bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A new fixed‐point algorithm to solve the blade element momentum equations with high robustness
Authors: Jin Meng , Yang Xiaogang 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe most common approach to solving blade element momentum (BEM) equations is through fixed point method. The fixed point method can provide reliable solutions with high precision, yet the robustness of the method has been challenged when infrequent failures of converging to a physical solution are found for some design space. Though the lack of robustness is alleviated by applying two improved algorithms, their shortcomings should not be of an understatement. Ning's method can result in a converged yet nonphysical solution, and Sun's method decreases the computational efficiency remarkably. To overcome these setbacks, a new algorithm has been proposed in this paper. A clear classification of a wind turbine operating states has been given first to correct the thrust relation for a > 1, followed by discussions of three failure cases encountered during solving BEM equations. Then, the new algorithm with three major modifications has been introduced and explained. The test of Section 4 reveals that the decreasing rf technique has a positive effect on improving the robustness. Besides, the first two tests in Section 5 prove that the new thrust equation can greatly enhance the robustness, and Aitken's squared process can significantly strengthen the efficiency. The results show that all three modifications contribute to offering a new FPA with high robustness and satisfactory computing efficiency, which serves as the best option for solving the BEM equations.
Comprehensive evaluation of waterflooding front in low‐permeability reservoir
Authors: Wang Chunsheng , Sun Zexin , Sun Qiji , Zhang Lei , Zhang Xueqiang 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDue to the development characteristics of low‐permeability reservoirs such as weak water absorption, slow development of water injection, and strong pressure sensitivity, the effect of water injection in low‐permeability reservoirs is quite different from that in medium and high‐permeability reservoirs. Therefore, in oilfield development, it is important to study the movement law of the waterflooding front in low‐permeability reservoirs. In this paper, taking the Jilin oilfield as an example, a geological model of Xinmin 23 Block was established for the numerical simulation analysis considering the heterogeneity of low‐permeability reservoirs. In addition, artificial cores were manufactured to conduct the physical experiment of the waterflood front advance of cores with different physical properties under the influence of various factors such as the fracture and the range by the constant‐velocity flooding. Based on the numerical simulation and the physical experiment, the movement law of the waterflood front was analyzed and a basic method for evaluating the waterflooding development in low‐permeability reservoirs was established to provide feasible insights for the waterflooding development in low‐permeability reservoirs. In this paper, numerical simulation and experimental studies were performed on the effect of the waterflooding development of Xinmin 23 Block in the Jilin oilfield. The evaluation results obtained were consistent with the actual oil production providing a theoretical basis for judging the accurate advance time from the waterflood front to the production well in actual oil production.
AI‐enabled trust‐based routing protocol for social opportunistic IoT networks
Authors: Nigam Ritu , Kumar Sharma Deepak , Jain Satbir , Krishna Bhardwaj Kartik , Banyal Siddhant 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe emergence of the new applications in the realm of Opportunistic IoT networks brings exceptional levels of complexity with it; hence, Artificial Intelligence‐based approaches are envisioned for the design and optimization owing to the versatility and adaptability it assists in resolving complex real‐time problems. In these networks, messages are transmitted through node cooperation because of the nodes' random movement and a lack of network infrastructure. As it is an open network, message forwarding is susceptible to intervention from anomalous nodes that may attribute maliciousness or selfishness, which may cause network transmission disorder and makes routing complex in Social Opportunistic IoT networks. By leveraging AI's capability, these networks can be redesigned to enable a more secure and efficient routing for the nodes. In order to suppress various harmful impacts in the network from anomalous nodes, this paper proposes an AI‐Enabled Trust‐Based Routing Protocol using NSGA‐II for Social Opportunistic IoT Networks (TBRP), which uses the concept of multi‐objective optimization. TBRP employs a new Four Tier Protocol trust scheme based on contextual parameters. This AI‐enabled multi‐objective optimization scheme modifies the conventional NSGA‐II for amelioration through an intelligent chromosome representation, improved crossover, and mutation paradigm. TBRP is evaluated against several routing protocols and with trust‐based protocols TCAFE and MT‐SMRP on various performance metrics using the INFOCOMM dataset. TBRP outperforms Firefly PRoPHET, AntRouter, GAER, and PRoPHET by 1.66%, 10.66%, 25.44%, and 58.57%, respectively, in terms of the delivery success ratio while varying the time for which simulation is run.
A shift to shorter cuticular hydrocarbons accompanies sexual isolation amongDrosophila americanagroup populations
Authors: Davis Jeremy S. , Pearcy Matthew J. , Yew Joanne Y. , Moyle Leonie C. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBecause sensory signals often evolve rapidly, they could be instrumental in the emergence of reproductive isolation between species. However, pinpointing their specific contribution to isolating barriers, and the mechanisms underlying their divergence, remains challenging. Here, we demonstrate sexual isolation due to divergence in chemical signals between two populations of Drosophila americana (SC and NE) and one population of D. novamexicana, and dissect its underlying phenotypic and genetic mechanisms. Mating trials revealed strong sexual isolation between Drosophila novamexicana males and SC Drosophila americana females, as well as more moderate bi-directional isolation between D. americana populations. Mating behavior data indicate SC D. americana males have the highest courtship efficiency and, unlike males of the other populations, are accepted by females of all species. Quantification of cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profiles—chemosensory signals that are used for species recognition and mate finding in Drosophila—shows that the SC D. americana population differs from the other populations primarily on the basis of compound carbon chain-length. Moreover, manipulation of male CHC composition via heterospecific perfuming—specifically perfuming D. novamexicana males with SC D. americana males—abolishes their sexual isolation from these D. americana females. Of a set of candidates, a single gene—elongase CG17821—had patterns of gene expression consistent with a role in CHC differences between species. Sequence comparisons indicate D. novamexicana and our Nebraska (NE) D. americana population share a derived CG17821 truncation mutation that could also contribute to their shared “short” CHC phenotype. Together, these data suggest an evolutionary model for the origin and spread of this allele and its consequences for CHC divergence and sexual isolation in this group.
A meta‐analysis of the effects of global warming on rice and wheat yields in a rice–wheat rotation system
Authors: Zhou Yongjin , Xu Le , Xu Youzun , Xi Min , Tu Debao , Chen Jinhua , Wu Wenge 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe effects of global warming on crop production have received great attention in recent years. However, inconsistent results have been obtained with regard to major crops such as rice and wheat in rice–wheat rotation systems of China. Therefore, we undertook a comprehensive meta‐analysis of literature data. The yield response to warming differed for rice and wheat in the rice–wheat rotation system. Overall, warming significantly increased wheat yield (by 4.8%) but significantly reduced rice yield (by 14.8%). A number of factors were responsible for these observations. For example, rice yield responses varied with the temperature increase, variety and nitrogen (N) rate. Of these, N was the most important variable influencing yield responses to warming. The yield loss for rice was lower at temperature increases of 0.40–1.40°C and at a high N rate than that at temperature increases of 1.60–2.49°C and at a low N rate, respectively. The yield loss of indica rice was lower than that of japonica rice. For wheat, however, yield responses to warming varied with the warming regime, ambient temperature, temperature increases, and CO2 concentrations. Of these factors, ambient temperature was the most important variable influencing yield in response to warming. Warming increased wheat yield at a mean growth season temperature ≤10°C, temperature increases of 0.80–1.50°C, and at ambient CO2 concentrations. In addition, either daytime warming or nighttime warming significantly increased wheat yield. However, all‐day warming had no effect on wheat yields. We conclude that global warming will benefit wheat production but result in a serious loss of rice yield in rice–wheat rotations in China.
Enhanced enteric neurogenesis by Schwann cell precursors in mouse models of Hirschsprung disease
Authors: Uesaka Toshihiro , Okamoto Mitsumasa , Nagashimada Mayumi , Tsuda Yoshihiro , Kihara Miho , Kiyonari Hiroshi , Enomoto Hideki 
Published: July 2021

AbstractHirschsprung disease (HSCR) is characterized by congenital absence of enteric neurons in distal portions of the gut. Although recent studies identified Schwann cell precursors (SCPs) as a novel cellular source of enteric neurons, it is unknown how SCPs contribute to the disease phenotype of HSCR. Using Schwann cell‐specific genetic labeling, we investigated SCP‐derived neurogenesis in two mouse models of HSCR; Sox10 haploinsufficient mice exhibiting distal colonic aganglionosis and Ednrb knockout mice showing small intestinal aganglionosis. We also examined Ret dependency in SCP‐derived neurogenesis using mice displaying intestinal aganglionosis in which Ret expression was conditionally removed in the Schwann cell lineage. SCP‐derived neurons were abundant in the transition zone lying between the ganglionated and aganglionic segments, although SCP‐derived neurogenesis was scarce in the aganglionic region. In the transition zone, SCPs mainly gave rise to nitrergic neurons that are rarely observed in the SCP‐derived neurons under the normal condition. Enhanced SCP‐derived neurogenesis was also detected in the transition zone of mice lacking RET expression in the Schwann cell lineage. Increased SCP‐derived neurogenesis in the transition zone suggests that reduction in the vagal neural crest‐derived enteric neurons promotes SCP‐derived neurogenesis. SCPs may adopt a neuronal subtype by responding to changes in the gut environment. Robust SCP‐derived neurogenesis can occur in a Ret‐independent manner, which suggests that SCPs are a cellular source to compensate for missing enteric neurons in HSCR.
Relating quantitative 7T MRI across cortical depths to cytoarchitectonics, gene expression and connectomics
Authors: McColgan Peter , Helbling Saskia , Vaculčiaková Lenka , Pine Kerrin , Wagstyl Konrad , Attar Fakhereh Movahedian , Edwards Luke , Papoutsi Marina , Wei Yongbin , Van den Heuvel Martijn Pieter , Tabrizi Sarah J , Rees Geraint , Weiskopf Nikolaus 
Published: July 2021

AbstractUltra‐high field MRI across the depth of the cortex has the potential to provide anatomically precise biomarkers and mechanistic insights into neurodegenerative disease like Huntington's disease that show layer‐selective vulnerability. Here we compare multi‐parametric mapping (MPM) measures across cortical depths for a 7T 500 μm whole brain acquisition to (a) layer‐specific cell measures from the von Economo histology atlas, (b) layer‐specific gene expression, using the Allen Human Brain atlas and (c) white matter connections using high‐fidelity diffusion tractography, at a 1.3 mm isotropic voxel resolution, from a 300mT/m Connectom MRI system. We show that R2*, but not R1, across cortical depths is highly correlated with layer‐specific cell number and layer‐specific gene expression. R1‐ and R2*‐weighted connectivity strength of cortico‐striatal and intra‐hemispheric cortical white matter connections was highly correlated with grey matter R1 and R2* across cortical depths. Limitations of the layer‐specific relationships demonstrated are at least in part related to the high cross‐correlations of von Economo atlas cell counts and layer‐specific gene expression across cortical layers. These findings demonstrate the potential and limitations of combining 7T MPMs, gene expression and white matter connections to provide an anatomically precise framework for tracking neurodegenerative disease.
Head and neck osteosarcomas: Analysis of treatment trends and survival outcomes in the United States (2004–2016)
Authors: Shim Timothy , Chillakuru Yeshwant , Darwish Christina , Chalif Eric , Strum David , Benito Daniel A. , Mulcahy Collin F. , Monfared Ashkan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundHead and neck osteosarcoma (HNOS) is a rare primary bone tumor with limited data to guide treatment approaches.MethodsThe NCDB was used to identify patients diagnosed with HNOS. Kaplan–Meier and Cox multivariate regression were used to examine the impact of each treatment on overall survival (OS).ResultsWe identified 821 patients diagnosed with HNOS. Utilization of neoadjuvant chemotherapy + surgery increased from zero cases in 2004 to 24% of cases in 2016. Among surgically treated patients, 5‐year OS was 55.8% (CI: 51.7–60.1%). No difference was seen in OS between each treatment cohort on multivariate analysis. However, neoadjuvant chemotherapy + surgery + adjuvant chemotherapy had improved 18‐month survival compared to surgery alone (95.8% vs. 78.5%, p = 0.031).ConclusionsOur study demonstrated no survival benefit in perioperative chemotherapy or radiation therapy; however, short‐term survival improvement in patients receiving both neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy displays promise and requires further investigation.
Spatial and temporal variability of water table dynamics in an afforested catchment of the Central Spanish Pyrenees
Authors: Juez Carmelo , Nadal‐Romero Estela , Cammeraat Erik L. H. , Regüés David 
Published: July 2021

AbstractHuman‐induced afforestation has been one of the main policies for environmental management of farmland abandonment in Mediterranean areas. Over the last decades, several studies have reviewed the impact of afforestation activities on geomorphological and hydrological responses and soil properties, although few studies have evaluated the effects on water table dynamics. In parallel to human‐induced afforestation activities, natural revegetation occurred in abandoned fields and in fields where the intensity of human activity declined, driving the expansion of shrubs. This research addresses the spatial and temporal variability of water table dynamics in a small afforested sub‐catchment located in the Central Spanish Pyrenees. Differences between afforestation (Pinus nigra and Pinus sylvestris) and natural plant colonization (shrubs, mainly Genista scorpius, Buxus sempervirens, and Juniperus communis) and early abandoned meadows (G. scorpius), are analysed in terms of runoff generation and seasonal water table depth dynamics. Precipitation, runoff and water table datasets recorded for the 2014–2019 period are used. Results show a high temporal and spatial variability with large fluctuations in discharge and water table. Groundwater dynamics varied markedly over the year, identifying a wet and dry period with different responses suggesting different runoff generation processes (Hortonian flow during dry and wet periods, and saturation excess runoff during wet conditions). Furthermore, important differences are noted among the various land cover types: (i) in the natural revegetation area (shrubland and meadows) a marked seasonal cycle was observed with short saturation periods during winter and spring; and (ii) in the afforestation areas, the water table dynamics showed a seasonal cycle with a high variability, with fast responses and rapid oscillations. Likewise, the relationship between the depth of water table and hydrological variables was not straightforward, suggesting complex hydrological behaviour.
Rainfall, runoff and shallow groundwater response in a mixed‐use, agro‐forested watershed of the northeast, USA
Authors: Gootman Kaylyn S. , Hubbart Jason A. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractStream and shallow groundwater responses to rainfall are characterized by high spatial variability, but hydrologic response variability across small, agro‐forested sub‐catchments remains poorly understood. Conceivably, improved understanding in this regard will result in agricultural practices that more effectively limit nutrient runoff, erosion, and pollutant transport. Terrestrial hydrologic response approaches can provide valuable information on stream‐aquifer connectivity in these mixed‐use watersheds. A study was implemented, including eight stream and co‐located shallow groundwater monitoring sites, in a small sub‐catchment of the Chesapeake Bay watershed in the Northeast, USA to advance this ongoing need. During the study period, 100 precipitation‐receiving days (i.e., 24‐hour periods, midnight to midnight) were observed. On average, the groundwater table responded more to precipitation than stream stage (level change of 0.03 vs. 0.01 m and rainfall‐normalized level change estimate of 3.81 vs. 3.37). Median stream stage responses, groundwater table responses, and response ratios were significantly different between sub‐catchments (n = 8; p < 0.001). Study area average precipitation thresholds for runoff and shallow groundwater flow were 2.8 and 0.6 cm, respectively. Individual sub‐catchment thresholds ranged from 0.5 to 2.8 cm for runoff and 0.2 to 1.3 cm for shallow groundwater flow. Normalized response lag times between the stream and shallow groundwater ranged from −0.50 to 3.90 s·cm−1, indicating that stormflow in one stream section was regulated by groundwater flow during the period of study. The observed differences in hydrologic responses to precipitation advance future modelling efforts by providing examples of how terrestrial groundwater response methods can be used to investigate sub‐catchment spatial variability in stream‐aquifer gradients with co‐located shallow groundwater and stream stage data. Additionally, results demonstrate asynchronous stream and shallow groundwater responses on precipitation‐receiving days, which may hold important implications for modelling hydrologic and biogeochemical fate and transport processes in small, agro‐forested catchments.
A comparative life cycle assessment of a cascade heat pump and a natural gas furnace for residential heating purposes
Authors: Addo-Binney Bismark , Agelin-Chaab Martin , Bamfo Efua , Koohi-Fayegh Seama 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
A cascade heat pump is proposed as an environmentally friendly alternative to natural gas heating systems used for space heating in the residential sector. A comparative life cycle assessment of a natural gas furnace and a cascade heat pump was conducted to show the reductions in environmental impacts, such as global warming potential, energy used, and cost savings. The analysis used environmental data from 2020 for Toronto, Ontario, Engineering Equation Solver, and Sustainable Minds. The results of this comparative assessment demonstrate that implementing a cascade heat pump for heating purposes reduces the global warming potential by 85.4% when compared to a typical natural gas furnace. Moreover, the negative impacts on human health are reduced in every category. Specifically, the factors that can cause harm to human respiratory systems are decreased by almost 10 times when using the cascade heat pump as an alternative heating system. This is important since such systems are used in high density residential areas where the impact on human health can be far greater. Lastly, it is found that the highest CO2-equivalent emissions are released during the usage life cycle stage in both heating systems at 18 883 kg of CO2-equivalent, and 104 CO2-equivalent for the furnace and heat pump, respectively. The cascade heat pump releases approximately 1% of carbon emissions than the emissions released by currently used heating systems, which are natural gas furnaces. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2022;18:572–580. © 2021 SETAC
KEY POINTS
A comparative life cycle assessment of a natural gas furnace and a cascade heat pump was conducted to show thereductions in environmental impacts, such as global warming potential, energy used, and cost savings. The results of this comparative assessment demonstrate that implementing a cascade heat pump for heating purposesreduces the global warming potential by 85.4% when compared to a typical natural gas furnace. The factors that can cause harm to human respiratory systems are decreased by almost 10 times when using the cascadeheat pump as an alternative heating system. The cascade heat pump releases approximately 1% of carbon emissions than the emissions released by currently used heating systems, which are natural gas furnaces.
Upcoming treatments for morphea
Authors: Wenzel Dan , Haddadi Nazgol‐Sadat , Afshari Khashayar , Richmond Jillian M. , Rashighi Mehdi 
Published: July 2021

AbstractMorphea (localized scleroderma) is a rare autoimmune connective tissue disease with variable clinical presentations, with an annual incidence of 0.4–2.7 cases per 100,000. Morphea occurs most frequently in children aged 2–14 years, and the disease exhibits a female predominance. Insights into morphea pathogenesis are often extrapolated from studies of systemic sclerosis due to their similar skin histopathologic features; however, clinically they are two distinct diseases as evidenced by different demographics, clinical features, disease course and prognosis. An interplay between genetic factors, epigenetic modifications, immune and vascular dysfunction, along with environmental hits are considered as the main contributors to morphea pathogenesis. In this review, we describe potential new therapies for morphea based on both preclinical evidence and ongoing clinical trials. We focus on different classes of therapeutics, including antifibrotic, anti‐inflammatory, cellular and gene therapy, and antisenolytic approaches, and how these target different aspects of disease pathogenesis.
Performance analysis of classification and segmentation of cysts in panoramic dental images using convolutional neural network architecture
Authors: Sivasundaram Sivagami , Pandian Chitra 
Published: July 2021

AbstractClassification of oral cysts is a crucial task as the similarity between cysts exists which requires a computer‐aided diagnosis system. Panoramic dental image is one of the widely used images to identify dental cyst, periodontal bone defects, periapical lesions, and pathological jaw lesions. This article proposes a modified LeNet architecture in a convolutional neural network for classifying the oral cyst images and a morphology‐based segmentation method for segmenting the cyst regions in the classified cyst images. A traditional data augmentation approach and a threefold cross‐validation method are used to increase the number of input samples and evaluate the accurate results respectively. The proposed methodology is applied to the cyst images obtained from a dental hospital. This model achieves a classification rate of 99.63% for cyst classification and demonstrates a sensitivity of about 98.3% for cyst segmentation. The proposed work has been compared with state‐of‐the‐art algorithms.