bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermoelectric properties of the (an-)isotropic QGP in magnetic fields
Authors: Zhang He-Xia , Kang Jin-Wen , Zhang Ben-Wei 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe Seebeck effect and the Nernst effect, which reflect the appearance of electric fields along x-axis and along y-axis ($$E_{x}$$

E
x

and $$E_{y}$$

E
y

), respectively, induced by the thermal gradient along x-axis, are studied in the QGP at an external magnetic field along z-axis. We calculate the associated Seebeck coefficient ($$S_{xx}$$

S

xx

) and Nernst signal (N) using the relativistic Boltzmann equation under the relaxation time approximation. In an isotropic QGP, the influences of magnetic field (B) and quark chemical potential ($$\mu _{q}$$

μ
q

) on these thermoelectric transport coefficients are investigated. In the presence (absence) of weak magnetic field, we find $$S_{xx}$$

S

xx

for a fixed $$\mu _{q}$$

μ
q

is negative (positive) in sign, indicating that the dominant carriers for converting heat gradient to electric field are negatively (positively) charged quarks. The absolute value of $$S_{xx}$$

S

xx

decreases with increasing temperature. Unlike $$S_{xx}$$

S

xx

, the sign of N is independent of charge carrier type, and its thermal behavior displays a peak structure. In the presence of strong magnetic field, due to the Landau quantization of transverse motion of (anti-)quarks perpendicular to magnetic field, only the longitudinal Seebeck coefficient ($$S_{zz}$$

S

zz

) exists. Our results show that the value of $$S_{zz}$$

S

zz

at a fixed $$\mu _{q}$$

μ
q

in the lowest Landau level (LLL) approximation always remains positive. Within the effect of high Landau levels, $$S_{zz}$$

S

zz

exhibits a thermal structure similar to that in the LLL approximation. As the Landau level increases further, $$S_{zz}$$

S

zz

decreases and even its sign changes from positive to negative. The computations of these thermoelectric transport coefficients are also extended to a medium with momentum-anisotropy induced by initial spatial expansion as well as strong magnetic field.
How to discover QCD Instantons at the LHC
Authors: Amoroso Simone , Kar Deepak , Schott Matthias 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe Standard Model of particle physics predicts the existence of quantum tunnelling processes across topological inequivalent vacua, commonly known as Instantons. In Quantum Chromodynamics, these Instantons play a fundamental role in explaining much of the theory long-distance behaviour. However, they have not yet been observed experimentally. Their direct observation would mark a breakthrough in modern particle physics, shedding light on our fundamental understanding of the non perturbative dynamics in the Standard Model. Recently, new calculations for QCD Instanton processes in proton–proton collisions became public, suggesting sizeable cross sections as well as possible experimental signatures at the LHC. In this work, we explore possible analysis strategies for the LHC experiments to discover small-size QCD Instanton induced processes. Moreover, we derive a first limit on the Instanton production cross section using published data of Minimum Bias processes at $$\sqrt{s}=$$

s

=

13 TeV at the LHC.
PICO
Authors: Jung Tina , Ritter Fabian , Hack Sebastian 
Published: July 2021

Memory safety violations such as buffer overflows are a threat to security to this day. A common solution to ensure memory safety for C is code instrumentation. However, this often causes high execution-time overhead and is therefore rarely used in production.
Static analyses can reduce this overhead by proving some memory accesses in bounds at compile time. In practice, however, static analyses may fail to verify in-bounds accesses due to over-approximation. Therefore, it is important to additionally optimize the checks that reside in the program.

In this article, we present PICO, an approach to eliminate
and
replace in-bounds checks. PICO exactly captures the spatial memory safety of accesses using Presburger formulas to either verify them statically or substitute existing checks with more efficient ones. Thereby, PICO can generate checks of which each covers multiple accesses and place them at infrequently executed locations.

We evaluate our LLVM-based PICO prototype with the well-known SoftBound instrumentation on SPEC benchmarks commonly used in related work. PICO reduces the execution-time overhead introduced by SoftBound by 36% on average (and the code-size overhead by 24%). Our evaluation shows that the impact of substituting checks dominates that of removing provably redundant checks.
Monolithically Integrating Non-Volatile Main Memory over the Last-Level Cache
Authors: Walden Candace , Singh Devesh , Jagasivamani Meenatchi , Li Shang , Kang Luyi , Asnaashari Mehdi , Dubois Sylvain , Jacob Bruce , Yeung Donald 
Published: July 2021

Many emerging non-volatile memories are compatible with CMOS logic, potentially enabling their integration into a CPU’s die. This article investigates such monolithically integrated CPU–main memory chips. We exploit non-volatile memories employing 3D crosspoint subarrays, such as resistive RAM (ReRAM), and integrate them over the CPU’s last-level cache (LLC). The regular structure of cache arrays enables co-design of the LLC and ReRAM main memory for area efficiency. We also develop a streamlined LLC/main memory interface that employs a single shared internal interconnect for both the cache and main memory arrays, and uses a unified controller to service both LLC and main memory requests.
We apply our monolithic design ideas to a many-core CPU by integrating 3D ReRAM over each core’s LLC slice. We find that co-design of the LLC and ReRAM saves 27% of the total LLC–main memory area at the expense of slight increases in delay and energy. The streamlined LLC/main memory interface saves an additional 12% in area. Our simulation results show monolithic integration of CPU and main memory improves performance by 5.3× and 1.7× over HBM2 DRAM for several graph and streaming kernels, respectively. It also reduces the memory system’s energy by 6.0× and 1.7×, respectively. Moreover, we show that the area savings of co-design permits the CPU to have 23% more cores and main memory, and that streamlining the LLC/main memory interface incurs a small 4% performance penalty.
Changes in Cortical Coherence Supporting Complex Visual and Social Processing in Adolescence
Authors: Lerner Yulia , Scherf K. Suzanne , Katkov Mikhail , Hasson Uri , Behrmann Marlene 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Despite our differences, there is much about the natural visual world that most observers perceive in common. Across adults, approximately 30% of the brain is activated in a consistent fashion while viewing naturalistic input. At what stage of development is this consistency of neural profile across individuals present? Here, we focused specifically on whether this mature profile is present in adolescence, a key developmental period that bridges childhood and adulthood, and in which new cognitive and social challenges are at play. We acquired fMRI data evoked by a movie shown twice to younger (9–14 years old) and older adolescents (15–19 years old) and to adults, and conducted three key analyses. First, we characterized the consistency of the neural response within individuals (across separate runs of the movie), then within individuals of the same age group, and, last, between age groups. The neural consistency within individuals was similar across age groups with reliable activation in largely overlapping but slightly different cortical regions. In contrast, somewhat differing regions exhibited higher within-age correlations in both groups of adolescents than in the adults. Last, across the whole cortex, we identified regions evincing different patterns of maturation across age. Together, these findings provide a fine-grained characterization of functional neural development in adolescence and uncover signatures of widespread change in cortical coherence that supports the emerging mature stereotypical responses to naturalistic stimuli. These results also offer a more nuanced account of development that obeys neither a rigid linear progression nor a large qualitative change over time.
Behavioral and Brain Responses Highlight the Role of Usage in the Preparation of Multiword Utterances for Production
Authors: Jeong Hyein , van den Hoven Emiel , Madec Sylvain , Bürki Audrey 
Published: July 2021

AbstractUsage-based theories assume that all aspects of language processing are shaped by the distributional properties of the language. The frequency not only of words but also of larger chunks plays a major role in language processing. These theories predict that the frequency of phrases influences the time needed to prepare these phrases for production and their acoustic duration. By contrast, dominant psycholinguistic models of utterance production predict no such effects. In these models, the system keeps track of the frequency of individual words but not of co-occurrences. This study investigates the extent to which the frequency of phrases impacts naming latencies and acoustic duration with a balanced design, where the same words are recombined to build high- and low-frequency phrases. The brain signal of participants is recorded so as to obtain information on the electrophysiological bases and functional locus of frequency effects. Forty-seven participants named pictures using high- and low-frequency adjective–noun phrases. Naming latencies were shorter for high-frequency than low-frequency phrases. There was no evidence that phrase frequency impacted acoustic duration. The electrophysiological signal differed between high- and low-frequency phrases in time windows that do not overlap with conceptualization or articulation processes. These findings suggest that phrase frequency influences the preparation of phrases for production, irrespective of the lexical properties of the constituents, and that this effect originates at least partly when speakers access and encode linguistic representations. Moreover, this study provides information on how the brain signal recorded during the preparation of utterances changes with the frequency of word combinations.
Investigating the Neural Correlates of the Affect Heuristic Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Skagerlund Kenny , Skagenholt Mikael , Hamilton J. Paul , Slovic Paul , Västfjäll Daniel 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This study investigated the neural correlates of the so-called affect heuristic, which refers to the phenomenon whereby individuals tend to rely on affective states rather than rational deliberation of utility and probabilities during judgments of risk and utility of a given event or scenario. The study sought to explore whether there are shared regional activations during both judgments of relative risk and relative benefit of various scenarios, thus being a potential candidate of the affect heuristic. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we developed a novel risk perception task, based on a preexisting behavioral task assessing the affect heuristic. A whole-brain voxel-wise analysis of a sample of participants (n = 42) during the risk and benefit conditions revealed overlapping clusters in the left insula, left inferior frontal gyrus, and left medial frontal gyrus across conditions. Extraction of parameter estimates of these clusters revealed that activity of these regions during both tasks was inversely correlated with a behavioral measure assessing the inclination to use the affect heuristic. More activity in these areas during risk judgments reflect individuals' ability to disregard momentary affective impulses. The insula may be involved in integrating viscero-somatosensory information and forming a representation of the current emotional state of the body, whereas activity in the left inferior frontal gyrus and medial frontal gyrus indicates that executive processes may be involved in inhibiting the impulse of making judgments in favor of deliberate risk evaluations.
Functional Connectivity during Encoding Predicts Individual Differences in Long-Term Memory
Authors: Lin Qi , Yoo Kwangsun , Shen Xilin , Constable Todd R. , Chun Marvin M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
What is the neural basis of individual differences in the ability to hold information in long-term memory (LTM)? Here, we first characterize two whole-brain functional connectivity networks based on fMRI data acquired during an n-back task that robustly predict individual differences in two important forms of LTM, recognition and recollection. We then focus on the recognition memory model and contrast it with a working memory model. Although functional connectivity during the n-back task also predicts working memory performance and the two networks have some shared components, they are also largely distinct from each other: The recognition memory model performance remains robust when we control for working memory, and vice versa. Functional connectivity only within regions traditionally associated with LTM formation, such as the medial temporal lobe and those that show univariate subsequent memory effect, have little predictive power for both forms of LTM. Interestingly, the interactions between these regions and other brain regions play a more substantial role in predicting recollection memory than recognition memory. These results demonstrate that individual differences in LTM are dependent on the configuration of a whole-brain functional network including but not limited to regions associated with LTM during encoding and that such a network is separable from what supports the retention of information in working memory.
Neural Correlates of Subsequent Memory-Related Gaze Reinstatement
Authors: Wynn Jordana S. , Liu Zhong-Xu , Ryan Jennifer D. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Mounting evidence linking gaze reinstatement—the recapitulation of encoding-related gaze patterns during retrieval—to behavioral measures of memory suggests that eye movements play an important role in mnemonic processing. Yet, the nature of the gaze scanpath, including its informational content and neural correlates, has remained in question. In this study, we examined eye movement and neural data from a recognition memory task to further elucidate the behavioral and neural bases of functional gaze reinstatement. Consistent with previous work, gaze reinstatement during retrieval of freely viewed scene images was greater than chance and predictive of recognition memory performance. Gaze reinstatement was also associated with viewing of informationally salient image regions at encoding, suggesting that scanpaths may encode and contain high-level scene content. At the brain level, gaze reinstatement was predicted by encoding-related activity in the occipital pole and BG, neural regions associated with visual processing and oculomotor control. Finally, cross-voxel brain pattern similarity analysis revealed overlapping subsequent memory and subsequent gaze reinstatement modulation effects in the parahippocampal place area and hippocampus, in addition to the occipital pole and BG. Together, these findings suggest that encoding-related activity in brain regions associated with scene processing, oculomotor control, and memory supports the formation, and subsequent recapitulation, of functional scanpaths. More broadly, these findings lend support to Scanpath Theory's assertion that eye movements both encode, and are themselves embedded in, mnemonic representations.
Dynamic Interplay between Reward and Voluntary Attention Determines Stimulus Processing in Visual Cortex
Authors: Grahek Ivan , Schettino Antonio , Koster Ernst H. W. , Andersen Søren K. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Reward enhances stimulus processing in the visual cortex, but the mechanisms through which this effect occurs remain unclear. Reward prospect can both increase the deployment of voluntary attention and increase the salience of previously neutral stimuli. In this study, we orthogonally manipulated reward and voluntary attention while human participants performed a global motion detection task. We recorded steady-state visual evoked potentials to simultaneously measure the processing of attended and unattended stimuli linked to different reward probabilities, as they compete for attentional resources. The processing of the high rewarded feature was enhanced independently of voluntary attention, but this gain diminished once rewards were no longer available. Neither the voluntary attention nor the salience account alone can fully explain these results. Instead, we propose how these two accounts can be integrated to allow for the flexible balance between reward-driven increase in salience and voluntary attention.
‘A Lantern On the Way’: Pope Francis’ Signposts for Ecclesial Ethics
Authors: Müller Sigrid 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Pope Francis’ way of doing ecclesial ethics is not easy to understand at first glance. It is often unconventional and does not meet the expectations of the faithful who do not wish to see changes in the church, nor does it satisfy those who want rapid change. But if we look more closely at how the Pope understands the church, his approach to ecclesial ethics seems to derive naturally from that. The following contribution aims to show how Pope Francis’ ecclesiology determines his approach to ecclesial ethics. To this end, it will (1) summarize important characteristics of his ecclesiology: the sensus fidelium and synodality; its orientation towards pastoral ministry, the focus on unity in plurality and its process-orientation. From there, it will show which cornerstones for ecclesial ethics can be derived from this ecclesial perspective, namely (2) with respect to formal characteristics and (3) with regard to its content.
Dignity, Autonomy, and Assisted Suicide: An Ecumenical Perspective on the German Context
Authors: Knoepffler Nikolaus , O’Malley Martin 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
A 2020 decision by Germany’s highest court dramatically shifted the national discussion on assisted suicide. The decision stressed the ‘right to a self-determined death’ which must ‘be respected by state and society as an act of personal autonomy and self-determination’. Moreover, it clarified the non-criminality of assistance for suicides by third parties. The reaction of the main churches in Germany to this decision reflects ecclesiological differences. Protestant positions on assisted suicide are defined by pluralism; the Roman Catholic official position remains tied to ontologically-referenced principles of natural law that prohibit assisted suicide as intrinsically evil. Thus, ecumenical efforts on bioethics are complicated by a context where many Protestant leaders prioritize autonomy and pluralism, whereas Roman Catholic leaders stress consensus and orthodoxy. Even official church guidelines on such matters are received differently in Protestant and Roman Catholic communities. For Protestant Christians, an opinion functions primarily as guideline; for Catholic Christians, there is a goal at least of reaching principles reflecting the objective order of God’s creation.
The History of Protestant Youth Ministry; a Review
Authors: Lukabyo Ruth 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In the academic study of youth ministry, the disciplines of theology, sociology, and biblical studies are well represented, but not the discipline of history. This paper reviews what has been written about the history of Protestant youth ministry and attempts to synthesise changes over time. Then it highlights particular insights taken from the histories that could help those involved in youth ministry to be critical about their thinking and practice and to undertake practical theology. The insights identified are: the impact of historical context on youth ministry; the tension between nurture and conversion; the influence of theology; the relevance of class; and the importance of considering gender. This paper highlights the need for more research in this area and suggests that this research could assist youth ministers in considering their goals in ministry, their methodology, and the effectiveness of different kinds of youth organisations.
“And the Word was made flesh?” – Exploring young people’s situated learning in leadership and spirituality in a secular context
Authors: Westerlund Katarina 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This article explores the situated learning found among 18 young volunteers taking part in an education programme about leadership and Christian spirituality in the Church of Sweden. Focus group interviews and observations are analysed in the framework of situated learning, using legitimate peripheral participation as a lens. The study shows how the young people, through the education programme, formed a safe community where new identities were shaped through participating in new ways of worship, making pilgrimages, engaging in peer dialogue, and in reflection. They also gained new perspectives and models for volunteering. The young people´s experience of living in a secular culture presents challenges to their identity formation and to their ongoing spiritual practice and development. The use of situated learning provides a deeper understanding of the process of learning in spirituality and of the problems associated with conflicting communities of practice.
مفهوم الحرية في الفقه الحنفي: الحرية في أفق المصالح والحقوق
Authors: Iter (عبد الله عتر) Abdulla 
Published: July 2021

الخلاصة
‫يبرهن البحث أن فكرة الحرية كانت حاضرة ومؤثرة في التشريع الإسلامي، وأنها انتقلت مع الحنفية من مجرد فكرة عامة إلى كونها مفهوماً محدداً ذا نطاق مفتوح على مسائل الاجتماع والاقتصاد والأسرة والسياسة والقضاء، وأخذت عندهم موقعاً مركزياً ضمن منظومة المصالح والحقوق. يخلص البحث إلى أن مفهوم الحرية عند الحنفية تأسس على ثلاثة أركان: يتمثل الأول في تفسير المصالح بوصفها حريات ومنافع، وهو ما جعل للحرية تأثيراً كبيراً في التشريع ومناهج الاجتهاد، ويتمثل الثاني في تقعيد الحقوق الأصلية للإنسان ضمن مثلث الحياة والحرية والملكية، ثم ربط الحرية بخواص الآدمية واعتبارها ضماناً لبقاء العالم والمجتمعات على الوجه الأكمل، وأنها شطر الحكمة من خلق البشر ونزول الشريعة، بينما يتمثل الركن الثالث بشبكة مفاهيم حافة ومؤثرة في تعريف الحرية وحدودها وآفاقها، وهي: البقاء، والآدمية، والأمانة، والمنفعة، والعبادة، والعقل والقوة.‬
Virtual Reality after Surgery—A Method to Decrease Pain After Surgery in Pediatric Patients
Authors: Specht Brian J. , Buse Caroline R. , Phelps Janey R. , Phillips Michael R. , Chiavacci Sarah D. , Harrell Lauren E. , Nelson Jacob M. , Poulos Katherine E. , Li Quefeng , Liu Yutong , Lupa Maria C. 
Published: July 2021

Background Virtual Reality (VR) is used as an effective tool for distraction and as an adjunct for pain management. This study was conducted to compare VR to standard iPad use after surgery and examine its effect on pain score and opioid consumption. Methods This was a randomized controlled study, with stratification by surgery type, age group (7-12yo, 13-18yo) and gender. Pain and anxiety were assessed with validated scales (STAI, FACES, VAS, FLACC) and outcomes were compared between each group. Results 50 of the 106 enrolled patients used the VR device. After adjusting for age, gender, and STAI, patients had a decreased FLACC score while using the VR device compared to the iPad group (odds ratio 2.95, P = .021). The younger patients were found to have lower FLACC scores while using the VR device (odds ratio 1.15, p=0.044); this finding was most significant when patients used the VR device for 20-30 minutes (odds ratio 1.67, P = .0003). Additionally, after adjusting for treatment group, gender, and STAI, the younger patients had higher odds of withdrawal or exclusion from the study (odds ratio 1.18, P = .021). No significant difference in opioid consumption between the groups was found. Discussion Virtual reality was well tolerated and more effective in decreasing pain during the immediate postoperative period than iPad use. Despite a slightly higher withdrawal rate, younger patients benefited more from the intervention.