bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What Do Diagnoses of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease in Specialist Sexual Health Services in England Tell Us About Chlamydia Control?
Authors: Davis Grahame S , Horner Patrick J , Price Malcolm J , Mitchell Holly D , Soldan Kate 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundPelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an outcome measure for the evaluation of chlamydia screening programs. We explore PID diagnoses in specialist sexual health services (SSHSs) in England to inform the evaluation of the National Chlamydia Screening Programme, which was implemented nationally in 2008.MethodsWe conducted descriptive analyses using data on diagnoses of PID—with and without Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and/or Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC)—by age and year of birth, in SSHSs between 2009 and 2019 from the GUMCAD STI Surveillance System database. Rates were calculated per 100 000 females residing in England.ResultsCT screening activity peaked in 2010. The rates of all PID diagnoses decreased between 2009 and 2019 by 39%. CT-associated PID (CT-PID) declined by 58%, and nonspecific PID declined by 37%. GC-PID increased by 34%. CT-PID decreased across all age groups with the highest observed decline, 71%, in 15- to 19-year-olds. A dose-response relationship was observed between CT-PID rates and screening, with rates lowest in those with the greatest exposure to screening.ConclusionsThere was a marked decline in diagnoses of CT-PID, and nonspecific PID, at SSHSs after the introduction of widespread chlamydia screening, whereas GC-PID diagnoses increased. This ecological trend was broadly consistent with what we would have expected to see if widespread screening reduced the incidence of chlamydia-associated PID (and of nonspecific PID), as has been observed in randomized controlled trials of screening.
Inflammatory Profiles and Clinical Features of Coronavirus 2019 Survivors 3 Months After Discharge in Wuhan, China
Authors: Zhou Mei , Yin Zhengrong , Xu Juanjuan , Wang Sufei , Liao Tingting , Wang Kai , Li Yumei , Yang Fan , Wang Zhen , Yang Guanghai , Zhang Jianchu , Jin Yang 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
Postdischarge immunity and its correlation with clinical features among patients recovered from coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) are poorly described. This prospective cross-sectional study explored the inflammatory profiles and clinical recovery of patients with COVID-19 at 3 months after hospital discharge.

Methods
Patients with COVID-19 discharged from 4 hospitals in Wuhan, recovered asymptomatic patients (APs) from an isolation hotel, and uninfected healthy controls (HCs) were recruited. Viral nucleic acid and antibody detection, laboratory examination, computed tomography, pulmonary function assessment, multiplex cytokine assay, and flow cytometry were performed.

Results
The72 age-, sex- and body mass index–matched participants included 19 patients with severe/critical COVID-19 (SPs), 20 patients with mild/moderate COVID-19 (MPs), 16 APs, and 17 HCs. At 3 months after discharge, levels of proinflammatory cytokines and factors related to vascular injury/repair in patients recovered from COVID-19 had not returned to those of the HCs, especially among recovered SPs compared with recovered MPs and APs. These cytokines were significantly correlated with impaired pulmonary function and chest computed tomographic abnormalities. However, levels of immune cells had returned to nearly normal levels and were not significantly correlated with abnormal clinical features.

Conclusion
Vascular injury, inflammation, and chemotaxis persisted in patients with COVID-19 and were correlated with abnormal clinical features 3 months after discharge, especially in recovered SPs.
Coupling kinetic models and advection–diffusion equations. 2. Sensitivity analysis of an advection–diffusion–reaction model
Authors: Uys Lafras , Hofmeyr Jan-Hendrik S , Rohwer Johann M 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The accompanying paper (Uys et al., in silico Plants, 2021: diab013) presented a core model of sucrose accumulation within the advection–diffusion–reaction framework, which is able to capture the spatio-temporal evolution of the system from a set of initial conditions. This paper presents a sensitivity analysis of this model. Because this is a non-steady-state model based on partial differential equations, we performed the sensitivity analysis using two approaches from engineering. The Morris method is based on a one-at-a-time design, perturbing parameters individually and calculating the influence on model output in terms of elementary effects. Fourier amplitude sensitivity test (FAST) is a global sensitivity analysis method, where all parameters are perturbed simultaneously, oscillating at different frequencies, enabling the calculation of the contribution of each parameter through Fourier analysis. Overall, both methods gave similar results. Perturbations in reactions tended to have a large influence on their own rate, as well as on directly connected metabolites. Sensitivities varied both with the time of the simulation and the position along the sugarcane stalk. Our results suggest that vacuolar sucrose concentrations are most sensitive to vacuolar invertase in the centre of the stalk, but that phloem unloading and vacuolar sucrose uptake also contribute, especially towards the stalk edges. Sucrose in the phloem was most sensitive to phloem loading at the nodes, but most sensitive to phloem unloading in the middle of the internodes. Sink concentrations of sucrose in the symplast were most sensitive to phloem unloading in the middle of the internodes, but at the nodes cytosolic invertase had the greatest effect.
To Blame or to Support? Large-scale Insurgent Attacks on Civilians and Public Trust in State Institutions
Authors: Deglow Annekatrin , Sundberg Ralph 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
While there is a substantial body of literature on the consequences of terror attacks on public attitudes toward state institutions in Western democracies, little is known about the impact that such events have in the context of armed conflict. We address this gap by exploring the attitudinal effects of a 2012 Taliban attack on civilians in Kabul City, Afghanistan. We test two competing hypotheses: the “rally-effect” hypothesis according to which individuals increase their trust in incumbent institutions in the aftermath of violent attacks and the “accountability” hypothesis according to which individuals punish state institutions for their inability to provide security by withdrawing trust. Leveraging a quasi-experiment that compares individuals interviewed before the attack to individuals interviewed thereafter, we find that the attack—in line with the rally-effect hypothesis—increased trust in several state institutions among residents of Kabul City.
Antibiotic resistance during and beyond COVID-19
Authors: Livermore David M 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Antibiotics underpin the ‘modern medicine’ that has increased life expectancy, leading to societies with sizeable vulnerable elderly populations who have suffered disproportionately during the current COVID-19 pandemic. Governments have responded by shuttering economies, limiting social interactions and refocusing healthcare. There are implications for antibiotic resistance both during and after these events. During spring 2020, COVID-19-stressed ICUs relaxed stewardship, perhaps promoting resistance. Counterpoised to this, more citizens died at home and total hospital antibiotic use declined, reducing selection pressure. Restricted travel and social distancing potentially reduced community import and transmission of resistant bacteria, though hard data are lacking. The future depends on the vaccines now being deployed. Unequivocal vaccine success should allow a swift return to normality. Vaccine failure followed by extended and successful non-pharmaceutical suppression may lead to the same point, but only after some delay, and with indefinite travel restrictions; sustainability is doubtful. Alternatively, failure of vaccines and control measures may prompt acceptance that we must live with the virus, as in the prolonged 1889–94 ‘influenza’ (or coronavirus OC43) pandemic. Vaccine failure scenarios, particularly those accepting ‘learning to live with the virus’, favour increased outpatient management of non-COVID-19 infections using oral and long t½ antibiotics. Ultimately, all models—except those envisaging societal collapse—suggest that COVID-19 will be controlled and that hospitals will revert to pre-2020 patterns with a large backlog of non-COVID-19 patients awaiting treatment. Clearing this will increase workloads, stresses, nosocomial infections, antibiotic use and resistance. New antibiotics, including cefiderocol, are part of the answer. The prescribing information for cefiderocol is available at: https://shionogi-eu-content.com/gb/fetcroja/pi.
Serotype distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from a Phase III community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CABP) trial
Authors: McCurdy S P , Sheets A J , Cammarata S K , Vidal J E 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Objectives
To report Streptococcus pneumoniae serotyping and susceptibility data from a recent clinical trial (ML-3341-306) comparing delafloxacin with moxifloxacin in the treatment of adults with community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CABP).

Methods
Serotyping and susceptibility testing were conducted on 142 baseline S. pneumoniae isolates recovered from subjects participating in a CABP clinical trial.

Results
Overall, 113/142 (79.6%) isolates were vaccine serotypes. 76.8% (109/142) of serotyped isolates were PPSV23 serotypes and 59.9% (85/142) of isolates were PCV13 serotypes. 15.5% (22/142) of serotyped isolates were serotypes not covered by either vaccine; 4.9% (7/142) of tested isolates were non-typeable. The most common serotypes were serotypes 3 (19.0%; 27/142), 19F (9.9%; 14/142) and 23F (7.0%; 10/142). All of the 142 isolates were susceptible to delafloxacin and moxifloxacin, 76.1% were susceptible to azithromycin and 71.8% were susceptible to penicillin. Multidrug resistance was found among 19A (4/5; 80%), 6A (1/4; 25%), 6B (1/4; 25%), 14 (1/4; 25%), 19F (1/14; 7.1%), and 23F serotypes (2/10; 20%), and among non-typeable S. pneumoniae isolates (1/7; 14.3%).

Conclusions
S. pneumoniae vaccine-targeted serotypes were the main cause of CABP in this Phase 3 CABP study. Fluoroquinolones including delafloxacin remain a good treatment option for CABP in adults caused by S. pneumoniae.
The disulfiram/copper complex induces apoptosis and inhibits tumour growth in human osteosarcoma by activating the ROS/JNK signalling pathway
Authors: Guo Weihong , Zhang Xiaoxing , Lin Longshuai , Wang Hongjie , He Enjun , Wang Gangyang , Zhao Qinghua 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Given the huge cost, long research and development (R&D) time and uncertain side effects of discovering new drugs, drug repositioning of those approved to treat diseases clinically as new drugs for other pathological conditions, especially cancers, is a potential alternative strategy. Disulfiram (DSF), an old drug used to treat alcoholism, has been found to exhibit anticancer activity and improve chemotherapeutic efficacy in cancers by an increasing number of studies. In addition, the combination of DSF and copper may be a more effective therapeutic strategy. In this study, we report the toxicity of the disulfiram/copper (DSF/Cu) complex to human osteosarcoma (OS) both in vitro and in vivo. DSF/Cu significantly inhibited the proliferation and clonogenicity of OS cell lines. Furthermore, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was triggered by DSF/Cu, and cell arrest, autophagy and apoptosis were induced in an ROS-dependent manner. The underlying mechanism of this process was explored, and DSF/Cu may mainly inhibit OS by inducing apoptosis by activating the ROS/JNK pathway. DSF/Cu also inhibited OS growth in a xenograft model with low levels of organ-related toxicities. These results suggest that the DSF/Cu complex could be an efficient and safe option for the treatment of OS in the clinic.
Daurian pika (Ochotona dauurica) alarm calls: individual acoustic variation in a lagomorph with audible through ultrasonic vocalizations
Authors: Volodin Ilya A , Volodina Elena V , Frey Roland , Karaseva Kseniya D , Kirilyuk Vadim E 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Colonial lagomorphs warn conspecifics of potential danger with alarm calls encoding information about attributes of presumptive predators as well as the caller. In this study, we show that alarm calls of Daurian pikas, Ochotona dauurica (Pallas, 1776), encode information about caller identity. We recorded the alarm calls produced toward a surrogate predator (researcher), slowly moving (0.5–1 km/h) between densely distributed colonies. The alarm calls of most (32 of the 35) callers started in the ultrasonic range at 22.41 kHz on average and rapidly decreased to 3.88 kHz on average at call end. Call duration was very short (0.057 s on average). The accuracy of classifying alarm calls to correct callers with discriminant function analysis (DFA) was 93.71% for the manually measured set of 12 acoustic variables and 95.43% for the semiautomatically measured set of 12 acoustic variables; in both cases exceeding the level of chance (17.28% or 17.33%, respectively). Nonlinear vocal phenomena (biphonations) only were detected in one individual. We discuss the relationship between vocal traits, individuality, vocal production mechanisms, and functions, of pika alarm calls. We propose a potential divergence of alarm calls in Asian pikas to high-frequency whistles (&gt; 20 kHz in Daurian pikas) and in American pikas to low-frequency emissions (0.4–1.3 kHz in Ochotona princeps) during the evolutionary radiation of pikas at the center of the origin of lagomorphs in East Asia and their subsequent geographic dispersal.
The Role of Trauma in Mothers’ COVID-19 Vaccine Beliefs and Intentions
Authors: Milan Stephanie , Dáu Ana Luísa B. T. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Objective
Research on COVID-19 vaccine beliefs has focused primarily on adults’ intentions to vaccinate themselves; however, many parents will also face decisions about vaccinating their children. In this study, we examine how maternal posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and trauma history relate to mothers’ beliefs and intentions about the COVID-19 vaccine for themselves and their children.

Methods
A total of 240 mothers with a mental health history participating in a parenting study answered online survey questions via Prolific. Questions assessed: (a) trauma indictors (past diagnosis, current symptoms, and lifetime exposure to events); (b) vaccine measures (intentions for self and child, COVID-19 vaccine confidence, general vaccine perceived safety, reasoning about vaccine intentions, sources of influence on intentions); and (c) possible explanatory variables (institutional distrust, negative worldviews). ANCOVAs and regression analyses were used.

Results
When compared with mothers with other mental health diagnoses, mothers with a PTSD history had significantly less confidence in the COVID-19 vaccine and less intent to get the vaccine for themselves or their child. These effects were explained by greater institutional distrust (i.e., significant indirect effects). Mothers with a previous PTSD diagnosis also expressed different reasons for vaccine hesitancy (e.g., less belief in science) and ascribed less influence to healthcare and governmental sources in vaccine decision-making.

Conclusion
Findings highlight the potential utility of a trauma-informed approach in efforts to reduce COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. For mothers with a history of PTSD, addressing institutional distrust, including towards the healthcare industry, may be an important element to consider in the content, delivery, and mode of vaccine messaging.
Integrative transnational analysis to dissect tuberculosis transmission events along the migratory route from Africa to Europe
Authors: Martínez-Lirola Miguel , Jajou Rana , Mathys Vanessa , Martin Anandi , Cabibbe Andrea Maurizio , Valera Ana , Sola-Campoy Pedro J , Abascal Estefanía , Rodríguez-Maus Sandra , Garrido-Cárdenas Jose Antonio , Bonillo Magdalena , Chiner-Oms Álvaro , López Begoña , Vallejo-Godoy Silvia , Comas Iñaki , Muñoz Patricia , Cirillo Daniela Maria , van Soolingen Dick , Pérez-Lago Laura , García de Viedma Darío 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
Growing international migration has increased the complexity of tuberculosis transmission patterns. Italy’s decision to close its borders in 2018 made of Spain the new European porte entrée for migration from the Horn of Africa (HA). In one of the first rescues of migrants from this region at the end of 2018, tuberculosis was diagnosed in eight subjects, mainly unaccompanied minors.

Methods
Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from these recently arrived migrants were analysed by Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive-Unit/Variable-Number of Tandem Repeat (MIRU-VNTR) and subsequent whole genome sequencing (WGS) analysis. Data were compared with those from collections from other European countries receiving migrants from the HA and a strain-specific PCR was applied for a fast searching of common strains. Infections in a cellular model were performed to assess strain virulence.

Results
MIRU-VNTR analysis allowed identifying an epidemiological cluster involving three of the eight cases from Somalia (0 single-nucleotide polymorphisms between isolates, HA cluster). Following detailed interviews revealed that two of these cases had shared the same migratory route in most of the trip and had spent a long time at a detention camp in Libya. To confirm potential en route transmission for the three cases, we searched the same strain in collections from other European countries receiving migrants from the HA. MIRU-VNTR, WGS and a strain-specific PCR for the HA strain were applied. The same strain was identified in 12 cases from Eritrea diagnosed soon after their arrival in 2018 to the Netherlands, Belgium and Italy. Intracellular replication rate of the strain did not reveal abnormal virulence.

Conclusions
Our study suggests a potential en route transmission of a pan-susceptible strain, which caused at least 15 tuberculosis cases in Somalian and Eritrean migrants diagnosed in four different European countries.
Turbulent properties of Helium convective shells of massive stars
Authors: Ding C Y , Chen Y H 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
In this paper, turbulent properties and correlations of Helium convective shells (due to partial ionization of Helium) of 30 $\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$ star are researched. As evolution proceeds, the turbulence in Helium convective shells becomes more and more intense. Choosing the stellar models of which effective temperature is 10 000 Kelvin, it is found that the turbulent kinetic energy will increase in the Helium II (primary Helium ionization) zone but decrease in the Helium III (Helium secondary ionization) zone and the ratio of convective heat flux to the total heat flux will increase in the He ii convective zone and decrease in the He iii convective zone as the turbulent diffusion parameters’ values increase. This represents that the turbulent kinetic energy possibly transport outward as the turbulent diffusive parameters’ values increase.
Solution intervals considered harmful: on the optimality of radio interferometric gain solutions
Authors: Sob U M , Bester H L , Smirnov O M , Kenyon J S , Russeeawon C 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
Solution intervals are often used to improve the signal-to-noise ratio during radio interferometric gain calibration. This work investigates how factors such as the noise level, intrinsic gain variability, degree of model incompleteness, and the presence of radio frequency interference impact the selection of solution intervals for calibration. We perform different interferometric simulations to demonstrate how these factors, in combination with the choice of solution intervals, affect calibration and imaging outputs and discuss practical guidelines for choosing optimal solution intervals. Furthermore, we present an algorithm capable of automatically selecting suitable solution intervals during calibration. By applying the algorithm to both simulated and real data, we show that it can successfully choose solution intervals that strike a good balance between capturing intrinsic gain variability and not fitting noise as long as the data are not too inhomogeneously flagged. Furthermore, we elaborate on several practical aspects that emphasize the need to develop regularized calibration algorithms that do not require solution intervals.
MERGHERS pilot: MeerKAT discovery of diffuse emission in nine massive Sunyaev–Zel’dovich-selected galaxy clusters from ACT
Authors: Knowles K , Pillay D S , Amodeo S , Baker A J , Basu K , Crichton D , de Gasperin F , Devlin M , Ferrari C , Hilton M , Huffenberger K M , Hughes J P , Koopman B J , Moodley K , Mroczkowski T , Naess S , Nati F , Newburgh L B , Oozeer N , Page L , Partridge B , Pfrommer C , Salatino M , Schillaci A , Sifón C , Smirnov O , Sikhosana S P , Wollack E J , Xu Z 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
The MeerKAT Exploration of Relics, Giant Halos, and Extragalactic Radio Sources (MERGHERS) survey is a planned project to study a large statistical sample of galaxy clusters with the MeerKAT observatory. Here we present the results of a 16-h pilot project, observed in response to the 2019 MeerKAT Shared Risk proposal call, to test the feasibility of using MeerKAT for a large cluster study using short (0.2–2.1 h) integration times. The pilot focuses on 1.28-GHz observations of 13 massive, low-to-intermediate redshift (0.22 &lt; z &lt; 0.65) clusters from the Sunyaev–Zel’dovich-selected Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) DR5 catalogue that show multiwavelength indications of dynamical disturbance. With a 70 per cent detection rate (9/13 clusters), this pilot study validates our proposed MERGHERS observing strategy and provides twelve detections of diffuse emission, eleven of them new, indicating the strength of MeerKAT for such types of studies. The detections (signal-to-noise ratio ≳ 6) are summarized as follows: two systems host both relic(s) and a giant radio halo, five systems host radio haloes, and two have candidate radio haloes. Power values, k-corrected to 1.4 GHz, assuming a fiducial spectral index of α = −1.3 ± 0.4, are consistent with known radio halo and relic scaling relations.
The radial supernova remnant distribution in the Galaxy
Authors: Verberne Sill , Vink Jacco 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
Supernovae (SNe) are the dominant source of chemical enrichment of galaxies, and they are an important source of energy to heat the interstellar medium and accelerate cosmic rays. Our knowledge of SNe in the Milky Way is based mostly on the study of Galactic supernova remnants (SNRs), providing an (incomplete) record to SN activity over the last ∼100 000 yr. Here, we report on an investigation of the spatial distribution of Galactic SNRs. Given the limited number of SNRs, it is common to assume a functional form for the Galactocentric distribution of SNRs. However, several functional forms have been used in the past, without much justification for the radial distribution. For example, one often used functional form implies that no SN activity is present in the Galactic Centre region. However, the presence of a magnetar and an SNR near the Galactic Centre suggests that a spatial distribution with zero SNRs at the Galactic Centre is not realistic. In light of these concerns, we re-evaluate the Galactic SNR distribution. We provide a brief outline of the main detection biases in finding SNRs and we investigate whether or not the use of the most common functional form is justified and how it compares to other models for the SNR distribution. We do this by analysing the longitudinal distribution of SNRs. We find that a simple exponential distribution is the most consistent and simplest model for describing the radial SNR distribution in the Galaxy and draw comparisons with the massive star formation and metallicity distributions.