bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mineralogy of the 2019 Aguas Zarcas (CM2) carbonaceous chondrite meteorite fall
Authors: Garvie Laurence A.J. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe 2019 Aguas Zarcas CM2 meteorite is the most significant carbonaceous chondrite CM2 fall since Murchison in 1969. Samples collected immediately following the fall and studied here provide the rare opportunity to analyze the bulk mineralogy of a CM2 largely free of terrestrial contamination. Bulk samples were analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal gravimetric (TG) analysis, evolved gas analysis (EGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with an electron-probe micro-analyzer (EPMA). Water-extracted salts were analyzed by XRD. In hand specimen, the stones are brecciated and dominated by chondrule-rich and chondrule-poor lithologies, and locally, a matrix-rich lithology. Powder XRD patterns from multiple stones are dominated by reflections from serpentine group minerals, on which are superimposed reflections for ferrotochilinite, 1:1 regularly interstratified ferrotochilinite/cronstedtite, anhydrous silicates, calcite, pentlandite, pyrrhotite, and minor phases. Reflections for magnetite are present only from a metal-rich breccia clast. The serpentine XRD reflections from the chondrule-rich and chondrule-poor lithologies match those from 1T cronstedtite, whereas those from the matrix-rich lithology match the 1M polytype. Patterns with the 1M polytype also show a distinct low-angle scattering to the serpentine basal reflection centered near 8.6 Å, the origin of which is obscure. Further matching of the known serpentines to the Aguas Zarcas data shows that cronstedtite accounts for a subordinate amount of the clays, and at least three other chemically and structurally distinct serpentines are likely present. A typical fragment of Aguas Zarcas yielded 0.6 wt% water-extractable salts. The powder XRD pattern of the dried water extract shows reflections for halite = NaCl; chlorartinite = Mg2(CO3)(OH)Cl·2H2O; thenardite = Na2SO4; and sodium chlorate = NaClO4. The TG mass losses of 11.4 to 14.7 wt% are consistent with other CM2 chondrites. The gases detected by EGA are dominated by H2O and CO2, largely derived from the dehydroxylation and decomposition of serpentine and calcite, respectively. Also detected are gases with masses matching SO2/S2 and H2S, which are primarily released below 480 °C, and a mass of 30, which matches the molecular weight of formaldehyde and ethane, shows a maximum at 376 °C. These organic gases likely derive from the pyrolysis of indigenous organic matter. Taken together, the millimeter-scale mineralogical study of Aguas Zarcas reveals a complex breccia dominated by CM2-like clasts. The detailed study of this meteorite, together with similar studies from a range of carbonaceous chondrites, provides the foundations for studying and interpreting the samples returned from the NASA OSIRIS-REx and JAXA Hayabusa2 missions.
High-pressure experimental study of tetragonal CaSiO3-perovskite to 200 GPa
Authors: Sun Ningyu , Bian Hui , Zhang Youyue , Lin Jung-Fu , Prakapenka Vitali B. , Mao Zhu 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn this study, we have investigated the crystal structure and equation of state of tetragonal CaSiO3-perovskite up to 200 GPa using synchrotron X-ray diffraction in laser-heated diamond-anvil cells. X-ray diffraction patterns of the quenched CaSiO3-perovskite above 148 GPa clearly show that 200, 211, and 220 peaks of the cubic phase split into 004+220, 204+312, and 224+400 peak pairs, respectively, in the tetragonal structure, and their calculated full-width at half maximum (FWHM) exhibits a substantial increase with pressure. The distribution of diffraction peaks suggests that the tetragonal CaSiO3-perovskite most likely has an I4/mcm space group at 300 K between 148 and 199 GPa, although other possibilities might still exist. Using the Birch-Murnaghan equations, we have determined the equation of state of tetragonal CaSiO3-perovskite, yielding the bulk modulus K0T = 227(21) GPa with the pressure derivative of the bulk modulus, K0T′ = 4.0(3). Modeled sound velocities at 580 K and around 50 GPa using our results and literature values show the difference in the compressional (VP) and shear-wave velocity (VS) between the tetragonal and cubic phases to be 5.3 and 6.7%, respectively. At ~110 GPa and 1000 K, this phase transition leads to a 4.3 and 9.1% jump in VP and VS, respectively. Since the addition of Ti can elevate the transition temperature, the transition from the tetragonal to cubic phase may have a seismic signature compatible with the observed mid-lower mantle discontinuity around the cold subduction slabs, which needs to be explored in future studies.
Monoamine Oxidase-B (MAO-B) Inhibitors in the Treatment of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Özdemir Zeynep , Alagöz Mehmet Abdullah , Bahçecioğlu Ömer Faruk , Gök Selim 
Published: February 2021

Background:
The MAO enzyme is presented in the brain and peripheral tissues
and is a significant enzyme that is responsible for the deamination of biogenic
amines and thus the regulation of neurotransmitter levels. The reaction of these neurotransmitters
with the MAO enzyme produces aldehyde and free amine. MAO enzyme
consists of two isoforms, MAO-A and MAO-B, which are characterized by amino acid
sequence, three-dimensional structure, substrate preference, and inhibitor selectivity. Dopamine,
tyramine, and tryptamine are substrates of both MAO isoforms and MAO inhibitors
such as clorgiline and selegiline, which are used as medications in neurodegenerative
and neurological diseases. In particular, MAO-A inhibitors are used in the treatment
of depression, while MAO-B inhibitors are used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
It is also investigated whether MAO-B inhibitors are effective in the treatment of
Alzheimer's disease. Nowadays, life expectancy has increased, as a result, neurodegenerative
diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease have started to occur more frequently.
The elderly population is increasing day by day. As a result of these common
diseases in elderly people, these people are unable to do their jobs and need care. Therefore,
these diseases have become a significant health problem in society.

Methods:
In this study, review, inclusion, and exclusion criteria were used. Peer-reviewed
research articles were searched. The quality of the examined articles was evaluated
with standard tools. The information obtained was analyzed conceptually by using
qualitative content analysis methodology.

Results:
One hundred and five papers were included in the review. The current MAO-B
inhibitors and their usage areas are discussed together with the structures of the drugs; also,
their possible effects in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s treatment are evaluated. In addition,
different articles have been compiled in which structures such as arylalkylamines,
chalcones, benzoquinone, benzoxazinone, and chromen are substituted with various functional
groups and aromatic rings, along with thestructures of 44 different compounds that
have recently been developed and their inhibitory effects on MAO-B enzyme. As a result,
the structure required for MAO-B inhibition and SAR studies is discussed.

Conclusion:
Many studies demonstrate that MAO-B activity increases with age in brain
tissue, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and platelets in Alzheimer's patients. This suggests that
MAO-B inhibitor drugs, which may be effective in the treatment of Parkinson's disease,
may also be effective in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. This article was written to
explain the multifaceted MAO-B inhibitor molecules.
Application of Microfluidics in Single-cell Manipulation, Omics and Drug Development
Authors: Abdulla Aynur , Maboyi Nokuzola , Ding Xianting 
Published: February 2021

Background:
Cell heterogeneity exists among different tissues even in the same type of cells. Cell heterogeneity leads to a difference in cell size, functions, biological activity, and for cancer cells it causes different drug responses and resistance. Meanwhile, microfluidics is a promising tool for single-cell research to reveal cell heterogeneity.

Method:
Through literature research conducted over the past ten years on microfluidics, we summarize and introduce the application of microfluidics in single-cell separation and manipulation, featuring techniques such as acoustic manipulation, optical manipulation, single-cell trapping, and patterning, as well as single-cell omics including single-cell genomics, single-cell transcriptomics, single-cell proteome, single-cell metabolome, and drug development.

Results:
Microfluidics is a flexible, precise tool, and it is easy to integrate with different
functions. Firstly, it can be used as an important tool to separate rare but important cells
according to the cell`s biological or physical properties. Secondly, microfluidics can provide
the possibility of single-cell omics. Thirdly, microfluidics can be used in drug development,
specifically in drug delivery and drug combination. Meanwhile, droplet microfluidics
has gradually become the most powerful tool to encapsulate single-cells with
other reagents for DNA, RNA, or protein analysis.

Conclusion:
Microfluidics is a robust platform technology which is able to accomplish rare cell separation, efficient single-cell omics analysis and provide a platform for drug development and drug delivery.
Targeting Epigenetic Mechanisms to Treat Alcohol Use Disorders (AUD)
Authors: Rodriguez F. David 
Published: February 2021

Background:
The impact of abusive alcohol consumption on human health is remarkable. According
to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 3.3 million people die annually because of harmful
alcohol consumption (the figure represents around 5.9% of global deaths). Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) is a
chronic disease where individuals exhibit compulsive alcohol drinking and present negative emotional states
when they do not drink. In the most severe manifestations of AUD, the individuals lose control over intake despite
a decided will to stop drinking. Given the multiple faces and the specific forms of this disease, the term
AUD often appears in the plural (AUDs). Since only a few approved pharmacological treatments are available
to treat AUD and they do not apply to all individuals or AUD forms, the search for compounds that may help to
eliminate the burden of the disease and complement other therapeutical approaches is necessary.

Method:
This work reviews recent research focused on the involvement of epigenetic mechanisms in the pathophysiology
of AUD. Excessive drinking leads to chronic and compulsive consumption that eventually damages
the organism. The central nervous system is a key target and is the focus of this study. The search for the genetic
and epigenetic mechanisms behind the intricated dysregulation induced by ethanol will aid researchers in
establishing new therapy approaches.

Conclusion:
Recent findings in the field of epigenetics are essential and offer new windows for observation and research.
The study of small molecules that inhibit key epienzymes involved in nucleosome architecture dynamics is necessary in
order to prove their action and specificity in the laboratory and to test their effectivity and safety in clinical trials with
selected patients bearing defined alterations caused by ethanol.
Natural Substances and Semisynthetic Derivatives as Potential Alternative Products Against SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Fuochi Virginia , Furneri Pio Maria 
Published: February 2021

Background and Objective:
Today, a new β-coronavirus called SARS-CoV-2 has emerged
and it is causing a global pandemic. Inter-human transmission studies have indicated a significant role
of aerosols in the transmission of many respiratory viruses. Hence, it is very important to decrease the
spread of the virus through disinfectant agents. This review aimed to provide an overview related to
possible alternative inhibitory molecules against this virus.

Method:
The literature search was performed in the MEDLINE electronic database using the public
access known as NCBI-PUBMED. Keywords "coronavirus" and “SARS-CoV-2” and “COVID19”
were used. No specific time range was used.

Results:
We provide a review related to structure, anti-coronavirus activity and molecular mechanism
of natural substances and semisynthetic derivatives such as glycopeptides, lipopeptides, probiotics,
surfactants, terpenes and resveratrol. We also include the latest in vitro experiments with anti-SARSCoV-
2 activity. We also provide the theoretical basis for discussing the prospects of such natural molecules
as possible alternative anti-Coronavirus products, so as to develop a complete screening for
future applications.

Conclusion:
In summary, this review suggest to investigate deeper several molecules most of which belong to natural substances to fight COVID19 disease.
MGMT Epigenetics: The Influence of Gene Body Methylation and Other Insights Derived from Integrated Methylomic, Transcriptomic, and Chromatin Analyses in Various Cancer Types
Authors: Bacolod Manny D. , Barany Francis 
Published: February 2021

Background:MGMT (O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase) is primarily responsible for limiting the activity of some widely used chemotherapeutic agents, including temozolomide (TMZ) and carmustine (BCNU). The gene encoding this protein is epigenetically regulated, and assessment of methylation at its promoter region is used to predict glioma patients’ response to TMZ.Methods:In this report, we employed a bioinformatic approach to elucidate MGMT’s epigenetic regulation. Integrated for the analysis were genome-wide methylation and transcription datasets for > 8,600 human tissue (representing 31 distinct cancer types) and 500 human cancer cell line samples. Also crucial to the interpretation of results were publicly available data from the ENCODE Project: tracks for histone modifications (via ChIP-seq) and DNase I hypersensitivity (via DNaseseq), as well as methylation and transcription data for representative cell lines (HeLa-S3, HMEC, K562).Results and Discussion:We were able to validate (perhaps more comprehensively) the contrasting influences of CpG methylation at promoter region and at gene body on MGMT transcription. While the MGMT promoter is populated by CpG sites whose methylation levels displayed high negative correlation (R) with MGMT mRNA counts, the gene body harbors CpG sites exhibiting high positive R values. The promoter CpG sites with very high negative R’s across cancer types include cg12981137, cg12434587, and cg00618725. Among the notable gene body CpG sites (high positive R’s across cancer types) are cg00198994 (Intron 1), cg04473030 (Intron 2), and cg07367735 (Intron 4). For certain cancer types, such as melanoma, gene body methylation appears to be a better predictor of MGMT transcription (compared to promoter methylation). In general, the CpG methylation v. MGMT expression R values are higher in cell lines relative to tissues. Also, these correlations are noticeably more prominent in certain cancer types such as colorectal, adrenocortical, esophageal, skin, and head and neck cancers, as well as glioblastoma. As expected, hypomethylation at the promoter region is associated with more open chromatin, and enrichment of histone marks H3K4m1, H3K4m2, H3K4m3, and H3K9ac.Conclusion:Overall, our analysis illustrated the contrasting influence of promoter and gene body methylation on MGMT expression. These observations may help improve diagnostic assays for MGMT.
Recent Trend in the Chemistry of Triazolopyrimidines and their Applications
Authors: Salem Mounir A. , Behalo Mohamed S. , Khidre Rizk E. 
Published: February 2021

:
This review deals with the synthetic methods, chemical reactions, and applications of triazolopyrimidine derivatives. The synthetic methods and chemical reactions are subdivided into groups according to the junction between triazole and pyrimidine moieties for instance [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine, [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine, [1,2,3]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine, [1,2,3]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine, [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-c]pyrimidine, and [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrimidine. Pharmacological activity of triazolopyrimidins is also reported.
An Overview of Debenzylation Methods to Obtain 1-Deoxynojirimycin (DNJ)
Authors: Iftikhar Mehwish , Zhou Min , Lu Yinghong 
Published: February 2021

:
A classic reductive amidation/amination (C-N bond formation) approach for DNJ synthesis has been widely practiced due to the availability of low-cost reagents. The key steps for this synthetic route are Swern oxidation, reductive amidation/amination, and debenzylation. A lot of attention has been given to the optimization of these key intermediates apart from debenzylation. This review aims to describe the deprotection advances employing efficient, systematic, and practical protocols for sample preparation and separation by using Pd(OH)2/C, Li, BCl3 and Pd/C as catalysts. The impact of varying reaction parameters such as solvents, acids and temperature for deprotection was emphasized for optimal DNJ synthesis.
Nanoceuticals as an Emerging Field: Current Status and Future Prospective
Authors: Malik Reetu , Rathi Jyoti , Manchanda Deeksha , Makhija Manish , Kushwaha Deepshikha , Katiyar Prashant , Kaushik Deepak , Jalwal Pawan , Pandey Parijat , Purohit Deepika 
Published: February 2021

Background:
The safety and quality of food have been a matter of great discussion
throughout the centuries and the application of nanotechnology in the field of nutraceuticals i.e.
nanoceuticals has improved the variety and protection of food products in many ways.

Objective:
Improving the quality and safety of the food products with a view to improve public health and the invasion of nanotechnological advancements in the area of nutrition has resulted in the expansion of novel foods with improved oral bioavailability as well as thermal stability. The main objective of this review is to summarize available literature on nanoceuticals including patents and clinical trials.

Method:
The review was extracted from the searches performed at PubMed, Google Patents and Google Scholars, etc. Data from these searches was collected and evaluated for getting the information about the available literature on the nanoceuticals. Along with this, some reported patents have also been included in this review in order to conclude the future of nanoceuticals.

Result:
The literature so obtained was studied thoroughly as per the requirement of the objective
of this review. The details of nanoceuticals including major applications, regulatory aspects, some
reported patents and clinical trials are compiled here in this review. Nanoceuticals like vitamins,
antibiotics, bioactive peptides, probiotics, etc., which are dispersed, absorbed or incorporated in
nano diameter range sacs, have improved solubility, delivery properties, biological activities, protection
against degradation and therefore have improved biological activities and delivery to the target
cells and tissues in the body. Different regulations from various countries recommend that any
food ingredients which result from the use of nanotechnologies must undergo safety risk assessment
standards before entering into the market as nano-food.

Conclusion:
The idea of “nanoceuticals” is increasing enthusiasm and marketable dairy/food and food supplements. This article focuses on the history, applications, regulation aspects, patents, clinical trials and future prospects of nanoceuticals.
PDE3 Inhibition by Cilostazol Ameliorated Behavioral and Biochemical Deficits in Prenatal Alcohol Induced Experimental ADHD
Authors: Sharma Niti , Sharma Bhupesh , Dhiman Neerupma , Golani Lalit K. 
Published: February 2021

Background:
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder
with complex aetiology and phenotypes. Maternal consumption of alcohol is known to produce
deleterious effects in the progeny, generating ADHD-related phenotypes. Phosphodiesterase-3 (PDE3)
has been shown to provide benefits in various brain conditions.

Objective:
To investigate the role of a selective PDE3 inhibitor, effects of cilostazol administration on
core phenotypes of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure (PAE) model of ADHD were assessed.

Methods:
PAE was established by exposing animals to 6/4 g.kg-1 (weekdays/weekends) ethyl alcohol
from gestational days 8-20 and cilostazol (30/60 mg.kg-1 p.o.) was administered to the offspring (PND21-
48) of females exposed to ethyl alcohol. To identify probable mechanisms involved, the effects on protein
markers of neuronal function such as, neuronal survival-BDNF, neuronal transcription factor-pCREB,
brain inflammation (IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α) and brain oxidative stress (TBARS and GSH) were studied
in frontal cortex, cerebellum, and striatum. Also, effects on behaviour such as hyperactivity, inattention
and anxiety were assessed.

Result:
PAE induced hyper-locomotion, inattention, and anxiety in tested animals. Administration of
cilostazol to PAE group of animals resulted in amelioration of behavioural deficits. Also, cilostazol resulted
in a significant increase in the levels of BDNF, pCREB, IL-10 and GSH along with a significant
decrease in TNF-α, IL-6 and TBARS in different brain areas of PAE group.

Conclusion:
Cilostazol, a selective PDE3 inhibitor rectified behavioural phenotypes associated with
ADHD, possibly by altering protein markers associated with neuronal survival, neuronal transcription
factor, brain inflammation, and brain oxidative stress.
Nitric Oxide Inhibition Assay and the Respective Target Identification of
an Aptamer Designed to Control Atherosclerosis
Authors: Achary Anant , Manibalan Subramanian , Akshaysri Pilavadiyan , Thabusree Sethuraman , Chitra Madasamy , Vasanthi Mani 
Published: February 2021

Introduction:
Aptamers are emerging newer therapeutics and diagnostics whichcan be
designed to bind any kind of target proteins. Vascular endothelial damage by the excess amount of
nitric oxide production in systemic circulation leads to the secretion of inflammatory chemoattractants
and cell adhesions are the prime pro-atherogenic events in the formation of plagues at atrial intimal
layers due to oxidation – sensitive mechanisms. Nitric oxide inhibition assay is one of the
valuable qualitative anti-atherosclerosis matrices.

Methods:
In this research, Nitric oxide inhibition efficiency of an ssDNA aptamer on cell lines was
studied, and the respective targets of that aptamer were identified by network analysis. The aptamer
used here was originally designed for Selectin P Ligand Protein to control the atherogenic
process. 20 nM of aptamer solution in LipofectamineTM 2000 sshowshighest level 70.5% inhibition
of nitric oxide liberation on 24 hours cultured medium of lipopolysaccharide stimulated murine
macrophage RAW 264.7 cell lines.

Results:
Protein interaction network analysis of the nitric oxide synthesis pathway interactors and
the molecular docking analysis with network resulted in proteins such as AKT serine/threonine kinase
1, calmodulin, estrogen receptor 1, and nitric oxide synthase-3, which confirmed that the G –
quadruplex Model of 18-mer sequence effectively bound to the active sites of estrogen receptor 1,
and nitric oxide synthase-3.

Conclusion :
The aptamer designed for atherosclerotic target has also exertedsignificant nitric
oxide inhibition to control the atherogenic events through the proteins such as, AKT1, NOS3 and
ESR1.