bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms of residual immune activation in HIV-1-infected human lymphoid tissue ex vivo
Authors: Mercurio Vincenzo , Fitzgerald Wendy , Vanpouille Christophe , Molodtsov Ivan , Margolis Leonid 
Published: March 2021

Objective:
HIV-1 infection triggers immune activation, as reflected by the upregulation of various cytokines. This immune activation remains elevated despite antiretroviral therapy (ART) and leads to early age-related diseases. Here, we addressed the mechanisms of sustained immune activation in HIV-1-infected human lymphoid tissues ex vivo.

Design/method:
We investigated several potential causes of immunoactivation, including: a proinflammatory effect of ART drugs themselves; an early HIV-1-triggered cytokine storm, which could in turn trigger a sustained cytokine dysregulation; herpesvirus reactivation; HIV-1 protein release; and production of defective virions and extracellular vesicles. Tissue immune activation was evaluated from measurements of cytokines in culture medium using multiplexed immunoassays.

Results:
Neither ART itself nor simulated cytokine storms nor exogenously added HIV-1 proteins triggered a sustained cytokine upregulation. In contrast, defective (replicative-incompetent) virions and extracellular vesicles induced sustained cytokine upregulation, as did infectious virus. Tissue immune activation was accompanied by reactivation of cytomegalovirus.

Conclusion:
The system of ex-vivo human lymphoid tissue allowed investigation, under laboratory-controlled conditions, of possible mechanisms involved in persistent immune activation in HIV-1 patients under ART. Mechanisms of this immunoactivation identified in ex-vivo tissues may indicate potential therapeutic targets for restoration of immune system homeostasis in HIV-1-infected patients.
Three-Dimensional Measurement of Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx in Children With Hemifacial Microsomia
Authors: Peng Qi-Li , Zhang Zhi-Yong , Tang Xiao-Jun , Yin Lin , Xu Xi , Liu Wei 
Published: March 2021

Objective:
This study focused on evaluating different parts of the airway in patients with hemifacial microsomia classified by the Pruzansky-Kaban classification system.

Methods:
Volumetric and morphologic airway parameters of 66 children with hemifacial microsomia were measured on 3D models. Using the Pruzansky-Kaban system, the patient cohort was composed of seven I-type, 14 IIa type, 27 IIb type, and 18 III type patients.

Results:
The total airway volume was not statistically different among groups. In the 3D oropharynx models, volume and surface area of the oropharynx decreased from the type I group to the type IIb group. However, no statistically significant difference was found for length (P = 0.965) or minimum cross-sectional area (mini-CSA, P = 0.550) of the oropharynx in the type III group compared to the other groups. In the 3D laryngopharynx models, the mean-CSA (P = 0.413) and mini-CSA (P = 0.378) were not statistically different among groups. In contrast, volume (P = 0.014), length (P = 0.005), and surface area (P = 0.032) of the laryngopharynx were reduced from type I to type III. Kruskal–Wallis analysis indicated statistically significant differences of volume (P = 0.004), length (P = 0.017), and surface area (P = 0.010) of the laryngopharynx among groups I, IIa, and IIb. The mean-CSA (P = 0.247) and mini-CSA (P = 0.206) of the laryngopharynx were not correlated with the different clinical types.

Conclusion:
The mean-CSA varied significantly from type I to IIb at the level of oropharynx. In addition, the volume of the laryngopharynx decreased from type I to type III. However, type III was unique in this study with nonseverely airway measurement results.
Endoscopic Endonasal Transsphenoidal Approach for Third Ventriculostomy in the Management of Obstructive Hydrocephalus
Authors: Liu Bolin , Zheng Tao , Lv Wenhai , Huang Yuanzhi , Li Baofu , Chen Baoying , Wang Binrong , He Shiming 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) is a safe and effective method for the management of obstructive hydrocephalus. Traditional approach is a transfrontal trajectory through the foramen of Monro to access and open the third ventricle floor. Though endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach (EETA) for pituitary and skull base tumors has become increasingly popular, no published literature has explored its utility in performing an ETV. Here, the authors reported a successful ETV for obstructive hydrocephalus through the EETA. A 57-year-old male presenting with progressive headache and gait disturbance for 3 months was diagnosed with obstructive hydrocephalus. Brain MRI revealed an obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow at the cerebral aqueduct and supratentorial hydrocephalus, accompanied with dilatation and downward herniation of the third ventricle floor. Considering the displacement of the third ventricle floor and the indication for surgery, an ETV was successfully performed through the EETA. No postoperative complication was observed. Both radiological and clinical evaluation postoperatively confirmed ETV success with decreased ventricular size, increased CSF flow across the floor of the third ventricle, and improved clinical signs. EETA is a feasible approach for ETV in selected cases of obstructive hydrocephalus. This approach provides a short trajectory to directly visualize and open the Liliequist's membrane and the displaced floor of the third ventricle, while minimizes damage to normal brain tissue. Skull base repair with nasoseptal flap ensures the success rate by preventing postoperative CSF leak and infection.
Cost-effectiveness of Erenumab Versus Surgical Trigger Site Deactivation for the Treatment of Migraine Headaches: A Systematic Review
Authors: Shah Nikhil , Castro Ruben , Attaripour Isfahani Sanaz N. , Vyas Raj M. 
Published: March 2021

Background:
Migraine headache is a common, debilitating condition responsible for astronomical societal burden. The chronicity of migraine headaches necessitates the use of many healthcare services. Preventative treatment remains the desirable option for this patient population. Pharmacologic advances have led to the development of erenumab, a monoclonal antibody calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonist that directly interferes with the known biochemical pathway of migraine initiation. Alternatively, surgical decompression of migraine trigger sites is a historically effective preventative option for certain patients experiencing migraine headaches. As new treatments emerge, the large economic burden of migraine headaches requires cost evaluation against already available preventative modalities.

Methods:
Studies evaluating the cost-effectiveness of both erenumab and surgical trigger site deactivation were found using EMBASE and MedLine. Relevant economic data was extracted from this literature and the cost of treatment with erenumab was compared with surgical decompression.

Results:
The market price of erenumab is $6900/yr. Speculative models predicted a direct annual healthcare cost ranging from $11,404 to $12,988 for patients experiencing episodic migraine. For chronic migraine patients, this range extended to $25,604. Annual indirect costs ranged from $7601 to $19,377. Prospective and model-based studies evaluating surgical trigger site deactivation reported an average 1 time surgical cost between $6956 and $10,303. In episodic migraine, subsequent annual healthcare costs were $900.

Conclusions:
Erenumab has potential to be a revolutionary noninvasive preventative treatment for migraine headache. With that said, the cost-conscious option for patients receiving more than 1 year of treatment remains surgical trigger site deactivation.
Totally Laparoscopic Ileocolic Resection for Complex Enterovisceral Fistulas in Crohn’s Disease: A Comparative Study
Authors: Nevo Yehonatan , Zippel Douglas , Segev Lior , Ben Yaacov Almog , Meron Eldar Shai , Hazzan David 
Published: March 2021

Introduction:
In primary Crohn’s disease (CD), laparoscopic ileocolic resection has been shown to be both feasible and safe, and is associated with improved outcomes in terms of postoperative morbidity and length of hospital stay. However, it is unclear whether the laparoscopic approach can be routinely proposed as a safe procedure for patients with complex enterovisceral fistulas.
The aim of this study is to assess the feasibility and safety of laparoscopic surgery for complex enterovisceral fistulas, and compare it with CD patients who underwent primary laparoscopic ileocolic resection.

Patients and Methods:
All patients who underwent laparoscopic primary ileocolic resection (LICR) for complex enterovisceral fistulas between July 2006 and July 2017 were included. They were compared with all consecutive patients who underwent LICR for nonfistulizing CD in the same period of time. Patients with previous bowel resections or recurrent disease were excluded.

Results:
Nineteen patients with 20 enterovisceral fistulas (group I) were compared with 61 patients who underwent LICR for nonfistulizing disease (group II). There were no differences between the groups in age, sex, preoperative body mass index, nutritional status, and American Society of Anesthesiology score. There was no conversion to open surgery in both groups.
There were no significant differences between groups in terms of operative time [120 (range: 65 to 232) vs. 117 (range: 62 to 217) min, P=0.7], hospital stay [6 (5 to 8) vs. 7 (5 to 65) days, P=0.56], overall morbidity 26.3% versus 16.4% (P=0.33), major morbidity (Clavien-Dindo >3) 15.7% versus 10% (P=0.66) and reoperation rates 5.3% versus 4.9% (P=0.9). There was no mortality in both groups.

Conclusions:
Our experience shows that the laparoscopic approach for complex enterovisceral fistulas in selected CD patients is both feasible and safe in the hands of experienced inflammatory bowel disease surgeons with extensive expertise in laparoscopic surgery. Larger study cohorts are needed to confirm these findings.
Interventions to control nosocomial transmission of SARS-CoV-2: a modelling study
Authors: Pham Thi Mui , Tahir Hannan , van de Wijgert Janneke H.H.M. , Van der Roest Bastiaan , Ellerbroek Pauline , Bonten Marc J.M. , Bootsma Martin C.J. , Kretzschmar Mirjam E. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundEmergence of more transmissible SARS-CoV-2 variants requires more efficient control measures to limit nosocomial transmission and maintain healthcare capacities during pandemic waves. Yet, the relative importance of different strategies is unknown.MethodsWe developed an agent-based model and compared the impact of personal protective equipment (PPE), screening of healthcare workers (HCWs), contact tracing of symptomatic HCWs, and restricting HCWs from working in multiple units (HCW cohorting) on nosocomial SARS-CoV-2 transmission. The model was fit on hospital data from the first wave in the Netherlands (February until August 2020) and assumed that HCWs used 90% effective PPE in COVID-19 wards and self-isolated at home for seven days immediately upon symptom onset. Intervention effects on the effective reproduction number (RE), HCW absenteeism and the proportion of infected individuals among tested individuals (positivity rate) were estimated for a more transmissible variant.ResultsIntroduction of a variant with 56% higher transmissibility increased – all other variables kept constant –REfrom 0.4 to 0.65 (+63%) and nosocomial transmissions by 303%, mainly because of more transmissions caused by pre-symptomatic patients and HCWs. Compared to baseline, PPE use in all hospital wards (assuming 90% effectiveness) reducedREby 85% and absenteeism by 57%. Screening HCWs every three days with perfect test sensitivity reducedREby 67%, yielding a maximum test positivity rate of 5%. Screening HCWs every three or seven days assuming time-varying test sensitivities reducedREby 9% and 3%, respectively. Contact tracing reducedREby at least 32% and achieved higher test positivity rates than screening interventions. HCW cohorting reducedREby 5%. Sensitivity analyses for 50% and 70% effectiveness of PPE use did not change interpretation.ConclusionsIn response to the emergence of more transmissible SARS-CoV-2 variants, PPE use in all hospital wards might still be most effective in preventing nosocomial transmission. Regular screening and contact tracing of HCWs are also effective interventions, but critically depend on the sensitivity of the diagnostic test used.
Changes in eating habits and lifestyles in Peruvian population during social isolation by the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Huancahuire-Vega Salomón , Newball-Noriega Edda E. , Rojas-Humpire Ricardo , Saintila Jacksaint , Vásquez Mery Rodriguez , Ruiz-Mamani Percy. G. , Morales-García Wilter C. , White Michael 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic caused that some governments have implemented house confinement measures with probable consequences on lifestyle, particularly affecting eating habits, physical activity, sleep quality, and mental health.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to assess the frequency of lifestyles, physical activity and sleep characteristics, as well as changes in eating habits in the Peruvian population during COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsA Cross-sectional descriptive study was performed. We analyzed adults from Peru between July to August 2020 based on an online self-administered questionnaire divided into sociodemographic, anthropometrics and COVID-19 diagnostic reported, lifestyle habits and frequency of consumption of foods.FindingsDuring confinement by COVID-19, 1176 participants were studied, 39% were student, 37.5% were workers and 46% were assert not to work. The population asserted gain weight (1 to 3 Kg) and 35.7% were overweight. The lifestyles habits showed that 54.8% affirmed to doing physical activity and a large proportion (37.2%) asserted sleep less. The Peruvian population presented a main feeding patter of breakfast (95.7%), lunch (97.5%), dinner (89.1%) and brunch (44.9%). Likewise, feeding habits before and during COVID-19 pandemic showed that vegetables (OR:1.56, CI95% 1.21 - 200), fruit (OR: 1.42, CI95% 1.10 – 1.81), legumes (OR:1.67, CI95% 1.23 – 2.28) and eggs (OR: 2.00, CI95% 1.52 – 2.65) presented significantly consumption increase during social isolation, while bakery products (OR: 0.74, CI95% 0.56 – 0.97), meat, snack, refreshment and fast-food decrease consumption. Other food no significant differences were presented.ConclusionThis study in a Peruvian population showed an important frequency of overweight and sleep disorders. There was a slight increase in physical activity despite the social isolation measures and an increase in health eating habits, nevertheless a majority reported gaining weight.
HEARING MORE TO HEAR LESS: A SCOPING REVIEW OF HEARING AIDS FOR TINNITUS RELIEF
Authors: Jacquemin Laure , Gilles Annick , Shekhawat Giriraj Singh 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundTinnitus, the perception of a sound in absence of an external auditory source, can significantly impact ones’ quality of life. As tinnitus is often associated with hearing loss, hearing aids have been proposed for tinnitus relief in literature for more than 70 years. While there is a long history of clinical work and research on this topic, there is a need for recent literature to be reviewed and guide decision making in tinnitus management.ObjectiveThe aim of this scoping review is to provide an update of the available evidence on hearing aids for tinnitus, focusing on the effect of sound amplification, to draw conclusions for clinical practice and identify gaps in the field. A consultation exercise was included to discuss current issues that practitioners and carers themselves face but remain under-researched.DesignThis scoping review was conducted based on the six-stage framework of Arksey et al. (2005). Studies were included if they investigated hearing aids for tinnitus and were published after 2011. Databases of PubMed and Scopus were explored on the 16th of November 2020. The search was limited to English manuscripts. A total of 28 primary research studies were selected.ResultsPositive results of hearing aids for tinnitus relief were shown by 68 % of the studies, whereas 14 % demonstrated no change in tinnitus perception. As the quality of the evidence across studies was variable, no consensus can be reached regarding the use of hearing aids as a treatment for tinnitus. Nevertheless, recent studies were more likely to focus on optimizing the effect of hearing aids and better predicting which tinnitus patients benefit from hearing aids. The experts stated that the findings were in agreement with their view on the scientific evidence and they emphasized the importance of reaching consensus.ConclusionsThe majority of the studies supported the use of hearing aids for tinnitus relief. Hence, there was some scientific support for it, but the quality of evidence was questioned. Stronger methodology in future studies is needed to reach consensus and support clinical guidelines development.
COVID-19 lockdowns may reduce resistance genes diversity in the human microbiome and the need for antibiotics
Authors: Rebelo João S. , Domingues Célia P. F. , Dionisio Francisco , Gomes Manuel C. , Botelho Ana , Nogueira Teresa 
Published: March 2021

2.AbstractRecently, much attention has been paid to the COVID-19 pandemic, yet bacterial resistance to antibiotics remains a serious and unsolved public health problem, which kills thousands of people annually, being an insidious and silent pandemic. In this study, we explored the idea of confinement and the tightening of the hygiene measures to contain the spreading of coronavirus, to simulate the effect that it has on lowering the spreading of pathogenic bacteria in a human network, and on the need to use antibiotics. For that, we used computational biology to generate simulations.
Genomic epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in the United Arab Emirates reveals novel virus mutation, patterns of co-infection and tissue specific host innate immune response
Authors: Liu Rong , Wu Pei , Ogrodzki Pauline , Mahmoud Sally , Liang Ke , Liu Pengjuan , Francis Stephen S. , Khalak Hanif , Liu Denghui , Li Junhua , Ma Tao , Chen Fang , Liu Weibin , Huang Xinyu , He Wenjun , Yuan Zhaorong , Qiao Nan , Meng Xin , Alqarni Budoor , Quilez Javier , Kusuma Vinay , Lin Long , Jin Xin , Yang Chongguang , Anton Xavier , Koshy Ashish , Yang Huanming , Xu Xun , Wang Jian , Xiao Peng , Al Kaabi Nawal Ahmed Mohamed , Fasihuddin Mohammed Saifuddin , Selvaraj Francis Amirtharaj , Weber Stefan , Al Hosani Farida Ismail , Liu Siyang , Zaher Walid Abbas 
Published: March 2021

AbstractTo unravel the source of SARS-CoV-2 introduction and the pattern of its spreading and evolution in the United Arab Emirates, we conducted meta-transcriptome sequencing of 1,067 nasopharyngeal swab samples collected between May 9th and Jun 29th, 2020 during the first peak of the local COVID-19 epidemic. We identified global clade distribution and eleven novel genetic variants that were almost absent in the rest of the world defined five subclades specific to the UAE viral population. Cross-settlement human-to-human transmission was related to the local business activity. Perhaps surprisingly, at least 5% of the population were co-infected by SARS-CoV-2 of multiple clades within the same host. We also discovered an enrichment of cytosine-to-uracil mutation among the viral population collected from the nasopharynx, that is different from the adenosine-to-inosine change previously reported in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples and a previously unidentified upregulation of APOBEC4 expression in nasopharynx among infected patients, indicating the innate immune host response mediated by ADAR and APOBEC gene families could be tissue-specific. The genomic epidemiological and molecular biological knowledge reported here provides new insights for the SARS-CoV-2 evolution and transmission and points out future direction on host-pathogen interaction investigation.
Higher viral load drives infrequent SARS-CoV-2 transmission between asymptomatic residence hall roommates
Authors: Bjorkman Kristen K. , Saldi Tassa K. , Lasda Erika , Bauer Leisha Conners , Kovarik Jennifer , Gonzales Patrick K. , Fink Morgan R. , Tat Kimngan L. , Hager Cole R. , Davis Jack C. , Ozeroff Christopher D. , Brisson Gloria R. , Larremore Daniel B. , Leinwand Leslie A. , McQueen Matthew B. , Parker Roy 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTIn 2019-2020, the COVID-19 pandemic spread to over 200 countries in less than six months. To understand the basis of this aggressive spread, it is essential to determine the transmission rate and define the factors that increase the risk of transmission. One complication is the large fraction of asymptomatic cases, particularly in young populations: these individuals have viral loads indistinguishable from symptomatic people and do transmit the SARS-CoV-2 virus, but they often go undetected. As university students living in residence halls commonly share a small living space with roommates, some schools established regular, high density testing programs to mitigate on-campus spread. In this study, we analyzed longitudinal testing data of residence hall students at the University of Colorado Boulder. We observed that students in single rooms were infected at a lower rate than students in multiple occupancy rooms. However, this was not due to high rates of transmission between roommates, which only occurred approximately 20% of the time. Since these cases were usually asymptomatic at the time of diagnosis, this provides further evidence for asymptomatic transmission. Notably, individuals who likely transmitted to their roommates had an average viral load ∼6.5 times higher than individuals who did not. Although students were moved to separate isolation rooms after diagnosis, there was no difference in time to isolation between these cases with or without transmission. This analysis argues that inter-roommate transmission occurs in a minority of cases in university residence halls and provides strong correlative evidence that viral load can be proportional to the probability of transmission.