bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
UNILATERAL CLAIM OVER CHAGOS ARCHIPELAGO AS BRITISH INDIAN OCEAN TERRITORY (BIOT) BY UNITED KINGDOM BASED ON INTERNATIONAL LAW
Authors: Novita Elpasari Jerina 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn 1965, United Kingdom (UK) made a unilateral claim over the Chagos Archipelago as British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) based on the BIOT Order of 1965 and Statutory Instrument of 1965 No. 1020. Due to this unilateral act, the Chagos Archipelago no longer parts of Mauritius. Problem arising from Britain's unilateral claim to the territory was further aggravated by the United Kingdom’s act in enforcing population transfer towards all Chagos islanders (Chagossians) out of the territory without adequate compensations and resettlement. This research aims to analyze the legality of unilateral claims over the Chagos archipelago as a BIOT and the enforced transfer of Chagossians from their original residential place by the United Kingdom. It argues that under international law, Chagos Archipelago is recognized as an area that should remain integrated within the territory of Mauritius. It further argues that the UK has violated international law by committing enforced population transfer.Keywords: BIOT, Enforced Population Transfer, Territory, The Chagos Archipelago, Unilateral Act.

AbstrakPada tahun 1965, Inggris melakukan klaim sepihak atas wilayah Kepulauan Chagos sebagai British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) berdasarkan British Indian Ocean Territory Order of 1965 dan Statutory Instrument of 1965 No. 1020. Kepulauan Chagos merupakan bagian dari Mauritius pada saat Mauritius berada dibawah penjajahan Inggris. Tindakan yang dilakukan oleh Inggris terhadap wilayah tersebut berdampak pada terpisahnya kepulauan Chagos dari Mauritius. Permasalahan yang timbul dari Klaim sepihak Inggris atas wilayah tersebut kemudian turut diperparah dengan tindakan Inggris yang melakukan pemindahan paksa seluruh penduduk kepulauan Chagos (Chagossians) dari wilayah tersebut tanpa kompensasi dan tempat tinggal pengganti yang layak serta memadai. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis legalitas klaim sepihak terhadap kepulauan Chagos sebagai BIOT dan pemindahan Chagossians dari tempat tinggal asalnya secara paksa yang dilakukan oleh Inggris sebagai enforced population transfer. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa wilayah kepulauan Chagos diakui sebagai wilayah yang seharusnya tetap terintegrasi dalam wilayah Mauritius dan penetapan wilayah tersebut sebagai BIOT telah bertentangan dengan prinsip dan ketentuan hukum internasional. Kata Kunci: BIOT, Enforced Population Transfer, Kepulauan Chagos, Tindakan Sepihak, Wilayah
INDONESIA-MALAYSIA MARITIME BOUNDARIES DELIMITATION: A RETROSPECTIVE
Authors: Pratomo Eddy 
Published: April 2021

Abstract“Good fences make good neighbors.” But how long should one build those fences with its neighbor? Boundary delimitation has always been an eye-catching issue in international law and international relations. Sometimes it can take up for many years. States tend to be very cautious in delimiting its boundary because once it is agreed, it cannot be changed anymore. Indonesia-Malaysia maritime boundary is not an exception. These two relatively young nations have negotiated their maritime boundaries since the 1960's. More than fifty years later, maritime boundary segments still remain to be settled. But where does it stand now? This article will highlight a number of important issues of the Indonesian-Malaysian maritime boundaries delimitation, the latest development, and the way forward on where these two nations will proceed.
Keywords: Archipelagic Baseline, Boundary Agreement, Continental Shelf, Exclusive Economic Zone, Maritime Delimitation

Abstrak“Good fences make good neighbor”. Tetapi berapa lama waktu yang diperlukan untuk menegosiasikan pagar tersebut? Delimitasi batas negara selalu menjadi isu hangat dalam hukum dan hubungan internasional. Proses ini dapat memakan waktu bertahun-tahun. Negara-negara cenderung untuk sangat berhati-hati dalam menegosiasikan batas, karena setelah perbatasan tersebut disepakati, maka batas tersebut tidak dapat diubah.Batas maritim Indonesia dan Malaysia tidak terkecuali. Kedua negara yang relatif masih muda ini telah menegosiasikan batas maritimnya sejak tahun 1960an. Lebih dari lima puluh tahun kemudian, segmen-segmen batas maritim antar kedua negara juga belum selesai dirundingkan. Setelah sekian lama berunding, bagaimana perkembangan proses penetapan batas maritim kedua negara? Artikel ini akan mengedepankan isu-isu penting terkait dengan delimitasi batas maritim Indonesia-Malaysia, perkembangan terakhir, dan langkah kedepan yang akan ditempuh oleh kedua negara.
Kata kunci: Delimitasi Batas Maritim , Garis Pangkal Kepulauan, Landas Kontinen, Perjanjian Perbatasan, Zona Ekonomi Eksklusif,
REFORMING THE UNITED NATIONS: REALITIES, EXPECTATIONS, AND THE WAY FORWARD
Authors: Mangapul Joy Henri 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe United Nations was born as an end-result of the Second World War. Its stated purpose was obvious as enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations (“the Charter”) – to maintain international peace and security. The United Nations, however, both in terms of practicality and the will to do such, had been burdened by several problems surrounding them; the ineffectiveness of several bodies such as the Trusteeship Council, the Economic and Social Council (“ECOSOC”), etc.; the overwhelming power of the veto rights vested towards the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council ("the UNSC"); the strength of certain resolutions towards the international community, to name a few. Though one of the keys to reform the United Nations is by amending the Charter itself, the current development on the issue seems – and continues to seem – moot. Thus, the will to reform has to be from the United Nations itself, since the organization is expected to develop with time and the community, instead of being extremely rigid, dead-locked international organization.
Keywords: Charter of the United Nations, organization, reform, resolution, United Nations.

AbstrakPerserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa lahir sebagai hasil akhir, atau akibat, dari Perang Dunia Kedua. Tujuan tersurat PBB adalah telah jelas sebagaimana yang tercantum dalam Piagam Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa – menjaga perdamaian dan keamanan internasional. Sekalipun demikian, PBB baik secara praktis maupun melihat niat, nyatanya menemui rintangan dan permasalahan yang mengelilinginya seperti tidak efisiennya beberapa badan seperti Badan Perwalian (Trusteeship Council), Badan Ekonomi dan Sosial (ECOSOC), dan sebagainya; kekuatan berlebihan berkenaan hak veto bagi lima negara anggota permanen Dewan Keamanan PBB; kekuatan resolusi-resolusi tertentu terhadap komunitas dunia, dan masih banyak lagi. Sekalipun salah satu kunci reformasi PBB ialah dengan mengamandemen piagam PBB itu sendiri, perkembangan yang terjadi membuat hal tersebut menjadi angan semu semata. Tekad mereformasi PBB sudah sewajarnya berasal dari PBB sendiri. Oleh karenanya, PBB diharapkan untuk berkembang seiring waktu juga dengan komunitas global, bukan menjadi organisasi yang kaku dan terkungkung.
Kata Kunci: Organisasi, reformasi, resolusi, Perserikatan Bangsa- Bangsa, Piagam PBB
THE UNITED STATES UNILATERAL WITHDRAWAL FROM THE RESTRICTIONS OF IRAN’S NUCLEAR PROGRAM IN JCPOA 2015 UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW
Authors: Valerio Jovan Christopher 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In 2015, Iran with the P5 + 1 countries (China, France, Germany, Russia, Britain and the United States, as well as the European Union High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy) agreed on a JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) which deals with Iran's nuclear program. The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action 2015 (JCPOA) is a controversial agreement. First, the JCPOA's status in international law is debated and is not considered as an international treaty. In the midst of the uncertainty over the status of the JCPOA, on May 8 2018, the United States unilaterally declared that it was withdrawing from the JCPOA. Even though the JCPOA has been endorsed by UN Security Council Resolution 2231 (2015). Thus, other JCPOA participating countries view the withdrawal of the United States as an act that is against international law. This article aims to determine whether the JCPOA is an international treaty and whether the withdrawal of the United States from the JCPOA is justified under international law.
Keywords: JCPOA, UN Security Council Resolution, Withdrawal

Abstrak
Pada tahun 2015, Iran dengan negara-negara P5+1 (China, Prancis, Jerman, Rusia, Inggris dan Amerika Serikat, serta Perwakilan Tinggi Uni Eropa untuk Urusan Luar Negeri dan Kebijakan Keamanan) menyepakati JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) mengenai pembatasan program nuklir Iran. Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action 2015 (JCPOA) merupakan perjanjian yang mengundang kontroversi. Pertama, status JCPOA mendapat perdebatan karena dianggap bukan perjanjian internasional. Kemudian pada 8 Mei 2018, Amerika Serikat secara sepihak menyatakan menarik diri dari JCPOA. Padahal JCPOA telah dimasukkan ke dalam Resolusi Dewan Keamanan PBB 2231 (2015). Sehingga peserta JCPOA lainnya menganggap tindakan Amerika Serikat sebagai perbuatan yang bertentangan dengan hukum internasional. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah JCPOA merupakan suatu perjanjian internasional dan apakah penarikan diri Amerika Serikat dari JCPOA dapat dibenarkan berdasarkan hukum internasional.
Kata kunci: JCPOA, Penarikan Diri, Resolusi Dewan Keamanan PBB
THE FAILURE OF UNITED NATIONS SYSTEM UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW: ITS CONTRIBUTION TO CALAMITY AND RUIN OF THE ROHINGYA CASE
Authors: Christha Auli Renata 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The tensions between Muslim and Buddhist communities in Rakhine, Myanmar have escalated and became the international spotlight. Massacre in the Rohingya is a serious violation of human rights. In accordance with the functions of the United Nation, this international organization is expected to prevent and eliminate crimes against humanity that occur in the Rohingya. One of the main organs in charge of maintaining international peace and security is the UN Security Council. However, the fact that the United Nations failed to carry out its duties was because Russia has veto power and has blocked the statement which was expressed by UN Security council concerning this situation to punish Myanmar in resolving the Rohingya case, solely due to the political relationship between Russia and Myanmar. The failure of the United Nations is the world's debt to the Rohingya tribe, accordingly to redeem the debt it is needed reform of the UN Security Council.
Keywords: Humanitarian Crimes, Rohingya, Security Council, United Nations, Veto

Abstrak
Perseteruan yang terjadi antara umat Muslim dan Buddha di Rakhine, Myanmar, kembali terjadi dan menjadi sorotan dunia internasional. Pembantaian di Rohingya merupakan pelanggaran berat terhadap hak asasi manusia. Perserikatan Bangsa- Bangsa (PBB) merupakan organisasi internasional yang diharapkan dapat mencegah dan menghapus kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan yang terjadi di Rohingya, sesuai dengan fungsi dari Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa. Salah satu organ utama yang bertugas untuk menjaga perdamaian dan keamanan internasional adalah Dewan Keamanan PBB. Namun fakta yang terjadi PBB gagal dalam menjalankan tugasnya karena Rusia terus melakukan veto terhadap Resolusi Dewan Keamanan PBB untuk menghukum Myanmar dalam penyelesaian kasus Rohingya, karena semata- mata hubungan politik antara Rusia dengan Myanmar. Kegagalan PBB merupakan utang dunia terhadap suku Rohingya, sehingga untuk dapat menebus utang tersebut diperlukan reformasi Dewan Keamanan PBB.
Kata Kunci: Dewan Keamanan, Kejahatan Kemanusiaan, Perserikatan Bangsa- Bangsa, Rohingya, Veto
THE CONCEPT OF JURISDICTION IN THE AIR: TO WHAT EXTENT CAN IT BE UPHELD AGAINST UNRULY PASSENGERS IN INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANSPORT?
Authors: Maulani Nova , Suryaatmadja Shannon 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Jurisdiction is essential for statehood along with the right to prescribe and enforce laws. Unruly behaviour may threaten air transportation security and safety, including the passenger safety, disrupts other passengers and crew causing delays and diversions. But due to loopholes on the existing laws, and lack of choice of jurisdiction, such offenses often remain unpunished. This article aims to seek the best role that Indonesia should take to implement its jurisdiction on aircrafts in international flights and to protect its citizens in international flight. It provides an overview and analysis of existing international and Indonesian legal instruments in handling unruly passengers and to support extended jurisdiction choices so unruly passengers and other related criminal activities can be regulated and punished as necessary to ensure the safety and security, including the Chicago Convention 1944 and the Annex 17 on Security, The Tokyo Convention 1963 and the Montreal Protocol 2014.
Keywords: Air Law, Aviation, Aviation Security, Jurisdiction, Unruly Passengers

ABSTRAK
Esensi dari yurisdiksi penting bagi negara dalam menjalankan dan menegakan hukum. Perilaku tidak tertib dapat mengancam keamanan dan keselamatan transportasi udara, dimana di dalamnya terdapat unsur keselamatan penumpang, gangguan terhadap awak dan penumpang lainnya, serta dapat mengakibatkan keterlambatan dan diversi. Namun demikian, dengan adanya celah dalam hukum dan peraturan, serta minimnya pilihan yurisdiksi, tindakan tersebut sering tidak dikenakan hukuman. Artikel ini bertujuan mencari peran terbaik yang harus diambil Indonesia, dalam mengimplementasi yurisdiksinya di pesawat dan melindungi warga negaranya dalam penerbangan internasional. Artikel ini memberikan tinjauan umum dan analisis instrumen hukum Internasional dan hukum Indonesia yang menangani penumpang yang sulit diatur, termasuk di dalamnya Konvensi Chicago 1944 dan Annex 17 tentang Keamanan,Konvensi Tokyo 1963 dan Protokol Montreal 2014 .
Kata Kunci: Aviasi, Hukum Udara, Keamanan Penerbangan, Penumpang yang Sulit Diatur, Yurisdiksi
Foco na aprendizagem
Authors: Bof Alvana Maria 
Published: April 2021

O Plano Nacional de Educação (PNE) prevê, em sua Meta 7, o fomento à qualidade da educação básica com incremento do Índice de Desenvolvimento da Educação Básica (Ideb). Determina ainda, na Estratégia 7.2, que seja assegurada aos estudantes aprendizagem em nível suficiente, de forma que todos alcancem, até o final da vigência do Plano, tal nível em relação aos direitos e objetivos de aprendizagem e desenvolvimento de seu ano de estudo. Este artigo focaliza a análise dos resultados relativos ao aprendizado dos alunos do ensino fundamental (EF) no Brasil a partir do início da vigência do PNE, com base na Estratégia 7.2. Busca, assim, verificar como o País se encontra, considerando a perspectiva de atender a determinação de que todos os alunos do ensino fundamental alcancem níveis suficientes de aprendizado. Para tal, são analisados os resultados das avaliações do Sistema de Avaliação da Educação Básica (Saeb) de 2013, 2015 e 2017 em relação aos níveis de aprendizado alcançados pelos alunos do 5º e do 9º ano do EF em Língua Portuguesa e em Matemática, examinando a evolução do aprendizado nesse período. Investigam-se, ainda, à luz de estudos da literatura nacional na área de melhoria da aprendizagem e desigualdades na educação básica, as desigualdades no aprendizado e quem são os estudantes que majoritariamente apresentam desempenho abaixo do nível suficiente.
Differences in the Clinical Profile of Adolescents and Young Adults with Major Depressive Disorder Across Parental History Groups
Authors: Gillies Jennifer 
Published: April 2021

An important causal factor of depression is family history ¾ there is compelling evidence that Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is familial. Although the connection between a maternal history of depression and offspring risk is well established, paternal history has been largely ignored in research thus far. The first goal of this study is to examine differences in the clinical profile of MDD across parental depression history groups (i.e., both-parent history versus maternal history only versus paternal history only versus no parental history). Based on previous findings, I predict that the severity of the clinical course of MDD (as operationalized by a higher severity of depression and anxiety symptoms, an increased likelihood of recurrence, and a greater likelihood of a comorbid anxiety disorder) will be highest for offspring with a both-parent history of depression, followed by those with a maternal history only, followed by individuals with a paternal history only, and lastly by offspring with no parental history of depression. The second goal is to determine if the group differences hypothesized above are further moderated by offspring sex. To date, very little is known about how parental history influences the clinical presentation of MDD in depressed offspring. This study will contribute to a limited body of research, and is unique in that it will include four parental history groups as well as offspring sex in its analyses. The study will use a quasi-archival sample of approximately 250 participants between 12 and 29 years of age, who have been diagnosed with MDD.
Liberty and the City
Authors: Schaefer Thilo 
Published: April 2021

The city is the locus of our every-day lives. It is where we are free to live, socialize, shop, and labour. However, with this freedom also comes unfreedom. Policies and systemic structures are capable of denying freedom as much as supporting it. With the freedom of the automobile came the erosion of sidewalks, with the increased provision of common parks (like those in gated communities) came the elimination of genuine public space, and with the construction of subsidized housing projects came the destruction of many dynamic neighbourhoods and socio-economic segregation. Debates over the content of “freedom” have long been a tradition within political theory. This thesis transplants those debates to the urban realm of the “every-day.” Guided by the works of both urban theorists (including David Harvey and Jane Jacobs) and theorists of liberty (Rawls, Nozick, and G.A. Cohen, among others), the completed project will synthesize the two and demonstrate how features of urban environments affect the realization of human freedom.
Understanding Color Polymorphism in the Sea Star, Pisaster ochraceus, Through Activity Levels and Dietary Preference
Authors: McDevitt-Irwin Jamie 
Published: April 2021

Color polymorphism is found in a wide array of organisms ranging from copepods to black bears. Pisaster ochraceus, an intertidal sea star on the North Pacific West Coast, shows a striking color polymorphism including a range of orange, brown, maroon, and purple. Pisaster shows extensive geographic color variation, with >95% frequency of bright purple Pisaster in the Vancouver region; while the open pacific coast has a frequency distribution of 6-28% orange, 68-90% reddish-brown to dull purple, and a small percentage of bright purple. Maintenance of color polymorphism remains unknown, but one hypothesis suggests an underlying genetic component with regional-scale variation controlled by an ecological factor. Two ecological factors suggested are diet and salinity. This study analyzes the differences in dietary preference and activity levels between the color morphs in Bamfield, British Columbia. Pisaster was binned into two colors, orange and purple, for statistical analysis. Feeding laboratory trials showed no preference between the color morphs for Mytilus edilus or Mytilus californianus. Self-righting trials were performed in a low (20 psu) and controlled (35 psu) salinity and no significant difference was found between the color morphs. Interestingly, the activity levels of orange color morphs were not significantly different between low and control salinity. The results suggest there are ecological differences between the color morphs that still need to be evaluated.
PENGENALAN SOFTWARE JBATIK PADA KARYAWAN NISYA BATIK KUNINGAN
Authors: Nugraha Rika , Nugraha Nunu , Abbas Cecep Juliansyah , Sugiharto Tito , Sulistiani Mirna 
Published: April 2021

The purpose of devotion is the introduction of JBatik Software to Nisya Batik Kuningan employees. The era of globalization, the younger generation is expected to have entrepreneurial abilities that can be used as opportunities to improve the welfare of the community. The method of conducting entrepreneurship counseling activities for the younger generation was carried out on 9-11 September in Nisya Batik, Cikubangsari Village, Kramatmulya District, Kuningan Regency. The number of participants in this activity were 4 young people from Nisya Batik employees in Cikubangsari Village, Kramatmulya District, Kuningan Regency with a high school education background. The method used is the presentation method, the method of introduction of software and training methods for making batik motifs. The material in this training activity is in the form of software for making batik motifs that makes it easy for employees so that they do not require finishing in making batik motifs before. The result of dedication that is Nisya Batik along with Cikubangsari Village, Kramatmulya Subdistrict, Kuningan Regency can launch empowerment activities especially in developing the use of technology as production and planned efficiency between Universities and Village Officials to explore the potentials in the region.Keywords: Technology, Nisya Batik, Batik Motifs.Abstrak AbstrakTujuan dari pengabdian adalah pengenalan Software JBatik pada karyawan Nisya Batik Kuningan. Era globalisasi, generasi muda diharapkan memiliki kemampuan berwirausaha yang dapat dijadikan peluang untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat.. Metode pelaksanaan kegiatan penyuluhan kewirausahaan bagi generasi muda ini dilaksanakan pada tanggal 9 -11 September di Nisya Batik Desa Cikubangsari Kecamatan Kramatmulya Kabupaten Kuningan. Adapun jumlah peserta dalam kegiatan ini sebanyak 4 orang generasi muda dari karyawan Nisya Batik Desa Cikubangsari Kecamatan Kramatmulya Kabupaten Kuningan dengan latar belakang pendidikan SMA. Metode yang digunakan yaitu metode presentasi, metode pengenalan software dan metode pelatihan pembuatan motif-motif batik. Materi dalam kegiatan pelatihan ini berupa software untuk pembuatan motif batik yang memudahkan bagi karyawan sehingga tidak memerlukan kembali finishing dalam pembuatan motif batik sebelumnya. Hasil pengabdian yaitu Nisya Batik beserta jajaran Desa Cikubangsari Kecamatan Kramatmulya Kabupaten Kuningan dapat mencanangkan kegiatan pemberdayaan khususnya dalam mengembangkan penggunaan teknologi sebagai efisiensi produksi dan terencana antara Perguruan Tinggi dengan Aparat Desa untuk menggali potensi-potensi yang ada di wilayah tersebut.Kata Kunci : Teknologi, Nisya Batik, Motif Batik.