bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prescription Opioids in Adolescence and Future Opioid Misuse
Authors: Miech Richard , Johnston Lloyd , O’Malley Patrick M. , Keyes Katherine M. , Heard Kennon 
Published: November 2021

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE
Legitimate opioid use is associated with an increased risk of long-term opioid use and possibly misuse in adults. The objective of this study was to estimate the risk of future opioid misuse among adolescents who have not yet graduated from high school.

METHODS
Prospective, panel data come from the Monitoring the Future study. The analysis uses a nationally representative sample of 6220 individuals surveyed in school in 12th grade and then followed up through age 23. Analyses are stratified by predicted future opioid misuse as measured in 12th grade on the basis of known risk factors. The main outcome is nonmedical use of a prescription opioid at ages 19 to 23. Predictors include use of a legitimate prescription by 12th grade, as well as baseline history of drug use and baseline attitudes toward illegal drug use.

RESULTS
Legitimate opioid use before high school graduation is independently associated with a 33% increase in the risk of future opioid misuse after high school. This association is concentrated among individuals who have little to no history of drug use and, as well, strong disapproval of illegal drug use at baseline.

CONCLUSIONS
Use of prescribed opioids before the 12th grade is independently associated with future opioid misuse among patients with little drug experience and who disapprove of illegal drug use. Clinic-based education and prevention efforts have substantial potential to reduce future opioid misuse among these individuals, who begin opioid use with strong attitudes against illegal drug use.
Overdose Risk in Young Children of Women Prescribed Opioids
Authors: Finkelstein Yaron , Macdonald Erin M. , Gonzalez Alejandro , Sivilotti Marco L.A. , Mamdani Muhammad M. , Juurlink David N. , Safety Canadian Drug 
Published: November 2021

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE
Over the past 20 years, the prescribing of opioids has increased dramatically in North America, with parallel increases in opioid addiction, overdose, and associated deaths. We examined whether young children of women prescribed opioids were at increased risk of opioid overdose.

METHODS
We conducted a population-based, nested case control study in Ontario, Canada, between 2002 and 2015. We identified children aged ≤10 years, whose mothers received publicly funded prescriptions for an opioid or a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (comparator analgesic) in the preceding year. Cases were children who presented to hospital for or died of opioid overdose. Each case was matched with 4 controls with no opioid overdose. The primary outcome was the risk of opioid overdose.

RESULTS
We identified 103 children who presented to the hospital with opioid overdose and matched them with 412 controls. Half of the children with opioid overdose were &lt;2 years old. Compared with controls, children with an opioid overdose were far more likely to have a mother who received a prescription opioid (unadjusted odds ratio, 2.41; 95% confidence interval, 1.68–3.45) and who was prescribed antidepressants. The most commonly implicated overdose opioids were codeine (53.4%), oxycodone (32.0%), and methadone (15.5%).

CONCLUSIONS
Young children of mothers prescribed opioids are at a markedly increased risk of overdose. Physicians, pharmacists, and parents should take measures to mitigate the risk of opioid-related harm to children, such as prescribing smaller quantities, emphasizing the importance of secure medication storage, and the prompt disposal of unused opioids.
Breastfeeding, Cognitive and Noncognitive Development in Early Childhood: A Population Study
Authors: Girard Lisa-Christine , Doyle Orla , Tremblay Richard E. 
Published: November 2021

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
There is mixed evidence from correlational studies that breastfeeding impacts children’s development. Propensity score matching with large samples can be an effective tool to remove potential bias from observed confounders in correlational studies. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of breastfeeding on children’s cognitive and noncognitive development at 3 and 5 years of age.

METHODS
Participants included ∼8000 families from the Growing Up in Ireland longitudinal infant cohort, who were identified from the Child Benefit Register and randomly selected to participate. Parent and teacher reports and standardized assessments were used to collect information on children’s problem behaviors, expressive vocabulary, and cognitive abilities at age 3 and 5 years. Breastfeeding information was collected via maternal report. Propensity score matching was used to compare the average treatment effects on those who were breastfed.

RESULTS
Before matching, breastfeeding was associated with better development on almost every outcome. After matching and adjustment for multiple testing, only 1 of the 13 outcomes remained statistically significant: children’s hyperactivity (difference score, –0.84; 95% confidence interval, –1.33 to –0.35) at age 3 years for children who were breastfed for at least 6 months. No statistically significant differences were observed postmatching on any outcome at age 5 years.

CONCLUSIONS
Although 1 positive benefit of breastfeeding was found by using propensity score matching, the effect size was modest in practical terms. No support was found for statistically significant gains at age 5 years, suggesting that the earlier observed benefit from breastfeeding may not be maintained once children enter school.
Coparenting Breastfeeding Support and Exclusive Breastfeeding: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Abbass-Dick Jennifer , Stern Susan B. , Nelson LaRon E. , Watson William , Dennis Cindy-Lee 
Published: November 2021

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the effectiveness of a coparenting intervention on exclusive breastfeeding among primiparous mothers and fathers.

METHODS
A randomized controlled trial was conducted in a large teaching hospital in Toronto, Canada. Couples were randomized to receive either usual care (n = 107) or a coparenting breastfeeding support intervention (n = 107). Follow-up of exclusive breastfeeding and diverse secondary outcomes was conducted at 6 and 12 weeks postpartum.

RESULTS
Significantly more mothers in the intervention group than in the control group continued to breastfeed at 12 weeks postpartum (96.2% vs 87.6%, P = .02). Although proportionately more mothers in the intervention group were exclusively breastfeeding at 6 and 12 weeks, these differences were not significant. Fathers in the intervention group had a significantly greater increase in breastfeeding self-efficacy scores from baseline to 6 weeks postpartum compared with fathers in the control group (P = .03). In addition, significantly more mothers in the intervention group than in the control group reported that their partners provided them with breastfeeding help in the first 6 weeks (71% vs 52%, P = .02) and that they were satisfied with their partners’ involvement with breastfeeding (89% vs 78.1%, P = .04). Mothers in the intervention group were also more satisfied with the breastfeeding information they received (81% vs 62.5%, P &lt; .001).

CONCLUSIONS
The significant improvements in breastfeeding duration, paternal breastfeeding selfefficacy, and maternal perceptions of paternal involvement and assistance with breastfeeding suggest that a coparenting intervention involving fathers warrants additional investigation.
Neonatal Care: A Compendium of AAP Clinical Practice Guidelines and Policies
Authors:   American Academy of Pediatrics
Published: November 2021

This new compendium gives you a single place to look for the most recent and trustworthy recommendations on quality care of pregnant women and their newborn infants.
https://shop.aap.org/neonatal-care-a-compendium-of-aap-clinical-practice-guidelines-and-policies-paperback/
School Restroom and Locker Room Restrictions and Sexual Assault Risk Among Transgender Youth
Authors: Murchison Gabriel R. , Agénor Madina , Reisner Sari L. , Watson Ryan J. 
Published: November 2021

BACKGROUND
Transgender and gender nonbinary adolescents experience high rates of peer victimization, but the prevalence of sexual assault in this population has not been established. Some schools restrict transgender and nonbinary students from using restrooms and locker rooms that match their gender identity, with unknown effects on sexual assault risk. We tested whether these restrictions were associated with the 12-month prevalence of sexual assault victimization.

METHODS
Survey responses were analyzed from 3673 transgender and nonbinary US adolescents in grades 7 through 12 who participated in the cross-sectional 2017 LGBTQ Teen Study. We estimated the association between school restroom and locker room restrictions and sexual assault, adjusting for potential social and behavioral confounders, using logistic regression. We also tested potential mediators.

RESULTS
The 12-month prevalence of sexual assault was 26.5% among transgender boys, 27.0% among nonbinary youth assigned female at birth, 18.5% among transgender girls, and 17.6% among nonbinary youth assigned male at birth. Youth whose restroom and locker room use was restricted were more likely to experience sexual assault compared with those without restrictions, with risk ratios of 1.26 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02–1.52) in transgender boys, 1.42 (95% CI: 1.10–1.78) in nonbinary youth assigned female at birth, and 2.49 (95% CI: 1.11–4.28) in transgender girls. Restrictions were not associated with sexual assault among nonbinary youth assigned male at birth.

CONCLUSIONS
Pediatricians should be aware that sexual assault is highly prevalent in transgender and nonbinary youth and that restrictive school restroom and locker room policies may be associated with risk.
Factors Associated With HIV Testing in Teenage Men Who Have Sex With Men
Authors: Mustanski Brian , Moskowitz David A. , Moran Kevirj O. , Rendina H. Jonathon , Newcomb Michael E. , Macapagal Kathryn 
Published: November 2021

BACKGROUND
Adolescent men who have sex with men (AMSM) have a high rate of HIV diagnoses. An estimated 14.5% of HIV infections in the United States are undiagnosed; but among 13- to 24-year-olds, the rate is 51.4%. We describe HIV testing rates and identifies salient individual, family, school, and health care influences among AMSM.

METHODS
Data were collected as part of SMART, an ongoing pragmatic trial of an online HIV prevention intervention for AMSM (N = 699). Measures included lifetime HIV testing, demographics, sexual behaviors, condom use, HIV education from school and family, sexual health communication with doctors, HIV knowledge, and risk attitudes.

RESULTS
Only 23.2% of participants had ever had an HIV test. Rates of testing increased with age (5.6% in 13- to 14-year-olds; 15.8% in 15- to 16-year-olds; 37.8% in 17- to 18-year-olds), and sexual experience was a strong predictor of testing (odds ratio: 6.54; 95% confidence interval: 3.95–11.49; P &lt; .001). Most participants had a regular doctor (67.5%), but few had conversations about same-sex sexual behaviors (21.3%), HIV testing (19.2%), or sexual orientation (29.2%). Speaking to a doctor about HIV testing had a large effect (odds ratio: 25.29; confidence interval: 15.91–41.16; P &lt; .001), with 75.4% who had such conversations having been tested, compared to only 10.8% of those who had not had such conversations.

CONCLUSIONS
Despite higher risk, few participants reported ever having received an HIV test. Data indicate pediatricians are an important, but largely untapped, source of testing and could be integral to achieving testing rates needed to end the epidemic.
Influence of crude oil pollution on the content and electrophoretic spectrum of proteins in Carex hirta plants at the initial stages of vegetative development
Authors: Bunіo L. V. , Tsvilynyuk O. M. 
Published: November 2021

The role of proteins in the general adaptive response of Carex hirta plants to soil pollution by crude oil has been studied. It was established that a possible element of the process of adaptation of C. hirta plants to combined stress – conditions of soil polluted by crude oil – may be the synthesis of stress proteins – high molecular weight of more than 60 kD and low molecular weight, not exceeding 22–45 kD. The synthesis of all 5 HSP families was detected in the leaves and rhizomes, and only sHSP (starting from Mr 32 kD), Hsp 60 and Hsp 100 proteins were synthesized in the roots under the influence of crude oil pollution. The development of C. hirta adaptation syndrome under the influence of crude oil pollution of the soil was promoted by enhanced synthesis of proteins with Mr 85, 77, 64, 60 and 27 kD in the leaves, 118 and 41 kD in the rhizomes and proteins with Mr 105, 53, 50 and 43 kD in the roots of the plants. The decrease in the amount of proteins with Mr 91, 45, 28 kD in the leaves, proteins with Mr 85, 76 and 23 kD in rhizomes and proteins with Mr 64 and 39 in the roots of C. hirta plants under conditions of crude oil polluted soil could be a consequence of inhibition of synthesis or degradation of protein molecules providing the required level of low molecular weight protective compounds in cells. The root system and rhizomes of C. hirta plants undergo a greater crude oil load, which leads to increased protein synthesis in these organs and decreased in the leaves, correspondingly. However, a decrease in protein content in the leaves may indicate their outflow in the roots and rhizomes. Сrude oil contaminated soil as a polycomponent stressor accelerated the aging of leaves of C. hirta plants, which could be caused by increased synthesis of ABA. ABA in its turn induced the synthesis of leaf-specific protein with Mr 27 kD. These proteins bind significant amounts of water with their hydrate shells maintaining the high water holding capacity of the cytoplasm under drought conditions. ABA inhibits the mRNA synthesis and their corresponding proteins, which are characteristic under normal conditions, and induces the expression of genes and, consequently, the synthesis of specific proteins including 27 kD protein. By stimulating the expression of individual genes and the synthesis of new polypeptides, ABA promotes the formation of protective reactions and increases the resistance of plants to crude oil pollution.
Efficacy of acriflavin chloride and Melaleuca alternifolia extract against Saprolegnia parasitica infection in Pterophyllum scalare
Authors: Lavrinenko I. V. , Shulha L. V. , Peredera О. О. , Zhernosik I. A. , Peredera R. V. 
Published: November 2021

The article describes cases of saprolegniosis in Pterophyllum scalare in private aquaristics and assesses the therapeutic efficacy of acriflafin chloride against Saprolegnia parasitica infection. To establish the diagnosis, the clinical signs present in sick fish, the results of mycological and microscopic examinations are taken into account. Some chemical and mycological indices of aquarium water have been studied, and also mycological studies of fish feed have been carried out. It is established that the disease of fish develops against the background of adverse changes in physical, chemical composition and microbiocenosis of aquarium water. Low water temperature, high levels of phosphates and pH, a significant level of organic pollution, compared to the norm, provoke the accumulation of opportunistic microbiota, resulting in imbalance in the parasite-host system and the development of clinical manifestations of saprolegniosis in fish. It was found that 44.4% of the studied feed samples fed to fish were contaminated with epiphytic micromycetes. Micromycetes are represented by the genera Aspergillus, Penicilium, Fusarium, Mucor, Rhizopus. Among the studied feeds, the most affected by fungi were larvae of Chironomus plumosus and dry Daphnia pulex. According to the results of our studies during outbreaks of saprolegniosis, the pH of aquarium water was 8.1 ± 0.7, the content of phosphates – 5.6 ± 1.1 mg/L, micromycetes – 18.0 ± 1.2 CFU/100 cm3. Aspergillus flavus, A. niger and Penicillium canescens were detected in the studied water samples. With saprolegniosis, the angelfish have a reduced appetite, spots, ulcers, white thin threads, and a cotton-like plaque appear on certain areas of the skin, fins, eyes, and gills. It is established that effective means for the treatment of sick fish are external use in the form of a long bath of acriflavine chloride and extract of Melaleuca alternifolia. It is also effective to increase the water temperature to 25–27 °С, to ensure the normative fish-holding density in aquariums and to exclude from the diet fish feed contaminated with micromycetes. After using the drugs for two weeks every other day, water was replaced by 20% of the aquarium volume and aerated. As a result of the treatment, gradual healing of skin lesions and recovery of 65% of fish with signs of lesions of the outer coverings were registered. Thus, the article analyzes the causes of saprolegniosis in angelfish common in private aquariums, describes the clinical signs of the disease and assesses the therapeutic efficacy of acriflavine chloride and Melaleuca alternifolia extract against Saprolegnia parasitica infection. Prospects for further research lie in search of more effective and environmentally friendly means for the treatment of saprolegniosis in aquarium fish.
Immunological evaluation of inactivated Newcastle disease vaccine depending on adjuvant composition
Authors: Chegrynets A. I. , Saliy О. О. , Sobko I. A. , Krasinko V. O. 
Published: November 2021

Newcastle disease is a global problem that is being recorded in most countries and also a serious obstacle to exchange of genetic material of poultry in various countries of the world. Control of the Newcastle disease comprises correct injection of efficacious vaccines so as to decrease or eliminate the clinical disease. Our goal was to perform comparative studies of the vaccines against Newcastle disease of water in oil type, the adjuvant being mineral oil mixed with emulsifiers (Span-80 and Tween-80) and ready-to-use adjuvant system (Montanide ISA 70), and study the impact of composition of adjuvant constituent on physical-chemical and immunogenic properties of inactivated vaccines. To reproduce virus-containing material and carried out titration of the viruses, we used chicken embryos free of pathogenic microflora. Aqueous phase for the preparation of emulsion-based vaccines of water in oil type consisted of antigen to Newcastle disease of La-Sota strain, manufactured by Biotestlab Ltd, and phosphate-saline buffer. To evaluate the effectiveness of the vaccine and induce immune response, we used 1-day old pathogen-free chickens, which were obtained from chicken embryos free of pathogenic microflora. As the positive control in the experiment, we used commercial vaccine. One-day chickens were divided into 3 groups (I, II, III) comprising 12 individuals each and one group (IV) consisting of 8 individuals as the control group with individual numeration. Chickens in groups I, II and III were divided into two subgroups (n = 8 and n = 4) to determine immunogenic efficiency and safety of the vaccine. Immunization was carried out through single subcutaneous injections in the region of the neck. To study immunogenic efficiency, the chickens were immunized with the dose of 0.1 mL (1 dose), and 0.2 mL (2 doses) to determine safety. After the immunization of 1-day old pathogen-free chickens with 0.1 mL dose, the obtained level of antibodies in the serum of vaccinated chickens on days 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 after the vaccination indicated the ability of provoking the immune response to Newcastle disease at high level and safety of the vaccination for chickens. All the recipes of the examined series of the vaccines and the commercial vaccine produced appropriate level of viscosity according to the criterion equaling ≤ 200 mm2/s at Р <0.05, promoting fluidity of the vaccine and providing easier passage through the needle during the application. Both of the studied vaccines may be used in poultry farming for prophylaxis of Newcastle disease among chickens.
Induction of useful mutations in Triticum aestivum in the conditions of the radionuclide-contaminated alienation zone of the Chornobyl Power Plant
Authors: Yakymchuk R. А. , Valyuk V. F. , Sobolenko L. Y. , Sorokina S. І. 
Published: November 2021

Induced mutagenesis opens great perspectives for radical genetic improvement of cultivated plants. Scientists seeking new sources and methodological approaches to improve the frequency and extend the range of mutations have drawn attention to the Zone of Alienation around the Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant, where unique conditions of the influence of mutagenic factors have developed, and therefore needs to be studied for possible use of its territory in propagating parent material for selective breeding of wheat. Plants of winter wheat of Albatros Odesky and Zymoiarka varieties were grown within 10 km of the Chernobyl Plant, inside the Alienation Zone, in Chystohalivka, Kopachi and Yaniv villages of Chornobyl district of Kyiv Oblast. The exposure occurred in the dose of 7.2 ∙ 10–12– 50.0 ∙ 10–12 A/kg. As the control, we used the territory of the Research Institute of Physiology of Plants and Genetics of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Hlevaha urbanized settlement of Vasylkivsky District of Kyiv Oblast), where the power of the exposure dose equaled 0.93 ∙ 10–12 A/kg. Frequency and spectrum of mutant forms were determined in M2–M3 generations according to the ratio of the number of families with mutagenic plants to studied M2 families. Among the observed mutations, we determined the share of the ones important for selective breeding. Chronic ionizing radiation throughout the vegetation period of winter wheat increased the level of noticeable mutations, the frequency of which exceeded the control parameters by 8.0–14.9 times. In the conditions of cultivation of winter wheat in the territory of Kopachi village, where the dose was the lowest, we recorded a high level of mutation variability which exceeded the control parameters by 8.0–9.2 times and was notably different from the frequency of mutations induced by radionuclide contamination of soil in the territories of Chystohalivka and Yaniv villages. The mutation range contained 12–20 types and depended on the density of soil contamination with radio nuclides, magnitude of exposure dose and genotype of plants. The predominant mutations were the ones related to the duration of vegetation period, length of the stem, morphology and awns of the ear. Among the detected mutations, the important selective ones accounted for 24.3–49.3%, predominant being low height, intense growth and long cylindrical ear. Because beneficial agronomic traits are highly likely to be inherited in complex with mutations that reduce the productivity of winter wheat, efficiency of direct selection of mutant forms that are valuable for selective breeding is limited. Enlargement of genetic diversity of the initial selection material using the radionuclide-induced mutagenesis resulting from contamination creates the possibility of using it in cross breeding for the purpose of implementing selective breeding genetic programs of improving wheat varieties.
Percepción de los usuarios sobre la calidad en el servicio que ofrece la Oficina de Recursos Humanos de la Universidad Estatal a Distancia
Authors: Herrera Espinoza Deyanira 
Published: November 2021

El presente estudio es sobre la calidad del servicio que ofrece la Oficina de Recursos Humanos de la Universidad Estatal a Distancia. Se aplicaron instrumentos cuyos resultados indicaron que es un servicio "bueno" y "medianamente bueno", por lo que se expone una propuesta de tres fases cuyos objetivos, entre otros son: Propuesta para el mejoramiento de la calidad de servicio al usuario e inducción al cambio, pautas para la elaboración de un plan estratégico, confección de los instrumentos, implementación de un plan piloto y evaluaciones periódicas para su autorregulación.