bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The social embedding of a syntactic alternation: Variable particle placement in Ontario English
Authors: Röthlisberger Melanie , Tagliamonte Sali A. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe present work investigates the effects of social constraints on word order variation in particle placement in Ontario English, Canada. While previous research has documented numerous linguistic factors conditioning the choice of variant, social correlates have so far remained unexplored. To address this gap, we analyze 6,047 variable phrasal verbs from the vernacular speech of six communities in Ontario. These data were coded for length of the direct object, verb semantics, community, and the individual's education, gender, age, and occupation. Our analyses confirm previous findings that variation in particle placement is predominantly determined by direct object length. However, we also expose significant social and geographic factors, and importantly an effect of age, with younger speakers using the joined variant more than older speakers. Further analysis confirms that the latter effect is consistent across communities, indicating a change in progress, possibly due to ongoing grammaticalization of particles in the verb phrase.
Increases in oxygen saturation following discharge from Fontan palliation – an indicator of resolution of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations?
Authors: Van Galder Hannah , Schaal Amy M. , Feng Mingen , Pan Amy Y. , Frommelt Michele A. , Ginde Salil , Spearman Andrew D. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackground:Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations in single ventricle congenital heart disease are poorly understood. Previous studies investigating pulmonary arteriovenous malformations predominantly focus on patients with heterotaxy syndrome and interrupted inferior caval vein. It is unknown if development and resolution of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations are similar for patients with and without heterotaxy syndrome.Methods:In this retrospective single-institution study, we identified patients with a history of single ventricle congenital heart disease and Fontan palliation. We then matched patients with heterotaxy syndrome (intact and interrupted inferior caval vein) and non-heterotaxy hypoplastic left heart syndrome. To compare development of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations, we identified the frequency of positive diagnoses pre-Fontan. To compare resolution of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations, we recorded oxygen saturation changes for 12 months following Fontan.Results:A total of 124 patients were included. Patients with heterotaxy and interrupted inferior caval vein were more likely to have a pre-Fontan contrast echocardiogram performed (p < 0.01) and more likely to be diagnosed with pulmonary arteriovenous malformations pre-Fontan (p < 0.01). There was no difference in oxygen saturation prior to Fontan, yet all patient groups had increased their oxygen saturations in the first year after Fontan discharge.Conclusions:Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations are variably diagnosed prior to Fontan palliation; however, all study groups had increased oxygen saturations after Fontan discharge, potentially indicating resolution of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations in all groups. The prevalence of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations pre-Fontan is likely underestimated. A quantitative, systematic approach to diagnosis and follow-up of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations is needed to better understand susceptibility and pathophysiology.
First-Principles Calculation of the Evaporation Field and Roll-up Effect of M (M = Fe, Cu, Si, and Mn) on the Fe (001) and Fe Step Structure
Authors: Ohnuma Toshiharu 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
First-principles calculations were performed on the evaporation field of Fe, Cu, Mn, and Si in Fe (001) and on the evaporation field and roll-up effect of Fe, Cu, and Mn in the Fe (001) step structure. The larger the evaporation barrier energy tendency, at an electric field of 0 V/nm (absorption energy), the larger was the evaporation field. Electric field evaporation calculation results indicate that the order in which the electric field is easily evaporated is Mn &gt; Cu &gt; Fe &gt; Si. The tendency that Mn and Cu evaporate more easily than does Fe and that the evaporation of Si is less probable is consistent with the experiment of a dilute element in steel. In the Fe (001) step structure, when the electric field is low, the roll-up effect where the evaporated atoms move on the step is large, and when the electric field is large, the roll-up effect is small. The roll-up effect of Cu was almost the same as that of Fe, and the roll-up effect of Mn was small because the chemical bond between Mn and Fe was weak.
Differences in African banking systems: causes and consequences
Authors: Mutarindwa Samuel , Schäfer Dorothea , Stephan Andreas 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis paper links banking system development to the colonial and legal history of African countries. Based on a sample of 40 African countries from 2000 to 2018, our empirical findings show a significant dependence of current financial institutions on the inherited legal origin and the colonization type. Findings also reveal that current financial legal institutions are not major determinants of banking system development, and that institutional development and governance quality are more important. A high share of government spending relative to GDP also positively affects banking system development in African countries.
GKEEP: An Enhanced Graph‐Based Keyword Extractor With Error‐Feedback Propagation for Geoscience Reports
Authors: Qiu Qinjun , Xie Zhong , Xie Hong , Wang Bin 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAs the amount of published geoscience literature grows, reading and summarizing texts of large collections has become a challenging task. Publication keywords can be considered basic components of knowledge structure representations and have been used to reveal knowledge concerning research domains. In contrast to data used in other research domains, the works on textual geoscience data that entail keyword extraction are limited. In this paper, we propose an unsupervised algorithm, the graph‐based keyword extractor with error‐feedback propagation (GKEEP), that enhances graph‐based keyword extraction approaches by using an error‐feedback mechanism similar to the concept of backpropagation. The proposed approach comprises the following steps. A preprocessed document is used as the input of the proposed model and is represented as a weighted undirected graph, where the vertices represent words and the edges represent the cooccurrence relationship between the words constrained by a window size. Subsequently, its nodes are ranked by their importance scores calculated by a graph‐based ranking algorithm. Consequently, all the words have their own scores, and they are used to compute the scores of keyword candidates. Subsequently, the Word2Vec method is applied to recalculate the scores of keyword candidates and rank the keyword candidates to select the final keyword. It also utilizes error feedback to boost the rankings of the most salient terms that would otherwise be deemed less important. With empirical experiments on two real data sets (including our newly built data set), the proposed GKEEP model outperforms state‐of‐the‐art unsupervised models and the existing graph‐based ranking models. The proposed method can effectively reflect intrinsic keyword semantics and interrelationships.
Atlantic‐Origin Cold Saline Water Intrusion and Shoaling of the Nutricline in the Pacific Arctic
Authors: Jung Jinyoung , Cho Kyoung‐Ho , Park Taewook , Yoshizawa Eri , Lee Youngju , Yang Eun Jin , Gal Jong‐Ku , Ha Sun‐Yong , Kim Soobin , Kang Sung‐Ho , Grebmeier Jacqueline M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAtlantic‐origin cold saline water has previously not been considered an important contributor to the nutrient supply in the Pacific Arctic due to the effective insulation by the overlying Pacific‐origin waters that separate the surface mixed layer from the deeper Atlantic Water. Based on hydrographic observations in the northwestern Chukchi Sea from 2015 to 2017, we demonstrate that the intrusion of Atlantic‐origin cold saline water into the halocline boundary between Pacific and Atlantic‐origin waters in 2017 lifted Pacific‐origin nutrients up to the surface layer. We find that the cyclonic atmospheric circulation in 2017 was considerably strengthened, leading to lateral intrusions of two bodies of cold halocline water from the Eurasian marginal seas into the northwestern Chukchi Sea. Our results reveal that the intrusions of cold halocline waters caused unprecedented shoaling of the nutricline and anomalously high surface phytoplankton blooms in typically highly oligotrophic surface waters in the region during summer.
Injection‐Induced Seismicity Size Distribution Dependent on Shear Stress
Authors: Mukuhira Y. , Fehler M. C. , Ito T. , Asanuma H. , Häring M. O. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractLike natural seismicity, induced seismicity caused by injection also shows a power law size distribution, and its gradient b‐value is used for seismic hazard analysis. Despite the well‐known result that b‐value is negatively correlated with differential stress for natural earthquakes, there is no similar correlation for b‐value variations because the differential stress is nearly constant for injection‐induced seismicity, we thus investigate the b‐value dependence on the relative shear stress acting on existing fractures, using the fault orientation and in situ stress information. The seismicity occurring along existing fractures having high shear stress has significantly lower b‐values than does that associated with lower shear stress fractures. We examine the b‐value dependency on slightly changing differential stress, but the relationship is not clear. The b‐value for injection‐induced seismicity is dependent on relative shear stress on faults, which is a novel physical explanation for the b‐value variations of induced seismicity.
Anisotropy Gradients in the Middle of the Ross Sea Embayment, West Antarctica: Evidence From QL Scattered Surface Waves
Authors: Cheng W. , Hu X. G. , Liu L. T. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractLong‐period quasi‐Love (QL) waves in West Antarctica were detected using the band‐pass filtering. Rayleigh waves from March 11, 2011 Tohoku Mw 9.1 earthquake and March 9, 2011 Tohoku Mw 7.3 earthquake had evident QL waves in the frequency range of 7–13 mHz when crossing the Ross Sea Embayment (RSE), while exhibiting normal behavior when crossing the Southern Ocean adjacent to the RSE. We located an anisotropic boundary in the upper mantle beneath the RSE according to the QL waves. Surprisingly, the boundary was consistent with the sharp transition zone of magnetic anomalies discovered by the most recent airborne magnetic surveys. Thus, we speculate that the anisotropic boundary was most likely due to vertical mantle flow below the RSE, which may provide evidence of a vertically coherent boundary condition in the RSE. That anisotropic boundary may be an important tectonic imprint for maintaining the stability of the Ross Ice Shelf.
Retreat of Humboldt Gletscher, North Greenland, Driven by Undercutting From a Warmer Ocean
Authors: Rignot Eric , An Lu , Chauche Nolwenn , Morlighem Mathieu , Jeong Seongsu , Wood Michael , Mouginot Jeremie , Willis Josh K. , Klaucke Ingo , Weinrebe Wilhelm , Muenchow Andreas 
Published: March 2021

AbstractHumboldt Gletscher is a 100‐km wide, slow‐moving glacier in north Greenland which holds a 19‐cm global sea level equivalent. Humboldt has been the fourth largest contributor to sea level rise since 1972 but the cause of its mass loss has not been elucidated. Multi‐beam echo sounding data collected in 2019 indicate a seabed 200 m deeper than previously known. Conductivity temperature depth data reveal the presence of warm water of Atlantic origin at 0°C at the glacier front and a warming of the ocean waters by 0.9 ± 0.1°C since 1962. Using an ocean model, we reconstruct grounded ice undercutting by the ocean, combine it with calculated retreat caused by ice thinning to floatation, and are able to fully explain the observed retreat. Two thirds of the retreat are caused by undercutting of grounded ice, which is a physical process not included in most ice sheet models.
The Cushion Region and Dayside Magnetodisc Structure at Saturn
Authors: Staniland N. R. , Dougherty M. K. , Masters A. , Achilleos N. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA sustained quasi‐dipolar magnetic field between the current sheet outer edge and the magnetopause, known as a cushion region, has previously been observed at Jupiter, but not yet at Saturn. Using the complete Cassini magnetometer data, the first evidence of a cushion region forming at Saturn is shown. Only five examples of a sustained cushion are found, revealing this phenomenon to be rare. Four of the cushion regions are identified at dusk and one pre‐noon. It is suggested that greater heating of plasma post‐noon coupled with the expansion of the field through the afternoon sector makes the disc more unstable in this region. These results highlight a key difference between the Saturn and Jupiter systems.
Sub‐Cloud Turbulence Explains Cloud‐Base Updrafts for Shallow Cumulus Ensembles: First Observational Evidence
Authors: Zheng Youtong , Rosenfeld Daniel , Li Zhanqing 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSub‐cloud turbulent kinetic energy has been used to parameterize the cloud‐base updraft velocity (wb) in cumulus parameterizations. The validity of this idea has never been proved in observations. Instead, it was challenged by recent Doppler Lidar observations showing a poor correlation between the two. We argue that the low correlation is likely caused by the difficulty of a fixed‐point Lidar to measure ensemble properties of cumulus fields. Taking advantage of the stationarity and ergodicity of early afternoon convection, we developed a Lidar sampling methodology to measure wb of a shallow cumulus (ShCu) ensemble (not a single ShCu). By analyzing 128 ShCu ensembles over the Southern Great Plains, we show that the ensemble properties of sub‐cloud turbulence explain nearly half of the variability in ensemble‐mean wb, demonstrating the ability of sub‐cloud turbulence to dictate wb. The derived empirical formulas will be useful for developing cumulus parameterizations and satellite inference of wb.
The Climate Response to Emissions Reductions Due to COVID‐19: Initial Results From CovidMIP
Authors: Jones Chris D. , Hickman Jonathan E. , Rumbold Steven T. , Walton Jeremy , Lamboll Robin D. , Skeie Ragnhild B. , Fiedler Stephanie , Forster Piers M. , Rogelj Joeri , Abe Manabu , Botzet Michael , Calvin Katherine , Cassou Christophe , Cole Jason N.S. , Davini Paolo , Deushi Makoto , Dix Martin , Fyfe John C. , Gillett Nathan P. , Ilyina Tatiana , Kawamiya Michio , Kelley Maxwell , Kharin Slava , Koshiro Tsuyoshi , Li Hongmei , Mackallah Chloe , Müller Wolfgang A. , Nabat Pierre , van Noije Twan , Nolan Paul , Ohgaito Rumi , Olivié Dirk , Oshima Naga , Parodi Jose , Reerink Thomas J. , Ren Lili , Romanou Anastasia , Séférian Roland , Tang Yongming , Timmreck Claudia , Tjiputra Jerry , Tourigny Etienne , Tsigaridis Kostas , Wang Hailong , Wu Mingxuan , Wyser Klaus , Yang Shuting , Yang Yang , Ziehn Tilo 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMany nations responded to the corona virus disease‐2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic by restricting travel and other activities during 2020, resulting in temporarily reduced emissions of CO2, other greenhouse gases and ozone and aerosol precursors. We present the initial results from a coordinated Intercomparison, CovidMIP, of Earth system model simulations which assess the impact on climate of these emissions reductions. 12 models performed multiple initial‐condition ensembles to produce over 300 simulations spanning both initial condition and model structural uncertainty. We find model consensus on reduced aerosol amounts (particularly over southern and eastern Asia) and associated increases in surface shortwave radiation levels. However, any impact on near‐surface temperature or rainfall during 2020–2024 is extremely small and is not detectable in this initial analysis. Regional analyses on a finer scale, and closer attention to extremes (especially linked to changes in atmospheric composition and air quality) are required to test the impact of COVID‐19‐related emission reductions on near‐term climate.
Auroral‐Enhanced Plasma Lines by Suprathermal Electrons Observed by EISCAT
Authors: Feng Ting , Liu Moran , Xu Bin , Xu Tong , Gao Shuaihe , Wang Xiang , Zhou Chen 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPlasma lines (PLs) observed by the European Incoherent Scatter Scientific Association (EISCAT) incoherent scatter radar (ISR) data set during the recent solar maximum 2014 are investigated. To statistically analyze the PLs in the EISCAT data set, we develop an algorithm for the automatic extraction of naturally enhanced PLs from the ISR spectra. Two typical types of auroral‐enhanced PLs at high latitude, namely, secondary electron and electron beam, are analyzed based on this PL extraction algorithm. Our results show that PL enhancements originating from secondary electrons and electron beams present evident magnetic local time dependence. Moreover, the statistical study indicates that the PL enhancements are correlated with the geomagnetic and solar activities. These results can provide insights into solar wind‐magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling mechanisms.
Recent Advances of a Box Model to Represent the Estuarine Dynamics: Time‐Variable Estuary Length and Eddy Diffusivity
Authors: Verri Giorgia , Mahmoudi Kurdistani Sahameddin , Coppini Giovanni , Valentini Andrea 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis study starts from a two‐layer 1D Estuary Box Model (EBM), the so called Centro Euro‐Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici (CMCC) EBM (Verri et al., 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2020.101587), devised to offer a proper representation of the net river release in a coupled modeling framework with hydrology models and ocean models reaching the mesoscale. Two key advances are proposed in the present study: (I) the estuary length and (II) the horizontal eddy diffusivity coefficient are no longer considered as static parameters to calibrate but two non‐dimensional equations have been introduced in order to make them time‐variable. The Goro branch of the Po river delta is considered as case study of “salt‐wedge estuary” flowing into a microtidal sea. Regarding the estuary length, a non‐dimensional equation has been tested and validated. This equation provides a time dependent estuary box volume which is more realistic choice. This time‐variable estuary length represents the length of the salt wedge intrusion. Regarding the horizontal eddy diffusivity, the static eddy coefficient adopted in the previous version of the model is a coarse assumption. Thus a non‐dimensional equation for this coefficient has been tested and validated. It makes the eddy diffusivity dependent on the velocity shear, the salinity gradient and the estuary geometry. The proposed dynamic formula is found to enhance the model capability to reproduce the salinity at the estuary mouth. Overall the high statistical performance in terms of RMSE and correlation coefficient, the short CPU time and the minimal calibration encourage to use the CMCC EBM in coupled mode with both mesoscale‐resolving ocean and hydrology models to produce operational forecasts and climate scenarios.
Using a Paired Chironomid δ18O and Aquatic Leaf Wax δ2H Approach to Reconstruct Seasonality on Western Greenland During the Holocene
Authors: Corcoran Megan C. , Thomas Elizabeth K. , Morrill Carrie 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe Arctic hydrological cycle is predicted to intensify as the Arctic warms, due to increased poleward moisture transport during summer and increased evaporation from seas once ice‐covered during winter. Records of past Arctic precipitation seasonality are important because they provide a context for these ongoing changes. In some Arctic lakes, stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen (δ18O and δ2H, respectively) vary seasonally, due to seasonal changes in precipitation δ18O and δ2H. We reconstruct precipitation seasonality from Lake N3, a well‐dated lake sediment archive in Disko Bugt, western Greenland, by generating Holocene records of two proxies that are produced at different times of the year, and therefore record different lake water seasonal isotopic compositions. Aquatic plants synthesize waxes throughout the summer, and their δ2H reflects winter‐biased precipitation δ2H at Lake N3, whereas chironomids synthesize their head capsules between late summer and winter, and their δ18O reflects summer‐biased precipitation δ18O at Lake N3. During the middle Holocene at Lake N3, aquatic plant leaf wax was strongly 2H‐depleted, while chironomid chitin was 18O‐enriched. We guide interpretations of these records using sensitivity tests of a lake water and energy balance model, where we change precipitation amount and isotope seasonality inputs. The sensitivity tests suggest that the contrasting trends between proxies were likely caused by an increase in precipitation amount during all seasons and an increase in precipitation isotope seasonality, in addition to proxy‐specific mechanisms, highlighting the importance of understanding lake‐ and proxy‐specific systematics when interpreting records from sediment archives.
Development and Evaluation of an ODE Representation of 3D Subsurface Tile Drainage Flow Using the HLM Flood Forecasting System
Authors: Fonley M. R. , Qiu K. , Velásquez N. , Haut N. K. , Mantilla R. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe developed a new ordinary differential equation (ODE) to represent subsurface flows from a hillslope with artificial subsurface drainage (tiling) into an adjacent channel. Our ODE is based on a derived storage‐discharge relationship from high‐resolutions HYDRUS3D simulations that solve 3D partial differential Richards' equations for a hillslope (plot scale) with internal drainage surfaces, variable soil depth, hydraulic conductivity, and varying slope in the direction of flow. The ODE does not capture the hysteresis in the storage‐drainage relation that can only be captured using partial differential equations (PDEs), however the simplification does not have major impacts on the modeled flows. The nondimensional representation of the equation is consistent with, and provides an explanation for, the empirical equation used in classical hydrological models such as the ARNO (Arno River) and Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model to simulate subsurface flows, which removes the need for parameter calibration. Our equation captures the features not captured by other ODE simplifications such as DRAINMOD. The ODE can be coupled to the Hillslope Link Model (HLM) flood forecasting system allowing real‐time regional simulation of streamflow fluctuations and floods over large domains. We show that (i) the new equation improves the capability to model watershed scale hydrograph recessions and to better capture the timing above flood thresholds for multiple spatial scales from 0.1 to 18,000 km2; (ii)using realistic values of slope combined with typical values of tile separation and soil depth provides good predictive power at gauged basin outlets; and (iii) parameters can be derived for particular situations using the 3D PDE framework.