bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal analysis of sociodemographic, clinical and therapeutic factors of HIV-infected individuals in Kinshasa at antiretroviral therapy initiation during 2006-2017
Authors: Ngongo Nadine Mayasi , Darcis Gilles , Nanituna Hippolyte Situakibanza , Mambimbi Marcel Mbula , Maes Nathalie , Mashi Murielle Longokolo , Bepouka Izizag Ben , Moutschen Michel , Lepira Bompeka François 
Published: November 2021

Background
The benefits of antiretroviral therapy (ART) underpin the recommendations for the early detection of HIV infection and ART initiation. Late initiation (LI) of antiretroviral therapy compromises the benefits of ART both individually and in the community. Indeed, it promotes the transmission of infection and higher HIV-related morbidity and mortality with complicated and costly clinical management.
This study aims to analyze the evolutionary trends in the median CD4 count, the median time to initiation of ART, the proportion of patients with advanced HIV disease at the initiation of ART between 2006 and 2017 and their factors.

Methods and findings
HIV-positive adults (≥ 16 years old) who initiated ART between January 1, 2006 and December 31, 2017 in 25 HIV care facilities in Kinshasa, the capital of DRC, were eligible. The data were processed anonymously. LI is defined as CD4≤350 cells/μl and/or WHO clinical stage III or IV and advanced HIV disease (AHD), as CD4≤200 cells/μl and/or stage WHO clinic IV. Factors associated with advanced HIV disease at ART initiation were analyzed, irrespective of year of enrollment in HIV care, using logistic regression models.
A total of 7278 patients (55% admitted after 2013) with an average age of 40.9 years were included. The majority were composed of women (71%), highly educated women (68%) and married or widowed women (61%). The median CD4 was 213 cells/μl, 76.7% of patients had CD4≤350 cells/μl, 46.1% had CD4≤200 cells/μl, and 59% of patients were at WHO clinical stages 3 or 4. Men had a more advanced clinical stage (p <0.046) and immunosuppression (p<0.0007) than women.
Overall, 70% of patients started ART late, and 25% had AHD. Between 2006 and 2017, the median CD4 count increased from 190 cells/μl to 331 cells/μl (p<0.0001), and the proportions of patients with LI and AHD decreased from 76% to 47% (p< 0.0001) and from 18.7% to 8.9% (p<0.0001), respectively.
The median time to initiation of ART after screening for HIV infection decreased from 40 to zero months (p<0.0001), and the proportion of time to initiation of ART in the month increased from 39 to 93.3% (p<0.0001) in the same period.
The probability of LI of ART was higher in married couples (OR: 1.7; 95% CI: 1.3–2.3) (p<0.0007) and lower in patients with higher education (OR: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.64–0.86) (p<0.0001).

Conclusion
Despite increasingly rapid treatment, the proportions of LI and AHD remain high. New approaches to early detection, the first condition for early ART and a key to ending the HIV epidemic, such as home and work HIV testing, HIV self-testing and screening at the point of service, must be implemented.
Genetic predispositions moderate the effectiveness of tobacco excise taxes
Authors: Slob Eric A. W. , Rietveld Cornelius A. 
Published: November 2021

Background
Tobacco consumption is one of the leading causes of preventable death. In this study, we analyze whether someone’s genetic predisposition to smoking moderates the response to tobacco excise taxes.

Methods
We interact polygenic scores for smoking behavior with state-level tobacco excise taxes in longitudinal data (1992-2016) from the US Health and Retirement Study (N = 12,058).

Results
Someone’s genetic propensity to smoking moderates the effect of tobacco excise taxes on smoking behavior along the extensive margin (smoking vs. not smoking) and the intensive margin (the amount of tobacco consumed). In our analysis sample, we do not find a significant gene-environment interaction effect on smoking cessation.

Conclusions
When tobacco excise taxes are relatively high, those with a high genetic predisposition to smoking are less likely (i) to smoke, and (ii) to smoke heavily. While tobacco excise taxes have been effective in reducing smoking, the gene-environment interaction effects we observe in our sample suggest that policy makers could benefit from taking into account the moderating role of genes in the design of future tobacco control policies.
Factors affecting brain structure in smoking-related diseases: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and coronary artery disease
Authors: Spilling Catherine A. , Dhillon Mohani-Preet K. , Burrage Daniel R. , Ruickbie Sachelle , Baker Emma H. , Barrick Thomas R. , Jones Paul W. 
Published: November 2021

Background
Changes in brain structure and cognitive decline occur in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). They also occur with smoking and coronary artery disease (CAD), but it is unclear whether a common mechanism is responsible.

Methods
Brain MRI markers of brain structure were tested for association with disease markers in other organs. Where possible, principal component analysis (PCA) was used to group markers within organ systems into composite markers. Univariate relationships between brain structure and the disease markers were explored using hierarchical regression and then entered into multivariable regression models.

Results
100 participants were studied (53 COPD, 47 CAD). PCA identified two brain components: brain tissue volumes and white matter microstructure, and six components from other organ systems: respiratory function, plasma lipids, blood pressure, glucose dysregulation, retinal vessel calibre and retinal vessel tortuosity. Several markers could not be grouped into components and were analysed as single variables, these included brain white matter hyperintense lesion (WMH) volume. Multivariable regression models showed that less well organised white matter microstructure was associated with lower respiratory function (p = 0.028); WMH volume was associated with higher blood pressure (p = 0.036) and higher C-Reactive Protein (p = 0.011) and lower brain tissue volume was associated with lower cerebral blood flow (p<0.001) and higher blood pressure (p = 0.001). Smoking history was not an independent correlate of any brain marker.

Conclusions
Measures of brain structure were associated with a range of markers of disease, some of which appeared to be common to both COPD and CAD. No single common pathway was identified, but the findings suggest that brain changes associated with smoking-related diseases may be due to vascular, respiratory, and inflammatory changes.
Metataxonomic investigation of the microbial community in the trachea and oropharynx of healthy controls and diabetic patients using endotracheal tubes
Authors: Cho Sun Young , Choi Jeong-Hyun , Lee Seung Hyeun , Choi Yong-Sung , Hwang Sung Wook , Kim Young Jin 
Published: November 2021

Background
Although the study of respiratory microbiota has been an active field of research, obtaining the appropriate respiratory samples for healthy controls remains to be a challenge. As such, this study aims to evaluate the use of endotracheal tube washing as a viable control for sputum samples.

Methods
A total of 14 subjects, including 8 healthy respiratory controls and 6 diabetic patients without any respiratory disease, were enrolled in this study, during which the endotracheal tubes used in their scheduled routine surgery were collected. Pre-operative oral gargles were also collected from non-diabetic subjects.

Results
16S amplicon sequencing revealed similar taxa composition in endotracheal tube washings and oral gargles in the healthy control subjects, although the relative abundance of 11 genus level operational taxonomic units was significantly different between the two sample sources. The diabetic subjects showed relatively lower diversity than those of non-diabetic subjects. The proportion range of the most abundant taxa detected in each endotracheal tube washings were 10.1–33.2%.

Conclusion
Endotracheal tube washing fluid may provide healthy control samples for upper respiratory investigations without incurring any additional risk to the subject.
Bristol Stool Scale as a Determinant of Hepatic Encephalopathy Management in Patients With Cirrhosis
Authors: Duong Nikki K. , Shrestha Shreesh , Park Dan , Shahab Omer , Fagan Andrew , Malpaya Zenaida , Gallagher Mary L. , Morris April , Davis Brian C. , Bajaj Jasmohan S. 
Published: November 2021

INTRODUCTION:
Bowel movement (BM) frequency is used to titrate lactulose for hepatic encephalopathy (HE). However, stool consistency using the Bristol stool scale (BSS, 0–7) is often ignored.

METHODS:
The study included pre-BSS and post-BSS cohorts. BSS was incorporated into decision-making after training in outpatients with cirrhosis. Two to 3 BMs/d and BSS 3–4 were considered normal, whereas the rest were considered high or low; concordance between the metrics was evaluated. Medication changes and 6-month admissions were compared between this group (post-BSS) and a comparable previous group (pre-BSS). Concordance and regression analyses for all-cause admissions and HE-related admissions were performed, and comparisons were made for HE-related medication stability. In the longitudinal analysis, an outpatient group seen twice was analyzed for BSS and BMs.

RESULTS:
In the post-BSS cohort, 112 patients were included with only 46% BSS and BMs concordance and modest BSS/BMs correlation (r = 0.27, P = 0.005). Compared with a pre-BSS cohort (N = 114), there was a lower 6-month total (4% vs 0.36%, P < 0.001) or HE-related admission (1% vs 0.12%, P = 0.002). Regression showed model for end-stage liver disease (odds ratio [OR]: 1.10, P = 0.003) and pre-BSS/post-BSS (OR: 0.04, P < 0.001) for all-cause admissions and HE (OR: 3.59, P = 0.04) and preera/postera (OR: 0.16, P = 0.02) for HE-related admissions as significant. HE medication regimens were more stable post-BSS vs pre-BSS (32% vs 20%, P = 0.04), which was due to patients with BSS > BMs (P = 0.02). In the longitudinal analysis, 33 patients without medication changes or underlying clinical status changes were tested 36 ± 24 days apart. No changes in BSS (P = 0.73) or BMs (P = 0.19) were found.

DISCUSSION:
BSS is complementary and additive to BM frequency, can modulate the risk of readmissions and stabilize HE-related therapy changes in outpatients with cirrhosis, and could help personalize HE management.
Pemanfaatan dan Arah Kebijakan Perencanaan Energi Panas Bumi di Indonesia Sebagai Keberlanjutan Maksimalisasi Energi Baru Terbarukan
Authors: Nurwahyudin Dindin Syarief , Harmoko Udi 
Published: November 2021

Penulisan ini dilakukan karena potensi panas bumi di Indonesia sangatlah tinggi. Perencanaan energi yang efektif dapat membuat realisasi pemanfaatan energi panas bumi dapat dimaksimalkan. Tujuan dari penulisan ini yaitu untuk mengetahui lebih dalam mengenai perencanaan dan arah kebijakan pemanfaatan energi panas bumi di Indonesia. Data yang digunakan adalah dengan menggunakan data sekunder sedangkan penelitian ini menggunakan metode normatif quantitatif yaitu memanfaatkan sumber data sekunder yang berdasarkan pada numerasi valid dari sumber yang valid. Hasil penulisan ini menunjukan bahwa Pemanfaatan panas bumi pada saat ini setara dengan pemakaian BBM domestik sebesar 32.000 BOE per hari (= 92.000 BOE per hari minyak mentah) atau sekitar 81.200 BOE per hari BBM domestik pada tahun 2025. Sementara itu, arah kebijakan energi diarahkan untuk ketenagalistrikan sesuai (PP No 79, 2014). Teknologi yang digunakan dalam pemanfaatan energi panas bumi pada Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Panas Bumi yaitu dry steam, flash steam, dan binary cycle. Ketiga macam teknologi ini pada dasarnya digunakan pada kondisi yang berbeda-beda. Kebutuhan investasi untuk 1 MW mencapai kisaran US$ 5 juta atau sedikit di bawah angka tersebut. keuntungan investasi yang harus didapat pengembang setidaknya mampu mencapai 13 persen hingga 14 persen. Hal ini tentunya sangatlah menarik untuk diketahui mengingat Indonesia sangat membutuhkan energi yang dapat memberikan keuntungan yang sangat tinggi untuk negara.
An Analysis of Playoff Performance Declines in Major League Baseball
Authors: Conforti Christian M. , Crotin Ryan L. , Oseguera Jordan 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Conforti, CM, HBA, Crotin, RL, RSCC, C, and Oseguera, J. An analysis of playoff performance declines in Major League Baseball. J Strength Cond Res 35(12S): S36–S41, 2021—At present, it is unknown how athletes of varying talent in Major League Baseball (MLB) perform in the postseason as compared with the regular season. Anecdotal evidence from the authors' previous work experience in MLB established the hypothesis that players of higher caliber were expected to perform worse in the playoffs compared with lesser talented cohorts. Publicly available data on 1477 MLB players from 1994 to 2019 were used to separate athletes into excellent, above average, average, and below average pitching, hitting, and defensive groups with respect to Fielding Independent Pitching (FIP), Weighted Runs Created Plus (wRC+), and Errors per Inning Out (EpIO), respectively. Mixed-model analyses of variance with Tukey's Honest Significant Difference post hoc testing was used to determine whether the change in performance was significant within groups at an a priori alpha level of p < 0.05. Within-subject effects' tests were statistically significant within regular season talent groups for FIP, wRC+, and EpIO in comparison with their playoff performance (p < 0.001). Excellent performers suffered most with more than half depreciating in playoff hitting (58%) and pitching performance (52%), yet nearly 80% of 908 fielders retained defensive ability, which was unexpected. Results indicate that teams should consider providing greater mental performance support, implement periodization strategies to taper or lower training workloads, offer team support networks, and anxiety desensitization for excellent MLB performers in approach of the playoffs, as certain aspects of pitching and hitting significantly suffer.
Carbohydrate Mouth Rinsing Does Not Alter Central or Peripheral Fatigue After High-Intensity and Low-Intensity Exercise in Men
Authors: Black Christopher D. , Haskins Kody R. , Bemben Michael G. , Larson Rebecca D. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Black, CD, Haskins, KR, Bemben, MG, and Larson, RD. Carbohydrate mouth rinsing does not alter central or peripheral fatigue after high-intensity and low-intensity exercise in men. J Strength Cond Res 36(1): 142–148, 2022—Carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinsing improves performance during endurance exercise. However, its ability to attenuate fatigue during strength-based exercise is less certain. This study sought to determine the effects of a CHO mouth rinse on torque production and voluntary activation (VA%) after high-intensity and low-intensity isometric exercise. Twelve male subjects (22.5 ± 2.3 years; 183.5 ± 6.5 cm; 82.2 ± 13.9 kg) completed 4 testing sessions in a double-blind crossover fashion. Knee extension maximal voluntary isometric strength (MVC) was assessed before(Pre), immediately (iPost-Ex), and 5 minutes (5-min Post Ex) after isometric exercise performed at 80% or 20% of MVC. An 8% CHO solution or placebo (PLA) was rinsed for 20 seconds after exercise. VA% was determined by twitch interpolation. A 2 condition (CHO vs. PLA) × 2 contraction intensity (20 vs. 80%) × 3 time (Pre, iPost Ex, and 5-min Post Ex) completely within subject-repeated measured analysis of variance was performed; statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Greater reductions in MVC were found at iPost-Ex after exercise at 20% compared with 80% of MVC (−25 ± 14% vs. −11 ± 8%; p < 0.001) as well as for VA% (−17 ± 14% vs. −8 ± 14%; p < 0.004). No differences were observed in the CHO vs. PLA condition (p ≥ 0.34). We were successful in eliciting differing levels of central and peripheral fatigue by exercising at a low and high intensity. Despite significantly larger declines in VA% after exercise at 20% of MVC, CHO mouth rinsing had no effects compared with placebo on any measured variable.
Knee Extensor Strength in Anterior Cruciate Ligament-Deficient Individuals Following Normal and Modified Squats: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Jean Liane M.Y. , Gross Douglas P. , Chiu Loren Z.F. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Jean, LMY, Gross, DP, and Chiu, LZF. Knee extensor strength in anterior cruciate ligament-deficient individuals following normal and modified squats: a randomized controlled trial. J Strength Cond Res 36(1): 47–54, 2022—Training with barbell squats, which load the quadriceps, increases knee extensor strength. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury results in a quadriceps avoidance substitution strategy, which may impair the efficacy of barbell squat training. Modified squats to promote quadriceps loading have been proposed to facilitate restoring knee extensor strength and function. This research compared resistance training using traditional squats (TRAD) versus traditional plus modified squats (EXP) in ACL-deficient individuals. Thirty-seven ACL-deficient individuals were randomly assigned to TRAD or EXP. Knee extensor function was assessed using maximum isometric strength testing and 3D motion analysis of sit-to-stand. Effect sizes for minimum meaningful improvement were established (d = 0.28–0.47). There were no significant differences between TRAD and EXP for knee extensor strength before, in response to, or after the training interventions (p > 0.05). Involved limb knee extensor strength increased at 15° (95% CI [0.09, 0.27] N·m·kgBM−1, d = 0.60), 30° (95% CI [0.25, 0.48] N·m·kgBM−1, d = 0.82), 45° (95% CI [0.32, 0.58] N·m·kgBM−1, d = 0.78), and 75° (95% CI [0.18, 0.46] N·m·kgBM−1, d = 0.54) knee flexion. Involved limb knee extensor net joint moment work in sit-to-stand (95% CI [0.034, 0.135] J·kgBM−1, d = 0.48) increased in both groups. Squat training was effective for increasing involved limb isometric knee extensor strength and knee extensor work performed in the sit-to-stand. Modified squats do not seem to provide additional benefit.
Effects of Postactivation Potentiation on Maximal Vertical Jump Performance After a Conditioning Contraction in Upper-Body and Lower-Body Muscle Groups
Authors: Downey Robert J. , Deprez Dalton A. , Chilibeck Philip D. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Downey, RJ, Deprez, DA, and Chilibeck, PD. Effects of postactivation potentiation on maximal vertical jump performance after a conditioning contraction in upper-body and lower-body muscle groups. J Strength Cond Res 36(1): 259–261, 2022—Postactivation potentiation (PAP) involves preperformance contractions that can condition a muscle to enhance subsequent force generation and power output. Our purpose was to examine the effects of conditioning contractions that are specific or nonspecific to the target performance on PAP. Resistance-trained subjects (14 males and 10 females) performed a 7-second isometric contraction involving back squat, bench press (as conditioning contractions), or a control condition (rest) on different days in random order, before maximal vertical jump performance. The back squat as a conditioning contraction increased maximal vertical jump by 1.1 ± 3.0 cm (p < 0.05); however, the bench press as a conditioning contraction unexpectedly reduced maximal vertical jump performance by 1.4 ± 2.7 cm (p < 0.05). Conditioning contractions used to elicit a PAP response should use muscles that are specific to the performance movement. Contractions that are not biomechanically similar to the performance movement may hinder subsequent performance.
Serum ferritin is correlated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in middle-aged and older patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Yan Jun-Xin , Pan Bin-Jing , Zhao Ping-Ping , Wang Li-Ting , Liu Jing-Fang , Fu Song-Bo 
Published: November 2021

Objective
Previous studies have shown the correlations between serum ferritin and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or diabetes. However, this relationship remains unclear in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) with NAFLD. Therefore, this study aimed to elaborate the relationship between serum ferritin levels and NAFLD in middle-aged and older patients with T2DM and further explored the biomarkers for NAFLD in T2DM.

Methods
A total of 805 middle-aged and older patients with T2DM were divided into NAFLD and non-NAFLD groups, and their serum ferritin levels were compared. Next, NAFLD group were divided into five subgroups according to the quintile levels of serum ferritin, and the differences in the constituent ratios of NAFLD were analyzed. A logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the risk factors for NAFLD in patients with T2DM.

Results
The serum ferritin levels were significantly higher in T2DM patients with NAFLD (168.47 (103.78, 248.00) ng/mL) than in the non-NAFLD patients (121.19 (76.97, 208.39) ng/mL). The constituent ratios of NAFLD were significantly higher in the F5 and F4 groups than in the F2 or F1 groups (22.70 and 22.70% vs. 15.90 and 16.90%, respectively; P < 0.05). Binary logistic regression analysis showed that serum ferritin (P = 0.001) was an independent risk factor for NAFLD in patients with T2DM.

Conclusions
Serum ferritin levels were significantly increased in T2DM with NAFLD, and the constituent ratios of NAFLD increased gradually along with the increased levels of serum ferritin. Thus, serum ferritin is an independent risk factor for NAFLD in patients with T2DM.
Iodine nutritional status, the prevalence of thyroid goiter and nodules in rural and urban residents: a cross-sectional study from Guangzhou, China
Authors: Yan Yuerong , You Lili , Wang Xiaoyi , Zhang Zhuo , Li Feng , Wu Hongshi , Wu Muchao , Zhang Jin , Wu Jiayun , Chen Caixia , Li Xiaohui , Xia Biwen , Xu Mingtong , Yan Li 
Published: November 2021

Objectives
A variety of factors differed between rural and urban areas may further influence iodine status and thyroid structure. Hence, this study compared iodine nutrition, the prevalence of thyroid goiter, and nodules between rural and urban residents in Guangzhou, a southern coastal city of China.

Methods
A total of 1211 rural residents and 1305 urban residents were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. A questionnaire regarding personal characteristics was administered. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was examined. Ultrasonography of the thyroid was performed to evaluate thyroid goiter and nodules. Multiple logistic analysis was used to identify the potential associated factors.

Results
The median UIC was significantly lower in rural residents than in urban residents (120.80 μg/L vs 136.00 μg/L, P < 0.001). Although the coverage rate of iodized salt was much higher in rural residents than in urban residents (99.59% vs 97.29%, P < 0.001), the percentages of seafood intake (8.60% vs 29.29%, P < 0.001), iodine-containing drug consumption (0.33% vs 1.24%, P = 0.011), and iodine contrast medium injection (0.58% vs 1.87%, P = 0.004) were lower in rural residents than in urban residents. Both the prevalence of thyroid goiters and nodules was significantly higher in rural residents than in urban residents (goiter: 8.06% vs 1.20%, P < 0.001; nodules: 61.89% vs 55.04%, P = 0.023). Living in rural areas was associated with thyroid goiter (OR 5.114, 95% CI 2.893–9.040, P < 0.001).

Conclusions
There were differences in iodine nutrition and the prevalence of thyroid goiter and nodules in rural and urban residents in Guangzhou. Differentiated and specialized monitoring is recommended in our area.