bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modern aspects of the treatment of patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease against the background of type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity
Authors: Zhuravlyova L. V. , Keleberda O. S. 
Published: July 2021

This review presents new pathogenetic concepts of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM 2) and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) against the background of obesity and methods of therapeutic correction of these nosologies. The important role in the etiology of adipocytokines (ghrelin and leptin) and overweigh has been proved, the latter also may be DM 2 predictor. The interaction between indicators of these adipocytokines is described, which equates to normal and pathological deviations, according to the literature. The formation and progression of metabolic syndrome (MS), onset of insulin resistance (IR) and DM 2, and progression of complications against DM 2 background are stipulated by a violation of ghrelin and leptin biorhythms. This review describes the effects of prolonged hyperglycemia on the nervous system with further diabetic neuropathy (DN) formation, which causes diabetic gastroparesis. Possibilities of these pathogenic factors to affect function of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) against the DM 2 background and the formation of GERD in future have been revealed. The analysis has been performed for the data on comorbid pathology (GERD against the DM 2 background), and possible predictors of the formation or progression of symptoms, specific for gastrointestinal pathology, have been identified. The efficacy of such measures to attenuate manifestation of GERD and DM 2 as lifestyle modification, dosed physical exercises, change in body position, normalization of nutrition etc., have been proved. In accordance with modern concepts and data of meta‑analysis, the possibilities of therapeutic correction of changes in carbohydrate metabolism at DM 2 are highlighted. It has been established that it is not always possible to achieve an adequate glycemic control against the background of metformin monotherapy. The most important medications’ groups have been described, advisable of the treatment of GERD and DM 2 as both separate pathologies and combined course. The information on the use of thioctic acid against the background of the formation of oxidative stress in patients with DM 2 and the positive effects of reducing the manifestations of diabetic neuropathy and GERD was analyzed.
Risk factors for lethal outcome in tuberculosis­associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome with tuberculous lesions of the central nervous system
Authors: Petrenko V.I. , Stopolyansky O.V. , Bondarenko Yа.V. , Galan I.O. , Potaychuk V.I. , Kravchenko V.V. , Kartashova S.V. , Stopolyanska L.V. 
Published: July 2021

Objective — to study the relation of death in tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (TB-IRIS) and central nervous system (CNS) tuberculosis with the following factors: 1) baseline CD4+ T-lymphocyte count, cells/µL, at the beginning of treatment; 2) the level of viral load at the beginning of treatment; 3) resistance to antimycobacterial drugs (R, HR, HR + others) or its absence at the beginning of treatment; 4) age of patients; 5) gender of patients.
Materials and methods. 55 cases of neurological TB-IRIS were analyzed. These patients were treated and observed during the 1 year in anti-tuberculosis facilities in Kyiv and Kyiv region in 2017—2019. All patients received ART in accordance with the HIV treatment protocols adopted in Ukraine. Treatment of tuberculosis was carried out taking into account the susceptibility of the pathogen to antimycobacterial therapy according to the standard of tuberculosis treatment adopted in Ukraine. The logistic regression model construction method was used to analyze. A multifactor model for predicting the risk of death in neurological TB-IRIS was built.
Results and discussion. After calculations, two factor signs were identified, associated with the risk of death: the baseline level of CD4+ lymphocytes in 1 μl of blood at the beginning of treatment and the level of viral load (copies of HIV RNA in 1 μl) at the beginning of treatment.
Conclusions. It was found that the risk of death in TB-IRIS with tuberculous lesions of the CNS is significantly associated (p < 0.05) with the following factors: 1) the level of CD4+ lymphocytes in 1 μl at the beginning of treatment; 2) the level of viral load at the beginning of treatment (copies of HIV RNA in 1 μl).
The state of the enzyme level of antioxidant protection and its nonspecific correction in patients with eczema
Authors: Khwaileh М.Kh.M. , Andrashko Yu.V. 
Published: July 2021

The variety of developmental mechanisms creates significant difficulties in choosing adequate directions of therapeutic tactics. Priority pathogenetic links, in particular, changes in the state of antioxidant protection, remain insufficiently studied.
Objective — determination of the activity of the enzyme level of the antioxidant protection and the development of nonspecific correction of the established violations.
Materials and methods. Under observation there were 52 patients with eczema (27 men and 25 women) aged 19 to 57 years. 16 of them were diagnosed with idiopathic, 21 — with infectious (microbial) and 15 — with infectious (mycotic) forms of dermatosis. The control group consisted of 20 healthy persons. The activity of catalase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in blood serum was determined.
Results and discussion. It has been established that patients with eczema have a labile nature of changes in the enzymatic activity of antioxidant protection, depending on the clinical form of dermatosis. Its total suppression was ascertained only in the presence of mycogenic sensitization. To eliminate the identified violations, PRP therapy and tacrolimus (Protopic) were prescribed, the use of which as part of complex therapy made it possible not only to achieve correction of pathogenetic changes, but also to significantly improve the clinical course of dermatosis.
Conclusions. It is advisable to determine the activity of superoxide dismutase, the activity of catalase and glutathione peroxidase to assess the state of the enzyme link of the antioxidant defense in patients with eczema. The inclusion of PRP therapy and tacrolimus (Protopic) in the treatment allows correcting the state of the enzyme link of antioxidant protection and the clinical course of dermatosis. The activity of catalase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase can serve as one of the criteria of the effectiveness of treatment prescribed for patients with eczema.
МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ ТЕМПЕРАТУРНИХ ПОЛІВ ОТРИМУВАНИХ ПРИ ФОРМУВАННЯ ПОКРИТТІВ ПРИ НЕСТАЦІОНАРНИХ ТЕМПЕРАТУРНИХ УМОВ
Authors: Середа Борис , Хина Борис , Кругляк Ірина , Середа Дмитро 
Published: July 2021

Розглянуто моделювання температурних полей отриманих при формуванні покриттів при нестаціонарних температурних умовах. В роботі кінетика взаємодії і тепловиділення в хвилі описується з використанням моделі Хайкіна-Мержанова. Це модель реакційної комірки, яка найбільш близька по термокінетичним та дифузійним процесам при нестационарних температурних умовах. Чисельні розрахунки проводяться в наступному порядку. Спочатку вирішується кінетичне рівняння методом Рунге-Кутта 4-го порядку точності. Потім після розрахованого значення dh/dt в кожній точці обчислюється початковий член F, який входить до рівняння теплопровідності і, відповідно, в його дивергентну форму. Після цього здійснюється чисельне рішення рівнянь теплопровідності та дифузії. Різницеві рівняння є нелінійними: щільність, теплоємність та коефіцієнт теплопровідності у всіх точках залежать від температури. Тому виконується їх лінеаризація: при переході на новий (j + 1)-й часовий шар ці коефіцієнти у всіх точках розраховуються, використовуючи значення температури на j-му шарі ; зокрема, значення . В залежності від типу граничних умов при x1 = 0 обчислюється перша пара прогоночних коефіцієнтів: і . Потім виконується прогін вперед: обчислюються прогоночні коефіцієнти в точках i = 2 ,..., N–1. Після цього за формулами визначаються значення температури на новому, (j+1)-му шарі за часом в точці i = N (). Після цього виконується прогін назад: за виразом обчислюються значення температури у всіх точках (j+1)-ого шару: , i = N–1 ,..., Таким чином, розроблена різницева схема є схемою наскрізного розрахунку.
ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ ОПТИМАЛЬНОГО СКЛАДУ ФІЗИКО-МЕХАНІЧНИХ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК СЕРЕДНЬОВУГЛЕВІДОВОЇ СТАЛІДЛЯ АВТОМОБІЛЕЙ
Authors: Чернета Олег , Коробочка Олександр , Кубіч Вадим 
Published: July 2021

Були проведені дослідження методів вибору оптимальних технологічних процесів для зміцнення поверхневого шару деталей. Наведено аналіз фізико-механічних характеристик покриттів після відповідних видів зміцнення з урахуванням структурних змін у поверхневих шарах. Вказано критеріальні оцінки технологічних методів зміцнення — азотування, бордування, бороцементації, лазерної обробки, іонно-плазмове азотування, термічна обробка, а також отримані критеріальні оцінки продуктивності технологічного обладнання та економічні показники.
Міцність сталей забезпечується низкою зміцнюючих механізмів: твердорозчинні, дислокаційні, дисперсні, гранітні, субструктурні та перлітні. У сталях, загартованих до мартенситу, значення дислокаційних та субструктурних механізмів зміцнення, які залежать від вмісту розчиненого вуглецю. Збільшення міцності значно зменшує пластичність, в'язкість і збільшує межу крихкості. Для середньовуглецевихферитно-перлітних сталей вміст вуглецю або кількість перліту в структурі є головним фактором зміни міцності та пластичності. Зі збільшенням вмісту вуглецю ударна в'язкість зменшується, а крихкість зростає. Найбільш привабливими за властивостями є середньовуглецеві та середньолеговані сталі (0,3—0,5% С; σ0,2 = 700..850 МПа , σv = 900—1100 МПа). Особливості цих сталей - підвищені міцнісні властивості, низька чутливість до концентраторів напруги, висока витривалість та достатня в'язкість. Високоміцні середньолеговані сталі із вмістом 0,4% С забезпечують σв = 2100 МПа. При максимально можливих значеннях мікротвердості пластичність різко зменшується, коефіцієнти Kp, межа текучості — σt (МПа), коефіцієнт утворення тріщин KSU (дж/см2), коефіцієнт збільшення довжини δ (%), коефіцієнт стиснення Ψ (%). Червона лінія показує динаміку змін мікротвердості в залежності від методів і технологій зміцнення. При максимально можливих значеннях мікротвердості різко зменшується пластичність, коефіцієнти Kp, межа текучості - σt (МПа), коефіцієнт утворення тріщин KSU (дж/см2) ), коефіцієнт збільшення довжини δ (%), коефіцієнт стиснення Ψ (%).
З аналізу фізико-механічних властивостей посилених покриттів найпоширенішої та найрозвиненішої у світовій практиці можна визначити основні значення показників зносостійкості, довговічності, мікротвердості, пластичності для сучасних покриттів, які можна отримати за допомогою різних технологій. Розроблена методика визначення оптимальних способів і технологій зміцнення поверхневого шару деталей зі сталі 45 за критеріальними показниками ефективності. Визначено основні значення основних показників, що складають рівень D0, що обов'язково необхідні для зміцнених поверхонь за відповідними технологіями.
Vagus Nerve Injury during Continuous Intraoperative Neuromonitoring (cIONM) for Thyroid Surgery: Assessment of Severity
Authors: Muhammad Rohaizak , Abdullah Suhaimi Shahrun Niza , Abdul Rashid Nor Faezan , Othman Suraya 
Published: July 2021

Introduction: Vocal cord palsy is one of the biggest concern in thyroid surgery especially among the professional voice user. Continuous intra-operative nerve monitoring allows real time of the nerve function during surgery that will reduce risk of injury. The procedure involve is not without complication but meticulous usage and following standard operating procedure is utmost important. This study was aimed looking at the potential morbidity of the procedure.
Methodology: A prospective observational study was conducted on 20 patients who underwent routine thyroid surgery using c-IONM. The procedure of c-IONM follows the standard guidelines. Measurements of vagal stimulation were taken proximal(V3) and distal(V2) to APS electrode to document any injury to the vagus nerve. The blood pressure and pulse rate were also documented through-out surgery, looking at the physiological effect of the stimulation. The function of the vocal cord was assessed by pre and post-operative laryngoscopy
Result: 18 patients with 29 nerves at risk were included as in two patients, the vagal stimulation did not achieve the acceptable amplitude (400 µV). There were drops of amplitude between V3 and V2 in 14 nerve at risks but there was clinical evidence of palsy on laryngoscopy. There were also fluctuation of mean arterial pressure and pulse rate but not significant enough to warrant intervention.
Conclusion: The use of c-IONM during thyroidectomy do exert minimal effect on the vagus nerve and its function but not significant enough to abandoned the procedure. It is safe and able to help the surgeon to identify and preserve the nerve function especially in difficult thyroidectomy
The world telecommunication market and digital transformation of the economy the Republic of Belarus
Authors: Ma Ming 
Published: July 2021

The purpose of the study was to identify the features of the development of the global telecommunications market, its impact on the digital transformation of the economy of the Republic of Belarus. The subject of the article is the global telecommunications market and its development in China, Belarus. Methods of analysis and synthesis, system approach, generalization, grouping, and comparative analysis were used in the study. The relevance of the research topic is due to the fact that the telecommunications market has the highest growth rates in the modern world economy. The prospects for economic growth of any state depend on the level of its development. Using digital technologies, countries can quickly become leaders in economic development. The subjects of the telecommunications market of goods and services are identified. The features of the modern telecommunications market are identified: an increase in the volume of investment in the market of goods and services of information and communication technologies; the use of mobile technologies as one of the main drivers of the growth of the information and communication technologies market; the creation of platforms that integrate technologies, networks and devices that provide the use of new opportunities; an increase in the degree of concentration and consolidation in the telecommunications market. The features of the Chinese telecommunications market are: the development of individual products and services for customers, the transformation of traditional industries with the help of Internet technologies, a high level of competition and risks, and significant attention to the production of consumer electronics. Huawei's main competitive strategy is diversification. A distinctive feature of Huawei's work in the Belarusian market is its focus on building mainly its own systems and networks, that is, its own infrastructure. The results of the study can be used in the practice of business entities and public administration bodies.
Trends in the world economy in the context of the global deflation crisis development model after 2007
Authors: Hitov Мitko 
Published: July 2021

This article examines the theoretical issues of the current global crisis of the development model, which began in 2007. Different theoretical concepts of the emergence and course of crisis processes are analyzed from the point of view of the mainstream premise of the existing equilibrium in economic systems, which is supported by the prevailing concept of the commodity nature of money. Our understanding of the role of the financial sector in the development of the real economy, as well as the nature and mechanisms of the crisis in the development model, is presented. We do not believe that equilibrium is a natural state of real economic systems in which money serves only as a medium of exchange. Accordingly, we consider money as an external factor in relation to the real economy, and the financial sector as an independent one, acting in accordance with its own laws and to a large extent determining the processes that take place in the real economy. The study argues that the modern economic system, throughout its history, is characterized by a tendency of constant growth of imbalances, which is opposed by a more intense tendency to form more efficient economic structures. An analysis of the current economic situation is made, based on some important circumstances that led to a reduction in the scale of the financial sector of the economy and to a decline in its efficiency. Alternative directions of existing potentials for creation in the world economy are considered. Appropriate conclusions are drawn that global civilization is on the verge of epoch-making changes and it is important in which direction social processes in certain regions of the world will turn to ensure the well-being of all peoples, built on a higher level of social division of labor.
Innovative entrepreneurship and digital business: development and changes in management
Authors: Palamarchuk Oksana , Klimenko Inna 
Published: July 2021

The subject of the study is innovative entrepreneurship in Ukraine and digital business. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the features of Ukrainian innovative entrepreneurship and digital business development. Research methods. generalization, descriptive, comparison, methods of abstraction, analysis and synthesis, systematization and generalization. Methodology of work. In the process of studying these issues were taken as a basis: the main provisions of innovative entrepreneurship, digital business, global economy, the work of well-known domestic and foreign scientists in this series. Results of work. The target market is analyzed through a visual section of search vectors of the target audience. Employees can use modern tools to provide the best services in digital business, including: availability of information and fast payment via POS; search for customers by accessing customer history on POS-devices; and sales based on intellectual advice. The article presents a visual section of target audience search vectors for digital entrepreneurs and key digital tools used in digital entrepreneurship. Field of application. The results of the study can be used in the study of problems: digital economy, global economy, international economy, national economy. Conclusions. The article analyzes and reveals the scientific and economic characteristics of the development and change of innovative entrepreneurship in the digital transformation of the Ukrainian economy.
Digitalization of the world service market: specifics and consequences
Authors: Shkutsko Aksana 
Published: July 2021

Relevance of the research topic. The article is devoted to the analysis of the specifics of the development of the world market of services in the context of digitalization. The determining influence of the processes of digital transformation and digitalization of the services market on the state of international trade in services is studied. Contradictions and systemic problems of the development of the market under study are revealed. The potential growth opportunities of the service market, as well as the directions of its development, are identified. Attention is focused on the essence of the ongoing changes and the consequences of the functioning of new business models (in particular, digital platforms). The subject of the study is the digitalization of the global services market. The aim is to substantiate the potential opportunities and conditions for the development of the world market of services on the basis of systematization of theoretical approaches to the digitalization of the world market of services, to determine the specifics and consequences of this process. Research methods: empirical (comparison, statistical data processing), theoretical (study and generalization, analysis). Conclusions in accordance with the article. The analysis made it possible to determine the specifics of the digitalization of the services market, namely: a) the emergence of digital services in the context of the globality of the market and country concentration; c) the large-scale development of digital trade (domestic and cross-border), while maintaining geographical concentration (China, USA, EU, Japan, India); d) the emergence of a pronounced versatility of the services market (vertical integration of digital platforms); e) the absence of a large number of intermediaries; b) optimization of the impact of certain types of costs under the influence of technological advantages; e) additional opportunities to stimulate / limit competition through the digital format of relations; k) transformation of the traditional infrastructure of the service market and the emergence of technological advantages. Thus, the consequences of the digitalization of the services market are manifested in the following: - transformation of the structure and configuration of the services market and international trade in services, including the withdrawal of trade in real goods and services to the digital environment and the emergence of digital services; - the emergence of new opportunities for businesses to maneuver in the services market through digitalization, increasing the inclusiveness of trade in services and blurring the lines between domestic and cross-border trade and sectors in the digital economy; - strengthening global competition and moving it to the intangible sphere, which can be radical for traditional markets.