bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maillard reaction products and guaiacol as production process and raw material markers for the authentication of sesame oil
Authors: Liu Rui , Chen Hengye , Wang Shuo , Wei Liuna , Yu Yongjie , Lan Wei , Yang Jian , Guo Lanping , Fu Haiyan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDSesame oil has an excellent flavor and is widely appreciated. It has a higher price than other vegetable oils because of the high price of its raw materials, and different processing techniques also result in products of different quality levels, which can command different prices. In the market, there is a persistent problem of adulteration of sesame oil, driven by economic interests. The screening of volatile markers used to distinguish the authenticity of sesame oil raw materials and production processes is therefore very important.RESULTSIn this work, six markers related to the production processes and raw materials of sesame oil were screened by gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (GC‐MS/MS) combined with chemometric analysis. They were 3‐methyl‐2‐butanone, 2‐ethyl‐5‐methyl‐pyrazine, guaiacol, 2,6‐dimethyl‐pyrazine, 5‐methyl furfural, and ethyl‐pyrazine. The concentration of these markers in sesame oil is between 10 and1000 times that found in other vegetable oils. However, only 3‐methyl‐2‐butanone and 2‐ethyl‐5‐methyl‐pyrazine differed significantly as the result of the use of different production processes. Except for guaiacol, which was mainly derived from raw materials, the other five compounds mentioned above all result from the Maillard reaction during thermal processing. The six compounds mentioned above are sufficient to distinguish fraud involving sesame oil raw materials and production processes, and can identify accurately adulteration levels of 30% concentration.CONCLUSIONIn this study, the classification markers can identify the adulteration of sesame oil accurately. These six compounds are therefore important for the authenticity of sesame oil and provide a theoretical basis for the rapid and accurate identification of the authenticity of sesame oil. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Comparative effects of gibberellin A3, glycine betaine, and Si, Ca, and K fertilizers on physiological disorders and yield of pomegranate cv. Wonderful
Authors: Drogoudi Pavlina , Pantelidis Georgios E 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDDamage from cracking, russeting, and sunscalds causes significant yield losses in pomegranate worldwide and may result from stressful environmental conditions. Although foliar sprays with minerals or growth regulators could be an important orchard management, little is known on the effectiveness of glycine betaine, silicon (Si)‐based fertilizers or the response of cv. Wonderful to gibberellin A3 (GA3).RESULTSDuring a 2‐year study, foliar spraying with GA3 at 75 or 150 mg L−1 applied in July substantially reduced cracking, russeting, and sunscald symptoms and increased fruit size, yield, and 100‐aril weight, without affecting the % edible portion or % juice, suggesting that arils and skin increased similarly. Nevertheless, they reduced the skin red coloration, especially at the higher dose. GA3 at 75 mg L−1 applied in September resulted in a low number of harvested fruit as a result of delayed maturation. Spraying with glycine betaine at seven repeated times at biweekly intervals starting in July, reduced sunscald symptoms, red coloration, and maturity index only in the year with high damage. Foliar sprays with calcium chloride or Si‐based fertilizer containing potassium, applied as in the glycine betaine treatment, did not affect the occurrence of physiological disorders, whereas Si‐based fertilizer containing potassium and calcium increased cracking and decreased sunscald only in the year with high damage.CONCLUSIONSpraying with GA3 at 75 mg L−1 in July could have a significant impact on a grower's income by reducing damage from physiological disorders, improving yield with a minimum decrease in red skin coloration. The efficacy of nutrient‐related fertilizers and glycine betaine were not constant, and this would be useful to evaluate at earlier application times and under stress conditions. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Structural characterisation and bioactivity of polysaccharides isolated from fermented Dendrobium officinale
Authors: Wang Xilai , Zhou Xin , Wang Kai , Cao Xianying 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDA polysaccharide was purified in this study, which was acquired from the fermentation broth of Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo. We aimed to investigate the structural features and bioactivity of this polysaccharide.RESULTSThe polysaccharide was purified and the main polysaccharide fraction (i.e., DOP‐1) was obtained. High‐performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) revealed that the molecular weight of DOP‐1 was 447.48 kDa. Galactose, glucose and mannose were found to be present in DOP‐1 via monosaccharide composition analysis, at a ratio of 1:1.79:6.71. Methylation and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic analysis indicated that the backbone of DOP‐1 was →4)‐α‐d‐Glcp‐(1 → 4)‐α‐d‐Manp‐(1 → 4)‐α‐d‐Manp‐(1 → 4,6)‐α‐d‐Manp‐(1→, and its repeating units were also preliminarily established. In vitro tests proved that DOP‐1 not only protects RAW264.7 macrophages from the cytotoxic effect induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), but also inhibits cytokines (i.e., interleukin‐6 and tumour necrosis factor‐α) induced by LPS. DOP‐1 demonstrated good scavenging activity in vitro toward 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl and hydroxyl radicals, as well as good metal chelating activity. Therefore, DOP‐1 has potential antioxidant applications.CONCLUSIONThe structural characteristics of DOP‐1 support its favourable biological activities and lay a strong foundation for further exploration of its structure–activity relationships and activity development, providing experimental data for the development and utilisation of fermentation broth of D. officinale. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Comparing on‐farm and long‐term research experiments on soil carbon recovery by conservation agriculture in Southern Brazil
Authors: de Oliveira Ferreira Ademir , Amado Telmo Jorge Carneiro , Rice Charles W. , Gonçalves Daniel Ruiz Potma , Ruiz Diaz Dorivar A. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractGlobal studies, generally, and Brazilian studies, specifically, on soil organic carbon (SOC) in experimental research plots, support conservation agriculture (CA) as a tool to partially or totally restore SOC stocks depleted by conventional tillage agriculture. In response, the Brazilian Government implemented in 2010–2030 a “Low Carbon Agriculture Plan” (ABC Plan) program centered on large‐scale CA adoption. However, the projections of SOC recovery based on long‐term research trials may not adequately portray farm level high‐yield operations. The objectives of this study were: (a) quantify and compare SOC stocks to a 1‐m depth in long‐term CA at the farm scale (>20 years) with paired native vegetation and nearest available long‐term research experiments (>30 years) in Southern Brazil; (b) explore the role of oilseed radish (Raphanus sativus L.) as a cover crop to enhance SOC accumulation. In general, farm level CA systems restored SOC at an equal or higher level than the paired research plots. For the farm level CA systems, average SOC recovery was 92% (0–0.30 m) and 97% (0–1.0 m) in the soil profile relative to native vegetation. Moreover, compared to research scale CA, farm level CA average SOC recovery was 91 and 86%, for the same soil layers. Recovery of SOC in research scale CA can be scaled up to farm level systems in Southern Brazil. The main characteristics for SOC recovery (0–1.0 m) were high inputs of plant biomass, lack of soil disturbance, and diversification with oilseed radish cover crop.
The Impact of Primary Liver Disease and Social Determinants in a Mixed Donor Liver Transplant Program: A Single‐Center Analysis
Authors: Leung Kristel K. , Kim Audrey , Hansen Bettina E. , Lilly Les , Selzner Nazia , Patel Keyur , Bhat Mamatha , Hirschfield Gideon M. , Galvin Zita 
Published: June 2021

Organ allocation in liver transplantation (LT) remains imperfect. Periodic center reviews ensure programs transparently evaluate the impact of practice on access to transplantation, reflecting, in particular, patient (primary disease, social determinants) and program (deceased versus live donation) factors. Adult Ontario residents waitlisted for first LT at Toronto General Hospital from November 2012 to May 2019 were reviewed. Analyses were performed between distance to transplant center, income, education level, population density and primary liver disease, with LT, deceased donor liver transplant (DDLT), living donor liver transplant (LDLT), and delisting. Of 1735 listed patients, 549 were delisted (32%), while 1071 were transplanted (62%), with 819 DDLT recipients (76%) and 252 LDLT recipients (24%), while 115 (7%) remained actively listed at data census. On univariate analysis, DDLT recipients lived 30% closer (median 39.7 versus 60.6 km; P < 0.001), lived in more populous areas (median 8501.0 versus 6868.5 people in a 1‐km radius; P < 0.001), and resided in households that annually earned 10% less (median $92,643.17 versus $102,820.89 Canadian dollars; P < 0.001) compared with LDLT recipients. These findings with population density and income differences between DDLT versus LDLT receival remained significant on multivariate modeling even when accounting for primary liver disease. Primary liver disease was a statistically significant factor on multivariate analyses in LT receival (P = 0.001) as well as DDLT versus LDLT receival (P < 0.001). Of patients listed for end‐stage liver disease, more patients with autoimmune cholestatic liver diseases received LDLT (34%‐41%) than DDLT (27%‐30%); this contrasted with patients with noncholestatic diseases LDLT (8%‐19%) versus DDLT (37%‐59%) receival (P < 0.001). Review of transplant allocation in a large mixed‐donor North American liver transplant program demonstrates how patient social determinants and primary liver disease etiology continue to be significantly associated with ultimate transplantation.
Markedly Similar Growth and Longevity of Green Jobfish Aprion virescens over an Expansive Geographic Range between the Hawaiian Archipelago and the Eastern Indian Ocean
Authors: O’Malley Joseph , Wakefield Corey B. , Kinney Michael J. , Newman Stephen J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The Green Jobfish Aprion virescens supports important commercial, recreational, and subsistence fisheries throughout its Indo-Pacific range. Concerns with previous estimates of age and growth from fish in Hawaii, along with evidence of variability in these parameters from locations outside the Pacific Ocean, limits their reliability as input parameters for assessments of this species, particularly in Hawaii. Previously validated aging criterion were applied to fish collected from within the Hawaiian Archipelago (main Hawaiian Islands and Northwestern Hawaiian Islands) and the eastern Indian Ocean to provide length-at-age, growth, and longevity information for stock assessment and management purposes as well as to further examine spatial variability across its range. The Bayesian information criterion was used as a measure of goodness of fit for von Bertalanffy models with different covariates to explore the influence of sex and location on growth. No divergence in growth trajectories was identified between sexes, and growth parameter estimates were not different within the Hawaiian Archipelago or between Hawaii and the eastern Indian Ocean. Empirical natural mortality estimates revealed that mortality was also very similar between sexes and among locations due to the similarity in maximum ages and growth parameter estimates. Considering there was dissimilarity in age and growth parameters between the current study and those published for this species from the Coral Sea and the western and central Indian Ocean, further investigation of potential clines in relation to latitude, and subsequently water temperature, need to be determined.
Evidence of Life Cycle Diversity of River Herring in the Penobscot River Estuary, Maine
Authors: Stevens Justin R. , Saunders Rory , Duffy William 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Alewife Alosa pseudoharengus and Blueback Herring A. aestivalis—collectively referred to as river herring—exhibit complex life histories, exploiting freshwater and marine biomes to complete their life cycles. We investigated distribution patterns of river herring in the Penobscot River estuary, Maine, USA, from April through September in 2012 and 2013 and found both species in relatively low-salinity portions of the estuary in all months sampled. River herring made up the majority of samples in terms of abundance and biomass for most months. We developed age–length keys for monthly catches and found consistent presence of age-1 and age-2 river herring, especially during spring. We found seasonal patterns in age distribution with age-1 fish and older most abundant in spring and summer and age-0 fish only occurring in late summer through fall. These observations provide direct evidence of life cycle diversity for juvenile river herring, complementing other recent observations in other parts of their native range. Lastly, our findings suggest further consideration should be given to the importance of connectivity between marine, estuarine, and freshwater habitats for age-1 and age-2 river herring and to the more complex ecological roles of age-1 and age-2 river herring given their intermediate trophic level and presence in relatively fresh components of the Penobscot River estuary.
Vertically aligned and non‐close‐packed arrays of dumbbell‐ and bullet‐shaped nanoparticles fabricated via self‐assembly
Authors: Kuno Goshi , Sato Naoki , Sakaguchi Kota , Matsumoto Akikazu 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBiomimetic nanostructures are attracting great interest because of their applications in mechanical engineering, optics, and biosciences. One of the most effective methods for fabricating nanostructures is forming particle arrays that have controlled shapes and placements. Herein, a novel self‐assembly method for forming vertically aligned arrays of anisotropic‐shaped particles is described. The particles can be vertically aligned with controlled spacing on substrates using a layer‐by‐layer method and thermal fusion. This method can be applied to particles of various shapes; for example, dumbbell‐shaped particles with an aspect ratio in the range of 1.2–1.9 and bullet‐shaped particles with an aspect ratio of two or more are aligned on substrates. From the results of the simulation of particle arrangement, the particles are oriented in the layer‐by‐layer process if they have anisotropy in terms of the shape, specific gravity, and surface charge of the particles. Furthermore, to make the particles stand upright, it is necessary to heat the particles at a temperature equal to or higher than the glass transition temperature of the polymer that covers the particles. This method is applicable to form broadband high aspect nanostructures, and the vertically aligned particle array shows good anti‐reflection properties and high transparency.
Combined exome sequencing and deep phenotyping in highly selected fetuses with skeletal dysplasia during the first and second trimesters improves diagnostic yield
Authors: Zhang Xinyue , Ren Yuan , Song Rui , Wang Longxia , Xu Hong , Xie Xiaoxiao , Zhou Honghui , Sun Pei , Zhang Manli , Zhao Qingdong , You Yanqin , Gao Zhiying , Meng Yuanguang , Lu Yanping 
Published: June 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the genetic etiology of skeletal dysplasia in highly selected fetuses during the first and second trimesters using deep phenotyping and exome sequencing (ES).MethodFetuses with short femurs were identified using the established prenatal diagnostic approach. A multidisciplinary team reviewed fetal phenotypic information (prenatal ultrasound findings, fetal postmortem, and radiographs) in a cohort of highly selected fetuses with skeletal dysplasia during the first and second trimesters. The affected families underwent multiplatform genetic tests.ResultsOf the 27 affected fetuses, 21 (77.8%) had pathogenic or potential pathogenic variations in the following genes: COL1A1, FGFR3, COL2A1, COL1A2, FLNB, DYNC2LI1, and TRIP11. Two fetuses had compound heterozygous mutations in DYNC2LI1 and TRIP11, respectively, and the other 19 carried de novo autosomal dominant variants. Novel variants were identified in COL1A1, COL2A1, COL1A2, DYNC2LI1, and TRIP11 in 11 fetuses. We also included the first description of the phenotype of odontochondrodysplasia in a prenatal setting.ConclusionsES or panel sequencing offers a high diagnostic yield for fetal skeletal dysplasia during the first and second trimesters. Comprehensive and complete phenotypic information is indispensable for genetic analysis and the expansion of genotype–phenotype correlations in fetal skeletal abnormalities.
A review of the sampling methodology used in studies evaluating the effectiveness of risk minimisation measures in Europe
Authors: Jouaville Laurence Sophie , Paul Tulika , Almas Mariana Ferreira 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPurposeThis review aims to describe the sampling methodology used in studies assessing effectiveness of risk minimisation measures (RMMs) in the European Union.MethodsThe European Union electronic Register of Post‐Authorization Studies (EU PAS Register) was searched to identify studies that assessed the effectiveness of RMMs and recruited a target population of healthcare professionals (HCPs), sites or patients. Studies with both protocol and report were included and data was extracted from these documents to describe study characteristics and variables involved in the sampling methodology.ResultsOut of 1092 studies finalised between June 2017 and May 2019, 17 studies were eligible for review. Thirteen were surveys, three chart reviews and one combined both methodologies. All the 17 studies recruited HCPs/sites and 8 of them also recruited patients. The most common rationale for country sampling was market uptake (10/17), while for HCP/site sampling, it was representativeness of the prescribing practices (14/17). Only a minority of the studies (4/17) provided supporting evidence to inform this theoretical framework. HCP/site sampling frames were mainly network of physicians (5/17) or HCP databases (5/17), with only one study providing a detailed description of the sampling frame. HCPs were selected mainly using probabilistic sampling (10/17) and patients using non‐probabilistic sampling (6/8). Only a few studies compared participating with non‐participating HCPs/sites (5/17) and patients (3/8). Eight studies reported that their results were generalisable.ConclusionsOverall, the study documents provided insufficient details to understand the rationale behind the sampling decisions. More standardisation and guidance in reporting the sampling strategy and operational considerations applicable to these types of studies would support transparency and facilitate the evaluation of representativeness of the study results.
Pre‐clinical and clinical applications of thermoreversible hydrogels in biomedical engineering: a review
Authors: Constantinou Anna P , Georgiou Theoni K 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThermoreversible polymer hydrogels (TRGs) are physical aqueous networks triggered by temperature that find potential applications in tissue engineering (TE) and drug/gene delivery. When systems with lower critical solution temperature (LCST) behaviour are used, the aqueous solution of polymer is mixed with cells or drugs/genes, depending on the desired application, at room temperature and then injected in vivo to form a hydrogel. This in situ forming hydrogel acts as a matrix for tissue regeneration or controlled and targeted release of the compound. This review focuses on discussing the studies in which synthetic TRGs with LCST behaviour have been applied in vivo in model animals. These studies are categorised depending on the general structure of the polymer, as follows: (i) poloxamers (also known as Pluronics®), (ii) degradable polymers, (iii) poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide), (iv) poly(organophosphazene) and (v) poly(2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline). In general, when the system is optimised, TRGs provide sustained and topical release of the drugs, thus minimising the undesired side effects. When applied in the TE field, tissue formation was observed. Interestingly, two polymers have reached clinical trials, namely poloxamer 407 (P407, Pluronic® F127, often combined with P188, F68) and Regel® (the formulation of Regel® with the anticancer agent paclitaxel is known as Oncogel®), indicating the challenges that need to be overcome before successful application in clinics. © 2021 The Authors. Polymer International published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Industrial Chemistry.
UV–thermal‐cured cycloaliphatic epoxy composites with enhanced mechanical properties via Ca2+‐modified nanocrystalline cellulose
Authors: Lv Jing , Hu Dechao , Ma Wenshi 
Published: June 2021

AbstractUV–thermal‐cured cycloaliphatic epoxy resin (CAE) has received great attention due to high curing efficiency, low energy consumption and wide application. However, this rigid polymer with a highly crosslinked network tends to exhibit substantial brittleness. Herein, a novel toughening agent was successfully prepared by modifying nanocrystalline cellulose with Ca2+ (NCC‐Ca). The chemical structure of NCC‐Ca was characterized using Fourier transform infrared and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopies. Mechanical properties, moisture absorption and thermal properties of UV–thermal‐cured NCC/CAE and NCC‐Ca/CAE composites were comprehensively evaluated. With a NCC‐Ca content of 0.7 wt%, the impact strength of NCC‐Ca/CAE composites was maximized at 5.96 kJ m−2, while the flexural strength of NCC‐Ca/CAE composites with 0.5 wt% of NCC‐Ca was maximized at 52.02 MPa. Along with the improvement in mechanical properties, NCC‐Ca can also increase the glass transition temperature of CAE composites. Moreover, the toughening mechanism of the NCC‐Ca/CAE composites is also discussed. © 2021 Society of Industrial Chemistry.