bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carbon‐Halogen Bond Activation with Powerful Heavy Alkaline Earth Metal Hydrides
Authors: Wiesinger Michael , Rösch Bastian , Knüpfer Christian , Mai Jonathan , Langer Jens , Harder Sjoerd 
Published: July 2021

AbstractReaction of [(DIPePBDI)SrH]2 with C6H5X (X=Cl, Br, I) led to hydride‐halogenide exchange (DIPePBDI=HC[(Me)CN‐2,6‐(3‐pentyl)phenyl]2). Conversion rates increase with increasing halogen size (F<Cl<Br<I). Reaction of [(DIPePBDI)SrH]2 with C6H5F was slow and ill‐defined but addition of C6H4F2 gave smooth hydride‐fluoride exchange. After addition of THF the full range of Sr halogenides was structurally characterized: [(DIPePBDI)SrX ⋅ THF]2 (X=F, Cl, Br, I). Mixtures of AeN“2 and PhSiH3 in situ formed less defined but more robust Ae metal hydride clusters (AexN”yHz, Ae=Ca, Sr, Ba and N“=N(SiMe3)2) which are able to hydrodefluorinate C6H5F. Conversion rates increase with increasing metal size (Ca<Sr<Ba). Also alkylfluorides (1‐F‐hexane, F‐cyclohexane, 1‐F‐adamantane) could be converted but, due to solubility problems of the Ba species, the fastest conversion was found for Sr. These AeN”2/PhSiH3 mixtures also converted SF6 at room temperature to give undefined decomposition products. Addition of Me6Tren to a SrN“2/PhSiH3 led to crystallization of [Sr6N”2H9 ⋅ (Me6Tren)3+][SrN“3−]; Me6Tren=tris[2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl]amine). After hydrodefluorination, Sr6N”4F8 ⋅ (Me6Tren)2 was formed and structurally characterized. Dissolution in THF led to cluster growth and the larger cluster Sr16N“8F24 ⋅ (THF)12 is structurally characterized. DFT calculations support that hydrodehalogenation of halobenzenes follows a concerted nucleophilic aromatic substitution mechanism (cSNAr).
Spectroscopic Identification of Disordered Molecular Cations in Defect Perovskite‐Like ALn(HCO2)(C2O4)1.5 (Ln=Tb‐Er) Phases
Authors: Burley Lydia G. , Srivastava Anant Kumar , Rudić Svemir , Saines Paul J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis work reports a new series of ALn(HCO2)(C2O4)1.5 (A=[(CH3)2NH2]+ and Ln3+=Tb3+‐Er3+) compounds made solvothermally. These Cmce phases combine monovalent and divalent ligands, which enables a scarce combination of A+ and B3+ cations in a hybrid perovskite‐like compound. The ratio of ligands leads to ordered anion vacancies, which alternate with oxalate linkers along the c‐axis. The A‐site cations are disordered and cannot be identified crystallographically, likely a result of the larger pores of these frameworks compared to the recently reported AEr(HCO2)2(C2O4) phases. Neutron and infrared spectroscopy, supported by elemental composition, enables these cations to be identified as [(CH3)2NH2]+ molecules. Magnetic property measurements suggest these materials have weak antiferromagnetic interactions but remain paramagnetic to 1.8 K.
Electrophoresis and electric conduction in a salt‐free suspension of charged particles
Authors: Luo Ren H. , Keh Huan J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe electrophoresis and electric conduction of a suspension of charged spherical particles in a salt‐free solution are analyzed by using a unit cell model. The linearized Poisson‐Boltzmann equation (valid for the cases of relatively low surface charge density or high volume fraction of the particles) and Laplace equation are solved for the equilibrium electric potential profile and its perturbation caused by the imposed electric field, respectively, in the fluid containing the counterions only around the particle, and the ionic continuity equation and modified Stokes equations are solved for the electrochemical potential energy and fluid flow fields, respectively. Explicit analytical formulas for the electrophoretic mobility of the particles and effective electric conductivity of the suspension are obtained, and the particle interaction effects on these transport properties are significant and interesting. The scaled zeta potential, electrophoretic mobility, and effective electric conductivity increase monotonically with an increase in the scaled surface charge density of the particles and in general decrease with an increase in the particle volume fraction, keeping each other parameter unchanged. Under the Debye‐Hückel approximation, the dependence of the electrophoretic mobility normalized with the surface charge density on the ratio of the particle radius to the Debye screening length and particle volume fraction in a salt‐free suspension is same as that in a salt‐containing suspension, but the variation of the effective electric conductivity with the particle volume fraction in a salt‐free suspension is found to be quite different from that in a suspension containing added electrolyte.
Retracted: Economic prospects of replacing distributed generation with biofuel
Authors: Kapitonov Ivan A. , Batyrova Nazygul T. 
Published: July 2021

SummaryAt the present day, the issue of the further development of energy economics, industry, and other areas are quite urgent, taking into account the environmental component and not excluding the economic component of this problem. It is possible to reduce the negative impact on the environment by switching to biofuel. In addition to the environmental benefits, biofuels are beneficial in use, also to the companies themselves, as it is more cost‐efficient. The production and use of energy by the companies involve distributed generation. The purpose of the paper is to analyse the economic prospects of replacing distributed generation with biofuel. Results: within the framework of the study, the concepts of distributed generation, biofuel, its main types, as well as some of the advantages of biofuel are defined. Some economic aspects are considered, mainly in the direction of biofuel‐related benefits. In addition, the paper considers the distributed generation market development and the use of biofuel in Russia in comparison with other countries, the main problems were identified, and the main prospects in this direction were considered. Prospects for further research: due to the subsequent study of biofuel usage, taking into account economic and environmental aspects. The applied value of the material: the paper is of practical value in the framework of generalising data on the distributed generation market and the bioenergy market in the Russian Federation and foreign countries.
Late Quaternary terrace formation from knickpoint propagation in the headwaters of the Yellow River, NE Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Liu Ya , Wang Xianyan , Su Qi , Yi Shuangwen , Miao Xiaodong , Li Yiquan , Lu Huayu 
Published: July 2021

AbstractUpstream knickpoint propagation is an essential mechanism for channel erosion, carrying changes in base level, tectonics and climate across the landscape. Generally, the terraces on cross‐sections at steady‐state conditions have been widely reported. However, many landscapes in the field appear to be in a transient state. Here, we explore the mechanism of knickpoint initiation and fluvial evolution in a transient setting in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. Analysis of channel profiles and terrace correlation indicates that the Yellow River is adjusted to match the increase in differentiated fault activity and climate change in a regional setting of continuous uplift. Consequently, a series of terraces were formed, and the number of terrace steps increased downstream, in the headwaters of the Yellow River. All terraces were dated using the optically stimulated luminescence method. The top terrace, distributed continuously in the whole basin with a gradient, was deposited during a cold period and abandoned at the climatic transition from cold to warm state, at approximately 14.6–9.5 ka. After that, one terrace formed at around 4.2 ka in the upper reach. In correlation with the continuous topographic gradient surface of this terrace, three terrace steps were formed in the down reach during the period from 9.5 ka to 4.2 ka. This phenomenon might indicate multiple phases of continuous headward migration of fluvial knickpoint waves and terrace formation during the downcutting. It was caused by fault activity and tectonic uplift of the gorge at the outlet of the basin, under influence of the gradual integration of the Yellow River from downstream. This phenomenon shows that the fluvial incision in a transient state along the high relief margin of the orogenic plateau can be caused by fault activity, in addition to widespread surface uplift, climatically driven lake spillover and the establishment of external drainage.
The relative role of constructive and destructive processes in dune evolution on Cape Lookout National Seashore, North Carolina, USA
Authors: Hovenga Paige A. , Ruggiero Peter , Goldstein Evan B. , Hacker Sally D. , Moore Laura J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractCoastal dunes are dynamic features that are continuously evolving due to constructive (e.g., wind‐ and wave‐driven sediment transport) and destructive (e.g., elevated total water levels during storm events) processes. However, the relative importance of these processes in determining dune evolution is often poorly understood. In this study, ten lidar datasets from 1997 to 2016 are used to determine the relative role of erosion and accretion processes driving foredune change on the coast of Cape Lookout National Seashore, North Carolina, USA. Beach and dune morphometrics reveal that dune toe locations have generally retreated since 1997, while dune crest heights accreted by 0.01–0.02 m/year. We develop three univariate metrics that represent (1) the potential for erosion, i.e., total water level impact hours per year, (2) accretion, i.e., dune building hours per year, and (3) the relative net effect of foredune accretion and erosion processes, i.e., constructive–destructive dune forcing (CDDF) ratio, and test the correlative power of these metrics in explaining changes in foredune morphology. The total water level impact hours per year metric explained as much as 66% and 67% of the variance in dune crest and toe elevations, respectively, across the nearly two decades of dune evolution. The greatest number of dune building hours per year and largest dunes within the study site co‐occurred at locations exposed to the dominant cross‐shore wind direction as a result of varying shoreline orientation. The CDDF ratio was positively correlated to changes in the dune toe elevation in approximately 70% of dunes within the study site, outperforming the impact and dune building hours per year metrics. Our results show that these three metrics can provide first‐order estimates of dune morphometric change across multiple spatial and temporal scales, which may be particularly useful at sites where lidar acquisition is intermittent.
Changes in rock matrix compressibility during deep CO2 storage
Authors: Kim Kiseok , Makhnenko Roman Y. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractGeologic carbon storage projects aim to permanently trap large volumes of CO2 in reservoir rock sealed with low permeability layers. As high‐pressure supercritical or liquid CO2 is injected, hydromechanical and chemical processes caused by the reaction between the rock and acidic mixture of brine and CO2 are initiated. The compressibility of reservoir rock needs to be properly characterized in order to assess the deformation and stability of the host formations, and there are a number of factors to be considered, including the matrix structure, solid, pores, and fluid. This study triggers from a fundamental question whether CO2 treatment affects the compressibility of the rock matrix and its dominant composing solid minerals. Three different reservoir representatives are selected: Berea sandstone for silica‐rich rock, and Apulian limestone and Indiana limestone for calcite‐rich rock. Quartz and calcite are the main composing minerals of the reservoir rock, and their crystals are separately examined. Experimental methods are introduced for high‐pressure CO2 treatment of water‐saturated materials, and measurements of the unjacketed and solid compressibilities are conducted. No change in the solid compressibility of the sandstone and quartz after CO2 treatment is observed, whereas it increases by 18–21% for the limestones and by 15% for calcite. The latter observation is inconsistent with the ultrasonic wave velocities measurements and is believed to be due to the local dissolution of the calcite crystal surface. The results show that only the solid matrix of the limestones becomes more compressible after CO2 treatment. Consequent microimaging and mercury intrusion porosimetry analyses allowed observations of dissolution and precipitation of calcite, and creation of new connected and non‐connected pores. Finally, the changes in limestone solid compressibilities and pore structure could significantly affect the rock properties and behavior during and after CO2 injection and should be accounted for in the reservoir models. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Does public long‐term care expenditure improve care‐related quality of life of service users in England?
Authors: Longo Francesco , Claxton Karl , Lomas James , Martin Stephen 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPublic long‐term care (LTC) systems provide services to support people experiencing difficulties with their activities of daily living. This study investigates the marginal effect of changes in public LTC expenditure on care‐related quality of life (CRQoL) of existing service users in England. The public LTC program for people aged 18 or older in England is called Adult Social Care (ASC) and it is provided and managed by local authorities. We collect data on the outcomes and characteristics of public ASC users, on public ASC expenditure, and on the characteristics of local authorities across England in 2017/18. We employ an instrumental variable approach using conditionally exogenous elements of the public funding system to estimate the effect of public ASC expenditure on user CRQoL. Our findings show that by increasing public ASC expenditure by £1000 per user, on average, local authorities increase user CRQoL by 0.0030. These results suggest that public ASC is effective in increasing users' quality of life but only to a relatively small extent. When combined with the other potential effects of LTC expenditure (e.g., on informal carers, mortality), this study can inform policy makers in the United Kingdom and internationally about whether social care provides good value for money.
Mandatory Hepatology Education for Internal Medicine Residents: Long‐Term Effects and Implications for Workforce Needs
Authors: Mikolajczyk Adam E. , Zilberstein Netanel , McConville John F. , Pan Alex , Aronsohn Andrew I. , Te Helen S. , Reddy Gautham , Paul Sonali , Pillai Anjana , Charlton Michael , Farnan Jeanne M. 
Published: July 2021

We previously created a mandatory, inpatient, hepatology resident curriculum that immediately improved comfort, knowledge, and career interest in chronic liver disease (CLD). The durability of these effects needs to be known to use this intervention to address the hepatologist shortage. Thus, we aimed to assess this curriculum’s long‐term outcomes on internal medicine (IM) residents’ CLD comfort, knowledge, and career interest. From 2015 to 2019 at a single institution, one IM resident was always assigned to the rotation. Similar anonymous assessments were administered to incoming postgraduate year (PGY)‐1 residents and graduating PGY‐3 residents, including a historic control cohort that graduated in June 2015. At residency completion, the intervention cohort (n = 61) had significantly higher comfort (1, not at all comfortable/strongly disagree; 5, very comfortable/strongly agree) with both hepatology (e.g., hepatitis C, 2.5 vs. 3.3, P < 0.001) and common IM topics (e.g., heart failure, 3.6 vs. 4.8, P < 0.001) but not specialty topics lacking curricula (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease, 2.8 vs. 2.7, P = 0.54). Compared to the historic cohort (n = 27), the intervention cohort was more comfortable in several CLD topics (e.g., cirrhosis, 3.2 vs. 3.8; P = 0.005) and answered more questions correctly (65% vs. 55%; P = 0.04), but career interest was unchanged (1.9 vs. 1.8; P = 0.45). Many residents (33%) would consider a hepatology career if training were separated from gastroenterology. Conclusion: With the completion of a mandatory hepatology curriculum, residents’ CLD comfort and knowledge durably improved and exceeded that of historic counterparts. Initial career interest was not sustained, perhaps due to prerequisite gastroenterology training. These findings suggest IM educational initiatives may better address hepatology workforce needs by generating comanagers than by recruiting trainees.
Age‐related functional connectivity along the hippocampal longitudinal axis
Authors: Panitz Daniel Yochai , Berkovich‐Ohana Aviva , Mendelsohn Avi 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAccumulated evidence points toward a long‐axis functional division of the hippocampus, with its anterior part primarily associated with emotional processes and the posterior with navigation and cognition. It is yet unclear, however, how functional connectivity between areas along the hippocampal longitudinal axis and other brain regions differ, and how they are affected by age. Applying an anatomically driven general linear model‐based functional connectivity analysis on a large database of resting‐state fMRI data, we demonstrate that independent of age, the posterior hippocampus is functionally connected primarily with sensory and motor areas, the middle hippocampus with the default mode network, and the anterior with limbic and prefrontal regions. Along with an age‐related disintegration of intra‐hippocampal BOLD signal uniformity, the middle and posterior sub‐regions exhibit mostly decreases in their functional connectivity with cortical regions, whereas the anterior hippocampus and ventral striatum appear to become more synchronized with age. These findings indicate that long‐axis hippocampal areas are tuned to particular functional networks, which do not age in a unified manner.
Contributors to and consequences of burnout among clinical genetic counselors in the United States
Authors: Caleshu Colleen , Kim Helen , Silver Julia , Austin Jehannine , Tibben Aad , Campion MaryAnn 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPrior research has found that many genetic counselors (GCs) experience burnout. Studies of other clinicians have demonstrated that burnout can have significant detrimental consequences for clinicians, patients, and the healthcare system. We sought to explore the prevalence of, contributors to, and consequences of burnout among GCs. We performed a secondary data analysis of baseline data from Me‐GC, a randomized controlled trial of meditation for GCs. We applied a systems model of burnout proposed by the National Academy of Medicine (NAM), which depicts burnout arising from a combination of contributors that include both work system and individual mediating factors, and then leading to consequences. Validated self‐report scales were used to measure burnout and most contributors and consequences. Female and white GCs were over‐represented in our sample. Over half (57.2%) of the 397 participants had Professional Fulfillment Index scores indicative of burnout. Multiple potential contributors were associated with burnout, consistent with its known multifactorial nature. Among work system factors, higher levels of burnout were associated with insufficient administrative support, lack of autonomy, and not feeling valued by non‐GC colleagues. Individual mediating factors associated with greater burnout included higher levels of anxiety, depression, and stress. Participants with lower levels of burnout reported greater mindfulness, resilience, and use of professional self‐care behaviors. Among variables categorized as consequences, higher levels of burnout were associated with lower levels of empathy, counseling alliance, and positive unconditional regard, as well as higher reactive distress, and a greater desire to reduce the amount of time spent on clinical care. Given the prevalence and potential consequences of burnout observed here, it is imperative that the field take steps to mitigate burnout risk.
Ketotic hypoglycemia in patients with Down syndrome
Authors: Drachmann Danielle , Carrigg Austin , Weinstein David A. , Petersen Jacob Sten , Christesen Henrik Thybo 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACTBackgroundKetotic hypoglycemia (KH) without an identifiable underlying metabolic or hormonal disease is historically named idiopathic KH. The prevalence is unknown, but idiopathic KH is considered the most frequent cause of hypoglycemia beyond the neonatal period. KH in Down syndrome (DS) has not been reported.MethodsWe conducted a web‐based survey on KH in DS through the non‐profit patient organization Ketotic Hypoglycemia International. The responses were evaluated for consistency with KH by two authors. Two DS patient histories with documented KH were shared in more details.ResultsSurvey data on 139 DS patients were obtained. After validation, 10 patients (7.2%) had reported episodes of documented hypoglycemia, ketosis, and/or symptoms compatible with KH beyond the neonatal period. Glucose concentrations ranged 1.2‐2.9 mmol/L; betahydroxybutyrate was up to 5.5 mmol/L during hypoglycemia. One girl had trisomy 21 with no response to i.m. glucagon also had a heterozygous Xp22.23 deletion including GYG2, which protein, glycogenin 2, is a substrate for glycogen synthase. Treatment with extended release cornstarch was effective.ConclusionThis is the first demonstration of a possible high prevalence of KH in DS. Even though this finding needs to be confirmed in other research settings, identification of KH in DS could have a dramatic impact, as simple treatments with cornstarch, protein and frequent meals may prevent KH attacks and, analogous to other conditions with KH, improve growth, stamina and prevent overeating and obesity. GYG2 deletion may contribute to KH in DS, resembling glycogen storage disease type 0.
Feeling shame in the workplace: Examining negative feedback as an antecedent and performance and well‐being as consequences
Authors: Xing Lu , Sun Jian‐min (James) , Jepsen Denise 
Published: July 2021

SummaryShame is a powerful but understudied emotion in organizational settings, and its antecedents and consequences have been of key interest. Drawing on Daniels and Robinson's (2019) framework of organizational shame, we first investigated supervisor negative feedback, a common practice in supervisor–subordinate interactions, as a predictor of employees' shame. We further investigated the daily effects of shame on well‐being and performance. The hypothesized model was tested using a daily diary method from 119 full‐time employees across five consecutive working days. The results show that supervisor negative feedback is associated with employees' feelings of shame at the within‐person level, increasing their end‐of‐work emotional exhaustion while improving their next‐day in‐role and extra‐role performance. Further, individual‐level leader–member exchange (LMX) moderated the relationship between negative feedback and shame, with the relationship being stronger under high LMX. We discuss how our study contributes to the shame literature by emphasizing the predictive role of negative feedback and the repair motive of shame in determining its consequences.