bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE GENETIC STRUCTURE OF A TRIBAL POPULATION, THE YANOMAMA INDIANS. VI. ANALYSIS BY F-STATISTICS (INCLUDING A COMPARISON WITH THE MAKIRITARE AND XAVANTE
Authors: Neel James V , Ward Richard H 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
The infra-structure of three relatively undisturbed tribes of American Indians (Yanomama, Makiritare, Xavante) has been investigated by means of the F-statistics of Wright, using 8, 9 and 6 codominant systems respectively. The data for the first two mentioned tribes are much more extensive (37 and 7 villages) than for the third (3 villages), and much of the argument is based on the first two. An additive model partitioning F IS into an average effect (F A) and deviations due to deme size, systems effects, village effects, and random error has been employed. The Cannings-Edwards formulation suggests that the small size of the demes alone would result in an F IS of —0.008 for the Yanomama and —0.007 for the Makiritare. There is no evidence for significant village or systems effects. Despite considerable scatter, F A values are not significantly heterogeneous and tend to be negative (—0.012 to —0.023). On the basis of a computer simulation model, it appears that there is an excess of consanguineous marriage over random expectation, i.e. the negative F A values are probably not due to avoidance of close inbreeding in a subdivided population in which demes are small. Aspects of population structure which could contribute to negative F A values are identified. These include unequal gene frequencies in the sexes and occasional marked differential fertility. It is at this point unnecessary to introduce overdominance as a cause of the negative F A values, since a computer simulation program which does not incorporate selection satisfactorily reproduces the observed F IS values. If population breeding structure alone can result in negative F IS values, then this may constitute a mechanism for retarding random fixation.—Mean F ST values are 0.063 for the Yanomama and 0.036 for the Makiritare. While truly comparable data are lacking, it seems likely these will be found to be relatively high values for human populations. F IT values have been calculated by both direct and indirect approaches. The direct approach yields a value of 0.045 for the Yanomama and —0.009 for the Makiritare; the respective indirect values are 0.085 and 0.017. The primary identifiable reason for this difference between tribes is the greater genetic heterogeneity among Yanomama villages. The assumptions underlying the indirect approach to the calculation of F IT do not appear to be met in these populations.
HETEROZYGOSITY IN PIN-THRUM PLANTS OR WITH PARTIAL SEX LINKAGE
Authors: Strobeck Curtis 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
A two locus model is constructed for selection of a gene closely linked to the S locus in pin-thrum plants or to the sex determining part of the Y chromosome. Using this model, conditions for stability at the equilibrium point which is predicted by one-locus theory when there is heterozygotic superiority are derived. If the recombination value is small, it is found that this equilibrium point is unstable and that the gene frequencies go to a new stable equilibrium point at which the population has a higher average fitness. A few simple cases of selection and the implication of these to the theory of the evolution of the Y chromosome are discussed.
VIABILITIES OF THIRD CHROMOSOMES OF DROSOPHILA PSEUDOOBSCURA DIFFERING IN RELATIVE COMPETITIVE FITNESS
Authors: Strickberger Monroe W 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
Arrowhead (AR) third chromosome arrangements of Drosophila pseudoobscura, whose competitive fitnesses had been determined in population cages, were tested for their genetic loads in homozygous, heterozygous (homokaryotypic), and heterokaryotypic (AR/CH) combinations. The results showed that their competitive population cage performances were correlated to their viabilities as homozygotes but were not correlated to their viabilities as heterozygotes or as heterokaryotypes. However, the results do not fit in too simply with the mutational model of population structure, since the improvement of homozygous viability with increased competitive fitness was not accompanied by a significant degree of dominance as measured by the regression of viabilities of heterozygotes on homozygotes. Only the AR chromosomes derived from the population with poorest competitive fitness showed marked partial dominance (h=.35). The viabilities of heterokaryotypes were markedly uniform for all chromosomes tested and produced significantly greater numbers of flies per culture than the homokaryotypes. In general, the results show that the ranking of relative competitive fitnesses of these chromosomes is not a simple extrapolation of their viabilities, although marked changes in the populations tested have occurred. It is proposed that the differences in competitive fitness, homozygous viability, and degree of dominance observed among these chromosomes, arise from differences in genetic variability which enable different linkage relationships to be established for genes affecting these attributes.
ISOZYME FREQUENCY PATTERNS IN DROSOPHILA PAVANI ASSOCIATED WITH GEOGRAPHICAL AND SEASONAL VARIABLES
Authors: Kojima K , Smouse P , Yang S , Nair P S , Brncic D 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
Fourteen population samples of Drosophila pavani were obtained from a number of localities in Chile. The populations sampled were dispersed over 7 degrees of latitude and 1800 meters of elevation, and were drawn at three different times. Sixteen electrophoretic loci were assayed for each population; eight of the loci were analyzed statistically for geographic variation; the other eight were essentially monomorphic. For all eight variable loci, variation in allelic frequencies among populations was highly significant. In all cases, a significant portion of the variation among populations was associated with variation in gross environmental variables (latitude, elevation, month of collection). The implications of the evidence were discussed, and the authors concluded that there was suggestive evidence for selection.
THE RANDOM PHENOTYPE CONCEPT, WITH APPLICATIONS
Authors: Birnbaum Allan 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
A random phenotype is defined as a probability distribution over any given set of phenotypes. This includes as special cases the kinds of phenotypes usually considered (qualitative, quantitative, and threshold characters) and all others. Correspondingly general methods are indicated for analyzing data of all forms in terms of the classical Mendelian factor concept (as distinct from the biometrical methods usually applied to measurement and graded data, associated with the effective factor concept). These are applied in a new analysis of the data of E. L. Green (1951, 1954, 1962) on skeletal variation in the mouse. The adequacies of various classical one-factor and several-factor models are considered. Indications of an underlying scale are found from this new standpoint. The results are compared with those obtained by Green using the scaling approach. An illustrative application is also made to some of Bruell's (1962) continuous behavioural data on mice. This work was substantially completed in 1959 but not previously prepared for publication. The same approach was originated and developed independently by R. L. Collins who has treated a wider range of theoretical problems (cf. Collins 1967, 1968a, 1969b, 1970c) and a wider range of applications (cf. Collins and Fuller 1968; Collins 1968b, 1969a, 1970a). A less general independent development is that of Mode and Gasser 1972.
The Great Pond Snail (Lymnaea stagnalis) as a Model of Aging and Age-Related Memory Impairment: An Overview
Authors: Fodor István , Svigruha Réka , Kemenes György , Kemenes Ildikó , Pirger Zsolt 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
With the increase of life span, normal aging and age-related memory decline are affecting an increasing number of people; however, many aspects of these processes are still not fully understood. Although vertebrate models have provided considerable insights into the molecular and electrophysiological changes associated with brain aging, invertebrates, including the widely recognized molluscan model organism, the great pond snail (Lymnaea stagnalis), have proven to be extremely useful for studying mechanisms of aging at the level of identified individual neurons and well-defined circuits. Its numerically simpler nervous system, well-characterized life cycle, and relatively long life span make it an ideal organism to study age-related changes in the nervous system. Here, we provide an overview of age-related studies on L. stagnalis and showcase this species as a contemporary choice for modeling the molecular, cellular, circuit, and behavioral mechanisms of aging and age-related memory impairment.
Associations of Age, Sex, Race/Ethnicity, and Education With 13 Epigenetic Clocks in a Nationally Representative U.S. Sample: The Health and Retirement Study
Authors: Crimmins Eileen M , Thyagarajan Bharat , Levine Morgan E , Weir David R , Faul Jessica 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Background
Many DNA methylation-based indicators have been developed as summary measures of epigenetic aging. We examine the associations between 13 epigenetic clocks, including 4 second generation clocks, as well as the links of the clocks to social, demographic, and behavioral factors known to be related to health outcomes: sex, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, obesity, and lifetime smoking pack-years.

Methods
The Health and Retirement Study is the data source which is a nationally representative sample of Americans over age 50. Assessment of DNA methylation was based on the EPIC chip and epigenetic clocks were developed based on existing literature.

Results
The clocks vary in the strength of their relationships with age, with each other and with independent variables. Second generation clocks trained on health-related characteristics tend to relate more strongly to the sociodemographic and health behaviors known to be associated with health outcomes in this age group.

Conclusions
Users of this publicly available data set should be aware that epigenetic clocks vary in their relationships to age and to variables known to be related to the process of health change with age.
Tissue-specific control of galectin-1-driven circuits during inflammatory responses
Authors: Cutine Anabela M , Bach Camila A , Veigas Florencia , Merlo Joaquín P , Laporte Lorena , Manselle Cocco Montana N , Massaro Mora , Sarbia Nicolas , Perrotta Ramiro M , Mahmoud Yamil D , Rabinovich Gabriel A 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe relevance of glycan-binding proteins in immune tolerance and inflammation has been well established, mainly by studies of C-type lectins, siglecs and galectins, both in experimental models and patient samples. Galectins, a family of evolutionarily conserved lectins, are characterized by sequence homology in the carbohydrate-recognition domain, atypical secretion via an endoplasmic reticulum–Golgi-independent pathway and by the ability to recognize β-galactoside-containing saccharides. Galectin-1 (Gal-1), a prototype member of this family, displays mainly anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive activities, although, similar to many cytokines and growth factors, it may also trigger paradoxical pro-inflammatory effects under certain circumstances. These dual effects could be associated to tissue-, time- or context-dependent regulation of galectin expression and function, including particular pathophysiologic settings and/or environmental conditions influencing the structure of this lectin, as well as the availability of glycosylated ligands in immune cells during the course of inflammatory responses. Here, we discuss the tissue-specific role of Gal-1 as a master regulator of inflammatory responses across different pathophysiologic settings, highlighting its potential role as a therapeutic target. Further studies designed at analyzing the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways that control Gal-1 expression and function in different tissue microenvironments may contribute to delineate tailored therapeutic strategies aimed at positively or negatively modulating this glycan-binding protein in pathologic inflammatory conditions.
Microvasculature in murine tracheal allografts after combined therapy with clopidogrel and everolimus
Authors: Heim Christian , Kuckhahn Annika , Ramsperger-Gleixner Martina , Nicolls Mark R , Weyand Michael , Ensminger Stephan M 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
Survival after lung transplantation is mainly limited by the development of chronic lung allograft dysfunction. Previous studies have suggested T-cell mediated proliferation and microvascular changes in experimental small airways models as potential therapeutic targets. The aim of this study was to assess microvascular changes in murine orthotopic tracheal allografts after treatment with everolimus alone or in combination with clopidogrel.

METHODS
C57Bl/6 (H-2b) donor tracheas were orthotopically transplanted into CBA (H-2k) recipients. Mice received daily injections of everolimus (0.05 mg/kg) alone or combined with clopidogrel (1 mg/kg). Twenty-eight days after transplantation, ratio of the thickness of tracheal epithelium and lamina propria was measured as an indicator for chronic rejection. Additionally, graft oxygenation and graft perfusion were detected on postoperative days 4, 10 and 28. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis was used for gene expression analysis.

RESULTS
While syngeneic grafts showed a stable tissue pO2 and undisturbed microvascular perfusion, rejecting allografts had a drastic decline in both parameters as well as a flattened epithelium and an increased thickness of the lamina propria. Treatment with everolimus reduced allogeneic fibroproliferation, but had no protective effects on the microvasculature; polymerase chain reaction analysis indicated hypoxic stress and inflammation. Combining everolimus with clopidogrel improved microvascular integrity in the tracheal grafts, but had no synergistic effect in preventing obliterative bronchiolitis development.

CONCLUSIONS
These data demonstrate that the ability of everolimus to reduce the development of post-transplant obliterative bronchiolitis is not caused by microvascular protection and has no synergistic effects with clopidogrel in acute airway rejection.
From Deformation Theory of Wheeled Props to Classification of Kontsevich Formality Maps
Authors: Andersson Assar , Merkulov Sergei 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
We study the homotopy theory of the wheeled prop controlling Poisson structures on formal graded finite-dimensional manifolds and prove, in particular, that the Grothendieck–Teichmüller group acts on that wheeled prop faithfully and homotopy nontrivially. Next, we apply this homotopy theory to the study of the deformation complex of an arbitrary Kontsevich formality map and compute the full cohomology group of that deformation complex in terms of the cohomology of a certain graph complex introduced earlier by Kontsevich [ 3] and studied by Willwacher [ 18].
On a Type I Singularity Condition in Terms of the Pressure for the Euler Equations in ℝ3
Authors: Chae Dongho , Constantin Peter 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
We prove a blow up criterion in terms of the Hessian of the pressure of smooth solutions $u\in C([0, T); W^{2,q} (\mathbb R^3))$, $q&gt;3$ of the incompressible Euler equations. We show that a blow up at $t=T$ happens only if $$\begin{align*} &\int_0 ^T \int_0 ^t \left\{\int_0 ^s \|D^2 p (\tau)\|_{L^\infty} \textrm{d}\tau \exp \left( \int_{s} ^t \int_0 ^{\sigma} \|D^2 p (\tau)\|_{L^\infty} \textrm{d}\tau \textrm{d}\sigma \right) \right\} \textrm{d}s \textrm{d}t \, = +\infty.\end{align*}$$As consequences of this criterion we show that there is no blow up at $t=T$ if $ \|D^2 p(t)\|_{L^\infty } \le \frac{c}{(T-t)^2}$ with $c&lt;1$ as $t\nearrow T$. Under the additional assumption of $\int _0 ^T \|u(t)\|_{L^\infty (B(x_0, \rho ))} \textrm{d}t &lt;+\infty $, we obtain localized versions of these results.
Effect of trehalose supplementation in milk replacer on the incidence of diarrhea and fecal microbiota in preweaned calves
Authors: Miura Hiroto , Mukai Kazuhisa , Sudo Keigo , Haga Satoshi , Suzuki Yutaka , Kobayashi Yasuo , Koike Satoshi 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Trehalose, a nonreducing disaccharide consisting of d-glucose with α,α-1,1 linkage, was evaluated as a functional material to improve the gut environment in preweaned calves. In experiment 1, 173 calves were divided into two groups; the trehalose group was fed trehalose at 30 g/animal/d with milk replacer during the suckling period, and the control group was fed nonsupplemented milk replacer. Medication frequency was lower in the trehalose group (P &lt; 0.05). In experiment 2, calves (n = 20) were divided into two groups (control group [n = 10] and trehalose group [n = 10]) based on their body weight and reared under the same feeding regimens as in experiment 1. Fresh feces were collected from individual animals at the beginning of the trial (average age 11 d), 3 wk after trehalose feeding (experimental day 22), and 1 d before weaning, and the fecal score was recorded daily. Fecal samples were analyzed for fermentation parameters and microbiota. The fecal score was significantly lower in the trehalose group than in the control group in the early stage (at an age of 14 to 18 d; P &lt; 0.05) of the suckling period. Calves fed trehalose tended to have a higher proportion of fecal butyrate on day 22 than calves in the control group (P = 0.08). Population sizes of Clostridium spp. were significantly lower (P = 0.036), whereas those of Dialister spp. and Eubacterium spp. tended to be higher in the feces of calves in the trehalose group on day 22 (P = 0.060 and P = 0.083). These observations indicate that trehalose feeding modulated the gut environment and partially contributed to the reduction in medication frequency observed in experiment 1.
Targeting EZH2 as cancer therapy
Authors: Hanaki Shunsuke , Shimada Midori 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is the catalytic subunit of polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) that mediate repression of target genes by trimethylation of Lys27 in histone 3 (H3K27me3). Given the reported roles of EZH2 in cancer, it is perhaps not surprising that targeting EZH2 in cancer therapy has become a hot research topic. Indeed, different types of EZH2 inhibitors are currently under development and are being evaluated by clinical trials. Recently, Murashima et al. identified NPD13668, a novel EZH2 inhibitor, by using a cell-based high-throughput screening assay. NPD13668 inhibited EZH2 methyltransferase activity, and repressed cell growth in multiple cancer cell lines, indicating a potential role for this compound in cancer treatment. In this review, we will focus on the current knowledge regarding the biological significance of PRC2 and H3K27me, and the recent advances in developing and testing drugs that target PRC2.
Human Papillomavirus Vaccination After COVID-19
Authors: Toh Zheng Quan , Russell Fiona M , Garland Suzanne M , Mulholland Edward K , Patton George , Licciardi Paul V 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The current global novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic threatens to derail the uptake of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination in low- and lower-middle income countries with major disruptions to routine immunization and the introduction of new vaccines delayed. This has a major impact on the World Health Organization cervical cancer elimination strategy, where it is dependent on HPV vaccination as well as cervical cancer screening and treatment. We discuss current opportunities and barriers to achieve high uptake of HPV vaccination in low- and lower-middle income countries as well as the impact of COVID-19. Implementation of 4 key recommendations for HPV vaccination in low- and lower-middle income countries is needed: increased global financial investment; improved vaccine supply and accelerated use of a single-dose schedule; education and social marketing; and adoption of universal school-based delivery. With the commitment of the global health community, the adoption of these strategies would underpin the effective elimination of cervical cancer.
Using natural variation to understand plant responses to iron availability
Authors: Miller Charlotte N , Busch Wolfgang 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Iron bioavailability varies dramatically between soil types across the globe. This has given rise to high levels of natural variation in plant iron responses, allowing members of even a single species to thrive across a wide range of soil types. In recent years we have seen the use of genome-wide association analysis to identify natural variants underlying plant responses to changes in iron availability in both Arabidopsis and important crop species. These studies have provided insights into which genes have been important in shaping local adaptation to iron availability in different plant species and have allowed the discovery of novel regulators and mechanisms, not previously identified using mutagenesis approaches. Furthermore, these studies have allowed the identification of markers that can be used to accelerate breeding of future elite varieties with increased resilience to iron stress and improved nutritional quality. The studies highlighted here show that, in addition to studying plant responses to iron alone, it is important to consider these responses within the context of plant nutrition more broadly and to also consider iron regulation in relation to additional traits of agronomic importance such as yield and disease resistance.
Integrating quantitative proteomics with accurate genome profiling of transcription factors by greenCUT&RUN
Authors: Nizamuddin Sheikh , Koidl Stefanie , Bhuiyan Tanja , Werner Tamara V , Biniossek Martin L , Bonvin Alexandre M J J , Lassmann Silke , Timmers HThMarc 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Genome-wide localization of chromatin and transcription regulators can be detected by a variety of techniques. Here, we describe a novel method ‘greenCUT&RUN’ for genome-wide profiling of transcription regulators, which has a very high sensitivity, resolution, accuracy and reproducibility, whilst assuring specificity. Our strategy begins with tagging of the protein of interest with GFP and utilizes a GFP-specific nanobody fused to MNase to profile genome-wide binding events. By using a GFP-nanobody the greenCUT&RUN approach eliminates antibody dependency and variability. Robust genomic profiles were obtained with greenCUT&RUN, which are accurate and unbiased towards open chromatin. By integrating greenCUT&RUN with nanobody-based affinity purification mass spectrometry, ‘piggy-back’ DNA binding events can be identified on a genomic scale. The unique design of greenCUT&RUN grants target protein flexibility and yields high resolution footprints. In addition, greenCUT&RUN allows rapid profiling of mutants of chromatin and transcription proteins. In conclusion, greenCUT&RUN is a widely applicable and versatile genome-mapping technique.