bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Digital Production Gap in the Algorithmic Era
Authors: Schradie Jen , Bekirsky Liam 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
As the volume of digital content continues to grow exponentially, whose voices dominate online becomes more salient. Democracy is at stake in the competition for an audience in the online commons. Digital technology was supposed to overcome the media dominance of the elite with a broader array of voices, but social class is one of the most reliable predictors of digital content production, interacting with both racialized and gendered inequalities. Yet analyzing this form of digital inequality requires a theoretical framework of who controls the digital means of production, not simply a linear model of bridging the gap with more access or skills. This chapter examines digital power relations by tracing the history of online content production inequalities over time, showing how the increasing grip by the ruling class, corporations, and governments – in the wake of algorithms and artificial intelligence – makes it increasingly difficult for everyday people to be heard online. While most marginalized communities never got a fair shot because of constraints over resources in the early and more open web, in the algorithmic era this is even more of an uphill battle. The grip that platforms and their owners have over content creation—and especially distribution—makes it vital to theorize this broader concept of the digital means of production.
Fans and Fan Activism
Authors: Maher Thomas V. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Fan communities have been actively celebrating popular culture like the Harry Potter books and films, the music and fashion of Beyoncé, Korean pop sensation BTS, and the Star Wars media empire, as well as nearly every professional sports team for decades; and research on fans and fan communities has grown alongside them. The proliferation of internet and social media access has made fandom even more prominent. This chapter summarizes and synthesizes existing fandom research while highlighting how digital media have influenced fandom. First, it argues that fandom is best conceptualized as an ideal type organized around consumption, knowledge, engagement, community, identity, and emotional connection and that the internet has made each element more accessible. It then describes how fandom research has demonstrated that—as subcultures—fan communities can replicate and enact many of the same class, gender, and race inequities seen in broader society, although not identically. These inequities are evident in how society responds to different fandoms as well as fans’ experiences within their communities. Finally, it summarizes the growing literature on how fan communities have been mobilized for pro-social and activist behavior. These fan activists are adept at such behavior because they have tapped into the skills and knowledge they developed through their fandom, their proximity to mass cultural events like book and movie releases, and their communities’ potential as a source of bloc recruitment. In sum, fan communities are an important site of community and identity and an important subject of analysis in an increasingly digitized world.
Detect, Document, and Debunk
Authors: Lim Gabrielle , Donovan Joan 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The study of disinformation and media manipulation has expanded greatly since 2016, leading to thousands of news stories and academic studies. As an interdisciplinary field, it has attracted a wide variety of scholars using multiple methods and theories to understand how communication technologies shape politics and society, including how hoaxes, lies, scams, and strategic misinformation reach millions in an instant. However, because of the diversity of approaches and lines of inquiry, it is not an easy area of study to grasp at first glance. What’s more, the concerns, be they medical misinformation or foreign influence operations, are sociotechnical in nature—meaning they are the product of both sociocultural and technological conditions that cannot be separated from one another. The stakes could not be higher, as the world witnessed how disinformation was a core mobilizing factor in the genocide in Myanmar and the siege on the US Capitol. Yet strategies to counter the harms of media manipulation and disinformation require rigorous and nuanced research drawing from ethnography to data science. This chapter therefore aims to make sense of misinformation research as an expanding subdomain of critical internet studies, offering an overview of the methods and theories of inquiry, current research and findings, and paths forward for future research.
Implementing Environmental Rights
Authors: Gellers Joshua C. , Jeffords Chris 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
For more than four decades, the world has witnessed a dramatic rise in the number of legal instruments advancing a rights-based approach to environmental protection. These “environmental rights” seek to overcome the impotence of environmental law and regulatory schemes by invoking the authority of fundamental rights, human dignity, and Indigenous cosmologies. But do environmental rights make a difference? If so, under what circumstances? The field of comparative environmental politics is fundamentally concerned with analyzing the sources of national variation in environmental performance. Despite having been around for nearly half a century, scholars and practitioners are just beginning to understand the conditions under which environmental rights produce meaningful outcomes. This chapter represents the first effort to take stock of extant knowledge about the implementation of human and non-human rights pertaining to the natural environment. In particular, the authors review existing literature on the effects of environmental rights and highlight the conceptual and practical issues associated with evaluating their efficacy. The chapter closes by outlining environmental, legal, political, and social outcomes worthy of further study.
A Taxing Feminism
Authors: Infanti Anthony C. , Crawford Bridget J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Feminist perspectives are not new to tax law. Even though feminist tax jurisprudence has a rich history, mainstream tax academics, legislators, and the public have not been persuaded until recently to treat tax law as something more than a type of applied economics with no relation to feminist (or any other “noneconomic”) concerns. Since Grace Blumberg published “Sexism in the Code: A Comparative Study of Income Taxation of Working Wives and Mothers” in the early 1970s, numerous other contributions to the tax literature have identified ways that feminist perspectives might influence tax debates. After exploring why feminist perspectives historically have had little purchase in the tax arena, the chapter shines a light on recent attention to the relation between gender and tax law, providing some evidence that feminist tax perspectives may finally be taking hold in, and may eventually exert some influence over, the general tax policy discourse in the United States.
Environmental Law and Feminism
Authors: Carlarne Cinnamon P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This article explores the important but poorly understood relationship between environmental law and legal feminism. The modern legal movements to curb environmental degradation and gender-based discrimination are still young. For environmentalism, the focus is on constraining unbridled ecosystem destruction. For feminism, the focus is on discovering and unraveling the systems that subordinate women. Little has been done, however, to cultivate or respond to these movements’ linkages. The onset of climate change and the maturing of climate law, however, are bringing renewed attention to this underexplored relationship. The article explores how the evolution of ecofeminism, the environmental justice movement, and the climate justice movement are advancing thinking at the intersection of environmental law and feminism and the law. In particular, it suggests that as both fields increasingly seek to situate ongoing challenges within larger structures of power and inequality, they draw closer together, creating opportunities for intellectual exchange and coalition building.
Tort Law and Feminism
Authors: Swan Sarah L. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The article imagines what tort law might look like if it more fully embraced feminist reforms. Despite decades of compelling feminist advocacy and scholarship, tort law has largely resisted attempts to orient it toward pursuing goals of social justice or equality. Nevertheless, some feminist redirection has laid the groundwork for further development. Focusing on four foundational concepts in tort law—duty, third-party liability, harm, and damages—this article uses the tools, insights, and arguments of modern feminist tort scholarship to envision the doctrinal landscape of a tort law rooted in gender justice and social equality. It explores how reconceptualizing the duty of care, expanding third-party liability, recognizing a broader range of intimate and harassment-based harms, and eliminating gender and racial bias from damage awards could transform tort from an instrument that perpetuates social inequalities into a mechanism of social justice offering recompense and remedy to all who are wrongfully injured.
Sex-Positive Feminism’s Values in Search of the Law of Pleasure
Authors: Appleton Susan Frelich 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In challenging traditional stereotypes of female sexualities centered on passivity, subordination, harm, and repronormativity, proponents of sex-positive feminism criticize legal feminism generally for undervaluing women’s pleasure, which they celebrate. Yet these proponents often struggle with charting a supportive and affirmative course for law and legal institutions, which have long fostered sex negativity. Part I of this article identifies sex positivity as a thread that runs through multiple feminisms and that offers a potential answer to criticisms and problems. Along the way, this part demonstrates the importance of power and power disparities in sex-positive feminism and of the role of gender. Part II turns to the place of law and legal institutions in sex-positive feminism, juxtaposing prevailing critiques of law’s sex negativity with promising opportunities for change. Part III continues on this note of optimism, consulting popular culture for possibilities to support a more fully developed sex-positive and feminist legal regime.
Calvin, Shakespeare, and Suspense
Authors: McEachern Claire 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Calvin and Shakespeare both share an interest in the work of suspense; in the former case, as a feature of anticipating salvation (or not); in the latter, as a narrative function of a play’s conclusion. The mediation of Calvinist soteriology in England through the experimentalist thought of William Perkins links Shakespeare to Calvin, in a shared project of anticipating the future, an anticipation informed both by older providentialist models of probability (in which an ending simply confirms a prior pattern) and emergent models of statistical probability (in which the possibility of reversal of prior patterns exists). After an exploration of the logic of ending in Puritan deathbed accounts of Katherine Stubbes, the chapter concludes with a survey of the interplay of urgency and assurance in some of Shakespeare’s endings, those of King Lear and The Tempest in particular.
Cultures of Calvinism in Early Modern Scotland
Authors: Reid Steven J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter highlights recent work on the history of Calvinist culture in Scotland between the Reformation of 1560 and the end of the reign of James VI and I (1567–1625). It looks at both disciplinary culture and the ways in which Calvinism manifested in familial, social, noble, and intellectual life. While cumulative research on the system of church courts and the ‘culture of penitence’ has led to a much better understanding of everyday religious life, this chapter suggests a variety of directions in which future research could be taken. These include examining the pace at which Reformed culture embedded itself in Scottish society post-Reformation; the role of the nobility in religion; the experience of religious life in relation to gender and sexuality; the legacy of Renaissance humanism; and the roles of Reformed scholasticism and neo-Latin in intellectual life.
Classical Calvinism and the Problem of Development
Authors: Trueman Carl R. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
John Henry Newman’s An Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine posed a serious challenge to Protestants with regard to how they understood the doctrinal history of the church. One robust response came from the Scottish Presbyterian theologian, William Cunningham, who subjected Newman to vigorous critique on the basis of classical Reformation notions of scriptural authority. Nevertheless, Cunningham failed to understand the seriousness of the challenge of history and others, notable the Mercersburg theologians, offered approaches that point towards a more satisfactory approach.
Writing the Nineteenth-Century Scottish Calvinist Self
Authors: Gordon Bruce 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Nineteenth-century Scotland witnessed the proliferation of spiritual biographies and diaries that recounted the lives of Scottish Calvinist ministers as examples of piety and Christian living. These relatively inexpensive and popular works appeared in a culture of decreasing church attendance and growing secularism. One of the most notable authors of these texts was Andrew Bonar (1810–1892), minister, missionary, and leading figure of the Free Church. Bonar’s biographies and diary reflected both the depth of his Calvinist piety as well as the anxieties arising from rigorous self-examination and the attendant risk of spiritual depression. Bonar’s work reveals the centrality of commemoration and memory in constructing a life of faithful living in the wake of the seemingly irreversible decline of churches in the life of the nation.
The New Calvinism
Authors: Cratty Flynn 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks at the origins and distinguishing features of the stream of American evangelicalism that has come to be known as New Calvinism. New Calvinism emerged at the end of the twentieth century among evangelical Christians frustrated by the perceived pragmatism and doctrinal shallowness of many evangelical churches. It is classically evangelical in its theology and preaching, eager to build coalitions across denominational lines (in particular, among Baptists and Presbyterians), founded on a selective appropriation of Reformed doctrine (especially the Reformed doctrines of God and soteriology) and committed to a complementarian view of gender roles. However, the New Calvinism’s most distinctive features are its energetic expansion into new geographical and denominational spaces and its cultivation of a unique form of revivalism and affective spirituality drawn from the writings of Puritans like John Owen and Jonathan Edwards.
Friedrich Schleiermacher and the Reformed Tradition in the Modern Era
Authors: Zachman Randall C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Friedrich Schleiermacher reformulated the doctrines he inherited from the Reformed and Lutheran dogmatic traditions, in order to demonstrate that the certainty of faith in God, as well as faith in the redeeming power of Christ, could be maintained in an age of scientific and historical criticism of the Christian faith. He located faith in God in the immediate consciousness of being absolutely dependent, which he claimed emerged in the development of every human consciousness. And he located faith in Christ in the way the influence of the sinless perfection of Christ, mediated through the testimony of the Christian community and supported by the picture of Christ, strengthened the consciousness of God so that the inhibition of the God-consciousness by sin could be overcome. His hope was that such a reformulation of doctrine would not only clarify the meaning of faith in the modern world, but would also reunify the Christian traditions that had been divided since the Reformation.
Calvinism as a Chinese Contextual Theology
Authors: Chow Alexander 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The history of Protestant missions to China has included every major Presbyterian, Congregational, and Reformed denomination entering Chinese lands as early as the seventeenth century. However, the lasting forms of Chinese Protestantism that existed after the end of the Cultural Revolution (1966–76) were much more informed by the evangelical faith mission tradition than any denominational tradition. Yet observers of Protestantism in mainland China have noted the rapid embrace of Calvinist Christianity since the 1990s. Tracing these developments across two major strata of Chinese society, this chapter shows how socio-political factors since 1989 have resulted in the growth of Calvinism as a Chinese contextual theology.
Enchanted Calvinism
Authors: Mohr Adam 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The goal of this chapter is to explain how healing and deliverance practices were instituted in the Presbyterian Church of Ghana (PCG). The first half of this chapter examines the PCG’s initial transformation, which was driven by three factors: the decision by the leadership to introduce healing practices into the church, the creation of the Bible Study and Prayer Group to manage the afflicted within congregations, and the influence of two parachurch organizations. The second half of this chapter focuses on Catechist Ebenezer Abboah-Offei, who since 1996 has been leading Grace Presbyterian Church in Akropong, the primary site of healing and deliverance practices within the PCG. With regards to Abboah-Offei, this chapter describes how he came to teach and practise deliverance and the process by which Grace Presbyterian was established. Finally, this chapter describes the various healing and deliverance activities that occur at Grace Presbyterian Church.
Divine and Human Agency in Calvin’s Institutes
Authors: Theus Emily 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers the doctrines of providence and sin in the Institutes of Christian Religion in order to draw out Calvin’s views on the interplay of human and divine agency. Calvin’s account of God’s particular providence establishes the basic conditions for human responsibility and characterizes God’s agency as perfectly efficacious—so much so that the relationship between God’s willing and evil/sin cannot adequately be captured through language of ‘permission’. The doctrine of sin further inflects this account, clarifying the relationship between human freedom, necessity, and responsibility for sin. The result is a challenging picture, in which humans are responsible for sin, but not for good, and in which God is causally determinative of both good and evil. The key to this account—to understanding its perplexities and to identifying what features of meaningful human action are at stake—is the nesting of intentions within a layering of human and divine agency.
Calvin and Equity
Authors: Batson Alexander 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues that the concept of equity plays a crucial role in Calvin’s early writings, especially in the Commentary on Seneca and the 1536 edition of the Institutes. Calvin embraces two distinct yet inseparable meanings of the term ‘equity’. One sense is as an interpretative principle of natural law, and the goal at which all civil law aims. The other sense is an application of the interpretative sense, in which a ruler or judge amends a civil law that is too strict or too general to take into account all the particularities of a certain case. Calvin’s concept of equity displays both his humanist legal training as well as the critical place of natural law in his theology.
Cromwellian Calvinism
Authors: Powell Hunter 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
When England’s Parliament rejected enforced Presbyterian conformity in 1648, it was because English Calvinism was never comfortable with elevating polity to a matter of confession. During the Interregnum (1649–1660) former Westminster divines (led by the now ascendant Congregationalists) sought to define orthodoxy for Oliver Cromwell’s state church. They tried repeatedly to strike a balance between enforcing confessional subscription for parish ministers, while still allowing a limited accommodation for those who could not or who would not submit—provided they did not preach or publish against those statements of faith. In the face of growing sectarianism, each confessional attempt saw an increasingly robust (and thus restrictive) Calvinism culminating in the last confession of the Puritan era, the Savoy Declaration.
Calvin and Calvinism in Germany
Authors: Ocker Christopher 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Calvin’s experience of Germany was limited and partial, but his theology played an important role there. It came to be associated with a kind of Protestant internationalism, while specific points of his doctrine formed a polemical cypher used by some German Lutherans, many in the service of imperial princes, against Philip Melanchthon in the last decade of his life and against Melanchthon’s students in the next generation. In the second half of the sixteenth century, the effort to build a Lutheran identity at peace with the Holy Roman Empire’s complex political and religious subsidiarity made ‘Calvinism’ its contrary and reified German ‘Calvinism’ as a polemical glyph. Out of political and doctrinal turmoil, the ‘Reformed’ territorial churches of Germany emerged. These churches were finally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia (1648), but eventually they yielded to a national Protestant church in the nineteenth century. In short, the history of Calvinism in Germany was marked by a complex, evolving fusion of doctrinal differentiations and imperial politics.
John Calvin, Bernardino Ochino, and Italian ‘Heretics’
Authors: Camaioni Michele 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Until recently, scholars have often framed the relationship between John Calvin and the radical wing of the Italian Reformation through the lens of a dialectical and rather violent clash. Springing from different cultural backgrounds, this confrontation reached its peak after the condemnation of the anti-trinitarian Michael Servetus in Geneva (1553), when some Italian exiles religionis causa gathered in Basel to express a sharp criticism towards Calvin’s intransigence and dogmatism in dealing with internal dissent. Recent works have led to a deconstruction of this enduring interpretation and offered a more complex view of Calvin’s personality, theology, and agency. As the chapter shows, such a problematizing approach inspires a less teleological reading of the ambiguous but rich entanglement between the Genevan Reformer and the Italian ‘heretics’, suggesting that, through the confrontation with the sceptical rationalism and the elusive spiritualism of his critics, Calvin’s theology reached its full maturity and clarity of expression.
Electoral Accountability and Corruption
Authors: Bågenholm Andreas 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter reviews the rapidly expanding literature on the electoral effects of corruption. A general finding is that corrupt parties and politicians get punished by voters at elections, but oftentimes not harshly enough to remove them from office. This chapter firstly elaborates how the electoral accountability mechanism is ideally supposed to work. It then looks at the extent to which corrupt elected representatives get punished and how different types of studies seem to systematically reach different conclusions in this respect. Thereafter, the by now quite substantial body of research on the reasons why corruption voting takes place is discussed, after which the much more limited literature on the connection between electoral accountability and levels of corruption is reviewed. The chapter ends with some ideas of how to move forward within this field of research.