bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non‐Price Competitiveness Factors—A simple measure and implications for the five largest euro area countries
Authors: Xifré Ramon 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis paper obtains a versatile measure of non‐price competitiveness factors (NPCF) based on a simple international trade model. Trade frictions are reinterpreted as the NPCF conditions (inferior product quality, suboptimal geographical and industry specialisation of exports and any other limitations of the production and exporting channels) that inhibit trade. The set‐up is applied to the five largest euro area economies for the period 2000–2018. Over this period, NPCF have improved significantly in the Netherlands and Spain, mildly in Italy and Germany and mildly worsened in France. In all countries, the improvement in NPCF has been more intense and sustained in the first half of the period and more unstable in the second half. The set‐up is also applied at the product level, considering four types of products depending on the stage of processing, rendering results which are similar across product types and aligned with those for the whole economy. The results suggest that the conventional North–South divide in the euro area might not be entirely applicable regarding NPCF.
A randomized controlled trial of three‐dimensional versus two‐dimensional imaging system on duration of surgery and mental workload for laparoscopic gastropexies in dogs
Authors: Balsa Ingrid M. , Giuffrida Michelle A. , Mayhew Philipp D. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of three‐dimensional (3D) laparoscopy compared to two‐dimensional (2D) laparoscopy when evaluating duration of surgery for canine intracorporeally sutured gastropexy.Study DesignRandomized controlled clinical trial.AnimalsThirty client‐owned dogs.MethodsDogs were randomized into 2D or 3D groups and underwent a three‐port laparoscopic intracorporeally sutured incisional gastropexy with barbed suture. Procedures were performed by a single board‐certified surgeon. Duration of surgery was recorded and workload was assessed immediately after surgery using the NASA Task Load Index (TLX).ResultsMedian duration of surgery was 3 min shorter for 3D versus 2D (95%CI −10 to 13; p = .51). Surgical component durations, total and component TLX scores, and intraoperative complications also did not differ between groups. In a subgroup analysis excluding the first eight cases due to presumption of a learning curve with suturing technique, total TLX score (p = .004) and all component scores were lower for 3D as compared to 2D laparoscopy, although duration of surgery did not differ (p = .20).ConclusionThe use of 3D laparoscopy was not associated with shorter duration of surgery when compared to 2D laparoscopy.Clinical Significance3D laparoscopy requires further investigation in veterinary medicine to determine its utility in decreasing surgical duration, surgical complications or surgeon mental or physical workload.
Phylogenomic resolution of the monotypic and enigmatic Amarsipus, the Bagless Glassfish (Teleostei, Amarsipidae)
Authors: Harrington Richard C. , Friedman Matt , Miya Masaki , Near Thomas J. , Campbell Matthew A. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAmarsipus carlsbergi is a rare mesopelagic fish distributed in the Indian and Pacific Oceans and is the only species classified in the family Amarsipidae. Since its description in 1969, phylogenetic hypotheses have varied regarding its relationship with other percomorph lineages, but most have indicated a close relationship with the traditional suborder Stromateoidei. Molecular phylogenies place families previously classified in Stromateoidei within a diverse clade—Pelagiaria—that includes fishes such as tunas, cutlassfishes and pomfrets. A recent analysis of a small number of loci resolved a clade containing Amarsipus and the stromateoid lineage Tetragonurus. A subsequent high‐throughput sequence phylogeny based on ultraconserved elements (UCEs) of Pelagiaria lacked Amarsipus, but revealed both strong support for stromateoid paraphyly and high levels of gene tree incongruence. We gathered UCE sequence data for 610 UCE loci from Amarsipus and integrate these with samples from all remaining pelagiarian families. This provides a taxonomically comprehensive phylogenomic framework to test the evolutionary relationships of Amarsipus, and evaluate the support for stromateoid monophyly. As in previous studies, our analyses find high levels of gene tree topological discordance with regard to some deeper pelagiarian inter‐relationships. However, we resolve Amarsipus as the sister lineage of a clade containing Tetragonurus and a family not considered a stromateoid lineage, Chiasmodontidae. This relationship is supported by both high gene tree concordance and node support. Our analyses also provide strong support for the paraphyly of Stromateoidei, casting uncertainty on previous hypotheses of the evolution of morphological traits across members of Pelagiaria.
Geodiversity as part of Heritage Rivers: The Example of São Francisco, River of National Unity - Along the Stretch its River Source to the Casca d’Anta Waterfall
Authors: Oliveira Carmélia Kerolly Ramos de , Amorim Castro Paulo De Tarso , Ruchkys Úrsula De Azevedo , Pereira Diamantino Manuel Insua , De Sordi Michael Vinicius 
Published: April 2021

Rivers are key parts of geodiversity and have special proximity with society. Hence, river heritage is characterized by uncommon rivers with singular aspects of geodiversity, historical and cultural values, ecological and landscape elements of high scenic quality. In such context, the present study aimed to identify the set of elements or places of interest which could be used to recognize river heritage based on geodiversity values along a 17 km stretch between São Francisco river headwaters and the Casca d’Anta waterfall within Canastra Range National Park (Minas Gerais State - Brazil). Here, seven elements of river heritage were recognized: i) landscape set ofthe Canastra Range; ii) São Francisco historic headwater; iii) Curral de Pedras; Casca d’Anta waterfall; v) Nesting area of the Mergus octosetaceus; vi) diamond mining; vii) the Canastra cheese. The identified elements of river heritage highlight the scientific, ecological, cultural, historic and touristic/economic importance of the analyzed. stretch Moreover, such elements illustrate need for improvement of the existing legislations and more effective instruments of river management and river conservation.
Tribological Properties of a New Alloy Laser Cladded on Hypereutectoid Rails
Authors: Fasihi Panahsadat , Abrahams Ralph , Mutton Peter , Yan Wenyi 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
To overcome the previous limitations imposed by standard laser cladding alloys, a novel iron-based laser cladding alloy, SS415, is developed and investigated. The wear and rolling contact fatigue resistance properties of the novel SS415 laser cladded on a premium railway hypereutectoid rail are experimentally investigated using a custom-made roller-on-disc test machine. The obtained results are compared with our previously published results of non-clad rail and the standard iron-based cladding alloys, namely, 410L and SS420, specimens under the same conditions. The accumulated wear rate and the pileup area were quantified with the aid of an optical profilometer. The obtained results were correlated to in-depth wear surface characterization using optical microscopic images. The experimental results showed that the novel SS415 exhibits favorable hardness variation, more ductile behavior, promising work hardenability, and a 95% reduction in the wear rate, in comparison to the non-cladded samples. Moreover, the SS415 cladding resulted in less surface damage and the lowest degree of third-body abrasive wear modes, after the completion of the rolling contact cycles. Based on this investigation, the novel SS415 is a promising iron-based laser cladding alloy that offers the best wear and fatigue performance compared to both 410L and SS420 cladded samples. Additionally, this novel alloy offers significantly improved mechanical and tribological properties compared to the two standard alloys.
Friction Mechanism and Characteristics of Reticle Based on Contact Theory
Authors: Wu Jianwei , Wang Hui , Chen Tianfeng , Ma Yarui , Cui Jiwen , Tan Jiubin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
With the development of integrated circuits, the structure of chips becomes more and more complex, and the processing cost increases accordingly. To improve the productivity of lithography, the acceleration of the reticle stage should be increased to reduce the positioning time. However, the increase of acceleration will cause the relative slip between the reticle and the vacuum chuck, which seriously affects the accuracy and the product yield of lithography. To suppress the slippage, the friction mechanism and the characteristics between the reticle and the chuck are studied in this article. First, based on the Kogut–Etsion contact model and the Majumdar–Bhushan (MB) fractal contact model, the maximum static friction coefficient model between nano-scale surfaces was established. Then, the surface morphology parameters of reticle and chuck adsorption surface were obtained by atomic force microscopy (AFM) scanning. Finally, the maximum static friction force experiments show that the MB model is more suitable for the study of friction mechanism between reticle and vacuum chuck, and the model is more instructive for the suppression of reticle slip.
Effect of Fin Orientation on Melting Process in Horizontal Double Pipe Thermal Energy Storage Systems
Authors: Boulaktout Nesrine , Mezaache El Hacene , Teggar Mohamed , Arıcı Müslüm , Ismail Kamal A. R. , Yıldız Çağatay 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Immersion of fins in latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) systems has been used as an influential approach to remedy the poor thermal conductivity of phase-change materials (PCMs). This paper numerically investigates heat transfer and phase-change improvement by means of longitudinal fins in a double pipe thermal energy storage unit. The main aim of this study is to investigate the effect of fin orientation on the performance of the thermal storage unit. Six configurations of different fin numbers (2, 4, and 8 fins) and orientations (π/2, π/4, and π/8) are tested. For simulations, a two-dimensional mathematical model incorporating the enthalpy-porosity method and finite volume techniques are established and solved by ansys-fluent. The numerical predictions are successfully validated by comparison with experimental and numerical data from the literature. Heat transfer characteristics and melting process are analyzed through streamlines, isotherms, mean temperature, heat flux (HF), and heat transfer coefficient (HTC) as well as transient melting front position and liquid fractions. Results show that orientation of fins has a significant impact on the charging time for two cases (2 and 4 fins) whereas no significant reduction in charging time was obtained for the case of 8 fins. In case of utilizing 2 fins, a fin orientation of 0 deg (vertical fins) shortens the charging time by up to 2.5 folds compared with the horizontal fins (90 deg). These results could help designing efficient latent thermal energy storage units.
Analysis of Aqueous Lithium Bromide Absorption Refrigeration Systems
Authors: You Dongchuan , Metghalchi Hameed 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Aqueous lithium bromide absorption refrigeration systems have been studied in recent years and their advantages such as environmental safety and utilization of low-grade energy have been proved. Research on improving their performance has been increasing lately. In this paper, single effect and parallel flow double-effect aqueous lithium bromide absorption refrigeration systems have been studied. Mass, energy, entropy, and exergy balances have been used to model the absorption refrigeration systems. Parametric studies have been done to investigate the effects of cooling load, evaporator exit temperature, condenser exit temperature, generator vapor exit temperature, absorber exit temperature, and solution energy exchanger effectiveness on the performance of the system. The analyses show the coefficient of performance, and exergetic efficiency of double-effect absorption refrigeration is higher than those of single-effect refrigeration. The effect of other parameters on the performance of both single- and double-effect systems has been described in detail in this article.
Direct Kinematic Analysis of the Spatial Parallel Mechanism With 3-R(P)S Structure Based on the Point Pair Relationship
Authors: Zhu Ganmin , Wei Shimin , Zhang Ying , Liao Qizheng 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper demonstrates a novel geometric modeling and computational method of the family of spatial parallel mechanisms (PMs) with 3-R(P)S structure for direct kinematic analysis based on the point pair relationship. The point pair relationship, which is derived from the framework of conformal geometric algebra (CGA), consists of the relationship between the point and the point pair and two point pairs. The first research is on the distance relationship between the point and the point pair. Second, the derivation of the distance relationship between two point pairs is based on the aforementioned result, which shows the mathematical homogeneity. Third, two formulations for a point of the point pairs that satisfy the distance relationship between two point pairs are reduced. Fourth, the point pair relationship is applied to solve the direct kinematic analysis of the spatial parallel mechanism with 3-R(P)S structure. Finally, four numerical examples are provided to verify the validity of the proposed algorithm. Overall, the proposed method can be generalized for the direct kinematics of a series of spatial parallel mechanisms with 3-R(P)S structure.
Application of AI in Optimization of Machining Conditions
Authors: Chen Tongjian , Wang Weiping , Wang Xiaofang 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In these days researchers have been attempting to build up a versatile optimization method which is adaptable for all the purposes but no ideal one has been appeared. The paper proposes a new consideration for practising the optimization of machining conditions in various machining processes on workshop scenes. The optimizing strategy is through an expert system of selection to determine a most effective algorithm from the current sophiticated optimizing algorithms collected in the knowledge base as subroutines, then to run the algorithem program and obtain the optimized results by means of the interactive function of expert system. The method not only has the versatile property to be used in various sorts of machining easily but also keeps the completeness of each sophiticated optimizing method developed for a special machining process without compromise.
Product Design Analysis Using the Assembly Design Evaluation Metric
Authors: Lee David E. , Melkanoff Michel A. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Analysis of a product’s assembly properties is needed during the initial design stage in order to identify potential assembly problems. These problems affect product performance in the later stages of a product’s life cycle. An analysis methodology has been developed that supports product design analysis for assembly during the initial design stage. The methodology, referred to as the Assembly Design Evaluation Metric (ADEM), utilizes the incomplete nature of initial design data and a generic model of assembly operations in the analysis of a product design. ADEM generates ratings for each component of a product design and each process that would be needed to assemble the components together. From the individual component and process ratings, ADEM computes overall ratings for the product design itself. These overall product ratings can then be used to compare the differing iterations of a product design. Because ADEM provides an explicit model of assembly operations, different levels of data and process abstraction can be maintained and analyzed. This enables ADEM to evaluate product designs earlier in the design stage than existing design analysis methods such as DFA (design for assembly) techniques.
Developing Function Structures of Engineering Systems Using C and X-Toolkit Intrinsics
Authors: Hundal M. S. , Langholtz Louis D. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
An interactive graphical program is described, which uses an object oriented approach for developing conceptual designs. The program is written in the C programming language and designed on a UNIX operating system. It starts with the specifications list, develops function structures and searches for solutions, for systems with mechanical, electrical/electronic, fluid and other components. It can be used for developing new and improving existing devices, systems and processes. Applications include any designs which can be described in terms of interconnected functional blocks with definable input and output parameters. By running the system, the variety of functional blocks can be tested to determine the optimal solution based on the given specifications. Designers will benefit from the pictorial representation; data-based functional and connective representation; and the generation and evaluation of concept variants. The use of the program is illustrated by an industrial design example.
Analogical Problem Solving in Mechanical Design: The Knowledge Base Model
Authors: Bardasz Theodore , Zeid Ibrahim 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Mechanical design activities can be categorized as two classes: creating new designs for new problems and modifying old designs to fit new problems. A vast majority of mechanical design activities can be associated with the latter class. In most cases, it is more effective to modify the design process that created the mechanical artifact than it is to modify the mechanical artifact itself. A scheme for design automation that uses Analogical Problem Solving (APS) as its intelligent agent offers an effective method to solve both classes of mechanical design. It is particularly suited to the latter class of design activities. It would rely heavily on a design knowledge base for storing design cases generated while solving design problems, and retrieving design cases that are applicable in a new design problem context. In this paper, a cognitive model of memory for storing design plans is presented. The memory model is four layers deep: product design plans, assembly design plans, mechanical component design plans, and recurring engineering problems. The storage and retrieval mechanism is based on some of the more popular work found in Case Based Reasoning. To alleviate the user(s) from operating in a restricted vocabulary set, a semantic network is integrated into the memory model for use as an elaboration and cross-reference mechanism. Mechanical design plans for products, assemblies, mechanical components and recurring engineering problems can be stored and retrieved from the memory model using information found in the description of the design problem. Sample examples are presented to demonstrate the potential of the memory model.
Interference/Collision Detection Using Geometric Halfspaces
Authors: Letter John G. , Ling Zhi-Kui 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Analyzing engineering problems with solid modelling has significantly increased in popularity in recent years. One of the areas of analyses is interference and collision detection between solid objects. Interference is defined as a condition in which two objects share a portion of space at the same instance of time. Collision is defined as a condition in which the surfaces of two objects are in contact. This paper presents a method of determining interferences and collisions between objects defined by geometric halfspaces. Specifically, it is implemented in a process of determining collision free paths of a three degree of freedom manipulator installed in a recirculating nuclear steam generator. Possible interference / collision between the components of the manipulator and generator are examined.
Halfspaces are used to construct solid objects for the purpose of determining interferences and collisions between any two objects. Halfspaces are defined as simple point sets that have characteristic functions. The halfspaces presented in this paper are planes, cylinders, and spheres. Definition points, which are a set of discrete points on the surface of the object, approximate the shape of the object. Halfspaces and definition points are the information required for the interference / collision detection analysis. The technique addressed in this paper checks the relative location of the definition points of one object with the geometric halfspaces of another object. The result of each analysis determines if the objects are either interfering with, in contact with, or separated from each other.
HyperGear: An Object Oriented Design Program for Single Stage Gear Box Design
Authors: Gabriele Gary A. , Serrano Agustî Maria I. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The need for superior design tools has lead to the development of better and more complex computer aided design programs. Two of the more important new developments in application tools being investigation are Object Oriented Languages, and HyperMedia. Object Oriented Languages allow the development of CAD tools where the parts being designed and the design procedures specified are conceptualized as objects. This allows for the development of design aids that are non-procedural and more readily manipulated by the user trying to accomplish a design task. HyperMedia allows for the easy inclusion of many different types of data, such as design charts and graphs, into the tool that are normally difficult to include in design tools programmed with more conventional programming languages.
This paper explores the development of a computer aided design tool for the design of a single stage gear box using the development HyperCard® environment and the HyperTalk® programming language. The resulting program provides a user friendly interface, the ability to handle several kinds of design information including graphic and textual, and a non-procedural design tool to help the user design simple, one stage gear boxes. Help facilities in the program make it suitable for undergraduate instruction in a machine elements design course.
Computer Aided Analysis of a Printer Mechanism
Authors: Hari Yogeshwar , Meyer Daniel B. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper analyzes the dynamics of a printer mechanism used for graphics printing. The torque induced in the drive motor is idealized as a step function. The friction induced in the mechanism is idealized as viscous damping. The structure of the printer mechanism is idealized to be rigid during operation of the print head drive. The Lagrangian method is used to derive a mathematical model. It is represented in a control system schematic applying feedback. A computer program written in Basic simulates the system under control, in order to predict the outputs, velocity and position, given the input, torque. The computer aided analysis enables the designer to minimize print placement error due to imprecision.