bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COLONIALISM, INDEPENDENCE AND DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY
Authors: Toupin Sophie , Nikoi Nii Kotei Nikoi , Mare Admire , Willems Wendy 
Published: September 2021

Conventionally, the African continent is largely written out of accounts on technology. If discussed, technology is often framed as the result of outside influences or the product of technology transfer from the West but rarely are Africans taken seriously as makers or active users of technology (Mavhunga, 2014, 2017). Recent work on race and technology has been useful in highlighting the contribution of Black people to the development of digital technology (McIlwain, 2020) and the creative deployment of technology (Brock, 2020) but has not always engaged extensively with longer histories of racialization and transnational dimensions of Blackness.
Ongoing debates on platform imperialism (Jin, 2013) and data colonialism (Couldry and Mejias, 2019) have been important in demonstrating the disproportionate levels of power that global social media platforms continue to wield and the lingering importance of technology in extractive practices. However, these political economy approaches have insufficiently acknowledged spaces for agency nor have they examined the way in which the state impinges on the everyday lives of citizens.
The four papers in this panel deploy the notion of independence to make sense of the way in which Africans have created, used and imagined digital technology. They treat digital technology as potential tools for liberation as well as constitutive of spaces that enable reflection on what it means to be independent. The panel regards the freedoms occasionally made possible by digital technology as always subject to the constraints imposed by powerful actors such as the (post)colonial state and corporate social media platforms.
“I looked upon the Nile”—and the Ebro: Reconstructing the History of Langston Hughes Translations in Spain (1930–1975)
Authors: González Juan Ignacio Guijarro 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Langston Hughes developed strong ties with Spain, after he spent several months there in 1937 covering the civil war. However, his legacy in that country has never been throroughly examined. This article provides a chronological analysis of how Hughes was translated in Spain between 1930 and 1975, a period in which his reputation notably differed, often for extra-literary reasons. Critical scrutiny will focus both on well-known translations and on others here discussed for the first time, with the aim of exploring Hughes's presence in the Spanish literary system. Attention will be paid to the identity of those translators who made his work available to Spanish readers. Reconstructing the translation history of Langston Hughes should not only illuminate the reception of African American literature and culture in Spain, but also contribute to assessing his legacy in a wider international context.
La Paz en Jaque: retos y perspectivas en la implementación de los acuerdos de La Habana
Authors: Duarte Carlos 
Published: September 2021

El “Acuerdo final para la terminación del conflicto y la construcción de una paz estable y duradera”, a pesar de sus innegables dificultades, todavía representa una oportunidad de transformación para la sociedad colombiana en varios puntos que históricamente se han identificado como neurálgicos: desarrollo agrario integral; participación política; problema de las drogas ilícitas; reparación de víctimas y la reincorporación de los guerrilleros de las farc. Si bien las experiencias internacionales auguraban un periodo inicial plagado de dificultades en la implementación de dicho Acuerdo, la visión de las partes parecía inclinarse por un voto de confianza mutuo, bajo el cual, gran parte de los obstáculos eran en esencia cuestión de tiempo. A mediano plazo Estado y sociedad comprenderían el tamaño y la importancia del acuerdo logrado, generando una dinámica irreversible en favor de la consolidación de la paz y la reconciliación nacional.
Sin embargo, tras dos años de implementación de los acuerdos de paz, el marco legislativo y normativo requerido para la implementación de cada uno de los puntos acordados en la Habana –algunos de ellos bajo el mecanismo vía fastrack–, no solo no han surtido el efecto esperado, sino que las expectativas de los protagonistas de la firma de paz han disminuido considerablemente, en correspondencia con el giro que en este sentido representó el cambio de gobierno.
Sobre derechos humanos en la actividad empresarial en entornos multiculturales (e interculturales)
Authors: Duque Muñoz Luisa Fernanda , Álvarez Tobar Laura , Fernández Merchán María Jimena 
Published: September 2021

El presente artículo sugiere una aproximación metodológica para aplicar el enfoque de derechos humanos a la actividad empresarial en entornos multiculturales (o interculturales), zonas con influencia del conflicto armado o donde exista una ausencia del Estado. Para ello se lleva a cabo una revisión de dos casos (María la Baja y Buenaventura), los cuales permiten examinar la relación entre empresas y derechos humanos, a la luz de los Principios Rectores sobre las empresas y los derechos humanos (PR), y su ejecución en Colombia. Se insiste en la importancia de continuar con el estudio de este tema y en que las empresas, en tanto actores con amplia injerencia en los territorios, den cumplimiento a estos principios.
Abstract: This paper proposes a methodology for applying the human rights approach to business activity in multicultural (or intercultural) environments; areas that are under the influence of armed conflict; or where there is poor State presence. Through the examination of 2 case studies (María la Baja and Buenaventura) we examine the relationship between business and human rights, under the framework of the Guiding Principles on Human Rights and Business and their implementation in Colombia. We focus on the importance of addressing this issue and demanding one of the actors that has more influence in territories, such as corporations, to comply with these principles.
Keywords: Corporations and human rights, Guiding principles on business and human rights, National Action Plans, Multiculturality, Interculturality, Methodology.
16 de mayo de 1984: pasado y presente en disputa. Algunas reflexiones a propósito del aniversario 35 de los acontecimientos
Authors: Flórez Herrera Juan Sebastián 
Published: September 2021

Las memorias de los acontecimientos violentos del 16 de mayo de 1984 en la Universidad Nacional de Colombia han sido un tema de debate y disputa recurrente. El estudiantado nombró lo ocurrido como una masacre y denunció desapariciones forzadas masivas, mientras que otros sectores negaron o desestimaron estas afectaciones, se centraron en la violencia ejercida por las y los universitarios y los instigaron a probar sus denuncias. Este artículo aborda la relación problemática entre el negacionismo y las denuncias de las víctimas, en relación con las posibilidades de construir relatos esclarecedores. En su desarrollo, se pudo constatar que las posturas negacionistas ignoran o evaden hechos que permiten comprender este suceso como un caso de victimización del estudiantado.

Abstract: The violent happenings and memories from May the 16th of 1984 at Universidad Nacional de Colombia have been recurrent topic of discussion. The student body named the happening as a massacre, and denounced massive forced disappearances, while other sectors denied or dismissed this affectations focusing on the violence exerted by the students and demanded them to prove their denounces. This text deals with the troublesome relation between negationism and the victims’ memories, in relation to the possibilities of building enlightening tales that admit the sense of its experience. In its development, it could be seen that the denialist postures ignore or evade facts that allow it to understand this as a victimization case against the student body.
Keywords: May the 16th, students, victims, press, truth.
Memorias del conflicto armado en el corregimiento sur-oriental de Fusagasugá (1990-2003)
Authors: Tinjacá Gómez David Fernando , Usaquén Cobos Wilmer Alexander 
Published: September 2021

Colombia ha sufrido por más de cinco décadas un conflicto armado interno que ha generado profundos impactos en la población civil, en particular para los campesinos. Históricamente la región del Sumapaz ha sido uno de los epicentros de esta confrontación que, durante el periodo comprendido entre 1990-2003, adquirió características particulares debido a la expansión de los actores armados enfrentados. En este artículo se analiza cómo se desarrolló ese enfrentamiento en el corregimiento suroriental de Fusagasugá; con este objetivo, se hace énfasis en los relatos de las personas que vivieron los hechos, para así proyectar el problema de la memoria histórica en la región campesina del Sumapaz. Lo anterior permite observar las experiencias de los sujetos frente al fenómeno de la violencia y cómo son recordados estos, de cara a un periodo de posacuerdo, momento en el que se hace necesario conocer y dar sentido a las memorias de quienes sufrieron los mayores impactos de nuestra guerra.
Abstract: Colombia has suffered an armed conflict for more than five decades with deep impacts on civilians, particularly the peasantry. Historically, the Sumapaz region has been one of the epicenters of this confrontation, with very particular features from 1990 to 2003, due to the expansion of armed actors. This paper analyzes how the confrontation took place in the southeastern corregimiento of Fusagasugá, from the perspective of the people who experienced it firsthand, in order to contribute to the historical memory of the peasant region of Sumapaz. This exercise allows to observe the divergent interpretations that exist about the same phenomenon of violence, which is useful facing the current period of post agreement, where it is necessary to know and make sense of the memories of those who suffered the greatest impacts of our war.
Keywords: Armed conflict, FARC, memories, Sumapaz.
Pequeñas empresas y reacciones sociales ante la construcción de una autopista en el golfo de México
Authors: Moreno Andrade Saúl Horacio 
Published: September 2021

Las micro y pequeñas empresas que se fueron estableciendo a orilla de carretera en un municipio del estado mexicano de Veracruz, ubicado en la costa del golfo de México, pusieron las condiciones objetivas para la activación de reacciones sociales ante la construcción de una autopista que une a las ciudades de Xalapa y Puerto de Veracruz. Las reacciones sociales —negociación, resistencia y aceptación— se debieron, en parte, a la amenaza a las economías locales que implicaba la reducción del flujo vehicular, pero también al impacto a un modo de vida. Aquí explicamos la importancia de que las decisiones públicas consideren los intereses de los ciudadanos ante los proyecto globales.
Abstract: The micro and small companies that were established at the edge of the road in a municipality of the Mexican state of Veracruz, located on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, set the objective conditions for the activation of social reactions to the construction of a highway that unites the cities of Xalapa and Puerto de Veracruz. The social reactions (negotiation, resistance and acceptance) were due, in part, to the threat to local economies that implied the reduction of vehicular flow, but also to the impact on a way of life. Here we explain the importance of public decisions considering the interests of citizens before global projects.
Keywords: public decision, social reactions, local economies, small companies, highway construction
Estado Inconstitucional y pandemias
Authors: Sánchez Ángel Ricardo , Romo Mateo 
Published: September 2021

La pandemia del coronavirus acapara toda la atención. Para los pueblos del mundo, se trata de una amenaza superlativa; para muchos Estados, en cambio, es la cortina de humo bajo la cual ocultan su rostro. En ella ven la oportunidad para cambiar de personaje y de máscara. El poder mediático convierte al COVID-19 en el gran villano, y a algunos gobernantes, en héroes. Sin embargo, el COVID no es más que la punta del iceberg de un sistemático entramado de praxis discriminatorias y grietas estructurales: el Estado inconstitucional, que desde vieja data ha gestado una oleada de pandemias sociales. Colombia es un ejemplo paradigmático al respecto. Para ilustrar esta tesis, se analiza el fenómeno de impunidad ante delitos sexuales.
Unconstitutional State and Pandemics
Abstract: The coronavirus pandemic gets all the attention. For people of the world, it is a superlative threat; instead, for many States, it is the smokescreen under which they hide their faces. On it, they see the opportunity to change their character and mask. The media’s power makes COVID-19 the great villain, and some rulers into heroes. However, the COVID is only the tip of the iceberg of a systematic network of discriminatory practices and structural cracks: the unconstitutional State, which from long ago has created a wave of social pandemics. Colombia is a paradigmatic example in this regard. To illustrate this thesis, the phenomenon of impunity for sexual crimes is analyzed.

Keywords: Unconstitutional State, social pandemics, impunity.
Políticas públicas socioeducacionais: implantação do ensino integral na rede pública em Cacoal - Rondônia
Authors: Prado Elaine Cristina Rodrigues , Cerqueira Claudia Cleomar Araujo Ximenes , Caramello Nubia Deborah Araujo 
Published: September 2021

A presente pesquisa foi realizada em duas escolas estaduais, localizada no município de Cacoal no estado de Rondônia (Uma atende o Projeto Guaporé e a outra o Projeto Escola do Novo Tempo e a Escola da Escolha). Metodologicamente foram adotados métodos mistos análise dos resultados, para obtenção de dados foi aplicado questionários com questões referentes à determinação estipulada pelo Plano Nacional de Educação – PNE, mais especificamente a Meta de Número 06 tendo como objetivo obter os dados necessários para análise de indicadores que proporcionem interpretar o cenário de implantação do Ensino Integral no município, e visionar a viabilidade da determinação em relação ao aumento da carga horária, serão verificados através dos dados obtidos a veracidade do aumento da carga horária de 04 (Quatro) para 07 (Sete) horas como estipula a Meta número 06 do Plano Nacional de Educação – PNE de acordo com a Lei 13.005, de 25 de junho de 2014, juntamente com a práxis metodológica utilizada pelas respectivas escolas e o impacto que a mudança trouxe no decorrer do projeto. O resultado proporcionou averiguar que a implantação do tempo escolar pensada para mitigar a ausência de justiça social a comunidades mais carentes, tem como lacuna a própria aceitação dos estudantes, levando o quadro de funcionários a exercerem o constante papel de motivador para manter e conquistar novos alunos. Os professores por meio da metodologia de projetos buscam estratégia para sanar as dificuldades de aprendizagem, bem como utilizar as orientações pedagógicas do programa do ICE que apresenta o projeto de vida, o nivelamento e uma formação integral como práxis metodológica para atender a Meta 06 da PNE. A ausência de ampliação de infraestrutura é um dos fatores agravantes que inviabilizam em totalidade as Estratégias propostas pela Meta 06.
Procedimentos analíticos em perícia ambiental: cromatografia
Authors: Souza Camilo Pinto de , Lins Gustavo Aveiro , Aguiar Lais Alencar de , Garcia Pauli Adriano de Almada , Garcia Vanessa da Silva , Almeida Josimar Ribeiro de 
Published: September 2021

O Perito Ambiental terá atenção às questões relativas à exatidão e à precisão esperada dos métodos dados e, além disso, não deve desprezar fatores como tempo e custo. O método mais exato para certa determinação pode ser muito demorado ou envolver o uso de reagentes caros. Por tal motivo, o apropriado é avaliar que exatidão se faz necessária.Em muitos casos, é possível escolher um método que, embora menos exato, proporcione, num tempo razoável, resultados satisfatórios.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Analysis of Chemicals Related to the Chemical Weapons Convention
Authors: Mesilaakso Markku , Koskela Harri 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is one of the most powerful analytical techniques in organic chemistry for elucidating the molecular structures of chemicals. Moreover, an NMR spectrum may be used like a fingerprint to identify a chemical by comparing it with its reference spectrum recorded from the authentic chemical under comparable conditions. During the 20 years of international interlaboratory comparison (round‐robin) and proficiency tests for the verification of chemical disarmament, NMR spectroscopy has proved itself to be a useful complementary technique to mass spectrometry (MS) and other analytical techniques in the analysis of chemicals related to the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). Compared with MS, the main problems associated with NMR experiments are the lower sensitivity and the resonance overlap caused by background chemicals present in the sample. The low sensitivity of NMR experiments can be compensated in part by concentrating the NMR samples and by running long‐term experiments. The structural specificity of NMR spectra, the capability for the observation of different nuclei (
1
H,
31
P,
19
F, and
13
C), and the two‐dimensional (2D) correlation experiments make NMR spectroscopy a valuable technique to be used alongside other techniques. With regard to the chemicals listed in the Schedules of the CWC, NMR spectroscopy is useful for the analysis of almost all of them. This article describes the NMR spectroscopic methods used in the analysis of chemicals related to the CWC.
Roseiflexus
Authors: Thiel Vera , Hanada Satoshi 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Ro.se.i.fle'xus. L. masc. adj.
roseus
rose colored; L. masc. n.
flexus
bending, turning; N.L. masc. n.
Roseiflexus
rose‐colored bending.

Chloroflexi / Chloroflexia / Chloroflexales / Roseiflexaceae / Roseiflexus

Cells are multicellular filaments of indefinite length with a diameter of approx. 0.7–1.0 μm, stain Gram‐negative, and show gliding motility. Cultures are red, red‐orange, or reddish‐brown in color. Bacteriochlorophyll (BChl)
a
and carotenoids (γ‐carotene derivatives) are present, but chlorosomes and BChl
c
are absent. The organisms can grow photoheterotrophically and chemoheterotrophically under anaerobic light and aerobic dark conditions, respectively. Neither photoautotrophic nor fermentative growth is observed. However, the ability for autotrophic or mixotrophic growth is indicated by genome analyses. The organisms are thermophilic and able to grow at 45–60°C at a pH range of 6–9. Optimum photoheterotrophic and chemoheterotrophic growth occurs at 50–55°C and pH 8.0. Yeast extract is a good carbon source for growth, and citrate and glucose are used as sole energy sources only under phototrophic conditions in the type species strain
Roseiflexus castenholzii
HLO8
T
. The main cellular fatty acids are C
16:0
, C
14:0
, and C
15:0
. No unsaturated fatty acids are detected, but small amounts of iso‐branched fatty acids are found. The major quinone is MK‐11. Habitat is microbial mats in hot springs.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 62.0 (HPLC), 60.7 (Genome analysis).

Type species
:
Roseiflexus castenholzii
Hanada et al. 2002
VP
.
Regulation of Olive Fatty Acid Desaturation by Environmental Stresses and Culture Conditions
Authors: Moretti Samuele , Hernández M. Luisa 
Published: September 2021

AbstractOlive tree cultivation started in Syria million years ago and extended into the Mediterranean basin to become one of the basic constituents of the economies of most Mediterranean countries, which account for more than 90% of the world's olive oil production. In addition, the increasing international demand for olive oil in the last two decades has led to expansion of cultivation in places far from its origin, such as California, Argentina, and Australia. The fact that both production and consumption of olive oil are growing in the world is mainly due to its exceptional organoleptic characteristics, which are determined by the metabolites that it contains. Between them, the relative proportion of fatty acids is what greatly determine the oxidative stability and nutritional properties of the olive oil. Although cultivar is the main factor determining olive oil fatty acid composition, environmental factors, and culture conditions can also change the fatty acid profile. For that reason, understanding how these factors could affect the olive oil fatty acid composition is of special relevance, not only to increase its quality but also to establish the optimal growing conditions in new environments and to select new olive cultivars with improved quality characteristics. This article tries to summarise the present state of knowledge about the effect that different environmental stresses and culture conditions have on the olive fatty acid desaturation pathway. Special attention will be paid to the underlying molecular mechanisms by which olive fatty acid desaturases are regulated by temperature, light, nutrient availability and irrigation.
Negative parenting and functions of relational aggression: The moderating roles of gender and physiological reactivity
Authors: Lent Maria C. , Murray‐Close Dianna 
Published: September 2021

AbstractDimensions of negative parenting, including permissive, authoritarian, and psychologically controlling parenting behaviors, are associated with children's engagement in relational aggression. However, some youth may be more strongly influenced by negative parenting than others, and effects may depend on whether aggression is proactive or reactive in function. In a community sample of 236 preadolescent children followed over 1 year, we examined whether children's skin conductance level reactivity (an index of “fight or flight” response) and gender moderated links between parents' self‐reported negative parenting behaviors and increases in children's teacher‐reported proactive and reactive relational aggression. Findings indicated that negative parenting predicted increases in proactive and reactive relational aggression, and, consistent with differential susceptibility theory, effects often emerged among highly reactive youth. Associations between negative parenting and proactive relational aggression emerged for boys but not girls. Results tentatively suggest that associations between parenting and aggression vary by the function of aggression, children's physiological reactivity to stress, and gender, although results should be interpreted with caution due to high levels of missing data. Implications for theory and intervention are discussed.
Engineering Metal Nanoclusters for Targeted Therapeutics: From Targeting Strategies to Therapeutic Applications
Authors: Lin Zhenkun , Goswami Nirmal , Xue Tiantian , Chai Osburg Jin Huang , Xu Hejie , Liu Yuxin , Su Yu , Xie Jianping 
Published: September 2021

AbstractMetal nanoclusters (NCs) have recently attracted great interest in biomedical applications due to their ultrasmall size, good biocompatibility, and unique molecule‐like physical and chemical properties. Metal NCs can be rationally designed and integrated with various targeting moieties to achieve unique physicochemical properties and functions. For therapeutic applications, these multifunctional surface‐modified NCs can provide distinctive advantages over native metal NCs, such as improved therapeutic effects and reduced side effects. In this review, the design principles of targeting strategies for metal NCs and their composites, including passive and active targeting, and physical and chemical targeting are first discussed. The authors then focus on the recent achievements in the application of metal NCs in targeted therapeutics, including chemotherapy, phototherapy, and radiotherapy. Finally, the authors’ perspectives on the challenges and opportunities of developing metal NCs in targeted therapeutics, further paving their way for potential clinical applications are provided.