bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Habitability of the early Earth: liquid water under a faint young Sun facilitated by strong tidal heating due to a closer Moon
Authors: Heller René , Duda Jan-Peter , Winkler Max , Reitner Joachim , Gizon Laurent 
Published: November 2021

AbstractGeological evidence suggests liquid water near the Earth’s surface as early as 4.4 gigayears ago when the faint young Sun only radiated about 70% of its modern power output. At this point, the Earth should have been a global snowball if it possessed atmospheric properties similar to those of the modern Earth. An extreme atmospheric greenhouse effect, an initially more massive Sun, release of heat acquired during the accretion process of protoplanetary material, and radioactivity of the early Earth material have been proposed as reservoirs or traps for heat. For now, the faint-young-Sun paradox persists as an important problem in our understanding of the origin of life on Earth. Here, we use the constant-phase-lag tidal theory to explore the possibility that the new-born Moon, which formed about 69 million years (Myr) after the ignition of the Sun, generated extreme tidal friction—and therefore, heat—in the Hadean and possibly the Archean Earth. We show that the Earth–Moon system has lost $${\sim }3~{\times }~10^{31}$$

∼
3

×

10
31

J (99% of its initial mechanical energy budget) as tidal heat. Tidal heating of $${\sim }10\,\mathrm{W\,m}^{-2}$$

∼
10

W

m

-
2

through the surface on a time scale of 100 Myr could have accounted for a temperature increase of up to $$5\,^\circ $$

5

∘

C on the early Earth. This heating effect alone does not solve the faint-young-Sun paradox but it could have played a key role in combination with other effects. Future studies of the interplay of tidal heating, the evolution of the solar power output, and the atmospheric (greenhouse) effects on the early Earth could help in solving the faint-young-Sun paradox.
Darcy model with optimized permeability distribution (DMOPD) approach for simulating two-phase flow in karst reservoirs
Authors: Jamal Mohammad S. , Awotunde Abeeb A. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractDarcy model fails to accurately model flow in karst reservoirs because the flow profiles in free-flow regions such as vugs, fractures and caves do not conform to Darcy’s law. Flows in karsts are often modelled using the Brinkman model. Recently, the DMOPD approach was introduced to reduce the complexity of modelling single-phase flow in Karst aquifers. Modelling two-phase flow using the Brinkman’s equation requires either a method of tracking the front or introducing the saturation component in the Brinkman’s equation. Both of these methods introduce further complexity to an already complex problem. We propose an alternative approach called the two-phase Darcy’s Model with optimized permeability distribution (TP-DMOPD) to model pressure and saturation distributions in karst reservoirs. The method is a modification to the DMOPD approach. Under the TP-DMOPD model, the caves are initially divided into zones and the permeability of each zone is estimated. During this stage of the TP-DMOPD model, the fluid inside the reservoir is assumed to be in a single-phase. Once the permeability distribution is obtained, the two-phase Darcy model is used to simulate flow in the reservoir. The example applications tested showed that the TP-DMOPD approach was able to model two-phase flow in karst reservoirs.
Comparative performance analysis of different swelling kinetic models for the evaluation of shale swelling
Authors: Lalji Shaine Mohammadali , Ali Syed Imran , Ahmed Rafiq , Hashmi Saud , Awan Zahoor Ul Hussain 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSwelling of shale potentially occurs when it is exposed to water-based drilling fluid. The migration of hydrogen ions (H+) in the nano-interlayered platelets of the shale rock is utterly responsible for the swelling behavior in the shale. Conventionally, swelling behavior of any shale formation can be experimentally determined by linear dynamic swell meter. However, it is extremely important to validate these experimental results; hence, this research study aims in conducting a comparative performance analysis for different kinetic models, namely Peleg’s model, first-order exponential association equation and pseudo-second-order kinetic model, and a newly developed scaling swelling model in estimating the experimental results of three different shale samples, namely Talhar, Ranikot and Murree, obtained from different regions of Pakistan. It was found that the performance of the scaling swelling model was the most accurate in predicting the experimental swelling results with accuracy greater than 95% in all the three samples. Peleg’s model is found to be the most inaccurate with $$p \mathrm{values}< \alpha (0.05)$$

p
values
<
α
(
0.05
)

in all the three formations. The equilibrium state in all the three samples was unable to attain by the use of this model. This clearly shows that the transient states continue throughout the course of experimentation, thus demonstrating a higher water activity in the shale samples. Moreover, when comparison was made between the two remaining kinetic adsorption models, it was perceived that pseudo-second-order kinetic was far superior to first-order exponential association equation with $${\mathrm{mean}}_{\mathrm{model}}\simeq {\mathrm{mean}}_{\mathrm{experiment}}$$

mean
model

≃

mean
experiment

and less dispersion in the dataset. Nevertheless, the performance of this model also suffers with the increase in clay content. Furthermore, all these analyses were further validated by different statistical error analysis that includes MAE, APRE% and ANOVA.
Edukationsbedarfe von Kindern mit Brandverletzungen und deren Eltern – Ein Scoping Review
Authors: Meyer Julia , Buchmann Julia , Ritter-Herschbach Madeleine , Reinsperger Nicole , Zilezinski Max 
Published: November 2021

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Brandverletzungen bei Kindern sind für die ganze Familie ein traumatisches Erlebnis und mit emotionalen und psychischen Auswirkungen sowie schmerzhaften medizinischen Eingriffen verbunden. Bei Kindern mit einer schwerwiegenden thermischen Verletzung beginnt die edukative Begleitung der Familien bereits bei der Aufnahme ins Krankenhaus und setzt das Wissen um die Bedarfe der Betroffenen voraus.

Ziel
Aufzeigen der Edukationsbedarfe von Kindern mit Brandverletzung und deren Eltern im stationären Setting.

Methode
Es wurde ein Scoping Review durchgeführt. Die Methodik orientiert sich an dem sechsstufigen Framework von Arksey und O’Malley. Eingeschlossen wurden Studien, die Kinder mit Brandverletzungen im Alter von 0 bis 18 Jahren sowie deren Eltern während des Krankenhausaufenthaltes berücksichtigen. Die Literaturrecherche wurde in MEDLINE via PubMed durchgeführt, und Referenzen wurden gesichtet.

Ergebnisse
Insgesamt konnten 3576 Studien identifiziert werden, von denen 21 Studien eingeschlossen wurden. Es ergaben sich 10 qualitative, 7 quantitative Studien sowie 4 Übersichtsarbeiten. In den meisten Studien berichten die betroffenen Kinder und deren Eltern von einem Informations- und Aufklärungsbedarf und dem Wunsch nach emotionaler und psychosozialer Entlastung. Der überwiegende Teil der Studien fokussiert die Erfahrungen von Eltern von Kindern mit Brandverletzungen.

Schlussfolgerung
Für Betroffene ergeben sich im Rahmen der stationären Versorgung unterschiedliche Bedarfe zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten. Besondere Etappen (z. B. die Entlassung, Verbandwechsel) erfordern einen erhöhten Bedarf an emotionaler und psychosozialer Entlastung, Unterstützung und/oder Information und Aufklärung.
Incipient sliding of adhesive contacts
Authors: Pérez-Ràfols Francesc , Nicola Lucia 
Published: November 2021

AbstractA model is proposed herein to investigate the incipient sliding of contacts in the presence of both friction and adhesion, where the interfacial response is modeled based on traction-separation laws. A Maugis-like parameter is defined to characterize the response in the tangential direction. Subsequently, the model is used to investigate the contact between a smooth cylinder and a flat body, where adhesion-friction interactions are strong. A range of behaviors are observed when a tangential displacement is imposed: When the parameter is low, the contact pressure exhibits a relatively constant profile; when it is high, a pressure spike is observed at the edge of the contact. This difference is caused by a significant interface compliance in the former case, which limits the amount of slip. The results for the mid-range values of the Maugis-like parameter can qualitatively replicate various experiments performed using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) balls.
Methane emissions from northern lakes under climate change: a review
Authors: Li Lingling , Xue Bin 
Published: November 2021

AbstractNorthern lakes are important sources of CH4 in the atmosphere under the background of permafrost thaw and winter warming. We synthesize studies on thermokarst lakes, including various carbon sources for CH4 emission and the influence of thermokarst drainage on carbon emission, to show the evasion potential of ancient carbon that stored in the permafrost and CH4 emission dynamics along with thermokarst lake evolution. Besides, we discuss the lake CH4 dynamics in seasonally ice-covered lakes, especially for under-ice CH4 accumulation and emission during spring ice melt and the possible influential factors for CH4 emission in ice-melt period. We summarize the latest findings and point out that further research should be conducted to investigate the possibility of abundant ancient carbon emission from thermokarst lakes under climate warming and quantify the contribution of ice-melt CH4 emission from northern lakes on a large scale.
The Rocky Road from Experience to Expression of Emotions—Women’s Anger About Sexism
Authors: Sasse Julia , van Breen Jolien A. , Spears Russell , Gordijn Ernestine H. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWe investigated women’s anger expression in response to sexism. In three studies (Ns = 103, 317, and 241), we tested the predictions that women express less anger about sexism than they experience—the anger gap—and that the anger expressed by women is associated with instrumental concerns, specifically perceived costs and benefits of confronting sexism. To estimate the specificity of the proposed gap, we compared women’s anger reactions to men’s anger reactions as well as anger reactions to sadness reactions. Across studies, we found support for the anger gap, that is, lower anger expression than experience, and the gap was more pronounced for women than for men (Study 3). Surprisingly, a gap also occurred in sadness reactions. Regarding instrumental concerns, there was converging evidence that expressed anger was negatively associated with individual costs. We also investigated whether anger expression can be encouraged through women’s identification with feminists (Studies 1 and 2) and support by other women (Study 2); yet, we found no evidence. We conclude that, to understand women’s—and men’s—reactions to sexism, it is critical not to mistake their emotion expression for how they really feel, but instead to also consider strategic concerns.
Downregulation of EZH2 in Trophoblasts Induces Decidual M1 Macrophage Polarization: a Potential Cause of Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion
Authors: Shang Ye , Wu Shujuan , Li SaiJiao , Qin Xiaolin , Chen Jiao , Ding Jinli , Yang Jing 
Published: November 2021

AbstractMacrophages are known to be pivotal for ensuring the establishment of the immune tolerance microenvironment at the maternal–fetal interface. In particular, trophoblasts stay in close contact with decidual macrophages (DMs), which have been reported to play an active role in the modulation of the polarization of DMs. Thus, any dysfunction of trophoblasts might be associated with certain pregnancy‐related complications, such as recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA). Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is an important epigenetic regulatory gene that has been previously shown to be related to immune regulation. The present study assessed the expression of EZH2 in villi tissue obtained from healthy controls and RSA patients. Trophoblasts conditioned medium was collected to incubate macrophages differentiated from the THP‐1 cell line. The expression and function of EZH2 in trophoblasts were knocked down either by the use of siRNA or GSK126 as an inhibitor. Our results show a significant decrease in the expression of EZH2 in villi tissue from RSA patients as compared to healthy controls. Further, the inhibition of expression or function of EZH2 in trophoblasts promoted M1 macrophage polarization, which might be involved in the pathogenesis of RSA. Moreover, the suppression of EZH2 was found to affect the secretion of immune and inflammatory cytokines in trophoblasts. Altogether, these results indicated the importance of EZH2 in the regulation of immune functions of trophoblasts and thus highlighted its potential to be explored as a therapeutic target to prevent and treat pregnancy loss.
Outcomes of Patients Diagnosed With Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia After Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: Results From a Tertiary Care Center
Authors: Linn Swe M. , Nampoothiri Ram V. , Chen Carol , Pasic Ivan , Al-Shaibani Zeyad , Lam Wilson , Law Arjun D. , Michelis Fotios V. , Kim Dennis D.H. , Gerbitz Armin , Lipton Jeffrey , Kumar Rajat , Mattsson Jonas , Viswabandya Auro 
Published: November 2021

Background:
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HCT) is currently the only curative treatment for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).

Methods:
We analyzed the outcomes of 93 patients (median age: 52 years) who underwent allo-HCT at our center between 1989 and 2019.

Results:
After a median follow-up of 35 months, relapse was observed in 15.1% (n = 14) patients. The estimated 2-year non-relapse mortality, relapse-free survival, and overall survival (OS) were 38.1%, 54.2%, and 58.7%, respectively. The ECOG performance status ≥ 2 (hazard ratio [HR]: 4.1; p = .001) and use of total body irradiation (in a myeloablative conditioning regimen; HR: 2.64; p = .005) were predictive of poor OS after multivariable analysis. The occurrence of sinusoidal obstruction syndrome/veno-occlusive disease post-transplant was associated with poor survival (p = .001).

Conclusion:
Although the use of kinase and bcl2 inhibitors may result in a decrease in the number and need of transplants, allo-HCT remains a viable option in selected patients with high-risk CLL and good performance status.
Ascending aortic pseudoaneurysm following Norwood Stage 1 surgery in an infant
Authors: Yilmaz Mustafa , Ecevit Ata Niyazi , Atalay Atakan 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPseudoaneurysms of the ascending aorta are rarely seen in paediatric patients. They may occur following complex cardiovascular surgery and are associated with a high risk of mortality due to their nature of spontaneous rupture. In this case report, we discuss a 1-year-old paediatric patient with an ascending aortic pseudoaneurysm following Norwood Stage 1 surgery with Sano modification for hypoplastic left heart syndrome and the patient’s successful recovery following aneurysmectomy with Norwood Stage 2 operation.
Impact of work resumption on air quality after subsiding of COVID-19: evidence from China
Authors: Zhang Guoguo , Zhu Jingci , Luo Weijie , Zhang Honghong 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis paper explores the short-run impact of work resumption, extensively launched on February 10, 2020 in China, on air quality after the subsiding of COVID-19. Utilizing the data of 1012 air-quality monitoring sites in 233 cities derived from the Real-time Release Air Quality Platform and the difference-in-differences method, we find that alternative measures of air quality index in non-Hubei provinces increase significantly, compared with those in Hubei province which was temporarily not allowed work resumption due to the severity of epidemic. Specifically, our results reveal a rise in AQI of 11.28 per cent, in PM2.5 of 12.47 per cent, in PM10 of 10.49 per cent, and in NO2 of 23.64 per cent, relative to the baseline mean. Moreover, the deterioration of air quality is found to be caused by intracity rather than intercity migration.
Maternal carbohydrate intake during pregnancy is associated with child peripubertal markers of metabolic health but not adiposity
Authors: Mulcahy Molly C , Tellez-Rojo Martha Maria , Cantoral Alejandra , Solano-González Maritsa , Baylin Ana , Bridges Dave , Peterson Karen E , Perng Wei 
Published: November 2021

AbstractObjective:To examine the associations of trimester-specific maternal prenatal carbohydrate (CHO) intake with offspring adiposity and metabolic health during peripuberty.Design:Prospective cohort study in which maternal dietary intake was collected via validated FFQ during each trimester. Offspring adiposity and metabolic biomarkers were evaluated at age 8–14 years. We used multivariable linear regression to examine associations between total energy-adjusted maternal CHO intake and offspring BMI z-score, skinfold thickness and metabolic syndrome risk z-score calculated as the average of waist circumference, fasting glucose, fasting C-peptide, TAG:HDL and systolic blood pressure + diastolic blood pressure/2.Setting:Mexico City, MexicoParticipants:237 mother–child pairs in the Early Life Exposure in Mexico to Environmental Toxicants cohort.Results:We found non-linear associations of maternal CHO intake during pregnancy with offspring metabolic health during peripuberty. After adjusting for maternal age, and child age, sex and pubertal status, children whose mothers were in the fourth v. first quartile of total CHO intake during the third trimester had 0·42 (95 % CI –0·01, 0·08) ng/ml lower C-peptide and 0·10 (95 % CI –0·02, 0·22) units lower C-peptide insulin resistance (CP-IR). We found similar magnitude and direction of association with respect to net CHO intake during the first trimester and offspring C-peptide and CP-IR. Maternal CHO intake during pregnancy was not associated with offspring adiposity.Conclusions:In this study of mother–child pairs in Mexico City, children born to women in the highest quartile of CHO intake during pregnancy had lowest C-peptide and CP-IR during peripuberty. Additional research is warranted to replicate and identify mechanisms.
Crustal Seismic Attenuation of the Central United States and Intermountain West
Authors: Levandowski Will , Boyd Oliver Salz , AbdelHameid Danya , McNamara Daniel Edward 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSeismic attenuation is generally greater in the western United States (WUS) than the central and eastern United States (CEUS), but the nature of this transition or location of this boundary is poorly constrained. We conduct crustal seismic (Lg) attenuation tomography across a region that stretches from the CEUS across the Rocky Mountains to the Basin and Range using a total of 115,870 amplitude measurements from 106 earthquakes recorded on 544 stations across five frequency bands spanning 0.5–16 Hz. Similar to previous studies, we find higher attenuation in the WUS (Q0 ∼ 190) than the nominally CEUS (Q0 ∼ 250) and comparatively high attenuation on the Gulf Coast (Q0 ∼ 175). Our models defy simple east versus west regionalization, however. Heterogeneity within the Rocky Mountain region—low attenuation in the Colorado Plateau interior and Wyoming Craton (Q0 ∼ 230) compared to high attenuation in the southern Rockies (Q0 ∼ 110)—exceeds the gross differences between the CEUS and western United States. These province‐scale patterns are readily interpreted in terms of intrinsic attenuation. The boundary between the Colorado Plateau and Basin and Range hosts the highest attenuation imaged in the study area (Q0 ∼ 90), consistent with localized scattering across contrasting crustal structure. Focused high attenuation in the southern Rockies may represent the effects of represent in situ partial crustal melt. Within the CEUS, second‐order bands of comparatively high attenuation align with the Proterozoic Yavapai‐Mazatzal suture zone and Midcontinent Rift. This complex attenuation structure defies broad regionalization and suggests a need for path‐specific models near these boundaries and for critical infrastructure.
Determining the Source of the Explosive Sound Heard in Hokkaido, Japan, on 26 April 2021
Authors: Yamada Masumi 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAn explosive sound was heard over a wide area of Sapporo city, Hokkaido, Japan, on 26 April 2021. It was accompanied by minor shaking and was considered likely to be a sonic boom produced by a fireball. However, no luminous phenomenon was observed. We analyzed seismic data to identify the source of the sonic boom, and estimated the trajectory of the object from the associated signal arrival times. The source was located ∼100 km off the west coast of Hokkaido at an altitude of 50 km. The elevation angle was greater than 66° and the estimated velocity was higher than that of a fighter plane. Although the luminous phenomenon was not observed, the trajectory model suggested that the source of the sonic boom was not an aircraft and most likely a fireball. We compared trajectory models estimated from optical and seismic observations for past sonic boom events, and they were found to be in good agreement. Although our trajectory model is simplified and assumes that sound and the fireball have a constant speed, the model is highly accurate. The results show that seismic data can be used to estimate the trajectory of objects producing sonic booms, even when visual observations are unavailable.
Holocene Activity of the Xigeda Fault and Its Implications for the Crustal Deformation Pattern in the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Zhang Wei , Liu Yufa , Sun Haoyue , He Yulin , Ma Chao , Liu Shao , Yang Daibin 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIntra‐block faults generally attract less attention because little slip occurs on them. However, some of them can host strong earthquakes and thus their faulting behaviors are also significant for assessing seismic risk and understanding crustal deformation patterns. The Xigeda fault is one of the intra‐block faults in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau and has generated twoM > 6 earthquakes in the past 70 years. Nevertheless, little is known about its faulting behavior, seismic hazard, and tectonic role. Focusing on this problem, we conducted field investigations, trench excavations, and shallow seismic exploration to characterize its fault activity. Our work reveals that the Xigeda fault slips left‐laterally at a rate of 0.8–1.6 mm/yr with a thrust component through high‐resolution landforms measuring and sample dating. The paleoseismic investigations determine the latest surface rupturing event along the Xigeda fault occurred between 1580 CE and 1970 CE, which is further determined as the 1732 earthquake with a reevaluated magnitude of 7.0–7.5. Therefore, the Xigeda fault is confirmed to be active in the Holocene and can generateM ≥ 7.0 earthquakes. Moreover, the Xigeda fault, along with the Yuanmou fault, makes up the shortage of slip rates between the Anninghe and Zemuhe faults and plays an important role in partitioning the slip along the Xianshuihe‐Xiaojiang fault system and accommodating the crustal deformation in the Sichuan‐Yunnan block. Additionally, our work suggests a crustal deformation pattern for the southeastern Tibetan Plateau that most of the crustal deformation within tectonic blocks is still expressed by slipping along significant intra‐block faults.