bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the estimation of focal depth from macroseismic data*
Authors: Blake Archie 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
It has long been known that deep earthquakes are felt more widely, for a given epicentral intensity, than shallow. Several attempts have been made to express this tendency in precise form for the estimation of focal depth. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the shortcomings of the formulas that have been tried and certain ways in which they may be improved. It is noteworthy that while the inverse square of the distance of the observer from the earthquake focus is insufficient to account for the falling off of the intensity, the introduction of an absorption coefficient is not a satisfactory method of dealing with the lack.
On dispersion of Rayleigh waves from the North Pacific earthquake of November 10, 1938*
Authors: De Lisle J. F. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Rayleigh waves from the North Pacific earthquake of November 10, 1938, have been investigated in different azimuths for dispersion. Using dispersion curves of Jeffreys based on the hypothetical structure of a single crustal layer, the average thickness of this layer along great circle paths from Bering Sea to each observatory has been calculated. The values found give a comparison between Pacific and continental crustal structure which affords confirmation of other evidence on this point.
Earthquakes and disturbances to leveling in the Imperial Valley, 1930-1931*
Authors: Wood Harry O. 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
Comparison in 1931 of the findings of field investigation in 1930 of the earthquakes of February 25 and March 1 of that year in the Imperial Valley, California, with disturbances to leveling found in the 1931 retracement of precise leveling surveyed in 1926-1927, and 1928, by the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey led to the conclusion that there was no discernible correlation except in one instance, and that doubtful.
Occurrence of the 1940 earthquake with disclosure of a surface fault offset necessitates review and reconsideration. The revised conclusion is that two of the disturbances to leveling found in 1931 may probably be correlated with activity on this fault zone, but that the disturbances are quite as likely due to secondary effects caused by shaking as to primary surface warping or tilting and probably more so.
The necessity of frequently repeated precise surveys is emphasized.
¿Prohibición constitucional para que el Ecuador pacte arbitraje internacional en materia comercial y de inversión? Una nueva mirada al artículo 422 de la Constitución
Authors: Palacios Abad Xavier 
Published: May 2021

Durante estos más de diez años de vigencia del texto constitucional, el artículo 422 de la Constitución (en adelante “CRE”) ha sido objeto de varias interpretaciones, muchas de ellas disímiles y opuestas entre sí.[1] La pregunta que gira alrededor de esta norma es cuál es el alcance de la prohibición contenida en ella, principalmente sobre la posibilidad de que el Estado acuda a arbitraje internacional en controversias contractuales o comerciales y de inversión. Este artículo buscará determinar cuál es el alcance de esta prohibición constitucional y si esta incluye o no a los Tratados Bilaterales de Inversión (en adelante “TBI”).

Para analizar aquello, en un primer momento, nos referiremos al contenido del artículo 422 de la CRE y, acto seguido, realizaremos una interpretación de la norma desde tres ópticas: desde un ámbito sistemático y literal, y también en base a una interpretación pro derechos. Una vez hecho este análisis, concluiremos que la prohibición del artículo 422 no alcanza a los TBI, y, además, es una prohibición de fuente u origen del arbitraje, es decir, no incluye un nuevo concepto de materia no transigible.

[1] Ver. Amicus Curiae presentados por Alberto Acosta y el Instituto Ecuatoriano de Arbitraje dentro del caso No. 0002-18-IC.
«Lighting price» of cucumber yield in the winter-spring turnover of greenhouses
Authors: Kurepin A. V. , Pershin A. F. , Shevkunov V. N. 
Published: May 2021

Relevance. Among the main factors that determine the productivity of vegetable yields in protected ground, the main one is light. For the formation of 1 kg/m2 of cucumber fruits with a length of 18-22 cm, on average about 3500-4000 J/cm2 of solar radiation is required. In the winter-spring cycle, in the absence of artificial lighting in greenhouses, there is an unevenness of scattered solar radiation and a general shortage of incoming light energy. At the same time, the amount of total solar radiation required for the formation of a 1 kg of fruit ("lighting price") is not the same for different hybrids. To increase the profitability of production in the winter-spring turnover in greenhouses that are not equipped with artificial lighting, it is necessary to choose hybrids with the lowest "lighting price" of the crop, that is, hybrids that use less light energy to form a 1 kg of fruit.The purpose of the study: evaluation of F1 hybrids of cucumber on the basis of resistance to lack of lighting by comparing their "lighting price" of the crop: how much energy is spent on the formation of 1 kg of marketable products.Methods. The research was carried out at the variety testing site in the Crimean breeding Center of the Scientific Research Institute of Vegetable Crop Selection "Gavrish", in the conditions of winter-spring turnover, in greenhouses not equipped with artificial lighting. We tested seven medium-fruited (18-22 cm) spined-fruited cucumber hybrids recommended for growing in winter-spring turnover.Results. The analysis of the data on the input of solar radiation and the formation of a standard yield showed that there is a direct relationship between the amount of incoming light and the level of productivity. The period of conversion of the received solar energy into the fruit harvest varied during the growing season from 14 to 8 days, depending on the degree of plant development. The "lighting price" of the crop was not the same for different hybrids: the hybrids tested in the experiment spent an average of 2900 J/cm2 per 1 kg of product, which is 18% more efficient than for standard greenhouse cucumbers.
Trends and prospects for the development of the irrigation and drainage complex of the Slavsky district of the Kaliningrad region
Authors: Spirin Yu. A. , Puntusov V. G. 
Published: May 2021

Relevance. The development of the reclamation complex in the Kaliningrad region is one of the key tasks in achieving food security and improving the well-being of the region. In recent years, this issue has been highly relevant due to a number of geopolitical events. An important role in the agriculture of the region is played by the municipal district "Slavsky urban district" located mostly on polder lands with high potential fertility. A number of reasons led to the fact that the main part of drainage reclamation systems was deployed on this territory, which, if properly operated, are capable of leveling almost all the consequences of climatic phenomena that are difficult for agriculture. Despite the importance of this issue, the technical state and development of the amelioration complex have recently been given active attention.Purpose of work. Consider current trends and prospects for the development of the irrigation and drainage complex of the Slavsky region.Material and methods. To achieve this goal, stock materials of the Kaliningradmeliovodkhoz Administration and information from the Unified Information System in the field of procurement were analyzed.Results and conclusions. It can be concluded from the work that the technical condition of the reclamation systems is still unsatisfactory. The positive trends in land reclamation issues have increased significantly at the moment, which has increased the prospects for changing the situation for the better. Ideally, an increase in today's subsidies by 2-2.5 times is required, with the transition to the following investment ratio: 70% - for network operation, and 30% - for network reconstruction. It is also necessary to implement a number of socio-political decisions.
Crystallization of simonkolleite (Zn5Cl2(OH)8 ∙ H2O) in powder samples prepared for mineral composition analysis by quantitative X-ray diffraction (QXRD)
Authors:   Instytut Nafty i Gazu – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy, Zagórska Urszula , Kowalska Sylwia ,   Instytut Nafty i Gazu – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
Published: May 2021

The analysis of mineralogical composition by quantitative X-ray diffraction (QXRD) is one of the standard research methods used in hydrocarbon exploration. In order to improve it and to obtain better results, the methodology of quantitative analysis used at Well Logging Department is being periodically (more or less) modified. After the introduction of the improvements, comparative analyses were performed on archival samples. Reflections from an unidentified phase which did not occur in the tested Rotliegend sandstone samples were noticed on X-ray diffractograms of archival samples. Reflections of a mineral called simonkolleite were identified in the X-ray diffraction database. Chemically it is a hydrated zinc chloride of the formula: Zn5Cl2(OH)8 × H2O. Analysis of the composition of samples in which simonkolleite crystallised, indicated that the mineral is being formed in the result of the slow reaction of zinc oxide with halite (NaCl) and water vapour. An attempt was made to determine the influence of the presence of this mineral on the results of the quantitative analysis of mineralogical composition. The above methodology was applied on a group of ten samples. The results of the quantitative analysis conducted for archival samples stored with added zincite standard containing simonkolleite and for new, freshly grinded (without artifact) samples were compared. The comparison of the obtained results showed a slight influence of this mineral on the quantitative composition of the remaining components. The difference between the results usually did not exceed the method error. At the same time a significant difference in the calculated content of the internal standard was noted – on average 1% less in archival than in new samples. This shows that the reaction occurring in the archival samples will affect the evaluation of the quality of the obtained quantitative analysis, at the same time excluding the possibility of determining the rock’s amorphous substance content with the internal standard method.
Las rectorías parroquiales en la ciudad de Córdoba durante el Antiguo Régimen: acercamiento a la cuestión
Authors: Rodríguez-Trenas Fernando 
Published: May 2021

ResumenSi poco estudiado ha sido el estrato más bajo del clero en la ciudad de Córdoba, el pequeño núcleo que formaban los rectores parroquiales aún menos. Estas rectorías, de importancia supina para la labor pastoral y la administración de sacramentos, parecen no tener una forma definida durante la época moderna en Córdoba. La cuestión de su definición es el objeto de este artículo, para lo que se han consultado las constituciones sinodales de la diócesis, así como diversa información de archivo. Su carácter beneficial o no, así como la concesión de la cura animarum centran el debate. La adaptación al modelo tridentino de rectoría parroquial exigió un verdadero esfuerzo para la administración diocesana, que debió lidiar con las reticencias y alegaciones de una empoderada Universidad de Beneficiados que se había aprovechado de la indefinición de este cargo en la ciudad de Córdoba. Por ello, se destaca un punto de inflexión en esta situación en 1648, cuando el obispo Pimentel, animado desde Roma, plantea un modelo de patronato para estas rectorías que permitan la manutención de sus titulares sin el perjuicio de modificar cualquier reparto del diezmo parroquial, que hubiera supuesto una mayor oposición a la que ya hubo durante un siglo después.AbstractIf little studied has been the lower stratum of the clergy in the city of Córdoba, the small nucleus that made up the parish rectors even less. These rectories, of supine importance for pastoral work and the administration of the sacraments, seem to have no definite form during modern times in Córdoba. The question of its definition is the object of this article, for which the synodical constitutions of the diocese has been consulted, as well as various archival information. Its beneficial nature or not, as well as the granting of the cura animarum center the debate. The adaptation to the Tridentine model of parish rectory required a real effort from the diocesan administration, which had to deal with the reluctance and allegations of an empowered Universidad de Beneficiados, that had taken advantage of the lack of definition of this position in the city of Córdoba. For this reason, a turning point in this situation stands out in 1648, when the bishop fray Domingo Pimentel, encouraged from Rome, proposed a model of patronage for these rectories that would allow the maintenance of their holders without the detriment of modifying any distribution of the parish tithe, that it would have supposed a greater opposition to the one that already existed during a century later.
Combined Machine-Learning and Finite-Element Approach for Multiscale 3D Stress Modeling
Authors: Garcia-Teijeiro Xavier , Rodriguez-Herrera Adrian 
Published: May 2021

SummaryIn this paper, we propose a methodology that combines finite-element modeling with neural networks in the numerical modeling of systems with behavior that involves a wide span of spatial scales.The method starts by constructing a high-resolution model of the subsurface, including its elastic mechanical properties and pore pressures. A second model is also constructed by scaling up mechanical properties and pressures into a coarse spatial resolution. Inexpensive finite-element solutions for stress are then obtained in the coarse model. These stress solutions aim at capturing regional trends and large-scale stress correlations. Finite-element solutions for stress are also obtained in high resolution, but only in a small subvolume of the 3D model. These stress solutions aim at estimating fine-grained details of the stress field introduced by the heterogeneity of rock properties at the fine scale.A neural network is then trained to infer the transformation rules that map stress solutions between different scales. The inputs to the training are pressure and mechanical properties in high and low resolutions. The output is the fine-scale stress computed in the subvolume of the high-resolution model.Once trained, the neural network can be used to approximate a high-resolution stress field in the entire 3D volume using the coarse-scale solution and only providing high-resolution material properties and pressures.The results obtained indicate that when the coarse finite-element solutions are combined with the neural-network estimates, the results are within a 2 to 4% error of the results that would be computed with high-resolution finite-element models, but at a fraction of the cost in time and computational resources. This paper discusses the benefits and drawbacks of the method and illustrates its applicability by means of a worked example.
Identification of Ground Water Potential Zones Using GIS and Remote Sensing Techniques in the Case of Odiyo Watershed, Ethiopia
Authors: Deribe Habtamu , Debalke Dereje Biru 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background: The current study conducted to analysis the bottom water potential zones in Odiyo watershed. The study relies on the secondary data, which is collected from concern department and through internet. Totally nine parameters are consider for the study like drainage density, elevation, geology, geomorphology, land use and land cover, lineaments, rainfall pattern, slope gradient and soil texture. The chosen parameters are prepared and classified in GIS environment, then weightage for every parameter and its classes are assigned using Analytical Hierarchical Process, and eventually, weighted overlay analysis in ArcGIS accustomed discover the result. Results: The result relived that, about 183.87ha (0.613%) areas are having very high, 4846.23ha (16.18%) area are having high, 19229.4 ha (64.19%) having moderate, 5645.7ha (18.855) having low and 48.6ha (0.16%) area are having very low potential of well water. Conclusions: The knowledge on strength of ground water supported ground water zones help in management and development of the groundwater within the study area.
Speciation of Two Heavy Metals in Pastures and Animals: An Assessment of Health Risk
Authors: Chen Fu , Saqlain Laraib , Ma Jing , Khan Zafar Iqbal , Ahmad Kafeel , Ashfaq Asma , Sultana Razia , Muhammad Fatima Ghulam , Maqsood Ayesha , Naeem Majida , Malik Ifra Saleem , Munir Mudasra , Nadeem Muhammad , Yang Yongjun 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The aim of study was access the cobalt and lead contamination in soil, forages and animals. Heavy metal pollution is a matter of prime significance in natural environment. Through food chain toxicity of heavy metals and their bioaccumulation potential are transferred into humans .Higher concentrations of metallic compounds are toxic to living organisms but these are essential to maintain body metabolism. Intake of food crops polluted with heavy metals is chief food chain channel for human exposure. Animals are exposed to heavy metal stress by the intake of richly contaminated food crops those are chief part of food chain. We collected samples of soil, plant, animal blood, hair and faeces to find contamination through wet digestion process in lab and metal analysis. Different forages were collected to study Zn amount in forages whilst soil and animals in Mianwali Pakistan. The health risk index (HRI) calculation was our major concern in this study. Our present findings also emphasized on the assessment of bio-concentration factor (BCF). We also calculated other significant indices i.e. Pollution load index (PLI), daily intake of metal (DIM), Health Risk Index (HRI) and Enrichment factor (EF). While the experimentation result showed different concentrations of metal in different seasons. When the Zn concentration in forages was (32.59-42.17mg/kg) and in soil (21.82-35.09 mg/kg). Soil samples showed higher level of (PLI) Pollution load index. Bio-concentration of zinc was (1.03-1.57mg/kg). It can be concluded as regular monitoring of the level metal is essential evaluate the contamination status.
Combination of ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids with 5-FU Inhibits SGC7901 Gastric Cancer Cell Growth via Rho-ROCK1 Signaling Pathway in Nude Mice
Authors: Yiyan Jiang , Keke Wang , Zhefeng Lou , Dan Hong , Tao Min 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background: Gastric cancer is one of the most common malignancy with high mortality rate in the world. Systemic chemotherapy is thought to be an important treatment. However, due to the unsatisfactory efficiency and obvious side effects, it is urgent to detect new therapy strategy for gastric cancer. This study was aimed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of ω-3 polyunsaturated acids (PUFAs) combined with 5-FU on the growth of gastric cancer cells in nude mice. Methods: BALB/C nude mice were injected subcutaneously with SGC7901 gastric cancer cells to establish a tumor-bearing mouse model. The tumor growth in vivo was observed. Morphological of tumor specimens was observed by HE staining. The mRNA levels of RhoA, RhoC and ROCK1 in tumor tissues were detected by qPCR, and their protein levels were detected by immunofluorescence and Western Blot. Meanwhile, apoptosis –related proteins were also determined by Western Blot.Results: Compared with the NC control group, the tumor volume and weight in ω-3 PUFAs and 5-Fu groups were insignificantly lower, but significantly lower in the combination group. Compared with the abundant blood supply in the NC group, HE staining showed multifocal tumor necrosis in the three intervention groups, and this change was the most prominent in the combination group. And qPCR results showed that the mRNA levels of RhoA in the combination groups were significantly lower than this in the other groups. Immunofluorescence showed that the level of RhoA protein in the three intervention groups decline in varying degrees, especially in the combination group. Western Blot showed that the protein level of RhoA in the three intervention groups were significantly lower than those in the NC control group, especially in the combination group. Meanwhile, the protein level of ROCK1 in both 5-FU group and the combination group were significantly lower, especially in the combination group. Compared with the control group, the levels of Bcl-2 and Caspase-9 decreased in the combination group, the level of cleaved Parp was increased at the same time.Conclusion: ω-3 PUFAs combined with 5-FU may inhibit tumor growth through the Rho/ROCK pathway and promote apoptosis by down-regulating the levels of Bcl-2 and Caspase-9 and induce the increase of cleaved Parp level.
Description and Genome Analysis of Microvirga Antarctica Sp. Nov., A Novel Pink-Pigmented Psychrotolerant Bacterium Isolated From Antarctic Soil
Authors: Zhu Lin , Ping Weiwei , Zhang Siyue , Chen Ya , Zhang Ying , Zhang Jianli 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
During the investigation of exploring potential psychrotolerant species from Antarctica soil, a novel pink-pigmented bacterium designated strain 3D7T was isolated. Cells of the isolate were observed to be rod-shaped (0.7–0.9×1.0–2.2 µm), Gram-stain negative and non-motile. It was able to grow at 4–32 ℃, pH 7.0–10.0 and in the presence of 0–3 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain 3D7T belongs to the genus Microvirga and was most closely related to ‘Microvirga brassicacearum’ CDVBN77T (98.3 %), Microvirga subterranea DSM 14364T (96.8 %), Microvirga guangxiensis 25BT (96.5 %) and Microvirga aerophila DSM 21344T (96.5 %). The predominant quinone was ubiquinone 10 (Q-10), and the major fatty acids were summed feature 8 (C18:1ω7c and/or C18:1ω6c) and C19:0 cyclo ω8c. The predominant polar lipids were phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. The genomic DNA G + C content of strain 3D7T was 63.5 mol%. Its genome sequence showed genes encoding phosphatases and lipases. Genetic machinery related to carbohydrate-active enzymes and secondary metabolites were also observed. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA–DNA hybridization values based on whole genome sequences of strain 3D7T and its closely related species were below the threshold range for species determination. Phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, phylogenetic and genomic analyses suggested that strain 3D7T represents a novel species of the genus Microvirga, for which the name Microvirga antarctica sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 3D7T (= CGMCC 1.13821T = KCTC 72465T).