bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perception about central induction policy among postgraduate trainees of Punjab - a mixed method qualitative study
Authors: Nadeem Maliha , Khalid Hafsa , Nazir Anam , Yaqoob Hassan Nawaz , Kalyar Ghulam Abbas , Momina Ain Ul , Qureshi Ahmad Uzair 
Published: April 2021

Background: Central induction policy is recently implemented for induction of doctors for post-graduation training based on their performance in MBBS, post-graduation entrance exam, house job, studying in public institute, work in periphery and research. Despite controversies this policy was implemented in May 2016 and no feedback was taken by the stakeholders. This discrepancy aroused the need for data collection to determine effectiveness of CIP in terms of PG perceptions.
Subjects and methods: An interview based qualitative study was conducted in four Tertiary care hospitals from 05 June 2018 to 30 November 2018. Request forms were randomly sent to 75 residents inducted through and before CIP. Total 39 residents participated in the study after giving consent. Interview questions were selected by the authors after detailed discussion. Each interview was heard thrice, manuscripts were prepared in the same words used by the participant. Manuscripts were discussed among the team members to identify themes. Depending upon themes questionnaire was designed and quantitative data was collected.
Results: Qualitative evaluation identified following major themes including policy being merit based allowing every candidate to get a fair chance of induction; financial security on all the slots and provision of qualified doctors at primary health care centers for the induction policy whereas issues with choice of specialty and place of work, delay in start of training due to various factors and discrepancy in special cases like wedlock, FMGs, authenticity of research papers were identified as demerits.
Conclusion: CIP is a good initiative and is acceptable due to its merit based policy and financial security however there is need to improve the standard and evaluation method of research and option for change of specialty.
Prevalence of celiac disease in irritable bowel syndrome patients: A single centre experience from a large teaching hospital of Lahore, Pakistan
Authors: Saifullah Mohammad Ahmed , Khan Amer Ahmad , Zahoor Sarmad , Saif Sidra , Hashmi Javed Sajjad , Amer Wajeeha 
Published: April 2021

Background: Many studies have been conducted worldwide to evaluate the proportion of patients with Celiac disease (CD) in persons presenting with Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), showing a positive association between the two diseases. However, reports from Pakistan remain scanty. This study aims to find out the prevalence of CD in patients presenting with IBS and to establish the correlation of both diseases.
Patients and methods: It was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted at Combined Military Hospital, Lahore (CMHL) from January 2018 till March 2019. Consecutive, nonprobability sampling was used to include 210 patients of both genders with the age range of 15-65 years fulfilling ROME IV criteria and were not previously diagnosed as CD or CKD or CLD. Demographic data was noted. Serum Anti tTG levels and Duodenal Biopsy from the second part was assessed to diagnose CD. CD was labeled if the disease was present on both serological and Histopathological reports. Data were analyzed by using SPSS version 20. Descriptive statistics were calculated and a Chi-square test was used to compare the outcome variables with P-value < 0.05 as significant.
Results: Of 210 enrolled patients, 113 (53, 8%) were male and 97 (46.2%) were female. The mean age of the patients was 28.40 ± 5.06 years. Eight patients (3.8%) were positive for Anti tTg and on histopathological findings suggestive of CD. Seven of 8 were less than 35 years old. Out of 8 positive patients, 6 (75%) were females. However, the p-value was found to be insignificant for age (0.549) and gender (0.096). On stratification with respect to duration of IBS, all 8 patients diagnosed with celiac disease were having symptoms of IBS for less than 12 months (100%) which was significant statistically (7.1% vs 0.0%; p=0.007).
Conclusion: The frequency of CD was 3.8% among IBS patients. Considering this percentage of CD in IBS patients s, a high index of suspicion for CD in IBS patients is required,
Difference in mean weight gain and hospital stay in preterm babies receiving complete or partial kangaroo mother care compared to no kangaroo mother care: Experience from a tertiary care hospital
Authors: Siddiqui Muhammad Asif , Butt Tayyaba Khawar , Farooq Muhammad Azhar , Omer Muhammad Tauseef , Zahoor Farhan , Hussain Komal Khadam 
Published: April 2021

Background: Pakistan is a resource limited country with one of the highest neonatal mortality rate (NMR) in the world. Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) helps in reducing the mortality and improving the care of preterm babies. The objective of this study was to identify the benefits of KMC in hospitalized newborns in terms of better weight gain and early discharge from hospital.
Subjects and methods: A retrospective case-control study was conducted in the Neonatal Department of Services Hospital from 01.02.2019 to 31.01.2020. A total of 144 case notes, who met inclusion criteria were included. Subjects were divided in 2 Groups of 77 each. Group 1 did not receive KMC and Group 2 received KMC (partial or complete). Admission weight, gestational age at birth, duration of hospital stay and the average weight gain was noted for subjects in both groups. SPSS version 23 was used to analyze data. Independent samples t-test was applied. A p-value of ˂0.05 is taken as significant.
Results: Mean weight gain in Group 1 was 5.521 g/kg/day (±6.664), whereas in Group 2 was 15.635 g/kg/day (±9.268). Mean hospital stay in Group 1 was 12.558 days (±10.856) and in Group 2 it was 8.208 days (±6.473). Weight gain and duration of hospital stay was significantly better in KMC Group with a p-value ˂0.05. This benefit was observed both for partial and complete KMC.
Conclusion: KMC (partial or complete) leads to better weight gain and reduces the duration of hospital stay.
Sağlıklı Genç Bireylerde Kognitif Görevle Yapılan Egzersizlerin Kognitif Fonksiyonlara, Duygu Durumuna ve Yaşam Kalitesine Etkisi
Authors: YENİÇERİ Fatma Eda , BUDAK Miray 
Published: April 2021

Amaç: Günümüzde artan teknolojiyle birlikte sağlıklı genç bireylerde, fiziksel aktivite düzeylerindeki azalmadan kaynaklı, kognitif durumlarında bozulma, duygu durumlarında değişiklikler ve yaşam kalitelerinde azalma görülmektedir. Kognitif görevle yapılan egzersizler bireylerin sağlık koşullarını iyileştirmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı sağlıklı genç bireylerde kognitif görevle yapılan denge egzersizlerinin, kognitif durum, duygu durumu ve yaşam kalitesine etkilerini incelemektir. Yöntem: Bu çalışmaya dâhil edilme kriterlerini sağlayan 18-30 yaş aralığındaki 50 sağlıklı genç birey dâhil edildi. Bireyler randomize olarak kognitif görevli egzersiz (Grup 1) (n=25) ve sadece egzersiz (Grup 2) (n=25) grubuna ayrıldı. Bireylere günde 1 seans, haftada 3 gün olmak üzere 6 hafta boyunca egzersiz verildi. Grup 1’e aerobik egzersiz ve denge egzersizlerine ilaveten kognitif görev verildi. Grup 2’deki bireylere sadece aerobik egzersiz ve denge egzersizleri yaptırıldı. Bireyler uygulama öncesinde ve bitiminde kognitif durum (Stroop Testi, Sözel Akıcılık Testi, Sayı Menzili Testi), duygu durumu (Depresyon Anksiyete Stres Ölçeği (DASÖ)) ve yaşam kalitesi (Kısa Form 36 (SF-36)) değerlendirildi. Bulgular: Egzersiz sonrası değerlendirmelerde Grup 1’de tüm kognitif testlerde ve SF-36 mental sağlık alt parametresinde, Grup 2’de tüm kognitif testlerde ve DASÖ depresyon alt parametresinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark bulundu (p&lt;0,05). Gruplar arası değerlendirmede kognitif testlerden sözel akıcılık testinde ve SF-36 mental sağlık alt parametresinde Grup 1 lehine istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark bulundu (p&lt;0,05). Sonuç: Sağlıklı genç bireylerde, hem sadece egzersiz hem de kognitif görevle yapılan egzersizlerin kognitif fonksiyonlar üzerinde etkili olduğu görüldü. Kognitif görevle yapılan egzersizlerin sağlıklı genç bireylerin kognitif durum ve yaşam kaliteleri üzerinde etkili olduğu sonucuna ulaşıldı. Uygulanan egzersizlerin sağlıklı genç bireylerde özellikle kognisyon ve duygu durumu üzerine etkisinin daha iyi anlaşılabilmesi için, objektif nitelikteki çalışmalara ihtiyaç duyulduğu düşünülmektedir.
Validation of the Gaia Early Data Release 3 Parallax Zero-point Model with Asteroseismology
Authors: Zinn Joel C. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Gaia Early Data Release 3 (EDR3) provides trigonometric parallaxes for 1.5 billion stars, with reduced systematics compared to Gaia Data Release 2 and reported precisions better by up to a factor of 2. New to EDR3 is a tentative model for correcting the parallaxes of magnitude-, position-, and color-dependent systematics for five- and six-parameter astrometric solutions, Z
5 and Z
6. Using a sample of over 2000 first-ascent red giant branch stars with asteroseismic parallaxes, I perform an independent check of the Z
5 model in a Gaia magnitude range of 9 ≲ G ≲ 13 and color range of 1.4 μm−1 ≲ ν
eff ≲ 1.5 μm−1. This analysis therefore bridges the Gaia team’s consistency check of Z
5 for G > 13 and indications from independent analysis using Cepheids of a ≈15 μas overcorrection for G < 11. I find overcorrection sets in at G ≲ 10.8, such that Z
5-corrected EDR3 parallaxes are larger than asteroseismic parallaxes by 15 ± 3 μas. For G ≳ 10.8, EDR3 and asteroseismic parallaxes in the Kepler field agree up to a constant consistent with expected spatial variations in EDR3 parallaxes after a linear, color-dependent adjustment. I also infer an average underestimation of EDR3 parallax uncertainties in the sample of 22% ± 6%, consistent with the Gaia team’s estimates at similar magnitudes and independent analysis using wide binaries. Finally, I extend the Gaia team’s parallax spatial covariance model to brighter magnitudes (G < 13) and smaller scales (down to ≈0.°1), where systematic EDR3 parallax uncertainties are at least ≈3–4 μas.
K2-138 g: Spitzer Spots a Sixth Planet for the Citizen Science System
Authors: Hardegree-Ullman Kevin K. , Christiansen Jessie L. , Ciardi David R. , Crossfield Ian J. M. , Dressing Courtney D. , Livingston John H. , Volk Kathryn , Agol Eric , Barclay Thomas , Barentsen Geert , Benneke Björn , Gorjian Varoujan , Kristiansen Martti H. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
K2 greatly extended Kepler’s ability to find new planets, but it was typically limited to identifying transiting planets with orbital periods below 40 days. While analyzing K2 data through the Exoplanet Explorers project, citizen scientists helped discover one super-Earth and four sub-Neptune sized planets in the relatively bright (V = 12.21, K = 10.3) K2-138 system, all which orbit near 3:2 mean-motion resonances. The K2 light curve showed two additional transit events consistent with a sixth planet. Using Spitzer photometry, we validate the sixth planet’s orbital period of 41.966 ± 0.006 days and measure a radius of

, solidifying K2-138 as the K2 system with the most currently known planets. There is a sizeable gap between the outer two planets, since the fifth planet in the system, K2-138 f, orbits at 12.76 days. We explore the possibility of additional nontransiting planets in the gap between f and g. Due to the relative brightness of the K2-138 host star, and the near resonance of the inner planets, K2-138 could be a key benchmark system for both radial velocity and transit-timing variation mass measurements, and indeed radial velocity masses for the inner four planets have already been obtained. With its five sub-Neptunes and one super-Earth, the K2-138 system provides a unique test bed for comparative atmospheric studies of warm to temperate planets of similar size, dynamical studies of near-resonant planets, and models of planet formation and migration.
Testing the Jeans, Toomre, and Bonnor–Ebert Concepts for Planetesimal Formation: 3D Streaming-instability Simulations of Diffusion-regulated Formation of Planetesimals
Authors: Klahr Hubert , Schreiber Andreas 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We perform streaming-instability simulations at Hill density and beyond to demonstrate that planetesimal formation is not completed when pebble accumulations exceed the local Hill density. We find that Hill density is not a sufficient criterion for further gravitational collapse of a pebble cloud into a planetesimal, but that additionally the accumulated mass has to be large enough to overcome turbulent diffusion. A Toomre analysis of the system indicates that linear self-gravity modes play no role on the scale of our numerical simulation. We nevertheless find that self-gravity, by vertically contracting the pebble layer, increases the strength of turbulence, which is either an indication of Kelvin–Helmholtz instability or a boost of the streaming instability. We furthermore determine the Bonnor–Ebert central density to which a pebble cloud of a given mass has to be compressed before it would be able to continue contraction against internal diffusion. As the equivalent “solid body” size of the pebble cloud scales with the central density to the power of −1/6, it is much easier to have a pebble cloud of 100 km equivalent size to collapse than one of 10 km for the same level of turbulent diffusion. This can explain the lack of small bodies in the solar system and predicts small objects will form at large pebble-to-gas ratios, so either in the outskirts of the solar nebula or at late times of generally reduced gas mass.
The Hawaii Infrared Parallax Program. V. New T-dwarf Members and Candidate Members of Nearby Young Moving Groups
Authors: Zhang 张周 Zhoujian 健 , Liu Michael C. , Best William M. J. , Dupuy Trent J. , Siverd Robert J. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We present a search for new planetary-mass members of nearby young moving groups (YMGs) using astrometry for 694 T and Y dwarfs, including 447 objects with parallaxes, mostly produced by recent large parallax programs from UKIRT and Spitzer. Using the BANYAN Σ and LACEwING algorithms, we identify 30 new candidate YMG members, with spectral types of T0–T9 and distances of 10–43 pc. Some candidates have unusually red colors and/or faint absolute magnitudes compared to field dwarfs with similar spectral types, providing supporting evidence for their youth, including four early-T dwarfs. We establish one of these, the variable T1.5 dwarf 2MASS J21392676+0220226, as a new planetary-mass member (

M
Jup) of the Carina-Near group (200 ± 50 Myr) based on its full six-dimensional kinematics, including a new parallax measurement from CFHT. The high-amplitude variability of this object is suggestive of a young age, given the coexistence of variability and youth seen in previously known YMG T dwarfs. Our four latest-type (T8–T9) YMG candidates, WISE J031624.35+430709.1, ULAS J130217.21+130851.2, WISEPC J225540.74–311841.8, and WISE J233226.49–432510.6, if confirmed, will be the first free-floating planets (≈2–6 M
Jup) whose ages and luminosities are compatible with both hot-start and cold-start evolutionary models, and thus overlap with the properties of the directly imaged planet 51 Eri b. Several of our early/mid-T candidates have peculiar near-infrared spectra, indicative of heterogenous photospheres or unresolved binarity. Radial velocity measurements needed for final membership assessment for most of our candidates await upcoming 20–30 m class telescopes. In addition, we compile all 15 known T7–Y1 benchmarks and derive a homogeneous set of their effective temperatures, surface gravities, radii, and masses.
Mass Ejection in Failed Supernovae: Equation of State and Neutrino Loss Dependence
Authors: Ivanov Mario , Fernández Rodrigo 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A failed core-collapse supernova from a nonrotating progenitor can eject mass due to a weakening of gravity associated with neutrino emission from the protoneutron star. This mechanism yields observable transients and sets an upper limit on the mass of the black hole (BH) remnant. Previous global simulations of this mechanism have included neutrino losses parametrically, however, with direct implications for the ejecta mass and energy. Here we evolve the inner supernova core with a spherically symmetric, general-relativistic neutrino radiation-hydrodynamic code until BH formation. We then use the result in a Newtonian code that follows the response of the outer layers of the star to the change in gravity and resolves the surface pressure scale height. We find that the dense-matter equation of state (EOS) can introduce a factor of ∼2 variation in gravitational mass lost to neutrinos, with a stiff EOS matching previous parametric results and a soft EOS yielding lower ejecta masses and energies by a factor of several. This difference is caused primarily by the longer time to BH formation in stiffer EOSs. With a soft EOS, our red and yellow supergiant progenitors fail to unbind mass if hydrogen recombination energy is not included. Using a linear ramp in time for mass-energy lost to neutrinos (with suitable parameters) yields a stellar response within ∼10% of that obtained using the detailed history of neutrino losses. Our results imply quantitative but not qualitative modifications to previous predictions for shock breakout, plateau emission, and final BH masses from these events.
Downstream Depolarization in the Sausage Relic: A 1–4 GHz Very Large Array Study
Authors: Di Gennaro G. , van Weeren R. J. , Rudnick L. , Hoeft M. , Brüggen M. , Ryu Dongsu , Röttgering H. J. A. , Forman W. , Stroe A. , Shimwell T. W. , Kraft R. P. , Jones C. , Hoang D. N. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Radio relics are elongated sources related to shocks driven by galaxy cluster merger events. Although these objects are highly polarized at GHz frequencies (≳20%), high-resolution studies of their polarization properties are still lacking. We present the first high-resolution and high-sensitivity polarimetry study of the merging galaxy cluster CIZA J2242.8+5301 in the 1–4 GHz frequency band. We use the QU-fitting approach to model the Stokes I, Q, and U emission, obtaining best-fit intrinsic polarization fraction (p
0), intrinsic polarization angle (χ
0), rotation measure (RM), and wavelength-dependent depolarization (σ
RM) maps of the cluster. Our analysis focuses on the northern relic (RN). For the first time in a radio relic, we observe a decreasing polarization fraction in the downstream region. Our findings are possibly explained by geometrical projections and/or by decreasing of the magnetic field anisotropy toward the cluster center. From the amount of depolarization of the only detected background radio galaxy, we estimate a turbulent magnetic field strength of B
turb ∼ 5.6 μG in the relic. Finally, we observe RM fluctuations of about 30 rad m−2 around the median value of 140.8 rad m−2 at the relic position.
The Rapid Far-ultraviolet Variability of Maia Recorded by IUE
Authors: Monier Richard 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Evidence is presented that the far ultraviolet flux of Maia recorded by the International Ultraviolet Explorer is variable over a timescale of a few hours. In contrast, the radial velocity of the Si ii doublet near 1530 Å does not vary on short timescales.
Transit Analysis of HATS-4 b by Citizen Scientists
Authors: Nair Sujay , Scolari Caroline , Kelath Jay , Rammohan Aishwarya , Ozer Richard , Ng Gloria , Chang Wesley , Boyce Pat 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Exoplanets are planets that orbit stars other than our Sun, and the most common way of detecting them is by the transit method. This method consists of plotting the relative brightness of the exoplanets host star against a comparison star to make what is known as a light curve. Periodic dips in the light curve could correspond to the exoplanet coming in front of its host star, and blocking some of its light. One time of great importance to constantly keep up to date is the exoplanets mid-transit time. The mid-transit time is the time in which the exoplanet is in the middle of its transit; however, the problem with this value is that it changes over many periods due to the uncertainty in the period of the planet. Thus, it is important to update transit timings as incorrect timings can hinder observations from expensive telescopes. Crowdsourcing exoplanet transit analysis is a great opportunity to help these large telescopes and get the community involved in exoplanet research. In this study, six citizen scientists from the East Bay Astronomical Society (EAS) performed a transit analysis of HATS-4 b using the Exoplanet Transit Interpretation Code (EXOTIC). Using newly calculated mid-transit times, we were able to see how off the expected mid-transit time based on the existing mid-transit time on the NASA Exoplanet Archive was by calculating the phase difference.
Extending a Grid of Hydrodynamic Planetary Upper Atmosphere Models
Authors: Kubyshkina Daria I. , Fossati Luca 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this research note, we outline the extension of the grid of upper atmosphere models first presented in Kubyshkina et al. The original grid is based on a 1D hydrodynamic model and consists of about 7000 models covering planets of a size ranging from that of Earth to twice that of Neptune at orbits corresponding to equilibrium temperatures between 300 and 2000 K around solar-like (0.4 to 1.3 solar mass) stars. The extended and revised grid of models consists of 10,235 points and covers a planetary mass range of up to 109 Earth masses, which allows one to outline the transition between low- and high-gravity hot planets in in short period orbits. We prepared the interpolation tool allowing one to use the grid to define the mass-loss of a planet that falls into the parameter range of the grid. We provide a comparison of our results to common analytical models.
Editorial
Authors: Gütl Christian 
Published: April 2021

It gives me a great pleasure to announce the second regular issue of 2021. I want to thank all authors for contributing their sound research and the editorial board for the highly valuable reviews and comments for improvements. These contributions together with the generous support of the consortium members sustain the quality of our journal.
I would still like to expand our editorial board: If you are a tenured Associate Professor or above with a good publication record, please apply to join our editorial board. We are also interested in receiving high quality proposals for special issues covering new topics and emerging trends. Please think of yourself and encourage your colleagues to submit high quality articles to our journal.
In this regular issue, I am very pleased to introduce three accepted papers from three different countries.
Alessia D&rsquo;Andrea, Maria Chiara Caschera, Fernando Ferri, and Patrizia Grifoni from Italy introduce in their research MuBeFE, a Multimodal Behavioural Features Extraction Method based on Hidden Markov Models, which allows to extract information such as communicative intention, the social style and personality traits. G&uuml;ldem Alev &Ouml;zk&ouml;k from Turkey aims in her research to model the process of data visualization (DV) and design to facilitate computational thinking (CT) of secondary- level students. Uyara Ferreira Silva and Deller James Ferreira from Brazil present a systematic literature review based on 400 articles of the literature on productive dialogues and emotional aspects in Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL), and they also address emotional aspects used in debates with conflicting points of view in other contexts.