bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Axial Compressive Loading Capacity of Pressurized Energy Pipeline With Corrosion Defects
Authors: Liu Bing , Tan Xiao , Bolati Dinaer , An Hang , Jiang Jinxu 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Corrosion defects are dreadfully damaging to the stability of pipelines. Using the finite element (FE) simulation method, a model of API 5L X65 steel pipeline is established in this work to study its buckling behavior subjected to axial compressive loading. The local buckling state of the pipe at the ultimate axial compressive capacity was captured. Compared with the global compressive strain capacity (CSCglobal), the local compressive strain capacity (CSClocal) is more conservative. Extensive parametric analysis, including approximately 115 FE cases, was conducted to study the influence of the corrosion defect sizes and internal pressure on the corroded pipe’s compressive loading capacity (CLC) and CSC. Results show that the enlarged size of the corrosion defect decreases both the CLC and the CSC of the pipeline, but the CLC almost keeps unchanged as the length of corrosion defects increases. The CLC decreases with the increase of the length of corrosion defects when the length is less than 1.5Dt and greater than 0.7Dt. The CSC drops significantly until the length of the corrosion defect reached 1.8Dt. The deeper the corrosion defect, the smaller the CLC and the CSC. An increase in the width of corrosion defects tends to correspond to a decrease in the CLC and the CSC. With the increase of internal pressure, the CSC of the pipe gets greater while the CLC gets smaller. Based on the 115 FE results, a machine learning model based on support vector regression theory was developed to predict the pipe’s CSC. The regression coefficient between SVR predicted value and FEM actual value is 98.87%, which proves that the SVR model can predict the CSC with high accuracy and efficiency.
Development of a Burst Capacity Model for Corroded Pipelines Under Internal Pressure and Axial Compression Using Artificial Neural Network
Authors: Zhang Shulong , Zhou Wenxing , Zhang Shenwei 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In-service pipelines are often subjected to longitudinal forces and bending moments resulting from, for example, ground movement or formation of free spans in addition to internal pressures. In practice, there are some site-specific cases where corrosion anomalies interact with the external loads. A refined assessment model is required to understand the load carrying capacity of pipe.
In this study, a burst capacity model for corroded pipelines under combined internal pressure and axial compression is developed based on extensive parametric three-dimensional (3D) elasto-plastic finite element analyses (FEA) and artificial neural network (ANN) technique. The parametric FEA employs the ultimate tensile strength (UTS)-based burst criterion and idealizes corrosion defects as semi-ellipsoidal shaped flaws. The FEA model is validated by full-scale burst tests of pipe specimens containing semi-ellipsoidal shaped flaws reported in the literature. Extensive parametric FEA are carried out to evaluate the burst capacity of corroded pipelines under combined internal pressure and axial compression by varying the pipe geometric and material properties, defect depth, length and width, and magnitude of axial compressive stress. Based on the FEA results, an ANN model is developed utilizing the open-source platform PYTHON to predict the burst capacity of corroded pipelines under combined internal pressure and axial compression. The well-trained ANN model is further validated by full-scale burst tests of corroded pipelines under combined internal pressure and axial compression carried out by Det Norske Veritas (DNV).
Numerical Assessment of Dented Pipe Using Inline Inspection Data
Authors: Murugathasan Parththeeban , Dhar Ashutosh Sutra , Debnath Suborno , Muntakim Abu , Roy Kshama 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The current finite element (FE) assessment methods of dented pipes are based on specific dent profiles, which are generally created based on the shape of indenters. However, the actual dent profile in real case scenarios is mostly irregular in shape, depending on the cause of damage. In this paper, FE analyses of dented pipes using inline inspection (ILI) data are presented. Based on the ILI data, the dent profile is generated by applying the nodal displacements to all the pipe nodes. The validation of this nodal displacement approach is discussed in this paper. Besides, a parametric study is carried out to study the behavior of dent for different dent depth, pipe geometry, and pipe grades. The significance of residual stresses generated during the dent formation on the behavior of dented pipe during the service life is also discussed. Finally, the remaining life estimation of dented pipes according to the API 579-1 is presented using FE analysis results.
A Review of Pipe-Soil Interaction Models for Strain Demand Estimation
Authors: Yu Dunji , Wang Yong-Yi , Liu Banglin , Chen Xiaotong 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Since the mid-1970s, various pipe-soil interaction (PSI) models have been developed to estimate the strain demand imposed on buried pipelines by the movement of the surrounding soil. These PSI models can be broadly divided into four categories: analytical models, soil-spring models, full continuum models and discrete element method models. These models can be used for strain-based design, fitness-for-service evaluation of in-service pipelines, and post-event failure analysis.
In this paper, the working principles and modeling characteristics of the four types of PSI models for strain demand estimation are briefly reviewed and summarized. Analytical models calculate the bending and/or membrane strains from functions that describe the deflected profile of the pipe. The other three types of models utilize finite element (FE) modeling to predict the pipe displacement and the corresponding strain demand under given soil movement patterns. The primary difference between the three types of PSI FE models is the representation of the soil geometry and its interaction with the pipe. The four types of PSI models have their own strengths and limitations, which are discussed in terms of their applicability, accuracy, and the level of effort needed for model application. Two case studies were presented to demonstrate the potential differences in strain demand estimates using different PSI models.
Development of Lifting and Lowering-in Plan for the Control of Construction Stresses
Authors: Wang Jiawei , Wang Yong-Yi , Bruce William A. , Rapp Steve , Scoles Russell 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Construction of a cross-country pipeline involves lifting the pipeline off the skids and lowering it into the trench (lifting and lowering-in). This can introduce the highest stress magnitude that the pipe may experience over its service life. If not managed properly, overly high stresses may cause integrity issues during construction and/or service. If the girth welds are qualified and accepted using alternative flaw acceptance criteria, such as those in API 1104 Annex A and CSA Z662 Annex K, these stresses must be kept below a preset level during lifting and lowering-in to satisfy the requirements of those standards.
This paper covers the development and usage of a stress analysis tool for the continuous lifting and lowering-in of pipe strings without a concrete coating or river weights. The outcome of the stress analysis can be used to develop lifting and lowering-in plans for construction crews.
The core functionality of the application tool is to calculate the stresses from bending in the vertical and horizontal planes. The stresses from vertical bending are derived from an extensive analysis of continuous lifting and lowering-in processes. The stresses from horizontal bending are calculated using closed-form analytical solutions. The tool provides a graphical interface that interprets the background stress analysis results and displays information necessary for the development of lifting and lowering-in plans. The tool can be used to evaluate what-if scenarios for various tentative lifting and lowering-in scenarios.
The process of using the tool to develop lifting and lowering-in plans is demonstrated in this paper through an example problem. The number of sidebooms and other lifting and lowering-in parameters such as sideboom spacing and lifting height range are changed to make the lifting and lowering-in plan easy to use for the laying contractors. Such tradeoffs can be addressed proactively with construction contractors to ensure that a mutually acceptable approach to lifting and lowering-in is taken.
Generation and Monitoring of Synthetic Crack-Like Features in Pipeline Materials Using Cyclic Pressure Loading
Authors: Alexander Chris , Rickert Jon , Dotson Rhett , Freitas Felipe , Slater Simon , De Leon Christopher 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Crack management has become a major focus for many gas and liquid transmission pipeline operators. Failures associated with crack-like features have been a concern for both pipe operators and regulatory agencies. As a result, pipeline operators are excavating large numbers of features for not only in-line inspection (ILI) validation purposes, but also to make repairs. Additionally, ILI technologies have advanced significantly in recent years and are identifying an increasing number of features with greater levels of accuracy. With increased data generation, operators are faced with an unprecedented amount of information that requires response prioritization.
Because of high levels of conservatism associated with today’s assessment methods, pipeline operators are spending a significant amount of capital excavating crack-like features. There is a need for improved assessment methods that integrates testing simulated / synthetic crack-like features. This paper will provide details on a study funded to systematically generate crack-like features in pipeline materials with the application of cyclic internal pressure loading. Synthetic crack-like features were generated in 12.75-inch × 0.250-inch, Grade X42 pipe material using electronic discharge machining (EDM) to form notches. Notch depths were 10% of the nominal wall thickness and ranged from 1-inch to 3-inches in length. The pipe samples were then pressure cycled to achieve microcracking at the base of each notch.
Initial stages of the program involved sectioning features to quantify crack growth levels. Once a systematic process for growing cracks from EDM starter notches had been validated, testing involved cyclic pressure fatigue to failure and burst testing. The advantage with the crack generation methodology used in this study was the ability to generate sharp, crack-like features without altering the microstructure of the pipe material in the vicinity of the feature. Programs such as the one presented in this paper are useful for both generating features in pipeline materials and quantifying behavior of pipeline materials subjected to cyclic pressure and burst loading.
Use of Spoolable Pipe Technologies As a Means for Rehabilitating Small Diameter High Pressure Pipeline Systems
Authors: Denowh Chantz , Alexander Chris , Cox Frank , Kania Richard 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The aging infrastructure of pipeline systems around the world requires operators to explore novel and innovative methods for rehabilitating pipelines. Conventional repair methods involve the installation of steel sleeves or composite repair systems. While these repair methods are reliable and provide operators with options for pipeline repair, a major drawback is the requirement that pipelines must be excavated. Activities related to excavation have inherent risk in the form of personnel and environment safety along with the applicable cost of excavation activities. If extensive flaws are present in a pipeline system, efforts associated with a comprehensive pipeline repair system can be cost-prohibitive. Additionally, the rehabilitation of pipelines that were installed via horizontal direction drilling, using current repair methods, is near to impossible.
This paper provides an in-depth presentation on a comprehensive study completed to evaluate the use of a spoolable pipeline technology as a means for rehabilitating pipelines. Results are included from an industry survey with responses from 15 pipeline operators on the use of spoolable pipe technologies. One outcome from the survey was the lack of full-scale test data associated with combined loading, which was a central feature in the current study. The combined loads considered in the year-long study included burst testing and cyclic pressure testing utilizing torsion, axial tension, and axial compression loads. More than 30 full-scale test samples were destructively tested in combined loading scenarios, utilizing up to 100,000 pressure cycles to the full operating pressure of the pipeline system. The approach employed in this study, and the associated test results, provides a model for evaluating a spoolable pipeline technology prior to implementation for rehabilitating pipelines. This approach is in addition to the required product qualification standards accepted by industry.
Twin Roll Casting of Copper Alloy C19210 Using Commercial Scale Machine
Authors: Imai Shogo , Nishida Shinichi , Ogawa Kyohei , Hagiwara Makoto , Uematsu Daichi , Kawawa Mizuki , Horigome Yuto 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Copper alloy C19210 have excellent corrosion resistance, heat resistance, and conductivity, and is used for precision electronic parts such as lead frame materials. Conventionally, copper alloy strips are manufactured by repeating heat treatment and cold rolling, and have a problem that it is multi-process and production cost is expensive. On the other hand, twin roll casting can improve the above problems because strips are made directly from molten metals. In this study, twin roll strip casting of copper alloy C19210 using commercial scale machine was operated. The aims of this study is to investigate the possibility of strip casting for copper alloy. The effect of the side dam and release agent was researched. The effect of rolls speed on the strip surface condition was researched. The improved side dam prevented molten metal leakage. The release agent prevented sticking of the manufactured strip to the roll surface. The strip produced at roll speed of 7 m/min and 10 m/min had a lot of metallic luster. Moreover, the strip produced at roll speed of 7 m/min had more metallic luster than the strip produced at roll speed of 10 m/min. The lower the roll speed is, the greater the rolling load is. At a roll speed of 7 m / min, the rolling load became the maximum rolling load of the equipment. For producing strips with copper alloy C19210, higher rolling loads are preferred.
High-Speed Machining of Ti-6Al-4V With a Micro Textured Cutting Tool Focusing on Coolant Behaviors
Authors: Hasegawa Mitsuru , Sugihara Tatsuya 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In the cutting of Ti-6Al-4V alloy, the cutting speed is limited as a high cutting temperature leads to severe tool wear and short tool life, resulting in poor production efficiency. However, some recent literature has reported that various beneficial effects can be provided by forming micro-textures on the tool surface in the metal cutting process. In this study, in order to achieve high-performance machining of Ti-6Al-4V, we first investigated the mechanism of the tool failure process for a cemented carbide cutting tool in high-speed turning of Ti-6Al-4V. Based on the results, cutting tools with micro textured surfaces were developed under the consideration of a cutting fluid action. A series of experiments showed that the textured rake face significantly suppresses both crater wear and flank wear. In addition, optimum texture structures and the mechanism of the texture effects in high-speed machining of Ti-6Al-4V alloy were discussed.
Effect of Al Content of TiAlN Coating on Cutting Performance in Driven Rotary Cutting of Hardened Steel
Authors: Sakai Hiroyuki , Kato Hideharu , Yoshikawa Taira , Kubota Kazuyuki 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
A finishing efficiency improvement of hardened steel has not been achieved because the tool life is reduced due to significant progress in tool wear and the occurrence of tool chipping. Therefore, a machining efficiency improvement is desired. In previous research, a machining efficiency improvement of 3 to 5 times can be achieved by increasing the feed rate in the finish machining of hardened steel by driven rotary machining. The cutting atmosphere affects the oxidation control of the film, and thus micro dry ice powder is applied to the cutting edge. To increase machining efficiency, the feed rate and cutting velocity must be increased, but this would shorten of tool life by increasing the cutting temperature. Therefore, it is essential to improve both the atmosphere and the oxidation resistance of the tool coating. In this study, the effect of coated tools with different Al contents on cutting performance was investigated for high-efficiency machining by high-speed cutting. At a high cutting velocity (3.34 m/s), the coated tool with the highest Al content had the longest tool life. It was found that high-efficiency cutting is possible even with a high-cutting velocity by increasing in the Al content of the coating.
Micro/Nano-Printing of Metal and Nanoparticle Thin Film and its Application to MEMS Device
Authors: Kaneko Arata , Mori Akihiro , Kanada Keisuke , Sumin Chen , Ke Wang 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This present paper describes some test results about fabrication of micro/nano-structure for MEMS using printing techniques of metal and nanoparticle thin films. Transfer-printing of a bi-layered film of graphene oxide (GO) and Au is processed on a PET substrate. Nano-particles of GO are cast on a micro-ridged poly-dimethyl-siloxane stamp that is previously coated with Au by solution casting. The layer of GO nanoparticles functions as a reinforcing material to strengthen the layered film while the Au thin-film is a matrix that links the GO nanoparticles. The thickness of GO nanoparticles varies with concentration of GO suspension. In the case of thicker coating of GO with an average thickness of 13 nm, the transfer-printing makes the GO/Au bi-layered film form into 50-μm-wide two-dimensional line patterns on the PET substrate. Additionally, transfer-printing of another bi-layered film with a 128 nm thickness fabricates a three-dimensional microstructure of a rectangular-corrugated film on the PET substrate because the entire bi-layered film is transferred from the stamp. The modulus of transfer-printed GO/Au bi-layered film is investigated by a simple bending tests using AFM cantilever. FEM analysis of the bending test results indicates that the mechanical modulus of the GO/Au film is not less than 120 GPa, and this significantly exceeds that of the Au film by itself. The present study also fabricated a capacitive MEMS sensor by a combination of transfer-printing and inkjet printing. Inkjet printing makes GO nanoparticles on the 100-μm-wide comb-like microelectrode, which is previously fabricated by transfer-printing of Au thin film. The fabricated MEMS sensor successfully shows its change of capacitance with relative humidity in the range of 40% to 80%. These results demonstrate that the printing of Au and GO nanoparticles is effective for MEMS fabrication.
Investigation of Fabrication Condition of Metal Matrix Piezoelectric Composite Using Surface Oxidized Metal Fiber As Internal Electrode
Authors: Yanaseko Tetsuro , Kuboki Isao , Sato Hiroshi , Asanuma Hiroshi 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Piezoelectric ceramics are widely used as sensors and actuators because of their excellent electrical-mechanical energy conversion function. However, the piezoelectric ceramics have the disadvantage of being brittle and not suitable for applications where a large load is applied.
To overcome this problem, a metal matrix piezoelectric composite in which piezoelectric ceramics are embedded in a metal matrix with excellent strength has been developed. The developed metal matrix piezoelectric composite is fabricated from a metal-core piezoelectric fiber as the piezoelectric material and aluminum matrix, the metal-core and metal matrix are used as the electrodes. The metal-core piezoelectric fiber/aluminum composite has an output voltage anisotropy with respect to strain, thus, it has unique characteristics as a sensor. Previous studies revealed that this output voltage anisotropy depends on the electrode structure, suggesting that the output voltage characteristics can be adjusted by designing the electrode structure. However, the metal-core piezoelectric fiber is manufactured by extrusion method, and the cross-sectional shape cannot be changed, that is, the output voltage characteristic design is impossible. Therefore, a metal matrix piezoelectric composite that can be designed output voltage characteristics by using surface oxidized metal fibers as internal electrodes has been developed.
In this study, the fabrication conditions of this metal matrix piezoelectric composite were investigated. The embedding temperature and pressure were changed, and the structure of the resulting composite was observed and elemental analysis was performed to confirm the presence of chemical reaction between the matrix and the piezoelectric ceramics. As a result, it is found that a range of conditions where the oxide films and the piezoelectric ceramics can be embedded in the matrix without damage.
Plane Bending Fatigue in TIG and MIG Welds of Non-Combustible Magnesium Alloy
Authors: Shao Xuanyi , Binti Ismail Rafidah , Miyashita Yukio 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Fatigue strength tests were carried out under plane banding loading with different stress ratio in Mg-Al-Ca-Mn alloy and its TIG and MIG welds. The welds showed lower fatigue strength compared to the base material. Weld defects were observed as fatigue crack origins in both TIG and MIG welds. It was speculated that difference in size of weld defect and multiple cracking occurred in MIG weld might affect fatigue strength characteristics in the welds. Effect of stress ratio on fatigue strength at 107 cycles was not significantly observed in fatigue test results obtained with different stress ratio in the base material and the welds. Scatter in size and distribution of weld defect could influence fatigue fracture behavior in the welds.
Profile Measurement by Using a Femtosecond Laser Chromatic Confocal Probe
Authors: Sato Ryo , Shimizu Yuki , Matsukuma Hiraku , Gao Wei 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Confocal probes are widely employed in many industrial fields due to the depth-sectioning effect. The author’s group has also proposed a chromatic confocal probe employing a mode-locked femtosecond laser source which can realize an axial resolution of 30 nm and a measurement range of 40 μm Efforts have also been made to improve the thermal stability of the developed femtosecond laser chromatic confocal probe so that the probe can be applied for long-term displacement measurement or surface profile measurement. Meanwhile, surface profile measurement has not been carried out by using the developed femtosecond laser chromatic confocal probe. For the verification of the performance of developed probe in profile measurement, in this paper, an experimental setup is built and a basic experiment is carried out. By using the probe with further improved thermal stability, the measurement of a sample surface profile is carried out. In this paper, the development of the experimental setup with the femtosecond laser chromatic confocal probe, as well as the results of the surface profile measurements, is presented.