bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Problematyka badawcza funkcjonowania przedsiębiorstw przemysłowych
Authors: Rachwał Tomasz 
Published: March 2021

Economic transformation processes in Poland, taking effect under the influence of advancing globalization, trigger extensive changes in the functioning of particular sectors of the national economy, industrial and service enterprises, and institutions. As a result, industrial structures are rebuilt, which is due to changes in functioning of industrial enterprises regarded as the basic elements of the spatial forms of industry concentration. These changes condition the participation of the national industrial enterprises in the global economic processes, and the integration of the Polish industry with the global industry, especially through forming organizational, financial, and technological bonds, and through entering the already-formed market networks of international corporations. Therefore, from the point of view of the analysis of the economic transformation process in Poland, and especially transformation of industrial structures, the research area of functioning of enterprises, which is the focus of this paper, seems an important issue.In the first part, the author makes an attempt at showing differences between approaches to research problems concerning functioning of enterprises in geographical and economic sciences, and points to the necessity that researchers pay special attention to the conditioning of changes in functioning of enterprises and the sources of financial means for the restructuring. Further, the author presents a modernized questionnaire investigating functioning of an industrial enterprise, outlines the criteria of selection of enterprises for the research, and discusses the range of analysis of changes in enterprises functioning basing on results achieved from empirical studies conducted in south-east Poland. The paper is concluded with a discussion of access to data, and data quality evaluation.These considerations appear to prove the validity and significance of the undertaken research problems concerning changes in enterprise functioning, to show advantages of a comprehensive approach to this problem area, which includes all important aspects of enterprise functioning, and to point out to the necessity of more extensive inclusion of economic issues in research work conducted in the field of industrial geography, as processes of change are not a goal, but a means that should lead to an increase in efficiency and competitiveness of an enterprise, expressed by economic indexes.
Wybrane problemy metodologiczne badań procesów globalizacji
Authors: Sala Stanisław 
Published: March 2021

The paper presents an attempt to identify methodological problems in the research into the processes of globalization. Originally globalization was treated as a homogeneous process, leaving its impress on the ground of economic and social sciences. Later, however, scientists realized that globalization triggers a lot of processes, part of which are known, but many of which we are not aware of. In this context, it is more proper to write and talk not about globalization but about the processes of globalization. The author understands the processes of globalization as a whole of the processes which occur on the social- economic and political plane. The processes lighten mutual connections between countries, regions or single people, and their consequences. According to the author, the main problems in the research into processes of globalization are: problems with defining the subject of research, lack of proper methodology and methods of research, interdisciplinary problems and problems with objectivity of facts. The selection of proper research methods to conduct the research into the processes of globalization poses a lot of difficulties. They result from the fact that geography has worked out a lot of detailed research methods, used to describe quantitative phenomena, which are the essence of globalization, using qualitative methods. At this stage of research, the essence of globalization can be captured by using systematic approach in an idiographic sense.
Infrastruktura systemu innowacyjnego jako czynnik transformacji struktur przemysłowych
Authors: Bal-Woźniak Teresa 
Published: March 2021

It is proved in the article that identification and shaping of infrastructure of innovative system has contemporarily the fundamental meaning for transformation of industrial structures. Thus the pace of changes and effects of performed reindustrialization are determined by such infrastructure elements as: enterprise, competence, group activity and internal communication, organizational solutions together with computer support and network of external connections. This work is devoted to the characteristics of the mentioned elements.
Innowacyjność jako główny filar społeczeństwa informacyjnego Europy
Authors: Gierańczyk Wiesława 
Published: March 2021

The article presents diversity in innovation in the European states as an aspect of the development of the information society. In accordance with the undertaken research, innovations occupy a specific position among all the factors conditioning the development of the information society. Not only do they dictate the rate and the directions of the economic development, but to a significant degree they influence the forms and the structure of the international cooperation. As a result, innovations constitute this element which in fact determines the international competitiveness of both individual industries and entire economies. The agglomeration of the European states according to their Summary Innovation Index (SII) structure has revealed a clear distinction between the studied elements. They fall into two categories, which are related to an overall level of the socio-economic development as well as significant stages of the development of the European Union. The first group consists mainly of the states of the EU15 and non-member states, while the second group comprises of the EU2004, EU2007 and the candidate states. Considering the mean values of the SII elements, the largest distance between the two groups was revealed between the input of the intellectual property (IP) and the knowledge creation (KC) into innovation of the states, while the smallest distance was revealed in the areas of the I&E and the application.
Funkcjonowanie zakładów przemysłowych XXI wieku na przykładzie Swedwood Poland i Volkswagen Motor Polska Sp. z o.o. Analiza dojazdów do pracy
Authors: Matykowski Roman , Tobolska Anna 
Published: March 2021

New foreign investments by big international corporations, whether through the purchase of privatised enterprises or greenfield-type ventures, have brought about a disintegration of old co-operation and supply networks and the emergence of new spatial links between plants and their surroundings. An analysis of those new spatial links will rest on journeys to work. As the first and most basic of the links connecting a new enterprise with its new environment and the local community, they are one of the best measures of the plant’s range of impact and an indicator of the extent of its embeddedness in the region. The examples will be the subsidiaries of two international corporations located in Poland: of Swedwood International Ltd. at Chlastawa (Zbąszynek commune, Lubuska Land) and of the German firm, Volkswagen Motor Polska, at Polkowice (Lower Silesia).
Przestrzenne zróżnicowanie poziomu rozwoju regionalnego w Unii Europejskiej w świetle wybranych mierników
Authors: Kurek Sławomir 
Published: March 2021

The aim of this article is to show spatial disparities in the level of regional socio-economic development of the European Union, basing on selected demographic, social and economic indexes derived from the Eurostat database. For the comparison, EFTA regions as well as some candidate countries (Croatia) were taken into account. The analysis was made with the help of taxonomic methods, namely the taxonomic development index as well as cluster analysis based on the k-means method. The analysis confirmed existing disparities between eastern and western Europe, “old” and “new” European Union members, as well as between core and peripheral regions. The largest differences were recorded in terms of gross domestic product per inhabitant and household income. Having taken into account the period under study, it may be stated that the process of enlarging of EU leads to deepening of disproportion between its regions. The highest level of regional development was presented by the belt of urbanized area with the population of nearly 90 million, stretching from England through the Benelux countries, northern France, middle and southern Germany, Austria, Switzerland to northern Italy, called Blue Banana, Hot Banana, European Megalopolis or European Backbone.Existing demographic and socio-economic disparities between UE regions pose a challenge for regional policy to enhance its social, economic and territorial cohesion on one hand and to increase competitiveness between regions on the other, by investments in economy based on knowledge, increasing entrepreneurship, as well as increasing the potential in the R&D sector and developing IT technology.
Wpływ światowego kryzysu na tempo wzrostu gospodarki i światowych korporacji
Authors: Zioło Zbigniew 
Published: March 2021

In the background of the process of forming the outline of the economic crisis, the dynamics of economic diversification of individual countries were shown in terms of GDP in years 2008–2009 and changes in the economic potential of the world’s largest corporations such as: sales value, the value of profit, assets value and market value. In the article the differences in the severity of the crisis in the global economic space were pointed out, which resulted in weakening of the economic potential of the United States and Europe, as well as the growing importance of emerging new economic powers (China, Russia, India and Brazil).
Ekonomiczne i technologiczne strefy rozwoju Chin (kwantyfikacja, stratyfikacja, metodyka)
Authors: Krupa Kazimierz W. 
Published: March 2021

As a result of the new economic policy, fourteen Economic and Technological Development Zones (ETDZs) were established in twelve coastal cities between 1984 and 1988. The first ETDZs were Dalian, Yantai, Qingdao, Lianyungang, Nantong, Minhang (Shanghai), Hongqiao (Shanghai), Caohejing (Shanghai), Ningbo, Fuzhou, Guangzhou and Zhanjiang. Unlike Special Economic Zone (SEZ), an ETDZ is located in the suburban area of a major city. Special policies are adopted within the ETDZ. An administrative committee, normally selected by the local government, oversees economic and social management in the zones on behalf of the local government. The category ‘SEZ’ covers a broad range of more specific zone types, including Free Trade Zones (FTZ), Export Processing Zones (EPZ), Free Zones (FZ), Industrial Estates (IE), Free Ports, Urban Enterprise Zones and others. The second wave of expansion of ETDZs was led by the establishment of Pudong New District in Shanghai in 1990. This decision was aimed at elevating the status of Shanghai, making it the “Dragon Head” of the Yangtze River Delta Region, which comprises of Shanghai and parts of Jiangsu and Zhejiang. Prior to the establishment of this new district, the Pearl River Delta Region – comprising nine cities in Guangdong – was the forerunner of China’s open door policy. However, unlike Guangdong, which lies at the south-eastern coast of China, Shanghai’s economic development will have more impact on China’s vast hinterland. Between 1992 and 1993, a total of eighteen state-level ETDZs were established – Yingkou, Changchun, Shenyang, Harbin, Weihai, Kunshan, Hangzhou, Xiaoshan, Wenzhou, Rongqiao, Dongshan, Guangzhou Nansha, Huizhou Daya Bay, Wuhu, Wuhan, Chongqing, Beijing and Urumchi. Two special projects were added later. Founded in 1993, the Ningbo Daxie Development Zone is an investment by China International Trust and Investment Corporation (CITIC), and comes under its management. The other special project is the Suzhou Industrial Park, which was founded in 1994, and is a joint cooperation between the governments of China and Singapore. After 2000, in an effort to fuel the development of the Central and Western regions, the central government also endorsed the establishment of a further eleven national ETDZs in inland regions. Up till now, China has a total of fifty-four state-level ETDZs – thirty-two in coastal regions, and twenty-two in the hinterland. The region of Hong Kong has a role and status of innovation. The planners in this unique part of East Asia expect that some new concepts can help the former British colony to embrace a new economic model: a model in which design, marketing and branding play the crucial role in economy.
Zmiany kierunków kształcenia akademickiego w Polsce
Authors: Borowiec Monika 
Published: March 2021

The quality of intellectual resources becomes increasingly important, especially in the process of shaping the economy based on knowledge and overcoming the effects of the economic crisis. The quality of intellectual resources depends on the quality of functioning of higher education. In the process of improving the quality of intellectual resources not only the level of education of the society is essential but also the direction of graduate studies, which affects job opportunities. The aim of this article was to determine the changes in the functioning of higher education in Poland and changes of the structure of academic education in years 1990–2008, with particular emphasis on the recent years’ changes. The changes were shown on the background of the European Union.
Turystyka w warunkach światowego kryzysu gospodarczego
Authors: Zdon-Korzeniowska Małgorzata , Rachwał Tomasz 
Published: March 2021

The market of tourist services is constantly changing due to various impulses coming from international environment as well as from factors of national, regional and local level. The determinants of change in global tourism are primarily associated with the processes of globalization (including the global economic crisis’ years 2008−2010). The aim of this study is to analyze the tourism sector in conditions of global economic crisis. The analysis of demand and supply data – for the period of years 2006−2010 with forecasts for 2011 – made it possible to determine the economic condition of the sector. It seems that tourism was sensitive to the contemporary global economic crisis, while decreases in the indicators analyzed were relatively small and were mainly observed in 2009.
Związek innowacyjności z elastycznością w gospodarce i skutki społeczne obu zjawisk
Authors: Brzozowski Tomasz Tadeusz 
Published: March 2021

In this article, an attempt is made at showing how innovation influences flexibility in economy and inversely. In modern economy, flexibility is a necessity because it signifies that firms or companies are capable of changes. The changes are forced by changeable market conditions and firms or companies which want to compete with others must create a sort of an early warning system, and favourable conditions for quick changes. The enterprise must be capable of reaction. Innovations are very helpful tools, which effectively assist flexibility.The Author attempts to interpret the concept of flexibility and portrays the numerous contexts of this phenomenon. The meaning of flexibility is explained after Richard Sennett, who distinguishes three components: flexibility as a new style of power, which leads to creating institutions from the start, flexibility in specialization of production, and concentration of power without its centralization. For the present discussion, the most important are the social consequences of flexibility as a postulate of modern economy, and these are described in the article.
Kapitał ludzki w przemyśle jako źródło przewagi konkurencyjnej w państwach Unii Europejskiej
Authors: Gierańczyk Wiesława 
Published: March 2021

The paper presents theoretical reflections and a comparative analysis of the quality of human capital in the industry of the EU Member States in 2000 and 2008. As the quality of human capital is largely derived from the public education of a given country, the opportunities to build the country’s competitive advantages on the basis of this resource were examined through the prism of absorption by the industry of the overall human capital resources in the economy, and the participation of qualified human resources (Human Resources Devoted to Science and Technology) in the general human resources in the industry. The degree of involvement of human capital in the R&D activities was also analysed, as those employed in this sphere, having the knowledge and experience that contribute to the creativity of employees and innovation of the companies, are the backbone of human capital.
Uwarunkowania bezpośrednich inwestycji zagranicznych i ich wpływ na umiędzynarodowienie działalności gospodarczej w województwie dolnośląskim
Authors: Brezdeń Paweł 
Published: March 2021

Bezpośrednie inwestycje zagraniczne (biz) należą do podstawowych form przepływów kapitałowych w gospodarce światowej. W porównaniu do tradycyjnych przepływów międzynarodowych cechują się one znaczną dynamiką rozwoju, która podyktowana jest postę-pującym procesem globalizacji i internacjonalizacji przedsiębiorstw (Kudełko 1996). Globalizacja firmy, czyli formułowanie celów i metod ich realizacji w warunkach globalnych, prowadzi do umiędzynarodowienia przedsiębiorstwa. Wyraża się ono jej wysokim zaangażowaniem w operacje na rynkach światowych, oznacza intensywne i wielostronne powiązania międzynarodowe firmy (Pierścionek 1998)...
Przestrzenne zróżnicowanie wykorzystania technologii informacyjno-komunikacyjnych w przedsiębiorstwach przemysłowych w Polsce
Authors: Męczyński Michał 
Published: March 2021

In the recent years much attention has been given to the building of a knowledge-based economy (KBE). Of crucial importance in this process is the designing and practical use of innovations. They enhance the competitiveness of enterprises, regions and countries. Among the innovations of rapidly increasing significance are information-communication technologies, which make it possible to accumulate, process and circulate an ever-growing number of data over a short period of time. This allows a widespread and highly dynamic diffusion of knowledge.The article presents spatial differences among voivodships in Poland in the use of informationcommunication technologies in industrial plants. The analysis is preceded by a theoretical introduction, presenting J.A. Schumpeter’s theory of a creative destruction of the economic system as well as Kondratiev’s conception of long waves and cycles of industrial evolution. In this way the importance of innovations – including those in information-communication technologies – for economic growth is stressed. By showing differences among voivodships in the use of information-communication technologies, leaders in this field and those lagging behind are identified. A comparison is also made of the dynamics of economic growth of voivodships based on their per capita GDP figures and their use of this group of technologies. The article closes with the description of barriers hindering access to those technologies and their use. The conclusions present prospects of their development.
Prognosis of spinal infections managed by minimal debridement: A case series in two tertiary centers
Authors: Mohamed Ahmed Ali , Soffar Hussein Mohammed , El Zayat Hazem Hassan , Aboul-Ela Hashem Mohamed 
Published: March 2021

Background:Spinal infections can be challenging in their management and include spondylitis, epidural abscess, and spondylodiscitis. Usual treatment is conservative through antimicrobials or surgery to decompress neural tissue, debride all infected tissues, and fix if needed. We propose the concept of surgery without formal debridement aiming at neural protection.Methods:The study was performed at two tertiary centers on 25 patients with clinical findings. One patient was treated conservatively and the rest surgically by laminectomy and fixation if needed. Evacuation of fluid pus was performed. In the cervical and the thoracic region, if the granulation tissue was anterior to the cord, only decompression by laminectomy was done.Results:Low back pain was present in 22 cases (88%), 16 cases (64%) had lower limb pain, and 12 cases (48%) had weakness. The level of spinal infection was lumbar in 15 cases (60%), thoracic in 9 cases (36%) cases, and cervical in 1 case (4%). The type of infection was epidural abscess in 20 cases (80%), discitis in 16 cases (64%), and vertebral osteomyelitis in 12 cases (48%). Laminectomy was performed in 20 cases (80%) and fixation in 17 cases (68%). The symptoms improved in all cases. On follow-up, the lesion was reduced in 14 patients (56%) and disappeared in 11 cases (44%). One case required ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement due to postinfectious hydrocephalus.Conclusion:Dealing with spinal infections surgically through decompression or fixation with minimal debridement of infected tissue appears to be a safe and effective method of management.
Naturalisme, scepticisme et positivisme phénoménologique
Authors: Cormick Claudio 
Published: March 2021

Nous essayerons dans ce travail de mettre en rapport les approches de Merleau-Ponty et de quelques auteurs dits « analytiques » quant au problème de la valeur des capacités cognitives humaines, dans la mesure où celles-ci ne sont pas considérées comme des conditions de la « connaissance en général » mais comme des capacités contingentes et non universelles. En d’autres mots, il s’agit de savoir si le fait d’avoir de telles capacités, qui peuvent être comparées avec d’autres formes (réelles ou possibles) de connaître le monde, entraîne des conséquences relativistes, voire sceptiques. D’abord, nous essayerons de résumer brièvement la façon dont la question d’ensemble sur la fiabilité de nos capacités cognitives a été posée par l’analyse de Patricia Smith Churchland sur « l’épistémologie naturalisée ». Nous verrons comment le naturalisme épistémologique a poussé quelques auteurs (notamment, Alvin Plantinga et Thomas Nagel) à remettre en question la fiabilité qui peut être attribuée, dans un cadre naturaliste, aux capacités cognitives humaines, tandis que d’autres (tels que Jerry Fodor) ont essayé de revendiquer cette fiabilité, même dans un cadre naturaliste. Ensuite, nous introduirons le « positivisme phénoménologique » merleau-pontien comme la thèse selon laquelle un doute semblable sur nos capacités cognitives en tant que telles ne peut pas même être posé ; l’existence de fait de ces capacités leur donne nécessairement une valeur pour nous. Pour déterminer l’originalité de cette thèse merleau-pontienne, nous devrons la comparer avec la réponse que Husserl donne au défi « relativiste sceptique » qu’il trouve dans le psychologisme ; nous verrons donc que la position du phénoménologue français n’est pas réductible à ce que l’on trouve dans les Recherches logiques. L’étape suivante consistera à reconstruire et à évaluer les arguments spécifiques que Merleau-Ponty donne pour appuyer le « positivisme phénoménologique » ; ainsi, nous verrons que l’auteur de la Phénoménologie de la perception semble considérer que la valeur de nos capacités cognitives ne peut être mise en question que depuis une position réaliste, ce qui, à son tour, l’amène à argumenter qu’une interprétation réaliste des mots « vrai » et « faux » les rend impossibles à appliquer. Il est possible de reconstruire un argument différent de Merleau-Ponty, à savoir celui d’après lequel une évaluation comparative de la valeur de nos capacités cognitives serait impossible étant donné le manque de contenu de l’idée même d’une « pensée surhumaine ».