bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cell Interconnections in Battery Packs Using Laser-assisted Ultrasonic Wire Bonding
Authors: Unger Andreas , Hunstig Matthias , Brökelmann Michael , Siepe Dirk , Hesse Hans J. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This paper presents the results of a series of bonding tests using a laser-assisted ultrasonic wire bonding process. Aluminium and copper wire, both 500 μm (20 mil) thick, were bonded to nickel-coated steel caps of type 21700 battery cells. Mechanical bond strength tests prove that laser-assisted wire bonding has significant advantages over room temperature wire bonding. For example, it can be used to reduce the process time with aluminium wire or to increase the bondability of copper wire on nickel-coated steel. The results show a direct relation between tool tip temperature and measured bond strength. The quality of the joints was effectively improved by heating the tool tip up to 430 °C. These advantages are the same as in classic thermosonic wire bonding, but without the major disadvantage of having to heat to whole package. The cell temperature was shown to remain safely below the critical 60 °C in any application.
An Oxide Wear Model of Ultrasonic Bonding
Authors: van Gogh Brandon , Benner Tioga , Seppaenen Henri , Tszeng Calvin , Sepehrband Panthea 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
A modeling approach is developed to better describe the relation between input electrical power and the physical reaction of the bonding system during ultrasonic bonding. The major distinction between this analysis and previously published works is to attempt to eliminate empirically driven correlations between the input power and the kinetics of the bonding process. Two models, a piezoelectric model and an ultrasonic bonding model, are combined in order to reach this goal. The piezoelectric model is used to calculate the desired forcing, amplitude, and frequency that is created by the piezoelectric transducer during the actual ultrasonic bonding process. For this process, a lumped parameter model, taken from literature, is used, that converts input current and voltage to velocity and position of the bonding tooltip, respectively. This model is then combined with an updated model of the relative amplitude between the bonding material and substrate as the ultrasonic bond is being formed. Our model differs from existing friction power models by utilizing the Archard Equation to account for the removal of the natural oxide film. The integrated model provides a relationship between the bond growth and the driving power. The analysis enables comparison between the transverse force on the bond tool and amplitude of the bond tool’s motion for different electrical input powers.
Evaluation of Emerging High Melting Point Lead-free Solder and Hybrid Sinter Paste as Attaching Material for Clip Bond Package
Authors: Le Fred Fuliang , van der Meulen Rinse , Leong Yoon Kheong , Balakrishnan Manoj , Guan Zunyu 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
High melting point (HMP) lead-free solder, hybrid sinter and transient liquidus phase sinter (TLPS) are the emerging lead-free alternatives for the potential replacement of high-lead solder. Lead-free solder is perfectly compatible with existing high-lead soldering processes for clip bond packages. The benefit of hybrid sinter is that it has much higher thermal and electrical conductivity than lead-free or high-lead solder. In this study, ten materials (including lead-free solders, hybrid sinter paste and TLPS) were first evaluated via die shear test. With the initial material screening, two lead-free solders (solder 1 and 2), two hybrid Ag sinter pastes (sinter i and ii) and one TLPS proceeded to internal sample assembly. For the lead-free solders, a process optimization with the aid of vacuum reflow was made to reduce void rate. Due to the slow and unbalanced inter-diffusion of Ag-Cu sintering than Ag-Ag sintering, optimizations to enhance the hybrid Ag sintering include Ag finishing for the die metallization and Ag plating for the clip and bond area of the leadframe. In 0-hour package electrical test, solder 1 and sinter i passed and were sent for reliability testing while solder 2, sinter ii and TLPS failed due to intermetallic compound (IMC) cracking, material bleeding and die cracking, respectively. In the reliability testing, a basic scheme of thermal cycling (TC) 1000 cycles, intermittent operating life (IOL) 750 hrs and highly accelerated temperature and humidity stress test (HAST) 96 hrs was defined for the early feasibility study. 1 of 75 sinter i units failed by TC 1000 cycles due to separation between silver sinter structure and die bottom metallization. Solder 1 passed the basic scheme without defects, and next the material workability and clip bond strength need to be improved to the equivalent level of high-lead solders.
Versatile TIM Solution with Chain Network Solder Composite
Authors: Mao Runsheng , Chen Sihai , Zito Elaina , Bedner David , Lee Ning-Cheng 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
A novel epoxy-based SAC solder paste TIM system has been developed with the use of non-volatile epoxy flux. Cu filler was added to the solder paste, with Cu volume % of metal ranged from 17 to 60 volume % of metal. Formation of semi-continuous high melting Cu chain network was achieved, with Cu particles bridged by the CuSn IMC. This chain network, at sufficient concentration, serves as skeleton and maintains the shape of the sandwiched solder paste layer, thus prevents further spread out at subsequent SMT reflow process, and also allowed formation of TIM joint even in the absence of solderable metallization on flip chip and packaging housing. This chain network hampered the flow of liquid solder, thus restrained the expansion of outgassing, and consequently resulted in low voiding. Existence of crevices was attributed to excessive oxide brought in by Cu particles, and appeared to increase with increasing Cu filler content. Presence of ductile solder within TIM joint promises high resistance against brittle cracking under stress. The Cu content could be further optimized between 17 and 33 volume % of metal to avoid flux bleeding and maintain good epoxy adhesion between TIM phase and parts. The 20°C thermal conductivity achieved was 6.1 W/mK, and could be up to about 13 W/mK with further epoxy flux optimization.
Selective laser sintering of glass-ceramic bonds using a defocused Nd:YAG laser
Authors: Murawski K. , Aristovich K. , Lancashire H.T. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Protecting miniature implantable electronics may require mm scale hermetic packages. Glass-ceramic bonding by selective laser sintering of glass sealing paste using a defocused Nd:YAG laser is presented. Glass sealing paste (FX11-036, Ferro) is screen printed onto alumina ceramic, clamped in contact with borosilicate glass, and laser treated while heating to 250°C. With the addition of defocusing and a heat source the glass paste reflowed and wetted both the alumina and coverslip surfaces, with an optimal effect between 10 mm and 15 mm defocusing. This method is promising to create electrically non-conductive hermetic seals at the mm scale.
Correlation of Cord Lactate with Cord pH as a Morbidity Predictor in Term Neonates Delivered with Non-Reassuring Fetal Heart Status
Authors: Aluru Ananya  , Kanta Kumari PML  , B Vijayalakshmi  , R Chandrasekhar  , Naga Saritha Kolli  
Published: January 2021

Background: Perinatal asphyxia is accounting to 20% of neonatal mortalityin India. Cord lactate can be an alternative that is more readily available than cord pH and may help in early identification of birth asphyxia in resource limited settings. The aim of the current study is to correlate cord lactate levels with cord pH in term neonates with non-reassuring fetal heart status and thereby its use as a surrogate for cord pH. Subjects & Methods: Study design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Neonatology unit at NRI general hospital, Chinakakani from August 2018 to July 2019. Study participants: All singleton term neonates delivered by assisted vaginal delivery or emergency caesarean section due to non-reassuring fetal heart status. Umbilical cord blood gas and lactate was obtained. Lactate was analysed by colorimetric method. Results: A total of 74 neonates were included. An analysis of cord pH & lactate, using correlation coefficient showed statistically significant p-values. Cord lactate was found to be statistically significant predictor for admission to NICU, post resuscitation care, invasive/noninvasive ventilation, and therapeutic hypothermia on multiple logistic regression analysis. Cord Lactate was found to have an Area under the curve (AUC) of 0.88 with no significant difference to cord pH on ROC curve analysis. Conclusion: Cord Lactate can be used as an objective test in predicting the neonates requiring NICU admission for morbidities related to fetal hypoxia similar to that of cord pH in term neonates.
Clinical and Demographic Proﬁle of Diarrheal Patients of Pediatric Age: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Acharya Ekta 
Published: January 2021

Background : Sometimes, diarrhea may co-exist with vomiting, fever, abdominal pain, etc. depending upon its etiology. Diarrheal diseases can also lead to significant malnutrition and dehydration. Thus, at the tertiary care center, a study was conducted with an aim to center on the clinical and sociodemographic profile of infants and children presenting with acute diarrhea. Subjects and Methods: It was a prospective, observational clinical study that began after obtaining approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee. It was conducted at the Department of Pediatrics, Gujarat Adani Institute of Medical Science, Bhuj, Kutch for a period of 2 years. The sample size was 200 with 2 groups A and B having 100 patients each. Accordingly, their clinical and demographic profile was also noted and studied in 2 groups. Various parameters analyzed were age and gender distribution, chief complaints, feeding practices, nutritional status and assessment of dehydration. Results: Mean age S.D were (2.25 1.40) and (2.49 1.39) years in group A and B respectively. Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) for 6 months was given in a large no. of group A and B patients i.e. 52 (52%) and 58(58%) respectively. Few others were given for 4, 5, or 7 months. Maximum patients 58 (58%) of A and 52 (50%) of B group had no dehydration whereas remaining 42 (42%) and 48 (48%) patients had some dehydration respectively. Conclusion: Fever and vomiting were the complaints mainly regularly linked with diarrhea. a bit fewer than half of the children under research had some-dehydration. Greater parts of the patients were completely breastfed for six months.
Assessment of Prevalence and Risk Factors of Dry Eye Disease among Study Group
Authors: Chevuturu Madhavi 
Published: January 2021

Background: Dry eye is a multifactorial disease of the tears and ocular surface that results in symptoms of discomfort, visual disturbance. The present study was conducted to assess prevalence and risk factors of dry eye diseases among the study group. Subjects and Methods: The present study was conducted from February 2018 to July 2018 on 184 patients of both genders visiting the Department of Ophthalmology Mediciti institute of medical sciences with eye complaints. Slit-lamp biomicroscopy with a cobalt blue filter was used to investigate the tear film layer, and the interval from the last blink to the appearance of the first random dry spot on the cornea was noted. Schirmer’s test was performed. Whatman filter paper no 41 was placed in the lower fornix at the lateral one-third of the lower lid margin. Results: Age groups 40-50 years had 52, 50-60 years had 98 and 60-70 years had 34 patients. There were 110 males and 74 females. The difference was significant (P< 0.05). 64 (58.1%) males and 40 (54%) had a dry eye disease. The prevalence found to be 61.9%. The severity of DED was mild in 25%, moderate in 46% and severe in 29%. The difference was significant (P< 0.05). Risk factors of DED were steroid use in 14%, smoking in 56%, alcoholism in 24%, computer job in 78%, systemic allergy in 4%, ocular allergy in 32%, contact lens use in 17% and previous ocular surgery in 7%. The difference was significant (P< 0.05). Conclusion: The author found that the prevalence rate of dry eyes was 61.9%. Risk factors of DED were steroid use, smoking, alcoholism, computer job, systemic allergy, ocular allergy, contact lens use and previous ocular surgery.
Floor Level Activity as a Sign of Congruency and Containment in Perthes’ Disease
Authors: Yadav Arvind Kumar , Thomas Watson , Chaudhari Sandeep Kumar , Paul Souvik 
Published: January 2021

Background: This study aims to note the role of floor level activities like squatting and sitting cross-legged as the indicator of healing with good containment and congruency in Perthes’ disease in children below eight years of age. The research hypothesis of the study is that the functional outcome of the affected hip joint in the form of spontaneous, free and full painless floor level activity in day to day life of the child is a better indicator of outcome irrespective of the radiographic changes in the hip joint. Subjects and Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted in a tertiary care university hospital. The study included all the patients diagnosed with Perthes’ disease whose last radiological assessment showed signs of healing. Patients above eight years and patients who had not started showing radiological healing were excluded. Parameters assessed were the presence of lurch, pain at the hip joint, limb length discrepancy, range of motion at the hip joint and ability to sit cross-legged and squat and epiphyseal extrusion index on radiographs. Results: Nineteen hips in 18 patients met criteria with a mean age of 7.1 1.5 years at presentation with a minimum follow-up of 30 (30 – 72) months. None of the patients had any residual lurch or tenderness at the hip joint at final follow up and all were able to sit cross-legged and squat symmetrically and comfortably with significant improvement of motion at the hip joint (p<0.05). No correlation was noted among the clinical and radiological features; except the internal rotation at healing with epiphyseal extrusion index at healing. Conclusion: Clinical function holds the key primarily in the course of treatment of Legg-Calve-Perthes’ disease. Conservative management in the form of bracing, floor level activities, and hip flexion and abduction exercises lead to congruency and containment in Legg-Calve-Perthes’ disease up to the age of eight years.
Theoretical and experimental investigations of wave field around vessel in shallow water
Authors: Efremova N. , Nilva A. , Kotovskaya N. , Driga M. 
Published: January 2021

Un-running vessel at the shallow-water road anchorage is under exposure to waves that come at arbitrary angle from the high sea. 3D waves from deep-sea area become practically 2D when entering shallow water. While mean periods are kept, waves become shorter and their crests become higher and sharpener than for deep-water ones. As a result of diffraction of waves that come from the deep-water sea at the vessel, a transformation zone appears where waves become 3D again. Dimensions of the waves’ transformation zone, character and height of waves in this zone specify safety of auxiliary crafts, e.g. tugboats, bunker vessels, pilot and road crafts, oil garbage collectors and boom crafts. In the complex 3D waves the trajectory of auxiliary vessel’s movement has to be safe, vessel’s motions have to be moderate. Besides waves’ height is one of the parameters that are used for forecast of movement of spilled oil. Last years the biggest part examination of waves’ problems was devoted to estimation of waves’ impact onto stationary or floating shelf facilities. For validity estimation, waves’ characteristics defined due to different theories, are compared with experimental ones. But characteristics of the waves around shelf facilities are hardly able to be compared to same ones of waves around bodies with vessel-type shape. At the experiments with vessels’ models, waves’ impact onto vessel was examined, but not the transformation of the waves themselves. So, comparing of waves area’s characteristics defined by both theoretical experimental ways is an actual problem. Aim of the paper is verification of results of wave area investigation; wave area is located around a vessel that is exposed of arbitrary angle waves at shallow water conditions. Description of experimental investigations of transformed waves in the towing tank is done; transformation zone appears around vessel’s model while running waves diffract on it. Distribution of waves’ amplitudes at the designated points was fixed by the special designed and manufactured unit. Experimental data is compared with computation results both of linear and non-linear theories. It was assumed that experimental results and theoretical data satisfactory meet each other; also that non-linear computations define the maximal values of waves’ amplitudes at all cases.
ڈاکٹر عبدالرحمن عبّد کی نعتیہ شاعری میں حضور سرور کونین صلی اللہ علیہ و سلم کی سراپا نگاری
Authors: Yousaf Muhammad , Altaf Dr Muhammad 
Published: January 2021

The relationship of “Sarapa nigari”in Naat has been associated with Muhammad SAW. This topic has been beautifully maintained from the period of “Sahaba –Karam “to the period of present poets.The heart and eyes of the poets of Azad Jammu and Kashmir have been sparkled by the “Sarapa nigari”of Hazrat Muhammad SAW. Prominent one out of these poets is Dr .Abdul Rahman abd. Abdul Rahman abd described the complete “Sarapa of Hazrat Mohammad SAW in his Naatia poetry, and he described it in such a beautiful way that his affection and deep association with “Naatia poetry” clearly Reveal.
Penguatan Proses Kognitif Melalui Pendekatan Student Centered Learning (SCL) Pada Materi Perencanaan dan Pengembangan Tes Hasil Belajar Pendidikan Agama Islam
Authors: Abdul Haris  
Published: January 2021

Penguatan proses kognitif melalui Pendekatan Student Centered Learning (SCL) pada Materi Perencanaan dan Pengembangan Tes Hasil Belajar Pendidikan Agama Islam merupakan kegiatan tindak lanjut atas keadaan mengenai kemampuan mahasiswa Prodi Pendidikan Agama Islam (PAI) dalam memahami Materi Perencanaan dan Pengembangan Tes Hasil Belajar Pendidikan Agama Islam masih rendah. Keadaan ini ditengarai akibat mahasiswa belum menguasai kemampuan prasyarat, prosedural, dan kemampuan kognitif yang diperlukan dalam merencanakan dan mengembangkan tes hasil belajar Pendidikan Agama Islam. Penerapan Student Centered Learning (SCL) diharapkan dapat menjadi pendekatan pembelajaran yang inovatif yang dapat memberi penguatan proses kognitif bagi mahasiswa untuk mengembangkan keterampilan ilmiah secara maksimal dalam merencanakan dan mengembangkan tes hasil belajar Pendidikan Agama Islam.
Berdasarkan hasil instruksional menggunakan Pembelajaran Berbasis Masalah sebagai bagian SCL pada Materi Perencanaan dan Pengembangan Tes Hasil Belajar Pendidikan Agama Islam dalam penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa: a) Teknik instruksional SCL khususnya pembelajaran berbasis masalah dapat diintegrasikan ke dalam kegiatan perencanaan dan pengembangan tes hasil belajar dengan melibatkan berbagai atribut yang dapat menguatkan proses kognitif; b) Atribut-atribut softs skills mahasiswa yang bersesuaian dengan atribut-atribut SCL yang diintegrasikan dalam proses kognitif mahasiswa pada kegiatan perencanaan dan pengembangan tes hasil belajar adalah: berfikir kritis dan analitis; kerjasama, diskusi, kemampuan dokumentasi, presentasi, merupakan penekanan dari pemecahan masalah; c) Implementasi SCL dalam kegiatan perencanaan dan pengembangan tes hasil belajar berdampak pada penguatan proses kognitif mahasiswa dalam perencanaan dan pengembangan tes hasil belajar; dan d) Implementasi SCL dalam perencanaan dan pengembangan tes hasil belajar cukup efisien digunakan, karena mahasiswa mampu mengembangan kemampuan proses kognitif sebagai bagian pengetahuan metakognitf yang diperlukan dalam kegiatan pembelajaran bermakna
Analisis Kepemimpinan Manajerial Kepala Sekolah Terkait Peningkatan Budaya Prestasi Sekolah di MTs. Kota Bima
Authors: Sri Haryanti  
Published: January 2021

Peran Kepala sekolah sebagai manajer mempunyai posisi penting dalam meningkatkan kualitas sekolah. atas dasar itu, penelitian difokuskan pada kepemimpinan kepala sekolah dalam meningkatkan prestasi di sekolah. penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif, yang dilakukan di MTSN I Kota Bima dan MTS Muhammadiyah Kota Bima. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan meliputi: (1) wawancara mendalam dengan kepala sekolah, guru, wakil kepala sekolah, siswa, kementerian agama dan komite; (2) observasi untuk mendapatkan gambaran tentang keadaan sekolah, pada saat kepala sekolah melakukan rapat dan melakukan pembinaan terhadap guru-guru, dan observasi terhadap kegiatan siswah; dan (3) dokumentasi dipilih berdasarkan teknik purposive sampling dan di padukan dengan snowball sampling. data yang terkumpul di sekolah di analisis melalui tahap reduksi data, display data dan penarikan kesimpulan, dan untuk mengecek Kebenaran data di analisis dengan mengunakan triangulasi sumber dan metode. Hasil penelitian sbb: (1) terdapat perbedaan kepemimpinan kedua sekolah sehingga memiliki budaya prestasi yang berbeda; (2) bentuk pembinaan siswa yang dilakukan oleh kedua sekolah berbeda, MTSN I melakukan pembinaan kepada siswa tidak hanya saat mengikuti lomba saja tetapi diadakan setiap minggunya, namun. Hal tersebut berbanding terbalik dengan yang terjadi di MTS Muhammadiyah Kota Bima. Sehingga menyebabkan prestasi kedua sekolah tersebut berbeda
Pembinaan 8 Standar Pendidikan SD dengan Menggunakan Metode Sasambo dalam Mempersiapkan Akreditasi Sekolah di Kabupaten Sumbawa Barat Tahun 2018
Authors: Wahiddin Wahiddin 
Published: January 2021

Latar belakang adanya kebijakan akreditasi sekolah di Indonesia adalah bahwa setiap warga negara berhak memperoleh pendidikan yang bermutu. Untuk dapat menyelenggarakan pendidikan yang bermutu, maka setiap satuan pendidikan harus memenuhi atau melampaui standar yang dilakukan melalui kegiatan akreditasi terhadap kelayakan setiap satuan pendidikan. Secara konsep, tujuan diselenggarakannya akredirasi sekolah/madrasah ialah: (1) memberikan informasi tentang kelayakan tentang sekolah/madrasah berdasarkan Standar Nasional Pendidikan; (2) memberikan pengakuan peringkat kelayakan; (3) memberikan rekomendasi tentang penjaminan mutu pendidika kepada satuan pendidikan yang diakreditasi dan pihak terkait (BAN-S/M,2019:6).
Istilah Sasambo untuk singkatan dari Seratus Sembilan Belas Map Bukti Otentik. Sejumlah map yang disiapkan oleh sekolah sebagai tempat menyimpan dokumen bukti administrati 119 indikator penilaian dalam akreditasi sekolah sesuai Permendikbud No 002/H/AK/2017.
Pembinaan sekolah dengan menggunakan Metode Sasambo sangat efektif dalam pembinaan delapan standar pendidkan untuk menghadapi akreditasi sekolah. Metode ini selain menertibkan administrasi sekolah juga bermanfaat untuk hal-hal sebagai berikut: 1)Metode sasambo memudahkan kepala sekolah dalam mendelegasikan tugas administrasi kepada guru dan stap kependidikan; 2)Tercipta suasana gotong royong dan kerja sama diantara warga sekolah. 3)Semua guru dan stap kependidikan akan memiliki pengalaman yang sama dalam hal administrasi pendidikan yang berhubungan dengan 8 standar. 4)Mempermudah tim penilai akreditasi sekolah dalam memperoleh data tentang kwalitas sekolah secara otentik. 5) Mempercepat waktu penilaian karena semua data sudah tersedia