bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comprehensive evaluation of the quality and complexity of prostate IMRT and VMAT plans generated by an automated inverse planning tool
Authors: Wilkinson Dean , Mackie Kelly , Novy Dean , Beaven Frances , McNamara Joanne , Bailey Renee , Currie Michael , Nasser Elias 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIntroduction:The Pinnacle3 Auto-Planning (AP) package is an automated inverse planning tool employing a multi-sequence optimisation algorithm. The nature of the optimisation aims to improve the overall quality of radiotherapy plans but at the same time may produce higher modulation, increasing plan complexity and challenging linear accelerator delivery capability.Methods and materials:Thirty patients previously treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) to the prostate with or without pelvic lymph node irradiation were replanned with locally developed AP techniques for step-and-shoot IMRT (AP-IMRT) and volumetric-modulated arc therapy (AP-VMAT). Each case was also planned with VMAT using conventional inverse planning. The patient cohort was separated into two groups, those with a single primary target volume (PTV) and those with dual PTVs of differing prescription dose levels. Plan complexity was assessed using the modulation complexity score.Results:Plans produced with AP provided equivalent or better dose coverage to target volumes whilst effectively reducing organ at risk (OAR) doses. For IMRT plans, the use of AP resulted in a mean reduction in bladder V50Gy by 4·2 and 4·7 % (p ≤ 0·01) and V40Gy by 4·8 and 11·3 % (p < 0·01) in the single and dual dose level cohorts, respectively. For the rectum, V70Gy, V60Gy and V40Gy were all reduced in the dual dose level AP-VMAT plans by an average of 2·0, 2·7 and 7·3 % (p < 0·01), respectively. A small increase in plan complexity was observed only in dual dose level AP plans.Findings:The automated nature of AP led to high quality treatment plans with improvement in OAR sparing and minimised the variation in achievable dose planning metrics when compared to the conventional inverse planning approach.
Analysis of phenotypic diversity of apricot (Prunus armeniacaL.) accessions from Jammu and Kashmir, India
Authors: Zargar Showkat A. , Wani Aijaz A. , Saggoo M. I. S. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractApricot (Prunus armeniacaL.) is a world-wide highly appreciated fruit, with its attractive colour, soft texture and typical flavour. In the current investigation, 68 apricot accessions collected from Jammu and Kashmir, India were analysed to determine the measure of variation using 12 qualitative and 16 quantitative traits with an aim to identify superior apricot accessions with excellent fruit quality traits. High phenotypic variability was observed among the studied apricot accessions with significant differences among most of the qualitative and quantitative traits. Fruit-related characteristics including fruit weight, fruit length, fruit ratio, fruit firmness, fruit shape, fruit suture, stone weight, kernel weight and stone shape were the most diverse with a high coefficient of variation (>30%). One way analysis of variance showed significant differences (P< 0.0001) among all the quantitative traits. Significant positive and negative correlations were observed between all the agronomically important fruit quality traits. The principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that 75.34% of the variability was defined by the first eight components. The unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) dendrogram, based on all traits measured grouped the accessions into two main clusters with several sub-clusters. Both UPGMA dendrogram and PCA scatter plot formed a cluster of 14 accessions, having the highest values regarding most important fruit quality traits such as fruit weight, fruit length and width, fruit ratio, stone weight and kernel weight can be treated as potentially superior accessions. These accessions can be used directly for cultivation and in future apricot breeding programmes. The present findings are promising for genetic resource management, cultivar improvement and commercial applications of apricot in Jammu and Kashmir, India.
Escape dynamics of active particles in multistable potentials
Authors: Militaru A. , Innerbichler M. , Frimmer M. , Tebbenjohanns F. , Novotny L. , Dellago C. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractRare transitions between long-lived metastable states underlie a great variety of physical, chemical and biological processes. Our quantitative understanding of reactive mechanisms has been driven forward by the insights of transition state theory and in particular by Kramers’ dynamical framework. Its predictions, however, do not apply to systems that feature non-conservative forces or correlated noise histories. An important class of such systems are active particles, prominent in both biology and nanotechnology. Here, we study the active escape dynamics of a silica nanoparticle trapped in a bistable potential. We introduce activity by applying an engineered stochastic force that emulates self-propulsion. Our experiments, supported by a theoretical analysis, reveal the existence of an optimal correlation time that maximises the transition rate. We discuss the origins of this active turnover, reminiscent of the much celebrated Kramers turnover. Our work establishes a versatile experimental platform to study single particle dynamics in non-equilibrium settings.
Sight of parasitoid wasps accelerates sexual behavior and upregulates a micropeptide gene in Drosophila
Authors: Ebrahim Shimaa A. M. , Talross Gaëlle J. S. , Carlson John R. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractParasitoid wasps inflict widespread death upon the insect world. Hundreds of thousands of parasitoid wasp species kill a vast range of insect species. Insects have evolved defensive responses to the threat of wasps, some cellular and some behavioral. Here we find an unexpected response of adult Drosophila to the presence of certain parasitoid wasps: accelerated mating behavior. Flies exposed to certain wasp species begin mating more quickly. The effect is mediated via changes in the behavior of the female fly and depends on visual perception. The sight of wasps induces the dramatic upregulation in the fly nervous system of a gene that encodes a 41-amino acid micropeptide. Mutational analysis reveals that the gene is essential to the behavioral response of the fly. Our work provides a foundation for further exploration of how the activation of visual circuits by the sight of a wasp alters both sexual behavior and gene expression.
The neural bases of tactile vitality forms and their modulation by social context
Authors: Rizzolatti G. , D’Alessio A. , Marchi M. , Di Cesare G. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPeople communicate using speech, gestures, and, less frequently, touches. An example of tactile communication is represented by handshake. Customs surrounding handshake vary in different cultures. In Western societies is mostly used when meeting, parting, as a sign of congratulations or at the end of a successful business. Despite its importance in social life, the neural mechanism underlying the affective components conveyed by handshake (“tactile vitality forms”) is unknown. Here we combined functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electromyography (EMG), to investigate the neural affective activations during handshakes. We demonstrated that handshake conveying gentle or aggressive tactile vitality forms produces a stronger activation of the dorso-central insula. The simultaneous presence of emotional facial expressions modulates the activation of this insular sector. Finally, we provide evidence that the cingulate cortex is involved in the processing of facial expressions conveying different vitality forms.
Comorbidity burden may explain adiponectin’s paradox as a marker of increased mortality risk in hemodialysis patients
Authors: Beberashvili Ilia , Cohen-Cesla Tamar , Khatib Amin , Hamad Ramzia Abu , Azar Ada , Stav Kobi , Efrati Shai 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDespite experimental evidence of beneficial metabolic, antiatherosclerotic and antiinflammatory effects of the 30 kDa adipokine, adiponectin, maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients with high adiponectin blood levels have paradoxically high mortality rates. We aimed to examine the direction of the associations between adiponectin and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality as well as with markers of oxidative stress, inflammation and nutrition in MHD patients with varying degrees of comorbidities. A cohort of 261 MHD patients (mean age 68.6 ± 13.6 years, 38.7% women), grouped according to baseline comorbidity index (CI) and serum adiponectin levels, were followed prospectively for six years. High and low concentrations were established according to median CI and adiponectin levels and cross-classified. Across the four CI-adiponectin categories, the group with low comorbidities and high adiponectin exhibited the best outcomes. Conversely, the high comorbidity group with high adiponectin levels had the lowest survival rate in both all-cause mortality (log rankχ2 = 23.74, p < 0.001) and cardiovascular mortality (log rankχ2 = 34.16, p < 0.001). Further data adjustment for case-mix covariates including fat mass index did not substantially affect these results. In conclusion, the direction of adiponectin’s prognostic associations in MHD patients is inverse in those with few comorbidities and direct in those with many comorbidities.
Therapeutische Wirkfaktoren in der Behandlung von Straftätern: ein systematisches Literaturreview
Authors: Fontao Maria , Schorer Leila , Ross Thomas 
Published: April 2021

ZusammenfassungAnhand eines systematischen Literaturreviews nach den PRISMA-Kriterien wurden therapeutische Wirkfaktoren für die Behandlung von Straftätern untersucht. Recherchiert wurde in den Datenbanken PsycINFO und PSYNDEX, weitere relevante Studien wurden den Literaturverzeichnissen von Studien, die die Selektionskriterien erfüllten, entnommen. Es wurden nur quantitative empirische Studien für den Zeitraum 1990–2018 eingeschlossen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden Befunde aus 19 Papers zu allgemeinen Wirkfaktoren (therapeutische Allianz, soziales Klima, Feedback) und Therapeutenfaktoren (zwischenmenschliche Fähigkeiten/Eigenschaften, Persönlichkeit, Therapieerwartung) referiert. Die Evidenz für das Vorliegen allgemeiner Wirk- und Therapeutenfaktoren ist nicht einheitlich, aber es zeigen sich Tendenzen. Diese Schwierigkeit der Evidenzbestimmung liegt insbesondere an methodischen Mängeln der Primärstudien, an heterogenen Outcomevariablen und an der geringen Zahl von Studien, die diese Faktoren untersuchten. Ein bedeutender Zusammenhang zwischen allgemeinen Wirk- und Therapeutenfaktoren und einem (positiven) Therapieergebnis in der Therapie von Straftätern ist wahrscheinlich, aber noch liegen zu wenige kontrollierte Studien vor, um ihn zweifelsfrei zu untermauern.
Synthesis of Functionalized Bicyclic Pyridones Containing the Dithiocarbamate Group Using Thioazlactones, Diamines, and Nitroketene Dithioacetal
Authors: Taheri Salman , Ziyaei Halimehjani Azim , Saeedi Marziyeh , Khoshdoun Maryam , Mohammadi Aliasghar , Halvagar Mohammad Reza , Amani Vahid 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAn efficient method for the synthesis of highly substituted bicyclic pyridone derivatives containing the dithiocarbamate group is reported via a one-pot three-component reaction of 2-(alkylthio)thio­azlactones, diamines, and nitroketene dithioacetal in EtOH under catalyst-free conditions. The reaction proceeds via a domino amidation–­intramolecular 1,4-addition-type Friedel–Crafts alkylation reaction to afford the corresponding fused bicyclic pyridones with high yields and diastereoselectivity.
Porous TiNO solar-driven interfacial evaporator for high-efficiency seawater desalination
Authors: Chang Chao , Liu Min , Pei Lilin , Chen Guowei , Wang Zongyu , Ji Yulong 
Published: April 2021

Freshwater scarcity, one of the most serious global challenges, has threatened the development of society in many regions. Solar-driven interfacial evaporation localizing solar-to-thermal energy conversion at the vapor–liquid interface provides a new approach for seawater desalination. In this work, we reported a high-efficiency porous TiNO solar absorber for a solar-driven interfacial evaporation system. The solar absorber was prepared by depositing a solar absorbing coating of TiNO on air-laid paper. Hydrophilicity and porosity of the absorber provide sufficient capillary force to absorb water to the evaporation region, thus resulting in rapid replenishment of water and simultaneously avoiding salt precipitation. Based on the TiNO solar absorber, the interfacial evaporation system achieves a high evaporation rate of 1.33 kg m−2 h−1 with an evaporation efficiency of 84.05% under 1 sun illumination and has good durability under long-time solar irradiation. Such a low-cost, high-efficiency solar-driven seawater desalination system holds the potential for rapid deployment in remote areas or isolated islands to collect freshwater.
Design, modeling, and analysis of giant magnetostrictive injector
Authors: Xu Bin , Wang Chuanli , Wang Liping , Cheng Yingsong , Yang Xiumiao 
Published: April 2021

In view of the shortcomings of the traditional high-pressure common rail electronically controlled injector in needle valve driving mode and driving components, a direct-drive type giant magnetostrictive injector (GMI) is designed. Based on the working principle of the GMI, the magnetic field model, hysteresis nonlinear model, and magnetostrictive model are established. The magnetic field model and hysteresis nonlinear model are simulated and analyzed, and the GMA magnetostrictive model is solved numerically and verified experimentally. Finally, COMSOL Multiphysics software is used to conduct electro-magnetic-mechanical coupling simulation analysis on the whole GMI output model, and the relationship between the needle valve lift of the injector and the output displacement of the actuator was obtained. The research results show that the displacement curve calculated using the GMA magnetostrictive model is basically consistent with the displacement curve measured by experiment, which proves that the established model can reflect the actual situation and verify the correctness of the model. The magnitude and direction of the GMI needle valve lift are determined by the magnitude and direction of GMA output displacement. The two directions are opposite, and the size ratio is 4, so when the current is 6 A, the GMA output displacement is 0.12 mm, and the needle valve lift is 0.48 mm, which meets the requirements of the injector needle valve lift, verifies the feasibility of GMI structure design, and has good theoretical and practical guiding values.
Cocos nucifera (coconut).
Authors: Rojas-Sandoval Julissa , Acevedo-Rodríguez Pedro 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

C. nucifera is believed to have originated in the Indo-Malayan to Western Pacific region (Parrotta, 1993) and is now of pan-tropical distribution, mainly the result of cultivation for its nuts and by natural dispersal by the oceans. It can be cultivated up to an elevation of 1200 m near the equator or 900 m at higher latitudes (Moistero, 1978), with annual rainfall of 700-5000 mm but growth and fruit production are reduced at the extremes (Parrotta, 1993). Commercial production of coconuts is mainly concentrated in low coastal lands. It prefers deep, fertile and adequately drained soils at pH 5.5-6.5, with either a high water-table or continually replenished surface soil moisture (Francis and Liogier, 1991; PCARRD, 1993). Generally, C. nucifera is propagated from seeds (the nuts), which take 8-10 weeks to germinate and 30 weeks to reach planting-out size. It is intolerant of shade, self-pruning, highly resistant to wind damage and may tolerate some salinity (Parrotta, 1993). Besides its nuts, C. nucifera trees are of enormous general utility. The timber is used for poles, construction, furniture, boxes, fixtures, particle board, paper pulp, charcoal, and occasionally veneers. The wood is difficult to saw, requiring tungsten carbide teeth. Coconut milk may be drunk or used as a medium for tissue culture; the copra (dried endosperm) is used for extraction of oils for use in foods, cosmetics, and medicines; the cori (mesocarp fibres) is used to construct mats, ropes, carpets, brushes, brooms, and bags, packaging, and potting media; the shell is used to make bowels, cups, spoons, ladles, smoking pipes, ashtrays, vases, boxes, and toys. The leaves are used in thatching, and the terminal bud may be eaten as a vegetable. The roots have medicinal properties, and provide a sweet sucrose-rich liquid known as toddy (Westphal and Jansen, 1989).
Influence of magnetic fields on the stability and the phase transition of quark matter in the Nambu–Jona–Lasinio model
Authors: Su Shou-Zheng , Wen Xin-Jian 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In the presence of the external magnetic fields, we investigate the stability of quark matter as well as the phase transition in the framework of two flavor Nambu–Jona–Lasinio model. The investigation focuses on the magnetic effects with the fixed coupling constant and the running coupling constant G(B, T) depending on both magnetic field and temperature. The dynamical quark mass can be increased by strong magnetic fields and be reduced by the running coupling constant G(B, T). The baryon number density is also increased by strong magnetic fields but is weakly influenced by the running coupling constant G(B, T). Importantly, the stability can be enhanced by the magnetic fields of a proper strength. While it will be reduced by the much weaker or much stronger magnetic fields. The magnetic-field-dependence in the running coupling constant has slight effect on the stability. Finally, the phase transition and the location of critical end point for both coupling cases are numerically shown.
Motion-induced inertial effects and topological phase transitions in skyrmion transport
Authors: Teixeira A W , Castillo-Sepúlveda S , Rizzi L G , Nunez A S , Troncoso R E , Altbir D , Fonseca J M , Carvalho-Santos V L 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
When the skyrmion dynamics beyond the particle-like description is considered, this topological structure can deform due to a self-induced field. In this work, we perform Monte Carlo simulations to characterize the skyrmion deformation during its steady movement. In the low-velocity regime, the deformation in the skyrmion shape is quantified by an effective inertial mass, which is related to the dissipative force. When skyrmions move faster, the large self-induced deformation triggers topological transitions. These transitions are characterized by the proliferation of skyrmions and a different total topological charge, which is obtained as a function of the skyrmion velocity. Our findings provide an alternative way to describe the dynamics of a skyrmion that accounts for the deformations of its structure. Furthermore, such motion-induced topological phase transitions make it possible to control the number of ferromagnetic skyrmions through velocity effects.
Electric field controlled type-I and type-II conversion of BP/SnS van der Waals heterostructure
Authors: Chen Jia-Le , Wang Xin-Xin , Shi Li-Jie 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Type-I heterostructure, in which electrons and holes are confined in same region, is widely used in light emitting diodes and semiconductor lasers. Type-II heterostructure is widely used in photovoltaic devices because of its excellent spatial separation property of electrons and holes. Can we integrate photovoltaic, photoelectric properties with luminescent property in one device? Here we report a van der Waals heterostructure formed by black phosphorus (BP) and SnS monolayers. It is expected to realize these functions in one device. By first-principles methods, the structural stability, electronic properties and optical properties are investigated. It was found that the BP/SnS bilayer is type-II heterostructure with an indirect bandgap of 0.56 eV. The p-like character of the band edge in BP/SnS vdW heterostructure makes it to be an excellent optoelectronic material. The type-II stability of the system can be improved by applying a negative electric field. However, when the positive electric field is bigger than 0.1 V Å−1, the system begins to transform from type-II to type I. Therefore, by adding a gate voltage the bandgap and band alignment of this system can be controlled. The photovoltaic and photoelectric properties can be integrated in one device based on this heterostructure.
Surface and interface analysis of a low-dimensional Au–Si surface alloy on Au(110) by means of XPS and XPD
Authors: Schmitz Marie , Kesper Lukas , Schulte Malte G H , Roese Peter , Berges Ulf , Westphal Carsten 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The chemical and structural characteristics of a low-dimensional Au–Si surface alloy are presented in this work. Alloy formation was obtained by deposition of a sub-monolayer Si on Au(110). This preliminary phase to Si nano-ribbons is being investigated, as the transition from clean Au(110) to a silicon nano-ribbon coated surface is not yet understood. A multiple technique study has been carried out for detailed atomic structure determination and chemical investigation. Particular attention is paid to the clarification of the structural arrangement at the surface and at the interface. Using low-energy electron diffraction, the periodicity of the structure on long-range order could be examined. By means of high-precision photoemission measurements using synchrotron radiation, the electronic and atomic structure of the alloy can be presented. The investigation by photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) using soft x-rays for a high surface sensitivity showed different chemical environments in the high-resolution spectra. The x-ray photoelectron diffraction (XPD) measurements, which are sensitive to the local atomic order, gave an approach to the structural configuration of the alloy. A new structural arrangement was found simulating both Au and Si XPD patterns. The results are compared to former proposed structure models. A deconvolution of the Si 2p XPD pattern revealed the origin of two chemically shifted XPS components.
Study of stability and rotation of a chain of saturated, freely-rotating magnetic islands in tokamaks
Authors: Casolari A , Ficker O , Grover O , Jaulmes F , Kripner L , Macusova E , Markovic T , Peterka M , Yanovskiy V ,   the COMPASS team
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The non-linear dynamics of a chain of stationary, saturated magnetic islands is studied by solving a four-field system of equations that include non-ideal effects, lowest order finite Larmor radius corrections and neoclassical terms. The magnetic island rotation velocity is calculated self-consistently with the fields profiles. The solutions for the island rotation velocity and for the ion polarization current are determined as a function of the characteristic parameters of the system and the results are discussed. The results of the calculations show that island rotation velocity and the ion polarization current depend in a non-trivial way on the parameters characterizing the system, and some clear patterns emerge only in particular cases. An analysis of magnetic island rotation velocity is performed on experiments in COMPASS tokamak. Measured island rotation velocity is compared with the calculated ion and electron flow velocities, for different hypotheses on the toroidal rotation of the plasma. The comparison shows that the island rotation velocity is consistent with the ion flow velocity, under the hypothesis of slow toroidal rotation and low collisionality. Theoretical calculation of the island rotation velocity according to the model here developed suggests that the islands rotate weakly in the ion direction, in the hypothesis of slow toroidal rotation and high collisionality. The impossibility of directly measuring the plasma rotation velocity makes it difficult to distinguish between these different regimes.