bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intellectual Property Law and Redressive Autonomy
Authors: Balganesh Shyamkrishna 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Intellectual property law remains a body of private law, but for reasons that transcend its reliance on ideas and concepts from the common law of property and tort. This essay argues that the connection between forms of intellectual property law and private law is rooted in a form of autonomy that characterizes private law regimes—known as “redressive autonomy.” It shows how a strong commitment to redressive autonomy undergirds the unique right–duty structure of intellectual property, informs intellectual property’s central doctrines, and injects an additional layer of normative complexity into its functioning.
Good Faith in English Contract Law
Authors: Chen-Wishart Mindy , Dixon Victoria 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Contrary to orthodoxy, good faith is no stranger to English law. Properly understood, we have been “speaking prose all our lives without knowing it.” The debate over whether to introduce a doctrine of good faith is therefore misconceived—the horse has bolted; the stable door has opened. Rather, the salient questions are: (i) How can a good faith requirement be justified? (ii) What role should it play in the evolution of English contract law? (iii) What does good faith require? And, (iv) how can we start to taxonomize its demands in order to stabilize its requirement? We support a humble role for good faith as an attitude of honesty, fair dealing, and fidelity to the contractual purpose that is, in turn, constitutive of the activity of contracting. These three aspects are manifest in many contract law rules that apply with different intensity and effect to the four categories of contracts that we identify. This is our proposed taxonomy “3 by 4.” Open recognition of this humble version of good faith will: make explicit the implicit ethical content of English contract law, enhance our understanding and organization of many apparently disparate rules, legitimize these rules and facilitate legal development in a manner consistent with common law incrementalism. This leaves open the policy questions of how far and how fast English law should travel down the road of good faith.
The Political Agency of Billionaires
Authors: Hägel Peter 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 develops arguments and hypotheses about the political agency of billionaires, in terms of capacities, goals, and power. It draws upon insights from the “structure-agency” discussion and the political sociology of elites. While all billionaires control vast amounts of money, only few of them venture into world politics. A billionaire’s motivation to act transnationally may stem from material interests or a sociopolitical identity whose commitments reach across national borders. Wealth can be a highly fungible power resource, but its activation depends on what can be purchased, which is regulated by laws and norms. Entrepreneurial success in business can foster self-efficacy beliefs as well as social and cultural capital, yet whether this can be put to use in politics is contingent upon the political field that a billionaire is trying to enter. Further analysis thus needs to take the specificities of a billionaire’s international actions into account. This chapter is developing the analytical tools for the following case studies (chapter 5), which are structured around three goals that are often assumed to drive the international behavior of states: security, wealth (economy), and esteem (social entrepreneurship).
Heterogeneity, Stochasticity and Complexity in the Dynamics and Control of Mosquito-Borne Pathogens
Authors: Reiner Jr. Robert C. , Smith David L. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A theory for the transmission dynamics and control of malaria was developed around a set of concepts, quantities, and mathematical models introduced by Ronald Ross. Decades later, Macdonald linked Ross's models to epidemiological and entomological data, developed the concept of the basic reproductive number, R0, and proposed a rudimentary theory of control based on sensitivity to parameters. Here, we review development of the Ross–Macdonald model, present one simple version, and provide an eclectic critique of the theory based on studies conducted more recently. While mosquito populations are logically necessary for mosquito-borne pathogen transmission, the study of transmission since then shows it is noisy, heterogeneous, and complex. Heterogeneity, stochasticity, and complexity represent important challenges for applying theory in context.
Environmental Drivers of Vector-Borne Diseases
Authors: Shocket Marta S. , Anderson Christopher B. , Caldwell Jamie M. , Childs Marissa L. , Couper Lisa I. , Han Songhee , Harris Mallory J. , Howard Meghan E. , Kai Morgan P. , MacDonald Andrew J. , Nova Nicole , Mordecai Erin A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The transmission of vector-borne diseases is sensitive to environmental conditions, including temperature, humidity, rainfall, and land use/habitat quality. Understanding these causal relationships is especially important as increasing anthropogenic changes drive shifts in vector-borne disease dynamics. In this chapter, we first briefly describe the biology of vectors and pathogens that underlies environmental influences on transmission of vector-borne diseases. Next, we review the impacts of each of the major environmental drivers (as previously mentioned), synthesizing and comparing mechanisms across different vector-borne disease systems. Then, we discuss key challenges and standard approaches to research in the discipline. Finally, we highlight areas where research is advancing in promising new directions and suggest areas where new approaches are needed.
Mosquito—Virus Interactions
Authors: Reitmayer Christine M. , Evans Michelle V. , Miazgowicz Kerri L. , Newberry Philip M. , Solano Nicole , Tesla Blanka , Murdock Courtney C. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Vector-borne viruses (arboviruses) are emerging threats to both human and animal health. The global expansion of dengue virus, West Nile virus, chikungunya, and most recently Zika virus are prominent examples of how quickly mosquito-transmitted viruses can emerge and spread. We currently lack high quality data from a diversity of mosquito-arbovirus systems on the specific mosquito and viral traits that drive disease transmission. Further, the factors that contribute to variation in these traits and disease transmission remain largely unidentified. In this chapter, we outline and explore the following: 1. the specific mechanisms governing the outcome of vector-virus interactions 2. how genetic variation across mosquito populations and viral strains, as well as environmental variation in abiotic and biotic factors shape the mosquito-virus interaction and 3. the implications of these interactions for understanding and predicting arbovirus transmission, as well as for control of mosquito species that transmit human pathogens.
Kindling, Logs, and Coals: The Dynamics of Trypanosoma cruzi, the Etiological Agent of Chagas Disease in Arequipa, Peru
Authors: Levy Michael Z. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The forces that lead to the emergence of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, are often distinct from those that maintain its transmission, and these are distinct again from those that allow the parasite to persist over decades. Just as kindling, logs, and coals all play discrete roles in the growth of a fire, a myriad of mammalian hosts contribute differently to epidemics of Trypanosoma. cruzi. Chagas disease affects millions of people in the Americas, and, through migration, thousands more on other continents. The agent of the disease, Trypanosoma cruzi, is a slender, highly-motile, unicellular parasite. T. cruzi does not migrate to the salivary glands of its insect vector–the blood-sucking triatomine insects–as many other vector-borne parasites do.
Non-Territorial National Autonomy in Interwar European Minority Protection and Its Habsburg Legacies
Authors: Kuzmany Börries 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter investigates the history of the idea of non-territorial autonomy as a form of corporate collective minority rights. The concept originated in the Habsburg Empire, where it was both implemented in several Austrian provinces, at least partly, as well as discussed theoretically by Austro-Marxist thinkers. While Zionist Jewish protagonists unsuccessfully suggested this form of minority protection at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, it continued to be discussed and applied in several Eastern European countries, in particular in the Baltic states, often with reference to its Habsburg origins. The European Nationalities Congress, a transnational advocacy group of European minorities during the interwar period, also strongly supported the idea of non-territorial autonomy. The chapter argues that despite the Congress’s final inability to convince the League of Nations of this model of corporative minority rights, non-territorial autonomy was lively discussed in the international arena of European minority protection with the protagonists pointing to the legacy of the demised Habsburg Empire.
Reaction and Regulation, 1349 to 1380
Authors: Bailey Mark 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The Black Death of 1348–9 killed nearly half the population of England, and triggered a widespread crisis that did not abate until 1353. The crisis was a combination of mass mortality, extreme weather, empty landholdings, acute labour shortages, successive harvest failures, major disruption to markets, heavy taxation, and the poverty of many survivors. During the 1350s escalating prices and the shortage of labour posed an urgent threat to the ordained social order, prompting government intervention and aggressive tactics against serfs by some lords. Yet the effectiveness of the legislation quickly waned and there is no compelling evidence for a widespread and sustained ‘seigniorial reaction’. Concession was more widespread than repression. The third quarter of the fourteenth century represented a watershed in the history of tenure in England, reflected in the major swing to monetarized and commercial rents, and the decisive separation of tenurial unfreedom from personal unfreedom. Traditional villein tenures were diluted to retain and attract tenants. These developments increased the mobility of land, reduced the obstacles to accessing land, and represented an irreversible shift towards simpler and more contractual tenurial forms.
The European Attempt to Topple Spain’s Industrial Protection
Authors: Guirao Fernando 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The 1970 Agreement was intended to regulate trade relations between the Six and Spain for six years. At the end of 1972, however, Chapter 8 shows, for the Six/Nine the question was no longer that of negotiating additional concessions for Spanish exports but of the inclusion of Spain into the pan-European Free-Trade Area, to begin by 1977. In the summer of 1975, the Spanish Council of Ministers, under the influence of the minister of commerce, refused to ratify the FTA with the EEC. The Spanish government wished to avoid a transformation into a customs union or inclusion in an FTA in which Spanish producers would face mounting competition by West-European producers. The 1970 Agreement remained in force until Spain became a full member of the three European Communities, on 1 January 1986, transforming it into a sort of pre-accession arrangement for which it was not prepared.
Critics of Modern Politics
Authors: Mauldin Joshua 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter sets up the central question of the project by examining three recent critics of modern politics. For historian Brad Gregory, the ills of modern society are traceable to the Protestant Reformation, which destroyed the unified society that Catholicism once provided in Europe. For Alasdair MacIntyre, modern society lacks an account of the human good and thus of the virtues that help human beings achieve this good. Stanley Hauerwas agrees with MacIntyre about the hopelessness of liberal modernity, and suggests that the Church can provide an alternative to the barbarity of the wider society, bedeviled as it is by disagreement, distrust, and violence. For these critics it is the marginalization of religion that is the source of modernity’s ills. The remainder of the book will examine the works of prominent religious thinkers who reflected on the ethical life of modern society at a time when that viability was even more questionable than it is today.
Derrida and the Legacy of Psychoanalysis
Authors: Earlie Paul 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This book offers a detailed account of the importance of psychoanalysis in Derrida’s thought. Based on close readings of texts from the whole of his career, including less well-known and previously unpublished material, it sheds new light on the crucial role of psychoanalysis in shaping Derrida’s response to a number of key questions. These questions range from the psyche’s relationship to technology to the role of fiction and metaphor in scientific discourse, from the relationship between memory and the archive to the status of the political in deconstruction. Focusing on Freud but proposing new readings of texts by Lacan, Torok, and Abraham, Laplanche and Pontalis, amongst other seminal figures in contemporary French thought, the book argues that Derrida’s writings on psychoanalysis can also provide an important bridge between deconstruction and the recent materialist turn in the humanities. Challenging a still prevalent ‘textualist’ reading of Derrida’s work, it explores the ongoing contribution of deconstruction and psychoanalysis to pressing issues in critical thought today, from the localizing models of the neurosciences and the omnipresence of digital technology to the politics of affect in an age of terror.
EVALUATION OF NEUTRON AMBIENT DOSE EQUIVALENT IN INTENSITY-MODULATED COMPOSITE PARTICLE THERAPY
Authors: Matsumoto Shinnosuke , Yonai Shunsuke 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Several studies have reported benefits derived from cancer treatment using various heavy-ion beams. Based on these reports, the National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology started developing intensity-modulated composite particle therapy (IMPACT) using He-, C-, O-, and Ne-ions. In ion beam therapy, nuclear interactions in the beamline devices or patient produce secondary neutrons. This study evaluated the characteristics of secondary neutrons in IMPACT. Neutron ambient dose equivalents were measured using WENDI-II. Measurements were performed under realistic case scenarios using He-, C-, O- and Ne-ion beams. Moreover, neutron ambient dose equivalents generated by He-, C-, O- and Ne-ion beams were compared with neutron ambient dose equivalents in proton therapy. No differences exist in the distance-dependence even when the primary ions are different. Neutrons generated by primary ion beams of high atomic numbers tend to emit forward. Moreover, in contrast with proton therapy, IMPACT can reduce neutron doses.
Investigating the Involvement of Cytoskeletal Proteins MreB and FtsZ in the Origin of Legume-Rhizobial Symbiosis
Authors: Zhao Wenlong , Zhu Huixia , Wei Feng , Zhou Donglai , Li Youguo , Zhang Xue-Xian 
Published: February 2021

Rhizobia are rod-shaped bacteria that form nitrogen-fixing root nodules on leguminous plants; however, they don’t carry MreB, a key determinant of rod-like cell shape. Here, we introduced an actin-like mreB homolog from a pseudomonad into Mesorhizobium huakuii 7653R (a microsymbiont of Astragalus sinicus L.) and examined the molecular, cellular, and symbiotic phenotypes of the resultant mutant. Exogenous mreB caused an enlarged cell size and slower growth in laboratory medium. However, the mutant formed small, ineffective nodules on A. sinicus (Nod+ Fix−), and rhizobial cells in the infection zone were unable to differentiate into bacteroids. RNA sequencing analysis also revealed minor effects of mreB on global gene expression in free-living cells but larger effects for cells grown in planta. Differentially expressed nodule-specific genes include cell cycle regulators such as the tubulin-like ftsZ1 and ftsZ2. Unlike the ubiquitous FtsZ1, an FtsZ2 homolog was commonly found in Rhizobium, Sinorhizobium, and Mesorhizobium spp. but not in closely related nonsymbiotic species. Bacterial two-hybrid analysis revealed that MreB interacts with FtsZ1 and FtsZ2, which are targeted by the host-derived nodule-specific cysteine-rich peptides. Significantly, MreB mutation D283A disrupted the protein–protein interactions and restored the aforementioned phenotypic defects caused by MreB in M. huakuii. Together, our data indicate that MreB is detrimental for modern rhizobia and its interaction with FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 causes the symbiotic process to cease at the late stage of bacteroid differentiation. These findings led to a hypothesis that loss of mreB in the common ancestor of members of Rhizobiales and subsequent acquisition of ftsZ2 are critical evolutionary steps leading to legume-rhizobial symbiosis. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Overall burden and characteristics of COVID-19 in the United States during 2020
Authors: Pei Sen , Yamana Teresa K. , Kandula Sasikiran , Galanti Marta , Shaman Jeffrey 
Published: February 2021

SummaryThe COVID-19 pandemic disrupted health systems and economies throughout the world during 2020 and was particularly devastating for the United States. Many of epidemiological features that produced observed rates of morbidity and mortality have not been thoroughly assessed. Here we use a data-driven model-inference approach to simulate the pandemic at county-scale in the United States during 2020 and estimate critical, time-varying epidemiological properties underpinning the dynamics of the virus. The pandemic in the US during 2020 was characterized by an overall ascertainment rate of 21.6% (95% credible interval (CI):18.9 – 25.5%). Population susceptibility at year’s end was 68.8% (63.4 – 75.3%), indicating roughly one third of the US population had been infected. Community infectious rates, the percentage of people harboring a contagious infection, rose above 0.8% (0.6 – 1.0%) before the end of the year, and were as high as 2.4% in some major metropolitan areas. In contrast, the infection fatality rate fell to 0.3% by year’s end; however, community control of transmission, estimated from trends of the time-varying reproduction number, Rt, slackened during successive pandemic waves. In the coming months, as vaccines are distributed and administered and new more transmissible virus variants emerge and spread, greater use of non-pharmaceutical interventions will be needed.
COVID-19 European regional tracker
Authors: Naqvi Asjad 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACTThis Tracker presents data on daily COVID-19 cases at the sub-national level for 26 European countries from January 2020 till present. Country-level data sources are identified and processed to form a homogenized panel at the NUTS 3 or NUTS 2 level, the two lowest standardized administrative units of Europe. The strengths and weaknesses of each country dataset are discussed in detail. The raw data, spatial layers, the code, and the final homogenized files are provided in an online repository for replication. The data highlights the spatial distribution of cases both within and across countries that can be utilized for a disaggregated analysis on the impacts of the pandemic. The Tracker is updated monthly to expand its coverage.
Versatile live attenuated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine platform applicable to variants induces protective immunity
Authors: Yoshida Akiho , Okamura Shinya , Torii Shiho , Komatsu Sayuri , Miyazato Paola , Ueno Shiori , Suzuki Hidehiko , Kamitani Wataru , Ono Chikako , Matsuura Yoshiharu , Takekawa Shiro , Yamanishi Koichi , Ebina Hirotaka 
Published: February 2021

SUMMARYLive attenuated vaccines are generally highly effective. Here, we aimed to develop one against SARS-CoV-2, based on the identification of three types of temperature-sensitive (TS) strains with mutations in nonstructural proteins (nsp), impaired proliferation at 37-39°C, and the capacity to induce protective immunity in Syrian hamsters. To develop a live-attenuated vaccine, we generated a virus that combined all these TS-associated mutations (rTS-all), which showed a robust TS phenotype in vitro and high attenuation in vivo. The vaccine induced an effective cross-reactive immune response and protected hamsters against homologous or heterologous viral challenges. Importantly, rTS-all rarely reverted to the wild-type phenotype. By combining these mutations with an Omicron spike protein to construct a recombinant virus, protection against the Omicron strain was obtained. We show that immediate and effective live-attenuated vaccine candidates against SARS-CoV-2 variants may be developed using rTS-all as a backbone to incorporate the spike protein of the variants.
Role of the ubiquitin ligase ITCH in clathrin-mediated endocytosis of the epidermal growth factor receptor
Authors: Ayoubi Riham , McPherson Peter S. , Angers Annie 
Published: February 2021

AbstractOnce activated by ligand, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is endocytosed in clathrin-coated pits. ITCH is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that interacts with and ubiquitinates several proteins involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) including endophilin. To further investigate the function of ITCH in EGFR endocytosis, the internalization of fluorescent EGF was measured in ITCH-/-HeLa cells. In the absence of ITCH, there was a significant decrease in the CME of EGF. Rescue experiments using wild-type ITCH confirmed the importance of the protein for normal EGF uptake. ITCH point mutations that disrupt the interaction of ITCH with endophilin failed to rescue the defects in EGFR uptake, as did a non-catalytic form of ITCH. ITCH-/-cells also displayed a delay in the rate of phospho-EGFR degradation as well as prolonged ERK1/2 signaling. Our study uncovers a pathway regulating EGFR trafficking and reveals for the first time that the protein ITCH is required for CME of EGFR.
Laminar compartmentalization of attention modulation in area V4 aligns with the demands of visual processing hierarchy in the cortex
Authors: Wang Xiang , Nandy Anirvan S. , Jadi Monika P. 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACTContrast is a key feature of the visual scene that aids object recognition. Attention has been shown to selectively enhance the responses to low contrast stimuli in visual area V4, a critical hub that sends projections both up and down the visual hierarchy. Veridical encoding of contrast information is a key computation in early visual areas, while later stages encode higher level features that benefit from improved sensitivity to low contrast. How area V4 meets these distinct information processing demands in the attentive state is not known. We found that attentional modulation of contrast responses in area V4 is cortical layer and cell-class specific. Putative excitatory neurons in the superficial output layers that project to higher areas show enhanced boosting of low contrast information. On the other hand, putative excitatory neurons of deep output layers that project to early visual areas exhibit contrast-independent scaling. Computational modeling revealed that such layer-wise differences may result from variations in spatial integration extent of inhibitory neurons. These findings reveal that the nature of interactions between attention and contrast in V4 is highly compartmentalized, in alignment with the demands of the visual processing hierarchy.