bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“I have never seen something like that”: Discrepancies between lived experiences and the global health concept of child marriage in northern Tanzania
Authors: Schaffnit Susan B. , Urassa Mark , Wamoyi Joyce , Dardoumpa Maria , Lawson David W. 
Published: April 2021

Background
The concept of ‘child marriage’ in global health distinguishes ostensibly harmful from healthy ages to marry at a universally-applied threshold of 18-years. With intensifying efforts to end child marriage, targeted communities are increasingly asked to change their perception of such marriages from relatively benign to profoundly problematic. The objective of this study is to understand how this shift in perception is navigated by adolescent girls and young women (AGYW).

Methods
Using qualitative data collected in 2019 from a semi-urban community in Tanzania where marriage under 18-years is common and campaigns to end child marriage ongoing, we contrast reports of lived experiences of marriage under 18-years among AGYW to views of child marriage as an abstract concept. Thirteen in-depth interviews with AGYW, as part of a wider qualitative study, were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using a framework analysis approach.

Results
While many AGYW had heard of child marriage, the concept was routinely conflated with forced marriage, which is rare in the community, and non-marital teenage sex and pregnancy, which are common. As a likely consequence, participants disagreed on whether or not child marriage occurs locally. Furthermore, accounts of real-life marriages under 18 sometimes aligned with, but often departed from, common narratives about the purported causes and harmful consequences inherent to the global health concept of child marriage.

Conclusions
We argue that engaging with diverse local views and experiences of marrying young is essential to producing culturally-sensitive, effective initiatives addressing the vulnerabilities of female adolescence.
Characterizing and quantifying the temporal relationship between structural and functional change in glaucoma
Authors: Chu Fang-I , Racette Lyne 
Published: April 2021

Purpose
To characterize and quantify the temporal relationship between structural and functional change in glaucoma.

Methods
120 eyes of 120 patients with ocular hypertension or primary open-angle glaucoma were selected from the Diagnostic Innovations in Glaucoma Study or the African Descent and Glaucoma Evaluation Study. Patients had 11 visits, separated by at least 3 months over 5 to 10 years. Each visit had rim area (RA) and mean sensitivity (MS) measurements taken within a 30-day period. The structure-function (SF) relationship was summarized using conventional and modified cross-correlation functions (CCFs), which identified the strongest absolute and positive correlation, respectively. Patients were categorized in one of the following three groups: RA and MS evolved simultaneously (lag = 0), RA preceded MS (lag<0), and MS preceded RA (lag>0). Lagging regression analysis was used to examine the variations of the SF relationship within groups.

Results
The number of participants, mean visit lag, and mean correlation (standard deviation) were, for the conventional and modified CCFs, respectively: lag = 0 [16, 0, 0.53 (0.10) and 16, 0, 0.46 (0.11)]; lag<0 [50, −2.94, 0.51 (0.11) and 55, −3.45, 0.44 (0.12)], and lag>0 [54, 3.35, 0.53 (0.13) and 49, 3.78, 0.45 (0.12)]. A significant difference of the visit lag relation within groups was identified using lagging regression analysis (p<0.0001).

Conclusions
The strongest relationship between structure and function was obtained at different visit lags in different patients. This finding also suggests that the SF relationship should be addressed at the subject level when using both measurements jointly to model glaucoma progression.
How does engagement in society in adolescence affect educational attainment and employment in early adulthood: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Just-Noerregaard Vivi , Andersen Johan Hviid , Nohr Ellen Aagaard , Vestergaard Jesper Medom , Winding Trine Nohr 
Published: April 2021

Introduction
Educational attainment and employment are essential for young people to develop the skills needed to participate in society and maintain a stable connection to the labour market in adult life. The objective of this study was to examine associations between engagement in society, measured by leisure time activities and part-time work in mid and late adolescence and educational attainment and employment in early adulthood.

Method
A cohort of Danish young people born in 1989 was followed in a prospective study with questionnaires in 2004 (n = 3,054) and 2007 (n = 2,400) where information on leisure time activities and part-time work was collected. Information on connection to education and work was collected from a register of social benefits when participants were 25–29 years old and divided into high and low connection. The associations were examined using logistic regression and stratified by gender and childhood socioeconomic groups.

Results
Part-time work was, both in mid (OR: 1.7 [95% CI 1.3; 2.2]) and late (1.9 [1.4;2.6]) adolescence, positively associated with connection to education and work. Leisure time activities in mid adolescence were associated with connection to education and work (OR:1.6 [1.2;2.1]). Among men engagement in society showed strongest associations with later connection to education or work in mid adolescence (ORs up to 2.2), whereas the associations for women seemed strongest in late adolescence (ORs up to 2.8).

Conclusion
The study showed that adolescent engagement in society had positive associations with later educational attainment and employment, with stronger impact of part-time work compared to leisure time activities. The study identified differences between genders and the timing of engagement. Associations were consistent across socioeconomic groups.
Applicability and safety of discontinuous ADVanced Organ Support (ADVOS) in the treatment of patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) outside of intensive care
Authors: Kaps L. , Ahlbrand C. J. , Gadban R. , Nagel M. , Labenz C. , Klimpke P. , Holtz S. , Boedecker S. , Michel M. , Kremer W. M. , Hilscher M. , Galle P. R. , Kraus D. , Schattenberg J. M. , Weinmann-Menke J. 
Published: April 2021

Background
ADVanced Organ Support (ADVOS) is a novel type of extracorporeal albumin dialysis and holds promise to sustain liver function and recovery of patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). Previously, ADVOS was tested as continuous treatment for intensive care patients with liver failure. Data related to the applicability and safety as discontinuous treatment outside of ICU is not available.

Aim
Evaluation of ADVOS as discontinuous treatment for patients with ACLF outside intensive care unit and comparison with a matched historic cohort.

Methods and results
In this retrospective study, 26 patients with ACLF and the indication for renal replacement therapy related to HRS-AKI were included. Majority of patients were male (65%) with alcoholic cirrhosis in 88% and infections as a trigger of ACLF in 96%. Liver function was severely compromised reflected by high median MELD and CLIF-C ACLF scores of 37 (IQR 32;40) and 56.5 (IQR 51;60), respectively. Patients were treated discontinuously with ADVOS over a median time of 12 days (IQR 8.25;17) and received 8 (IQR 4.25;9.75) treatment cycles on average. No treatment related adverse events were recorded, and safety laboratory parameters remained constant during the observation time. After 16 h cumulative dialysis therapy, ADVOS significantly reduced protein-bound bilirubin (14%), creatinine (11.8%) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN, 33%). Using a matched cohort with ACLF treated with hemodialysis, ADVOS achieved a stronger decrease in bilirubin (p = 0.01), while detoxification of water-soluble catabolites’ including creatinine and BUN was comparable. The 28-days mortality in the ADVOS group was 56% (14/26) and was not inferior to predicted survival (predicted median 28-days mortality was 44%, IQR 30; 59).

Conclusion
Discontinuous ADVOS treatment was safe and effective in patients with ACLF outside intensive care and outperformed hemodialysis in reducing protein-bound metabolites.
Effect of prolactin on normal and keratoconus human corneal stromal fibroblasts in vitro
Authors: Anders Philipp , Song Xuefei , György Bence , Szentmary Nora , Seitz Berthold , Gatzioufas Zisis 
Published: April 2021

Purpose
To examine the effect of prolactin (PRL) on human corneal stromal fibroblasts (CSFs), derived from healthy individuals and from keratoconus (KC) patients, in vitro, specifically assessing physiological and elevated PRL concentrations as apparent during pregnancy.

Methods
Eye bank corneas of 3 female and 3 male healthy individuals as well as the corneal buttons of 3 female and 3 male KC patients were utilized for this study. The endothelium of the cornea was removed with sterile surgical scalpels, the probes were washed repeatedly with Dulbecco’s PBS and corneoscleral rims were trimmed off. Subsequently the corneal stroma was digested with collagenase type I and the harvested CSFs were cultured. We then examined (1) cell proliferation, (2) cell viability and (3) cytokine release of CSFs upon exposure to prolactin in vitro.

Results
With respect to viability and proliferation our experiments did not show significant differences between CSFs exposed to different PRL concentrations. Our data show a significantly lower IL-8 concentration in normal CSFs exposed to 10ng/ml PRL compared to 0ng/ml and 1000ng/ml at 5 hours post exposition. Moreover, we can report significantly lower secretion of IL-8, IL-6, HGF, VEGF and FGFb in KC CSFs compared to normal CSFs, independent of PRL exposure, as determined by cytokine ELISA.

Conclusion
Our data in part points towards corneal cytokine secretion as a possible link between altered stromal PRL concentrations and KC progression. However, in our small dataset a significant influence of PRL concentration on cytokine secretion can only be described for IL-8 in normal CSFs. Further our results contribute to existing reports on the importance of cytokines in KC development, with an emphasis on significantly lower cytokine secretion in KC CSFs compared to normal controls.
HIV epidemic in fishing communities in Uganda: A scoping review
Authors: Musumari Patou Masika , Techasrivichien Teeranee , Srithanaviboonchai Kriengkrai , Wanyenze Rhoda K. , Matovu Joseph K. B. , Poudyal Hemant , Suguimoto S. Pilar , Zamani Saman , Tangmunkongvorakul Arunrat , Ono-Kihara Masako , Kihara Masahiro 
Published: April 2021

Background
Fishing communities in many Sub-Saharan African countries are a high-risk population group disproportionately affected by the HIV epidemic. In Uganda, literature on HIV in fishing communities has grown extensively since the first country’s documented case of HIV in a fishing community in 1985. The current study describes the status of the HIV burden, prevention, and treatment in Ugandan fishing communities.

Method
This scoping review was conducted based on the York Framework outlined by Arksey and O’Malley. We searched the PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases to identify relevant quantitative and qualitative studies on HIV incidence, HIV prevalence, HIV-related risk factors, HIV testing, antiretroviral therapy coverage and adherence, and interventions to improve treatment outcomes and reduce HIV risk factors.

Results & conclusion
We identified 52 papers and 2 reports. Thirty-four were quantitative, 17 qualitative, and 3 had a mixed-methods design. Eleven studies reported on the prevalence of HIV and 8 on HIV incidence; 9 studies documented factors associated with HIV incidence or HIV positive status; 10 studies reported on HIV testing coverage and/or associated factors; 7 reported on antiretroviral therapy coverage/adherence/outcomes; and 1 study reported on the impact of combination HIV interventions in fishing communities. This scoping review revealed a significant lack of evidence in terms of what works in HIV prevention and for improving adherence to ART, in contrast to the relatively large amount of evidence from observational quantitative and qualitative studies on HIV prevalence, incidence and related risk factors in Ugandan fishing communities. Intervention studies are urgently needed to fill the current evidence gaps in HIV prevention and ART adherence.
Rapid diagnostic tests for the detection of recent dengue infections: An evaluation of six kits on clinical specimens
Authors: Yow Kok-Siang , Aik Joel , Tan Eugene Yong-Meng , Ng Lee-Ching , Lai Yee-Ling 
Published: April 2021

IntroductionEarly and rapid confirmation of dengue infections strengthens disease surveillance program and are critical to the success of vector control measures. Rapid diagnostics tests (RDTs) are increasingly used to confirm recent dengue infections due to their ease of use and short turnaround time for results. Several studies undertaken in dengue-endemic Southeast Asia have reported the performance of RDTs against enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and virus isolation methods. However, few studies have compared multiple RDTs for the detection of dengue NS1 antigen and IgM antibody in a single combo cassette. We evaluated six RDTs in Singapore for their utility in routine clinical testing to detect recent dengue infections.MethodsThe evaluation comprised two phases. The first phase sought to determine each RDT’s specificity to dengue NS1 and IgM using zika and chikungunya virus supernatant and zika convalescent samples. RDTs that cross-reacted with zika or chikungunya were not further tested in phase 2. The second phase sought to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the remaining RDTs to dengue NS1 and IgM using pre-characterised dengue specimens and non-dengue/chikungunya febrile clinical specimens.ResultsNone of the RDTs cross-reacted with zika IgM in Phase 1. Truquick and Quickprofile cross reacted with zika and chikungunya viruses and were not evaluated thereafter. Standard Q had the highest dengue NS1 and IgM sensitivity at 87.0% and 84.3% respectively whereas Bioline (68.5%) and Multisure (58.3%) had the lowest dengue NS1 and IgM sensitivity respectively. Combining dengue NS1/IgM detection results greatly improved the RDT ability to detect recent dengue infection; Standard Q had the highest sensitivity at 99.1% while Multisure had the lowest at 92.6%. All the RDTs were highly specific for dengue NS1 and IgM (96.7% to 100%). All the RDTs had high positive predictive values (98.4% to 100%) for NS1, IgM and combined NS1/IgM parameters whereas Standard Q had the highest negative predictive values at 68.2% (NS1), 63.8% (IgM) and 96.8% (NS1/IgM). For the RDTs, detection of NS1 declined from acute to convalescent phase of illness whereas IgM detection rate gradually increased over time.ConclusionIn our study, several RDTs were evaluated for their diagnostic accuracy and capability in detecting recent dengue infection. Standard Q demonstrated a high degree of diagnostic accuracy and capability in the detection of NS1 and IgM biomarkers. RDTs can provide rapid and accurate confirmation of recent dengue infections and augment dengue surveillance and control programmes. Further studies are required to assess the usefulness of these RDTs in other epidemiology settings.
DELIMITAÇÃO DA ANaLISE EXISTENCIAL DA MORTE
Authors: Pisetta Elvis 
Published: April 2021

O propósito deste trabalho é muito simples: localizar ou delimitar
uma análise existencial da morte em relação a algumas outras
abordagens do mesmo fenômeno. Com isso pretende-se não apenas
ampliar nossa compreensão acerca da morte, mas acessar
filosoficamente o conceito existencial de ser-para-a-morte,
desenvolvido na obra Ser e tempo de M. Heidegger. Para tanto,
tomaremos por base o pensamento deste autor, principalmente o
do §49 de Ser e tempo que se ocupa desta problemática.
EPISTEMOLOGIA DAS POSSIBILIDADES EDUCATIVAS: RECONSTRUIR O CONHECIMENTO PEDAGÓGICO
Authors: Martins Ernesto Candeias 
Published: April 2021

As teorias da educação não têm dado muita atenção aos fenómenos
e às questões de prática pedagógica nos diversos contextos
educativos, pois há uma falta de enquadramento nas estruturas
ordenadas e coerentes e de fundamentação epistemológica, devido
à complexidade, ao caos e à falta de um estatuto teórico mais
adaptado a essas novas situações de prática pedagógica actuais.
Desde a com plexidade educativa haverá que reconstruir o
conhecimento pedagógico, reconduzindo a aprendizagem dos
alunos a novas práticas (aprendizagem de labirinto, aprendizagem
interpretativa, aprendizagem criativa, autogestão educativa,
investigação-acção, hipertexto, educação ambiental, etc.). O autor
admite a possibilidade de novas teorizações sobre a educação
(reconstrução das teorias da educação) ajustadas às características
de educabilidade e da educação/formação dos novos públicos. O
futuro estará no equilíbrio entre a escola real e a escola virtual,
porque a complexidade é simultaneamente real e virtual, de modo
que a escola hipertextual e criativa se transforme numa estrutura
social baseada em redes, promotoras de inovação e criatividade
nos alunos.
Critical soft factors for card-based production systems implementation: A multi-method study
Authors: Bagni Gustavo , Godinho Filho Moacir , Tortorella Guilherme Luiz , Jabbour Charbel José Chiappetta 
Published: April 2021

Goal: Although card-based systems are a mature topic in literature, studies have focused mainly on how to optimize parameter of each system. The influential of human factors in the implementation of those systems have rarely been evaluated. Therefore, this study aims to understand what are the critical soft factors for a successful card-based systems implementation.
Design / Methodology / Approach: A multi-method study is used in this research, combining systematic literature review, longitudinal case study, content analysis, interviews with experts and validations with two different groups.
Results: The paper proposes a list of 15 soft factors critical to a successful implementation of card-based systems categorized in a “house framework” according to the level of analysis each factor is included.
Limitations of the investigation: A single case study, although longitudinal, was conducted to proposed the list of factors. Therefore, further studies should be conducted to adapt the list to other organizations and contexts.
Practical implications: Following the proposed list of factors, managers can increase the success in implementing a card-based system in their organizations.
Originality / Value: This study combines different research methods in a unique way, since in the researchers' view, an individual method was not sufficient to answer the proposed research question. Moreover, the case study reported a failure implementation of a card-based system, a rare addition to literature which mainly presented success cases.
Short-term Hydro-Thermal-Wind-Solar Power Scheduling: A Case Study of Kanyakumari Region of India
Authors: Kaur Sunimerjit , Brar Yadwinder Singh , Dhillon Jaspreet Singh 
Published: April 2021

In this paper, an advanced modus operandi named the -constrained simplex method (ACSM) is deployed to resolve a real-time hydro-thermal-wind-solar power scheduling problem. ACSM is an updated articulation of the Nonlinear Simplex Method (SM) of Nelder and Mead. It has been designed after interbreeding an ordinary SM with some other methods like-evolutionary method, α-constrained method, etc. To develop this technique three alterations in the SM are adopted (i) -level differentiation, (ii) mutations of the worst point, and (iii) the incorporation of multi-simplexes. A real-time multi-objective hydro-thermal-wind-solar power scheduling problem is established and optimized for the Kanyakumari (Tamil Nadu, India) for the 18th of September of 2020. Four contrary constraints are contemplated for this case study (i)fuel cost and employing cost of wind and solar power system, (ii) NOx emission, (iii) SO2 emission, and (iv) CO2 emission. The fidelity of the projected practice is trailed upon two test systems. The first test system is hinged upon twenty-four-hour power scheduling of a pure thermal power system. The values of total fuel cost,emission, emission, and emission are attained as 4707.19$/day, 59325.23 kg/day, 207672.70 kg/day, and 561369.20 kg/day, respectively. In the second test system, two thermal generators are reintegrated with renewable energy resources (RER) based power system (hydro, wind, and solar system) for the same power demands. The hydro, wind, and solar data are probed with the Glimn-Kirchmayer model, Weibull Distribution Density Factor, and Normal Distribution model, respectively. The outturns using ACSM are contrasted with the SM and evolutionary method(EM). For this real-time hydro-thermal-wind-solar power scheduling problem the values of fuel cost, emission, emission, and emission are shortened to 1626.41 $/day, 24262.24 kg/day, 71753.80 kg/day, and 196748.20 kg/day, respectively for the specified interval using ACSM and with SM, these values are calculated as 1626.57 $/day, 24264.67 kg/day, 71760.98 kg/day, 196767.68 kg/day, respectively. The results for the same are obtained as 1626.74 $/day, 24267.10 kg/day, 71768.15 kg/day, 196787.55 kg/day, respectively, by using EM. The values of the operating cost of the solar system, wind system, total system transmission losses, and computational time of test system-2 with ACSM, SM, and EM are evaluated as 8438.76 $/day, 19017.42 $/day, 476.69 MW/day & 15.6 seconds; 8439.61 $/day, 19019.33 $/day, 476.74 MW/day and 16.8 sec; and 8447.20 $/day, 19036.43 $/day, 477.17 MW/day and 17.3 sec, respectively. The solutions portray the sovereignty of ACSM over the other two methods in the entire process.
Literary Reviewing and the Velocity of Book Histories in Times of Digitization
Authors: Straub Julia 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWeb 2.0 has enabled a wide variety of practices and processes involved in the production, dissemination and reception of literary works to take place in an interactive environment. Concepts of authorship, the book as such, but also literary reviewing have undergone significant changes as a result, leading, for example, to the rise of the amateur critic. The case of Kristen Roupenian’s short story “Cat Person” (2017), published both in print and online byThe New Yorkermagazine, and its “going viral”, illustrate the speed and alacrity with which literary works today undergo evaluation and how different these kinds of discursive practices are in comparison to more traditional notions of literary reviewing. In the light of this velocity of reception processes, this article re-examines existing theories of literary value and evaluation (as in the form of reviewing and as postulated, e. g., by Barbara Herrnstein Smith) and their relation to book history.
Competitively-Issued Convertible Bank Notes in a Theory of Finance: Earl Thompson Meets Fischer Black
Authors: Hendrickson Joshua R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this paper, I show the validity of and the relationship between two previously unrelated claims in monetary theory. The first claim, made by Earl Thompson, is that privately-issued bank notes pay a positive rate of return in a competitive equilibrium. The second claim, made by Fischer Black, is that it is possible to have a gold standard in which the gold reserves of the central bank are near zero. I show that both of these claims are correct under the assumption of complete markets and perfect commitment. The link between these claims is the Black-Scholes equation applied to convertible bank notes. In commodity-based monetary systems, bank notes are perpetual American options. I extend the model to consider the implications of a lack of commitment on the part of the bank and incomplete markets. I show that both arguments break down when banks lack commitment to redemption or markets are incomplete. I conclude with implications for macroeconomic theory.