bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developing a Virtual Learning Environment for Clinical Education Amidst a Pandemic
Authors: Greicar Margo , Post Eric , Coliflores Justine , Ahlstrom Christian , Ater Natalie , Chavez Madisyn , McDonald Amy , Paul Sarah , Rodgers Daniel , Green Ryan 
Published: June 2021

Context
Because of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, many athletic training programs (ATPs) moved to mandatory virtual learning environments (VLEs) as access to clinical education sites was restricted for nonessential personnel, such as athletic training students (ATSs).

Objective
To describe the development of a program for delivering clinical education for all ATSs through a VLE model.

Background
Athletic training programs were faced with the task of delivering clinical education for all students through a virtual learning model. Further complicating the situation was that no blueprint for a VLE existed for athletic training.

Description
The ATP developed clear, definitive objectives for a 6-week VLE, but afforded each clinical site the autonomy to determine how it could best implement the objectives of the VLE based upon its individual strengths and limitations.

Advantage(s)
Students reported increased self-motivation, improved communication skills and self-confidence, an improved ability to adapt to new situations, increased independence, personal and professional growth, the ability to stay positive and focused in the face of unexpected challenges, increased appreciation and application of evidence-based practice, and a more in-depth understanding and confidence related to organization and administration topics.

Conclusion(s)
Virtual learning environments offer an alternative for accomplishing the clinical education of ATSs when they cannot be physically present because of extenuating circumstances, such as a pandemic. Additionally, the objectives and implementation strategies of the VLE can be integrated into the face-to-face clinical education plan to create an improved comprehensive approach to clinical education.
Empowering the visually impaired by customized Braille prescription and thus reducing medication errors
Authors: Shetty Shalini , S Sunita , Shetty Isha 
Published: June 2021

Purpose:
To assess the use of routine Braille prescription in reducing medication errors in visually impaired patients.

Methods:
This observational, questionnaire-based study was conducted in 100 blind or visually impaired patients who were Braille literate (aged ≥18 years). We initiated our Braille prescription from January 2017 to March 2018. The questionnaire consisted of 8 items that captured patient details on the medication management process in addition to a face-to-face interview with them. It was administered twice to each patient at baseline and at the end. Braille prescription included details regarding all medicines, their dosages, instructions, expiry dates, and major side effects. The prescription was developed easily and quickly with an average turnaround time of 1 hour.

Results:
It was seen that most of the study patients aged between 30-40 years (n = 80) and majority were men (78%). At baseline, 73% of our respondents faced challenges when self-administering medications as compared to 17.5% at endline. After using Braille prescription, only 5% reported of taking a wrong dosage compared to 46.2% at baseline. Patients missing a dosage significantly reduced after using routine Braille prescription (43.7% vs. 7.5% respectively, P < 0.05).

Conclusion:
Our study successfully has rolled out Braille prescription as an efficacious method in addressing the key issues to medication safety with the visually impaired.
Awareness of eye donation among medical and nursing students: A comparative study
Authors: Chowdhury Ravindra K , Dora Jayashree , Das Pooja 
Published: June 2021

Purpose:
Cognizant and well aware medical and nursing students are expected to influence and positively mold the eye donation rates in India. Keeping this in view, this study was designed to assess and compare eye donation awareness among medical and nursing students.

Methods:
A cross-sectional and comparative study undertaken on the occasion of eye donation fortnight among 112 medical and 115 nursing students. A pretested semi-structured questionnaire on eye donation was given to each student after getting informed consent. The software used for analysis of data was SPSS version 22.0.

Results:
All the medical students and 91.3% of nursing students (P < 0.0016) had heard about eye donation. Eye donation fortnight is celebrated every year to create awareness was known to 42% of medical students and 29.5% of nursing students (P < 0.05). Television, newspaper, magazines, and posters were found to be important sources of information in both groups. Eye donation can give vision to the blind was the primary motivational force both among medical and nursing students (P < 0.001). The ideal time of eye donation is within 6 h of death was known to 69% of medical students and 60.9% nursing students. Lack of awareness and objection of family members are the two significant perceived responses to non-donation in both groups. 88.4% of medical students and 79.1% of nursing students are willing to donate their eyes in future.

Conclusion:
The awareness of eye donation among medical students is better than nursing students. However, the willingness to pledge their eyes is almost equal in both groups.
A study analyzing the health-related quality of life of retinoblastoma survivors in India
Authors: Dhingra Himani , Arya Deepanjali , Taluja Ankit , Das Sima , Mahajan Amita 
Published: June 2021

Purpose:
Retinoblastoma (RB) is the commonest intraocular tumor in children. Despite high cure rates, data on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of RB survivors are limited. This study aimed to analyze parent’s perspective and self-report of HRQoL of RB survivors, using healthy siblings as controls. It also evaluated the impact of socio-economic status (SES), gender, disease laterality, treatment modality, duration since diagnosis, and visual outcomes, on HRQoL.

Methods:
Ninety-two RB survivors were enrolled in this observational, cross-sectional questionnaire-based study conducted at a tertiary care center. QoL was analyzed in four dimensions: physical, emotional, social, and school, using both self-report (for children >6 years) and parent proxy report (for children 2–18 years) using Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory™ (PedsQL™) 4.0 Generic Core Scale. Seventy-seven healthy siblings served as controls.

Results:
The mean age of both cohorts was 5.7 years. Thirty-six (39%) patients had bilateral RB. Of the 92 survivors, 43 (47%) had undergone enucleation. The HRQoL of RB survivors was significantly lower compared to sibling controls (P < 0.01) in all four domains, the physical domain being most affected followed by social domain. Parents reported an inferior QoL than patient’s self-report. Vision <6/18 in the best eye and enucleation had a negative impact on HRQoL whilst gender, disease laterality, duration since diagnosis and SES had no impact.

Conclusion:
QoL assessment is often neglected but an important aspect of survivorship. Results of our study will help in formulating awareness of the domains affected and allow timely advocacy of initiatives for addressing each issue individually. Remedial measures aimed at optimizing QoL should be incorporated as part of their rehabilitation.
Hospital Cornea Retrieval Programme in a startup eye bank – A retrospective analysis and lessons learned
Authors: Aggarwal Himanshi , Gupta Neeti , Garg Prashant , Sharma Manisha , Mittal Sanjeev , Kant Ravi 
Published: June 2021

Purpose:
This study aimed to share our experience in the hospital cornea retrieval program as a new eye bank.

Methods:
This was a retrospective study conducted in a tertiary care institute from August 26, 2019 to March 22, 2020. The medical and eye bank records were analyzed for hospital mortality, mortuary records, and donors approached. The corneal collection was divided between Voluntary (received from voluntary calls), HCRP (cornea received from hospital deaths), and Medico-Legal Cases (received from MLC deaths in hospital) to see the trend of donation and utilization over time.

Results:
During the study period, 154 corneas (77 pairs) were collected. The HCRP provided a major source of corneas 58.4% (90 corneas) as compared to voluntary 19.5% (30 corneas) and MLC 22.1%(34 corneas). There were younger tissues in MLC than HCRP donors, and older tissues in Voluntary donors, and the difference was statistically significant. There was no significant difference in the quality of optical grade tissues and the utilization of corneas for transplants between the three groups. Post hoc analysis showed more non-optical tissues in the voluntary donations (P = 0.004), maximum donors with medical contraindications in the HCRP group (P = 0.001), and time-lapse in corneal retrieval in MLC cases (P = 0.0001). Of these 154 corneas, 78 (50.6%) were assessed as suitable for transplantation, of which 59 (75.6%) tissues were optical grade tissues. The overall utilization was 39.6%.

Conclusion:
HCRP is indeed challenging for a new eye bank, but proper understanding and implementing strategies may help for good utilization of tissues.
Effect of congenital ptosis correction on corneal topography- A prospective study
Authors: Assadi Fatima Amanath , Narayana Shivananda , Yadalla Dayakar , Rajagopalan Jayagayathri , Joy Anupama 
Published: June 2021

Purpose:
The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in corneal topography, cycloplegic refraction, and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) after ptosis correction surgery in patients with congenital ptosis.

Methods:
Our study represents a prospective observational study conducted on 27 eyes of 21 patients with congenital ptosis. All patients underwent complete ophthalmological evaluation, cycloplegic refraction, and baseline Orbscan prior to ptosis surgery. At 6 months postoperative review, the cycloplegic refraction and Orbscan were repeated to evaluate the changes in these parameters. The main outcome measures in our study were Steepest K, Inferior-Superior Asymmetry (I-S Asymmetry), cycloplegic refraction and BCVA.

Results:
A significant decrease in Steepest K postoperatively (P < 0.001) was noted. Superior K and Inferior K also decreased, but the decrease in Inferior K was statistically significant (P = 0.044). However, change in I-S Asymmetry was not significant. Variation in BCVA, and cycloplegic sphere and cylinder was minimal. Sim K astigmatism, Surface Regularity Index, I-S Asymmetry and Central Corneal Thickness did not show significant variation.

Conclusion:
Ptotic eyelid constantly presses on the cornea causing significant changes in corneal contour and surface remodeling. This pressure when relieved, results in significant flattening and regression of anterior corneal surface to its near normal anatomy. This further resulted in improvement of corneal surface irregularity and symmetry.
Prevalence and determinants of self medication use among the adult population residing in a sub urban areas near Chennai, Tamil Nadu
Authors: Shalini Arumugam , Logaraj Muthinarayanan 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Self-medication in urban population seems to increase but the available information is scarce. It is essential to generate evidence regarding the burden and determinants to plan for a public health intervention to address this problem. Our study is an attempt to ascertain the research may show the prevalence and determinants of self-medication among adults population of urban Tamil Nadu.

Methods:
A community-based cross sectional study was conducted among 408 adults residing in a sub urban areas near Chennai, Tamil Nadu. Probability proportionate to size of sampling technique (PPS) was used to decide the number of adults to be included in the study. House to house interview was done using a predesigned, pretested questionnaire. Informed written consent was obtained from the participants.

Results:
Around 132 out of 406 of our study population (32.5%, 95% CI: 27.9, 37.06) reported that they are using self-medication at least once in the past 6 months. It was found that males are 1.5 times more likely to use self-medication than females (OR: 1.58, 95% CI: 1.05, 2.39, P value: 0.036) and younger adults (age <30 years) are 55% less likely to use self-medication than the adults greater than 30 years (OR: 0.45, 95% CI: 0.28, 0.72, P value: 0.001).

Conclusion:
Increasing prevalence of self-medication use qualifies it to be considered as the public health problem. Gender discrimination and lack of prioritizing geriatric heath care needs in a routine health system are some of the other problems identified. These problems have to be addressed by the public health planners and policy makers to provide equitable and quality health care.
Compliance with iron folic acid (IFA) tablets and associated factors among pregnant women attending ante-natal care clinic at Sub District Hospital, Ballabgarh
Authors: Deori Trideep J. , Ramaswamy Gomathi , Jaiswal Abhishek , Loganathan Vignesh , Kumar Rakesh , Mahey Reeta , Yadav Kapil , Kant Shashi 
Published: June 2021

Introduction:
Anemia is a common public health problem among children, adolescent girls, women in reproductive age groups, pregnant and lactating women, with an estimated prevalence of 50.3% among pregnant women according to National Family Health Survey (NFHS) 4. Iron deficiency is regarded as the most common cause of anemia among pregnant women globally and in India. This study was aimed to estimate the prevalence of compliance to iron folic acid (IFA) tablets among pregnant mothers attending ante-natal care (ANC) clinic in a Sub-district hospital (SDH) situated in north India and the various factors associated with non-compliance to IFA tablets.

Methodology:
A cross-sectional facility-based study was conducted among pregnant women attending the ANC clinic at SDH, Ballabgarh. A pretested, semi-structured interview schedule was used to obtain socio-demographic data, information related to IFA therapy that they receive, their compliance and the factors that are related to missing of the doses. Data were entered using Epicollect 5 software and Stata version 13.0 was used for statistical analysis.

Results:
A total of 484 pregnant women were enrolled in our study. More than 3/4th (77.1%) of the pregnant women were compliant to IFA tablet supplement given to them. The compliance was more in the study participants belonging to older age groups, lower socio-economic status and those with hemoglobin levels >11 gm/dl. The most common reason for non-compliance was found to be “forgetfulness” (63.0%) followed by “side effects” (49.5%).

Conclusion:
Compliance with IFA tablets was better among pregnant women who were non anemic and those with good compliance to IFA tablets had better hemoglobin levels.
Does membership in women's group advance health and empowerment? Evidence from India
Authors: Saha Somen 
Published: June 2021

Objectives:
Women's self-help groups (SHGs) are actively promoted to advance women's empowerment. SHGs are estimated to cover 112 million households in 2017; more than 90% are women. This article answers if membership in women's group is associated with better health and women's empowerment.

Methods:
Data on district level health and empowerment indicators were obtained from the fourth round of the National Family Health Survey 2015–16. Data on SHG activity, defined as concentration of SHG at district, was obtained from publicly available data. Twelve indicators were clubbed to measure four domains: maternal health, women's empowerment, child health, and health protection. Binary logistic regressions were computed with education and wealth as control in each model to analyze the change in 12 indicators with the presence of SHG.

Results:
Districts with higher concentration of SHG members were associated with higher odds of women delivering their babies in an institution (OR: 1.53), taking iron pills, sprinklers, or syrup (OR: 1.11), using family planning methods (OR: 1.03), having knowledge of ovulatory cycle (OR: 1.10), owning house or land (either alone or jointly) (OR: 1.18) and lower odds of women suffering from anemia (OR: 0.92). The odds improve when districts with higher concentration of SHG members were compared with those with lower concentration.

Conclusion:
Membership in women's group is associated with better health measures as well as asset ownership; higher the concentration of SHG, higher is the impact.
To study the awareness of osteoporosis in postmenopausal Indian women in a Northeast part of India
Authors: Shaki Omna , Rai Sanjay K. , Gupta Tej P. , Chakrabarty Barun K. , Negi R.S. 
Published: June 2021

Aim and Objective:
Our study's objective is to determine the level of awareness in postmenopausal women in Guwahati, Northeast part of India, using the Osteoporosis Health Belief Scale (OHBS).

Settings and Design:
Osteoporosis is the most common silent health problem in postmenopausal Indian women. An awareness level among this subset of women needs to study. The present study is based on a self-explanatory questionnaire.

Methods:
We conducted a self-explanatory questionnaire study on 2000 postmenopausal women in Guwahati, North East region of India. The bone mineral density (BMD) was measured using calcaneum Quantitative ultrasound (QUS) to assess BMD. Baseline characteristics were noted and analyzed.

Results:
The awareness level was noted only in757 (37.85%). Women with education level 12th standard and above have some awareness regarding osteoporosis.

Conclusions:
Based on the present study, we can conclude that there is a lack of awareness in postmenopausal women regarding osteoporosis in India's North-East region. This subset of women is unaware of the condition that can leads to fragility fracture if not address in time. The study emphasizes that health care professionals should conduct frequent awareness programs in the community to prevent this silent disease, and morbidities so arise from osteoporosis can be minimized.
Pilot of a questionnaire study regarding perception of undergraduate medical students towards online classes
Authors: Menon Unnikrishnan K. , Gopalakrishnan Suja , Unni C Sumithra N. , Ramachandran Riju , B. Poornima , Sasidharan Anu , MS Ashika , Radhakrishnan Natasha 
Published: June 2021

Background:
The COVID-19 pandemic situation has forced a shift in medical education from physical classroom to virtual online teaching. However, students and teachers perceive this differently. It is important to study these perceptions to improve the teaching–learning process, and thus to validate the role of online learning in the country.

Objective:
To document the process of a pilot for a questionnaire-based study regarding perception of undergraduate medical students towards on-going online classes.

Methods:
Medical Education Department of a teaching hospital developed a new questionnaire with the primary objective of studying the satisfaction and usefulness of the online classes (e-Learning). Content validity was done. For the pilot work, 10% of the total student strength was targeted. Random purposive sampling from each phase of the undergraduate course was done to choose the participants. The questionnaire was administered via Google Classroom. It was an external, undeclared type of pilot. All the responses were documented and analysed for both changes in the questions as well as for statistical sample size derivation for the main study.

Results:
Responses from 30 students were analysed for the pilot study. Based on the proportion of the level of satisfaction (23.3%) and usefulness (23.3%) of the on-going online classes observed, and with 20% relative precision and 95% confidence, the minimum sample size for the main study was calculated. The responses revealed the need for minor changes in the questionnaire tool for overall feasibility and achievement of the objectives of the main study.

Conclusions:
A pilot study is a necessary component for a research project, especially when it involves the use of a new tool. This paper shows the relevance of the same. The authors intend to convey the importance of documenting the processes of conduct of a pilot study, the issues involved therein, and the steps taken to resolve the same.
Assessing knowledge and practice about eye injuries first aid, with awareness about the importance of early management among general population in Asser Region, 2020
Authors: Dhabaan Waleed Abdulwahab , Almutairi Khalid Hussein , Alzahrani Abdulbari Ahmed , Almutlaq Ahmed Hussain , Jali Asiri Anas Ali Hadi , Hasan Alshahrani Raghad Saad , Hadi Jali Mazen Ahmed , Alqahtani Abdussalam Mohammed A. 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Eye injury is a leading cause of monocular blindness and is second only to cataract as the commonest cause of visual impairment. Injury is the commonest reason for eye-related emergency department visits.

Aim:
To assess population awareness regarding eye injuries first aids in Aseer region, Saudi Arabia.

Methodology:
A descriptive cross-sectional approach was used targeting all accessible population in Aseer region, Southern of Saudi Arabia. Data were collected from participants using electronic pre-structured questionnaire. The tool will cover participants' socio-demographic data, participants' history of eye injury, awareness and practice regarding different types of eye injuries first aids.

Results:
The survey included 1213 participants who completed the questionnaire. Participants' ages ranged from 18 to 60 years old with mean age of 22.3 ± 11.9 years old. About 69% of the participants reported for having constant eye pain, 68.3% reported in case of Foreign Body (FB) in the eye, 66.9% reported for torn eye lid. Regarding signs of scratch eye, 64.2% reported for feel FB inside, 58% reported for eye pain and 55.2% reported for blurred vision. Exact of 25.7% of participants reported that they should blink several times in case of getting eye scratch, whereas 77.8% reported that they should rub the eye to try to remove any foreign object, 36.3% preferred to use the soothing eye drop.

Conclusions
In conclusion, the study revealed that public awareness regarding eye injury first aid in Aseer region was poor especially for chemical injuries. Physician role should be augmented and health education campaigns are advised.