bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, Characterization and H2S Gas Sensor Performance of Hydrothermal Prepared SnO2 Films Nanostructures
Authors: Shano Ahmed M , Khudhur Ahmed Mahmood , Hassan Abbas Abdul Salam , Bakr Nabeel A. , Ali Iftikhar M. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In this work, tin oxide thin films were successfully synthesized by hydrothermal method and depositing on silicon substrates by spin coating technique at room temperature with thickness of about 325±5 nm. The structural, surface morphological, optical and gas sensor properties have been investigated. The XRD results showed that SnO2 films are polycrystalline in nature with tetragonal. The FESEM images of SnO2 clearly indicate that the oxide possesses has like cauliflower like shapes. The optical properties show that the optical energy gap follows allowed direct electronic transition calculated using Tauc’s equation. The H2S toxic gas sensing properties of SnO2 thin film are examined as a function of time and operating temperature. High sensitivity (197%) was attained at operating temperature of 200 °C with fast response and recovery times.
Effect of welding speed on mechanical properties and corrosion resistance rates of filler induced friction stir welded AA6082 and AA5052 joints
Authors: Sasikumar A , Gopi S , G Mohan Dhanesh 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Friction Stir Welding (FSW) was carried out to examine the influence of filler materials and varying process parameters on the microhardness and the joints corrosion resistance properties. Aluminium alloys 6082 and 5052, having 8 mm thickness was joined by varying parameters. The primary process parameters are rotational speed, tool travel speed, plunge depth, filler holes centre distance and filler ratio. The hardness at the weld nugget zone and corrosion rate evaluations were analyzed. The best results were obtained for the parameter combinations of 1150 rpm tool rotation, 130 mm min−1 tool travel, 0.2 mm tool plunge, the filler holes centre distance 2 mm and a powder filler made of 95% magnesium and 5% chromium.
Recent regime of persistent hypoxia in the Baltic Sea
Authors: Kõuts Mariliis , Maljutenko Ilja , Elken Jüri , Liu Ye , Hansson Martin , Viktorsson Lena , Raudsepp Urmas 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Oxygen deficiency, in the form of hypoxia and anoxia, is a direct consequence of the eutrophication of the Baltic Sea. There is ongoing debate concerning the increasing extent of hypoxia. We analyse the integral metrics of hypoxia and anoxia: (1) temporal evolution of the hypoxic and anoxic area and volume, (2) the spatial distribution of the probabilities of hypoxia and anoxia occurrence in the Baltic Sea. The results are based on the state-of-the-art coupled physical and biogeochemical numerical model reanalysis data from Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service for the period of 1993–2017. Statistical analysis showed that the variability of hypoxic and anoxic areas since the year 2000 represents stationary processes around their respective mean levels. From 2000 to 2017, the hypoxic area varies between 50000 and 80000 km2 and the anoxic area varies between 10000 and 50000 km2. Different methods and data sources indicate that the uncertainties of the estimates account for about 10000 km2. We suggest that the loss of stationarity of the time series of the hypoxic area would be an indication of the regime change of hypoxia development in the Baltic Sea. Probability distribution maps of hypoxia and anoxia provide detailed information about the persistency of hypoxia and anoxia in different parts of the Baltic Sea. The probability of hypoxia exceeds 0.9 in the eastern and western Gotland basins and in the deep area of the Bornholm basin. The Gulf of Finland and the shallower areas that connect different deep basins of the Baltic Sea exhibit seasonal and episodic hypoxia. The 80 m and 120 m isobaths are the approximate bathymetry limits of hypoxia and anoxia occurrence, respectively. Our study supports previous knowledge that hypoxia development is controlled to a large degree by the depth of the permanent halocline.
Monolithically integrated electro-optic modulator fabricated on lithium niobate on insulator by photolithography assisted chemo-mechanical etching
Authors: Liang Youting , Zhou Junxia , Yin Difeng , Zheng Yong , Qi Hongxin , Wang Min , Fang Zhiwei , Wu Rongbo , Cheng Ya 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Integrated electro-optic (EO) modulators are one of the building blocks of photonic integrated circuits. Here, we design and fabricate an EO Mach–Zehnder waveguide modulator on lithium niobate on insulator using photolithography assisted chemo-mechanical etching technology. We optimize the performance of multi-mode interferometer which serves as the 3 dB splitter as well as that of the inverse taper to achieve efficient fiber-waveguide coupling, resulting in a fiber-to-fiber insert loss of 7.6 dB for the fabricated device, with a half wave voltage (HWV) (Vπ
) of 0.84 V and a HWV-length product (Vπ
× L) of 3.4 V cm. The all-optical-lithography fabrication approach holds the promising potential for mass production of EO modulators of cost-effectiveness and low Vπ
.
Do bovids evolve hindquarter markings for anti-predation?
Authors: Yu Cong , Chen Lixin , Ning Sihan , Ullah Sana , Li Zhongqiu 
Published: June 2021

AbstractConspicuous coloration in animals serves many functions such as anti-predation. Anti-predation strategies include motion dazzle and flash behavior. Motion dazzle markings can reduce the probability of being preyed on because the predators misjudge their movement. In flash behavior, prey demonstrate conspicuous cue while fleeing; the predators follow them; however, the prey hide their markings and the predators assume that the prey has vanished. To investigate whether bovids use conspicuous hindquarter markings as an anti-predatory behavior, we undertook phylogenetically controlled analyses to explore under what physiological characteristics and environmental factors bovids might have this color pattern. The results suggested that rump patches and tail markings were more prevalent in bovids living in larger-sized groups, which supports the hypothesis of intraspecific communication. Moreover, we observed the occurrence of conspicuous white hindquarter markings in bovids having smaller body size and living in larger groups, suggesting a motion dazzle function. However, the feature of facultative exposing color patterns (flash markings) was not associated with body size, which was inconsistent with predictions and implied that bovids may not adopt this as an anti-predator strategy. It was concluded that species in bovids with conspicuous white hindquarter markings adopt motion dazzle as an anti-predation strategy while fleeing and escaping from being prey on.
To be or not to be a target: that is the question to manage mixed fisheries
Authors: Garcia Dorleta , Arostegui Inmaculada , Prellezo Raúl 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Simulation models are used extensively to evaluate the performance of fisheries management strategies, though they must be validated to ensure that they accurately represent the real system. One of the quantitative methods available to advance in the process of validating simulation models is global sensitivity analysis (GSA). However, its use in fisheries management has been very limited. When GSA is applied to management strategy evaluation implementations, it can also help manage available resources efficiently with respect to uncertainty in the management process and the conditioning of simulation models. Mixed-fisheries management plans were recently implemented for demersal fisheries in the Northeast Atlantic, which were evaluated previously using complex bioeconomic models. Here, we applied GSA to the model used in Iberian waters, employing an efficient model design to introduce uncertainty in every single input factor. While most biological factors contributed significantly to the variance of results, only few economic factors did. Moreover, we found that increasing accuracy in the stock assessment process would mainly impact management advice and that only the management of target stocks had a real impact on the system. This highlights the importance of properly managing hake (Merluccius merluccius), which is currently managed using an empirical harvest control rule.
Political Subjectivation and the In/Visible Politics of Migrant Youth Organizing in Germany and the United States
Authors: Schwiertz Helge 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In countries of the Global North, migrant youth with a precarious legal status are not commonly seen as political subjects, but as subjects of politics. Against this background, this paper reflects on how migrant youth nevertheless manage to organize themselves and intervene in the dominant society, thereby emerging as unforeseen political subjects. Discussing acts of citizenship and autonomy of migration approaches, I argue for the use of a multifaceted concept of collective political subjectivation. Doing so sheds light on how migrant struggles exceed categorization as protest, moments of rupture, or imperceptible subversion. While drawing on Jacques Rancière's concept of “political subjectivation,” I go beyond his rather narrow focus by highlighting aspects of democracy, transgression, and in/visibility, as well as creative modes of identity-making, which could be further developed in the literature on political subjectivities and migrant struggles. This theoretical reflection builds on two qualitative case studies on migrant youth organizing in Germany and the United States that show the relevance of visible as well as relatively invisible politics. In both cases, I analyze two events that provide insight into this complex notion of political subjectivation: “Coming Out of the Shadows” in the United States and the counter-conferences in Germany.
Hypoplasia of abdominal wall muscles following massive fetal persistent chylous ascites without anemia
Authors: Yamaguchi Tetsu , Tamaru Shunsuke , Takano Natsuko , Sato Kazuko , Sakurai Hayato , Ohashi Hirofumi , Kamei Yoshimasa 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
Abdominal wall hypoplasia is a widely known clinical finding of genetic disorders such as the prune belly syndrome. On the other hand, there are few cases of abdominal wall muscle hypoplasia associated with fetal ascites due to fetal hydrops caused by fetal anemia have been reported. We report a case of fetal chylous ascites without anemia, resulting in abdominal wall muscle hypoplasia and flabby skin. At 17 weeks of gestation, fetal ascites was first detected and deteriorated without anemia. At 28, 33 and 36 weeks of gestation, paracentesis was performed three times because of cardiovascular impairment, confirming chylous ascites. After birth, the baby exhibited a flabby skin and lateral abdominal wall hypoplasia, resulting in difficulties in maintaining a sitting posture at 10 months of age. The genetic test using the TruSight One Sequencing Panels found no genetic variants. This case suggests that abdominal wall hypoplasia could be associated with fetal ascites without anemia.
John Davenant and the English Appropriation of the Synod of Dort
Authors: Hampton Stephen 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2 builds on the previous chapter’s emphasis on the breadth and pastoral orientation of the Reformed Conformist approach to grace, with an examination of the Collegiate Suffrage of the British delegates at the Synod of Dort (1618–19). It underlines that the Suffrage was drawn up to make room for Davenant and Ward’s distinctive reading of the death of Christ, a reading shared by influential clerics at home. The chapter then shows how the positions adopted in the Suffrage were echoed but also given a different inflection in the lectures that Davenant delivered in Cambridge when he returned from the Synod. Davenant’s lectures on predestination and the death of Christ show how he adapted the teaching of Dort to suit his own reading of the Church of England’s confessional position, whilst offering extensive advice on its pastoral application both in the pulpit and in the spiritual lives of the faithful.
Philosophical Background
Authors: Timmons Mark 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides a brief overview of certain elements of Kant’s metaphysics and epistemology that are essential background for understanding certain features of his ethical theory. In particular, it presents Kant’s distinction between the ‘world of sense’ or ‘phenomenal world’ and the ‘world of understanding’ or ‘noumenal world’ as a basis for explaining the limits of theoretical cognition which rules out theoretical cognition and knowledge of God, immortality of the soul, and freedom of the will, yet allows Kant to affirm their reality on moral grounds, needed to explain how the highest good is possible. Of importance for understanding certain claims in his work on virtue is the distinction between the phenomenal world and the noumenal world as it applies to human beings. The chapter concludes with reflections on the relation between Kant’s ethics and his metaphysical and epistemological commitments.
The Theory and Practice of Mediation: A Reply to Professor Susskind
Authors: Stulberg Joseph B. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This article details the theory and practice of mediation. The mediation process can be characterized as follows: it is (1) a noncompulsory procedure in which (2) an impartial, neutral party is invited or accepted by (3) parties to a dispute to help them (4) identify issues of mutual concern and (5) design solutions to these issues, (6) which are acceptable to the parties. The mediator’s role is to convey each party’s proposals in a language that is both faithful to the desired objectives of the party and formulated to ensure the highest degree of receptivity by the listener. The article then looks at the profile of a mediator and explores mediator strategies for building a settlement. It also considers environmental dispute mediation.
Fermion masses and mixings in a U(1)X model based on the Σ(18) discrete symmetry
Authors: Vien V V , Hernández A E Cárcamo , Long H N 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
We have built a renormalizable $U(1)_X$ model with a $\Sigma (18)\times Z_4$ symmetry, whose spontaneous breaking yields the observed standard model (SM) fermion masses and fermionic mixing parameters. The tiny masses of the light active neutrinos are produced by the type I seesaw mechanism mediated by very heavy right-handed Majorana neutrinos. To the best of our knowledge, this model is the first implementation of the $\Sigma (18)$ flavor symmetry in a renormalizable $U(1)_X$ model. Our model allows a successful fit for the SM fermion masses, fermionic mixing angles, and CP phases for both quark and lepton sectors. The obtained values for the physical observables of both quark and lepton sectors are in accordance with the experimental data. We obtain an effective neutrino mass parameter of $\langle m_{ee}\rangle=1.51\times 10^{-3}\, \mathrm{eV}$ for normal ordering (NO) and $\langle m_{ee}\rangle =4.88\times 10^{-2} \, \mathrm{eV}$ for inverted ordering (IO), which are well consistent with the recent experimental limits on neutrinoless double beta decay.
Ultrasound-Guided Distal Forearm Fracture Reduction by Pediatric Emergency Physicians
Authors: Scheier Eric , Balla Uri 
Published: June 2021

Introduction
Fracture reduction under point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) guidance facilitates measurement of residual angulation or displacement that may not be apparent on examination. Point-of-care ultrasound is without patient or staff exposure to ionizing radiation and enlists no additional staffing resources or patient transfer.

Methods
We conducted a chart review of all children who underwent reduction of a distal forearm fracture in the pediatric emergency department over a 2-year period, from September 2018 to September 2020. We compared length of stay (LOS) with that for orthopedist-performed distal forearm reductions during the study period. We allowed a 6-week lag period to ensure no missed rereduction before analyzing the data. After reduction, children were instructed to follow up with an orthopedist within 1 week. Children with loss of reduction on orthopedic follow-up are referred back through our emergency department for operative reduction.

Results
A total of 74 children with 75 distal forearm fractures were identified. Average LOS was 179 minutes for the pediatric emergency medicine physician reductions and 215 minutes for the orthopedist reductions (P < 0.001). Ninety-six percent of reductions were completed with POCUS assistance, and 61% had less than 5 degrees of angulation on postreduction radiography. Only 2.7% of children underwent rereduction.

Conclusions
Distal forearm fracture reductions by a pediatric emergency medicine physician under POCUS guidance have a high rate of excellent alignment, low rate of failed reduction, and significantly shorter LOS (P < 0.001) than reductions performed by orthopedists.
Perfusate Enzymes and Platelets Indicate Early Allograft Dysfunction After Transplantation of Normothermically Preserved Livers
Authors: Weissenbacher Annemarie , Bogensperger Christina , Oberhuber Rupert , Meszaros Andras , Gasteiger Silvia , Ulmer Hanno , Berchtold Valeria , Krendl Felix J. , Fodor Margot , Messner Franka , Hautz Theresa , Otarashvili Giorgi , Resch Thomas , Margreiter Christian , Maglione Manuel , Irsara Christian , Griesmacher Andrea , Raynaud Marc , Breitkopf Robert , Troppmair Jakob , Öfner Dietmar , Cardini Benno , Schneeberger Stefan 
Published: June 2021

Background.Normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) has become a clinically established tool to preserve livers in a near-physiological environment. However, little is known about the predictive value of perfusate parameters toward the outcomes after transplantation.Methods.Fifty-five consecutive NMP livers between 2018 and 2019 were included. All of the livers were perfused on the OrganOx metra device according to an institutional protocol. Transplant and perfusion data were collected prospectively.Results.Forty-five livers were transplanted after NMP. Five livers stem from donors after circulatory death and 31 (68.9%) from extended criteria donors. Mean (SD) cold ischemia time was 6.4 (2.3) h; mean (SD) total preservation time was 21.4 (7.1) h. Early allograft dysfunction (EAD) occurred in 13 of 45 (28.9%) patients. Perfusate aspartate aminotransferase (P = 0.008), alanine aminotransferase (P = 0.006), lactate dehydrogenase (P = 0.007) and their development over time, alkaline phosphatase (P = 0.013), and sodium (P = 0.016) correlated with EAD. Number of perfusate platelets correlated with cold ischemia time duration and were indicative for the occurrence of EAD. Moreover, von Willebrand Factor antigen was significantly higher in perfusates of EAD livers (P < 0.001), and Δ von Willebrand factor antigen correlated with EAD. Although perfusate lactate and glucose had no predictive value, EAD was more likely to occur in livers with lower perfusate pH (P = 0.008). ΔPerfusate alkaline phosphatase, Δperfusate aspartate aminotransferase, Δperfusate alanine aminotransferase, and Δperfusate lactate dehydrogenase correlated closely with model for early allograft function but not liver graft assessment following transplantation risk score. Bile parameters correlated with extended criteria donor and donor risk index.Conclusions.Biomarker assessment during NMP may help to predict EAD after liver transplantation. The increase of transaminases and lactate dehydrogenase over time as well as platelets and vWF antigen are important factors indicative for EAD.
Impact estimation on COVID-19 infections following school reopening in September 2020 in Italy
Authors: Fenga Livio , Galli Massimo 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundSince its outbreak, CoViD-19 (formally known as 2019-nCoV) has been triggering many questions among public authorities, social organisms and school officials, as to when students should be allowed to return to school. Such a decision is critical and must take into account, other than its beneficial effects, also those associated with an increased exposition of the students to the virus, which, as a result, might spread at a faster rate. To date, in Italy, a few studies have rigorously investigated the correlation between school reopening and number of people tested positive to CoViD-19. Therefore, this paper aims to provide an assessment of such an impact as well as to illustrate the methodology followed.MethodsOfficial daily data on the cumulative number of people tested positive to CoViD-19 – in conjunction with external information accounting for the different points in time schools reopened in the various Italian regions – have been employed to build a stochastic model of the type Seasonal Autoregressive Moving Average embodying external information.ResultsThere was a statistically significant increase in the number of positive cases in all the Italian regions related to schools reopening. Such an increase occurred, in average, about 18.9 days after the schools have been reopened. Schools reopening have been significantly contributed to the diffusion of the pandemic, with an overall estimated impact of about 228,724 positive cases.ConclusionsThe results suggest the need for strict control of all in-school activities. This could be done by using, to a variable extent, all the non-pharmaceutical interventions available, such as limited access to school spaces, no overlapping practices between different sports in the same space, universal masking, bubble-size classroom. However, in many cases, such measures might not be a viable option, at least in the short run, nor be reasonably applicable. Therefore, whenever the established safety criteria could not be met, school buildings should remain closed.Key MessagesDue to CoViD-19 pandemic, physical school attendance is at the center of an intense political and social debates;schools reopening decision should be based on reliable and well maintained data-sets;in the lack of quality data, it is advisable to use a portion of them, to reduce uncertainty.
Survival of vaccine-induced human milk SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgA immunoglobulins across simulated human infant gastrointestinal digestion
Authors: Pieri Myrtani , Nicolaidou Vicky , Paphiti Irene , Pipis Spyros , Felekkis Kyriacos , Papaneophytou Christos 
Published: June 2021

AbstractFour vaccines have been approved to date by the European Medicines Agency for the management of the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe, with all four being targeted to adults over 18 years of age. One way to protect the younger population such as infants or younger children until pediatric vaccines are licensed is through passive immunity via breastfeeding. Recent evidence points to the fact that human milk contains immunoglobulins (Ig) against the SARS-CoV-2 virus, both after natural infection or vaccination, but it is not known whether these antibodies can resist enzymatic degradation during digestion in the infant gastrointestinal (GI) tract or indeed protect the consumers. Here, we describe our preliminary experiments where we validated commercially available ELISA kits to detect IgA and IgG antibodies in human milk from two lactating mothers vaccinated with either the Pfizer/BioNTech or the Astra Zeneca vaccine, and the effect of a static in vitro digestion protocol on the IgA and IgG concentrations. Our data, even preliminary, provide an indication that the IgA antibodies produced after vaccination with the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine resist the gastric phase but are degraded during the intestinal phase of infant digestion, whereas the IgGs are more prone to degradation in both phases of digestion. We are in the process of recruiting more individuals to further evaluate the vaccine induced immunoglobulin profile of breastmilk, and the extent to which these antibodies can resist digestion in the infant GI tract.