bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
When we look at the supervisor image in the mirror, what do we see? The supervisors' mirror image regarding doctoral supervision
Authors: Coutinho Isabel Ribau 
Published: March 2021

Studies regarding doctoral education can focus the PhD student, the supervisor, higher education institution (policy, curriculum, professional career support, culture, among others). PhD students, supervisors and higher education institution, constitute three keys for the same door (doctoral education), and without one of them, the door can´t be well open. Choose which of them should be analyzed is the researcher responsibility, as present data and look carefully to it. During the last years' doctoral education and the doctoral supervision process at UNL as been studied, looking to PhD students, supervisors and institution [1-5].
In the present research, the focus is on supervisor perception. It is important to know supervisor opinion, to attempt and captures their perceptions regarding the doctoral supervision process. When the supervisor thinks and responds to surveys regarding supervision, he/she is presenting an image of himself/herself.
This study occurred among the PhD supervisor population at a Science engineering school (Faculdade de Ciências Tecnologia) at Universidade Nova de Lisboa, a Portuguese Higher education institution, with a footprint in the research area. It was possible to capture the image that reflected in the mirror when the supervisor looked. The unexpected image reflected is of a researcher and not a supervisor. When they look to their doctorates, they generally see future technicians/ qualified workers and not a future researcher. Nonetheless, they consider that to finish the PhD, doctorates have to acquire the research profile. This mismatch is consistent with the reality, where attrition exists and many students think to live the academy after the enrollment in the PhD.
The Less Said The Better: Dewey, Neurath, and Mid-Century Theories of Truth
Authors: Capps John 
Published: March 2021

AbstractJohn Dewey’s theory of truth is widely viewed as proposing to substitute “warranted assertibility” for “truth,” a proposal that has faced serious objections since the late 1930s. By examining Dewey’s theory in its historical context – and, in particular, by drawing parallels with Otto Neurath’s concurrent attempts to develop a non-correspondence, non-formal theory of truth – I aim to shed light on Dewey’s underlying objectives. Dewey and Neurath were well-known to each other and, as their writing and correspondence make clear, they took similar paths over the mid-century philosophical terrain. I conclude that Dewey’s account of truth is more principled, and more relevant to historical debates, than it first appears.
Entrenchment effects in code-mixing: individual differences in German-English bilingual children
Authors: Quick Antje Endesfelder , Backus Ad , Lieven Elena 
Published: March 2021

AbstractFollowing a usage-based approach to language acquisition, lexically specific patterns are considered to be important building blocks for language productivity and feature heavily both in child-directed speech and in the early speech of children (Arnon, Inbal & Morten H. Christiansen. 2017. The role of multiword building blocks in explaining L1-L2 differences.Topics in Cognitive Science9(3). 621–636; Tomasello, Michael. 2003.Constructing a language: A usage-based theory of language acquisition. Cambridge: Harvard University Press). In order to account for patterns, the traceback method has been widely applied in research on first language acquisition to test the hypothesis that children’s utterances can be accounted for on the basis of a limited inventory of chunks and partially schematic units (Lieven, Elena, Dorothé Salomo & Michael Tomasello. 2009. Two-year-old children’s production of multiword utterances: A usage-based analysis.Cognitive Linguistics20(3). 481–508). In the current study, we applied the method to code-mixed utterances (n = 1,506) of three German-English bilingual children between 2 and 4 years of age to investigate individual differences in each child’s own inventory of patterns in relation to their input settings. It was shown that units such asI see Xas inI see a Kelle‘I see a trowel’ could be traced back to the child’s own previous productions. More importantly, we see that each child’s inventory of constructions draws heavily on multiword chunks that are strongly dependent on the children’s language input situations.
Effects of Expanded Graphite, Aluminum Hydroxide, and Kaolin on Flame Retardancy and Smoke Suppression of Polyurethane Composites
Authors: Cao Q. , Cao Q.-G. , Qiu X.-X. , Song J. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Polyurethane is a widely used polymer that has good abrasion resistance and low-temperature resistance. However, polyurethane composite materials are highly inflammable and thus require the use of flame retardants. This study selected green and environment-friendly flame retardants such as expanded graphite, aluminum hydroxide, and kaolin to be used as individual or paired retardants to produce polyurethane composites. By analyzing the potential and mechanical properties of the polyurethane composites, it was found that the composite material with the flame retardant composed of graphite and modified kaolin had better flame retardancy, smoke suppression performance, and high thermal stability.
Effects of Hydrothermal Seawater Aging on the Mechanical Properties and Water Absorption of Glass/Aramid/Epoxy Hybrid Composites
Authors: Oğuz Z. A. , Erkliğ A. , Bozkurt Ö. Y. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
With the increase in the diversity of applications, the effect of environmental conditions on the mechanical properties of polymeric composites have become more valuable due to the sensitivity of polymers to aging. In this study, an experimental investigation was carried out to study the seawater aging effect on the flexural and low-velocity impact behavior of glass/aramid/ epoxy hybrid composites. Four types of composite groups that are [G6]S, [A6]S, [G3A3]S, [A3G3]S manufactured by vacuum infusion method were immersed in seawater at 25 °C and 70°C for 1000 h. Mechanical tests were conducted under three different conditions, namely, dry, wet, re-dried. As temperature increases, the water gain ratio also increases for all composite groups. Flexural strength was significantly reduced with seawater absorption for the wet state tested groups at each temperature. The reductions in flexural strength of the re-dried test groups are less than in the wet state test samples. Charpy test results showed that as the composite groups were exposed to hydrothermal aging, the impact strength of the plain glass/ epoxy, GAG/epoxy, and AGA/epoxy hybrid composite decreased. SEM analysis showed that as temperature increases, delamination and fiber/matrix cracks also increases.
Accurate Simulation of the Four Modes of Post-Die Extrudate Shape Distortion
Authors: Gupta M. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A combined flow, thermal and structural analysis is employed to simulate post-die extrudate distortion in different profile dies. All four factors which can cause extrudate distortion, namely, nonuniform exit velocity distribution, extrudate shrinkage, extrudate draw down, and deformed shape of the calibrator or sizer profile, are simulated. To analyze the effect of exit velocity variation on extrudate distortion, the parameterized geometry of a simple profile die is optimized using an extrusion die optimization software. The simulation results presented for a bi-layer profile die successfully demonstrate how gradually changing profile shape in successive calibrators/sizers can be used to simplify the die design for extrusion of complex profiles. The predicted extrudate shape and layer structure for the bi-layer die are found to accurately match with those in the extruded product.
A reduced basis method for fractional diffusion operators II
Authors: Danczul Tobias , Schöberl Joachim 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We present a novel numerical scheme to approximate the solution map s ↦ u(s) := 𝓛–s

f to fractional PDEs involving elliptic operators. Reinterpreting 𝓛–s
as an interpolation operator allows us to write u(s) as an integral including solutions to a parametrized family of local PDEs. We propose a reduced basis strategy on top of a finite element method to approximate its integrand. Unlike prior works, we deduce the choice of snapshots for the reduced basis procedure analytically. The integral is interpreted in a spectral setting to evaluate the surrogate directly. Its computation boils down to a matrix approximation L of the operator whose inverse is projected to the s-independent reduced space, where explicit diagonalization is feasible. Exponential convergence rates are proven rigorously.
A second algorithm is presented to avoid inversion of L. Instead, we directly project the matrix to the subspace, where its negative fractional power is evaluated. A numerical comparison with the predecessor highlights its competitive performance.
Ligand isomerism in Pt(II) complexes – structural aspects
Authors: Melník Milan , Mikuš Peter 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This review has focused on ligand isomers in Pt(II) complexes. There are a variety of inner coordination spheres about the platinum(II) atom (PtN4, PtN2Cl2, PtP2Cl2, PtPNC2, PtPNCl2, PtP2CBr, PtP2CS), build up by mono- and bidentate ligands. The bidentate ligands create a variety of metallocyclic rings. The L–Pt–L bite angle (mean values) open in the sequence: 73.1° (PNP) < 78.7° (NC2C) < 80.4° (NC2N) < 86.4° (PC2P) < 86.7° (PNNP) < 93.0° (CC3S). There are three types of isomers: ligand, mixed – (ligand + distortion), and mixed – (ligand + cis-trans), isomers, which are rarity.
Die Kolonialität der Moderne: Koloniale Zeitlichkeit und die Internalisierung der Idee der ‚Rückständigkeit‘ in China.
Authors: Meinhof Marius 
Published: March 2021

ZusammenfassungDieser Aufsatz diskutiert die kolonialen Fundamente der Diskurse um Moderne und Rückständigkeit im China des späten 19ten und des 20ten Jahrhunderts aus der Perspektive der postkolonialen Soziologie. Nach dem sino-japanischem Krieg, geprägt durch den Kontext des westlichen und japanischen Kolonialismus, entstanden in China Diskurse, die Chinas Schwäche zu erklären und Dekolonisierungsstrategien auf neue Weise zu formulieren versuchten. Diese Diskurse reproduzierten eine koloniale Vorstellung von Zeitlichkeit, die Orte und Menschen in modern und rückständig klassifizierte. Diese Reproduktion kolonialer Zeitlichkeit in China basierte allerdings nicht einfach auf einer Diffusion westlicher Diskurse nach China, sondern fand in neuen chinesischen Theorien statt, die in einem komplexen, asymmetrischen Verflechtungsprozess entstanden. Dennoch wurden dabei koloniale Weltbilder, insbesondere die Idee der Rückständigkeit der Kolonisierten, von chinesischen Autor*innen koproduziert. Koloniale Zeitlichkeit prägte, wie gezeigt werden wird, Diskurse und Erfahrungen der chinesischen Moderne, und sie ermöglichte es, Kolonialität tief in die eigentlich antikolonialen Modernisierungsbemühungen der Republik China einzuschreiben.
Changes in Family Poverty Status and Child Health
Authors: Yang-Huang Junwen , van Grieken Amy , You Yueyue , Jaddoe Vincent W.V. , Steegers Eric A. , Duijts Liesbeth , Boelens Mirte , Jansen Wilma , Raat Hein 
Published: March 2021

OBJECTIVES:
In this study, we aim to assess the associations over time between poverty and child weight status, asthma, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL).

METHODS:
We analyzed data for 3968 children from the Generation R Study, a population-based cohort study in the Netherlands. Net household income and the number of adults and children living from this income were measured at 4 time-points (during pregnancy and at ages 2, 3, and 6). Poverty was defined on the basis of the equivalized household income being &lt;60% of the median national income. Child health outcomes were measured at age 6 years. The association was explored by using logistic and linear regression models.

RESULTS:
In this cohort, 9.8% of children were born into poverty and 6.0% had experienced 3 to 4 episodes of poverty. Independent of current poverty status, children born into poverty had an odds ratio (OR) of 1.68 for having overweight/obesity and a lower physical HRQoL (β = −1.32) than those not born into poverty. Children having experienced 3 to 4 episodes of poverty had an OR of 1.94 for having asthma and a lower physical HRQoL (β = −3.32) compared with children from never-poor families. Transition out of poverty before age 2 was associated with lower risk of asthma and a higher physical HRQoL compared with children who remained in poverty.

CONCLUSIONS:
Being born into poverty or experiencing multiple episodes of poverty is associated with negative child health outcomes, such as having overweight, asthma, or a lower HRQoL. Support for children and families with a low household income is warranted.
Differences in Lifetime Earning Potential for Pediatric Subspecialists
Authors: Catenaccio Eva , Rochlin Jonathan M. , Simon Harold K. 
Published: March 2021

OBJECTIVES:
Our 2011 report, reflecting data from 2007–2008, demonstrated that, for many pediatric subspecialties, pursuing fellowship training was a negative financial decision when compared with practicing as a general pediatrician. We provide an updated analysis on the financial impact of pediatric fellowship training and model interventions that can influence the results.

METHODS:
We estimated the financial returns a graduating pediatric resident might anticipate from fellowship training followed by a career as a pediatric subspecialist and compared them with the returns expected from starting a career as a general pediatrician immediately after residency. We evaluated the potential effects of eliminating medical school debt, shortening the length of fellowship training, and implementing a federal loan repayment program for pediatric subspecialists. We compared the financial returns of subspecialty training in 2018–2019 to those from our previous report.

RESULTS:
Pursuing fellowship training generated widely variable financial returns when compared with general pediatrics that ranged from +$852 129 for cardiology to −$1 594 366 for adolescent medicine. Twelve of 15 subspecialties analyzed yielded negative financial returns. The differences have become more pronounced over time: the spread between the highest and lowest earning subspecialties widened from &gt;$1.4 million in 2007–2008 to &gt;$2.3 million in 2018–2019. The negative financial impact of fellowship training could be partially ameliorated by shortening the length of training or by implementing pediatric subspecialist specific loan repayment programs.

CONCLUSIONS:
This report can be used to help guide trainees, educators, and policy makers. The interventions discussed could help maintain an adequate and balanced pediatric workforce.
Copyright and Preservation of Born-digital Materials: Persistent Challenges and Selected Strategies
Authors: Fisher Katherine 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
This article surveys and analyzes archival literature and legal resources (primarily United States–focused) related to copyright considerations that archivists and other content managers must be aware of to effectively and legally maintain a collection of born-digital materials. These considerations include the centrality of copying to preservation actions, shifting definitions of ownership, unclear distinctions between published and unpublished content, digital rights management laws and technologies, and the layered copyrights that can exist in complex digital objects and their dependencies. Strategies for dealing with these challenges include securing rights ahead of time, adopting legal rationales related to orphan works and fair use, adapting practices from specialized digital preservation subfields, ensuring routine procedures adequately address copyright-related recordkeeping and risk management, and advocating for preservation-enabling copyright reforms. An examination of these issues and strategies in the context of current thinking about copyright suggests that while certain legal exceptions and existing rights frameworks can help to facilitate digital preservation activities, copyright will continue to be a barrier until significant reforms are enacted.
The Autologic Archive: Appraisal, Institutional Motives, and Essentializing Identity in Refugee and Asylum Application Narratives, In and Out of Fiction
Authors: Turner Alison 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
This article merges the postmodern critical thinking that scrutinizes bias and power in the formation of archival collections with the refugee and asylee resettlement process in the United States. It proposes that the theoretical accumulation of narratives recorded on applications for refugee and asylum status can be conceived of as a theoretical archive, physically boundless and spread across countries of origin, temporary host countries, and countries of resettlement. A postmodern-archivist lens helps to interrogate the implications of what Mireille Rosello calls the “problematic gap” separating what happened to a person and the narrative that is bureaucratically established during the application process; this article explores this “gap” by engaging fieldwork and scholarship from lawyers, field researchers, and humanitarians who critique how application narratives are recorded, processed, and preserved. It then turns to fiction from Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, Dinaw Mengestu, and Imbolo Mbue that inhabits this “problematic gap,” reading a character in each text as personification of the processes of appraisal, institutional motives, and essentialization of identity. These texts make visible ways in which the application narrative archive operates through what the author calls an “autologic function” that prioritizes familiar forms of narratives while determining who is eligible for refugee status. In turn, the article proposes that these fictional illustrations of autologic processes might inform archival projects focused on inclusion of marginalized communities.
Fate of Crude Oil in the Environment and Remediation of Oil Spills
Authors: Iskander Lauren , Khalil Charbel Abou , Boufadel Michel C. 
Published: March 2021

The world consumes approximately 5.1 billion tons of crude oil per year, with the United States and Saudi Arabia producing the largest shares [1]. Countries rely on various means for transporting crude oil [1, 2]. Large vessel/tankers transport oil at sea, while oil is transported inland via pipelines, railroads, trucks, and barges [2]. Unfortunately, some of the oil gets spilled into the ocean, freshwater bodies, and terrestrial ecosystems during its production, transportation, and use [3]. Usually, oil spills are caused by accidents involving tankers, barges, pipelines, refineries, drilling rigs, and storage facilities [3]. Small spills are frequent, but are handled by local responders. However, in the case of relatively large spills, known as spills of national significance, a national effort is needed to respond. Examples of large spills include the running aground of the Exxon Valdez in Alaska and the Deepwater Horizon blowout in the Gulf of Mexico. These spills triggered the application of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 and ensuing regulations [4-9]. When an oil spill reaches the shoreline, efforts are taken to remove as much of the oil as possible using physical means, such as water flushing [3]. When the oil content within sediments becomes too low, physical removal becomes inefficient and/or can lead to further damage [3]. In this situation, oil biodegradation, that is the degradation of oil mediated by microorganisms, becomes an important process to consider [10]. Beaches are bioremediated by monitoring and enhancing the biodegradation of oil. Critically understanding and analyzing oil biodegradation and remediation techniques allows for a better response by decision-makers. This paper first addresses the general chemical composition of oils and then covers the different physical and natural processes that can remove crude oil from beaches, with a focus on bioremediation.
Profile of gynecological malignancies after the start of gynecology oncology surgeries in Sikkim-experience from a tertiary hospital in North East India
Authors: Lucksom Pesona Grace , Thatal Annet , Tamang Zigmee Dorjee , Sharma Barun Kumar , Khalda Ezzat , Sherpa Mingma 
Published: March 2021

Background: North East is the “cancer capital” of India where there is acute lack of oncologists and oncology facilities. Objectives of the study were to evaluate the trends of gynecological malignancies and to evaluate the need for oncology facility in Sikkim.Methods: This is a retrospective desk review conducted in department of obstetrics and gynecology at Sikkim Manipal institute of medical sciences, India, for a period of three years after the start of oncology surgeries. Women operated for any gynecological malignancy were taken into the study while women referred outside for alternative treatment were excluded from the study.Results: A total 29 women with gynecological malignancies were operated during the 3-year period. Of the total, 17 (58%) were women operated for carcinoma ovary, 6 (21%) for cancer cervix and 6 (21%) for carcinoma uterus. Epithelial ovarian cancer was the most common ovarian cancer. 105 women with large complex ovarian masses were operated during the three-year period, however, only 17 women were diagnosed with cancer of which 8 women had stage I disease while 9 women had advanced disease (stage III-IV). 12 women underwent primary debulking surgery while 5 women underwent interval debulking surgery. Average age for cervical cancer was 48 years, average age for ovarian cancer was 46 years while 52 years was the average age for cancer uterus. Conclusions: High number of gynecological malignancies operated in the only center offering minimum oncological surgical facility points towards the need for a specialized center providing all the needs for treating oncology cases in Sikkim