bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What’s Really Wrong with Fining Crimes? On the Hard Treatment of Criminal Monetary Fines
Authors: Coca-Vila Ivó 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAmong the advocates of expressive theories of punishment, there is a strong consensus that monetary fines cannot convey the message of censure that is required to punish serious crimes or crimes against the person (e.g., rape). Money is considered an inappropriate symbol to express condemnation. In this article, I argue that this sentiment is correct, although not for the reasons suggested by advocates of expressivism. The monetary day-fine should not be understood as a simple deprivation of money, but as a punishment that reduces the offender’s capacity to consume for a certain period of time. Conceived in this manner, I argue that it is perfectly suitable to convey censure. However, the practical impossibility of ensuring that the person who pays the fine is the same person who has been convicted of the offense seriously undermines the acceptability of the monetary fine as an instrument of censure. Minimizing the risk of the fine’s hard treatment being transferred to third parties is a necessary condition for the monetary fine to be considered a viable alternative to lengthy prison sentences.
Further tests of the scarcity and luxury hypotheses in dispositional greed: Evidence from two large-scale Dutch and American samples
Authors: Hoyer Karlijn , Zeelenberg Marcel , Breugelmans Seger M. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractA recent, large-scale study among Chinese adolescents found that childhood socioeconomic status (CSES) was positively related to dispositional greed (i.e., the “luxury hypothesis”), instead of negatively related (i.e., the “scarcity hypothesis”; Liu et al., 2019c). This relationship was found for only-children, not for children with siblings. The generalizability of these findings may be limited, due to China’s one-child policy and socioeconomic policies which may have led to fewer differences in wealth. We replicated this research in two other cultural contexts that represent markedly different socioeconomic policies in order to test its generalizability: the Netherlands (Study 1, N = 2367, 51.3% female, Mage = 54.06, SD = 17.90), and the USA (Study 2, N = 999, 50.1% female, Mage = 33.44, SD = 12.28). Hierarchical multiple regressions were conducted to test the association between CSES and greed. We mostly replicated the findings by Liu et al. (2019c): CSES was positively related to greed in both studies (“luxury hypothesis”) and there was a moderating effect of siblings in Study 1, but not in Study 2. Implications for theories on greed as well as future research on the association between CSES and greed are discussed.
Big Five personality trait differences between students from different majors aspiring to the teaching profession
Authors: Hartmann Florian G. , Ertl Bernhard 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPerson-Environment fit theories claim that students choose their academic path according to their personality. In this regard, teacher candidates are of special interest. On the one hand, they all make the same choice to enroll in a teacher education program. On the other hand, they make different choices with respect to the subjects they are going to teach. If the Person-Environment fit approach also applies to the selection regarding teacher candidates’ subject areas, teacher candidates from different majors might have different personality traits and as a result, different starting conditions for becoming a successful teacher. Such differences need to be taken into account by teacher education in order to create programs that allow teacher candidates from different majors to equally succeed. Therefore, the current study investigates to what extent personality group differences across majors occur within the population of teacher candidates. Using data from a large-scale study, the Big Five personality traits of 1735 female and 565 male teacher candidates were analyzed, with teacher candidates compared to male (n = 1122) and female (n = 1570) students who studied the same major but who did not intend to become teachers. Unlike previous studies, academic majors were not grouped into few broad categories, but eight different majors were distinguished. The results indicate that teacher candidates are more extraverted than their non-teaching counterparts. In addition, personality trait differences between teacher candidates from different majors could be observed. The results are discussed as they relate to the recruitment and training of future teachers.
Serial change in perfusion–metabolism mismatch after coronary artery bypass grafting
Authors: Morishima Motoko , Kiriyama Tomonari , Miyagi Yasuo , Otsuka Toshiaki , Fukushima Yoshimitsu , Kumita Shin-ichiro , Ishii Yosuke 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Objective
Myocardial ischemia is known to suppress fatty acid metabolism and favor glucose metabolism. However, changes in myocardial metabolism after coronary revascularization are not fully elucidated.

Methods
Thirty-eight patients with coronary artery disease were retrospectively enrolled. These patients had undergone stress perfusion single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and 123I-BMIPP SPECT in both the short-term (6.4 ± 4.7 months) and mid-term (29.9 ± 7.2 months) after isolated coronary artery bypass grafting. Tracer uptake was graded using a 17-segment, 5-point scoring model. Serial changes in SRS (summed rest score), SDS (summed difference score), the BMIPP score (total defect score of BMIPP), and the mismatch score (BMIPP score–SRS) were evaluated. In addition, persistent perfusion–metabolism mismatch (PM) was defined as mismatch score minus SDS of 3 or more during the mid-term postoperative period. The clinical parameters associated with PM were examined.

Results
From short- to mid-term postoperative period, the extent of infarcted myocardium (SRS) did not change significantly (7.8 ± 8.0 to 7.1 ± 7.0, P = 0.117). The extent of ischemic myocardium (SDS), the BMIPP score and the mismatch score, which reflects perfusion–metabolism mismatch, were significantly improved (2.0 ± 2.8 to 0.7 ± 1.0, P = 0.010; 12.2 ± 9.0 to 9.5 ± 7.9, P < 0.001; 4.4 ± 3.7 to 2.5 ± 2.6, P < 0.001; respectively). Remarkably, perfusion–metabolism mismatch persisted in 13 patients (34%) even in the mid-term postoperative period. eGFR and SYNTAX score were independent predictors of persistent perfusion–metabolic mismatch in multivariable analysis (OR = 0.951, 95% CI 0.898–0.985, P = 0.010 and OR = 1.126, 95% CI 1.011–1.254, P = 0.031, respectively). The mismatch score both in the short- and mid-term significantly correlated with SYNTAX score (r = 0.400 and r = 0.472, respectively).

Conclusions
Fatty acid metabolism disturbance improved from short- to mid-term postoperative period in patients with successful reperfusion by coronary artery bypass grafting. However, in patients with severe atherosclerosis, impaired fatty acid metabolism was sustained until the mid-term postoperative period, even though ischemia had resolved.
Stopping-power ratio of mouthpiece materials for charged-particle therapy in head and neck cancer
Authors: Ikawa Hiroaki , Inaniwa Taku , Koto Masashi , Bhattacharyya Tapesh , Kaneko Takashi , Takiyama Hirotoshi , Shinoto Makoto , Yamada Shigeru , Tsuji Hiroshi 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn this study, the stopping-power ratios (SPRs) of mouthpiece materials were measured and the errors in the predicted SPRs based on conversion table values were further investigated. The SPRs of the five mouthpiece materials were predicted from their computed tomography (CT) numbers using a calibrated conversion table. Independently, the SPRs of the materials were measured from the Bragg peak shift of a carbon-ion beam passing through the materials. The errors in the SPRs of the materials were determined as the difference between the predicted and measured values. The measured SPRs (errors) of the Nipoflex 710™ and Bioplast™ ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymers (EVAs) were 0.997 (0.023) and 0.982 (0.007), respectively. The SPRs of the vinyl silicon impression material, light-curable resin, and bis-acrylic resin were 1.517 (0.134), 1.161 (0.068), and 1.26 (0.101), respectively. Among the five tested materials, the EVAs had the lowest SPR errors, indicating the highest human-tissue equivalency.
Spatiotemporal Variability in Environmental Conditions Influences the Performance and Behavior of Juvenile Steelhead in a Coastal California Lagoon
Authors: Bond Rosealea M. , Kiernan Joseph D. , Osterback Ann-Marie K. , Kern Cynthia H. , Hay Alexander E. , Meko Joshua M. , Daniels Miles E. , Perez Jeffrey M. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn California (USA), seasonal lagoons provide important oversummer rearing habitat for juvenile steelhead trout (anadromous Oncorhynchus mykiss). However, key water quality parameters such as temperature and dissolved oxygen concentration can periodically approach or exceed the physiological tolerances of steelhead during the protracted dry season. A field study employing distributed temperature sensing technology, water quality monitoring, habitat mapping, and mark-recapture sampling was conducted to examine how shifting environmental conditions affected the performance and behavior of juvenile steelhead in the Scott Creek estuary/lagoon (Santa Cruz County). Abiotic conditions were driven by episodic inputs of seawater to the typically freshwater lagoon. During midsummer, the water column was vertically stratified which reduced suitable lagoon rearing habitat by approximately 40%. Nevertheless, steelhead abundance, growth, and condition factor were high during the summer and decreased in autumn following lagoon destratification and cooling. Unlike previous work, this study identified limited emigration from the lagoon to riverine habitat during the summer. Instead, juvenile steelhead exhibited crepuscular movement patterns within the lagoon, with peaks in upstream (to upper lagoon habitat) and downstream (to lower lagoon habitat) movement occurring at dawn and dusk, respectively. This study underscores that habitat complexity and connectivity are critical for juvenile steelhead production and persistence and provides insight into steelhead habitat use and behavior in seasonal lagoons.
Seismic Structure of the Crust and Lithospheric Mantle of the Indian Shield: A Review
Authors: Kumar Prakash , Mandal Biswajit , Kumar M. Ravi 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The article reviews the history and accomplishments of CSIR-NGRI over the past 60 years, related to elucidating the seismic structure of the crust and lithospheric mantle of the Indian shield. Extensive investigations have been carried out in diverse geological and tectonic provinces of India, employing seismic reflection, refraction/wide-angle reflection and passive seismology to decipher (a) the evolution of the Indian plate through geological time, (b) hazard and its mitigation and (c) accumulation and disposition of natural resources. These endeavours entailed the application and development of state-of-the-art methodologies. Synthesis of the results from active and passive seismology reveals that the thickness of the crust varies between 28 and 65 km in the Kachchh and Aravalli regions respectively, consistent with their evolutionary histories. The thickest crust is observed in the western Dharwar craton (WDC) and the shallowest lies in the west coast. The crust in the shield region is mostly thicker, while it is thin beneath the rift zones. Results from coincident reflection and wide-angle seismic reflection studies broadly suggest a three-layered crust with magmatic underplating. Interestingly, the seismic sections traversing the Aravalli fold belt, central Indian suture zone, Dharwar craton and Southern Granulite Terrain (SGT) depict paleo-collision and subduction environments. The diverse character of the Moho, crustal fabrics and structure in different geological provinces indicate that contrasting tectonic environments might have influenced their evolution and support the hypothesis that plate tectonic processes were operative since Neoarchean.
The thickness of the lithosphere estimated from receiver functions varies from 80 to 140 km. An undulation in the Lithosphere Asthenosphere Boundary reveals evidence for a flexure on a regional scale, owing to the continental collision of the Indian and Asian plates. However, the lithospheric thickness derived from surface wave dispersion studies is somewhat larger, ranging from 100 to 250 km, with some body wave tomographic studies suggesting it to be ~400 km, in consonance with the concept of Tectosphere. The thickness values derived from both the methods agree at a few locales such as the Eastern Dharwar Craton, SGT, Cambay, Singhbhum and western DVP. However, a broad disagreement prevails in WDC and northern part of the Indian shield where surface wave tomography reveals the thickness of lithosphere to be 140 to 200 km.
Constraining Plate Motion and Crustal Deformation from GNSS Measurements: CSIR-NGRI Contribution
Authors: Rajewar S.K. , Lakshmi Ch. Mohana , Mohanty Aditya , Pandey Dwijendra N. , Pandey Anshuman , Chaurasia Anurag , Pandey Ananya , Rao V. Rajeswar , Naidu M.S. , Kumar Amit , Mondal Saroj K , Yadav Rajeev K , Catherine J.K. , Giri R.K. , Gahalaut V.K. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Geodetic studies of crustal deformation using Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS, earlier commonly referred to as Global Positioning System, GPS) measurements at CSIR-NGRI started in 1995 with the installation of a permanent GNSS station at CSIR-NGRI Hyderabad which later became an International GNSS Service (IGS) site. The CSIR-NGRI started expanding its GNSS networks after 2003 with more focussed studies through installation in the NE India, Himalayan arc, Andaman subduction zone, stable and failed rift regions of India plate. In each instance, these measurements helped in unravelling the geodynamics of the region and seismic hazard assessment, e.g., the discovery of a plate boundary fault in the Indo-Burmese wedge, rate and mode of strain accumulation and its spatial variation in the Garhwal-Kumaun and Kashmir region of the Himalayan arc, the influence of non-tectonic deformation on tectonic deformation in the Himalayan arc, nature of crustal deformation through earthquake cycle in the Andaman Sumatra subduction zone, and localised deformation in the intraplate region and across the paleo rift regions. Besides these, GNSS measurements initiated in the Antarctica region have helped in understanding the plate motion and influence of seasonal variations on deformation. Another important by-product of the GNSS observations is the capabilities of these observations in understanding the ionospheric variations due to earthquake processes and also due to solar eclipse. We summarize these outcomes in this article.
Heat Flow Studies in India: An Update
Authors: Ray Labani 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The geothermal study in India was initiated in 1962 and in the last six decades it grew in concurrence with the international programmes of geothermal study on several fronts, such as, characterizing heat flow for the major geological units; measuring the thermal conductivity of crustal rocks at ambient and elevated temperatures; arriving at the best mathematical model of thermal conductivity from modal mineralogy; calculating radiogenic heat production for the major rock formations; modeling crustal and sub-crustal thermal structure for the stable regions; calculating mantle temperature constrained with seismic velocities and mantle xenoliths; assessing geothermal energy potential regions and using geothermal observations to estimate past climate changes.
Systematic heat flow, thermal conductivity, heat production, and thermal modelling carried out during this period of time led to the refinement of classical thermal models of the continental crust, i.e., from linear-step-exponential heat production model based on linear relationship, to realistic heat production models based on regional geology and regional crustal structure from geophysical studies. In many cases, such studies have also helped in the exploration of geothermal energy potential regions, geo-engineering works and deciphering past climate changes.
Future research goals include to study (i) crustal and upper mantle thermal structure in the unexplored geological provinces, active tectonic zones, sedimentary basins, and hot spring areas of the Indian sub-continent, (ii) thermal structure in the adjoining oceanic regions, occurrence of potential geothermal energy resources, (iii) thermal properties of rocks at elevated temperature and their implications in refining lithospheric thermal model, (iv) linkage between geothermal and meteorological records for past climate change.
Geochemical Studies in India: CSIR-NGRI Contributions
Authors: Mohan M. Ram , Sarma D. Srinivasa , Khanna Tarun C. , Satyanarayanan M. , Krishna A. Keshav 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The Indian Shield, composed of diversified rock types, formed at different ages, emplaced in varied tectonic environments, is a natural laboratory for the geoscientific community. Multi-disciplinary studies involving tools like field geology, petrography, geophysics and geochemistry can better probe the Earth’s interior at a higher resolution. The Geochemistry Division, equipped with state-of-the-art analytical facilities such as XRF, SEM-EDS, MC-TIMS and LA-HR-ICP-MS, has made pioneering contributions to better understand the evolutionary history of the Indian Shield. This excerpt provides a glimpse of the research activities carried out by the Geochemistry Group during the last 55 years. Significant contributions include (1) geodynamics and crustal evolution of the Indian Plate in terms of nucleation, accretion and amalgamation of the three Protocontinents: Dharwar, Aravalli and Singhbhum; (2) geological and geochemical studies on the evidence for early life; and (3) deciphering the depositional environment and provenance of clastic sediments of the Dharwar Craton. Besides southern India, focused research studies in Bastar, Singhbhum and Bundelkhand cratons, Eastern Ghat Mobile Belt, Central Indian Tectonic Zone, Andaman Islands and Antarctica have yielded significant results that were published in recognised peer-reviewed National and International Journals. In addition to fundamental research, the Geochemistry Group has actively collaborated with industries like Hutti Gold Mines Limited (Hutti), Hindustan Zinc Limited (Udaipur) and National Mineral Development Corporation (Hyderabad) for the exploration of base metals and gold in different parts of the country. The analytical facilities created and developed by the Group are currently helping scores of researchers and students from a host of R&D organisations/ universities across the country and even a few organisations abroad in pursuing world-class geochemical and environmental research.
Geophysical Instrumentation at CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute
Authors: Satyanarayana H. V. S. , Vasudevan G. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
At times when there was hardly any commercial equipment available for important field investigations and no other Institute in India was engaged in the development activity of Geophysical instruments, CSIR-NGRI has taken an important and challenging initiative of design and development of Geophysical instruments in early 1960’s. A wide variety of geophysical instruments was designed and manufactured for field use and successfully demonstrated their usage in different field investigations across different parts of the country. After the successful demonstration of these instruments, they were produced on batch scale at the Institute, to meet the immediate requirements of research, teaching and survey organizations and subsequently the know-how for few instruments were transferred to commercial firms.
This paper is a review of few of the important development activities of Geophysical instruments carried at CSIR- National Geophysical Research Institute (CSIR-NGRI) such as Resistivity meter, Seismic refraction timer, Proton Precession Magnetometer (PPM), Time domain Electro Magnetic System (GS-100), Flux Gate Magnetometer, Magnetic susceptibility meter, Metal detector, Pulsed Transient Airborne E.M System, Rubidium Vapour Magnetometer, Magneto telluric sounding System, EM Enslin unit, Salinity meter, Automatic water level and quality meter, Borehole logger etc. Another important work is the development of technique and a device for measurement of spectral induced polarization response using Pseudo Random Binary Sequence (PRBS) current source, Multi electrode SP Measurement System.
Sustainable Irrigation and Economic Development through Community Participated Managed Aquifer Recharge in Water Scarce Regions of Telangana State - A Case Study
Authors: Nandan M. J. , Surinaidu L. , Kumar S. Dinesh 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Groundwater is the primary source for agriculture based income in the rural areas of Telangana state, South India, especially in the scanty rainfall regions. Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) can augment rainfall recharge, and it is successful at many locations across India. The present study is one of the case study, where CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute (CSIR-NGRI) successfully implemented MAR through community participation which has led to a paradigm shift in agriculture based income in three villages situated in Chotuppal Mandal, Telangana. A percolation tank has been constructed by local people considering scientific inputs from CSIR-NGRI. Due to the percolation tank recharge, deeper groundwater levels have come close to the ground surface. The improved groundwater conditions have led to the expansion of irrigated areas, rural economic development and reduced energy consumption. This study has demonstrated that MAR such as percolation tanks at suitable locations can improve the groundwater and socio-economic conditions in water scarce regions.
Advances in Geo-Time Series Modelling
Authors: Tiwari R.K. , Rekapalli Rajesh 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Recent advances in geo-time series modelling are briefly presented. These progressive developments and imminent applications in the data-driven research have come across three main categories of investigation efforts (i) Classical to recent advances in spectral analyses and their applications on some very significant geophysical/geological time series. Specially, applications of modern multi-taper methods of spectral analysis (MTM) and singular spectral analysis (SSA) techniques based filtering are discussed. Applications on 3D seismic reflection data de-noising using multi-channel SSA along with significant results are demonstrated. (ii) Methods of nonlinear time series analyses and physical concept of fractal and chaos are enumerated and relevance of chaos in complex geophysical and geological time series modelling are discussed (iii) The upcoming field of research in Machine learning (ML) based artificial neural network (ANN) and Deep Learning (DL) along with pertinent applications on variety of geophysical data, such well-log, ground water, gravity, seismic / seismological data etc., are presented and discussed.