bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationships of Family food environment with food and nutrition literacy in Chinese school-age children
Authors: Li Niuniu , Su Xiao , Liu Tan , Sun Jing , Zhu Wenli 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: Eating behavior is inﬂuenced by multiple factors and understanding the interplay of these factors is necessary to promote children’s healthy food choice. This study investigated the relations of family food environment (FFE) with food and nutrition literacy (FNL) in Chinese school-age children.Methods: A total of 605 children aged 7-13 years from Grade 1 to 5, and their caregivers participated in the cross-sectional study in Beijing of China during April 2019. The FFE was assessed by the validated Family Food Environment Questionnaire for Chinese School-age Children (FFEQ-SC). For the children of Grade 3 to 5 (n=260), the FNL, including cognitive and skill domains, was assessed by Food and Nutrition Literacy Questionnaire for Chinese School-age Children (FNLQ-SC). Both FFEQ-SC and FNLQ-SC were developed firstly for Chinese school-age children who had good reliability. The anthropometric data (height and weight) was derived from local health information management system for primary schools.Results: Overall, 68.9% of the children’s families had high level of FFE. The total FNL score of 260 children at Grade 3-5 was 63.2±10.3. Comparison of children’s FNL scores among different levels of FFE showed the children with higher level of FFE, especially higher level of caregiver’s educational degree and FNL, were more likely to have higher FNL scores (P<0.05). The multivariate analysis showed the children’s total FNL score was significantly related with family caregiver (β= -0.123, P=0.04) and caregiver’s nutritional literacy (β= 0.210, P=0.002). Furthermore, the children with higher level of caregiver’s nutritional knowledge were less likely to be overweighted or obesese (OR=0.043, P=0.04).Conclusions: Family food environment, especially caregivers’ FNL, was related with children’s FNL, even the risk of overweight. These findings highlight the importance of targeting nutritional knowledge of family caregivers to facilitate the children’s FNL to maintain good health.
Revisiting Methods For Modeling Longitudinal and Survival Data: The Framingham Heart Study
Authors: Ngwa Julius S , Cabral Howard J , Cheng Debbie M , Gagnon David R , LaValley Michael P , Cupples L. Adrienne 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: Statistical methods for modeling longitudinal and time-to-event data has received much attention in medical research and is becoming increasingly useful. In clinical studies, such as cancer and AIDS, longitudinal biomarkers are used to monitor disease progression and to predict survival. These longitudinal measures are often missing at failure times and may be prone to measurement errors. More importantly, time-dependent survival models that include the raw longitudinal measurements may lead to biased results. In previous studies these two types of data are frequently analyzed separately where a mixed effects model is used for the longitudinal data and a survival model is applied to the event outcome. Methods: In this paper we compare joint maximum likelihood methods, a two-step approach and a time dependent covariate method that link longitudinal data to survival data with emphasis on using longitudinal measures to predict survival. We apply a Bayesian semi-parametric joint method and maximum likelihood joint method that maximizes the joint likelihood of the time-to-event and longitudinal measures. We also implement the Two-Step approach, which estimates random effects separately, and a classic Time Dependent Covariate Model. We use simulation studies to assess bias, accuracy, and coverage probabilities for the estimates of the link parameter that connects the longitudinal measures to survival times. Results: Simulation results demonstrate that the Two-Step approach performed best at estimating the link parameter when variability in the longitudinal measure is low but is somewhat biased downwards when the variability is high. Bayesian semi-parametric and maximum likelihood joint methods yield higher link parameter estimates with low and high variability in the longitudinal measure. The Time Dependent Covariate method resulted in consistent underestimation of the link parameter. We illustrate these methods using data from the Framingham Heart Study in which lipid measurements and Myocardial Infarction data were collected over a period of 26 years.Conclusions: Traditional methods for modeling longitudinal and survival data, such as the time dependent covariate method, that use the observed longitudinal data, tend to provide downwardly biased estimates. The two-step approach and joint models provide better estimates, although a comparison of these methods may depend on the underlying residual variance.
Measles Outbreak in Complex Emergency: Estimating Vaccine Effectiveness and Evaluation of the Vaccination Campaign in Borno State, Nigeria, 2019
Authors: Baptiste Anne Eudes Jean , Wagai John , Luce Richard Ray , Masresha Balcha Girma , Klinkenberg Don , Veldhuijzen Irene , Oteri Joseph , Dieng Boubacar , Ikeonu Obianuju Caroline , Mele Sule , Audu Musa Idowu , Braka Fiona , Hahné Susan , Sanders Lieke E.A.M. , Hak Eelko 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: From January to May 2019, large measles outbreaks affected Nigeria. Borno state was the most affected, recording 15,237 suspected cases with the state capital of Maiduguri having 1,125 cases investigated and line-listed by March 2019. In Borno state, 22 of the 27 Local Government Areas (LGAs or Districts), including 37 internally displaced persons (IDPs) camps were affected. In response to the situation, an outbreak response immunization (ORI) campaign was conducted in the 13 most affected LGAs. In addition to conventional vaccination teams, special teams were deployed in security compromised areas, areas with migrants, and for nomadic and IDPs. Here we describe the outbreak and the ORI campaign. We also assess the measles-containing vaccine (MCV) coverage and vaccine effectiveness (VE) in order to quantify the population-level impactMethods: We reviewed the ORI activities, and conducted an analysis of the surveillance and the outbreak investigation reports. We assessed VE of MCV by applying the screening-method. Sensitivity analyses were also conducted to assess the effect of final classification of cases on the VE of MCV. The MCV coverage was assessed by a post-campaign coverage survey (PCCS) after completion of the ORI through a quantitative survey in the 12 LGAs that were accessible. Results: Of the total 15,237 reported measles cases, 2,002 cases were line-listed and investigated, and 737 were confirmed for measles by week 9 of 2019. Of the investigated cases 67.3% (n = 1,348) were between 9 and 59 months of age. Among the 737 confirmed cases, only 9% (n = 64) stated being vaccinated with at least 1 dose of MCV. The overall VE for MCV was 98.4 % (95%CI: 97.8 – 98.8). No significant differences were observed in the VE estimates of lab-confirmed and epi-linked cases when compared to the original estimates. The aggregated weighted vaccination coverage was 85.7% (95% CI: 79.6 – 90.1).Conclusion: The experience in Borno demonstrates that adequate VE can be obtained in conflict-affected areas. In complex emergencies affected by measles outbreaks, health authorities may consider integration with other health strategies and the engagement of security personnel as part of the ORI activities.
A GIS based approach to neighbourhood physical environment and walking among adults in Colombo Municipal Council Area, Sri Lanka
Authors: Weliange Shreenika De Silva , Fernando Dulitha , Withanage Shanthi , Gunatilake Jagath 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background Physical Activity (PA) promotes health and wellbeing and walking is one of the easiest and commonest way to incorporate activity into everyday life. This study examined the association between the objectively measured neighbourhood physical environment and walking among the adults in Colombo Municipal Council (CMC) area in Sri Lanka. Methods A cross sectional study was carried out and primary data collection carried out to assess walking, socio-demographic characteristics and geo location of residence. Secondary data was obtained to assess neighbourhood environment from existing spatially referenced data from the survey department of Sri Lanka. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) was used to calculate density measures (residential density, land use, connectivity and access) and distance measures, which were then correlated with walking. Results A sample consisted of 284 adults aged 29-59 years with a mean age of 40.6 (SD,10.9) years. The total mean minutes walked a week was 175.8 minutes with a standard deviation of 214.0. The mean and the standard deviations of walking per week for transportation and leisure were 158.4 (SD,196.6) and 17.5 (SD,70.1) respectively. Residential density measures, building foot print area, length of major roads, number of intersections, number of bus stops, and distance to nearest major roads showed significant moderate degree of correlations with total minutes of walked per week, (p < 0.001). These results were similar with walking for transportation. Conclusion There is indication that neighbourhood features are associated with walking among the adults in the CMC area using secondary data on physical environment. This paves way for further exploration to understand the relationship between neighbourhood physical environment and walking which could be used for effective interventions to promote walking.
Persistently higher serum sCD40L levels are associated with outcome in septic patients
Authors: Liang Yingjian , Zhu Chengrui , Sun Yini , Li Zhiliang , Wang Liang , Liu Yina , Li Xin , Ma Xiaochun 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: Soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) exhibits proinflammatory and procoagulant effects. Recent data indicated that sCD40L plays a significant role in septic patients. The aim of the present study was to determine sCD40L changes in surgical patients without sepsis (SWS) and surgical sepsis patients (SS) during the first three days after intensive care unit (ICU) admission and to observe the association between sCD40L and mortality.Methods: Time changes in sCD40L levels were assessed for 3 days after ICU admission in 49 patients with SS and compared with those in 19 SWS patients. Serum sCD40L concentration was detected by ELISA. Survival at 28 days served as the endpoint.Results: SS had significantly higher sCD40L levels than SWS and control patients. We observed an association between sCD40L levels ≥1028.75 pg/mL at day 2 and 28-day mortality (odds ratio=7.888; 95% confidence interval=1.758 to 35.395; P=0.007). We could not discover any significant differences in sex, presence of septic shock, site of infection, length of stay in the ICU, PaO2/FiO2 ratio, incidence of AKI, ARDS, or type of surgery between nonsurvivors and survivors.Conclusions: Septic patients show persistently higher circulating sCD40L levels in the first three days after ICU admission, and serum sCD40L levels are associated with the mortality of patients with sepsis. Thus, serum sCD40L may be used as a reliable biomarker and therapeutic target in sepsis.
Long-term outcomes of prediction error after combined phacoemulsification and trabeculectomy in glaucoma patients
Authors: Kang Yeon Soo , Sung Mi Sun , Heo Hwan , Ji Yong Sok , Park Sang Woo 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: To investigate long-term outcomes of prediction error after phacotrabeculectomy and to determine risk factors that may cause unstable prediction error after phacotrabeculectomy in glaucoma patients.Methods: A total 120 eyes of 120 patients who had underwent uncomplicated phacotrabeculectomy (combined group) or phacoemulsification (phaco-only group) were included. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure (IOP) were measured before and after surgery, and anterior segment parameters including anterior chamber depth (ACD), lens vault (LV), and anterior vault (AV) measured using anterior-segment optical coherence tomography were compared between the two groups. The mean absolute error (MAE) at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months postoperatively were compared. Risk factors associated with unstable prediction error (MAE ≥ 0.5) were investigated in the combined group.Results: In both groups, BCVA was improved and IOP was decreased significantly. MAE at 3, 6, 12, 24 months postoperatively were not significantly different between two groups. The risk factors for unstable prediction error after 12 months of phacotrabeculectomy were old age and LV. Whereas, the only factor predicting unstable prediction error after 24 months of phacotrabeculectomy was LV. The cut-off value of LV for predicting unstable refractive error analyzed by the ROC curve was 0.855 mm.Conclusions: Phacotrabeculectomy may be an effective treatment with stable long-term outcomes of prediction error similar to phacoemulsification in patients with glaucoma. However, elderly patients or patients with large LV may be predisposed to unstable prediction error after phacotrabeculectomy.
Cognitive Functioning in Deaf Children Using Cochlear Implants
Authors: Almomani Fidaa , Almomani Murad O , Garadat Soha , Alqudah Safa , Kassab Manal , Hamadneh Shereen , Rauterkus Grant , Gans Richard 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
BACKGROUND: Cognitive abilities like language, memory, reasoning, visualization, and perceptual functioning shape human action and are considered critical to the successful interaction with the environment. Alternatively, hearing loss can disrupt a child’s ability to communicate, and negatively impact cognitive development. Cochlear implants (CI) restore auditory input thereby supporting communication and may enhance cognitive performance. This study compares general cognitive development after cochlear implantation (2017-2019) in two groups of Jordanian children implanted earlier (age:4-6 years, N=22) and later (7-9 years, N=16) to the development of randomly selected normal hearing peers (N=48).DESIGN: Visualization, reasoning, memory, and attention were assessed using the Leiter-R scale at baseline (before implantation), 8 months and 16 months post implantation for children with hearing loss. Same times of testing (baseline, 8 months and 16 months) were used for normal hearing peers. RESULTS: Over the 16-month period, the cognitive improvement of 4-6-year-old deaf children was greater than that of their normal hearing peers on the scales of visualization (5.62 vs. 4.40), reasoning (2.53 vs. 2.38) and memory (17.19 vs. 11.67). while the improvement of 7-9-year-old was less major than that of their normal hearing peers on all scales. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that CI not only enhances communication skills but may improve cognitive functioning in deaf children. However, the extent of this improvement was dependent on age at intervention; current results demonstrated that the children received CI at young ages had better cognitive improvements.
Hindlimb torsional alignment changes in growing rabbits after patellar dislocation
Authors: Niu Jinghui , Qi Qi , Piao Kang , Hao Kuo , Sharif Iftekhar , Wang Fei 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: Torsional malalignment has been considered as a risk factor for patellar dislocation. But the influence of patellar dislocation for torsional alignment development remains unknown. The present study aims to investigate whether the torsional alteration of the hindlimb occurs after patellar dislocation in growing rabbits. Methods: In the present study, 30 one-month-old rabbits were included. The experimental group consisted of 30 left knees of rabbits which underwent patellar lateral dislocation. The control group consisted of 30 right knees of the rabbits which no surgical procedure was performed. The Computed Tomography (CT) scan was performed after the surgery and at the point the rabbits were skeletal mature (5 months post-surgery). The angles of femoral version and tibial torsion were measured using a three-dimensional method and analyzed between the experimental group and the control group. Results: After the surgery, the femoral version and tibial torsion in the experimental and control group were not significantly different. However, 5 months after surgery, the angle of femoral version in the experimental group (-5.50 ± 6.13°) was significantly different from that in the control group (-10.90 ± 4.74°) (P < 0.05). But the angle of tibial torsion in the experimental group (7.17 ± 7.25°) and control group (4.47 ± 6.34°) were not significantly different (P = 0.144). Conclusion: From this study, patellar dislocation can lead to alteration of femoral version in growing rabbits. So patellar dislocation may affect on lower extremity alignment. These findings may develop pathology and etiology of patellar dislocation.
Mapping the Organizational Readiness to Change Assessment to the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research
Authors: Kononowech Jennifer , Hagedorn Hildi , Hall Carmen , Helfrich Christian D. , Lambert-Kerzner Anne C. , Miller Susan C. , Sales Anne E. , Damschroder Laura 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: Implementation researchers recognize the influential role of organizational factors and thus, seek to assess these factors using quantitative measurement instruments. However, researchers are hindered by instruments that measure similar constructs but rely on different nomenclature and/or definitions. The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) provides a taxonomy of constructs derived from prior frameworks and empirical studies of implementation-related constructs. The CFIR includes constructs based on the original Promoting Action Research into Health Services (PARiHS) framework which highlights the key roles of strength of evidence for a specific evidence-based intervention (EBI); favorability of organizational context for change; and capacities to facilitate implementation of the EBI. Although the CFIR is among the most frequently used implementation frameworks, it does not include quantitative measures. The Organizational Resource and Context Assessment (ORCA) is a quantitative measurement instrument that was developed based on PARiHS, assessing its three domains. Factors within these three domains are conceptually similar to constructs in the CFIR but do not match directly. The aim of this work was to map ORCA survey items to CFIR constructs to enable direct comparisons and syntheses of findings across studies using the CFIR and/or ORCA. Methods: Two distinct, independent research teams, each used rigorous constant comparative techniques with deliberation and consensus to map individual items from the ORCA to the five domains and 39 constructs of CFIR. Results: ORCA items were mapped primarily to three of five CFIR domains: Inner Setting, Process and Intervention Characteristics. The two research teams agreed on 88% of mappings at the higher domain level; at the lower construct level, their mappings aligned for 62.2% of the ORCA items. Conclusions: Mapping results reveal that the ORCA focuses measurement prominently on Inner Setting, Process, and Intervention Characteristics. This mapping guide can help improve consistency in measurement and reporting, enabling more efficient comparison and synthesis of findings that use either the ORCA instrument or the CFIR framework. The guide helps advance implementation science utilizing mixed methods by providing CFIR users with quantitative measures for selected constructs and enables ORCA users to map their findings to CFIR constructs.
Cost-effectiveness of Out-of-Hospital Continuous Positive Airway Pressure for Acute Respiratory Failure: Decision analytic modelling using data from a feasibility trial
Authors: Thokala Praveen , Fuller Gordon W , Goodacre Steve , Keating Samuel , Herbert Esther , Perkins Gavin , Rosser Andy , Gunson Imogen , Miller Joshua , Ward Matthew , Bradburn Mike , Harris Tim , Marsh Maggie , Ren Kate , Cooper Cindy 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background Standard prehospital management for Acute respiratory failure (ARF) involves controlled oxygen therapy. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is a potentially beneficial alternative treatment, however, it is uncertain whether this could improve outcomes and provide value for money. This study aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of prehospital CPAP in ARF.Methods A cost-utility economic evaluation was performed using a probabilistic decision tree model synthesising available evidence. The model consisted of a hypothetical cohort of patients in a representative ambulance service with undifferentiated ARF, receiving standard oxygen therapy or prehospital CPAP. Costs and quality adjusted life years (QALYs) were estimated using methods recommended by NICE.Results In the base case analysis, using CPAP effectiveness estimates form the ACUTE trial, the mean expected costs of standard care and prehospital CPAP were £15,201 and £14,850 respectively and the corresponding mean expected QALYs were 1.190 and 1.128, respectively. The mean ICER estimated as standard oxygen therapy compared to prehospital CPAP was £5,685 per QALY which indicated that standard oxygen therapy strategy was likely to be cost-effective at a threshold of £20,000 per QALY (67% probability). The scenario analysis, using effectiveness estimates from an updated meta-analysis, suggested that prehospital CPAP was more effective (mean incremental QALYs of 0.157), but also more expensive (mean incremental costs of £1,522), than standard care. The mean ICER, estimated as prehospital CPAP compared to standard care, was £9,712 per QALY. At the £20,000 per QALY prehospital CPAP was highly likely to be the most cost-effective strategy (94%). Conclusions Cost-effectiveness of prehospital CPAP depends upon the estimate of effectiveness. When based on a small pragmatic feasibility trial, standard oxygen therapy is cost-effective. When based on meta-analysis of heterogeneous trials, CPAP is cost-effective. Value of information analyses support commissioning of a large pragmatic effectiveness trial, providing feasibility and plausibility conditions are met.