bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nontuberculous mycobacteria in China: incidence and antimicrobial resistance spectrum from a nationwide survey
Authors: Liu Chun-Fa , Song Yi-Meng , He Wen-Cong , Liu Dong-Xin , He Ping , Bao Jing-Jing , Wang Xin-Yang , Li Yan-Ming , Zhao Yan-Lin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
Information on the prevalence and resistance spectrum of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) in China is mainly based on regional or local data. To estimate the proportion of NTM cases in China, a national survey of NTM pulmonary disease was carried out based on acid-fast positive sputum samples collected in 2013.

Methods
Sputum samples collected from enrolled presumptive cases in 72 nationwide tuberculosis surveillance sites from the 31 provinces in the mainland of China were cultured using L-J medium at the National tuberculosis reference laboratory (NTRL). MALDI-TOF MS identified the species of re-cultured strains, and minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined to evaluate the drug susceptibility of NTM isolates. Data analysis used statistical software SPSS version 22.0 for Windows statistical package.

Results
Of 4917 mycobacterial isolates cultured, 6.4% [317/4917, 95% confidence interval (CI) 5.8%–7.2%] were confirmed as NTM, among which 7.7% (287/3709, 95% CI 6.9%–8.6%) were from the southern region. In inland and coastal China, 87.7% (95% CI 78.7%–93.2%) and 50.0% (95% CI 43.7%–56.3%) of isolates, respectively, were slow-growing mycobacteria (SGM), with the remaining rapid growing mycobacteria (RGM). A total of 29 species were detected, Mycobacterium abscessus had higher clarithromycin-inducible resistance rates than M. massiliense (65.67% vs 2.22%). M. kansasii presented lower resistance rates in linezolid and moxifloxacin than M. avium-intracellulare complex (3.23% vs 66.67%, 0 vs 47.22%) and other SGM (3.23% vs 38%, 0 vs 26%).

Conclusions
More NTM pulmonary disease was observed in the south and coastal China (P < 0.01). SGM was widely distributed, and more RGM are present in southern and coastal China (P < 0.01). The antimicrobial resistance spectrum of different NTM species was significantly different and accurate species identification would be facilitated to NTM pulmonary disease treatment.
Psychological distress and associated factors of the primary caregivers of offspring with eating disorder during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic
Authors: Zhang Lei , Wu Meng Ting , Guo Lei , Zhu Zhuo Ying , Peng Su Fang , Li Wei , Chen Han , Fan Juan , Chen Jue 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic and posed serious challenges in many countries. A number of studies before the COVID-19 pandemic have shown that the primary caregivers of the ED patients are subjected to great burden, psychological pressure, and serious emotional problems. This study aimed to investigate the psychological distress level of the primary caregivers of ED offspring during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods
From March 6 to April 20, 2020, 378 questionnaires for primary caregivers of ED offspring and 1163 questionnaires for primary caregivers of healthy offspring were collected through an online crowdsourcing platform in mainland China. Valid questionnaires that met the criteria included 343 (90.74%) primary caregivers of ED offspring and 1085 (93.29%) primary caregivers of healthy offspring. Using Propensity Score Matching (PSM), 315 (83.33%) primary caregivers of ED offspring and 315 matched primary caregivers of healthy offspring were included in the statistical analysis. Depression, anxiety, perceived stress and social support were measured by Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, Perceived Stress Scale-10 and Social Support Rating Scale, respectively.

Results
The rates of depression and anxiety of the primary caregivers of ED offspring were 20.6 and 16.5%, which were significantly higher than those of primary caregivers of healthy offspring (4.1 and 2.2%), all P < 0.001. Regression analysis found that perceived stress, social support, previous or present mental illness, family conflicts during the COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on the severity of depression (P < 0.001, P = 0.002, P = 0.041, P = 0.014); Perceived stress, social support, family conflicts during the COVID-19 pandemic and years of education had a significant impact on the severity of anxiety (P < 0.001, P = 0.002, P = 0.002, P = 0.003).

Conclusions
During the COVID-19 pandemic, primary caregivers of ED offspring experienced more psychological distress than that of primary caregivers of healthy offspring. ED caregivers with high perceived stress may have higher levels of depression and anxiety. ED caregivers with high social support, no mental illness and no family conflicts may have lower levels of depression. ED caregivers with high social support, no family conflicts, and high years of education may have lower levels of anxiety.
Expression and clinical prognostic value of m6A RNA methylation modification in breast cancer
Authors: Zheng Fangchao , Du Feng , Qian Haili , Zhao Jiuda , Wang Xue , Yue Jian , Hu Nanlin , Si Yiran , Xu Binghe , Yuan Peng 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
N6-methyladenosine(m6A) methylation modification affects the tumorigenesis, progression, and metastasis of breast cancer (BC). However, the expression characteristics and prognostic value of m6A modification in BC are still unclear. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between m6A modification and clinicopathological characteristics, and to explore the underlying mechanisms.

Methods
Three public cohorts and our clinical cohort were included: 1091 BC samples and 113 normal samples from the TCGA database, 1985 BC samples from the METABRIC database, 1764 BC samples from the KM Plotter website, and 134 BC samples of our clinical cohort. We collected date from these cohorts and analyzed the genetic expression, gene-gene interactions, gene mutations, copy number variations (CNVs), and clinicopathological and prognostic features of 28 m6A RNA regulators in BC.

Results
This study demonstrated that some m6A regulators were significantly differenially expressed in BCs and their adjacent tissues, and also different in various molecular types. All 28 studied m6A regulators exhibited interactions. KIAA1429 had the highest mutation frequency. CNVs of m6A regulators were observed in BC patients. The expression of the m6A regulators was differentially associated with survival of BC. Higher CBLL1 expression was associated with a better prognosis in BC than lower CBLL1 expression. Functional analysis showed that CBLL1 was related to the ESR1-related pathway, apoptosis-related pathway, cell cycle pathway and immune-related pathway in BC.

Conclusions
m6A RNA modification modulated gene expression and thereby affected clinicopathological features and survival outcomes in BC. CBLL1 may be a promising prognostic biomarker for BC patients.
The association of heat shock protein genetic polymorphisms with age-related hearing impairment in Taiwan
Authors: Chang Ning-Chia , Yang Hua-Ling , Dai Chia-Yen , Lin Wen-Yi , Hsieh Meng-Hsuen , Chien Chen-Yu , Ho Kuen-Yao 
Published: April 2021

Background Age-related hearing impairment (ARHI) is a major disability among the elderly population. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) were found to be associated with ARHI in animal studies. The aim of this study was to analyze the associations of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of HSP genes with ARHI in an elderly population in Taiwan. Methods Participants ≥65 years of age were recruited for audiometric tests and genetic analyses. The pure tone average (PTA) of the better hearing ear was calculated for ARHI evaluation. The associations of HSPA1L (rs2075800 and rs2227956), HSPA1A (rs1043618) and HSPA1B (rs2763979) with ARHI were analyzed in 146 ARHI-susceptible (cases) and 146 ARHI-resistant (controls) participants. Results The “T” allele of HSPA1B rs2763979 showed a decreased risk of ARHI. The “TT” genotype of rs2763979 also showed a decreased risk of ARHI in the dominant hereditary model. For HSPA1L (rs2075800 and rs2227956) and HSPA1A (rs1043618), the haplotype “CAG” was related to a decreased risk of ARHI. Conclusion These findings suggest that HSP70 polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to ARHI in the elderly population. Graphical Abstract
Frictional stability of porous tuff breccia under subsurface pressure conditions and implications for shallow seismicity
Authors: Mizoguchi Kazuo , Uehara Shin-ichi , Hirose Takehiro , Iizuka Sachiko 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThick sediment layers frequently cover the Japan islands’ surface, and their frictional properties significantly affect the shallow slip behavior that occurs during earthquakes. However, laboratory data on the properties of the shallow zone remain limited. We collected tuff breccia samples from deep borehole cores in the Miocene “Green Tuff” formation, a major surface cover, and performed velocity-stepping friction tests on these samples under in situ stresses of 2 to 20 MPa to assess the velocity dependence of their frictional strength. The samples exhibit predominantly frictionally stable, velocity-strengthening behavior over the range of normal stresses tested, which supports the hypothesis that shallow sediment layers are seismically quiescent. This result is consistent with the low seismicity and attenuation of coseismic slip occurring in the shallow zone that is observed during regional earthquakes. Microstructural observations of the postmortem samples using optical and scanning electron microscopes indicate a fabric transition from boundary shear localization to distributed cataclastic flow with increasing normal stress. Our laboratory investigation of the depth-variable distribution of the frictional velocity dependence of a shallow sediment layer would provide further insight into the mechanical role for earthquake rupture dynamics and shallow seismicity.
Retrospective study of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis cases in Giza Governorate during the period of 2014–2018
Authors: El Malik Amany Rabea Abd , El Wahab Amany Ezz Elarab Abd , Eltrawy Heba H. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundTuberculosis in Egypt is a main public health problem. Egypt is categorized among the mid-level incidence countries.The objective of this work isto study the epidemiology of TB in Giza Governorate during the period from 2014 to 2018.ResultsThis study revealed that the total number of TB cases in Giza Governorate during the period from 2014 to 2018 was 3357 (2035 males and 1322 females including 199 children) with the highest number of cases in 2017 (n=770 cases). The highest incidence occurred in the age group 18–65 years (86.3%%, 78.8%, 83.8%, 84.2%, and 87.1%) and male gender (56.8%, 62.8%, 59.9%, 61.3%, and 61.5%) during the study period, respectively, and in urban residence, the higher percentage occurred in PTB than EPTB in 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2018 (66.2%, 58.9%, 57.3%, and 55.5%), respectively, while the incidence of the extra PTB was higher than PTB in 2017 (51.6% versus 48.4%). The increased incidence of new cases (92.9%, 89.6%, 92.7%, 91.8%, and 92.9%) during the 5 studied years are smear-positive and cure outcome (86.3%, 87.7%, 88.7%, 83.4%, and 83.4%, respectively)ConclusionYoung, middle-aged male, and new smear-positive cases were highest in percentage. The highest percentage of PTB (66.2%) was registered in 2014, and the highest percentage of EPTB (51.6%) was registered in 2017. The increased percentage of cure outcome was during the period from 2014 to 2018 in Giza Governorate.
The Precious Seed of Christian Virtue: Charity, Disability, and Belonging in Guatemala, 1871–1947
Authors: Vrana Heather 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis article addresses the role of disability and disabled people in the construction of citizenship and nation through the ideologies and practices of charity from the 1870s through the 1940s. These periods of Guatemalan history are generally thought of as distinct: the Liberal triumph over Conservatives, Liberal dictatorship, and democratic revolution. To the contrary, practices of charity reveal the continuity of these political forms. This article explains the three models of charity that characterized modern Guatemala—caridad, beneficencia, and asistencia social—and outlines how they reflected understandings of the relationship between individuals and the state. It also provides a window into the daily lives of patients at the nation's insane asylum, leprosarium, and general hospital, who were not merely objects of charity but also political subjects who engaged charity models to gain access to resources, people, and mobility. In sum, this article integrates disability into broader historical narratives.
Visualization of X chromosome reactivation in mouse primordial germ cells in vivo
Authors: Haramoto Yoshikazu , Sakata Mino , Kobayashi Shin 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
X chromosome inactivation (XCI), determined during development, remains stable after embryonic cell divisions. However, primordial germ cells (PGCs) are exceptions in that XCI is reprogrammed and inactivated X chromosomes are reactivated. Although interactions between PGCs and somatic cells are thought to be important for PGC development, little is known about them. Here, we performed imaging of X chromosome reactivation (XCR) using the ‘Momiji’ mouse system, which can monitor the X chromosome's inactive and active states using two color fluorescence reporter genes, and investigated whether interactions would affect XCR in PGCs. Based on their expression levels, we found that XCR of the Pgk1 locus began at embryonic day (E)10.5 and was almost complete by E13.5. During this period, PGCs became distributed uniformly in the genital ridge, proliferated, and formed clusters; XCR progressed accordingly. In addition, XCR of the Pgk1 locus preceded that of the Hprt locus, indicating that the timing of epigenetic memory erasure varied according to the locus of each of these X-linked genes. Our results indicate that XCR proceeds along with the proliferation of PGCs clustered within the genital ridge.
This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
The initiation knot is a signaling center required for molar tooth development
Authors: Mogollón Isabel , Moustakas-Verho Jacqueline E. , Niittykoski Minna , Ahtiainen Laura 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Signaling centers, or organizers, regulate many aspects of embryonic morphogenesis. In the mammalian molar tooth, reiterative signaling in specialized centers called enamel knots (EKs) determines tooth patterning. Preceding the primary EK, transient epithelial thickening appears, the significance of which remains debated. Using tissue confocal fluorescence imaging with laser ablation experiments, we show that this transient thickening is an earlier signaling center, the molar initiation knot (IK), that is required for the progression of tooth development. IK cell dynamics demonstrate the hallmarks of a signaling center: cell cycle exit, condensation and eventual silencing through apoptosis. IK initiation and maturation are defined by the juxtaposition of cells with high Wnt activity to Shh-expressing non-proliferating cells, the combination of which drives the growth of the tooth bud, leading to the formation of the primary EK as an independent cell cluster. Overall, the whole development of the tooth, from initiation to patterning, is driven by the iterative use of signaling centers.
Identification of in vivo Hox13-binding sites reveals an essential locus controlling zebrafish brachyury expression
Authors: Ye Zhi , Braden Christopher R. , Wills Andrea , Kimelman David 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
During early embryogenesis, the vertebrate embryo extends from anterior to posterior because of the progressive addition of cells from a posteriorly localized neuromesodermal progenitor (NMp) population. An autoregulatory loop between Wnt and Brachyury/Tbxt is required for NMps to retain mesodermal potential and, hence, normal axis development. We recently showed that Hox13 genes help to support body axis formation and to maintain the autoregulatory loop, although the direct Hox13 target genes were unknown. Here, using a new method for identifying in vivo transcription factor-binding sites, we identified more than 500 potential Hox13 target genes in zebrafish. Importantly, we found two highly conserved Hox13-binding elements far from the tbxta transcription start site that also contain a conserved Tcf7/Lef1 (Wnt response) site. We show that the proximal of the two elements is sufficient to confer somitogenesis-stage expression to a tbxta promoter that, on its own, only drives NMp expression during gastrulation. Importantly, elimination of this proximal element produces shortened embryos due to aberrant formation of the most posterior somites. Our study provides a potential direct connection between Hox13 and regulation of the Wnt/Brachyury loop.
A signaling pathway-driven bioinformatics pipeline for predicting therapeutics against emerging infectious diseases
Authors: Scott Tiana M. , Jensen Sam , Pickett Brett E. 
Published: April 2021

Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological agent of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), is a novel Betacoronavirus that was first reported in Wuhan, China in December of 2019. The virus has since caused a worldwide pandemic that highlights the need to quickly identify potential prophylactic or therapeutic treatments that can reduce the signs, symptoms, and/or spread of disease when dealing with a novel infectious agent. To combat this problem, we constructed a computational pipeline that uniquely combines existing tools to predict drugs and biologics that could be repurposed to combat an emerging pathogen. Methods: Our workflow analyzes RNA-sequencing data to determine differentially expressed genes, enriched Gene Ontology (GO) terms, and dysregulated pathways in infected cells, which can then be used to identify US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs that target human proteins within these pathways. We used this pipeline to perform a meta-analysis of RNA-seq data from cells infected with three Betacoronavirus species including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV; SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV; MERS), and SARS-CoV-2, as well as respiratory syncytial virus and influenza A virus to identify therapeutics that could be used to treat COVID-19. Results: This analysis identified twelve existing drugs, most of which already have FDA-approval, that are predicted to counter the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection. These results were cross-referenced with interventional clinical trials and other studies in the literature to identify drugs on our list that had previously been identified or used as treatments for COIVD-19 including canakinumab, anakinra, tocilizumab, sarilumab, and baricitinib. Conclusions: While the results reported here are specific to Betacoronaviruses, such as SARS-CoV-2, our bioinformatics pipeline can be used to quickly identify candidate therapeutics for future emerging infectious diseases.
Game—How to Share the Gains of Collaboration?
Authors: Barbarino Sergio , Boute Robert N. 
Published: April 2021

Supply chain collaborations may generate substantial cost savings. Many such initiatives cease to exist, however, due to not reaching an agreement on how to share the gains. We describe an exercise to understand the challenges in collaborative gain sharing. Funding: This project has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Programme for research, technological development and demonstration (FP7 Transport) [Grant Agreement 284926].
Egressos de enfermagem e suas concepções sobre o mundo do trabalho
Authors: Mello Carolina Viegas de , Shoji Shino , Souza Norma Valéria Dantas de Oliveira , Medeiros Célia Regina Da Silva 
Published: April 2021

Objetivos: identificar e analisar os aspectos facilitadores e limitadores dos graduandos de enfermagem em sua inserção profissional. Método: Estudo qualitativo e descritivo, desenvolvido em duas universidades federais do Rio de Janeiro. Os participantes foram 43 egressos dessas universidades, no qual foi aplicado um roteiro de entrevista semiestruturada. O tratamento dos dados ocorreu pela análise lexical com auxílio do software Iramuteq. Resultados: Constatou-se que, na Universidade A, os fatores facilitadores para a execução do trabalho foram autonomia, relacionamento interpessoal e equipe de trabalho. Os limitadores caracterizam-se como sobrecarga de trabalho, escassez de recursos humanos e de materiais, qualificação profissional e baixo reconhecimento. Na Universidade B, os fatores facilitadores foram condições laborais, trabalho em equipe e autonomia. Já os limitadores foram sobrecarga de trabalho, déficit de recursos humanos e de materiais e relacionamento interpessoal. Conclusão: Ressalta-se que os fatores dificultadores suplantaram os facilitadores e são necessárias intervenções e reformulações não apenas no ambiente de trabalho, mas também no campo da formação.
Aedes aegypti: ESTUDO PILOTO SOBRE A EFETIVIDADE DE DELTAMETRINA E LAMBDA-CIALOTRINA EM CULICÍDEOS COM CAPACIDADE VETORIAL
Authors: Medeiros Camille Zambiase , Cruz Letícia Carolina da , Ehrhardt Alexandre 
Published: April 2021

O Aedes aegypti é o mosquito vetor de maior estima para a saúde pública, sendo o transmissor de inúmeras doenças endêmicas no mundo. Os programas de controle vetorial utilizam como principal inseticida químico, os organofosforados e piretróides, que auxiliam contra a proliferação de criadouros. Porém, alguns fatores de resistência do Aedes, demonstram maior dificuldade para a vigilância e monitoramento. Com isso objetivou-se avaliar a efetividade de um produto com ação larvicida, a partir dos compostos Deltametrina 0,75% + Lambda-cialotrina 0,25%, em larvas expostas ao meio ambiente, em bairros com foco na cidade de Carazinho, Rio Grande do Sul. As larvas foram coletadas em locais com supostos criadouros, e armazenadas em recipientes até serem levadas ao laboratório para análise. Para todos os experimentos, foi utilizada uma diluição padrão indicada de uso, sendo rediluída nas proporções de: 1.000 μL, 500 µL, 200 μL, 100 µL, 50 μL e 25 µL em 100 mL de H2O. Na avaliação das diluições testadas, foi possível observar um padrão de inibição com intervalo de tempo máximo de 30 minutos, havendo 100% de mortalidade, indicando alto nível de letalidade do produto em experimentação. Ao serem avaliadas as larvas de culicídeos selvagens expostas a aplicação do produto com ação larvicida na combinação dos piretróides DMT e LCT, o mesmo alcançou a efetividade desejada.