bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Divisions
Authors: Guglielmo Thomas A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Divisions examines racism and resistance in America’s World War II military. The military built not one color line, but a complex tangle of them, involving every imaginable aspect of military life. Who served? Who fought? Who died? Who gave orders and who was forced to follow them? Who received the best ratings and jobs and pay and promotions? Who was court-martialed? Who received furloughs and leaves? Who received honorable or dishonorable discharges? Who ate at the officers’ club? Who danced at the post’s main recreation center? Who drank at the best pub in Cherbourg, France, or swam in the nicest pool in Calcutta? Color lines, which divided American troops in various configurations, often spoke definitively in all these matters and more. Taken together, they represented a sprawling structure of white supremacy and of African American, Japanese American, and other nonwhite subordination. Varied freedom struggles arose in response, democratizing portions of the wartime military and setting the postwar stage for its desegregation and for the flowering of civil rights movements beyond. But the costs of the military’s color lines were devastating. They impeded America’s war effort, undermined the nation’s Four Freedoms rhetoric, traumatized, even killed, an unknowable number of nonwhite troops, further naturalized the very concept of race, deepened many whites’ investments in white supremacy, especially anti-black racism, and further fractured the American people.
Introduction
Authors: Guglielmo Thomas A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This introductory chapter outlines the book’s main arguments regarding its two primary themes -- racism and resistance. The military represented a sprawling structure of white supremacy and of African American, Japanese American, and other nonwhite subordination. And varied freedom struggles arose in response, democratizing portions of the wartime military and setting the postwar stage for its desegregation and for the flowering of civil rights movements beyond. The chapter also describes the book’s source base -- more than one hundred distinct archival collections, oral histories, published primary sources, and the vast secondary-source literature on World War II. It also discusses its key concepts, especially the terms division, color line, boundary, and divide. Finally, the chapter explains the particularities of the US military and the need for its long-overdue intensive study.
Separate Segregations
Authors: Guglielmo Thomas A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 examines how the World War II–era military sometimes created descent-specific outfits other than “Negro” ones. At one time or another the army had a lengthy list of such units—made up of people of Austrian, Chinese, Filipino, Greek, Japanese, Mexican, Norwegian, Puerto Rican, and Native American ancestry. This nonblack troop segregation of sorts varied over time and according to numerous factors, including descent or “race,” location of induction, timing of induction, gender, and even foreign-language ability. How and which ancestries mattered most hinged on everything from the particulars of the war to long-standing military policy. Of all nonblacks, Japanese Americans faced the most extensive segregation during the war, but they fought it tenaciously, becoming increasingly integrated by war’s end.
The Boundaries of Blackness
Authors: Guglielmo Thomas A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chapter 5 examines struggles over inductees’ “proper” racial classification and placement in the segregated World War II–era US military. In millions of cases, classification was routine and uncontroversial. But in hundreds of cases—involving people who identified as everything from American Indian to Moorish American to white—men challenged their official race classification, or their placement in the segregated military, or both. The most heated and consequential of these challenges revolved around the meaning and membership of “colored” (a synonym for “Negro” or black)—not white. “Colored” people were by far the most thoroughly segregated and subjugated descent group in the US military, which meant that their race classification involved not just classification itself, but also assignment to “colored” outfits. Since membership in these outfits carried so many acute disadvantages, the stakes related to the “colored” category were unquestionably highest.
Deploying Jim Crow
Authors: Guglielmo Thomas A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chapter 8 explores what happened to the US military’s black-white lines as American troops moved overseas. On the one hand, the US military transplanted these lines all around the world. While not identical to those on the home front, they also took multiple forms, involving everything from jobs and dances to courts-martial and minstrel performances. They also stemmed from the military’s paradoxical goals of winning a war for democracy while at the same time protecting white supremacy. On the other hand, fully achieving this latter goal became more difficult overseas because of locals’ warm relations with black Americans, the black-white comradeship of some American GIs, and the activism of black troops. Taken together, these developments chipped away at the black-white divide. At war’s end, Jim Crow in uniform was far from dead, but it lay moderately wounded just the same.
Responsible Citizens, Irresponsible States
Authors: Pasternak Avia 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
International and domestic laws commonly hold states responsible for their wrongdoings. States pay compensation for their unjust wars, and reparations for their historical wrongdoings. Some argue that states should incur punitive damages for their international crimes. But there is a troubling aspect to these practices. States are corporate agents, composed of flesh and blood citizens. When the state uses the public purse to finance its corporate liabilities, the burden falls on these citizens, even if they protested against the state’s policies, did not know about them, or entirely lacked channels of political influence. How can this “distributive effect” of state-level responsibly be justified? The book develops an answer to this question, which revolves around citizens’ participation in their state. It argues that citizenship can be a type of massive collective action, where citizens willingly orient themselves around the authority of their state, and where state policies are the product of this collective action. While most ordinary citizens are not to blame for their participation in their state, they nevertheless ought to accept a share of the remedial obligations that flow from their state’s wrongful policies. However, the distributive effect cannot be justified in all states. Specifically, in (some) nondemocratic states most citizens are not participating in their state in the full sense, and should not pay for their state’s wrongdoings. This finding calls then for a revision of the way we hold states responsible in both the domestic and international levels.
Distributing Responsibility—State Compensation and State Punishment
Authors: Pasternak Avia 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers two implications for public international law of the model developed in chapter 5 for distributing state responsibility. First, it critically examines the landmark United Nations Compensation Commission, which extracted compensation from Iraq in the aftermath of the Gulf War. It shows that this scheme was not sufficiently sensitive to Iraq’s authoritarian regime characteristics and imposed unfair burdens on ordinary citizens. It then examines solutions that should have been used instead. Second, it assesses the implications for the idea of state punishment. Focusing on two influential justifications of punishment—the expressive view and the duties to victim’s view—it demonstrates how the proposed framework should shape the way we punish states.
Intentional Citizenship and Historical Wrongs
Authors: Pasternak Avia 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chapter 7 examines the problem of the distributive effect with regard to historical wrongdoings. It is commonly thought that present-day states have remedial obligations to the descendants of victims of their historical wrongs. But should present-day citizens pay for wrongs committed by their state in the past? The chapter examines how the intentional participation framework can address this challenge. It shows that citizens who are intentional participants in their state can be expected to accept a nonproportional share of the burdens of their state remedial responsibilities, even for historical wrongs that were committed before their lifetime. However, it also suggests that the state’s internal regime structure affects the scope of intentional citizenship in the state. As it shows, this restriction challenges the common view in public international law, according to which internal regime change does not affect the compensatory liabilities of a state for its past wrongdoings.
The Bridge Connecting Silkworms to Mosquitos
Authors: Wiedenmann Robert N. , Fisher J. Ray 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter relates the history of sugar, a thread that links the Silk Roads, Portuguese sailors, Atlantic islands, endangered seals, the African slave trade, and yellow fever, all because of our physiological need for glucose, which we satisfy with sugar. The chapter tells how from its origin in Southeast Asia, sugarcane, later called “Creole cane” and processing technology moved along the Silk Roads to Western Asia, then to Mediterranean islands. To begin with, Portuguese colonists transformed the Atlantic island of Madeira into a large sugar producer using slave labor until ecological and economic collapse forced production to move to São Tomé, using Angolan slave labor. After Portugal discovered Brazil, colonists took sugarcane with them, creating large plantations and initiating the enslavement and trans-Atlantic movement of millions of Africans. As the chapter shows, sugar production moved into the Caribbean and Central America, and African slave ships inadvertently carried yellow fever and yellow fever mosquito to the Americas.
Text and Textualism
Authors: Thomas George 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Justice Hugo Black, the most prominent modern advocate of constitutional textualism to sit on the Supreme Court, revealing the unwritten understandings that drive Black’s textualist jurisprudence. Justice Black was most famous for advocating that the Fourteenth Amendment applied to the Bill of Rights to the states. Black argued that the liberty protected by the due process clause included, and only included, rights enumerated in the Bill of Rights. Black was famous for his constitutional literalism, pointing to his pocket Constitution to ask where a right like “privacy” was found in the Constitution. Yet Black’s own interpretation relied on his desire to cabin and limit judicial will much more than on constitutional text. It was Black’s understanding of the role of the judiciary in a democracy—and not constitutional text—that drove his jurisprudence of incorporation.
Text and the Separation of Powers
Authors: Thomas George 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The text of the Constitution points to the separation of powers in its first three articles, which outlines the three branches of government, but how we understand the nature of the different types of power and how they check one another turns on unwritten ideas and not on the constitutional text. This chapter turns to debates about executive power with regard to the president’s ability to remove officers within the executive branch, and how executive power is constructed in relation to legislative and judicial power based on unwritten ideas. The chapter then turns to the allocation of constitutional power regarding issues of war and peace within the separation of powers to illustrate that disputes about the war power, just like disputes about “the executive power,” turn on unwritten ideas. These debates have been with us since the founding, with remarkably little disagreement about constitutional text but profound disagreement on the unwritten concepts that underlie it.
Sustaining Democracy
Authors: Talisse Robert B. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Democracy is hard work. It can flourish only when citizens actively participate in the business of collective self-government. Yet political participation gives rise to deep political divides over core political values. In the midst of these divisions, citizens are required to recognize one another as political equals, as fellow participants who are entitled to an equal share of political power. Research shows that political engagement exposes citizens to forces that erode their capacities to regard their political opponents as their equals. In the course of democratic participation, we come to see our opponents as inept and ill-motivated, ultimately unfit for democracy. This tendency is especially pronounced among those who are the most politically active. Democratic citizenship thus can undermine itself. With this conflict at the heart of democratic citizenship, we must actively pursue justice while also treating those who embrace injustice as our equals. Sustaining Democracy navigates this conflict. It begins by exploring partisanship and polarization, the two mechanisms by which citizens come to regard their opponents as unsuited for democracy. It then proposes strategies by which citizens can mitigate these forces without dampening their political commitments. As it turns out, the same forces that lead us to scorn our opponents can also undermine and fracture our political alliances. If we are concerned to further justice, we need to uphold civil relations with our opponents, even when we despise their political views. If we want to preserve our political friendships, we must sustain democracy with our foes.
Democracy as a Society of Equals
Authors: Talisse Robert B. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Democracy is many things: a system of government, a procedure for making decisions, a set of institutions, and so on. But democracy is also a moral idea. It is the idea that a relatively just, decent, and stable society is possible in the absence of kings and nobility. It is the idea of a society of self-governing equals. That democratic citizens are political equals means that they must regard one another in certain ways. This chapter spells out a conception of the ethos of democratic citizenship, a collection of duties and virtues that apply to citizens. Ultimately, it defends the idea of democracy as a practical ideal, the aspiration for a society that is governed by its citizens.
Why Sustain Democracy?
Authors: Talisse Robert B. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter formulates the central problem of the book: the democrat’s dilemma. The dilemma emerges from a conflict between two directives of citizenship: first, citizens must politically participate on behalf of their best judgments of what justice requires, and second, citizens must treat one another as equals. But when we disagree about politics, we see those who oppose us as not merely wrong about the issue at hand, but in the wrong. We see our opposition as devoted to a mistaken vision of justice, and thus as advocating injustice. So why treat them as our equals? Why uphold the democratic requirement to acknowledge them as entitled to an equal say? Why not instead seek simply to defeat them politically? In short, why sustain democracy in our interactions with them? This chapter argues that there are often quite compelling reasons for citizens to suspend democracy. Thus, sustaining democracy is a challenge.
Epilogue
Authors: Talisse Robert B. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This Epilogue encapsulates the main thread of the book and reflects on the current state of US politics. In order to sustain democratic relations with our allies, we need also to sustain democratic relations with at least some of our opponents, even though we may see them as obstacles to achieving justice. Sustaining democracy with political opponents is not easy, as current conditions in the United States and elsewhere amply demonstrate. Yet this book does not attempt to provide a blueprint for saving democracy. It only aspires to demonstrate that the project of restoring democracy is in part a task within each citizen to manage psychological and cognitive forces that impede the democratic ethos.
“The Great Part of It Was Stolen”
Authors: Steward Gary L. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the justification of political resistance provided to the founding generation by Boston Congregationalist minister Jonathan Mayhew. Mayhew’s arguments made in 1750 influenced John Adams and a number who were active participants in the American Revolution. The source and context of Mayhew’s arguments is considered, first in light of eighteenth-century discussions in Britain, and then in light of the Protestant theological tradition. This chapter argues that Mayhew’s thought on the question of political resistance did not deviate from his inherited Protestant tradition. It is best understood as a renewed assertion of views found commonly within Reformed Protestantism, going back to at least the sixteenth century. Although Mayhew embraced unorthodox theology in other areas, he shared his views on political resistance with a number of more conservative clergymen who were united in their long-standing opposition to the claims of the Stuart absolutists.
“One of the Best Causes of the World”
Authors: Steward Gary L. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the views of British clergymen regarding the doctrine of political resistance and American resistance activities in the 1760s and 1770s. The perspective of the British clergy provides important context for understanding the American clergy’s arguments in this period. Many British clergymen affirmed the doctrine of political resistance and sympathized with the American cause. The existence of a robust British resistance tradition calls into question those who would understand the political resistance thought of the period to be something uniquely American. While John Wesley believed the American colonists were in the wrong to resist their British authorities, his Tory views were not shared by a number of evangelical clergymen in England and were by no means representative of the evangelical perspective of the issue. When the American clergy deviated from Wesley on this question of resistance, they were not deviating from British evangelicals in general.
Introduction
Authors: Jarow E. H. Rick 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter makes a case for the study of the Meghadūta within the study of world literature and literary visions of the environment. It discusses the sensibilities of classical Indian poetry (kāvya) and gives an overview of the history of studies of Indian poetry in the West. The next section summarizes the plot and structure of the Meghadūta, Kālidāsa’s celebrated lyric poem about the imagined journey of a cloud through the landscape of India to deliver a message from the protagonist (Yaksha) to his absent beloved. The “tantric sensibility” of the text is discussed along with the importance of the poem’s vision of the natural world.
The Meghadūta of Kālidāsa
Authors: Jarow E. H. Rick 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers a verse by verse translation of the Meghadūta, which is at once poetic and scrupulously accurate. The translation highlights the landscapes visited by the Cloud, their mytho-historical significance, and the fluid blending of language, image, feeling, and form. The entire journey is taken over the pathos of loss, which accounts for the gently stepping meter of the poem that was said by Sanskrit poeticians to be suitable for “love in separation” and was equated with certain landscapes and seasons of the year. Footnotes are provided that explain names, place, and other references in the poem that may be unfamiliar to an English reader.
Meteorology and Metaphor
Authors: Jarow E. H. Rick 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chapter seven explores the Meghadūta’s ability to depict figurative scenes that are simultaneously accurate in their description of the natural world. Nature is not seen as a backdrop to the human drama, but as an integral part of it. The dynamics of Kālidasa’s landscape are compared to the verses of William Blake and the landscapes of Henry David Thoreau and Ann Dillard. The “fulcrum of loka” (meaning both “place” and “people” in Sanskrit) shows just how multivalent the landscape of the Meghadūta is. Examples are given, as in the Cloud’s visit to the divine abode of Śiva, in which the trees are upraised arms, and the red twilight hue makes the Cloud (thundering as a drum) resemble the god’s red elephant hide drum.
Climate Change and Growth
Authors: Heath Joseph 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Many philosophers believe that we owe it to future generations to prevent significant anthropogenic climate change, and yet do not think that we owe them the benefits of a growing economy. The problem with this view is that under all of the most probable scenarios, the benefits that we could be providing to future generations through ongoing economic growth are enormous, relative to the costs that will be imposed upon them by climate change. As a result, if we are under no obligation to maximize growth—indeed, if we are permitted to pass along to future generations an economy that will permit them to achieve a standard of living no greater than what we enjoy now—then by far the least costly course of action for us is to let climate change occur, then compensate future generations for the impact by making resources available to them to cover the costs of adaptation.
The Case for Carbon Pricing
Authors: Heath Joseph 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
When it comes to responding to the problem of anthropogenic climate change, the overwhelming preference among policy experts is for a system of carbon pricing. This is normally justified on the grounds that it maximizes the welfare of future generations. The objective of this chapter is to provide a philosophical defense of carbon pricing based instead on contractualist foundations. The central claim is that the negative externality of greenhouse gas emissions violates a reciprocity condition that is a central normative constraint in the system of cooperation in our society. A system of carbon taxation is recommended on the grounds that it addresses this externality problem more directly than any other policy alternative. The merits of such a regime are illustrated using the example of agricultural production and the carbon emissions associated with food supply.