bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of blood loss on organ attenuation on postmortem CT and organ weight at autopsy
Authors: Heimer Jakob , Chatzaraki Vasiliki , Schweitzer Wolf , Thali Michael J. , Ruder Thomas D. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Background
Cases of external hemorrhage are difficult to recognize on postmortem computed tomography (PMCT).

Purpose
To investigate the effects of blood loss on CT attenuation of the spleen, liver, kidneys, and lungs on PMCT and to assess the relationship between blood loss and organ weight.

Methods
A total of 125 cases with blood loss were sex- and age-matched to 125 control cases without blood loss. Individual organ attenuation was measured on transverse CT images. Organ weights of the liver, spleen, kidneys, and lung were extracted from the autopsy protocols.

Results
Organ weight was significantly lower in cases with blood loss (lung 30%, spleen 28%, kidneys 14%, liver 18%) than in controls. CT attenuation of the lungs was significantly lower (30%) in cases with blood loss than in controls. CT attenuation of the spleen and kidneys did not significantly differ between cases and controls. CT attenuation of the liver was significantly higher (25%) in cases with blood loss than in controls.

Conclusion
Blood loss decreases organ weight and CT attenuation of the lungs but appears to have no significant effect on CT attenuation of the spleen and kidneys. The increased liver attenuation in cases with blood loss compared to controls was an unexpected finding and remains challenging to explain. One probable interpretation refers to different levels of hepatic glycogen; however, further work is warranted to substantiate this hypothesis.
Non-verbal cognitive development, learning, and symptoms of PTSD in 3- to 6-year-old refugee children
Authors: Hahnefeld Andrea , Sukale Thorsten , Weigand Elena , Dudek Verena , Münch Katharina , Aberl Sigrid , Eckler Lea V. , Nehring Ina , Friedmann Anna , Plener Paul L. , Fegert Jörg M. , Mall Volker 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAs IQ tests are commonly used as key assessment method, we address the question whether our commonly used standardized IQ tests are appropriate for children from families of diverse cultures and different educational levels in a refugee population. We examined 109 refugee children aged 3–7 years (M = 5.10 years, SD = 1.25) with the “Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children “ (KABC-II; Kaufmann & Kaufmann, 2015) on a language-free scale (Scale of Intellectual Functioning, SIF) and learning performance (subtest Atlantis). With a non-verbal IQ of 81.5 (SD = 18.01), the population mean of the refugee children is more than one standard deviation lower than the mean of the German norm population. Standardized scores follow the normal distribution and are not correlated to any of the assessed markers of adversity (flight duration, time spent in Germany, child PTSD in parent rating, parental symptom load, and parental education level).Conclusion: The interpretation of IQ test results for refugee children should be done cautiously as results may underestimate their cognitive capacity. Environmental factors, such as high illiteracy among parents in this study, the lack of institutional education of children and high lifetime stress, may explain our findings.Trial registration: DRKS00021150.

What is Known:• There is a high pervasiveness for the use of standardized IQ tests in the German health and education system to determine eligibility for special education and social services.

What is New:• Refugee children score significantly lower than German children in a language-free IQ test. As results are normally distributed and not correlated to any of the assessed markers of adversity, the low scores in the refugee group might be due to missing formal education.
Asian monsoon projection with a new large-scale monsoon definition
Authors: Dai Xingang , Yang Yang , Wang Ping 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper focuses on Asian monsoon projection with CMIP5 multi-model outputs. A large-scale monsoon herewith is defined as a vector field of vertically integrated moisture flux from the surface to 500 hPa. Results demonstrate that the model ensemble mean underestimated the summer monsoon and overestimated slightly the winter monsoon over South Asia in both CMIP5 historical climate simulation and the monsoon projection for 2006–2015. The major of the bias is the model climate drift (MCD), which is removed in the monsoon projection for 2016–2045 under scenarios RCP4.5 for reducing the uncertainty. The projection shows that two increased moisture flows northward appeared across the Equator of Indian Ocean, the first is nearby Somalia coast toward northwestern part of South Asia, leading to excess rainfall in where the wet jet could reach, and the second starts from the equatorial Sect. (80°E–100°E) toward northeastern Bay of Bengal, leading to more rainfall spreading over the northwestern coast of Indochina Peninsula. In addition, a westward monsoon flow is intensified over the Peninsula leading to local climate moisture transport belt shifted onto South China Sea, which would reduce moisture transport toward Southwest China on one hand, and transport more moisture onto the southeast coast of the China mainland. The anomalous monsoon would result in a dry climate in Northwest China and wet climate in the coast belt during summer monsoon season for the period. Besides, the Asian winter monsoon would be seemingly intensified slightly over South Asia, which would bring a dry winter climate to Indian subcontinent, Northwest China, but would be more rainfall in southeast part of Arabian Peninsula with global climate warming.
Obesity and menopausal status impact the features and molecular phenotype of invasive lobular breast cancer
Authors: Rothschild Harriet T. , Abel Mary Kathryn , Patterson Anne , Goodman Kent , Shui Amy , van Baelen Karen , Desmedt Christine , Benz Christopher , Mukhtar Rita A. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Purpose
We investigated the relationship between obesity, menopausal status, and invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC), the second most common histological subtype of breast cancer. Specifically, we evaluated the association between body mass index (BMI), metabolic syndrome, the 21-gene Oncotype Recurrence Score (Oncotype RS), and pathological features in patients with hormone receptor (HR)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor-2-negative ILC.

Methods
The study cohort included 491 patients from a prospectively maintained institutional database consisting of patients with stage I-III, HR-positive ILC who underwent surgical treatment between 1996 and 2019.

Results
Contrary to our expectations, we found that lower BMI was significantly associated with having higher Oncotype RS (18.9% versus 4.8%, p = 0.028) in post-menopausal patients, but was not related to tumor characteristics in pre-menopausal patients. Multivariate network analyses suggested a strong relationship between post-menopausal status itself and tumor characteristics, with lesser influence of BMI.

Conclusion
These findings provide further insight into the recently appreciated heterogeneity within ILC and support the need for further investigation into the drivers of this disease and tailored treatment strategies.
Vanishing Boycott Impetus: Why and How Consumer Participation in a Boycott Decreases Over Time
Authors: Lasarov Wassili , Hoffmann Stefan , Orth Ulrich 
Published: November 2021

AbstractMedia reports that a company behaves in a socially nonresponsible manner frequently result in consumer participation in a boycott. As time goes by, however, the number of consumers participating in the boycott starts dwindling. Yet, little is known on why individual participation in a boycott declines and what type of consumer is more likely to stop boycotting earlier rather than later. Integrating research on drivers of individual boycott participation with multi-stage models and the hot/cool cognition system, suggests a “heat-up” phase in which boycott participation is fueled by expressive drivers, and a “cool-down” phase in which instrumental drivers become more influential. Using a diverse set of real contexts, four empirical studies provide evidence supporting a set of hypotheses on promotors and inhibitors of boycott participation over time. Study 1 provides initial evidence for the influence of expressive and instrumental drivers in a food services context. Extending the context to video streaming services, e-tailing, and peer-to-peer ridesharing, Study 2, Study 3, and Study 4 show that the reasons consumers stop/continue boycotting vary systematically across four distinct groups. Taken together, the findings help activists sustain boycott momentum and assist firms in dealing more effectively with boycotts.
Convex projection and convex multi-objective optimization
Authors: Kováčová Gabriela , Rudloff Birgit 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn this paper we consider a problem, called convex projection, of projecting a convex set onto a subspace. We will show that to a convex projection one can assign a particular multi-objective convex optimization problem, such that the solution to that problem also solves the convex projection (and vice versa), which is analogous to the result in the polyhedral convex case considered in Löhne and Weißing (Math Methods Oper Res 84(2):411–426, 2016). In practice, however, one can only compute approximate solutions in the (bounded or self-bounded) convex case, which solve the problem up to a given error tolerance. We will show that for approximate solutions a similar connection can be proven, but the tolerance level needs to be adjusted. That is, an approximate solution of the convex projection solves the multi-objective problem only with an increased error. Similarly, an approximate solution of the multi-objective problem solves the convex projection with an increased error. In both cases the tolerance is increased proportionally to a multiplier. These multipliers are deduced and shown to be sharp. These results allow to compute approximate solutions to a convex projection problem by computing approximate solutions to the corresponding multi-objective convex optimization problem, for which algorithms exist in the bounded case. For completeness, we will also investigate the potential generalization of the following result to the convex case. In Löhne and Weißing (Math Methods Oper Res 84(2):411–426, 2016), it has been shown for the polyhedral case, how to construct a polyhedral projection associated to any given vector linear program and how to relate their solutions. This in turn yields an equivalence between polyhedral projection, multi-objective linear programming and vector linear programming. We will show that only some parts of this result can be generalized to the convex case, and discuss the limitations.
Embedding and extraction of knowledge in tree ensemble classifiers
Authors: Huang Wei , Zhao Xingyu , Huang Xiaowei 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe embedding and extraction of knowledge is a recent trend in machine learning applications, e.g., to supplement training datasets that are small. Whilst, as the increasing use of machine learning models in security-critical applications, the embedding and extraction of malicious knowledge are equivalent to the notorious backdoor attack and defence, respectively. This paper studies the embedding and extraction of knowledge in tree ensemble classifiers, and focuses on knowledge expressible with a generic form of Boolean formulas, e.g., point-wise robustness and backdoor attacks. For the embedding, it is required to bepreservative(the original performance of the classifier is preserved),verifiable(the knowledge can be attested), andstealthy(the embedding cannot be easily detected). To facilitate this, we propose two novel, and effective embedding algorithms, one of which is for black-box settings and the other for white-box settings. The embedding can be done inPTIME. Beyond the embedding, we develop an algorithm to extract the embedded knowledge, by reducing the problem to be solvable with an SMT (satisfiability modulo theories) solver. While this novel algorithm can successfully extract knowledge, the reduction leads to anNPcomputation. Therefore, if applying embedding as backdoor attacks and extraction as defence, our results suggest a complexity gap (P vs. NP) between the attack and defence when working with tree ensemble classifiers. We apply our algorithms to a diverse set of datasets to validate our conclusion extensively.
The impact of geographical bias when judging scientific studies
Authors: Kowal Marta , Sorokowski Piotr , Kulczycki Emanuel , Żelaźniewicz Agnieszka 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe beauty of science lies within its core assumption that it seeks to identify the truth, and as such, the truth stands alone and does not depend on the person who proclaims it. However, people's proclivity to succumb to various stereotypes is well known, and the scientific world may not be exceptionally immune to the tendency to judge a book by its cover. An interesting example is geographical bias, which includes distorted judgments based on the geographical origin of, inter alia, the given work and not its actual quality or value. Here, we tested whether both laypersons (N = 1532) and scientists (N = 480) are prone to geographical bias when rating scientific projects in one of three scientific fields (i.e., biology, philosophy, or psychology). We found that all participants favored more biological projects from the USA than China; in particular, expert biologists were more willing to grant further funding to Americans. In philosophy, however, laypersons rated Chinese projects as better than projects from the USA. Our findings indicate that geographical biases affect public perception of research and influence the results of grant competitions.
Clinical outcome and quality of life in octogenarian patients with muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder treated with radical cystectomy or transurethral resection of the bladder tumor: a retrospective analysis of 143 patients
Authors: Rehme Christian , Fritsch Beatrix , Thomas Luca , Istin Stefan , Burchert Carolin , Hummel Bastian , Baleanu-Curaj Bogdan , Reis Henning , Szarvas Tibor , Ruebben Herbert , Hadaschik Boris , Niedworok Christian 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Purpose
To compare clinical outcome and quality of life (QoL) in octogenarian patients with muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma (MIBC) either treated by radical cystectomy (RC) or transurethral resection of the tumor (TURBT).

Methods
We identified octogenarian patients with MIBC in our institutions since 2005. Clinical treatment outcomes and QoL were analyzed. Uni- and multivariable Cox regression analyses, two-tailed Wilcoxon test, Mann–Whitney test and Fisher’s exact test were assessed as appropriate. QoL was evaluated using FACT-G (Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General) questionnaire.

Results
143 patients were identified (RC: 51 cases, TURBT: 92 cases). Mean follow-up was 14 months (0–100 months). Median overall survival (OS) was 12 months in the RC group and 7 months in the TURBT group. TURBT and low preoperative hemoglobin were independent risk factors for reduced cancer-specific survival (CSS) (TURBT: p = 0.019, Hb: p = 0.008) and OS (TURBT: p = 0.026, Hb: p = 0.013) in multivariable analyses. Baseline QoL was low throughout the whole cohort. There was no difference in baseline FACT-G scoring comparing RC and TURBT (FACT-G total score (median): RC 43.7/108 vs. TURBT 44.0/108, p = 0.7144). Increased FACT-G questionnaire scoring was assessed for RC patients (median percentage score change RC 22.9%, TURBT 2.3%, p < 0.0001).

Conclusion
RC and TURBT are feasible treatment options for MIBC in octogenarian patients. In our cohort, RC was associated with increased CSS, OS and QoL. QoL in general was low throughout the whole cohort. Interdisciplinary decision-making has to be improved for these critically ill patients.
Gezielte Injektion von Effektoren durch Kontrolle der Proteindynamik
Authors: Wimmi Stephan , Lindner Florian , Diepold Andreas 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe type III secretion system (T3SS) enables direct injection of bacterial effector proteins into eukaryotic cells. We found that the dynamic cytosolic interface of the system allows Yersinia enterocolitica to suppress premature secretion at low pH, ensuring rapid activation at the site of action. Exploiting this principle, we developed a light-controlled T3SS based on optogenetic interaction switches, which provides unprecedented spatiotemporal control of protein secretion and translocation.
Antreiber evolutionärer Transformation: die Endosymbiose
Authors: Schreiber Mona , Gould Sven B. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractEndosymbiosis is a transformative force of evolution. Endosymbionts established billions of years ago shaped the face of earth and more recent ones take up intriguing new duties. Benefits of exploring endosymbioses are manyfold: we gain a better understanding of fundamental biological principles such as why prokaryotes fail to frequently evolve eukaryote-like complexity and can learn how beneficial partnerships are established. 50 years ago, endosymbiosis was met with scepticism, but is now accepted as a phenomenon responsible for some of life’s biggest transitions.
Smart peptides — innovative Anwendungen in Biotechnologie und Pharmazie
Authors: Müller Daniela 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPeptides are compounds involved in a wide variety of biological roles. Their advantages depend on the strategy applied to produce them and include biocompatibility, low cost, tunable bioactivity, chemical variety, and specific targeting. Consequently, they are able to serve an enormous range of biotechnology and pharmaceutical applications. Including topics ranging from bio-based adhesives to peptide nanosystems for active delivery of drugs to specific biological targets
Klimapflanzen und biologische Wege zu negativen Kohlendioxidemissionen
Authors: Dandekar Thomas , Bencurova Elena , Osmanoglu Özge , Naseem Muhammad 
Published: November 2021

AbstractClimate plants are critical to prevent global warming as all efforts to save carbon dioxide are too slow and climate disasters on the rise. For best carbon dioxide harvesting we compare algae, trees and crop plants and use metagenomic analysis of environmental samples. We compare different pathways, carbon harvesting potentials of different plants as well as synthetic modifications including carbon dioxide flux balance analysis. For implementation, agriculture and modern forestry are important.
Wie kleine Amyloid-β-Peptide zum großen Problem im Gehirn werden können
Authors: Zangl René , Morgner Nina 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe formation of amyloid-β oligomers plays a key role in the onset of Alzheimer’s disease. We investigated the aggregation of amyloid-β oligomers by mass spectrometry and ion mobility spectrometry, revealing those structural properties, which lead to the formation of mature fibrils. We can show that the arrangement of the first oligomers is crucial for the topology of the resulting species, leading to the formation of non-toxic aggregates or fibrils.
URGENT 1.5: diagnostic accuracy of the modified HEART score, with fingerstick point-of-care troponin testing, in ruling out acute coronary syndrome
Authors: Koper L. H. , Frenk L. D. S. , Meeder J. G. , van Osch F. H. M. , Bruinen A. L. , Janssen M. J. W. , van ’t Hof A. W. J. , Rahel B. M. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Background
The HEART score is a validated risk stratification tool for chest pain patients presenting to the emergency department and was recently investigated for implementation in a pre-hospital setting. Fingerstick (capillary blood) point-of-care (POC) troponin testing enables quick measurements outside the hospital and seems easier to implement than the current venous blood sampling techniques. This study investigates the diagnostic accuracy of the modified HEART score, integrating fingerstick POC troponin testing, in ruling out acute coronary syndrome (ACS).

Methods
The data of 96 patients with chest pain, included in a study investigating a novel POC troponin device under development at the cardiac emergency department, were analysed retrospectively. Based on the patients’ admission data and capillary POC high-sensitivity troponin I (hs-cTnI) results, the modified HEART score was determined. The outcome measure, for evaluating the diagnostic accuracy of the modified HEART score, was the occurrence of ACS.

Results
Of the total study population, 33 patients (34%) were diagnosed with ACS. Seventeen patients (18%) were classified as low risk (0–3 points) and one patient (6%) in this group was diagnosed with ACS. The sensitivity and negative predictive value of the modified HEART score was 97.0 and 97.6%, respectively.

Conclusion
The modified HEART score, integrating capillary POC hs-cTnI results, is a promising tool for ruling out ACS in patients with chest pain presenting to the cardiac emergency department. These results encourage prospective investigation into the integration of fingerstick POC troponin testing in the modified HEART score in a pre-hospital setting.
Colluvial sediments originating from past land-use activities in the Erzgebirge Mountains, Central Europe: occurrence, properties, and historic environmental implications
Authors: Kaiser Knut , Tolksdorf Johann Friedrich , de Boer Anna Maartje , Herbig Christoph , Hieke Falk , Kasprzak Marek , Kočár Petr , Petr Libor , Schubert Matthias , Schröder Frank , Fülling Alexander , Hemker Christiane 
Published: November 2021

AbstractColluvial sediments originating from soil erosion on slopes have proven to constitute significant evidence for tracing past human impact on mountain landscapes. In the Central European Erzgebirge (Ore) Mountains, colluvial sediments are associated with specific landforms (footslopes, slope flattenings, dells) and cover a share of 11% (11,905 ha) of the regional soil landscape. Thirteen pedosedimentary sections with colluvial layers were investigated at five forested sites (520–730 m a.s.l.) within a context of mining archaeology, integrating data from pedology, archaeology, palaeobotany, and geochronology. The thickness of the gravel-bearing loamy, silty, and sandy colluvial layers is up to 70 cm, which are mostly located on top of the sections. The geochronological ages and archaeological data reveal a high to late medieval to post-medieval age of the colluvial sediments. Pollen data show a drastic decline of the mountain forests in the late twelfth to fifteenth centuries AD accompanied by an increase of pioneer trees and spruce at the expense of fir and beech. The primary cause of soil erosion and subsequent colluvial deposition at the sites investigated is medieval to post-medieval mining and other early industrial activities. A compilation of 395 radiocarbon and OSL ages, obtained from colluvial sediments at 197 upland sites in Central Europe, shows that anthropogenically initiated colluvial dynamics go as far back as the late Bronze Age to the early Iron Age. Most ages derive from the medieval to post-medieval period, corresponding to the general intensification of settlement and land-use activities including deforestation and widespread ore mining.