bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Legal Tech and Lawtech: Towards a Framework for Technological Trends in the Legal Services Industry
Authors: Harper Ciaran M. , Zhang S. Sarah 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe use of legal technology (legal tech) and the lawtech ecosystem of legal start-ups has experienced tremendous growth in recent years. To provide a structured approach of analysing IT innovations in the legal sector, we propose a framework for lawtech applications, classifying them into three groups: internal, B2C and B2B applications. In the context of this framework, we examine technological trends in lawtech and their potential to support and transform processes in specific areas of business or personal law. We acknowledge that within lawtech there is a gap between the areas of interest of legal practitioners, IT professionals and academic researchers, and that some areas have received considerable attention by these groups, while other areas have been left relatively unexplored by one or more of these groups. However, the growing interest by legal practitioners in advanced technology such as artificial intelligence (AI) and natural language processing (NLP) is further closing the gap between academic research, IT professionals and legal practice.
The Socialoid: A Computational Model of a City
Authors: Hall Margeret , Haas Christian , Schacht Johanna , Kimbrough Steven O. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA socialoid (our term) is an integrated collection of data and models about a society. As such, and accepting that it can never be complete, it is a computational model of a society. We are in the early stages of building a socialoid for Philadelphia, PA. We call it the Philadelphioid. The Philadelphioid is a diachronic (temporal), mashed, geographic information system (GIS) with an extensive integrated library of integrated analytics tools. The purpose of this chapter is to articulate our design rationale for the Philadelphioid and to illustrate its underlying concepts and premises. Central among these concepts is the principle of solution pluralism, which enjoins us to use analytics and visualization to create and explore multiple solutions to decision problems. We illustrate an application of this philosophy by discussing analysis pertaining to food deserts carried out with the Philadelphioid.
Taxonomy Development for Business Research: A Hands-On Guideline
Authors: Steininger Dennis M. , Trenz Manuel , Veit Daniel J. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractClassification schemes are important groundwork for research on many topics of different business disciplines such as information systems (IS). They make investigating topics manageable by allowing researchers to delimit their work to certain taxa or types (e.g., of artifacts or firms) and provide a basis for generalization. Opposed to theoretically grounded typologies, taxonomies are empirically derived from entities of a phenomenon and therefore have several advantages, such as more detailed and exhaustive coverage. Initial guidelines for developing taxonomies in business have been proposed; however, research is still missing a clear set of applicable procedures to empirically build taxonomies. We tackle this topic by suggesting an inductive approach based on the procedures of content and cluster analysis. Each of the proposed six steps is amended with comprehensive state-of-the-art guidelines, suggestions, and formative measures of reliability and validity.
Studying Conceptual Modeling Processes: A Modeling Tool, Research Observatory, and Multimodal Observation Setup
Authors: Strecker Stefan , Rosenthal Kristina , Ternes Benjamin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWhat do (non-)experienced modelers reason while conceptual modeling and how do they arrive at modeling decisions, which modeling and learning difficulties do they face and why, and how do they overcome these difficulties by tailored modeling tool support are questions of relevance and importance to practicing modelers and, likewise, to conceptual modeling research. For the past 7 years, we have been designing, developing, and evaluating a modeling tool integrating a research observatory aimed at studying individual modeling processes online, in the field, and under laboratory conditions—to contribute to a richer understanding of modeler reasoning and decision-making, to identify common modeling and learning difficulties, and, ultimately, to design tool support to mitigate difficulties and to improve assistance for (non-)experienced modelers. We present an overview of the modeling observatory and of a corresponding multimodal observation setup.
Squashing, mass, and holography for 3d sphere free energy
Authors: Chester Shai M. , Kalloor Rohit R. , Sharon Adar 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We consider the sphere free energy F(b; mI) in $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 6 ABJ(M) theory deformed by both three real masses mI and the squashing parameter b, which has been computed in terms of an N dimensional matrix model integral using supersymmetric localization. We show that setting $$ {m}_3=i\frac{b-{b}^{-1}}{2} $$

m
3

=
i

b
−

b

−
1

2

relates F(b; mI) to the round sphere free energy, which implies infinite relations between mI and b derivatives of F(b; mI) evaluated at mI = 0 and b = 1. For $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 8 ABJ(M) theory, these relations fix all fourth order and some fifth order derivatives in terms of derivatives of m1, m2, which were previously computed to all orders in 1/N using the Fermi gas method. This allows us to compute $$ {\partial}_b^4F\left|{}_{b=1}\right. $$

∂
b
4

F

b
=
1

and $$ {\partial}_b^5F\left|{}_{b=1}\right. $$

∂
b
5

F

b
=
1

to all orders in 1/N, which we precisely match to a recent prediction to sub-leading order in 1/N from the holographically dual AdS4 bulk theory.
Proof-theoretic uniform boundedness and bounded collection principles and countable Heine–Borel compactness
Authors: Kohlenbach Ulrich 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn this note we show that proof-theoretic uniform boundedness or bounded collection principles which allow one to formalize certain instances of countable Heine–Borel compactness in proofs using abstract metric structures must be carefully distinguished from an unrestricted use of countable Heine–Borel compactness.
Peculiarities of promiscuous l-threonine transaldolases for enantioselective synthesis of β-hydroxy-α-amino acids
Authors: Wang Shan , Deng Hai 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The introduction of β-hydroxy-α-amino acids (βHAAs) into organic molecules has received considerable attention as these molecules have often found widespread applications in bioorganic chemistry, medicinal chemistry and biomaterial science. Despite innovation of asymmetric synthesis of βHAAs, stereoselective synthesis to control the two chiral centres at Cα and Cβ positions is still challenging, with poor atomic economy and multi protection and deprotection steps. These syntheses are often operated under harsh conditions. Therefore, a biotransformation approach using biocatalysts is needed to selectively introduce these two chiral centres into structurally diverse molecules. Yet, there are few ways that enable one-step synthesis of βHAAs. One is to extend the substrate scope of the existing enzyme inventory. Threonine aldolases have been explored to produce βHAAs. However, the enzymes have poor controlled installation at Cβ position, often resulting in a mixture of diastereoisomers which are difficult to be separated. In this respect, l-threonine transaldolases (LTTAs) offer an excellent potential as the enzymes often provide controlled stereochemistry at Cα and Cβ positions. Another is to mine LTTA homologues and engineer the enzymes using directed evolution with the aim of finding engineered biocatalysts to accept broad substrates with enhanced conversion and stereoselectivity. Here, we review the development of LTTAs that incorporate various aldehyde acceptors to generate structurally diverse βHAAs and highlight areas for future developments.

Key points
• The general mechanism of the transaldolation reaction catalysed by LTTAs
• Recent advances in LTTAs from different biosynthetic pathways
• Applications of LTTAs as biocatalysts for production of βHAAs
3,3′-Thiodipropionic acid (TDP), a possible precursor for the synthesis of polythioesters: identification of TDP transport proteins in Variovorax paradoxus TBEA6
Authors: Reddy M. Venkateswar , Steinbüchel Alexander 
Published: April 2021

Abstract3,3′-Thiodipropionic acid (TDP) is an antioxidant, which can be used as precursor carbon source to synthesize polythioesters. The bacterium Variovorax paradoxus TBEA6 strain can use TDP as a single source of carbon and energy. In the present study, experiments were carried out to identify proteins involved in the transport of TDP into the cells of strain TBEA6. Hence, eight putative tctC genes, which encode for the TctC proteins, were amplified from genomic DNA of TBEA6 strain using polymerase chain reaction and expressed in E. coli BL21 cells. Cells were grown in auto-induction medium, and protein purification was done using His Spin Trap affinity columns. Purity and molecular weight of each protein were confirmed by SDS-PAGE analysis. Protein-ligand interactions were monitored in thermoshift assays using the real-time PCR system. Two TctC proteins (locus tags VPARA-44430 and VPARA-01760) out of eight proteins showed a significant shift in their melting temperatures when they interact with the ligand (TDP or gluconate). The responsible genes were deleted in the genome of TBEA6 using suicide plasmid pJQ200mp18Tc, and single deletion mutants of the two candidate genes were subsequently generated. Finally, growth of the wild-type strain (TBEA6) and the two mutant strains (ΔVPARA-44430 and ΔVPARA-01760) were monitored and compared using TDP or gluconate as carbon sources. Wild type strains were successfully grown with TDP or gluconate. From the two mutant strains, one (ΔVPARA-44430) was unable to grow with TDP indicating that the tctC gene with locus tag VPARA-44430 is involved in the uptake of TDP.Key Points• Putative tctC genes from V. paradoxus TBEA6 were heterologously expressed in E. coli.• Protein-ligand interactions monitored in thermoshift assays using the real-time PCR.• tctC gene with locus tag VPARA-44430 is involved in the uptake of TDP.
Enhanced anti-melanoma efficacy through a combination of the armed oncolytic adenovirus ZD55-IL-24 and immune checkpoint blockade in B16-bearing immunocompetent mouse model
Authors: Hu Hai-Jun , Liang Xiu , Li Hai-Lang , Wang Huai-Yuan , Gu Jin-Fa , Sun Lan-Ying , Xiao Jing , Hu Jin-Qing , Ni Ai-Min , Liu Xin-Yuan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAlthough the recent treatment in melanoma through the use of anti-PD-1 immunotherapy is successful, the efficacy of this approach remains to be improved. Here, we explore the feasibility of combination strategy with the armed oncolytic adenovirus ZD55-IL-24 and PD-1 blockade. We find that combination therapy with localized ZD55-IL-24 and systemic PD-1 blockade leads to synergistic inhibition of both local and distant established tumors in B16-bearing immunocompetent mouse model. Our further mechanism investigation reveals that synergistic therapeutic effect is associated with marked promotion of tumor immune infiltration and recognition in both local and distant tumors as well as spleens. PD-1 blockade has no obvious effect on promotion of tumor immune infiltration and recognition. Localized therapy with ZD55-IL-24, however, can help PD-1 blockade to overcome the limitation of relatively low tumor immune infiltration and recognition. This study provides a rationale for investigation of such combination therapy in the clinic.
Quality Improvement to Address Surgical Burden of Disease at a Large Tertiary Public Hospital in Peru
Authors: Iverson Katherine R. , Roa Lina , Shu Sebastian , Wong Milagros , Rubenstein Shayna , Zavala Paloma , Caddell Luke , Graham Cole , Colina Jorge , Leon Segundo R. , Lecca Leonid , Mody Gita N. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundIn resource‐limited settings, there is a unique opportunity for using process improvement strategies to address the lack of access to surgical care. By implementing organizational changes in the surgical admission process, we aimed to decrease wait times, increase surgical volume, and improve patient satisfaction for elective general surgery procedures at a public tertiary hospital in Lima, Peru.MethodsDuring the first phase of the intervention, Plan‐Do‐Study‐Act (PDSA) cycles were performed to ensure the surgery waitlist included up‐to‐date clinical information. In the second phase, Lean Six Sigma methodology was used to adapt the admission and scheduling process for elective general surgery patients. After six months, outcomes were compared to baseline data using Wilcoxon rank‐sum test.ResultsAt the conclusion of phase one, 87.0% (488/561) of patients on the new waitlist had all relevant clinical data documented, improved from 13.3% (2/15) for the pre‐existing list. Time from admission to discharge for all surgeries improved from 5 to 4 days (p<0.05) after the intervention. Median wait times from admission to operation for elective surgeries were unchanged at 4 days (p=0.076) pre‐ and post‐intervention. There was a trend toward increased weekly elective surgical volume from a median of 9 to 13 cases (p=0.24) and increased patient satisfaction rates for elective surgery from 80.5 to 83.8% (p=0.62), although these were not statistically significant.ConclusionThe process for scheduling and admitting elective surgical patients became more efficient after our intervention. Time from admission to discharge for all surgical patients improved significantly. Other measured outcomes improved, though not with statistical significance. Main challenges included gaining buy‐in from all participants and disruptions in surgical services from bed shortages.
Velocity data-based determination of airfoil characteristics with circulation and fluid momentum change methods, including a control surface size independence test
Authors: Olasek Krzysztof , Karczewski Maciej 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
An experimental method for determination of aerodynamic loads is presented. It is based on velocity vector field results obtained with Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). As PIV is an optical measurement technique, the developed method for load determination can be defined as noninvasive. It is shown that the only information needed to estimate the lift and drag forces exerted on a body placed in the flow is a velocity distribution measured around the investigated object. Therefore, PIV results provide sufficient input experimental data to be used. Fundamental fluid mechanics theories were employed to develop algorithms for load estimation. Determination of the lift force is based on velocity circulation calculations. It is obtained by integrating the velocity field along a closed-loop encircling the body. An essential achievement made is the development of a procedure for finding an optimal size of the integration curve used for lift calculations. In the case of the drag force estimation, an analysis of fluid momentum changes has been used. The momentum deficit, within a given control volume containing the analysed aerofoil, is determined and related to the reaction drag force exerted on the body. Additionally, pressure field reconstruction based on velocity data, which enabled an application of small control surfaces and kept the drag estimation error at a satisfactorily low level, was introduced. The developed method was tested and verified with the reference computational fluid dynamics simulation results and applied further to the wind tunnel experimental data. A flow around the standard NACA0012 aerofoil at two flow regimes was investigated (Re=$$0.7\times 10^5$$

0.7
×

10
5

and Re=$$1.4\times 10^5$$

1.4
×

10
5

). Lift and drag coefficient characteristics as a function of the angle of attack were obtained. An exceptional agreement between the experimental and reference numerical lift characteristics was attained (relative differences no larger than 5%). In the case of drag estimation, an acceptable level of similarity was observed (max. discrepancies below 20%).

Graphic abstract
Electrical storm reveals worse prognosis compared to myocardial infarction complicated by ventricular tachyarrhythmias in ICD recipients
Authors: Müller Julian , Behnes Michael , Schupp Tobias , Ellguth Dominik , Taton Gabriel , Reiser Linda , Engelke Niko , Borggrefe Martin , Reichelt Thomas , Bollow Armin , El-Battrawy Ibrahim , Weidner Kathrin , Kim Seung-Hyun , Barth Christian , Ansari Uzair , Große Meininghaus Dirk , Akin Muharrem , Mashayekhi Kambis , Akin Ibrahim 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBoth acute myocardial infarction complicated by ventricular tachyarrhythmias (AMI–VTA) and electrical storm (ES) represent life-threatening clinical conditions. However, a direct comparison of both sub-groups regarding prognostic endpoints has never been investigated. All consecutive implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) recipients were included retrospectively from 2002 to 2016. Patients with ES apart from AMI (ES) were compared to patients with AMI accompanied by ventricular tachyarrhythmias (AMI–VTA). The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality at 3 years, secondary endpoints were in-hospital mortality, rehospitalization rates and major adverse cardiac event (MACE) at 3 years. A total of 198 consecutive ICD recipients were included (AMI–VTA: 56%; ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI): 22%; non-ST-segment myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) 78%; ES: 44%). ES patients were older and had higher rates of severely reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) < 35%. ES was associated with increased all-cause mortality at 3 years (37% vs. 19%; p = 0.001; hazard ratio [HR] = 2.242; 95% CI 2.291–3.894; p = 0.004) and with increased risk of first cardiac rehospitalization (44% vs. 12%; p = 0.001; HR = 4.694; 95% CI 2.498–8.823; p = 0.001). This worse prognosis of ES compared to AMI–VTA was still evident after multivariable adjustment (long-term all-cause mortality: HR = 2.504; 95% CI 1.093–5.739; p = 0.030; first cardiac rehospitalization: HR = 2.887; 95% CI 1.240–6.720; p = 0.014). In contrast, the rates of MACE (40% vs. 32%; p = 0.326) were comparable in both groups. At long-term follow-up of 3 years, ES was associated with higher rates of all-cause mortality and rehospitalization compared to patients with AMI–VTA.
Molecular characterization of the Yp11.2 region deletion in the Chinese Han population
Authors: Pang Qianqian , Lin Qingai , Wang Di , Sun Zhenghao , Wang Junfang 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe Y chromosome is male-specific and is important for spermatogenesis and male fertility. However, the Y chromosome is poorly characterized due to massive palindromes and inverted repeats, which increase the likelihood of genomic rearrangements, resulting in short tandem repeats on the Y chromosome or long fragment deletions. The present study reports a large-scale (2.573~2.648 Mb) deletion in the Yp11.2 region in a Chinese population based on the analysis of 34 selected Y-specific sequence-tagged sites and subsequent sequencing of the breakpoint junctions on the Y chromosome from 5,068,482–5,142,391 bp to 7,715,462–7,716,695 bp. The results of sequence analysis indicated that the deleted region included part or all of the following five genes: PCDH11Y, TSPY, AMELY, TBL1Y, and RKY. These genes are associated with spermatogenesis or amelogenesis and various other processes; however, specific physiological functions and molecular mechanisms of these genes remain unclear. Notably, individuals with this deletion pattern did not have an obvious pathological phenotype but manifested some degree of amelogenesis imperfecta.
A case series of intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulae mimicking cervical myelitis: a diagnosis not to be missed
Authors: Whittam Daniel , Huda Saif , Gibbons Emily , Pullicino Richard , Solomon Tom , Chandran Arun , Puthuran Mani , Jacob Anu 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Objective
To describe the diagnostic features of intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulae (DAVF) presenting with cervical cord or brainstem swelling.

Methods
Retrospective case note and neuroimaging review of patients with angiographically confirmed DAVF diagnosed during January 2015–June 2020 at a tertiary neuroscience centre (Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK).

Results
Six intracranial DAVF causing cervical cord or brainstem oedema (all males aged 60–69 years) and 27 spinal DAVF (88% thoracolumbar) were detected over a 5.5-year period. Significantly more patients with intracranial DAVF received steroids for presumed inflammatory myelitis than those with spinal DAVF (5/6 vs 1/27, p = 0.0001, Fisher’s exact test). Several factors misled the treating clinicians: atypical rostral location of cord oedema (6/6); acute clinical deterioration (4/6); absence (3/6) or failure to recognise (3/6) subtle dilated perimedullary veins on MRI; intramedullary gadolinium enhancement (2/6); and elevated CSF protein (4/5). Acute deterioration followed steroid treatment in 4/5 patients. The following features may suggest DAVF rather than myelitis: older male patients (6/6), symptomatic progression over 4 or more weeks (6/6) and acellular CSF (5/5).

Conclusion
Intracranial DAVF are uncommon but often misdiagnosed and treated as myelitis, which can cause life-threatening deterioration. Neurologists must recognise suggestive features and consider angiography, especially in older male patients. Dilated perimedullary veins are an important clue to underlying DAVF, but may be invisible or easily missed on routine MRI sequences.
Investigating the neurochemistry of the human visual system using magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Ip I. Betina , Bridge Holly 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBiochemical processes underpin the structure and function of the visual cortex, yet our understanding of the fundamental neurochemistry of the visual brain is incomplete. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) is a non-invasive brain imaging tool that allows chemical quantification of living tissue by detecting minute differences in the resonant frequency of molecules. Application of MRS in the human brain in vivo has advanced our understanding of how the visual brain consumes energy to support neural function, how its neural substrates change as a result of disease or dysfunction, and how neural populations signal during perception and plasticity. The aim of this review is to provide an entry point to researchers interested in investigating the neurochemistry of the visual system using in vivo measurements. We provide a basic overview of MRS principles, and then discuss recent findings in four topics of vision science: (i) visual perception, plasticity in the (ii) healthy and (iii) dysfunctional visual system, and (iv) during visual stimulation. Taken together, evidence suggests that the neurochemistry of the visual system provides important novel insights into how we perceive the world.