bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development and standardisation of the sentence
identification test in the Kannada language
Authors: Geetha Chinnaraj , Kumar Keelara , Manjula Puttabasappa , Pavan Mahadevaiah 
Published: May 2021

BackgroundThe present study aimed to develop and standardise the sentence identification test in the Kannada language.
This study used a normative research design that included development and standardisation of sentence tests.Material and MethodsA total of 700 sentences in the Kannada language, selected from various sources, were evaluated for
naturalness, predictability, and equivalency by 33 participants. Sentences considered to be natural, low in predictability, and
equivalent were used to construct 30 lists of 10 sentences each. Standardisation of the material and list equivalency were assessed on 100 listeners with normal hearing ability.ResultsBased on ratings of naturalness and predictability, 564 sentences were considered as highly natural and of low predictability. Of these, 316 were found to have equal difficulty based on a performance-SNR function and were used to construct 30 lists. Repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc tests revealed Lists 1, 3, 15, 16, and 30 to be significantly different from at least one of the other lists. After removing these lists, the mean identification score for the final 25 lists at
–5 dB SNR was 54%.ConclusionsThe sentence identification test in Kannada for adults consists of 25 homogenous lists. The normative for the
same is also given in the study. Its application is being assessed for hearing evaluation in the clinical population.
Rapid onset sensorineural hearing loss secondary
to bilateral cerebral melanoma metastases to the
cerebellopontine angle
Authors: Sproat Rhona , Bhutta Mahmood , Rane Neil , Martinez-Devesa Pablo 
Published: May 2021

BackgroundWe describe a case of bilateral cerebellopontine angle melanoma metastases in the context of a literature review. The case is a rare presentation of sensorineural hearing loss and an unusual site of metastasis for malignant melanoma.Material and MethodsA 54-year-old man presented with sudden deafness. Bilateral melanoma metastases were confirmed with
MRI and lumbar puncture. He died 3 months after treatment.ConclusionsMelanoma metastasis should be considered as a differential for sensorineural hearing loss. A review of the literature found that the median survival of patients with bilateral cerebellopontine angle metastatic melanoma is 6 months posttreatment. At surgery these tumours are largely unresectable from cranial nerves VII and VIII. Surgical intervention is unlikely to result in survival or symptomatic benefit and the focus of treatment should be on maintaining quality of life. Hearing
rehabilitation and gamma knife surgery may have a role.
NEONATAL HEARING SCREENING IN INTENSIVE CARE UNITS
Authors: Chalkiadakis Vasilios , Geramas Ioannis , Marangoudakis Pavlos , Kandiloros Dimitrios , Vlastarakos Petros , Nikolopoulos Thomas 
Published: May 2021

BackgroundDiagnosis of neonatal hearing impairment depends on universal hearing screening programs (otoacoustic emissions, OAEs, and/or auditory brainstem responses, ABRs). The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of hearing impairment among high-risk newborns and identify the risk factors involved.Material and MethodsThis is a prospective cohort study on 173 newborns hospitalized in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU)
with one or more risk factors for hearing impairment. Both TEOAEs and a-ABRs were performed a few days before discharge.ResultsOn examination with TEOAEs, 170 neonates eventually passed the test and 3 failed (1 bilaterally and 2 unilaterally).
All neonates were also examined with a-ABR, and 10 failed the test, 7 of which passed TEOAE and were diagnosed as having possible auditory neuropathy spectrum disease (ANSD). The remaining 3 infants who failed both tests were diagnosed
as having possible hearing loss (HL). From the risk factors, only TORCH infections were clearly related to the likelihood of
hearing impairment, either ANSD or HL (p=0.004). The need for mechanical ventilation was also significantly higher in newborns with possible HL, compared to those with normal results (66.7% vs. 18.4%, p=0.03).ConclusionsCombined TEOAE/ABR is the gold standard examination for NICU infants due to the increased incidence of
HL, especially ANSD, in this high-risk population.
WHEN SHOULD ONE LOOK FOR IVS1+1G>A SPLICE
MUTATION IN PATIENTS WITH NONSYNDROMIC
SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS?
Authors: Shubina-Oleinik Olga , Siniauskaya Marina , Merkulava Elena , Levaya-Smaliak Anastasia , Davydenko Oleg , Danilenko Nina 
Published: May 2021

BackgroundThe splice site nucleotide substitution IVS1+1G>A in the non-coding part of the GJB2 gene is one of the recessive pathogenic mutations causing nonsyndromic sensorineural hearing loss (NSHL). We present here the results of a study
of IVS1+1G>A among Belarusian patients with NSHL as well as among Belarusian controls with normal hearing.Material and MethodsThe PCR-RFLP method was used for genotyping. All tested patients were subdivided into three
groups: those who carried only one mutant allele of GJB2 exon 2 (group A, 28 patients), those with no mutation of GJB2 exon
2 (group B, 150 patients), and patients with two mutations previously detected in the second exon of GJB2 or with one mutation and a large GJB6 deletion ∆D13S1830 (group C, 223 patients). Also 300 Belarusian people with normal hearing were
screened for IVS1+1G>A.ResultsWe detected 7 patients with IVS1+1G>A mutation in the A group, which explained hearing loss in 25% of this deafness cohort. None of the B or C group patients carried the IVS1+1G>A mutation. We also did not find any IVS1+1G>A mutation carriers among the 300 Belarusian control people with normal hearing.ConclusionsIVS1+1G>A is the third-most frequent mutation (after 35delG and 312del14) among Belarusian patients with
NSHL; its rate is 1.8% for the patient cohort we studied and the population frequency is below 0.33%. We propose to include
the IVS1+1G>A mutation into a laboratory screening protocol for those patients with NSHL that carry one mutant allele of
GJB2 exon 2.
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGIC ASSESSMENT OF AUDITORY
FUNCTION IN CHILDREN WITH AUTISM AND ATTENTIONDEFICIT AND HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER
Authors: El Shennawy Amira , El Khosht Mostafa , Ghannoum Heba , El Meguid Nagwa 
Published: May 2021

BackgroundAutism and attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are neurodevelopmental disorders sharing
some developmental deficits and differing in others. The aim of this study was to specify the auditory phenotype in terms of
peripheral and central hearing abilities through the use of objective and subjective assessment methods. The goal was to identify alterations in the central and peripheral auditory systems, especially those involving language and cognitive alterations,
since hearing impairment can compromise language acquisition and the rehabilitation process.Material and MethodsExactly 60 subjects were included in this study. They were divided into 30 subjects and 30 controls,
and the study group was subdivided into 15 subjects with ADHD and 15 suffering with autism. All cases were given pure tone
audiometry, speech tests, and click-evoked ABR and P300 tests.ResultsBoth study groups showed impaired subcortical encoding of speech, which was highly disrupted in the autistic group.
The ADHD group showed delayed offset responses. Both groups had delayed P300 latencies and diminished amplitudes, which
were most marked in the autistic group.ConclusionsADHD and autism involve impaired subcortical encoding of speech and impaired cognition, conditions that
are more severe in autistic children.
COMPARISON OF NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC MATERIALS TO
IMPROVE HEARING AFTER OBLITERATION OF THE MASTOID
CAVITY
Authors: Ezzat Abdelrahman , El-Begermy Marwa , Mahmoud Ahmed , Eid Mustafa 
Published: May 2021

BackgroundIndications for removal of mastoid air cells and obliterating the mastoid cavity vary considerably from surgeon
to surgeon. Various obliteration techniques have been recommended to eliminate open cavity problems. Here we investigated the difference between natural and synthetic filling materials to improve hearing after obliteration of the mastoid cavity.SettingAcademic tertiary care medical centers (Al-Azhar and Ain-Shams University Hospitals).Study designRetrospective comparative study included 60 patients divided into 2 equal groups.MethodsThe study was conducted over 6 years from 2008–14. The mean follow-up time was 3.5 years.ResultsWe found that serviceable hearing (≤30 dB) was obtained after surgery in 52 patients (86.6%). In cases where natural materials were used in reconstruction, the average gain in AC was 25.5 dB and in BC it was 1.1 dB, while in cases where
synthetic materials were used the average gain in AC was 26 dB and in BC it was 0.5 dB. There was significant improvement
in the mean postoperative AC compared to the mean preoperative AC. However, there was no statistically significant difference between the use of natural and synthetic materials in improving postoperative hearing.ConclusionsBoth natural and synthetic materials help in improvement of hearing after obliteration of the mastoid cavity.
There is no statistically significant difference between the materials.
COMPARISON OF THE FREQUENCY OF POSITIVE HEARING
SCREENING OUTCOMES IN SCHOOLCHILDREN FROM
POLAND AND OTHER COUNTRIES OF EUROPE,
CENTRAL ASIA, AND AFRICA
Authors: Skarżyński Piotr , Piłka Adam , Ludwikowski Maciej , Skarżyńska Magdalena 
Published: May 2021

ObjectiveUniversal newborn hearing screening programs have been successfully implemented in many countries, and result
in early intervention and therapy. However, there are also a significant number of schoolchildren who have hearing problems.
This study presents the results of a program of hearing screening in schoolchildren, implemented in Poland and subsequently
followed up in other countries in support of the European Consensus on school-age hearing screening. The aim was to compare the frequency of positive outcomes of hearing screening between the countries.Material and MethodsScreening outcomes from the following countries were compared: Poland, Moldova, Romania, Russia, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Senegal, and the Ivory Coast. Screening was performed using the Sense Examination Platform, developed in Warsaw, Poland, by the Institute of Sensory Organs and the Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing. The Platform comprises a central computer and a number of other portable computers communicating
with the central database via the Internet, and can perform pure tone audiometry and other hearing, speech, and vision tests.
It also records the answers to an audiological questionnaire. The test was considered to be positive when pure tone audiometry was higher than 20 dB HL for at least one frequency.ResultsAmong children aged 6–8 years from Poland the rate of positive results was 13.9%, while in children aged 12–15 years
it was 8.5%. From the other European countries in which 462 children were tested, positive results occurred in 62 (13.4%). In
four countries of Central Asia, positive outcomes of hearing screening were found in 216 children from 1011 tested (21.4%).
In two African countries, positive results were found in 105 children from 321 tested (32.7%). The questionnaire surveys have
shown that more than 30% of children with normal hearing have tinnitus, and the figure rises to nearly 50% in children with
an abnormal result. Only 33% of children with hearing problems reported them to parents. In Poland, only 40% of children
with hearing loss are under the care of a specialist, compared with only about half that number in children from Tajikistan
and Moldova.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that there are many children in primary schools who have hearing problems, and this
situation may affect their education. The solution could be screening programs conducted directly in schools by trained school
personnel (e.g. school nurses). The program of hearing screening in schoolchildren described here has helped to raise awareness of the importance of hearing conservation and inspired the development of new programs.
MISMATCH NEGATIVITY AND THE N2B COMPONENT
ELICITED BY PURE TONES AND SPEECH SOUNDS IN ANOMIC
APHASIA: A CASE STUDY
Authors: Tome David , Patricio Brigida , Manchaiah Vinaya , Barbosa Fernando , Teixeira Joao 
Published: May 2021

BackgroundThe auditory processing impairments frequently observed in aphasia are being slowly clarified by using eventrelated potentials (ERPs), a method that allows brain processes to be observed at high temporal resolution. Mismatch negativity (MMN) and the N2b amplitude reflect aspects of echoic memory, attention, and phonological representation. This study
evaluates the auditory processing of speech and pure tones in an anomic aphasia subject 6 years after a stroke, and investigates
whether ERPs can detect possible neurophysiologic sequelae after recovery and rehabilitation.Material and MethodsA recovered subject with anomic aphasia, 6 years post-stroke, was compared with 6 healthy controls.
Event-related potentials (MMN, N1, N2b) were obtained during two auditory oddball paradigms, one using pure tones and
the other consonant–vowel (CV) stimuli.ResultsWhen compared to healthy subjects, the anomic aphasia subject had reduced MMN amplitude across the frontocentral electrode sites, particularly for speech stimuli. Average deviant waveform analysis revealed poor morphology of N2b to
speech stimuli, which might relate to deficits in phonological representation.ConclusionsIn the presented case the neurophysiologic brain activity for processing of phonologic representations had not
fully recovered 6 years post-stroke. MMN and N2b are highly sensitive ERPs for evaluating impairments in auditory processing and can be registered in the absence of attention and with no task requirements, features which makes it particularly suitable for investigating aphasic subjects.
ELECTRO-NATURAL STIMULATION (ENS) IN PARTIAL
DEAFNESS TREATMENT: A CASE STUDY
Authors: Skarżyński Henryk , Lorens Artur , Skarżyński Piotr 
Published: May 2021

BackgroundThere is a significant group of elderly patients whose hearing impairment is characterized by normal or slightly elevated thresholds in the low and mid frequency bands (below 1500 Hz) with nearly total deafness in the high frequency
range. These patients very often remain beyond the scope of effective treatment by hearing aids.Case ReportThis study presents the case of a 75-year-old patient with good hearing in the range 125–1500 Hz and deafness at
other frequencies. An implant was used to restore hearing at high frequencies, while preserving low and mid frequency acoustic hearing in the implanted ear. This can be described as electro-natural stimulation (ENS) of the inner ear.ConclusionsThe results demonstrate that low and mid frequency hearing (up to 1500 Hz) can be preserved using the round
window surgical technique. A substantial improvement in speech discrimination was also observed when electrical stimulation on one side was combined with acoustic stimulation on both sides. There is scope to extend qualifying criteria for cochlear implantation to include elderly patients suitable for ENS.
CHARACTERIZING MUSCLE ARTIFACT INTERFERENCE IN AEP
RECORDING
Authors: Maruthy Sandeep , Gnanateja G. , Ramachandran Resmitha , Thuvassery Priyanka 
Published: May 2021

BackgroundIt is well known that muscle artifacts negatively affect auditory evoked potential (AEP) recordings. However,
the precise relation between the set of muscles involved and the specific AEP affected is not clear. Most audiologists believe
that increase in the tension of any muscle in the body would affect all AEPs to the same extent, while some believe that only
head and neck muscles affect AEPs. Logically, this relation will depend on the frequency characteristics of the muscle artifact. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no scientific documentation of the extent of interference created by various muscle responses on auditory brainstem responses (ABRs), middle latency responses (MLRs), and late latency responses
(LLRs). The present study therefore sought to analyse the minimum artifact rejection threshold required for ABR, MLR, and
LLR under various artifact-inducing conditions.Material and MethodsThe present study involved 40 individuals of age 17 to 24 years. For each participant, the effects of
muscle artifacts on three popular, clinically relevant AEPs (ABR, MLR, and LLR) were determined. First, recording was done
in a rest condition where participants were seated in a reclining chair and asked to close their eyes and maintain a relaxed
position. Then the participants were asked to carry out one of the following tasks: blink their eyes continuously; spread their
lips; or stiffen their neck, hand, or leg muscles maximally. While tensing each of these set of muscles, the minimum artifact
rejection threshold (MART) was noted.ResultsThe results showed that each of the artifact-inducing conditions affected the three target AEPs differently. At rest,
there was no significant difference in MART across the three AEPs, but artifact-inducing conditions produced different effects.ConclusionsNot all artifacts affect every AEP equally. For good AEP recordings one needs to have a clear understanding of
various muscle potentials and their relative effect on each AEP.
EFFECT OF AGE ON TIME-COMPRESSED SPEECH PERCEPTION
AND SPEECH PERCEPTION IN NOISE IN NORMAL-HEARING
INDIVIDUALS
Authors: Kumar Prawin , Pradhan Biswajit , Handa Deeksha , Sanju Himanshu 
Published: May 2021

BackgroundThis work studied, in individuals with normal hearing, the perception of time-compressed speech, compression
ratio, and speech perception in noise using phonemically balanced (PB) word lists in Kannada. The effect of age was also studied.Material and MethodsParticipants were 29 young and middle-aged adults (native Kannada speakers) aged 15 to 50 years. The
Speech Perception in Noise (SPIN) test was administered at signal to noise ratios (SNRs) of +5 dB, 0 dB, –5 dB, and in quiet. The
Time-Compressed Speech Test (TCST) was administered on all participants at compression ratios of 0%, 40%, 50%, and 60%.ResultsYoung adults performed better than middle-aged adults in both the TCST and SPIN tests. As difficulty levels rose,
performance decreased in both tests.ConclusionsEven in individuals with normal hearing, ageing has a deleterious effect on the performance of the central auditory processing system, which is necessary for speech perception under adverse listening conditions.
SHORT-TERM REPEATABILITY OF CONTRALATERAL
SUPPRESSION OF TRANSIENTLY EVOKED OTOACOUSTIC
EMISSIONS: PRELIMINARY RESULTS
Authors: Jedrzejczak W. , Pilka Edyta , Olszewski Lukasz , Skarzynski Henryk 
Published: May 2021

BackgroundThe effect of suppression of otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) by contralateral acoustic stimulation (CAS) is very
small, on the level of 1–2 dB. At the same time, OAEs are known to have quite high variability across subjects and some fluctuation of the signal between measurements is also present. The purpose of the present study was to investigate short-term
repeatability of contralateral suppression of transiently evoked OAEs (TEOAEs).Material and MethodsOAEs were recorded in a group of 10 adults with normal hearing. TEOAEs were recorded using the
linear protocol (all stimuli at the same level and polarity); stimulus levels were kept at 65 dB peSPL; and a 60 dB SPL broadband noise was delivered to the contralateral ear as suppressor. Each recording session consisted of three measurements: the
first two were made consecutively without taking out the probe (‘single fit’ mode); the third measurement was made after taking out and refitting the probe (‘multiple fit’ mode). Global and half-octave values of TEOAE response levels and suppression
were investigated. Additionally, as a measure of reliability, standard errors of measurement (SEMs) were analyzed.ResultsBroadband suppression was on average around 0.9 dB, while in the three half-octave frequency bands between 1 and
2 kHz it was 1.2–0.9 dB, 0.6 dB for the 2.8 kHz band, and 0.4 dB for the 4 kHz band. The SEM of suppression for single fit
mode was about 0.15 dB for broadband analysis and 0.3 dB for 1 kHz, 0.2 dB for 1.4–2 kHz, 0.3 dB for 2.8 kHz, and 0.4 dB
for 4 kHz. For multiple fits, there were only minor differences in SEM between broadband and 1–2.8 kHz, while for 4 kHz the
SEM was greater, reaching 0.5 dB.ConclusionsFor a given paradigm, the reliability of suppression of TEOAEs is quite satisfactory for global values and for the
1–2 kHz bands. In this range, the SEM is smaller than the suppression effect. On the other hand, for higher frequencies, the
variability is higher, about the same as the measured suppression.
EFFECT OF LONG-TERM EXPOSURE TO TRAFFIC NOISE ON
AUDITORY TEMPORAL RESOLUTION OF TRAFFIC POLICE:
A PRELIMINARY STUDY
Authors: Ghosh Vipin , Kumaraswamy Sharmada , Anil Meera 
Published: May 2021

BackgroundProlonged exposure to occupational noise can lead to various audiological and non-audiological effects. The
present study is a preliminary investigation of the temporal resolution ability of traffic police officers who had a history of exposure to traffic noise for at least 5 years.Material and MethodsThe study focused on an experimental group of 20 traffic police officers and a control group of 20 agematched individuals without noise exposure. A gap detection test (GDT) and a test of modulation detection thresholds for sinusoidally amplitude modulated noise (TMTF) at 8 Hz, 20 Hz, and 60 Hz were administered to all the participants.ResultsANOVA was carried out to check for significant different in performance between the groups, which suggested a main
effect of groups. A further t-test was done and no significant difference (p>0.05) between the groups in test performance was
observed, suggesting that temporal resolution is not significantly affected in traffic police exposed to traffic noise.ConclusionsThe present study findings may be attributed to various factors that control the effect of noise on humans. These
factors are discussed. However, the population cannot be considered as free from noise-related harms since nonauditory effects of traffic noise, including sleep disturbances, annoyance, hypertension, and stress, have been reported in earlier studies.
More research is needed to clarify the situation.
THE HEARLAB CORTICAL TONE EVALUATION (CTE)
PROTOCOL: A CLINICAL FEASIBILITY STUDY
Authors: Alanazi Ahmad , Nicholson Nannette , Atcherson Samuel , Martin Patti 
Published: May 2021

BackgroundCortical auditory evoked potentials (CAEPs) have been shown to demonstrate high correlations with pure-tone
behavioral thresholds when using research protocols. However, experience using the HEARLab cortical tone evaluation (CTE)
procedure clinically in sites independent of the National Acoustic Laboratories (NAL) remains limited. This study aimed to
assess the clinical feasibility of the CTE protocol using the HEARLab system to estimate pure-tone behavioral thresholds at
500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz.Material and MethodsThis is a preliminary prospective study designed to compare behavioral hearing thresholds with air
conduction CTE of 12 adults (8 with normal hearing and 4 with sensorineural hearing loss). A cortical auditory evoked potential (CAEP) threshold protocol was modeled after an existing auditory brainstem response (ABR) protocol used in-house.
A t-test was used to identify differences between pure-tone behavioral thresholds and CTE thresholds.ResultsDepending on frequency and intensity, CTEs varied from pure-tone behavioral thresholds by as much as 11.2 dB. The
average test time to obtain CTEs at four frequencies per ear for 12 participants was 50.85 minutes (SD=12.0). Implications for
inter-test reliability of the CTE protocol are discussed.ConclusionsThe HEARLab CTE protocol is feasible for predicting pure-tone behavioral thresholds in those with normal
hearing or with hearing loss. The CTE procedure is a useful alternative tool when behavioral threshold testing is neither possible nor practical.