bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Abnormal Calcium Metabolism in the Living Human Inner Ear Disorders
Authors: Tanioka Hisaya , Kaga Kimitaka 
Published: June 2021

Aims1) What kinds of metabolic abnormalities were caused by the inner ear disorders such as presbycusis, sudden deafness, tinnitus, BPPV, and Meniere's disease? 2) To investigate an imaging method of abnormal calcium oxide concentrated in the inner ear used by a conventional spiral CT.Subjects6 normal ears of adolescence, 6 normal ears of elderlies, 3 ears of sudden deafness, 3 ears of BPPV, 6 ears of tinnitus, and 3 ears of Meniere's disease. Every cases were undergone follow‐up exams after medical treatments.Methods3D virtual histology of the inner ear used by the volume rendering technique was reconstructed by a conventional temporal HR‐CT. For the imaging study of calcium oxide in the desiccant, quantitative analysis based on 3D volume rendering technique used by a spiral thin section CT.imageResults6 normal adolescent ears showed no image of calcium oxide. Meniere's disease, tinnitus originating from the ear, sudden deafness, and BPPV and aging changes revealed abnormal deposited of calcium oxide at the cochlea and saccule. For tinnitus originating from the ear, the calcium oxide deposited in the cochlea. Otherwise, tinnitus from brain did not deposit in the inner ear. Aging change showed calcium oxide deposited in the cochlea and vestibule in correlation with their aging.imageConclusionAll inner ear disorders and aging changes showed abnormal images of calcium oxide like figure 2. But, tinnitus originating from brain showed no calcium oxide deposited in the cochlea. These facts implicated that inner ear disorders and aging change were caused by unbalance metabolism between calcium ion and oxygen. But we cannot deny the existence of calcium peroxide (CaO2) that was produced by free radical action.
The Percent Composition of Carbon, Oxygen and Nitrogen on a Nitrocellulose Filter after Exposure to Vaping or Smoking
Authors: Palazzolo Dominic , Crow Andrew , Johnson Robert 
Published: June 2021

Electronic cigarettes are at the center of much controversy concerning their safety relative to conventional cigarettes. This study investigates the effect vaping electronic cigarettes, compared to smoking conventional cigarettes, has on the percentages of carbon (C), oxygen (O) and nitrogen (N) that makeup a nitrocellulose filter (13 mm diameter, 5µm pore size), and serves as a basic index of the relative impact vaping and smoking have on the respiratory tract. A peristaltic pump (400 ml/min) is used to impact air (n=4), vape (n=4) or smoke (n=4) onto nitrocellulose filters housed inside an in‐line chamber. These filters were exposed to air, vape or smoke during 45 cycles of a 5 second puff followed by a 10 second rest period. Virgin filters not exposed to air, vape or smoke served as control (n=4). The percentages of C, O and N for each exposed filter were determined using scanning electron microscopy with X‐ray microanalysis. The percentage of C in control filters and filters exposed to air, vape and smoke were 46.3 ± 0.3%, 46.6 ± 0.5%, 45.3 ± 0.2% and 73.5 ± 0.3%, respectively. The percentage of O in control filters and filters exposed to air, vape and smoke were 39.8 ± 0.3%, 39.7 ± 0.6%, 44.5 ± 0.3% and 15.9 ± 0.3%, respectively. The percentage of N in control filters and filters exposed to air, vape and smoke were 9.2 ± 0.2%, 9.2 ± 0.4%%, 9.1 ± 0.1% and 8.2 ± 0.3%, respectively. This study indicates that smoking, but not vaping, significantly (p < 0.001) increases the C to O ratio on the nitrocellulose filter, implying that smokers may be more at risk for development of inflammatory or other respiratory pathology.This work is supported by a Debusk College of Osteopathic Medicine internal grant.
Bile Acid and ATP Signaling in Exocrine Pancreatic Cells
Authors: Kowal Justyna , Haanes Kristian , Christensen Nynne , Novak Ivana 
Published: June 2021

Bile acids (BAs) have a multitude of effects in many cells, some of which are mediated by specific receptors such as the TGR5 receptor (Schaap et al., 2014 Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 11, 55‐67). Pancreatic cells could be exposed to systemic BAs, as well as to intra‐ductal BAs from bile reflux. They could affect secretory function and/or integrity of pancreatic ducts and acini. Extracellular ATP and purinergic signaling have similar regulatory targets as BAs in pancreas (Novak et al., 2013 Front Physiol 4, 380). The aim of the study was to investigate the interplay between ATP and BA signalling in exocrine pancreas.Using live‐cell detection of extracellular ATP, we show that chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) caused fast and concentration‐dependent ATP release from acinar cells, AR42J (614 ± 79 nM; n = 5) and duct cell line, Capan‐1 (848 ± 16 nM; n = 6). In duct monolayers, ATP was released mainly across the luminal membrane via vesicular and non‐vesicular secretory pathways. Duct cells were not depleted of intracellular ATP (ATPi), but acinar cells lost some ATPi, as detected by several methods including ATP sensor AT1.03YEMK and Magnesium Green. In duct cells, CDCA caused an increase in the intracellular Ca2+ [Ca2+]i (177 ± 21 nM, n = 5), which was significantly inhibited by a mix of antagonists of purinergic receptors (90 ± 9 nM, n = 5). The TGR5 receptor is expressed mainly on luminal membrane of duct epithelia and it can stimulate the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, protecting cells against high [Ca2+]i.In conclusion, the CDCA effect can be mediated by ATP release and purinergic signalling. We propose that purinergic signalling must be taken into consideration when interpreting the multifaceted effects of BAs.Support: The Danish Council for Independent Research/Natural Sciences (0602‐01527B; 4002‐00162).
Stress tolerance in the green crab, Carcinus maenas exposed to waste water treatment plant effluent
Authors: Pelletier Gwendolyn , Goodchild Christopher , Whalen Claire , Frederich Markus 
Published: June 2021

Wastewater treatment plant effluent (WTPE) is commonly discharged into marine environments. We investigated the effect of WTPE on the stress tolerance of the green crab Carcinus maenas. Crabs were placed in 5 and 20% of WTPE and incubated for 4 days and then underwent an anoxia challenge for 1 hour. 20% WTPE‐exposed crabs showed decreased treadmill running endurance (145±76 and 316±179 sec, respectively), righting response (8.9±8.4 and 3.5±5.7 sec), and oxygen consumption (0.067±0.012 and 0.064±0.009 µmol/g/min). Glutathione‐S‐transferase (GST) activity, as an indicator for oxidative stress, was increased in WTPE exposed crabs (0.9±0.46, 3.3±0.52 and 2.25±1.84 units/mg protein for control, 5% and 20%, respectively). Gene expression assessed by qPCR revealed only a 1.5 fold increase in AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK), as an indicator of cellular energy stress, and a 1.3 fold increase in HSP70, as a general stress marker, for the 20% WTPE treated animals. Overall, there was very little change in the selected stress parameters after exposure to WTPE, paired with anoxia. This is different than observed in a parallel study using the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis, which showed diminished performance at the whole animal and cellular level after exposure to WTPE. Our data indicate that WTPE does not diminish the performance of the green crab, but that of other species. Therefore, WTPE might aid in the success of the invasive green crab in dominating new environments. Further studies will continue to explore this.Supported by an APS summer fellowship to G.P. and a Maine SeaGrant Project Development grant to M.F.
Role of A1 and A2 Noradrenergic Neurons and Median Preoptic Nucleus in Cardiovascular Recovery Induced by Hypertonic Saline Infusion in Hypovolemic Hemorrhagic Rats
Authors: Amaral Nathalia , Naves Lara , Xavier Carlos , Pedrino Gustavo 
Published: June 2021

Previous studies showed the involvement of Median Preoptic Nucleus (MnPO) and medullary catecholaminergic neurons (A1 and A2) in cardiovascular responses to changes in plasma osmolality. The present study examines the role of A1 and A2 noradrenergic neurons and MnPO in cardiovascular recovery induced by hypertonic saline infusion (HSI) in hypovolemic hemorrhagic rats. All experiments were performed in Wistar rats. Lesions of A1 and A2 neurons were obtain by nanoinjections of anti‐DBH‐saporin (6.3 ng/60nl). In other group nanoinjections muscimol (GABA agonist ‐ 4 mM) were used to blockade MnPO. Bleeding was induced by the withdrawal of blood for over 10 min until MAP reaches approximately 60 mmHg. After 20 min of hemorrhagic period, HSI administration was performed (3M NaCl; 1.8 ml/kg; i.v). On the day of experiment, rats were anesthetized with thiopental (40 mg/kg, i.v.) and instrumented for mean arterial pressure (MAP) recording. In sham‐rats we observed a recovery of MAP (112 ± 4.6 mmHg, 10 min after HSI). The blockade of MnPO prevented restoration of MAP induced by HSI (60 ± 6.2, 10 min after HSI; p <0.05). Similar to observed in sham rats, HSI induced a recovery of MAP in A1 (101 ± 8.5 mmHg; 10 min after HSI) and A2 lesioned rats (121.4 ± 5.3 mmHg, 10 min after HSI). In A2 pressor response was greatest. The MnPO injections sites and A1 or A2 lesions extensions were confirmed by histology analysis. These results showed that the MnPO plays an important role in HSI induced resuscitation in hemorrhagic shock. However, A1 and A2 noradrenergic neurons seem not to be directly involved in the cardiovascular recovery induced by HSI in hemorrhagic rats.Financial Support: CNPq, FAPEG
Glucose Concentrations Influence Subfornical Organ Neuron Responsiveness to Cholecystokinin
Authors: Cancelliere Nicole , Dai Li , Ferguson Alastair 
Published: June 2021

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a peptide hormone released into the bloodstream by the small intestine in response to meal consumption. Although much is known about CCK's role in digestion, its effect on the central nervous system and role as a hunger suppressant are less well understood. Our lab has previously shown that circulating CCK is sensed by the subfornical organ (SFO), a circumventricular organ lacking a blood‐brain barrier, and may influence central autonomic control via activation of CCK2 receptors (Ahmed et al., 2014). The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of glucose concentration on the excitability of SFO neurons in response to CCK. SFO neurons from Sprague Dawley rats (125‐200g) were micro dissected, dissociated, and incubated at three different glucose concentrations (1mM, 5mM, and 10mM). Then, using whole‐cell and perforated patch current clamp recording techniques, the effects of bath application of CCK (10nM and 0.1nM) on membrane potential at these glucose concentrations (1mM, 5mM, and 10mM) were assessed. We found that at 1mM glucose, the majority of responding cells hyperpolarized (39% hyperpolarized [mean membrane potential (MMP): ‐14.8 ± 2.1 mV], n=13; vs. 18% depolarized [MMP: 6.4 ± 1.9 mV], n=6) in response to 0.1 nM CCK. In contrast at 5mM and 10mM glucose, CCK depolarized the majority of responding cells (53% and 40% depolarized [MMP: 10.3 ± 1.0 mV and 12.1 ± 2.7 mV], n=10 and n=10; vs. 21% and 24% hyperpolarized [MMP: ‐14.7 ± 3.9 mV and ‐11.6 ± 2.8 mV], n= 4 and n=6). This study suggests that circulating levels of glucose may affect central autonomic integration in the subfornical organ.Supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research
Roles of Brown Adipose Tissue in Seasonal Variations of Thermogenesis in Men
Authors: Saito Masayuki , Yoneshiro Takeshi , Matsushita Mami 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveBrown adipose tissue (BAT), a site of non‐shivering thermogenesis, plays a role in body temperature regulation during cold exposure. The incidence and activity of human BAT show seasonal variations, being low in summer and high in winter. In the present study, we examined a possible role of BAT to seasonal variations in whole‐body energy expenditure (EE) and thermoregulation.Methods and ResultsForty‐five healthy male volunteers underwent FDG‐PET/CT after 2‐h cold exposure at 19ºC in winter to estimate their maximal BAT activity, and were divided into high (n=30) and low (n=15) activity groups. Cold‐induced thermogenesis (CIT), the difference in EE at 27 and 19ºC, of the high activity group was higher in winter than summer (185.6 kcal/d v.s. 18.3 kcal/d, P < 0.001) whereas that of the low activity group unchanged (90.6 kcal/d, ‐46.5 kcal/d). The temperature of the eardrum (Tear) and the skin (Tskin) in the supraclavicular region close to BAT during cold exposure dropped more in the low activity group than the high activity group in winter, but not in summer. In contrast, the Tskin response in the other two regions distant from BAT was similar in the two groups in either season.ConclusionsCIT increased from summer to winter in a BAT‐dependent manner, in parallel with cold‐induced changes in Tear/Tskin, indicating a significant role of BAT in the seasonal changes in EE and thermal response to cold exposure.
Central Control of Neurogenic Fever Following Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Authors: Tupone Domenico , Cetas Justin 
Published: June 2021

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a devastating form of stroke that is associated with autonomic dysfunction including neurogenic fever (NF) that contributes to an increase in mortality and worse outcomes. Drugs that inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) are generally ineffective in treating NF which suggesting a different central mediator for the generation of NF than prostaglandins. The aim of this work was to determine in a rat model of SAH if (1) the generation of NF requires the same central thermogenic control and (2) the same thermogenic organs, as that required for the generation of PGE2 mediated fever.In urethane chloralose‐anesthetized Wistar rats direct injection of blood into the subarachnoid space evoked an increase of brown adipose tissue sympathetic nerve activity (BAT SNA) and thermogenesis leading to a rapid increase in core temperature. Inhibition of central regions important for cold‐evoked and PGE2‐mediated thermogenesis, such as the dorsal medial hypothalamus and medullary raphe pallidus, promptly blocked the NF response. However the use of a COX inhibitor to prevent the production of PGE2, failed to completely inhibit NF.We demonstrate for the first time that NF following SAH requires the same central neuronal thermoregulatory circuit and thermogenic organs involved in the generation of PGE2 mediated fever. A significant component of NF appears to be dependent on a different trigger than PGE2.Merit Award Department of Veterans Affairs
Acute Natural Cocoa Consumption Improves Cerebral Vasodilatory Capacity in College‐Aged African Americans
Authors: Patik Jordan , Hurr Chansol , Harrison Michelle , Brothers R Matthew 
Published: June 2021

African Americans (AA) have increased risk for cerebral vascular disease including stroke and Alzheimer's disease relative to Caucasian Americans (CA). We recently reported that relatively young AA have attenuated cerebral vasodilatory response during rebreathing‐induced hypercapnia relative to CA. This study tested the hypothesis that acute natural cocoa (NC) consumption (13g NC) restores this response in AA. 14 college‐aged AA and 14 age / sex / body mass matched CA underwent a rebreathing protocol while cerebral blood velocity (CBFV) was measured before and 2 hr post consumption of a NC‐containing drink or an isocaloric NC‐free placebo (randomized order, single‐blinded). Cerebral vascular conductance (CVCI) was calculated as CBFV / MAP. The response to rebreathing was expressed as % of baseline CVCI (% CVCI). Following NC consumption the total range of increase and the maximal increase in %CVCI during hypercapnia was increased in the AA (P<0.01 for both variables) whereas there was no effect of NC consumption in the CA (P>0.05 for both variables). Following NC consumption the cerebral vascular responses were similar between AA and CA (P>0.05 for all variables). Consumption of the placebo beverage had no effect on cerebral vascular function in either cohort (P>0.05 for all variables). These data support the hypothesis that NC consumption can acutely augment cerebral vasodilatory capacity in AA.This study was supported by institutional start‐up funds awarded to R. Matthew Brothers. The beverages were generously provided by the Hershey Company; Hershey, Pennsylvania.
Effect of Interleukin‐10 and Laminar Shear Stress on African American Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells
Authors: Babbitt Dianne , Kim Ji‐Seok , Forrester Steven , Brown Michael , Park Joon‐Young 
Published: June 2021

African Americans (AA) have a predisposition to heightened systemic inflammation and a high prevalence of hypertension. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) and laminar shear stress (LSS) on AA endothelial cells by measuring total endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) protein expression and its activated, phosphorylated form (p‐eNOS) at Serine 1177, as well as nitric oxide (NO) levels, in response to IL‐10 incubation and high physiological levels of LSS, used as a mimetic for aerobic exercise training (AEXT). Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) from an AA donor were cultured. The experimental conditions included Static, Static with IL‐10 Incubation, LSS at 20 dynes/cm2, and LSS at 20 dynes/cm2 with IL‐10 Incubation. Western blotting was used to measure eNOS and p‐eNOS protein expression in the cells. A modified Griess assay was used to measure NO production in the cell culture media. There were significant increases in p‐eNOS, eNOS, and NO in the LSS at 20 dynes/cm2 and LSS at 20 dynes/cm2 with IL‐10 Incubation experimental conditions when compared to the Static experimental condition. There were no other statistically significant differences, demonstrating that IL‐10 did not have an additive effect on eNOS activity in the present study. The significant increases in p‐eNOS, eNOS, and NO as a result of LSS in AA HUVECs suggest that AEXT may be a viable, nonpharmacologic method to improve vascular inflammation status and vasodilation, and thereby contribute to reduction of hypertension in the AA population.AHA Scientist Development Grants 12SDG12070327NIH Grant RO1 [HL085497]
Chronic Adrenergic Stress Causes Adrenergic β‐3 Receptor Up‐regulation in White Adipose Tissue of Burn Patients
Authors: Saraf Manish , Herndon David , Porter Craig , Chondronikola Maria , Chao Tony , Toliver Kinsky Tracy , Radhakrishnan Ravi , Sidossis Labros 
Published: June 2021

Chronic adrenergic stress results in the browning of subcutaneous white adipose tissue (WAT), i.e. increased oxidative capacity and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression in rodents and possibly in humans. There are multiple adrenergic receptors that could mediate this response. The aim of this study was to determine if severe burn injury increases β3‐adrenergic receptors (β3AR) in human WAT. Subcutaneous WAT was collected from ten burned (11±3 yrs; 59±21% total body surface area burned) on two separate occasions (10±8 (early) and 34±24 (late) days post injury) and five non‐burn children (10 ± 5 years). Whole body metabolic rate and WAT thermogenesis were measured. Histology, immunohistochemistry, ELISA and q‐PCR were performed in WAT. Resting energy expenditure rate (35±5.9 vs 45±7 Kcal/kg/day), p<0.01) and WAT mitochondrial respiration (1.5±0.3 vs. 0.56±0.1 pmol/sec/mg, p<0.05) were higher in late after burn compared to early after burn, respectively, suggesting increased whole body and adipose tissue oxygen consumption. β3AR mRNA and protein expression in WAT progressively increased over time post burn. Further, UCP1 (p<0.01), but not UCP2, UCP3 and UCP4, mRNA expression was higher in WAT at later, compared to early, times post‐burn. Similarly, UCP1 protein was significantly increased in the late burn group compared to healthy controls (22.9±4.5ng/mg vs 2.7±0.3; P<0.001). In summary, WAT β3AR up‐regulation in WAT is associated with increased UCP1 and oxygen consumption in WAT and increased whole body oxygen consumption. The possible contribution of β3ARs to browning of WAT in humans with severe burns is being investigated.
The Intakes of Salt and Dietary Sodium among Chinese Adults
Authors: Yu Dongmei , Fang Hongyun , Zhao Liyun 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveTo describe the age‐standardized mean population intake of salt and sodium in Chinese adults in 2010‐2012.MethodsData is from the Chinese Nutrition and Health Surveillance in 2010‐2012. A stratified multistage cluster sampling was used from 31 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities and selected 150 districts/counties. The sample was selected through the method of Probability Proportion to Size (PPS). The study objects were adults aged 18 and over. The average of salt and dietary sodium intake was calculated based on dietary measurement. The investigation conducted a strict quality control. Age‐standardized results were calculated using the population data from the National Bureau of Statistics in 2009.ResultsThe mean intake of salt was 10.4 g and it was higher in men (11.1g) than that of in women (9.6g). The highest salt intake was the age group of 40‐49, 50‐59 and 60‐69. The adults in rural (10.8g) had a higher salt intake than that of urban (10.0g). An average of salt intake was increased gradually in big city, medium /small city, rural and poor rural. The mean intake of salt was 5335.7mg and it was higher for men (5744.9 mg) than for women (4918.9 mg). The age groups of 40‐49, 50‐59 and 60‐69 had higher sodium intake. The adults in rural (5352.3 mg) had a slightly higher sodium intake than urban (5319.5 mg). Overall, the mean intake of sodium in medium/ small city, rural and poor rural was similar while big city was lowest.ConclusionsIn 2010‐2012, the mean salt and sodium intake among Chinese adults was still in a very high level.
Trends of consumption of foods containing added sugars and associated factors among adults of 9 provinces in China
Authors: Zhao Liyun , Yu Dongmei , Li Donghua 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveTo analysis the status of consumption of added sugar foods and its associated factors among adults in 9 provinces in China from 1997 to 2009.MethodsData resource was from China Health and Nutrition Survey. The information of consumption of added sugars foods was based on 24 hours food recall. A multi level model is used for analyzing the influence factors.ResultsThe consumption of added sugars foods in adults was increased during 1997(8.9%) to 2009(25.4%). The intake is higher in female and the group of 18‐44 was the highest. Urban adults showed a higher intake than that of rural. The main consumption time is breakfast and the main consumption location is at home in China from 1997 to 2009. The intake of beverage was 3.5%, 0.9%, 2.6%, 3.9% and 16.1% in 1997, 2000, 2004, 2006 and 2009, respectively. Three levels of logistic regression model showed that the factors influencing the consumption of sugary food intake were urban or rural areas, age, gender, level of education and household income.ConclusionSugary food consumption among adults is increasing in 1997‐2009 in 9 provinces in China.