bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reconfigurable Multifunctional Ambipolar Polymer‐Blend Transistors with Improved Switching‐Off Capability
Authors: Wei Peng , Wang Xudong , Li Xianglong , Han Songyu , Qiao Nan , Zhang Peng , Deng Yunfeng , Zhang Wei , Bu Laju , Lu Guanghao 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAmbipolar field‐effect transistors allowing both holes and electrons transport can work in different states, which are attractive for simplifying the manufacture of circuits and endowing the circuits with reconfigurable multi‐functionalities. However, conventional ambipolar transistors intrinsically suffer from poor switching‐off capability because the gate electrode is not able to simultaneously deplete holes and electrons across the entire transport channel, which hurdles the practical applications. This study shows that the switching‐off capability of polymer ambipolar transistor is significantly improved by up to three orders by introducing non‐uniformly distributed compensation potentials along the channel to synchronically tune the charge transport at different channel locations. The non‐uniform compensation potential is experimentally generated by the non‐uniformly distributed electret charges, which are pre‐injected into the insulators from source and drain electrodes. By this method, both n‐type and p‐type operations with high mobility (2.2 and 0.8 cm2s−1V−1 respectively) and high on/off ratio (105) are obtained in the same device, and the different states are reversibly switchable. Moreover, this method endows the device with diverse device characteristics and reconfigurable multi‐functionalities, which promotes the application of ambipolar transistors in complementary metal‐oxide semiconductors‐like circuits and some emerging electronics, including reconfigurable devices, multi‐level memories, and artificial synapses.
Recent Advances in Carbon Material‐Based Multifunctional Sensors and Their Applications in Electronic Skin Systems
Authors: Guo Yunjian , Wei Xiao , Gao Song , Yue Wenjing , Li Yang , Shen Guozhen 
Published: July 2021

AbstractElectronic skin (e‐skin) is driving significant advances in flexible electronics as it holds great promise in health monitoring, human–machine interfaces, soft robotics, and so on. Flexible sensors that can detect various stimuli or have multiple properties play an indispensable role in e‐skin. Despite tremendous research efforts devoted to flexible sensors with excellent performance regarding a certain sensing mode or property, emerging e‐skin demands multifunctional flexible sensors to be endowed with the skin‐like capability and beyond. Considering outstanding superiorities of electrical conductivity, chemical stability, and ease of functionalization, carbon materials are adopted to implement multifunctional flexible sensors. In this review, the latest advances of carbon‐based multifunctional flexible sensors with regard to the types of detection modes and abundant properties are introduced. The corresponding preparation process, device structure, sensing mechanism, obtained performance, and intriguing applications are highlighted. Furthermore, diverse e‐skin systems by integrating current cutting‐edge technologies (e.g., data acquisition and transmission, neuromorphic technology, and artificial intelligence) with carbon‐based multifunctional flexible sensors are systematically investigated in detail. Finally, the existing problems and future developing directions are also proposed.
Size Effect of Organosulfur and In Situ Formed Oligomers Enables High‐Utilization Na–Organosulfur Batteries
Authors: Tang Shuai , Chen Qiliang , Si Yubing , Guo Wei , Mao Bingwei , Fu Yongzhu 
Published: July 2021

AbstractOrganosulfurs are promising cathode materials for rechargeable metal batteries due to their high capacities, diverse structures, and electrochemical properties. Herein, the electrochemical behavior of three organosulfur compounds, i.e., 4,4′‐thiobisbenzenethiol (TBBT), 1,4‐benzenedithiol (1,4‐BDT), and diphenyl disulfide (DPDS), is revealed in room‐temperature rechargeable sodium (Na) batteries, which show significantly improved performances when sodiated Nafion membranes are used. Large oligomers of organosulfur can be formed during charging, and they are readily blocked by the nanosized ion‐conducting clusters in the Nafion membrane. In addition, large organosulfur monomers can also be blocked. Only 5.4% of TBBT diffuses through the Nafion membrane after 800 h. The Na|TBBT cell sustains 77% of the theoretical capacity after 300 cycles (2420 h). Moreover, the Na|TBBT redox flow cell shows promising rechargeability. Due to the medium molecular size, the organosulfur oligomers are expected to provide a new avenue to develop high‐capacity chalcogen cathodes, besides inorganic S and S‐containing polymers.
Temperature‐Triggered Supramolecular Assembly of Organic Semiconductors
Authors: Chen Hongliang , Zhang Weining , Ren Shizhao , Zhao Xingang , Jiao Yang , Wang Yu , Stoddart J. Fraser , Guo Xuefeng 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSupramolecular assembly is a promising bottom‐up approach for producing materials that behave as charge transporting components in electronic devices. Although extensive advances have been made during the past two decades, formidable challenges exist in controlling the local randomness present in supramolecular assemblies. Here, a temperature‐triggered supramolecular assembly strategy using heat to heal defects and disorders is reported. The central concept of the molecular design—named the "Tetris strategy" in this research—is to: i) increase the rotational freedom of the molecules through thermal perturbation, ii) induce conformation‐fitting of adjacent molecules through two different kinds of intermolecular [π···π] interactions, and finally iii) lock the nearby molecules in inactive co‐conformations. Experimentally, upon heating to 57 °C, amorphous solid‐state films undergo spontaneous assembly, leading to the growth of uniform and highly ordered microwire arrays. Temperature‐triggered supramolecular assembly provides an approach closer to the precision control of assembled structures and presents with a broad canvas to work on in approaching a new generation of supramolecular electronics. Tetris is a registered trademark of Tetris Holding, LLC, used with permission.
Stereoselective Synthesis of Kalafungin Based on CuI‐Catalyzed Tandem Reactions of Arylethynes Containing an Ortho‐(1‐Hydroxyethyl) Substituent with Alkyl Diazoacetates
Authors: Song Xiaoqing , Wang Ruizhi , Shi Liang , Luo Tianlong , Gao Zhiyu , Ren Li , Zhou Wenming , Hao Hong‐Dong 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAn isochromene synthesis is developed utilizing a cascade reaction involving a CuI catalyzed coupling reaction between an alkyne and diazoacetate followed by allenoate isomerization and subsequent oxa‐Michael addition. The cascade sequence was also demonstrated for the synthesis of naphthalenes. Furthermore, the methodology developed herein was applied toward a stereoselective synthesis of pyranonaphthoquinone kalafungin.magnified image
Fusion of Stacked Nanowires: From Atomistic to Analytical Models
Authors: Devaraj Harish , Jahangir Md. Naim , Gao Zhongwei , Chang Chih‐hung , Malhotra Rajiv 
Published: July 2021

AbstractFusion of metallic nanowires (NWs) is of increasing interest for fabricating printed devices. Atomistic simulations of inter‐NW neck growth during thermal fusion of vertically stacked silver nanowires (NWs) with nonorthogonal axes are performed, a geometric configuration that is commonly seen in applications. High NW rotation during fusion is uncovered surprisingly and found that it accelerates inter‐NW neck growth beyond that explainable by conventional geometric arguments. Rotation‐regulated surface diffusion and dislocation generation are found to be the culpable mechanisms and are shown to be dominant in distinct regimes of initial NW orientation. Motivated by these atomistic observations, an original analytical model of inter‐NW neck growth is formulated and validated. The model accurately predicts the unusual trends in neck growth with six orders of magnitude lesser computational effort than atomistic simulations. Further, it can handle nonisothermal temperature histories over millisecond time scales for NWs up to 100 nm in diameter, a capability that is beyond the reach of typical atomistic simulations. The impact of the revealed spatial disparity of nanoscale neck growth on the properties of random‐packed NW assemblies, and the foundational role of the model in rational design and processing of printed multi‐NW assemblies for a range of applications are discussed.
Ultrathin Two‐Dimensional Plasmonic PtAg Nanosheets for Broadband Phototheranostics in Both NIR‐I and NIR‐II Biowindows
Authors: Zhang Ying , Shen Qi , Li Qi , He Panpan , Li Jinyan , Huang Feng , Wang Jing , Duan Yefan , Shen Chuang , Saleem Faisal , Luo Zhimin , Wang Lianhui 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBroadband near‐infrared (NIR) photothermal and photoacoustic agents covering from the first NIR (NIR‐I) to the second NIR (NIR‐II) biowindow are of great significance for imaging and therapy of cancers. In this work, ultrathin two‐dimensional plasmonic PtAg nanosheets are discovered with strong broadband light absorption from NIR‐I to NIR‐II biowindow, which exhibit outstanding photothermal and photoacoustic effects under both 785 and 1064 nm lasers. Photothermal conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of PtAg nanosheets reach 19.2% under 785 nm laser and 45.7% under 1064 nm laser. The PCE under 1064 nm laser is higher than those of most reported inorganic NIR‐II photothermal nanoagents. After functionalization with folic acid modified thiol‐poly(ethylene glycol) (SH‐PEG‐FA), PtAg nanosheets endowed with good biocompatibility and 4T1 tumor‐targeted function give high performances for photoacoustic imaging (PAI) and photothermal therapy (PTT) in vivo under both 785 and 1064 nm lasers. The effective ablation of tumors in mice can be realized without side effects and tumor metastasis by PAI‐guided PTT of PtAg nanosheets under 785 or 1064 nm laser. The results demonstrate that the prepared PtAg nanosheets with ultrathin thickness and small size can serve as a promising phototheranostic nanoplatform for PAI‐guided PTT of tumors in both NIR‐I and NIR‐II biowindows.
Dial‐A‐Particle: Precise Manufacturing of Plasmonic Nanoparticles Based on Early Growth Information—Redefining Automation for Slow Material Synthesis
Authors: Pinho Bruno , Torrente‐Murciano Laura 
Published: July 2021

AbstractNanomaterials are at the core of many scientific discoveries in catalysis, energy and healthcare to name a few. However, their deployment is limited by the lack of reproducible and precise manufacturing technologies on‐demand. In this work, a precision automated technology is demonstrated for nanoparticles synthesis with wide‐range tunable sizes (≈4–100 nm). Dial‐a‐particle capabilities are achieved by a combination of a fast integrated multipoint particle sizing combined with a “plug‐n‐play” modular platform with reactors in series, distributed feed and in situ multipoint analysis. Real‐time early growth information accurately predicts the resulting particle properties. Such real‐time simple feedback control can overcome repeatability and stability issues associated with controllable (e.g., conditions) and uncontrollable (e.g., fouling, ageing, and impurities) variations leading to self‐regulated, highly stable multistage systems with no human intervention even with long residence times (from a few minutes to hours). This is a paradigm shift from machine learning (ML) methodologies, which are restricted to trained networks with rich data sets, impractical in non‐reproducible processes and limited to short residence times (e.g., within few minutes). The approach is demonstrated for plasmonic silver and gold nanoparticles showing agile control within minutes, opening the door for automation of more complex multistage procedures such as composites, multielement materials, and particle functionalization.
A Tour‐Guide through Carbon Nitride‐Land: Structure‐ and Dimensionality‐Dependent Properties for Photo(Electro)Chemical Energy Conversion and Storage
Authors: Lau Vincent Wing‐hei , Lotsch Bettina V. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDespite the explosion in the number of publications on the graphitic carbon nitride family of materials, much still remains unknown about their structure and the underlying properties responsible for their various applications. This critical review covers the state‐of‐the‐art in the understanding of their structure–property–photocatalysis relationship, from their molecular constituents to stacking as a (quasi) two‐dimensional structure, highlighting the areas in which there is wide agreement and those still unresolved. This review first recounts how the structural understanding of these materials has evolved since the 19th century, followed by a commentary on the best practice for unambiguously characterizing their molecular structure and two‐dimensional stacking arrangements. The recent literature is then examined to elucidate how individual molecular moieties affect their various material properties, particularly their chemical and opto–electronic properties, carrier dynamics, and catalytic reactivity, and how their use for energy applications can be impacted by the structural features across each dimension. Lastly, the translation of the aforementioned fundamental insights to rational molecular design is demonstrated, highlighting the synthesis of heptazine‐based materials for order‐of‐magnitude improvement in photocatalytic reactivity, as well as the unusual phenomenon of stabilization of light‐induced electrons, an effect currently exploited for a new paradigm in solar energy storage.
Comparative neuropathology in aging primates: A perspective
Authors: Freire‐Cobo Carmen , Edler Melissa K. , Varghese Merina , Munger Emily , Laffey Jessie , Raia Sophia , In Selena S. , Wicinski Bridget , Medalla Maria , Perez Sylvia E. , Mufson Elliott J. , Erwin Joseph M. , Guevara Elaine E. , Sherwood Chet C. , Luebke Jennifer I. , Lacreuse Agnès , Raghanti Mary A. , Hof Patrick R. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWhile humans exhibit a significant degree of neuropathological changes associated with deficits in cognitive and memory functions during aging, non‐human primates (NHP) present with more variable expressions of pathological alterations among individuals and species. As such, NHP with long life expectancy in captivity offer an opportunity to study brain senescence in the absence of the typical cellular pathology caused by age‐related neurodegenerative illnesses commonly seen in humans. Age‐related changes at neuronal population, single cell, and synaptic levels have been well documented in macaques and marmosets, while age‐related and Alzheimer's disease‐like neuropathology has been characterized in additional species including lemurs as well as great apes. We present a comparative overview of existing neuropathologic observations across the primate order, including classic age‐related changes such as cell loss, amyloid deposition, amyloid angiopathy, and tau accumulation. We also review existing cellular and ultrastructural data on neuronal changes, such as dendritic attrition and spine alterations, synaptic loss and pathology, and axonal and myelin pathology, and discuss their repercussions on cellular and systems function and cognition.
Supramolecular Assembly of Conjugated Polymers under Vibrational Strong Coupling
Authors: Joseph Kripa , Kushida Soh , Smarsly Emanuel , Ihiawakrim Dris , Thomas Anoop , Paravicini‐Bagliani Gian Lorenzo , Nagarajan Kalaivanan , Vergauwe Robrecht , Devaux Eloise , Ersen Ovidiu , Bunz Uwe H. F. , Ebbesen Thomas W. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractStrong coupling plays a significant role in influencing chemical reactions and tuning material properties by modifying the energy landscapes of the systems. Here we study the effect of vibrational strong coupling (VSC) on supramolecular organization. For this purpose, a rigid‐rod conjugated polymer known to form gels was strongly coupled together with its solvent in a microfluidic IR Fabry–Perot cavity. Absorption and fluorescence studies indicate a large modification of the self‐assembly under such cooperative VSC. Electron microscopy confirms that in this case, the supramolecular morphology is totally different from that observed in the absence of strong coupling. In addition, the self‐assembly kinetics are altered and depend on the solvent vibration under VSC. The results are compared to kinetic isotope effects on the self‐assembly to help clarify the role of different parameters under strong coupling. These findings indicate that VSC is a valuable new tool for controlling supramolecular assemblies with broad implications for the molecular and material sciences.
Single Dynamic Covalent Bond Tailored Responsive Molecular Junctions
Authors: Hu Yong , Li Jin , Zhou Yu , Shi Jie , Li Guopeng , Song Hang , Yang Yang , Shi Jia , Hong Wenjing 
Published: July 2021

AbstractResponsive molecular devices are one of the core units for molecular electronics, and dynamic covalent bonds (DCBs) provide the opportunity for the fabrication of responsive molecular devices. Herein we employ a single dynamic acyl hydrazone bond to fabricate tailored molecular devices using the scanning tunneling microscopy break‐junction technique (STM‐BJ) and the eutectic Ga‐In technique (EGaIn). We found that the single‐DCB‐tailored molecular devices exhibited acid‐base and/or photo‐thermal response with three well‐defined molecular conductance states. The reversible switching has the ON/OFF ratio of ≈10 between each state for single‐molecule junctions and ≈3 for the SAMs‐based molecular junctions. Combined with the density functional theory calculations, we revealed that the multiple conductance states of these molecular junctions originate from the dynamic acyl hydrazone bond exchange and C=N isomerization. Our work opens the avenue towards the design of tailored single‐molecule electrical devices by implanting dynamic covalent bonds in molecular architectures.
Nickel/β‐CD‐catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling of aryl boronic acids with aryl halides in water
Authors: Payamifar Sara , Kazemi Foad , Kaboudin Babak 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn this study, a convenient nickel‐catalyzed protocol has been introduced for the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction. A simple mixture of Ni(II) and unfunctionalized β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) was used to cross‐coupling of aryl halides with aryl boronic acids for the synthesis of biaryls in water. β‐CD is a water‐soluble seminatural cyclic oligosaccharide, environmentally friendly biomaterial, inexpensive, and commercially available ligand. This ligand with low solubility in usual organic solvents has been used for the synthesis of biaryls in good to excellent yields. The cross‐coupling results in the presence of Ni(II)/β‐CD catalytic system showed that the coupling reaction carried out with appropriate yields for both electron‐rich and electron‐deficient aryl halides. The coupling reaction completed in water as a green solvent. The catalyst was also recycled for four runs with a small decrease in its catalytic activity. The presented new method allows an easier and more cost‐efficient synthesis of biaryls from the reaction of arylboronic acids with various aryl halides in water.
Twenty‐five essential research questions to inform the protection and restoration of freshwater biodiversity
Authors: Harper Meagan , Mejbel Hebah S. , Longert Dylan , Abell Robin , Beard T. Douglas , Bennett Joseph R. , Carlson Stephanie M. , Darwall William , Dell Anthony , Domisch Sami , Dudgeon David , Freyhof Jörg , Harrison Ian , Hughes Kathy A. , Jähnig Sonja C. , Jeschke Jonathan M. , Lansdown Richard , Lintermans Mark , Lynch Abigail J. , Meredith Helen M. R. , Molur Sanjay , Olden Julian D. , Ormerod Steve J. , Patricio Harmony , Reid Andrea J. , Schmidt‐Kloiber Astrid , Thieme Michele , Tickner David , Turak Eren , Weyl Olaf L. F. , Cooke Steven J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Freshwater biodiversity is declining at an unprecedented rate. Freshwater conservationists and environmental managers have enough evidence to demonstrate that action must not be delayed but have insufficient evidence to identify those actions that will be most effective in reversing the current trend.
Here, the focus is on identifying essential research topics that, if addressed, will contribute directly to restoring freshwater biodiversity through supporting ‘bending the curve’ actions (i.e. those actions leading to the recovery of freshwater biodiversity, not simply deceleration of the current downward trend).
The global freshwater research and management community was asked to identify unanswered research questions that could address knowledge gaps and barriers associated with ‘bending the curve’ actions. The resulting list was refined into six themes and 25 questions.
Although context‐dependent and potentially limited in global reach, six overarching themes were identified: (i) learning from successes and failures; (ii) improving current practices; (iii) balancing resource needs; (iv) rethinking built environments; (v) reforming policy and investments; and (vi) enabling transformative change.
Bold, efficient, science‐based actions are necessary to reverse biodiversity loss. We believe that conservation actions will be most effective when supported by sound evidence, and that research and action must complement one another. These questions are intended to guide global freshwater researchers and conservation practitioners, identify key projects and signal research needs to funders and governments. Our questions can act as springboards for multidisciplinary and multisectoral collaborations that will improve the management and restoration of freshwater biodiversity.
Giving shape to large digital libraries through exploratory data analysis
Authors: Organisciak Peter , Schmidt Benjamin M. , Downie J. Stephen 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe emergence of large multi‐institutional digital libraries has opened the door to aggregate‐level examinations of the published word. Such large‐scale analysis offers a new way to pursue traditional problems in the humanities and social sciences, using digital methods to ask routine questions of large corpora. However, inquiry into multiple centuries of books is constrained by the burdens of scale, where statistical inference is technically complex and limited by hurdles to access and flexibility. This work examines the role that exploratory data analysis and visualization tools may play in understanding large bibliographic datasets. We present one such tool, HathiTrust+Bookworm, which allows multifaceted exploration of the multimillion work HathiTrust Digital Library, and center it in the broader space of scholarly tools for exploratory data analysis.
Stumpf gestoßene Betonfertigteilstützen mit großen Stabdurchmessern aus hochfestem Bewehrungsstahl
Authors: Wolfger Hannes , Kollegger Johann 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDie Verwendung von Fertigteilen im Hochhausbau ist im Vergleich zur Ortbetonbauweise eine sehr wirtschaftliche Option. Insbesondere Stahlbetonstützen werden häufig in einer vorgefertigten Ausführungsvariante als ein‐ oder mehrstöckige Elemente ausgewählt. Im Stoßbereich können aufgrund der Diskontinuitätsstelle einige Probleme auftreten, welche einen Verlust an Tragfähigkeit verursachen können. In diesem Beitrag werden experimentelle Untersuchungen an Fertigteilstützen mit hochfester Längsbewehrung und Stumpfstoßverbindung beschrieben. Die Tests wurden an insgesamt 18 Fertigteilstützen mit verschiedenen Stumpfstoßausführungsvarianten an der TU Wien durchgeführt. Der hochfeste Stahl zeichnet sich durch eine hohe Streckgrenze von 670 N/mm2 sowie die sehr großen verfügbaren Stabdurchmesser von bis zu 75 mm aus. Basierend auf diesen beiden Vorteilen gegenüber herkömmlichem Bewehrungsstahl mit einer Streckgrenze von 550 N/mm2 und Stabdurchmessern von max. 40 mm kann die Anzahl der benötigten Bewehrungsstäbe deutlich reduziert werden. Die Verwendung hochfester Materialien führt zu einem höheren Wirkungsgrad, kleineren Querschnitten und geringeren Kosten.