bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
More on Transfer of Medical Information
Authors: Cunningham Nicholas 
Published: December 2021

Dr. Auld's gripe (Pediatrics, 42:1014, 1968) about how hard it is to get useful patient information from colleagues is probably shared by many of us. But, since pediatricians are among the busiest (and least well remunerated) specialists, more than griping and pleading for better rapport will be needed to get results. Two avenues suggest themselves.
The first is to automate both the recording and reproduction of medical records. If all our notes were dictated, using standardized nomenclature and units of mensuration, and then transcribed for standardized forms, our records would become both more accessible for ourselves and more easily reproducible for our colleagues.
DR. THOMAS MORGAN ROTCH WRITING IN 1903 LEAVES UNANSWERED THE ROLE OF MATERNAL IMPRESSIONS DURING PREGNANCY AS A CAUSE OF PHYSICAL OR MENTAL DEFECT IN THE INFANT
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

The idea that abnormalities in the infant may be produced by impressions on the pregnant woman's imagination dates back to the earliest days of medicine. Even Dr. Thomas Morgan Rotch, Professor of Pediatrics at the Harvard Medical School, seemed unwilling to give up this hypothesis as late as 1903, as seems apparent in the following quotation from his famous textbook of pediatrics:
A few words should be said concerning the subject of maternal impressions. For many years there has been accumulating a considerable amount of evidence showing that a violent mental impression made upon a woman who is at the time carrying a child may be followed by a physical or mental defect in the child which bears a striking relation in character to the impression made upon the mother. Thus, Sir Walter Scott narrates that King James the First could not endure the sight of a drawn sword. This feeling had been attributed by those who believe in maternal impressions to the terror which his mother experienced at witnessing the murder of Rizzio. Still more numerous are the facts adduced to prove that bodily defects, such as harelip, club-foot, and hairy mole, may be caused by strong impressions of pain or terror experienced by the mother at the time when the foetus is in a certain stage of intra-uterine development. Interesting as these instances are, it is the general belief that nothing more has been proved than that they depend on a coincidence.
The final decision on this obscure subject must rest on future investigation, and until something more definite is known we should guard a woman during her pregnancy from all unpleasant impressions with far more care than we do at present.1
Teaching the Troubled Child, by George T. Donahue, Ed.D., and Sol Nichtern, M.D. New York: The Free Press, A Division of the Macmillan Co., 1968, 202 pp., $2.45
Authors: Trouern-Trend John B. G. 
Published: December 2021

Here is food for thought for anyone who subscribes to the basic assumption that "problem children" are managed most efficiently by exclusion from their normal environment, in order to place them in various "specialized facilities."
Teaching the Troubled Child is aimed at that wide audience, both lay and professional, which has direct or indirect involvement in the process of education. Its scope is ambitious-to challenge some current basic concepts in the field of education; to offer its message as a path toward a solution of a serious, nationwide problem; to describe the educational project in which these ideas were nurtured and evolved; to present a detailed apologia in anticipation of criticism and scepticism.
THE EFFECT OF SINGLE PRENATAL AND NATAL COMPLICATIONS UPON THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN OF MATURE BIRTHWEIGHT
Authors: Buck Carol , Gregg Rose , Stavraky Kathleen , Subrahmaniam Kathleen , Brown Josephine 
Published: December 2021

Children of mature birthweight were followed prospectively to the end of their first year in school to determine the effect upon their development of complications in one of the following areas: pregnancy, labor, or obstetrical anesthesia. Non-English speaking and one-parent families, and children of mothers with poor reproductive histories or infections during pregnancy were excluded.
Only in the comparison of the children exposed to preeclamptic toxemia with their controls was it possible to demonstrate an unfavorable difference in intelligence and behavior. The difference was small and barely significant statistically.
Sir Robert Hutchison, A Corrected Attribution
Authors: Jenkins Ramon B. 
Published: December 2021

In his Presidential Address, Dr. George Logan (Pediatrics, 43:125, 1969) quoted a "bit of free verse, a sort of prayer," he had found on the wall of a ward office of the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, and he mentioned that it is attributed by some to the surgeon, Sir Jonathan Hutchinson.
It was, in fact, written by a pediatrician, Sir Robert Hutchison (without an "n"), who, in a letter entitled "Modern Treatment" ( Brit. Med. J., 1:671, 1953) wrote:
Early Child Care: The New Perspectives, by Caroline A. Chandler, Reginald S. Lourie, and Ann Dettuff Peters, edited by Laura L. Dittmann. New York: Atherton Press (70 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10011), 1968, 385 pp., $8.95
Authors: Ross Ralph A. 
Published: December 2021

This volume is a compilation of views expressed by a group of participants recognized for their knowledge of physical, mental, and psychologic growth and development. The conferences were sponsored by the National Institute of Mental Health, the Children's Hospital of Washington, D.C., and the Committee on Day Care of the Maternal and Child Health Section of the American Public Health Association in a series of conferences in 1964 and 1965.
The stated goal of these conferences was to establish a consensus to provide the practitioner with guidelines for early child rearing which might be useful, especially for individuals providing group care for young children and infants; these goals, unfortunately, were impossible to attain.
CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION, CARDIAC SURGERY, AND THE NEWBORN INFANT—1969
Authors: Fyler Donald C. 
Published: December 2021

Surgical successes in newborn infants with critical cardiac defects challenge pediatricians, pediatric cardiologists, and thoracic surgeons to recognize, diagnose, and correct these lesions. The report of Varghese and his colleagues documenting the management of 100 consecutive infants with apparently life-threatening cardiac malformations will be of interest to all concerned.
Such newborn infants present formidable problems. The difficulties of recognizing which infant has a naturally fatal lesion, the suddenness and rapidity with which the clinical course may shift downwards, the logistics of transferring a sick infant to a center equipped and staffed for emergency cardiac catheterization and emergency surgery, the technical difficulties of miniaturizing equipment for cardiac catheterization and cardiac surgery, and the inherent risks of diagnostic catheterization and cardiac surgery in seriously ill babies are sobering obstacles.
PREVENTION, DIAGNOSIS, AND TREATMENT OF LEAD POISONING IN CHILDHOOD
Authors: Alpert Joel J. , Breault Henri J. , Friend William K. , Harris Virginia G. , Scherz Robert G. , Semsch Robert D. , Smith Hugo D. , Coleman Allan B. , Chisolm Julian J. 
Published: December 2021

Lead posioning in childhood must be approached as a chronic disease requiring comprehensive, long-term, medical and social management of the child and his family throughout the preschool years. This is because of the combination of poor housing containing lead paints, childhood pica, and personal-social deprivation. New sources of lead, such as general contamination of the environment from industrial and motor car exhausts, must also be considered. While diagnosis and therapy are important, the pediatrician's professional responsibility to his patient and community must include prevention. An effective program for the prevention and management of childhood plumbism requires the coordinated and sustained efforts of pediatricians; health department personnel; allied health professionals, such as medical social workers and child guidance workers; the executive, legislative, and judicial authorities of the community; and the community itself.
Medical surveillance of the health of young children is almost as urgent a requirement in the case of the asymptomatic child with pica and an increased body burden of lead as it is for the child suffering from plumbism. Through such surveillance, dangerous conditions in the environment of the child can be discovered and eliminated, and the care of the threatened child can be maintained until the threat has subsided. In this manner, the incidence of the disease can be reduced ultimately to the vanishing point; meanwhile, fatalities can be prevented, and the damage to the brain of poisoned children, which often follows in the wake of lead encephalopathy, can be greatly diminished. Pediatricians have opportunities through health programs in urban areas to develop preventive techniques and to contribute significantly to the prevention of lead poisoning among children.
Artificial Sweeteners and Fetal Malformations: A Rumored Relationship
Authors: Hillman D. A. , Fraser F. C. 
Published: December 2021

The increasing number of pharmacologic agents available with and without prescription must constantly be assessed as possible teratogens. The suffering and disability that resulted from delay in recognizing the effect of thalidomide on the developing fetus demands a system of reporting that would quickly detect an increase in the malformation rate. The surveillance system recently developed in Sweden shows that this is feasible, but no such system is yet available to physicians in America.
We have recently examined two infants coming from the same township in Upper New York State and presenting roughly the same assciation of unusual anomalies.
MENTAL RETARDATION IN A FAMILY WITH PHENYLKETONURIA AND MILD HYPERPH ENYLALANINEMIA
Authors: Cohen Bernard E. , Szeinberg Arieh , Berman Wifred , Aviad Yermiahu , Crispin Moshe , Hirshorn Nina , Golan Rachel 
Published: December 2021

A highly inbred family with five mentally retarded persons is described. Two sibs presented typical characteristics of phenylketonuria, while one mentally retarded sib did not show any biochemical abnormality. The mother and maternal uncle had mild hyperphenylalaninemia.
It is pointed out in the discussion that, while the mental retardation (at least in some of these subjects) may be independent of disturbances of phenylalanine metabolism, it is possible also to explain all the findings in the family on a unified basis, involving a variant hyperphenylalaninemia with tolerance increasing with age and "maternal phenylketonuia."
PEDIATRIC PERCEPTIONS: DELIVERY OF HEALTH SERVICES FOR HANDICAPPED CHILDREN AND YOUNG ADULTS IN EUROPE
Authors: Smith Donald C. , Lindsay Thomas C. 
Published: December 2021

In all European countries visited there is evidence of considerable progress in the development of imaginative and flexible programs for the care of handicapped children and youth. This is true of efforts directed toward prevention and early case finding, and in the provision of both ambulatory and residential care. Admission to an institution for the child or young adult does not necessarily end in lifelong incarceration. In most instances it is assumed that, with proper and aggressive management, progress will be achieved and that, as the child needs change, appropriate modifications in his overall plan of treatment can and will be made.
Our observations reveal that general medical care programs do not, in themselves, ensure that children and youth will receive needed medical care. This is likely to happen only when a special organizational unit at the national level is charged with the responsibility of evaluating and delivering care to this uniquely vulnerable-and readily identifiable-segment of the population.
As traditional professional and institutional methods become obsolescent, improved health services for children and youth will require an even higher degree of organization at national, state and local levels. It would seem important for us in the United States to capitalize fully on experience gained in other countries whose health problems are not fundamentally different than our own.
Tropical Nutritional Disorders of Infants and Children, by C. C. DeSilva, M.D., F.R.C.P., and N. G. Baptist, Ph.D., F.R.I.C. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C Thomas, 1969, 266 pp., $11.50
Authors: Béhar Moisés 
Published: December 2021

Readers of this book will find a simple description of the physiological and biochemical mechanisms of the nutritional deficiencies commonly found in the tropical and subtropical areas of the world.
The first two chapters review the still somewhat enigmatic problems of human growth. This is done by analyzing the known hormonal and nutritional factors important to man and the role that some of these factors play in physical growth and, possibly, the mental development of most of the world's children who continue to grow up in countries where malnutrition is widespread.
WELCOMING REMARKS
Authors: Low Merritt 
Published: December 2021

The American Academy of Pediatrics has long been interested in the control of Childhood Injuries; its first formal committee was the Committee on Accident Prevention.
The pediatrician is a primary accident preventer and should indeed have a big stake and commitment here. He is basically a "consumer," yet he must be convinced of the product he uses and in turn passes on. Though he has the humility of an amateur, he is allied with the expert and begs for his help. He sees the great strides made by industry, even in the newly developing area of "off-the-job" safety, and the advances made in the therapeutic but not the prophylactic responsibilities of accident prevention as he surveys the situation. Yet, is he truly convinced? If so, he could do more.
We exhort ourselves to immunize our children with a safety vaccine, but is this just borrowed jargon? What are the ingredients of the vaccine? Are they dead or alive? Where are the field trials? Where are the proving figures of effectiveness? A hard look shows us that this number one health problem is not being solved. (I scarcely need remind this group of the statistics and facts: 15,000 children under 15, including 5,000 pre-school children, die of accidents in the United States each year; 15 million children go to doctors for care of accidents in a year; all accidents cost the country over 15 billion dollars a year). In our primary reliance on the tool of "education," we fall victims to the fact-of-life fallacy-if we provide facts we automatically get results.
THE CONTROL OF CHILD-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION: A CONCEPTUAL APPROACH TO ACCIDENT OCCURRENCE
Authors: Wight Byron W. 
Published: December 2021

Two decades ago, in a pioneering study, the Canadian psychiatrist John Tillmann demonstrated that drivers with a record of repeated automobile accidents did not confine their "accident" behavior to the highway. They were—to a substantially greater extent than accident-free drivers— "in trouble" in various aspects of their lives. Their records in a variety of social and legal agencies documented widespread pathology—economic, social, psychological, physical.
Tillmann's conclusion, "You drive as you live," has achieved wide currency, but it has taken almost two decades for his conceptual framework to be applied to nonvehicular accidents—and especially to childhood accidents. Where such attempts have been made—where the investigator has broadened his focus on the "mechanics" of the accident to include a view of the personal and social characteristics of the individuals involved—the findings have been striking. Waller's unpublished study of shooting accidents demonstrates, for example, that those who have such accidents are quite different from gun owners who are accident-free. The paper that follows demonstrates some significant differences between mothers suspected of physically abusing their children and mothers of children whose accidents do not involve the suspicion of abuse.
Perhaps because the early, largely discredited, concept of "accident proneness" was fundamentally a psychological one, there remains a tendency in many investigators to seek out psychological characteristics that distinguish child-abusing parents from those who do not abuse their children. Since the significant distinguishing psychological variables usually involve unusual sensitivity to social stresses or a general deficiency in coping ability, a remedial program may attempt either psychotherapy of the individual or a general alleviation of the social stresses. The social approach offers a practical alternative to the cost and uncertainty of the psychotherapeutic approach.
Coarctation-like Physiology with Cerebral Arteriovenous Fistula
Authors: Deverall P. B. , Taylor J. F. N. , Sturrock G. S. , Aberdeen Eoin 
Published: December 2021

Hemodynamic signs of coarctation of the aorta were present in a neonate dying in cardiac failure. A cerebral arteriovenous fistula was found at autopsy. No obstructive lesion of the aortic arch was present.
Development of the aortic isthmus may be impaired if diminished flow through this segment is present.
Reduced flow may be present if most of the systemic output is diverted to a fistula proximal to the isthmus, distal systemic flow being maintained by flow from right-to-left through the ductus arteriosus.
Spontaneous duct closure after birth may then be followed by a reduction in distal systemic flow, resulting in signs suggestive of coarctation.
CRITICAL PERIODS AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT IN THE FIRST 2 YEARS
Authors: Wolff Peter H. , Feinbloom Richard I. 
Published: December 2021

There is no evidence at present to support the assertion that biologically fixed critical periods control the sequence of cognitive development, no evidence that scientifically designed toys are in any way superior to the usual household items available to most infants, no evidence that the systematic application of such toys accelerates intellectual development, and no persuasive evidence that acceleration of specific skills during the sensory motor phase of development, even if possible, has any lasting effects on intellectual competence. Until more persuasive evidence is presented, it seems unethical for toy companies to invoke the concept of critical periods to sell their products; for academic consultants in the behavioral sciences to lend their authority to the promotion of such toys; and for private industry and the federal government to join forces in creating an infant development market which will assure industry a large profit and which may become the means for "shaping" the development of infants in keeping with the misguided national interest, if such programs should ever become effective.
While there is also no established experimental evidence which demonstrates that early enrichment will harm the infant, clinical experience suggests that, when such programs are used by parents for focused mental training, the effort can interfere with the mutually nuturing relation of mother and infant. The spontaneous social interchange of parent and child is at least as important for the child long-term intellectual development as early academic achievement.
Therefore, there is little reason for pediatricians to encourage, and ample reason for them to discourage, the use of specialized toys when these are used for maximizing the rate of mental development in the first 2 years.
The principles of child-rearing advocated by Dr. Benjamin Spock are not as popular today as they were a decade ago. In an age when technological gadgetry and the authority of "scientism" are progressively displacing reason and moral responsibility, it is useful to remember that Dr. Spock stressed an approach to child rearing which would permit parents and children a broad latitude of alternatives in finding their optimal fit. He also cautioned that these alternatives should not be rigorously codified by experts. Dr. Spock advice pertained to emotional development and social training. With appropriate transformations it is just as relevant for the intellectual development of infants. The attitudes which encourage parents to accelerate the cognitive development of non-deprived infants seem to us to be diametrically opposed to such a view of child rearing.
OTITIS MEDIA: A CLINICAL AND BACTERIOLOGICAL CORRELATION
Authors: Howie Virgil M. , Ploussard John H. , Lester Richard L. 
Published: December 2021

There were 858 instances of otitis media studied in a private pediatric practice over a 2-year period; these cases were studied by aspiration and culture of middle ear fluid. Clinical correlations were made with observations of bacterial etiology. Pneumococcal otitis media was far more likely than Hemophilus influenzal otitis to be associated with severe pain and high fever. H. influenzal otitis media tended to be associated with little fever or pain and was more apt to be bilateral.
The distribution of etiologic agents in the study was similar to that of previously reported series from this county. However, the previously reported decrease in incidence of H. influenza in patients over 3 years of age was not apparent in our series.
THE CLINICAL HISTORY OF A FOUR-YEAR-OLD GIRL WHO IN FEBRUARY 1793 SWALLOWED AN IRON NAIL
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

The report of a case is, as Fishbein reminds us, "the foundation of clinical medical literature." An excellent example of the literary style of an eighteenth century case report is that of Dr. Wilson, of Edinburgh, which follows:
A girl in the fourth year of her age in the month of February 1793, by accident swallowed an iron nail, nearly two inches in length. In its passage, it wounded the oesophagus, which bled freely; and a soreness was felt there for some time. In about a fortnight, a trifling cough supervened, with thirst and general fever. This fever had remissions and exacerbations; but the cough and thirst became incessant, with occasional sickness and pain in the stomach and bowels. In the winter, the child began to expectorate much phlegm, particularly in the morning. This was invariably attended with distressing pain in the region of the stomach. Her appetite, however, during the remissions of fever, was somewhat improved; and she gradually recruited her strength a little. But during the fifteen months for which the nail was present in her stomach, her growth was almost entirely suspended.
On the 5th of May 1794, I was consulted respecting the complaints of this child, on the supposition that she had worms. Not knowing anything of the former circumstances, I was ready to ascribe the above symptoms to the presence of worms; and I prescribed medicines with this view of the case. The child at this stage appeared to be in the last stage of a decline, having regular night sweats and hectic-fever.