bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Economics of Education in South Africa
Authors: Branson Nicola , Lam David 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
South Africa has made significant progress in raising education levels and reducing racial and gender gaps in education. Significant challenges remain, however, and progress in many dimensions has been disappointing. There continue to be substantial racial gaps in educational attainment, especially in the proportions completing secondary school and earning post-secondary qualifications. Although most learners attend nationally funded public schools, large differences persist in the quality of schools. These differences are reflected in large racial and socio-economic differences in test scores and low rankings in international comparisons. Education is strongly related to employment and earnings, with some of the steepest income-education gradients in the world. Returns to post-secondary education have increased, while there has been limited progress in access to post-secondary education. The combination of highly unequal education combined with strong effects of schooling on earnings and employment create a cycle in which inequality is transmitted across generations.
Social Security and Social Development in South Africa
Authors: Patel Leila 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Abstract: South Africa has made significant strides in growing its social security and social development system to reduce poverty and inequality since the advent of democracy in 1994. The country’s rights-based and redistributive social protection system builds on earlier social policies and was substantively refashioned to address the country’s colonial and apartheid legacy. This chapter documents the South African case with reference to the following themes: first, it sets out the social and economic challenges facing the country in relation to poverty and inequality. Second, it demonstrates the conceptual and policy significance of the South African case in relation to the rise of social protection policies to promote inclusive development in countries in the Global South. The South African welfare regime is the third theme. It focuses on the evolution of social security and social development, discusses the features of the approach, the nature and scope of social protection policies and their impacts. Finally, the chapter concludes by considering the policy issues and future trajectory of social protection in South Africa.
Modern Assessments of Quintilian
Authors: Dominik William J. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe recent history of scholarship on Quintilian makes for intriguing and sometimes contradictory reading. While some modern assessments of Quintilian are ambivalent about his abilities as a rhetorician as revealed in the Institutio Oratoria, there has been a marked shift during the last part of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first century towards a more positive appraisal of his achievements. One reflection of this changed perception is the tendency by recent scholars to steer away from some of the disparaging criticism made by previous generations of scholars of Quintilian’s supposed shortcomings as a rhetorical theoretician, especially as a rhetor who is steeped in the faults of his age. Another indication of a more positive approach to Quintilian is the increased scholarly focus on seemingly almost every aspect of his rhetorical treatise. This growing interest in Quintilian is reflected in the over 600 publications that were published in 1980–2016, which is far more in number than for any period of similar length in the past. The discussion is intended to serve primarily as a statement about current worldwide opinions concerning Quintilian, with scholarly assessment of his significant role in Imperial rhetoric being the general focus. This chapter features the following main sections: topics of academic investigation; general praise of Quintilian; originality of Quintilian; modern relevance and utility of Quintilian; Quintilian, education, and law; Quintilian, literary criticism, and stylistic issues; general criticism of Quintilian; antiquated attitudes and speculative criticism; pseudo-academic scholarship: Wikipedia; and journalism and popular writing.
Intentions and Cyberterrorism
Authors: Egloff Florian J. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on intentions and cyberterrorists. In defining cyberterrorism as the use, or threat of use, of cyberspace to deliver violence, through the disruption or destruction of digital data, the chapter captures potentially novel behaviour. It highlights the claims made by intelligence officials about terrorists’ intentions of using cyberspace. It then interrogates to what extent this matches the literature on terrorist motivations and intentions, and whether cyberspace is an attractive means for carrying out terrorist attacks. Finding that a simple cost–benefit analysis does not favour cyberspace as a means of carrying out terrorist acts, the chapter interrogates the vectors of change both on the intentions and capability side of the assessment. It closes with the analysis of a hypothetical case that would match the definition of cyberterror: a religiously inspired version of the Ashley Madison hack.
French Colonialism and The Making of the Modern Sahel
Authors: Mann Gregory 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
French colonial rule played an important but not determinative role in making the modern Sahel. By the 1950s, the region was more integrated politically and infrastructurally than it would be in the decades that followed. At independence, the new governments of the Sahel featured identical, if parallel, political institutions modeled on those of the French Fifth Republic (1958–). They also shared a secular character, a military culture, a history of slavery, entrenched inequality, and labor migration, and the subordination—without integration—of Saharan societies to their southern neighbors. Yet, if colonialism contributed to making the modern Sahel in an institutional sense, it did not represent a profound epistemological break. Rather, longue durée internal dynamics continued to prevail. If any single event or phenomenon “made” the modern Sahel, it was postcolonial drought and its political effects rather than imperial domination.
Public Attitudes
Authors: Kumlin Staffan , Goerres Achim , Spies Dennis C. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses developments in research on citizens’ attitudes towards the welfare state. The introduction briefly reminds the reader about older, and still vibrant, research traditions. From then on, however, the focus is on four distinct ‘new directions’ that became prominent recently and were only present on the fringe of the field a decade ago. One key development concerns conceptualizations and measures. A second, fast-growing literature deals with the consequences of ethnic diversity and immigration on welfare attitudes. A third literature examines whether demographic change has triggered intergenerational conflict in such attitudes. A fourth research programme concerns an increasing attention to the causes and effects of welfare state ‘performance evaluations’. Taken together, these subfields demonstrate how the broader field of welfare attitude research is responding to the significant welfare state challenges and changes documented elsewhere in this Handbook.
The Social Rights of Citizenship
Authors: Stephens John D. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter reviews the welfare state literature which conceives of welfare state entitlements as ‘social rights of citizenship’, following the conceptualization of T. H. Marshall in his 1950 essay on citizenship. Beginning with Marshall’s influential essay, the first section of the chapter discusses how social rights of citizenship have been defined in the literature on comparative welfare states. Marshall argues that the defining feature of the social rights of citizenship is that they entail a claim for public transfers, goods, and services ‘which is not proportionate to the market value of the claimant’. Early quantitative studies of welfare state development measured welfare state effort with social expenditure, which was seen as a proxy for the variables of real interest, social rights, or welfare state redistribution. In the 1980s, ambitious efforts to measure social rights through time and across countries were initiated, though these measures did not find their way into the public domain until after 2000. These measures focus on rights to welfare state transfers and thus neglect services. The chapter ends with reviews of the literature on the causes of variations in social rights across countries and through time and on the outcomes of variations in social rights.
Religion and the European External Action Service
Authors: Foret François 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This contribution analyses the diplomacy of religion carried out by the European External Action Service (EEAS), and questions its autonomy and distinctiveness vis-à-vis other diplomacies. Several dimensions are studied: how foreign policy is dealing with the ‘return’ of religion in international affairs; the practices of the EEAS regarding religion against the general background of what Member States, third countries, and international organizations do in this respect; how the EEAS balances the interests of Member States, the requirements of the geopolitical contexts and field realities; the EEAS’s advocacy for specific causes such as the freedom of religion and belief (FoRB) and the establishment of religion as a standard diplomatic issue. The conclusion characterizes the EU’s external strategy on religion as the outcome of both its political and institutional logic and Europe’s societal secularization in a world that is still highly religious.
Too Many Hats? The Role of Police Officers in Drug Enforcement and the Community
Authors: Zakimi Naomi , Greer Alissa , Butler Amanda 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Research on police attitudes and opinions about drugs and drug enforcement is particularly relevant amidst current critiques of policing that put their role into question. The aim of this qualitative study is to examine the role of police officers in providing public health and social support to the community and people who use drugs. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 16 police officers working across British Columbia, Canada. Interviews were analysed thematically. We discuss two main themes: (1) the roles of police officers and (2) role strain among officers. The findings show that officers have multiple roles or wear multiple ‘hats’, including the crime fighter, the helper, the health responder, and the administrator. Collectively, wearing ‘too many hats’ caused role strain as well as tense relations with the community. Findings highlight the importance of establishing clear role definitions and expectations for police, as well as providing resources to address public health and social service needs for the community.
The First Shakespearean Forgeries
Authors: Dunne Derek 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The term ‘Shakespearean forgery’ generally conjures up nineteenth-century figures such as J.P. Collier or W.H. Ireland. This paper proposes an alternative history of Shakespeare and forgery, by establishing the prevalence of forgery as a crime in Shakespeare’s own lifetime. This had a material impact on early modern players, who were frequently accused of forging documents of authentication when touring. Bringing together legislation and actual cases of forgery, I demonstrate a symbiotic relationship between authors and forgers, which then makes its presence felt in the literary output of the time, from Nashe’s pamphlet war with Gabriel Harvey to Jonson’s suspect documentation in Bartholomew Fair. For Shakespeare, examples from Hamlet, King Lear, and Twelfth Night are paired with historical cases to show how Shakespeare’s forgeries are more than just a plot device. I finish by drawing parallels between Malvolio and the Earl of Essex, himself a prominent victim of forgery, to reveal new connections made possible through a serious consideration of forgery.
Tolerance of glucocorticoids in giant cell arteritis: a study of patient-reported adverse events
Authors: de Boysson Hubert , Barakat Clivia , Dumont Anael , Boutemy Jonathan , Martin Silva Nicolas , Maigné Gwénola , Nguyen Alexandre , Lavergne Amandine , Castan Paul , Gallou Sophie , Sultan Audrey , Deshayes Samuel , Aouba Achille 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Objective
To assess patients’ self-reported glucocorticoid (GC)-related adverse events (AEs) in a GCA population.

Methods
A questionnaire was sent to the 100 patients most recently diagnosed with GCA in a tertiary centre. This questionnaire included open- and close-ended questions on the disease and GC effects. Eight primary AE areas were analysed: cardiovascular, metabolic, muscle, cognitive and psychologic, bone, cutaneous and hairiness, infective and visual complications. Including derivative subitems from preceding areas, a total of 18 GC-related AEs were analysed separately and according to GC duration.

Results
Ninety patients were analysed and 89 (99%) reported at least one GC-related AE [median 6 (range 1–11)]. Cognitive and psychological changes, primarily insomnia (72%), affected 90% of patients. Cutaneous changes and muscle loss affected 70% of patients, with frequent impairment of physical autonomy (P = 0.007) associated with this event. Metabolic issues, especially weight gain (40%) and diabetes mellitus (20%), affected 49% of patients. Conversely, vision troubles and bone fractures were mentioned by 42% and 9% of patients, respectively, and more frequently in patients who received GCs for &gt;18 months (P = 0.01 and P = 0.007, respectively). Cardiovascular changes and infections affected 30% and 26% of patients, respectively.

Conclusion
This real-life study of GC tolerance assessed using a self-evaluation provides pragmatic and updated data reminding us that GC tolerance remains more noteworthy than ever. This study suggests carefully monitoring GC-related AEs during follow-up and encourages GC-sparing strategies in some patients.
Specific early signs and long-term follow-up findings of progressive pseudorheumatoid dysplasia (PPRD) in the Turkish cohort
Authors: Uludağ Alkaya Dilek , Kasapçopur Özgür , Bursalı Ayşegül , Adrovic Amra , Demir Bilal , Aykut Ayça , Tüysüz Beyhan 
Published: December 2021

AbstractObjectivesProgressive pseudorheumatoid dysplasia (PPRD) is a spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia caused by biallelic variants in CCN6. This study aimed to describe the early signs and follow-up findings in 44 Turkish PPRD patients.MethodsThe patients with progressive stiffness of multiple joints, characteristic wide metaphysis of interphalangeal (IP) joints and platyspondyly were clinically diagnosed with PPRD. Fifteen patients who had first symptoms under 3 years of age were grouped as early-onset, while others were grouped as classical. CCN6 sequencing was performed in 43 patients.ResultsThirteen pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants were identified, five were novel. c.156C&gt;A(p.Cys52*) variant was found in 53.3% of the families. The initial symptom in the early-onset group was genu varum deformity, while it was widening of IP joints in the classical group. The median age of onset of symptoms and of diagnosis was 4 and 9.7 years, respectively. The mean follow-up duration was 5.6 years. The median age of onset of IP, elbow, knee and hip stiffness, which became progressive with growth was 5, 9, 9 and 12.2 years, respectively. Waddling gait occurred in 97.7% of the patients. A total of 47.7% lost independent walking ability at the median age of 12 years. In the early-onset group, waddling gait occurred earlier than in classical group (P &lt; 0.001). Two patients had atypical presentation with late-onset and mild or lack of IP involvement.ConclusionWe observed that genu varum deformity before the age of 3 years was an early sign for PPRD and almost half of the patients lost walking ability at the median age of 12 years.
Morphology-based phylogeny of oval palm and flower beetles (Coleoptera: Mycteridae: Eurypinae), with descriptions of new genera and species from Australia
Authors: Hsiao Yun , Pollock Darren A 
Published: December 2021

AbstractMycteridae are a small group of Tenebrionoidea, comprising three subfamilies and over 180 species. Eurypinae are the most species-rich subfamily, with diverse external morphology of adults at both generic and species levels. To date, no study of mycterid systematics using phylogenetic approaches has been conducted. In this paper, we reconstruct a phylogeny of eurypine beetles based on morphological characters, covering most described genera. This is the first attempt to investigate the evolution and relationships of Mycteridae. The phylogenetic positions of several systematically enigmatic genera can thus be hypothesized based on the topology. Recent molecular phylogenetic frameworks and fossil records reveal that most eurypine lineages probably evolved during the Late Mesozoic to Early Cenozoic. Our results also indicate that the fauna of the current regions of the world and Early Cenozoic Europe consist(ed) of various eurypine lineages, supporting the previously proposed hypothesis that Eurypinae were once widely distributed, but underwent a subsequent partial extinction. Two new genera and three new species are described from Australia, based on comparative anatomy and cladistic analysis, namely Austroconomorphus slipinskii gen. et sp. nov., Austrophaeogala lawrencei gen. et sp. nov. and Austrophaeogala ovipennis sp. nov. We demonstrate that the phylogenetic diversity of Mycteridae in Australia is greater than previously suspected.
A New Approach for Lip Filler Injection Using an Inverted Mercedes Benz Sign
Authors: Adel Noury 
Published: December 2021

Summary:
Lip fillers have a great impact on the facial aesthetic industry, where several techniques have been proposed for lip beautification in terms of both the results and delivering a safe injection procedure. The study aimed to report a personal experience with a new lip filler technique, via inserting a microcannula through three entry points, resembling an inverted Mercedes Benz sign. Ten female patients between 22 and 29 years of age had a lip filler treatment with a cross-linked hyaluronic acid injected using a microcannula through two entry points at both Glogau-Klein points of the upper lip and one entry point at the midline of the lower lip. The filler product was deposited in both retrograde and aliquots fashion in the superficial muscular plane. All patients reported a high degree of satisfaction with the results of the procedure, with slight swelling and bruising transiently present in some of the patients. Unlike the conventional cannula technique, this new technique offers artistry in accentuating the cupid’s bow and redrawing the lips.
Impact of COVID-19-associated Mucormycosis in Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Multicenter Cohort Study.
Authors: Meshram Hari Shankar , Kute Vivek B. , Yadav Dinesh Kumar , Godara Suraj , Dalal Sonal , Guleria Sandeep , Bhalla Anil K. , Pathak Vivek , Anandh Urmila , Bansal Shyam , Patel Himanshu , Hegde Umapati , Dave Ruchir , Chauhan Sanshriti , Dave Rutul , Kumar Deepak , Jamale Tukaram , Bajpai Divya , Kenwar Deepesh , Sil Keshab , Vardhan Harsh , Balwani Manish , Patil Mayur , Deshpande Rushi , Nandwani Ashish , Jha Pranaw Kumar , Jain Manish , Das Pratik , Mishra Vineet , Segev Dorry L. , Kher Vijay 
Published: December 2021

Background.
COVID-19-associated mucormycosis (CAM) is a recently emerging entity. There is a lack of reports of CAM in organ transplant recipients.

Methods.
We conducted a multicenter (n = 18) retrospective research in India during November 2020 to July 2021. The purpose of this study was to explore the clinical spectrum, outcome and risk factors for mortality of CAM in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs).

Results.
The incidence of CAM was 4.4% (61/1382 COVID-19-positive KTRs) with 26.2% mortality. The median age of the cohort was 45 (38–54) y. Twenty (32%) were not hospitalized and 14 (22.9%) were on room air during COVID-19. The proportion of postdischarge CAM was 59.1%, while concurrent CAM was reported in 40.9%. The presentation of CAM was 91.8% rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis and 8.2% pulmonary with 19.6% and 100% mortality, respectively. In the univariable analysis, older age, obesity, difficulty of breathing, high-flow oxygen requirement, and delay in starting therapy were significantly associated with mortality. In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, patients requiring high-flow oxygen therapy [odds ratio (95% confidence interval) = 9.3 (1.6-51); P = 0.01] and obesity [odds ratio (95% confidence interval) = 5.2 (1-28); P = 0.05] was associated with mortality. The median follow-up of the study was 60 (35–60) d.

Conclusions.
We describe the largest case series of CAM in KTRs. Morality in pulmonary CAM is extremely high. Severe COVID-19 pose extra risk for the development of CAM and associated mortality. Our report will help in better understanding the conundrum and management of CAM.
Donor Cardiac Troponin for Prognosis of Adverse Outcomes in Cardiac Transplantation Recipients: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Liu Zhengyang , Perry Luke A. , Penny-Dimri Jahan C. , Handscombe Michael , Overmars Isabella , Plummer Mark , Segal Reny , Smith Julian A. 
Published: December 2021

Background.
Cardiac troponin is a highly specific and widely available marker of myocardial injury, and elevations in cardiac transplant donors may influence donor selection. We aimed to investigate whether elevated donor troponin has a role as a prognostic biomarker in cardiac transplantation.

Methods.
In a systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Library, without language restriction, from inception to December 2020. We included studies reporting the association of elevated donor troponin with recipient outcome after cardiac transplant. We generated summary odds ratios and hazard ratios for the association of elevated donor troponin with short- and long-term adverse outcomes. Methodological quality was monitored using the Quality In Prognosis Studies tool, and interstudy heterogeneity was assessed using a series of sensitivity and subgroup analyses.

Results.
We included 17 studies involving 15 443 patients undergoing cardiac transplantation. Elevated donor troponin was associated with increased odds of graft rejection at 1 y (odds ratio, 2.54; 95% confidence interval, 1.22-5.28). No significant prognostic relationship was found between donor troponin and primary graft failure, short- to long-term mortality, cardiac allograft vasculopathy, and pediatric graft loss.

Conclusions.
Elevated donor troponin is not associated with an increased short- or long-term mortality postcardiac transplant despite increasing the risk of graft rejection at 1 y. Accordingly, an elevated donor troponin in isolation should not exclude donation.