bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do antibullying laws in the United States have an impact?
Authors: Gupta Mayank , Gupta Nihit , D’souza Vanessa 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBullying is an omnipresent problem with high prevalence in children and adolescents. There are many antibullying state laws and practices in place however its real level impact is ambiguous at best. We studied the prevalence of bullying in the United States, examine the practices, laws, and interventions in place to prevent bullying and its real-life impact. Various studies have reported that the ground-level change brought about by these policies and programs varies and is not quite significant. The effectiveness of existing policies and legislations remains unclear and measurable objective change or impact is not yet observed. Therefore, a rethink of the strategies is needed. The focus must be on community-level programs and interventions with inclusive approaches involving all the stakeholders are critical for addressing this menace.
Liability for robots I: legal challenges
Authors: Guerra Alice , Parisi Francesco , Pi Daniel 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In robot torts, robots carry out activities that are partially controlled by a human operator. Several legal and economic scholars across the world have argued for the need to rethink legal remedies as we apply them to robot torts. Yet, to date, there exists no general formulation of liability in case of robot accidents, and the proposed solutions differ across jurisdictions. We proceed in our research with a set of two companion papers. In this paper, we present the novel problems posed by robot accidents, and assess the legal challenges and institutional prospects that policymakers face in the regulation of robot torts. In the companion paper, we build on the present analysis and use an economic model to propose a new liability regime which blends negligence-based rules and strict manufacturer liability rules to create optimal incentives for robot torts.
2D perfusion angiography as quantitative method to evaluate iloprost	effect on foot circulation
Authors: Troisi Nicola , Panci Simone , Piazza Roberto , Michelagnoli Stefano 
Published: November 2021

Summary: Background: Two-dimensional (2D) perfusion angiography is useful for the evaluation of foot perfusion in patients with critical limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI). Iloprost is a synthetic prostacyclin analogue presenting vasodilating properties. Aim of this study was to demonstrate the utility of 2D perfusion angiography as quantitative method to evaluate iloprost effect on foot circulation. Patients and methods: Between January 2020 and June 2020 25 patients with CLTI underwent below-the-knee (BTK) endovascular revascularization, intra-arterial administration of iloprost, and assessment of foot perfusion by 2D perfusion angiography. Iloprost was administered as an intra-arterial bolus of 3 μg over 1–3 minutes immediately after BTK revascularization. The 2D perfusion angiography was performed in a standardized manner with a 5-F catheter placed into the popliteal artery. A wide region of interest (ROI) was identified to assess the foot perfusion. Time–density curves were calculated by the perfusion software. Changes of the overall time-density curves before and after the administration of iloprost were evaluated. Results: Endovascular revascularization was successful in all cases. The mean reduction of systolic pressure value after iloprost administration was 23.1 mmHg. Eight patients (32%) experienced a minor complication (6 cutaneous rush, 2 symptomatic hypotension >40 mmHg). In 20 patients the time-density curves under ROI increased after the intra-arterial administration of iloprost (+31.6%, range from +4.9% to +78.7%). Five patients had no modification or a slight decrease of foot perfusion after iloprost administration (non-responders patients). Conclusions: Patients undergoing intra-arterial administration of iloprost accounted for a not negligible rate of minor complications. 2D perfusion angiography was valuable as quantitative method to evaluate the iloprost effect on foot circulation. This technique could be useful to classify the patients in responders or non-responders to iloprost therapy.
Osmium Isotopic Evidence for Eccentricity‐Paced Increases in Continental Weathering During the Latest Hauterivian, Early Cretaceous
Authors: Matsumoto H. , Coccioni R. , Frontalini F. , Shirai K. , Kuroda J. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe 405‐kyr eccentricity cycle is a consistent orbital parameter throughout the Phanerozoic that is associated with long‐term variations in global continental weathering. However, a lack of reliable geological evidence has hampered the understanding of the relation between the 405‐kyr eccentricity cycle and continental weathering during the Cretaceous. Os isotopic ratios (187Os/188Os) of the sedimentary record reflect the balance between radiogenic Os derived from continental weathering and Os derived from unradiogenic sources (e.g., hydrothermal activity, weathering of mafic rocks, and extraterrestrial sources). This ratio is therefore considered as a good proxy for the evaluation of short‐term changes in continental weathering patterns. To trace orbital‐paced continental weathering, this study reconstructs the marine Os isotopic records in upper Hauterivian to lower Barremian (Lower Cretaceous) carbonate rocks in central Italy, where previous studies have reported that variations in clay mineral composition are paced by the 405‐kyr cycle. Our new Os isotopic record documents periodic oscillations of187Os/188Os between 0.7 and 0.9 that correspond to the 405‐kyr Earth's eccentricity cycle. Because the sedimentary interval with radiogenic187Os/188Os values (∼0.9) corresponds to a time interval characterized by a humid climate in areas surrounding the Tethys, variations in the187Os/188O values likely reflect cyclic changes in continental weathering caused by eccentricity‐paced intensification of monsoonal activity at low latitudes. This variation could have been further amplified by increased input of radiogenic Os from Paleozoic shale and Precambrian crust at higher latitudes that resulted from a latitudinal shift of the intertropical convergence zone.
Multi‐MeV Electron Dynamics Near the Inner Edge of the Outer Radiation Belt
Authors: Hogan Benjamin , Li Xinlin , Zhao Hong , Khoo LengYing , Jaynes Allison , Kanekal Shrikanth , Blake J. Bernard , Baker Daniel N. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractA variety of dynamic behavior of multi‐MeV electrons near the inner edge of the outer radiation belt has been revealed by detailed analysis of Van Allen Probes data. This study presents multi‐MeV electron flux and phase space density (PSD) using Van Allen Probes data during two strong geomagnetic storms to reveal their energy‐dependent dynamics in the outer belt, with dynamics occurring on timescales of hours to ∼1 week. Enhancements are shown down to L = 2.6, where ∼3 MeV electron populations are enhanced by an order of magnitude during one storm of study. Study of a second comparable storm shows rapid depletion of electron populations up to ∼7 MeV in the region 2.6 ≤ L ≤ 3. We also identify a local electron PSD peak at L ≈ 3 that slowly accumulates during quiet time and is rapidly depleted during an intense storm. Possible contributors to these dynamics are discussed.
Improving the Estimation of Human Climate Influence by Selecting Appropriate Forcing Simulations
Authors: Li Chao , Wang Zhaoyun , Zwiers Francis , Zhang Xuebin 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe regression‐based optimal fingerprinting is a key tool for quantifying human climate influence. Most studies over the past decade used Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) simulations, limiting fingerprinting regression configuration options. The CMIP6 Detection and Attribution Model Intercomparison Project (DAMIP) provides several types of individual forcing simulations and thus greater configuration flexibility. To avoid overfitting the limited observational data, we suggest that a DAMIP‐based perfect model study is first used to best configure the fingerprinting regression prior to its application to observations. We find that a regression using all‐forcing, aerosol‐only, and natural‐only simulations is an overall best option for constraining human‐induced global terrestrial warming, which differs from choices commonly made previously. Applying this configuration to observations, we estimate that of the observed terrestrial warming of ∼1.5°C between 1850–1900 and 2011–2020, anthropogenic greenhouse gases contributed 1.4 to 2.3°C, offset by aerosol cooling of 0.2 to 1.2°C.
A Novel Experimental Study on Density‐Driven Instability and Convective Dissolution in Porous Media
Authors: Guo Ruichang , Sun Hanxing , Zhao Qingqi , Li Zihao , Liu Yang , Chen Cheng 
Published: November 2021

AbstractGeological carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration (GCS) in deep saline aquifers is a promising solution to mitigate the impact of anthropogenic CO2 emissions on global climate change. CO2 dissolved in formation water increases the solution density and can lead to miscible density‐driven downward convection, which significantly accelerates the dissolution trapping of injected CO2. Experimental studies on miscible density‐driven convection have been limited. In the laboratory, we found an empirical linear correlation between reflected green light intensity and solute concentration, which enabled in situ measurements of solute concentrations in the spatial and temporal domains and consequently the mass flux across the top boundary of the porous medium. Using the novel experimental techniques, we determined the critical Rayleigh‐Darcy number and critical time scales for the onset of density‐driven instability and convective dissolution. This is the first study to determine these critical system parameters using laboratory experiments.
Wildfire Smoke Highlights Troposphere‐to‐Stratosphere Pathway
Authors: Magaritz‐Ronen Leehi , Raveh‐Rubin Shira 
Published: November 2021

AbstractFollowing the 2020 wildfires in Australia, an extremely large amount of smoke entered the stratosphere and was dispersed throughout the southern hemisphere stratosphere. However, the pathway and entry point of the smoke into the stratosphere and the underlying mechanism remained unclear. Here, Lagrangian trajectory analysis is used to examine the flow downstream of the fires in the south Pacific, where the smoke was detected. We find that tropical cyclone Sarai merged with an extratropical cyclone to form a troposphere‐wide cyclonic system, with a deep potential vorticity cutoff above it. The smoke first traveled in the isentropic layer between 340 and 350 °K. Having reached the cyclone, the smoke circulated and entered the stratosphere through a dip in the tropopause height within the cutoff. The cyclone described in this case study is not uncommon in these regions, possibly underlining the importance of this mechanism for troposphere‐to‐stratosphere exchange.
Statistics of the Intense Current Structure in the Dayside Magnetopause Boundary Layer
Authors: Man Hengyan , Zhou Meng , Zhong Zhihong , Deng Xiaohua , Li Haimeng 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis paper presents a comprehensive study of the intense current structures (ICSs) at the dayside magnetopause, by using the high‐resolution data from the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission. About 3,600 ICSs with a current density exceeding 1.2 μA/m2 have been detected within the magnetopause boundary layer (MBL). We find that most ICSs crossed the spacecraft in less than 1 s, corresponding to an average thickness of less than one ion inertial length (di). The number of ICSs decreases with the thickness increasing from the electron‐scale to the ion‐scale. Boundary layers closer to Earth have more ICS than boundary layers further away from Earth, probably caused by the large solar wind dynamic pressure. The occurrence rate of the ICS is higher in the dusk sector near the meridian. For most ICSs, the current is carried by electrons. The perpendicular current (90° to the magnetic field) is larger than the parallel current (0° or 180° to the magnetic field) for more ICSs. The energy conversion between the magnetic field and plasma as measured by is primarily through the perpendicular current and electric field, while the energy dissipation is mainly dominated by the parallel component. ICSs provide much stronger energy conversion and dissipation compared to the ambient plasma in the MBL. This study improves our understanding of the characteristics of the ICS and its role in solar wind‐magnetosphere coupling.
Reconciling the Carbon Balance of Northern Sweden Through Integration of Observations and Modelling
Authors: Sathyanadh Anusha , Monteil Guillaume , Scholze Marko , Klosterhalfen Anne , Laudon Hjalmar , Wu Zhendong , Gerbig Christoph , Peters Wouter , Bastrikov Vladislav , Nilsson Mats B. , Peichl Matthias 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe boreal biome plays an important role in the global carbon cycle. However, current estimates of its sink‐source strength and responses to changes in climate are primarily derived from models and thus remain uncertain. A major challenge is the validation of these models at a regional scale since empirical flux estimates are typically confined to ecosystem or continental scales. The Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS)‐Svartberget atmospheric station (SVB) provides observations including tall tower eddy covariance (EC) and atmospheric concentration measurements that can contribute to such validation in Northern Sweden. Thus, the overall aim of this study was to quantify the carbon balance in Northern Sweden region by integrating land‐atmosphere fluxes and atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations. There were three specific objectives. First, to compare flux estimates from four models (VPRM, LPJ‐GUESS, ORCHIDEE, and SiBCASA) to tall tower EC measurements at SVB during the years 2016–2018. Second to assess the fluxes' impact on atmospheric CO2concentrations using a regional transport model. Third, to assess the impact of the drought in 2018. The comparison of estimated concentrations with ICOS observations helped the evaluation of the models' regional scale performance. Both the simulations and observations indicate there were similar reductions in the net CO2uptake during drought. All the models (except for SiBCASA) and observations indicated the region was a net carbon sink during the 3‐year study period. Our study highlights a need to improve vegetation models through comparisons with empirical data and demonstrate the ICOS network's potential utility for constraining CO2fluxes in the region.
Summer Season Precipitation Biases in 4 km WRF Forecasts Over Southern China: Diagnoses of the Causes of Biases
Authors: Zhu Kefeng , Yu Biyu , Xue Ming , Zhou Bowen , Hu Xiao‐Ming 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn a recent study, we evaluated the performance of real‐time convection‐permitting WRF model forecasting over China. Although the overall rainfall distribution and diurnal cycle are well simulated, the model greatly overestimates the rainfall intensity in southern China and the predicted rainfall shows a southeast location bias. In this study, possible factors contributing to the precipitation forecast bias are discussed. The precipitation over southern China is found to be greatly influenced by land‐sea circulations. While the model captures diurnal variations of winds well, the predicted amplitude and onset timing of the land/sea breezes differ from observations. Cold bias of land‐surface temperature is shown to partially cause wind bias. In the afternoon, the cold bias results in a weakened inland penetration of sea breeze, which in turn leads to more rain on the eastern south‐China coastline. During nighttime, excessive cooling over land results in a stronger land breeze, leading to location bias of early morning precipitation. While the observed coastal rain belt is mostly located over land during early morning, the predicted coastal rain belt is mostly located over ocean. In addition, the model overestimates moisture at low levels, especially over the southern slope of the coastal mountains and over ocean, which explains the excessive rainfall over southern China. This study emphasizes the importance of accurately simulating land‐surface‐related variables for precipitation forecast in coastal regions where land‐sea contrast plays an important role.
Cloud and Aerosol Distributions From SAGE III/ISS Observations
Authors: Schoeberl Mark , Jensen Eric , Wang Tao , Taha Ghassan , Ueyama Rei , Wang Yi , DeLand Matthew , Dessler Andrew 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWe describe our Solar Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) III/ISS cloud detection algorithm and observations. We identify three types of clouds: visible cirrus (extinction coefficient > 3 x 10−2 km−1), subvisible cirrus (extinction coefficient between 3 x 10−2 km−1 and 10−3 km−1), and very low extinction cloud‐aerosol mixtures (extinction coefficient between 10−3 km−1and 10−4 km−1). Visible cirrus cannot be quantitatively measured by SAGE because of its high extinction, but we infer the presence of cirrus through the termination of the SAGE vertical scan. We then assume that cirrus layers extend 0.5 km below the scan termination height. SAGE cirrus cloud fraction estimated in this way is in qualitative agreement with Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) measurements. Analyzing 2018–2020 SAGE III/ISS data, we find that visible cirrus and subvisible cirrus have nearly equal abundance in the tropical upper troposphere and the average cloud fraction is about 25%. At 16 km, the highest concentration of visible cirrus and subvisible cirrus is over the Tropical West Pacific, central Africa, and central South America during boreal winter. Latitudinal gaps in zonal mean cloud fraction are aligned with descending branch of the residual mean circulation. Using tropopause relative coordinates, we show that maximum cloud‐top heights are consistently restricted to a narrow region near the tropopause. The aerosol extinction fields also show the latitudinal gaps coincident with the descending residual circulation. We identify four anomalous aerosol extinction periods that can be tentatively assigned to significant volcanic or fire events.
The Limpopo Magma‐Rich Transform Margin, South Mozambique: 1. Insights From Deep‐Structure Seismic Imaging
Authors: Watremez L. , Leroy S. , d’Acremont E. , Roche V. , Evain M. , Leprêtre A. , Verrier F. , Aslanian D. , Dias N. , Afilhado A. , Schnürle P. , Castilla R. , Despinois F. , Moulin M. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractA variety of structures results from the interplay of evolving far‐field forces, plate kinematics, and magmatic activity during continental break‐up. The east Limpopo transform margin, offshore northern Mozambique, formed as Africa and Antarctica separated during the mid‐Jurassic period break‐up of the Gondwana supercontinent. The nature of the crust onshore has been discussed for decades in an effort to resolve issues with plate kinematic models. Two seismic refraction profiles with coincident multichannel seismic reflection profiles allow us to interpret the seismic velocity structures across the margin, both onshore and offshore. These seismic profiles allow us to (a) delineate the major regional crustal domains; (b) identify widespread indications of magmatic activity; and (c) map crustal structure and geometry of this magma‐rich transform margin. Careful examination of the profiles allows us to make the following observations and interpretations: (a) on land, continental crust is overlain by a >10‐km thick volcano‐sedimentary wedge related to an early rifting stage, (b) offshore, thick oceanic crust formed due to intense magmatic activity, and between the two (c) a 50–60‐km wide transform zone where the crustal structures are affected by intense magmatic activity and faulting. The prominent presence of intrusive and extrusive igneous units may be attributed to the combination of a deep‐seated melting anomaly and a trans‐tensional fault zone running through thinned lithosphere that allowed melt to reach the surface. A comparison of the crustal thinning along other transform margins shows a probable dependence with the thermal and/or tectonic history of the lithosphere.
Roughness‐Based Method for Simulating Hydraulic Consequences of Both Woody Debris Clogging and Breakage at Bridges in Basin‐Scale Flood Modeling
Authors: Macchione Francesco , Lombardo Margherita 
Published: November 2021

AbstractObstructions at bridge can exacerbate flood hazard: when woody debris occlude a bridge, backwater increases, and sometimes a temporary reservoir can form. If the condition for the collapse of the jam exists, the phenomenon can evolve into a dam break flow resulting in an increase in downstream discharge or a steepening in the flow hydrograph. A rigorous description of backwater formed by debris at the bridge, and more generally of the interaction between flood and structure, is still a challenge and only few studies focus on the breakage phase and its consequence on flood dynamic. Unfortunately, analyzing the hydraulics of so many localized situations within a large area in detail would involve considerable modeling and calculation costs. Therefore, treatment methods are desirable that provide correct results in terms of the reference hydraulic variables for assessing the hazard without the need to model extremely local phenomena. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the possibility to reproduce an observed or estimated backwater by the use of an equivalent roughness at the place of the bridge and simulate the breakage phase by a sudden variation of its value. The method, applied to the numerical reconstruction of the experimental tests of dam break performed by the Waterways Experiment Station in 1961, has provided results that overlap well with the experimental values. Furthermore, it was applied to the reconstruction of the historical flood occurred in the Soverato river (Calabria, Italy). It did not require local grid refinement and provided results faithful to flood marks.
Thermal Experiments for Fractured Rock Characterization: Theoretical Analysis and Inverse Modeling
Authors: Zhou Zitong , Roubinet Delphine , Tartakovsky Daniel M. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractField‐scale properties of fractured rocks play a crucial role in many subsurface applications, yet methodologies for identification of the statistical parameters of a discrete fracture network (DFN) are scarce. We present an inversion technique to infer two such parameters, fracture density and fractal dimension, from cross‐borehole thermal experiments data. It is based on a particle‐based heat‐transfer model, whose evaluation is accelerated with a deep neural network (DNN) surrogate that is integrated into a grid search. The DNN is trained on a small number of the heat‐transfer model runs and predicts the cumulative density function of the thermal field. The latter is used to compute fine posterior distributions of the (to be estimated) parameters. Our synthetic experiments reveal that fracture density is well constrained by data, while fractal dimension is harder to determine. Adding nonuniform prior information related to the DFN connectivity improves the inference of this parameter.