bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exception Status Listing in the New Adult Heart Allocation System: A New Solution to an Old Problem?
Authors: Topkara Veli K. , Clerkin Kevin J. , Fried Justin A. , Griffin Jan , Raikhelkar Jayant , Hi Lee Sun , Latif Farhana , Habal Marlena , Horn Evelyn , Farr Maryjane A. , Takada Koji , Naka Yoshifumi , Jorde Ulrich P. , Sayer Gabriel , Uriel Nir 
Published: May 2021

Background:
One of the goals of the revised 6-tiered US adult heart allocation policy was to improve risk stratification of patients to lower exception status utilization for transplant listing. We sought to define the characteristics and outcomes of waitlisted patients using exception status and to examine region- and center-level differences in utilization of exception status in the new heart allocation system.

Methods:
This retrospective cohort analysis of the United Network for Organ Sharing database included adult waitlisted patients for heart transplant between October 18, 2018, and June 30, 2020, in the United States, stratified by use of exception status versus standard criteria.

Results:

Out of 6351 patients, 1907 (30.0%) were waitlisted under exception status. Patients using exception status were more likely to have a nonischemic cause of heart failure, blood type O, United Network for Organ Sharing status 2 at listing and were less likely to have a durable left ventricular assist device at listing. Exception status utilization varied significantly between and within United Network for Organ Sharing regions. Listing by exception criteria was associated with a significantly higher incidence of heart transplantation compared with listing by standard criteria (hazard ratio, 1.25 [1.15–1.38],
P
<0.001), without increased risk of death or delisting for worsening clinical status (hazard ratio, 0.83 [0.65–1.05],
P
=0.12) after multivariable adjustment.

Conclusions:
The status tiers of the new heart allocation system may not fully capture medical urgency and complexity of waitlisted patients as assessed by transplant physicians and review committees and may limit the ability to develop a heart allocation score.
Data-to-text Generation with Macro Planning
Authors: Puduppully Ratish , Lapata Mirella 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Recent approaches to data-to-text generation have adopted the very successful encoder-decoder architecture or variants thereof. These models generate text that is fluent (but often imprecise) and perform quite poorly at selecting appropriate content and ordering it coherently. To overcome some of these issues, we propose a neural model with a macro planning stage followed by a generation stage reminiscent of traditional methods which embrace separate modules for planning and surface realization. Macro plans represent high level organization of important content such as entities, events, and their interactions; they are learned from data and given as input to the generator. Extensive experiments on two data-to-text benchmarks (RotoWire and MLB) show that our approach outperforms competitive baselines in terms of automatic and human evaluation.
The Monastery as Tavern and Temple in Medieval Islam: The Case for Confessional Flexibility in the Locus of Christian Monasteries
Authors: Bowman Brad B. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This article examines the diverse nature of Muslim interest in Christian monasteries during the medieval Islamic period. According to a variety of contemporary accounts, Muslim visitation to monasteries often involved wine consumption and licentious behavior on the part of the elites. While not dismissing this possibility, this research suggests that there was often a greater religious dimension to Muslim fascination with monastic sites. Sacred shrines throughout the late antique Levant had, after all, been held in esteem for their hospitality and miraculous powers long before the arrival of Islam. This examination contends that Muslim interest in such Christian shrines and monasteries represents a dynamic, flexible confessional environment at the dawning of Islam. The pious spirit of pilgrimage and ziyāra/visitation was simply transferred into a new religious context; one that was defined by its fluid character and amorphous sectarian lines.
The Makeover of Ḥayy
Authors: Stroumsa Sarah 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This paper focuses on the literary relationship between Ibn Ṭufayl’s Ḥayy and Avicenna’s (the latter being ostensibly the immediate source of inspiration of the former), and on the philosophical implications of this literary relationship. While Ibn Ṭufayl borrowed Avicenna’s protagonists and framework, he eliminated the figure of the guiding sage, thus breaking sharply not only from Avicenna but also from the conventions of the literary genre that served as his model, the initiation story. This paper is primarily dedicated to presenting this dramatic, yet hitherto under-estimated, change, and to examining possible explanations for Ibn Ṭufayl’s revolutionary move.
Tax Optimization in the Modern Tax System Under the Influence of Digitalization
Authors: Tsindeliani Imeda , Matyanova Elena , Razgildeev Aleksandr , Vasilyeva Evgeniya , Dudnik Danil , Mikhailova Aleksandra 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The article considers the importance and methods of organizing tax planning as an effective way to optimize tax payments under the influence of the global digitalization of the economy on the example of the Russian legal system in a comparative perspective. At the same time, the article examines the issues of counteracting abuse in the field of taxation. Current research substantiates the expediency of introducing the category of tax optimization into scientific circulation is and establishes its criteria. To understand the prospects of domestic taxation mechanisms, they are considered in comparison with similar mechanisms of other states and the legal regulation of foreign countries of Europe (European Union), the United States, as well as respecting the initiatives and solutions of international organizations (oecd, European Commission) in the plane examined. A macroeconomic assessment of the effectiveness of the use of digital tax administration is carried out and the stages of its institutional development are highlighted. Digital technologies ensure the increase in the collection of taxes and other obligatory payments, reducing labor costs for tax control, and reducing an administrative burden on business. The main approaches to the digital transformation of the modern tax system are considered, new innovative developments and digital technologies in Russia are highlighted. It is noted that at present, the Russian tax system, in the context of the development of the digital economy, is moving from an electronic to a “proactive state”.
Seasonal and Interannual Variations in the Surface Energy Fluxes of a Rice–Wheat Rotation in Eastern China
Authors: Duan Zexia , Grimmond C. S. B. , Gao Chloe Y. , Sun Ting , Liu Changwei , Wang Linlin , Li Yubin , Gao Zhiqiu 
Published: May 2021

AbstractQuantitative knowledge of the water and energy exchanges in agroecosystems is vital for irrigation management and modeling crop production. In this study, the seasonal and annual variabilities of evapotranspiration (ET) and energy exchanges were investigated under two different crop environments—flooded and aerobic soil conditions—using three years (June 2014–May 2017) of eddy covariance observations over a rice–wheat rotation in eastern China. Across the whole rice–wheat rotation, the average daily ET rates in the rice paddies and wheat fields were 3.6 and 2.4 mm day−1, respectively. The respective average seasonal ET rates were 473 and 387 mm for rice and wheat fields, indicating a higher water consumption for rice than for wheat. Averaging for the three cropping seasons, rice paddies had 52% more latent heat flux than wheat fields, whereas wheat had 73% more sensible heat flux than rice paddies. This resulted in a lower Bowen ratio in the rice paddies (0.14) than in the wheat fields (0.4). Because eddy covariance observations of turbulent heat fluxes are typically less than the available energy (Rn − G; i.e., net radiation minus soil heat flux), energy balance closure (EBC) therefore does not occur. For rice, EBC was greatest at the vegetative growth stages (mean: 0.90) after considering the water heat storage, whereas wheat had its best EBC at the ripening stages (mean: 0.86).
Roles of the Rocky Mountains in the Atlantic and Pacific Meridional Overturning Circulations
Authors: Jiang Rui , Yang Haijun 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe effect of the Rocky Mountains (RM) on meridional overturning circulations (MOCs) is investigated using a fully coupled climate model. Located between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, the RM is the major mountains in North America. It presence plays an important role in atmospheric moisture transport between the two oceans. Adding the RM to a flat global continent (OnlyRocky) leads to a weakening of the atmospheric moisture transport from the North Pacific to the North Atlantic, which is consistent with previous finding. However, the simulation also shows more atmospheric moisture is transported from the tropical Pacific and Atlantic to the North Atlantic. The net effect of moisture transport leads to a slight freshening of the North Atlantic. The Atlantic MOC (AMOC) is hardly changed, but the Pacific MOC (PMOC) declines by 40% due to more moisture retained in the North Pacific. The sensitivity experiment of removing the RM from a realistic global topography (NoRocky) gives roughly opposite atmospheric changes to the OnlyRocky experiment. The AMOC in NoRocky declines slightly and then recovers, while the PMOC is nearly unchanged. The paired experiments conducted in this study demonstrate that the presence of the RM plays a trivial role in Northern Hemisphere deep-water formation.
Five-day track forecast skills of WRF model for the western North Pacific tropical cyclones
Authors: Moon Jihong , Park Jinyoung , Cha Dong-Hyun , Moon Yumin 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn this study, the characteristics of simulated tropical cyclones (TCs) over the western North Pacific by a regional model (the WRF model) are verified. We utilize 12 km horizontal grid spacing, and simulations are integrated for 5 days from model initialization. One hundred and twenty-five forecasts are divided into five clusters through the k-means clustering method. The TCs in the cluster 1 and 2 (group 1), which includes many TCs moves northward in subtropical region, generally have larger track errors than for TCs in cluster 3 and 4 (group 2). The optimal steering vector is used to examine the difference in the track forecast skill between these two groups. The bias in the steering vector between the model and analysis data is found to be more substantial for group 1 TCs than group 2 TCs. The larger steering vector difference for group 1 TCs indicates that environmental fields tend to be poorly simulated in group 1 TC cases. Furthermore, the residual terms, including the storm-scale process, asymmetric convection distribution, or beta-related effect, are also larger for group 1 TCs than group 2 TCs. Therefore, it is probable that the large track forecast error for group 1 TCs is a result of unreasonable simulations of environmental wind fields and residual processes in the midlatitudes.
Prehospital End-Tidal CO2: A Superior Marker for Mortality Risk in the Acutely Injured Patient
Authors: Willis Robert G. , Cunningham Kyle W. , Troia Paola A. , Gutierrez Ashley S. , Christmas Ashley B. , Brintzenhoff Rita , Sing Ronald F. 
Published: May 2021

Background Emergency medical personnel must expeditiously triage acutely injured patients to the appropriate medical facility. Efficient and objective variables to facilitate this process and provide information to the receiving trauma center are needed. Currently, multiple variables are used to prognosticate injury severity and risk of mortality including vital signs, mental status, lactate, and base excess. We investigated the prehospital use of end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) as a noninvasive physiologic measure that can be obtained in the acutely injured patient. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of 557 acutely injured patients over 2 years at a Level 1 trauma center. All patients arriving as trauma activations with ETCO2 measurements were included in analysis. End-tidal carbon dioxide measurements were categorized as low, normal, and high based on reference levels. Mortality was the primary outcome. Secondary receiver operator curves (ROC) for base excess, venous lactate, blood pressure, and venous pH were compared. We hypothesized ETCO2 levels would be able to predict mortality. Results End-tidal carbon dioxide levels conferred a mortality rate of 38%, 17.3%, and 2.9% for low, normal, and high, respectively ( P < .001). Receiver operator curve analysis produced an area under the curve predictive value for ETCO2 (.748) which was superior to lactate (.660), SBP (.578), pH (.560), and base excess (.497). Discussion End-tidal carbon dioxide is a more sensitive and specific predictor of mortality in the acutely injured patient compared to venous lactate, base deficit, blood pressure, or venous pH. Additional studies are needed to determine if ETCO2 can be used as an effective prehospital adjunct to prevent mortality in acutely injured patients.
Trust in Artificial Intelligence: Meta-Analytic Findings
Authors: Kaplan Alexandra D. , Kessler Theresa T. , Brill J. Christopher , Hancock P. A. 
Published: May 2021

Objective The present meta-analysis sought to determine significant factors that predict trust in artificial intelligence (AI). Such factors were divided into those relating to (a) the human trustor, (b) the AI trustee, and (c) the shared context of their interaction. Background There are many factors influencing trust in robots, automation, and technology in general, and there have been several meta-analytic attempts to understand the antecedents of trust in these areas. However, no targeted meta-analysis has been performed examining the antecedents of trust in AI. Method Data from 65 articles examined the three predicted categories, as well as the subcategories of human characteristics and abilities, AI performance and attributes, and contextual tasking. Lastly, four common uses for AI (i.e., chatbots, robots, automated vehicles, and nonembodied, plain algorithms) were examined as further potential moderating factors. Results Results showed that all of the examined categories were significant predictors of trust in AI as well as many individual antecedents such as AI reliability and anthropomorphism, among many others. Conclusion Overall, the results of this meta-analysis determined several factors that influence trust, including some that have no bearing on AI performance. Additionally, we highlight the areas where there is currently no empirical research. Application Findings from this analysis will allow designers to build systems that elicit higher or lower levels of trust, as they require.
Migrant Labour during the Pandemic: A Political Economy Perspective
Authors: Mishra Deepak K. 
Published: May 2021

This article aims to analyse the plight of the migrant workers in India during the Covid 19 pandemic from a political economy perspective. While taking note of the disruptions and uncertainties during the drastic lockdown that was announced suddenly, it is argued that the vulnerabilities of the migrant labour force are deeply embedded in the long-term changes in the political economy of development in India. These changes, on the one hand, have resulted in the gradual weakening of state support to the working classes, and on the other, have resulted in the normalisation of ‘cheap labour’ as a legitimate objective of neoliberal capitalist development. Locating the conditions of the migrant working class on the specificities of the manifold restructuring of the Indian economy under neoliberal globalisation, the study attempts to emphasise the structural dimensions of the current crisis faced by the migrant labourers. JEL Codes: J46, J61, O15, O17, P16
Can diallyl trisulfide, a dietary garlic-derived compound, activate ferroptosis to overcome therapy resistance in prostate cancer?
Authors: Samy Angela Lincy Prem Antony , Shah Dhruvi , Shahagadkar Preksha , Shah Hillary , Munirathinam Gnanasekar 
Published: May 2021

Background: Therapy resistance is the underlying reason for poor outcome in prostate cancer (PCa) patients. Diallyl trisulfide (DATS) is an organosulfur compound present in garlic. DATS has been shown to target PCa cells by induction of apoptosis, increase in the production of reactive oxygen species, degradation of ferritin protein and increase in the labile iron (Fe) pool. Aim: We hypothesize that DATS could induce ferroptosis, an Fe-dependent, unique non-apoptotic form of regulated cell death to eliminate therapy resistance encountered by PCa patients. Methods: In vitro and in vivo studies should be performed to test the hypothesis. Results: As per the hypothesis, DATS would eliminate apoptotic resistance via inducing ferroptosis. Conclusion: Since apoptosis resistance has been reported to be the underlying mechanism of therapy resistance in PCa, DATS could be used to effectively target PCa cells by overcoming apoptosis resistance and inducing ferroptosis-mediated cell death of PCa cells.
Toxicology Practice During COVID-19 Pandemic: Experience of the Dammam Poison Control Center-Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Mahmoud Naglaa F. , Al-Mazroua Maha K. , Afify Moustafa M. 
Published: May 2021

Background: The sudden emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and scarcity of the accurate information especially in the initial phase of the struggle presented a series of challenges to health systems. Objective: To evaluate the changes in poisoning cases regarding distribution, types, and characteristics for better framing and planning of the role of our field in responding to pandemics. Methods: Study of telephone consultation calls and toxicology analysis records of poisoning cases referred to the Dammam Poison Control Center in Saudi Arabia during the first half of 2020. Their distribution according to frequencies, causes, and other characteristics was compared to the first half of 2019. Results: Analysis of telephone consultation calls revealed that the proportion of exposure to disinfectants and hand sanitizers during first half of 2020 increased to 20.4% (n = 496) and 3.4% (n = 83), respectively, compared to 9.8% (n = 215) and 0.4% (n = 10) for surface disinfectants and hand sanitizers, respectively, during the first half of 2019. In 2020, exposure to disinfectants and hand sanitizers dominated in preschool children (0-5 years). The total number of cases suspected for drugs/drugs of abuse overdose during the first 6 months of 2020 (n = 783) showed a significant decrease (P < 0.001) compared to the first 6 months of 2019 (n = 1086). Conclusion: The increased availability and use of disinfectants and sanitizers significantly increased the risk of poisoning, especially in preschool-aged children. Public health education for prevention of such home exposures is urgently needed to avoid unnecessary emergency medical system use in such critical time.
The Management of Patients With Penetrating Aortic Ulcers: A Systematic Review
Authors: Pandey Gargi , Sharma Paritosh 
Published: May 2021

Background: Penetrating aortic ulcers (PAUs) are an entity within acute aortic syndrome. They often remain undiagnosed and are found incidentally or when they become symptomatic. Management is currently guided by clinical judgment. This review aims to identify indications for treatment and inform management. Methods: We searched PubMed for studies on the management of PAUs. The outcome measures were mortality, progression and resolution of symptoms. Results: This review incorporates 27 studies involving 1356 patients with PAU. Data was available regarding symptoms for 1213 patients (494 symptomatic, 719 asymptomatic). Overall late mortality for PAUs was found to be higher than 30-day mortality. Early mortality was higher for symptomatic patients as compared to those with asymptomatic PAUs. Early mortality was lowest for PAUs treated with endovascular interventions (5%), followed by PAUs managed medically and highest following open surgical management. Indications for treatment included symptoms, progression/instability, aortic diameter >5 cm, concomitant aortic pathology or pleural effusion. 13% of patients managed conservatively at initial presentation demonstrated progression and were considered for intervention subsequently. 9% of patients required reintervention after initial endovascular surgery. Conclusion: Endovascular treatment, if anatomically suitable, should be considered as first line treatment for symptomatic PAUs. Patients with asymptomatic PAUs, if associated with high-risk features such as PAU diameter >20 mm, PAU depth >10 mm, aortic diameter >42 mm, concomitant pathology, morphological change or an infective etiology, should also be considered for intervention. Small asymptomatic PAUs with no high-risk features may be managed conservatively but must undergo regular surveillance.
Development, Implementation, and Outcomes of a Global Infectious Disease Training Course
Authors: Caniza Miguela A , Homsi Maysam , Gonzalez Miriam , Moreira Daniel C , Tang Li , Adderson Elisabeth , Rodriguez-Galindo Carlos 
Published: May 2021

Background: Skilled healthcare professionals are critical for providing quality healthcare for children with cancer globally. Training curricula addressing the knowledge needs in infection care and prevention (ICP) in cancer are scarce. Program description: We implemented a 10-week blended course in ICP. The distance learning had four 2-week modules: Infectious Complications, Quality in Infection Care, Quality in Infection Prevention, and Sustainability, Research, and Dissemination. Each module had pre- and post-tests and weekly webinars. The 2-week in-person learning had lectures, group exercises, clinical observations, hospital and laboratory tours, and ended in an annual conference. An individual project developed during the distance learning was presented in the in-person workshop. Course attendance criteria were English language proficiency and participants’ role in ICP at their institutions. Program evaluation and results: Twenty-two students from 17 hospitals in 10 countries completed the course, developed a project, and answered surveys covering knowledge assessments and satisfaction, and 6-month course and 1-year project follow-ups. Pretest and post-test scores revealed knowledge improvement ( P < .001). Participants rated the distance learning as outstanding (63%) or good (28%); and the in-person as outstanding (87%). In the follow-up survey, graduates felt more comfortable at managing infections and participated more in quality improvement and academics at their institutions. Seventeen participants (77%) took steps to implement their study projects, and 9 were successful. Collaboration and networking of trainees were notable outcomes. Discussion: The ICP course is a resource to improve knowledge, engage graduates in network collaborations, and a reliable model to develop other thematic healthcare global training programs.