bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La Recherche et l’Innovation en France
Authors: Nemessany Violette 
Published: October 2021

La France, comme la plupart des pays industriels, soutient la création et le développement d’entreprises de technologies innovantes, appelées start-up ou, dans le vocabulaire du ministère de l’Économie et des Finances, « jeunes pousses ». L’important soutien de l’État français à la création d’entreprises innovantes se justifie par le rôle central que jouent les jeunes pousses non seulement dans l’innovation technologique, mais aussi dans la création de valeur et, plus largement, dans la croissance économique. L’efficacité de cette politique publique se mesure par conséquent au volume d’activité économique ainsi engendré. De ce point de vue, pour mesurer le bénéfice sociétal de l’investissement public dans l’entrepreneuriat innovant, il convient de s’interroger sur le devenir de ces start-up . Le sort le plus courant d’une jeune pousse, lorsqu’elle connaît un grand succès technique et commercial, est d’être achetée par un géant de l’industrie. Dans un premier temps, ce chapitre détaille les principales motivations stratégiques qui poussent les start-up à la sortie industrielle, et les sources de valeur qui justifient leur achat par un grand groupe. Dans un deuxième temps sont décrites les difficultés rencontrées, de façon symétrique par les deux parties, tout au long du processus d’intégration de la jeune pousse dans le groupe. Et ce à travers le parcours de sept fondateurs de start-up qui ont été achetées par un industriel. Le chapitre présente, dans un troisième temps, les trois cas d’intégration réussie rencontrés dans le cadre de ce travail. Il montre alors comment la valeur de la jeune entreprise se déplace géographiquement et se développe au sein de la nouvelle entité. Pour conclure, des recommandations sont formulées à destination des créateurs de jeunes pousses et des dirigeants de grands groupes acheteurs.
Detection of acid sphingomyelinase in human saliva and its advantages in the diagnosis of Niemann-Pick disease type B
Authors: Giner-Ayala Alicia , Angaroni Celia Juana , de Kremer Raquel Dodelson , Martínez Lidia Dora 
Published: October 2021

Background:
Niemann-Pick disease type B is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder caused by a deficiency of acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) coded by SMPD1 gene. Diagnostic assays for this enzyme were developed using fibroblasts, leukocytes, plasma and dry blood spots, however, there are no expression studies in saliva in the literature, so far. Saliva is a biofluid used to analyze the health/disease condition of an individual.

Methods:
We standardized a fluorometric method to determine ASM activity in human saliva of control subjects and in one NPD-B patient.

Results:
ASM activity was detected in all saliva samples. The range of ASM in saliva of 28 control subjects was 4.5 - 70.4 with an average of 26.93 ± 15.7 nmol/17h/mg of protein. Values in plasma were significantly lower, a 0.056- 3.2 range, with an average of 0.85 ± 0.7 nmol/17h/mg of protein. There was no correlation between saliva and plasma samples (R2= 0.001). ASM was markedly deficient in saliva activity of (0.09 nmol/17h/ mg of protein) as well as in the leukocyte pellet (0.125 nmol/17h/mg protein) and in the plasma (0.68 nmol/17h) of the NPD-B patient.

Conclusion:
Our observations indicate that saliva could be an alternative biofluid to plasma and to leucocytes to measure ASM activity, representing a non-invasive, easy-collection diagnostic means, which would allow the identification and characterization of these entities.
Nudging Handwashing among Primary School Students in the Philippines: Evidence from a Cluster Randomized Trial
Authors: Huang Haijing Crystal , Le Nhu , Battle Meghan , Villasenor Jon Michael , Maule Louise 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT.
Handwashing is key to preventing the transmission of various infectious diseases of which school-aged children are particularly susceptible. Traditional, information-messaging campaigns may increase handwashing awareness but have had limited success in promoting behavior change. Behavioral economics “nudges,” which explicitly target the knowledge-behavior gap, is a promising alternative. We evaluate the impact of school-based nudges in the first fully powered cluster randomized controlled trial in the Philippines. Out of our sample of 132 eligible schools, we randomly assigned half to receive nudges, including contextual cues (painted footpath from toilet to handwashing station) and visible reminders (posters and eye sticker), and half to the control group. Four months after implementation, we measured handwashing with soap (HWWS) after toilet use among grades 1–6 students using direct observation and compared this outcome between treatment and control schools. We also assessed whether nudges increased soap availability. The intervention increased HWWS rates by 17.3% points (pp), [95% CI: 4.2, 30.4] in treatment schools from the control group mean of 11.7%. The effect size was comparable across gender and age groups. Access to functioning handwashing facilities with soap increased by 36% (+20.2 pp, 95% CI: 10.9, 29.4). Mediation analysis suggests the program simultaneously nudged students to wash hands with soap in classrooms that already had soap, and nudged teachers to provide soap where it was not already available. These findings demonstrate that behavioral nudges costing less than $70 per school can lead to significant increases in HWWS among students 4 months post-intervention.
Evidence-Based Health Behavior Interventions for Cholera: Lessons from an Outbreak Investigation in India
Authors: Deoshatwar Avinash , Salve Dawal , Gopalkrishna Varanasi , Kumar Anuj , Barve Uday , Joshi Madhuri , Katendra Savita , Dhembre Varsha , Maheshwari Shradha , Viswanathan Rajlakshmi 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT.
In rural India, since 2014, the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (Clean India Mission) has ensured construction of more than 100 million toilets and is now focusing on reinforcement of sanitation behaviors. We report a cholera outbreak in a remote village in western India where open defecation was implicated in causation. A water pipeline was damaged in the vicinity of a stream flowing from a site of open defecation. Despite the availability of a toilet facility in the majority of households (75%), open defecation was widely practiced (62.8%). Many reported not washing hands with soap and water before eating (78.5%) and after defecation (61.1%). The study emphasizes the need for focused health behavior studies and evidence-based interventions to reduce the occurrence of cholera outbreaks. This could be the last lap in the path toward achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 6, which aims to “ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.”
Molecular Identification of the Human Pathogen Amphimerus sp. in the Freshwater Snail Aroapyrgus sp. in Ecuador
Authors: Calvopiña Manuel , Bastidas-Caldes Carlos , Romero Francisco , Villacrés-Granda Irina , Pointier Jean-Pierre , Takagi Hidekazu , Sugiyama Hiromu 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT.
Here, we report for the first time the snail intermediate host for the Amphimerus liver fluke, a foodborne trematodiasis. In Ecuador, Amphimerus of the Opisthorchiidae family, infects humans, cats, and dogs, in the tropical Pacific-coast region. Opisthorchiidae comprising also Clonorchis sinensis, Opisthorchis sp., and Metorchis sp., have complex life cycles involving a definitive and two intermediate hosts. We identified morphologically and investigated the presence and prevalence of Amphimerus cercaria and DNA in freshwater snails collected in a human-amphimeriasis endemic region in Ecuador, extracted DNA from snail tissue and emerged cercariae, performed real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the newly developed primers and probe amplifying the Amphimerus ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region, and sequenced the amplified DNA fragment. We collected 2,800 snails, characterized four species Aroapyrgus sp., Melanoides tuberculata, Biomphalaria cousini, and Aplexa marmorata, isolated three cercariae morphotypes. Of the 640 snails analyzed by qPCR, only Aroapyrgus and one of the three cercariae resulted positive, at a 15% infection prevalence. Polymerase chain reaction revealed that the Aroapyrgus snail and cercaria-morphotype-3 corresponded to Amphimerus, but not to C. sinensis, Fasciola hepatica, or Paragonimus mexicanus. The sequence of amplified DNA product matched that of human-isolated Amphimerus. This finding constitutes the first documentation that Aroapyrgus sp. is the first intermediate host for the Amphimerus sp. that infect humans in Ecuador. The ITS2–gene PCR and sequencing analysis demonstrated a high prevalence of snail infection and proved useful for detecting the infection in snails, which findings can help the establishment of suitable control programs against transmission in any endemic region of interest.
Prevalence of Micronutrient Deficiencies among Preschool and School-Going Children in Flood-Hit Areas of Pakistan
Authors: Haq Ijaz ul , Mehmood Zafar , Mujahid Abdul Majid , Ahmed Bilal , Shah Jahan , Khan Nadar , Haq Ihtisham Ul , Shahzad Muhammad , Khan Ejaz Ali , Khan Abbas , Zeb Umar , Xu Jielian , Xue Yufang , Chen Xiaoshuang 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT.
There is minimal literature regarding micronutrient deficiencies in flood-affected regions. In our study, we aimed to find the prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies (vitamin A, calcium, zinc, iron, and iodine) among preschool and school-age children in flood-hit areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. In this cross-sectional study, a multi-stage sampling technique was used for the selection of 656 households. Serum micronutrient status was detected in the targeted population in the affected districts. The least significant difference test was used with analysis of variance to determine significant differences in nutrient contents in different areas. Of the total respondents, 90.8% of the children were calcium deficient, 88.3% were zinc deficient, 26.7% were iron deficient, 53.5% were vitamin A deficient, and 39.5% were had an iodine deficiency in flood-affected areas. A significant difference (P < 0.05) was found in different age groups of children for zinc (5.7–42.63 μg/dL) and urinary iodine (69.6–85.4 μg/L). The 10- to 12-year-old age group had a lower serum zinc concentration (5.7 μg/dL), whereas the 1- to 3-year-old age group had a lower urinary iodine concentration (69.6 μg/L) than other groups. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between male and female children and various age groups for calcium and iron status. Vitamin A levels were significantly (P < 0.05) different among different age groups (high in age group 4–6 years) and districts. Vitamin A concentration was lower in the Nowshera District, whereas serum iron and zinc were lower in the Dera Ismail Khan District. All the important micronutrients in the population of children were deficient in the flood-affected areas of Pakistan. Therefore, policymakers should implement potential prevention strategies, such as food security, school health nutrition, food fortification, nutrition in the first 1,000 golden days, nutrition knowledge, and awareness of the local population, to reduce the burden of micronutrients deficiencies in flood-affected areas.
Proxy Responses for Mass Drug Administration Coverage Surveys: The Trends and Biases When Others are Allowed to Respond
Authors: Jose Rini , Bougma Roland , Drabo Franck , Tukahebwa Edridah Muheki , Mkwanda Square , Gass Katherine 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT.
Coverage surveys for mass drug administration (MDA) rely on respondent recall and often permit proxy responses, whereby another household member is allowed to respond on behalf of an absent individual. In this secondary analysis of coverage surveys in Malawi, Burkina Faso, and Uganda, we explore the characteristics of individuals who require proxy responses and quantify the association between proxy responses and reported drug coverage. The adjusted logistic regression model found that men 11–39 years and women 11–18 years who were eligible for MDA had greater odds of requiring a proxy response compared with ineligible men and women in the same age groups. A hierarchical multivariable analysis found that proxy responses had 1.70 times the odds of reporting ingestion of MDA drugs compared with first-person responses, controlling for age and sex (95% CI: 1.17, 2.46). This finding is surprising, given that individuals absent during a coverage survey may also have been absent during the MDA, and suggests that proxy responses may be leading to an inflation of survey estimates of drug coverage. This study highlights the possibility for recall bias in proxy responses to MDA coverage; however, excluding absent individuals from coverage surveys would introduce a new bias. Further research is necessary to determine the best method for obtaining information on drug coverage when individuals are absent.
Utilising a simulated clinical rotation elective to prepare pharmacy students for experiential education
Authors: Bowers Riley , Dircksen Katie , Baker Carrie 
Published: October 2021

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of an Introduction to Internal Medicine (ITIM) elective course on student preparedness for experiential education.
Methods: A one-credit elective was offered to second and third-year professional students. It was designed to simulate a typical day as a fourth-year student on rotation while utilising a simulated electronic health record. Upon completion of the course, a survey was sent to assess student preparedness for rotational activities. The students’ reported level of preparedness was compared to their preceptors’ assessment of these same survey items.
Results: Thirty-six students and their preceptors responded to the survey. Students rated their preparedness highly, with 80% responding as moderately prepared or higher in navigating a patient chart, identifying patients’ problems, presenting a patient, and identifying treatments for common disease states. Preceptors also noted that over 90% of the students were moderately or much better prepared than students who did not complete the elective.
Conclusion: Students completing the ITIM elective course demonstrated high levels of preparedness for a variety of rotational activities from patient care to professional communication.
Pembelajaran Literasi Membaca Siswa Sekolah Dasar Kelas I
Authors: Syarif Ahmad 
Published: October 2021

This study aims to understand deeply the learning of literacy reading in elementary school class I. The research problem is based on the low student interest in learning, low literacy reading skills, and the teacher is too focused on the 2013 curriculum without facilitating student needs. The research method uses a qualitative approach to the design of phenomenology with the stages of essence deepening, variations in imagination, and reduction of phenomenology. The time and place of the study were conducted at Cijambu Elementary School in Elementary School I class, located at Jln Cigombong Station, Bogor Regency. The study was conducted for six months. The results were obtained that reading literacy learning uses Curriculum 2013 with the aim of reading comprehension. Learning media use word cards and learning strategies use the phonic approach for those who cannot read and the direct approach for those who have mastered phonemic awareness. Evaluation of learning is carried out formally according to the curriculum without an innovation development in the form of literacy assessment. Recommendations namely, this research should be developed in other aspects of language to be more comprehensive.
Keywords: Learning, Reading Literacy, Grade I Students
Peranan Guru Fiqih Terhadap Pembinaan Sholat Berjama’ah Siswa Kelas IX MTs Jam’iyah Mahmudiyah Desa Batu Melenggang
Authors: Sabariah Hayatun_ , Ramadhani Ima Sari , Pramita Sindi , Hanim Mudrika 
Published: October 2021

This research uses 3 stages, namely; the research instrument preparation stage, the research instrument trial stage, the research implementation stage. The subjects of this study were teachers and students of MTs Jam'iyah Mahmudiyah Batu Melenggang Village. Data collection techniques used interviews, observations, document research, literature studies and questionnaires/questionnaires. Fiqh Learning Process at MTs Jam'iyah Mahmudiyah Batu Melenggang V0illage .which has an average result of 55.63, a median of 54.17, a mode of 50.5, a variant of 91.32 and a standard deviation of 9.55 acceptable with a significance limit of good tolerance and meets the criteria. Congregational Prayer Guidance for Class IX Students at MTs Jam'iyah Mahmudiyah Batu Melenggang Village has an average result of 66.27, a median of 56.62, a mode of 58.06, a variant of 28.27 and a standard deviation of 5.32 accepted with a tolerance significance limit. There is a significant relationship between the role of the Fiqh teacher on the formation of congregational prayer for Class IX students at MTs Jam'iyah Mahmudiyah in Batu Melenggang Village with the results of Fcount = 10,903 and Ftable (1.31) (0.01) = 7.53 which can be concluded Fcount≥Ftable by accepting Ha and rejecting H0 with the regression line equation of 49.55+0.29 X.
COMMUNICATING CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY ACTIVITIES FOR THE REPUTATION OF AVIATION INDUSTRY IN KENYA
Authors: Manyala Nelly , Mberia Hellen 
Published: October 2021

Purpose: The main objective of this study was to establish the impact of communication strategies used by Kenya Airports Authority while conducting CSR activities.
Materials and Methods: The theories that informed this study were: Attribution theory, Grunig theory and Hunt Model theory. Descriptive research design was adopted. The research targeted a population of 2,800 participants of KAA. Data was collected through questionnaires and administered to respondents in Kenya Airports Authority (KAA). The study employed both stratified and simple random technique. Data was collected using structured questionnaires. Quantitative data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences computer software package (SPSS statistics version 22). Descriptive statistics drawn include mean, and standard deviation which were presented in tables and graphs. Inferential statistics drawn include multiple regression and correlation analysis.
Results: The results revealed that there is a positive relationship between Self-Centred Communication Strategy and the reputation of Aviation Industry in Kenya. The results indicated that there is a positive relationship between Mediated Communication Strategy and the reputation of Aviation Industry in Kenya. The results revealed that there is a positive relationship between Dialogic Communication Strategy and the reputation of Aviation Industry in Kenya.
Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The study recommended to the airlines in Kenya to consider incorporating the communication strategy, and especially the Dialogic Communication Strategy, in their CSR activities in order to have a desirable reputation. The study findings also recommended that more studies be done in future to establish the role played by other communication strategies used to communicate Corporate Social Responsibility activities on the reputation of aviation industry. The study also recommends the need to not only engage the publics through dialogic communication, but also acting on the feedbacks received.
Novel Alhagi maurorum leaves mediated synthesis of titanium nanoparticles for human breast carcinoma applications: a preclinical trial
Authors: Ye Jiahui , Shi Jiajun , Zhang Meng , Zhang Yin , Tao jinqiu , Jiang Songsong , Wang Yinhe , Zhang Weijie , Yao Yongzhong , Zhou Jing 
Published: October 2021

IntroductionIn this study, titanium nanoparticles (TiNPs) were synthesized in an aqueous medium using Alhagi maurorum extract as stabilizing and reducing agents.Material and methodsUltraviolet–visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis), fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (EDS) were the techniques to characterize the biosynthetic of TiNPs. According to the XRD analysis. To survey the anti-human breast cancer effects of TiNPs, MTT assay was used on the common breast cancer cell lines i.e., breast cancer (Breast adenocarcinoma (MCF7), infiltrating ductal cell carcinoma (Hs 319.T), inflammatory carcinoma of the breast (UACC-732), and metastatic carcinoma (MDA-MB-453) cell lines.Results16.08 nm was measured for TiNPs crystal size. SEM images exhibited a uniform spherical morphology in range size of 12.16 to 43.46 nm for the biosynthesized nanoparticles respectively. The cell viability of breast carcinoma cells decreased dose-dependently in the titanium nanoparticles presence. The IC50 of A. maurorum and titanium particles on MCF7 cell line were 680 and 359 µg/mL, on Hs 319.T cell line were 507 and 191 µg/mL, on UACC-732 cell line were 477 and 217 µg/mL, and on MDA-MB-453cell line were 507 and 191 µg/mL, respectively. TiNPs had high anti-breast cancer activities dose-dependently against MCF7, Hs 319.T, UACC-732, and MDA-MB-453 cell lines.ConclusionsThe best result of anti-breast cancer effects was seen in the case of the Hs 319.T cell line.
5G Versus Wi-Fi: Challenges for Economic, Spectrum, and Security Policy
Authors: Layton Roslyn , Witkowski David 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACTThe Federal Communications Commission (FCC) declares that 5G and Wi-Fi are complementary technologies. This sanguine observation belies the intense competition between policy actors to secure finite radio spectrum for these technologies. Although consumers may experience the “seamlessness” enabled by wireless technologies, there are important economic, spectrum, and security differences between 5G and Wi-Fi. The technical elements of 5G and Wi-Fi have different security vulnerabilities in protocols, infrastructure, encryption, authentication, and equipment. The FCC spectrum allocation decisions have inherent security implications, particularly when it can deem a spectrum band for licensed or unlicensed use. To demonstrate the differences and the policy implications, the article reviews the FCC's C-band auction for 280 MHz for 5G and the FCC's 6 gigahertz (GHz) proceeding for 1200 MHz for unlicensed use, though Wi-Fi is considered the leading application. Although an imperfect analysis, a preliminary comparison suggests that the C-band spectrum provides 4.5 times more economic value per MHz than Wi-Fi in the 6 GHz band. The article briefly explores the role of institutional entrepreneurship to suggest that the FCC's spectrum decisions are not necessarily a straightforward comparison of the cost and benefits of the technologies but rather the outcome of a complex interplay of policy actors, particularly trade associations. The recent experience offers a counterpoint to the regulatory enthusiasm for unlicensed use and suggests a revisiting of the calculations of opportunity cost in spectrum allocation models.