bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Ancestral Development of the Respiratory Organs in the Decapodous Crustacea
Authors: Buchanan Florence 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In the Crayfish, so well known to all students of zoology, our attention is attracted to the varying positions of the gills, and, in reading Professor Huxley’s book, especially devoted to this Crustacean, we are led to compare the different positions of these organs and their relations to each other in the different segments in many of the Decapods. In so doing the question arises as to how they have come to be situated as they are, and it is to this question that I propose, in the following paper, to attempt an answer. It must, I am afraid, be only a suggestion as to the real answer, since several details in the development of the various forms would have to be carefully worked out in order to prove the whole theory true.
Notes on the Anatomy of Scorpions. I.—External Sexual Characters
Authors: Narayanan Muliyil 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
It is stated in certain text-books that male Scorpions differ from the females in having broader chelae and a longer postabdomen. Professor Bourne has pointed out to me that these characters are not, at any rate in the species which we have examined, valid. The chelae of the male are indeed, in the species Scorpio (Pandinus) fulvipes, which is common in Madras, narrower than those of the female.
The Early Stages in the Development of Disti-chopora violacea, with a Short Essay on the Fragmentation of the Nucleus
Authors: Hickson Sydney J. , Oxon Cantab. et 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The material upon which I have made my investigations was in part collected by me in N. Celebes, and in part by Professor A. C. Haddon in Torres Straits. Some of the specimens were treated with strong alcohol alone, others with corrosive sublimate followed by alcohol. For decalcification I have entirely used nitric acid.
Das Mikroskop, und die mikroskopische Technik; ein Hand-buch fur Arzte und Studirende. (The Microscope, and its Mode of Application, &c.)
Authors: Frey Heinrich 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
A well got-up and imposing-looking work on the microscope has lately appeared under the above title, which, however, is anything but fully expressive of its contents. The work, in fact, consists of two principal divisions. The first 156 pages only relate to the instrument itself, its appurtenances, and the various methods to be followed in the observation, preparation, and preservation of objects; the remainder, except the last 22 pages, is simply a sort of compendium of such parts of histology as may be useful to the medical student. The last 22 pages, which are numbered consecutively to the rest, and evidently intended.to form part of the book, contain merely lists of prices of the various forms of instruments constructed by all the more eminent continental and English makers — matters, we should conceive, hardly worthy of being placed in the body, as it were, of a professedly scientific work, though useful enough perhaps to the student who may be in search of an instrument, and at a loss to know where to look for one suited to his wants or means
Review: Lectures on the Elements of Comparative Anatomy
Authors: Huxley Thomas Henry 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
This work consists substantially of the lectures delivered by Professor Huxley in the spring of 1863, at the Royal College of Surgeons of England, in discharge of his duties as Hunterian Professor of Comparative Anatomy and Physiology to the College. Although this work may be regarded as fragmentary, consisting, as it does in the first place, of six lectures on the Classification of Animals, and eight lectures on the Vertebrate Skull, the author hopes eventually to bring out subsequently other courses of lectures, and thus to produce a systematic work on Comparative Anatomy. Those who have in any manner regarded the publications of Professor Huxley, will be glad of the prospect of having presented to them a systematic view of the opinions held by one who has distinguished himself by his contributions to almost every department of zoological and physiological inquiry. Professor Huxley says, with regard to this work, that in intention therefore the present work is the first of a series, to be followed in due order by a second volume on “Man and the other Primates,” and a third on the remaining Mammalia, and so on. As far as the inquiries with the microscope are concerned, we must content ourselves with drawing attention to those parts of the present volume which are devoted to the classification of animals. We cannot pretend to follow Professor Huxley into those details which lead him to differ with Professor Owen with regard to the theoretical structure of the vertebrate skull. We can only say, with regard to this second part of his work, that it will afford to all students of comparative anatomy, an example of how great is the power of analysis demanded of, and how wide are the inquiries of, the philosophical anatomist. It is only in a very subsidiary way that the minute inquiries of the microscopist can assist the anatomical.philosopher in arriving at the general laws which regulate the morphology of the higher classes of the animal kingdom.
The Aseptic Cultivation of Mycetozoa
Authors: Miller Casper O. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Until the work of de Bary nothing was known about the development of Mycetozoa further than that they appeared as a slimy mass from which the sporangia were formed. He made a short report (1) on the development of the zoospores from the spores at the “Naturforscherversammlung,” in Göttingen, in 1854, which was followed by his other publications (2, 3). He speaks (8) of keeping portions of plasmodia in glass dishes containing water, or on slides, but they died in a few days without forming sporangia. Spores of Æthalium septicum, planted on moistened tan on the 2nd of May, showed at the beginning of July colourless plasmodia, which continued through July without further development. Another culture of spores of the same plasmodium, planted the 13th of August, developed many zoospores, and on the 8th of October plasmodia were seen. Spores of Lycogala, planted in a dish containing water and decaying pine-wood, developed zoospores within twenty-four hours ; about the fourteenth day there were plasmodia present, which at the end of a fortnight had died without forming sporangia. He also planted spores of Stemonitis obtusata on decaying pine-wood, and found plasmodia on the fourteenth day, but they did not develop further. De Bary was unable to determine whether the plasmodia developed from a single zoospore or by the fusion of a number of zoospores.
On the Reaction of Daphnia magna (Straus) to certain Changes in its Environment
Authors: Warren Ernest 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
For some years I have been engaged in breeding Daphnia magna (Straus), for the purpose of obtaining data which would be of value in testing the current theories, of heredity. The investigation has led me to a series of experiments on the action of common salt, and on the effect of a confined volume of water on this animal. Some of the results seem to present certain features of considerable interest and of wide biological significance; they illustrate how closely the organism is knit to its external conditions of life.
Further Remarks on the Development of Amphioxus
Authors: MacBride E. W. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In 1897 I published in this Journal (6) a paper entitled “The Early Development of Amphioxus.” In this work it was shown—(1) that the gut wall is all formed by the endoderm, and that the blastopore is at first posterior and subsequently displaced on to the dorsal surface; (2) that the mesoderm originated from five distinct rudiments, viz. (a) an anterior pouch of the gut, from which the head cavities are formed ; (b) a pair of dorso-lateral pouches which give rise to the first pair of myotomes, and to long ventral sac-like outgrowths of the same which extend back into the atrial ridges; and (c) a pair of dorso-lateral grooves in the gut wall extending back to the blastopore, which gradually become separated off in front, and at the same time divided up to form all the myotonies which succeed the first.
The Anatomy and Classification of the Arenicolidæ, with some Observations on their Post-larval Stages
Authors: Gamble F. W. , Ashworth J. H. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Although the literature which treats of the anatomy of Arenicolais a large and growing one, there are several structures, such as the nervous system, the nephridia, the “hearts” and “heart-body,” which have received little or no attention from anatomists such as de Quatrefages, Grube, Claparède, Pruvot, Racovitza, who have contributed largely to a knowledge of the comparative morphology of Polychætes. Embryologists have neglected the Arenicolidæ even more. Wilson’s early paper (1882)1 still remains the only account of the development of an Arenicola (A. cristata) from the egg up to the early post-larval stage, and naturally enough only deals with the external features. In 1893 the post-larval stage of the common lugworm was identified by Dr. Benham, and though his decision was soon afterwards questioned by Mesnil (1897), Benham’s statements have since received full confirmation. It is not our purpose to give in this place a full résumé of past or recent work on the Arenicolidæ, but merely to point out that both in morphology and embryology there are lacunæ where our present knowledge is scanty or entirely lacking. This statement applies, moreover, to the groups with which it has been suggested, though on somewhat slender grounds, that the Arenicolidæ are allied, namely, the Maldanidæ on the one hand and the Scalibregmidæ on the other. For all we know to the contrary, these families may represent three more or less parallel but independent modifications. Their relationship can only be adequately discussed when the modifications of structure and development of each family are known as a whole. With reference to the Scalibregmidæ, for example, many of the structural features are Only known through the work of Rathke (1843) or of Danielssen (1859). Even more recent writers, such as Wirén (1887), have been content, when dealing with the vascular system or the subdivision of the body-cavity, to record the results of the examination of one or two genera without even determining the limits of specific differences, which at any rate in the Arenicolidæ extend from obvious external marks to the mode of origin of the gonads, or the grade of development of certain ganglion-cells in the nerve-cord.
The Scottish Silurian Scorpion
Authors: Pocock R. I. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Our knowledge of the existence of scorpions in marine beds of Upper Silurian age dates from the publication of an announcement to this effect in the ‘Comptes rendus de l’Académie des Sciences,; Paris, in December, 1884, wherein Professor Lindstrom and Dr. Thorell gave an account of the discovery of the well-preserved remains of a fossil scorpion at Gotland in Sweden, proposing for the new form the name Palæophouus nuncius. This important find in palaeontology attracted wide-spread interest, and was discussed in various journals, scientific and popular. In 1885 it was followed by an exhaustive memoir on the fossil by Lindström and Thorell (‘Kongl. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl.,’ xxi, No. 9, 1885). Prior to the appearance of this memoir an article entitled “Ancient Air Breathers,” by Mr. B. N. Peach, was printed in ‘Nature’ (vol. xxxi, pp. 295—298, 1885). In this a preliminary description was given of a second Upper Silurian scorpion, which had been unearthed in the summer of 1883 at Lesmahago, in Lanarkshire, and formed part of the rich collection of fossils belonging to Dr. Hunter. The value of this second specimen was enhanced by the circumstance that it fortunately lies with its ventral surface exposed, and is thus the complement, as it were, of the Gotland fossil, of which the dorsal surface, at all events, of the anterior half of the body is uppermost.
On the Structure of the Hairs of Mylodon Listai and other South American Edentata
Authors: Ridewood W. G. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The interest attaching to the disco preserved skin of a great Ground Sloth, very closely allied to if not identical with Mylodon, was considerably increased when it was found that the hairs do not agree in their minute structure with those of the Tree Sloths, Bradypus and Cholœpus. While agreeing with the latter in the absence of a definite medulla, they are destitute of the extra-cortical layer which characterises the hairs of Bradypus, and have not the fluted surface which is such a distinctive feature of the hairs of Cholœpus. The characters of the hairs have been commented upon by several authors in the course of their remarks upon the remains of this ground sloth, but the subject has never been treated exhaustively ; and Professor Ray Lankester suggested to me that the matter was worthy of further inquiry, and that it was desirable to compare the newly discovered hairs not only with those of Bradypus and Cholœpus, but also with those of the ant-eaters and armadillos.
Notes on the Development of Paludina vivipara, with special reference to the Urinogenital Organs and Theories of Gasteropod Torsion
Authors: Drummond Isabella M. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
These researches have been conducted in the Laboratory of Comparative Anatomy at Oxford, under the superintendence of Professor Weldon. They were originally undertaken in order to confirm or correct the account of the coelom and its derivatives given by von Erlanger, and the results obtained are set forth in Part I of this paper. These then led to a renewed study of the whole course of development with a view to obtaining evidence upon the theories of torsion recently put forward by Pelseneer, Amaudrut, and Boutan. Von Erlanger’s account deals only with the organogeny, and leaves the question of torsion on one side; it is perhaps for this reason that the development of Paludina has lately been sometimes regarded as too much modified and abbreviated to give any clear evidence on this point. Doubtless great modification has taken place owing to the loss of the free larval life; nevertheless, bearing this in mind, it is possible to a large extent so to disentangle the different processes of development which, owing to abbreviation, here go on side by side, as to be able to compare the results obtained with those of the authors above mentioned. In Part II, therefore, I give a brief account of the development, aiming not so much at a description of the organogeny, except in one or two cases where my results differ from those of von Erlanger, as at making clear the changes in position and relative proportions of the organs in successive stages.
Maturation of the Ovum in Echinus esculentus
Authors: Bryce Thomas H. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The subject of the maturation of the sexual cells is a thorny terrain. It can be attacked only by the highest powers of the microscope, and the facts can only be reached by a process of patient mental reconstruction of the various phases. Historically the subject has been overlaid by some brilliant but premature hypotheses, which, however much they may have stimulated research, have also tended to foster prepossessions. The necessary stimulus for research has been supplied by the hypothesis that the chromatin of the nucleus is the hereditary substance, or, at least, the bearer from one generation to another of hereditary qualities. But apart from the interest connected with problems of heredity, and the meaning of fertilisation, the study of the intricate details of the process of maturation goes to the bottom of all our knowledge of cellular morphology. The study of the maturation phenomena in Echinus was, in the first place, taken up merely with the motive of seeing some of the actual phases in the most readily obtainable material. But it was soon discovered that although the outward phases had been frequently studied, most of the finer details of the process, as seen in Echinus, were undescribed, and therefore it was considered worth while to make a study of the whole process.
On the Morphology of the Cheilostomata
Authors: Harmer Sidney F. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The observations on which the present paper is based were commenced with the examination of a Flustra-like Cheilostome, found at Port Jackson by Mr. T. Whitelegge, who sent it to me for description, believing it to belong to a new genus. Although exhibiting several remarkable features, I think it may be placed in Euthyris, Hincks, and I propose for it the name E. clathrata, in allusion to the bars which support its “frontal wall?’ The species possesses a large “compensation-sac/’ a name which is due to Jullien (1888, 1), although the structure had to some extent been described by Busk and Waters. Jullien’s results have usually been discredited by later writers. The study of a number of Cheilostomatous genera has, however, not only led me to confirm the accuracy of Jullien’s statements, but has resulted in various conclusions which I believe to be of importance for the proper understanding of the Cheilostomata. A summary of my principal results has been communicated to the Cambridge Philosophical Society (1901).
The Genera and Species of the Order Symphyla
Authors: Hansen H. J. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In 1884 Dr. R. Latzel published the second half of his fine and highly valuable work ‘Die Myriopoden der ôster-reichisch-ungarischen Monarchie’ii, 1884. His treatment of the order Symphyla (pp. 1—18 and Taf. i) is a very important contribution : it contains a rather detailed description of the external structure, abstracts of earlier papers on some of the internal organs, notes on some larval stages, the best descriptions hitherto published of three European species, a sketch of the history of the systematic position of the group, etc. In reality it gives both a considerable addition to our knowledge, and abstracts of or reference to nearly all earlier scientific papers until 1882 touching the subject. I will therefore refer the student to Latzel’s book, and confine myself to a very short extract and a few remarks.
The Bionomics of Convoluta roscoffensis, with Special Reference to its Green Cells
Authors: Gamble F. W. , Keeble Frederick 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Convoluta roscoffensis is a green Turbellarian peculiar to Brittany, along whose coasts it is distributed intermittently. It is a slender, elongated, ciliated worm of sedentary, gregarious habit.
Notes on Rhabdopleura Normani, Allman
Authors: Fowler G. Herbert 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
These notes, written mainly some years ago, did not seem worthy of publication by themselves. But my friend Mr. Harmer lately called my attention to some remarkable statements made by Messrs. Conte and Vaney1 which seem to justify the publication of the present paper, despite the small quantity and imperfect preservation of my materials.
On a New Species of the Genus Haplotaxis ; with some Remarks on the Genital Ducts in the Oligochæta
Authors: Benham W. Blaxland 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Amongst the material collected by Mr. Keith Lucas during his biological survey of the New Zealand lakes I find two small worms belonging to the genus Haplotaxis, of Hoffmeister (= Phreoryctes, auctorum), which differ from the two species already known—H. gordioides, from Europe and America, and H. smithi, from New Zealand—in being provided with only a single pair of ovaries and oviducts. For this new species, therefore, I propose the name Haplotaxis heterogyne. Justification for placing the worms in this genus, hitherto characterised by the possession of two pairs of female organs, will be found below.
Two New Forms of Choniostomatidæ: Copepoda Parasitic on Crustacea Malacostraca and Ostrocoda
Authors: Hansen H. J. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
During a stay—in August, 1902—in the house of my friend, the Rev. Canon A. M. Norman, I had the good luck to discover, in his splendid collection, a new parasitic Copepod on a couple of specimens of a rare Norwegian Amphipod. He asked me to work out the parasite, which I promised, and the result is given here.
The Epithelial Islets of the Pancreas in Teleostei
Authors: Rennie John 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The question of the anatomical and functional nature of the islet-like groups of cells occurring within the pancreas of vertebrate animals has been studied by a large number of investigators since attention was first directed to them by Langerhans in 1869. These inquiries have for the most part been confined to the higher vertebrates, and summaries of their results have already been given by other writers (Laguesse, 1894; Oppel, 1900). Notwithstanding the somewhat extensive literature of the subject, there is so much disagreement as to the real nature of these bodies that further inquiry was desirable. Oppel (13) wrote in 1900, “Was die Bedeutung der intertubularen Zellhaufen anlangt, so ist dieselbe, so viel auch daruber geschrieben wurde and so viele Ansichten auch daruber bestehen, noch nicht ganz erklart.”
Observations on the Maturation and Fertilisation of the Egg of the Axolotl
Authors: Jenkinson J. W. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Eleven years have elapsed since the appearance of Rudolf Fick’s memoir on the fertilization of the axolotl; yet, in spite of the host of authors who have since dealt with this, the earliest moment of development, his paper still stands out as one of the completest studies of the behaviour of the spermatozoon in the egg.
On the Early Stages in the Development of Flustrella hispida (Fabricius), and on the Existence of a “Yolk Nucleus” in the Egg of this Form
Authors: Pace R. M. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In the following paper an attempt has been made to trace out the earlier stages in the development of Flustrella hispida. The larva of this familiar Bryozoan has previously been studied by Hincks (13), Redfern (22), Joliet (14), Barrois (2), and Prouho (20), but the first four authors studied only the living larva, of which Barrois has given an excellent account with numerous figures, while Prouho, who has described the later stages of the larval history in detail, has paid but little attention to its earlier stages.
On the Structure of the Nephridia of Dinophilus
Authors: Shearer Cresswell 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Schmidt (22) was the first to draw attention to the nephridia of Dinophilus in 1848, which he simply mentions in D. vorticoides as two longitudinal vessels. They seem to have escaped further attention till Korschelt (11) in 1882 again mentioned their presence in D. apatris. It is to Harmer (8), however, that we owe the most complete description of the nephridia. In 1889 he described five pairs in D. tæniatus, a species found abundantly in the tidal pools of Plymouth Bay. Since then they have been studied by Schimkewitsch (23) in D. vorticoides from the White Sea. This last author investigated them by means of the intra vitam method of staining with methylene blue, but was able to add little to Harmer’s account of their structure.
The Structure, Development, and Bionomics of the House-fly, Musca domestica, Linn
Authors: Hewitt Gordon 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In the present paper, which is the second of the series of three, the breeding habits and development of M. domestica and the anatomy of the mature larva will be described. Its publication has been delayed owing to the fact that I wished . to make the observations on the breeding habits and life history as complete as possible. With the recent appearance of two short papers by Newstead (1907) and Griffith (1908), many of whose observations, to which I shall refer later, are confirmatory of my own results, we now have a more complete account of the breeding habits of this insect.