bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Proliferation of Chondrodonta as a proxy of environmental instability at the onset of OAE1a: Insights from shallow‐water limestones of the Apulia Carbonate Platform
Authors: Del Viscio Gabriella , Frijia Gianluca , Posenato Renato , Singh Pulkit , Lehrmann Daniel J. , Payne Jonathan L. , Al‐Ramadan Khalid , Struck Ulrich , Jochum Klaus P. , Morsilli Michele 
Published: May 2021

AbstractChondrodonta is an opportunistic, oyster‐like bivalve, common in shallow‐water carbonates of the Cretaceous Tethyan Realm. Despite its high abundance and widespread geographic distribution, the precise relationship between the early Aptian proliferation and environmental perturbations resulting from the Oceanic Anoxic Event 1a (OAE1a), has not been investigated. Stratigraphic and geochemical analyses of the lower Aptian Chondrodonta bedsets within the inner platform limestones of the Apulia Carbonate Platform (Gargano Promontory, southern Italy) are conducted to assess the environmental controls on the Chondrodonta proliferation and its timing and causal relationship to OAE1a. Chondrodonta occurs with sparse to common individuals within requieniid rudist floatstone–rudstones, forms monospecific biostromes during the early phase of stressed environmental conditions and then rapidly disappears at the peak of OAE1a. It proliferates in dysoxic seawater with relatively increased trophic sources, which correlate to increasing nutrient levels in the nearby pelagic realm. Chondrodonta‐rich beds are associated worldwide with the onset of OAE1a and occur in a transitional context between a stable and a strongly stressed environment, where the opportunistic behaviour of Chondrodonta is rather efficient. Increasing nutrient load and unstable environmental conditions right below the peak of OAE1a created an environmental ‘window’ favourable for Chondrodonta to proliferate, outplaying the less tolerant benthos (for example, rudists). The occurrence, duration and position of the environmental window were controlled by local palaeogeographic and hydrodynamic settings (i.e. low energy, decreased seawater oxygenation and circulation). Further increase in inhospitable conditions, leading to OAE1a, constituted an upper threshold for Chondrodonta and allowed mesotrophic taxa like Bacinella–Lithocodium and orbitolinids to dominate the benthic communities. The present study suggests that the proliferation of Chondrodonta in shallow‐water platform carbonates can be used as proxy for the initial phase of ecological stress related to OAE1a.
Changing the healthcare financing paradigm: Domestic actors and international organizations in the agenda setting for diffusion of social health insurance in post‐communist Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Kaminska Monika Ewa , Druga Ertila , Stupele Liva , Malinar Ante 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis study elucidates the role of international organizations and domestic actors in post‐communist healthcare reforms aiming at a paradigmatic shift in healthcare financing and the introduction of social health insurance in Albania, Latvia and Poland. It inductively derives a causal mechanism behind the reform processes from these case studies. We demonstrate that the agenda setting for changing the healthcare financing paradigm was domestically driven and underpinned by the “nothing like the old regime” causal mechanism. In the context of post‐communist transition in Central and Eastern Europe this mechanism translated into an “anti‐communist backlash”. The backlash defined the domestic actors' perception of social health insurance as the only acceptable policy option because of its dissimilarity to the previous healthcare financing paradigm, and led to the rejection of World Bank suggestions to retain tax‐based healthcare financing in Poland and Albania. Doctors as policy entrepreneurs played the key role in agenda setting. Pre‐communist experience with social health insurance schemes and transnational cooperation with German and French experts and doctors served as sources of internal and external validation for the new paradigm.
Linking Extraversion to Collective and Individual Forms of Political Participation: The Mediating Role of Political Discussion
Authors: Huber Brigitte , Goyanes Manuel , Gil de Zúñiga Homero 
Published: May 2021

ObjectivesScholars are increasingly investigating the role of citizens’ personality in activating political behavior. We test whether extraversion is associated to collective political activities (i.e., activities that include social interaction) and individual ones (i.e., activities that do not include social interactions).MethodsWe use originally collected survey data from five countries (Brazil, Korea, Russia, United States, United Kingdom).ResultsWe found that extraversion is positively and directly related to collective political activities in Brazil, Korea and Russia. Results show no direct relationship between individual forms of political activities and extraversion. However, political discussion fully mediates the relationship between extraversion and individual forms of political activities in all five countries.ConclusionThis study contributes to growing discussions on the role of personality traits in explaining political participation across countries, arguing that the relationship between extraversion and diverse forms of political participation are also context‐driven and nourished by political discussion.
Integration of eddy current sensors into repair patches for fatigue reinforcement at rivet holes
Authors: Schmid Sebastian , Martens Ulrike , Schomburg Werner Karl , Schröder Kai‐Uwe 
Published: May 2021

AbstractFatigue cracks at rivet holes occur at advanced service life of aircrafts due to cyclic loading. As a repair method, adhesively bonded stiffener patches enhance the fatigue life of the structure by delaying crack initiation and reducing crack growth. Combining a crack sensor with a repair patch to a sensor‐based stiffener patch allows crack growth reduction and monitoring at the same time. This paper presents a feasibility study on the integration of eddy current sensors into carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP) repair patches. To this end, a specific patch design is developed, and samples are manufactured by ultrasonic fabrication. The performance of the patches is investigated in fatigue tests in terms of ‘crack reinforcement’ and ‘crack detection.’ Both requirements are met. The undertaking of future efforts to tailor the sensor‐based repair patch concept to an individual application in aircraft maintenance seems reasonable.
Do cross‐border mergers and acquisitions reflect participations into global value chains?
Authors: Cipollina Maria , Pietrovito Filomena , Pozzolo Alberto Franco 
Published: May 2021

AbstractGlobal value chains (GVCs) are a major feature of globalisation, with a strong impact on the patterns of international trade. In this paper, we study the link between GVCs and cross‐border mergers and acquisitions (M&As), testing the two symmetric hypotheses that a higher degree of participation in GVCs increases the probability that a firm acquires: (i) the producers of their imported inputs or (ii) the users of their exported products. Our analysis is based on a unique data set covering 12 supplier and user sectors, for over 22 investor countries and 47 target countries between 1995 and 2010. Estimating an augmented gravity equation model of cross‐border M&As, inflated with a large number of bilateral sector and country‐fixed effects, we find strong evidence of a positive and statistically significant impact of GVC participation on the total value of cross‐border M&As, although the economic impact is substantial only in the case of few sectors.
Investigation of the Vibration Features and Dynamic Load Sharing Characteristics of Concentric Face Gear Torque Split Transmission
Authors: Dong Jianxiong , Hu Zehua , Tang Jinyuan , Wang Zhiwei , Chen Siyu 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A concentric face gear torque split system used in the helicopter main transmission to transfer more power and reduce the structure weight is introduced. A mathematical model is proposed to analyze the vibration characteristics as well as load sharing performances of the torque split system. The excitations including mesh stiffness, backlash, static transmission error, and system work torque are considered in the model. The vibration property, dynamic displacement responses, and the system factors which affect the load sharing capacity of the system are studied based on the numerical analysis results. The results show that vibration forms of the system can be classified into three categories: pinion vibration mode, face gear vibration mode, and pinion coupled face gear mode. Resonance peaks and jump phenomena are detected around rotation speed 5772 rpm and 10,250 rpm, mainly related to the coupled translational–rotational–axial of face gears vibration modes. In addition, appropriate gear pair backlash and pinion distribution angle parameters are significant to improve the dynamic load sharing capacity. The increase of the pinion bearings' supporting stiffness will generate worse load sharing characteristics and a relative flexible bearing is recommended to the pinions' supporting.
On the Impact of Aspect Ratio and Other Geometric Effects on the Stability of Rectangular Thermosiphons
Authors: Nguyen Tri , Merzari Elia 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Single-phase natural circulation thermosiphon loops have been attracting increased interest as they represent the prototype of passive safety systems. However, the stability properties of thermosiphon loops, which can affect and compromise their functionality, are still actively investigated. Traditionally, the stability analysis of thermosiphon loops has been simplified to one-dimensional (1D) calculations, on the argument that the flow would be monodimensional when the diameter of the pipe D is orders of magnitude smaller than the length of the loop Lt. However, at lower Lt/D ratios, rectangular thermosiphon loops show that the flow presents three-dimensional (3D) effect, which also has been confirmed by stability analyses in toroidal loops. In this paper, we performed a series of high-fidelity simulations using the spectral-element code nek5000 to investigate the stability behavior of the flow in rectangular thermosiphon loops. A wide range of Lt/D ratio from 10 to 200 has been considered, and the results show many different outcomes compared to previous 1D analytical calculations or stability theory. Moreover, we analyzed the flow in rectangular thermosiphon loops using proper orthogonal decomposition (POD), and we observed that the cases without flow reversal are characterized by swirl modes typical of bent pipes and high-frequency oscillation of the related time coefficients obtained by Galerkin projection. However, the swirl mode was not observed in cases with flow reversals, and these cases are characterized by symmetric flow field at second POD mode and the similarity of low-frequency oscillation in the projection of POD modes.
Mechatronic Design and Active Disturbance Rejection Control of a Bag Valve-Based Mechanical Ventilator
Authors: Arcos-Legarda Jaime , Tovar Andres 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This paper presents the mechatronic (mechanical and control system) design of a functional prototype of a portable mechanical ventilator to treat patients with a compromised respiratory function. The portable ventilator ensures adequate oxygenation and carbon dioxide clearance while avoiding ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI). Oxygen is delivered through the compression of a bag valve (Ambu bag) using a moving strap. Carbon dioxide is cleared through the control of a pinch valve actuated by a low-torque servomotor. The positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) is controlled by an adjustable mechanical valve of the system. An Arduino Mega microcontroller board is used in this prototype to control the respiratory variables. All mechanical components as well as sensors, actuators, and control hardware are of common use in robotics and are very inexpensive. The total cost of the prototype built in this work is about $425 U.S. dollars. The design is meant to be replicated and utilized in emergency conditions that involve an overwhelming number of cases, such as COVID-19 treatment, in places with no access to commercial mechanical ventilation (MV) technologies. In order to account for variations in the prototype as built, the software developed for this portable MV applies an active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) strategy. This control strategy is presented as a universal control structure for any mechanical ventilator able to supply air flow with controlled pressure and volume.
Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Time in Bed Among Finnish Adults Measured 24/7 by Triaxial Accelerometry
Authors: Husu Pauliina , Tokola Kari , Vähä-Ypyä Henri , Sievänen Harri , Suni Jaana , Heinonen Olli J. , Heiskanen Jarmo , Kaikkonen Kaisu M. , Savonen Kai , Kokko Sami , Vasankari Tommi 
Published: May 2021

Background: Studies measuring physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior on a 24/7 basis are scarce. The present study assessed the feasibility of using an accelerometer at the hip while awake and at the wrist while sleeping to describe 24/7 patterns of physical behavior in working-aged adults by age, sex, and fitness. Methods: The study was based on the FinFit 2017 study where the physical behavior of 20- to 69-year-old Finns was assessed 24/7 by triaxial accelerometer (UKKRM42; UKK Terveyspalvelut Oy, Tampere, Finland). During waking hours, the accelerometer was kept at the right hip and, during time in bed, at the nondominant wrist. PA variables were based on 1-min exponential moving average of mean amplitude deviation of the resultant acceleration signal analyzed in 6-s epochs. The angle for the posture estimation algorithm was used to identify sedentary behavior and standing. Evaluation of time in bed was based on the wrist movement. Fitness was estimated by the 6-min walk test. Results: A total of 2,256 eligible participants (mean age 49.5 years, SD = 13.5, 59% women) wore the accelerometer at the hip 15.7 hr/day (SD = 1.4) and at the wrist 8.3 hr/day (SD = 1.4). Sedentary behavior covered 9 hr 18 min/day (SD = 1.8 hr/day), standing nearly 2 hr/day (SD = 0.9), light PA 3.7 hr/day (SD = 1.3), and moderate to vigorous PA 46 min/day (SD = 26). Participants took 7,451 steps per day (SD = 2,962) on average. Men were most active around noon, while women had activity peaks at noon and at early evening. The low-fit tertile took 1,186 and 1,747 fewer steps per day than the mid- and high-fit tertiles (both p < .001). Conclusions: One triaxial accelerometer with a two wear-site approach provides a feasible method to characterize hour-by-hour patterns of physical behavior among working-aged adults.
The Effect of Information Placebo on Physical Activity in Overweight and Obese Children
Authors: Fanti-Oren Shira , Birenbaum-Carmeli Daphna , Eliakim Alon , Pantanowitz Michal , Schujovitzky Dana , Nemet Dan 
Published: May 2021

Purpose: To assess the effect of 1 week of consuming a placebo “energy drink” compared with a week of drinking regular water on daily physical activity in obese children participating in a weight reduction multidisciplinary program. Methods: Seventeen prepubertal (age = 128.7 [26.6] m) overweight and obese children (7 females and 10 males) participated in the study. Participants received 7 bottles of mineral water per week for 2 weeks. Different types of information were randomly provided regarding the drink consumed in each week: standard (water) versus deliberate positive information (presumed energy drink and placebo). Daily step count was measured using pedometers and compared using paired t test. Results: After consuming the placebo drink, children demonstrated a significantly higher average daily step number (10,452 [4107]) compared with the days they drank water (8168 [2928], P < .005). This difference was attributed mainly to male participants. Conclusion: The use of placebo in the form of deliberate positive information was associated with a significant increase in real-life physical activity in overweight and obese children, especially in boys. Positive information may be used to encourage children with obesity to enhance daily physical activity and energy expenditure.
Correlation Between Heart Rate at Maximal Fat Oxidation and Aerobic Threshold in Healthy Adolescent Boys and Girls
Authors: Meucci Marco , Nandagiri Vibhav , Kavirayuni Venkata S. , Whang Alexander , Collier Scott R. 
Published: May 2021

Purpose: To investigate the association between the heart rate (HR) at maximal fat oxidation (MFO) and the HR at the aerobic threshold (AerT) in adolescent boys and girls, and to identify sex differences in the intensity that elicits MFO (Fatmax) as a percentage of HR peak (HRpeak). Methods: Fifty-eight healthy adolescents participated in this study (29 boys and 29 girls). Participants performed a cardiopulmonary exercise test on a cycle ergometer. MFO was calculated using a stoichiometric equation, and the AerT was identified using gas exchange parameters. Results: A strong correlation between HR at Fatmax and HR at AerT was found in both boys and girls (r = .96 and .94, respectively). Fatmax as a percentage of HRpeak occurred at 61.0% (4.9%) of HRpeak and 66.8% (6.9%) of HRpeak in adolescent boys and girls (P = .001, F = 13.6), respectively. MFO was higher in boys compared with girls (324 [150] and 240 [95] mg/min, respectively), and no sex differences were observed in the relative contribution of fat to energy expenditure at Fatmax. Conclusions: HR at Fatmax and HR at AerT were highly correlated in adolescent boys and girls. Girls obtained Fatmax at a higher percentage of HRpeak than boys.
Arterial events, venous thromboembolism, thrombocytopenia, and bleeding after vaccination with Oxford-AstraZeneca ChAdOx1-S in Denmark and Norway: population based cohort study
Authors: Pottegård Anton , Lund Lars Christian , Karlstad Øystein , Dahl Jesper , Andersen Morten , Hallas Jesper , Lidegaard Øjvind , Tapia German , Gulseth Hanne Løvdal , Ruiz Paz Lopez-Doriga , Watle Sara Viksmoen , Mikkelsen Anders Pretzmann , Pedersen Lars , Sørensen Henrik Toft , Thomsen Reimar Wernich , Hviid Anders 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Objective
To assess rates of cardiovascular and haemostatic events in the first 28 days after vaccination with the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine ChAdOx1-S in Denmark and Norway and to compare them with rates observed in the general populations.

Design
Population based cohort study.

Setting
Nationwide healthcare registers in Denmark and Norway.

Participants
All people aged 18-65 years who received a first vaccination with ChAdOx1-S from 9 February 2021 to 11 March 2021. The general populations of Denmark (2016-18) and Norway (2018-19) served as comparator cohorts.

Main outcome measures
Observed 28 day rates of hospital contacts for incident arterial events, venous thromboembolism, thrombocytopenia/coagulation disorders, and bleeding among vaccinated people compared with expected rates, based on national age and sex specific background rates from the general populations of the two countries.

Results
The vaccinated cohorts comprised 148 792 people in Denmark (median age 45 years, 80% women) and 132 472 in Norway (median age 44 years, 78% women), who received their first dose of ChAdOx1-S. Among 281 264 people who received ChAdOx1-S, the standardised morbidity ratio for arterial events was 0.97 (95% confidence interval 0.77 to 1.20). 59 venous thromboembolic events were observed in the vaccinated cohort compared with 30 expected based on the incidence rates in the general population, corresponding to a standardised morbidity ratio of 1.97 (1.50 to 2.54) and 11 (5.6 to 17.0) excess events per 100 000 vaccinations. A higher than expected rate of cerebral venous thrombosis was observed: standardised morbidity ratio 20.25 (8.14 to 41.73); an excess of 2.5 (0.9 to 5.2) events per 100 000 vaccinations. The standardised morbidity ratio for any thrombocytopenia/coagulation disorders was 1.52 (0.97 to 2.25) and for any bleeding was 1.23 (0.97 to 1.55). 15 deaths were observed in the vaccine cohort compared with 44 expected.

Conclusions
Among recipients of ChAdOx1-S, increased rates of venous thromboembolic events, including cerebral venous thrombosis, were observed. For the remaining safety outcomes, results were largely reassuring, with slightly higher rates of thrombocytopenia/coagulation disorders and bleeding, which could be influenced by increased surveillance of vaccine recipients. The absolute risks of venous thromboembolic events were, however, small, and the findings should be interpreted in the light of the proven beneficial effects of the vaccine, the context of the given country, and the limitations to the generalisability of the study findings.
Health spending and vaccination coverage in low-income countries
Authors: Castillo-Zunino Francisco , Keskinocak Pinar , Nazzal Dima , Freeman Matthew C 
Published: May 2021

IntroductionRoutine immunisation is a cost-effective way to save lives and protect people from disease. Some low-income countries (LIC) achieved remarkable success in childhood immunisation. Yet, previous studies comparing the relationship between economic growth and health spending with vaccination coverage have been limited. We investigated these relationships among LIC to understand what financial changes lead to childhood immunisation changes.MethodsWe identified which financial indicators were significant predictors of vaccination coverage in LIC by fitting regression models for several vaccines, controlling for population density, land area and female years of education. We then identified LIC with high vaccination coverage (LIC+) and compared their economic and health spending trends with other LIC (LIC−) and lower-middle income countries. We used cross-country multi-year regressions with mixed-effects to test financial indicators’ rate of change. We conducted statistical tests to verify if financial trends of LIC+ were significantly different from LIC−.ResultsDuring 2014–2018, gross domestic product per capita (p=0.67–0.95, range given by tests with different vaccines), total/private health spending per capita (p=0.57–0.97, p=0.32–0.57) and aggregated development assistance for health (DAH) per capita (p=0.38–0.86) were not significant predictors of vaccination coverage in LIC. Government health spending per capita (p=0.022–0.073) and total/government spending per birth on routine immunisation vaccines (p=0.0007–0.029, p=0.016–0.052) were significant positive predictors of vaccination coverage. From 2000 to 2016, LIC+ increased government health spending per capita by US$0.30 per year, while LIC− decreased by US$0.16 (significant difference, p<0.0001). From 2006 to 2017, LIC+ increased government spending per birth on routine immunisation vaccines by US$0.22 per year, while LIC− increased by US$0.10 (p<0.0093).ConclusionVaccination coverage success of some LIC was not explained by economic development, total health spending nor aggregated DAH. Vaccination coverage success of LIC+ was associated with increasing government health spending particularly in routine immunisation vaccines.