bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magma reservoir beneath Azumayama Volcano, NE Japan, as inferred from a three-dimensional electrical resistivity model explored by means of magnetotelluric method
Authors: Ichiki Masahiro , Kaida Toshiki , Nakayama Takashi , Miura Satoshi , Yamamoto Mare , Morita Yuichi , Uyeshima Makoto 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAn electrical resistivity model beneath Azumayama Volcano, NE Japan, is explored using magnetotelluric method to probe the magma/hydrothermal fluid distribution. Azumayama is one of the most concerning active volcanoes capable of producing a potential eruption triggered by the 2011 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake. The three-dimensional resistivity model reveals a conductive magma reservoir (< 3 Ωm) at depths of 3–15 km below sea level (bsl). The 67% and 90% confidence intervals of resistivity are 0.2–5 Ωm and 0.02–70 Ωm, respectively, for the magma reservoir. We assumed dacitic melt + rock at a shallow depth of 4 km bsl and andesitic melt + rock at a greater depth of 9 km bsl. The confidence interval of resistivity cannot be explained by using dacitic melt + rock condition at a depth of 4 km bsl. This suggests that very conductive hydrothermal fluids coexist with dacitic melt and rock in the shallow part of the magma reservoir. For the depth of 9 km bsl, the 67% confidence interval of resistivity is interpreted as water-saturated (8.0 weight %) andesitic melt–mafic rock complex with melt volume fractions greater than 4 volume %, while the shear wave velocity requires the fluid and/or melt volume fraction of 6–7 volume % at that depth. Considering the fluid and/or melt volume fraction of 6–7 volume %, the conductive hydrous phase is likewise required to explain the wide range of the 67% confidence interval of resistivity. The Mogi inflation source determined from geodetic data lies on the resistive side near the top boundary of the conductive magma reservoir at a depth of 2.7 or 3.7 km bsl. Assuming that the resistivity of the inflation source region is above the upper bound of the confidence interval of resistivity for the conductive magma reservoir and that the source region is composed of hydrothermal fluid + rock, the resistivity of the source region is explained by a hydrothermal fluid volume fraction below 5 volume %, which is the percolation threshold porosity in an effusive eruption. This indicates that the percolation threshold characterizes the inflation source region.
Dietary heterocyclic aromatic amine intake and cancer risk: epidemiological evidence from Japanese studies
Authors: Iwasaki Motoki , Tsugane Shoichiro 
Published: July 2021

AbstractHeterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs), which are formed from the reaction of creatine or creatinine, amino acids, and sugars in meat and fish cooked at high temperatures, have been shown to be mutagenic in bacterial assays and carcinogenic in animal models. Following advances in the dietary assessment of HAA intake in epidemiological studies - including development of a validated meat-cooking module and a specialized food composition database - a number of epidemiological studies have specifically examined the association of HAA intake and cancer risk, most of which were conducted in Western countries. Given that dietary habits and cooking methods differ across countries, however, epidemiological investigation of dietary HAA intake requires a population-specific assessment method. Here, we developed a practical method for assessing dietary HAA intake among Japanese using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and evaluated its validity for use in epidemiological studies by comparison with 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo [4,5-b] pyridine (PhIP) levels in human hair. The Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study reported that daily intake of HAAs among Japanese was relatively low, and that more than 50% of total intake in mainland Japan was derived from fish. Only four case-control studies in Japan have been reported so far, for colorectal, stomach and prostate cancer, and colorectal adenoma. A statistically significant positive association was found between 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo [4,5-f] quinoline (MeIQ) and the risk of colorectal adenoma and between individual and total HAAs and the risk of prostate cancer. In contrast, no association was observed for colorectal or stomach cancer, or for colorectal adenoma among men. We also found that the limited and inconsistent findings among epidemiological studies are due to the difficulty in assessing exposure levels of HAAs. In addition to further evidence from prospective cohort studies in Japanese based on dietary HAA intake estimated by FFQs, studies using other methods to assess HAA exposure, such as biomarkers, are highly anticipated.
Feelings of worthlessness links depressive symptoms and parental stress: A network analysis during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Skjerdingstad Nora , Johnson Miriam Sinkerud , Johnson Sverre Urnes , Hoffart Asle , Ebrahimi Omid V. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
The prevalent co-occurrence between parental stress and depression has been established prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. However, no studies to date have identified the connections through which these symptom domains interact with each other to emerge into a complex and detrimental mental health state, along with the plausible mechanistic variables that may play key roles in maintaining parental stress and depression. The aim of this research is to uncover these interactions in a period where parents experience heightened demands and stress because of the strict social distancing protocols.

Methods
Network analysis is utilized to examine parental stress and depressive symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic in a large cross-sectional study (N = 2,868) of parents. Two graphical Gaussian graphical network models were estimated, one in which only parental stress and depression symptoms were included, and another in which several mechanistic variables were added.

Results
Expected influence and bridge expected influence revealed that feeling worthless was the most influential node in the symptoms network and bridged the two psychological states. Among the mechanistic variables, worry and rumination was specifically relevant in the depressive cluster of symptoms, and self-criticism was connected to both constructs.

Conclusion
The study displays that the co-occurrence of parental stress and depression has specific pathways, was manifested through feelings of worthlessness, and has specific patterns of connection to important mechanisms of psychopathology. The results are of utility when aiming to avoid the constellation of co-occurring parental stress and depressive symptoms during the pandemic.
External Magnetic Field-Enhanced Supercapacitor Performance of Cobalt Oxide/Magnetic Graphene Composites
Authors: Ahmed Mahmoud M M , Imae Toyoko , Ohshima Hiroyuki , Ariga Katsuhiko , Shrestha Lok Kumar 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The effect of an external magnetic field on the supercapacitor performance of cobalt oxide/magnetic graphene composites has been investigated. The composites were prepared via the hydrothermal reaction of cobalt nitrate with iron oxide-incorporated magnetic graphene. Cobalt oxide nanoparticles were deposited on the graphene sheets and contributed to enhancing the electrochemical capacitance, since the cobalt oxide could work as pseudocapacitance material different from the graphene sheet with the electric double-layer capacitance effect. Further enhancement was observed upon applying the external magnetic field, which was increased via a home-made electric circuit. The specific capacitances of the composite materials under the external magnetic field of 1191 Gauss were found to be a maximum of 11 times higher than those without the magnetic field. It was also suggested that the increase in specific capacitance under the magnetic field follows the power law of the magnetic field due to a magnetohydrodynamic effect. These results demonstrate the importance of the external magnetic field to develop new technologies on energy-related applications of magnetic materials.
Design Strategies and Recent Results for Near-Infrared-Emissive Materials Based on Element-Block π-Conjugated Polymers
Authors: Gon Masayuki , Ito Shunichiro , Tanaka Kazuo , Chujo Yoshiki 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The significance of NIR light-absorbing and/or emitting materials is growing day by day in industrial applications as well as research fields because of intrinsic versatility of NIR light. The unique properties of NIR light, such as invisibility to human eyes, high permeability and transmissibility, are readily applicable to novel functional devices for detection sensors, optical communications, imaging probes and photomedical therapy. However, there are several problems to be overcome especially for obtaining efficient NIR-emissive materials, and therefore development of new skeletons which can present efficient NIR emission is still challenging. Herein, we demonstrate molecular design strategies and recent results for preparing the NIR-emissive materials based on element-block π-conjugated polymers. By focusing on the isolated lowest molecular orbital (LUMO), selective perturbation of one frontier molecular orbital (FMO) is accomplished, leading to narrow-energy-gap materials without expanding π-conjugated systems. As another example, it is shown that hypervalent bonds of main group elements are also effective for narrowing energy gap to generate emission in the NIR region. It can be said that the combination of the inherent element features with π-conjugated polymeric systems is expected to be one solution to overcome these problems. On the basis of this strategy, we obtained a variety of π-conjugated polymers showing light-absorption and/or emission in the NIR region with versatile functions. Our approaches presented in these recent studies could be new tactics for developing next-generation optical materials with NIR-light absorption and/or emission.
Unit Sales and Price Effects of Preannounced Consumption Tax Reforms: Micro-level Evidence from European VAT
Authors: Buettner Thiess , Madzharova Boryana 
Published: July 2021

We study the effects of consumption tax changes on prices and unit sales of durables utilizing micro-level product data. The results show that tax rate changes are fully shifted into prices. An anticipated tax rate change causes a temporary shift in unit sales shortly before implementation, which is more than offset by adjustments upon and after implementation. If the tax rate increases by 1 percentage point, unit sales rise by 2.5 percent on average in the last month before implementation. The permanent effect is a drop in sales by 2 percent below their original level, implying relatively strong intertemporal substitution effects. (JEL H25, H31, E62, H24, D12, E21)
Causal Modelling in Fertility Research: A Review of the Literature and an Application to a Parental Leave Policy Reform
Authors: Kreyenfeld Michaela 
Published: July 2021

This paper reviews empirical studies that have examined the causal determinants of fertility behaviour. In particular, we compare the approaches adopted in the different disciplines to improve our understanding of how birth dynamics are influenced by changes in female employment and changes in family policies. The wide array of panel data that have become available in recent years provide great potential for advanced causal modelling in this field. Event history modelling has been a dominant approach in sociology and demography. However, researchers are increasingly turning to other methods to unravel causal effects, such as fixed-effects modelling, the regression discontinuity approach, and statistical matching. We summarise selected studies, and discuss the advantages and the shortcomings of the different approaches. In an empirical section, we analyse the impact of the German 2007 policy reform on birth behaviour to illustrate the difficulties involved in isolating policy effects. The final chapter concludes by underscoring that even simple modelling strategies may be beneficial for improving our understanding of how policy effects shape demographic behaviour, and for laying the groundwork for more fine-grained causal investigations.
* This article belongs to a special issue on “Identification of causal mechanisms in demographic research: The contribution of panel data”.
Numerical investigation for the mode transmission characteristics of a large mode area optical fiber with heterogeneous helical claddings designed for 2.0  µm
Authors: Shen Xiao , Yang Zijun , Xi Xiaoming , Zhang Zuxing , Wei Wei 
Published: July 2021

Large mode area (LMA) fibers are widely used in high-power fiber lasers to solve the nonlinear problems. In this Letter, a novel LMA fiber with heterogeneous helical claddings (HHCs) is proposed. A coordinate transformation simulation technique is adopted to analyze the fiber mode transmission characteristics. The effects of the fiber parameters such as

θ
,

Λ
,

r
,

n
0

,

n
1

,

n
2

,

n
3

, and

λ

on the mode transmission characteristics include loss coefficient

L

and effective mode area

A

e
f
f

. When

θ
=

14

∘

,

Λ
=

22

m
m

,

n
0

=

n
2

=

1.439

, and

n
1

=

n
3

=

1.438

are adopted. The loss coefficients are

L

01

=

0.093

d
B

/

m

,

L

11

=

9.47

d
B

/

m

, and

L

21

=

23.36

d
B

/

m

; the single-mode fiber diameter

2

r

is at least 60 µm; and the corresponding effective mode field area

A

e
f
f

is

2025

µ

m

2

. As the helix pitch is a centimeter order of magnitude and the fiber is all solid state, the HHC fiber is relatively easy to fabricate and convenient for cutting, splicing, etc., and will be well applied in the field of high-power fiber lasers.
Prevalence of urogenital and intestinal schistosomiasis among school children in South-west Nigeria
Authors: Ojo Johnson A. , Adedokun Samuel A. , Akindele Akeem A. , Olorunfemi Adedolapo B. , Otutu Olawumi A. , Ojurongbe Taiwo A. , Thomas Bolaji N. , Velavan Thirumalaisamy P. , Ojurongbe Olusola 
Published: July 2021

Background
The risk of co-infection with Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni and the potential harmful effect on morbidity and control is enhanced by the overlapping distribution of both species in sub-Saharan Africa. Despite the reported high endemicity of both species in Nigeria, studies on the spread and effect of their mixed infection are limited. Therefore, a cross-sectional survey was conducted among school children in two communities in South-west Nigeria to investigate the prevalence of mixed human schistosome infection, intensity, and possible ectopic egg elimination.

Methods
Urine and stool samples were collected from consenting school children in Ilie and Ore communities of Osun State, Nigeria. Schistosoma haematobium eggs were detected in urine using the urine filtration technique, while S. mansoni eggs were detected in stool using the Kato–Katz thick smear technique.

Results
The study enrolled 466 primary and secondary school children (211; 45.3% males vs. 255; 54.7% females; mean age 11.6 ± 3.16 years). The overall prevalence of schistosomiasis was 40% (185/466), with 19% (89/466) recording single S. haematobium infection while 9% (41/465) had a single S. mansoni infection. The geometric mean egg count for S. haematobium was 189.4 egg/10ml urine; 95% CI: range 115.9–262.9, while for S. mansoni, it was 115.7 epg; 95% CI: range 78.4–152.9. The prevalence of ectopic S mansoni (S. mansoni eggs in urine) was 4.7%, while no ectopic S. haematobium (S. haematobium eggs in stool) was recorded. Mixed infection of S. haematobium/S. mansoni had a prevalence of 9.5% (44/466). More females (54.5%) presented with S. haematobium/S. mansoni co-infection. For both parasites, males had higher infection intensity, with a significant difference observed with S. haematobium (p = 0.0004). Hematuria was significant in individuals with single S. haematobium infection (p = 0.002), mixed ectopic S. haematobium/S. mansoni (p = 0.009) and mixed S. haematobium/S. mansoni/ectopic S. mansoni (p = 0.0003).

Conclusions
These findings suggest the probability of interspecific interactions between S. haematobium and S. mansoni. Scaling up of mass administration of praziquantel and control measures in the study areas is highly desirable.
Experiences, challenges and perspectives for ensuring end-of-life patient care: A national online survey with general practitioners in Germany
Authors: Tielker Jannik M. , Weber Jan P. , Simon Steffen T. , Bausewein Claudia , Stiel Stephanie , Schneider Nils 
Published: July 2021

Background
The SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic is posing major challenges for health care systems. In Germany, one such challenge has been that adequate palliative care for the severely ill and dying (with and without COVID-19), as well as their loved ones, has not been available at all times and in all settings., the pandemic has underlined the significance of the contribution of general practitioners (GPs) to the care of severely ill and dying patients.

Objectives
To describe GPs’ experiences, challenges and perspectives with respect to end-of-life care during the first peak of the pandemic (spring 2020) in Germany.

Materials and methods
In November and December 2020, a link to an Unipark online survey was sent to GPs registered on nationwide distribution lists.

Results
In total, 410 GPs responded; 61.5% indicated that the quality of their patients’ end-of-life care was maintained throughout the pandemic, 36.8% reported a decrease in quality compared to pre-pandemic times. Of the GPs who made home visits to severely ill and dying patients, 61.4% reported a stable number of visits, 28.5% reported fewer visits. 62.7% of the GPs reported increased telephone contact and reduced personal contact with patients; 36.1% offered video consultations in lieu of face-to-face contact. The GPs reported that relatives were restricted (48.5%) or prohibited from visiting (33.4%) patients in nursing homes. They observed a fear of loneliness among patients in nursing homes (91.9%), private homes (87.3%) and hospitals (86.1%).

Conclusions
The present work provides insights into the pandemic management of GPs and supports the development of a national strategy for palliative care during a pandemic.
To effectively address end-of-life care, GPs and palliative care specialists should be involved in COVID-19 task forces on micro, meso and macro levels of health care.
Use of fourth-generation rapid combined antigen and antibody diagnostic tests for the detection of acute HIV infection in a community centre for men who have sex with men, between 2016 and 2019
Authors: Saz Jorge , Dalmau-Bueno Albert , Meulbroek Michael , Pujol Ferran , Coll Josep , Herraiz-Tomey Ángel , Pérez Félix , Marazzi Giovanni , Taboada Héctor , Culqui Dante R. , Caylà Joan A. ,   BCN Checkpoint Working Group
Published: July 2021

Objective
To assess the use of fourth-generation rapid diagnostic tests in identifying acute infection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).

Methods
BCN Checkpoint promotes sexual health among men who have sex with men (MSM), with a focus on diagnosing HIV early, initiating combined antiretroviral treatment (cART) promptly, and recommending regular repeat testing for those who have tested negative. This cross-sectional study included all test results obtained at the centre between 25 March 2016 and 24 March 2019. The Alere™ HIV Combo (now rebranded to Determine™ HIV Ultra, from Abbott) was used to detect p24 antigen (p24 Ag) and/or immunoglobulin M (IgM) and G (IgG) antibodies to HIV-1/HIV-2 (HIV Ab). Rapid polymerase chain reaction (PCR) confirmatory testing and Western blot (WB) were performed for clients with a positive rapid test result. Confirmed HIV cases were promptly referred to the HIV unit for care and cART prescription.

Results
A total of 12,961 clients attended BCN Checkpoint during the study and 27,298 rapid tests were performed. 450 tests were found to be reactive, of which 430 confirmed as HIV-positive, representing a prevalence of 3.32%. Four confirmed cases (0.93%) were detected as “p24 Ag only”, nine (2.09%) as “both p24 and HIV Ab” and 417 (96.98%) as “HIV Ab only”. The “p24 Ag only” group had a 1-log higher viral load than the other groups and initiated treatment on the following working day. Overall, there were 20 false-positive results (0.07% and 4.44% of total and reactive tests, respectively), of which 10 positive for “p24 Ag only” and 10 for “HIV Ab only”.

Conclusions
Four Acute HIV Infections (AHI), with very high viral loads, have been detected with the “p24 Ag only” while the HIV Ab were still absent. Referral to the HIV unit and initiation of cART on the following working day contributed to improving persons’ health and to reduce HIV transmission chain.
Posttraumatic stress disorder predicts poor health-related quality of life in cardiac patients in Palestine
Authors: Allabadi Hala , Alkaiyat Abdulsalam , Zahdeh Tamer , Assadi Alaa , Ghanayim Aya , Hasan Shaden , Abu Al Haj Dalia , Allabadi Liana , Haj-Yahia Salim , Schindler Christian , Kwiatkowski Marek , Zemp Elisabeth , Probst-Hensch Nicole 
Published: July 2021

Background
The longitudinal association of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with health-related quality of life (HRQL) in cardiac patients’ remains poorly studied, particularly in conflict-affected settings.

Materials and methods
For this cohort study, we used baseline and one-year follow-up data collected from patients 30 to 80 years old consecutively admitted with a cardiac diagnosis to four major hospitals in Nablus, Palestine. All subjects were screened for PTSD and HRQL using the PTSD Checklist Specific and the HeartQoL questionnaire. We used a generalized structural equation model (GSEM) to examine the independent predictive association of PTSD at baseline with HRQL at follow-up. We also examined the mediating roles of depression, anxiety, and stress at baseline.

Results
The prevalence of moderate-to-high PTSD symptoms among 1022 patients at baseline was 27∙0%. Patients with PTSD symptoms reported an approximate 20∙0% lower HRQL at follow-up. The PTSD and HRQL relationship was largely mediated by depressive and anxiety symptoms. It was not materially altered by adjustment for socio-demographic, clinical, and lifestyle factors.

Discussion
Our findings suggest that individuals with a combination of PTSD and depression, or anxiety are potentially faced with poor HRQL as a longer-term outcome of their cardiac disease. In Palestine, psychological disorders are often stigmatized; however, integration of mental health care with cardiac care may offer an entry door for addressing psychological problems in the population. Further studies need to assess the effective mental health interventions for improving quality of life in cardiac patients.