bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The impact of improved water supply on cholera and diarrhoeal diseases in Uvira, Democratic Republic of the Congo: a protocol for a pragmatic stepped-wedge cluster randomised trial and economic evaluation
Authors: Gallandat Karin , Jeandron Aurélie , Ross Ian , Mufitini Saidi Jaime , Bashige Rumedeka Baron , Lumami Kapepula Vercus , Cousens Simon , Allen Elizabeth , MacDougall Amy , Cumming Oliver 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Introduction
Diarrhoeal disease remains a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Cholera alone is estimated to cause 95,000 deaths per year, most of which occur in endemic settings with inadequate water access. Whilst a global strategy to eliminate cholera by 2030 calls for investment in improved drinking water services, there is limited rigorous evidence for the impact of improved water supply on endemic cholera transmission in low-income urban settings. Our protocol is designed to deliver a pragmatic health impact evaluation of a large-scale water supply intervention in Uvira (Democratic Republic of the Congo), a cholera transmission hotspot.

Methods/design
A stepped-wedge cluster randomised trial (SW-CRT) was designed to evaluate the impact of a large-scale drinking water supply intervention on cholera incidence among the 280,000 inhabitants of Uvira. The city was divided into 16 clusters, where new community and household taps will be installed following a randomised sequence over a transition period of up to 8 weeks in each cluster. The primary trial outcomes are the monthly incidence of “confirmed” cholera cases (patients testing positive by rapid detection kit) and of “suspected” cholera cases (patients admitted to the cholera treatment centre). Concurrent process and economic evaluations will provide further information on the context, costs, and efficiency of the intervention.

Discussion
In this protocol, we describe a pragmatic approach to conducting rigorous research to assess the impacts of a complex water supply intervention on severe diarrhoeal disease and cholera in an unstable, low-resource setting representative of cholera-affected areas. In particular, we discuss a series of pre-identified risks and linked mitigation strategies as well as the value of combining different data collection methods and preparation of multiple analysis scenarios to account for possible deviations from the protocol. The study described here has the potential to provide robust evidence to support more effective cholera control in challenging, high-burden settings.

Trial registration
This trial is registered on clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02928341, 10th October 2016) and has received ethics approval from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (8913, 10603) and from the Ethics Committee from the School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (ESP/CE/088/2015).
Soil, senescence and exudate utilisation: characterisation of the Paragon var. spring bread wheat root microbiome
Authors: Prudence Samuel MM. , Newitt† Jake T. , Worsley Sarah F. , Macey Michael C. , Murrell J. Colin , Lehtovirta-Morley Laura E. , Hutchings Matthew I. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Background
Conventional methods of agricultural pest control and crop fertilisation are unsustainable. To meet growing demand, we must find ecologically responsible means to control disease and promote crop yields. The root-associated microbiome can aid plants with disease suppression, abiotic stress relief, and nutrient bioavailability. The aim of the present work was to profile the community of bacteria, fungi, and archaea associated with the wheat rhizosphere and root endosphere in different conditions. We also aimed to use 13CO2 stable isotope probing (SIP) to identify microbes within the root compartments that were capable of utilising host-derived carbon.

Results
Metabarcoding revealed that community composition shifted significantly for bacteria, fungi, and archaea across compartments. This shift was most pronounced for bacteria and fungi, while we observed weaker selection on the ammonia oxidising archaea-dominated archaeal community. Across multiple soil types we found that soil inoculum was a significant driver of endosphere community composition, however, several bacterial families were identified as core enriched taxa in all soil conditions. The most abundant of these were Streptomycetaceae and Burkholderiaceae. Moreover, as the plants senesce, both families were reduced in abundance, indicating that input from the living plant was required to maintain their abundance in the endosphere. Stable isotope probing showed that bacterial taxa within the Burkholderiaceae family, among other core enriched taxa such as Pseudomonadaceae, were able to use root exudates, but Streptomycetaceae were not.

Conclusions
The consistent enrichment of Streptomycetaceae and Burkholderiaceae within the endosphere, and their reduced abundance after developmental senescence, indicated a significant role for these families within the wheat root microbiome. While Streptomycetaceae did not utilise root exudates in the rhizosphere, we provide evidence that Pseudomonadaceae and Burkholderiaceae family taxa are recruited to the wheat root community via root exudates. This deeper understanding crop microbiome formation will enable researchers to characterise these interactions further, and possibly contribute to ecologically responsible methods for yield improvement and biocontrol in the future.
The association of standardized patient educators (ASPE) gynecological teaching associate (GTA) and male urogenital teaching associate (MUTA) standards of best practice
Authors: Hopkins Holly , Weaks Chelsea , Webster Tim , Elcin Melih 
Published: June 2021

AbstractGynecological Teaching Associates (GTAs) and Male Urogenital Teaching Associates (MUTAs) instruct healthcare professional learners to perform accurate and respectful breast, speculum, bimanual vaginal, rectal, urogenital, and prostate examinations. During such sessions, the GTA/MUTA uses their own body to instruct while providing real-time feedback. While GTAs/MUTAs fall under the broader umbrella of Standardized Patient methodology, the specificity of their role indicates need for establishment of Standards of Best Practice (SOBP) for GTA/MUTA programs. On behalf of the Association of Standardized Patient Educators (ASPE), the Delphi process was utilized to reach international consensus identifying the Practices that comprise the ASPE GTA/MUTA SOBP. The original ASPE SOBP was used as the foundation for the iterative series of three surveys. Results were presented at the ASPE 2019 conference for additional feedback. Fifteen participants from four countries completed the Delphi process. Four of the original ASPE SOBP Domains were validated for GTA/MUTA programs: Safe Work Environment, Instructional Session Development, Training GTAs/MUTAs, and Program Management. Principles and Practices were shaped, and in some instances created, to best fit the distinct needs of GTA/MUTA programs. The ASPE GTA/MUTA SOBP apply to programs that engage GTAs/MUTAs in formative instructional sessions with learners. Programs that incorporate GTAs/MUTAs in simulation roles or in summative assessment are encouraged to reference the ASPE SOBP in conjunction with this document. The SOBP are aspirational and should be used to shape Practices within the program’s local context. The ASPE GTA/MUTA SOBP will continue to evolve as our knowledge-base and practice develop.
Persistent cognitive impairment associated with cerebrospinal fluid anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies six months after mild COVID-19
Authors: Borsche Max , Reichel Dirk , Fellbrich Anja , Lixenfeld Anne S. , Rahmöller Johann , Vollstedt Eva-Juliane , Föh Bandik , Balck Alexander , Klein Christine , Ehlers Marc , Moser Andreas 
Published: June 2021

AbstractNeurological long-term sequelae are increasingly considered an important challenge in the recent COVID-19 pandemic. However, most evidence for neurological symptoms after SARS-CoV-2 infection and central nervous system invasion of the virus stems from individuals severely affected in the acute phase of the disease. Here, we report long-lasting cognitive impairment along with persistent cerebrospinal fluid anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in a female patient with unremarkable standard examination 6 months after mild COVID-19, supporting the implementation of neuropsychological testing and specific cerebrospinal fluid investigation also in patients with a relatively mild acute disease phase.
Integrating machine learning and blockchain to develop a system to veto the forgeries and provide efficient results in education sector
Authors: Shah Dhruvil , Patel Devarsh , Adesara Jainish , Hingu Pruthvi , Shah Manan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAlthough the education sector is improving more quickly than ever with the help of advancing technologies, there are still many areas yet to be discovered, and there will always be room for further enhancements. Two of the most disruptive technologies, machine learning (ML) and blockchain, have helped replace conventional approaches used in the education sector with highly technical and effective methods. In this study, a system is proposed that combines these two radiant technologies and helps resolve problems such as forgeries of educational records and fake degrees. The idea here is that if these technologies can be merged and a system can be developed that uses blockchain to store student data and ML to accurately predict the future job roles for students after graduation, the problems of further counterfeiting and insecurity in the student achievements can be avoided. Further, ML models will be used to train and predict valid data. This system will provide the university with an official decentralized database of student records who have graduated from there. In addition, this system provides employers with a platform where the educational records of the employees can be verified. Students can share their educational information in their e-portfolios on platforms such as LinkedIn, which is a platform for managing professional profiles. This allows students, companies, and other industries to find approval for student data more easily.
Occupational and Personal Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic on US Oncologist Burnout and Well-Being: A Study From the ASCO Clinician Well-Being Task Force
Authors: Hlubocky Fay J. , Back Anthony L. , Shanafelt Tait D. , Gallagher Colleen M. , Burke John M. , Kamal Arif H. , Paice Judith A. , Page Ray D. , Spence Rebecca , McGinnis Molly , McFarland Daniel C. , Srivastava Piyush 
Published: June 2021

INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 pandemic is an unprecedented global crisis profoundly affecting oncology care delivery. PURPOSE: This study will describe the occupational and personal consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on oncologist well-being and patient care. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four virtual focus groups were conducted with US ASCO member oncologists (September-November 2020). Inquiry and subsequent discussions centered on self-reported accounts of professional and personal COVID-19 experiences affecting well-being, and oncologist recommendations for well-being interventions that the cancer organization and professional societies (ASCO) might implement were explored. Qualitative interviews were analyzed using Framework Analysis. RESULTS: Twenty-five oncologists were interviewed: median age 44 years (range: 35-69 years), 52% female, 52% racial or ethnic minority, 76% medical oncologists, 64% married, and an average of 51.5 patients seen per week (range: 20-120). Five thematic consequences emerged: (1) impact of pre-COVID-19 burnout, (2) occupational or professional limitations and adaptations, (3) personal implications, (4) concern for the future of cancer care and the workforce, and (5) recommendations for physician well-being interventions. Underlying oncologist burnout exacerbated stressors associated with disruptions in care, education, research, financial practice health, and telemedicine. Many feared delays in cancer screening, diagnosis, and treatment. Oncologists noted personal and familial stressors related to COVID-19 exposure fears and loss of social support. Many participants strongly considered working part-time or taking early retirement. Yet, opportunities arose to facilitate personal growth and rise above pandemic adversity, fostering greater resilience. Recommendations for organizational well-being interventions included psychologic or peer support resources, flexible time-off, and ASCO and state oncology societies involvement to develop care guidelines, well-being resources, and mental health advocacy. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that the COVID-19 pandemic has adversely affected oncologist burnout, fulfillment, practice health, cancer care, and workforce. It illuminates where professional organizations could play a significant role in oncologist well-being.
The Facilitatory Effects of Adjuvant Pharmaceutics to Prolong the Duration of Local Anesthetic for Peripheral Nerve Block: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis
Authors: Xuan Chengluan , Yan Wen , Wang Dan , Li Cong , Ma Haichun , Mueller Ariel , Wang Jingping 
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUND:
Peripheral nerve block (PNB) with perineural local anesthetic is used for anesthesia or analgesia with many benefits. To extend these benefits, various adjuvant drugs have been used to prolong the duration of analgesia. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of various adjuvants at prolonging the duration of sensory and motor blockade for PNB.

METHODS:
A network meta-analysis of placebo-controlled and active randomized controlled trials was performed comparing 10 adjuvants. Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane library were searched, with articles before May 21, 2020 included. Two authors independently selected studies and extracted data. The primary outcomes were sensory block (SB) and motor block (MB) time, and the secondary outcome was time of first analgesia rescue (FAR). Effect size measures were described as mean differences (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Confidence in evidence was assessed using Confidence in Network Meta-Analysis (CINeMA). The study protocol was preregistered with the prospectively registered systematic reviews in health and social care international database (PROSPERO), as number CRD42020187866.

RESULTS:
Overall 16,364 citations were identified, of which 53 studies were included with data for 3649 patients. In network meta-analyses, 4 of 7 included treatment strategies were associated with more efficacious analgesia compared with placebo therapy, including dexamethasone (SB time: 5.73 hours, 95% CI, 4.16–7.30; MB time: 4.20 hours, 95% CI, 2.51–5.89; time of FAR: 8.71 hours, 95% CI, 6.63–10.79), dexmedetomidine (SB time: 4.51 hours, 95% CI, 3.52–5.50; MB time: 4.04 hours, 95% CI, 2.98–5.11; time of FAR: 5.25 hours, 95% CI, 4.08–6.43), fentanyl (SB time: 3.59 hours, 95% CI, 0.11–7.06; MB time: 4.42 hours, 95% CI, 0.78–8.06), and clonidine (SB time: 2.75 hours, 95% CI, 1.46–4.04; MB time: 2.93 hours, 95% CI, 1.69–4.16; time of FAR: 3.35 hours, 95% CI, 1.82–4.87). In a subgroup analysis, addition of dexamethasone to ropivacaine significantly increased the time of FAR when compared to dexmedetomidine (time of FAR: 5.23 hours, 95% CI, 2.92–7.54) or clonidine (time of FAR: 6.61 hours, 95% CI, 4.29–8.92) with ropivacaine.

CONCLUSIONS:
These findings provide evidence for the consideration of dexmedetomidine, dexamethasone, and clonidine as adjuvants to prolong the duration of PNB. The addition of dexamethasone to ropivacaine has a longer time of FAR compared with clonidine or dexmedetomidine.
A genomic exploration of the early evolution of extant cats and their sabre-toothed relatives
Authors: Westbury Michael V , Barnett Ross , Sandoval-Velasco Marcela , Gower Graham , Vieira Filipe Garrett , de Manuel Marc , Hansen Anders J , Yamaguchi Nobuyuki , Werdelin Lars , Marques-Bonet Tomas , Gilbert M Thomas P , Lorenzen Eline D 
Published: June 2021

Background: The evolutionary relationships of Felidae during their Early–Middle Miocene radiation is contentious. Although the early common ancestors have been subsumed under the grade-group Pseudaelurus, this group is thought to be paraphyletic, including the early ancestors of both modern cats and extinct sabretooths. Methods: Here, we sequenced a draft nuclear genome of Smilodon populator, dated to 13,182 ± 90 cal BP, making this the oldest palaeogenome from South America to date, a region known to be problematic for ancient DNA preservation. We analysed this genome, together with genomes from other extinct and extant cats to investigate their phylogenetic relationships. Results: We confirm a deep divergence (~20.65 Ma) within sabre-toothed cats. Through the analysis of both simulated and empirical data, we show a lack of gene flow between Smilodon and contemporary Felidae. Conclusions: Given that some species traditionally assigned to Pseudaelurus originated in the Early Miocene ~20 Ma, this indicates that some species of Pseudaelurus may be younger than the lineages they purportedly gave rise to, further supporting the hypothesis that Pseudaelurus was paraphyletic.
TOPICAL ISSUES OF PROFESSIONAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL SUITABILY IN THE SYSTEM OF THE MIA OF THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN
Authors: Latifzoda Somon 
Published: June 2021

This article discusses the main problems and issues of professional and psychological suitability in the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Tajikistan. The analysis of the existing scientific literature was carried out, and also the author's recommendations were formulated to improve the professional training and professional suitability of the employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Along with the professional training of police officers, their psychological qualities also play a decisive role in ensuring efficiency in operational-search activities.
The quality and effectiveness of the implementation of operational-search activities, then its level directly depends on the psychological characteristics of the operative and his professional training. It should be noted that scientifically grounded conclusions about the professional and psychological suitability of employees can only be achieved with the help of high-quality and correct psychological diagnostics, that is, using psychometric methods.
The basis for the survey of professional and psychological suitability, the procedure, procedure, conditions and terms of the survey, cases of re-examination are determined by regulatory legal acts.
Consequently, the research and scientifically grounded measures to determine professional suitability in the internal affairs bodies of the Republic of Tajikistan are relevant, and the scientifically grounded results obtained as a result of our research can be used to further improve the professional and psychological selection to the law enforcement agencies of the country.
Utilization of high-speed imaging for atmospheric scintillation
studies
Authors: McLaren Jason R. , Lesniewski Peter J. , Kelly Shane W. , Field William H. , Wedding A. Bruce 
Published: June 2021

Atmospheric scintillation studies have been traditionally undertaken utilizing nonimaging detection. When imaging devices are used, they typically detect the resultant signal at the receiver plane. Here, a high-speed camera has been utilized in atmospheric scintillation field trials, imaging a laser source (i.e., imaging the object plane) over a near ground path length of 1.5 km. The statistical nature of the acquired atmospheric scintillation data is characterized using a range of probability density functions. The exponentiated Weibull function was found to best describe the nature of scintillation over the broadest range of a scintillation index typical of atmospheric scintillation. A preliminary investigation into the relationship between the fit variables of three of the better-performing probability density functions and the scintillation index is presented, along with suggestions for future use of digital cameras in atmospheric scintillation studies.
Phase-coded microwave signal generation with a built-in optoelectronic
oscillator based on a dual-parallel Mach–Zehnder modulator
Authors: Zhao Quanjing , Yan Juanjuan 
Published: June 2021

A scheme for binary phase-coded microwave signal generation is proposed and
experimentally demonstrated with a dual-parallel Mach–Zehnder
modulator (DPMZM). The carrier of the generated phase-coded signal is
provided by the built-in dual-loop optoelectronic oscillator (OEO)
based on the DPMZM. The principle of this signal generator and the
oscillating condition of the OEO is theoretically described in detail.
It is found that phase-coded signals can be produced by setting the
three working points and the modulation depth of the DPMZM. In the
proving experiment, a 10-GHz oscillating signal with a side mode
suppression ratio of 49 dB is generated. The phase noise of this
carrier wave is measured to be

−

80

d
B
c

/

H
z

at 10 kHz offset with a 100-m and
1-km optical fiber used in the two oscillation loops. When 1-Gbit/s
and 2-Gbit/s coding signals are, respectively, applied to the DPMZM,
two 10-GHz self-oscillating phase-coded signals are eventually
produced, and the

π

phase shift in the signals is
successfully confirmed with the phase information extracted from the
phase-coded signals.
Heat health risk assessment analysing heatstroke patients in Fukuoka City, Japan
Authors: Toosty Nishat Tasnim , Hagishima Aya , Tanaka Ken-Ichi 
Published: June 2021

Background
Climate change, as a defining issue of the current time, is causing severe heat-related illness in the context of extremely hot weather conditions. In Japan, the remarkable temperature increase in summer caused by an urban heat island and climate change has become a threat to public health in recent years.

Methods
This study aimed to determine the potential risk factors for heatstroke by analysing data extracted from the records of emergency transport to the hospital due to heatstroke in Fukuoka City, Japan. In this regard, a negative binomial regression model was used to account for overdispersion in the data. Age-structure analyses of heatstroke patients were also embodied to identify the sub-population of Fukuoka City with the highest susceptibility.

Results
The daily maximum temperature and wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT), along with differences in both the mean temperature and time-weighted temperature from those of the consecutive past days were detected as significant risk factors for heatstroke. Results indicated that there was a positive association between the resulting risk factors and the probability of heatstroke occurrence. The elderly of Fukuoka City aged 70 years or older were found to be the most vulnerable to heatstroke. Most of the aforementioned risk factors also encountered significant and positive associations with the risk of heatstroke occurrence for the group with highest susceptibility.

Conclusion
These results can provide insights for health professionals and stakeholders in designing their strategies to reduce heatstroke patients and to secure the emergency transport systems in summer.