bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FOR BETTER AND FOR WORSE. ABSTRACTIONISM, GOOD COMPANY, AND PLURALISM
Authors: SERENI ANDREA , SFORZA FOGLIANI MARIA PAOLA , ZANETTI LUCA 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA thriving literature has developed over logical and mathematical pluralism – i.e. the views that several rival logical and mathematical theories can be equally correct. These have unfortunately grown separate; instead, they both could gain a great deal by a closer interaction. Our aim is thus to present some novel forms of abstractionist mathematical pluralism which can be modeled on parallel ways of substantiating logical pluralism (also in connection with logical anti-exceptionalism). To do this, we start by discussing the Good Company Problem for neo-logicists recently raised by Paolo Mancosu (2016), concerning the existence of rival abstractive definitions of cardinal number which are nonetheless equally able to reconstruct Peano Arithmetic. We survey Mancosu’s envisaged possible replies to this predicament, and suggest as a further path the adoption of some form of mathematical pluralism concerning abstraction principles. We then explore three possible ways of substantiating such pluralism—Conceptual Pluralism,Domain Pluralism,Pluralism about Criteria—showing how each of them can be related to analogous proposals in the philosophy of logic. We conclude by considering advantages, concerns, and theoretical ramifications for these varieties of mathematical pluralism.
Assessing the Measurement Invariance of the Gratitude Questionnaire–5 in Chinese and American Adolescents
Authors: Ling Yu , Yang Qin , Zeng Yifang , Huebner E. Scott 
Published: March 2021

AbstractGiven the possibility of cultural differences in the meaning and levels of gratitude among children, we evaluated the measurement invariance of the Gratitude Questionnaire–5 (GQ–5) and differences in latent means across adolescents from two distinct cultures, China and America. Data were obtained from 1,991 Chinese and 1,685 American adolescents. Confirmatory factor analysis and multigroup confirmatory factor analysis were performed to examine the factor structure and the measurement equivalence across Chinese and American adolescents. The Cronbach’s alpha and Item-total Correlations of the GQ–5 were also evaluated. Results of confirmatory factor analyses provided support for the expected one-factor structure. Also, a series of multi-group confirmatory factor analyses supported full configural invariance, full metric invariance, and partial scalar invariance between the two groups. Furthermore, the findings suggested that the GQ–5 is suitable for conducting mean level comparisons. The subsequent comparison of latent means revealed that the Chinese adolescents reported significantly lower gratitude than American adolescents.
The Politics of Wrongful Conviction Legislation
Authors: Hicks William D. , Mullinix Kevin J. , Norris Robert J. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWrongful convictions are an increasing salient feature of criminal justice discourse in the United States. Many states have adopted reforms to mitigate the likelihood of wrongful convictions, discover errors, and provide redress in the wake of exonerations, yet we know little about why some are seemingly more committed to reducing such errors than others. We argue that public opinion is consequential for policy reform, but its effects are contingent on the electoral vulnerability of state lawmakers. We also suggest that advocacy organizations play a critical role in policy adoption. Incorporating data from all 50 states from 1989 to 2018, we investigate the adoption of five types of wrongful conviction reforms: (1) changes to eyewitness identification practices, (2) mandatory recording of interrogations, (3) the preservation of biological evidence, (4) access to postconviction DNA testing, and (5) exoneree compensation. Our results highlight a more nuanced view of how public opinion shapes policy.
Weedy rice (Oryzaspp.) diversity in southern Brazil
Authors: Piveta Leonard Bonilla , Noldin José Alberto , Roma-Burgos Nilda , Viana Vívian Ebeling , Benedetti Lariza , Pinto Jesus Juares Oliveira , Lamego Fabiane Pinto , Avila Luis Antonio de 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWeedy rice (Oryzaspp.) is one of the most troublesome weeds affecting rice (Oryza sativaL.) production in many countries. Weedy rice control is difficult in rice fields, because the weed and crop are phenotypically and morphologically similar. Weedy rice can be a source of genetic diversity for cultivated rice. Thus, this study aimed to characterize the morphological diversity of weedy rice in southern Brazil. Qualitative and quantitative traits of 249 accessions from eight rice-growing mesoregions in Rio Grande do Sul (RS) and Santa Catarina (SC) states were analyzed. For each accession, 24 morphological descriptors (14 qualitative and 10 quantitative) were evaluated. All 249 accessions from RS and SC are ofindicalineage. Considering all the phenotypic traits evaluated, the accessions separated into 14 distinct groups. One of the largest groups consisted of plants that were predominantly tall with green leaves, intermediate shattering, and variable flowering time. Distinct subgroups exist within larger clusters, showing discernible phenotypic diversity within the main clusters. The variability in flowering time was high (77 to 110 d after emergence), indicating high potential for flowering synchrony with rice cultivars and, consequently, gene flow. This indicates the need to remove escapes when planting herbicide-resistant rice. Thus, weedy rice populations in southern Brazil are highly diverse, and this diversity could result in variable response to weed management.
Evolution of the Thermal and Dehydration State of Sediments Entering the North Sumatra Subduction Zone
Authors: Stevens Duncan E. , Henstock Timothy J. , McNeill Lisa C. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractShallow slip on the plate‐boundary fault during the 2004 Mw 9.2 Aceh‐Andaman Earthquake, offshore North Sumatra, has been linked to thick incoming sediments on the oceanic plate with advanced diagenetic and sediment property changes at the depths of plate boundary fault development. We couple age control, physical, and thermal property measurements from International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) drilling with multichannel seismic reflection data to reconstruct the thermal structure and evolution of the incoming sediment column, up to the point of accretion/subduction. Lithospheric thermal rejuvenation around 58 Ma is required to explain anomalously high heat flux at IODP Site U1480, and heat flux within the trench is suppressed by very high sediment accumulation rates during the development of a thick trench wedge. Accumulation of up to ∼4.5 km of thick Nicobar Fan and trench wedge sediments produces temperatures >150°C within the basal sediments where the décollement develops, resulting in total pre‐subduction diagenetic dehydration of basal sediments. The smectite‐illite transformation within these basal sediments produces sufficient fluid to explain a polarity reversal on a pre‐décollement reflector. We suggest that the boundary between basal‐pelagic and siliciclastic‐fan sediments has trapped fluid over the last ∼1 Myr, as a result of primary lithological properties, diagenetic fluid release, and cementation, controlling décollement formation at this weakened level. Pre‐subduction dehydration of large portions of the accreted sediment column strengthens the décollement beneath the prism, extending co‐seismic velocity‐weakening behavior close to the trench, which may occur at other subduction zones with similar sediment compositions, thicknesses, and/or temperatures.
Spatiotemporal Clustering of Seismicity During the 2018 Kilauea Volcanic Eruption
Authors: Ortega‐Romo Angie D. , Chen Xiaowei 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe intense volcanic and seismic activity at Kilauea volcano, Hawaii in 2018 provides an opportunity to understand the characteristics and driving forces of volcano earthquake clusters. Nearest neighbor distance analysis of a high‐resolution earthquake catalog reveals two modes of clustering: M1 and M2. M1 clusters focus on events within short space and time windows, and are concentrated within isolated fault patches. Examination of three structures shows a gradual increase of source radius (assuming a constant stress drop) and spatial migration of seismicity, likely representing aseismic growth of peripheral faults. M2 clusters focus on temporal clustering of all seismicity within the caldera and most clusters represent complete seismicity cycles between major collapse events. Beginning in late June, the M2 cluster duration gradually increased. The event numbers show a strong linear relationship with the tilt rates on the transverse component, suggesting earthquake rates are controlled by the deformation rate within the caldera.
Uptake of Water‐soluble Gas‐phase Oxidation Products Drives Organic Particulate Pollution in Beijing
Authors: Gkatzelis Georgios I. , Papanastasiou Dimitrios K. , Karydis Vlassis A. , Hohaus Thorsten , Liu Ying , Schmitt Sebastian H. , Schlag Patrick , Fuchs Hendrik , Novelli Anna , Chen Qi , Cheng Xi , Broch Sebastian , Dong Huabin , Holland Frank , Li Xin , Liu Yuhan , Ma Xuefei , Reimer David , Rohrer Franz , Shao Min , Tan Zhaofeng , Taraborrelli Domenico , Tillmann Ralf , Wang Haichao , Wang Yu , Wu Yusheng , Wu Zhijun , Zeng Limin , Zheng Jun , Hu Min , Lu Keding , Hofzumahaus Andreas , Zhang Yuanhang , Wahner Andreas , Kiendler‐Scharr Astrid 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDespite the recent decrease in pollution events in Chinese urban areas, the World Health Organization air quality guideline values are still exceeded. Observations from monitoring networks show a stronger decrease of organic aerosol directly emitted to the atmosphere relative to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) generated from oxidation processes. Here, the uptake of water‐soluble gas‐phase oxidation products is reported as a major SOA contribution to particulate pollution in Beijing, triggered by the increase of aerosol liquid water. In pollution episodes, this pathway is enough to explain the increase in SOA mass, with formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, glycolaldehyde, formic acid, and acetic acid alone explaining 15%–25% of the SOA increase. Future mitigation strategies to reduce non‐methane volatile organic compound emissions should be considered to reduce organic particulate pollution in China.
Lightning in the Arctic
Authors: Holzworth Robert H. , Brundell James B. , McCarthy Michael P. , Jacobson Abram R. , Rodger Craig J. , Anderson Todd S. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWorld Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) data on global lightning are used to investigate the increase of total lightning strokes at Arctic latitudes. We use the summertime data from June, July, and August (JJA) which average >200,000 strokes each year above 65°N for the years 2010–2020. We minimize the possible influence of WWLLN network detection efficiency increases by normalizing our results to the total global strokes during northern summer each year. The ratio of strokes occurring above a given latitude, compared to total global strokes, increases with time, indicating that the Arctic is becoming more influenced by lightning. We compare the increasing fraction of strokes with the NOAA global temperature anomaly, and find that the fraction of strokes above 65°N to total global strokes increases linearly with the temperature anomaly and grew by a factor of 3 as the anomaly increased from 0.65°C to 0.95°C.
Atmosphere‐Ocean Feedback From Wind‐Driven Sea Spray Aerosol Production
Authors: Revell L. E. , Wotherspoon N. E. , Jones O. J. , Bhatti Y. A. , Williams J. H. T. , Mackie S. L. , Mulcahy J. P. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMarine aerosol production is influenced by wind speed, particularly over the Southern Ocean which is the windiest region on Earth year‐round. Using climate model simulations with artificially enhanced sea spray aerosol (SSA), we show that Southern Ocean wind speeds are sensitive to SSA via surface cooling resulting from enhanced aerosol concentrations. The near‐surface westerly jet weakens, therefore reducing SSA production. Comparing coupled and atmosphere‐only simulations indicates that SSA partially regulates its own production via a feedback between the atmosphere and ocean. The decrease in radiative forcing in the coupled model is approximately one‐quarter of that simulated by the atmosphere‐only model, and the extent of the feedback also depends on the SSA source function used. Our results highlight the importance of understanding SSA emissions and their parameterization in climate models. Including a temperature dependence in SSA parameterizations can play a large role in the climate feedback, but further investigation is needed.
The Synergistic Role of Sulfuric Acid, Bases, and Oxidized Organics Governing New‐Particle Formation in Beijing
Authors: Yan Chao , Yin Rujing , Lu Yiqun , Dada Lubna , Yang Dongsen , Fu Yueyun , Kontkanen Jenni , Deng Chenjuan , Garmash Olga , Ruan Jiaxin , Baalbaki Rima , Schervish Meredith , Cai Runlong , Bloss Matthew , Chan Tommy , Chen Tianzeng , Chen Qi , Chen Xuemeng , Chen Yan , Chu Biwu , Dällenbach Kaspar , Foreback Benjamin , He Xucheng , Heikkinen Liine , Jokinen Tuija , Junninen Heikki , Kangasluoma Juha , Kokkonen Tom , Kurppa Mona , Lehtipalo Katrianne , Li Haiyan , Li Hui , Li Xiaoxiao , Liu Yiliang , Ma Qingxin , Paasonen Pauli , Rantala Pekka , Pileci Rosaria E. , Rusanen Anton , Sarnela Nina , Simonen Pauli , Wang Shixian , Wang Weigang , Wang Yonghong , Xue Mo , Yang Gan , Yao Lei , Zhou Ying , Kujansuu Joni , Petäjä Tuukka , Nie Wei , Ma Yan , Ge Maofa , He Hong , Donahue Neil M. , Worsnop Douglas R. , Veli‐Matti Kerminen  , Wang Lin , Liu Yongchun , Zheng Jun , Kulmala Markku , Jiang Jingkun , Bianchi Federico 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIntense and frequent new particle formation (NPF) events have been observed in polluted urban environments, yet the dominant mechanisms are still under debate. To understand the key species and governing processes of NPF in polluted urban environments, we conducted comprehensive measurements in downtown Beijing during January–March, 2018. We performed detailed analyses on sulfuric acid cluster composition and budget, as well as the chemical and physical properties of oxidized organic molecules (OOMs). Our results demonstrate that the fast clustering of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and base molecules triggered the NPF events, and OOMs further helped grow the newly formed particles toward climate‐ and health‐relevant sizes. This synergistic role of H2SO4, base species, and OOMs in NPF is likely representative of polluted urban environments where abundant H2SO4 and base species usually co‐exist, and OOMs are with moderately low volatility when produced under high NOx concentrations.
Vegetation‐Climate Feedbacks Enhance Spatial Heterogeneity of Pan‐Amazonian Ecosystem States Under Climate Change
Authors: Wu Minchao , Smith Benjamin , Schurgers Guy , Ahlström Anders , Rummukainen Markku 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAmazonian ecosystems range from rainforest to open dryland vegetation, with a following decrease in biomass along the moisture gradient. Biomass can vary greatly at the ecological transition zone between grass dominated savannahs and the forest. It is not well understood if the transition zone could expand under climate change, and thereby reduce ecosystem stability and carbon storage in biomass. Here, we quantify such changes by using a high‐resolution regional Earth system model under RCP 8.5 climate scenario. We disentangle the effects of climate, CO2, and land use by considering vegetation‐climate feedbacks. Our results suggest that future climate change combined with elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration tends to induce a larger spatial gradient of ecosystem states, increasing the transition area by ∼110% at the end of the century. Vegetation feedbacks generally amplify the climate effect by intensifying the climate‐induced warming and drought, further enhancing spatial heterogeneity.
Nanosecond Electromagnetic Pulses Generated by Electric Discharges: Observation With Clouds of Charged Water Droplets and Implications for Lightning
Authors: Gushchin M. E. , Korobkov S. V. , Zudin I. Yu. , Nikolenko A. S. , Mikryukov P. A. , Syssoev V. S. , Sukharevsky D. I. , Orlov A. I. , Naumova M. Yu. , Kuznetsov Yu. A. , Belov A. S. , Shvets N. N. , Mareev E. A. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractEffects of lightning‐induced generation of high‐frequency and microwave radiation are of great interest for studying fundamental physics of lightning and its applications for monitoring of the thunderstorm activity and protection of equipment against electromagnetic interference. Ultrawideband electromagnetic pulses (UWB EMPs) of spark discharges about 1 m long were detected in a frequency band of up to 10 GHz in laboratory experiments using a cloud of water droplets charged up to the electric potential exceeding 1 MV. Electromagnetic pulses with characteristic front buildup durations from 50 to 100 ps were produced by streamer flashes, at the stage of leader propagation and the main stage of the discharge (i.e., the return stroke). Electric and magnetic fields of pulses were measured, and the radiation polarization was determined. The UWB EMP waveforms and the spectra obtained experimentally are consistent with colliding streamer models.
Mapping the Thermal Lithosphere and Melting Across the Continental US
Authors: Porter Ryan , Reid Mary 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe thermal regime of continental lithosphere plays a fundamental role in controlling the behavior of tectonic plates. In this work, we assess the thermal state of the North American upper mantle by combining shear‐wave velocity models, calculated using data from the EarthScope facility, with empirically derived anelasticity models and basalt thermobarometry. We estimate the depth of the thermal lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary (LAB), defined as the intersection of a geotherm with the 1300°C adiabat. Results show lithospheric thicknesses across the contiguous US vary between ∼40 km and >200 km. The thinnest thermal lithosphere is observed in the tectonically active western US and the thickest lithosphere in the midcontinent. By combining geotherm estimates with solidus curves for peridotite, we show that a pervasive partial melt zone is common within the western US upper mantle and that partial melt is absent in the eastern and central US without significant metasomatism.
Phase‐Resolved Wave Boundary Layer Dynamics in a Shallow Estuary
Authors: Cowherd Marianne , Egan Galen , Monismith Stephen , Fringer Oliver 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe present in situ observations of near‐bed velocity profiles with high temporal and spatial resolution from a Nortek Vectrino Profiler deployed in South San Francisco Bay. Using Hilbert analysis, we ensemble‐averaged near‐bed velocity profiles by wave phase and calculated wave phase‐dependent boundary layer thickness for varying wave and current conditions. We also applied mixing length relationships to derive a boundary layer thickness‐based eddy‐viscosity and compared this estimate to one obtained from the k–ɛ turbulence model. From the eddy viscosity estimates, we find that while turbulence responds instantaneously to shear, boundary layer thickness lags by a scaling estimate based on the turbulence response timescale. This analysis provides a method for wave phase decomposition of field‐based velocity profile time series and shows that there is a finite‐time response between turbulence dissipation and boundary layer thickness.
DMSP Observations of High‐Latitude Dayside Aurora (HiLDA)
Authors: Cai L. , Kullen A. , Zhang Y. , Karlsson T. , Vaivads A. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe report two events of high‐latitude dayside aurora (HiLDA), a large‐scale aurora in the dayside polar cap, observed by the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) spacecraft in the northern and southern hemispheres, respectively. While HiLDA in the northern hemisphere was reported before under interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) positive By conditions, we show for the first time a HiLDA event in the southern hemisphere when the IMF negative By component was dominant. Our observations also show that HiLDA is highly dynamical: change in its forms, size, location, and development of fine structures during its long lifetime of hours. The co‐occurrence of HiLDA and the duskside oval‐aligned transpolar aurora (TPA) may be a common feature during IMF By dominant conditions. Both are associated with the high‐latitude reconnection and the cusp. Based on the linear Knight relation, we estimate the distribution of the electron density in the magnetospheric source region of HiLDA. These results indicate that HiLDA maps most probably to the high‐latitude lobe tailward of the cusp, where the electron density is down to 0.03−3 cm−3. The lobe electrons are accelerated by the field‐aligned potential drop (up to 10 kV) set up in the poleward part of upward Region 0 field‐aligned current (FAC). The total energy flux of HiLDA electrons can be up to 50 mW/m2, indicating HiLDA precipitation as a potential energy source that impacts the polar ionosphere‐thermosphere system.
On Alfvénic Slow Wind: A Journey From the Earth Back to the Sun
Authors: D’Amicis R. , Perrone D. , Bruno R. , Velli M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractComparative studies of fast and slow solar wind streams performed over the past decades have illustrated several differences between the plasma regimes for these different flows, examples including features such as temperatures, particle distribution function anisotropies, and the nature of the embedded turbulence, specifically the Alfvénicity of the fluctuations. Though this two‐state classification of the solar wind primarily based on flow speed has been widely adopted, more in depth studies have found that slow solar wind should be further categorized, flow speed not being a sufficient descriptor of the plasma state. Within this framework, slow solar wind streams with a strong Alfvénic character have been identified and characterized, showing that in many ways they resemble fast solar wind. The similarities between fast and slow Alfvénic wind regimes have been explained in terms of a similar solar origin, with the latter corresponding to slow winds emanating from rapidly diverging low‐latitude small coronal holes. The aim of this review is to describe the state of art of our understanding of Alfvénic slow solar wind streams. The results presented cover observations performed at different heliocentric distances spanning from Wind at L1 to Helios and Parker Solar Probe in the inner heliosphere, as well as a discussion of their source regions.