bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Capital and Labor: The Factor Income Composition of Top Incomes in the United States, 1962–2006
Authors: Atkinson Anthony B. , Lakner Christoph 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This paper finds that capital and labor incomes in the United States have become more closely associated since the 1980s. This has contributed to the well-known increase in the top 1% share of total income, exacerbating rising inequality in capital incomes and earnings. We show that the trend in the association is U-shaped as the recent increase contrasts with a tendency toward a weakening association until the 1980s. The paper, using data derived from tax records, studies the asymmetries in the association and tests for robustness to alternative income definitions, including the role of income from closely held businesses at the top.
MPCs, MPEs, and Multipliers: A Trilemma for New Keynesian Models
Authors: Auclert Adrien , Bardóczy Bence , Rognlie Matthew 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
We show that New Keynesian models with frictionless labor supply face a challenge: given standard parameters, they cannot simultaneously match plausible estimates of marginal propensities to consume (MPCs), marginal propensities to earn (MPEs), and fiscal multipliers. A HANK model with sticky wages provides a solution to this trilemma.
Inflation Expectations and the Pass-Through of Oil Prices
Authors: Aastveit Knut Are , Bjørnland Hilde C. , Cross Jamie L. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Inflation expectations and the associated pass-through of oil price shocks depend on demand and supply conditions underlying the global oil market. We establish this result using a structural VAR model of the global oil market that jointly identifies transmissions of oil demand and supply shocks through real oil prices to both expected and actual inflation. We demonstrate that economic activity shocks have a significantly longer-lasting effect on inflation expectations and actual inflation than other types of real oil price shocks, and resolve disagreements around the role of oil prices in explaining the missing deflation puzzle of the Great Recession.
The Effect of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic on Income Inequality: Evidence from Italy
Authors: Galletta Sergio , Giommoni Tommaso 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
We estimate the effect of the 1918 influenza pandemic on income inequality in Italian municipalities. Our identification strategy exploits the exogenous diffusion of influenza across municipalities due to the presence of infected soldiers on leave from World War I operations. The measures of income inequality come from newly digitized historical administrative records on taxpayer incomes. We show that in the short and medium run, income inequality is higher in municipalities more afflicted by the pandemic. The effect is mostly explained by an increase in the share of income held by the rich to the detriment of the other strata of the population.
White matter imaging of ethanol-fixed rat brain by phase-contrast X-ray computed tomography
Authors: Lwin Thet-Thet- , Yoneyama Akio , Kokubo Shogo , Maruyama Hiroko , Hyodo Kazuyuki , Takeda Tohoru 
Published: July 2021

Background Phase-contrast X-ray computed tomography imaging (PCI) based on crystal X-ray interferometry can detect minute density differences within biological soft tissues without contrast agents. Ethanol fixation yields increased tissue-background density differences due to the dehydrating and delipidifying effects of ethanol. Purpose To obtain high image contrast of cerebral white matter structures in PCI, tissue fixation using ethanol and routinely used formalin have been examined. Material and Methods Ethanol-fixed (EF) (n = 4) and formalin-fixed (FF) (n = 4) rat brains were imaged by crystal X-ray interferometry-based PCI. Tissue staining/microscopy was also performed for histological comparison and myelin density evaluation. Three-dimensional white matter tract images were reconstructed. Results Superior image contrast was obtained in the images of EF brains (EF images) compared to those of formalin-fixed brains (FF images), particularly for white matter structures. Significant density differences between the white matter structures and hippocampus ( P < 0.01)/thalamus ( P < 0.001) were observed in the EF, but not FF, images. Ethanol fixation enhanced the image contrast of white matter tracts by approximately sixfold compared to formalin fixation, and close agreement (r2 = 0.97; P < 0.05) between the density values on the CT images and the myelin density values in histological images was observed for the EF brains. Three-dimensional reconstruction of the white matter tracts was possible from the EF images, but not FF images. Conclusion Ethanol fixation resulted in marked contrast enhancement of cerebral white matter structures in PCI. Thus, high-resolution PCI using ethanol for tissue fixation could be valuable for experimental neurological studies and postmortem neuropathology evaluation.
Torque Comparison Between Two Passive Self-Ligating Brackets with Respect to Interbracket Wire Dimensions and Types: A Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Thushar Balan K , Mathur Anirudh K , Diddige Rajasri , Verma Shubhnita , Chitra Prasad 
Published: July 2021

Objective: This study aimed to analyze the expression of torque between 2 passive self-ligating brackets by simulating different clinical situations using finite element analysis. Material and Methods: Two passive self-ligating brackets, that is, Damon Q (Ormco, Glendora, California) and Smart Clip (3M Unitek, Monrovia, California), were 3D modeled using micro-computed tomography. ANSYS V14.5 software was used for analysis. Archwire and bracket interactions were simulated to measure torque expression by changing wire alloys (stainless steel [SS] and titanium molybdenum [TMA]) and interbracket dimensions. Results: Damon Q brackets generated higher torque values compared to Smart Clip brackets with both SS and TMA wires. Damon Q brackets generated the highest torquing moment of 25.72 Nmm and 7.45 Nmm, while Smart Clip brackets generated 22.25 Nmm and 7.31 Nmm with 0.019 × 0.025″ SS and TMA wires, respectively, at an interbracket distance of 12 mm. Torquing moments decreased for Damon Q and Smart Clip brackets when wire length increased from 12 mm to 16 mm. Conclusion: Damon Q with 0.019 × 0.025″wires exhibited superior torquing characteristics as compared to Smart Clip brackets with similar archwires.
Global assessment of wind erosion based on a spatially distributed RWEQ model
Authors: Yang Guocheng , Sun Ranhao , Jing Yongcai , Xiong Muqi , Li Jialei , Chen Liding 
Published: July 2021

Wind erosion is a global environmental problem and affects the sustainable use of land soil. The current efforts in wind erosion modeling mainly focus on local scales, yet very few studies have attempted to quantify the soil losses by wind on a large scale. Here, we proposed a distributed version of the revised wind erosion equation model (DRWEQ) to assess the spatial and temporal variations of wind erosion globally. The DRWEQ model used meteorological, soil, topographic, and remote sensing data to simulate global wind erosion from 2001 to 2010. The results showed that (a) the areas of wind erosion in Africa and Asia accounted for approximately 62% of the global wind erosion area but accounted for 91% of the global total soil loss; (b) global wind erosion showed a decreasing tendency during the research period – the wind erosion with a trend of intensification occupied 40.62% of the global wind erosion area while about 59.38% of the global wind erosion area showed a weakening trend; and (c) the monthly dynamics of the wind erosion were closely correlated with the combined effects of weather factors and vegetation coverage. The soil loss rates were lower in summer and reached the peak from January to April. The method presented in this study was developed based on the tradeoff of accuracy and availability of global data, and has the potential for predicting wind erosion from regional to global scales.
The Anterior Cruciate Ligament Can Become Hypertrophied in Response to Mechanical Loading: A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study in Elite Athletes
Authors: Beaulieu Mélanie L. , DeClercq Madeleine G. , Rietberg Nathan T. , Li Sylvia H. , Harker Emily C. , Weber Alexander E. , Ashton-Miller James A. , Wojtys Edward M. 
Published: July 2021

Background: Evidence, mainly from animal models, suggests that exercise during periods of pubertal growth can produce a hypertrophied anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and improve its mechanical properties. In humans, the only evidence of ACL hypertrophy comes from a small cross-sectional study of elite weight lifters and control participants; that study had methodological weaknesses and, thus, more evidence is needed. Purpose: To investigate bilateral differences in the ACL cross-sectional area (CSA) for evidence of unilateral hypertrophy in athletes who have habitually loaded 1 leg more than the other. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: We recruited 52 figure skaters and springboard divers (46 female and 6 male; mean age, 20.2 ± 2.7 years) because the former always land/jump on the same leg while the latter always drive the same leg into the board during their hurdle approach. Sport training for all participants began before puberty and continued throughout as well as after. Using oblique axial– and oblique sagittal–plane magnetic resonance imaging, we measured the ACL CSA and the anteroposterior diameter of the patellar tendon, respectively. In addition, isometric and isokinetic knee extensor and flexor peak torques were acquired using a dynamometer. Bilateral differences in the ACL CSA, patellar tendon diameter, and knee muscle strength were evaluated via 2-sided paired-samples t tests. Correlations between the bilateral difference in the ACL CSA and age of training onset as well as between the bilateral difference in the ACL CSA and years of training were also examined. Results: A significantly larger ACL CSA (mean difference, 4.9% ± 14.0%; P = .041), as well as patellar tendon diameter (mean difference, 4.7% ± 9.4%; P = .002), was found in the landing/drive leg than in the contralateral leg. The bilateral difference in the ACL CSA, however, was not associated with the age of training onset or years of training. Last, the isometric knee flexor peak torque was significantly greater in the landing/drive leg than the contralateral leg (mean difference, 14.5% ± 33.8%; P = .019). Conclusion: Athletes who habitually loaded 1 leg more than the other before, during, and after puberty exhibited significant unilateral ACL hypertrophy. This study suggests that the ACL may be able to be “trained” in athletes. If done correctly, it could help lower the risk for ACL injuries.
Risk factors and clinical outcomes of encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis: A case–control study from China
Authors: Lu Miaoqing , Ye Hongjian , Chen Dongni , Yi Chunyan , Lin Jianxiong , Mao Haiping , Yang Xiao , Yu Xueqing , Chen Wei 
Published: July 2021

Background: Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) is an uncommon, but serious complication in patients with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (PD) who have a considerable mortality rate. This study aimed to identify risk factors and outcomes of EPS in Chinese patients on PD. Methods: Sixteen patients on PD who met the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis criteria for diagnosis of EPS in the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University from 1997 to 2018 were included. Patients without EPS were matched for age, sex and the duration of PD and selected at a 1:3 ratio for the controls. A case–control study was conducted to analyse the clinical profile and risk factors associated with EPS in patients. Results: The prevalence of EPS in patients on PD in our centre was 0.55%. The percentage of EPS significantly increased with the duration of PD. In univariate regression analysis, a history of peritonitis (odds ratios (OR): 2.83; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.82–9.68; p = 0.08), peritoneal glucose exposure (OR: 1.12; 95% CI: 1.03–1.22; p < 0.01) and a high peritoneal transport status (OR: 14.70; 95% CI: 1.85–117.02; p < 0.01) were associated with EPS in patients on PD. However in the multivariate model, only a high peritoneal transport status (adjusted odds ratios (aOR): 13.65; 95% CI: 1.69–109.96; p = 0.01) was independently associated with EPS. Conclusion: The rate of EPS significantly increases with the duration of PD. Progressive peritoneal dysfunction, especially a high peritoneal transport status, is associated with a higher risk of EPS in this population.
Antibiotic Approvals in the Last Decade: Are We Keeping Up With Resistance?
Authors: Chahine Elias B. , Dougherty John A. , Thornby Krisy-Ann , Guirguis Erenie H. 
Published: July 2021

Objective: To review the spectrum of activity, efficacy, safety, and role in therapy of all antibiotics and related biologics approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the last decade. Data Sources: A literature search was performed using PubMed and Google Scholar (2010 to end May 2021) with the search terms’ name of the antibiotic or the biologic. Data were also obtained from the prescribing information, FDA, and ClinicalTrials.gov websites. Study Selection: All relevant English-language, late phase clinical trials assessing the safety and efficacy of the identified drugs were included. Review articles and references of retrieved articles were evaluated for relevant data. Data Synthesis: Antibiotic resistance is a public health crisis, and antibiotic development is imperative to outpace the ability of bacteria to develop resistance. Only 17 new systemic antibiotics and 1 related biologic have been approved by the FDA since 2010. Among these drugs, 14 were approved for common bacterial infections, 1 was approved for Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI), 1 was licensed to prevent CDI recurrence, and 2 were approved for drug-resistant tuberculosis. Very few antibiotics are in clinical development. Relevance to Patient Care and Clinical Practice: The arrival of these new antibiotics was welcomed with great enthusiasm, particularly when they met previously unmet medical needs. Unfortunately, the majority of them represent modifications to existing chemical structures rather than new drug classes. Despite the availability of these antibiotics, managing patients with deep-seated infections and those with extensively resistant gram-negative organisms remains challenging. Conclusions: The number of new antibiotics and their indications are not keeping up with resistance and the needs of the patients.
First report of intravascular ultrasound–guided intravascular lithotripsy to treat an underexpanded stent in the superficial femoral artery
Authors: Donas Konstantinos P , Taneva Gergana T , Bakr Nizar Abu , Psyllas Anastasios , Puchner Stefan B 
Published: July 2021

Background/Objective To evaluate the safety and utility of a new in Europe intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) catheter in a case of peripheral arterial disease caused by in-stent restenosis of the superficial femoral artery. Method Pre-therapeutic computed tomographic angiography identified severe stent restenosis related to device underexpansion, which was caused by an underlying eccentric severely calcified stenosis leading to suboptimal device deployment. The OptiCross 18 (30 MHz Peripheral Imaging Catheter, Boston Scientific, USA) is a short rail imaging catheter. It consists of two main assemblies: The imaging core is composed of a hi-torque, flexible, rotating drive cable with a radial looking 30 MHz ultrasonic transducer at the distal tip. An electro-mechanical connector interface at the proximal end of the catheter makes the connection to the Motordrive Unit (MDU5 PLUSTM) Instrument. The MDU5 PLUS-catheter interface consists of an integrated mechanical drive socket and electrical connection. Results The use of the IVUS-guided imaging revealed in-stent restenosis, fracture, and protrusion of the calcified plaque in the stent and confirmed the preoperative computed tomography angiography which showed stent compression. Use of intravascular litotripsy catheter (intravascular lithotripsy Shockwave Medical, Santa Clara, California) and drug coated balloon led to improvement in stent expansion, having minimal patent diameter of 5.77 mm. The patient’s subsequent clinical course was uneventful, and clinically had palpable pulses in the foot and ankle-brachial index of 1. Conclusions Whether acoustic pulse application might affect device structure in the long term remains to be determined, use of the novel IVUS system demonstrated excellent visibility of the etiology of the in-stent restenosis improving the perioperative diagnostic modalities of suboptimal endovascular outcome.
Outcomes of periarterial sympathectomy in patients with digital ischemia
Authors: Elshabrawy Ahmed A , Elkassaby Mohammed , Abdelgawad Mohamed S , Atif Ehab , Megahed Abdelsalam , Regal Samer 
Published: July 2021

Introduction Digital ischemia with subsequent severe pain and tissue loss is often difficult to treat, with no obvious guidelines or strong evidence in the literature to support a specific treatment modality. Patients who fail medical treatment remain with very limited surgical options due to the difficulty of any intervention in this “no man’s land” area of the hand, as described since 1918. Extended distal periarterial sympathectomy is reported as an effective treatment option since the eighties of last century. The procedure entails large incisions and major technical difficulties. In this study, we describe a less invasive approach with very promising results and equally high success rates. Materials and Methods This was a prospective study. All patients with severe digital ischemia manifesting with bluish discoloration, ulceration, and/or dry gangrene who failed medical treatment underwent distal periarterial sympathectomy for the radial and ulnar arteries, with added digital sympathectomy in very severe cases. Primary endpoints were ulcer healing and improvement in pain scores assessed by Visual Analog Scale pain scoring system. Secondary endpoints included complications and amputation rates. Results This study recruited 17 patients between January 2019 and January 2020. The mean follow-up was 14.6 months. The mean age was 33.71 (±SD 13.14) years. 41% were males. 59% suffered from vasculitis, 35% of patients had dry gangrene, and 71% had ulcers. Periarterial radial and ulnar sympathectomy was performed for all cases, with digital sympathectomy for 12 fingers. We had 50% complete ulcer healing within 1 month ( p = 0.031), and 100% were completely healed at 6 months ( p < 0.001). Pain scores showed significant reductions at 1 ( p = 0.001) and 6 months ( p < 0.001) of follow-up. Conclusion Distal periarterial sympathectomy demonstrates high success rates in terms of pain relief and ulcer healing in severe digital ischemia.
Haemotropic Mycoplasma species in pet cats in Latvia: a study, phylogenetic analysis and clinical case report
Authors: Berzina Inese , Capligina Valentina , Namina Agne , Visocka Alina , Ranka Renate 
Published: July 2021

Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate whether haemotropic Mycoplasma species are detected in pet cats in Latvia, to perform a phylogenetic analysis of the detected pathogens and to report a clinical case of feline infectious anaemia. Methods Peripheral blood samples (n = 125) from pet cats were submitted; 99 samples were adequate to test for the presence of Mycoplasma species DNA by nested PCR. A clinical case was added in the later stages of the study. Positive isolates were subjected to phylogenetic analysis. Results The prevalence of ‘ Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum’ was 15% (n = 15/99), that of Mycoplasma haemofelis was 5% (5/99) and that of ‘ Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis’ was 2% (n = 2/99). Cases of coinfection included ‘ Candidatus M haemominutum’ + M haemofelis (4%; n = 4/99) and ‘ Candidatus M haemominutum’ + ‘ Candidatus M turicensis’ (1%; n = 1/99). This is the first published report of M haemofelis infection in the Baltic states. Two different ‘ Candidatus M turicensis’ isolates were discovered after phylogenetic analysis. Conclusions and relevance This report is the first of an autochthonous feline infectious anaemia case in the Baltic region. The prevalence of Mycoplasma species was similar to that in other northern European countries. Phylogenetic analysis revealed variability of the isolates; one of the ‘ Candidatus M turicensis’ genotypes was detected for the first time in Europe.
Title: IDENTIFYING THE AXILLARY NERVE DURING SHOULDER SURGERY: AN ANATOMIC STUDY USING ADVANCED IMAGING
Authors: Hachadorian Michael E. , Mitchell Brendon C. , Siow Matthew Y. , Wang Wilbur , Bastrom Tracey , Sullivan T. Barrett , Huang Brady K. , Edmonds Eric W. , Kent William T. 
Published: July 2021

Background: The axillary nerve (AXN) is one of the more commonly injured nerves during shoulder surgery. Prior anatomic studies of the AXN in adults were performed using cadaveric specimens with small sample sizes. Our research observes a larger cohort of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies in order to gain a more representative sample of the course of the axillary nerve and aid surgeons intraoperatively. Methods: High-resolution 3T MRI studies performed at our institution from January 2010 to June 2019 were reviewed. Four blinded reviewers with musculoskeletal radiology or orthopaedic surgery training measured the distance of the AXN to the surgical neck of the humerus (SNH), the lateral tip of the acromion (LTA), and the inferior glenoid rim (IGR). Intra-class Correlation Coefficient (ICC) was calculated to assess reliability between reviewers. The nerve location was assessed relative to rotator cuff tear status. Results: A total of 257 shoulder MRIs were included. ICC was excellent at 0.80 for SNH, 0.90 for LTA and 0.94 for IGR. All intra-observer reliabilities were above 0.80. Mean distance from AXN to SNH was 1.7 cm (0.7-3.1 cm, IQR 1.38-2.00) and AXN to IGR was 1.6 cm (0.6-2.6 cm, IQR 1.33-1.88). The mean AXN to LTA distance was 7.1 cm, with a range of 5.2 to 9.0 cm across patient heights; there was a large effect size related to LTA to AXN distance and patient height with a correlation of r=0.603, (p<0.001). Rotator cuff pathology appears to affect nerve location by increasing the distance between AXN and SNH (p = 0.027). Discussion/Conclusion: The AXN is vulnerable to injury during both open and arthroscopic shoulder procedures. This injury can be either a result of direct trauma to the nerve or secondary to traction placed on the nerve with reconstructive procedures that distalize the humerus. Our study demonstrates that the axillary nerve can be found as little as 5.6 mm from IGR and 6.9 mm from the SNH. Additionally, we illustrate the relationship between patient height and LTA to AXN distance and complete rotator cuff tears and SNH to AXN distance. Our study is the first to demonstrate the nerve’s proximity to important surgical landmarks of the shoulder using a large sample size of high-resolution images in living human shoulders. Tables/Figures: [Figure: see text][Table: see text]