bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Crush! Crush! Crush!’: Towards a Finished Story of Pol Pot’s Trial and Death?
Authors: Benzaquen-Gautier Stéphanie 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
To this day, the trial of Pol Pot in July 1997 in Anlong Veng remains an underexplored topic, possibly because it is seen as a parody of justice organised by a rival Khmer Rouge faction. Images of the event show an old and fragile man who has to be supported by guards to the meeting hall. Drawing on anthropologist Ashley Thompson’s study of the ‘substitute body of the king’, the paper examines the corporeal strategies at play in the trial and in the display and cremation of Pol Pot’s body in April 1998. Using a range of materials (articles in media, pictures, videos, and artworks), it brings into conversation ‘forensic aesthetics’, performance theory, and contemporary visual arts to investigate the role of Pol Pot’s body as a political tool in the troubled context of post-transition Cambodia.
Fairness in Machine Learning: Against False Positive Rate Equality as a Measure of Fairness
Authors: Long Robert 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
As machine learning informs increasingly consequential decisions, different metrics have been proposed for measuring algorithmic bias or unfairness. Two popular “fairness measures” are calibration and equality of false positive rate. Each measure seems intuitively important, but notably, it is usually impossible to satisfy both measures. For this reason, a large literature in machine learning speaks of a “fairness tradeoff” between these two measures. This framing assumes that both measures are, in fact, capturing something important. To date, philosophers have seldom examined this crucial assumption, and examined to what extent each measure actually tracks a normatively important property. This makes this inevitable statistical conflict – between calibration and false positive rate equality – an important topic for ethics. In this paper, I give an ethical framework for thinking about these measures and argue that, contrary to initial appearances, false positive rate equality is in fact morally irrelevant and does not measure fairness.
A Puzzle of Enforceability: Why do Moral Duties Differ in their Enforceability?
Authors: Barry Christian , McTernan Emily 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
When someone is poised to fail to fulfil a moral duty, we can respond in a variety of ways. We might remind them of their duty, or seek to persuade them through argument. Or we might intervene forcibly to ensure that they act in accordance with their duty. Some duties appear to be such that the duty-bearer can be liable to forcible interference when this is necessary to ensure that they comply with them. We’ll call duties that carry such liabilities enforcement-apt. Not all duties seem to be enforcement-apt. Some, for example, accept that a person in a monogamous marriage has a moral duty to refrain from infidelity, but deny that a spouse can be compelled to comply with their duty to be faithful without transgressing her rights. More controversially, some think that our duties to assist others in severe need are not enforcement-apt. What could explain the contrast between duties that are enforcement-apt while and those that are not? We’ll call this the puzzle of enforceability and our paper considers three broad strategies for responding to it. The first strategy takes the form of identifying some substantive feature or features that are necessary and/or sufficient for a duty to possess some enforcement status. We consider a range of candidate explanations of this sort but find that none are plausible. The second strategy rejects the idea that there are genuinely enforcement-inapt duties and instead seeks to explain why there can nonetheless be marked differences amongst duties concerning how they can be enforced and who can enforce them. We find that this strategy too is largely unsuccessful. The third strategy offered seeks an explanation of differences in enforcement status by appeal to the broader social costs of enforcing certain kinds of duties. We find that this approach holds some promise but note that it requires adopting a controversial set of moral commitments. We conclude by considering our options in the absence of a solution to our puzzle.
Tumor enhancement ratio with unenhanced imaging is an independent prognostic factor for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after transarterial chemoembolization
Authors: Yang Xi-Yuan , Deng Jiang-Bei , An Tian-Zhi , Zhou Shi , Li Jun-Xiang 
Published: November 2021

Objective To investigative whether the odds tumor enhancement ratio (OTER) on cross-sectional imaging is a prognostic factor for hepatocellular carcinoma after transarterial chemoembolization (TACE). Methods This study involved 126 patients who underwent TACE from May 2015 to March 2019. The signal intensity/Hounsfield units (HU) was measured by placing regions of interest on the tumor and surrounding liver in unenhanced and arterial-phase contrast-enhanced cross-sectional images. The OTER was calculated as follows: OTER = (HUTUMORart − HUTUMORun)/ (HULIVERart − HULIVERun). Univariate analysis was performed to determine the factors associated with overall survival (OS). Variables with a P value of <0.10 were included in the multivariate Cox regression analysis. Results The median OS was 757 days. Tumors with a peripheral location, small size, and low OTER had better OS than those with a central location, large size, and high OTER. OS did not differ according to the extent of tumor involvement or tumor enhancement pattern. The OTER, tumor location, and size were included in the multivariate Cox regression analysis. A low OTER was the predictor of better OS. Conclusion A high OTER is a risk factor for poor OS in patients undergoing TACE. This should be taken into consideration before the procedure.
APACHE IV system helps to determine role of cholecystostomy in elderly patients with acute cholecystitis
Authors: Jiang Hua , Guo Guo , Yao Zhimin , Wang Yuehua 
Published: November 2021

Objective Cholecystostomy is a palliative treatment for patients unfit to undergo immediate cholecystectomy. Nevertheless, the role of cholecystostomy in the clinical management of such patients remains unclear. The Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation IV (APACHE IV) scoring system is useful for estimating the hospital mortality of high-risk patients. We evaluated the therapeutic effect of cholecystostomy by the APACHE IV scoring system in patients aged >65 years with acute cholecystitis. Methods In total, 597 patients aged >65 years with acute cholecystitis were retrospectively analyzed using APACHE IV scores. Results The fitness of the APACHE IV score prediction was good, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.894. The chi square independence test indicated that compared with conservative treatment, cholecystostomy may have different effects on mortality for patients whose estimated mortality rate was >10%. Comparison of the estimated mortality of patients before and after cholecystostomy indicated that the estimated mortality was significantly lower after than before puncture, both in the whole patient group and in the group with an estimated mortality of >10%. Conclusion The APACHE IV scoring system showed that cholecystostomy is a safe and effective treatment for elderly high-risk patients with acute cholecystitis.
Cotyloid Fossa Coverage Percentages May Be Associated With Alpha Angle, Labral Tear, and Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Femoroacetabular Impingement
Authors: Murata Yoichi , Pierpoint Lauren , DeClercq Madeleine , Lockard Carly , Martin Maitland , Fukase Naomasa , Soares Rui , Quinn Patrick , Ho Charles P. , Uchida Soshi , Philippon Marc J. 
Published: November 2021

Background: Within the hip joint, the anatomy of the acetabulum and cotyloid fossa is well established. There is little literature describing the association between the size of the cotyloid fossa relative to the acetabulum and characteristics of patients with femoroacetabular impingement (FAI). Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose was to calculate the cotyloid fossa coverage percentage in the acetabulum and determine its association with patient characteristics, radiographic parameters, intra-articular findings, and preoperative patient-reported outcomes in patients with FAI. We hypothesized there is an association between the cotyloid fossa coverage percentage of the acetabulum and characteristics of patients with FAI. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Patients were included who underwent standard clinical 3-T magnetic resonance imaging of the hip and primary arthroscopic FAI correction surgery during 2015 and 2016. Exclusion criteria were age <18 or >40 years, osteoarthritis, labral reconstruction, previous ipsilateral hip surgery, and hip dysplasia. Measurements of the cotyloid fossa and surrounding lunate cartilage were performed to calculate cotyloid fossa width (CFW) and cotyloid fossa height (CFH) coverage percentages. The relationships between coverage percentages and patient characteristics and intraoperative findings were assessed using independent t tests or Pearson correlations. Results: An overall 146 patients were included. Alpha angle negatively correlated with CFH coverage percentage ( r = −0.19; P = .03) and positively correlated with labral tear size ( r = 0.28; P < .01). CFH coverage percentage was negatively correlated with labral tear size ( r = −0.24; P < .01). Among patients with degenerative tears, CFH was negatively correlated with labral tear size ( r = −0.31; P < .01). However, this association was no longer significant after adjusting for sex (partial r = −0.10; P = .39). Cotyloid fossa coverage was not associated with the condition of the cotyloid fossa synovium (synovitis vs no synovitis). CFW coverage percentage was negatively correlated with the 12-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12) physical component summary score ( r = −0.23; P < .01). Conclusion: The CFW and CFH coverage percentages may be associated with alpha angle, labral tear size, and SF-12 physical component summary score in patients with FAI. We may be able to predict the labral condition based on preoperative measurements of CFH and CFW coverage percentages.
A comparative analysis of anatomical variations of popliteal artery and its branches in concomitant aneurysmal disease
Authors: Troisi Nicola , Melani Alberto , Raspanti Claudio , Panci Simone , Chisci Emiliano , Pratesi Carlo , Michelagnoli Stefano 
Published: November 2021

Objectives Open or endovascular treatment of popliteal artery aneurysms (PAAs) is still debated. Data about the popliteal artery anatomy and its branches are essential to plan a surgical approach. The aim of this study was to report the anatomical variations of the popliteal artery and its branches in a population with aneurysmal disease and compare them with a standard population with non-aneurysmal disease. Methods A retrospective review of consecutive patients who underwent surgical PAA repair in our center between January 2011 and December 2020 was performed. One-hundred-forty-six limbs in 128 patients underwent PAA treatment (Group 1). Computed tomography angiography images using a 128-section configuration were reviewed for anatomical variations of the popliteal artery and its branches. A control population of 178 limbs in 89 patients with non-aneurysmal disease was used to compare the outcomes (Group 2). All limbs were classified according to Kim’s classification. The two groups were analyzed and compared by means of nonparametric Pearson chi-square test. Results Both groups were homogeneous in terms of demographics, risk factors, and clinical presentation. In Group 1, the limbs with PAA were classified as type IA, 133 (91.1%); type IB, 2 (1.4%); type IC, 0; type IIA1, 1 (0.7%); type IIA2, 1 (0.7%); type IIB, 4 (2.7%); type IIC, 0; type IIIA, 3 (2.1%); type IIIB, 0; and type IIIC, 2 (1.4%). In Group 2 the limbs with non-aneurysmal disease were classified as type IA, 163 (91.6%); type IB, 5 (2.8%); type IC, 1 (0.6%); type IIA1, 1 (0.6%); type IIA2, 3 (1.7%); type IIB, 2 (1.1%); type IIC, 0; type IIIA, 3 (1.7%); type IIIB, 0; and type IIIC, 0. No difference in terms of anatomy of the popliteal artery and its branches was found between the two groups ( P = NS). Conclusions Knowledge of anatomical variations of the popliteal artery and its branches is mandatory in case of the surgical approach. Anatomy in PAA patients is not different. Studies with larger population size are needed to validate these outcomes.
Impact of a multifaceted strategy in end-of-life care in a tertiary hospital: A quasi-experimental study
Authors: Ito Suffert Soraya Camargo , Campos Luciana Silveira , Barros Newton , Bica Claudia Giuliano 
Published: November 2021

Objective To evaluate the impact of a multifaceted strategy for quality end-of-life care in a tertiary public hospital in Brazil. Methodology The study design was quasi-experimental. The multifaceted strategy was applied between January and June 2017, and involved training the healthcare team in end-of-life discussions, the creation and documentation of advance directives, and consultation with the team specialized in palliative care. The periods analyzed were the pre-test period (Time 1, July 2015 to June 2016) and the post-test period (Time 2, July 2017 to June 2018). Results Time 1 involved 302 deaths, with an average hospital stay of 21 days; Time 2 involved 410 deaths, with an average hospital stay of 16 days. Patients were prescribed morphine (44.04% vs. 36.3% [ p = 0.367]), methadone (9.60% vs. 4.39% [ p = 0.247]), midazolam (43.05% vs. 47.80% [ p = 0.73]), blood transfusions (31.13% vs. 24.63% [ p = 0.828]), enteral feeding (56.62% vs. 38.54% [ p = 0.59]) and antibiotic therapy (50.73% vs. 50.73% [ p = 0.435]). Conclusion This study found no changes in the end-of-life care quality indicators after the strategy was implemented. Multimodal educational strategies that develop communication skills in palliative care may enhance the quality of end-of-life care.
“I am in other people's hands as regards my health” A sociological critique of health care encounters of people with cirrhosis. A secondary analysis
Authors: Davis Sarah , Higgs Paul , Jones Louise , Greenslade Lynda , Wilson Jo , Low Joseph TS ,   Principal Research Fellow
Published: November 2021

Objectives People with cirrhosis are encouraged to participate in shared decision-making with their doctors, but studies suggest that doctors limit the amount of information that is shared. In this study we explore the presence of medical power in clinical encounters in 2015 from a patient perspective and highlight its effects on healthcare interactions. Methods Qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten people with cirrhosis attending a tertiary liver transplant centre in southern England. We explored their understanding of their disease and prognosis, and their participation in decision-making. Using the lens of medical power as a framework, we analysed findings into thematic sentences to summarise key ideas whilst preserving the complexity of identified concepts. Results Three key concepts explained patient perspectives of their communication with doctors: (1) portraying a positive image to doctors, (2) avoiding confrontation with doctors, (3) feeling powerless in the face of doctors’ medical knowledge. These concepts show deeper dynamic issues of power during healthcare encounters, illustrated by participants’ reluctance to voice their concerns and express themselves, challenge decisions, or seek information. Conclusion People with cirrhosis struggle to articulate their concerns or challenge decisions on their care and treatment and may worry about potential consequences. Our findings demonstrate the continuing persistence of issues of power at play in contemporary health care.
Effects of Alternate Insulin Pump Settings in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes During Ramadan: A Randomized Pilot Study
Authors: AlGhatam Ghufran , O’Keeffe Derek , Taha Husain 
Published: November 2021

Background: Various studies have evaluated the safety and efficacy of using insulin pumps during Ramadan; some of them demonstrated favorable outcomes in reducing hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia. However, there is no consensus on the recommendations for basal insulin adjustments and the utilization of technical features of insulin pumps to improve glycemic control. Objectives: We aimed to investigate the effects of different insulin pump settings on time in range in patients with type 1 diabetes during Ramadan. Methods: In this randomized pilot study, 30 patients classified to have low to moderate risk for fasting were assigned to either a control group to receive basal insulin adjustments only or an intervention group to use the temporary basal rate and extended bolus features in addition to the basal insulin modifications. The percentage of time spent at different glucose ranges was measured by continuous glucose monitoring. Results: The percentage of time spent within target (70-180 mg/dL) increased significantly in the intervention group from 63.0 ± 10.7 to 76 ± 16.2% (mean difference, 27% points; P < .001). The percentage of time spent in hyperglycemia level 1 (>180 mg/dL) and level 2 (>250 mg/dL) met the criterion of significance, indicating that the intervention group spent less time in hyperglycemia. However, there was no significant difference in the percentage of time spent in hypoglycemia ranges. Conclusions: Incorporating technological approaches of pump therapy with clinical practice guidelines could improve glycemic control during Ramadan.
Diabetes Device Downloading: Benefits and Barriers Among Youth With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Palmer Benjamin A. , Soltys Karissa , Zimmerman M. Bridget , Norris Andrew W. , Tsalikian Eva , Tansey Michael J. , Pinnaro Catherina T. 
Published: November 2021

Background: The majority of youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D) fail to meet glycemic targets despite increasing continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) use. We therefore aimed to determine the proportion of caregivers who review recent glycemic trends (“retrospective review”) and make ensuant insulin adjustments based on this data (“retroactive insulin adjustments”). We additionally considered that fear of hypoglycemia and frequency of severe hypoglycemia would be associated with performing retrospective review. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of caregivers of youth with T1D, collecting demographics, diabetes technology usage, patterns of glucose data review/insulin dose self-adjustment, and Hypoglycemia Fear Survey (HFS). Results: Nineteen percent of eligible caregivers (191/1003) responded. Performing retrospective review was associated with younger child age (12.2 versus 15.4, P = .0001) and CGM use (92% versus 73%, P = .004), but was not associated with a significant improvement in child’s HbA1c (7.89 versus 8.04, P = .65). Retrospective reviewers had significantly higher HFS-behavior scores (31.9 versus 27.7, P = .0002), which remained significantly higher when adjusted for child’s age and CGM use ( P = .005). Linear regression identified a significant negative association between HbA1c (%) and number of retroactive insulin adjustments (0.24 percent lower mean HbA1c per additional adjustment made, P = .02). Conclusions: Retrospective glucose data review is associated with improved HbA1c when coupled with data-driven retroactive insulin adjustments. Barriers to data downloading existed even in this cohort of predominantly CGM-using T1D families.
Views of Greenery and Psychological Well-Being in Residential Aged Care Facilities: Longitudinal Associations
Authors: Sugiyama Takemi , Carver Alison , Sugiyama Masaaki , Lorenzon Alanna , Davison Tanya E. 
Published: November 2021

Objectives: This study examined associations of objectively measured views of greenery in residential aged care facilities (RACFs) with changes in multiple psychological well-being measures among residents who were newly admitted to RACFs. Methods: Data were collected from 52 residents (mean age: 84, 73% women) of 13 RACFs, located in Melbourne, Australia. The outcomes were changes in depression, stress, anxiety, and quality of life (QoL) between baseline and 8-week follow-up. The exposure measures were the amount and presence of greenery visible from participant’s bedroom and common areas (lounge, dining). Greenery was categorized as being either within or beyond the RACF perimeter. Results: Regression analyses found that greenery visible from participant’s bedroom was not associated with any outcomes. The amount of greenery visible from common areas within the RACF perimeter was adversely related to stress, unexpectedly: Each additional 1 m2 of greenery was associated with a greater increase in stress ( b = 0.05; 95% CI [0.07, 0.94]). However, greenery visible from common areas beyond the perimeter contributed favorably to stress and QoL. The presence of such greenery was associated with a lower increase in stress ( b = −3.99; 95% CI [−7.75, −0.23]; reference: no greenery), and a 1 m2 increment was associated with a greater increase in QoL ( b = 0.07; 95% CI [0.02, 0.11]). Conclusion: Views of greenery outside of the RACF from lounge and dining areas may be protective against residents’ stress increase and improve their QoL. Locating residents in areas with such outdoor views may prevent their psychological condition from worsening.
Treatment patterns and outcomes in children with infantile hemangiomas: A retrospective observational analysis
Authors: Cai Yantao , Ge Ying , Ung Carolina Oi Lam , Li Fuli , Wang Jiaqi , Xia Chenglai , Hu Hao 
Published: November 2021

Objective: This study aimed to make use of real-world medical records to explore the clinical characteristics, treatments, and outcomes of infantile hemangiomas in southeastern China. Methods: This study applied a retrospective observational method using real-world data derived from the electronic medical records of the Foshan Women and Children Hospital, southeastern China dated between June 2014 and June 2019. Results: A total of 2427 patients with infantile hemangiomas were recruited in this study, including 942 (38.8%) males and 1485 (61.2%) females. Among the participants, 620 (25.5%) were high-risk infantile hemangioma, 449 (18.5%) were medium risk, and 1358 (56.0%) were low risk. A total of 14 treatment patterns in clinical practice were identified. The top 3 treatment patterns in each group of risk levels were the same: laser therapy, a combination of laser therapy and topical timolol maleate, and topical timolol maleate. The outcomes of the top 3 treatment patterns were significantly ( P < 0.05) different in each risk group. Conclusion: Among the top 3 treatment patterns, laser therapy or a combination of laser therapy and topical timolol maleate were more likely to have an “Excellent” outcome.