bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Light-driven continuous rotating Möbius strip actuators
Authors: Nie Zhen-Zhou , Zuo Bo , Wang Meng , Huang Shuai , Chen Xu-Man , Liu Zhi-Yang , Yang Hong 
Published: April 2021

AbstractTwisted toroidal ribbons such as the one-sided Möbius strip have inspired scientists, engineers and artists for many centuries. A physical Möbius strip exhibits interesting mechanical properties deriving from a tendency to redistribute the torsional strain away from the twist region. This leads to the interesting possibility of building topological actuators with continuous deformations. Here we report on a series of corresponding bi-layered stripe actuators using a photothermally responsive liquid crystal elastomer as the fundamental polymeric material. Employing a special procedure, even Möbius strips with an odd number of twists can be fabricated exhibiting a seamless homeotropic and homogeneous morphology. Imposing a suitable contraction gradient under near-infrared light irradiation, these ribbons can realize continuous anticlockwise/clockwise in-situ rotation. Our work could pave the way for developing actuators and shape morphing materials that need not rely on switching between distinct states.
Extreme melt season ice layers reduce firn permeability across Greenland
Authors: Culberg Riley , Schroeder Dustin M. , Chu Winnie 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSurface meltwater runoff dominates present-day mass loss from the Greenland Ice Sheet. In Greenland’s interior, porous firn can limit runoff by retaining meltwater unless perched low-permeability horizons, such as ice slabs, develop and restrict percolation. Recent observations suggest that such horizons might develop rapidly during extreme melt seasons. Here we present radar sounding evidence that an extensive near surface melt layer formed following the extreme melt season in 2012. This layer was still present in 2017 in regions up to 700 m higher in elevation and 160 km further inland than known ice slabs. We find that melt layer formation is driven by local, short-timescale thermal and hydrologic processes in addition to mean climate state. These melt layers reduce vertical percolation pathways, and, under appropriate firn temperature and surface melt conditions, encourage further ice aggregation at their horizon. Therefore, the frequency of extreme melt seasons relative to the rate at which pore space and cold content regenerates above the most recent melt layer may be a key determinant of the firn’s multi-year response to surface melt.
Single-cell multi-omics analysis of the immune response in COVID-19
Authors:   Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease-National Institute of Health Research (CITIID-NIHR) COVID-19 BioResource Collaboration, Stephenson Emily , Reynolds Gary , Botting Rachel A. , Calero-Nieto Fernando J. , Morgan Michael D. , Tuong Zewen Kelvin , Bach Karsten , Sungnak Waradon , Worlock Kaylee B. , Yoshida Masahiro , Kumasaka Natsuhiko , Kania Katarzyna , Engelbert Justin , Olabi Bayanne , Spegarova Jarmila Stremenova , Wilson Nicola K. , Mende Nicole , Jardine Laura , Gardner Louis C. S. , Goh Issac , Horsfall Dave , McGrath Jim , Webb Simone , Mather Michael W. , Lindeboom Rik G. H. , Dann Emma , Huang Ni , Polanski Krzysztof , Prigmore Elena , Gothe Florian , Scott Jonathan , Payne Rebecca P. , Baker Kenneth F. , Hanrath Aidan T. , Schim van der Loeff Ina C. D. , Barr Andrew S. , Sanchez-Gonzalez Amada , Bergamaschi Laura , Mescia Federica , Barnes Josephine L. , Kilich Eliz , de Wilton Angus , Saigal Anita , Saleh Aarash , Janes Sam M. , Smith Claire M. , Gopee Nusayhah , Wilson Caroline , Coupland Paul , Coxhead Jonathan M. , Kiselev Vladimir Yu , van Dongen Stijn , Bacardit Jaume , King Hamish W. , Rostron Anthony J. , Simpson A. John , Hambleton Sophie , Laurenti Elisa , Lyons Paul A. , Meyer Kerstin B. , Nikolić Marko Z. , Duncan Christopher J. A. , Smith Kenneth G. C. , Teichmann Sarah A. , Clatworthy Menna R. , Marioni John C. , Göttgens Berthold , Haniffa Muzlifah 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAnalysis of human blood immune cells provides insights into the coordinated response to viral infections such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We performed single-cell transcriptome, surface proteome and T and B lymphocyte antigen receptor analyses of over 780,000 peripheral blood mononuclear cells from a cross-sectional cohort of 130 patients with varying severities of COVID-19. We identified expansion of nonclassical monocytes expressing complement transcripts (CD16+C1QA/B/C+) that sequester platelets and were predicted to replenish the alveolar macrophage pool in COVID-19. Early, uncommitted CD34+hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells were primed toward megakaryopoiesis, accompanied by expanded megakaryocyte-committed progenitors and increased platelet activation. Clonally expanded CD8+T cells and an increased ratio of CD8+effector T cells to effector memory T cells characterized severe disease, while circulating follicular helper T cells accompanied mild disease. We observed a relative loss of IgA2 in symptomatic disease despite an overall expansion of plasmablasts and plasma cells. Our study highlights the coordinated immune response that contributes to COVID-19 pathogenesis and reveals discrete cellular components that can be targeted for therapy.
Hierarchical disentanglement of contextual from compositional risk factors of diarrhoea among under-five children in low- and middle-income countries
Authors: Fagbamigbe Adeniyi Francis , Uthman A. Olalekan , Ibisomi Latifat 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSeveral studies have documented the burden and risk factors associated with diarrhoea in low and middle-income countries (LMIC). To the best of our knowledge, the contextual and compositional factors associated with diarrhoea across LMIC were poorly operationalized, explored and understood in these studies. We investigated multilevel risk factors associated with diarrhoea among under-five children in LMIC. We analysed diarrhoea-related information of 796,150 under-five children (Level 1) nested within 63,378 neighbourhoods (Level 2) from 57 LMIC (Level 3) using the latest data from cross-sectional and nationally representative Demographic Health Survey conducted between 2010 and 2018. We used multivariable hierarchical Bayesian logistic regression models for data analysis. The overall prevalence of diarrhoea was 14.4% (95% confidence interval 14.2–14.7) ranging from 3.8% in Armenia to 31.4% in Yemen. The odds of diarrhoea was highest among male children, infants, having small birth weights, households in poorer wealth quintiles, children whose mothers had only primary education, and children who had no access to media. Children from neighbourhoods with high illiteracy [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.07, 95% credible interval (CrI) 1.04–1.10] rates were more likely to have diarrhoea. At the country-level, the odds of diarrhoea nearly doubled (aOR = 1.88, 95% CrI 1.23–2.83) and tripled (aOR = 2.66, 95% CrI 1.65–3.89) among children from countries with middle and lowest human development index respectively. Diarrhoea remains a major health challenge among under-five children in most LMIC. We identified diverse individual-level, community-level and national-level factors associated with the development of diarrhoea among under-five children in these countries and disentangled the associated contextual risk factors from the compositional risk factors. Our findings underscore the need to revitalize existing policies on child and maternal health and implement interventions to prevent diarrhoea at the individual-, community- and societal-levels. The current study showed how the drive to the attainment of SDGs 1, 2, 4, 6 and 10 will enhance the attainment of SDG 3.
Automatic 3D dense phenotyping provides reliable and accurate shape quantification of the human mandible
Authors: Verhelst Pieter-Jan , Matthews H. , Verstraete L. , Van der Cruyssen F. , Mulier D. , Croonenborghs T. M. , Da Costa O. , Smeets M. , Fieuws S. , Shaheen E. , Jacobs R. , Claes P. , Politis C. , Peeters H. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAutomatic craniomaxillofacial (CMF) three dimensional (3D) dense phenotyping promises quantification of the complete CMF shape compared to the limiting use of sparse landmarks in classical phenotyping. This study assesses the accuracy and reliability of this new approach on the human mandible. Classic and automatic phenotyping techniques were applied on 30 unaltered and 20 operated human mandibles. Seven observers indicated 26 anatomical landmarks on each mandible three times. All mandibles were subjected to three rounds of automatic phenotyping using Meshmonk. The toolbox performed non-rigid surface registration of a template mandibular mesh consisting of 17,415 quasi landmarks on each target mandible and the quasi landmarks corresponding to the 26 anatomical locations of interest were identified. Repeated-measures reliability was assessed using root mean square (RMS) distances of repeated landmark indications to their centroid. Automatic phenotyping showed very low RMS distances confirming excellent repeated-measures reliability. The average Euclidean distance between manual and corresponding automatic landmarks was 1.40 mm for the unaltered and 1.76 mm for the operated sample. Centroid sizes from the automatic and manual shape configurations were highly similar with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) of > 0.99. Reproducibility coefficients for centroid size were < 2 mm, accounting for < 1% of the total variability of the centroid size of the mandibles in this sample. ICC’s for the multivariate set of 325 interlandmark distances were all > 0.90 indicating again high similarity between shapes quantified by classic or automatic phenotyping. Combined, these findings established high accuracy and repeated-measures reliability of the automatic approach. 3D dense CMF phenotyping of the human mandible using the Meshmonk toolbox introduces a novel improvement in quantifying CMF shape.
Evidence for limited compositional and particle size variation on asteroid (101955) Bennu from thermal infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Hamilton V. E. , Christensen P. R. , Kaplan H. H. , Haberle C. W. , Rogers A. D. , Glotch T. D. , Breitenfeld L. B. , Goodrich C. A. , Schrader D. L. , McCoy T. J. , Lantz C. , Hanna R. D. , Simon A. A. , Brucato J. R. , Clark B. E. , Lauretta D. S. 
Published: April 2021

Context.Asteroid (101955) Bennu is the target of NASA’s Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security–Regolith Explorer (OSIRIS-REx) mission. The spacecraft’s instruments have characterized Bennu at global and local scales to select a sampling site and provide context for the sample that will be returned to Earth. These observations include thermal infrared spectral characterization by the OSIRIS-REx Thermal Emission Spectrometer (OTES).Aims.To understand the degree of compositional and particle size variation on Bennu, and thereby predict the nature of the returned sample, we studied OTES spectra, which are diagnostic of these properties.Methods.We created and mapped spectral indices and compared them with the distribution of geomorphic features. Comparison to laboratory spectra of aqueously altered carbonaceous chondrites constrains the amount of compositional variability that is observable.Results.The OTES spectra exhibit two end-member shapes (or types), and compositional variability appears limited at the spatial resolution of the observations. The global distribution of these spectral types corresponds with the locations of regions composed of (i) large, dark, relatively rough boulders and (ii) relatively smooth regions lacking large boulders.Conclusions.The two spectral types appear to be diagnostic primarily of particle size variations, with contributions from other properties. The spectra resemble experimental data of solid substrates with very thin accumulations (a few to tens of microns) of fine particles (<~65–100 μm). The dustier surfaces commonly correspond with rougher rocks that may produce and/or act as traps for the particles. Anhydrous silicates are limited in abundance, and the bulk mineralogy is consistent with the most aqueously altered carbonaceous chondrites. We expect the returned samples to include these physical and mineralogical characteristics.
Leptospirose-assoziiertes Kawasaki-Syndrom – Differenzialdiagnose oder Krankheitsassoziation?
Authors: Nashawi Mohammed , Reichert Friedrich , Blankenburg Friederike , Heinkele Anita , Stirnkorb Christian , Noll Felix , Timmermann Kirsten , Hospach Toni 
Published: April 2021

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGEinleitung: Das Kawasaki-Syndrom (KS) ist eine systemische Vaskulitis, die mittelgroße Arterien betrifft. Obwohl Diagnose- und Klassifizierungskriterien existieren, kann die Abgrenzung von anderen Krankheiten schwierig sein.Falldarstellung: Bei einer 3-jährigen Patientin wurden neben Fieber folgende Symptome und Befunde festgestellt: Konjunktivitis, zervikale Lymphadenopathie, Palmarschwellung, gerötete und rissige Lippen sowie ein makulöses Exanthem. Diese Befunde sind mit einem kompletten KS vereinbar. Die Urin-PCR auf Leptospiren war positiv. Nach 2 Wochen entwickelte sich eine periunguale Schuppung.Diskussion: Dieser Fall zeigt, dass eine Leptospirose nicht nur ähnliche Symptome wie das KS aufweist, sondern auch mit dieser Erkrankung assoziiert sein kann. Dafür sprechen spezifische Befunde wie Schuppungen an Fingern, Zehen und Veränderungen der oropharyngealen Schleimhäute.
Therapie von Sprachentwicklungsstörungen: Eine Leitlinie ist längst überfällig
Authors: Kiese-Himmel Christiane 
Published: April 2021

ZusammenfassungFür die Therapie von Sprachentwicklungsstörungen (SES) ist bislang weitgehend unklar, wie die Evidenz aus individueller therapeutischer Expertise in das klinisch-praktische Vorgehen integriert wird. Die Entwicklung einer Leitlinie zur Therapie von SES, insbesondere für Kindergarten- und Vorschulkinder, ist daher aus 2 Gründen längst überfällig und zugleich eine besondere Herausforderung: (1) SES, die nicht im Zusammenhang mit einer Komorbidität stehen, werden mit verschiedenen Termini belegt und (2) bilden alle SES eine Schnittstelle medizinischer, psychologischer, pädagogischer, linguistischer und sprachtherapeutischer Fachdisziplinen. Die Deutsche Gesellschaft für Phoniatrie und Pädaudiologie hat nun eine „Interdisziplinäre (S3-) Leitlinie zur Therapie von Sprachentwicklungsstörungen“ (Register-Nr. 049–015) bei der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Wissenschaftlicher Medizinischer Fachgesellschaften AWMF e. V. angemeldet. Damit soll die Lücke zwischen sprachtherapeutischer Praxis und Forschungsevidenz geschlossen werden, um für den individuellen Behandlungsfall eine möglichst optimale Therapieempfehlung bzw. Therapieentscheidung treffen zu können – basierend auf dem besten wissenschaftlich verfügbaren Fachwissen.
A Randomized Controlled Trial on the Effect of Standardized Video Education on Prenatal Genetic Testing Choices: Uptake of Genetic Testing
Authors: Stortz Sharon K. , Mulligan Sheila , Snipes Marie , Hippman Catriona , Shridhar Nirupama Nini , Stoll Katie , Lutgendorf Monica A. 
Published: April 2021

Objective This study aimed to assess the use of a standardized prenatal genetic testing educational video and its effects on patient uptake of prenatal testing, patient knowledge, decisional conflict, and decisional regret.
Study Design This was an Institutional Review Board–approved randomized controlled trial. Patients were randomized to intervention (standardized video education) or control (no video education). The video education group viewed a 5-minute educational video on genetic testing options, and the control group did not review the video. Both groups answered validated questionnaires to assess maternal knowledge (Maternal Serum Screening Knowledge Questionnaire [MSSK]), conflict (Decisional Conflict Scale [DCS]), and regret (Decisional Regret Scale [DRS]). The primary outcome was genetic testing uptake; secondary outcomes were knowledge-based test score, and level of decisional conflict and regret.
Results We enrolled 210 patients between 2016 and 2020, with 208 patients randomized, 103 patients in the video education group and 105 patients in the control group. Four patients were excluded from the video education group for missing data. Video education was associated with a 39% lower chance of prenatal testing compared with patients who did not receive video education, (odds ratio 0.39, 95% confidence interval 0.16–0.92). Patients in the video education group had higher mean MSSKQ scores by 2.9 points (8.5 vs. 5.7, p < 0.001), lower Decisional Conflict Scores by 7.3 points (31.5 vs. 38.8, p < 0.001), lower Decisional Regret Scores by 5.4 points (23.8 vs. 29.2, p < 0.001).
Conclusion We found that video education on prenatal genetic testing improved patients' knowledge, decreased testing and decisional conflict and regret regarding testing. This may indicate improved understanding of testing options and more informed decisions that align with their personal values and beliefs. This standardized video can be easily implemented in clinical practice to increase patient understanding and support decisions that align with patient's values.
Key Points
Latency Period after Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes: Singletons versus Twins
Authors: Madden Nigel , Andrikopoulou Maria , Overton Eve , Gyamfi-Bannerman Cynthia 
Published: April 2021

Objective Several studies have evaluated the differences in duration of latency and clinical outcomes between singleton and twin pregnancies after preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM); however, these data are limited to single-institution analyses and based on small sample sizes. The aim of this study was to assess differences in latency and clinical outcomes in singletons versus twin gestations affected by PPROM in a large, diverse cohort of women.
Study Design This is a secondary analysis of a multicenter trial of magnesium for neuroprotection in women at high risk of preterm birth. Our study included women with PPROM ≥ 24 weeks with singleton and twin gestations. We compared singleton versus twin gestation and our primary outcome was duration of latency after PPROM. Secondary outcomes included selected perinatal and neonatal outcomes including long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes. We fit a linear regression model to assess independent risk factors for latency duration.
Results Our study included 1,753 women, 1,602 singleton gestations (91%) and 151 twin gestations (9%). The median latency period was significantly shorter in twins (4 [interquartile range, IQR: 1–10] vs. 7 [IQR: 3–16] days, p < 0.001) and gestational age at delivery was significantly earlier (29.3 vs. 30.1 weeks, p = 0.001). Twins were more likely to develop neonatal sepsis (20.1 vs. 13.4%, p = 0.004), but rates of chorioamnionitis and abruption did not differ. Twins were more likely to suffer from adverse short-term neonatal outcomes, had higher rates of neonatal demise (7.9 vs. 3.8%, p = 0.002), and had higher rates of cerebral palsy (7.3 vs. 3.7, p = 0.005). When adjusting for confounders, twin gestation remained an independent risk factor for shorter latency (p < 0.001).
Conclusion Twin gestations affected by PPROM had shorter latency, earlier delivery, and higher rates of short- and long-term morbidity. Despite having longer latency, singleton gestations did not have higher rates of complications associated with expectant management.
Key Points
Functional supramolecular systems: design and applications
Authors: Antipin Igor S. , Alfimov Mikhail V. , Arslanov Vladimir V. , Burilov Vladimir A. , Vatsadze Sergey Z. , Voloshin Yan Z. , Volcho Konstantin P. , Gorbatchuk Valery V. , Gorbunova Yulia G. , Gromov Sergey P. , Dudkin Semyon V. , Zaitsev Sergei Yu. , Zakharova Lucia Ya. , Ziganshin Marat A. , Zolotukhina Anna V. , Kalinina Maria A. , Karakhanov Eduard A. , Kashapov Ruslan R. , Koifman Oskar I. , Konovalov Alexander I. , Korenev Vladimir S. , Maksimov Anton L. , Mamardashvili Nugzar Zh. , Mamardashvili Galina M. , Martynov Alexander G. , Mustafina Asiya R. , Nugmanov Ramil I. , Ovsyannikov Alexander S. , Padnya Pavel L. , Potapov Andrei S. , Selektor Sofiya L. , Sokolov Maxim N. , Solovieva Svetlana E. , Stoikov Ivan I. , Stuzhin Pavel A. , Suslov Evgenii V. , Ushakov Evgeny N. , Fedin Vladimir P. , Fedorenko Svetlana V. , Fedorova Olga A. , Fedorov Yury V. , Chvalun Sergei N. , Tsivadze Aslan Yu. , Shtykov Sergei N. , Shurpik Dmitriy N. , Shcherbina Maxim A. , Yakimova Luidmila S. 
Published: April 2021

The interest in functional supramolecular systems for the design of innovative materials and technologies, able to fundamentally change the world, is growing at a high pace. The huge array of publications that appeared in recent years in the global literature calls for systematization of the structural trends inherent in the formation of these systems revealed at different molecular platforms and practically useful properties they exhibit. The attention is concentrated on the topics related to functional supramolecular systems that are actively explored in institutes and universities of Russia in the last 10–15 years, such as the chemistry of host–guest complexes, crystal engineering, self-assembly and self-organization in solutions and at interfaces, biomimetics and molecular machines and devices.The bibliography includes 1714 references.
The long-distance flight behavior of
Drosophila
supports an agent-based model for wind-assisted dispersal in insects
Authors: Leitch Katherine J. , Ponce Francesca V. , Dickson William B. , van Breugel Floris , Dickinson Michael H. 
Published: April 2021

Significance
Flying insects play a vital role in terrestrial ecosystems, and their decline over the past few decades has been implicated in a collapse of many species that depend upon them for food. By dispersing over large distances, insects transport biomass from one region to another, and thus, their flight behavior influences ecology on a global scale. Our experiments provide key insight into the dispersal behavior of insects and suggest that these animals employ a single algorithm that is functionally robust in both still air and under windy conditions. Our results will make it easier to study the ecologically important phenomenon of long-distance dispersal in a genetic model organism, facilitating the identification of cellular and genetic mechanisms.
Distinct signaling by insulin and IGF-1 receptors and their extra- and intracellular domains
Authors: Nagao Hirofumi , Cai Weikang , Wewer Albrechtsen Nicolai J. , Steger Martin , Batista Thiago M. , Pan Hui , Dreyfuss Jonathan M. , Mann Matthias , Kahn C. Ronald 
Published: April 2021

Significance
Insulin and IGF-1 receptors share many downstream signaling pathways but have unique biological effects. Here, using global phosphoproteomics, we demonstrate that there are important differences in phosphorylation-mediated signaling between IR and IGF1R in both the basal and ligand-stimulated states involving multiple pathways of cellular regulation. Thus, mTORC1 and PIP3/AKT signaling, which are important in metabolism, are preferentially regulated by IR, while Rho GTPases, mitosis, and cell cycle proteins, which are involved in control of cellular growth, are preferentially regulated by IGF1R. These differences can be mapped to effects of both the extracellular and intracellular domains of these receptors. Thus, despite their high homology, IR and IGF1R preferentially regulate distinct networks of phosphorylation, contributing to the unique effects of these hormones.