bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
­Blue mussel (Mytilus spp.) cultivation in mesohaline eutrophied inner coastal waters: mitigation potential, threats and cost effectiveness
Authors: Ritzenhofen Lukas , Buer Anna-Lucia , Gyraite Greta , Dahlke Sven , Klemmstein Annemarie , Schernewski Gerald 
Published: May 2021

The EU-water framework directive (WFD) focuses on nutrient reductions to return coastal waters to the good ecological status. As of today, many coastal waters have reached a steady state of insufficient water quality due to continuous external nutrient inputs and internal loadings. This study focuses first on the current environmental status of mesohaline inner coastal waters to illustrate their needs of internal measures to reach demanded nutrient reductions and secondly, if mussel cultivation can be a suitable strategy to improve water quality. Therefore, nitrogen, phosphorus, chlorophyll a, and Secchi depth of nine mesohaline inner coastal waters in north east Germany were analyzed from 1990 to 2018. Two pilot mussel farms were used to evaluate their effectiveness as a mitigation measure and to estimate potential environmental risks, including the interactions with pathogenic vibrio bacteria. Further, estimated production and mitigation potential were used to assess economic profitability based on the sale of small sized mussels for animal feed and a compensation for nutrient mitigation. The compensation costs were derived from nutrient removal costs of a waste water treatment plant (WWTP). Results show that currently all nine water bodies do not reach the nutrient thresholds demanded by the WFD. However, coastal waters differ in nutrient pollution, indicating that some can reach the desired threshold values if internal measures are applied. The mitigation potential of mussel cultivation depends on the amount of biomass that is cultivated and harvested. However, since mussel growth is closely coupled to the salinity level, mussel cultivation in low saline environments leads to lower biomass production and inevitably to larger cultivation areas. If 50% of the case study area Greifswald Bay was covered with mussel farms the resulting nitrogen reduction would increase Secchi depth by 7.8 cm. However, high chlorophyll a values can hamper clearance rates (<20 mg m−3 = 0.43 l h−1 dry weight g−1) and therefore the mitigation potential. Also, the risk of mussel stock loss due to high summer water temperatures might affect the mitigation potential. The pilot farms had no significant effect on the total organic content of sediments beneath. However, increased values of Vibrio spp. in bio deposits within the pilot farm (1.43 106 ± 1.10 106CFU 100 ml−1 (reference site: 1.04 106 ± 1.45 106 CFU 100 ml−1) were measured with sediment traps. Hence, mussel farms might act as a sink for Vibrio spp. in systems with already high vibrio concentrations. However, more research is required to investigate the risks of Vibrio occurrence coupled to mussel farming. The economic model showed that mussel cultivation in environments below 12 PSU cannot be economic at current market prices for small size mussels and compensations based on nutrient removal cost of WWTPs.
The Phytochemical Constituents, Hypoglycemic, and Antioxidant Activities of Senna occidentalis (L.) Ethanolic Leaf Extract in High Sucrose Diet Fed Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Tochukwu Okoye Clifford , Abigail Ogbonna , Alexander Etuh Monday , Ugbedeojo Sani Peter 
Published: May 2021

Aim: This study was aimed at evaluating the phytochemical constituents,hypoglycemic, and antioxidant activities of Senna occidentalis ethanolic leaf extract in diabetic Drosophila melanogaster with emphasis on survival, phytochemical, biochemical and fecundity assays as well as locomotor activities.
Methodology:S. occidentalisleaves was collected and prepared for extraction using 70% ethanol as solvent. The extract was subjected to phytochemical screening and the lethal dose(LD50) was carried out on D. melanogasterfor 7 days. Survival study was conducted by treating fruit flies with different concentration of the extracts for 28 days. Hyperglycemia was induced by feeding the flies with food containing 30% of sucrose for 10 days, and thereafter treated with different concentration of the extract and metformin (positive control) for 7 days.Diabetic flies were used for the negative geotaxis and fecundity assays. The homogenates of flies from the different groups of the treatment and control were prepared and used to quantify the glucose content and the antioxidant activities which included the thiol content, glutathione-s-transferase and catalase activities.
Results: The phytochemical screening revealed the presence 8 different phytochemicals. The LD50 was determined to be 277.8 mg/10 g fly food of S. occidentalis. Supplementation with S. occidentalis ethanolic extracts showed a non-significant increase (P> 0.05) in the survival of D melanogaster when compared to the baseline group.Diabetic flies treated withthe extract showed a dose-dependent decrease in serum glucose which was significant (P< 0.05) at 100 mg when compared to the negative control group(untreated). Negative geotaxis, fecundity and catalase activitiesof treated fliesshowed no significant difference (P> 0.05) when compared toflies in the negative control group. S. occidentalis ethanolic leaf extract significantly elevated (P< 0.05) the total thiol content and glutathione-s-transferase activities at certain concentration in a non-linear manner.
Conclusion: From the findings, S. occidentalis ethanolic leaf extract contained several phytochemicals and it is relatively safe; possessing hypoglycemic and antioxidant properties when administered to diabeticD. melanogaster.
The usual suspects: How psychological motives and thinking styles predict the endorsement of well‐known and COVID‐19 conspiracy beliefs
Authors: Gligorić Vukašin , da Silva Margarida Moreira , Eker Selin , van Hoek Nieke , Nieuwenhuijzen Ella , Popova Uljana , Zeighami Golnar 
Published: May 2021

SummaryResearch on belief in conspiracy theories identified many predictors but often failed to investigate them together. In the present study, we tested how the most important predictors of beliefs in conspiracy theories explain endorsing COVID‐19 and non‐COVID‐19 conspiracy theories and conspiracy mentality. Apart from these three measures of conspiratorial thinking, participants (N = 354) completed several measures of epistemic, existential, and social psychological motives, as well as cognitive processing variables. While many predictors had significant correlations, only three consistently explained conspiratorial beliefs when included in one model: higher spirituality (specifically eco‐awareness factor), higher narcissism, and lower analytical thinking. Compared to the other two conspiratorial measures, predictors less explained belief in COVID‐19 conspiracy theories, but this depended on items' content. We conclude that the same predictors apply to belief in both COVID and non‐COVID conspiracies and identify New Age spirituality as an important contributor to such beliefs.
Synthesis, Assembly, Optical Properties, and Sensing Applications of Plasmonic Gap Nanostructures
Authors: Kim Jae‐Myoung , Lee Chungyeon , Lee Yeonhee , Lee Jinhaeng , Park So‐Jung , Park Sungho , Nam Jwa‐Min 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPlasmonic gap nanostructures (PGNs) have been extensively investigated mainly because of their strongly enhanced optical responses, which stem from the high intensity of the localized field in the nanogap. The recently developed methods for the preparation of versatile nanogap structures open new avenues for the exploration of unprecedented optical properties and development of sensing applications relying on the amplification of various optical signals. However, the reproducible and controlled preparation of highly uniform plasmonic nanogaps and the prediction, understanding, and control of their optical properties, especially for nanogaps in the nanometer or sub‐nanometer range, remain challenging. This is because subtle changes in the nanogap significantly affect the plasmonic response and are of paramount importance to the desired optical performance and further applications. Here, recent advances in the synthesis, assembly, and fabrication strategies, prediction and control of optical properties, and sensing applications of PGNs are discussed, and perspectives toward addressing these challenging issues and the future research directions are presented.
Ultrafast Growth of Large‐Area Uniform, Millimeter‐Size MoSe2 Single Crystals on Low‐Cost Soda‐Lime Glass
Authors: Zhang Zhaoqian , Zhu Lijie , Wang Dan , Tang Bin , Yang Pengfei , Shi Yuping , Zhou Fan , Fu Jiatian , Huan Yahuan , Cui Fangfang , Li Ning , Chen Qing , Zou Xiaolong , Chen Fenghua , Zhang Yanfeng 
Published: May 2021

Abstract2D semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) have emerged as essential building blocks for engineering next‐generation integrated electronics. To achieve this, the controllable synthesis of monolayer TMDCs with high crystal quality, low cost, and high yield is crucial, while it remains challenging. Herein, the direct synthesis of large‐area uniform, millimeter‐size monolayer MoSe2 single crystals on a 6‐centimeter‐long soda‐lime glass template, by using a designed “beam‐bridge” assisted metal oxide precursor feeding strategy via chemical vapor deposition (CVD), is reported. Notably, several tenths of millimeter‐scale, triangular‐shaped monolayer MoSe2 single crystals are obtained in one batch within 25 s’ growth, affording so far the fastest growth rate (≈50 µm s−1). This ultrafast growth behavior is proposed to be mediated by the sufficient, homogeneous release of Mo‐based precursor, the catalytic property of sodium atoms on soda‐lime glass substrate, as well as the improved surface kinetics on the molten glass surface. Moreover, the thickness‐controlled growth from monolayer to bilayers is also realized. This work provides brand new insights for the batch production of large single‐crystal TMDCs, which should propel its practical applications in versatile fields.
Highly Bright, Narrow Emissivity of InP Quantum Dots Synthesized by Aminophosphine: Effects of Double Shelling Scheme and Ga Treatment
Authors: Jo Jung‐Ho , Jo Dae‐Yeon , Choi Seung‐Wan , Lee Sun‐Hyoung , Kim Hyun‐Min , Yoon Suk‐Young , Kim Yuri , Han Jee‐Na , Yang Heesun 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIndium phosphide (InP) quantum dots (QDs) are in an unrivaled position in photoluminescence (PL) performances particularly for green and red color over other heavy‐metal‐free QD visible emitters. Herein, based on InP cores synthesized using an easy‐to‐handle, safe aminophosphine precursor, unprecedented bright, narrow emissivity is demonstrated synergically by optimizing double shelling scheme and Ga treatment. Two comparative double shells of ZnSe0.5S0.5/ZnS versus ZnSe/ZnS are generated on green‐emissive InP cores, yielding better PL outcomes with respect to PL quantum yield (QY) and full‐width‐at‐half‐maximum (FWHM) from the latter scheme over the former one. With an intent to further enhance emissivity, incorporation of Ga onto InP cores in the course of ZnSe inner shelling is newly devised. Properly Ga‐treated InP/ZnSe/ZnS QDs, where Ga is presumed to play a beneficial role in removing surface P dangling bond of InP core, produce a near‐unity PLQY (97%) and narrow FWHM of 37 nm. The similar effectiveness is also verified in red InP/ZnSe/ZnS heterostructure, clearly indicating that Ga treatment is a viable, valid strategy toward bright emissivity in the InP QD system.
Second Harmonic Generation Covering the Entire Visible Range from a 2D Material–Plasmon Hybrid Metasurface
Authors: Ding Yufeng , Wei Chengrong , Su Huimin , Sun Shuoyan , Tang Zhiyong , Wang Zhaona , Li Guixin , Liu Dahe , Gwo Shangjr , Dai Junfeng , Shi Jinwei 
Published: May 2021

AbstractOn‐chip coherent light source has always been fascinating and intriguing due to its various potential applications. In the past decades, there has been some progress in the development of chip coherent light (e.g., nanolaser, Bose‐Einstein condensation and nonlinear optical effects). However, these methods strictly depend on materials and extreme experimental conditions, and are usually not tunable. Here, a hybrid structure is designed which combines a chirped surface plasmon metasurface with a monolayer transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) to achieve a coherent second harmonic generation (SHG) covering the entire visible light spectrum. Using only finite number of metallic grooves, a continuous resonance tuning is obtained. By translating the metasurface in space, a space‐frequency locking SHG is demonstrated. Although the Q factor of the surface plasmon cavity is low, its near‐field enhancements of both fundamental and SH waves are still obvious. Significantly, the broad linewidth of plasmonic cavity leads to a large degree of overlap between adjacent localized modes, that enables the tuning of the output wavelength continuously at room temperature. Meanwhile, the exciton resonance also plays an important role. This monolithic tunable device demonstrates the potentials of 2D material‐plasmon hybrid metasurface and to construct an efficient broadband tunable on‐chip coherent light source.
Integrating Emerging Polymer Chemistries for the Advancement of Recyclable, Biodegradable, and Biocompatible Electronics
Authors: Chiong Jerika A. , Tran Helen , Lin Yangju , Zheng Yu , Bao Zhenan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThrough advances in molecular design, understanding of processing parameters, and development of non‐traditional device fabrication techniques, the field of wearable and implantable skin‐inspired devices is rapidly growing interest in the consumer market. Like previous technological advances, economic growth and efficiency is anticipated, as these devices will enable an augmented level of interaction between humans and the environment. However, the parallel growing electronic waste that is yet to be addressed has already left an adverse impact on the environment and human health. Looking forward, it is imperative to develop both human‐ and environmentally‐friendly electronics, which are contingent on emerging recyclable, biodegradable, and biocompatible polymer technologies. This review provides definitions for recyclable, biodegradable, and biocompatible polymers based on reported literature, an overview of the analytical techniques used to characterize mechanical and chemical property changes, and standard policies for real‐life applications. Then, various strategies in designing the next‐generation of polymers to be recyclable, biodegradable, or biocompatible with enhanced functionalities relative to traditional or commercial polymers are discussed. Finally, electronics that exhibit an element of recyclability, biodegradability, or biocompatibility with new molecular design are highlighted with the anticipation of integrating emerging polymer chemistries into future electronic devices.
Electromechanical Manipulation of Topological Defects to Yield Giant Piezoelectric Response in Epitaxial Lead Zirconate Titanate Bilayers on Silicon
Authors: Winkler Richard Stephen , Zhang Yangyang , Zhang Qi , Wang Zhe , Zhu Yimei , Han Myung‐Geun , Schlom Darrell G. , Valanoor Nagarajan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe combination of topological defect mobility and exploitation of the boundary conditions in bilayer heterostructures presents an enormous opportunity for enhancing actuation responses from modest external stimuli in electromechanical applications. Tetragonal PbZr0.3Ti0.7O3 and underlying rhombohedral PbZr0.54Ti0.46O3 ferroelectric bilayers are epitaxially grown on silicon substrates. The topmost layer shows crystallographic symmetry lower than a typical tetragonal structure but is arranged in‐plane with a mosaic pattern of superdomains and ferroelastic a1/a2 nanodomains within. The domain pattern also shows a series of vortex/anti‐vortex pairs induced in the pseudo‐tetragonal film, which can be manipulated to either migrate across the film or annihilate one another in the presence of an external electrical bias. The mobility of defect pairs and domain walls, through reduced substrate clamping by the underlying rhombohedral film, is the driving force for endowing the bilayer with a ≈45% increased effective d33 response compared to a rhombohedral single layer on silicon. Furthermore, a square in‐plane polarization loop (≈32 µC cm–2) provides further evidence of the mobility and large‐scale polarization switching. An improvement of this magnitude demonstrates the opportunity to implement bilayer technology while exploiting a functional silicon substrate for enhanced, industry‐ready, smart material applications.
Wirt‐Gast‐Wechselwirkungen in einer Serie isoretikulärer Metall‐organischer Gerüststrukturen für molekulare photokatalytische CO2‐Reduktion
Authors: Stanley Philip M. , Haimerl Johanna , Thomas Christopher , Urstoeger Alexander , Schuster Michael , Shustova Natalia B. , Casini Angela , Rieger Bernhard , Warnan Julien , Fischer Roland A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractEine Strategie zur Verbesserung der Stabilität, Effizienz und Selektivität von homogenen molekularen Katalysatoren ist die Immobilisierung auf Trägeroberflächen oder innerhalb von Matrizes. Hier untersuchen wir die Immobilisierung des CO2‐Reduktionskatalysators [ReBr(CO)3(4,4′‐dcbpy)] und des Photosensibilisators [Ru(bpy)2(5,5′‐dcbpy)]Cl2 unter Verwendung folgender Serie von isoretikulären Metall‐organischen Gerüsten (MOFs): UiO‐66, ‐67 und ‐68. Die spezifische Wahl der Porengröße ermöglicht eine unterschiedliche räumliche Anordnung von Katalysator und Photosensibilisator – entweder an der äußeren Oberfläche der MOF‐Partikel oder im Inneren der MOF‐Kavitäten. Dies beeinflusst die Katalysatorstabilität, die elektronische Kommunikation zwischen Reaktionszentrum und Photosensibilisator und folglich die katalytische Aktivität. Diese Ergebnisse ermöglichen ein rationales Verständnis eines optimierten supramolekularen Zusammenspiels von Katalysator, Photosensibilisator und Wirt.
Palladium‐katalysierte decarbonylierende Iodierung von Carbonsäuren, ermöglicht durch Ligand‐unterstützten Halogenaustausch
Authors: Boehm Philip , Martini Tristano , Lee Yong Ho , Cacherat Bastien , Morandi Bill 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWir berichten über eine effiziente und breit anwendbare Palladium‐katalysierte Iodierung günstiger und leicht verfügbarer Aryl‐ und Vinylcarbonsäuren durch In‐situ‐Aktivierung zum Säurechlorid und Bildung eines Phosphoniumsalzes. Die Verwendung von 1‐Iodbutan als Iodidquelle in Kombination mit einer Base und einem Desoxychlorierungsreagenz eröffnet den Zugang zu einer Vielzahl von Aryl‐ und Vinyliodiden unter Pd/Xantphos‐Katalyse, einschließlich komplexer arzneimittelähnlicher Strukturen. Stöchiometrische Experimente und kinetische Analysen legen einen einzigartigen Mechanismus nahe, welcher die reduktive C‐P‐Eliminierung zur Bildung des Xantphos‐Phosphoniumchlorids beinhaltet, welches anschließend einen ungewöhnlichen Halogenaustausch durch nukleophile Substitution initiiert.
Consecutive Ligand‐Based Electron Transfer in New Molecular Copper‐Based Water Oxidation Catalysts
Authors: Gil‐Sepulcre Marcos , Garrido‐Barros Pablo , Oldengott Jan , Funes‐Ardoiz Ignacio , Bofill Roger , Sala Xavier , Benet‐Buchholz Jordi , Llobet Antoni 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWater oxidation to dioxygen is one of the key reactions that need to be mastered for the design of practical devices based on water splitting with sunlight. In this context, water oxidation catalysts based on first‐row transition metal complexes are highly desirable due to their low cost and their synthetic versatility and tunability through rational ligand design. A new family of dianionic bpy‐amidate ligands of general formula H2LNn− (LN is [2,2′‐bipyridine]‐6,6′‐dicarboxamide) substituted with phenyl or naphthyl redox non‐innocent moieties is described. A detailed electrochemical analysis of [(L4)Cu]2− (L4=4,4′‐(([2,2′‐bipyridine]‐6,6′‐dicarbonyl)bis(azanediyl))dibenzenesulfonate) at pH 11.6 shows the presence of a large electrocatalytic wave for water oxidation catalysis at an η=830 mV. Combined experimental and computational evidence, support an all ligand‐based process with redox events taking place at the aryl‐amide groups and at the hydroxido ligands.
Particle‐by‐Particle In Situ Characterization of the Protein Corona via Real‐Time 3D Single‐Particle‐Tracking Spectroscopy**
Authors: Tan Xiaochen , Welsher Kevin 
Published: May 2021

AbstractNanoparticles (NPs) adsorb proteins when exposed to biological fluids, forming a dynamic protein corona that affects their fate in biological environments. A comprehensive understanding of the protein corona is lacking due to the inability of current techniques to precisely measure the full corona in situ at the single‐particle level. Herein, we introduce a 3D real‐time single‐particle tracking spectroscopy to “lock‐on” to single freely diffusing polystyrene NPs and probe their individual protein coronas, primarily using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model system. The fluorescence signals and diffusive motions of the tracked NPs enable quantification of the “hard corona” using mean‐squared displacement analysis. Critically, this method's particle‐by‐particle nature enabled a lock‐in‐type frequency filtering approach to extract the full protein corona, despite the typically confounding effect of high background signal from unbound proteins. From these results, the dynamic in situ full protein corona is observed to contain twice the number of proteins compared to the ex situ‐measured “hard” protein corona.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Decarbonylative Iodination of Aryl Carboxylic Acids Enabled by Ligand‐Assisted Halide Exchange
Authors: Boehm Philip , Martini Tristano , Lee Yong Ho , Cacherat Bastien , Morandi Bill 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe report an efficient and broadly applicable palladium‐catalyzed iodination of inexpensive and abundant aryl and vinyl carboxylic acids via in situ activation to the acid chloride and formation of a phosphonium salt. The use of 1‐iodobutane as iodide source in combination with a base and a deoxychlorinating reagent gives access to a wide range of aryl and vinyl iodides under Pd/Xantphos catalysis, including complex drug‐like scaffolds. Stoichiometric experiments and kinetic analysis suggest a unique mechanism involving C−P reductive elimination to form the Xantphos phosphonium chloride, which subsequently initiates an unusual halogen exchange by outer sphere nucleophilic substitution.
Heterocycle/Heteroallene Ring‐Opening Copolymerization: Selective Catalysis Delivering Alternating Copolymers
Authors: Plajer Alex J. , Williams Charlotte K. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractHeteroatom‐containing polymers have strong potential as sustainable replacements for petrochemicals, show controllable monomer–polymer equilibria and properties spanning plastics, elastomers, fibres, resins, foams, coatings, adhesives, and self‐assembled nanostructures. Their current and future applications span packaging, house‐hold goods, clothing, automotive components, electronics, optical materials, sensors, and medical products. An interesting route to these polymers is the catalysed ring‐opening copolymerisation (ROCOP) of heterocycles and heteroallenes. It is a living polymerization, occurs with high atom economy, and creates precise, new polymer structures inaccessible by traditional methods. In the last decade there has been a renaissance in research and increasing examples of commercial products made using ROCOP. It is better known in the production of polycarbonates and polyesters, but is also a powerful route to make N‐, S‐, and other heteroatom‐containing polymers, including polyamides, polycarbamates, and polythioesters. This Review presents an overview of the different catalysts, monomer combinations, and polymer classes that can be accessed by heterocycle/heteroallene ROCOP.