bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Computational Issues Associated With Gear Rattle Analysis: Part I — Problem Formulation
Authors: Padmanabhan C. , Rook T. E. , Singh Rajendra 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper proposes a new procedure for formulating the gear rattle type problem analytically before attempting a numerical solution. This step is necessary due to the nature of the mathematical formulation with vibro-impacts, which is non-analytical and hence causes numerical “stiffness”. The procedure is essentially an “intelligent” pre-processing stage and is based on our vast experience in simulating such systems. Important concepts such as order reduction, gear contact ratio, appropriate choice of non-dimensionalization parameters are illustrated through several examples.
A Discrete Analysis of Metal-V Belt Drive
Authors: Karam A. , Play D. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The metal-V belt drive includes a large number of parts which interact between them to transmit power from the input to the output pulleys. A compression belt composed of a great number of struts is maintained by a tension flat belt. Power is them shared into the two belts that moves generally in opposite directions. Due to the particular geometry of the elements and to the great number of parts, a numerical approach achieves the global equilibrium of the mechanism from the elementary part equilibrium. Sliding arc on each pulley can be thus defined both for the compression and tension belts. Finally, power sharing can be calculated as differential motion between the belts, is defined. The first part of the paper will present the different steps of the quasi-static mechanical analysis and their numerical implementations. Load distributions, speed profiles and sliding angle values will be discussed. The second part of the paper will deal to a systematic use of the computer software. Speed ratio, transmitted torque, strut geometry and friction coefficients effect will be analysed in relation with the output parameter variations. Finally, the effect pulley deformable flanges will be discussed.
A Group Theory for Composite Gear Trains Employing Three-Shafts
Authors: Siva Prasad V. , Dukkipati R. V. , Osman M. O. M. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The paper presents four generalized expressions for obtaining the gear sizes compared to nine required in the earlier proposed general theory. The analysis facilitates group_wise visualization of various parameters and their inter-dependency. The theory saves considerable time and labour in the synthesis and design work, and enables easy computerization.
Research on Gear Cutter Tooth Profile for Semi-Topping: A Case of a Helical Gear
Authors: Ariga Y. , Nagata Shiyeyoshi 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Gear tooth tips are frequently chamfered to prevent nicks or scuffing on the tooth surface. Some of the hob cutters and pinion cutters can be chamfered but many types of cutters should be used for a particular range of tooth numbers since the amount chamfering largely varies depending on the tooth number. However, intensive efforts in the design have made it possible to produce cutters with little variation of chamfering amount for a wide range of tooth numbers.
The error in the amount of chamfering by a single cutter designed by the above method can be maintained within ±10 % for gears with tooth numbers ranging from 16 to 94. It was found that three cutters of the conventional design are required for keeping the error within the same range for cutting gears within a given range of tooth numbers.
The paper describes the tooth design method of the hob cutter with little variation of chamfering amount along changes in number of teeth to be machined and demonstrates that chamfering errors are maintained within practically allowable ranges for profile shift cutting or helical gear cutting with the use of this cutter.
Silent Gear Design for Mass-Produced Gears With Scatters in Tooth Form Accuracy
Authors: Nonaka T. , Kubo A. , Kato S. , Ohmori T. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
As the shape of tooth flank form has a great influence on the running noise of gears, a computer aided gear design system has been developed to evaluate this effect. The design and the improvement of power transmission gears have used this system successfully for various machines, especially for the noise reduction of automobile transmission gears. However it becomes difficult to apply this system to mass production gears, as their geometrical shape of tooth flanks of a gear are often different each other. A statistical approach is then proposed to estimate vibrational excitation force. The analysis also incorporated the effects of the alignment errors on gear noise. Then the results show a good correlation between the calculated vibrational excitation and the measured gear noise for an actual automotive gear set. The shape of tooth flank form usually affects gear noise greatly, especially under light load conditions. This effect becomes complicated when there exist alignment errors of gear shafts. The results of the study indicate that the optimum shape of tooth flank form can be different depending on the ability to control the quality of the gears in the production line.
Modeling a Flexible-Link Power Transmission System
Authors: Murray Maureen J. , Canfield Thomas R. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The flexible link and sprocket system of a tracked vehicle was modeled as part of a supercomputing pilot project on a Cray X-MP supercomputer. This computer simulation model utilizes the ADAMS 3-dimensional rigid body dynamics code. Using this ADAMS model of the track system, engineers can simulate the complex action of this three dimensional mechanism, and, through the use of graphics, can illustrate the behavior of the interaction of the components in this track system.
A New Method to Reduce the Polygon Effect of Chain Drives With Tensioner
Authors: Li Shu-Min 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
It is known to all that there is the polygon effect in chain drives, it causes that the velocity ratio transmitted changes periodically, and the velocity of driven sprocket is variational, while the velocity of driving sprocket is constant in chain drives.
For reducing the effect a new method simple in construction is developed in this paper — with a tensioner which is mounted in the proper position at the tight side, the variation of velocity ratio transmitted and the velocity of driven sprocket can be reduced evidently.
In this paper it has been discussed how to determine the position and the teeth number of the tensioner in order to reduce the variation of transmition ratio in the chain drives. In addition, an example is presented here, it can be indicated that the variation of velocity ratio transmitted can be reduced evidently by use of the method with a tensioner at the tight side.
Automated Shape Generation of Components in Mechanical Assemblies
Authors: Shimada Kenji , Gossard David 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Detailed shape design using current CAD systems is labor-intensive and requires little creativity. It is therefore a strong candidate for automation. Our research goal is to develop a method of automated shape generation in mechanical component design. As a preliminary step, we have developed a system for the generation of mechanical components of constant cross-section, i.e. “2.5D solids”. After functionally-important partial geometries and skeletal structures are defined by designers, the system automatically generates “skinning” shapes that encompass these partial geometries and skeletons by using FEM-based deformable curves.
A Milling Machining Automation Scheme for B-Rep-2.5D Solid Objects
Authors: Ho Won , Davis John H. , Adcock Willis A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A Milling machining automation scheme is presented. A splitting operation for solid modeling techniques is applied repeatedly for a 2.5D boundary represented object. Every plane parallel to the x-y plane is extracted, the z coordinate values are used to split the object, and 2D representations are generated for each plane. A geometric segmentation, a tool selection, and a merging process are applied in sequence. Finally, the tool paths are generated for each unit of milling area.
Contact Analysis and Optimization of a Poppet Valve With Seat Deformation and Friction
Authors: Manicka Yatheendhar D. , Belegundu Ashok D. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The contact pressure between a poppet valve and its seat is an important consideration for valve performance. The geometry of the contacting surfaces is optimized to acheive maximum uniformity in the contact pressure distribution. A general contact algorithm for point-to-cubic sliding contact is presented and verified. It is then used to optimize the valve geometry. The poppet valve and seat are modeled as axisymmetric components.
A Decision-Analytic Method for Competitive Design for Quality
Authors: Vasseur Hubert , Kurfess Thomas R. , Cagan Jonathan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We consider the design issues of characterizing and appropriately choosing the quality of a product for maximum customer satisfaction and maximum corporate profit. We assume that the basic design configuration of a product is determined and that the designer must select the product quality by imposing statistical tolerances (manufacturing accuracy specifications) and choosing appropriate manufacturing processes. We claim that these design considerations, although often neglected, impact the behavior, cost, and even marketability of the product. A design concept without these specifications is incomplete because i) its feasibility is questionable ii) its cost of production is undetermined iii) its performance is unknown. The design process is seen here as an exploratory activity constrained by the manufacturing systems available. In particular, we provide a decision-analytic methodology to reason about the quality of product and the influences on profit resulting in a specification of manufacturing process and machine accuracy to match customer requests. The method is illustrated by the study of a simple three component assembly.
Computer Aided Modeling of Families and Family Members of Designed Parts
Authors: Johannesson H. L. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In the present paper a computer based method for modeling of families and family members of designend parts is suggested and presented. The product models that are built, contain “rules” for generating geometric models of part members plus nongeometric information to be used when manufacturing the parts. The geometric design “rules”, that are stored in the part family data base, consist of normalized line and are defining data to be used when generating geometry defining cross section part contours. These geometry defining data are generated automatically by the user when drawing contours in a CAD-system that is able to record the users actions, and generate the corresponding macro code. This code is interpreted by a part family storage program that stores both the interpreted geometric information, and user entered nongeometric information in the part family data base.
When creating a part family member, the stored part family data, plus data defining interacting standard components, are retrieved from data bases. The nongeometric data are written on document files, and a 3-D solid geometric model of the part member is created in the used CAD-system by extruding and/or rotating part member and standard component interface geometry contours.
Inverse Kinematics of Manipulators With 3 Revolute and 3 Parallelogram Joints
Authors: Dietmaier P. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper introduces the use of planar parallelogram linkages as generalized joints in a robot manipulator. The inverse kinematics for all possible manipulators formed from 3 parallelogram and 3 revolute joints are derived from the closure equations of an equivalent closed loop linkage. The internal displacement coordinates of the manipulator are obtained by solving a quadratic and an 8th degree polynomial equation, which results in up to 16 different configurations of the manipulator arm.
Motion Kinematics of Series-Parallel Robots Using a Virtual Link Concept
Authors: Shukla Deepak , Paul Frank W. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a generic and systematic approach to solve the kinematics of series-parallel (hybrid) robot manipulators. The virtual link concept is a theoretical development to solve the kinematics of hybrid robots using the Denavit-Hartenberg notations. These notations have so far been applicable only to series robots. The virtual link concept employs fictitious serial links, termed “virtual links”, to transform a series-parallel manipulator into an equivalent series manipulator. The kinematics of this transformed series manipulator is solved using Denavit-Hartenberg notations. The results are mapped back to the actual manipulator using kinematic relations between fictitious serial links and the replaced parallel structure of the actual manipulator. This approach appears to be generic and systematic for analyzing the kinematics of series-parallel robot manipulators.
A Sensitivity Analysis Based Method for Robot Calibration
Authors: Kaizerman S. , Benhabib B. , Fenton R. G. , Zak G. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A new robot kinematic calibration procedure is presented. The parameters of the kinematic model are estimated through a relationship established between the deviations in the joint variables and the deviations in the model parameters. Thus, the new method can be classified as an inverse calibration procedure. Using suitable sensitivity analysis methods, the matrix of the partial derivatives of joint variables with respect to robot parameters is calculated without having explicit expressions of joint variables as a function of task space coordinates (closed inverse kinematic solution). This matrix provides the relationship between the changes in the joint variables and the changes in the parameter values required for the calibration. Two deterministic sensitivity analysis methods are applied, namely the Direct Sensitivity Approach and the Adjoint Sensitivity Method. The new calibration procedure was successfully tested by the simulated calibrations of a two degree of freedom revolute-joint planar manipulator.
Force and Stiffness Transmission in Redundantly Actuated Mechanisms: The Case for a Spherical Shoulder Mechanism
Authors: Yi Byung-Ju , Freeman Robert A. , Tesar Delbert 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This work deals with the analysis of three degree of freedom spherical shoulder mechanisms which have force redundancies in their parallel structure. First, a comparative study between a fully parallel shoulder mechanism (three legs with three inputs) and a redundantly actuated parallel shoulder mechanism (four legs with four inputs) is performed in terms of force transmission capability. The mode in which all joints of the shoulder (three- and four-legged) are actuated is studied next, in terms of active stiffness transmission capability. It is shown that the four-legged shoulder is superior to the three-legged shoulder in both force and active stiffness transmission, and that force and active stiffness transmission capability are operational trade-offs. Design issues associated with general redundantly actuated systems are mentioned.
Studies on a New Snake-Like Manipulator
Authors: Sen Dibakar , Mruthyunjaya T. S. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this paper the capabilities of a proposed serial, multi-link, snake-like, planar manipulator with highly restricted joint motion (only three states per joint) have been studied. Two different types of problem namely reach-the-point and follow-the-path problems, have been solved for such a manipulator when the number of links is assumed unlimited. The reach-the-point problem has been solved also for the case of fixed number of links. By adopting a coded representation of the configuration a set of transformation rules has been developed to decide whether two different configurations lead to the same point in the work-space. This avoids the time-consuming evaluation of trigonometric functions involved in actually computing the tip location.
A General Procedure for Dimensional Synthesis of Mechanisms
Authors: Hansen Michael Rygaard 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A method for dimensional synthesis of arbitrary planar mechanisms is presented. The method is based on identification of the mutually independent vector loops of the mechanism, and the design equations that fulfil the desired kinematic behaviour are formulated on the basis of these loops. The identification of the branches is done on the basis of a separation of the mechanism into a number of modules (input bodies and Assur groups). As the design equations are strongly nonlinear (involving both dimensions and rotations of bodies), a continuation method is employed for their solution. The method, with the definition and analysis of the initial mechanism, the subdivision of the mechanism into modules, the definition of the desired kinematic behaviour, and the generation and solution of the vector loop equations, has been implemented in a menu-controlled CAD-system called CADME (Computer Aided Design of MEchanisms).
A Unified Analysis and Implementation of Four Multiply Separated Position Synthesis of Four-Bar Linkages
Authors: Srikrishna P. , Waldron Kenneth J. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to derive analytically the circle-point and center-point curve equations for the synthesis of four-bar linkages for rigid body guidance through four multiply separated design positions. A unified approach is evolved to deal with the different combinations of four finitely and infinitesimally separated design position, namely the PP-P-P, PP-PP and PPP-P cases. The design procedure incorporates the rectification procedures developed by Waldron (1977) to eliminate the branch and order problems and is implemented in the interactive synthesis package RECSYN.
On the Design of Planar and Spherical Pure-Rolling Indexing Cam Mechanisms
Authors: González-Palacios Max Antonio , Angeles Jorge 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A new design of indexing cam mechanisms for parallel and intersecting shafts is presented here in a unified framework, so that both pure rolling and positive motion are achieved. Power losses due to Coulomb friction are eliminated, while producing motions free of jerk discontinuities. The pressure angle is anlyzed and applied to define the positive motion.
Computerized Simulation of Generation of Internal Involute Gears and Their Assembly
Authors: Litvin F. L. , Hsiao C.-L. , Wang J.-C. , Zhou X. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The contents of the paper cover the determination of conditions : (i) of nonundercutting by axial and axial-radial generation of internal gears by shapers, and (ii) avoidance of interference by axial and axial-radial assembly.
The authors have developed computer programs for simulation of undercutting and interference, design charts and a table that allow to determine the limiting number of teeth of the cutter and pinion considering the tooth number of internal gear as known. The details of developed algorithms are given in Appendices.
The paper is illustrated with computer graphics and numerical examples.
Geometric Characteristics of the Center-Point Curve Based on the Kinematics of the Compatibility Linkage
Authors: Schaaf J. A. , Lammers J. A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this paper we develop a method of characterizing the center-point curves for planar four-position synthesis. We predict the five characteristic shapes of the center-point curve using the kinematic classification of the compatibility linkage obtained from a complex number formulation for planar four-position synthesis. This classification scheme is more extensive than the conventional Grashof and non-Grashof classifications in that the separate classes of change point compatibility linkages are also included. A non-Grashof compatibility linkage generates a unicursal form of the center-point curve; a Grashof compatibility linkage generates a bicursal form; a single change point compatibility linkage generates a double point form; and a double or triple change point compatibility linkage generates a circular-degenerate or a hyperbolic-degenerate form.
Optimization of Function-Generating Mechanisms Using Input-Output Curve Planning: Part I — Curve Planning and Data Preparation
Authors: Liu Zheng , Angeles Jorge 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A general scheme for the optimization of one-degree-of-freedom mechanisms for function generation is proposed in this and an accompanying paper. The problem is solved here following two basic steps: i) planning input-output curves based on design requirements (input-output pairs, mobility, time ratio, etc.) and selecting data from the planned curve; and ii) setting up an optimization procedure to minimize a performance index (design error or structural error). Discussed in Part I is the first step of the optimization scheme, i.e., design-data preparation based on input-output curve planning, while, in Part II, the ensuing formulation and design strategies.
Optimization of Function-Generating Mechanisms Using Input-Output Curve Planning: Part II — Formulation and Optimization Strategies
Authors: Liu Zheng , Angeles Jorge 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
As a sequel to Part I, in which design-data preparation based on Input-output curve planning is discussed, Part II focuses on the second step of the optimization scheme. This step includes the basic formulation and some strategies, in the optimization procedure, for: i) transmission-quality evaluation; and ii) branch-defect elimination. Since design requirements on mobility conditions are already considered in the curve-planning phase, discussed in Part I, there is no need to introduce constraints pertaining to mobility type in the formulation, the procedure thus becoming remarkably simple.
Invariant Link Rotatability of N-Bar Kinematic Chains
Authors: Shyu J. H. , Ting Kwun-Lon 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper proposes and proves the concept of invariant link rotatability between any two links, adjoined or not, in planar single-loop kinematic chains. It was found that in any planar single-loop chain formed by a set of links and revolute joints, the rotatability between any two links, whether they are adjoined or not, is independent of the order of links connection. Simple and general approaches were also proposed to identify the exact rotatability between any two links of a single-loop N-bar chain. When a non-revolvable link reaches the limit orientation with respect to another non-revolvable link, disregard whether they are adjoined or not, all other links become collinear or parallel to each other. This paper fully extends Ting’s rotatability laws to deal with the rotatability between two non-adjoined links.
A Path Planning Algorithm for a Free-Floating Closed-Chain Planar Manipulator
Authors: Agrawal Sunil Kumar , Garimella R. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The base of free-floating manipulators is not inertially fixed. For these manipulators, the linear and angular momentum are conserved. The linear momentum equations are holonomic while the angular momentum equations are nonholonomic. The presence of nonholonomic constraints makes the path-planning schemes, commonly used for fixed-base manipulators, unsuitable for free-floating manipulators. In this paper, we first apply inverse position and inverse rate kinematics path-planning schemes to a free-floating closed-chain planar manipulator and show that these schemes have shortcomings. Then, a working path-planning scheme is described which is based on careful study of the rate kinematics of the free-floating closed-chain manipulator. This algorithm is implemented and the graphical simulations are presented.