bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DELAYED FORMATION OF CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS IN MOUSE PACHYTENE SPERMATOCYTES TREATED WITH TRIETHYLENEMELAMINE (TEM)
Authors: Generoso W M , Krishna M , Sotomayor R E , Cacheiro N L A 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Induction of chromosome aberrations in pachytene spermatocytes of mice by 2 mg/kg TEM was compared with induction by 400 R X rays. These doses induced comparably high dominant lethal effects in pachytene spermatocytes of mice. Cytological analysis at diakinesis-metaphase I stage showed that whereas 76.4% of the cells treated with X rays at pachytene stage had aberrations, the frequencies observed in two TEM experiments were only 0.8 and 2.2%. On the other hand, 5% of the progeny from TEM-treated pachytene spermatocytes were found to be translocation heterozygotes. This is the first report on the recovery of heritable translocations from treated spermatocytes of mice. The aberration frequencies observed for TEM in diakinesis-metaphase I were much too low to account for all the lethal mutations and heritable translocations. Thus, the formation of the bulk of aberrations induced by TEM in pachytene spermatocytes was delayed-a marked contrast to the more immediate formation of X-ray-induced aberrations. It is postulated that the formation of the bulk of TEM-induced aberrations in pachytene spermatocytes and in certain postmeiotic stages occurs sometime during spermiogenesis, and not through the operation of postfertilization pronuclear DNA synthesis.
GENETIC ANALYSIS OF PHOTOTACTIC BEHAVIOR IN DROSOPHILA SIMULANS
Authors: Ann Markow Therese , Smith Weber L 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Phototaxis mazes have been employed to select photopositive and photonegative strains of Drosophila simulans. The results suggest that phototactic behavior in D. simulans, as in other Drosophila species, is a polygenic trait. Hybridization using divergent strains revealed that the genes controlling negative phototactic behavior in D. simulansare autosomal, as opposed to D. melanogaster in which negative phototactic behavior is known to be very strongly sex-linked.
DISTRIBUTION OF NUCLEOTIDE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TWO RANDOMLY CHOSEN CISTRONS IN A FINITE POPULATION
Authors: Li Wen-Hsiung 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Watterson's (1975) formula for the steady-state distribution of the number of nucleotide differences between two randomly chosen cistrons in a finite population has been extended to transient states. The rate for the mean of this distribution to approach its equilibrium value is 1/2 N and independent of mutation rate, but that for the variance is dependent on mutation rate, where N denotes the effective population size. Numerical computations show that if the heterozygosity (i.e., the probability that two cistrons are different) is low, say of the order of 0.1 or less, the probability that two cistrons differ at two or more nucleotide sites is less than 10 percent of the heterozygosity, whereas this probability may be as high as 50 percent of the heterozygosity if the heterozygosity is 0.5. A simple estimate for the mean number (d) of site differences between cistrons is d = h/(1 - h) where h is the heterozygosity. At equilibrium, the probability that two cistrons differ by more than one site is equal to h 2, the square of heterozygosity.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE ESTERASE-5 LOCUS IN DROSOPHILA PSEUDOOBSCURA, D. PERSIMILIS AND D. MIRANDA
Authors: Cobbs Gary , Prakash Satya 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Electrophoretic phenotypes of the esterase-5 locus were examined in the sibling species D. pseudoobscura, D. persimilis and D. miranda. D. persimilis alleles were found to have uniformly higher charge on monomers than corresponding alleles of either D. pseudoobscura or D. miranda. Consequently, D. persimilis shares no alleles in common with either D. pseudoobscura or D. miranda, while the latter two species share a number of alleles. It was discovered that by increasing the concentration of acrylamide gel and increasing the length of migration, more allelic differences could be distinguished. Also more alleles were discovered by examining monomer mobility in addition to dimer mobility. In D. persimilis and D. miranda it was found that the previously known high frequency allelic classes broke down into several allelic classes. A test of goodness-of-fit to the infinite alleles model was done and a rough agreement with the model was found.
MUTANTS OF THE FORMYLTETRAHYDROFOLATE INTERCONVERSION PATHWAY OF SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE
Authors: McKenzie K Q , Jones Elizabeth W 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Thirteen mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that lack one or more of the three enzyme activities of the pathway for interconversion of tetrahydrofolate coenzymes at the formate level of oxidation have been isolated. They do not require adenine. All fail to complement mutations in the ade3 locus. Mutations that greatly reduce activity for one enzyme also reduce activity for the other two interconversion enzymes. The three enzyme activities cochromatograph on TEAE-cellulose columns. A mutation that eliminates synthetase activity also alters the chromatographic behavior of the remaining cyclohydrolase and dehydrogenase activities. It is suggested that the three activities reside in an enzyme complex encoded by the ade3 locus.
MUTATIONS CAUSING TRANSFORMATION OF SEXUAL PHENOTYPE IN THE NEMATODE CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS
Authors: Hodgkin Jonathan A , Brenner Sydney 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Ten mutations are described that transform genotypic hermaphrodites of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans into phenotypic males. These fall into three autosomal complementation groups, termed tra-1, tra-2, and tra-3. Two alleles of tra-1 produce almost complete transformation, to a fertile male phenotype; such transformed animals are useful for analyzing sex-linked genes. All alleles of tra-1 and tra-2 are recessive; the one known allele of tra-3 is both recessive and maternal in effect. Where tested, both XX and XXX hermaphrodites are transformed into males, but XO males (true males) are unaffected by these mutations. It is suggested that these genes are actually involved in hermaphrodite development and have no role in male development.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE MATING SYSTEM ON THE MAINTENANCE OF GENETIC VARIABILITY IN POLYGENIC CHARACTERS
Authors: Lande Russell 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The traditional models of the effect of assortative mating and inbreeding on the genetic variance of polygenic characters (Fisher 1918; Wright 1921) presume that there is no natural selection or mutation. In a large population, the genetic variance determined by additive genes may then increase by up to a factor of two with local inbreeding, and even more with assortative mating. The classical models are still used to interpret data from natural populations. But contrary to their assumptions, most metrical characters in natural populations are usually thought to be under a type of selection which depletes polygenic variation. Mutation is then necessary to maintain genetic variation. The present models show that with the additional features of mutation and selection, in a large population, the mating system has no influence on the amount of genetic variability maintained by additive genes.
ACCUMULATION OF DELETERIOUS GENES IN A CAGE POPULATION OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Authors: Lee Won Ho , Watanabe Takao K 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Lethal and sterility mutations were accumulated in a cage population which was initiated with lethal- and sterility-free second chromosomes of D. melanogaster. It took about 2,000 days for the frequencies of these genes to reach equilibrium levels, i.e., 18% lethal and 9% male-sterile chromosomes. Two other cage populations which were initiated with random chromosomes sampled from natural populations and kept for more than eleven years in the laboratory showed 19-20% lethal content. The elimination rates of lethals by homozygosis in these populations were smaller than the mutation rate. By using Nei's formulae, the deleterious effect of a lethal gene in heterozygous condition (h) was estimated to be 0.035. The effective population number in the cage populations was estimated to be 1,000-2,900, while the actual population number was 3,500-7,800.
Amino acid digestibility and digestible indispensable amino acid score-like values of black soldier fly larvae fed different forms and concentrations of calcium using the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay
Authors: Do Sungho , Koutsos Elizabeth A , Utterback Pamela L , Parsons Carl M , de Godoy Maria R C , Swanson Kelly S 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBlack soldier fly larvae (BSFL) are an alternative protein source for animals, including dogs and cats. Dietary calcium source is an essential nutrient for BSFL development in the pupal stage. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and calcium chloride (CaCl2) are common calcium sources but differ in solubility, acid-binding capacity, and calcium concentration. A high calcium concentration in BSFL may affect how well nitrogen and amino acids (AA) are digested by animals consuming them, thereby affecting feed conversion efficiency. Our objective was to determine the effects of dietary calcium form and concentration on nutrient composition, AA digestibility, and digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS)-like values of BSFL intended for use in animal feeds using the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay. All BSFL tested in this study were harvested at 18 d after hatch. Industry standard rearing conditions were maintained and a commercial layer ration was fed to all BSFL until 11 d post-hatch. From day 11 to 18, BSFL were fed a combination of distiller’s dried grains with solubles from a distillery, bakery byproduct meal, and varied calcium sources. All BSFL diets contained 0.2% calcium in the basal diet plus additional calcium in the following amounts and forms: BSFLA: 1.2% CaCl2, BSFLB: 1.2% CaCO3, BSFLC: 0.75% CaCO3, and BSFLD: 0.6% CaCO3 + 0.6% CaCl2. On day 18, BSFL were washed and frozen. Prior to the rooster assay, BSFL were lyophilized and ground. In total, 16 cecectomized roosters (4 roosters per substrate) were randomly assigned to test substrates. After 24 h of feed withdrawal, roosters were tube-fed 20 g of test substrates. Following crop intubation, excreta were collected for 48 h. Endogenous corrections for AA were made using five additional cecectomized roosters. All data were analyzed using a completely randomized design and the GLM procedure of SAS 9.4. Nutrient and AA digestibilities were not different among substrates. DIAAS-like values were calculated to determine protein quality according to the Association of American Feed Control Officials nutrient profiles and National Research Council recommended allowances for dogs and cats. Although AA digestibilities did not differ, those containing CaCO3 generally had higher DIAAS-like reference values than the diet containing CaCl2 alone (BSFLA). Aromatic AA (Phe + Tyr) and sulfur AA (Met + Cys) were often first-limiting AA. Our results suggest that calcium sources fed to BSFL did not affect AA digestibility and protein quality.
Comparison of digestible and metabolizable energy and digestible phosphorus and amino acid content of corn ethanol coproducts from Brazil and the United States produced using fiber separation technology for swine
Authors: Paula Vinicius R C , Milani Natália C , Azevedo Cândida P F , Sedano Anderson A , Souza Leury J , Mike Brian P , Shurson Gerald C , Ruiz Urbano S 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Three experiments (exp.) were conducted to determine and compare the digestibility of nutrients and energy of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) from the United States (USDDGS), a dried mixture of corn bran with solubles (CBS) from Brazil (BRCBS), and high protein corn distillers dried grains (HP-DDG) from the United States (USHPDG) and Brazil (BRHPDG) in growing pigs. The feed ingredients were evaluated for apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE), dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract, neutral and acid detergent fiber (NDF and ADF, respectively), and digestible and metabolizable energy (DE and ME, respectively) using the total collection and index methods in exp. 1; ATTD and standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of phosphorus (P) in exp. 2; and apparent (AID) and standardized (SID) ileal digestibilities of CP and amino acids (AA) in exp. 3. Fifty crossbred barrows (32.4 ± 6.9, 38.3 ± 5.2, and 46.2 ± 5.3 kg body weight [BW], in exp. 1, 2, and 3, respectively) were fed a corn basal diet in exp. 1, a P-free diet in exp. 2, and an N-free diet in exp. 3 or diets with 40% inclusion of test ingredients to provide 10 replications per treatment. Pigs were housed individually in metabolism cages (exp. 1) or in pens (exp. 2 and 3) and fed at 2.8 times the maintenance DE requirement (110 kcal/kg BW0.75) based on their BW at the beginning of each experiment. Except for ATTD of NDF, which tended (P = 0.058) to be greater by the index method compared with the total collection method, no difference between the total collection and index methods was observed for ATTD of remaining nutrients and DE. The ATTD of DM, GE, NDF, and DE content of BRHPDG were greater (P &lt; 0.001) than USHPDG, BRCBS, and USDDGS. The AID of CP, Arg, His, Ile, Leu, Lys, Thr, and Val and the SID of His, Leu, Lys, and Val of BRHPDG were 8% to 36% greater (P &lt; 0.05) than those from USHPDG. Except for Trp, all AID and SID AA values were greater (P &lt; 0.05) in BRHPDG than in USHPDG. The ATTD of DM, GE, NDF, and ADF; DE and ME content; AID of CP, Arg, Ile, Leu, Phe, Thr, and Trp; and SID of CP, Arg, Phe, and Thr of USDDGS were 9% to 45% greater (P &lt; 0.05) than those in BRCBS. The ATTD and the STTD of P in USHPDG and USDDGS were 26% to 42% greater (P &lt; 0.05) compared with BRHPDG and BRCBS. In conclusion, BRHPDG had a greater digestibility of energy and most of the AA than USHPDG, while the BRCBS evaluated had lower nutritional value than the USDDGS source.
An Annotated Draft Genome for the Andean Bear,Tremarctos ornatus
Authors: Saremi Nedda F , Oppenheimer Jonas , Vollmers Christopher , O’Connell Brendan , Milne Shard A , Byrne Ashley , Yu Li , Ryder Oliver A , Green Richard E , Shapiro Beth 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe Andean bear is the only extant member of the Tremarctine subfamily and the only extant ursid species to inhabit South America. Here, we present an annotated de novo assembly of a nuclear genome from a captive-born female Andean bear, Mischief, generated using a combination of short and long DNA and RNA reads. Our final assembly has a length of 2.23 Gb, and a scaffold N50 of 21.12 Mb, contig N50 of 23.5 kb, and BUSCO score of 88%. The Andean bear genome will be a useful resource for exploring the complex phylogenetic history of extinct and extant bear species and for future population genetics studies of Andean bears.
Prolonged patient survival after implementation of a continuous quality improvement programme empowered by digital transformation in a large dialysis network
Authors: Garbelli Mario , Ion Titapiccolo Jasmine , Bellocchio Francesco , Stuard Stefano , Brancaccio Diego , Neri Luca 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
Treatment of end-stage kidney disease patients is extremely challenging given the interconnected functional derangements and comorbidities characterizing the disease. Continuous quality improvement (CQI) in healthcare is a structured clinical governance process helping physicians adhere to best clinical practices. The digitization of patient medical records and data warehousing technologies has standardized and enhanced the efficiency of the CQI’s evidence generation process. There is limited evidence that ameliorating intermediate outcomes would translate into better patient-centred outcomes. We sought to evaluate the relationship between Fresenius Medical Care medical patient review CQI (MPR-CQI) implementation and patients’ survival in a large historical cohort study.

Methods
We included all incident adult patients with 6-months survival on chronic dialysis registered in the Europe, Middle East and Africa region between 2011 and 2018. We compared medical key performance indicator (KPI) target achievements and 2-year mortality for patients enrolled prior to and after MPR-CQI policy onset (Cohorts A and B). We adopted a structural equation model where MPR-CQI policy was the exogenous explanatory variable, KPI target achievements was the mediator variable and survival was the outcome of interest.

Results
About 4270 patients (Cohort A: 2397; Cohort B: 1873) met the inclusion criteria. We observed an increase in KPI target achievements after MPR-CQI policy implementation. Mediation analysis demonstrated a significant reduction in mortality due to an indirect effect of MPR-CQI implementation through improvement in KPI target achievement occurring in the post-implementation era [odds ratio 0.70 (95% confidence interval 0.65–0.76); P &lt; 0.0001].

Conclusions
Our study suggests that MPR-CQI achieved by standardized clinical practice and periodic structured MPR may improve patients’ survival through improvement in medical KPIs.
Risk Factors for and Mechanisms of COlistin Resistance Among Enterobacterales: Getting at the CORE of the Issue
Authors: Mills John P , Rojas Laura J , Marshall Steve H , Rudin Susan D , Hujer Andrea M , Nayak Luke , Bachman Michael A , Bonomo Robert A , Kaye Keith S 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
Despite the recent emergence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance, the epidemiology and mechanisms of colistin-resistant Enterobacterales (CORE) infections remain poorly understood.

Methods
A case–case–control study was conducted utilizing routine clinical isolates obtained at a single tertiary health system in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Patients with CORE isolates from January 1, 2016, to March 31, 2017, were matched 1:1 with patients with colistin-susceptible Enterobacterales (COSE) and uninfected controls. Multivariable logistic regression was used to compare clinical and microbiologic features of patients with CORE and COSE to controls. A subset of available CORE isolates underwent whole-genome sequencing to identify putative colistin resistance genes.

Results
Of 16 373 tested clinical isolates, 166 (0.99%) were colistin-resistant, representing 103 unique patients. Among 103 CORE isolates, 103 COSE isolates, and 102 uninfected controls, antibiotic exposure in the antecedent 90 days and age &gt;55 years were predictors of both CORE and COSE. Of 33 isolates that underwent whole-genome sequencing, a large variety of mutations associated with colistin resistance were identified, including 4 mcr-1/mcr-1.1 genes and 4 pmrA/B mutations among 9 Escherichia coli isolates and 5 mgrB and 3 PmrA mutations among 8 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. Genetic mutations found in Enterobacter species were not associated with known phenotypic colistin resistance.

Conclusions
Increased age and prior antibiotic receipt were associated with increased risk for patients with CORE and for patients with COSE. Mcr-1, pmrA/B, and mgrB were the predominant colistin resistance–associated mutations identified among E. coli and K. pneumoniae, respectively. Mechanisms of colistin resistance among Enterobacter species could not be determined.
Influenza Vaccination Rates Among Patients With a History of Cancer: Analysis of the National Health Interview Survey
Authors: Chang Andres , Ellingson Mallory K , Flowers Christopher R , Bednarczyk Robert A 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
Annual influenza vaccination is recommended for all patients with cancer, but vaccine uptake data by cancer type and time since diagnosis are limited. We sought to estimate vaccination rates across different cancer types in the United States and determine whether rates vary over time since diagnosis.

Methods
Vaccination rates in individuals with solid tumor and hematological malignancies were estimated using data from 59 917 individuals obtained by the 2016 and 2017 National Health Interview Survey conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Results
An average of 64% of the 5053 individuals with self-reported cancer received the influenza vaccine. Vaccination rates in men and women with solid tumors (66.6% and 60.3%, respectively) and hematological malignancies (58.1% and 59.2%, respectively) were significantly higher compared to those without cancer (38.9% and 46.8%, respectively). Lower rates were seen in uninsured patients, those younger than 45 years of age, and in African Americans with hematological malignancies but not with solid tumors. Vaccine uptake was similar regardless of time since cancer diagnosis.

Conclusions
Influenza vaccination rates are higher in men and women with cancer but remain suboptimal, highlighting the need for additional measures to improve vaccine compliance and prevent complications from influenza across all cancer types.
Building Homes
Authors: Korver-Glenn Elizabeth 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses how housing developers used the racist or people-oriented market rubric to interpret their mental maps of Houston and made choices about where to develop land for residential use. Developers first thought about development at the local neighborhood level, reading neighborhoods through one of these two rubrics to make choices about where to build and where not to build. When they considered specific plots of land to purchase, they engaged in reverse blockbusting. Several housing developers targeted homeowners of color and others they perceived as gullible or more likely to sell for cheap. They did so in order to purchase land at bargain prices and then make a higher profit when selling the new homes they constructed on this land.
Appraising Value
Authors: Korver-Glenn Elizabeth 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter analyzes how appraisers assess home value. It demonstrates that despite surface changes to appraisal requirements, the logic and methods guiding contemporary appraisers’ work reflected the explicitly racist appraisal logic and methods instituted by the U.S. federal government and the appraisal industry in the early and mid-twentieth century. When using such logic, appraisers assumed that racially uniform, White neighborhoods were the most valuable. They also assumed that White home buyers were the reference point for neighborhood desirability and value. This logic guided their methods, such that they typically chose “comps” from within singular neighborhoods. This chapter also uses quantitative data to show that homes in White Houston neighborhoods were systematically appraised higher than homes in otherwise similar Black and Latinx Houston neighborhoods in 2015. Such inequality is not merely an artifact of explicitly racist historical appraisals; rather, it is actively produced by contemporary appraisers.
Shareholder-driven Corporate Governance
Authors: Anand Anita Indira 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This is a book about the ways in which capital markets have come to be shaped by the ubiquity of sophisticated investors. In particular, many of today’s investors have the economic might and technical capacity to play a role in the decision-making of the corporations in which they invest. This phenomenon brings with it a host of benefits, such as mechanisms to ameliorate the moral hazard that can exist when the people who bear the risk of corporate activity are different from those who make decisions. A key element of this book is an examination of the ways in which thinking about corporations and capital markets must change to reflect the prevalence of sophisticated shareholders. The book develops a concept—shareholder-driven corporate governance—to explain the role of powerful shareholders and to propose a regulatory scheme that furthers their participation in corporate decision-making. In doing so, the book considers a number of regulatory challenges that confront securities regulators. Ultimately, the book identifies an important trend in capital markets, highlights reasons for fostering this trend, and discusses the path that regulation can and should take in order to protect investors and foster well-regulated markets.