bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Educating for Responsible Research Practice in Biomedical Sciences
Authors: Gerrits Elianne M. , Bredenoord Annelien L. , van Mil Marc H. W. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractNew developments in the field of biomedicine can have extensive implications for society. To steer research efforts in a responsible direction, biomedical scientists should contribute to a forward-looking ethical, and societal evaluation of new developments. However, the question remains how to equip students sufficiently with the skills they need to contribute to this evaluation. In this paper, we examine how the four dimensions of Responsible Research and Innovation (anticipation, reflexivity, inclusivity, and responsiveness) inform the identification of learning goals and teaching approaches that contribute to developing these skills in biomedical scientists. We suggest that these educational approaches focus on the skills to anticipate intended and unintended outcomes, reflect on the epistemological and moral aspects of research practice, and be inclusive of the variety of voices in society. We argue that if these dimensions are properly integrated into biomedical curricula, they will help students develop the attitudinal aspects necessary for becoming responsive, and prepare them for implementing the dimensions of responsible research into their daily practice. This paper focuses specifically on skills biomedical scientists need for the responsible conduct of research. Therefore, our analysis results, at least in part, in domain-specific recommendations. We invite educators from other disciplines to do the same exercise, as we believe this could lead to tailored educational approaches by which students from various disciplinary backgrounds learn how they each have a role in contributing to socially robust and morally responsible research practice.
Geographical Differences in the Quality of Life in Poland: Challenges of Regional Policy
Authors: Churski Paweł , Perdał Robert 
Published: November 2021

AbstractCommonly used in human geography, quality of life (QOL) refers to the way and degree to which objective human needs are met, not only existential ones, but also those regarding the development of the human personality. This article diagnoses QOL understood in this way in Poland and its changes between 2004 and 2018 (i.e. during modernization), which saw the continuation of systemic transformation after joining the EU. To fully identify the regularity of spatial differences in the analysed phenomenon, 380 local units are used as reference points. First, we formulated an operational definition of multifaceted QOL with its separate dimensions, as well as selecting and constructing organized indicators that can be determined at the local level. Then we quantified local differences in the rate of growth and the level of QOL using multivariate analysis. Third, on the basis of the obtained results, we sought to reach the most significant conclusions: (1) the dynamic economic growth, enjoyed in Poland in 2004–2018, did not change significantly the spatial diversity of the quality of life on a local level. (2) To a large extent, the persistent differences in the quality of life in Poland are related to the historical spatial differences in the level of urbanisation and the well-established, traditional economic structure of the specific territorial units. (3) A higher degree of urbanisation coupled with the service- and service and industry-related functional nature of the local units in Poland are conducive to a better quality of life. This confirms the regularities observed in the countries on the verge of a rapid economic development.
Participatory Budgeting as a Method for Improving Public Spaces in Major Polish Cities
Authors: Szczepańska A. , Zagroba M. , Pietrzyk K. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractOne of the forms of public participation in the local governance system is civic budgeting which actively engages residents in developing projects and voting on the submitted proposals. Civic budgeting aims to involve local communities in deciding how a defined portion of public resources should be allocated by means of a democratic debate. Public spaces are the essence of urban life; therefore, the aim of the study was to analyze civic budget records relating to public spaces. The study was conducted in the largest Polish cities. The research involved quantitative and comparative analytical methods. The analysis focused on community involvement and local community needs, represented by a wide array of public space-related project categories. The analyzed cities were ranked according to their civic engagement, and the resulting classification was compared with voter turnout during polls on the proposals adopted as part of the CB process. The results revealed considerable diversity in both civic engagement and local needs, and they could be used to develop guidelines for designing public spaces in the urban planning process. The present findings are also a valuable source of information for local governments in their efforts to improve the functioning, attractiveness and development of user-friendly spaces in citizen-oriented cities.
Why classical logic is privileged: justification of logics based on translatability
Authors: Schurz Gerhard 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn Sect. 1 it is argued that systems of logic are exceptional, but not a priori necessary. Logics are exceptional because they can neither be demonstrated as valid nor be confirmed by observation without entering a circle, and their motivation based on intuition is unreliable. On the other hand, logics do not express a priori necessities of thinking because alternative non-classical logics have been developed. Section 2 reflects the controversies about four major kinds of non-classical logics—multi-valued, intuitionistic, paraconsistent and quantum logics. Its purpose is to show that there is no particular domain or reason that demands the use of a non-classical logic; the particular reasons given for the non-classical logic can also be handled within classical logic. The result of Sect. 2 is substantiated in Sect. 3, where it is shown (referring to other work) that all four kinds of non-classical logics can be translated into classical logic in a meaning-preserving way. Based on this fact a justification of classical logic is developed in Sect. 4 that is based on its representational optimality. It is pointed out that not many but a few non-classical logics can be likewise representationally optimal. However, the situation is not symmetric: classical logic has ceteris paribus advantages as a unifying metalogic, while non-classical logics can have local simplicity advantages.
Rigour versus the need for evidential diversity
Authors: Cartwright Nancy 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis paper defends the need for evidential diversity and the mix of methods that that can in train require. The focus is on causal claims, especially ‘singular’ claims about the effects of causes in a specific setting—either what will happen or what has happened. I do so by offering a template that categorises kinds of evidence that can support these claims. The catalogue is generated by considering what needs to happen for a causal process to carry through from putative cause at the start to the targeted effect at the end. The usual call for mixed methods focusses on a single overall claim and argues that we increase certainty by the use of different methods with compensating strengths and weaknesses. My proposals instead focus on the evidence that supports the great many subsidiary claims that must hold if the overall one is to be true. As is typical for singular causal claims, the mix of methods that will generally be required to collect the kinds of evidence I urge will usually have little claim to the kind of rigour that is now widely demanded in evidencing causal claims, especially those for policy/treatment effectiveness. So I begin with an exploration of what seems to be intended by ‘rigour’ in such discussions, since it is seldom made clear just what makes the favoured methods especially rigorous. I then argue that the emphasis on rigour can be counterproductive. Rigour is often the enemy of evidential diversity, and evidential diversity—lots of it—can make for big improvements in the reliability of singular causal predictions and post hoc evaluations. I illustrate with the paragon of rigour for causal claims, randomised controlled trials (RCTs), rehearsing at some length what they can and cannot do to make it easier to assess the importance of rigour in warranting singular causal claims.
Action control, forward models and expected rewards: representations in reinforcement learning
Authors: Rusanen Anna-Mari , Lappi Otto , Kuokkanen Jesse , Pekkanen Jami 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe fundamental cognitive problem for active organisms is to decide what to do next in a changing environment. In this article, we analyze motor and action control in computational models that utilize reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms. In reinforcement learning, action control is governed by an action selection policy that maximizes the expected future reward in light of a predictive world model. In this paper we argue that RL provides a way to explicate the so-called action-oriented views of cognitive systems in representational terms.
Allergic reaction and metal hypersensitivity after shoulder joint replacement
Authors: Pautasso A. , Zorzolo I. , Bellato E. , Pellegrino P. , Ferrario A. , Pira E. , Castoldi F. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Metal ion release may cause local and systemic effects and induce hypersensitivity reactions. The aim of our study is first to determine if implant-related hypersensitivity correlates to patient symptoms or not; second, to assess the rate of hypersensitivity and allergies in shoulder arthroplasty.

Methods
Forty patients with shoulder replacements performed between 2015 and 2017 were studied with minimum 2-year follow-up; no patient had prior metal implants. Each patient underwent radiographic and clinical evaluation using the Constant-Murley Score (CMS), 22 metal and cement haptens patch testing, serum and urine tests to evaluate 12 metals concentration, and a personal occupational medicine interview.

Results
At follow-up (average 45 ± 10.7 months), the mean CMS was 76 ± 15.9; no clinical complications or radiographic signs of loosening were detected; two nickel sulfate (5%), 1 benzoyl peroxide (2.5%) and 1 potassium dichromate (2.5%) positive findings were found, but all these patients were asymptomatic. There was an increase in serum aluminum, urinary aluminum and urinary chromium levels of 1.74, 3.40 and 1.83 times the baseline, respectively. No significant difference in metal ion concentrations were found when patients were stratified according to gender, date of surgery, type of surgery, and type of implant.

Conclusions
Shoulder arthroplasty is a source of metal ion release and might act as a sensitizing exposure. However, patch test positivity does not seem to correlate to hypersensitivity cutaneous manifestations or poor clinical results. Laboratory data showed small constant ion release over time, regardless of gender, type of shoulder replacement and implant used.

Levels of evidence
Level II.
Methane emissions against the background of natural and mining conditions in the Budryk and Pniówek mines in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (Poland)
Authors: Dreger Marcin , Kędzior Sławomir 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe paper presents the variability of hard coal output, methane content and methane emissions into coal workings and into the atmosphere from the two most methane-gassy coal mines in Poland. The Budryk mine is one of the youngest mines in Poland, but it is the most methane-gassy as well. In 2016, the total CH4 emissions exceed 140 million of m3. This large increase in methane emissions to mine workings is primarily related to the increase in the depth of coal extraction (up to 1290 m) and, consequently, the rapid increase in the methane content in coal seams (up to 10–12 m3/Mg coaldaf). On the other hand, in the Pniówek mine, methane emission was the highest at the beginning of the study period (1986–1991). During the following years, emission decreased to the values of less than 140 million of m3, which were still one of the largest amounts of emitted methane in the entire Upper Silesian Coal Basin. The coexistence of natural factors, such as the geological structure and gas distribution, as well as mining-related factors, i.e. the depth of mining, the intensity of coal extraction determines the temporal variability of methane emissions in the studied mines.
On spectral asymptotic of quasi-exactly solvable quartic potential
Authors: Shapiro Boris , Tater Miloš 
Published: November 2021

AbstractMotivated by the earlier results of Masoero and De Benedetti (Nonlinearity 23:2501, 2010) and Shapiro et al. (Commun Math Phys 311(2):277–300, 2012), we discuss below the asymptotic of the solvable part of the spectrum for the quasi-exactly solvable quartic oscillator. In particular, we formulate a conjecture on the coincidence of the asymptotic shape of the level crossings of the latter oscillator with the asymptotic shape of zeros of the Yablonskii–Vorob’ev polynomials. Further we present a numerical study of the spectral monodromy for the oscillator in question.
Commentary for Unjani clinics: meeting the need for scale through social franchising
Authors: Zeyen Anica 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis commentary reflects on the social franchising model of Unjani. It discusses the intricate interwoven elements of the model which allows it to flourish. Here, I take a stewardship and social capital view to elaborate on these mechanisms. In the second part of the commentary, I highlight the limitations of the model specifically as it pertains to its potential growth.
After defeat: how governing parties respond to electoral loss
Authors: Margalit Yotam , Slough Tara , Ting Michael M. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractHow do governing parties respond in terms of ideological positioning when voted out of office? We study both theoretically and empirically the factors that shape parties’ responses following a loss. Studying national elections in advanced industrialized democracies over the past 70 years, we show that parties tend to counter their pre-election shifts, and do so particularly strongly following defeat. The extent of these ideological shifts is more limited in parties with a larger selectorate voting on the party leadership. Moreover, we find that subsequent to loss, parties arelesslikely to run on a centrist platform. Notably, shifting away from the center is associated with a higher probability of returning to power. We then introduce a dynamic model of party leadership selection and platform positioning. The model produces patterns of ideological positions over time that are consistent with our empirical findings.
Lower carbohydrate diets for adults with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Singh Mamta , Hung Estella S. , Cullum Adrienne , Allen Rachel E. , Aggett Peter J. , Dyson Pamela , Forouhi Nita G. , Greenwood Darren C. , Pryke Rachel , Taylor Roy , Twenefour Douglas , Waxman Ruth , Young Ian S. 
Published: November 2021

BackgroundIn May 2021, the Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN) published a risk assessment on lower carbohydrate diets for adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D)(1). The purpose of the report was to review the evidence on ‘low’-carbohydrate diets compared with the current UK government advice on carbohydrate intake for adults with T2D. However, since there is no agreed and widely utilised definition of a ‘low’-carbohydrate diet, comparisons in the report were between lower and higher carbohydrate diets. SACN’s remit is to assess the risks and benefits of nutrients, dietary patterns, food or food components for health by evaluating scientific evidence and to make dietary recommendations for the UK based on its assessment(2). SACN has a public health focus and only considers evidence in healthy populations unless specifically requested to do otherwise. Since the Committee does not usually make recommendations relating to clinical conditions, a joint working group (WG) was established in 2017 to consider this issue. The WG comprised members of SACN and members nominated by Diabetes UK, the British Dietetic Association, Royal College of Physicians and Royal College of General Practitioners. Representatives from NHS England and NHS Health Improvement, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence and devolved health departments were also invited to observe the WG. The WG was jointly chaired by SACN and Diabetes UK.
CONSISTENCY AND COHERENCE IN ADJUDICATING THE ECB'S UNCONVENTIONAL MONETARY POLICY
Authors: Gerner-Beuerle Carsten , Küçük Esin 
Published: November 2021

AbstractFew court cases in the history of European integration have been more controversial than the decisions of the Court of Justice of the EU and the German Federal Constitutional Court on the European Central Bank's public sector asset purchase programmes. This article regards consistency and coherence in the case law as uncontroversial minimum conditions that have to be satisfied for the decisions to gain legitimacy. It assesses the case law against this benchmark and determines the limits of asset purchase programmes under a consistent and coherent application of the legal tests developed by the courts.
AGGRESSION AND STATE RESPONSIBILITY AT THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT
Authors: Wong Meagan S. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe definition of the crime of aggression in Article 8bisof the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (Rome Statute) stipulates that a State act of aggression is a material element of the crime, suggesting an intrinsic link between individual criminal responsibility and State responsibility for aggression. This article argues that the Rome Statute provides a legal basis for the International Criminal Court (ICC) to determine State responsibility for aggression when considering the material elements of the crime of aggression, which has important practical and conceptual implications for the law of international responsibility. Although the content of State responsibility flows automatically from the breach of the obligation, it is argued that a finding of aggression pursuant to Article 8bisof the Rome Statute may be considered as a form of satisfaction for the purposes of Article 37 of the 2001 ILC Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (2001 ILC Articles). Furthermore, the material element of the crime in Article 8bisof the Rome Statute requires the act of aggression by its character, gravity, and scale to constitute a manifest violation of the Charter of the United Nations, in line with the nomenclature used within the 2001 ILC Articles regarding serious breaches of obligations arising from peremptory norms of general international law (jus cogens). The article considers the important role that the ICC may play in relation to serious breaches of thejus cogensobligation to refrain from an act of aggression.
Radiation Path of Diurnal Internal Tides in the Northwestern Pacific Controlled by Refraction and Interference
Authors: Wang Yang , Xu Zhenhua , Hibiya Toshiyuki , Yin Baoshu , Wang Fan 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe diurnal internal tides contribute nearly a quarter of global baroclinic tidal energy. However, their roles in shaping the spatiotemporal inhomogeneity of the tidal energy field are not well known. Based on observation‐supported numerical simulation and theoretical analyses, we clarify the combined and relative contributions of β refraction, subtidal circulation refraction and multiwave interference to the long‐range radiation and dissipation maps of diurnal internal tides in the northwestern Pacific. The diurnal tidal beams primarily emanate from the Luzon Strait (LS) and Talaud‐Halmahera Passage (THP). The β refraction shifts the mean path of the LS tidal beam equatorward by ∼40° when it arrives at the deep basin. This is consistent with previous altimetric observations. A second refraction effect by subtidal circulation with seasonal variability deflects the mean beam path by ∼10°. Multiwave interference of the tidal beams from the LS and THP further enhances the inhomogeneous pattern. It enhances or reduces the energy fluxes of the tidal beams with distinct vertical structures in the western Mariana basin. A modified line‐source model and theoretical ray‐tracing analysis explain the effects of refraction and interference well. The internal tidal dissipation map in the deep basin coincides well with the inhomogeneous and spreading radiation paths. The characterization of the world's most energetic diurnal internal tides in the northwestern Pacific could improve our understanding of global baroclinic tidal energy redistribution and tidal mixing geography.
A Safety Factor Approach to Designing Urban Infrastructure for Dynamic Conditions
Authors: Sharma Sanjib , Lee Ben Seiyon , Nicholas Robert E. , Keller Klaus 
Published: November 2021

AbstractCurrent approaches to design flood‐sensitive infrastructure typically assume a stationary rainfall distribution and neglect many uncertainties. These assumptions are inconsistent with observations that suggest intensifying extreme precipitation events and the uncertainties surrounding projections of the coupled natural‐human systems. Here we demonstrate a safety factor approach to designing urban infrastructure in a changing climate. Our results show that assuming climate stationarity and neglecting deep uncertainties can drastically underestimate flood risks and lead to poor infrastructure design choices. We find that climate uncertainty dominates the socioeconomic and engineering uncertainties that impact the hydraulic reliability in stormwater drainage systems. We quantify the upfront costs needed to achieve higher hydraulic reliability and robustness against the deep uncertainties surrounding projections of rainfall, surface runoff characteristics, and infrastructure lifetime. Depending on the location, we find that adding safety factors of 1.4–1.7 to the standard stormwater pipe design guidance produces robust performance to the considered deep uncertainties. The insights gained from this study highlights the need for updating traditional engineering design strategies to improve infrastructure reliability under socioeconomic and environmental changes.
Fluid Invasion Dynamics in Porous Media With Complex Wettability and Connectivity
Authors: Mascini Arjen , Boone Marijn , Van Offenwert Stefanie , Wang Shan , Cnudde Veerle , Bultreys Tom 
Published: November 2021

AbstractMultiphase flow is important for many natural and engineered processes in subsurface geoscience. Pore‐scale multiphase flow dynamics are commonly characterized by an average balance of driving forces. However, significant local variability in this balance may exist inside natural, heterogeneous porous materials, such as rocks and soils. Here, we investigate multiphase flow in heterogeneous rocks with different wetting properties using fast laboratory‐based 4D X‐ray imaging. The mixed‐wet dynamics were characterized by displacement rates that differed over orders of magnitude between directly neighboring pores. While conventional understanding predicted strongly capillary‐dominated conditions, our analysis suggests that viscous forces played a key role in these dynamics, facilitated by a complex interplay between the mixed‐wettability and the pore structure. These dynamics highlight the need for further studies on the fundamental controls on multiphase flow in geomaterials, which is crucial to design, for example, groundwater remediation and subsurface CO2 storage operations.