Bovine Model to Study Ovarian Function and Oocyte Competence in Women during Perimenopausal Period
Authors: Singh Jaswant 
Published: June 2021

The introduction of transrectal ultrasonography in late 1980's provided a unique non‐invasive tool to image ovarian structures over time. The technique allowed assessment of dynamics of follicle growth and regression in cows leading to validation of the wave theory of follicular growth. Over the past three decades, studies in the bovine model have focused on the characteristics of the dominant follicle selection, control of wave emergence, synchronization of ovulation, and the temporal relationship of oocyte's ability to develop into a blastocyst (oocyte competence) with the status of the dominant follicle. Studies of this nature are unethical and difficult to conduct in women. Follicular waves have been described in every monovular mammalian species in which ultrasonographic approach have been applied since the first description in cattle (in 1989) including humans (in 2003). Differences in selection of the dominant follicle and control of luteal function between humans and domestic animals appear to be more in detail rather than in essence. Relatively large diameters of the dominant follicles for clinical manipulations (e.g., follicle ablation for wave emergence, monitoring gonadotropin response during superovulation, ultrasound‐guided oocyte retrieval for in vitro fertilization), long life span of cows (15 to 20 years) and presence of multiple generations of animals on the same farm make cattle as one of the most suitable model to understand ovarian and oocyte function during perimenopausal period in women. Our research group have discovered that compared to young daughters (3–5 years), old cows (≥13 years) have elevated concentrations of FSH (similar to humans) and a marked decrease in embryo recovery documenting the effects of maternal age on oocyte competence. Maternal aging in cattle altered the timing of the preovulatory LH surge. Further, transcriptome analysis of granulosa cells from aged cows detected a suboptimal response to exogenous LH treatment indicating the possible mechanism by which the maternal age influences oocyte competence. In contrast to maternal aging, follicular aging (4‐day FSH followed by 96 hours of gonadotropin starvation) in younger cows led to reduced ovulation rates, accumulation of large lipid droplets in the oocyte, fertilization failures, and decreased blastocyst rate highlighting the multifaceted nature of factors that can influence oocyte competence. Interestingly, oocyte ability to develop into embryos was maintained if FSH support was continued. As a natural extension of our research, we have started to examine the influence of FSH superstimulation on oocyte competence during pre‐pubertal age in calves as young as 4‐month of age. Our working hypothesis is that the endocrine milieu and local ovarian factors responsible for low developmental competence of oocytes during the pre‐pubertal period are unique and distinct from those that cause the loss of competence during old age in the bovine model.Support or Funding InformationResearch supported by grants from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Council of CanadaThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.