bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multivariate genome-wide analysis of immunoglobulin G N-glycosylation identifies new loci pleiotropic with immune function
Authors: Shadrina Alexandra S , Zlobin Alexander S , Zaytseva Olga O , Klarić Lucija , Sharapov Sodbo Z , D Pakhomov Eugene , Perola Marcus , Esko Tonu , Hayward Caroline , Wilson James F , Lauc Gordan , Aulchenko Yurii S , Tsepilov Yakov A 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe N-glycosylation of immunoglobulin G (IgG) affects its structure and function. It has been demonstrated that IgG N-glycosylation patterns are inherited as complex quantitative traits. Genome-wide association studies identified loci harboring genes encoding enzymes directly involved in protein glycosylation as well as loci likely to be involved in regulation of glycosylation biochemical pathways. Many of these loci could be linked to immune functions and risk of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The aim of the present study was to discover and replicate new loci associated with IgG N-glycosylation and to investigate possible pleiotropic effects of these loci onto immune function and the risk of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. We conducted a multivariate genome-wide association analysis of 23 IgG N-glycosylation traits measured in 8090 individuals of European ancestry. The discovery stage was followed up by replication in 3147 people and in silico functional analysis. Our study increased the total number of replicated loci from 22 to 29. For the discovered loci, we suggest a number of genes potentially involved in the control of IgG N-glycosylation. Among the new loci, two (near RNF168 and TNFRSF13B) were previously implicated in rare immune deficiencies and were associated with levels of circulating immunoglobulins. For one new locus (near AP5B1/OVOL1), we demonstrated a potential pleiotropic effect on the risk of asthma. Our findings underline an important link between IgG N-glycosylation and immune function and provide new clues to understanding their interplay.
Exploring pharmacists’ views surrounding conscientious objection to abortion and implications in practice
Authors: Maxwell Clare , McKendrick Jane , Hanlon Claire , Penson Peter , Fleming Valerie 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
General Pharmaceutical Council standards (UK) state ‘pharmacy professionals have the right to practise in line with their religion, personal values or beliefs as long as they …make sure that person-centred care is not compromised’, indicating a potential conflict for pharmacists who wish to exercise their right to conscientious objection (CO) to abortion while maintaining a duty of care to their patients.

Objective
The objective of this study was to explore pharmacists’ views of conscientious objection to abortion and whether this included the supply of EC and the impact on practice.

Method
Eighteen UK pharmacists were interviewed using semistructured interviews. Interviews were transcribed verbatim, imported into NVivo11 and analysed using thematic analysis.

Key findings
Five themes were identified: beliefs as to what constitutes abortion, influences on beliefs, conflicts of conscience, accommodating conscience and professional obligations. Views were polarised in relation to the role of emergency contraception (EC) as an abortifacient. Religion was often viewed as the reason underpinning CO to abortion. Conflicts in relation to CO to abortion included the role of referral and EC and employability for objectors. Some pharmacists viewed their role of providing patient choice as incompatible with the right of CO to abortion.

Conclusions
This study shows the conflicts and challenges surrounding CO to abortion in professional pharmacy practice. While the majority of pharmacists believe CO to abortion should and could be accommodated, this can prove challenging in certain working environments, both in relation to ensuring a duty of care to patients is upheld and due to the ongoing debate concerning EC and whether it has a definitive role in abortion or not.
Common general surgical never events: analysis of NHS England never event data
Authors: Omar Islam , Singhal Rishi , Wilson Michael , Parmar Chetan , Khan Omar , Mahawar Kamal 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
There is little available data on common general surgical never events (NEs). Lack of this information may have affected our attempts to reduce the incidence of these potentially serious clinical incidents.

Objectives
The purpose of this study was to identify common general surgical NEs from the data held by the National Health Service (NHS) England.

Methods
We analysed the NHS England NE data from April 2012 to February 2020 to identify common general surgical NEs.

Results
There was a total of 797 general surgical NEs identified under three main categories such as wrong-site surgery (n = 427; 53.58%), retained items post-procedure (n = 355; 44.54%) and wrong implant/prosthesis (n = 15; 1.88%). We identified a total of 56 common general surgical themes—25 each in the wrong-site surgery and retained foreign body categories and six in wrong implants category.
Wrong skin condition surgery was the commonest wrong-site surgery (n = 117; 27.4%). There were 18 wrong-side chest drains (4.2%) and 18 (4.2%) wrong-side angioplasty/angiograms. There were seven (1.6%) instances of confusion in pilonidal/perianal/perineal surgeries and six (1.4%) instances of biopsy of the cervix rather than the colon or rectum.
Retained surgical swabs were the most common retained items (n = 165; 46.5%). There were 28 (7.9%) laparoscopic retrieval bags with or without the specimen, 26 (7.3%) chest drain guide wires, 26 (7.3%) surgical needles and 9 (2.5%) surgical drains. Wrong stents were the most common (n = 9; 60%) wrong implants followed by wrong breast implants (n = 2; 13.3%).

Conclusion
This study found 56 common general surgical NEs. This information is not available to surgeons around the world. Increased awareness of these common themes of NEs may allow for the adoption of more effective and specific safeguards and ultimately help reduce their incidence.
The potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on global antimicrobial and biocide resistance: an AMR Insights global perspective
Authors: Ansari Shamshul , Hays John P , Kemp Andrew , Okechukwu Raymond , Murugaiyan Jayaseelan , Ekwanzala Mutshiene Deogratias , Ruiz Alvarez Maria Josefina , Paul-Satyaseela Maneesh , Iwu Chidozie Declan , Balleste-Delpierre Clara , Septimus Ed , Mugisha Lawrence , Fadare Joseph , Chaudhuri Susmita , Chibabhai Vindana , Wadanamby J M Rohini W W , Daoud Ziad , Xiao Yonghong , Parkunan Thulasiraman , Khalaf Yara , M’Ikanatha Nkuchia M , van Dongen Maarten B M ,   Global AMR Insights Ambassador Network, Barkema Herman W , Strathdee Steffanie , Benyeogor Emmanuel , Ighodalo Uzairue Leonard , Prasad Kurcheti Pani , M Carlos , Gu Yoshiaki , Essack Sabiha , de Silva Dilan , Vellinga Akke , Mommtaz Ghannam Wagih , Tsoho Najib Auwal , Sakeena M H F , Ilenwabor Rhoda , Shetty Dhanuraj (Raj) , Ayebare Arnold , Traore Zoumana Isaac , Henry Ola , Kiran Amritanjali , Ilenwabor Rhoda , Toro Luisa Fernanda , Smail Adil , Amulele Anne , Founou Luria Leslie , Sawant Prathamesh S , Buregyeya Esther , Castro-Sanchez Enrique , Moreno-Morales Javier , Izadjoo Mina , Gori Andrea , Goff Debra , Blocker Arielle , Forte Giovanna , Tahir Muhammad Farooq , Diggle Mathew , Chakraborty Dipanjan , Asamoah Anita E , Aberi Humphrey 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic presents a serious public health challenge in all countries. However, repercussions of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections on future global health are still being investigated, including the pandemic’s potential effect on the emergence and spread of global antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Critically ill COVID-19 patients may develop severe complications, which may predispose patients to infection with nosocomial bacterial and/or fungal pathogens, requiring the extensive use of antibiotics. However, antibiotics may also be inappropriately used in milder cases of COVID-19 infection. Further, concerns such as increased biocide use, antimicrobial stewardship/infection control, AMR awareness, the need for diagnostics (including rapid and point-of-care diagnostics) and the usefulness of vaccination could all be components shaping the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic. In this publication, the authors present a brief overview of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated issues that could influence the pandemic’s effect on global AMR.
Single-center Experience with Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis for Obese Burn Patients
Authors: McKinzie Brian P , Nizamani Rabia , Jones Samuel , King Booker , Williams Felicia N 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Burn injured patients are at high risk of thromboembolic complications. Morbid obesity further increases this risk. Our objective was to evaluate the efficacy of enoxaparin dosed 40 mg twice daily in achieving prophylactic plasma anti-Xa levels in obese burn patients.
A retrospective chart review from November 2018 until September 2019 identified patients who were either ≥100 kg or had a body mass index ≥30 kg/m2 and initiated on enoxaparin 40 mg twice daily for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis. Patients were ≥18 yr of age and received ≥3 sequential doses of enoxaparin with appropriately timed peak plasma anti-Xa levels to monitor efficacy.
One hundred forty-eight patients were screened with 43 patients included for analysis. Forty-two percent of the patients did not reach target peak plasma anti-Xa levels (0.2–0.5 IU/ml) on enoxaparin 40 mg twice daily. Patients who did not meet prophylactic target levels were more likely to be male (P &lt; 0.05) and have an increased mean body weight (129 ± 24 kg vs 110 ± 16 kg, P &lt; 0.05). Thirteen out of 18 patients received dosage adjustments with subsequent anti-Xa levels available for follow-up assessment, of which an additional six patients required further dosage adjustment to meet prophylactic goals.
Current utilization of a fixed 40 mg twice daily regimen of enoxaparin for venous thromboembolism (VTE) is inadequate to meet target prophylactic peak plasma anti-Xa levels in the obese burn patient population. Dose adjusting enoxaparin to target anti-Xa levels to reduce VTE rates in obese burn patients should be further evaluated.
The underground life of homeodomain-leucine zipper transcription factors
Authors: Perotti María Florencia , Arce Agustín Lucas , Chan Raquel Lía 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Roots are the anchorage organs of plants, responsible for water and nutrient uptake, exhibiting high plasticity. Root architecture is driven by the interactions of biomolecules, including transcription factors and hormones that are crucial players regulating root plasticity. Multiple transcription factor families are involved in root development; some, such as ARFs and LBDs, have been well characterized, whereas others remain less well investigated. In this review, we synthesize the current knowledge about the involvement of the large family of homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-Zip) transcription factors in root development. This family is divided into four subfamilies (I–IV), mainly according to structural features, such as additional motifs aside from HD-Zip, as well as their size, gene structure, and expression patterns. We explored and analyzed public databases and the scientific literature regarding HD-Zip transcription factors in Arabidopsis and other species. Most members of the four HD-Zip subfamilies are expressed in specific cell types and several individuals from each group have assigned functions in root development. Notably, a high proportion of the studied proteins are part of intricate regulation pathways involved in primary and lateral root growth and development.
Motivation to engage in crowdsourcing: Towards the synthetic psychological–sociological model
Authors: Daugavietis Jānis 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis article is aimed at analysis of user participation in web-based crowdsourcing projects in the digital humanities (DH) field, with a focus on what motivates these volunteers.1 The first aim of the article is a critical analysis of models of motivators for involvement offered to date. The analysis is based on a review of DH crowdsourcing literature, as a result of which there is an indication of shortcomings of the psychological data-driven approach that has dominated thus far. The second aim of the article is to offer a new model that synthesizes the psychological-motivation approach with a sociological one. Applying Pierre Bourdieu’s Theory of Capital, the motivation model created by the psychological self-determination theory (SDT) is supplemented with capital dimensions and specific types of capital. The new model is empirically tested, utilizing specific data collected in the course of a crowdsourcing project, specifically, volunteers’ online survey. The conclusion states that the model synthesized using the psychological and sociological approach preserves the main SDT category scale (intrinsic–extrinsic), at the same time, the sociological capital categories implemented therein permit for making more concrete the psychological scale’s ‘intermediate phase’ (internalized extrinsic motivations) that had been amorphous up to that point, rendering the motivation model more coherent and readily applied.
Diabetes Mellitus and Tuberculosis Treatment Outcomes in Pune, India
Authors: Mave Vidya , Gaikwad Sanjay , Barthwal Madhusudan , Chandanwale Ajay , Lokhande Rahul , Kadam Dileep , Dharmshale Sujata , Bharadwaj Renu , Kagal Anju , Pradhan Neeta , Deshmukh Sona , Atre Sachin , Sahasrabudhe Tushar , Meshram Shailesh , Kakrani Arjun , Kulkarni Vandana , Raskar Swapnil , Suryavanshi Nishi , Kornfeld Hardy , Dooley Kelly E , Chon Sandy , Gupte Akshay , Gupta Amita , Gupte Nikhil , Golub Jonathan E 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
Diabetes mellitus (DM) increases the risk of tuberculosis (TB) disease. Knowledge of the impact of DM on TB treatment outcomes is primarily based on retrospective studies.

Methods
We conducted a prospective cohort study of new pulmonary TB patients with and without DM (TB-DM and TB only) in India. The association of DM with a composite unfavorable TB treatment outcome (failure, recurrence, mortality) over 18 months was determined, and the effect of DM on all-cause mortality and early mortality (death during TB treatment) was assessed.

Results
Of 799 participants, 574 (72%) had TB only and 225 (28%) had TB-DM. The proportion of patients with DM who experienced the composite outcome was 20%, as compared with 21% for TB-only participants (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.13; 95% CI, 0.75–1.70). Mortality was higher in participants with DM (10% vs 7%), and early mortality was substantially higher among patients with DM (aHR, 4.36; 95% CI, 1.62–11.76).

Conclusions
DM was associated with early mortality in this prospective cohort study, but overall unfavorable outcomes were similar to participants without DM. Interventions to reduce mortality during TB treatment among people with TB-DM are needed.
Factors associated with longitudinal change of meniscal extrusion in overweight women without clinical signs of osteoarthritis
Authors: van der Voet Jan A , Wesselius Daan , Zhang Fan , Vroegindeweij Dammis , Oei Edwin H , Bierma-Zeinstra Sita M A , Englund Martin , Runhaar Jos 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Objectives
To identify variables associated with longitudinal change in meniscal extrusion, which might be used as possible targets for knee osteoarthritis (KOA) prevention.

Methods
In a high-risk population of middle-aged overweight women, meniscal extrusion was assessed with magnetic resonance imaging (1.5 T, coronal proton density, in-plane resolution 0.5 mm2, Sante DICOM Editor) at baseline and after 30 months. Outcomes were the absolute change in medial and lateral extrusion (mm) and relative change in extrusion (%). Based upon literature, 11 factors were hypothesized to be associated with longitudinal change. Generalized estimating equations were used to model the effect on meniscal change (P &lt;0.05).

Results
In total, 677 knees of 343 women were available for analysis, with a mean age of 55.7 years (+/−3.2) and a mean BMI of 32.3 kg/m2 (+/−4.2). The greatest change in meniscal extrusion appeared medially with incident meniscal tear (4.4%; absolute 0.9 mm (95% CI: 0.3, 1.5; P =0.004); relative 14.5% (4.4, 24.7; 0.005)). Varus malalignment was associated with an increase of medial extrusion of 0.6 mm (37.6%; 0.1, 1.0; 0.009). A 5 kg/m2 higher baseline BMI was associated with absolute and relative increase of medial extrusion of 0.2 mm and 2.96% (0.1, 0.3; &lt;0.001 and 1.3, 4.8; 0.002). Less explicit but significant changes in extrusion appeared with longitudinal change in BMI.

Conclusion
Meniscal tears, varus malalignment and BMI were significantly associated with change in meniscal extrusion in middle-aged overweight women, providing viable therapeutic targets to prevent or reduce extrusion and thereby decelerate KOA development.
OFFICE MANAGEMENT OF OZURDEX IMPLANT DISLOCATION INTO THE ANTERIOR CHAMBER
Authors: Ahuja Abhimanyu S. , Jaraki Jude A. , Halperin Lawrence S. 
Published: March 2021

Purpose:
To describe a novel office procedure that permits the repositioning of an Ozurdex implant from the anterior chamber back into the vitreous cavity.

Methods:
Description of an office technique for Ozurdex repositioning using a 30-gauge needle.

Results:
In both cases, the Ozurdex implant was successfully returned to the vitreous cavity. In Case 1, the patient's visual acuities 1 and 2 weeks after this were 20/70 and 20/40, respectively, and had no further complications. In Case 2, the patient returned 1 week later, with the implant remaining posterior and a visual acuity of 20/40.

Conclusion:
The success of this novel technique in these cases demonstrates the potential to avoid a surgical procedure in the event of Ozurdex implant migration to the anterior chamber, while at the same time allowing the Ozurdex implant to remain effective in the eye.
Sports Medicine Physician Decision-Making, Practice Changes, and Mental Health During the Early Phase of the SARS-CoV-2 Global Pandemic
Authors: Cushman Daniel M. , Teramoto Masaru , Babu Ashwin , Olafsen Nathan , Onishi Kentaro , Asay Alexandra , McCormick Zachary L. 
Published: March 2021

Objective:
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has had a profound effect on the healthcare system. This study aimed to identify its effects on sports medicine physicians during the early phase of this pandemic.

Design:
Survey study.

Setting:
Sports medicine providers.

Participants:
Physician members of the American Medical Society for Sports Medicine were surveyed between March 25 and April 4, 2020. A total of 810 responses were obtained from 2437 physicians who viewed the survey.

Interventions:
The survey consisted of questions examining demographics, prepandemic practice patterns, anxiety and depression screening, and new beliefs and behaviors following government-based medical policy changes resulting from the pandemic.

Main Outcome Measures:
Changes in clinical volume and treatment practices, Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-4).

Results:
The mean in-person clinic visits reduced to 17.9%, telephone visits to 24.4%, telemedicine (video) visits to 21.8%, and procedural visits to 13.8% of prepandemic practice volume. The mean PHQ-4 scores for physicians were 2.38 ± 2.40. Clinic and procedural volumes were reduced less by male physicians, as well as more experienced physicians, nonphysical medicine and rehabilitation training background, in government or private practice, and in the Southern region of the United States (P < 0.05). Physicians were more likely to reduce their anti-inflammatory (37.8% decreasing vs 6.8% increasing, P < 0.001) and opioid (10.5% vs 6.8%, P = 0.003) prescriptions rather than increase.

Conclusions:
During the early phase of the SARS-COV-2 pandemic sports medicine physicians reported reducing in-person evaluation, management, and procedure volume by over 80%. Multiple demographic and geographic factors were associated with practice volume changes.
Readiness to Provide Medications for Addiction Treatment in HIV Clinics: A Multisite Mixed-Methods Formative Evaluation
Authors: Edelman E. Jennifer , Gan Geliang , Dziura James , Esserman Denise , Morford Kenneth L. , Porter Elizabeth , Chan Philip A. , Cornman Deborah H. , Oldfield Benjamin J. , Yager Jessica E. , Muvvala Srinivas B. , Fiellin David A. 
Published: March 2021

Background:
We sought to characterize readiness, barriers to, and facilitators of providing medications for addiction treatment (MAT) in HIV clinics.

Setting:
Four HIV clinics in the northeastern United States.

Methods:
Mixed-methods formative evaluation conducted June 2017–February 2019. Surveys assessed readiness [visual analog scale, less ready (0–<7) vs. more ready (≥7–10)]; evidence and context ratings for MAT provision; and preferred addiction treatment model. A subset (n = 37) participated in focus groups.

Results:
Among 71 survey respondents (48% prescribers), the proportion more ready to provide addiction treatment medications varied across substances [tobacco (76%), opioid (61%), and alcohol (49%) treatment medications (P values < 0.05)]. Evidence subscale scores were higher for those more ready to provide tobacco [median (interquartile range) = 4.0 (4.0, 5.0) vs. 4.0 (3.0, 4.0), P = 0.008] treatment medications, but not significantly different for opioid [5.0 (4.0, 5.0) vs. 4.0 (4.0, 5.0), P = 0.11] and alcohol [4.0 (3.0, 5.0) vs. 4.0 (3.0, 4.0), P = 0.42] treatment medications. Median context subscale scores ranged from 3.3 to 4.0 and generally did not vary by readiness status (P values > 0.05). Most favored integrating MAT into HIV care but preferred models differed across substances. Barriers to MAT included identification of treatment-eligible patients, variable experiences with MAT and perceived medication complexity, perceived need for robust behavioral services, and inconsistent availability of on-site specialists. Facilitators included knowledge of adverse health consequences of opioid and tobacco use, local champions, focus on quality improvement, and multidisciplinary teamwork.

Conclusions:
Efforts to implement MAT in HIV clinics should address both gaps in perspectives regarding the evidence for MAT and contextual factors and may require substance-specific models.
Asymmetry, division of labour and the evolution of ageing in multicellular organisms
Authors: Pen Ido , Flatt Thomas 
Published: March 2021

Between the 1930s and 1960s, evolutionary geneticists worked out the basic principles of why organisms age. Despite much progress in the evolutionary biology of ageing since that time, however, many puzzles remain. The perhaps most fundamental of these is the question of which organisms should exhibit senescence and which should not (or which should age rapidly and which should not). The evolutionary origin of ageing from a non-senescent state has been conceptually framed, for example, in terms of the separation between germ-line and soma, the distinction between parents and their offspring, and—in unicellular organisms—the unequal distribution of cellular damage at cell division. These ideas seem to be closely related to the concept of ‘division of labour' between reproduction and somatic maintenance. Here, we review these concepts and develop a toy model to explore the importance of such asymmetries for the evolution of senescence. We apply our model to the simplest case of a multicellular system: an organism consisting of two totipotent cells. Notably, we find that in organisms which reproduce symmetrically and partition damage equally, senescence is still able to evolve, contrary to previous claims. Our results might have some bearing on understanding the origin of the germ-line–soma separation and the evolution of senescence in multicellular organisms and in colonial species consisting of multiple types of individuals, such as, for example, eusocial insects with their different castes.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Ageing and sociality: why, when and how does sociality change ageing patterns?'