bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emotional disorders
Authors: Selikowitz Mark 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Emotional disorders in children with ADHD are often difficult to detect. The emotional problems that occur in children with ADHD fall into three categories: emotional characteristics of ADHD (low frustration tolerance, preoccupation, thrill-seeking, dysthymia, and overexcitability), reactive emotions to having ADHD, and coexisting emotional disorders (depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and bipolar disorder). Inefficient inhibitory processes in the brain are the basis of these emotional difficulties. It is essential to be aware of the frequent occurrence of emotional disorders in children with ADHD. This chapter discusses emotional disorders in ADHD, including the emotional characteristics of ADHD, reactive emotions, and coexisting emotional disorders.
An impairment in brain function
Authors: Selikowitz Mark 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
ADHD is usually due to a depletion of certain chemical messengers in the front part of the brain. The major cause of this depletion relates to a number of defective genes. ADHD shares some of its causative genes with certain other conditions, so having ADHD makes also having these other conditions more likely. To help many children with learning and behavioural difficulties, we need to treat an impairment in their brain function. This chapter discusses impairment in brain function as a cause of ADHD, including executive function deficits, frontal lobe underactivity, neurotransmitter depletion, gene defects, and non-genetic factors. It also describes the mechanism of comorbidity.
A prescribing protocol decreases the rate of chronic opioid use in orthopaedic trauma patients: a prospective quality improvement study
Authors: Fithian Andrew T. , Chavez Gustavo , Nathan Karthik , Campbell Sean T. , Bishop Julius A. , Gardner Michael J. 
Published: September 2021

Background:
There is a clear need for orthopaedic-specific protocols to minimize the risks of prolonged opioid use after surgery. The authors assessed the effect of an opioid-prescribing protocol on new persistent opioid use in patients who were treated surgically for fractures. The hypothesis of this study was that the protocol would reduce the rate of new persistent opioid use.

Methods:
The study cohort consisted of patients who were treated at a level 1 trauma center before and after implementation of an opioid prescribing protocol. One hundred twenty-two patients prior to protocol implementation and 103 patients after protocol implementation met inclusion criteria. The primary outcome measured was persistent opioid use more than 6 mo postoperatively.

Results:
There was a significant decrease in the rate of new persistent opioid use in the protocol group from 25% to 12%. The number of patients who needed to be treated to prevent one case of new persistent opioid use was eight. Age was a significant risk factor for new persistent opioid use. For each additional year in age, risk increased by 3%.

Conclusions:
The authors studied the effect of implementing a protocol for prescribing opioids at a Level 1 trauma center and found a statistically and clinically significant decrease in the rate of new persistent opioid use after implementation of the protocol. Increasing age was identified as an independent risk factor for new persistent opioid use.

Level of Evidence:
Level III.
Measuring the human immune response to surgery: multiomics for the prediction of postoperative outcomes
Authors: Verdonk Franck , Einhaus Jakob , Tsai Amy S. , Hedou Julien , Choisy Benjamin , Gaudilliere Dyani , Kin Cindy , Aghaeepour Nima , Angst Martin S. , Gaudilliere Brice 
Published: September 2021

Purpose of review
Postoperative complications including infections, cognitive impairment, and protracted recovery occur in one-third of the 300 million surgeries performed annually worldwide. Complications cause personal suffering along with a significant economic burden on our healthcare system. However, the accurate prediction of postoperative complications and patient-targeted interventions for their prevention remain as major clinical challenges.

Recent findings
Although multifactorial in origin, the dysregulation of immunological mechanisms that occur in response to surgical trauma is a key determinant of postoperative complications. Prior research, primarily focusing on inflammatory plasma markers, has provided important clues regarding their pathogenesis. However, the recent advent of high-content, single-cell transcriptomic, and proteomic technologies has considerably improved our ability to characterize the immune response to surgery, thereby providing new means to understand the immunological basis of postoperative complications and to identify prognostic biological signatures.

Summary
The comprehensive and single-cell characterization of the human immune response to surgery has significantly advanced our ability to predict the risk of postoperative complications. Multiomic modeling of patients’ immune states holds promise for the discovery of preoperative predictive biomarkers, ultimately providing patients and surgeons with actionable information to improve surgical outcomes. Although recent studies have generated a wealth of knowledge, laying the foundation for a single-cell atlas of the human immune response to surgery, larger-scale multiomic studies are required to derive robust, scalable, and sufficiently powerful models to accurately predict the risk of postoperative complications in individual patients.
The human microbiome in transplantation: the past, present, and future
Authors: Dery Kenneth J. , Kupiec-Weglinski Jerzy W. , Dong Tien S. 
Published: September 2021

Purpose of review
Over the past 20 years, DNA sequencing technology has transformed human microbiome research from identity characterizations to metagenomics approaches that reveal how microbials correlate with human health and disease. New studies are showing unprecedented opportunity for deep characterization of the human microbial ecosystem, with benefits to the field of organ transplantation.

Recent findings
In the present review, we focus on past milestones of human-associated microbiota research, paying homage to microbiota pioneers. We highlight the role of sequencing efforts to provide insights beyond taxonomic identification. Recent advances in microbiome technology is now integrating high-throughput datasets, giving rise to multi’omics − a comprehensive assessment modeling dynamic biologic networks. Studies that show benefits and mechanisms in peritransplant antibiotic (Abx)-conditioned recipients are reviewed. We describe how next-generation microbial sequencing has the potential to combine with new technologies like phage therapy (PT) to translate into life-saving therapeutics.

Summary
The study of the microbiome is advancing the field of transplantation by enhancing our knowledge of precision medicine. Sequencing technology has allowed the use of the microbiome as a biomarker to risk stratify patients. Further research is needed to better understand how microbiomes shape transplantation outcomes while informing immune cell - tissue crosstalk platforms.
Video-assisted Thoracoscopic Resection of a Congenital Tracheobiliary Fistula in a Neonate: Technical Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Wilson Nicole A. , Douglas Zachary H. , Briden Kelleigh , Witt Rachel , Lodhi Hafsa S. , Cole F. Sessions , Shakhsheer Baddr A. , Dunsky Katherine 
Published: September 2021

Background:
Congenital tracheobiliary or bronchobiliary fistulae are rare developmental malformations associated with high morbidity and mortality primarily because of concomitant anomalies as well as delays in diagnosis.

Technical Report:
We report a case of a neonate who presented with bilious emesis and progressive respiratory failure requiring bronchoscopy and fluoroscopic bronchography for diagnosis with successful management through video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery. We also review the published literature on tracheobiliary fistula.

Conclusion:
Use of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for fistula resection has been reported in only one other neonate and provides a clinically less invasive option compared with open surgical ligation and resection. To our knowledge, this is the first English language report of thoracoscopic resection in a neonate with congenital tracheobiliary fistula.
Laparoscopic Pancreaticojejunostomy Anastamosis Using an Articulating Needle Holder
Authors: Bibo Liam , Ballal Mohammed 
Published: September 2021

Introduction:
Pancreaticojejunal anastomosis is a technically challenging stage of the pancreaticoduodenectomy procedure for even the most experienced surgeon. We illustrate a buttressed duct-to-mucosa anastomosis (modified Blumgart technique) during laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy using an articulating needle holder (FlexDex) (Video, Supplemental Digital Content 1, http://links.lww.com/SLE/A299).

Materials and Methods:
While performing a minimally invasive pancreaticoduodenectomy, an articulating needle holder (FlexDex) is introduced through an 8 mm laparoscopic port and used to perform the duct-to-mucosa pancreaticojejunal anastomosis. Parenchymal buttressing using 3/0 double ended barbed suture (Stratafix) and pancreas duct to jejunum using 5/0 Prolene.
Approval was obtained from the Office of Ethics and Research Governance at our institution. Consent was gained from the individual patient involved, to submit this intraoperative video for publication.

Results:
Successful intraoperative pancreaticojejunal anastomosis was performed using the articulating needle holder (FlexDex). The patient recovered from the procedure without complication, with no postoperative pancreatic fistula.

Conclusions:
We demonstrate the feasibility of performing a laparoscopic pancreaticojejunal anastomosis using an articulating needle holder (FlexDex).
Repair of Large Hiatal Hernias With the Use of Mesh and Autologous Platelet-Rich Plasma
Authors: Paranyak Mykola , Patel Rikesh , Grubnyk Viktor , Grubnik Volodymyr , Khadzhe Amina 
Published: September 2021

Background:
According to recent studies, large hiatal hernias (HH) can be associated with a lower content of type-I and type-III collagen in the phrenoesophageal ligament (POL). We therefore hypothesize that the use of a mesh implant with autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) for repair of large HH would have a positive effect on long-term outcome.
The purpose of our study was to determine the level of type-I and type-III collagens in the POL of patients with large HH with the aim of improving the technique of HH repair.

Materials and Methods:
During the first phase of the study, the collagen content within the POL was assessed in 18 patients with HH and 14 cadaveric specimens without HH. During the second phase, 54 patients with large HH (defined as 10 to 20 cm2), that required surgery were recruited. Laparoscopic repair involved use of a nonabsorbable self-fixating ProGrip mesh infiltrated with 2 to 4 mL of autologous PRP was used for reinforcement of crural repair. Results were assessed using endoscopy, barium swallow, 24-hour impedance-pH monitoring and a quality of life gastroesophageal reflux disease-health related quality of life questionnaire.

Results:
The content of collagen within POL in patients with HH was significantly lower than in the cadaveric specimens without HH. Of the 54 patients undergoing HH repair, all procedures were performed laparoscopically and there were no mortalities in this group. At 48 months, only 2 HH recurrences (3.7%) were detected. During this period, the mean gastroesophageal reflux disease-health related quality of life score decreased from 15.7±5.5 to 5.9±0.6 (P<0.05).

Conclusion:
Our study has shown that the collagen content is reduced in patients with large HH; thus, it is advisable to use mesh for HH repair in such patients. Use of mesh infiltrated in PRP is safe and can have positive impact on results of HH repair.
Nasal high flow oxygen therapy during acute admissions or periods of worsening symptoms
Authors: Munsif Maitri , McDonald Christine , Goh Nicole , Smallwood Natasha 
Published: September 2021

Purpose of review
Nasal high flow therapy (NHF) is increasingly used in acute care settings. In this review, we consider recent advances in the utilization of NHF in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), terminal cancer and symptom management. Considerations around NHF use during the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic are also discussed.

Recent findings
NHF enables humidification and high flows to be provided together with titrated, supplemental oxygen therapy. Compared to conventional oxygen therapy, NHF improves respiratory physiology by reducing workload, enhancing muco-ciliary clearance and improving dead space washout. Some studies suggest that early use of NHF in people being cared for in the emergency department leads to lower rates of invasive ventilation and noninvasive ventilation. There is also emerging evidence for NHF use in people with COPD and chronic respiratory failure, and in palliative care. NHF is comfortable, well-tolerated and safe for use in the management of breathlessness in people with cancer. NHF can be delivered by face mask to patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, to ease the burden on critical care resources.

Summary
The evidence base for NHF is rapidly growing and offers promise in relieving troublesome symptoms and for people receiving palliative care.
Equitable partnerships between scientists and persons living with spinal cord injury will strengthen research scope, quality, and outcomes
Authors: Anderson Kim D. 
Published: September 2021

Purpose of review
Partnerships across all stakeholders in the research process strengthen the outcomes and ultimate usability of research. The purpose of this review is to discuss the current level of inclusion of people living with spinal cord injury (SCI) in the research process, the science of engagement and benefits of partnerships in research, and emerging resources available to help promote ethical and effective partnerships in SCI research.

Recent findings
Significant strides have been made in interacting with people living with SCI to help identify the problem(s) that are important to study (i.e. the first step in the research process). The SCI research field is lagging in partnering with people living with SCI throughout the rest of the research process despite a plethora of evidence-based principles and strategies for effective partnerships in the broader context of research. There are several emerging resources specific to SCI to help researchers and the community begin to build meaningful partnerships throughout the entire cycle of research.

Summary
The SCI research field already values partnerships with clinicians and promotes the concept of ‘bench-to-bedside and back again’. Now is the time to take it a step further to ‘bench-to-bedside-to-community and back again’.
COVID-19 vaccination rates among health care workers by immigrant background. A nation-wide registry study from Norway
Authors: Kraft Kristian Bandlien , Elgersma Ingeborg , Lyngstad Trude Marie , Elstrøm Petter , Telle Kjetil 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundStudies have suggested that some minority groups tend to have lower vaccination rates than the overall population. This study aims to examine COVID-19 vaccination rates among health care workers (HCWs) in Norway, according to immigrant background.MethodsWe used individual-level, nation-wide registry data from Norway to identify all HCWs employed full-time at 1 December 2020. We examined the relationship between country of birth and COVID-19 vaccination from December 2020 to August 2021, both crude and adjusted for e.g. age, sex, municipality of residence, and detailed occupation codes in logistic regression models.ResultsAmong all HCWs in Norway, immigrants had a 9 percentage point lower vaccination rate (85%) than HCWs without an immigrant background (94%) at 31 August 2021. The overall vaccination rate varied by country of birth, with immigrants born in Russia (71%), Serbia (72%), Lithuania (72%), Romania (75%), Poland (76%), Eritrea (77%), and Somalia (78%) having the lowest crude vaccination rates. When we adjusted for demographics and detailed occupational codes, immigrant groups that more often worked as health care assistants, such as immigrants from Eritrea and Somalia, increased their vaccination rates.ConclusionSubstantial differences in vaccination rates among immigrant groups employed in the health care sector in Norway indicate that measures to improve vaccine uptake should focus specific immigrant groups rather than all immigrants together. Lower vaccination rates in some immigrant groups appears to be largely driven by the occupational composition, suggesting that some of the differences in vaccine rates can be attributed to variation in vaccine access.
Alcohol consumption and telomere length: observational and Mendelian randomization approaches
Authors: Topiwala Anya , Taschler Bernd , Ebmeier Klaus P. , Smith Steve , Zhou Hang , Levey Daniel F , Codd Veryan , Samani Nilesh , Gelernter Joel , Nichols Thomas E. , Burgess Stephen 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAlcohol’s impact on telomere length, a proposed marker of biological age, is unclear. We performed the largest observational study to date and compared findings with Mendelian randomization (MR) estimates. Two-sample MR used data from a recent genome-wide association study (GWAS) of telomere length. Genetic variants were selected on the basis of associations with alcohol consumption and alcohol use disorder (AUD). Non-linear MR employed UK Biobank individual data. MR analyses suggest a causal relationship between alcohol and telomere length: both genetically predicted alcohol traits were inversely associated with telomere length. 1 S.D. higher genetically-predicted log-transformed alcoholic drinks weekly had a -0.07 S.D. effect on telomere length (95% confidence interval [CI]:-0.14 to -0.01); genetically-predicted AUD - 0.06 S.D. effect (CI:-0.10 to -0.02). Results were consistent across methods and independent from smoking. Non-linear analyses indicated a potential threshold relationship between alcohol and telomere length. Our findings have implications for potential aging-related disease prevention strategies.
Nepalese version of Douleur Neuropathique 4 (DN4) questionnaire for Assessment of Neuropathic pain: A Validation Study
Authors: Shakya Bigen M , Shrestha Anil , Poudyal Amod K , Shrestha Ninadini , Acharya Binita , Gurung Renu , Shakya Sujata 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectiveThis study aimed to translate and validate DN4 questionnaire into Nepalese version.DesignAn observational study design was adopted.SettingA tertiary level teaching hospital of Kathmandu, NepalParticipantsWe included 166 purposively selected patients visiting pain clinics of the hospital over one year timeMethodsThe Nepalese version of the DN4 questionnaire was used to detect neuropathic pain among the chronic pain patients of the hospital. The English version of the questionnaire was translated into Nepali based on the standard guideline with the help of linguistic experts. The patients diagnosed with nociceptive or neuropathic pain were interviewed twice in two weeks interval. We analyzed test-retest reliability and strength of the test by using Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) Curve, respectively. Internal Consistency reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha (∞). Diagnostic accuracy was assessed through measures like sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and positive and negative likelihood ratio.ResultsThe study showed a good test-retest reliability (ICC=0.877) and internal consistency reliability (∞=0.710). The AUC were 0.932 (0.894-0.971) for the first test, and 0.955 (0.921-0.990) for the second test. The sensitivity and specificity values were found highest at the 4 cut-off point (4 score out of 10), that are 75% and 95.3% for test 1, and 76.2% and 98.8% for test 2. Similarly positive and negative predictive values are 93.8% and 80.4% respectively for the first test and 98.4% and 81.7% respectively for the second test.ConclusionsThe Nepalese version of DN4 questionnaire is a valid and reliable tool for the diagnosis of neuropathic pain. This can be used for screening neuropathic and non-neuropathic pain in clinical as well as epidemiological settings.Article SummaryStrengths and Limitations of this StudyThis study validated Nepalese version of DN4 questionnaire, so, it can be used as a standard tool to assess neuropathic pain among the Nepalese population.As interview was conducted with the patients, this might minimize the reliability and validity issue.This questionnaire is only applicable to those who can communicate properly in Nepalese language.There can be problem of understanding among the participants as few words do not have exact Nepali words with the same meaning.
Planning and Conducting an Online Conference at the time of COVID-19: Lessons Learned from EGREPA 2021
Authors: Bentlage Ellen , Roekens Luca , Bußmann Lennart , Brach Michael 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundThis paper describes the realisation and evaluation of the EGREPA 2021 conference, in online format. As an example, and support for future conferences, the decision process to switch during the COVID-19 pandemic from onsite to online, the conception and tools, the experiences of the organisers and the feedback of the participants are described.MethodsThe CERN tool “Indico” served as the central conference management system including public homepage, submission and payment system, abstract review and decision platform, and conference material repository. Zoom, YouTube Live and Open Broadcaster Software (OBS) were utilised for keynotes and other presentation sessions, including livestreaming of pre-recorded presentations. Gather was implemented for poster sessions and individual meetings. An anonymous survey included Likert-type questions on acceptance and quality of the tools and instructions, open questions related to positive and negative issues, and ideas for the next online-conference.ResultsThe event was evaluated well, with mostly fluently working technical solutions. A few participants indicated problems switching from YouTube to Zoom between presentations and discussions. Opinions on pre-recordings of talks were divided. Participants required more time for socialising. Guidelines and materials were mostly rated helpful.Lessons LearnedSimplifying the livestreaming, presenter’s choice between pre-recording or presenting live, more time for socialising and breaks are discussed. Tools for conducting an online conference should be introduced to the participants in advance. Indico is rated as a very helpful tool for planning and conducting an online-conference.