bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antimicrobial Efficacy of Different Pulp-Capping Materials against Enterococcus faecalis: An In vitro Study
Authors: Atom Jenny , Devi Ningthoukhongjam Rati , Lairenlakpam Ronel , Dafer Al Wadei Mohammed Hussain , Hakami Abdulrahim R. , BinShaya Abdulkarim S. 
Published: June 2021

Aim:
The present study aims to assess the antimicrobial action of three different pulp-capping agents against Enterococcus faecalis.

Materials and Methods:
Three pulp-capping agents were chosen for this study: Calcicur, mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA)-Angelus, and Dycal. The zone of inhibition produced by these three pulp-capping agents was measured at 24 h and 72 h to assess their antimicrobial efficacy against E. faecalis. The agar diffusion method was used to examine the antimicrobial effect of pulp-capping agents. Mueller-Hinton agar plates were used to inoculate the microorganisms. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's post hoc tests were done to compare the different groups. P < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.

Results:
At 24 h, the highest zone of inhibition was found in MTA-Angelus (3.32 ± 0.11 mm), followed by Dycal (2.02 ± 0.46 mm) and Calcicur (1.84 ± 0.92 mm). After 72 h, MTA-Angelus demonstrated a zone of inhibition of 4.60 ± 0.22 mm, followed by Dycal (3.48 ± 0.74 mm) and Calcicur (2.90 ± 0.18 mm). ANOVA test showed a highly statistical significance. A statistically significant difference (P < 0.001) was shown between MTA-Angelus and Dycal. Calcicur did not show any significant difference.

Conclusion:
This trial found that the freshly mixed MTA-Angelus has a significantly superior antimicrobial effect against E. faecalis than Dycal and Calcicur.
Oral Health Status of Down's Syndrome Patients in Aseer, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Sandeepa N. C. , Al Hagbani Sara Ali , Alhammad Fatmah Abdulrahman , Al Shahrani Amal Saeed , Al Asmari Sara Eid 
Published: June 2021

Introduction:
It was observed that compared to the general population, mentally challenged subjects have higher rates of poor oral hygiene. Gingivitis is a common finding with moderate or severe variety reported most commonly. Periodontal disease is the most significant oral health problem, which can even lead to mobility of tooth and tooth loss. It is essential to generate oral health precautionary agendas and familiarize it with them.

Materials and Methods:
Four Centres of rehabilitation in the Aseer region of Saudi Arabia were included and subjects of 3–24 year age group was examined. Written informed consent was obtained from directors of Centres. Caries, oral hygiene status, soft-tissue and hard-tissue lesions were evaluated and statistically analyzed.

Results:
Higher Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth score was observed in the present study in contrast to many other studies. Periodontal disease was seen in higher age group with higher percentages. Poor oral hygiene was seen in 27.3% of males and 66.7% of females. Tongue lesions comprised 85.7%, which accounted for the major part of soft-tissue abnormality. Various occlusal abnormalities (75%) and developmental tooth disturbances (53.6%) constitute the higher portion in hard-tissue abnormality.

Conclusion:
Dentists should be conscious of the range of oral anomalies that can manifest in this group of the patients. The microbial or serological investigation was not done which could have explained the etiology behind these lesions. In spite of these confines, the survey result have provided information regarding the oral health status of Down's syndrome subjects and the necessity of focusing on oral health need.
Stature Estimation of an Individual Using Nasal, Facial, and Palatal Height among Tamil Nadu Population
Authors: Dinakaran J. , Hariganesgh P. , Shamala S. , Dhivya K. , Saranya V. , Saranya M. 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Stature estimation in human identification has a significant forensic importance. The stature correlates positively with bones or human body parts. Measurements of various body parts such as the arm, leg, feet, and finger can be used to estimate stature. This study is done to correlate the stature of person with facial, nasal, and palatal height among Tamil Nadu population.

Aim and Objective:
The aim and objective was to determine an individual's stature using facial, nasal, and palatal height and to find out the most reliable parameter to determine the stature of the person.

Materials and Methods:
Anthropometer, Vernier caliper, and palatometer were used for the analysis. The initial pilot study included 20 individuals. The representative study included 100 individuals of age 21–25 years. (Group 1 – males, Group 2 – females). Values of the three parameters (nasal, facial, and palatal) are calculated and related to that of the person's stature.

Results:
The quantitative data collected from the subjects are studied using (Pearson correlation) statistical analysis. The quantitative data availed from nasal height were found to be more reliable compared to the other two data in stature prediction. Correlation between stature and nasal height shows a significant positive correlation among the female group (2) with (P– value = 0.57).

Conclusion:
This study may play a significant role in case of human identification immediately after mass disasters and certain criminal investigations. Further studies with larger samples may produce more reliable values.
A Retrospective Study to Evaluate Biopsies of Oral and Maxillofacial Lesions
Authors: Singh Harkanwal Preet , S. H Thippeswamy , Gandhi Piyush , Salgotra Varun , Choudhary Shivendra , Agarwal Ritika 
Published: June 2021

Background:
The clinical manifestations of these lesions comprises pain, paresthesia, swelling, drainage, tooth loss, root resorption, and facial deformity. Alteration in oral and maxillofacial (OMF) tissues of the lesions may cause esthetically and functionally unfavourable effects in patients.

Aims and Objectives:
To determine the frequency of odontogenic cysts, tumors, and other lesions.

Materials and Methods:
Patient's records of histopathological reports from the archives of the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology were obtained and reviewed over a period of 2 years, and therefore, the lesions were classified into four groups. In cases of recurrent lesions, only the primary diagnosis was considered. The research protocol was approved by the ethical committee of the institution.

Results:
About 56.4% of males had ameloblastoma, 54.9% of females had cementoma. 59.4% females had giant cell granuloma, 87.5% females had pyogenic granuloma, 77.2% females had osteoma, 65.1% of the female population were belongs to the benign fibro-osseous lesions and 50.2% of females were from fibrous dysplasia in group 3. About 58.8% females had squamous cell carcinoma in group 4.

Conclusion:
To adequately determine the prevalence and incidence rate of OMF lesions, biopsies performed by other specialists such as otolaryngologists and plastic surgeons in OMF regions should also be evaluated.
Analyzing the Role of Malnourishment in Malocclusion: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Anand Kumar , Menka Kumari , Maloth Saritha , Nayak Subhash Chandra , Chowdhary Tina , Bhargava Manish 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Malocclusion is defined as an occlusion in which there is malrelationship between the arches in any of the three planes or anomalies in tooth position beyond normal limits, the etiology being multifactorial. Malnutrition may also be allied to malocclusion, predominantly crowding, due to insufficient space for the teeth to erupt in the correct place.

Objectives:
The present study was conducted to investigate the role of diet as an etiological factor in the occurrence of malocclusion.

Materials and Methods:
Two hundred and twenty malnourished subjects were examined by a single experienced dental professional and the occlusal relationships were evaluated at a centric occlusion position by instructing the subject to swallow and then bite on the teeth together.

Results:
Ninety-eight subjects (44.54%) had Angle's Class I malocclusion with crowding: 18 (8.1%) presented with spacing. Angle's Class II division 1 malocclusion was evident in 52 subjects (23.63%), while Class II division 2 in 38 subjects (17.27%). Only 14 subjects (6.3%) presented with Angle's class III malocclusion.

Conclusion:
Dietary factors and dentition measures from a subset 220 malnourished subjects found that malnourished subjects with basal metabolic index <18.5 had statistically significant relationships with the crowding variables.
Assessment of Age-Related Changes of Salivary Immunoglobulin A Levels among Healthy Individuals
Authors: Shete Manishkumar Dinkar , Patil Dipak Baliram , Karade Priyatam , Chopade Rutuja , Gandhi Neha , Alane Uddhav 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) is the first line of defense against pathogens that invade mucosal surfaces. It has been reported that the immune system exhibits profound age-related changes. The aim of this study was to investigate the age-dependent changes of salivary IgA among healthy individuals.

Materials and Methods:
Saliva samples were collected from 120 healthy individuals (aged 11–70 years). The salivary IgA concentrations were measured by the use of a single radial immunodiffusion technique and analyzed using the Mann–Whitney U, Kruskal–Wallis, and Chi-square tests.

Results:
The mean salivary IgA levels were 81.11 ± 4.50 mg/dl at age 11–20 years, 92.71 ± 13.76 mg/dl at age 21–30 years, 96.50 ± 4.04 mg/dl at age 31–40 years, 104.96 ± 10.15 mg/dl at age 41–50 years, 113.22 ± 7.85 mg/dl at age 51–60 years, and 91.38 ± 4.77 mg/dl at age 61–70 years. There was a significant difference among the mean salivary IgA levels of different age groups (P < 0.001).

Conclusion:
These results showed that the salivary IgA levels exhibit age-related changes. Oral immunization may be considered to improve oral immunity when the salivary concentrations of IgA begin to decrease during lifetime.
Assessment of C-Reactive Protein Level in Oral Submucous Fibrosis and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patient
Authors: Sharma Geeta , Kumar Randhir , Salam Sharib Abdus , Bhasin Prashant , Tewari Nishant Kumar , Yadav Suman 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Potentially malignant disorders are highly prevalent in India. In this study, we assessed C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in patients with oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).

Methodology:
Sixty-four patients (OSMF and OSCC) were undertaken and were classified into 3 groups, OSMF patients (Group I, 34), OSCC (Group II, 30), and healthy controls (Group III, 26). Immunoturbidimetry method was used for the estimation of CRP levels.

Results:
Maximum cases in Group I was seen in the age group 40–60 years (males-10, females-3), Group II in the age group 40–60 years (males-11, females-5) and Group III (males-5, females-6). The mean CRP level in Group I was 6.12 ± 4.5 mg/l, in Group II was 28.4 ± 21.5 mg/l, and in Group III was 3.15 ± 2.19 mg/l. The difference was significant (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:
Authors found that OSMF and oral cancer patients had increased CRP levels as compared to healthy subjects.
A Comparative Evaluation of Microleakage between Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer, Flowable Composite, and Cention-N in Class V Restorations: A Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope Study
Authors: Venugopal Krishnan , Krishnaprasad L. , V. P Prabath Singh , Ravi Arjun B. , Haridas Kaushik , Soman Drisya 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Microleakage is a concern while restoring cervical lesions. Many products have attempted to minimize the interfacial gap between the tooth and restoration, the main pathway of microleakage.

Aims and Objective:
To compare and evaluate the microleakage in Class V cavity restored with nanohybrid flowable composite, Resin modified Glass Ionomer and Cention N.

Method:
Class V cavities were prepared on mandibular premolars on buccal surface with their occlusal margin placed in enamel and the gingival margin in dentin. The teeth were randomly assigned to three groups of 20 teeth each and restored with Flowable composite, Resin Modified GIC and Cention N. Samples were immersed in 0.5% Rhodamine dye, sectioned and microleakage measured using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy. Statistical analysis was done using Oneway ANOVA Bonferroni's test and Kruskal Waliis test.

Results:
The average depth of penetration of dye and scoring of depth were noted. On comparing dye penetration values between groups, RMGIC is compared with Flowable composite and Cention N, statistically significant result was obtained suggesting lesser dye penetration in RMGIC group (P < 0.001) where other comparison did not.

Conclusion:
RMGIC showed significantly less microleakage compared to the other two restorative materials used in the study and enamel margin of all restorations showed lesser microleakage than dentin margin.
In vitro Assessment of Apical Microleakage of Teeth Sealed with Three Different Root Canal Sealers: A Comparative Study
Authors: Rai Kulwant , Mandhotra Prabhat , Sharma Neeraj , Patil Lalit , Sharma Akshey , Singh Simreet 
Published: June 2021

Background:
For the success of an endodontic treatment, a hermetic seal is of utmost importance. The event of entry of cariogenic bacteria through the interface between the tooth and the restoration of a proliferation of these microbes and subsequent adverse effects on the pulpal tissue or recurrent caries can be expected. Hence, the present study was undertaken for evaluating the apical microleakage of teeth sealed with four different root canal sealers.

Materials and Methods:
Collection of a total of ninety freshly extracted mandibular first premolars was done for the present study. Establishment of working length was done by measuring the root canal length and subtracting 1 mm from it. All the specimens were divided into three study groups as follows: Group A: Endofill sealer group, Group B: EndoREZ sealer group, and Group C: AH Plus group. The resin points were supplied with the sealer (according to their respective study groups), and obturation was done. Application of four layers of nail polish was done on the entire tooth surface leaving the apical 2 mm portion. This was followed by immersion of the specimens in the India ink followed by storage for 1 week at room temperature. Afterward, thorough washing of the specimens was done in running water. Removal of the nail polish was done. All the specimens were observed under microscope for assessing the extent of dye penetration.

Results:
The mean apical dye penetration among specimens of Group A, Group B, and Group C was found to be 0.86 mm, 0.39 mm, and 0.03 mm, respectively. While comparing statistically, significant results were obtained. The mean apical dye penetration was highest for Group A and was lowest for Group C.

Conclusion:
Minimal microleakage is exhibited by a resin-based sealer. Hence, they provide a better apical seal in patients undergoing root canal therapy.
Assessment of Habits of Tobacco Use among Dental and Nondental Students of Indian Population: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Singh Iqbal , Khurana Jogjatin , Patil Lalit , Jadhav Manish Shivaji , Chawla Roshani , Patil Punam S. 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Tobacco usage can be equated to an unending progressive pandemic which continues to spread globally at an alarming unhindered pace. Dental surgeons have a key role in initiating reduction and even cessation of tobacco habits. Hence, the present study was undertaken for analyzing the habits of tobacco use among dental and nondental students of Indian population.

Materials and Methods:
A total of 500 dental students and 500 nondental students were enrolled in the present study. Among dental students, only interns were enrolled across different dental colleges of India. A questionnaire was framed and was sent to all the students in the form of Google Forms. The questionnaire contained questions pertaining to the assessment of prevalence of tobacco use and type of tobacco use habit. All the results were recorded and analyzed.

Results:
Five hundred dental students and 500 nondental students were enrolled. Among the dental group, tobacco use habits were present in 23.8% of the students, whereas in the nondental group, tobacco use habits were present in 43.6% of the students. While comparing the prevalence of tobacco use habits among the dental and nondental groups, significant results were obtained. In the dental group, smoking habit and chewing habit were present in 44.54% and 32.77% of the students, respectively. In the nondental group, smoking habit and chewing habit were present in 52.29% and 29.82% of the students, respectively. While comparing the pattern of tobacco use among students of the two study groups, nonsignificant results were obtained.

Conclusion:
There is an urgent need of tobacco cessation programs in the community to decrease the morbidity and mortality associated with it.
A Survey of Retention Practices and Protocols Followed Among Orthodontists in India
Authors: SR Radha , Singaraju Gowri Sankar , Mandava Prasad , Ganugapanta Vivek Reddy , Bapireddy Hema , Pilli Lakshmi Narayana 
Published: June 2021

Background:
There are different types of retention protocols and retainers prescribed by the orthodontists across the globe.

Aim:
The study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the retention practices followed by the orthodontists in India.

Materials and Methods:
A questionnaire link with a set of 29 questions was generated using the Google Forms App. The questions related to the basic demographic details followed by retention procedures in maxilla and mandible as related to the type of retainer, duration of wear, retention check-ups, and adjunctive procedures being followed. The Google forms were mailed to 1147 registered life members of the Indian Orthodontic Society.

Results:
The overall response rate was 20.1%. On receiving of the completed questionnaires, the data were statistically analyzed. Dual mode of retention, fixed retainers with removable thermoplastic resin (TR)/vacuum formed retainers (VFR) (24%) were the common type of retention in maxilla whereas the fixed bonded retainer (44.5%) was more commonly used in mandible. Full time wear of maxillary retainer was recommended by 85.2% of the respondents. The recommended duration of the fixed retainer is for 2–5 years (41.9%).

Conclusion:
A trend towards more dual retention instead of solitary removable or solitary fixed retention, more VFR instead of Hawley-type retainers has been demonstrated in the survey.
Awareness Regarding Impact of Tobacco on Oral Health: An Original Study
Authors: Agrawal Sneh , Jawade Rashmi , Sharma Leena , Mahajani Monica , V. Kurien Vino Tito , Mahitha M. C. 
Published: June 2021

Introduction:
The use of tobacco in all forms is increasing day by day globally causing its ill effects on oral as well as overall health of the people and affecting their sense of well-being and quality of life.

Aim and Objectives:
The present study was done to investigate among patients the awareness of tobacco use and its ill effects on oral health.

Materials and Methods:
This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted at Dr. RRK Dental College and Hospital, Akola. A total of 297 patients were asked using a self-structured questionnaire.

Results:
Out of a total of 297 patients participating in the study, 48 (16.2%) were female and 248 (83.8%) were male. About 81.7% of the patients were aware that heart problems can be one of the ill effects of tobacco chewing, while 3.7% were still not sure about it.

Conclusions:
We found that patients had a knowledge about the impact of tobacco on oral health.
Cementum Malformations-Diagnostic Dilemma: Study in Western Maharashtra Population
Authors: Punde Prashant , Thorat Ashutosh Jaysing , Jangam Aditya Gopinath , Subhash Narne Raja , Haleem Shaista , Vadane Ashvini Kishor 
Published: June 2021

Aim:
The present study was study to observe incidence of cemental malformations related to mandibular molar roots.

Materials and Methods:
All cases requiring radiographs of mandibular molars reporting to author during 2011–2019 were included in this study. Mandibular molars had been observed for any radiographic malformations. Any such alterations were noted.

Results:
Author has screened about 522 intraoral periapical radiographs in this study. A total of 63 cases of root malformations reported with two cases of cementoma were observed in this study. Both these cases were diagnosed as benign cementoblastoma (BC) on excisional biopsy.

Conclusion:
In this study, we have observed that incidence of cemental malformations is 1.2% and of BC is 0.38% as compared to overall incidence of 1%–6% in Western Maharashtra.
Assessment of Knowledge and Awareness among Dentists about COVID-19 Infection: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Banerjee Priyadeep , Pandey Shilpi K. , Munde Balaji Sugriv , Nagargoje Godavari Deepak , Mohani Sana , Shinde Mitra Ashok 
Published: June 2021

Background:
This study was an attempt to evaluate the knowledge and awareness among dentists about COVID-19 infection.

Methodology:
This study was conducted among 580 dental professionals that comprised graduates (BDS), masters (MDS), postgraduates, and PhD fellows. A questionnaire containing information about knowledge, attitude, and awareness about COVID-19 infection was administered and recorded.

Results:
A total of 493 (85%) respondents replied correct answer that SARS-CoV-2 causes COVID-19. A total of 464 (80%) respondents replied that SARS-CoV-2 is the highest infectious virus among all. A total of 510 (88%) respondents replied the correct answer that 2–14 days is the incubation period of COVID-19 virus. Only 116 (20%) respondents replied the correct answer that MERS has high mortality. Only 87 (15%) respondents were aware of the appropriate mortality rate of COVID-19 disease. A total of 455 (78.4%) respondents had knowledge of the method of detecting COVID-19 infection (real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction). Knowledge level was good as seen in 81%, fair in 9.5%, and poor in 10.5% of the respondents.

Conclusion:
The authors found that dental professionals had fair knowledge and awareness regarding COVID-19 infection.
Effectiveness of a Structured Instructional Module Regarding the Prevention of Oral Cancer among Adolescents in Urban Colleges
Authors: Vibhakar Vimal , Jethlia Ankur , Thakur Nidhi , Wasnik Milind , Sah Ram Prasad , Bandgar Subhash 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Oral cancer is a preventable disease that can be controlled by tobacco cessation and health education. For development of a healthy nation, a healthy society is desirable that is dependent on physically and mentally strong adolescents and adults.

Objectives:
The present study was conducted to assess the effectiveness and utilization of a structured instructional module on knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding the prevention of oral cancer among adolescents.

Materials and Methods:
The study was conducted on 500 preuniversity urban college students, divided into two groups: experimental and control groups (n = 250 each). A structured instructional module was developed and knowledge, attitude, and practice of students were analyzed. Pre and post values for all parameters were taken and subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS software version 20.0.

Results:
The data were collected and compared for sociodemographic variables and knowledge, attitude, and practice of students for prevention of oral cancers. A statistically significant correlation was observed between all the parameters for both the groups. In the experimental group, a significant correlation (P ≤ 0.05) was observed between pre- and posttest values for knowledge, attitude, and practices for prevention of oral cancers.

Conclusion:
It has been observed that there are several implications of the structured instructional module in the field of education, practice, administration, and research.