bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prosecutors and their Legislatures, Legislatures and their Prosecutors
Authors: Gold Russell M. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the often-pathological relationship between prosecutors and legislatures and considers fiscal pressure as an important antidote to the pathology. Institutional incentives between prosecutors and legislatures align in a way quite different than the classic separation of powers story. Rather, legislatures are well served to empower prosecutors as much as possible by making criminal law broad and deep. And with respect to substantive criminal law, prosecutors have been enormously empowered. Prosecutors are not merely passive recipients of such power but indeed actively lobby for it—often quite successfully. But fiscal pressures can provide a cross-cutting pressure for legislatures, particularly at the state level where many governments must balance their budgets. Thus, sentencing law sometimes finds legislatures refusing prosecutors’ requests for ever longer or mandatory minimum sentences because longer sentences are expensive; this is especially true where sentencing commissions provide legislatures with meaningful data on costs of particular proposals. Criminal procedure has recently found progressive prosecutors leading the way toward defendant-friendly reforms such as using unaffordable money bail less frequently and providing defendants with more discovery than is required by law. In these spaces, county prosecutors have provided laboratories of experimentation that led the way toward broader statewide reforms.
Law Enforcement Agent Defendants and Prosecutors
Authors: Rushin Stephen 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers the unique challenges that prosecutors face in investigating and charging police officers suspected of criminal misconduct. This topic has taken on new importance in the wake of the events in Ferguson, Missouri in 2014. Modern prosecutors often face intense public pressure to hold police officers accountable for wrongdoing. Despite this pressure, a number of recent studies have found that prosecutors rarely pursue criminal charges against police officers. And when they do pursue criminal charges, prosecutors are less successful in securing convictions against police officers relative to other similarly situated criminal defendants. This chapter examines the causes of and solutions to this problem. The first part of this chapter explores some of the possible reasons for the lack of success in prosecuting law enforcement agent defendants, both at the state and federal level. Some have argued that prosecutors face irreconcilable conflicts of interest in cases involve police officer defendants, while others have noted a number of institutional barriers that prevent the criminal charging and conviction of police officers. The second part of this chapter summarizes some of the most compelling normative recommendations made by prior scholars to improve the investigation and prosecution of criminal conduct by police officers.
Prosecutors and Sentencing
Authors: Demleitner Nora V. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Prosecutorial decisions play an important, and sometimes a decisive, role in a defendant’s ultimate sentence. They begin with the selection of charges and may end with a recommendation on clemency or expungement of a criminal conviction. The influence of prosecutors over the sentence, therefore, is far more extensive than that of any other official. The charging decision sets the starting point for the sentence range. The prosecution tends to control entry into diversion programs that may spare an offender a criminal record after complying with a set of requirements. Plea bargains, which have become more frequent even in Europe’s civil law countries, usually focus on the type and scope of the criminal justice sentence. Mandatory minimum sentences, mandatory aggravators, and stacked charges provide prosecutors with overwhelming bargaining power, causing many defendants to waive their right to a trial. Judges tend to follow the parties’ agreements and impose the recommended sentence. In many states prosecutors routinely weigh in on parole decisions and determine whether to proceed against defendants for supervision violations. Even in clemency decisions, they frequently submit a recommendation.
Transnational Climate Law
Authors: Affolder Natasha 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Climate change shatters the idea that jurisdictional borders and doctrinal debates about the scope of the “legal” are the sole tensions with which a concept of transnational law must contend. Climate change exposes a further fault line underlying legal thought and practice—the ultimate frailty of a model of human/nature interactions premised on the background assumption of an inexhaustible planet of infinite resources. Newly minted climate laws and climate lawsuits are emerging not against a blank slate but rather in a context where the concept of nature as a resource to be exploited for human use is deeply embedded in and through law. This chapter reaches beyond the most visible manifestations of climate law—legislation and lawsuits that appear already bearing the climate law label—to explore the ways in which a transnational law lens illuminates the rather larger subject areas of unenvironmental law and unclean energy law.
Transnational Legal Orders and Global Health
Authors: Ahmed Aziza 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In studying how public health laws operate, many scholars and practitioners frequently put the the state in the center. This chapter argues that we must look beyond the state. By utilizing a transnational law frame, scholars and practitioners are able to see the many international, regional, and domestic actors that shape national lawmaking on health. A transnational legal analysis allows for the assessment of the factors, including the broader sociopolitical and economic forces that inform lawmaking and domestic actors as they are subject to intersecting layers of governance emanating from national, international, and transnational governance.
Ontogenetic Origins of Infant Pointing
Authors: Liszkowski Ulf , Rüther Johanna Nuria 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Human pointing is foundational to language acquisition and sociality. The current chapter explores the ontogenetic origins of the human pointing gesture in infancy. First, the authors define infant pointing in terms of function, cognition, motivation, and morphology. Then, the authors review current evidence for predictors of infant pointing on child and caregiver levels, because any predictors provide insights into the basic developmental factors. From this review, the authors introduce and discuss a number of pertinent accounts on the emergence of pointing: social shaping accounts (pointing-from-reaching; pointing-from-non-communicative pointing) and social cognition accounts (pointing-from-imitation; pointing-from-gaze-following). The authors end by presenting a synthesis, which holds that child-level cognitive factors, specifically directedness and social motivation, interact with caregiver-level social factors, specifically responsiveness and assisting actions relevant to infants’ directed activity. The interaction of these factors creates social goals and formats that scale up to pointing acts expressing triadic relations between infant, caregiver, and entities at a distance in the context of joint activity and experience.
Dante’s Other Worlds
Authors: Hawkins Peter S. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
When Dante chose to situate his Commedia in the three realms of the Catholic afterlife, he had many sources to draw upon: Aeneid VI, the legacy of Scripture, medieval dream visions, theologians like Augustine and Aquinas, iconography, and perhaps even Mohammed’s Night Journey. What he borrowed, however, he invariably made his own. His hell brings order and psychological depth to the traditional welter of infernal retribution. His purgatory spirals above ground along the radiant slopes of an antipodean mountain, while paradise moves from one light show to another before blossoming into a white rose. The cities and landmarks of the world he knew also become ways to conjure the imagined other world, forging a lively connection between the two. Each afterlife realm, moreover, explores a spiritual disposition articulated through landscape, dialogue, and imagery: the claustrophobic egotism of Inferno, the dynamic of transformation in Purgatorio, and the luminous intersubjectivity of Paradiso.
Conversion, Palinody, Traces
Authors: Rushworth Jennifer 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Taking three terms which represent different ways of relating to experience, time, and narration, this chapter proposes attention to what remains, in the form traces, against the pressure of conversion which requires, instead, a complete break with the past. Traces are here understood as vestiges or footprints, with literal and metaphorical implications inspired by Sigmund Freud’s reading of Gradiva’s footsteps in his essay on Jensen’s novel, and followed back to Beatrice’s footsteps in Vita Nova and Inferno. Just as Freud understands Pompeii as a symbol of a force which is at once destructive and preservative—in other words, repression—, so this chapter shows that palinody in Dante is a mechanism that conserves as well as hides. The resultant understanding of Dante’s works is volcanic as well as non-linear.
Queering Dante
Authors: Cestaro Gary 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter investigates the queer in Dante. By queer we understand a critical practice that resists both heteronormative assumptions about desire and fixed binary notions of gender. The essay explores where and how Dante’s texts engage difference around sexuality/gender, especially sodomy and same-sex desire. It also surveys professional academic reactions to queer moments in Dante’s poem, particularly the sodomy cantos (Inf. XV–XVI, Purg. XXVI), where we detect a distinct strain of homophobic defensiveness. Finally, the essay begins to recount the fascinating history of Dante reception by queer readers—armchair enthusiasts and activists, scholars, poets, writers, and filmmakers.
Chattel Slaveries in Classical Greece
Authors: Figueira Thomas J. , Jensen Sean R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Greek chattel or commercial slavery developed from general growth and sophistication of economic activity in emerging city-state culture. At Athens and elsewhere, non-commercial forms of slavery evanesced. As the supply of Greek slaves lessened for economic and ideological reasons, Greeks began to acquire slaves almost exclusively from non-Greek peoples. Slaves were considered private property but, as Aristotle argued, they were also considered ‘animate tools’, a category marking distinction from other animal property. Athenian slaves could enjoy a measure of behavioural latitude, some protection from arbitrary violence, and in some ways participated in the wider polis. However, exploitation was normal (sometimes with abuse) and constituted the essence of the slave system. Slave labour was prominent in the classical Greek economy, as slaves were numerous. Finally, although manumission was possible and perhaps frequent, complete integration into wider society was limited at Athens.
Introduction
Authors: Dietze Carola 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the most important trends in the writing of the history of terrorism since the beginning of terrorism research in the late nineteenth century up to today. It presents the origins of terrorism studies in Western social sciences and international relations, and it contextualizes the standard narrative of the history of terrorism put forward by the political scientists David C. Rapoport and Walter Laqueur. The chapter traces major developments in the history of terrorism in professional historiography in the Soviet Union or Russia as well as Europe and the United States during and after the Cold War, and especially since the attacks on September 11, 2001, and it outlines the results and effects of that historiography. On the basis of the evaluation of the scholarship available to date, the article maps out the rationale and the contours of the new global history of terrorism pursued in The Oxford Handbook of the History of Terrorism.
A Phase II study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of prasinezumab in early Parkinson’s disease (PASADENA): rationale, design and baseline data
Authors: Pagano Gennaro , Boess Frank G , Taylor Kirsten I , Ricci Benedicte , Mollenhauer Brit , Poewe Werner , Boulay Anne , Anzures-Cabrera Judith , Vogt Annamarie , Marchesi Maddalena , Post Anke , Nikolcheva Tania , Kinney Gene G , Zago Wagner M , Ness Daniel K , Svoboda Hanno , Britschgi Markus , Ostrowitzki Susanne , Simuni Tanya , Marek Kenneth , Koller Martin , Sevigny Jeff , Doody Rachelle , Fontoura Paulo , Umbricht Daniel , Bonni Azad ,   PASADENA Investigators,   Prasinezumab Study Group
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundCurrently available treatments for Parkinson’s disease (PD) do not slow clinical progression nor target alpha-synuclein, the main pathology associated with the disease.ObjectiveThe study objective was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of prasinezumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody that binds aggregated alpha-synuclein, in individuals with early PD. The study rationale, design, and baseline characteristics of enrolled subjects are presented here.MethodsThe PASADENA study is a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled treatment study. Individuals with early PD, recruited across the US and Europe, received monthly intravenous doses of prasinezumab (1500 mg or 4500 mg) or placebo for a 52-week period (Part 1), followed by a 52-week extension (Part 2) in which all participants received active treatment. Key inclusion criteria were: aged 40–80 years; Hoehn & Yahr (H&Y) Stage I or II; time from diagnosis ≤2 years; having bradykinesia plus one other cardinal sign of PD (e.g. resting tremor, rigidity); DAT-SPECT imaging consistent with PD; and either treatment naïve or on a stable monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitor dose. Study design assumptions for sample size and study duration were built using a patient cohort from the Parkinson’s Progression Marker Initiative (PPMI). In this report, baseline characteristics are compared between the treatment-naïve and MAO-B inhibitor-treated PASADENA cohorts and between the PASADENA and PPMI populations.ResultsOf the 443 patients screened, 316 were enrolled into the PASADENA study between June 2017 and November 2018, with an average age of 59.9 years and 67.4% being male. The mean time from diagnosis at baseline was 10.11 months, with 75.3% in H&Y Stage II. Baseline motor and non-motor symptoms (assessed using Movement Disorder Society – Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale [MDS-UPDRS]) were similar in severity between the MAO-B inhibitor-treated and treatment-naïve PASADENA cohorts (MDS-UPDRS Total score [standard deviation (SD)]; 30.21 [11.96], 32.10 [13.20], respectively). The overall PASADENA population (63.6% treatment naïve and 36.4% on MAO-B inhibitor) also showed a similar severity in MDS-UPDRS scores (e.g. MDS-UPDRS Total score [SD]; 31.41 [12.78], 32.63 [13.04], respectively) to the PPMI cohort (all treatment naïve).ConclusionsThe PASADENA study population is suitable to investigate the potential of prasinezumab to slow disease progression in individuals with early PD.Trial RegistrationNCT03100149
Kidney function and long-term treatment with lithium salts for bipolar disorder Determinants of mGFR and accuracy of kidney microcysts detection in the diagnosis of CKD
Authors: Tabibzadeh Nahid , Faucon Anne-Laure , Vidal-Petiot Emmanuelle , Serrano Fidéline , Males Lisa , Fernandez Pedro , Khalil Antoine , Rouzet François , Tardivon Coralie , Mazer Nicolas , Dubertret Caroline , Delavest Marine , Marlinge Emeline , Etain Bruno , Bellivier Frank , Vrtovsnik François , Flamant Martin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackground and objectivesKidney damage during early stages of lithium treatment in bipolar disorder is still hypothetical. We aimed at identifying the determinants of a decreased measured glomerular filtration rate (mGFR) and the accuracy of kidney MRI imaging in its detection.Design, setting, participants and measurementsCross sectional cohort study. Systematic evaluation including mGFR of 217 consecutive adult patients treated with lithium carbonate. Kidney MRI imaging in 99 patients with half-Fourier turbo spinecho and Single-shot with long echo time sequences.ResultsMedian age was 51 [27-62] years, and median lithium treatment duration was 5 [2-14] years. 52% of patients had a stage 2 CKD. In multivariable analysis, the determinants of a lower mGFR were a longer lithium treatment duration (β −0.8 [-1; - 0.6] ml/min/1.73m2GFR decrease for each year of treatment), a higher age (β −0.4 [-0.6; −0.3] ml/min/1.73m2for each year of age, p<0.001), albuminuria (β −3.97 [-6.6;-1.3], p=0.003), hypertension (β −6.85 [-12.6;-1.1], p=0.02) and hypothyroidism (β −7.1 [-11.7;-2.5], p=0.003). Serum lithium concentration was not associated with mGFR. Patients with mGFR<60 ml/min/1.73m2(22%) had a higher prevalence and number of renal microcysts. Renal MRI displayed renal microcyst(s) in 51% of patients, detected as early as one year after lithium treatment initiation. mGFR and lithium treatment duration were strongly correlated in patients with microcyst(s) (r=-0.64, p<0.001), but not in patients with no microcysts (r=-0.24, p=0.09). The presence of microcysts was associated with the detection of an mGFR <45 ml/min/1.73m2(AUC 0.893, p<0.001, sensitivity 80%, specificity 81% for a cut-off value of 5 microcysts).ConclusionsBesides usual risk factors of GFR decrease, lithium treatment duration strongly impacted mGFR independently of age, especially in patients with microcysts. Hypothyroidism was also negatively associated with kidney function in these patients. MRI might help detect early lithium-induced kidney damage and inform preventive strategies.
An Ecological Study to Investigate Links Between Atmospheric Pollutants From Farming and SARS-CoV-2 Mortality
Authors: Contiero Paolo , Borgini Alessandro , Bertoldi Martina , Abita Anna , Cuffari Giuseppe , Tomao Paola , D’Ovidio Maria Concetta , Reale Stefano , Scibetta Silvia , Tagliabue Giovanna , Boffi Roberto , Krogh Vittorio , Tramuto Fabio , Maida Carmelo Massimo , Mazzucco Walter ,   “SARS-CoV-2 and Environment Working Group”
Published: April 2021

AbstractExposure to atmospheric particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide has been linked to SARS-CoV-2 infection and death. We hypothesized that an interaction between SARS-CoV-2 infection and exposure to farming-related atmospheric pollutants worsens the effect of SARS-CoV-2 on mortality. Our objective was investigate this hypothesis by performing an ecological study in five Italian Regions (Piedmont, Lombardy, Veneto, Emilia-Romagna and Sicily) linking all-cause mortality, by province (administrative entities within regions), to atmospheric particulate matter (PM2.5and PM10) nitrous oxide (N2O), ammonia (NH3) and methane (CH4) mainly produced by agricultural activities. Study outcome was change in all-cause mortality during March-April 2020, compared to March-April 2015-2019 (period) as assessed by mortality rate ratios (MRRs) estimated using multivariate negative binomial regression models that adjusted for air temperature, humidity and population density. The MRR for the interaction of period with NH3exposure, considering all pollutants together was 1.133, equivalent to a 13.3% increase in mortality over and above that due to period (proxy for COVID-19 mortality) for each ton/km2increase in NH3emissions. Although the study was ecological, and did not provide evidence of a causal link between SARS-CoV-2 and farming-related pollutants, in accord with the precautionary principle we recommend application of measures to limit NH3exposure particularly while the COVID-19 pandemic continues.
Distorted TCR repertoires define multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children
Authors: Malik Amna , Tóth Eszter N. , Teng Michelle S. , Hurst Jacob , Watt Eleanor , Wise Lauren , Kent Natalie , Bartram Jack , Grandjean Louis , Dominguez-Villar Margarita , Adams Stuart , Cooper Nichola 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWhile the majority of children infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) display mild or no symptoms, rare individuals develop severe disease presenting with multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C). The reason for variable clinical manifestations is not understood. Here, we carried out TCR sequencing and conducted comparative analyses of TCR repertoires between children with severe (n=12) or mild (n=8) COVID-19. We compared these repertoires with unexposed individuals (samples collected pre-COVID-19 pandemic: n=8) and with the Adaptive Biotechnologies MIRA dataset, which includes over 135,000 high-confidence SARS-CoV-2-specific TCRs. We show that the repertoires of severely ill children are characterised by the expansion of TRBV11-2 chains with high junctional and CDR3 diversity. Moreover, the CDR3 sequences of TRBV11-2 clones shift away from SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell clones, resulting in distorted TCR repertoires. In conclusion, our study reports that CDR3-independent expansion of TRBV11-2+ cells, lacking SARS-CoV-2 specificity, defines severity of disease in children.
Making Words Count with Computerised Identification of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Patients
Authors: Slater Luke T , Bradlow William , Desai Trupti , Aziz Amir , Evison Felicity , Ball Simon , Gkoutos Georgios V. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe traditional outpatient model in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is under pressure. Population health management based on an accurate patient record provides an efficient, cost-effective alternative.MethodsTo improve the accuracy of the HCM patient list in a single hospital, we developed a rule-based information extraction natural language processing (NLP) framework. The framework employed ontological expansion of vocabulary and exclusion-first annotation, and received training by an ‘expert in the loop’. The output stratified patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and heart failure (HF), those without active cardiology care and likely screened individuals.ResultsThe algorithm was validated against multiple data sources, including manual validation, for HCM, AF and HF and family history of the disease. Overall precision and recall were 0.854 and 0.865 respectively. The pipeline found 25,356 documents featuring HCM-related terms belonging to 11,083 patients. Excluding scanned documents resulted in 17,178 letters from 3,120 patients. Subsequent categorisation identified 1,753 real cases, of whom 357 had AF and 205 had HF. There were 696 likely screened individuals. Adjusting for 304 false-negative patients, the total HCM cohort was 2,045 patients. 214 were not under a cardiologist. NLP uncovered 709 patients who were absent in the registry or hospital disease codes.ConclusionThis novel NLP framework generated a hospital-wide record of patients with HCM and defined various cohorts, including the small set of HCM patients lacking current cardiology input. Existing data sources inadequately described this population, spotlighting NLP’s essential role for clinical teams planning to move to a population health management model of care.