bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Between Civilization and Savagery: How Reconstruction Era Federal Indian Policy Led to the Indian Wars
Authors: Cothran Boyd 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This article considers the event of a single year, 1873, to explain how President Ulysses S. Grant’s federal Indian policy led to the Indian wars of the late nineteenth century. Some historians have argued that Grant’s so-called Peace Policy failed due to systemic mismanagement and corruption; others have suggested it was due to administrative incompetence or ambivalence, while still others have accused the administration of cynicism in its approach to Indigenous affairs. This article argues that the Peace Policy reflected the unresolved tensions inherent in the era’s zeitgeist and that it failed to usher in a lasting peace because it did not account for the enmeshed reality of life in the American West where the boundaries and borders between Indian reservations and settler communities were entangled to say the least. The article begins with a detailed consideration of the Grant administration’s Indian policy as articulated by Francis Amasa Walker in the winter of 1872–73. Largely overlooked by historians of post–Civil War Indian policy, Walker was an influential thinker in his day whose policy recommendations emphasized the moral necessity of proprietary individualism and racial segregation on isolated reservations. The article then turns to the unfolding drama of the Modoc War (1872–73) to explore why the federal government abandoned the project of peacefully incorporating Indigenous people into the body politic, leading to a harsher and more militant approach to Indian affairs. By focusing on the nexus of ideas and events as they played out at this critical historical juncture, this article argues that the Modoc War was the precipitating event that marked the end of Grant’s so-called Peace Policy and the resumption of the Indian wars in the decades following the Civil War.
Polysubstance Overdose Deaths in the Fentanyl Era: A Latent Class Analysis
Authors: Park Ju Nyeong , Schneider Kristin E. , Fowler David , Sherman Susan G. , Mojtabai Ramin , Nestadt Paul S. 
Published: March 2021

Objectives:
To elucidate the main latent classes of substances detected among overdose decedents, and latent class associations with age, sex, race, and jurisdiction of death in Maryland.

Methods:
We used toxicology data from the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner of Maryland for all decedents. We analyzed all cases of drug overdose deaths that occurred from 2016 to 2018 (N = 6566) using latent class analysis and regression.

Results:
Drug overdose deaths were concentrated in 2 of 24 counties in Maryland (Baltimore City and County). Fentanyl was involved in 71% of all drug overdose deaths, and the majority (76%) of these deaths included multiple substances. Three latent classes emerged: (1) fentanyl/heroin/cocaine (64%); (2) fentanyl/alcohol (18%); and (3) prescription drugs including opioids, benzodiazepines and antidepressants (18.0%). The fentanyl/heroin/cocaine class members were significantly younger (<30 years), female and White compared to the fentanyl/alcohol class, but more male and non-White than the prescription drugs class (all P < 0.05). Deaths in Baltimore City/County were more likely than in other locations to involve fentanyl/alcohol (P < 0.05).

Conclusions:
The majority of fentanyl-involved overdose deaths in Maryland involved multiple substances, and several demographic and geographic differences in these patterns emerged. Geographically-targeted interventions that are tailored to reduce the harms associated with polysubstance use (including cocaine, alcohol, and prescription drugs) for different demographic groups are warranted.
Reverse Triggering Dyssynchrony 24 h after Initiation of Mechanical Ventilation
Authors: Mellado Artigas Ricard , Damiani L. Felipe , Piraino Thomas , Pham Tai , Chen Lu , Rauseo Michela , Telias Irene , Soliman Ibrahim , Junhasavasdikul Detajin , Santis César , Smith Orla M. , Goligher Ewan , Comtois Norman , Sinderby Christer , Heunks Leo , Brochard Laurent 
Published: March 2021

Background
Reverse triggering is a delayed asynchronous contraction of the diaphragm triggered by passive insufflation by the ventilator in sedated mechanically ventilated patients. The incidence of reverse triggering is unknown. This study aimed at determining the incidence of reverse triggering in critically ill patients under controlled ventilation.

Methods
In this ancillary study, patients were continuously monitored with a catheter measuring the electrical activity of the diaphragm. A method for automatic detection of reverse triggering using electrical activity of the diaphragm was developed in a derivation sample and validated in a subsequent sample. The authors assessed the predictive value of the software. In 39 recently intubated patients under assist-control ventilation, a 1-h recording obtained 24 h after intubation was used to determine the primary outcome of the study. The authors also compared patients’ demographics, sedation depth, ventilation settings, and time to transition to assisted ventilation or extubation according to the median rate of reverse triggering.

Results
The positive and negative predictive value of the software for detecting reverse triggering were 0.74 (95% CI, 0.67 to 0.81) and 0.97 (95% CI, 0.96 to 0.98). Using a threshold of 1 μV of electrical activity to define diaphragm activation, median reverse triggering rate was 8% (range, 0.1 to 75), with 44% (17 of 39) of patients having greater than or equal to 10% of breaths with reverse triggering. Using a threshold of 3 μV, 26% (10 of 39) of patients had greater than or equal to 10% reverse triggering. Patients with more reverse triggering were more likely to progress to an assisted mode or extubation within the following 24 h (12 of 39 [68%]) vs. 7 of 20 [35%]; P = 0.039).

Conclusions
Reverse triggering detection based on electrical activity of the diaphragm suggests that this asynchrony is highly prevalent at 24 h after intubation under assist-control ventilation. Reverse triggering seems to occur during the transition phase between deep sedation and the onset of patient triggering.

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Climbing Mountains and Avoiding Slippery Slopes: Challenges in Constructing Measures of Children's Environments
Authors: Bradley Robert H. 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT:
Constructing valid, useful measures of children's environments is critical for advancing knowledge about relations between environmental conditions and child well-being. The approach to constructing useful measures of children's environments varies somewhat from the approach needed to construct valid, useful measures of children's personal characteristics. The commentary includes a review of literature on the distinction between reflective indicators and causal/formative indicators because it applies to the construction of measures of human environments. It also offers suggestions on how to select indicators for inclusion in measures of the environment and how to select assessments of child outcomes for validating measures of children's environments.
Effect of race and glucuronidation rates on the relationship between nicotine metabolite ratio and nicotine clearance
Authors: Liakoni Evangelia , Tyndale Rachel F. , Jacob Peyton , Dempsey Delia A. , Addo Newton , Benowitz Neal L. 
Published: March 2021

Objectives
To investigate if the nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR, the ratio of nicotine metabolites 3′-hydroxycotinine/cotinine) is a reliable phenotypic biomarker for nicotine clearance across races, and as a function of differences in the rate of nicotine, cotinine and 3′-hydroxycotinine glucuronidation and UGT genotypes.

Methods
Participants [Caucasians (Whites), African Americans (Blacks) and Asian-Americans (Asians)] received an oral solution of deuterium-labeled nicotine and its metabolite cotinine. Plasma and saliva concentrations of nicotine and cotinine were used to determine oral clearances. Rates of glucuronidation were assessed from urine glucuronide/parent ratios, and UGT2B10 and UGT2B17 genotypes from DNA.

Results
Among the 227 participants, 96 (42%) were White, 67 (30%) Asian and 64 (28%) Black. Compared to the other two races, Whites had higher nicotine and cotinine total oral clearance, Blacks had lower nicotine and cotinine glucuronidation rates and Asians had lower 3′-hydroxycotinine glucuronidation rates. A strong positive correlation (correlations coefficients 0.77–0.84; P < 0.001) between NMR and nicotine oral clearance was found for all three races, and NMR remained a strong predictor for the nicotine oral clearance while adjusting for race, sex and age. Neither the metabolite glucuronidation ratios nor the UGT genotypes had significant effects on the ability of NMR to predict nicotine oral clearance.

Conclusion
NMR appears to be a reliable phenotypic biomarker for nicotine clearance across races, glucuronidation phenotypes and genotypes. Racial differences in the relationships between NMR, smoking behaviors and addiction are unlikely to be related to an inadequate estimation of nicotine clearance on the basis of NMR.
Influence of polymorphisms in anthracyclines metabolism genes in the standard induction chemotherapy of acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Megías-Vericat Juan Eduardo , Martínez-Cuadrón David , Herrero María José , Rodríguez-Veiga Rebeca , Solana-Altabella Antonio , Boluda Blanca , Ballesta-López Octavio , Cano Isabel , Acuña-Cruz Evelyn , Cervera José , Poveda José Luis , Sanz Miguel Ángel , Aliño Salvador F. , Montesinos Pau 
Published: March 2021

Objectives
Genetic variability in anthracycline metabolism could modify the response and safety of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) induction.

Methods
Polymorphisms in genes that encodes enzymes of anthracyclines metabolic pathway (CBR3: rs1056892, rs8133052, NQO1: rs1800566, NQO2: rs1143684, NOS3: rs1799983, rs2070744) were evaluated in 225 adult de novo AML patients.

Results
The variant CBR3 rs8133052 was associated with lower hepatotoxicity (P = 0.028). Wild-type genotype of NQO2 rs1143684 was related to higher complete remission (P = 0.014), and the variant allele with greater gastrointestinal toxicity (P = 0.024). However, the variant genotype of NQO1 rs1800566 was associated with mucositis (P = 0.018), but heterozygous genotype showed less gastrointestinal toxicity (P = 0.028) and thrombocytopenia (P = 0.009). Protective effects against nephrotoxicity and thrombocytopenia were reported with variant NOS3 rs1799983 (P = 0.006, P = 0.014), whereas carriers of NOS3 rs2070744 showed higher hepatotoxicity and thrombocytopenia (P = 0.017, P = 0.013).

Conclusions
This study supports the influence of genetic variability of idarubicin metabolizing could be critical in predicting anthracycline-induced toxicities.
An Evaluation Method for Meeting the Requirement of IEC 60825-1 Laser Safety Standard for Viewing Temporally-varied Radiant Power
Authors: Chen Chih-Hsiao , Hadi H. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
There is no article discussing how to apply the International Electrotechnical Commission (EIC) 60825-1 standard to evaluate laser safety for irregular non-pulsed signal. Yet, as more and more laser applications are introduced, it is very possible that laser radiant power is irregular non-pulsed signal. Here, we present a method of laser safety evaluation for thermal damage under Requirement 3 of the IEC 60825-1 standard.
A Scoping Review of Process Indicators for Measuring Quality of Care in Glaucoma
Authors: Iorio-Aranha Flavio , Peleteiro Bárbara , Rocha-Sousa Amândio , Azevedo Ana , Barbosa-Breda João 
Published: March 2021

Précis:
There are no standardized process quality indicators (QIs) in glaucoma care. Although they can be inferred from guidelines and trials, they should be designed and standardized to allow better assessment of the quality of care.

Purpose:
QIs are crucial for assessing the performance of any health care system. To allow efficiency, effectiveness, and patient-centeredness, there is a need for prompt acquisition of up-to-date information. Among the available QIs, process indicators have the highest sensitivity to frequent changes and could better reflect the implementation outcomes of novel ideas and technology. This study aimed to map the available information regarding process QIs in glaucoma care, identify the current development stage of these indicators, and systematically synthesize them.

Materials and Methods:
We performed a scoping review of 4 electronic bibliographic databases for studies reporting on process QIs in glaucoma. We retrieved 7502 references and created a domain list reflecting the core idea underlying each indicator.

Results:
We summarized information from 18 documents and listed 20 domains. The most mentioned domains were follow-up, optic nerve head assessment, visual field test, and intraocular pressure. Indicators regarding the quality of life assessment, patient assistance, or presence of written protocols were less frequently mentioned.

Conclusions:
There are notable variations among process QIs in glaucoma and significant heterogeneity in their descriptions in published studies. Although novel indicators can be inferred from guidelines and trials, they should be designed and standardized for better assessment of performance in health systems to improve their quality.
The Effect of Medical Lowering of Intraocular Pressure on Peripapillary and Macular Blood Flow as Measured by Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in Treatment-naive Eyes
Authors: Liu Chang , Umapathi Ruthra M. , Atalay Eray , Schmetterer Leopold , Husain Rahat , Boey Pui Yi , Aung Tin , Nongpiur Monisha E. 
Published: March 2021

Précis:
Reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP) by latanoprost in treatment-naive eyes is significantly correlated to an increase in vessel density (VD) at the optic nerve head (ONH).

Purpose:
To evaluate the effect of topical latanoprost on ocular microvasculature using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA).

Patients and Methods:
In this prospective case-control study, 26 eyes from 18 treatment-naive subjects in whom prostaglandin analogue (PGA) latanoprost 0.005% was initiated were included as cases. In 10 out of the 18 subjects, medication was initiated in only 1 eye; their contralateral untreated eyes were used as controls. OCTA (AngioVue, Optovue Inc., Fremont, CA) was performed at baseline and ≥3 weeks after commencing treatment. Main outcome measures were change in flow area and VD at the ONH, radial peripapillary capillaries (RPC), and macula. Comparison between the 2 visits was performed using a linear mixed model adjusted for intereye correlation and mean ocular perfusion pressure.

Results:
IOP decreased by 26.1%±11.3% (P<0.001) in the cases and 0.18%±12.2% (P=0.63) in controls. Significant correlations between change in IOP and change in ONH VD (correlation coefficient [r]=−0.42, P=0.04), and between change in IOP and change in RPC VD (r=−0.48, P=0.02) were observed in the cases, whereas none were observed in the controls. When multiple testing was considered, no significant changes in flow area and VD were observed in cases and controls.

Conclusions:
The reduction of IOP by a PGA in treatment-naive eyes was significantly correlated to the increase in ONH VD and RPC VD. This may indicate a mechanism by which IOP reduction modulates the risk of glaucoma progression by improving ocular microperfusion.
Capnocytophaga canimorsus Meningitis and Bacteremia Associated With Nivolumab Therapy
Authors: Mitra Subhashis , Kar Papia 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Capnocytophaga canimorsus meningitis is rare, and only a few cases have been reported. We present a patient with metastatic lung cancer receiving nivolumab who developed C. canimorsus meningitis with concurrent bacteremia. Timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment were associated with a favorable outcome. To our knowledge, this is the first case of invasive C. canimorsus infection in the setting of nivolumab therapy.
Identification of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in Blood Cultures by Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization
Authors: Asaadi Hanieh , Tajbakhsh Saeed , Naeimi Behrouz , Gharibi Omid 
Published: March 2021

Background

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a serious causative agent for bacteremia. Rapid identification of S. maltophilia in blood cultures is important to enable a satisfactory pathogen-based antibiotic therapy at an early stage. The aim of this study was to evaluate fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for the identification of S. maltophilia in blood culture specimens.

Methods
Three hundred positive blood culture specimens were examined by both FISH and conventional laboratory methods for the identification of S. maltophilia. The results of FISH were compared with the results of the conventional methods.

Results
By conventional cultural and biochemical methods, S. maltophilia was identified in 47 blood culture specimens. Fluorescence in situ hybridization identified S. maltophilia in 46 of these 47 S. maltophilia–positive blood cultures. Thus, the sensitivity and specificity of FISH were 97.9% and 100%, respectively.

Conclusions
Our findings suggest that FISH is a suitable method for the identification of S. maltophilia in blood cultures.
Consensus on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Vitiligo in China (2021 Revision)#
Authors: Lei Tie-Chi , Xu Ai-E , Gao Tian-Wen , He Li , Gu Hua , Li Ming , Li Tie-Nan , Li Chun-Ying , Lin Tong , Mu Kuan-Hou , Tu Chai-Xia , Wen Hai , Wu Ji-Yuan , Zhang Jun-Ling , Zhen Zhi-Zhong 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Vitiligo is a common depigmented skin disease that negatively affects the physical and mental health of patients. The 2018 version of the Vitiligo Treatment Consensus has been updated based on the research progress on vitiligo in the past 3 years in combination with the clinical experiences of experts. The newly revised points include maintenance therapy, early glucocorticoid intervention, and oral mini-pulsed glucocorticoid administration protocols. The prospect of using JAK inhibitors in the treatment of vitiligo is also discussed.
Qualitative Study on the Acceptability of and Adherence to a Vaginal Ring for HIV Prophylaxis Among Adolescent Girls
Authors: Baker Zoë , Javanbakht Marjan , Moore Janell , Brosnan Hannah , Squires Kathleen , Bunge Katherine , Zimet Gregory , Mensch Barbara , Soto-Torres Lydia , Kapogiannis Bill , Levy Lisa , Hoesley Craig , Reirden Daniel , Gaur Aditya , Mayer Kenneth , Futterman Donna , Gorbach Pamina 
Published: March 2021

Objective:
This study aims to assess the product-related, relationship-related, and sex-related factors that act as facilitators and barriers to the acceptability of a vaginal ring (VR) for HIV prevention among adolescent girls.

Design:
Qualitative study.

Methods:
Ninety-six girls aged 15–17 years from 6 urban US sites were enrolled in MTN-023/IPM 030, a 24-week randomized controlled trial, for assessing the safety and acceptability of a dapivirine VR for HIV prevention. At week 24, 21 girls were randomly selected to participate in in-depth interviews. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and data analyzed using a thematic analysis approach. Facilitators and barriers to VR acceptability related to participants' relationships, sexual activity, and characteristics of the VR product were identified.

Results:
Factors related to relationships rarely seemed to act as barriers to VR acceptability; most participants disclosed VR use to sexual partners, and positive reactions from sexual partners, which were common, seemed to facilitate VR acceptability. Emotional and/or physical discomfort surrounding VR use during sex was mentioned occasionally as a barrier to VR acceptability. Product characteristics were most frequently mentioned as barriers to VR acceptability. Many participants reported concerns about the large size of the VR on first impression. Although most found the VR comfortable, some reported pain with VR insertion. Several participants were concerned about VR cleanliness, particularly during menstruation.

Conclusion:
Product considerations, specifically size and use during menstruation, were the most commonly reported barriers to VR acceptability in this study. Adolescent girls may require additional counseling to assuage product concerns regarding a VR for HIV prevention.
Usefulness of Controlled Attenuation Parameter and Liver Stiffness Measurement for the Identification of Extended-criteria Donors and Risk-assessment in Liver Transplantation
Authors: Duarte-Rojo Andres , Heimbach Julie K. , Borja-Cacho Daniel , Barone Gary W. , Shaheen Mohammed F. , Lamps Laura W. , Graham Rondell P. , Tan Ek Khoon , Concepcion Waldo , Kim W. Ray 
Published: March 2021

Background.
Controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) and liver stiffness measurement (LSM) are noninvasive surrogates for hepatic steatosis and fibrosis, respectively, and could help identify extended criteria donors in liver transplantation (LT). We aimed to determine the accuracy of CAP/LSM in deceased donors along with post-LT changes.

Methods.
Accuracy of preprocurement CAP/LSM to grade/stage steatosis/fibrosis was determined using liver biopsy as reference. Transplant outcomes, including primary nonfunction (PNF) and early allograft dysfunction, were recorded. Recipients underwent CAP/LSM as outpatients. Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve and regression models were constructed to analyze data.

Results.
We prospectively evaluated 160 allografts (138 transplanted). Same-probe paired baseline/post-LT CAP was 231 dB/m (181–277)/225 (187–261) (P = 0.61), and LSM 7.6 kPa (6.3–10.8)/5.9 (4.6–8.7) (P = 0.002), respectively. CAP reading was affected by BMI and LSM by ALT, race and bilirubin. Although CAP did not correlate with steatosis from frozen sections (ρ = 0.08, P = 0.47), it correlated with steatosis from permanent sections (ρ = 0.32, P < 0.001) and with oil red O histomorphometry (ρ = 0.35, P = 0.001). CAP identified moderate-to-severe steatosis with an areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve curve of 0.79 (0.66–0.91), for a negative predictive value of 100% at a cutoff value of 230 dB/m. LSM correlated with fibrosis staging (ρ = 0.22, P = 0.007) and it identified discarded allografts with advanced fibrosis/cirrhosis. Patients with no to minimal fibrosis had an LSM of 7.6 (6–10.1) kPa.

Conclusions.
Our results are proof-of-concept of the utility of CAP/LSM during organ procurement. Establishing the precise role of these noninvasive tools in the organ allocation process mandates confirmatory studies.