bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring the effects of background image transparency on the usability of image maps
Authors: Peng Qian , Li Zhilin , Gong Xinyu 
Published: July 2021

AbstractImage maps, a compromise between images and maps, are an effective means of harnessing the advantages of realism from images and the high efficiency of interpretation inherent to maps. As satellite images are used as the background, the cartographic design of such maps is quite different from traditional mapping. To make such maps more effective, some investigations have been conducted to reduce the complexity of background images by adjusting their transparency, contrast, and saturation. However, such exploration is not systematically carried out. This study focuses on the influence of the transparency of background image on the usability (i.e., effectiveness and efficiency) of image maps. Extensive experiments were conducted by user studies via an online questionnaire survey. Experimental datasets included image maps with 11 levels of image transparency, at three scales and in nine areas. 1,263 participants took part in this experiment, in which they were asked to distinguish natural and cultural features. It has been found that: (a) the usability of image maps varies with the transparency of background image, mostly with a single peak; and (b) the transparency level corresponding to the peak usability decreases with an increase in background complexity. This provides a guideline for effective use of transparency in image‐map design.
Transplantation programs facing lack of empirical evidence on SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccination: A society recommendation consensus update
Authors: Nevermann Nora , Wiering Leke , Wu Helen , Moroder Philipp , Brandl Andreas , Globke Brigitta , Krenzien Felix , Raschzok Nathanael , Schöning Wenzel , Lurje Georg , Öllinger Robert , Schmelzle Moritz , Pratschke Johann , Ritschl Paul Viktor 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundSince phase III trials for the most prominent vaccines excluded immunocompromised or immunosuppressed patients, data on safety and efficacy of SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccines for recipients of solid organ transplantations are scarce.AimsOur study offers a synthesis of expert opinions aligned with available data addressing key questions of the clinical management of SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccinations for transplant patients.MethodAn online research was performed retrieving available recommendations by national and international transplantation organizations and state institutions on SARS‐CoV2 vaccination management for transplant recipients.ResultsEleven key statements were identified from recommendations by 18 national and international societies, and consensus for the individual statements was evaluated by means of the Society Recommendation Consensus score. The highest consensus level (SRC A) was found for prioritized access to vaccination for transplant patients despite anticipation of a weakened immune response. All currently authorized vaccines can be considered safe for transplant patients (SRC A). The handling of immunosuppressive medication, the timely management of vaccines, and other aspects were aligned with available expert opinions.ConclusionExpert consensus can be determined for crucial aspects of the implementation of SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccination programs. We hereby offer a tool for immediate decision‐making until empirical data
becomes available.
Correlation between leaf epicuticular wax composition and structure, physio‐biochemical traits and drought resistance in glaucous and non‐glaucous near‐isogenic lines of rye
Authors: Laskoś Kamila , Czyczyło‐Mysza Ilona M. , Dziurka Michał , Noga Angelika , Góralska Magdalena , Bartyzel Jakub , Myśków Beata 
Published: July 2021

SUMMARYThe objective of this research was to investigate the differences between glaucous and non‐glaucous near‐isogenic lines (NILs) of winter rye (Secale cereale L.) in terms of epicuticular wax layer properties (weight, composition, and crystal morphology), selected physiological and biochemical responses, yield components, above‐ground biomass, and plant height under soil drought stress. An important aspect of this analysis was to examine the correlation between the above characteristics. Two different NIL pairs were tested, each consisting of a typical glaucous line and a non‐glaucous line with a recessive mutation. The drought experiment was conducted twice (2015–2016). Our study showed that wax accumulation during drought was not correlated with higher leaf hydration and glaucousness. Environmental factors had a large impact on the response of the lines to drought in individual years, both in terms of physiological and biochemical reactions, and the composition of epicuticular leaf wax. The analysed pairs displayed significantly different responses to drought. Demonstration of the correlation between the components of rye leaf wax and the physiological and biochemical parameters of rye NILs is a significant achievement of this work. Interestingly, the study showed a correlation between the wax components and the content of photosynthetic pigments and tocopherols, whose biosynthesis, similarly to the biosynthesis of wax precursors, is mainly located in chloroplasts. This suggests a relationship between wax biosynthesis and plant response to various environmental conditions and drought stress.
Thioredoxins m are major players in the multifaceted light‐adaptive response in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Serrato Antonio J. , Rojas‐González José A. , Torres‐Romero Diego , Vargas Paola , Mérida Ángel , Sahrawy Mariam 
Published: July 2021

SUMMARYThioredoxins (TRXs) are well‐known redox signalling players, which carry out post‐translational modifications in target proteins. Chloroplast TRXs are divided into different types and have central roles in light energy uptake and the regulation of primary metabolism. The isoforms TRX m1, m2, and m4 from Arabidopsis thaliana are considered functionally related. Knowing their key position in the hub of plant metabolism, we hypothesized that the impairment of the TRX m signalling would not only have harmful consequences on chloroplast metabolism but also at different levels of plant development. To uncover the physiological and developmental processes that depend on TRX m signalling, we carried out a comprehensive study of Arabidopsis single, double, and triple mutants defective in the TRX m1, m2, and m4 proteins. As light and redox signalling are closely linked, we investigated the response to high light (HL) of the plants that are gradually compromised in TRX m signalling. We provide experimental evidence relating the lack of TRX m and the appearance of novel phenotypic features concerning mesophyll structure, stomata biogenesis, and stomatal conductance. We also report new data indicating that the isoforms of TRX m fine‐tune the response to HL, including the accumulation of the protective pigment anthocyanin. These results reveal novel signalling functions for the TRX m and underline their importance for plant growth and fulfilment of the acclimation/response to HL conditions.
W′ reconstitution rate at different intensities above critical torque: the role of muscle size and maximal strength
Authors: Abdalla Leonardo Henrique Perinotto , Broxterman Ryan Michael , Barstow Thomas Jackson , Greco Camila Coelho , Denadai Benedito Sérgio 
Published: July 2021

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?
Do muscle size, maximal force and exercise intensity influence the recovery time constant for the finite impulse above critical torque (τIET′)?

What is the main finding and its importance?
Muscle size and maximal strength have different influences on the parameters of the hyperbolic torque–time to task failure relationship. Greater muscle size and maximal strength, as well as exercise at an intensity of 60% MVC, prolong τIET′ during intermittent isometric exercise.

AbstractMuscle perfusion and O2 delivery limitations through muscle force generation appear to play a major role in defining the hyperbolic torque–time to task failure (Tlim) relationship. Therefore, we aimed to determine the influence of muscle size and maximal strength on the recovery time constant for the finite impulse above critical torque (τIET′). Ten men participated in the study and performed intermittent isometric tests until task‐failure (Tlim) for the knee‐extensors (KE) (35% and 60% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC)) and plantar flexors (PF) (60% MVC). The τIET′ was determined for each of these Tlim tests using the IET′BAL model. The IETʹ (9738 ± 3080 vs. 2959 ± 1289 N m s) and end‐test torque (ET)(84.5 ± 7.1 vs. 74.3 ± 12.7 N m) were significantly lower for PF compared to KE (P < 0.05). Exercise tolerance (Tlim) was significantly longer for PF (239 ± 81 s) than KE (150 ± 55 s) at 60% MVC, and significantly longer for KE at 35% MVC (641 ± 158 s) than 60% MVC. The τIET′ was significantly faster at 35% MVC (641 ± 177 s) than 60% MVC (1840 ± 354 s) for KE, both of which were significantly slower than PF at 60% MVC (317 ± 102 s). This study showed that τIET′ during intermittent isometric exercise is slower with greater muscle size and maximal strength.
Enhanced slow inactivation contributes to dysfunction of a recurrent SCN2A mutation associated with developmental and epileptic encephalopathy
Authors: Ganguly Surobhi , Thompson Christopher H. , George Alfred L. 
Published: July 2021

Key points
The recurrent SCN2A mutation R853Q is associated with developmental and epileptic encephalopathy with typical onset after the first months of life.
Heterologously expressed R853Q channels exhibit an overall loss‐of‐function as a result of multiple defects in time‐ and voltage‐dependent channel properties.
A previously unrecognized enhancement of slow inactivation is conferred by the R853Q mutation and is a major driver of loss‐of‐function.
Enhanced slow inactivation is potentiated in the canonical splice isoform of the channel and this may explain the later onset of symptoms associated with R853Q.
AbstractMutations in voltage gated sodium (NaV) channel genes, including SCN2A (encoding NaV1.2), are associated with diverse neurodevelopmental disorders with or without epilepsy that present clinically with varying severity, age‐of‐onset and pharmacoresponsiveness. We examined the functional properties of the most recurrent SCN2A mutation (R853Q) to determine whether developmentally‐regulated alternative splicing impacts dysfunction severity and to investigate effects of the mutation on slow inactivation. We engineered the R853Q mutation into neonatal and adult NaV1.2 splice isoforms. Channel constructs were heterologously co‐expressed in HEK293T cells with human β1 and β2 subunits. Whole‐cell patch clamp recording was used to compare time‐ and voltage‐dependent properties of mutant and wild‐type channels. The R853Q mutation exhibits an overall loss‐of‐function attributed to multiple functional defects including a previously undiscovered enhancement of slow inactivation. The mutation exhibited altered voltage dependence of activation and inactivation, slower recovery from inactivation and decreased channel availability during high‐frequency depolarizations. More notable were effects on slow inactivation, including a 10‐fold slower rate of recovery from slow inactivation exhibited by mutant channels. The impairments in fast inactivation properties were more severe in the neonatal splice isoform, whereas slow inactivation was more pronounced in the splice isoform of the channel expressed predominantly in later childhood. Enhanced later‐onset slow inactivation may be a primary driver of the later onset of neurological features associated with this mutation.
Climatic Effect on the Exergetic Performance of Conventional to Hybrid Evaporative Coolers With Varying Dead-State Temperatures in India
Authors: Venkateswara Rao V. , Datta Santanu Prasad 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
A comprehensive exergy, exergo-economic, and sustainability assessment of seven conventional to hybrid air-conditioning systems comprising direct and indirect evaporative coolers with direct expansion system and their several combinations integrated into an eight-story domestic building for five different cities corresponding to arid, semi-arid, humid subtropical, tropical wet and dry, and tropical wet climatic zones across India are investigated based on simulation output from energyplus. The exergetic performances are reported for varying dead state temperatures ranging from 5 °C to 40 °C, while the saturated humidity ratio and pressure at system outlet are two other dead state properties. The results reveal that the specific exergy of moist air and exergetic efficiency decreases with increasing dead state temperature and becomes least at a dead state temperature near American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) comfort temperature of 23 °C. In arid, semi-arid, and humid subtropical climates, the three-stage evaporative cooling system exhibits the lowest exergy destruction of 100 J/kg1 and the highest exergy efficiency of 90% at a dead state temperature of 40 °C. The two-stage direct evaporative-direct expansion cooling system exhibits superior exergy efficiency in tropical wet and dry and tropical wet zones. Furthermore, the Grassmann diagram based on the climate of Hyderabad indicates that the three-stage cooling system is energetically and exergetically optimum with exergy destruction of 28.86%.
The Star Excursion Balance Test: An Update Review and Practical Guidelines
Authors: Picot Brice , Terrier Romain , Forestier Nicolas , Fourchet François , McKeon Patrick O. 
Published: July 2021

The Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) is a reliable, responsive, and clinically relevant functional assessment of lower limbs’ dynamic postural control. However, great disparity exists regarding its methodology and the reported outcomes. Large and specific databases from various population (sport, age, and gender) are needed to help clinicians when interpreting SEBT performances in daily practice. Several contributors to SEBT performances in each direction were recently highlighted. The purpose of this clinical commentary is to (a) provide an updated review of the design, implementation, and interpretation of the SEBT and (b) propose guidelines to standardize SEBT procedures for better comparisons across studies.
Got Beer? A Systematic Review of Beer and Exercise
Authors: Wynne Jaison L. , Wilson Patrick B. 
Published: July 2021

Beer is used to socialize postexercise, celebrate sport victory, and commiserate postdefeat. Rich in polyphenols, beer has antioxidant effects when consumed in moderation, but its alcohol content may confer some negative effects. Despite beer’s popularity, no review has explored its effects on exercise performance, recovery, and adaptation. Thus, a systematic literature search of three databases (PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science) was conducted by two reviewers. The search resulted in 16 studies that were appraised and reviewed. The mean PEDro score was 5.1. When individuals are looking to rehydrate postexercise, a low-alcohol beer (<4%) may be more effective. If choosing a beer higher in alcoholic content (>4%), it is advised to pair this with a nonalcoholic option to limit diuresis, particularly when relatively large volumes of fluid (>700 ml) are consumed. Adding Na+ to alcoholic beer may improve rehydration by decreasing fluid losses, but palatability may decrease. These conclusions are largely based on studies that standardized beverage volume, and the results may not apply equally to situations where people ingest fluids and food ad libitum. Ingesting nonalcoholic, polyphenol-rich beer could be an effective strategy for preventing respiratory infections during heavy training. If consumed in moderation, body composition and strength qualities seem largely unaffected by beer. Mixed results that limit sweeping conclusions are owed to variations in study design (i.e., hydration and exercise protocols). Future research should incorporate exercise protocols with higher ecological validity, recruit more women, prioritize chronic study designs, and use ad libitum fluid replacement protocols for more robust conclusions.
Leg and Joint Stiffness Adaptations to Minimalist and Maximalist Running Shoes
Authors: Gruber Allison H. , Zhang Shuqi , Pan Jiahao , Li Li 
Published: July 2021

The running footwear literature reports a conceptual disconnect between shoe cushioning and external impact loading: footwear or surfaces with greater cushioning tend to result in greater impact force characteristics during running. Increased impact loading with maximalist footwear may reflect an altered lower-extremity gait strategy to adjust for running in compliant footwear. The authors hypothesized that ankle and knee joint stiffness would change to maintain the effective vertical stiffness, as cushioning changed with minimalist, traditional, and maximalist footwear. Eleven participants ran on an instrumental treadmill (3.5 m·s−1) for a 5-minute familiarization in each footwear, plus an additional 110 seconds before data collection. Vertical, leg, ankle, and knee joint stiffness and vertical impact force characteristics were calculated. Mixed model with repeated measures tested differences between footwear conditions. Compared with traditional and maximalist, the minimalist shoes were associated with greater average instantaneous and average vertical loading rates (P < .050), greater vertical stiffness (P ≤ .010), and less change in leg length between initial contact and peak resultant ground reaction force (P < .050). No other differences in stiffness or impact variables were observed. The shoe cushioning paradox did not hold in this study due to a similar musculoskeletal strategy for running in traditional and maximalist footwear and running with a more rigid limb in minimalist footwear.
Ice-crystal traces imply ephemeral freezing in early Permian equatorial Pangea
Authors: Pfeifer Lily S. , Birkett Brooke A. , Van Den Driessche Jean , Pochat Stéphane , Soreghan Gerilyn S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Delicate impressions in lacustrine strata of the lower Permian (lower Cisuralian) Usclas Formation record ephemeral freezing in equatorial Pangea. These sediments accumulated in the paleoequatorial and intramontane Lodève Basin (southern Massif Central, France) during peak icehouse conditions of the Late Paleozoic Ice Age. Experimental replication of these features supports the interpretation that they are ice-crystal molds. Evidence for films of ice in marginal-lacustrine sediment at such low latitudes and inferred low to moderate altitudes (1–2 km) calls for a reevaluation of climate conditions in eastern equatorial Pangea. Ephemeral freezing implies either cold tropical temperatures (~5 °C cooler than the Last Glacial Maximum) and/or lapse rates that exceeded those of the Last Glacial Maximum. Extreme continentality of the Lodève Basin would have amplified seasonality, albeit the climatic forcing(s) necessary to have promoted cold temperatures in equatorial Pangea remain enigmatic.
Hydrothermal alteration can result in pore pressurization and volcano instability
Authors: Heap Michael J. , Baumann Tobias , Gilg H. Albert , Kolzenburg Stephan , Ryan Amy G. , Villeneuve Marlène , Russell J. Kelly , Kennedy Lori A. , Rosas-Carbajal Marina , Clynne Michael A. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe collapse of a volcanic flank can be destructive and deadly. Hydrothermal alteration is common to volcanoes worldwide and is thought to promote volcano instability by decreasing rock strength. However, some laboratory studies have shown that not all alteration reduces rock strength. Our new laboratory data for altered rhyodacites from Chaos Crags (Lassen volcanic center, California, USA) show that pore- and crack-filling mineral precipitation can reduce porosity and permeability and increase strength, Young's modulus, and cohesion. A significant reduction in permeability, by as much as four orders of magnitude, will inhibit fluid circulation and create zones of high pore fluid pressure. We explored the consequences of pore fluid pressurization on volcano stability using large-scale numerical modeling. Upscaled physical and mechanical properties for hydrothermally altered rocks were used as input parameters in our modeling. Results show that a high-pore-pressure zone within a volcano increases volcano deformation and that increasing the size of this zone increases the observed deformation. Hydrothermal alteration associated with mineral precipitation, and increases to rock strength, can therefore promote pore pressurization and volcano deformation, increasing the likelihood of volcano spreading, flank collapses, and phreatic/phreatomagmatic explosions. We conclude that porosity-decreasing alteration, explored here, and porosity-increasing alteration can both promote volcano instability and collapse, but by different mechanisms. Hydrothermal alteration should therefore be monitored at volcanoes worldwide and incorporated into hazard assessments.
Tiny, glassy, and rapidly trapped: The nano-sized planktic diatoms in Messinian (late Miocene) gypsum
Authors: Pellegrino Luca , Natalicchio Marcello , Abe Kenta , Jordan Richard W. , Longo Sergio E. Favero , Ferrando Simona , Carnevale Giorgio , Pierre Francesco Dela 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Primary gypsum represents an excellent paleobiological archive due to its early and fast growth, favoring the preservation of delicate biomineralized structures. The Mediterranean region is renowned for evaporite deposits that formed during the Messinian salinity crisis (MSC), an event that supposedly annihilated most of the marine biota. However, the Messinian evaporites have been scarcely studied for their fossil content. Abundant nano-sized planktic diatoms and associated organic matter are observed for the first time in bottom-grown gypsum crystals that formed during the early stage of the MSC in different marginal basins of the western Mediterranean. This discovery increases our knowledge of the Messinian biota and reveals that nano-sized planktic diatoms played a prominent role in carbon and silicon export during gypsum deposition. The co-occurrence of these diatoms with larger diatoms, possibly associated with a deep chlorophyll maximum, suggests that Messinian gypsum formed in stratified and relatively deep basins (far below the photic zone), typified by marine conditions in the upper water column. The nano-sized planktic diatoms may have taken advantage of the hydrological reconfigurations experienced by the Mediterranean since the onset of the MSC. This study confirms that primary gypsum represents a promising archive of information for elucidating the marine biotic response to an ancient environmental crisis.