bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A 15-Year Report on the Uneven Distribution of Women in Orthopaedic Surgery Residency Training Programs in the United States
Authors: Van Heest Ann E. , Agel Julie , Samora Julie Balch 
Published: May 2021

Background:
This study was undertaken to update reports from 2004 to 2005 through 2008 to 2009, and 2009 to 2010 through 2013 to 2014, including 5 additional years of GME Track data. Our hypothesis is there have been no significant changes during the past 5 years in the distribution of Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME)-accredited orthopaedics residency programs that train female residents, compared with the previous 10 years.

Methods:
Data for ACGME-accredited orthopaedics residency training programs in the United States were analyzed for 5 consecutive academic years (2014-2015 through 2018-2019). Programs were classified as having no women, 1 woman, 2 women, or greater than 2 women in training. Programs were analyzed for percentage of female residents and classified as having above the national average (>20%), similar to the national average (between 10 and 20%), or below the national average (<10%).

Results:
Analysis of the original 5 years (2004-2009) compared with the most recent data (2014-2019) demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in the number of programs training women (p < 0.001). From 2004 to 2009 to 2014 to 2019, the absolute number and percent of female trainees have increased (p < 0.001). Similar analysis of the middle 5 years (2009-2014) compared with the most recent 5 years (2014-2019) did not demonstrate a statistically significant change (p = 0.12). From 2014 to 2019, residency programs in the United States continue to train women at unequal rates: 37 programs had no female trainees, while 53 programs had >20% female trainees during at least one of these 5 years.

Conclusions:
Female medical students continue to pursue orthopaedics at rates lagging behind all other surgical specialties. Not all residency programs train women at equal rates. If the rate of training of female residents over the past 15 years were projected over time, we would not achieve 30% women within orthopaedics residency training programs until approximately 2060.

Level of Evidence:
III.
Space- and time-varying associations between Bangladesh's seasonal rainfall and large-scale climate oscillations
Authors: Mahmud Khalid , Chen Chia-Jeng 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Understanding teleconnections of a region's climate can be beneficial to seasonal outlooks and hydro-climate services. This study aims at analyzing the teleconnections of seasonal rainfall over Bangladesh with selected climate indices, including El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), and Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) indices. Rainfall data spanning from 1965–2017 in the seven hydrological regions are used to derive three seasonal rains, namely the pre-monsoon (March–May), monsoon (June–September), and post-monsoon (October and November) rains, for correlation- and wavelet coherence (WC)-based teleconnection analyses. Among the three seasonal rains, the post-monsoon rain shows the negative correlations, strongest with the IOD and ENSO indices. Correlations between the pre-monsoon/monsoon rain and climate indices are subject to notable spatial and temporal variations. For instance, correlations between the pre-monsoon (monsoon) rain in the South Central (South West) region and the IOD (ENSO) index shift from negative to positive after the 1980s, whereas the comprehensive negative correlations of the post-monsoon rain with the IOD and ENSO indices further enhanced from the early to recent epochs. WC analysis not only corroborates the findings of correlation analysis at shorter time scales (e.g., 1–4 years), but also reveals significant coherence at longer time scales (e.g., 8–16 years). We find that the pre-monsoon and monsoon rains experience the phase change in WC from shorter to longer scales. In contrast, the post-monsoon rain shows the consistent anti-phase WC, more dominant at the longer time scale. Both correlation and WC analyses indicate that the association patterns of the PDO mimic those of ENSO. Lastly, the analysis results of the AMO suggest quite distinct and significant association between Bangladesh's rainfall and the Atlantic Ocean.
Different Driving Factors for Potential Activity of Ammonia-Oxidizing Archaea and Bacteria in Coastal Wetlands
Authors: zhu Xianfang , Wang Chen , Tang Shuangyu , Ji Guodong 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate which environmental factors and genetic groups were important in explaining measured activity of Ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB), which play important roles in global nitrogen cycle, providing a new insight into the mechanism of archaeal and bacterial ammonia oxidation. We sampled 62 soil/sediment samples from coastal wetlands of the Bohai area of China and assessed the abundance of functional genes involved in the nitrogen cycle, soil/sediment characteristics and the potential activity of AOA (PAOA) and AOB (PAOB) using specific inhibitors. At last, we introduced the structure equation model (SEM) to infer direct and indirect effects of variables on potential activities. The results indicated that the change in AOA-amoA gene abundance may be more independent, while AOB-amoA was closely associated with the change in abundance of amx and denitrifier. PAOA was mainly defined by AOA-amoA abundance and partially influenced by the norA gene, suggesting coupling of archaeal ammonia oxidation with nitrite oxidation. PAOB was significantly defined by the abundance of amx and denitrifier, indirectly mediated by AOB-amoA. The activity of AOA seemed to be more independent of other microbial activities, while the activity of AOB varied closely with fluctuations of other microbial species. PAOA was mediated directly by the C/N ratio and indirectly by nitrite concentration and TOC value, while PAOB was mediated directly by ammonium concentration and TOC value and indirectly by C/N ratio. The activity of AOB may be determined by several other functional gene groups and had little correlation with AOB abundance while the activity of AOA was mostly controlled by itself.
MiR-26b-5p-Modified hUB-MSCs Derived Exosomes Attenuate Early Brain Injury During Subarachnoid Hemorrhage via MAT2A-Mediated the p38 MAPK/STAT3 Signaling Pathway
Authors: Liu Zunwei , Wang Bo , Guo Qihang 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Early brain injury (EBI) is a major cause of adverse outcomes following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). There is evidence that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) - derived exosomes are involved in the repair of SAH. Exosomes were extracted from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hubMSCs) and identified. OxyHb treated PC12 cells were transfected with exosomes alone or together with miR-26b-5p inhibitor. Hub-MSCs derived exosomes promote cell proliferation, inhibit apoptosis and reduce inflammatory mediator expression. Transfection of miR-26b-5p inhibitor abolished the promoting effect of exosomes on the proliferation of PC12 cells, as well as the inhibitory effect on cell apoptosis. In addition, methionine adenosyltransferase II alpha (MAT2A) was one target gene of miR-26b-5p. OxyHb treated PC12 cells were transfected with exosomes alone or together with pcDNA-MAT2A and observed that the promoting effect of exosomes on PC12 cell proliferation was abolished by pcDNA-MAT2A, which was the same as the effect of miR-26b-5p inhibitor. OxyHb treated PC12 cells incubated with exosomes were transfected with miR-26b-5p inhibitor alone or together with si-MAT2A, respectively, and it was observed that exosomes decreased the phosphorylation levels of p38 MAPK and STAT3 proteins, inhibited cell apoptosis and inflammatory mediator expression, and miR-26b-5p inhibitor abrogated the effects of exosomes, while transfection of si-MAT2A reversed the effects of miR-26b-5p inhibitor. Moreover, injection of miR-26b-5p inhibitor resulted in increased MAT2A and pathway protein expression, increased inflammatory mediators, and aggravated neurological symptoms in the brain tissues of SAH rats.
Tendency of Internet Search Data of Oral Neoplasms and Impact of Public Health Programs in European Union
Authors: LAN Romain , CAMPANA Fabrice , TARDIVO Delphine , CATHERINE Jean-Hugues , VERGNES Jean-Noel , HADJ-SAID Mehdi 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background: Tobacco and alcohol are the main risk factors for oral squamous cell carcinoma, the low survival rate of which is a public health problem. European-wide health policies (prevention campaign, tobacco packaging) have been put in place to inform the population of the risks associated with their consumption. Due to the increase in smoking among women and changes in sexual practices, the incidence of this disease is still too high. The identification of data from internet research on the population could make it possible to measure the impact and better orient these preventive measures.The objective was to analyse the data on interest shown in oral cancers from several online databases, and to cross-reference them with the data on the introduction of European public health programs.Methods: A search of data from Google ©, Wikipedia © and Twitter © users in 28 European countries relating to oral cancer between 2004 and 2019 was carried out. Bibliometric analysis of press and scientific articles over the same period was also analysed. The association between these data and the introduction of public health programs in Europe has been studied.Results: Changes in tobacco packaging correlated with a significant increase in internet research on oral cancer in 7 countries. Unlike national policies and campaigns, the European awareness program Make Sense has had no influence on internet research. There was an asymmetric correlation in internet searches between publications on oral cancer from scientific articles or "traditional" media (weak association) and those from internet media such as Twitter © or Wikipedia © (strong association).Conclusion: Our work highlights 7 areas of work around which oral cancer awareness in Europe could be refocused.
Establishment and Evaluation of a "Two-Hit" Mouse Model of Sepsis
Authors: Li Fei , Wu Chuanxin , He Jiahui , Zhang Jie , Chen Ying , Li Shuhua , Li Li , Sun Hang 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In recent years, researchers have turned their attention to the study of the mechanism of sepsis-induced immuneparalysis, but there is still a lack of appropriate animal models that reflect the process of sepsis-induced immuneparalysis. The purpose of this study was to explore and evaluate whether a "two-hit" model of sepsis can be used as an appropriate animal model to study the mechanism of sepsis-induced immunoparalysis. Firstly, we established a sepsis model in C57BL/6J mice via cecal ligation and puncture(CLP). Routine blood tests, serum ALT and PCT, etc. were analyzed to evaluate the establishment of a CLP sepsis model on day 1 post-CLP. Secondly, the surviving mice were treated with 40µL suspension of P.aeruginosa (Pa) under anesthetic on day 4 post-CLP to establish a "two-hit" model. Gross lung specimens, and pathological examination of the lung tissue, etc. were used to evaluate whether the "two-hit" model was successfully established on days 5 and 11 post-CLP. Finally, the level of serum TNF-α and IL-6, pathological examination of the spleen and the CD4+/CD8 + ratio in blood were detected to evaluate the immune status of the model mice. The above test results proved that the "two-hit" sepsis mouse model was successfully constructed. TNF-α, IL-6, pathological examination of the spleen and the CD4+/CD8 + ratio in blood confirmed that the model was in a state of immunoparalysis. We conclude that this "two-hit" sepsis mouse model is an appropriate animal model, which can successfully replicate the pathophysiological process of in clinical patients with sepsis-induced immunoparalysis.
Electrocoagulation Applied for Textile Dye Oxidation Using Iron Slag as Electrodes
Authors: De Maman Rafaela , Luz Vilson Conrado da , Behling Laura , Dervanoski Adriana , Rosa Clarissa Dalla , Pasquali Gean Delise Leal 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The Indigo Blue dye is widely used in the textile industry, specifically in jeans dyeing, the effluents of which, rich in organic pollutants with recalcitrant characteristics, end up causing several environmental impacts, requiring efficient treatments. Several pieces of research have been conducted in search of effective treatment methods, among which is electrocoagulation. This treatment consists of an electrochemical process that generates its own coagulant by applying electric current on metallic electrodes, bypassing the use of other chemical products. The objective of this work was to evaluate the potential use of iron slag in the electrocoagulation of a synthetic effluent containing commercial dye Indigo Blue and the effluent from a textile factory. The quantified parameters were color, turbidity, pH, electrical conductivity, sludge generation, phenol removal, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total organic carbon (TOC). The electrocoagulation treatment presented a good efficiency in removing the analyzed parameters, obtaining average removal in the synthetic effluent of 85 % of color and 100 % of phenol after 25 min of electrolysis. For the effluent from the textile factory, average reductions of 80 % of color, 91 % of turbidity, 100 % of phenol, 55 % of COD, and 73 % of TOC were measured after 60 min of electrolysis. The results obtained demonstrate the potential of using iron slag as an electrode in the electrocoagulation process in order to reuse industrial waste and reduce costs in the treatment and disposal of solid waste.
Formation of Standing Waves Within Crystal Unitcell
Authors: Pullooru Bhanumoorthy 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We show that the historic Davisson-Germer experiment demonstrates formation of standing waves within nickel crystal unitcell. Cartesian Fourier transform cannot offer description in terms of standing waves because Cartesian Fourier theory cannot accommodate π in place of 2π. Thus, formation of standing waves within unitcell in Davisson-Germer experiment necessarily requires spherical polar coordinate description of crystal diffraction. Description in spherical polar coordinates permits to incorporate precision angles from the experiment for better convergence in structure determination calculations.
Comparison of Virtual and Actual Education Models on the Learning of Internal Interns During the Pandemic of COVID-19
Authors: Mottaghi Azadeh , Alibeik Nazanin , Savaj Shokoufeh , Shakiba Behnam , Alimoradzadeh Raheleh , Almasi Simin , Basharkhah Soheil , Bozorgmehr Ramin , Pishgar Elham , Arabshahi Kamran Soltani , Rahimian Neda 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background: Following the outbreak of coronavirus and its impact on the educational process of medical students, attention was paid to e-learning due to importance of education and research. The aim of present study is to evaluation of virtual and actual education models on the learning of internal interns during the pandemic of COVID-19. Results: The mean±SD age of the participants was 24.9±2.3 years, 46% of participants were men and 54% of them live in dormitory. Results of study shows that difference of pre-test and post-test score with actual and virtual education models in the male and female is significantly different (P value=0.020). Virtual education for men and actual education for women have resulted in higher difference scores in pre-test and post-test. Actual and virtual education models were no different in academic achievements of participants. Thus, the scores obtained in 9 areas did not make a significant difference between the two types of educational models.Discussion: Virtual and actual education methods for internal interns were examined and the results showed that there is no significant difference between these two methods in student output. Given the conditions that have created by COVID-19 disease in the world, it seems that the use of virtual education can be a good alternative to educating medical students so that education does not stop.
Study on the Dynamic Development of Ground Fissures in Shallow Coal Seam Mining Under Ditch
Authors: cheng zheng 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Abstract
In order to study the dynamic evolution law of ground fissures in shallow coal seam mining under ditch，taking the 14210 working face of a mine in northern Shaanxi as an example, this paper analyzes the dynamic development law of ground fissures in the process of mining under ditch through similar material simulation combined with the VIC-3D monitoring system. The results show that there are 20 ground fissures in the 14210 working face. The development width of ground fissures increases first, then decreases rapidly, and finally closes at the bottom of the ditch. The ground uplifts with a height of 1.5 m. The development width of ground fissures increases first, then decreases slightly, and finally tends to stabilize on the left and the right slopes, resulting in staggered steps with a height of 1.6 m and 0.7 m respectively. This change process is consistent with that of the strain of the underlying overburden obtained by VIC-3D strain analysis. According to their development positions and strain changes, the ground fissures are divided into three categories: tensile ground fissures on the left slope T1-T8, squeeze ground fissures at the bottom of the ditch T9-T13, and tensile ground fissures on the right slope T14-T20. Finally the safety analysis of mining under ditch in the 14210 working face is carried out.
Chromium (VI) Induced Physiological and Metabolic Responses in Vigna Mungo L. cv. BVN-3
Authors: Tiwari Kamlesh Kumar , Singh Naveeh Kumar 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The present study investigates the chromium (VI) induced phytoxicity and accumulation in the black gram (Vigna mungo L. cv. BVN-3) grown under refined sand pot culture. The phytotoxicity assessed with reference to growth behavior, water transport, metabolic alteration, yield, uptake and translocation of S, P, Fe and Cr under chromium (VI) stress. The black gram plants were treated with varied chromium (VI) at 0.00, 0.05, 0.10 and 0.25 mM concentration. After 5 d of Cr (VI) treatment, the foliar toxicity symptoms showed as loss of turgor and chlorosis of older leaves which also reflect in middle aged leaves later on at higher concentration of chromium (0.25 mM). At the later stage, chlorosis symptoms became critical and distorted to necrosis in patches with tapered lamina, thin tendrils and loosed coiling property. Cr (VI) induced toxicity observed on black gram as decreased growth and yield, impairment in photosynthesis activity, inhibition of metabolic and enzymatic activities and nutrient imbalances. Excess (0.25 mM) of Cr (VI) also caused a reduction in uptake and accumulation of iron in the leaves as compared to control (from 426.2 to 198.7 µg g-1 dw) with more uptake and accumulation of sulphur and phosphorus. Higher accumulation of Cr was recorded in the leaves (166.5 µg g-1 dw) followed by roots (123.4 µg g-1 dw) and stems (46.6 µg g-1 dw) at 0.25 mM after 29 d of treatment. Therefore, consumption of Cr containing black gram may have human health concern due to toxic Cr accumulation and nutrition imbalances.
The First Record of the Invasive Mosquito Species Aedes Albopictus in Chisinau, Republic of Moldova, 2020
Authors: Sulesco Tatiana , Busmachiu Galina , Lange Unchana , Schmidt-Chanasit Jonas , Lühken Renke 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
BackgroundIn Europe, Ae. albopictus is an important vector of chikungunya virus, Dirofilaria nematodes and was involved in local autochthonous circulation of dengue virus and Zika virus. Due to the ongoing spread, a targeted field surveillance at potential points-of-entries for Aedes invasive mosquitoes was initiated for the Republic of Moldova in 2020 as part of the transboundary “Aedes Invasive Mosquito COST Action project”. MethodsIn 2020, ovitraps were positioned at each of three locations: the border crossing to Romania in Leuseni (Hancesti region), Chisinau International Airport and Chisinau Botanical Garden.ResultsA total of 188 Aedes spp. eggs were collected at the Chisinau International Airport between August and September 2020. Twenty-three adults reared in the laboratory were identified morphologically as Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1895) and twelve selected specimens were confirmed by molecular barcoding of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene region. In addition, one adult female of Ae. albopictus was caught at the same site with a manual aspirator from a human.Conclusions﻿This is the first documented report of Ae. albopictus in the Republic of Moldova. The presence of immature and adult stages indicates the local reproduction of the species in the country. Therefore, it is crucial to extend and strengthen surveillance of the invasive Aedes mosquitoes to prevent Ae. albopictus and other exotic mosquito species from establishing in the Republic of Moldova.
Comparison of Clinical Outcomes With Proximal Femoral Nail Anti-rotation Versus Bipolar Hemiarthroplasty for the Treatment of Elderly Intertrochanteric Fractures
Authors: Wei Wen-Bo , Dang Sha-Jie , Wei Ling , Xin MengXi 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background: Although proximal femoral nail anti-rotation (PFNA) and bipolar hemiarthroplasty (BHA) are selected by most of the orthopaedic surgeons for elderly intertrochanteric fractures (ITFs) patients, there is still no consensus on the superiority of PFNA and BPH for ITFs in the elderly. The study aims to compare the curative effects of proximal femoral nail anti-rotation (PFNA) and cementless bipolar hemiarthroplasty (BHA) on ITFs in the elderly. Methods: From January 2012 to December 2016, a total of 62 patients participated in the study: BHA (Group B, n=30), PFNA (Group P, n=32). The fractures were classified according to Evans-Jensen. Hospitalization time, operation time, bleeding loss, Harris scores and postoperative complications were compared between the two groups. Results: The operation time was (125.76 ± 33.49) min and (94.38 ± 20.94) min in PFNA group and BHA group (P < 0.05); bleeding loss was (153.33 ± 59.96) mL and (335.31 ± 90.87) mL(P < 0.05); hospitalization time was (17.13 ± 2.92) days and (16.63 ± 3.64) days (P > 0.05); and the Harris scores were (73.20 ± 6.56) points and (68.91 ± 8.15) points (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in postoperative complications between the two groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Both PFNA and BHA are safe and effective treatments for femoral intertrochanteric fractures in elderly patients. Nonetheless, BHA can be considered for those with the poor bone condition and short life expectancy.
Arctic Sea Ice’s Amplification as a Complement to Anthropogenic Global Warming
Authors: Morando Marco 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Climate Change is a widely debated scientific subject and Anthropogenic Global Warming is its main cause. Nevertheless, several authors have indicated solar activity and Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation variations may also influence Climate Change. This article considers the amplification of solar radiation’s and Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation’s variations, via sea ice cover albedo feedbacks in the Arctic regions, providing a conceptual advance in the application of Arctic Amplification for modelling historical climate change. A 1-dimensional physical model, using sunspot number count and Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation index as inputs, can simulate the average global temperature’s anomaly and the Arctic Sea Ice Extension for the past eight centuries. This model represents an innovative progress in understanding how existing studies on Arctic sea ice’s albedo feedbacks can help complementing the Anthropogenic Global Warming models, thus helping to define more precise models for future climate change.