bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fungal, Bacterial, and Viral Infections of the Skin
Authors: Hirschmann Jan V. 
Published: January 2021

The skin can become infected by viruses, fungi, and bacteria, including some that ordinarily are harmless colonizing organisms. The most common fungal infections are caused by dermatophytes, which can involve the hair, nails, and skin. Potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparations of specimens from affected areas typically demonstrate hyphae, and either topical or systemic antifungal therapy usually cures or controls the process. The most common bacterial pathogens are Staphylococcus aureus and group A streptococci, which, alone or together, can cause a wide variety of disorders, including impetigo, ecthyma, and cellulitis. Topical antibiotics may suffice for impetigo, but ecthyma and cellulitis require systemic treatment. S. aureus, including methicillin-resistant strains, can also cause furuncles, carbuncles, and cutaneous abscesses. For these infections, incision and drainage without antibiotics are usually curative. Warts are the most common cutaneous viral infection, and eradication can be difficult, especially where the skin is thick, such as the palms and soles, or the patient is immunocompromised. Most therapies consist of trying to destroy the viruses by mechanical, chemical, or immune mechanisms. This review covers dermatophyte infections, yeast infections, bacterial infections, and viral infections of the skin. Figures show the classic annular lesion of tinea corporis, a typical kerion presenting as a zoophilic Microsporum canis infection of the scalp (tinea capitis), tinea corporis, tinea barbae, tinea pedis between and under the toes and on the plantar surface, inflammatory tinea pedis, tinea unguium, tinea manuum, angular cheilitis, prominent satellite lesions of discrete vesicles associated with candidiasis, facial candidiasis, Candida paronychia, tinea versicolor, nonbullous impetigo, bullous impetigo, ecthyma, leg cellulitis, erythema and edema on the cheeks, eyelids, and nose, furuncle, carbuncle, nasal folliculitis, pitted keratolysis, trichomycosis axillaris, necrotizing fasciitis, Fournier gangrene, folliculitis, plantar wart, condyloma acuminatum, and benign lesions of bowenoid papulosis. Tables list dermatophyte species, terminology of dermatophyte infections, topical agents for dermatophyte infections, treatment options for impetigo (adult doses), and treatment options for erythrasma.

This review contains 29 figures, 12 tables, and 36 references
Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant strains, furuncles, carbuncles, cutaneous abscesses, dermatophytes, zoophilic Microsporum canis, andidiasis, facial candidiasis, Candida paronychia, tinea versicolor, nonbullous impetigo, bullous impetigo, ecthyma, leg cellulitis, erythema
Chronic Kidney Failure and Dialysis
Authors: Durvasula Raghu V , Himmelfarb Jonathan 
Published: January 2021

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a clinical syndrome arising from progressive kidney injury, formerly known as chronic renal failure, chronic renal disease, and chronic renal insufficiency. It is classified into five stages based primarily on glomerular filtration rate (GFR). This article discusses the epidemiology of CKD and end-stage renal disease (ESRD), as well as etiology and genetics, pathophysiology, and pathogenesis. The section on diagnosis looks at clinical manifestations and physical findings, laboratory (and other) tests, imaging studies, and biopsy. A short section on differential diagnosis is followed by a discussion of treatment, including hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Long-term complications of patients on dialysis include cardiovascular disease, renal osteodystrophy, dialysis-related amyloidosis, and acquired cystic disease (renal cell carcinoma). The final section addresses prognosis and socioeconomic burden. Figures include the classification system for CKD, prevalence of CKD in the United States, rising prevalence, risk of, and leading causes of ESRD in the United States, plus the changing prevalence of ESRD over time, clinical manifestations of uremia, and an overview of hemodialysis circuit. Tables look at the burden of CKD relative to other chronic disorders, the specific hereditary causes of kidney disease, and situations when serum creatinine does not accurately predict GFR. Other tables list equations for estimating GFR, the causes of CKD without shrunken kidneys, and clinical features distinguishing chronic kidney disease from acute kidney injury. ESRD and indications for initiation of dialysis are presented, as well as typical composition of dialysate and reasons for failure of peritoneal dialysis.

This chapter contains 8 figures, 17 tables and 77 references
Keywords: Renal disease, chronic kidney disease, hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, end-stage renal disease, glomerular filtration rate, mineral bone disease
Sarcoidosis
Authors: Baughman Robert P , Scholand Mary Beth 
Published: January 2021

Sarcoidosis is a systemic disease characterized by the presence of noncaseating granulomas, which accumulate in affected organs. The incidence, organ involvement, and disease severity depend on environmental exposures and host factors. The cause of sarcoidosis remains unknown. Any organ can be affected; however, involvement of the lung, heart, and nervous system contributes most to morbidity and mortality. This review discusses the epidemiology, etiology, genetics, pathogenesis, diagnosis (including clinical manifestations), differential diagnosis, management, complications, and prognosis of sarcoidosis. Figures depict the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis, radiographic stages of sarcoidosis, contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of a patient with neurosarcoidosis, noncaseating granuloma from a tissue biopsy of a patient with sarcoidosis, various manifestations of sarcoidosis, approach to the use of anti-inflammatory therapy for sarcoidosis, and an algorithm for symptomatic disease.
This review contains 7 highly rendered figures, 3 tables, and 126 references
Keywords: cardiac sarcoidosis, hilar lymphadenopathy, Löfgren syndrome, neurosarcoidosis, noncaseating granuloma, sarcoidosis, uveitis
Chronic Liver Diseases
Authors: Ciesek Sandra , Manns Michael P 
Published: January 2021

The term chronic hepatitis encompasses many distinct clinical and pathologic diseases affecting the liver, the most important of which are autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), chronic hepatitis B with or without hepatitis D, and chronic hepatitis C caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV). The standard treatment of AIH is immunosuppressive therapy either with prednisolone alone or in combination with azathioprine. Although mycophenolate mofetil or cyclosporine can be used for retherapy in the case of treatment failure, controlled clinical trials are missing for these immunosuppressive drugs; thus, they are not part of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) practice guidelines for AIH.
Chronic hepatitis B is a major global health care problem as 5% of the world’s population, or approximately 350 million persons, is chronically infected. Anti–hepatitis B virus (HBV) drugs can be divided into three classes: alfa interferons, nucleoside analogue (lamivudine, entecavir, telbivudine), and nucleotide analogue (adefovir dipivoxil, tenofovir dipivoxil). Interferon alfa has a number of potential side effects, and careful consideration must be given to its use. Tenofovir, which falls under the nucleotide analogue class, was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 2008 and has been shown in clinical trials to have more potent activity in serum-suppressing HBV DNA levels than the comparable adefovir.
More prevalent than chronic hepatitis B is chronic hepatitis C due to the high chronicity rate of HCV infection (approximately 160 million people are chronically infected with HCV worldwide). Until 2011, the only treatment for chronic HCV was a combination therapy of pegylated interferon alfa and ribavirin (RBV); however, new treatments for chronic hepatitis C include the directly acting antivirals (DAAs) sofosbuvir and simeprevir, although host-targeting agents are also being developed. The side effects of pegylated interferon/RBV therapy and DAAs should be considered, of which only sofosbuvir has shown no specific side effects so far in clinical studies.
This module contains 5 highly rendered figures, 6 tables, 61 references, and 5 MCQs.
Effect of injectable platelet-rich fibrin (i-PRF) on the rate of tooth movement:
Authors: Erdur Emire Aybuke , Karakaslı Kuter , Oncu Elif , Ozturk Bahadır , Hakkı Sema 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT

Objectives
To evaluate the efficiency of injectable platelet-rich fibrin (i-PRF) in accelerating canine tooth movement and to examine levels of the matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells ligand (RANKL), and osteoprotegerin (OPG) in the gingival crevicular fluid during orthodontic treatment.

Materials and Methods
Twenty patients (mean age = 21.4 ± 2.9 years) with Class II Division 1 malocclusion were included in a split-mouth study. The treatment plan for all patients was extraction of maxillary first premolars followed by canine distalization with closed-coil springs using 150 g of force on each side. The study group received i-PRF two times, with a 2-week interval, on one side of the maxilla. The contralateral side served as the control and did not receive i-PRF. Maxillary canine tooth movement was measured at five time points (T1–T5) on each side. Also, the activity of inflammatory cytokines was evaluated at three time points in the gingival crevicular fluid samples.

Results
There was a significant difference in canine tooth movement between the two groups (P &lt; .001). i-PRF significantly increased the rate of tooth movement, and stimulation in the levels of inflammatory cytokines supported this result (P &lt; .001). The levels of cytokines changed in both groups between T1 and T2. The IL-1β, MMP8, and RANKL values were significantly increased in the study group compared with the control group, while the OPG values were significantly decreased.

Conclusions
i-PRF-facilitated orthodontics is an effective and safe treatment modality to accelerate tooth movement, and this method can help shorten orthodontic treatment duration.
CONTRIBUIÇÕES DO ENSINO RELIGIOSO PARA A FORMAÇÃO DO ADOLESCENTE
Authors: Scalzer Fernando Lúcio , De Oliveira Frederico Pecorelli , Pereira Jubrael Daisy Patrícia , Dos Santos de Almeida Vendramine Maria de Fátima , Da Silva Veruska Sidronil , Ferreira da silva José Carlos 
Published: January 2021

Resumo: A adolescência é uma fase na vida do indivíduo marcada por diversas mudanças em todos os níveis, onde os questionamentos são frequentes acerca dos valores referenciais que lhes são transmitidos (morais, éticos, religiosos etc). O indivíduo inicia a formação dos alicerces onde se sustentarão os conceitos e valores que formarão a identidade da sua personalidade. Valores e conceitos esses que geralmente são transmitidos pela família. Surge daí a necessidade de um alicerce com uma base forte que possa dar frutos saudáveis para a formação desse adolescente que necessita de referências. Nota-se assim, a importância epistemológica e metodológica acerca do Ensino Religioso que pode ajudar na formação dessa base sólida contribuindo como um referencial de valores para a formação da identidade pessoal desse adolescente que vive e se socializa em uma cultura desenvolvida e legitimada em alicerces fortemente religiosos, mesmo tendo em vista a separação entre os assuntos seculares e religiosos. Assim, o presente artigo procura evidenciar como o ER pode auxiliar na formação dessa base sólida onde se formara a identidade do adolescente.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF POLAR AND NON POLAR FRACTIONS OF AGERATUM CONYZOIDES L. TO CONTROL PEANUT RUST DISEASE AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENINGS OF SECONDARY METABOLITES
Authors: Yusnawan Eriyanto 
Published: January 2021

The effectiveness of polar and non-polar fractions of Ageratum conyzoides L. to control peanut rust disease and phytochemical screenings of secondary metabolites. Peanut rust disease caused by Puccinia arachidis is one of the important diseases which causes yield loss more than 50%. An alternative control which is more environmentally friendly can be conducted by applying botanical fungicides extracted from weeds. This study aimed to obtain effective concentrations of polar and non-polar fractions of roots, leaves, and flowers of Ageratum conyzoides as well as to investigate secondary metabolites in each extract. A spore germination test was conducted to determine the effectiveness of each extract. An application of 5% polar fraction of the leaves resulted 98±2% ungerminate spores which was not different with the application of 5% polar fraction of the roots which resulted 95±2% ungerminate spores. The use of a polar solvent extracted more diverse secondary metabolites compared with that of a non-polar solvent. Phytochemical screening tests on the three extracts showed that the leaf polar fraction contained more diverse secondary metabolites as compared with the others. The polar fraction of the leaves contained alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and terpenoids. A further test to confirm the existence as well as to separate these compounds with thin layer chromatography showed that alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and terpenoids separated into 7, 9, 6, and 8 spots, respectively. These secondary metabolites may be responsible to inhibit the spore germination of P. arachidis.
SELEKSI GALUR DARI POPULASI F4 KEDELAI YANG TAHAN TERHADAP PENYAKIT MOSAIK (Soybean mosaic virus) DAN BERDAYA HASIL TINGGI
Authors: Andayanie Wuye Ria , Adinurani Praptiningsih Gamawati 
Published: January 2021

Soybean lines selection of F4 population resistant to soybean mosaic disease (Soybean mosaic virus) with high yield. The soybean breeding program is usually not purposedly done for resistance to Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) but rather for crop yields. The experiment was aimed to obtain soybean lines of F4 population resistant to soybean mosaic disease with high yield. F2-F4 plants that have been inoculated with the T isolate of SMV one week after planting were selected by the pedigree in the screen house. The result indicated eight F4 populations (Wilis x L. Temanggung; Wilis x L. Jombang; Wilis x Pangrango; Wilis x PI 200485; Gepak Kuning x L. Jombang; Gepak Kuning x L. Temanggung; Gepak Kuning x Malabar; Gepak Kuning x PI 200485) produced medium seed size (from 9.84-10.26 g 100/seeds). Gepak Kuning x Mlg 3288 showed more resistant than Gepak Kuning x PI 200485. The seed produced by Gepak Kuning x PI 200485 was 1.97 ton/ha. There were no F4 populations that had higher yield and bigger seed size than Gepak Kuning x PI 200485 even though they were moderately resistant to SMV. Therefore, these lines of Gepak Kuning x Mlg 3288 and Gepak Kuning x PI 200485 might provide exellent sources to develop a new variety that resistant to SMV and of high yield.
MANAJEMEN PENINGKATAN KINERJA GURU BERBASIS MBS
Authors: Sianturi Risbon 
Published: January 2021

Kinerja seorang guru pada dasarnya dapat meningkat dan menurun serta sangat bergantung pada proses manajemen peningkatan kinerja itu sendiri. Berkenaan dengan fungsi pengendalian kinerja guru yang menjadi tanggung jawab kepala sekolah dan pengawas ini, pada faktanya masih banyak ditemukan distorsi. Fenomena tersebut sering ditemukan dalam proses pembinaan kinerja guru, khususnya di SMPN 1 Lembang, SMPN 1 Padalarang, dan SMPN 1 Cililin. Oleh karenanya, dipandang perlu adanya suatu pengkajian yang lebih mendalam berkaitan dengan manajemen peningkatan kompetensi profesional dan kinerjanya guru di ketiga SMP negeri tersebut. Paradigma penelitian yang digunakan untuk mengkaji hal ini adalah dengan menerapkan metode naturalistic inquiry serta pendekatan model Deming (PDCA), dengan subjek penelitiannya ditentukan secara purposive. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dalam program peningakatan kinerja guru di ketiga sekolah tersebut pada umumnya dilakukan melalui kegiatan-kegiatan pembinaan di luar sekolah, sementra di lingkungan sekolah lebih sering dilakukan dalam bentuk supervisi dan kegiatan sharing dalam MGMP. Dalam perencanaannya pun tidak dilakukan perumusan prosedur dan kriteria assessment dari kegiatan-kegiatan tersebut. Pengorganisasiannya diselaraskan dengan visi dan tujuan sekolah serta ditunjang oleh upaya memfasilitasi mentor. Namun, pada proses pelaksanaan dan pengawasannya, kegiatan-kegiatan peningkatan kinerja guru ini tidak dikembangkan dalam program tersendiri sebagai suatu program peningkatan kinerja guru, sehingga setiap kegiatannya terkesan insidental dan tidak berkesinambungan dari tahun ke tahun. Oleh karenanya dalam penyelenggaraan manajemen peningkatan kinerja guru di ketiga SMP Negeri tersebut perlu dikelola secermat mungkin dengan mengoptimalkan seluruh fungsi manajemen, dan senantiasa selalu mengkaji dan mempertimbangkan berbagai tuntutan kebutuhan profesional guru.
Particle Velocity Fluctuations in Viscous Gas with Random Velocity as the Sum of Two Correlated Color Noises
Authors: Derevich I. V. , Klochkov A. K. 
Published: January 2021

The article focuses on methods for studying the phenomenon of two-phase turbulent flows. The turbulence effect on the movement of solid particles in a viscous gas is under study. Dynamics of particles movement in a gas is written in the Stokes approximation, which allows us to suppose the dynamic relaxation time to be a constant value.The random gas velocity is modeled by the sum of two correlated random noises. It is shown that this approach makes it possible to model noise of any structural complexity. The paper describes two research methods based on fundamentally different Euler and Lagrange approaches to the description of a continuous medium. The first approach uses a well-known generalization of the spectral analysis technique for random processes, a popular method for studying turbulence. The second approach implementation is based on the modern generalizations of the theory of numerical algorithms for solving stochastic ordinary differential equations. The spectral method is used to obtain analytical expressions of correlation functions and variance of random processes describing the velocity of gas and solid particles. The qualitative difference between the correlation of fluctuations of modulated random velocities and the behavior of correlations in the case of a single-component gas velocity composition is analyzed. A method of direct numerical simulation for studied processes based on the numerical solution of a stochastic ordinary differential equations system is proposed and analyzed in detail. An array of statistical data obtained as a result of direct numerical modeling is collected and processed. Analytical results are compared qualitatively with numerical results. The influence of input parameters on the character of turbulent flow is studied. The dynamic relaxation time has a significant effect on the complexity of the autocorrelation function of the particle velocity and the response function of particles to gas velocity fluctuations. It is shown that the obtained functions tend to the known results of the standard theory. The considered methods for describing two-phase turbulent flows hold promise for further research.
State Observer for the Pacemaker Model Based on the Van der Pol Equation
Authors: Vinogradova M. , Kanatnikov A. , Tkacheva O. 
Published: January 2021

A Dutch physiologist and a founder of electrocardiography V. Einthoven [10] proposed the first known model of the cardiac electrical activity. Later, van der Pol and van der Mark [11] developed a model of the heart, where the heartbeat is considered as a relaxation oscillation. From this point of view, to model the operation of pacemakers, the van der Pol equation [14,15,19] can be useful. The paper offers modeling of only one heart node that is the S-A (sinoatrial) node, which is the main heart pacemaker [20].Many control algorithms for dynamic systems are based on feedback, which involves the full state vector of a dynamic system. However, in practice, the full state vector is not always known. So, in the case of cardiac electrical activity, the potentials of the nodes rather than their changing rates are measured. To restore the full state vector from existing measurements, state observers are often used.In this paper, we solve the task of constructing an observer with linear error dynamics [22.25]. A necessary condition for the existence of such an observer is the system observability. The sufficient conditions can be formulated in the framework of the differential-geometric approach [25] using the ideas of duplicity [25,26]. Within this approach, an algorithm for observer construction can be developed. In the paper, a general problem to construct an observer for two-dimensional systems is solved and the results obtained are applied to the pacemaker model based on the Van der Pol oscillator. The numerical simulation enables us to illustrate operation of the observer developed.
Antibacterial Activity And Phytochemical Screening From Chromatography Fraction Of Ethanol Extract Of Sarang Banua (Clerodendrum fragrans Vent Willd) Against Salmonella enterica
Authors: Simorangkir Murniaty , Maha Ade Pratiwi 
Published: January 2021

Ethanol extract of sarang banua leaves (Clerodendrum fragrans) has biological activity. This study aims to isolate the fraction of ethanol extracts of Sarang Banua leaves (Clerodendrum fragrans) and test their antibacterial activity against Salmonella enterica. The isolation method uses the vacuum liquid chromatography method, with eluent n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol with increasing polarity levels. Antibacterial activity was carried out by the inhibitory test, the MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) and MBC (minimum bactericidal concentration). The results showed that the FC fraction chromatographic results of the vacuum column of ethanol extract of Sarang Banua leaf (Clerodendrum fragrans) had antibacterial activity against Salmonella enteric with a strong inhibitory power (inhibitory zone 18.25 mm), MIC value of 125 µg / mL and MBC value of 125 µg / mL are included in the medium category. Inhibition, MIC and MBC values of chloramphenicol (positive control) against S. enterica were 17.40 mm; 31.2 μg / mL and 62.5 μg / mL. In the FC fraction there are higher amounts of secondary metabolites flavonoids, tannins, as well as small amounts of alkaloids, saponin, steroids & triterprnoids.
PENERAPAN PENDEKATAN SAINTIFIK (SCIENTIFIC APPROACH) DALAM PEMBELAJARAN BIOLOGI SMA
Authors: Aisyiyah As Tsaniyah Putri , Amrizal A 
Published: January 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pelaksanaan pembelajaran biologi berbasis pendekatan saintifik (scientific approach), aktivitas siswa dalam penerapan pendekatan saintifik (scientific approach), dan stategi yang digunakan untuk mengatasi kendala pada penerapan pendekatan saintifik (scientific approach) dalam pembelajaran biologi di SMA Negeri 1 Binjai Kabupaten Langkat T.P.2019/2020. Desain penelitian yang digunakan yaitu deskriptif kuantitatif. Sampel yang diambil berjumlah 2 orang guru biologi dan 103 orang siswa. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan lembar observasi, angket siswa, dan pedoman wawancara. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa pelaksanaan pembelajaran dengan pandekatan saintifik mendapat skor 77,60% dengan interpretasi cukup. Tahapan belajar saintifik yang dominan yaitu menanya, dan tahapan belajar saintifik yang merupakan masalah dalam pembelajaran yaitu mengasosiasi, dan mengomunikasikan.