bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
As Transformações Do Paradigma Liberal, 1945-1999 l The Transformations Of The Liberal Paradigm, 1945-1999
Authors: Castro Mônica Ottoboni Maciel de 
Published: October 2021

As Relações Internacionais são marcadas no âmbito teórico pela protuberância de duas principais linhas de pensamento: a realista e a liberal. Ambas as tradições passaram por reformulações pensadas em resposta a mudanças no cenário internacional e debates teóricos da área. A proposta para este trabalho é pensar as transformações ocorridas no interior do paradigma liberal, trazendo as principais mudanças pelas quais essa tradição passou desde o final da Segunda Guerra Mundial até o final da década de 1990. Para isso, serão analisadas nas diferentes vertentes do liberalismo a agenda de pesquisa que marcou os diferentes períodos históricos nos quais as investigações se inseriram, quais os atores dominantes na teorização e como cada corrente se propôs pensar as dinâmicas da política internacional. Espera-se que esse estudo contribua para o campo das Relações Internacionais com uma análise histórica e descritiva do desenvolvimento da literatura liberal.Palavras-Chave: Relações Internacionais; Teorias; Liberalismo.ABSTRACTThe field of International Relations is characterized in the theoretical arena by the protuberance of two main lines of thought: the realist and the liberal. Both traditions have been reformulated in response to changes in the international scenario and theoretical debates of the field. The aim of this paper is to think about the transformations within the liberal paradigm, bringing the main changes this tradition has gone through since the end of the Second World War until the end of the 1990’s. To this end, the research agenda, the main actors in the theorization and the understandings about the international politics will be analyzed in each historical moment. It is expected that this study contributes to the International Relations field with an historical and descriptive analysis of the development of the liberal literature.Keywords: International Relations; Theories; Liberalism. Recebido em: 09/03/2021 | Aceito em: 23/06/2021.
As Autodefesas Unidas da Colômbia (AUC) e sua Estratégia Paramilitar no Fim do Século XX: Origem, Organização e Ideologia l The United Self-Defenses of Colombia (AUC) and its Paramilitary Strategy at the End of the 20th Century: Origin, Organization and Ideology
Authors: Costa Flávia Foresto Porto da 
Published: October 2021

Criadas em 1994 como uma confederação de exércitos privados colombianos, as Autodefesas Unidas da Colômbia (AUC) marcaram uma expansão do paramilitarismo e um recrudescimento do conflito armado naquele país, tendo sido atuantes até seu processo de desmobilização, em 2002. Buscando compreender as origens, a organização e os discursos desse fenômeno paramilitar, o presente trabalho realiza uma pesquisa bibliográfica e documental que inclui, entre outros, os documentos originais das AUC e entrevistas com suas principais lideranças. Verifica-se que as AUC constituíram, por um lado, uma continuidade em relação ao paramilitarismo das doutrinas contrainsurgentes da Guerra Fria e aos grupos de civis armados financiados por narcotraficantes e proprietários de terra do final dos anos 70, e, por outro, um ponto de inflexão da estratégia paramilitar na Colômbia, quando esses exércitos buscam se projetar como atores políticos e independentes diante da opinião pública, buscando imitar pelo avesso a retórica e as estruturas guerrilheiras.Palavras-Chave: Paramilitarismo; Contrainsurgência; Colômbia.ABSTRACTCreated in 1994 as a confederation of Colombian private armies, the United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC) marked an expansion of paramilitary and a renewed armed conflict in that country, having been active until its demobilization process in 2002. Seeking to understand the origins, the organization and the speeches of this paramilitary phenomenon, the present work conducts a bibliographic and documentary research that includes, among others, the original documents of the AUC and interviews with its main leaders. It appears that the AUC constituted, on the one hand, a continuity in relation to the paramilitarism of counterinsurgent Cold War doctrines and groups of armed civilians financed by drug traffickers and landowners in the late 1970s, and, on the other hand, a point inflection of the paramilitary strategy in Colombia, when these armies seek to project themselves as political and independent actors before the public opinion, trying to imitate the rhetoric and guerrilla structures inside out.Keywords: Paramilitarism; Counterinsurgency; Colombia. Recebido em: 04/04/2021 | Aceito em: 09/06/2021.
O Herói Mujahid e o Recrutamento: A Violência Como Meio de Mobilização l The Mujahid Hero and Recruitment: The Violence As an Instrument of Mobilization
Authors: Costa Leandro Loureiro 
Published: October 2021

A partir do século XXI, grupos extremistas ganharam força ao propor o realinhamento radical entre estruturas de governança e comunidades imaginadas. Para isso, reinventam narrativas e criam personificações de antagonismo e heroísmo. Embates ontológicos são reforçados de maneira a formar e unir comunidades através da bravura e da violência. A noção de heroísmo nas Relações Internacionais foi aplicada nas narrativas do Estado Islâmico presentes na revista Rumiyah, destinada aos anglofalantes. Notou-se o uso do heroísmo como maneira de angariar apoiadores através de duas características: a violência e o autossacrifício. Assim, essas especificidades, aliadas a um viés ideológico, recrutam pessoas dispostas a imitarem os “heróis” dessa organização, conhecidos como mujahidin.Palavras-Chave: Jihadismo; Estado Islâmico; Heroísmo e Violência.ABSTRACTSince the beginning of the 21st century, extremist groups gained relevance by proposing a radical realignment between governance structures and imagined communities. In that case, they reinvent narratives and create personifications of antagonism and heroism. Ontological clashes are reinforced in order to form and unite communities through bravery and violence. The notion of heroism in International Relations was applied in the narratives of the Islamic State present in the magazine Rumiyah, addressed to english speakers. The use of heroism was noted as a way of attracting supporters through two characteristics: violence and self-sacrifice. Thus, these specificities, combined with an ideological bias, do recruit people willing to imitate the “heroes” of this organization, known as mujahidin.Keywords: Jihadism; Islamic State; Heroism and Violence. Recebido em: 04/04/2021 | Aceito em: 09/06/2021.
Pilot study of micromotion nailing for mechanical stimulation of tibial fracture healing
Authors: Dailey Hannah L. , Schwarzenberg Peter , Webb, III Edmund B. , Boran Sinead A. M. , Guerin Shane , Harty James A. 
Published: October 2021

Aims The study objective was to prospectively assess clinical outcomes for a pilot cohort of tibial shaft fractures treated with a new tibial nailing system that produces controlled axial interfragmentary micromotion. The hypothesis was that axial micromotion enhances fracture healing compared to static interlocking. Methods Patients were treated in a single level I trauma centre over a 2.5-year period. Group allocation was not randomized; both the micromotion nail and standard-of-care static locking nails (control group) were commercially available and selected at the discretion of the treating surgeons. Injury risk levels were quantified using the Nonunion Risk Determination (NURD) score. Radiological healing was assessed until 24 weeks or clinical union. Low-dose CT scans were acquired at 12 weeks and virtual mechanical testing was performed to objectively assess structural bone healing. Results A total of 37 micromotion patients and 46 control patients were evaluated. There were no significant differences between groups in terms of age, sex, the proportion of open fractures, or NURD score. There were no nonunions (0%) in the micromotion group versus five (11%) in the control group. The proportion of fractures united was significantly higher in the micromotion group compared to control at 12 weeks (54% vs 30% united; p = 0.043), 18 weeks (81% vs 59%; p = 0.034), and 24 weeks (97% vs 74%; p = 0.005). Structural bone healing scores as assessed by CT scans tended to be higher with micromotion compared to control and this difference reached significance in patients who had biological comorbidities such as smoking. Conclusion In this pilot study, micromotion fixation was associated with improved healing compared to standard tibial nailing. Further prospective clinical studies will be needed to assess the strength and generalizability of any potential benefits of micromotion fixation. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2021;2(10):825–833.
High-sensitivity optical fiber hydrogen sensor based on the metal organic frameworks of UiO-66-NH2
Authors: Chen Hongchen , Shen Changyu , Chen Xiaoman , Huang Zhenlin , Wang Zhihao , Zhang Yueming 
Published: October 2021

A hydrogen sensor with high sensitivity was demonstrated by coating the metal organic frameworks of on an optical fiber Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI). The MZI was made of a fiber mismatch structure by using a core-offset fusion splicing method. The effective refractive index of the film varied with the absorption and release of hydrogen, and the interference resonant dip wavelength and the intensity of the MZI changed with the variations of the concentration of hydrogen. The experimental results showed that the proposed sensor had a high hydrogen sensitivity of 8.78 dB/% in the range from 0% to 0.8%, which is almost seven times higher than the existing similar hydrogen sensor.
Barriers and facilitators to patient-centred care in pharmacy consultations: A qualitative study with Malaysian hospital pharmacists and patients
Authors: Ng Yew Keong , Mohamed Shah Noraida , Loong Ly Sia , Pee Lay Ting , Chong Wei Wen 
Published: October 2021

BackgroundPatient-centred care (PCC) has been suggested to provide benefits such as improved patient-healthcare provider communication and better disease self-management to patients. The practice of PCC should involve all healthcare professionals, including pharmacists who are well-positioned in providing pharmaceutical care to patients. However, a better understanding of the factors that can affect the practice of PCC in pharmacists’ consultations is needed.ObjectiveTo explore the perceptions of Malaysian hospital pharmacists and patients on the barriers and facilitators of a PCC approach in pharmacist consultations.DesignThis study employed a qualitative, explorative semi-structured interview design.Setting and participantsInterviews were conducted with 17 patients and 18 pharmacists from three tertiary hospitals in Malaysia. The interviews were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim. Emerging themes were developed through a constant comparative approach and thematic analysis.ResultsThree themes were identified in this study: (i) patient-related factors (knowledge, role expectations, and sociocultural characteristics), (ii) pharmacist-related factors (personalities and communication), and (iii) healthcare institutional and system-related factors (resources, continuity of care, and interprofessional collaboration). Pharmacists and patients mentioned that factors such as patients’ knowledge and attitudes and pharmacists’ personality traits and communication styles can affect patients’ engagement in the consultation. Long waiting time and insufficient manpower were perceived as barriers to the practice of PCC. Continuity of care and interprofessional collaboration were viewed as crucial in providing supportive and tailored care to patients.ConclusionThe study findings outlined the potential factors of PCC that may influence its implementation in pharmacist consultations. Strategic approaches can be undertaken by policymakers, healthcare institutions, and pharmacists themselves to address the identified barriers to more fully support the implementation of PCC in the pharmacy setting.
Could the 2010 HIV outbreak in Athens, Greece have been prevented? A mathematical modeling study
Authors: Gountas Ilias , Nikolopoulos Georgios , Touloumi Giota , Fotiou Anastasios , Souliotis Kyriakos 
Published: October 2021

IntroductionIn 2009 and 2010, Athens, Greece experienced a hepatitis C virus (HCV) and a Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) outbreak among People Who Inject Drugs (PWID), respectively. The HCV outbreak was not detected, while that of HIV was identified in 2011. The integrated HIV-interventions, launched in early 2012, managed to reduce directly the HIV incidence and indirectly the HCV incidence. This study aims to assess what would have been the course of the HIV outbreak and its associated economic consequences if the 2009 HCV outbreak had been detected and integrated interventions had been initiated 1- or 2-years earlier.MethodsThe model was calibrated to reproduce the observed HIV epidemiological and clinical parameters among PWID of Athens, Greece. We examined the effect of the 1- or 2-years earlier detection scenarios, the 1-year later detection, the non-detection scenario, and compared them to the status quo scenario.ResultsCumulative HIV cases, under the status-quo scenario during 2009‐2019, were 1360 (90% Credible intervals: 290, 2470). If the HCV outbreak had been detected 1- or 2- years earlier, with immediate initiation of integrated interventions, 740 and 1110 HIV cases could be averted by 2019, respectively. Regarding the costs, if there was an efficient notification system to detect the HCV outbreak 1 or 2 years earlier, 35.2–53.2 million euros could be saved compared to the status quo by 2019.ConclusionsIf the HCV outbreak had been detected and promptly addressed, the HIV outbreak would have been prevented and 35.2–53.2 million euros could have been saved.
‘No, you should not beat our child because he will become aggressive:’ Applying a multi-method approach to explore intergenerational transmission of parenting practices
Authors: Chandra Sekaran Varalakshmi , Bailey Ajay , Kamath Veena Ganesh , Ashok Lena , Ravindran Syam K. , Kamath Asha , Hegde Asha 
Published: October 2021

Background
Exploring the cultural context of intergenerational continuity of warm and harsh parenting informs parents motivations to adopt specific parenting behaviours.

Objective
Parents’ perceptions of being parented in the past and their current parenting as well as adolescents’ perceptions of current parenting were explored applying a multi-method approach.

Methods
Following written informed consent, a total of 24 interviews with 10 families (dyads of 14 parents and ten adolescents) from Udupi taluk in southern India was conducted. In the first stage, in-depth interviews were conducted with parent participants (Generation 1 (G1)) and in the second stage, adolescents (Generation 2 (G2)) participated in the photovoice component. Multiple forms of data including photographs, journals and interviews facilitated using the SHOWeD model were collected and were analysed thematically using ATLAS.ti(v.8).

Results
Subtle changes in reinforcing culture-specific gender norms between generations were elicited. Differences in communication, granting autonomy to female adolescents, and in disciplining methods between G1 and G2 were observed. Warm parenting was transmitted between generations while harsh parenting in G1 in the presence of external social support was discarded in favor of warm parenting in G2.

Conclusion
We provide evidence for perceptions of parenting and adolescent behaviors across two generations. Transmission of warm parenting and interruption in the cycle of harsh parenting in the presence of external social support were significant findings. Related theoretical and methodological applications are discussed.
Trajectories of body mass index and risk for coronary heart disease: A 38-year follow-up study
Authors: Calling Susanna , Johansson Sven-Erik , Nymberg Veronica Milos , Sundquist Jan , Sundquist Kristina 
Published: October 2021

Objective
Obesity is a well-known risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD), but there is little evidence on the effect of long-term trajectories of body mass index (BMI) over the life course. By using repeated assessments, the aim was to study the risk of CHD in adults during 38 years in different trajectories of BMI.

Methods
A sample of 2129 men and women, aged 20–59 years at baseline, took part in four repeated interviews between 1980 and 2005. Data on BMI, medical history, lifestyle and socioeconomy were collected. Based on the World Health Organization categories of BMI, life course trajectories of stable normal weight, stable overweight, stable obesity, increasing BMI and fluctuating BMI were created. The individuals were followed through national registers for first hospitalization of CHD (389 events) until the end of 2017, and Hazard Ratios (HRs) were calculated, adjusted for age, sex, socioeconomic factors, lifestyle factors and metabolic comorbidities.

Results
Stable normal weight in all assessments was the reference group. Those who had an increase in BMI from normal weight in the first assessment to overweight or obesity in later assessments had no increased risk of CHD, HR 1.04 (95% CI: 0.70–1.53). The HR for individuals with fluctuating BMI was 1.25 (0.97–1.61), for stable overweight 1.43 (1.03–1.98), for stable obesity 1.50 (0.92–2.55), and for stable overweight or obesity 1.45 (1.07–1.97), after full adjustments.

Conclusion
Having a stable overweight or obesity throughout adult life was associated with increased CHD risk but changing from normal weight at baseline to overweight or obesity was not associated with increased CHD risk. Prevention of obesity early in life may be particularly important to reduce CHD risk.
Methods and tools for the development of a Product-Service System: Proposal of a conceptual model
Authors: Tokarz Barbara , Kohlbeck Eloiza , Beuren Fernanda Hänsch , Fagundes Alexandre Borges , Pereira Delcio 
Published: October 2021

Goal: Present a holistic perspective of methods and tools for the development of Product Service Systems (PSS).
Design/Methodology/Approach: The investigation was conducted in two phases. The first phase presents bibliographic and bibliometric analyses, where 132 papers were read in full. In the second stage, of conceptual development, bibliographic data was grouped and validated by PSS specialists through a questionnaire, whose responses were used to conceptualize a model for PSS development.
Results: Elaboration of a concept of a model for the development of Product-Service Systems, capable of providing guidance for all stages of its life cycle.
Limitations of the investigation: The proposed model was applied to the bike sharing business model. However, a limitation was the lack of some information regarding this case to apply some methods and tools proposed in the conceptual model.
Practical implications: The model developed can be used as a guideline for the elaboration or improvement of a PSS proposal, since it provides structure and control to the business models.
Originality/Value: The paper demonstrates its originality and relevance by presenting a model centered on a holistic approach, as it provides a perspective of the whole PSS life cycle. Thus, processes are planned and analyzed from the definition of requirements to the destination after use of the PSS.
Cluster analysis of the acute diarrhea causes in young children admitted to the infectious diseases unit
Authors: Ivanko O. H. , Bondarenko V. M. 
Published: October 2021

Aim. To use the cluster analysis of clinical and laboratory data, characteristic to children aged 6 to 24 months with acute diarrhea, in demonstrating the signs of infectious or functional intestinal disorders.
Materials and methods. 56 children admitted to the children’s infectious unit with diarrhea and 31 healthy toddlers of the control group were observed. Anamnesis, laboratory blood and urine tests, microscopy and bacteriological cultures of feces on selective media and tests to identify adeno- and rotaviruses were performed. The presence of Clostridium difficile A/B toxins in the stool, hemoglobin, fecal calprotectin (FC) and the content of undigested fecal carbohydrates also were studied.
Results. Children who in their majority have received antibiotics only in 58.9 % of cases were corresponding to the bacterial or viral nature of the disease or the infection was clinically highly probable. Another 41.1 % of patients has experienced non-infectious diarrhea. In 7.1 % of all cases the diarrhea was triggered by an increase of the carbohydrate content in the stool. Diarrhea had the same mechanism in 3.4 % of patients with Giardia lamblia. In 17.9 % of patients the frequent bowel movements were the manifestation of symptomatic (parenteral) diarrhea caused by extraintestinal diseases, and in another 7.1 % the intestinal hypermotility was not explained but resembled irritable bowel syndrome in adults. Additionally, cluster analysis identified 5.4 % of patients with non-infectious diarrhea who had only significantly increased FC corresponding to allergic or immune inflammation in the gut.
Conclusions. The classification of patients for the causes of diarrhea became possible due to the microbiological tests and highly informative markers of intestinal health – fecal calprotectin and reducing substances (carbohydrates) in the stool.
The risk of development of acute kidney injury in full-term infants with administration of methylxanthines
Authors: Stryzhak L. S. , Anikin I. O. , Spakhi O. V. 
Published: October 2021

Exploring new possibilities for the use of methylxanthines to prevent the development of acute kidney injury (AKI) in full-term infants with perinatal asphyxia.
Aim: to evaluate the efficacy and safety of methylxanthines in full-term infants for the prevention and conservative treatment of acute kidney injury.
Materials and methods. To test the effectiveness of the proposed method of AKI treatment, 38 infants were chosen and divided into 2 groups by random selection. Nursing and intensive care were according to current legislation (Order of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine No. 225 of March 28, 2014). The main group (n = 20) received therapy with caffeine citrate, the comparison group (n = 18) – theophylline. Both of these drugs were used to prevent the development of acute kidney injury – stage II and III according to KDIGO.
Results. A significant difference in serum creatinine was found in the main group - the level of serum creatinine was higher than in the comparison group, but did not exceed the physiological norm. GFR on the 3rd day of life was higher with administration of theophylline, but in the group of caffeine did not exceed the reference values of the norm. No differences between urea levels and diuresis rates were found in the groups. The initial results indicate the lack of statistical significance when using various drugs of the methylxanthine group, namely theophylline and caffeine citrate. This is explained by the fact that in the main group 65.00 % (n = 13) of patients had AKI stage 0 according to KDIGO, and 35.00 % (n = 7) had stage I. In the comparison group, 55.56 % (n = 10) and 44.44 % (n = 8), respectively. Stages II and III in both groups of the study did not develop, the obtained data are equivalent – U = 163,00; P = 0,6296. However, the use of caffeine citrate may become a priority due to a better safety profile compared to theophylline. Caffeine is less likely to cause adverse effects in the form of non-pathological bile vomiting and has significantly lower relative risk of non-pathological bile vomiting in infants (RR 0.26 (95 % CI 0.10; 0.66)).
Conclusions. Conservative methylxanthine therapy in full-term infants with perinatal asphyxia prevents the development of stages II and III of AKI according to KDIGO. However, it is necessary to continue the collection of material to increase the statistical significance, as well as to study the early and long-term consequences of this therapy.