bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isolation of secondary metabolites from the mediterranean sponge species; Hemimycale columella and its biological properties
Authors: Marmouzi Ilias , Ezzat Shahira M. , Mostafa Eman Sherien , El Jemli Meryem , Radwan Rasha Ali , Faouzi My El Abbes , Tamsouri Naoufal , Kharbach Mourad 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDespite the richness and biodiversity of invertebrates and algae in the Mediterranean Sea, these organisms are still poorly studied. The objective of our research is the discovery of bioactive lead compounds from the Mediterranean Sea sponge Hemimycale Collumella (HC). HC sponge (189.0 g) was collected from Mdiq costs on the Mediterranean Sea and extracted with methanol to yield (10 g) which was then subjected to fractionation. A bio-guided protocol was applied through evaluation of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging and Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC), α-amylase, β-glucosidase, pancreatic lipase inhibition as well as anti-collagenase, anti-elastase, antityrosinase and cytotoxic activity. 2,3-O-Hexahydroxydiphenoyl-(α/β)-glucose (1) and gentisic acid 2-O-β-glucoside (2) were isolated from the water fraction, quercetin-3-O-β-glucopyranoside (3), kaempferol 3-O-β-glucopyranoside (4) and isorhamnetin 3-O-β-glucopyranoside (5) from n-butanol fraction, gallic acid (6) from ethyl acetate fraction and gallic acid-3-methyl ether (7) from methylene chloride fraction. Compound 5 had the highest DPPH and ORAC activity. Compounds 1–5 had promising lipase inhibition activities which exceeded that of the standard Orlistat, while compounds 1–7 showed anti-tyrosinase activity higher than that of the standard Hydroquinone monomethyl ether. This is the first report for evaluation of the biological activities of 2, 3-O-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-(α/β)-glucose (1), gentisic acid 2-O-β-glucoside (2) and gallic acid-3-methyl ether (7).
Effect of carbon anode production parameters on anode cracking
Authors: Amrani Salah , Kocaefe Duygu , Kocaefe Yasar , Bhattacharyay Dipankar , Bouazara Mohamed , Côté Jules 
Published: January 2021

AbstractCarbon anodes are used in the electrolytic production of aluminum. The quality of anodes is directly related to the production cost, carbon and energy consumption, and environmental emissions. It is desired that the anodes have high density, low porosity/cracks, low electrical resistivity as well as low air and CO2 reactivities. Low resistivity of anodes reduces energy required to produce aluminum during electrolysis. The presence of cracks and pores increases the anode electrical resistivity. Therefore, it is important to know how and when the pores and cracks form during the anode production so that the necessary actions could be taken to prevent their formation. A study was carried out to investigate the effect of different anode production parameters such as anode composition, type of raw material used, time and top-former bellow pressure of vibro-compactor, green anode cooling medium, and heating rate used during baking on the crack formation. The anodes are fabricated at the carbon laboratory of University of Quebec at Chicoutimi (UQAC) and characterized by measuring their properties (density, electrical resistivity, and surface crack density). The anode properties, hence the anode quality, were correlated with the anode production parameters. Also, their tomographic analysis was carried out to visualize and quantify the internal cracks.
Graphical abstract
Consecutive 2-year data analysis to assess the soil quality and ecological risk of heavy metals in Tobacco field: a case study in Northern Bangladesh
Authors: Salam Md. Tareq Bin , Zaman S. M. Shahriar , Hossen S. M. Tanzim , Nur Md. Asaduzzaman 
Published: January 2021

AbstractA successive 2-year (2019 and 2020) field experiment was conducted in northern Bangladesh (Rangpur district) to observe the status of soil quality and heavy metal risk due to tobacco cultivation in this area. Soil samples were collected randomly from four major sub-districts (Rangpur Sadar, Badargonj, Gangachara, and Mithapukur Upazila) where Mithapukur was a non-cultivating tobacco field and the rests were tobacco-growing fields. Along with heavy metal concentrations, physicochemical parameters were analyzed to observe the progressive change in the soil. Results depicted that values of bulk density, particle density, porosity, soil organic matter (SOM), and major nutrients (N, P, K, S) were decreased in the tobacco-growing field from 2019 to 2020, whereas significant improvement was observed in non-tobacco-growing field at successive year analysis. However, exchangeable bases were raised in the tobacco cultivated field from 40.86 to 52.98% compared to the non-tobacco cultivated field which was in a declining trend (43.66–34.33%). Overall, the soil pollution index depicted that Pb was shown a moderate risk of contamination in 2020. The ecological risk analysis also stated that the tobacco field in Rangpur Sadar was at a moderate risk of soil pollution (RI = 126.16), although the non-tobacco field in Mithapukur was at no risk of pollution (RI = 45.23). So, it can be recommended that tobacco cultivation harms the soil health, and thus, it should be prohibited from the agricultural field.
Characteristics of experimental ductility energy index of hybrid-CFRP reinforced concrete deep beams
Authors: Hason Mahir M. , Hanoon Ammar N. , Saleem Sarah J. , Hejazi Farzad , Al Zand Ahmed W. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAlthough the ductility energy ratio ($$\mu_{E}$$

μ
E

) of the reinforced concrete beam has been the topic of numerous study purposes and critical inquiry for the last decades, narrow consideration, especially in terms of reinforced concrete deep beams (RCDBs), is conducted to examine the ductility energy of hybrid-RC deep beams with various CFRP configurations. Growing the ductility of RCDB by CFRP reinforcement is significant in terms of shear resistance. Therefore, the objective herein is to explore the consequence of CFRP configurations (full side warped, 45° and 90° side stripes) on the ductility energy of RCDBs per two values of the shear span over depth proportion ($$a/d$$

a
/
d

) of 1.0 and 1.75, and shear reinforcement ratios ($$\rho_{v}$$

ρ
v

) of 0.0% and 0.4%. The experimental testing program included 12 RCDBs, three ordinaries (unstrengthen), and nine retrofitted with several CFRP configurations. The results show that the CFRP strengthened beams is presented a higher degree of increase in terms of mid-span deflection with respect to conventional beams. The ductility energy index ($$\mu_{E}$$

μ
E

) increases with the increase of the shear reinforcement ratio ($$\rho_{v}$$

ρ
v

). The dissipated energy demonstrated by strengthening beam with CFRP is from 45 to 80%, and it was higher than those of reference RCDBs. The energy absorption of RCDBs is improved due to the attendance of CFRP configurations of about 15% and 51% for $$a/d$$

a
/
d

proportion of 1.0 and 1.75, respectively, and for $$\rho_{v}$$

ρ
v

of 0% and 0.4% are about 15% and 86% consecutively.
Increased average annual prevalence of upper respiratory tract infection (UTRI) in the central Indian population residing near the coal-fired thermal power plants
Authors: Barik Puspita , Naoghare Pravin , Sivanesan Saravanadevi , Kannan Krishnamurthi , Middey Anirban 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPeople are vulnerable to health risks due to particulate matter generated through the coal combustion processes. The air pollution due to the thermal power plant is a primary concern among all sources of pollution. The air pollution due to the coal-fired thermal power plant is a primary concern among all the different sources of pollution. The air quality (suspended particulate matter; SPM) modeling in the study area of central India was carried out using CALAUFF model. In addition, real-time air monitoring of particulate matter PM1, PM2.5 and PM10 was carried out in the study area. Real-time air quality monitoring data showed higher concentration of particulate matter (PM1 and PM2.5) at different locations in the study area, exceeding the regulatory limits set by NAAQS (National Ambient Air Quality Standards) and WHO (World Health Organization). Considering the most probable health impacts due to coal-fired thermal power plant, diseases such as chronic upper respiratory tract infections (URTI), and asthma were focused in this study. Hospital admission data were collected for respiratory disorders from six different public health centers (PHCs) located in the study area for the years 2012 and 2013. Average annual prevalence (AAP) of asthma at Dhapewada, Patansaongi, Chicholi, Satak, Droli and Kanhan PHCs was observed to be 0.581, 0.218, 0.201, 0.155, 0.377 and 0.198%, respectively, whereas AAP of UTRI at Dhapewada, Patansaongi, Chicholi, Satak, Droli and Kanhan PHCs was 24.961, 40.693, 0.769, 12.775, 28.605 and 14.898%, respectively. Thus, we conclude that the study population residing nearby the coal-fired thermal power plants may have an increased risk to upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) than asthma.
The Abstraction of an Idealization: Cartographic Representations of Model Railroads
Authors: Kühne Olaf , Edler Dennis , Jenal Corinna 
Published: January 2021

ZusammenfassungDas gestaltete Gelände einer Modelleisenbahn hat – will der Erbauer als ‚ernsthafter Modellbahner‘, nicht als ‚Spielbahner‘ gelten – mehrere Funktionen: es legitimiert die Bahnanlagen, es schafft eine zeitliche Kontextualisierung für das rollende Material und es kaschiert dem Blick zu entziehende Teile der Modellbahn. Ein wesentliches Medium der Vermittlung von Konventionen der Gestaltung dieses Geländes, auf Grundlage einesCommon SenseVerständnisses von Landschaft, dient Modelleisenbahn bezogene Literatur. Diese wiederum greift häufig auf kartographische Darstellungen zurück. Diese Darstellungen ordnen sich zwischen der Polarität reiner Gleispläne (unter Rückgriff) auf abstrakte Signaturen und topographischen Darstellungen, die zu abstrakten Liniensignaturen für Gleisdarstellungen auf eine konkrete Signaturensprache zurückgreifen. Darüber hinaus vermitteln Blockbilder einen dreidimensionalen Eindruck der darzustellenden Anlage. Insgesamt dominiert eine eher schlichte, intuitiv erschließbare Darstellung, die innerhalb von gewissen Konventionen individuelle Gestaltungsspielräume offenlässt. Dieser Beitrag stellt die Ergebnisse einer explorativen Studie in den Kontext aktueller landschaftstheoretischer Forschung.
Experimental and modelling study of the grain refinement of Fe-30wt%Ni-Nb austenite model alloy subjected to severe plastic deformation process
Authors: Svyetlichnyy D. S. , Majta J. , Kuziak R. , Muszka K. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This study addresses some aspects regarding a computer modelling based on three-dimensional Frontal Cellular Automata (FCA) for the simulation of ultrafine-grained (UFG) microstructure development in purpose-designed microalloyed austenite model alloy i.e. FCC structure. Proposed in the present study model is a step forward towards understanding the deformation and microstructure development mechanisms occurring during severe plastic deformation (SPD) processes with high accumulation of the plastic deformation effects in FCC structures. The analysed microalloyed austenite microstructures were developed due to SPD effects. Using the proposed computer model, based on three-dimensional FCA it has been shown that it is possible to predict some characteristics of the FCC microstructures such as the grain size and the distribution of the boundaries misorientation angle. These abilities were proved by the qualitative and quantitative comparisons of the modelling and SEM/EBSD results. The capabilities of the proposed model were tested using experimental results of the wire drawing processes. The paper presents the new original results of experimental studies of multi-staged MaxStrain technology with the microscopic investigation. Basing on data obtained from these studies, the dependencies of the evolution of grain structure and misorientation angle on the accumulative strain and cycle number were obtained in a form of approximation equations. The equations were implemented into the CA model, and MaxStrain technology was simulated. Comparison of the results obtained in experimental studies and simulations shows a satisfactory agreement. Industrial verification of the developed model as well shows a satisfactory agreement.
High Social Vulnerability and “Textbook Outcomes” after Cancer Operation
Authors: Hyer Madison J. , Tsilimigras Diamantis I. , Diaz Adrian , Mirdad Rayyan S. , Azap Rosevine A. , Cloyd Jordan , Dillhoff Mary , Ejaz Aslam , Tsung Allan , Pawlik Timothy M. 
Published: January 2021

BACKGROUND:
The effect of community-level factors on surgical outcomes has not been well examined. We sought to characterize differences in “textbook outcomes” (TO) relative to social vulnerability among Medicare beneficiaries who underwent operations for cancer.

METHODS:
Individuals who underwent operations for lung, esophageal, colon, or rectal cancer between 2013 and 2017 were identified using the Medicare database, which was merged with the CDC's Social Vulnerability Index (SVI). TO was defined as surgical episodes with the absence of complications, extended length of stay, readmission, and mortality. The association of SVI and TO was assessed using mixed-effects logistic regression.

RESULTS:
Among 203,800 patients (colon, n = 113,929; lung, n = 70,642; rectal, n = 14,849; and esophageal, n = 4,380), median age was 75 years (interquartile range 70 to 80 years) and the overwhelming majority of patients was White (n = 184,989 [90.8%]). The overall incidence of TO was 56.1% (n = 114,393). The incidence of complications (low SVI: 21.5% vs high SVI: 24.0%) and 90-day mortality (low SVI: 7.0% vs high SVI: 8.4%) were higher among patients from highly vulnerable neighborhoods (both, p < 0.05). In turn, there were lower odds of achieving TO among high-vs low-SVI patients (odds ratio 0.83; 95% CI, 0.78 to 0.87). Although high-SVI White patients had 10% lower odds (95% CI, 0.87 to 0.93) of achieving TO, high-SVI non-White patients were at 22% lower odds (95% CI, 0.71 to 0.85) of postoperative TO. Compared with low-SVI White patients, high-SVI minority patients had 47% increased odds of an extended length of stay, 40% increased odds of a complication, and 23% increased odds of 90-day mortality (all, p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS:
Only roughly one-half of Medicare beneficiaries achieved the composite optimal TO quality metric. Social vulnerability was associated with lower attainment of TO and an increased risk of adverse postoperative surgical outcomes after several common oncologic procedures. The effect of high SVI was most pronounced among minority patients.
Clinical profile of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults with stroke and traumatic brain injury at a regional Australian hospital: a retrospective chart audit
Authors: Cochrane Frances , Siyambalapitiya Samantha , Cornwell Petrea 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackground:The clinical profile of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults admitted to hospital with neurological injury is not well documented. Understanding these profiles may enable health professionals to provide more culturally responsive health care for this patient group. This study aimed to report the clinical profile of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults admitted to a regional Queensland hospital due to stroke or traumatic brain injury (TBI).Method:A 2-year retrospective medical record review of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults (≥18 years) admitted to a regional Queensland hospital with principal diagnoses of stroke or TBI.Results:There were 132 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adult stroke (51.5%) or TBI (48.5%) admissions. The mean ages were 56.7 years for stroke and 42.7 years for TBI. The majority of patients (83.3%) were of Aboriginal descent with others identifying as Torres Strait Islander only, or both Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander. Patients were from 26 diverse home locations across northern Australia, primarily Outer Regional or Remote/Very Remote geographical locations. All patients’ language backgrounds were documented as English only. Over 90% of stroke and 50% of TBI patients presented with medical co-morbidities.Conclusions:Patients had diverse geographical locations and cultural backgrounds, with many likely impacted by dislocation from home and country, as well as potential delays in receiving treatment. Despite this diversity, English was documented in patients’ medical records as their only language. The majority of patients also presented with multiple medical co-morbidities. Health professionals should consider these factors to ensure patients receive optimum and culturally responsive health care.
Fit-failure rate associated with simulated reuse and extended use of N95 respirators assessed by a quantitative fit test
Authors: Jung Jiwon , Kim Jiyun , Yang Hyejin , Lim Young-Ju , Kwak Sun-Hee , Hong Min Jee , Kim Eun Ok , Kim Sung-Han 
Published: January 2021

AbstractObjective:We quantitatively assessed the fit failure rate of N95 respirators according to the number of donning/doffing and hours worn.Design:Experimental study.Setting:A tertiary-care referral center in South Korea.Participants:In total, 10 infection control practitioners participated in the fit test.Methods:The first experiment comprised 4 consecutive 1-hour donnings and fit tests between each donning. The second experiment comprised 2 consecutive 3-hour donnings and fit tests between each donning. The final experiment comprised fit tests after an 1-hour donning or a 2-hour donning.Results:For 1-hour donnings, 60%, 70%, and 90% of the participants had fit failures after 2, 3, and 4 consecutive donnings, respectively. For 3-hour donnings, 50% had fit failure after the first donning and 70% had failures after 2 consecutive donnings. All participants passed the fit test after refitting whenever fit failure occurred. The final experiment showed that 50% had fit failure after a single use of 1 hour, and 30% had fit failure after a single use of 2 hours.Conclusions:High fit-failure rates were recorded after repeated donning and extended use of N95 respirators. Caution is needed for reuse (≥1 time) and extended use (≥1 hour) of N95 respirators in high-risk settings such as those involving aerosol-generating procedures. Although adequate refitting may recover the fit factor, the use of clean gloves and strict hand hygiene afterward should be ensured when touching the outer surfaces of N95 respirators for refitting.
Ubiquity of particle–vortex interactions in turbulent counterflow of superfluid helium
Authors: Švančara P. , Duda D. , Hrubcová P. , Rotter M. , Skrbek L. , La Mantia M. , Durozoy E. , Diribarne P. , Rousset B. , Bourgoin M. , Gibert M. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Testing for Negative Spillovers: Is Promoting Human Rights Really Part of the “Problem”?
Authors: Strezhnev Anton , Kelley Judith G. , Simmons Beth A. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe international community often seeks to promote political reforms in recalcitrant states. Recently, some scholars have argued that, rather than helping, international law and advocacy create new problems because they have negative spillovers that increase rights violations. We review three mechanisms for such spillovers: backlash, trade-offs, and counteraction and concentrate on the last of these. Some researchers assert that governments sometimes “counteract” international human rights pressures by strategically substituting violations in adjacent areas that are either not targeted or are harder to monitor. However, most such research shows only that both outcomes correlate with an intervention—the targeted positively and the spillover negatively. The burden of proof, however, should be as rigorous as those for studies of first-order policy consequences. We show that these correlations by themselves are insufficient to demonstrate counteraction outside of the narrow case where the intervention is assumed to have no direct effect on the spillover, a situation akin to having a valid instrumental variable design. We revisit two prominent findings and show that the evidence for the counteraction claim is weak in both cases. The article contributes methodologically to the study of negative spillovers in general by proposing mediation and sensitivity analysis within an instrumental variables framework for assessing such arguments. It revisits important prior findings that claim negative consequences to human rights law and/or advocacy, and raises critical normative questions regarding how we empirically evaluate hypotheses about causal mechanisms.
Prenatal choline, cannabis, and infection, and their association with offspring development of attention and social problems through 4 years of age
Authors: Hunter Sharon K. , Hoffman M. Camille , D'Alessandro Angelo , Wyrwa Anna , Noonan Kathleen , Zeisel Steven H. , Law Amanda J. , Freedman Robert 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundPrenatal choline is a key nutrient, like folic acid and vitamin D, for fetal brain development and subsequent mental function. We sought to determine whether effects of higher maternal plasma choline concentrations on childhood attention and social problems, found in an initial clinical trial of choline supplementation, are observed in a second cohort.MethodsOf 183 mothers enrolled from an urban safety net hospital clinic, 162 complied with gestational assessments and brought their newborns for study at 1 month of age; 83 continued assessments through 4 years of age. Effects of maternal 16 weeks of gestation plasma choline concentrations ⩾7.07 μM, 1 s.d. below the mean level obtained with supplementation in the previous trial, were compared to lower levels. The Attention Problems and Withdrawn Syndrome scales on Child Behavior Checklist 1½–5 were the principal outcomes.ResultsHigher maternal plasma choline was associated with lower mean Attention Problems percentiles in children, and for male children, with lower Withdrawn percentiles. Higher plasma choline concentrations also reduced Attention Problems percentiles for children of mothers who used cannabis during gestation as well as children of mothers who had gestational infection.ConclusionsPrenatal choline's positive associations with early childhood behaviors are found in a second, more diverse cohort. Increases in attention problems and social withdrawal in early childhood are associated with later mental illnesses including attention deficit disorder and schizophrenia. Choline concentrations in the pregnant women in this study replicate other research findings suggesting that most pregnant women do not have adequate choline in their diets.
Placement Advisors as Innovators. How Professionals Use Enhanced Discretion in Germany’s Public Employment Services
Authors: FREIER CAROLIN , SENGHAAS MONIKA 
Published: January 2021

AbstractEmployees of the public employment services (PES) are street-level bureaucrats who shape activation policy on the ground. This paper examines how PES staff use enhanced discretion in an innovation project carried out by the German Federal Employment Agency. Applying a bottom-up perspective, we reconstruct PES employees’ logic of action and the dilemmas they face in improving counselling and placement services. According to our findings, placement staff use enhanced discretion to promote more individualised support and an adequate matching of jobseekers and employers. The use of discretion is framed by organisational norms and reward mechanisms and by the current labour market situation. Our analyses are based on qualitative interviews and group discussions with placement staff.