bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On grill nano topological spaces and its related with nano continuity
Authors: El Atik Abd El Fattah , Lellis Thivagar M. , Hussien Atef 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Some new concepts of grill nano topological structures throughout this paper are presented and studied. We generalize the famous closure operators that can be induced by binary operations. Some basic investigations for proposed structures are discussed. In addition, the connection between rough sets and grill set theory can be illustrated via some numerous examples. Finally, a comparison between proposed approaches and other studies is established.
Violet Laser Irradiation Effect on The Optical Properties of Cobalt oxide (CoO2) Thin Films deposited via Semi-Computerized Spraying System
Authors: Al-Helaly Mushtaq Talib , Al-Tememee Nathera A. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The existing investigation explains the consequence of irradiation of violet laser on the optic properties of (CoO2) films. The film was equipped by the utilization of semi-computerized spray pyrolysis technique (SCSPT), it is the first time that this technique is used in the preparation and irradiation using a laser in this technique. From the XRD analysis, the crystalline existence with trigonal crystal system was when the received films were processed by continuous violet laser (405 nm) with power (1W) for different laser irradiation time using different number of times a laser scan (0, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 times) with total irradiation time(0,30,45,60,75,90 min) respectively at room temperature. The optic properties of CoO2 thin samples was struck by light of violet laser. The parameters such as the absorbance, coefficient of absorption coefficient of extinction refractive index, optic conductivity, the realε_1 and imaginaryε_2part of the dielectric constant of the films rises subsequently by laser irradiation, only the transmittance was decremented with laser ray of light. The optic energy gap was reduced from (1.98eV) without irradiation to (1.52eV) and subsequent laser irradiation, and there is a great alteration of optical energy gap values for photovoltaic (PV) utilization. As the results showed that the laser irradiation method has a clear change in the optical properties with less time and energy than the traditional annealing methods, this is the aim of the study.
Distribution and uptake of uranium in rice and wheat from soil samples collected from Al- Diwaniyah, Iraq
Authors: Kadhim Amer Y. , Al-Ataya Khalid H. , Aswood Murtadha Sh. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWheat and rice are among the main ingredients on which the Iraqi populations depend. The important part of this is detected knowledge the uptake radionuclide in this cereal, no less in admiration of any personal health harmful. In this study, we measured the concentrations of naturally occurring radioactive nuclides in cereals and the corresponding soil collected from agricultural fields in Al Shamiyah, Al- Diwaniyah governorate in Iraq using nuclear detector of tracks (CR-39). The mean activity concentration of uranium (ppm) in soil, wheat and rice samples were found to be 1.18 ± 0.19, 0.02 ± 0.001 and 0.88 × 10-2± 0.00085, respectively. Factors of transfer from soil-to- cereals were limited to be 0.012 and 0.017 for wheat and rice. The results of TFs of238U were found to be in agreement with previous studies values, these results refer to radionuclides movement were very low in these soils. Results have been shown the uranium concentration to be less than permissible limit (11.7 ppm) proposed by UNSCEAR. On the other side, results noticed there are no pose significant threats to health of human, the edible cereals being safe to consume.
Effect of Red Laser Irradiation on The Optical Properties of Cobalt oxide (CoO2) Thin Films deposited via Semi-Computerized Spraying Technique
Authors: Chiad Bahaa T. , Al-Helaly Mushtaq T. , Essa Mohammed Sh. , Al-Tememee Nathera A. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The existing investigation explains the consequence of irradiation of red laser on the optic properties of (CoO2) films. The film was equipped by the utilization of semi-computerized spray pyrolysis technique (SCSPT), it is the first time that this technique is used in the preparation and irradiation using a laser in this technique. From the XRD analysis, the crystalline existence with trigonal crystal system was when the received films were processed by continuous red laser (700 nm) with power (>1000mW)for different laser irradiation time using different number of times a laser scan (0, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 times) with total irradiation time(0,30,45,60,75,90 min) respectively at room temperature. The optic properties of CoO2 thin samples was struck by light of red laser. The parameters such as the absorbance, coefficient of absorption coefficient of extinction refractive index, optic conductivity, the realϵ_1 and imaginaryϵ_2part of the dielectric constant of the films rises subsequently by laser irradiation, only the transmittance was decremented with laser ray of light. The optic energy gap was reduced from (1.91eV) without irradiation to (1.57eV) and subsequent laser irradiation, and there is a great alteration of optical energy gap values for photovoltaic (PV) utilization. As the results showed that the laser irradiation method has a clear change in the optical properties with less time and energy than the traditional annealing methods, this is the aim of the study.
Best Image with Elliptical Synthetic Obscured Apertures
Authors: Mohamed Alaa M. , Ali Ban Hussein , Hassan Adnan Falh 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
It is well established that synthetic apertures of various shapes are superior to a single aperture in improving the overall performance of optical systems.
In this research, a set of elliptical synthetic obstructed apertures was used in place of the ellipse synthetic obstructed apertures that was used previously and the calculation of the point spread function to assess the performance of the optical system and reduce the diffraction values from it previously, according to the results, an improvement was observed in the optical system with array of elliptical synthetic obstructed apertures.
A NUMERICAL STUDY ON POLAR RING GALAXY (PRG) FORMATION
Authors: Ali Shurooq Mahdi 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The association between galaxies is a phenomenon frequently occurring in the universe. Systems called Polar Ring Galaxies (PRGs) can be built for certain interactions. These structures consist of a galaxy known as a host and a ring of gas and stars surrounding a plane nearly perpendicular to its main axis. This research has contributed to the creation of a first library of N-body simulations, to study the parameters required to construct PRGs. A library of this kind is continuously expanding with new simulations based on these first findings. The inherent secular processes of isolated galaxies cannot give rise to this PRG geometry. Such systems are (i) created by galaxy interactions or (ii) by the introduction of cold gas from interstellar filaments within a galaxy. The most popular mechanisms are thought to be (i), and we are interested in this project, particularly where gas from one galaxy to another is introduced, without the need for a fusion. For formation of interaction, orbits with particular geometries are required in order to attach matter to form a polar ring. We review various mass ratios, inclinations and orbital energies in our society. The database which will be developed with the simulation results will contribute to future research on the interaction between galaxies, especially polar rings.
Machine Design Modern Techniques and Innovative Technologies
Authors: Razzaq Hussein Younus , Hasan Hussein Mohammed , Abbas Kadhim Raheem 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The manufacturing sector is facing a challenge in this 21st century to continue developing their business by applying a new and innovative production technology and system. This is to help the novel ways of manufacturing process to move forward, where, the Machine Design will feature and compile the newest product line with an inventive technology to keep modernized techniques at the top of mind for our OEMs, end-users, integrators, and the entire supply community. This research paper will explore how the simulation derived model of Mechatronic could manage the most complex scheme of the machinery profile with a systematic approach by understanding the concept with precise machine design actions, dynamic behavior, and effective interaction with the various components of the machine. Mainly, the Mechatronic engineers will unite the mechanics, and electronics principles and compute them to generate more economical, a simpler, and reliable system.
The Matrices of Some of the Plane Graphs and Their Dual
Authors: Zaben Rawah A. , Tawfik Israa M. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The importance of Graph Theory comes from being Combinatorics. It can study this subject and its relationship to the topological using plane graphs where they are embedded graphs. Also, its relationship to linear algebra which can study the using of matrices. This article describes the adjacency matrices of adjacent vertices of plane graphs and their duals by finding the formula of the adjacency matrix of some types of plane graphs and their duals.
The Numerical Simulation of the rivalry between aerobic and anaerobic bacteria species in a chemostat model
Authors: Mohammed Ali Maha Mohsin 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We investigate a chemostat model that contains interaction between two bacteria species, the aerobic species, and a facultative anaerobic species. The competition is restricted on the dissolved oxygen where the aerobic species consumes the oxygen for growth, on the other hand, the facultative anaerobic species do not need the dissolved oxygen for growth. We found that the aerobic growth rate is more extensive compared to that of its competition, the anaerobic species. During our study of the chemostat system, we found three equilibria solutions. The first one is found at the initial dissolved oxygen concentration with the condition of both species washed out. The second equilibrium point is seen when both the dissolved oxygen and the aerobic species present, and finally, the third equilibrium point is found when the dissolved oxygen and the facultative anaerobic species present. We used MATLAB software to simulate these aforementioned three equilibria.
The use of vermicompost as an organic pond fertilizer in recirculating aquaculture system: effect on water quality and survival rate of catfish fry (Clarias sp.)
Authors: Erdawati  , Saefurahman Ganjar , Hidayatuloh Syarif , Hakimi M. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The main objective of this study was to determine whether vermicompost can be used as an organic pond fertilizer to improve water quality and survival rate of catfish fry (Clarias sp.). The experiment was conducted for 4 weeks (28 days) with duplicates in two ponds. The control (pond C) did not apply any vermicompost, while the treated pond (pond V) was administered by the vermicompost. Vermicompost dose of 2.56 g/L was found to be a suitable dose for catfish fry. The results showed that the total nitrogen content in the control pond was decreased from 0.45 mg/L to 0.25 mg/L. In the experimental tank, the total nitrogen content was increased from 0.25 mg/L to 0.45 mg/L. Likewise, the fish length and weight of the two treatments were significantly different.
Damage and loss magnitudes of Eucalyptus pellita and Acacia mangium stands due to 2D-seismic activity
Authors: Agusta H , Budiyono P , Ridwansyah M 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
2D-seismic activity for oil and gas exploration was conducted in Jambi, Indonesia in 2014-2015. The seismic lines passed through the area of HTI (Industrial Plants Forest), Oil Palm Estate, and people’s plantation as well. The 2D-seismic activity was conducted in such a careful way, that any negative impact had to be avoided, minimized, managed, and monitored. However, any damage and loss of the other party occurred. Inventory of cultivated plants or trees damage was conducted for loss compensation purposes. In fact, from a total of 1,376 shot points of the 2D-seismic activity in the HTI-plants traversing about 183,008 plants, which each shot point represented 133 growing plants, involved 286 damaged plant categorized in slight, medium, and heavy damage. Plant age was categorized in juvenile, very young, young, and higher plants. The damaged plants were found only equivalent to 0.00001% of the total growing plants. The total economic loss of timber Plantation due to the 2D-seismic activity consisted of Loss of Expected Value, Loss of Expected Benefit Value, Loss of the Damage of Installation, and Infrastructure of timber plantation and Loss due to Inefficiency Value as well was estimated less than USD 0.01 per ha.
Bioethanol prospect from agricultural crops and its biomass in Indonesia
Authors: Amrullah I , Hambali E 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Contradiction between the surplus domestic bioethanol supply and the failure to fulfill the bioethanol E2 biofuel program in 2020 is because the fuel grade ethanol price is still more expensive than gasoline. Indonesia’s fuel consumption needs, especially gasoline is increased from 37.49 million kL in 2020 to 43.59 million kL in 2025, with a deficit that is met with gasoline imports. Bioethanol production is still in surplus, the remainder is exported, still unable to supply the E2 bioethanol program and the import of non-fuel-grade ethanol is carried out. The abundance of mollase is not only the main raw material for bioethanol, but it is in competition with other industries such as MSG, and the decline in sugar cane land will reduce the availability of mollase in the future. In 2015, world bioethanol produces 1,390 million liter from 2G bioethanol, still in TRL4~TRL8 status, yet to commercial. To maintain ethanol supply security, potential biomass and waste-crops, and a lot of available sources that are not in competition with food needs, technological aspects, productivity, availability, and other aspects, biomass commodities need to continue to be developed with more intensive collaboration between institutions (academic, government, private). This study assesses the greatest potential of non-food biomass in Indonesia, including the 2nd generation bioethanol, 3rd generation, and the current biggest challenge in the readiness and maturity of the technology and its economic feasibility.
Synthesis of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Derived Magnetic Solid Acid Catalyst for Levulinate Production
Authors: Gowri K Shamala , Fei-ling P 
Published: May 2021

AbstractEthyl levulinate is widely known as a fuel additive, flavour, and fragrance components. In this study, the biomass-derived magnetic catalyst was synthesised, and its efficiency was evaluated in the esterification reaction. Oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) was used in the preparation of the solid magnetic catalyst. The synthesised catalyst was analysed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), electron dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) analyses, and acidic test. The magnetisation value of 24.97 emu/g for EFB fiber-MAC was reported that the catalyst has excellent magnetic properties and a strong acid density of 2.4 mmol/g. The catalytic performance was evaluated via the esterification of levulinic acid. The highest ethyl levulinate conversion of 66.78 mol% and yield of 84.87 mol% were recorded corresponding to 10 wt% catalyst loading and 10:1 ethanol to levulinic acid molar ratio with reaction temperature of 70 °C for 5 h. FTIR and GC-FID analysis confirmed the appearance of the ester group after the esterification reaction. Finally, the magnetically separable catalyst can be easily separated, and it shows a potential solution to the utilisation of heterogeneous catalysts in the esterification reaction.
Utilization of plant waste as botanical pesticide for citrus pest control
Authors: Wuryantini Susi , Endarto Otto , Wicaksono Rudi Cahyo , Yudistira Rizky Arya 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Organic wastes from plants that contain certain secondary metabolite compounds can be used as botanical pesticides. In this study, the plant wastes used were chrysanthemum flower, JC citrus peel and foliage of tobacco. The botanical pesticides were tested for their effectiveness against the main pests of citrus that were citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri and citrus aphids Toxoptera citricidus. The study aimed to determine the effectiveness of botanical pesticides from plant wastes against both target pests. The three materials were extracted and processed by maceration method with methanol solvent. The test was arranged in a Randomized Block Design consisting of 12 treatments, that were the test concentration for each ingredient was 0.5 %; 0.75 % and 1 %, comparative chemical insecticides dimethoat and imidacloprid, and control. The treatment consisted of two units for each target pest and repeated 4 times. The test results showed that the botanical insecticide from tobacco foliage was the most effective against both target pests compared to those from chrysanthemums flower and JC citrus peel. The insecticide tested was more effective against citrus aphids T. citricidus compared to citrus psyllid D. citri, as evidenced by the shorter time to achieve the mortality. For tobacco insecticides, further testing with lower concentrations is needed to determine the exact and effective test concentration, so that the use of materials is more efficient.
Porous biochar purification method from coconut shell by alkali roasting followed by leaching and its application as a lithium primary battery
Authors: Supriyono  , Amalia E A , Solikhah D N , Salsabila N F Y 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The electrochemical performance of coconut shells biochar can be improved as a Lithium primary battery by increasing its purity. Biochar was synthesized by pyrolysis under N2 atmospheric conditions at a temperature of 500°C for 5 hours. The methods to purify biochar were the alkaline roasting method to reduce silica content and the leaching method at room temperature using 10% w/w H2SO4 to reduce metal oxide content. The used alkaline substance was 45% w/w NaOH solution under process temperature, which varied between 200-350°C with increasing the pressure. Energy-dispersive X-ray results show that biochar’s carbon purity increased from 90.18% w/w to 97.41% w/w at the alkaline roasting temperature of 300°C. The surface area of biochar is also increased from 782,112 m2/gram to 1218,646 m2/gram at the same temperature. Electro Impedance Spectroscopy test shows charge transfer and semi-infinite diffusion, which can be explained by the diffusion of Li+ ions from LiClO4 solution to purified biochar at the cathode. The charge transfer resistance value in purified biochar is less than in biochar that has not been purified. The discharge performance test shows that lithium primary batteries’ capacity increases along with biochar purity. The highest capacity of biochar is 126.21 mAh/gram at 300°C.
Oil palm empty fruit bunch ash as a potassium source in the synthesis of NPK fertilizer
Authors: Arfiana  , Finalis E R , Noor I , Sumbogo Murti S D , Suratno H , Rosyadi E , Saputra H. , Noda R 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Some studies showed that ash from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch has relatively high potassium and other minerals and is commonly used directly for soil improver. In this work, we studied the production and characterization of ash from gasification of oil palm empty fruit bunch to produce NPK fertilizer. Oil Palm EFB ash produced from various gasification temperature were characterized by using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) to identify its composition. The fertilizer formula was developed by using EFB ash for potassium source, while nitrogen and phosphates are each obtained from Urea and Diammonium Phosphate (DAP). NPK fertilizer production was conducted through some processes, including formulation, mixing, granulation, and drying. The characterization of fertilizer and EFB ash was done using Scanning Microscope Electron/Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The fertilizer was also tested to the red onion plant compared to commercial NPK fertilizer through small scale field tests using polybags.
Design and evaluation of a zero-fossil fuel distiller for bioethanol
Authors: Ubiña T , Mateo N , Ulep R , Baga C , Sagadraca J , Pastor P D , Villena R , Corpuz J , Agrupis S 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The study developed a Zero Fossil Fuel Distiller (ZFFD) to address environmental issues on bioethanol production from Nipa Sap. The Mariano Marcos State University had developed a distiller that can produce 95% fuel grade bioethanol powered by fuelwood. While burning woods provides a good heat source, this activity’s byproducts are not good for the environment. The scarcity of fuelwood will also be a problem for bulk production. Hence, the development of a ZFFD integrated with the Internet of Things (IoT) technologies for easy monitoring, control, and configuration. A 10 kWp Hybrid Solar Photovoltaic System with battery backup was designed to power a 150 L capacity distiller. The power system is capable of storing excess harnessed energy to a battery and a grid for future use, as well as managing and monitoring the inflow and outflow of electricity on-site or remotely via IoT. Results show an average harnessed energy of 47.11 kWh to supply a 33.99 kWh required energy to distill 133 L of feedstock daily. The excess energy of 13.12 kWh is stored in the grid for future use. The developed ZFFD shows an improved regulation of the Kettle temperature, Column temperature, and Cooling System water flow.
Potential of polypropylene nanocomposite reinforced with cellulose nanofiber from oil palm empty fruit bunch as sustainable packaging: A review
Authors: Sarfat Muhammad Syukur , Setyaningsih Dwi , Fahma Farah , Indrasti Nastiti Siswi 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSustainable packaging focuses on the production of packaging that promotes environmental, social, and economic health. The use of thermoplastic such as polypropylene (PP) in packaging has raised concern about environmental impact, so research needed to identify alternative sustainable packaging materials to reduce the environmental impact. Cellulose Nanofiber (CNF) has been considered sustainable packaging material due to its low weight, high strength, high abundance, rigidity, and biodegradability. Therefore, CNF from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB) is the potential additional raw material for developing sustainable packaging. CNF can be used as additional raw material to reinforce the PP matrix, called a polypropylene nanocomposite (PPNC). However, limited research has focused on CNF preparation for PPNC production. Therefore, this review is to explain the potential PPNC reinforced with CNF from OPEFB as sustainable packaging.