bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drivers and projections of global surface temperature anomalies at the local scale
Authors: Benz Susanne A , Davis Steven J , Burney Jennifer A 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
More than half of the world’s population now lives in urban areas, and trends in rural-to-urban migration are expected to continue through the end of the century. Although cities create efficiencies that drive innovation and economic growth, they also alter the local surface energy balance, resulting in urban temperatures that can differ dramatically from surrounding areas. Here we introduce a global 1 km resolution data set of seasonal and diurnal anomalies in urban surface temperatures relative to their rural surroundings. We then use satellite-observable parameters in a simple model informed by the surface energy balance to understand the dominant drivers of present urban heating, the heat-related impacts of projected future urbanization, and the potential for policies to mitigate those damages. At present, urban populations live in areas with daytime surface summer temperatures that are 3.21 ∘C (−3.97, 9.24, 5th–95th percentiles) warmer than surrounding rural areas. If the structure of cities remains largely unchanged, city growth is projected to result in additional daytime summer surface temperature heat anomalies of 0.19 ∘C (−0.01, 0.47) in 2100—in addition to warming due to climate change. This is projected to raise the urban population living under extreme surface temperatures by approximately 20% compared to current distributions. However we also find a significant potential for mitigation: 82% of all urban areas have below average vegetation and/or surface albedo. Optimizing these would reduce urban daytime summer surface temperatures for the affected populations by an average of −0.81 ∘C (−2.55, −0.05).
Empirical assessment of equity and justice in climate adaptation literature: a systematic map
Authors: Coggins Shaugn , Berrang-Ford Lea , Hyams Keith , Satyal Poshendra , Ford James , Paavola Jouni , Arotoma-Rojas Ingrid , Harper Sherilee 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The normative concepts of equity and justice are rising narratives within global climate change discourse. Despite growing considerations of climate equity and justice within the adaptation literature, the extent to which adaptation research has worked to empirically assess and operationalize concepts of equity and justice in practice remains unclear. We employ a systematic mapping approach to examine how equity and justice are defined and understood within empirical climate change adaptation research, and how extensively they are being assessed within adaptation literature. Structuring our work using a conceptual approach focusing on distributional, recognition, procedural, and capability approaches to justice, we document and review articles that included empirical assessments from searches performed in Web of Science™, Scopus®, and Google Scholar™ databases. Our results highlight that greater attention in the literature is given to certain aspects of justice (e.g. distributive and procedural justice concerns) on certain topics such as climate policy and adaptation finance. Most of the included papers scored highly according to our criteria on their empirical assessment of equity and justice. The lowest scores were found for the methodological rigor of assessments. We find limited research on empirical equity and justice assessment and call for a multiscale and holistic approach to justice to address this research gap.
Fermionic systems for quantum information people
Authors: Szalay Szilárd , Zimborás Zoltán , Máté Mihály , Barcza Gergely , Schilling Christian , Legeza Örs 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The operator algebra of fermionic modes is isomorphic to that of qubits, the difference between them is twofold: the embedding of subalgebras corresponding to mode subsets and multiqubit subsystems on the one hand, and the parity superselection in the fermionic case on the other. We discuss these two fundamental differences extensively, and illustrate these through the Jordan–Wigner representation in a coherent, self-contained, pedagogical way, from the point of view of quantum information theory. Our perspective leads us to develop useful new tools for the treatment of fermionic systems, such as the fermionic (quasi-)tensor product, fermionic canonical embedding, fermionic partial trace, fermionic products of maps and fermionic embeddings of maps. We formulate these by direct, easily applicable formulas, without mode permutations, for arbitrary partitionings of the modes. It is also shown that fermionic reduced states can be calculated by the fermionic partial trace, containing the proper phase factors. We also consider variants of the notions of fermionic mode correlation and entanglement, which can be endowed with the usual, local operation based motivation, if the parity superselection rule is imposed. We also elucidate some other fundamental points, related to joint map extensions, which make the parity superselection inevitable in the description of fermionic systems.
The Movement of Salts in Saline-Sodic Soils Leached by Enriched Water with Combinations of Phosphogypsum and Humic Acids
Authors: Aftan W. A. A. , Al-Hadethi A. A. H. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A laboratory experiment was conducted on saline-sodic soil taken from the 0-30 cm surface layer of clay loam from the farm of a college of agriculture/Anbar university. Sixteen combinations of humic acids (HA1, HA2, HA3, HA4) and phosphogypsum (G1, G2, G3, and G4) at a concentration of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 gm l−1 for both were used. In addition to two treatments for comparison, commercial clean salt (CS) and Euphrates water. Eighteen polyethylene columns were used, with a length of 60 cm and an inner diameter of 7.1 cm. After the columns were filled with the soil, the columns were washed with enriched water with combinations of humic acids and phosphogypsum. The combinations were mixed with Euphrates water. Washing of column continued until three porous volumes had passed. The results showed that the value of accumulation salts (gm l−1) and the concentrations of sodium, calcium, and magnesium (mmol l−1) increased with the increase in pore volume passing through. The movement of salts and sodium concentrations increased with the increase of phosphogypsum with the increase in the level of humic acid in combination, as the highest value of salts and washed sodium reached 4921.98 gm l−1 and 38794.53 mmol l−1 respectively, in HA4G4 combination, compared to HA1G1, which reached 2436.64 gm l−1 and 20596.27 mmol l−1 respectively. While the calcium and magnesium concentrations increased with the increase of phosphate gypsum and decreased with the increase in the level of humic acid in combination. The combination AH1G4 gave the highest concentrations of 10158.04 and 3577.27 (mmol l−1), compared to HA4G4, which reached 6867.60 gm l−1 and 2473.01 mmol l−1, respectively. The water washing treatments and the salinity treatment (CS) gave the lowest amount of salts and concentrations of sodium, calcium, and magnesium compared to all combinations. The diffusion equation is the best for describing the kinetics of the release of the sodium adsorption rate in the soil over time, as it gave the highest rate of determination coefficient (R2) (which was 0.985 and the lowest standard error) (SEe), which reached 55.439. With an increase in the level of addition of humic acids.
The Impact of Forward Tractor Speed and Depth of Ploughing in Some Soil Physical Properties
Authors: Kakahy A. N. N. , Alshamary W. F. A. , Kakei A. A. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
An experiment was carried out at the Agricultural Research and Experiments Station in the Sayyada Region of the College of Agriculture - University of Kirkuk, in order to study the effect of forward tractor speed and depth of ploughing in some technical indicators and physical properties of soil in Loam soils in 2019. Two factors were studied, depths of ploughing (4.63 and 6.30 cm) and the practical speed of the tractor (1.72 and 2.86 km hour-1) and their effect on some of the studied technical indicators, including the practical and theoretical field capacity, the slide percentage, the percentage of porosity, the volume of disturbed soil, the soil particles with less than 5 cm in diameter (5 cm m-2) and practical productivity. The experiment was carried out using the factorial experiment method according to The Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates. The second speed of the tractor and the second ploughing depth exceeded in achieving the highest rate in practical field capacity of (0.28 and 0.34 ha h-1) and theoretical field capacity (0.41 and 0.49 ha h-1), respectively, and in giving the highest volume of the disturbed soil that were (184.48 and 244.753 m3 h-1) and practical productivity (0.33 and 0.39 ha h-1), respectively. While the lowest rate was in the percentage of slide of the first speed and the depth of the first ploughing (7.56 And 6.31%), respectively.The interference between the second tractor speed and the second ploughing depth was superior in achieving the highest rate in the practical and theoretical field capacity of (0.35 and 0.50 ha h-2) and the highest volume of the disturbed soil and practical productivity reached (254.02 m3 h-2 and 0.40 ha. h-2), respectively. The interference between the tractor first speed and the first ploughing depth exceeded the achievement of the lowest rate in the percentage of slide (3.36%).
Effect of Vermicompost and Vermicompost tea on the Growth and Yield of Broccoli and Some Soil Properties
Authors: Alkobaisy J. S. , Abdel Ghani E. T. , Mutlag N. A. , Lafi A. Sh. A. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of the use of Vermicompost and Vermicompost tea on the growth and yield of broccoli and some soil properties The field experiment was formed In Saqlawiyah sub-district - Anbar–Iraq on 10 October 2019.The experiment lasted approximately three months. In situ analysis and measurements of plant and soil were carried out at the site of the experiment, and also in the laboratories of the Agricultural Research Center, Soil Research Department in Abu Gharib. The treatments consisted of (T1 soil only, T2 DAP chemical fertilization only (according to fertilizer recommendation) 240 kg DAP.ha -1,T3 = 8.ton ha -1 Vermicompost mixed with soil + half the recommendation of 120 kg DAP. ha-1,T4 = 16 tons. ha-1 Vermicompost mixed with soil + 120 kg DAP. ha-1T5 = Vermicompost tea spray on the plant + 120 kg DAP. ha-1 ,T6 = 8 tons. ha-1 Vermicompost mixed with soil + Vermicompost tea sprays on the plant + 120 kg ha-1 DAP.. The plant traits were; plant height (cm), the total number of leaves (leaf. plant -1), the leaf area (dcm2.plant -1), vegetative dry weight (g. plant -1), dry weight of rhizosphere (g.plant-1), the weight of the main flower (gm) which were (52.8, 42.4, 98.6, 190.2, and 865.8), respectively, as well as the percentage of protein%, fat%, N%, P%, and K% that reached (23.37, 2.81, 3.74, 0.79, and 2.93) successively.concluded from this study that the treatment of Vermicompost with Vermicomposting tea combined with half of the fertilizer recommendation enhanced growth and yield of Broccoli plant and some soil properties.
Estimate of Available Soil Water and The Physical Condition of Soil for Different Use Soils
Authors: Aljibury A. F. H. A. , Hassan H. M. , Kareem H. A. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Three sites of different soils have been identified. The soil of the first site is planted with a field crop (wheat plant), the soil of the second site planted with a horticultural crop (Loquat plant) and the soil of the third site (uncultivated) in Dhuluiya district of Salah al-Din Governorate. Many laboratory tests were conducted, represented by measuring : Moisture tensile, bulk density, texture, total porosity, gravimetric and volumetric humidity, electrical conductivity EC, degree of soil interaction PH, organic matter OM, estimation of bicarbonate and carbonate and after obtaining the data were treated with several mathematical programs: RETC, SAWcal in order to find several indications Physics such as PAW100, PAW330, and soil physical quality index (S), and the following results were obtained: The decrease in the bulk density values of the soil of the third site (not cultivated), as it reached 1.43, 1.29 and 1.23 g / cm3 compared to the soil of the first site (wheat) 1.55, 1.58 and 1.61 g / cm 3 and the soil of the second site (Loquat), which reached 1.6 And 1.6 and 1.6 g / cm3 due to the high clay content in the third site, which leads to a decrease in bulk density. The water holding capacity of soil, represented by the values of ready soil water at 1 bar and 0.3 bar, was higher in the soil of the third site compared to the first and second sites, due to the high values of water conductivity in the soil of the first site. The high values of the water conductivity in the soil of the third site (not cultivated), as it reached 0.015037, 0.015872 and 0.021653 cm / min compared to the soil of the first site (wheat), as it reached 0.008577, 0.007209 and 0.004241 cm / min, and the soil of the second site (Loquat) It was 0.003955, 0.00507, and 0.006741 cm / min. The physical quality of the soil obtained through the previous indicators showing that the soil of the first site (wheat) possesses a (good) physical quality, then the soil of the second site (Loquat) possesses a (good) physical quality as well while the soil of the third site (not cultivated) possesses (very good) physical quality
Characterization of Quality Indices for Some Soils of The Middle Euphrates Plain By Adopting Morphophysiochemical Criteria
Authors: Alrawi N. Sh. , Alrawi M. K. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The aim of this study is to determine Soil quality standards that can be used to develop a better soil quality index that can be relied upon for future evaluation.Three different methods which varied criteria were used to choose soil quality index for some soils of the middle Euphrates plain. (parent material, slope, texture, gravel and stones, drainage condition and soil depth ) used a criteria to explain morphological soil quality index . physical soil quality used a criteria (structure, texture and consist) ; while chemical quality used (EC, lime, Ph and % organic matter) and, Results showed physical soil quality index varied between (0.47-0.79) with rang 0.32 ; and the series varied within class at rang 0.11. Morphology soil quality index varied between (1.29- 1.61) at rang 0.32 and soil series varied at 0.16. Soil chemical quality index varied at rang 1.20-1.59 and the soil series varied at rang 0.10 within class. Soil series distributed between high quality to low quality.
Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid Culture Filtrates is a Lucrative Source for Weed Control
Authors: Theer R. M. , Alheeti A. A. , Alfalahi A. O. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The mycoherbicides have been recognized as an effective approach for weed control as being eco-friendly, low cost, and of long-lasting. This research was carried out to evaluate the herbicidal effect of Macrophomina phaseolina, the causal of sesame charcoal rot. The fungal culture was extracted with water and the extract toxicity was evaluated by seed germination, detached leaf, and whole plant bioassays on several weed species of Iraq (Cynanchum actum, Malva parviflora, Sorghum halepense, Lolium rgidum, and Silybum marianum). The results revealed that the extract of the fungal culture was significantly inhibited the germination of the examined weeds seeds by more than 86.7 %. The detached leaf bioassay also indicated that the culture extract was of potent toxic effect to all examined weed species, regardless their types (broad or narrow and mono or dicotyledonous). The phytotoxicity symptoms appeared on the detached leaves were as tissue and chlorophyll disintegration, yellowing, necrosis, and death. The same toxic symptoms were also recorded on the whole plant bioassay in vivo but the weed species of the narrow leaves however, showed significantly much less effect. The phytotoxicity on the examined weed species ranged from 66 to 83%. Moreover, the fungal culture extract was also found to be of potent toxic effect to milk thistle (Silybum marianum) despite the application method as foliar spraying or root immersing with 100% and 20% of the extract respectively. The results of this research showed for the first time the effect of M. phaseolina culture filtrates as a potent herbicide potential on different weed species.
Cadmium Removal with Mutant Brevibacillus Agri C15 Cdr Entrapped in Calcium Alginate Gel: a New Process
Authors: Jebril N. , Boden R. , Braungardt C. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
With large-scale mining and industrial use of cadmium (Cd), contamination with this metal increased steadily, concerns due to its toxicity and potential damage to the environment and human health have led to the introduction of legislation that regulates acceptable environmental concentrations in different contexts. Therefore, many treatment methods for water and soils have been developed to limit the concentration of Cd in the environment and comply with regulations. In this study, a small laboratory bench-scale column reactor was constructed, optimised, and used to evaluate the removal of Cd from artificial groundwater (AGW) with mutant Brevibacillus agri C15 CdR and its wild type B. agri C15 entrapped in calcium alginate beads at different Cd concentrations. The morphological properties of the beads were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy and the location of Cd adsorbed in the beads was detected using a dithizone histochemical method. The experimental results showed that the mutant had significantly higher removal rates than its wild type B. agri C15 (9 and 5 nmol per day per gram of biomass, respectively) due to the presence of the Cd-dithizone complexes on the bead containing the mutant, compared with the less presence of these complexes on the beads containing the wild type. In conclusion, a new process was developed that achieved higher Cd removal rate from AGW by the mutant B. agri C15 CdR. In addition, an alternative detection method of Cd (Cd-dithizone complexes) was introduced that showed that Cd was distributed throughout the Cd-loaded beads.
Evaluation of Volatile Organic Compounds from Broccoli Plants Infested with Myzus persicae and Parasitoids Aphidius colemani Attraction
Authors: Ahmed Q. , Agarwal M. , Alsabte A. , Aljuboory A.B. , Ren Y. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from uninfested and infested broccoli plant samples with green peach aphid Myzus persicae were investigated by headspace solid microextraction (HS-SPME) combined with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Overall, 25 compounds were identified in uninfested and infested broccoli plants. The HS-SPME combined with GC-MS analysis of the volatiles described the differences between the infested and uninfested broccoli plant samples. Based on peak area from the GC-MS analysis, the VOCs from infested broccoli were significantly greater than that from uninfested broccoli, such as D-limonene, Undecane, 3,4-dimethyl-, Heptane, alpha-Pinene, Oxalic acid, Citronellol, Tridecane, n-Decanoic acid, Cyclopentane, pentyl- and n-Hexadecanoic acid compared with volatiles released from uninfested broccoli. The results of Y-tube olfactometer showed that Myzus persicae were significantly attracted by the VOCs released from infested broccoli plants, more than uninfested plants or clean air. The percentage of aphid choice was 70% towards infested broccoli, and 10% were attracted to the clean air choice and uninfested plants. With the comparison between clean air and uninfested plants, the aphids were attracted by 84% for broccoli, while 7% were attracted towards clean air. Comparing between infested and uninfested, the aphid attracted by 26.6% for infested broccoli, versus 30% for uninfested broccoli. The preferences of Aphidus colemani to the infested, uninfested plants with M. persicae and compared with clean air were measured. The results indicated that parasitoids could discriminate the infested broccoli and significantly respond to the plant odour and attractive by 100% for the parasitoid towards infested broccoli plants.
Evaluation Yield of Okra with Associated Traits Using Analysis Correlation and Path
Authors: Al-Juboori A. W. A. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The study was conducted at the fields of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Gardening, College of Agriculture Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad. During the spring 2017. All the recommended practices were followed during experimentation. The experimental material consisted four Genotype it is Batraa, Btera, Mosulle, and local selection. The experiment was applied in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). The objectives of Study were to estimate the some genetic parameters and path coefficient for some traits Okra, The results of statistical analysis for these genotypes were highly significant differences for all traits except the traits number of leaves, the number of main branches, the number of nodes before the first flower and Fruit length. Genetic analysis showed that the genetic variation for all traits was more than environment, High value of heritability was for yield per plant (95.4%) highly significant genotypic, phenotypic and environmental correlation between fruit number and plant yield (0.998, 0.990 and 0.905) respectively. The result of path coefficient the number of fruit had the highest positive direct effect (0.8551) followed by fruit width, fruit weight and plant high (0.0446, 0.0260 and 0.0106) respectively. It can be conclude the possibility of using the traits fruit weight yield per plant as criteria for selection to improve the yield of Okra.
Effect of Foliar Spray of Seaweed (Alga300) and Licorice Extracts on Growth, Yield and Fruit Quality of Pomegranate Trees Punica Granatum L. Cv.Salimi
Authors: Hussein S. A. , Noori A. M. , Lateef M. A. , Ismael Ch. Ra.. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This study was conducted in a private-orchard in the Kumptler village of Kirkuk / Iraq during the growing season of (2019), to study the effect of foliar spraying with seaweed extract (Alga300) in three concentrations (0, 5, 10) mg.L1 and licorice extract in three concentrations (0, 5, 10) g.L −1 in some growth traits and yield for pomegranate trees, cv.Salimi. The factorial experiment within randomize complete block design was used. The results obtained can be summarized to the fact that foliar spraying pomegranate trees with a concentration of 10 mg.L−1 of seaweed extract represented by Alga300 led to a significant increase in most of the study characteristics (average length of vegetative growth, leaf area, average size and weight of fruit, average number of fruits, TSS% and total yield/tree) while the spray was superior to the concentration of 5 mg.L1 of Alga300 in the relative chlorophyll content and leaf dry matter which reached (45.91 CCI ،64.10 %) Respectively. The foliar spray with a concentration of 10g.L1 of licorice extract was significantly higher in all studied parameters (average length of vegetative growth, leaf area, chlorophyll content in leaves, percentage of dry matter in leaves, average fruit size and weight, average number of fruits and TSS% and total yield/tree) which reached (25.57 cm, 7.01 cm2, 44.57 CCI, 62.93%, 202.33 cm3, 396.55 g, 112.79 62 fruit.tree−1, 14.34%, 16.37 kmtree−1). Respectively.