bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Condensation of Glass with Multimetal Nanoparticles: Implications for the Formation Process of GEMS Grains
Authors: Matsuno Junya , Tsuchiyama Akira , Watanabe Takayuki , Tanaka Manabu , Takigawa Aki , Enju Satomi , Koike Chiyoe , Chihara Hiroki , Miyake Akira 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Interplanetary dust particles contain grains of glass with embedded metals and sulfides (GEMS; i.e., amorphous silicate grains with diameters of a few hundred nanometers containing Fe nanoinclusions and Fe sulfide particles), which are considered to be among the building blocks of the solar system. To explore that GEMS grains formed during the condensation process, condensation experiments were carried out in Si–Mg–Fe–Al–Ca–Ni–O and Mg–Si–Fe–Ca–Al–Na–O systems using an induction thermal plasma furnace. In all experimental runs, spherical grains (mostly composed of amorphous silicate) with diameter <100 nm formed. The analysis of the amorphous silicates, which were classified as Mg rich or Si rich, indicated that the condensates formed via melting. Fe led to the formation of fine magnetite grains in most of the oxidative experiments, to 10 nm metal grains (i.e., kamacite and taenite) under intermediate redox conditions, and to 30–100 nm Fe silicide grains (i.e., gupeiite, xifengite, and fersilicite) in most of the reductive experiments. Under intermediate redox conditions, some amorphous silicate particles showed multiple Fe inclusions with textures very similar to those of GEMS grains except for FeS, indicating that GEMS could form via melt condensation of high-temperature gases. Considering the nucleation and growth of solids from high-temperature gas during cooling, we infer that GEMS grains form either in the local environment of a protosolar disk (and be related to chondrule formations) or around evolved stars related to Type II-P supernovae and asymptotic giant branch–type stars.
GRB 191016A: A Long Gamma-Ray Burst Detected by TESS
Authors: Smith Krista Lynne , Ridden-Harper Ryan , Fausnaugh Michael , Daylan Tansu , Omodei Nicola , Racusin Judith , Weaver Zachary , Barclay Thomas , Veres Péter , Kann D. Alexander , Arimoto Makoto 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) exoplanet-hunting mission detected the rising and decaying optical afterglow of GRB 191016A, a long gamma-ray burst (GRB) detected by Swift-BAT but without prompt XRT or UVOT follow-up due to proximity to the Moon. The afterglow has a late peak at least 1000 s after the BAT trigger, with a brightest-detected TESS data point at 2589.7 s post-trigger. The burst was not detected by Fermi-LAT, but was detected by Fermi-GBM without triggering, possibly due to the gradual nature of the rising light curve. Using ground-based photometry, we estimate a photometric redshift of z
phot = 3.29 ± 0.40. Combined with the high-energy emission and optical peak time derived from TESS, estimates of the bulk Lorentz factor ΓBL range from 90 to 133. The burst is relatively bright, with a peak optical magnitude in ground-based follow-up of R = 15.1 mag. Using published distributions of GRB afterglows and considering the TESS sensitivity and sampling, we estimate that TESS is likely to detect ∼1 GRB afterglow per year above its magnitude limit.
Emergence of Internetwork Magnetic Fields through the Solar Atmosphere
Authors: Gošić M. , Pontieu B. De , Bellot Rubio L. R. , Sainz Dalda A. , Pozuelo S. Esteban 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Internetwork (IN) magnetic fields are highly dynamic, short-lived magnetic structures that populate the interior of supergranular cells. Since they emerge all over the Sun, these small-scale fields bring a substantial amount of flux, and therefore energy, to the solar surface. Because of this, IN fields are crucial for understanding the quiet Sun (QS) magnetism. However, they are weak and produce very small polarization signals, which is the reason why their properties and impact on the energetics and dynamics of the solar atmosphere are poorly known. Here we use coordinated, high-resolution, multiwavelength observations obtained with the Swedish 1 m Solar Telescope and the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) to follow the evolution of IN magnetic loops as they emerge into the photosphere and reach the chromosphere and transition region. We studied in this paper three flux emergence events having total unsigned magnetic fluxes of 1.9 × 1018, 2.5 × 1018, and 5.3 × 1018 Mx. The footpoints of the emerging IN bipoles are clearly seen to appear in the photosphere and to rise up through the solar atmosphere, as observed in Fe i 6173 Å and Mg i b2 5173 Å magnetograms, respectively. For the first time, our polarimetric measurements taken in the chromospheric Ca ii 8542 Å line provide direct observational evidence that IN fields are capable of reaching the chromosphere. Moreover, using IRIS data, we study the effects of these weak fields on the heating of the chromosphere and transition region.
UV Extinction as a More Fundamental Measure of Dust than E(B − V) or A

V
Authors: Butler Robert E. , Salim Samir 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The gas-to-dust ratio of reddened stars in the Milky Way (MW), the Magellanic Clouds, and in general, is usually expressed as a linear relation between the hydrogen column density, N(H), and the reddening, E(B − V), or extinction in the V-band (A

V
). If the extinction curve were truly universal, the strength of the relationship and the linearity would naturally be maintained for extinction at any wavelength, as well as for N(H) versus E(B − V). However, extinction curves vary within the MW, and there is no reason, except by chance, why either E(B − V) or A

V
would be the most physical measure of dust column density. In this paper, we utilize for the first time full extinction curves to 41 MW sightlines, finding that the scatter between N(H) and extinction is minimized—and the relation becomes linear—for extinction at 2900 ± 160 Å. Scatter and nonlinearity increase at longer wavelengths, and are especially large for near-IR extinction. We conclude that near-UV extinction is a superior measure of the dust column density for MW dust. We provide new, nonlinear gas-to-dust relations for various dust tracers. We also find that the very large discrepancy between MW and SMC gas-to-dust ratios of 0.9 dex in N(H)/E(B − V) is reduced to 0.7 dex for far-UV extinction, which matches the difference in cosmic abundances of carbon between the two galaxies, and therefore confirms that N(C) is the preferred measure for gas in the gas-to-dust ratio, even though it may not be a convenient one.
Correcting Doppler Shifts in He II 30.38 nm Line by Using the EVE and AIA Data from Solar Dynamics Observatory
Authors: Cheng Zhixun , Wang Yuming , Liu Rui 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The Extreme-ultraviolet Variability Experiment (EVE) onboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory detects the solar EUV spectra with high temporal cadence and spectral resolution. The wavelength shifts of emission lines provide key information of the dynamics of the Sun. However, some of EVE spectral observations are influenced by the non-uniformly distributed irradiance on the Sun, which may prevent us from correctly understanding the physical processes happening in the solar corona. Here, based on the only published on-orbit calibration data of EVE He II 30.38 nm line on 2011 January 27, we develop a method to correct the He II 30.38 nm line by using AIA 304 imaging data. This correction method is then applied to EVE He II 30.38 nm data from 2010 October 29 to 2011 March 3 to study the Doppler oscillations of the solar He II 30.38 nm line, in which we show that the half-month periodic Doppler oscillation is caused by non-uniformly distributed irradiance mainly due to the presence of active regions. Other EVE coronal lines also present similar Doppler oscillations, suggesting that an appropriate correction must be implemented before interpreting the oscillation phenomena appearing in these lines.
Le microcrédit solidaire et individuel : impact sur la croissance des très petites entreprises féminines marocaines
Authors: Tani Wafaa , Bari Imane 
Published: April 2021

L’objectif de cet article est d’expliquer les liens éventuels entre, d’une part, le financement par le microcrédit solidaire et individuel et, d’autre part, la croissance des Très Petites Entreprises (TPE) féminines marocaines en termes de revenu net et d’effectif. Ce travail nous mène au questionnement ci-après : Quel est l’impact du passage des prêts solidaires aux prêts individuels sur la croissance des TPE féminines marocaines ? Pour y répondre, nous avons combiné une analyse théorique avec des données empiriques, issues d’une étude quantitative réalisée auprès de quatre-vingts entrepreneurs femmes installées au Grand Agadir. Les résultats montrent que le passage des prêts solidaires aux prêts individuels contribue à la croissance des TPE en termes de revenus nets. Toutefois, l’impact portant sur les effectifs n’est pas significatif, ce qui nous amène à proposer de nouvelles avenues de recherche.
Artificial Intelligence Efficiently Identifies Regional Differences in the Progression of Tomographic Parameters of Keratoconic Corneas
Authors: Shetty Rohit , Kundu Gairik , Narasimhan Raghav , Khamar Pooja , Gupta Krati , Singh Niharika , Nuijts Rudy M.M.A. , Sinha Roy Abhijit 
Published: April 2021

PURPOSE:
To develop an artificial intelligence (AI) model to effectively assess local versus global progression of keratoconus using multiple tomographic parameters.

METHODS:
This was a retrospective review of medical records of patients diagnosed as having keratoconus. A total of 1,884 Pentacam (Oculus Optikgeräte GmbH) scans of 366 eyes (296 patients) were analyzed. Based on an increase in maximum anterior curvature (Kmax), the eyes were classified as actual “progression” and “no progression.” The corresponding changes in other Pentacam parameters were incorporated to train and cross-validate (five-fold) the AI models. Three AI models were trained (an increase in Kmax by A = 0.75 diopters [D], B = 1.00 D, and C = 1.25 D). The area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, and classification accuracy, along with other metrics, were evaluated.

RESULTS:
The AUC, sensitivity, specificity, and classification accuracy were 0.90, 85%, 82%, and 83%, respectively, for Model A; 0.91, 86%, 82%, and 88%, respectively, for Model B; and 0.93, 89%, 81%, and 91%, respectively, for Model C. All models also predicted that 60% to 62% of the actual progression eyes had concomitant progression-associated changes in the other Pentacam parameters (global progression). However, there was discordance between increase in Kmax and concomitant associated changes in the other parameters in 38.8% to 40% of the eyes (local progression).

CONCLUSIONS:
The AI models identified the eyes where the increase in Kmax and corresponding progression-associated changes in the other parameters were in agreement. These eyes may require corneal cross-linking earlier than the rest.

[
J Refract Surg
. 2021;37(4):240–248.]
Corneal Epithelial Thickness Changes Following SMILE for Myopia With High Astigmatism
Authors: Yu Na , Ye Yiming , Chen Pei , Yang Ying , Zhuang Jing , Yu Keming 
Published: April 2021

PURPOSE:
To evaluate the corneal epithelial thickness (CET) profile changes after small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) surgery for myopic astigmatism correction of greater than 2.00 diopters (D).

METHODS:
This prospective observational study included 40 eyes (23 patients) treated with SMILE for myopia with cylinders of −2.25 to −4.50 D. Along with standard ophthalmic examinations, CET maps with a diameter of 9 mm were measured by high-resolution spectral-domain optical coherence tomography preoperatively and postoperatively. Correlations between the degree of residual astigmatism and the difference in CET values between preoperative flat and steep meridians were analyzed.

RESULTS:

The CET showed significant changes in the central (2 mm), paracentral (2 to 5 mm), midperipheral (5 to 7 mm), and peripheral (7 to 9 mm) zones 6 months after SMILE (
P
< .001). Among the regions, the CET in the paracentral zones displayed the largest increase (9.75%) with the highest average thickness (57.29 µm). Moreover, symmetrical regional epithelial thickening at the preoperative astigmatism axis was observed in the midperipheral zones. The difference in CET between preoperative flat and steep meridians in the mid-peripheral zones continuously increased from postoperative 1 day to 6 months. This difference was positively correlated with the residual cylinder errors at 6 months postoperatively (
r
= −0.334,
P
= .035).

CONCLUSIONS:
The 9-mm diameter CET in eyes with high astigmatism significantly increased 6 months after SMILE. Additionally, the difference in CET between preoperative flat and steep meridians in midperipheral zones may be related to astigmatic undercorrection in SMILE.

[
J Refract Surg
. 2021;37(4):224–230.]
Modifying a Mammography Decision Aid for Older Adult Women with Risk Factors for Low Health Literacy
Authors: Cadet Tamara , Aliberti Gianna , Karamourtopoulos Maria , Jacobson Alicia , Siska Morgan , Schonberg Mara A. 
Published: April 2021

Background:
Guidelines recommend that before being offered mammography screening, women age 75 years and older be informed of the uncertainty of benefit and potential for harm (e.g., being diagnosed with a breast cancer that would otherwise never have shown up in one's lifetime); however, few older women are informed of the risks of mammography screening and most overestimate its benefits.

Objective:
The aim of this study was to learn from women older than age 75 years who have predisposing risk factors for low health literacy (LHL) how they make decisions about mammography screening, whether an existing decision aid (DA) on mammography screening for them was acceptable and helpful, and suggestions for improving the DA.

Methods:
We conducted semi-structured interviews with 18 women who were between ages 75 and 89 years and had predisposing risk factors for LHL (i.e., answered somewhat to not at all confident to the health literacy screening question “How confident are you filling out medical forms by yourself?” and/or had an education level of some college or less).

Key Results:
Findings indicate that women in this study lacked knowledge and understanding that one can decide on mammography screening based on their personal values. Women were enthusiastic about screening based on an interest in taking care of themselves but rely on their providers for health care decisions. Overall, most women found the DA helpful and would recommend the use of the DA.

Conclusions:

Findings from this study provide formative data to test the efficacy of the modified DA in practice. Failing to consider the informational needs of adults with LHL in design of DAs could inadvertently exacerbate existing inequalities in health. It is essential that DAs consider older women's diverse backgrounds and educational levels to support their decision-making.

[
HLRP: Health Literacy Research and Practice
. 2021;5(2):e78–e90.]

Plain Language Summary:
The goal of this research was to understand how women older than age 75 years with risk factors for low health literacy made decisions about getting mammograms, whether an educational pamphlet was helpful, and suggestions for improving it. This research helps in understanding how to involve this population in the process of designing patient-related materials for mammogram decision-making.
Effects of Stocking Transport Duration on Age-0 Walleye
Authors: Grausgruber Emily E. , Weber Michael J. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractFish hatcheries are generally not adjacent to stocking locations. Thus, hatchery fish undergo transportation processes for variable durations that can result in changes in water quality, fish physiology (e.g., whole blood glucose and plasma cortisol), and reduced survival. Walleye Sander vitreus are commonly stocked throughout North America with variable stocking success, possibly due to altered physiological responses associated with changes in water quality parameters during transportation. We hypothesized increased transport duration would be associated with increases in water temperature, carbon dioxide, and total ammonia nitrogen and decreases in pH and total alkalinity. We also hypothesized that increases in carbon dioxide, water temperature, un-ionized ammonia, and total ammonia nitrogen would be positively related with Walleye whole blood glucose and plasma cortisol concentrations. Walleye were transported for either 0, 0.5, 3, or 5 h and whole blood glucose and plasma cortisol concentrations and mortality were evaluated for 48 h posttransport. Total ammonia nitrogen concentrations, carbon dioxide, pH, and water temperature increased with transportation duration while total alkalinity decreased. Plasma cortisol and whole blood glucose concentrations of Walleye transported for longer durations took longer to decline relative to those not transported. Water quality parameters were not associated with changes in Walleye whole blood glucose and plasma cortisol concentrations, but they were negatively related with time since transport (P &lt; 0.05). Despite increases in stress, mortality was low (2.5%). Overall, we found evidence to support our hypotheses regarding reduced water quality associated with increasing transport duration. Finally, whole blood glucose and plasma cortisol concentration of Walleye that were transported were similar to those not transported, suggesting handling procedures before transportation could play a significant role in physiological responses measured after transportation. Further, evaluation of stocking procedures aimed at decreasing handling during the loading process could enhance stocking protocols. Elevated concentrations of whole blood glucose and plasma cortisol following transport could make recently stocked Walleye more susceptible to the effects of other environmental factors such as starvation, predation, and disease, all of which could result in increased mortality rates after stocking.
Financial Analysis of Converting Rural Lawns to Pollinator Habitat in the Corn Belt
Authors: Janke Adam K. , Tyndall John C. , Bradbury Steven P. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractConservation efforts in rural landscapes seek to improve the multifunctional nature of land uses for people and the biotic communities that support them. In these environments, existing turfgrass lawns mowed routinely through the summer present an opportunity where changes in management from intensively managed monocultures to diverse native perennial vegetation can stack environmental benefits by improving soil health, water quality, and wildlife habitat. Conversion of lawns to pollinator habitat can help achieve continental goals of reversing declines in high-profile species such as the monarch butterfly Danaus plexippus and native bees. Here, we examine the financial implications for landowners and managers considering conversion of lawns to pollinator habitat in rural landscapes. We examined financial factors over a 10-y management horizon in three unique scenarios with a range of expenses: self-maintenance of lawns, contracted maintenance of lawns, and establishment and management of pollinator habitat. Our analyses indicate conversion to pollinator habitat was appreciably less expensive ($54–$167·acre−1·y−1) than continued self-care ($637–$1,007·acre−1·y−1) or contracted care ($326–$1,034·acre−1·y−1) of lawns over a 10-y period. These results establish the financial benefits for landowners or land managers considering an alternative management paradigm of existing lawns. These financial benefits complement existing literature, demonstrating multiple ecological benefits of diverse native perennial vegetation.
Le renouvellement des élites et le marché de la presse à l’époque napoléonienne
Authors: D’Aprile Iwan-Michelangelo 
Published: April 2021

Les bouleversements politiques qui caractérisent la Révolution et l’ère napoléonienne vont de pair avec les transformations du marché de la presse, l’importance croissante de la sphère publique, ainsi qu’un intérêt grandissant pour l’historiographie contemporaine à la croisée entre analyse politique et historicisation du présent. C’est dans ce contexte que naît un auteur d’un nouveau genre dans tous les grands Etats européens que l’on peut qualifier d’« historien journaliste ». Dans cet article, ces évolutions sont présentées à travers l’exemple des Etats allemands. Les opportunités de carrière toujours plus nombreuses pour les intellectuels sont préalablement discutées : celles-ci se situent dans des sphères sociales encore non établies qui gravitent entre une politique énergique de l’Etat en matière de presse et le développement d’un marché de périodiques historiques. Les relations franco-allemandes dans le champ du journalisme historique sont ensuite présentées à partir des exemples de deux journalistes allemands très influents en leur temps (Joseph Widemann et Friedrich Buchholz). Enfin, la continuité de ces réseaux de presse européens au-delà de l’ère napoléonienne, lors de la période de réformes dans l’espace germanique, est démontrée.
Aux marges du système verbal
Authors: Haß Norman 
Published: April 2021

Le français et l’allemand connaissent des formes verbales rares que la linguistique appelle formes surcomposées. Dans les deux langues elles consistent en une forme de l’auxiliaire avoir (haben) ou être (sein), du participe passé (Partizip II) du verbe principal et du participe passé (Partizip II) du même auxiliaire. Pour les deux langues, la description de leur valeur sémantique pose beaucoup de problèmes. Pour le français, il a déjà été démontré que les formes en question pourraient prendre des fonctions qui dépassent les approches classiques aspecto-temporelles. On évoque notamment une fonction expressive qui aurait pour effet une interprétation des énoncés au passé surcomposé comme étant « exceptionnels » ou « très personnels ». À partir d’un grand nombre d’occurrences des formes surcomposées de l’allemand parlé, nous allons voir que cette même approche pourra servir ici d’explication.
Diversity, rate, and distribution of wheat midge parasitism in the Peace River region of Alberta, Canada
Authors: Dufton S.V. , Laird R.A. , Floate K.D. , Otani J.K. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWheat midge,Sitodiplosis mosellana(Géhin) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), is a major pest of wheat (Poaceae) that was first reported in the Peace River region of northwestern Alberta, Canada in 2011. Although parasitism is an important factor of mortality in wheat midge elsewhere, little is known about the prevalence, species, or distribution of wheat midge parasitoids in the Peace River region. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a survey of wheat midge parasitoids in commercial wheat fields across the region in 2016 and 2017. For a given field, parasitism of wheat midge larvae ranged from 36 to 71%. All but one parasitoid (n= 2167) were identified asMacroglenes penetrans(Kirby) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). The exception was a specimen in the genusInostemmatentatively identified asI. walkeriKieffer (Hymenoptera: Platygasteridae). These findings identify parasitism as an important factor that is suppressing populations of wheat midge in the Peace River region, provide the first report ofInostemma walkerifor North America, and provide the first report of this species as a parasitoid ofS. mosellana.