bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recycling of the major thylakoid lipid MGDG and its role in lipid homeostasis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Authors: Iwai Masako , Yamada-Oshima Yui , Asami Kota , Kanamori Takashi , Yuasa Hideya , Shimojima Mie , Ohta Hiroyuki 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), the most abundant lipid in thylakoid membranes, is involved in photosynthesis and chloroplast development. MGDG lipase has an important role in lipid remodeling in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. However, the process related to turnover of the lysogalactolipid that results from MGDG degradation, monogalactosylmonoacylglycerol (MGMG), remains to be clarified. Here we identified a homolog of Arabidopsis thaliana lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase (LPCAT) and characterized two independent knockdown (KD) alleles in C. reinhardtii. The enzyme designated as C. reinhardtiiLysolipid Acyltransferase 1 (CrLAT1) has a conserved membrane-bound O-acyl transferase domain. LPCAT from Arabidopsis has a key role in deacylation of phosphatidylcholine (PC). Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, however, lacks PC, and thus we hypothesized that CrLAT1 has some other important function in major lipid flow in this organism. In the CrLAT1 KD mutants, the amount of MGMG was increased, but triacylglycerols (TAGs) were decreased. The proportion of more saturated 18:1 (9) MGDG was lower in the KD mutants than in their parental strain, CC-4533. In contrast, the proportion of MGMG has decreased in the CrLAT1 overexpression (OE) mutants, and the proportion of 18:1 (9) MGDG was higher in the OE mutants than in the empty vector control cells. Thus, CrLAT1 is involved in the recycling of MGDG in the chloroplast and maintains lipid homeostasis in C. reinhardtii.
A genetic approach reveals different modes of action of prefoldins
Authors: Blanco-Touriñán Noel , Esteve-Bruna David , Serrano-Mislata Antonio , Esquinas-Ariza Rosa María , Resentini Francesca , Forment Javier , Carrasco-López Cristian , Novella-Rausell Claudio , Palacios-Abella Alberto , Carrasco Pedro , Salinas Julio , Blázquez Miguel Á , Alabadí David 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The prefoldin complex (PFDc) was identified in humans as a co-chaperone of the cytosolic chaperonin T-COMPLEX PROTEIN RING COMPLEX (TRiC)/CHAPERONIN CONTAINING TCP-1 (CCT). PFDc is conserved in eukaryotes and is composed of subunits PFD1–6, and PFDc-TRiC/CCT folds actin and tubulins. PFDs also participate in a wide range of cellular processes, both in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus, and their malfunction causes developmental alterations and disease in animals and altered growth and environmental responses in yeast and plants. Genetic analyses in yeast indicate that not all of their functions require the canonical complex. The lack of systematic genetic analyses in plants and animals, however, makes it difficult to discern whether PFDs participate in a process as the canonical complex or in alternative configurations, which is necessary to understand their mode of action. To tackle this question, and on the premise that the canonical complex cannot be formed if one subunit is missing, we generated an Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutant deficient in the six PFDs and compared various growth and environmental responses with those of the individual mutants. In this way, we demonstrate that the PFDc is required for seed germination, to delay flowering, or to respond to high salt stress or low temperature, whereas at least two PFDs redundantly attenuate the response to osmotic stress. A coexpression analysis of differentially expressed genes in the sextuple mutant identified several transcription factors, including ABA INSENSITIVE 5 (ABI5) and PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR 4, acting downstream of PFDs. Furthermore, the transcriptomic analysis allowed assigning additional roles for PFDs, for instance, in response to higher temperature.
Mitochondrial carbonic anhydrases are needed for optimal photosynthesis at low CO2 levels in Chlamydomonas
Authors: Rai Ashwani K , Chen Timothy , Moroney James V 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii can grow photosynthetically using CO2 or in the dark using acetate as the carbon source. In the light in air, the CO2 concentrating mechanism (CCM) of C. reinhardtii accumulates CO2, enhancing photosynthesis. A combination of carbonic anhydrases (CAs) and bicarbonate transporters in the CCM of C. reinhardtii increases the CO2 concentration at Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase (Rubisco) in the chloroplast pyrenoid. Previously, CAs important to the CCM have been found in the periplasmic space, surrounding the pyrenoid and inside the thylakoid lumen. Two almost identical mitochondrial CAs, CAH4 and CAH5, are also highly expressed when the CCM is made, but their role in the CCM is not understood. Here, we adopted an RNAi approach to reduce the expression of CAH4 and CAH5 to study their possible physiological functions. RNAi mutants with low expression of CAH4 and CAH5 had impaired rates of photosynthesis under ambient levels of CO2 (0.04% CO2 [v/v] in air). These strains were not able to grow at very low CO2 (&lt;0.02% CO2 [v/v] in air), and their ability to accumulate inorganic carbon (Ci = CO2 + HCO3−) was reduced. At low CO2 concentrations, the CCM is needed to both deliver Ci to Rubisco and to minimize the leak of CO2 generated by respiration and photorespiration. We hypothesize that CAH4 and CAH5 in the mitochondria convert the CO2 released from respiration and photorespiration as well as the CO2 leaked from the chloroplast to HCO3- thus “recapturing” this potentially lost CO2.
Efficacy and Safety of Awake Computed Tomography–Guided Percutaneous Balloon Compression of Trigeminal Ganglion for Trigeminal Neuralgia
Authors: Huang Bing , Yao Ming , Chen QiLiang , Du Xindan , Li Zhang , Xie Keyue , Fei Yong , Do Huy , Qian Xiang 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Objectives
To describe the method and clinical efficacy of awake computed tomography (CT)–guided percutaneous balloon compression (PBC) as a treatment for trigeminal neuralgia (TN).

Design
In this case series, patients with TN were treated with awake CT-guided PBC and followed up for treatment efficacy and complications for 12 months.

Setting
A single-center study.

Subjects
A total of 66 patients with medical treatment–refractory TN were recruited for the study.

Methods
The procedure was performed under moderate sedation. A balloon catheter was inserted through a trocar needle to reach Meckel’s cavity under CT guidance. The position and optimal shape of the contrast-filled balloon were confirmed with CT three-dimensional reconstruction. Compression of the trigeminal ganglion was considered complete when the patient notified operators about facial hypoesthesia or the resolution of TN symptoms. All patients were followed up monthly for 12 months to monitor treatment efficacy and complications.

Results
The average trigeminal ganglion compression time was 272 ± 81 seconds, at which point the patients reported significant facial hypoesthesia compared with the contralateral side or resolution of triggered pain in the affected area. All patients had resolution of TN symptoms for 6 months, with a 1-year recurrence rate of 13%. The overall safety profile was improved with the technique described in this study. Side effects, such as hypoesthesia and mastication weakness, were overall mild and did not impact patients’ quality of life. Some complications that historically have been associated with PBC, such as diplopia and keratitis, were not present.

Conclusions
This new awake CT-guided PBC technique produces better outcomes than the traditional PBC under fluoroscopy guidance and general anesthesia.
Making personalized medicine ethical: a critical examination of the new promises of ‘personalized health’ in Switzerland
Authors: Barazzetti Gaia , Bühler Nolwenn , Audétat Marc , Kaufmann Alain 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This article explores how promises are forged in the emerging techno-scientific field of ‘personalized health’ (PH) in Switzerland and how they challenge the research-healthcare boundary when dealing with issues of ethical acceptability. Switzerland provides a relevant location in which to examine these questions as PH has emerged in this context with the specific connotation of improving health in the population as a whole, through the development of a data infrastructure to enable nationwide accessibility and sharing of health-related data. Drawing on our analyses of discourses and practices of scientific and institutional actors, we show that the development of PH in Switzerland is the result of ethical boundary work aimed at enrolling local biomedical institutions, heterogeneous groups of professionals, as well as the general public in nationwide research initiatives with important implications for healthcare and the healthcare system.
Predictors of COVID-19 vaccine intentions in the United States: the role of psychosocial health constructs and demographic factors
Authors: Berg Michael B , Lin Linda 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
On December 21, 2020, a study was conducted to investigate a range of psychosocial health constructs and demographic variables potentially associated with intentions toward accepting or forgoing the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine.

Purpose
The goal of the study was to identify predictors of forgoing COVID-19 vaccination at the time of the initial rollout.

Methods
A cross-sectional, representative online survey of 350 U.S. residents was conducted using the online crowdsourcing site Prolific to assess vaccine intentions, health attitudes, and demographic information. Variables examined included demographic factors and health constructs corresponding to each of the elements of the health belief model (perceived severity, susceptibility, benefits, barriers, and cues to action), the theory of planned behavior (attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control), attitudes toward vaccines in general, and trust in the COVID-19 vaccine approval process.

Results
After using hierarchical linear regression to control for demographics, the health constructs uniquely associated with the likelihood to forgo vaccination were perceived barriers, general attitudes toward the COVID-19 vaccine, subjective norms, and trust in the vaccine approval process. Significant demographic predictors of vaccine reluctance included being female, politically conservative, and more religious.

Conclusions
The current research identified three demographic factors and four health constructs uniquely associated with vaccine acceptance. These findings reveal that the constructs contained within the health belief model and theory of planned behavior can be used to predict COVID-19 vaccination intentions, and can be supplemented with an assessment of general vaccine attitudes and attitudes toward the vaccine approval process.
Anesthesia for deep brain stimulation: an update
Authors: Dinsmore Michael , Venkatraghavan Lashmi 
Published: July 2021

Purpose of review
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a rapidly expanding surgical modality for the treatment of patients with movement disorders. Its ability to be adjusted, titrated, and optimized over time has given it a significant advantage over traditional more invasive surgical procedures. Therefore, the success and popularity of this procedure have led to the discovery of new indications and therapeutic targets as well as advances in surgical techniques. The aim of this review is to highlight the important updates in DBS surgery and to exam the anesthesiologist's role in providing optimal clinical management.

Recent findings
New therapeutic indications have a significant implication on perioperative anesthesia management. In addition, new technologies like frameless stereotaxy and intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging to guide electrode placement have altered the need for intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring and hence increased the use of general anesthesia. With an expanding number of patients undergoing DBS implantation, patients with preexisting DBS increasingly require anesthesia for unrelated surgery and the anesthesiologist must be aware of the considerations for perioperative management of these devices and potential complications.

Summary
DBS will continue to grow and evolve requiring adaptation and modification to the anesthetic management of these patients.
An Exploration of Blood Marker×Environment Interaction Effects on Pain Severity and Interference Scores in People With Acute Musculoskeletal Trauma
Authors: Lee Joshua Y. , Fakhereddin Mohamad , MacDermid Joy C. , Elliott James M. , Schabrun Siobhan M. , Walton David M. 
Published: July 2021

Objectives:Explore the moderating effects of psychological or social variables on associations between biomarkers of inflammation/stress and clinical reports of pain.Methods:This is a cross-sectional exploratory study. Data were drawn from the Systematic Merging of Biology, Mental Health and Environment (SYMBIOME) longitudinal study (clinicaltrials.gov ID no. NCT02711085). Eligible participants were adults who presented to an Urgent Care Centre in Ontario, Canada within 3 weeks of a noncatastrophic musculoskeletal trauma (no surgery or hospitalization). A questionnaire package was given that included the Brief Pain Inventory (capturing pain severity and pain interference) and relevant person-level variables. Blood samples were also drawn for serum analysis of 8 target biomarkers (brain-derived neurotrophic factor, transforming growth factor beta 1 [TGF-β1], c-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and cortisol).Results:Employment before trauma (employed for pay/not employed for pay) fully moderated the association between tumor necrosis factor-α and pain severity (∆R2=4.4%). Pre-existing psychopathology (yes/no) fully moderated the association between TGF-β1 and pain severity (∆R2=8.0%). Sex (male/female) fully moderated the association between c-reactive protein and pain severity (∆R2=6.3%). A pre-existing pain condition (yes/no) was significantly associated with worse pain interference (R2=7.2%), and partially moderated the effect of IL-1β on pain interference (∆R2=6.9%). Higher peritraumatic life stress significantly explained 8.9% of variance in pain interference alone, and partially moderated the effect of TGF-β1 on interference (∆R2=4.4%).Discussion:Simple bivariate associations between blood-based markers and clinical symptoms are unlikely to reveal meaningful relationships. However, when stratified by existing person-level or “metadata” variables, an association may exist for at least 1 clinically relevant subgroup.
Same Day Surgical Intervention Dramatically Minimizes Complication Occurrence and Optimizes Perioperative Outcomes for Central Cord Syndrome
Authors: Bortz Cole , Dinizo Michael , Kummer Nicholas , Brown Avery , Alas Haddy , Pierce Katherine E. , Janjua Muhammad B. , Park Paul , Wang Charles , Jankowski Pawel , Hockley Aaron , Soroceanu Alex , De la Garza Ramos Rafael , Sciubba Daniel M. , Frempong-Boadu Anthony , Vasquez-Montes Dennis , Diebo Bassel G. , Gerling Michael C. , Passias Peter G. 
Published: July 2021

Study Design:
This was a retrospective cohort study.

Objective:
The aim of this study was to investigate associations between time to surgical intervention and outcomes for central cord syndrome (CCS) patients.

Background:
As surgery is increasingly recommended for patients with neurological deterioration CCS, it is important to investigate the relationship between time to surgery and outcomes.

Materials and Methods:
CCS patients were isolated in Nationwide Inpatient Sample database 2005−2013. Patients were grouped by time to surgery: same-day, 1-day delay, 2, 3, 4−7, 8−14, and >14 days. Means comparison tests compared patient factors, perioperative complications, and charges across patient groups. Controlling for age, comorbidities, length of stay, and concurrent traumatic fractures, binary logistic regression assessed surgical timing associated with increased odds of perioperative complication, using same-day as reference group.

Results:
Included: 6734 CSS patients (64% underwent surgery). The most common injury mechanisms were falls (30%) and pedestrian accidents (7%). Of patients that underwent surgery, 52% underwent fusion, 30% discectomy, and 14% other decompression of the spinal canal. Breakdown by time to procedure was: 39% same-day, 16% 1-day, 10% 2 days, 8% 3 days, 16% 4−7 days, 8% 8−14 days, and 3% >14 days. Timing groups did not differ in trauma status at admission, although age varied: [minimum: 1 d (58±15 y), maximum: >14 d (63±13 y)]. Relative to other groups, same-day patients had the lowest hospital charges, highest rates of home discharge, and second lowest postoperative length of stay behind 2-day delay patients. Patients delayed >14 days to surgery had increased odds of perioperative cardiac and infection complications. Timing groups beyond 3 days showed increased odds of VTE and nonhome discharge.

Conclusions:
CCS patients undergoing surgery on the same day as admission had lower odds of complication, hospital charges, and higher rates of home discharge than patients that experienced a delay to operation. Patients delayed >14 days to surgery were associated with inferior outcomes, including increased odds of cardiac complication and infection.
Interventions to Improve Trainers' Learning and Behaviors for Educating Health Care Professionals Using Train-the-Trainer Method: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Poitras Marie-Eve , Bélanger Emilie , Vaillancourt Vanessa T. , Kienlin Simone , Körner Mirjam , Godbout Isabelle , Bernard-Hamel Joelle , O'Connor Sarah , Blanchette Patricia , Khadhraoui Lobna , Sawadogo Jasmine , Massougbodji José , Zomahoun Hervé Tchala Vignon , Gallani Maria-Cecilia , Stacey Dawn , Légaré France 
Published: July 2021

Introduction:
Train-the-trainer (TTT) programs are frequently used to facilitate knowledge dissemination. However, little is known about the effectiveness of these programs. Therefore, we sought to assess the impact of TTT programs on learning and behavior of trainers for educating health and social professionals (trainees).

Methods:
Guided by the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care, we conducted a systematic review. We searched 12 databases until April 2018 and extracted data according to the Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome model. Population was defined as trainers delivering training program to health care professionals, and the intervention consists in any organized activity provided by a trainer. There were no restrictive comparators, and outcomes were knowledge, attitude, skill, confidence, commitment, and behavior of trainers. We estimated the pooled effect size and its 95% confidence interval using a random-effect model. We performed a narrative synthesis when meta-analysis was not possible.

Results:
Of 11,202 potentially eligible references, we identified 16 unique studies. Studies were mostly controlled before-and-after studies and covered a unique training intervention. Targeted trainers were mostly nurses (n = 10) and physicians (n = 5). The most frequent measured outcome was knowledge (n = 12). TTT programs demonstrated significant effect on knowledge (Standardized mean deviation = 0.58; 95% CI = 0.11–1.06; I2 = 90%; P < .01; 10 studies). No studies measured trainers' ability to deliver the training program.

Discussion:
TTT programs may improve the knowledge of trainers. However, the heterogeneity and small number of studies hamper our ability to draw conclusions that are more robust.
T-Regulatory Cells in Erythema Nodosum Leprosum: An Immunohistochemical and Image Morphometric Study
Authors: Biswas Dipanwita , Sethy Madhusmita , Behera Biswanath , Palit Aparna , Mitra Suvradeep 
Published: July 2021

Abstract:
Erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) occurs as an immune-inflammatory complication of multibacillary leprosy (MBL), precipitated by an interaction between the host, bacilli, and the environment. This complication often causes significant morbidity due to systemic involvement and needs to be treated aggressively. T-regulatory cells (T-regs) are the immunomodulatory subset of T cells that are hypothesized to play a role in ENL. We have performed immunohistochemistry for FoxP3 (T-reg), CD3 (pan-T), CD4 (helper T), and CD8 (cytotoxic T) on 50 biopsy-proven cases of ENL along with 84 biopsy-proven cases of paucibacillary leprosy (PBL) (n = 49) and MBL (n = 35). Image morphometry was applied to objectively assess the relative preponderance of these subsets of T cells. The area fraction of T-regs showed a trend of reduction from PBL to MBL to ENL (P = 0.068), whereas the FoxP3:CD3 (T-reg: pan-T) ratio showed a significant reduction across these groups (P = 0.023). However, there was no significant difference of T-regs or FoxP3:CD3 ratio between MBL and ENL. The T-regs showed a significant positive correlation (P = 0.007) with the cytotoxic T cells in the skin biopsy. The presence of dermal eosinophils in ENL showed a trend association with the FoxP3:CD3 ratio (P = 0.05). Various histopathological parameters including epidermal spongiosis, dermal stromal edema, dermal ill-formed granuloma, and the presence of bacilli within the endothelium and vascular smooth muscle correlated with various T-cell subsets. Our study, one of the largest on this topic, objectively assessed the role of T-regs in the spectrum of leprosy. Nevertheless, the precipitation of ENL from MBL is probably not associated with the T-reg subset alone.
Population Pharmacokinetics of Infliximab in Children with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Authors: Nassar-Sheikh Rashid Amara , Schonenberg-Meinema Dieneke , Berends Sophie E. , van den Berg J. Merlijn , Mathôt Ron A.A. 
Published: July 2021

Background:
The recommended infliximab (IFX) dose in (pediatric) rheumatology practice is 3–6 mg/kg every 4–8 weeks. Higher dosage regimens (>10 mg/kg) of IFX are effective and safe. To optimize IFX treatment in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), therapeutic drug monitoring might be beneficial. To support routine therapeutic drug monitoring of IFX and regimen optimization for patients with JIA, in-depth knowledge of the pharmacokinetic (PK) variability of IFX is needed. As soon as the optimal therapeutic drug ranges are known, PK model–based simulation can be used to individualize drug dosing recommendations. In this study, a population PK model for IFX is described for patients with JIA.

Methods:
Data including IFX trough concentrations and anti-IFX antibodies of 27 pediatric patients with JIA on IFX maintenance treatment were retrieved from electronic charts. Three population PK models from the literature were validated for the authors' data set using the nonlinear mixed-effects modeling program NONMEM. A novel population PK model was developed based on the study data.

Results:
A total of 65 blood samples obtained after a median of 32 days after the last IFX infusion (interquartile range 28–42) were analyzed. The 3 published models underpredicted the observed trough concentrations. A newly developed one-compartment model best described the data corresponding to IFX serum concentration over time in patients with JIA.

Conclusions:
This study shows a novel PK model for IFX in patients with JIA. The data show that different PK models are needed for different age categories (children or adults) and different diseases.