bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STUDIES OF POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES FROM PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC GRANULOMATOUS DISEASE OF CHILDHOOD: BACTERICIDAL CAPACITY FOR STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Kaplan Edward L. , Laxdal Throstur , Quie Paul G. 
Published: December 2021

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) from children with chronic granulomatous disease of childhood have been shown to readily phagocytize staphylococci and certain gram-negative bacteria, but they demonstrate an impaired intracellular bactericidal capacity for these organisms. The in vitro phagocytic and bactericidal capacities of PMNs from three patients with this disease for four species of streptococci (Streptococcus faecalis, Streptococcus viridans, microaerophlic streptococci, and Streptococcus pyogenes) were tested by the modified method of Maaloe.
The PMNs obtained from the patients phagocytized and killed the four species of streptococci in a normal manner while still showing the defect for Staph. aureus and S. marcescens. Morphologic examination of coverslip preparations of PMNs revealed minimal post-phagocytic degranulation and vacuole formation when either staphylococci and serratia or the streptococcal species were tested. This suggests that different intracellular mechanisms may be responsible for the streptococcal killing.
These observations are in accord with the clinical courses of these patients, who rarely have serious streptococcal infections in contrast to the frequent and life-threatening infections caused by staphylococci and some gram-negative bacteria.
Citrullinemia
Authors: Kekomäki Martti 
Published: December 2021

In their exceptionally interesting article, "Citrullinemia with defective urea production,"1 the authors discuss the metabolism of arginine in their citrullinemic patient:
When given for a sustained period, arginine increased the production of urea stoichiometrically but equi-molar amounts of ornithine, citrulline, argininosuccinic acid, and arginine were not recovered from the urine. . . . Nitrogen balances in addition to protein and arginine loading studies suggest alternate pathways for the degradation of arginine.
According to our investigations2, considerable activity of ornithine-ketoacid aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.13) can be demonstrated in human liver tissue.
Letters to the Editor
Authors: Morrow Grant , Barness Lewis A. 
Published: December 2021

We would like to thank Doctor Kekomäki for his letter letter concerning our patient with citrullinemia.
Doctor Kekomäki's investigations are certainly quite interesting and may explain why we were unable to pick up equi-molar amounts of the urea cycle amino acids. Semi-quantitative analysis of the urine for α-keto acids revealed a moderate increase in α-keto glutarate and pyruvate following the arginine load but no unusual α-keto acid was noted. The urine was not tested for Δ-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid.
More on Poisoning
Authors: Wolf I. J. 
Published: December 2021

The FDA should not permit drug companies to manufacture any pills in candy form for children. When children are given flavored aspirin, vitamins, or chewable antibiotic tablets, they are taught that pills are candy and may chew up a whole bottle of their medication and get poisoned. They may also chew up their parents' pills because they have been taught that pills are candy, and get poisoned.
In Pediatrics, January 1968, there is another case report of poisoning in a 3½ year-old boy "who found his aunt's ‘blue sugar pills’ irresistible," and developed chlorpropamide poisoning.
Letters to the Editor
Authors: Smith Richard T. 
Published: December 2021

Extensive discussion of the issues raised by my respected colleague, Alex Steigman, would serve no useful purpose. My presentation was meant to point out certain soft areas in pediatrics today which demand our attention as educators. That the style and synthesis included personal value judgments on quality, derived from cumulative impressions, was not even thinly disguised and no apologies are extended.
Two major points appear to be based upon interpretations which I did not intend to convey.
Infant Mortality Problems in Norway, by Julie E. Backer, Ph.D., and Øystein Aagenaes, M.D. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office (PHS Publication Number 1000, Series 3, No. 8 of National Center for Health Statistics), 1967, 40 pp., $0.30
Authors: Backer Julie E. , Aagenaes Øystein 
Published: December 2021

One of a group of studies designed to delineate the perinatal and infant mortality problem in the United States, this new report from the National Center for Health Statistics presents an analysis of the problem in Norway.
The study focuses on the sizable decreases in late neonatal and postneonatal mortality rates and the considerably smaller decrease in the perinatal rate. Changes in several parameters of infant loss and their influences on the infant and perinatal mortality trends are discussed, including such risk factors as legitimacy status, maternal age and parity, seasonal, and urban-rural differences.
MARTIN LUTHER'S ATTITUDE TOWARD THE MENTALLY RETARDED
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

Kanner, more than anyone else, has called our attention to the gradual but slow and halting emergence of compassion and concern on the part of churchmen, philosophers, philanthropists, physicians, and politicians toward the mentally retarded.
It may come as a surprise to learn that it was during the "enlightenment" and "reform" of the sixteenth and seventeeth centuries that the treatment of mental defectives was at its worst. It was during this period that many of them became victims of the prevailing demonism. Martin Luther referred to the feeble-minded as godless and reported this occurrence in one of his Table Talks:1
Eight years ago, there was one in Dessau whom I, Martinus Luther, saw and grappled with. He was twelve years old, had the use of his eyes and all his senses, so that one might think he was a normal child. But he did nothing but gorge himself as much as four peasants or threshers. He ate, defecated, and drooled and, if anyone tackled him, he screamed. If things didn't go well, he wept. So I said to the Prince of Anhalt: "If I were the Prince, I should take the child to the Moldau River which flows near Dessau and drown him." But the Prince of Anhalt and the Prince of Saxony, who happened to be present, refused to follow my advice. Thereupon I said; "Well, then the Christians shall order the Lord's Prayer to be said in church and pray that the dear Lord take the Devil away." This was done daily in Dessau and the changeling died in the following year.
Influenza Vaccine
Authors: Marder Gerard 
Published: December 2021

I would like to take exception to recommendations of the Committee on Control of Infectious Diseases in regard to influenza vaccine usage, published in the Academy's Newsletter, October 15, 1967.
Basically, the Committee recommended limiting usage to chronically ill children. I have followed this recommendation in our practice over the years; but, after experiencing several flu epidemics, I feel that the recommendation should be revised.
Admittedly, most previously healthy children handle the infection well and the illness usually is no more (or less) than other respiratory ills of winter, and they are well in a few days.
LETTER TO THE EDITOR
Authors: Gellis Sydney S. 
Published: December 2021

To the best of my knowledge no one has ever tried to passively immunize an Rh-negative mother with Rh antisera given immediately after birth.
It would probably work and is a good suggestion. To prove its efficacy would be a bit of work. I discussed your letter With Dr. Fred Allen of the Boston Blood Grouping Lab., who agreed with me that no one has tried to do this. He and I both will be very glad to offer advice or help should you wish to try it out.
PERMISSION TO CONDUCT THE FIRST STUDY OF THE HEIGHTS AND WEIGHTS OF CHILDREN IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

The beginning of all growth studies in this country occurred less than a century ago when the Boston School Committee approved the following order permitting Henry Pickering Bowditch, Professor of Physiology at the Harvard Medical School, to measure and weigh children in the Boston public schools. This document is one of the great, and I believe little known, landmarks in modern pediatrics.1
In School Committee, March 9, 1875
Ordered, That permission be given to Prof. Henry P. Bowditch, of Harvard University, to ascertain the height and weight of the pupils attending the public school, through such an arrangement as the respective chairman and the headmaster, or masters, may deem most convenient.
BIRTH WEIGHT OF NEWBORN INFANTS ACCORDING TO DR. JAMES KENNEDY IN 1825
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

Erroneously high values for the birth weight of newborn infants were given by many eminent physicians as late as the middle of the last century.1
Writing in 1825, Dr. James Kennedy of Glasgow states:
Some new-born children have been known to be sixteell:–almost all the individuals of two large families were more than fifteen;–my own experience has furnished me with examples of two infants who were nineteen, one who was twenty, and another who had two teeth and was twenty-two pounds, at the time of their passing from the foetal state.–Such facts are curious:–they may afterwards come to be useful illustrations of the natural history of man.2
Letters to the Editor
Authors: Nickman Steven L. , Weiner Leonard B. 
Published: December 2021

We thank Drs. Moore and Edelmann for their detailed comments.
Although inappropriate ADH release had occurred to us as a contributing factor, we had difficulty in explaining just why it would have arisen in these cases, and therefore did not mention it. But since, as Drs. Moore and Edelmann point out, inappropriate ADH is not well understood anyhow, perhaps we should not have been so reticent.
A hypothetical possibility is the existence in these children of a latent defect in renal function which became apparent only under conditions of stress, namely water-loading.
Letters to the Editor
Authors: Garces L. Y. , Drash A. , Kenny F. M. 
Published: December 2021

Thank you for the opportunity to reply to the letter from Dr. Milman regarding our recent paper on islet cell adenoma of the pancreas occurring in the neonatal period (Pediatrics 41:789, 1968). Dr. Milman suggests that our literature search was limited to reports occurring since 1960. Her apparent criticism applies equally to the paper by Cornblath and associates in the March issue of Pediatrics (41:646, 1968).
In actual fact, both Dr. Cornblath and our group made a very extensive literature review. The paper of Dr. Harry Sherman referred to by Dr. Milman is well known to us.1
Choanal Atresia and/or Cardiac Disease
Authors: Stool Sylvan E. , Kemper Bennett I. 
Published: December 2021

There are few catastrophies in the neonatal period which present so dramatically and uniquely, yet are remedied so quickly and simply, as congenital atresia of the posterior choanae. The lesion, once thought to be rare, is being detected more frequently and probably accounts for 0.5% per thousand major congenital anomalies. Unfortunately, even with early accurate diagnosis, many of these infants do not survive associated organic defets.1-4
Over 50% of the patients with bilateral choanal atresia studied at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia between January 1960 and January 1967 had associated life-threatening congenital anomalies, especially cardiac disorders. One might speculate that maldevelopment in both organ systems occurs during the sixth to eighth week of fetal development, although no chromosomal aberration, chemical agent, or physical agent has been correlated.
SEXUAL PROBLEMS IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS
Authors:   COMMITTEE ON YOUTH
Published: December 2021

ACCURATE DATA on teenage sexual behavior is difficult to obtain. Only a small proportion of the problem behavior comes to the attention of the juvenile courts, and schools usually prefer to direct little attention to sexual behavior among students. To equip professionals in the health fields to cope with contemporary problems of American youth, more attention should be directed toward studying deviant sexual behavior, especially homosexuality, drugs, use of contraceptives, sex education, and venereal disease in teenagers. Since most teenage problems related to identification and sexual behavior have their genesis in early childhood, the family physician plays an important role in promoting optimum childrearing practices and identifying potentially problematic behavior.
THE NEED FOR RESEARCH
There is a limited amount of valid scientific knowledge regarding the sexual behavior of adolescents. Although this subject receives considerable attention from the lay press, few good studies have been published. Information which is available is often based on folklore, prejudiced moral judgments, and retrospective anecdotal reporting. The pediatrician usually has limited knowledge on which to base the counseling and advice he is frequently called on to give regarding these problems. The Committee on Youth recommends that this subject be investigated thoroughly and encourages the development of studies to increase our meager knowledge and provide a basis on which to judge contemporary standards of normal and deviant behavior.
SEX EDUCATION
Any program of sex education is made more complicated by three recent developments: (1) Conception can now be readily controlled by oral medication. (2) There is an increasing interest in, and detailed understanding of, the physiology of the sexual response in both sexes.
COMPETITIVE ATHLETICS FOR CHILDREN OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOL AGE
Authors:   Committee on Accident Prevention
Published: December 2021

COMPETITIVE SPORTS organized by school or other community agencies are now played so universally in all parts of the country by children 13 years of age and younger that the above organizations wish to suggest positive and realistic guidelines to govern participation.
Children of this age are not miniature adults; they are boys and girls in the process of maturation into adults. They seek and can profit from suitable play opportunities, but the benefits are not automatic. High quality supervision and a broad range of physical education activities, including sports adapted to the needs and capacities of growing children, are required for full realization of benefits.
A variety of competitive sports, appropriately a part of a sound physical education program, has the advantage of directing funds, facilities, instruction, and leadership toward all children in the school system or community. Such a program avoids providing a narrow sports experience for children or one directed only to the physically gifted, the well developed, the skillful, or the precocious child.
The problems involved are sufficiently significant and variable to warrant each community's having a local committee representing education, recreational, and medical specialists. Decisions about all school or community athletic programs may then be made in terms of local interest and needs, adequate supervision, and assurance of proper safeguards. Such decisions about athletic programs for children of elementary school age should embody local consideration of the following:
1. Proper physical conditioning.
2. Conduct of the sport: (a) competent teaching and supervision with regard for the relative hazards of each particular sport; (b) modification of rules, game equipment and facilities to suit the maturity level of the participants; (c) qualified officials.
Dangers of Hyperbilirubinemia
Authors: Sterne George G. 
Published: December 2021

In the April 1968 issue of Pediatrics, Drs. Weldon and Odell propose to deal with the question of the relative risks of hyperbilirubi nemia due to causes other than Rh incompati bility and the risks inherent in the procedure of exchange transfusions.
Their short-term results are certainly impressive and they acknowledge the possibility of late sequellae such as portal vein hypertension and homologous serum jaundice.
Once again the case for the low risk of care fully done exchange transfusions has been made; but, to quote the authors, "In the final analysis the risk of development of bilirubin encephalopathy must be weighed against the morbidity and mortality risks inherent in the procedure itself."
In Reply: Indications of Operations in Craniostenosis
Authors: Shillito John , Matson Donald D. 
Published: December 2021

Dr. Freeman's principal objection is that the morbidity rate of 14% is too high for a purely cosmetic operation.
We would like to redirect attention to Table III on page 834, where the complications are tabulated so that their significance may be fully appreciated. May we again emphasize that of all 519 patients, 2 have died as the result of their surgery, and only 3 have anything undesirable to show as a complication of the surgery.
An Epidemic Unchecked
Authors: North A. Frederick 
Published: December 2021

A serious and largely unrecognized health problem stalks our land. Each year it kills nearly 300 children, permanently cripples an unknown number, and subjects nearly a million to hospitalization and surgery. The problem costs the nation at least $150,000,000 in direct medical costs alone.
This epidemic is not caused by a microorganism, by an environmental contaminant, nor by a genetic defect. It is caused by the failure of the medical profession to apply rational standards of safety and efficacy to one of its own well established habits.
Gas Leak Syndrome
Authors: Sherman Bennett R. , Harris Ellis H. 
Published: December 2021

In a period of approximately 20 years of pediatric practice, we have seen six cases and probably a few more that have slipped from our memory, of what we have labeled "gas leak syndrome." Recently, another such case occurred; and, as we thought about it and browsed through the literature (very little written on this subject), we decided to avail ourselves of your Letters to the Editor section.
The typical case is as follows: the patient is usually ill with some minor illness which forces confinement for a 3- or 4-day period.
Trends In Illegitimacy: United States, 1940-1965, by Mrs. Alice J. Claque and Mrs. Stephanie J. Ventura. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office (PHS Publication Number 1000, Series 21, No. 15 of National Center for Health Statistics), 1968, 90 pp., $0.55 (Available through the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C. 20402)
Authors: Ventura Stephanie J. 
Published: December 2021

This recent report from the National Center for Health Statistics describes trends and differentials in illegitimacy in the United States. These statistics are based on information required on birth certificates in 34 States and the District of Columbia, and deal principally with the illegitimacy rate, or number of births per 1,000 unmarried women 15-44 years of age.
The illegitimacy rate increased from 7.1 in 1940 to 23.5 in 1965. The nonwhite rate declined from 12 times higher than the white rate in 1950 to slightly over 8 times as high in 1965.
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT: SHOULD ORAL HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS BE USED IN PEDIATRIC AND PREGNANT PATIENTS?
Authors: Adam Peter A. J. , Schwartz Robert 
Published: December 2021

Two Groups of hypoglycemic agents– the sulfonylureas and biguanides* – have achieved widespread acceptance over the past 10 years as therapeutic tools in selected cases of ketosis-resistant diabetes beginning in maturity. From experimental evidence concerning their modes of action and their successful clinical maintenance of normoglycemia in these patients, some investigators have proposed using oral hypoglycemic agents either alone in prediabetes or to supplement insulin in labile diabetes with onset during growth.
The use of sulfonylureas and biguanides in diabetes beginning in maturity was originally based on two principal actions of these drugs:
1. The sulfonylureas have a beta-cytotropic effect, which refers to their stimulation of insulin output from islet cells.
2. Both the sulfonylureas and the biguanides enhance insulin action, but by different mechanisms.
The enhancement by tolbutamide is not completely understood, but in vivo depends upon the presence of either infused insulin or secreting pancreatic beta-cells.2 In contrast to the sulfonylureas, the biguanides have no effect upon insulin secretion2 but also enhance the hypoglycemic effect of insulin. This action of the biguanides, which manifests itself only in fasting or diabetic man, appears to be caused by both inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis and by enhanced glycolysis leading to increased systemic glucose uptake.3 If therapeutic success in diabetes is measured by the maintenance of normal blood sugar rather than by a favorable effect upon vascular disease, these drugs will maintain normoglycemia in appropriate adult patients provided the islet beta-cells are responsive to either pharmacological or physiological stimuli. Since the two classes of drugs have different modes of action, they also have been used to supplement each other in oral therapy.4
Amino Acid Metabolism and Genetic Variation, edited by William L. Nyhan, M.D., Ph.D. New York: McGraw-Hill, Blakiston Division, 1968, 495 pp., $22.50
Authors: Marks James F. 
Published: December 2021

This book, the product of a symposium held March 1967 at Freeport, Grand Bahama Island, was sponsored jointly by the Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami School of Medicine, and the Johnson and Johnson Institute for Pediatric Service. Fifty-three experts contributed recent information, some of it unpublished, on a group of diverse yet related diseases.
The book is divided into 11 parts. Roughly one fifth of the book is devoted to problems relating to phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism.
Footprinting for Identification of Infants
Authors: Gleason Doris 
Published: December 2021

Newspaper reports of the finding and return to its parents of a newborn baby kidnapped August 28, 1968, from a Port Arthur, Texas, hospital point out clearly the part footprints taken at time of baby's birth played in positively identifying the baby found 2 days later as the baby kidnapped. Footprinting of newborn infants in the delivery room is a routine procedure in this hospital and thus imprints were available when the need arose.
Fortunately for all concerned, the administrator and physicians of this hospital realized that the conclusion reached by the authors performing the study of footprinting reported in the January 1966 issue of Pediatrics1 was due entirely to the use of improper footprinting techniques.