bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of mental fatigue on half-marathon performance: a pragmatic trial
Authors: Gattoni Chiara , O’Neill Barry Vincent , Tarperi Cantor , Schena Federico , Marcora Samuele Maria 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Purpose
It is well established that mental fatigue impairs performance during lab-based endurance tests lasting less than 45 min. However, the effects of mental fatigue on longer duration endurance events and in field settings are unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of mental fatigue on performance during a half-marathon race.

Methods
Forty-six male amateur runners (means ± SD: age 43.8 ± 8.6 years, $$\dot V{O_{2peak}}$$

V
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O

2
p
e
a
k

46.0 ± 4.1 ml/kg/min) completed a half-marathon after being randomly allocated to performing a 50-min mentally fatiguing task (mental fatigue group) or reading magazines for 50 min (control group). Running speed, heart rate, and perceived effort were measured during the race.

Results
Runners in the mental fatigue group completed the half-marathon approximately 4 min slower (106.2 ± 12.4 min) than those in the control group (102.4 ± 10.2 min), but this difference was not statistically significant (Cohen’s d = 0.333; p = 0.265). However, equivalence was not established [t(40.88) = 0.239, p = 0.594] and equivalence testing analysis excluded a beneficial effect of mental fatigue on half-marathon performance.

Conclusion
Due to its posttest-only design and the achievable sample size, the study did not have enough power to provide evidence that the observed 4-min increase in half-marathon time is statistically significant. However, equivalence testing suggests that mental fatigue has no beneficial effect on half-marathon performance in male amateur runners, and a harmful effect cannot be excluded. Overall, it seems prudent for endurance athletes to avoid mentally fatiguing tasks before competitions.
Entwicklung und Evaluation einer Emotionsregulations-App
Authors: Böhme Stephanie , Berking Matthias 
Published: June 2021

ZusammenfassungHintergrundEin adäquater bzw. kompetenter Umgang mit schwierigen Emotionen ist bei Personen mit psychischen Störungen oft eingeschränkt. Mit dem Training emotionaler Kompetenzen (TEK) nach Berking (2017) existiert ein gut strukturiertes Behandlungsmanual, mit dem man emotionale Kompetenzen störungsübergreifend trainieren kann. In Studien zeigte sich durch das TEK eine Verbesserung emotionaler Kompetenzen und eine Symptomreduktion bei Patienten mit psychischen Störungen. Aufgrund der hohen Strukturiertheit des TEK eignet es sich gut für eine digitalisierte Anwendung.ZielEine TEK-App könnte u. a. die Wartezeit auf einen Psychotherapieplatz überbrücken sowie das Potenzial therapierelevanter Übungen besser ausschöpfen. Aktuell existiert eine smartphonegestützte Version des TEK, welche in Ergänzung zum TEK-Gruppentraining eingesetzt werden kann. Das langfristige Ziel ist die Entwicklung einer TEK-App-Vollversion.MethodeHierfür werden Erkenntnisse aus der Forschung herangezogen, um die bisherigen Probleme smartphonegestützter Gesundheitsförderung gezielt zu adressieren und zu minimieren. In klinischen Studien soll dann die Effektivität der TEK-App überprüft werden.ErgebnisseErste Ergebnisse deuten auf eine gute Akzeptanz der TEK-Trainings-App durch die Anwender hin, wenn diese in das Gruppentraining eingebettet ist. Ergebnisse der Effektivität der TEK-App-Vollversion stehen noch aus.DiskussionDie Effektivität der TEK-App soll bei Personen mit psychischen Störungen, die auf einen Psychotherapieplatz warten, sowie im Kontext der Nachsorge evaluiert werden. Langfristig soll die TEK-App von der fortschreitenden Entwicklung der Sensortechnologie und künstlichen Intelligenz profitieren und Biosignale emotionaler Vorgänge durch die App erfasst und rückgemeldet werden.
On the robustness of three classes of rateless codes against pollution attacks in P2P networks
Authors: Gaeta Rossano , Grangetto Marco 
Published: June 2021

AbstractRateless codes (a.k.a. fountain codes, digital fountain) have found their way in numerous peer-to-peer based applications although their robustness to the so called pollution attack has not been deeply investigated because they have been originally devised as a solution for dealing with block erasures and not for block modification. In this paper we provide an analysis of the intrinsic robustness of three rateless codes algorithms, i.e., random linear network codes (RLNC), Luby transform (LT), and band codes (BC) against intentional data modification. By intrinsic robustness we mean the ability of detecting as soon as possible that modification of at least one equation has occurred as well as the possibility a receiver can decode from the set of equations with and without the modified ones. We focus on bare rateless codes where no additional information is added to equations (e.g., tags) or higher level protocol are used (e.g., verification keys to pre-distribute to receivers) to detect and recover from data modification. We consider several scenarios that combine both random and targeted selection of equations to alter and modification of an equation that can either change the rank of the coding matrix or not. Our analysis reveals that a high percentage of attacks goes undetected unless a minimum code redundancy is achieved, LT codes are the most fragile in virtually all scenarios, RLNC and BC are quite insensitive to the victim selection and type of alteration of chosen equations and exhibit virtually identical robustness although BC offer a low complexity of the decoding algorithm.
Spectres of Euripides: Time, Translation and Modernism in H.D.’s Euripides
Authors: Strawson Harry 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe modernist period was one of intense engagement with antiquity. It was also a period concerned with radical ideas about time put forward by Henri Bergson and Albert Einstein that questioned traditional understandings of the relationship between past and present. This article considers these two aspects of the modernist period through H.D.’s translations of Euripides: it argues that H.D.’s equivocal position in literary modernism and the imagist movement (as demonstrated by her translations from Hippolytus), her prosodic experimentation with Greek verse forms in her translations from Hecuba and Iphigenia at Aulis and finally her emphasis on temporal themes in her Freud-inspired translation of Ion can be all read in such a way to cast new light on the complex temporalities of the translation of classical texts and the modernist reception of the classics.
Monomial ideals and the failure of the Strong Lefschetz property
Authors: Altafi Nasrin , Lundqvist Samuel 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe give a sharp lower bound for the Hilbert function in degree d of artinian quotients $$\Bbbk [x_1,\ldots ,x_n]/I$$

k
[

x
1

,
…
,

x
n

]
/
I

failing the Strong Lefschetz property, where I is a monomial ideal generated in degree $$d \ge 2$$

d
≥
2

. We also provide sharp lower bounds for other classes of ideals, and connect our result to the classification of the Hilbert functions forcing the Strong Lefschetz property by Zanello and Zylinski.
Applications of large deviation theory in geophysical fluid dynamics and climate science
Authors: Gálfi Vera Melinda , Lucarini Valerio , Ragone Francesco , Wouters Jeroen 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe climate is a complex, chaotic system with many degrees of freedom. Attaining a deeper level of understanding of climate dynamics is an urgent scientific challenge, given the evolving climate crisis. In statistical physics, many-particle systems are studied using Large Deviation Theory (LDT). A great potential exists for applying LDT to problems in geophysical fluid dynamics and climate science. In particular, LDT allows for understanding the properties of persistent deviations of climatic fields from long-term averages and for associating them to low-frequency, large-scale patterns. Additionally, LDT can be used in conjunction with rare event algorithms to explore rarely visited regions of the phase space. These applications are of key importance to improve our understanding of high-impact weather and climate events. Furthermore, LDT provides tools for evaluating the probability of noise-induced transitions between metastable climate states. This is, in turn, essential for understanding the global stability properties of the system. The goal of this review is manifold. First, we provide an introduction to LDT. We then present the existing literature. Finally, we propose possible lines of future investigations. We hope that this paper will prepare the ground for studies applying LDT to solve problems encountered in climate science and geophysical fluid dynamics.
An analysis of altruistic and selfish motivations underlying hometown tax donations in Japan
Authors: Yamamura Eiji , Tsutsui Yoshiro , Ohtake Fumio 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This study analyzes the altruistic and selfish motivations that underlie the payment made toward Japan’s Hometown Tax Donation system by the citizens, whereby they can pay the tax to municipalities other than the ones in which they reside and receive reciprocal gifts. Using the local government level panel data for 2008–2015, we find that the Great East Japan Earthquake led to an increase in payments through the system to municipalities in which disaster victims lived, thus reflecting an altruistic motive among the citizens. However, a 1% increase in expenditure toward gifts for donors led to only a 0.61% increase in payments, thus suggesting a selfish motive. Gifting thus dramatically reduces altruistic payments.
Evaluation of High Altitude Interstitial Pulmonary Edema in Healthy Participants Using Rapid 4-View Lung Ultrasound Protocol During Staged Ascent to Everest Base Camp
Authors: Nowadly Craig D. , Kelley Kenneth M. , Crane Desiree H. , Rose John S. 
Published: June 2021

Introduction Prior research identified possible interstitial pulmonary fluid, concerning for early high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), in a large percentage of trekkers above 3000 m using a comprehensive 28-view pulmonary ultrasound protocol. These trekkers had no clinical symptoms of HAPE despite these ultrasound findings. The more common 4-view lung ultrasound protocol (LUP) is accurate in rapidly detecting interstitial edema during resource-rich care. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the 4-view LUP detects interstitial fluid in trekkers ascending to Everest Base Camp. Methods Serial 4-view LUP was performed on 15 healthy trekkers during a 9-d ascent from Kathmandu to Everest Base Camp. Ascent protocols complied with Wilderness Medical Society guidelines for staged ascent. A 4-view LUP was performed in accordance with the published 2012 international consensus protocols on lung ultrasound. Symptom assessment and 4-view LUP were obtained at 6 waypoints along the staged ascent. A 4-view LUP was positive for interstitial edema if ≥3 B-lines were detected in 2 ultrasound windows. Results A single participant had evidence of interstitial lung fluid at 5380 m as defined by the 4-view LUP. There was no evidence of interstitial fluid in any participant below 5380 m. One participant was evacuated for acute altitude sickness at 4000 m but showed no preceding sonographic evidence of interstitial fluid. Conclusions In this small study, sonographic detection of interstitial fluid, suggestive of early HAPE, was not identified by the 4-view LUP protocol.
Impact of BioFire FilmArray respiratory panel results on antibiotic days of therapy in different clinical settings
Authors: Manatrey-Lancaster Jenna J. , Bushman Amanda M. , Caligiuri Meagan E. , Rosa Rossana 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Objective:
The BioFire FilmArray Respiratory Panel (RFA) has been proposed as a tool that can aid in the timely diagnosis and treatment of respiratory tract infections but its effect on antibiotic prescribing among adult patients has varied. We evaluated the impact of RFA result on antibiotic days of therapy (DOTs) in 2 distinct cohorts: hospitalized patients and patients discharged from the emergency department (ED).

Design:
Retrospective cohort study.

Setting:
The study was conducted in 3 community hospitals in Des Moines, Iowa, from March 3 to March 16, 2019.

Patients:
Adults aged >18 years.

Methods:
Potential outcome means and average treatment effects for RFA results on antibiotic DOTs were estimated. Inverse probability of treatment weighting with regression adjustment was used.

Results:
We identified 243 patients each in the hospitalized and ED-discharged cohorts. Among hospitalized patients, RFA results did not affect antibiotic DOTs. Among patients discharged from the ED, we found that if all patients had had influenza detected, the average DOTs would have been 2.3 DOTs (−3.2 to −1.4) less than the average observed if all the patients had had a negative RFA (P < .0001); no differences in DOTs were observed when comparing an RFA with a noninfluenza virus detected compared to an RFA with negative results.

Conclusions:
The impact of RFA results on antibiotic DOTs varies by clinical setting, and reductions were observed only among patients discharged from the ED who had influenza A or B detected.
Mercury and Movement Disorders: The Toxic Legacy Continues
Authors: Ganguly Jacky , Kulshreshtha Dinkar , Jog Mandar 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT:Mercury (Hg) exists in the environment as inorganic (metallic Hg vapor, mercurous and mercuric salts) or organic (bonded to a structure containing carbon atoms) forms. Neurotoxic effect of Hg is known for years. While the organic form (methylmercury (meHg)) led to the Minamata incidence in Japan and “wonder-wheat” disaster in Iraq, the “mad hatters” and “Danbury shakes” were related to the inorganic elemental form (Hg vapor). Human exposure to toxic Hg continues in the modern world to a large extent by artisanal gold mining, biomass combustion, chloralkali production, and indigenous medicine use to name a few. Heavy industrial use of Hg contaminates air and landfills, affecting the aquatic ecosystem and marine food chain. A detailed social and occupational history with a high index of clinical suspicion is required to not miss this toxic etiology for movement disorders like ataxia, tremor, or myoclonus. In this review, we have discussed the past and present global health impact of Hg from a movement disorder perspective. The connection of Hg with neurodegeneration and autoimmunity has been highlighted. We have also discussed the role of chelating agents and the preventive strategies to combat the neurotoxic effects of Hg in the modern world.
Territoriality Beyond the State: The EU’s Territorial Claims and the Search for Their Legitimacy
Authors: Weinzierl Josef 
Published: June 2021

AbstractQuite a few recent ECJ judgments touch on various elements of territorial rule. Thereby, they raise the profile of the main question this Article asks: Which territorial claims does the EU make? To provide an answer, the present Article discusses and categorizes the individual elements of territoriality in the EU’s architecture. The influence of EU law on national territorial rule on the one hand and the emergence of territorial governance elements at the European level on the other provide the main pillars of the inquiry. Once combined, these features not only help to improve our understanding of the EU’s distinctly supranational conception of territoriality. What is more, the discussion raises several important legitimacy questions. As a consequence, the Article calls for the development of a theoretical model to evaluate and justify territoriality in a political community beyond the state.
The Application of International Law in the Court of Justice of the European Union: Proportionality Rising
Authors: Dunbar Rupert 
Published: June 2021

AbstractApplication of international treaty and customary international law at the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) is increasingly recognized by scholars as problematic regarding legal certainty. This Article seeks to illustrate why this is and to propose reform. Through comparing judicial approaches in the application of international law at the CJEU to its approach in internal case law, it is argued that in the frequent absence of proportionality in external case law the Court has utilized, redeployed, or varied other judicial devices in an effort to retain the discretion which proportionality affords. These are argued to effect legal certainty and established concepts of justice within the EU legal system. Accordingly, it is submitted that proportionality should be transplanted fully and openly to external relations case law and that support for this can be extrapolated from existing literature.
The Choice of Electoral Systems in Electoral Autocracies
Authors: Chang Eric C.C. , Higashijima Masaaki 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis article develops a theory to account for the variation in electoral systems in electoral authoritarian regimes. We argue that resource-rich dictators are incentivized to employ proportional representation systems to alleviate the threat from the masses and pre-empt the emergence of new opposition, while resource-poor dictators tend to choose majoritarian systems to co-opt ruling elites in the legislature. Using cross-national data on electoral authoritarian regimes, we find strong empirical evidence supporting our theory. We also explicitly illustrate the causal links between natural resources and electoral systems with additional statistical analyses and comparative case studies on Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.
Clinical evaluation of Sofia Rapid Antigen Assay for detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) among emergency department to hospital admissions
Authors: Smith Richard D. , Johnson J. Kristie , Clay Colleen , Girio-Herrera Leo , Stevens Diane , Abraham Michael , Zimand Paul , Ahlman Mark , Gimigliano Sheri , Zhao Richard , Hildenbrand Cynthia , Barrueto Fermin , Leekha Surbhi 
Published: June 2021

AbstractObjective:To determine the utility of the Sofia SARS rapid antigen fluorescent immunoassay (FIA) to guide hospital-bed placement of patients being admitted through the emergency department (ED).Design:Cross-sectional analysis of a clinical quality improvement study.Setting:This study was conducted in 2 community hospitals in Maryland from September 21, 2020, to December 3, 2020. In total, 2,887 patients simultaneously received the Sofia SARS rapid antigen FIA and SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR assays on admission through the ED.Methods:Rapid antigen results and symptom assessment guided initial patient placement while confirmatory RT-PCR was pending. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values, and negative predictive values of the rapid antigen assay were calculated relative to RT-PCR, overall and separately for symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. Assay sensitivity was compared to RT-PCR cycle threshold (Ct) values. Assay turnaround times were compared. Clinical characteristics of RT-PCR–positive patients and potential exposures from false-negative antigen assays were evaluated.Results:For all patients, overall agreement was 97.9%; sensitivity was 76.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 71%–82%), and specificity was 99.7% (95% CI, 99%–100%). We detected no differences in performance between asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals. As RT-PCR Ct increased, the sensitivity of the antigen assay decreased. The mean turnaround time for the antigen assay was 1.2 hours (95% CI, 1.0–1.3) and for RT-PCR it was 20.1 hours (95% CI, 18.9–40.3) (P < .001). No transmission from antigen-negative/RT-PCR–positive patients was identified.Conclusions:Although not a replacement for RT-PCR for detection of all SARS-CoV-2 infections, the Sofia SARS antigen FIA has clinical utility for potential initial timely patient placement.
Are Black state legislators more responsive to emails associated with the NAACP versus BLM? A field experiment on Black intragroup politics
Authors: Fenton Jeron , Stephens-Dougan LaFleur 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe fielded an experiment on a sample of approximately 400 Black state legislators to test whether they would be more responsive to an email that mentioned the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) relative to an email that mentioned Black Lives Matter (BLM). The experiment tested Cohen's theory of secondary marginalization (1999), whereby relatively advantaged members of a marginalized group regulate the behavior, attitudes, and access to resources of less advantaged members of the group. We expected that Black legislators would be less responsive to an email that referenced BLM, an organization that is associated with more marginalized members of the Black community. Contrary to our hypothesis, Black legislators were as responsive to emails referencing inspiration from BLM as they were to emails referencing inspiration from the NAACP. Thus, we do not find any evidence of intragroup discrimination by Black state legislators. To our knowledge, this is the first field experiment to test Cohen's theory of secondary marginalization.1
The relationship between cognitive functioning and psychopathology in patients with psychiatric disorders: a transdiagnostic network analysis
Authors: Chavez-Baldini UnYoung , Nieman Dorien H. , Keestra Amos , Lok Anja , Mocking Roel J. T. , de Koning Pelle , Krzhizhanovskaya Valeria V. , Bockting Claudi L.H. , van Rooijen Geeske , Smit Dirk J. A. , Sutterland Arjen L. , Verweij Karin J. H. , van Wingen Guido , Wigman Johanna T.W. , Vulink Nienke C. , Denys Damiaan 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Background
Patients with psychiatric disorders often experience cognitive dysfunction, but the precise relationship between cognitive deficits and psychopathology remains unclear. We investigated the relationships between domains of cognitive functioning and psychopathology in a transdiagnostic sample using a data-driven approach.

Methods
Cross-sectional network analyses were conducted to investigate the relationships between domains of psychopathology and cognitive functioning and detect clusters in the network. This naturalistic transdiagnostic sample consists of 1016 psychiatric patients who have a variety of psychiatric diagnoses, such as depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, obsessive−compulsive and related disorders, and schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders. Psychopathology symptoms were assessed using various questionnaires. Core cognitive domains were assessed with a battery of automated tests.

Results
Network analysis detected three clusters that we labelled: general psychopathology, substance use, and cognition. Depressive and anxiety symptoms, verbal memory, and visual attention were the most central nodes in the network. Most associations between cognitive functioning and symptoms were negative, i.e. increased symptom severity was associated with worse cognitive functioning. Cannabis use, (subclinical) psychotic experiences, and anhedonia had the strongest total negative relationships with cognitive variables.

Conclusions
Cognitive functioning and psychopathology are independent but related dimensions, which interact in a transdiagnostic manner. Depression, anxiety, verbal memory, and visual attention are especially relevant in this network and can be considered independent transdiagnostic targets for research and treatment in psychiatry. Moreover, future research on cognitive functioning in psychopathology should take a transdiagnostic approach, focusing on symptom-specific interactions with cognitive domains rather than investigating cognitive functioning within diagnostic categories.