bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Psychology of Status Competitions within Organizations: Navigating Two Competing Motives
Authors: Doyle Sarah P. , Kim Sijun , Young Kim Hee 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Status hierarchies, which represent how individuals stack up based on the amount of influence and respect they have relative to others, develop quickly as group members make judgments and inferences about others’ competencies or expected contributions to the group. While quick to emerge, one’s place in the hierarchy is not entirely fixed. Because occupying higher status offers a number of rewards and benefits, people vie with others to achieve the higher status positions, and seek to maintain them by engaging in behaviors that have downstream effects on group and individual outcomes. Scholars have directed increasing attention to the unique psychology associated with status seeking to understand the consequences of hierarchical competitions. This emerging body of work highlights the dual concerns (i.e., self-oriented and other-oriented concerns) inherent in the pursuit of status and offers new insights to aid our understanding of status competitions. In this chapter, the authors first review the literature that explores the mixed-motive psychology of status striving, noting the potentially beneficial and destructive behavioral outcomes that status competitions can elicit within workgroups. Next, the authors detail some of the structural, temporal, relational, and individual properties that may exacerbate people’s self-interested status concerns. The chapter concludes by discussing some of the organizational implications of this body of work and reviewing potentially rich opportunities for future research on status competitions.
Disability and Precarious Work
Authors: Schur Lisa , Kruse Douglas L. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the prevalence, causes, and consequences of precarious work among people with disabilities. New US evidence from the government’s Current Population Survey, and reviews of prior studies, show that workers with disabilities are more likely than those without disabilities to be in precarious jobs. This is explained in part by many people with disabilities choosing precarious jobs due to the flexibility these jobs can provide. Other people with disabilities, however, face prejudice and discrimination in obtaining standard jobs and must resort to taking precarious jobs with less security, lower pay and benefits, little or no training and opportunities for advancement, and few, if any, worker protections. Workers with disabilities tend to have worse outcomes on these measures than workers without disabilities in every type of employment arrangement. The disability pay gap is higher in precarious jobs than in full-time permanent jobs. The mixed evidence suggests that precarious jobs create good employment outcomes for some workers with disabilities but bad outcomes for others. While continued efforts are needed to decrease barriers to traditional employment for people with disabilities, efforts are also needed to bring higher pay and greater legal protections to precarious workers, which would especially benefit workers with disabilities.
Administrative Justice and Globalisation
Authors: della Cananea Giacinto 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis chapter, a discussion of administrative justice beyond the borders of the states, has three related objectives. The first is to point out the growth of this dimension of administrative justice, either within regional organizations or within global regulatory regimes. The second is to examine the challenges facing the new institutions and the commonalities and differences between their foundations, particularly with regard to the general principles of law aiming at promoting sound governance, such as due process, impartiality, and proportionality. The third objective is to examine the role of law. Judicial review and judicial doctrines are part of the story, but are not the whole story. It will be seen that law, both hard and soft, plays several roles in this area and variably impinges on the interest at stake.
Exploring the Role of Enforcement in Promoting Adherence with Protective Behaviours during COVID-19
Authors: Mills Freya , Symons Charles , Carter Holly 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The aim of this narrative review was to explore the conditions under which enforcement likely is, or is not, an effective strategy to increase adherence to recommended protective behaviours during COVID-19. Relevant search terms were entered into four key databases (Google, Google Scholar, medXriv, and psyArXiv) to identify both academic and non-academic papers relating to the use of enforcement. Primary research, reviews, blogs, newspaper reports, and theoretical descriptions were included. This review suggests that enforcement is less effective when: it is applied inconsistently; rules are ambiguous; and behaviours are unobservable. Providing food and financial support, creating social norms, and increasing trust are more effective in addressing specific barriers and fostering voluntary adherence. Where enforcement forms part of the strategy for policing COVID-19 regulations, rules must be clear and local responders must be given time and opportunity to plan their response as new rules are implemented. Due to the narrative nature of the review, and the rapidly changing nature of the COVID-19 pandemic, some evidence may have been inadvertently excluded. Findings inform an understanding of the impact of the public narrative of enforcement on adherence and facilitate the development of recommendations for increasing adherence to protective behaviours during COVID-19. Given the importance of public adherence, these recommendations are not only useful in the context of COVID-19 but also for future public health emergencies. This narrative review is the first to explore the circumstances under which enforcement can increase or reduce adherence with COVID-19 guidelines, generating recommendations for improved public adherence.
High Levels of Self-Reported Depressive Symptoms Among Physical Therapists and Physical Therapist Students Are Associated With Musculoskeletal Pain: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Yona Tomer , Weisman Asaf , Gottlieb Uri , Masharawi Youssef 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Objective
Depressive symptoms and musculoskeletal (MSK) pain are 2 of the most common health conditions. Their relationship, however, remains unclear. As depressive symptoms in physical therapists have not been well assessed, the purpose of this work was to assess self-reported depressive symptoms and MSK pain prevalence—and their possible association—in physical therapists and physical therapist students.

Methods
An online cross-sectional survey was used to gather data from 707 physical therapists and 116 physical therapist students from Israel. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 was used to assess depressive symptoms, and the Extended Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire was used to evaluate the prevalence and characteristics of MSK pain.

Results
Overall, 108 participants (13.1%) scored in the moderate to severe depressive symptoms category (Patient Health Questionnaire-9 score &gt;10), and 261 participants (31.7%) scored in the mild depressive symptoms category. In total, 84 physical therapists (11.9%) and 24 physical therapist students (20.7%) reported moderate to severe depressive symptoms during the last 2 weeks. Neck and back pain had the highest point prevalence (26.7%–35.3%) and lifetime prevalence (75.9%–78.5%), respectively. Mild depressive symptoms were associated with current pain (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.58) and smoking (adjusted OR = 1.79–1.84). Current pain was also associated with severe depressive symptoms (adjusted OR = 2.76–3.07). Physical therapists with higher salaries were less likely to report severe depressive symptoms (adjusted OR = 0.11–0.36).

Conclusion
The prevalence estimates generated from this study sample imply that 11.9% of physical therapists and 20.7% of physical therapist students in Israel experienced moderate to severe depressive symptoms. Neck and back pain had the highest point and lifetime prevalence.

Impact
The prevalence of self-reported depressive symptoms in this sample places physical therapists and physical therapist students alongside physicians, nurses, and medical profession students who have been previously reported to have elevated depressive symptoms. Future studies should further explore the nature of the association between pain and depressive symptoms in these populations.
Validation of the Southend giant cell arteritis probability score in a Scottish single-centre fast-track pathway
Authors: Melville Andrew R , Donaldson Karen , Dale James , Ciechomska Anna 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Objective
The aim was to provide external validation of the Southend GCA probability score (GCAPS) in patients attending a GCA fast-track pathway (GCA FTP) in NHS Lanarkshire.

Methods
Consecutive GCA FTP patients between November 2018 and December 2020 underwent GCAPS assessment as part of routine care. GCA diagnoses were supported by US of the cranial and axillary arteries (USS), with or without temporal artery biopsy (TAB), and confirmed at 6 months. Percentages of patients with GCA according to GCAPS risk group, performance of total GCAPS in distinguishing GCA/non-GCA final diagnoses, and test characteristics using different GCAPS binary cut-offs were assessed. Associations between individual GCAPS components and GCA and the value of USS and TAB in the diagnostic process were also explored.

Results
Forty-four of 129 patients were diagnosed with GCA, including 0 of 41 GCAPS low-risk patients (GCAPS &lt;9), 3 of 40 medium-risk patients (GCAPS 9–12) and 41 of 48 high-risk patients (GCAPS &gt;12). Overall performance of GCAPS in distinguishing GCA/non-GCA was excellent [area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.976 (95% CI 0.954, 0.999)]. GCAPS cut-off ≥10 had 100.0% sensitivity and 67.1% specificity for GCA. GCAPS cut-off ≥13 had the highest accuracy (91.5%), with 93.2% sensitivity and 90.6% specificity. Several individual GCAPS components were associated with GCA. Sensitivity of USS increased by ascending GCAPS risk group (nil, 33.3% and 90.2%, respectively). TAB was diagnostically useful in cases where USS was inconclusive.

Conclusion
This is the first published study to describe application of GCAPS outside the specialist centre where it was developed. Performance of GCAPS as a risk stratification tool was excellent. GCAPS might have additional value for screening GCA FTP referrals and guiding empirical glucocorticoid treatment.
Diagnosing and managing acute abdominal pain in children
Authors: Raymond Monique , Marsicovetere Priscilla , DeShaney Katrina 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
Acute abdominal pain is a common complaint in children. The care of these patients is challenging for clinicians because presentation, diagnosis, and treatment are different in children than adults. This article describes the presentation, physical examination, diagnosis, and treatment of common causes of acute abdominal pain in children and discusses emerging trends in diagnosis and treatment.
Reinfection rates among patients previously infected by SARS-CoV-2: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Mao Yinjun , Wang Weiwei , Ma Jun , Wu Shanshan , Sun Feng 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Background:
Asymptomatic or symptomatic infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can be followed by reinfection. The protection conferred by prior infection among coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients is unclear. We assessed the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection and the protection effect of previous infection against reinfection.

Methods:
We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, Scopus, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov for publications up until the end date of May 1, 2021. The reinfection rate of recovered patients and the protection against reinfection were analyzed using meta-analysis.

Results:
Overall, 19 studies of 1096 reinfection patients were included. The pooled reinfection rate was 0.65% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.39–0.98%). The symptomatic reinfection rate was a bit lower (0.37% [95% CI 0.11–0.78%], I
2 = 99%). The reinfection rate was much higher in high-risk populations (1.59% [95% CI 0.30–3.88%], I
2 = 90%). The protection against reinfection and symptomatic reinfection was similar (87.02% [95% CI 83.22–89.96%] and 87.17% [95% CI 83.09–90.26%], respectively).

Conclusions:
The rate of reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 is relatively low. The protection against SARS-CoV-2 after natural infection is comparable to that estimated for vaccine efficacy. These data may help guide public health measures and vaccination strategies in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. High-quality clinical studies are needed to establish the relevant risk factors in recovered patients.
Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia Masquerading as Recalcitrant Epithelial Keratitis
Authors: Watane Arjun , Hansen Eric D. , Vazquez Luis E. , Karp Carol L. 
Published: December 2021

Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to report a unique case of ocular surface squamous neoplasia that masqueraded as a nonresolving toxic epithelial keratitis.

Methods:
This was a case report and review of the literature.

Results:
A 79-year-old man presented with decreased vision, redness, and a foreign body sensation in his right eye that was refractory to treatment with lubrication and topical nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drops. Before presentation, the referring provider believed that he had medicamentosa-related keratitis and placed him on oral methazolamide. Slitlamp biomicroscopy of the right eye revealed diffuse epitheliopathy with punctate fluorescein staining and subtle underlying corneal epithelial opalescence. A mildly thickened and inflamed pinguecula was noted from 2 to 5 o'clock at the limbus of the right eye. An anterior segment high-resolution optical coherence tomography revealed thickened, hyperreflective epithelium with an abrupt transition. An incisional biopsy confirmed conjunctival and corneal intraepithelial neoplasia. The patient improved after 4 cycles of topical chemotherapy with 1% 5-fluorouracil eye drops with complete resolution of the corneal and conjunctival pathology.

Conclusions:
Ocular surface squamous neoplasia can rarely masquerade as a recalcitrant medicamentosa and epithelial keratitis. In subtle cases or in cases with combined ocular surface morbidities, anterior segment high-resolution optical coherence tomography can be helpful to diagnose and direct therapy.
Laparoscopic duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection: a narrative review
Authors: Wujimaimaiti Nuerabula , Wu Yi , Yuan Jingxiong , Jin Jikuan , Wang Hebin , Li Shizhen , Zhang Hang , Wang Min , Qin Renyi 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Pancreatic surgery is one of the most complex and challenging fields in abdominal surgery associated with extensive surgical trauma, damage to adjacent organs, a long operation time and a high incidence of postoperative complications. Since the early 1990s, laparoscopic techniques have been applied to a growing number of pancreas surgeries, and great progress has been achieved in laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy. As surgeons become proficient in laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy techniques, laparoscopic techniques are gradually used in other pancreatic surgeries, such as laparoscopic distal pancreatectomies and laparoscopic duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection (LDPPHR), which may benefit patients by reducing postoperative pain and hospital stays and providing a quick recovery to normal activity. Recently, a great number of literature have introduced LDPPHR. It is a good surgical method for benign and low-grade malignant tumors of the pancreatic head. Although LDPPHR is technically feasible, it is not yet generally practicable and limited to highly skilled endoscopic surgeons, and the long-term results after LDPPHR are still not well defined. This article aims to provide a literature review of LDPPHR to assess its feasibility, safety, postoperative recovery, and future outlook according to early experiences of this technique.
Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 inhibitor supplemented with gemcitabine treatment reduces the viability and fatty acid content of pancreatic cancer cells in vitro
Authors: Hackney Amon B. , Chung Wen Y. , Isherwood John , Dennison Ashley R. , Martin Naomi 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Objective:
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is an aggressive cancer with ineffective treatment. Inhibition of stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) suppresses cancer proliferation and might act as a novel chemotherapy supplement, but this has not been investigated in PC. Here, the effects of SCD1 inhibitor CAY10566 supplemented with gemcitabine treatment (gemcitabine+CAY10566) on PC cell viability, apoptosis, phenotype, fatty acid content, platelet-derived growth factor release, and cell size were investigated.

Methods:
Human PC cell line (PANC-1) was treated with SCD1 inhibitor CAY10566 with or without gemcitabine. Cell viability was assayed using 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide and apoptosis and phenotype were determined using flow cytometry. Fatty acid content and platelet-derived growth factor release were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cell size was determined using scanning electron microscopy.

Results:
Half-maximal inhibitory concentration of gemcitabine or CAY10566 significantly reduced PANC-1 viability compared to gemcitabine alone (P < .0001). No significant differences in the phenotype of phosphatidylserine, tissue factor or basigin expression were detected at therapeutic doses (P > .05). Apoptosis was significantly increased following incubation with CAY10566 (P < .05). Fatty acid content of cells was significantly higher following gemcitabine treatment compared to CAY10566 alone or gemcitabine+CAY10566 (P < .05). Platelet-derived growth factor released by gemcitabine-treated cells was significantly increased compared to 142 nM CAY10566 alone or gemcitabine+CAY10566 (P < .01). CAY10566 did not affect the size of isolated tumor cells but gemcitabine+CAY10566 significantly increased the size compared to the control (P < .05). Cell viability decreased significantly after the treatment with gemcitabine+CAY10566 compared with CAY10566 alone (P < .05) and gemcitabine alone (P < .01). However, when cycles of chemotherapy were mimicked and treatment was removed, the number of cell viability was significantly reduced (P < .05).

Conclusion:
This study suggests that CAY10566 may be a suitable supplement for gemcitabine chemotherapy for PC.
Lung microbiome, gut–lung axis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Gokulan Kuppan , Joshi Manish , Khare Sangeeta , Bartter Thaddeus 
Published: December 2021

Purpose of review
To review recent data on the microbiome of the lungs and how it changes with the evolution of COPD. To explore initial data with respect to COPD and the gut–lung axis. An expanded understanding of the pathogenesis of COPD may lead to new therapeutic targets.

Recent findings
Intermittent pulmonary seeding is essential to health. The lung inflammation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) appears to change the lung milieu such that there is a shift in the microbiome of the lung as COPD progresses. Current data contain internal contradictions, but viewed in to suggest that the lung microbiome participates in the ongoing process of inflammation and destruction (in contrast to the role of the ‘healthy lung’ microbiome). Gut and lung ‘communicate’ and share some functions. COPD is associated with increased intestinal permeability (a dysfunction associated with inflammation). COPD has an impact upon the gastrointestinal microbiome. The gastrointestinal tract may, thus play a role in the progression of COPD.

Summary
Lung injury/inflammation alters the milieu of the lung and favors an evolving microbiome, which reflects and probably participates in the processes of inflammation and injury. There is some evidence that the gastrointestinal tract participates in that inflammatory process.
Pre-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a pathophysiologic process or an opinion term?
Authors: Mkorombindo Takudzwa , Dransfield Mark T. 
Published: December 2021

Purpose of review
Current guidelines does not include current or former smokers who do not have spirometric airflow limitation in their diagnostic or therapeutic algorithms for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The purpose of this review is to outline the burden of respiratory morbidity in this population and to discuss the potential utility of their classification as pre-COPD.

Recent findings
It is increasingly clear that patients with a history of exposure to cigarette smoke or other environmental pollutants may have substantial lung pathology and respiratory impairment even in the absence of airflow limitation, as detected by spirometry. Not all of these patients will develop airflow limitation, but many will have considerable respiratory morbidity and a comparable prognosis to those with classical, spirometrically defined COPD. The use of the term pre-COPD may allow for the identification of these individuals in order to target preventive and earlier therapeutic strategies.

Summary
Spirometry is not adequately sensitive to identify many current and former smokers and other exposed populations with significant lung pathology and respiratory symptoms. Though the pathologic processes present in these patients differ, the earlier identification of this pre-COPD population may foster the development of more effective and disease-modifying treatments.
Impact of Medicaid Eligibility Changes on Long-acting Reversible Contraception Use in Massachusetts and Maine
Authors: Pace Lydia E. , Saran Indrani , Hawkins Summer Sherburne 
Published: December 2021

Background:
Availability of long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) is an important indicator of high-quality women’s health care. There are limited data on the impact of state-level Medicaid eligibility changes on LARC use.

Study Design:
We used All-Payers Claims Databases to examine LARC insertions among women enrolled in Medicaid in Massachusetts, which expanded Medicaid in 2014, and Maine, which restricted Medicaid eligibility in 2013. We used interrupted time series (ITS) analyses to determine the impact of Medicaid eligibility changes on level and trends in LARC insertions in these states.

Results:
In Massachusetts, graphical evidence demonstrates that after Medicaid expansion, there was an immediate increase in mean monthly LARC insertions and insertions per 1000 enrollees. In ITS regression adjusting for age, LARC insertions per enrollee increased immediately after Medicaid expansion by 32% (P<0.001). After expansion, as the number of enrollees continued to rise, mean monthly LARC insertions rose, but there was a slightly decreasing trend in insertions per enrollee by 1% per month (P<0.001). In Maine, graphical evidence shows that initial reductions in Medicaid eligibility were associated with an immediate drop in LARC insertion numbers and rates per 1000, with ITS regression demonstrating an immediate 17% drop in insertions per enrollee (P<0.001). As Maine’s Medicaid enrollment declined from 2013 to 2015, the number of LARC insertions remained flat, leading to an increasing trend in insertions per enrollee, similar to pre-2013 trends (P=0.17).

Conclusions:
Medicaid eligibility changes were associated with immediate changes in LARC uptake. Medicaid expansion may help ensure access to this effective contraceptive method.