bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Policy Evaluation Network (PEN): Protocol for systematic literature reviews examining the evidence for impact of policies on physical activity across seven different policy domains
Authors: Volf Kevin , Kelly Liam , García Bengoechea Enrique , Casey Bláthín , Gobis Anna , Lakerveld Jeroen , Zukowska Joanna , Gelius Peter , Messing Sven , Forberger Sarah , Woods Catherine ,   Policy Evaluation Network (PEN) Consortium
Published: March 2021

Introduction: Over 40 million deaths annually are due to noncommunicable diseases, 15 million of these are premature deaths and physical inactivity contributes an estimated 9% to this figure. Global responses have included the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Global Action Plan on Physical Activity (GAPPA). Both point to policy action on physical activity (PA) to address change, yet the impact of policy on PA outcomes is unknown. The protocol described outlines the methodology for systematic literature reviews that will be undertaken by the Policy Evaluation Network (PEN) to address this knowledge gap. Methods: The seven best investments for promotion of population PA identified in the Toronto Charter highlighted seven policy domains (schools, transport, urban design, primary health care systems, public education, community-wide programmes and sport) which will form the basis of these PEN reviews. Seven individual scientific literature searches across six electronic databases will be conducted. Each will use the key concepts of policy, PA, evaluation and a distinct concept for each of the seven policy domains. This will be supplemented with a search of the reference list of included articles. Methodological quality will be assessed and overall effectiveness for each included study will be described according to pre-determined criteria. Conclusions: Each review will provide policy makers with a list of policy statements and corresponding actions which the evidence has determined impact on PA directly or indirectly. By collating the evidence, and demonstrating the depth of the science base which informs these policy recommendations, each review will provide guidance to policymakers to use evidence-based or evidence-informed policies to achieve the 15% relative reduction in physical inactivity as defined by GAPPA. Registration: PROSPERO CRD42020156630 (10/07/2020).
The effectiveness of social bubbles as part of a Covid-19 lockdown exit strategy, a modelling study
Authors: Leng Trystan , White Connor , Hilton Joe , Kucharski Adam , Pellis Lorenzo , Stage Helena , Davies Nicholas G. ,   Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Disease 2019 nCoV Working Group, Keeling Matt J. , Flasche Stefan 
Published: March 2021

Background: ​ During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown, contact clustering in social bubbles may allow extending contacts beyond the household at minimal additional risk and hence has been considered as part of modified lockdown policy or a gradual lockdown exit strategy. We estimated the impact of such strategies on epidemic and mortality risk using the UK as a case study. Methods: ​ We used an individual based model for a synthetic population similar to the UK, stratified into transmission risks from the community, within the household and from other households in the same social bubble. The base case considers a situation where non-essential shops and schools are closed, the secondary household attack rate is 20% and the initial reproduction number is 0.8. We simulate social bubble strategies (where two households form an exclusive pair) for households including children, for single occupancy households, and for all households. We test the sensitivity of results to a range of alternative model assumptions and parameters. Results: Clustering contacts outside the household into exclusive bubbles is an effective strategy of increasing contacts while limiting the associated increase in epidemic risk. In the base case, social bubbles reduced fatalities by 42% compared to an unclustered increase of contacts. We find that if all households were to form social bubbles the reproduction number would likely increase to above the epidemic threshold of R=1. Strategies allowing households with young children or single occupancy households to form social bubbles increased the reproduction number by less than 11%. The corresponding increase in mortality is proportional to the increase in the epidemic risk but is focussed in older adults irrespective of inclusion in social bubbles. Conclusions: ​ If managed appropriately, social bubbles can be an effective way of extending contacts beyond the household while limiting the increase in epidemic risk.
Protocol for expansion of an existing national monthly survey of smoking behaviour and alcohol use in England to Scotland and Wales: The Smoking and Alcohol Toolkit Study
Authors: Kock Loren , Shahab Lion , Moore Graham , Beard Emma , Bauld Linda , Reid Garth , Brose Leonie , Horton Marie , Gould Ashley , Brown Jamie 
Published: March 2021

BackgroundThe Smoking and Alcohol Toolkit Study (STS/ATS) in England has delivered timely insights to inform and evaluate strategies aimed at reducing tobacco smoking- and alcohol-related harm. From the end of 2020 until at least 2024 the STS/ATS is expanding to Scotland and Wales to include all constituent nations in Great Britain. Expanding data collection to Scotland and Wales will permit the evaluation of how smoking and alcohol related behaviours respond to divergent policy scenarios across the devolved nations.MethodsThe STS/ATS consists of monthly cross-sectional household interviews (computer or telephone assisted) of representative samples of adults in Great Britain aged 16+ years. Commencing in October 2020 each month a new sample of approximately 1700 adults in England, 450 adults in Scotland and 300 adults in Wales complete the survey (~n = 29,400 per year). The expansion of the survey to Scotland and Wales has been funded for the collection of at least 48 waves of data across four years. The data collected cover a broad range of smoking and alcohol-related parameters (including but not limited to smoking status, cigarette/nicotine dependence, route to quit smoking, prevalence and frequency of hazardous drinking, attempts and motivation to reduce alcohol consumption, help sought and motives for attempts to reduce alcohol intake) and socio-demographic characteristics (including but not limited to age, gender, region, socio-economic position) and will be reviewed monthly and refined in response to evolving policy needs and public interests. All data analyses will be pre-specified and available on a free online platform. A dedicated website will publish descriptive data on important trends each month.DiscussionThe Smoking and Alcohol Toolkit Study will provide timely monitoring of smoking and alcohol related behaviours to inform and evaluate national policies across Great Britain.
Near-field nonlinear imaging of an anapole mode beyond diffraction limit
Authors: Cui Tong , Zhang Mingqian , Zhao Yun , Yang Yuanmu , Bai Benfeng , Sun Hong-Bo 
Published: March 2021

Nonlinear nanophotonics, as an emerging field in nanophotonics, eagerly calls for experimental techniques for probing and analyzing near-field nonlinear optical signals with subwavelength resolution. Here, we report an aperture-type scanning near-field optical microscopic method for probing near-field nonlinear optical processes. As a demonstration, near-field third-harmonic generation from an anapole dark-mode state generated by a silicon nanodisk is probed and imaged. The measured results agree well with the simulations, with a spatial resolution down to

0.14

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and a sensitivity of 0.1 nW. This method provides a powerful tool for characterizing nonlinear light–matter interactions at the nanoscale, which can help, for example, to unveil crystal properties involving subwavelength defects or dislocations.
Pulse-burst spontaneous Raman thermometry of unsteady wave phenomena in a shock tube
Authors: Winters Caroline , Haller Timothy , Kearney Sean , Varghese Philip , Lynch Kyle , Daniel Kyle , Wagner Justin 
Published: March 2021

A high-speed temperature diagnostic based on spontaneous Raman scattering (SRS) was demonstrated using a pulse-burst laser. The technique was first benchmarked in near-adiabatic

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flames at a data-acquisition rate of 5 kHz using an integrated pulse energy of 1.0 J per realization. Both the measurement precision and accuracy in the flame were within 3% of adiabatic predictions. This technique was then evaluated in a challenging free-piston shock tube environment operated at a shock Mach number of 3.5. SRS thermometry resolved the temperature in post-incident and post-reflected shock flows at a repetition rate of 3 kHz and clearly showed cooling associated with driver expansion waves. Collectively, this Letter represents a major advancement for SRS in impulsive facilities, which had previously been limited to steady state regions or single-shot acquisition.
Simultaneous transmission, detection, and energy harvesting
Authors: Gao Xumin , Jia Bolun , Ye ZiQi , Wang Linning , Fu Kang , Liu Pengzhan , Hu Fangren , Zhu Hongbo , Wang Yongjin 
Published: March 2021

Due to the electro-optic property of InGaN multiple quantum wells, a III-nitride diode can provide light transmission, photo detection, and energy harvesting under different bias conditions. Made of III-nitride diodes arrayed in a single chip, the combination allows the diodes to transmit, detect, and harvest visible light at the same time. Here, we monolithically integrate a III-nitride transmitter, receiver, and energy harvester using a compatible foundry process. By adopting a bottom

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distributed Bragg reflector, we present a III-nitride diode with a peak external quantum efficiency of 50.65% at a forward voltage of 2.6 V for light emission, a power conversion efficiency of 6.68% for energy harvesting, and a peak external quantum efficiency of 50.9% at a wavelength of 388 nm for photon detection. The energy harvester generates electricity from ambient light to directly turn the transmitter on. By integrating a circuit, the electrical signals generated by the receiver pulse the emitted light to relay information. The multifunctioning system can continuously operate without an external power supply. Our work opens up a promising approach to develop multicomponent systems with new interactive functions and multitasking devices, due to III-nitride diode arrays that can simultaneously transmit, detect, and harvest light.
INVESTIGATION OF CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS IN WASTE OF JUICE PRODUCTION OF BLUEBERRIES AND BLACK CURRANTS
Authors: Gromova Irina Aleksandrovna , Voronina Marianna Sergeyevna , Makarova Nadezhda Viktorovna 
Published: March 2021

This article examines the chemical characteristics contained in the waste of juice production of black currants and blueberries. the influence of antioxidant substances on the human body is considered. The aim of the article is to study the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of freshly frozen blueberries and black currants, fresh juice of blueberries and black currants, raw and dried pomace of the studied berries, which underwent short-term heat treatment, water extracts and concentrated water extracts of these berries, as well as the subsequent comparison of the values of all data. We demonstrate methods for determining the total content of phenolic compounds, total flavonoids, total anthocyanins, FRAP method (method for determining antiradical activity), a method for evaluating antioxidant properties using a model system of linoleic acid, as well as a method for determining the restoring force. Studies were carried out on water-alcohol extracts obtained at atmospheric pressure and temperature of 37 °C. The results of the study show that dried blueberries, compared with other objects studied as blueberries and blackcurrants, have the maximum values of all chemical characteristics, which is the best option for human health.
EXTRACTION OF FLAVONOIDS FROM THE LEAVES OF THE LITTLEWALE LITHOSPERMUM OFFICINALE L. (BORAGINACEAE) USING MICROWAVE ENERGY
Authors: Adamtsevich Natal'ya Yur'yevna , Feskova Elena Vladimirovna , Boltovsky Valeriy Stanislavovich , Titok Vladimir Vladimirovich 
Published: March 2021

One of the possible ways to intensify and increase the efficiency of extraction of biologically active substances from plant materials is the use of microwave radiation. This article presents the results of a study of the influence of parameters of the microwave extraction process on the output of flavonoids from the leaves of the littlewale (Lithospermum officinale L.), belonging to the Boraginaceae family. This plant contains isoquercitrin, which is one of the key flavonoids with the property of tissue regeneration. It was shown that the maximum yield of the target components is achieved with a microwave generator power of 100 W and exposure duration of 2.5 min at a field frequency of 2450 MHz (specific energy consumption is 8.4 kWh/kg). This output is comparable with the output when using conventional convection heating. Microwave radiation provides a 16-fold reduction in the duration of extraction of the sum of flavonoids and an increase in the degree of extraction of isoquercitrin by 23%. The action of microwave energy leads to the destruction of plant tissue, which contributes to a more efficient extraction of flavonoids from plant raw materials.
COMPONENT COMPOSITION OF THE BIODEGRADATION PRODUCT OF FALLEN LEAVES BY BASIDIOMY-CETES PLEUROTUS PULMONARIUS (STRAIN PP-3.2)
Authors: Mamaeva Ol'ga Olegovna , Isaeva Elena Vladimirovna , Loskutov Sergey Redzhinal'dovich , Plyashechnik Mariya Anatol'yevna 
Published: March 2021

Today, plant waste, including fallen poplar leaves (litter), are a promising raw material for the production of useful products using bioconversion, such as protein feed additives.
The aim of this study was to study the component composition of the products obtained as a result of the bioconversion of leaf litter. The strain PP-3.2 Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fr.) Quél. In the process of substrate conversion, strain PP-3.2 primarily utilizes extractives and easily hydrolyzable polysaccharides, the amount of which decreases by 44 and 36%, respectively. The total content of polysaccharides is reduced by 20%, lignin substances - 9.4%. The loss of substrate mass based on leaf litter was 23%. The product obtained after cultivation contains 28% protein. Analysis of the amino acid composition of the protein showed a high rate of phenylalanine with tyrosine (115), threonine (117.5), valine (110) and isoleucine (105%). Also, the biodegradation product has a high content of glutamic and aspartic acids (11.2 and 25.3% of the total amino acids, respectively). The levels of cadmium, lead and copper revealed as a result of studies do not exceed the maximum permissible concentrations established by the veterinary department. At the same time, there is a high content of iron (166.0 μg/kg) and zinc (256.7 mg/kg) in the feed product. The digestibility of the product is 54%, the content of nucleic substances is up to 0.3%.
Thus, the results obtained show the possibility of using the product of the conversion of poplar fallen leaves as a protein feed additive.
Economic study of the cultivation of kale, coriander, lettuce, and chives in intercropping
Authors: Lacerda Rodolfo Rodrigo de Almeida , Oliveira Odair Honorato de , Costa Caciana Cavalcanti , Lacerda Ivislanne de Sousa Queiroga , Luz José Magno Queiroz , Souza Anielson dos Santos , Queiroga Roberto Cleiton Fernandes de , Paiva Laíza Gomes de 
Published: March 2021

Intercropping of vegetables in a poorly planned manner may not achieve the expected economic results, as it is an activity that requires a great technical and administrative capacity of the producer. This study aimed to analyze the economic feasibility of intercropping kale with coriander, lettuce, and chives in relation to monocultures. The experiment was conducted in the Center for Agri-food Science and Technology, Federal University of Campina Grande, in the municipality of Pombal, PB in the period from June 2014 to July 2015. Eleven treatments were tested: four polycultures, three bicultives, and four monocultures, in randomized blocks, with four replications. The productivity, total operating costs (TOC), gross and net revenue, rate of return, profitability index, and efficient land use were evaluated. The TOC values of intercropping were calculated with the prices of July 2015. In all the systems studied, the largest participation was referring to the cost hand of labor. The highest gross and net revenues were observed in the kale with lettuce in bicultive, the rate of return and profitability index was higher on lettuce in monoculture. Despite the increase in the TOCs of the intercropping in relation to the monocultures, the intercropping proved to be economically viable in terms of efficient land use, reaching values indicating a land-use efficiency of up to 50% more in polycultures and bicultives.
Sustainable Economic Development and Environmental Performance of Developing and Developed Countries
Authors: TAN Chee Leong , ONG Tze San , SOH Wei Ni , RAHIM Norhuda ABDUL 
Published: March 2021

At present, many economies are suffering from environmental problems that have significant effects on the climate and life of human beings, thus, the governments and institutions work to reduce the industrial negative effects on the environment. Past studies focus on the nexus of sustainable economic development (SED) and environmental performance (EP) at the company or institution level. This study focused on the country level, and also further examined the outcome in developing and developed countries. This study examines the nexus between sustainable economic development and environmental performance of both developed and developing countries. The data of SED obtained from World Bank and Environmental Performance Index (EPI) for the period 2006-2016. This study also takes into consideration the control variable (CV) of primary school enrolment (SCH) and country population (POP), which may potentially influence the outcome of this study. For the analysis, the study employs panel regression model. The findings revealed that most of the proxies of SED have significant relationship with EPI.
Racial and ethnic diversity in higher education: White privileged resistance and implications for leadership
Authors: Sawyer Lidyvez , Waite Roberta 
Published: March 2021

Extrapolating history is crucial to mitigating the current underpinnings of racial and ethnic inequities in higher education; however, to establish sustainable change, one must consider its fundamental origin. The inception of 15th-century white settler colonialism is at the epicenter of modern-day racial discrimination and the normalcy of oppressive practices in the United States' education system (US) of America. To understand white settler colonialism and its denigrating manifestations is to understand the dynamics between those in power and those who are subjugated. America's white settler colonialism's horrific ideology is insidiously depicted through torture, persecution, brutality, plunder, and pillage (Traore, 2004). This ideology is the foundation that breeds our society's racial and ethnic hierarchy, including in higher education. Racial discrimination in higher education creates a partisan, culturally divided learning environment, frequently normalized in academic leadership. The purpose of this paper is three-fold: (a) to examine normalized whiteness in higher education, (b) to examine how mere talk about diversity and inclusion inhibits disruption in power to transforming modern-day consciousness of inequities, discrimination, and racism, and (c) discuss action steps to promote leadership among black and brown raced individuals in higher education.
Kepuasan Pasien Stagnan di Instalasi Gawat Darurat (IGD) di Kupang
Authors: Rochana Nana , Djogotuga Noeh Nuwa 
Published: March 2021

Introduction: The quality of nursing services in the Emergency Department was greatly affected by the high number of stagnant patients resulting in their satisfaction. However, limited evidence was shown about the satisfaction level of stagnant patients in the Emergency Department in Indonesia. This study aims to know the satisfaction level of stagnant patients on the services in an Kupang Emergency Department. Methods: The total sample in this study was 109 respondents recruited by an accidental sampling method. Data were taken using a questionnaire of Brief Emergency Department Patient Satisfaction Scale (BEPSS); and analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequency and percentage). Results: The results of this study showed that as many as 89% of stagnant patients were satisfied with Emergency Department's services. The responsiveness dimension had the highest level of stagnant patient satisfaction (99.1%) compared to the tangible dimension (78.9%). The quality of service provided to stagnant patients in the emergency department should be improved especially on the tangible dimension though the majority of patients were happy with the service. Suggestion: This study suggests to the hospital to manage a comfortable ED surrounding to the patients.
Relational and caring partnerships: (re)creating equity, genuineness, and growth in mentoring faculty relationships
Authors: Cash Penelope Anne , Moffitt Pertice 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Mentoring in academia has traditionally and currently been prescriptive and institutionally driven. The purpose of this paper is to deconstruct these current mentoring practices with a critical feminist stance. New understandings are shared and gained through dialogue, relevant literature, and performativity to (re)create and name a caring and relational partnership. This caring and relational partnership is grown through a process of mutuality and reciprocity, and based on relational ethics, authenticity, and solidarity. By embracing ideologies of caring and relational ethics, mentoring blurs the lines of mentor/mentee to a perpetual state of walking beside each other in equity to learn and strengthen each other’s insights into our worlds. Material realities become illuminated through our shared journeys growing an appreciation and gift of the other. In turn, engaging in meaningful dialogue informs scholarship increasing our understandings of the human condition.
Eunuchs at the Service of Yemen’s Rasūlid Dynasty (626‒858/1229‒1454)
Authors: Moorthy Kloss Magdalena 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The significant roles played by eunuchs (castrated slaves) in Rasūlid Yemen have thus far escaped scholarly scrutiny. A systematic study of the historiographic and biographical writings of ʿAlī b. al-Ḥasan al-Khazrajī, chronicler of the Rasūlid court at the turn of the 9th/15th century, reveals that eunuchs figured prominently both in the highest ranks of the dynasty’s political, administrative, and military hierarchy, as well as in the most intimate realms of royal households. The author, however, remains silent on the origins of these men and on the capture, castration, and deracination they suffered as young boys. In order to reconstruct the slave trading practices that supplied the Rasūlids with eunuchs, a late 7th/13th-century collection of administrative documents known as Nūr al-maʿārif shall be drawn upon. This source names an African export hub from which slaves were shipped across the Red Sea to Yemen, lists prices and taxes paid for eunuchs, and reveals that the Rasūlids actively interfered in the Yemeni slave trade in order to secure the most desirable eunuchs for themselves. Taken together, these narrative and administrative sources shed light on the eunuch institution in Rasūlid Yemen and on its role in sustaining the dynasty.