bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sex differences in angiotensin II-induced hypertension and kidney injury: role of AT1a receptors in the proximal tubule of the kidney
Authors: Leite Ana Paula Oliveira , Li Xiao C. , Hassan Rumana , Zheng Xiaowen , Alexander Barbara , Casarini Dulce Elena , Zhuo Jia L. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that there are significant sex differences in angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced hypertension and kidney injury using male and female wildtype (WT) and proximal tubule-specific AT1a receptor knockout mice (PT-Agtr1a−/−). Twelve groups (n=8–12 per group) of adult male and female WT and PT-Agtr1a−/− mice were infused with a pressor dose of Ang II via osmotic minipump for 2 weeks (1.5 mg/kg/day, i.p.) and simultaneously treated with or without losartan (20 mg/kg/day, p.o.) to determine the respective roles of AT1a receptors in the proximal tubules versus systemic tissues. Basal systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure were approximately 13 ± 3 mmHg lower (P&lt;0.01), while basal 24-h urinary Na+, K+, and Cl− excretion were significantly higher in both male and female PT-Agtr1a−/− mice than WT controls (P&lt;0.01) without significant sex differences between different strains. Both male and female WT and PT-Agtr1a−/− mice developed hypertension (P&lt;0.01), and the magnitudes of the pressor responses to Ang II were similar between male and female WT and PT-Agtr1a−/− mice (n.s.). Likewise, Ang II-induced hypertension was significantly attenuated in both male and female PT-Agtr1a−/− mice (P&lt;0.01). Furthermore, losartan attenuated the hypertensive responses to Ang II to similar extents in both male and female WT and PT-Agtr1a−/− mice. Finally, Ang II-induced kidney injury was attenuated in PT-Agtr1a−/− mice (P&lt;0.01). In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that deletion of AT1a receptors in the proximal tubules of the kidney attenuates Ang II-induced hypertension and kidney injury without revealing significant sex differences.
Direction modulation based on non‐linear frequency diverse array
Authors: Guo Rujiang , Liu Huijie , Zhao Lingfeng , Ni Yinghong 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA design method of non‐linear frequency diverse array is presented to generate the desired direction modulation for the array. The proposed method firstly sets the desired direction modulation, and then forms the desired transmit beampattern by adjusting the frequency of each array element in a non‐linear manner. Theoretical analysis and numerical experiments have verified the effectiveness of the proposed method.
New boundary conditions for the approximate flux-limited diffusion radiative transfer in circumstellar environments
Authors: Perdigon J. , Niccolini G. , Faurobert M. 
Published: July 2021

Context. In order to constrain the models describing circumstellar environments, it is necessary to solve the radiative transfer equation in the presence of absorption and scattering, coupled with the equation for radiative equilibrium. However, solving this problem requires much CPU time, which makes the use of automatic minimisation procedures to characterise these environments challenging.
Aims. In this context, the use of approximate methods is of primary interest. One promising candidate method is the flux-limited diffusion (FLD), which recasts the radiative transfer problem into a non-linear diffusion equation. One important aspect for the accuracy of the method lies in the implementation of appropriate boundary conditions (BCs). We present new BCs for the FLD approximation in circumstellar environments that we apply here to spherically symmetric envelopes.
Methods. At the inner boundary, the entering flux (coming from the star and from the envelope itself) may be written in the FLD formalism and provides us with an adequate BC. At the free outer boundary, we used the FLD formalism to constrain the ratio of the mean radiation intensity over the emerging flux. In both cases we derived non-linear mixed BCs relating the surface values of the mean specific intensity and its gradient. We implemented these conditions and compared the results with previous benchmarks and the results of a Monte Carlo radiative transfer code. A comparison with results derived from BCs that were previously proposed in other contexts is presented as well.
Results. For all the tested cases, the average relative difference with the benchmark results is below 2% for the temperature profile and below 6% for the corresponding spectral energy distribution or the emerging flux. We point out that the FLD method together with the new outer BC also allows us to derive an approximation for the emerging flux. This feature avoids additional formal solutions for the radiative transfer equation in a set of rays (ray-tracing computations).
Conclusions. The FLD approximation together with the proposed new BCs performs well and captures the main physical properties of the radiative equilibrium in spherical circumstellar envelopes.
Aspects regarding numerical models for safe evacuation of people, in the current pandemic context
Authors: Şuvar Marius Cornel , Păsculescu Vlad Mihai , Irimia Alin , Păsculescu Dragoş 
Published: July 2021

In everyday life, several situations can be mentioned in which a building or a complex of buildings may require emergency evacuation: fires, chemical leaks, release of toxic or explosive gases, explosions, violent behavior, or threats with weapons/bombs.
To calculate the time needed for building evacuation, numerical models are used to simulate this process of movement of groups of people, in a closed physical space. Algorithms for access path and exit selection use both properties of the crowds model and the individual interaction between event and people.
The pandemic context has raised several questions about the safe use of buildings, given the presence of the risk of disease transmission. The policies adopted in the last year regarding the use of buildings, establishing access flows, and social distance, vary within great limits, being specific to each state and based on the analysis of the virus transmission rate rather than on risk assessments at the building level.
The paper aims to present the main challenges to which the models of emergency evacuation, must respond, especially those considering social distancing and interaction between individuals, within a given distance, all to minimize the risk of disease transmission during the evacuation process of the building.
Molecular detection and genotyping of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in pet dogs in Xinjiang, Northwestern China
Authors: Cao Yangwenna , Tong Qinglin , Zhao Chenhao , Maimaiti Aikebaierjiang , Chuai Liwen , Wang Junjie , Ma Dingyun , Qi Meng 
Published: July 2021

Enterocytozoon bieneusi is an obligate intracellular parasitic fungi that infects a wide range of mammalian hosts. However, the literature is lacking information regarding the presence and diversity of E. bieneusi genotypes in domesticated dogs in Northwestern China. Fecal samples from 604 pet dogs were obtained in 5 cities (Urumqi, Korla, Hotan, Aksu, and Shihezi) in Xinjiang. Screening for E. bieneusi was performed, and isolates were genotyped via nested-PCR amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA. The infection rate of E. bieneusi was 6.3% (38/604). The prevalence of E. bieneusi infections in adult animals (>1 year, 10.3%, 15/145) was higher than that in younger (≤1 year) dogs (5.0%, 23/459), which was statistically significant (p = 0.021). No significant difference was observed between the different collection sites or between sexes. Eight distinct genotypes were identified, including 5 known genotypes (PtEb IX, EbpC, D, CD9, and Type IV) and 3 novel genotypes (CD11, CD12, CD13). The most prevalent was genotype PtEb IX, being observed in 50.0% (19/38) of the samples, followed by EbpC (31.6%, 12/38), D (5.3%, 2/38), and the remaining genotypes (CD9, Type IV, CD11, CD12, and CD13) were observed in 1 sample (2.6%, 1/38) each. These findings suggest that genotypes PtEb IX and CD9 are canine host-adapted, and likely pose little risk of zoonotic transmission. Moreover, known zoonotic genotypes EbpC, D, and Type IV represent a public health concern and should undergo further molecular epidemiological investigation.
Out-of-Hospital Management of Diabetic Emergencies in Germany: Structural and Process Quality
Authors: Holstein David J.F. , Holstein Judith D. , Fischer Daniel , Mende Meinhard , Frier Brian M. , Holstein Andreas 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Aims To collect and analyse representative data of structural and process quality in the management of diabetic emergencies in Germany in 2020.
Methods A standardised questionnaire comprising detailed items concerning clinically relevant parameters on the structural and process quality of out-of-hospital management of diabetic emergencies was sent nationwide to medical directors of emergency medical service districts (EMSDs). Results were compared with those from a similar study conducted in 2001.
Results The return rate of the questionnaires represented 126 EMSDs, serving a total population of > 40.1 million. Only 4% of ambulances carried glucagon (6% in 2001). In 2020, blood glucose determination increased significantly to 71% of all emergency interventions and to 29% of suspected cardiac emergencies (24% and 15%, respectively, in 2001). In 100% of EMSDs severe hypoglycaemia (SH) was treated by paramedics by administering intravenous dextrose before the arrival of a doctor compared to 63% in 2001. The potential value of nasal glucagon was acknowledged by 43% of responders. In selected patients, treatment of SH was conducted without hospital admission in 78% of EMDs (60% in 2001). Fifty-three percent of medical directors acknowledged the need for further training in diabetic emergencies (47% in 2001). Cooperation for medical education between emergency teams and a diabetes centre was reported by 14% (41% in 2001).
Conclusion Structural and process quality of the management of diabetic emergencies in Germany has improved considerably since 2001. Persisting deficiencies could be improved by providing better medical equipment in ambulances and ongoing education to the entire emergency teams.
The Versatility of the Aryne–Imine–Aryne Coupling for the ­Synthesis of Acridinium Photocatalysts
Authors: Sparr Christof , Hutskalova Valeriia 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe increasing use of acridinium photocatalysts as sustainable alternative to precious metal-based counterparts encourages the design and efficient synthesis of distinct catalyst structures. Herein, we report our exploration of the scope of the aryne–imine–aryne coupling reaction combined with a subsequent acridane oxidation for a short two-step approach towards various acridinium salts. The photophysical properties of the novel photocatalysts were investigated and the practical value was demonstrated by a cation-radical accelerated nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction.
Small Bowel Obstruction
Authors: Aka Allison A. , Wright Jesse P. , DeBeche-Adams Teresa 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSmall bowel obstruction (SBO) remains a common problem for surgeons and nonsurgeons alike. Management of SBO has shifted from primarily being surgical to a nonoperative approach, which can be attributed to a multitude of reasons, including better understanding of the pathophysiology of SBO, the advent of laparoscopy, and improvement in diagnostic imaging. But given the nature of SBO, the need for surgical consultation continues to remain a necessity. This article will review the etiology, diagnosis, and management of SBO.
The Colostomy Complications in Anorectal Malformation: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Hamdi Mohammed Ali , Mohamed Wamedh Mustafa , Al-Ani Usama Faris Taha 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background A colostomy is a surgical approach that creates an opening for the colon, or/and large intestine through the abdomen. Anorectal malformations are a group of abnormalities of the rectum and anus that are present at birth.
Objective To analyze the common complications of colostomy in anorectal formations.
Methods This was a retrospective study conducted on 50 temporary colostomies performed in children at the Surgical Department of the Abu Ghraib General Hospital in the period from January 2018 to January 2020. Information was collected regarding the patients' age, sex, body weight, associated anomalies, colostomy types and sites, and the indications and complications of colostomies.
Results A total of 44 (88%) cases were reported in the children's 1st month of life. The ratio of male to female was 1:1. Pelvic colostomy was performed in 48 (96%) patients, as 40 (80%) children underwent a loop-type, and 8 (16%) patients underwent double-barrel colostomy. Transverse colostomy was performed on two patients. Prolapse occurred in 50% of the patients, and skin excoriations occurred in 22% .A total of 10% of the children developed sepsis. Bleeding was seen in 4% of the children after colostomy performance. Stenosis presented in 6% of the children, and this was corrected by repeated dilatation and re-fashioning. Obstruction of intestines was observed in one patient. The retraction developed in 6% of patients.
Conclusions Imperforate anus was the most common indication for stoma formation in the pediatric age group. Loop colostomy was the most common type used, and it had the highest rate of complications. Prolapses and skin excoriation were the most common complications found.
A Case Report of Primary Resistance to EGFR TKI in Lung Adenocarcinoma Due to Coexisting MET Exon 14 Skipping Mutation with Excellent Response to Combination of Gefitinib and Capmatinib
Authors: Raut Nirmal Vivek , Srivastava Siddharth , Gangwani Guarav Dilip , Ali Heena Sajid 
Published: July 2021

AbstractTreatment of nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) carrying an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation depends on EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). However, all patients treated with EGFR TKI eventually develop progressive disease. Approximately, 20% of patients do not respond to EGFR TKIs, which is defined as primary resistance. The prognosis of these patients is similar to NSCLC with nondriver mutations. We report a case of a patient with EGFR exon 21 mutation who rapidly progressed in 15 days on Gefitinib. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) showed a MET exon 14 skip mutation coexisting with EGFR exon 21 mutation, causing primary resistance to EGFR TKI. Based on NGS reports, a treatment combining Gefitinib and Capmatinib, a MET inhibitor, induced a rapid response in the patient, which was sustained at the end of 8 months. This clearly emphasizes the need for comprehensive genomic profiling using NGS over single gene testing.
Risk of Cesarean Delivery for Women with Obesity Using a Standardized Labor Induction Protocol
Authors: Hamm Rebecca F. , Teefey Christina P. , Dolin Cara D. , Durnwald Celeste P. , Srinivas Sindhu K. , Levine Lisa D. 
Published: July 2021

Objective We aimed to determine the risk of cesarean among women with obesity undergoing labor induction within a prospective trial that utilized a standardized labor protocol.
Study Design This was a secondary analysis of a randomized trial of induction methods. Term (≥37 weeks) women with intact membranes undergoing induction with an unfavorable cervix (Bishop's score ≤6 and dilation ≤2 cm) were included. The trial utilized a labor protocol that standardized induction and active labor management, with recommendations for interventions at particular time points. Only women with a recorded body mass index (BMI) at prenatal care start were included in this analysis. The primary outcome was cesarean delivery compared between obese (≥30 kg/m2) and nonobese (<30 kg/m2) women. Indication for cesarean was also evaluated.
Results A total of 465 women were included: 207 (44.5%) obese and 258 (55.5%) nonobese. Women with obesity had a higher risk of cesarean compared with women without obesity (33.3 vs. 23.3%, p = 0.02), even when adjusting for parity, weight change over pregnancy, and indication for induction (adjusted relative risk [aRR] = 1.79, 95% confidence interval [CI]: [1.34–2.39]). Compared with women without obesity, women with obesity had a higher risk of failed induction (47.8 vs. 26.7%, p = 0.01) without a difference in arrest of active phase (p = 0.39), arrest of descent (p = 0.95) or fetal indication (p = 0.32), despite adherence to a standardized labor protocol.
Conclusion Compared with women without obesity, women with obesity undergoing an induction are at increased risk of cesarean, in particular a failed induction, even within the context of standardized induction management. As standardized practices limit provider variation in labor management, this study may support physiologic differences in labor processes secondary to obesity.
Key Points
Glucocorticoid receptor condensates link DNA-dependent receptor dimerization and transcriptional transactivation
Authors: Frank Filipp , Liu Xu , Ortlund Eric A. 
Published: July 2021

Significance
Antiinflammatory steroid drugs signal through the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and regulate the expression of specific target genes. It is well known that different GR response elements in regulatory DNA sequences determine if a gene is activated or repressed, but the mechanism for this is unknown. We show that GR forms phase-separated condensates, which specifically enrich transcriptional coregulator proteins. Condensates of GR bound to activating or repressive response elements exhibit different properties and are not miscible with each other. Importantly, binding to activating DNA results in enhanced recruitment of coactivators to GR condensates. This work demonstrates that GR signaling is functionally modulated by phase separation and describes a mechanism for the DNA-dependent up- and down-regulation of GR target genes.
Characterization of neoantigen-specific T cells in cancer resistant to immune checkpoint therapies
Authors: Li Shamin , Simoni Yannick , Zhuang Summer , Gabel Austin , Ma Shaokang , Chee Jonathan , Islas Laura , Cessna Anthony , Creaney Jenette , Bradley Robert K. , Redwood Alec , Robinson Bruce W. , Newell Evan W. 
Published: July 2021

Significance
Strongly implicated in effective antitumor immune responses, tumor mutation–derived antigens, or neoantigens, are one of the main targets for cancer vaccines despite uncertainty of the efficacy of this approach. Using a high-throughput screening method, we identify an endogenously immunogenic neoantigen in a commonly used mouse lung tumor model. We also found that the endogenous CD8 T cells specific for this neoantigen expand greatly upon treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors or vaccination despite the lack of associated tumor regression in this model. In addition to informing neoantigen vaccination strategies and providing an accessible system for testing alternative therapeutics, our results provide insights into the mechanisms for the lack of response observed for a majority of patients treated with checkpoint blockade immunotherapies.
Feasibility of primordial black hole Remnants as dark matter in view of Hawking radiation recoil
Authors: Di Gennaro Sofia , Ong Yen Chin 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
It has recently been suggested that black hole remnants of primordial origin are not a viable dark matter candidate since they would have far too large a velocity due to the recoil of Hawking radiation.
We re-examined this interesting claim in more details and found that it does not rule out such a possibility. On the contrary, for models based on non-commutativity of spacetime near the Planck scale, essentially the same argument can be used to estimate the scale at which the non-commutativity effect becomes important. If dark matter “particles” are non-commutative black holes that have passed the maximum temperature, this implies that the non-commutative scale is about 100 times the Planck length. The same analysis applies to other black hole remnants whose temperature reaches a maximum before cooling off, for example, black holes in asymptotically safe gravity.
Emissions projections for US utilities through 2050
Authors: Grubert Emily 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Decarbonization is an urgent global policy priority, with increasing movement towards zero-carbon targets in the United States and elsewhere. Given the joint decarbonization strategies of electrifying fossil fuel-based energy uses and decarbonizing the electricity supply, understanding how electricity emissions might change over time is of particular value in evaluating policy sequencing strategies. For example, is the electricity system likely to decarbonize quickly enough to motivate electrification even on relatively carbon-intensive systems? Although electricity sector decarbonization has been widely studied, limited research has focused on evaluating emissions factors at the utility level, which is where the impact of electrification strategies is operationalized. Given the existing fleet of electricity generators, ownership structures, and generator lifespans, committed emissions can be modeled at the utility level. Generator lifespans are modeled using capacity-weighted mean age-on-retirement for similar units over the last two decades, a simple empirical outcome variable reflecting the length of time the unit might reasonably be expected to operate. By also evaluating generators in wholesale power markets and designing scenarios for new-build generation, first-order annual average emissions factors can be projected forward on a multidecadal time scale at the utility level. This letter presents a new model of utility-specific annual average emissions projections (greenhouse gases and air pollutants) through 2050 for the United States, using a 2019 base year to define existing asset characteristics. Enabling the creation and evaluation of scenario-based projections for dynamic environmental intensity metrics in a decarbonizing electricity sector can inform life cycle and other environmental assessment studies that evaluate impact over time, in addition to highlighting particular opportunities and risks associated with the timing and location of long-lived capital investments as the fossil fuel electricity generator fleet turns over. Model results can also be used to contextualize utilities’ decarbonization commitments and timelines against their asset bases.
Genome-wide hierarchical mixed model association analysis
Authors: Hao Zhiyu , Gao Jin , Song Yuxin , Yang Runqing , Liu Di 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn genome-wide mixed model association analysis, we stratified the genomic mixed model into two hierarchies to estimate genomic breeding values (GBVs) using the genomic best linear unbiased prediction and statistically infer the association of GBVs with each SNP using the generalized least square. The hierarchical mixed model (Hi-LMM) can correct confounders effectively with polygenic effects as residuals for association tests, preventing potential false-negative errors produced with genome-wide rapid association using mixed model and regression or an efficient mixed-model association expedited (EMMAX). Meanwhile, the Hi-LMM performs the same statistical power as the exact mixed model association and the same computing efficiency as EMMAX. When the GBVs have been estimated precisely, the Hi-LMM can detect more quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) than existing methods. Especially under the Hi-LMM framework, joint association analysis can be made straightforward to improve the statistical power of detecting QTNs.