bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GENETIC AND CYTOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE ADH REGION IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Authors: O'Donnell Janis , Mandel Howard C , Krauss Marc , Sofer William 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Eighteen Adh-negative mutations were selected with 1-pentyn-3-ol after feeding of formaldehyde. Twelve of the 18 were shown by cytological and genetic analysis to be deletions. Cytological examination of the deletions allowed us to localize the Adh gene to a region including bands 35B3-5 on the left arm of chromosome 2. The deletions were also used to order known visible loci located near Adh.—The vital loci near Adh were also investigated. A total of 109 lethal mutations were generated with EMS and 33 of these, localized within a region defined by the overlap of two of the deletions, were found to belong to 13 complementation groups. If one includes three other loci known to belong there (el, Adh and Sco), a total of 16 complementation groups have been identified in the region close to Adh.
THE EVOLUTION OF EPISTASIS AND THE ADVANTAGE OF RECOMBINATION IN POPULATIONS OF BACTERIOPHAGE T4
Authors: Malmberg Russell L 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Experiments reported here test two hypotheses about the evolution of recombination: first, the Fisher-Muller concept that sexual organisms respond to selection more rapidly than do asexual ones, and second, that epistasis is more likely to evolve in the absence of recombination. Populations of bacteriophage T4 were selected by the drug proflavine in discrete generations and the change in mean population fitness was monitored. Three separate selection series yielded results supporting the Fisher-Muller hypothesis. The amount of epistasis evolved was measured by partitioning the T4 map into regions and comparing the sum of the proflavine resistances of each region with the resistance of the whole. Significantly more interactions were found in phage isolated from the populations with lower total recombination than in those from populations with higher recombination. The degree to which these experiments fit preconceived notions about natural selection suggests that microorganisms may be advantageously used in other population genetics experiments.
Arthroscopic acetabular labral reconstruction: a review
Authors: Maldonado David R , Glein Rachel M , Domb Benjamin G 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The function and importance of the acetabular labrum in hip biomechanics have been determined. A labral tear is one of the most common findings in the hip preservation field, commonly associated with femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) syndrome. It has been established that the restoration of labral anatomy and function are key factors to improve patient-reported outcome measurements (PROMs) and psychometric tools following arthroscopic hip arthroscopy in the context of FAI syndrome. Labral repair or refixation is currently the gold-standard surgical option when facing labral tears, with clinical mid to long-term data supporting its use. Labral selective debridement has proven to be a valid alternative in selective patients. Acetabular labral reconstruction has risen as an alternative to labral excision or resection when repair is not an option due to labral tissue deficiency. Restoring the labral sealing mechanism is the goal behind the acetabular labral reconstruction. It has been proven that labral reconstruction leads to superior PROMs when compared with resection. This review presents an analysis of the indications, techniques, and outcomes for arthroscopic acetabular labral reconstruction.
Tumor-Treating Fields for the treatment of glioblastoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Regev Ohad , Merkin Vladimir , Blumenthal Deborah T , Melamed Israel , Kaisman-Elbaz Tehila 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundTumor-Treating Fields (TTFields) is an emerging treatment modality for glioblastoma (GBM). Studies have shown a good safety profile alongside improved efficacy in newly diagnosed GBM (ndGBM), while a less clear effect was shown for recurrent GBM (rGBM). Despite regulatory support, sectors of the neuro-oncology community have been reluctant to accept it as part of the standard treatment protocol. To establish an objective understanding of TTFields’ mechanism of action, safety, efficacy, and economical implications, we conducted a systematic literature review and meta-analysis.MethodsA systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane databases. Twenty studies met the pre-defined inclusion criteria, incorporating 1636 patients (542 ndGBM and 1094 rGBM), and 11 558 patients (6403 ndGBM and 5155 rGBM) analyzed for the clinical outcomes and safety endpoints, respectively.ResultsThis study demonstrated improved clinical efficacy and a good safety profile of TTFields. For ndGBM, pooled median overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were 21.7 (95%CI = 19.6-23.8) and 7.2 (95%CI = 6.1-8.2) months, respectively. For rGBM, pooled median OS and PFS were 10.3 (95%CI = 8.3-12.8) and 5.7 (95%CI = 2.8-10) months, respectively. Compliance of ≥75% was associated with an improved OS and the predominant adverse events were dermatologic, with a pooled prevalence of 38.4% (95%CI = 32.3-44.9). Preclinical studies demonstrated TTFields’ diverse molecular mechanism of action, its potential synergistic efficacy, and suggest possible benefits for certain populations.ConclusionsThis study supports the use of TTFields for GBM, alongside the standard-of-care treatment protocol, and provides a practical summary, discussing the current clinical and preclinical aspects of the treatment and their implication on the disease course.
Paper Trails
Authors: Blevins Cameron 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Paper Trails presents a new history of the American state and its efforts to conquer, occupy, and integrate the western United States between the 1860s and early 1900s. The success of this project depended on an unassuming government institution: the US Post. As millions of settlers rushed into remote corners of the region, they relied on the mail to stay connected to the wider world. Letters and newspapers, magazines and pamphlets, petitions and money orders, all traveled across the most expansive communications network on earth. Paper Trails maps the year-by-year spread of this infrastructure using a dataset of more than one hundred thousand post offices, revealing a new and unfamiliar picture of the federal government in the West. Despite its size, the US Post was both nimble and ephemeral, rapidly spinning out its infrastructure to distant places before melting away at a moment’s notice. The administration of this network bore little resemblance to the civil service bureaucracies typically associated with government institutions today. Instead, the US Post grafted public mail service onto the private operations of thousands of local businesses, contracting with stagecoach companies to carry bags of mail and paying local merchants to distribute letters from their stores. The postal network’s sprawling geography and localized operations force a reconsideration of the American state, its history, and the ways in which it exercised power. This book tells the story of one of the most dramatic reorganizations of people, land, and resources in American history and the underlying spatial circuitry that wove this project together.
Conclusion
Authors: Blevins Cameron 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This concluding chapter offers an overview of the US Post and the wider federal government from the early 1900s to the present. Both the US Post and the American state became more centralized and bureaucratic during the 20th century, but elements of the agency model and the challenges of American geography have continued to shape governance through the present. Today, the federal government’s “indirect” workforce outnumbers its “direct” workforce of salaried employees, while the US Postal Service’s ongoing fiscal crisis has seen the re-emergence of elements of the 19th-century postal network and its localized, semi-privatized workforce. The book concludes with lessons that the 19th-century postal system holds for understanding the kind of structural power wielded by technology companies and other large-scale forces that shape American society today.
The Anticlaudianus as Virgilian Allegory
Authors: Haynes Justin A. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter presents evidence that the plot of Alan of Lille’s Anticlaudianus is modeled on the allegorical interpretation of Virgil’s Aeneid. Specifically, it argues that the first six books of the Anticlaudianus are modeled on allegorizations of the Aeneid’s sixth book, while books 7, 8, and 9 of the Anticlaudianus are modeled on the allegorical interpretation of the entire Aeneid. The sorts of allegorical interpretations of the Aeneid available to scholars in the twelfth century are reconstructed with the help of Servius’s, Fulgentius’s, and Bernard Silvestris’s allegorizing comments on the Aeneid. Most of the evidence depends on similarities of plot points. However, verbal reminiscences from key moments in the “literal” Aeneid also serve to orient the reader in the allegorical Aeneid.
Activism, Wolf Packs, and SCG
Authors: Anand Anita Indira 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores shareholder activism carried out by “wolf packs.” Just as a blockholder with a sizable percentage of the corporation’s equity can significantly influence a firm’s governance, a wolf pack is a group of investors that attacks a target corporation in tandem under the leadership of a single, sophisticated activist, collectively acquiring enough equity to form a de facto block. The chapter then looks at the formation of wolf packs and conflicting theories that attempt to explain their behavior. It also focuses on their ability to acquire considerable power in a corporation, considering the challenges that presents to legal regimes, particularly in proxy contests and other change-of-control transactions. Changes of control, especially in cases of hostile takeovers, are controversial because they often necessitate a consideration of strategic objectives different from those of the target company’s board prior to the takeover.
Puccini's La Bohème
Authors: Wilson Alexandra 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
La bohème is one of the most frequently performed operas in the world. But how did it come to be so adored? Drawing on an extremely broad range of sources, Alexandra Wilson traces the opera’s rise to global fame. Although the work has been subjected to many hostile critiques, it swiftly achieved popular success through stage performances, recordings, and filmed versions. Wilson demonstrates how La bohème acquired even greater cultural influence as its music and dramatic themes began to be incorporated into pop songs, film soundtracks, musicals, and more. In this cultural history of Puccini’s opera, Wilson offers a fresh reading of a familiar work. La bohème was strikingly modern for the 1890s, she argues, in its approach to musical and dramatic realism and in flouting many of the conventions of the Italian operatic tradition. Considering the work within the context of the aesthetic, social, and political debates of its time, Wilson explores Puccini’s treatment of themes including gender, poverty, and nostalgia. She pays particular attention to La bohème’s representation of Paris, arguing that the opera was not only influenced by romantic mythologies surrounding the city but also helped shape them. Wilson concludes with a consideration of the many and varied approaches directors have taken to the staging of Puccini’s opera, including some that have reinvented the opera for a new age. This book is essential reading for anyone who has seen La bohème and wants to know more about its music, drama, and cultural contexts.
Tocqueville’s Religious Terror
Authors: Frank Jason 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
One of the central ironies of Alexis de Tocqueville’s political thought was that the democratic era that promised to bring conscious human agency to an equal mankind, freeing human beings from their bondage to tradition and their submission to the sacred, actually threatened them with unprecedented forms of domination. Tocqueville’s sense of “religious terror” is engendered from the spectacle of everyone being “driven willy-nilly along the same road” and having “joined the common cause, some despite themselves, others unwittingly, like blind instruments in the hands of God.” “Religious terror” is both a symptom and a diagnosis of his concern with the deflated status of individual agency in democratic contexts, and with the related eclipse of the political by the social question. This chapter explores this dimension of Tocqueville’s thought and its relation to his denial of such agency to any collective actor, to deny heroism, and its associated grandeur, to the popular will.
Illness, Transformation, and Resilience
Authors: Cole Allan Hugh 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers the question of whether and how one may find wellness and happiness within an experience of illness and argues for why this is indeed the case. The chapter also considers how human beings rely on narratives, which we ourselves construct and live by, to understand and make meaning of illness. Furthermore, the chapter considers how changing one’s habits of thinking, acting, and feeling may help assuage the emotional pain linked to living with a chronic illness and help ameliorate practical problems-in-living. The chapter also introduces the concept of ultimate concerns, as well as the author’s categories of vital, relational, vocational, and mortal concerns. The concept of resilience frames the chapter, including what may help strengthen one’s capacity for living with resilience.
Block by Block
Authors: Wellman Henry M. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter continues where Chapter 5 left off. It examines how childhood theory of mind develops, looking for, and finding, the features of theory development: It unfolds in a progression of steps; it can manifest different sequences depending on children’s life circumstances; more advanced understandings are not only facilitated by but also constrained by children’s earlier understandings. Theory of mind is a complex edifice of ideas about people’s mental lives. Like any complex construction project, it must proceed in steps, over time. Profoundly deaf children of hearing parents, and those children’s theory-of-mind delays, nicely and intriguingly help illustrate all this.
Commitment
Authors: Mitchell Neil J. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Sometimes principals delegate in order to control themselves rather than others. The incentive is to deliver on a commitment to themselves or to a valued audience. A football player finds an agent to look after his money for the protracted period when no longer playing. Or governments delegate to central bankers in order to commit to a sound economic policy for the long term, protecting against the temptation of spending for short-term electoral gains. More surprising at the international level, governments commit to human rights treaties and agencies, ostensibly giving up repression when dealing with opponents, dissenters, and critical journalists. While third-party or “fire-alarm” monitoring of these commitments by civil society organizations provides some added robustness to this delegation device, as the real-world application to human rights makes clear, fire alarms can be tampered with in a way unanticipated in principal-agent models.
Conclusion
Authors: Mitchell Neil J. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter explains how the modified logic of delegation differs from the standard account in the treatment of the main parties to the relationship. The principal is a more untrustworthy and at times unresponsive figure in her relationship with the agents. The agent, likely a professional agent, is more complicated than portrayed. Professional responsibility is a mechanism to overcome the trust gap in a delegation relationship, according to principal-agent theorists. But overlooked are the side effects of professionalism, where the loyalties it fosters create tenacious control problems. It has a pronounced form in the church and the army, but other security and police forces may find punishing and controlling rogue agents a complicated process. While the boundaries to delegation are uncertain and some may choose not to delegate as much as they should, blame is one task that will be delegated.
Bill of Rights
Authors: Collins Richard B. , Oesterle Dale A. , Friedman Lawrence 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the Colorado Bill of Rights. It focuses on situations in which Colorado rights have significance independent of the federal Bill of Rights. This occurs when a Colorado provision has no federal counterpart or is interpreted to limit state government more strictly than its federal equivalent. An important provision protects privacy against government searches and seizures somewhat more than the federal Fourth Amendment. Others provide protection against retroactive civil laws and provide for condemnation of easements to serve mining and agriculture interests. Explicit provisions protect property rights of alien residents and require owners’ consent to municipal annexations. The chapter also explains Colorado’s unique path to constitutional protection of equal protection of the laws.
Judicial Department
Authors: Collins Richard B. , Oesterle Dale A. , Friedman Lawrence 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses Article VI of the Colorado Constitution, which explains the judicial department and its powers. All aspects of trial and appellate judgeships are defined. Section 3 requires the supreme court to give advisory opinions “upon important questions upon solemn occasions when required by the governor, the senate, or the house of representatives.” Sections 20 and 24 establish the system for filling vacancies in the courts. Judicial nominating commissions choose candidates from whom the governor appoints judges to two-year terms. Section 25 provides for elections on whether to retain judges after two years for full terms or after expiration of a full teem. Section 23 sets rules for retirement or removal of judges.
Home Rule Cities and Towns
Authors: Collins Richard B. , Oesterle Dale A. , Friedman Lawrence 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter explains Article XX of the Colorado Constitution, which establishes the right of home rule for cities and towns. Added in 1902, The article created the City and County of Denver, invested it with broad home rule powers and Colorado’s first initiative and veto referendum provisions, and authorized other cities to adopt home rule charters. A 1912 citizens’ initiative revised Section 6 to make home rule powers more specific and available to more municipalities. The 1970 addition of Section 16 authorized home rule for counties. Sections 10 through 13 were added in 1998 to establish the City and County of Broomfield. with powers and structure similar to Denver. The article’s terms leave much to judicial interpretation. Hotly contested issues have included oil and gas regulation, eminent domain powers, rent control, and gun control.
Great Outdoors Colorado
Authors: Collins Richard B. , Oesterle Dale A. , Friedman Lawrence 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores Article XXVII of the Colorado Constitution, titled “Great Outdoors Colorado.” The article was added in 1992 to earmark all state lottery proceeds for wildlife, parks, and outdoor recreation. It was adopted in reaction to legislative allocations of lottery proceeds to other purposes. Section 1 established and defined the program. Section 2 created the Great Outdoors Trust Fund with detailed rules for its revenues. Section 3 allocates lottery proceeds among the Trust Fund, the Division of Parks and Recreation, and the Conservation Trust Fund. Section 5(1) vests exclusive control of the Trust Fund in the State Board of the Great Outdoors Colorado Trust Fund, established and defined by Section 6.
Ted Cruz Crashes the Party
Authors: Popkin Samuel L. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Mitt Romney’s defeat in 2012 stunned the GOP establishment. Their shock showed how out of touch the party was with its own base. The Republican National Committee commissioned a study to identify the party’s barriers to growth, which found that single women and young voters were turned off by Republican positions on abortion, gay rights, and climate change, while Hispanics were repelled by opposition to immigration reform. At the same time, the report gently raised the threat to the party from the power of the (unnamed) Koch network, stating that “centralized authority in the hands of a few people is dangerous.” The GOP donor class of billionaires and multimillionaires favored ideological purity over incremental progress, and could outspend and outorganize the party when they found the right, uncompromising candidates. House and Senate GOP leaders were steadily losing control of their caucuses, and no one understood how much damage could be inflicted on the party by someone willing to savage colleagues to further themselves. Thanks to newly elected Senator Ted Cruz of Texas, a political firebrand out for himself no matter the cost, they were about to find out. Senator Marco Rubio, a darling of the party’s establishment, saw his attempts to craft an immigration reform bill destroyed by Cruz—who described undocumented immigrants as “undocumented Democrats.” Cruz then engineered a disastrous government shutdown and became one of the most reviled members of the Senate, even as he gained the admiration of social conservatives and became a role model for their children.
Strongmen Don’t Pivot
Authors: Popkin Samuel L. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Chapter 5 focuses on the 2016 general election. Having conquered the GOP’s best and brightest in the primary, Donald Trump had no interest in compromises; his version of unity was allowing Republican politicians and party officials a chance to accept his terms. Why compromise with the elites he had vilified before his roaring crowds? No matter what mainstream media thought of his racism, sexism, and bluster, there was a whole online system of nativists and nationalists occupying the ideological space to the right of Fox News who were more than happy to promote Trump, unfiltered. He won support from major evangelical leaders when, without hedging or caution, he became the first presidential candidate to flat-out promise “pro-life” judges. The GOP establishment—horrified by Trump’s campaign but scared of his rabid following—stayed largely silent. When Hillary Clinton let loose about the “deplorables” who liked Trump’s intolerance, it became a defiant note of pride among the whites she attacked, and proof she did not care about their economic woes. Trump doubled down on his nativist populism, aided by timely releases of hacked DNC e-mails by WikiLeaks and the reopening of an FBI investigation into Clinton’s use of a private e-mail server. On Election Day, the unimaginable occurred.
Introduction
Authors: Ancona Ronnie 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The book’s introduction discusses both the content of the entire book—the individual chapters—and the early professional career of Sarah B. Pomeroy, who serves as the book’s inspiration. Pomeroy helped to establish the field of the study of women in Greece and Rome with her groundbreaking book, Goddesses, Whores, Wives, and Slaves. Discrimination against women (challenged in the Melani legal case against CUNY), including professional consequences for being pregnant, made Pomeroy’s early career at Hunter College a challenge. The introduction reflects on Pomeroy’s use of the term “conceive” in Goddesses for her intellectual work and connects that with the conception of pregnancy that impacted her early career. The interdisciplinarity Pomeroy championed in the field of women in antiquity is showcased in the individual chapters of the book, which are briefly summarized.