bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetics and Tissue Residence of Various Doses of Levamisole in Crucian Carp at Different Water Temperatures
Authors: Li G. , Liu Y. , Gao C. , Dai X. , Yang B. , Liu T. , Zu X. 
Published: February 2021

The pharmacokinetics of levamisole in crucian carp, including the absorption, distribution, and clearance rates in different tissues, were studied at different temperatures and doses for the theoretical basis of proper usage and withdrawal time. The fish were divided into three groups denoted A, B and C. The A and B groups were treated once at a dosage of 5 mg/kg levamisole, at 19 ± 1°C and 26 ± 1°C water temperature, respectively. The C group was treated at a dosage of 20 mg/kg levamisole at 19 ± 1°C water temperature. Then plasma, muscle, hepatopancreas, and kidney tissues samples were collected and pretreated, then measured using an ultra performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet method. Plasma data were analyzed using DAS 3.0 pharmacokinetics software. Total area under the curve (AUC0-t) and elimination half-life (t1/2z) had a negative correlation with water temperature, and a positive correlation with dosage. Apparent volume of distribution (Vz) and total clearance rate (CLz) was positively correlated with temperature, and a negatively correlated with dosage. Levamisole was absorbed quickly to reach its peak concentration. The drug concentration and residence time in hepatopancreal and kidney were considerably higher and longer respectively than in the muscle and plasma suggesting that the hepatopancreas and kidney may be important metabolic organs for levamisole.
Modal Verbs of Obligation in Quotations and Political Discourse
Authors: Zakalashvili Lusine , Avagyan Naira 
Published: February 2021

This article discusses the modal verbs of obligation and their function in quotations and political discourse. The usage of modal verbs in speeches strengthens the impact on people, because they emphasize what people should, must, ought to and have to do. A political speech can enhance a politician’s ratings or even secure a place in the history books.
Obligation expressed by modal verbs can be strong and weak. Must is chiefly used to express strong obligation. Should, ought to and had better can be used to express weak obligation. The study of modal verbs of obligation in quotations reveals some peculiarities in terms of gender differences.
Traditional Fairy Tales and Shrek
Authors: Tchaparian Vicky 
Published: February 2021

Although Brothers Grimm collection of fairy tales have somehow the same cliché of plot, setting, and characters, in the fairy tale of Shrek the protagonist doesn’t follow this cliché. Shrek the protagonist is not a classical fairy tale of the handsome prince in quest of a beautiful princess; instead, he is an ogre. Grimm brothers wrote on text that they collected from the words of mouth giving the traditional tales a special structure and characters. However, compared to Grimm Brothers’ tales, Shrek the film, has a completely different structure and characters.
In this paper I try to disclose the fact that Grimm folk tales which reveal the mentality of the 19th century as well as that of the earlier ages that belong to specific cultures (especially to the European culture and their mentality) are completely different than that of Shrek the film.
On Some Forms of “Out-Group” Intolerance and “Unlimited” Tolerance in Linguoculture
Authors: Harutyunyan Narine 
Published: February 2021

The subject of the research is ethnic intolerance as a form of relationship between “we” and “other”, manifested in various modifications of the hostility towards others. There are several main types of ethno-intolerant relations: ethnocentrism; xenophobia, migrant phobia, etc. The author’s definitions of such concepts as “intercultural whirlpool”, “ethnocentric craters” and “xenophobic craters”, “emotional turbulence of communication” are presented.
The negative, discreditable signs of ethnicity of a particular national community are represented in the lexical units of English in such a way as if the “other” ethnic group has the shortcomings that are not in the “we” group. The problem of “unlimited” tolerance is considered when “strangers” – immigrants, seek to impose “their own” religious and cultural traditions, worldview and psychological dominant on local people. The article deals with the problems of intolerance and “unlimited” tolerance not only as complex socio-psychological, but also as linguocultural phenomena that are actualized in the linguistic consciousness of the ethnic group (English-speaking groups, in particular).
The article also deals with the problem of “aggressive” expansion of the English language, which destroys the nation’s value system, distorts its language habits and perception of the surrounding reality, and creates discriminatory dominance of a certain linguoculture.
The Use of Positive and Negative Politeness Strategies to Express Request in English and Armenian Cultures
Authors: Yaghubyan Marine 
Published: February 2021

Politeness is an indispensable topic in pragmatics. The standard of politeness may vary from group to group, from situation to situation and even from person to person. In pragmatics the principle of politeness is related to the choices that are made in the language usage, the linguistic expressions that give people space and express a friendly attitude.
The present article focuses on the examination and comparison of positive and negative politeness strategies to express request in English and Armenian cultures. The analysis shows that in Armenian culture positive politeness is highlighted. On the contrary, in English culture requests are made within negative politeness strategies.
Birthday, Culture, and Social Media
Authors: Dąbrowska Marta 
Published: February 2021

Life in the modern age is dominated by social media. What used to be very much a private affair, like birthdays, weddings, anniversaries, etc., is now celebrated in front of oftentimes the whole world, and not infrequently, through the medium of the language that is not our own.
The object of investigation in the present paper is the speech act of birthday wish sent to someone via Facebook. The analysis demonstrates that although the speech act has a universal aim – to show interest in another person and make them feel good, and although in many cases the language of conveying wishes, beside the native tongues, is the same, this notably being English, the lingua franca of contemporary world, the way the wish is expressed may differ markedly from culture to culture, thereby showing the underlying cultural values and norms of the users and of their native language use. The socio-pragmatic analysis presented here focuses on posts collected from personal profiles of British, Polish, Indian, and Armenian users, and investigates, among others, the choice of language, the formulaic vs. personalised character of the wish, and the character of strategies that make the wishes more personally oriented, with the aim to demonstrate visible differences across cultures regarding the way birthday wishes are phrased.
A COMPARATIVE CLINICAL STUDY OF HINGVADI CHURNA AND RAJAH-PRAVARTANI-VATI ON KASHTARTAVA W.S.R TO PRIMARY DYSMENORRHOEA
Authors: Suresh Kumar  , Sushila Sharma  , B.Pushpalatha  
Published: February 2021

Primary dysmenorrhoea can be correlated with Kashtartava which is characterized by painful menstruation. According to Ayurveda, pain is an indication of Vata Vikriti – ‘Na hi vaatadrite Shoolam’. Apana Vayu has been given prime importance in Gynecological disorders. Normal menstruation is the function of the Apanavata, so painful menstruation is considered as Apanavatadushti. Vyana Vata has control over the muscles which brings about actions such as contraction, relaxation, extension, flexion etc. According to Acharya Charaka, Vata plays a key role in all types of Yoni Roga. As Vata is the main causative factor, it should be treated first. According to Acharya Vagbhata all measures capable of suppressing Vata are indicated. Till date, no successful advances have been made in the management of Primary dysmenorrhoea by conventional medicine. The best evidence-based treatments are NSAIDs and hormonal contraceptives but they have a lot of side effects. Owing to the gravity of the situation, need is felt for search of safe/more effective, palatable oral dosage forms to reduce pain during menstrual period. A systematic review of studies in developing countries performed by Harlow and Campbell has revealed that about 25-50% of adult women and about 75% of adolescents experience pain during menstruation. It is a randomized comparative clinical trial with 30 patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria were selected for the trial. The selected patients were randomly divided into 2 groups, 15 patients each. The duration of treatment was from 7th day due date of menstrual cycle to next menstrual cycle for 60 days. The assessment was done after each cycle on 5th day of cycle and follow-up for the next menstrual cycle. The test of significance showed that the efficacy of Hingvadi churna is more than Rajahpravartini vati in Kashtartava.
PRELIMINARY PHARMACOGNOSTICAL, PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDY AND HPTLC ANALYSIS OF COSTUS PICTUS D.DON.
Authors: Hasna.T  , Vivek.P  , Manojkumar.N  
Published: February 2021

The ancient wisdom in Ayurveda medicine is still not exhaustively explored. Multiple exotic plants existent in India which are not described in classical literature of Ayurveda are commonly referred to as Anukta Dravya (undocumented). Costus pictus D.Don is such a plant, recently introduced in India from Mexico, which is used for renal disorders there. In India, it is used in Diabetes mellitus. This is proven for antidiabetic, antioxidant, anticancerous, antimicrobial and diuretic actions. It is an easily propagated, palatable and cost effective plant. Identification through pharmacognostical and phytochemical studies is essential for the standardization of any plant. The green leaf is narrowly elliptic with 10 to 25cm length and 2.5 to 6cm width. Microscopy revealed presence of vascular bundles, unicellular trichomes in upper epidermis, thin walled parenchyma cells in ground tissue and layers of parenchymatous hypodermis. Powder microscopy showed presence of epidermal parenchyma cells with underlying chlorenchyma group of fibers and fibro vascular bundles.TLC photo documentation revealed presence of many phytoconstituents with different Rf values. Densitometric scan showed many peaks, 10 at 254nm, 11 at 366nm, 6 at 520nm and 9 at 620 nm after derivatisation. Moisture content was 20%. The percentage of total ash, acid insoluble ash, and water insoluble ash was determined. The water soluble extractive value was 22.57 which is highest among all the extracts. The results indicated the presence of alkaloid, steroids, tannins, flavanoids, phenol, carbohydrate and resin in ethanolic extract and steroid, flavanoids, phenols, saponins, tannins and glycosides in water extract.
Diagnóstico fitosanitario y recomendaciones de manejo agroecológico de plagas en comunas de las provincias de Guayas y Santa Elena
Authors: García Rigoberto , Machado Libertad , Piñón Dolores , Gómez Alberto , Ventura Miguel 
Published: February 2021

El presente estudio se desarrolló en 10 Comunas ubicadas en las provincias de Guayas y Santa Elena, en el marco del Proyecto PIDAASSE, esto conllevó la visita y recorrido por las diferentes parcelas de los comuneros incorporados al proyecto, y levantar información sobre los cultivos que desarrollaban en las mismas, lo que propiciaría desarrollar como objetivos de este trabajo la valoración del manejo agrícola que recibían los cultivos, identificación de las principales plagas, el establecimiento de un Manejo Agroecológico de Plagas, MAP, con la implementación de diferentes esquemas según los cultivos a desarrollar.La metodología utilizada en el estudio es la recomendada por el INICA y su Departamento de Sanidad Vegetal, se realizó entrevistas a los comuneros y tener más conocimientos de la situación en sus áreas de producción. Como resultados del Diagnóstico se presentaron diferentes Esquemas generales para la implementación de MAP en cada uno de los siguientes cultivos: yuca, plátano, hortalizas, frejol, maíz, cucurbitáceas y otros.
Acción colectiva y protesta en Venezuela. Dificultades teóricas y metodológicas en su estudio
Authors: Acosta Yorelis J. 
Published: February 2021

Las transformaciones vividas en Venezuela en los últimos años han dado origen a protestas y acciones colectivas a lo largo del país, captando la atención de investigadores del área, quienes han abordado la acción colectiva, en su mayoría, desde un ángulo teórico. Partiendo de una revisión argumentativa de las principales aproximaciones teóricas sobre la temática, este trabajo pretende definir los elementos comunes de la acción colectiva y protestas en Venezuela para que, además de su utilidad en el planteamiento teórico, estos elementos puedan servir de guía en su planteamiento metodológico. Considerando estos elementos, en este trabajo se proponen directrices que permitan un mejor registro de los eventos a fin de disminuir los vacíos encontrados en las fuentes de datos de Venezuela. Los lineamientos propuestos tienen su inicio en la revisión y análisis de archivos periodísticos de prensa sobre las protestas, seguidos de la recopilación de testimonios de los actores involucrados, y una descripción de los eventos que incluya detalles como la identificación del evento, información sobre los actores de la protesta, acción, demandas, identidad, variables de orden político, y la articulación de los hechos y actores.
Organizational Citizenship Behavior (Ocb) Teachers And Staff (Ptk) Regional Honorariums (Honda) Elementary School (Sd) In Banyumas
Authors: Munandar Muhammad Arif , Banani Ade , Sudarto Sudarto 
Published: February 2021

This research is motivated by the existence of PTK Honda’s extra working more than supposed to be leading to OCB forms and persists in its work with salary received under regional minimum wage (UMR). The purpose of this research is to know the forms, causal factors and impact of OCB for PTK Honda SD in Banyumas.This research used qualitative method. Data collection techniques of this research used observation, documentation, and interviews.
Selection of samples done by using purposive sampling (purposive sampling) 12 (twelve) selected samples. The collected data analysed through three stages of data reduction, data presentation and conclusion, while for the validity test, using source triangulation method.
The results of this study indicated that OCB forms in PTK Honda such as: altruism, conscientiousness, sportsmanship, courtesy, civic virtue and two dominant results were altruism (voluntary work) and conscientiousness (timely presence). Furthermore, factors affecting OCB on PTK Honda were job satisfaction, organizational commitment, personality, morale and motivation internally while externally leadership style of head master and work culture. While for internal dominant factor was job satisfaction and organizational commitment, while external factor was leadership style. The impact of OCB behavior was the increase of work productivity, saving human resources and creating an emotional closeness among employees.
Efektivitas Sistem Pengendalian Internal dalam Pendeteksian dan Pencegahan Fraud di Lingkungan Perguruan Tinggi
Authors: Satria Negara Hari Kusuma 
Published: February 2021

The purpose of this study is to reveal potential fraud symptoms occurred in the university environment and the role of internal auditors in detecting and preventing fraud. This research was conducted with a qualitative approach. Source data used are primary data. Determination the source of the data in a qualitative study using purposive sampling. Respondents in this study consisted of a team of Quality Assurance Agency and a Lecturer who once served as an internal auditor in the Quality Assurance Agency.
The results showed at University many internal auditor conduct examine final report. Regulation of Minister Research, Technology and Universtiy Indonesia and the other regulation expected every University able to detect and reduce and prevent fraud. develop an effective internal Control System so as to prevent fraud. Prevention will be effective if the Rectoras the leader of University have Operational Prosedur Standar is done carefully.
Pembentukan Portofolio Optimal Saham-Saham Di Bursa Efek Indonesia (Bei)
Authors: Setiabudi Nugroho Hendrato , Bayu Aji Seto Satriyo 
Published: February 2021

This research was conducted with the aim of compiling an optimum portfolio of stocks listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) using a single index model. The subjects of this study are stocks that consistently entered into LQ45 during the 2014-2018 period. This period was chosen because at that time the stock transactions on the Indonesia Stock Exchange was bad, as evidenced by the weak and tendency of the index (IHSG) trend.
The single-index model is used because it is a simple model and is widely used in optimum portfolio formation. This model can be used to calculate expected return and portfolio risk making it possible to form an optimum portfolio.
Even though similar studies have often been carried out, the very dynamic movement of stock prices on the stock exchange causes changes in the optimal portfolio each year. So that research needs to be done that continuously uses different periods of the year.
The results of this study indicate that of the 24 listed issuers that were sampled, only 18 shares formed the optimal portfolio. These shares were BBCA 17.21%, PWON 16.35%, WIKA 12.95%, KLBF 7.45%, GGRM 6.51%, BBNI 5.68%, UNVR 5.35%, UNTR 4, 92%, ICBP 4.65%, ADRO 3.81%, JSMR 3.21%, ASII 3.00%, SMGR 2.78%, TLKM 2.08%, PTBA 2.07%, INDF 1.90% , BMRI 0.06%, and INTP 0.02%.
Pengaruh Konsep Pelayanan Terhadap Keputusan Pembelian dan Tingkat Pendapatan Pada Masa Sebelum, Awal dan New Normal Pandemi (Studi Komparasi Pada Café-Café di Minggir Yogyakarta)
Authors: Susilawati Rini 
Published: February 2021

The emergence of a wave of the Covid-19 pandemic that started in Indochina which eventually hit Indonesia also hit the business world on all fronts. The thing to be grateful for is the resilience of the MSME sector which is relatively able to withstand all conditions even in unexpected conditions such as Covid-19.
This study uses a comparative method, namely: before the pandemic, the beginning of the pandemic (1-3 months), and during the new normal era with the object of a cafe cafe in Minggir, Sleman, Yogyakarta. From about 10 cafes in Minggir, only 5 cafes that meet the requirements were selected as research samples.
By using SPSS analysis it is known that for the period before the pandemic the following regression results were obtained: Service concept = 0.819 + 0.805 (purchase decision) +0.391 (income level), at the beginning of the pandemic: Service Concept = 0.819 = 1.470 (Purchase Decision) + 36.1 ( Income Level), and in the New Normal era: Service Concept = 6,273 + 0.364 (Purchase Kep) +19.55 (Income Level).
So it is found that there is a significant difference between cafe managers who use online services and social media and those who are vacuum (without social media activity) to establish communication with customers. The impact was very real even in the New Normal era.
In conclusion, cafe managers who used social media in the early days of the pandemic, in fact in the new normal era, the level of purchase and income increased by 50%, it is assumed that from the additional new customers obtained at the beginning of the pandemic due to the influence of social media.
Descobrindo um Santo para Cobrir Outro: o gerenciamento de resultados em estatais brasileiras
Authors: Silva Nadjara Davi , Peixoto Fernanda Maciel , Barboza Flavio , Tizziotti Catarine Palmieri Pitangui 
Published: February 2021

Objective:The accounting information can be manipulated in order to change the perception of the minority shareholders about the real situation of the firm. In case of state-owned enterprises (SOEs), they can have their wealth expropriated by the politicians and bureaucrats’ opportunistic behavior, which is an incentive to the earnings management (EM) practice. This study aims to analyze the state ownership effects on EM in Brazil, and investigate the link between EM, and ownership and control structures.Method: Data from 2006–2015,for 250 non-financial Brazilian public firms, which covers 26 SOEs. The analyses are based on multiple regression methods with panel data.Originality/Relevance:This study innovates by including in this analysis the interaction of state control with the excess of control rights over the ownership rights of the largest shareholders, and analyze the entrenchment effect. Additionally, addresses the EM both in terms of direction and breadth.Results: SOEs tend to take on income-increasing practices, which persisted even after the adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). However, the IFRS adoption led to a reduction in the level of EM, in special the positive trend. Yet, the firms' market value and size are significant for explaining EM.Theoretical/Methodological contributions: this study helps to understand the behavior of Brazilian SOEs, while reveals the SOE's political influence can induce greater information asymmetry and the control is more concentrated in there, which supposedly raises the risks of minority shareholders' expropriation. These results suggest the need for improvements in the transparency of these companies.
FUNGSI KEPEMIMPINAN DENGAN MOTIVASI KERJA PEGAWAI DI PUSKESMAS WATAS MARGA KECAMATAN CURUP SELATANKABUPATEN REJANG LEBONG
Authors: Anugrah Ferizon Tri , Eryani Susi 
Published: February 2021

<p>Permasalahan dalam penelitian ini adalah masih terdapatnya motivasi kerja pegawai yang rendah di Puskesmas Watas Marga Kecamatan Curup Selatan Kabupaten Rejang Lebong.Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan fungsi kepemimpinan dengan motivasi kerja pegawai di Puskesmas Watas Marga Kecamatan Curup Selatan Kabupaten Rejang Lebong.</p><p>Desain penelitian deskriptifdengan pendekatan <em>cross sectional. </em>Penelitian dilaksanakan di Puskesmas Watas Marga Kecamatan Curup Selatan Kabupaten Rejang Lebong.Populasi penelitian adalah pegawai Puskesmas Watas Marga Kecamatan Curup Selatan Kabupaten Rejang Lebong yang berjumlah 38 orang.Sampel penelitian diambil dengan teknik <em>total sampling</em>berjumlah 38 orang<em>.</em>Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan data primer dari kuesioner dan dilakukan dengan analisis univariat dan bivariat.Uji statistik yang digunakan adalah uji <em>Chi-square</em>.</p><p>Hasil penelitian diperoleh hampir sebagian besar dari responden menyatakan bahwa fungsi kepemimpinan berjalan kurang baik, Sebagian kecil dari responden yang motivasi kerjanya tergolong rendah</p><p>Simpulan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada hubungan fungsi kepemimpinan dengan motivasi kerja pegawai di Puskesmas Watas Marga Kecamatan Curup Selatan Kabupaten Rejang Lebong, p <em>value</em> = 0,006.</p><p>Disarankan kiranya hasil penelitian dapat menjadi acuan untuk lebih meningkatkan fungsi kepemimpinan yang ada seperti tidak membeda-bedakan antar karyawan satu dengan yang lain, pimpinan memberikan teladan yang baik, memberikan dorongan semangat kerja, pimpinan lebih aktif mengadakan pendekatan dalam upaya meningkatkan hasil kerja dan mengawasi pekerjaan yang dikerjakan oleh karyawannya, sehingga dengan tindakan pimpinan tersebut diharapkan dapat motivasi kerja pegawai dapat meningkat.</p><p> </p><strong>Kata Kunci :</strong> Fungsi Kepemimpinan, Motivasi Kerja