bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
524 Late-Breaking: Growth Performance of Neonatal Calves Fed Milk Replacer 2 versus 3 Times per Day
Authors: Casper David P , Olagunju Lydia , Anele Uchenna , Bacon Abigayle 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Several calf studies demonstrate advantages when feeding greater protein and/or milk solids amounts, however studies comparing 2x/d versus 3x/d feeding are limited. Forty 2- to 5-d old Holstein bull calves were blocked by body weight (BW) and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments. Treatments were: 1) 2X: milk replacer (MR) fed 2x/d; and 2) 3X: MR fed 3x/d. The MR was fed at 15% solids at 0630 and 1800 h and the 3rd 3X feeding was at 1200 h. 2X calves were fed MR at 0.567 kg/d for d 1–14, increased to 0.85 kg/d for d 15–35, and reduced to 1x/d at 0.425 kg/d for d 36–42 for the 42 d study. 3X calves were fed MR 0.851 kg/d for d 1–14, increased to 1.275 kg/d for d 15–35, and reduced to 1x/d at 0.425 kg/d for d 36–42. Calf starter (CS) and water were free choice. Initial BW was a significant (P &lt; 0.01) covariate and BW (55.6 and 57.3 kg for 2X and 3X, respectively) tended (P &lt; 0.09) to be greater for calves fed 3X compared with 2X fed calves, but BW gains (25.5 and 27.7 kg) were similar (P &gt; 0.10). A treatment by week interaction (P &lt; 0.01) demonstrated variable BW gains. Intake of CS (0.28 and 0.13 kg/d) was approximately 63% lower (P &lt; 0.04) for calves fed 3X compared with calves fed 2X. Feed conversions (0.65 and 0.60 kg/kg) were greater (P &lt; 0.04) for calves fed 2X compared with calves fed 3X. Calves fed 2X had less scours (fecal score=0; 34.3 and 29.7 d) compared with 3X fed calves. Providing an additional MR feeding demonstrated minimal BW gains. Providing a 3rd daily feeding greatly reduces CS intake and inhibits the transition needed for weaning calves.
543 Late-Breaking: Development of a Model to Predict Dietary Metabolizable Energy from Digestible Energy in Beef Cattle
Authors: Seo Seongwon , Kang Kyewon , Jeon Seoyoung , Tedeschi Luis O 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
We aimed to assess whether predicting the metabolizable energy (ME) to digestible energy (DE) ratio (MDR), rather than a prediction of ME with DE, is feasible and to develop a model equation to predict MDR in beef cattle. For this, we constructed a literature database based on published data. A meta-analysis was conducted with 306 means from 69 studies containing both dietary DE and ME concentrations measured by calorimetry to test whether the exclusion of the y-intercept is adequate in the linear relationship between DE and ME. A random coefficient model with study as the random variable was used to develop equations to predict MDR in growing and finishing beef cattle. The developed equations were evaluated with other published equations. The no-intercept linear equation represented the relationship between DE and ME more appropriately than the equation with a y-intercept. Within our growing and finishing cattle data, the animal’s physiological stage was not a significant variable affecting MDR after accounting for the study effect (P = 0.213). The mean (± SE) of MDR was 0.849 (± 0.0063). Two linear equations with the dry matter intake and content of several dietary nutrients were developed to predict MDR. When using these equations, the observed ME was predicted with high precision (R2 = 0.92). The model accuracy was also high, as shown by the high concordance correlation coefficient (&gt; 0.95) and small root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP), less than 5% of the observed mean. Moreover, a significant portion of the RMSEP was due to random bias (&gt; 93%), without mean or slope bias (P &gt; 0.05). We concluded that dietary ME in beef cattle could be accurately estimated from dietary DE and its conversion factor, MDR, using the two equations developed in this study.
290 Encapsulated Sodium Butyrate (Ultramix GF) for Transitioning Neonatal Calves from Milk to Calf Starter
Authors: Casper David P , Klanderman Keith , Moreland Steven 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Butyrate (UltraMix GF; Adisseo) is known to enhance ruminal papillae development for transitioning calves to dry feed. The hypothesis was that butyrate would be beneficial to neonatal calf growth performance. Eighty 2- to 5-d old Holstein bull calves were assigned to one of 2 treatments using a randomized complete block design. Treatments were: 1) control: no butyrate; or 2) butyrate: 0.3% butyrate added to milk replacer (MR). Calves were fed 2x/d at 0630 and 1800 h along with free choice water and a 22% CP mini-pelleted calf starter (CS). The MR was fed at 0.567 kg/d for d 1–14, then increased to 0.85 kg/d for d 15–42, and feeding reduced to 1x/d for d 42–49 with weaning occurring after the 49-d experimental period. Calves fed butyrate demonstrated greater (P &lt; 0.04) ending body weight (BW; 54.7 and 56.2 kg, for control and butyrate, respectively), BW gain (29.0 and 31.7 kg), and average daily gains (ADG; 591.3 and 647.7 g/d), compared with calves fed control. Dry matter intake (DMI) was similar (P &gt; 0.10) for both treatments, but the number of d required for calves to consume 0.9 kg CS for 3 consecutive days (47.3 and 45.7 d) was lower (P &lt; 0.05) for calves fed butyrate compared with calves fed control. Feed conversions were improved (P &lt; 0.05) for calves fed butyrate (0.53 and 0.58 kg/kg) compared with calves fed control. At the end of the 49-d study, withers height tended (P &lt; 0.10) to be greater for calves fed butyrate (85.2 and 86.0 cm) compared with calves fed control, while the remaining frame measurements (hip height, hip width, body length, and heart girth) and fecal scores were similar (P &gt; 0.10) for calves fed both treatments. Feeding neonatal calves butyrate in the MR improved growth performance and reduced the days to transition calves to CS.
289 Phytogenic Feed Additives as a Potential Strategy to Mitigate the Negative Effects of Heat Stress in Growing Heifers
Authors: Ramirez Shelby M , Wickramasinghe Janaka , Stepanchenko Nadiia , Oconitrillo Maria , Silva Jayamuni , Goetz Brady M , Abeyta Megan A , Murugesan Raj , Tacconia Antonia , Baumgard Lance H , Appuhamy Ranga 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Phytogenic feed additives that contain anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties may have potential to reduce inflammation and oxidation observed during bouts of heat stress. The trial objective was to determine the effects of a phytogenic feed additive on markers of stress in heifers subjected to diurnal heat stress (dHS). Eighteen Holstein and four Jersey heifers (5–6 months of age; d1 BW=205±9 kg) were assigned to two dietary treatments (n = 11) based on breed and age; 1) a basal TMR diet (CTL), 2) CTL supplemented with 0.25 g/head/d of a proprietary blend of phytogenics (PFA; BIOMIN America, Inc., Overland Park, KS). Heifers were housed individually and fed their respective treatments for 14d prior to dHS (d-14-1), subjected dHS (d1-7), and followed through a recovery period (d8-11). Weights were collected at d1 (baseline), d7 (end of dHS), and d11 (end of recovery). The temperature set point was assigned at 33°C from 0900 to 2100 h and allowed to equilibrate with outside temperature during night (24°C) for a total of 7d dHS. Total DMI (tDMI) and DMI from 0900 to 2100 h (hsDMI) were recorded daily. Serum was collected at d1, 2, 7 and 11 to determine effect of treatment on markers of oxidation, inflammation, and stress. Treatment effects were analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS with treatment and time as fixed effects and heifer as a random effect. Temperature humidity index during dHS was greater during the day (84.5) versus night (73.3). There were no treatment differences (P&gt;0.05) in d 0–11 on ADG, ADFI, or GF between treatments. However, PFA numerically increased hsDMI, reduced (P&lt; 0.05) haptoglobin and tended to reduce (P&lt; 0.10) lipopolysaccharide binding protein compared with CTL. Overall, dietary PFA may be a potential strategy to mitigate the stresses that heifers experience during dHS.
296 Effects of Phytogenic Additives Combinations on in vitro Methane Production and Ruminal Fermentation
Authors: Vera Nelson , Suescun-Ospina Sandra , Astudillo Rita , Muñoz Antonia , Allende Rodrigo , Avila-Stagno Jorge 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Replacing synthetic feed additives by plant secondary metabolites (PSM) as essential oils, saponins and tannins has been proposed, due to their potential to reduce methane (CH4) emissions, without adverse effects on ruminal fermentation. This study aimed to evaluate the use of oregano essential oil (OR), quillaja saponin (QS), and quebracho tannin (QT) extracts and their combinations as feed additives on in vitro CH4 production and rumen fermentation parameters. The design was an incomplete factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block with seven treatments using batch culture. Dietary treatments were: control (CON), without plant extracts; OR (0.07% dry matter [DM] basis of the diet); QS (0.05% DM); QT (1.00% DM); and binary combinations QT+QS (1.00 and 0.05% DM, respectively); OR+QS (0.07 and 0.05% DM, respectively); and OR+QT (0.07 and 1.00% DM, respectively). The forage to concentrate ratio was 51:49. Forage was composed of corn silage (42.0%) and perennial ryegrass and white clover hay (9.0%); concentrate was based on high–moisture corn (33.0%), soybean meal (15.0%), vitamin and mineral salt (1%). All combinations decreased the net CH4 and its production (P ≤ 0.038 and P ≤ 0.027, respectively). However, the interaction between QT and QS decreased CH4 yield (P = 0.046), whereas OR and QS interaction, trended to decreased CH4 yield (P = 0.068) and the in vitro DM disappearance (IVDMD; P = 0.055). In contrast, the interaction between OR and QT decreased the IVDMD (P = 0.036). The gas output, partitioning factor and pH, were unaffected (P ≥ 0.066) by PSM, separately or in combinations. The results suggest that QT+QS is the best PSM combination to reduce the amount of CH4 per g DM degraded without adversely impacting rumen fermentation and diet digestibility. Although OR+QT or OR+QS are also an alternative to reduce CH4, its combination may also reduce diet digestibility.
303 Effects of Supplementing Plexomin Zn™ on Post-transit Growth Performance and Plasma Zn and Serum Lactate Concentrations of Beef Steers
Authors: Heiderscheit Katie J , Hansen Stephanie L 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
To determine effects of supplemental Zn on post-transit growth and plasma Zn and serum lactate concentrations, 54 Angus-cross steers (297 kg ± 12) were stratified by body weight to nine GrowSafe-equipped pens. Treatments began 25 d prior to transit and included: control (CON; no supplemental Zn), industry (IND; 70 mg supplemental Zn/kg DM), and supranutritional Zn (SUPZN; 120 mg supplemental Zn/kg DM). Supplemental Zn was provided as bis-glycinate bound Zn (Plexomin Zn; Phytobiotics North America, Cary, NC). On d 0, steers were loaded into a commercial trailer and transported 18 h (1,822 km). Individual BW were recorded on d -26, -25, -1, 0 (pre-transit), 1 (post-transit), 6, 27, and 28. Blood was collected on d -1, 1, 6, and 28. Data were analyzed using Proc Mixed of SAS with fixed effect of diet and steer as the experimental unit (n = 18 steers per treatment). Blood measures were analyzed as repeated measures with the repeated effect of day. Percent of pre-transit dry matter intake (DMI) was calculated relative to DMI for the 5 days prior to transit. Plasma Zn concentrations were greater in IND and SUPZN than CON (P = 0.01) and were greater on d 1 than d -1, 6, and 27 (P &lt; 0.01). By d 2, both IND and SUPZN returned to pre-transit DMI levels while CON did not (P = 0.01). Further, DMI from d 1 to 28 was greatest in IND, intermediate in SUPZN, and least in CON (P = 0.04). Average daily gain from d 6 to 28 linearly improved with increasing Zn supplementation (P = 0.02). Regardless of treatment, serum lactate concentrations were greater post-transit compared to pre-transit values (P = 0.02). Steers supplemented dietary Zn recovered DMI faster and had greater ADG after a transit event.
302 Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation and Rate of Gain in Beef Heifers: Effects on Fetal Trace Mineral Reserves at Day 83 of Gestation
Authors: Menezes Ana Clara B , McCarthy Kacie L L , Kassetas Cierrah , Baumgaertner Friederike , Kirsch James D , Dorsam Sheri T T , Neville Tammi L L , Ward Alison K K , Borowicz Pawel P P , Reynolds Lawrence P P , Sedivec Kevin K K , Forcherio J Chris , Scott Ronald , Caton Joel , Dahlen Carl R 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Thirty-five crossbred Angus heifers (body weight = 359.5 &gt;± 7.1 kg) were randomly assigned to a 2 × 2 factorial design to evaluate the effects of vitamin and mineral supplementation [VMSUP; supplemented (VTM) vs. unsupplemented (NoVTM)] and rate of gain [GAIN; low gain (LG), 0.28 kg/d vs. moderate gain (MG), 0.79 kg/d] during the first 83 d of gestation on trace mineral concentrations in fetal liver, muscle, and allantoic (ALF) and amniotic (AMF) fluids. The VTM treatment (113 g supplement•heifer-1•d-1) was initiated a minimum 71 d before breeding. At breeding, heifers were either maintained on the basal diet (LG) or received the MG diet by adding a protein/energy supplement to the basal diet. On d 83 of gestation, samples of fetal liver, muscle, ALF, and AMF were collected and analyzed for trace mineral concentrations. In fetal liver, Se, Cu, Mn, and Co concentrations were greater (P ≤ 0.04) for VTM than NoVTM, while Mo and Co greater (P ≤ 0.04) for LG than MG. In fetal muscle, VTM increased (P ≤ 0.02) concentrations of Se and Zn, whereas LG increased (P &lt; 0.01) Zn. In ALF, Mo concentrations were affected (P = 0.03) by a VMSUP × GAIN interaction, with VTM-MG greater than NoVTM-MG; while VTM increased (P &lt; 0.01) concentrations of Se and Co. Trace mineral concentrations were not affected (P ≥ 0.13) in AMF. In conclusion, VTM increased fetal liver Se, Cu, Mn, and Co concentrations; fetal muscle Se and Zn; and ALF Se and Co; while LG increased fetal liver Mo and Co concentrations and fetal muscle Zn. Our results confirm that managerial decisions associated with vitamin and mineral supplementation and rate of gain can alter fetal reserves of trace elements during early pregnancy.
308 Effects of Roughage Source on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, and Rumination Time of Beef Steers Fed Steam-flaked Corn Finishing Diets
Authors: Smith Wyatt N , Lockard Catherine L , Lockard Caleb G , Homolka Megan , Karr Kendall , Holland Ben P , Word Alyssa B , Jennings Jenny S 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
We hypothesized that roughage source would not impact rumination time and growth performance if the different sources provided a similar concentration of dietary neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and physically effective NDF (peNDF). This experiment’s objective was to evaluate rumination time, and growth performance steers consuming finishing diets with differing roughage sources (corn stalks, cotton burrs, or wheat silage). Beef steers (n = 49; BW = 317 + 5.6 kg) were used in a completely randomized design with 3 dietary treatments. Steers consumed a steam-flaked corn-based diet containing corn stalks (CS), cotton burrs (CB), or wheat silage (WS) included at 7% (DM basis). Dietary NDF was similar (P = 0.36) across treatments. Each steer was fitted with a sensory collar to record daily rumination. Weekly ingredient and dietary samples were estimated for physically effective NDF (epeNDF) using the Penn State Particle Separator. Actual physically effective NDF (apeNDF) was calculated based upon rumination time. Neither initial nor final body weight (BW) differed between treatments (P &gt; 0.52); nor did average daily gain (ADG), dry matter intake or carcass adjusted variables of FBW, ADG, empty BW, or empty body fat (P &gt; 0.31). However, gain to feed (G:F) tended to differ (P = 0.06) between treatments. The CS diet had the greatest G:F with no difference (P = 0.75) between CB and WS. Dietary NDF and epeNDF were similar (P &gt; 0.35) among roughage sources; however, CB had the least apeNDF, consistent with lower rumination time (P &lt; 0.01). When energy values were calculated from animal performance, the CS diet had the greatest observed energy values, followed by WS and CB having the least. These results indicate roughage source impacted rumination time, although steers were fed a steam-flaked corn-based finishing diet with similar dietary roughage and NDF inclusions.
316 Determination of the Chemical and Phytochemical Composition of the Methanolic Extract of Urochloa Humidicola for Use as a Phytogenic Additive in Ruminant Diets
Authors: de Freitas Rafaela Scalise Xavier , Pereira Tatiane Pires , Moreno Danny Alexander Rojas , Bermudez Yuli Andrea Pena , Gomes Lobo Annelise Aila G , Spalato Rafaela Zuliani , Regacini Amanda Thaís Ferreira , Da Silva Ana Luiza Priori , Da Silva Bueno Ives Claudio C 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Plant extract is an excellent alternative to reduce methane emissions and ameliorate ruminal fermentation due the presence of the secondary metabolites, however, there are many studies with plants used on human’s diet that shows a good result but may occur competition and elevate the costs for the system. Plants consumed by animal have secondary metabolites in quantity and diversity, it can be a good strategy. This work aimed to determine the bromatological composition and characterize the Urochloa humidicola methanol extract such as the presence of secondary metabolites. The samples of the leaves of U. humidicola were collected, dried in the shade with temperature below 40°C, ground in a willey mill in 2 mm particles and subjected to cold maceration with methanol. The solution obtained was filtered by filter paper and concentrated in a rotary evaporator and put to finish the process, drying under airflow. The results of bromatological analyses were subjected to ANOVA by comparing averages by Fisher’s test using the 9.1 Saeg software and phytochemical prospecting testes were characterized as the intensity of the presence of each class of metabolites and represented via the cross-system where:(+++) implies a large presence, (++) implies a considerable presence, (+) implies a small presence and (0) implies a no presence. The dry crude methanolic extract was subjected to analysis of chemical composition and phytochemical prospecting. The extract showed 10.20% crude protein and 35% ether extract and traces of fibrous constituents, because the methanol extraction extracted only soluble constituents. A phytochemical prospecting was positive for the presence of saponin. tannin, alkaloids, catechins, non-protein amino acids and saccharides and was negative for the presence of flavonoids and purines. The U. humidicola methanol extract can be used as a phytogenic additive in the feeding of ruminants.
318 Effect of Initial Providing Time of Oat Hay on Performance, Health, Behavior and Rumen Fermentation in Calves
Authors: Chen Tianyu , Xiao Jianxin , Li Tingting , Ma Jing , Cao Zhijun 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
To determine the appropriate time to feed hay to calves, 210 healthy Holstein calves at d 2 were randomly divided into 3 groups: feeding basic diet (starter) without hay (CON), inclusion of oat hay from the second week (H2) or fourth week (H4) in addition to the basic diet. All calves were weaned on d 56 and raised in the same hutches until the end of the experiment (d 70). Calf starter intake and fecal score were recorded daily throughout the experimental period. Body weight, body size, blood and rumen fluid samples were collected every 2 weeks before weaning and once a week after weaning. Inclusion of oat hay in the basic diet (H2 and H4) resulted in increased body weight (P &lt; 0.01) and average daily gain (P &lt; 0.01) throughout the experiment when compared to the basic diet (CON) only. Calves fed oat hay from 2 weeks of life had the highest starter intake (P &lt; 0.01), average daily gain (P &lt; 0.01) in the pre- and post-weaning periods. Body length and heart girth was similar between treatments. The H2 calves had lower diarrhea frequency (P &lt; 0.05) and diarrhea days (P &lt; 0.05) during the post-weaning period. Compared to the CON calves, inclusion of hay increased the rumen pH (P &lt; 0.01), while decreasing the NH3-N (P &lt; 0.01) and tend to decrease the total VFA (P &lt; 0.06) during the entire trial. Calves in H2 treatment spent more time ruminating (P &lt; 0.01), but less time standing (P &lt; 0.05), eating starter (P &lt; 0.01) and engaging in abnormal behaviors (P &lt; 0.01). In conclusion, calves supplemented with oat hay improved growth rate and rumen fermentation when compared with calves fed only starter, and adding hay from 2 weeks of calves life may be the best choice for the farm to have the greatest growth and health performance.
236 Effects of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Fermentation Products (SCFP) and Subacute Ruminal Acidosis (SARA) on Co-occurrence Patterns and Hub Taxa of Rumen Liquid Microbiota in Lactating Dairy Cows
Authors: Guo Junfei , Zhang Terry , Yoon Ilkyu , Khafipour Ehsan , Plaizier Jan C 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Thirty-two dairy cows receiving a basal diet containing 34.9% NDF, and 18.6 % starch, were randomly assigned to four treatments: supplementation either with 140 g/d of ground corn (Control), 126 g/d of ground corn and 14 g/d of XPC (SCFPa, Diamond V Original XPC Cedar Rapids, IA), 121 g/d of ground corn and 19 g/d of NutriTek (SCFPb-1x, NutriTek, Diamond V), or 102 g/d of ground corn and 38 g/d of NutriTek (SCFPb-2x) from 4 wk before until 12 wk after calving. SARA was induced during wk 5 and wk 8 after calving by replacing 20% of the basal diet with pellets containing 50% barley and 50% wheat. Ruminal fluid samples were collected at 6 h after feeding on the second day of wk 4 to wk 10 after calving. Weeks 4, 7 and 10 were considered to be non-SARA. Microbial DNA was extracted, llumina sequenced at the V1–V2 regions of the 16S rRNA gene, and operational taxonomic units (OUT) were assigned using QIIME2. Correlation network analysis (CoNet) determined connections between the relative abundances of OTU, including co-occurrences, and to identify hub OTUs with over 15 connections with other OTUs. The degree of connectedness of phyla was normalized as the total number of positive and negative correlations observed for each phylum divided by their relative abundance in the community. In the Control treatment, SARA reduced positive degree of connectedness (19.33 vs 11.95). In all SCFP treatments, SARA increased the positive degree of connectedness (SCFPb-2x: 25.73 vs 23.50, SCFPb-1x: 87.47 vs 116.32, SCFPa: 34.01 vs 51.56). The relative abundances of the hub taxa Bacteroidales RF16 group and Lachnospiraceae, Christensenellaceae R-7 group and Ricenellaceae RC9 gut group were stabilized by SCFPb-2x. Hence, SCFP attenuated the negative effect of SARA on the co-occurrence patterns in the rumen fluid microbiota.