bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quality characteristics, fatty acid profile and glycemic index of extrusion processed snacks enriched with the multicomponent mixture of cereals and legumes
Authors: Wani Sajad Ahmad , Ganie Nawaz Ahmad , Kumar Pradyuman 
Published: February 2021

AbstractExtrudate snacks were prepared from base material (rice and corn) and optimized combination of ingredients were analyzed for effects of extrusion cooking on physical, functional, fatty acid profile, total dietary fiber, structural properties, and glycemic index. Physical and functional properties differ significantly (p ≤ 0.05). Increase in total dietary fiber content was observed by extrusion. Fatty acid profile did not show any significant variation. Snack prepared using base material had softer structure (10.02 N) than snack prepared using optimized combination (10.30 N). Total flavonoid content was reduced by extrusion cooking from 1003 to 802 μg(CE)/g). In pasting properties, higher value of cold viscosity was observed in extrudate snack (140 cP) than unextruded raw mixture (79 cP). In comparison to unextruded raw mixture the peak, final and setback viscosity of extrudate snacks was lower. These findings signify that extrusion is a cooking process. Glycemic index by in vitro analysis showed lower value of extrudate snacks made from optimized combination than extrudate snacks made from base material. Therefore, extrusion cooking and proper selection of ingredients can be successfully used for the production of extruded snacks with significant fatty acids retention, higher fiber content and low glycemic index.
Do interactions between patients’ psychological distress and adherence to dietary recommendation predict glycemic control among persons with type 2 diabetes in Ghana?
Authors: Doglikuu Be‐Ikuu Dominic , Abdulai Abubakari , Yaseri Mehdi , Shakibazadeh Elham , Djazayery Abolghassem , Mirzaei Khadijeh 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIntroductionPsychological distress is a pervasive mental condition among persons with chronic noncommunicable diseases.AimTo examine whether interactions between patients’ psychological distress and adherence to dietary recommendations predict glycemic controls among persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Ghana.Methods Facility‐based cross‐sectional study involving 530 persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus was conducted between October 2018 and September 2019. Six health facilities were randomly selected and normal‐weight persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) at baseline consecutively recruited from patients’ registers. Structured questionnaires were used to collect sociodemographic data. Glycemic control was the main outcome variable, and was determined using HbA1c%. Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 22 was used in data analysis.ResultsSystolic blood pressure (mm Hg), diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg), total cholesterol, and fasting blood sugar were statistically significant for glycemic control (HbA1c%) (p‐value < 0.05). After adjusting for confounding variables, low adherence and moderate adherence to dietary recommendations were independently significant for poor glycemic control (high HbA1c%). Interaction between low psychological distress and low adherence to dietary recommendations was statistically significant for poor glycemic control (high HbA1c%). Interaction between low psychological distress and moderate adherence to dietary recommendations was also statistically significant for poor glycemic control (high HbA1c%), whereas interaction between moderate psychological distress and high adherence to dietary recommendations was statistically significant for poor glycemic control (high HbA1c%).ConclusionInteraction between psychological distress and adherence to dietary recommendations can influence glycemic controls among persons with T2DM.
How hydrology and anthropogenic activity influence the molecular composition and export of dissolved organic matter: Observations along a large river continuum
Authors: Zhou Yongqiang , Yao Xiaolong , Zhou Lei , Zhao Zhonghua , Wang Xiaolong , Jang Kyoung‐Soon , Tian Wei , Zhang Yunlin , Podgorski David C. , Spencer Robert G. M. , Kothawala Dolly N. , Jeppesen Erik , Wu Fengchang 
Published: February 2021

AbstractLarge rivers are the main arteries for transportation of carbon to the ocean; yet, how hydrology and anthropogenic disturbances may change the composition and export of dissolved organic matter along large river continuums is largely unknown. The Yangtze River has a watershed area of 1.80 × 106 km2. It originates from the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau and flows 6300 km eastward through the center of China. We collected samples (n = 271) along the river continuum and analyzed weekly samples at the most downstream situated gauging station in 2017–2018 and gathered long‐term (2006–2018) water quality data. We found higher gross domestic product, population density, and urban and agricultural land use downstream than upstream of the Three Gorges Dam, coinciding with higher dissolved organic carbon (DOC), UV absorption (a254), specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA254), parallel factor analysis‐derived C1–C5, aliphatic compounds, and lower a250:a365 and spectral slope (S275–295). Chemical oxygen demand, humic‐like C1–C2 and C6, and protein‐like C4 and C7 increased, while dissolved oxygen and ammonium decreased with increasing discharge at most of the sites studied, including the intensively monitored downstream site. The annual DOC fluxes were ca. 1.5–1.8 Tg yr−1, and 12–18% was biodegradable in a 28‐d bio‐incubation. Our results highlight that urbanization and stormwater periods enhanced the export of both terrestrial organic‐rich substances and household effluents from nearshore residential areas. Our study emphasizes the continued need to protect the Yangtze River watershed as increased organic carbon loading or altered composition and bio‐lability may change the ecosystem function and carbon cycling.
Behavior of copper‐containing high‐entropy alloys in harsh metal‐dusting environments
Authors: Galetz Mathias C. , Schlereth Clara , White Emma M. H. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMetal dusting is still an unresolved issue at high temperatures. Currently, two material‐related strategies to mitigate metal dusting are described in the literature. On the one hand, highly alloyed materials are used, which contain large amounts of protective oxide‐forming elements, such as Cr, Al, and Si. The second mitigation strategy is based on inhibiting the catalytic effect of Fe, Ni, and Co. These elements all strongly catalyze the formation of solid carbon from the gas phase. Combining the catalytic protection of Cu alloying for metal dusting with protection by a classical alumina/chromia barrier is a native feature that high‐entropy alloys (HEAs) can offer. In this study, the behavior of different equiatomic HEAs with and without Al and/or Cu are studied when exposed at 620°C in a highly aggressive metal‐dusting environment.
Genetic Variations and Neuropathologic Features of Patients with PRKN Mutations
Authors: Seike Naohiko , Yokoseki Akio , Takeuchi Ryoko , Saito Kento , Miyahara Hiroaki , Miyashita Akinori , Ikeda Tetsuhiko , Aida Izumi , Nakajima Takashi , Kanazawa Masato , Wakabayashi Masatoshi , Toyoshima Yasuko , Takahashi Hitoshi , Matsumoto Riki , Toda Tatsushi , Onodera Osamu , Ishikawa Atsushi , Ikeuchi Takeshi , Kakita Akiyoshi 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundMutations in PRKN are the most common cause of autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between genotype and pathology in patients with PRKN mutations.MethodsWe performed a sequence and copy number variation analysis of PRKN, mRNA transcripts, Parkin protein expression, and neuropathology in 8 autopsied patients.ResultsAll the patients harbored biallelic PRKN mutations. Two patients were homozygous and heterozygous, respectively, for the missense mutation p.C431F. Seven patients had exon rearrangements, including 2 patients from a single family who harbored a homozygous deletion of exon 4, and 3 patients who carried a homozygous duplication of exons 6–7, a homozygous duplication of exons 10–11, and a heterozygous duplication of exons 2–4. In the other 2 patients, we found a compound heterozygous duplication of exon 2, deletion of exon 3, and a heterozygous duplication of exon 2. However, sequencing of cDNA prepared from mRNA revealed 2 different transcripts derived from triplication of exon 2 and deletion of exons 2–3 and from duplication of exons 2–4 and deletion of exons 3–4. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry revealed faint or no expression of Parkin in their brains. In the substantia nigra pars compacta, a subfield‐specific pattern of neuronal loss and mild gliosis were evident. Lewy bodies were found in 3 patients. Peripheral sensory neuronopathy was a feature.ConclusionsGenomic and mRNA analysis is needed to identify the PRKN mutations. Variable mutations may result in no or little production of mature Parkin and the histopathologic features may be similar. © 2021 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Comparison and validation of automated scoring of SPECT phantom cold rod visibility
Authors: DiFilippo Frank P. , Palestro Christopher J. , Nichols Kenneth J. 
Published: February 2021

PurposeEvaluation of phantom image quality is an integral component of the quality assurance of SPECT systems. This evaluation often is done by visual assessment of the resolution of known structures of a specified size, such as arrays of cold rods in a warm background. Although this method is rapid and convenient, it is qualitative and is subject to inter‐ and intraobserver variability. Thus an automated quantitative analysis would be preferable. Several metrics of cold rod visibility have been developed, although their suitability for SPECT quality assurance depends on how well they correspond to visual scoring by experienced observers.MethodsVarious metrics of cold rod visibility, derived from either texture analysis or template‐based analysis, were investigated. The texture analysis methods measured the normalized gray‐level co‐occurrence matrix (GLCM) energy (“Energy%”) and entropy (“Entropy%”) of each region and an associated combination of the two (“EnergyEntropy%”). One template‐based method measured the rods‐to‐background contrast (“Contrast”) and an associated visibility index (Contrast × area = “Contrast Visibility”). Another template‐based method performed binary classification (BC) of the rods and background to compute the area under curve (AUC) of its receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve (“BC‐AUC”) and the corresponding signal‐to‐noise ratio (“BC‐SNR”). All these metrics were computed for 90 SPECT acquisitions of the standard American College of Radiology (“Jaszczak”) phantom. Cold rod visibility was scored independently by two experienced nuclear medicine physicists on both dichotomous and 5‐point scales. Scoring was performed twice by each observer to evaluate variability.ResultsInterobserver agreement (Cohen’s kappa statistic) was 0.78, and intraobserver reproducibility was 0.86 and 0.88, respectively, for each observer. Mean and median scores differed significantly between observers. Accuracy of each metric was assessed according to AUC of ROC analysis with respect to mean dichotomous score. The binary classification metrics had the highest accuracy (BC‐AUC = 0.995, BC‐SNR = 0.994), above that of the texture analysis metrics (Entropy% = 0.992, Energy% = 0.988, EnergyEntropy% = 0.992) and conventional template analysis (Contrast = 0.984, Contrast Visibility = 0.989). The metrics were similar in terms of rank correlation to mean visibility score. BC‐AUC correlated linearly with mean visibility score (R2 = 0.95) and consistently performed among the highest of the metrics vs rod diameter and count level.ConclusionsAutomated quantitative analysis of SPECT phantom cold rods correlated well with visual scoring. The metrics based on binary classification performed particularly well for this task, across the range of rod diameters and count levels. The suboptimal interobserver agreement highlights the importance of developing automated algorithms for evaluating scanner performance.
Probing the myelin water compartment with a saturation‐recovery, multi‐echo gradient‐recalled echo sequence
Authors: Kleban Elena , Gowland Penny , Bowtell Richard 
Published: February 2021

PurposeTo investigate the effect of varying levels of ‐weighting on the evolution of the complex signal from white matter in a multi‐echo gradient‐recalled echo (mGRE) saturation‐recovery sequence.Theory and MethodsAnalysis of the complex signal evolution in an mGRE sequence allows the contributions from short‐ and long‐ components to be separated, thus providing a measure of the relative strength of signals from the myelin water, and the external and intra‐axonal compartments. Here we evaluated the effect of different levels of ‐weighting on these signals, expecting that the previously reported, short of the myelin water would lead to a relative enhancement of the myelin water signal in the presence of signal saturation. Complex, saturation‐recovery mGRE data from the splenium of the corpus callosum from 5 healthy volunteers were preprocessed using a frequency difference mapping (FDM) approach and analyzed using the 3‐pool model of complex signal evolution in white matter.ResultsAn increase in the apparent as a function of echo time was demonstrated, but this increase was an order of magnitude smaller than that expected from previously reported myelin water ‐values. This suggests the presence of magnetization transfer and exchange effects which counteract the ‐weighting.ConclusionVariation of the amplitude in a saturation‐recovery mGRE sequence can be used to modulate the relative strength of signals from the different compartments in white matter, but the modulation is less than predicted from previously reported ‐values.
Deuterated water imaging of the rat brain following metabolism of [2H7]glucose
Authors: Mahar Rohit , Zeng Huadong , Giacalone Anthony , Ragavan Mukundan , Mareci Thomas H. , Merritt Matthew E. 
Published: February 2021

PurposeTo determine whether deuterated water (HDO) generated from the metabolism of [2H7]glucose is a sensitive biomarker of cerebral glycolysis and oxidative flux.MethodsA bolus of [2H7]glucose was injected through the tail vein at 1.95 g/kg into Sprague‐Dawley rats. A 2H surface coil was placed on top of the head to record 2H spectra of the brain every 1.3 minutes to measure glucose uptake and metabolism to HDO, lactate, and glutamate/glutamine. A two‐point Dixon method based on a gradient‐echo sequence was used to reconstruct deuterated glucose and water (HDO) images selectively.ResultsThe background HDO signal could be detected and imaged before glucose injection. The 2H NMR spectra showed arrival of [2H7]glucose and its metabolism in a time‐dependent manner. A ratio of the HDO to glutamate/glutamine resonances demonstrates a pseudo–steady state following injection, in which cerebral metabolism dominates wash‐in of HDO generated by peripheral metabolism. Brain spectroscopy reveals that HDO generation is linear with lactate and glutamate/glutamine appearance in the appropriate pseudo–steady state window. Selective imaging of HDO and glucose is easily accomplished using a gradient‐echo method.ConclusionMetabolic imaging of HDO, as a marker of glucose, lactate, and glutamate/glutamine metabolism, has been shown here for the first time. Cerebral glucose metabolism can be assessed efficiently using a standard gradient‐echo sequence that provides superior in‐plane resolution compared with CSI‐based techniques.
Preserved eye movements in adults with spinal muscular atrophy
Authors: Anagnostou Evangelos , Xirou Sophia , Kararizou Evangelia , Stefanis Leonidas , Papadopoulos Constantinos , Papadimas George 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIntroductionSpinal muscular atrophy (SMA) most prominently affects proximal limb and bulbar muscles. Despite older case descriptions, ocular motor neuron palsies or other oculomotor abnormalities are not considered part of the phenotype.MethodsWe investigated oculomotor function by testing saccadic eye movements of 15 patients with SMA. Their performance was compared with that of age‐matched healthy controls. Horizontal rightward and leftward saccades were recorded by means of video‐oculography, whereas subjects looked at light‐emitting diode targets placed at ±5°, ±10°, and ±15° eccentricities.ResultsNo differences in saccade amplitude gains, peak velocities, peak velocity‐to‐amplitude ratios, or durations were observed between controls and patients. More specifically, for 5° target eccentricities, patients had a mean saccadic peak velocity of 153°/s, whereas for 10° and 15° these values were 268°/s and 298°/s, respectively. The corresponding mean peak velocities of the control group were 151°/s, 264°/s, and 291°/s.DiscussionOur results indicate that patients with SMA perform fast and accurate horizontal saccades without evidence of extraocular muscle weakness. These quantitative oculomotor data corroborate clinical experience that neuro‐ophthalmic symptoms in SMA are not common and, if present, should prompt suspicion for an alternative neuromuscular disorder.
Preconditioners for multiphase poromechanics with strong capillarity
Authors: T. Camargo Julia , White Joshua A. , Castelletto Nicola , Borja Ronaldo I. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis paper aims to enhance the performance of Newton–Krylov solvers for coupled poromechanical problems with two‐phase flow. In particular, we investigate the impact of capillary pressure on preconditioning strategies. Capillarity complicates the coupling between the solid deformation and fluid pressure degrees of freedom, as well as increases the nonlinearity of the system. Depending on the capillary pressure relation used in the constitutive formulation, the flow equations may exhibit a spectrum of advection‐dominated to diffusion‐dominated behavior. We propose preconditioning approaches that account for this behavior and lead to robust numerical performance within a broad range of regimes.
Determination of the opening size of granular filters
Authors: Seblany Feda , Vincens Eric , Picault Christophe 
Published: February 2021

AbstractGranular filters are used in hydraulic earthen structures as a natural barrier to protect base soils from erosion under seepage conditions. Their performance is greatly dependent on the pore space connectivity that provides transport pathways for migrating fine particles. Traditional filter design rules are based on characteristic particle diameters of the involved materials, which do not explicitly reflect the pore structure dimensions. Even though the literature offers some mathematical tools that can be used to characterize the opening size of granular filters, the underlying physical fundamentals are still not sufficiently understood. Therefore, this study aims to provide a plausible physical framework for determining the filter opening size by means of numerical simulations using the discrete element method. From the investigation of particle transport processes in polydisperse packings of spheres, the opening sizes associated to these numerical filters are defined on the basis of their constriction size distribution. A mathematical procedure is then introduced to determine the effective opening size of the filter and subsequently, a revised retention criterion for granular filters is proposed and validated with experimental data from the literature. The study findings can offer a valuable perspective for erosion assessment methods in both new and existing earthen structures.
A randomized clinical trial of a new perioperative practice model on anxiety and health‐related quality of life in arthroplasty patients
Authors: Pulkkinen Maria , Jousela Irma , Sintonen Harri , Engblom Janne , Salanterä Sanna , Junttila Kristiina 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAimsTo explore the effectiveness of a new perioperative practice model on anxiety and health‐related quality of life in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty and total knee arthroplasty under spinal anaesthesia.DesignA randomized clinical trial.MethodsControl group participants (N = 222) received standard perioperative care, meaning they were cared for by various nurses during their perioperative process without postoperative visits. Intervention group participants (N = 231) were assigned one named anaesthesia nurse during their entire perioperative process who visited them postoperatively. Both groups responded to two self‐reported questionnaires: the generic 15D health‐related quality of life instrument and the State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) measuring anxiety two to three weeks pre‐operatively and three months postoperatively.ResultsThere were no statistically significant differences between the groups at baseline or at follow‐up in health‐related quality of life or anxiety.
Same‐Sex Couples and the Gains to Marriage: The Importance of the Legal Environment
Authors: Delhommer Scott M. , Hamermesh Daniel S. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSame‐sex couples’ marital surplus, their excess total income over that predicted by their work times and expected wages, increases little as the duration of their relationship lengthens. When/where same‐sex marriage is legal, it rises sharply as duration increases. The availability of legal domestic partnership or civil union has no effect on the surplus. The likelihood of home ownership conditional on demographic characteristics also increases with partnerships’ duration only when/where same‐sex marriage is legal. These results, based on data from the American Community Survey 2013 to 2017, support the notion that greater legal protection enhances partners’ incentives to invest in their relationship, producing gains for society in the form of higher tax revenues, larger inheritances, and more stable communities.
Improve durability and surface quality of additively manufactured molds using carbon fiber prepreg
Authors: Yeole Pritesh , Herring Cliff , Hassen Ahmed , Kunc Vlastimil , Stratton Robert , Vaidya Uday 
Published: February 2021

AbstractHybrid tooling is an emerging concept introduced in the aerospace industries to reduce weight and cost of traditional tools. A hybrid tool features a skin, which provides desired surface quality, durability, and a low‐density substrate to reduce the weight of the mold. The big area additive manufacturing (BAAM) technology permits rapid production of thermoplastic polymer intensive large‐scale structures. The present study features a carbon fiber reinforced polyphenylene sulfide (CF‐PPS) substrate fabricated using Oak Ridge National Laboratory's BAAM system. Carbon fiber‐bismaleimide (CF‐BMI) prepreg skin was then bonded to the BAAM tool through high‐pressure autoclave molding. Process optimization was conducted to improve the bonding between CF‐PPS and CF‐BMI (transverse tensile strength increased from 0.54 to 4.8 MPa). Durability of the mold was demonstrated from fabricating seven (7) carbon fiber‐Huntsman epoxy hand lay‐up parts utilizing the mold.