bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pragmatics of Crime Ethnographies
Authors: Bucerius Sandra M. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter lays out some of the “how to” of crime ethnographies, from its early planning stages to securing funding and institutional approval, going through ethics review, and arriving at the field site. It also provides an overview of the difficulties establishing and maintaining a presence in different criminological field sites, the ethical dilemmas involved in carrying out a crime ethnography, and questions about positionality that researchers have to contemplate. It further provides an insight into how ethnographic knowledge is produced in practice, from writing field notes to questions about if, when, and how to record to analyzing data and discusses questions of staying safe and when to leave the field.
Ethnography and Criminal Cultures: Urban Change and the Context of Ethnographic Fieldwork
Authors: Hobbs Dick 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses ethnographies of criminal culture. It refers in particular to the fluctuating political economic context within which this academic tradition has functioned and its historical trajectory. It addresses criminal cultures of the industrial era, the ethnographic studies that chart the criminal cultures that emerged from post-industrial society, and the constraints imposed upon contemporary ethnographers by the neoliberal university. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the author’s long-term engagement in the field, and queries the relevance of the concept of criminal culture by referring to an ongoing case study that is informed by the political economy of post-industrial society rather than by the dead hand of criminological orthodoxy.
11-, 12-, and 13½-Bar Blues: Time and African American Country Blues Recordings (1925–1938)
Authors: Bowsher Andrew 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines commercially-issued recordings of African American country blues from the early twentieth century, and considers the politics of representation involved with these recordings related to the metric and structural orthodoxies of blues performance. Often featuring solo male singers performing with guitar accompaniment, the recorded country blues of the 1920s–30s are markedly flexible in their approaches to timing. Drawing upon recordings of important country blues artists including Blind Lemon Jefferson, Robert Johnson, and Charley Patton, the chapter considers key issues such as the controversy over the speed at which Johnson’s records were recorded, the flexible approach musicians took to the standard 12-bar format, and the strictures that the three-and-a-half minute 78 rpm record side posed for artists’ songcraft. How these factors challenge musicological orthodoxies over conventional blues structures and historical insights into the practice of the blues is illuminated through the proposal that these recordings struggle with contentious narratives of primitivism, racial stereotyping, and authenticity, whereby canonical 78 rpm records are reified to fit a prevailing narrative of the country blues as atavistic and authentic.
Music as Time, Music as Timeless
Authors: Knowles Kristina 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter presents a framework for parsing differing conceptual and analytical positions on time in music, focusing specifically on two contrasting ideologies. The first perspective views music as an art form that exists only in and through the unfolding of time; the second views music as capable of evoking a static temporality, referred to by many scholars as a sense of stasis or timelessness. Discussions on the relationship between time and music typically engage with a subset of overlapping and interacting positions on time. Time is sometimes analysed as external and objective, but can also be construed as internal and subjective. Finally, time is also understood to be created or represented by music, an idea encapsulated by the term ‘musical time’. References to timelessness in music engage with these latter two views on time, specifically music’s ability to represent temporal concepts associated with specific structures (musical time) and perceptual mechanisms related to certain musical features that result in a subjective experience interpreted as timelessness. Using the dual lenses of psychology and philosophy, I argue that timelessness is an inherent part of the multiple systems of temporal production and perception that underlie the way we experience and discuss time in music.
To Be in Time: Repetition, Temporality, and the Musical Work
Authors: Mercieca Nathan 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter begins by examining recent scholarship in ‘music as performance’, especially that of Nicholas Cook, and its implications for the work concept. By exploring various formulations of the work concept from a temporal perspective, it becomes clear that contradictions occur whenever the work concept is tied too closely to the notion of a musical work’s identity. Instead, a Deleuzian understanding of the musical work is advanced, based on Deleuze’s idea of repetition: this is seen as allying closely with a deconstructive approach to musical material, which provides an additional opportunity to consider musical temporality, in the arena of history and the musical past. Finally, to recapture the spirit of Cook’s original theories, and drawing on Hannah Arendt, a parallel between musical and human ontology is drawn, based on their identical interaction with time, which reconstitutes but fundamentally changes the idea of (the) musical ‘work’.
Rhythm, Time, and Presence
Authors: Danielsen Anne 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Repetitive rhythm-oriented or groove-based music is specifically designed to usher the listener into a state of absorption or presence in the music. This chapter argues that this particular form of musical time originates with the repetition of a certain inner dynamics within the basic rhythmic pattern of the groove. The first part of the chapter presents structural and microrhythmic features that seem to be particularly impactful upon the listener’s state of groove absorption. The second part discusses the consequences of the fact that it is impossible to describe such an experience of musical time without stepping outside it. An initial observation is that in the very moment one starts to consider the state of being-in-the-groove, one’s state of being is changed.
Challenges and Complexities of the South African Economy
Authors: Tregenna Fiona , Ewinyu Arabo K. , Oqubay Arkebe , Valodia Imraan 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the key characteristics and core challenges of the South African economy in the post-apartheid era. South Africa shares some commonalities with other African and middle-income economies, yet has a unique history and some distinctive economic features. South Africa’s economic complexities and challenges are discussed here with reference to six comparator countries. We examine South Africa’s growth path, considering the low rates of economic growth as well as the lack of structural transformation and the unsustainable and non-inclusive nature of this growth. The ‘triple challenges’ of poverty, inequality, and employment are both a manifestation of the nature of this growth path and a constraint on overall growth. This is also briefly evaluated in the context of the political economy and policy context of growth and development in South Africa. The chapter reviews South African economic data, with a focus on microeconomic survey data.
Food Security, Hunger, and Stunting in South Africa
Authors: May Julian 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Although South Africa is considered to be food secure at the national level, it faces a double burden of malnutrition comprising under-nutrition and micro-nutrient deficiencies, and over-weight/obesity. Almost one quarter of the population live below the national food poverty line, and 27 per cent of children under five years are stunted. At the same time, 68 per cent of adult women and 31 per cent of men are overweight or obese. The high prevalence of overweight and obesity translates into diet-related non-communicable disease. As a result, South Africa bears a disproportionate burden of food insecurity in sub-Saharan Africa given its wealth. The absence of progress is concerning since public investments in child and maternal nutritional programmes have increased significantly since 1993. High levels of unemployment, the enduring legacy of poor services, and unhealthy diets are among the reasons for this. Covid-19 is a further shock to food and nutrition security.
Investment in South Africa
Authors: Driver Ciaran , Harris Laurence 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Abstract: Since the achievement of democracy, high levels of gross fixed capital formation have been required for the economic and social transformation of South Africa. Public-sector investment has risen, particularly since 2008, but private-business investment has not grown enough, while manufacturing’s share of the capital stock has declined substantially. Common explanations for low investment in manufacturing are examined in the light of empirical literature and are judged to have inadequate evidential support. Industrial policies derived from these views, such as maintaining low interest rates to promote investment, need to be based on stronger evidence. An argument is put forward for a system-based approach to research on the determinants of investment.
Monetary Policy in South Africa
Authors: Viegi Nicola 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Monetary policy in emerging countries is a difficult balancing act between supporting economic transformation, maintaining a sound macroeconomic environment, and reacting to internal and external shocks. This chapter reviews monetary policy in South Africa focusing on the structural constraints that affect the efficiency of policy. The main argument is that future of monetary policy depends on how the country deals with the underlying structural constraints. The country needs to return to growth and build strong resilience in its economic and social institutions. Monetary policy can help in the transition process if the policy is strongly anchored to long-term stability objectives and the Central Bank remains a credibly independent institution.
Quintilian as a Literary Critic
Authors: Chico Rico Francisco 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter is devoted to the study of the Institutio oratoria as a complex space in which Quintilian, in addition to developing an education manual, a rhetorical treatise, and an essay on the orator’s moral duties and obligations, also includes theoretical reflections on literary criticism as well as analysis and assessments of specific literary works. In this sense, this chapter studies Quintilian as a literary critic. From a general and theoretical point of view, it reviews the relations established within the framework of the Institutio oratoria between literary criticism and poetarum enarratio, or exegesis of poetic texts, which should be practised by grammar students before continuing to the study of rhetoric. This review forces us to reconsider the question of the interdependence that exists between grammar and rhetoric as classical sciences of discourse. From an applicative and practical perspective, the chapter stresses the importance of Book 10 for a better knowledge of the literary critical analyses and evaluations that Quintilian makes of the most important works and authors of Greek and Roman literature, always in relation to its usefulness for the orator’s training through the exercise of reading and on the basis of the principle of imitation of literary models, which not only include poetic texts, but also historical, philosophical, and rhetorical texts. Finally, the chapter reviews the theory of Attic, Asianic, and Rhodian styles in Quintilian’s thinking and his defence of the one which, even defined by hybridization, best adapts itself to the pragmatic-communicative requirements of the rhetorical fact.
Quintilian and Declamation
Authors: Breij Bé 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores Quintilian’s views on declamation, which are rather more nuanced than it is sometimes assumed, against various backgrounds. After an introduction which presents the essential features of suasoriae and especially controversiae to the reader, it zooms in on the conflicting theories with which our ancient sources present us on the origins of declamation. It then offers an extensive tour of Sophistopolis, the fictitious Graeco-Roman city-state in which declamatory conflicts unfold. After a survey of what ancient critics wrote about declamation, the chapter assesses Quintilian’s position among them. What exactly are we to make of the phrase, so often quoted without further comment, that ‘so long as they are adapted to real life and resemble real speeches they are very useful’ (10.5.14)? It will turn out that Quintilian appears to take contradicting positions about this throughout his Institutio, and that this does not harm his teaching but rather enriches it. The chapter concludes with a brief survey of the four extant collections of Roman declamations.
Quintilian and Visual Art
Authors: Masséglia Jane 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Visual art provides a rich seam of analogy for Quintilian, offering parallels for both the art of rhetoric and the art of training orators. Most famous is his catalogue of artists in Book 12, a list of eleven Greek painters and ten Greek sculptors from the sixth to fourth centuries ce. These he uses to demonstrate variations in personal ‘style’, comparing them with a selection of Roman and Greek orators. At first glance, the passage is not especially novel: this kind of artist–orator analogy, his choice of artists, and many of his comments on their merits all have parallels in other authors. But on closer inspection, we can discern two features which are distinctive of Quintilian the educator: the first is his teacherly appreciation of artists and orators who combine talent with hard work; the second is his method of teaching-by-doing. His catalogue of artists is itself a textbook example of the rhetorical skill he demands of his students: a sustained manipulation of the listener’s opinion, elevated by (just enough) specialist detail to appear authoritative.
Quintilian in the Italian Renaissance
Authors: Cox Virginia 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The century that followed Poggio Bracciolini’s discovery of a complete manuscript of Quintilian’s Institutio oratoria at the Swiss monastery of St Gall in 1416 represents a vital stage within the text’s transmission and reception. The new text fell on fertile soil, at a time when the classicizing movement known as humanism was rapidly reshaping Italian elite education and literary and intellectual culture, and when the introduction of printing would soon begin to transform practices of editing and dissemination. This chapter traces the editorial and transmission history of the Institutio from 1416 to the early sixteenth century, with some consideration of Petrarch’s earlier, enthusiastic reception of the text. After an initial, general overview of the text’s fortunes in manuscript and print, and its gradual, increasing adoption in educational contexts, more detailed discussions follow of Quintilian’s reception by, and influence on, two of the great humanist thinkers of the period, Lorenzo Valla (1407–1457) and Baldassare Castiglione (1478–1529). The chapter argues that, in Valla, Quintilian’s rhetoric became a model for a modern practice of Christian eloquence, capable of rivalling scholastic theology, while, in Castiglione, Quintilian’s human ideal of the orator was recast as a template for the modern court intellectual.
Quintilian in Europe from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Century
Authors: Schirren Thomas 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers a panoramic view of the significant and diverse reception of the Institutio from the eighteenth to the twentieth century in Europe. A central figure on the European continent in the eighteenth century was the pedagogue and rhetorician of Belles Lettres Charles Rollin (1661–1741), who stressed the importance of the Institutio for education, but who also claimed that it is too long and needs to be abridged in order to be useful for Rollin’s time. Other major figures who used Quintilian’s ideas on pedagogy and the vir bonus or aspects of his rhetorical theory in various ways are the Italian G.B. Vico (1668–1744), the Scotsmen Hugh Blair (1718–1800) and George Campbell (1719–1796), the Irishman Gilbert Austin (1753–1837), the Germans Friedrich Andreas Hallbauer (1692–1750), Johann Andreas Fabricius (1696–1769), Johann Matthias Gesner (1691–1761), who produced a critical edition of the Institutio, and Johann Christian Gottsched (1700–1766). Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749–1832) is discussed to show how his education in rhetoric through Quintilian informed his views on poetry. For the nineteenth and twentieth century, the work of five German scholars is discussed to highlight the importance of the Instutito in classical and literary studies and in philosophy: Richard Volkmann’s Die Rhetorik der Griechen und Römer (1885), Ernst Robert Curtius’s Europäische Literatur und lateinisches Mittelalter (1948), Heinrich Lausberg’s Handbuch der literarischen Rhetorik (1960), Hans-Georg Gadamer’s Wahrheit und Methode (1960), and Otto Seel’s Quintilian oder die Kunst des Redens und Schweigens (1977).
Quintilian’s Concept and Classifications of Rhetoric
Authors: Manuwald Gesine 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of Quintilian’s views on the categories of rhetoric (in relation to existing positions) as outlined in the second part of Book 2 and in Book 3. Concepts discussed include the definition, function, and character of rhetoric, comments on the history of rhetoric and rhetorical theory, the parts of rhetoric, the theory of status, as well as the different types of speeches and their characteristics. It can be shown that this part of the Institutio oratoria is an important source and illustrates how an educated and well-read professional rhetorician in the early Imperial period reacts to views expressed by predecessors, especially since Quintilian, as a true researcher, aims to offer a panorama of views from which both he and his readers can choose.
Stepping out of the Shadow
Authors: van der Meulen Nicole 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
After the discovery of the Morris Worm in November 1988, the first Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT) was established. During the following years, other CERTs or Computer Security Incident Response Teams (CSIRTs) were established in different parts of the globe. Now, three decades later, CSIRTs have become an integral part of the cyber security ecosystem. This chapter aims to provide an insight into the evolution of CSIRTs by describing their historical background, their different types and services, as well as the challenges they are encountering as the topic of cyber security becomes more pertinent and political.
The ‘Insider Threat’ and the ‘Insider Advocate’
Authors: Steinmetz Mike 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Discussion of the insider threat gains more attention every day. Much of the debate concerns the dysfunctional actions and behaviours of the malicious insider, whose ability to cause harm commands headlines on a regular basis. Technological strides have been made to identify the behaviours that could locate the malicious insider threat and even predict the likelihood of such behaviours before they take place. This chapter addresses areas beyond those frequently explored when discussing the methods and means of discovering dysfunctional behaviour by examining the entire workforce and the factors affecting the entire workplace environment. Are there opportunities where leadership could better measure and shape the work environment, thereby creating a different work environment for employees? What happens when companies fail to utilize every metric available and every opportunity to shape the work environment? Are there opportunities not just to identify the malicious insider threat but to create measurable insider advocacy?
Maturing Autonomous Cyber Weapons Systems
Authors: Heinl Caitríona 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter identifies significant policy and military intersections between the evolving international cybersecurity and autonomous weapons systems (AWS) policy regimes that should receive deeper policy attention. So far, within policy discussions on lethal autonomous weapons systems (LAWS), there seems to have been less focus on related cyber implications compared with other policy questions. This is mirrored within the international cybersecurity policy community where AWS, maturing autonomous cyber technologies, and component technologies like artificial intelligence (AI) have not yet garnered extensive attention publicly. So far, most of the focus on AWS has centred on physical platforms for land, sea, air, space, and undersea, and not the cyber domain. Discussions surrounding AWS have generally been held under the rubric of the Convention on Conventional Weapons (CCW). Nevertheless, threat assessment reports and analysts are highlighting this subject more frequently. This chapter addresses these gaps by first unpacking the nature of so-called AWS and then highlighting a number of potential arms race considerations as well as consequences of the widespread adoption of autonomous technologies for warfare. It then proposes a framework to deal with the impact of autonomy on international security policies—namely strengthening technical safeguards and addressing the policy implications for international cyber stability. Lastly, the chapter argues for a need to ensure norm coherence and careful analysis of the implications arising from either banning or legitimizing maturing autonomous capabilities for international cybersecurity and AWS regimes.
The Future of Democratic Civil Societies in a Post-Western Cybered Era
Authors: Demchak Chris 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses cyberspace’s evolution in terms of technical shoddiness and misperceptions. Once cyberspace left the confines of the consolidated democratic societies, their legal systems, and the controls of Western regulated telecommunications firms, it moved beyond the power of Westernized nations’ to keep the world both deeply cybered and guided by the rule of law. With commercialization as it occurred, the Internet was never going to be the utopia. Rather, the globalized Internet became a resource rich frontier and substrate over which nations and organizations would fight overtly, covertly, and in every other way possible. The chapter then identifies two available remediating strategic responses to this new cybered reality (recognition of sovereignty and balancing scale), and offers three possible interstate futures depending upon which of these two responses is chosen. It argues that achieving the best possible future will rest on pursuing strategic well-being and international influence through a ‘cyber operational resilience alliance’ across consolidated democratic civil societies.