Investigating the role of soil mesofauna abundance and biodiversity for organic matter breakdown in arable fields
Authors: Pamminger Tobias , Bottoms Melanie , Cunningham Heidi , Ellis Sian , Kabouw Patrick , Kimmel Stefan , Loutseti Stefania , Marx Michael Thomas , Nopper Joachim Harald , Schimera Agnes , Schulz Lennart , Sharples Amanda , Staab Frank , Ernst Gregor 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Intact soil food webs are pivotal to maintaining essential soil functions, such as carbon recycling, sequestering, and biomass production. Although the functional role of micro- (e.g., bacteria and fungi) and macrofauna (e.g., earthworms) is comparatively well established, the importance of the mesofauna community (e.g., abundance and diversity of Acari and Collembola) in maintaining soil functionality is less clear. We investigated this question in a six-month field experiment in arable soil by actively manipulating mesofauna abundance and biodiversity through the application of two legacy insecticides (lindane and methamidophos) at sufficiently high doses to reduce mesofauna abundance (well above previously registered application rates; 2.5 and 7.5 kg a.s./ha for lindane, and 0.6 and 3 kg a.s./ha for methamidophos) and measure the impact on organic matter degradation. Our results demonstrate that both insecticides had reduced Collembola and Acari abundances by up to 80% over the study's six-month duration. In addition, we observed less pronounced and more complex changes in mesofauna biodiversity over time. These included insecticide-dependent temporal fluctuations (both reduction and increase) for different estimates (indices) of local (alpha)-diversity over time and no lasting impact for most estimates after six months. Even at these exceptionally high field rates, Collembola and Acari diversity was observed to generally recover by six months. In contrast, considering organic matter breakdown, we found no evidence of a treatment-related effect. These results suggest that organic matter breakdown in arable soils is likely driven by other trophic levels (e.g., microorganisms or earthworms) with only a limited influence of the mesofauna community. We discuss these findings with regard to their implications for our current understanding of soil food web function and future European soil risk assessments. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2022;18:1423–1433. © 2021 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
KEY POINTS
The insecticide treatments heavily reduced the Collembola and Acari abundances but showed a less pronounced effect on soil mesofauna diversity. The contribution of soil mesofauna to soil organic matter breakdown is limited in arable field soils and is mainly driven by soil microorganisms. The mini-container test can represent a flexible supplemental tool in the risk assessment of pesticides, which could be used to directly address functional soil endpoints such as decomposition by soil microorganisms and/or mesofauna, and their interactions, if needed. There is no clear evidence that structural (single species) endpoints are reliable indicators of soil functions, which need to be protected to support ecosystem services like food production on arable fields.