bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cystic fibrosis
Authors: Wendekier Camille , Wendekier-Raybuck Katheryn 
Published: August 2021

Abstract:
Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder that causes a lifetime of debilitating and potentially fatal complications affecting the lungs and other organ systems. Over 1,700 gene mutations that cause this rare disorder have been identified. This article describes the current treatment landscape for adults with CF, including the 2019 FDA approval of a breakthrough triple-drug combination therapy that may significantly improve the quality of life for an estimated 90% of patients with CF.
Chronic Quadriceps Tendon Rupture Reconstruction with Sartorius Muscle Transfer: A Report of Five Cases
Authors: Elhessy Ahmed H. , Alrabai Hamza M. , Eltayeby Hady H. , Gesheff Martin G. , Conway Janet D. 
Published: August 2021

Summary:
Disruption of the knee extensor mechanism is an unfavorable situation because efficient mobilization requires a functioning knee extensor apparatus. The purpose of this retrospective study was to report our technique of sartorius muscle transfer for restoration of extension mechanism function and the outcomes of five patients. Patients with ruptured knee extensor mechanism secondary to trauma or knee arthroplasty-related issues were studied retrospectively. In all patients, sartorius muscle was transferred to restore the quadriceps tension deficit. Increase in the knee active range of motion, increase in the extensor mechanism power by one grade on Medical Research Council scale, and improvement in the extension lag were observed in all patients. The sartorius muscle transfer can be a reliable option to restore the knee extensor mechanism in chronic quadriceps tendon injuries. Our initial results are promising and showed improvement of the extensor mechanism muscle power, increased knee active range of motion, and decreased knee extension lag. The complications we observed did not impair the successful outcome of the sartorius transfer and were anticipated given the complexity of the studied cases. We encourage additional studies of sartorius muscle transfer to treat chronic quadriceps tendon injuries.
Goldilocks Procedure without a Vertical Incision and a Comprehensive Literature Review
Authors: Becker Hilton , Vazquez Oscar Adrian , Komberg Jacob 
Published: August 2021

Background:
The Goldilocks technique is a postmastectomy breast reconstruction procedure adopted in 2012, which is performed by preserving and de-epithelializing the residual mastectomy flap to create an autologous tissue breast mound using an anchor, inverted T, or lateral incision. It is utilized in select patients along with the addition of a free nipple graft, fat grafting, and/or tattoo. A novel technique using the Goldilocks procedure offers promising postoperative results as a more aesthetic alternative. The purpose of this study was to perform a literature review on the healing outcomes and patient satisfaction of the Goldilocks procedure along with presenting our approach using a horizontal inframammary incision without a vertical incision.

Methods:
A retrospective chart review of patients presenting to a single surgeon for breast reconstruction surgery using the Goldilocks procedure without a vertical incision from March of 2018 to October of 2020 was performed. A narrative literature review on surgical techniques and outcomes was also conducted.

Results:
Three cases of breast reduction using the Goldilocks procedure without a vertical incision are described. From the literature search, 13 articles inclusive of 222 patients were identified.

Conclusions:
The Goldilocks procedure without a vertical incision can be performed in patients with large breasts for breast reconstruction postmastectomy. It is possible to utilize the superior flap in conjunction with the de-epithelialized inferior flap of the breast and obtain good projection with this method. Furthermore, avoidance of the vertical incision reduces breakdown at the T-junction and is aesthetically beneficial.
Dry Eye Symptoms in Individuals With Keratoconus Wearing Contact Lenses
Authors: Shorter Ellen , Harthan Jennifer , Nau Amy , Fogt Jennifer , Cao Dingcai , Schornack Muriel , Nau Cherie 
Published: August 2021

Objectives:
To assess dry eye symptoms associated with different contact lens modalities in patients with keratoconus using a dry eye questionnaire.

Methods:
An online survey was distributed by the National Keratoconus Foundation. The survey asked participants to report demographic characteristics, current optical correction, age at the time of diagnosis of keratoconus, and contact lens history. The 12-item Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire was also completed. Data from participants wearing the same contact lens modality bilaterally were analyzed.

Results:
The survey was completed by 197 individuals wearing the same contact lens modality bilaterally. The average age of participants at the time of the survey was 47.2±14.8 years (range: 15–87 years), and the average age at which keratoconus was diagnosed was 26.1±9.9 years (range: 8–55 years). The mean overall OSDI score of all participants was 40.2±22.8 (range: 0–100). There was no difference in the mean OSDI scores based on current contact lens modality type (F=1.79; n=187; P=0.13). Based on an OSDI score of 33 or higher, 90% of participants reported symptoms indicative of dry eye disease. Scleral lens wearers reported less discomfort on the individual items related to windy and low-humidity conditions.

Conclusions:
Individuals with keratoconus, irrespective of contact lens modality, report a high incidence of dry eye symptoms.
Categories of intimate partner violence and abuse (IPVA) among young women and men: Latent Class Analysis of psychological, physical, and sexual victimisation and perpetration in a UK birth cohort
Authors: Herbert Annie , Fraser Abigail , Howe Laura D. , Szilassy Eszter , Barnes Maria , Feder Gene , Barter Christine , Heron Jon 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundIn the UK, around one-third of young people are exposed to IPVA by 21 years old. However, types of IPVA victimisation in this population (psychological, physical, sexual), and their relationship with impact and perpetration are poorly understood.MethodsParticipants in a UK birth cohort reported IPVA victimisation and perpetration by age 21. We carried out a latent class analysis, where we categorised IPVA by types/frequency of victimisation, and then assigned individuals to their most probable class. Within these classes, we then estimated risks of reported: 1) types of negative impacts (sad, upset/unhappy, anxious, depressed, affected work/studies, angry/annoyed, drank/took drugs more); 2) types/frequency of perpetration.ResultsAmong 2,130 women and 1,149 men, 32% and 24% reported IPVA victimisation (of which 89% and 73% reported negative impact); 21% and 16% perpetration. Victimisation responses were well represented by five classes, including three apparent in both sexes: No-low victimisation (characterised by low probabilities of all types of victimisation; average probabilities of women and men belonging to this class were 82% and 70%); Mainly psychological (15% and 12%); Psychological & physical victimisation (4% and 7%), and two classes that were specific to women: Psychological & sexual (7%); Multi-victimisation (frequent victimisation for all three types; 4%). In women, all types of negative impact were most common in the Psychological & sexual and Multi-victimisation classes; for men, the Psychological & physical class. In women, all types of perpetration were most common for the Mainly psychological, Psychological & physical, and Multi-victimisation classes; in men, the Mainly psychological and Psychological & physical classes.DiscussionIn this study of young people, we found categories of co-occurrence of types and frequency of IPVA victimisation associated with differential risks of negative impact and perpetrating IPVA. This is consistent with emerging evidence of IPVA differentiation and its variable impact in other populations.
Strong gamma frequency oscillations in the adolescent prefrontal cortex
Authors: Wang Zhengyang , Singh Balbir , Zhou Xin , Constantinidis Christos 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWorking memory ability continues to mature into adulthood in both humans and non-human primates. At the single neuron level, adolescent development is characterized by increased prefrontal firing rate in the delay period, but less is known about how coordinated activity between neurons is altered. Local field potentials (LFP) provide a window into the computation carried out by the local network. To address the effects of adolescent development on LFP activity, three male rhesus monkeys were trained to perform an oculomotor delayed response task and tested at both the adolescent and adult stage. Simultaneous single-unit and LFP signals were recorded from areas 8a and 46 of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). In both the cue and delay period, power relative to baseline increased in the gamma frequency range (32 - 128 Hz). In the adult stage, high-firing neurons were also more likely to reside at sites with strong gamma power increase from baseline. For both stages, the gamma power increase in the delay was selective for sites with neuron encoding stimulus information in their spiking. Gamma power and neuronal firing did not show stronger temporal correlations. Our results establish gamma power decrease to be a feature of prefrontal cortical maturation.Significance StatementGamma-frequency oscillations in extracellular field recordings (such as LFP or EEG) are a marker of normal interactions between excitatory and inhibitory neurons in neural circuits. Abnormally low gamma power during working memory is seen in conditions such as schizophrenia. We sought to examine whether the immature prefrontal cortex similarly exhibits lower power in the gamma frequency range during working memory, in a non-human primate model of adolescence. Contrary to this expectation, the adolescent PFC exhibited stronger gamma power during the maintenance of working memory. Our findings reveal an unknown developmental maturation trajectory of gamma band oscillations and raise the possibility that schizophrenia represent an excessive state of prefrontal maturation.
Probing the orientation specificity of excitatory and inhibitory circuitries in the primary motor cortex with multi-channel TMS
Authors: Souza Victor Hugo , Nieminen Jaakko O. , Tugin Sergei , Koponen Lari , Baffa Oswaldo , Ilmoniemi Risto J. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe electric field orientation is a crucial parameter for optimizing the excitation of neuronal tissue in transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Yet, the effects of stimulus orientation on the short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) and intracortical facilitation (ICF) paradigms are poorly known, mainly due to significant technical challenges in manipulating the TMS-induced stimulus orientation within milliseconds.ObjectiveOur aim is to assess the effect of the TMS-induced stimulus orientation on the SICI and ICF paradigms and search for the optimal orientations to maximize the facilitation and suppression of the motor evoked potentials (MEP).MethodsWe applied paired-pulse multi-channel TMS in healthy subjects to generate SICI and ICF with conditioning and test pulses in the same, opposite, and perpendicular orientations to each other. The conditioning- and test-stimulus intensities were 80% and 110% of the resting motor threshold, respectively.ResultsBoth SICI and ICF were significantly affected by the conditioning- and test-stimulus orientation. MEP suppression and facilitation were strongest with both pulses delivered in the same direction. SICI with a 2.5-ms and ICF with a 6.0-ms interstimulus interval (ISI) were more sensitive to changes in stimulus orientation compared with SICI at 0.5- and ICF at 8.0-ms ISIs, respectively.ConclusionOur findings provide evidence that SICI and ICF at specific ISIs are mediated by distinct mechanisms. Such mechanisms exhibit a preferential orientation depending on the anatomical and morphological arrangement of inhibitory and excitatory neuronal populations. We also demonstrate that the SICI and ICF can be maximized by adjusting the TMS-induced electric field orientation.
The complexities of inferring symbiont function: Paraburkholderia symbiont dynamics in social amoeba populations and their impacts on the amoeba microbiota
Authors: DuBose James G. , Robeson Michael S. , Hoogshagen Mackenzie , Olsen Hunter , Haselkorn Tamara S. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe relationship between the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum and its endosymbiotic bacteria Paraburkholderia provides a model system for studying the development of symbiotic relationships. Laboratory experiments have shown that any of three species of Paraburkholderia symbiont allow D. discoideum food bacteria to persist through the amoeba lifecycle and survive in amoeba spores, rather than being fully digested. This phenomenon is termed “farming”, as it potentially allows spores dispersed to food poor locations to grow their own. The occurrence and impact of farming in natural populations, however, has been a challenge to measure. Here, we surveyed natural D. discoideum populations and found that only one of the three symbiont species, P. agricolaris, remained prevalent. We then explored the effect of Paraburkholderia on the amoeba microbiota, expecting that by facilitating bacterial food carriage it would diversify the microbiota. Contrary to our expectations, Paraburkholderia tended to infectiously dominate the D. discoideum microbiota, in some cases decreasing diversity. Similarly, we found little evidence for Paraburkholderia facilitating the carriage of particular food bacteria. These findings highlight the complexities of inferring symbiont function in nature and suggest the possibility that Paraburkholderia could be playing multiple roles for its host.
A deep mutational scanning platform to characterize the fitness landscape of anti-CRISPR proteins
Authors: Stadelmann Tobias , Heid Daniel , Jendrusch Michael , Mathony Jan , Rosset Stéphane , Correia Bruno E. , Niopek Dominik 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACTDeep mutational scanning is a powerful method to explore the mutational fitness landscape of proteins. Its adaptation to anti-CRISPR proteins, which are natural CRISPR-Cas inhibitors and key players in the co-evolution of microbes and phages, would facilitate their in-depth characterization and optimization. Here, we developed a robust anti-CRISPR deep mutational scanning pipeline inEscherichia colicombining synthetic gene circuits based on CRISPR interference with flow cytometry-coupled sequencing and mathematical modeling. Using this pipeline, we created and characterized comprehensive single point mutation libraries for AcrIIA4 and AcrIIA5, two potent inhibitors ofStreptococcus pyogenesCas9. The resulting mutational fitness landscapes revealed that both Acrs possess a considerable mutational tolerance as well as an intrinsic redundancy with respect to Cas9 inhibitory features, suggesting evolutionary pressure towards high plasticity and robustness. Finally, to demonstrate that our pipeline can inform the optimization and fine-tuning of Acrs for genome editing applications, we cross-validated a subset of AcrIIA4 mutants via gene editing assays in mammalian cells andin vitroaffinity measurements. Together, our work establishes deep mutational scanning as powerful method for anti-CRISPR protein characterization and optimization.
Resting Parasympathetic Nervous System Activity is Associated with Greater Antiviral Gene Expression
Authors: Rahal Danny , Tashjian Sarah M. , Karan Maira , Eisenberger Naomi , Galván Adriana , Fuligni Andrew J. , Cole Steve W. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractParasympathetic nervous system activity can downregulate inflammation, but it remains unclear how parasympathetic nervous system activity relates to antiviral activity. The present study examined associations between parasympathetic nervous system activity and cellular antiviral gene regulation in 90 adolescents (Mage= 16.3,SD= 0.7; 51.1% female) who provided blood samples and measures of cardiac respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), twice, five weeks apart. Using a multilevel analytic framework, we found that higher RSA (an indicator of higher parasympathetic nervous system activity)—both at rest and during paced breathing—was associated with higher expression of Type I interferon (IFN) response genes in circulating leukocytes, even after adjusting for demographic and biological covariates. RSA was not associated with a parallel measure of inflammatory gene expression. These results identify a previously unrecognized immunoregulatory aspect of autonomic nervous system function and highlight a potential biological pathway by which parasympathetic nervous system activity may relate to health.
Deciphering spatial domains from spatially resolved transcriptomics with adaptive graph attention auto-encoder
Authors: Dong Kangning , Zhang Shihua 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACTRecent advances in spatially resolved transcriptomics have enabled comprehensive measurements of gene expression patterns while retaining the spatial context of the tissue microenvironment. Deciphering the spatial context of spots in a tissue needs to use their spatial information carefully. To this end, we developed a graph attention auto-encoder framework STAGATE to accurately identify spatial domains by learning low-dimensional latent embeddings via integrating spatial information and gene expression profiles. To better characterize the spatial similarity at the boundary of spatial domains, STAGATE adopts an attention mechanism to adaptively learn the similarity of neighboring spots, and an optional cell type-aware module through integrating the pre-clustering of gene expressions. We validated STAGATE on diverse spatial transcriptomics datasets generated by different platforms with different spatial resolutions. STAGATE could substantially improve the identification accuracy of spatial domains, and denoise the data while preserving spatial expression patterns. Importantly, STAGATE could be extended to multiple consecutive sections to reduce batch effects between sections and extracting three-dimensional (3D) expression domains from the reconstructed 3D tissue effectively.
Communities of tropical soil fungi differ between burned and unburned forest, with corresponding changes in plant community composition, litter and soil chemistry
Authors: Calvert Jed , McTaggart Alistair , Carvalhais Lília C. , Drenth André , Shivas Roger 
Published: August 2021

AbstractFire is predicted to be more severe and frequent in forests of the Australian Monsoon Tropics over the coming decades. The way in which groups of ecologically important soil fungi respond to disturbance caused by fire has not been studied in Australian tropical forest ecosystems. Ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi are important tree symbionts and saprotrophic fungi drive soil nutrient cycles. We analysed both publicly-available environmental DNA sequence data as well as soil chemistry data to test a hypothesis that burned areas in a contiguous tropical forest have different community composition and diversity of EM and saprotrophic soil fungi relative to nearby unburned sites. We tested this hypothesis by measuring community-level taxonomic composition, fungal diversity, species richness and evenness. We determined whether changes in fungal communities were associated with fire-altered soil chemical/physical properties, vegetation types, or the direct effect of fire. Soil fungi differed in abundance and community phylogenetic structure between forest sites that had experienced fire, and sites dominated by unburned forest. EM community composition differed between unburned and burned sites, which had more mycorrhizal hosts including Corymbia intermedia, Acacia flavescens and Acacia midgleyi. Lower diversity of saprotrophic fungi was correlated with lower soil nutrient levels and different litter composition at burned sites. Pyrophilic, truffle-like EM fungi that rely on mycophagous mammals for dispersal were abundant at recently burned sites. We conclude that EM fungi show different patterns of diversity in burned tropical forest, likely driven by changing plant communities, whereas differences in saprotrophic fungal communities of burned sites may be driven by by reduced soil nutrient levels and altered litter composition.Graphical abstract
A relational view of horizontal collaboration among micro and small enterprises: a study of the brewery sector in Wales
Authors: Lotfi Maryam , Kumar Maneesh , Sanchez Rodrigues Vasco , Naim Mohamed , Harris Irina 
Published: August 2021

PurposeThis study aims to explore how horizontal collaboration can help small and micro enterprises within the drink sector through the relational theory lens.Design/methodology/approachThe use of qualitative research methods, including focus groups and interviews, facilitated understanding the horizontal collaboration in micro and small companies within the Welsh brewery industry. Data collection involved conducting three focus groups and 13 interviews within the Welsh brewery sector in the UK. The collaboration phenomena were explained using the three elements of relational theory: relational rents, relational capitals and relational governance.FindingsMicro and small enterprises in the drink sector use collaborative initiatives in building new capabilities to generate relational rents. In addition, relational capitals and relational governance mechanisms were identified to support the horizontal collaboration among these enterprises.Research limitations/implicationsThe focus is on only one part of the drinks industry, i.e. the brewery industry; therefore, this study could be extended to other industries within the drink sector or across manufacturing industries.Practical implicationsThe micro and small enterprises can collaborate to achieve relational rent, but this collaboration requires strong relational capitals, such as trust. These partners need to change informal governance mechanisms that already exist towards more contractual formal mechanisms.Originality/valuePrior research has largely focused on vertical collaboration, with limited studies using the relational theory lens to explicate horizontal collaboration phenomena and no previous research in the context of micro and small companies. Relational rents, relational capitals and relational governance mechanisms are studied to provide insights into an effective collaboration in this context.
Across the pregnancy lifespan: examining workplace outcomes of concealing across stages of pregnancy
Authors: Sabat Isaac Emmanuel , Botsford Morgan Whitney , Jones Kristen Price , Walker Sarah Singletary 
Published: August 2021

Purpose
The authors aims to use stigma theory to predict and test a model wherein a person’s stage of pregnancy influences their workplace outcomes associated with pregnancy concealment behaviors.

Design/methodology/approach
The authors tested the model using two separate survey studies, examining these relationships from the perspectives of both the pregnant employees and their supervisors.

Findings
The authors find support for the model across both studies, showing that concealment of a pregnant identity predicts increased discrimination, but only for those in later stages of pregnancy.

Originality/value
To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to examine how one’s stage of pregnancy impacts identity management outcomes. This is important given that pregnancy is an inherently dynamic stigma that becomes increasingly visible over time.