bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hot-Spots Clusters of HIV Infection in Cameroon : Space-Time Analysis from the Demographic and Health Surveys
Authors: Sandie Arsène Brunelle , Mbougua Jules Brice Tchatchueng , Nlend Anne Esther Njom 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Background: The Human Immunodeficiency Virus(HIV) infection prevalence in Cameroon has consecutively decreased from 5.28% in 2004 to 2.8% in 2018. However, this total decrease in prevalence may hide some disparities especially in terms of spatial or geographical pattern. Efficient control and fighting against HIV infection requires to target hotspot areas. This study was aimed to investigate whether there is a spatial pattern of HIV in Cameroon and to determine the hot-spots clusters.Methods: HIV biomarkers data with Global Positioning System (GPS) location data were leveraged from the Cameroon 2004, 2011, and 2018 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) after an approved request from the MEASURES Demographic and Health Survey Program. The spatial autocorrelation test was performed with the Moran I test through the R package ”DCluster”. The discrete Poisson model was fitted to scan and detect hot-spots clusters based on the Kulldorff test with the SaTScan software version 9.4, with purely spatial and space-time analysis respectively. Finally, the data and detected clusters were imported to QGIS software version 3.20.2 for maps manipulations.Results: For the three considered periods of 2004, 2011, and 2018 respectively, there was a spatial autocorrelation of HIV infection in Cameroon. A total of 3, 5, and 2 significant hot-spots clusters were detected for the periods of 2004, 2011, and 2018 respectively. In the prospective space-time analysis, 2 significant clusters have been detected from 2004 to 2018. The relative-risk in the significant detected clusters were 2.72(p-value= 0.001) and 3.37(p-value=0.026) respectively. Cluster 1 included the following subdivisions : Mefou et Afamba, Nyong et So’o, Nyong et Mfoumou, Haute Sanaga, Mvila, Dja et lobo, Haut-Nyong, Boumba et Ngoko; Kadey, Lom et Djerem, and Mbere. The other cluster included : Nkam, Sanaga-Maritime, and Nyong-Ekele.Conclusion: Despite the decrease of HIV epidemiology in Cameroon, the study revealed that there is a spatial pattern of HIV in Cameroon and the hot-spots clusters were detected. In its effort to eliminate HIV infection by 2030 in Cameroon, the public health policies should target more of the detected HIV hot-spots clusters in this study while maintaining effective control in other parts of the country which are cold-spots.
Transformation Process of Five Water in Epikarst Zone: A Case Study in Subtropical Karst Area
Authors: Song Tao , Zhang Liankai , Liu Pengyu , Zou Shengzhang , Zhao Yi , Liu Xiang , Li Danyang 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Five water stand for five forms existence models of water. In Karst area, Five water means precipitation, groundwater, evapotranspiration water, soil water, and overland flow. The complicated water-bearing hydrogeological media and the inhomogeneous water storage structure leads to low efficiency of water utilization. To reveal intricated water resources transformation in karst areas, a typical epikarst zone was selected. The Five water and their conversion processes were studied and the transformation models was built based on the long-term positioning observations. The results show that: (1) Overland flow can be generated when precipitation reaches 6 mm and lasts for 6 h. Under light and moderate rainfall (LMR) conditions, less than 6% of the precipitation is converted to overland flow. Under heavy rainfall and rainstorm (HRR) conditions, the conversion rate is 3.5%-6%. (2) Under the condition of LMR, there are 2%-3.5%, 40%-60% and 25%-35% that transformed to vegetation water, soil water and groundwater respectively, while it is 1.5%-2.2%, 25%-30% and 32%-50% under the condition of HRR. (3) The proportion of precipitation was transformed to soil water is 20%-70%. (4) The conversion rate of groundwater and karst fissure water for LMR conditions are 8%-15% and 10%-15%, and that for HRR is 15%- 20% and 20%-35%. (5) The proportions of different degrees of precipitation transformed into vegetation transpiration and evaporation water are 1.5%-3.5% and 6%-9%, respectively. (6) Generally, about 0%-4% of the precipitation is converted into overland flow, 20%-70% into soil water, 25%-50% into karst groundwater, and 1%-10% into evaporative water.
Stronger correlations than dense coding with the same quantum resources
Authors: Bourennane Mohamed , Piveteau Amelie , Håkarsson Emil , Pauwels Jef , Muhammad Sadiq , Tavakoli Armin 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Dense coding is the seminal example of how entanglement
can boost quantum communication. By sharing an
Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pair, dense coding allows
one to transmit two bits of classical information while
sending only a single qubit [1]. This doubling of the
channel capacity is the largest allowed in quantum theory
[2]. In this letter we show in both theory and experiment
that same elementary resources, namely a shared EPR
pair and qubit communication, are strictly more powerful
than two classical bits in more general communication
tasks. In contrast to dense coding experiments [3–8],
we show that these advantages can be revealed using
merely standard optical Bell state analysers [9, 10].
Our results reveal that the power of entanglement in
enhancing quantum communications qualitatively goes
beyond boosting channel capacities.
Analysis Students' Misconception in Optical Material Using Three Tier Multiple Choice Diagnostic Test
Authors: Handayani Sri Lestari , Arifin Arifin 
Published: November 2021

This study aims to analyze the misconceptions of Senior High School students and their cause in Optical material. The data collection techniques used in this research are tests and interviews. The three tiers multiple-choice diagnostic test used consists of three levels, the first is a question, the second is the reason for the answer, and the third is the student's confidence level. The data analysis techniques used in this research are multiple-choice scoring analysis without fining and student's misconceptions level's percentage analysis. The lowest misconception level is 10.4% on the light refraction indicator, and the highest is 41.6% on the distance and characteristic of the image on the concave mirror. The sources of students' misconceptions found in this study are the students themselves, books, friends, teachers, students' daily experiences, and the Internet.
Detection of chlorophyll fluorescence as a rapid alert of eutrophic water
Authors: Chen Chih-Kuei , Chen Ying-Chu 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
An in-situ detection of chlorophyll fluorescence was used in an innovative manner to detect eutrophic water, and the results were compared with the Carlson's Trophic State Index (CTSI) indicators. Eutrophication was due to climate warming and anthropogenic activities. The turbidity and chromaticity showed a strong linear relationship (R2 = 0.85) of the Bi Lake in Taipei city. Both the swimming area and the bridge are popular with the general public and had the worst turbidity (35.80–44.00 NTU) and chromaticity (495.37–552.27 Pt). The CTSI had a stronger linear relationship with the phycocyanin (PC) concentration (R2 = 0.605) than with any other three CTSI factors like chlorophyll-a concentration, total phosphorus (TP) concentration, and transparency. The TP pollution had a potential to cause an increase in PC concentration found in this study (R2 = 0.86). The absorbances of the water samples represented that the environment is PC (cyanobacteria) dominant in winter. The PC concentration in Bi Lake ranged from 75.55 to 80.24 μg/L and was higher with lower water temperature. Measurement of in-situ chlorophyll fluorescence is similar to lab-scale spectrophotometer (R2&gt;0.92). The real-time detection of PC concentration could be the basis of a rapid alert system for biological threats to waters.
Analysis of cell transmission model for traffic flow simulation with application to network traffic
Authors: Maulana A. S. , Pudjaprasetya Sri Redjeki 
Published: November 2021

The cell transmission model (CTM) is a macroscopic model that describes the dynamics of traffic flow over time and space. The effectiveness and accuracy of the CTM are discussed in this paper. First, the CTM formula is recognized as a finite-volume discretization of the kinematic traffic model with a trapezoidal flux function. To validate the constructed scheme, the simulation of shock waves and rarefaction waves as two important elements of traffic dynamics was performed. Adaptation of the CTM for intersecting and splitting cells is discussed. Its implementation on the road segment with traffic influx produces results that are consistent with the analytical solution of the kinematic model. Furthermore, a simulation on a simple road network shows the back and forth propagation of shock waves and rarefaction waves. Our numerical result agrees well with the existing result of Godunov’s finite-volume scheme. In addition, from this accurately proven scheme, we can extract information for the average travel time on a certain route, which is the most important information a traveller needs. It appears from simulations of different scenarios that, depending on the circumstances, a longer route may have a shorter travel time. Finally, there is a discussion on the possible application for traffic management in Indonesia during the Eid al-Fitr exodus.

doi:10.1017/S1446181121000080
Security Engineering of Patient-Centered Health Care Information Systems in Peer-to-Peer Environments: Systematic Review
Authors: Abdullahi Yari Imrana , Dehling Tobias , Kluge Felix , Geck Juergen , Sunyaev Ali , Eskofier Bjoern 
Published: November 2021

Background
Patient-centered health care information systems (PHSs) enable patients to take control and become knowledgeable about their own health, preferably in a secure environment. Current and emerging PHSs use either a centralized database, peer-to-peer (P2P) technology, or distributed ledger technology for PHS deployment. The evolving COVID-19 decentralized Bluetooth-based tracing systems are examples of disease-centric P2P PHSs. Although using P2P technology for the provision of PHSs can be flexible, scalable, resilient to a single point of failure, and inexpensive for patients, the use of health information on P2P networks poses major security issues as users must manage information security largely by themselves.

Objective
This study aims to identify the inherent security issues for PHS deployment in P2P networks and how they can be overcome. In addition, this study reviews different P2P architectures and proposes a suitable architecture for P2P PHS deployment.

Methods
A systematic literature review was conducted following PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) reporting guidelines. Thematic analysis was used for data analysis. We searched the following databases: IEEE Digital Library, PubMed, Science Direct, ACM Digital Library, Scopus, and Semantic Scholar. The search was conducted on articles published between 2008 and 2020. The Common Vulnerability Scoring System was used as a guide for rating security issues.

Results
Our findings are consolidated into 8 key security issues associated with PHS implementation and deployment on P2P networks and 7 factors promoting them. Moreover, we propose a suitable architecture for P2P PHSs and guidelines for the provision of PHSs while maintaining information security.

Conclusions
Despite the clear advantages of P2P PHSs, the absence of centralized controls and inconsistent views of the network on some P2P systems have profound adverse impacts in terms of security. The security issues identified in this study need to be addressed to increase patients’ intention to use PHSs on P2P networks by making them safe to use.
Fraud Reporting within an Organization and the Use of the Internal Audit Function as a Training Ground for Management
Authors: Brink Alisa G. , Eller C. Kevin , Green Karen Y. 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
This study examines the effects of using the internal audit function as a management training ground (MTG) and fraud magnitude on internal fraud reporting decisions. Two experiments examine (1) internal auditors' reporting behaviors, and (2) other employees' willingness to report directly to internal audit. In the first experiment, experienced internal auditors indicate that the use of internal audit as a MTG may negatively impact fraud reporting likelihood by internal auditors to the Chief Audit Executive (CAE). Further, using the internal audit function as a MTG inhibits the sense of urgency internal auditors feel to report large fraudulent acts. The second experiment compares management accountants' preferences for reporting to an anonymous third-party hotline versus reporting directly to internal audit. The results indicate a preference for the hotline that increases with a MTG. This preference is fully mediated by the perceived trustworthiness of internal audit, which is negatively impacted by a MTG.
Data Availability: Contact the authors.
Acute-to-Chronic Glycemic Ratio as a Predictor of COVID-19 Severity and Mortality
Authors: Ramon Jordi , Llauradó Gemma , Güerri Roberto , Climent Elisenda , Ballesta Silvia , Benaiges David , López-Montesinos Inmaculada , Navarro Humberto , Fernández Natalia , Carrera Maria José , Mauricio Dídac , Flores-Le Roux Juana A. , Chillarón Juan-José 
Published: November 2021

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the association between acute-to-chronic (A/C) glycemic ratio and mortality and severity outcomes for patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 91 patients were included. We measured glycemia at admission and estimated the average chronic glucose levels to calculate the A/C glycemic ratio. The primary outcome was a composite of in-hospital mortality, intensive care unit admission, and mechanical ventilation.

RESULTS
Thirty-five patients had a primary outcome event, presenting a significant association with the A/C glycemic ratio (hazard ratio [HR] 1.57 [95% CI 1.14–2.15], P = 0.005). In comparisons with the 2nd tertile, the 3rd tertile of the A/C glycemic ratio was associated with the primary outcome (HR 3.39 [95% CI 1.31–8.75], P = 0.012). In the multivariate analysis, after additional adjustment for age, sex, comorbidities, inflammatory markers, and corticosteroid therapy, the association for the 3rd tertile (HR 3.96 [95% CI 1.35–11.59], P = 0.012) remained significant.

CONCLUSIONS
In patients with T2D hospitalized with COVID-19, the imbalance between acute glycemia at admission and chronic metabolic control is associated with worse prognosis.
Adad [Antonyms] and Its Impact on the Exegesis of Al-Samin in His Books (Al-Durr) And (Al-’Umda)
Authors: Rayan Dr. Ayman Ibrahim Yusuf 
Published: November 2021

This research tackles the subject of the indication of antonyms and its impact on the exegesis of al-Samin in both his books “al-Durr al-Masun” (Preserved Pearls) and “‘Umdat al-Hufaz” (Reliance of the memorize-rs). In this research, I have combined between the language and tafsir (exegesis) and clarified the efforts exerted by al-Samin in serving the interpretation of the Quran. Moreover, I have introduced his great contribution to linguistic research and compiled the conclusions he has reached in both his books (al-Durr) and (al-’Umda) on antonyms. I have organized his ideas, studied his tangible effects in his exegesis of the holy Quran in addition to methodologically establishing the role of the language being one of the tools in the past and contemporary exegesis of the holy Quran and clarified its multiple indications and various manners. I was also keen in highlighting the importance of the indication of antonyms and the extent of its impact on interpreting the noble Quran. Moreover, I have studied the points of contention among the scholars and exegists on the meaning of the Quranic statement and clarified the importance of the Quranic context in determining the exact meaning of the vocabularies and structures. Furthermore, I have highlighted the close connection between the developed indication of words and the intended meaning in the Quranic verse.
Buccal mucosal graft urethroplasty in male cats with traumatic complete urethral rupture
Authors: Yippaditr Wanchart , Watanangura Antja , Pencharee Disdanai , Sasaki Nobuo 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the feasibility of buccal mucosal graft urethroplasty for repairing complete urethral rupture in cats.

ANIMALS
15 male domestic shorthair cats with traumatic complete urethral rupture.

PROCEDURES
In each cat, a section of buccal mucosa was harvested, sutured, and formed into a tubule by use of an 8F indwelling catheter as support. This tubular graft was connected to both ruptured ends of the urethra to renew the urinary passage. The catheter was left in place until the absence of leakage was confirmed by positive contrast retrograde urethrography. After spontaneous urination was confirmed, cats were discharged from the hospital. Six months later, urethrography was repeated and owners were asked to score their cats’ urinary function and quality of life.

RESULTS
13 cats recovered well following surgery, with no complications in the oral cavity or surgical site and no signs of difficulty or discomfort when urinating. Urethrography 2 weeks and 6 months after surgery revealed no stricture or leakage in the abdominal cavity. The 2 remaining cats developed a urethral stricture and underwent second surgery with a successful outcome. At the 6-month follow-up, 14 cats had only mild urinary signs, and 1 cat had incontinency. Owners indicated they were delighted (n = 14) or pleased (1) with their cats’ quality of life.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Buccal mucosa was found to be a good source of graft tissue for performance of urethroplasty in male cats, yielding satisfactory outcomes with few postoperative complications. The described technique may be suitable for severe and complicated cases of urethral rupture in male cats.
Jejunal strangulation and incarceration associated with bilateral perineal hernias in a neutered male dog
Authors: Iodence Ashley E. , Perlini Michael , Grimes Janet A. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

CASE DESCRIPTION
An 8-year-old 6.8-kg neutered male Dachshund was presented for evaluation of vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, and swelling over the right perineal region. The dog had a history of a bilateral perineal herniorrhaphy and castration 14 months prior to presentation.

CLINICAL FINDINGS
Bilateral perineal hernias were confirmed by digital rectal examination. Abdominal ultrasonography confirmed the presence of intestine within the right hernia. Three days after admission to the hospital, the region of the right perineal hernia became painful, erythematous, and edematous. Computed tomography revealed jejunal incarceration within the right hernia with dilation of 1 jejunal segment that indicated intestinal obstruction.

TREATMENT AND OUTCOME
Abdominal exploratory surgery was performed, during which irreducible small intestinal incarceration was confirmed. Intra-abdominal jejunal resection and anastomosis was performed, and an approximately 13-cm-long section of the jejunum was resected. Bilateral perineal herniorrhaphies with internal obturator and superficial gluteal muscle transposition were performed. Six months after surgery, digital rectal examination of the dog revealed that the repair was intact. The dog had no perineal hernia–related clinical signs at the time of the recheck examination.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE
For the dog of the present report, surgical management of small intestinal strangulation associated with a perineal hernia was successful. Although a portion of the small intestines can frequently be found within perineal hernias in dogs, perineal hernia-related small intestinal strangulation has not been previously described, to the authors’ knowledge. Veterinarians and clients should be aware of this potential complication secondary to perineal hernia and be prepared to perform an abdominal surgical procedure to address small intestinal incarceration in affected dogs.
Leishmaniasis in the United States military veterinary patient population
Authors: Seal Lauren M. , Mullaney Sara B. , Waugh Sheldon G. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

OBJECTIVE
To describe the presence of Leishmania infection within the animal population receiving care from US Army Veterinary Services.

ANIMALS
629 canine, feline, and equine patients of US Army Veterinary Services from 2014 to 2017.

PROCEDURES
Personnel at the US Army Public Health Center ran a query within the Remote Online Veterinary Record system using previously validated search terms (eg, liesh, leish, and lesh) and returned data on any patient for which the master problem list included those terms. Next, a query was run to identify all leishmaniasis testing. Records identified by queries were reviewed manually, and data were collected on patient signalment, indication for and type of testing, location of testing, and previous locations or country of the patient.

RESULTS
Only dogs (n = 378), not cats or horses, had been tested for leishmaniasis, 54 (14.3%) of which tested positive for Leishmania infection. More specifically, 39 of 104 (37.5%) privately owned dogs tested positive, compared with 15 of 274 (5.6%) government-owned dogs. Overall, 186 dogs had no clinical signs, 12 (6.5%) of which tested positive. Forty-four of the 54 (81%) test-positive dogs were located in or had traveled to an endemic area.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE
The prevalence of leishmaniasis in the various subpopulations of dogs suggested the need for additional prevalence studies. Many animals travel in and out of the US, and repeated introduction of Leishmania spp could lead to this vector-borne disease becoming endemic in the US animal and human populations. Consequently, US veterinarians need to ensure proper testing and follow-up to protect one health.