bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Time and Place in Climate Activism
Authors: de Moor Joost 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
While comparisons across space are rare in literature on climate movements, time has long featured centrally in it—albeit often implicitly. That is because the climate movement is fundamentally shaped by the temporality of its main concern: climate change will have irreversible consequences that will become inevitable as soon as tipping points are crossed. Against this background, urgency has become an essential driving force behind and challenge for the climate movement. Yet while this urgency is certainly based in physics, it is also a social product. This chapter discusses how the contested nature of time shapes at least three core dimensions of climate activism: strategy, politics, and goals. The chapter further argues that discussions of temporality should be attentive to the contextuality of time: what might seem a future threat in privileged parts of the world presents only one of the more recent ecological disasters to disrupt disadvantaged communities worldwide. Contextualized discussions of time should therefore inform the development of comparative scholarship on climate activism and vice versa.
Civil Society, Networks, and Contention Around Environmental
Issues
Authors: Allan Jen Iris , Hadden Jennifer 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores key issues and questions related to civil society participation in comparative environmental politics. In doing so, it considers what the increased size, diversity, and complexity of civil society networks means for future scholarship. In particular, the authors reflect on the importance of focusing on events and institutions, the role for social network analysis, and the challenge posed by outcome complexity. They also suggest areas where the field can progress and what they consider to be important research frontiers in comparative environmental politics. These frontiers include cross-national comparative work, particularly in the developing world, as well as work on legitimacy and private authority.
Legal Transfer
Authors: Frankenberg Günter 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis chapter focuses on how legal information travels, that is, how it is transferred. The concept of transfer is meant to make comparatists sensitive to the different ways legal items (rights and values, organizational provisions, and doctrines) are converted into standardized information and over time become products or commodities on global or regional markets. Legal transfer is understood here as an element of world-making. It will be shown how legal information is gleaned from foreign contexts, processed, and transferred to host contexts. The translation and application of legal information to a new environment invariably presupposes intense modification and ‘bricolage’. Because this open-ended and unpredictable process of transfer entails considerable hazards, the final result reproduces a fragment, cut-out, hybrid, modified copy, or pastiche. While the process of decontextualization may be read as another globalization story, this narrative receives a critical twist by shifting the focus to items that resist transfer.
The Concept of Positive Law and Its Relationship to Religion and Morality
Authors: Dupret Baudouin 
Published: October 2021

AbstractCan the concept of law be extended to other times and places in which the concept as understood in most countries and societies today—as a system of norms centred on a nation state, based on a constitution, formulated through codified legislation and judicial precedents, administered by lawmakers for its inception and judges for its implementation—simply did not exist? My contention is that such an extension is, at best, useless and, at worst, misleading. Producing an intelligible jurisprudence of the concept of law means keeping it within the reasonable boundaries of what is ordinarily understood by both lay and professional people when practising ‘the’ law. Developing a socio-historical jurisprudence of law, as distinct from other normativities, entails a threefold analysis: conceptual, historical, and praxiological. Following the ground broken by analytical philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein, conceptual analysis engages in the exposition of the grammar through which concepts acquire their signification and are meaningfully used. In a manner inspired by philosopher of science Ian Hacking and by historian Reinhart Koselleck, historical analysis emphasizes the description of the birth, development, and use of concepts. Drawing on the work of sociologist Harold Garfinkel, praxiological analysis describes the practical methods used by people to make sense of their environment, to produce their local order, and to act accordingly. The three approaches converge in their insistence on adopting the endogenous/indigenous perspective towards social life and its production.
Environmental Justice
Authors: Hanschel Dirk , Steyn Elizabeth 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis chapter deals with the evolving quest to attain environmental justice. It demonstrates that there are many facets and manifestations of environmental justice—a concept that sits at the junction of legal doctrine and anthropological realities. Amalgamating these two perspectives permits us to capture examples of such injustices and to analyse how law responds to them. This investigation into environmental justice adopts a three-pronged approach. The first section, ‘The meaning and origins of “environmental justice” ’, contemplates the emergence and rise of the environmental justice movement, as well as disruptions and innovations in the ontological sense of the concept itself. The second section, ‘Litigating environmental justice’, lays out concrete facets of environmental justice from a classic anthropocentric viewpoint in a schematically organized format. Four dimensions of environmental justice litigation are delineated. In the third part of the chapter, ‘Expanding environmental justice’, we consider more holistic or ecocentric applications of environmental justice, most notably Indigenous world views and the potential recognition of the rights of nature. We conclude that environmental justice is a moving target—it can mean different things to different people in different contexts, and is constantly adapting to new realities. As topics such as climate change or loss of biodiversity show, the human–nature relationship is, indeed, among the most pressing issues of our time. Environmental justice is, therefore, likely to gain even more importance in the coming decades, and further interdisciplinary research will be required to understand what that justice may entail in very concrete and variegated circumstances.
Quality control and evaluation of plant epigenomics data
Authors: Schmitz Robert J , Marand Alexandre P , Zhang Xuan , Mosher Rebecca A , Turck Franziska , Chen Xuemei , Axtell Michael J , Zhong Xuehua , Brady Siobhan M , Megraw Molly , Meyers Blake C 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Epigenomics is the study of molecular signatures associated with discrete regions within genomes, many of which are important for a wide range of nuclear processes. The ability to profile the epigenomic landscape associated with genes, repetitive regions, transposons, transcription, differential expression, cis-regulatory elements, and 3D chromatin interactions has vastly improved our understanding of plant genomes. However, many epigenomic and single-cell genomic assays are challenging to perform in plants, leading to a wide range of data quality issues; thus, the data require rigorous evaluation prior to downstream analyses and interpretation. In this commentary, we provide considerations for the evaluation of plant epigenomics and single-cell genomics data quality with the aim of improving the quality and utility of studies using those data across diverse plant species.
Multilocus phylogeny, natural history traits and classification of natricine snakes (Serpentes: Natricinae)
Authors: Deepak V , Cooper Natalie , Poyarkov Nikolay A , Kraus Fred , Burin Gustavo , Das Abhijit , Narayanan Surya , Streicher Jeffrey W , Smith Sarah-Jane , Gower David J 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Natricine snakes are geographically widespread, species rich (with ~250 extant species) and both morphologically and ecologically diverse. We present a multilocus DNA sequence phylogeny for 249 natricine specimens representing 189 named species, including 69 specimens and 21 species not previously sampled. Our inferred Bayesian and maximum likelihood trees form the basis for evaluations of genus-level classification, historical biogeography, lineage diversification, and dietary, habit and reproductive-mode diversity and evolution, although several, mostly deeper, relationships remain poorly resolved. The optimal trees support natricine origins in Asia, with dispersals to Australo-Melanesia, sub-Saharan Africa (including Seychelles Archipelago, excluding Aldabra), Europe and North Africa and into North and Central America. Viviparity appears to have evolved independently three times in Natricinae but was not significantly associated with an aquatic habit. We found limited associations between habit and diet categories. We propose generic reallocations for four natricine species and highlight other points of uncertainty in natricine classification.
Novel immunotherapeutic drugs for the treatment of lung cancer
Authors: Peng Ling , Wang Zibing , Stebbing Justin , Yu Zhentao 
Published: October 2021

Purpose of review
Cancer cells evade immune surveillance partly due to the immunosuppressive features of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Currently approved immuno-oncology drugs for the treatment of lung cancer are aimed to inhibit immune checkpoints, such as programmed death protein-1 (PD-1), PD ligand-1 (PD-L1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4. Despite these, researchers are currently racing to create the optimal cancer immunotherapy treatments.

Recent findings
Novel immunotherapeutic drugs mainly act on activated immune cells and exert their therapeutic effects by enhancing antitumor responses. In this article, we review new therapies for the treatment of lung cancer that enhance T cell priming, remove coinhibitory signals, supply costimulatory signals and condition the TME.

Summary
As more immunotherapeutic targets are in studies, designing multimodal strategies to provide greater efficacy with lower toxicity will be necessary.
Patterns of menstrual cycle length over the menopause transition are associated with subclinical atherosclerosis after menopause
Authors: El Khoudary Samar R. , Qi Meiyuzhen , Chen Xirun , Matthews Karen , Allshouse Amanda A. , Crawford Sybil L. , Derby Carol A. , Thurston Rebecca C. , Kazlauskaite Rasa , Barinas-Mitchell Emma , Santoro Nanette 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Objective:
Longer menstrual cycles have been associated with greater risk of cardiovascular disease, supporting a contribution of abnormal ovarian function. We aimed to characterize trajectories of menstrual cycle length over the menopause transition (MT) and test whether these trajectories are associated with postmenopausal markers of subclinical atherosclerosis.

Methods:
Women from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation Daily Hormone Study were included if they had an observed date of the final menstrual period (FMP), recorded cycle lengths from ≥2 annual menstrual cycles (mean±SD: 4.22 ± 1.91 cycles), and had measurements of postmenopausal carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) and/or brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV). Trajectories of cycle length over the MT were identified using group-based trajectory modeling and linked with cIMT and baPWV using linear regression.

Results:
We studied 428 women who had 1,808 cycles over the MT (45.1 ± 2.3 y old at baseline visit), and of whom 263 had cIMT, and 213 had baPWV measured postmenopausally (after 13.88 ± 0.42 and 15.25 ± 0.70 y since baseline visit, respectively). Three distinct trajectories of cycle length were identified: stable (no changes in cycle length over the MT among 62.1% of women), late increase (a late increase 2 y before the FMP among 21.8%), and early-increase (an early increase 5 y before the FMP among 16.2%). Women with the late-increase pattern had significantly lower postmenopausal cIMT (0.72 mm) and baPWV (1392 cm/s) levels than the stable group (0.77 mm and 1508 cm/s, respectively) adjusting for race, concurrent age, socioeconomic status, physical activity level, and premenopausal cardiovascular risk profile.

Conclusions:
Patterns of cycle length over the MT seem to be a marker of future vascular health that may help identify groups at greater or lesser risk of atherosclerosis after menopause.
Brachial plexus injury and facial breakdown as a consequence of proning during COVID-19 treatment
Authors: Ayala Kelly , Redding Jill , Lynch Whitney , MacKinney Theodore 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
By early 2020, the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus (COVID-19) was spreading rapidly worldwide, and its effects proved devastating. In many critically ill patients afflicted with COVID-19, treatment often involves prolonged periods of proning that, along with other interventions, can lead to improved oxygenation. However, sustaining this position predisposed patients to increased complications. We present a case of an older patient with respiratory failure secondary to COVID-19 who developed rapidly forming facial and knee wounds and a brachial plexus injury from proning. The pressure injuries were unresponsive to standard wound care treatments and resulted in full-thickness wounds. During outpatient posthospital follow-up, a facial eschar was debrided, and weakness of the left shoulder and arm secondary to a brachial plexus injury was identified. This case highlights various complications associated with prolonged proning and the importance of close attention to follow-up by both inpatient and outpatient providers.
Core Extirpation and Zygoma Reduction: A New Surgical Approach for Fibrous Dysplasia of Zygomaticomaxillary Region
Authors: Kim Jong-Ho , Kim Jiyoung , Cho Seung Woo , Kim Baek-Kyu 
Published: October 2021

Introduction:
In case of zygomaticomaxillary fibrous dysplasia (FD), surgical treatment is often required due to visual disturbance, exophthalmos, and also necessary for cosmetic reasons. However, it is not easy to determine the timing and method of operation. The objective of our study is to define a new surgical option, for the treatment of FD of zygomaticomaxillary area.

Materials and Methods:
Five patients affected by FD of their zygomaticomaxillary area who underwent surgery with a core extirpation were included in this study. A retrospective chart review and pre- and post-operative analysis of computed tomography scan were performed.

Results:
All patients underwent core extirpation surgery and zygoma reduction was combined in 2 patients. All patients showed the cessation of the increase of external size postoperatively and results of the operation were well maintained over the follow-up period of 1 year.

Conclusions:
In this article, we present our experiences in the management of FD using the core extirpation with or without zygoma reduction, focusing on surgical indication, techniques, and results. Although there are limitations due to selective operative indication, the procedure can be usefully performed to prevent external growth and avoid repetitive surgery.
Single Versus Double Venous Anastomosis Microvascular Free Flaps for Head and Neck Reconstruction
Authors: Boczar Daniel , Colon Ricardo Rodriguez , Anzai Lavinia , Daar David A. , Chaya Bachar F. , Trilles Jorge , Levine Jamie P. , Jacobson Adam S. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Venous congestion accounts for most microvascular free tissue flaps failures. Given the lack of consensus on the use of single versus dual venous outflow, the authors present our institutional experience with 1 versus 2 vein anastomoses in microvascular free flap for head and neck reconstruction. A retrospective chart review was performed on all patients undergoing free flaps for head and neck reconstruction at our institution between 2008 and 2020. The authors included patients who underwent anterolateral thigh, radial forearm free flap, or fibula free flaps. The authors classified patients based on the number of venous anastomoses used and compared complication rates. A total of 279 patients with a mean age of 55.11 years (standard deviation 19.31) were included. One hundred sixty-eight patients (60.2%) underwent fibula free flaps, 59 (21.1%) anterolateral thigh, and 52 (18.6%) radial forearm free flap. The majority of patients were American Society of Anesthesiologists classification III or higher (N = 158, 56.6%) and had history of radiation (N = 156, 55.9%). Most flaps were performed using a single venous anastomosis (83.8%). Univariate analysis of postoperative outcomes demonstrated no significant differences in overall complications (P = 0.788), flap failure (P = 1.0), return to the Operating Room (OR) (P = 1.0), hematoma (P = 0.225), length of hospital stay (P = 0.725), or venous congestion (P = 0.479). In our cohort, the rate of venous congestion was not statistically different between flaps with 1 and 2 venous anastomoses. Decision to perform a second venous anastomoses should be guided by anatomical location, vessel lie, flap size, and intraoperative visual assessment.
Development of a novel rodent rapid serial visual presentation task reveals dissociable effects of stimulant vs non-stimulant treatments on attention
Authors: Benn Abigail , Robinson Emma S.J. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) task and continuous performance tasks (CPT) are used to assess attentional impairments in patients with psychiatric and neurological conditions. This study developed a novel touchscreen task for rats based on the structure of a human RSVP task and used pharmacological manipulations to investigate their effects on different performance measures. Normal animals were trained to respond to a target image and withhold responding to distractor images presented within a continuous sequence. In a second version of the task a false-alarm image was included so performance could be assessed relative to two types of non-target distractors. The effects of acute administration of the stimulant and non-stimulant treatments for ADHD (amphetamine and atomoxetine) were tested in both tasks. Methylphenidate, ketamine and nicotine were tested in the first task only. Amphetamine made animals more impulsive and decreased overall accuracy but increased accuracy when the target was presented early in the image sequence. Atomoxetine improved accuracy overall with a specific reduction in false-alarm responses and a shift in the attentional curve reflecting improved accuracy for targets later in the image sequence. However, atomoxetine also slowed responding and increased omissions. Ketamine, nicotine and methylphenidate had no specific effects at the doses tested. These results suggest that stimulant versus non-stimulant treatments have different effects on attention and impulsive behaviour in this rat version of an RSVP task. These results also suggest that RSVP-like tasks have the potential to be used to study attention in rodents.
The military as a neglected pathogen transmitter, from the 19th century to COVID-19: A systematic review
Authors: Chaufan Claudia , Dutescu Ilinca A. , Fekre Hanah , Marzabadi Saba , Noh K.J. 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe risk of outbreaks escalating into pandemics has soared with globalization. Therefore, understanding transmission mechanisms of infectious diseases has become critical to formulating global public health policy. This systematic review assessed evidence in the medical and public health literature for the military as a disease vector.MethodsWe searched 3 electronic databases without temporal restrictions. Two researchers independently extracted study data using a standardized form. Through team discussions, studies were grouped according to their type of transmission mechanism and direct quotes were extracted to generate themes and sub-themes. A content analysis was later performed and frequency distributions for each theme were generated.ResultsOf 6477 studies, 210 met our inclusion criteria and provided evidence, spanning over two centuries (1810 – 2020), for the military as a pathogen transmitter, within itself or between it and civilians. Biological mechanisms driving transmission included person-to-person transmission, contaminated food and water, vector-borne, and airborne routes. Contaminated food and/or water were the most common biological transmission route. Social mechanisms facilitating transmission included crowded living spaces, unhygienic conditions, strenuous working, training conditions, absent or inadequate vaccination programs, pressure from military leadership, poor compliance with public health advice, contractor mismanagement, high-risk behaviours, and occupation-specific freedom of movement. Living conditions were the most common social transmission mechanism, with young, low ranking military personnel repeatedly reported as the most affected group. Selected social mechanisms, such as employment-related freedom of movement, were unique to the military as a social institution. While few studies explicitly studied civilian populations, considerably more contained information that implied that civilians were likely impacted by outbreaks described in the military.ConclusionsThis study identified features of the military that pose a significant threat to global health, especially to civilian health in countries with substantial military presence or underdeveloped health systems. While biological transmission mechanisms are shared by other social groups, selected social transmission mechanisms are unique to the military. As an increasingly interconnected world faces the challenges of COVID-19 and future infectious diseases, the identified features of the military may exacerbate current and similar challenges and impair attempts to implement successful and equitable global public health policies.
Clinical implementation of a machine learning system to detect deteriorating patients reduces time to response and intervention
Authors: Brufau Santiago Romero , Rosenthal Jacob , Kautz Jordan , Storlie Curtis , Gaines Kim , Nagel Jill , VanDeusen Adam , Johnson Matthew , Hickman Joel , Hardin Dale , Schmidt Julie , Dankbar Gene , Huddleston Jeanne 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIntroductionAcute physiological deterioration is a major contributor to in-hospital morbidity and mortality. Early detection and intervention of deteriorating patients is key to improving patient outcomes. Prior research has demonstrated the effectiveness of Early Warning Systems and other algorithmic approaches in automatically identifying these patients from passively monitoring vital signs.MethodsIn this work, we conduct a prospective pilot study of clinical deployment of the Mayo Clinic Bedside Patient Rescue (BPR) system using an escalating alerting logic enabled by machine learning. Among four units where the BPR system was deployed, time to response and time to intervention for deteriorating patients were significantly reduced relative to matched control units.ResultsIn pilot units, time to response decreased by 35.4% (from 63.2 minutes to 40.8 minutes) and time to intervention decreased by 48.5% (from 106.3 minutes to 55.9 minutes). No significant differences were observed in counterbalance metrics of mortality, ICU transfer rate, and Rapid Response Team activation rate. Furthermore, the automated alerting system was well-received by clinicians participating in the pilot study, as assessed by survey.DiscussionThese results demonstrate a successful clinical deployment of a practice-changing machine learning alert system with demonstrable impact on improving patient care.