bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Testing in Children in a Large Regional US Health System During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic
Authors: Peaper David R. , Murdzek Christina , Oliveira Carlos R. , Murray Thomas S. 
Published: January 2021

Background:
The objective was to evaluate patterns of pediatric coronavirus disease 2019 testing in a large health system throughout the pandemic, before and after school reopening.

Methods:
This was a cross-sectional time-series study of clinical virology results from children tested for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in Southern Connecticut and areas of New York and Rhode Island. Data collected include demographics, hospital admission, changes in percent positive tests over time, detection intervals in persistently positive children and cycle threshold values. The setting was the Yale New Haven Health System has 6 hospitals at 4 Connecticut locations, 1 hospital in Rhode Island and ambulatory locations in Connecticut, Rhode Island and New York. Participants included twenty-three–thousand one-hundred thirty-seven children ≤ 18 years of age, tested for coronavirus disease 2019 at an ambulatory testing site, the emergency department or on an inpatient unit within the Yale New Haven Health System.

Results:
Among all tests, 3.2% were positive. Older children consistently made up the larger portion of positive pediatric cases, regardless of community prevalence. Increased pediatric cases later in the pandemic when prevalence in adults was relatively low correlates with a higher number of tests performed in children and not with an increased positivity rate. No significant changes in trends of positivity were detected after the reopening of schools. Symptomatic and asymptomatic children had similar cycle threshold values regardless of age, and a subset of children demonstrated persistent viral detection, some for as long as 6 weeks.

Conclusion:
An increase in pediatric cases documented in the late summer was predominately due to increased access to testing for children. The percent positivity in children did not change in the first 3 weeks after school opened. A subset of children has detectable severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 RNA in the upper respiratory tract for weeks after the initial infection.
RNA-protein interaction analysis of SARS-CoV-2 5’- and 3’-untranslated regions identifies an antiviral role of lysosome-associated membrane protein-2
Authors: Verma Rohit , Saha Sandhini , Kumar Shiv , Mani Shailendra , Maiti Tushar Kanti , Surjit Milan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSevere acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a positive-strand RNA virus. Viral genome is capped at the 5’-end, followed by an untranslated region (UTR). There is poly-A tail at 3’-end, preceded by an UTR. Self-interaction between the RNA regulatory elements present within 5’- and 3’-UTRs as well as their interaction with host/virus-encoded proteins mediate the function of 5’- and 3’-UTRs. Using RNA-protein interaction detection (RaPID) assay coupled to liquid chromatography with tandem mass-spectrometry, we identified host interaction partners of SARS-CoV-2 5’- and 3’-UTRs and generated an RNA-protein interaction network. By combining these data with the previously known protein-protein interaction data proposed to be involved in virus replication, we generated the RNA-protein-protein interaction (RPPI) network, likely to be essential for controlling SARS-CoV-2 replication. Notably, bioinformatics analysis of the RPPI network revealed the enrichment of factors involved in translation initiation and RNA metabolism. Lysosome-associated membrane protein-2a (Lamp2a) was one of the host proteins that interact with the 5’-UTR. Further studies showed that Lamp2 level is upregulated in SARS-CoV-2 infected cells and overexpression of Lamp2a and Lamp2b variants reduced viral RNA level in infected cells and vice versa. In summary, our study provides an useful resource of SARS-CoV-2 5’- and 3’-UTR binding proteins and reveal the antiviral function of host Lamp2 protein.ImportanceReplication of a positive-strand RNA virus involves an RNA-protein complex consisting of viral genomic RNA, host RNA(s), virus-encoded proteins and host proteins. Dissecting out individual components of the replication complex will help decode the mechanism of viral replication. 5’- and 3’-UTRs in positive-strand RNA viruses play essential regulatory roles in virus replication. Here, we identified the host proteins that associate with the UTRs of SARS-CoV-2, combined those data with the previously known protein-protein interaction data (expected to be involved in virus replication) and generated the RNA-protein-protein interaction (RPPI) network. Analysis of the RPPI network revealed the enrichment of factors involved in translation initiation and RNA metabolism, which are important for virus replication. Analysis of one of the interaction partners of the 5’-UTR (Lamp2a) demonstrated its antiviral role in SARS-CoV-2 infected cells. Collectively, our study provides a resource of SARS-CoV-2 UTR-binding proteins and identifies an antiviral role of host Lamp2a protein.
An analysis of multidimensional poverty and its determinants in the public university host communities in Ondo State, Nigeria
Authors: Babalola Sikiru Jimoh , Mohd Saidatulakmal 
Published: January 2021

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to analyse the influence of household and community characteristics on multidimensional poverty in communities hosting public universities in Ondo state, Nigeria.Design/methodology/approachThe study constructs Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) using Alkire-Foster methodology and uses logistic regression to analyse the likelihood of experiencing multidimensional poverty.FindingsFindings from the study suggest that child schooling attendance, child mortality and asset ownership are the indicators in which households are mostly deprived in education, health and living standards consecutively. In addition, using logistic regression, the study finds multidimensional poverty reducing effects of education, age (before old), household size (having more economically active members), income and residing in urban areas. The study, however, documents that living far away from the universities increases the likelihood of experiencing multidimensional poverty in those communities.Research limitations/implicationsTo reduce multidimensional poverty in the communities of study, there is need to implement policies that will improve child schooling, reduce infant mortality, increase gainful employment and create enabling environment for asset ownership. This is in addition to upgrading infrastructure in those communities especially in their fringe areas so that development can spread, and multidimensional poverty reduction can follow in no distant future.Originality/valueUnlike capturing the effect of location on possibility of experiencing poverty using rural or urban dummy, the authors, in addition to that, incorporate distance to university variable on the premise of distance decay mechanism.
Vitiligo: A focus on pathogenesis and its therapeutic implications
Authors: Bergqvist Christina , Ezzedine Khaled 
Published: January 2021

AbstractVitiligo is the most common depigmenting disorder affecting 0.1%–2% of the population worldwide. The characteristic white patches result from the selective loss of melanocytes. Sustained recent efforts have resulted in a detailed understanding of the genetic architecture of vitiligo. About 80% of vitiligo risk is attributable to genetic factors; and the rest (20%) is attributable to the environment. Over the past decade, substantial progress has been made in our understanding of the pathogenesis of vitiligo which is now clearly classified as an autoimmune disease. Melanocytes from patients with vitiligo are more susceptible to oxidative stress which begets the release of exosomes and inflammatory cytokines that will lead to activation of the innate immune response and subsequently to adaptive immune response through activation of autoreactive cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. These produce interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) which promotes disease progression through IFN‐γ‐induced chemokine secretion from surrounding keratinocytes to further recruit T cells to the skin through a positive feedback loop. CD8 tissue‐resident memory T cells are in turn responsible for long‐term maintenance and potential relapse of vitiligo in human patients through cytokine‐mediated recruitment of T cells from the circulation. This review summarizes the current knowledge on vitiligo and attempt to give an overview of the future in vitiligo treatment.
Children with atopic eczema experiencing increased disease severity in the pollen season more often have hay fever at a young age and a dark skin type
Authors: Bosma Angela Leigh‐Ann , Ouwerkerk Wouter , Middelkamp‐Hup Maritza Albertina 
Published: January 2021

AbstractChildren with atopic eczema are known to experience seasonal variations in disease severity, with winter being the season in which severity generally increases. There is a lack of knowledge about the subgroup of children that experiences increased severity in spring and summer months. We aimed to investigate which phenotype characteristics best describe children flaring in the pollen season. A retrospective database analysis was conducted, including 110 children with difficult‐to‐treat atopic eczema aged 0–17 years. Relevant outcome parameters were extracted from medical records. In our population, 36% (n = 40/110) of children reported flares of atopic eczema in the pollen season. These children were more often sensitized to one or more types of pollen (73% [n = 29/40] vs. 28% [n = 10/36], p < 0.0001) and had more patient‐reported hay fever (70% [n = 28/40] vs. 19% [n = 7/36], p < 0.0001), compared with children who do not flare in the pollen season. Moreover, children flaring in the pollen season more often had a dark skin type (78% [n = 31/40] vs. 44% [n = 16/36], p = 0.003). Based on stepwise multivariable analyses, children flaring in the pollen season were characterized by the combination of younger age, hay fever, and dark skin type (C‐statistic: 0.86). In conclusion, patient‐reported flares in spring and summer are experienced by one‐third of children with difficult‐to‐treat atopic eczema. This phenotype can be characterized as young children having hay fever and a dark skin type and can be identified based on clinical parameters alone without the need to perform immunoglobulin E blood testing or skin prick tests.
An initial evaluation of expanded hemodialysis on hospitalizations, drug utilization, costs, and patient utility in Colombia
Authors: Ariza Juan G. , Walton Surrey M. , Suarez Adriana M. , Sanabria Mauricio , Vesga Jasmin I. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractTo examine new evidence linking expanded hemodialysis (HDx) using a medium cut‐off (MCO) membrane with hospitalizations, hospital days, medication use, costs, and patient utility. This retrospective study utilized data from Renal Care Services medical records database in Colombia from 2017 to 2019. Clinics included had switched all patients from high flux hemodialysis (HD HF) to HDx and had at least a year of data on HD HF and HDx. Data included demographic characteristics, comorbidities, years on dialysis, hospitalizations, medication use, and quality of life measured by the 36 item and Short Form versions of the Kidney Disease Quality of Life survey at the start of HDx, and 1 year after HDx, which were mapped to EQ‐5D utilities. Generalized linear models were run on the outcomes of interest with an indicator for being on HDx. Annual cost estimates were also constructed. The study included 81 patients. HDx was significantly associated with lower dosing of erythropoietin stimulating agents, iron, hypertension medications, and insulin. HDx was also significantly associated with lower hospital days per year (5.94 on HD vs. 4.41 on HDx) although not with the number of hospitalizations. Estimates of annual hospitalization costs were 23.9% lower using HDx and patient utilities did not appear to decline. HDx was statistically significantly associated with reduced hospitalization days and lower medication dosages. Furthermore, this preliminary analysis suggested potential for HDx being a dominant strategy in terms of costs and utility and should motivate future work with larger samples and better controls.
Implied volatility smirk in the Australian dollar market
Authors: Stuart Connor J.A. , Gehricke Sebastian A. , Zhang Jin E. , Ruan Xinfeng 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis is the first paper to study the options written on the Invesco Currency Shares Australian Dollar Trust (FXA) exchange‐traded fund (ETF). We quantify the empirical characteristics of the FXA option implied volatility (IV) curve showing that it exhibits a smirk shape, as in US equity options, and the curves become more negatively sloped and exhibit more convexity as the time to maturity increases. During the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) period and a bullish period, IV dramatically increased and the slope became even steeper across all maturities indicating that downside insurance is relatively expensive. Further, the information in the quantified IV curve factors has some predictive power for monthly FXA returns.
Maxillofacial reconstruction with prefabricated prelaminated osseous free flaps
Authors: Diab Jason , Leinkram David , Wykes James , Cheng Kai , Wallace Christine , Howes Dale , Singh Jasvir , Palme Carsten , Clark Jonathan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe prefabricated fibula flap is an advanced method of occlusal‐based reconstruction that combines placement of osseointegrated dental implants with prelamination, using a split skin graft on the fibula, weeks prior to the definitive reconstruction. This approach is resource intensive but has several advantages including eliminating the delay from reconstruction to dental rehabilitation.MethodsA retrospective cohort study of all prefabricated fibula flaps used for mandible and maxillary reconstruction from 2012 to 2020 was performed. Outcome measures were implant survival, implant utilization and functional dental rehabilitation.ResultsA total of 17 prefabricated fibula flaps were performed including two analogue and 15 digital plans. There were nine maxillary and eight mandibular reconstructions, of which 11 were primary and seven were secondary. There were no free flap failures. A total of 65 implants were placed (average 3.8, median 3 implants). There was one implant failure at 6 years giving a 1.5% failure rate. There was 91% implant utilization and 94% functional dental rehabilitation.ConclusionThe prefabricated fibula flap provides outstanding dental rehabilitation in well‐selected patients.
Next‐generation sequencing improves BCR‐ABL1 mutation detection in Philadelphia chromosome‐positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
Authors: Soverini Simona , Martelli Margherita , Bavaro Luana , De Benedittis Caterina , Papayannidis Cristina , Sartor Chiara , Sorà Federica , Albano Francesco , Galimberti Sara , Abruzzese Elisabetta , Annunziata Mario , Russo Sabina , Stulle Manuela , Imovilli Annalisa , Bonifacio Massimiliano , Maino Elena , Stagno Fabio , Maria Basilico Claudia , Borlenghi Erika , Fozza Claudio , Mignone Flavio , Minari Roberta , Stella Stefania , Baccarani Michele , Cavo Michele , Martinelli Giovanni 
Published: January 2021

SummaryBCR‐ABL1 kinase domain mutation testing in tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI)‐resistant Philadelphia chromosome‐positive (Ph+) acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) patients is routinely performed by Sanger sequencing (SS). Recently, next‐generation sequencing (NGS)‐based approaches have been developed that afford greater sensitivity and straightforward discrimination between compound and polyclonal mutations. We performed a study to compare the results of SS and NGS in a consecutive cohort of 171 Ph+ ALL patients. At diagnosis, 0/44 and 3/44 patients were positive for mutations by SS and NGS respectively. Out of 47 patients with haematologic resistance, 45 had mutations according to both methods, but in 25 patients NGS revealed additional mutations undetectable by SS. Out of 80 patients in complete haematologic response but with BCR‐ABL1 ≥0·1%, 28 (35%) and 52 (65%) were positive by SS and NGS respectively. Moreover, in 12 patients positive by SS, NGS detected additional mutations. NGS resolved clonal complexity in 34 patients with multiple mutations at the same or different codons and identified 35 compound mutations. Our study demonstrates that, in Ph+ ALL on TKI therapy, NGS enables more accurate assessment of mutation status both in patients who fail therapy and in patients with minimal residual disease above 0·1%.
Core‐marginal dynamics interact with sex and temperature to influence morphology of the rapidly expanding invasive kudzu bug (Megacopta cribraria)
Authors: Lovejoy Riley T. , Lozier Jeffrey D. 
Published: January 2021

1. Invasive species present unique natural experiments through which to study evolutionary processes associated with spatial spread, especially with respect to rapid morphological evolution of dispersal‐related traits.2. The kudzu bug,Megacopta cribraria(Fabricius), established and expanded radially across the southeastern United States beginning in 2009. Here,M. cribrariais used as a model for studying rapid morphological change across an introduced range.3. Kudzu bugs were collected throughout the invasive range to test the hypothesis that body and wing size would increase with greater distance from the invasion source owing to dispersal‐related selection. The effects of sex, local temperature, and latitude were also evaluated to investigate how such factors might influence body and wing size across this range expansion.4. Females were significantly larger than males across all traits. Distance from the invasion core, temperature, and their interaction significantly influenced body size and wing length, suggesting thatM. cribrariawere larger near the invasion periphery. This was especially pronounced at cooler sites. Sex and distance were found to both weakly influence wing length after removing the effect of body size, suggesting that wing size may be disproportionally larger along the invasion front.5. The combined results indicate that a combination of spatial, environmental, and sexual factors must be considered when examining or predicting invasive species responses to new selective pressures and environments.
Rock glaciers and related cold rocky landforms: Overlooked climate refugia for mountain biodiversity
Authors: Brighenti Stefano , Hotaling Scott , Finn Debra S. , Fountain Andrew G. , Hayashi Masaki , Herbst David , Saros Jasmine E. , Tronstad Lusha M. , Millar Constance I. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMountains are global biodiversity hotspots where cold environments and their associated ecological communities are threatened by climate warming. Considerable research attention has been devoted to understanding the ecological effects of alpine glacier and snowfield recession. However, much less attention has been given to identifying climate refugia in mountain ecosystems where present‐day environmental conditions will be maintained, at least in the near‐term, as other habitats change. Around the world, montane communities of microbes, animals, and plants live on, adjacent to, and downstream of rock glaciers and related cold rocky landforms (CRL). These geomorphological features have been overlooked in the ecological literature despite being extremely common in mountain ranges worldwide with a propensity to support cold and stable habitats for aquatic and terrestrial biodiversity. CRLs are less responsive to atmospheric warming than alpine glaciers and snowfields due to the insulating nature and thermal inertia of their debris cover paired with their internal ventilation patterns. Thus, CRLs are likely to remain on the landscape after adjacent glaciers and snowfields have melted, thereby providing longer‐term cold habitat for biodiversity living on and downstream of them. Here, we show that CRLs will likely act as key climate refugia for terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity in mountain ecosystems, offer guidelines for incorporating CRLs into conservation practices, and identify areas for future research.
When does the multiple principals hypothesis hold? The politics of U.S. agency policymaking autonomy
Authors: Palus Christine K. , Yackee Susan W. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWhen the bureaucracy's political principals hold different preferences for policy, does this increase the bureaucracy's policymaking autonomy? Existing theory strongly suggests “yes.” We, however, argue that this pattern will materialize only when the bureaucracy's principals are all on the same side of the political divide. (i.e., unified government). Using data gathered from the American states at two time points, we capture preference divergence by measuring the ideological distance between the bureaucracy's key political principals—legislators, governors, and courts—on the common left–right dimension. We measure policymaking autonomy through multi‐faceted surveys of state agency leaders. In keeping with our argument, we demonstrate that greater preference divergence across the bureaucracy's principals is associated with increased agency policymaking autonomy under unified—but not under divided—government. The results shed new light on when, and why, the bureaucracy's political principals may provide an oversight check on the policymaking power of the modern administrative state.
A sociodemographic, anthropometric and lifestyle‐based prediction score for screening children with overweight and obesity for hepatic steatosis: The HEPAKID index
Authors: Oses Maddi , Medrano María , Galbete Arkaitz , Arenaza Lide , Ruiz Jonatan R. , Sánchez‐Valverde Felix , Ortega Francisco B. , Labayen Idoia 
Published: January 2021

SummaryBackgroundHepatic steatosis (HS) is currently the most prevalent hepatic disease in paediatric population and a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The proper identification of children with HS is therefore of great public health interest.ObjectiveTo develop a new prediction score using anthropometric, sociodemographic and lifestyle factors to identify children with HS (the HEPAKID index). Previously published biochemical paediatric screening tools were validated in the same cohort.MethodsA total of 115 pre‐adolescent children aged 8 to 12 years with overweight/obesity, recruited at hospital paediatric units were enrolled in this cross‐sectional study. HS (≥5.5% hepatic fat) was assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Anthropometric, sociodemographic and lifestyle variables were collected by validated tests/questionnaires.ResultsForty‐one children had MRI‐diagnosed HS (35.6%, 49% girls). These children had (P < .01) a higher waist‐height ratio, a lower cardiorespiratory fitness, a younger gestational age, and consumed more sugar‐sweetened beverages than their HS‐free peers. Children with HS were more likely to belong to an ethnic minority (P < .01) and to spend longer viewing screens than recommended (P < .05). The addition of these variables to the multivariate logistic regression model afforded a HEPAKID index with high discriminatory capacity (area under the receiver‐operating characteristic curve: 0.808, 95% CI 0.715‐0.901), and score of ≥25.0 was associated with high sensitivity (82%, 95% CI 68%‐96%). Biochemical biomarker‐based paediatric tools for identifying HS showed only moderate discriminatory capacity and low sensitivity (5%‐41%) in this cohort.ConclusionsThe HEPAKID index is the first simple, non‐invasive, sensitive, inexpensive and easy‐to‐perform screening that can identify children with overweight or obesity who have HS.