bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Living and the Dead
Authors: Haughton Tim , Deegan-Krause Kevin 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Although the party systems of Central Europe have witnessed significant turbulence, some parties have survived. Endurance is more common among parties that built well-developed organizational structures, took a clear ideological stance as a standard-bearer on a major enduring issue divide of politics, and developed internal institutional structures that allow for a passing of the leadership baton when leaders had outlived their usefulness. In contrast, many new parties created in Central Europe do not have these characteristics. Their chances of survival are often diminished further by participation in government when they find it hard to deliver on their promises. Given the way that new parties begin, it is therefore not much of a surprise that most do not survive for more than a few election cycles. A few new parties were able to survive, but they did so mainly by actively choosing to acquire characteristics of the long-established parties.
Conclusion
Authors: Röger Maren 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter shows firstly, that sexual politics was a central element of policy on race and ethnicity in the occupied Polish territories and was thus at the core of German policy. Second, by looking at commercial, consensual, and forced intercourse, one can see the extent of the occupiers' power. They had the authority to determine the sexual integrity of Polish people, whether Jewish or non-Jewish, women or men: i.e. the power to respect or infringe on this integrity. Third, sexuality was an important arena in the negotiations between the institutions of occupation society and their members. The consolidation of Nazi power was based on concessions in this area, made both to their own men and, to a more limited extent, the Polish population.
Commissioning and a Population Approach to Health Services Decision-Making
Authors: Sin Julie 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The book explores the vital link between population health (what the health system is aiming for) and the commissioning of health services (the process of securing services) and how this can be achieved. It covers the key opportunities for applying a population approach to the nuts and bolts of commissioning, as well as to the more strategic challenges in commissioning practice. It includes fundamental concepts needed in a commissioner’s repertoire of skills and competencies, and also more applied scenarios to navigate in practice. The emphasis is on a solid foundation for practice for those who work in commissioning, those whose work supports commissioning functions, public health professionals working in the quality and commissioning arena, and students studying in this area. It is particularly relevant to current developments in whole-system thinking and a population approach. Core concepts or ‘navigation tools’ are included to help with common challenges in commissioning such as the scoping of a health issue from a population perspective, making sense of different types of evidence, purposeful use of health intelligence, effective preventive opportunities, prioritization, quality issues for commissioners, and other applied topics that have to be navigated in practice. Whilst each topic is a salient component in itself, in combination the collection forms a comprehensive armoury for commissioning for health gain and decision-making for populations. These vantage points are useful whatever the structural system of the day because issues about finite health resources, securing quality health services, and reducing amenable health inequalities will always be pertinent.
Commissioning Needs a Population Perspective
Authors: Sin Julie 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks at the synergistic relationship between the concepts of commissioning and population health gain, and some practical ways to enable this connectivity. In simple terms, commissioning refers to securing services for the population, and a whole population perspective is clearly integral to this effort. This chapter introduces four key perspectives of a population approach that can be applied to any health issue in the commissioning sphere. These are the consideration of Epidemiological context, effective Preventive opportunities, a focus on addressing Inequities in access and outcomes of care, and a whole Care pathway and System perspective. (The acronym ‘EPICS’ can be used to aid recall if needed). Application of these would be underpinned by using an evidence-based approach. Together these summary perspectives offer a quick schema to scope any health topic in practice which can be used as needed for the task in-hand. Examples are given.
The Basic Commissioning Cycle
Authors: Sin Julie 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In this chapter, the core purpose of commissioning is presented and there is an orientation to the key stages of the commissioning cycle. These ‘stages’ or key parts of the cycle are those of problem definition and needs assessment, prioritization and planning, procurement and contracting, and monitoring and evaluation. There is an overview of how each contributes to commissioning with a practical emphasis throughout. It is noted that commissioning at its best is a multidisciplinary effort. The chapter also notes that in systems with separate commissioning and provider functions, the onus of population health gain through health services is placed primarily on the commissioner. If commissioner and provider functions become more closely aligned, then hypothetically at least the provider arena would also become increasingly aligned to the work of whole population planning.
Recognizing Whether You Are in Simple, Complicated, or Complex Problem Territory
Authors: Sin Julie 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter is a succinct stop for orientation to the concept of complex situations, as the latter are an inherent part of working in health systems. Knowing whether you are in a simple or a complex problem territory and adjusting your approach accordingly is important for decision-makers. The important thing is to be able to recognize these situations. Drawing from the classic literature on the topic, the main features of simple, complicated, and complex situations are described. It is acknowledged that commissioners in health services are often dealing with, or contributing to dealing with complex situations. Addressing this complexity will need to draw on the different perspectives, skills, and experiences that may come from many disciplines and there are often no quick solutions as such. Some practical tips are offered.
Taking Stock for the Future
Authors: Sin Julie 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This is the final chapter of the book. It is a preparation for the reader’s onward journey. It includes a summary of the main things to keep in mind throughout practice and how to dip in and out of the chapters as needed. Beyond the nuts and bolts there is a reminder that it is also important to reach a transformational stage in commissioning for health gain rather than just the transactional processes. The theme of building capacity and enabling a system that nurtures a population approach to health services decision-making is discussed and the contributions of education and research to this theme are recognized. The ‘evolutionary’ nature of health services is acknowledged and transparent processes for population approach remain salient whatever the structures of the day.
Regime Change
Authors: Hone Joseph 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Soon after the Hanoverian succession, Pope ceased writing original poems of consequence and instead began two new projects: his translation of the Iliad and the publication of his collected Works of 1717. This chapter asks what prompted this change of direction. The opening section traces Pope’s movements and those of his friends during the messy and unpredictable transfer of power in 1714. Although Pope’s private correspondence and manuscript poems signal his disaffection with the new regime, his public persona is distinctly apolitical. Pope countered accusations of treachery by disowning political readings of his earlier poems and by rebranding those works as timeless literary exercises. His translation of Homer and the publication of his Works were calculated to enshrine his reputation as an author of classic literary status. By publishing a Works and not a Poems on Several Occasions, this chapter argues, Pope inserted himself into a canonical tradition divorced from contemporary poems on affairs of state. His emergence as a literary colossus was motivated by political necessity as much as it was by raw ambition or vanity.
Censorship and Political Editing
Authors: Hone Joseph 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Recent scholarship has increasingly recognized literary editing as a political activity. This final chapter examines Pope’s overlooked role as the editor of Buckingham’s posthumous Works, published at the height of the Atterbury Plot in 1723. This controversial book was seized upon publication and censored by the government; as the editor, Pope himself was taken in for questioning. This episode was the most politically dangerous of Pope’s career. This chapter sheds light on Pope’s involvement in the edition and his immersion in the conspiratorial diaspora of Buckingham House. The subscription for the edition was used to disguise fundraising for Atterbury’s plot for a Stuart restoration; Atterbury, the Duchess of Buckingham, John Barber, and Mary Caesar were all involved in this plan. Why did Pope return to the conspiratorial fold after his retirement from political affairs in 1714? He too must have known about the plan and believed that it could succeed. By editing and emending Buckingham’s Works for the press, this chapter suggests, Pope found an opportunity to express ideas that he simply could not afford to ventilate under his own name.
The Precautionary Principle
Authors: de Sadeleer Nicolas 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter explains that precaution is the end point of a range of public measures intended to counter ecological damage. It reviews the definitions given to the principle in various legal systems, as well as representative court decisions, in order to set out the problematic elements inherent in this principle. The chapter takes a critical look at the implementation of the precautionary principle (PP) on a sector-by-sector basis (water resources, fisheries, genetically modified organisms (GMOs), electromagnetic fields, climate change, etc.). The various thresholds for application of the precautionary principle in international law, EU law, as well as in several domestic legal orders is considered. The difficulties that characterize the principle are set out and the chapter recommends ways in which these weaknesses might be remedied. The chapter then assesses how the principle might fuel the evolution of environmental law by introducing uncertainty to an unparalleled extent in both decisions and sanctions. It shows that opposing science to precaution is unproductive and proposes practical solutions in the field of risk assessment and management. How the principle could influence the elaboration of regulatory standards, procedural requirements (impact assessment), and civil liability is demonstrated.
Final Conclusions
Authors: de Sadeleer Nicolas 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter concludes by presenting a number of arguments that support tilting the balance in favour of environmental concerns. It explains that the directing principles have a common denominator which is the battle against environmental risks. It stresses that these principles could be best described using three distinct models representing three paradigms of protection: a curative model, a preventive model, and an anticipatory model. The fact that directing principles represent the interface between modern and post-modern law is clarified. The chapter argues that while concentric circles are taking shape around environmental interests, each of those interests still provides evidence of a certain fragility. They must, however, be strengthened for the environmental directing principles to succeed and come to maturity.
Why Constituent Power?
Authors: Patberg Markus 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses the question of why a theory of constituent power in the EU is needed. While the EU has long since taken on a constitutional character, this is in no way reflected in adequate popular participation in decisions about its basic legal order. The EU is shaped through a combination of intergovernmental treaty making and integration through law that sidelines citizens. Constitutional mutation further decouples the EU’s constitutional development from popular control and shields fundamental decisions from democratic contestation. To capture the legitimacy gap that opens up here, the chapter introduces an understanding of constituent power as political autonomy at the level of constitutional politics. It argues that European integration is based on a usurpation, with constituted powers operating as de facto constituent powers. As executives and courts shape the EU in a largely self-referential manner, citizens are deprived of a crucial dimension of political autonomy. The chapter concludes with preliminary considerations on a theory of constituent power in the EU, addressing substantive and methodological challenges involved in its elaboration, as well as possible objections to the project as such.
Destituent Power
Authors: Patberg Markus 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter takes up the public narrative of ‘We, the multitude of Europe’, which suggests that the only hope for progressive change in the EU lies in a politics of disruption, and asks whether this idea can be defended based on a systematic model. To that end, it resorts to the political theory of destituent power, according to which opposition to or withdrawal from public authority can function as a legitimate trigger for constitutional change. Distinguishing between anti-juridical and juridical conceptions of destituent power, the chapter discusses to what extent the disruptive political strategies put forward by protest movements in the EU can be regarded as justifiable. Focusing on the juridical strand as the more plausible one, it argues that ideas of destituent power as ‘state civil disobedience’ run into a problem of authorization. By contrast, popular sovereignty-based approaches illuminate a neglected dimension of constituent power: the right to dismantle public authorities without the intention to create new ones. While such a model of destituent power in part captures the actions and demands of EU protest movements, it can only complement, not replace, the constructive side of constituent power.
Extraordinary Partisanship
Authors: Patberg Markus 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses the question of what kind of a political agent could bring about a supranational separation of constituent and constituted powers in the EU. Given that an endogenous process of change seems unlikely, it asks which exogenous forces could trigger the establishment of a higher-level constituent power. In particular, the chapter engages with the idea that transnational partisanship could function as a vehicle for constituent power in the EU. It argues that the model of networked constituent power, according to which cross-border deliberation between members of like-minded parties should initiate and guide intergovernmental treaty making at the EU level, is unconvincing because it relies on establishes parties, which must be regarded as quasi-constituted powers. By means of a rational reconstruction of the Democracy in Europe Movement 2025, the chapter then develops an alternative model of extraordinary partisanship. An extraordinary partisan association ‘co-opts’ regular parliamentary elections to acquire a mandate for a project of constitutional change. Such an organization could enable citizens from various member states to promote an opening up of the EU polity for the exercise of constituent power.
Animal Welfare: The Science and Its Words
Authors: Stamp Dawkins Marian 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDespite growing public concern over the way humans treat animals, there is still no agreed definition of what ‘animal welfare’ is. This lack of a proper definition has been detrimental to animals themselves and has made the whole subject of animal welfare look vague, unscientific and unclear about its core concept. Real improvements in the lives of animals would be greatly helped by a definition of welfare that can be agreed to by everyone, scientists and non-scientists alike, and that could bring together the many different ways in which ‘welfare’ is now measured. The aim of this book is to give such a definition and to make the case that any attempt to definition should be animal-centred and take into account the animals’ own point of view.
Behavioural Correlates of Welfare
Authors: Stamp Dawkins Marian 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn everyday life, it is often not practical to conduct choice tests or operant conditioning tests, and what vets, farmers, zoo keepers, pet owners and others concerned with the day-to-day care of animals need are quicker and easier ways of assessing whether animals have what they want. Sounds, gestures, facial expressions or other behaviours often provide information about whether animals have, or do not have what they want and so are potential correlates of welfare. However, deciphering the body language of animals correctly take time and effort and it is often not easy to find behaviour that reliably distinguishes between situations that animals want and those that they want to avoid. In order to establish the valence of behaviour such as stereotypies, anticipation behaviour, changes in activity levels or diversity, it has to be shown that these are reliable indicators of what animals want.
Natural Behaviour
Authors: Stamp Dawkins Marian 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn many people’s eyes, the ability for animals to be able to behave ‘naturally’ is essential for their welfare. However, animals do not necessarily want to do behaviour just because it is ‘natural’ or is seen in wild animals. Being chased by a predator is not necessarily good for welfare. Natural behaviour is important because it gives us a baseline for what animals might want to do but it cannot define good welfare on its own. It has to be validated in exactly the same way as other behavioural correlates of welfare, as either contributing to health or being what the animals want to do.
Physiological Correlates of Welfare
Authors: Stamp Dawkins Marian 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe idea that there might be physiological markers of welfare such as ‘stress’ or ‘feel-good’ hormones is a very attractive prospect for animal welfare scientists as it seems to hold out the prospect of simple, objective ways of distinguishing between good and poor welfare. However, many of the proposed physiological measures such as hormones, body temperature and heart rate variability turn out to be much more useful as indicators of arousal than valence. In other words, they tell us that an animal is aroused and motivated but not whether it is aroused because it is receiving something it wants or aroused because it is attempting to escape from something it does not want. Only if physiological measures can be shown to be clearly correlated with health or what animals want should they be used to indicate welfare.
Consequences
Authors: Stamp Dawkins Marian 
Published: January 2021

AbstractScientific facts about animal welfare are distinct from ethical decisions about what ought to be done about those facts. This final chapter covers some of the ideas that readers are likely to come across in thinking about the connection between animal welfare and animal ethics and provides a map or guide through the main areas of controversy. These include the difference between animal welfare and animal rights, speciesism and the conflicts that can arise between animal welfare and conservation. The chapter ends with a look at how humans can benefit in many different ways from improving animal welfare and that, far from devaluing animals as important in their own right, human benefits are likely to strengthen the case for making improved animal welfare part of a sustainable future for the whole planet.
Romantic Prayer
Authors: Stokes Christopher 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Whilst religion and the secular have been continually debated contexts for literature of the Romantic era, the dominant scholarly focus has always been on doctrines and denominations. In analysing the motif of devotion, this book shifts attention to the quintessential articulation of religion as lived experience, as practice, and as a performative rather than descriptive phenomenon. In an era when the tenability and rationality of prayer were much contested, poetry—a form with its own interlinked history with prayer, especially via lyric—was a unique place to register what prayer meant in modernity. This study illustrates how the discourse of prayer continually intervened in the way that poetic practices evolved and responded to the religious and secular questions of the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century moment. After laying out the details of prayer’s historical position in the Romantic era across a spread of religious traditions, it turns to a range of writers, from the identifiably religious to the staunchly sceptical. William Cowper and Anna Letitia Barbauld are shown to use poetry to reflect and reinvent the ideals of prayer inherited from their own Dissenting denominational histories. Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s work is analysed as part of a long engagement with the rationality of prayer in modernity, culminating in an explicit ‘philosophy’ of prayer; William Wordsworth—by contrast—keeps prayer at an aesthetic distance, continually alluding to prayerful language but rarely committing to a devotional voice itself. John Keats, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and Lord Byron are treated in the context of departing from Christianity, under the influence of Enlightenment, materialist and atheist critique—what happens to prayer in poetry when prayer as a language is becoming impossible to maintain?
‘Too late for antique vows’
Authors: Stokes Christopher 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter reads John Keats in the context of the influence of Leigh Hunt and the wider radical Enlightenment. One problem posed by a secular modernity is whether prayer—and forms of religious practice more generally—can be maintained as part of an increasingly abstracted philosophical religion that exits the form of Christianity. Circles of elegy, nostalgia, and scepticism pose this problem of a ‘post-Christian’ prayer. In ‘Ode to Psyche’, Keats tries to imagine a prayer detached from Christianity’s mournful theology; in the Catholic and Gothic tones of ‘The Eve of St. Agnes’, he is repeatedly drawn by the seductive lure of superstition and the rich concrete forms of devotion. The chapter concludes by reading ‘The Fall of Hyperion’ as stylizing a scene of prayer to Moneta, a goddess embodying the uncertain transitions between religious epochs, thus dramatizing his most pressing spiritual dilemma.