine managed to isolate negotiations with Spain from mounting political disturbance. In sum, without unremitting material assistance from Western Europe, it would have been considerably more challenging for the Franco regime to attain the stability that enabled the dictator to maintain his rule until dying peacefully at 82 years old.
Franco Spain at the Origins of the European Agricultural Community
Authors: Guirao Fernando 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2 shows that Madrid faced serious risks when integration threatened agriculture. A West-European agricultural trade bloc threatened Spain’s economy and political system. Fortunately for Franco Spain, the governments promoting agricultural integration soon deserted supranational features and moved into trade talks to offer other west European countries the surpluses they had generated after 1947. Spain concluded a purchasing contract for wheat with France. This and the prospects of wheat from the International Wheat Agreement and the United States, allowed Madrid to avoid bread rationing after the spring of 1952. By the end of the Green Pool episode, Spain had been granted de facto OEEC treatment in agricultural trade. Thus, the proposed European Agricultural Community provided the Franco regime with the opportunity to improve food consumption and overcome a critical threat to its survival.
Macho Man
Authors: Olguín B. V. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2 is devoted to the WWII-Soldado Razo archetype that anchors Latina/o civic and cultural citizenship models, transnational mestizaje and hybridity paradigms, and hypermasculinist warrior hero discourses. Through a reassessment of familiar, as well as neglected and undertheorized literary and performative texts, the chapter examines the conservative—specifically heteronormative, capitalist, and protoimperialist—nature of prevailing triumphalist historiographies of the WWII Soldado Razo as a member of the proverbial “Greatest Generation.” Both familiar and new permutations of WWII-Soldado Razo archetypes, as well as related civilian archetypes such as Pachucas and Pachucos, reveal this figure’s varied negotiations of ideology. In the process they also complicate our understanding of the racialized, gendered, and sexualized texture of this epochal milieu and its Latina/o protagonists. This chapter’s case studies reveal that the Soldado Razo actually anchors a wide variety of WWII-era supra-Latina/o violentologies. These range from hyperlocal cultural nationalisms, protofascist imperialisms, frequently ignored WWII-era Marxist internationalisms, and protoqueer warrior heroes, all of whom are intertwined with homosocial and simultaneously homoerotic Pachucos!
Practical Expressivism, Expression, and Quasi-Realism
Authors: Sinclair Neil 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
According to practical expressivism, moral judgements express moral attitude types insofar as they advertise a claim of objective authority for them, where this involves a preparedness to defend them and to insist upon their acceptance by others. Such insistence is sincere when it coheres with one’s higher-order views about the proper ways of forming moral attitudes. Practical expressivism also embraces the quasi-realist programme of seeking to show how the forms and assumptions of moral practice can be vindicated on these expressivist grounds—a project best described as ‘weaving the propositional clothing’ for moral discourse.
Practical Expressivist Strategies and Presumptive Arguments for Realism
Authors: Sinclair Neil 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
There are several general ‘domesticating’ strategies that quasi-realists can employ to vindicate the important features of moral practice. These include the ancestral strategy (which subsumes an expressivist account of the feature in question under a more general account that also applies to non-expressive discourses), the immanent strategy (which elucidates a role for the relevant feature within the first-order debates of the discourse), and the standards strategy (which understands the relevant feature in terms of standards governing the correct application of predicates). Furthermore, common objections to the quasi-realist project can be rebutted: it is not committed to vindicating ‘second-rate’ versions of the important features of moral practice, nor to a problematic revision of our philosophical understanding, nor to an unhappily disjunctive account of our discursive practices. These points also suffice to undermine many ‘presumptive’ arguments for moral realism (and descriptivism).
Profit, Choice, and Competition
Authors: Blix Mårten , Jordahl Henrik 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter draws on recent empirical work and summarizes the quantitative research on the effects of privatization, for-profit firms, choice, and competition in the Swedish welfare sector. By treating the effect studies together, the chapter presents a coherent picture of the lessons learned across the major welfare areas of education, health care, and elderly care. Overall, private providers appear on average to be a bit better in terms of quality and are also more productive. Choice and competition have improved several services, most notably compulsory education and elderly care. The evidence is more mixed for education at the upper-secondary level, where students at independent schools are more likely to finish on time and continue to tertiary education, but also perform worse on externally graded tests and benefit from lenient grading. A key takeaway is that the design of regulation and quality control matters greatly for outcomes. Each welfare service brings its lessons and mechanisms for quality control of both private and public providers should be strengthened. A general observation is that the playing field is often tilted against private providers since local governments are both arbiters of quality for private providers and a competing service provider. Widespread loss-making among municipal providers suggests that municipalities often treat their own in-house providers more leniently than private providers. In education, attempts at cream-skimming have been more evident at independent schools than at municipal schools. In other services, there is no systematic evidence that private providers practice cream-skimming to the detriment of weak groups, which is also illegal.
What Is Epistêmê?
Authors: Moss Jessica 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
I have argued that Plato conceives epistêmê first and foremost as cognition of Being. What sense can we make of this notion, however? This chapter considers precedents in others’ interpretations of Plato, and historical counterparts from Parmenides’ nous to early modern Science. Considering these counterparts helps yield an intuitive characterization of the notion of cognition of Being: the idea is that of a deep grasp of ultimate reality. Then I return to the question of epistêmê’s relation to knowledge as nowadays conceived. The differences are clear: most fundamentally, knowledge is thought of as a relation to true propositions rather than to metaphysically privileged objects. I speculate however that we can think of modern knowledge and Plato’s epistêmê as two developments of a common, basic idea, the idea of an especially good cognitive relation to reality.
Doxa Is of What Seems
Authors: Moss Jessica 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
What kind of thing is Plato’s doxa? This is a question nowadays rarely asked. It is widely assumed that Plato had in mind something perfectly familiar to us from commonsense contemporary epistemology: belief. I will argue that Plato’s doxa is instead essentially to be understood as the cognition of a special kind of object, what seems. Plato chooses ‘doxa’ rather than some more general or neutral term to name the inferior cognitive condition because of the etymological link with seeming (to dokein), which we find actively exploited in the Presocratics. Plato inflates this link into a substantive theory: what seems is something ontologically distinct from what Is, and when we attend to what seems we have doxa rather than epistêmê. This is particularly evident in Plato’s discussions of rhetoric. Thus the defining object of doxa is what seems.
Dietrich Bonhoeffer on the Ethical Life of Modern Society
Authors: Mauldin Joshua 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Turning to the 1930s and 1940s, this chapter explicates how Dietrich Bonhoeffer reflected on modern society amid the rise of National Socialism in Germany. Bonhoeffer’s insights are relevant beyond the confines of theological studies, as Nazism has become a central motif in reflections on the legitimacy of the modern age. Whether National Socialism is seen as modernity’s culmination, or conversely as a warning against any temptation toward backsliding from the progress of modern society, the historical events in Germany in the 1930s and 1940s are a focal point in any narrative of modernity. Bonhoeffer thought about these matters in real time, even while being held in a Nazi prison. Bonhoeffer’s reflections on ethics in the modern world have implications for the viability of modern democratic societies.
Karl Barth on the Rise of National Socialism
Authors: Mauldin Joshua 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Karl Barth’s political theology was concretized by his involvement in the German Church struggle early in the 1930s as well as his political engagement in Switzerland after 1935. During the Second World War, and from the relative safety of Basel, Barth addressed public letters to several countries, thereby developing a rich political theology applied to the distinctive cultural and historical contexts of his readers. This chapter focuses on Barth’s wartime letters to France, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, and the United States, exploring how in these public documents Barth interprets the meaning of National Socialism in light of modern political aspirations. In so doing, Barth provides an enduring defense of modern democratic politics.
Modal Nothingism
Authors: Balaguer Mark 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter 6 is concerned with the following question: What makes modal sentences like ‘There could have been flying saucers’ true?; in particular, what is it about the world, or about Being, that makes them true? This chapter develops and motivates a theory—modal nothingism—that provides a novel answer to this question. Roughly speaking, modal nothingism is the view that (a) modal sentences like the above are true (or substantively true), and (b) there’s nothing about the world (or about Being) that makes them true. Modal nothingism is an important part of the neo-positivist view because it gives neo-positivists a view of modality that’s simultaneously (a) a realist view (i.e. it entails that there are substantive, objective modal truths), and (b) a metaphysically innocent view (i.e. it doesn’t commit to any controversial metaphysical claims—indeed, it doesn’t commit to any claims about the nature of reality at all).
Due Diligence in the International Legal Order
Authors: Peters Anne , Krieger Heike , Kreuzer Leonhard 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The introductory chapter sets the scene for this book and establishes an analytical framework for the sector-specific chapters. It traces the etymological roots of the notion of due diligence and discusses its scope of application, normative functions, and contents in various areas of international law. It furthermore highlights recurring issues which the sector-specific contributions of the book address, including the key question from which legal source due diligence obligations can be derived and to what extent these obligations are binding. The introductory chapter also maps the commonplace diligence requirements in international legal texts and briefly outlines the book chapters.
Functors, Transformations, and Modifications
Authors: Johnson Niles , Yau Donald 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis chapter discusses functors, transformations, and modifications that are bicategorical analogs of functors and natural transformations. The main concepts covered are lax functors, lax transformations, modifications, and icons. A section is devoted to representable pseudofunctors, representable transformations, and representable modifications, which will be used in the Bicategorical Yoneda Lemma.
The Whitehead Theorem for Bicategories
Authors: Johnson Niles , Yau Donald 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn this chapter, the Whitehead Theorem for bicategories is proved in detail. The Whitehead Theorem states that a pseudofunctor between bicategories is a biequivalence if and only if it is surjective up to adjoint equivalences on objects, surjective up to isomorphisms on 1-cells, and bijective on 2-cells. The chapter covers the lax slice bicategory, lax terminal objects, and the Quillen Theorem A for bicategories. A 2-categorical version of the Whitehead Theorem is also discussed.
The Yoneda Lemma and Coherence
Authors: Johnson Niles , Yau Donald 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn this chapter, the Yoneda Lemma and the Coherence Theorem for bicategories are stated and proved. The chapter discusses the bicategorical Yoneda pseudofunctor, a bicategorical version of the Yoneda embedding for a bicategory, which is a local equivalence, and the Bicategorical Yoneda Lemma. A consequence of the Bicategorical Whitehead Theorem and the Bicategorical Yoneda Embedding is the Bicategorical Coherence Theorem, which states that every bicategory is biequivalent to a 2-category.
The Grothendieck Construction
Authors: Johnson Niles , Yau Donald 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis chapter defines the Grothendieck construction for a lax functor into the category of small categories. It then proves that, for such a pseudofunctor, its Grothendieck construction is its lax colimit. Most of the rest of the chapter contains a detailed proof of the Grothendieck Construction Theorem, which states that the Grothendieck construction is part of a 2-equivalence. A generalization of the Grothendieck construction that applies to an indexed bicategory is also discussed.
Further 2-Dimensional Categorical Structures
Authors: Johnson Niles , Yau Donald 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn this chapter, further 2-dimensional categorical structures are presented and discussed. These include monoidal bicategories, as one-object tricategories, along with braided monoidal bicategories, sylleptic monoidal bicategories, and symmetric monoidal bicategories. The rest of the chapter discusses the Gray tensor product on 2-categories, Gray monoids, double categories, and monoidal double categories.
Philip Roth
Authors: Nadel Ira 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This account of Philip Roth traces the psychological and artistic origins of his creative life. It examines the major events of his career, while identifying a series of personal themes in his writing, from his relationship with Judaism to family, marriage, Eastern Europe, and America. It addresses his private challenges, from romance and health to surviving as a writer burdened with success. The book also reflects how living outside the United States, initially in Italy and then England, plus his visits to Eastern Europe and exposure to their oppressed writers, affected his writing. In particular, it primed him for a new engagement with American political and social history, resulting in a renewed determination to rewrite America through his American trilogy and The Plot Against America. Although chronology is the framework, this is a thematic reading of Roth’s life and career with attention to family, self-identity, and success. A set of contrasting angles form this approach, beginning with his prolonged sense of discontent yet public image of success, his search for sustained relationships but then decision to end them, his idealization of his parents but persistent undercurrent of criticism. Three overlapping issues provide the impetus for this reading: the aesthetic, the emotional, and the historical. The lasting importance of such themes as anger, betrayal, and failure has a vital role in understanding Roth’s character and work. So, too, does his sense of performance on and off the page.
Declaration of Independence
Authors: Nadel Ira 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines Roth’s struggles with his father, his decision to go to college at Bucknell University after a year at Rutgers Newark, and his early girlfriends; the influence of his early professors at Bucknell and his editing the campus literary magazine where some of his earliest writing appeared. Graduate study at the University of Chicago and early publications followed, as well as his meeting influential novelists like Saul Bellow and Richard Stern. New friendships also emerged, notably with Theodore Solotaroff, critic and later editor of the New American Review, and Arthur Geffen and Barry Targan. “Bibliography by day, women by night” was their motto.
The mitochondrial AAA protease FTSH3 regulates Complex I abundance by promoting its disassembly
Authors: Ivanova Aneta , Ghifari Abi S , Berkowitz Oliver , Whelan James , Murcha Monika W 
Published: February 2021

AbstractATP is generated in mitochondria by oxidative phosphorylation. Complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase or NADH dehydrogenase) is the first multisubunit protein complex of this pathway, oxidizing NADH and transferring electrons to the ubiquinone pool. Typically, Complex I mutants display a slow growth rate compared to wild-type plants. Here, using a forward genetic screen approach for restored growth of a Complex I mutant, we have identified the mitochondrial ATP-dependent metalloprotease, Filamentous Temperature Sensitive H 3 (FTSH3), as a factor that is required for the disassembly of Complex I. An ethyl methanesulfonate-induced mutation in FTSH3, named as rmb1 (restoration of mitochondrial biogenesis 1), restored Complex I abundance and plant growth. Complementation could be achieved with FTSH3 lacking proteolytic activity, suggesting the unfoldase function of FTSH3 has a role in Complex I disassembly. The introduction of the rmb1 to an additional, independent, and extensively characterized Complex I mutant, ndufs4, resulted in similar increases to Complex I abundance and a partial restoration of growth. These results show that disassembly or degradation of Complex I plays a role in determining its steady-state abundance and thus turnover may vary under different conditions.