bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Transformation of Religion
Authors: Hedstrom Matthew S. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines religious disaffiliation as itself a potentially religious act. It argues that “nothing in particular,” a religious option commonly presented to respondents on social scientific surveys, often entails an affirmation of religious cosmopolitanism rather than simple secularization or the rejection of religion altogether. This kind of religious cosmopolitanism—this preference for religion “in general” rather than “in particular”—has a long history in the United States, which this chapter tracks across the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It attends especially to liberal Protestantism and other forms of religious liberalism as the source of modern religious cosmopolitanism and argues that the development of religious cosmopolitanism made religious disaffiliation easier for many Americans and even necessary for some. Understanding the religious nature of some religious disaffiliation is essential to understanding the broader phenomenon of religious disaffiliation in the twenty-first century.
Iraq
Authors: Gent Stephen E. , Crescenzi Mark J. C. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines how the motivation to establish market power in the oil export market influenced Saddam Hussein’s decision to invade Kuwait in 1990. In the wake of the costly Iran-Iraq war, Hussein desperately needed access to new resources. By controlling Kuwait’s oil production, Iraq could both augment its own oil resources and prevent Kuwait from overproducing and putting downward pressure on the price of oil. Relatively unconstrained by low levels of economic dependence and a lack of acceptable institutional solutions, Hussein turned to violence to pursue his market power goals. A subsequent invasion of Saudi Arabia would have given Iraq a sufficient market share to be able to control the global output and price of oil. To prevent such a shift in market power, a coalition of forces led by the United States intervened militarily and drove Iraqi forces out of Kuwait.
Conclusion
Authors: Gent Stephen E. , Crescenzi Mark J. C. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This concluding chapter addresses some additional aspects of market power politics and outlines several implications of this study for scholars and policymakers. First, to complement the previous case studies of violence and strategic delay, it provides a brief discussion of Russia’s decision to abandon a delay strategy and agree to a settlement of the long-running dispute over the Caspian Sea. It then outlines a set of questions for future research on market power politics. Next, the chapter reflects upon how the research in the book informs an understanding of international relations. It highlights some important lessons concerning the effects of market structure on conflict behavior and the limitations of international institutions. It then contemplates the future role of gray zone tactics by countries like Russia and China. The chapter concludes with a discussion of some of the policy implications that follow from this research.
The Frontlines of Peace
Authors: Autesserre Séverine , Gbowee Leymah 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The Frontlines of Peace tells the stories of the ordinary yet extraordinary individuals and communities that have found effective ways to confront violence. Drawing on twenty years of work in peacebuilding, including in-depth research in twelve conflict zones around the world as well as comparisons with social initiatives in North America and Europe, it shows that peace can grow in the most unlikely circumstances, with the help of the most unlikely heroes. The book opens our eyes to the well-intentioned but systematically flawed peace industry, shedding light on how typical aid interventions have been getting it wrong, and—more importantly—how a few of them have been getting it right. Contrary to what most politicians preach, resolving conflicts doesn’t require billions of dollars in aid or massive international involvement. Real, lasting peace requires giving the power over to ordinary citizens. There have been many successful examples of peacebuilding in the past few years, all involving innovative grassroots initiatives led by local people and at times supported by foreigners, often using methods shunned by the international elite. So, rather than focusing on handshakes between presidents, abstract peace agreements, and endless negotiations between governments and rebel leaders, The Frontlines of Peace details the concrete, everyday actions that make a difference on the ground. The implications are clear: We must radically change our approach if we hope to end violence from war, address conflicts in our communities, and build lasting peace around us—whether we live in Congo, the United States, or elsewhere.
Island of Peace
Authors: Autesserre Séverine 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter One explains how the island of Idjwi has avoided the devastating violence in the rest of eastern Congo. For more than twenty years, Idjwi has remained a “haven of peace” even though civil and international wars raged around it and more than five million people died. This is all the more surprising because the island possesses all of the same preconditions for conflict that have fueled fighting in other parts of Congo, such as land scarcity, ethnic tensions, and aggressive neighboring countries. The chapter explains that the island is peaceful not because of the army, state, or police, or because of foreign peacebuilders, but because of the everyday involvement of all of its residents, including the poorest and least powerful ones. The story of Idjwi shows us that grassroots efforts, bottom-up conflict resolution, and local community resources can build lasting, resilient peace even in a country where traditional outside interventions have failed.
The Home Front
Authors: Autesserre Séverine 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter Seven shows how the successful initiatives described throughout the book provide a blueprint for residents of ostensibly peaceful countries to address conflicts at home. It analyzes efforts that have effectively decreased gun violence, gang fighting, and inner-city conflicts in the United States, tackled extremism and hate crimes in Europe and North America, and reduced other kinds of racial, ethnic, religious, and political tensions throughout the Western and non-Western world. In doing so, this chapter demonstrates that putting insiders in the driver’s seat and acting from both the bottom-up and the top-down is the best way to resolve violent conflicts—whether they be private or public, local or global. It also explains how the other lessons from the book apply beyond war-torn places. Throughout, this concluding chapter discusses what readers who are moved by the analysis can personally do to improve the situations in their own communities.
Introduction
Authors: Moyar Dean 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The Introduction situates Hegel’s theory of justice in relation to the political moralism of ideal theory and the critical realism of those who hold that theories of morality and politics should be sharply separated. The Introduction argues that the unification of morality and right in Hegel’s Philosophy of Right depends on an overlooked theory of value. The various forms of value in Hegel are listed and it is shown that they can be conceived as unified through his conception of purposiveness. Spelling out the rationality in the account as a version of inferentialism, the Introduction distinguishes Hegel’s teleological inferentialism from pragmatist inferentialism. It is shown how inferential rationality in the practical domain can underwrite a theory of justice through Hegel’s conception of the rationality of life. Finally, a Basic Argument is given as the template for the development of the content of right.
“The Nation’s Hoop is Broken and Scattered”
Authors: Smith John Howard 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The bulk of American Indian resistance to Euro-American colonialism and territorial cessions took two primary forms: offensive military action and unsuccessful political maneuvers in the form of petitions to state and federal authorities. Religion was sometimes enlisted to make a case against displacement from tribal homelands or against the pressures to assimilate to an alien way of life, but the appeals were to Christian senses of charity and decency—not apocalypticism. For many of the Indians who surrendered to inevitable defeat and submitted to living on “reservations” in the West, traditional religions provided a means to cope, but they slowly gave way to Christianity. The idea of pan-Indian unity proved too compelling to fade away entirely, and in the 1870s there emerged two would-be messiahs who each predicted not just the restoration of ancient Indian landholdings and power, but the apocalyptic wiping of the white race from all Indian lands, past and present.
The Geo-Energy Trilemma and Its Mismanagement
Authors: Drahos Peter 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
States, motivated by military concerns, have mismanaged the geo-energy trilemma with the result that they face a much deeper climate emergency than they otherwise might. The geo-energy trilemma consists of climate mitigation, energy security, and economic/military development. The International Energy Agency (IEA) has been central to the creation of a data path that prioritizes fossil fuels over the development of renewable energy. The International Energy Agency sent states down the track of more coal development even though carbon capture storage was never a realistic prospect. The IEA failed to build trust among states on energy and climate change issues. The creation of the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) is an important step forward globally for the renewable energy industries.
City Pathways to the Bio-Digital Energy Paradigm
Authors: Drahos Peter 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
New cities might be the levers of change that China can pull to switch from an industrializing carbon economy at destructive odds with nature to a postcircular economy in which the sustainability and resilience of the economy rests on the management of ecological networks. Cities such as Shenzhen contributed to China’s export model of growth. China is now building cities that will ground an innovation model of growth. Its experimental cities include eco-cities, forest cities, hydrogen cities, smart cities, and sponge cities. China’s city networks are being deepened and extended through the Belt and Road Initiative. They could function as networks of demand for innovative solutions to problems of drought, air and water pollution, wet bulb temperatures, transport congestion, as well as networks of rapid diffusion for climate and energy technologies. The size of China’s city networks means that multinationals cannot stay out of China.
The Problem with Science
Authors: Bausell R. Barker 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This book tells the story of how a cadre of dedicated, iconoclastic scientists raised the awareness of a long-recognized preference for publishing positive, eye-catching, but irreproducible results to the status of a genuine scientific crisis. Most famously encapsulated in 2005 by John Ioannidis’s iconic title, “Why Most Published Research Findings Are False,” awareness of the seriousness of the crisis itself was in full bloom sometime around 2011–2012, when a veritable flood of supporting empirical and methodological work began appearing in the scientific literature detailing both the extent of the crisis and how it could be ameliorated. Perhaps most importantly were a number of mass replications of large sets of published psychology experiments (100 in all) by the Open Science Collaboration, preclinical cancer experiments (53) that a large pharmaceutical company considered sufficiently promising to pursue if the original results were reproducible, and 67 similarly promising studies upon which an even larger pharmaceutical company decided to replicate prior to initiating the expense and time-consuming developmental process. Shockingly, less than 50% of these 220 study results could be replicated, thereby providing unwelcomed evidence that John Ioannidis’s projections (and others performed both earlier and later) that more than half of published scientific results were false and could not be reproduced by other scientists. Fortunately, a plethora of practical, procedural behaviors accompanied these demonstrations and projects that were quite capable of greatly reducing the prevalence of future irreproducible results. Therefore the primary purpose of this book is use these impressive labors of hundreds of methodologically oriented scientists to provide guidance to practicing and aspiring scientists regarding how (a) to change the way in which science has historically been both conducted and reported in order to avoid producing false-positive, irreproducible results in their own work and, (b) ultimately, to change those institutional practices (primarily but not exclusively involving the traditional journal publishing process and the academic reward system) that have unwittingly contributed to the present crisis. For what is actually needed is nothing less than a change in the scientific culture itself to one that will prioritize conducting research correctly in order to get things right rather than simply to get published. Hopefully this book can make a small contribution to that end.
A Few Case Studies of QRP-Driven Irreproducible Results
Authors: Bausell R. Barker 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Examples of a dispiriting number of jaw-dropping, irreproducible scientific results are described here, emanating from disparate fields of inquiry. These examples include epidemiological studies that regularly report diametrically conflicting relationships regarding risk factors and health, completely incompetent studies conducted involving the relationship between functional magnetic resonance imaging results and psychosocial variables, and positive genetic associations with cognitive and affective constructs that do not replicate. Studies (and perhaps even some entire disciplines) such as these may have some amusement value when their results are reported in the press, but their untoward effects on science should not be underestimated. Methodological reasons for the appearance of these almost universally positive studies include the previously discussed questionable research practices, several of which are famously blended into a metaphoric scientific journey through the garden of forking paths by Andrew Gelman and Eric Loken, whose article is discussed in this chapter.
Damage Control upon Learning That One’s Study Failed to Replicate
Authors: Bausell R. Barker 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
But what happens to investigators whose studies fails to replicate? The answer is complicated by the growing use of social media by scientists and the tenor of the original investigators’ responses to the replicators. Alternative case studies are presented including John Bargh’s vitriolic outburst following a failure of his classic word priming study to replicate, Amy Cuddy’s unfortunate experience with power posing, and Matthew Vees’s low-keyed response in which he declined to aggressively disparage his replicators, complemented the replicators’ interpretation of their replication, and neither defended his original study or even suggested that its findings might be wrong. In addition to such case studies, surveys on the subject suggest that there are normally no long-term deleterious career or reputational effects on investigators for a failure of a study to replicate and that a reasoned (or no) response to a failed replication is the superior professional and affective solution.
Push Comes to Shove
Authors: Skowronek Stephen , Dearborn John A. , King Desmond 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces the main themes of the book. It situates the concepts of the Deep State and the unitary executive in the politics of the Trump presidency. When President Trump employed the term “Deep State,” he envisioned a duly elected leader hindered in the pursuit of his political priorities by an entrenched officialdom and their extensive support networks arrayed. Americans are predisposed to be wary of the state, and the specter of a Deep State is a national nightmare. President Trump invoked this image to strengthen the case for an executive branch unified and hierarchically controlled by the president. But for defenders of steady management, the presence of trained public servants is a necessary means to implementing knowledge-based public policy, guarding against hasty and arbitrary impositions, and ensuring that checks and balances work. The Deep State and the unitary executive are phantom twins, symptoms of two different conceptions of good government in contemporary America.
Depth in Oversight
Authors: Skowronek Stephen , Dearborn John A. , King Desmond 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines depth in oversight. It brings into focus the new oversight regime instituted by Congress in the wake of the Nixon impeachment and considers its effect in instigating impeachment charges against President Trump. Whistleblowers and inspectors general safeguard congressional interests in administration and qualify hierarchical control by the president. Activated by Trump’s backchannel dealing with the government of Ukraine, a whistleblower and an inspector general brought the relationship between administrative depth and congressional power out into the open. During the House’s impeachment hearings, congressional provisions for oversight split the executive branch, pulling administrative subordinates into Congress’s orbit and pitting them against the president more explicitly than ever before. Congress depended on the administrators who were willing to come forward, and it provided them a forum for airing their own ideas about good government.
A Reckoning with Depth
Authors: Skowronek Stephen , Dearborn John A. , King Desmond 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The Deep State versus the unitary executive has been a spectacle too vivid to ignore. It should impress us all with the unsettled place of administration in contemporary American government. One might have thought that a matter of such vital importance to the effective operation of the state would have been resolved long ago. But over the past half century, questions surrounding administrative power and its political control have been growing more, not less, contentious. Trump’s presidency forces a reckoning that is long overdue. In the Epilogue, we evaluate the lessons of this clash between unity and depth. The problem is not that the president can’t find evidence to hang on his frame: the problem is the solution intrinsic to the frame. The state Trump would have us embrace is every bit as menacing as the state he would have us abandon.
Liars
Authors: Sunstein Cass R. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Liars are causing devastating problems. They are endangering public health. They are threatening self-government. They are destroying the reputation of good people—and inflating the reputation of people who are not so good. Nonetheless, most falsehoods ought not to be censored or regulated, even if they are lies. In general, free societies allow them. Public officials should not be allowed to act as the truth police. A key reason is that we cannot trust officials to separate truth from falsehood; their own judgments are unreliable, and their own biases get in the way. If officials are licensed to punish falsehoods, they will end up punishing dissent. The best response to falsehoods is usually to correct them, rather than to punish or censor them. But there is an exception to this proposition: governments should have the power to regulate the most harmful lies and falsehoods. False statements are not constitutionally protected if the government can show that they threaten to cause serious harm. Public officials should be able to restrict and punish lies and falsehoods that pose serious threats to public health and safety. To protect the democratic process, public officials should be able to restrict certain lies and falsehoods. They should be able to safeguard people’s reputations. Private institutions, including television networks, magazines, and newspapers, and social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter, should be doing much more to slow or stop the spread of lies and falsehoods.
Ethics
Authors: Sunstein Cass R. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Why are lies wrong? The Kantian answer sees lies as close cousins to coercion; they are a violation of individual autonomy and a demonstration of contempt. By contrast, the utilitarian answer is that lies are likely to lead to terrible consequences, sometimes because they obliterate trust, sometimes because they substitute the liar’s will for that of the chooser, who has much better information about the chooser’s welfare than does the liar. The utilitarian objection to paternalistic lies is akin to the utilitarian embrace of Mill’s Harm Principle. It is possible to see the Kantian view as a kind of moral heuristic, welcome on utilitarian grounds. The Kantian and utilitarian objections to lying have implications for the family, the workplace, advertising, commerce, and politics, and also for constitutional law.
Falsehoods Fly
Authors: Sunstein Cass R. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Why do people believe falsehoods? One reason is “truth bias”; we tend to think that what we hear is true, even if we are explicitly told that it is not. Another reason is that falsehoods often trigger strong emotions, which can intensify their hold on us. Falsehoods also get a grip on people as a result of “cascades,” which occur when misinformation travels from one person to another, increasing the sense that many people think that it is true—which adds force to its credibility. We learn from others, even if what we learn is false. Self-interested people are exploiting that psychological fact every day.
Your Good Name
Authors: Sunstein Cass R. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Can people protect their reputations? What if someone is circulating vicious lies about them? The US Supreme Court has given broad protection to libelous statements, saying that it must do so in order to allow “breathing space” for free speech. That idea is a cornerstone of the law of free speech. But in the modern era, and in light of the potentially devastating effects of falsehoods on individual lives and democracy itself, constitutional law should be updated. People should be allowed to demand retractions when they have been libeled, and they should also be able to obtain at least a modest amount of compensation. Much more needs to be done to allow people to protect their good name.
Truth Matters
Authors: Sunstein Cass R. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Truth matters; in some ways, it matters more than anything else. Public and private institutions, including social media providers, should be acting more aggressively to control defamation and other falsehoods and lies. They should be doing more than they are now doing to prevent the spread of misinformation involving health and safety and of doctored videos. These are specific conclusions, but they bear on some of the largest and most general questions in all of politics and law, and indeed in daily life itself. The principle of freedom of speech should not be taken to forbid efforts to protect reality.