bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shots and Sound
Authors: Cutting James E. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter categorizes all shots in two dozen movies and places them into 15 categories for the purpose of exploring the reasons for the shortened shot durations from the 1950s to the present day. Evidence shows that all classes of shots have become briefer, as might be predicted from the Flynn effect. This suggests that people, as viewers, have indeed gotten faster at extracting visual information. Similarly, it is also clear that contemporary filmmakers rely on viewers’ memory more than in the past. This is demonstrated by shortening shot durations and tightening shot scales when the movie returns to a given locale, a given character, or a given time frame. The chapter also examines the more recent impact of the long take. In addition, it explores the efficacies of sound, particularly music, as it covers the shots of movies. These include enhancing continuity, controlling and flavoring mood, foreshadowing action, and reinforcing memories.
Corporations, Conflict Prevention, and Resolution in Colombia
Authors: Melin Molly M. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Colombia, having recently emerged from the longest ongoing civil war in the Western Hemisphere, offers evidence of the transformative effect of an emerging active private sector. As the country transitions through the challenges of disarmament and reintegration of rebel troops, private companies are also helping to build peace- and not just with their marketing campaigns. Through hiring practices, infrastructure projects, and economic investments, the private sector often helps “fill the gaps” where governments are unwilling or unable to provide needed goods and services. At the same time, their strong position at the negotiating table may have prolonged the conflict. This chapter explores the role of corporations in Colombia’s peace process.
Reconstructing Sacred Geographies
Authors: Grau Marion 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The chapter begins with a reflection on historical notions of sacred place and how senses of sacred place are perceived and understood. Pilgrimage networks are constructed from memories of sacred places and ritualized in relationship to holy people or events. In medieval Norway, the notion of sacred landscape emerged as an interweaving of Norse and Christian elements. This sacred geography was transformed by the development of modern energy forms, transportation, and infrastructure projects made possible in part through Norway’s petroleum wealth. Even so, the pilgrimage network sought to re-establish a route network from forgotten and reimagined paths, which slowly was pieced together from the 1960s onward. The chapter ends by asking how notions of landscape, interspecies relationships, and political theologies have reconstructed notions of sacred place, sainthood, and landscape in a secularizing, increasingly multiethnic and multireligious Norway.
Encountering Pilgrims
Authors: Grau Marion 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Participants in the pilgrimage network in Norway share numerous features with those at other contemporary Christian sites, among them the focus on the intense yet temporary bonding with other pilgrims, a starkly embodied experience of the landscape traveled through, and the importance of hosts and volunteers in the experience. Pilgrims share many of the reasons for going on pilgrimages with those in other networks, and they often become involved in hosting upon their return. There are also distinct features that appear in Norway, in particular the revival of the coastal pilgrimage route, which takes pilgrims off the path and on board historical vessels, under guidance and a common schedule and accommodation. As the Norwegian pilgrimage network has been under development, various modes of promotion of pilgrimage through print publications, films, and social media disrupt the break from “normal” that many pilgrims seek and serve to recruit new pilgrims. For many pilgrims “biopsychosociospiritual” healing appears to describe well the complex experiences they seek and encounter on the path.
Ocean Pilgrimage and Ocean Plastics
Authors: Grau Marion 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This short chapter focuses on some of the innovations and attendant new modes of engaging in the pilgrimage system. Coastal multimodal pilgrimages offer alternative and innovative forms of pilgrimage in the Norwegian pilgrimage system. This form of pilgrimage was recently reconstructed in a mode that combines historical coastal sites with contemporary multimodal transport. A recent form of activist pilgrimage features ecumenical church communities expressing pilgrimage concern for climate action in the run-up to the Paris Agreement negotiations and thereafter. Subsequently, artists in the Diocese of Borg began building support to create and build a new interreligious site for climate pilgrims, the Cathedral of Hope in Fredrikstad, constructed as a movable, floating barge that draws people from various backgrounds to foster respect for the ocean in the fight against ocean plastics.
The Fence or the Ambulance
Authors: Patterson Silver Wolf David A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues for a robust prevention effort for substance use disorders. It briefly explains how the 1971 war on drugs began and guided (or misguided) our nation’s efforts to combat this illness. It laments how the potentially monumental 2016 surgeon general’s report on substance use in America was drowned out by the presidential election and how its call for empirically supported prevention strategies was ignored.
Before Method and Models
Authors: Walter Ryan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Before Method and Models offers a revisionist account of political economy in the time of Thomas Robert Malthus and David Ricardo, c. 1790–1823. In contrast to simply assuming that ‘classical political economy’ existed and provides the context for making sense of the writings of Malthus and Ricardo, this book recovers the circumstances that shaped their works. This leads the inquiry into the major political controversies of the time—the Bullion Controversy and the Corn Laws debate—and the texts with which Malthus and Ricardo attempted to intervene into these disputes. The results show that political economy was produced using ready-to-hand concepts and instruments, giving its practitioners great intellectual freedom. Yet political economy was also expected to act as a species of counsel to Parliament and resolve policy questions. In this context, the presumption of Malthus and Ricardo to style themselves as ‘theorists’ who possessed special intellectual capacities that set them above merely ‘practical’ writers attracted hostile responses from their contemporaries. The tenuous position of theory in this period was worsened by the intellectual aftermath of the French Revolution, which enabled the enemies of Malthus and Ricardo to portray their work as theoretical enthusiasm—as the product of undisciplined minds that had succumbed to the pleasures of system, utopia, and fanaticism. The attack and defence of political economy in this setting was conducted with the vocabulary of theory and practice, and the period thus stands as a time when reflection on commerce and politics was conducted without method and models.
Introduction
Authors: Florio Salvatore , Linnebo Øystein 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
English and other natural languages contain plural expressions. Plural logic is based on the idea of taking these expressions at face value rather than eliminating them in favor of singular resources. This logic has great potential significance in logic, philosophy, linguistics, and beyond, but it also raises some hard questions. Three such questions will figure centrally in the book as a whole. Are primitive plural resources legitimate? If so, what is their relation to singular resources, and what is their philosophical significance?
Nature and Imagination
Authors: Ogée Frédéric 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores Addison’s attempt at opening new perspectives for the convocation of the work of imagination in the production and reception of representation. Developing a new, dynamic understanding of the concept of pleasure, he explains how the works of nature and art acquire more value as they allow the imagination or the fancy some scope for the picturing and mapping of new territories. The chapter then suggests how some of the new forms of expression in Enlightenment England (the novel, the landscape garden, Hogarth’s series of images), all based on a form of sequentiality similar in many ways to that present in the periodical essays, proposed progressive, enhancing apprehensions of nature which allowed the emergence of a more dynamic, less abstract sort of beauty, designed to create pleasure in the meaning defined by Addison.
Comparative Legal Analysis and Intellectual Property Law: A Guide for Research
Authors: Calboli Irene 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses the intersection between comparative law and intellectual property (IP) law and the role of comparative legal analysis as a research methodology for IP scholars. Due to the high level of international harmonization of IP laws, comparative legal analysis has traditionally played a prominent role for IP scholars. However, this methodology has become even more fundamental in recent decades because of the further integration of legal systems due to the process of globalization of trade and the fast-evolving worldwide technological developments. As a result of this economic and technological integration, different legal traditions have converged to an unprecedented level. In particular, after an overview of Comparative Law and the process required to conduct comparative analysis, this chapter offers several examples in the context of IP research.
Contract Law and Intellectual Property Transactions: Research Perspectives
Authors: de Werra Jacques 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Contract law is a key component of the intellectual property (IP) ecosystem: contracts are the legal vehicles by which IP rights can be lawfully used by third parties. Contracts are the essential tools by which IP owners can monetize their rights. Making sure that contract law can perform these critical missions requires understanding the complex interactions between IP law and contract law. Analysing these interactions is obviously not a new research venture. However, there are still many areas that call for further research and scientific activity. Exploring the interactions between IP and contract law is not only scientifically relevant, but it also has a high practical significance because of the uncertainty surrounding certain legal issues arising in (international) IP transactions which generate high transaction costs. The interactions between IP and contracts are multifaceted and raise numerous methodological challenges and doctrinal questions. This short piece will focus on a few of them (obviously without claiming to be exhaustive). These legal issues can be classified into two categories on which the article will focus and which depend on whether these issues relate to the internal relationship between the parties to an IP transaction or whether they affect external third parties.
Property Law and the Intellectual Property Agenda
Authors: Grynberg Michael 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
What can intellectual property (IP) learn from the questions raised by property doctrine? A lot of scholarship addresses the degree to which the two bodies of law cohere in principle, justification, or practice. This chapter surveys some of this well-marked terrain, while suggesting some less detailed areas of the map that might merit more exploration than they have received to date. The most familiar set of questions arise from the contention that IP is or should be considered a form of property, but property law is also a source of doctrines and approaches for limiting the scope of intellectual property rights. Though less emphasized, a concern with information also links the two fields, as many property doctrines may also be considered a form of information management. Finally, conceiving of property doctrine as a system offers another possibility for informing IP scholarship.
Intellectual Property and Archaeology: Research Concerns and Considerations
Authors: Nicholas George , Bell Catherine 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
As archaeology has matured as a discipline, a variety of challenges emerge about the purpose, methods, and products of the enterprise, including intellectual property (IP) concerns pertaining to the products of archaeological research and related heritage control issues. This chapter examines the complex nature of IP in the context of archaeology. The two central questions addressed are: (1) What constitutes IP in the context of archaeology?; and (2) Who has the right to interpret, benefit from, or control access to information and objects from the past, whether they represent one’s own heritage or, more often, someone else’s. These questions are explored through a series of broad themes, coupled with specific examples to illustrate some of the methodological challenges, their consequences, and how IP-related issues can be avoided or at least mitigated. An overarching consideration is the significant differences in how IP and intangible heritage are defined and distinguished in countries where the ancestral population relates to the dominant population today, as contrasted to those where the modern population has come from elsewhere.
A Network Analysis Approach to Intellectual Property Research
Authors: Bekkers Rudi , Martinelli Arianna 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Network Analysis (NA) provides a set of quantitative analytical tools used to examine the structural characteristics of networks. This analysis can be applied to any type of network (e.g. social networks, networks emerging from scientific collaborations, and networks of submarine cables). It is increasingly used on networks derived from intellectual property (IP) data, such as patent citation networks, patent co-inventors’ networks, and patent litigation networks. In this context, the analyses of the structure and the dynamics of these networks can provide valuable insights about the technological relations between firms, the assessment of firms technological leadership, and the evolution of technology. This chapter aims to provide an introduction to network analysis and illustrates its application using patent citation networks.
Intellectual Property Law and Sociolegal Studies
Authors: Gallagher William T. , Halbert Debora J. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In recent years, scholarship in the field of intellectual property (IP) has moved in many creative and important directions—as the chapters in this volume illustrate well. One of the most promising developments in IP scholarship is the recognition of the need to explore this area of law and practice from interdisciplinary perspectives, moving beyond the still-dominant doctrinal and law and economics-based approaches to the field. This chapter explores and advocates for a sociolegal—and in particular, a ‘law and society’—approach to the study of IP in social, historical, and cultural context. The chapter also argues for the need to employ a broad range of methodologies, including empirical approaches, for understanding IP in context, explaining how qualitative interviews are a promising research tool in this field. The chapter critiques a narrow notion of ‘empirical’ legal studies that often uncritically assumes that ‘empirical’ encompasses only quantitative approaches to the study of law and legal processes, actors, and institutions.
Intellectual Property and Behavioural Studies: Methodological Perspectives
Authors: Penz Elfriede , Hofmann Eva 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Intellectual property (IP) infringement is widely researched in behavioural studies with manifold quantitative and qualitative research. The current chapter focuses on qualitative research and gives an introduction to how data from expert interviews and websites of relevant stakeholders can be analysed to understand and interpret IP infringement applying triangulation. This chapter selects the comprehensive perspective of the entire business and institutional environment in an international context, focusing on the social-cultural, legal, economic, political, and technological framework in different countries, which determines business activities. It answers three research questions on past, current, and future activities regarding IP with data from forty-six organizations (expert interviews, website analyses). The analysis of the data with Computer Assisted/Aided Qualitative Data AnalysiS (CAQDAS) follows four steps: (1) organizing the material; (2) coding; (3) searching; and (4) modelling and interpreting. The analysis revealed that first, there were several activities regarding IP that have been applied by different stakeholders, second, the present status of IP from the point of view of the different stakeholders has a strong legal aspect, and third, a cross-national collaboration for enforcement and harmonizing legislation is seen important for the future of IP specifically by governmental bodies. Overall, these findings allow for recommendations not only for legislators but also for industry and organizations lobbying for more lenient IP rights leading to a bright future for IP.
The Interface Between Intellectual Property and Sustainable Development
Authors: Abdel-Latif Ahmed , Roffe Pedro 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Sustainable development has emerged as a key priority in the global agenda, and the intellectual property (IP) system has come to interact with it more closely. This has resulted in the emergence of a range of policy and legal issues that the IP system is still grappling with in relation to biodiversity, climate change and the diffusion of green technologies, food security, and the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) more generally. In this regard, this chapter aims to provide an overview of how the interface between IP and sustainable development has evolved particularly at the international level. It examines how IP has been dealt with in key sustainable development fora and how sustainable development has been addressed in international IP settings. The chapter also points out some efforts and initiatives seeking to bridge the gap between the realms of sustainable development and IP. In addition, it considers several legal issues at this interface which require further research. The chapter finds that while there have been extensive multilateral discussions on this topic, they have not, in general, resulted in changes to existing international IP rules to accommodate sustainable development concerns. The United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development can provide a space to advance this discussion through an inclusive dialogue which addresses the role of IPRs in sustainable development both in terms of promoting innovation and providing access to the fruits of such innovation. Such a dialogue which brings together a diversity of views and stakeholders could help foster a broader approach to IP in the sustainable development context.
Intellectual Property and Openness: A Research Perspective and Agenda
Authors: Ncube Caroline B 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers the various methodologies used and arguments advanced by scholarship which employs an openness paradigm to examine intellectual property (IP), specifically in copyright and patent law. It presents the key attributes of openness, as developed in scholarly literature and research practices. It highlights the underpinning justifications for openness which include social justice imperatives, sustainable development, human development, and human rights, with emphasis on the development of human rights framing. It reprises topical aspects that remain on the normative agenda to inform ongoing and future scholarship founded on international and national perspectives or developmental agendas. Drawing from examples of recent research, it explores how research questions related to copyright and patents have been cast from the standpoint of openness and closes by envisaging some ways in which such scholarship may be advanced methodologically and substantively.
Feminist Methodologies and Intellectual Property
Authors: Bartow Ann 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Though intellectual property (IP) law is facially gender-neutral, the numbers do not add up, to put it lightly. This chapter discusses the ways that laws mediate the ways that creativity, innovation, and invention are commoditized, through a feminist lens. It maps evidence of sexism and discrimination against women in the context of patents, copyrights, and trademarks, and suggests mechanisms to measure and observe the material, legal and social constraints that disproportionately affect women authors and would-be authors. It suggests methods that can be deployed to evaluate gendered differences in the production and protection of IP, and invites readers to participate in this project.
Exploring Intellectual Property Through the Lens of Religious Thought
Authors: Bagley Margo A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
A growing cadre of scholars find scriptures to be a rich source of inspiration on issues of temporal as well as eternal importance and choose to focus at least a subset of their scholarship on exploring ways that religious thought can inform approaches to challenging intellectual property (IP) questions. This chapter explores the work, inspirations, and methodologies of several such scholars writing at the intersection of IP and religious thought. It illuminates some of the contributions this interdisciplinary approach offers for legal and policy development in the field of IP with a focus on Christian (Catholic and Protestant), Jewish, and Muslim perspectives. It also highlights views on the similarities and differences between scholarly approaches to this subject matter and other IP-related literature.
The natural history of defences
Authors: Schmid-Hempel Paul 
Published: September 2021

AbstractHosts can avoid infections by behavioural changes and by body walls. After infection, hosts can change their behaviours to reduce the effects of parasitism. Immune defences have different arms (humoral or cellular), and organization (innate, adaptive). Innate immunity consists of a collection of different systems that are evolutionarily very old. Adaptive immunity, based on expansion of specific lymphocytes, evolved in the higher vertebrates. Immune defences are regulated tightly and based on receptors that can recognize parasites (or their activity). This triggers a complex signalling cascade that results in the production of further signalling compounds and effectors. Important protein families, e.g. the immunoglobulins, form the molecular backbone. A key to efficient defences is the diversification of receptors, such as the highly evolved somatic diversification processes of advanced adaptive immunity. The microbiota adds to defences in many ways. Immune memory and priming occur throughout the tree of life.
Parasites, immunity, and sexual selection
Authors: Schmid-Hempel Paul 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe sexes (male, female) differ in parasite load and immune defences. In general, males are more frequently infected and often have lower defences. The differences are one consequence of sexual selection, where females invest more in maintenance. Females can choose males based on signs (e.g. ornaments) of higher resistance to parasites. Several theoretical scenarios can explain part of this variation. Advantages also result from genetic heterozygosity. Sex-specific hormones affect immune defences in many ways.