bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermal Comfort: A Review on Methods of AC Control in a Small Indoor Space
Authors: Ibrahim I.I. , Abdul Shukor S.A. , Kohlhof K. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This paper discusses the comparison of two methods to achieve thermal comfort utilising air conditioning (AC) system in a small indoor space – adaptive control and fuzzy control. Thermal comfort indoors is performed to provide comfortability individually or for a group of people. Due to the small indoor space which usually a bit cramped, crowded and less airy, the ambience can be very uncomfortable either for doing sedentary or active work, thus the AC system can be very useful to provide thermal comfort. Both methods can be utilised depending on how thermal comfort is viewed and how the level of thermal comfort is decided. Every method has its own advantage and limitations, and will be covered in this paper as well.
CFD analysis on the effect of temperature on gas distribution in indoor environment
Authors: Mohd Juffry Z H , Kamarudin K , Adom A H , Abdullah A N , Ismail I N 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
There are times when people are required to spend time indoors, especially due to unhealthy outdoor air quality as well during a pandemic when lockdowns are imposed. However, spending time indoors can also at times be dangerous due to the release of harmful gasses if left unchecked. This has very much to do with many parameters, among which is the indoor environment and its ventilation. The latter is affected by the way gases distribute inside the building. It is influenced by many factors such as temperature, wind, air circulation, and also ventilation system itself. The knowledge on how the gases spread in different conditions within the indoor environment can be utilized in many applications such as improving the smoke detector safety system and identifying as well as predicting the potential risks. This paper presents the investigation of the effect of different temperatures on gas distribution in an indoor environment. A three-dimensional simulation was performed of different temperature gas released in a closed room that has different ambient temperatures. The effect of temperature on the gas dispersion was observed. The results revealed that there is a significant effect of temperature on the way gas spread in the indoor environment support by the theoretical knowledge on the relationship between temperature and gas in the gas law.
Design and Fabrication of Low-Cost Thermal Imaging Device Prototype to Detect Heat Energy Loss in Electrical Equipment
Authors: Andrew A. M. , Tan Erdy Sulino Mohd Muslim , Markom Marni Azira , Zawi Mohammad Alif Hakimi Mohd 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Ability to detect heat energy loss from electrical equipment can be proven crucial to avoid overheating and unexpected fire incident. The thermal remote camera was invented to prevent power outages or electrical machinery failures. Thermal imaging cameras are device which converts thermal energy (heat) into infrared spectrum to inspect a specific object or scene. Imagery that reflects the spatial variability of temperature differences in a scene observed by a thermal camera are called thermal images. Due to the complexity of the device, it can be cost and not a solution sought for. This research presents the designing and fabrication of low-cost thermal imaging cameras that plays major role in detecting heat energy losses in various applications. This prototype of thermal imaging cameras is tested to monitor and diagnose the heat health, especially in electrical installations and components in non-contact mode. Based on the test result presented, the prototype able to detect heat energy spectrum up to 80°C. The 8x8 thermal array able to calculate average temperature of the tested items.
Detection of building fixtures in 3D point cloud data
Authors: Mansor H , Abdul Shukor S A , Wong R 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Building architectural and civil engineering are constantly changing, causes the increases of building spaces as well as renovation works which includes structures such as walls, ceilings and floors, and building fixtures. Building fixtures are objects which is secured to the building, such as lighting fixtures, plug and socket, ceiling fan and so on. It is considered as one of the complex structures in building as the size of the fixtures are small and sometimes are hardly seen immediately. When a certain building changes, the building information need to be updated along with the changes of the building. The process to update the changes has contributed towards complex and huge data to be processed which usually involves tedious and complicated work. Therefore, to recognize the fixtures in building environment before renovation, an object recognition method is applied. This investigation focused on the recognition of lighting fixtures in the environments. By using MATLAB, an algorithm is developed to detect the point cloud data that belongs to the lighting fixtures. The investigation shows that the lighting fixtures can be identified by using Region of Interest (ROI) method within an environment. From the results, the accuracy of the dimensions of the lighting fixtures detected in point cloud data compared to the real one in the environment is 75% and 72% match, which is good but still need an improvement to be closely match with the real dimensions. The finding is hoped to simplify the tasks of determining the fixtures in the building before any changes is done.
Underground object reconstruction from Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) data – An investigative study of feature extraction
Authors: Mahmud Nurush Syamimie , Shukor S.A. Abdul , Ali H. , Ahmad Zaidi A.F. , Zanar Azalan M.S. , Amran T.S. Tengku , Ahmad M.R. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is very useful for underground object detection as its signal able to penetrate surfaces in obtaining the underneath information. However, its radargram output in hyperbolic signal are very challenging to be analyzed. This work investigates the suitability of selected data processing methods in extracting important features of the signal in order to understand and reconstruct it to make it more beneficial. Results show that with suitable combination of data processing, it able to extract the peak of the hyperbolic signal accordingly and further reconstruction can be made.
Muscle Activity and Gait Analysis of Assistive Device for Rehabilitation Gait Abnormalities Patient
Authors: Hambali Ruzy Haryati , Akmal Suriati , Komaruddin Nurul Hamizan 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Gait abnormality is a muscle disorder that disabling the patient to walk properly. This is caused by several factors including genetic influence, accident history, health issue, and others. Some suffered from this illness could be cured but some cases only could be helped by rehabilitation. This work is an original initiative in developing an assistive device as part of patient’s recovery and rehabilitation in helping the patient to regain muscle, as well assisting patient in performing their activities. However, the effectiveness on the device’s performance to serve its purpose has not yet been confirmed. Therefore, an electrical tool known as surface Electromyography (EMG) is being used to obtain the information required. This research is analysing the patient’s nerves system with and without the assistive device and demonstrate the effectiveness of the assistive device in reducing the muscle contraction, as well to increase the time-to-fatigue of the muscle. The findings of this research showed that the reduction in percent of average Root Mean Square (RMS) value of patient’s contraction muscle when using the device has increase the time-to-fatigue of the muscle. In conclusion, this assistive device assists the patient, minimise the muscle fatigue, and ease the patient in their daily chores.
Vision-Based Edge Detection System for Fruit Recognition
Authors: Tan Sean Huey , Lam Chee Kiang , Kamarudin Kamarulzaman , Ismail Abdul Halim , Rahim Norasmadi Abdul , Azmi Muhamad Safwan Muhamad , Yahya Wan Mohd Nooriman Wan , Sneah Goh Kheng , Seng Moey Lip , Hai Teoh Phaik , Lye Ong Thean 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
There are variety of fruits around the world, different types of fruits contain different types of nutrients and vitamins which could benefits our health. In order to understand which fruit can provide specific type of nutrients, we need to identify the types of fruits. However, fruits grow in a different shape, colour and texture based on the country they were planted and the environment of the land. Implementing a machine vision-based recognition on the fruits can help people recognize them easily. In this paper, an edge detection method is applied using computer vision approach to recognize different types of fruits. The fruits are classified based on the features extracted from their images. In the experiment, a total of 450 images of three types of fruit are used, which are apples, lemons and mangoes. Pre-processing steps are applied on the captured image to improve the quality of fruit details and the edge features are extracted using Canny Edge Detection method. Classification of the fruits is accomplished using two different types of learning model, the deep leaning model, Convolution Neural Network (CNN) and machine learning model, Support Vector Machines (SVM). The performance of both classifiers is compared and the model with the best performance, SVM is chosen as the model for the system. The system can achieve 86% classification accuracy with the SVM model, which is good enough for fruit recognition.
Harumanis Mango Leaves Image Segmentation on RGB and HSV Colour Spaces using Fast k-Means Clustering
Authors: Herng Ooi Wei , Nasir Aimi Salihah Abdul , Chin Ong Boon , Tan Erdy Sulino Mohd Muslim 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Harumanis mango is the signature fruit in Perlis due to its delicious taste and its sweet-smelling. A good quality Harumanis tree requires rich in nutrition (healthy), and the tree will grow lots of fruits compared to the trees which are poor in nutrition (unhealthy). The health condition of a tree can be observed through the leaves in term of shape of leaves. For a healthy Harumanis tree, the leaves grow in scattering shapes. Meanwhile, an unhealthy Harumanis tree grows in gathered shapes. Therefore, this research is focusing on Harumanis mango leaves image segmentation by comparing between RGB and HSV colour spaces in order to obtain the best segmentation performance. 100 of Harumanis mango tree leaves images are used in this research. These images have undergo through image pre-processing such as modified linear contrast stretching and colour components extraction based on RGB and HSV colour spaces. Then, the colour component images have been segmented by using fast k-means clustering in order to obtain the leaves segmented images. Finally, quantitative analyses have been performed to measure the segmentation performance based on sensitivity, specificity and accuracy. Overall, the results show that S component of HSV colour space archives the highest accuracy with 85.81%.
A Comprehensive Experiment on the Synthesis and Performance of Carbon Nitride Photocatalyst Modified by Copolymerization
Authors: Zheng Dandan , Li Yixin 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Based on cutting-edge topics and research foundation, a comprehensive experiment on the preparation and performance of a copolymerization modified carbon nitride (g-CN) photocatalyst was designed. This experiment involved the preparation of g-CN photocatalytic materials, the basic experimental operation of photocatalytic water decomposition, the use of material characterization instruments such as FT-IR, DRS and PL, as well as the processing and analysis of origin data. It covers knowledge of physical chemistry, analytical chemistry, instrumental analysis and materials chemistry. The comprehensive innovation experiment is beneficial to expand students’ knowledge and cultivate students’ innovation consciousness, exploration spirit, and scientific literacy.
Hybrid van der Waals heterojunction based on two-dimensional materials
Authors: Sun Cuicui , Qi Meili 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Since the discovery of graphene, two-dimensional (2D) layered materials have always been the focus of material research. The layers of 2D materials are covalent bonds, and the layers are weakly bonded to adjacent layers through van der Waals (vdW) interactions. Since any dangling-bond-free surface could be combined with another material through vdW forces, the concept can be extended. This can refer to the integration of 2D materials with any other non-2D materials through non-covalent interactions. The emerging mixed-dimensional (2D+nD, where n is 0, 1 or 3) heterostructure devices has been studied and represents a wider range of vdW heterostructures. New electronic devices and optoelectronic devices based on such heterojunctions have unique functions. Therefore, this article depicts the research progress of (2D+nD, where n is 0, 1 or 3) vdW heterojunctions based on 2D materials.
Permissible Region Extraction Strategies for XLCT: A Comparative Study
Authors: Liu Xiaohang , Ma Sihao , Zhong Sheng , Su Aocheng , Huang Zhiwei , Yi Huangjian 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Permissible region (PR) strategy has been used successfully to alleviate the ill-posedness of the X-ray luminescence computed tomography (XLCT) reconstruction problem. In the previous researches on the permissible region strategy, it is obvious that permissible region strategy can solve the reconstruction problem efficiently. This paper aims to research the performances of four types of permissible region extraction strategies, including a permissible region manually extraction strategy, a permissible region extraction strategy with a priori information of the surface nanophosphors distribution, a permissible region extraction strategy based on the first-time reconstruction result and a precise permissible region extraction strategy. In addition, some heuristic conclusions are provided for the future study in this paper. Fast iterative shrinkage-thresholding algorithm (FISTA) is used to reconstruct in this paper. The numerical simulation experiments and physical phantom experiments are setup to evaluate and illustrate the performances of the four different types of permissible region strategies.
Computation on Infrared Radiation of Side Exhaust Plume under Spraying Water
Authors: Sun Zhongke , Chen Zhongwei , Ma Xiao 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The high temperature plume of ships has obvious infrared radiation feature. Spraying water-liquid droplets in side exhaust system can effectively reduce the high temperature of the tail gas to reduce the infrared radiation of the exhaust plume. In this paper, ANSYS Fluent is used to establish the concentration field and temperature field of the side exhaust plume atter spraying water-liquid droplets. And the statistic narrow band model (Malkmus model) and the C-G approximation method are used to calculate the infrared radiation intensity of the exhaust plume in the normal direction of the exhaust outlet from 3 to 5 μm on this basis. The final results show that spraying water-liquid droplets in side exhaust pipe can reduce the infrared radiation of the side exhaust plume from 3 to 5um by 88.9%% compared with the initial intensity; when the water flow reaches 0.7kg/s, infrared radiation intensity remains unchanged.
Effects of Gamma and Electron Beam Irradiation on FBG and DFB-FL
Authors: Qi Haifeng , Sporea D , Stancalie A , Ighigeanu D , Neguţ D , Wang Chang , Peng Gangding 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This paper reports the comparative experimental study concerning the irradiation effects of gamma-ray and electron beam on fiber Bragg grating (FBG) and distributed feedback fiber laser (DFB-FL). The obvious reflection wavelength shifts are observed for FBGs and DFB-FLs without evident changes in reflectivity and bandwidth under the current experimental irradiation condition, up to 60 kGy gamma radiation and 100 kGy electron beam radiation, respectively. Especially for DFB-FLs, evident attenuation in output power is observed and the rising tendency of the attenuation under increasing irradiation dose is demonstrated as well. Thus, the DFB-FLs are more suitable for radiation detection as compared to passive FBGs.
A Stable 1550nm WGM Laser Generated by Yb3+/Er3+ Co-doped Silica Microspheres under μm ASE Source Pumping
Authors: Xu Qiling , Peng Senlin , Liao Tingdi , Huang Yantang 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) light source at 1 μm was used to excite Yb3+/Er3+ co-doped silica (YEDS) microspheres by evanescent-wave coupling through a taper optical fiber (TOF) to generate a stable 1550 nm laser. Inevitably, the experimental process was accompanied by a frequency up-conversion luminescence whose fluorescence spectrum was collected and analyzed. Pumped by the ASE light source with different power, the system of YEDS microsphere and TOF also generated single-mode laser and multi-longitudinal mode laser. Their peak wavelength, output power of the peak laser, full width at half maximum (FWHM), and side mode suppression ratio (SMSR) were respectively measured. Moreover, the characteristics of a 1550 nm whispering gallery mode (WGM) laser excited by a 1 μm ASE pumping and a tunable laser (TLS) pumping were compared under different variable conditions. It was demonstrated that the ASE pump source has polarization in all directions to excite WGMs in the microsphere cavity, which was different from and superior to the TLS. Therefore, the laser generated by the ASE pump source as an excitation source was not affected by vibration and temperature change. The results show that the 1550 nm laser pumped by ASE can stably output the microsphere WGM mode laser under the interference of vibration and temperature change, which is more suitable for the actual application environment.
Study on the Photochemical Reaction Process of 4-methyl-7-Hydroxycoumarin and Its Mechanism by Multi-Spectroscopic Technologies
Authors: Tang Qian , Xian Zhengping , Li Lingjing , Cao Hongyu , Wang Lihao , Zheng Xuefang 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The photochemical reaction process of 4-methyl-7-hydroxycoumarin (7H4MC) was studied by UV-Vis spectrometer and fluorescence spectroscopy. The results have shown that the characteristic peak of the UV-Vis spectra at 323 nm of 7H4MC undergoes a significant decrease in absorbance and a slight blue shift when was illuminated; the absorbance of the absorption peak at 279 nm rises, and there is a tendency for new peaks to appear. May be, there are structural changes or new materials generation. The addition of imidazole, VC, 3-indole methanol, GSH and other substances also have different effects on the photochemical reaction of 7H4MC. Among them, only imidazole has a certain inhibitory effect on the process of its photochemical reaction.
Turbo-coded Ultra Long Haul System with Probabilistic Shaped 16QAM Modulation
Authors: Wang Ziqi , Li Yuzhe , Gao Yuan , Wang Xishuo , Zhang Qi 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
With the rapid growth and development of 5G (5th Generation Mobile Communication Technology) and the incoming of 6G (6th Generation Mobile Communication Technology), the demand for high-speed and flexible communication solutions is becoming far more urgent. Within this paper, a novel code modulation scheme based on PS (probabilistic shaping) and Turbo code is proposed with its effectiveness is confirmed by the results of simulation. The results inform that in an optical fiber communication system with 56 Gb/s rate and 3000 km transmission distance, when the SNR (signal-noise ratio) is greater than 3.5 dB, the Turbo-coded PS-16QAM modulation format can achieve reliable transmission. The proposed scheme performs the best in BER (bit error ratio) and average launch power in the four cases of uniform 16QAM, PS-16QAM, Turbo-coded 16QAM with and itself. The proposed scheme is a potential solution in the future 5G communication.
A Novel Post Process Method For Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics by Interpolation on Specified Slice Plane
Authors: Li Yanli , Guo Junhang 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) is widely used in numerical simulations as a kind of meshless method. The particles are used to represent object, which is a fully Lagrangian modeling scheme without the need to define a spatial mesh so it can simulate large deformation. The classic post process method cannot visualize the simulation results smoothly, so a novel post processing method is proposed in this paper. By developing a program, the coordinates and field variables of particles were collected to a file. Using the kernel function, the field variable on a specified slice plane was interpolated. By developing a program, the simulation results have been rendered smoothly. This method is illustrated by a penetration example in this paper.
Virtual DC Motor Stability Control Method Considering New Energy Generation Fluctuation
Authors: Tan Yilun , Wang Yucheng 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
With the rapid development of new energy generation, the intermittence and randomicity of its power output will have a significant impact on the transmission capacity of DC motor. Therefore, a virtual DC motor stability control method considering the fluctuation of new energy generation is proposed. The natural frequencies and modes of the virtual DC motor shafting rotor are analyzed by means of a steady sinusoidal excitation at zero speed. Considering the transient dynamic response of the shafting rotor of virtual DC motor under the fluctuation of new energy generation, Taylor series and transfer acceleration matrix method are used to calculate the transient dynamic response of shafting rotor under the fluctuation of new energy generation, and the parameters of virtual DC motor are identified and estimated. Based on this, a proportional resonance controller is designed to realize the stability control of virtual DC motor. Experimental results show that the interactive power curve between virtual DC motor and regional distribution network is smoother after optimal control, and this method can effectively improve the power balance ability of virtual DC motor.
Ship tracking based on the fusion of Kalman filter and particle filter
Authors: Xu Wanjin , Li Jiying , Bai Junjie , Zhang Yingying 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Aiming at the problem of low filtering accuracy and even divergence caused by model mismatch when using extended Kalman filter in ship GPS navigation and positioning state estimation, a positioning ship state estimation algorithm based on the fusion of improved unscented Kalman filter and particle filter is proposed. Compared with the traditional particle filtering algorithm, the algorithm has two improvements: first, the algorithm uses untraced Kalman as the main framework, and uses the optimal estimation of particle updating state by particle algorithm; Secondly, in the resampling process, a resampling algorithm based on weight optimization is proposed to increase the diversity of particles. The simulation results show that not only the particle degradation degree of the particle filter is reduced, but also the particle tracking accuracy is improved.