bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improving the Toolbox to Manage Phytophthora Diseases of Strawberry: Searching for Chemical Alternatives
Authors: Marin Marcus V. , Peres Natalia A. 
Published: July 2021

Florida strawberry production is affected by two economically important Phytophthora diseases, Phytophthora crown rot (PhCR) and leather rot (LR), caused primarily by Phytophthora cactorum and P. nicotianae. Although products are available, chemical control is limited to mefenoxam, phosphites, and azoxystrobin, and resistance to mefenoxam and azoxystrobin has been reported. Both in vitro and in vivo assays were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of eight different chemical classes on controlling PhCR and LR of strawberry. The fungicides mandipropamid, fluopicolide, oxathiapiprolin, and cymoxanil completely inhibited mycelial growth of both species at 1 µg/ml. The same fungicides controlled LR and PhCR caused by P. cactorum, in detached fruit and greenhouse trials, respectively, including mefenoxam-resistant isolates. However, for PhCR caused by P. nicotianae, only oxathiapiprolin and cymoxanil were effective in controlling the disease. Cyazofamid, fluazinam, propamocarb, and tebuconazole did not control PhCR caused by either Phytophthora spp. Except for tebuconazole, all fungicides tested reduced incidence of LR caused by P. cactorum in the detached fruit assay; in contrast, fluazinam, cyazofamid, and propamocarb had no effect on P. nicotianae. This study identifies four fungicides that could potentially be registered to manage both PhCR and LR of strawberry. The registration of additional fungicides with different modes of action would allow fruit and nursery growers to alternate products to reduce fungicide resistance risk.
A Diagnostic Guide for Volutella Blight Affecting Buxaceae
Authors: Yang Xiao , Castroagudín Vanina L. , Daughtrey Margery L. , Loyd Andrew L. , Weiland Jerry E. , Shishkoff Nina , Baysal-Gurel Fulya , Santamaria Luisa , Salgado-Salazar Catalina , LaMondia James A. , Crouch Jo Anne , Luster Douglas G. 
Published: July 2021

Volutella blight is a common disease of species in the plant family Buxaceae, specifically boxwood, pachysandra, and sarcococca. Even though the disease has been consistently found over the past 150 years in all continents except for Antarctica, there are numerous complications in its etiology, signs and symptoms, and taxonomy, morphology, isolation, and preservation methods of its causal pathogens. For example, one of the two pathogens causing Volutella blight on boxwood, Pseudonectria buxi, has gone by at least 25 names including Volutella buxi and P. rousseliana, since its original description in 1815. The other Volutella blight pathogen on boxwood, P. foliicola, was not described until 2015. Although Coccinonectria pachysandricola, previously named as V. pachysandricola, has been known as a pathogen of pachysandra since 1944, it is only recently found in 2019 that the same pathogen can infect sarcococca. In this diagnostic guide, we provide a comprehensive review on the taxonomy, symptoms, host range, distribution, isolation, identification, storage, and pathogenicity test of the Volutella blight disease and these three causal pathogens. New data, such as previously unreported perithecial morphological characters of P. buxi and a unique sporodochia-forming pattern of C. pachysandricola, are also provided in this guide. Furthermore, a detailed comparison of diagnostic traits of three major fungal diseases on boxwood, namely, Volutella blight, boxwood blight, and boxwood dieback, is included. This guide aims at providing integrated information to aid the diagnosis of Volutella blight and facilitating new research to advance our knowledge of this old but under-studied disease.
Vernal keratoconjunctivitis and keratoconus
Authors: Wajnsztajn Denise , Solomon Abraham 
Published: July 2021

Purpose of review
Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is a severe allergic inflammatory disease affecting the conjunctiva in children and young adults. Keratoconus (KC) is a progressive corneal disease characterized by thinning of the corneal stroma, increased and asymmetric corneal curvature, with a potential for significant visual deterioration and is one of the most common corneal complications of VKC. We aimed to review the association of these two diseases, with focus on the mechanisms, prevalence, natural history and treatment strategies of KC associated with VKC.

Recent findings
KC is a common complication of VKC. KC prevalence can be as high as 26.8% among VKC patients, whereas abnormal corneal topography may appear in up to 71% of them. It is more severe and progresses faster in the setting of VKC (P < 0.05), with remarkable visual deterioration and with an increased need for keratoplasty. Crosslinking treatment and corneal transplantation appear to be as effective for KC patients with VKC as compared to the patients without VKC. However, postoperative complications are higher in patients with VKC and demand close monitoring, tight control of local inflammation and prompt awareness with consequent restrain of eye rubbing.

Summary
Patients with VKC should be closely monitored for KC. Prompt recognition of VKC and KC allows tight control of KC pathogenesis mechanisms, timely management of KC progression and preservation of vision and quality of life of young patients.
Anesthesia, Blood Pressure, and Socioeconomic Status in Endovascular Thrombectomy for Acute Stroke: A Single Center Retrospective Case Cohort
Authors: Hoefnagel Amie L. , Yao Joyce , Rao Dinesh , Kovacs Peter , Brzezicki Grzegorz , Mongan Paul D. 
Published: July 2021

Introduction:
Mechanical thrombectomy (MT) is standard for acute ischemic stroke (AIS), with early studies suggesting that general anesthesia (GA) is associated with worse outcomes than monitored anesthesia care (MAC). Socioeconomic deprivation is also a risk factor for worse AIS outcomes. With improvements in MT and blood pressure (BP) management, it remains unclear if GA or socioeconomic deprivation are risk factors for worse outcomes after MT.

Methods:
We retrospectively analyzed 125 consecutive AIS patients presenting for MT at a comprehensive stroke center serving patients with high levels of socioeconomic deprivation. The primary objective was impact of GA versus MAC on functional independence at 90 days. Secondary outcomes included procedural BP, and impact of BP and socioeconomic deprivation (assessed by the area of deprivation index) on outcomes.

Results:
A 90-day outcomes were similar in patients undergoing MT with GA or MAC. The area of deprivation index was similar in GA and MAC groups and in patients with good versus poor 90-day outcomes. There were similar numbers of patients with mean arterial pressure (MAP) <60 mm Hg in the MAC and GA groups (8 vs. 11; P=0.21), but more patients with MAP <70 mm Hg in the GA group (28 vs. 9; P<0.001). Median (interquartile range) duration of MAP <70 mm Hg was 10 (5 to 15) and 20 (10 to 36) minutes in the MAC and GA groups, respectively (P<0.001); however, these MAPs were not associated with worse 90-day outcomes.

Conclusion:
Anesthesia and MAP did not affect MT outcomes. The cohort is unique based on an area of deprivation index in the higher deciles in the United States. While the area of deprivation index was not associated with worse outcomes, further study is warranted.
Open Reduction and Internal Fixation for Humeral Shaft Nonunion: Bone Grafting Is Not Routinely Required and Avoids Donor Site Morbidity
Authors: Oliver William M. , Molyneux Samuel G. , White Timothy O. , Clement Nicholas D. , Duckworth Andrew D. , Keating John F. 
Published: July 2021

Objectives:
To document union rate, complications and patient-reported outcomes after open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF), with and without bone grafting (BG), for humeral diaphyseal nonunion after failed nonoperative management.

Design:
Retrospective.

Setting:
University teaching hospital.

Patients and Intervention:
From 2008 to 2017, 86 consecutive patients [mean age 59 years (range 17–86), 71% (n = 61/86) women] underwent nonunion ORIF (plate and screws) at a mean of 7 months postinjury (range 3–21.5). Eleven (13%) underwent supplementary BG.

Main Outcome Measurements:
Union rate and complications for 83 patients (97%) at a mean of 10 months (3–61). Patient-reported outcomes (QuickDASH, EQ-5D, EQ-VAS, SF-12, satisfaction) for 53 living, cognitively-intact patients (78%) at a mean of 4.9 years (0.3–9.2).

Results:
Ninety-three percent (n = 77/83) achieved union after nonunion ORIF. Complications included recalcitrant nonunion (7%, n = 6/83), iatrogenic radial nerve palsy (6%, n = 5/83), infection (superficial 7%, n = 6/83; deep 2%, n = 2/83), and iliac crest donor site morbidity (38%, n = 3/8). The union rate with BG was 78% (n = 7/9) and without was 95% (n = 70/74; P = 0.125), and was not associated with the nonunion type (atrophic 91%, n = 53/58; hypertrophic 96%, n = 24/25; P = 0.663). Median QuickDASH was 22.7 (0–95), EQ-5D 0.710 (−0.181-1), EQ-visual analog scale 80 (10–100), SF-12 physical component summary 41.9 (16–60.5), and mental component summary 52.6 (18.7–67.7). Nineteen percent (n = 10/53) were dissatisfied with their outcome.

Conclusions:
ORIF for humeral diaphyseal nonunion was associated with a high rate of union. Routine BG was not required and avoided the risk of donor site morbidity. One in 5 patients were dissatisfied despite the majority achieving union.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Height Gain Prediction in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Based on Preoperative Parameters
Authors: Smorgick Yossi , Tamir Eran , Mirovsky Yigal , Rabau Oded , Lindner Dror , Anekstein Yoram 
Published: July 2021

Background:
The purpose of the study was to identify preoperative parameters which are associated with height gain after corrective surgery for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) and their use to preoperatively quantify the potential for height gain after AIS correction.

Methods:
Our study included 87 consecutive patients with AIS who underwent posterior fusion. Patients’ height was measured the day before surgery and before their discharge. Demographic and radiologic variables were analyzed for predictability of height gain.

Results:
The mean height gain was 3.85 cm. We have found a statistically significant correlation between height gain and the following measures: preoperative thoracic curve, preoperative thoracolumbar curve, preoperative thoracic kyphosis, flexibility of the main thoracic and thoracolumbar curves, and number of fused levels (all P<0.05). Patients with Lenke type 1 and 2 had statistically less height gain compared with patients with Lenke type 3, 4, 6.

Conclusion:
Most of the scoliosis patients with Lenke type 1 and 2 will gain up to 3 cm after surgery while most of the patients with Lenke type 3, 4, 6 will gain more than 3 cm. Most patients with Lenke type 3, 4, 6 with a major curve of less than 60 degrees will gain up to 4 cm, while most of those with a major curve of more than 60 degrees will gain more than 4 cm. Patient with a positive thoracic sagittal modifier tend to have more height gain after surgery.
Can Postoperative Distal Adding-On be Predicted in Lenke Type 1B and 1C Curves with Intraoperative Radiographs?
Authors: Fujii Takeshi , Kawabata Soya , Suzuki Satoshi , Tsuji Osahiko , Nori Satoshi , Okada Eijiro , Nagoshi Narihito , Yagi Mitsuru , Michikawa Takehiro , Nakamura Masaya , Matsumoto Morio , Watanabe Kota 
Published: July 2021

Study Design.
A retrospective study of consecutive collected data.

Objective.
To investigate risk factors for postoperative distal adding-on (DA) in Lenke Type 1B and 1C curves using intraoperative radiographs.

Summary of Background Data.
In adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), DA radiographic complication can negatively affect postoperative clinical results. However, few studies have focused on assessing risk factors for DA using intraoperative radiographs.

Methods.
We retrospectively evaluated 69 AIS patients with Lenke Type 1B or 1C curves who underwent posterior selective thoracic fusion. We divided patients into DA and non-DA groups based on radiograph data at 2-year follow-up using Wang et al (Spine 2011) definition of DA. We compared coronal radiographic parameters, including relative positions of end vertebra (EV), stable vertebra (SV), neutral vertebra (NV), and last touching vertebra (LTV) to lowest instrumented vertebra (LIV), and intraoperative radiographic parameters, between the two groups.

Results.
DA was present in 13 patients (18.8%) at 2-year follow-up. The mean LIV–EV, LIV–NV, LIV–SV, and LIV–LTV relative positions were significantly smaller in the DA group than in the non-DA group. Multivariate analysis showed that LIV–LTV was significantly associated with DA (DA: −0.2 ± 0.7, non-DA: 0.6 ± 0.7). Intraoperative radiographs showed that the mean angulation of the first disc below the LIV after final adjustment was significantly larger in the DA group (2.3° ± 1.1°) than in the non-DA group (0.9° ± 0.7°). Patients whose angulation of the first disc below the LIV was more than 3° were significantly associated with DA.

Conclusion.
The LIV selected at more cranial to the LTV may be a risk factor for postoperative DA in Lenke Type 1B and 1C curves. Moreover, it was suggested that LIV extension might be considered when the first disc's angulation below the LIV is >3° in intraoperative radiographs.

Level of Evidence: 3
Six-Month Pulmonary Function After Venovenous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients
Authors: Ego Amédée , Taton Olivier , Brasseur Alexandre , Laurent Yves , Taccone Fabio Silvio , Courcelle Romain 
Published: July 2021

OBJECTIVES:
Venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation has been largely used in patients with refractory acute respiratory distress syndrome due to coronavirus disease 2019. Few data on long-term pulmonary function among venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation survivors are available.

DESIGN:
Retrospective, observational cohort.

SETTING:
Two mixed medical-surgical tertiary (30 beds) and secondary (22 beds) ICUs.

PATIENTS:
All critically ill adult coronavirus disease 2019 survivors treated with venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation between March 10, and April 30, 2020.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
The last available lung function and 6-minute walking tests, performed after a median of 178 days (ranges, 72–232 d) from ICU admission, were analyzed. Among the 32 coronavirus disease 2019 patients treated by venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation during the study period, 11 (34%; median age 56 yr; median duration of mechanical ventilation and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation therapy of 26 and 15 d, respectively) were successfully weaned and discharged home. Spirometry was performed in nine patients; the volumetric lung function was preserved, that is, median forced vital capacity was 83% of predicted value (51–99% of predicted value), and median forced expiratory volume in 1 second was 82% of predicted value (60–99% of predicted value). Also, the median residual volume and the lung capacity were 100% of predicted value (50–140% of predicted value) and 90% of predicted value (50–100% of predicted value); only the diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide and 6-minute walking test were decreased (58% of predicted value [37–95% of predicted value] and 468 meters (365–625 meters), corresponding to [63–90% of predicted value], respectively).

CONCLUSIONS:
Among survivors from severe coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia treated with venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, preserved long-term volumetric lung function with decreased diffusion capacity of lung carbon monoxide was observed.
Natriuretic Peptide Levels and Clinical Outcomes Among Patients Hospitalized With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection
Authors: Aslam M. Imran , Minhas Anum , Ghorbani Anahita , Shade Julie K. , Jani Vivek , Hsu Steven , Sharma Kavita , Cihakova Daniela , Hays Allison G. , Gilotra Nisha A. 
Published: July 2021

OBJECTIVES:
There is increasing evidence of cardiovascular morbidity associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (coronavirus disease 2019). Pro-B-type natriuretic peptide is a biomarker of myocardial stress, associated with various respiratory and cardiac outcomes. We hypothesized that pro-B-type natriuretic peptide level would be associated with mortality and clinical outcomes in hospitalized coronavirus disease 2019 patients.

DESIGN:
We performed a retrospective analysis using adjusted logistic and linear regression to assess the association of admission pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (analyzed by both cutoff > 125 pg/mL and log transformed pro-B-type natriuretic peptide) with clinical outcomes. We additionally treated body mass index, a confounder of both pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels and coronavirus disease 2019 outcomes, as an ordinal variable.

SETTING:
We reviewed hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 who had a pro-B-type natriuretic peptide level measured within 48 hours of admission between March 1, and August 31, 2020, from a multihospital U.S. health system.

PATIENTS:
Adult patients (≥ 18 yr old; n = 1232) with confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 admitted to the health system.

INTERVENTIONS:
None.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
After adjustment for demographics, comorbidities, and troponin I level, higher pro-B-type natriuretic peptide level was significantly associated with death and secondary outcomes of new heart failure, length of stay, ICU duration, and need for ventilation among hospitalized coronavirus disease 2019 patients. This significance persisted after adjustment for body mass index as an ordinal variable. The adjusted hazard ratio of death for log transformed pro-B-type natriuretic peptide was 1.56 (95% CI, 1.23–1.97; p < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS:
Further investigation is warranted on the utility of pro-B-type natriuretic peptide for clinical prognostication in coronavirus disease 2019 as well as implications of abnormal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide in the underlying pathophysiology of coronavirus disease 2019–related myocardial injury.
Human papillomavirus distribution and cervical cancer epidemiological characteristics in rural population of Xinjiang, China
Authors: Wang Yan , Cai Ying-Bin , James William , Zhou Jian-Lin , Rezhake Remila , Zhang Qian 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background:
Cervical cancer remains a major public health issue for the Uyghur women and other women living mainly in rural areas of Xinjiang. This study aims to investigate the distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and cervical cancer in rural areas of Xinjiang, China.

Methods:
Cervical cancer screening was performed on rural women aged 35 to 64 years from Xinjiang, China in 2017 through gynecological examination, vaginal discharge smear microscopy, cytology, and HPV testing. If necessary, colposcopy and biopsy were performed on women with suspicious or abnormal screening results.

Results:
Of the 216,754 women screened, 15,518 received HPV testing. The HPV-positive rate was 6.75% (1047/15,518). Compared with the age 35–44 years group, the odds ratios (ORs) of HPV positivity in the age 45–54 years and 55–64 years groups were 1.18 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02–1.37) and 1.84 (95% CI: 1.53–2.21), respectively. Compared with women with primary or lower education level, the ORs for HPV infection rates of women with high school and college education or above were 1.37 (95% CI: 1.09–1.72) and 1.62 (95% CI: 1.23–2.12), respectively. Uyghur women were less likely to have HPV infection than Han women, with an OR (95% CI) of 0.78 (0.61–0.99). The most prevalent HPV types among Xinjiang women were HPV 16 (24.00%), HPV 33 (12.70%), and HPV 52 (11.80%). The detection rate of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)2+ was 0.14% and the early diagnosis rate of cervical cancer was 85.91%. The detection rates of vaginitis and cervicitis were 19.28% and 21.32%, respectively.

Conclusions:
The HPV infection rate in Xinjiang is low, but the detection rate of cervical cancer and precancerous lesions is higher than the national average level. Cervical cancer is a prominent public health problem in Xinjiang, especially in southern Xinjiang.
Hippocampus chronic deep brain stimulation induces reversible transcript changes in a macaque model of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Chen Ning , Zhang Jian-Guo , Han Chun-Lei , Meng Fan-Gang 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background:
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has seizure-suppressing effects but the molecular mechanisms underlying its therapeutic action remain unclear. This study aimed to systematically elucidate the mechanisms underlying DBS-induced seizure suppression at a molecular level.

Methods:
We established a macaque model of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE), and continuous high-frequency hippocampus DBS (hip-DBS) was applied for 3 months. The effects of hip-DBS on hippocampus gene expression were examined using high-throughput microarray analysis followed by bioinformatics analysis. Moreover, the microarray results were validated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot analyses.

Results:
The results showed that chronic hip-DBS modulated the hippocampal gene expression. We identified 4119 differentially expressed genes and assigned these genes to 16 model profiles. Series test of cluster analysis showed that profiles 5, 3, and 2 were the predominant expression profiles. Moreover, profile 5 was mainly involved in focal adhesion and extracellular matrix-receptor interaction pathway. Nine dysregulated genes (Arhgap5, Col1a2, Itgb1, Pik3r1, Lama4, Fn1, Col3a1, Itga9, and Shc4) and three genes (Col1a2, Itgb1, and Flna) in these two pathways were further validated by qRT-PCR and Western blot analyses, respectively, which showed a concordance.

Conclusion:
Our findings suggest that hip-DBS could markedly reverse mTLE-induced abnormal gene expression. Findings from this study establish the basis for further investigation of the underlying regulatory mechanisms of DBS for mTLE.
Outcomes of Stereotactic Radiosurgery and Immunotherapy in Renal Cell Carcinoma Patients With Brain Metastases
Authors: Uezono Haruka , Nam David , Kluger Harriet M. , Sznol Mario , Hurwitz Michael , Yu James B. , Chiang Veronica L. 
Published: July 2021

Objective:
The impact of immunotherapy and stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) in treatment of brain metastases (BM) from renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has not been well investigated.

Materials and Methods:
Forty-eight patients with 372 RCC BM were treated with SRS and divided into those ever treated with immunotherapy versus those who never received immunotherapy. Survival and local control (LC) outcomes were studied. χ2 and Mann-Whitney U tests compared categorical and continuous variables, respectively. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to estimate survival and log-rank test was used to compare survival between groups.

Results:
Immunotherapy and nonimmunotherapy groups contained 29 and 19 patients, respectively. Median follow-up was 23.1 months (range, 6 to 93.8 mo). Demographic and treatment variables were similar except median prescribed margin dose was significantly lower in immunotherapy group (20 vs. 22 Gy, P<0.0001). Median overall survival (OS) was 27.2 months (immunotherapy) and 14.9 months (nonimmunotherapy), P=0.14. Furthermore, patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) had even better median OS compared with those who never received ICI (33 vs. 16.7 mo, P=0.03). Factors associated with improved LC were use of ICI (P=0.002) and lesion size <1000 mm3 (P=0.046). There was no difference in incidence of radiation necrosis between the 2 groups (P=0.67).

Conclusions:
Patients with RCC BM undergoing SRS can experience prolonged survival when treated with ICI. Equally effective LC of BM was achieved when treated with immunotherapy using a 2 Gy decrease in SRS dose without increasing the risk of central nervous system toxicity.