bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Presupposed free choice and the theory of scalar implicatures
Authors: Marty Paul , Romoli Jacopo 
Published: May 2021

AbstractA disjunctive sentence likeOlivia took Logic or Algebraconveys that Olivia didn’t take both classes (exclusivity) and that the speaker doesn’t know which of the two classes she took (ignorance). The corresponding sentence with a possibility modal,Olivia can take Logic or Algebra, conveys instead that she can take Logic and that she can take Algebra (free choice). Theseexclusivity,ignoranceandfree choiceinferences are argued by many to be scalar implicatures. Recent work has looked at cases in whichexclusivityandignoranceappear to be computed instead at the presupposition level, independently from the assertion. On the basis of those data, Spector and Sudo (Linguist Philos 40(5):473–517, 2017) have argued for a hybrid account relying on a pragmatic principle for deriving implicatures in the presupposition. In this paper, we observe that a sentence likeNoah is unaware that Olivia can take Logic or Algebrahas a reading on whichfree choiceappears in the presupposition, but not in the assertion, and we show that deriving this reading is challenging on Spector and Sudo’s (2017) hybrid account. Following the dialectic in Fox (Presupposition and implicature in compositional semantics, Palgrave, London, pp 71–120, 2007), we argue against a pragmatic approach to presupposition-based implicatures on the ground that it is not able to account for presupposed free choice. In addition, we raise a novel challenge for Spector and Sudo’s (2017) account coming from the conflicting presupposedignorancetriggered by sentences like#Noah is unaware that I have a son or a daughter, which is infelicitous even if it’s not common knowledge whether the speaker has a son or a daughter. More generally, our data reveals a systematic parallelism between the assertion and presupposition levels in terms ofexclusivity,ignorance, andfree choice. We argue that such parallels call for a unified analysis and we sketch how a grammatical theory of implicatures where meaning strengthening operates in a similar way at both levels (Gajewski and Sharvit in Nat Lang Semant 20(1):31–57, 2012; Magri in A theory of individual-level predicates based on blind mandatory scalar implicatures, MIT dissertation, 2009; Marty in Implicatures in the DP domain, MIT dissertation, 2017) can account for such parallels.
Asymptotic Analysis of Finite-Source M/GI/1 Retrial Queueing Systems with Collisions and Server Subject to Breakdowns and Repairs
Authors: Nazarov Anatoly , Sztrik János , Kvach Anna , Tóth Ádám 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis paper deals with a retrial queuing system with a finite number of sources and collision of the customers, where the server is subject to random breakdowns and repairs depending on whether it is idle or busy. A significant difference of this system from the previous ones is that the service time is assumed to follow a general distribution while the server’s lifetime and repair time is supposed to be exponentially distributed. The considered system is investigated by the method of asymptotic analysis under the condition of an unlimited growing number of sources. As a result, it is proved that the limiting probability distribution of the number of customers in the system follows a Gaussian distribution with given parameters. The Gaussian approximation and the estimations obtained by stochastic simulations of the prelimit probability distribution are compared to each other and measured by the Kolmogorov distance. Several examples are treated and figures show the accuracy and area of applicability of the proposed asymptotic method.
State-Level Variation in Abortion Stigma and Women and Men’s Abortion Underreporting in the USA
Authors: Maddow-Zimet Isaac , Lindberg Laura D. , Castle Kate 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAbortion is highly stigmatized in most settings and severely underreported in demographic surveys. In the USA, variation in the context of abortion between states may influence respondents’ exposure to abortion stigma and create geographic variation in their likelihood of disclosing abortion in surveys. We used restricted geographic data from the 2006–2010 and 2011–2015 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) to investigate the association between abortion reporting in the USA and state-level structural factors that may influence respondents’ experience of abortion stigma. At the aggregate level, we compared the weighted number of abortions women reported in the NSFG to abortion counts derived from abortion provider censuses and test for variation in underreporting by state-level structural measures. At the individual level, we tested if state-level structural factors were associated with less reporting of abortion in the face-to-face (FTF) survey mode than the more confidential audio computer-assisted self-interviewing mode (ACASI) of the NSFG. We found that at the aggregate level, there were no differences in reporting by the state-level measures. At the individual level, about 40% of women and men who reported an abortion in their ACASI did not fully report in the FTF interview; however, there were few differences by any state-level factors. This study documents that abortion stigma plagues the quality of reporting in the USA for both women and men, regardless of which state they live in. Survey improvements to reduce abortion underreporting are needed.
New Measures of Economic Insecurity Reveal its Expansion Into EU Middle Classes and Welfare States
Authors: Ranci Costanzo , Beckfield Jason , Bernardi Laura , Parma Andrea 
Published: May 2021

AbstractEconomic instability, social changes, and new social policies place economic insecurity high on the scholarly and political agenda. We contribute to these debates by proposing a new multidimensional, intertemporal measure of economic insecurity that accounts for both its multiplicity and its dynamism. First, we develop three theory-driven, multidimensional measures of economic insecurity. Principal Components Analysis validates the measure. Second, we develop a dynamic approach to insecurity, using longitudinal data and a newly revised headcount method. Third, we then use our new measures to analyze the distribution of insecurity in Europe. Our analysis shows that insecurity is widespread across Europe, even in low-inequality, encompassing welfare states. Moreover, it extends across income groups and occupational classes, reaching into the middle classes.
Extreme Space-Weather Events and the Solar Cycle
Authors: Owens Mathew J. , Lockwood Mike , Barnard Luke A. , Scott Chris J. , Haines Carl , Macneil Allan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSpace weather has long been known to approximately follow the solar cycle, with geomagnetic storms occurring more frequently at solar maximum than solar minimum. There is much debate, however, about whether the most hazardous events follow the same pattern. Extreme events – by definition – occur infrequently, and thus establishing their occurrence behaviour is difficult even with very long space-weather records. Here we use the 150-year $aa_{H}$
a

a
H

record of global geomagnetic activity with a number of probabilistic models of geomagnetic-storm occurrence to test a range of hypotheses. We find that storms of all magnitudes occur more frequently during an active phase, centred on solar maximum, than during the quiet phase around solar minimum. We also show that the available observations are consistent with the most extreme events occurring more frequently during large solar cycles than small cycles. Finally, we report on the difference in extreme-event occurrence during odd- and even-numbered solar cycles, with events clustering earlier in even cycles and later in odd cycles. Despite the relatively few events available for study, we demonstrate that this is inconsistent with random occurrence. We interpret this finding in terms of the overlying coronal magnetic field and enhanced magnetic-field strengths in the heliosphere, which act to increase the geoeffectiveness of sheath regions ahead of extreme coronal mass ejections. Putting the three “rules” together allows the probability of extreme event occurrence for Solar Cycle 25 to be estimated, if the magnitude and length of the coming cycle can be predicted. This highlights both the feasibility and importance of solar-cycle prediction for planning and scheduling of activities and systems that are affected by extreme space weather.
Dutch Book against Lewis
Authors: Wójtowicz Anna , Wójtowicz Krzysztof 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAccording to the PCCP thesis, the probability of a conditional A → C is the conditional probability P(C|A). This claim is undermined by Lewis’ triviality results, which purport to show that apart from trivial cases, PCCP is not true. In the present article we show that the only rational, “Dutch Book-resistant” extension of the agent’s beliefs concerning non-conditional sentences A and C to the conditional A → C is by assuming that P(A → C) = P(C|A) (i.e., in accord with PCCP). In other cases a diachronic Dutch Book against the agent can be constructed. There is a tension between our findings and Lewis’ results, which needs to be explained. Therefore, we present a probability space which corresponds in a natural way to the diachronic Dutch Book—and which allows the conditional A → C to be interpreted as an event in a mathematically sound way. It also allows to formalize the notion of conditionalizing A → C on ¬C which plays a crucial role in Lewis’ proof. Our conclusion is that Lewis’ proof is circular, so it cannot be considered to be a sound argument against PCCP.
Say what? On the transmission of acoustic signals in a Neotropical green city
Authors: Trujillo-Torres Carlos M. , González-García Fernando , MacGregor-Fors Ian 
Published: May 2021

AbstractCities do not only represent noisy systems, but also limit acoustic communication given the complex array of artificial structures through which signals can be trapped or obscured. In this study we performed a field experiment to evaluate the loss of energy of a standardized acoustic emission (generated with notes and a call of the Clay-colored Thrush – Turdus grayi). For this, we emitted the acoustic signal and recovered it at increasing radial distances from 26 fixed emission points (i.e., 10 m, 20 m, 40 m, 80 m, 120 m, 160 m) located across the city of Xalapa (Mexico). Our results show that the emitted signal was not recorded beyond 80 m from the emission point. The number and height of the assessed physical obstacles between the emitted signal and the receiving equipment showed to drive our main result, with built elements representing a major barrier than vegetation ones in terms of the recovered energy of the emitted signal. Interestingly, we found that, for both types of physical obstacles, a height of ~7 m was a common threshold influencing the recovered energy of the emitted signal.
In vitro conservation of centennial Austrian Cornelian cherry accessions
Authors: Laimer Margit , Zeiser Maria , Hanzer Veronika , Borroto Fernandez E. G. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractCornelian cherry (Cornus mas) appears in a list of fruit and nut species growing in Europe considered neglected and underused economically. AlthoughC. mashas a long-standing traditional medicinal use, only in recent years interest in products and food made from Cornelian cherries, said to have health-promoting effects, increased. This in turn raises the demand for improved planting material. In the Pielach Valley Region, Lower Austria, hundreds of centenary specimens ofCornus mas, but even a few millennial plants can still be encountered. The occurrence of these plants requested an active intervention to genetically characterize and preserve this valuable biodiversity, particularly in the light of changing environmental conditions. Efforts for the establishment of an in vitro collection of this valuable germplasm of centenary cornelian cherries yielded 193 mericlones initiated from single node explants from 41 selected plants. The selected donor plants were grouped by estimated age ranging from 10 years, > 50 years, > 100 years, > 200 years, > 400 years and 1000 years. The final goal of our efforts is to preserve these genetic resources, also checked for genetic and phytosanitary quality, for future generations and to use the superior clones for further breeding programs.
How to Manage Small Intestine (Jejunal and Ileal) Neuroendocrine Neoplasms Presenting with Liver Metastases?
Authors: Niederle Bruno , Selberherr Andreas , Niederle Martin B. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Purpose of Review
Small intestinal neuroendocrine neoplasms (siNENs) are slowly growing tumours with a low malignant potential. However, more than half of the patients present with distant metastases (stage IV) and nearly all with locoregional lymph node (LN) metastases at the time of surgery. The value of locoregional treatment is discussed controversially.

Recent Findings
In stage I to III disease, locoregional surgery was currently shown to be curative prolonging survival. In stage IV disease, surgery may prolong survival in selected patients with the chance to cure locoregional disease besides radical/debulking liver surgery. It may improve the quality of life and may prevent severe local complications resulting in a state of chronic malnutrition and severe intestinal ischaemia or bowel obstruction.

Summary
Locoregional tumour resection offers the opportunity to be curative or to focus therapeutically on liver metastasis, facilitating various other therapeutic modalities. Risks and benefits of the surgical intervention need to be balanced individually.
Cytotoxicity and radiosensitizing potency of Moscatilin in cancer cells at low radiation doses of X-ray and UV-C
Authors: Pujari Ipsita , Thomas Abitha , Thomas Jinsu , Jhawar Niharika , Guruprasad Kanive Parashiva , Rai Padmalatha S. , Satyamoorthy Kapaettu , Babu Vidhu Sankar 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMoscatilin (stilbenoid) is a plant-derived anticancer compound, and it has mostly been isolated from threatened wild Dendrobium species. The present study attempts to evaluate the cytotoxicity of Moscatilin on several cancer cell lines through MTT assay. Additionally, it also aims towards estimating and comparing the radiosensitivity, cell-cycle progression, and apoptotic/necrotic effect induced by Moscatilin on different cell lines. The effects of Moscatilin was compared with another significant stilbenoid anticancer agent, Resveratrol (a structural analog of Moscatilin), whose presence has also been reported in Dendrobiums. Considering the threatened nature of this genus, crude extracts of a tropical and epiphytic Dendrobium species, viz., Dendrobium ovatum, prepared from in vitro seedlings were also tested towards cytotoxicity and radiosensitization efficacy. Moscatilin functioned as an effective radiosensitizer at 5 µg/ml along with 1 Gy X-ray and 200 J/m2 UV-C radiations. It was also able to perturb cell cycle both at replicative and post-replicative phases with the aforementioned combination. Moscatilin, in unison with radiation, triggered immunogenic death specifically on cancer cells starting from Pyroptosis, terminating in Necroptosis. Moscatilin, when used singly, could evoke immunogenic cell death. Analyses of Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns released during radiation and Moscatilin treatment would aid in ascertaining the mode of cell death. Moscatilin is a potential radiosensitizer and must be tested for preclinical and clinical trials to combat cancer.
“ENCLOSURES WITH INCLUSION” VIS-À-VIS “BOUNDARIES” IN ANCIENT MEXICO
Authors: Megged Amos 
Published: May 2021

AbstractRecent in-depth research on the Nahua Corpus Xolotl, as well as on a large variety of compatible sources, has led to new insights on what were “boundaries” in preconquest Nahua thought. The present article proposes that our modern Western concept of borders and political boundaries was foreign to ancient Mexican societies and to Aztec-era polities in general. Consequently, the article aims to add a novel angle to our understanding of the notions of space, territoriality, and limits in the indigenous worldview in central Mexico during preconquest times, and their repercussions for the internal social and political relations that evolved within the Nahua-Acolhua ethnic states (altepetl). Furthermore, taking its cue from the Corpus Xolotl, the article reconsiders the validity of ethnic entities and polities in ancient Mexico and claims that many of these polities were ethnic and territorial amalgams, in which components of ethnic outsiders formed internal enclaves and powerbases. I argue that in ancient Mexico one is able to observe yet another kind of conceptualization of borders/frontiers: “enclosures with inclusion,” which served as the indigenous concept of porous and inclusive boundaries, well up to the era of the formation of the so-called Triple Alliance, and beyond.
Simulation of Irrigation Demand and Control in Catchments – A Review of Methods and Case Studies
Authors: Uniyal Bhumika , Dietrich Jörg 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe world's water resources are continuously facing challenges in fulfilling the needs of increasing agricultural water demand with finite or diminishing resources. Therefore, it is important to quantify the amount of irrigation water required to attain sustainable yield at a local, regional, and global level, especially in arid and semi‐arid regions. This is mostly quantified by using agro‐hydrological or agricultural models. The advances in simulation models and several options incorporated in them allow catchment/site‐specific application of irrigation water to depict the field management practices undertaken by farmers. The objective of the present study is to provide a review of the simulation of irrigation water demand at catchment scale by agro‐hydrological and agricultural models. This study discusses the different types of models, their dimensions, and the hydrological and agricultural process models incorporated into them. Additionally, this review provides an overview of how irrigation can be scheduled, how water is applied, and from which sources irrigation water can be extracted by the considered models, taking horizontal hydrological connectivity into consideration. Adding to the model review, seven different fields of innovative case studies are covered. Many agricultural models have been applied in a regional context without simulating horizontal hydrological fluxes, but only a few hydrological catchment models provide full support of both irrigation and plant growth simulation, which are important for the simulation of future crop yield under different climatic and agricultural management scenarios.
Enabling Value Added Scientific Applications of ICESat‐2 Data With Effective Removal of Afterpulses
Authors: Lu Xiaomei , Hu Yongxiang , Yang Yuekui , Vaughan Mark , Palm Stephen , Trepte Charles , Omar Ali , Lucker Patricia , Baize Rosemary 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe Advanced Topographic Laser Altimeter System (ATLAS) aboard the Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite‐2 (ICESat‐2) has been making very high resolution measurements of the Earth’s surface elevation since October 2018. ATLAS uses photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) as detectors in photon counting mode, so that a single photon reflected back to the receiver triggers a detection within the ICESat‐2 data acquisition system. However, one characteristic of ICESat‐2 detected photons is the possible presence of afterpulses, defined as small amplitude pulses occurring after the primary signal pulse due to photon arrival. The disadvantage of these afterpulses is that they often confound the accurate measurements of low level signals following a large amplitude of signal and can degrade energy resolution and cause errors in pulse counting applications. This paper discusses and summarizes the after‐pulsing effects exhibited by the ATLAS PMTs based on on‐orbit measurements over different seasons and geographic regions. The potential impacts of these after‐pulsing effects on altimetry and ocean subsurface retrievals are discussed.
Population differentiation of Rhodobacteraceae along with coral compartments
Authors: Luo Danli , Wang Xiaojun , Feng Xiaoyuan , Tian Mengdan , Wang Sishuo , Tang Sen-Lin , Ang Put , Yan Aixin , Luo Haiwei 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Coral mucus, tissue, and skeleton harbor compositionally different microbiota, but how these coral compartments shape the microbial evolution remains unexplored. Here, we sampled bacteria inhabiting a prevalent coral species Platygyra acuta and sequenced genomes of 234 isolates comprising two populations in Rhodobacteraceae, an alphaproteobacterial lineage representing a significant but variable proportion (5–50%) of the coral microbiota. The Ruegeria population (20 genomes) contains three clades represented by eight, six, and six isolates predominantly sampled from the skeleton (outgroup), mucus (clade-M), and skeleton (clade-S), respectively. The clade-M possesses functions involved in the utilization of coral osmolytes abundant in the mucus (e.g., methylamines, DMSP, taurine, and L-proline), whereas the clade-S uniquely harbors traits that may promote adaptation to the low-energy and diurnally anoxic skeleton (e.g., sulfur oxidation and swimming motility). These between-clade genetic differences were largely supported by physiological assays. Expanded analyses by including genomes of 24 related isolates (including seven new genomes) from other marine environments suggest that clade-M and clade-S may have diversified in non-coral habitats, but they also consolidated a key role of distinct coral compartments in diversifying many of the above-mentioned traits. The unassigned Rhodobacteraceae population (214 genomes) varies only at a few dozen nucleotide sites across the whole genomes, but the number of between-compartment migration events predicted by the Slatkin–Maddison test supported that dispersal limitation between coral compartments is another key mechanism diversifying microbial populations. Collectively, our results suggest that different coral compartments represent ecologically distinct and microgeographically separate habitats that drive the evolution of the coral microbiota.
Consolidating biallelic SDHD variants as a cause of mitochondrial complex II deficiency
Authors: Lin Siying , Fasham James , Al-Hijawi Fida’ , Qutob Nouar , Gunning Adam , Leslie Joseph S. , McGavin Lucy , Ubeyratna Nishanka , Baker Wisam , Zeid Ramez , Turnpenny Peter D. , Crosby Andrew H. , Baple Emma L. , Khalaf-Nazzal Reham 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIsolated mitochondrial complex II deficiency is a rare cause of mitochondrial respiratory chain disease. To date biallelic variants in three genes encoding mitochondrial complex II molecular components have been unequivocally associated with mitochondrial disease (SDHA/SDHB/SDHAF1). Additionally, variants in one further complex II component (SDHD) have been identified as a candidate cause of isolated mitochondrial complex II deficiency in just two unrelated affected individuals with clinical features consistent with mitochondrial disease, including progressive encephalomyopathy and lethal infantile cardiomyopathy. We present clinical and genomic investigations in four individuals from an extended Palestinian family with clinical features consistent with an autosomal recessive mitochondrial complex II deficiency, in which our genomic studies identified a homozygous NM_003002.3:c.[205 G > A];[205 G > A];p.[(Glu69Lys)];[(Glu69Lys)] SDHD variant as the likely cause. Reviewing previously published cases, these findings consolidate disruption of SDHD function as a cause of mitochondrial complex II deficiency and further define the phenotypic spectrum associated with SDHD gene variants.