bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The α‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone/melanocortin‐1 receptor interaction: A driver of pleiotropic effects beyond pigmentation
Authors: Herraiz Cecilia , Martínez‐Vicente Idoya , Maresca Vittoria 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMelanocortin‐1 Receptor (MC1R), when stimulated by alpha‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone (α‐MSH), is a driver of eumelanogenesis. Brown/black eumelanin is an effective filter against ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and is a scavenger of free radicals. Several polymorphic variants of MC1R are frequent in red‐head people. These polymorphisms reduce the ability of MC1R to promote eumelanogenesis after its activation and spontaneous pheomelanogenesis take place. Since pheomelanin can act as an endogenous photosensitizer, people carrying MC1R polymorphisms are more susceptible to skin cancer. Here, we summarize current knowledge on the biology of MC1R beyond its ability to drive eumelanogenesis. We analyze its capacity to cope with oxidative insult and consequent DNA damage. We describe its ability to transduce through different pathways. We start from the canonical pathway, the cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) pathway mainly involved in promoting eumelanogenesis, and protection from oxidative damage, and we then move on to describe more recent knowledge concerning ERK pathways, phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K) pathway/AKT, and α‐MSH/Peroxisome proliferators activated receptor‐γ (PPAR‐γ) connection. We describe MC1R polymorphic variants associated with melanoma risk which represent an open window of clinical relevance.
Presentism, truthmaking, and the nature of truth
Authors: Griffith Aaron M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA recent presentist strategy has been to deny that truths about the past need presently existing truthmakers. These presentists do not deny that such truths need grounding; they hold that each truth about the past is true because of how the worldwas, not how it is. This paper argues that this position faces two problems, one of which can be overcome by adopting a certain view of the property of truth for propositions about the past. The second problem cannot be solved. The upshot is that this form of presentism is not a theory of truthmaking for propositions about the past. Rather, it is a theory about why such truths need no present grounding that is motivated by a novel theory of truth.
The soybean β‐expansin gene GmINS1 contributes to nodule development in response to phosphate starvation
Authors: Yang Zhaojun , Zheng Jiakun , Zhou Huiwen , Chen Shengnan , Gao Zhi , Yang Yongqing , Li Xinxin , Liao Hong 
Published: April 2021

AbstractLegume biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) is the most important N source in agricultural ecosystems. Nodule organogenesis from the primordia to the development of mature nodules with the ability to fix N2 largely determines BNF capacity. However, nodule growth is often limited by low phosphorus (P) availability, while the mechanisms underlying nodule development responses to P deficiency remain largely unknown. In this study, we found that nodule enlargement is severely inhibited by P deficiency, as reflected by the smaller individual nodule size from a soybean core collection in the field. Wide‐ranging natural diversity in nodule size was further identified in soybeans reared in low P soils, with the FC‐1 genotype outperforming FC‐2 in assessments of nodulation under low P conditions. Among β‐expansin members, GmINS1 expression is most abundantly enhanced by P deficiency in FC‐1 nodules, and its transcript level is further displayed to be tightly associated with nodule enlargement. Four single nucleotide polymorphisms discovered in the GmINS1 promoter distinguished the FC‐1 and FC‐2 genotypes and accounted for the differential expression levels of GmINS1 responses to P deficiency. GmINS1 overexpression led to increases in nodule size, infected cell abundance, and N2 fixation capacity and subsequently promoted increases in N and P content, soybean biomass, and yield. Our findings provide a candidate gene for optimizing BNF capacity responses to low P stress in soybean molecular breeding programs.
Medieval Basque Phonology through Hebrew Texts in Christian Spain: A Study of Basque Sibilants Written in Hebrew Aljamía
Authors: Mirones‐Lozano Eunate 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe study of phonetics and phonology in the medieval period is particularly difficult, since the preserved text, which is an essential working tool, is not always as precise as we would like it to be. The task is even more complicated when we do research on an unwritten language as is the case of Basque in the medieval period. As the Basque language did not have its writing system at the time, it was written in Romance script, which not always matched Basque sounds. This study puts forward a new source of information that brings in new data. We will add knowledge to the study of medieval Basque phonology through Basque texts written with Hebrew script from manuscripts preserved in the General Archive of Navarre. We will also try to show that the use of the Hebrew alphabet in specific cases, such as the affricate‐fricative contrast, can help to endorse trends in certain linguistic phenomena of the Basque language, hitherto intuited by other means.
The impact of donor‐specific anti‐human leukocyte antigen antibodies in salvage haploidentical hematopoietic cell transplantation with posttransplant cyclophosphamide in patients with nonmalignant disorders
Authors: Lima Alberto Cardoso Martins , Bonfim Carmem , Getz Joselito , Dornelles Luciana Nasser , do Amaral Geovana Borsato , Petterle Ricardo Rasmussen , Loth Gisele , Nabhan Samir Kanaan , Pereira Noemi Farah , Pasquini Ricardo 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe presence of donor‐specific anti‐human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antibodies (DSAs) has been recognized as a major risk factor for graft failure (GF) after haploidentical hematopoietic cell transplantation with posttransplant cyclophosphamide (haplo‐PTCy). However, the role of DSAs in salvage haplo‐PTCy for rescuing patients with nonmalignant disorders (NMDs) has not yet been reported. The present study retrospectively analyzed 22 patients with NMDs who underwent salvage haplo‐PTCy from January 2008 to December 2017. The median age at the time of the rescue haplo‐PTCy was 9 years (range, 1–26 years). Median time from the first transplant to second haplo‐PTCy was 56 days (range, 37–591 days). Among all patients, six (27.3%) had DSAs, with a median DSA strength (mean fluorescence intensity [MFI]) of 5201 (range, 1412–11,543) in the first DSA testing. In addition, the median DSA MFI was 2672 (range, 832–10,498) before the bone marrow infusion. Overall, GF occurred in 5 (25%) of the 20 assessable patients. Three of four (75%) patients with DSAs experienced GF versus 2 of 16 (12.5%) DSA‐negative patients (P = 0.032). The median DSA MFI for patients with GF was 6437 (range, 1412–10,498) versus 1845 (range, 832–2672) for those who engrafted or had early death (P = 0.030). One‐year event‐free survival was significantly lower in DSA‐positive patients than in those without DSAs (16.7% vs. 62.5%, P = 0.002). DSA‐negative patients had an acceptable 1‐year survival of 62.5%. In conclusion, this study suggests that DSAs may be associated with deleterious outcomes after salvage haplo‐PTCy in patients with NMDs.
Cutaneous infection caused by paraconiothyrium cyclothyrioides in a renal transplant recipient
Authors: Hamed Almutasem , Bosshardt Hughes Olivia , Palavecino Elizabeth L. , Jakharia Niyati 
Published: April 2021

AbstractInfections because of Coelomycetes are being diagnosed more frequently, ranging from superficial cutaneous to disseminated infections. An increasing incidence of infections because of emerging environmental fungi are being reported in immunocompromised patients because of exposure to soil, plants, and water. We report a case of cutaneous infection because of Paraconiothyrium cyclothyrioides, a Coelomycetous fungi, including literature review on reported cases and discuss suggested treatment options.
Interprofessional collaboration between health professional learners when breaking bad news: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Lackie Kelly , Miller Stephen , Ayn Caitlyn , Brown Marion , Helwig Melissa , Houk Shauna , Lane Jennifer , Mireault Amy , Neeb David , Picketts Leanne , Stilwell Peter , Beatty Lorri 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT

Objective:
The objective of this scoping review is to examine pedagogies used to teach interprofessional health learners how to break bad news collaboratively.

Introduction:
Breaking bad news is a skill health care professionals must be equipped to deliver well, yet literature shows that this skill receives little attention in program curricula. Consequently, health care professionals feel inadequately prepared to deliver bad news, leading to greater burnout, distress, and fatigue.

Inclusion criteria:
Studies that describe pedagogies used to teach breaking bad news will be considered for inclusion. Studies must include two or more undergraduate and/or postgraduate learners working towards a professional health or social care qualification or degree at a university or college. Studies including lay, complementary and alternative, or non-health or social care professional learners will be excluded.

Methods:
The JBI three-step process will be followed for developing the search. Databases to be searched include MEDLINE, CINAHL, Embase, Education Resource Centre, and Social Work Abstracts. Title and abstract screening through to data extraction will be completed by two independent reviewers and any disagreements will be resolved through discussion, or with a third reviewer. Results will be presented in tabular or diagrammatic form, together with a narrative summary.
Experimental Investigation on Cooling Performance of Impingement–Effusion Full Coverage Film on Suction Surface of a Vane
Authors: Zhang Fan , Liu Cunliang , Ye Lin , Li Bingran , Zhang Shuaiqi 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This study experimentally investigated the net benefit of film cooling with six rows of impingement–effusion structures on the suction surface of a vane. The experiment obtained the film cooling effectiveness of a double-walled system on the suction surface via the pressure-sensitive paint (PSP) technique. The film cooling effectiveness obtained by the PSP technique is coupled with the transient liquid crystal (TLC) technique to determine the heat transfer coefficient. This combination of techniques reduces the time required for the experiment and improves efficiency of the experiment. Through the experimentally measured film cooling effectiveness and dimensionless heat transfer coefficient, the net heat flux reduction (NHFR) is calculated to comprehensively measure the net benefit of film cooling. At the same time, in view of the lower net benefit of film cooling of the film holes in the front of the suction surface under a higher mass flux ratio (MFR), the study improved the cylindrical holes into fan-shaped holes and proposed two improvement schemes: Vane A and Vane B. The experiment was carried out under three MFRs (0.4%, 0.8%, 1.6%), and compared the film cooling effectiveness, heat transfer coefficient ratio, and net heat flux reduction of Vane A and Vane B with the baseline vane under each mass flux ratio. The findings show that using the coupling of PSP and TLC to determine the heat transfer coefficient can yield credible results. The improvement of the fan-shaped holes makes the film cooling effectiveness and heat transfer coefficient ratio improved compared with the baseline vane. Changing cylindrical holes to fan-shaped holes does not necessarily lead to a better net benefit of film cooling. The fan-shaped holes should be arranged reasonably to obtain the better net benefit of film cooling.
Theory of Uncertainty Analysis With Application to Naval Hydrodynamics
Authors: Park Joel T. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The modern methodology for quantifying the quality of experimental data is uncertainty analysis. Current methods are reviewed with some examples primarily from naval hydrodynamics. The methods described apply to fluids engineering. The history of uncertainty analysis, U.S. and international standards on uncertainty analysis, verification and validation standards for computational fluid dynamics, and instrument calibration are discussed. One important result is that random loading in force calibration can produce a lower uncertainty estimate than sequential loading. Statistically, the calibration results for the slope and intercept are the same for the two methods in the example thrust calibration, but the uncertainty in random loading is a factor of three smaller than sequential loading.
Design for Stamping: Part I — Analysis of Part Attributes That Impact Die Construction Costs for Metal Stampings
Authors: Poli Corrado , Dastidar Pratip , Mahajan Prashant 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper describes an alternative approach to the rules-of-thumb based design of metal stampings. The design for manufacturing system (DFM) presented here highlights those manufacturing-related features that significantly increase cost so that designers can minimize difficult to produce features. The DFM system is not dependent on the creation of a geometric model, and can be used to qualitatively and quantitatively assess a preliminary concept sketch. The system focuses on stampings produced by ‘hard tooling’ and is based on expertise gained from stampers who produce parts for the office automation, computer, electromechanical and small consumer appliance industries. The application of the system to a real-life part is illustrated.
Direct Optimization of Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Mechanisms for Near Time Optimal Motions Along Specified Paths
Authors: Sundar Satish , Shiller Zvi 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A design method for selecting system parameters of multi-degree-of-freedom mechanisms for near minimum time motions along specified paths is presented. The time optimization problem is approximated by a simple curve fitting procedure that fits, what we call, the acceleration lines to the given path. The approximate cost function is explicit in the design parameters, facilitating the formulation of the design problem as a constrained optimization. Examples for optimizing the dimensions of a five-bar planar mechanism demonstrate close correlation between the approximate and the exact solutions and better computational efficiency than the previous unconstrained optimization methods.
Sequential Global Approximation in Non-Hierarchic System Decomposition and Optimization
Authors: Renaud J. E. , Gabriele G. A. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A procedure for the optimization of non-hierarchic systems by decomposition into reduced subspaces is presented. Sequential global approximation is proposed as a coordination procedure for subspace optimizations. The same objective function and cumulative constraints are imposed at each subspace. Non-local functions are approximated at the subspaces using global sensitivities. The method optimizes the subspace problems concurrently allowing for parallel processing. Following each sequence of concurrent subspace optimizations an approximation to the global problem is formed using design data accumulated during the subspace optimizations. The solution of the global approximation problem is used as the starting point for subsequent subspace optimizations in an iterative solution procedure. Preliminary studies on two engineering design examples illustrate the methods potential.
The Bayesian Compromise Decision Support Problem for Hierarchical Design Involving Uncertainty
Authors: Vadde S. , Krishnamachari R. S. , Mistree F. , Allen J. K. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this paper we present an extension to the traditional compromise Decision Support Problem (DSP) formulation. In this formulation we use Bayesian Statistics to model uncertainties associated with the information being used. In an earlier paper we have introduced a compromise DSP that accounts for uncertainty using fuzzy set theory. In this paper we describe the Bayesian Decision Support Problem. We use this formulation to design a portal frame structure. We discuss the results and compare them with those obtained using the Fuzzy DSP. Finally, we discuss the efficacy of incorporating Bayesian Statistics into the traditional compromise DSP formulation and describe some of the pending research issues.
Global groundwater wells at risk of running dry
Authors: Jasechko Scott , Perrone Debra 
Published: April 2021

When your well runs dry
Groundwater provides nearly half of the water used for agricultural irrigation and most of the drinking water for billions of people. It is essential, then, for this resource to remain secure. Jasechko and Perrone examined data from approximately 39 million wells in 40 countries worldwide to investigate their vulnerability to declining water levels (see the Perspective by Famiglietti and Ferguson). The authors found that construction of deeper wells is not occurring in some areas that are experiencing groundwater decline, a disconnect that poses risks for people who rely on well water.

Science
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Petrogenesis of the 91-Mile peridotite in the Grand Canyon: Ophiolite or deep-arc fragment?
Authors: Seaman S.J. , Williams M.L. , Karlstrom K.E. , Low P.C. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Recognition of fundamental tectonic boundaries has been extremely diffi-cult in the (&gt;1000-km-wide) Proterozoic accretionary orogen of south western North America, where the main rock types are similar over large areas, and where the region has experienced multiple postaccretionary deformation events. Discrete ultramafic bodies are present in a number of areas that may mark important boundaries, especially if they can be shown to represent tectonic fragments of ophiolite complexes. However, most ultramafic bodies are small and intensely altered, precluding petrogenetic analysis. The 91-Mile peridotite in the Grand Canyon is the largest and best preserved ultramafic body known in the southwest United States. It presents a special opportunity for tectonic analysis that may illuminate the significance of ultramafic rocks in other parts of the orogen. The 91-Mile peridotite exhibits spectacular cumulate layering. Contacts with the surrounding Vishnu Schist are interpreted to be tectonic, except along one margin, where intrusive relations have been interpreted. Assemblages include olivine, clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, magnetite, and phlogopite, with very rare plagioclase. Textures suggest that phlogopite is the result of late intercumulus crystallization. Whole-rock compositions and especially mineral modes and compositions support derivation from an arc-related mafic magma. K-enriched subduction-related fluid in the mantle wedge is interpreted to have given rise to a K-rich, hydrous, high-pressure partial melt that produced early magnetite, Al-rich diopside, and primary phlogopite. The modes of silicate minerals, all with high Mg#, the sequence of crystallization, and the lack of early plagioclase are all consistent with crystallization at relatively high pressures. Thus, the 91-Mile peridotite body is not an ophiolite fragment that represents the closure of a former ocean basin. It does, however, mark a significant tectonic boundary where lower-crustal arc cumulates have been juxtaposed against middle-crustal schists and granitoids.
Visual field defects and myopic macular degeneration in Singapore adults with high myopia
Authors: Lanca Carla , Sun Chen Hsin , Chong Rachel , Wong Yee Ling , Nongpiur Monisha Esther , Htoon Hla M , Thakur Sahil , Quek Debra Q Y , Cheng Ching-Yu , Hoang Quan V , Sabanayagam Charumathi , Saw Seang-Mei , Wong Chee Wai 
Published: April 2021

AimsTo characterise the association between visual field (VF) defects and myopic macular degeneration (MMD) in highly myopic adults without glaucoma.MethodsParticipants (n=106; 181 eyes) with high myopia (HM; spherical equivalent ≤−5.0 D or axial length (AL) ≥26 mm), after excluding glaucoma and glaucoma suspects, from the Singapore Epidemiology of Eye Diseases-HM study were included in this cross-sectional study. Humphrey VF (central 24–2 threshold), cup-disc ratio (CDR) and intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements were performed. Mean deviation (MD) and pattern SD (PSD), VF defects (normal or abnormal; p<0.05 in ≥3 non-edge contiguous locations) and pattern (eg, generalised sensitivity loss) were analysed. MMD presence was diagnosed from fundus photographs. Generalised estimating equations were used for analysing factors (MD, PSD, VF defects, CDR and IOP) associated with MMD.ResultsMean age was 55.4±9.9 years and 51.9% were women (AL=26.7±1.1 mm). MMD eyes had lower MD (−3.8±2.9 dB vs −1.1±1.4 dB) and higher PSD (2.8±1.7 dB vs 1.7±0.6 dB). A higher percentage of MMD eyes (n=48) had abnormal VF (62.5% vs 28.6%; p<0.001) compared with no MMD (n=133 eyes). VF pattern in MMD eyes was significantly different from eyes without MMD (p=0.001) with greater generalised sensitivity loss (53.3% vs 10.5%) and arcuate defects (16.7% vs 10.5%). In multivariate analyses, MD (OR=1.52) and PSD (OR=1.67) were significantly (p=0.003) associated with MMD, but VF defects were not associated with MMD.ConclusionHighly myopic adults with MMD may have VF loss when compared with highly myopic patients without MMD even in adults without glaucoma.
Prehospital management of exertional heat stroke at sports competitions: International Olympic Committee Adverse Weather Impact Expert Working Group for the Olympic Games Tokyo 2020
Authors: Hosokawa Yuri , Racinais Sebastien , Akama Takao , Zideman David , Budgett Richard , Casa Douglas J , Bermon Stéphane , Grundstein Andrew J , Pitsiladis Yannis P , Schobersberger Wolfgang , Yamasawa Fumihiro 
Published: April 2021

ObjectivesThis document aimed to summarise the key components of exertional heat stroke (EHS) prehospital management.MethodsMembers of the International Olympic Committee Adverse Weather Impact Expert Working Group for the Olympic Games Tokyo 2020 summarised the current best practice regarding the EHS prehospital management.ResultsSports competitions that are scheduled under high environmental heat stress or those that include events with high metabolic demands should implement and adopt policy and procedures for EHS prehospital management. The basic principles of EHS prehospital care are: early recognition, early diagnosis, rapid, on-site cooling and advanced clinical care. In order to achieve these principles, medical organisers must establish an area called the heat deck within or adjacent to the main medical tent that is optimised for EHS diagnosis, treatment and monitoring. Once admitted to the heat deck, the rectal temperature of the athlete with suspected EHS is assessed to confirm an elevated core body temperature. After EHS is diagnosed, the athlete must be cooled on-site until the rectal temperature is below 39°C. While cooling the athlete, medical providers are recommended to conduct a blood analysis to rule out exercise-associated hyponatraemia or hypoglycaemia, provided that this can be safely performed without interrupting cooling. The athlete is transported to advanced care for a full medical evaluation only after the treatment has been provided on-site.ConclusionsA coordination of care among all medical stakeholders at the sports venue, during transport, and at the hospital is warranted to ensure effective management is provided to the EHS athlete.