bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mauro Bigonzetti
Authors: Farrugia-Kriel Kathrina 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In 1990, Mauro Bigonzetti choreographed his first ballet, Sei in Movimento (Six in Motion), for Aterballetto, a pioneering ballet company set up in 1979 in the Emilia Romagna region of Italy. Over the course of the 1990s, an emergent, multifaceted choreographic identity began to evolve in his work, entwining the cultural and historical influences that inhabited the creative spaces of Aterballetto in Reggio Emilia. The chapter identifies the (dis)placed stylistic heritage that emerges from Bigonzetti’s choreography, including his reimagining of Bronislava Nijinska’s Les Noces (1923). This chapter articulates Bigonzetti’s artistic contributions throughout the end of the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries within the context of Italian contemporary ballet.
Consequentialism as an Intergenerational Ethic
Authors: Mulgan Tim 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Consequentialist morality is about making the world a better place—by promoting value and producing valuable outcomes. Consequentialist ethics competes with non-consequentialist alternatives where values are to be honored or instantiated rather than promoted and/or where morality is based on rules, virtues, or rights rather than values. Consequentialism’s main rivals in intergenerational ethics are contract-based theories. This chapter first argues that consequentialism has significant comparative advantages over its contract-based rivals, especially in relation to non-identity, the absence of reciprocity, and the need for flexibility and radical critique. These advantages outweigh the challenges facing any consequentialist intergenerational ethics—including cluelessness, counterintuitive demands, and puzzles of aggregation. The chapter then explores many varieties of contemporary consequentialism, arguing that the best consequentialist approach to intergenerational justice is agnostic, moderate, collective consequentialism. Different possible futures—including futures broken by climate change or transformed by new technologies—present new ethical challenges that consequentialism has the flexibility to address. Collective consequentialism can also resolve long-standing debates about the aggregation of well-being. The chapter ends by asking how consequentialist intergenerational ethics might evaluate threats of human extinction, incorporate the value of nonhuman nature, and motivate its potentially extreme demands.
Reparation as Intergenerational Justice
Authors: Thompson Janna 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Most accounts of reparation for historical injustices fail to explain why the inequalities they cause are not merely a reason for redistribution among existing individuals. Two models present reparation as a requirement of intergenerational justice. The first claims that reparation should be made to the dead victims by awarding it to their descendants. The second appeals to an intergenerational social contract based on lifetime-transcending interests of individuals. These accounts can be strengthened by taking into account the obligations and entitlements that individuals acquire by being born into an intergenerational society. Relationships in such groups give rise to both forward- and backward-looking obligations with no temporal boundaries.
Internal Review Systems and Administrative Justice
Authors: Mullen Tom 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Internal review is a process whereby an administrative organization reconsiders its own decisions. The rationales typically offered for internal review are that it provides a means of challenging administrative decisions which is more accessible, quicker, and more cost-effective than external remedies such as appeals to tribunal and judicial review, and encourages improvement in the quality of initial decision-making in public administration. This chapter reviews the use made of internal review and evaluates the performance of several existing systems of internal review, concluding that they have failed to deliver the benefits claimed for them. Possible reasons for this failure are discussed and suggestions made as to what is required for internal review systems to achieve the aims to providing effective remedies for bad decisions and to contributing to improving initial decision-making.
The Necessity of Performance Measures for Prosecutors
Authors: Eisen Lauren-Brooke , Krinsky Miriam Aroni 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Local prosecutors are responsible for 95 percent of criminal cases in the United States—their charging decisions holding enormous influence over the number of people incarcerated and the length of sentences served. Performance metrics are a tool that can align the vision of elected prosecutors with the tangible actions of their offices’ line attorneys. The right metrics can provide clarity to individual line attorneys around the mission of the office and the goals of their job. Historically, however, prosecutor offices have relied on evaluation metrics that incentivize individual attorneys to prioritize more punitive responses and volume-driven activity—such as tracking the number of cases processed, indictments, guilty pleas, convictions, and sentence lengths. Under these past approaches, funding, budgeting, and promotional decisions are frequently linked to regressive measures that fail to account for just results. As more Americans have embraced the need to end mass incarceration, a new wave of reform-minded district attorneys have won elections. To ensure they are accountable to the voters who elected them into office and achieve the changes they championed, they must align measures of success with new priorities for their offices. New performance metrics predicated on the goals of reducing incarceration and enhancing fairness can shrink prison and jail populations, while improving public trust and promoting healthier and safer communities. The authors propose a new set of metrics for elected prosecutors to consider in designing performance evaluations, both for their offices and for individual attorneys. The authors also suggest that for these new performance measures to effectively drive decarceration practices, they must be coupled with careful, thoughtful implementation and critical data-management infrastructure.
Public Prosecutors in Criminal Investigations
Authors: Ruggeri Stefano 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to analyze how public prosecutors act in pre-trial inquiries, and, therefore, how criminal investigation leads to the institution and carrying out of public prosecution. In every model of fair criminal justice, the initiation of a criminal trial entails enormous human, organizational and financial costs, which explains the need for pre-trial investigations. The features and dynamics of pre-trial inquiries vary considerably, however. Some jurisdictions grant the public prosecutor the power to direct a criminal investigation. In those criminal justice systems that still rely on an investigative judge or magistrate, the judicial authority holds the dominant role in the pre-trial inquiry. Still others allow law enforcement agents to operate without direct supervision from prosecutors or judicial authorities. Recent years have witnessed the increasing worldwide use of intrusive measures of investigation, unprecedented because of their hidden nature or their reliance on new technology. Legislative regulations of new investigative techniques have strengthened the reach of public prosecutors. All this leads us to view the public prosecutor’s legal action in pre-trial inquiries in terms of public prosecution after investigations interfere with fundamental rights of the individuals charged with suspicion of guilt. The case-law of the European Court of Human Rights contributes to this view of the relationship between criminal investigation and public prosecution.
The investigative powers of public prosecutors are further strengthened in the field of transnational criminal justice. Judicial cooperation in the EU area in recent years provides significant examples of this phenomenon, such as a new, wide-ranging instrument of transnational evidence-gathering, known as the European investigation order. This framework contributed to the enhancement of the investigative powers of public prosecutorial services within EU countries, by treating public prosecutors as judicial officers. The new European Public Prosecutor’s Office also increased the powers of prosecutorial services in member nations when they cooperate with the EPPO in transborder cases.
Prosecutors and Voters
Authors: Hessick Carissa Byrne 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter surveys the complicated relationship between prosecutors and voters. It describes the various ways in which American prosecutors are accountable to voters. It surveys the empirical literature about how often voters hold—or are able to hold—their elected prosecutors accountable, as well as the empirical literature that seeks to measure the effects of elections on prosecutorial behavior. It makes some comparisons between the United States and other countries. It also summarizes the tension between the need for prosecutorial accountability and the need for independence.
Corporate Criminal Law Unbounded
Authors: Baer Miriam H. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In matters of lawmaking, ascription of fault, and imposition of punishment, corporate prosecution diverges from traditional understandings of what criminal law is, how it should be made, and how it should be implemented. Contemporary criminal law scholarship seeks to restrain the government’s enforcement and lawmaking powers in regard to punishment. At the same time, corporate crime scholarship presses in the opposite direction, urging government prosecutors to punish more often, more severely and more creatively. This divergence merits scrutiny and a measured reconsideration of corporate criminal law’s reform. If the specter of unrestrained prosecutorial discretion provides sufficient reason for criminal law’s contraction and reform, presumably those reform principles ought to apply as well to the world of corporate crime, where limiting principles are almost no-where to be found.
This chapter recites criminal law’s fundamental tenets (aspirational as they may be) and highlights the particular ways in which corporate punishment diverges from and ultimately ignores them. It considers the normative implications of an “unbound” corporate criminal law and concludes by arguing for legislative reforms that would not only improve corporate criminal law’s adherence to the legality principle, but also impose needed restraints on the prosecutors who have been tasked with investigating, sanctioning and effectively regulating corporate misconduct.
Youth Culture on Screens Big and Small
Authors: Jensen Helle Strandgaard , Cross Gary 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Motion pictures and television have shaped youth identity while also evoking anxiety from adults concerned about the influence of this media on the young. Within different media systems, this phenomenon has had different trajectories, which becomes clear in a comparison of the United States and Scandanavia. In both regions, adults’ anxiety about the influence of films on the young was a dominant issue from the birth of the medium, accompanied by recurrent discussions of censorship and age classifications. After the Second World War, and particularly the 1960s, commercialized youth media in America attempted to directly appeal to youth, often through fantasy and romance. By contrast, publicly funded agencies in Scandinavia and elsewhere in Europe invited young people to influence how television and film could be used to advance their own agendas and aesthetics. With the expansion of the World Wide Web, youth were able to come together from all over the world to discuss and celebrate their favorite television series on dedicated fan pages and social media.
Folding and Friction
Authors: Goulden Murray 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The internet of things (IoT)—the embedding of networked computing into the material world around us—seeks to reshape our everyday lives. To address the IoT is to address the material interface between the global digital networks of the twenty-first-century economy and the mundane doings, affects, and experiences which occupy the great majority of our existence. Taking domestic IoT, the so-called smart home, as a focus, the author argues that the IoT is more than simply an intensification of existing trends, the ongoing extension of computing connectivity which has already jumped from desktop to laptop to smartphone. In breaking out of the constraints of any single personal device, no matter how mobile, the IoT not only further dissolves the spatial and temporal distance between different social domains but also profoundly implicates social life within those domains, between the members of the setting. The IoT is constitutionally social in a way in which no type of social media is. The chapter provides a consideration of the political economy at play in the smart home, before addressing everyday life and the IoT in terms of information management, control, domestic labor, and resistance. In concluding, two key features of the IoT are highlighted: world folding, whereby incommensurate social domains are layered through one another with often problematic—even absurd—results and its misconceived efforts to erase the social frictions of everyday life, which fails to recognize that it is in these frictions that so much of what is socially valuable resides.
Facework on Social Media in China
Authors: Tian Xiaoli , Li Qian 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
With more social interactions shifting to online venues, the different attributes of major social media sites in China influence how interpersonal interactions are carried out. Despite the lack of physical co-presence online, face culture is extended to online spaces. On social media, Chinese users tend to protect their own face, give face to others, and avoid discrediting the face of others, especially when their online and offline networks overlap. This chapter also discusses the different methods used to study facework online and offline and how facework is studied in different parts of the world. It concludes with a brief discussion of how sociological research has contributed to the study of social media in China and directions for future research.
Symbols and Material Signs in the Debate on Human Origins
Authors: Iliopoulos Antonis , Malafouris Lambros 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter delves into the issues of symbolization and material signification as they have been conceived in the literature on human origins, focusing on three interrelated questions found at the crux of the debate on behavioral and cognitive “modernity:” firstly, how did material objects signify in prehistoric times? Secondly, how were material signs created at that point in time? And thirdly, how did material signs and human minds evolve and change over time? These questions about the nature, emergence, and evolution of material signification have been addressed in very different ways by two broad schools of thought. The symbolocentric paradigm, which for long was the favored approach, treats material signs in linguistic terms, attributes their creation to predefined mental templates harbored by symbolically and linguistically capable brains, and sees their evolution as an adaptive response to selective pressures. Contrastingly, a more recent approach defines material signs primarily based on their material qualities and relations, ascribes their creation to the anchoring of cognitive projections onto these physical manifestations, and approaches their evolution as an ontogenetic process driven by the prolonged engagement between humans and things. Opting for the latter way of thinking, this chapter evaluates the theoretical assumptions of the traditional approach, and sketches the materially sensitive dictates of Peircean semiotics and the Material Engagement Theory. As we suggest, the emphasis of these chronologically distant, but philosophically proximate frameworks on the ontological primacy of process and situated engagement, allows them to shed new light on the origins of mind and material semiosis.
Civitas/Community
Authors: Brilli Elisa 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Dante is a ‘civic author’ and a ‘poet of the city’, but what do these labels mean? This chapter envisions the civitas (community) as an emotional and intellectual pivot of Dante’s theological-political thought and literary imagination. The comprehensive analysis of the uses of civitas(and synonyms) in Dante’s lexicon deploys its rich semantic field in the framework of typical late medieval tensions and cleavages. The chapter also focusses on some fundamental problems inherent to this notion—its articulation with, on the one hand, the pluralitas and, on the other hand, the universal monarchy—and dismisses the hypothesis that Dante developed an anti-civitasstance during his life. Finally, the chapter points out the legacy of Dante’s typological approach, namely concerning the new importance attributed to history, gendered personifications, and authorship in a vernacular literary work.
Troubadours
Authors: Burgwinkle William 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Dante was not only artistically inspired by the troubadours, he also constructed his life and œuvre through an uncanny engagement with their example as political and poetic figures. From an early introduction to their innovative styles and topics, through an exile that echoed their own, some eighty years earlier, he found in them models for his art and for his own unwitting travels. Like them, in exile, and in thrall to patrons and causes, composing on demand, suffering the indignities of misunderstanding and old age, he produced work in his later years which references their own and in which they themselves sometimes play a part. Using Bruno Latour’s notion of the network, this chapter argues for a new reading of Dante and the troubadours, one which sees him as working within such a vortex, passing through the work of his predecessors and serving as a mediator for poetic knowledge.
Literary Evidence
Authors: Sabnis Sonia 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the use and usefulness of evidence from ancient fiction for the study of slavery. Although these forms of literature tend to portray slavery and enslaved characters in extreme terms, inseparable from the slave owners’ perspective, they provide evidence for the diverse experiences and expectations of slaves as well as for attitudes towards slaves, enslavement, and the conditions of slavery. The chapter surveys literature in which enslaved characters are unusually salient—Homeric epic, Greek and Roman drama, and the ancient novels—and stresses the tension between the degradation of the enslaved body and the usefulness of the autonomous and rational person.
Spatial and temporal localization of SPIRRIG and WAVE/SCAR reveal roles for these proteins in actin-mediated root hair development
Authors: Chin Sabrina , Kwon Taegun , Khan Bibi Rafeiza , Sparks J. Alan , Mallery Eileen L. , Szymanski Daniel B. , Blancaflor Elison B. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Root hairs are single-cell protrusions that enable roots to optimize nutrient and water acquisition. These structures attain their tubular shapes by confining growth to the cell apex, a process called tip growth. The actin cytoskeleton and endomembrane systems are essential for tip growth; however, little is known about how these cellular components coordinate their activities during this process. Here, we show that SPIRRIG (SPI), a beige and Chediak Higashi domain-containing protein involved in membrane trafficking, and BRK1 and SCAR2, subunits of the WAVE/SCAR (W/SC) actin nucleating promoting complex, display polarized localizations in Arabidopsis thaliana root hairs during distinct developmental stages. SPI accumulates at the root hair apex via post-Golgi compartments and positively regulates tip growth by maintaining tip-focused vesicle secretion and filamentous-actin integrity. BRK1 and SCAR2 on the other hand, mark the root hair initiation domain to specify the position of root hair emergence. Consistent with the localization data, tip growth was reduced in spi and the position of root hair emergence was disrupted in brk1 and scar1234. BRK1 depletion coincided with SPI accumulation as root hairs transitioned from initiation to tip growth. Taken together, our work uncovers a role for SPI in facilitating actin-dependent root hair development in Arabidopsis through pathways that might intersect with W/SC.
What if a specific neutrinoless double beta decay is absent?
Authors: Asaka Takehiko , Ishida Hiroyuki , Tanaka Kazuki 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We consider the seesaw model with two right-handed neutrinos, $N_1$ and $N_2$, the masses of which are hierarchical, and investigate their contribution to the neutrinoless double beta ($0 \nu \beta \beta$) decay. Although the lepton number is broken by the Majorana masses of right-handed neutrinos, such decay processes can be absent in some cases. We present a possibility where the lighter $N_1$ gives a destructive contribution to the decay of active neutrinos by choosing the specific mixing elements of $N_1$, while $N_2$ is sufficiently heavy not to contribute to the $0 \nu \beta \beta$ decay. In this case the mixing elements of $N_1$ in the charged current interaction are determined by its mass and the Majorana phase of active neutrinos. We then study the impacts of such a possibility on the direct search for $N_1$. In addition, we discuss the consequence of the case when the $0 \nu \beta \beta$ decay in one specific nucleus is absent.
A mini-review of the rodent models for alcoholic liver disease: shortcomings, application, and future prospects
Authors: Liu Shi-Xuan , Du Yan-Chao , Zeng Tao 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Rodents are the most common models in studies of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Although several rodents ALD models have been established and multiple mechanisms have been elucidated based on them, these models have some non-negligible shortcomings, specifically only inducing early stage (mainly steatosis, slight to moderate steatohepatitis) but not the whole spectrum of human ALD. The resistance of rodents to advanced ALD has been suggested to be due to the physiological differences between rodents and human beings. Previous studies have reported significant interstrain differences in the susceptibility to ethanol-induced liver injury and in the manifestation of ALD (such as different alteration of lipid profiles). Therefore, it would be interesting to characterize the manifestation of ethanol-induced liver damage in various rodents, which may provide a recommendation to investigators of ALD. Furthermore, more severe ALD models need to be established for the study of serious ALD forms, which may be achieved by using genetic modified rodents.