bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Puccinia iridis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. F. , Rainbow A. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Puccinia iridis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Pycnia and aecia on
Urtica
(also recorded on
Valeriana
but this needs confirmation); uredia and telia on numerous cultivated and wild species of
Iris
. Also recorded on
Hermodactylus tuberosus
and recently on
Crocus
sp. in New Zealand. DISEASE: Rust of iris. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread throughout USA, Canada, Europe, Asia to Japan. Also in southern Africa, Australia and New Zealand. TRANSMISSION: No information available but presumably by wind-blown spores. The urediospores can survive the winter (see below).
Tranzschelia pruni-spinosae var. discolor
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. F. , Rainbow A. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Tranzschelia pruni-spinosae var. discolor
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Pycnia and aecia systemic on
Anemone coronaria
(florists' anemone), uredia and telia on
Prunus
sp., especially on
Prunus amygdalus
[Prunus dulcis]
(almond),
Prunus armeniaca
(apricot),
Prunus domestica
(plum) and
Prunus persica
(peach). DISEASE: Peach rust; rust of stone fruit. Rust of florists' anemone. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Appears to be cosmopolitan but exact distribution often uncertain owing to confusion with var.
pruni-spinosae
(CMI Map 223 ed. 2). TRANSMISSION: In many areas the rust overwinters on the twigs (8: 451; 10: 470; 16: 108; 19: 418; 23: 262; 25: 347; 38: 153; 40: 116; 46, 377) or overwintering leaves (19: 418; 23: 492) from which urediospores are blown in the spring. Conditions affecting germination of urediospores and teliospores have been studied (10: 470; 18: 322; 20: 215; 38: 705). In only a few areas are aeciospores on
Anemone
thought to be important in the disease cycle on stone fruits (4: 420; 22: 29; 26: 113; 35: 108; 38: 369).
Puccinia cacabata
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mulder J. L. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Puccinia cacabata
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Aecial stage on species of
Gossypium
. Uredial and telial stages on species of
Bouteloua
and
Chloris
. DISEASE: Cotton rust. The pycnial lesions on the upper surface of cotton leaves are sometimes surrounded by a maroon zone. The aecia are commonest on the leaves but many occur on stems and severe infection causes defoliation. Carpel infection leads to dwarfing of the locules and attacks on the peduncle contribute to breakage and loss of bolls. Infection of cotton seedlings may cause death. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: The aecial state appears to have been reported from USA (Ariz., N. Mex., Okla, Texas, 22: 385; 39: 470; 40: 511) and Mexico only (37: 721; 38: 520). The telial stages seem more widespread and, in addition, occur in Argentina, Bahamas, Bolivia, Brazil and Dominican Republic (36: 32). TRANSMISSION: Sporidia from overwintering teliospores on the wild grass hosts spread to cotton in the late spring and summer.
Uromyces musae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mulder J. L. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Uromyces musae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On species of
Musa
. DISEASE: Rust of
Musa
spp. Forming rusty-brown to almost black, erumpent, somewhat linear pustules, mostly on the lower leaf surface. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Both banana rusts,
Uromyces musae
and
Uredo musae
, are restricted to parts of the S.W. Pacific region except for records of the former from the Congo and Nigeria. Both have been reported from the Philippines and Fiji.
Uromyces musae
also occurs in Wallis Island and
Uredo musae
in Malaysia (Sarawak), Papua New Guinea and Samoa. TRANSMISSION: No studies reported.
Ustilago cynodontis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mulder J. L. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Ustilago cynodontis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On species of
Cynodon
, particularly
C. dactylon
. DISEASE: Bermuda grass smut is most conspicuous on the inflorescence, which may be wholly or partly destroyed. Spore formation can also occur on the axis below the inflorescence and on the leaves. Galls have been reported (44, 2171). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread. Africa: Algeria, Angola, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, Malawi, Morocco, Nigeria, Rhodesia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia. N. America: Cuba, USA (Ariz., Ark., California, Kans, Miss., Mo., Okla). Asia: Afghanistan, China, Hong Kong, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Lebanon, Pakistan, Taiwan, USSR. Australasia & Oceania: Australia, New Zealand. Europe: Corsica, Cyprus, France, Greece, Italy, Madeira, Malta, Portugal, Rumania, Spain, Switzerland. TRANSMISSION: Spread probably occurs through planting infected rhizomes (3: 336), but infected plants have been produced by spore inoculation of seed and a clipped stand (42: 555).
Urocystis cepulae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mulder J. L. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Urocystis cepulae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On species of
Allium
, including
A
.
cepa, A. porrum, A. sativum
and
A. vineale
. DISEASE: Smut of onion (
Allium cepa
). The infection on other species of
Allium
is much less serious. Symptoms are first seen at the cotyledon stage when a dark, thickened area appears which, when large, may cause a downward curvature. As growth occurs the lesions, which break open to reveal the dark spore masses, form at the base of the leaves. Most plants are killed in 3-4 weeks but if they survive the leaves become short, brittle, distorted and may bear lesions throughout their length. Spores develop on the bulb which may be undersize and, although it does not rot in storage, resistance to secondary infections from other pathogens is low. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in Europe, western Asia, north and central N. America; also Australia, Chile, Egypt, Japan, Korea, Morocco and Peru (CMI Map 12, ed. 3, 1965). Records not yet mapped are: Finland, Iraq, Mexico, Norway, Philippines, Thailand and India where measures for eradication were taken (39: 526; 43, 1490). TRANSMISSION: It has not been definitely established whether the pathogen is seed-borne and this is not considered to be important. Sets and transplants form the main manner of spread and
U. cepulae
persists in the soil as dormant spores for an indefinite number of years (45, 1600).
Ustilaginoidea virens
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mulder J. L. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Ustilaginoidea virens
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Oryza sativa
and
Zea mays
. DISEASE: False smut of rice appears as olive-green, velvety, globose masses, up to 1 cm diam. in some of the ears of the inflorescence. The spore ball, beneath the dark layer of mature spores, is orange-yellow, paling inwards until it is almost white, as it ages it becomes almost black. The glumes are closely applied to the lower part of the spore ball which is at first covered with a membrane. Infection, producing similar symptoms, has been reported on the male inflorescence of
Zea mays
(8: 716) and on wild species of
Oryza
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in the tropics, in U.S.A. (California and S.E. states) and in Italy (CMI Map 347, ed. 2, 1968). Records not yet mapped are Australia (NT), Costa Rica, Dominican Republic and Laos. TRANSMISSION: There appears to be no evidence for seed transmission and the conidia are probably viable for a short time only. The air-borne conidia have a diurnal periodicity with peak at 22.00 hr, numbers being very low between 04.00 and 16.00 hr (46, 316). The ascospores of the reported perfect state may also be air-dispersed.
Curvularia trifolii f.sp. gladioli
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Curvularia trifolii f.sp. gladioli
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Recorded only on cultivated
Gladiolus
. Attempts at infection of other hosts have failed (36: 187; 38: 149). DISEASE: Root, corm, neck and stem rot, leaf and floret spot of gladiolus (27: 525; 31: 490; 35: 455; 41: 716). On corms gives firm, dark, sunken lesions which can become large and extensive. Spots on aerial parts are brown and sunken, often with a black centre as spores are produced. Petals may show brown edges or purplish colouration due to infection in the bud stage (27: 525; 46, 2039). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Rhodesia, Sierra Leone), Asia (India, Israel, Japan W. Malaysia, Philippines), Australasia (Australia (NSW, Queensland, Victoria), New Zealand), Europe (France); N. America (Canada (Quebec), USA (Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Oregon, Virginia). The scattered distribution suggests that the disease may be much more widespread than has been recorded. TRANSMISSION: Seed-borne and soil-borne as well as carried by infected corms and cormels (41: 230, 231, 604). Can survive 2 yr or more in soil (31: 490; 35: 455). Conidia are wind-borne.
Fusarium poae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Fusarium poae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Gramineae
including cereals, sugarcane and rice. Also found on carnation, chrysanthemum, many
Leguminosae
and on seedlings of woody trees including conifers. DISEASE: Head blight or white cob-rot of maize, silver top or white head of cereals and grasses; central bud rot of chrysanthemum and carnation. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Predominantly a fungus of temperate regions, it is widespread in Europe, the USSR and in northern USA and Canada. It has also been recorded in South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. TRANSMISSION: By seed (46, 3404; 48, 2962). In the USSR it has frequently been found on both autumn and spring harvested grain (43, 3191). It may also be spread by soil, water or even with the aid of mites.
Elsinoe phaseoli
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Elsinoe phaseoli
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Phaseolus lunatus
and, possibly, on
P. vulgaris, Vigna sinensis
and
V. unguiculata
. DISEASE: Scab of Lima bean. The symptoms are most conspicuous on the pods where the red to brown raised or sunken lesions are up to 1 cm diam., somewhat elongate, usually irregularly distributed and sometimes occurring only on one valve; lesions do not penetrate to the seed. Leaf lesions are up to 4 mm diam. or larger near the veins, more pronounced on the upper surface and vinaceous buff or liver brown. Elongate lesions (sometimes bordered by a purple-brown band) may encircle the stem. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Occurs mainly in Central America and some of the West Indian islands; also in Surinam and USA (S. Carol.) and in E. Africa (Kenya, Malawi, Rhodesia and Zambia) (CMI. Map 194, ed. 2, 196). TRANSMISSION: The pathogen has been detected within the seed coat and on its surface; it survives on host debris and air dispersal is also suspected (12: 742; 38: 438; 39: 211).
Pestalotiopsis guepinii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Pestalotiopsis guepinii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Camellia japonica, C. sinensis, Erica
and
Rhododendron
, with occasion records on unrelated hosts including
Hippocratea, Jatropha, Laurus, Pinus
and
Terminalia
. DISEASE: Grey leaf spot, twig dieback, stem canker, petal rot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Specimens in Herb. IMI from Ghana, Kenya, Togo, India, Bohemia, France, Germany, Netherlands, UK, USA. Reported in literature from Belgium, Denmark, Italy, Sweden, Switzerland, Azores, Indonesia, Japan, New Zealand, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic. TRANSMISSION: Conidia from diseased material and trash are dispersed by contact, water splash and local air currents, possibly to a limited extent by soil although extensive growth in soil has not been reported. It may also be seed-borne.
Inonotus weirii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Pegler D. N. , Gibson I. A. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Inonotus weirii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Abies amabilis, A. grandis, A. lasiocarpa, Chamaecyparis
spp.,
Larix occidentalis, Picea engelmannii, P
.
sitchensis, Pinus contorta, P. monticola, P. ponderosa, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Thuja plicata, Tsuga heterophylla
. DISEASE: Laminated butt rot and yellow ring rot of conifers. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America (Western Canada, Oregon, Washington); Japan. TRANSMISSION: The disease is spread by root contact with infected material in the soil; there appears to be little spread of the fungus by growth through the soil. It is likely that infection of freshly exposed wounds takes place through airborne basidiospores.
Seiridium cardinale
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sutton B. C. , Gibson I. A. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Seiridium cardinale
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Cupressus macrocarpa, C. lusitanica, C. forbesii, C. pygamaea, C. sempervirens, Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Thuja plicata, Libocedrus decurrens, Juniperus decurrens
var.
femina
. DISEASE:
Coryneum
canker of
Cupressus
. The first sign of infection consists of a depressed, slightly discoloured area of young bark about 10-15 mm diam., exuding fresh drops of resin. This will enlarge, becoming necrotic in the centre, with collapse of these tissues and hypertrophy at the end of the canker thus formed. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia & Oceania (Australia, New Zealand); North America (USA; California); South America (Argentina); Africa (South Africa); Europe (Italy, France, Spain, Greece). TRANSMISSION: Mainly by conidia which are liberated from acervuli at the edge of active cankers by a splash take-off sequence. Transmission by transport of infected nursery stock to fresh planting areas has occurred.
Didymella bryoniae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Didymella bryoniae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Cucurbits (
Bryonia, Colocynthis, Cucumis, Cucurbita, Luffa, Momordica
and
Trichosanthes
). DISEASE: Gummy stem blight of
Cucurbitaceae
, showing a variety of symptoms which are referred to as leaf spot, stem canker, vine wilt and black fruit rot. Lesions on leaves and fruit usually begin as spreading water-soaked areas; in the former these may have a chlorotic halo, become light brown and irregular in outline, leaves can be destroyed. On fruit, dark cracked sunken lesions form, beneath which an extensive rot is found. In the field the first symptoms may be plant collapse where sunken, girdling cankers lead to total loss. Infection also occurs on seedlings. The main characteristic features are the gummy exudate on stem and fruit lesions and the abundant pycnidia followed by perithecia, GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread (CMI Map 450, ed. 2, 1970). Records not yet mapped are: Brunei, Mexico, Netherlands, Pitcairn Islands, Republic of Ireland, Salvador. TRANSMISSION: Through conidia by water splash and aerially by ascospores which, in glasshouses in England, had a diurnal periodicity with a peak at 1800-2000 hr (46, 825; 48, 672); and in USA occurred mostly at night (50, 2621). Both spore types may serve as primary inoculum and between-crop survival is an important factor in the epidemiology. Reports on seed transmission are conflicting in cucumber, although seed could be inoculated successfully, no evidence for natural infection was found (48, 322). In the glasshouse transmission by pruning knives has been demonstrated (46, 825).
Ascochyta pisi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Ascochyta pisi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Pisum, Lathyrus
and
Vicia
. DISEASE: Leaf, stem and pod spot of pea (
Pisum sativum
) and other legumes. The leaf lesion is somewhat light brown with a darker, frequently prominent, margin and pale centre. Stem lesions, rather sunken, are less abundant than in
Mycosphaerella pinodes
(CMI Descript. 340).
Ascochyta pisi
(causing post-emergence and pre-emergence damping-off and dwarfing) is essentially an above-ground pathogen and, although a basal stem rot may be found, the characteristic foot rot syndrome caused by
M. pinodes
does not occur. Primary lesions often form on the first leaves. Pod infection can lead to aborted seed or a range of other damage to seed. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread (CMI Map 273, ed. 3, 1971). New records not yet mapped are: Crete, Egypt, Haiti. TRANSMISSION: By water, through conidia, from host debris and seed (20: 441; 37: 258; 44, 2658); viability in seed was 6 yr (17: 427). Effective spread in soil is unlikely since
A. pisi
has a low saprophytic ability and chlamydospores are rare or absent (48, 1389, 1390).
Septoria lactucae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Septoria lactucae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Lactuca sativa
. DISEASE: A minor leaf spot of lettuce (
Lactuca sativa
). Early symptoms are small, numerous, irregularly outlined, chlorotic spots beginning on the outer leaves. They enlarge, becoming brown or somewhat silvery, sometimes with a chlorotic halo, and shot-holes develop. Pycnidia, which may not be conspicuous, are found on both leaf surfaces. Infection spreads to the younger leaves and flowers in severe attacks (20: 193; 21: 182). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread (CMI Map 485, ed. 1, 1972). TRANSMISSION: By seed, pycnidia can be found embedded in the seed coat (41: 267).
Ascochyta rabiei
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Ascochyta rabiei
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Cicer arietinum
. DISEASE: Blight of gor chick pea (
Cicer arietinum
), attacks all above-ground parts of the plant; circular lesions on leaves and pods and elongate ones on petioles and stems. The pycnidia form in concentric areas on these lesions and in severe attacks the whole plant is killed. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Restricted to the Mediterranean region, S.E. Europe, S.W. Asia and also reported from Tanzania (CMI Map 151, ed. 2, 1966). Additional areas not yet mapped are: Lebanon, Turkey, USSR (Azerbaijan, Republic of Georgia, Moldavia). TRANSMISSION: Infection is carried both on and within the seed. Seed infestation in pods showing infection was 50-80%. Seed formation, size and germination and seedling growth are adversely affected (12: 264; 49, 3059). Conida are presumably dispersed by water-splash and viability is retained in host debris on the soil surface between crop seasons.
Septoria glycines
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Septoria glycines
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Glycine max
. DISEASE: Brown spot of soyabean (
Glycine max
). Early symptoms are usually on the cotyledons and first true leaves, spots are redish-brown, somewhat angular, up to 5 mm diam. and very numerous. They spread acropetally, coalesce and result in defoliation. Spots appear on stems and pods, which bear pycnidia (6: 74). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Occurs in E. Asia (China, Japan, USSR), and parts of E. and central Canada and USA (CMI Map 361, ed. 1, 1958). An additional record not yet mapped is Colombia. TRANSMISSION: Largely by seed which is penetrated mostly via the placenta and funicle; seed bears necrotic areas and pycnidia (35: 66; 37: 199).
Drechslera incurvata
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Drechslera incurvata
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Cocos nucifera
. DISEASE: A leaf spot of young coconut (
Cocos nucifera
). The spots are at first small, oval, brown; enlarging and becoming pale buff in the centre with a broad, dark brown margin. In severe attacks the edges of leaves become extensively necrotic. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Apart from records from Jamaica and Seychelles the fungus has been reported only from S.E. Asia, Australasia and Oceania: British Solomon Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, Malaysia (W., Sabah, Sarawak), New Caledonia, New Hebrides, Papua-New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Vietnam and Thailand. TRANSMISSION: Presumably air dispersed.
Cochliobolus carbonum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cochliobolus carbonum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Zea mays
. DISEASE: Leaf spot of
Zea mays
. Leaf symptoms differ according to the physiologic race. Race 1 gives oval to circular, straw-coloured, dry and papery lesions which become zonate with light to purplish-brown margins; they are abundant, up to 1.5 × 2.5 cm and often coalescent. Race 2 gives oval, chocolate-brown spots, sometimes irregular, up to 0.5 × 2.5 cm and less abundant than those of race 1. Both races cause ear rot, a black, felt-like growth over the kernels giving a charred appearance (23: 293). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Central and southern Africa, S.E. Europe, India (E.), Cambodia, China, Australia (NSW, Qd); New Caledonia, Canada (Ontario), USA (E.), Argentina and Colombia (CMI Map 380, ed. 2, 1969). Additional records not mapped are: Costa Rica, Guatemala, Salvador. TRANSMISSION: Seed infection is often deep seated (47, 3058); also air-dispersed through the conidia.