bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implementing Grand Strategy
Authors: Inboden William 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes the Richard Nixon administration, particularly in its early months. Nixon and his indispensable partner Henry Kissinger took office with a coherent and well-developed grand strategy, based on ideas they had been developing and articulating for years. Much scholarship has been devoted, and rightfully so, to the strategic principles and policies that Nixon and Kissinger pursued while in office. Yet the way they organized their national security system and attempted to implement their strategy has received much less attention—despite the fact that Nixon and Kissinger themselves devoted considerable time and intellectual energy to these organizational issues. In other words, they were concerned not merely with what policies they wanted to pursue and why they would pursue them, but also how they would advance those policies. In the case of Nixon and Kissinger, this “how” included the remarkable centralization of power in the National Security Council, often at the expense of the State and Defense Departments. The chapter assesses how and why Nixon and Kissinger went about this, particularly focusing on how they connected their organizational decisions to their grand strategy.
Introduction: Three Themes
Authors: Tamanaha Brian Z. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This introductory chapter provides an overview of legal pluralism. Legal pluralism refers to a multiplicity of law in various senses across multiple scholarly disciplines and law and development contexts. The chapter identifies what legal pluralism is framed in opposition to: the image of monistic state law. It also sets forth two streams of legal pluralism: abstract legal pluralism constructed by theorists versus folk legal pluralism understood in social-historical terms. Finally, the chapter outlines three categories of law that appear throughout the book: community law, regime law, and cross-polity law.
Abstract versus Folk Legal Pluralism
Authors: Tamanaha Brian Z. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter differentiates between abstract legal pluralism and folk legal pluralism. Abstract concepts of law within legal pluralist literature can be placed in one of two broad categories based on form and function: the inner ordering of associations or institutionalized rule systems. However, both types of concepts of law inevitably result in over-inclusiveness by encompassing social phenomena that are usually not considered to be law, creating irresolvable problems. Folk legal pluralism identifies coexisting forms of law in terms of what people collectively view as law, examined through a social-historical lens that pays attention to how forms of law vary across social contexts and change over time. It also articulates three categories of law applied throughout this book: community law, regime law, and cross-polity law. This approach offers a commonsensical account of law and legal pluralism useful for scholars, development practitioners, social scientists, and legal theorists.
The Future of Nuclear Waste
Authors: Joyce Rosemary 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
How can sites of waste disposal be marked to prevent contamination in the future? The United States government addressed this challenge in planning for nuclear waste repositories. Consulting with experts in imagining future scenarios, in language and communication, and in anthropology, the Department of Energy sought to develop plans that would satisfy demands from the Environmental Protection Agency for a marker system that would be effective long into the future. Expert consultants proposed two very different designs: one based on archaeological sites recognized as cultural heritage monuments; the other proposing that certain forms invoke universal feelings. The Department of Energy opted for a design based on archaeological ruins, cited as proof human-made markers could last and communicate warnings for thousands of years. This book explores the common-sense assumptions the experts made about their archaeological models and shows how they are contradicted by what archaeologists understand about these places and things. The book alternates between discussions of archaeological marker designs and reflections on the alternative proposal based on archetypes intended to arouse universal responses. Recognizing these archetype designs as similar in scale and form to Land Art projects, it compares the way government experts proposed that their designs would work with views of modern artists and critics. Drawing on views of indigenous people who disproportionately are asked to accommodate such projects, the book explores concessions within the project that only oral transmission is likely to ensure that such sites remain identifiable long into the future.
Indelible Messages from Newgrange to Kakadu Park
Authors: Joyce Rosemary A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the diverse features cited to justify the idea that inscriptions on the surfaces of the monoliths could convey meanings into the future. Experts and government agencies changed their cited models multiple times, finally arriving at the Athenian Acropolis and Australian aboriginal rock art as unlikely paired models, after considering the tomb at Newgrange and Spanish Levantine rock art. All the archaeological sites mentioned were either named or nominated as UNESCO World Heritage sites, suggesting a shared common sense about archaeological sites. In addressing these varied analogues of the marker, the experts employed specific theories of communication based on presumed universals in the use of pictographs and narratives, understood today to be questionable. The chapter ends with an interlude considering Australian response to plans to place nuclear waste repositories in aboriginal land, and how aboriginal art can be understood in relation to such planning.
Self-Replicating Machines
Authors: Lee Daeyeol 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Intelligence cannot be separated from the agent, as can be best illustrated by numerous parasites that alter the behavior of their hosts. This is because intelligence is a function of life whose essential feature is self-replication. The behavior of a host that promotes self-replication of parasites at the cost of its own replication is intelligent for the parasite, but not for the host. This chapters reviews important biological concepts necessary to understand biological intelligence, including the origin of life, biochemistry of gene replication and protein synthesis, and brain evolution. The author argues that because brain functions can be modified by experience, genes do not fully control the brain. Nonetheless, the brain is not completely free from the influence of genes.
Brain and Genes
Authors: Lee Daeyeol 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
During evolution, more complex structures and functions emerge as a result of division of labor and specialization. Often, this leads to a conflict between a principal who determines the nature of division of labor and an agent who implements the overall goal set by the principal. The principal–agent relationship is a useful construct to understand the relationship between the genes and the brain. This chapter covers the key assumptions of the principal–agent theory and how this can be validated in the case of gene–brain relationship. The author argues that because the brain must learn solutions to problems that genes cannot handle, learning is central to intelligence.
Intelligence and Self
Authors: Lee Daeyeol 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The chapter considers self-knowledge or self-insight. The concept of self is an inevitable consequence of recursive social reasoning, but it is bound to cause logical paradox due to its self-reference. Broadly speaking, self is an example of metacognition, namely, a consequence of cognition applied to evaluate other cognitive processes, which includes the feeling of knowing and other abilities to select the optimal decision-making strategies. As the number and complexity of different learning strategies increase, this also produces undesirable side effects, including negative emotions, such as disappointment and regret, as well as potential failures of metacognition, which might manifest as mental illnesses.
Conclusion
Authors: Lee Daeyeol 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
To better prepare for the future society in which artificial intelligences (AI) will have much more pervasive influence on our lives, a better understanding of the difference between AI and human intelligence is necessary. Human and biological intelligence cannot be separated from the process of self-replication. Therefore, a fundamental gap exists between human intelligence and AI until AI acquires artificial life. Humans’ social and metacognitive intelligence most clearly distinguish human intelligence from nonhuman intelligence. Although advances are likely to improve the functioning of AI, AI will remain a function of human activity. However, if AI can learn to self-replicate and thus become a life form, albeit a man-made one, outcomes become uncertain.
An Institutional Perspective on Public Services
Authors: Loon Nina Van , Vandenabeele Wouter 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
It is easy to think of public service organizations in generic terms. However, on the basis of a multidimensional institutional perspective of publicness, which includes authority, funding, and values, one can quickly understand that the publicness of organizations comes in various guises. This institutional perspective not only explains the behavior of these various public service organizations themselves but also the behavior of individuals operating within these institutional boundaries. Key to explaining individual institutional behavior is the concept of identities. Depending on the extent of their internalization, identities influence individual behavior more or less strongly. An important level at which these insights can be harnessed to the benefit of the organization is at the level of management, which is the link between the individual and the organization. The mechanisms of management influence are illustrated by analyzing four different organizational systems (work design, reward, human resources flow, and employee participation) to manage human assets in public service organizations.
Public Sector Employee Well-Being
Authors: Steijn Bram , Giauque David 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter deals with an important issue in every public organization: employees’ well-being, which the academic literature consistently relates to organizational performance. After addressing the definition of well-being, the chapter presents the two main theoretical lenses through which well-being is considered: the job demands–resources (JD–R) and the person–environment (P–E) fit models. With respect to these two theoretical models, the main empirical findings, specifically for public organizations, are described and discussed. Thus, variables are identified that can be considered as levers for or obstacles to well-being in public organizations. This permits an “institutional” reading of the antecedents of well-being, highlighting, among other characteristics, environmental, organizational, and task characteristics that are particularly important to consider when studying public organizations. Finally, the chapter also points out some gaps in the current literature and proposes new avenues of research for the study of well-being in public organizations.
Managing Employees’ Employability
Authors: Harten Jasmijn Van , Vermeeren Brenda 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter uses research findings and examples from practice to provide a state-of-the-art overview of public sector workers’ employability and its determinants and outcomes. Employability is attracting growing attention from both public and private sector organizations. However, scarce research attention has been paid to the importance and features of the employability of employees in public organizations. Scholars regard and study employability mostly as an issue for business organizations. This chapter demonstrates, among other things, that both in research and in practice, employability is predominantly treated in a generic, non-sector-specific way. This leads to a call for public sector-specific studies and comparative research across countries and sectors. The chapter ends with proposals for future research and policy agendas.
Quakers, Christ, and the Enlightenment
Authors: Pennington Madeleine 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The Quakers were by far the most successful of the radical religious groups to emerge from the turbulence of the mid-seventeenth century—and their survival into the present day was largely facilitated by the transformation of the movement during its first fifty years. What began as a loose network of charismatic travelling preachers was, by the start of the eighteenth century, a well-organized and international religious machine. This shift is usually explained in terms of a desire to avoid persecution, but Quakers, Christ and the Enlightenment argues instead for the importance of theological factors as the major impetus for change. In the first sustained account of the theological motivations guiding the development of seventeenth-century Quakerism, the volume explores the Quakers’ positive intellectual engagement with those outside the movement to offer a significant reassessment of the causal factors determining the development of early Quakerism. Tracing the Quakers’ engagement with such luminaries as Baruch Spinoza, Henry More, John Locke, and John Norris, the volume unveils the Quakers’ concerted attempts to bolster their theological reputation through the refinement of their central belief in the ‘inward Christ’, or ‘the Light within’. In doing so, the study challenges persistent stereotypes of early modern radicalism as anti-intellectual and ill-educated—and indeed, as defined either by ‘rationalist’ or ‘spiritualist’ excess. Rather, the theological concerns of the Quakers and their interlocutors point to a crisis of Christology weaving through the intellectual milieu of the seventeenth century, which has long been underestimated as significant fuel for the emerging Enlightenment
Explaining Continuity and Change
Authors: Pennington Madeleine 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2 establishes the limitations of a purely socio-political account of the changes explored in Chapter 1. The Quakers were not altogether removed from social and political motivations. However, as this chapter systematically demonstrates, the notion that they were merely seeking political ‘respectability’ fails to explain the pace and scope of the changes affecting the Quaker movement during this period. Rather, the Quakers were seeking to bolster their ‘theological reputation’, through a concerted refinement of their theology as a means of strengthening their ecclesial claim to ‘true Christianity’. Unlike respectability narratives, the quest for theological reputation was not subordinated to the concerns of their opponents, but involved appeals both to Christian doctrine and the proactive assertion of Quaker values, as well as the interplay between the two. At the heart of this process was a concern to make sense of the Quakers’ experience of Christ within and amongst them
The Christian Quaker
Authors: Pennington Madeleine 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
As Quakerism entered its third decade, the 1672 Declaration of Indulgence created new space for theological dispute. This chapter considers a series of early 1670s pamphlet disputations involving William Penn—first with Thomas Hicks and then with John Faldo—which demonstrate the challenges facing any intellectual outworking of the Quakers’ belief in the immanent Christ. Quaker apologists accepted openly that the Light within was derivative of ‘Christ’ in himself, and at least some engaged directly with the metaphysical issues at stake. This shows the greater willingness of later Quakers to compromise to confirm their reputation as true Christians—and while there was still a lack of real theological innovation, support from the philosopher Henry More indicates a subtle shift in Quaker metaphysics emerging in the mid-1670s. This shift gathered pace after this point, as is elucidated more fully in Chapter 6
Review and Document the Process
Authors: Raines James C. , Dibble Nic T. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
After reviewing and documenting the process, this chapter argues that it is unethical to stop the ethical decision-making process with implementation. The chapter recommends monitoring and evaluating the consequences of the ethical decision by engaging in post-decision activities. It uses two case studies where well-meaning mental health professionals inadvertently created iatrogenic effects for their clients. It details what went wrong in each case and how outcomes might have been improved. In these situations, mental health professionals are strongly encouraged to re-engage the ethical decision-making process on behalf of their clients, including apologizing for missteps previously made.
Introduction
Authors: Ibrahim Ayman S. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Chapter 1 introduces the topic of investigation by explaining the research problem and the state of the art. It shows how some modern scholars believe that classical Muslim sources include scarce information on conversion and consider them the wrong sources for studying the phenomenon. Drawing straightforward links between historiographical reports and events which may have happened centuries earlier is problematic, especially in the absence of actual documentation. However, it is important to study conversion depictions in early Islamic historiographical accounts. Through analyzing a vast number of Arabic Muslim historical accounts, historiography reveals a great deal about conversion. The chapter explains the theoretical basis of the investigation and the methodology of marrying history and historiography by tracing the interplay between historical phenomena and historiographical depictions; external evidence is investigated, then internal criticism is applied. The chapter lists the conversion themes detected, lays out the major arguments of the investigation, and explains the research plan and the outline of the book.
Rethinking Ocean Protection
Authors: Alger Justin 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter traces the initial emergence and spread of the norm of large marine protected areas (MPAs). It explains why the conditions were present for the emergence of large MPAs as the solution of choice for activists and governments looking to ramp up marine conservation efforts. Through the advocacy efforts of a few individuals and organizations, the large MPA norm began to take hold, one jurisdiction at a time, beginning with high-profile campaigns in Kiribati and the US. This chapter documents those initial successes, explaining how they created the conditions for the broader, global uptake of the large MPA norm.
A Dive Tourism Haven in Palau
Authors: Alger Justin 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the Palauan government’s creation of the 500,000 km2 Palau National Marine Sanctuary. Palau’s critical dependence on its ecotourism sector—54% of GDP in 2015—meant that business interests and conservation objectives were largely aligned in Palau. At the same time, profits from commercial fishing in Palau’s waters went primarily to foreign-based fleets. The legislation for the sanctuary not only protected biodiversity, but was an effort to restructure the country’s commercial fishing industry to better benefit Palauans. Whereas most prior large marine protected area campaigns had been initiated by environmental groups, this one was initiated by Palauan President Tommy Remengesau Jr. This chapter demonstrates that, given a favorable political economy, business influence can sometimes lead to better protections.
Introduction
Authors: Nelson Jacob L. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces the book’s overarching questions: How do journalists conceptualize their audiences? Who gets included in these conceptualizations, and who is left out? Perhaps most important, how aligned are journalism’s “imagined” audiences with the real ones? It also introduces the book’s ethnographic data, collected from three news organizations: the Chicago Tribune, City Bureau, and Hearken. Both the Tribune and City Bureau publish news, while Hearken offers tools and services to newsrooms interested in improving their relationship with their audiences. Each has its own distinct take on what people expect from news, which leads all three to chart remarkably different paths in their shared quest to make high-quality, valuable, and publicly appreciated journalism. Taken together, these data reveal how journalists’ assumptions about their audiences shape their approaches to their audiences.
The Journalist–Audience Relationship
Authors: Nelson Jacob L. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter reflects on one of the most important—yet least studied—aspects of journalism: the connection between how journalists perceive and pursue their audiences. Journalists, like all media producers, can never possibly know precisely who sees what they publish. Instead, they create what communication scholar Eden Litt calls an imagined audience that includes the people with whom they believe they are communicating. Once journalists imagine their audiences, their goals become not just producing the news, but producing news in such a way that it will resonate with those they hope to reach. This chapter explores how journalists have traditionally imagined and pursued their audiences, and how both of those things are beginning to change.
Living Standards in Southern Europe over the Long Run
Authors: Matsaganis Manos 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter reviews how material conditions improved in Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Greece over many decades from the postwar period to the onset of the Eurozone crisis and the Great Recession; how Southern Europe lost ground in the 2010s; and how changes in living standards affected different population groups. The chapter unfolds in 15 short sections. Section 4.1 sets the scene by briefly discussing similarities and differences between the four countries. Section 4.2 recounts how life in Southern Europe was transformed since the mid-20th century in terms of material well-being. Sections 4.3–4.14 look at changes in gross domestic product, consumption, investment, labour productivity, employment, education attainment, population health, social spending, income inequality, poverty and social exclusion, the distribution of wealth, and life satisfaction. Section 4.15 concludes.
Economic Growth, Income Distribution, and Social Exclusion in Turkey
Authors: Duman Anıl , Duman Alper 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the degree of income and institutional convergence between Turkey and European Union (EU) as well as trends in inequality and poverty by taking a long-term perspective as changes in polices an institutions impact on economic and social outcomes, often with considerable lags. The authors’ findings reveal that Turkey has successfully transformed its inward-looking and largely agricultural economy in the past 35 years into an export-oriented and urban-based economy. The transformation has been achieved mostly in periods of dramatic reform embedded in business and political cycles. Nevertheless, in the most recent era, there have been significant setbacks for certain groups in terms of regulatory environment, equality of opportunity, and access to markets and resources. Although there has been progress in the overall distribution of income and other aspects of social inclusion, convergence to EU standards is not easy to observe in these indicators.