bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrical conductivity of metasomatized lithology in subcontinental lithosphere
Authors: Peng Ye , Manthilake Geeth , Mookherjee Mainak 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA plausible origin of the seismically observed mid-lithospheric discontinuity (MLD) in the subcontinental lithosphere is mantle metasomatism. The metasomatized mantle is likely to stabilize hydrous phases such as amphiboles. The existing electrical conductivity data on amphiboles vary significantly. The electrical conductivity of hornblendite is much higher than that of tremolite. Thus, if hornblendite truly represents the amphibole varieties in MLD regions, then it is likely that amphibole will cause high electrical conductivity anomalies at MLD depths. However, this is inconsistent with the magnetotelluric observations across MLD depths. Hence, to better understand this discrepancy in electrical conductivity data of amphiboles and to evaluate whether MLD could be caused by metasomatism, we determined the electrical conductivity of a natural metasomatized rock sample. The metasomatized rock sample consists of ~87% diopside pyroxene, ~9% sodium-bearing tremolite amphibole, and ~3% albite feldspar. We collected the electrical conductivity data at ~3.0 GPa, i.e., the depth relevant to MLD. We also spanned a temperature range between 400 to 1000 K. We found that the electrical conductivity of this metasomatized rock sample increases with temperature. The temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity exhibits two distinct regimes. At low temperatures &lt;700 K, the electrical conductivity is dominated by the conduction in the solid state. At temperatures &gt;775 K, the conductivity increases, and it is likely to be dominated by the conduction of aqueous fluids due to partial dehydration. The main distinction between the current study and the prior studies on the electrical conductivity of amphiboles or amphibole-bearing rocks is the sodium (Na) content in amphiboles of the assemblage. Moreover, it is likely that the higher Na content in amphiboles leads to higher electrical conductivity. Pargasite and edenite amphiboles are the most common amphibole varieties in the metasomatized mantle, and our study on Na-bearing tremolite is the closest analog of these amphiboles. Comparison of the electrical conductivity results with the magnetotelluric observations constrains the amphibole abundance at MLD depths to &lt;1.5%. Such a low-modal proportion of amphiboles could only reduce the seismic shear wave velocity by 0.4–0.5%, which is significantly lower than the observed velocity reduction of 2–6%. Thus, it might be challenging to explain both seismic and magnetotelluric observations at MLD simultaneously.
An updated national-scale assessment of trends in UK peak river flow data: how robust are observed increases in flooding?
Authors: Hannaford J. , Mastrantonas N. , Vesuviano G. , Turner S. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A cluster of recent floods in the UK has prompted significant interest in the question of whether floods are becoming more frequent or severe over time. Many trend assessments have addressed this in recent decades, typically concluding that there is evidence for positive trends in flood magnitude at the national scale. However, trend testing is a contentious area, and the resilience of such conclusions must be tested rigorously. Here, we provide a comprehensive assessment of flood magnitude trends using the UK national flood dataset (NRFA Peak Flows). Importantly, we assess trends using this full dataset as well as a subset of near-natural catchments with high-quality flood data. While headline conclusions are useful for advancing national flood-risk policy, for on-the-ground flood-risk estimation it is important to unpack these local changes to determine how climate-driven trends compare with those from the wider dataset that are subject to a wide range of human disturbances and data limitations. We also examine the sensitivity of reported trends to changes in study time window using a ‘multitemporal’ analysis. We find that the headline claim of increased flooding generally holds up regionally to nationally, although we show a much more complicated picture of spatio-temporal variability. While some reported trends, such as increased flooding in northern and western Britain, appear to be robust, trends in other regions are more mixed spatially and temporally – for example, trends in recent decades are not necessarily representative of longer-term change, and within regions (e.g. in southeast England) increasing and decreasing trends can be found in close proximity. While headline conclusions are useful for advancing national flood-risk policy, for flood-risk estimation it is important to unpack these local changes, and the results and methodological toolkit provided here could provide such supporting information to practitioners.
A novel visible light-driven TiO2 photocatalytic reduction for hexavalent chromium wastewater and mechanism
Authors: Zhao Baoxiu , Zhang Kaixin , Huang Yue , Wang Qi , Xu Hao , Wang Yilin , Li Jincheng , Song Tianwen , Xia Wenxiang , Liu Jie 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalyst was prepared with a sol-gel method and its characterizations were analyzed TiO2 photocatalytic reduction of Cr6+ was investigated in visible light irradiation and reduction mechanisms were calculated. Prepared TiO2 is anatase with a bandgap of about 2.95 eV. Experimental results display that almost 100% of Cr6+ is removed by visible light-driven TiO2 photocatalytic reduction after 120 min when Cr2O72− initial concentration is 1.0 mg·L−1, TiO2 dosage is 1.0 g·L−1, and pH value is 3. In acidic aqueous solution, HCrO4− is the dominant existing form of Cr6+ and is adsorbed by TiO2, forming a complex catalyst HCrO4−/TiO2 with an increase in wavelength to the visible light zone, demonstrated by UV–Vis diffuse reflection spectroscopy. Based on X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data, it can be deduced that Cr6+ is adsorbed on the surface of TiO2 and then reduced to Cr3+ in situ by photoelectrons. Self-assembly of HCrO4−/TiO2 complex catalyst and self-reduction of Cr6+ in situ are the key steps to start the visible light-driven TiO2 photocatalytic reduction. Furthermore, TiO2 photocatalytic reduction of Cr6+ fits well with pseudo-first-order kinetics and has the potential application to treat chemical industrial wastewater.
Metal Toxicity and Speciation: A Review
Authors: Peana Massimiliano , Zoroddu Maria Antonietta , Pelucelli Alessio , Medici Serenella , Cappai Rosita , Nurchi Valeria Marina 
Published: March 2021

Background :
Essential metal ions play a specific and fundamental role in human
metabolism. Their homeostasis is finely tuned, and any concentration imbalance in
the form of deficiency or excess could lead to a progressive reduction and failure of normal
biological function, to severe physiological and clinical outcomes, may eventually
causing death. Conversely, non-essential metals are not necessary for life, and only
noxious effects could arise after their exposure. Large environmental amounts of such
chemicals come from both natural and anthropogenic sources, with the latter being predominant
because of human activities. The dissipation of toxic metals contaminates water,
air, soil, and food, causing a series of chronic and acute syndromes.

Objective :
This review discusses the toxicity of non-essential metals considering their peculiar
chemical characteristics, such as different forms, hard-soft character, oxidation
states, binding capabilities, and solubility, which can influence their speciation in biological
systems, and subsequently, the main cellular targets. Particular focus is given to selected
toxic metals, major non-essential metals, or semimetals related to toxicity, such as
mercury, lead, cadmium, chromium, nickel, and arsenic. In addition, we provide indications
on the possible treatments/interventions for metal poisoning based on chelation therapy.

Conclusion:
Toxic metal ions can exert their peculiar harmful effects in several ways.
They strongly coordinate with important biological molecules on the basis of their chemical-
physical characteristics (mainly HSAB properties) or replace essential metal ions
from their natural locations in proteins, enzymes, or hard structures, such as bones or
teeth. Metals with redox properties could be key inducers of reactive oxygen species,
leading to oxidative stress and cellular damage. Therapeutic detoxification, through complexation
of toxic metal ions by specific chelating agents, appears an efficacious clinical
strategy, mainly in acute cases of metal intoxication.
Phylogenetic and Mutational Analysis of Lassa Virus Strains Isolated in Nigeria: Proposal for an In Silico Study
Authors: Kolawole Daniel , Raji Hayatu , Okeke Malachy Ifeanyi 
Published: March 2021

Background
In 2018, the total number of Lassa fever cases in Nigeria was significantly higher than that observed in previous years. Hence, studies had attempted to determine the underlying cause. However, reports using phylogenetic methods to analyze this finding ruled out the emergence of potentially more transmissible Lassa virus strains or an increase in human-to-human viral transmission as the cause underlying the increase in cases. Two years later, the situation seems even worse as the number of confirmed cases has reached an all-time high according to situational reports released by the Nigerian Center for Disease Control.

Objective
Considering the increasing trend of Lassa fever cases and related mortality, the major objective of this study is to map mutations within the genomes of Lassa virus isolates from 2018 and 2019 using the reference sequence available at the National Center for Biotechnology Information as a benchmark and compare them to the genomes of viruses isolated during 1969-2017. This study would also attempt to identify a viral marker gene for easier identification and grouping. Finally, the time-scaled evolution of Lassa virus in Nigeria will be reconstructed.

Methods
After collecting the sequence data of Lassa virus isolates, Bayesian phylogenetic trees, a sequence identity matrix, and a single nucleotide polymorphism matrix will be generated using BEAST (version 2.6.2), Base-By-Base, and DIVEIN (a web-based tool for variant calling), respectively.

Results
Mining and alignment of Lassa virus genome sequences have been completed, while mutational analysis and the reconstruction of time-scaled maximum clade credibility trees, congruence tests for inferred segments, and gene phylogeny analysis are ongoing.

Conclusions
The findings of this study would further the current knowledge of the evolutionary history of the Lassa virus in Nigeria and would document the mutations in Nigerian isolates from 1969 to 2019.

International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)
DERR1-10.2196/23015
Using Unsupervised Machine Learning to Identify Age- and Sex-Independent Severity Subgroups Among Patients with COVID-19: Observational Longitudinal Study
Authors: Benito-León Julián , del Castillo Mª Dolores , Estirado Alberto , Ghosh Ritwik , Dubey Souvik , Serrano J Ignacio 
Published: March 2021

Background
Early detection and intervention are the key factors for improving outcomes in patients with COVID-19.

Objective
The objective of this observational longitudinal study was to identify nonoverlapping severity subgroups (ie, clusters) among patients with COVID-19, based exclusively on clinical data and standard laboratory tests obtained during patient assessment in the emergency department.

Methods
We applied unsupervised machine learning to a data set of 853 patients with COVID-19 from the HM group of hospitals (HM Hospitales) in Madrid, Spain. Age and sex were not considered while building the clusters, as these variables could introduce biases in machine learning algorithms and raise ethical implications or enable discrimination in triage protocols.

Results
From 850 clinical and laboratory variables, four tests—the serum levels of aspartate transaminase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), C-reactive protein (CRP), and the number of neutrophils—were enough to segregate the entire patient pool into three separate clusters. Further, the percentage of monocytes and lymphocytes and the levels of alanine transaminase (ALT) distinguished cluster 3 patients from the other two clusters. The highest proportion of deceased patients; the highest levels of AST, ALT, LDH, and CRP; the highest number of neutrophils; and the lowest percentages of monocytes and lymphocytes characterized cluster 1. Cluster 2 included a lower proportion of deceased patients and intermediate levels of the previous laboratory tests. The lowest proportion of deceased patients; the lowest levels of AST, ALT, LDH, and CRP; the lowest number of neutrophils; and the highest percentages of monocytes and lymphocytes characterized cluster 3.

Conclusions
A few standard laboratory tests, deemed available in all emergency departments, have shown good discriminative power for the characterization of severity subgroups among patients with COVID-19.
Loss of Smell and Taste in Patients With Suspected COVID-19: Analyses of Patients’ Reports on Social Media
Authors: Koyama Sachiko , Ueha Rumi , Kondo Kenji 
Published: March 2021

Background
The year 2020 was the year of the global COVID-19 pandemic. The severity of the situation has become so substantial that many or even most of the patients with mild to moderate symptoms had to self-isolate without specific medical treatments or even without being tested for COVID-19. Many patients joined internet membership groups to exchange information and support each other.

Objective
Our goal is to determine the benefits and limits of using social media to understand the symptoms of patients with suspected COVID-19 with mild to moderate symptoms and, in particular, their symptoms of anosmia (loss of the sense of smell) and ageusia (loss of the sense of taste). The voluntary reports on an internet website of a membership group will be the platform of the analyses.

Methods
Posts and comments of members of an internet group known as COVID-19 Smell and Taste Loss, founded on March 24, 2020, to support patients with suspected COVID-19 were collected and analyzed daily. Demographic data were collected using the software mechanism called Group Insights on the membership group website.

Results
Membership groups on social media have become rare sources of support for patients with suspected COVID-19 with mild to moderate symptoms. These groups provided mental support to their members and became resources for information on COVID-19 tests and medicines or supplements. However, the membership was voluntary, and often the members leave without notification. It is hard to be precise from the free voluntary reports. The number of women in the group (6995/9227, 75.38% as of October 12, 2020) was about three times more than men (2272/9227, 24.62% as of October 12, 2020), and the peak age of members was between 20-40 years in both men and women. Patients who were asymptomatic other than the senses comprised 14.93% (53/355) of the total patients. Recovery of the senses was higher in the patients who were asymptomatic besides having anosmia and ageusia. Most (112/123, 91.06%) patients experienced other symptoms first and then lost their senses, on average, 4.2 days later. Patients without other symptoms tended to recover earlier (P=.02). Patients with anosmia and ageusia occasionally reported distorted smell and taste (parosmia and dysgeusia) as well as experiencing or perceiving the smell and taste without the sources of the smell or taste (phantosmia and phantogeusia).

Conclusions
Our analysis of the social media database of suspected COVID-19 patients’ voices demonstrated that, although accurate diagnosis of patients is not always obtained with social media–based analyses, it may be a useful tool to collect a large amount of data on symptoms and the clinical course of worldwide rapidly growing infectious diseases.
ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF MANGIFERA INDICA LEAF EXTRACT ON FUNGI ISOLATED FROM BREAD VENDED WITHIN BAKORI, NIGERIA
Authors: BASHIR KUTAWA ABDULAZIZ , BAKORI SALMAN SADA , MUSA HABU 
Published: March 2021

Objective: The present study was carried out to determine the antifungal activity of Mangifera indica leaves extract on fungi isolated from bread vended within Bakori.
Methods: The powdered form of M. indica leaves was used to prepare the extract using ethanol, the leaves were air dried at room temperature for 10 days.
Results: The chemical test was carried out to identify the secondary metabolites, some of the metabolites that were present include alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, and tannins. Both fungal isolates were identified on the basis of morphological characteristics as Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, and Mucor spp. The antifungal activity of M. indica leaves extract was determined using agar well diffusion method on Aspergillus and Mucor spp. The results showed that the extract was found to inhibit A. niger at 100 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, and 25 mg/ml with 13.9 mm, 11.5 mm, and 8.0 mm, respectively, and A. flavus at 100 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, and 25 mg/ml with 13.6 mm, 11.2 mm, and 8.1 mm, respectively, while Mucor spp. was found to be resistant at 25 mg/ml while 100 mg/ml and 50 mg/ml showed an activity. Minimum inhibitory concentration result showed a promising activity against Aspergillus spp. at 25 mg/ml while Mucor spp. at 50 mg/ml.
Conclusion: Therefore, M. indica leaf extracts can be used in the treatment of diseases or illness caused by Aspergillus and Mucor spp.
A STUDY TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF A PLANNED TEACHING PROGRAM ON THE KNOWLEDGE REGARDING MENARCHE AMONG PRE-PUBERTAL GIRLS AT SELECTED HIGH SCHOOLS IN URBAN AREA AT UDAIPUR
Authors: SAMSON SARIKA , SINGH CHUNDAWAT DIGPAL , PALIWAL HARIBALA 
Published: March 2021

Objective: Menarche is the culmination of a series of physiological and anatomical process of puberty such as secretion of estrogen by ovaries in response to pituitary hormones. When menarche occurs, it confirms that the girl has had a gradual estrogen induced growth of uterus, the fluctuations of hormone levels can result in changes of adequacy of blood supply to the parts of the endometrium.
Methods: The method adopted for the present study was evaluative approach. In this study, samples were drawn using non-probability convenient sampling method.
Results: The result showed that the calculated value is greater than the table value at 0.05 levels. Hence, the research hypothesis (H1) is accepted that there is a significant difference between pre-test and post-test knowledge score. With regard to the knowledge assessment, the mean pre-test score was 11.33 and mean post-test score 18.81. The paired value of pre-test and post-test score was 7.48. This indicated that the planned teaching program (PTP) was effective.
Conclusion: Further, effectiveness of PTP was tested by inferential statistics using the paired “t”-test. A significant difference was found between pre-and post-test knowledge scores of respondents indicating significant increase in knowledge after PTP. Hence, research hypothesis H1 was accepted and PTP was found to be effective in improving the knowledge of pre-pubertal girls regarding menarche.
METHODS OF THE ESTIMATED TWO-PARAMETER LINEAR REGRESSION MODELSFOR DIAGNOSIS OF BRONCHIAL ASTHMA SEVERITY IN CHILDREN
Authors: OLEH MYKHAILOVYCH PIHNASTYI , OLGA SERGEYEVNA KOZHYNA 
Published: March 2021

Objectives: Prognostication of bronchial asthma severity in children by means of two-parameter regression models building.
Methods: A clinical study of 70 children with bronchial asthma diagnosis of 6 to 18 years old was done.142 factors were analyzed and a degree of relationship among them was revealed. Single-factor regression models were used during preliminary experimental data processing.
Results: The correlation connection between the value observed and the factors under research was revealed. The method of two-parameter linear models with a fair accuracy was developed.
Conclusion: The suggested method of approximate two-parameter linear regression models can be used for preliminary analysis of medical research data where the value observed depends on a big number of loosely connected factors.
ANALYSIS OF BIOACTIVE COMPONENTS FROM CHLOROFORM EXTRACT OF LYCOPERDON SP. (APIOPERDON)
Authors: BHARATHNAIR  , ABRAHAM DELMY , SARANYA K. , MALLIKARJUNASWAMY G. E. 
Published: March 2021

Objective: The present work was done to find out various bioactive compounds present in the chloroform extract of Lycoperdon pyriforme using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).
Methods: L. pyriforme was collected cleaned to remove any dirt and oven dried at 60°C. The sample was then finely powdered and extracted with chloroform using Soxhlet apparatus. The chemical composition of chloroform extract was then analyzed using QP2010S-Shimadzu GC-MS instrument.
Results: Chloroform extract resulted in the presence of 33 compounds with 1-Heneicosanol (11.17%) and E-15-Heptadecenal (11.08%) forming major compounds and 1-Tetradecanol (0.16%), Dichloroacetic acid, and decyl ester (0.15%) forming least.
Conclusion: The results indicated the presence of a variety of compounds thus providing the information about various bioactive compounds present in Lycoperdon sp. and its further application in the field of pharmacology.
FORENSIC EXPERTISE OF SIGNATURES AND HANDWRITING - MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH
Authors: Mirić Filip , Rodić Aranđelović Dragana 
Published: March 2021

Forensic expertise of signatures and handwriting is a very important activity in criminalistics. It reveals whether the defendant is the author of the disputed text or has signed the disputed document. This type of expertise is most often used in cases when it is necessary to prove the existence of the criminal offense of forging a document, but also in many other cases (such as expertise of suicide letters or contracts), which indicates the need for a multidisciplinary approach to exploring of this kind of expertise.This paper presents the basic characteristics of this form of expertise and indicates the difficulties that may arise in practice. The aim of this paper is to identify opportunities for further development of signature and handwriting expertise in theory and practice, as a powerful tool for detecting many crimes and their perpetrators.
THE COMPARABLY ALMOST (S,T)- STABILITY FOR RANDOM JUNGCK-TYPE ITERATIVE SCHEMES
Authors: Albaqeri Dhekra M. , Rashwan Rashwan A. 
Published: March 2021

The purpose of this paper is to introduce the concept of generalized - weakly con-tractive random operators and study a new concept of stability introduced by Kim [15] which is alled comparably almost stability and then prove the comparably almost (S,T)- stability for the Jungck-type random iterative schemes. Our results extend, improve and unify the recent results in [15], [19], [32] and many others. We also give stochastic version of many important known results.
BERTRAND-B CURVES IN THE THREE DIMENSIONAL SPHERE
Authors: Yerlikaya Fırat , Aydemir Ismail 
Published: March 2021

We dene a Bertrand-B curve in Riemannian manifold M such that thereexists an isometry \phi of M, that is, \left( \phi \circ \beta \right) (s)=X\left( s,t(s)\right) and the binormal vector of another curve \beta is the paralel vector of binormal vector of \alpha at corresponding points. We obtain the conditions of existence of a Bertrand-B curve in the event E^3, S^3 and H^3 of M. The rst of our main results is that the curve \alpha in E^3 is a Bertrand-B curve if and only if it is planar. Second one, we prove that the curve \alpha with the curvatures \epsilon _{1},\epsilon _{2} in S^3 is a Bertrand-B curve if and only if it is satises \epsilon _{1}^{2}+\epsilon _{2}^{2}=1. Finally, we state that there not exists a Bertrand-B curve in H^3.