bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
General and fine structure of Aeolidia papillosa cnidosacs (Gastropoda: Nudibranchia)
Authors: Vorobyeva Olga A. , Malakhov Vladimir V. , Ekimova Irina A. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractNudibranch mollusks (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia) are widely known for their ability to incorporate some active biochemical compounds of their prey, or even organelles and symbionts of the prey, which assured biological success of this group. At the same time, the process of nematocysts obtaining and incorporation into specific structures called cnidosacs by cladobranch mollusks remain poorly studied. This highlights a necessity of additional ultrastructural studies of cnidosac and adjacent organs in various aeolid mollusks using modern microscopic methods as they may provide new insight into the cnidosac diversity and fine‐scale dynamics of nematocysts sequestration process. The present study is focused on the general and fine structure of the cnidosac area in cladobranch Aeolidia papillosa (Aeolidiidae). Specific goals of our study were to provide a detailed description of histological and ultrafine structure of epidermis, upper parts of the digestive glands and the cnidosac, its innervation and proliferation using standard histological techniques, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and transmission electron microscopy. Our results clearly demonstrated that A. papillosa cnidosac is a much more complex structure, than it was thought, especially compared with simple cnidosacs found in flabellinids and facelinids. Using CLSM for functional morphological analysis provides a better resolution in visualization of structural elements within a cnidosac compared with traditional histological techniques. We revealed the presence of two cell types in the cnidophage zone: cnidophages and interstitial cells, which differ in ultrastructure and function. Our results also document the presence of a specific cnidopore zone, lined with differentiated cuboid epithelium bearing long microvilli, which likely provides a unidirectional flow of nematocysts during kleptocnides extrusion. For the first time, occurrence of vacuoles containing protective chitinous spindles in the cnidosac epithelium was shown.
Evolution of eggshell structure in relation to nesting ecology in non‐avian reptiles
Authors: D'Alba Liliana , Goldenberg Jonathan , Nallapaneni Asritha , Parkinson Dilworth Y. , Zhu Chenhui , Vanthournout Bram , Shawkey Matthew D. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAmniotic eggs are multifunctional structures that enabled early tetrapods to colonize the land millions of years ago, and are now the reproductive mode of over 70% of all terrestrial amniotes. Eggshell morphology is at the core of animal survival, mediating the interactions between embryos and their environment, and has evolved into a massive diversity of forms and functions in modern reptiles. These functions are critical to embryonic survival and may serve as models for new antimicrobial and/or breathable membranes. However, we still lack critical data on the basic structural and functional properties of eggs, particularly of reptiles. Here, we first characterized egg shape, shell thickness, porosity, and mineralization of eggs from 91 reptile species using optical images, scanning electron microscopy, and micro computed tomography, and collected data on nesting ecology from the literature. We then used comparative analyses to test hypotheses on the selective pressures driving their evolution. We hypothesized that eggshell morphology has evolved to protect shells from physical damage and desiccation, and, in support, found a positive relationship between thickness and precipitation, and a negative relationship between porosity and temperature. Although mineralization varied extensively, it was not correlated with nesting ecology variables. Ancestral state reconstructions show thinning and increased porosity over evolutionary time in squamates, but the opposite in turtles and crocodilians. Egg shape, size, porosity and calcification were correlated, suggesting potential structural or developmental tradeoffs. This study provides new data and insights into the morphology and evolution of reptile eggs, and raises numerous questions for additional research.
Anatomical features of the phytotelma dwelling, egg‐eating, fanged tadpoles of Rhacophorus vampyrus (Anura: Rhacophoridae)
Authors: Vera Candioti Florencia , dos Santos Dias Pedro Henrique , Rowley Jodi J. L. , Hertwig Stefan , Haas Alexander , Altig Ronald 
Published: March 2021

AbstractTadpoles of the Vampire tree frog Rhacophorus vampyrus differ substantially from other rhacophorid tadpoles, by having profound modifications in external morphology. The morphological peculiarities of this species likely correlate with their arboreal microhabitat and strict oophagous diet. In this work, we examine buccal and musculoskeletal anatomy and compare them to other rhacophorid and egg‐eating larvae. The shape and arrangement of cartilages of the lower jaw are unique among tadpoles, and the lack of a palatoquadrate suspensorium is only known in the distantly related macrophagous tadpoles of the dicroglossid Occidozyga baluensis. The cranial musculature is massive, and the morphology of several mandibular, hyoid, and abdominal muscles could be related to the ingestion and transit of large eggs. In the buccal cavity, conspicuous aspects are the absence of ridges and papillae, and the development of a unique glandular zone in the buccal floor. Finally, observations of the skeletal support of keratinized mouthparts allow us to present a topography‐based hypothesis of homology of the conspicuous fangs of these tadpoles.
Measurement of Three‐Dimensional Internal Dynamic Strains in the Intervertebral Disc of the Lumbar Spine With Mechanical Loading and Golden‐Angle Radial Sparse Parallel‐Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Menon Rajiv G. , Zibetti Marcelo V.W. , Pendola Martin , Regatte Ravinder R. 
Published: March 2021

BackgroundNoninvasive measurement of internal dynamic strain can be potentially useful to characterize spine intervertebral disc (IVD) in the setting of injury or degenerative disease.PurposeTo develop and demonstrate a noninvasive technique to quantify three‐dimensional (3D) internal dynamic strains in the IVD using a combination of static mechanical loading of the IVD using a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐compatible ergometer.Study TypeProspective.SubjectsSilicone gel phantom studies were conducted to assess strain variation with load and repeatability. Mechanical testing was done on the phantoms to confirm MR results. Eight healthy human volunteers (four men and four woman, age = 29 ± 5 years) underwent MRI using a rest, static loading, and recovery paradigm. Repeatability tests were conducted in three subjects.Field Strength/SequenceMRI (3 T) with 3D continuous golden‐angle radial sparse parallel (GRASP) and compressed sensing (CS) reconstruction.AssessmentCS reconstruction of the images, motion deformation, and Lagrangian strain maps were calculated for five IVD segments from L1/L2 to L5/S1.Statistical TestsRanges of displacement and strain in each subject and the resulting mean and standard deviation were calculated. Student t‐tests were used to calculate changes in strain from loading to recovery. The correlation coefficient (CC) in the repeatability study was calculated.ResultsThe most compressive strain experienced by the IVD segments under loaded conditions was in the L4/L5 segment (−7.5 ± 2.9%). The change in minimum strain from load to recovery was the most for the L4/L5 segment (−7.5% to −5.0%, P = 0.026) and the least for the L1/L2 segment (−4.4% to −3.9%, P = 0.51). In vivo repeatability in three subjects shows strong correlation between scans in subjects done 6 months apart, with CCs equal to 0.86, 0.94, and 0.94 along principal directions.Data ConclusionThis study shows the feasibility of using static mechanical loading with continuous GRASP‐MRI acquisition with CS reconstruction to measure 3D internal dynamic strains in the spine IVD.Level of Evidence2Technical Efficacy Stage1
Enriched environment ameliorates chronic temporal lobe epilepsy‐induced behavioral hyperexcitability and restores synaptic plasticity in CA3–CA1 synapses in male Wistar rats
Authors: Salaka Raghava Jagadeesh , Nair Kala P. , Annamalai Kiruthiga , Srikumar Bettadapura N. , Kutty Bindu M. , Shankaranarayana Rao Byrathnahalli S. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractTemporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common form of focal epilepsies. Pharmacoresistance and comorbidities pose significant challenges to its treatment necessitating the development of non‐pharmacological approaches. In an earlier study, exposure to enriched environment (EE) reduced seizure frequency and duration and ameliorated chronic epilepsy‐induced depression in rats. However, the cellular basis of beneficial effects of EE remains unknown. Accordingly, in the current study, we evaluated the effects of EE in chronic epilepsy‐induced changes in behavioral hyperexcitability, synaptic transmission, synaptophysin (SYN), and calbindin (CB) expression, hippocampal subfield volumes and cell density in male Wistar rats. Epilepsy was induced by lithium–pilocarpine‐induced status epilepticus. Chronic epilepsy resulted in behavioral hyperexcitability, decreased basal synaptic transmission, increased paired‐pulse facilitation ratio, decreased hippocampal subfields volumes. Moreover, epileptic rats showed decreased synaptophysin and CB expression in the hippocampus. Six weeks post‐SE, epileptic rats were exposed to EE for 2 weeks, 6 hr/day. EE significantly reduced the behavioral hyperexcitability and restored basal synaptic transmission correlating with increased expression of SYN and CB. Our results reaffirm the beneficial effects of EE on behavior in chronic epilepsy and establishes some of the putative cellular mechanisms. Since drug resistance and comorbidities are a major concern in TLE, we propose EE as a potent non‐pharmacological treatment modality to mitigate these changes in chronic epilepsy.
Postimplantation pocket hematoma increases risk of cardiac implantable electronic device infection: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Kewcharoen Jakrin , Kanitsoraphan Chanavuth , Thangjui Sittinun , Leesutipornchai Thiratest , Saowapa Sakditad , Pokawattana Apichai , Navaravong Leenhapong 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIntroduction Several studies have shown an inconsistent relationship between postimplantation pocket hematoma and cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) infection. In this study, we performed a systematic review and meta‐analysis to explore the effect of postimplantation hematoma and the risk of CIED infection.Methods We searched the databases of MEDLINE and EMBASE from inception to March 2020. Included studies were cohort studies, case‐control studies, cross‐sectional studies, and randomized controlled trials that reported incidence of postimplantation pocket hematoma and CIED infection during the follow‐up period. CIED infection was defined as either a device‐related local or systemic infection. Data from each study were combined using the random effects, generic inverse variance method of Der Simonian and Laird to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).ResultsFourteen studies were included in final analysis, involving a total of 28 319 participants. In random‐effect model, we found that postimplantation pocket hematoma significantly increases the risk of overall CIED infection (OR = 6.30, 95% CI: 3.87‐10.24, I2 = 49.3%). There was no publication bias observed in the funnel plot as well as no small‐study effect observed in Egger’s test.ConclusionsOur meta‐analysis demonstrated that postimplantation pocket hematoma significantly increases the risk of CIED infection. Precaution should be taken during device implantation to reduce postimplantation hematoma and subsequent CIED infection.
Effects of aerosols on cloud and precipitation in East‐Asian drylands
Authors: Luo Run , Liu Yuzhi , Zhu Qingzhe , Tang Yuhan , Shao Tianbin 
Published: March 2021

AbstractExtensive observational and numerical simulations have been performed to better characterize the role of aerosols in affecting the clouds and precipitation. However, due to the large uncertainties of aerosol property, the effect of aerosols on clouds and precipitation over the arid and semiarid region (briefly called ‘drylands’) of East Asia (EA) is still unclear. Basing on observations and model simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5), we investigated the aerosol's effects on the cloud properties and precipitation over the drylands of EA from 1850 to the present and projected forward to 2,300. It is found that, during 1850–2005, with the mean aerosol optical depth (AOD) over the drylands of EA increasing, the cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC) increases, while the cloud effective droplet radius (CEDR) decreases significantly at a rate of −0.40 μm·century−1. Besides, the cloud water path (CWP) and precipitation show slightly increasing trends with the AOD increasing. Additionally, the effect of aerosols on cloud properties is saturated when the AODs reach 0.21 and 0.15 over the arid region (AR) and semiarid region (SR), respectively. According to the prediction for the period 2006–2300, the AOD and CDNC tend to decline over the drylands of EA, while the CWP, CEDR and precipitation show increasing trends. Particularly, the aerosol, clouds and precipitation indicate more significant changes over the SR in EA during 2006–2300. In future research, there is an urgent need to quantify the contribution of aerosol‐cloud interaction to the precipitation change over the drylands of EA.
Application of an improved multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis approach for estimation of the complexity of daily precipitation
Authors: Zhang Liangliang , Li Heng , Liu Dong , Fu Qiang , Li Mo , Faiz Muhammad Abrar , Ali Shoaib , Khan Muhammad Imran , Li Tianxiao 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAffected by climate change and high‐intensity human activities, the precipitation series is characterized by nonlinear complex fluctuations. In order to accurately quantify the precipitation complexity, the complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise (CEEMDAN) method was introduced to address the shortcomings of the traditional multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis (MFDFA), and the CEEMDAN‐MFFA method was proposed to explore the spatiotemporal variability and possible causes of precipitation complexity in Northeast China (NEC). The results showed that the traditional MFDFA method generally overestimated precipitation complexity. However, the CEEMDAN‐MFFA method improved the accuracy and reliability of precipitation complexity analysis. Daily precipitation series in NEC were characterized by multifractal with high uncertainty and anti‐persistence. The lowest precipitation complexity was 0.573, which appeared in Qian'an, Jilin Province, and the highest precipitation complexity was 1.108, which appeared in the Boketu, Inner Mongolia. The cities with high complexity of daily precipitation are sporadically distributed in the three provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning. The average complexity is ~0.892, accounting for 22.5% of the total administrative districts. The complexity of daily precipitation showed a statistically insignificant downward trend with time. The precipitation dynamics structure in the southeast and northwest of the study area was complex, and the precipitation was less predictable than other regions. However, the precipitation dynamics structure was relatively simple and the precipitation was easily predictable in the northeastern, central and southwestern regions. Elevation, topographic relief, changes in water area, forest area and agricultural production were the main influencing factors for the differences in precipitation complexity. Results also revealed that increasing the area of forestland by means of protecting and breeding forests, via regulation of the forest ecosystems to alleviate the complex precipitation process will become a reliable approach to cope with nonstationary precipitation.
The effect of total knee geometries on kinematics: An experimental study using a crouching machine
Authors: Walker Peter S. , Mhadgut Aishwarya , Buchalter Daniel B. , Kirby David J. , Hennessy Daniel 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObtaining anatomic knee kinematics after a total knee is likely to improve outcomes. We used a crouching machine to compare the kinematics of standard condylar designs with guided motion designs. The standard condylars included femoral sagittal radii with constant radius, J‐curve and G‐curve; the tibial surfaces were of low and high constraint. The guided motion designs were a medial pivot and a design with asymmetric condylar shapes and guiding surfaces. The machine had a flexion range from 0° to 125°, applied quadriceps and hamstring loading, and simulated the collateral soft tissues. The kinematics of all standard condylar knees were similar, showing only small anterior–posterior displacements and internal–external rotations. The two asymmetric designs showed posterior displacements during flexion, but less axial rotations than anatomic knees. The quadriceps forces throughout flexion were very similar between all designs, reflecting similar lever arms. It was concluded that standard condylar designs, even with variations in sagittal radii, are unlikely to reproduce anatomic kinematics. On the other hand, designs with asymmetric constraint between medial and lateral sides, and other guiding features, are likely to be the way forward. The mechanical testing method could be further improved by superimposing shear forces and torques during the flexion–extension motion, to include more stressful in vivo functional conditions.
Prediction of soft tissue coverage following distal femur bone sarcoma resection: A preliminary report
Authors: Baysal Özgür , Sağlam Fevzi , Akgülle Ahmet H. , Baykan Said E. , Erol Bülent 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe aimed to examine the predictability of the need for soft tissue reconstruction during limb‐sparing surgery through preoperative magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in patients diagnosed with a malignant bone tumor in the distal femur. The study included 42 patients who were operated for a bone sarcoma of the distal femur at our clinic between 2016 and 2018. The recorded parameters included the demographic characteristics of the patients, tumor diagnosis, tumor side, total tumor volume, tumor soft tissue component volume, tumor soft tissue component volume‐to‐total tumor volume ratio, tumor localization by MR imaging, the need for soft tissue reconstruction, the muscles used for soft tissue reconstruction, the biopsy site, and the biopsy type. Tumor volume was calculated on MR imaging of the distal femur region performed before surgery. Our study established cut‐off values for soft tissue reconstruction need following resection as a total tumor volume of 96.4 cm3, a tumor soft tissue component volume of 22 cm3, a tumor soft tissue component volume‐to‐total tumor volume ratio of 48.9%, and tumor localization in two different regions on axial distal femoral MR images. Considering these cut‐off values, by calculating tumor volume values preoperatively we can predict the need for rotational muscle flaps for soft tissue coverage following distal femur bone sarcoma resection and endoprosthesis reconstruction. Anticipating the need for soft tissue reconstruction may affect the duration and success of the operation.
“One Health” in tendinopathy research: Current concepts
Authors: Smith Roger K. W. , McIlwraith C. Wayne 
Published: March 2021

AbstractTendinopathy remains one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders affecting both human and equine athletes and presents a considerable therapeutic challenge. The following workshop report comes from the third Dorothy Havemeyer Symposium of Tendinopathy which provided a unique overview of our current understanding of both the basic science and the clinical challenges for diagnosing and treating tendinopathy in both species. Pathologically, tendon demonstrates alterations in both cellular, molecular, structural, and biomechanical features, leading to a spectrum of pathological endotypes. To develop novel interventions to manage, treat or prevent tendinopathies it is vital to understand the underlying mechanisms that lead to both tendon failure, and also regeneration and resolution of inflammation. The horse shows analogous pathology with both human Achilles tendinopathy (superficial digital flexor tendon) and intrathecal rotator cuff tears (deep digital flexor tendon tears) enabling scientists and clinicians from both medical and veterinary fields to work jointly on matching naturally occurring disease models. The experience in human medicine on the design, conduct, and impact of clinical trials has much to inform clinical trials in horses. There is a need to design appropriate studies to address clear questions, socialize the study to achieve good enrollment, and consider the significance and impact of the clinical question as well as the cost of addressing it. Because economics is often a limitation in equine medicine the use of observational studies, and specifically registries, should be given careful consideration.
What you see depends on where you sit: The effect of geographical location on web‐searching for systematic reviews: A case study
Authors: Cooper Chris , Lorenc Theo , Schauberger Ute 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThere is limited guidance on how to web‐search in systematic reviews and concern relates to the reproducibility of searches using search engines such as Google. The aim of this paper is to address one potential source of variation in Google searches: does the geographical location of a researcher affect Google search returns? Using a virtual private network, we ran the same web‐search for the medical technology Dasatinib in 12 different countries. Two researchers independently extracted the search returns by country organised by page rank. We compared: C1. any difference in the items returned by Google searches between countries and C2. any difference in the page rank of items returned between countries. Searches were undertaken on Monday September 28th 2020. From 12 countries, 43 items were identified. For C1: 19 items were common to all 12 countries. Twenty‐four items were missed by searches in some countries. This means that there were differences in search returns between countries. For C2: a randomised trial reported by Raddich et al was the first search return for all countries. All other items, common to all countries, varied in their page‐rank. We find that geographic location would appear to influence Google search returns based on the findings of this case study. The findings suggest that recording the location of the researcher undertaking web‐searching may now be an important factor to report alongside detail on steps taken to minimise personalisation of web‐searches covered by recent guidance. This finding also has implications for stopping‐rules.