bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysing global professional gender gaps using LinkedIn advertising data
Authors: Kashyap Ridhi , Verkroost Florianne C. J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAlthough women’s participation in tertiary education and the labour force has expanded over the past decades, women continue to be underrepresented in technical and managerial occupations. We analyse if gender inequalities also manifest themselves in online populations of professionals by leveraging audience estimates from LinkedIn’s advertisement platform to explore gender gaps among LinkedIn users across countries, ages, industries and seniorities. We further validate LinkedIn gender gaps against ground truth professional gender gap indicators derived from the International Labour Organization’s (ILO) Statistical Database, and examine the feasibility and biases of predicting global professional gender gap indicators using gender gaps computed from LinkedIn’s online population. We find that women are significantly underrepresented relative to men on LinkedIn in countries in Africa, the Middle East and South Asia, among older individuals, in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) fields and higher-level managerial positions. Furthermore, a simple, aggregate indicator of the female-to-male ratio of LinkedIn users, which we term the LinkedIn Gender Gap Index (GGI), shows strong positive correlations with ILO ground truth professional gender gaps. A parsimonious regression model using the LinkedIn GGI to predict ILO professional gender gaps enables us to expand country coverage of different ILO indicators, albeit with better performance for general professional gender gaps than managerial gender gaps. Nevertheless, predictions generated using the LinkedIn population show some distinctive biases. Notably, we find that in countries where there is greater gender inequality in internet access, LinkedIn data predict greater gender equality than the ground truth, indicating an overrepresentation of high status women online in these settings. Our work contributes to a growing literature seeking to harness the ‘data revolution’ for global sustainable development by evaluating the potential of a novel data source for filling gender data gaps and monitoring key indicators linked to women’s economic empowerment.
Disparities in Emergency Medical Services Time Intervals for Patients with Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome: Findings from the North Carolina Prehospital Medical Information System
Authors: Cui Eric R. , Fernandez Antonio R. , Zegre‐Hemsey Jessica K. , Grover Joseph M. , Honvoh Gilson , Brice Jane H. , Rossi Joseph S. , Patel Mehul D. 
Published: July 2021

Background
Timely emergency medical services (EMS) response, management, and transport of patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome (ACS) significantly reduce delays to emergency treatment and improve outcomes. We evaluated EMS response, scene, and transport times and adherence to proposed time benchmarks for patients with suspected ACS in North Carolina from 2011 to 2017.

Methods and Results
We conducted a population‐based, retrospective study with the North Carolina Prehospital Medical Information System, a statewide electronic database of all EMS patient care reports. We analyzed 2011 to 2017 data on patient demographics, incident characteristics, EMS care, and county population density for EMS‐suspected patients with ACS, defined as a complaint of chest pain or suspected cardiac event and documentation of myocardial ischemia on prehospital ECG or prehospital activation of the cardiac care team. Descriptive statistics for each EMS time interval were computed. Multivariable logistic regression was used to quantify relationships between meeting response and scene time benchmarks (11 and 15 minutes, respectively) and prespecified covariates. Among 4667 patients meeting eligibility criteria, median response time (8 minutes) was shorter than median scene (16 minutes) and transport (17 minutes) time. While scene times were comparable by population density, patients in rural (versus urban) counties experienced longer response and transport times. Overall, 62% of EMS encounters met the 11‐minute response time benchmark and 49% met the 15‐minute scene time benchmark. In adjusted regression analyses, EMS encounters of older and female patients and obtaining a 12‐lead ECG and venous access were independently associated with lower adherence to the scene time benchmark.

Conclusions
Our statewide study identified urban–rural differences in response and transport times for suspected ACS as well as patient demographic and EMS care characteristics related to lower adherence to scene time benchmark. Strategies to reduce EMS scene times among patients with ACS need to be developed and evaluated.
The Heraldic Shield and the Woman’s Body in the Blasons Anatomiques du corps féminin (1543)
Authors: Giordano Michael 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In the French Renaissance, the term ‘anatomical blason’ (blason anatomique) designated a highly descriptive love poem praising a single part of a woman’s body, while in heraldry, the noun ‘blason’ defined the ensemble of ornamental components constituting the shield. Just as the French verb blasonner meant to describe and to interpret the shield’s material and symbolic parts, so could this verb be used in amatory poetry to signify the act of lauding the details of the beloved’s anatomical parts. This study examines the structural analogies between heraldic shield and the anatomical blason, addressing how the technical terms defining the shield’s components such as partitions, points, charges, tinctures, and the achievement could be given analogous expressions in the anatomical love poetry.
Determining County-Level Counterfactuals for Evaluation of Population Health Interventions: A Novel Application of K-Means Cluster Analysis
Authors: Strutz Kelly L. , Luo Zhehui , Raffo Jennifer E. , Meghea Cristian I. , Vander Meulen Peggy , Roman Lee Anne 
Published: July 2021

Objectives Evaluating population health initiatives at the community level necessitates valid counterfactual communities, which includes having similar population composition, health care access, and health determinants. Estimating appropriate county counterfactuals is challenging in states with large intercounty variation. We describe an application of K-means cluster analysis for determining county-level counterfactuals in an evaluation of an intervention, a county perinatal system of care for Medicaid-insured pregnant women. Methods We described counties by using indicators from the American Community Survey, Area Health Resources Files, University of Wisconsin Population Health Institute County Health Rankings, and vital records for Michigan Medicaid-insured births for 2009, the year the intervention began (or the closest available year). We ran analyses of 1000 iterations with random starting cluster values for each of a range of number of clusters from 3 to 10 with commonly used variability and reliability measures to identify the optimal number of clusters. Results The use of unstandardized features resulted in the grouping of 1 county with the intervention county in all solutions for all iterations and the frequent grouping of 2 additional counties with the intervention county. Standardized features led to no solution, and other distance measures gave mixed results. However, no county was ideal for all subpopulation analyses. Practice Implications Although the K-means method was successful at identifying comparison counties, differences between the intervention county and comparison counties remained. This limitation may be specific to the intervention county and the constraints of a within-state study. This method could be more useful when applied to other counties in and outside Michigan.
The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Lifestyle: How Young people have Adapted Their Leisure and Routine during Lockdown in Italy
Authors: Panarese Paola , Azzarita Vittoria 
Published: July 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic is an unprecedented global event. Physical distancing and other restrictions imposed by national and local governments all over the world to contain the spread of the virus almost certainly have had a significant impact on young people, who are more sensitive to peer interaction and social stimuli than adults. This article sets out to investigate the lifestyles of young Italians during the first lockdown, with the aim of exploring how leisure becomes the object of a negotiation between social needs, regulatory requirements, and a situation of crisis. To investigate these aspects, we present the results of a quantitative study conducted on a large group of individuals in Italy, focusing on young Italians’ lifestyles and leisure activities, together with an overview of prevailing moods. Our findings indicate that young people activated various adaptation strategies in response to the crisis with possible significant effects on lifestyles and well-being.
Associations Between Workplace Violence, Mental Health, and Physical Health among Korean Workers: The Fifth Korean Working Conditions Survey
Authors: Kim Hae Ran 
Published: July 2021

Background: Workplace violence (WPV) is a global public health problem and a threat to the health of Korean workers. This study assessed the prevalence and risk factors of WPV and its association with mental and physical health among Korean workers. Methods: Data obtained for 50,205 respondents to the Fifth Korean Working Conditions Survey were utilized for this study. Verbal abuse, threats, physical violence, and sexual harassment were assessed individually and as a composite for “any WPV.” Workers were characterized by education, income, shift work status, access to a health and safety education program, work sector and overall health. Descriptive analyses and multiple logistic regression analyses were used to estimate the prevalence of WPV and its association with mental and physical health. Findings: Overall, 5.6% of workers reported experiencing one of four forms of WPV. The prevalence of verbal abuse, threats, physical violence, and sexual harassment were 4.9%, 0.7%, 0.2%, and 1.1%, respectively. Most perpetrators were customers. Prevalence of WPV was associated with lower education level, poor health status, long working hours, shift work, and no experience of health and safety education; 9.0% of service workers experienced violence. Workers who had experienced WPV were more likely to experience anxiety, sleep-related problems, depressive symptoms, back pain, headache/eye strain, and overall fatigue. Conclusions/Applications to Practice: Workplace violence is a serious occupational and public health concern in Korea. These results suggest managing WPV may improve workers’ well-being and that violence-prevention strategies, policies, and regulations should be implemented across most industries.
Two Crises Separated by a Decade: Political Economy of Trade Strategy and Reserves Accumulation in East Asia
Authors: Nag Biswajit , Ray Partha 
Published: July 2021

This article seeks to explore the relationship between the global financial crisis (2007–2009) and the East Asian crisis (1997–1999) via the contribution of select East Asian countries, which led to the formation of the ‘global imbalance’, that is, experience of substantial and consistent current account surplus. Taking a cue from Bernanke’s ‘savings glut’ hypothesis, which has held ‘global imbalance’ to be a factor behind the global financial crisis, specifically, the article argues that in these countries, the nature of current account balance has undergone a sea change since the end of the 1990s. They also accumulated a substantial amount of foreign exchange reserves since then along with a major shift of trade regime and consequent trade surplus in all these countries. The article conjectures that the mishandling of the rescue package by International Monetary Fund could have induced them to go aggressively for accumulation of forex reserves. Thus, the two crises separated by a decade and in different continents are, indeed, linked through providing an incentive for brewing up of global imbalance via an activist trade policy in select East Asian countries. Seen in this context and from this standpoint, the two crises, indeed, appear to be close siblings! JEL Codes: F41, F62, O53
Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization combined with Hippo/YAP inhibition significantly improve the survival of rats with transplanted hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Quan Yi , Li Zhi , Zhu Kangshun , Liang Jundi 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
This study aimed to explore the effect of inhibiting the Hippo/Yes-associated protein (YAP) signaling pathway on the outcomes of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) in treating transplanted hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Methods
A transplanted HCC rat model was established. Then, rats were randomly divided into four groups: Sham, TACE, verteporfin (inhibitor of Hippo/YAP), and TACE+verteporfin. Lent-OE-YAP was transfected into rats to overexpress YAP in vivo. After treatments, morphological changes, tumor weight, and the overall survival of rats in different groups were analyzed. Real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry staining, and Western blotting were used to determine the expression of factors related to the Hippo/YAP signaling pathway.

Results
Tumor weight and tissue lesions in the TACE and verteporfin groups were significantly reduced compared with the Sham group. Verteporfin significantly decreased tumor weight after TACE treatment. In addition, verteporfin significantly improved the overall survival of rats with transplanted HCC after TACE treatment. Compared with the Sham group, both TACE and verteporfin groups exhibited significantly decreased expression of macrophage-stimulating (MST)1, MST2, long-acting thyroid stimulator 1, transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ), Yes-associated protein (YAP), TEA domain transcription factor (TEAD)1, TEAD2, TEAD3, and TEAD4. TACE plus verteporfin significantly enhanced the downregulation of effectors in the Hippo/YAP signaling pathway and decreased tumor size, while the overexpression of YAP exerted opposite effects.

Conclusion
The inhibition of the Hippo/YAP signaling pathway via verteporfin significantly improved the outcomes of TACE in treating transplanted HCC.
High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Is Negatively Correlated with Bone Mineral Density and Has Potential Predictive Value for Bone Loss
Authors: Tang Yuchen , Wang Shenghong , Yi Qiong , Xia Yayi , Geng Bin 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
Many studies have shown that lipids play important roles in bone metabolism. However, the association between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and bone mineral density (BMD) is unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the linear or nonlinear relation between HDL-C levels and BMD and addressed whether the HDL-C levels had the potential values for predicting the risk of osteoporosis or osteopenia.

Methods
Two researchers independently extracted all information from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database. Participants over 20 years of age with available HDL-C and BMD data were enrolled in the final analysis. The linear relationship between HDL-C levels and BMD was assessed using multivariate linear regression models. Moreover, the nonlinear relationship was also characterized by fitted smoothing curves and generalized additive models. In addition, the odds ratio (OR) for osteopenia and osteoporosis was evaluated with multiple logistic regression models.

Results
The weighted multivariable linear regression models demonstrated that HDL-C levels displayed an inverse association with BMD, especially among females and subjects aged 30 to 39 or 50 to 59. Moreover, the nonlinear relationship characterized by smooth curve fittings and generalized additive models suggested that (i) HDL-C levels displayed an inverted U-shaped relationship with BMD among women 30 to 39 or over 60 years of age; (ii) HDL-C levels exhibited a U-shaped association with BMD among women 20 to 29 or 50 to 59 years of age. In addition, females with high HDL levels (62-139 mg/dL) had an increased risk of osteopenia or osteoporosis.

Conclusion
This study demonstrated that HDL-C levels exhibit an inverse correlation with BMD. Especially in females, clinicians need to be alert to patients with high HDL-C levels, which may indicate an increased risk of osteoporosis or osteopenia. For these patients, close monitoring of BMD and early intervention may be necessary.
Progranulin deficiency in Iba-1+ myeloid cells exacerbates choroidal neovascularization by perturbation of lysosomal function and abnormal inflammation
Authors: Takahashi Kei , Nakamura Shinsuke , Otsu Wataru , Shimazawa Masamitsu , Hara Hideaki 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundAge-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the principal cause of permanent blindness among elderly individuals worldwide. Chronic inflammation in the subretinal space is associated with a progression of exudative AMD. Progranulin (PGRN) is a growth factor secreted from myeloid cells and plays an important role in controlling the lysosomal function. A deficiency in PGRN leads to inflammation of the neurons in the central nervous system. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role played by PGRN in the size of the choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in laser-induced CNV mice.MethodsCNVs were induced in C57BL/6J mice by laser photocoagulation of the retina. The expression of PGRN and the accumulation of Iba-1+cells around the sites of the CNVs were determined.Grn−/−,Grn+/−, andGrn+/+mice with laser-induced CNVs were also studied. To evaluate the effect of macrophages on the inflammation, we used a macrophage cell line (RAW264.7) in which the expression of PGRN was knocked down by RNA interference and peritoneal macrophages derived fromGrn−/−andGrn+/+mice. These cells were incubated under hypoxic conditions (1% O2).ResultsIba-1+myeloid cells migrated and accumulated in the photocoagulation-induced CNV areas, and the CNV lesions secreted high levels of PGRN inGrn+/+mice. The size of the CNVs was larger inGrn−/−mice than inGrn+/−andGrn+/+mice. InGrn−/−mice, the number of ocular-infiltrating Iba-1+cells around the CNV was higher, and these cells produced more VEGF-A than the cells in theGrn+/+mice. PGRN-silencing of RAW264.7 cells led to abnormal activation of the cells. In addition, hypoxic conditions promoted the production of proangiogenic and proinflammatory cytokines from PGRN-deficient macrophages. Interestingly, the expression level of lysosome-associated proteins and the number of activated lysosomes increased in PGRN-deficient macrophages.ConclusionsThese findings indicate that PGRN deficiency in Iba-1+cells activates the lysosomal function that then leads to abnormal inflammation. The aberrant activation of Iba-1+myeloid cells might contribute to the progression of the CNV and the regulation of these cells might be a novel therapeutic target for exudative AMD.
Drug interaction between a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor and a triptan leading to serotonin toxicity: a case report and review of the literature
Authors: Jin Gilbert , Stokes Philip 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
Serotonin toxicity is a known side effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and has previously also been described as a possible side effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor agonist (triptan) medications. However, the literature is conflicted about the risk of developing serotonin toxicity as a result of drug interaction between selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and triptans.

Case presentation
A 30-year-old Caucasian woman with a history of depression on regular fluvoxamine presented to the emergency department with right-sided facial and lower limb twitching. The patient had recently been prescribed sumatriptan for migraines and had taken her first ever dose shortly prior to the onset of symptoms. She was tachycardic, diaphoretic, and hypertonic on initial assessment with bilateral lower limb and ocular clonus. Electrocardiogram showed sinus tachycardia with QT interval under the treatment interval, and pathology and imaging findings were unremarkable. Her symptoms improved with supportive management and cyproheptadine.

Conclusions
This patient’s presentation fulfilled both Sternbach and Hunter criteria for serotonin toxicity, illustrating a potential case of serotonin toxicity as a result of drug interaction between a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor and a triptan.
Subdiaphragmatic abscess due to penetration of a duodenal ulcer successfully treated with endoscopic transgastric drainage: a case report
Authors: Takami Tomoya , Takihara Hiroshi , Yasuda Koji , Kasyu Nozomi , Yoshitake Hiroyuki , Shintani Hiroshi , Kataoka Naoki , Yamaguchi Tomoyuki , Makimoto Shinichiro 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
Subdiaphragmatic abscesses are sometimes caused by intraabdominal infections. We report a case of endoscopic ultrasound-guided transgastric drainage.

Case presentation
A 75-year-old Asian man was referred to our hospital for treatment for upper gastrointestinal bleeding. On admission, blood tests showed a marked inflammatory response, and abdominal computed tomography showed free air in the abdominal cavity and a left subdiaphragmatic abscess. Therefore, the patient was diagnosed with an intraabdominal abscess associated with a perforated duodenal ulcer. Because he did not have generalized peritonitis, fasting and antibiotic treatment were the first therapies. However, because of the strong pressure on the stomach associated with the abscess and difficulty eating, we performed endoscopic ultrasound-guided transgastric drainage. After treatment, the inflammatory response resolved, and food intake was possible. The patient’s condition remains stable.

Conclusions
Drainage is the basic treatment for subdiaphragmatic abscesses; however, percutaneous drainage is often anatomically difficult, and surgical drainage is common. We suggest that our success with endoscopic ultrasound-guided transgastric drainage in this patient indicates that this approach can be considered in similar cases and that it can be selected as a minimally invasive treatment method.
Learning without loss
Authors: Elser Veit 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe explore a new approach for training neural networks where all loss functions are replaced by hard constraints. The same approach is very successful in phase retrieval, where signals are reconstructed from magnitude constraints and general characteristics (sparsity, support, etc.). Instead of taking gradient steps, the optimizer in the constraint based approach, called relaxed–reflect–reflect (RRR), derives its steps from projections to local constraints. In neural networks one such projection makes the minimal modification to the inputs x, the associated weights w, and the pre-activation value y at each neuron, to satisfy the equation $x\cdot w=y$
x
⋅
w
=
y
. These projections, along with a host of other local projections (constraining pre- and post-activations, etc.) can be partitioned into two sets such that all the projections in each set can be applied concurrently—across the network and across all data in the training batch. This partitioning into two sets is analogous to the situation in phase retrieval and the setting for which the general purpose RRR optimizer was designed. Owing to the novelty of the method, this paper also serves as a self-contained tutorial. Starting with a single-layer network that performs nonnegative matrix factorization, and concluding with a generative model comprising an autoencoder and classifier, all applications and their implementations by projections are described in complete detail. Although the new approach has the potential to extend the scope of neural networks (e.g. by defining activation not through functions but constraint sets), most of the featured models are standard to allow comparison with stochastic gradient descent.