bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Epidemiology and Outcomes of Meningitis among Iranian Children in a Period of 10 Years
Authors: Chamkhaleh Maryam Alizadeh , Noorbakhsh Samileh , Vafaee-Shahi Mohammad , Riahi Aina , Hajinasab Negar , Gandomi-Mohammadabadi Alireza , Shiasi Mehrsa 
Published: July 2021

Background:
One of the important causes of childhood febrile illness is meningitis. It causes bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic, and non-infectious agents. Pediatric bacterial meningitis is one of the most important causes of infant mortality, especially in premature infants. This study aimed to identify the outcome and mortality of children with meningitis.

Methods and Materials:
All children with meningitis in the Pediatric Department of Rasool Akram Hospital from December 23, 2007, to December 16, 2017, were included. Signs and symptoms (fever, consciousness, neck rigidity, and seizure) were collected and Cerebrospinal fluid analysis in children was made. Based on these findings, patients were divided into two groups, which include bacterial and non-bacterial meningitis. Then we recalled all families and examined them to discover the child’s outcome and complications at least after two years.

Results:
During the ten-year study period, 202 children were included in the study. Patients aged less than 12 months were found to be more frequently affected. Fever was the most common presentation (83.4%) followed by seizure (51.5%) and vomiting (49%). 119 (58.9%) of the patients were male and 83 (41.1%) were female. Definite bacterial meningitis was the final diagnosis in 35.6% (72) of patients (mean age 34.1± 48.3 months), and non-bacterial meningitis was diagnosed in 64.4% (130) of cases (mean age 46.3± 52.4 months). The most common organism in bacterial meningitis (by all methods) was Streptococcus pneumonia. Among children, 187 (92.1%) were survivors and 15 (%7.9) were non-survivors. Neurological sequelae such as motor deficit and epilepsy were identified in 9 (4.8%) and 5 (2.6%) subjects, respectively, and that they were all caused by bacterial meningitis. There was no death or neurological sequelae observed during follow-up in children with non-bacterial meningitis. Gender, age, signs and symptoms of patients at the time of admission were not significantly different between the bacterial and non-bacterial meningitis groups (p>0.05). Hydrocephalus, CSF characteristic, morbidity and mortality were significantly different between the bacterial and non-bacterial meningitis groups.

Conclusion:
This study showed that elevated LDH and low glucose levels in CSF are characteristic of bacterial meningitis. Increased LDH is significantly related to death in children (P-value > 0.001) with meningitis. Beneficial empirical antibiotics and sufficient follow-up by parents cause good prognosis in children with meningitis. Also in a child with fever and seizure, we should think of meningitis, even though in the absence of positive neurological examinations. It seems that increased CSF LDH, elevated CSF protein and age under one year are significant mortality risk factors in children with meningitis.
Prevalence and Factors Associated with Active Trachoma among Children 1-9 years of Age in the Catchment Population of Tora Primary Hospital, Silte zone, Southern Ethiopia, 2020
Authors: Kedir Shemsu , Lemnuro Kemal , Yesse Mubarek , Abdella Bahredin , Muze Mohammed , Mustefa Abdulmejid , Musema Mohammed , Hussen Leila 
Published: July 2021

Background:
Trachoma is the foremost cause of wide-reaching, preventable blindness. According to the World Health Organization report, nearly 1.3 million human beings are sightless due to trachoma, whereas about eighty-four million are hurt from active trachoma. A survey revealed that the countrywide prevalence of active trachoma among children aged 1–9 years in Ethiopia was 40.1%. Limited data are present regarding the study area; therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the magnitude and factors associated with active trachoma among 1-9 years of children in the catchment population of Tora Primary Hospital, South Ethiopia.

Methods:

A community-based cross-sectional study was performed on 589 children in a study place from February 15 to March 13, 2020. We used Epi data program version 3.1 and SPSS version 20 for data entry and analysis, respectively.

Results:
The overall occurrence of active trachoma in the catchment was 29.4% [CI=25.7, 33.12]. Of these cases, the trachomatous follicle (TF) 90.9%, TI (4.8%), and combination of TF/TI (4.2%) were found. Households’ educational status, frequency of face washing, knowledge about trachoma, source of water for washing purposes, and garbage disposal system were the independently associated factors of active trachoma.

Conclusion:
In this study area, the occurrence of active trachoma was high. Hence, it needs instant attention, such as constructing a responsiveness application in the community, inspiring children and parents to try out face washing, improving knowledge about trachoma and appropriate excreta disposal.
Summary of Research on Oil Film Temperature Characteristic of Hydrostatic
and Hydrodynamic Thrust Bearings
Authors: Feng Yanan , Yu Xiaodong , Han Zelin , Li Shihao , Tang Bangyao , Wang Songbai , Chen Minmin , Jiao Jianhua 
Published: July 2021

Background:
This study was conducted to explore the temperature rise and distribution
of the micro-gap lubricating oil film of the hydrostatic and hydrodynamic thrust bearing, solve the
problem of thermal deformation of the friction pair of the hydrostatic and hydrodynamic support,
and improve the operation accuracy and stability of the hydrostatic and hydrodynamic thrust bearing.

Objective:
Combined with the theory of dynamic and static pressure bearings, the problem of lubricating
oil film temperature rise is analyzed, and specific research directions are proposed. It is
hoped that it will be helpful to improve the research of bearing stability and provide a theoretical
basis for the structural design and operational reliability of heavy hydrostatic bearings.

Methods:
This article summarizes the research status of the oil film temperature rise of hydrostatic
and hydrodynamic thrust bearings, especially focusing on the influence of hot oil carrying on the
temperature rise of the lubricating oil film, and finally, the specific research directions and methods
of the oil film temperature rise are prospected.

Methods:
Current and future developments of the oil film temperature rise of hydrostatic and hydrodynamic
thrust bearings are finally provided and discussed. It provides theoretical support for
the thermal deformation control of the bearing friction pair, and provides a basis for the highprecision
and stable operation of the bearing.

Conclusion:
Aiming at the research hotspots of lubricating oil film temperature rise and distribution,
based on the analysis of the principle of hydrostatic and dynamic pressure bearings, the domestic
and foreign literature on the influence of the micro-gap lubricating oil film temperature rise
and distribution of hydrostatic and hydrodynamic thrust bearings is collected and analyzed. The
research shows that although some research results have been made in this area, current research
methods and angle analysis still have certain limitations, so the study of the oil film temperature
rise is not comprehensive, and further detailed discussion and analysis are still needed.
IL-23/Th17 Axis: A Potential Therapeutic Target of Psoriasis
Authors: Rai Vineet Kumar , Sharma Amit , Upadhyay Deepak Kumar , Gupta Ghanshyam Das , Narang Raj Kumar 
Published: July 2021

:
Psoriasis is an immune-mediated skin disease that leads to the initiation of abnormal production of inflammatory mediators and keratinocytes hyper-proliferation. Th-1 cell expressing cytokines such as IL-1β and TNF-α have been the important hallmarks in the management of psoriasis. However, investigations carried out in the previous few years underline the involvement of another subset of T helper cells, i.e. Th-17 in psoriasis exacerbation, and hence become the point of focus now. The immunopathogenesis of Th-17 is the result of the IL-23/Th-17 axis. It involves the release of IL-17 and IL-22 in response to the activated NF-kβ dependent activation of IL-23. The function of human Th-17 cells as well as the crucial role of IL-23/Th-17 axis in the exacerbation of psoriasis and treatment have been well explored. Therefore, considering IL-23/Th17 axis as a pertinent therapeutic target in immune driven disorders, extensive investigations are now highlighting the utility of biopharmaceuticals and/or biological agents acting on these targets. Here, we review the IL-23/Th-17 axis based therapeutic targets, different types of active moieties based on their source of availability and most useful USFDA approved Mabs targeting the IL-23/Th17 axis in psoriasis for a better understanding of the future possibilities in this area.
Gemeenteraadsverkiezingen en verstedelijking
Authors: Dewachter Wilfried 
Published: July 2021

This study aims to state the relation between the nature of municipal elections and the degree of urbanisation of the municipalities.In Belgium the municipal elections show a very great diversity in their electoral figures . Five categories of electoral figures are frequent : elections without competition (in the map as : verkiezingen zonder strijd),totally local electoral figure (in the map as : uitsluitend plaatselijke verkiezingsgestalte), predominantly local electoral figure (in the map as : overwegend plaatselijke verkiezingsgestalte), mixed electoral figure (in the map as : gemengde verkiezingsgestalte), predominantly national electoral figure (in the map as : overwegend nationale verkiezingsgestalte).The two existing operationalizations of urbanisation in Belgium are used for the urbanisation degree of the municipalities : that of W. Van Waelvelde and H. Van der Haegen as well as that of I. De Lanoo,U. Claeys and M. Sansen. The frequency of the different types of electoral figures at the municipal elections, seen in the categories of urbanisation according to both above mentioned operationalizations, indicates a positive relation between growing urbanisation and the shifting from local to predominantly national electoral figures. This does not mean that the predominantly national electoral figure can be found exclusively in the highest category of urbanisation, nor that the exclusively local electoral figure and the elections without competition can only happen in rural regions. But it is a fact that the gravity-centre of the rather national electoral figures lies in urbanised municipalities and towns, whereas the gravity- centre of local electoral figures lies in rural municipalities. See graphic I (operationalization W. Van Waelvelde and H. Van der Haegen) and graphic II ( operationalization I. De Lanoo, U. Claeys and M. Sansen).As the used, urbanisation-operationalizations are not totally unidimensional, this research can furnish only an argument for H. Bahrdt's thesis of the «Verfall der kommunalen öffentlichkeit» and for the parallel hypothesis of the tenuous zone, formulated by Sj . Groenman.
Politisierung der Verwaltung in modernen kapitalistischen Gesellschaften
Authors: Ronge Volker 
Published: July 2021

Politicization of administration is generally held to be an innovative process : the administration seems to strip off its neutral phenotype. This false notion stems from a model of analysis that ignores the administration'senvironmental interrelations and the administrative function.A functional systems model is proposed which is capable of avoiding normative implications. This model helps to understand politicization of administration as an adaptive process of the capitalist state which is thus reacting to trends of economization and "socialization" of politics. The adaptation is held to be partially successful only. Political and administrativeproblem-solving tends to come out more and more critical. The only solution to this - extended participation - cannot be conceded for system's reasons.
Contribution à l'étude des idées politiques de Napoléon Ier
Authors: Cabanis André 
Published: July 2021

The writings of Napoleon I and his contemporaries' testimonies reveal the image of a statesman more taken up with action than theories and whom circonstances have made go through different stages in his political convictions. During his youth, he takes up all the ideas of the eighteenth century, even to their contradictions, though the temper of the leader to come, sometimes shows through already. During the Consulate - a time of dissimulation - he tries to conciliate around him the most antagonistic ideas in order to strengthen his popular dictatorship. When at the height of his glory - about 1808-1811 - he longs to enter the «European Concert» white building a universal Empire, and he thinks of reviving the old regime society, white not admitting any intermediary between the Nation and himself. Defeated, then deported, he clearly analyses the causes of his failure and makes the most of future by reappealing to the ideas of the Revolution.
Corporatief verzet tegen het invoeren van de evenredige vertegenwoordiging in België
Authors: Verriest Frans 
Published: July 2021

Corporatist opposition against the introduction of a system of proportional representation in Belgium can essentially be reduced to the opposition by Joris Helleputte. The main reason for this anti-proportionalism way that proportional representation would seriously endanger the growth of a catholic corporatist party ("standenpartij") and - in the long run - of a catholic corporatist state. In 1894 though, political corporatism isalready on its way back, and so is socio-economie corporatism from 1899 on.In the "Belgische Volksbond" a large majority has come to accept proportional representation. This is one of the main reasons which lead Joris Helleputte on the 21th of July 1895 to definitely resign as a president of this association. Hid 1894 Helleputte had already founded the antiproportionalist newspaper "L'Union" but this disappeared within that same year. Another newspaper venture of his, "Le XXm Siècle" (from the 5th of June 1895 on) wilt prove more successful, and wilt become an eminent propaganda-tool against proportional representation.On the 4th of July 1899 Helleputte - together with Woeste - presents a proposal in parliament to introduce the uninominal system.A judicious gerrymandering would then ensure a huge catholic majority.Helleputte took it for granted that within the catholic party each "stand" (estate) would get a fair share of the seats. But the Helleputte-Woeste proposal dit not receive sufficient support. And eventually proportional representation for the legislative elections was introduced by law on the 29th of December 1899.
Federaties en federalisme : Een raamwerk voor theorie en onderzoek
Authors: Hoetjes B.J.S. 
Published: July 2021

From a global historical viewpoint, federal systems are the exception rather than the rule, even though examples of federalism can already be found in Greek antiquity. From the 17th century onwards there was a revival of federalism, but in the post-World War II-era of decolonization federal systems did not emerge as the most popular form of government.Still, there is considerable variation among federal systems, i.e. those political systems where governmental authority is constitutionally divided among a central «federal» government and «state» governments in such a way, that each type of government has final decision-making authority in at least a few policy fields ; a federation may be either effective or formal, unitary or decentralized, symmetrical or asymmetrical. In order to explain the extent and the kind of federalism in specific cases, the formallegal structure, the socio-economic environment and the political behaviour of elites as well as citizens should be taken into account. Political behaviour should be taken as the key factor, without disregard, however, for its relationship to social factors (e.g. pluralism) and format structures (e.g. constitutions). In order to assess their relative importance, comparative research is required; Western Europe and the Third World (South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa) offer highly promising prospects for this type of research. On the research agenda of federalism, special attention should be given to topics like the informal federal arrangements in cabinet formation, policy-making and public administration, federal party polities, and the impact of public policies on the federal socio-economic environment.
De nationale kieswetten voor de Europese verkiezingen
Authors: Van Den Berghe Guido 
Published: July 2021

Between 7 June and 10 June 1979, the first elections of the representatives of the European Parliament by direct universal suffrage will be held in all the Member States of the European Community.Within that period, the elections shall be held on a date fixed by each Member State. The electoral procedure, except for the common provisions of the annexed Act to the Council Decision on directelections of 20 September 1976, shall be governed in each Member State by its national procedures. There will be nine parallel national elections. The Council Decision and the annexed Act of 20 September 1976 are considered in retrospect and then analysed, as are the national electoral laws, which will be used for the European elections in the different Member States. Their mutual differences and contradictions are discussed.Changes from the electoral procedure in use for national elections are traced. Broadly speaking, one of the aims of the article is to show that the potential influence of an individual vote of a «European citizenl» on the composition of the European Parliament wilt differ considerably from one Member State to another.In the closing remarks, the European elections are put into the perspective of furthering the democratisation of the European Communities.
De effectiviteit van wetsvoorstellen en amendementen als parlementair wetgevend initiatief
Authors: Clijsters Edi , Van Schoor Willy , Meeusen Vic 
Published: July 2021

The relative rate of success of parliamentary vs. governmental legislative initiative is quite different. The examination of one, resp. two full legislative term(s), for amendments, resp. bills introduced, shows thatparliamentary legislative initiative by far exceeds «regular» governmental initiative : in a ratio of 3 to 1 for bills, and of 4 to 1 for amendments. But the results (i.e. bills and amendments, accepted in both the House and the Senate) are almost inverse : governmental initiative accounts for 76 % of the bills, and for 67 % of the amendments eventually voted. The government succeeds in «pushing through» more than 90 % of its own initiatives, whereas parliamentary initiative hardly obtains an overall 10 % realization score. In an interrogative manner, the conclusion pointsto a few elements that may account for this situation.
Overzicht van het Belgische politiek gebeuren in 1981
Authors: Deweerdt Mark 
Published: July 2021

Si l'année 1980 avec quatre gouvernements et tout autant de formules gouvernementales ne fut pas un exemple de stabilité mais plutot d'instabilité politique, l'année 1981 ne peut pas davantage être considérée comme une année politiquement stable. Au cours de l'année passée trois gouvernements se sont succédés; de ce fait, en l'espace de deux ans, la Belgique a connu au total sept gouvernements. (L'instabilité au niveau gouvernemental peut être expliqué en grande partie par la polarisation plus forte autour des oppositions économiques et par l'adaptation pénible des partis traditonnels aux structures de l'Etat belge régionalisé. La polarisation grandissante autour de la scission économique se manifesta lors de la préparation et l'élaboration des plans extrêmement nombreux mis au point par les gouvernements socio-chrétiens-socialistes Martens IV et Eyskens I, ces plans ayant pour but de s'attaquer aux problèmes économiques et budgétaires (plan de relance, mini-plan de relance, plan gouvernemental d'assainissement budgétaire, plan de sauvetage économique, programme d'urgence, loi de programme). Cependant tous ces plans ne contiennent pas de mesures sociales, économiques et financières fondamentales. De telles mesures ont toutefois été annoncées par le gouvernement socio-chrétien-libéral Martens V, qui vit le jour après les élections du 8 novembre - élections remarquables par ailleurs.Ces élections introduisirent également une nouvelle phase dans la réforme d'Etat. L'innovation la plus importante en cette occurrence fut le fait que les trois exécutifs régionaux et communautaires - le Conseil Flamand, le Conseil de la Communauté Française et le Conseil Régional Wallon - ne sont plus nommés par le Roi mais élus au sein des conseils. En outre, les ministres des communautés et des régions (excepté ceux de l'exécutif bruxellois) ne font plus partie du gouvernement national.
La composition des listes électorales en Flandre
Authors: Ceuleers Jan 
Published: July 2021

Due to the dissolution of Parliament, election diate had to be advanced. As parties did not dispose of a long time in order to constitute their candidates-lists, their leadership were compelled to abandon all kinds of consultation of their members. They therefore used the technique of indirect vote, by asking the active militant core to approve a test-list of candidates selected by the leadership.
Politieke Wetenschappen aan de Universiteit Antwerpen
Authors: Dierickx Guido 
Published: July 2021

A political science program at the licenciate level is currently offered by the Department of the Political and the Social Sciences at the Universitaire Instelling Antwerpen (UIA). It was able to do so with the cooperation of staff-members of other departments and other institutes of the University of Antwerp. The prÓgram is mainly focused on international polities and more specifically on European integration, North-South and East-West relations, as seen from the perspective of Belgian and West-European policy-makers. lts methodology is multidisciplinary and encompasses politological and juridical as well as historical and economical perspectives. In the wake of the first encouraging from the student population, the Department has decided to strenghten further this Political Science branch of its program. It intends to invest more in full-time academie personnel and to add some more theoretical background courses to the present courses which emphasize mainly practical knowledge. Last but not least, it has initiated what it hopes shall be a new tradition of empirical research into the political culture and behaviour of international and supranational policy makers.
De invloed van het internationaal milieubeleid op de totstandkoming van het milieubeleid in Vlaanderen, 1980-1990
Authors: Hooghe Marc 
Published: July 2021

In studies on political decision-making, attention is often limited to domestic factors. However, this study demonstrates that international considerations can play a key role in the decision-making process. Since 1980, competence for environmental policy in Belgium is shared by the national government and the three autonomous regions. The 134 most important environmental measures which have been issued in Flanders since 1980, were studied, and international influence proved to be considerable. In 78 cases, the measure was brought into being due to the environmental policy of the European Community. In 39 cases, there were influences from other sources of international environmental policy. This left only 17 measures which had no clear connection with international environmental policy. It seems that policy scholars have not yet fully realized the extent of this shift of power from the national to the international level, and have rather neglected the international decision-making process.