bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of centrifugation technology for production of chhana – An Indian soft cheese
Authors: V K Ammu , Minz Prashant Saurabh , Vairat Amita D , Singh Ashish Kumar , Sinha Chitranayak 
Published: March 2021

The present study was aimed at applying centrifugation for the rapid removal of whey from chhana and investigating the effect of processing parameters on various attributes of chhana. A prototype model based on centrifugation was developed for rapid whey removal from chhana. The optimised spin speed and centrifugation time for manufacturing chhana using the developed system were 80 rpm and 7 min, respectively. Whey removal at centrifugation speed of 39.09 rpm for 2.57 min resulted in production of soft chhana with minimum hardness value (2.054 N).
Root dentine thickness in C‐shaped lower second molars after instrumentation: A CBCT and micro‐CT study
Authors: Martin Gabriela , Arce Brissón Georgette , Chen Binwen , Noemí de Caso Cecilia , Boetto Ana Cecilia , Jacobo María Inés , Higa Romina , Braschi Silvia Marta , Marchegiani Silvio , Monsalvo Andrés , Shen Ya , Haapasalo Markus 
Published: March 2021

AbstractStripping perforation is a possible complication in instrumentation of C‐shaped canals. This study evaluated the minimum thickness of the root canal wall in C‐shaped teeth after instrumentation. Twelve extracted C‐shaped mandibular second molars (four teeth of type I, II and III each) were examined by CBCT (voxel size 90 μm) before and after instrumentation with WOG primary file. Micro‐CT scans (voxel size 30 μm) were obtained after instrumentation. Percentage of canal wall area touched by the file and minimum thickness of dentine were measured and compared between CBCT and micro‐CT. In type I C‐shape canals, less than 10% of the canal wall area was touched by the instrument. In ten teeth, the shortest distance to root surface was from the instrumented area; no perforations occurred. CBCT and micro‐CT measurements were in good agreement in ten cases; in two teeth, micro‐CT revealed considerably shorter distance to root surface. The two shortest distances were 0.27 and 0.41 mm.
Investigating the population structure and genetic diversity of Arabian horses in Oman using SNP markers
Authors: Al Abri M. A. , Brooks S. A. , Al‐Saqri N. , Alkharousi K. , Johnson E. H. , Alqaisi O. , Al‐Rawahi A. , Al Marzooqi W. 
Published: March 2021

SummaryArabian horses were selected for metabolic efficiency, beauty, efficiency and endurance. Therefore, Bedouins have for centuries traced their prized horses’ ancestries. With the establishment of the World Arabian Horse Organization (WAHO), registration of Arabian horses became centralized and countries worldwide registered them in its database. Most existing Arabian horses in Oman today were imported after the 1970s and are predominantly flat‐racing Arabians. This work aimed at revealing the genetic background and diversity of Omani Arabian horses by comparing them with Arabian horses from a diverse genetic background. To that end, we genotyped 63 randomly sampled Arabian horses from Oman using the Illumina Equine SNP70. For comparison, SNP genotypes of 12 Saudi Arabian horses, 27 French, 77 Egyptian, 11 Polish and 36 US Arabians were included in the study. We additionally included 17 Thoroughbred horses and 21 horses representing large and small breeds as an outgroup. Our MDS analysis and phylogenetic analysis showed that the Arabian horses in Oman cluster primarily with French Arabian horses, with a few horses clustering within the Polish/US Arabians. The French Arabian horse cluster was the closest to the Thoroughbred horses. Amongst the Arabian horses, plink average genomic inbreeding levels were highest in the Egyptian Arabian (0.169) followed by the Saudi Arabian horses (0.137) and lowest in the Omani and French Arabian horses, −0.041 and −0.079 respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the genetic background and diversity of Arabian horses in Oman. Our results demonstrated a definite subpopulation structure among Arabian horses and this information should advise future decision‐making on Arabian horse breeding.
Differentiation of COVID‐19 signs and symptoms from allergic rhinitis and common cold: An ARIA‐EAACI‐GA2LEN consensus
Authors: Hagemann Jan , Onorato Gabrielle L. , Jutel Marek , Akdis Cezmi A. , Agache Ioana , Zuberbier Torsten , Czarlewski Wienczyslawa , Mullol Joaquim , Bedbrook Anna , Bachert Claus , Bennoor Kazi S. , Bergmann Karl‐Christian , Braido Fulvio , Camargos Paulo , Caraballo Luis , Cardona Victoria , Casale Thomas , Cecchi Lorenzo , Chivato Tomas , Chu Derek K. , Cingi Cemal , Correia‐de‐Sousa Jaime , del Giacco Stefano , Dokic Dejan , Dykewicz Mark , Ebisawa Motohiro , El‐Gamal Yehia , Emuzyte Regina , Fauquert Jean‐Luc , Fiocchi Alessandro , Fokkens Wytske J. , Fonseca Joao A. , Gemicioglu Bilun , Gomez René‐Maximiliano , Gotua Maia , Haahtela Tari , Hamelmann Eckard , Iinuma Tomohisa , Ivancevich Juan Carlos , Jassem Ewa , Kalayci Omer , Kardas Przemyslaw , Khaitov Musa , Kuna Piotr , Kvedariene Violeta , Larenas‐Linnemann Desiree E. , Lipworth Brian , Makris Michael , Maspero Jorge F. , Miculinic Neven , Mihaltan Florin , Mohammad Yousser , Montefort Stephen , Morais‐Almeida Mario , Mösges Ralph , Naclerio Robert , Neffen Hugo , Niedoszytko Marek , O’Hehir Robyn E. , Ohta Ken , Okamoto Yoshitaka , Okubo Kimi , Panzner Petr , Papadopoulos Nikolaos G. , Passalacqua Giovanni , Patella Vincenzo , Pereira Ana , Pfaar Oliver , Plavec Davor , Popov Todor A. , Prokopakis Emmanuel P. , Puggioni Francesca , Raciborski Filip , Reijula Jere , Regateiro Frederico S. , Reitsma Sietze , Romano Antonino , Rosario Nelson , Rottem Menachem , Ryan Dermot , Samolinski Boleslaw , Sastre Joaquin , Solé Dirceu , Sova Milan , Stellato Cristiana , Suppli‐Ulrik Charlotte , Tsiligianni Ioanna , Valero Antonio , Valiulis Arunas , Valovirta Erkka , Vasankari Tuula , Ventura Maria Teresa , Wallace Dana , Wang De Yun , Williams Siân , Yorgancioglu Arzu , Yusuf Osman M. , Zernotti Mario , Bousquet Jean , Klimek Ludger 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundAlthough there are many asymptomatic patients, one of the problems of COVID‐19 is early recognition of the disease. COVID‐19 symptoms are polymorphic and may include upper respiratory symptoms. However, COVID‐19 symptoms may be mistaken with the common cold or allergic rhinitis. An ARIA‐EAACI study group attempted to differentiate upper respiratory symptoms between the three diseases.MethodsA modified Delphi process was used. The ARIA members who were seeing COVID‐19 patients were asked to fill in a questionnaire on the upper airway symptoms of COVID‐19, common cold and allergic rhinitis.ResultsAmong the 192 ARIA members who were invited to respond to the questionnaire, 89 responded and 87 questionnaires were analysed. The consensus was then reported. A two‐way ANOVA revealed significant differences in the symptom intensity between the three diseases (p < .001).ConclusionsThis modified Delphi approach enabled the differentiation of upper respiratory symptoms between COVID‐19, the common cold and allergic rhinitis. An electronic algorithm will be devised using the questionnaire.
Global sensitivity analysis of randomized trials with nonmonotone missing binary outcomes: Application to studies of substance use disorders
Authors: Scharfstein Daniel O. , Steingrimsson Jon , McDermott Aidan , Wang Chenguang , Ray Souvik , Campbell Aimee , Nunes Edward , Matthews Abigail 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we present a method for conducting global sensitivity analysis of randomized trials in which binary outcomes are scheduled to be collected on participants at prespecified points in time after randomization and these outcomes may be missing in a nonmonotone fashion. We introduce a class of missing data assumptions, indexed by sensitivity parameters, which are anchored around the missing not at random assumption introduced by Robins (Statistics in Medicine, 1997). For each assumption in the class, we establish that the joint distribution of the outcomes is identifiable from the distribution of the observed data. Our estimation procedure uses the plug‐in principle, where the distribution of the observed data is estimated using random forests. We establish asymptotic properties for our estimation procedure. We illustrate our methodology in the context of a randomized trial designed to evaluate a new approach to reducing substance use, assessed by testing urine samples twice weekly, among patients entering outpatient addiction treatment. We evaluate the finite sample properties of our method in a realistic simulation study. Our methods have been implemented in an R package entitled slabm.
A generalized robust allele‐based genetic association test
Authors: Zhang Lin , Sun Lei 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe allele‐based association test, comparing allele frequency difference between case and control groups, is locally most powerful. However, application of the classical allelic test is limited in practice, because the method is sensitive to the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) assumption, not applicable to continuous traits, and not easy to account for covariate effect or sample correlation. To develop a generalized robust allelic test, we propose a new allele‐based regression model with individual allele as the response variable. We show that the score test statistic derived from this robust and unifying regression framework contains a correction factor that explicitly adjusts for potential departure from HWE and encompasses the classical allelic test as a special case. When the trait of interest is continuous, the corresponding allelic test evaluates a weighted difference between individual‐level allele frequency estimate and sample estimate where the weight is proportional to an individual's trait value, and the test remains valid under Y‐dependent sampling. Finally, the proposed allele‐based method can analyze multiple (continuous or binary) phenotypes simultaneously and multiallelic genetic markers, while accounting for covariate effect, sample correlation, and population heterogeneity. To support our analytical findings, we provide empirical evidence from both simulation and application studies.
Mini‐microform cleft lip with complete cleft alveolus and palate: A case report
Authors: Fujiwara Kumiko , Yoshida Mitsuna , Nakamichi Naomi , Saitoh Satoru , Takaichi Mayu , Ishizaka Risa , Tomihara Kei , Noguchi Makoto 
Published: March 2021

AbstractCleft lip and cleft alveolus are caused by incomplete fusion of the frontonasal and maxillary prominences. However, milder forms of cleft lip are rarely accompanied by cleft alveolus. Here, we report a rare case of mini‐microform cleft lip with complete cleft alveolus and cleft palate. No findings suggestive of cleft lip were evident on initial examination. However, three‐dimensional facial measurements confirmed the presence of cleft lip despite no evidence of orbicularis oris muscle (OOM) rupture on ultrasonography. Collapsed nostril, as observed in this case, is usually associated with OOM rupture. However, it can also be caused by skeletal abnormalities, such as cleft alveolus. Three‐dimensional facial measurements and ultrasonography can assist in accurate diagnosis when visual examination is ambiguous.
Action Unit Driven Facial Expression Synthesis from a Single Image with Patch Attentive GAN
Authors: Zhao Yong , Yang Le , Pei Ercheng , Oveneke Meshia Cédric , Alioscha‐Perez Mitchel , Li Longfei , Jiang Dongmei , Sahli Hichem 
Published: March 2021

AbstractRecent advances in generative adversarial networks (GANs) have shown tremendous success for facial expression generation tasks. However, generating vivid and expressive facial expressions at Action Units (AUs) level is still challenging, due to the fact that automatic facial expression analysis for AU intensity itself is an unsolved difficult task. In this paper, we propose a novel synthesis‐by‐analysis approach by leveraging the power of GAN framework and state‐of‐the‐art AU detection model to achieve better results for AU‐driven facial expression generation. Specifically, we design a novel discriminator architecture by modifying the patch‐attentive AU detection network for AU intensity estimation and combine it with a global image encoder for adversarial learning to force the generator to produce more expressive and realistic facial images. We also introduce a balanced sampling approach to alleviate the imbalanced learning problem for AU synthesis. Extensive experimental results on DISFA and DISFA+ show that our approach outperforms the state‐of‐the‐art in terms of photo‐realism and expressiveness of the facial expression quantitatively and qualitatively.
Birds that are more commonly encountered in the wild attract higher public interest online
Authors: Mittermeier John C. , Roll Uri , Matthews Thomas J. , Correia Ricardo , Grenyer Rich 
Published: March 2021

AbstractLarge body size, the defining characteristic of “charismatic megafauna,” is often viewed as the most significant correlate of higher public interest in species. However, common, local species (many of which are not large) can also generate public interest. We explored the relative importance of body size versus local occurrence in patterns of online interest in birds using a large sample of digital human‐wildlife interactions (367 million Wikipedia pageviews) that included more than 10,000 bird species and a range of cultural and geographic contexts (represented by 25 Wikipedia language editions). We compared interest in Wikipedia, as measured by pageviews, with a bird's body size and its regional observation frequency (using data from eBird.org). We found that local species (i.e., those that occur in the wild in the country responsible for the majority of a Wikipedia language edition's pageviews) attract more pageviews than global species. Both body size and observation frequency had a positive correlation with Wikipedia pageviews across languages, but eBird observation frequency explained more of the variance in pageviews on average. In a model that included both observation frequency and body size, observation frequency was a significantly better predictor of pageviews than body size in 24 of 25 languages. Our results demonstrate that the opportunity to encounter birds in the wild is a significant correlate of increased online interest in birds across multiple linguistic and geographic contexts. This relationship provides insight into why some species attract greater interest than others and emphasizes the overlooked potential of common species in conservation marketing.
Increasing diversity to save biodiversity: Rising to the challenge and supporting Indonesian women in conservation
Authors: Poor Erin E. , Imron Muhammad Ali , Novalina Rafselia , Shaffer L. Jen , Mullinax Jennifer M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIndonesia is one of the most biodiverse countries in the world yet suffers from the highest global deforestation rate. Having more diverse voices in conservation science contributing innovative ideas and solutions could benefit the country's biodiversity. However, some aspects of conservation work in Indonesia remain male‐dominated, particularly fieldwork. Understanding motivations and challenges for women pursuing a conservation career is critical to diversifying the workforce. We present some of the motivations and challenges of women conservation scientists attending a field skills and networking workshop in Sumatra, Indonesia, in September 2019. We conducted semistructured surveys in a preliminary study with female conservation scientists at the beginning of their careers and those with established careers of at least 3 years. Early‐career women predominantly cited a love of nature as their main motivator and cultural‐based gender norms as their primary challenge. Established career women discussed slowly improving gender norms and the importance of mentors throughout their careers. Without active engagement in career training and support over the long‐term for underrepresented groups in conservation, we could lose out on novel perspectives that could help solve the world's most daunting ecological problems.
Olfactory identification impairment in early‐and late‐onset obsessive–compulsive disorder
Authors: Li Ze‐tian , Tan Shao‐zhen , Lyu Zhi‐hong , Zou Lai‐quan 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundEarly‐onset obsessive–compulsive disorder (EOCD) is a comparatively severe subtype of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). Olfactory dysfunction is a common symptom of OCD, but all previous studies have focused on late‐onset OCD (LOCD).MethodsThe current study compared olfactory identification ability in EOCD patients and age‐matched and sex‐matched LOCD patients and healthy controls. Thirty patients with EOCD, 30 patients with LOCD and 30 healthy controls were included in the study. Olfactory function was measured using the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test. The Logical Memory and Visual Reproduction components of the Revised Wechsler Memory Scale were used to evaluate verbal and visual memory.ResultsThere were significant differences in olfactory identification ability between the three groups. EOCD patients were comparable to LOCD patients, while both patients' group showing worse olfactory identification ability than controls. Olfactory identification ability was not significantly correlated with verbal and visual memory or clinical symptoms in the EOCD group or the LOCD group.ConclusionsThe results of the present study suggest that olfactory identification ability may be a relatively stable indicator of OCD, independent of age, duration of illness, verbal and visual memory, and severity of clinical symptoms.
The recognition of pain and learned behaviour in horses which buck
Authors: Dyson S. , Thomson K. 
Published: March 2021

SummaryBucking behaviour in horses is potentially dangerous to riders. There is limited information about how bucking behaviour should be investigated by veterinarians. The objectives of this article are to define bucking behaviour, to review the literature relating to bucking and allied behaviours in horses and describe personal observations and to describe an approach to clinical investigation and management strategies. A literature review from 2000 to 2020 was performed via search engines and additional free searches. A buck is an upward leap, usually in addition to forward propulsion, when either both hindlimbs or all four limbs are off the ground with the thoracolumbosacral region raised. Bucking often occurs as a series of such leaps and different manifestations include ‘pronking’, ‘bronking’ and ‘fly bucking’. Causes include excitement, exuberance, defensive behaviour associated with fear, learned behaviour through negative reinforcement or a reaction to musculoskeletal pain. Specific causes of pain include an ill‐fitting saddle or girth, thoracolumbar pain, girth region pain, sternal or rib injury, neuropathic pain, sacroiliac joint region pain, referred pain and primary hindlimb lameness. Any of these may be compounded by a rider who is fearful, poorly balanced or crooked. Determination of the underlying cause requires a comprehensive clinical assessment, including assessment of saddle fit for horse and rider and suitability of the horse–rider combination. In some horses, identification of a primary source of pain allows targeted treatment and resolution of pain, but careful retraining is crucial. An understanding of learning behaviour is required for successful rehabilitation. It was concluded that identification of the cause of bucking may enable treatment of primary pain which, when combined with retraining, results in management of bucking behaviour. However, in a minority of horses, dangerous bucking behaviour cannot be reliably resolved, requiring retirement or euthanasia of the horse.
Heterogeneous preferences, investment, and asset pricing
Authors: Liu Bo , Lu Lei , Mu Congming , Yang Jinqiang 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe present a production‐based model in which agents have heterogeneous risk aversion and heterogeneous discount rate. Compared to the exchange economy, the aggregate consumption‐capital ratio and aggregate consumption volatility is reduced. The risk premium and the volatility of stock return increase when moving from the exchange economy to the production economy. We also find that the volatility of Tobin's q exhibits an inverted‐U‐shape and Tobin's q is procyclical.
Geological and climatic histories likely shaped the origins of terrestrial vertebrates endemic to the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: He Jiekun , Lin Siliang , Ding Chenchen , Yu Jiehua , Jiang Haisheng 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAimThe Tibetan Plateau (TP) hosts many endemic species, but questions regarding when and from where these species originated have not been comprehensively answered. Here, we provide a synthesis of the biogeographical history of terrestrial vertebrates endemic to the TP and investigate the potential drivers of their spatio‐temporal origins.LocationTibetan Plateau and its surrounding regions.Time periodCenozoic.Major taxa studiedTerrestrial vertebrates.MethodsWe used dispersal–extinction–cladogenesis models based on time‐calibrated phylogenies to reconstruct the ancestral ranges of 174 endemic TP species and compiled the ancestral ranges and age estimates of their dispersal events. We generated a possibility map of source areas for endemic TP species by counting the incidence of non‐TP sister clades in 110 km × 110 km grid cells. We used generalized linear mixed models to assess the relative importance of historical processes and environmental factors in explaining the geographical variations in the source areas. We created subsets based on four vertebrate classes to test whether the dispersal events varied spatially and temporally among taxonomic groups.ResultsWe found that the endemic species colonized the TP as early as 55 Ma, and that the main colonization phase started to increase around 15 Ma and peaked after 6 Ma. The major source areas of endemic TP species include the Hengduan Mountains, the Himalayas, and Central Asia. Elevation difference had the strongest effect on the source areas, followed by geographical distance. The spatio‐temporal origins of species endemic to the TP and the potential drivers showed significant differences among vertebrate classes.Main conclusionsOur study supports the hypothesis that endemic TP species originated from various zoogeographical regions at different times and highlights the important roles of the TP uplift and past climatic changes for determining the spatio‐temporal origins of endemic TP species.