bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of a toothpaste and a serum containing calcium silicate on protecting the enamel after interproximal reduction against demineralization
Authors: Vicente Ascensión , Ortiz-Ruiz Antonio J. , González-Paz Belén M. , Martínez-Beneyto Yolanda , Bravo-González Luis Alberto 
Published: January 2021

AbstractTo evaluate the effectiveness of a calcium silicate/phosphate fluoridated tooth paste and a serum compared with a toothpaste containing hydroxyapatite on protecting the enamel after interproximal reduction against demineralization. 3 sets of eleven incisors were created. The teeth underwent interproximal enamel reduction (IER) of 0.5 mm. Each set was allocated to one of three groups: (1) Brushing without toothpaste (control group); (2) Vitis toothpaste + Remin Pro; (3) Regenerate toothpaste + Regenerate Serum. The agents were applied three times a day and specimens subjected to demineralization cycles for 30 days. The weight percentages of calcium (Ca) and phosphorous (P) were quantified by X-ray microfluorescence spectroscopy. Surface microhardness measurements and electron scanning microscopy (SEM) observations were made. Ca data and the Ca/P ratio were significantly higher in Group 3 than the other groups (p < 0.017), while P was significantly lower in Group 3 (p < 0.017). No significant differences were found between Groups 1 and 2 (p > 0.017). Group 3 showed significantly higher microhardness values (p < 0.05) than Group 1. No significant differences were found for other comparisons between groups (p < 0.05). SEM images showed less demineralization in Group 3. The application of a calcium silicate/phosphate fluoridated tooth paste (Regenerate advance) and a dual serum (Regenerate advance enamel serum) protect the enamel with interproximal reduction against demineralization. Therefore, this treatment could be used to prevent the dissolution of hydroxyapatite after IER.
Irregular and suppressed elastic deformation by a structural twist in cellulose nanofibre models
Authors: Uetani Kojiro , Uto Takuya , Suzuki Nozomu 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe elastic responsiveness of single cellulose nanofibres is important for advanced analysis of biological tissues and their use in sophisticated functional materials. However, the mechanical responsiveness derived from the twisted structure of cellulose nanofibres (CNFs) has remained unexplored. In this study, finite element simulations were applied to characterize the deformation response derived from the torsional structure by performing tensile and bending tests of an unconventionally very long and twisted rod model, having the known dimensional parameters and properties of CNFs. The antagonistic action of two types of structural elements (a contour twist and a curvilinear coordinate) was found to result in an irregular deformation response but with only small fluctuations. The contour twist generated rotational displacements under tensile load, but the curvilinear coordinate suppressed rotational displacement. Under bending stress, the contour twist minimized irregular bending deformation because of the orthotropic properties and made the bending stress transferability a highly linear response.
Sustainable urban mobility analysis for elderly and disabled people in São Paulo
Authors: Azevedo Gislaine A. , Sampaio Renelson R. , Filho Aloisio S. Nascimento , Moret Marcelo A. , Murari Thiago B. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe Brazilian Urban Mobility Policy integrates urban transport with traffic planning, establishing appropriate public policies that indicate the need for a safe and accessible public transport system. The major challenge is the inclusion of the elderly and people with disabilities. In this paper, we quantify the impact of rainfall on the number of people with disabilities and elderly people who use the public bus transportation system for accessibility in the first and last miles in the city of São Paulo. The proposed methodology is used to evaluate the co-movements between the time series of free-fare users and rainfall in São Paulo. The findings confirm the hypothesis that significant rainfall causes a reduction in the number of daily free-fare passengers who use the public bus system in São Paulo.
Maternal age and risk of early neonatal mortality: a national cohort study
Authors: Kim Yoo-Na , Choi Dong-Woo , Kim Dong Seop , Park Eun-Cheol , Kwon Ja-Young 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAdvanced maternal age (AMA) is a growing trend world-wide and is traditionally defined as childbearing in women over 35 years of age. The purpose of our study was to determine the maternal age group within the Korean population, in which the risk of early neonatal mortality is increased. Korean birth and mortality data from 2011 to 2015 were used to estimate the influence of maternal age on the risk of early neonatal mortality. A Poisson regression was used for the analysis of multiple clinical variables such as year of delivery, maternal age, gestational age, infant gender, birth weight, multiple birth, parity, and socioeconomic variables. Furthermore, a generalized additive model was used to determine the maternal age at which the risk for neonatal mortality increases. We included 2,161,908 participants and found that 49.4% of mothers were 30–34 years of age at delivery. The proportion of mothers aged 35 and above increased over the 5-year analysis period. A maternal age lower than 29 years or higher than 40 years was associated with a relatively higher risk of early neonatal mortality. The trend and magnitude of the age-related risk on early neonatal mortality were independent of maternal socioeconomic factors such as living in an obstetrically underserved area, education level, and employment status. Furthermore, we showed that the risk for early neonatal mortality was higher until the maternal age of 28. However, there were no significant changes in the risk between the age of 35 and 40 years. According to recent national-wide data, age-related risk for early neonatal mortality is only apparent for mothers ≥ 40 years old whereas, age between 35 and 39 are not at increased risk for early neonatal mortality, despite being classified as AMA.
Detectability of biosignatures on LHS 1140 b
Authors: Wunderlich Fabian , Scheucher Markus , Grenfell John Lee , Schreier Franz , Sousa-Silva Clara , Godolt Mareike , Rauer Heike 
Published: January 2021

Context.Terrestrial extrasolar planets around low-mass stars are prime targets when searching for atmospheric biosignatures with current and near-future telescopes. The habitable-zone super-Earth LHS 1140 b could hold a hydrogen-dominated atmosphere, and is an excellent candidate for detecting atmospheric features.Aims.In this study we investigate how the instellation and planetary parameters influence the atmospheric climate, chemistry, and spectral appearance of LHS 1140 b. We study the detectability of selected molecules, in particular potential biosignatures, with the upcomingJames WebbSpace Telescope (JWST) and Extremely Large Telescope (ELT).Methods.In the first step we used the coupled climate–chemistry model 1D-TERRA to simulate a range of assumed atmospheric chemical compositions dominated by molecular hydrogen (H2) and carbon dioxide (CO2). In addition, we varied the concentrations of methane (CH4) by several orders of magnitude. In the second step we calculated transmission spectra of the simulated atmospheres and compared them to recent transit observations. Finally, we determined the observation time required to detect spectral bands with low-resolution spectroscopy using JWST, and the cross-correlation technique using ELT.Results.In H2-dominated and CH4-rich atmospheres oxygen (O2) has strong chemical sinks, leading to low concentrations of O2and ozone (O3). The potential biosignatures ammonia (NH3), phosphine (PH3), chloromethane (CH3Cl), and nitrous oxide (N2O) are less sensitive to the concentration of H2, CO2, and CH4in the atmosphere. In the simulated H2-dominated atmosphere the detection of these gases might be feasible within 20 to 100 observation hours with ELT or JWST when assuming weak extinction by hazes.Conclusions.If further observations of LHS 1140 b suggest a thin, clear, hydrogen-dominated atmosphere, the planet would be one of the best known targets to detect biosignature gases in the atmosphere of a habitable-zone rocky exoplanet with upcoming telescopes.
Project Space of the Region: Content, Structure, Integration Imbalances
Authors: Kantemirova Mira , Gurina Alla , Miroshnichenko Marina , Dzakoev Z.L. , Olisaeva Lyudmila 
Published: January 2021

The results of the study of the project space of the region have been presented. The purpose of the study is to determine the content and structure of the region's project space, the reasons for the emergence of integration imbalances therein, based on an overview of the state of the problem in scientific sources and an empirical analysis in the region.The following research methods have been used: the method of comparative analysis of specific projects of various types and documents representing them (summaries, abstracts, etc.); the method of correlation analysis. These methods have been modified to identify the links and dependencies between the projects, the mutual influence of their characteristics. The sample consisted of 1200 projects. For comparison purposes, the samples of projects and programs from different regions of Russia have been used.In the course of the study, the following results have been obtained: 1. The prerequisites for the study of the design space of the region have been determined, its content has been revealed. 2. The analysis of the project space of the region has been carried out, which made it possible to determine the structure of the projects, the peculiarities of the correlation between them, the content of integration imbalances, the reasons for their formation and the main types thereof. 3. The main approaches to the development of the project space of the region, reduction of the negative impact of integration imbalances therein have been presented. The research of the project space of the region has not been conducted before, it is unique and new. At the same time, they can be useful in the formation of a project society, the methodology of which is being developed in many countries of the world.
The Distribution of Retinal Venous Pressure and Intraocular Pressure Differs Significantly in Patients with Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma
Authors: Stodtmeister Richard , Koch Wiebke , Georgii Sylvana , Pillunat Karin R. , Spörl Eberhard , Pillunat Lutz E. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Introduction Until now, venous pressure within the eye has widely been equated with intraocular pressure (IOP). Measurements with dynamometers calibrated in instrument units or in
force showed that the retinal venous pressure (RVP) may be higher than the IOP in glaucoma patients. In this study, the RVP was measured with a contact lens dynamometer calibrated in
mmHg.
Methods Study type: cross-sectional. Subjects: Fifty consecutive patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) who underwent diurnal curve measurement under medication. Age:
69 ± 8 years. Measurement of RVP: contact lens dynamometry. IOP measurement: dynamic contour tonometry.
Results Pressures are given in mmHg. In all 50 patients, the IOP was 15.9 (13.6; 17.1) [median (Q1; Q3)], and the RVP was 17.4 (14.8; 27.2). The distribution of the IOP was normal
and that of the RVP was right skewed. In the subgroup of 34 patients with spontaneous pulsation of the central retinal vein (SVP), the IOP and therefore, by definition, the RVP was 16.5
(13.7; 17.4). In the subgroup of 16 patients without SVP, the IOP was 14.8 (13.3; 16.4), and the RVP was 31.3 (26.2; 38.8) (p ≤ 0.001). In systemic treatment, the prescribed drugs were (the
number of patients is given in parentheses): ACE inhibitors (20), β-blockers (17), angiotensin II-receptor blockers (13), calcium channel blockers (12), diuretics (7). No difference
in RVP was observed between patients receiving these drugs and not receiving them, except in the β-blocker group. Here, the 17 patients with systemic β-blockers had a median
RVP of 15.6 mmHg and without 20.2 mmHg (p = 0.003). In the 16 patients with a higher RVP than IOP, only one patient received a systemic β-blocker. The median IOP was 15.7 mmHg with
systemic β-blockers and 16.1 mmHg without (p = 0.85).
Conclusion In a subgroup of 16 of the 50 patients studied, the RVP was greater than the IOP by a highly statistically and clinically significant degree. According to the widely
accepted thinking on the pathophysiology of retinal and optic nerve head circulation, the blood flow in these tissues may be much more compromised in this group of patients than has been
assumed. They may be identified by a missing SVP. Topical and systemic medications showed no statistically significant influence on the RVP, except for the systemic β-blockers, in
which the RVP was lower by 4.6 mmHg than for the patients who did not receive these drugs (p = 0.003).
Tuberculous perihepatic abscess and neurosarcoidosis: report of 2 uncommon manifestations of 2 common granulomatous diseases in 1 patient
Authors: Gernert Jonathan Alexander , Sirtl Simon , Macke Lukas , Wittmann Elena , Strueven Anna Katharina , Schwarze Vincent , Dichtl Karl , Neumann Jens , Mayerle Julia , Schulz Christian 
Published: January 2021

AbstractInfections caused by pathogens of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, i. e., tuberculosis (TB), and the non-infectious, autoimmune disease sarcoidosis are among the most common granulomatous diseases worldwide. Typically, the lung is the primary site of infection and manifestation, respectively which makes the two diseases important differential diagnoses. Both diseases can affect virtually all organ systems, albeit with significantly lower incidence.
Case presentation We report the case of a 50-year-old Indian man presenting with a tuberculous perihepatic abscess and a systemic inflammatory response after being diagnosed with neurosarcoidosis presenting as a single granuloma in the frontal lobe with lymphadenopathy in 2014. On day of admission the patient presented with right upper abdominal pain and fever for two weeks. With increased inflammatory parameters in serum and after finding of external CT images, a perihepatic abscess was suspected. This encapsulated cave was drained percutaneously under CT control. A high concentration of acid-fast rods was detected using ZN, PCR was positive for M. tuberculosis. Several samples of sputum and urine were microscopically negative but yielded growth of Mycobacteria after four weeks.
Discussion This is a case presenting with two different granulomatous diseases, each of which manifested itself in an atypical form. The tuberculous liver abscess might either be explained as a flare-up of latent tuberculosis under azathioprine therapy or as a reinfection acquired during one of several visits in the high-prevalence country India. In addition, it must be discussed whether the cerebral granuloma in 2014 could have been an early stage of tuberculous granuloma. Sensitivity of ZN staining is significantly reduced in cerebral samples, and negative PCR-results might be due to low germ load or methodical issues, e. g., decreased sensitivity in formalin fixated samples.
Epitheliale Speicheldrüsentumoren – monozentrische retrospektive Erhebung für den Süden Sachsen-Anhalts
Authors: Galdirs Theresa Marie , Kappler Matthias , Reich Waldemar , Bethmann Daniel , Wickenhauser Claudia , Eckert Alexander 
Published: January 2021

Zusammenfassung
Zielsetzung Es war das Ziel dieser Untersuchung, Daten zu epithelialen Speicheldrüsentumoren im Rahmen einer umfassenden monozentrischen und retrospektiven Analyse zu erheben.
Material und Methoden Analysiert wurden Patienten mit einer epithelialen Speicheldrüsenneoplasie, welche zwischen 1993 und 2017 entweder die Klinik für Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie (MKG) des Universitätsklinikums Halle (UKH) aufsuchten oder/und am Institut für Pathologie (IPA) des UKH diese Diagnose erhielten oder/und deren Diagnose zwischen 2000 und 2017 dem Statistischen Landesamt Sachsen-Anhalt gemeldet wurde. Folgende Parameter wurden erhoben: demografische Daten, Tumorlokalisation, Tumorentität, Klinik, Therapieverfahren und Verlauf. Die Daten wurden in einer Datenbank im Format SPSS 21.5 erfasst und statistisch analysiert.
Ergebnisse Im Beobachtungszeitraum wurden unter Verwendung der Datenbanken der MKG sowie des IPA des UKH 382 Patienten mit einer epithelialen Speicheldrüsenneoplasie registriert. Die häufigste Tumorlokalisation entfiel auf die Gl. parotis mit 71 % (n = 271), während 15 % der Tumoren in den kleinen Speicheldrüsen auftraten (n = 57). Der Anteil benigner Speicheldrüsentumoren betrug 80 % (n = 307). Im genannten Zeitraum waren in Sachsen-Anhalt 5586 Patienten mit epithelialen Speicheldrüsentumoren gemeldet worden.
Schlussfolgerung Unserer Kenntnis nach ist dies die erste epidemiologische Analyse zur Evaluation von Häufigkeit, Dignität und Therapie von epithelialen Speicheldrüsenneoplasien in Sachsen-Anhalt. Das pleomorphe Adenom mit der Vorzugslokalisation Ohrspeicheldrüse ist in unserer Analyse die häufigste Entität. Unter den malignen Pathologien dominiert das adenoid-zystische Karzinom, welches in der Regel von den kleinen Speicheldrüsen seinen Ausgang nimmt.
Objektivierung der chirurgischen Operations-Qualität durch standardisierte Komplikationserfassung
Authors: Schmidt Jörg , Schmidt Ina 
Published: January 2021

ZusammenfassungDie Erfassung der Ergebnisqualität medizinischer Leistungen ist sowohl vom Gesetzgeber gewünscht als auch aus Sicht der Versorgungsforschung sinnvoll. Diese Messung erfolgt jedoch hauptsächlich durch Patientenbefragungen bzw. durch Messung der patientenorientierten Parameter über den Gesamtverlauf der Behandlung. Gerade in operativen Fächern kann eine solche, mit subjektiven Parametern im Vordergrund stehende Messung das Ergebnis der rein operativen Leistung nicht darstellen. Gerade in der Unfallchirurgie, einem Fach, in dem die Nach- und Weiterbehandlung nach operativer Versorgung einer Verletzung eine entscheidende Rolle spielt, sollten die rein operativen Leistungen auch separat bewertet werden. Es wird ein Vorschlag unterbreitet, wie die operativen Leistungen in Addition zur Ergebnismessung qualitativ bewertet und gleichzeitig die interne Qualitätssicherung strukturiert werden kann.
Biaryl Construction Based on Nickel-Catalyzed C–O Bond Activation
Authors: Liu Feng , Diao Haiyan , Shi Zhangjie 
Published: January 2021

AbstractNickel-catalyzed carbon–oxygen bond activation is one of the most powerful strategies for the direct construction of various biaryl compounds. Under nickel catalysis, efficiently produced and naturally abundant arenol-based electrophiles can be activated and coupled with different aryl nucleophiles, including nucleophiles containing magnesium, zinc, boron, etc., to produce biaryl structural units. This Account summarizes recent progress on biaryl synthesis via nickel-catalyzed C–O bond activation.1	Introduction2	Coupling of Arenols and Arenol Derivatives with Aryl Magnesium Reagents3	Coupling of Arenols and Arenol Derivatives with Aryl Zinc Reagents4	Coupling of Arenols and Arenol Derivatives with Aryl Boron Reagents5	Others6	Conclusion
A Facile Total Synthesis of Mubritinib
Authors: Kuang Chunxiang , Wang Rong , Cui Menghan , Yang Qing 
Published: January 2021

AbstractA five-step, practical, and concise total synthesis of mubritinib is described. The synthesis utilized Friedel–Crafts acylation, click reaction, reduction, and demethylation for the construction of the triazole ring system as key steps. Another important feature of this synthesis is the Bredereck oxazole synthesis. The main advantages of this process are the improved yield and decreased number of reaction steps, which paves the way for the industrial-scale synthesis of mubritinib.
Stereoretentive Olefin Metathesis: A New Avenue for the Synthesis of All-cis Poly(p-phenylene vinylene)s and Stereo­defined Polyalkenamers
Authors: Michaudel Quentin , Kempel Samuel J. , Hsu Ting-Wei 
Published: January 2021

AbstractOlefin metathesis has tremendously impacted all fields of synthetic chemistry. However, the control of the olefin stereochemistry during this process remains a grand challenge. Recent innovations in catalyst design have permitted control of the stereochemistry of the olefin product. Here, we discuss the development of stereoretentive olefin metathesis, with an emphasis on the synthesis of stereodefined polyalkenamers through ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). We then present our application of this unique reaction manifold to the preparation of all-cis poly(p-phenylene vinylene)s (PPVs). A dithiolate Ru catalyst was found to deliver perfect cis selectivity for the polymerization of a paracyclophane diene monomer. By using optimized conditions, all-cis PPVs with narrow dispersities and predictable molar masses were obtained by varying the ratio of monomer to catalyst. The high chain fidelity of the stereoretentive ROMP with a paracyclophane diene monomer enabled the preparation of well-defined diblock copolymers with a norbornene co-monomer. Photochemical isomerization of all-cis to all-trans PPVs was effected with both homopolymers and diblock copolymers. This process was shown to be selective for the PPV block, and resulted in changes in optical properties, polymer size, and solubility. Stereoretentive ROMP provides a promising platform for synthesizing polymers with unique properties, including photoresponsive all-cis PPVs with living characteristics.1	Introduction2	Synthetic Applications of Stereoretentive Olefin Metathesis3	Stereocontrol of Polyalkenamers through Stereoretentive ROMP4	Stereoretentive ROMP To Access All-cis Poly(p-phenylene vinylene)s5	Conclusion
The Synthesis of Conjugated Bis-Aryl Vinyl Substrates and Their Photoelectrocyclization Reactions towards Phenanthrene Derivatives
Authors: Rainier Jon D. , Zhao Xuchen 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe photoelectrocyclization of conjugated vinyl biaryls has proven to be a valuable and efficient strategy for generating phenanthrene derivatives. Contained in this review is an overview of the mechanism for the transformation and a discussion of the reaction scope with a focus on the electrocyclization itself, rearomatization, and the application of the reaction in natural product synthesis.1	Introduction2	The Synthesis of Conjugated Vinyl Biaryls3	Mechanistic Studies4	Substrate Scope5	Applications6	Conclusions
Forskolin Editing via Radical Iodo- and Hydroalkylation
Authors: Pruteanu Elena , Tappin Nicholas D. C. , Kulciţki Veaceslav , Renaud Philippe , Gîrbu Vladilena , Morarescu Olga , Dénès Fabrice 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe modification of highly oxygenated forskolin as well as manoyl and epi-manoyl oxide, two less functionalized model substrates sharing the same polycyclic skeleton, via intermolecular carbon-centered radical addition to the vinyl moiety has been investigated. Highly regio- and reasonably stereoselective iodine atom transfer radical addition (ATRA) reactions were developed. Unprotected forskolin afforded an unexpected cyclic ether derivative. Protection of the 1,3-diol as an acetonide led the formation of the iodine ATRA product. Interestingly, by changing the mode of initiation of the radical process, in situ protection of the forskolin 1,3-diol moiety as a cyclic boronic ester took place during the iodine ATRA process without disruption of the radical chain process. This very mild radical-mediated in situ protection of 1,3-diol is expected to be of interest for a broad range of radical and non-radical transformations. Finally, by using our recently developed tert-butyl­catechol-mediated hydroalkylation procedure, highly efficient preparation of forskolin derivatives bearing an extra ester or sulfone group was achieved.