bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nubians in Egypt during the 25th Dynasty
Authors: Budka Julia 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe chapter deals with the question of the visibility of Nubians in Egypt during the 25th Dynasty as non-Egyptians. Despite of a high degree of “Egyptianization,” Kushites of both royal and non-royal status are often recognizable by non-Egyptian names and foreign elements in their personal representation. It is, however, demonstrated that generalized terms like “the Nubians in Egypt” are not suitable for the actual situation during the 25th Dynasty. Nubians were rather an integral part of Late Egyptian society and—with the exception of the royal family—did not represent themselves as a separate ethnic group. The individuality of these people and their complex cultural identity is much more important than considering ancestry only. Evidence for this multifaceted appearance of Nubians in 25th Dynasty Egypt is presented from temple, cultic, and funerary contexts at the key sites at Thebes, here in particular Karnak and Asasif, and at Abydos, specifically the necropolis Umm el-Qaab.
The Meroitic Heartland
Authors: Wolf Pawel , Nowotnick Ulrike 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of the heartland of the Kushite kingdom focusing on the Meroitic period between the 3rd century bce and the mid-4th century ce. An introduction defines the region’s natural borders and illustrates the environmental setting of the Meroitic heartland on the so-called Island of Meroe. In order to draw a general picture, the most important findings from archaeology, including settlements, architecture, and funeral rites, are related to the few known historical events of this period.
The Nominal Domain in Languages of the Caucasus
Authors: Öztürk Balkız , Eren Ömer 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis chapter aims to address how Caucasian languages behave in terms of the dichotomy between noun phrases (NPs) and determiner phrases (DPs), dichotomy as specifically discussed in Bošković (2005, 2008, 2012). It uses comparative data from three Caucasian languages, namely, Laz, Abkhaz, and Kabardian. These three languages are chosen because typologically they make use of different strategies to express (in)definiteness. Abkhaz has definite and indefinite articles, while Pazar Laz is a language without articles. Kabardian, which also lacks articles, expresses definiteness and specificity through case morphology. Using Bošković’s own criteria, we show that, we shown that the NP/DP split is not enough to handle the differences among these languages. We propose that a new typology, one that allows for NP- and DP-languages as well as Kase Phrase (KP-) and null-DP-, languages is required to capture the properties of Abkhaz, Pazar Laz, and Kabardian. The chapter then discusses the implications of this new typology for the internal structures of the nominals in these three languages with a focus on what other functional projections are available and how they are ordered in the nominal domains.
Ergativity in the Caucasus
Authors: Ganenkov Dmitry 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of ergativity-related phenomena in the languages of the Caucasus, a geographical region with a high concentration of ergative languages. The chapter reviews the morphologically ergative nature of the languages, revealed in case marking and gender agreement in Nakh-Daghestanian as well as person marking in Northwest Caucasian. No manifestation of syntactic ergativity is observed in languages of the Caucasus, with the exception of relativization in Circassian. It also reviews ergative splits observed in the Caucasus and describes attested patterns of split subject case marking in intransitive clauses. Finally, various properties usually thought to attest to the inherent or structural nature of ergative arguments are discussed: theta-relatedness, behavior in subject-to-subject raising, ability to participate in hierarchical agreement, the DP versus PP distinction, the structural locus of ergative case assignment, and some problems for configurational approaches to case assignment.
The Northwest Caucasian Languages
Authors: Arkadiev Peter , Lander Yury 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis chapter describes the major features of the Northwest Caucasian (Abkhaz-Adyghe) language family, comprising Abkhaz, Abaza, West Circassian (Adyghe), East Circassian (Kabardian), and the now extinct Ubykh. Starting with the sociolinguistic setting of the Northwest Caucasian varieties and the history of linguistic research on them, the discussion then proceeds to a description of the most important features of their phonology, morphology, and syntax, concluding with a brief discussion of a number of typologically outstanding features. The chapter, based both on published sources and the authors’ fieldwork data, covers issues such as exuberant consonantism, lexical category underspecification, polysynthetic morphology, expression of spatial meanings in the verb, rich systems of tense, aspect and mood categories, finite and non-finite verbal forms, non-trivial noun phrase syntax, relativization, and complexities of clause-combining. Besides describing the features common for all the languages of the family, we focus on important points of variation among the Northwest Caucasian languages and their dialects, aiming at an adequate representation of the wealth of phenomena they present and highlighting the challenges they offer for typology and linguistic theory.
The Porfirian Years (1876–1911)
Authors: Matthews Michael 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
During the Porfirian years (1876–1911), Mexico experienced tremendous economic development, material progress, and urban expansion. Those years represented a crucial period in Mexico’s transition to a modern nation. The era’s namesake, dictator Porfirio Díaz, steered the country toward the trappings of modernity through the establishment of internal political peace, a delicate balancing act as the regime often and increasingly relied on repression to accomplish its vision. The so-called pax porfiriana, rather than being a period of omnipotent control that cemented social and political stability, operated through a complex network of negotiation at the international, national, state, and local levels. The regime cajoled, coerced, or conceded to a wide range of groups that included foreign investors, political bosses, wealthy landowners, Church leaders, peasant communities, workers’ organizations, and the press. Policymakers, whose modernizing agenda was often challenged on multiple fronts, implemented a piecemeal progress. They navigated a nation at different levels of regional development and with diverse social and political landscapes, each with their own practices and problems. The result was a program of rapid modernization wrought with ambiguities and contradictions that reveal an improbably fragile regime. Its longevity stands as a testament to Díaz’s statecraft and political acumen.
Research Ethics in Citizen Science
Authors: Rasmussen Lisa M. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter outlines some of the main ethical issues in citizen science research, a new research approach that involves lay members of the public in research for which they are not necessarily professionally trained. Although some of this work is covered by existing research ethics regulations, much is not; and it is not clear how to ensure ethical citizen science research. The chapter briefly describes citizen science research, including the nature of its relationship to existing regulations. It also outlines some of the ethical issues that arise in citizen science research—some familiar, some novel—and offers “trust architecture” as a concept to guide researchers in considering how to satisfy the ethical demands of their work.
Complements or Substitutes? The Interdependence between Coalition Agreements and Parliamentary Questions as Monitoring Mechanisms in Coalition Governments
Authors: Höhmann Daniel , Krauss Svenja 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSince coalition governments are formed of at least two different parties with diverging preferences, there is major potential for shirking. Coalition parties can use various institutional mechanisms to keep tabs on their partners and detect ministerial drifts. In this article, we focus on potential interdependencies between monitoring mechanisms and analyse whether the existence of a coalition agreement affects the number of parliamentary questions (PQs) asked by the coalition partner. We argue that parties can hold the coalition partner accountable to the coalition agreement by asking questions. The more detailed the coalition agreement, the more potential targets exist for focused PQs. Accordingly, we hypothesize that the more detailed the coalition agreement, the more frequently governing parties use PQs as a monitoring tool. Empirically, we rely on a newly compiled dataset on PQs and a content analysis of coalition agreements in Germany between 1980 and 2017. The results confirm our hypothesis.
Seasonal dynamics and life histories of three sympatric species of Pseudocalanus in two Svalbard fjords
Authors: Ershova Elizaveta A , Nyeggen Margot U , Yurikova Daria A , Søreide Janne E 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Small copepods are the most diverse and numerous group in high-latitude zooplankton, yet our knowledge of important species remains poor because of the difficulties involved in correct species identification. In this study, we use a molecular method of identification, a species-specific polymerase chain reaction, to provide the first description of the seasonal dynamics and life histories of the important genus Pseudocalanus in two Svalbard fjords with contrasting environments. We conducted monthly investigations in the relatively warm and ice-free Adventfjorden, supplemented with seasonal samples from the colder, seasonally ice-covered Billefjorden. We found three species of Pseudocalanus (the Arctic P. acuspes and P. minutus, and the boreal P. moultoni). Pseudocalanus acuspes had a distinct annual life cycle and dominated during summer, when it actively reproduced. Surprisingly, the boreal P. moultoni was present year-round in both fjords and was the dominant species during winter; the presence of all life stages of this species throughout the year suggests a more continuous reproduction. The Arctic P. minutus was the rarest of the three species and was likely able to complete its life cycle in Billefjorden but not in Adventfjorden. Our study demonstrates that closely related species may have different life strategies and environmental preferences, which presumably make high-latitude zooplankton communities more resilient to climate change impacts on genus but not necessarily on species level.
Effectors with chitinase activity (EWCAs), a family of conserved, secreted fungal chitinases that suppress chitin-triggered immunity
Authors: Mart�nez-Cruz Jes�s , Romero Diego , Hierrezuelo Jes�s , Thon Michael , de Vicente Antonio , P�rez-Garc�a Alejandro 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In plants, chitin-triggered immunity is one of the first lines of defense against fungi, but phytopathogenic fungi have developed different strategies to prevent the recognition of chitin. Obligate biotrophs such as powdery mildew fungi suppress the activation of host responses; however, little is known about how these fungi subvert the immunity elicited by chitin. During epiphytic growth, the cucurbit powdery mildew fungus Podosphaera xanthii expresses a family of candidate effector genes comprising nine members with an unknown function. In this work, we examine the role of these candidates in the infection of melon (Cucumis melo L.) plants, using gene expression analysis, RNAi silencing assays, protein modeling and protein–ligand predictions, enzymatic assays, and protein localization studies. Our results show that these proteins are chitinases that are released at pathogen penetration sites to break down immunogenic chitin oligomers, thus preventing the activation of chitin-triggered immunity. In addition, these effectors, designated effectors with chitinase activity (EWCAs), are widely distributed in pathogenic fungi. Our findings reveal a mechanism by which fungi suppress plant immunity and reinforce the idea that preventing the perception of chitin by the host is mandatory for survival and development of fungi in plant environments.
ARF2 represses expression of plant GRF transcription factors in a complementary mechanism to microRNA miR396
Authors: Beltramino Matías , Debernardi Juan Manuel , Ferela Antonella , Palatnik Javier F 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Members of the GROWTH REGULATING FACTOR (GRF) family of transcription factors play key roles in the promotion of plant growth and development. Many GRFs are post-transcriptionally repressed by microRNA (miRNA) miR396, an evolutionarily conserved small RNA, which restricts their expression to proliferative tissue. We performed a comprehensive analysis of the GRF family in eudicot plants and found that in many species all the GRFs have a miR396-binding site. Yet, we also identified GRFs with mutations in the sequence recognized by miR396, suggesting a partial or complete release of their post-transcriptional repression. Interestingly, Brassicaceae species share a group of GRFs that lack miR396 regulation, including Arabidopsis GRF5 and GRF6. We show that instead of miR396-mediated post-transcriptional regulation, the spatiotemporal control of GRF5 is achieved through evolutionarily conserved promoter sequences, and that AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 2 (ARF2) binds to such conserved sequences to repress GRF5 expression. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the unchecked expression of GRF5 in arf2 mutants is responsible for the increased cell number of arf2 leaves. The results describe a switch in the repression mechanisms that control the expression of GRFs and mechanistically link the control of leaf growth by miR396, GRFs, and ARF2 transcription factors.
Pain Medication Adherence in Patients with Cancer: A Pragmatic Review
Authors: Vanneste Lorenz , Lefebvre Tessa , Tack Laura , Van Eygen Koen , Cool Lieselot , Schofield Patricia A , Boterberg Tom , De Rijdt Thomas , Verhaeghe Anne , Verhelle Katy , Debruyne Philip R 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Objective
Adherence to pain medication in patients with cancer is crucial for successful pain therapy. This review aimed to investigate the rate of adherence, which factors influence adherence, whether adherence differs in diverse patient populations, whether there are methods to improve adherence, and the relationship between adherence and pain relief.

Methods
This review was performed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched. All types of studies investigating adherence of patients with cancer, factors influencing adherence, and methods to improve adherence to pain medication were included. They were first screened on title and abstract and thereafter on full text. Selected articles were subjected to a quality assessment according to the PRISMA checklist. From included articles, study characteristics and outcomes were extracted.

Results
Of 795 articles, 18 were included. Different methods were used to measure adherence, which led to adherence rates ranging from 8.9% to 82.0%. White Americans and men were found to be more adherent than African Americans and women. Because of various barriers, adherence is often suboptimal. Fear of addiction, physiological and harmful effects, tolerance, and disease progression are common concerns. Interventions, such as pain education booklets, pain consults, and specialized nurses, may be beneficial to increase the adherence. Lower adherence rates were associated with lower pain relief.

Conclusion
Adherence of cancer patients to pain medication is suboptimal. Health care workers should focus on addressing barriers to increase adherence to obtain better pain relief.
Building on a decade of progress in water, sanitation and hygiene to control, eliminate and eradicate neglected tropical diseases
Authors: Boisson Sophie , Wohlgemuth Leah , Yajima Aya , Peralta Genandrialine , Obiageli Nebe , Matendechero Sultani , Baayenda Gilbert , Seife Fikre , Hamilton Helen , Chase Claire , Barry Fatoumata B M , Solomon Anthony W , Velleman Yael 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) are essential for the control and elimination of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). The forthcoming NTD road map ‘Ending the neglect to attain the Sustainable Development Goals: a road map for neglected tropical diseases 2021–2030’ encourages cross-sectoral collaboration and includes cross-cutting targets on WASH. This commentary reflects on collaborative efforts between the NTD and WASH sectors over the past years and encourages strengthened partnerships to support the new road map and achieve the 2030 agenda ambition of leaving no one behind.
The Impact of Cefazolin Shortage on Surgical Site Infection Following Spine Surgery in Japan
Authors: Nakarai Hiroyuki , Yamada Koji , Tonosu Juichi , Abe Hiroaki , Watanabe Kenichi , Yoshida Yuichi , Ohya Junichi , Sato Yusuke , Hara Nobuhiro , Okazaki Rentaro , Azuma Seiichi , Nakamoto Hideki , Kato So , Oshima Yasushi , Tanaka Sakae , Higashikawa Akiro 
Published: January 2021

Study Design.
Retrospective study using prospectively collected data.

Objective.
This study aimed to investigate the effect of alternative antimicrobial prophylaxis agents on surgical site infections (SSIs) after spine surgery.

Summary of Background Data.
Although the use of alternative antimicrobial prophylaxis agents might have a negative effect on SSI prevention, their association with SSI risk in spine surgery remains unclear.

Methods.
We used the registry data of consecutive patients undergoing spine surgery from April 2017 to January 2020 in four institutions participating in the University of Tokyo Spine Group. Before March 2019, all institutions used cefazolin for antimicrobial prophylaxis. After March 2019, the institutions used broad-spectrum beta-lactam agents as an alternative due to a cefazolin shortage in Japan.

Results.
Among the 3841 enrolled patients (2289 males), 2024 received cefazolin and 1117 received alternative agents. The risk of reoperation for deep SSI within 30 days of spine surgery was significantly higher in the alternative antimicrobial prophylaxis agent group (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.96; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.15–3.35; P = 0.014). In subgroup analyses, the SSI risk was significantly higher in the thoracolumbar surgery group (aOR 1.98; 95% CI, 1.06–3.73; P = 0.03). A nonsignificant consistent trend was found in all other subgroups: posterior decompression (aOR 1.91; 95% CI, 0.86–4.21; P = 0.11); posterior fixation (aOR 2.05; 95% CI, 0.99–4.24; P = 0.05); and cervical spine surgery (aOR 2.30; 95% CI, 0.82–6.46; P = 0.11).

Conclusion.
Alternative antimicrobial prophylaxis agents increased the risk of reoperation for SSI after spine surgery compared with cefazolin. Our study supports the current practice of using first-generation cephalosporins as first-line antimicrobial prophylaxis agents in spine surgery as recommended in multiple guidelines.

Level of Evidence: 3
Epithelioid Kaposi Sarcoma: A New Histological Variant
Authors: Alvarez Patricia , Salinas Cesar , Bravo Francisco , Sangueza Omar 
Published: January 2021

Abstract:
Cutaneous Kaposi sarcoma (KS) covers a broad spectrum both clinically and pathologically. Some histological patterns of KS may be difficult to recognize and must be differentiated from other vascular neoplasms. We report on a 56-year-old Peruvian man who had been diagnosed with classical KS on the right foot 2 years before the present episode. He presented in our clinic with new lesions on the left foot. Histopathological findings included areas showing epithelioid cells with moderate pleomorphism, growing in solid sheets. Immunohistochemistry showed strong nuclear staining with a granular nuclear staining pattern for human herpesvirus 8 in the epithelioid cells. A diagnosis of epithelioid Kaposi sarcoma was made, which should be considered a new histological variant.
Melanoma Arising From a Pre-existing Neurofibroma in a Patient With No Prior Diagnosis of Systemic Neurofibromatosis 1 or 2: A Case Report
Authors: Nasir Wasim , Howard Tara , Weiss Eduardo 
Published: January 2021

Abstract:
The pathophysiology of melanoma involves malignant transformation of melanocytes. These can arise de novo or result from malignant transformation of a pre-existing nevus. This case report presents a patient with a new pigmented lesion, arising from a pre-existing neurofibroma, on her left scapula and no personal or family history of systemic neurofibromatosis. Biopsy confirmed the lesion to be malignant melanoma and, after excision, postoperative pathology showed a pre-existing neurofibroma. A review of the literature suggests there may be a link between the pathogenesis of neurofibroma and malignant melanoma, because NF1 mutations are observed in both neurofibromatosis and malignant melanoma. We hypothesize that the pre-existing neurofibroma created a proliferative environment that gave rise to the adjacent neoplasm. Further research is required to understand the shared pathway, because this may lead to novel forms of surveillance and treatment.
Pleomorphic Leiomyosarcoma Presenting as a Upper Back Epidermal Inclusion Cyst
Authors: Smith Christian Taylor , Grider Douglas J. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract:
Leiomyosarcoma is a common sarcoma of both organs and soft tissues; however, large intradermal tumors are extremely rare. Presented is a pleomorphic leiomyosarcoma in a 64-year-old man, initially considered to be a ruptured epidermal inclusion cyst. The patient had a mildly tender, enlarging soft-tissue mass with a central pore on his right upper back. Incomplete extirpation showed a 5 × 5 cm heterogeneous, predominantly pleomorphic sarcoma with areas of fascicular and storiform spindled cells infiltrating the subcutaneous soft tissue to the underlying fascia and extending upward into the middle and upper dermis with prominent extension into pilosebaceous units. There were small foci with myxoid stroma and large areas of necrosis. CD31 demonstrated thin-walled curvilinear vessels throughout the tumor. The first desmin immunohistochemical stain near areas with myxoid stroma was negative but smooth muscle actin positive. However, desmin positivity was strong and diffuse in the spindled and more pleomorphic areas on 2 additional tissue sections. No rhabdomyoblasts or striated muscle fibers were seen. A diagnosis of pleomorphic leiomyosarcoma was rendered. This case highlights a unique clinical and histological presentation of a leiomyosarcoma initially mistaken to be a ruptured epidermal inclusion cyst, and the need to sometimes apply ancillary immunohistochemical studies to sections from more than one tissue block to accurately differentiate heterogeneous sarcomas with similar histologic features.