bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE RISK OF LOW VITAMIN D IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PREECLAMPSIA
Authors: Sleman Shanga , Alsakkal Ghada , Khalaf Shayan 
Published: October 2021

Background
Preeclampsia is new-onset hypertension and proteinuria after 20 gestational weeks. A low vitamin D level is thought to associate with a higher risk of preeclampsia.
Objectives
We aimed to find the association of serum vitamin D levels with preeclampsia in our population, in which vitamin D deficiency is common.
Patients and Methods
A prospective cohort study was performed on 80 pregnant women who were admitted to Sulaimani Maternity Teaching Hospital, Sulaimani, Kurdistan, Iraq. The women were collected from October 1, 2019, to March 13, 2020. The women were randomly selected and enrolled into three groups according to their clinical features of preeclampsia; no features of preeclampsia, a mild degree of preeclampsia, and severe form of preeclampsia. The inclusion criterion was pregnant women, and exclusion criteria were women with a history of hypertension, history of proteinuria before pregnancy, and refusal to participate. Demographic features and detailed clinical examination were recorded. Also, the serum vitamin D (ng/dL) was measured by Cobas ® 6000 analyzer machine (F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd).
Results
The mean ± SD (standard deviation) of participants’ age was 31.33 ± 6.05 years, and there were no significant differences in demographic features among the three groups. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures among the three groups were significantly different. There was no significant association between pregnant women and serum vitamin D levels. However, all of the preeclamptic women had either deficient or insufficient serum vitamin D levels.
Conclusion
There was no significant association between serum vitamin D levels in pregnant women and the occurrence of preeclampsia.
RELATION OF THYROID FUNCTIONS WITH PULSE RATE, BLOOD PRESSURE, AND PULSE PRESSURE IN MILD SCH AND EUTHYROID SUBJECTS
Authors: Abdulateef Darya , Mahwi Taha , Omer Sherwan , Abdullah Shadan 
Published: October 2021

Background
Overt hypothyroidism affects the cardiovascular system and blood pressure regulation. There is controversy on the relation of subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) with the cardiovascular system, and this relation is not assessed yet in mild SCH (SCH with TSH < 10 mIU/L).
Objectives
To find differences in systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), pulse pressure, and pulse rate between mild SCH and Euthyroidism, furthermore to evaluate the relationship of these cardiovascular characteristics.
Methods
This prospective case-control study involved 186 participants; 43 mild SCH and 142 Euthyroid. The studied subjects were further subdivided into two groups according to age. Pulse rate and blood pressure (SDP and DBP) were measured, and mean and pulse pressure were calculated. The following biochemical parameters were measured; fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and thyroid function test (TFT; TSH, FT4, FT3, and anti-TPO antibody). The parameters were compared between SCH and Euthyroid groups using Student T-test and the correlation between variables was assessed using Pearson’s correlation, with a P-value ≤ of 0.05 is regarded as significant.
Results
The mean TSH level in the mild SCH group is 5.47 (0.89) mIU/L. Mild SCH has higher DBP compared to Euthyroid subjects (81.93 vs 77.64 mmHg), and in the age group of <35 years, each of the DBP, SBP, and mean pressure were higher in SCH compared to control individual, in this group, there is a significant inverse correlation between FT4 and DBP. And in subjects with >35 years significant inverse correlation exists between FT4 and mean pressure, P < 0.05. No significant association is present between TSH level and pulse rate, blood pressure, and pulse pressure.
Conclusion
Data of the present study revealed that even mild SCH, is associated with higher DBP compared to Euthyroid subjects and the FT4 level in the SCH has a negative correlation with DBP, while there was no significant correlation between pulse pressure, pulse rate with thyroid function test in subject with mild SCH. Follow-up of mild SCH subjects is recommended for blood pressure assessment.
BISHOP SCORE AND RISK OF HAVING CESAREAN DELIVERY AFTER INDUCTION OF LABOR IN NULLIPAROUS WOMEN
Authors: Ahmed Shokhan , Nasir Sallama 
Published: October 2021

Background
Induction of labor (IOL) refers to the stimulation or artificially initiating uterine contractions before its spontaneous onset, to effect progressive effacement and dilatation of the cervix and, ultimately, delivery of a baby. The Bishop’s Score also known as the cervical score is a pre-labor scoring system to assist in predicting the success of labor induction.
Objectives
To assess the outcome of induction of labor (whether vaginal delivery or Cesarean Section) concerning Bishop Score.
Patients and Methods
This is a prospective cohort study, conducted at Sulaimani maternity teaching hospital for 10months startingfrom 1st April 2019 till 30th of January 2020. The study included 152 pregnant nulliparous women with singleton viable fetus, cephalic presentation, and intact membranes with no medical disease who were admitted to hospital for induction of labor because of postdate pregnancy (gestational age> 40 weeks). The studied women were divided into two groups according to their Bishop Score on admission. Group (1) are women with Bishop Score < 6 who underwent Labour induction with 25 microgram misoprostol followed by oxytocin drip. Group (2) are womenwhose Bishop Score ≥ 6 underwent induction of labor by oxytocin drip. Women in both groups were followed up throughout induction till delivery and the outcome of labor was compared between the two groups.
Results
There was statistically significant association between the bishop score at time of induction and mode of delivery since (40.4%) of women in group (1) delivered by C/S and (59.6%) delivered vaginally, while the majority (80.9%) of women in group (2) had successful induction of labor and delivered vaginally and only 19.1% delivered by C/S, (P value = 0.005). The main cause of C/S in group(1)was failure of progress in first stage of labor (38.8%), followed by meconium stained liquor (27.7%) and fetal distress (25.2%). While for group (2), the main cause of C/S was meconium stained liquor (50.0%), followed by fetal distress (33.4%) .The difference was statistically highly significant (p-value =0.01) also the duration of labor was significantly related to bishop score, women with bishop score < 6 has longer duration of labor compared to women with bishop score ≥ 6 in spite of using misoprostol as a ripening agent (p- value=0.05).
Conclusion
Assessment of bishop score at the time of induction of labor can predict the outcome of induction. Nulliparous woman with a low bishop score (<6) at the time of IOL is at risk of failure of induction and delivery by C/S despite using cervical ripening agents.
HEPATITIS B VACCINATION AMONG DENTAL HEALTHCARE WORKERS IN ERBIL CITY
Authors: Lak Rebaz 
Published: October 2021

Background
Approximately 350–400 million people have been diagnosed with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) worldwide. It is assumed that dentists and dental staff can be infected and, simultaneously, transmit the virus to their patients more easily comparing to other professions
Objectives
This study aimed to identify the status of hepatitis B vaccination among health personnel working in the dentistry field and define their risky behaviors in daily practice
Methods
In this cross-sectional study, a self-administered questionnaire was filled by the respondents between November 2019 and January 2020. To ensure the representativeness of the sample and generalization of the results, a cluster sampling method was performed to select the study sample, and three out of the five dental polyclinic centers were selected.
Results
Two-thirds (66.4%) of the subjects received the three full doses or more of the vaccine while one-third (33.6%) of them either did not receive the vaccine at all or have received incomplete doses of the recommended schedule. The majority of the respondents (85.8%) reported some sort of mucocutaneous injuries, including needle sticks or syringes and sharp cuts. There was a statistically significant association between vaccination status and dental centers, departments, occupation of the dental healthcare workers and p values were less than 0.005.
Conclusion
Suboptimal vaccination coverage combined with a high proportion of exposure to injuries and discrepancies in vaccination rates among different dental centers, departments and specialties mandate the health authority to improve vaccination coverage and target unvaccinated and at-risk personnel.
Reimagining the relationship between Legal Capability and the Capabilities Approach
Authors: Watkins Dawn 
Published: October 2021

Within the literature on public legal education and legal capability, it is commonly stated that the concept of legal capability is closely related to the capabilities approach. This paper critically examines the nature of this relationship and in Part I seeks to demonstrate that whilst they share some broad affinity, the relationship between legal capability and the capabilities approach is currently disparate in both conceptual and practical terms. In Part II, the paper goes on to consider what might happen if this relationship is reimagined and the two fields brought closer together. Aspects of this reimagining are considered in turn under three headings: emphasising choice and opportunity, broadening perspective and promoting participatory approaches. The paper concludes by summarising the potential advantages and disadvantages of this proposed reimagining, and by raising questions as to whether the implications of establishing a closer relationship between legal capability and the capabilities approach warrant further exploration, or whether it is preferable for the distance to be maintained.
Promising Protective Effects of Chrysin in Cardiometabolic Diseases
Authors: Talebi Marjan , Talebi Mohsen , Farkhondeh Tahereh , Simal-Gandara Jesus , Kopustinskiene Dalia M. , Bernatoniene Jurga , Pourbagher-Shahri Ali Mohammad , Samarghandian Saeed 
Published: October 2021

:
Cardiometabolic diseases (CMD) have caused a great burden in terms of morbidity and
mortality worldwide. The vicious cycle of CMD consists of type II diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia,
obesity, and atherosclerosis. They have interlinked pathways, interacting and interconnecting
with each other. The natural flavonoid chrysin has been shown to possess a broad spectrum of
therapeutic activities for human health. Herein, we did an in-depth investigation of the novel mechanisms
of chrysin’s cardioprotection against cardiometabolic disorders. Studies have shown that
chrysin protects the cardiovascular system by enhancing the intrinsic antioxidative defense system.
This antioxidant property enhanced by chrysin protects against several risk factors of cardiometabolic
disorders, including atherosclerosis, vascular inflammation and dysfunction, platelet
aggregation, hypertension, dyslipidemia, cardiotoxicity, myocardial infarction, injury, and remodeling,
diabetes-induced injuries, and obesity. Chrysin also exhibited anti-inflammatory mechanisms
through inhibiting pro-inflammatory pathways, including NF-κB, MAPK, and PI3k/Akt. Furthermore,
chrysin modulated NO, RAS, AGE/RAGE, and PPARs pathways which contributed to the
risk factors of cardiometabolic disorders. Taken together, the mechanisms in which chrysin protects
against cardiometabolic disorder are more than merely antioxidation and anti-inflammation in
the cardiovascular system.
Formulation and Characterization of Rutin Loaded Chitosan-alginate Nanoparticles: Antidiabetic and Cytotoxicity Studies
Authors: Palei Narahari N. , Surendran Vijayaraj 
Published: October 2021

Background:
The rutin loaded chitosan-alginate nanoparticles (RCANP) were prepared
using an ion gelation method. The optimized RCANP4 formulation composed of rutin: alginate:
chitosan with the ratio of 1.24:5:2. The particle size, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency of
RCANP4 formulation were found to be 168.4 ± 11.23 nm, -24.7 ± 1.5 mV, and 91.23 ± 1.1%, respectively.
The in vitro drug release of RCANP4 formulation was found to be 88.89 ± 2.9% within
24 h. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) of RCANP4 revealed all characteristic
groups of rutin, confirming the successful loading of rutin into the nanoparticles.

Methods:
Due to rutin entrapment in the chitosan sodium alginate matrix, a broad curve was observed
in the Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) study of RCANP4. The RCANP4 was
found to be uniform and spherical revealed from Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission
Electron Microscopy (TEM). RCANP4 showed 3.54 times more bioavailability than free
rutin, resulting in more internalization of rutin in systemic circulation. The results of plasma glucose
levels of diabetic rats administered with RCANP4 and rutin were evident that RCANP4
showed effective antidiabetic activity compared to rutin.

Results:
The results obtained for glucose uptake in HepG2 cells, the RCANP4 caused a significant
(P < 0.05) increase in glucose uptake in contrast to rutin. In vitro cytotoxicity results explained that
RCANP4 could significantly (P < 0.05) reduce the cells viability rate compared with rutin. It may
be due to the internalization of RCANP4 formulations in systemic circulation.

Conclusion:
The results also showed that RCANP4 could significantly reduce cell viability over
24 h and 48 h compared to free rutin.
An Evidence Map on Serious Games in Preventing Sexually Transmitted Infections Among Adolescents: Systematic Review About Outcome Categories Investigated in Primary Studies
Authors: Ilskens Karina , Wrona Kamil J , Dockweiler Christoph , Fischer Florian 
Published: October 2021

Background
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) represent a global health risk. Adolescents are at increased risk of infection for several reasons such as lack of knowledge, risky sexual behaviors, and lack of behavioral sills (eg, to negotiate safer sex). Given the fact that adolescents often use digital media and that serious games are considered to have the potential to change knowledge, attitudes and behavior, serious games represent an opportunity for the prevention of STIs.

Objective
The aim of this systematic review was to identify and systematically summarize the dimensions that have been investigated in primary studies on serious games targeting STI prevention among adolescents.

Methods
A systematic review was conducted in PubMed and Web of Science. Studies published from 2009 to 2021 were included that assessed the effectiveness of serious games on adolescent sexual health. A total of 18 studies met the inclusion criteria and were categorized according to dimensions of effectiveness and user experience.

Results
Various dimensions of effectiveness and aspects of user experience were investigated in the primary studies. In total, 9 dimensions of effectiveness were observed: sexual behavior, behavioral intentions, knowledge, attitudes and beliefs, self-efficacy and personal limitations, character traits and future orientation, environmental and individual risk factors, risk perception and risk assessment, as well as normative beliefs and (social) norms. Furthermore, several dimensions related to user experience were investigated in primary studies, that is, motivation, acceptability, trustworthiness, comprehensibility, handling and control, perceived effectiveness, as well as satisfaction.

Conclusions
This review provides an overview of serious games interventions that are vastly different in approach, content, and even platform. In previous studies, knowledge has already been comprehensively assessed, and a positive influence of serious games on knowledge about sexual topics is evident. The results clearly show that adolescents’ sexual knowledge has been increased by the serious games interventions. However, methodological and content differences in the surveys make it difficult to draw conclusions about the effectiveness related to changes in attitudes and behavior.
Spiders (Araneae) as a component of ground-dwelling animal assemblages of the energy crop fields in northern Bukovyna (Ukraine)
Authors: Tymchuk Kateryna , Polchaninova Nina , Zhuk Alina , Leheta Uliana , Voloshyn Volodymyr , Fedorіak Mariia 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Energy cropping has positive effect only if considering and mitigating potential biodiversity loss in agroecosystems. While investigating ground-dwelling animal assemblages in experimental fields of miscanthus and switchgrass in comparison with a legume-grass mixture and an abandoned field, we found low abundance and taxon diversity of the energy crops assemblages. Spiders comprised 3.3‒3.8% of collected arthropods in the switchgrass and miscanthus and 8.3‒10.1% in the abandoned field and grass mixture. Forty-seven spider species were collected: 14 species in the miscanthus field, 18 in the switchgrass, 23 in the grass mixture and 31 in the abandoned field. Spider diversity was the lowest in the miscanthus, while the number of specimens was minimal in the switchgrass. According to our findings, energy crops hosted poor spider assemblages with no species found exclusively in these habitats. To mitigate the negative impact of biofuel production on biodiversity, we recommend preserving areas of semi-natural vegetation in the agricultural landscape.
Does Seabird Colony Size Determine The Physiochemical Properties Of Island Soils?
Authors: Hussein Alaa Ali , Benhamiche-Hanifi Samira , Baaloudj Affef , Moulaï Riadh 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Many species of gulls have expanded their range worldwide and massively occupied coastal islands. These colonisations have not only affected the biotic interactions among seabird colonies, but also altered the soil chemistry through excrement accumulation. To test whether the seabird colony size determines nutrient levels of island soil, we carried out a field study during a breeding season on six Mediterranean islands in central North Algeria which harbour different population sizes of the yellow-legged gull (Larus michahellis). We sampled the soil and measured a suite of physical (area, floral richness, clay, fine silt, large silt, fine sand and large sand content) and chemical (pH, electric conductivity, limestone, organic matter, N, P, Ca, Mg, K and Na) properties and the colony size and density of the yellow-legged gull. Using principal component analysis, we found that the six islands showed some physicochemical similarities, but island area, colony size and soil N and P levels structured the islands into different groups. Although there was evidence of a positive relationship between colony size and N and P soil levels, this relationship was not linear. Our results suggest that historical rather than punctual data on the colony size of seabirds might give more robust predictions of soil physicochemistry of islands.
Land use land cover mapping using advanced machine learning classifiers
Authors: Jamali Ali 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Due to the recent climate changes such as floods and droughts, there is a need for Land Use Land Cover (LULC) mapping to monitor environmental changes that have effects on ecology, policy management, health and disaster management. As such, in this study, two well-known machine learning classifiers, namely, Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Random Forest (RF), are used for land cover mapping. In addition, two advanced deep learning algorithms, namely, the GAMLP and FSMLP, that are based on the Multi-layer Perceptron (MLP) function are developed in MATLAB programming language. The GAMLP uses a Genetic Algorithm (GA) to optimise parameters of the MLP function and, on the other hand, the FSMLP uses a derivative-free function for optimisation of the MLP function parameters. Three different scenarios using Landsat-8 imagery with spatial resolutions of 30 and 15 m are defined to investigate the effects of data pre-processing on the final predicted LULC map. Results based on the statistical indices, including overall accuracy (OA) and kappa index, show that the developed MLP-based algorithms have relatively high accuracies with higher than 98% correct classification. Besides the statistical indices, final LULC maps are interpreted visually where the GAMLP and FSMLP give the best results for the pre-processed Landsat-8 imagery with a spatial resolution of 15 m, but they have the worst outcomes for the unprocessed Landsat-8 imagery compared to SVM and RF classifiers visually and statistically.
Together, but Still Separated? Migration Policy in the V4 countries
Authors: Glied Viktor , Zamęcki Łukasz 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The migration policies of the V4 countries present many similarities that seem to be the effect of congruent historical and economic determinants. During the migration crisis in 2015–2016, the Visegrad states partially coordinated their political communication using the same communication panels, which strongly impacted domestic political relations. The V4’s approach was a refusal of the open-door policy promoted by Germany and Sweden, and the European Union. Our main findings are that the migration crisis strengthened the cohesion among V4 countries, although the source of this cohesion was clearly a populistic stance toward the possible implications of uncontrolled migration (migrants and refugees). This communication style and the resulting political tensions were reflected in the V4 states’ resentment based on a sense of shared historical experiences rooted in Central European location and shared experience of the repercussions of communism. In this sense, a strong commitment to the idea of a sovereign nation-state, and a reluctance towards postmodern values are also important factors. This study charts the changes in V4 migration policy since 2015, highlighting the crucial developments in V4 countries’ negotiations with the European Union. It also deals with the foreign and domestic effects of the migration crisis and the V4 states’ discourse of migration, which was complemented by a debate on the future of the EU that became especially important in Hungary and Poland.
Central European Ideas and Policies about International Circular Migration from Hungarian Angle
Authors: Illés Sándor 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The author tries to investigate the thoughts and politics in literature about international circular migration in the lights of European Union (EU) initiatives related to Visegrad Four Countries (V4) with special attention to Hungary. The cross-border circular flows have become relatively frequent during life stages of people differentiated by previous migratory experiences, and next aspirations. The popularity of international circular migration erected from the hypothesis of ’triple win solution’ without any empirical verifications. Basically, two sorts of circular migration system exist: homogenous and heterogenous. The homogenous human circular migration system consists of the same kind of moves with similar time rhythm from statistical angles. It seems to us that the practice of life-long international circular migration characterises few long-term circulators. However, the heterogenous circular migration systems combine with other spatial mobility forms function during whole individual life cycle due to one of the symptoms of human beings. The main aim of the contribution is to explore some elements of similar ideas and politics on international circulatory flows interfered between Western and Eastern Europe. Moreover, we propose some old-new innovative solutions for V4 to reform the rigid EU migration policies.