bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
About the complexity of two-stage stochastic IPs
Authors: Klein Kim-Manuel 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe consider so called 2-stage stochastic integer programs (IPs) and their generalized form, so called multi-stage stochastic IPs. A 2-stage stochastic IP is an integer program of the form $$\max \{ c^T x \mid {\mathcal {A}} x = b, \,l \le x \le u,\, x \in {\mathbb {Z}}^{s + nt} \}$$

max
{

c
T

x
∣
A
x
=
b
,

l
≤
x
≤
u
,

x
∈

Z

s
+
n
t

}

where the constraint matrix $${\mathcal {A}} \in {\mathbb {Z}}^{r n \times s +nt}$$

A
∈

Z

r
n
×
s
+
n
t

consists roughly of n repetitions of a matrix $$A \in {\mathbb {Z}}^{r \times s}$$

A
∈

Z

r
×
s

on the vertical line and n repetitions of a matrix $$B \in {\mathbb {Z}}^{r \times t}$$

B
∈

Z

r
×
t

on the diagonal. In this paper we improve upon an algorithmic result by Hemmecke and Schultz from 2003 [Hemmecke and Schultz, Math. Prog. 2003] to solve 2-stage stochastic IPs. The algorithm is based on the Graver augmentation framework where our main contribution is to give an explicit doubly exponential bound on the size of the augmenting steps. The previous bound for the size of the augmenting steps relied on non-constructive finiteness arguments from commutative algebra and therefore only an implicit bound was known that depends on parameters r, s, t and $$\Delta $$
Δ
, where $$\Delta $$
Δ
is the largest entry of the constraint matrix. Our new improved bound however is obtained by a novel theorem which argues about intersections of paths in a vector space. As a result of our new bound we obtain an algorithm to solve 2-stage stochastic IPs in time $$f(r,s,\Delta ) \cdot \mathrm {poly}(n,t)$$

f
(
r
,
s
,
Δ
)
·
poly
(
n
,
t
)

, where f is a doubly exponential function. To complement our result, we also prove a doubly exponential lower bound for the size of the augmenting steps.
International regime complexes and corporate crime: a research agenda based on the Volkswagen diesel fraud case
Authors: Braun Caelesta , Van Erp Judith 
Published: September 2021

AbstractCriminological literature has often pointed to the absence or weakness of existing international regulation as important explanatory factors of corporate crime in global markets. This paper addresses the presence of multiple parallel, nested and overlapping regulatory regimes, and explores how such international regime complexity creates pathways to corporate crime. We use the Volkswagen diesel fraud case as a plausibility probe to illustrate such pathways to corporate crime. Our tentative analysis suggests that Volkswagen’s fraud in the US cannot be seen as independent of the EU regulatory regime, which was more lenient and offered various opportunities for creative compliance. We conclude that a regime complexity perspective is a promising addition to existing explanations of corporate crime in international settings and suggest a research agenda for future in-depth analyses of the implications of parallel and conflicting regulatory regimes for corporate crime.
An approach for modelling spatial variability in permeability of cement-admixed soil
Authors: Kek Hardy Yide , Pan Yutao , Ng Yannick Choy Hing , Lee Fook Hou 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis paper presents a framework for modelling the random variation in permeability in cement-admixed soil based on the binder content variation and thereby relating the coefficient of permeability to the unconfined compressive strength of a cement-admixed clay. The strength–permeability relationship was subsequently implemented in random finite element method (RFEM). The effects of spatial variation in both strength and permeability of cement-admixed clays in RFEM is illustrated using two examples concerning one-dimensional consolidation. Parametric studies considering different coefficient of variation and scale of fluctuation configurations were performed. Results show that spatial variability of the cement-admixed clay considering variable permeability can significantly influence the overall consolidation rate, especially when the soil strength variability is high. However, the overall consolidation rates also depend largely on the prescribed scales of fluctuation; in cases where the variation is horizontally layered, stagnation in pore pressure dissipation may occur due to soft parts yielding.
Responses of radial growth, wood density and fiber traits to planting space in poplar plantations at a lowland site
Authors: Zhang Yanhua , Fang Shengzuo , Tian Ye , Wang Linlin , Lv Yi 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPoplar is raw material for various panel, paper and fiber products. The 12 sample trees of clone Nanlin-895 from four spacings were destructively harvested after thirteen growing seasons to assess the influence of spacing on radial growth and wood properties. Spacing significantly affected tree-ring width and wood basic density (p < 0.05) but not fiber traits. The highest diameter and wood basic density at breast height (1.3 m) was in 6 m × 6 m and 3 m × 8 m spacings, respectively. However, no significant differences in tree-ring width, wood basic density and fiber traits were observed among the four sampling directions in discs taken at 1.3 m for each spacing. Growth rings from the pith and tree heights had significant effects on wood basic density and fiber anatomical characteristics, highlighting obvious temporal-spatial variations. Pearson correlation analysis showed a significantly negative relationship of tree-ring width to wood basic density, fiber length and fiber width, but a significantly positive relationship to hemicellulose. There was no relationship with cellulose and lignin contents. Based on a comprehensive assessment by the TOPSIS method, the 6 m × 6 m spacing is recommended for producing wood fiber at similar sites in the future.
National Action Plans on Business and Human Rights: an Experimentalist Governance Analysis
Authors: O’Brien Claire Methven , Ferguson John , McVey Marisa 
Published: September 2021

AbstractNational Action Plans (NAPs) on business and human rights are a growing phenomenon. Since 2011, 42 such plans have been adopted or are in-development worldwide. By comparison, only 39 general human rights action plans were published between 1993 and 2021. In parallel, NAPs have attracted growing scholarly interest. While some studies highlight their potential to advance national compliance with international norms, others criticise NAPs as cosmetic devices that states use to deflect attention from persisting abuses and needed regulation. In response to wider critiques of international human rights norms, and their failure to exact universal state compliance, experimentalist governance theory highlights the dynamic, dialogic and iterative character of human rights implementation as well as the role of stakeholders. In this article, we apply experimentalist governance theory to evaluate the role and character of business and human rights NAPs. Rather than attempting to evaluate NAPs’ ultimate consequences for rights-holders, which appears premature, we focus on NAPs processes. Specifically, we analyse NAPs processes in twenty-five states against five experimentalist governance criteria relating to (i) stakeholder participation; (ii) agreement on a broad problem definition; (iii) local contextualisation; (iv) monitoring and peer review and (v) periodic revision and learning. According to our findings, NAPs on business and human rights in most states demonstrate resemblance to the traits of experimentalist governance. In particular, our analysis points to the emergence of relatively sophisticated and demanding institutional governance mechanisms within NAPs — including the institutionalisation of complex deliberative processes. Nevertheless, our paper also identifies some significant shortcomings in NAPs, related to the lack of inclusion of vulnerable groups and the lack of explicit indicators and targets.
Factors determining the soil available water during the last two decades (1997–2019) in southern Spain
Authors: Sillero-Medina José A. , Rodrigo-Comino Jesús , Ruiz-Sinoga José D. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAssessing soil hydrological conditions can provide essential information for understanding the environmental processes that affect ecosystem services and, particularly in the context of ongoing climate change. This is key in areas affected by water scarcity such as the Mediterranean belt. Therefore, the main goals of this research are (i) to assess the main rainfall dynamics and trends of some representative hotspots along with southern Spain and (ii) to determine the impact on the soil available water content (AWC) over the last two decades. An analysis of daily precipitation and soil hydrological conditions was combined with soil sampling (543) and laboratory analyses to evaluate the properties related to the soil infiltration and retention capacity. The results show that the organic factors control soil properties and their hydrodynamics in southern Spain. Furthermore, a general declining trend in soil water availability is observed over the last two decades. This is more extreme in arid and semi-arid areas, where there have been several years in the last decade with more than 200 days without the available water content. Moreover, in these areas, heavy rainfall during specific moments of the year is the key factor that manifests a greater incidence in areas with steeper slopes, which in turn, also conditions the biological factors and the hydrodynamics of the soil. In short, in the context of climate change, the analysis of soil hydrological dynamics could be used to identify biodiversity thresholds in the Mediterranean area and even to detect phenological changes in specific plant species.
Pigments—the palette of organic colourants in wall paintings
Authors: Aceto Maurizio 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe present contribution deals with the use of organic colourants in wall paintings, polychrome pottery and painted stone artworks, i.e. painted artworks on inorganic supports. The termorganic colourantsis referred to the chemical nature of these compounds but not to the way of application; therefore, organic colourants can be dyes, lakes or pigments. The use of organic colourants in wall paintings has been given little attention in the past, perhaps on the assumption that they were rarely used by ancient artists. Recent diagnostic studies, however, brought evidence that their use was not fragmentary; on the contrary, there seems to be continuity in the centuries, at least with regard to the most widely used such as madder, Tyrian purple and indigo. Sources, alteration phenomena, identification methods and analytical evidence is given for the main organic colourants with concern to red, yellow, green, purple and blue hues. Drawbacks and issues are discussed with concern to the identification techniques.
Ozonated water electrolytically generated by diamond-coated electrodes controlled phytonematodes in replanted soil
Authors: Kanfra Xorla , Elhady Ahmed , Thiem Hendrik , Pleger Sven , Höfer Markus , Heuer Holger 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPhytonematodes cause severe yield losses in horticulture, partly because they are difficult to manage. Compact, energy-efficient generators that electrochemically produce ozonated water by utilizing diamond-coated electrodes have become available. In this study, the application of on-site generated ozonated water to inactivate soil nematodes and to mitigate nematode-mediated apple replant disease was tested. Pratylenchus penetrans was highly susceptible to dissolved ozone (LC50 0.6 mg L−1). In one greenhouse experiment, treatment of P. penetrans in soil with ozonated water (0.27 mg ozone L−1 soil) reduced subsequent invasion of the nematodes into roots by 60%. Growth of apple saplings in soil that was affected by apple replant disease (ARD) was significantly improved following a treatment with 1/10 volume ozonated water compared to the control. In a second greenhouse experiment, one-time drenching of ARD soil with ozonated water was followed by improved growth of apple plants similar to that in autoclaved soil. A second application of ozonated water did not further improve plant growth. The number of active nematodes in replanted soil that moved through a Baermann filter was significantly reduced by all tested concentrations of ozone (0.12–0.75 mg L−1 soil). A fraction of 19–36% of the nematodes survived and slightly recovered after four weeks. In conclusion, on-site generated ozonated water has potential to mitigate nematode problems in horticulture and to expand management options.
A Rare Case of Henoch-Schönlein Purpura Following a COVID-19 Vaccine—Case Report
Authors: Naitlho Abdelhamid , Lahlou Wahib , Bourial Abderrahim , Rais Hamza , Ismaili Nabil , Abousahfa Imad , Belyamani Lahcen 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn the COVID-19 pandemic era, anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination is considered to be the most efficient way to overtake the COVID-19 scourge. Like all medicines, vaccines are not devoid of risks and can in rare cases cause some various side effects. The objective of this case report is to highlight this unusual presentation of Henoch-Schönlein purpura following an anti-COVID-19 vaccination in a 62-year-old adult. The 62-year-old patient admitted to the emergency room for a petechial purpuric rash, sloping, occurring within hours, involving both legs and ascending. The clinical signs also included polyarthralgia and hematuria. Reported in the history the notion of an anti-COVID-19 vaccination 8 days prior to the onset of symptomatology. In the case of our patient, we retain the diagnosis of rheumatoid purpura based on the EULAR/PRINTO/PReS diagnostic criteria. Corticosteroid therapy (prednisone) was started, resulting to a rapid regression of clinical and laboratory symptoms, few days after the treatment. Patient was asymptomatic on subsequent visits. The low number of published cases of post-vaccine vasculitis does not question the safety of vaccines, but knowledge of such complications deserves to be known in order to avoid new immunizations that could have more serious consequences, and to avoid aggravating or reactivating a pre-existing vasculitis.
A comparative study of different heat transfer enhancement mechanisms in a partially porous pipe
Authors: Jouybari Nima Fallah , Nimvari Majid Eshagh , Zhang Wennan 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe effect of porous material position on the heat transfer inside a pipe working in a turbulent regime is studied here to obtain a detailed understanding of the heat transfer enchantment mechanisms in different porous substrate positions. To this end, an in-house Fortran code is developed to solve the governing equations using the finite volume method and SIMPLE algorithm. Turbulent flow in porous media is modeled using a modified version of k–ε model. The flow field and heat transfer inside the partially filled pipe are investigated for the two cases of central and boundary configurations. The porous and flow characteristics including Reynolds number, Darcy number, the conductivity ratios of solid to fluid and the thickness of inserted porous layer are varied and the heat transfer performance is studied in different cases. It is observed that two entirely different phenomena enhance the heat transfer in central and boundary configurations. While the channeling of fluid between the porous media and the pipe wall highly affects the heat transfer performance in the former, the thermal conductivity of porous media plays a highly critical role in the latter configuration. It is shown that, for the same filling ratio, inserting the porous layer at the core of the pipe is more effective than placing it at the wall. Investigating porous materials with different solid conductivities revealed that covering the pipe wall with a porous material is justified only for solid matrixes with high thermal conductivities.
Getting the most from E-commerce in the context of omnichannel strategies
Authors: Belvedere Valeria , Martinelli Elisa Martina , Tunisini Annalisa 
Published: September 2021

AbstractE-commerce in the context of sales and distribution strategy has become a heavily used channel and companies need to manage it correctly and integrate it with a variety of other online and offline channels. Based on the literature, two factors are recognized as relevant for the elaboration of a conceptual framework able to explain the actions undertaken by leading companies to effectively get the most from an e-commerce strategy integrated within the overall omnichannel strategy. The two factors are: main distribution channel (direct/indirect) and product value density (high/low). Through the analysis of four case studies (Luxottica, Henkel, Ikea, and Ferragamo), we show that these factors produce different benefits and challenges that companies face when embracing e-commerce. We analyze these benefits and challenges from the viewpoint of both Marketing and Supply Chain Management.
Organic Fertilizer Adoption, Household Food Access, and Gender-Based Farm Labor Use: Empirical Insights from Northern Ghana
Authors: Daadi Bunbom Edward , Latacz-Lohmann Uwe 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis paper examined organic fertilizer adoption and its effects on two household food security indicators and gender-based farm labor use among smallholder farmers in Northern Ghana. An endogenous switching regression analysis shows that observed and unobserved farmer background factors determine farmers’ decision to adopt organic fertilizer as well as the outcomes from adoption. On average, adoption is associated with an 11% increase in per capita food consumption and a 55% reduction in household food gap duration. Adoption is also related to an increased labor use by 5.9 (90%) of female worker days and 1.3 (9%) of male worker days per acre, placing nearly all (82%) of the increased labor burden on female farmhands. We recommend mitigation of factors that hinder farmers from adopting the input and provision of female-user-friendly labor-saving devices for organic fertilizer use tasks.
Subshifts and colorings on ascending HNN-extensions of finitely generated abelian groups
Authors: SILVA EDUARDO 
Published: September 2021

AbstractFor an ascending HNN-extension$G*_{\psi }$of a finitely generated abelian groupG, we study how a synchronization between the geometry of the group and weak periodicity of a configuration in$\mathcal {A}^{G*_{\psi }}$forces global constraints on it, as well as in subshifts containing it. A particular case are Baumslag–Solitar groups$\mathrm {BS}(1,N)$,$N\ge 2$, for which our results imply that a$\mathrm {BS}(1,N)$-subshift of finite type which contains a configuration with period$a^{N^\ell }\!, \ell \ge 0$, must contain a strongly periodic configuration with monochromatic$\mathbb {Z}$-sections. Then we study propern-colorings,$n\ge 3$, of the (right) Cayley graph of$\mathrm {BS}(1,N)$, estimating the entropy of the associated subshift together with its mixing properties. We prove that$\mathrm {BS}(1,N)$admits a frozenn-coloring if and only if$n=3$. We finally suggest generalizations of the latter results ton-colorings of ascending HNN-extensions of finitely generated abelian groups.
The food and nutrient intake of 5- to 12-year-old Australian children during school hours: a secondary analysis of the 2011–2012 National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey
Authors: Manson Alexandra C , Johnson Brittany J , Zarnowiecki Dorota , Sutherland Rachel , Golley Rebecca K 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjective:School food intake of Australian children is not comprehensively described in literature, with limited temporal, nationally representative data. Greater understanding of intake at school can inform school-based nutrition promotion. This study aimed to describe the dietary intake of primary-aged children during school hours and its contribution to daily intake.Design:This secondary analysis used nationally representative, cross-sectional data from the 2011 to 2012 National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey. Dietary intake was assessed using validated 24-h dietary recalls on school days. Descriptive statistics were undertaken to determine energy, nutrients, food groups and food products consumed during school hours, as well as their contributions to total daily intake. Associations between school food intake and socio-demographic characteristics were explored.Setting:Australia.Participants:Seven hundred and ninety-five children aged 5–12 years.Results:Children consumed 37 % of their daily energy and 31–43 % of select nutrient intake during school hours, with discretionary choices contributing 44 % of school energy intake. Most children consumed less than one serve of vegetables, meat and alternatives or milk and alternatives during school hours. Commonly consumed products were discretionary choices (34 %, including biscuits, processed meat), bread (17 %) and fruit (12 %). There were limited associations with socio-economic position variables, apart from child age.Conclusions:Children’s diets were not aligned with national recommendations, with school food characterised by high intake of discretionary choices. These findings are consistent with previous Australian evidence and support transformation of the Australian school food system to better align school food consumption with recommendations.
The making of a littoralminzu: The Dan in late Qing–Republican intellectual writings
Authors: Luk Gary Chi-hung 
Published: September 2021

AbstractTracing the assumption behind China's nationality identification that the Dan constituted a littoralminzu, this article examines the rise and circulation of “Dan” as a racial entity in writings by Chinese thinkers, reformers, and scholars in the first half of the twentieth century. It explains how “Dan” emerged as azu, minzu, zhongzu, andrenzhongin late-Qing political polemics and pedagogical texts, and how this notion was combined with Republican-era scholarship on the Dan within and across the disciplines of popular literature, folklore, ethnohistory, and anthropology. Both Western and imperial Chinese scholarly trends and racialist ideas shaped pre-1949 Dan studies. Modern intellectuals presented the Dan as a non-Han minority based on various nationalist concerns as well as their Han and regional identities. From a historical perspective, this article redraws the geoethnic landscape of modern China by taking transregional littoral fringes into consideration and calling for attention to those identified as non-Han before the nationality investigation in the 1950s but as Han afterward.
Growing Threats From Unprecedented Sequential Flood‐Hot Extremes Across China
Authors: Liao Zhen , Chen Yang , Li Wei , Zhai Panmao 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWhen multiple extremes occur in rapid sequence, their impacts cascade to cause disproportionate damages. However, the prevalence of univariate definitions and inability to identify low‐likelihood events in short observations/simulations leave the knowledge on sequential extremes sparse. Leveraging two initial‐condition large ensembles, we project future changes in historically unprecedented sequential flood‐hot extremes in China. Results show that despite dozens of 1 in 50‐year floods and hot extremes in more than 2,000 years of historical simulations, their sequenced occurrence within a week has no historical precedent. This out‐of‐ordinary configuration is projected to be increasingly possible across China, with earlier emergence and larger frequency increases expected in Southwest and Southeast China. The direction, spatial extent, and magnitude of projected changes in unprecedented sequential extremes cannot be explained by internal variability alone, though it has the potential to modulate human‐caused changes in emergence timing and magnitude.