bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aridity on the Rise: Spatial and Temporal Shifts in Climate Aridity in Spain (1961–2020)
Authors: Beguería Santiago , Trullenque‐Blanco Víctor , Vicente‐Serrano Sergio M. , González‐Hidalgo J. Carlos 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTClimate aridity (the long‐term balance between water availability through precipitation and the atmospheric evaporative demand) has a fundamental role in determining water availability and the geographic distribution of ecosystems and agricultural regions, and plays a crucial role in shaping ecological transitions under current climate change. We computed the Aridity Index, computed as the ratio of precipitation to reference evapotranspiration, over Spain for the period 1961–2020. Here we present spatially detailed climatologies of the Aridity Index, at the annual and the monthly scales, and an assessment of changes between the normal periods 1961–1990 and 1991–2020. The results show a transition towards reduced values of the Aridity Index (i.e., towards drier conditions) at the annual scale, which was more intense in the Canary Islands (where 16.3% of the territory transitioned towards more arid climate categories) than in mainland Spain and the Balearic Islands (11.6%). At the monthly level, the most striking changes over mainland Spain occurred in June, with 39.7% of the territory transitioning towards more arid categories, while transitions towards more humid conditions have only been relevant in March (23.5%) and October (13.0%) and did not compensate for the aridification trend when the whole year is considered. In the Canary Islands, the strongest changes occurred in May (22.6%) and September (19.4%), although drying trends were found almost in all months except the summer.
Aerosol–Climate Interaction in the South Asian Region: A Focused Exploration of the Impacts of Ozone, Black Carbon, Optical Properties and Radiative Forcing in a Region of Significant Climate Change Dynamics
Authors: Uddin Kazi Rakib , Zaman Shahid Uz , Budhavant Krishnakant B. , Salam Abdus 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTIn South Asia, our understanding of atmospheric aerosols and their optical properties is limited, posing a challenge to comprehending climate change dynamics. This study characterises aerosol optical properties, radiative properties, black carbon (BC) and ozone (O3) at seven South Asian locations, including Nam Co (Tibetan Plateau, TP), Dhaka, Bhola (Bangladesh), and Hanimaadhoo, Kashidhoo, Male' and Gan (Maldives). The study utilises columnar aerosol data from the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) and reanalysis data from Modern‐Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA‐2) from 2001 to 2020. Notably, during the winter, the highest Aerosol optical depth (AOD) levels were observed in Dhaka (1.0 ± 0.5) and Bhola (0.8 ± 0.4) among these seven locations. BC concentrations in Dhaka ranged from 2.1 to 2.8 μg m−3, while Bhola recorded concentrations between 1.4 and 2.1 μg m−3. O3 levels across Maldives sites remained consistent, with values ranging between 314 and 345 dobson units (DU), surpassing those in Bangladesh and TP. The analysis shows a significant difference in the rate at which the atmosphere heats (HR) up due to aerosols. Higher heating rates were observed over Kashidhoo during the post‐monsoon and winter seasons, while lower values were seen during the pre‐monsoon and monsoon seasons, compared with Hanimaadhoo and Male'. It is important to note that Bangladesh had higher HR values than the Maldives. This study helps us better understand the impact of atmospheric aerosols on South Asia's climate and the different seasonal patterns.
Olfactory mucosa mesenchymal stem cell‐derived exosomes protect against neuroinflammation after subarachnoid hemorrhage by activating mitophagy
Authors: Wang Jian , Peng Jun , Gao Ling , He Jun , Lin Long , Li Jia‐Meng , Xia Ying 
Published: February 2025

AbstractSubarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) can lead to significant acute neuroinflammation, with treatment outcomes often being inadequate. Olfactory mucosa mesenchymal stem cells (OM‐MSCs) have promising therapeutic potential in nerve regeneration and functional recovery. This investigation sought to elucidate the functional mechanisms through which exosomes derived from OM‐MSCs provide protection against neuroinflammation following SAH. Mouse OM‐MSCs and their exosomes were isolated and characterized using various techniques, including transmission electron microscopy, immunofluorescence staining, Western blotting, flow cytometry, and nanoparticle tracking analysis. Hemin‐induced HT22 cells were subsequently utilized to assess the impact of OM‐MSC‐derived exosomes on the inflammatory response, apoptosis, and mitophagy through ELISAs, Western blotting, qPCR, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence staining. The impacts of exosomes on neuroinflammation and neuronal damage in SAH model mice were assessed using qPCR, ELISAs, Western blotting, immunofluorescence staining, and TUNEL staining. Exosomes derived from OM‐MSCs had the capacity to reduce the levels of proinflammatory factors (IL‐6, IL‐1β, and TNF‐α) and promote apoptosis in hemin‐induced HT22 cells. Exosomes alleviated neuroinflammation and neuronal injury post‐SAH, as evidenced by the increase in modified Garcia scores, reduction in the brain water content, decrease in blood–brain barrier permeability, decreases in inflammatory marker levels, and reduction in apoptosis rates. Notably, the protective effects of exosomes derived from OM‐MSCs on neuroinflammation and apoptosis, both in vitro and in vivo, were mediated via the activation of mitophagy. These findings provide a fresh perspective for subsequent clinical research in the domain of prevention and treatment strategies.
Tight Focusing Holographic Network Enables 3D Real Time and Accurate Light Field Modulation
Authors: Wu Jiajia , Li Xinkuo , Sun Ke , Gao Kai , Chen Chenduan , Qiu Jianrong , Tan Dezhi 
Published: February 2025

AbstractPhase‐only computer‐generated holography (CGH) is an effective technique to manipulate 3D light field distribution in the tight focusing volume for numerous applications in micro/nano‐manufacturing, optical tweezers, and optical communication. Unfortunately, hologram computation is slow and generally takes several seconds or longer for a single instance, which hinders broad applications in real time light modulation. Here, fast hologram computation is reported with the calculation time for a single instance down to 3.7 ms. A depth‐adaptive 3D tight‐focusing holographic network framework driven by a vectorial diffraction model is developed. The network adequately considers the tight‐focusing property and the spherical aberration effect in high NA objectives and employs a layer‐based learning strategy to reinforce the global constraints on reconstructed 3D focusing fields. This network enables the generation of high‐quality holographic phases in real time and facilitates large‐scale computations of focused fields with arbitrary spatial, intensity, and axial spacing distributions with high speed and high accuracy (up to 0.93). The proposed network is deployed in ultrafast laser direct writing and microscale fluorescence display applications, which indicates that the current 3D tight‐focusing field modulation technique will play a vital role in broad optical and photonic engineering.
A Coupling‐Fed Wideband Patch Filtering Antenna With Enhanced Out‐of‐Band Suppression
Authors: Li Lei , Xiao YuXuan , Wu ZiLiang , Xie ShaoRui 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTThis paper proposes a wideband filtering patch antenna with enhanced out‐of‐band suppression. The antenna incorporates a driven patch, two rectangular parasitic patches, and a pair of U‐shaped parasitic patches. It employs a short‐circuited asymmetric fork‐shaped coupled feed line that creates a low‐frequency radiation null. A high‐frequency radiation null is generated by incorporating rectangular parasitic patches, and a new resonant mode is introduced within the passband. Similarly, the pair of U‐shaped parasitic patches introduces another resonant mode, thereby extending the bandwidth. A prototype was fabricated to verify the proposed design, and measurement results confirmed its efficacy. The antenna demonstrated a −10 dB impedance bandwidth of 29% (3.27 to 4.38 GHz), a peak gain of 8.85 dBi, and achieved suppression levels of 25.7 dB in the lower frequency band and 19.14 dB in the higher frequency band. These characteristics make the antenna suitable as a base station antenna for the 5G n77 band.
Millimeter‐Wave High‐Gain LTCC‐Integrated Endfire Antenna Array Based on Compact Multi‐Slot Excitation of High‐Order Mode
Authors: Yuan Bin , Hao Chengxiang , Yu Zhongjun 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTThis letter presents a compact multi‐slot excitation scheme of high‐order mode in substrate‐integrated waveguide (SIW), which is employed to feed the low‐temperature cofired ceramic (LTCC) endfire antenna array with a high‐gain performance in millimeter‐wave (MMW) band. A dielectric‐loaded tapered slot antenna (TSA) is designed as the antenna element for high‐gain endfire radiation. The linear array of TSA elements is fed by a high‐order mode SIW acting as a multiway feeding network. Due to the removal of electric wall between adjacent fundamental mode, the high‐order mode SIW leads to a relaxed LTCC fabrication of MMW integrated antenna array. In this design, the TE80 mode is directly generated based on a compact multi‐slot excitation without an additional power distribution network, and an 8‐element dielectric‐loaded TSA array is fed by the TE80‐mode SIW. The proposed LTCC prototype is analyzed and fabricated, obtaining a good agreement between simulation and measurement. The measured impedance bandwidth of 14% (31.3–36 GHz) is achieved under |S11| < −10 dB, and the peak gain is 13.1 dBi within the working band. Compact structure, directive endfire radiation, and relaxed fabrication make the proposed endfire antenna array great potential in MMW LTCC‐integrated systems.
Low Back Pain Incidence Trends Globally, Regionally, and Nationally, 1990–2019: An Age‐Period‐Cohort Analysis, Cross‐Sectional Studies
Authors: Wang Fei , Cao Yu , Lu Hao , Pan Yuehan , Huang Shibo , Tao Youping , Wu Jigong 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTIntroductionLow back pain (LBP) imposes a significant burden on global health, yet it remains deficient in comprehensive investigations pertaining to its incidence patterns. The aim of this study was to analyse global, regional and national trends and associated factors in the incidence of LBP from 1990–2019.MethodsIn order to examine global and country‐specific 30‐year incidence patterns of LBP, data were obtained from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease Study. An age‐period cohort (APC) model was utilised to determine annual percent changes, age‐specific changes, and period/cohort effects.ResultsThe age‐standardized global LBP incidence rate significantly declined from 1990–2019. However, the absolute number of cases increased by 2.39 billion, predominantly in middle‐, low‐middle‐ and low‐socio‐demographic index (SDI) regions, affecting mostly 50–69 years old with a higher incidence in women. LBP incidence increased progressively from low to high SDI regions. Period and cohort effects trended downward in all regions except high‐SDI countries, which had the lowest incidence decline and a slight rebound after 2012.ConclusionsOur study updates global and regional LBP incidence from 1990–2019 using APC modelling, showing declining age‐standardized rates globally but increased case numbers due to population growth and ageing. Prevention likely helped reduce incidence, but more health strengthening and minimally invasive treatments are still needed, especially where LBP has plateaued or rebounded recently.
Mechanical properties and predictive analysis of multi‐material polypropylene‐glass fiber sandwich structures produced by material extrusion
Authors: Utz Julia , Ferbert Amelie , Geis Nico , Ruckdäschel Holger 
Published: February 2025

AbstractCombining multiple filaments in material extrusion (MEX) to tailor mechanical properties is increasingly significant in science and applications. However, understanding the interaction between different materials, the influence on the mechanical properties and the predictability of such properties is still poor. Therefore, this study investigates the tensile and flexural behavior of 3D‐printed sandwich‐type composites made of polypropylene (PP) and glass fiber‐filled polypropylene (PPGF). The materials exhibit different mechanical properties, with PP being more ductile and flexible and PPGF being more brittle and stiff. Various contents of PP and PPGF were used. Measured mechanical values were correlated with theoretical predictions. The tensile properties scaled linearly with the material composition, covering a range of moduli and strength values between 500–2910 MPa and 18–43 MPa, respectively. A rule of mixture could be applied, although PPGF layers tended to crack early. The ductile nature of PP allowed for bridging cracks, preventing premature failure. In flexural tests, the shell material dominated modulus, strength and failure mode. The samples with PPGF shells failed by cracking, while specimens with PP shells showed high deformation without clear failure. By varying contents and layer order, flexural moduli ranging from 680 to 3180 MPa and flexural strengths from 25 to 65 MPa were reached. Additionally, the study demonstrated that theoretical calculations and predictions of tensile and flexural moduli were highly accurate with an average deviation of 6.0% and 1.4%, respectively. This highlights the potential for tailoring mechanical properties based on the characteristics of PP and PPGF.Highlights
High PP/PPGF interface adhesion ensures reproducible multi‐material printing.
Whole range of mechanical properties from ductile PP to stiff PPGF is reached.
Order and amount of both materials determine failure behavior.
Analytical prediction of modulus is very accurate.
Mechanisms of Plasma Polymerization – Reviewed From a Chemical Point of View‐II
Authors: Friedrich Jörg Florian 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTIn this work, the chemical and physical measures tested so far to approximate the irregular structure of plasma polymers to that of classical polymers with their excellent properties are investigated. Even the injection of polymers instead of monomers could not significantly reduce the irregularity of the structure of the deposited plasma polymers. The only exception was the electrospray ionization (ESI) process of polymer solutions at atmospheric pressure, which, as expected, produces classically chemically structured polymer layers.
Exploring the proton transport mechanism of the mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier: FA‐cycling hypothesis and beyond
Authors: Pohl Elena E. , Vazdar Mario , Kreiter Jürgen 
Published: February 2025

AbstractThe mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier (AAC, ANT), a member of the SLC25 family of solute carriers, plays a critical role in transporting purine nucleotides (ATP and ADP) as well as protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. However, the precise mechanism and physiological significance of proton transport by ADP/ATP carrier remain unclear. Notably, the presence of uncouplers—such as long‐chain fatty acids (FA) or artificial compounds like dinitrophenol (DNP)—is essential for this process. We explore two potential mechanisms that describe ADP/ATP carrier as either (i) a proton carrier that functions in the presence of FA or DNP, or (ii) an anion transporter (FA− or DNP). In the latter case, the proton is translocated by the neutral form of FA, which carries it from the matrix to the intermembrane space (FA‐cycling hypothesis). Our recent results support this hypothesis. We describe a four‐step mechanism for the “sliding” of the FA anion from the matrix to the mitochondrial intermembrane space and discuss a possible generalization of this mechanism to other SLC25 carriers.
Influence of the ‘painless’ TRP channel on temperature‐dependent escape and humidity‐related pupation in Bactrocera dorsalis larvae
Authors: Zhang Yan , Zhang Panpan , Luo Zhicai , Wang Qi , Zhang Jie , Yang Minghuan , Yan Shanchun , Liu Wei , Wang Guirong 
Published: February 2025

AbstractBACKGROUNDTemperature and humidity are critical environmental factors that shape insect growth, development and survival. The larval stage is particularly vulnerable, making the ability to detect and respond to adverse environmental conditions vital for avoiding harm. The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis, is a major global pest inflicting damage on >150 fruit crops. However, the behavioral responses of nonmodel insect larvae to temperature and humidity remain poorly characterized.RESULTSWe found that temperature and humidity significantly influence key larval behaviors. To uncover the molecular mechanisms driving these behaviors, we identified B. dorsalis painless (Bdorpainless) homologs and confirmed their expression during larval behavioral stages. Genetic disruption of Bdorpainless notably impaired the larvae's temperature‐escape response. Although humidity sensing remained unaffected in Bdorpainless‐mutant larvae, their pupation rate was significantly reduced.CONCLUSIONSOur findings provide new insights into the role of environmental factors in B. dorsalis behavior and highlight Bdorpainless as a potential molecular target for pest control. For example, RNA‐based biopesticides targeting Bdorpainless could impair larvae's environmental adaptability, offering a novel pest management approach. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.
Encysted Pneumomediastinum With Septations Following Talc Pleurodesis for a Secondary Spontaneous Pneumothorax
Authors: Wickramasinghe Sugeesha , Hettiarachchi Sanjeewa , Kearney Susan , Gudur Sharada 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTEncysted pneumomediastinum with septations is an extremely rare phenomenon. Talc treatment can leak through fistulous tracts to the mediastinum, walling off air collection, which is not commonly described in the literature. Clinicians should be aware of this complication, as these can be easily missed, causing complications.
Perimidine‐2‐chalcogenone Ligand‐Supported Palladium(II) Complex: A Potent Catalyst in Suzuki–Miyuara Cross‐Coupling Reaction and Nitroarene Reduction
Authors: Velmurugan Priyanka , Ghatak Tapas 
Published: February 2025

AbstractA potent palladium(II) metal complex incorporating 1‐isopropyl‐1H‐perimidine‐2(3H)‐thione ligand with structural formula C32H28ClN2PPdS has been investigated. Several characterization tools have been employed to analyze the complex and ligand, including single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction (SCXRD), FTIR, and NMR. According to single crystal X‐ray diffraction, the ligand and palladium complex crystallize in C1 2/c1 and P1 21/n1 space groups, respectively, and the Pd(II) complex has a square planar geometry. It was examined how well the palladium complex catalyzed the Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reaction and the reduction of nitroarenes. The findings revealed that the Pd(II) complex exhibited exceptional catalytic activity in transforming nitroarenes into aromatic primary amines and generating biaryls with impressive yields. The use of stoichiometric investigations has led to the hypothesis of a plausible mechanism.
Exposure to Polystyrene Microplastic Differentially Affects the Colon and Liver in Adult Male Mice
Authors: Zangene Somaye , Morovvati Hassan , Anbara Hojat , Bernabò Nicola 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTMicroplastics (MPs) have emerged as novel environmental pollutant. Their ubiquity in natural environments and the global dissemination of plastic particles through food and drink have led to the oral ingestion of these particles by all kinds of living organism. In this investigation, male mice were subjected to exposure to 2 μm virgin PS‐MPs for 6 weeks. To accomplish this, 36 adult male NMRI mice were gavaged with PS‐MPs at concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, and 1 mg/kg body weight. A control group was also accounted for, which received 0.1 mL of distilled water. The results show that the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase) decreased, while the level of malondialdehyde increased in colon and liver. Additionally, findings showed that PS‐MPs can disrupt the integrity of the intestinal barrier and inhibit the secretion of intestinal mucus in mice, disrupt mucin secretion, and cause changes in the tissue structure of the colon and liver. Further information regarding the toxicity of MPs in a terrestrial organism was obtained through this study, which assist in the evaluation of the potential health hazards that PS‐MPs may pose to living organisms.
Two new positive psychosocial measures for persons living with dementia
Authors: Molony Sheila L. , Fazio Sam , Van Haitsma Kimberly , Feinn Richard , Montminy Joseph , Rulison Maureen , Sanchez Ricci , Zimmerman Sheryl 
Published: February 2025

AbstractINTRODUCTIONDifferences in adaptive strategies used by individuals and families living with dementia have the potential to impact day‐to‐day well‐being. The Living Well Inventory for Dementia (LWI‐D) is a new measure to capture these strategies and to illuminate new options to support families living with dementia. The Quality of Day Scale (QODS) is a new measure to capture global well‐being in persons based on a shorter temporal frame than traditional quality of life measures. This article summarizes the initial evaluation of the LWI‐D and the QODS for face validity, content validity, and user acceptability.METHODSInitial acceptability and feasibility testing were conducted with a sample of 17 community‐dwelling individuals with early‐stage dementia (Montreal Cognitive Assessment [MoCA] scores of 12–30).After revision and optimization of the two measures, a second pilot test was conducted with a sample of 30 dyads (persons living with dementia and family caregivers) in nursing home, assisted living, and community settings.RESULTSData from both pilot studies are reported including item analysis and quantitative and qualitative results. Outcomes related to convergent validity between the LWI‐D and the QODS with measures of positive affect‐balance, quality of life, and well‐being are presented. Within‐dyad differences in ratings on both measures are discussed.DISCUSSIONThe LWI‐D and the QODS are developing measures that warrant further testing and may enhance the ability to (1) identify strengths in living well with dementia, and (2) identify and test new interventions to bolster care and support.Highlights
This article describes the process used to develop and test two new measures for research and clinical practice related to positive psychosocial approaches to dementia.
The measures were developed with a team that included persons living with Alzheimer's disease as co‐researchers in the process.
A novel method of human‐centered design was used to cultivate deep empathy, generate options, and conduct small, iterative tests of prototype measures.