bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Return to Play After Platelet-Rich Plasma Injection for Elbow UCL Injury: Outcomes Based on Injury Severity
Authors: Mills Frederic Baker , Misra Anuruddh K. , Goyeneche Nicholas , Hackel Joshua G. , Andrews James R. , Joyner Patrick W. 
Published: March 2021

Background: Ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injuries of the elbow are uncommon in the general population but prevalent in the athletic community, particularly among baseball players. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injection therapy has become a popular nonoperative adjuvant treatment for such injuries to help reduce recovery time and avoid surgery. Purpose/Hypothesis: To analyze patient outcomes by injury severity and identify injury types that responded most favorably and unfavorably to PRP treatment. It was hypothesized that PRP therapy would prove to be most beneficial in the treatment of lower-grade, partial UCL tears and less effective in the treatment of more severe, complete UCL tears. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A cohort of 50 patients with UCL injuries in their dominant elbow, diagnosed by MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) arthrogram, underwent PRP therapy in conjunction with an established rehabilitation program. UCL injuries were classified by MRI as low-grade partial tear (Type I), high-grade partial tear (Type II), complete tear (Type III), or tear in more than 1 location (Type IV). Results: In total, 24 of 39 (61.5%) Type I and II tears, 3 of 3 (100%) Type III tears, and 1 of 8 (12.5%) patients with Type IV tears responded to UCL PRP injection therapy and were able to return to play without surgery. Ten patients required subsequent UCL PRP injections, of which 3 (30%) were able to return to sport without surgery. Conclusion: PRP treatment for Types I and II UCL tears shows great promise when combined with physical therapy and a rehabilitation program. Type III UCL tears demonstrated a high rate of success, although with low cohort numbers. Type IV UCL tears did not appear to respond well to PRP injection therapy and often required surgical intervention or cessation of sport. Therefore, PRP treatment does not appear to be appropriate for patients with complete Type IV UCL tears but may enhance recovery and improve outcomes in throwing athletes with Types I, II, and III UCL injuries.
Start the Way You Want to Finish: An Intensive Diversity, Equity, Inclusion Orientation Curriculum in Undergraduate Medical Education
Authors: Davis Denise L. F. , Tran-Taylor DoQuyen , Imbert Elizabeth , Wong Jeffrey O. , Chou Calvin L. 
Published: March 2021

Problem: Medical students often feel unprepared to care for patients whose cultural backgrounds differ from their own. Programs in medical schools have begun to address health: inequities; however, interventions vary in intensity, effectiveness, and student experience. Intervention: The authors describe an intensive 2-day diversity, equity, and inclusion curriculum for medical students in their orientation week prior to starting formal classes. Rather than using solely a knowledge-based “cultural competence” or a reflective “cultural humility” approach, an experiential curriculum was employed that links directly to fundamental communication skills vital to interactions with patients and teams, and critically important to addressing interpersonal disparities. Specifically, personal narratives were incorporated to promote individuation and decrease implicit bias, relationship-centered skills practice to improve communication across differences, and mindfulness skills to help respond to bias when it occurs. Brief didactics highlighting student and faculty narratives of difference were followed by small group sessions run by faculty trained to facilitate sessions on equity and inclusion. Context: Orientation week for matriculating first-year students at a US medical school. Impact: Matriculating students highly regarded an innovative 2-day diversity, equity, and inclusion orientation curriculum that emphasized significant relationship-building with peers, in addition to core concepts and skills in diversity, equity, and inclusion. Lessons learned: This orientation represented an important primer to concepts, skills, and literature that reinforce the necessity of training in diversity, equity, and inclusion. The design team found that intensive faculty development and incorporating diversity concepts into fundamental communication skills training were necessary to perpetuate this learning. Two areas of further work emerged: (1) the emphasis on addressing racism and racial equity as paradigmatic belies further essential understanding of intersectionality, and (2) uncomfortable conversations about privilege and marginalization arose, requiring expert facilitation.
Prevalence of Problematic Pornography Use and Attitude Toward Pornography Among the Undergraduate Medical Students
Authors: Kumar Parveen , Patel Vishal Kanaiyalal , Bhatt Renish Bhupenderbhai , Vasavada Disha Alkeshbhai , Sangma Rangdon Dor , Tiwari Deepak Sachinand 
Published: March 2021

Background: There are mixed views on categorizing pornography as addiction or as a sexual compulsivity or a subset of hypersexual behavior. Due to rise in the Internet access and technologies, the possibilities of conduit for sexual interactions, online pornography, and other type of repetitive behaviors have increased. Aims: The current study aimed to find the prevalence of problematic pornography use and attitude toward pornography. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was carried out among 1,050 undergraduate medical students to assess the prevalence of pornography addiction and attitude toward pornography. A Google document containing structured questionnaire in 3 different parts: (a) demographic details of students, (b) Problematic Pornography Consumption Scale, and (c) attitudes toward pornography scale. This Google document was shared with all the undergraduate students through email address and WhatsApp group. Participants who did not respond to the questionnaire were sent 3 reminders at a gap of 3 days. The responses were recorded in Excel sheet and analyzed using Epi-Info software. Results: Prevalence of problematic pornography use among participants was 12.5%. There was statistically high prevalence of problematic pornography use among male participants ( P < .001), nearly daily consumption of pornography per week ( P < .001) and more than 20 min of consumption per day ( P <.001). A statistical significant negative correlation was shown (r = −0.483, P < .001) between age of first exposure to pornography and problematic pornography consumption score. Males, being in a relationship, and those with problematic pornography use had higher score on attitude toward pornography scale. Conclusion: It is important to provide education to students about the effects of problematic pornography use because there is negative correlation between exposure to pornographic imagery on the Internet and levels of genital and sexual esteem; pornography use was associated with poor quality of life, and depressive and anxiety symptoms. Gender-specific discussions so as to promote sexual health and participation in media literacy education would be beneficial for young people in changing attitude toward pornography.
Venetoclax enhances T cell–mediated antileukemic activity by increasing ROS production
Authors: Lee Jong Bok , Khan Dilshad H. , Hurren Rose , Xu Mingjing , Na Yoosu , Kang Hyeonjeong , Mirali Sara , Wang Xiaoming , Gronda Marcela , Jitkova Yulia , MacLean Neil , Arruda Andrea , Alaniz Zoe , Konopleva Marina Y. , Andreeff Michael , Minden Mark D. , Zhang Li , Schimmer Aaron D. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Venetoclax, a Bcl-2 inhibitor, in combination with the hypomethylating agent azacytidine, achieves complete remission with or without count recovery in ∼70% of treatment-naive elderly patients unfit for conventional intensive chemotherapy. However, the mechanism of action of this drug combination is not fully understood. We discovered that venetoclax directly activated T cells to increase their cytotoxicity against acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in vitro and in vivo. Venetoclax enhanced T-cell effector function by increasing reactive oxygen species generation through inhibition of respiratory chain supercomplexes formation. In addition, azacytidine induced a viral mimicry response in AML cells by activating the STING/cGAS pathway, thereby rendering the AML cells more susceptible to T cell–mediated cytotoxicity. Similar findings were seen in patients treated with venetoclax, as this treatment increased reactive oxygen species generation and activated T cells. Collectively, this study presents a new immune-mediated mechanism of action for venetoclax and azacytidine in the treatment of AML and highlights a potential combination of venetoclax and adoptive cell therapy for patients with AML.
Friction-Induced Nanofabrication: A Review
Authors: Yu Bingjun , Qian Linmao 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAs the bridge between basic principles and applications of nanotechnology, nanofabrication methods play significant role in supporting the development of nanoscale science and engineering, which is changing and improving the production and lifestyle of the human. Photo lithography and other alternative technologies, such as nanoimprinting, electron beam lithography, focused ion beam cutting, and scanning probe lithography, have brought great progress of semiconductor industry, IC manufacturing and micro/nanoelectromechanical system (MEMS/NEMS) devices. However, there remains a lot of challenges, relating to the resolution, cost, speed, and so on, in realizing high-quality products with further development of nanotechnology. None of the existing techniques can satisfy all the needs in nanoscience and nanotechnology at the same time, and it is essential to explore new nanofabrication methods. As a newly developed scanning probe microscope (SPM)-based lithography, friction-induced nanofabrication provides opportunities for maskless, flexible, low-damage, low-cost and environment-friendly processing on a wide variety of materials, including silicon, quartz, glass surfaces, and so on. It has been proved that this fabrication route provides with a broad application prospect in the fabrication of nanoimprint templates, microfluidic devices, and micro/nano optical structures. This paper hereby involved the principals and operations of friction-induced nanofabrication, including friction-induced selective etching, and the applications were reviewed as well for looking ahead at opportunities and challenges with nanotechnology development. The present review will not only enrich the knowledge in nanotribology, but also plays a positive role in promoting SPM-based nanofabrication.
Post-Bacille Calmette–Guerin surveillance for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: do random biopsies offer an advantage?
Authors: Abou Heidar Nassib , Labban Muhieddine Saadeddine , Armache Alexandre Khalil , Bulbul Muhammad Ahmad , El-Hajj Albert Elias , Khauli Raja Bahjat , Nasr Rami Wajih 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background
The optimal surveillance method for recurrence of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) after intravesical BCG treatment is unknown. The aim of this study is to assess the difference between two surveillance methods: cystoscopy with bladder biopsies and office-based flexible cystoscopy in detecting NMIBC recurrence and time to recurrence.

Methods
Charts of patients who underwent transurethral resection of bladder tumor with subsequent intravesical Bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG) treatment were reviewed between January 2015 and December 2018. Baseline demographics and oncological parameters were compared between the two methods of surveillance. Then, the role of the surveillance method for NMIBC recurrence and time to recurrence were evaluated in backward logistic regression and hazard ratios estimated in Cox regression models, respectively.

Results
Fifty-one patients (50.5%) underwent office-based flexible cystoscopy and 50 patients (49.5%) had bladder biopsies. The patients undergoing either surveillance methods were comparable for baseline demographic and oncological parameter. The predictors of recurrence and earlier BCG relapse were increased body mass index, the presence of multifocal tumors, the presence of concurrent carcinoma in situ, and tumor size at presentation. Bladder cancer recurrence was mostly affected by multifocality of the disease [OR 3.61 95%CI (1.17–11.15)] and the presence of concomitant carcinoma in situ [4.35 (1.29–14.68)]. Yet, the surveillance method neither predicted a higher recurrence yield nor earlier diagnosis.

Conclusion
In our cohort, there is neither difference in recurrence yield nor earlier diagnosis of recurrence between office-based flexible cystoscopy and bladder biopsies. Larger prospective studies are needed to assess the generalizability of these findings.
Mapping travel behavior changes during the COVID-19 lock-down: a socioeconomic analysis in Greece
Authors: Politis Ioannis , Georgiadis Georgios , Nikolaidou Anastasia , Kopsacheilis Aristomenis , Fyrogenis Ioannis , Sdoukopoulos Alexandros , Verani Eleni , Papadopoulos Efthymis 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background
COVID-19 pandemic is a challenge that the world had never encountered in the last 100 years. In order to mitigate its negative effects, governments worldwide took action by prohibiting at first certain activities and in some cases by a countrywide lockdown. Greece was among the countries that were struck by the pandemic. Governmental authorities took action in limiting the spread of the pandemic through a series of countermeasures, which built up to a countrywide lockdown that lasted 42 days.

Methodology
This research aims at identifying the effect of certain socioeconomic factors on the travel behaviour of Greek citizens and at investigating whether any social groups were comparatively less privileged or suffered more from the lockdown. To this end, a dynamic online questionnaire survey on mobility characteristics was designed and distributed to Greek citizens during the lockdown period, which resulted in 1,259 valid responses. Collected data were analysed through descriptive and inferential statistical tests, in order to identify mobility patterns and correlations with certain socioeconomic characteristics. Additionally, a Generalised Linear Model (GLM) was developed in order to examine the potential influence of socioeconomic characteristics to trip frequency before and during the lockdown period.

Results
Outcomes indicate a decisive decrease in trip frequencies due to the lockdown. Furthermore, the model’s results indicate significant correlations between gender, income and trip frequencies during the lockdown, something that is not evident in the pre-pandemic era.
ProgPerm: Progressive permutation for a dynamic representation of the robustness of microbiome discoveries
Authors: Zhang Liangliang , Shi Yushu , Do Kim-Anh , Peterson Christine B. , Jenq Robert R. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background
Identification of features is a critical task in microbiome studies that is complicated by the fact that microbial data are high dimensional and heterogeneous. Masked by the complexity of the data, the problem of separating signals (differential features between groups) from noise (features that are not differential between groups) becomes challenging and troublesome. For instance, when performing differential abundance tests, multiple testing adjustments tend to be overconservative, as the probability of a type I error (false positive) increases dramatically with the large numbers of hypotheses. Moreover, the grouping effect of interest can be obscured by heterogeneity. These factors can incorrectly lead to the conclusion that there are no differences in the microbiome compositions.

Results
We translate and represent the problem of identifying differential features, which are differential in two-group comparisons (e.g., treatment versus control), as a dynamic layout of separating the signal from its random background. More specifically, we progressively permute the grouping factor labels of the microbiome samples and perform multiple differential abundance tests in each scenario. We then compare the signal strength of the most differential features from the original data with their performance in permutations, and will observe a visually apparent decreasing trend if these features are true positives identified from the data. Simulations and applications on real data show that the proposed method creates a U-curve when plotting the number of significant features versus the proportion of mixing. The shape of the U-Curve can convey the strength of the overall association between the microbiome and the grouping factor. We also define a fragility index to measure the robustness of the discoveries. Finally, we recommend the identified features by comparing p-values in the observed data with p-values in the fully mixed data.

Conclusions
We have developed this into a user-friendly and efficient R-shiny tool with visualizations. By default, we use the Wilcoxon rank sum test to compute the p-values, since it is a robust nonparametric test. Our proposed method can also utilize p-values obtained from other testing methods, such as DESeq. This demonstrates the potential of the progressive permutation method to be extended to new settings.
Efficacy of tocilizumab therapy in a patient with severe pancytopenia associated with a STAT3 gain-of-function mutation
Authors: Wang Wenjie , Liu Luyao , Hui Xiaoying , Wang Ying , Ying Wenjing , Zhou Qinhua , Hou Jia , Yang Mi , Sun Bijun , Sun Jinqiao , Wang Xiaochuan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background
We aimed to report the clinical characteristics, immunological features, and treatment of one patient with a de novo STAT3 gain-of-function mutation identified by next generation sequencing. We investigated the efficacy of tocilizumab therapy in immune dysregulation diseases caused by STAT3 mutation.

Results
The patient was a 16-year-old girl. She presented with recurrent respiratory infections and chronic diarrhea after birth. She had life-threatening autoimmune pancytopenia at 14 years old. After receiving glucocorticoid therapy, she developed diabetes. However, her pancytopenia relapsed when the glucocorticoid was tapered. Next-generation sequencing showed a de novo heterozygous mutation in the STAT3 gene, c.1261G > A (p. G421R), which was previously described as a gain-of-function mutation. After tocilizumab therapy, her pancytopenia fully resolved, and insulin and glucocorticoid therapies were gradually discontinued within 12 months. She had lymphopenia and an inverted CD4/CD8 ratio before therapy. Lymphocyte subpopulation analysis indicated an expansion of effector memory CD4+, effector memory CD8+ and central memory CD4+ T cells. The proportions of memory B cells and naive CD4+ T cells were decreased, and the proportion of naïve B cells was increased. None of the abnormal lymphocytic changes improved significantly. STAT3 GOF mutations were identified by next gene sequencing in those with early-onset multi-organ autoimmunity. Including our patient, 13 patients with STAT3 GOF mutations received targeted treatment. Twelve of them were treated with tocilizumab alone or combination tocilizumab with JAK inhibitor, and ten patients improved.

Conclusions
Gene sequencing should be performed for patients with early-onset refractory or multiorgan immune dysregulation diseases. Targeted drugs can effectively improve the clinical problems associated with STAT3 gain-of-function mutations, while nontargeted immunosuppressive therapy is usually insufficient.
Genome-wide identification, expression, and sequence analysis of CONSTANS-like gene family in cannabis reveals a potential role in plant flowering time regulation
Authors: Pan Gen , Li Zheng , Yin Ming , Huang Siqi , Tao Jie , Chen Anguo , Li Jianjun , Tang Huijuan , Chang Li , Deng Yong , Li Defang , Zhao Lining 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background
Cannabis, an important industrial crop, has a high sensitivity to photoperiods. The flowering time of cannabis is one of its important agronomic traits, and has a significant effect on its yield and quality. The CONSTANS-like (COL) gene plays a key role in the regulation of flowering in this plant. However, the specific roles of the COL gene family in cannabis are still unknown.

Results
In this study, 13 CsCOL genes were identified in the cannabis genome. Phylogenetic analysis implied that the CsCOL proteins were divided into three subgroups, and each subgroup included conserved intron/exon structures and motifs. Chromosome distribution analysis showed that 13 CsCOL genes were unevenly distributed on 7 chromosomes, with chromosome 10 having the most CsCOL members. Collinearity analysis showed that two syntenic gene pairs of CsCOL4 and CsCOL11 were found in both rice and Gossypium raimondii. Of the 13 CsCOL genes, CsCOL6 and CsCOL12 were a pair of tandem duplicated genes, whereas CsCOL8 and CsCOL11 may have resulted from segmental duplication. Furthermore, tissue-specific expression showed that 10 CsCOL genes were preferentially expressed in the leaves, 1 CsCOL in the stem, and 2 CsCOL in the female flower. Most CsCOL exhibited a diurnal oscillation pattern under different light treatment. Additionally, sequence analysis showed that CsCOL3 and CsCOL7 exhibited amino acid differences among the early-flowering and late flowering cultivars.

Conclusion
This study provided insight into the potential functions of CsCOL genes, and highlighted their roles in the regulation of flowering time in cannabis. Our results laid a foundation for the further elucidation of the functions of COL genes in cannabis.