bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tools to Think with
Authors: Shepherd Laura J. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
People learn from stories, from the ways in which stories are told. In the context of this investigation, which explores the narration of the WPS agenda at the headquarters of the United Nations in New York, the stories that are told about the agenda—the events that are made prominent, the actors, the timelines, and the points of contestation—are constitutive of WPS as a knowable policy agenda in world politics. Moreover, the specific ways in which the WPS agenda is narrated function to hold open the meaning of the agenda, to resist—in fact, to render impossible—the closure of the agenda around a single and stable meaning, thus shaping and informing the futures of the agenda. This chapter develops the theoretical and conceptual framework that sustains such a claim.
Creating Buildings
Authors: Kingwell Mark 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
What are the basic issues of responsible building? This chapter addresses that question by analyzing not only the codes and conduct necessary to produce buildings of “commodity, firmness, and delight,” but also buildings that speak their site and surroundings. Ethics building is simply good design in the abstract, but appropriate and perhaps even harmonious design—or, when thought possible and necessary, design that is disharmonious to good effect.
Epilogue: Afterthoughts, or Thoughts After Walking
Authors: Kingwell Mark 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This final chapter argues that walking remains the best way to experience architecture in its fully temporalized conditions, works of art and politics that must be lived with to be appreciated (or deprecated, as the case may be). Architects therefore shoulder heavy and complicated burdens of ethical responsibility. They do not tread lightly on our environments, natural and otherwise. A noble profession is made nobler by its best exemplars, and pulled down by its mediocrities. Only by appreciating all dimensions of this responsibility can we say that we are performing an “ethics of architecture.”
Why Fed Power Matters
Authors: Jacobs Lawrence R. , King Desmond 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Chapter 1 introduces the unrivaled political and economic power of America’s Central Bank, the Federal Reserve System. The Federal Reserve Bank is a mutant institution of government. It has enjoyed anonymity from Americans for most of its history even though it wields unparalleled power on domestic policy that is largely free of the traditional system of checks and balances, which routinely grind down presidential and congressional proposals. The exceptionalism of Fed power stands out among the three branches of government within the United States and among democratic capitalist countries. Instead of studying the Federal Reserve as merely a state agency implementing technical monetary and interest rate policy, this book analyzes the Fed as a powerful political institution with its own interests (and market favorites), which its leaders pursue and which contribute to rising economic inequality and racial disparities. The Fed’s exceptional independent capacity and favoritism were spotlighted in its responses to the 2008–2009 Great Recession and the economic and financial turmoil created by the start of the coronavirus in 2020.
The Concept of Technopopulism
Authors: Bickerton Christopher J. , Accetti Carlo Invernizzi 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers a formal definition of the concept of technopopulism. We begin by surveying the various ways in which this concept has already been employed in the existing academic literature. Since we identify several layers of confusion in this domain, we propose to systematize it by defining technopopulism as an organizing logic of electoral competition based on the combination of populist and technocratic discursive tropes and modes of political organization. To clarify what we mean by this, we first explain what we take an organizing logic of electoral competition to be. We then offer formal definitions of the two main modes of political action that characterize the technopopulist political logic; i.e. populism and technocracy. Finally, we contrast the technopopulist political logic with what we take to be its main historical antecedent and contemporary rival; that is what we call the ideological political logic.
Taxing Profit in a Global Economy
Authors: Devereux Michael P. , Auerbach Alan J. , Keen Michael , Oosterhuis Paul , Schön Wolfgang , Vella John 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This book undertakes a fundamental review of the existing international regime for taxing business profit. It steps back from the current political debates on how to combat profit shifting and how taxing rights over the profits of the digitalized economy should be allocated. Instead, it starts from first principles to ask how we should evaluate a tax on business profit—and whether there is any good rationale for such a tax in the first place. It then goes on to evaluate the existing regime and a number of alternatives that have been proposed. It argues that the existing regime is fundamentally flawed, and that there is a need for radical reform. The key conclusion from the analysis is that there would be significant gains from a reform that moved the regime towards taxing profit in the country in which a business made its sales to third parties. That conclusion informs two proposals that are put forward in detail and evaluated: the Residual Profit Allocation by Income (RPAI) and the Destination-based Cash Flow Tax (DBCFT). The book is authored by group of economists and lawyers—the Oxford International Tax Group, chaired by Michael Devereux. It draws insights from both economics and law—including economic theory, empirical evidence on the impact of taxes, and a detailed examination of practical issues of implementation—to assess the existing system and to consider fundamental reforms. This book will be useful to tax policy makers, tax professionals, academics, and anyone interested in tax policy.
Introduction
Authors: Devereux Michael P. , Auerbach Alan J. , Keen Michael , Oosterhuis Paul , Schön Wolfgang , Vella John 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The key problems confronting the international tax system are introduced in this chapter—including problems of tax avoidance through shifting profit to low tax countries, distortions to international investment and trade created by the existing system, and two different forms of competition between countries. The main ideas of the book are introduced, including the approach of the book which addresses the issue of designing an international tax system on business profit from first principles. It explains the key direction of reform—moving to allocating tax rights to the country in which businesses sell their goods and services.
Basic Choices in Considering Reform
Authors: Devereux Michael P. , Auerbach Alan J. , Keen Michael , Oosterhuis Paul , Schön Wolfgang , Vella John 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this chapter we explain the broad approach taken in the two detailed proposals set out in Chapters 6 and 7, namely the RPAI and DBCFT respectively. We discuss the extent to which international coordination would be required, or desired. We then consider the costs of transition to a new system. In broad terms, we can compare incremental reforms which are based on the existing structure, with more fundamental reforms that more radically change that fundamental structure. We also discuss what should be required in terms of revenue requirements, and the likely redistribution of revenues among countries. We then discuss two issues which are common to the two options: the scope of the tax and the concept and definition of destination.
Destination-Based Cash Flow Taxation
Authors: Devereux Michael P. , Auerbach Alan J. , Keen Michael , Oosterhuis Paul , Schön Wolfgang , Vella John 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter sets out and evaluates our second main proposal: the Destination-based Cash Flow Tax (DBCFT). This has two basic components: (a) a ‘cash flow’ element, which gives immediate relief to all expenditure, and (b) a ‘destination-based’ element, which introduces border adjustments of the same form as under the value added tax (VAT): exports are untaxed, while imports are taxed. This is equivalent in its economic impact to introducing a broad-based, uniform rate VAT and making a corresponding reduction in taxes on wages and salaries. A central motivation for the DBCFT is to improve economic efficiency by taxing business income in a relatively immobile location; the DBCFT should not distort either the scale or the location of business investment. It also has the considerable advantage of being robust against avoidance through inter-company transactions.
Parameters of Sustainable Peace
Authors: Wählisch Martin 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines normative principles for peacemakers and peacebuilding that define the parameters for just and sustainable peace in the UN system. It argues that an ‘imperfect’ peace is better than ‘just war’. It shows that UN notions of peace have been developed through practice. It explores how just peace approaches intersect with the UN peacebuilding architecture and Sustainable Development Goal 16. The author identifies core principles which shape UN post-conflict transitions, such as national ownership, inclusivity, rule of law, effective leadership, coordination, and accountability.
Legal Protection of the Environment
Authors: Fleck Dieter 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines principles and rules on environmental protection in two critical situations: non-international armed conflicts and post-conflict peacebuilding. What kind of environmental obligations apply in bello between a government and rebels? In what sense are parties to the conflict accountable for environmental devastation? May states be liable also for injurious consequences of acts not explicitly prohibited under international law? How can their obligations be enforced? Furthermore, issues of post-conflict peacebuilding are discussed to explore whether specific principles and rules of jus post bellum are relevant for the protection of the natural environment. While certain aspects of the protection of the environment in relation to armed conflicts appear to be still unclear, some recommendations are developed in support of efforts currently undertaken by the International Law Commission.
Power Shift
Authors: Wall Patrick C.J. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the relationship between the proliferation of mediation as a tool of conflict resolution and the emergence of the jus post bellum, as observed in the law of peace (lex pacificatoria). It seeks to understand whether the presence and/or identity of a mediator is likely to influence the degree to which the resulting peace agreement complies with crucial aspects of the law of peace, such as self-determination, accountability, demobilization or reconciliation. It identifies correlation between independent mediation and observance of the law of peace and offers some tentative thoughts on the implications for jus post bellum.
Right to Land, Housing, and Property
Authors: Martínez Elisenda Calvet , Anabitarte Aitor Díaz 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The enforcement of economic, social, and cultural rights is often neglected in transitions from conflict to peace. Reconstruction programmes and initiatives of justice in post-conflict situations are still based on the paradigms of state security and criminal prosecution. However, there is a trend to recognize the importance of safeguarding the right of refugees and displaced persons to restitution of land, housing and property so that they can return to their homes and places of residence in safe and dignified conditions, with the aim of promoting the rule of law and achieving a just and lasting peace. The chapter shows the need to deepen and advance the empowerment of the right to restitution as a principle of jus post bellum in order to attain a just and sustainable peace. It claims that jus post bellum should promote ‘positive peace’.
Jus Post Bellum as Definition and Practice
Authors: Grasten Maj 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter traces the materialization of the rule of law in post-conflict Kosovo to argue that jus post bellum involves contestation and enactment. It suggests that just peace requires negotiations over what is ‘just’ in any specific context and advocates a more general argument for a sociologically informed approach to international law. This includes due attention to the effects of indeterminacy. Drawing on field research on UNMIK and EULEX in Kosovo, the chapter takes a practice- and process-oriented approach in tracing how international policy concerns entered international legal and policy documents, institutions, and practices. It concludes that just peace, and legal form more generally, are political and never objective.
The Long Tail of World War II
Authors: Webster Timothy 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The shadow of World War II still looms over East Asia. Unlike the West, issues of state accountability, corporate liability, and individual reparation roil the victims, governments, and civil society organizations. It stills form a critical, often controversial, backdrop for international relations among China, Japan, Korea, and other Asian nations. This chapter fills an important gap by focusing on jus post bellum outside of the West. The chapter examines the results, motivations, and achievements of civil litigation, namely approximately one hundred World War II reparations lawsuits filed in Japan. In so doing, it answers three related questions. Why does World War II still generate controversy in the contemporary geopolitical triangle of China, Japan, and Korea? How has litigation contributed to the reconciliation process? What are the broader prospects in the future?
Learning through Programming
Authors: Láruson Áki J. , Reed Floyd A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A brief summary of the way the authors hope this book can be used. It explains how the book will attempt to tie each concept to a set of practical exercises and justify the idea that implementing concepts via programming can help in understanding even seemingly insurmountably complex concepts. This chapter briefly introduces population genetics as a discipline and the R statistical language, as well as describing the basic formatting and organization of the book.
Allele and Genotype Frequencies
Authors: Láruson Áki J. , Reed Floyd A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
An introduction to basic terminology in population genetics such as alleles, genotypes, and loci. This chapter introduces the basics of Hardy-Weinberg assumptions and predictions and explains how these assumptions can be used to provide insights and make basic inferences for real populations. It provides examples from real data showing how these inferences are consistent, even though the theory underlying them seems to make too many unrealistic assumptions.
Factors Limiting Face Matching at Passport Control and in Police Investigations
Authors: Fysh Matthew C. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Face matching entails a comparison between two faces that are unfamiliar to an observer, who must then decide whether these depict the same person or different people. Despite the ubiquity of face matching in practical settings, such as passport control and police investigations, laboratory research has established that this task is highly error-prone, and that many of these errors derive from visual characteristics of to-be-compared face stimuli. Such characteristics include factors such as image quality, lighting, and natural changes in personal appearance, which influence the visual correspondence between face stimuli. In this chapter, factors that are likely to limit face-matching accuracy in real-world settings are reviewed, with the aim of providing insight into how these influence the accuracy of this process and how subsequent errors may be mitigated.
Can Face Identification Ability Be Trained?
Authors: Towler Alice , Kemp Richard I. , White David 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Is it possible to train face identification ability? To answer this question, we review the literature on professional training for facial image comparison practitioners, and the broader psychology literature on training for prosopagnosia patients and the general population. Our review of these literatures finds very little evidence that training can improve face recognition or face-matching accuracy. However, one group of specialist practitioners—facial examiners—throw this conclusion into question. Facial examiners consistently outperform novices and show qualitative differences in how they perform matching tasks, suggesting they have acquired their expertise via professional training. To account for these findings, we propose that there are two routes to expertise in face identification: The core face recognition system, which cannot be trained, and an alternative feature-based route, which can be trained. We encourage academics and practitioners to work together to identify effective and efficient training methods to teach facial image comparison practitioners to extract maximal identity information from facial features.
Automatic Recognition Systems and Human Computer Interaction in Face Matching
Authors: Noyes Eilidh , Hill Matthew Q. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The human face facilitates identification in security and policing scenarios. In these settings, automatic face recognition systems have increased in prevalence and accuracy in recent years. As a result, the identification task, which once fell entirely to humans, is now a process performed by man and machine. Automatic face recognition systems provide image similarity comparisons and can create candidate lists to narrow down potential targets. There is increasing interest in the accuracy of these systems, and the role that algorithms can play in the identification effort. The design, operational usage, and effectiveness of these automatic systems, as well as the interaction of human and computer recognition are the topics of this chapter.
Selfishness and Pride
Authors: Deane-Drummond Celia E. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The ‘selfishness’ paradigm is used by biologists to mark the competitive nature of basic evolutionary processes and often refers to the self-preservation of genes. This chapter explores the implication of the use of this language and begins to tease out the relationships between individual sin, selfishness, and cooperation in a community. The evolutionary puzzle of why it is that groups are able to cooperate leads to a critical engagement with attempts to explain the origin of ‘big Gods’, who are perceived as all- seeing, all-punishing divine agencies put in place to curtail self-interested ‘free riders’. A theological approach recognizes the key place of selfishness in sin, but also gives pride a primary motivating role. How is pride dealt with in hunter-gatherer communities and what kind of clues might this provide regarding early human origins?
Despair, Anxiety, and Sloth
Authors: Deane-Drummond Celia E. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Despair is a stronger form of sadness than envy because it reflects deep inner turmoil. While it is difficult to measure mental states of animals, many behavioural studies imply that at least some social animals can become despondent: but can they reach a state of despair? Søren Kierkegaard considered despair and anxiety integral to the human condition; for him, anxiety was the prelude to original sin and the state of sin was a state of despair. Ignatius of Loyola also recognized periods of desolation as well as consolation in the spiritual life, which suggests that desolation might have a place in the human journey to God. This chapter will explore how one might distinguish licit forms of desolation, which facilitate the journey toward God, from illicit forms, which lead to fear and sin. The vice of acedia has a fascinating history. In monastic communities, it was viewed as an attack of the noonday demon and in more secularized contexts it was seen as laziness. This chapter argues that struggles to interpret the presence of acedia through history are illuminating in working out the different sources of the vice of acedia and its explicit location in the human mind. Of all the cardinal vices, acedia is the one that is arguably the most explicit with respect to its damaging impact on the religious life and its distinctive appearance in the human condition.
Consciousness Meets Lewisian Interpretation Theory
Authors: Pautz Adam 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In “Radical Interpretation” (1974), David Lewis asked: by what constraints, and to what extent, do the non-intentional, physical facts about Karl determine the intentional facts about him? There are two popular approaches: the reductive externalist program and the phenomenal intentionality program. I argue against both approaches. I will agree with friends of phenomenal intentionality that reductive externalists neglect the role of our internally determined conscious experiences in grounding intentionality, but I will fault them for not adequately explaining intentionality. They cannot just say “conscious experience explains it” and leave it at that. However, I will sketch an alternative multistage account incorporating ideas from both camps. In particular, by appealing to Lewisian ideas, we can explain how Karl’s conscious experiences help to ground the contents of his other mental states.
Practical Necessity and History I
Authors: James David 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Rousseau’s idea of ‘moral’ freedom is shown to imply an element of contingency in history. Rousseau can be seen to identify three historical models, the first of which entails the possibility of stasis, whereas the other two presuppose and incorporate the idea of a subjection to practical necessity which explains the development of the capacity for moral freedom. Once this capacity has been sufficiently developed, history may result in significantly different, equally possible, outcomes depending on whether or not this capacity is exercised and how it is exercised. One of these outcomes is a genuine social contract. Rousseau appeals to practical necessity in order to explain how individuals would agree to enter into this contract. We here encounter a potential advantage of a mode of explanation that relies on the notion of practical necessity: it requires introducing fewer assumptions about how agents are disposed to act and what motivates them.
“Surgery of the Soul”
Authors: Shams Fatemeh 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Having explored the origins and profiles of the first two generations of the poets involved in the production of official poetry in Iran, this chapter presents the key organizations and mechanisms involved in publication and distribution of their work. The reader is given a firsthand historical account of the most influential state-owned cultural institution of the Islamic Republic, the Center for the Islamic Arts and Thoughts (Howzeh-ye Honar va Andisheh-ye Islāmi, 1980) to shed light on the process of the institutionalization of poetry following the establishment of the Islamic Republic. As the chapter demonstrates, the apparatus responsible has itself undergone change and conflict, mirroring the chequered development of the official poetry canon and the ruling ideologies.