bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Verrucous venous malformation with thrombocytopenia in a neonate
Authors: Reyes‐Hadsall Sophia C. , Fayiga Folasade F. , Duarte Ana M. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractVerrucous venous malformations (VVM) are rare, congenital, slow‐flow vascular anomalies that have been historically difficult to characterize due to clinical mimics and unclear histological evaluation. A life‐threatening complication of VVMs is localized intravascular coagulation. Herein, we describe a male neonate who presented with a congenital VVM on the left lower extremity with associated severe thrombocytopenia. We discuss the multifaceted diagnostic approach used to identify this VVM, while highlighting the use of WT‐1 as a negative predictive marker; we additionally outline novel treatment options and management beyond cutaneous involvement.
Isolation and in vitro expansion of porcine spermatogonial stem cells
Authors: Zhao Xin , Wan Weican , Li Bin , Zhang Xianyu , Zhang Mao , Wu Zhenfang , Yang Huaqiang 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSpermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are the only adult stem cells capable of passing genetic information to offspring through their ability to both self‐renew and differentiate into mature spermatozoa. SSCs can be transplanted to establish donor‐derived spermatogenesis in recipient animals, thus offering a novel reproductive tool for multiplication of elite individual animals to benefit livestock production. An optimal SSC culture in vitro can benefit various SSC‐based studies and applications, such as mechanistic study of SSC biology, SSC transplantation process and SSC‐based transgenesis technique. However, except for some model rodent animals, SSC culture remains an inefficient and unstable process. We here studied a workflow to isolate, purify and in vitro culture porcine SSCs from neonatal pig testes. Pig testicular cells were dissociated by two‐step enzymatic digestion with collagenase type IV and trypsin. We enriched the spermatogonia from the testicular cell mix by differential plating for at least 3 times to remove firmly attached non‐SSCs. We then tested the optimal culture medium formula by supplementation of different growth factors to the basic medium (DMEM/F12 + 1% FBS) and found that a combination of 20 ng/ml GDNF, 10 ng/ml LIF, 20 ng/ml FGF2 and 20 ng/ml IGF1 had the best effect on SSC growth in our defined experimental system. In the presence of 4 growth factors without specific feeders, the purified SSCs can be cultured in poly‐L‐lysine‐ and laminin‐coated dishes for 28 days and remain preserving a continuous proliferation without losing the undifferentiated spermatogonial phenotype.
Factor structure of the new Scandinavian WISC‐V version: Support for a five‐factor model
Authors: Egeland Jens , Andreassen Tor , Lund Olaf 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe fifth version of Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children is designed to measure five distinct aspects of intelligence, incorporating a new fluid reasoning index to the four indexes of the previous fourth version. Several factor analyses, however, have failed to support the fifth factor. The Scandinavian version is the only national version not showing clear superiority for the five‐factor solution in the Manual. In the present study, we analyze WISC‐V protocols from a clinical sample of 237 children tested with the new Scandinavian version. We perform six confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) testing three hierarchical‐, two bifactor‐, and one correlated candidate factor models. The study shows that the three‐factor model does not fit the data, and that all four‐ and five‐factor models showed good fit. The four‐factor bifactor model was somewhat better than the five‐bifactor and hierarchical models, but the correlated five‐factor model was the superior model. Finding support for five‐factors in a clinical sample representative of those most probable to be tested with the test, strengthen the claim that also the Scandinavian version measure a distinct fluid factor as intended by the test owners, and thus that clinicians may use the index scores as their main level of analysis. Review of previous CFAs show that the choice of statistical methods for CFA, bifactor or hierarchical/correlated, influence whether second order factor models are better than g‐factor models.
Evaluation of intercellular lipid lamellae in the stratum corneum by polarized microscopy
Authors: Asada Naoki , Morita Ryo , Kamiji Rikae , Kuwajima Mami , Komorisono Masahiko , Yamamura Tatsuo , Ono Naoaki , Kanaya Shigehiko , Yoshikawa Shuichi 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundIntercellular lipids contain a lamellar structure that glows in polarized images. It could be expected that the intercellular lipid content be estimated from the luminance values calculated from polarized images of stratum corneum strips. Therefore, we attempted to develop a method for simple and rapid evaluation of the intercellular lipid content through a procedure. Herein, we demonstrated a relationship between the luminance value and the amount of ceramides, one of the main components of intercellular lipids.Materials and methodsThe stratum corneum was collected from the forearm using slides with a pure rubber‐based adhesive, which did not produce unnecessary luminescence under polarizing conditions. Images were analyzed using luminance indices. The positive secondary ion peak images were obtained using the time of flight‐secondary ion mass spectrometry; the polarized and brightfield images were obtained using a polarized microscope. The ceramide and protein amount was measured by high‐performance liquid chromatography and bicinchoninic acid protein assay after microscope imaging. Images and quantitative values were used to construct evaluation models based on a convolutional neural network (CNN).ResultsThere was a correlation between the highlighted areas of the polarized image to overlap with the area where ceramide‐derived peak was detected. Evaluation of the CNN‐based model of the polarized images predicted the amount of ceramides per unit of stratum corneum.ConclusionThe method proposed in the study enabled a large number of specimens to provide a simple, rapid, and efficient evaluation of the intercellular lipid content.
Skin biomechanical and viscoelastic properties measured with MyotonPRO in different areas of human body
Authors: Rosicka Katarzyna , Mierzejewska‐Krzyżowska Barbara , Mrówczyński Włodzimierz 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundThere is still a lack of clinically practical device, which allows to perform rapid and accurate examination of the skin condition. For this reason, suitability of the MyotonPRO for the assessment of skin biomechanical and viscoelastic parameters was evaluated in this study. The aim of the study was to establish the reference values of five parameters measured by MyotonPRO various locations of human skin.Materials and methodsOscillation frequency, dynamic stiffness, logarithmic decrement, mechanical stress relaxation and creep were measured at three different skin locations (clavicula, volar forearm and shin), using L‐shape short and medium arm probes in 32 young female volunteers. Mean values of obtained parameters recorded by both probes were compared among three skin locations while reliabilities of measurements were assessed. Additionally, relationships between all recorded parameters were examinedResultsThere were no statistically significant differences between the mean values of five measured parameters obtained with both probes in all investigated areas. However, statistically significant differences of mean values of almost all parameters measured among three places examined were found. Despite considerable differences in mean values of obtained parameters, there were visible strong correlations between some studied parameters in all three investigated areas of skin.ConclusionIt was demonstrated in all locations studied that the higher value of oscillation frequency corresponds to the higher value of dynamic stiffness, moreover such tissue recovers faster to its initial shape, and it was characterized by lower creep values. Such results indicate the existence of identical relationships between the same studied parameters in different areas of skin.
Design Exploration and Performance Assessment of Advanced Recuperated Hybrid-Electric Urban Air Mobility Rotorcraft
Authors: Saias Chana Anna , Roumeliotis Ioannis , Goulos Ioannis , Pachidis Vassilios , Bacic Marko 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The design of efficient, environmentally friendly, and quiet powerplant for rotorcraft architectures constitutes a key enabler for urban air mobility (UAM) application. This work focuses on the development and application of a generic methodology for the design, performance, and environmental impact assessment of a parallel hybrid-electric propulsion system, utilizing simple and advanced recuperated engine cycles. A simulation framework for rotorcraft analysis comprising models for rotor aerodynamics, flight dynamics, and hybrid-electric powerplant performance is deployed for the design exploration and optimization of a hybrid-electric rotorcraft, modeled after the NASA XV-15, adapted for civil applications. Optimally designed powerplants for payload-range capacity, energy efficiency, and environmental impact have been obtained. A comparative evaluation has been performed for the optimum designs. The respective tradeoffs between engine, heat exchanger weight, thermal efficiency, as well as mission fuel burn and environmental impact have been quantified. It has been demonstrated that a recuperated gas turbine-based hybrid-electric architecture may provide improvements of up to 6% in mission range capability without sacrificing useful load. At the same time, analyses performed for a representative 100 km mission suggest reductions in fuel burn and NOX emissions of up to 12.9% and 5.2%, respectively. Analyses are carried at aircraft and mission level using realistic UAM mission scenarios.
Thermal Cooling Enhancements in a Heated Channel Using Flow-Induced Motion
Authors: Verma Mayank , De Ashoke 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The paper presents the comparative study of the vortex-induced cooling of a heated channel for the four different cross-sections of the rigid cylinder, i.e., circular, square, semi-circular, and triangular, with or without the rigid/flexible splitter plate at the Reynolds number (based on the hydraulic diameter) of 200. The study presents a comprehensive analysis of the flow and thermal performance for all the cases. For flexible plate cases, a partitioned approach is invoked to solve the coupled fluid-structure-convection problem. The simulations show the reduction in the thermal boundary layer thickness at the locations of the vortices resulting in the improved Nusselt number. Furthermore, the thin plate's flow-induced motion significantly increases the vorticity field inside the channel, resulting in improved mixing and cooling. It is observed that the plate-motion amplitude is maximum when the plate is attached to the cylinder with the triangular cross-section. The power requirement analysis shows that the flexible plate reduces the power required to pump the channel's cold fluid. Thus, based on the observations of the present study, the authors recommend using the flexible plate attached to the cylinder for improved convective cooling.
A Heritage Approach to Risk Based Design
Authors: Fragola Joseph R. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Designers seldom, if ever, create designs “out of whole cloth”. They might begin with a clean piece of paper but their designs, no matter how creative or pioneering, must always embrace the technological heritage within which they are imbedded, at least to a degree. If they fail to do so they will almost certainly have great difficulty in being implemented, and even greater difficulty being successful. In this way the words “heritage” and “risk” have been linked, since time immemorial, in the design process and therefore in the designer’s mind’s eye. While this linkage is, in this sense, nothing new, the linkage has until recently been done heuristically and informally based upon the judgment and expertise of the individual designer, perhaps supplemented by the judgment and expertise of those peers of personal acquaintance.
Recently, as an outgrowth of the broader application of probabilistic technology, a more formal and systematic link between design heritage and design risk has been attempted. While the number of actual applications are few, those that have been attempted seem to forecast that significant benefits might accrue from further development of the concept and its wider application especially in the case of the advanced technical designs so characteristic of aerospace systems. While the process of risk-based design is still in development, the individual steps in the process are beginning to evolve.
These steps, which are listed in summary form in Figure 1 below, will be discussed in the presented paper as they apply to the design of a container to return samples from Mars.
Partitioning System Architecture to Optimize Reliability While Limiting the Impact of Cost, Weight and Schedule
Authors: Wasiloff James M. , Regan Robert J. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A method using discrete design optimization to maximize product reliability and customer satisfaction through uniquely partitioning system architecture is developed and presented in this paper. Using integer programming, constraints such as cost, weight and physical volume are incorporated into a mathematical model to improve system reliability through the introduction of system architectural redundancies. An advanced automatic transmission electronic shift control system is examined as a potential application for the aforementioned methodology. A significant improvement in system reliability is achieved through the application of this optimization tool in the shift control design problem. A generic model is proposed for architectural optimization of emerging advanced technology systems with requisite critical reliability requirements.
Design of Hydraulic Motor Spindle for High Speed Machining
Authors: Agba Emmanuel I. , Babai Majid 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper presents the design of a hydraulic motor driven spindle for the processing of metals and composite materials at high rotational speeds. Existing technologies applicable to spindles and spindle holders under severe operating conditions were reviewed. A conceptual design of the hydraulic spindle system was developed. A strong indication of distinct increase in spindle life and gains in cutting power at higher rotational speeds when compared to the conventional electric motor driven spindles underscored the need for the new spindle system.
Design the Angular Feature for Manufacturability With Tolerance Chart
Authors: Xue Jianbin , Ji Ping 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Many products have angular features for certain special functions. Although the design engineers have considered the capability of manufacturing process when they design the parts of a product, some hidden problems about the manufacturability of the angular features are still difficult to be discovered by most of the design engineers. In this paper tolerance charts are used to design the angular features for manufacturability. Using the tolerance chart for a simple tapered part, the work dimensions and tolerances at each operation stage of manufacturing are obtained. A very tight tolerance on adjacent surfaces is created because of the tapered feature. This problem will not be discovered until the tolerance chart is employed to analyze the designed tolerances and the operation sequence. Therefore, either the design of the tolerance or the process plan of the workpiece should be modified in order to fabricate the part at a small cost of manufacturing.
Interoperability, Shape Representation, and Geometric Processing for Network-Enabled Virtual Prototyping
Authors: Lee Jae Yeol , Lee Joo-Haeng , Kim Hyun , Han Sung-Bae 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Internet technology opens up another domain for building future CAD/CAM environment. The environment will be global, network-centric, and spatially distributed. In this paper, we present a new approach to network-centric virtual prototyping (NetVP) in a distributed design environment. The presented approach combines the current virtual assembly modeling and analysis technique with distributed computing and communication technology for supporting virtual prototyping activities over the network. This paper focuses on interoperability, shape representation, and geometric processing for distributed virtual prototyping. STEP standard and CORBA-based interfaces allow the bi-directional communication between the CAD model and virtual prototyping model, which makes it possible to solve the problems of interoperability, heterogeneity of platforms, and data sharing. STEP AP203 is utilized as a means of transferring and sharing product models. In addition, Attributed Abstracted B-rep (AAB) is introduced as 3D shape abstraction for transparent and efficient transmission of 3D models and for the maintenance of naming consistency between CAD models and virtual prototyping models over the network. Further, this paper discusses geometric processings needed for distributed virtual prototyping activities such as collision detection and interactive assembly modeling.
Electrostatic Latch and Release: A Theoretical and Empirical Study
Authors: O’Brien Gary J. , Monk David J. , Lin Liwei 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Two new theoretical electrostatic actuator models describing MEMS cantilever beam deflection are presented. The 1st proposed model uses beam theory to predict electrostatic pull-in to occur at a beam tip displacement of 46% the initial actuator gap. The proposed beam theory model is comprised of a cantilever with an applied moment at the free end to represent the electrostatic force across the beam. The 2nd proposed model describes cantilever beam electrostatic pull-in occurring where the cantilever beam tip deflection represents 44% of the initial actuator gap as a function of the cantilever beam deflection angle. System non-linearity is addressed using a more accurate electrical capacitance model near the deflected cantilever beam tip where electrostatic forces are maximized. Empirical pull-in voltage measurements of polysilicon cantilever beam arrays correlate to both presented models with better performance than previously presented theoretical models without the use of correction factors. Extension of the 2nd model to describe a class of torsional electrostatic actuators is also demonstrated. Electric field fringing is neglected regarding capacitance model calculations.
Out-of-Plane Comb-Drive Lever Actuator
Authors: Lin Hung-Yi , Fang Weileun 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In the present study, an out-of-plane motion actuator driven by the electrostatic force is designed and fabricated. The electrostatic force generated by the gap closing electrodes and the comb electrodes will be studied. Moreover, a lever motion transmitting mechanism is proposed to modulate the motion of the actuators. Although the space between the driving electrodes is limited, the lever motion transmitting mechanism could enlarge the traveling distance. The applications of the out-of-plane motion actuator are remarkably increased due to the assistant of the transmitting mechanism.
Down-Scale Problems of Resonant Mode SiC Devices
Authors: Kazinczi R. , Mollinger J. R. , Bossche A. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Silicon carbide (SiC) is a promising candidate to replace conventional silicon based electronics and micro electromechanical devices in various applications. The present study characterizes material properties of SiC thin films and addresses reliability issues focused on down-scaled resonant mode future devices. The Young’s modulus was calculated from resonant measurements on SiC cantilever beams. The long-term stability of the resonator was studied in various environments. Thin cantilevers operating in air and in humid air exhibit stiffening effect due to surface oxidation. Mechanical shocks generate cracks in the surface oxide layer which results in drop of the resonance frequency. This unstable behaviour leads to failure of the resonant mode devices. Non-oxidising media, such as nitrogen and argon enhances the stability, which offers convenient packaging solutions.
Analysis and Design of Electrothermal Actuators Fabricated From Single Crystal Silicon
Authors: Maloney John M. , DeVoe Don L. , Schreiber David S. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Thermal actuators that deflect laterally by resistive heating have been fabricated in single crystal silicon (SCS) by deep reactive ion etching (DRIE). With heights of 50 μm, these high-aspect actuators produce significantly larger forces than similar polysilicon devices. Problems with stiction are also avoided through the use of silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology. An analytical model is applied to U-beam and V-beam actuator shapes fabricated on SOI wafers. The electrothermal component of the analysis uses an axial conduction model to predict temperature distribution; the thermomechanical component employs elastic beam theory to calculate deflection due to thermal strain. Experimental results are compared to analytical predictions. Deflections of 29 μm for a 1200 μm long, 12 μm wide V-beam actuator were observed, corresponding to a predicted force of 7.6 mN.
A Microactuator for a High-Density Hard Disk Drive
Authors: Cho Dong-Woo , Kim Jong-Young , Lee Sang-Jo , Park Ji-Whang , Choi Seok-Moon , Ahn Seung-Do 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper reports the design and fabrication of a micro-electro-mechanical-system (MEMS)-based electrostatic angular microactuator for a dual-stage servo. We propose a new driving scheme that uses the vector sum of the force generated by parallel plate and comb-finger. To maximize the driving moment, the moving and fixed electrodes are arranged to make the driving force perpendicular to the rotating moment of arm. We designed a 2-mm diameter microactuator that can position the pico-slider over ± 1 μm stroke using under 18 volts with a 1 kHz flexural natural frequency for a 2 kHz fine-tracking servo.
MEMS Flip-Up Micro-Coil Inductors
Authors: O’Brien Gary , Monk David J. , Lin Liwei 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Surface micromachined micro-coils rotated 180° out of the wafer substrate plane have been demonstrated using a hinged support frame structure. A slotted mechanical latch was used to maintain the flip-up (assembled) configuration of the micro-coil support frame. Assembled micro-coils were evaluated regarding potential use as integrated circuit inductors and micro-heaters. Inductance measurements were performed before and after micro-coil assembly. The single polysilicon layer micro-coil inductance was measured as 0.95nH and 4.60nH, pre and post assembled respectively. This represents a 480% improvement as compared to a planar micro-coil implementation. The single polysilicon layer micro-coil is comprised of 4 turns with inner and outer spiral diameters of 40 and 100 microns respectively. Micro-coil support frames were assembled (latched) manually using probe needles. A batch assembly attempt using compressed gas bursts to flip-up the structures resulted in a quasi-latched state of the micro-coil support frame.
Non-Destructive, Non-Contact Handling and Concentration of μm-Sized Particles in Liquid Using Superposition Method of Ultrasound
Authors: Yasuda Kenji 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The non-destractive, non-contact concentrating method using ultrasound for biological analysis was studied. Using the superposition method, which is a kind of fourier synthesis of higher harmonics of ultrasounds, we can arrange the desired shape of acoustic potential well and can concentrate biomaterials effectively without any contact, and damage. We also applied the superposition method for continuous concentration and found the method improved the concentration efficiency substantially.