bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nomogram for Treatment of Astigmatism With Laser in situ Keratomileusis
Authors: Moniz Noel , Fernandes S Tony 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) is a mainstay in. refractive surgery. Myopes and compound myopic astigmats generally have a good result after LASIK. However, simple myopic astigmats are sometimes not as pleased with their visual outcome.
METHODS: We analyzed 40 patients who underwent LASIK with the Nidek EC-5000 excimer laser and the Hansotome microkeratome. The key to successful LASEK in these patients was proper analysis of corneal topography.
RESULTS and CONCLUSION: We found that 37 of the 40 patients studied had an excellent result, but poor topographic interpretation gave a poorer result in the remaining three patients. We discuss how to correctly interpret corneal topography and proper case selection and patient counseling. [J Refract Surg 2002;18(suppl):S323-S326]
Effects of Laser Plume Evacuation on Laser in situ Keratomileusis Outcomes
Authors: Charles Keith 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To study the effects laser plume evacuation on LASIK outcomes using a surgical vacuum and the Nidek EC-5000 excimer laser.
METHODS: Three-month LASIK postoperative data were evaluated retrospectively for 117 eyes treated with a laser plume evacuator and 82 eyes treated without a laser plume evacuator. All eyes were treated with the same Moría CB microkeratome and the same Nidek-EC 5000 excimer laser using the same nomogram.
RESULTS: No statistically significant difference was noted in the frequency of corneal abrasions, flap slippage, or the level of postoperative interface debris. A statistically significant difference (P<001) was noted in postoperative residual refractive error and uncorrected visual acuity. In the group treated without a plume evacuator, 65% (n=53) were within ±0.50 D of the intended correction, 59% (n=48) had an uncorrected visual acuity of 20/20 or better, 68% (n=56) had an uncorrected visual acuity of 20/25 or better, and 90% (n=73) had an uncorrected visual acuity of 20/40 or better. In the group treated with a plume evacuator, 92% (n=108) were within ±0.50 D of the intended correction, 74% (n=87) had an uncorrected visual acuity of 20/20 or better, 89% (n=104) had an uncorrected visual acuity of 20/25 or better, and 96% (n=112) had an uncorrected visual acuity of 20/40 or better.
CONCLUSION: Laser plume evacuation using surgical tubing and a surgical vacuum improved refractive and uncorrected visual acuity outcomes following LASIK. [J Refract Surg 2002;18(suppl): S340-S342]
Applications of Confocal Microscopy in Refractive Surgery
Authors: Vinciguerra Paolo , Torres Ingrid , Camesasca Fabrizio I 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To evaluate applications of the Confoscan 2.0, a computerized confocal optical microscopy system by Nidek, in refractive surgery.
METHODS: We used the Confoscan 2.0 to evaluate the tissue reparative response after PRK, LASEK, and LASIK in 60 eyes of 40 patients. Confoscan 2.0 provided highly detailed images of the corneal layers, up to the cellular level. Furthermore, it measured corneal thickness as well as precise positioning of each single recorded corneal layer. The Confoscan was also used to analyse the LASIK flap.
RESULTS: Findings in the transition zone between epithelium and anterior stroma in PRK and LASEK eyes were divided into two groups: Group 1, with marked hyper-reflectivity, and Group 2, with less hyper-reflectivity, similar to normal eyes. Group 2 eyes belonged to patients that underwent smoothing with a masking solution after ablation. Group 1 eyes received no smoothing. In LASIK eyes, we evaluated the quality of the flap interface. Hyper-reflecting specks could be observed in the interface, showing a tendency to decrease over time. Depth of the LASDX flap was measured, and showed variable thickness with all microkeratomes tested.
CONCLUSION: We hypothesize that a more regular corneal surface, obtained with smoothing in PRK and LASEK, allows a better reparative response after refractive surgery. In LASBK eyes, the Confoscan provided precise measurement of the residual stromal bed, information particularly valuable for the prevention of ectasia in retreatments. [J Refract Surg 2002;18(suppl):S378-S381]
Measurement Repeatability of Corneal Aberrations
Authors: Gobbe Marine , Guillon Michel , Maissa Cecile 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Customized procedures that aim to improve visual performance beyond traditional sole correction of sphere and cylinder require the reliable determination of higher order corneal and ocular aberrations for individual eyes. The aim of the current investigation was to determine the repeatability of corneal aberration measurement.
METHODS: Ten subjects were measured on 10 different days using a videokeratoscope. The Zernike coefficients and the wavefront error were calculated from the height data files using CTView, Repeatability was calculated for apertures of 3, 4.5, and 6 mm at the 95% confidence level.
RESULTS: The wavefront error absolute repeatability was similar for the 4th and 10th order analysis. The absolute repeatability for individual Zernike coefficients was coefficient dependent; the poorest repeatability was recorded for coma-like aberrations (uncertainty 3 mm = 0.060 µm; 4.5 mm = 0.083 µm; 6 mm = 0.109 µm). The relative repeatability compared to the population means was good for wavefront error (5% to 20%) but poor for some individual Zernike coefficients.
CONCLUSION: Videokeratoscope clinical repeatability was sufficient to reliably determine wavefront error at a single session, but may require several examinations and/or repeated independent measurements at the same examination to determine reliably some Zernike coefficients. This has significant practical implications for accurate customized correction of aberrations. [J Refract Surg 2002;18:S567-S571]
Ultraviolet Corneal Photoablation
Authors: Manns Fabrice , Milne Peter , Parel Jean-Marie 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The purpose of this article is to discuss missing information on the basic physical and biological processes of ultraviolet corneal photoablation and to evaluate its potential clinical implications.
METHODS: A physical description of ultraviolet laser corneal ablation that includes photothermal, photochemical, and radiative processes is proposed.
RESULTS: Unresolved issues include the nature of the primary ablation process, the tissue and biological effects of the photothermal and photochemical components of the interaction, and the static and dynamic absorption process.
CONCLUSIONS: A better understanding of the basic physics and biology of ultraviolet corneal photoablation may help us better understand, predict, and perhaps minimize the effect of tissue hydration, plume formation, and other factors that affect the predictability of ablation and the induced tissue damage. [J Refract Surg 2002;18:S610-S614]
Experimental Results of Preparing Laser-shaped Stromal Implants for Laser-assisted Intrastromal Keratophakia in Extremely Complicated Laser in situ Keratomileusis Cases
Authors: Jankov Mirko , Mrochen Michael C , Bueeler Michael , Seiler Theo 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To evaluate the feasibility of lasershaped stromal implants from a donor eye for correcting extreme high hyperopia with irregular astigmatism and an exceptionally thin corneal bed.
METHODS: Thirty-one fresh enucleated porcine eyes were used. The procedure was initiated with mechanical de-epithelialization followed by a lamellar cut with a microkeratome, resulting in a hinged flap (thickness 150 µm, diameter 9.5 mm). The cornea was photoablated with PRK treatment for +8.00 D sphere (hyperopic lenticule group) and -5.00 D sphere (myopic group) by a scanning spot excimer laser. A customized scanning software algorithm was used to create a circumferential cut with a 6.5-mm internal diameter. The lenticule was removed from the stromal bed and measured by a surface profiling system. A clinical case was performed on a patient with previous LASIK and highly irregular hyperopic astigmatism to verify the clinical utility of the experimental setup.
RESULTS: Under the microscope, lenticules seemed round, regular, and transparent. The average surface profile of porcine corneas demonstrated good parabolic shape with individual variations as large as 30 µm, probably due to the corneal size and curvature differences between the porcine eye and the human eye- for which the microkeratome is designed. The patient underwent a topographyguided treatment after laser-assisted intrastromal keratophakia (LAIK) and 1-month follow-up showed an increase of VCVA, BSCVA, and central corneal thickness.
CONCLUSIONS: The use of modern scanningspot excimer lasers and mi crokera tomes enabled us to produce stromal lenticules of good quality, which might be acceptable to implant into a human eye. [J Refract Surg 2002;18:S639-S643]
Lamellar Keratoplasty for Recurrent Pterygium
Authors: Poirier Robert H , Fish John R 
Published: April 2021

SUMMARY
Lamellar corneoscleral keratoplasty technique for recurrent pterygium is described. The importance of accurate placement of the graft and its usefulness as a tissue barrier to regrowth of the pterygium is postulated. In fifteen eyes with severe recurrent pterygium followed from six months to four years, there have been no further recurrences after using this technique.
An Interlocking Slip Knot for Cataract Sutures: Preliminary Report
Authors: Lubkin Virginia 
Published: April 2021

SUMMARY
A new method of tying a knot for cataract surgery is demonstrated. Its purpose is to provide a safe, interlocking slip knot, using nylon suture, removable merely by pulling on the free ends. Cases are presented showing the safety and effectiveness of the ISK.
The Partial-Punch: A New Combined Cataract-Glaucoma Operation
Authors: Spaeth George L , Sivalingam Eliyathamby 
Published: April 2021

SUMMARY
This report describes a new combined cataract extraction-glaucoma procedure. The technique is a modification of a standard filtration type of operation. The essential step is the development of a shelved posterior scleral lip, 4 mm of which is excised; full thickness sclera is not removed. This permits tight incisional closure, but with the presence of a "valve" permitting exit of aqueous under a prepared conjunctival flap should intraocular pressure rise significantly in the postoperative period.
In 15 cases there were no serious complications, no flat anterior chamber, good pressure control in 14 cases, and filtering blebs in nine.
Experimental Cataract Fragmentation: Instrumentation and Laboratory Evaluation
Authors: Liu Hsiao-Su , Tolentino Felipe , Schepens Charles L , Banko Anton 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
A newly designed mechanical phacofragmentator powered by compressed air was tested on 200 human hard nuclear cataracts and ten traumatic owl monkey cataracts. The device, which consists of a turbine-driven diamond burr, successfully fragmented hard human cataracts, both in vitro and when implanted in the anterior chamber of rabbits and monkeys. Iatrogenic damage to the iris was noted in the early cases, but no collapse of the anterior chamber or gross damage of the cornea occurred. Iris damage can be avoided, once the operator gains sufficient skill in manipulating the instrument The ten traumatic monkey cataracts were all removed without complication, except for one case in which the posterior lens capsule was ruptured with subsequent vitreous prolapse.
Cataract Extraction in Pathological Myopia
Authors: Curtin Brian J 
Published: April 2021

SUMMARY
Fifty-three cataract extractions in eyes with pathological myopia effected visual improvement in 47 eyes (89%). The median visual acuity increased from a preoperative level of 20/300 to 20/40 postoperatively. The incidence in this series of vitreous loss (1.9%) and retinal detachment (1.9%), are within the expected range of such complications. Four cases developed aphakic glaucoma which has necessitated continued therapy. All four had both enzyme zonulolysis and topical steroids, postoperatively. Other problems unique to surgery in these eyes are the missed diagnosis of nuclear cataract, possible dislocation of the lens, perforation of the sclera during retrobulbar injection, and rupture of the globe with vigorous digital massage.
Emergency Management of Acute Congestive Glaucoma Using an Anterior Chamber Microsyringe and Needle
Authors: O'Rourke J , D'Amato D P , Shafi I , Mendeloff T 
Published: April 2021

SUMMARY
A microsyringe-needle assembly is described for use in aspiration and microinfusion procedures in the anterior chamber. Assets of a lancet pointed 30-gauge needle, surface anesthesia, and fine control of ocular pressure and aqueous humor volume are stressed. Use of the assembly for emergency treatment of acute congestive glaucoma, surgical paracentesis, aqueous sampling, and drug infusion are described. Drug volumes and concentrations must be maintained at levels which do not damage corneal endothelium.
Traumatic Hyphema: Treatment of Secondary Hemorrhage with Cyclodiathermy
Authors: Gilbert Howard D , Smith Ronald E 
Published: April 2021

SUMMARY
Four patients were treated with diathermy applications to the ciliary body for recurrent hemorrhage and elevated intraocular pressure following traumatic hyphema. In all cases, the hemorrhage and intraocular pressure were controlled without major complications. Indications for use of diathermy include a patient with recurrent secondary hemorrhage or a clotted hyphema, with elevated intraocular pressure or corneal blood-staining, in whom a site of bleeding can be identified during surgical intervention.
Intraocular Irritation Evaluation of Benzalkonium Chloride in Rabbits
Authors: Britton B , Hervey R , Kasten K , Gregg S , McDonald T 
Published: April 2021

SUMMARY
The purpose of this study was to define the threshold for intraocular irritation of benzalkonium chloride, a preservative used in some formulations which enter the anterior segment of the eye during ocular surgery. Various concentrations of benzalkonium were injected into anterior chambers of albino rabbit eyes. Conjunctivitis, flare, iritis, and corneal changes occurred in a dose response pattern. The threshold of irritation was 0.03%, with highest nonirritating concentration being 0.01%. In other works in this laboratory, threshold of irritation for topical ocular benzalkonium was 0.05%, but the nature of ocular changes was less substantial than those observed intraocular Iy. Because the threshold for intraocular irritation is less than that topically, the nature of ocular changes was different for two routes, and there is a paucity of clinical data for intraocular benzalkonium chloride, a safety factor of 10 was utilized in setting the highest safe concentration of 0.001% for intraocular use. The preservative efficacy of 0.001% is questionable; therefore, we cannot endorse benzalkonium chloride as a preservative for formulations which will enter the anterior segment of the eye.
Proptosis Secondary to Closure of the Lids Posterior to the Globe
Authors: Clever Victor G , Herzen Alexander T 
Published: April 2021

SUMMARY
A five-year-old black male was seen with acute unilateral proptosis of one to two centimeters following blunt trauma with retraction of the eyelids behind the involved eye. The proptosis was cured by performing a lateral canthotomy and replacement of the eyelids in front of the globe.
Ultrasonic Diagnosis of Posterior Lens Rupture
Authors: Skalka Harold W 
Published: April 2021

SUMMARY
A case of ultrasonically-diagnosed posterior lens capsule rupture, confirmed at surgery, is presented. The A-scan and contact B-scan findings enabling the diagnosis to be made are presented. The ability to make such a preoperative determination allows for the planning of more rational therapy, and should help improve the final visual results in such cases.
Conscious Sedation and Behavioral Modification with Local Standby Anesthesia for Ophthalmologic Surgery
Authors: Shane Sylvan M 
Published: April 2021

SUMMARY
Local and retrobulbar block anesthesia in combination with a brief span of amnesia - not general anesthesia - produced by minute doses of four intravenous sedative drugs, has made it possible to perform ophthalmologic surgery without the memory of the pa i ? of the retrobulbar block, followed by an ensuing quiescence augmented by behavioral modification for the duration of the operation.
Patients are awake, rational, cooperative, calm and relaxed, and because of behavioral modification, are highly motivated to guarantee not only their own survival, but to feel a part of the team effort to preserve the integrity of their eye.
Thermographic Evaluation of the Human Lacrimal Drainage System
Authors: Raflo Gary T , Chart Pamela , Hurwitz Jeffrey J 
Published: April 2021

SUMMARY
A new method for evaluating the anatomy and patency of the human lacrimal drainage system is presented. Thermography was used in conjunction with routine lacrimal irrigation to visualize the tear ducts in normal subjects and in a patient with obstructive epiphora. The canaliculi, common canal, and lacrimal sac could be identified, and certain abnormalities detected with this technique. Additional information can be obtained regarding the presence of subclinical inflammation. The authors feel that thermography offers promise as a safe, simple technique for evaluating the lacrimal anatomy in patients with epiphora.
Inhibition of Secondary Cataracts by Cryolysis of Lens Epithelium in Rabbits
Authors: Shock John P , Zalta Alan H 
Published: April 2021

SUMMARY
In an attempt to inhibit secondary cataract formation by destroying the subcapsular lens epithelium, a defined amount of freeze was applied to the anterior capsule of one eye of 16 New Zealand white rabbits just prior to a planned extracapsular cataract extraction of both eyes using phacofragmentation. The rabbits were sacrificed eight weeks after surgery and the secondary cataracts were dissected from the eyes. The degree of secondary cataract formation was evaluated by two independent observers and grading systems. Overall, 14 of 16 rabbits, or 88%, had a significant (P<.01) reduction of secondary cataract in the treated eye as compared to the control eye.
This study demonstrates that freezing of the subcapsular lens epithelium prior to a planned extracapsular cataract extraction in rabbits can significantlydiminish secondary cataract formation. However, because of the present difficulty in controlling the extent of the freeze to the surrounding ocular tissues with current cryoprobes, this procedure is not yet applicable in humans.
Leaky Cystoid Macular Edema Attracting Vitreous Macrophages
Authors: Wolter J Reimer 
Published: April 2021

SUMMARY
A foveola with signs of atrophy and cystoid edema in an eye with a history of contusion, laceration, and hemorrhage exhibits a selective attraction for blood-filled macrophages. This important observation allows for the conclusion that the avascular foveola can leak into the inner eye like a blood vessel and chemotactically attract vitreous macrophages under these conditions.
Pseudochalazion of the Upper Lid Due to Hard Contact Lens Embedding - Case Reports and Literature Review
Authors: Sebag J , Albert Daniel M 
Published: April 2021

SUMMARY
Two cases of pseudochalazion formation secondary to hard contact lens embedding are reported. In all previously reported cases a lump, swelling, mucopurulence, and ptosis were the most common presenting symptoms. Embedding usually occurred concave to the globe in the supratarsal region.
The cases reported herein are unique in that the location of one lens was beneath the tarsal conjunctiva, and in the second case there was spontaneous release of the lens after four months of embedding.
Argon Laser Trabeculoplasty: Its Effect on Medical Control of Open-Angle Glaucoma
Authors: Pollack Irvin P , Robin Alan L 
Published: April 2021

SUMMARY
Twenty persons with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) were followed for an average of one year in a prospective study after argon laser trabeculoplasty was performed in one eye. By one month the mean intraocular pressure (IOP) had fallen 39% and was associated with an 80% increase in mean facility of aqueous outflow. Eighteen persons with POAG were evaluated for the possibility of maintaining an IOP of less than 22 mm Hg with less medication than was required prior to laser treatment. One third of these patients required no medication after treatment, and 39% required less; however, 28% of persons who were poorly controlled before treatment required the same regimen to maintain control after laser trabeculoplasty. Six out of nine persons no longer required a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor while six out of eight persons no longer required a miotic. Laser trabeculoplasty failed to produce a sufficiently large fall in IOP in most persons on maximal medication to permit discontinuation of all medication; but it produced its most satisfying response in persons whose glaucoma was less difficult to control.
The Use of Mannitol in Intraocular Surgery
Authors: O'Keeffe Michael , Nabil Messiha 
Published: April 2021

SUMMARY
100 ml of 20% Mannitol given between 30 and 60 minutes prior to surgery effectively lowers the intraocular pressure and increases the anterior chamber depth. Larger volumes give an almost identical drop in pressure and identical increase in depth of the anterior chamber although they act more rapidly and over a longer period. Rebound rise in intraocular pressure does not occur within the first two hours.
Cataract and Corneal Opacity are the Main Causes of Blindness in the Samburu Tribe of Kenya
Authors: Whitfield Randolph , Schwab Larry , Bakker N J A , Bisley G G , Ross-Degnan Dennis 
Published: April 2021

SUMMARY
An ocular status survey of the Samburu tribe of Kenya was carried out. There were 844 survey members in an age and sex stratified cluster sample. The prevalence of those who were found to have moderate visual loss or worse (less than 20/60 [6/18] in the better eye) was 3.8%. Those blind by USA criteria represented 1.7% of the total population. The two principal causes of blindness, cataract and corneal opacity, are both surgically amenable. A description of the Samburu people, the survey methods, and a summary of the survey findings are included.
Endothelial Cell Counts Following Pars Plana Vitrectomy in Pseudophakic and Aphakic Eyes
Authors: Mittl Rainer N , Koester Charles J , Kate Mandes R , Wilkes Emanuel 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In 13 pseudophakic eyes, endothelial cell counts remained stable following pars plana vitrectomy. The posterior chamber pseudophakos apparently had a protective effect on the corneal endothelium, even though the posterior lens capsule was removed during surgery. By contrast, in nine aphakic eyes, a statistically significant (p>.05) cell loss of 7.6% occurred after pars plana vitrectomy. We conclude that vitrectomy therefore poses an increased risk to the cornea in aphakic, but not in pseudophakic eyes.
Pseudonasolacrimal Duct Obstruction Caused by Nasal Allergy
Authors: Sanke Robert F 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
While mechanical obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct is the most common cause of acquired unilateral epiphora, it is not the only one. Of the 34 patients evaluated with this symptom, 22 cases (23%) were caused by primary nasal changes in the form of nasal allergy. Many of the characteristic findings of mechanical obstruction were present. Several patients had previous nasolacrimal duct surgery, which failed to eliminate the epiphora. Nasal allergy was not initially considered either by previous examiners or the patients themselves, because of the absence of typical allergic symptoms. All of these patients, however, obtained relief from their unilateral tearing with treatment directed toward the nasal pathology only. Oral sympathomimetics and antihistamines were the most effective. Two patients improved with primary nasal surgery.