bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of the anterior pretectal nucleus in pain modulation: A comprehensive review
Authors: Genaro Karina , Prado Wiliam A. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDescending pain modulation involves multiple encephalic sites and pathways that range from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord. Behavioral studies conducted in the 1980s revealed that electrical stimulation of the pretectal area causes antinociception dissociation from aversive responses. Anatomical and physiological studies identified the anterior pretectal nucleus and its descending projections to several midbrain, pontine, and medullary structures. The anterior pretectal nucleus is morphologically divided into a dorsal part that contains a dense neuron population (pars compacta) and a ventral part that contains a dense fiber band network (pars reticulata). Connections of the two anterior pretectal nucleus parts are broad and include prominent projections to and from major encephalic systems associated with somatosensory processes. Since the first observation that acute or chronic noxious stimuli activate the anterior pretectal nucleus, it has been established that numerous mediators participate in this response through distinct pathways. Recent studies have confirmed that at least two pain inhibitory pathways are activated from the anterior pretectal nucleus. This review focuses on rodent anatomical, behavioral, molecular, and neurochemical data that have helped to identify mediators of the anterior pretectal nucleus and pathways related to its role in pain modulation.
Dispersers and environment drive global variation in fruit colour syndromes
Authors: Sinnott‐Armstrong Miranda A. , Donoghue Michael J. , Jetz Walter 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe colours of fleshy fruits play a critical role in plant dispersal by advertising ripe fruits to consumers. Fruit colours have long been classified into syndromes attributed to selection by animal dispersers, despite weak evidence for this hypothesis. Here, we test the relative importance of biotic (bird and mammal frugivory) and abiotic (wet season temperatures, growing season length and UV‐B radiation) factors in determining fruit colour syndrome in 3163 species of fleshy‐fruited plants. We find that both dispersers and environment are important, and they interact. In warm areas, contrastive, bird‐associated fruit colours increase with relative bird frugivore prevalence, whereas in cold places these colours dominate even where mammalian dispersers are prevalent. We present near‐global maps of predicted fruit colour syndrome based on our species‐level model and our newly developed characterisations of relative importance of bird and mammal frugivores.
Good Things from Both Worlds and the Dilemmas They Pose: The Case of a Childcare Cooperative Movement in South Korea
Authors: Lee Boomi , Lee Soo‐Jung 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis article examines the educational practices of an alternative childcare institution, the Communal Childcare Cooperative (CCC), in South Korea, which consciously attempts to combine the good sides of the two worlds, those of a traditional Korea and those of the West. Based on ethnographic research in a branch of the institution, we pay particular attention to the dual educational goal for independence and relationality and their pedagogical corollary regarding peer dynamics. Through an ethnographic episode that illustrates the CCC educators’ efforts to realize the dual goal, we identify two major dilemmas with important ethnographic and theoretical implications: one about the socialization of independence and affective relationality, both derived from the cultural conception of mind‐heart (maum), and the other about the socialization of sociality centering on the contrast between hierarchy and equality. [socialization, independence, affective relationality, peer dynamics, South Korea]Abstract in Korean두 세계로부터 좋은 것 취하기와 그 과정에서의 딜레마: 한국의 공동육아 운동 사례를 중심으로 이부미(경기대학교), 이수정(덕성여자대학교) 이 논문은 ‘공동육아’라는 한국의 대안적 유아교육기관의 교육적 실천에 대한 민족지적 연구에 근거한다. 공동육아는 ‘서구’와 ‘한국적 전통’이라는 두 세계의 장점들을 결합하여, 독립적이면서도 관계적인 자아를 형성하는 것을 중요한 교육적 목표로 내세운다. 이 논문은 이러한 교육목표를 추구하는 과정에서 공동육아 교사들이 당면하는 두 가지 딜레마에 주목한다. 하나는 독립성과 정서적 관계성의 양립적 사회화에서 발생하는 긴장에 대한 것이고, 다른 하나는 또래관계의 평등성과 위계성의 대립에 대한 것이다. 교사가 어린이들에게 자기를 주장하면서도 친구를 지배하지 않는 ‘마음’의 두 가지 측면의 균형을 요구하거나 이를 위해 개입할 때, 이 딜레마들은 교육적 실천 안에서 긴장과 모호함을 발현시킨다. 공동육아의 이러한 딜레마는 글로벌 시대의 유아교육 상황에서 발생하는 새로움과 오래됨, 세계성과 지역성, 이론과 실천의 경합과 역동성을 드러낸다. 아이들과의 일상 속에서 이러한 딜레마들을 성찰적으로 풀어내려는 교사들의 고투가 공동육아의 생명력 있는 교육의 주요 원천이기도 하다.
The history of public health in the modern Middle East: The environmental–medical turn
Authors: Rose Christopher S. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe field of Middle Eastern history began as an attempt to understand how Europeans came to dominate the region. As a result, when medicine and the environment were discussed, they were used to highlight European technological and scientific advances in these fields, and describe the processes through which Islamic medical and scientific concepts were replaced. The first wave of scholarship on the history of medicine in the region focused primarily on 19th‐century Egypt, where the state sponsored the development of a public health system to protect military readiness and combat epidemic diseases such as cholera and plague. This article highlights recent scholarship in the history of health, medicine, and the environment during the 19th and early 20th centuries, and illustrates how this lens (the “environmental‐medical turn”) provides new perspectives on the social and political history of the Middle East. I argue that the environmental‐medical turn provides a new avenue for locating illiterate members of society—the peasant and middle classes—in the archive; by exploring moments of crisis leading to protest and rebellion, and examining data revealing hardship and suffering, Middle Eastern historians can explore the complex roots of social and political events, and historians of medicine and the environment can include the region in transnational and comparative studies.
Searching for a new normal—Hospital‐employed researchers' experiences during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Berthelsen Connie , Beck Malene , Hølge‐Hazelton Bibi 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundThis study focuses on hospital‐employed researchers, a relatively new staff group. Their job descriptions vary, which may lead to lack of clarity or preparedness regarding their roles and core tasks during a crisis such as COVID‐19.AimThe aim of this study was to explore hospital‐employed healthcare researchers' experiences of work during the COVID‐19 pandemic.DesignA qualitative design based on Graneheim and Lundman's latent content analysis of two focus groups with researchers in clinical practice was chosen to explore researchers' experiences of work during the COVID‐19 pandemic.MethodsFifteen hospital researchers participated in two focus groups, divided into predoctoral and postdoctoral researchers. Focus groups were conducted in May 2020 during the COVID‐19 pandemic, using the voice over IP service, Skype®, due to risk of contagion.Findings‘Searching for a new normal during the COVID‐19 pandemic’ was the main theme during the latent content interpretation, with subthemes of (i) balancing calm and insecurity, (ii) negotiating core tasks and (iii) considering the future.ConclusionThe 15 researchers tried to balance calm and insecurity within work and family, on standby for the hospital's contingency plan, and in their research tasks. This led them to negotiate their core tasks and to reflect on the changes and consequences for their positions as researchers in clinical practice in the future.
Children’s experiences of living with maternal breast cancer: A qualitative study
Authors: Chin Jui‐Chih , Lin Miao‐Hui 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAimsTo investigate the experiences of Taiwanese school‐aged children coping with maternal breast cancer.DesignA qualitative interview study.MethodsA cohort of 10 boys and 12 girls aged 6 to 13 years (mean age, 9.86 years) whose mothers were diagnosed with breast cancer in the last 2 years were recruited from patient networks in Taiwan. Data were collected from February to June 2019 via semi‐structured individual interviews. Their responses were subjected to content analysis.ResultsContent analysis yielded six themes: (1) reluctance to share feelings with others; (2) recognizing changes in the tone of family life; (3) casting the cause of breast cancer onto oneself; (4) engaging in active coping; (5) maturing and gaining life lessons; and (6) family communication matters.ConclusionThe findings shed light on how family processes and cultural beliefs shape children's experiences. School‐aged children came to terms with the significance of maternal breast cancer from a broad context of family experiences over time, and thus gained insights into their self‐expectations and future aspirations.ImpactHealthcare professionals can help school‐aged children develop a rational view of breast cancer pathogenesis. In addition, we suggest nursing interventions to support a family‐oriented approach to coping. Such interventions should address changes in family processes to improve coping abilities of children and the entire family.
The experience of family caregivers of patients receiving home nasogastric tube feeding in China: A descriptive qualitative study
Authors: Xue Min , Zhai Xiaoyuan , Liu Sihan , Xu Nana , Han Jing , Zhou Min 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe value of caregivers with respect to ensuring safety during home nasogastric tube (NGT) feeding is increasingly acknowledged. However, little attention has been given to the experience of caregivers.MethodsA qualitative descriptive design using semi‐structured interviews via purposive sampling at a comprehensive hospital in China was employed. Family caregivers of patients with home NGT feeding were recruited. Interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed qualitatively using inductive content analysis.ResultsThirteen family caregivers of patients with home NGT feeding were interviewed. Four main themes were generated: negative experience (uncertainty and ambivalence, transition gaps between hospitals and home care services), new role: adapting to the lifestyle (participating in decision‐making, being responsible for everything, adjusting own life to NGT feeding), perceived benefit of caregiving (personal growth, development of positive attitudes and achievements) and expectations (expectations from continuity health system services, expectations from social support).ConclusionsThe present study highlights the vulnerability and perceived benefits embedded in the role of a family caregiver. Improving communication and standardising practices between home and hospitals should be considered.
Sanctioned licensing board violations for marriage and family therapists spanning a 10‐year period
Authors: Rollins Pamela , Grames Heath 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAlthough disciplinary data on violations committed by licensed mental health professionals are important information for training programs, supervisors, and regulators, little disciplinary information is available on licensed marriage and family therapists (MFTs). This study collected data publicly available from state regulatory board websites and open records requests from 35 states for a total of 1241 separate cases, 889 of which were from CA. The findings indicated that the five most common violations for MFTs in 34 states (not including CA) were nonsexual dual relationships, failure to meet CE hour requirements, sexual dual relationships, unlicensed practice, and misrepresentation on licensing applications or renewals. For CA, the most common violations included criminal charges‐misdemeanor, DUI/inappropriate substance use, unprofessional conduct, misrepresentation on licensure paperwork, and failure to meet CE hour requirements. MFTs licensed between 2 and 5 years committed the majority of violations. Implications for training programs, supervisors, and regulators are discussed.
Hyaluronic acid (HA) stimulates the in vitro expression of CD44 proteins but not HAS1 proteins in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs) and is HA molecular weight dependent
Authors: Gruber James V. , Holtz Robert , Riemer Jed 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundIn the skin, hyaluronic acid is broken down to smaller fragments by hyaluronidase enzymes, particularly when skin is wounded. The impact of various molecular weight fragments of HA on normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) with regard to expression of important cellular proteins has not been deeply explored.AimsExamination of three molecular weight (Mw) fractions of hyaluronic acid: 1) average Mw of the high fraction: 1.5–2 MDa, 2) average Mw of the medium fraction: 200–500 kDa, and 3) average Mw of the low fraction: 5–10 kDa and a unique 1:1:1 composite complex of the three HA fragments (Triluronic® Acid) was done to examine the influence of the HA on two critical skin cell protein targets: hyaluronan synthase‐1 (HAS‐1) and the HA binding protein cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44).MethodsNHEKs were treated in vitro with a 1.0% stock solution of each HA Mw fraction at 1.0, 0.5, and 0.1% concentrations of the 1.0% solution and the polysaccharide composite at the same concentrations for 48 Hrs. The cells were than analyzed by ELISA protein assays for HAS‐1 and CD44 protein content.ResultsExamination of HAS‐1 protein expression indicates that none of the HA test materials influenced the expression of HAS‐1 at any concentration. Examination of the CD44 protein expression indicated that the low Mw fraction and the commercial complex of the three Mw fractions upregulated CD44 protein expression in NHEKs, but the medium Mw and high Mw HA fractions did not.ConclusionsIn this work, it was demonstrated that HA can influence the expression of CD44 protein, a critical HA transmembrane HA binding protein, and the influence appears to be molecular weight dependent.
Decreased serum human leukocyte antigen‐G levels are associated with gestational diabetes mellitus
Authors: Oztekin Ozer , Cabus Umit , Enli Yasar 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAimThis study was designed to determine serum human leukocyte antigen‐G (HLA‐G) levels and establish whether serum HLA‐G level is related with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).MethodsTwenty‐five GDM patients aged between 24 and 34 years and 24 healthy pregnant women aged between 22 and 33 years were included in this study. Health status of subjects was determined by medical history, physical, and obstetric examinations. Absence of family history for Type 2 diabetes mellitus, absence of diagnosis or clinical evidence of any major disease, and absence of medication use altering glucose metabolism constituted the inclusion criteria. GDM cases who are at their 24–28 weeks of pregnancy and who have not been using any oral hypoglycemic agents were included in GDM group. Control group consisted of healthy pregnant women at their 24–28 weeks of pregnancy.ResultsWomen with GDM had significantly lower levels of serum HLA‐G than controls. HLA‐G levels were negatively correlated with all parameters of glucose metabolism including insulin (r = − 0.14; p = 0.338), fasting blood glucose (r = − 0.220; p = 0.129), 1‐h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) blood glucose (r = − 0.18; p = 0.271), 2‐h OGTT blood glucose (r = − 0.314; p = 0.172), homeostasis model assessment (r = − 0.226; p = 0.119), HbA1C (r = −0.342; p = 0.108), and WBC (r = −0.149; p = 0.307). There was a negative correlation between HLA‐G and BMI (r = −0.341; p = 0.016).ConclusionDecreased circulating HLA‐G level is found to be associated with insulin resistance and GDM, in this study.
Does oropharyngeal administration of colostrum reduce morbidity and mortality in very preterm infants? A randomised parallel‐group controlled trial
Authors: Aggarwal Rahul , Plakkal Nishad , Bhat Vishnu 
Published: April 2021

AimTo evaluate whether a strategy of oropharyngeal administration of colostrum reduces morbidity and mortality in very preterm infants.MethodsA total of 260 neonates with gestational age 26–31 weeks at birth were randomised between August 2017 and August 2018 to receive 0.2 mL of human milk or placebo respectively via the oropharyngeal route, beginning within 24 h after birth, and continued every 3 h until oral feeds were initiated. The primary outcome was a composite of death, late‐onset sepsis (LOS) or necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) in the neonatal period.ResultsA total of 260 infants (mean gestational age 29.5 weeks, and mean birthweight 1201.7 g) were included in the primary analysis. The composite primary outcome occurred in 43 (33.6%) infants in the colostrum group and 38 infants (29.7%) in the placebo group, and the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.50). Secondary outcomes including the incidence of death, NEC, LOS, probable sepsis, intraventricular haemorrhage, ventilator‐associated pneumonia, retinopathy of prematurity, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, time to full feeds, time to regain birthweight, duration of hospital stay and survival to 6 months without major neurosensory impairment were also comparable between the two groups.ConclusionA strategy of oropharyngeal administration of colostrum in very preterm and extremely preterm neonates did not decrease the composite primary outcome of death, LOS or NEC. This finding is consistent with most published literature in the area.
Luteoviruses affected energy reserves and fatty acid composition of their aphid vectors
Authors: Ghodoum Parizipour Mohamad Hamed , Tahmasebi Aminallah , Shahriari Amir Ghaffar , Khashman Moslem , Hemmati Farshad 
Published: April 2021

AbstractLuteoviruses are plant‐infecting RNA viruses that are transmitted by aphids in a persistent circulative mode. Luteoviruses have been shown to positively influence their aphid vectors fitness. To find out the physiological responses of aphid vectors to luteoviruses, fatty acid (FA) composition and energy components (EC) of aphid vectors including pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris), black bean aphid (Aphis fabae Scopoli) and bird cherry‐oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi L.) were evaluated in response to Pea enation mosaic virus 1 (PEMV1), Bean leafroll virus (BLRV) and Barley yellow dwarf virus‐PAV (BYDV‐PAV), respectively. Our results showed that the number and the proportion of FA of total lipid are altered in aphid vectors in response to the luteoviruses. Compared to non‐viruliferous (NV) aphids, BLRV and PEMV1 elevated the amount of myristic acid (1.13 and 1.03‐fold increase) in A. fabae and A. pisum, respectively. V R. padi individuals exhibited a 1.11‐fold increase in palmitic acid content compared to the NV individuals. In contrast, other V aphids showed a reduced proportion of FA in response to the viruses. These changes in FA profile enhanced the ratio of saturated to unsaturated FA in V aphids (4.09‐fold increase). BLRV decreased protein and lipid contents in its aphid vector, A. fabae, while carbohydrate content was found to increase in V R. padi and A. pisum. Thus, our results demonstrate that luteoviruses change the content of some FA and EC in their aphid vectors highlighting a specific interaction among virus species, plant host and aphid vector.
Functional convergence of growth responses to shade and warmth in Arabidopsis
Authors: Romero‐Montepaone Sofía , Sellaro Romina , Esteban Hernando Carlos , Costigliolo‐Rojas Cecilia , Bianchimano Luciana , Ploschuk Edmundo L. , Yanovsky Marcelo J. , Casal Jorge J. 
Published: April 2021

Summary

Shade and warmth promote the growth of the stem, but the degree of mechanistic convergence and functional association between these responses is not clear.

We analysed the quantitative impact of mutations and natural genetic variation on the hypocotyl growth responses of Arabidopsis thaliana to shade and warmth, the relationship between the abundance of PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 4 (PIF4) and growth stimulation by shade or warmth, the effects of both cues on the transcriptome and the consequences of warm temperature on carbon balance.

Growth responses to shade and warmth showed strong genetic linkage and similar dependence on PIF4 levels. Temperature increased growth and phototropism even within a range where damage by extreme high temperatures is unlikely to occur in nature. Both cues enhanced the expression of growth‐related genes and reduced the expression of photosynthetic genes. However, only warmth enhanced the expression of genes involved in responses to heat. Warm temperatures substantially increased the amount of light required to compensate for the daily carbon dioxide balance.

We propose that the main ecological function of hypocotyl growth responses to warmth is to increase the access of shaded photosynthetic organs to light, which implies functional convergence with shade avoidance.
Repetitive seasonal drought causes substantial species‐specific shifts in fine‐root longevity and spatio‐temporal production patterns in mature temperate forest trees
Authors: Zwetsloot Marie J. , Bauerle Taryn L. 
Published: April 2021

Summary

Temperate forest ecosystems are exposed to a higher frequency, duration and severity of drought. To promote forest longevity in a changing climate, we require a better understanding of the long‐term impacts of repetitive drought events on fine‐root dynamics in mature forests.

Using minirhizotron methods, we investigated the effect of seasonal drought on fine‐root dynamics in single‐species and mixed‐species arrangements of Fagus sylvatica (European beech) and Picea abies (Norway spruce) by means of a 4‐yr‐long throughfall‐exclusion experiment.

Fine‐root production of both species decreased under drought. However, this reduction was not evident for P. abies when grown intermixed with F. sylvatica. Throughfall‐exclusion prolonged the lifespan of P. abies roots but did not change the lifespan of F. sylvatica roots, except in 2016. Fagus sylvatica responded to drought by reducing fine‐root production at specific depths and during roof closure.

This is the first study to examine long‐term trends in mature forest fine‐root dynamics under repetitive drought events. Species‐specific fine‐root responses to drought have implications for the rate and depth of root‐derived organic matter supply to soil. From a root dynamics perspective, intermixing tree species is not beneficial to all species but dampens drought impacts on the belowground productivity of P. abies.