bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Digital health promotion: promise and peril
Authors: Koh Amanda , Swanepoel De Wet , Ling Annie , Ho Beverly Lorraine , Tan Si Ying , Lim Jeremy 
Published: August 2021

Summary
The World Health Organization defines health promotion as process of enabling people to increase control over their health and its determinants, and thereby improve their health. As the world transitions into the information age, incorporating digital technologies into health promotion is becoming commonplace. This article discusses current applications of digital health promotion (DHP) and addresses its potential benefits, challenges, as well as how differences in cultures, governance models and digital readiness across the globe will shape the implementation of DHP differently in each society. The benefits include expanding access to health information and health promoting services, lowering scaling up costs, personalizing health advice and real-time ‘nudging’ toward healthier options. Key challenges would involve privacy control, appropriate use of data including secondary usage beyond the original intention, defining the limits of ‘nudging’ and the right of free choice, and ensuring widespread accessibility and affordability to minimize the exacerbation of social inequities. Finally, we discuss the enabling factors for successful DHP implementation, suggesting measures that should be taken at both individual and system levels. At the individual level, we explore the factors necessary to access and benefit from DHP meaningfully; at the system level, we examine the infrastructure required to provide wide access, establish trust among users and enable sustainability of behavioral changes.
A transcriptome-wide association study identifies novel susceptibility genes for psoriasis
Authors: Zhu Dongli , Yao Shi , Wu Hao , Ke Xin , Zhou Xiaorong , Geng Songmei , Dong Shanshan , Chen Hao , Yang Tielin , Cheng Ying , Guo Yan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Although &gt;80 psoriasis genetic risk loci have been reported through genome-wide association studies (GWASs), the genetic mechanism of psoriasis remains unclear. To identify novel candidate genes associated with psoriasis and reveal the potential effects of genetic factors in the development of psoriasis, we conducted a transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) based on summary statistics from GWAS of psoriasis (5175 cases and 447 089 controls) and gene expression levels from six tissues datasets (blood and skin). We identified 11 conditionally independent genes for psoriasis after Bonferroni corrections, such as the most significant genes UBLCP1 (PYFS = 2.98 × 10−16) and LCE3C (PSNSE = 9.72 × 10−12, PSSE = 6.24 × 10−12). The omnibus test identified additional five genes associated with psoriasis via the joint association model from multiple reference tissues. Among the 16 identified genes, 5 genes (CTSW, E1F1AD, KLRC3, FIBP and EFEMP2) were regarded as novel genes for psoriasis. We evaluated the 16 candidate genes by querying public databases and identified 11 differentially expressed genes and 8 genes proved by the knockout mice models. Through GO enrichment analyses, we found that TWAS genes were enriched in the known GO terms associated with skin development, such as cornified envelope (P = 4.80 × 10−8) and peptide cross-linking (P = 1.50 × 10−7). Taken together, our results detected multiple novel candidate genes for psoriasis, providing clues for understanding the genetic mechanism of psoriasis.
Exponential synchronization of a nodal observer for a semilinear model for the flow in gas networks
Authors: Gugat Martin , Giesselmann Jan , Kunkel Teresa 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The flow of gas through networks of pipes can be modelled by coupling hyperbolic systems of partial differential equations that describe the flow through the pipes that form the edges of the graph of the network by algebraic node conditions that model the flow through the vertices of the graph. In the network, measurements of the state are available at certain points in space. Based upon these nodal observations, the complete system state can be approximated using an observer system. In this paper, we present a nodal observer for general graphs and prove that the state of the observer system converges to the original state exponentially fast. Numerical experiments confirm the theoretical findings.
On the minimum value of the condition number of polynomials
Authors: Beltrán Carlos , Lizarte Fátima 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The condition number of a polynomial is a natural measure of the sensitivity of the roots under small perturbations of the polynomial coefficients. In 1993 Shub and Smale posed the problem of finding a sequence of univariate polynomials of degree $N$ with condition number bounded above by $N$. In Beltrán et al. (2021, A sequence of polynomials with optimal condition number. J. Amer. Math. Soc., 34, 219–244) it was proved that the optimal value of the condition number is of the form $\mathcal{O}(\sqrt {N})$, and the sequence demanded by Shub and Smale was described by a closed formula for large enough $N\geqslant N_0$ with $N_0$ unknown, and by a search algorithm for the rest of the cases. In this paper we find concrete estimates for the constant hidden in the $\mathcal{O}(\sqrt {N})$ term and we describe a simple formula for a sequence of polynomials whose condition number is at most $N$, valid for all $N=4M^2$, with $M$ a positive integer.
Salmonella Typhi Shedding and Household Transmission by Children With Blood Culture-Confirmed Typhoid Fever in Vellore, South India
Authors: Srinivasan Manikandan , Sindhu Kulandaipalayam Natarajan , Giri Sidhartha , Kumar Nirmal , Mohan Venkata Raghava , Grassly Nicholas C , Kang Gagandeep 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Background
Children suffer the highest burden of the typhoid fever, with a considerable proportion shedding Salmonella Typhi in stool, potentially resulting in transmission of S Typhi.

Methods
We enrolled 70 children with blood culture-confirmed typhoid fever (index cases), from 63 households, during community-based fever surveillance in India. The index cases and their household contacts were followed up with stool samples at multiple time points over 3 weeks and 1 week, respectively. S Typhi was detected using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.

Results
Fifteen of 70 (21.4%) children with culture-confirmed typhoid fever shed S Typhi in stool after onset of fever. Ten of 15 children shed S Typhi for a median of 11.5 (range, 3–61) days from the day of completion of antibiotics. Of 172 household contacts from 56 of the 63 index case households, 12 (7%) contacts in 11 (19.6%) households had S Typhi in stool. Five of the 12 contacts who were shedding S Typhi were asymptomatic, whereas 7 reported recent fever.

Conclusions
One in 5 children with typhoid fever shed S Typhi, with shedding persisting even after antibiotics. One in 5 households had at least 1 contact of the child shedding S Typhi, highlighting potential concurrent typhoid infections in households in settings with poor water and sanitation.
Determinants and Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in a Diverse Population: 6-Month Evaluation of a Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Horton Daniel B , Barrett Emily S , Roy Jason , Gennaro Maria Laura , Andrews Tracy , Greenberg Patricia , Bruiners Natalie , Datta Pratik , Ukey Rahul , Velusamy Senthil K , Fine Daniel , Honnen William J , Yin Yue Sandra , Pinter Abraham , Brooks Andrew , Tischfield Jay , Hussain Sabiha , Jagpal Sugeet , Swaminathan Shobha , Parmar Veenat , Reilly Nancy , Gaur Sunanda , Panettieri Reynold A , Carson Jeffrey L , Blaser Martin J 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Background
We studied risk factors, antibodies, and symptoms of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in a diverse, ambulatory population.

Methods
A prospective cohort (n = 831) previously undiagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection underwent serial testing (SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction, immunoglobulin G [IgG]) for 6 months.

Results
Ninety-three participants (11.2%) tested SARS-CoV-2-positive: 14 (15.1%) asymptomatic, 24 (25.8%) severely symptomatic. Healthcare workers (n = 548) were more likely to become infected (14.2% vs 5.3%; adjusted odds ratio, 2.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.4–3.3) and severely symptomatic (29.5% vs 6.7%). IgG antibodies were detected after 79% of asymptomatic infections, 89% with mild-moderate symptoms, and 96% with severe symptoms. IgG trajectories after asymptomatic infections (slow increases) differed from symptomatic infections (early peaks within 2 months). Most participants (92%) had persistent IgG responses (median 171 days). In multivariable models, IgG titers were positively associated with symptom severity, certain comorbidities, and hospital work. Dyspnea and neurologic changes (including altered smell/taste) lasted ≥ 120 days in ≥ 10% of affected participants. Prolonged symptoms (frequently more severe) corresponded to higher antibody levels.

Conclusions
In a prospective, ethnically diverse cohort, symptom severity correlated with the magnitude and trajectory of IgG production. Symptoms frequently persisted for many months after infection.
Clinical Trials Registration. NCT04336215.
Human Herpesvirus 6 DNAemia Is Associated With Worse Survival After Ex Vivo T-Cell–Depleted Hematopoietic Cell Transplant
Authors: Lee Yeon Joo , Su Yiqi , Cho Christina , Tamari Roni , Perales Miguel-Angel , Jakubowski Ann A , Papanicolaou Genovefa A 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundWe examined the correlation between persistent human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) DNAemia (p-HHV-6) and absolute lymphocyte count (ALC), platelet count (PLT), and all-cause mortality by 1 year after ex vivo T-cell–depleted (TCD) hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT).MethodsWe analyzed a cohort of adult TCD HCT recipients during 2012–2016 prospectively monitored for plasma HHV-6 by quantitative polymerase chain reaction from day +14 post-HCT through day +100 (D+100). p-HHV-6 was defined as ≥2 consecutive values of ≥500 copies/mL by D+100. PLT and ALC were compared between patients with and without p-HHV-6 using generalized estimating equations (GEE). Multivariable Cox proportional hazard models (PH) were used to identify the impact of p-HHV-6 on 1 year mortality.ResultsOf 312 patients, 83 (27%) had p-HHV-6 by D+100. p-HHV-6 was associated with lower ALC and PLT in the first year post-HCT. In multivariable models, p-HHV-6 was associated with higher mortality by 1 year post-HCT (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.97 [95% confidence interval, 1.62–5.47]; P = .0005), after adjusting for age, antiviral treatment, and ALC at D+100.Conclusionsp-HHV-6 was associated with lower ALC and PLT in the first year post-HCT. p-HHV-6 was an independent predictor of mortality in the first year after TCD HCT.
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the surveillance, prevention and control of antimicrobial resistance: a global survey
Authors: Tomczyk Sara , Taylor Angelina , Brown Allison , de Kraker Marlieke E A , El-Saed Aiman , Alshamrani Majid , Hendriksen Rene S , Jacob Megan , Löfmark Sonja , Perovic Olga , Shetty Nandini , Sievert Dawn , Smith Rachel , Stelling John , Thakur Siddhartha , Vietor Ann Christin , Eckmanns Tim ,   the WHO AMR Surveillance and Quality Assessment Collaborating Centres Network
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Objectives
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a substantial impact on health systems. The WHO Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Surveillance and Quality Assessment Collaborating Centres Network conducted a survey to assess the effects of COVID-19 on AMR surveillance, prevention and control.

Methods
From October to December 2020, WHO Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) national focal points completed a questionnaire, including Likert scales and open-ended questions. Data were descriptively analysed, income/regional differences were assessed and free-text questions were thematically analysed.

Results
Seventy-three countries across income levels participated. During the COVID-19 pandemic, 67% reported limited ability to work with AMR partnerships; decreases in funding were frequently reported by low- and middle-income countries (LMICs; P &lt; 0.01). Reduced availability of nursing, medical and public health staff for AMR was reported by 71%, 69% and 64%, respectively, whereas 67% reported stable cleaning staff availability. The majority (58%) reported reduced reagents/consumables, particularly LMICs (P &lt; 0.01). Decreased numbers of cultures, elective procedures, chronically ill admissions and outpatients and increased ICU admissions reported could bias AMR data. Reported overall infection prevention and control (IPC) improvement could decrease AMR rates, whereas increases in selected inappropriate IPC practices and antimicrobial prescribing could increase rates. Most did not yet have complete data on changing AMR rates due to COVID-19.

Conclusions
This was the first survey to explore the global impact of COVID-19 on AMR among GLASS countries. Responses highlight important actions to help ensure that AMR remains a global health priority, including engaging with GLASS to facilitate reliable AMR surveillance data, seizing the opportunity to develop more sustainable IPC programmes, promoting integrated antibiotic stewardship guidance, leveraging increased laboratory capabilities and other system-strengthening efforts.
Limited phylogenetic overlap between fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli isolated on dairy farms and those causing bacteriuria in humans living in the same geographical region
Authors: Mounsey Oliver , Schubert Hannah , Findlay Jacqueline , Morley Katy , Puddy Emma F , Gould Virginia C , North Paul , Bowker Karen E , Williams O Martin , Williams Philip B , Barrett David C , Cogan Tristan A , Turner Katy M , MacGowan Alasdair P , Reyher Kristen K , Avison Matthew B 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Background
Our primary aim was to test whether cattle-associated fluoroquinolone-resistant (FQ-R) Escherichia coli found on dairy farms are closely phylogenetically related to those causing bacteriuria in humans living in the same 50 × 50 km geographical region suggestive of farm–human sharing. Another aim was to identify risk factors for the presence of FQ-R E. coli on dairy farms.

Methods
FQ-R E. coli were isolated during 2017–18 from 42 dairy farms and from community urine samples. Forty-two cattle and 489 human urinary isolates were subjected to WGS, allowing phylogenetic comparisons. Risk factors were identified using a Bayesian regularization approach.

Results
Of 489 FQ-R human isolates, 255 were also third-generation-cephalosporin-resistant, with strong genetic linkage between aac(6’)Ib-cr and blaCTX-M-15. We identified possible farm–human sharing for pairs of ST744 and ST162 isolates, but minimal core genome SNP distances were larger between farm–human pairs of ST744 and ST162 isolates (71 and 63 SNPs, respectively) than between pairs of isolates from different farms (7 and 3 SNPs, respectively). Total farm fluoroquinolone use showed a positive association with the odds of isolating FQ-R E. coli, while total dry cow therapy use showed a negative association.

Conclusions
This work suggests that FQ-R E. coli found on dairy farms have a limited impact on community bacteriuria within the local human population. Reducing fluoroquinolone use may reduce the on-farm prevalence of FQ-R E. coli and this reduction may be greater when dry cow therapy is targeted to the ecology of resistant E. coli on the farm.
Identifying patterns in administrative tasks through structural topic modeling: A study of task definitions, prevalence, and shifts in a mental health practice’s operations during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Pachamanova Dessislava , Glover Wiljeana , Li Zhi , Docktor Michael , Gujral Nitin 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Objective
This case study illustrates the use of natural language processing for identifying administrative task categories, prevalence, and shifts necessitated by a major event (the COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] pandemic) from user-generated data stored as free text in a task management system for a multisite mental health practice with 40 clinicians and 13 administrative staff members.

Materials and Methods
Structural topic modeling was applied on 7079 task sequences from 13 administrative users of a Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act–compliant task management platform. Context was obtained through interviews with an expert panel.

Results
Ten task definitions spanning 3 major categories were identified, and their prevalence estimated. Significant shifts in task prevalence due to the pandemic were detected for tasks like billing inquiries to insurers, appointment cancellations, patient balances, and new patient follow-up.

Conclusions
Structural topic modeling effectively detects task categories, prevalence, and shifts, providing opportunities for healthcare providers to reconsider staff roles and to optimize workflows and resource allocation.
Technical note: using an automated head chamber system to administer an external marker to estimate fecal output by grazing beef cattle
Authors: Beck Matthew R , Gunter Stacey A , Moffet Corey A , Reuter R Ryan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to determine if titanium dioxide (TiO2) dosed through an automated head chamber system (GreenFeed; C-Lock Inc., Rapid City, SD, USA) is an acceptable method to measure fecal output. The GreenFeed used on this experiment had a 2-hopper bait dispensing system, where hopper 1 contained alfalfa pellets marked with 1% titanium dioxide (TiO2) and hopper 2 contained unmarked alfalfa pellets. Eleven heifers (BW = 394 ± 18.7 kg) grazing a common pasture were stratified by BW and then randomized to either 1) dosed with TiO2-marked pellets by hand feeding (HFD; n = 6) or 2) dosed with TiO2-marked pellets by the GreenFeed (GFFD; n = 5) for 19 d. During the morning (0800), all heifers were offered a pelleted, high-CP supplement at 0.25% of BW in individual feeding stanchions. The HFD heifers also received 32 g of TiO2-marked pellets at morning feeding, whereas the GFFD heifers received 32 g of unmarked pellets. The GFFD heifers received a single aliquot (32 ± 1.6 g; mean ± SD) of marked pellets at their first visit to the GreenFeed each day with all subsequent 32-g aliquots providing unmarked pellets; HFD heifers received only unmarked pellets. Starting on d 15, fecal samples were collected via rectal grab at feeding and every 12 h for 5 d. A two-one sided t-test method was used to determine agreement and it was determined that the fecal output estimates by HFD and GFFD methods were similar (P = 0.04). There was a difference (P &lt; 0.01; Bartlett’s test for homogenous variances) in variability between the dosing methods for HFD and GFFD (SD = 0.1 and 0.7, respectively). This difference in fecal output variability may have been due to variability of dosing times-of-day for the GFFD heifers (0615 ± 6.2 h) relative to the constant dosing time-of-day for HFD and constant 0800 and 2000 sampling times-of-day for all animals. This research has highlighted the potential for dosing cattle with an external marker through a GreenFeed configured with two (or more) feed hoppers because estimated fecal output means were similar; however, consideration of the increased variability of the fecal output estimates is needed for future experimental designs.
Counterproductive Worker Behavior After a Pay Cut
Authors: Coviello Decio , Deserranno Erika , Persico Nicola 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
We examine how workers reacted to a pay cut in a sales call center setting in the United States. The pay cut was implemented by raising two pre-existing sales targets, that is, by “moving the goalposts”. Using a difference-in-difference approach, we show that among the workers who experienced the pay cut, some chose to leave the firm (exit); others generated abnormally high customer refunds, in a way that hurt both them and the firm. (We define this work practice as counterproductive.) The firm believed, and we present evidence, that these workers intentionally sold the wrong items, as opposed to simply optimally shirking on effort in response to the pay cut. We show that the most loyal workers (those with longer tenure) expressed themselves only through counterproductive work practices and not through exit. Less loyal workers reacted more strongly than loyal workers, and did so through a balanced mix of exit and counterproductive behavior. To our knowledge, this is the first study to document individual-level patterns of exit and (counter-) productivity following a pay cut and, how these differ for high- versus low-loyalty workers.
The Impact of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate and 2-Mercaptoethanol on Antibody and Antigen Binding
Authors: Wang Chong , Liu Hui , Feng Xinyan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate the effect of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) on antigen-antibody binding when incubated at 100°C, which is the pretreatment temperature required for western blots.

Methods
Serum that tested positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) plus loading buffer were mixed at a ratio of 4:1 and incubated in a water bath. We then detected HBsAg using double immunodiffusion and ELISA.

Results
The HBsAg titer was 1:512 in the control group when incubated at 37°C. Incubation with SDS at 100°C reduced the antigen titer to 1:32. The inhibitory effect on HBsAg titer reached 96.9% after incubation at 100°C with SDS and 2-ME.

Conclusion
We detected strong inhibition of antigens in western blots via SDS and 2-ME. It is likely that false-negative results will be obtained from western blots of antigens with weak resistance to these reagents.