bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of shallow water waves generated by modified Camassa-Holm equation: A comparative analysis for traveling wave solutions
Authors: Yokuş Asıf , Durur Hülya , Abro Kashif Ali 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThere is no denying fact that harmonic crystals, cold plasma or liquids and compressible fluids are usually dependent of acoustic-gravity waves, acoustic waves, hydromagnetic waves, surface waves with long wavelength and few others. In this context, the exact solutions of the modified Camassa-Holm equation have been successfully constructed on the basis of comparative analysis of (G′ /G− 1 /G) and (1 /G′)-expansion methods. The (G′ /G− 1 /G) and (1 /G′)-expansion methods have been proved to be powerful and systematic tool for obtaining the analytical solutions of nonlinear partial differential equations so called modified Camassa-Holm equation. The solutions investigated via (G′ /G− 1 /G) and (1 /G′)-expansion methods have remarkably generated trigonometric, hyperbolic, complex hyperbolic and rational traveling wave solutions. For the sake of different traveling wave solutions, we depicted 3-dimensional, 2-dimensional and contour graphs subject to the specific values of the parameters involved in the governing equation. Two methods, which are important instruments in generating traveling wave solutions in mathematics, were compared both qualitatively and quantitatively. In addition, advantages and disadvantages of both methods are discussed and their advantages and disadvantages are revealed.
Risk factors and clinical outcomes in patients undergoing cytoreductive surgery with concomitant ureteric reimplantation
Authors: Alonso Anais , Barat Shoma , Kennedy Helen , Potter Meredith , Alzahrani Nayef , Morris David 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Objectives
There are currently scarce data exploring ureteric reimplantation (UR) during cytoreductive surgery (CRS).

Methods
We identified patients undergoing CRS for peritoneal surface malignancies (PSM) of any origin at a single high-volume unit. UR was defined as ureteroureterostomy, transureterouretostomy, ureteroneocystostomy, ureterosigmoidostomy or ileal conduit performed during CRS. Peri-operative outcomes, long-term survival and risk factors for requiring UR were analysed.

Results
Seven hundred and sixty-seven CRSs were identified. Twenty-three (3.0%) procedures involved UR. Bladder resection and colorectal cancer (CRC) were associated with increased risk of UR (bladder resection: OR 12.90, 95% CI 4.91–33.90, p<0.001; CRC: OR 2.51, 95% CI 1.05–6.01, p=0.038). UR did not increase the risk of Grade III–IV morbidity or mortality. The rate of ureteric leak was 3/23 (13.0%) in the UR group. Mean survival was equivocal in patients with CRC (58.14 vs. 34.25 months, p=0.441) but significantly lower in those with high-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasm (HAMN) undergoing UR (73.98 vs. 30.90 months, p=0.029).

Conclusions
UR during CRS does not increase major morbidity or mortality for carefully selected patients, and is associated with low rates of urologic complications. Whilst decreased survival was apparent in patients with HAMN undergoing UR, it is unclear whether this relationship is causal.
New reference materials for trace-levels of actinide elements in plutonium
Authors: Essex Richard M. , Tandon Lav , Gaffney Amy , Hexel Cole R. , Bostick Debbie A. , Colletti Lisa M. , Decker Diana L. , Finstad Casey C. , Giaquinto Joe M. , Lujan Elmer , Partridge John D. , Roach Benjamin D. , Rolinson John , Samperton Kyle , Slemmons Alice K. , Spencer Khalil J. , Stanley Floyd E. , Townsend Lisa E. , Treinen Kerri C. , Williams Ross W. , Worley Christopher G. , Xu Ning 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Two plutonium oxides were prepared as unique reference materials for measurement of actinide elements present as trace constituents. Each reference material unit is approximately 200 mg of PuO2 powder in a quartz glass bottle. Characterized attributes of the oxides included mass fractions of plutonium, americium, neptunium, and uranium. Isotope-amount ratios were also determined for plutonium and uranium, but neptunium and americium were observed to be monoisotopic 237Np and 241Am. Measurements for characterization and verification of the attributes show that plutonium and trace actinides are homogeneous with the exception of limited heterogeneity for uranium, primarily observed for the 238U isotope. Model purification ages calculated from measured americium and uranium attribute values are consistent with material histories and indicate that these impurities are predominantly due to the decay of plutonium isotopes.
A Triangle in the Law-court: Speakers-Opponents-Audiences and the Use of the Imperative
Authors: Serafim Andreas 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis paper, focusing on and discussing salient passages from the whole corpus of Attic forensic speeches, examines the use and purposes of imperatives for persuasion. The main argument it puts forward is that imperatives should not be seen as an improper, impolite or abrasive means of communication in the law-court, but rather as a decisive and confident way of sustaining a triangular relation between the speaker, his opponent and the audience. The speaker, through the use of imperatives, talks about, and intermittently to, his opponent and conveys messages to the audience about him. These messages, combined with references to religion, patriotism, ancestral glory and the very existence of thepolis, give the potential to orations to influence the verdict of the judges and determine the outcome of trials.
New Epistomia from Eleutherna
Authors: Tegou Eva , Tzifopoulos Yannis Z. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Publication of two new gold epistomia unearthed during systematic excavations of a cemetery at the site Mnemata (Graves) in Alphá, near Eleutherna. They belong to category B, the so-called Mnemosyne- or Underworld-Topography-texts: the new epistomion B14 from grave 84 was found folded and is identical to that incised on B3–5, B7–8 and the concise B13, except for one minor misspelling; the other epistomion B15 from grave 56 betrays more similarities with the Cretan epistomia B12 and B6 in the recognition dialogue, and is only the second text from Crete which places the spring in the Underworld topography to the left, as B12.
Scalar Cosmological Perturbations on the Brane
Authors: Viznyuk A.V. , Shtanov Yu.V. 
Published: November 2021

We derive a full system of differential equations describing the evolution of scalar cosmological perturbations on the brane in the general case where the action of the model contains the induced curvature, as well as the cosmological constants in the bulk and on the brane. This system of equations is greatly simplified in the case of ideal pressureless matter. From the brane observer viewpoint, the dynamics of perturbations of the matter on the brane is affected by an additional invisible component – perturbation of the projected Weyl tensor, or dark radiation, having purely geometric nature. The system of equations on the brane serves as boundary conditions for the perturbed bulk equations, which can be treated with the use of the Mukohyama master variable. We consider the case of a spatially closed brane universe and impose the regularity condition for perturbations in the bulk. We demonstratethat the resulting complete system of integro-differential equations is well defined.
Urinalysis and Urine Culture
Authors: DeWitt Thomas G. 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
Bagged specimens are adequate for dipstick urinalysis but not urine culture. Routine screening urinalysis for asymptomatic patients is not recommended. Proteinuria, hematuria, glucosuria, and positive nitrites and/or leukocyte esterase on dip urinalysis requires further workup.
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Kuo Alice A. 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition with genetic and environmental causes. Risk factors include preterm birth and maternal substance use during pregnancy. Because of the prevalence of this condition, primary care clinicians should develop the skills to diagnose and manage this condition in patients from age 4 years through adolescence. The 3 subtypes of ADHD are predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive, and combined inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive. No cardiac workup is necessary beyond conducting a thorough cardiac history before initiating stimulant medication. Stimulant medications are the most effective treatment of ADHD in school-aged children and adolescents.
Dyspnea
Authors: Samras Nathan 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
Dyspnea is the sensation of not being able to satisfy air hunger.The history and physical examination are essential in determining the cause of the dyspnea.Pulmonary disease that causes dyspnea can be classified as obstructive, restrictive, or vascular, although there are also many non-pulmonary causes.Close observation of children with acute dyspnea is essential because they can decompensate quickly.
Extremity Pain
Authors: Kozman Daniel 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
Fever, weight loss, rash, diaphoresis, or gastrointestinal symptoms should raise suspicion for systemic diseases such as septic arthritis or autoimmune disease.If patients have undergone recent medication treatment, vaccination, or viral exposure, or have traveled, consider serum sickness–like illness, aseptic necrosis, or viral myositis or arthritis.Pain that disrupts only unpleasant activities (eg, school) or occurs in a nonanatomic distribution should prompt consideration of a functional disorder.Be sure to examine proximally and distally to the site of pain, as referred pain is common in children.Screening laboratory studies should be performed when history and physical examination do not yield definitive diagnosis or suggest systemic or infectious disease, or if pain lasts beyond expected duration.The Ottawa criteria to guide radiograph imaging decisions have been validated for ankle and knee pain in children older than 5 years. Magnetic resonance imaging is most useful if assessment for joint and soft tissue disease, osteomyelitis, and malignancy is needed, although bone scan may be used instead if area of concern cannot be sufficiently narrowed by examination or if the need for sedation is prohibitive.
Hematuria
Authors: Adam Henry M. 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
The most common cause of hematuria overall is UTI. The most common cause of asymptomatic isolated microscopic hematuria is benign transient hematuria. Before further evaluation, repeating the urinalysis at least once is prudent, and asymptomatic school-aged children may be followed for 2 or more years before further work-up. Macroscopic hematuria is a common sign of glomerular or urologic disease, warranting renal ultrasonography and further evaluation as indicated.
Hypertension
Authors: Adam Henry M. 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
Hypertension is becoming increasingly common in pediatric practice, affecting children and, particularly, adolescents. The epidemic of obesity among children and adolescents is likely a major contributor to the rise in hypertension. Pediatric hypertension predicts adult hypertension, with its consequences. Hypertension is associated with the metabolic syndrome and its risk for cardiovascular morbidity.
Hirsutism, Hypertrichosis, and Precocious Sexual Hair Development
Authors: Adam Henry 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
Abnormal or excessive hair growth is a common concern at presentation.It is important to differentiate hirsutism (androgen-dependent) from hypertrichosis (unrelated to androgen release).Premature adrenarche, which is more common in girls than boys, is most often benign and requires no intervention beyond reassurance.Polycystic ovarian syndrome is the most common endocrine disorder affecting adolescent girls.
Jaundice
Authors: Adam Henry 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
All newborns have a total bilirubin level greater than an adult’s normal limit, with greater than 50% developing clinical jaundice in the first week after birth.Treatment of newborns with jaundice should follow the American Academy of Pediatrics revised guidelines (see Suggested Resources below).The differential diagnosis of jaundice is guided by distinction between indirect (unconjugated) and direct (conjugated) hyperbilirubinemia.Direct (conjugated) hyperbilirubinemia is always pathological.
Odor (Unusual Urine and Body)
Authors: Adam Henry 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
Unusual odors can be a chief concern or a sign or symptom.The differential diagnosis of unusual odors includes systemic, metabolic, toxic, and infectious diseases.Bromhidrosis (malodorous sweat) is caused by breakdown of products from apocrine, eccrine, or sebaceous glands.Halitosis (bad breath) can result from xerostomia, dental disease, sinusitis, tonsillitis, or gastroesophageal reflux.
Red Eye/Pinkeye
Authors: Kneen Lindsay 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
Not all red eyes are conjunctivitis, and the differential for a red eye is broad, including infectious, allergic, traumatic/irritant, rheumatologic, and oncologic etiologies.Conjunctivitis is inflammation and injection of the usually transparent conjunctival tissue that covers the outer portion of the eye and inner eyelids. It is often a diagnosis of exclusion after ensuring more severe or vision-threatening etiologies of red eye are not present.The most common etiology for conjunctivitis in children is viral and treated with supportive care. Viral conjunctivitis often begins unilaterally with serous or mucoid discharge, and then may become bilateral. Bacterial conjunctivitis is most often unilateral with purulent discharge and most often treated with topical antibiotics.Indications for urgent referral and treatment include a red eye with one or more of the following: severely painful eye movements or severe foreign body sensation, photophobia, decreased visual acuity, fixed pupil, proptosis, redness in a "ciliary flush" pattern (redness localized to or more pronounced in a ring around the limbus), corneal ulceration or opacity, suspected Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection or herpes simplex virus conjunctivitis, or history of chemical burn or penetrating trauma.
Self-Stimulating Behaviors
Authors: Adam Henry 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
Self-stimulating behaviors, also called stereotypies, typically begin before the first birthday and peak in onset shortly thereafter.Most often these behaviors are self-limited to the preschool period and should be understood as common and normal, requiring little intervention beyond reassurance to parents.Marked, persistent rhythmic movements are common in children with autism spectrum disorder, sight or hearing loss, emotional disturbance, or significant intellectual disability.Hair pulling and twisting may signal significant stress and/or anxiety that warrants intervention.
Splenomegaly
Authors: Adam Henry 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
A palpable spleen may be normal, especially in neonates and infants.Because an enlarged spleen can extend into the pelvis, palpation should begin in the right lower quadrant and move across the abdomen toward the left upper quadrant.Viral infection is the most common cause of splenomegaly in children.Splenomegaly from sequestration crisis in patients with sickle cell disease and following abdominal trauma are emergencies.
Amblyopia and Strabismus
Authors: Adam Henry M. 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
Vision screening for amblyopia and strabismus can help prevent loss of vision in children. Screening should begin early in infancy by testing the ability to fixate and follow and by checking the corneal light reflex for symmetry. Instrument-based screening should begin by the first birthday, and visual acuity testing is successful in most children by 3 years of age. The earlier treatment is started, the better is the prognosis.
Wheezing
Authors: Adam Henry M. 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
Although usually more prominent in expiration, wheezing can be present in inspiration. Viral bronchiolitis and asthma account for most wheezing in children. BUT: any process that can cause obstruction of intrathoracic airways should be considered in the differential diagnosis. Pulmonary function testing in children older than 5 or 6 can help characterize wheezing objectively.
Colic
Authors: Retzke Jessica 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
Infantile colic is characterized by inconsolable crying occurring ≥ 3 hours per day and ≥ 3 days per week.Crying bouts begin in the second week, peak at 6 weeks, and usually resolve by 4 months of age.Crying bouts are more common in the evening hours.The exact cause of colic is not known.Other causes for excessive crying should be ruled out before diagnosing infantile colic.Management involves education of parents and supportive care.
Contagious Exanthematous Diseases
Authors: Bode Sara 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
Several viral infections such as measles and varicella, as well as infections with bacteria such as streptococci and meningococci, cause skin rashes.Diagnosis is clinical based on prodrome, characteristics of rash, accompanying signs and symptoms, and immunization and contact history.Among viral infections rubeola and varicella typically require intervention with antiviral treatment and monitoring for systemic involvement and secondary bacterial complications.Bacterial infections do need appropriate antibacterial therapy.
Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Levinson Benjamin 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
Overweight and obesity are becoming more prevalent over time.Metabolic syndrome has no standard definition; it is more practical to evaluate the various comorbidities and treat them accordingly.When body mass index (BMI) percentile is increasing, this change should be addressed as early as possible.Initial laboratory evaluation for obesity screening can include a nonfasting or fasting lipid profile, a hemoglobin A1c test (or glucose test, if the patient is fasting), and an alanine aminotransferase test.When a clinician is working to manage weight, follow-up visits should be done in 1-month intervals initially until consistent BMI progress is made.It is imperative to get the entire family on board. Writing a letter to other adult caregivers can be helpful, if they cannot come to clinic.
Pyloric Stenosis
Authors: Kneen Lindsay 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
Pyloric stenosis (PS) is characterized by abnormal hypertrophy of the antropyloric muscles, which can progress to gastric outlet obstruction leading to forceful vomiting, dehydration, and hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis. Precise etiology is unclear, but risk factors include male sex, preterm birth, maternal smoking, family history of PS (especially in the mother), and early postnatal exposure to macrolides. Most commonly presents in newborns and infants 3 to 6 weeks of age. Until late stages of dehydration, most infants are alert, active, and hungry despite frequent emesis. Management is almost always surgical after correction of electrolyte abnormalities, and postoperative prognosis is excellent.
Inattention, Impulsivity, and Hyperactivity
Authors: Wissow Lawrence S. 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
Inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity, either independently or in combination, occur commonly during childhood and are typical behaviors at certain developmental stages.Some children (often girls) may be inattentive without the other symptoms, which makes recognition more difficult.Psychosocial screening with validated tools assists in identifying children and youth with core symptoms; however, a positive screen result does not by itself indicate a diagnosis.Diagnosis of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) requires that a child have symptoms for at least 6 months, appearing before age 12 years, and present in at least 2 settings; necessitates collateral reports from child care or school; and depends on the absence of other conditions that could explain symptoms (eg, anxiety, learning or language disability, depression, exposure to trauma).Pediatric clinicians can provide meaningful intervention, even in the absence of a diagnosis, through expressions of hope, empathy, and support to the youth and family; strategies for working constructively with the child's school and avoiding homework battles; general measures to improve child and family health and reduce stress; and brief interventions derived from evidence-based parent training in behavior management (PTBM) for ADHD and/or behavioral classroom interventions.First-line treatment for children diagnosed with ADHD is PTBM for 3- to 5-year-olds and medication for school-aged children and adolescents aged 6 years and older; pediatric clinicians can comanage care with a provider of PTBM and either prescribe medication or monitor medication prescribed by a mental health specialist, with feedback from parents and teachers.
Learning Difficulty
Authors: Frankowski Barbara 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
Learning difficulty may result at any age from a wide range of developmental, social-emotional, physical, mental, cognitive, or combined problems in the child; one or more specific learning disabilities; the child’s lack of readiness for school; the school’s lack of readiness for the child; or combined factors.Evaluation includes a complete psychosocial, developmental, and medical history; hearing and vision testing; physical assessment; and validated psychosocial screening according to age.Pediatric clinicians should request and review school reports such as report cards; end-of-grade tests or achievement screening tests; cognitive screening tests; classroom observations of the child’s attention and behavior, ideally using validated tools; and/or any special placement, services, or educational plans in place.If findings suggest a discrepancy between cognitive ability and achievement, and if the school has not identified any special educational needs, request that the school (or other) psychologist perform a full battery of psychological tests.Support the child and family, whatever the findings, byReinforcing strengths and protective factors in the child and familyAddressing any medical or mental health problems that may be associated with the child’s learning difficultiesGuiding the family in advocating with the school for needed services and in monitoring the child’s progressUsing "common factors" communication techniques to address barriers to the family’s seeking or accepting help for the child, conflicts over homework (see Specific Interventions for Learning Difficulties), unrealistic expectations, or negativity toward the childEncouraging healthy habits in the entire family (see General Treatment Approach) and nurturing the child’s nonacademic talentsProviding resources, including referral to a mental health professional if the child or family is very distressed by symptoms, co-occurring problems are unresponsive to pediatric management, school evaluation is incomplete or untimely, or the parent’s relationship with the school is adversarial