bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RELATION BETWEEN TWO SCORING PROCEDURES TO
ASSESS AUDITORY MEMORY AND SEQUENCING ABILITIES
Authors: Vaidyanath Ramya , Yathiraj Asha 
Published: May 2021

BackgroundTests to assess auditory memory are scored differently, but there is scanty information regarding the effect of
the scoring procedure.Material and MethodThe current retrospective study compared two scoring procedures for evaluating auditory memory in
189 children aged 5 to 11 years. One scoring procedure was the original memory technique used by Yathiraj and Vijayalakshmi. The other was a modification calculated using the same data obtained by Yathiraj and Vijayalakshmi. The original auditory memory and sequencing scoring procedure required the administration of the entire test, while the alternate scoring procedure, that calculated auditory memory and sequencing span, did not.ResultsA Pearson’s correlation coefficient between the two scoring procedure was calculated. Both scoring procedures showed
gradual improvement with age. A significant high correlation was found between the two scoring procedures when the age
groups were combined.ConclusionsSince the two scoring procedures provide similar information, it is recommended that, for individuals with relatively poor auditory memory and sequencing abilities, the span should be the choice of scoring. This would avoid a sense
of failure when individuals are tested on the more difficult longer word-sequences. Additionally, it would make the test more
time efficient. However, if subtle changes in performance across ages are to be determined, the original scoring procedure is
recommended.
AIR- AND BONE-CONDUCTION VESTIBULAR EVOKED
MYOGENIC POTENTIALS IN CHRONIC SUPPURATIVE
OTITIS MEDIA, PRE- AND POST-OPERATIVELY
Authors: Shabana Mohamed , Dabbous Abeir , Khalifa Badawy , Humaid Asma 
Published: May 2021

BackgroundVestibular evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs) are reflex myogenic potentials of the neck muscles elicited by
stimulating the vestibular system with a click or tone burst sound stimulus. VEMP responses depend on good energy transfer
of sound from the middle ear to the inner ear and are presumed absent in the presence of a conductive hearing loss (CHL) of
more than 20 dB air-bone gap (ABG). The aim of this study was to evaluate VEMPs in patients with chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) before and after surgery.Material and MethodsT﻿he study was conducted on 20 patients with CSOM preoperatively and postoperatively and on 20
controls. Their ages ranged from 20 to 50 years. Each subject underwent history taking, otologic examination, basic audiological evaluation, and air- and bone-conducted VEMP testing.ResultsAll perforated ears showed a lost air conduction VEMP response pre-operatively without any post-operative improvement. This can be attributed to the absence of any statistically significant differences between the pre-operative and post-operative ABGs at all tested frequencies. Bone conduction VEMP was preserved in all CSOM cases pre-operatively and post-operatively. There were no statistically significant differences between the air conduction and bone conduction VEMP parameters
in the controls except for a significantly smaller P13–N23 amplitude of bone conduction VEMP compared to air conduction
VEMP. There was no statistically significant differences between the pre-operative perforated ears of CSOM cases and their
controls regarding bone conduction P13, N23 latencies, or P13–N23 amplitude. There was a significantly delayed P13 latency and greater P13–N23 amplitude of bone conduction VEMP post-operatively compared to pre-operatively. But there was
no statistically significant difference between pre-operative and post-operative bone conduction N23 VEMP latency or interaural amplitude difference. Bone conduction VEMP results were pre-operatively affected by the ABG and bone conduction,
but not post-operatively.ConclusionsAir conduction VEMP in patients with CSOM showed a zero-percent response rate pre-operatively that did not
change post-operatively, whereas bone conduction VEMP showed a 100% response rate pre- and post-operatively. We therefore recommend using bone rather than air conduction VEMP for assessment of the sacculo-collic reflex in patients with
CSOM who complain of balance problems.
MATURATION OF TEMPORAL PROCESSING IN CHILDREN:
MEASUREMENTS USING SPEECH AND NON-SPEECH
STIMULI
Authors: Jain Saransh , Vasudevamurthy Bhavana , Raghavendra Ashwini 
Published: May 2021

BackgroundAuditory temporal processing is the ability of the nervous system to detect small variations in the duration of
an acoustic stimuli. A substantial body of research is available on the development of various temporal skills, but temporal
resolution abilities have not been well investigated in terms of speech and non-speech stimuli. The present study investigates
the development of temporal resolution abilities in children.Material and MethodsA normative cross-sectional research design was adopted by administering a set of psychoacoustic
tests involving both speech and non-speech stimuli. Six groups of 20 children each, aged 6–12 years, with a 1-year interval between each age group, were tested and the results were compared with those of 20 adults.ResultsThe results revealed generally poorer performance of children on the entire test battery. Temporal modulation transfer
function test scores, word recognition scores, and categorical perception of stop consonants matured by about 10–11 years of
age. Gap detection test and time compressed speech test results showed maturation at around 8–9 years of age, whereas temporal change detection continued to mature even for the second decade of life.ConclusionsOverall, maturation of temporal processing skills is reached by 10–11 years of age. This information is relevant
when evaluating children with various processing disorders, and should also be considered when developing various assessment and rehabilitation protocols for children with special abilities.
SPEECH-EVOKED CORTICAL POTENTIALS IN NORMALHEARING CHILDREN AND ADULTS USING THREE PHONEMES
Authors: Kumar Prawin , Sanju Himanshu , Bohra Vaishnavi , Khanna Astha 
Published: May 2021

BackgroundThe neural representation of different speech stimuli (phonemes) can be measured at the cortex using electrophysiological techniques, a procedure called speech-evoked cortical potentials. Each phoneme produces cortical potentials
with different temporal and spectral properties. Latency and amplitude measures reflect changes in the way different phonemes are neurally represented, so these measures are expected to change with maturation of the system, that is with age. The
aim of the present study to investigate whether there were differences in latency and amplitude between children and adults
in response to the three phonemes /m/, /g/, and /t/.Material and MethodsExactly 10 normal-hearing children of age 5–7 years and 10 normal-hearing adults of age 17–24 years
were recruited. Speech-evoked cortical potential were recorded using the HEARLab (v.1.0) auditory evoked potential system.
Non-parametric statistics were used to compare both groups.ResultsMann-Whitney U-tests shows statistically significant differences between children and adults for both the latency and
amplitude of wave P1 and N1 at the 0.05 level. At the same time, there were no significant differences between /m/, /g/, and
/t/ for children and adults at the same level when a Kruskal-Wallis test was applied.ConclusionsThe present study shows there are differences between children and adults in terms of the latency and amplitude
of their cortical potential responses, but the particular phoneme used does not appear to make a difference.
CORRELATING TWO QUESTIONNAIRES: VESTIBULAR
ACTIVITIES AND PARTICIPATION (VAP) AND DIZZINESS
HANDICAP INVENTORY (DHI)
Authors: Sarda Sharda , Vanaja C. 
Published: May 2021

BackgroundDizziness is known to affect the quality of life, irrespective of its underlying pathology. The Dizziness Handicap
Inventory (DHI) is a commonly used questionnaire to assess self-perceived handicap among individuals with dizziness. However, the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), emphasises the assessment of activity limitations and participation restrictions. A recently developed questionnaire, the Vestibular Activities and Participation (VAP),
is based on the ICF model and has been found to be a valid and reliable tool. The present study was undertaken to explore
which items of DHI relate to vestibular activity limitations and participation restrictions by investigating the correlations between items of DHI and VAP.Material and MethodsThis was a prospective study involving 56 individuals whose primary complaint was dizziness due to
vestibular pathology. All had undergone detailed audio-vestibular tests prior to administration of a Marathi translation of the
DHI and VAP questionnaires.Results12 of the 25 questions on the DHI showed strong and moderate correlations with the total VAP score (r=0.48–0.68,
p<0.05), while 8 questions showed significant but weak correlation (r=0.34–0.44, p<0.05), and 5 questions showed no correlation (r=0.27–0.29, p>0.05). The results indicate that less than half the 25 questions covering the physical, functional, or emotional domains of DHI reflect activity limitations or participation restriction in day-to-day life.ConclusionsThe results indicate that responses to only some of the items of DHI are important when studying activity limitations and participation restrictions of people with dizziness. These particular items may be a better indicator of the effect of dizziness on the quality of life, and hence could be most relevant when reporting post-therapeutic improvement in quality of life.
STAPEDOTOMY TO TREAT MIXED HEARING LOSS
IN OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA: A CASE STUDY
Authors: Skarzynski Henryk , Osinska Kamila , Dziendziel Beata , Skarzynski Piotr 
Published: May 2021

BackgroundOsteogenesis imperfecta is a congenital disorder underlain by an inherited deficiency of a connective tissue component. Different clinical symptoms related to various collagen mutations make it possible to distinguish several types of osteogenesis imperfecta. The most common four symptoms are defects of the osteoarticular system, sclera, skin, and hearing loss.Case reportWe report the case of a 60 year-old patient who was referred to the Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing with bilateral progressive hearing loss, which she had first noted about 35 years ago. Based on clinical findings, the patient
was diagnosed with osteogenesis imperfecta. She had a history of multiple bone fractures, short stature, and minor teeth malformations. No genetic test results were available for this patient. Based on results of an examination and the character of the
hearing loss, the patient was referred for surgical treatment: explorative tympanotomy with bilateral reconstruction in stages. Both surgeries revealed fixation of the stapes and a thickened stapes footplate. Stapedotomies were performed in each ear.
Follow-up after surgeries included pure tone audiometries.ResultsSurgical intervention resulted in closure or reduction of the air-bone gap on both sides, demonstrating effectiveness
of the treatment.ConclusionsIn osteogenesis imperfecta hearing loss is a common comorbidity of anomalies in the osteoarticular system. A
thickened and fixated stapes footplate can contribute to conductive component of hearing loss. Exploratory tympanotomy with
stapedotomy is the method of choice in such cases. It allows the air-bone gap to be reduced and a subjective improvement of
hearing, to reach, as this report demonstrates.
RISK FACTORS AFFECTING HEARING IN NEONATAL
INTENSIVE CARE UNIT NEONATES
Authors: Nisotakis Emmanouil , Chalkiadakis Vasilios , Marangoudakis Pavlos , Tzagkaroulakis Antonios , Nikolopoulos Thomas 
Published: May 2021

BackgroundNeonatal intensive care unit graduates are considered to be of higher risk for hearing impairment, either auditory neuropathy or hearing loss. In this study we examine the presence of risk factors and try to identify their effect on the
hearing of high-risk neonates.Material and MethodsIn this prospective cohort study we used automated auditory brainstem responses (a-ABRs) and
otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) to screen 453 neonatal intensive care unit neonates who had at least one risk factor for hearing impairment.ResultsIn the initial examination, 382 (84.3%) infants passed and 71 (15.7%) failed a-ABRs. Out of those who failed, 39 newborns (55%) passed the transiently evoked otoacoustic emission (TEOAE) test, while 32 (45%) failed that test too. Re-examination was performed before their first month of age, eventually resulting in 8 newborns being diagnosed with possible hearing loss and 8 with possible auditory neuropathy. The overall dropout rate was 4.9%. Low birth-weight (p=0.016), as well as
craniofacial abnormalities (p=0.03) and TORCH (toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes) infections proved to have
a statistically significant correlation (p=0.05) with hearing impairment.ConclusionsBecause a significant number of children may have auditory neuropathy, ABRs and OAEs (both transiently evoked
and distortion product OAEs) remain the cornerstones of any universal hearing screening program in neonatal intensive care
units. An efficient tracking system is needed to reduce the number of neonates lost to follow-up. Low birth-weight, craniofacial
deformities, and congenital infections appear to be the most significant factors predisposing an infant to hearing impairment.
USE OF A COCHLEAR IMPLANT IN A PATIENT
WITH COGAN’S SYNDROME AND PROFOUND
SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS: A CASE STUDY
Authors: Pastuszak Andrzej , Skarzynski Henryk , Pastuszak Dorota , Oldak Monika , Skarzynski Piotr 
Published: May 2021

BackgroundCogan’s syndrome is a very rare autoimmune disease characterized by the coexistence of inflammatory lesions in the eyeball and
inner ear dysfunction. The symptoms of Cogan’s syndrome within the inner ear appear suddenly and resemble Meniere’s disease symptoms:
severe vertigo, nausea, vomiting, and usually bilateral, fluctuating sensorineural hearing loss with concomitant tinnitus.Case reportA 59-year-old woman was admitted to the Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Clinic to undergo cochlear implantation. At
57 years of age, the patient had been diagnosed with scleritis. About a year later, vertigo and nausea arose, followed by rapidly progressing
hearing loss – at first in the left ear and subsequently in the right, accompanied by tinnitus. At the time of implantation, the patient’s speech
discrimination score was 0% for both ears. Taking into consideration the audiometric tests results and imaging scans, promontorial cochleostomy was carried out during the cochlear implantation procedure. In the postoperative period, no complications were observed. After 24
months of using the speech processor, the subjective assessment of speech intelligibility given by the patient on a 0–10 scale was 8.5 in quiet and 5.0 in a noisy environment. The patient could identify 95% of monosyllabic words in silence and 35% in noise (in conditions of SNR
+10 dB, speech level at 70 dB HL, and noise level at 60 dB HL). The benefits obtained were confirmed by results of an Abbreviated Profile of
Hearing Aid Benefit (APHAB) questionnaire. The patient is presently eligible for cochlear implantation in the other ear.ConclusionsCochlear implantation was effective in improving hearing in a patient with Cogan’s syndrome.
OTOTOXICITY OF DRUGS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF COVID-19
Authors: Skarzynska Magdalena , Krol Bartłomiej , Czajka Natalia , Czajka Łukasz 
Published: May 2021

BackgroundActual level of knowledge of treatment of COVID-19 disease caused by a type of coronavirus is that the disease cannot at present be cured by targeted therapy. Worldwide research is aiming to find a specific treatment, such as a vaccine or drug, for this type of coronavirus; this may help improve the situation, but it is highly expensive and time-consuming. The purpose of this paper is to review drug therapies approved in different parts of the world to treat COVID-19 and draw attention to ototoxicity as one of the adverse side-effects.Material and Methodseview of current literature was done in the scientific databases PubMed, ResearchGate, GoogleScholar, and Science-Direct. Studies were reviewed with reference to the inclusion criteria, then graded to assess the internal and external validity, leaving 50 studies for review.ResultsAccording to scientific reports, possible antiviral pharmacological agents to treat COVID-19 consist of chloroquine, hydroxychloro-quine, azitromycine, oseltamivir, and tocilizumab. In some cases, certain combinations may lead to additive ototoxicity as an adverse effect. Ototoxicity may be manifested by sensory and nervous hearing loss, tinnitus, imbalance, and cochlear-mandibular symptoms, which are sometimes temporary but sometimes permanent.ConclusionsDrug ototoxicity is well known as a cause of cochlear hearing loss, and so the use of new pharmacotherapy methods and drug combinations in the fight against the new coronavirus may have harmful effects. Ototoxicity needs to be taken into account.
DIFFICULTIES WITH MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING IN PATIENTS WITH COCHLEAR IMPLANTS: A REVIEW
Authors: Włodarczyk Kinga , Skarżyński Piotr 
Published: May 2021

BackgroundThere are many patients with cochlear implants (CIs) who need to undergo an MRI examination. Due to recent develop-ments in science and medicine a CI is no longer a contraindication for an MRI.Material and MethodsThe review is based on scientific publications found in Google Scholar and PubMed databases.ResultsThe problems with carrying out an MRI examination on a patient with a CI are the low quality of the image and possible head pain when the MRI machine is operating. Demagnetization or displacement of the CI magnet can also occur. Normally, special procedures are required, including removing all external parts of the implant system before the MRI, and bandaging of the head before the procedure. Implants compatible with new generation magnets exist and they allow an MRI to be performed without removing magnetic materials from the CI.ConclusionsThere are still many limitations in performing an MRI with CI patients; however the risk of implant damage can be significantly decreased. Patient comfort during the examination can also be increased.
OTOTOXICITY AS A SIDE-EFFECT OF DRUGS: LITERATURE REVIEW
Authors: Skarzynska Magdalena , Król Bartłomiej , Czajka Lukasz 
Published: May 2021

BackgroundThe first reports of drug ototoxicity were documented in the 1940s. Epidemiological data indicate that changes in audiometric image may affect several percent of patients taking ototoxic drugs. Ototoxicity is manifested by hearing loss and/or changes in the vestibular system. Knowledge of mechanisms responsible for ototoxic effects, as well as important physiological parameters of the human body, may be used as a basis for developing guidelines for the pharmacotherapy. The aim of this paper is to draw attention to the scale and nature of adverse effects of ototoxic drugs.Material and MethodsThe review of current literature included the databases PubMed, ResearchGate, GoogleScholar, and ScienceDirect. The studies were reviewed in relation to the inclusion criteria and subsequently evaluated for internal and external validity.ResultsAccording to the literature, pharmacotherapy using drugs with documented ototoxic potential may cause hearing loss and changes in the vestibular system. Depending on the drugs used, changes may be reversible or irreversible. Pathological changes involve hair cells in Corti's organ, stria vascularis, and cochlear potentials. The effect of drugs may cause dysfunction in psychophysical and psychosocial development, especially important for the pediatric population.ConclusionsThe ototoxicity of drugs is well known as a cause of cochlear hearing loss. Due to the nature of these substances and their use, more extensive monitoring of adverse reactions should be introduced, including in clinical trial protocols.
TEST-RETEST RELIABILITY OF VARIOUS PSYCHOACOUSTIC MEASURES USING THE MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD PROCEDURE
Authors: Jain Chandni , Joshi Kirti 
Published: May 2021

ObjectivePsychoacoustic abilities include the perception of frequency, intensity, and the temporal parameters of sound, which are necessary for speech perception. These abilities can be measured using adaptive and non-adaptive procedures. The maximum likelihood procedure (MLP) is an adaptive psychophysical procedure that is usually utilized in psychoacoustic tasks. The present study aimed to assess the testretest reliability of various psychoacoustic measures assessed using the MLP toolbox implemented in Matlab.Material and methodsA total of 20 participants with normal hearing sensitivity were selected for the study. The test–retest reliability of psychoacoustic measures was studied in terms of frequency difference limen, intensity difference limen, duration discrimination thresholds, gap detection thresholds, and modulation detection thresholds (4 Hz and 128 Hz). To check test–retest reliability all measures were assessed twice within a span of one day.ResultsThe results showed no significant difference in the various psychoacoustic measures obtained across the two sessions. The reliability of each measure was tested using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC).The results indicated that the test-retest reliability of various psychoacoustic measures assessed using the MLP toolbox was fair to good.ConclusionsIt can be concluded that MLP is a reliable tool to assess various psychoacoustic abilities.