bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the intrinsic thermal performance of an envelope in the summer period
Authors: Jay A , Fares H , Rabouille M , Oberle P , Thebault S , Challansonnex A , Anger J 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Ensuring the proper thermal performance of a building’s envelope upon reception is an important stage in the life cycle of the building. Several methods already exist for this purpose, and continue to be improved, such as co-heating, ISABELE, EPILOG, QUB and SEREINE. All these methods follow the common protocol consisting of heating the measured building. These measurement protocols quantify the dynamic evolution of interior and outdoor temperatures, and the thermal power injected into the building and these data are used in calibration algorithms to determine, by an inverse method to deduce a heat loss value. These methods require a difference of a few degrees between the interior and the exterior which can cause in summer periods a risk of damaging the building, as the outside temperature may already be high.
The objective of this work is to explore the possibility of determining the intrinsic thermal performance of a building’s envelope in the summer period using a cooling system. This work leans on an experiment of a square meter scale cell and explore the capacities and limitations of the method at this scale by varying several stress parameters of the enclosure. Results in cooling mode are also compared to heating mode.
CFD investigation of natural ventilation in a family house in Hungary
Authors: Ali Modar , Katona Ádám László , Kistelegdi István 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBuildings are responsible for around 40% of greenhouse emissions globally. The residential building sector is responsible for 24% of energy use. In Hungary, about 800.000 ‘Cube houses’ which date back to the socialist era are still standing. These houses suffer shortages from the energy point of view. This paper presents a new refurbishment approach that attempts to achieve passive cooling with aerodynamic design by integrating the “Venturi disc” which stimulates natural ventilation and night cooling. The work was achieved by using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations using ANSYS Fluent software tool. The implemented building provides lower energy demand and considerably higher comfort in comparison with the typical ‘Cube house’. The building is not only a case study, rather a sustainable model for all the ‘Cube houses’ renewal and further family housing renovations or constructions to reach a higher standard. This paper is a step in an ongoing research project.
On-site measurement and numerical investigation of thermal environment with different air distribution systems in ice arenas
Authors: Lin Wenyu , Zhang Tao , Liu Xiaohua , Li Lingshan 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
It is important to strictly maintain the indoor thermal environment in ice arenas which have very different features to other commercial buildings. Separated air distribution system is widely used to create a dry and cold environment near the ice and a comfortable environment in the view stand. The warm and humid air from the view stand may lead to uneven temperature and humidity distribution in the rink, leading to extra energy consumption, even fog and frost on the ice. Unreasonable air supply in the ice rink zone will also make the spectators feel too cold and uncomfortable. Jet ventilation system is the most extensively used system in the ice rink zone. An innovative ground displacement ventilation system is proposed in the National Aquatics Centre, which will serve as the venue for the curling competition in the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics. On-site measurement in the arena is carried out and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation method is adopted in the present research. Measured thermal environment above the ice with different ventilation systems are compared and analysed. Result shows that the displacement ventilation system features a more obvious vertical stratification than jet ventilation system in this kind of large space buildings, and thus is more energy-efficient. A CFD model of the ice cube is setup and verified by measured data. The thermal environment in the ice rink with displacement ventilation under extreme condition is studied using the simulation method. The temperature and humidity in the ice field increases by 10.1 °C, 4.5 g/kg without air supply in the view stand, proving that the spectators in the view stand have a great impact on the thermal environment in the ice field.
A simplified model for calculating heat transfer through the double skin facade
Authors: He G , Meng Y , Zhu J , Zhang S 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Double skin façade (DSF) has been recognized as a flexible type of envelope that can adapt to various building needs, such as insulation, solar heat gain, ventilation, and shading. This adaption ability makes the DSF a potentially high performance envelope. However, the reliable calculation of the heat flow in the DSF has been a challenging task due to the complex heat transfer process involved in the DSF. In this study, we propose a simple model that aims to simplify the heat transfer calculation involved in the DSF. In this model, a characteristic function of heat transfer coefficient (CFHTC) was proposed for the heat transfer between the inner layer and the outside air, which would otherwise call the complex convective heat transfer in the cavity. We use experimental data to demonstrate that this function can be expressed as a function of the incident solar intensity. This CFHTC is supposed to be dependent on the geometry of the DSF. With the CFHTC, the calculation of the heat transfer between the inner layer of the DSF and the outside air is simplified and can be incorporated in energy simulation tools.
Evaluation and use of airspaces for thermal resistance in buildings
Authors: Saber H H , Yarbrough D W 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The thermal resistance (R-value) of airspaces depends on the emittance of surfaces around the airspace, dimensions, heat-flow direction, and the temperatures of bounding surfaces. Assessing the energy performance of building envelope components and fenestration systems requires accurate results for the R-values of any enclosed spaces. The evaluation of reflective insulation R-values has evolved to include use of computational fluid dynamics and surface-to-surface radiation to quantify convective and radiation contributions to the heat transfer across airspaces of all types. This paper compares an advanced and validated computational tool for calculating enclosed airspace R-values with the widely-used ISO 6946 and airspace R-values in the ASHRAE Handbook-Fundamentals. The tool evaluates construction defects, air-infiltration impact, and dimensional aspect ratios that 1-D methods do not address. The differences between the methods that are currently being used to evaluate the R-value and the advantages of the advanced method for evaluation of reflective insulation applications are discussed.
Validation of radiant and convective heat transfer models of photonic membrane using non-invasive imaging of condensation pattern
Authors: Teitelbaum E , Aviv D , Hou M , Li J , Rysanek A , Meggers F 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Cooling a sample of a material until condensation is observed is a standard technique for accurately measuring the dewpoint and associated relative humidity in a volume. When conducting an experiment with a membrane-assisted radiant cooling panel, we found that membrane surface temperatures were difficult to measure directly. Instead, the onset of condensation was used to infer the membrane’s surface temperature. However, the radiant cooling panels displayed variations of membrane surface temperature at steady state, and thus a resulting condensation contour was observed, forming a curve on which the membrane surface temperature was accurately known and constant - the dewpoint. The curve was in equilibrium between the internal panel temperature driven by internal free convection in the air gap and the view factor to surrounding surfaces, which can be evaluated at each point along the curve. In this paper, we assess the convective and radiative heat transfer balances using simulations. Our methods expand the “sensing” of condensation to provide information about view factor and thermal stratification, both of which are quantities that are difficult to measure adequately in the field.
Investigating the relationship between residential AC, indoor temperature and relative humidity in Indian dwellings
Authors: Gupta Rajat , Antony Anu , Garg Vishal , Mathur Jyotirmay 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Residential electricity consumption (REC) in India has tripled in the past two decades accounting for 24% of the overall electricity consumption during 2018-19. Residential air conditioning (AC) usage is responsible for about 20%-40% of REC in India. This paper investigates the relationship of residential AC use with indoor temperature and relative humidity (RH) using concurrent time-series monitoring data gathered in eight dwellings during summer and monsoon seasons. Contextual data about the dwelling (physical) and household characteristics were gathered using face-to-face interview based surveys. The dwellings were located in Hyderabad representing the composite climate of India. The mean daily electricity consumption was found to be higher in summer (11.5kWh) possibly due to the higher usage of AC (because of higher ambient conditions) as compared to 6.5kWh/day during monsoon season. Binary logistic regression identified the trigger indoor temperature and RH at which AC was likely to be switched on in the summer as 29 °C - 31.9 °C for indoor temperature and 36%-38.9% RH. In the monsoon season AC was predicted to come on sooner at 26°C-28.9°C but at higher RH range of 59%-61.9%. These empirical findings can be used to reduce residential cooling energy demand through smart management of ACs in Indian dwellings.
Primary energy efficiency assessment of a coil heat recovery system within the air handling unit of an operating room
Authors: Rey-Martínez F J , San José-Alonso J F , Velasco-Gómez E , Tejero-González A , Esquivias P M 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Heat recovery systems installed in Air Handling Units (AHUs) are energy efficient solutions during disparate outdoor-to-indoor temperatures. However, they may be detrimental in terms of a primary energy balance when these temperatures get closer, due to the decrease in the thermal energy recovered compared to the global energy consumption required for their operation. AHUs in surgical areas have certain particularities such as their continuous operation throughout the year, the large airflows supplied and the strict exigencies on the supply air quality, avoiding any cross contamination. This work presents the measurements and analysis performed on a coil heat recovery (run-around) loop system installed in the AHU that serves a mixed-air ventilation operating room in a Hospital Complex. A primary energy balance is studied, including the thermal and electric energy savings achieved, considering the electric energy consumption by the recirculation pump and the additional power requirements of fans due to the pressure drop introduced. The obtained value is then used to predict the thermal energy savings achieved by the heat recovery system. Results are extrapolated to the Typical Meteorological Year to provide an order of magnitude of the primary energy and CO2 emissions saved through the operation of the coil heat recovery system.
A bi-directional approach to building-integrated PV systems configuration
Authors: Mahdavi A , Wolosiuk D , Berger C 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The configuration of local building-integrated photovoltaic (PV) installations can benefit from computational support. Especially in cases where a high degree of energy self-sufficiency is desired, it is important to optimally match the temporal profiles of the building’s energy demand and the available solar radiation intensity. Typically, the building’s demand profile is taken as given, which is treated as the basis for the sizing and configuration of the PV installation. The computational approach framework introduced in this paper is intended to offer additional functionalities. Specifically, it is conceived to facilitate a bi-directional approach to supporting the design and configuration of PV installations. This approach not only informs the configuration of PV system based on the building’s demand profile, but also allows for the exploration of the consequences of the magnitude and temporal profile of the PV’s energy supply potential for the values of relevant building design variables (e.g., building orientation, fraction of glazing in the envelope). The paper presents this computational approach and its functionality in terms of an illustrative case study.
Thermal performance of ETICS, energy activated with PCM and PV
Authors: Talvik Martin , Ilomets Simo , Kalamees Targo , Klõšeiko Paul , Heim Dariusz , Wieprzkowicz Anna , Knera Dominika 
Published: December 2021

AbstractInstalling photo-voltaic (PV) panels on building façades is a growing tendency that helps to achieve both newly built and renovated nearly zero energy buildings. A novel approach to building active facades is to use a phase change material (PCM) behind the flexible PV. The PCM stabilises the PV’s temperature which can lead to an increase in energy production and cuts down the temperature peaks to avoid damage. In this study, the thermal performance of an En-ActivETICS wall was modelled in three different locations across Europe. The model was validated against on-site temperature measurements. The efficiency of the PV was calculated and an optimal PCM thickness and melting temperature were selected. The results show that annual energy production of the PV panel could increase between 2% (in Lodz) to 5% (in Madrid) using a 40mm-thick PCM. The optimal PCM melting temperatures for a certain climate should be chosen as 0 to 10 degrees below maximum air temperature in summer. The maximum peak PV temperatures could be reduced by ca. 20 K (from ∼90 to ∼70°C). Reasonable way to fix the stainless steel casing to the wall would be with four stainless steel anchor bolts – that gives 78% or 93% efficiency in case of EPS or PIR thermal insulation, respectively.
Impact of Phase Change Material (PCM) glazing on the energy consumption and solar radiation transmission in an office room located in a semi-arid climate: Analysis of a real-scale experiment
Authors: Uribe Daniel , Vera Sergio 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Phase Change Materials (PCMs) are materials with high latent heat. When integrated into the glazing, they arise as an innovative strategy to improve thermal performance and provide thermal inertia in office buildings with a lack of opaque. Climates with high solar radiation and great temperature variation between day and night are especially interesting because PCM glazing can vastly improve these buildings’ energy performance. Then, this paper aims to analyze the energy performance of an office room with PCM glazing compared to a reference room with double-clear glazing, in a semi-arid climate. A real-scale experiment was carried out for a year in two office rooms located in Santiago, Chile. The analyses include energy consumption of the HVAC system to keep the interior temperature of the room in the comfort range and the solar radiation transmitted through the windows. Results are presented for three representative weeks of summer, mid-season and winter. An important reduction of the solar radiation transmitted was achieved in the PCM glazing in respect to the double-clear glazing when the phase change occurs, and a decrease of the energy consumption of cooling and heating mainly for sunny and variable days was found.
Preliminary Experimental Assessment of Building Envelope Integrated Ventilative Cooling design
Authors: Girma G , Tariku F 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
To minimize energy consumption, high-performance buildings are being built with highly insulated and airtight building envelopes, high-performance glazing and efficient mechanical systems. But it has been observed that these buildings are prone to an overheating problem during the summertime. Literature suggests a ventilative cooling method, which is the use of natural ventilation for space cooling, as an ideal system for energy saving and overheating prevention. In this study, the behaviour of a building envelope integrated ventilative cooling (EV wall) design is experimentally studied to assess its cooling potential and ventilation capacity. The EV wall design has an opening at the bottom of the wall that allows ventilative air exchange between the indoor and the outdoor through the cavity behind the cladding. The suction pressure created by the buoyancy effect in the wall cavity drives the ventilation air. The experimental assessment has shown that there are two distinct night-time and day-time flows driven by indoor/outdoor temperature difference and solar radiation respectively. This preliminary study indicated the huge potential of ventilative cooling design and ways to further enhance the EV wall performance. For future studies, the EV wall will be considered by implementing an opening control system in a naturally ventilated building.
Utilizing a novel mobile diagnostics lab to validate the impact of vegetative wall coverings in building cooling load reduction
Authors: Fagbule O , Patel R , Passe U , Thompson J 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Building cooling loads are driven by heat gains through enclosures. This research identifies possible ways of reducing the building cooling loads through vegetative shading. Vegetative shading reduces heat gains by blocking radiation and by evaporative air cooling. Few measured data exist, so we gathered thermal data from a vegetative wall grown in front of a Mobile Diagnostics Lab (MDL), a trailer with one conditioned room with instrumentation that collects thermal data from heat flux sensors and thermistors within its walls. In spring 2020 a variety of plants were cultivated in a greenhouse and planted in front of the south façade of the MDL, which was placed in direct sunlight to collect heat flux data. The plants acted as a barrier for solar radiation and reduced the amount of thermal energy affecting the trailer surface. Data were collected through the use of 16 heat flux sensors and development of continuous infrared (IR) images indicating surface temperature with and without plant cover. The façade surface beneath the plants was 10-30 °C cooler than exposed façade areas. In further analyses, the heat-flux data were compared to IR temperature data.
Electrochromic Glass system in Norwegian Climate: Control strategies and Impact on the indoor thermal conditions
Authors: Nocente A , Grynning S , Gullbrekken L 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This work investigates by simulations the impact of the use of Electrochromic (EC) windows in a modern wooden cabin with large window area in a colder climate. The climatic areas considered are 4 different locations in Norway. Three different automatic control systems were used and compared. The windows were alternatively equipped with a textile integrated external blind and an EC glass. The results show that the use of EC glass has a quantifiable impact in term of reduction of peak temperature by 2°C and reduction of number of hours with high indoor temperature. The control system that seems to perform better is based on external solar radiation. In the particular situation of a cabin, where the visual comfort and the surrounding view has the greatest importance, a more complex control algorithm needs to be developed.
Parametric Energy Simulation Methods for Solar-NIR Selective Glazing Systems
Authors: Duan Qiuhua , Zhang Enhe , Hinkle Laura , Wang Julian 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Solar near-infrared (NIR) selective glazing systems have been proposed by incorporating photothermal effects (PTE) of a nanoparticle film into building windows. From an energy efficiency perspective, the nanoscale PTE forms unique inward-flowing heat by heating up the window interior surface temperature under solar near-infrared, significantly improving the window thermal performance. Also, the PTE-driven solar heat gains are dynamic upon solar radiation and weather conditions. However, the PTE on annual building energy use has not been investigated thoroughly, due to the lack of an accurate and appropriate energy simulation method. In this study, we used the EnergyPlus energy management system to develop a parametric energy model and simulation approach in which a solar-temperature-dependent thermal model was embedded into the parametric energy simulation workflow. Applying this method, we examined the solar near-infrared-dependent PTE-induced thermal performances of glazing systems and their effects on annual heating energy use in representative cold climates (i.e., Zones 4, 5, and 6). The results show that the dynamic model considering the PTE demonstrated more heating energy savings, up to 11.64% in cold climates, as opposed to the baseline model that ignored the PTE. This work presents a method to model and simulate the dynamic thermal performance of windows with PTE.
In situ U
g-value measurement on three different glazing types
Authors: Paschke F , Bishara N , Schulz I , Kocer C , Schneider J , Maier A 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This study presents in situ monitoring data of three different glazing systems over a period of one year. An insulated glass unit (IGU), a Vacuum Insulated Glass hybrid unit (VIG-hybrid) and an opaque architectural insulation module (AIM) were monitored under the equivalent environmental condition in this study. Different issues were observed and analyzed. It was found that the Ug-value cited by the manufacturers agrees with the Ug-values derived from the measured data, to within less than 5 % for the IGU and the VIG-hybrid. The consistency of the Ug-value of each glazing types one year after the start of monitoring was validated for similar environmental conditions. Depending on the magnitude of the resistance to heat flow, an increasing Ug-value was observed for a higher temperature difference between the inside and outside environments. The effect is much more significant for the glazing type with the largest Ug-value (IGU) and less significant for the glazing types with a high thermal resistance (VIG-hybrid, AIM).
Simulating heat load profiles in buildings using mixed effects models
Authors: Palmer Real J , Kloppenborg Møller J , Rasmussen C , Lindberg K B , Sartori I , Madsen H 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The landscape of buildings is a diverse one and long-term energy system planning requires simulation tools that can capture such diversity. This work proposes a model for simulating the space-heating consumption of buildings using a linear mixed-effects model. This modelling framework captures the noise caused by the differences that are not being measured between individual buildings; e.g. the preferences of their occupants. The proposed model uses outdoor temperature and space-heating consumption measured at hourly resolution; thus, the model is able to predict the intra-day variations as well as longer effects. Given the stochastic nature of the simulation, the prediction interval of the simulation can be estimated, which defines a region where the consumption of any unobserved building will fall in. A whole year has been simulated and compared to out-of-sample measurements from the same period. The results show that the out-of-sample data is virtually always inside the estimated 90% prediction interval. This work uses data from Norwegian schools, although the model is general and can be built for other building categories. This amount of detail allows energy planners to draw a varied and realistic map of the future energy needs for a given location.