bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chromospheric heating and generation of plasma outflows by impulsively generated two-fluid magnetoacoustic waves
Authors: Niedziela R. , Murawski K. , Poedts S. 
Published: July 2021

Context. The origin of the heating of the solar atmosphere is still an unsolved problem. As the photosphere and chromosphere radiate more energy than the solar corona, it is challenging but important to reveal all the mechanisms that contribute to plasma heating there. Ion–neutral collisions could play an important role.
Aims. We aim to investigate the impulsively generated two-fluid magnetoacoustic waves in the partially ionized solar chromosphere and to study the associated heating and plasma outflows, which higher up may result in nascent solar wind.
Methods. To describe the plasma dynamics, we applied a two-fluid model in which ions+electrons and neutrals are treated as separate fluids. We solved the two-fluid equations numerically using the JOANNA code.
Results. We show that magnetoacoustic waves triggered in the photosphere by localised velocity pulses can steepen into shocks which heat the chromosphere through ion–neutral collisions. Pulses of greater amplitude heat plasma more effectively and generate larger plasma outflows. Rising the altitude at which the pulse is launched results in opposite effects, mainly in local cooling of the chromosphere and slower plasma outflows.
Conclusions. Even a solitary pulse results in a train of waves. These waves can transform into shock waves and release thermal energy, heating the chromosphere significantly. A pulse can drive vertical flows which higher up can result in the origin of the solar wind.
Properties of galaxies with ring structures
Authors: Fernandez Julia , Alonso Sol , Mesa Valeria , Duplancic Fernanda , Coldwell Georgina 
Published: July 2021

Aims. We present a statistical analysis of different characteristics of ringed spiral galaxies with the aim of assessing the effects of rings on disk galaxy properties.
Methods. We built a catalog of ringed galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 14 (SDSS-DR14). Via visual inspection of SDSS images, we classified the face-on spiral galaxies brighter than g < 16.0 mag into galaxies with: an inner ring, an outer ring, a nuclear ring, both an inner and an outer ring, and a pseudo-ring. In addition to rings, we recorded morphological types and the existence of bars, lenses, and galaxy pair companions with or without interaction. With the goal of providing an appropriate quantification of the influence of rings on galaxy properties, we also constructed a suitable control sample of non-ringed galaxies with similar redshift, magnitude, morphology, and local density environment distributions to those of ringed ones.
Results. We found 1868 ringed galaxies, accounting for 22% of the full sample of spiral galaxies. In addition, within galaxies with ringed structures, 46% have an inner ring, 10% an outer ring, 20% both an inner and an outer ring, 6% a nuclear ring, and 18% a partial ring. Moreover, 64% of the ringed galaxies present bars. We also found that ringed galaxies have both a lower efficiency of star formation activity and older stellar populations (as derived with the Dn(4000) spectral index) with respect to non-ringed disk objects from the control sample. Moreover, there is a significant excess of ringed galaxies with red colors. These effects are more important for ringed galaxies that have inner rings and bars with respect to their counterparts that have some other types of rings and are non-barred. The color-magnitude and color-color diagrams show that ringed galaxies are mostly concentrated in the red region, while non-ringed spiral objects are more extended to the blue zone. Galaxies with ringed structures present an excess of high metallicity values compared to non-ringed ones, which show a 12 + Log(O/H) distribution toward lower values. These findings seem to indicate that rings are peculiar structures that produce an accelerating galactic evolution, strongly altering the physical properties of their host galaxies.
Inhalant Abuse of Ethyl Chloride Spray: A Case Report
Authors: Hager Laura , Kamp Felicia , Proebstl Lisa , Behle Nina , Pogarell Oliver , Koller Gabriele 
Published: July 2021

AbstractEthyl chloride spray, which is usually used to relieve pain after injuries, is
increasingly being used as a sniffing alternative. The number of people using
this is rising due to its easy availability, cost-effectiveness and legality.
The high lipid solubility of ethyl chloride leads to a rapid absorption of it in
the lungs. However, data on the biotransformation of ethyl chloride in humans
are sparse. We present the case of a 53-year-old male who had been inhaling
ethyl chloride up to 3 times a week since 25 years, and describe his symptoms
and the circumstances of abuse. This should help raise awareness of this issue
so that abuse can be recognized early and rapid action taken.
Semi-automated Conversion of Clinical Trial Legacy Data into CDISC SDTM Standards Format Using Supervised Machine Learning
Authors: Oda Takuma , Chiu Shih-Wei , Yamaguchi Takuhiro 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Objective This study aimed to develop a semi-automated process to convert legacy data into clinical data interchange standards consortium (CDISC) study data tabulation model (SDTM) format by combining human verification and three methods: data normalization; feature extraction by distributed representation of dataset names, variable names, and variable labels; and supervised machine learning.
Materials and Methods Variable labels, dataset names, variable names, and values of legacy data were used as machine learning features. Because most of these data are string data, they had been converted to a distributed representation to make them usable as machine learning features. For this purpose, we utilized the following methods for distributed representation: Gestalt pattern matching, cosine similarity after vectorization by Doc2vec, and vectorization by Doc2vec. In this study, we examined five algorithms—namely decision tree, random forest, gradient boosting, neural network, and an ensemble that combines the four algorithms—to identify the one that could generate the best prediction model.
Results The accuracy rate was highest for the neural network, and the distribution of prediction probabilities also showed a split between the correct and incorrect distributions. By combining human verification and the three methods, we were able to semi-automatically convert legacy data into the CDISC SDTM format.
Conclusion By combining human verification and the three methods, we have successfully developed a semi-automated process to convert legacy data into the CDISC SDTM format; this process is more efficient than the conventional fully manual process.
An Analysis of Disorders Presenting at a Pediatric Neurology Outpatient Clinic: A Report from Turkey
Authors: Sarıkaya Emre , Yavuz Halûk 
Published: July 2021

AbstractNeurological problems constitute an important part of diseases in children. Studies evaluating neurological diseases in children collectively and reporting their types and rates are very few. We report the clinical and laboratory spectra of children presenting with neurological diseases to our clinic. The charts of patients who presented for the first time to the only pediatric neurology outpatient clinic in the region during a year were evaluated retrospectively. A total of 88,785 patients were seen at the Meram Faculty of Medicine pediatric outpatient clinics in 1 year; 5.5% (4,904) of these patients were seen at the child neurology clinic and 1,807 patients (36.8%) were seen for the initial evaluation. Medical charts of 1,685 (93.2%) patients were reviewed: 952 (56.5%) were male patients and 733 were females. The mean age was 5.77 ± 4.92 years; 30.9% of the patients had a similar disease in the family. The top three presenting complaints that led to hospital seen were seizures (12.2%), paroxysmal events (10%), and headaches (9.2%). The most common diagnoses were epilepsy (18%), headache (8.6%), and developmental delay (7.8%). Our study describes the characteristics of the large number of patients seen for the first time in the child neurology outpatient clinic.
Observational Study on the Effect of Duration from Pediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS) Certification on PALS Performance in Pediatric Interns in Simulated Cardiopulmonary Arrest
Authors: Tofil Nancy M. , Gaither Stacy L. , Cohen Charli , Norwood Carrie , Zinkan Jerry Lynn , Raju Sai S. , Rutledge Chrystal 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPediatric advanced life support (PALS) training is critical for pediatric residents. It is unclear how well PALS skills are developed during this course or maintained overtime. This study evaluated PALS skills of pediatric interns using a validated PALS performance score following their initial PALS certification. All pediatric interns were invited to a 45-minute rapid cycle deliberate practice (RCDP) training session following their initial PALS certification from July 2017 to June 2019. The PALS score and times for key events were recorded for participants prior to RCDP training. We then compared performance scores for those who took PALS ≥3 months, between 3 days to 3 months and 3 days after PALS. There were 72 participants, 30 (of 30) in 3 days, 18 in 3 days to 3 months, and 24 in ≥3 months groups (42 total of 52 residents, 81%). The average PALS performance score was 53 ± 20%. There was no significant difference between the groups (3 days, 53 ± 15%; 3 days–3 months, 51 ± 19%; ≥3 months, 54 ± 26%, p = 0.922). Chest compressions started later in the ≥3 months groups compared with the 3 days or ≤3 months groups (p = 0.036). Time to defibrillation was longer in the 3 days group than the other groups (p = 0.008). Defibrillation was asked for in 3 days group at 97%, 73% in 3 days to 3 months and 68% in ≥3 months groups. PALS performance skills were poor in pediatric interns after PALS certification and was unchanged regardless of when training occurred. Our study supports the importance of supplemental resuscitation training in addition to the traditional PALS course.
Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy: Current Perspectives
Authors: L'Heveder Ariadne , Jones Benjamin P. , Naja Roy , Serhal Paul , Nagi Jara Ben 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDespite improvements in assisted reproduction techniques (ARTs), live birth rates remain suboptimal, particularly in women with advanced maternal age (AMA). The leading cause of poor reproductive outcomes demonstrated in women with AMA, as well as women with recurrent miscarriage and repetitive implantation failure, is thought to be due to high rates of embryonic aneuploidy. Preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidies (PGT-A) aims to select an euploid embryo for transfer and therefore improve ART outcomes. Early PGT-A studies using fluorescent in situ hybridization on mainly cleavage-stage biopsies failed to show improved delivery rates and, in certain cases, were even found to be harmful. However, the development of comprehensive chromosome screening, as well as improvements in culture media and vitrification techniques, has resulted in an emerging body of evidence in favor of PGT-A, demonstrating higher implantation, pregnancy, and live birth rates. While there are concerns regarding the potential harm of invasive biopsy and the cost implications of PGT-A, the introduction of noninvasive techniques and the development of new high-throughput methods which lower costs are tackling these issues. This review aims to assess the evidence for PGT-A, address possible concerns regarding PGT-A, and also explore the future direction of this technology.
What rules? Framing the governance of artificial agency
Authors: Gahnberg Carl 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACTArtificial Intelligence (AI) is not new, but recent years have seen a growing concern about the technology’s political, economic and social impact, including debates about its governance. This paper describes how an analysis of the technology’s governance should build on the understanding of AI as the creation of artificial agents, and that the challenge that governance seeks to address is best understood as one of material agency. It describes how relevant rules can be systematically analyzed across different applications by considering the fundamental properties of artificial agents. The paper concludes by describing how the framework can be applied for further governance studies, and as a means to bridge insights across social science and technical perspectives on AI.
Hermetic chip-scale packaging using Au:Sn eutectic bonding for implantable devices
Authors: Szostak Katarzyna M , Keshavarz Meysam , Constandinou Timothy G 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Advancements in miniaturisation and new capabilities of implantable devices impose a need for the development of compact, hermetic, and CMOS-compatible micro packaging methods. Gold-tin-based eutectic bonding presents the potential for achieving low-footprint seals with low permeability to moisture at process temperatures below 350 ∘C. This work describes a method for the deposition of Au:Sn eutectic alloy frames by sequential electroplating from commercially available solutions. Frames were bonded on the chip-level in the process of eutectic bonding. Bond quality was characterised through shear force measurements, scanning electron microscopy, visual inspection, and immersion tests. Characterisation of seals geometry, solder thickness, and bonding process parameters was evaluated, along with toxicity assessment of bonding layers to the human fibroblast cells. With a successful bond yield of over 70% and no cytotoxic effect, Au:Sn eutectic bonding appears as a suitable method for the protection of integrated circuitry in implantable applications.
Efficiency large deviation function of quantum heat engines
Authors: Denzler Tobias , Lutz Eric 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The efficiency of small thermal machines is typically a fluctuating quantity. We here study the efficiency large deviation properties of two exemplary quantum heat engines, the harmonic oscillator and the two-level Otto motors. To this end, we analytically compute their joint characteristic functions for heat and work based on the two-projective-measurement approach. We investigate work–heat correlations within the respective engine cycles and find, for generic scale-invariant quantum heat engines, that work and heat are perfectly anticorrelated for adiabatic driving. In this limit, the effects of thermal as well as quantum fluctuations are suppressed, the large deviation functions are singular and the stochastic efficiency is equal to the macroscopic efficiency.
Crystallinity characterization of white matter in the human brain
Authors: Teich Erin G , Cieslak Matthew , Giesbrecht Barry , Vettel Jean M , Grafton Scott T , Satterthwaite Theodore D , Bassett Danielle S 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Human brain tissue is a heterogeneous material, consisting of soft outer grey matter tethered internally by stiffer cords of white matter. These white matter tracts conduct electrical impulses between grey matter regions, thereby underpinning neuronal communication. Understanding the material properties of white matter is thus crucial for understanding brain function generally. Efforts to assess white matter microstructure are currently hampered by the inherent limitations of reconstruction by diffusion imaging. Techniques typically represent white matter structures with single scalars that are often difficult to interpret. Here, we address these issues by introducing tools from materials physics for the characterization of white matter microstructure. We investigate structure on a mesoscopic scale by analyzing its homogeneity and determining which regions of the brain are structurally homogeneous, or ‘crystalline’ in the context of materials physics. We find that crystallinity provides novel information and varies across the brain along interpretable lines of anatomical difference, with highest homogeneity in regions adjacent to the corpus callosum, a large interhemispheric tract. Furthermore, crystallinity is markedly reliable across iterative measurement, yet also varies between individual human volunteers, making it potentially useful for examining individual differences in white matter along several dimensions including sex and age. We also parcellate white matter into ‘crystal grains’, or contiguous sets of voxels of high structural similarity, and find overlap with a common atlas of distinct white matter areas. Finally, we characterize the shapes of individual diffusion signatures through another tool from materials physics—bond-orientational order parameters—to locate fiber crossings and fascicles. Our results provide new means of assessing white matter microstructure on multiple length scales, and open multiple avenues of future inquiry involving soft matter physics and neuroscience.
Evanescent wave induced polarization-insensitive self-organization of stratified single-negative materials
Authors: Cui Liyong , Yin Hang 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Optical fields can induce optical forces between macroscopic objects, giving rise to different structures. Through rigorous calculation, we show that a collection of single negative slabs which possesses either negative permittivity or negative permeability (i.e. ε < 0, μ > 0 or ε > 0, μ < 0) in water can be self-organized into one-dimensional photonic crystals, due to the coupling of propagating wave and evanescent wave. We further demonstrated that the optical binding is irrespective of the polarization and angle of the incident plane wave. We call such a phenomenon—polarization-insensitive optical binding. We also demonstrate that polarization-insensitive optical binding can be achieved on microscale and millimeter scale. Polarization and angle insensitive band edge is the key to achieve polarization and angle insensitive optical binding. This work provides a new strategy to tailor the photonic crystals containing single negative materials towards the development of fine-tuning optical devices.
Markov chain Monte Carlo analyses of the flux ratios of B, Be and Li with the DRAGON2 code
Authors: De La Torre Luque P. , Mazziotta M.N. , Loparco F. , Gargano F. , Serini D. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Recent cosmic-ray measurements are challenging our models of propagation in the Galaxy. A good characterization of the secondary cosmic rays (B, Be, Li and sub-iron species) is crucial to constrain these models and exploit the precision of modern CR experiments. In this work, a Markov chain Monte Carlo analysis has been implemented to fit the experimental flux ratios between B, Be and Li and their flux ratios to the primary cosmic-ray nuclei C and O. We have fitted the data using two different parametrizations for the spallation cross sections. The uncertainties in the evaluation of the spectra of these secondary cosmic rays, due to spallation cross sections, have been taken into account by introducing scale factors as nuisance parameters in the fits, assuming that this uncertainty is mostly due to the normalization of the cross sections parametrizations. We have also tested two different formulations for the diffusion coefficient, which differ in the origin of the high energy hardening (∼ 200 GeV/n) of cosmic rays. Additionally, two different approaches are used to scale the cross sections, one based on a combined analysis of all the species (“combined” analysis) and the other reproducing the high energy spectra of the secondary-to-secondary flux ratios of Be/B, Li/B, Li/Be (“scaled” analysis). This allows us to make a better comparison between the propagation parameters inferred from the cross sections parametrizations tested in this work. This novel analysis has been successfully implemented using the numerical code DRAGON2 dedicated to cosmic-ray propagation to reproduce the cosmic-ray nuclei data up to Z=14 from the AMS-02 experiment.
In general, it is found that the ratios of Li favor a harder spectral index of the diffusion coefficient, but compatible with the other ratios inside the observed 2σ uncertainties. In addition, it is shown that, including these scale factors, the secondary-to-primary flux ratios can be simultaneously reproduced, obtaining that the scale factor associated to the cross sections of boron production is the lowest one, whereas that associated to Li production is the largest one.
Muon metrology and positioning: the POMME experiment
Authors: Procureur S. , Attié D. , Gomez H. , Lehuraux M. , Magnier P. , Mandjavidze I. , Mas P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
A muon metrology experiment is presented: two distant muon detection systems are used in coincidence to detect these particles originating from primary cosmic rays. The excellent spatial resolution of the Micromegas detectors allows for a precise relative positioning of the two instruments. The current setup can be used to monitor mid- or long-term deformations of a structure down to sub-millimeter resolution. It could also be employed to roughly position a distant structure with single muon detection, a typical example being an underground cavity whose position with respect to the surface is poorly known.
Construction and simulation bias study of the guide Tube Calibration System for JUNO
Authors: Guo Yuhang , Zhu Kangfu , Zhang Qingmin , Zhang Feiyang , Meng Yue , Liu Jianglai , Qu Eryuan 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
A Guide Tube Calibration System (GTCS) has been designed for the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO), in order to measure the detector energy response near the outer radius of the active volume. Recently, a prototype system has been constructed and tested, and the calibration algorithm has also been studied to evaluate the risk when the simulation tuning and the error control fail.
In this paper, we first report its construction and the performance tests in the lab. Then the influence on the global energy measurement caused by the simulation bias of GTCS is discussed, in order to make sure the algorithm is qualified.