bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measuring the impact of risk on LCOE (levelized cost of energy) in geothermal technology
Authors: Park Soojin , Langat Antony , Lee Kyuhwan , Yoon Yongbeum 
Published: December 2021

AbstractGeothermal technology has a high level of uncertainty and, thus, requires thorough risk analysis for economic decisions. The levelized cost of energy (LCOE) is a basic economic analysis widely used in determining an investment or energy mix. Many reputable institutions and government agencies provide LCOE, to which they apply different levels of discount rates to reflect project risk. To this end, the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is frequently used as a proxy for project risk-adjusted discount rate. However, whether using a higher discount rate for a riskier project is appropriate in calculating LCOE has not been scrutinized. The purpose of this paper is to propose a certainty equivalent method of LCOE as an alternative way for considering risk. We present a theoretical background and formula based on the utility theory, improving the probabilistic LCOE estimation methodology of previous studies. We also perform scenario analysis to show how the certainty equivalent model changes LCOE reflecting different level of risk of the individual variables, which traditional LCOE does not. Additionally, we suggest that the traditional LCOE should be used prudently, recognizing it can distort the result when an individual project has a different level of risk from the industry average.
Biochemical response and nutrient uptake of two arbuscular mycorrhiza-inoculated chamomile varieties under different osmotic stresses
Authors: Ebrahimi Fatemeh , Salehi Amin , Movahedi Dehnavi Mohsen , Mirshekari Amin , Hamidian Mohammad , Hazrati Saeid 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Background
Water-deficit stress is known as one of the most severe environmental stresses affecting the growth of plants through marked reduction of water uptake, which leads to osmotic stress by lowering water potential. Adopting appropriate varieties using soil microorganisms, such as arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi, can significantly reduce the adverse effects of water deficiency. This study aimed to evaluate the role of Funneliformis mosseae on nutrient uptake and certain physiological traits of two chamomile varieties, namely Bodgold (Bod) and Soroksári (Sor) under osmotic stress. For pot culture, a factorial experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with three factors: osmotic stress (PEG 6000) was applied along with Hoagland solution at three levels (0, -0.4 and -0.8 MPa), two German chamomile varieties (Bodgold (Bod) and Soroksari (Sor)), and AM inoculation (Funneliformis mosseae species (fungal and non-fungal)) at four replications in perlite substrate.

Results
Osmotic stress significantly reduced the uptake of macro-nutrients (N and P) and micro-nutrients (Fe, Cu, Mn, and Zn) in the shoots and roots. Moreover, the level of osmolytes (total soluble sugars and proline) and the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the shoots of both varieties increased under osmotic stress. Regarding the Sor variety, the level of these compounds was more satisfactory. AM improved plant nutrition uptake and osmolyte contents while enhancing antioxidant enzymes and reducing the adverse effects of osmotic stress. Under osmotic stress, the growth and total dry weight were improved upon AM inoculation.

Conclusions
In general, inoculation of chamomile with AM balanced the uptake of nutrients and increased the level of osmolytes and antioxidant enzymes; hence, it improved plant characteristics under osmotic stress in both varieties. However, it was found to be more effective in reducing stress damages in the Sor variety.
Review: the effect of light on the key pigment compounds of photosensitive etiolated tea plant
Authors: Yue Cuinan , Wang Zhihui , Yang Puxiang 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Background
Light is the ultimate energy source of plant photosynthesis, which has an important impact on the growth, development, physiology and biochemistry of tea plant. Photosensitive etiolated tea plant belongs to a kind of colored leaf plant, which is a physiological response to light intensity. Compared with conventional green bud and leaf of tea plant, the accumulation of pigment compounds (chlorophyll and carotenoids, etc.) closely related to a series of reactions of photosynthesis in photosensitive etiolated tea plant is reduced, resulting in the difference of leaf color of tea. This specific tea resource has high application value, among which high amino acid is one of its advantages. It can be used to process high-quality green tea with delicious taste and attractive aroma, which has been widely attention. The mechanism of the color presentation of the etiolated mutant tea leaves has been given a high topic and attention, especially, what changes have taken place in the pigment compounds of tea leaves caused by light, which makes the leaves so yellow. At present, there have been a lot of research and reports.

Purpose of the review
We describe the metabolism and differential accumulation of key pigment compounds affecting the leaf color of photosensitive etiolated tea that are triggered by light, and discuss the different metabolism and key regulatory sites of these pigments in different light environments in order to understand the “discoloration” matrix and mechanism of etiolated tea resources, answer the scientific question between leaf color and light. It provides an important strategy for artificial intervention of discoloration of colored tea plant.

Conclusion
The differential accumulation of pigment compounds in tea plant can be induced phytochrome in response to the change of light signal. The synthesis of chlorophyll in photoetiolated tea plants is hindered by strong light, among which, the sites regulated by coproporphyrinogen III oxidase and chlorophyllide a oxidase is sensitive to light and can be inhibited by strong light, resulting in the aggravation of leaf etiolation. The phenomenon can be disappeared or weakened by shading or reducing light intensity, and the leaf color is greenish, but the increase of chlorophyll-b accumulation is more than that of chlorophyll-a. The synthesis of carotenoids is inhibited strong light, and high the accumulation of carotenoids is reduced by shading. Most of the genes regulating carotenoids are up-regulated by moderate shading and down-regulated by excessive shading. Therefore, the accumulation of these two types of pigments in photosensitive etiolated tea plants is closely related to the light environment, and the leaf color phenotype shape of photosensitive etiolated tea plants can be changed by different light conditions, which provides an important strategy for the production and management of tea plant.
Assessing survival time of heart failure patients: using Bayesian approach
Authors: Ashine Tafese , Muleta Geremew , Tadesse Kenenisa 
Published: December 2021

AbstractHeart failure is a failure of the heart to pump blood with normal efficiency and a globally growing public health issue with a high death rate all over the world, including Ethiopia. The goal of this study was to identify factors affecting the survival time of heart failure patients. To achieve the aim, 409 heart failure patients were included in the study based on data taken from medical records of patients enrolled from January 2016 to January 2019 at Jimma University Medical Center, Jimma, Ethiopia. The Kaplan Meier plots and log-rank test were used for comparison of survival functions; the Cox-PH model and the Bayesian parametric survival models were used to analyze the survival time of heart failure patients using R-software. Integrated nested Laplace approximation methods have been applied. Out of the total heart failure patients in the study, 40.1% died, and 59.9% were censored. The estimated median survival time of patients was 31 months. Using model selection criteria, the Bayesian log-normal accelerated failure time model was found to be appropriate. The results of this model show that age, chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, etiology of heart failure, hypertension, anemia, smoking cigarettes, and stages of heart failure all have a significant impact on the survival time of heart failure patients. The Bayesian log-normal accelerated failure time model described the survival time of heart failure patient's data-set well. The findings of this study suggested that the age group (49 to 65 years, and greater than or equal to 65 years); etiology of heart failure (rheumatic valvular heart disease, hypertensive heart disease, and other diseases); the presence of hypertension; the presence of anemia; the presence of chronic kidney disease; smokers; diabetes mellitus (type I, and type II); and stages of heart failure (II, III, and IV) shortened their survival time of heart failure patients.
Blood purification could tackle COVID-19?
Authors: Yamada Hiroyuki , Ohtsuru Shigeru 
Published: December 2021

AbstractCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) threatened human lives worldwide since first reported. The current challenge for global intensivists is to establish an effective treatment for severe COVID-19. Blood purification has been applied to the treatment of various critical illnesses. Theoretically, its technique also has an enormous possibility of treating severe COVID-19 in managing inflammatory cytokines and coagulopathy. Recent clinical studies have revealed the positive clinical effect of therapeutic plasma exchange. Other studies have also indicated the considerable potential of other blood purification techniques, such as Cytosorb, AN69 surface-treated membrane, and polymyxin b hemoperfusion. Further research is needed to elucidate the actual effects of these applications.
Comparison of the rate of delayed/nonunion in fifth metatarsal fractures receiving anti-inflammatory medications
Authors: Barnds Brandon , Heenan Matt , Ayres Jack , Tarakemeh Armin , Schroeppel J. Paul , Mullen Scott , Vopat Bryan G. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Controversy exists regarding the acute effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on early fracture healing. The purpose of this study was to analyze the rate of nonunion or delayed union in patients with fifth metatarsal (5th MT) fractures. We hypothesize that the use of NSAIDs would increase the rate of nonunion/delayed union in 5th MT fractures.

Methods
Using PearlDiver, a national insurance database was analyzed. ICD codes were used to identify patients diagnosed with 5th MT fracture from 2007-2018. Patients were grouped by initial management (nonoperative vs. open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) or non/malunion repair within 60 days) and sub-grouped by whether they had been prescribed at least one pre-defined NSAID. Subsequent ORIF or nonunion/malunion repair operative intervention was used as a surrogate for fracture nonunion/delayed union.

Results
Of the 10,991 subjects with a diagnosis of 5th MT, 10,626 (96.7%) underwent initial nonoperative treatment, 1,409 of which (13.3%) received prescription NSAIDS within 60 days of diagnosis. 16/1,409 (1.14%) subjects who received anti-inflammatory prescriptions underwent ORIF or repair of non/malunion at least 60 days after diagnosis while 46/9,217 (0.50%; P=0.003483) subjects who did not receive anti-inflammatory prescriptions underwent ORIF or repair of non/malunion at least 60 days after diagnosis. In the 365 subjects who underwent early repair/ORIF (within 60 days), there was no significant difference in the rate of nonunion/delayed union.

Conclusion
The rate of nonunion/delayed union of 5th MT fractures was significantly higher in subjects receiving NSAIDs within 60 days of initial diagnosis in patients managed non-operatively.

Level of evidence
Level III
Nonclinical study and applicability of the absorbed dose conversion method with a single biodistribution measurement for targeted alpha-nuclide therapy
Authors: Sakashita Tetsuya , Matsumoto Shojiro , Watanabe Shigeki , Hanaoka Hirofumi , Ohshima Yasuhiro , Ikoma Yoko , Ukon Naoyuki , Sasaki Ichiro , Higashi Tatsuya , Higuchi Tetsuya , Tsushima Yoshito , Ishioka Noriko S. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Background
We recently reported a new absorbed dose conversion method, RAP (RAtio of Pharmacokinetics), for 211At-meta-astatobenzylguanidine (211At-MABG) using a single biodistribution measurement, the percent injected dose/g. However, there were some mathematical ambiguities in determining the optimal timing of a single measurement of the percent injected dose/g. Thus, we aimed to mathematically reconstruct the RAP method and to examine the optimal timing of a single measurement.

Methods
We derived a new formalism of the RAP dose conversion method at time t. In addition, we acquired a formula to determine the optimal timing of a single measurement of the percent injected dose/g, assuming the one-compartment model for biological clearance.

Results
We investigated the new formalism’s performance using a representative RAP coefficient with radioactive decay weighting. Dose conversions by representative RAP coefficients predicted the true [211At]MABG absorbed doses with an error of 10% or less. The inverses of the representative RAP coefficients plotted at 4 h post-injection, which was the optimal timing reported in the previous work, were very close to the new inverses of the RAP coefficients 4 h post-injection. Next, the behavior of the optimal timing was analyzed by radiolabeled compounds with physical half-lives of 7.2 h and 10 d on various biological clearance half-lives. Behavior maps of optimal timing showed a tendency to converge to a constant value as the biological clearance half-life of a target increased. The areas of optimal timing for both compounds within a 5% or 10% prediction error were distributed around the optimal timing when the biological clearance half-life of a target was equal to that of the reference. Finally, an example of RAP dose conversion was demonstrated for [211At]MABG.

Conclusions
The RAP dose conversion method renovated by the new formalism was able to estimate the [211At]MABG absorbed dose using a similar pharmacokinetics, such as [131I]MIBG. The present formalism revealed optimizing imaging time points on absorbed dose conversion between two radiopharmaceuticals. Further analysis and clinical data will be needed to elucidate the validity of a behavior map of the optimal timing of a single measurement for targeted alpha-nuclide therapy.
Artificial intelligence with deep learning in nuclear medicine and radiology
Authors: Decuyper Milan , Maebe Jens , Van Holen Roel , Vandenberghe Stefaan 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe use of deep learning in medical imaging has increased rapidly over the past few years, finding applications throughout the entire radiology pipeline, from improved scanner performance to automatic disease detection and diagnosis. These advancements have resulted in a wide variety of deep learning approaches being developed, solving unique challenges for various imaging modalities. This paper provides a review on these developments from a technical point of view, categorizing the different methodologies and summarizing their implementation. We provide an introduction to the design of neural networks and their training procedure, after which we take an extended look at their uses in medical imaging. We cover the different sections of the radiology pipeline, highlighting some influential works and discussing the merits and limitations of deep learning approaches compared to other traditional methods. As such, this review is intended to provide a broad yet concise overview for the interested reader, facilitating adoption and interdisciplinary research of deep learning in the field of medical imaging.
The ANHEQ Evaluation Criteria: Introducing Reliable Rating Scales for Assessing Nordic Hamstring Exercise Quality
Authors: Alt Tobias , Schmidt Marcus 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Background
The Nordic Hamstring Exercise (NHE) is very popular for selective eccentric hamstring strengthening. However, NHE-related research is hindered by insufficient details about implementation and reporting. Available tools to assess study quality (e.g., PEDro or TESTEX scale) are too unspecific to account for the specific demands of NHE. Therefore, this study aimed to introduce two rating scales for Assessing Nordic Hamstring Exercise Quality (ANHEQ) of assessment and intervention studies.

Methods
Eighteen graduated sports scientists, sports physiotherapists and elite coaches with scientific experience independently evaluated the quality of published NHE studies via ANHEQ scales, each comprising eight items and a maximal 13-point score. Inter-rater agreement was analyzed by using criterion-based reference values, while Krippendorff´s alpha determined inter-rater reliability. Systematic differences of the summated ANHEQ scores were determined using Friedman tests.

Results
Inter-rater agreement was 87 ± 5% for NHE assessments and 88 ± 6% for interventions with single items ranging from 71 to 100%. Alpha values for inter-rater reliability ranged from fair (.250) to perfect (1.00) depending on the item. Total ANHEQ scores revealed coefficients of .829 (almost perfect) and .772 (substantial) without significant inter-rater differences (p = .292).

Conclusions
The ANHEQ scales are suitable tools to rate NHE execution quality and data presentation. They facilitate a comprehensive review of NHE-related evidence and potentially improve the design and reporting of future NHE studies.
Validating a Japanese Version of the Athlete Psychological Strain Questionnaire
Authors: Ojio Yasutaka , Matsunaga Asami , Kawamura Shin , Horiguchi Masanori , Yoshitani Goro , Hatakeyama Kensuke , Amemiya Rei , Kanie Ayako , Purcell Rosemary , Rice Simon M. , Fujii Chiyo 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Background
There is increasing international interest in clinical practice and research related to mental health in the international sports society. The athlete-specific psychological distress assessment tool that addresses potential mental health needs can help promote early detection and recovery of mental illness, as well as physical illnesses. Currently, little is known about the applicability of the useful assessment tool for Japanese elite athletes. The Athlete Psychological Strain Questionnaire (APSQ) is a brief, effective and reliable screening tool to identify early signs of athlete-specific distress and potential mental health symptoms. We examined the applicability and reliability of a Japanese version of the APSQ (APSQ-J) in a Japanese elite athlete context. Further, we examined the construct validity of the APSQ-J.

Methods
We collected web-based anonymous self-report data from 219 currently competing Japanese professional male rugby players. A two-stage process was conducted to validate the factor structure of the APSQ-J using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) in a randomly partitioned calibration sample and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) in a separate validation sample. Cronbach’s alpha is used to assess internal consistency. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients were calculated to determine if the APSQ-J was significantly associated with measures of psychological distress and well-being using Kessler-6 (K6) and the WHO-5 Well-Being Index, respectively.

Results
We identified a one-factor structure for the APSQ-J. Confirmatory factor analysis supports this one-factor model, revealing good model fit indices. The standardized path coefficients for each of the items were β = 0.41–0.83 (p < 0.001). A Cronbach’s alpha of 0.84 was obtained for the APSQ-J. The APSQ-J demonstrated significant correlations with the K-6 (r = 0.80, p < 0.001) and WHO-5 (r = −0.58, p < 0.001).

Conclusion
The APSQ-J can be an appropriate and psychometrically robust measure for identifying athlete-specific distress in elite athletes in Japan. Widely disseminating and utilizing this scale in Japanese sports society may support athletes' mental health via early detection of symptoms of psychological distress.
The Relationship Between Psychological Stress and Anxiety with Gastrointestinal Symptoms Before and During a 56 km Ultramarathon Running Race
Authors: Urwin Charles S. , Main Luana C. , Mikocka-Walus Antonina , Skvarc David R. , Roberts Spencer S. H. , Condo Dominique , Carr Amelia J. , Convit Lilia , Jardine William , Rahman Shant S. , Snipe Rhiannon M. J. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundThis study assessed relationships and sex differences between psychological state (recovery, stress, anxiety, and self-confidence) and gastrointestinal symptoms (GIS) prior to and during a 56 km ultramarathon running race and identified predictive factors of race GIS. Forty-four (26 males, 18 females) ultramarathon competitors completed anxiety, recovery, stress and GIS questionnaires for three days prior to the race and immediately pre-race. Race GIS were assessed immediately post-race. Spearman’s rank order, Mann–WhitneyUtests and regression analyses were used to determine correlations and identify sex differences between psychological state and GIS and determine predictors of race GIS.ResultsRace GIS were significantly correlated with recovery (rs =  − 0.381,p = 0.011), stress (rs = 0.500,p = 0.001) and anxiety (rs = 0.408,p = 0.006), calculated as the mean of the three days preceding the race and on race morning. The correlation between anxiety and GIS was strongest in the 24 h immediately prior to the race (allrs > 0.400, and allp < 0.05), but unclear patterns were identified for stress and recovery. Regression analyses showed 36% and 40% of variation in the severity and number of race GIS was accounted for by body mass and measures of stress, anxiety, and GIS over the three days preceding the race and on race morning (bothp < 0.001). There were no sex differences in the number and severity of GIS leading up to or during the race (allp > 0.05), however, females reported greater state anxiety (p = 0.018) and lower self-confidence than males (p = 0.006) over the three days preceding the race and on race morning.ConclusionEndurance athletes that experience GIS during competition should investigate elevated stress and/or anxiety as a potential contributor and identify if management strategies can reduce the occurrence and severity of GIS.
Design of protection and control scheme for hybrid nanogrid
Authors: Jolhe Sachin P. , Dhomane Gunwant A. , Karalkar Minal D. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractNanogrid is “The new ray of hope” for people living in remote isolated locations as well as where power supply reliability is poor. A nanogrid is a small power capacity distribution system with the ability to operate standalone or with a utility grid. It consists of local power production supplying local loads and energy storage systems. In this paper, an innovative inverter design is presented, which converts the power in a single stage. It is superior to the traditional two-stage inverter system and can supply hybrid loads (AC and DC loads) with a single input. System AC and DC bus voltages are regulated under both steady-state and dynamic load variation conditions in the nanogrid. Simulation results are presented which confirm the suitability of the inverter and its control strategy for a hybrid nanogrid system.