bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Continuous and elastically consistent viscoelastic reflection and transmission coefficient curves for plane inhomogeneousPandSwaves
Authors: Liu Xu 
Published: May 2021

SUMMARYFor inhomogeneous plane waves in dissipative media, correctly selecting the vertical slowness (q) is the key requirement to obtain physically acceptable reflection/transmission (R/T) coefficients (e.g. both continuous curves as a function of incidence angle, and consistency with the elastic coefficients at very low attenuation). Based on the fundamental branch-cut theory, the continuity criterion ensures the continuity of the R/T coefficient curves. The elastic consistence is obtained due to the definition of the mixed principal values and the consistent assumptions of time dependence of the harmonic plane wave, the Z-direction of the spatial coordinate system and the particle motion (polarization) vectors. The elastic consistence of R/T coefficients is checked by both elastic models with zero dissipation factor (1/Q) and the equal-Q model in which the Q values of the incident wave and the R/T waves are non-zero but equal for the P and S waves on both sides of the interface. In particular, the previously reported 180° phase difference between the viscoelastic coefficients with arbitrarily small attenuation but the same ratio of Q across the interface and the corresponding elastic coefficients is circumvented by introducing the mixed principal value. The continuity criterion is implemented directly in the complex vertical slowness squared (q2) plane in which the branch-cut is defined. Furthermore, the loci of q2 and several ‘critical angles’ defined for anelastic waves are clearly investigated and clarified. The loci of q2 are expressed as a function of the incidence angle and the incident wave inhomogeneity parameter D. The plots of wave inhomogeneity parameter (D and/or attenuation angle γ) versus incidence angle are calculated from the slowness vectors. The resultant D values, especially their equality for all vertically propagating R/T waves, are examined using the complex Snell's law to provide extra support to the correctness of the slowness vectors and thus of the R/T coefficients. It is worth noting that phase angle of the R/T waves from an inhomogeneous incident wave may exhibit rapid changes at vertical incidence because near-vertical reflection is still the dominant application of the exploration seismic method. To the best of our knowledge, this research is the first time it has been possible to obtain continuous and elastically consistent viscoelastic R/T coefficients.
Equity in public health spending in Ethiopia: a benefit incidence analysis
Authors: Hailu Alemayehu , Gebreyes Roman , Norheim Ole F 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Inequality in access and utilization of health services because of socioeconomic status is unfair, and it should be monitored and corrected with appropriate remedial action. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the distribution of benefits from public spending on health care across socioeconomic groups in Ethiopia using a benefit incidence analysis. We employed health service utilization data from the Living Standard Measurement Survey, recurrent government expenditure data from the Ministry of Finance and health services delivery data from the Ministry of Health’s Health Management Information System. We calculated unit subsidy as the ratio of recurrent government health expenditure on a particular service type to the corresponding number of health services visits. The concentration index (CI) was applied to measure inequality in health care utilization and the distribution of the subsidy across socioeconomic groups. We conducted a disaggregated analysis comparing health delivery levels and service types. Furthermore, we used decomposition analysis to measure the percentage contribution of various factors to the overall inequalities. We found that 61% of recurrent government spending on health goes to health centres (HCs), and 74% was spent on outpatient services. Besides, we found a slightly pro-poor public spending on health, with a CI of −0.039, yet the picture was more nuanced when disaggregated by health delivery levels and service types. The subsidy at the hospital level and for inpatient services benefited the wealthier quintiles most. However, at the HC level and for outpatient services, the subsidies were slightly pro-poor. Therefore, an effort is needed in making inpatient and hospital services more equitable by improving the health service utilization of those in the lower quintiles and those in rural areas. Besides, policymakers in Ethiopia should use this evidence to monitor inequity in government spending on health, thereby improving government resources allocation to target the disadvantaged better.
Postcolonial pandemic publics: examining social media health promotion in India during the COVID-19 crisis
Authors: Roy Dibyadyuti , Das Madhurima , Deshbandhu Aditya 
Published: May 2021

SummaryAffordances offered by new media platforms are perceived as revolutionary instruments for removing the inequities of access to health promotion and communication. However, the production and dissemination of health promotional material on digital platforms does not necessarily translate into uniform access across diverse demographics. This article addresses the lacuna when it comes to analyzing Health Promotion initiatives in India, with a specific focus on the governmental publicity carried out on social media during the four phases of COVID-19 national lockdown between 24 March and 31 May 2020. Our intervention examines how governmental social media health promotion in India played a key role in shaping the ‘outbreak narrative’ during the lockdown across different levels of social and economic privilege. Through a combination of quantitative data analysis and qualitative interview methods, this article analyzes the circulation and impact of official publicity in online and offline spaces, during the COVID-19 lockdown in India. Resultant findings allow for a comprehensive assessment of whether such publicity contributed to democratized citizen science discourses: enabling social protection measures for vulnerable majorities or potentially reified the existing privileges of the economically and socially affluent minority. We find that health promotion campaigns during a pandemic must focus on reaching the widest possible audience in the most efficient manner. Specifically, in the Indian context, health promotion through mass-media like Television and Radio, and participatory media platforms needed to be implemented in tandem with new media platforms, to achieve required engagement with vulnerable communities on key health issues.
How Signaling Geometry Shapes the Efficacy and Evolution of Animal Communication Systems
Authors: Echeverri Sebastian A , Miller Audrey E , Chen Jason , McQueen Eden W , Plakke Melissa , Spicer Michelle , Hoke Kim L , Stoddard Mary Caswell , Morehouse Nathan I 
Published: May 2021

SynopsisAnimal communication is inherently spatial. Both signal transmission and signal reception have spatial biases—involving direction, distance, and position—that interact to determine signaling efficacy. Signals, be they visual, acoustic, or chemical, are often highly directional. Likewise, receivers may only be able to detect signals if they arrive from certain directions. Alignment between these directional biases is therefore critical for effective communication, with even slight misalignments disrupting perception of signaled information. In addition, signals often degrade as they travel from signaler to receiver, and environmental conditions that impact transmission can vary over even small spatiotemporal scales. Thus, how animals position themselves during communication is likely to be under strong selection. Despite this, our knowledge regarding the spatial arrangements of signalers and receivers during communication remains surprisingly coarse for most systems. We know even less about how signaler and receiver behaviors contribute to effective signaling alignment over time, or how signals themselves may have evolved to influence and/or respond to these aspects of animal communication. Here, we first describe why researchers should adopt a more explicitly geometric view of animal signaling, including issues of location, direction, and distance. We then describe how environmental and social influences introduce further complexities to the geometry of signaling. We discuss how multimodality offers new challenges and opportunities for signalers and receivers. We conclude with recommendations and future directions made visible by attention to the geometry of signaling.
Assessing the Vulnerabilities of Vertebrate Species to Light and Noise Pollution: Expert Surveys Illuminate the Impacts on Specialist Species
Authors: Ditmer Mark A , Francis Clinton D , Barber Jesse R , Stoner David C , Seymoure Brett M , Fristrup Kurt M , Carter Neil H 
Published: May 2021

SynopsisGlobal expansion of lighting and noise pollution alters how animals receive and interpret environmental cues. However, we lack a cross-taxon understanding of how animal traits influence species vulnerability to this growing phenomenon. This knowledge is needed to improve the design and implementation of policies that mitigate or reduce sensory pollutants. We present results from an expert knowledge survey that quantified the relative influence of 21 ecological, anatomical, and physiological traits on the vulnerability of terrestrial vertebrates to elevated levels of anthropogenic lighting and noise. We aimed not only to quantify the importance of threats and the relative influence of traits as viewed by sensory and wildlife experts, but to examine knowledge gaps based on the variation in responses. Identifying traits that had less consensus can guide future research for strengthening ecologists’ and conservation biologists’ understanding of sensory abilities. Our findings, based on 280 responses of expert opinion, highlight the increasing recognition among experts that sensory pollutants are important to consider in management and conservation decisions. Participant responses show mounting threats to species with narrow niches; especially habitat specialists, nocturnal species, and those with the greatest ability to differentiate environmental visual and auditory cues. Our results call attention to the threat specialist species face and provide a generalizable understanding of which species require additional considerations when developing conservation policies and mitigation strategies in a world altered by expanding sensory pollutant footprints. We provide a step-by-step example for translating these results to on-the-ground conservation planning using two species as case studies.
Who Rules Over Immunology? Seasonal Variation in Body Temperature, Steroid Hormones, and Immune Variables in a Tegu Lizard
Authors: Madelaire Carla B , Zena Lucas A , Dillon Danielle , Silva Diego P , Hunt Kathleen E , Buck C Loren , Bícego Kênia C , Gomes Fernando R 
Published: May 2021

SynopsisMultiple factors can influence the immune response of ectothermic vertebrates, including body temperature (Tb), gonadal steroids, and seasonality, in ways that are thought to reflect trade-offs between energetic investment in immunity versus reproduction. Hibernating tegu lizards (Salvator merianae) are a unique model to investigate how immunocompetence might be influenced by different factors during their annual cycle. We assessed immunological measures (plasma bacterial killing ability, total and differential leukocyte count), plasma hormone levels (testosterone in males, estradiol and progesterone in females, and corticosterone [CORT] in both sexes), Tb, and body condition from adult tegus during each stage of their annual cycle: reproduction, post-reproduction/preparation for hibernation, and hibernation. Our hypothesis that immune traits present higher values during the reproductive phase, and a sharp decrease during hibernation, was partially supported. Immune variables did not change between life history stages, except for total number of leukocytes, which was higher at the beginning of the reproductive season (September) in both males and females. Average Tb of the week prior to sampling was positively correlated with number of eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and azurophils, corroborating other studies showing that when animals maintain a high Tb, there is an increase in immune activity. Surprisingly, no clear relationship between immune traits and gonadal steroids or CORT levels was observed, even when including life history stage in the model. When gonadal hormones peaked in males and females, heterophil: lymphocyte ratio (which often elevates during physiological stress) also increased. Additionally, we did not observe any trade-off between reproduction and immunity traits, sex differences in immune traits, or a correlation between body condition and immune response. Our results suggest that variation in patterns of immune response and correlations with body condition and hormone secretion across the year can depend upon the specific hormone and immune trait, and that experienced Tb is an important variable determining immune response in ectotherms.
Effects of dietary Forsythia suspensa extract supplementation to lactating sows and nursery pigs on post-weaning performance, antioxidant capacity, nutrient digestibility, immunoglobulins, and intestinal health
Authors: Long Shenfei , Piao Xiangshu 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of dietary Forsythia suspensa extract (FSE) supplementation to lactating sows and nursery pigs on post-weaning performance, antioxidant capacity, immunoglobulins, and intestinal health. Based on backfat, body weight (BW), and parity, 24 gestating sows (Landrace × Yorkshire) with average parity of 3.38 ± 0.61 and BW of 234 ± 6.81 kg were allotted into two dietary treatments (control vs. 100 mg/kg FSE) with 12 sows per treatment from day 107 of gestation to day 21 of lactation. After weaning, based on the initial BW and source litter, 192 nursery pigs (Duroc × [Landrace × Yorkshire], average BW of 6.98 ± 0.32 kg, weaned at day 21) were allotted into four dietary treatments with eight replicate pens per treatment, six pigs per pen for a 4-wk study. The treatments included the following: 1) CC (sows and their piglets both fed control diet); 2) CF (sows fed control diet and their piglets fed FSE diet [containing 100 mg/kg FSE]); 3) FC (sows fed FSE diet and their piglets fed control diet); and 4) FF (sows and their piglets both fed FSE diet). The MIXED procedures of SAS for a split-plot arrangement with sow diet as the whole plot and nursery diet as split plot were used to analyze the data. After weaning, piglets from FSE-fed sows had improved (P &lt; 0.05) average daily gain and feed efficiency, and lower (P &lt; 0.05) diarrhea rate in overall (day 1 to 28) compared with those from sows fed control diet. Piglets from FSE-fed sows also had higher (P &lt; 0.05) contents of immunoglobulin G (IgG), growth hormone, superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity in serum, villus height in ileum, and villus height to crypt depth ratio in jejunum, as well as lower (P &lt; 0.05) content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in serum and crypt depth in ileum compared with those from sows fed control diet. Piglets fed FSE during nursery had increased (P &lt; 0.05) concentrations of IgG, SOD, and catalase, and decreased (P &lt; 0.05) MDA and tumor nuclear factor-α levels in serum compared with those fed control diet during nursery. Piglets from FC group had increased (P &lt; 0.05) protein expression of occludin in jejunal mucosa and relative abundance of Lactobacillus on genus level in colon compared with those from CC group. In conclusion, for the performance and intestinal health, diets supplemented with FSE during lactation phase seemed more efficient to alleviate weaning stress than the nursery phase. In terms of the antioxidant status and immunoglobulins, FSE supplemented in both phases were efficient for nursery pigs.
Type Theory with Opposite Types: A Paraconsistent Type Theory
Authors: Agudelo-Agudelo Juan C , Sicard-Ramírez Andrés 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A version of intuitionistic type theory is extended with opposite types, allowing a different formalization of negation and obtaining a paraconsistent type theory ($\textsf{PTT} $). The rules for opposite types in $\textsf{PTT} $ are based on the rules of the so-called constructible falsity. A propositions-as-types correspondence between the many-sorted paraconsistent logic $\textsf{PL}_\textsf{S} $ (a many-sorted extension of López-Escobar’s refutability calculus presented in natural deduction format) and $\textsf{PTT} $ is proven. Moreover, a translation of $\textsf{PTT} $ into intuitionistic type theory is presented and some properties of $\textsf{PTT} $ are discussed.
Dose individualization of intravenous busulfan in pediatric patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation: impact and in vitro evaluation of infusion lag-time
Authors: Neroutsos E , Athanasiadou I , Paisiou A , Zisaki K , Goussetis E , Archontaki H , Tsirigotis P , Kitra M , Grafakos S , Spyridonidis A , Dokoumetzidis A , Valsami G 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Objectives
To apply therapeutic drug monitoring and dose-individualization of intravenous Busulfan to paediatric patients and evaluate the impact of syringe-pump induced Busulfan infusion lag-time after in vitro estimation.

Methods
76 children and adolescents were administered 2 h intravenous Busulfan infusion every 6 h (16 doses). Busulfan plasma levels, withdrawn by an optimized sampling scheme and measured by a validated HPLC–PDA method, were used to estimate basic PK parameters, AUC, Cmax, kel, t1/2, applying Non-Compartmental Analysis. In vivo infusion lag-time was simulated in vitro and used to evaluate its impact on AUC estimation.

Key findings
Mean (%CV) Busulfan AUC, Cmax, clearance and t1/2 for pediatric population were found 962.3 μm × min (33.1), 0.95 mg/L (41.4), 0.27 L/h/kg (33.3), 2.2 h (27.8), respectively. TDM applied to 76 children revealed 6 (7.9%) being above and 25 (32.9%) below therapeutic-range (AUC: 900–1350 μm × min). After dose correction, all patients were measured below toxic levels (AUC &lt; 1500 μm × min), no patient below 900 μm × min. Incorporation of infusion lag-time revealed lower AUCs with 17.1% more patients and 23.1% more younger patients, with body weight &lt;16 kg, being below the therapeutic-range.

Conclusions
TDM, applied successfully to 76 children, confirmed the need for Busulfan dose-individualization in paediatric patients. Infusion lag-time was proved clinically significant for younger, low body-weight patients and those close to the lower therapeutic-range limit.
Aprepitant: an antiemetic drug, contributes to the prevention of acute lung injury with its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties
Authors: Kose Duygu , Un Harun , Ugan Rustem Anil , Halici Zekai , Cadirci Elif , Tastan Tugba Bal , Kahramanlar Aysenur 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Objectives
We investigated, the effects of aprepitant (APRE) on the lung tissues of rats with an experimental polymicrobial sepsis model (CLP: cecal ligation and puncture) biochemically, molecularly and histopathologically.

Methods
A total of 40 rats were divided into 5 groups with 8 animals in each group. Group 1 (SHAM), control group; Group 2 (CLP), cecal ligation and puncture; Group 3 (CLP + APRE10), rats were administered CLP + 10 mg/kg aprepitant; Group 4 (CLP + APRE20), rats were administered CLP + 20 mg/kg aprepitant; and Group 5 (CLP + APRE40), rats were administered CLP + 40 mg/kg aprepitant. A polymicrobial sepsis model was induced with CLP. After 16 h, lung tissues were taken for examination. Tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and nuclear factor-kappa b (NFK-b) messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expressions were analysed by real-time PCR (RT-PCR), biochemically antioxidant parameters such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) and oxidant parameters such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and lung damage histopathologically.

Key findings and conclusions
The GSH level and SOD activity increased while the MDA level and the expressions of TNF-α and NFK-b were reduced in the groups treated with APRE, especially in the CLP + APRE40 group. The histopathology results supported the molecular and biochemical results.
NGTS-19b: a high-mass transiting brown dwarf in a 17-d eccentric orbit
Authors: Acton Jack S , Goad Michael R , Burleigh Matthew R , Casewell Sarah L , Breytenbach Hannes , Nielsen Louise D , Smith Gareth , Anderson David R , Battley Matthew P , Bayliss Daniel , Bouchy François , Bryant Edward M , Csizmadia Szilárd , Eigmüller Philipp , Gill Samuel , Gillen Edward , Grieves Nolan , Günther Maximilian N , Henderson Beth A , Hodgkin Simon T , Jackman James A G , Jenkins James S , Lendl Monika , McCormac James , Moyano Maximiliano , Nelson Richard P , Sefako Ramotholo R , Smith Alexis M S , Stalport Manu , Thomas Jessymol K , Tilbrook Rosanna H , Udry Stéphane , West Richard G , Wheatley Peter J , Worters Hannah L , Vines Jose I , Alves Douglas R 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
We present the discovery of NGTS-19b, a high-mass transiting brown dwarf discovered by the Next Generation Transit Survey. We investigate the system using follow-up photometry from the South African Astronomical Observatory, as well as sector 11 Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite data, in combination with radial velocity measurements from the CORALIE spectrograph to precisely characterize the system. We find that NGTS-19b is a brown dwarf companion to a K-star, with a mass of $69.5 ^{+5.7}_{-5.4}$ MJup and radius of $1.034 ^{+0.055}_{-0.053}$RJup. The system has a reasonably long period of 17.84 d, and a high degree of eccentricity of $0.3767 ^{+0.0061}_{-0.0061}$. The mass and radius of the brown dwarf imply an age of $0.46 ^{+0.26}_{-0.15}$ Gyr, however, this is inconsistent with the age determined from the host star spectral energy distribution, suggesting that the brown dwarf may be inflated. This is unusual given that its large mass and relatively low levels of irradiation would make it much harder to inflate. NGTS-19b adds to the small, but growing number of brown dwarfs transiting main-sequence stars, and is a valuable addition as we begin to populate the so-called brown dwarf desert.