bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Context
Authors: Jacob W. M. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
London during the Victorian period was the largest city in the world, a focus for migration, and the centre of international finance, trade, and manufacturing as well as technological and scientific research, and the seat of imperial government. Its population included the very rich and the very poor, and a rapidly expanding professional and commercial middle class. Despite its vast and growing population, the metropolis had no formal identity and no central authority to coordinate services with the result that for much of the period water supplies and waste disposal were chaotic. With overcrowded housing, disease was endemic, and the death rate high. London was a very unhealthy place. Commercial success led to major redevelopment in the centre, and constant outward migration leading to suburbanization, a developing suburban transport network, segregation of classes, and a rapidly expanding leisure industry. Fluctuations in trade and economic downturns led to financial insecurity and political anxieties, periods of extreme distress among the poorest contributing to social unrest and fuelled millenarian hopes and fears. This provided the context for an extraordinary level of religious and religiously inspired philanthropic activity.
Nonconformity in Victorian London
Authors: Jacob W. M. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The traditional Nonconformist churches responded to the challenges of metropolitan London in the light of their distinctive and diverse polities, social composition, and financial resources. These enabled them to thrive, but also limited their capacity for wider social and mission engagement. Nonconformity provided opportunities for entrepreneurial initiatives by individual ministers. This led to a number of ‘mega-chapels’ mostly in central London, attracting adherents mostly middle class, from wide areas, significantly raising the profile of Nonconformity. Some ministers also developed extensive highly successful chapel-based educational programmes and social networks. Despite its success among the middle classes, lacking the strong institutional framework of the established Church, and its immense financial resources, Nonconformity had difficulty in strategically planning for mission development and sustaining successful chapels, as well as responding to the outward migration of many congregational members. In the final decades of the century, despite the initiatives of Forward Movements focused on areas of inner-urban deprivation, and growing political influence, Nonconformity’s attendances in London were declining.
Migrant Religious Groups
Authors: Jacob W. M. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
As a world city, Victorian London was a magnet for migrants, including Italians, Germans, French, and Greeks. The two most numerous migrant groups were Eastern European Jews and Irish Roman Catholics, whose arrival challenged and changed their small host communities. Both host communities had to respond to the material and spiritual needs of relatively large numbers of poor migrants whose numbers in limited localities and unknown languages and customs aroused a degree of hostility and fear that they would disadvantage existing poor communities in those districts. The leaders of both communities adopted somewhat similar strategies to prevent ‘leakage’ of members from their respective faith groups in the face of militant Protestant mission activity, and to enculturate them as British citizens, playing a part in civic life, while not compromising the distinctiveness of their faith and its practice.
New Religious Groups
Authors: Jacob W. M. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Victorian London proved fertile soil for new religious groups. In the context of political, economic, and social unrest and the biblicism of the Evangelical revival and Romanticism, Christian millenarian groups seeking a perfected society emerged, or were transplanted from the United States. American revivalist and holiness movements inspired the Salvation Army. Small radical secularist, positivist, and ethical groups, while rejecting Christianity, adopted religious models for their activities. Some members of the intelligentsia adopted agnosticism or materialism. None of these groups offered a popular alternative to Christianity or Judaism or attracted significant numbers of adherents. Nor were they able to sustain themselves much beyond their charismatic founders. Scientific and technological discoveries during the period aroused interest in the possibility of other unseen dimensions leading to the great popularity of spiritualism, and, influenced by growing awareness of Eastern religions, to the emergence of Theosophy and Occultism.
Religion, Philanthropy, and Social Action
Authors: Jacob W. M. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
There were astonishing levels of philanthropy in Victorian London, most of it faith-motivated, to supplement the rate-funded Poor Law which had been reformed in 1834 under the influence of Christian theological principles. London parochial charities, the combined annual incomes of which exceeded the annual budgets of some smaller European countries administered by parish priests and officers, were reformed, and lay and clerical faith leaders established the Charity Organisation Society to research and coordinate the administration of charitable relief developing social scientific methods. To illustrate the extent of voluntary engagement with organized philanthropic activity and social action by religiously motivated groups among the multitude of religiously inspired charities in London, case studies are made of providing housing for poor people, the drink problem, and the sexual exploitation of women and girls.
Religion and Education in Victorian London
Authors: Jacob W. M. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Most of the provision of elementary education for poor children in London was by churches until the Education Act 1870 and thereafter a considerable proportion of education continued to be provided by the churches. Christianly motivated people played a significant part in the development of the London School Board and its schools. To improve the quality of teaching in schools, teacher training was pioneered by Christianly motivated individuals and subsequently by churches. This enabled teaching to develop as a profession, especially for women. The development of elementary education and teacher training by the churches, contributed significantly to providing the clerks and shopworkers to support the commercial growth of London, and the immense expansion of the middle class.
Dimensions, Determinants, and Development of Prosocial Behaviour
Authors: Bakermans-Kranenburg Marian J. , van IJzendoorn Marinus H. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Though the theory of evolution suggests we should not be surprised that humans are generally disposed to behave prosocially, pinning down why this disposition is differentially distributed across human individuals, and how the disposition develops, is a complex task, and the more so because what counts as prosocial behaviour is itself internally various and so may have various developmental histories. Explanations from genetics, neuroscience, parenting/attachment, and concurrent environmental factors (including deliberate ‘nudges’) are surveyed and compared, and the genetic differential susceptibility theory is speculatively advanced to explain individual differences in openness to the environment, both for better and for worse social behaviour.
Attachment, the Virtues, and the Vices
Authors: Hill Jonathan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Can secure attachment contribute to our understanding of the virtues? Here we have the unusual situation of a developmental-psychological predictor with an outcome identified (and scrutinized) as a philosophical concept. Should we try to answer the question by reviewing the evidence or examining the argument? And if the evidence is against it, is that the end of the discussion? Or if the argument is strong, is the evidence peripheral? There is a third and related challenge, which is that attachment research has mainly been about a very specific and circumscribed aspect of the child’s early development, whereas the virtues and the vices cover almost every aspect of a person’s life and being. The chapter starts with an outline of aspects of Aristotle’s discussion of character, the virtues and the vices, drawing out some of the links with concepts and findings in current developmental research. It then discusses current concepts and evidence regarding the developmental origins of the virtues and the vices, before summarizing key aspects of what is known about early attachment processes. The proposition that attachment processes may help us understand the virtues and the vices is a proposition about early developmental origins. The chapter centres on an enquiry into the childhood origins of the virtues and the vices in adults, and into the role of attachment and other processes in infancy and childhood.
The Evolved Nest, Virtue, and Vice
Authors: Narvaez Darcia 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The evolved nest provides an evolved baseline for optimizing species-normal development. Any shift away from the evolved nest should be considered a risk factor. Humans are dynamic complex systems that self-organize according to experience, and whose initial conditions shape subsequent development and function, barring later intervention. The evolved nest provides the type of stimulation and support at the right times and in the right ways for healthy development. Developmental psychological studies are beginning to examine nest components, demonstrating their effects on social and moral capacities. Neurobiological studies demonstrate the effects of evolved nest components on human functioning and disposition. We can also observe the vast difference in personality and culture between societies that provide the evolved nest and those that do not. Traditional Indigenous communities provide the nest and demonstrate the natural development of virtue. When the nest is not provided it represents a broken continuum of support and we should not be surprised that various psychopathologies result that promote individual vice and vicious societies. Industrialized capitalist societies have fostered people unable to fit into the biocommunity as fellow members and then have rationalized the disordered result with anthropocentric fatalistic theories like selfish-gene theory. The evolved nest is critical for restoring human nature to its earth-centric origins as found among our ancestors for millions of years.
Human and Artificial Intelligence: A Clarification
Authors: Fuchs Thomas 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics are increasingly calling into question the distinction between the simulation and reality of the human person. On the one hand, they suggest a computeromorphic understanding of human intelligence, and on the other, an anthropomorphic view of AI systems. In other words: we increasingly view ourselves as our machines, and conversely, our machines as ourselves. So, what is the difference between human and AI? And can AI achieve consciousness at some point? The chapter argues that an embodied view of consciousness and the person establishes a notion of intelligence that cannot be reduced to information processing.
Embodied Freedom: A Libertarian Position
Authors: Fuchs Thomas 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn debates on free will it is often claimed that all human actions are determined by neural mechanisms preceding the decision as well as the initiation of action. The phenomenology of the decision, on the other hand, is attributed to a disembodied subject whose powerlessness in the face of physical processes is considered unquestionable. In place of a dualism of rational subject or brain as decisive authority the chapter puts forward the concept of embodied or personal freedom. The person is not something composed of mind and body but is a living being whose decisions are also life processes in which mental, emotional, and bodily components interact with each other. Therefore, if one seeks the cause of a person’s free actions, one must seek it neither in a mental “I” nor in the brain, but in the person as a whole, i.e., as embodied subjectivity.
Brain World or Life World? Critique of Neuroconstructivism
Authors: Fuchs Thomas 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
From a neuro-constructivistic point of view, the brain creates an internal simulation of the external world which appears as the phenomenal world in consciousness. This view presupposes in particular that the subjective body and the organic or objective body belong to two fundamentally different worlds, the mental and the physical. The spatiality of the subject-body must then be declared an illusion, for example by referring to dissociations of the subject- and object-body as in the rubber hand illusion or the phantom limb. However, this alleged virtuality of body experience can be refuted by the intersubjectivity of perception, which confirms the co-extensivity of subject-body and object-body. Subjectivity thus proves to be as embodied as it is spatially extended, that means, as bodily being-in-the-world.
Embodiment and Personal Identity in Dementia
Authors: Fuchs Thomas 
Published: October 2021

AbstractTheories of personal identity in the tradition of John Locke emphasize the importance of psychological continuity and the abilities to think, to remember and to make rational choices as basic criteria for personhood. As a consequence, persons with severe dementia are threatened to lose the status of persons. Such concepts, however, are situated within a dualistic framework, in which the body is regarded as a mere vehicle of the brain as the organ of mental faculties. The chapter elaborates a different approach to personal identity: according to this, selfhood is primarily constituted by pre-reflective self-awareness and the body memory. Dementia is then characterized as a loss of reflexivity and meta-perspective, which is contrasted with the preservation of individual forms of body memory even in the later stages of the illness. The ethical consequences of such an embodied approach to dementia are outlined.
Who Were the Stoics?
Authors: Sherman Nancy 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This lesson introduces readers to the ancient Greek and Roman Stoics—who they were, their ideas in historical context, and their legacy. The arc of Stoic influence is long and strong. Stoic DNA is embedded in Judaism and Christianity, medieval and Renaissance thought, Enlightenment writing, and American intellectual thought. And it influenced American political thought: Jefferson read the Roman Stoics. So, too, did Washington. Seneca is the flawed protagonist in this work. He yearns for self-freedom in an ecosystem larger than himself. He’s a pragmatic philosopher who knows all too well the muddy waters of politics and power. He swims in those currents, as Nero’s tutor, political advisor, and speechwriter. His struggle to find inner freedom as Nero’s minister offers a sharp lesson in moral aspiration and moral compromise.
The Art of Stoic Living
Authors: Sherman Nancy 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Meditation is key to the art of Stoic living. But it’s not Zen or Buddhist meditation. If you are meditating like an Eastern monk, you are trying to quiet the chattering mind. If you are meditating like a Stoic, you are cultivating that busy mind. How does self-talk, and often self-blame, promote calm? Stoic living also involves monitoring the onset of disruptive emotions, and some Stoic-minded teachers have designed Stoic exercises for this kind of impulse control in their classrooms. Others practice Stoicism by looking to moral exemplars. A Cato or a Socrates, as the Stoics would say. But who is a modern moral exemplar? Take Hugh Thompson, the young American Army helicopter pilot who stopped the My Lai massacre. Would he be part of a Stoic pantheon? Moral outrage at the brutal massacre of 500 innocents prompted him to land his helicopter that day and stop the onslaught. Would a Stoic permit, or extoll, just action motivated by righteous anger?
Rebalancing Our Climate
Authors: Rohling Eelco J. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Over recent decades, a wide variety of studies and assessment reports has portrayed a stark picture of humanity’s detrimental impacts on our planet’s life and environmental health. Climate change is at the heart of many of these impacts. This cannot be allowed to continue, given the relentless human population growth and ever-expanding energy and resource consumption. We have but one planet, and its ecosystem services are essential to our survival. As Rebalancing Our Climate reports, the doomsday scenario can still be averted; humanity stands at a crossroads where it must take the route of sustainable behavior. Decisive action can still make a significant difference to climate change. This is humanity’s greatest challenge. To have any chance of success, however, the time to act can be delayed no longer. Instead, it is right now: today is the future. This book documents a wealth of ways to adjust the trajectory of climate change. It outlines measures to drive massive reductions of greenhouse gas emissions, to remove greenhouse gases from the atmosphere, and to reflect part of the incoming energy from the Sun. For all measures, the book evaluates both advantages and disadvantages. Finally, it discusses the need to protect ourselves from impacts that have become inevitable already and looks at how society may be driven to get the job done. In short, this book provides powerful facts and arguments to support informed choices.
The Controversial One
Authors: Rohling Eelco J. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers solar radiation management, also known as solar geoengineering, which seeks to manipulate Earth’s climate energy balance by reducing the absorption of incoming solar energy. As the chapter explains, this approach spans a class of proposed measures that has been polarizing the community, with some advocating it as an essential means of keeping global warming within acceptable limits, while others see only grave drawbacks and dangers. The chapter describes the two approaches to limiting the absorption of solar energy: measures taken in space, between Earth and the Sun, to reflect or disperse solar radiation before it even hits Earth’s atmosphere; and measures taken in Earth’s atmosphere or at the Earth’s surface to reflect incoming solar radiation. It goes on to discuss the various proposed methods, their potential, and their drawbacks.
The Movement for Black Lives and Transitional Justice
Authors: Murphy Colleen 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Transitional justice is the process of dealing with wrongdoing committed in the context of conflict or repression for the sake of recognizing victims, holding perpetrators to account, and, most fundamentally, contributing to societal transformation. This paper considers, from the perspective of transitional justice, the Movement for Black Lives (M4BL). The author’s analysis is comparative. Specifically, the focus is on the armed struggle to end apartheid in South Africa and the pursuit of transitional justice in the aftermath of apartheid’s end with the civil rights movement in the United States. Although the achievement of transitional justice in South Africa is unfinished in important respects, explicit steps in that direction were made in South Africa that were not made in the United States. This account conceptualizes M4BL in the United States in part as a response to the absence of transitional justice in this context, and as calling for mechanisms of transitional justice to address explicitly past wrongs as part of the pursuit of broader societal transformation.
From Embodying Injustice to Embodying Equity
Authors: Krieger Nancy 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Chapter 1 explains ecosocial theory, its origins, and its focus on multilevel spatiotemporal processes of embodying (in)justice, across the lifecourse and historical generations, as shaped by the political economy and political ecology of the societies in which people live. The counter is to dominant narratives that attribute primary causal agency to people’s allegedly innate biology and their allegedly individual (and decontextualized) health behaviors, and also to misleading narratives of “gene-environment interaction.” The step-by-step explication of ecosocial constructs includes: processes and pathways of embodiment, including embodying (in)justice; the cumulative interplay of exposure, susceptibility, and resistance and agency and accountability, together within and across levels, lifecourse, and historical generation; levels, pathways, and power; structured chance; and emergent embodied phenotypes. Also discussed is the relationship of ecosocial theory to “intersectionality” and ecosocial analysis of biological expressions of injustice versus unjust interpretations of biology (especially in relation to racism and gender).
Challenges
Authors: Krieger Nancy 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Chapter 3 connects embodied truths and causal narratives in the service of health justice, using the examples of police violence and climate change, whereby expanding the focus to address their embodied and inequitable harms to people’s health has expanded options for galvanizing constructive change. It then uses ecosocial theory to pose new paths for research and action for a thriving world. Examples considered include: fossil fuel extraction and sexually transmitted infectious disease; health benefits of organic food—for whom? (consumers, workers, other species); public monuments, symbols, and the people’s health (including removal of Confederate symbols and university reckonings with places named after past eugenic leaders); and light, vision, and the health of people and other species (including light pollution and countering rising reading/screen-time-induced myopia with more outdoor time). It concludes by discussing the work that ecosocial theory and “embodied truths” can do for improving knowledge and action for health justice.
Mental Toughness
Authors: Weinberg Robert , Butt Joanne 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to highlight what is known (relative consistency based on research) and what is unknown (inconsistency or lack of research) regarding the research area of mental toughness. The specific areas of mental toughness chosen that are known included (a) psychological attributes; (b) genetic versus learned aspects; (c) multidimensional or unidimensional in nature; (d) mental toughness, hardiness, and resilience; and (e) behaviors of mentally tough athletes. Through a combination of targeting theoretical questions, applied questions, and methodological questions, the mental toughness areas chosen that are unknown included (a) the stability of mental toughness; (b) mental toughness and physical toughness; (c) the relationship between mental toughness, mental health, and physical health; and (d) identifying mental toughness. Within these four areas, future directions for research are presented.