bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fetal Malpresentation in Pregnancy
Authors: Azimirad Afshin , Norwitz Errol R. 
Published: January 2021

Fetal presentation refers to that anatomical part of the fetus that presents at the maternal pelvic inlet. The most common and most desirable fetal presentation is cephalic (head first). Any presentation other than cephalic is referred to as a malpresentation. Breech is the most common fetal malpresentation. The prevalence of breech presentation varies with gestational age (25% at 28 weeks and 3-5% of at term). Ultrasound evaluation is the gold standard for the diagnosis of fetal presentation. External cephalic version (ECV) refers to a series of manual manipulations designed to convert a malpresenting fetus to cephalic to promote vaginal delivery. There are two strategies around the timing of ECV; at 36-37 weeks and/or at or shortly after 39 weeks’ gestation. Each has advantages and disadvantages. Currently, most breech pregnancies at term are delivered by cesarean at 39 weeks prior to the onset of labor. Malpresentation is the second most common indication for planned cesarean (behind elective repeat cesarean). Vaginal delivery for a breech fetus at term should only be attempted if the mother is strongly motivated, if the obstetric care provider is experienced, and if the medical center has the requisite facilities to manage any and all complications.
This review contains 3 figures, 2 tables, and 66 references.
Keywords: fetal presentation, malpresentation, breech presentation, ultrasound evaluation, external cephalic version (ECV), cesarean delivery, vaginal breech delivery
Abnormalities of the Fetal Chest
Authors: Davidson Karen M. 
Published: January 2021

The normal and abnormal development of the organs lying within the fetal thorax is discussed. The abnormalities reviewed include more common findings of pulmonary hypoplasia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, congenital pulmonary airway malformation, bronchopulmonary sequestration, as well as the rarer conditions of congenital fetal hydrothorax, congenital high airway obstruction syndrome, bronchogenic cysts, neurenteric cysts, and lung agenesis. With each abnormality, the clinical implications for the fetus, best methods for prenatal diagnosis, as well as possible additional anomalies, syndromes, and aneuploidies are described. In utero and postnatal treatments are also reviewed.
This review contains 10 figures, and 37 references.
Key Words: Pulmonary hypoplasia, lung-head ratio, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, congenital pulmonary airway malformation, congenital fetal hydrothorax, bronchopulmonary sequestration, congenital high airway obstruction syndrome, bronchogenic cyst, neurenteric cyst, lung agenesis
Biomaterials
Authors: G Pietramaggiori , Scherer Saja 
Published: January 2021

With the critical advances in material science and bioengineering, the clinical availability of biomaterials is rapidly expanding. Biomaterials are used to restore or correct function of tissues that have been modified by injury, malformation, pathology, or aging. Materials used in contact with living tissues should meet the criteria of biocompatibility, which are (1) biosafety, (2) biofunctionality, and (3) biointegration. Depending on the function they are asked to perform and the target tissue, the choice is among nonresorbable or resorbable biomaterials, metallic or polymeric, and natural or synthetic. Although some materials such as titanium are able to osteointegrate inducing minimal scarring at the interface with living tissues, it seems that a common limitation across all biomaterials is to induce some extent of foreign body reaction and scar encapsulation, which affects negatively the function of the device. Novel surface technologies at the micro- or nano-scale and advanced biomaterials will improve the biointegration of medical devices and allow for permanent implantation of functional biomaterials.

This review contains 9 figures, 9 tables and 63 references
Key Words: biocompatibility, biofilm, biofunctionality, biointegration, biomaterials, encapsulation, foreign body reaction, wound healing
Head and Neck Tumors in Children
Authors: Lopez Joseph , Yu Jason W. , Afshar Salim 
Published: January 2021

The following chapter will provide a broad overview of the most common osseous lesions a surgeon will encounter when a pediatric patient presents with a bone-like head and neck tumor. The selected topics discussed below will be benign and malignant odontogenic cysts and tumors, and non-odontogenic benign (giant cell tumors, fibrous dysplasia, and juvenile ossifying fibroma) and malignant (osteosarcoma and ewing sarcoma) osseous tumors.
This chapter has 4 figures, 3 tables, and 40 references
Key Words: odontogenic cyst, non-odontogenic cysts, odontogenic tumors, giant cell tumor, fibrous dysplasia, juvenile ossifying fibroma, osteosarcoma, ewing sarcoma
Nerve Reconstruction and Tendon Transfers for Treatment of Brachial Plexus Injuries
Authors: Dy Christopher J. , Brogan David M. , Boyer Martin I. , Loeb Carol B. , Loeb Jerome T. 
Published: January 2021

The complexity of each brachial plexus injury (BPI) pattern and physiologic limitations of nerve regeneration create challenges for BPI patients and their surgeons. Detailed assessment via physical examination, electrodiagnostic studies, and advanced imaging can aid the surgeon in predicting the prognosis for each patient’s neurologic recovery and provide an outline for reconstructive priorities. Surgical exploration of the brachial plexus confirms the injury pattern and guides the overall treatment strategies. A multimodal reconstructive strategy including nerve grafting, extraplexal nerve transfers, distal intraplexal nerve transfers, and free-functioning muscle transfers is designed for each patient to accomplish the goals of providing a pain-free helper hand. Additional reconstructive procedures such as tendon transfers and selective joint arthrodeses are used after the results of the initial reconstructive efforts have been declared. Beyond the neurologic components of BPI, the surgeon must be attuned to the social and psychological sequelae of this devastating injury.
This review contains 10 figures, 1 table, and 60 references.
Key Words: brachial plexus injury, elbow flexion, free-functioning muscle transfer, nerve grafting, nerve transfer, reconstruction, shoulder abduction, , tendon transfer
Gay, Lesbian, and Transgender Issues in Psychiatry
Authors: Hester Jonathan R. , Praus Julie M. 
Published: January 2021

This review is intended to give an overview of psychiatric considerations for the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) population. The history of LGBT-related diagnoses in the DSM is discussed along with the epidemiology of various mental disorders in the LGBT population, with several diagnoses having a higher incidence including depression, anxiety, substance use disorders, self-harm, and suicidal ideation or attempt. To explain these discrepancies, several theories and models are explored, specifically the minority stress model and adverse childhood events. Additionally, recommendations for clinical psychiatric practice are explored including affirmative therapy and transgender-affirming cognitive behavioral therapy, two interventions specifically studied in the LGBT population as well as overall goals of treatment when treating patients struggling with their gender identity.
This review contains 5 tables, and 35 references.
Key Words: adverse childhood events, affirmative therapy, bisexual, gay, lesbian, LGBT, minority stress, transgender, transgender-affirming cognitive behavioral therapy
Chorea: Classification, Differential Diagnosis, and Treatment
Authors: Battista James P , Walker Ruth H 
Published: January 2021

Chorea is a common hyperkinetic movement disorder that can have a large differential diagnosis. Causes can include genetic and sporadic etiologies, including metabolic abnormalities, autoimmune, structural, paraneoplastic, psychogenic, and iatrogenic causes. The workup can be challenging due to this large number of possible causes, and can include basic metabolic and specialized blood analysis such as genetic testing, in addition to imaging studies and cerebrospinal fluid analysis. Treatment of symptoms outside the realm of reversible causes can be challenging, and is a major focus of current research. This review covers sporadic causes, genetic causes, and management. Figures show a flowchart for evaluation of patients with chorea, a computed tomography scan of a Huntington disease patient showing caudate head atrophy, brain computed tomography scan showing calcification, and acanthocytosis. Videos show mild and moderate Huntington disease, Huntington disease-like 2, and chorea-acanthocytosis. Tables list metabolic abnormalities that can manifest as chorea, paraneoplastic and nonparaneoplastic syndromes associated with chorea, and reported successful therapies for chorea.
Venous Thromboembolism
Authors: Goldhaber Samuel Z. 
Published: January 2021

Venous thromboembolism, which involves venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients and is being seen with increasing frequency in outpatients. This chapter discusses the risk factors, etiology, classification, pathophysiology, natural history, prognosis, diagnosis (including venous thrombosis, recurrent venous thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism), prophylaxis, and treatment of venous thromboembolism (including the pharmacology of antithrombotic agents), as well as venous thromboembolism in pregnancy and miscellaneous thromboembolic disorders (including thrombosis of unusual sites).
This review contains 8 figures, 16 tables, and 79 references.
Keywords: Venous thromboembolism, pulmonary embolism, deep vein thrombosis, embolectomy, thrombolysis, hypercoagulability, duplex ultrasonography, D-dimer, anticoagulation
Introduction to Ureteroceles: Presentation, Diagnosis, and Initial Management
Authors: McQuaid Joseph W , Diamond David A 
Published: January 2021

The diagnosis and treatment of ureteroceles continue to evolve. Not only are the majority of patients diagnosed prenatally, but a significant proportion of cases can be dealt with in a minimally invasive, endoscopic fashion. Although a single treatment strategy for all ureteroceles is an unrealistic expectation, more valuable to the practicing urologist is an understanding of the variable anatomy and presentation of this entity and an appreciation for the breadth of treatment options at his or her disposal. This, the first of our two reviews on ureteroceles, provides the necessary background.

This review contains 10 figures, 6 tables and 35 references
Key words: bladder trigone, cecoureterocele, ectopic ureterocele, extravesical ureterocele, intravesical ureterocele, lower tract approach, obstructed ureterocele, reflux, transurethral incision, transurethral puncture, upper tract approach, ureterocele, ureterocele algorithm
Approach to the Diagnosis of Skin Disease
Authors: Brodell Robert T , Helms Stephen E , Dolohanty Lindsey B 
Published: January 2021

The diagnosis of skin disease is not something that changes radically year to year. In fact, for hundreds of years physicians have been assessing the skin to diagnose and treat skin diseases and to “view” internal diseases. The latest edition of this review provides several updates that enhance our approach to the diagnosis of skin disease with active links to updated digital references and atlases. These will be valuable to students, residents, and physicians interested in improving their dermatologic diagnostic skills. A new algorithm highlights our suggested approach to cutaneous diagnoses. It is our hope that readers will begin to “think like dermatologists” as they digest the contents of this review.
Key words: Macule, papule, vesicle, bulla, plaque, excoriation, scale, ulceration, diagnosis, errors
This review contains 13 figures, 5 tables, 17 references, and 7 additional readings.
Overview of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders
Authors: Wilcox James A. , Black Donald W. 
Published: January 2021

Psychotic disorders are among the most disabling conditions and constitute a major public health problem. Described throughout recorded time, they affect as many as 5% of the population and cause a disproportionate amount of suffering and loss to society. In the chapter on schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders, the DSM-5 lists delusional disorder, brief psychotic disorder, schizophreniform disorder, schizophrenia, and schizoaffective disorder, as well as categories for substance- or medically induced psychotic disorders. The term psychosis indicates that the individual has a severe inability to interpret the surrounding environment in a realistic way. Symptoms include hallucinations, delusions, and bizarre behavior. Psychotic disorders are associated with premature death, mostly attributable to suicide. The pathophysiology and etiology of psychotic disorders are only now beginning to be understood, and treatment for these conditions remains suboptimal. Researchers are currently refining the cause of these symptoms and developing more effective treatments.
This review contains 3 tables, and 34 references.
Key words: Brief psychotic disorder, delusions, hallucinations, psychosis, schizoaffective disorder, schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder
Management of Metastatic Castrate-sensitive Prostate Cancer
Authors: Tilki Derya , Dall’era Marc A , Evans Christopher P 
Published: January 2021

Oncologic outcome of patients with newly diagnosed metastatic prostate cancer (mPCa) is poor. The treatment paradigm for newly diagnosed mPCa has changed. The standard of care for men with metastatic hormone-naive prostate cancer has been systemic androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Previous randomized studies demonstrated an overall survival benefit by the addition of early chemotherapy with six cycles of docetaxel. More recently, results from randomized trials also demonstrated a survival benefit by the addition of abiraterone acetate to the ADT in men with metastatic disease. The aim of this review is to summarize the results from most recent studies, including men with newly diagnosed metastatic hormone-naive prostate cancer, focusing on chemotherapy and ADT.

This review contains 1 figure, 2 tables, and 47 references.
Key Words: abiraterone acetate, androgen deprivation therapy, androgen deprivation, castrate sensitive, chemotherapy, continuous androgen deprivation, docetaxel, hormone-naive, intermittent androgen deprivation, metastatic prostate cancer
Comparison of two survey instruments measuring quality of life in pediatric dentofacial patients
Authors: Carlotto Alan , Shanker Shiva , Beck F. Michael , Firestone Allen 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT

Objectives
(1) To assess the effectiveness of the Orthognathic Quality of Life Questionnaire (OQLQ) and the Child Oral Health Impact Profile (COHIP) to detect differences in Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) between pediatric patients with dentofacial deformities and controls. (2) To assess for correlations between scores from the OQLQ and COHIP domains with the type and severity of the skeletal mal-relationship. (3) To assess if the COHIP and OQLQ were identifying unique or overlapping OHRQoL concerns.

Materials and Methods
Subjects were under age 18, presented with a dentofacial deformity, and completed both surveys. Matched controls completed the same. Severity for conditions was recorded via overjet, overbite, and ANB values and subjects were classified as skeletal Class I, II, or III.

Results
Enrollment yielded 30 subjects and 31 controls. For the OQLQ, significant differences between subjects and controls were found for the Facial Esthetics domain, Oral Function domain, and total score. For the COHIP, significant differences were found for the Social/Emotional Well-Being and Self-Image domains plus total score. There were no significant correlations between the severity of the condition as measured by overjet and reported OHRQoL for any domains.

Conclusions
The OQLQ and COHIP are effective at detecting significant OHRQoL differences between pediatric patients with dentofacial deformities and controls. Although there is some overlap in the results, the instruments appear to identify different OHRQoL concerns.
IMPLEMENTASI VARIASI METODE KUMON PADA KOMPETENSI DASAR GAYA ANTAR MOLEKUL UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR KIMIA SISWA KELAS XI IPA-1 SMA NEGERI 1 SIBOLGA
Authors: . Harianto 
Published: January 2021

Abstrak: Tujuan Penelitian ini untuk mengetahui peningkatan hasil belajar siswa melalui variasi Metode Kumon pada mata pelajaran kimia materi Gaya Antar Molekul di kelas XI IPA-1 SMA Negeri 1 Sibolga . Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah Penelitian Tindakan Kelas. Pendekatan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan kualitatif yang terdiri dari dua siklus. Subjek dalam peneltian ini adalah siswa di kelas XI IPA-1 yang berjumlah 41 orang. Hasil penelitian dengan menggunakan variasi metode Kumon pada mata pelajaran kimia materi Gaya Antar Molekul di kelas XI IPA-1 menunjukkan adanya peningkatan hasil belajar siswa. Dari hasil pre-test diperoleh ketuntasan belajar 41,46% dengan nilai rata-rata kelas 53,41. Setelah dilaksanakan Siklus I diperoleh ketuntasan belajar sebesar 63,42% dengan nilai rata-rata kelas 69,02 serta kompetensi guru dalam mengajar sebesar 71,66% (cukup kompeten). Pada Siklus II Ketuntasan belajar meningkat menjadi 90,24% dengan nilai rata-rata kelas 82,20 serta kompetensi guru dalam mengajar sebesar 81,66% (kompeten). Peningkatan hasil belajar dari keadaan awal (pre-test) ke siklus I sebesar 21,96% dan dari siklus I ke siklus II sebesar 26,82%. Kata Kunci: variasi metode kumon, kompetensi dasar gaya antar molekul Abstract: The purpose of this study is to know the improvement of students' learning outcomes through variations of the Kumon Method on chemistry subjects of Inter-Molecular Style in grade XI IPA-1 SMA Negeri 1 Sibolga . The type of research used is Classroom Action Research. The approach in this study is a qualitative approach consisting of two cycles. Subjects in this study are students in class XI IPA-1, amounting to 41 people. The result of the research using variation of Kumon method on chemistry subjects of Inter-Molecular Style in class XI IPA-1 shows an increase in student learning outcomes. From the pre-test results obtained mastery learning 41.46% with grade average grade 53.41. After implemented Cycle I, the learning achievement is 63,42% with the average grade 69,02 and the competence of teacher in teaching equal to 71,66% (enough competent). In the second cycle of learning completeness increased to 90.24% with an average grade of 82.20 and teacher competence in teaching of 81.66% (competent). The increase of learning outcomes from pre-test to cycle I was 21.96% and from cycle I to cycle II was 26.82%. Keywords: variation of kumon method, basic competence of force between molecules
ABCB1, CYP2B6, and CYP3A4 genetic polymorphisms do not affect methadone maintenance treatment in HCV-positive patients
Authors: Sutlović Davorka , Ključević Željko , Kuret Sendi 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the influence of ABCB1, CYP2B6, and CYP3A4 genetic polymorphisms on methadone metabolism in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) undergoing methadone maintenance treatment (MMT). The study included 35 participants undergoing MMT, who were divided in three groups: HCV-positive (N=12), HCV-negative (N=16), and HCV clinical remission (CR) (N=7). The concentrations of methadone and its main metabolite 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP) were determined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The patients were genotyped for ABCB1 rs1045642, CYP2B6 rs3745274, CYP3A4 rs2242480, and CYP3A4 rs2740574 polymorphisms. Differences between single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotypes and methadone-to-EDDP ratio were analysed with one-way ANOVA, which showed no significant difference between the genes (p=0.3772 for ABCB1 rs1045642, p=0.6909 for CYP2B6 rs3745274, and p=0.6533 for CYP3A4 rs2242480). None of the four analysed SNP genotypes correlated with methadone-to-EDDP concentration ratio. A major influence on it in hepatitis C-positive patients turned out to be the stage of liver damage.
Cherry laurel fruit extract counters dimethoate-induced reproductive impairment and testicular apoptosis
Authors: Bakır Elçin , Sarıözkan Serpil , Endirlik Burcu Ünlü , Kılıç Ayşe Baldemir , Yay Arzu Hanım , Tan Fazile Cantürk , Eken Ayşe , Türk Gaffari 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Dimethoate is an organophosphorus pesticide used against agricultural insects, which causes oxidative stress and damage in many organs, including the reproductive ones. Cherry laurel (Laurocerasus officinalis Roem.) fruit is rich in vitamins and phenolic compounds with antioxidant effect. The aim of this study was to investigate how effective its extract would be against dimethoate-induced testis and sperm damage in rats. Sixty animals were divided in six groups of 10. Group 1 (control) received only 1 mL of saline (0.9 % NaCl). Group 2 received 7 mg/kg of dimethoate in 1 mL of saline. Group 3 received 4 mg/kg of extract in 1 mL of saline. Group 4 received the extract 30 min before dimethoate administration. Group 5 received vitamin C (positive control, 100 mg/kg in 1 mL of saline) 30 min before dimethoate administration. Group 6 received only dimethoate for the first four weeks and then a combination of dimethoate and extract for another four weeks. All doses were administered daily by oral gavage. After eight weeks of treatment, the rats were euthanised and their reproductive organs removed. We took their body and reproductive organ weights and evaluated testicular oxidative stress, semen characteristics, sperm DNA damage, testicular apoptosis, and histopathological changes. Dimethoate significantly decreased body and reproductive organ weights, sperm motility and concentration, testicular superoxide dismutase, and glutathione-peroxidase activities and significantly increased lipid peroxidation, abnormal sperm rate, sperm DNA damage, testicular apoptosis, and caused histopathological lesions. Cherry laurel extract significantly countered many dimethoate-induced adverse effects, both as pre- and post-treatment, including reproductive organ weight, semen parameters, oxidant-antioxidant balance, sperm DNA integrity, testicular apoptosis, and histological structure. Our findings clearly suggest that the beneficial effects of the extract are associated with countering oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation in particular.