bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A nonchlorinated solvent-processed polymer semiconductor for high-performance ambipolar transistors
Authors: Yang Jie , Jiang Yaqian , Zhao Zhiyuan , Yang Xueli , Zhang Zheye , Chen Jinyang , Li Junyu , Shi Wei , Wang Shuai , Guo Yunlong , Liu Yunqi 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Ambipolar polymer semiconductors are potentially serviceable for logic circuits, light-emitting field-effect transistors (LFETs) and polymer solar cells (PSCs). Although several high-performance ambipolar polymers have been developed, their optoelectronic devices are generally processed from toxic chlorinated solvents. To achieve the commercial applications of organic FETs (OFETs), the polymers should be processed from nonchlorinated solvents, instead of chlorinated solvents. However, most conjugated polymers show poor solubility in nonchlorinated solvents. It is of great importance to develop ambipolar polymers that can be processed from nonchlorinated solvents. Here, we develop a nonchlorinated solvent processed polymer named poly[7-fluoro-N, N′-di(4-decyltetradecyl)-7′-azaisoindigo-6′,6″-(thieno[3,2-b]thiophene-2,5-diyl)-7‴-fluoro-N″, N‴-di(4-decyltetradecyl)-7″-azaisoindigo-6,6‴-([2,2″-bithiophene]-5,5″-diyl)] (PITTI-BT) by designing a monomer with a large molar mass. The polymer displays good solubility in p-xylene (PX). Well-aligned films of PITTI-BT are achieved by an off-center spin-coating (SC) method. Based on the high-quality films, the OFETs fabricated from PX solution achieve record ambipolar performance with hole and electron mobilities of 3.06 and 2.81 cm2 V−1 s−1, respectively. The combination of nonchlorinated solvents and good alignment process offers an effective and eco-friendly approach to obtain high-performance ambipolar transistors.
Wealth inequality, intergenerational transfers, and family background
Authors: Palomino Juan C , Marrero Gustavo A , Nolan Brian , Rodríguez Juan G 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe estimate the contribution of intergenerational transfers (inheritances and gifts) and family background to wealth inequality in four OECD countries: France, Spain, Great Britain, and the USA. We compare the observed wealth distribution with a non-parametric counterfactual distribution where all differences in wealth associated with intergenerational transfers and family background are removed. Despite the diversity of the countries analysed, we find similar patterns. The combined contribution of intergenerational transfers and family background to wealth inequality is sizeable in the four countries, ranging from 36% in Great Britain to 49% in the USA. When interactions between the two factors are accounted for, and the Shapley value decomposition is used to fully disentangle the contribution of each factor based on its marginal contribution, intergenerational transfers account for between 26% in Great Britain and 36% of wealth inequality in France, with family background ranging from 9% in France to 17% in the USA.
Obesity Hurts: The Why and How of Integrating Weight Reduction With Chronic Pain Management
Authors: Malfliet Anneleen , Quiroz Marnef Arturo , Nijs Jo , Clarys Peter , Huybrechts Inge , Elma Ömer , Tumkaya Yilmaz Sevilay , Deliens Tom 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Amongst adults with chronic pain, overweight and obesity are highly prevalent. The association between chronic pain and overweight is driven by several explanations, including increased biomechanical load, changes in the gut microbiome, and low-grade (neuro)inflammation. Moreover, the link between overweight, obesity and chronic pain can best be considered from a lifestyle perspective. Since conservative treatment for chronic pain is often limited to short-term and small effects, addressing important comorbidities within a lifestyle approach could be the next step towards precision medicine for these patients. Indeed, evidence shows that combining weight reduction with conservative pain management is more effective to reduce pain and disability, compared to either intervention alone. This perspective article aims to update the reader with the current understanding of the possible explanatory mechanisms behind the interaction between overweight/obesity and chronic pain in an adult population. Second, this paper applies this knowledge to clinical practice, including assessment and conservative treatment of overweight/obesity in adults with chronic pain. Henceforth, clinical recommendations and guidelines are provided based on available scientific evidence and the authors’ clinical expertise.

Impact
This paper will guide clinicians in the implementation of weight reduction programs within pain management.
Carboxylated-xyloglucan and peptide amphiphile co-assembly in wound healing
Authors: Ajovalasit Alessia , Redondo-Gómez Carlos , Sabatino Maria Antonietta , Okesola Babatunde O , Braun Kristin , Mata Alvaro , Dispenza Clelia 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Hydrogel wound dressings can play critical roles in wound healing protecting the wound from trauma or contamination and providing an ideal environment to support the growth of endogenous cells and promote wound closure. This work presents a self-assembling hydrogel dressing that can assist the wound repair process mimicking the hierarchical structure of skin extracellular matrix. To this aim, the co-assembly behaviour of a carboxylated variant of xyloglucan (CXG) with a peptide amphiphile (PA-H3) has been investigated to generate hierarchical constructs with tuneable molecular composition, structure, and properties. Transmission electron microscopy and circular dichroism at a low concentration shows that CXG and PA-H3 co-assemble into nanofibres by hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions and further aggregate into nanofibre bundles and networks. At a higher concentration, CXG and PA-H3 yield hydrogels that have been characterized for their morphology by scanning electron microscopy and for the mechanical properties by small-amplitude oscillatory shear rheological measurements and compression tests at different CXG/PA-H3 ratios. A preliminary biological evaluation has been carried out both in vitro with HaCat cells and in vivo in a mouse model.
Trunk radial growth, water and carbon relations of mature apple trees on two size-controlling rootstocks during severe summer drought
Authors: Jupa Radek , Mészáros Martin , Hoch Günter , Plavcová Lenka 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe use of size-controlling rootstocks is central to modern high-density fruit production systems. While biological mechanisms responsible for vigor control are not fully understood, differences in water relations and carbohydrate storage ability have been suggested as two potential factors. To better understand the processes that control growth vigor, we analyzed the trunk radial variation at seasonal and diurnal timescales and measured the midday leaf water potential (ΨMD), leaf gas exchange and concentrations of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) in apple trees of variety ‘Jonagold’ grafted on two rootstocks of contrasting growth vigor (dwarfing J-TE-G vs invigorating J-TE-H). The measurements were conducted during an exceptionally hot and dry summer. We found that smaller annual trunk radial increments in dwarfed trees were primarily due to an earlier cessation of trunk secondary growth. The interdiurnal trunk circumference changes (ΔC) were slightly lower in dwarfed trees, and these trees also had fewer days with positive ΔC values, particularly during the driest summer months. The trunks of dwarfed trees shrank gradually during the drought, showed less pronounced diurnal variation of trunk circumference and the maximum trunk daily shrinkage was only weakly responsive to the vapor pressure deficit. These results indicated that lower turgidity in the cambial region may have limited the trunk radial expansion in dwarfed trees during the hot and dry days. Dwarfed trees also maintained lower ΨMD and leaf gas exchange rates during the summer drought. These parameters decreased in parallel for both rootstock combinations, suggesting their similar drought sensitivity. Similar concentrations and seasonal dynamics of NSC in both rootstock combinations, together with their similar spring growth rates, suggest that NSC reserves were not directly limiting for growth. Our results support the prominent role of water relations in rootstock-induced size-controlling mechanisms and highlight the complexity of this topic.
Towards malaria control in Nigeria: implications of the malaria parasite rate and spleen rate among children living in a rural community in southwest Nigeria
Authors: Fatunla Odunayo A T , Olatunya Oladele S , Ogundare Ezra O , Fatunla Tolulope O , Oluwayemi Isaac O , Oluwadiya Kehinde S , Oyelami Oyeku A 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe World Health Organization prioritizes malaria surveillance for accurate tracking of progress of intervention programmes. The malaria parasite rate (PR) and spleen rate (SR) are economical surveillance tools. There has been a global decline in the burden of malaria over the last decade, but most African countries, like Nigeria, have a slow rate of decline. There is a need for adequate malaria surveillance to guide malaria control strategies and policymaking.MethodsA community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 363 children ages 1–15 y in rural southwest Nigeria. The participants’ PR was determined by microscopy and the SR was determined by palpation and ultrasonography. The associations between PR and SR and other covariates were assessed.ResultsThe PR was 26.7% and the SR was 12.9%. There was no significant association between PR or SR across age groups, but low social class was significantly associated with PR (55 [33.5%], p=0.004) and SR (29 [17.3%], p=0.013). The odds of having splenomegaly doubled with malaria parasitaemia (odds ratio 2.03 [95% confidence interval 1.06 to 3.88).ConclusionsThe PR and SR suggest that the study area is meso-endemic. The PR in the study area was almost equal across age groups; our findings suggest there may be a need for policy review to plan malaria intervention programmes and include older children, not just children &lt;5 y of age. Routine malaria surveillance using simple tools such as the PR and SR are necessary for reviewing malaria control programmes in the community.
Study on the mechanical properties of outwash deposits with random structure method
Authors: Jia Chaojun , Zhang Qiang , Lei Mingfeng , Yu Jun , Wang Rubin , Liu Jingyan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Outwash deposit is one of the major threats to the safety and stability of railway transit engineering in the Sichuan–Tibet area. In this paper, different samples of outwash deposits were prepared based on the random structure method, and a series of large-scale direct shear tests were carried out under different normal stresses. The influence of stone content and the spatial distribution of stone blocks on the physical and mechanical properties of outwash deposits were studied. The results show that with the increase of stone content, the shear stress-displacement curve changs from strain softening to strain hardening. The shear zone is larger, and its shape is more tortuous due to the movement and rotation of stone blocks. The internal frictional angle increases linearly while the cohesion diseases with the increase of stone content. The main influence of the spatial distribution of stone blocks on the mechanical properties of outwash deposits is the peak stress. The shear zone is mainly determined by the distribution of the stone blocks near the shear zone.
EEG spectral exponent as a synthetic index for the longitudinal assessment of stroke recovery
Authors: Lanzone J. , Colombo M. , Sarasso S. , Zappasodi F. , Rosanova M. , Massimini M. , Di Lazzaro V. , Assenza G. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundQuantitative EEG (qEEG) can capture changes in brain activity that follow a stroke. Accordingly, EEG metrics could be used to monitor patients’ state and recovery. Although qEEG metrics traditionally focus on oscillatory activity, recent findings highlight the importance of aperiodic (power-law) structure in characterizing pathological brain states.ObjectiveTo assess neurophysiological impairment and recovery from mono-hemispheric stroke by means of the Spectral Exponent (SE), a metric that reflects EEG slowing and quantifies the power-law decay of the EEG Power Spectral Density (PSD). To relate neurophysiological recovery with patient’s functional outcome.MethodsEighteen patients (n=18) with Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) ischaemic stroke were retrospectively enrolled for this study. Patients underwent EEG recording in the sub-acute phase (T0) and after 2 months of physical rehabilitation (T1). Sixteen healthy controls (HC; n=16) matched by age and sex were enrolled as a normative group. SE values and narrow-band PSD were estimated for each recording. We compared SE and band-power between patients and HC, and between the affected (AH) and unaffected hemisphere (UH) at T0 and T1 in patients.ResultsAt T0, stroke patients showed significantly more negative SE values than HC (p=0.003), reflecting broad-band EEG slowing. Moreover, SE over the AH was consistently more negative compared to the UH and showed a renormalization at T1 in our patient sample. This SE renormalization significantly correlated with NIHSS improvement (R= 0.63, p=0.005).ConclusionsSE is a reliable readout of the electric changes occurring in the brain after an ischaemic cortical lesion. Moreover, SE holds the promise to be a robust method to assess stroke impairment as well as to monitor and predict functional outcome.
COVID-19 Projections for K12 Schools in Fall 2021: Significant Transmission without Interventions
Authors: Zhang Yiwei , Johnson Karl , Yu Zhuoting , Fujimoto Akane B. , Lich Kristen Hassmiller , Ivy Julie , Keskinocak Pinar , Mayorga Maria , Swann Julie L. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundMillions of primary school students across the United States are about to return to in-person learning. Amidst circulation of the highly infectious Delta variant, there is danger that without the appropriate safety precautions, substantial amount of school-based spread of COVID-19 may occur.MethodsWe used an extended Susceptible-Infected-Recovered computational model to estimate the number of new infections during 1 semester among a student population under different assumptions about mask usage, routine testing, and levels of incoming protection. Our analysis considers three levels of incoming protection (30%, 40%, or 50%; denoted as “low”, “mid”, or “high”). Universal mask usage decreases infectivity by 50%, and weekly testing may occur among 50% of the student population; positive tests prompt quarantine until recovery, with compliance contingent on symptom status.ResultsWithout masking and testing, more than 75% of susceptible students become get infected within three months in all settings. With masking, this values decreases to 50% for “low” incoming protection settings (“mid”=35%, “high”=24%). Testing half the masked population (“testing”) further drops infections to 22% (16%, 13%).ConclusionWithout interventions in place, the vast majority of susceptible students will become infected through the semester. Universal masking can reduce student infections by 26-78%, and biweekly testing along with masking reduces infections by another 50%. To prevent new infections in the community, limit school absences, and maintain in-person learning, interventions such as masking and testing must be implemented widely, especially among elementary school settings in which children are not yet eligible for the vaccine.
Second round statewide survey for estimation of the burden of active infection and anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in the general population of Karnataka, India
Authors: Padma M Rajagopal , Dinesh Prameela , Sundaresan Rajesh , Athreya Siva , Shiju Shilpa , Maroor Parimala S , Hande R Lalitha , Akhtar Jawaid , Chandra Trilok , Ravi Deepa , Lobo Eunice , Ana Yamuna , Shriyan Prafulla , Desai Anita , Rangaiah Ambica , Munivenkatappa Ashok , Krishna S , Basawarajappa Shantala Gowdara , Sreedhara HG , Siddesh KC , Amrutha Kumari B , Umar Nawaz , Mythri BA , Mythri KM , Sudarshan Mysore Kalappa , Vasanthapuram Ravi , Babu Giridhara R 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACTObjectiveThe second round of the serial cross-sectional sentinel-based population survey to assess active infection, seroprevalence, and their evolution in the general population across Karnataka was conducted. Additionally, a longitudinal study among participants identified as COVID-19 positive in the first survey round was conducted to assess the clinical sensitivity of the testing kit used.MethodsThe cross-sectional study of 41,228 participants across 290 healthcare facilities in all 30 districts of Karnataka was done among three groups of participants (low, moderate, and high-risk). Consenting participants were subjected to real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing, and antibody (IgG) testing.ResultsOverall weighted adjusted seroprevalence of IgG was 15.6% (95% CI: 14.9–16.3), crude IgG prevalence was 15.0% and crude active prevalence was 0.5%. Statewide infection fatality rate (IFR) was estimated as 0.11%, and COVID-19 burden estimated between 26.1 to 37.7% (at 90% confidence). Clinical sensitivity of the IgG ELISA test kit was estimated as ≥38.9%.ConclusionThe sentinel-based population survey helped identify districts that needed better testing, reporting, and clinical management. The state was far from attaining natural immunity during the survey and hence must step up vaccination coverage and enforce public health measures to prevent the spread of COVD-19.
Quantifying contact patterns: development and characteristics of the British Columbia COVID-19 population mixing patterns survey (BC-Mix)
Authors: Adu Prince A. , Binka Mawuena , Mahmood Bushra , Jeong Dahn , Buller-Taylor Terri , Damascene Makuza Jean , Iyaniwura Sarafa , Ringa Notice , Velásquez García Héctor A. , Wong Stanley , Yu Amanda , Bartlett Sofia , Wilton James , Irvine Mike A. , Otterstatter Michael , Janjua Naveed Z. 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACTIntroductionSeveral non-pharmaceutical interventions such as physical distancing, hand washing, self-isolation, and schools and business closures, were implemented in British Columbia (BC) following the first laboratory-confirmed case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on January 26, 2020, to minimize in-person contacts that could spread infections. The BC COVID-19 Population Mixing Patterns survey (BC-Mix) was established as a surveillance system to measure behaviour and contact patterns in BC over time to inform the timing of the easing/re-imposition of control measures. In this paper, we describe the BC-Mix survey design and the demographic characteristics of respondents.MethodsThe ongoing repeated online survey was launched in September 2020. Participants are mainly recruited through social media platforms (including Instagram, Facebook, YouTube, WhatsApp). A follow up survey is sent to participants two to four weeks after completing the baseline survey. Survey responses are weighted to BC’s population by age, sex, geography, and ethnicity to obtain generalizable estimates. Additional indices such as the material and social deprivation index, residential instability, economic dependency, and others are generated using census and location data.ResultsAs of July 26, 2021, over 61,000 baseline survey responses were received of which 41,375 were eligible for analysis. Of the eligible participants, about 60% consented to follow up and about 27% provided their personal health numbers for linkage with healthcare databases. Approximately 50% of respondents were female, 39% were 55 years or older, 65% identified as white and 50% had at least a university degree.ConclusionThe pandemic response is best informed by surveillance systems capable of timely assessment of behaviour patterns. BC-Mix survey respondents represent a large cohort of British Columbians providing near real-time information on behavioural and contact patterns in BC. Data from the BC-Mix survey would inform provincial COVID-19-related control measures.
SCL28 promotes cell expansion and endoreplication in Arabidopsis by activatingSIAMESE-RELATEDcyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors
Authors: Goldy Camila , Barrera Virginia , Taylor Isaiah , Buchensky Celeste , Vena Rodrigo , Benfey Philip N. , De Veylder Lieven , Rodriguez Ramiro E. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe processes that contribute to plant organ morphogenesis are spatial-temporally organized. Within the meristem the mitotic cell cycle produces new cells that subsequently engage in specific cell expansion and differentiation programs once they exit the division competent zone. The latter is frequently accompanied by endoreplication, being an alternative cell cycle that replicates the DNA without nuclear division, causing a stepwise increase in somatic ploidy. We have previously shown that the Arabidopsis SCL28 transcription factor promotes progression through G2/M and modulates division plane orientation. Here, we demonstrate thatSCL28co-express and regulates genes specific to cell elongation and differentiation, including genes related to cell wall and cytoskeleton assembly. Consistently, this correlates with defects in post-mitotic cell expansion in ascl28mutant. Strikingly, SCL28 controls expression of 6 members of theSIAMESE/SIAMESE-RELATED(SIM/SMR) family, encoding cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors with a role in promoting mitotic cell cycle exit and endoreplication onset, both in response to developmental and environmental cues. Consistent with this role,scl28mutants displayed reduced endoreplication, both in roots and leaves. Altogether, these results suggest thatSCL28controls cell expansion and differentiation by promoting endoreplication onset and by modulating aspects of the biogenesis, assembly and remodeling of the cytoskeleton and cell wall.
Harnessing DSB repair to promote efficient homology-dependent and -independent prime editing
Authors: Peterka Martin , Akrap Nina , Li Songyuan , Wimberger Sandra , Hsieh Pei-Pei , Degtev Dmitrii , Bestas Burcu , Barr Jack , van de Plassche Stijn , Mendoza-Garcia Patricia , Šviković Saša , Sienski Grzegorz , Firth Mike , Maresca Marcello 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPrime editing recently emerged as a next-generation approach for precise genome editing. Here we exploit DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair to develop two novel strategies that install precise genomic insertions using an SpCas9 nuclease-based prime editor (PEn). We first demonstrate that PEn coupled to a regular prime editing guide RNA (pegRNA) efficiently promotes short genomic insertions through a homology-dependent DSB repair mechanism. While PEn editing lead to increased levels of by-products, it rescued pegRNAs that performed poorly with a nickase-based prime editor. We also present a small molecule approach that yielded increased product purity of PEn editing. Next, we developed a homology-independent PEn editing strategy by engineering a single primed insertion gRNA (springRNA) which installs genomic insertions at DSBs through the non-homologous end joining pathway (NHEJ). Lastly, we show that PEn-mediated insertions at DSBs prevent Cas9-induced large chromosomal deletions and provide evidence that continuous Cas9-mediated cutting is one of the mechanisms by which Cas9-induced large deletions arise. Altogether, this work expands the current prime editing toolbox by leveraging distinct DNA repair mechanisms including NHEJ, which represents the primary pathway of DSB repair in mammalian cells.