bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carbon allocation to the rhizosphere is affected by drought and nitrogen addition
Authors: Wang Ruzhen , Cavagnaro Timothy R. , Jiang Yong , Keitel Claudia , Dijkstra Feike A. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPhotosynthetic carbon (C) allocated below‐ground can be shared with mycorrhizal fungi in exchange for nutrients, but also added into soil as rhizodeposits that potentially increases plant nutrient supply by supporting microbial nutrient mineralization from organic matter. How water and nitrogen (N) availability affects plant C allocation to the rhizosphere, including both arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) symbionts and rhizodeposits, remains largely unknown.We used a13CO2pulse labelling experiment to assess the effects of drought and N addition on below‐ground allocation of C to soils and roots (quantified as excess13C) and tested their relationships with AMF colonization in an Australian grassland. We also examined relationships between AMF and previously reported root respiration and decomposition of rhizodeposits in this study.We found that drought decreased the absolute amount of excess13C allocated to both soils and roots, likely due to less photosynthetic C fixation. In contrast, proportionally more excess13C was allocated to soils but less to root biomass with drought, suggesting that relatively more C was allocated to rhizodeposits and to AMF hyphal growth and extension. However, N addition reversed drought effects on below‐ground C allocation by retaining proportionally more excess13C in roots and less in soils, congruent with higher soil N and phosphorus availability, root biomass and number of root tips compared to drought without N addition. This suggests that the alleviation of nutrient limitation promoted plants to expend relatively more C on root growth and root trait adjustment, but less C on rhizodeposition and mycorrhizal symbiosis.Synthesis. Mycorrhizal colonization related negatively to rhizodeposit decomposition rate but positively to both excess13C in root biomass and root respiration, suggesting a possible trade‐off in C allocation between mycorrhizal symbiosis and rhizodeposition. We conclude that below‐ground C allocation in this grassland can be mediated by mycorrhizal colonization and is strongly affected by water and nutrient availability.
Precarious encampments in hostile border zones: The methodological challenges of and possibilities for studying contingent camps
Authors: Hagan Maria 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn migration studies, the space of the camp is most often understood as a fixed, humanitarian or institutional space of containment. In recent years, however, hardened border control strategies have given rise to contingent and precarious forms of encampment that stretch the scope of what we might understand as camp spaces. This paper is a methodological intervention on the study of “contingent camps”: encampments that are not fixed but dynamic and shifting, caught in constant cycles of destruction by state authorities and reinvention by those who inhabit them. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork with migrant people inhabiting contingent camps in and around the borderlands at Calais (France) and Tangier (Morocco) between 2017 and 2020, this paper reflects on the methodological challenges of, and possibilities for, carrying out research in these spaces that lack fixed boundaries and thresholds in which to anchor a field strategy. In response to the uncertain ontology of contingent camps and their obscurity, I propose the simultaneous pursuit of embodied ethnography, a forensic scrutiny of camp materialities, and the study of affective atmospheres through attention to the immaterial practices of their residents. Finally, this paper stresses the importance of strategic method selection in these contexts, not only as a tool for approaching and exploring contingent camps, but also as a vector for actively bearing witness to and recording their existence to political ends.
Witnessing the witnesses: Responding to the testimonial spaces of the camp
Authors: Carter‐White Richard 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe significance of testimony as a means of investigating camp spaces is indicated by the extensive literature analysing the eyewitness accounts of Nazi camp survivors. This paper builds on ongoing methodological debates in geographies of the Holocaust to suggest that witness testimony provides a valuable and multifaceted resource for investigating diverse aspects of camp spatiality. After offering an overview of the kinds of camp spaces emergent in camp survivor testimony, the paper draws on the writings of Auschwitz survivor Charlotte Delbo in order to describe and illustrate two methodological approaches to witness accounts. The first is based on the irreplaceable value of survivor testimony as a source of first‐hand observational data, with Delbo's unconventional descriptions of camp spaces and spatialities connecting with numerous core themes in geographical work on the Nazi regime and camp spatialities more generally. The second focuses instead on the capacity of witnessing to disturb the incorporation of testimonial descriptions into academic narratives, and in turn provoke new geographical questions and imaginaries in response to the singular act of testimony.
Do children with reading difficulties benefit from instructional game supports? Exploring children's attention and understanding of feedback
Authors: Vasalou Asimina , Benton Laura , Ibrahim Seray , Sumner Emma , Joye Nelly , Herbert Elisabeth 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis paper examines how primary aged children with reading difficulties attend to, understand and act upon different types of feedback within a digital literacy game. A systematic and structured video analysis of twenty‐six children's game play was carried out focussing on moments where children made an error and were followed by in‐game feedback. Our findings show that children benefited from outcome feedback, which supported an accurate interpretation of their game performance and prompted children to try again. In contrast, though the elaborative feedback attracted similar levels of attention, children struggled to understand the content, resulting in a reliance on implicit knowledge to correct their next response. Alongside identifying a set of new questions for future research, the study contributes a number of intrinsic and extrinsic recommendations for ensuring children with reading difficulties attend to and comprehend games‐based feedback.
Practitioner notesWhat is already known about this topic?

Outcome and elaborative feedback provided in games can scaffold the learner to recognise errors and apply corrective strategies.
Elaborative feedback, in particular, has been evidenced to support the learner's understanding and lead to learning gains, albeit with older populations.
What this paper adds?

An empirical evaluation of how young children who struggle with reading attend to, understand, and respond to feedback in a digital literacy game.
Demonstrates that children attend to the outcome and elaborative feedback to equal degrees, but struggle to understand and apply elaborative feedback due to its metalinguistic complexity.
Implications for practice and/or policy?

Games that embed outcome feedback visually in the target response can enhance the child's attention to, and understanding of, their performance.
Games that offer verbal elaborative feedback require additional instruction to maintain children's focus on the feedback and to support content understanding.
Impaired function of PD-1+ follicular regulatory T cells in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Kurata Izumi , Mikami Natsuko , Ohyama Ayako , Osada Atsumu , Kondo Yuya , Tsuboi Hiroto , Sumida Takayuki , Matsumoto Isao 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Aberrant autoantibody production is characteristic of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but follicular regulatory T (TFR) cells can potentially suppress this abnormality. We investigate functional changes in TFR cells from SLE patients. Circulating TFR cells were collected from 19 SLE patients and 14 healthy controls (HC) to compare molecular expression and in-vitro suppressive capacity of follicular helper T (TFH) cell proliferation. To reveal the stability of forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3) in TFR, pyrosequencing of conserved non-coding sequence (CNS) 2 at the FoxP3 gene locus was performed. We then tested interleukin (IL)-2 in SLE-TFR cells to check restoration of suppressor function. Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) expression in SLE-TFR cells was positively correlated with anti-DNA antibody levels and disease activity. These cells had impaired suppressive function for TFH cells with decreased expression of suppression mediators FoxP3, cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and IL-2 receptor alpha (IL-2Rα). Pyrosequencing identified hyper-methylation in CNS2 region of SLE-TFR cells comparing to HC. With in-vitro IL-2 stimulation, PD-1 expression of TFR cells significantly decreased, together with increased expression of FoxP3 and CTLA-4, especially at a low dose. Thus, SLE-TFR cells have functionally defective to TFH suppression, but low-dose IL-2 therapy might be useful to restore this ability.
The role of Anatolia in the origin of the Caucasus biodiversity hotspot illustrated by land snails in the genusOxychilus
Authors: Neiber Marco T. , Walther Frank , Kijashko Pavel V. , Mumladze Levan , Hausdorf Bernhard 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSeveral taxa that are distributed in the Caucasus and/or the adjacent Pontic Mountains also have representatives in the East Mediterranean region. These disjunctions could have been caused by long‐distance dispersal or be the result of extinctions in Central Anatolia caused by the aridification of the Anatolian Plateau during the Pliocene. We studied theLongiphallus–Hiramiagroup ofOxychilusas an example showing such distribution patterns. Phylogenetic analyses of theOxychilusspecies previously classified inLongiphallus,Hiramiaand related subgenera resulted in a new delimitation of these taxa and the recognition ofAnatoloxychilusNeiber, Walther & Hausdorf n. subgen. as an additional clade. Based on phylogenetic and population genetic analyses,O. reticulatusfrom Mingrelia is revalidated and the populations from the Pontic Mountains previously identified withO. mingrelicus koutaisanusare recognised as a distinct species. Three species pairs of theLongiphallus–Hiramiagroup with deep splits predating the aridification of the Anatolian Plateau during the Pliocene show disjunctions between the Caucasus/Pontic region and the Mediterranean. The majority of taxa with such a distribution pattern probably had more continuous distributions before the aridification started. The relationships between theHiramiaspecies from the Caucasus, the Pontic Mountains and the East Mediterranean highlight the importance of the Anatolian land as a source area for the colonisation of the Caucasus region. The dating of the divergences of the CaucasianHiramiaspecies in the middle to late Miocene indicated that they colonised the Caucasus when it was still an island in the Paratethys Sea and that their divergence was triggered by the orogenesis of the Greater Caucasus. A common pattern within the Caucasus region, also found inHiramia, is the separation of taxa in the north‐western Greater Caucasus from taxa inhabiting the southern slopes of the central Greater Caucasus.
Amount and type of physical activity as predictors of growth in executive functions, attentional control, and social self‐control across 4 years of elementary school
Authors: Koepp Andrew E. , Gershoff Elizabeth T. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis paper used a nationally representative sample of children from the United States to examine the extent to which physical activity and sports participation may promote growth in children's executive functions (EFs), attention, and social self‐control over time. Using data from the ECLS‐K:2011 (N = 18,174), findings indicated that regular physical activity predicted growth in EFs and attention from 3rd to 4th grade (βs = 0.03–0.05) but not from kindergarten to 1st grade. After controlling for the frequency of physical activity, participation in group sports predicted increases in EFs, attention, and social self‐control during both periods (βs = 0.02–0.04). Though modest in size, the findings suggest that encouraging children to engage in more frequent and more team‐based activity will benefit the development of their EFs and related skills, and especially so for children in middle childhood.
Linking patterns of infant eye movements to a neural network model of the ventral stream using representational similarity analysis
Authors: Kiat John E. , Luck Steven J. , Beckner Aaron G. , Hayes Taylor R. , Pomaranski Katherine I. , Henderson John M. , Oakes Lisa M. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractLittle is known about the development of higher‐level areas of visual cortex during infancy, and even less is known about how the development of visually guided behavior is related to the different levels of the cortical processing hierarchy. As a first step toward filling these gaps, we used representational similarity analysis (RSA) to assess links between gaze patterns and a neural network model that captures key properties of the ventral visual processing stream. We recorded the eye movements of 4‐ to 12‐month‐old infants (N = 54) as they viewed photographs of scenes. For each infant, we calculated the similarity of the gaze patterns for each pair of photographs. We also analyzed the images using a convolutional neural network model in which the successive layers correspond approximately to the sequence of areas along the ventral stream. For each layer of the network, we calculated the similarity of the activation patterns for each pair of photographs, which was then compared with the infant gaze data. We found that the network layers corresponding to lower‐level areas of visual cortex accounted for gaze patterns better in younger infants than in older infants, whereas the network layers corresponding to higher‐level areas of visual cortex accounted for gaze patterns better in older infants than in younger infants. Thus, between 4 and 12 months, gaze becomes increasingly controlled by more abstract, higher‐level representations. These results also demonstrate the feasibility of using RSA to link infant gaze behavior to neural network models. A video abstract of this article can be viewed at https://youtu.be/K5mF2Rw98Is
Computational modeling reveals strategic and developmental differences in the behavioral impact of reward across adolescence
Authors: Fosco Whitney D. , Meisel Samuel N. , Weigard Alexander , White Corey N. , Colder Craig R. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractStudies of reward effects on behavior in adolescence typically rely on performance metrics that confound myriad cognitive and non‐cognitive processes, making it challenging to determine which process is impacted by reward. The present longitudinal study applied the diffusion decision model to a reward task to isolate the influence of reward on response caution from influences of processing and motor speed. Participants completed three annual assessments from early to middle adolescence (N = 387, 55% female, Mage = 12.1 at Wave 1; Mage = 13.1 at Wave 2, Mage = 14.1 at Wave 3) and three annual assessments in late adolescence (Mages = 17.8, 18.9, 19.9). At each assessment, participants completed a two‐choice reaction time task under conditions of no‐reward and a block in which points were awarded for speeded accuracy. Reward reduced response caution at all waves, as expected, but had a greater impact as teens moved from early to middle adolescence. Simulations to identify optimal response caution showed that teens were overly cautious in early adolescence but became too focused on speed over accuracy by middle adolescence. By late adolescence, participants adopted response styles that maximized reward. Further, response style was associated with both internalizing and externalizing symptoms in early‐to‐middle adolescence, providing evidence for the construct validity of a diffusion model approach in this developmental period.
From welcome guest to full participant: The influence of migrant worship practices in the Lutheran‐Church Missouri Synod
Authors: Marriott James 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe Lutheran Church‐Missouri Synod in the United States has a significant, extensive, and winsome history of work with migrant communities. This work includes various parachurch organizations designed for resourcing, social care, and evangelistic witness, aligning with the synodical mission of “Witness, Mercy, and Life Together.” Nevertheless, migrant influence on worship practices within LC‐MS congregations can be very minimal. There are a few examples of congregations that have achieved a kind of acculturation or juxtaposition of migrant and local worship practices, and even fewer that are cultivating a kind of inculturation of worship rituals and practices. Using the framework of inculturation and intercultural hermeneutics, this article will seek to highlight the opportunities of congregations within the LC‐MS to cultivate a new sense of worship and community. This new sense of communal worship recognizes the migrant not just as welcome guest but as full participant in “Witness, Mercy, and Life Together,” sharing the stewardship and leadership of rituals, practices, songs, and other ceremonies.
Combinatorial treatment for unresectable unicentric Castleman disease
Authors: Mohan Meera , Meek James C. , Meek Mary Elizabeth , Broadwater Ralph , Alapat Daisy , van Rhee Frits 
Published: July 2021

AbstractUnresectable, symptomatic unicentric Castleman disease (UCD) can represent a formidable therapeutic challenge. UCD masses are often highly vascularized offering the opportunity for therapeutic embolization. Herein, we report on 6 patients in which therapeutic embolization was combined with other medical interventions including surgery (n = 3), rituximab (n = 6), cryoablation (n = 2), and chemotherapy (n = 3). Five patients had significant tumor volume reductions (median: 83.2%; range: 76.7‐100). All five responding patients had resolution of symptomatology. There were no serious complications in the patients who received embolization and proceeded to surgery. In conclusion, effective disease and symptom control can be obtained in patients with symptomatic, unresectable UCD by combining different therapeutic interventions.
Systematic variation in the temperature dependence of bacterial carbon use efficiency
Authors: Smith Thomas P. , Clegg Tom , Bell Thomas , Pawar Samrāt 
Published: July 2021

AbstractCarbon use efficiency (CUE) is a key characteristic of microbial physiology and underlies community‐level responses to changing environments. Yet, we currently lack general empirical insights into variation in microbial CUE at the level of individual taxa. Here, through experiments with 29 strains of environmentally isolated bacteria, we find that bacterial CUE typically responds either positively to temperature, or has no discernible response, within biologically meaningful temperature ranges. Using a global data synthesis, we show that these results are generalisable across most culturable groups of bacteria. This variation in the thermal responses of bacterial CUE is taxonomically structured, and stems from the fact that relative to respiration rates, bacterial population growth rates typically respond more strongly to temperature, and are also subject to weaker evolutionary constraints. Our results provide new insights into microbial physiology, and a basis for more accurately modelling the effects of thermal fluctuations on complex microbial communities.
Effect of low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound on orofacial sensory disturbance following inferior alveolar nerve injury: Role of neurotrophin‐3 signaling
Authors: Tsuchimochi Akane , Endo Chitose , Motoyoshi Mitsuru , Tamura Miki , Hitomi Suzuro , Hayashi Yoshinori , Shinoda Masamichi 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPercutaneous treatment of low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) to the site of inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) transection promotes functional regeneration, but the detailed mechanism is unknown. We examined the involvement of neurotrophin‐3 (NT‐3), which primarily binds with tropomyosin receptor kinase C (TrkC), in functional transected IAN regeneration following LIPUS treatment in rats. Daily LIPUS treatment to the transected IAN was performed, and the mechanical sensitivity of the facial skin was measured for 14 d. On day 5 after IAN transection, the expression of NT‐3 in the transected IAN and TrkC‐positive trigeminal ganglion neurons were immunohistochemically examined. Further, the effect of TrkC neutralization on the acceleration of facial mechanosensory disturbance restoration due to LIPUS treatment was analyzed. LIPUS treatment to the site of IAN transection significantly facilitated functional recovery from sensory disturbance on facial skin. Schwann cells in the transected IAN expressed NT‐3, and LIPUS treatment increased the amount of NT‐3. The facilitated recovery from the mechanosensory disturbance by continuous LIPUS treatment was inhibited by the ongoing TrkC neutralization at the IAN transection site. These results suggest that LIPUS treatment accelerates the recovery of orofacial mechanosensory function following IAN transection through the enhancement of NT‐3 signaling in the transected IAN.
HSV model‐based segmentation driven facial acne detection using deep learning
Authors: Yadav Neha , Alfayeed Sk Md , Khamparia Aditya , Pandey Babita , Thanh Dang N. H. , Pande Sagar 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAcne is a skin disease mainly caused by bacteria, the hair follicles exposed to oil, and dying skin cells. These sometimes trigger whiteheads, blackheads or pimples, usually on the neck, arms, arm and back of shoulders. Acne in adolescents is the most severe, even though it affects people of any generation. Doctors can easily detect acne by seeing a patient's skin, but automatic acne detection is not easy for machines. Deep learning (DL) approaches have been quite successful for various aspects like classification and detection of objects in real life. This paper proposes an enhanced DL CNN model with the Leaky ReLU activation function. DermNet NZ's facial acne images dataset is used for the experiments. Three different techniques‐ K‐Means, Texture Analysis and HSV Model‐Based Segmentation, are applied for image segmentation to extract the acne region from skin images. After applying all the above image segmentation methods five times for each method, output images from K‐Means and HSV (5 + 5 images) are collected and combined with the dataset. Using that dataset, one SVM model using Scikit‐learn and two CNN models‐ one with the ReLU activation function and another with the LeakyReLU activation function, is trained. Out of these three models, the proposed CNN (LeakyReLU) model achieved a 97.54% accuracy.