bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reflection and transmission coefficients for transversely isotropic media
Authors: Daley P. F. , Hron F. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
It has become necessary in seismology to consider more complicated models of the Earth's structure in order to obtain synthetic seismograms that are more consistent with actual field data. Gassmann (1964) and Postma (1955) have presented results dealing with travel-time methods in anisotropic media—in particular, transversely isotropic media. Kinematic properties alone, however, are not enough to conclusively interpret seismic records. Consequently, dynamic properties must be considered producing a need for synthetic seismograms.
One of the most efficient methods for obtaining synthetic seismograms is through the use of asymptotic ray theory (Hron and Kanasewich, 1971; Hron, 1973; Hron, Kanasewich and Alpaslan, 1974). A necessary step in the implementation for layered media displaying transverse isotropy is the computation of reflection and transmission coefficients at the interface between two such layers. Reflection coefficients for a free interface and the corresponding surface conversion coefficients must be computed, as well.
Theoretical formulas for reflection, transmission, and surface conversion coefficients corresponding to the zero-order approximation of asymptotic theory are presented for the above-mentioned media.
Rayleigh-wave dispersion over the Canadian Shield
Authors: Godlewski M. J. C. , West G. F. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
A study was made of the dispersion of fundamental Rayleigh-mode surface waves along a line in the Superior Province of the Canadian Shield, from Flin Flon, Manitoba to Thunder Bay, Ontario, (a distance of 1121 km). The two-station method together with multiple filter analysis was used to determine the interstation group velocities of surface waves from five Alaskan earthquakes. The observed dispersion was then inverted to obtain the average shear velocity as a function of depth. The data are found to indicate a typical shield velocity structure and a crustal thickness of 40 ± 3 km. The results agree well with body-wave seismic studies conducted in the same area, and when these observations are combined with the results of this study, they yield an interestingly high Poisson's ratio (0.275 ± 0.007) for the lower crust.
Seismicity of San Diego, 1934-1974
Authors: Simons Richard S. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
Twelve quarry explosions in the city of San Diego have been used to determine the following crustal velocity model for the region around it:
h 1 = 1.5 k m α 1 = 3.50 k m / sec β 1 = 1.90 k m / sec ⁡ h 2 = 26.5 k m α 2 = 6.35 k m / sec ⁡ β 2 = 3.65 k m / sec h 3 = ∞ α 3 = 8.00 k m / sec β 3 = 4.60 k m / sec
A computer program employing this model has been used to recalculate the epicenters of all events previously located in the San Diego area, utilizing data from the California Institute of Technology seismic network as well as recent new stations within the city. Tests on the accuracy of the location process indicate that over 50 per cent of the solutions can be expected to be within 2 km of the true epicenters and that 90 per cent will be within 4 km.
A total of 37 earthquakes can now be identified with some confidence as having occurred within the study area (32.5°-33.0°N, 116.75°-117.5°W) from 1934 through 1974. Some events previously thought to be earthquakes are now found to have been quarry blasts. The great majority of the earthquakes lie either offshore or less than 10 km inland, in regions of known faulting paralleling the Coronado Escarpment and the Rose Canyon fault zone. Three earthquakes are located within 2 km of the La Nacion fault. Nine of the 11 events since 1963 have taken place within or around the south end of San Diego Bay. Depths are poorly controlled, but seem to be generally less than 8 km. Magnitudes range from 2.3 to 3.7.
Normal modes of a laterally heterogeneous body: A one-dimensional example
Authors: Geller Robert J. , Stein Seth 
Published: September 2021

abstract
Various methods, including first- and second-order perturbation theory and variational methods have been proposed for calculating the normal modes of a laterally heterogeneous earth. In this paper, we test all three of these methods for a simple one-dimensional example for which the exact solution is available: an initially homogeneous “string” in which the density and stiffness are increased in one half and decreased in the other by equal amounts. It is found that first-order perturbation theory (as commonly applied in seismology) yields only the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions for a string with the average elastic properties; second-order perturbation theory is worse, because the eigenfunction is assumed to be the original eigenfunction plus small correction terms, but actually may be almost completely different.
The variational method (Rayleigh-Ritz), using the unperturbed modes as trial functions, succeeds in giving correct eigenvalues and eigenfunctions even for modes of high-order number. For the example problem only the variational solution correctly yields the transient solution for excitation by a point force, including correct amplitudes for waves reflected by and transmitted through the discontinuity. Our result suggests but does not demonstrate, that the variational method may be the most appropriate method for finding the normal modes of a laterally heterogeneous earth model, particularly if the transient solution is desired.
Tilt near an earthquake (ML= 4.3), Briones Hills, California
Authors: Johnston Malcolm J. S. , Jones Alan C. , Daul William , Mortensen Carl E. 
Published: September 2021

abstractThree years of continuous records of surface tilt preceding a moderate earthquake (ML = 4.3) on January 8, 1977, have been obtained at a point 5.5 km from the earthquake epicenter. A possible short-term percursive tilt to the southwest started December 18, 1976 and reached a maximum amplitude of 2 μradians relative to the tilt trend at this time. Other changes of this amplitude are evident, however, in the 3-year record. The sense of tilt changed abruptly following the earthquake, gradually returning to the general tilt trend. A substantial postseismic tilt of 10 μradians is consistent with aseismic slip of the Hayward fault, or on any of several other faults local to the tiltmeter in this region. The data are insufficient to discriminate between these possibilities, and accompanying surface displacements are apparently too small to be detected in the geodetic records. Short-term accelerated tilting just preceding the seismic events, as proposed by Wood and Allen (1971), are not apparent in these data. An observed coseismic tilt step of 0.14 μradians does not agree with that expected from current fault-failure models.
Seismic inversion for the shape of a boundary between two layer stacks
Authors: McMechan George A. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
A completely geometrical inversion can be performed to determine the shape and position of a boundary between two layer stacks. The constraints are observed epicentral distances, ray parameters, and travel times. The solution is iterative and involves finding all combinations of ray segments that give an observed epicentral distance, and then choosing the correct combination by imposing the travel-time constraint. The entire process can be performed by manipulation of areas in the p-Δ plane.
Evidence for anisotropic scattering of short-period P phases in the upper mantle
Authors: Chowdhury Dipak K. , Frasier Clint W. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
In an attempt to isolate the transmission effects of the upper mantle and crust on short-period compressional phases, amplitude ratios (pPcP/pP)/(PcP/P) were studied from 18 earthquakes using steered beams of LASA data. This ratio eliminates the source radiation pattern and earth transmission effects below the earthquake focus including spherical spreading and Q in the lower mantle, the core-mantle reflection, and the upper mantle and crust structure under LASA. What remains can be attributed to geometric spreading, attenuation and scattering along the two-way ray paths of pPcP and pP from focus to surface. The measured ratios vary from ~1 for shallow events to ~4 or greater for deep events independently of epicentral distance. This strong depth effect cannot be due to geometric spreading or attenuation using a typical low Q model (60 &lt; Q &lt; 450 in the upper mantle). Attenuation models which could produce the depth effect require unrealistically low Q's &lt;40 in the upper 200 km. A possible cause of the depth effect is anisotropic scattering in the upper mantle whereby waves of high dT/dΔ are attenuated more severely than those of low dT/dΔ. This agrees with an earlier study of PcP/P ratios at LASA, which had a similar though less severe depth effect.
A numerical boundary integral equation method for elastodynamics. I
Authors: Cole David M. , Kosloff Dan D. , Minster J. Bernard 
Published: September 2021

abstract
The boundary initial value problems of elastodynamics are formulated as boundary integral equations. It is shown that these integral equations may be solved by time-stepping numerical methods for the unknown boundary values. A specific numerical scheme is presented for antiplane strain problems and a numerical example is given.
A dynamic source model for the San Fernando earthquake
Authors: Bouchon Michel 
Published: September 2021

abstractWe model the San Fernando earthquake as a propagating rupture in a half-space, using for the slip-time-history on the fault plane analytical expressions which approximate the slip functions of dynamic crack models obtained by Das and Aki (1977a, b). We synthesize the strong ground motions and accelerations at the Pacoima Dam site and compute the teleseismic signals for different models of cracks. Three major featuras of the data–the strong pulse associated with the beginning of the rupture, the high acceleration phase on the Pacoima Dam records, and the presence of ripples on the teleseismic seismograms–which are not compatible with a smooth rupture process, are well explained by a crack with barriers model where the rupture encounters, along the fault plane, barriers or obstacles of high strength materials which may remain unbroken after the passage of the rupture front. A high-stress drop (400 to 500 bars) is required in the hypocentral area to explain the high-amplitude short-duration first pulse of the teleseismic records. This indicates a high level of tectonic stress in the area. A study of the earthquake series following the main shock shows that the aftershocks which took place in the region where major slipping occurred during the earthquake may represent the release of some of the barriers.
A simple method for the computation of body-wave seismograms
Authors: Dey-Sarkar S. K. , Chapman C. H. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
The computational procedure for a new method of computing high-frequency body-wave seismograms for a spherically symmetric earth model is presented. The seismograms are accurate provided that the WKBJ approximation can be used for the transformed response and the asymptotic form of the Legendre function is applicable. The method remains valid when geometrical ray theory breaks down at caustics and for head waves. The computation of the seismograms is extremely easy and rapid as both inverse transforms are evaluated analytically. Seismograms are presented to show how, for a discrete time series, the method is insensitive to small features in the model. The method is illustrated for a reflected signal plus a head wave and for turning rays in three very different upper mantle models.
Left ventricular global function index as a predictor of adverse cardiovascular events in patients with acute coronary syndrome
Authors: Kapustina A. Yu. , Minushkina L. O. , Alekhin M. N. , Selezneva N. D. , Safaryan V. I. , Brazhnik V. A. , Chumakova O. S. , Evdokimova M. A. , Galyavich A. S. , Khasanov N. R. , Chichkova M. A. , Kosmacheva E. D. , Tereshchenko S. N. , Koziolova N. A. , Glezer M. G. , Boeva O. I. , Konstantinov V. O. , Zateyshchikov D. A. 
Published: September 2021

Aim To evaluate the prognostic significance of the left ventricular global function index (LV GFI) in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) using echocardiography (EchoCG).Material and methods The LV GFI is an index that integrates LV cavity volumes, stroke volume, and myocardial volume. This study included 2169 patients with ACS (1340 (61.8%) men) aged 64.1±12.6 years from two observational multicenter studies, ORACLE I and ORACLE II. 1800 (83 %) cases were associated with increased concentrations of myocardial injury markers, including 826 (38.1 %) cases of ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (MI). The observation was started on the 10th day of clinical condition stabilization and lasted for one year. EchoCG was performed with evaluation of LV GFI, which was calculated as a ratio of LV stroke volume to LV global volume. The LV global volume was calculated as a sum of mean LV cavity volume (LV end-diastolic volume + LV end-systolic volume / 2) and LV myocardial volume.Results The main outcome of the study was all-cause death (n=193); recurrent coronary complications (n=253) were analyzed separately. The only EchoCG parameter indicating an adverse outcome during the one-year follow-up was a LV GFI decrease to below 22.6 % with a sensitivity of 72 % and a specificity of 60% (area under the curve, AUC=0.63). A LV GFI <22.6 % was an independent predictor of all-cause death (p=0.019) along with age (p=0.0001), history of MI (p=0.034), and presence of heart failure (HF) (p=0.044), diabetes mellitus (p=0.012), and peripheral atherosclerosis (p=0.001). The LV GFI <22.6 %, (p=0.044), heart rate upon discharge from the hospital (p=0.050), history of MI (p=0.006), presence of HF (p=0.014), and peripheral atherosclerosis (p=0.001) were also independent predictors for recurrent coronary complications. Decreased LV GFI was associated with the risk of fatal outcomes independent of the LV ejection fraction at baseline.Conclusion In patients with ACS, the left ventricular global function index is an independent predictor for all-cause death and recurrent coronary complications and may be used for risk stratification.
Occurrence of Hepatitis E virus infection in patients screened for Hepatitis A virus
Authors: Shetty Anup Kumar , Kannur Jeshma Crasta 
Published: September 2021

: Infectious hepatitis can be caused by Hepatitis A and Hepatitis E viruses. Hepatitis E infection is a water-borne disease transmitted by faeco-oral route. It is a cause of major health problems in developing countries. Outbreaks can happen due to improper hygiene and poor sanitation. Hepatitis E infection shows similar mode of transmission and clinical features of Hepatitis A infection. : This study was conducted to investigate the occurrence of Hepatitis E virus infection in patients screened for hepatitis A virus.: This prospective surveillance study was conducted between March 2020 to March 2021 on 57 serum samples which is came for the screening of anti-Hepatitis A virus IgM by enhanced Chemiluminescence method. These samples were collected and tested for anti- Hepatitis E virus IgM by Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.: Among 57 samples, 11 samples (19.3%) were positive for Hepatitis A Virus IgM, 13 samples (22.8%) were positive for Hepatitis E virus IgM, and 7 samples (12.3%) were positive for both.: Hepatitis E virus infections were more than Hepatitis A virus. Hepatitis E and Hepatitis A virus co- infection was also observed. Screening of both viruses is suggested for infectious hepatitis.
Prophylactic use of natural phage cocktail for plants and potential for human applications
Authors: Jhunjhunwala Bharat 
Published: September 2021

Phages targeting specific bacteria have been used for control of bacterial pathogens in plants and humans. We report results of prophylactic use of a natural cocktail of phages on plants. Water was collected from upper reaches of the Alaknanda river where more than 200 isolates of phages have been reported. The river water was collected in April 2020 before the onset of monsoons and stored with sediments. The water was sprayed twice weekly on spinach, cabbage and coriander plants. We did not isolate, identify or multiply the phages. We sprayed the water in its natural condition after diluting it to 10 percent with normal spring water that is used for irrigation in the area. Control plots were sprayed with normal spring water only. We find 47 percent higher yields in spinach, 6 percent in cabbage and 40 percent in coriander. Natural phages of Ganga river could provide an inexpensive approach for the improvement of plant yields. Implications for prophylactic use of cocktail of phages for humans are discussed.
Bacteriological profile and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of endotracheal tube secretion of patients in ICUs of a tertiary care hospital in Punjab
Authors: Kaur Kiranjeet , Jindal Shavetika 
Published: September 2021

Healthcare associated pneumonia (HAP)is second most common HCAIs that occur in 27% critically ill patients. Eighty-six percent of HAP are associated with mechanical ventilation and termed as ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP). VAP due to multidrug resistant has also increased in recent past. To isolate and identify the bacterial pathogens in endotracheal tubes aspirates of ICUs patients and study their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern.A prospective longitudinal study was conducted in the Microbiology laboratory of a tertiary care hospital over a period of six months after clearance from institutional Research Committee and Ethical Committee. All the samples of ETT secretions received in Clinical Microbiology lab from ICU patients and fulfilling the criteria for VAP were included in this study. Samples were processed as per standard protocol and organisms were identified on the basis of gram staining, colony characters and biochemical tests. Antibiotic sensitivity was performed by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method as per CLSI guidelines. : A total of 100 samples of ET secretions were collected and proceeded for culture. Out of 100 samples, 76 (76.0%) were positive for bacterial growth. Among 76 positive cultures, a total 80 bacterial isolates were obtained as some cultures were showing polymicrobial growth. Five (6.26%) isolates were Gram Positive bacteria and 75(93.7%) were Gram negative. The most frequent isolates were 35(43.7%) followed by , isolates were sensitive to colistin while resistant to ampicillin and amoxiclav. isolates were sensitive to colistin and resistant to ampicillin, amoxiclav, ciprofloxacin, cefixime, piperacillin tazobactam. isolates were sensitive to colistin while resistant to ampicillin, amoxiclav, ceftizidime and piperacillin tazobactam. In our study antimicrobial pattern of isolated bacteria shows multidrug resistant pathogens which are associated with VAP and limit therapeutic options.
Evaluation of different phenotypic diffusion methods in the identification of extended spectrum beta lactamase producing uropathogenic
Authors: Anandkumar H , Nigudgi Amaresh , Hajare Vinay , Biradar Sunil 
Published: September 2021

: The study was aimed to identify the occurrence of extended spectrum of Beta lactamases (ESBLs), to compare different phenotypic methods used for the confirmation and to evaluate the antibiotic resistance pattern in ESBL producing uropathogenic : The strains were isolated from urine and the isolates resistance to at least one of the three representative cephalosporins (cefotaxime, cefpodoxime and ceftazidime) was tested for ESBL production by Double disc synergy test (DDST), Inhibitory potentiated disc diffusion (IPDD) test and quantitative E-strip method.: Of 120strains isolated, 62(51.6%) were resistant to at least one of the three cephalosporins and 28 (45.1%) were positive for ESBL by IPDD and E-strip test. However, 9 (14.5%) strains were positive by DDST method. Among third generation cephalosporins, cefpodoxime was (45.8%) better screening indicator followed by ceftazidime (40.0%) and cefotaxime (37.5%). Most of the ESBL producers (97.3%) were resistant to three or more drugs, compared to (51.2%) non-ESBL producers. : The acceptable method for detection of ESBL producing were IPDD and E-strip tests compared to DDST with better sensitivity (100%), specificity (95.8%) and positive predictive value (96.5%). ESBL producers showed significantly (p&#60;0.05) higher resistance to tobramycin, amoxyclav and amikacin compared to non ESBL producers.
Narrativas da paisagem como documentação patrimonial urbana e arquitetônica
Authors: Rodrigues Isis Meireles , Lemos Celina Borges 
Published: September 2021

Neste trabalho trata-se das dimensões material e imaterial da paisagem urbana e ambiental, fruto da polaridade entre o centro antigo e a crescente expansão urbana que ocorre no cotidiano das cidades contemporâneas. O objetivo geral é compreender quais narrativas da paisagem emergem do patrimônio arquitetônico e urbano local e de que forma as mesmas interferem na salvaguarda do patrimônio no conjunto analisado? A metodologia utilizada baseia-se na pesquisa histórica e documental, na Teoria da Paisagem e suas narrativas e na Teoria das Representações Sociais. O aporte teórico utilizado passa por autores como Bourdieu (1991) (2001); Choay (2017); Moscovici (2015) e outros. Espera-se, a partir dos resultados encontrados, refletir sobre os caminhos possíveis para uma gestão e salvaguarda mais eficaz do patrimônio no século XXI.
Implementation of the electronic model of the thematic and typological acquisition plan in the scientific library
Authors: Pavlova A. S. 
Published: September 2021

Automation of library processes is an important topic in modern conditions of digitalization and transition of human activities to the latest computer technologies. Acquisition of literature to library collections forms the document base for the subsequent work of the library, so this process needs continuous improvement and optimization of its constituent operations. The article is devoted to the application of computer technologies in the preparation and use of the scientific library thematic-typological plan of acquisition as the scientific base of building collections. The object of the article is to present the experience of creating and using the electronic model of the Thematic and Typological Acquisition Plan in the scientific library, to define the perspectives of implementing the data base for information and library servicing UB RAS users.The article presents the results of content analysis of subject headings and indices of the State Rubricator of Scientific and Technical Information for bibliographic descriptions of Russian journals received in 2015–2017, in the Consolidated electronic catalog of periodicals of the Central Scientific Library of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; of books, published by the institutes of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 2015–2017, according to the Electronic catalog of Russian books and continuing publications of the Central Scientific Library of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; of publications (published in 2015–2019) of the institutes of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, included in the database of the Russian Science Citation Index on the portal «eLIBRARY.ru» – are presented in the article. It also describes the stages of creation, analyzes the characteristics and capabilities of the database «Thematic-typological acquisition plan» of the Central Scientific Library of the Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.