bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STUDY OF PULMONARY HYALINE-LIKE MATERIAL IN 4117 CONSECUTIVE BIRTHS
Authors: MILLER HERBERT C. , JENNISON M. HARRY 
Published: December 2021

A study has been made of 4117 consecutive births including 66 stillborn infants and 85 neonatal deaths. Autopsies were done on 22 stillborn infants and 71 infants dying during the neonatal period.
From the autopsy study of neonatal deaths it was found that at least 15% of all live-born premature infants weighing between 1000 and 2000 gm. at birth had hyaline-like material in their lungs. The incidence of the pulmonary lesion was found to diminish progressively as the birth weight of the infants increased, so that it was practically non-existent in infants weighing over 3000 gm. at birth.
It was found that 90% of all infants weighing over 1000 gm. at birth and dying in the first 48 hours of life had hyaline-like material in their lungs at autopsy providing their mothers' pregnancies and labors had been free of serious complications and providing that the infants themselves had no other clinically recognized disease or defect of a serious nature.
No relation was found between the presence of the pulmonary lesion and the race, sex, order of birth of the infant or the age of the mother and length or type of labor. The lesion was not produced by the aspiration of food.
The symptomatology of the infants dying with hyaline-like material in their lungs was characterized by marked respiratory difficulty, including retraction of the lower chest wall with inspiration. The symptoms were not pathognomonic, but few premature infants with similar symptoms survived.
The pathogenesis of this pulmonary lesion remains unknown. The theory is advanced, based on the facts brought out in this study, that the hyaline-like material in the lung is the result of an etiologic agent that not only injures the lung of the fetus, but also causes the premature birth of the infant so injured.
EXPERIMENTAL BASIS FOR PREDICTION OF THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY OF STREPTOMYCIN IN INFECTIONS CAUSED BY GRAM NEGATIVE BACILLI
Authors: ALEXANDER HATTIE E. , LEIDY GRACE , REDMAN WINIFRED , SIMAKOW EROS 
Published: December 2021

Cells with varying degrees of resistance to streptomycin, 25, 100 and 1000 µg./cc., have been demonstrated in large populations of eight species of gram negative bacilli prior to exposure to streptomycin. These resistant variants exhibit traits characteristic of bacterial mutants and therefore arise spontaneously, independent of the action of streptomycin.
The known differences in therapeutic efficacy of streptomycin among infections caused by these eight species have been demonstrated to be closely correlated with two factors.
1 . In infections in which streptomycin has been proven of therapeutic value—H. influenzae, H. pertussis and E. coli—the rate of occurrence of new mutants resistant to 25 and 100 µg./cc. is so low that they cannot be expected to play a significant role in emergence of resistance during streptomycin therapy.
In cultures of organisms causing infections in which streptomycin has been unsuccessful therapeutically—Salmonella, S. typhosa and Ps. aeruginosa—the rate of occurrence of mutants resistant to 25 and 100 µg./cc. is relatively high; these mutants doubtless play an important role in emergence of resistance to streptomycin and therapeutic failure.
2. Streptomycin in a concentration of 10 µg./cc. is primarily bactericidal against the species which cause infections in which streptomycin therapy has been of value. This concentration is not primarily bactericidal against those organisms causing infections in which streptomycin has failed therapeutically.
These data suggest that knowledge of these two factors in vitro can offer a reliable basis for predicting the therapeutic efficacy of streptomycin in a given infection. For example, in Shigella and H. parapertussis infections, in which streptomycin has not been clinically evaluated, one can predict success in the former and failure in the latter.
TREATMENT OF ERYTHROBLASTOSIS
Authors: MOLONY CLEMENT J. 
Published: December 2021

The first two years' experience with the substitution transfusion in the Los Angeles area is reported and analyzed. Forty-five cases were substituted. Results of therapy are compared with 35 cases studied at the Los Angeles Children's Hospital during the same period but which were not treated with a substitution transfusion.
Mortality figures favored the use of the conservative, multiple simple transfusion method of treatment in the series reported. Even in groups of comparable severity, the substituted cases showed a higher mortality.
Evidence is presented that errors in technic may have had an appreciable effect on the poor showing made by the substitution transfusion method of therapy. However, such errors may be inherent in any radical procedure.
The series of cases is analysed as to mortality, development of kernicterus, effect of previous pregnancies, effect of previous siblings with erythroblastosis, effect of transfusions, correlation of the Coomb's test with severity of disease, correlation of maternal antibody titer with severity of disease, transfusions needed for a cure and length of stay in the hospital.
An objective standard to measure the severity of an individual case is suggested. Although empiric, it allows for summations and resolves a case down to a numerical figure. Thus the case can be compared to other cases in an analysis of any phase of the disease. Use of the Coomb's (or antiglobulin) test is described. This test was found to be reliable, liable, easy to perform and extremely sensitive. There was a good correlation between strength of the test and severity of a case. Substitution transfusions were not performed unless the test was positive.
Errors in performing the substitution transfusion are described. These errors included using too little blood, delaying the operation too long, giving blood into the umbilical vein, injecting calcium improperly and failing to protect the infant against exposure and dehydration.
A technic for the substitution transfusion is presented in detail with suggestions for avoiding the errors made in these cases. The theoretic advantages inherent in the substitution transfusion are enumerated.
CLINICAL RECOVERY FOLLOWING PROLONGED ANURIA IN AN INFANT TWO MONTHS OF AGE
Authors: WARREN S. A. , GROSS W. V. 
Published: December 2021

A case of prolonged (107 hours) renal shut-down due to potassium bromate poisoning is presented.
Emphasis is placed upon the extreme youth of the patient and his clinical recovery on a conservative regime.
There is included a brief description of the management which consisted of fluid and electrolyte restriction.
A review of the pertinent literature is included.
IDIOPATHIC HYPOPARATHYROIDISM WITH PAPILLEDEMA IN A BOY SIX YEARS OF AGE
Authors: COLLINS-WILLIAMS C. 
Published: December 2021

A case is reported of a boy with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism, moniliasis and the celiac syndrome. Moniliasis developed at the age of 16 months and was apparently cured promptly but evidence of C. albicans infection was found at several subsequent visits. At the age of 5 years he began to pass loose stools and at 5 10/12 years was diagnosed as having the celiac syndrome.
At 6 6/12 years he entered hospital in severe tetany and was found to have hypoparathyroidism. The bones were normal by roentgenogram and no intracranial calcification was observed. While he was in the hospital bilateral papilledema developed, then receded, apparently in response to therapy for the hypoparathyroidism. Treatment consisted of calcium gluconate intravenously and large doses of calcium gluconate, water-soluble vitamin D, AT-10 and creamalin® by mouth, as well as a high protein, low fat, low phosphorous diet. The stools became normal shortly after this diet was started.
Brief reference is made to his brother in whom moniliasis developed at the age of 17/12 years and the celiac syndrome at about 3 years. At 9 years he still has no evidence of hypoparathyroidism. The four other siblings are well.
The 22 previously reported cases of papilledema associated with hypoparathyroidism and the seven previously reported cases of moniliasis associated with hypoparathyroidism are briefly reviewed.
CHANGING INCIDENCE OF HEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE MENINGITISX
Authors: Smith Edward W. P. , Haynes Ralph E. 
Published: December 2021

We studied the incidence of Hemophilus influenzae meningitis at the Columbus Children's Hospital (CCH) during the following intervals: Period A (1942 to 1950), Period B (1951 to 1959), and Period C (1960 to 1968).
Other investigators have reported an increase in the incidence of influenzal meningitis, but there has been no predictable relationship to the number of hospial admissions. Thre was a 399% increase in the number of patients with H. influenzae meningitis at the CCH from Period A to Period C, roughly proportional to the rise in total hospial admissions during he same time.
Children under 5 years of age constitute the major population at risk. Incidence stated in terms of population at risk appears to be a reliable method of comparing experience in specific geographic areas during specific periods of time. The experience at the CCH, using this method, indicates a significant increase in this disease without comparable increases in meningitis caused by other bacteria.
The Tonsillectomy Problem
Authors: Shaw Edward B. 
Published: December 2021

I read Dr. Paradise's article re tonsillectomy in May Pediatrics with interest and approval. I believe, however, that no two clinicians or team or collaborative effort could agree sufficiently on indications for this operation and its beneficial later effects to constitute a significantly controlled study.
In the 1920s tonsillectomy was performed as routinely and for as little reason as circumcision is today. This operation was most frequently performed following frequent respiratory infections in early school years and the improvement attributed to tonsillectomy came at a time when immunity status of the child had improved due to these infections.
Juvenile-Type Diabetes Mellitus and its Complications, edited by Karl E. Sussmann, M.D. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C Thomas, 1971, 485 pp., $32.50
Authors: Azubuike J. Chukwuemeka 
Published: December 2021

At a time when few topics in medicine are free of dogma, it is refreshing to read a book which makes an impartial attempt to present the facts as they are, while at the same time mentioning the preferences of the authors.
Each of the book's chapters deals with present day investigations concerned with juvenile diabetes mellitus. In the last few paragraphs of each the author summarizes the present consensus of opinion. The chapter on the metabolic aspects of insulin deficiency beautifully illustrates this point.
Cotton Mather Anguishes Over the Consequences of His Son's Inoculation Against Smallpox
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

Cotton Mather (1663-1728), usually remembered for his theological and historical writings, was also much concerned with medicine. He was interested in many aspects of contemporary science and became one of the few colonial members of the Royal Society of London.
In 1721, when a smallpox epidemic hit Boston, Mather urged Boston physicians, particularly Zabdiel Boylston, to employ the inoculation technique used by the Turks as a means of preventing fatal cases of the disease. In his Diary, Mather records the anguish he suffered for having taken this stand.
[May] 26 [1721]. The grievous Calamity of the Small-Pox has now entered the Town. The Practice of conveying and suffering the Small-pox by Inoculation, has never been used in America, nor indeed in our Nation, But how many Lives might be saved by it, if it were practised? . . .
[June] 13. What shall I do? what shall I do, with regard unto Sammy? He comes home, when the Small-pox begins to spread in the Neighbourhood; and he is lothe to return unto Cambridge. I must earnestly look up to Heaven for Direction. . . .
[July] 16. At this Time, I enjoy an unspeakable Consolation. I have instructed our Physicians in the new Method used by the Africans and Asiaticks, to prevent and abate the Dangers of the Small-Pox, and infallibly to save the Lives of those that have it wisely managed upon them. The Destroyer, being enraged at the Proposal of any Thing, that may rescue the Lives of our poor People from him, has taken a strange Possession of the People on this Occasion.
Infant Survival Following Protracted Fetoplacental Separation
Authors: Coen Ronald W. , Papile Lu-Ann , Flgueroa Rolando , Henderson Virginia M. 
Published: December 2021

The following case study reports on the survival of a male infant following complete fetoplacental abruption of 75 minutes' duration. The mechanisms by which he survived are unclear.
CASE REPORT
At 30 to 32 weeks' gestation a 16-year-old female who claimed she was unaware of this, her first pregnancy, had a spontaneous and complete fetoplacental separation, with delivery into a toilet. Not realizing the significance of what had happened, she phoned her mother who lived approximately 30 minutes from the site of the delivery. In the meantime she removed the fetoplacental mass from the toilet without rupturing the chorioamnion and placed it in a paper sack.
Committee on Neoplastic Diseases: Is Liver Cancer Induced by Treating Aplastic Anemia With Androgenic Agents?
Authors: Silverman Frederic N. , D'Angio Giulio J. , Ertel Inta J. , Fernbach Donald J. , Forman Edwin N. , Kushner Joseph H. , Lahey M. Eugene , Thurman Willam G. , Jones Barbara , Miller Robert W. 
Published: December 2021

Pediatricians who use androgenic anabolic agents, such as oxymetholone, should be aware of recent evidence that primary liver neoplasia has developed in at least eight patients under treatment for aplastic anemia. The risk of liver cancer may be higher in Fanconi's anemia (four cases) than in other forms of aplastic anemia. A causal relation is not yet certain. The underlying disease itself may have hepatic neoplasia as a complication, which becomes apparent only when survival is extended by drugs or other forms of therapy. Liver neoplasia has not been reported among athletes who use androgenic anabolic steroids to build up their musculature.
If these steroids are used, careful palpation of the abdomen should be done at each examination, for the earliest possible detection of hepatic masses. In one case reported to date, the tumor regressed when administration of the drug was discontinued.
Viral Etiology of Cancer: Two Hypotheses With Relevance to Chemical Exposures
Authors: McAllister Robert M. 
Published: December 2021

In discussing the area of cell biology in relation to the topic of Dr. Fraumeni's presentation and in relation to the Conference as a whole, I decided to describe two current hypotheses of carcinogenesis-first, the viral oncogene hypothesis proposed by Drs. Huebner and Todaro and, second, the protovirus hypothesis proposed by Dr. Howard Temin. These two hypotheses tend to reconcile the position of the two schools of thought about cancer etiology, namely, the environmentalists and the virologists. Both hypotheses are derived from observations of the RNA tumor viruses, namely, type B virus associated with mammary tumors in mice and the type C viruses associated with leukemia, lymphoma, and sarcoma in a number of animals; with autoimmune diseases in mice; and with a neurologic disease of mice.
VIRAL ONCOGENE HYPOTHESIS
This hypothesis, proposed first by Huebner and Todaro,1 is similar to that stated by Payne and Chubb2 and by Bentvelzen and Daams.3 The hypothesis states that most or all vertebrates contain the genetic information for producing a type C RNA virus in their somatic as well as in their germ cells. This information has been part of the genetic makeup of vertebrates since early in evolution and can persist for many generations in cell culture without overt production of virus. The virogenes (genes for production of type C viruses) and the oncogenes (that portion of the virogene responsible for transforming a normal cell into a tumor cell) are maintained in unexpressed form by repressors in normal cells. Various agents, including physical and chemical carcinogens, may transform cells by switching on the endogenous oncogenic information.
George Armstrong—Father of Pediatrics
Authors: Silver Henry K. 
Published: December 2021

Each year the Ambulatory Pediatric Association presents the George Armstrong Award to an individual who has contributed significantly to the goal of improved patient care, teaching, and research in ambulatory pediatrics. Although George Armstrong has been called the father of modern pediatrics,1 many pediatricians are completely unaware of him as a person and of his contributions to child care.
George Armstrong was born in Scotland in 1719. He wanted to be a doctor and started medical school in Edinburgh, but had to drop out for financial reasons before receiving his M.D. degree. Nevertheless, he went to London and set up practice as a general practitioner.
Mutual Support Groups With Parents of Leukemic Children
Authors: Lambi Jacqueline 
Published: December 2021

Having read the article, "Group Discussion With the Parents of Leukemic Children," by Heffron et al. (Pediatrics, 52:831, 1973) with great interest, I would like to suggest that similar group meetings are being held at other centers. I draw to your attention the excellent article, "Helping the Parents of Children With Leukemia," by Knapp and Hansen, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles (Social Work, Vol. 18, No. 4, July 1973).
Dr. Brian McSheffrey and I, through our contact with leukemic children in the Pediatric Department of University Hospital, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, have been experimenting with mutual support group for parents of leukemic children since November 1971.
Fractures and Dislocation in Children, by Andrew G. Pollen. Baltimore: The Williams & Wilkins Company, 1973, 234 pp., $22.50
Authors: Carroll N. C. 
Published: December 2021

I found this book to be written in a clear, direct, and concise style. It is beautifully illustrated; the lay-out is such that one can easily look at the figures while reading the text, often without having to flip a page. The book contains a reasonably complete description of fractures and dislocations that are encountered in children.
There are, however, a few points that need clarification. The reader is told how to treat the extension adduction fracture of the proximal humerus in which the proximal humeral fragment buttonholes the deltoid anteriorly.
The Prenatal Diagnosis of Hereditary Disorders, by Aubrey Milunsky, MB.B.Ch., M.R.C.P., D.C.H. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C Thomas, 1973, 253 pp., $11.75
Authors: Matalon Reuben 
Published: December 2021

During the past decade there has been an enormous change in our approach to the problem of crippling genetic diseases and mental retardation. This change came primarily through better understanding of the causes of such disorders, which hopefully will result in either prevention or amelioration of such conditions. The field of prenatal diagnosis offers new opportunities for the prevention of an irreparable genetic disease through early detection.
This book gives a comprehensive review of the subject of antenatal diagnosis, including the basic aspects of the techniques of amniocentesis, and the preservation and handling of amniotic fluid and cells.
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW ENGLAND DISTRICT SCHOOL AS IT APPEARED IN 1804
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

The Reverend Warren Burton (1800-1866) of Wilton, New Hampshire described the District School he attended between 1804 and 1817 in these words:
The Old School-house, in District No. 5, stood on the top of a very high hill, on the north side of what was called the County road. The house of Capt. Clark, about ten rods off, was the only human dwelling within a quarter of a mile. The reason why this seminary of letters was perched so high in the air, and so far from the homes of those who resorted to it, was this: Here was the center of the district, as near as surveyor's chain could designate. The people east would not permit the building to be carried one rod further west, and those of the opposite quarter were as obstinate on their side.
The edifice was set half in Capt. Clay's field, and half in the road. The wood-pile lay in the corner made by the east end and the stone wall.... The doorstep was a broad unhewn rock, brought from the neighboring pasture. It had not a flat and even surface, but was considerably sloping from the door to the road; so that, in icy times, the scholars, in passing out, used to snatch from the scant declivity the transitory pleasure of a slide....
The outer side of the structure was never painted by man; but the clouds of many years had stained it with their own dark hue....
Unusual Occurrence of Neonatal Septicemia Due to Group G Streptococcus
Authors: Baker Carol J. 
Published: December 2021

Baker, C. J.: Unusual occurrence of neonatal septicemia due to group G streptococcus. Pediatrics, 53:568, 1974.
The institution the author was affiliated with at the time of the above study was inadvertently omitted in the April issue. The work is from the Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston.
The American Academy of Pediatrics Involvement in Health Care Financing
Authors: Blim Richard Don 
Published: December 2021

In what is considered one of the most important books of the past decade—Future Shock—Alvin Toffler1 describes the sickness that befalls an individual, an organization, or a nation when it is overwhelmed by rapid changes. He asserts that two actions must be initiated if "future shock" is to be minimized. They are (1) make the best assumptions possible about the future, and (2) undertake to control change.
The health care field in the '70s faces many complex and difficult problems. Removing the financial barriers to comprehensive health care for all is but one of these formidable problems. Unquestionably, other problems involving the quality, quantity, efficiency and distribution of health care delivery require continued attention and should be resolved concurrently with the development of methods to finance comprehensive health care for all.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS (AAP) COMMITTEE ON THIRD PARTY PAYMENT PLANS
In October 1956 the AAP appointed a Committee on Medical Care Plans. This committee was active until 1962 and was then dormant until 1964. At that time, the Council on Pediatric Practice was established in response to urgings of a number of Fellows that more consideration be given to the problems of the practice of pediatrics and its socioeconomic aspects. The Executive Board charged the council to concern itself with the delivery by pediatricians of the best possible care for the greatest number of children. At its first meeting in 1964, the council determined that the two items needing most urgent attention were the development of standards for child health care and the problems relating to various third party payment health plans, both private and governmental.