bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Combined maximum b‐value and echo time: A practical method for determining the signal‐to‐noise ratio for magnetic resonance images
Authors: Ohno Naoki , Miyati Tosiaki , Oyabu Hirotaka , Gabata Toshifumi , Kobayashi Satoshi 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPurposeThe aim of the present study is to develop a simple and practical method for measuring the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) of magnetic resonance images called combined maximum b‐value and echo time (COMBET) that could be suitable for pulse sequences to which a diffusion gradient can be applied.MethodsIn the COMBET method, we first obtain a signal image using the objective pulse sequence. Then, we obtain the noise image of this sequence using the diffusion gradient with the largest b‐value and longest echo time. However, other imaging parameters are the same as those used for the signal image acquisition. The SNR is calculated from the mean signal intensity in the region of interest (ROI) of the signal image divided by the signal standard deviation in the ROI of the noise image after the required corrections. We compared SNRs determined using the COMBET and double echo with the longest second echo time (DELSET) methods for single‐shot echo‐planar imaging and fast spin‐echo sequences in white mineral oil phantom, purified water phantom, human head, and upper abdomen. We used the subtraction method as the reference standard.ResultsThe COMBET method could obtain the optimal noise image, whereas the DELSET method could not sufficiently suppress the long T2 signal in the purified water phantom, cerebrospinal fluid, and digestive fluid. Therefore, the DELSET method afforded incorrect results for the long T2 regions in the noise and SNR maps, while the COMBET method enabled the in vivo evaluation of the SNR even in the long T2 regions.ConclusionThe COMBET method allows simple and practical SNR measurement, which is applicable to tissues with long T2 relaxation time.
Large‐Area Organic Solar Modules with Efficiency Over 14%
Authors: Dong Xinyun , Jiang Youyu , Sun Lulu , Qin Fei , Zhou Xianmin , Lu Xin , Wang Wen , Zhou Yinhua 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIt is still challenging to fabricate efficient large‐area organic solar modules by solution processing. Processing window is important to obtain optimal aggregation of an active layer in large area for high efficiency. The star active layer of PM6:Y6 is processed from chloroform (for high efficiency) that has a narrow processing window due to the low boiling point of the solvent. In this work, the correlation between chemical structure (side chains) and processing solvents is investigated to obtain high efficiency and long processing windows. It is found that large side chains on the pyrrole ring are the key factor influencing the aggregation of active layer films. Short side chain (in Y6 and Y6‐1O) will cause excess aggregation when processed from high‐boiling‐point solvent (chlorobenzene, CB), while long side‐chain (in BTP‐BO‐4F, BTP‐BO‐4Cl, and BTP‐eC9) can inhibit such aggregation and maintain high photovoltaic performance when processed from CB with wide processing window. In the end, over 25 cm2 organic solar module via doctor blading based on PM6:BTP‐eC9 active layer has been fabricated with a PCE of 14.07%.
Engineering Complex Anisotropic Scaffolds beyond Simply Uniaxial Alignment for Tissue Engineering
Authors: Xing Jiyao , Liu Ning , Xu Nannan , Chen Wujun , Xing Dongming 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAnisotropic microarchitectures arising from an aligned organization of threadlike extracellular matrix (ECM) components or cells are ubiquitous in the human body, such as skeletal muscle, corneal stroma, and meniscus, for executing tissue‐specific physiological functions. It is widely recognized that tissue engineering, whereby growing the implanted or endogenous cells in anisotropic scaffolds with geometrical resemblance to the ECM of targeted tissues, represents a promising solution for the structural and functional restoration of these anisotropic tissues. However, remarkable challenges remain in recapitulating the anisotropic complexities of native tissues beyond simply uniaxial alignment. Through unremitting endeavors over the past decade, some innovative bioengineering approaches are developed to tackle these challenges. This review focuses on the recent progress in modular assembly and 3D printing techniques exploited to construct complex anisotropic scaffolds with a key highlight on their accessibility and features for different types of anisotropies, based on understanding the whole picture of anisotropies beyond simply uniaxial alignment in native tissues, which are geometrically divided into three categories. Finally, the applications of these complex scaffolds in anisotropic tissue engineering, either in vitro modeling or in vivo regeneration, are explored.
Targeting Endogenous Hydrogen Peroxide at Bone Defects Promotes Bone Repair
Authors: Li Jiaying , Han Fengxuan , Ma Jinjin , Wang Huan , Pan Jun , Yang Guangbao , Zhao He , Zhao Jiayue , Liu Jinbo , Liu Zhuang , Li Bin 
Published: December 2021

AbstractReactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a critical role in tissue repair, including bone. Therefore, detecting and regulating ROS is essential for monitoring and facilitating bone repair. In this study, for the first time, the spatiotemporal profile of ROS, represented by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), in the bone injury microenvironment using photoacoustic imaging technique is visualized. The ROS levels significantly increase upon bone injury, peak at a certain stage of bone healing, and then gradually decrease toward baseline level. To regulate ROS in the bone injury microenvironment, the use of hollow manganese dioxide nanoparticles (hMNPs), which are able to decompose H2O2 and generate oxygen is explored. In vitro, hMNPs eliminate intracellular ROS to protect cells from oxidative damage and facilitate cell growth by releasing oxygen. In vivo, composite hydrogels containing gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) and hMNPs (hMNP/GelMA) release oxygen and bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (BMP‐2)‐associated peptide in an “on‐demand” fashion in response to bone microenvironmental ROS change. Applying hMNP/GelMA composite hydrogels loaded with BMP‐2‐associated peptide (BhMNP/GelMA) significantly enhances bone formation in a rat critical‐sized calvarial defect. Together, findings from this study imply that the visualization and regulation of ROS such as H2O2 may be a novel strategy for diagnosing and treating bone defects.
Record‐High Superconductivity in Transition Metal Dichalcogenides Emerged in Compressed 2H‐TaS2
Authors: Dong Qing , Pan Jie , Li Shujia , Fang Yuqiang , Lin Tao , Liu Shuang , Liu Bo , Li Quanjun , Huang Fuqiang , Liu Bingbing 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPressure has always been an effective method for uncovering novel phenomena and properties in condensed matter physics. Here, an electrical transport study is carried on 2H‐TaS2 up to ≈208 GPa, and an unexpected superconducting state (SC‐II) emerging around 86.1 GPa with an initial critical temperature (Tc) of 9.6 K is found. As pressure increases, the Tc enhances rapidly and reaches a maximum of 16.4 K at 157.4 GPa, which sets a new record for transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs). The original superconducting state (SC‐I) is found to be re‐enhanced above 100 GPa after the recession around 10 GPa, and coexists with SC‐II to the highest pressure applied in this work. In situ high‐pressure X‐ray diffraction and Hall effect measurements reveal that the occurrence of SC‐II is accompanied by a structural modification and a concurrent enhancement of hole carrier density. The new high‐Tc superconducting state in 2H‐TaS2 can be attributed to the change of the electronic states near the Fermi surface, owing to pressure‐induced interlayer modulation. It is the first time finding this remarkable superconducting state in TMDs, which not only brings a new broad of perspective on layered materials but also expands the field of pressure‐modified superconductivity.
Perovskite Solar Cells Go Bifacial—Mutual Benefits for Efficiency and Durability
Authors: Song Zhaoning , Li Chongwen , Chen Lei , Yan Yanfa 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBifacial solar cells hold the potential to achieve a higher power output per unit area than conventional monofacial devices without significantly increasing manufacturing costs. However, efficient bifacial designs are challenging to implement in inorganic thin‐film solar cells because of their short carrier lifetimes and high rear surface recombination. The emergence of perovskite photovoltaic (PV) technology creates a golden opportunity to realize efficient bifacial thin‐film solar cells, owing to their outstanding optoelectronic properties and unique features of device physics. More importantly, transparent conducting oxide electrodes can prevent electrode corrosion by halide ions, mitigating one major instability issue of the perovskite devices. Here, the theory of bifacial PV devices is summarized and the advantages of bifacial perovskite solar cells, such as high power output, enhanced device durability, and low economic and environmental costs, are reviewed. The limitations and challenges for bifacial perovskite solar cells are also discussed. Finally, the awareness of bifacial solar cells as a feasible commercialization pathway of perovskite PV for mainstream solar power generation and building‐integrated PV is advocated and future research directions are suggested.
Liquid Crystal Elastomer Twist Fibers toward Rotating Microengines
Authors: Wang Yunpeng , Sun Jiahao , Liao Wei , Yang Zhongqiang 
Published: December 2021

AbstractUntethered twist fibers do not require end‐anchoring structures to hold their twist orientation and offer simple designs and convenient operation. The reversible responsiveness of these fibers allows them to generate torque and rotational deformation continuously upon the application of external stimuli. The fibers therefore have potential in rotating microengines. In practical applications, high torque and rotational deformation are desirable to meet work capacity requirements. However, the simultaneous endowment of reversible responsiveness and high rotational performance to untethered twist fibers remains a challenge. In this study, a liquid crystal elastomer twist fiber (LCETF) is designed and developed with a fixed twisting alignment of mesogens to provide untethered and reversible responsiveness. Outstanding rotational performance can be achieved when the mesogenic orientation is disrupted through heat triggering. Owing to the significant intrinsic contractile ratio of the LCE material, the rotational deformation of the LCETF can reach 243.6° mm−1. More importantly, the specific torque can reach 10.1 N m kg−1, which exceeds previously reported values. In addition, the LCETF can be exploited in a rotating microengine to convert heat into electricity with an induction voltage as high as 9.4 V. This work broadens the applications of LCEs for energy harvesters, micromachines, and soft robots.
Treatment of Ruptured and Nonruptured Aneurysms Using a Semisolid Iodinated Embolic Agent
Authors: Zhang Zefu , Albadawi Hassan , Fowl Richard J. , Altun Izzet , Salomao Marcela A. , Jahanyar Jama , Chong Brian W. , Mayer Joseph L. , Oklu Rahmi 
Published: December 2021

AbstractSaccular aneurysms (SAs) are focal outpouchings from the lateral wall of an artery. Depending on their morphology and location, minimally invasive treatment options include coil embolization, flow diverter stents, stent‐assisted coiling, and liquid embolics. Many drawbacks are associated with these treatment options including recanalization, delayed healing, rebleeding, malpositioning of the embolic or stent, stent stenosis, and even rupture of the SA. To overcome these drawbacks, a nanoclay‐based shear‐thinning hydrogel (STH) is developed for the endovascular treatment of SAs. Extensive in vitro testing is performed to optimize STH performance, visualization, injectability, and endothelialization in cell culture. Femoral artery saccular aneurysm models in rats and in pigs are created to test stability, efficacy, immune response, endothelialization, and biocompatibility of STH in both ruptured and unruptured SA. Fluoroscopy and computed tomography imaging consistently confirmed SA occlusion without recanalization, migration, or nontarget embolization; STH is also shown to outperform coil embolization of porcine aneurysms. In pigs with catastrophic bleeding due to SA rupture, STH is able to achieve instant hemostasis rescuing the pigs in long‐term survival experiments. STH is a promising semisolid iodinated embolic agent that can change the standard of medical practice and potentially save lives.
High‐Efficiency Full‐Space Complex‐Amplitude Metasurfaces Enabled by a Bi‐Spectral Single‐Substrate‐Layer Meta‐Atom
Authors: Xie Rensheng , Gu Zhen , Zhang Dajun , Wang Xiong , Zhang Hualiang , Jing Chengbin , Ding Jun , Chu Junhao 
Published: December 2021

AbstractFull‐space metasurfaces have attracted significant interest due to their unprecedented abilities to tailor the electromagnetic wavefronts in both transmission and reflection half‐spaces. However, it remains difficult and challenging to achieve high‐efficiency complex‐amplitude modulation within a single‐substrate‐layer structure for circularly polarized (CP) waves, which can enhance the power distribution regulation. Herein, a universal design strategy for the frequency‐multiplexed full‐space meta‐device is proposed by employing a single‐substrate‐layer meta‐atom with complex‐amplitude modulations. The full‐space metasurface is composed of a subwavelength‐thickness substrate and two discrepant metallic layers, where a modified complementary split‐ring resonator and an electric field coupled resonator are selected to refract and reflect the CP incidences to the cross‐ and co‐polarized components at two distinct frequencies. Based on this emerging meta‐atom, a multifunctional bi‐spectral metasurface is designed and verified by both full‐wave simulations and experiments, which generates the quad‐vortex beam and the hologram in transmission and reflection modes, respectively. The proposed method employs a single‐substrate layer to maintain high efficiency, while incorporating the complex‐amplitude modulation, which has potential applications in imaging and communication systems.
Magnonic Goos–Hänchen Effect Induced by 1D Solitons
Authors: Laliena Victor , Campo Javier 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe spin wave spectral problem is solved in terms of the spectrum of a diagonalizable operator for a class of magnetic states that includes several types of domain walls and the chiral solitons of monoaxial helimagnets. Focusing on these latter solitons, it is shown that the spin waves reflected and transmitted by them suffer a lateral displacement analogous to the Goos‐Hänchen effect of optics. The displacement is a fraction of the wavelength, but can be greatly enhanced by using an array of well separated solitons. Contrarily to the Goos–Hänchen effect recently studied in some magnetic systems, which takes place at the interfaces between different magnetic systems, the effect predicted here takes place at the soliton position, which is interesting for applications since solitons can be created at different places and moved across the material by suitable means. Moreover, the effect predicted here is not particular to monoaxial helimagnets, but it is generic of 1D solitons, although it is accidentally absent in the domain walls of ferromagnets with uniaxial anisotropy. Even though in this work the dipolar interaction is ignored for simplicity, we argue that the Goos–Hänchen shift is also present when it is taken into account.
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for gallbladder torsion in a 3‐year‐old child
Authors: Uemura Sunao , Maeda Hiromichi , Obatake Masayuki , Namikawa Tsutomu , Kitagawa Hiroyuki , Fujieda Yuki , Nishimoto Yuka , Morishita Yusuke , Fujieda Mikiya , Hanazaki Kazuhiro 
Published: December 2021

BackgroundGallbladder torsion is a congenital abnormality of the gallbladder and is a rare cause of acute abdomen. Although gallbladder torsion is a life‐threatening condition requiring emergency surgery, laparoscopic cholecystectomy for gallbladder torsion in pediatric patients has seldom been reported.Case presentationA 3‐year‐old boy with abdominal pain and vomiting was admitted to our hospital. He was diagnosed with acute cholecystitis through abdominal ultrasound and computed tomography, and he received antibiotics. Two days after admission, a repeat abdominal ultrasound revealed exacerbation of gallbladder wall thickness and lack of intramural blood flow, which led to a diagnosis of gallbladder torsion. Emergency laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed, and the gallbladder was twisted counterclockwise at 270°. After an uneventful course of intraoperative and postoperative treatment, the patient was discharged on postoperative day 6.ConclusionLaparoscopic cholecystectomy for gallbladder torsion was safely performed in a pediatric patient.
Friction and wear behavior of polyimide matrix composites filled with nanographite
Authors: Wan Changxin , Yao Chenyu , Li Jian , Duan Haitao , Zhan Shengpeng , Jia Dan , Li Yinhua , Yang Tian 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn this study, nanographite (NG), as a lubricant additive, and polyimide (PI) were used to fabricate NG/PI composites via a hot compression molding process. The tribological properties of the NG/PI composites with different NG mass contents (0–10 wt%) were tested using a reciprocating ball‐on‐disc contact tribometer matched with a GCr15 rubbing pair. The thermal stability, surface hardness, and compression strength of the composites were discussed. The results revealed that a small quantity of nanofillers greatly reduced the friction coefficient and increased the wear resistance of the NG/PI composites. Despite a minor decrease in mechanical performance, the composite with 5 wt% of NG filler exhibited improved tribological properties; it showed a 55.63% reduction in the friction coefficient and a reduction of 97.39% in the wear rate compared with neat PI. Moreover, an increase in the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the NG/PI composites indicated the enhancement of their thermal stability and wear resistance. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses showed that the main wear mechanism of the composites was fatigue wear. These findings suggest that the 5 wt% NG/PI composite could be a significant contribution to the field of tribological engineering plastics.
Multilayer cross‐linking polyetherimide/Ti3C2Tx MXenes material with pores channel structure for electromagnetic interference shielding
Authors: Xia Bihua , Zhang Xuhui , Wang Yang , Li Ting , Jiang Jie , Chen Mingqing , Liu Tianxi , Dong Weifu 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis paper reported a new kind of multilayer cross‐linking polyetherimide/Ti3C2Tx MXenes material with pores channel structure for electromagnetic interference shielding. Polyetherimide was used as the resin material, ethylenediamine (EDA) was used as the cross‐linking agent, special multilayer and pores channel were used as the shielding structure, and Ti3C2Tx MXenes was used as the electromagnetic wave shielding medium. By adjusting the content of EDA, the cell structure, electromagnetic interference shielding efficiency, and tensile strength of multilayer cross‐linking PEI/Ti3C2Tx MXenes shielding material could be controlled. The more EDA content, the higher cross‐linking degree, the smaller the cellular size, the higher the electromagnetic interference shielding efficiency, and the stronger the tensile strength.
Photoluminescence and structural properties of air‐reduced rare‐earth (Eu) doped calcium silicates derived using biomass wastes
Authors: Chhina Manmeet Kaur , Singh Kulvir 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis study aimed to present an effective method of utilizing widely available biomass wastes to synthesize visible light‐emitting phosphors. Rice husk ash and egg shell powder were used to synthesize x(%) = 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00 phosphors using a solid‐state reaction method. The prepared samples were characterized by various techniques. X‐ray diffraction data confirmed the stabilization of the phase at room temperature. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results indicated that ions underwent partial reduction to in the air atmosphere during the processing of the samples. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy also confirmed the presence of titanium ions in the synthesized samples. Titanium was present in trace amounts in biomass wastes. The photoluminescence emission spectrum contained high‐intensity bands because of titanium ions. Low‐intensity emission bands were also present in the photoluminescence emission spectrum due to the characteristic transitions of Eu. The coordinates of the waste‐derived samples could be tuned for different applications in the visible region because of the presence of multiple activator ions. The optical band gap of the samples as prepared was in the range 3.62–3.79 eV. This approach presents a method for preparing biomass waste‐derived phosphors that can be used for solid‐state lighting applications. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Eine neue Methode zur Trennung der seltenen Erden
Authors: Noddack W. , Wicht E. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractVersuche zur Trennung der seltenen Erdensalze in wäßriger Lösung im inhomogenen Magnetfelde ergaben bei den Yttererden Trennungsfaktoren, die denen einer wirksamen fraktionierten Kristallisation gleichkommen. Die Methode eignet sich vor allem zur Trennung von Y vom Dy, Ho und Er.
Zur Trennung der Seltenen Erden im inhomogenen Magnetfeld
Authors: Noddack Walter , Noddack Ida , Wicht Elisabeth 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAls Fortsetzung unserer früheren Versuche zur Trennung der Seltenen Erden im inhomogenen Magnetfeld werden in der vorliegenden Arbeit einige Versuchsreihen beschrieben, bei denen der Einfluß verschiedener Faktoren auf den Trennungsverlauf untersucht wird.Die erhaltenen Resultate werden auf Grund vereinfachender Annahmen rechnerisch gedeutet, das verschiedene Verhalten der Erdenionen wird quantitativ behandelt und mit den Meßergebnissen verglichen.
Post‐traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression among adults with congenital heart defects
Authors: Simeone Regina M. , Downing Karrie F. , Bobo William V. , Grosse Scott D. , Khanna Amber D. , Farr Sherry L. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundDue to invasive treatments and stressors related to heart health, adults with congenital heart defects (CHDs) may have an increased risk of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and/or depressive disorders. Our objectives were to estimate the prevalence of these disorders among individuals with CHDs.MethodsUsing IBM® MarketScan® Databases, we identified adults age 18–49 years with ≥2 outpatient anxiety/depressive disorder claims on separate dates or ≥1 inpatient anxiety/depressive disorder claim in 2017. CHDs were defined as ≥2 outpatient CHD claims ≥30 days apart or ≥1 inpatient CHD claim documented in 2007–2017. We used log‐binomial regression to estimate adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for associations between CHDs and anxiety/depressive disorders.ResultsOf 13,807 adults with CHDs, 12.4% were diagnosed with an anxiety or depressive disorder. Adults with CHDs, compared to the 5,408,094 without CHDs, had higher prevalence of PTSD (0.8% vs. 0.5%; aPR: 1.5 [CI: 1.2–1.8]), anxiety disorders (9.9% vs. 7.5%; aPR: 1.3 [CI: 1.3–1.4]), and depressive disorders (6.3% vs. 4.9%; aPR: 1.3 [CI: 1.2–1.4]). Among individuals with CHDs, female sex (aPR range: 1.6–3.3) and inpatient admission (aPR range 1.1–1.9) were associated with anxiety/depressive disorders.ConclusionOver 1 in 8 adults with CHDs had diagnosed PTSD and/or other anxiety/depressive disorders, 30–50% higher than adults without CHDs. PTSD was rare, but three times more common in women with CHDs than men. Screening and referral for services for these conditions in people with CHDs may be beneficial.