bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Novel Pervious Concrete Paver Blocks for Sustainable Pavements
Authors: Sukhija Mayank , Chandrappa Anush K. , Saboo Nikhil 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Pervious concrete pavements (PCPs) are known for their interconnected pores that provide environmental benefits. The high latent capacity, infiltration rate, and skid resistant riding surface highlight the benefits of pervious concrete as pavement material. PCPs are one of the best storm water management practices, but its implementation is still scarce. In this study, novel pervious concrete paver blocks were manufactured as per factory-based procedure and were tested for their properties. The experimental matrix included the shape of paver block, gradation (G1 and G2), water-to-cement ratio (w/c) and cement-to-aggregate (c/a) ratio as variables. The G2 gradation depicted higher density (1,900–2,450 kg/m3) than G1 (1,700–2,350 kg/m3) for the same mix composition. The w/c and c/a should be limited to 0.30 and 0.25, respectively, to avoid drain down of cement paste to the bottom of blocks due to their reduced thickness, which may otherwise render the blocks impervious. The infiltration rate varied over a range of 0.49 to 1.60 mm/s, depicted a lower variation as a function of shape, but significant variation was observed with respect to c/a and w/c. The compressive strength of the paver blocks varied as a function of shape and c/a ratio, where a strength of at least 15 MPa was achieved. The clogging study indicated there was an initial sudden reduction in the infiltration rate followed by a reduced rate of reduction, leading to a terminal infiltration rate (10–15 % of initial infiltration rate). Overall, the study aimed at providing an alternative approach to implement PCP in the form of interlocking blocks, which can be easily constructed with minimum machinery support.
Astrocyte-Derived Thrombospondin Induces Cortical Synaptogenesis in a Sex-Specific Manner
Authors: Mazur Anna , Bills Ean H. , DeSchepper Kayla M. , Williamson James C. , Henderson Brandon J. , Risher W. Christopher 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe regulation of synaptic connectivity in the brain is vital to proper functioning and development of the CNS. Formation of neural networks in the CNS has been shown to be heavily influenced by astrocytes, which secrete factors, including thrombospondin (TSP) family proteins, that promote synaptogenesis. However, whether this process is different between males and females has not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we found that cortical neurons purified from newborn male rats showed a significantly more robust synaptogenic response compared with female-derived cells when exposed to factors secreted from astrocytes. This difference was driven largely by the neuronal response to TSP2, which increased synapses in male neurons while showing no effect on female neurons. Blockade of endogenous 17β-estradiol (E2) production with letrozole normalized the TSP response between male and female cells, indicating a level of regulation by estrogen signaling. Our results suggest that male and female neurons show a divergent response to TSP synaptogenic signaling, contributing to sex differences in astrocyte-mediated synaptic connectivity.
Longitudinal Outcomes for Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children
Authors: Farooqi Kanwal M. , Chan Angela , Weller Rachel J. , Mi Junhui , Jiang Pengfei , Abrahams Elizabeth , Ferris Anne , Krishnan Usha S. , Pasumarti Nikhil , Suh Sanghee , Shah Amee M. , DiLorenzo Michael P. , Zachariah Philip , Milner Joshua D. , Rosenzweig Erika B. , Gorelik Mark , Anderson Brett R. 
Published: July 2021

BACKGROUND
In spring 2020, a novel hyperinflammatory process associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) was described. The long-term impact remains unknown. We report longitudinal outcomes from a New York interdisciplinary follow-up program.

METHODS
All children &lt;21 years of age, admitted to NewYork-Presbyterian with MIS-C in 2020, were included. Children were followed at 1 to 4 weeks, 1 to 4 months, and 4 to 9 months postdischarge.

RESULTS
In total, 45 children were admitted with MIS-C. The median time to last follow-up was 5.8 months (interquartile range 1.3–6.7). Of those admitted, 76% required intensive care and 64% required vasopressors and/or inotropes. On admission, patients exhibited significant nonspecific inflammation, generalized lymphopenia, and thrombocytopenia. Soluble interleukin (IL) IL-2R, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, IL-18, and C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 9 were elevated. A total of 80% (n = 36) had at least mild and 44% (n = 20) had moderate-severe echocardiographic abnormalities including coronary abnormalities (9% had a z score of 2–2.5; 7% had a z score &gt; 2.5). Whereas most inflammatory markers normalized by 1 to 4 weeks, 32% (n = 11 of 34) exhibited persistent lymphocytosis, with increased double-negative T cells in 96% of assessed patients (n = 23 of 24). By 1 to 4 weeks, only 18% (n = 7 of 39) had mild echocardiographic findings; all had normal coronaries. At 1 to 4 months, the proportion of double-negative T cells remained elevated in 92% (median 9%). At 4 to 9 months, only 1 child had persistent mild dysfunction. One had mild mitral and/or tricuspid regurgitation.

CONCLUSIONS
Although the majority of children with MIS-C present critically ill, most inflammatory and cardiac manifestations in our cohort resolved rapidly.
Racial/ethnic differences in prevalence of hallucinogen use by age cohort: Findings from the 2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health
Authors: Jahn Zoe W. , Lopez Joel , de la Salle Sara , Faber Sonya , Williams Monnica T. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundFew studies have assessed the epidemiology of hallucinogenic substance use among racial and ethnic groups of varying age cohorts. Use of psychedelic substances may differ among people of color (POC), due to factors such as stigma and discriminatory drug enforcement practices against POC. The lack of inclusion of POC in psychedelic research further underscores the importance of identifying differences in use among racial/ethnic groups and age cohorts.MethodsData from the 2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) was used for this analysis (N= 56,313, unweighted), representative of the non-institutionalized U.S. population. Proportions of lifetime hallucinogen use by race/ethnicity were compared. Proportions of past year rates of use were compared to examine differences by race/ethnicity and age cohort.ResultsApproximately 15.9% of the U.S. population over 12 had used a hallucinogen at some point in their lifetime and 2.0% had used in the past year. Lifetime hallucinogen use was most prevalent among non-Hispanic White and multi-racial individuals, while Black/African Americans reported the lowest rates of use. White and multi-racial groups also reported the highest proportions of past year use among 12–34 year olds, and White individuals reported the highest proportions among 35–49 year olds. Hispanic individuals reported higher proportions of use among the 12–17 cohort, but lower proportions among the 26–49 year old cohorts. Black/African Americans reported the lowest rates of past year use among the 12–25 year old cohorts. 50+ and older cohorts reported the lowest rates of hallucinogen use in the past year.LimitationsData is cross-sectional and self-reported. “Race” is a social construction is subject to change over time, and NSDUH ethnoracial categories are limited. Institutionalized populations are not included in the study.ConclusionsSignificant differences in hallucinogen use among ethnoracial groups by substance and age cohorts were observed. Findings from this work may inform education, interventions, and therapeutic psychedelic research.
Associations of Community Water Lead Concentrations with Hemoglobin Concentrations and Erythropoietin-Stimulating Agent Use among Patients with Advanced CKD
Authors: Danziger John , Mukamal Kenneth J. , Weinhandl Eric 
Published: July 2021

Significance Statement
It is unknown whether low levels of lead exposure, such as those commonly encountered in drinking water systems, have adverse effects. Using data from patients initiating dialysis in the United States over the last 15 years, the authors found those living in cities with higher lead levels in the drinking water supply had significantly lower hemoglobin concentrations and more erythropoietin stimulating agent use. These associations were observed at lead levels significantly below those that the Environmental Protection Agency mandates as actionable. Whether such levels of lead exposure similarly associate with other lead-related diseases will require further study. The authors’ analysis suggests that for patients with kidney disease, there may be no safe amount of lead in drinking water.

Background
Although patients with kidney disease may be particularly susceptible to the adverse health effects associated with lead exposure, whether levels of lead found commonly in drinking water are associated with adverse outcomes in patients with ESKD is not known.

Methods
To investigate associations of lead in community water systems with hemoglobin concentrations and erythropoietin stimulating agent (ESA) use among incident patients with ESKD, we merged data from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Safe Drinking Water Information System (documenting average 90th percentile lead concentrations in community water systems during 5 years before dialysis initiation, according to city of residence) with patient-level data from the United States Renal Data System.

Results
Among 597,968 patients initiating dialysis in the United States in 2005 through 2017, those in cities with detectable lead levels in community water had significantly lower pre-ESKD hemoglobin concentrations and more ESA use per 0.01 mg/L increase in 90th percentile water lead. Findings were similar for the 208,912 patients with data from the first month of ESKD therapy, with lower hemoglobin and higher ESA use per 0.01 mg/L higher lead concentration. These associations were observed at lead levels below the EPA threshold (0.015 mg/L) that mandates regulatory action. We also observed environmental inequities, finding significantly higher water lead levels and slower declines over time among Black versus White patients.

Conclusions
This first nationwide analysis linking EPA water supply records to patient data shows that even low levels of lead that are commonly encountered in community water systems throughout the United States are associated with lower hemoglobin levels and higher ESA use among patients with advanced kidney disease.
Functional Morphology of Goblet Cells of the Small Intestine under the Influence of Various Factors
Authors: Sharapov I. Yu. , Kvaratskheliiya A. G. , Bolgucheva M. B. , Korotkikh K. N. 
Published: July 2021

The gastrointestinal tract is constantly exposed to various physical and chemical factors. In the intestine, the contact of bacteria and the epithelium largely depends on mucus, which mainly consists of highly glycosylated mucin-2 secreted by goblet cells in the epithelium. Goblet cells are located along the entire length of the small and large intestine and are responsible for the production and maintenance of a protective layer of mucus through the synthesis and secretion of high-molecular glycoproteins known as mucins. The article presents data on the embryogenesis of the small intestine in general and goblet cells, in particular, a literary review of the role of goblet cells in the morphology of the intestinal tract, the functional aсtivity of their secretion is carried out. Due to the unique nature of this highly polarized exocrine cell, the cellular mechanisms by which goblet cells secrete their products are discussed.
Coagulopathy in COVID-19: A Systematic Review
Authors: Winata Sharleen , Kurniawan Andree 
Published: July 2021

<div class="WordSection1"><p><strong>Introduction</strong><strong>: </strong>Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) firstly appeared in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and defined as a pandemic in March 2020. COVID-19 divided into asymptomatic, mild, and severe symptoms. Coagulopathy may have happened in severe COVID-19 infection, it was also associated with high mortality in COVID-19 patients. Laboratory examination is the main protocol to identify coagulopathy, thereby it also determined the prognosis of COVID-19 patients with coagulopathy. Here, we review the current evidence describing the mechanism, diagnosis, treatment, and mortality of coagulopathy in COVID-19.</p><p><strong>Method</strong><strong>: </strong>We identify 8 studies and/or review articles evaluating coagulopathy in COVID-19 patients by searching PubMed and EMBASE databases.<strong></strong></p><p><strong>Results: </strong>DIC is most commonly found in death with COVID-19, the risk of VTE also higher in severe COVID-19 because of immobility and long-term bed rest. Sepsis-induced DIC is associated with organ dysfunction as in the patient with viral infection as in COVID-19 infection. Sepsis-induce Coagulopathy (SIC) score, D-dimer, and prothrombin time (PT) measured at the time the patient classified as severe COVID-19. Higher D-dimer and FDP levels, longer PT and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) may have a poor prognosis. Treatment with Low Molecular Weight Heparin (LMWH) effective to reduced 28-day mortality in patients with SIC ≥ 4 and D-dimer &gt; six-fold of the upper limit of normal.<strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Coagulopathy plays a big role to determine the prognosis of COVID-19 patients. Treatment with LMWH may give some benefits to COVID-19 patients.</p></div>
GESTÃO DE RESÍDUOS PRODUZIDOS NA INDÚSTRIA CALÇADISTA E IMPLANTAÇÃO DE PROGRAMAS AMBIENTAIS
Authors: Chagas Daianne Torre , Martins Diego Freire , Nobre e Silva Mariana , Souza Maria Silvana Guimarães de , Diogenes Stefanne Da Silva , Chaves Wallace Cavalcante , Oliveira Whana Rayara Rabelo de , Bastos Juceline Batista dos Santos 
Published: July 2021

A indústria calçadista, com cerca de 6 mil empresas no Brasil, colabora com a geração de mais de 600 toneladas/dia de resíduos industriais. Assim, a gestão de resíduos e a implantação de programas ambientais são alternativas exploráveis, tendo em vista a importância da ampliação de soluções que podem melhorar a qualidade de vida, da saúde e do bem estar social. Nesse contexto, este artigo avalia a conformidade às leis da gestão de resíduos de uma indústria calçadista e a implantação de programas ambientais. Para isso, foi dado ênfase no diagnóstico dos resíduos sólidos, na mensuração e nos custos dos resíduos, e na implantação dos programas ambientais na indústria calçadista. Quanto à gestão dos resíduos produzidos pela indústria, têmse armazenamento, coleta e múltiplas destinações finais ambientalmente adequados para os resíduos, com destaque para o coprocessamento e o reaproveitamento de resíduos em outras etapas do processo produtivo. Quanto à implantação dos programas ambientais, esses auxiliaram a construir um modelo de produção ambientalmente mais sustentável e isso se deu por esses programas conseguirem envolver os funcionários de todos os setores da indústria. Sugere-se ainda a divulgação das experiências exitosas nas escolas e associações do município, por meio de programas de educação ambiental; e o investimento na captação da energia solar, visando aproveitar o potencial natural da região e para complementar a geração de outras fontes de energia já existentes na indústria analisada.
Corruption in Lebanon: An Exploratory Study About Lebanese Managers’ and Employees’ Perceptions
Authors: Nassar Chirine Khalil , Hejase Hussin Jose 
Published: July 2021

Corruption is one of the major factors which affects the development of the economic sector in Lebanon. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the ways in which the perceptions on corruption differed among managers and employees in Lebanese businesses. The study focused on the underlying assumptions made about corruption, the ways in which corruption affects business operations, and the preference for certain strategies to deal with corruption in the business sector. The study followed a quantitative approach relying on a web-based survey. The final valid sample consisted of 50 Lebanese managers and employees. The results showed a positive inclination toward the corrupt behaviour either due to social norms which tolerate corruption or as a result of high-performance expectations from superiors. In addition, findings showed large discrepancies in regard to the contribution of organizational norms to the proliferation of corruption in the business sector. In fact employees considered that managers often overlook and sometimes even encourage corrupt behaviours that allow the attainment of organizational goals. The study highlights that corruption is engrained in Lebanon and has become prevalent to high extent that business actors use corrupt practices to be able to perform their activities and maintain their competitiveness. The findings of the study stress the urgency for business practitioners to take immediate action to mitigate corrupted actions by introducing changes in the organizational culture. Stressing and encouraging ethical values to combat corruption is a priority for all business actors as well as for public policy makers. Mediation of corruption necessitates more public awareness campaigns disclosing the negative effects of corruption on the health of sound business and the economy of the country at large.
Chondrosarcoma Arising in Synovial Chondromatosis of the Hip
Authors: Tomasevich Kelly M. , Moradi Sara , Lindsay Adam D. 
Published: July 2021

Case:
Synovial chondromatosis (SC) is a rare condition involving the proliferation of cartilage within the synovial membrane secondary to subsynovial connective tissue metaplasia. Malignant transformation to chondrosarcoma is rare. We cite a case of SC of the hip refractory to arthroscopic debridement, found to have secondary chondrosarcoma on aborted total hip arthroplasty, in which curative treatment was ultimately obtained with external hemipelvectomy.

Conclusion:
SC has the potential to undergo malignant transformation to chondrosarcoma. The consequences of not recognizing such transformation can significantly impact patient outcomes and limit options for local control surgery and limb salvage.
Posterior Root Avulsion Fracture of the Medial Meniscus in a Skeletally Immature Child
Authors: Itakura Takumi , Tsujii Akira , Yonetani Yasukazu , Hamada Masayuki 
Published: July 2021

Case:
We describe a rare case of posterior root avulsion fracture of the medial meniscus in an 11-year-old boy. Previous reports have demonstrated delayed diagnosis, but in this case, multiplanar computed tomography (CT) combined with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) enabled early diagnosis and treatment. Gradual ossification was observed after arthroscopic suture fixation, and meniscal extrusion did not progress. He returned to sports without any symptoms and showed no degenerative changes at 2.5 years postoperatively.

Conclusion:
This is the first case report of early diagnosis and time-course analysis of a rare avulsion fracture, emphasizing the usefulness of CT combined with MRI.
Intramedullary Suture Anchor Fixation of a Type Vb Flexor Digitorum Profundus Avulsion
Authors: Riedel Barth B. , Miller Ryan Edward , Chen Yen Hsun , Wongworawat Daniel 
Published: July 2021

Case:
Flexor digitorum profundus avulsions are common injuries that manifest as tendinous or bony avulsions from the distal phalanx. Rarely, additional fractures can occur in the distal phalanx. For such injuries, repair of the avulsion and fracture is recommended but difficult because of limited bone stock for fixation.

Conclusion:
We present a case of a 28-year-old man with a combined flexor digitorum profundus bony avulsion and bony mallet finger, and describe a strategic fixation technique using an intramedullary suture anchor and dorsal button that provided stable fixation and resulted in excellent motion and function, with return to sport at 12 weeks.
Microporosity quantification using confocal microscopy
Authors: Hurley Neil F. , Nakamura Kazumi , Rosenberg Hannah 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACTIn carbonate rocks, pore diameters range in size over at least nine orders of magnitude, from submicrometer-scale voids to km-scale caves. This study is focused on micropores, which are defined as pore bodies with diameter ≤ 10 micrometers. Corresponding pore throats are generally ≤ 1 micrometer in diameter. To visualize and quantify microporosity, geologists commonly use pore casts, transmitted-light petrography, and scanning electron microscopy. Shortfalls exist in all of these techniques. Laser scanning confocal microscopy, a relatively new approach, provides a step change in our ability to image and quantify microporosity in carbonate rocks.Laser scanning confocal microscopy provides high-resolution (0.2-micrometers/pixel) images of micropores. Such pores are generally obscure or invisible using conventional petrography. In practice, confocal microscopy is applied to polished rock chips or thin sections that have been vacuum-pressure impregnated with epoxy. The laser light source interacts with fluorescent dye within the epoxy. Emitted fluorescent light, recorded using point-by-point illumination, indicates the physical location of pores. A pinhole, placed in front of the detector, eliminates out-of-focus light. Because each measurement is a single point, confocal microscopes scan along grids of parallel lines to provide optical images of planes at specified depths within the sample.Confocal microscopy is used to generate 2D and 3D images of pore bodies and throats. Results can be compared to laboratory-measured petrophysical properties, such as pore-throat diameters from mercury injection capillary pressure (MICP) data. Now, for the first time, we can compute pore-body to pore-throat size ratios without pore casts. These ratios are important, because they can be related to mercury recovery factors from imbibition MICP experiments.