bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimates of Species Richness and Population Size Based on Signs, Products, and Effects
Authors: Henderson Peter A. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Comparative surveys of species richness for some animal groups can be undertaken by surveying signs or products such as footprints, faeces, nests, burrows, or cast skins. Measures of the size of populations based on the magnitude of their products or effects are often referred to as population indices. Methods based on the collection of insect exuviae and frass are described and their efficiency discussed. Vertebrate monitoring based on a variety of signs is described. Methods that use plant damage criteria to assess insect herbivore abundance are presented. Methods to determine the relationship between plant damage and insect abundance are described.
Wildlife Population Estimates by Census and Distance Measuring Techniques
Authors: Henderson Peter A. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Methodologies based on counting the number of sightings to estimate are described. These techniques are particularly useful for large or easily seen animals such as birds, large grassland mammals, whales, crocodilians, and large, active insects such as butterflies. Point and line survey methods are described. Distance sampling methods, including Fourier series estimators, are presented, and R code listings to undertake the computations presented. Plotless density estimators are described based on nearest-neighbour, and closest-individual measurements are described.
Age-Grouping, Time-Specific Life-Tables, and Predictive Population Models
Authors: Henderson Peter A. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes techniques to create life-tables for animals whose generations overlap widely. Age-grouping is a prerequisite for these methods, which have been most widely applied to vertebrate populations. Age cannot be inferred from the developmental stage without reference to the environment. The speed of development may be temperature-dependent or influenced by factors such as oxygen and food availability. The methods for ageing animal groups, including invertebrates, fish, reptiles, amphibians, birds, and mammals, are reviewed. Time-specific life-tables, population modelling, and Leslie matrices are described. R code to analyze Leslie matrix dynamics is presented.
Estimation of Productivity and the Construction of Energy Budgets
Authors: Henderson Peter A. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Methods to assess the size of a population and the interactions between populations in terms of biomass (weight of living material) or energy content are described. Biomass can be expressed as wet weight, dry weight (DW), shell-free dry weight (SFDW), ash-free dry weight, or as the amount of organic carbon present. The energy content of a material may be determined directly by oxidation, either by potassium dichromate in sulphuric acid, or by burning in oxygen and determining the amount of heat liberated. The latter method—bomb calorimetry—is most convenient and is widely used in ecology, but it involves drying the material, and volatile substances can be lost. Methods to estimate standing-crop, energy density, feeding and assimilation, and production are reviewed. Energy budgets can usefully be summarized and compared if the efficiencies of various processes are calculated. Dynamic energy budget models are introduced.
Studies at Large Spatial Scales, Citizen Science, and the Classification of Habitats
Authors: Henderson Peter A. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Technological advances over the past forty years have greatly increased the opportunities for the study of population and community processes over large spatial distances and to follow changes in large populations. A number of important developments, such as remote sensing, has made this possible. Remote sensing is the measurement of reflected, emitted, or backscattered electromagnetic radiation from the Earth’s surface by using instruments placed at a distance, most often on a satellite, although aircraft are frequently used. Methods to study populations over large spatial scales are introduced. The use of satellites and remote sensing using piloted aircraft and drones and distributed networks of sensors such as camera traps is described. The creation of biodiversity record systems and the development of citizen science with the internet are described. The perception of the change in species richness with spatial scale is discussed. The concept of ecosystem services is introduced. A general system for habitat classification is presented.
Enquiry and Normative Deviance
Authors: Ferrari Filippo , Moruzzi Sebastiano 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
It is argued that science denialism brings about an aberrant form of enquiry that deviates in significant ways from the epistemic norms governing scientific enquiry. Science denialism doesn’t involve just a rejection of a scientific theory; it also challenges the practice of continuously and impartially testing research methods, theories, and evidential sources with the aim of improving the accuracy of our theories. This chapter provides an in-depth analysis of the epistemic mechanisms at work. It develops a fine-grained framework to model a variety of normative deviances that may take place in enquiry. Through analysing two case studies, it is argued that fake news plays two pivotal roles in shaping epistemic norms operating within science denialism. First, it discredits a variety of (institutional) sources of evidence; second, it also plays a part in building the alternative explanation of the target phenomena.
Is Fake News Old News?
Authors: Novaes Catarina Dutilh , de Ridder Jeroen 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Do we live in a post-truth era where fake news and alternative facts run rampant? This suggestion has become a staple of recent non-fiction writing. Others disagree and suggest that contemporary fake news is really nothing new. This chapter examines what, if anything, is novel about contemporary fake news. After clarifying the meaning of fake news for the present purposes, the chapter presents three models of manipulation of public opinion and argues that they are recognizable throughout history. Next, the chapter looks at various features of contemporary fake news that could account for its novelty. Based on a survey of historical and empirical evidence, it is proposed that the novelty of contemporary fake news primarily lies in how the Internet and social media have changed the ways in which (fake) news can be distributed and consumed
Historical overview
Authors: Pescarini Diego 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe chapter overviews the evolution from Latin pronouns to present-day object clitics. The discussion of Latin focuses on the relationship between pronominal syntax and three main factors: information packaging, verb movement, and the licensing of null objects. Then the chapter examines the earliest Romance documents (eighth–ninth century) and elaborates on the distinction between archaic and innovative early Romance languages. The former allowed interpolation, i.e. the presence of material between proclitics and the verb, while the latter exhibited adverbal clitics, which are always attached to a verbal host. The loss of enclisis/proclisis alternations in finite clauses (Tobler-Mussafia effects) marks the transition towards modern systems. Further variation across modern vernaculars results from clitic climbing, which is often lost in restructuring contexts and, to a lesser extent, in compound and simple tenses. Lastly, the chapter overviews several systematic changes affecting the order of sequences formed by two or more object clitics.
The rise ofadverbalclitics
Authors: Pescarini Diego 
Published: May 2021

AbstractLatin differs Romance in two main respects: first, it did not display a double series of pronouns of the kind we observe from the earliest Romance attestations (in the eighth–ninth century); second, in Latin pronouns were not incorporated into the verb, although they were frequently close to the verb when the latter was displaced in the left periphery of the clause. The emergence of a double series of pronouns resulted from the reanalysis of Wackernagel pronouns into prosodically deficient elements. Being stress-less, inherently topical pronouns began to undergo linguistic changes affecting unstressed vowels, which eventually led to the incorporation of unstressed pronominal forms into verbs. The chapter elaborates on the modelling of incorporation and wonders about the historical relationship between the rise of incorporation and the loss of scrambling (and interpolation).
Theodore Roosevelt
Authors: Wetzel Benjamin J. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Theodore Roosevelt is well-known as a rancher, hunter, naturalist, soldier, historian, explorer, and statesman. His visage is etched on Mount Rushmore—alongside those of George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Abraham Lincoln—as a symbol of his vast and consequential legacy. While Roosevelt’s storied life has been written about from many angles, no modern book probes deeply into his engagement with religious beliefs, practices, and controversies despite his lifelong church attendance and commentary on religious issues. Theodore Roosevelt: Preaching from the Bully Pulpit traces Roosevelt’s personal religious odyssey from youthful faith and pious devotion to a sincere but more detached adult faith. It also shows the president as a champion of the separation of church and state, a defender of religious ecumenism, and a “preacher” who used his “bully pulpit” to preach morality using the language of the King James Bible. Contextualizing Roosevelt in the American religious world of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the book shows how religious groups interpreted the famous Rough Rider and how he catered to, rebuked, and interacted with various religious constituencies. Based in large part on personal correspondence and unpublished archival materials, this book offers a new interpretation of an extremely significant historical figure.
Preacher of Righteousness, 1886‒1901
Authors: Wetzel Benjamin J. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
From 1886 to 1901, Roosevelt became a historian, civil service commissioner, police commissioner, assistant secretary of the Navy, war hero, and vice-president. He was also forced to deal with his brother Elliott’s alcoholism, infidelity, and untimely death. In all these experiences Roosevelt sought to promote what he regarded as “righteousness.” His histories provided analysis of religious controversies while his work in the Civil Service Commission and police department illustrated his commitment to moral reform. His actions in the Spanish-American War won him a popularity that helped make him New York governor in 1898. Reluctantly, he agreed to run for vice-president in 1900. While Roosevelt did not recover much personal piety in these years, he gained a reputation as a moralistic preacher of righteousness.
Violence and Risk in Medieval Iceland
Authors: Falk Oren 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This interdisciplinary study of violence in medieval Iceland pursues three intertwined goals. First, it proposes a new cultural history model for understanding violence. The model has three axes: power, signification, and risk. Analysis in instrumental terms, as an attempt to coerce others, focuses on power. Analysis in symbolic terms, as an attempt to manipulate meanings, focuses on signification. Analysis in cognitive terms, as an attempt to exercise agency over imperfectly controlled circumstances, focuses on risk. The axis of risk is the model’s major innovation and is laid out in detail, using insights from prospect theory, edgework, and the calculus of jeopardy. It is shown that violence, which itself generates risks, at the same time also serves to control uncertainties. Second, the book tests this model on a series of case studies from the history of medieval Iceland. It examines how violence shapes present circumstances, future status, and past memories, and how it transforms uncertain reality into socially useful narrative, showing how Icelanders’ feud paradigm blocked the prospects of warfare and state formation, while their idiom of human violence domesticated the natural environment. Third, the book develops the concept of uchronia, the hegemonic ideology of the past, to explain how texts modulate history. Uchronia is a motivated cultural memory which vouches for historical authenticity (regardless of factual reliability), maintains textual autonomy from authorial intent, and secures a fit between present society and its own past. In medieval Iceland, as often elsewhere, violence played a key role in the making of uchronia
Clothing and Queer Style in Early Modern English Drama
Authors: Bromley James M. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This book examines ‘queer style’ or forms of masculinity grounded in superficiality, inauthenticity, affectation, and the display of the extravagantly clothed body in early modern English city comedies. Queer style destabilizes distinctions between able-bodied and disabled, human and nonhuman, and the past and the present—distinctions that have structured normative ways of thinking about sexuality. Glimpsing the worldmaking potential of queer style, plays by Ben Jonson, George Chapman, Thomas Middleton, and Thomas Dekker imagine alternatives to the prevailing modes of subjectivity, sociability, and eroticism in early modern London. While the characters associated with queer style are situated in a hostile generic and historical context, this book draws on recent work on disability, materiality, and queer temporality to rethink their relationship to those contexts so as to access the utopian possibilities of early modern queer style. These theoretical frameworks also help bring into relief how the attachments and pleasures of early modern sartorial extravagance can estrange us from the epistemologies of sexuality that narrow current thinking about sexuality and its relationship to authenticity, pedagogy, interiority, and privacy.
Introduction
Authors: Bromley James M. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter outlines how sartorial extravagance might be thought of as a kind of queer worldmaking in early modern city comedy. It offers an overview of the book’s application of disability theory and new materialism to the forms of superficial embodiment and queer eroticism that extravagant clothing facilitated on the early modern stage. It argues that more flexible historical methodologies based on queer theories of temporality can move the field of early modern studies beyond the false choice between historicism and presentism. It situates the book in current scholarship on the early modern period and queer theory and previews the remaining chapters of the book.
Ben Jonson’s Imitation Games
Authors: Bromley James M. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers why sartorial affectation holds exemplary status as a “humor” to be purged through humiliating exposure in humors comedies. This exemplarity carries over to city comedy’s depiction of masculinity when Ben Jonson creates a bridge between the genres in his Every Man in His Humour. The play has been traditionally understood as drawing on humoral theory to reaffirm class hierarchies and align masculinity with competitive individualism. However, this chapter demonstrates that when this play is situated in relation to other humors comedies by George Chapman as well as Jonson’s other non-dramatic writings, the distinction between the authentic masculinity of the city gallant, true poet, and trickster servant and its inauthentic imitation in the gull, plagiarist, and braggart soldier falls apart. The chapter draws on the overlap of accounts of nonnormative embodiment within disability and queer theory to help reveal that Jonson’s play encourages a broader range of acceptable variations in masculine embodiment than modern post-Cartesian forms of selfhood permit. These nonstandard forms of embodiment, in turn, are the basis for attachments between men and attachments to the objects of material culture, especially clothing.
Johannes Hass (c.1476–1544)
Authors: Christ Martin 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The councillor and chronicler Johannes Hass (c.1476–1544) illustrates how a Catholic perceived early Reformation changes. Hass was not the last proponent of a traditional kind of Catholicism in Görlitz. He incorporated minor elements of Lutheranism into his religiosity while at the same time considering himself to be a Catholic. This chapter explores the early Reformation years as a time of confessional uncertainties: Lutheranism had no clear shape and Catholics had not formulated a unified response to Lutheran challenges. Hass changed his religious outlook: before the Reformation, he wrote about a visible and active God, but with the Reformation, he changed the nature of divine intervention and turned God into a more watchful and passive deity with the Devil taking on a more prominent role. These patterns of change can be linked to the introduction of Lutheranism in Görlitz. Individuals sought to position themselves in a changing world, and Hass was one of them.
Sigismund Suevus (1526–1596)
Authors: Christ Martin 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The sixth chapter focuses on the continual presence of Catholics and the shared use of formerly Catholic spaces. Sigismund Suevus (1526–1596), a Lutheran preacher from Lauban, engaged in a conflict with the nuns of the Order of Mary Magdalen in Lauban. As town preacher, he denounced the conversion of one of Lauban’s mayors to Catholicism, but he continued to share a church with the nuns and any remaining Catholics. These shared spaces challenge our understanding of confessional markers, as Lutherans continued to have side altars or images of saints in their part of the church. Moreover, the nuns were linked to the Lutheran preachers through daily interactions. Although Suevus rejected Catholicism in his sermons, he also reinterpreted Catholic space in Reformation terms, especially the Holy Sepulchre in Görlitz, a reproduction of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. He advocated a spiritual pilgrimage to this space and used objects connected to travel as allegories of Lutheranism.
Martin Moller (1547–1606)
Authors: Christ Martin 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The seventh chapter shows that toleration and syncretism in Upper Lusatia had limits. The treatment of individuals accused of Calvinism shows that toleration was connected to broader political and religious circumstances. Martin Moller (1547–1606), accused of ‘crypto-Calvinism’ in the 1590s, illustrates how even important clerics could be caught in accusations and face serious problems. But while individuals in other Lusatian towns lost their post because of these accusations, Moller kept his because councillors and school rectors sided with him. Other groups were never tolerated fully, including Anabaptists, followers of the ‘mystic’ Jakob Böhme, and a group of Schwenckfelders in Görlitz. Peaceful coexistence between Lutherans and Catholics therefore never meant toleration of all religious groups in Upper Lusatia.
Friedrich Fischer (1558–1623)
Authors: Christ Martin 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Chapter 8 centres on the Bautzen preacher Friedrich Fischer (1558–1623) and shows how the changing political and religious landscape of the early seventeenth century led to a repositioning of Lutheranism. A particularly valuable case study, Fischer demonstrates how Lutherans and Catholics constantly influenced each other, and how the complex mix of power resulted in negotiations with a wide range of actors: town councils, Lutheran preachers, Catholic deans, other clerics, representatives of the king of Bohemia, and sometimes even the king himself. The situation in these towns was never stagnant and councillors and clerics negotiated agreements throughout the sixteenth century. Fischer’s sermons show that this kind of continual compromise found its way into what was preached in Lusatia. Depending on the purpose and the audience, individuals like Fischer could criticize Calvinism or Catholicism, change their religious outlook, and leave out elements associated with Lutheranism, while at other times polemicizing against Catholics.
Survival of the Unfittest on the Eastern Front
Authors: Paris Václav 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In 1911, F. T. Marinetti imagined war as “the only hygiene of the world.” Such social Darwinist visions are contested by modernism’s antimilitarist fictions. Focusing on Jaroslav Hašek’s The Good Soldier Švejk (1921–23), this chapter explores the dynamics of this contestation and its ramifications for understanding modernist epic. The eponymous protagonist of Hašek’s fiction, Švejk, is not a standard hero. Rather, he is imbecilic, alcoholic, lazy, rheumatic, “degenerate,” mongrel-like, and speaks an “impure” colloquial version of the national language. His only positive feature is how, ironically because of his stupidity, Švejk always manages to escape a terrible destiny, delaying his arrival at the Eastern Front. As this chapter describes, the story is a moral of survival of the unfittest, dramatizing how the underdog can succeed in a violent world and how the Czechs emerged from under the Austrian empire. Analyzing this alter-Darwinian nation-building, the chapter places Hašek’s work into relation with the larger genre of modernist epic. It shows that although Hašek was not invested in any modernist movement, and did not read Joyce or Stein, his text was nevertheless shaped in relation to the same underlying historical forces. It reveals, consequently, an encompassing narrative of evolutionary thought that different national modernisms can be coordinated against, which also crosses the cultural divide between high and low.
Preliminaries
Authors: Boules Adel N. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In addition to giving a very brief reminder of set notation and basic set operations, this chapter provides a brief refresher on basic mathematical concepts. The natural, rational and real number systems are taken for granted. However, it does develop at length the Cauchy criterion and its equivalence to the completeness of the real line, and the Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem, as well as the complex number field, including its completeness. Embryonic manifestations of completeness and compactness can be seen in this chapter. Examples include the nested interval theorem and the uniform continuity of continuous functions on compact intervals, and the proof of the Heine-Borel theorem in chapter 4 is squarely based on the Bolzano-Weierstrass property of bounded sets.
Set Theory
Authors: Boules Adel N. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The chapter is a concise, practical presentation of the basics of set theory. The topics include set equivalence, countability, partially ordered, linearly ordered, and well-ordered sets, the axiom of choice, and Zorn’s lemma, as well as cardinal numbers and cardinal arithmetic. The first two sections are essential for a proper understanding of the rest of the book. In particular, a thorough understanding of countability and Zorn’s lemma are indispensable. Parts of the section on cardinal numbers may be included, but only an intuitive understanding of cardinal numbers is sufficient to follow such topics as the discussion on the existence of a vector space of arbitrary (infinite) dimension, and the existence of inseparable Hilbert spaces. Cardinal arithmetic can be omitted since its applications later in the book are limited. Ordinal numbers have been carefully avoided.