bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tourism policy and environmental impacts in Musina municipality: lessons from a case study of failure
Authors: Ramaano Azwindini Isaac 
Published: March 2021

Purpose
Musina municipality is one of the driest regions in Limpopo Province, South Africa. It is, like many rural communities within the country, a low-income area. Nonetheless, being embedded within the tourism-orientated landscape of the Vhembe district in Limpopo, it possesses the potential for community-based tourism. This study aims to review the perception and application of tourism development policy in the Municipality using primary and secondary data. The study discovered poor enforcement of tourism development policy paired with a substandard knowledge of sustainable and responsible tourism principles. Consequently, the negative environmental impacts of tourism activities had exacerbated. The study recommends a need for improved policy implementation and strategies to advance local communities’ livelihoods while also managing natural resources.
Coping with the worst of both worlds: Phenotypic adjustments for cold acclimatization benefit northward migration and arrival in the cold in an Arctic‐breeding songbird
Authors: Le Pogam Audrey , O'Connor Ryan S. , Love Oliver P. , Petit Magali , Régimbald Lyette , Vézina François 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Cold acclimatization (phenotypic adjustments to cope with cold conditions) is an imperative requirement for birds living at high latitudes during the cold depths of winter. Despite the significant remodelling of key phenotypic traits and energetic costs associated with elevating cold endurance, winter cold acclimatization can also provide further carryover benefits to subsequent stages in species wintering, migrating and breeding in cold environments (e.g. the Arctic).

We tested this beneficial carryover hypothesis using outdoor captive Arctic‐breeding snow buntings Plectrophenax nivalis, a cold specialist known for its impressive wintering thermogenic capabilities. We compared changes in phenotypic traits supporting cold acclimatization—body composition (body, fat, lean mass, pectoral muscle thickness), oxygen carrying capacity (haematocrit), thermogenic capacity and endurance (Msum, time to Msum), cold tolerance (Ta at Msum) and maintenance energy expenditure (BMR)—between the wintering, migratory and arrival/summer stages.

Body mass (+31%), fat mass (+226%) and BMR (+13%) increased relative to the winter phenotype, likely to support the added costs of migration—that is the migratory upregulation hypothesis. In contrast, lean mass, pectoral muscle thickness, haematocrit and thermogenic capacity remained high and stable at winter level across stages in support of the thermal carryover hypothesis. The maintenance of these traits likely offers spare capacity for unpredictable cold environments expected during migration and breeding in the Arctic.

Our results thus suggest that birds can extend the long‐term advantages of winter phenotypic adjustments through additional benefits to thermogenic capacity during subsequent life‐history stages. These benefits likely make it possible for Arctic‐breeding birds to maximize success across diverse life‐history stages in the face of extreme cold conditions.
Piketty comes to South Africa
Authors: Díaz Pabón Fabio Andrés , Leibbrandt Murray , Ranchhod Vimal , Savage Michael 
Published: March 2021

AbstractOne of the most valuable features ofCapital and Ideologyis its concern to take history seriously and consider how the emergence of different political and economic regimes relate to discourses about fairness and justice across time. This paper pushes this agenda further by acknowledging that the experience of a few developed nations should not be taken as the template for the generalized study of inequality dynamics across time and space. In this paper, we interrogate Piketty's analysis and policy proposals against specificities that are central to understanding the production and reproduction of inequalities within South Africa. We reflect on the South African case, the structure of inequality and its changes since 1994. We review a battery of policy interventions that have been implemented to address inequality in the last 25 years. We emphasize that the long shadow cast by centuries of colonialism and various forms of apartheid strongly affirm Piketty's emphasis on understanding history. But this is both affirmation and critique given the foundational, imbedded impact that this specific legacy has had on post‐apartheid society and its policies. Piketty is aware that the levels of inequality in South Africa are so high that this is “unknown territory.” We map out some of this territory to reveal how these extreme initial wealth and racial inequities inform the reproduction of inequalities in all dimensions and undermine well intentioned policies. We claim that understanding extractive histories, imbedded wealth inequalities, and complex social and political institutions allows us to understand and confront some of the reasons why even in light of progressive policies, many of which are in line with the proposals from Piketty, government interventions have thus far failed to reduce inequality.
Log‐ratio analysis of microbiome data with many zeroes is library size dependent
Authors: te Beest Dennis E. , Nijhuis Els H. , Möhlmann Tim W. R. , ter Braak Cajo J. F. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMicrobiome composition data collected through amplicon sequencing are count data on taxa in which the total count per sample (the library size) is an artefact of the sequencing platform, and as a result, such data are compositional. To avoid library size dependency, one common way of analysing multivariate compositional data is to perform a principal component analysis (PCA) on data transformed with the centred log‐ratio, hereafter called a log‐ratio PCA. Two aspects typical of amplicon sequencing data are the large differences in library size and the large number of zeroes. In this study, we show on real data and by simulation that, applied to data that combine these two aspects, log‐ratio PCA is nevertheless heavily dependent on the library size. This leads to a reduction in power when testing against any explanatory variable in log‐ratio redundancy analysis. If there is additionally a correlation between the library size and the explanatory variable, then the type 1 error becomes inflated. We explore putative solutions to this problem.
What is our power to detect device effects in animal tracking studies?
Authors: Cleasby Ian R. , Morrissey Barbara J. , Bolton Mark , Owen Ellie , Wilson Linda , Wischnewski Saskia , Nakagawa Shinichi 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

The use of bio‐logging devices to track animal movement continues to grow as technological advances and device miniaturisation allow researchers to study animal behaviour in unprecedented detail. Balanced against the remarkable data that bio‐loggers can provide is a need to understand the impact of devices on animal behaviour and welfare.

Recent meta‐analyses have demonstrated the impacts of device attachment on animal behaviour, but there is a concern about the frequency and clarity with which device effects are reported. One aspect lacking in many studies is assessment of the statistical power of tests of device effects, yet such information would assist the interpretation of results. We address this issue by providing an overview of the statistical power, as well as the Type M (magnitude) and Type S (sign) error rate, of tests of device effects within the avian tracking literature across a range of assumed effect sizes.

The median power of statistical tests ranged from 9% to 65% across a range of assumed effect sizes corresponding to benchmark values for small, moderate and large effects (d = 0.2, 0.5, 0.8, respectively). Moreover, when using effect sizes derived from previous a meta‐analysis (d = 0.1), median power was only 6%. When assuming smaller effect sizes, statistical tests were characterised by high Type M and Type S error rates, suggesting that statistically significant results of device effects will tend to exaggerate the size of such effects and may estimate the sign of an effect in the wrong direction.

Well‐designed tracking studies will reduce device effects to low levels and consequently issues associated with low power will be commonplace. Nevertheless, assessment of device effects remains important, particularly when embarking on novel tracking studies. We recommend that statistical tests of device effects are reported clearly and are routinely accompanied by assessment of statistical power, including Type M and Type S errors, based upon realistic external estimates of effect size. Reporting the statistical power can help avoid the pitfalls of overstating results from individual studies, shift the emphasis to accurate reporting of effect sizes and guide decisions about the ethical impacts of device attachment.
Variations in mindfulness associated with the COVID‐19 outbreak: Differential effects on cognitive failures, intrusive thoughts and rumination
Authors: Lopez Antonella , Caffò Alessandro Oronzo , Tinella Luigi , Di Masi Manuela Nicoletta , Bosco Andrea 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe lockdown due to the coronavirus outbreak in 2019 (COVID‐19) has caused psychological distress and cognitive discomfort for emerging adults, who have experienced increased rumination, intrusive thoughts and cognitive failures. States of mindfulness and being in the moment can prevent anxiety and fear associated with the lockdown and alleviate ruminative and automatic negative thinking. This longitudinal study investigated the role of mindfulness before and during the COVID‐19 lockdown in protecting a sample of emerging adults from experiencing cognitive failures, intrusive thoughts and rumination and examined how lockdown‐related variables—emotions, socio‐economic status and housing conditions—influenced this mindfulness profile. The results showed overall more cognitive failures and rumination during lockdown, especially in participants whose mindfulness status diminished. However, these signs of cognitive distress remained stable or decreased among participants who reported improved changes in mindfulness. Financial difficulties and a reduced sense of privacy associated with the lockdown predicted lower stability in mindfulness profiles. The state of being fully aware of what is happening in the present moment may be helpful in reducing cognitive discomfort and psychological maladjustment, especially during stressful times such as lockdowns.
Elevation of propofol sensitivity of cardiac IKs channel by KCNE1 polymorphism D85N
Authors: Kojima Akiko , Mi Xinya , Fukushima Yutaka , Ding Wei‐Guang , Omatsu‐Kanbe Mariko , Matsuura Hiroshi 
Published: March 2021

Background and PurposeThe slowly activating delayed rectifier K+ channel (IKs), composed of pore‐forming KCNQ1 α‐subunits and ancillary KCNE1 β‐subunits, regulates ventricular repolarization in human heart. Propofol, at clinically used concentrations, modestly inhibits the intact (wild‐type) IKs channels and is therefore unlikely to appreciably prolong QT interval in ECG during anaesthesia. However, little information is available concerning the inhibitory effect of propofol on IKs channel associated with its gene variants implicated in QT prolongation. The KCNE1 single nucleotide polymorphism leading to D85N is associated with drug‐induced QT prolongation and therefore regarded as a clinically important genetic variant. This study examined whether KCNE1‐D85N affects the sensitivity of IKs to inhibition by propofol.Experimental ApproachWhole‐cell patch‐clamp and immunostaining experiments were conducted in HEK293 cells and/or mouse cardiomyocyte‐derived HL‐1 cells, transfected with wild‐type KCNQ1, wild‐type or variant KCNE1 cDNAs.Key ResultsPropofol inhibited KCNQ1/KCNE1‐D85N current more potently than KCNQ1/KCNE1 current in HEK293 cells and HL‐1 cells. Immunostaining experiments in HEK293 cells revealed that pretreatment with propofol (10 μM) did not appreciably affect cell membrane expression of KCNQ1 and KCNE1 proteins in KCNQ1/KCNE1 and KCNQ1/KCNE1‐D85N channels.Conclusion and ImplicationsThe KCNE1 polymorphism D85N significantly elevates the sensitivity of IKs to inhibition by propofol. This study detects a functionally important role of KCNE1‐D85N polymorphism in conferring genetic susceptibility to propofol‐induced QT prolongation and further suggests the possibility that the inhibitory action of anaesthetics on ionic currents becomes exaggerated in patients carrying variants in genes encoding ion channels.
Assessing the need of young people using online counselling services: how useful are standardised measures?
Authors: Mindel Charlotte , Oppong Crystal , Rothwell Emily , Sefi Aaron , Jacob Jenna 
Published: March 2021

BackgroundClinical assessments for children and young people entering a mental health service help to identify the prevalence of need within that population, support intervention recommendations, and enable service evaluation. Evidence related to the use of standardised measures in an ever‐expanding online environment, for the purpose of identifying need, is limited.MethodsThis study explores the reliability of using a standardised measure to detect clinical need in an online therapeutic environment, and the measures assessed are as follows: Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), Young Person’s CORE (YP‐CORE) and the Short Warwick and Edinburgh Wellbeing Scale (SWEMWBS). A deep‐dive approach is used to inform practitioner assessment of young people, followed by a Weighted Cohen’s Kappa (Κw) to measure the interrater reliability between this and the individuals’ self‐rated outcome. Composite case studies represent the complexities of presentation among the sample population.ResultsThe interrater reliability between self‐rated and practitioner rated assessment varied between Κw = .222 and Κw = 0.446 depending on the measure. High levels of need and low levels of well‐being were found among the sample (YP‐CORE Avg. = 26.9, SDQ Avg. = 19.56, SWEMWBS Avg. = 18.1).ConclusionsThe findings demonstrate a fair to moderate reliability when assessing concordance between service users and practitioners, which suggests standardised measures are a reliable indicator of need. Higher levels of need were present than those seen previously in general or face‐to‐face clinical populations, which suggests using such measures in an online therapeutic environment influences the way in which assessments are responded to.
Sleep duration, depressive symptoms, and digital self‐harm among adolescents
Authors: Semenza Daniel C. , Meldrum Ryan C. , Testa Alexander , Jackson Dylan B. 
Published: March 2021

BackgroundThis study examines the relationship between sleep duration, depression, and engagement in a novel cyber behavior, digital self‐harm, among adolescents.MethodLogistic regression analyses were conducted using cross‐sectional data from the 2019 Florida Youth Substance Abuse Survey (N = 9,819; 48% male; avg. grade level = 9th grade [SD = 1.9]) to analyze the association between sleep duration and digital self‐harm. A Karlson–Holm–Breen (KHB) analysis was used to assess whether depressive symptoms attenuate this association.ResultsBivariate results indicated that longer sleep duration was associated with lower incidence of digital self‐harm. Multivariate results showed that sleep duration was inversely associated with engaging in digital self‐harm, net of all covariates. Depressive symptoms attenuated the influence of sleep duration on digital self‐harm by 50.72%.ConclusionsBoth insufficient sleep and depressive symptoms were associated with engagement in digital self‐harm among adolescents. Prospective research is needed, however, to confirm this pathway. Practitioners and clinicians should consider discussing digital self‐harm with adolescents and parents, especially if adolescents are experiencing poor sleep and depressive symptoms.
The influence of insertion torque values on the failure and complication rates of dental implants: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Atieh Momen A. , Baqain Zaid H. , Tawse‐Smith Andrew , Ma Sunyoung , Almoselli Mohamed , Lin Lifeng , Alsabeeha Nabeel H. M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe influence of using different insertion torque values on clinical and radiographic outcomes of implant therapy is unclear in the current literature. The aim of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to evaluate the implant outcomes and complications rates using high insertion torque values compared with those using regular insertion torque value levels.MethodsRandomized controlled trials (RCTs), nonrandomized controlled clinical trials (NRCCTs), prospective and retrospective cohorts were searched for in electronic databases and complemented by hand searching relevant dental journals. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration's Risk of Bias tool for randomized and nonrandomized studies. Data were analyzed using a statistical software.ResultsA total of 718 studies were identified, of which, nine studies were included with 1229 dental implants in 684 participants. The meta‐analysis of RCTs showed that the overall implant failure rate was not notably in favor of any insertion torque value and the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant (risk ratio 0.85; 95% confidence interval 0.07–10.52; P = 0.90). None of the RCTs was registered. The secondary analyses of non‐RCTs did not either show any statistically significant difference. Overall meta‐analysis did not show any significant differences in peri‐implant marginal bone loss or biological/technical complications between high (≥50 Ncm) and regular insertion torque (<50 Ncm).ConclusionsThere is insufficient evidence to support the use of high or regular insertion torque even with immediate implant restoration/loading. The short‐term implant failure rates, changes in marginal bone level and complication rates were comparable when high or regular insertion torques were used for implant placement. The wide confidence interval indicated that results cannot be interpreted with clinically meaningful benefit for using either high or regular insertion torque.
The Canadian pork industry and COVID‐19: A year of resilience
Authors: McEwan Ken , Marchand Lynn , Shang Max Zongyuan 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWhile COVID‐19 had the potential to be extremely disruptive to the Canadian pork supply chain, the sector showed resiliency by adjusting to market changes to ensure industry continuation. Unlike other non‐agricultural firms that were mandated to close at times, the pork sector was deemed an essential service and allowed to continue operating throughout the pandemic. Evidence of this resiliency is seen in three main ways. First, market access to the United States was maintained for both live pigs and pork exports. Second, Canada not only maintained market share in global pork exports, but it also actually increased shipments because of strong demand from China caused by African swine fever. Third, the challenges of processing plant closures and labour shortages were overcome in a variety of ways including increasing interprovincial shipments and increasing live pig exports to the United States. Pork consumption on a per capita basis continued the historical downward trend, and it is expected that consumers will return to their normal consumption patterns (e.g., dining at restaurants) despite job losses. At the meat processing level, it is anticipated that there will be an acceleration in the process to automate.
The presence of benzophenone in sunscreens and cosmetics containing the organic UV filter octocrylene: A laboratory study
Authors: Foubert Kenn , Dendooven Ella , Theunis Mart , Naessens Tania , Ivanova Boryana , Pieters Luc , Gilissen Liesbeth , Huygens Sara , De Borggraeve Wim , Lambert Julien , Goossens An , Aerts Olivier 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe reason why patients photosensitized to the drug ketoprofen (KP) may develop severe photoallergic skin reactions to octocrylene (OCT), an organic ultraviolet filter in sunscreens and cosmetics, remains largely unknown. OCT can be synthesized by using unsubstituted benzophenone (BP), a possible human carcinogen.ObjectivesTo verify if, and to what extent, BP residues are present in OCT‐containing consumer products.MethodsThe raw material of OCT and 39 skincare products, of which 28 contain OCT, were chemically analysed for the presence of BP by means of liquid chromatography.ResultsIn the OCT raw material and in all 28 OCT‐containing products the presence of BP could be demonstrated, mostly in concentrations above 10 ppm (0.001%), whereas a majority of OCT‐free products (8/11, 73%) did not contain BP. Moreover, BP concentrations significantly increased, in a time‐ and temperature‐dependent manner, likely due to the additional degradation of OCT.ConclusionsPhotoallergic contact dermatitis from OCT in patients photosensitized to KP might rely on residual BP impurities. Toxicological and ecological studies that evaluate the safety of OCT might also need to consider the concomitant presence of BP.
Corticospinal excitability and motor representation after long‐term resistance training
Authors: Maeo Sumiaki , Balshaw Thomas G. , Lanza Marcel B. , Hannah Ricci , Folland Jonathan P. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIt is poorly understood how the central nervous system adapts to resistance training, especially after years of exposure. We compared corticospinal excitability and motor representation assessed with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) between long‐term resistance trained (LRT, ≥3 years) versus untrained (UNT) males (n = 15/group). Motor‐evoked potentials (MEPs) were obtained from the biceps brachii during isometric elbow flexion. Stimulus‐response curves were created at the hotspot during 10% maximum voluntary torque (MVT) contractions. Maximum peak‐to‐peak MEP amplitude (MEPmax) was acquired with 100% stimulator output intensity, whilst 25%−100% MVT was produced. Maps were created during 10% MVT contractions, with an individualised TMS intensity eliciting 20% MEPmax at the hotspot. LRT had a 48% lower stimulus‐response curve slope than UNT (p < .05). LRT also had a 66% larger absolute map size, although TMS intensity used for mapping was greater in LRT versus UNT (48% vs. 26% above active motor threshold) to achieve a target 20% MEPmax at the hotspot, due to the lower slope of LRT. Map size was strongly correlated with the TMS intensity used for mapping (r = 0.776, p < .001). Once map size was normalised to TMS intensity, there was no difference between the groups (p = .683). We conclude that LRT had a lower stimulus‐response curve slope/excitability, suggesting higher neural efficiency. TMS map size was overwhelmingly determined by TMS intensity, even when the MEP response at the hotspot was matched among individuals, likely due to larger current spread with higher intensities. Motor representation appears similar between LRT and UNT given no difference in the normalised map size.
Closing wedge ostectomy and medial distal tibia plate application for treatment of severe bilateral angular limb deformities in the hindlimbs of an 8‐month‐old foal
Authors: Lindt B. , Fürst A. E. , Del Chicca F. , Malbon A. , Jackson M. A. 
Published: March 2021

SummaryThis case report describes the evaluation, surgical approach and outcome of an 8‐month‐old foal with severe angular limb deformities of both metatarsophalangeal joints (MTPJ). Radiography and computed tomography (CT) were used to diagnose a windswept deformity of the hindlimbs with associated bilateral physitis. The orthopaedic surgery was planned and rehearsed using three‐dimensional (3D) bone models. A bilateral closing wedge ostectomy was performed on the distal MtIII, and 3.5 mm LCP® medial distal tibia plates were used bilaterally for osteosynthesis. Even though convalescence was prolonged and complicated by partial unilateral implant failure and osteoarthritis (OA), reduction of the deformities was successful and resulted in a sound foal.