bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regulating Global Commerce
Authors: Joshi Mahesh K. , Klein J.R. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Over the last half-century, the number of countries in the world has increased from 106 in 1950 to 195 in 2018 and technology has driven increases in the speed of business, global connectivity, and complexity. In this environment, it is no wonder that regulatory systems are challenged. The World Trade Organization, World Bank, and the International Monetary Fund were created to establish a framework for economic cooperation and development with the central theme of creating a stable and prosperous global economy. The goals of these organizations remain the same, but their work is constantly changing. The technologically driven disruption in economic models, the emergence of developing economies, and changing financial systems present an evolutionary environment that requires challenging solutions. The question for consideration is, are the world’s regulators up to the challenge?
Ideology versus Ideology
Authors: Joshi Mahesh K. , Klein J.R. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
We cannot examine human history without recognizing a basic character of the human animal. Humans are not only sentient but also cognizant beings with the ability to apply critical thinking skills, reach conclusions, resolve problems, and embrace ideologies that are not always universal. This characteristic has led us down various paths both beneficial and detrimental. Today’s world remains true to its legacy with observable trends in diverse ideas impacting an interconnected world. This chapter examines some of these diversities by looking at the history of nationalism and internationalism, how borders tend to be designed, the rise of the nation-state, the rise in global governance, and multicultural thoughts and attitudes around the world.
Digitize or Disappear
Authors: Joshi Mahesh K. , Klein J.R. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In 2011 the profile of the top five businesses by market capitalization contained one company that was digitally oriented. Five years later in 2016, the top five largest companies were all in the digitizing business. There is little dispute that this is the age of technology and that the world is being reshaped by dissemination and development of devices that touch every part of human existence. From simple tasks like buying groceries to cutting-edge innovative advances like machine learning, artificial intelligence, self-driving cars, cryptocurrencies, and e-services, including government interaction with citizens, technology is dramatically changing the way we live.
Smart Selling on the E Platform
Authors: Joshi Mahesh K. , Klein J.R. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
No matter what part of the globe we live in, technology is part of daily life. Whether invited or tolerated, the digital presence continues to emerge and propagate in every area of life. Ignored, criticized, or embraced the fact that technology is taking over the world must be acknowledged. From agriculture to aviation, electronics to energy, medicine to military, or communication to commerce even a casual examination reveals the explosive impact of innovations in technologies that have one common trait. They are disruptive and nurture transformation that is changing everything. The emergence of a global e-commerce platform has seen increasing participation on the part of businesses, governments, and individual consumers. This chapter looks at one of the largest e-commerce marketplaces, examining their model and impact on demand and supply.
Brexit and the Northern Ireland Peace Process
Authors: Connolly Eileen , Doyle John 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the political situation in Northern Ireland, outlining the impact of the Northern Ireland Protocol on cross-community relations. It reflects on the consequences that social change will have on the option for Irish unification. It also provides a background of the Northern Ireland Protocol, analysing why the protection of the Belfast Good Friday Agreement became a core issue for the EU and why a sea border emerged as the agreed solution. The chapter examines the political cleavages in Northern Ireland that underpin the deep conflict over the location of the post-Brexit border. It also elaborates why the location of the border will remain a focus for political conflict, although the Northern Ireland Protocol allowed the EU and the UK to reach agreement.
Trade in Goods and Level Playing Field
Authors: Mariani Paola , Sacerdoti Giorgio 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the most conspicuous part of the Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA) and sheds light on the features of the EU-UK free trade agreement (FTA). It explains that the TCA is an atypical trade agreement that raises barriers rather than removing them. It also examines the new custom formalities and rules of origins established by the TCA, clarifying the level playing field provisions enshrined in the deal, and its enforcement in the field of subsidies, labour protections, and environmental standards. The chapter examines the basic features of the trade in goods regime of the TCA, the rules of origin, focusing on level playing field (LPF) rules enshrined in the treaty. It discusses the FTA’s substantive content and mechanisms of enforcement, including dispute settlement and TCA, EU-UK, FTA, trade agreement, labour protection, environmental standards, level playing field remedial measures.
Governance: Managing Bilateral Relations
Authors: Levrat Nicolas 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the new governance framework for EU-UK cooperation, exploring the mechanisms established by the Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA) in managing bilateral relations. It examines the complex institutional machinery created by the TCA, including the Partnership Council, a dispute resolution system, and dozens of committees and sub-committees. As a consequence of the thin material scope of the TCA, its institutional mechanism will become the framework for continuing future negotiation between the parties. The chapter warns that the ongoing mistrust between the partners to the bilateral relation does not bode well for cooperation ahead, as a degree of trust is a necessary precondition for any efficient governance scheme.
Sovereignty: Driving British Divergence
Authors: Laffan Brigid 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter highlights sovereignty as another concept that, like governance, has shaped Brexit, and is influencing the new EU-UK relations. It argues that the entire process of leaving the EU can be explained in light of the peculiar British conception of sovereignty. It also clarifies how this legal and political view seems at odds with the reality of global governance and transnational regulation and cannot be reconciled with European integration. The chapter explores how and why the idea of sovereignty proved so powerful in the Brexit process and confirms what a ‘sovereignty-first’ Brexit entailed. It addresses why the UK opted for this form of future relationship with the EU in the Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA).
Religion in the World City
Authors: Jacob W. M. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
London was the focus of competition among a wide variety of mostly Christian religious bodies arising from recent legislation granting freedom to worship and full citizenship rights to non-Anglicans with constitutional implications for religious bodies and their adherents. There were considerable concerns about the falling away of especially poor people from religious practice. A series of censuses of attendance at religious worship undertaken during the period fuelled anxieties about the impact of urbanization and industrialization on religion, and prompted Christian churches to competitive missional activity and energy. This chapter questions the value of censuses of attendance at places of worship for evaluating religiosity. It argues that non-attendance at a place of worship does not necessarily indicate non-belief, and that wider evidence needs to be taken into account in identifying the extent and variety and impact of people’s religiosity. When this is done, it is clear that a higher proportion of a broad range of London’s population participated in a wider variety of ways in religious activities than any other voluntary activities. However, patterns of religious practice and religiosity changed significantly during the period, a feature of which was a decline in regular attendance at places of worship, indicating a privatization of religious expression.
The Church of England in Victorian London 1857–1901
Authors: Jacob W. M. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
With a new Bishop of London after 1856, mission strategies were reviewed and revitalized, focusing on outreach and recruiting mission clergy and identifying mission districts, as well as establishing a permanent agency for fundraising to support continuing church-building and mission outreach including among occupational groups, and mobilizing women as volunteers. Individual parishes in poor districts began to develop extensive programmes of activities in addition to schools and catechetical instruction, focusing on work with different gender and age groups, including encouragement to self-sufficiency, and providing character-building recreational activities. Initiatives were launched by public schools and university colleges to promote mission outreach and sympathetic relations between classes, and social research and social work in the ever-increasing poor districts. During this period the Church of England transformed itself, theologically, culturally, and financially in response to London’s astonishing growth and the intensification of concerns about poverty.
The Virtues of Attachment
Authors: Cox Keith S. , Lott Micah 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In this chapter, we explore ways to integrate the psychological theory of attachment with the (meta)ethical framework of Aristotelian naturalism. In particular, we consider how attachment theory might contribute to our understanding of human flourishing and the virtues, understood along broadly Aristotelian lines. Could attachment theory support, undermine, or otherwise shape our understanding of living well? We approach this question by focusing on a specific disagreement over how best to parent—in a warm and attentive style, or a more discipline-focused ‘tiger mom’ style. We examine various forms such a disagreement might take, and we identify different ways one might appeal to attachment theory. The result is a conceptual roadmap and more clarity on how attachment theory (and the empirical sciences more broadly) could—and could not—contribute to our understanding of how best to live.
Education for Virtue
Authors: Irwin Terence 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The chapter explores Aquinas’ account of the education of the passions, the role of educating the passions in the acquisition of the virtues, and thereby the connection between the acquisition of virtue and secure attachment. In Aquinas’ view, virtues of character are primarily virtues of the ‘passions of the soul’ (i.e. roughly, the emotions), not of the will or the intellect. What does his view tell us about the role of the passions in the acquisition and the exercise of the virtues? According to Aquinas, the passions are quasi-rational, and therefore open to persuasion and education; they are persuaded and educated primarily by the direction of one’s attention; and this direction of attention is not only necessary for the acquisition of the virtues, but also an essential constituent of them. Secure attachment is associated with the capacity confidently to explore the world—that is, to redirect one’s attention onto new objects. The redirection of attention is, according to Aquinas, one of the key capacities underlying reason’s ability to educate the passions. So Aquinas helps us to make sense of the association between secure attachment and the acquisition of the virtues.
Attachment, Virtue, and the Second Person
Authors: Schaubroeck Katrien 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter connects attachment theory to moral philosophy: it defends the thesis that responsive parenting leads not only to secure attachment but also to the development of moral capacities. Both empirical evidence and conceptual arguments are offered, relying on work from attachment theory and meta-ethics. Available explanations of the connection between secure attachment and virtue (e.g. in terms of internal working models) are analysed and rejected in favour of a new explanation that emphasizes the relational or, as it is sometimes called, second-personal nature of morality. While the chapter aims foremost to explain why secure attachment is predictive of many good things in life, including a propensity for virtue, it also shows why the ensuing recommendations about how to organize childcare must be modest.
Attachment, Addiction, and Vices of Valuing
Authors: Wonderly Monique 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Addiction and certain varieties of interpersonal attachment share strikingly similar psycho-behavioural structures. For example, both the addicted and the interpersonally attached often report a common pattern of cognition, affect, and motivation directed toward the relevant object. This pattern includes, inter alia, recurring and recalcitrant thoughts about the object that captivate one’s attention, intense longing for the object, feelings of bliss upon obtaining the object, and feelings of dejection when one is deprived of it for too long. These thoughts, feelings, and desires tend to motivate the agent to seek out the object for various kinds of interaction. Neuroscientists, psychologists, and philosophers have often adduced these similarities between addiction and attachment to argue that many typical cases of romantic love represent addictions to one’s partner and thus might be appropriate candidates for medical treatment. In this chapter, I argue for the relatively neglected thesis that some paradigmatic cases of addiction are aptly characterized as emotional attachments to their objects. This has implications for how we should understand the nature of addiction and for the ethics of attachment more broadly.
Beyond the Human? A Critique of Transhumanism
Authors: Fuchs Thomas 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAccording to transhumanists, the human being in its current shape is fundamentally imperfect. Consequently, they propagate possibilities of enhancing and reshaping one’s body, culminating in the idea of virtual immortality, i.e., transferring one’s mind as software onto more durable substrates (“mind uploading”). Such ideas are based on a blatant mind-body dualism: the body is regarded as a material vehicle, which is at our free disposal; the mind is considered to be a substrate-independent information structure. In contrast, the chapter argues that humans are neither natural machines nor pure minds but living beings in the first place. The idea of mind uploading is thus based on an untenable neuro-reductionism, which wrongly assumes the brain to be the only substrate of the mind. Similarly, the ideas of optimizing the body overlook the necessary balance of functions that has evolved in human evolution.
Stoic Wisdom
Authors: Sherman Nancy 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Stoicism has made a comeback as the ideal ancient philosophy for those seeking calm in times of stress and uncertainty. For many, it has become the new Zen, with meditation techniques that help individuals face whatever life throws their way. The Stoics address a key question of the time: how can one be master of one’s fate when the outside world threatens to unmoor one’s well-being? Making Stoic wisdom relevant and accessible, Sherman distills time-honored techniques for building modern resilience. Drawing on the thought of Epictetus, Marcus Aurelius, and Seneca, and others, Sherman argues that Stoic resilience is miscast as rugged self-reliance. One is at home in the world, the Stoics taught, when one is connected to others in cooperative efforts. While self-mastery is essential, one draws on one’s deepest relationships for true strength and resilience. Bringing ancient wisdom to bear on twenty-first-century settings—from Silicon Valley leaders in search of lifehacks, to first responders in a pandemic, to soldiers on the battlefield—Sherman shows how Stoicism can both prepare individuals for an uncertain future and help them reduce the stress and anxiety of modern life. Stoic Wisdom will appeal to anyone feeling helpless or looking for deeper, meaningful strength and goodness in addressing life’s biggest and smallest challenges.
Managing Your Emotions
Authors: Sherman Nancy 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
What emotions are appropriate for a Stoic? Is being peeved, saddened, or angry appropriate for a Stoic? Or should a Stoic just take it all in stride, be calm, and carry on? In short, do Stoics have emotional skin in the game? If yes, what kinds of emotions? The Stoics posit three layers of emotional experience—ordinary emotions that are forms of desire, fear, pain, and pleasure; good emotions aimed at virtue and the avoidance of vice; and pre-emotions or bodily agitations—like blushing, turning pale in fright, sudden tears or trembling. Many ordinary emotions can be controlled. Seneca famously takes up the case of anger. But does he leave adequate room for anger that can be harnessed for good without either ravaging its possessor or fixing on futile fantasies of restitution through payback? What of grief? And how does one manage emotions? Emotions are beliefs, on the Stoic view. Managing emotions involves a kind of cognitive therapy.
The Problem
Authors: Rohling Eelco J. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter frames the problem of climate change. It opens with a brief overview of Earth’s energy balance and the greenhouse effect and then outlines the root causes of the problem along with key controls in the climate system that determine its responses. This is followed by an introduction of spatial variability and fluctuations through time in the expressions of climate change, which are key to understanding regional impacts. Such geographic and temporal variations do not invalidate the existence of the global average temperature increase, but merely cause fluctuations around the global average. Finally, the chapter shows that achieving the Paris Agreement’s 1.5°C warming limit will require the removal of 260–1030 billion tons of atmospheric carbon dioxide. The low-end estimate applies to best-case scenarios and the high-end estimate to scenarios where business-as-usual (as in the past two decades) emissions are allowed until 2030 or beyond.
“And He Ate Jim Crow”
Authors: Wills Vanessa 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Why do racist oppression and capitalist exploitation often seem so inescapable and intractable? To describe and explain adequately the persistence of racist ideology, to specify its role in the maintenance of racial capitalism, and to imagine the conditions of its abolition, we must understand racist ideology as a form of false consciousness. False consciousness gets things “right” at the level of appearance, but it mistakes that appearance for a “deep” or essential truth. This chapter articulates a novel, positive account of first-order false consciousness, which occurs in the case of false beliefs about the world that are sustained and superficially justified by objective social arrangements, and of second-order false consciousness, which occurs in the case of false beliefs about how one has come to hold the beliefs that one does. To dismantle racist ideology requires political movements that craft theoretical interventions highlighting the inessentiality and contingency of despised racial groups’ oppressed status, as well as practical interventions aimed at directly undermining the oppressive conditions that are reflected in racist beliefs about the “naturalness” or “appropriateness” of these groups’ degraded status.
Embodying (In)justice and Embodied Truths
Authors: Krieger Nancy 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2 discusses application of ecosocial theory to analyze the health impacts of Jim Crow and its legal abolition, racialized and economic breast cancer inequities involving the breast cancer estrogen receptor, and the joint health impacts of physical and social hazards at work (including racism, sexism, and heterosexism) and relationship hazards (involving unsafe sex and violence). It also uses ecosocial theory to develop and apply measures of structural injustice, including historical redlining (1930s US government policies imposing racial residential segregation) and contemporary racialized economic segregation. The chapter additionally explains the construct of “emergent embodied phenotypes” and the different types of histories involved in disease processes: societal, individual (lifecourse), pathological/cellular, and evolutionary. It concludes by providing selected examples of how others, in diverse disciplines and settings worldwide, have employed the ecosocial theory of disease distribution to conceptualize and analyze embodiment of (in)justice across a wide range of exposures and outcomes.
Attention
Authors: Lidor Ronnie , Ziv Gal 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The performance of motor skills is linked with paying attention to the task at hand and/or to relevant cues associated with the environment where the individual/team is performing. This chapter focuses on two major concepts of attention that have been studied extensively in the literature of sport and exercise psychology: attentional instructions (internal and external) and visual attention. It provides an updated overview of the research findings on these two concepts and identifies five questions associated with attention and skilled performance that have the potential to advance theory, methodology, and applied interventions. Among these questions are: Can an internal focus of attention be preferable at times to an external one? What are the neural correlates of attentional and visual processes in sport? What is actually known about the ecological validity of the attentional instructions/visual attention field training?
Choking Under Pressure
Authors: Mesagno Christopher , Ehrlenspiel Felix , Wergin V. Vanessa , Gröpel Peter 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter reviews current choking under pressure (“choking”) literature while offering questions to advance theory, methodology, and interventions. Although definitions of choking are elusive, psychological predictors helpful, and theoretical explanations existent, there is limited understanding of the (neuro)physiological underpinnings of choking. By using mobile recording devices, the assessment of (neuro)physiological and neuromuscular activity under pressure could shed light on choking mechanisms. Choking interventions are aimed at either promoting task-relevant attention or familiarizing performers with pressure, which improve performance under pressure but vary in their effectiveness. Thus, choking interventions could be tailored to specific sports and/or personalities. Choking can also influence an entire team, referred to as collective sport team collapse. Social factors appear to play a key role, indicating that team collapse is more than the simultaneous choking of individuals. We offer questions to advance this burgeoning field but caution that further research is needed before considering team interventions.