bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ESTIMATION OF THERMAL & EPITHERMAL NEUTRON FLUX AND GAMMA DOSE DISTRIBUTION IN A MEDICAL CYCLOTRON FACILITY FOR RADIATION PROTECTION PURPOSES USING GOLD FOILS AND GATE 9
Authors: Abolaban Fouad A , Alawi Mohammed A , Taha Eslam M , Elmoujarkach Ezzat , Banoqitah Essam M , Alhawsawi Abdulsalam M , De Maio Paolo , Lopopolo Gaetano , Tolomeo Anna , Dimiccoli Vincenzo , Nisbet Andrew 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The aim of this study is to characterise the neutron flux generated directly behind targets used in medical cyclotrons. The characterisation process aims at determining the feasibility of using the generated neutrons for research purposes in neutron activation analysis. The study was performed by activating gold foils placed directly behind the cyclotron targets. The thermal and epithermal neutron flux were found to be 4.5E+05 ± 8.78E+04 neutrons cm−2 s−1 and 2.13E+06 ± 8.59E+04 neutrons cm−2 s−1, respectively. The flux value is the same order of magnitude listed in the manual produced by the cyclotron manufacturer. The results are encouraging and show high potential for using the cyclotron facility as a thermal neutron source for research purposes. However, it is important radiation protection procedures be followed to ensure the safety of researchers due to the high gamma dose rate measured directly behind the target at 2.46 Sv/h using an OSL chip during the beam on time.
Interpretation Acts—Are They, and (How) Do They Make for, Great Law?
Authors: Carter Ross 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The paper considers the purposes and evolution of Interpretation Acts, including the following points:
• how, as default law, they inform and interact with other legislation;
• their scope as, and interaction with other, interpretation law (including links with interpretation legislation in related jurisdictions);
• ways they can stop being, or fail to be, great law (that is, law that is accessible, fit for purpose, and constitutionally sound);
• ways policy-makers and drafters can meet the challenges (in Te Reo Māori: ngā wero) of making them, and all the other law that interacts with them, great law.
Dissecting Incongruence between Concatenation- and Quartet-Based Approaches in Phylogenomic Data
Authors: Shen Xing-Xing , Steenwyk Jacob L , Rokas Antonis 
Published: February 2021

AbstractTopological conflict or incongruence is widespread in phylogenomic data. Concatenation- and coalescent-based approaches often result in incongruent topologies, but the causes of this conflict can be difficult to characterize. We examined incongruence stemming from conflict the between likelihood-based signal (quantified by the difference in gene-wise log-likelihood score or $\Delta $GLS) and quartet-based topological signal (quantified by the difference in gene-wise quartet score or $\Delta $GQS) for every gene in three phylogenomic studies in animals, fungi, and plants, which were chosen because their concatenation-based IQ-TREE (T1) and quartet-based ASTRAL (T2) phylogenies are known to produce eight conflicting internal branches (bipartitions). By comparing the types of phylogenetic signal for all genes in these three data matrices, we found that 30–36% of genes in each data matrix are inconsistent, that is, each of these genes has a higher log-likelihood score for T1 versus T2 (i.e., $\Delta $GLS $&gt;$0) whereas its T1 topology has lower quartet score than its T2 topology (i.e., $\Delta $GQS $&lt;$0) or vice versa. Comparison of inconsistent and consistent genes using a variety of metrics (e.g., evolutionary rate, gene tree topology, distribution of branch lengths, hidden paralogy, and gene tree discordance) showed that inconsistent genes are more likely to recover neither T1 nor T2 and have higher levels of gene tree discordance than consistent genes. Simulation analyses demonstrate that the removal of inconsistent genes from data sets with low levels of incomplete lineage sorting (ILS) and low and medium levels of gene tree estimation error (GTEE) reduced incongruence and increased accuracy. In contrast, removal of inconsistent genes from data sets with medium and high ILS levels and high GTEE levels eliminated or extensively reduced incongruence, but the resulting congruent species phylogenies were not always topologically identical to the true species trees.[Conflict; gene tree; phylogenetic signal; phylogenetics; phylogenomics; Tree of Life.]
‘You Say Tomatoes’ – avoiding trustee liability for breach of duties of care in English and US style trust deeds
Authors: O’Hagan Patrick 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This article examines exoneration and exculpation provisions in English and US style trust deeds and considers the extent to which the law applicable to these is the same and how it may differ. The question is how far a trustee may go to exclude liability for breach of duty of care and the legal basis for this. It then examines what perhaps should be the initial question, namely, the extent to which a deed of trust can remove such duties so that no trustee liability arises in the first place. The question is the extent to which removal of duties of care is permissible.
Accountability for authority
Authors: Flannigan Robert 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Trustees and beneficiaries need to understand how fiduciary accountability regulates trustee authority. I intend to advance that understanding by explaining in abstract terms the nature of surrogate authority and fiduciary accountability. I will explain that opportunism is a concern wherever authority is transferred to a surrogate, and that fiduciary accountability is the generic response of the law across contexts.
Effects of induction on the farrowing process and piglet blood parameters at the time of farrowing1
Authors: Mills Kayla M , Shirley Larissa K , Sharp Katharine , Garcia Ricardo , Suarez-Trujillo Aridany , Stewart Kara R 
Published: February 2021

AbstractHistorically, sows have been induced to farrow using prostaglandin followed by an injection of oxytocin 24 h later. Benefits of induction can include decreased rate of stillbirths, dystocia, and postnatal mortality along with increasing the likelihood of farrowings being attended. Several studies have indicated that oxytocin administration may negatively impact fetal oxygen supply during parturition, potentially from umbilical cords breaking prior to birth, resulting in increased preweaning mortality. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine if various induction protocols impact umbilical cord breakage and fetal blood parameters at birth. Fifty-eight primiparous and multiparous sows were assigned to one of three treatments: no induction (NO; n = 24) or 2 cc prostaglandin administered on day 114 of gestation followed by either 1 cc of oxytocin 24 h later (OXY24; n = 13) or 0.5 cc of oxytocin at 6 and 12 h after prostaglandin (OXY6; n = 21). Details of the farrowing process were recorded, and umbilical cord blood was collected from piglets at birth and evaluated on an iSTAT machine using an Abbott EC8+ test cartridge. There were no differences in total born, number born alive, stillborns, mummies, or assistance needed during farrowing. Induced sows were more likely to farrow by day 115 compared to naturally farrowing sows (P = 0.02). Sows in the OXY24 treatment tended to have longer farrowings when compared to both NO and OXY6 (4.8 vs. 3.6 vs. 3.9 h; P = 0.09). Colostrum from OXY6 sows tended to have a greater amount of lactose present than NO and OXY24 (P = 0.05). Colostrum from sows with longer gestation lengths had a higher percentage of fat (P = 0.03). Piglets born from NO sows had higher base excess, total carbon dioxide, and glucose, which suggests that these piglets had prolonged moments of asphyxiation (P &lt; 0.01). OXY24 piglets had the lowest blood pH which is indicative of hypoxic birthing conditions (P &lt; 0.01). Preweaning mortality was driven largely by a low birth weight coupled with low colostrum intake (P = 0.03). All piglets, regardless of treatment, displayed signs of stress during farrowing. Induction did not influence preweaning mortality but has the potential to decrease the incidence by increasing attended farrowings.
Hepatotoxic effects of melamine exposure from the weaning period in rats: a flow cytometric, electron microscopic, and histopathologic study
Authors: Erisgin Zuleyha , Mutlu Hasan Serdar , Tekelioglu Yavuz , Deveci Engin , Seker Ugur 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This study aims to investigate the effects of melamine exposure from the weaning period (21st postnatal days in rats) on liver tissue. Female Wistar albino rats (n = 18) were divided into three groups. About 0.1-ml saline was applied to the control group by gavage for 21 days from the postnatal 21st day. The second group was taken 50-mg/kg melamine (in 0.1-ml saline) and the third group was taken 75-mg/kg melamine (in 0.1-ml saline) p.o. On the postnatal 45th day, all rats were sacrificed under anesthesia. Then, liver tissues were cut into three parts and two of them placed in neutral formalin for histopathological and flow cytometric analysis, and one of them placed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde. Histopathological analysis was performed with hematoxylin & eosin, Masson trichrome, periodic acid Schiff stained sections, and also with transmission electron microscopy. Apoptosis (Annexin V positivity) was analyzed by flow cytometry. According to histopathological analysis, hepatocyte damage, sinusoidal dilatation, and inflammatory cell infiltration significantly increased in both melamine groups compared with the control group. Apoptosis significantly increased in the 50 and 75-mg melamine groups compared with the control group. In the results of transmission electron microscopy analysis, there was abnormal chromatin distribution in the hepatocyte nuclei, loss in the cristae of the mitochondria, and organelle loss in large areas in the cytoplasm in both melamine exposure groups. As result, melamine exposure from the weaning period causes liver damage with increasing doses.
Emerging Roles of N6-Methyladenosine (m6A) Epitranscriptomics in Toxicology
Authors: Malovic Emir , Ealy Alyssa , Kanthasamy Arthi , Kanthasamy Anumantha G 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Epitranscriptomics, the study of chemically modified RNAs, is a burgeoning field being explored in a variety of scientific disciplines. Of the currently known epitranscriptomic modifications, N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation is the most abundant. The m6A modification is predominantly regulated by 3 tiers of protein modulators classified as writers, erasers, and readers. Depending upon cellular needs, these proteins function to deposit, remove, or read the methyl modifications on cognate mRNAs. Many environmental chemicals including heavy metals, pesticides, and other toxic pollutants, are all known to perturb transcription and translation machinery to exert their toxic responses. As such, we herein review how the m6A modification may be affected under different toxicological paradigms. Furthermore, we discuss how toxicants can affect the 3 tiers of regulation directly, and how these effects influence the m6A-modified mRNAs. Lastly, we highlight the disparities between published findings and theories, especially those concerning the m6A reader tier of regulation. In the far-reaching field of toxicology, m6A epitranscriptomics provides another enticing avenue to explore new mechanisms and therapies for a diverse range of environmentally linked disorders and diseases.
Perceived Vulnerability and Propensity to Adopt Best Management Practices for Huanglongbing Disease of Citrus in California
Authors: Garcia-Figuera Sara , Deniston-Sheets Holly , Grafton-Cardwell Elizabeth , Babcock Bruce , Lubell Mark , McRoberts Neil 
Published: February 2021

Huanglongbing (HLB) disease of citrus, which is associated with the bacterium ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’, has been confined to residential properties in Southern California 8 years after it was first detected in the state. To prevent the spread of HLB to commercial citrus groves, growers have been asked to adopt a portfolio of voluntary best management practices. This study evaluates the citrus industry’s propensity to adopt these practices using surveys and a novel multivariate ordinal regression model. We estimate the impact on adoption of perceived vulnerability to HLB, intentions to stay informed and communicate about the disease and various socio-economic factors, and reveal what practices are most likely to be jointly adopted as an integrated approach to HLB. Survey participants were in favor of scouting and surveying for HLB symptoms, but they were reluctant to test trees, use early detection technologies (EDTs), and install barriers around citrus groves. Most practices were perceived as complementary, particularly visual inspections and some combinations of preventive practices with tests and EDTs. Participants who felt more vulnerable to HLB had a higher propensity to adopt several practices, as did those who intended to stay informed and communicate with the coordinators of the HLB control program, although this effect was modulated by the perceived vulnerability to HLB. Communication with neighbors and the size of citrus operations also influenced practice adoption. Based on these results, we provide recommendations for outreach about HLB management in California and suggest future directions for research about the adoption of plant disease management practices. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Severe liver failure rather than cirrhosis is associated with mortality in patients with infectious endocarditis: a retrospective case–control study
Authors: Allaire Manon , Cadranel Jean-François D. , Bureau Christophe , Zerkly Salah , Thévenot Thierry , Garioud Armand , Cacoub Patrice , Macaigne Gilles , Alric Laurent , Jouannaud Vincent , Lison Hortensia , Chagneau-Derrode Carine , Pariente Alexandre , Pélaquier Agnès , Bourlière Marc , Causse Xavier , Nousbaum Jean-Baptiste , Dumortier Jérôme , Louvet Alexandre , Rosa-Hézode Isabelle , Ganne-Carrié Nathalie , Chentouh Ryme , Sfaxi Anis , Gournay Jérome , Blasco-Perrin Hélène , Antonini Teresa , Spahr Laurent , Bronowicki Jean-Pierre , Silvain Christine , Di Martino Vincent , Grange Jean-Didier , Denis Jacques , Dupont Karine , Iaria Pierre , Ollivier-Hourmand Isabelle , Dao Thong 
Published: February 2021

Background
Data on infectious endocarditis (IE) in patients with liver cirrhosis (LC) are sparse. We aimed to describe the characteristics and predictors of mortality from IE in patients with LC.

Patients and methods
Overall, 101 patients with LC and 101 controls with IE matched for sex, age, date of IE, and diabetes were retrospectively selected in 23 liver units between 2000 and 2013.

Results
Mean age was 60.8±10.5 and 60.6±11.5 years in LC and controls, respectively. Causes of cirrhosis (Child–Pugh A/B/C: 10.4%/41.7%/47.9%, MELD score: 17±7.8) were excess alcohol intake (79.6%), viral hepatitis (17.3%), and metabolic syndrome (14.3%). Previous history of cardiopathy was found in 24.8% of LC (prosthetic valve 8.9%) and 37.6% of controls (P=0.07). The most frequent bacteria involved were gram-positive cocci. LC had significantly fewer aminoglycosides (P=0.0007), rifamycin (P=0.03), and valve surgery (P=0.02) than controls. The proportion of patients who died following cardiac surgery was similar between the two groups (9.7% for LC vs. 8.7% for controls, P=1). In-hospital mortality for Child–Pugh C patients was significantly higher than controls (61.4 vs. 23%, P<0.001), but not for Child–Pugh A (33.3%) or B patients (25.0%). A Child–Pugh score of above C10 was the best predictor of in-hospital mortality. In LC, Child–Pugh score (odds ratio=1.5; 95% confidence interval: 1.2–2.0; P=0.002) and history of decompensation (odds ratio=3.1; 95% confidence interval: 1.1–9.0; P=0.003) were independent predictive factors for in-hospital mortality.

Conclusion
Severe liver failure but not cirrhosis is the strongest predictive factor of mortality related to IE in LC. Use of aminosides and rifamycin should be reassessed in LC, and cardiac surgery should be considered for selected patients.
Machine Learning with Objective Serum Markers and Algorithmic Deep Learning CT Scan Analysis Predicts Brain Death Due to Trauma and Hypoxia
Authors: Rafter Daniel , Sterk Brett , Li Zhuliu , Schaaf Tory , Kuang Rui , Koller Michael , Samadani Uzma 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACTBackgroundPrediction of which traumatic and hypoxic brain injuries will progress to brain death is currently based predominantly on history, physical examination and radiographic findings. We investigated how accurately purely objective measures including three neurologic serum markers and algorithmic CT (computed tomograph) scan analysis can predict brain death and differentiate its etiology.MethodsThis prospective observational study enrolled 51 isolated trauma subjects and 19 clinically brain dead subjects that were further divided by mechanism of injury into high-velocity trauma with presumed diffuse axonal injury, cardiopulmonary/respiratory arrest, and found down groups. Levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1), and S100 Calcium-Binding Protein B (S100B) were compared, and algorithmic analysis of CT scan imaging was performed using an open-source deep learning software (BLAST-CT).FindingsThe prognostic value of various biomarker combinations in identifying subjects progressing to brain death was assessed using machine learning. Prediction accuracy for GFAP, UCH-L1, and S100B and algorithmic CT analysis in combination to predict brain death from among all other cohorts yielded an area under the receiver operator curve of 0.98 versus all other brain injury subjects. This model was also able to distinguish brain death attributed to cardiopulmonary/respiratory arrest from combined non-trauma controls and diffuse axonal injury with an area under the curve of 0.99.InterpretationSerum concentrations of GFAP, UCH-L1, and S100B measured within 32 hours of traumatic and hypoxic brain injury (cardiopulmonary/respiratory arrest) and algorithmic CT analysis have utility in prognosticating brain death and predicting its mechanism of injury as either hypoxic or traumatic/unknown (diffuse axonal injury/found down).FundingAbbott Labs and the Minnesota State Office of Higher Education.
Experimental quantification of soft tissue deformation in quasi-static single leg flexion using biplanar imaging
Authors: Lahkar Bhrigu K. , Rohan Pierre-Yves , Yaacoub Jean-Jacques , Pillet Helene , Bonnet Xavier , Thoreux Patricia , Skalli Wafa 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSoft tissue deformation(STD) causes the most prominent source of error in skin marker (SM) based motion analysis, commonly referred to as Soft Tissue Artifact (STA). To compensate for its effect and to accurately assess in vivo joint kinematics, quantification of STD in three-dimension (3D) is essential. In the literature, different invasive and radiological approaches have been employed to study how STA propagates in joint kinematics. However, there is limited reference data extensively reporting distribution of the artifact itself in 3D.The current study was thus aimed at quantifying STD in 10 subjects along three anatomical directions. Biplanar X-ray system was used to determine true bone and SM positions while the subjects underwent quasi-static single leg flexion.STD exhibited inter-subject similarity. A non-uniform distribution was observed at the pelvis, thigh and shank displaying maximum at the thigh (up to 18.5 mm) and minimum at the shank (up to 8 mm). STD at the pelvis and thigh displayed inter-marker similarity. STD at the pelvis was found direction independent, showing similar distribution in all the 3 directions. However, the thigh and shank exhibited higher STD in the proximal-distal direction of the bone embedded anatomical reference frame. These findings may provide more insights while interpreting motion analysis data as well to effectively strategize STA compensation methods.
Small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements for prevention of child malnutrition and promotion of healthy development: Overview of individual participant data meta-analysis and programmatic implications
Authors: Dewey Kathryn G. , Stewart Christine P. , Wessells K. Ryan , Prado Elizabeth L. , Arnold Charles D. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSmall-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements (SQ-LNS) were designed to provide multiple micronutrients within a food base that also provides energy, protein and essential fatty acids, and were targeted towards the prevention of malnutrition in low- and middle-income countries. Previous meta-analyses have demonstrated beneficial effects of SQ-LNS on child growth, anemia and mortality. To further examine efficacy and effectiveness of SQ-LNS, and explore study-level and individual-level modifiers of the effects, we conducted an individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis of 14 randomized controlled trials of SQ-LNS provided to infants and young children 6 to 24 mo of age (n > 37,000). We examined growth, development, anemia and micronutrient status outcomes. Children who received SQ-LNS had a 12-14% lower prevalence of stunting, wasting and underweight, were 16-19% less likely to score in the lowest decile for language, social-emotional, and motor development, and had a 16% lower prevalence of anemia and 64% lower prevalence of iron-deficiency anemia, compared to control group children. For most outcomes, beneficial effects of SQ-LNS were evident regardless of study-level characteristics including region, stunting burden, malaria prevalence, sanitation, water quality, duration of supplementation, frequency of contact or average reported compliance with SQ-LNS. For certain outcomes, targeting based on population-level socioeconomic status or undernutrition may be worthwhile, as the benefits of SQ-LNS for iron status, anemia and child development were larger in sub-groups with a greater potential to benefit. A greater impact of SQ-LNS might be possible by co-packaging it with interventions that reduce constraints on response, such as prevention and control of pre-and postnatal infections, improving maternal nutrition, improving health care access, and promotion of early child development. Policy-makers and program planners should consider including SQ-LNS in strategies to reduce child mortality, stunting, wasting, anemia, iron deficiency and developmental impairments. This study was registered at www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO as CRD42019146592, CRD42020159971 and CRD42020156663.