bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SYSTEM DESIGN CANVAS FOR IDENTIFYING LEVERAGE POINTS IN COMPLEX SYSTEMS: A CASE STUDY OF THE AGRICULTURAL SYSTEM MODELS, CAMBODIA
Authors: Komaki Akinori , Kodaka Akira , Nakamura Eri , Ohno Yu , Kohtake Naohiko 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThere has been a growing recognition that a systems thinking approach, which pays attention to the entire dynamic system, its constituent parts and the interactions among those parts, is an effective approach for tackling complex issues that exhibit nonlinear behaviour and involve multiple stakeholders. To understand a complex system, a systems thinking approach must identify the leverage points, which are non-intuitive and difficult to identify. This paper proposes a design tool called System Design Canvas, which supports the identification of system variables and leverage points from technological sensing data and human data while understanding stakeholders' mental model. The present case study confirms that System Design Canvas can identify system variables and leverage points that are required for the current agricultural system in Cambodia.
SYSTEMIC MECHATRONIC FUNCTION DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Pulm Udo , Stetter Ralf 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSince decades, researchers are developing methods, tools, and processes for the development of mechatronic systems. In the last decade, this field has widened, including, amongst others, aspects such as cyber-physical systems (CPS) or the internet of things (IoT). Still, little concrete guidance can be identified for engineers who have to decide whether to realize a certain product function mechanically, electronically, through software functions, or with combinations thereof. The goal of the paper is to contribute to the development of guidelines for design engineers in which domain (or in which combination of domains and other areas) to allocate the solution for an engineering problem.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FUNCTIONS AND OUTCOMES OF BIOLOGICALLY-INSPIRED DESIGN
Authors: Svendsen Nicklas Werge , Lenau Torben Anker , Hansen Claus Thorp 
Published: August 2021

AbstractResearch in biologically-inspired design (BID) practice often focus on team composition or ideation based on an already discovered fascinating biological solution principle. However, how are the outcome of the early design phases affecting BID projects' quality?In this study, historical data from 91 reports from student teams documenting their BID efforts from a 3-week course constitute the data source. Thus, the relationship between design problem types, function types, functions descriptions and BID projects' quality is addressed.The study show that especially design problem types and function descriptions affect the BID projects' quality. For instance, BID projects dealing with open-ended problems yield better results than redesign problems with existing solutions operating in a very domain-limited solution space. Next, BID projects obtain the best results when using functions as drivers for analogy searching rather than properties. Finally, BID projects with certain function types seem to have more complicated conceptualization phases.
THE ROLE OF MACHINE LEARNING FOR FLEXIBILITY AND REAL OPTIONS ANALYSIS IN ENGINEERING SYSTEMS DESIGN
Authors: Caputo Cesare , Cardin Michel-Alexandre 
Published: August 2021

AbstractFlexibility analysis helps improve the expected value of engineering systems under uncertainty (economic and/or social). Designing for flexibility, however, can be challenging as a large number of design variables, parameters, uncertainty drivers, decision making possibilities and metrics must be considered. Many available techniques either rely on assumptions that are not suitable for an engineering setting, or may be limited due to computational intractability. This paper makes the case for an increased integration of Machine Learning into flexibility and real options analysis in engineering systems design to complement existing design methods. Several synergies are found and discussed critically between the fields in order to explore better solutions that may exist by analyzing the data, which may not be intuitive to domain experts. Reinforcement Learning is particularly promising as a result of the theoretical common grounds with latest methodological developments e.g. decision-rule based real options analysis. Relevance to the field of computational creativity is examined, and potential avenues for further research are identified. The proposed concepts are illustrated through the design of an example infrastructure system.
THE VALUE OF THE NON-USER: DEVELOPING (NON-)USER PROFILES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A ROBOT VACUUM WITH THE USE OF THE (NON-)PERSONA
Authors: Augustin Laura , Pfrang Sabrina , Wolffram Andrea , Beyer Christiane 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis contribution explores non-user integration in a product development context of the development of a vacuum robot in order to analyse users as well as non-users of a product. While user profiles like the persona have been part of product development and product design for years, the non-user has not been widely explored.Within this contribution the known concept of the persona is extended and further developed to the non-persona, a profile that describes non-users and why they do not use a certain product, in this case the vacuum robot. Including the non-user in product development offers the chance of addressing yet unidentified product requirements and therefore opening the product up to a bigger audience. This template works for both users and non-users and can be used to include both sides in a development project.
TOWARDS A DEBATE ON THE POSITIONING OF ENGINEERING DESIGN
Authors: McMahon Chris , Eckert Claudia , Fadel Georges 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis paper is an invitation to a debate on the positioning of engineering design as a field of research. The paper lists a multiplicity of interpretations of design, questioning whether they are sufficient to describe engineering design in all its variety. Following a critical analysis of attempts to describe design's unique characteristics, and observations on the nature of design made from outside of the design research community, it presents a list of situations of design that the authors have observed in engineering practice, describing especially the relationship between design, technology and society. The paper then explores what these situations imply about the questions researchers should ask about the nature of design knowledge and expertise, and examines how the different situations might be categorised, before exploring the positioning of engineering design research with respect to other academic disciplines, in particular management and the human and earth sciences. The paper concludes with a call to a debate on the nature of engineering design with the aim to define this field more clearly to ourselves and to others.
TOWARDS A VERIFICATION AND VALIDATING TESTING FRAMEWORK TO DEVELOP BESPOKE MEDICAL PRODUCTS IN RESEARCH-FUNDED PROJECTS
Authors: Balzan Emanuel , Vella Pierre , Farrugia Philip , Abela Edward , Cassar Glenn , Gauci Maria Victoria 
Published: August 2021

AbstractResearch funded projects are often concerned with the development of proof-of-concept products. Consequently, activities related to verification and validation testing (VVT) are often not considered in depth, even though various design iterations are carried out to refine an idea. Furthermore, the introduction of additive manufacturing (AM) has facilitated, in particular, the development of bespoke medical products. End bespoke products, which will be used by relevant stakeholders (e.g. patients and clinicians) are fabricated with the same manufacturing technologies used during prototyping. As a result, the detailed design stage of products fabricated by AM is much shorter. Therefore, to improve the market-readiness of bespoke medical devices, testing must be integrated within the development from an early stage, allowing better planning of resources. To address these issues, in this paper, a comprehensive VVT framework is proposed for research projects, which lack a VVT infrastructure. The framework builds up on previous studies and methods utilised in industry to enable project key experts to capture risks as early as the concept design stage.
USER EXPERIENCE STUDY ON IDEATING WEARABLES IN VR
Authors: Van Goethem Sander , Verlinden Jouke , Watts Regan , Verwulgen Stijn 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMore than ever, the ability to quickly and effectively shape ideas in a 3D environment is essential for industrial designers and with the rise of XR technology, a shift from traditional, screen-based CAD to VR-based CAD could improve time to market and personal effectiveness for product designers. In this study, this shift is assessed from a user experience perspective. Ten professional product developers are asked to design respirator masks. The experiment takes place in the Gravity Sketch VR app, using a HTC Vive Pro HMD. The participants are observed, surveyed and interviewed regarding different parameters on their experience. Participants experienced VR Aided Design as quick and intuitive. They personally felt performant and they enjoyed the process. As of now, VRAD is not seen as an alternative to neither sketching nor CAD. Instead, new users experience it being a new tool that can be positioned either parallel to or in between ideation sketching, clay modeling and detailed CAD design. Lastly, this paper includes a preliminary look at a VR Stylus for virtual reality aided design.
USING EFFECT CATALOGUES FOR THE DESIGN OF SENSING MACHINE ELEMENTS – METHOD AND EXEMPLARY APPLICATION
Authors: Harder André , Gross Hans Joachim; , Vorwerk-Handing Gunnar , Kirchner Eckhard 
Published: August 2021

AbstractClose to process measuring improves the data quality of a condition monitoring process. A possibility to access such measurements comes with the addition of a sensory function in machine elements. For a systematic development of sensing machine elements, an approach is presented for the identification of possible measurands to determine a variable of interest. Based on a modelling of physical causeeffect- relationships by using an effect matrix and an effect catalogue it allows to consider both direct and indirect measurements for the determination of measurands in technical systems.The presented approach is initially applied to develop a sensory solution for self-lubricated fibrecomposite sliding bearings. The aim is to measure a variable of interest that can give a conclusion about the estimated remaining useful lifetime. The development process is described and possible solutions for measurement concepts are presented. The electrical capacity measurement, evaluated as the most promising concept, is described in detail and experimental results are presented.These results show the applicability of the sensory concept and therefore, the benefits of the presented approach.
A CONTROL LIST FOR THE SYSTEMATIC IDENTIFICATION OF DISTURBANCE FACTORS
Authors: Welzbacher Peter , Vorwerk-Handing Gunnar , Kirchner Eckhard 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe importance of considering disturbance factors in the product development process is often emphasized as one of the key factors to a functional and secure product. However, there is only a small number of tools to support the developer in the identification of disturbance factors and none of them yet ensures that the majority of occurring disturbance factors is considered. Thus, it is the aim of this contribution to provide a tool in form of a control list for the systematic identification of disturbance factors. At the beginning of this contribution, the terms “disturbance factor” and “uncertainty” are defined based on a literature review and different approaches for the classification of uncertainty are presented. Subsequently, the fundamentals of multipole based model theory are outlined. Moreover, a first approach in terms of a control list for a systematic identification of disturbance factors is discussed. Based on the discussed approach and taking the identified weaknesses as a starting point, a control list is presented that combines the existing basic concept of the control list with the fundamentals of multipole based model theory.
COMPARING LIFE CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT, CIRCULARITY AND SUSTAINABILITY INDICATORS FOR SUSTAINABLE DESIGN: RESULTS FROM A HANDS-ON PROJECT WITH 87 ENGINEERING STUDENTS
Authors: Saidani Michael , Kravchenko Mariia , Cluzel François , Pigosso Daniela , Leroy Yann , Kim Harrison 
Published: August 2021

AbstractConsidering a growing number of metrics and indicators to assess circular economy, it is of paramount importance to shed light on how they differ from traditional approaches, such as life cycle assessment (LCA) or sustainability performance indicators. This study provides new empirical insights on the correlation between LCA, circularity, and sustainability indicator-based approaches. Specifically, the importance lies in analyzing how the results generated by these different approaches can be used to support the design of products that are not only circular, but also sustainable. A practice-based project involving 87 engineering students (divided into 20 groups) is conducted with the aim to compare and improve the circularity and sustainability performance of three product alternatives of lawn mowers (gasoline, electric, autonomous). To do so, the following resources are deployed: 18 midpoints environmental indicators calculated by LCA, eight product circularity indicators, and numerous leading sustainability indicators. Critical analyses on the usability, time efficiency, scientific soundness, and robustness of each approach are drawn, combining quantitative results generated by each group with the feedback of future engineers.
COMPUTATIONAL STUDY ON DESIGN SPACE EXPANSION DURING TEAMWORK
Authors: Perisic Marija Majda , Štorga Mario , Gero John S. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWhen observing a design space expansion during teamwork, several studies found that cumulative solution-related issues' occurrence follows a linear trend. Such findings contradict the hypothesis of solution-related issues being characteristic for the later design stages. This work relies on agent-based simulations to explore the emerging patterns in design solution space expansion during teamwork. The results demonstrate trends that accord with the empirical findings, suggesting that a cognitive effort in solution space expansion remains constant throughout a design session. The collected data on agents' cognitive processes and solution space properties enabled additional insights, which led to the detection of four distinct regimes of design solution space expansion.
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF A NOVEL TESTING RIG FOR THE EXAMINATION OF ADDITIVELY MANUFACTURED AUXETIC COMPONENTS
Authors: Urquhart Lewis , Fingland Craig , Wodehouse Andrew , Loudon Brian 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis paper reports upon the design and development of a novel testing rig for the examination of additively manufactured auxetic componentry. By firstly reviewing the key challenges for practical researchers and exploring the range of approaches used to examine auxetic structures, we subsequently introduce a new testing configuration seeking to enhance the existing methods found within the literature. The developed testing configuration includes a novel mechanical design with a new method for component mounting offering advanced control of the boundary condition and a fully developed control interface which facilitates real-time analytics, a range of data acquisitions and integration with a CAD environment. This paper describes both the development of the mechanical design and the development of the control interface by exploring the key design features and documentation of the manufacturing and assembly process. Finally, we discuss how the presented testing configuration offers a new and flexible way of testing auxetic componentry with additional insights offered for future researchers who wish to recreate or adapt the testing setup for their own examinations of additively manufactured componentry.
Adam Brown Kelly and his operating chair
Authors: Flynn MF 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundAdam Brown Kelly, well known for lending his name to Paterson–Brown Kelly syndrome, is steeped in the early history of otolaryngology. To date, little light has been shone on his contributions to the specialty in that exciting period and to his home town of Glasgow.MethodA historical review of his life and times was undertaken based on surviving accounts of his life, published work and archived memoirs.ResultsThis article summarises his life and connections, with particular reference to his unique chair that has survived to this day.ConclusionBrown Kelly remains a pioneer of modern otolaryngology, and deserving of prominence within the medical history of Glasgow.
The role of loanwords in the intelligibility of written Danish among Swedes
Authors: Gooskens Charlotte , Kürschner Sebastian , van Heuven Vincent J. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe investigated the intelligibility of written Danish for Swedes, and in particular the role of inherited words compared to non-Germanic loanwords. To assess whether shared loanwords are easier to understand than inherited words, we conducted two experiments. First, we tested the intelligibility of isolated Danish words (inherited words and loanwords) among Swedes. Second, we constructed two versions of a reading test, one with a large percentage of loanwords and one with few loanwords. Our results show that it is easier for Swedish listeners to identify and understand Danish cognate loanwords than inherited words and that texts with many loanwords are easier to read than texts with few loanwords. We explain these results by the fact that (recent) loans in Swedish have diverged less and are therefore more similar to the Danish counterparts than inherited words.
ENNOBLE-ATE trial: an open-label, randomised, multi-centre, observational study of edoxaban for children with cardiac diseases at risk of thromboembolism
Authors: Bhatt Mihir D. , Portman Michael A. , Berger Felix , Jacobs Jeffrey P. , Newburger Jane , Duggal Anil , Grosso Michael , Pandya Grishma , Dave Jay , Goldenberg Neil A. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractChildren with cardiac diseases suffer from significant morbidity and mortality secondary to thromboembolic complications. Anticoagulant agents currently used for thromboprophylaxis have many limitations, including subcutaneous administration (low molecular weight heparins) and requirement for frequent monitoring via venipuncture (vitamin K antagonists). Edoxaban is an oral direct factor Xa inhibitor without need of monitoring. In the treatment of venous thromboembolism in adults, edoxaban has shown to be effective and safe.This manuscript summarises the rationale and design of a phase 3, open-label, randomised controlled trial to evaluate and compare the safety and efficacy of edoxaban against standard of care (namely, vitamin K antagonist and low molecular weight heparin) in children with cardiac diseases.A goal of 150 children with cardiac diseases at risk of thromboembolic complications who need primary or secondary anticoagulant prophylaxis will be recruited. Eligible children between 6 months and <18 years of age will be randomised in a ratio of 2 to 1 for edoxaban versus standard of care. Randomisation will be stratified based on underlying cardiac disease and concomitant use of aspirin for patients other than Kawasaki disease. The primary outcome will be safety, comprised of major and clinically relevant non-major bleeding in first 3 months of treatment. Bleeding beyond 3 months, symptomatic and asymptomatic thromboembolic events, and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters will be evaluated as secondary outcomes.Randomised controlled anticoagulation trials are challenging in children. This study will evaluate a potentially valuable alternative of oral anticoagulant prophylactic use in children with cardiac diseases.
The compliance of French purchasing behaviors with a healthy and sustainable diet: a 1-yr follow-up of regular customers in hypermarkets
Authors: Fardet Anthony , Desquilbet Marion , Rock Edmond 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn France, hypermarkets are the main shopping sites for food products. Therefore, the food-purchasing profiles of their regular customers may be a relevant indicator of the sustainability and health potentials of consumed diets. Knowing this information can be a step to address the issue of global health. The main objective of this study was to assess the sustainability and health potential of food-purchasing behaviors among regular adult customers, with or without children, of a leading French retailer. Secondarily, the cost of a sustainable food shopping cart was evaluated as regards the regular one, as calculated in this study. Purchasing receipts corresponding to 38,168 different food products were collected during one consecutive month for each four seasons in 2019 to assess compliance with a newly developed holistic indicator of food system sustainability, i.e., the 3V rule, recommending food consumption to be ‘Vegetal’/plant-based (≈15% animal calories/day), ‘Vrai’/real (max. 15% ultra-processed food calories/day, UPF) and ‘Varié’/varied. Participants were 708 regular buyers (aged ≥18 with different socio-economic profiles, with and without children) in 122 French hypermarkets. The plant rule was based on the animal and plant origin of food ingredients, including mixed products; the ‘real’ rule was evaluated with the Siga score according to the degree of processing to identify UPFs. The varied rule was defined based on a combination of food ‘categories × families’. The effect of children and season on the purchased animal and UPF calories and on the variety index was also evaluated. Multivariate and decision tree analyses were applied to compare consumers for their 3V rule profile similarities and differences, and to look for impacts of the presence or absence of children. Customers' purchases were far from the 3V rule, with a median of 41% animal and 61% UPF calories and a median variety index of 25% (compared to the consumer with the highest index set to 100%). There was no difference in purchased animal and UPF percentages neither according to seasons nor the presence of children. However, the presence of children was associated with a higher variety index (+33%,P< 0.05). Finally, the more the consumers purchased varied, the less they purchased UPFs. Compared to the average food basket, a 3V-based basket would cost 4.6% less. To make this basket accessible to everyone and to orientate consumer's purchasing behaviors toward more sustainable and healthier products, and hence food systems, hypermarkets should promote healthy eating and reassess their food offerings.