bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development and Performance Evaluation of a Box-Type Solar Cooker
Authors: Amosun S.T. , Samuel O.D. , Idi S. , Ashiedu F.I. , Fayomi O.S.I. , Anisiji E.O , Azike S.E. , Nelson J.O. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The attributes of size optimization and good heat storage capability coupled with the efficient performance have made box type solar cooker a preferable cooker among its peers. This research work developed and evaluated the performance of the box-type solar cooker. It comprises a rectangular box with the inner walls forming the cooking chamber made into the shape of an inverted, truncated square-based pyramid. Insulating glass wool is used to fill the gap between the internal and external walls. The cooker collector surface consists of a double glazed lid, which is rigidly framed and hinged to one side of the box. A framed reflector is also incorporated to boost the isolation and cover the glazing when the cooker is not functioning. The reflector, when in use, is always oriented towards the sun. The cooking chamber is actually formed by aluminum tray with slanting sides, and the base is painted matte black and adapted as the absorber. Flexible tube is passed through the side walls to the exterior to release steam into the surrounding. Access to the cooking chamber is by lifting the jointed glass lid. Sensible and no-load tests were conducted at different atmospheric temperatures. The ambient temperatures recorded for four consecutive days were: 303, 304.5, 302 and 306K. The increase in temperature of the cooker was recorded at 20 minutes interval. The maximum absorber temperatures during no-load test at the atmospheric temperatures recorded were: 378, 380, 374 and 383K respectively. The cooker was also used to boil 450 ml of water and 250 g of rice. It was observed that it took about 38 minutes for the rice to be cooked during sensible test. The efficiency of the cooker was also found to be 72.21%.
The future of smart city: A review of the impending smart city technologies in the world
Authors: Okafor CC , Aigbavboa CO , Akinradewo OI , Thwala WD 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Smart city is one of the major trending topics of the 4th industrial revolution. It can be described as a city that operates with the help of information communication technology. The world’s population explosion has made the need for smart city ever significant considering the UN statistics. In other to develop new ideas for future technologies of smart cities, this study aimed at reviewing existing literature related to the technologies that will form an integral part of the future smart cities. This study adopted an efficient literature review method by sourcing published journal articles, books and conference articles from web of science and scopus database. The study revealed moveable smart city, automated pandemic detecting city, driverless cars, online central government treasury app, automated self-repairable smart city, 100% online education, financial technology and national e-voting system as key technologies of the future smart cities.
A Concise Review of the Evolution of Information and Communication Technologies For Engineering Innovations
Authors: Odubiyi T.B. , Aigbavboa C. O. , Thwala W. D. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) sector like its counterpart utilize information and communication technologies. currently, there a variety of discussions on industry 4.0. This review presented the evolution of information and communication technologies as related to the industry. Technologies, as they evolved from different eras, are discussed in this study. The pre-mechanical era, the mechanical era, electromechanical age, electronic era, and the digital era of technological tools were discussed. The acceptance and diffusion of these engineering innovations were also discussed considering the construction industry. This study concludes by identifying the sustainability concerns of these engineering innovations.
Corrosion Characteristics and Passive Behavioral Responses
Authors: Ogunleye O.D. , Odulanmi O.A. , Fayomi O.S.I. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The problem of corrosion is just about as old as the history of metals. As long as metals have been refined, they have corroded. Metals are an essential part of our lives in human civilization but with their use come the problem of corrosion. It tarnishes the appearance of the metals and it greatly shortens their life span resulting in heavy costs for replacement. Corrosion has been a problem to be tackled for many centuries. Therefore, it may come as a surprise that significant breakthroughs in its reduction and control have only occurred in the past six decades. This study explore past assertion on corrosion with its refining cycle, the category of influence, and the mitigation mechanism.
Aerodynamic Performance Improvement by Streamlining The Front Fairing of a Racing Vehicle
Authors: Ferdaus F , Raghukiran N , Vijaykumar  , Karthikeyan  
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The paper helps to explore and demonstrate the weight reduction of a component with the help of efficient aerodynamics. This can help to reduce fuel consumption and improve the performance of a racing vehicle. The vehicle used is a KTM RC200 2015 which was tested on various factors such as aerodynamics, weight, fuel consumption, and performance. The results were eventually validated with appropriate simulation and experimental trials. To improve and sustain the performance of the engine, it is necessary to explore various factors such as weight reduction through material selection and aerodynamically streamlining the vehicle design. The main component that was tested is the front fairing of the bike. The front fairing plays a very important role in a bike’s performance. Therefore, the stock front fairing component is to be replaced with a modified component which also needs to meet all the regulatory safety standards. In the present work, two different front fairing components were used and one of them is made up of plastic representing the stock component while the second one is the customized and improved component made up of glass fiber reinforced epoxy. The results had shown promising improvements to the performance of the vehicle and it was observed that the material density and strength played a factor in the bike’s performance and fuel efficiency.
Failure Analysis of Drive Axle Shaft failed under Torsional Stress
Authors: Maurya P , Mulani N , Michael C , Jebaseelan D 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Drive axles are an essential component for power transmission in any automobile. It transfers the power from the differential to the hub of the wheels which drives the vehicle. The axles are subjected to torsional stresses due to the torque from the differential and the resisting torque present due to the frictional resistance from the ground on the wheels. Hence, they are prone to torsional failures under fatigue with and without shock loading. In this paper, a comprehensive engineering failure analysis of the failed drive axle shaft of material EN 24-T, custom designed for a 200kg BAJA SAE all-terrain vehicle was performed. Destructive, non-destructive testing and material analysis along with finite element simulations using Ansys were carried out to better understand the nature and cause of the failure. Failure analysis data hints at the flaws in design considerations and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images reveal the formation of bainitic microstructures within the component due to improper heat treatment which lowers the ultimate tensile strength of the material.
Design study of electric vehicle roll-cage obtained using modal analysis
Authors: Katait Shubham Arunrao , Dorlikar Pankaj 
Published: April 2021

AbstractUnderstanding the dynamic behaviour of structures has become increasingly essential in the design process of any mechanical system. Modal factors like natural frequencies and mode shapes characterize the dynamic response of the structure and can be used for determination of the possible bending and torsion phenomenon. The Computer-Aided Drafting (CAD) model plays an important role in the design and development phases of an electric vehicle. For doing Finite Element Analysis (FEA) using software CAD model has to be imported so that after conversion Finite Element (FE) model can be solved. In the present case the CAD model is imported in HyperMesh. The FE model is generated and solved by using OptiStruct. Ignoring the first six natural frequencies and mode shapes due to its association with six degrees of freedom, subsequent six natural frequencies and mode shapes are proposed for an electric vehicle roll-cage. We can learn even more from CAD geometry and mode shapes in every direction about its stiffness and weight. Once we know our design baseline, we can use a software simulation to use a design study and improve its performance. We have considered the pipe diameter, thickness, tube width and height as main design parameters which needs to be optimized. In this paper, we optimized all these design parameters to make driver comfortable during driving by increasing natural frequency of the roll-cage structure by 3.34 times the human body threshold.
Significance of Taguchi Design compared to Response Surface Methodology in predicting optimal machining conditions for PCM process
Authors: Uday Kiran K A V , Vigneshwar N , Solomon Darius Gnanaraj , Arulraj Joseph Jeyapaul 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Photochemical Machining (PCM) is a non-conventional machining process which produces stress free complex flat metal components. Optimization of process parameters for Photochemical machining of SS316L steel is done using Taguchi method and the results are compared with results obtained through Response surface methodology (RSM) available in literature. The objective of this work is to predict the optimal machining conditions of PCM to achieve minimum undercut for SS316L steel. The Factors affecting the response of the model are: Etching Time (Ti), Temperature (T) and Etchant Concentration (C) in PCM. This work shows that Taguchi method is faster compared to RSM in predicting the optimal conditions for minimizing defects in PCM process. Taguchi method requires only 9 experiments for finding optimal conditions whereas RSM requires 20 experiments saving about 55% of time and effort.
Effect of porosity and profile axial loading on elastic buckling and free vibration of functionally graded porous beam.
Authors: Harsha B P , Jeyaraj P , Lenin B M C 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Elastic buckling and free vibration behaviour of porous functionally graded beam under profile axial mechanical loading is presented analytically. Symmetric and asymmetric porosity distribution with non linear material functional grading is presented. Buckling study is carried out first, then free vibration study under buckling loads is presented with profile loading. The effect of porosity, porosity pattern, slenderness ratio, boundary condition on critical buckling load and fundamental frequency is also studied. Ritz method with shear and normal deformable beam theory (SNDBT) is employed for formulation. It is observed that, with increase in porosity, buckling load decreases for both porosity distribution whereas, fundamental frequency increases for symmetric porosity distribution and is vice versa for asymmetric porosity distribution under all loading conditions.
Design of frontal longitudinal for enhancement in crashworthiness performance
Authors: Abdulqadir Samer Fakhri , Bassam Alaseel , Ansari M N M , Topa A 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The increase in the number of vehicles due to increase in population leads to an increase in the number of accidents. To find a design that keeps occupants as safe as possible by enhancing the energy absorption capabilities and hence decreasing the number of fatalities is taking place. Non-linear finite element is used in this study to predict new design performance and to compare with other conventional S-shaped designs. It was shown that the proposed design increased the specific energy absorption (SEA) by 265% in comparison with the conventional S-Shaped frame design with octagonal geometries and increased in SEA 16% of the S-Shaped with foam filled-square cross-sectional. In this study, the specific energy absorption will take in consideration the energy absorber used is made of mild steel.
Water absorption of kenaf/glass/epoxy hybrid composites for insulator core
Authors: Ansari M N M , Bassam Alaseel , Nazim A R M , Nordin Noor Afeefah , Yahya Zainudin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Kenaf fibres have gained substantial attracted considerable attention due to their economic feasibility and environmental acceptability. Natural fibre (kenaf) has started in mechanical and electrical applications by hybridising synthetic (glass) fibres. In recent years, the hybrid composite has been employed in various functions in industrial engineering. The present study deals with water absorption of glass/kenaf/epoxy hybrid composite materials used in high voltage polymeric insulator rods. Kenaf fibres have substituted two proportions of glass fibres (20 vol% IR20EP and 30 vol% IR30EP) with modified 60% of epoxy resins to fabricate the kenaf/glass/epoxy hybrid composites. The water absorption test was carried out at room temperature, and the water absorption resistance for composites was calculated regarding the rate of water absorption. Remarkable variations in the characteristics of water soaking up of the hybrid composite were obtained demonstrating that the water absorption influence on the insulator rod properties relies on the arrangement profiles and volume fraction of kenaf fibre of composite used. Based on the finding, a minor impact of water absorption on the glass fibre (non-hybrid) composite was noticed. Adding kenaf fibres to the composite fibreglass rod increases the composite’s water absorption. Glass fibres around kenaf fibres have been shown to minimise water absorption. After 330 hours, all the composite specimens attained stability and ceased to soak up water.
Mechanical properties of Tungsten Tri-oxide (WO3) reinforced poly (lactic-acid) (PLA) nanocomposites
Authors: Shaath M.L.M. , Ansari M.N.M , Nordin Noor Afeefah , Al-Furjan M.S.H. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this paper, Tungsten trioxide reinforced poly (lactic acid) (PLA) blend nanocomposites were prepared using twin screw extrusion and injection moulding with different nanofillers concentrations (0.5wt%, 1wt%, 3wt%, and 5wt%) together mixed into a PLA matrix. Mechanical properties such as tensile and flexural properties were investigated. The tensile and flexural results indicate a noticeable enhancement in the mechanical strength of the PLA material. The WO3/PLA nanocomposites were compared with neat PLA to identify the attributes and loading effects on the mechanical behaviour of the nanocomposites. A high content of tungsten led to a brittle, fragile, and inelastic composite, while a lower content resulted in a high elastic modulus and stiffness of the composite. The composites reinforced with 3wt% of WO3 has improved its tensile strength and flexural strength by 30.77% and 41.38% respectively. The extrusion stability and composite molten state were compromised in the presence of high concentration of tungsten while a lower percentage eased processing and injection.
Design and Vibration Analysis of Injection Moulding Machine Base Structure
Authors: Kesava Manikanta Kumar CH , Annamalai K , Vinoth kumar S , Ponraj A 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this study the dynamic behaviour and vibration parameters of Injection Moulding Machine Base Structure was performed by analysing the structure numerically as well as experimentally. Modal analysis and FRF analysis performed numerically to find the mode pattern, natural frequencies and critical points. Vibration parameters are measured by performing experimentation using FFT analyser and the data was taken by using BK (Bruel & kjaer) Connect software. The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analyzer is used to transform the continuous time domain data to continuous frequency domain data. The experimental results show that structure is vibrating high at clamping unit location along x-direction. Vibration level can be controlled at that particular location by increasing the stiffness of the structure.
Study of thermal behavior of Aluminium foams in batteries of electric vehicles
Authors: Harish S. , Jeyanthi S. , Abinash M. , Suresh Kumar R. , Agarwal Sahil , Venkatachalam G. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The temperature of batteries in electric vehicles increases with time due to internal chemical reactions. This temperature rise is undesirable because it promotes corrosion and affects the battery life and thus a coolant can be used to prevent the temperature rise. The use of lightweight material and thermal management properties have a huge impact when designing a battery, especially, when using Aluminium foams it gives an exceptional advantage ranging from lightness, ductility to excellent absorption and conductivity making it a great deal for the future-oriented development of electric vehicles and market acceptance. The current research work tries to prove that Al foam can be used as a coolant in batteries of electric vehicles because of its porosity and density. The battery and Al foam are modelled in SOLIDWORKS and simulations are conducted in CFD and transient thermal to observe the heat transfer, flow characteristics and cooling effect on foam surface. The pores in Al foam are placed in three different patterns and two sizes (3mm and 5 mm) while modelling and hence six distinct models of Al foam are taken into study. The results from the simulations are compared and the Al foam that reduces maximum temperature at the outlet is chosen as the best coolant.
A Finite Element Analysis Based Study on Effects of Polyurea Coating for Blast Mitigation
Authors: Dinesh R , Vasundra P , Davidson Jebaseelan D 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
One of main threats for Armoured fighting vehicles (AFVs) is anti-tank mines. Future war scenario insists on light tanks that can withstand land mines with higher order destruction. Hence a non-classical approach for blast mitigating structures has dealt with. In this sequence, there are two kinds of approach, one is to redesign the bottom plate structure and second is using special materials for coating. This work investigates the effect of special material Viz., Polyurea coating on the bottom structure of the AFV hull. Polyurea coating added to the Steel plate (considered as localized AFV vehicle hull structure) in such a way that the coating thickness is lesser than the thickness of base material. Explicit dynamic Finite Element (FE) based numerical simulations were performed using ANSYS AUTODYN. In this setup, coating is introduced to the Steel plate in two variations, namely, on non-blast face (opposite to the blast load) and blast face. The simulation is carried out with varying coating thickness (6mm, 8mm, 10mm 14mm) and with varying blast charges of TNT (2kg, 5kg, 7kg, and 12kg) in the stand-off distance (distance from the center of the explosive to the plate) of 450mm. The peak deformation of the plate caused by the blast load on the coated and uncoated homogenous plate is compared for their relative performances.
Analysis of Forces generated in Human Body segments for Real time Space flight
Authors: Uday Kiran K A V , Raghuraman D R S 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Human body modelling for a space travel is a significant task to be considered for analyzing the forces generated on the human body segments. During the flight from earths atmosphere due to high escape velocity and acceleration, huge reaction forces will be generated on body segments which are beyond human capacitance. Recent studies evaluated the forces generated in various body segments by equipping external sensor vest or strips around the body parts where the application is limited for several on ground operations like hopping, sitting etc. and few studies analyzed the theoretical forces by modelling the human body as a second order spring mass damper system. The main objective of this work is to analyze the forces experienced by the human body segments for like Head, Neck, Upper Torso, Central Torso and Lower Torso for real time space flight data. The analysis is done on the anthropometric data of 50th percentile male US citizens available in literature by considering the human body as a second order spring mass damper system and the real time space flight parameters are taken from STS-121 space shuttle launched from Kennedy Space centre on July 4th 2006. The obtained resultant forces are plotted against the time of flight and it is observed that high forces are generated on Central Torso compared to remaining body parts and are varying with altitude of the vehicle.
CT Guided Diagnosis: Cascaded U-Net for 3D Segmentation of Liver and Tumor
Authors: Mourya G K , Bhatia D , Gogoi M , Handique A 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Volumetric estimation of the liver tumor is the first step to identifying the livers critical disorder. The liver and its tumor ratio prerequisite measures to select the therapeutic procedure. 3D printing and virtual reality platform require a segmented liver entity mask to evaluate the pre and post-treatment analysis. A cascaded U-Net model is proposed for automatic segmentation of liver and tumor in CT images. LiTS CT data set utilized for this study. The images were pre-processed using the windowing technique for contrast enhancement. Two U-Net models were modified for liver and tumor segmentation, respectively and connected in a cascaded manner. U-Net decoder end was modified in comparison to the original U-Net. The probability map of the first U-Net fed to the second U-Net and the input image to segment out the liver tumor. Eight subject volumetric CT datasets were utilized to test the cascaded U-Net performance and achieved average Dice coefficient for liver and tumor 0.95 and 0.69, respectively. Liver tumor diagnosis and treatment accuracy depend upon the precision of segmentation algorithms. Designed model segmented liver almost accurately and tumor segmented with limited accuracy. A further modification is required for the tumor segmentation cause of the occurrence of false negative.
Petrographical characteristics as an indicator of physico-mechanical properties of concrete aggregate
Authors: Bianco L , Micallef G 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The physical and mechanical properties of concrete designed to a C40 mix using 6.5 mm and 10.0 mm aggregate from Montenegro and Malta respectively were investigated. Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) and compressive strength (CS) tests corroborated findings in the literature. The coarseness of aggregate was found to be of primary technological importance: CS increased with increasing aggregate size. Although UPV in all the tests was between 3.5 km/s and 4.5 km/s – that is the concrete quality was of good grade – the CS of the control cubes for the 6.5mm and 10.0mm coarse aggregate mixtures was 27 N/mm2 and 39 N/mm2 respectively. The homogeneity of the concrete was affected by the physical and mechanical properties of the aggregate, including its size, but its petrological texture was also a significant parameter. The petrological characteristics of the aggregate severely affected the load-bearing capacity of the concrete. These characteristics had a significant bearing on the physico-mechanical properties of the hardened concrete.