bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
2021 American College of Rheumatology Guideline for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Fraenkel Liana , Bathon Joan M. , England Bryant R. , St.Clair E. William , Arayssi Thurayya , Carandang Kristine , Deane Kevin D. , Genovese Mark , Huston Kent Kwas , Kerr Gail , Kremer Joel , Nakamura Mary C. , Russell Linda A. , Singh Jasvinder A. , Smith Benjamin J. , Sparks Jeffrey A. , Venkatachalam Shilpa , Weinblatt Michael E. , Al‐Gibbawi Mounir , Baker Joshua F. , Barbour Kamil E. , Barton Jennifer L. , Cappelli Laura , Chamseddine Fatimah , George Michael , Johnson Sindhu R. , Kahale Lara , Karam Basil S. , Khamis Assem M. , Navarro-Millán Iris , Mirza Reza , Schwab Pascale , Singh Namrata , Turgunbaev Marat , Turner Amy S. , Yaacoub Sally , Akl Elie A. 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveTo develop updated guidelines for the pharmacologic management of rheumatoid arthritis.MethodsWe developed clinically relevant population, intervention, comparator, and outcomes (PICO) questions. After conducting a systematic literature review, the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach was used to rate the certainty of evidence. A voting panel comprising clinicians and patients achieved consensus on the direction (for or against) and strength (strong or conditional) of recommendations.ResultsThe guideline addresses treatment with disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), including conventional synthetic DMARDs, biologic DMARDs, and targeted synthetic DMARDs, use of glucocorticoids, and use of DMARDs in certain high‐risk populations (i.e., those with liver disease, heart failure, lymphoproliferative disorders, previous serious infections, and nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease). The guideline includes 44 recommendations (7 strong and 37 conditional).ConclusionThis clinical practice guideline is intended to serve as a tool to support clinician and patient decision‐making. Recommendations are not prescriptive, and individual treatment decisions should be made through a shared decision‐making process based on patients’ values, goals, preferences, and comorbidities.
Advanced Applications and Challenges of Electropolymerized Conjugated Microporous Polymer Films
Authors: Ma Hongwei , Chen Yu , Li Xiaobai , Li Bin 
Published: June 2021

AbstractConjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) are a unique class of porous materials that have an integrated π‐conjugated system and permanent intrinsic porosity. They are of great interest because of their outstanding performance in gas sorption, photoredox catalysis, energy storage, organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs), and sensing applications. However, conventional chemically synthesized CMPs are solid powders and have poor solubility, which makes it difficult to process and integrate devices, and has become a bottleneck preventing their practical applications. Electropolymerization (EP) is a simple and efficient method for the preparation of CMP films, which simultaneously completes material synthesis and film processing. More importantly, the microstructure of the CMP films can be effectively controlled by electrochemical parameters. In this review, first, the basic synthetic principles and strategies of CMP films via EP are introduced, allowing for facile optimization of the structure and properties. Then, the recent progress of the EP CMP films is focused upon in organic electronics, energy storage, sensors, chemical capture and separation, and electrocatalysts. Finally, the challenges and outlook for EP CMP films are addressed.
Regulation of Cathode Mass and Charge Transfer by Structural 3D Engineering for Protonic Ceramic Fuel Cell at 400 °C
Authors: Bian Wenjuan , Wu Wei , Gao Yipeng , Gomez Joshua Y. , Ding Hanping , Tang Wei , Zhou Meng , Ding Dong 
Published: June 2021

AbstractLowering the operating temperature (ideally below 400 °C) for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) technology deployment has been an important transition that introduces the benefit of reduced operational costs and system durability. However, the key technical issue limiting the transition is the sluggish cathodic performance, namely the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) rate of the conventional sponge‐like cathode dramatically drops as the temperature reduces. In this paper, 3D engineering of a cathode is conducted on a protonic ceramic fuel cell to obtain an enhanced ORR between 400 and 600 °C. Compared with a cell using a conventional sponge‐like cathode, 3D engineering improves the cathode ORR by 41% at 400 °C with a peak power density of 0.410 W cm−2. A phase field simulation is applied to assist the engineering by understanding the competition between the cathode mass and charge transfer with different cathode porosities. The results show that structural engineering of existing well‐developed cathodes is a simple and effective method to promote cathode ORR for low temperature SOFC by regulating the mass and charge transfer.
Plasma Deposited Polyoxazoline Thin Films for the Biofunctionalization of Electrochemical Sensors
Authors: Alvarez de Eulate Eva , Gheorghiu Alexandru , Amoura Cherine , Whiteley Amelia , Priest Craig , MacGregor Melanie N. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractElectrochemical immunosensors are an emerging technology for the fast, sensitive, and reliable diagnosis of diseases from bodily fluids. These sensors work by detecting a change in current upon analyte binding to an immuno‐functionalized electrode. Current methods of electrode functionalization are lengthy processes involving self‐assembled monolayer formation and wet chemistry biofunctionalization. Herein, thin films deposited from the plasma phase of oxazoline precursors are investigated and optimized as an alternative approach for electrode functionalization. The plasma‐enabled method has the advantage of being substrate independent and allows the spontaneous binding of biomolecules in physiological buffer. Surface sensitive analysis techniques are employed to characterize the thickness, reactivity, and stability of the thin films before investigating their electrochemical properties on indium tin oxide and gold electrodes including the feasibility to reduce charge transfer resistance with gold nanoparticles. Last, these films are employed to develop an immunosensor for the detection of free epithelial cell adhesion molecule with a limit of detection of 8.7 ng mL−1.
Recent Advances towards Ocean Energy Harvesting and Self‐Powered Applications Based on Triboelectric Nanogenerators
Authors: Shen Fan , Li Zhongjie , Guo Hengyu , Yang Zhengbao , Wu Hao , Wang Min , Luo Jun , Xie Shaorong , Peng Yan , Pu Huayan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractOcean contain abundant clean energies including tidal and wave, but such energies are known for low frequency and large excitation amplitude, posing considerable challenges for high‐efficiency energy conversion. As an emerging technology, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have been widely used in energy harvesting and novel sensor design due to their high sensitivity and flexible structure. Meanwhile, they show great advantages in the low‐frequency environment (<5 Hz), and display great potential for deployment in remote ocean waters, and construction of large‐scale TENG networks. In this review, firstly, the working principle of TENGs and various configurations developed for the marine environment are introduced, which mainly include solid–solid and solid–liquid interfaces. Then, from the viewpoint of power improvement, authors are most concerned about the modification methods of materials such as surface modification, electron injection, and chemical doping. Meanwhile, improved technologies for energy harvesters in marine environment are discussed in detail, such as improving the hydrophobicity and degradation of materials, studying the self‐healing ability of materials, and designing power management circuits. Finally, the current challenges are summarized, and research trends are given from both short‐term and long‐term perspectives.
Organosilicon‐Based Functional Electrolytes for High‐Performance Lithium Batteries
Authors: Wang Hualan , Chen Shuangxi , Li Yan , Liu Yongfeng , Jing Qiuju , Liu Xue , Liu Zhaoping , Zhang Xiaogang 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe electrolyte has been considered as a key factor toward higher energy density for Li‐ion and Li‐metal batteries. However, conventional electrolytes suffer from uncontrolled interfacial reactions and irreversible decomposition causing performance deterioration and potential safety hazard. Organosilicon compounds have attracted great interest as promising electrolyte components due to facile chemical modifications, low glass transition temperatures (Tg), superior chemical, and thermal stabilities. Considerable investigation efforts have been devoted to developing better overall performance of organosilicon‐based electrolytes in the past few years. Herein, the recent research progress of organosilicon‐based functional electrolytes for the development of liquid, gel, and solid state electrolytes in Li‐ion and Li‐metal batteries is summarized. Attention is devoted to various types of organosilicon such as silane, siloxane, polysiloxane, and polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes in terms of molecular design, ionic conductivity, functions shown in batteries, thermal, chemical, electrochemical stability, safety, etc. The feasible strategies are also discussed that may promote the comprehensive electrochemical performances of organosilicon‐based electrolytes in different types of electrolytes and batteries. Finally, the challenges facing organosilicon‐based electrolytes and proposed their possible solutions are presented alongside promising development directions.
Physical Insights on the Lattice Softening Driven Mid‐Temperature Range Thermoelectrics of Ti/Zr‐Inserted SnTe—An Outlook Beyond the Horizons of Conventional Phonon Scattering and Excavation of Heikes’ Equation for Estimating Carrier Properties
Authors: Muchtar Ahmad Rifqi , Srinivasan Bhuvanesh , Tonquesse Sylvain Le , Singh Saurabh , Soelami Nugroho , Yuliarto Brian , Berthebaud David , Mori Takao 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMost of the best known SnTe‐based materials exhibit an attractive thermoelectric figure of merit (zT) only at the high‐temperature regime, but their performance at the low‐mid temperature ranges is quite uninspiring, and this discordance necessitates a large temperature gradient (∆T ≥ 550 K) to effectuate a reasonable efficiency, η. Here, the transition elements, Ti and Zr, that have not been used in the past are tried as dopants for SnTe and an enhanced device/average zT and/or η are reported with a lower ∆T ≈ 400 K and without the requisite for a stupendous peak/maximum zT. This notable performance emanates from—i) improved weighted mobility by optimally balancing between effective mass, carrier concentration, and mobility, ii) coupling of charge carriers with magnetic entropy, and the paramount factor being the iii) weakening of the chemical bonds (lattice softening). The thermal damping caused by lattice softening affects the phonon group velocity and the elastic properties, and the resultant increase in the degree of anharmonicity and the high density of internal strain‐fields, along with the phonon scattering effects, play an active role in tuning the overall thermoelectric performance. This work also excavates/opens up the discussion of applying the Heikes’ equation to qualitatively compare the trend of charge carriers for a given thermoelectric material system.
High‐Temperature High‐Energy‐Density Dielectric Polymer Nanocomposites Utilizing Inorganic Core–Shell Nanostructured Nanofillers
Authors: Ren Lulu , Li He , Xie Zongliang , Ai Ding , Zhou Yao , Liu Yang , Zhang Siyu , Yang Lijun , Zhao Xuetong , Peng Zongren , Liao Ruijin , Wang Qing 
Published: June 2021

AbstractHigh‐energy‐density polymer dielectrics capable of high temperature operation are highly demanded in advanced electronics and power systems. Here, the polyetherimide (PEI) composites filled with the core–shell structured nanoparticles composed of ZrO2 core and Al2O3 shell are described. The establishment of a gradient of the dielectric constants from ZrO2 core and Al2O3 shell to PEI matrix gives rise to much less distortion of the electric field around the nanoparticles, and consequently, high breakdown strength at varied temperatures. The wide bandgap Al2O3 shell creates deep traps in the composites and thus yields an order of magnitude lower leakage of current density of the composites with respect to those with pristine ZrO2 at high temperatures. Accordingly, the composite delivers a discharged energy density of 5.19 J cm−3 and 150 °C, which outperforms the current free‐standing high‐temperature dielectric polymer and polymer composite films measured at 10 Hz. Moreover, the core–shell structured composites endow great thermal stability, charge–discharge efficiency, and the improved energy density with increasing temperature from 25 to 150 °C. The finite element simulations and numerical calculations are performed to reveal the mechanistic impacts of the core–shell structure on the electric field distribution and electrical conduction of the composites.
Nitrogen dynamics under corn fields in the Red River Valley of North Dakota
Authors: Chatterjee Amitava 
Published: June 2021

AbstractExcessive applications of fertilizer N in corn (Zea mays L.) has profound environmental and economic consequences. Corn grain yield, N losses, N2O denitrification, NH3 volatilization, and soil water NO3 concentration at 60‐cm depth were collected for eight corn fields in the Red River Valley of North Dakota. Relationships of soil and management factors with cumulative N2O and NH3 losses were studied. Grain yield varied from 3.58 to 5.66 Mg ha–1. Cumulative NH3 and N2O losses were ranged between 1.0–2.4 kg ha–1 and 24.7–150 g N2O‐N ha–1, respectively. Soil organic matter (SOM; r = .94, p = .001), clay (r = .94, p = .001), and initial inorganic N (0–60 cm) content (r = .83, p = .01) had a positive relationship with cumulative N2O losses. Cumulative NH3 had a negative relationship with soil pH (r2 = .63, p = .01). Results indicate that soil properties such as, SOM, clay concentration, and initial profile N had a control over N losses.
Reducing nitrogen rate and hill distance improves rice dry matter production in saline–alkali soils
Authors: Lv Yandong , Lan Yuchen , Xu Lingqi , Yin Dawei , Wang Haize , Zheng Guiping , Guo Xiaohong 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe integrated strategies for nitrogen management and planting density are important for improving rice (Oryza sativa L.) yield in saline–alkali soil; however, the optimal growth conditions for the Songnen Plain, China, are unclear. Here, we studied the effects of nitrogen application rate (NAR) (N0, 0 kg ha−1; N1, 90 kg ha−1; N2, 120 kg ha−1; N3, 150 kg ha−1; N4, 180 kg ha−1) and hill distance (HD) (HD1, 16.5 cm; HD2, 13.3 cm; HD3, 10 cm) on rice dry matter accumulation, translocation, and photosynthetic production in a split‐plot experiment. At NARs below 120 kg ha−1, the number of effective tillers increased significantly with increasing NAR and decreasing HD. The leaf area index (LAI) increased as the NAR increased and HD decreased and was the highest in the N4–HD3 treatment, followed by N3–HD3, at the full‐heading stage. However, dry matter accumulation from the full‐heading to the maturity stage was the highest in the N3–HD3 treatment. The population growth rate in N3–HD3 was the highest from the full‐heading stage to the maximum grain‐filling stage, at 26.46 g m−2 d−1. The high rice yield under N3–HD3 conditions was attributed to the high dry matter accumulation after the full‐heading stage and the high sheath output rate. This study revealed that treatment N3–HD3 resulted in high yield, from the perspective of photosynthetic matter production.
Resolving species boundaries in a recent radiation with the Angiosperms353 probe set: the Lomatium packardiae/L. anomalum clade of the L. triternatum (Apiaceae) complex
Authors: Ottenlips Michael V. , Mansfield Donald H. , Buerki Sven , Feist Mary Ann E. , Downie Stephen R. , Dodsworth Steven , Forest Félix , Plunkett Gregory M. , Smith James F. 
Published: June 2021

PremiseSpeciation not associated with morphological shifts is challenging to detect unless molecular data are employed. Using Sanger‐sequencing approaches, the Lomatium packardiae/L. anomalum subcomplex within the larger Lomatium triternatum complex could not be resolved. Therefore, we attempt to resolve these boundaries here.MethodsThe Angiosperms353 probe set was employed to resolve the ambiguity within Lomatium triternatum species complex using 48 accessions assigned to L. packardiae, L. anomalum, or L. triternatum. In addition to exon data, 54 nuclear introns were extracted and were complete for all samples. Three approaches were used to estimate evolutionary relationships and define species boundaries: STACEY, a Bayesian coalescent‐based species tree analysis that takes incomplete lineage sorting into account; ASTRAL‐III, another coalescent‐based species tree analysis; and a concatenated approach using MrBayes. Climatic factors, morphological characters, and soil variables were measured and analyzed to provide additional support for recovered groups.ResultsThe STACEY analysis recovered three major clades and seven subclades, all of which are geographically structured, and some correspond to previously named taxa. No other analysis had full agreement between recovered clades and other parameters. Climatic niche and leaflet width and length provide some predictive ability for the major clades.ConclusionsThe results suggest that these groups are in the process of incipient speciation and incomplete lineage sorting has been a major barrier to resolving boundaries within this lineage previously. These results are hypothesized through sequencing of multiple loci and analyzing data using coalescent‐based processes.
AgII‐Mediated Electrocatalytic Ambient CH4 Functionalization Inspired by HSAB Theory
Authors: Xiang Danlei , Iñiguez Jesus A. , Deng Jiao , Guan Xun , Martinez Antonio , Liu Chong 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAlthough most class (b) transition metals have been studied in regard to CH4 activation, divalent silver (AgII), possibly owing to its reactive nature, is the only class (b) high‐valent transition metal center that is not yet reported to exhibit reactivities towards CH4 activation. We now report that electrochemically generated AgII metalloradical readily functionalizes CH4 into methyl bisulfate (CH3OSO3H) at ambient conditions in 98 % H2SO4. Mechanistic investigation experimentally unveils a low activation energy of 13.1 kcal mol−1, a high pseudo‐first‐order rate constant of CH4 activation up to 2.8×103 h−1 at room temperature and a CH4 pressure of 85 psi, and two competing reaction pathways preferable towards CH4 activation over solvent oxidation. Reaction kinetic data suggest a Faradaic efficiency exceeding 99 % beyond 180 psi CH4 at room temperature for potential chemical production from widely distributed natural gas resources with minimal infrastructure reliance.
Calcium‐Ion Binding Mediates the Reversible Interconversion of Cis and Trans Peroxido Dicopper Cores
Authors: Vargo Natasha P. , Harland Jill B. , Musselman Bradley W. , Lehnert Nicolai , Ertem Mehmed Z. , Robinson Jerome R. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractCoupled dinuclear copper oxygen cores (Cu2O2) featured in type III copper proteins (hemocyanin, tyrosinase, catechol oxidase) are vital for O2 transport and substrate oxidation in many organisms. μ‐1,2‐cis peroxido dicopper cores (CP) have been proposed as key structures in the early stages of O2 binding in these proteins; their reversible isomerization to other Cu2O2 cores are directly relevant to enzyme function. Despite the relevance of such species to type III copper proteins and the broader interest in the properties and reactivity of bimetallic CP cores in biological and synthetic systems, the properties and reactivity of CP Cu2O2 species remain largely unexplored. Herein, we report the reversible interconversion of μ‐1,2‐trans peroxido (TP) and CP dicopper cores. CaII mediates this process by reversible binding at the Cu2O2 core, highlighting the unique capability for metal‐ion binding events to stabilize novel reactive fragments and control O2 activation in biomimetic systems.
Hierarchical Two‐Level Supramolecular Chirality of an Achiral Anthracene‐Based Tetracationic Nanotube in Water
Authors: Nian Hao , Cheng Lin , Wang Ling , Zhang Haiyang , Wang Pinpin , Li Yawen , Cao Liping 
Published: June 2021

AbstractHerein, we report an achiral anthracene‐based tetracationic nanotube (1⋅4Cl−) that shows two levels of supramolecular chirality: namely, conformationally adaptive host–guest complexation with nucleoside triphosphates (e.g. ATP, GTP, CTP, and UTP) and twisted packing of the chiral host–guest complexes in water. Interestingly, achiral 1⋅4Cl− exhibits chiral recognition for ATP/GTP and CTP/UTP through structural transformation of its intramolecular M‐ and P‐twisted conformation as the first level of supramolecular chirality, which leads to adaptive chirality with opposite CD responses. Furthermore, the formation of chiral M‐1⋅4Cl−⊃ATP can promote an intermolecular P‐twisted dimeric packing of anthracene rings as the second level of supramolecular chirality to achieve assembled chirality with strong circularly polarized luminescence arising from the excimer ((+)‐CPL, glum≈10−2) in water.
Charge‐Reversal Polymer Nano‐modulators for Photodynamic Immunotherapy of Cancer
Authors: He Shasha , Li Jingchao , Cheng Penghui , Zeng Ziling , Zhang Chi , Duan Hongwei , Pu Kanyi 
Published: June 2021

AbstractNanomedicine can regulate the balance between cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and suppressive regulatory T lymphocytes (Tregs), which however has been rarely exploited for cancer immunotherapy. We report a charge‐reversal polymer nano‐modulator (SPDMCN) activated by tumor microenvironment (TME) for photodynamic immunotherapy of cancer. SPDMCN is constructed by conjugating an immunomodulator (demethylcantharidin, DMC) to the side chains of a photodynamic polymer via an acid‐liable linker. The negative charge of SPDMCN ensures its high stability in blood circulation and ideal tumor accumulation; exposure to acidic TME reverses its surface charge to positive, enhancing tumor penetration and locally releasing DMC. Upon near‐infrared photoirradiation, SPDMCN generates singlet oxygen to ablate tumors and promote maturation of dendritic cells. Released DMC inhibits protein phosphatase 2 (PP2A) activity and decreases Tregs differentiation. Such combinational action induces a sharp increase in CTL/Treg ratio in TME and effectively inhibits both primary and distant tumors in living mice.
Visualizing Element Migration over Bifunctional Metal‐Zeolite Catalysts and its Impact on Catalysis
Authors: Wang Yuhao , Wang Genyuan , van der Wal Lars I. , Cheng Kang , Zhang Qinghong , de Jong Krijn P. , Wang Ye 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe catalytic performance of composite catalysts is not only affected by the physicochemical properties of each component, but also the proximity and interaction between them. Herein, we employ four representative oxides (In2O3, ZnO, Cr2O3, and ZrO2) to combine with H‐ZSM‐5 for the hydrogenation of CO2to hydrocarbons directed by methanol intermediate and clarify the correlation between metal migration and the catalytic performance. The migration of metals to zeolite driven by the harsh reaction conditions can be visualized by electron microscopy, meanwhile, the change of zeolite acidity is also carefully characterized. The protonic sites of H‐ZSM‐5 are neutralized by mobile indium and zinc species via a solid ion‐exchange mechanism, resulting in a drastic decrease of C2+hydrocarbon products over In2O3/H‐ZSM‐5 and ZnO/H‐ZSM‐5. While, the thermomigration ability of chromium and zirconium species is not significant, endowing Cr2O3/H‐ZSM‐5 and ZrO2/H‐ZSM‐5 catalysts with high selectivity of C2+hydrocarbons.