bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Where Does Europe End? Christian Democracy and the Expansion of Europe*
Authors: Hien Josef , Wolkenstein Fabio 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn this article, we argue that an analysis of the conflict around the nature and limits of European integration that arose between Catholic and Protestant Christian Democrats in the post‐war era can shed new light on the expansionary dynamics that gradually came to characterize the project of European integration. Catholic Christian Democrats framed the unification of Europe as a relatively exclusionary cultural‐civilizational endeavour, while Protestant Christian Democrats favoured a more inclusive conception of Europe that prioritised free trade over cultural homogeneity. Focusing specifically on Germany, we suggest that the eventual resolution of the intra‐party struggle between the two camps in the early 1970s was a crucial enabler for including more and more countries into the European project. For it was only thereafter that Catholic Christian Democrats began supporting the expansion of European integration beyond the core Europe of the original Six, with geopolitical concerns gradually crowding out cultural ones.
Potential expansion in the spatial distribution of subtropical and temperate west Australian sharks
Authors: Bartes Saia , Braccini Matías 
Published: June 2021

AbstractFishery‐dependent and ‐independent data collected since 1975 were examined to explore the spatial distribution of 30 shark and ray species in the west coast of Australia. Bigeye sixgill (Hexanchus nakamurai), tiger (Galeocerdo cuvier) and spinner (Carcarhinus brevipinna) sharks, and scalloped hammerhead (Sphyrna lewini) were observed >1000 and 300 km to the east of the edge of their reported distributions. Broadnose sevengill sharks (Notorhyncus cepedianus) and southern sawsharks (Pristiophorus nudipinnis) were observed >1000 km to the west of the edge of their reported distributions. Our study highlights the value of collecting and examining long time‐series of data for understanding the spatial distribution of large marine predators.
Morphological evidence indicates a role for microglia in shaping the PCOS‐like brain
Authors: Sati Aisha , Prescott Melanie , Holland Sarah , Jasoni Christine L. , Desroziers Elodie , Campbell Rebecca E. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAlthough polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common cause of anovulatory infertility worldwide, the aetiology of the disorder remains poorly defined. Animal‐based evidence highlights the brain as a prime suspect in both the development and maintenance of PCOS. Prenatally androgenised (PNA) models of PCOS exhibit excessive GABAergic wiring associated with PCOS‐like reproductive deficits in adulthood, with aberrant brain wiring detected as early as postnatal day (P) 25, prior to disease onset, in the PNA mouse. The mechanisms underlying this aberrant brain wiring remain unknown. Microglia, the immune cells of the brain, are regulators of neuronal wiring across development, mediating both the formation and removal of neuronal inputs. Here, we tested the hypothesis that microglia play a role in the excessive GABAergic wiring that leads to PCOS‐like features in the PNA brain. Using specific immunolabelling, microglia number and morphology associated with activation states were analysed in PNA and vehicle‐treated controls across developmental timepoints, including embryonic day 17.5, P0, P25 and P60 (n = 7‐14 per group), and in two regions of the hypothalamus implicated in fertility regulation. At P0, fewer amoeboid microglia were observed in the rostral preoptic area (rPOA) of PNA mice. However, the greatest changes were observed at P25, with PNA mice exhibiting fewer total microglia, and specifically fewer “sculpting” microglia, in the rPOA. Based on these findings, we assessed microglia‐mediated refinement of GABAergic synaptic terminals at two developmental stages of peak synaptic refinement: P7 and P15 (n = 7 per group). PNA mice showed a reduction in the uptake of GABAergic synaptic material at P15. These findings reveal time‐specific changes in the microglia population and refinement of GABAergic inputs in a mouse model of PCOS driven by prenatal androgen excess and suggest a role for microglia in shaping the atypical brain wiring associated with the development of PCOS features.
No evidence of improvement in neuropathy after renal transplantation in patients with end stage kidney disease
Authors: Ferdousi Maryam , Azmi Shazli , Kalteniece Alise , Khan Saif Ullah , Petropoulos Ioannis N. , Ponirakis Georgios , Alam Uazman , Asghar Omar , Marshall Andrew , Soran Handrean , Boulton Andrew J. M. , Augustine Titus , Malik Rayaz A. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractTo assess the impact of renal transplantation on peripheral nerve damage in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Fifteen patients with CKD (eGFR <15 mL/min/1.73 m2) underwent longitudinal assessment after renal transplantation (age: 56.88 ± 2.53 years, eGFR: 46.82 ± 4.86) and were compared with 15 age‐matched controls (age: 58.25 ± 2.18 years, eGFR: 86.0 ± 2.0). The neuropathy symptom profile (NSP), neuropathy disability score (NDS), vibration perception threshold (VPT), cold and warm sensation threshold (CST and WST), cold and heat induced pain (CIP and HIP), deep breathing heart rate variability (DB‐HRV), nerve conduction studies and corneal confocal microscopy (CCM) to quantify small nerve fibre pathology, were undertaken within 1‐month of renal transplantation (baseline) and at 6, 12 and 24 months of follow up. There was no significant difference in NSP (P = .1), NDS (P = .3), VPT (P = .6), CST (P = .2), CIP (P = .08), HIP (P = .1), DB‐HRV (P = .9) and sural (P = .4) and peroneal (P = .1) nerve amplitude between patients with CKD and controls at baseline. However, sural (P = .04), peroneal (P = .002) and tibial (P = .007) nerve conduction velocity and tibial nerve amplitude (P = .03) were significantly lower, WST (P = .02) was significantly higher and corneal nerve fibre density (P = .004) was significantly lower in patients with CKD compared with controls. There was no significant change in NSP, NDS, quantitative sensory testing, DB‐HRV, nerve conduction or CCM parameters 24 months after renal transplantation. There is evidence of small and large fibre neuropathy in patients with CKD, but no change up to 24 months after successful renal transplantation.
HMGB1‐RAGE‐moesin axis may be indicted for acne vulgaris
Authors: Salem Rehab Mohammed , El‐fallah Asmaa Adel , Shaker Rasha 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundHigh‐mobility group box 1 (HMGB1)‐receptor for advanced glycation end (RAGE)‐moesin axis could be implicated in induction of inflammation. However, there is a scarcity in literature discussing the role of this axis in inflammatory skin disorders.AimsThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the serum levels of HMGB1 and moesin in patients with inflammatory acne vulgaris.Patients/MethodsThis comparative cross‐sectional study included 66 inflammatory acne vulgaris patients classified according to Global Acne Grading System (GAGS) into three groups (22 patients each): mild, moderate, and severe acne vulgaris. In addition, 82 acne‐free individuals were included as a control group. Serum HMGB 1 and moesin levels were measured using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay kits.ResultsHigh‐mobility group box 1 and moe sin serum levels in acne patients were significantly higher than the levels in control subjects (p = 0.04, 0.0005 respectively). Serum levels of both markers in severe acne patients and in those with post‐acne scarring were elevated when compared to the levels in the other groups, and however, this elevation was significant only for moesin levels. There was a significant positive correlation between the serum levels of HMGB1 and moesin in the studied patient's sample (r = 0.3079, p = 0.011).ConclusionHigh‐mobility group box 1‐receptor for advanced glycation end‐moesin axis may be implicated in acne vulgaris pathogenesis, and it may be a promising therapeutic target.
How are children’s best interests expressed during their hospital visit?—An observational study
Authors: Quaye Angela Afua , Castor Charlotte , Coyne Imelda , Söderbäck Maja , Hallström Inger Kristensson 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAims and objectivesTo describe ways in which children's best interests were observed to be expressed in paediatric settings during their hospital visit.BackgroundThe best interests of the child are embodied in national and international legal systems, although the definition remains problematic. The child's limited autonomy mandates duty bearers to have both a child perspective and the child's perspective when considering what the best interest of the child entails in care situations.DesignA qualitative descriptive study with overt, non‐participant observations fulfilling the COREQ criteria.MethodsThirty‐two observations of interactions between children aged 2 to 17 years with both acute and chronic conditions, their parents and healthcare professionals were conducted at three paediatric hospitals in Sweden. Inductive and abductive reasoning were used in the content analysis of data, which followed the identification, coding, categorising and abstraction of observed patterns of the best interest of the child.ResultsFindings reveal facilitating and obstructing factors for the child's best interests to be safeguarded in healthcare situations. Children were guided in or hindered from exercising their competence. The observations showed a variation in actions taken by both parents and healthcare professionals to safeguard the best interests of the child.ConclusionsDetermining the best interest of the child requires a case‐by‐case basis, as it is context‐dependent, situational, flexible and dependent on all actors involved and actual decisions made.Relevance to clinical practiceHealthcare professionals’ actions can facilitate or obstruct observed expressions of the child's best interest. It is essential to enhance healthcare professionals’ communication skills, knowledge awareness and continuing education about the rights of children receiving healthcare services. Reflections and discussions on how to protect the best interests of children may help healthcare professionals to uphold children's best interest in daily clinical practice.
Family and household sources of poverty for Black, Hispanic, and White newborns
Authors: Rendall Michael S. , Weden Margaret M. , Brown Joey 
Published: June 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo understand the importance of family and household structure, including cohabiting partners and nonkin adults, in explaining Black‐White versus Hispanic‐White newborn poverty disparities in the United States.BackgroundThe official poverty measure (OPM) has typically been used in scholarly studies of newborn and childhood poverty, but this measure excludes cohabitors' and nonkin household members' presence and income. Both are likely to have poverty‐preventing roles when a birth is nonmarital.MethodA household poverty measure inclusive of all household members is compared to the OPM, using data on households of White, Black, and Hispanic newborns from the 2005–2017 American Community Survey (N = 342,048). Regression decompositions are used to investigate the roles of mother's education and partner and other coresident adult presence and resources.ResultsLower maternal educational attainment explains most of the Hispanic‐White poverty disparity at birth. The prevalence and poverty‐alleviating effectiveness of cohabitation and living with other adults, however, is greater for Hispanic than for Black unmarried mothers, and is greater for foreign‐born than for US‐born Hispanics.ConclusionBlack mothers' lesser access to the resources of a partner or other adults in the year of the newborn's arrival is critical in producing a remarkably high Black‐White newborn poverty disparity. Official poverty obscures the greater benefits of cohabitation and living with other adults for newborns of Hispanic mothers overall, and of foreign‐born Hispanic mothers in particular.
MRI Highly Accelerated Wave‐CAIPI T1‐SPACE versus Standard T1‐SPACE to detect brain gadolinium‐enhancing lesions at 3T
Authors: Goncalves Filho Augusto Lio M. , Longo M. Gabriela Figueiro , Conklin John , Cauley Stephen F. , Polak Daniel , Liu Wei , Splitthoff Daniel N. , Lo Wei‐Ching , Kirsch John E. , Setsompop Kawin , Schaefer Pamela W. , Huang Susie Y. , Rapalino Otto 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackground and PurposeHigh‐resolution three‐dimensional (3D) post‐contrast imaging of the brain is essential for comprehensive evaluation of inflammatory, neoplastic, and neurovascular diseases of the brain. 3D T1‐weighted spin‐echo‐based sequences offer increased sensitivity for the detection of enhancing lesions but are relatively prolonged examinations. We evaluated whether a highly accelerated Wave‐controlled aliasing in parallel imaging (Wave‐CAIPI) post‐contrast 3D T1‐sampling perfection with application‐optimized contrasts using different flip angle evolutions (T1‐SPACE) sequence (Wave‐T1‐SPACE) was noninferior to the standard high‐resolution 3D T1‐SPACE sequence for visualizing enhancing lesions with comparable diagnostic quality.MethodsOne hundred and three consecutive patients were prospectively evaluated with a standard post‐contrast 3D T1‐SPACE sequence (acquisition time [TA] = 4 min 19 s) and an optimized Wave‐CAIPI 3D T1‐SPACE sequence (TA = 1 min 40 s) that was nearly three times faster than the standard sequence. Two blinded neuroradiologists performed a head‐to‐head comparison to evaluate the visualization of enhancing pathology, perception of artifacts, and overall diagnostic quality. A 15% margin was used to test whether post‐contrast Wave‐T1‐SPACE was noninferior to standard T1‐SPACE.ResultsWave‐T1‐SPACE was noninferior to standard T1‐SPACE for delineating parenchymal and meningeal enhancing pathology (p < 0.01). Wave‐T1‐SPACE showed marginally higher background noise compared to the standard sequence and was noninferior in the overall diagnostic quality (p = 0.03).ConclusionsOur findings show that Wave‐T1‐SPACE was noninferior to standard T1‐SPACE for visualization of enhancing pathology and overall diagnostic quality with a three‐fold reduction in acquisition time compared to the standard sequence. Wave‐T1‐SPACE may be used to accelerate 3D post‐contrast T1‐weighted spin‐echo imaging without loss of clinically important information.
Evaluation of the Accuracy of Digital Impressions Obtained from Intraoral and Extraoral Dental Scanners with Different CAD/CAM Scanning Technologies: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Ellakany Passent , Tantawi Maha El , Mahrous Amr A , Al‐Harbi Fahad 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPurposeTo compare the accuracy of intraoral and extraoral scanners (IOSs and EOSs) with different scanning technologies.Material and MethodsA phantom cast was used to simulate the patient's mouth. Polyether impression was made of the phantom cast and poured to fabricate stone casts. The stone casts were scanned by two IOSs (3shape Trios 3, 3S and Dental Wings, DW) and two EOSs (S600 Arti Zirkonzahn, ZK and Ceramill map 600 Amann Girrbach, AG) to obtain digital casts. Reference teeth (canines, premolar, and molars) dimensions were measured on the digital casts by Geomagic software and compared to measurements of the stone cast done by stereomicroscope. The dimensions were occluso‐cervical mesio‐distal, and bucco‐lingual and their average was calculated. Differences between digital and stereoscopic measurements were assessed using paired t‐test. Discrepancies between these measurements were calculated as differences and were compared among the four scanners using ANOVA.ResultsThe differences among the discrepancies of the four scanners were not significant overall (p = 0.969), in premolars (p = 0.932) or molars (p = 0.069) but significant in canines (p = 0.025). The discrepancies of the EOSs were ≤0.01 mm in canines and molars. DW had the greatest discrepancy in canines and molars.ConclusionsThe IOSs and EOSs had similar accuracy except in canines where EOSs performed better. The accuracy of scanning is affected by the smoothness and regularity of the teeth surfaces as in case of the canine.
Celebrating 50 years of legal socialization
Authors: Trinkner Rick , Reisig Michael D. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis article presents the 2021 JSI special issue on legal socialization, which we planned to celebrate the legal socialization scholarship that was largely initiated by a special issue of JSI (1971, Vol. 27, Issue 2) published 50 years ago. In its broadest sense, legal socialization refers to the process by which people develop their relationship with the law. Undergirding this process is the acquisition, formation, and development of legal values, attitudes, and reasoning capacities. This intellectual tradition rests on four pillars—foundationality, reciprocity, ubiquity, and continuity—that provide order to a field of study where scholars are trained in different disciplines, employ different methodologies, and pursue different questions involving people's relationship with the law. Much like in 1971, today many people are questioning the role of law in society, its purpose, its function, its history, and its efficacy. It is more important than ever to understand how people develop their orientation toward this social institution and the influence of that orientation on legal behavior. This issue features an eclectic group of scholars and a broad array of legal socialization research. This body of scholarship is intended to push the boundaries of the field both theoretically and in scope. This introduction situates each article within the rich historical tradition of legal socialization.
Food Choice Questionnaire and PLS‐Path modeling as tools to understand interest in low sugar products
Authors: da Veiga Géssica C. , Johann Gracielle , Lima Vanderlei A. , Kaushik Neeraj , Mitterer‐Daltoé Marina L. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe objective of this research was to develop a model using Partial Least Squares‐Path modeling (PLS‐PM) to explain the whole set of relationships between Food Choice Questionnaire (FCQ) constructs of interest in low sugar products being mediated by the construct Health. The results showed Sensory appeal as the most important construct for consumers, followed by Price and Health. PLS‐PM revealed the constructs Weight control, Natural content, and Mood, when mediated by Health, as having a direct effect on the importance given by consumers to foods low in sugar. This study also confirms differences in interest in low sugar products among consumers due to gender. Linking to the PLS‐PM, it can be concluded that women (all ages) give more value to foods low in sugar and are concerned about their bodies, food composition and the influence of food on their emotions.Practical applicationsSugar consumption has increased worldwide significantly over the past 50 years, which is related to the increase in numerous chronic non‐communicable diseases. The World Health Organization (WHO) strongly recommends reducing the consumption of free sugars throughout life. The Brazilian government announced an agreement with the national food industry to reduce sugar in industrialized food products by 2022. It seems to be a viable and low‐cost solution to quickly reduce the consumption of sugar in a population. Understanding the reasons related to food choices can be a useful tool for understanding the eating behavior of a population, helping to develop interventions and communication campaigns to promote healthier diets. In addition, the use of PLS‐PM arose as an important tool to explain relationships between FCQ constructs.
Melatonin reshapes the mitochondrial network and promotes intercellular mitochondrial transfer via tunneling nanotubes after ischemic‐like injury in hippocampal HT22 cells
Authors: Nasoni Maria Gemma , Carloni Silvia , Canonico Barbara , Burattini Sabrina , Cesarini Erica , Papa Stefano , Pagliarini Marica , Ambrogini Patrizia , Balduini Walter , Luchetti Francesca 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMitochondrial dysfunction is considered one of the hallmarks of ischemia/reperfusion injury. Mitochondria are plastic organelles that undergo continuous biogenesis, fusion, and fission. They can be transferred between cells through tunneling nanotubes (TNTs), dynamic structures that allow the exchange of proteins, soluble molecules, and organelles. Maintaining mitochondrial dynamics is crucial to cell function and survival. The present study aimed to assess the effects of melatonin on mitochondrial dynamics, TNT formation, and mitochondria transfer in HT22 cells exposed to oxygen/glucose deprivation followed by reoxygenation (OGD/R). The results showed that melatonin treatment during the reoxygenation phase reduced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, improved cell viability, and increased the expression of PGC1α and SIRT3. Melatonin also preserved the expression of the membrane translocase proteins TOM20 and TIM23, and of the matrix protein HSP60, which are involved in mitochondrial biogenesis. Moreover, it promoted mitochondrial fusion and enhanced the expression of MFN2 and OPA1. Remarkably, melatonin also fostered mitochondrial transfer between injured HT22 cells through TNT connections. These results provide new insights into the effect of melatonin on mitochondrial network reshaping and cell survival. Fostering TNTs formation represents a novel mechanism mediating the protective effect of melatonin in ischemia/reperfusion injury.
Impact of endogenous melatonin on rhythmic behaviors, reproduction, and survival revealed in melatonin‐proficient C57BL/6J congenic mice
Authors: Zhang Chongyang , Clough Shannon J. , Adamah‐Biassi Ekue B. , Sveinsson Michele H. , Hutchinson Anthony J. , Miura Ikuo , Furuse Tamio , Wakana Shigeharu , Matsumoto Yui K. , Okanoya Kazuo , Hudson Randall L. , Kato Tadafumi , Dubocovich Margarita L. , Kasahara Takaoki 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe hormone melatonin is synthesized from serotonin by two enzymatic reactions (AANAT and ASMT/HIOMT) in the pineal gland following a circadian rhythm with low levels during the day and high levels at night. The robust nightly peak of melatonin secretion is an output signal of the circadian clock to the whole organism. However, so far the regulatory roles of endogenous melatonin in mammalian biological rhythms and physiology processes are poorly understood. Here, we establish congenic mouse lines (>N10 generations) that are proficient or deficient in melatonin synthesis (AH+/+ or AH−/− mice, respectively) on the C57BL/6J genetic background by crossing melatonin‐proficient MSM/Ms with C57BL/6J. AH+/+ mice displayed robust nightly peak of melatonin secretion and had significantly higher levels of pineal and plasma melatonin vs AH−/− mice. Using this mice model, we investigated the role of endogenous melatonin in regulating multiple biological rhythms, physiological processes, and rhythmic behaviors. In the melatonin‐proficient (AH+/+) mice, the rate of re‐entrainment of wheel‐running activity was accelerated following a 6‐hour phase advance of dark onset when comparted with AH−/− mice, suggesting a role of endogenous melatonin in facilitating clock adjustment. Further in the AH+/+ mice, there was a significant decrease in body weight, gonadal weight and reproductive performance, and a significant increase in daily torpor (a hypothermic and hypometabolic state lasting only hours during adverse conditions). Endogenous melatonin, however, had no effect in the modulation of the diurnal rhythm of 2‐[125I]‐iodomelatonin receptor expression in the SCN, free‐running wheel behavior in constant darkness, life span, spontaneous homecage behaviors, and various types of social‐emotional behaviors. The findings also shed light on the role of endogenous melatonin in mice domestication and provide new insights into melatonin's action in reducing energy expenditure during a food shortage. In summary, the congenic mice model generated in this study offers a significant advantage toward understanding of the role of endogenous melatonin in regulating melatonin receptor‐mediated rhythm behaviors and physiological functions.