bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Combined APRI/ALBI score to predict mortality after hepatic resection
Authors: Starlinger P , Ubl D S , Hackl H , Starlinger J , Nagorney D M , Smoot R L , Habermann E B , Cleary S P 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Background
Aspartate aminotransferase/platelet ratio index (APRI) and albumin–bilirubin grade (ALBI) are validated prognostic indices implicated as predictors of postoperative liver dysfunction after hepatic resection. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relevance of the combined APRI/ALBI score for postoperative clinically meaningful outcomes.

Methods
Patients undergoing hepatectomy were included from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database. The association between APRI/ALBI score and postoperative grade C liver dysfunction, liver dysfunction-associated and overall 30-day mortality was assessed.

Results
A total of 12 055 patients undergoing hepatic resection from 2014 to 2017 with preoperative blood values and detailed 30-day postoperative outcomes were included (exploration cohort: January 2014 to December 2016; validation cohort: 2017). In the exploration cohort (8538 patients), the combination of both scores (APRI/ALBI) was significantly associated with postoperative grade C liver dysfunction, 30-day mortality, and liver dysfunction-associated 30-day mortality, and was superior to either score alone. The association with postoperative 30-day mortality was confirmed in multivariable analysis. A predictive model was generated using the exploration cohort. The predicted incidence of events closely followed the observed incidence in the validation cohort (3517 patients). Subgroup analyses of tumour types were used to generate disease-specific risk models to assess risk in different clinical scenarios. These findings informed development of a smartphone application (https://tellaprialbi.37binary.com).

Conclusion
The predictive potential of the combined APRI/ALBI score for clinically relevant outcomes such as mortality was demonstrated. An evidence-based smartphone application will allow clinical translation and facilitation of risk assessment before hepatic resection using routine laboratory parameters.
Patent Law and Climate Change – Do We Need an EU Patent Law Directive on Clean Technology?
Authors: Heinze Christian 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
With the fight against climate change high on the EU’s political agenda, it seems timely to discuss the possible impact of climate change policies on intellectual property. The following article sketches the relationship between patent law and climate change and provides a catalogue of possible interventions in patent law that could be considered in the fight against climate change. Without attempting to give definite answers, a cautious approach is suggested. This could include minor adjustments such as a clarification of the relevance of environmental damage for the assessment of the ordre public exclusion and of environmental benefits for the assessment of inventive step. It could also see the introduction of fast-track prosecution procedures for climate-friendly inventions (or environmentally-friendly inventions in general) in patent offices where such procedures are not available, and a clarification of the effect of industry agreements to improve the environmental performance of equipment for the context of patent infringement disputes.
The Flexible Copyright Exception for ‘Non-Enjoyment’ Purposes ‒ Recent Amendment in Japan and Its Implication
Authors: Ueno Tatsuhiro 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
After the long discussions in Japan over the introduction of a general clause on copyright exceptions since 2007, the ‘flexible’ provisions on copyright exceptions (Arts. 30-4, 47-4 and 47-5) were finally introduced into the Japanese Copyright Act in 2018 and came into effect in 2019. They differ widely from the US fair use clause and the UK fair dealing provisions. This article focuses on Art. 30-4, which comprehensively allows an exploitation of a work that is aimed at neither enjoying nor causing another person to enjoy the work. In particular, any exploitation for text-and-data mining (TDM) is widely permitted by any means under Art. 30-4, including for commercial purposes. The underlying theory behind this relates to the nature of copyright, or the justification for copyright protection that an exploitation not for ‘enjoyment’ purposes is beyond the inherent scope of copyright because it does not prejudice the opportunities of the copyright holders to receive compensation. While this might sound unusual, it is interesting to note that some similar theories can be found in Europe, some of which try to widely exclude TDM activities from the scope of copyright based on the idea of ‘a use as a work’. Considering such common characteristics of the theories regarding copyright and ‘enjoyment’ of a work, Art. 30-4 of the Japanese Copyright Act and the theoretical justification for it might have implications for other jurisdictions regarding copyright exceptions or the substantive scope of copyright.
The effect of plant bioactive compounds on lamb performance, intake, gastrointestinal parasite burdens, and lipid peroxidation in muscle
Authors: Poli Cesar H E C , Thornton-Kurth Kara J , Legako Jerrad F , Bremm Carolina , Hampel Viviane S , Hall Jeffrey , Ipharraguerre Ignacio R , Villalba Juan J 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPlant extracts have been widely used in animal production systems due to the benefits promoted by their bioactive components, mainly through their antioxidant effects and positive effects on animal growth, health, and meat quality. We determined whether bioactive compounds (BC) from grape (Vitis vinifera), olive (Olea europaea), and pomegranate (Punica granatum) have beneficial effects on lamb growth while controlling gastrointestinal parasitism and reducing skeletal lipid peroxidation in muscle. Fourteen lambs (4 to 5 mo of age) were housed in individual pens and assigned to two treatment groups (seven animals/group), where they received: 1) a basal diet of beet pulp:soybean meal (90:10) (CONTROL) and 2) the same diet, but containing 0.3% of BC extracted from grape, olive, and pomegranate (BNP). After 21 d of consuming their respective rations (period 1), all lambs were dosed with 10,000 L3 stage larvae of Haemonchus contortus. Intake, production, and physiological parameters were determined before infection (period 1), after oral dosage with L3 (period 2), and during early (period 3) and later (period 4) developmental stages of infection. Groups of animals did not differ in their ration intake or average daily gain, either before or after the infection, or in their parasitic burdens estimated through fecal egg counts (P &gt; 0.05). Lambs under BNP showed greater feed efficiency before infection (P &lt; 0.001), but the pattern reversed after infection. In addition, the inclusion of plant bioactives to the diet did not have an effect (P &gt; 0.05) on blood or lipid peroxidation in muscle or on hemogram, serum concentration of haptoglobin, and immunoglobulin E. These results could be explained by low dietary doses and constrained absorption or ruminal inactivation of these compounds. Changes in feed efficiencies suggest a negative interaction between BC in the diet and parasitism, which warrants further research.
The Syrian Emergency: A Catalyst for Change in the International Refugee Regime
Authors: Crisp Jeff 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Beginning in 2012, the Syrian refugee exodus has been one of the largest, speediest, and geopolitically significant seen in recent years. It has placed enormous pressures on host states in the Middle East, stretched the international humanitarian system to breaking point, and, of course, entailed enormous suffering for the millions of Syrian citizens who have been forced to flee from their own country. At the same time, the Syrian crisis has had a much broader impact on the global refugee regime and the way in which the international community addresses large-scale movements of displaced people. This article explores that impact, focusing on issues such as encampment and settlement strategies, the use of cash transfers, refugee employment and livelihoods, the refugee impact on host communities, the engagement of development actors in humanitarian crises and the challenge of providing safe and legal routes to people in need of protection. In these respects, the article suggests, the Syrian refugee emergency has acted as a more important catalyst for change than the high-level diplomatic activity associated with the Global Compact on Refugees.
Activation and activity of STOP1 in aluminium resistance
Authors: Huang Chao-Feng 
Published: January 2021

This article comments on:
Tokizawa M, Enomoto T, Ito H, Wu L, Kobayashi Y, Mora-Macias J, Armenta-Medina D, Iuchi S, Kobayashi M, Nomoto M, Tada Y, Fujita M, Shinozaki K, Yamamoto YY, Kochian LV, Koyama H. 2021. High affinity promoter binding of STOP1 is essential for early expression of novel aluminum-induced resistance genes GDH1 and GDH2 in Arabidopsis. Journal of Experimental Botany 72,2769–2789.
An extension of the MILES library with derived Teff, log g, [Fe/H], and [α/Fe]
Authors: García Pérez A E , Sánchez-Blázquez P , Vazdekis A , Allende Prieto C , Milone A de C , Sansom A E , Gorgas J , Falcón-Barroso J , Martín Navarro I , Cacho R 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
Extragalactic astronomy and stellar astrophysics are intrinsically related. In fact, the determination of important galaxy properties such as stellar masses, star formation histories, or chemical abundances relies on the ability to model their stellar populations. One important ingredient of these models is stellar libraries. Empirical libraries must have a good coverage of Teff, [Z/H], and surface gravity, and have these parameters reliably determined. MILES is one of the most widely used empirical libraries. Here, we present an extension of this library with 205 new stars especially selected to cover important regions of the parameter space, including metal-poor stars down to [Fe/H] ∼ −1.0. We describe the observations and data reductions as well as a new determination of the stellar parameters, including [α/Fe] ratio. The new MILES library contains 1070 stars with homogeneous and reliable determination of [Fe/H], Teff, log g, and [α/Fe] ratio.
Prevalence and Longevity of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies Among Health Care Workers
Authors: Brant-Zawadzki Michael , Fridman Deborah , Robinson Philip A , Zahn Matthew , Chau Clayton , German Randy , Breit Marcus , Burke Elmira , Bock Jason R , Hara Junko 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Background
Understanding severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antibody prevalence in a spectrum of health care workers (HCWs) may provide benchmarks of susceptibility, help us understand risk stratification, and support enactment of better health policies and procedures.

Methods
Blood serum was sampled at enrollment and 8-week follow-up from HCWs (n = 3458) and from community first responders (n = 226) for immunoglobulin G (IgG) analyses. Demographics, job duties, location, and coronavirus disease 2019–related information were collected.

Results
The observed IgG antibody prevalence was 0.93% and 2.58% at enrollment (May/June) and 8-week follow-up (July/August), respectively, for HCWs, and 5.31% and 4.35% for first responders. For HCWs, significant differences (P &lt; .05) between negative and positive at initial assessment were found for age, race, fever, and loss of smell, and at 8-week follow-up for age, race, and all symptoms. Antibody positivity persisted at least 8 weeks in all positive HCWs.

Conclusions
We found considerably lower antibody prevalence among HCWs compared with other published studies. While rigorous safety process measures instituted in our workplace and heightened awareness at and outside of the workplace among our HCWs may have contributed to our findings, the significant discrepancy from our community prevalence warrants further studies on other contributing factors.
A Watershed Moment
Authors: King Marcus DuBois 
Published: January 2021

Chapter 4 establishes Iraqi Kurdistan as a de-facto riparian actor the Tigris and Euphrates River System explaining that it is blessed with abundant water resources that are now under increasing stress. Changing demographics, dam building in neighbouring countries, and drought have brought Kurdish hydropolitics to a critical juncture where two distinct water futures of abundance or scarcity are possible depending in large part on policy decisions limited by regional security concerns. The chapter problematizes a spectrum of potential water conflict in this context and finds that outbreaks might be sparked by three historical realities: (1) systemic precedence for hydro-hegemonic behaviour—the monopolization of water by a single country—in the Tigris and Euphrates River Basin (2) a record of deployment of the water weapon during contemporary conflicts in Syria and Iraq and (3) conflicting views of ownership and rights to the Tigris and Euphrates river among the riparian countries. Ultimately, the chapter argues that the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) must recognize these realities, and use this understanding to develop a comprehensive strategy that will guarantee sufficient water for Iraqi Kurdistan’s people while maintaining the ability to use water as political leverage in support of designs toward autonomy or, more altruistically, to improve the quality of life for all Iraqis.
The Ethics of Horror Inducement
Authors: Vitale Vince R. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the concepts of harm and benefit. There is a tendency in the literature on the metaphysics of harm to assume symmetric accounts of harm and benefit. But there are deep asymmetries between harm and benefit, recommending asymmetric metaphysical accounts. For harm and benefit, in turn, this chapter considers whether counterfactual comparative, temporal comparative, and non-comparative conditions are necessary or sufficient. For harm, the judgement reached is that a non-comparative condition—whereby harm is a matter of being in a bad state even if not in a worse state—is necessary and sufficient. It is further discussed why “non-comparative” is a misleading term for this account, and a more precise terminology of trans-comparative account is recommended. For benefit, the judgement reached is that temporal comparative and counterfactual comparative conditions are individually sufficient and disjunctively necessary; being benefited is a matter of being made temporally or counterfactually better-off. It is shown that this asymmetric metaphysical accounts allow for an important ethical distinction between harm-averting and non-harm-averting benefits. Next this distinction and an analogy between the ethics of human horror-inducement and the ethics of divine creation and sustenance is used to develop an ethical framework for theodicy. A taxonomy is constructed by sketching four cases of human action where horrors are either caused, permitted, or risked, either for pure benefit (i.e. a benefit that does not avert a still greater harm) or for harm avoidance.
Intentional Action
Authors: Shepherd Joshua 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The project of analyzing intentional action has been out of favor for some time. In part this is due to exhaustion over details—accounts are usually subject to very technical problems or elaborate counterexamples. This chapter builds build on the earlier accounts of control and non-deviance to offer a new account of intentional action. This account builds on Mele and Moser’s influential work, and goes beyond it in some ways. After offering the account, this chapter considers a range of ancillary issues and problem cases. It discusses, for example, side-effect cases, senseless movements, the role of belief and knowledge in intentional action, and action theoretic versions of systematic Gettier cases. Finally, it turns to issues of reductionism that motivate some rejections of causal theories of action. The upshot is that anti-causalists have a new account to contend with, and one that has answers to the problems often thought to be damning for causalism.
The Endoplasmic Reticulum Pathway for Membrane Lipid Synthesis Has a Significant Contribution toward Shoot Removal-Induced Root Chloroplast Development in Arabidopsis
Authors: Obata Tomoki , Kobayashi Koichi , Tadakuma Ryosuke , Akasaka Taiki , Iba Koh , Negi Juntaro 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Chloroplast lipids are synthesized via two distinct pathways: the plastidic pathway and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) pathway. We previously reported that the contribution of the two pathways toward chloroplast development is different between mesophyll cells and guard cells in Arabidopsis leaf tissues and that the ER pathway plays a major role in guard cell chloroplast development. However, little is known about the contribution of the two pathways toward chloroplast development in other tissue cells, and in this study, we focused on root cells. Chloroplast development is normally repressed in roots but can be induced when the roots are detached from the shoots (root greening). We found that, similar to guard cells, root cells exhibit a higher proportion of glycolipid from the ER pathway. Root greening was repressed in the gles1 mutant, which has a defect in ER-to-plastid lipid transportation via the ER pathway, while normal root greening was observed in the ats1 mutant, whose plastidic pathway is blocked. Lipid analysis revealed that the gles1 mutation caused drastic decrease in the ER-derived glycolipids in roots. Furthermore, the gles1 detached roots showed smaller chloroplasts containing less starch than WT. These results suggest that the ER pathway has a significant contribution toward chloroplast development in the root cells.
Low Back Pain and Substance Use: Diagnostic and Administrative Coding for Opioid Use and Dependence Increased in U.S. Older Adults with Low Back Pain
Authors: Hogans Beth B , Siaton Bernadette C , Taylor Michelle N , Katzel Leslie I , Sorkin John D 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Objective
Low back pain (LBP) is a leading cause of pain and disability. Substance use complicates the management of LBP, and potential risks increase with aging. Despite implications for an aging, diverse U.S. population, substance use and LBP comorbidity remain poorly defined. The objective of this study was to characterize LBP and substance use diagnoses in older U.S. adults by age, gender, and race.

Design
Cross-sectional study of a random national sample.

Subjects
Older adults including 1,477,594 U.S. Medicare Part B beneficiaries.

Methods
Bayesian analysis of 37,634,210 claims, with 10,775,869 administrative and 92,903,649 diagnostic code assignments.

Results
LBP was diagnosed in 14.8±0.06% of those more than 65 years of age, more in females than in males (15.8±0.08% vs. 13.4±0.09%), and slightly less in those more than 85 years of age (13.3±0.2%). Substance use diagnosis varied by substance: nicotine, 9.6±0.02%; opioid, 2.8±0.01%; and alcohol, 1.3±0.01%. Substance use diagnosis declined with advancing age cohort. Opioid use diagnosis was markedly higher for those in whom LBP was diagnosed (10.5%) than for those not diagnosed with LBP (1.5%). Most older adults (54.9%) with an opioid diagnosis were diagnosed with LBP. Gender differences were modest. Relative rates of substance use diagnoses in LBP were modest for nicotine and alcohol.

Conclusions
Older adults with LBP have high relative rates of opioid diagnoses, irrespective of gender or age. Most older adults with opioid-related diagnoses have LBP, compared with a minority of those not opioid diagnosed. In caring for older adults with LBP or opioid-related diagnoses, health systems must anticipate complexity and support clinicians, patients, and caregivers in managing pain comorbidities. Older adults may benefit from proactive incorporation of non-opioid pain treatments. Further study is needed.
Piezoelectric Machines: Achieving Non-Standard Actuation and Sensing Properties in Poled Ceramics
Authors: Saccomandi Giuseppe , Speranzini Emanuela , Zurlo Giuseppe 
Published: January 2021

Summary
In the framework of linear piezoelectric ceramics, we study the deformations of a circular infinite hollow cylinder, subjected to a potential difference between the inner and outer surfaces. When the poling direction is perfectly aligned with the cylinder axis, the solution to this problem is a trivial axisymmetric anti-plane state. However, when the poling direction has an offset angle with respect to the cylinder axis, the corresponding behavior becomes more complex, with the anti-plane state coupled to an in-plane, potentially non axisymmetric, deformation. In this work, we show that this structural coupling, due to the poling direction, can be fruitfully exploited to achieve non-standard actuation and sensing properties, like the possibility to generate a torque under axially symmetric electromechanical controls.
Targeted therapies and checkpoint inhibitors in sarcoma
Authors: Vasella M , Gousopoulos E , Guidi M , Storti G , Song S Y , Grieb G , Pauli C , Lindenblatt N , Giovanoli P , Kim B -S 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSarcomas are defined as a group of mesenchymal malignancies with over 100 heterogeneous subtypes. As a rare and difficult to diagnose entity, micrometastasis is already present at the time of diagnosis in many cases. Current treatment practice of sarcomas consists mainly of surgery, (neo)adjuvant chemo- and/or radiotherapy. Although the past decade has shown that particular genetic abnormalities can promote the development of sarcomas, such as translocations, gain-of-function mutations, amplifications or tumor suppressor gene losses, these insights have not led to established alternative treatment strategies so far. Novel therapeutic concepts with immunotherapy at its forefront have experienced some remarkable success in different solid tumors while their impact in sarcoma remains limited. In this review, the most common immunotherapy strategies in sarcomas, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, targeted therapy and cytokine therapy are concisely discussed. The programmed cell death (PD)-1/PD-1L axis and apoptosis-inducing cytokines, such as TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), have not yielded the same success like in other solid tumors. However, in certain sarcoma subtypes, e.g. liposarcoma or undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma, encouraging results in some cases when employing immune checkpoint inhibitors in combination with other treatment options were found. Moreover, newer strategies such as the targeted therapy against the ancient cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) may represent an interesting approach worth investigation in the future.
Institutional Order Handling and Broker-Affiliated Trading Venues
Authors: Anand Amber , Samadi Mehrdad , Sokobin Jonathan , Venkataraman Kumar 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Using detailed order handling data, we find that institutional brokers who route more orders to affiliated alternative trading systems (ATSs) are associated with lower execution quality (i.e., lower fill rates and higher implementation shortfall costs). To separate clients’ preference for ATSs from brokers’ routing decisions, we confirm these results for orders where brokers have more order handling discretion, matched broker analysis that accounts for ATS usage, matched child orders that account for client intent, and based on an exogenous constraint on ATS venue choice. Our results suggest that increased transparency of order routing practices will improve execution quality.