bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring the relationships among stoichiometric coefficients, number of transferred electrons, mean oxidation number of carbons, and oxidative ratio in organic combustion reactions
Authors: Yuen Pong Kau , Lau Cheng Man Diana 
Published: December 2021

AbstractCombustion reactions, stoichiometry, and redox reactions are some of the basic contents in chemistry curriculum. Although the counting of transferred electrons is critical in redox reactions, assigning mean oxidation number of organic carbons (ONc) is not always easy. Even though the relationship between the oxidative ratio (OR) and ONc is known, the relationship between the number of transferred electrons (Te−) and OR has not been thoroughly studied. The H-atom method has already been developed to balance and deduct organic combustion reactions. It can be used further to help establish the relationships among the stoichiometric coefficients (SC), the number of transferred hydrogens (TH), and Te−. This article uses the procedures of the H-atom method for balancing and deducting, and the known relationships among SC, TH, and Te−for exploring the relationships among SC, Te−, ONc, and OR in organic combustion reactions. By integrating three sets of relationships: (i) SC and Te−, (ii) Te−and ON, and (iii) SC and OR, the interconversions among SC, Te−, ONc, and OR can be mathematically formulated. Furthermore, Te−, ONc, and OR can be assigned by SC and the general molecular formula of CxHyOzXw.
Satellite-based evaluation of temporal change in cultivated land in Southern Punjab (Multan region) through dynamics of vegetation and land surface temperature
Authors: Hussain Sajjad , Mubeen Muhammad , Ahmad Ashfaq , Masood Nasir , Hammad Hafiz Mohkum , Amjad Muhammad , Imran Muhammad , Usman Muhammad , Farid Hafiz Umar , Fahad Shah , Nasim Wajid , Javeed Hafiz Muhammad Rashad , Ali Mazhar , Qaisrani Saeed Ahmad , Farooq Amjad , Khalid Muhammad Shafique , Waleed Mirza 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The rapid increase in urbanization has an important effect on cropping pattern and land use/land cover (LULC) through replacing areas of vegetation with commercial and residential coverage, thereby increasing the land surface temperature (LST). The LST information is significant to understand the environmental changes, urban climatology, anthropogenic activities, and ecological interactions, etc. Using remote sensing (RS) data, the present research provides a comprehensive study of LULC and LST changes in water scarce and climate prone Southern Punjab (Multan region), Pakistan, for 30 years (from 1990 to 2020). For this research, Landsat images were processed through supervised classification with maps of the Multan region. The LULC changes showed that sugarcane and rice (decreased by 2.9 and 1.6%, respectively) had less volatility of variation in comparison with both wheat and cotton (decreased by 5.3 and 6.6%, respectively). The analysis of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) showed that the vegetation decreased in the region both in minimum value (−0.05 [1990] to −0.15 [2020]) and maximum value (0.6 [1990] to 0.54 [2020]). The results showed that the built-up area was increased 3.5% during 1990–2020, and these were some of the major changes which increased the LST (from 27.6 to 28.5°C) in the study area. The significant regression in our study clearly shows that NDVI and LST are negatively correlated with each other. The results suggested that increasing temperature in growing period had a greatest effect on all types of vegetation. Crop-based classification aids water policy managers and analysts to make a better policy with enhanced information based on the extent of the natural resources. So, the study of dynamics in major crops and surface temperature through satellite RS can play an important role in the rural development and planning for food security in the study area.
Shale types and sedimentary environments of the Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Member 1 of the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in western Hubei Province, China
Authors: Shen Junjun , Chen Decheng , Chen Kongquan , Ji Yubing , Wang Pengwan , Li Junjun , Cai Quansheng , Meng Jianghui 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
By performing scanning electron microscopy, microscopic observations, whole-rock X-ray diffraction analysis, organic geochemistry analysis, and elemental analysis on drill core specimens and thin sections, in this study, we classified the shale types of the Wufeng Formation-Member 1 of the Longmaxi Formation in western Hubei, southern China, and explored the development characteristics and formation environments of the different shale types. The results show that (1) the shales of the Wufeng Formation-Member 1 of the Longmaxi Formation are composed of three types of shale: siliceous shale, mixed clay-siliceous shale, and clay shale. The siliceous shale is a type of shale unique to deep-water environments; clay shale is the main type of shale formed in shallow-water environments; and mixed clay-siliceous shale falls between the two. (2) The changes in shale type are characterized by multiple depositional cycles in the vertical direction with strong heterogeneity and an obvious tripartite character, and the siliceous shales gradually thicken as they laterally extend northwestward, with their last depositional cycle gradually ending at a later time. (3) The Late Ordovician-Early Silurian paleoenvironment can be divided into six evolutionary stages (A, B, C, D, E, and F) from early to late. In particular, the sea level was relatively lower in stages A and F when the bottom water was mainly oxygen rich with higher terrigenous inputs and a lower paleoproductivity, which led to the formation of clay shales poor in organic matter but rich in terrigenous quartz clasts. The sea level was higher in stages B, C, and D when the bottom water was anoxic with lower terrigenous inputs and a higher paleoproductivity, which led to the formation of siliceous shales rich in organic matter and biogenic silica. The total organic carbon (TOC) contents of siliceous shales decrease in the order of stage C > stage D > stage B, which is mainly attributed to the different degrees of water restriction in the three stages and the consequently different paleoproductivities. Stage E corresponds to the mixed clay-siliceous shales, the depositional environment of which is between those of the siliceous shales and the clay shales, thereby resulting in the mineral composition and TOC content of the mixed clay-siliceous shales being between those of the other two shale types.
An era of Sentinels in flood management: Potential of Sentinel-1, -2, and -3 satellites for effective flood management
Authors: Kuntla Sai Kiran 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe repetitive and destructive nature of floods across the globe causes significant economic damage, loss of human lives, and leaves the people living in flood-prone areas with fear and insecurity. With enough literature projecting an increase in flood frequency, severity, and magnitude in the future, there is a clear need for effective flood management strategies and timely implementation. The earth observatory satellites of the European Space Agency’s Sentinel series, Sentinel-1, Sentinel-2, and Sentinel-3, have a great potential to combat these disastrous floods by their peerless surveillance capabilities that could assist in various phases of flood management. In this article, the technical specifications and operations of the microwave synthetic aperture radar (SAR) onboard Sentinel-1, optical sensors onboard Sentinel-2 (Multispectral Instrument) and Sentinel-3 (Ocean and Land Color Instrument), and SAR altimeter onboard Sentinel-3 are described. Moreover, the observational capabilities of these three satellites and how these observations can meet the needs of researchers and flood disaster managers are discussed in detail. Furthermore, we reviewed how these satellites carrying a range of technologies that provide a broad spectrum of earth observations stand out among their predecessors and have bought a step-change in flood monitoring, understanding, and management to mitigate their adverse effects. Finally, the study is concluded by highlighting the revolution this fleet of Sentinel satellites has brought in the flood management studies and applications.
Dynamic analysis of particulate pollution in haze in Harbin city, Northeast China
Authors: Wang Lei , Deng Jiarong , Yang Lijin , Yu Tianrun , Yao Yunlong , Xu Dawei 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Based on the air quality data of Harbin in winter from 2015 to 2017, the national winter straw combustion data from 2016 to 2017 and the mixed single particle Lagrange comprehensive track model, Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model (HYSPLIT), dynamic analysis of Harbin’s winter air quality status and influencing factors. The air quality data were analyzed; it was found that the main pollutants in winter in Harbin were SO2, NO2, PM10 (particles with aerodynamic diameter ≤10 µm), and PM2.5 (particles with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 µm); the annual air pollution situation deteriorated sharply from November and continued until March of the following year. Through the research on straw fire prevention points in Harbin, the spatial pattern characteristics and causes of persistent haze in Harbin from 2015 to 2017 were dynamically analyzed. Combining the backward trajectory model to trace the source and trend of air mass in pollution, it is found that the air mass trend is consistent with the distribution of straw-burning points. The research results show that (1) during the winter from 2015 to 2017, the overall air quality situation in Harbin improved, the number of serious pollution days decreased year by year, and the main atmospheric pollutants were PM10 and PM2.5. In October and November, the pollution concentration peaked, and after December, the pollution concentration showed a downward trend until the next spring reached the valley and (2) the most obvious time of haze in Harbin is from November to December, and it is concluded that haze events are closely related to the large number of pollutants caused by the burning of straw around Harbin, and because the northwest monsoon climate affects the air quality, the transportation of fine particles caused by the burning of straw in winter in the surrounding areas of Harbin is the main cause of serious pollution in Harbin.
Dimensional Stability of Low Temperature Surface Hardened Stainless Steel Components*
Authors: Bauer A. , Schreiner K. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Stainless steels are commonly used for high precision components, which often are exposed to corrosive media. However, their inferior tribological behaviour restrict the use of these materials in many technical applications. Thermochemical surface hardening is one way to overcome these weaknesses. Solution nitriding in the austenitic range above 1000 °C is mainly used for hardening martensitic and ferritic stainless grades. In austenitic and duplex stainless grades, however, the hardening effect is limited. Additionally, the high process temperatures combined with a necessary rapid cooling may lead to non-desired dimensional changes. Low temperature surface hardening processing below 500 °C here offers interesting alternatives for increasing the wear properties, while maintaining the corrosion resistance.
This paper demonstrates the influence of high and low process temperatures of thermochemical surface hardening treatments on the tight dimensional tolerances of a rotationally symmetrical precision component made from cold worked AISI 304. Based on these results, current and new industrial applications, which benefit from low temperature surface hardening, will be discussed.
Electrocatalytic performance of sonochemically synthesized Pt–Ni/C nanoparticles in fuel cell application
Authors: Polagani Rajesh Kumar , Suryawanshi Prashant L. , Sonawane Shirish H. , Chinthala Mahendra 
Published: December 2021

AbstractDeveloping high-performance electrocatalysts using simple and controllable methods is of interest to reduce the cost of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. In this study, platinum is alloyed with nickel and supported on carbon (Pt–Ni/C) via an ultrasound-assisted route. The crystallite and particle sizes of the obtained nanoparticles were smaller than the commercial carbon-supported Pt nanoparticles. The sonochemically synthesized Pt–Ni/C nanoparticles exhibited superior electrocatalytic properties than the commercial Pt/C nanoparticles in the fuel cell operation. Electrochemical measurements performed with Pt–Ni/C electrocatalyst displayed excellent oxygen reduction and higher electrochemical active surface area (EASA). Optimum fuel cell performance based on peak power density using Pt–Ni/C electrocatalyst was observed as 0.28 W/cm2at 0.39 V.
Advanced energy management and frequency control of distributed microgrid using multi-agent systems
Authors: Azeroual Mohamed , Boujoudar Younes , Aljarbouh Ayman , Fayaz Muhammad , Qureshi Muhammad Shuaib , El Moussaoui Hassan , El Markhi Hassane 
Published: December 2021

AbstractOne of the main objectives of the Energy Management System (EMS) is to achieve a very high level of flexibility, stability, and the system must be able to adapt to most changes in the distribution network. This paper proposes a multi-agent system-based microgrid energy management to balance the energy supply and demand by feasibly integrating the energy storage system and demand response. An overall power management strategy is necessary to manage power flows among all interconnected elements of the microgrid. The principal contribution of this paper is an energy management system based on intelligent agents; each agent uses the microgrid data to manage the power flow in the microgrid. The interaction between agents proposed is simulated using JADE (Java Agent Development Environment) and the microgrid model is simulated using MATLAB/Simulink, both platforms are connected through the MACSimJX middleware for a dynamic simulation.
An Examination of Racial Disparities in Misdemeanor Marijuana Possession Arrests Following Reforms in Four U.S. Jurisdictions
Authors: Jones Kristyn A. , Agboh Darren , Patten Meredith , Chauhan Preeti 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Using data from New York, NY; Los Angeles, CA; Prince George’s County, MD; and Louisville, KY, we examine trends in racial disparities in the enforcement of misdemeanor marijuana possessionbefore and after marijuana reforms. In these jurisdictions, we find that changes to marijuana enforcement were associated with reductions in arrest rates for Black, Hispanic, and White people, though the rate of decline varied by jurisdiction. Black people were arrested at the highest rates in relation to their proportion of the population. In three of the four jurisdictions where issuing criminal citations was an enforcement option, racial/ethnic disparities in arrest rates increased post-reforms; legalization and the option to issue a civil citation were associated with reductions in racial/ethnic disparities. Trends in this study provide policymakers with information to implement effective reforms that target racial disparities in marijuana possession arrests.
Acoustic classification of coronal stops of Eastern Punjabi
Authors: Hussain Qandeel , Kochetov Alexei 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPunjabi is an Indo-Aryan language which contrasts a rich set of coronal stops at dental and retroflex places of articulation across three laryngeal configurations. Moreover, all these stops occur contrastively in various positions (word-initially, -medially, and -finally). The goal of this study is to investigate how various coronal place and laryngeal contrasts are distinguished acoustically both within and across word positions. A number of temporal and spectral correlates were examined in data from 13 speakers of Eastern Punjabi: Voice Onset Time, release and closure durations, fundamental frequency, F1-F3 formants, spectral center of gravity and standard deviation, H1*-H2*, and cepstral peak prominence. The findings indicated that higher formants and spectral measures were most important for the classification of place contrasts across word positions, whereas laryngeal contrasts were reliably distinguished by durational and voice quality measures. Word-medially and -finally, F2 and F3 of the preceding vowels played a key role in distinguishing the dental and retroflex stops, while spectral noise measures were more important word-initially. The findings of this study contribute to a better understanding of factors involved in the maintenance of typologically rare and phonetically complex sets of place and laryngeal contrasts in the coronal stops of Indo-Aryan languages.
The optimization of friction disc gear-shaping process aiming at residual stress and machining deformation
Authors: Gao Hanjun , Li Xin , Wu Qiong , Zhang Wanhao , Dai Guowen , Zhang Guohong 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Friction disc is the key part of the frictional clutch. But there is a lack of in-depth studies on the effect of the cutting parameters on residual stress and machining deformation. In this study, the simulation model for friction disc gear shaping was established and the effect of the typical cutting parameters on surface residual stress and machining deformation was studied. Based on the study’s results, the optimization experiment of friction disc gear shaping was carried out and a method was proposed to reduce machining deformation and to improve the fatigue life. Applying the proposed method, the residual stress on the tooth bottom increased from −122.50 to −371.33 MPa, an increase of 203.13% that increases the fatigue life greatly. Meanwhile, the front and bottom face deformation of the outer ring as well as the deformation of the front and bottom tooth tip can be decreased effectively. This study can provide technical support for improving the comprehensive performance of the friction disc and transmission system.
Text as tautology: an exploration in inference, transitivity, and logical compression
Authors: Potter Andrew 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Rhetorical structure theory (RST) and relational propositions have been shown useful in analyzing texts as expressions in propositional logic. Because these expressions are systematically derived, they may be expected to model discursive reasoning as articulated in the text. If this is the case, it would follow that logical operations performed on the expressions would be reflected in the texts. In this paper the logic of relational propositions is used to demonstrate the applicability of transitive inference to discourse. Starting with a selection of RST analyses from the research literature, analyses of the logic of relational propositions are performed to identify their corresponding logical expressions and within each expression to identify the inference path implicit within the text. By eliminating intermediary relational propositions, transitivity is then used to progressively compress the expression. The resulting compressions are applied to the corresponding texts and their compressed RST analyses. The application of transitive inference to logical expressions results in abridged texts that are intuitively coherent and logically compatible with their originals. This indicates an underlying isomorphism between the inferential structure of logical expressions and discursive coherence, and it confirms that these expressions function as logical models of the text. Potential areas for application include knowledge representation, logic and argumentation, and RST validation.
Effects of gut microbiota and probiotics on Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Guo Libing , Xu Jiaxin , Du Yunhua , Wu Weibo , Nie Wenjing , Zhang Dongliang , Luo Yuling , Lu Huixian , Lei Ming , Xiao Songhua , Liu Jun 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with high morbidity, disability, and fatality rate, significantly increasing the global burden of public health. The failure in drug discovery over the past decades has stressed the urgency and importance of seeking new perspectives. Recently, gut microbiome (GM), with the ability to communicate with the brain bidirectionally through the microbiome–gut–brain axis, has attracted much attention in AD-related studies, owing to their strong associations with amyloids, systematic and focal inflammation, impairment of vascular homeostasis and gut barrier, mitochondrial dysfunction, etc., making the regulation of GM, specifically supplementation of probiotics a promising candidate for AD treatment. This article aims to review the leading-edge knowledge concerning potential roles of GM in AD pathogenesis and of probiotics in its treatment and prevention.
Functional roles of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in Alzheimer’s disease: Implications of gut microbiota-targeted therapy
Authors: Zhong Si-Ran , Kuang Qi , Zhang Fan , Chen Ben , Zhong Zhen-Guo 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Increasing scientific evidence demonstrates that the gut microbiota influences normal physiological homeostasis and contributes to pathogenesis, ranging from obesity to neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Gut microbiota can interact with the central nervous system (CNS) through the microbiota-gut-brain axis. The interaction is mediated by microbial secretions, metabolic interventions, and neural stimulation. Here, we review and summarize the regulatory pathways (immune, neural, neuroendocrine, or metabolic systems) in the microbiota-gut-brain axis in AD pathogenesis. Besides, we highlight the significant roles of the intestinal epithelial barrier and blood–brain barrier (BBB) in the microbiota-gut-brain axis. During the progression of AD, there is a gradual shift in the gut microbiota and host co-metabolic relationship, leading to gut dysbiosis, and the imbalance of microbial secretions and metabolites, such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). These products may affect the CNS metabolic state and immune balance through the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Further, we summarize the potential microbiota-gut-brain axis-targeted therapy including carbohydrates, probiotics, dietary measures, and propose new strategies toward the development of anti-AD drugs. Taken together, the data in this review suggest that remodeling the gut microbiota may present a tractable strategy in the management and development of new therapeutics against AD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
Structural study of anhydrous and hydrated 5-fluorouracil co-crystals with nicotinamide and isonicotinamide
Authors: Heinen Tobias , Hoelscher Sandra , Vasylyeva Vera 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
5-Fluorouracil is a widely used anti-cancer drug which exhibits diverse polymorphic and co-crystalline behavior. Here we report two new solvent-free co-crystals of 5-fluorouracil with model co-formers nicotinamide and isonicotinamide, along with the redetermination of their hydrated analogues. Selected co-formers are categorized as safe and therefore suitable for pharmaceutical applications. Differences and similarities in supramolecular topology of the given structures are discussed. A special emphasis is set on the influence of fluorine moieties on the overall packing and synthetic accessibility of the presented multi-component systems.