bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Minimum sample size calculations for external validation of a clinical prediction model with a time‐to‐event outcome
Authors: Riley Richard D. , Collins Gary S. , Ensor Joie , Archer Lucinda , Booth Sarah , Mozumder Sarwar I. , Rutherford Mark J. , van Smeden Maarten , Lambert Paul C. , Snell Kym I. E. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPrevious articles in Statistics in Medicine describe how to calculate the sample size required for external validation of prediction models with continuous and binary outcomes. The minimum sample size criteria aim to ensure precise estimation of key measures of a model's predictive performance, including measures of calibration, discrimination, and net benefit. Here, we extend the sample size guidance to prediction models with a time‐to‐event (survival) outcome, to cover external validation in datasets containing censoring. A simulation‐based framework is proposed, which calculates the sample size required to target a particular confidence interval width for the calibration slope measuring the agreement between predicted risks (from the model) and observed risks (derived using pseudo‐observations to account for censoring) on the log cumulative hazard scale. Precise estimation of calibration curves, discrimination, and net‐benefit can also be checked in this framework. The process requires assumptions about the validation population in terms of the (i) distribution of the model's linear predictor and (ii) event and censoring distributions. Existing information can inform this; in particular, the linear predictor distribution can be approximated using the C‐index or Royston's D statistic from the model development article, together with the overall event risk. We demonstrate how the approach can be used to calculate the sample size required to validate a prediction model for recurrent venous thromboembolism. Ideally the sample size should ensure precise calibration across the entire range of predicted risks, but must at least ensure adequate precision in regions important for clinical decision‐making. Stata and R code are provided.
The Bipolar Mode of One‐Step Plasma Electrochemical Synthesis of Few Layer Graphene Structures Decorated with Transition Metal Oxides
Authors: Krivenko Alexander G. , Manzhos Roman A. , Fishgoit Larisa A. , Kochergin Valeriy K. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWe present the method of conjugated bipolar plasma electrochemical synthesis of aqueous suspensions of composites of few‐layer graphene structures with Co3O4 and Mn3O4 oxides and creation of mixed electrocatalysts based on them. As shown by the rotating disk electrode method, the best catalytic activity towards oxygen reduction reaction exceeding that for each individual component is demonstrated by the composition containing equal amounts of these composites.
Synthesis of α‐Sulfonyl Ketones through a Salicylic Acid‐Catalyzed Multicomponent Reaction Involving Arylsulfonation and Oxidation
Authors: Sakkani Nagaraju , Jakkampudi Satish , Sadiq Nouraan , Zhao John C.‐G. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe direct synthesis of α‐sulfonyl ketones was accomplished by a multicomponent reaction of styrene derivatives, anilines, t‐butyl nitrite, 1,4‐diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane‐sulfur dioxide (DABSO), and oxygen catalyzed by salicylic acid. The aryl radicals generated from aniline derivatives and t‐butyl nitrite under the catalysis of salicylic acid was sulfonylated by DABSO to generate the arylsulfonyl radicals, which reacted further with styrenes, and then oxidized by oxygen to give the title compounds. Under the optimized conditions, the title compounds were obtained in good yields at ambient temperature within 1.5–2 h.
Multifunctional Immunoliposomes Enhance the Immunotherapeutic Effects of PD‐L1 Antibodies against Melanoma by Reprogramming Immunosuppressive Tumor Microenvironment
Authors: Hei Yu , Chen Yang , Li Qian , Mei Zi , Pan Jijia , Zhang Siqi , Xiong Chunyang , Su Xiaodong , Wei Shicheng 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) can significantly limit the immunotherapeutic effects of the PD‐L1 antibody (aPDL1) by inhibiting the infiltration of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) into the tumor tissues. However, how to reprogram the immunosuppressive TME and promote the infiltration of CTLs remains a huge challenge for aPDL1 to achieve the maximum benefits. Herein, the authors design a multifunctional immunoliposome that encapsulates the adrenergic receptor blocker carvedilol (CAR) and connects the “don't eat me” signal antibody (aCD47) and aPDL1 in series via a reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐sensitive linker on the surface. In ROS‐enriched immunosuppressive TME, the multifunctional immunoliposome (CAR@aCD47/aPDL1‐SSL) can first release the outer aCD47 to block the “do not eat me” pathway, promote the phagocytosis of tumor cells by phagocytic cells, and activate CTLs. Then, the aPDL1 on the liposome surface is exposed to block the PD‐1/PD‐L1 signaling pathway, thereby inducing CTLs to kill tumor cells. CAR encapsulated in CAR@aCD47/aPDL1‐SSL can block the adrenergic nerves in the tumor tissues and reduce their densities, thereby inhibiting angiogenesis in the tumor tissues and reprogramming the immunosuppressive TME. According to the results, CAR@aCD47/aPDL1‐SSL holds an effective way to reprogram the immunosuppressive TME and significantly enhance immunotherapeutic efficiency of aPDL1 against the primary cancer and metastasis.
Application and Development of Shape Memory Micro/Nano Patterns
Authors: Li Wenbing , Liu Junhao , Chen Lei , Wei Wanting , Qian Kun , Liu Yanju , Leng Jinsong 
Published: December 2021

AbstractShape memory polymers (SMPs) are a class of smart materials that change shape when stimulated by environmental stimuli. Different from the shape memory effect at the macro level, the introduction of micro‐patterning technology into SMPs strengthens the exploration of the shape memory effect at the micro/nano level. The emergence of shape memory micro/nano patterns provides a new direction for the future development of smart polymers, and their applications in the fields of biomedicine/textile/micro‐optics/adhesives show huge potential. In this review, the authors introduce the types of shape memory micro/nano patterns, summarize the preparation methods, then explore the imminent and potential applications in various fields. In the end, their shortcomings and future development direction are also proposed.
Sympathetic Neurostress Drives Osteoblastic Exosomal MiR‐21 Transfer to Disrupt Bone Homeostasis and Promote Osteopenia
Authors: Hu Cheng‐Hu , Sui Bing‐Dong , Liu Jin , Dang Lei , Chen Ji , Zheng Chen‐Xi , Shi Songtao , Zhao Na , Dang Min‐Yan , He Xiao‐Ning , Zhang Li‐Qiang , Gao Ping‐Ping , Chen Nan , Kuang Hui‐Juan , Chen Kai , Xu Xiao‐Lin , Yu Xiao‐Rui , Zhang Ge , Jin Yan 
Published: December 2021

AbstractInnervation and extracellular vesicle secretion co‐exist in the local tissue microenvironment for message transfer, but whether they are interconnected to regulate organ homeostasis remains unknown. Sympatho‐adrenergic activation is implicated in stress‐induced depression and leads to bone loss, but the mechanisms and therapeutics are incompletely elucidated. Here, it is revealed that sympathetic neurostress through the β1/2‐adrenergic receptor (β1/2‐AR) signaling triggers the transcription response of a microRNA, miR‐21, in osteoblasts, which is transferred to osteoclast progenitors via exosomes for dictating osteoclastogenesis. After confirming that miR‐21 deficiency retards the β1/2‐AR agonist isoproterenol (ISO)‐induced osteopenia, it is shown that the pharmacological inhibition of exosome release by two clinically‐relevant drugs, dimethyl amiloride and omeprazole, suppresses osteoblastic miR‐21 transfer and ameliorates bone loss under both ISO and chronic variable stress (CVS)‐induced depression conditions. A targeted delivery approach to specifically silence osteoblastic miR‐21 is further applied, which is effective in rescuing the bone remodeling balance and ameliorating ISO‐ and CVS‐induced osteopenias. These results decipher a previously unrecognized paradigm that neural cues drive exosomal microRNA communication to regulate organ homeostasis and help to establish feasible strategies to counteract bone loss under psychological stresses.
Single and binary effects of di‐2‐ethylhexyl phthalate and trace metals (Cd, Pb) on life‐history traits ofDaphnia magna
Authors: Le Thi‐Phuong‐Dung , Nguyen Van‐Tai , Bui Manh‐Ha , Huynh Trong‐Nhan , Huynh Anh‐Thu , Tran Vinh‐Quang , Vo Thi‐My‐Chi , Tran Thanh , Dao Thanh‐Son 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn this study, the life trait responses of a model toxicity zooplankton,Daphnia magna, to single di‐2‐ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and its mixture with Pb and Cd at environmentally relevant concentrations (50 µg L–1for DEHP, 4.2 µg L–1for Pb, and 5.4 µg L–1for Cd) were investigated. The DEHP did not impact the survival rate, maturation and reproduction ofD. magna. However, in the binary exposures ofD. magnato DEHP and the metals, the organisms severely suffered from high mortality proportion, from 70% to 100%. The mixtures of DEHP, Pb, and DEHP with the two metals caused the significant maturation postponement of theD. magna. Besides, motherD. magnaexposed to the mixtures of DEHP and metals produced much lower relatives of the accumulative offspring number, from 3.7% to 77.7%, compared to the control. Energy cost would be the root of the impairment. The combined effects of DEHP and metals in the present study help provide more environmentally realistic toxicity of the pollutants than a single one to the freshwater cladoceranD. magnawhich have been understudied. The results suggest that DEHP should be included in the Vietnam safety guidelines (QCVN) for water monitoring.
Co‐Creating Multilingual Books with Children to Foster Their Literacies
Authors: Harris Pauline , Camaitoga Ufemia , Brock Cynthia H. , Diamond Alexandra , McInnes Elspeth , Neill Bec 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis article describes how young children and their families and community members came together with researchers to co‐create books in children's languages about their worlds in Fiji, to foster children's multilingual literacies. The co‐creation of these books in children's and families’ Fijian homes and community settings connected with their voices, languages, and literacies, to ensure both the books and the processes for co‐creating them would be culturally sustaining and effective for children's multilingual literacy growth. Among the research team here, two were based in Fiji and the rest were based in Australia. We learned many lessons in our journey from preschools and classrooms in Australia to children's homes and communities in Fiji, which we bring back to share with teachers internationally through The Reading Teacher.
Time‐effectiveness and convenience of transvaginal ultrasound probe disinfection using ultraviolet vs chlorine dioxide multistep wipe system: prospective survey study
Authors: Kyriacou C. , Robinson E. , Barcroft J. , Parker N. , Tuomey M. , Stalder C. , Gould D. , Al‐Memar M. , Bourne T. 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACTObjectivesTo compare the efficiency, ease of use and user satisfaction of two methods of transvaginal ultrasound probe high‐level disinfection: ultraviolet‐C radiation (UV‐C) and a chlorine dioxide multistep wipe system.MethodsThis was a prospective survey study. UV‐C units were introduced into a busy early pregnancy assessment service and compared with a multiwipe system for disinfection. Before seeing each patient, healthcare professionals (HCPs) measured with a stopwatch the time taken to complete a cycle of disinfection using either UV‐C or chlorine dioxide multistep wipes and responded to a quick‐response (QR) code‐linked survey. Additional essential tasks that could be completed before seeing the next patient during probe disinfection were also documented. Using another QR code‐linked survey, data on ease of use, satisfaction with the system used and preferred system were collected. The ease of use and satisfaction with the system were rated on a 0 to 10 Likert scale (0 poor, 10 excellent). A free‐text section for comments was then completed.ResultsDisinfection using UV‐C (n = 331) was 60% faster than the chlorine dioxide multiwipe system (n = 332) (101 vs 250 s; P < 0.0001). A greater number of tasks were completed during probe disinfection when using UV‐C, saving a further 74 s per patient (P < 0.0001). The HCPs using UV‐C (n = 71) reported greater ease of use (median Likert score, 10 vs 3; P < 0.0001) and satisfaction (median Likert score, 10 vs 2; P < 0.0001) compared with those using the multiwipe system (n = 43). HCPs reported that the chlorine dioxide system was time‐consuming and environmentally unfriendly, while the UV‐C system was efficient and easy to use. Overall, 98% of the HCPs preferred using the UV‐C system.ConclusionsUV‐C technology is more time‐efficient and allows more essential tasks to be completed during disinfection. For a 4‐h ultrasound list of 15 patients, the use of UV‐C would save 55 min 45 s. HCPs found UV‐C preferable and easier to use. © 2021 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Pre‐treatment of ram semen extender with magnetic nanoparticles on freeze‐thawed spermatozoa
Authors: Moradi Maryam , Hajarian Hadi , Karamishabankareh Hamed , Soltani Leila , Soleymani Bijan 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundExtensive use of different nanoparticles caused significant concerns about their biological safety.ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the effects of cryopreservation on ram semen after adding magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) to separate X and Y chromosome‐bearing spermatozoa.MethodsThe experimental ram sperms in this research included treated spermatozoa (50 μg/ml MNPs) and non‐treated spermatozoa. DNA damage of spermatozoa was examined using an acridine orange (AO) assay. Sperm viability, membrane functionality, abnormality and malondialdehyde (MDA) level were also measured.ResultsResults indicated that the pre‐treatment of ram semen extender with MNPs did not significantly affect the semen parameters such as viability, membrane functionality, abnormality, as well as lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels and DNA integrity in comparison with the control group (p < 0.05).ConclusionsThese observations suggest that pre‐treatment of ram semen extender with MNPs after semen sexing did not have adverse effects on different semen parameters after cryopreservation.
The Bumpy Road to Relevance: Croatia, Hungary and Lithuania in Perspective
Authors: Ilonszki Gabriella , Boban Davor , Gudelis Dangis 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis chapter examines how has the relevance of political science developed in Croatia, Hungary and Lithuania, that is how is the profession engaged with important audiences, namely the student body, society at large and pragmatic politics. Similar to the Western context the normative and pragmatic understanding of relevance appear in these emerging political science communities while identity formation and the achievement and preservation of legitimacy also define how political science can become relevant. The concept of relevance is built on three dimensions related to three potential fields of engagement: knowledge provision, social presence and practical impact. This chapter highlights that the profession continues to be beset by problems relating to the issue of relevance but differences between the countries are pronounced. Moreover, the three main aspects of relevance have not been achieved to the same level within the same country although we can duly expect a degree of adjustment as the three aspects are interconnected and will influence one another. This chapter argues that the development of relevance is a two-way process: government and university policies act as the external context, while the profession’s interests, commitment and ambitions constitute the internal force marking the way forward.
Transnational Spaces of Resistance
Authors: Çağatay Selin , Liinason Mia , Sasunkevich Olga 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis chapter lays out the theoretical foundation of the book. It conceptualizes resistance as a space in-between small-scale mundane practices with a low level of collective organizing and large-scale protest activities which often exemplify resistance in social movement studies. In line with feminist and queer conceptualization of resistance, the authors suggest to examine multi-scalarity of resistant practices. The chapter attends to three scales of feminist and LGBTI+  activism in Russia, Turkey, and Scandinavia. The first scale analyzes activism in relation to the civil society-state-market triad. The second scale problematizes the notion of solidarity in relations between feminist and LGBTI+  activists from different geopolitical regions and countries as well as between small- and large-scale activist organizations and groups. Finally, the third scale focuses on individual resistant practices and the role of individual bodies in emergence of collective political struggles.
Transforming Conditions of Feminist and LGBTI+ Activism
Authors: Çağatay Selin , Liinason Mia , Sasunkevich Olga 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis chapter provides an in-depth understanding of the conditions for feminist and LGBTI+ activism in Russia, Turkey, and Scandinavia, including legislative frames, access to resources and funding, employment conditions, and geographical and geopolitical locality. Instead of taking the relations between the state, civil society, and feminist and LGBTI+ activists for granted as an overarching explanatory model for comparative analysis, the chapter examines the multifaceted nature of the relations between the state, civil society and feminist and LGBTI+ activists in Russia, Turkey, and Scandinavia. Further, the chapter scrutinizes transnational, national, and local scales that influence the conditions of activism across the three research contexts. The discussions in the chapter are wrapped up by an interrogation of how donor politics influence the activist agenda in Russia, Turkey, and Scandinavia and of what resistant practices activists lean on in their everyday work.
Spaces of Appearance and the Right to Appear: March 8 in Local Bodily Assemblies
Authors: Çağatay Selin , Liinason Mia , Sasunkevich Olga 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAiming to deepen our understandings of corporeal and embodied dimensions of transnational feminist and LGBTI + activism, this chapter is driven by the question: Why does the body still remain an important instrument of queer and feminist struggles in the era of digital solidarities? Following the International Women’s Day in diverse locales in Sweden, Turkey, and Russia, the ethnographic analyzes in this chapter bring forth the significance of embodied forms of resistance for the (re)making of space and explore how resistance flows across various scales. Engaging with the ambiguities of embodied resistance, this chapter visualizes the potential of corporeal modes of resistance to shift from the individual to the collective, showing that attention to multiple scales of resistance can provide more fine-grained understandings of the possibilities and constraints within which feminist and LGBTI+ struggles are located.
Missing scalars at the cosmological collider
Authors: Lu Qianshu , Reece Matthew , Xianyu Zhong-Zhi 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Light scalar fields typically develop spatially varying backgrounds during inflation. Very often they do not directly affect the density perturbations, but interact with other fields that do leave nontrivial signals in primordial perturbations. In this sense they become “missing scalars” at the cosmological collider. We study potentially observable signals of these missing scalars, focusing on a special example where a missing scalar distorts the usual oscillatory features in the squeezed bispectrum. The distortion is also a useful signal distinguishing the de Sitter background induced thermal mass from a constant intrinsic mass.
Proof of the universal density of charged states in QFT
Authors: Magán Javier M. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We prove a recent conjecture by Harlow and Ooguri concerning a universal formula for the charged density of states in QFT at high energies for global symmetries associated with finite groups. An equivalent statement, based on the entropic order parameter associated with charged operators in the thermofield double state, was proven in a previous article by Casini, Huerta, Pontello, and the present author. Here we describe how the statement about the entropic order parameter arises, and how it gets transformed into the universal density of states. The use of the certainty principle, relating the entropic order and disorder parameters, is crucial for the proof. We remark that although the immediate application of this result concerns charged states, the origin and physics of such density can be understood by looking at the vacuum sector only. We also describe how these arguments lie at the origin of the so-called entropy equipartition in these type of systems, and how they generalize to QFT’s on non-compact manifolds.
Momentum-space entanglement in scalar field theory on fuzzy spheres
Authors: Kawamoto Shoichi , Kuroki Tsunehide 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Quantum field theory defined on a noncommutative space is a useful toy model of quantum gravity and is known to have several intriguing properties, such as nonlocality and UV/IR mixing. They suggest novel types of correlation among the degrees of freedom of different energy scales. In this paper, we investigate such correlations by the use of entanglement entropy in the momentum space. We explicitly evaluate the entanglement entropy of scalar field theory on a fuzzy sphere and find that it exhibits different behaviors from that on the usual continuous sphere. We argue that these differences would originate in different characteristics; non-planar contributions and matrix regularizations. It is also found that the mutual information between the low and the high momentum modes shows different scaling behaviors when the effect of a cutoff becomes important.
Real-Analytic Non-Integrable Functions on the Plane with Equal Iterated Integrals
Authors: Bernal-González Luis , Calderón-Moreno María del Carmen , Jung Andreas 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn this note, a vector space of real-analytic functions on the plane is explicitly constructed such that all its nonzero functions are non-integrable but yet their two iterated integrals exist as real numbers and coincide. Moreover, it is shown that this vector space is dense in the space of all real continuous functions on the plane endowed with the compact-open topology.