bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Substance Use and Associated Factors among Junior Students in a Public Secondary School in an Urban Local Government area in Rivers State, Nigeria
Authors: Azi Esther Ibinabo , Maduka Omosivie 
Published: October 2021

Background:
Adolescents (aged 10–19 years) are at risk of using substances, as they are known to be impressionable and eager to please. This study set out to investigate the prevalence of substance use and associated factors among junior secondary students (JSSs) in Obio-Akpor Local Government Area (LGA), Rivers State, Nigeria.

Methods:
A descriptive cross-sectional study employing two-stage sampling was used in this survey to select 398 JSSs in a public secondary school in Obio Akpor LGA. Data were collected using an adapted self-administered WHO Students' Drug Use Questionnaire, analyzed using IBM SPSS version 21.0 software, and statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.

Results:
The mean age of the respondents was 12.9 (standard deviation = 1.6) years with males accounting for 179 (45%) of respondents. The lifetime prevalence for substance use was 37 (9.4%), while those currently using substances were 4 (1.0%). Alcohol ranked the highest with 17 (45.9%) as the most frequently used substance. Eight (50%) respondents cited street vendors as their main source of getting substances. Of those who used substances, 4 (50%) did so to boost their intelligence. More males reported substance use and this was significant (χ2 = 5.1, P = 0.02; adjusted odds ratio [AOR] =2.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.03–4.21) and being in Class 2 and 3 (AOR = 2.33, 95% CI = 1.11–4.88) predicted the likelihood of ever using substances.

Conclusion:
Substance use is present among JSSs though the prevalence is low. This presents an opportunity for primary prevention activities to address future substance use in this age cohort.
COVID-19 Risks and Extra-Protective Measures Practised among Nigerian Orthodontists and Orthodontic Residents
Authors: Adekoya Monica N. , Adeyemi Tope Emmanuel , Aikins Elfleda Angelina 
Published: October 2021

Background and Aims:
There is a high possibility of transmitting the coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) in the orthodontic clinic because orthodontists and their patients are in very close contact when orthodontic care is being given. The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge and perception of Nigerian orthodontists and orthodontic residents about the risks of COVID-19 as well as the extra-protective infection control measures that need to be taken.

Materials and Methods:
This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study. The questionnaires were distributed and retrieved from consenting participants through an online platform. The questionnaires were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software version 23. The results were presented in tables and charts.

Results:
Out of a total of 90 members on the association's WhatsApp group as at the time the study was being conducted, a total of 48 respondents participated in this study. There were more females (60.4%) than males. Majority (97.9%) of the respondents agreed/strongly agreed that an infected patient could infect the orthodontic clinic staff members with COVID-19 while most were of the view that debonding (95.8%) and retainer delivery (70.8%) posed a risk for spread of the virus. More than half of the respondents (52.1%) considered it necessary to change N95 masks after each patient as an extra-protective measure against COVID-19.

Conclusions:
Majority of the respondents knew about the risks that COVID-19 posed to different aspects of orthodontic practice and were also knowledgeable about some of the extra-protective measures that they should take. There is a need to improve the knowledge of the participants concerning the use of appropriate mouth rinses to reduce the risks of transmission of COVID-19 in the dental/orthodontic clinic.
Elevated Extracellular Levels of Granzymes in Patients with Scrub Typhus
Authors: Hwang Joo-Hee , Hwang Jeong-Hwan , Lee Chang-Seop 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT.
Scrub typhus is an acute febrile disease caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi, which is transmitted through chigger mites. Delayed treatment results in various complications and, in severe cases, death. Granzymes are secreted by cytotoxic T lymphocytes or natural killer cells and are known to play an important role in controlling intracellular pathogens. To date, few studies have been done on granzymes in patients with scrub typhus. In this study, granzymes A and B showed a significant increase during the acute stage of scrub typhus compared with healthy control subjects, and decreased sharply after treatment. In addition, granzymes A and B were significantly high in the moderately elevated liver enzyme group. In conclusion, it appears that the host during the acute phase of scrub typhus increases cytotoxic T-cell activity to control infection.
Real World Analysis of Response Rate and Efficacy of Oral Ketoconazole in Patients with Recalcitrant Tinea Corporis and Cruris
Authors: Arora Pooja , Sardana Kabir , Kulhari Anita , Kaur Ravinder , Rawat Deepti , Panesar Sanjeet 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT.
Recalcitrant dermatophytosis has had an alarming rise in India with concomitant decreased effectiveness of conventional antifungal agents. This has prompted the use of second-line agents for treatment. In this retrospective study, we aimed to analyze the response rate, efficacy, relapse rate, and side effects of oral ketoconazole (KZ) in the treatment of recalcitrant tinea corporis and cruris. Institutional records were reviewed for patients presenting with tinea cruris or corporis who had failed treatment with conventional antifungal drugs and treated with oral KZ. Potassium hydroxide (KOH) findings, culture reports, and response to treatment was noted based on the percentage improvement in lesions and reduction in itching compared with baseline. Fourty-three patients (mean age 31.3 years) with tinea corporis/cruris who had taken prior treatment with antifungals were recruited in the study. KOH mount and culture were positive in 76.7% patients. Trichophyton mentagrophytes was the commonest species, isolated in 62.8% of patients. Ketoconazole showed the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration on antifungal susceptibility tests with various antifungals. With a dose of 400 mg daily, 67.4% of patients were cured of disease with mean duration of 9.4 weeks. Patients having less than 40% clearance at 2 weeks had a 68.9% less probability of getting cured of disease. Of the 29 patients cured, 37.9% relapsed because of various predisposing factors. Two patients developed increase in liver enzymes on treatment. Our analysis suggests that KZ can be used as alternative drug in cases with failure to conventional antifungal drugs. Though there are relapses, these can be partially explained by various predisposing factors that support fungal survival and transmission.
Case Report: Atypical Cutaneous Presentation of Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1-Related Adult T-cell Lymphoma
Authors: Avallone Gianluca , Trunfio Mattia , Mastorino Luca , Agostini Andrea , Merli Martina , Rubatto Marco , Caracciolo Daniele , Calcagno Andrea , Senetta Rebecca , Fierro Maria Teresa , Quaglino Pietro , Ribero Simone 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT.
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus endemic in many parts of the world. Because of migration, cases of HTLV-1 in non-HTLV-1 endemic countries have been increasingly reported. Clinical presentation of HTLV-1 infection is highly variable, with a significant risk of diagnostic delays. Skin can be the first site affected by HTLV-1-related manifestations such as cutaneous involvement of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and infective dermatitis associated with HTLV-1. A 32-year-old Nigerian man was admitted to the infectious disease department for high fever, asthenia, lymphocytosis, and vesicular bullous lesions on both hand palms and lower limbs. After clinical work-up was performed, bacterial superinfected herpes simplex viurs-2 ulcers were the presenting sign of HTLV-1-related chronic type ATLL. Standard treatment based on interferon-α plus zidovudine was started, but it was poorly tolerated; therefore, switching to an off-label dual antiretroviral regimen was attempted. The increasing prevalence of HTLV-1 in nonendemic areas may enhance the development of alternative treatments with better efficacy and tolerability profiles.
Ocular Dirofilariasis Case in Thailand Confirmed by Molecular Analysis to Be Caused by Dirofilaria immitis
Authors: Somsap Yuwadee , Boonroumkaew Patcharaporn , Somsap Attawit , Rodpai Rutchanee , Sadaow Lakkhana , Sanpool Oranuch , Maleewong Wanchai , Intapan Pewpan M. 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT.
A rare ocular dirofilariasis case along with the clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcome is reported. A whitish roundworm (10.6 cm long and 0.5 mm width) emerged from the pterygium, a triangular tissue growth on the cornea of the eye, of a male patient. The worm had a rounded anterior part, mouth without lips, smooth cuticular surface, and short rounded posterior tail with spicules: these features suggested that it was a male Dirofilaria sp. Molecular identification confirmed that the worm belonged to Dirofilaria immitis. This is the first molecular confirmation that D. immitis is a causative agent of ocular dirofilariasis in Thailand: dirofilariasis is a newly emerging zoonotic disease. Physicians should be alert to zoonotic filarial worms and knowledgeable about treatment of this disease.
Incidence of Adult-Onset Epilepsy and the Contributory Role of Neurocysticercosis in a Five-Year, Population-Based, Prospective Study in Rural Ecuador
Authors: Del Brutto Oscar H. , Recalde Bettsy Y. , Mera Robertino M. 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT.
This prospective cohort study aimed to assess incidence and etiology of adult-onset epilepsy in previously seizure-free Atahualpa residents aged ≥ 20 years. Persons with adult-onset epilepsy occurring over 5 years were identified from annual door-to-door surveys and other overlapping sources. Those who emigrated or declined consent were excluded at the administrative censoring date of the last survey when these subjects were interviewed. Persons who died and those who developed incident epilepsy were censored at the time of these outcomes. Poisson regression models adjusted for demographics, education, alcohol intake, and the length of observation time, were used to estimate annual adult-onset epilepsy incidence rate ratio and cumulative incidence. Systematic neuroimaging screening was offered to participants to get insights on the etiology of epilepsy. Individuals enrolled in this cohort (N = 1,480) contributed to 6,811.6 years of follow-up. Seventeen developed incident adult-onset epilepsy, for an annual incident rate of 249.2 per 100,000 persons-year (95% CI: 130.7–367.7). Cumulative incidence was 1,245.9 per 100,000 persons (95% CI: 653.7–1,838.3) after a mean of 4.6 (SE: 0.06) years of follow-up. Six persons with incident epilepsy had neurocysticercosis (35%). Individuals with neurocysticercosis were six times more likely to develop adult-onset epilepsy than those without this disease (IRR: 6.01; 95% CI: 2.16–16.7), after adjusting for relevant covariates. The attributable fraction of incident adult-onset epilepsy due to neurocysticercosis was 30.9% (95% CI: 25.6–46.2%). This rural Ecuadorian population has a high incidence of adult-onset epilepsy, with neurocysticercosis being an important contributory cause.
Constitution as Social Contract in Contemporary Ethiopia: The Need to Re-construct Political Arrangements
Authors: Bekele Henok Kebede 
Published: October 2021

Constitutions represent social contracts that accommodate subjective interests of groups within the framework of impersonal shared interests among citizens of the society at large. This article examines the contemporary social contract theory in relation to the constitutional making process in Ethiopia. The lawmaking process of Ethiopia’s 1995 Constitution does not fulfil the procedural legitimacy of social contract because important sections of the society were neglected. The institutions created by the FDRE Constitution denote the subjectivist approaches to social contract theory thereby ignoring the impersonal interests of the society. To accommodate both the subjective ends and impersonal interests of the society, the Constitution should be reconstructed in light of the dualist contemporary social contract theory. This article argues that Ethiopia's contracting actors should consider both the subjective and impersonal interests of society. The article examines the conditions that make constitution a social contract. It also discusses the controversies concerning Ethiopia's Constitution in light of the theory of social contract, and tries to show what the Constitution should fulfil as a social contract in contemporary Ethiopia.
"Excuse my Misunderstanding": Using Intercultural Approach to teach English as a Foreign Language in France
Authors: Achieng Stella Anne 
Published: October 2021

In France, the intercultural approach has been largely associated with teaching French as a Foreign language due to the multicultural and multilingual nature of the classes. There is very little research on the use of such an approach in teaching English as a Foreign language. This is due to the fact that the majority, if not all the students, share a similar culture and common linguistic codes. The intercultural experience, in that case, is encountered through the English program as presented by the teacher, who in most cases is also French. This paper examines the use of the intercultural approach in teaching English as a foreign language (EFL) to French learners (middle school /university students) by a foreign teacher and the consideration of social representations (stereotypes) as a strategy to develop classroom participation in verbal communication. It discusses theoretical understanding of the intercultural approach and how this approach could be used in practice by drawing examples from the teacher and the learners' experiences. Data was collected through participatory observations and questioning. The research findings will show that using social representations as a strategy in intercultural approach can be instrumental to the development of verbal communication.
Um estudo sobre a pobreza multidimensional no estado do Ceará no período de 2005 a 2015
Authors: Caetano Yonara Duarte , Castro Marília de Souza 
Published: October 2021

Por muito tempo a pobreza era definida apenas de acordo com a insuficiência de renda, porém seu conceito evoluiu e passou a ser incorporado a uma série de predicados ao longo do tempo, referentes não somente às variáveis econômicas, mas incluindo outras variáveis, tais como grau de instrução do indivíduo, condições de saúde, habitação, saneamento e inserção no mercado de trabalho. Dessa forma, tendo em vista o nordeste brasileiro, com destaque para o estado do Ceará, ainda é detentora de elevados níveis de pobreza e desigualdade, verifica-se o quão importante é essa abordagem multidimensional da pobreza para a região, visto que é classificada como mais completa e considera dimensões mais qualitativas, sem excluir a variável renda. Assim, o objetivo geral deste trabalho é analisar a evolução e o nível de pobreza multidimensional no estado do Ceará no período de 2005 a 2015. Para tanto, fez-se uso da metodologia de Bourguignon e Chakravarty (2003) que leva em consideração uma abordagem multidimensional para avaliar a pobreza. Os dados utilizados baseiam-se na Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílio (PNAD). A conclusão das seis dimensões em análise apresentou uma elevação na proporção de pobres multidimensionais da população cearense, de 38,33% em 2005 para 44,15% no ano de 2015.
Chateaubriand, Vigny et le trappiste de Saint-Aubin de Médoc
Authors: Méric Jean-Pierre 
Published: October 2021

À peine connue de quelques Bordelais férus d’histoire régionale, la très éphémère existence du petit monastère cistercien de Saint-Aubin-de-Médoc (1821-1830), près de Bordeaux, convoque néanmoins les noms de deux grands écrivains français. En 1803, l’inspiration de Chateaubriand dans le Génie du Christianisme, croise l’obscure destinée de son premier et unique père-abbé, dom Jean-Baptiste de Martres. Ce prêtre français émigré, devenu trappiste en Espagne en 1798, rencontre à Paris Alfred de Vigny presque vingt ans plus tard, en 1822. Le religieux y quête pour assurer l’avenir de sa fondation bordelaise ; le poète le fait parler d’un frère convers espagnol qu’il a connu quinze ans plus tôt : Antonio Marañón, dit Le Trappiste. Ainsi, grâce à Chateaubriand avec la sainteté cachée du frère Jean Climaque, grâce à Vigny avec l’extravagante personnalité du frère Antonio, l’humble moine errant, bordelais de hasard, apporte à son abbaye aux portes du Médoc une forme de notoriété qui ne la sauvera pas de l’oubli… mais qui méritait néanmoins qu’on l’en fît sortir.
Les débuts de la maison POL
Authors: Bessard-Banquy Olivier 
Published: October 2021

POL est connu pour avoir été autant un éditeur réputé, en soutien de la poésie et d’auteurs comme Charles Juliet ou Édouard Levé, qu’un éditeur à succès, couronné par des prix ou porté par des réussites avec des œuvres quelque peu grand public comme celles d’Emmanuel Carrère ou de Martin Winckler. Mais ses débuts dans les années 1980 en tant qu’éditeur indépendant ont été bien difficiles, et sur ces années d’apprentissage, entre Georges Perec et Marguerite Duras, des archives versées à l’IMEC ont permis d’avoir un regard neuf. Que nous disent ces documents ? Quels ont été les chances, les déveines, les risques, les soucis de la maison POL dans les années 1980 ? Comment l’éditeur d’Emmanuel Hocquard ou de Bernard Noël a-t-il gagné en solidité après avoir frisé le dépôt de bilan ? C’est à ces quelques questions que ce texte propose de modestes éléments de réponses.
« En veuë de tout le monde » : le caractère public des collections d’antiques dans les villes méridionales, des derniers Valois а Henri IV
Authors: Trébosc Delphine 
Published: October 2021

Le présent article entend faire le point sur la dimension publique des collections d’antiques présentes dans les villes méridionales du royaume de France, à la fin du XVIe et au début du XVIIe siècle. Il s’agit de repérer les manifestations de leur caractère public, entendu dans les deux acceptions du terme : au sens strict – qui dépend de l’État – et au sens large – qui concerne la communauté. L’étude des collections municipales insistera sur la volonté du corps de ville de les rendre accessibles au plus grand nombre. Nous examinerons également le rapport des collections privées à la sphère publique, aussi bien en termes d’accès, de diffusion que de marché.
Membuat Komunikasi Efektif Dalam Ekonomi Bisnis dan Kehidupan Sosial
Authors: Susmita Dita Ayu , Hasibuan Asrina , Suhairi Suhairi 
Published: October 2021

Communication is a very important thing in life, if we are not careful in communicating, it cannot be denied that it will be trigger misunderstandings. Communication in everyday life both in economic and social activities, not only by using verbal words, but also using non-verbal words. Without communication, there will be no interaction between humans. The interaction as a result of this communication is related to the attitude or behavior of each individual which must also be adjusted and/or to adapt to the various cultures of each. This culture will shape, strengthen and change attitudes and behavior both individually and socially in the cultural environment concerned. For that we must communicate well in order to create a good life between us. And also in communicating not only to convey messages, but to change behavior. Do not let what we convey, not in harmony with the behavior of the speaker. So that makes the communicant distrust and no longer want to communicate with us. So the existence of the communication management makes the implementation of the communication run effectivel, so that the messages or result expected from the delivery of the information is as expected. Management and communication presents an effective management and delivery scheme of information messages, so as to create harmony in the communication carried out.
Concept of Mental Education: A Perspective of Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyyah
Authors: Makmudi Makmudi 
Published: October 2021

Man consists of two elements, namely body and spirit, so that human beings are jasiman and ruhiyah at once. Hummans are also part of one element of the elements that exist in an educational process. Three element include the soul, the mind, the heart, and the human body. Humman and education, can not be separated from each other. Both are an interconnected entity, human as the perpetrator and education as a syistem in the process to achieve the goal of education itself. Mental health education requires alignment and harmony in various stages and sectors as well as attention to the three elements that exist in the human self that is the physical element (psychomotor) which includes body building, skill (skill) and sexual education, the spiritual element (affective) which includes the formation of faith, and iradah (the will), the element of reason (cognitive) which includes the coaching of intelligence and the provision of knowledge. The purpose of writing this research is to know and analyze thoughts about the concept of life education perspective Ibn Qayyim al-Jauziyyah. Soul education is considered successful, if one's soul has reached the degree of nafs muthmainnah, which has three main characteristics that mutually reinforce one another, namely; (1) a faithful soul to God, (2) a patient soul, (3) a soul that is self-serving to Allah (tawakal). Through the process of mental education which includes: the foundation of theology, the purpose of mental education, integrated curriculum / manhaj at-takamul, appropriate methods and applicable according to its stages, such as: takhliyah stages, tahliyah stages, muhasabah an-nafs, dzikrullah, and tahqiq 'ubudiyah. So that from the process will give birth ihsan attitude, and will increase the piety in worship, both related to God and those related to humans and the surrounding natural environment. Because, the essence of ihsan attitude itself is upholding 'ubudiyah.
Examining the Morphological and Physiological Comparisons of OVX Murine Bone vs. Mini Pigs, Rats, and Humans
Authors: Jafri Shania , Hendrix Karrington , Cuevas Pedro , Pilawski Igor , Helms Jill 
Published: October 2021

Osteons are the structure and the base foundation of the human skeletal system. This cylindrical structure contains blood vessels and nerves that supply the bone matrix in humans. To study bone remodeling and bone diseases, mini pigs and rats have mainly been effective models for humans. This study was conducted to examine mouse bone structures in comparison to human, mini pig, and rat bone structures. This addresses the Three Rs principle of clinical testing on animals and proves that mice should be used as models for humans instead of mini pigs and rats. Many scientists prefer not to use mice as models for studying human bone diseases because it has been suggested that their skeletal systems are morphologically and physiologically different–as seen through aging effects. Because mice are easier to produce and can grow at a faster rate, they are more cost and time efficient to use in labs compared to rats and mini pigs. Aniline blue, Ploton silver, picrosirius red stains and TRAP and ALP cellular assays were conducted to analyze bone structures to compare with humans, mini pigs, and rats. Our data did support the hypothesis as explicit similarities between mice bone and other samples such as rats, mini pig, and human was deduced. This study concluded that there were little limitations present by using murine bone as samples for human when studying bone diseases.