bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
¿A quién le pertenece el Sistema Interamericano? Llamado a nuevas perspectivas sociojurídicas en la investigación académicaTo whom does the Inter-american System belong? A call for new socio-legal perspectives
Authors: Huneeus Alexandra 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Over the past decade, scholarship on the Inter-American System of Human Rights has moved beyond the tradition of doctrinal scholarship to examine the political dynamics of the Inter-American System. Through this line of inquiry, we have gained insights into issues of compliance, resistance and backlash, as well as the dynamics of judicial dialogue and cross-court influence. But there is a blind spot in scholarship on the Inter-American Human Rights system, and it is hindering our ability to understand its evolution in the 21st century. This brief essay is a call for more studies with a socio-legal sensibility, with a hat tip to those who have already begun to inquire in this direction. It is time to focus not only on state actors but also on civil society, and not only on the organs of the Inter-American System of Human Rights as institutional actors, but also the individual actors within those institutions.
Ensuring medication safety for consumers from ethnic minority backgrounds: The need to address unconscious bias within health systems
Authors: Chauhan Ashfaq , Walpola Ramesh Lahiru 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Medication safety remains a pertinent issue for health systems internationally, with patients from ethnic minority backgrounds recognized at increased risk of exposure to harm resulting from unsafe medication practices. While language and communication barriers remain a central issue for medication safety for patients from ethnic minority backgrounds, increasing evidence suggests that unconscious bias can alter practitioner behaviours, attitudes and decision-making leading to unsafe medication practices for this population. Systemwide, service and individual level approaches such as cultural competency training and self-reflections are used to address this issue, however, the effectiveness of these strategies is not known. While engagement is proposed to improve patient safety, the strategies currently used to address unconscious bias seem tokenistic. We propose that including consumers from ethnic minority backgrounds in design and delivery of the education programs for health professionals, allocating extra time to understand their needs and preferences in care, and co-designing engagement strategies to improve medication related harm with diverse ethnic minority groups are key to mitigating medication related harm arising as a result of unconscious bias.
Mathematical model of the cost-effectiveness of the BioFire FilmArray Blood Culture Identification (BCID) Panel molecular rapid diagnostic test compared with conventional methods for identification of Escherichia coli bloodstream infections
Authors: Mponponsuo Kwadwo , Leal Jenine , Spackman Eldon , Somayaji Ranjani , Gregson Daniel , Rennert-May Elissa 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Background
Gram-negative pathogens, such as Escherichia coli, are common causes of bloodstream infections (BSIs) and increasingly demonstrate antimicrobial resistance. Molecular rapid diagnostic tests (mRDTs) offer faster pathogen identification and susceptibility results, but higher costs compared with conventional methods. We determined the cost-effectiveness of the BioFire FilmArray Blood Culture Identification (BCID) Panel, as a type of mRDT, compared with conventional methods in the identification of E. coli BSIs.

Methods
We constructed a decision analytic model comparing BCID with conventional methods in the identification and susceptibility testing of hospitalized patients with E. coli BSIs from the perspective of the public healthcare payer. Model inputs were obtained from published literature. Cost-effectiveness was calculated by determining the per-patient admission cost, the QALYs garnered and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) where applicable. Monte Carlo probabilistic sensitivity analyses and one-way sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess the robustness of the model. All costs reflect 2019 Canadian dollars.

Results
The Monte Carlo probabilistic analyses resulted in cost savings ($27 070.83 versus $35 649.81) and improved QALYs (8.65 versus 7.10) in favour of BCID. At a willingness to pay up to $100 000, BCID had a 72.6%–83.8% chance of being cost-effective. One-way sensitivity analyses revealed length of stay and cost per day of hospitalization to have the most substantial impact on costs and QALYs.

Conclusions
BCID was found to be cost-saving when used to diagnose E. coli BSI compared with conventional testing. Cost savings were most influenced by length of stay and cost per day of hospitalization.
Bias in variance component estimation in swine crossbreeding schemes using selective genotyping and phenotyping strategies
Authors: See Garrett M , Mote Benny E , Spangler Matthew L 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Selective genotyping of crossbred (CB) animals to include in traditionally purebred (PB) dominated genetic evaluations has been shown to provide an increase in the response to selection for CB performance. However, the inclusion of phenotypes from selectively genotyped CB animals, without the phenotypes of their non-genotyped cohorts, could cause bias in estimated variance components (VC) and subsequent estimated breeding values (EBV). The objective of the study was to determine the impact of selective CB genotyping on VC estimates and subsequent bias in EBV when non-genotyped CB animals are not included in genetic evaluations. A swine crossbreeding scheme producing 3-way CB animals was simulated to create selectively genotyped datasets. The breeding scheme consisted of three PB breeds each with 25 males and 450 females, F1 crosses with 1200 females and 12,000 CB progeny. Eighteen chromosomes each with 100 QTL and 4k SNP markers were simulated. Both PB and CB performance were considered to be moderately heritable (h2=0.4). Factors evaluated were, 1) CB phenotype and genotype inclusion of 15% (n=1800) or 35% (n=4200), 2) genetic correlation between PB and CB performance (rpc=0.1, 0.5 or 0.7) and 3) selective genotyping strategy. Genotyping strategies included: a) Random: random CB selection, b) Top: highest CB phenotype and c) Extreme: half highest and half lowest CB phenotypes. Top and Extreme selective genotyping strategies were considered by selecting animals in full-sib (FS) families or among the CB population (T). In each generation, 4320 PB selection candidates contributed phenotypic and genotypic records. Each scenario was replicated 15 times. VC were estimated for PB and CB performance utilizing bivariate models using pedigree relationships with dams of CB animals considered to be unknown. Estimated values of VC for PB performance were not statistically different from true values. Top selective genotyping strategies produced deflated estimates of phenotypic VC for CB performance compared to true values. When using estimated VC, Top_T and Extreme_T produced the most biased EBV, yet EBV of PB selection candidates for CB performance were most accurate when using Extreme_T. Results suggest that randomly selecting CB animals to genotype or selectively genotyping Top or Extreme CB animals within full-sib families can lead to accurate estimates of additive genetic VC for CB performance and unbiased EBV.
Access-to-Care and Conscience: Conflicting or Coherent?
Authors: Gamble Joel L , Gamble Nathan K 
Published: October 2021

Abstract“Intervention” is not synonymous with “care.” For an intervention to constitute care—which patients should have a right to access—it must be technically feasible and licit. Now these criteria do not prove sufficient; numerous archaic interventions remain feasible and legally permissible, yet are now bywords for spurious care. Therefore, we propound another necessary condition for an intervention to become care: the physician must rationally judge the intervention to be conducive to the patient’s good. Consequently, the right of access-to-care relies on physicians being free to practice medicine in accord with their consciences, conscience being the rational faculty with which they judge the reasonableness of even mundane medical decisions. Since physicians operate as part of a community, it is further necessary to consider when central bodies may reasonably compel physicians to engage in interventions that the physician believes are not consistent with the patient’s good and/or are not congruent with the purposes of medicine.
A case of pancreatic pseudocyst as a rare cause of a cystic lesion within the psoas muscle
Authors: Doole Emily 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Acute pancreatitis is highly prevalent in Australia (Nesvaderani et al. Acute pancreatitis: update on management. Med J Aust 2015;202:420–3). Pancreatic pseudocysts, although typically occurring in the peripancreatic tissues, can in up to 25% be extra-pancreatic (Rasch et al. Management of pancreatic pseudocysts—a retrospective analysis. PLoS One 2017;12:e0184374). Extension of pseudocysts into the psoas muscle is highly unusual, with only 13 previously recorded cases (Gupta et al. Retroperitoneal cystic malignant fibromas mimicking a psoas abscess. Iran J Radiol 2015;12:e17507). This article presents the case of a 45-year-old man presenting with progressive left hip pain. He was known to have a history of chronic alcohol misuse. He presented with symptoms and signs typical of psoas pathology and was found to have a large pancreatic pseudocyst extending into his left psoas muscle. In this case, management was via both computed tomography guided percutaneous drainage and endoscopic ultrasound guided drainage. Because of the rarity of psoas pseudocysts and their propensity to mimic other pathology, diagnosis can be extremely challenging. Cystic lesions within the psoas muscle have several differentials, ranging from the more common psoas abscess to extremely rare neoplastic lesions.
Tick-borne encephalitis among US travellers, 2010–20
Authors: Hills Susan L , Broussard Kelly R , Broyhill James C , Shastry Lalita G , Cossaboom Caitlin M , White Jennifer L , Machesky Kimberly D , Kosoy Olga , Girone Kyle , Klena John D , Backenson Bryon P , Gould Carolyn V , Lind Leah , Hieronimus Arielle , Gaines David N , Wong Susan J , Choi Mary J , Laven Janeen J , Staples J Erin , Fischer Marc 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Background
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is an arboviral disease that is focally endemic in parts of Europe and Asia. TBE cases among US travellers are rare, with previous reports of only six cases among civilian travellers through 2009 and nine military-related cases through 2020. A TBE vaccine was licenced in the USA in August 2021. Understanding TBE epidemiology and risks among US travellers can help with the counselling of travellers going to TBE-endemic areas.

Methods
Diagnostic testing for TBE in the USA is typically performed at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) because no commercial testing is available. Diagnostic testing for TBE at CDC since 2010 was reviewed. For individuals with evidence of TBE virus infection, information was gathered on demographics, clinical presentations and risk factors for infection.

Results
From 2010–20, six patients with TBE were identified. Cases occurred among both paediatric and adult travellers and all were male. Patients were diagnosed with meningitis (n = 2) or encephalitis (n = 4); none died. Cases had travelled to various countries in Europe or Russia. Three cases reported visiting friends or relatives. Activities reported included hiking, camping, trail running, or working outdoors, and two cases had a recognized tick bite.

Conclusions
TBE cases among US travellers are uncommon, with these six cases being the only known TBE cases among civilian travellers during this 11-year period. Nonetheless, given potential disease severity, pre-travel counselling for travellers to TBE-endemic areas should include information on measures to reduce the risk for TBE and other tick-borne diseases, including possible TBE vaccine use if a traveller’s itinerary puts them at higher risk for infection. Clinicians should consider the diagnosis of TBE in a patient with a neurologic or febrile illness recently returned from a TBE-endemic country, particularly if a tick bite or possible tick exposure is reported.
Principles
Authors: Andrews Neil 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In this chapter six major principles are identified: freedom of contract; objectivity; the contractual bond principle (‘pacta sunt servanda’); estoppel; good faith and fair dealing; the compensation principle. The nature of each principle is explained and its operation within the law is illustrated and amplified. The first three of these principles are well-established, but it is of particular interest that the good faith principle is recognized here. The principle is manifested in various ways, which are identified. The estoppel principle is a long-standing but complex feature of English private law and its various forms are here explained. The compensation principle encapsulates the complex rules governing the award of damages for breach of contract. The aim of contractual damages is not to punish, nor to over-compensate, or award double compensation. The paradigm award of contractual damages is to place the innocent party in the position which would have existed if there had not been a breach.
Agreement
Authors: Andrews Neil 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This is a detailed treatment of the rules governing the formation of contract. All facets of that process are covered. Modern ;transactions are often formed by electronic negotiation. Accordingly, the postal rule needs to be supplemented by reference to e-mailed offers and acceptances. Other features of formation include: relief when negotiations abort, based on the principle of unjust enrichment; ‘multipartite contracts’, that is, agreements involving more than two parties; the revocation of offers before acceptance; the special nature of acceptance when the contract is unilateral, rather than both parties having obligations; the possibility of acceptance without words, that is, by conduct; the problem of silence on the part of the offeree; and competition between parties to win the so-called battle of the forms.
Formality
Authors: Andrews Neil 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The main formalities concern the making of deed or covenants in order to give effect to gratuitous promises (the deed is formalized by the covenantor’s signature, and attestation by a witness to the signature, and delivery of the deed to the covenantee, who need not be present at the time the instrument is executed). Contracts concerning land also need to satisfy the formality of a writing. Although the tendency of English law has been to retreat from formality, various statutory exceptions are examined, notably contracts of guarantee. English law has recognized a ‘no oral modification’ clause, which requires any variation to comply with the prescribed written formality.
Third Parties and Co-Parties
Authors: Andrews Neil 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
An agreement to confer a benefit on a third party is not actionable by the third party at Common Law. Statute has now intervened to modify the position: (i) a direct right of action can be expressly conferred on a named or identifiable third party; (ii) the contract can create by implication such a right, exercisable by a third party, if the contract `purports to confer a benefit’ on such a person. The statute has been examined in the courts and some subtleties have emerged. Claims by parties on behalf of third parties are also considered in this chapter. There is the distinct context in which a promise is made to more than one party, who are known as co-promisees. These technical rules are examined.
Assignment and Agency
Authors: Andrews Neil 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Assignment is the transfer of the right to sue for a debt or other promised benefit. Assignment has three effects (here, A is the promisor, B is the promisee, and C is the assignee): (i) A, once notified, is obliged to pay C; (ii) C can sue A directly, without joining B as a party to the claim; (iii) A’s obligation to B is discharged if, pursuant to a valid assignment by B to C, A pays C in full. By contrast, if, after B’s assignment of the right to C, A instead pays B, this payment is ineffective to discharge A’s newly transferred obligation towards C. Agency is the process by which an agreement can be formed by X acting on behalf of Y, the latter being the principal. The rules on this topic are complex. This is a succinct account of these rules.
Exclusion Clauses and Consumer Protection
Authors: Andrews Neil 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
An exclusion clause might operate in any of the following three ways: (a) as a limitation clause, imposing a financial cap on the compensation to be paid upon breach; or (b) it might provide for total exclusion of liability for breach; or (c) the clause might constitute a time restriction (an agreed time bar), which requires a claim to be made within a specified period of the alleged harm, that period being shorter than the ordinary limitation period prescribed by statute (ordinarily, six years for breach of contract, twelve years if the action is based on a deed). By a combination of judicial doctrine and (predominantly) statutory regulation, exclusion clauses have become more closely controlled since the Second World War. This chapter explains these responses to this problem.
Applications to Wind up Companies
Authors: French Derek 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This book deals with a detailed statement of the law on applications to wind up companies in England and Wales in specific and other territories in general. This fourth edition is intended to the procedure for obtaining a winding-up order chronologically from presentation of a petition to making the order. It looks at the application processes which are applied to various classes of petitioners, such as creditors, contributories (shareholders) and public officials. This edition is completely updated to cover new legislation and procedures. It includes new coverage of the Insolvency (England and Wales) Rules 2016, which rewrote the procedural rules for applications to wind up companies. The book also covers Regulation (EU) 2015/848 on insolvency proceedings (recast) concerning amended rules applying to jurisdiction, as well as the special measures then in force to deal with the coronavirus pandemic. Though focused on the procedure in the courts of England and Wales, the work also considers the jurisprudence of the many Commonwealth jurisdictions which have adopted the English procedure. This work contains all there is to know about applying (petitioning) to have companies and similar entities wound up by the court, making it essential for all lawyers who make, or defend, such applications. It states the special measures to deal with the coronavirus pandemic as those measures will appear as necessary in near future.
Growth and dissipation of Be star discs in misaligned binary systems
Authors: Suffak M , Jones C E , Carciofi A C 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
We use a three-dimensional smoothed particle hydrodynamics code to simulate growth and dissipation of Be star discs in systems where the binary orbit is misaligned with respect to the spin axis of the primary star. We investigate six different scenarios of varying orbital period and misalignment angle, feeding the disc at a constant rate for 100 orbital periods, and then letting the disc dissipate for 100 orbital periods. During the disc growth phase, we find that the binary companion tilts the disc away from its initial plane at the equator of the primary star before settling to a constant orientation after 40–50 orbital periods. While the mass-injection into the disc is ongoing, the tilting of the disc can cause material to reaccrete on to the primary star prematurely. Once disc dissipation begins, usually the disc precesses about the binary companion’s orbital axis with precession periods ranging from 20 to 50 orbital periods. In special cases, we detect phenomena of disc tearing, as well as Kozai–Lidov oscillations of the disc. These oscillations reach a maximum eccentricity of about 0.6, and a minimum inclination of about 20○ with respect to the binary’s orbit. We also find the disc material to have highly eccentric orbits beyond the transition radius, where the disc changes from being dominated by viscous forces, to heavily controlled by the companion star, in contrast to its nearly circular motion inwards of the transition radius. Finally, we offer predictions to how these changes will affect Be star observables.
BRAD V3.0: an upgraded Brassicaceae database
Authors: Chen Haixu , Wang Tianpeng , He Xiaoning , Cai Xu , Lin Runmao , Liang Jianli , Wu Jian , King Graham , Wang Xiaowu 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The Brassicaceae Database (BRAD version 3.0, BRAD V3.0; http://brassicadb.cn) has evolved from the former Brassica Database (BRAD V2.0), and represents an important community portal hosting genome information for multiple Brassica and related Brassicaceae plant species. Since the last update in 2015, the complex genomes of numerous Brassicaceae species have been decoded, accompanied by many omics datasets. To provide an up-to-date service, we report here a major upgrade of the portal. The Model-View-ViewModel (MVVM) framework of BRAD has been re-engineered to enable easy and sustainable maintenance of the database. The collection of genomes has been increased to 26 species, along with optimization of the user interface. Features of the previous version have been retained, with additional new tools for exploring syntenic genes, gene expression and variation data. In the ‘Syntenic Gene @ Subgenome’ module, we added features to view the sequence alignment and phylogenetic relationships of syntenic genes. New modules include ‘MicroSynteny’ for viewing synteny of selected fragment pairs, and ‘Polymorph’ for retrieval of variation data. The updated BRAD provides a substantial expansion of genomic data and a comprehensive improvement of the service available to the Brassicaceae research community.