bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of food insecurity and association with mental health in an indigenous population in Panamá
Authors: Walker Rebekah J , Dawson Aprill Z , Campbell Jennifer A , Egede Leonard E 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjective:Understanding food insecurity and its health consequences is important for identifying strategies to best target support for individuals and communities. Given the limited information that exists for indigenous groups in Latin America, this study aimed to understand the association between food insecurity and mental health in an indigenous population in Panama.Design:Cross-sectional data were collected using a survey conducted with Kuna Indians residing off the coast of Panama. Data sources included measures from the Panamanian prevalence of risk factors associated with CVD survey, and validated measures for psychosocial factors and standardised health outcome measures. Regression models with each of the mental health outcomes (depression, serious psychological distress, perceived stress) were used to examine the association between food insecurity and mental health outcomes.Setting:Indigenous Kuna community residing on the San Blas Islands of Panama.Participants:Two-hundred nine adults.Results:Food insecurity was reported by 83 % of the participants. Across demographic categories, the only significant difference was by age with higher prevalence in younger ages. After adjusting for demographics, higher food insecurity was significantly associated with higher number of depressive symptoms and more serious psychological distress, but not with levels of perceived stress.Conclusions:Based on these findings, treatment for mental health in the Kuna community may need to account for social determinants of health and be tailored to meet the needs of younger age groups in this population. In addition, interventions designed to decrease food insecurity should be considered as a possible means for improving mental health.
CHOCOLATE CITY, VANILLA SUBURBS REVISITED
Authors: Farley Reynolds 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDespite the long history of racial hostility, African Americans after 1990 began moving from the city of Detroit to the surrounding suburbs in large numbers. After World War II, metropolitan Detroit ranked with Chicago, Cleveland, and Milwaukee for having the highest levels of racial residential segregation in the United States. Detroit’s suburbs apparently led the country in their strident opposition to integration. Today, segregation scores are moderate to low for Detroit’s entire suburban ring and for the larger suburbs. Suburban public schools are not highly segregated by race. This essay describes how this change has occurred and seeks to explain why there is a trend toward residential integration in the nation’s quintessential American Apartheid metropolis.
The teaching of Law and Development: towards inclusiveness and reflexivity across time zones
Authors: de Souza Siddharth Peter , Dollmaier Thomas 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAn exploratory qualitative analysis of Law and Development (L&D) course descriptions reveals plurality and heterodoxy across time zones through the way in which they approach ‘law’ and ‘development’. We see this contestedness as a manifestation of the inherent power asymmetries of the field and offer the notion of time zones to better describe plural and contested forms of L&D knowledge. We seek to explore teaching as an important arena where knowledge is created and argue that the characteristics of substantive complexity and methodological heterodoxy of L&D provide promising conditions for making teaching moreinclusiveandreflexive. In this way, teaching can help in further provincialising the field. Additionally, inclusiveness and reflexivity can also have an impact on the epistemological trajectory of L&D more broadly by giving voice to a diversity of narratives, concepts and values.
Age Differences in Age Stereotypes
Authors: De Paula Couto Clara , Ostermeier Ronja , Rothermund Klaus 
Published: August 2021

Abstract. We examined the domain-specific views of young and old people held by young (18–30 years, n = 278) and older adults (60–85 years, n = 289) in Germany, the USA, and India. Views about old and young people differed between life domains but were mostly similar across age groups and countries. Older adults in the USA and Germany – but not in India – held slightly less negative views about old people than did young people in some domains, possibly indicating a projection of better-than-expected own aging experiences of older adults into their in-group stereotypes in Western countries. The findings of our study can be explained by socialization processes, supporting mostly a developmental perspective regarding the acquisition and endorsement of age stereotypes.
Climate Control of Topsoil Potassium, Calcium, and Magnesium Concentrations in Urban Forests Across Eastern China
Authors: Wu Xinhui , Du Enzai , Guo Yuying , Xia Nan , Tang Yang , Wang Yang , Guo Hongbo 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPotassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) are essential nutrients that have important biological and ecological functions. However, little is known about the large‐scale patterns of soil K, Ca, and Mg concentrations across urban forests that provide crucial ecosystem services. By measuring total K, Ca, and Mg concentrations of topsoil samples (0–10 and 10–20 cm) from forest patches in 27 urban parks across nine large cities in eastern China, we analyzed their spatial trends and main drivers. Our results indicate a decrease of topsoil K concentration in urban forests from cities in the north to cities in the south, while topsoil Ca and Mg concentrations both showed a unimodal trend along with the latitude. The spatial trend of topsoil K concentration was mainly explained by mean annual temperature (MAT) and preurban soil order, while the spatial variations of topsoil Ca and Mg concentrations both were controlled by mean annual precipitation (MAP) and MAT. Other factors, including nitrogen deposition, gross domestic product per capita, the area and age of each park had an unimportant role in shaping the spatial trends of topsoil K, Ca, and Mg concentrations. Our findings suggest a predominant control of climate on the large‐scale patterns of topsoil K, Ca, and Mg concentrations in urban forests and highlight a risk of base cationic nutrient deficiencies in urban forests in southern China.
Improving the Reliability of Sub‐Seasonal Forecasts of High and Low Flows by Using a Flow‐Dependent Nonparametric Model
Authors: McInerney David , Thyer Mark , Kavetski Dmitri , Laugesen Richard , Woldemeskel Fitsum , Tuteja Narendra , Kuczera George 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSub‐seasonal streamflow forecasts are important for a range of water resource management applications, with a distinct practical interest in forecasts of high flows (e.g., for managing flood events) and low flows (e.g., for managing environmental flows). Despite this interest, differences in forecast performance for high and low flow events are not routinely investigated. Our study reveals that while forecasts evaluated over the full flow range can appear reliable, stratification into high/low flow ranges highlights significant under/over‐estimation of forecast uncertainty, respectively. We overcome this challenge by introducing a flow‐dependent (FD) nonparametric component into a post‐processing model of hydrological forecasting errors, the Multi‐Temporal Hydrological Residual Error (MuTHRE) model, yielding the MuTHRE‐FD model. The MuTHRE and MuTHRE‐FD models are compared in a case study with 11 Australian catchments, the GR4J rainfall‐runoff model and post‐processed rainfall forecasts from ACCESS‐S. Through its improved treatment of flow‐dependence, the MuTHRE‐FD model achieves practically significant improvements over the original MuTHRE model in the reliability of forecasted cumulative volumes for: (a) high flows out to 7 days; (b) low flows out to 2 days; and (c) mid flows for majority of lead times. The new MuTHRE‐FD model provides seamless sub‐seasonal forecasts with high quality performance for both high and low flows over a range of lead times. This improvement provides forecast users with increased confidence in using sub‐seasonal forecasts across a wide range of applications.
Extreme High Greenland Blocking Index Leads to the Reversal of Davis and Nares Strait Net Transport Toward the Arctic Ocean
Authors: Myers Paul G. , Castro de la Guardia Laura , Fu Chuanshuai , Gillard Laura C. , Grivault Nathan , Hu Xianmin , Lee Craig M. , Moore G. W. K. , Pennelly Clark , Ribergaard Mads Hvid , Romanski Joy 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBaffin Bay exports Arctic Water to the North Atlantic while receiving northward flowing Atlantic Water. Warm Atlantic Water has impacted the retreat of tidewater glaciers draining the Greenland Ice Sheet. Periods of enhanced Atlantic Water transport into Baffin Bay have been observed, but the oceanic processes are still not fully explained. At the end of 2010 the net transport at Davis Strait, the southern gateway to Baffin Bay, reversed from southward to northward for a month, leading to significant northward oceanic heat transport into Baffin Bay. This was associated with an extreme high in the Greenland Blocking Index and a stormtrack path that shifted away from Baffin Bay. Thus fewer cyclones in the Irminger Sea resulted in less frequent northerly winds along the western coast of Greenland, allowing anomalous northward penetration of warm waters, reversing the volume and heat transport at Davis Strait.
Heterogeneity Matters: Aggregation Bias of Gas Transfer Velocity Versus Energy Dissipation Rate Relations in Streams
Authors: Botter Gianluca , Peruzzo Paolo , Durighetto Nicola 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe gas transfer velocity, , modulates gas fluxes across air‐water interfaces in rivers. While the theory postulates a local scaling law between and the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate , empirical studies usually interpret this relation at the reach‐scale. Here, we investigate how local laws can be integrated along heterogeneous reaches exploiting a simple hydrodynamic model, which links stage and velocity to the local slope. The model is used to quantify the relative difference between the gas transfer velocity of a heterogeneous stream and that of an equivalent homogeneous system. We show that this aggregation bias depends on the exponent of the local scaling law, , and internal slope variations. In high‐energy streams, where , spatial heterogeneity of significantly enhances reach‐scale values of as compared to homogeneous settings. We conclude that small‐scale hydro‐morphological traits bear a profound impact on gas evasion from inland waters.
First Observations of a Transient Polynya in the Last Ice Area North of Ellesmere Island
Authors: Moore G. W. K. , Howell S. E. L. , Brady M. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe area to the north of Ellesmere Island and Greenland contains the Arctic's thickest ice and it is predicted to be the last to lose its perennial ice, thus providing an important refuge for ice‐dependent species. There is however evidence that this Last Ice Area is, like the entire Arctic, undergoing rapid changes that may reduce its suitability as a refuge. During May 2020, a polynya developed to the north of Ellesmere Island in a region where there are no reports of a previous development. We use a variety of remotely sensed data as well as an atmospheric reanalysis to document the evolution and the dynamics responsible for the polynya. In particular, we argue that anomalously strong divergent winds associated with an intense and long‐lived Arctic anti‐cyclone contributed to the development of the polynya as well as similar previously unreported events in May 1988 and 2004.
Toward an Integrated View of Ionospheric Plasma Instabilities: 6. Analytic Analysis of Thermal Effects
Authors: Makarevich Roman A. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThermal effects in the ionospheric plasma instabilities including the Farley‐Buneman instability (FBI), the gradient‐drift instability (GDI), and the ion‐thermal instability (ITI) are analyzed, focusing on analytic analysis of the previously obtained general expression of the combined instability growth rate. It is shown that thermal effects lead to generally nonmonotonic behavior of the growth rate with the background electric field or, equivalently with the plasma drift speed , in contrast with the conventional quadratic (FBI) or linear (GDI) dependence. The threshold electric field for FBI is demonstrated to exist at all altitudes, although at higher altitudes and/or at longer wavelength the threshold fields become too high to be observed in the ionosphere. The GDI growth rate is shown to be significantly modified by the thermal effects at long wavelengths. In the absence of thermal effects, the growth rate is proportional to a cosine of the flow angle, the angle between the differential plasma drift and the wavevector. Thermal effects result in an additional phase shift that maximizes at an altitude around 120 km, using representative high‐latitude ionospheric parameters, and in an increase in the proportionality coefficient by up to a factor of 2. The study highlights the usefulness of an analytic treatment for revealing additional insights into the instability behavior in the broad range of ionospheric parameters that may remain hidden using only numerical treatment.
Meander Response of the Kuroshio in the East China Sea to Impinging Eddies
Authors: Shi Qian , Wang Guihua 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBoth observations and an idealized model demonstrate that the path of a western boundary current, like the Kuroshio, can be perturbed by the impingement of an ocean eddy. When a strong cyclonic (anti‐cyclonic) eddy approaches the axis of the Kuroshio in the East China Sea, the current path can be repelled (attracted) by the eddy. The subsequent disruption occurs primarily near the interaction region and propagates downstream, forming a dissipating wavelike fluctuation. The spatial‐temporal evolution of Kuroshio axis shift by impinging eddy can be explained by idealized vorticity dynamics on the current‐eddy interaction process, and the magnitude of current path shift is shown to be determined by two nondimensional factors: the ratio of eddy strength to the Kuroshio strength; and the ratio of horizontal shearing strength in the background to that in the current.
Radiative Forcing of Nitrate Aerosols From 1975 to 2010 as Simulated by MOSAIC Module in CESM2‐MAM4
Authors: Lu Z. , Liu X. , Zaveri R. A. , Easter R. C. , Tilmes S. , Emmons L. K. , Vitt F. , Singh B. , Wang H. , Zhang R. , Rasch P. J. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe incorporate the Model for Simulating Aerosol Interactions and Chemistry (MOSAIC) module in the Community Earth System Model version 2 (CESM2) Community Atmosphere Model Version 6 with interactive chemistry (CAM6‐chem), and couple it with the four mode version of the Modal Aerosol Module (MAM4). The MOSAIC module is used to simulate the thermodynamics of the gas‐aerosol mass exchange, with a special focus on simulating nitrate aerosol. By comparing against ground and satellite observations, we found that the MOSAIC/MAM4 scheme performs reasonably well in simulating spatiotemporal distributions of aerosols, including nitrate aerosol. We conducted a series of model experiments with and without nitrate aerosols, and examined the radiative effect (RE) associated with nitrate aerosols in 1975, 2000, and 2010, and accessed the radiative forcing (RF) of nitrate aerosols between the present day and pre‐industrial periods. Comparing with the nitrate aerosol RE, we predicted relatively small RF of anthropogenic nitrate aerosol from aerosol‐radiation interactions (RFari: −0.014 W m−2) and large RF from aerosol‐cloud interactions (RFaci: −0.219 W m−2). Regional signatures of nitrate RE/RF are noticeable and important: for instance, very small changes in REari in Europe and USA, but 2.8–3 times increases in REari in India and China from 1975 to 2010, while REaci/RFaci in China is a warming effect due to the competing effect between sulfate and nitrate aerosols as cloud condensation nuclei.
Changes of South‐Central Pacific Large‐Scale Environment Associated With Hydrometeors‐Radiation‐Circulation Interactions in a Coupled GCM
Authors: Li J.‐L. F. , Xu Kuan‐Man , Lee Wei‐Liang , Jiang J. H. , Fetzer Eric , Stephens Graeme , Yu Jia‐Yuh , Wang Yi‐Hui 
Published: August 2021

AbstractA common deficiency in coupled atmosphere‐ocean models is the lack of stratocumulus clouds near the west coasts of continents and shallow cumulus clouds over the trade wind regions. In this study, we examine changes of large‐scale trade wind environment associated with hydrometeors‐radiation‐circulation interactions, focusing over the south‐central Pacific, by carrying out experiments with falling ice (snow) radiative effects (FIREs) on or off using the CESM1‐CAM5 coupled model. Compared to observations/reanalysis data and an experiment with FIREs on (SON), an experiment with FIREs off (NOS) tends to have too‐high (0.3–0.9 K) sea surface temperature (SST) over the eastern half of the Pacific, and weaker surface wind stress over the northeast side but stronger stress over the southwest side of the study domain. The difference between NOS and SON shows lower‐tropospheric wind fields with a cyclonic‐like wind pattern, which is similar to surface wind stress, accompanied with weaker subsidence over the northeast side. The cyclonic‐like wind pattern causes stronger moisture convergence, accompanied with horizontal warm and moist advections, and stronger effective ascending motion over the northeast side of the study domain, building large‐scale environmental conditions to facilitate middle‐ and high‐clouds instead of shallow cumulus clouds in nature. This large‐scale environment in conjunction with the higher SSTs may be also responsible for the lack of the stratocumulus clouds near the coast of America. Remaining biases in SON such as the double intertropical convergence zone and parameterization deficiencies may also prevent a more realistic simulation of trade wind clouds and their associated large‐scale environments.
PSMC2/ITGA6 axis plays critical role in the development and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Duan Xuhua , Li Hao , Wang Manzhou , Ju Shuguang , Li Fengyao , Chen Pengfei , Lu Huibin , Han Xinwei , Ren Jianzhuang 
Published: August 2021

AbstractHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a type of malignant tumor with sixth highest incidence and causes the third most cancer-related deaths in the world, whose treatment is limited by the unclear molecular mechanism. Currently, the correlation between PSMC2 and HCC is still unclear. Herein, we found that the expression of PSMC2 in HCC tissues was significantly higher than normal tissues. We also discovered the significant association between PSMC2 expression and tumor infiltrate as well as tumor stage. Further investigations indicated that PSMC2 knockdown contributed to impaired proliferation, colony formation, migration, and enhanced cell apoptosis in HCC cells. Moreover, PSMC2 could also suppress tumorigenicity of HCC cells in vivo. Gene microarray analysis followed by ingenuity pathway analysis was performed for exploring downstream of PSMC2 and identified ITGA6 as a potential target. Furthermore, our study revealed that ITGA6 knockdown exhibited similar inhibitory effects with PSMC2 on HCC cells in vitro. More importantly, our results proved the direct interaction and showed the mutual regulation between PSMC2 and ITGA6, and that PSMC2 knockdown could significantly aggravate the inhibition of HCC by ITGA6 depletion. Based on these intriguing results, this is the first time ever that PSMC2 is pinpointed as a tumor promotor to interfere HCC development and progression via interacting with ITGA6 directly.
CD11b+ lung dendritic cells at different stages of maturation induce Th17 or Th2 differentiation
Authors: Izumi Gentaro , Nakano Hideki , Nakano Keiko , Whitehead Gregory S. , Grimm Sara A. , Fessler Michael B. , Karmaus Peer W. , Cook Donald N. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDendritic cells (DC) in the lung that induce Th17 differentiation remain incompletely understood, in part because conventional CD11b+ DCs (cDC2) are heterogeneous. Here, we report a population of cDCs that rapidly accumulates in lungs of mice following house dust extract inhalation. These cells are Ly-6C+, are developmentally and phenotypically similar to cDC2, and strongly promote Th17 differentiation ex vivo. Single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-Seq) of lung cDC2 indicates 5 distinct clusters. Pseudotime analysis of scRNA-Seq data and adoptive transfer experiments with purified cDC2 subpopulations suggest stepwise developmental progression of immature Ly-6C+Ly-6A/E+ cDC2 to mature Ly-6C–CD301b+ lung resident cDC2 lacking Ccr7 expression, which then further mature into CD200+ migratory cDC2 expressing Ccr7. Partially mature Ly-6C+Ly-6A/E–CD301b– cDC2, which express Il1b, promote Th17 differentiation. By contrast, CD200+ mature cDC2 strongly induce Th2, but not Th17, differentiation. Thus, Th17 and Th2 differentiation are promoted by lung cDC2 at distinct stages of maturation.
Precision measurement of electron-electron scattering in GaAs/AlGaAs using transverse magnetic focusing
Authors: Gupta Adbhut , Heremans J. J. , Kataria Gitansh , Chandra Mani , Fallahi S. , Gardner G. C. , Manfra M. J. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractElectron-electron (e-e) interactions assume a cardinal role in solid-state physics. Quantifying the e-e scattering length is hence critical. In this paper we show that the mesoscopic phenomenon of transverse magnetic focusing (TMF) in two-dimensional electron systems forms a precise and sensitive technique to measure this length scale. Conversely we quantitatively demonstrate that e-e scattering is the predominant effect limiting TMF amplitudes in high-mobility materials. Using high-resolution kinetic simulations, we show that the TMF amplitude at a maximum decays exponentially as a function of the e-e scattering length, which leads to a ready approach to extract this length from the measured TMF amplitudes. The approach is applied to measure the temperature-dependent e-e scattering length in high-mobility GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures. The simulations further reveal current vortices that accompany the cyclotron orbits - a collective phenomenon counterintuitive to the ballistic transport underlying a TMF setting.