bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cognitive Leisure Activity and All-cause Mortality in Older Adults: A 4-Year Community-based Cohort
Authors: Xiao Qianyi , Liu Xin , Ruan Ye , Huang Limei , Guo Yanfei , Sun Shuangyuan , Chen Hao , Gao Junling , Shi Yan 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: Cognitive leisure activity, such as reading, playing mahjong or cards and computer use, is common among older adults in China. Previous studies suggest a protective role of cognitive leisure activity against cognitive impairment. However, the relationship between cognitive leisure activity and all-cause mortality has rarely been reported.Objectives: This study aims to explore the relationships between cognitive leisure activity and all-cause mortality in a community-based elderly cohort in China.Methods: The current study sample comprised 4003 community residents aged ≥ 60 y who were enrolled in June 2015, and were followed up every year from 2015 to 2018. Reading, playing mahjong or cards and computer use were measured by questionnaires and summed into a cognitive leisure activity index (CLAI) score. Cox proportional hazards analysis and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis were used to examine the association of cognitive leisure activity with all-cause mortality.Results: During the 4-year follow-up of 4003 participants, 208 (5.2%) deaths were registered. Of all participants, 66.8%, 26.7%, 6.1% and 0.35% reported CLAI scores of 0, 1, 2 and 3, respectively. A strong association was noted between the CLA score and all-cause mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] = 0.72, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 0.54-0.96, P = 0.025). Stratified analysis suggested that a higher CLAI score was significantly associated with a decreased risk of all-cause mortality mainly among those who were male, aged ≥ 80 y, cognitively impaired, and not diagnosed with cancer (P < 0.05).Conclusion: Cognitive leisure activity has beneficial effect on reduced risk of death from all cause among the elderly in China, which helped promote a comprehensive understanding of health characteristics at advanced ages.
The Progression of Intracerebral Hemorrhage (ICH) is Related to the Expression of Integrin Β1 (ITGB1)
Authors: Ma Hai-Yang , Xu Yan , Qiao Chun-You , Peng Yi , Ding Qi , Wang Li-Zhong , Yan Jun-Fei , Hou Yuan , Di Fei 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is fatal and detrimental to quality of life. Clinically, options for monitoring are often limited, potentially missing subtle neurological changes. Integrin β 1 (ITGB1) and β 3 (ITGB3) are the main components of integrin family receptors, which regulate the formation and stability of blood vessels. This study explored the relationship between expression of ITGB1, ITGB3 in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) to analyze their functional and clinical relevance. Methods: The expression of ITGB1 and ITGB3 in ICH was accomplished by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining and western blotting (WB) analysis, respectively. Results: Furthermore, the results demonstrated that ITGB1 was expressed in ICH tissues, but ITGB3 was not expressed in ICH tissues. Conclusions: In summary, the clinical progression of ICH was related to the expression of ITGB1. ITGB1 may be a potential biomarker and contribute to the treatment of ICH.
The Effect of Multimedia Message Reminders on Oral Hygiene Promotion during Removable Orthodontic Treatment: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Baherimoghadam Tahereh , Naseri Navid , Hamedani Shahram , Mokhtar Maliheh 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: Orthodontic appliances complicate daily oral hygiene maintenance and enhance the formation of microbial biofilm on tooth surfaces and orthodontic appliances. Any tool that enhances the oral hygiene of patients during orthodontic treatment would be of imperative beneficial. This trial was conducted to assess the effect of message reminders on oral hygiene of patients during removable orthodontic treatment. Methods: In this 2-arm parallel randomized controlled trial, participants were randomly allocated to two groups; one receiving messages reminder and one as the control group. The patients in the messaging group received one or two message reminders and educational videos weekly during the course of treatment. The patients with removable maxillary appliance who were in the age range of 8 to 12 years old and had daily access to Internet to receive message reminders were recruited in this study. A single blinded examiner measured the plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI) and dental caries index of patients in both groups at baseline (T0) and one (T1), three (T2) and six (T3) months after the first day of treatment to assess their oral hygiene status during the course of treatment in both groups. Results: A total of 50 patients were enrolled and randomized to two even groups (n=25) but only 46 patients completed the study; 22 in control group, and 24 in message reminder group. The PI and GI scores were increased neither in control group nor in message reminder group during T0 and T1, significantly. The PI and GI scores in message reminder group were significantly lower than those in the control group at T2 (PI: P=0.003, GI: P=0.001) and T3 (PI: P=0.044, GI: P=0.012). However, slight significant increasing in the PI and GI score were found during T2 and T3 during in message reminder group. Caries index showed no significant difference between two group during study.Conclusion: It seems that message reminders can efficiently promote oral hygiene of patients undergoing removable orthodontic treatment. Although, this promotion wasn’t progressive.
Group Testing Can Improve the Cost-Efficiency of Prospective-Retrospective Biomarker Studies
Authors: Zhang Wei , Zhang Zhiwei , Krushkal Julia , Liu Aiyi 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: Cancer treatment is increasingly dependent on biomarkers for prognostication and treatment selection. Potential biomarkers are frequently evaluated in prospective-retrospective studies in which biomarkers are measured retrospectively on archived specimens after completion of prospective clinical trials. In light of the high costs of some assays, random sampling designs have been proposed that measure biomarkers for a random sub-sample of subjects selected on the basis of observed outcome and possibly other variables. Compared with a standard design that measures biomarkers on all subjects, a random sampling design can be cost-efficient in the sense of reducing the cost of the study substantially while achieving a reasonable level of precision.Methods: For a biomarker that indicates the presence of some molecular alteration (e.g., mutation in a gene), we explore the use of a group testing strategy, which involves physically pooling specimens across subjects and assaying pooled samples for the presence of the molecular alteration of interest, for further improvement in cost-efficiency beyond random sampling. We propose simple and general approaches to estimating the prognostic and predictive values of biomarkers with group testing, and conduct simulation studies to validate the proposed estimation procedures and to assess the cost-efficiency of the group testing design in comparison to the standard and random sampling designs.Results: Simulation results show that the proposed estimation procedures perform well in realistic settings and that a group testing design can have considerably higher cost-efficiency than a random sampling design. Conclusions: Group testing can be used to improve the cost-efficiency of biomarker studies.
Post-trial Perceptions of a Symptom-based TB Screening Intervention in South Africa: Implementation Insights and Future Directions for TB Preventative Healthcare Services
Authors: Salazar-Austin Nicole , Milovanovic Minja , West Nora S , Tladi Molefi , Barnes Grace Link , Variava Ebrahim , Martinson Neil , Chaisson Richard E , Kerrigan Deanna 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: Tuberculosis is a top-10 cause of under-5 mortality, despite policies promoting tuberculosis preventive therapy (TPT). We previously conducted a cluster randomized trial to evaluate the effectiveness of symptom-based versus tuberculin skin-based screening on child TPT uptake. Symptom-based screening did not improve TPT uptake and nearly two-thirds of child contacts were not identified or not linked to care. Here we qualitatively explored healthcare provider perceptions of factors that impacted TPT uptake among child contacts.Methods: Sixteen in-depth interviews were conducted with key informants including healthcare providers and administrators who participated in the trial in Matlosana, South Africa. The participants’ experience with symptom-based screening, study implementation strategies, and ongoing challenges with child contact identification and linkage to care were explored. Interviews were systematically coded and thematic content analysis was conducted. Results: Participants’ had mixed opinions about symptom-based screening and high acceptability of the study implementation strategies. A key barrier to optimizing child contact screening and evaluation was the supervision and training of community health workers. Conclusions: Symptom screening is a simple and effective strategy to evaluate child contacts, but additional pediatric training is needed to provide comfort with decision making. New clinic-based child contact files were highly valued by providers who continued to use them after trial completion. Future interventions to improve child contact management will need to address how to best utilize community health workers in identifying and linking child contacts to care. Trial Registration: The results presented here were from research related to NCT03074799, retrospectively registered on 9 March 2017.
Comparison of length and dynamics of wood pieces in streams covered with coniferous and broadleaf forests mapped using orthophotos acquired by an unmanned aerial vehicle
Authors: Tsunetaka Haruka , Mtibaa Slim , Asano Shiho , Okamoto Takashi , Kurokawa Ushio 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
As wood pieces supplied by landslides and debris flows are one of the main components of ecological and geomorphic systems, the importance of quantifying the dimensions of the wood pieces is evident. However, the low accessibility of disturbed channels after landslides and debris flows generally impedes accurate and quick wood-piece investigations. Recent advances in photogrammetry techniques may overcome such issues. In this study, we used orthophotos acquired using a small unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to measure the lengths of wood pieces (> 0.2-m long and > 0.03-m diameter) entrapped mainly by check-dams. We focused on channels that are located in coniferous and broadleaf forests and affected by two different landslide events. The measurement accuracy was analyzed by comparing the lengths derived from the UAV method with direct measurements. When the both ends of a wood piece are satisfactorily extracted from an orthophoto acquired via the UAV, the wood-piece lengths of coniferous trees can be measured with an accuracy of approximately ±0.5 m. For broadleaf trees, most of the extracted lengths were shorter than the directly measured lengths, probably due to the low visibility arising from the complex structures of the root wad and tree crown. Most wood pieces were discharged from landslide scars in the broadleaf forest, whereas approximately 750 wood pieces were left in the landslide scars of the coniferous forest. The number of wood pieces in the landslide scars increased with the increase in the landslide area, suggesting that some wood pieces can be left even if large landslides occur. There were no significant changes in the lengths or locations of the entrapped wood pieces, at either site seven months after the first UAV flight. In the coniferous forests, the rainfall that triggered landslides in 2017 exceeded the 100-year return level, which was an abnormally intense rainfall. Although the 2019 rainfall event that occurred between UAV flights did not provide enough rainfall to trigger landslides, rainfall intensities with different durations reached the second-highest value from 1976 to 2019, exceeding the 30-year return period. This suggests that most of the entrapped wood pieces rarely migrate even under extreme rainfall.
Ways to prevent acute viral infection and its bacterial complications
Authors: Lavrenova G. V. , Zaynchukovskiy M. S. , Zhamakochyan K. T. , Malysheva M. I. 
Published: January 2021

Viruses of the ARVI group that are tropic to the epithelium of the upper respiratory tract are able to inhibit the function of the mucociliary system to a certain extent, which contributes to the attachment of bacterial infection. Thus, in respiratory inflammatory diseases, the infection is often combined. This means, that the question about approaches to treatment at the stage of prevention of the development of complications of ARVI arises. A significant increase in the relapse of chronic sinusitis has been observed over the past 10 years. According to A.I. Kryukov et al. the relapse of inflammatory diseases of the paranasal sinuses, the chronic process has no tendency to decrease, aided by the unfavorable ecological situation, the growth of allergic and viral respiratory diseases, poor nutrition to which the body is not evolutionarily adapted. Worsening of chronic sinusitis contributes to many factors, but the starting point is almost always viral infections. Relapse, as a rule, begins with viral rhinitis, which is rarely an independent disease. Most often, a runny nose is a symptom of ARVI or ARI (influenza, parainfluenza, adenovirus infection, etc.). The entrance gate of infection is the epithelial cells of the respiratory tract. The main pathological process in sensitive cells develops both as a result of the penetration of the virus from the outside, and due to the activation of latent or chronic viral infection under the influence of various factors, including other infection.The appointment of drugs with anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, adaptogenic activity is one of the promising options for the prevention of both primary viral infection and the development of bacterial complications.We have included a drug that combines adaptogenic and immunomodulatory activities in the treatment of chronic sinusitis. Trekrezan belongs to the group of adaptogens – low-toxic compounds, it is recommended as a measure for the treatment and prevention of viral infections and increasing resistance to various stress factors (hypoxia, hypothermia) and adverse environmental effects.
Type 2 diabetes: evidence-based medicine approach to glucose-lowering therapy
Authors: Biryukova E. V. , Morozova I. A. , Rodionova S. V. 
Published: January 2021

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a serious medical and social problem. The danger of the disease is associated with epidemic growth rates and chronic complications, leading to early disability, decreased quality of life and mortality. The prevention of diabetes complications is based on the optimal glucose-lowering therapy with the achievement of target metabolic parameters from the date the diagnosis of T2DM was established and throughout the patient’s life. The complex pathogenetic mechanisms of T2DM are the underlying rationale for drug therapy with a simultaneous effect on various disorders, which will provide a greater hypoglycemic potential and maintain effective glycemic control as T2DM progresses. The main reasons for poor disease control include clinical inertia, untimely intensification of drug therapy, and the use of treatment regimens that are insufficiently effective given the progressive course of the disease. The therapy for T2DM is based on clinical guidelines. The pathogenetic therapy options associated with the use of vildagliptin and metformin are considered. Much attention in modern diabetology is paid to the study of the influence of various therapeutic approaches on the disease progression rates from the perspective of improving prognosis and long-term maintenance of target glycemic control. The advantages of combined glucose-lowering therapy at the onset of T2DM are considered in comparison with the stepwise intensification of glucose-lowering therapy. The VERIFY study examined the long-term efficacy and safety of two treatment approaches: early vildagliptin and metformin combination therapy versus the traditional stepwise approach starting with metformin as initial therapy. The combined glucose-lowering therapy is an important direction in the treatment of patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes.
Assessment of systemic inflammatory reactions and coagulopathy against the background of hormonal therapy in covid-associated lung damage
Authors: Salukhov V. V. , Gulyaev N. I. , Dorokhina E. V. 
Published: January 2021

The mechanisms of COVID-19-associated coagulopathy (CAC) are complex and differ in many ways from the standard mechanisms of thrombosis in critically ill patients. This review presents the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and comparison of various types of coagulopathy with SAS. During COVID-19 infection, the number of sudden deaths outside the hospital increased. One possible reason is the high incidence of serious thrombotic events in patients with COVID-19. However, the pathogenesis of these life-threatening events is multifactorial and requires independent discussion.Deviations in laboratory studies of the hemostatic system in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 with a severe course indicate the activation of the blood coagulation system corresponding to sepsis-induced coagulopathy (SIC) or DIC. However, hemostasis disorders in COVID-19 have characteristics that distinguish them from DIC in sepsis.The clinical and laboratory features of CAC overlap with hemophagocytic syndrome, antiphospholipid syndrome, and thrombotic microangiopathy. The review presents data on their similarities and differences.Inadequate diagnosis or inadequate treatment of hypercoagulability may explain the high incidence of unexplained deaths from COVID-19. They can be associated with potentially preventable microvascular and macrovascular thrombosis and subsequent cardiovascular complications, including myocardial injury and infarction, as well as insufficient information content of biomarkers for their assessment.Research to identify the most informative biomarkers for decision-making to intensify anticoagulant prophylaxis in patients with severe COVID-19 is progressing rapidly, with increasing focus on TEG and ROTEM.The review presents changes in CAC during hormone therapy for COVID-19-associated lung damage. Pulse therapy with high doses of GCS has a rapid anti-inflammatory effect, but at the same time increases the level of D-dimer, which increases the risk of venous thrombosis and thromboembolism.
Effects of the inclusion of alfacalcidol in complex rehabilitation programs for patients with age-related facial ptosis
Authors: Gromova O. A. , Torshin I. Yu. , Gilels A. V. , Tomilova I. K. 
Published: January 2021

Introduction. The sufficiency of vitamin D is important for slowing down the aging of the skin, maintaining its hydration, elasticity and the ability to regenerate. Biologically active forms of vitamin D (including alfacalcidol) promote the activation of genes whose function is directly related to the maintenance of the structure of the skin, subcutaneous tissue, fascia and muscle fibers.The aim of the work was to assess the prospects for the inclusion of alfacalcidol (“Alpha D3”, 0.25 μg, 1 caps/day) in the rehabilitation programs of patients with age-related ptosis of the face (n = 40, age 47 ± 5 years).Materials and methods. 4 groups of patients with age-related facial ptosis (n = 40, average age 47 ± 5 years) were observed for 60 days; measurements were made before and after clinical trials. Group 1A (first treatment, n = 12) received the daily dose of Alpha D3, 0.25 mg, in the morning, for 60 days, during this period the patients received 4 cosmetic procedures (2 plastic face massages and 2 stimulation current therapies). Group 1B (first control, n = 8) received only 4 cosmetic procedures over 60 days (2 plastic face massages and 2 stimulation current therapies). Group 2A (second treatment, n = 12) received the daily dose of ALFA D3, 0.25 mg, for 60 days, during this period the patients received 4 DMAE (diethylaminoethanol) mesotherapy procedures. Group 2B (second control, n = 8) only received 4 DMAE (diethylaminoethanol) mesotherapy procedures.Results. Alfacalcidol intake significantly increased the concentrations of 25 (OH) D (from 17 ± 5 ng/ml to 27 ± 8 ng/ml, P = 0.001) and calcium (from 86 ± 10 mg/L to 96 ± 6 mg/L, P = 0.01) in serum. The positive dynamics of the concentrations of 25 (OH) D and calcium when taking alfacalcidol corresponded to an increase in the total bone mineral density (+ 0.03 ± 0.03 g/cm3, control: + 0.006 ± 0.03, P = 0.016) and T-criterion (+0.4 ± 0.5, control: -0.07 ± 0.2, P = 0.0002), which indicates compensation for vitamin D deficiency and an improvement in bone metabolism. An increase in the levels of 25 (OH) D and calcium when taking alfacalcidol was accompanied by a positive trend in skin condition according to bioimpedance measurements. Taking the drug significantly increased the moisture content of the facial skin (from 17 ± 14 points to 29 ± 14 points, P = 0.055, without changes in the control) and increased the amplitude of the muscle motor response to the stimulus (+ 0.24 ± 0.22, P < 0.02).Conclusions. Within the framework of a randomized design, it was shown that the addition of massage, microcurrent therapy, mesotherapy with alfacalcidol led to a significant increase in serum 25 (OH) D levels, an increase in skin elasticity and hydration, a decrease in visceral fat according to bioimpedance measurements, and an improvement in indicators of muscle contractility and neuromuscular signal transmission according to electromyography data and an increase in bone mineral density.
Biliary slage as a stage of gallstone disease: the successes and difficulties of treatment
Authors: Minushkin O. N. , Topchiy T. B. , Burdina E. G. , Novozhenova E. V. , Tugova Yu. E. 
Published: January 2021

Introduction. The high prevalence rates of biliary sludge and its frequent development into the stone stage of cholelithiasis constitute grounds for studying this issue, as the effective action on biliary sludge can prevent overall disease progression.Purpose of the study. To determine the options for diagnosis of biliary sludge in the polyclinic settings. Objectives: 1) Estimate the frequency of diagnosis of biliary sludge. 2) Assess the features and dependence of treatment on the type of biliary sludge. 3) Assess the outcome of treatment depending on the follow-up managing of patients. 4) Propose an algorithm for managing patients after biliary sludge has been diagnosed.Materials and methods. In the work used data of the clinics of the President of the Russian Federation. The total number of people surveyed for 1 year was 1.117. These patients underwent an ultrasound examination (dispensation) and 218 were fitted with biliary sludge (BS), which was 19.4%. Of the 70 patients with BS, 4 groups were formed: 1st group (20 patients) with BS type, 2nd (20 patients) – with BS type, 3rd (20 patients) – with BS type, 4th (10 patients) – with BS-type (BSS) type.All patients received Exchhol therapy at the rate of 15 mg/kg of weight; patients with a pronounced spastic component in the sphincter system – myotropic spasmolytic Sparex (20 mg x 2 times a day); patients of the 4th group (with a near-located sediment indicating the presence of inflammation) – Adisord (derived nitrofuran) 200 mg x 4 times a day (5 days).Results. The type of precipitation was cupped in 4 weeks of treatment; Type – for 8–12 weeks of treatment, type V – for 13–14 weeks.Conclusions. The presented data allow us to hope that early diagnosis of biliary sludge and the factors of its development will help start timely treatment and prevention of the disease.