bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A guide to extending and implementing generalized risk-adjusted cost-effectiveness (GRACE)
Authors: Lakdawalla Darius N. , Phelps Charles E. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe generalized risk-adjusted cost-effectiveness (GRACE) model generalizes conventional cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) by introducing diminishing returns to Health-Related Quality of Life (QoL). This changes CEA practice in three ways: (1) Willingness to pay (WTP) increases exponentially with untreated illness severity or pre-existing permanent disability, and WTP ends up lower for mild diseases but higher for severe diseases compared with conventional CEA; (2) Average treatment effectiveness should be adjusted for uncertainty in outcomes; and (3) The marginal rate of substitution between life expectancy and QoL varies with health state. Implementing GRACE requires new parameters describing risk preferences over QoL, the marginal rate of substitution between life expectancy (LE) and QoL, and the variance and skewness of treatment outcomes distributions. In this paper, we provide: (1) a generalized WTP threshold incorporating the possibility of permanent disability; (2) a simpler method to estimate the tradeoff rate between QoL and LE, eliminating the need to carry out treatment-by-treatment estimates; (3) a more-general method to adjust WTP for illness severity that permits non-constant relative risk-aversion in QoL; (4) a new approach to estimating risk-preferences over QoL, leveraging established empirical methods from “happiness” economics; and (5) a step-by-step guide for practitioners wishing to implement multi-period GRACE analyses.
Transport of solute and solvent driven by lubrication pressure through non-deformable permeable membranes
Authors: Yamada Shuji , Takeuchi Shintaro , Miyauchi Suguru , Kajishima Takeo 
Published: September 2021

AbstractA discrete-forcing immersed boundary method with permeable membranes is developed to investigate the effect of lubrication on the permeations of solute and solvent through membrane. The permeation models are incorporated into the discretisation at the fluid cells including the membrane, and discretised equations for the pressure Poisson equation and convection–diffusion equation for the solute are represented with the discontinuities at the membrane. The validity of the proposed method is established by the convergence of the numerical results of the permeate fluxes (solute and solvent) to higher-order analytical models in a lubrication-dominated flow field. As a model of the mass exchange between inside and outside of a biological cell flowing in a capillary, a circular membrane is placed between parallel flat plates, and the effect of lubrication is investigated by varying the distance between the membrane and the walls. The pressure discontinuity near the wall is larger than that at the stagnation point, which is a highlighted effect of lubrication. In the case of a small gap, the solute transport is dominated by convection inside the circular membrane and by diffusion outside. Through the time variation of the concentration in the circular membrane, lubrication is shown to enhance mass transport from/to inside and outside the membrane.
Phenotypic plasticity and developmental noise in hybrid and parental clones of Daphnia longispina complex
Authors: Bernatowicz Piotr , Dawidowicz Piotr , Pijanowska Joanna 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAccording to the “temporal hybrid superiority hypothesis”, seasonal variability in environmental factors in temperate lakes gives hybrid clones within the D. longispina complex a temporary fitness advantage, thus allowing long-term, dynamic coexistence of hybrids and maternal taxa. However, the maintenance of hybrids would not require their superiority under any given set of environmental conditions if their average fitness over longer periods surpassed that of more specialized and less flexible parental clones. Phenotypic plasticity and developmental noise of several hybrid and maternal clones of Daphnia (Daphnia galeata, Daphnia hyalina, their hybrids and backcrosses) were compared in a series of laboratory experiments. Changes in depth selection and body size at first reproduction were scored in Daphnia exposed to predator (planktivorous fish) threat, to the presence of filamentous cyanobacteria (Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii), and to the presence of toxic compounds (PCB52 and PCB153). The hybrid clones were found to exhibit the broadest phenotypic plasticity of the studied traits in response to the different stress factors. Developmental noise in depth selection behaviour was the lowest in Daphnia galeata, the highest in Daphnia hyalina, and intermediate in hybrid and backcross clones. This diversity of reaction norms might permit the coexistence of closely related Daphnia clones in the variable and often unpredictable lake environment.
Winning the Battle but Losing the War: Ironic Effects of Training Consumers to Detect Deceptive Advertising Tactics
Authors: Wilson Andrew E. , Darke Peter R. , Sengupta Jaideep 
Published: September 2021

AbstractMisleading information pervades marketing communications, and is a long-standing issue in business ethics. Regulators place a heavy burden on consumers to detect misleading information, and a number of studies have shown training can improve their ability to do so. However, the possible side effects have largely gone unexamined. We provide evidence for one such side-effect, whereby training consumers to detect a specific tactic (illegitimate endorsers), leaves them more vulnerable to a second tactic included in the same ad (a restrictive qualifying footnote), relative to untrained controls. We update standard notions of persuasion knowledge using a goal systems approach that allows for multiple vigilance goals to explain such side-effects in terms ofgoal shielding, which is a generally adaptive process by which activation and/or fulfillment of a low-level goal inhibits alternative detection goals. Furthermore, the same goal systems logic is used to develop a more general form of training that activates a higher-level goal (general skepticism). This more general training improved detection of a broader set of tactics without the negative goal shielding side effect.
Structural properties of cellulose nanofibril foam depending on wet foaming conditions in Pickering stabilization
Authors: Park Shin Young , Goo Sooim , Shin Heenae , Kim Jinseung , Youn Hye Jung 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPorous cellulose nanofibril (CNF) foam was prepared by stabilizing bubbles with CNF and a surfactant and then drying the stabilized wet foam in a convection oven. The consistency of carboxymethylated CNF (CMCNF) and the addition amount of the surfactant were controlled and the effects of these factors on the CNF wet foam and dry foam properties were investigated. An adequate amount of the surfactant (0.02–0.04 wt%) with CMCNF consistency higher than 0.5 wt% yielded wet foams with excellent stability. When the wet foam was dried at 60 °C in an oven, dry CNF foam with over 97% porosity was generated. The stable wet foams resulted in dry CNF foam with a sphere-like pore structure and low levels of shrinkage during drying. In contrast, unstable wet foams generated dry foam with severe shrinkage and large cavities. The pore size and the porosity of the dried foam were determined by the shape of bubbles in the wet foam and the degree of shrinkage during drying, which, in turn, affected the mechanical strength. In addition, the compressive strength of the oven-dried foam was 83% higher than that of the freeze-dried foam. Therefore, the preparation of a stable wet porous CMCNF foam by controlling the CMCNF consistency and the amount of surfactant was essential for obtaining a porous CMCNF foam with a uniform pore structure and good mechanical strength by oven drying.
Graphic abstract
Effect of ultrasonication on the size distribution and stability of cellulose nanocrystals in suspension: an asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation study
Authors: Metzger Christoph , Drexel Roland , Meier Florian , Briesen Heiko 
Published: September 2021

AbstractCellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are bio-based building blocks for sustainable advanced materials with prospective applications in polymer composites, emulsions, electronics, sensors, and biomedical devices. However, their high surface area-to-volume ratio promotes agglomeration, which restrains their performance in size-driven applications, thereby hindering commercial CNC utilization. In this regard, ultrasonication is commonly applied to disperse CNCs in colloidal suspensions; however, ultrasonication methodology is not yet standardized and knowledge of the effects of ultrasound treatments on CNC size distribution is scarce. The major goals of this study were attributed to targeted breakage of CNC agglomerates and clusters by ultrasound. The evolution of particle size distribution and potential de-sulfation by ultrasonication as well as the long-term stability of ultrasonicated CNC suspensions were investigated. Colloidal suspensions of sulfated CNCs were isolated from cotton α-cellulose. Effects of ultrasonication on particle size distribution were determined by asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) coupled with on-line multi-angle light scattering and ultraviolet spectroscopy. These results were complemented with off-line dynamic light scattering. High ultrasound energy densities facilitated cumulative dispersion of CNC clusters. Consequently, the mean rod length decreased logarithmically from 178.1 nm at an ultrasound energy input of 2 kJ g−1 CNC to 141.7 nm (− 20%) at 40 kJ g−1 CNC. Likewise, the hydrodynamic diameter of the particle collective decreased logarithmically from 94.5 to 73.5 nm (− 22%) in the same processing window. While the rod length, below which 95 wt% of the CNCs were found, decreased from 306.5 to 231.8 nm (− 24%) from 2 to 40 kJ g−1 CNC, the shape factor of the main particle fraction ranged from 1.0 to 1.1, which indicated a decreasing number of dimers and clusters in the particle collective. In summary, progressing ultrasonication caused a shift of the particle length distribution to shorter particle lengths and simultaneously induced narrowing of the distribution. The suspension’s electrical conductivity concurrently increased, which has been attributed to faster diffusion of smaller particles and exposure of previously obscured surface charges. Colloidal stability, investigated through electrical AF4 and electrophoretic light scattering, was not affected by ultrasonication and, therefore, indicates no de-sulfation by the applied ultrasound treatment. Occurrence of minor CNC agglomeration at low ultrasound energy densities over the course of 6 months suggest the effect was not unmitigatedly permanent.
Die Diskussion zwischen José Gaos und Luis Villoro über den Begriff der Lebenswelt—﻿Kritische Auswertung einer entscheidenden Episode der Rezeptionsgeschichte von Husserls Phänomenologie in Spanien und Mexiko
Authors: Pérez-Gatica Sergio 
Published: September 2021

AbstractDie vorliegende Arbeit thematisiert eine sowohl im deutschen als auch im spanischen und englischen Sprachraum weitgehend unbekannte philosophische Kontroverse zweier herausragender Figuren der Rezeptionsgeschichte von Husserls Phänomenologie in Mexiko zur Zeit des spanischen republikanischen Exils. Es handelt sich um die Diskussion zwischen José Gaos und Luis Villoro über den phänomenologischen Begriff der Lebenswelt. Im ersten Teil meiner Darstellung werde ich den akademischen Kontext dieser Diskussion erörtern. Im zweiten Teil gehe ich auf die Hauptthese eines Vortrags ein, den Gaos 1963 in Mexiko-Stadt vor einem internationalen Publikum hielt und der als die erste dokumentierte Behandlung des Lebensweltbegriffs in der spanischsprachigen Philosophie gilt. Der dritte Teil behandelt Villoros Erwiderung auf Gaos’ Vortrag und die sich daraus ergebende Auseinandersetzung der beiden Philosophen. Im vierten Teil ziehe ich eine kritische Bilanz des Inhalts dieser Diskussion im Licht des aktuellen Stands der Husserlforschung. Dabei, und schließlich auch im fünften Teil, wird sich die unverkennbar radikale Bedeutung dieser Diskussion für die aktuelle phänomenologische Forschung herausstellen, insbesondere im Hinblick auf das Forschungsdesiderat einer Erklärung der systematischen Verhältnisse zwischen transzendentaler Erkenntniskritik und Lebenswelttheorie.
First impression biases in the performing arts: taste-based discrimination and the value of blind auditioning
Authors: Droege Jasmin 
Published: September 2021

AbstractI develop a game-theoretic framework to study the repercussions of an evaluator’s bias against a specific group of applicants. The evaluator decides upfront between holding an informed or a blind audition. In the latter, the evaluator learns neither the applicant’s ability nor the gender. I show that, above a threshold bias, the evaluator prefers a blind audition to provide high effort incentives exclusively for high-ability applicants. Consequently, committing to no information can be beneficial for the evaluator. I also show that a highly biased evaluator’s preferences align with those of a highly able female. I extend the framework to performance uncertainty and gender-blind CVs and compare blind auditions to affirmative action. The framework is relevant for auditory-based applications: my results can explain why blind auditions have increased the probability of a female orchestra musician being hired via taste-based discrimination and challenge explanations grounded in statistical discrimination.
Spontaneous circulation of active microtubules confined by optical traps
Authors: Martin Stephen E , Brunner Matthew E , Deutsch Joshua M 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe propose an experiment to demonstrate spontaneous ordering and symmetry breaking of kinesin-driven microtubules confined to an optical trap. Calculations involving the feasibility of such an experiment are first performed which analyze the power needed to confine microtubules and address heating concerns. We then present the results of first-principles simulations of active microtubules confined in such a trap and analyze the types of motion observed by the microtubules as well as the velocity of the surrounding fluid, both near the trap and in the far-field. We find three distinct phases characterized by breaking of distinct symmetries and also analyze the power spectrum of the angular momenta of polymers to further quantify the differences between these phases. Under the correct conditions, microtubules were found to spontaneously align with one another and circle the trap in one direction.
On the generative capacity of matrix insertion-deletion systems of small sum-norm
Authors: Fernau Henning , Kuppusamy Lakshmanan , Raman Indhumathi 
Published: September 2021

AbstractA matrix insertion-deletion system (or matrix ins-del system) is described by a set of insertion-deletion rules presented in matrix form, which demands all rules of a matrix to be applied in the given order. These systems were introduced to model very simplistic fragments of sequential programs based on insertion and deletion as elementary operations as can be found in biocomputing. We are investigating such systems with limited resources as formalized in descriptional complexity. A traditional descriptional complexity measure of such a matrix ins-del system is its size $$s=(k;n,i',i'';m,j',j'')$$

s
=
(
k
;
n
,

i
′

,

i

′
′

;
m
,

j
′

,

j

′
′

)

, where the parameters from left to right represent the maximal matrix length, maximal insertion string length, maximal length of left contexts in insertion rules, maximal length of right contexts in insertion rules; the last three are deletion counterparts of the previous three parameters. We call the sum $$n+i'+i''+m+j'+j''$$

n
+

i
′

+

i

′
′

+
m
+

j
′

+

j

′
′

the sum-norm of s. We show that matrix ins-del systems of sum-norm 4 and sizes (3; 1, 0, 0; 1, 2, 0), (3; 1, 0, 0; 1, 0, 2), (2; 1, 2, 0; 1, 0, 0), (2; 1, 0, 2; 1, 0, 0), and (2; 1, 1, 1; 1, 0, 0) describe the recursively enumerable languages. Moreover, matrix ins-del systems of sizes (3; 1, 1, 0; 1, 0, 0), (3; 1, 0, 1; 1, 0, 0), (2; 2, 1, 0; 1, 0, 0) and (2; 2, 0, 1; 1, 0, 0) can describe at least the regular closure of the linear languages. In fact, we show that if a matrix ins-del system of size s can describe the class of linear languages $$\mathrm {LIN}$$
LIN
, then without any additional resources, matrix ins-del systems of size s also describe the regular closure of $$\mathrm {LIN}$$
LIN
. Finally, we prove that matrix ins-del systems of sizes (2; 1, 1, 0; 1, 1, 0) and (2; 1, 0, 1; 1, 0, 1) can describe at least the regular languages.
Analysis of a mass-spring-relay system with periodic forcing
Authors: Lelkes János , Kalmár-Nagy Tamás 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe dynamics of a hysteretic relay oscillator with harmonic forcing is investigated. Periodic excitation of the system results in periodic, quasi-periodic, chaotic and unbounded behavior. An explicit Poincaré map is constructed with an implicit constraint on the switching time. The stability of the fixed points of the Poincaré map corresponding to period-one solutions is investigated. By varying the forcing parameters, we observed a saddle-center and a pitchfork bifurcation of two centers and a saddle-type fixed point. The global dynamics of the system exhibits discontinuity induced bifurcations of the fixed points.
A cost–benefit analysis of hospital-wide medication reviews: a period prevalence study
Authors: Wilkes Sarah , Zaal Rianne J. , Abdulla Alan , Hunfeld Nicole G. M. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackground For specific medical specialties it has been shown that clinical pharmacists can have a beneficial effect on the reduction of drug-related problems by performing medication reviews. However, little is known on the cost–benefit ratio of hospital-wide implementation of medication reviews. Aim To investigate the effect of conducting hospital-wide medication reviews on the detection and resolution of drug-related problems, and to calculate the cost–benefit ratio of the intervention. Method In this observational prospective period prevalence study, medication reviews were conducted during five consecutive working days in a Dutch university hospital. Patients admitted for more than 24 h were included. The cost–benefit ratio of conducting the medication reviews was calculated by dividing the total costs by the total savings. Results In 622 medication reviews, 709 potential drug-related problems (1.1 per patient) were detected. The most common advice was to stop medication (38.6%). Patients with a potentially drug-related problem were significantly older, had a higher median number of prescriptions, and the median number of days from admission to the time of medication reviews was longer. Conducting medication reviews showed a positive cost–benefit ratio of 9.7. Conclusions Hospital-wide medication reviews by clinical pharmacists have a positive cost–benefit ratio and contribute to the detection and the resolution of drug related problems (DRPs), mainly by reducing overtreatment.
Building blocks for a cognitive science-led epistemology of arithmetic
Authors: Buijsman Stefan 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn recent years philosophers have used results from cognitive science to formulate epistemologies of arithmetic (e.g. Giaquinto in J Philos 98(1):5–18, 2001). Such epistemologies have, however, been criticised, e.g. by Azzouni (Talking about nothing: numbers, hallucinations and fictions, Oxford University Press, 2010), for interpreting the capacities found by cognitive science in an overly numerical way. I offer an alternative framework for the way these psychological processes can be combined, forming the basis for an epistemology for arithmetic. The resulting framework avoids assigning numerical content to the Approximate Number System and Object Tracking System, two systems that have so far been the basis of epistemologies of arithmetic informed by cognitive science. The resulting account is, however, only a framework for an epistemology: in the final part of the paper I argue that it is compatible with both platonist and nominalist views of numbers by fitting it into an epistemology for ante rem structuralism and one for fictionalism. Unsurprisingly, cognitive science does not settle the debate between these positions in the philosophy of mathematics, but I it can be used to refine existing epistemologies and restrict our focus to the capacities that cognitive science has found to underly our mathematical knowledge.
Significance of selenium supplementation in root- shoot reactions under manganese stress in wheat seedlings – biochemical and cytological studies
Authors: Sieprawska Apolonia , Skórka Magdalena , Bednarska-Kozakiewicz Elżbieta , Niedojadło Katarzyna , Janiak Agnieszka , Telk Anna , Filek Maria 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPurposeAgronomic practices are one of the reasons for the increasing accumulation of elements in the soil, including manganese (Mn). Our previous studies have shown that selenium (Se) ions can reduce the toxic actions of metal stress. Those, we studied the effects of Mn—treated as a stressor and Se – as a potential defense in plants.MethodsMn ions (10 mM) or/and Se (15 μM) were added into hydroponic nutrients of two wheat cultivares. The evaluation of the stress-generating and protective actions were analyzed by biochemical methods and microscopic observations in leaves and roots. Moreover the level of DNA methylation for these tissues was determined.ResultsMn application caused an increase of lipid peroxidation and hydrogen peroxide content in both leaves and roots and was accompanied with a greater absorption of this element by the roots. For other elements (K, Fe, S, P), with the exception of Ca, the reduced their uptake was registered, especially in roots. For roots, Mn stimulated greater, microscopically observed, desorganization in cell structure as compared to leaves, which was accompanied by a quantitative increase in 5-methylcytosine (5-metC) in root meristem. Se application diminished the effects of Mn-stress.ConclusionsThese studies is the first in which indicated that global 5-metC level in roots enhancing from dividing meristematic cells to elongating cells of the axial cylinder and cortex. It was suggested that the rise in Ca level can lead to modification of root cells differentiations what may be one of the steps in defense mechanisms.
A review exploring the overarching burden of Zika virus with emphasis on epidemiological case studies from Brazil
Authors: Tunali Merve , Radin Alexandro André , Başıbüyük Selma , Musah Anwar , Borges Iuri Valerio Graciano , Yenigun Orhan , Aldosery Aisha , Kostkova Patty , dos Santos Wellington P. , Massoni Tiago , Dutra Livia Marcia Mosso , Moreno Giselle Machado Magalhaes , de Lima Clarisse Lins , da Silva Ana Clara Gomes , Ambrizzi Tércio , da Rocha Rosmeri Porfirio , Jones Kate E. , Campos Luiza C. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis paper explores the main factors for mosquito-borne transmission of the Zika virus by focusing on environmental, anthropogenic, and social risks. A literature review was conducted bringing together related information from this genre of research from peer-reviewed publications. It was observed that environmental conditions, especially precipitation, humidity, and temperature, played a role in the transmission. Furthermore, anthropogenic factors including sanitation, urbanization, and environmental pollution promote the transmission by affecting the mosquito density. In addition, socioeconomic factors such as poverty as well as social inequality and low-quality housing have also an impact since these are social factors that limit access to certain facilities or infrastructure which, in turn, promote transmission when absent (e.g., piped water and screened windows). Finally, the paper presents short-, mid-, and long-term preventative solutions together with future perspectives. This is the first review exploring the effects of anthropogenic aspects on Zika transmission with a special emphasis in Brazil.