bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differences Between Anticoagulated Patients With Ischemic Stroke Versus Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Schaub Fabian , Polymeris Alexandros A. , Schaedelin Sabine , Hert Lisa , Meya Louisa , Thilemann Sebastian , Traenka Christopher , Wagner Benjamin , Seiffge David , Gensicke Henrik , De Marchis Gian Marco , Bonati Leo , Engelter Stefan T. , Peters Nils , Lyrer Philippe 
Published: December 2021

Background
Data on the relative contribution of clinical and neuroimaging risk factors to acute ischemic stroke (AIS) versus intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) occurring on oral anticoagulant treatment are scarce.

Methods and Results
Cross‐sectional study was done on consecutive oral anticoagulant–treated patients presenting with AIS, transient ischemic attack (TIA), or ICH from the prospective observational NOACISP (Novel‐Oral‐Anticoagulants‐In‐Stroke‐Patients)‐Acute registry. We compared clinical and neuroimaging characteristics (small vessel disease markers and atherosclerosis) in ICH versus AIS/TIA (reference) using logistic regression. Among 734 patients presenting with stroke on oral anticoagulant treatment (404 [55%] direct oral anticoagulants, 330 [45%] vitamin K antagonists), 605 patients (82%) had AIS/TIA and 129 (18%) had ICH. Prior AIS/TIA, coronary artery disease, dyslipidemia, and worse renal function were associated with AIS/TIA (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] [95% CI] 0.51 [0.32–0.82], 0.48 [0.26–0.86], 0.55 [0.34–0.89], and 0.82 [0.75–0.90] per 10 mL/min). Prior ICH, older age, higher admission blood pressure, and statin treatment were associated with ICH (aOR [95% CI] 6.33 [2.87–14.04], 1.37 [1.04–1.81] per 10 years, 1.19 [1.10–1.29] per 10 mm Hg, and 1.81 [1.09–3.03]). Cerebral microbleeds and moderate‐to‐severe white matter hyperintensities contributed more to ICH (aOR [95% CI] 2.77 [1.34–6.18], and 2.62 [1.28–5.63]). Aortic arch, common and internal carotid artery atherosclerosis, and internal carotid artery stenosis ≥50% contributed more to AIS/TIA (aOR [95% CI] 0.54 [0.31–0.90], 0.29 [0.05–0.97], 0.48 [0.30–0.76], and 0.32 [0.13–0.67]).

Conclusions
In patients presenting with stroke on oral anticoagulant, AIS/TIA was 5 times more common than ICH. A high atherosclerotic burden (indicated by cardiovascular comorbidities and extracranial atherosclerosis) and prior AIS/TIA contributed more to AIS/TIA, while small vessel disease markers and prior ICH were stronger determinants for ICH.

Registration

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
; Unique identifier: NCT02353585.
Jam-Barrel Politics
Authors: Bonilla-Mejía Leonardo , Morales Juan S. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This paper studies the executive-legislative exchange of centrally allocated benefits (jam) for legislative support in Colombia using data from road building projects, legislative roll-call votes, and a leaked database which uncovered the assignment of road contracts to individual legislators. We draw hypotheses from a model in which an executive spreads jam to sway legislators. We document that assigned projects had excess costs, legislators targeted were more likely to be swing voters in congress, and legislators increased their support for the executive after their contracts were signed. The results are driven by legislators representing remote regions and constituencies with weaker political institutions.
Spending Response to a Predictable Increase in Mortgage Repayments: Evidence from Expiring Interest-Only Loans
Authors: Andersen Henrik Yde , Bech Stine Ludvig , De Stefani Alessia 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We study how homeowners' consumption responds to a negative and anticipated disposable income shock: the beginning of the amortization period on interest-only mortgages. We identify spending behavior through an event study approach, by matching loan-level data that covers the universe of Danish mortgages to detailed administrative registries on borrowers. In response to an average increase in installments worth 9% of income, consumption drops by 3% of income, when amortization begins. The reduction in expenditure is persistent. Borrowers who fail to smooth consumption are highly leveraged and likely to be denied a new interest-only loan, upon expiration.
Understanding the Rise in Life Expectancy Inequality
Authors: Dahl Gordon B. , Kreiner Claus Thustrup , Nielsen Torben Heien , Serena Benjamin Ly 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We provide a novel decomposition of changing gaps in life expectancy between rich and poor into differential changes in age-specific mortality rates and differences in “survivability.” Declining age-specific mortality rates increases life expectancy, but the gain is small if the likelihood of living to this age is small (ex ante survivability) or if the expected remaining lifetime is short (ex post survivability). Lower survivability of the poor explains half of the recent rise in inequality in the United States and the entire rise in Denmark. Declines in cardiovascular mortality benefited rich and poor, but inequality increased because of differences in lifestyle-related survivability.
The Role of the WTO in the Global Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Marceau Gabrielle , Garg Shivani 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The WTO and international trade have proven more important than ever during the COVID-19 pandemic. Indeed, without the delivery of food, medicines, masks and vaccines through commerce, the pandemic could not be contained. The WTO basic principles - transparency, non-discrimination, the prohibition against border restrictions, disciplines on subsidies to industrial and agriculture products, to name a few, and in particular the WTO monitoring system have helped countries collaborating and coordinating their actions to contain the pandemic and mitigate trade and global supply chain disruptions on essential goods. In addition, during this crisis, the WTO Secretariat and its Director-General assumed enhanced responsibilities to assist Members with their extraordinary needs. The WTO became the global forum for Members’ coordination of border and internal trade-related actions, for the debate on intellectual property and the request for waiving patent protections on vaccines, while playing an active role in stimulating the expansion of vaccine production capacity in developing countries. This article contends that the response of the WTO has augmented and legitimatized its role as a global governance forum.
To Stop and See: Contemplative Fieldwork as Thoughtful Observation
Authors: Schaarsberg Suzanne Klein 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Contemplation, or the practice of sitting still to ‘stop and see’, can expand one’s embodied awareness. This expanded awareness resembles ethnographic sensibility, a disposition practiced by researchers to generate an understanding of the ‘field’. My fieldwork on contemplative activism involves a double thoughtful observation: once as contemplation, and once as ethnographic sensitivity. How do I make sense of data as I cannot distinguish between my own embodied experiences of contemplation and my methodological practices as a fieldworker? How do I engage with ‘data’ that escape words when contemplative activism takes place in silence? Rather than making the familiar strange -as much literature on fieldwork suggests- keeping the ‘strange’ strange might be similarly productive, especially when it concerns esoteric experiences fieldworkers (perhaps) have in the field. Instead of ethnographic sensibility being about seeing differently, ‘learning’ in the field can be about practicing to ‘stop and see’ different things.
A Corpus-Based Study of the Discursive Construction of Corporate Identities by Chinese and American Banks
Authors: Cheng Xia , Shi Xingsong 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
By taking the perspective of Social Constructivism and the Discourse-Historical Approach, and using the corpus linguistic tool Wmatrix, this study compares the discursive strategies adopted by Chinese and American banks in their construction of corporate identities. The research underlines the shared and unique features presented in prominent themes, communication strategies and lexical patterns. It is found that Chinese banks prefer to emphasise their historical development, industrial ranking and organisational structure to positively construct their identity as industry leaders, adopting a corporate ability strategy through the frequent usage of numbers and superlative adjectives. However, American banks tend to stress care for their employees, communities and environment. They prefer to use a corporate responsibility strategy to build their identity as social contributors through the frequent usage of performative verbs to exhibit specific corporate activities. This study may have practical implications for Chinese companies wishing to improve their international communication capability and may offer educational implications for Business English teaching.
Observational Study on Boundary Layer Moist Static Energy Budget over the Tropical Western Pacific and Its Variability Associated with Boreal Summer Intraseasonal Oscillation
Authors: Yokoi Satoru , Katsumata Masaki 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Moist static energy (MSE) in the atmospheric boundary layer (BL) is one of the essential parameters determining convective activity over tropical oceanic areas. It is thus important to quantitatively understand BL MSE budget processes and their variability. Among these processes, only few studies have evaluated contributions of entrainment across the BL top and convective downdraft. This study aims to estimate these contributions by analyzing upper-air and surface meteorological observations obtained using research vessel Mirai over the tropical western Pacific in June 2008. Daily mean downward mass fluxes due to the two processes are calculated using BL dry static energy and moisture budget equations under the BL quasi-equilibrium approximation. Estimated mass fluxes are consistent with convective activity observed by a shipborne weather radar and a ceilometer. This study further examines how the mass fluxes and budget processes are modulated when a convectively active phase of boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation arrives at the observation area in the second half of the month. It is found that, while the contribution of the entrainment does not change significantly, the convective downdraft mass flux and the resultant BL MSE export increase 5 times and 3 times, respectively, in the convectively active period compared with those in the preactive period. Furthermore, ∼1/4 of the increase in the convective downdraft mass flux is attributable to the increase in MSE of convective downdraft air associated with midtropospheric moistening.
Diurnal Differences in Tropical Maritime Anvil Cloud Evolution
Authors: Gasparini Blaž , Sokol Adam B. , Wall Casey J. , Hartmann Dennis L. , Blossey Peter N. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractSatellite observations of tropical maritime convection indicate an afternoon maximum in anvil cloud fraction that cannot be explained by the diurnal cycle of deep convection peaking at night. We use idealized cloud-resolving model simulations of single anvil cloud evolution pathways, initialized at different times of the day, to show that tropical anvil clouds formed during the day are more widespread and longer lasting than those formed at night. This diurnal difference is caused by shortwave radiative heating, which lofts and spreads anvil clouds via a mesoscale circulation that is largely absent at night, when a different, longwave-driven circulation dominates. The nighttime circulation entrains dry environmental air that erodes cloud top and shortens anvil lifetime. Increased ice nucleation in more turbulent nighttime conditions supported by the longwave cloud-top cooling and cloud-base heating dipole cannot compensate for the effect of diurnal shortwave radiative heating. Radiative–convective equilibrium simulations with a realistic diurnal cycle of insolation confirm the crucial role of shortwave heating in lofting and sustaining anvil clouds. The shortwave-driven mesoscale ascent leads to daytime anvils with larger ice crystal size, number concentration, and water content at cloud top than their nighttime counterparts.Significance StatementDeep convective activity and rainfall peak at night over the tropical oceans. However, anvil clouds that originate from the tops of deep convective clouds reach their largest extent in the afternoon hours. We study the underlying physical mechanisms that lead to this discrepancy by simulating the evolution of anvil clouds with a high-resolution model. We find that the absorption of sunlight by ice crystals lofts and spreads the daytime anvil clouds over a larger area, increasing their lifetime, changing their properties, and thus influencing their impact on climate. Our findings show that it is important not only to simulate the correct onset of deep convection but also to correctly represent anvil cloud evolution for skillful simulations of the tropical energy balance.
Prevalence and Predictors of PTSD During the Initial Stage of COVID-19 Epidemic among Female College Students in China
Authors: Si Ming-Yu , Su Xiao-You , Jiang Yu , Wang Wen-Jun , Gu Xiao-Fen , Ma Li , Li Jing , Zhang Shao-Kai , Ren Ze-Fang , Liu Yuan-Li , Qiao You-Lin 
Published: December 2021

Background College students are vulnerable and may experience high stress due to COVID-19, especially girls. This study aims to identify posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and related factors among the target population during the initial phases of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods In the initial phase of COVID-19 epidemic (February 23 to March 5, 2020), 2205 female college students from six provinces in mainland China were enrolled in this study and completed the online survey about the cognitive status of COVID-19, including the Impact of Event Scale-6, the Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale and a self-developed 10-item Perceived threat scale. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were performed using SPSS software to explore the determinants of PTSD symptoms. Results PTSD symptoms were prevalent in female college students, and 34.20% met the cut-off for PTSD. Self-reported fair or poor health (AOR = 1.78, 95% CI: 1.22-2.59), high concern about COVID-19 (AOR = 1.66, 95% CI: 1.35-2.03), beliefs that “COVID-19 can cause a global outbreak” (AOR = 1.26, 95% CI: 1.02-1.56), the perception of “risk of infection” (AOR = 2.46, 95% CI: 2.16–2.81), beliefs that “closed management” and “COVID-19 as a public health emergency of international concern” would have an impact, and the fear of “impact on life planning” were all positively associated with PTSD (AOR = 1.37, 1.22, and 1.29, respectively); however, perceived social support from family (AOR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.70-0.93) was negatively associated with PTSD. Among the significant variables at the bivariate level, multivariate logistic regression revealed that the greatest protector for PTSD was the high knowledge score (AOR = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.60–0.90), while had confirmed cases among relatives and friends (AOR = 7.70, 95% CI: 1.28-46.25) was the strongest predictor of PTSD. Conclusions In summary, PTSD symptoms were prevalent among female college students in China during the COVID-19 epidemic. Targeting vulnerable populations to improve their knowledge about COVID-19 and create an atmosphere of social support would be beneficial. Moreover, the joint efforts from family, school administrators, and policymakers are essential to improve the mental health of the female students during the COVID-19 epidemic.
Entering, Staying, Shifting, Leaving, and Sometimes Returning: A Descriptive Analysis of the Career Trajectories of Two Cohorts of Alternatively Certified Mathematics Teachers
Authors: Brantlinger Andrew 
Published: December 2021

Background: By attracting high-achieving college graduates and professional career changers, selective alternative certification programs, such as the New York City Teaching Fellows (NYCTF), promise to address pressing teacher shortages while also improving outcomes in hard-to-staff schools. Purpose: Looking at the main patterns in their careers before, during, and after completing NYCTF, the study provides insights into the short- and long-term impacts of mathematics teachers who entered as first- and second-career teachers on NYC public schools and the people in them. Participants: The study tracked the career trajectories and decision-making of more than 600 NYCTF mathematics teachers over a 9-year period. Research design: The longitudinal analysis of the teachers’ career trajectories is illuminated by descriptive statistics and qualitative analyses of their responses to open-ended survey items. Results: The article provides a portrait of urban mathematics teachers’ career decision-making as it unfolds over time. It challenges conventional understandings by demonstrating the stochastic nature of teachers’ career decision-making and, as part of this, consequential amounts of involuntary and midyear turnover. It further shows that, although in many ways similar, the career trajectories of the career changers and recent college graduates differed in key regards. Recommendations: On their own, strategies designed to attract high-achieving recent graduates and professional career changers to teach core subjects like mathematics will not solve long-standing teacher turnover and shortage issues in in high-needs urban schools. Districts also should focus on retention strategies, including training and induction tailored to meet the different needs and career goals of first- and second-career teachers.
Nonbinary Beginning Teachers: Gender, Power, and Professionalism in Teacher Education
Authors: Iskander Lee 
Published: December 2021

Background/Context: In recent years, Canadian and U.S. schools have increased efforts to recognize gender diversity and reduce gender-based harassment, in large part because a growing number of young people are coming out as transgender or nonbinary in adolescence. However, little research explores nonbinary teachers’ experiences or investigates barriers to their entry into the profession. Purpose: This article begins to fill this gap by showing how six nonbinary beginning teachers navigated gender expectations, worked to appear professional, and negotiated racial and gendered power dynamics in their initial teacher education and preservice teaching. Participants: Participants include six nonbinary preservice teachers of diverse gender expression and racial and class backgrounds who were enrolled or had recently completed teacher education in North America when the study was conducted in 2018. Research Design: This qualitative study employed in-depth, phenomenological interviews. This article uses Sara Ahmed’s concept of the “willful subject” to consider how participants negotiated the relationship between their gender identities as nonbinary people and their nascent professional identities as teachers. Conclusion: These beginning teachers expressed concern about succeeding in their teacher education programs and worried about how others perceived them because of the expectation of normative gender implicit in teaching’s professional norms. This expectation was enforced by the profession’s gatekeepers more than by K–12 students and their families, who participants generally described as hospitable or indifferent to having a nonbinary teacher. If the profession is to genuinely welcome gender diversity, it must recognize and work to deconstruct its own gender normativity.
Delays in Infant Hearing Detection and Intervention During the COVID‐19 Pandemic: Commentary
Authors: Jenks Carolyn M. , DeSell Melinda , Walsh Jonathan 
Published: December 2021

Early detection and intervention for congenital hearing loss are critical for speech and language development. Newborns should receive hearing screening, diagnosis, and intervention by 1, 3, and 6 months, respectively. The COVID‐19 pandemic has caused delays in each step of this process. Increased out‐of‐hospital births and shortages of essential health care services likely reduced the proportion of newborns completing screening. Additional factors have contributed to delayed diagnosis. We estimate that up to 50% of infants born with hearing loss in Maryland in 2021 may be delayed in diagnosis. Hearing loss interventions have been affected due to delayed initiation, reduced availability, and lack of in‐person services. Delayed diagnosis and treatment of congenital hearing loss are likely to have significant effects on individual patients and public health, the full magnitude of which will not be known for years. Opportunities exist for providers to mitigate the negative effects of COVID‐19 on pediatric hearing health care.
Use of long term aprepitant as a treatment for refractory nausea following oesophageal stent insertion – a case report
Authors: Shoulder Richard , Taylor Joseph , Stiel Hilary 
Published: December 2021

Background: Aprepitant, a substance P neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist, is licenced for the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with highly and moderately emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Case: A 33 year-old male with metastatic gastro-oesophageal cancer had multiple admissions for refractory nausea and vomiting following insertion of an oesophageal stent. Action: Mechanical issues with the stent, stent removal and central causes were excluded. Multiple anti-emetic agents were trialled in combination and with varying routes of administration without significant symptomatic improvement. Formulation: A trial of aprepitant was proposed as an off-licence therapy. Outcome: One hundred sixty-five milligrammes of aprepitant was given orally every 3 days and then up titrated to once daily with significant symptomatic improvement enabling the patient to tolerate an oral diet. The patient remained stable at 12 weeks and has been accepted into two clinical trials for potential further cancer treatment. Lessons: Aprepitant can be effective in refractory nausea and vomiting outside of emetogenic chemotherapy and safely used as a chronic treatment. The prevalence of refractory nausea and vomiting as a rare adverse outcome post-oesophageal stent insertion should be studied. What now? Further research of neurokinin-1 inhibitors for indications other than chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting is indicated.