bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mixed fermentation of corn and pretreated corn stover for fuel ethanol production
Authors: Johnston David B. , Nghiem Nhuan P. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackground and objectivesFuel ethanol is almost exclusively produced from corn with minor contributions from other cereal grains. Cellulosic ethanol production has significant potential as well as serious limitations. This study proposed that pretreated corn stover could be simultaneously converted and fermented with corn in existing ethanol facilities.FindingsMixed fermentation ethanol yields increased significantly relative to the control fermentations. Incorporation of 5% pretreated corn stover increased ethanol yields by 12.7% with 10% corn mash and 11.9% with 20% corn mash over corn only control fermentations. Using 20% corn, residual xylose and arabinose were 0.072 and 0.023 grams/gram biomass, respectively, indicating addition ethanol potential with a C5 fermenting yeast. DDGS color and lipid contents were negatively impacted; however, the nutrient value of the corn portion is unlikely to be altered.ConclusionsDirect incorporation of pretreated corn stover into the corn ethanol process can be done with little or no reduction in corn or stover conversion efficiency.Significance and noveltyThis study demonstrates clearly that pretreated biomass can be efficiently co‐fermented with corn to produce cellulosic ethanol in yields approximating those from biomass alone and eliminates many of the significant economic and processing issues that stand‐alone cellulosic ethanol facilities face.
CeO2@N/C@TiO2 Core‐shell Nanosphere Catalyst for the Aerobic Oxidation of 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural to 5‐Hydroxymethyl‐2‐Furancarboxylic Acid
Authors: Song Yong , Waterhouse Geoffrey I. N. , Han Feng , Li Yan , Ai Shiyun 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDefective D‐CeO2@N/C@TiO2 nanospheres, each comprising a spherical CeO2 core coated with shells of N‐doped carbon and TiO2, were successfully synthesized then evaluated for the aerobic oxidation of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 5‐hydroxymethyl‐2‐furancarboxylic acid (HMFCA). Detailed catalyst characterization studies using XRD, SEM, TEM, TG‐DTA, XPS, N2 physisorption confirmed the hierarchical core‐shell structure of the D‐CeO2@N/C@TiO2 nanospheres, with the defective surface structures created through a thermal hydrogenation process using NaBH4 promoting HMF conversion. The effect of various reaction parameters, including the reaction time, temperature, oxygen pressure, type of alkali co‐reactant and the amount of catalyst, on HMF oxidation to HMFCA over the D‐CeO2@N/C@TiO2 nanospheres were studied. Under the optimized reaction conditions (temperature 80 °C, reaction time 30 min, O2 pressure 1 MPa), a high HMF conversion of 87.8 % and a remarkable HMFCA selectivity of 100 % were obtained. In addition, the D‐CeO2@N/C@TiO2 nanosphere catalyst showed great stability over four consecutive HMF oxidation tests, implying good catalyst stability. Experimental findings were used to develop a plausible reaction mechanism for the selective oxidation of HMF on the D‐CeO2@N/C@TiO2 nanospheres.
Nitridated Fibrous Silica/Tetrabutylammonium Iodide (N‐DFNS/TBAI): Robust and Efficient Catalytic System for Chemical Fixation of Carbon Dioxide to Cyclic Carbonates
Authors: Saptal Vitthal B. , Singh Rustam , Juneja Gaurav , Singh Saideep , Chauhan Satish M. , Polshettiwar Vivek , Bhanage Bhalchandra M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe development of an active and competent catalyst for the conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) to value added‐chemicals at low pressure and temperature have great importance in the field of industrial chemical production as well as in tackling global warming. In this report, nitridated dendritic fibrous nano‐silica (N‐DFNS) as highly porous and stable nano‐material have been synthesized by using ammonolysis reaction at various temperature ranging from 500–800 °C and used as heterogeneous catalysts in combination with TBAI for the synthesis of cyclic carbonates from CO2 and epoxide. The presence of high surface area balanced acid‐base bi‐functionalities generated on silica due to ammonolysis offered high activity towards the synthesis of cyclic carbonates at the atmospheric pressure with excellent recyclability.
Persuasive effect of potential employees' names and photographs in a recruitment advertisement
Authors: Pfiffelmann Jean , Soulez Sébastien 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWhile targeting job postings is a common practice for recruiters, they can now personalize their ads by embedding the recipients' names and photographs in the advertisement. Research shows divergent results on the effects of personalization. This experiment, conducted among 236 participants, assesses the combined effect of recruitment advertisement personalization and job targeting on attitudinal reactions. Our results show that personalization and targeting help increase self‐referencing, which in turn positively influences the attitude about the advertisement, click intention, and job‐pursuit intention. However, personalization has a negative main effect on these attitudinal reactions.
Trends in mortality among Black and White men with prostate cancer in Massachusetts and Pennsylvania: Race and neighborhood socioeconomic position
Authors: Iyer Hari S. , Gomez Scarlett L. , Chen Jarvis T. , Trinh Quoc‐Dien , Rebbeck Timothy R. 
Published: April 2021

BackgroundReducing disparities in men with prostate cancer (PCa) that may be caused by racial and socioeconomic differences is a major public health priority. Few reports have studied whether these disparities have changed over time.MethodsMen diagnosed with PCa from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2015 were identified from the Massachusetts and Pennsylvania cancer registries. All‐cause mortality and PCa and cardiovascular cause‐specific mortality were assessed. To estimate neighborhood socioeconomic position (nSEP), a summary score was generated using census tract‐level measures of income, wealth, educational attainment, and racial and income segregation. Participants were grouped by diagnosis year (2000‐2003, 2004‐2007, 2008‐2011, or 2012‐2015), and changing trends in the mortality rate ratio by race and nSEP were estimated using covariate‐adjusted Cox models with follow‐up for up to 10 years, until death, or until censoring on January 1, 2018.ResultsThere were 193,883 patients with PCa and 43,661 deaths over 1,404,131 person‐years of follow‐up. The Black‐White adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) from 2000 to 2003 through 2012 to 2015 was stable for all‐cause mortality (aHR, 1.14 to 0.97; P for heterogeneity = .42), decreased for PCa‐specific mortality (aHR, 1.38 to 0.93; P for heterogeneity = .005), and increased for cardiovascular mortality (aHR, 1.09 to 1.28; P for heterogeneity = .034). The aHR comparing those in the lowest versus the highest nSEP quintile increased significantly for all‐cause mortality (aHR, 1.54 to 1.79; P for heterogeneity = .008), but not for PCa‐specific mortality (aHR, 1.60 to 1.72; P for heterogeneity = .40) or cardiovascular mortality (aHR, 1.72 to 1.89; P for heterogeneity = .085).conclusionsAlthough Black‐White disparities in prostate mortality declined in Massachusetts and Pennsylvania over the study period, nSEP mortality disparity trends were stagnant or increased, warranting further attention.Lay Summary

Few reports have examined whether racial and socioeconomic disparities in prostate cancer mortality have widened or narrowed in recent years.

Using data from 2 state registries (Massachusetts and Pennsylvania) with differing intensities of government‐mandated health insurance, trends in racial and neighborhood socioeconomic disparities were studied among Black and White men diagnosed from 2000 to 2015.

Overall, trends in racial disparities were stagnant for all‐cause mortality, shrank for prostate mortality, and widened for cardiovascular mortality.

Disparities associated with neighborhood socioeconomic status either were stagnant or widened across all mortality end points.

In general, disparities were more pronounced in Pennsylvania than in Massachusetts.
Association of race and health care system with disease stage and survival in veterans with larynx cancer
Authors: Voora Rohith S. , Kotha Nikhil V. , Kumar Abhishek , Qiao Edmund M. , Qian Alexander S. , Panuganti Bharat A. , Banegas Matthew P. , Weissbrod Philip A. , Stewart Tyler F. , Rose Brent S. , Orosco Ryan K. 
Published: April 2021

BackgroundBlack patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) historically have inferior outcomes in comparison with White patients. The authors investigated these racial disparities within the Veterans Health Administration (VHA), an equal‐access system, and within the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program, which is representative of the US hybrid‐payer system.MethodsPatients with invasive (T1 or greater) LSCC were included from SEER (2004‐2015) and the VHA (2000‐2017). The primary outcomes of overall survival (OS) and larynx cancer–specific survival (LCS) were evaluated in Cox and Fine‐Gray models.ResultsIn the SEER cohort (7122 patients: 82.6% White and 17.4% Black), Black patients were more likely to present with advanced disease and had inferior OS (hazard ratio [HR], 1.37; 95% CI, 1.26‐1.50; P < .0001) in a multivariable analysis. Black LCS was worse in a univariable analysis (HR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.27‐1.58; P < .0001), but this effect was attenuated by 83% when the authors controlled for the TNM category and was found to be insignificant in a multivariable analysis (HR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.93‐1.18; P = .42). In the VHA cohort (9248 patients: 79.7% White and 20.3% Black), the 2 racial cohorts presented with similar tumor characteristics and similar OS (HR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.89‐1.02; P = .14). Black LCS was similar in univariable (HR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.00‐1.22; P = .05) and multivariable analyses (HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.92‐1.14; P = .67).ConclusionsBlack patients with LSCC had a tumor burden at diagnosis and survival outcomes comparable to those of White patients within the VHA; this was counter to what was observed in the SEER analysis and prior national trends. This study's findings point toward the notable role of health care access in contributing to racial health disparities in the realm of larynx cancer.
Accelerating the Fenton Reaction with a Magnetic Microswarm for Enhanced Water Remediation
Authors: Wang Qinglong , Ji Fengtong , Wang Shijie , Zhang Li 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe Fenton reaction, among one of the advanced oxidation processes, has been widely employed for water remediation. Here, we report using magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles to accelerate the degradation of the simulative organic pollutant (i. e., Rhodamine B) in a collective manner, featuring an enhanced Fenton reaction. Fe2+ ions released from Fe3O4 nanoparticles function as a reducing agent to trigger the Fenton reaction in an acidic environment. A large number of Fe3O4 nanoparticles form the microswarm by applying a rotating magnetic field, which would further improve the intermixing and reaction diffusion as a result of the hydrodynamic vortex created by magnetic chains. Moreover, the microswarm possesses the ability of targeted degradation achieved by the collective locomotion, and such a collective manner would ultimately avoid the loss of Fe3O4 nanoparticles during the whole process. Besides, Fe3O4 nanoparticles can be magnetically collected and rinsed for recycling use, with a retained dye degradation rate of 73.5% after 3 degradation cycles. As a result, the magnetic microswarm holds advantages in terms of low cost, enhanced degradation, recyclability, and targeted decontamination, which is promising for the removal of organic pollutants.
Outcome of hypofractionated breast irradiation and intraoperative electron boost in early breast cancer: A randomized non‐inferiority clinical trial
Authors: Fadavi Pedram , Nafissi Nahid , Mahdavi Seied Rabi , Jafarnejadi Bahareh , Javadinia Seyed Alireza 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundIntraoperative electron radiotherapy (IOERT) followed by hypofractionated whole breast irradiation (HWBI) provides the shortest possible time of adjuvant breast irradiation. The efficacy of either method has been described in previous reports; however, to our knowledge, the efficacy of combined therapy has not been reported.AimTo compare the toxicity and cosmetic outcome of IOERT as a tumor bed boost followed by HWBI with conventional whole breast irradiation (CWBI) followed by external electron tumor bed boost (EETBB) after breast conserving surgery (BCS) in patients with invasive breast cancer.MethodsIn 2019, a prospective noninferiority trial (IRCT20180919041070N2) was started. After BCS, early‐stage breast cancer patients were treated by IOERT (10 Gy) and HWBI (42.56 Gy in 16 fractions) or CWBI (50 Gy in 25 fraction) and EETBB (10 Gy in 5) in a double‐arm design. Acute/late toxicity and cosmetic outcome were evaluated by common toxicity criteria (CTC) after 1‐year follow‐up (FUP) at the level of p < .05.ResultsOf 60 eligible patients, 30 were allocated to each group. Regarding acute effects after a median FUP of 12 months, CTC‐score of grade II‐III erythema (p = .001) and desquamation (p = .005) were significantly higher in CWBI+EETBB compared to IOERT+ HWBI. However, there were no significant differences at the end of radiotherapy and after 1 month, 6 months, and 1 year. Cosmetic outcome after radiation was similar in both groups mostly rating as good/excellent after 1‐year FUP.ConclusionsBoost‐IOERT/HWBI regimen has comparable acute and late treatment toxicity profiles compared to the CWBI.
Electron‐Activated Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Glycosaminoglycans
Authors: Pepi Lauren E. , Amster I. Jonathan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractGlycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are linear polysaccharides found in a variety of organisms. GAGs contribute to biochemical pathway regulation, cell signaling, and disease progression. GAG sequence information is imperative for determining structure‐function relationships. Recent advances in electron‐activation techniques paired with high‐resolution mass spectrometry allow for full sequencing of GAG structures. Electron detachment dissociation (EDD) and negative electron transfer dissociation (NETD) are two electron‐activation methods that have been utilized for GAG characterization. Both methods produce an abundance of informative glycosidic and cross‐ring fragment ions without producing a high degree of sulfate decomposition. Here, we provide detailed protocols for using EDD and NETD to sequence GAG chains. In addition to protocols directly involving performing these MS/MS methods, protocols include sample preparation, method development, internal calibration, and data analysis. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.This article was corrected on 27 July 2022. See the end of the full text for details.Basic Protocol 1: Preparation of glycosaminoglycan samplesBasic Protocol 2: FTICR method developmentBasic Protocol 3: Internal calibration with NaTFABasic Protocol 4: Electron Detachment Dissociation (EDD) of GAG samplesBasic Protocol 5: Negative electron transfer dissociation (NETD) of GAG samplesBasic Protocol 6: Analysis of MS/MS data
Culturing and Multiplexed Time‐Lapse Imaging of Fungal Isolates from Marine and Coastal Environments
Authors: Mitchison‐Field Lorna M. Y. , Gladfelter Amy S. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractFungi play a crucial role in biogeochemical cycling and shaping biological communities at macro‐ and microcosmic scales. However, fungi have been largely overlooked in studies of marine ecology and microbiology. Here we present protocols for preparing culture media, collecting and culturing fungi from several types of marine environments and animal hosts, and preparing microscopy slides for long‐term time lapse imaging of fungal isolates. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.This article was corrected on 27 July 2022. See the end of the full text for details.Basic Protocol 1: Solid media preparationAlternate Protocol 1: Liquid media preparationBasic Protocol 2: Sample collection and plating from ocean waterAlternate Protocol 2: Sample collection and plating from coastal sedimentAlternate Protocol 3: Sample collection and plating from animal holobiontsSupport Protocol 1: Making frozen stocksSupport Protocol 2: Streaking cultures from frozen stocksBasic Protocol 3: Slide preparation and assembly for imaging © 2021 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
TGF‐β‐secreting regulatory B cells: unsung players in immune regulation
Authors: Huai Guoli , Markmann James F , Deng Shaoping , Rickert Charles Gerard 
Published: April 2021

AbstractRegulatory B cells contribute to the regulation of immune responses in cancer, autoimmune disorders, allergic conditions and inflammatory diseases. Although most studies focus on regulatory B lymphocytes expressing interleukin‐10, there is growing evidence that B cells producing transforming growth factor β (TGF‐β) can also regulate T‐cell immunity in inflammatory diseases and promote the emergence of regulatory T cells that contribute to the induction and maintenance of natural and induced immune tolerance. Most research on TGF‐β+ regulatory B cells has been conducted in models of allergy, cancer and autoimmune diseases, but there has, as yet, been limited scrutiny of their role in the transplant setting. Herein, we review recent investigations seeking to understand how TGF‐β‐producing B cells direct the immune response in various inflammatory diseases and whether these regulatory cells may have a role in fostering tolerance in transplantation.
Real‐time monitoring of single circulating tumor cells with a fluorescently labeled deoxy‐glucose by in vivo flow cytometry
Authors: Weng Xiaofu , Wei Dan , Zhu Xi , Tao Lechan , Guo Jun , Pang Kai , Yang Zhangru , Wei Xunbin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCirculating tumor cells (CTCs) play an essential role in metastasis and serve as an important prognostic biomarker. The technology of CTC labeling and detection in vivo can greatly improve the research of cancer metastasis and therapy. However, there is no in vivo technology to detect CTCs in clinic. In this study, we demonstrate that 2‐[N‐(7‐nitrobenz‐2‐oxa‐1,3‐diazol‐4‐yl) amino]‐2‐deoxy‐d‐glucose (2‐NBDG), a 2‐deoxy‐glucose analog, can work in vivo to indicate CTCs and metastases fluorescently by direct intravenous injection. During the development of an implanted tumor in mice, the spontaneous CTCs released from the primary tumor into blood vessels can be labeled by 2‐NBDG due to the abnormal metabolism of CTCs. The green fluorescence of 2‐NBDG from CTCs is then noninvasively detected by an in vivo flow cytometry system. Due to the high uptake of glucose by tumor cells, the CTCs in mice can maintain a high 2‐NBDG level and thus be distinguished by 2‐NBDG fluorescence in vivo efficiently, enabling tumor detection in vivo like positron emission tomography (PET) but at the single‐cell resolution. Our results suggest 2‐NBDG, a glucose analog with high biosafety, holds promising potential in clinical applications, similar to the widely‐used contrast medium 2‐F18‐fluorodeoxyglucose in PET.
Distinct toll‐like receptor signaling in the salamander response to tissue damage
Authors: Debuque Ryan J. , Nowoshilow Sergej , Chan Katya E. , Rosenthal Nadia A. , Godwin James W. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundEfficient wound healing or pathogen clearance both rely on balanced inflammatory responses. Inflammation is essential for effective innate immune‐cell recruitment; however, excessive inflammation will result in local tissue destruction, pathogen egress, and ineffective pathogen clearance. Sterile and nonsterile inflammation operate with competing functional priorities but share common receptors and overlapping signal transduction pathways. In regenerative organisms such as the salamander, whole limbs can be replaced after amputation while exposed to a nonsterile environment. In mammals, exposure to sterile‐injury Damage Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPS) alters innate immune‐cell responsiveness to secondary Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern (PAMP) exposure.ResultsUsing new phospho‐flow cytometry techniques to measure signaling in individual cell subsets we compared mouse to salamander inflammation. These studies demonstrated evolutionarily conserved responses to PAMP ligands through toll‐like receptors (TLRs) but identified key differences in response to DAMP ligands. Co‐exposure of macrophages to DAMPs/PAMPs suppressed MAPK signaling in mammals, but not salamanders, which activate sustained MAPK stimulation in the presence of endogenous DAMPS.ConclusionsThese results reveal an alternative signal transduction network compatible with regeneration that may ultimately lead to the promotion of enhanced tissue repair in mammals.
Counting Cats: The integration of expert and citizen science data for unbiased inference of population abundance
Authors: McDonald Jenni L. , Hodgson Dave 
Published: April 2021

AbstractFree‐roaming animal populations are hard to count, and professional experts are a limited resource. There is vast untapped potential in the data collected by nonprofessional scientists who volunteer their time to population monitoring, but citizen science (CS) raises concerns around data quality and biases. A particular concern in abundance modeling is the presence of false positives that can occur due to misidentification of nontarget species. Here, we introduce Integrated Abundance Models (IAMs) that integrate citizen and expert data to allow robust inference of population abundance meanwhile accounting for biases caused by misidentification. We used simulation experiments to confirm that IAMs successfully remove the inflation of abundance estimates caused by false‐positive detections and can provide accurate estimates of both bias and abundance. We illustrate the approach with a case study on unowned domestic cats, which are commonly confused with owned, and infer their abundance by analyzing a combination of CS data and expert data. Our case study finds that relying on CS data alone, either through simple summation or via traditional modeling approaches, can vastly inflate abundance estimates. IAMs provide an adaptable framework, increasing the opportunity for further development of the approach, tailoring to specific systems and robust use of CS data.
Few changes in native Australian alpine plant morphology, despite substantial local climate change
Authors: Sritharan Meena S. , Hemmings Frank A. , Moles Angela T. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractRapid evolution is likely to be an important mechanism allowing native species to adapt to changed environmental conditions. Many Northern Hemisphere species have undergone substantial recent changes in phenology and morphology. However, we have little information about how native species in the Southern Hemisphere are responding to climate change. We used herbarium specimens from 21 native alpine plant species in Kosciuszko National Park, Australia, to make over 1,500 measurements of plant size, leaf thickness, leaf mass per area, leaf shape, and leaf size across the last 126 years. Only two out of 21 species (9%) showed significant changes in any of the measured traits. The number of changes we observed was not significantly different to what we would expect by chance alone, based on the number of analyses performed. This lack of change is not attributable to methodology—an earlier study using the same methods found significant changes in 70% of species introduced to southeast Australia. Australia's native alpine plants do not appear to be adapting to changed conditions, and because of the low elevation of Australia's mountains, they do not have much scope for uphill migration. Thus, our findings suggest that Australia's native alpine plants are at even greater risk in the face of future climate change than was previously understood.