bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Consumer and buyer behaviour and the value proposition
Authors: Le Meunier-FitzHugh Kenneth 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses the importance of understanding both consumer and buyer behaviours in order for marketers to create effective marketing campaigns. Consumer and buyer behaviours are those actions undertaken when obtaining goods and services. By understanding how consumers think and how they behave during buying decision-making and purchasing activities, the marketer is able to exert some influence over their actions. Likewise, marketers can influence business-to-business (B2B) purchasing patterns through their understanding of the behaviour of buyers. The chapter then goes on to look at the creation of a value proposition.
The changing nature of marketing
Authors: Le Meunier-FitzHugh Kenneth 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses how marketing is changing in response to external influences. Nothing has been more transforming to the function of marketing than the development of the internet, digitalization, and, more recently, artificial intelligence. The growth of social media has provided new opportunities for communicating and establishing relationships with customers and consumers, which are considerably more flexible than traditional media. The internet and other technological developments have also provided the perfect conditions for driving the rapid growth of tech start-up companies, media-based businesses, and e-commerce. The chapter then examines societal marketing, which has become important to organizations in response to changing perceptions of the market concerning ethics, corporate social responsibility, and sustainable development.
Family law
Authors: Baderin Mashood A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
‘Family law’ focuses on Islamic family law, the two main aspects of which are: marriage and the dissolution of marriage. Marriage by mutual contract (al-nikāh) is the only lawful type of marriage under Islamic law, with rules regulating its validity and consequences. The two main categories of requirements for the validity of an Islamic marriage are: prerequisites and essential components of the marriage contract. The questions of maintenance, polygamy, and stipulations are vital topics for family law. Under classical Islamic law, a marriage may be dissolved either through (i) unilateral dissolution initiated by the husband (talāq), (ii) dissolution initiated by the wife (khulʻ), (iii) dissolution by mutual agreement (mubāraʻah), or (iv) judicial dissolution (faskh).
International law (al-siyar)
Authors: Baderin Mashood A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
‘International law (al-siyar)’ discusses Islamic international law, which is known as ‘al-siyar’. Al-siyar covers the classical Islamic rules on state conduct in times of war and peace, such as treaty rules, territorial jurisdiction, rules of warfare, and diplomatic relations. The rules of Islamic international law are derived from the Qur’an, the Sunnah, and relevant practices of the earliest Muslim caliphs. Islamic law of treaties and of armed conflict, as well as the Islamic humanitarian law, are important elements in this area of law, as is international human rights law.
Digital Droplet PCR for SARS-CoV-2 Resolves Borderline Cases
Authors: Xu Jing , Kirtek Timothy , Xu Yan , Zheng Hui , Yao Huiyu , Ostman Emily , Oliver Dwight , Malter James S , Gagan Jeffrey R , SoRelle Jeffrey A 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Objectives
The Bio-Rad SARS-CoV-2 ddPCR Kit (Bio-Rad Laboratories) was the first droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) assay to receive Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Emergency Use Authorization approval, but it has not been evaluated clinically. We describe the performance of ddPCR—in particular, its ability to confirm weak-positive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) results.

Methods
We clinically validated the Bio-Rad Triplex Probe ddPCR Assay. The limit of detection was determined by using serial dilutions of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in an artificial viral envelope. The ddPCR assay was performed according to the manufacturer’s specifications on specimens confirmed to be positive (n = 48) or negative (n = 30) by an FDA-validated reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction assay on the m2000 RealTime system (Abbott). Ten borderline positive cases were also evaluated.

Results
The limit of detection was 50 copies/mL (19 of 20 positive). Forty-seven specimens spanning a range of quantification cycles (2.9-25.9 cycle numbers) were positive by this assay (47 of 48; 97.9% positive precent agreement), and 30 negative samples were confirmed as negative (30 of 30; 100% negative percent agreement). Nine of 10 borderline cases were positive when tested in triplicate.

Conclusions
The ddPCR of SARS-CoV-2 is an accurate method, with superior sensitivity for viral RNA detection. It could provide definitive evaluation of borderline positive cases or suspected false-negative cases.
The Early Life Course of Body Weight and Gene Expression Signatures for Disease
Authors: Potente Cecilia , Harris Kathleen Mullan , Chumbley Justin , Cole Steven W , Gaydosh Lauren , Xu Wenjia , Levitt Brandt , Shanahan Michael J 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
We examined the way body-weight patterns through the first 4 decades of life relate to gene expression signatures of common forms of morbidity, including cardiovascular disease (CVD), type 2 diabetes (T2D), and inflammation. As part of wave V of the nationally representative National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (1997–2018) in the United States, mRNA abundance data were collected from peripheral blood (n = 1,132). We used a Bayesian modeling strategy to examine the relative associations between body size at 5 life stages—birth, adolescence, early adulthood, young adulthood, and adulthood—and gene expression–based disease signatures. We compared life-course models that consider critical or sensitive periods, as well as accumulation over the entire period. Our results are consistent with a sensitive-period model when examining CVD and T2D gene expression signatures: Birth weight has a prominent role for the CVD and T2D signatures (explaining 33.1% and 22.1%, respectively, of the total association accounted for by body size), while the most recent adult obesity status (ages 33–39) is important for both of these gene expression signatures (24.3% and 35.1%, respectively). Body size in all life stages was associated with inflammation, consistent with the accumulation model.
Developing Social Work Students’ Awareness of their Spiritual/Religious Identity and Integrating It into Their Professional Identity: Evaluation of a Pilot Course
Authors: Ranz Rebecca 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Recent literature on social work reveals an increasing interest in including spirituality/religion in practice and social workers’ need to engage more actively with clients’ religious traditions and spirituality. However, very few current practitioners have been taught how to do so. This qualitative study, conducted in a school of social work in southern Israel, evaluates the effect of an elective pilot course on social work and Judaism aimed at enabling students to develop an awareness of religion and spirituality. The data were gathered through a brief questionnaire administered at the end of the course, after final grades were assigned. The findings indicate that at the start of the course the students’ perception was that a separation existed between religion/spirituality and social work. As the course progressed, they reflected on their religious/spiritual identity in its encounter with their professional identity. They were able to connect religion/spirituality and social work and to consider the spiritual/religious world of clients. It is recommended that social work schools develop courses that link religion and spirituality to the profession.
Outcome Value and Task Aversiveness Impact Task Procrastination through Separate Neural Pathways
Authors: Zhang Shunmin , Verguts Tom , Zhang Chenyan , Feng Pan , Chen Qi , Feng Tingyong 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The temporal decision model of procrastination has proposed that outcome value and task aversiveness are two separate aspects accounting for procrastination. If true, the human brain is likely to implicate separate neural pathways to mediate the effect of outcome value and task aversiveness on procrastination. Outcome value is plausibly constructed via a hippocampus-based pathway because of the hippocampus’s unique role in episodic prospection. In contrast, task aversiveness might be represented through an amygdala-involved pathway. In the current study, participants underwent fMRI scanning when viewing both tasks and future outcomes, without any experimental instruction imposed. The results revealed that outcome value increased activations in the caudate, and suppressed procrastination through a hippocampus-caudate pathway. In contrast, task aversiveness increased activations in the anterior insula, and increased procrastination via an amygdala–insula pathway. In sum, this study demonstrates that people can incorporate both outcome value and task aversiveness into task valuation to decide whether to procrastinate or not; and it elucidates the separate neural pathways via which this occurs.
Targeted Antibiotics for Trachoma: A Cluster-Randomized Trial
Authors: Melo Jason S , Aragie Solomon , Chernet Ambahun , Tadesse Zerihun , Dagnew Adane , Hailu Dagnachew , Haile Mahteme , Zeru Tàye , Wittberg Dionna M , Nash Scott D , Callahan E Kelly , Arnold Benjamin F , Porco Travis C , Lietman Thomas M , Keenan Jeremy D 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Background
Current guidelines recommend community-wide mass azithromycin for trachoma, but a targeted treatment strategy could reduce the volume of antibiotics required.

Methods
In total, 48 Ethiopian communities were randomized to mass, targeted, or delayed azithromycin distributions. In the targeted arm, only children aged 6 months to 5 years with evidence of ocular chlamydia received azithromycin, distributed thrice over the following year. The primary outcome was ocular chlamydia at months 12 and 24, comparing the targeted and delayed arms (0–5 year-olds, superiority analysis) and the targeted and mass azithromycin arms (8–12 year-olds, noninferiority analysis, 10% noninferiority margin).

Results
At baseline, the mean prevalence of ocular chlamydia in the 3 arms ranged from 7% to 9% among 0–5 year-olds and from 3% to 9% among 8–12 year-olds. Averaged across months 12–24, the mean prevalence of ocular chlamydia among 0–5 year-olds was 16.7% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 9.0%–24.4%) in the targeted arm and 22.3% (95% CI: 11.1%–33.6%) in the delayed arm (P = .61). The final mean prevalence of ocular chlamydia among 8–12 year-olds was 13.5% (95% CI: 7.9%–19.1%) in the targeted arm and 5.5% (95% CI: 0.3%–10.7%) in the mass treatment arm (adjusted risk difference 8.5 percentage points [pp] higher in the targeted arm, 95% CI: 0.9 pp–16.1 pp higher).

Conclusions
Antibiotic treatments targeted to infected preschool children did not result in significantly less ocular chlamydia infections compared with untreated communities and did not meet noninferiority criteria relative to mass azithromycin distributions. Targeted approaches may require treatment of a broader segment of the population in areas with hyperendemic trachoma.
Frequency of Parkinsonism and Parkinson Disease in African Americans in the Chicago Community
Authors: Bailey Meagan , Shulman Lisa M , Ryan Diane , Ouyang Bichun , Shulman Joshua M , Buchman Aron S , Bennett David A , Barnes Lisa L , Hall Deborah A 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Background
There is paucity of data about African American (AA) patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and parkinsonism which may precede PD in older adults. Prior studies suggest that there are lower rates of PD in the AA population, with more cognitive impairment in AA with PD. This study aimed to investigate differences in PD, parkinsonism, and cognition between White and AA populations in 3 longitudinal epidemiologic cohort studies of aging.

Methods
This study examined parkinsonism, PD frequency, and cognition of community-dwelling older individuals in 3 longitudinal epidemiologic cohort studies. Parkinsonism was based on an exam utilizing the modified Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale performed by a nurse. PD was based on self-report, medications used for treatment of PD, and examination findings. Cognition was assessed using 19 performance-based tests that assess 5 cognitive domains.

Results
AA participants were less likely to have parkinsonism compared to Whites, even with age and gender differences. Frequency of PD was not significant between groups. AA were more likely to have lower cognitive scores as compared to Whites. AA were less likely to have parkinsonism even with controlling for cognitive differences between groups.

Conclusions
Parkinsonian signs are present among AA in the community at lower rates than in White individuals. Cognitive profiles of AA and Whites with parkinsonism may be different, suggesting differing contributions of pathology to cognitive decline and parkinsonism between groups. Additional research is needed to understand the progression of parkinsonism to PD, as well as to understanding the cognitive differences in AA with parkinsonism.
The manuscript journals of the trial of Charles I: new evidence on their provenance and purpose
Authors: Vallance Edward 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Historians of the trial of Charles I will be familiar with the two copies of the manuscript journals kept in The National Archives of the U.K. and the U.K. Parliamentary Archives. Besides these manuscripts, two further copies of the trial proceedings are held in the Beinecke Library, Yale, and in the British Library. This article compares these versions to propose a tentative document history of the journals, suggesting that these manuscripts were produced for different purposes: what began as the basis for an authoritative public account of the trial later became a text intended for a more select legal audience.
An Asian-specific MPL genetic variant alters JAK–STAT signaling and influences platelet count in the population
Authors: Sun Pengfei , Zhou Wei , Fu Yi , Cheung Chloe Y Y , Dong Yujun , Yang Min-Lee , Zhang He , Jia Jia , Huo Yong , Willer Cristen J , Chen Y Eugene , Tang Clara S , Tse Hung-Fat , Lam Karen S L , Gao Wei , Xu Ming , Yu Haiyi , Sham Pak Chung , Zhang Yan , Ganesh Santhi K 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Genomic discovery efforts for hematological traits have been successfully conducted through genome-wide association study on samples of predominantly European ancestry. We sought to conduct unbiased genetic discovery for coding variants that influence hematological traits in a Han Chinese population. A total of 5257 Han Chinese subjects from Beijing, China were included in the discovery cohort and analyzed by an Illumina ExomeChip array. Replication analyses were conducted in 3827 independent Chinese subjects. We analyzed 12 hematological traits and identified 22 exome-wide significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP)–trait associations with 15 independent SNPs. Our study provides replication for two associations previously reported but not replicated. Further, one association was identified and replicated in the current study, of a coding variant in the myeloproliferative leukemia (MPL) gene, c.793C &gt; T, p.Leu265Phe (L265F) with increased platelet count (β = 20.6 109 cells/l, Pmeta-analysis = 2.6 × 10−13). This variant is observed at ~2% population frequency in East Asians, whereas it has not been reported in gnomAD European or African populations. Functional analysis demonstrated that expression of MPL L265F in Ba/F3 cells resulted in enhanced phosphorylation of Stat3 and ERK1/2 as compared with the reference MPL allele, supporting altered activation of the JAK–STAT signal transduction pathway as the mechanism underlying the novel association between MPL L265F and platelet count.
Calcium is reduced in presynaptic mitochondria of motor nerve terminals during neurotransmission in SMA mice
Authors: Lopez-Manzaneda Mario , Franco-Espin Julio , Tejero Rocio , Cano Raquel , Tabares Lucia 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive degenerative motor neuron disease characterized by symmetrical muscle weakness and atrophy of limb and trunk muscles being the most severe genetic disease in children. In SMA mouse models, motor nerve terminals display neurotransmitter release reduction, endocytosis decrease and mitochondria alterations. The relationship between these changes is, however, not well understood. In the present study, we investigated whether the endocytosis impairment could be related to the functional alteration of the presynaptic mitochondria during action potential (AP) firing. To this aim, we generated a Synaptophysin-pHluorin (SypHy) transgenic mouse, crossed it with Taiwanese SMA mice, and recorded exo- and endocytosis and mitochondria Ca2+ signaling in real-time at ex vivo motor nerve terminals of Taiwanese-SypHy mice. The experiments were performed at the beginning of the motor symptoms to get an integrated view of the nerve terminal’s functional state before degeneration. Our electrophysiological and live imaging results demonstrated that the mitochondria’s capacity to increase matrix-free Ca2+ in SMA mice was significantly limited during nerve AP firing, except when the rate of Ca2+ entry to the cytosol was considerably reduced. These results indicate that both the mitochondrial Ca2+ signaling alterations and the secretion machinery defects are significant players in the dysfunction of the presynaptic terminal in SMA.
The Influence of Acute SSRI Administration on White Matter Microstructure in Patients Suffering From Major Depressive Disorder and Healthy Controls
Authors: Seiger R , Gryglewski G , Klöbl M , Kautzky A , Godbersen G M , Rischka L , Vanicek T , Hienert M , Unterholzner J , Silberbauer L R , Michenthaler P , Handschuh P , Hahn A , Kasper S , Lanzenberger R 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundSelective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are predominantly prescribed for people suffering from major depressive disorder. These antidepressants exert their effects by blocking the serotonin transporter (SERT), leading to increased levels of serotonin in the synaptic cleft and subsequently to an attenuation of depressive symptoms and elevation in mood. Although long-term studies investigating white matter (WM) alterations after exposure to antidepressant treatment exist, results on the acute effects on the brain’s WM microstructure are lacking.MethodsIn this interventional longitudinal study, 81 participants were included (33 patients and 48 healthy controls). All participants underwent diffusion weighted imaging on 2 separate days, receiving either citalopram or placebo using a randomized, double-blind, cross-over design. Fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity, axial diffusivity, and radial diffusivity were calculated within the FMRIB software library and analyzed using tract-based spatial statistics.ResultsThe repeated-measures ANOVA model revealed significant decreases after SSRI administration in mean diffusivity, axial diffusivity, and radial diffusivity regardless of the group (P &lt; .05, family-wise error [FWE] corrected). Results were predominantly evident in frontal WM regions comprising the anterior corona radiata, corpus callosum, and external capsule and in distinct areas of the frontal blade. No increases in diffusivity were found, and no changes in fractional anisotropy were present.ConclusionsOur investigation provides the first evidence, to our knowledge, that fast WM microstructure adaptations within 1 hour after i.v. SSRI administration precede elevations in mood due to SSRI treatment. These results add a new facet to the complex mode of action of antidepressant therapy. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov with the identifier NCT02711215.
Repeated but Not Single Administration of Ketamine Prolongs Increases of the Firing Activity of Norepinephrine and Dopamine Neurons
Authors: Iro Chidiebere M , Hamati Rami , El Mansari Mostafa , Blier Pierre 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Background
Clinical studies have shown that the rapid antidepressant effect of the glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist ketamine generally disappears within 1 week but can be maintained by repeated administration. Preclinical studies showed that a single ketamine injection immediately increases the firing and burst activity of norepinephrine (NE) neurons, but not that of serotonin (5-HT) neurons. It also enhances the population activity of dopamine (DA) neurons. In the present study, we investigated whether such alterations of monoamine neuronal firing are still present 1 day after a single injection, and whether they can be maintained by repeated injections.

Methods
Rats received a single ketamine injection or 6 over 2 weeks and the firing activity of dorsal raphe nucleus 5-HT, locus coeruleus NE, and ventral tegmental area DA neurons was assessed.

Results
One day following a single injection of ketamine, there was no change in the firing activity of 5-HT, NE, or DA neurons. One day after repeated ketamine administration, however, there was a robust increase of the firing activity of NE neurons and an enhancement of burst and population activities of DA neurons, but still no change in firing parameters of 5-HT neurons. The increased activity of NE neurons was no longer present 3 days after the last injection, whereas that of DA neurons was still present. DA neurons were firing normally 7 days after repeated injections.

Conclusion
These results imply that the enhanced activity of NE and DA neurons may play a significant role in the maintenance of the antidepressant action of ketamine.
Antibiotics for Fever Among Children: Findings From the Surveillance for Enteric Fever in India Cohorts
Authors: Karthikeyan Arun S , Srinivasan Manikandan , Kanungo Suman , Sinha Bireshwar , Shrivastava Ankita , Ramanujam Karthikeyan , Ganesan Santhosh Kumar , Subramaniam Sathyapriya , Sindhu Kulandaipalayam Natarajan , Krishna Swathi , Samuel Prasanna , Rose Winsley , Mohan Venkata Raghava , Veeraraghavan Balaji , Rongsen-Chandola Temsunaro , Dutta Shanta , Bavdekar Ashish , John Jacob , Kang Gagandeep 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Background
Acute febrile illness in children is frequently treated with antibiotics. However, the inappropriate use of antibiotics has led to the emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens.

Methods
We measured use of antibiotics for fever in 4 pediatric cohorts that were part of the Surveillance for Enteric Fever in India (SEFI) network. In this network, 24 062 children were followed up weekly, capturing information on fever and other morbidity between October 2017 and December 2019.

Results
An antibiotic was given in 27 183 of the 76 027 (35.8%) episodes of fever. The incidence of fever-related antibiotic use was 58.0 (95% confidence interval [CI], 57.2–58.6) per 100 child-years. The median time to initiation of antibiotics was 4 days, and in 65% of those who received an antibiotic it was initiated by the second day. Antibiotics were continued for &lt;3 days in 24% of the episodes. Higher temperature, younger age, male sex, joint family, higher education, internet access, and availability of personal conveyance were associated with antibiotic treatment for fever.

Conclusions
In developing countries where antibiotic use is not regulated, broad-spectrum antibiotics are initiated early, and often inappropriately, in febrile illness. Frequent and inappropriate use of antibiotics may increase risk of antimicrobial resistance.