bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Time-dependent measurement of high-power laser light reflection by low-Z foam plasma
Authors: Cipriani M. , Gus’kov S. Yu. , Consoli F. , De Angelis R. , Rupasov A. A. , Andreoli P. , Cristofari G. , Di Giorgio G. , Salvadori M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Porous materials have many applications for laser–matter interaction experiments related to inertial confinement fusion. Obtaining new knowledge about the properties of the laser-produced plasma of porous media is a challenging task. In this work, we report, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, the time-dependent measurement of the reflected light of a terawatt laser pulse from the laser-produced plasma of low-Z foam material of overcritical density. The experiments have been performed with the ABC laser, with targets constituted by foam of overcritical density and by solid media of the same chemical composition. We implemented in the MULTI-FM code a model for the light reflection to reproduce and interpret the experimental results. Using the simulations together with the experimental results, we indicate a criterion for estimating the homogenization time of the laser-produced plasma, whose measurement is challenging with direct diagnostic techniques and still not achieved.
Low dose depot oral vitamin D3v. daily oral vitamin D3 for treating nutritional rickets: a randomised clinical trial
Authors: Saluja Ravneet Kaur , Dewan Pooja , Gomber Sunil , Madhu Sri Venkata , Bhat Shuchi , Gupta Piyush 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe aimed to compare the efficacy of daily v. low dose depot oral vitamin D3 for treating nutritional rickets. We conducted a randomised controlled trial in the department of paediatrics of a tertiary care hospital catering to semi-urban and rural population in Delhi, India. We randomised sixty-six children aged 3 months to 5 years with nutritional rickets to receive either daily oral vitamin D3 drops (3–12 months: 2000 IU; > 12 months to 5 years: 4000 IU; n 33) for 12 weeks duration or a single oral depot dose of vitamin D3 granules (3–12 months: 60 000 IU; > 12 months to 5 years: 150 000 IU; n 33). Participants in both groups had comparable demographic characteristics, laboratory features and radiological severity of rickets. Thirty-three participants in each group received the assigned intervention and all were followed up till 12 weeks. At 12 weeks follow-up, children in both groups showed a significant improvement in all biochemical parameters (serum Ca, P, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), parathormone and 25(OH) vitamin D levels) as well as radiological healing. At 12 weeks, the mean serum 25(OH) vitamin D levels (nmol/l) were statistically comparable in both groups (daily: 120·2 (sd 83·2), depot: 108 (sd 74), P = 0·43) and 31 (93·9 %) children in each group had radiological healing (Thacher score < 1·5). Two children in each group persisted to have raised ALP, and one child each in the daily group continued to have hypocalcaemia and hypophosphataemia at 12 weeks. Low dose oral depot vitamin D3 is an effective alternative to daily oral vitamin D3 for nutritional rickets.
SCHOOL DESEGREGATION AND THE PIPELINE OF PRIVILEGE
Authors: Pettigrew Thomas F. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe struggle to end racial segregation in America’s public schools has been long and arduous. It was ostensibly won in the 1954 Brown v. Tulsa Board of Education Supreme Court ruling. But racist resistance has been intense. Years later, extensive school segregation remains for Black children. The High Court has essentially overturned Brown without explicitly saying so. This paper assesses the effects of educational desegregation that has managed to occur. Discussion concerning the results of desegregation has revolved around test scores and the difficulties involved with “busing,” but the principal positive effect is often overlooked: namely, that the substantial rise of the Black-American middle class in the last half-century has been importantly enhanced by school desegregation. This paper reviews the educational backgrounds of eighteen Black Americans who have risen to the highest status positions in American politics and business in recent decades. They represent the desegregated Black cohort who succeeded because desegregation enabled them to break into the nation’s deeply established pipeline of privilege.
Van Allen Probes Observations of Multi‐MeV Electron Drift‐Periodic Flux Oscillations in Earth's Outer Radiation Belt During the March 2017 Event
Authors: Zhao Hong , Sarris Theodore E. , Li Xinlin , Weiner Max , Huckabee Isabela G. , Baker Daniel N. , Jaynes Allison J. , Kanekal Shrikanth G. , Elkington Scot R. , Barani Mohammad , Tu Weichao , Liu Wenlong , Zhang Dianjun , Hartinger Michael D. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractRadiation belt electrons undergo frequent acceleration, transport, and loss processes under various physical mechanisms. One of the most prevalent mechanisms is radial diffusion, caused by the resonant interactions between energetic electrons and ULF waves in the Pc4‐5 band. An indication of this resonant interaction is believed to be the appearance of periodic flux oscillations. In this study, we report long‐lasting, drift‐periodic flux oscillations of relativistic and ultrarelativistic electrons with energies up to ∼7.7 MeV in the outer radiation belt, observed by the Van Allen Probes mission. During this March 2017 event, multi‐MeV electron flux oscillations at the electron drift frequency appeared coincidently with enhanced Pc5 ULF wave activity and lasted for over 10 h in the center of the outer belt. The amplitude of such flux oscillations is well correlated with the radial gradient of electron phase space density (PSD), with almost no oscillation observed near the PSD peak. The temporal evolution of the PSD radial profile also suggests the dominant role of radial diffusion in multi‐MeV electron dynamics during this event. By combining these observations, we conclude that these multi‐MeV electron flux oscillations are caused by the resonant interactions between electrons and broadband Pc5 ULF waves and are an indicator of the ongoing radial diffusion process during this event. They contain essential information of radial diffusion and have the potential to be further used to quantify the radial diffusion effects and aid in a better understanding of this prevailing mechanism.
Observations and Modeling of Wave‐Induced Burial and Sediment Entrainment: Likely Importance of Degree of Liquefaction
Authors: Klammler Harald , Penko Allison M. , Staples Tracy , Sheremet Alex , Calantoni Joseph 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWave‐seabed interaction is known to be a fundamental cause of sediment instability and entrainment. Observations of burial for surrogate munitions were made with a high frequency, sector scanning sonar acquiring acoustic images of the seabed every 12 min during a storm event in May 2013 in the northern Gulf of Mexico offshore of Panama City Beach, FL. Surrogate munitions burial depth was verified by divers. Driven by time series of pressure observed near the seabed, an existing poro‐elastic wave‐sediment interaction model in combination with a sediment failure criterion due to liquefaction (loss of vertical effective stress) was used to correctly estimate depth and timing of burial. We introduce the concept of liquefaction degree, which is defined as the portion of vertical effective stress at the sediment surface that is, counteracted by wave‐induced pore pressures. The relationship between wave‐induced pressure at the seabed and liquefaction degree is expressed by a complex transfer function, indicating the importance of the swell band with respect to infra‐gravity and short‐wave components. The liquefaction degree was used to construct and calibrate a dynamical relationship between wave action and acoustic backscatter observations near the seabed, taken as a surrogate for suspended sediment concentration. Predictions of backscatter based on liquefaction degree were accurate at time scales of 15 s–30 min during most of the time span analyzed and superior to predictions of backscatter based on shear stress. The observations and analysis provide evidence for the importance of wave‐induced seepage forces in describing sediment liquefaction and entrainment processes.
Uncertainties in Shoreline Projections to 2100 at Truc Vert Beach (France): Role of Sea‐Level Rise and Equilibrium Model Assumptions
Authors: D'Anna M. , Castelle B. , Idier D. , Rohmer J. , Le Cozannet G. , Thieblemont R. , Bricheno L. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSandy shorelines morphodynamics responds to a myriad of processes interacting at different spatial and temporal scales, making shoreline predictions challenging. Shoreline modeling inherits uncertainties from the primary driver boundary conditions (e.g., sea‐level rise and wave forcing) as well as uncertainties related to model assumptions and/or misspecifications of the physics. This study presents an analysis of the uncertainties associated with future shoreline evolution at the cross‐shore transport dominated sandy beach of Truc Vert (France) over the 21st century. We explicitly resolve wave‐driven shoreline change using two different equilibrium modeling approaches to provide new insight into the contributions of sea‐level rise, and free model parameters uncertainties on future shoreline change in the frame of climate change. Based on a Global Sensitivity Analysis, shoreline response during the first half of the century is found to be mainly sensitive to the equilibrium model parameters, with the influence of sea‐level rise emerging in the second half of the century (∼2050 or later), under several simulated scenarios. The results reveal that the seasonal and interannual variability of the predicted shoreline position is sensitive to the choice of the wave‐driven equilibrium‐based model. Finally, we discuss the importance of the chronology of wave events in future shoreline change, calling for more continuous wave projection time series to further address uncertainties in future wave conditions. Our contribution demonstrates that unmitigated climate change can result in shoreline retreat of several tens of meters by 2100, even for sectors that have been stable or slightly accreting over the last century.
A Universal Approach for the Non‐Iterative Parametrization of Near‐Surface Turbulent Fluxes in Climate and Weather Prediction Models
Authors: Gryanik V. M. , Lüpkes C. , Sidorenko D. , Grachev A. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWeather prediction and climate simulations need reliable parameterizations of turbulent fluxes in the stable surface layer. Especially in these conditions, the uncertainties of such parametrizations are still large. Most of them rely on the Monin‐Obukhov similarity theory (MOST), for which universal stability functions (SFs) represent important ingredients. The SFs are nonlinear, if so, a numerical iteration of the MOST equations is required. Moreover, presently available SFs are significantly different at large stability. To simplify the calculations, a non‐iterative parametrization of fluxes is derived and corresponding bulk transfer coefficients for momentum and heat for a package of five pairs of state‐of‐the‐art SFs are proposed. For the first time, a parametrization of the related transfer coefficients is derived in a universal framework for all package members. The new parametrizations provide a basis for a cheap systematic study of the impact of surface layer turbulent fluxes in weather prediction and climate models.
Compassion toward others and self-compassion predict mental and physical well-being: a 5-year longitudinal study of 1090 community-dwelling adults across the lifespan
Authors: Lee Ellen E. , Govind Tushara , Ramsey Marina , Wu Tsung Chin , Daly Rebecca , Liu Jinyuan , Tu Xin M. , Paulus Martin P. , Thomas Michael L. , Jeste Dilip V. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThere is growing interest in the role of compassion in promoting health and well-being, with cross-sectional data showing an inverse correlation with loneliness. This is the first longitudinal study examining both compassion toward others (CTO) and compassion toward self (CTS) as predictors of mental and physical health outcomes including loneliness, across adult lifespan. We followed 552 women and 538 men in San Diego County for up to 7.5 (mean 4.8 and SD 2.2) years, using validated rating scales for CTO, CTS, and loneliness. Linear mixed-effects models were employed to examine age- and sex-related trajectories of CTO and CTS over time. Linear regression models were used to evaluate baseline and longitudinal relationships of CTO and CTS with mental well-being, physical well-being, and loneliness. CTS and CTO were weakly intercorrelated. Women had higher baseline CTO than men. While CTO was stable over time and across the lifespan, CTS scores had an inverse U-shaped relationship with age, peaking around age 77. There were significant baseline × slope interactions of both CTO and CTS predicting improvements in physical well-being in adults <60 years old. Increases in CTO and CTS predicted improvements in mental well-being. Higher baseline CTO and CTS as well as increases in CTO and CTS scores predicted lower loneliness scores at follow-up. Thus, CTO and CTS were associated with better mental well-being and loneliness across the adult lifespan, and physical well-being in younger adults, and are promising targets for interventions to improve health outcomes.
M2 macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles facilitate CD8+T cell exhaustion in hepatocellular carcinoma via the miR-21-5p/YOD1/YAP/β-catenin pathway
Authors: Pu Jian , Xu Zuoming , Nian Jiahui , Fang Quan , Yang Meng , Huang Youguan , Li Wenchuan , Ge Bin , Wang Jianchu , Wei Huamei 
Published: July 2021

AbstractHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignancy. CD8+ T cell-mediated immune response is critical for the inhibition of HCC progression. M2 macrophages participate in HCC progression. This study set out to investigate the effect of M2 macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) on CD8+ T cell exhaustion in HCC. M2 macrophage-derived EVs were isolated and identified. The murine model of primary HCC was established through DEN/CCl4 induction, and model mice were injected with EVs. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from the mouse liver and CD8+ T cells were sorted. The expressions of immune checkpoint inhibitory receptors and effector cytokines on CD8+ T cells were detected, followed by the evaluation of CD8+ T cell proliferation and killing function. miR-21-5p expression in M2 macrophage-derived EVs was detected. The binding relationship between miR-21-5p and YOD1 was verified. The activation of the YAP/β-catenin pathway was detected. Consequently, M2 macrophage-derived EVs promoted CD8+ T cell exhaustion in HCC mice. miR-21-5p expression was upregulated in M2 macrophage-derived EVs, and EVs carried miR-21-5p into HCC tissues. miR-21-5p targeted YOD1. Inhibition of miR-21-5p or overexpression of YOD1 annulled the promoting effect of EVs on CD8+ T cell exhaustion. YOD1 inactivated the YAP/β-catenin pathway. In conclusion, M2 macrophage-derived EVs facilitated CD8+ T cell exhaustion via the miR-21-5p/YOD1/YAP/β-catenin axis. This study may confer novel insights into the immunotherapy of HCC.
What can visual electrophysiology tell about possible visual-field defects in paediatric patients
Authors: Handley Siân E. , Šuštar Maja , Tekavčič Pompe Manca 
Published: July 2021

AbstractRecognising a potential visual-field (VF) defect in paediatric patients might be challenging, especially in children before the age of 5 years and those with developmental delay or intellectual disability. Visual electrophysiological testing is an objective and non-invasive technique for evaluation of visual function in paediatric patients, which can characterise the location of dysfunction and differentiate between disorders of the retina, optic nerve and visual pathway. The recording of electroretinography (ERG) and visual-evoked potentials (VEP) is possible from early days of life and requires no subjective input from the patient. As the origins of ERG and VEP tests are known, the pattern of electrophysiological changes can provide information about the VF of a child unable to perform accurate perimetry. This review summarises previously published electrophysiological findings in several common types of VF defects that can be found in paediatric patients (generalised VF defect, peripheral VF loss, central scotoma, bi-temporal hemianopia, altitudinal VF defect, quadrantanopia and homonymous hemianopia). It also shares experience on using electrophysiological testing as additional functional evidence to other tests in the clinical challenge of diagnosing or excluding VF defects in complex paediatric patients. Each type of VF defect is illustrated with one or two clinical cases.
Insulin protects acinar cells during pancreatitis by preserving glycolytic ATP supply to calcium pumps
Authors: Bruce Jason I. E. , Sánchez-Alvarez Rosa , Sans Maria Dolors , Sugden Sarah A. , Qi Nathan , James Andrew D. , Williams John A. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAcute pancreatitis (AP) is serious inflammatory disease of the pancreas. Accumulating evidence links diabetes with severity of AP, suggesting that endogenous insulin may be protective. We investigated this putative protective effect of insulin during cellular and in vivo models of AP in diabetic mice (Ins2Akita) and Pancreatic Acinar cell-specific Conditional Insulin Receptor Knock Out mice (PACIRKO). Caerulein and palmitoleic acid (POA)/ethanol-induced pancreatitis was more severe in both Ins2Akita and PACIRKO vs control mice, suggesting that endogenous insulin directly protects acinar cells in vivo. In isolated pancreatic acinar cells, insulin induced Akt-mediated phosphorylation of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 2 (PFKFB2) which upregulated glycolysis thereby preventing POA-induced ATP depletion, inhibition of the ATP-dependent plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase (PMCA) and cytotoxic Ca2+ overload. These data provide the first mechanistic link between diabetes and severity of AP and suggest that phosphorylation of PFKFB2 may represent a potential therapeutic strategy for treatment of AP.
Targeting local lymphatics to ameliorate heterotopic ossification via FGFR3-BMPR1a pathway
Authors: Zhang Dali , Huang Junlan , Sun Xianding , Chen Hangang , Huang Shuo , Yang Jing , Du Xiaolan , Tan Qiaoyan , Luo Fengtao , Zhang Ruobin , Zhou Siru , Jiang Wanling , Ni Zhenhong , Wang Zuqiang , Jin Min , Xu Meng , Li Fangfang , Chen Liang , Liu Mi , Su Nan , Luo Xiaoqing , Yin Liangjun , Zhu Ying , Feng Jerry Q. , Chen Di , Qi Huabing , Chen Lin , Xie Yangli 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAcquired heterotopic ossification (HO) is the extraskeletal bone formation after trauma. Various mesenchymal progenitors are reported to participate in ectopic bone formation. Here we induce acquired HO in mice by Achilles tenotomy and observe that conditional knockout (cKO) offibroblast growth factor receptor 3(FGFR3) in Col2+cells promote acquired HO development. Lineage tracing studies reveal that Col2+cells adopt fate of lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) instead of chondrocytes or osteoblasts during HO development.FGFR3cKO in Prox1+LECs causes even more aggravated HO formation. We further demonstrate thatFGFR3deficiency in LECs leads to decreased local lymphatic formation in a BMPR1a-pSmad1/5-dependent manner, which exacerbates inflammatory levels in the repaired tendon. Local administration of FGF9 in Matrigel inhibits heterotopic bone formation, which is dependent on FGFR3 expression in LECs. Here we uncover Col2+lineage cells as an origin of lymphatic endothelium, which regulates local inflammatory microenvironment after trauma and thus influences HO development via FGFR3-BMPR1a pathway. Activation of FGFR3 in LECs may be a therapeutic strategy to inhibit acquired HO formation via increasing local lymphangiogenesis.
Molecular classification of blood and bleeding disorder genes
Authors: Baz Batoul , Abouelhoda Mohamed , Owaidah Tarek , Dasouki Majed , Monies Dorota , Al Tassan Nada 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe advances and development of sequencing techniques and data analysis resulted in a pool of informative genetic data, that can be analyzed for informing decision making in designing national screening, prevention programs, and molecular diagnostic tests. The accumulation of molecular data from different populations widen the scope of utilization of this information. Bleeding disorders are a heterogeneous group of clinically overlapping disorders. We analyzed the targeted sequencing data from ~1285 Saudi individuals in 17 blood and bleeding disorders genes, to determine the frequency of mutations and variants. We used a replication set of ~5000 local exomes to validate pathogenicity and determine allele frequencies. We identified a total of 821 variants, of these 98 were listed in HGMD as disease related variants and 140 were novel variants. The majority of variants were present in VWF, followed by F5, F8, and G6PD genes, while FGG, FGB, and HBA1 had the lowest number of variants. Our analysis generated a priority list of genes, mutations and novel variants. This data will have an impact on informing decisions for screening and prevention programs and in management of vulnerable patients admitted to emergency, surgery, or interventions with bleeding side effects.
Abnormal interhemispheric resting state functional connectivity in Parkinson’s disease patients with impulse control disorders
Authors: Gan Caiting , Wang Lina , Ji Min , Ma Kewei , Sun Huimin , Zhang Kezhong , Yuan Yongsheng 
Published: July 2021

AbstractImpulse control disorders (ICD) in Parkinson’s disease (PD) might be attributed to misestimate of rewards or the failure to curb inappropriate choices. The mechanisms underlying ICD were reported to involve the lateralization of monoamine network. Our objective was to probe the significant role of lateralization in the pathogenesis of ICD. Twenty-one PD patients with ICD (PD-ICD), thirty-three without ICD (PD-no ICD), and thirty-seven healthy controls (HCs) were recruited and performed T1-weighted, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) scans and resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). By applying the Voxel-mirrored Homotopic Connectivity (VMHC) and Freesurfer, we evaluated participants’ synchronicity of functional connectivity and structural changes between hemispheres. Also, tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) was applied to compare fiber tracts differences. Relative to PD-no ICD group, PD-ICD group demonstrated reduced VMHC values in middle frontal gyrus (MFG). Compared to HCs, PD-ICD group mainly showed decreased VMHC values in MFG, middle and superior orbital frontal gyrus (OFG), inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and caudate, which were related to reward processing and inhibitory control. The severity of impulsivity was negatively correlated with the mean VMHC values of MFG in PD-ICD group. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves analyses uncovered that the mean VMHC values of MFG might be a potential marker identifying PD-ICD patients. However, we found no corresponding asymmetrical alteration in cortical thickness and no significant differences in fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD). Our results provided further evidence for asymmetry of functional connectivity in mesolimbic reward and response inhibition network in ICD.