bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PHONOCARDIOGRAPHY IN ACYANOTIC CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
Authors: Auerback Marvin L. , Sokolow Maurice 
Published: December 2021

The phonocardiographic data in 210 cases of acyanotic congenital heart disease were studied, with particular reference to correlation of phonocardiograms with auscultatory findings noted at the bedside and with physiologic data (such as blood pressure and flow) obtained by cardiac catheterization or during surgical procedures. Examples of a wide variety of lesions are presented and discussed.
Congenital cardiac lesions are manifested by certain characteristic murmurs and sounds which are modified in a predictable manner by the physiologic disturbances secondary to the cardiac defect (such as pulmonary hypertension of varying degrees). Although the lesions often can be diagnosed by auscultation alone, the correlations in this study indicate that phonocardiography is more precise than the ear in gauging the degree of the secondary disturbances. [See Fig. in Source Pdf.]
As shown by representative tracings included in this report, phonocardiography records fine changes in the timing, configuration, duration, intensity and localization of cardiac sounds and murmurs which cannot always be detected by auscultation.
The use of phonocardiography as an adjunct to auscultation results in more accurate assessment of the lesions of congenital heart disease and a greater understanding of the associated physiologic changes. This ultimately leads to a more rational basis for decisions which the physician must make regarding definitive treatment. With experience in correlating auscultatory and phonocardiographic findings, the physician often can improve his auscultatory accuracy but he can never equal the refinement of a good graphic recording.
Child Welfare: Principles and Methods
Authors: PARMELEE A. H. 
Published: December 2021

This book is well-organized into five parts with the following headings: 1) The Inheritance of a New Nation; 2) Significant Events in the Nineteenth Century; 3) The Child in the Twentieth Century; 4) Children in Need of Special Protection; and 5) Services for Children with Special Needs. Each part is further subdivided into several chapters.
In the first two parts the historical development of public attitudes and actions with regard to child welfare in England and the United States are systematically reviewed. Present-day child welfare principles and practices as they have developed in the United States are presented in Part Three as a logical outcome of the previously outlined historical background.
SURGICAL TREATMENT OF ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT IN CHILDREN
Authors: McGoon Dwight C. , DuShane James W. , Kirklin John W. 
Published: December 2021

All patients aged 14 years or less operated on for atrial septal defect that was not associated with other cardiovascular anomalies at the Mayo Clinic before December, 1958, were studied. There were 58 such patients.
In the majority of operations, the atrial well technic of repair was employed. In seven, the technic using extracorporeal circulation was considered necessary; this technic was chosen in each instance because other or associated anomalies were suspected. In no case in which the atrial well technic was chosen was a condition discovered that was inoperable by this approach.
No mortality occurred, and the result in each case is considered excellent.
These results indicate that repair of an atrial septal defect of significant size is usually advisable even in the absence of appreciable disability.
STUDY OF STAPHYLOCOCCAL ANTIBODIES OF THE RANTZ TYPE: PLACENTAL TRANSFER AND TITERS IN SERA OF CHILDREN OF VARIOUS AGES
Authors: Neter E. , Rajnovich E. , Gorzynski E. A. 
Published: December 2021

Basic hemagglutination and enzyme hemagglutination procedures were employed for the detection and titration of staphylococcal antibodies of the Rantz type. Staphylococcal antibodies were detected in 37 out of 42 specimens of cord serum and in 40 out of 42 corresponding specimens of maternal serum. The titers of antibodies in cord and maternal blood were similar (ratio of 1 or 0.5) in 62% of paired specimens. Study of specimens of serum from 185 children of various ages revealed that staphylococcal antibodies of the Rantz type were present in 94% of infants up to 3 weeks of age, in 25% of infants 6 to 10 weeks of age, and in all children older than 6 years.
In 25 infants the antibody titers were determined several weeks or months apart, and it was found that a substantial decrease occurred in 9 out of 10 infants between the ages of 6 and 12 weeks and a significant rise in 12 out of 13 infants between the ages of 4 months and 2 years.
In parallel experiments it was shown that antibodies against the somatic antigen of E. coli O55:B5 are transferred from mother to infant less frequently and less efficiently than staphylococcal antibodies of the Rantz type.
The enzyme (protease) hemagglutination test proved to be considerably more sensitive for the demonstration and titration of staphylococcal antibodies of the Rantz type than the basic hemagglutination procedure.
CYTOMEGALIC INCLUSION DISEASE OF THE NEWBORN
Authors: Kluge Robert C. , Wicksman Robert S. , Weller Thomas H. 
Published: December 2021

Clinical and virologic studies are reported of a patient with neonatal cytomegalic inclusion disease. Jaundice, purpura and hepatosplenomegaly were noted shortly after birth and thereafter the course during a 2-year follow-up period was primarily one of improvement. At the end of this period signs suggestive of developmental difficulty were present as evidenced by impairment of speech and a head circumference below the 3rd percentile for age.
Cytomegalic virus was recovered from the urine at 2 and 5 weeks and at 3, 16, 21, and 26 months of age, suggesting that viruria was a constant feature during the period of observation. Neutralizing antibody for the virus was present in the patient's serum during the period of viruria. Recovery of cytomegalic virus from the urine during the neonatal period would appear to be a useful diagnostic procedure. However, the demonstration of viruria in the older infant does not necessarily have the same diagnostic significance.
GENETICS AND METABOLISM
Authors: Childs Barton 
Published: December 2021

IT IS the part of wisdom when about to give a dissertation which one hopes will at once instruct and entertain, to provide at the outset some definition of the subject matter. Genetics is the study of the heritable components of variation; the heritable factors which determine the range or extent of diversity. So, genetics is concerned with heritable differences and likenesses between individuals and between species. One emphasizes the differences because one can be certain of genetic determination of a particular characteristic only when it exists in a population in two or more alternative forms. It is the variants which catch the eye and hold the attention of the investigator, and which by their presence suggest more than one form of the gene or genes which determine that particular characteristic. I would like in what follows to present some examples of investigations of some aspects of genetics in human populations.
ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA
Several years ago Dr. Melvin Grumbach and I studied the genetics of adrenal hyperplasia, using as our material the patients of Dr. Lawson Wilkins. Since the disease occurs in more than one member of a sibship and since parents are unaffected, we suspected that it was genetically determined and that the affected patient possessed a double dose of a mutant gene; that is, the characteristic was recessive.
INTUSSUSCEPTION IN CHILDHOOD
Authors: Robins M. Moreno , Plenk Henry P. 
Published: December 2021

A city-wide study of intussusception in childhood is reported. The classic signs and symptoms (vomiting, abdominal pain, bloody stools, palpable abdominal mass) are reported in percentages approximating those previously reported by other authors. Intussusception in childhood occurred about once in every 13,000 admissions to general hospitals. Of 26 cases, 3 had surgery without barium enema. In 11 of 23 patients who had roentgenographic examination the intussusception was reduced by enemas (48%). In one patient the lesion recurred after 24 hours.
No deaths were encountered in this small series.
Provided certain precautions are followed, barium enema is a safe procedure which will save about one-half of the patients a surgical procedure and unnecessary prolonged hospitalization.
STAPHYLOCOCCAL ANTIBODIES IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS OF THE PANCREAS
Authors: Halbert S. P. , di Sant'Agnese P. A. , Kotek F. Rotman 
Published: December 2021

It has been shown that the sera of patients with cystic fibrosis reveal more numerous and frequent antibody responses to extracellular products of strains of Staphylococcus aureus than do sera from control subjects of a similar age, time and place.
In a significant percentage of patients with cystic fibrosis multiple antibody responses were found against extracts of a Hemophilus influenzae strain. Such multiple antibodies were not seen in sera of the control group. These findings suggest that this organism may not infrequently be involved in the pathogenesis of the pulmonary lesions.
Many more patients with cystic fibrosis than controls failed to reveal antibodies against the extracellular products of a strain of group A hemolytic streptococcus. No detectable antibodies were found in any of the sera against pneumococcal type 2 polysaccharide, old tuberculin or a mouse peritoneal toxoplasma concentrate.
The potential value of this approach for the analysis of the underlying etiologic agents involved in the respiratory infections of patients with cystic fibrosis is discussed.
VALUE OF HYPOSENSITIZATION THERAPY FOR PERENNIAL BRONCHIAL ASTHMA IN CHILDREN
Authors: Johnstone Douglas E. , Crump Lee 
Published: December 2021

The responses of children with perennial bronchial asthma to three conventional methods of hyposensitization therapy and to a saline control treatment have been compared. There were approximately 40 children in each treatment group. The measures of response utilized were incidence of new allergies during treatment, incidence of wheezing on exertion and with upper respiratory illness after 4 years of treatment, and numbers of asthma attacks and days wheezing during the fourth year of treatment relative to the numbers in the year preceding treatment.
The conclusion was that hyposensitization therapy, using sufficiently high doses of the antigen mixture, is quite effective in controlling the symptoms indicated above.
A SIMPLIFIED TECHNIQUE FOR VACCINATION AGAINST SMALLPOX
Authors: Kravitz Harvey 
Published: December 2021

A new device for performing vaccination against smallpox has been successfully used in 323 patients.
The percentage of vaccination "takes" of the experimental scarifier "loaded" with vaccine material (Groups III, IV and V) is greater than the presently-used multiple-pressure method, although the difference is not statistically significant.
The new vaccinator provides uniformly smaller and cosmetically superior scars.
Struggling of infants and children is eliminated by this procedure.
The fear of the sight of the currently employed vaccinating needle is eliminated in children by the use of this new procedure.
There is less pain with the proposed method since the points are designed to press into the epidermis, and pricking of the dermis is minimized.
A vaccination can be performed in 2 to 3 seconds with ease in all age groups.
The Anonymous Mycobacteria in Human Disease
Authors: BLATMAN SAUL 
Published: December 2021

The proceedings of a conference on Anonymous Mycobacteria in Human Disease, held at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, are reported. The ideas expressed by the authorities participating are extremely informative. Dr. John S. Chapman, the editor of this book, has done a considerable amount of work on the problem of anonymous mycobacteria in human disease and is indeed welt qualified to edit this volume.
The report of this conference offers a comprehensive coverage of the bacteriologic characteristics of the anonymous mycobacteria, as well as the human pathology and known clinical aspects of disease produced by these organisms.
CATECHOLAMINES IN TISSUES OF THE HUMAN FETUS
Authors: Greenberg Robert E. , Lind John 
Published: December 2021

Various tissues of the early human fetus were studied, in terms of their catecholamine content, as a means of evaluating the level of maturation of the sympathetic nervous system and chromaffin tissue.
Epinephrine was found in significant amounts in the adrenal medulla but not in para-aortic chromaffin tissue. Its presence in the medulla was recorded by fluorescent analysis, bioassay and quantitative paper chromatography. Although the reasons for the differences between these findings and those reported previously by others remains unclarified, the following conclusions may be made: 1) the total catecholamine content of fetal adrenal glands is extremely low, reflecting the scanty occurrence of adrenal chromaffin tissue, 2) norepinephrine is the predominant amine in chromaffin tissue in fetal life, present in greater absolute and relative amounts in extramedullary rather than medullary chromaffin tissue, 3) epinephrine is present in the adrenal gland from a very early stage of fetal life, and 4) the physiologic importance of either epinephrine or norepinephrine in the chromaffin tissue of the fetus awaits elucidation.
In organs, the content of catecholamines roughly parallels that of adult members of other species, indicating the presence of a potentially functioning adrenergic nerve supply at an early stage of development.
In cerebral tissue, the content of catecholamines appears to be much lower than adult tissue in the early fetus. Dopamine is not present in brains of fetuses, at least during the first trimester of pregnancy, suggesting a dissociation of function between dopamine and norepinephrine in the central nervous system.
THE VARIOUS TYPES OF THYROID MALFUNCTION IN CRETINISM AND THEIR RELATIVE FREQUENCY
Authors: Carr Edward A. , Beierwaltes William H. , Neel James V. , Davidson Ruth , Lowrey George H. , Dodson Vernon N. , Tanton John H. 
Published: December 2021

Previous comprehensive biochemical studies of thyroidal function in cretins were each performed on a few individuals. Such studies do not permit an evaluation of the incidence of various thyroidal defects in cretins. We have therefore performed a comprehensive clinical and biochemical study of 56 cretins from the State of Michigan, including 41 born after the introduction of iodized salt into Michigan.
Cretins were considered to have a thyroid gland if it was palpable, was found surgically, demonstrated by scintigram, or showed a net radioactive iodine (I131) uptake over the thyroidal area exceeding 10%, or if there was evidence of incorporation of administered I131 into circulating compounds. The minimum incidence of thyroid glands in cretins was 21% and the probable incidence 32%.
Inability of the thyroid gland to organify iodine was detected by discharge of I131 after administration of potassium thiocyanate (KSCN) to six patients, and chromatography of the thyroid gland hydrolysates in four patients. Inability to organify iodine was the most common clearly identifiable defect in these cretins with thyroid glands.
The familial incidence of cretinism was higher in subjects with thyroid glands than in athyrotic subjects. Cretins with thyroid glands co-existed in the same sibship with athyrotic cretins. Serial studies of thyroidal function indicate that progressive postnatal failure of thyroid function may result in athyreosis.
THE WEIGHT OF THE HEART OF MATURE INFANTS AFTER ASPHYXIA NEONATORUM
Authors: Burnard E. D. , James L. S. 
Published: December 2021

The average weight of the heart in mature babies dying after asphyxiation at birth was greater than in controls matched for birth weight. Diagnosis at necropsy included cardiac hypertrophy of both ventricles in several instances.
There was a tendency for heart weight to increase beyond that expected for birth weight, the longer the baby survived. This indicated developing hypertrophy, because there is normally little change in the first month.
The observation is discussed in the light of other evidence implicating failure of the left ventricle as an early event in babies who become ill after undue asphyxia at birth.
The Electroencephalogram of the Normal Child
Authors: GIBBS FREDERIC A. 
Published: December 2021

The following is the Preface to this book by Dr. Frederic A. Gibbs, who is well qualified to appraise it:
"The Italian edition of L'Elettroencefalogramma del Bambino Normale was so lucid, well illustrated and useful that it demanded an English translation. Dr. Fois, in collaboration with Dr. Niels L. Low, has produced an English edition which improves on the original.
"Verbal description cannot convey the mass of detail that is needed for the diagnosis and precise interpretation of electroencephalograms. The written word can only underline certain aspects of the electroencephalogram and indicate its meaning. Accurate reading of such tracings requires experience with actual examples; this book helps to provide such experience.
CHONDRODYSTROPHIA CALCIFICANS CONGENITA
Authors: Josephson Barry M. , Oriatti Mario D. 
Published: December 2021

A case of chondrodystrophia calcificans congenita in a newborn infant, born of a hypothyroid mother who had episodes of tetany during pregnancy, is reported. On the basis of a review of significant findings in 88 cases reported in the world literature the following conclusions are drawn.
Chondrodystrophia calcificans congenita is a disorder that is well established at the time of birth. The diagnosis is based primarily on roentgenologic findings; it may be missed either if insufficient indication for radiologic investigation is present or if radiologic investigation is delayed beyond 4 years of age, when the epiphyses begin to fuse.
A possible relationship between this disorder and dysplasia epiphysialis multiplex is indicated by the similarity in the radiologic features of each and the inability to differentiate between the two, once epiphysial fusion has commenced. One wonders whether the reported cases of dysplasia epiphysialis multiplex may represent partial fusion in chondrodystrophia calcificans congenita. Further pathologic investigation is necessary to elucidate this point.
Maternal hypothyroidism may have a teratogenic role in this disorder, as in other congenital anomalies.
In those patients surviving infancy and childhood, the prognosis for useful function is good if anomalies of other systems are not present. The skeletal deformities can be managed by orthopedic surgery, and the cataracts can be extirpated.
PROGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF ELECTROMYOGRAPHY IN CONGENITAL TORTICOLLIS
Authors: Baxter Chadwick F. , Johnson Ernest W. , Lloyd James R. , Clatworthy H. William 
Published: December 2021

The selection of the patients with congenital muscular torticolis for early surgical treatment is of paramount importance because in severe cases the deformity is progressive, and surgical treatment produces the best results when the diseased and restraining muscle is removed in early infancy. Electromyography appears to be of some value as an adjunct to clinical evaluation in determining which patient should have such early surgical treatment.
The electromyogram permits the physician to obtain an objective estimate of the amount of destruction present in any given muscle. If few muscle fibers are working, he may conclude that the muscle has been replaced by fibrous tissue and that structural deformities are likely to progress due to the disproportionate growth of the diseased area in comparison to the surrounding normal boney and soft tissues. Conversely, if there are many normal muscles fibers functioning within the mass he may predict a more favorable outcome in terms of muscle length and function and consequently less deformity in the future.
Our observations to date indicate that if there is a severe reduction in electrical activity of the involved sternoleidomastoid muscle, as indicated by the electromyogram, the histologic studies will show evidence of extensive destruction of normal muscle and replacement with scan tissue. In such a patient early surgical excision is probably justified. Conversely, if there is minimal or moderate reduction in electrical activity, conservative management with physical therapy and repeated observations is the treatment of choice.
VITAMIN D AND CALCIUM AND PHOSPHATE TRANSPORT
Authors: Harrison Harold E. 
Published: December 2021

I am indeed grateful for the honor of the Borden Award of the American Academy of Pediatrics. At this time it is fitting that I express my indebtedness to three great teachers in pediatrics whose influence has been of the utmost importance to me: Grover Powers, Daniel Darrow and Edwards Park. I should also remind you that this award is really a recognition of the joint work of my wife, Dr. Helen C. Harrison, and myself. We have both participated in all aspects of experiment and theory which will be summarized in this paper.
It is a great privilege to be asked to present to the American Academy of Pediatrics observations that we have made on a problem that historically has had tremendous significance to pediatricians. A review of the history of rickets and of the discovery of vitamin D is exciting in part because of the brilliant success achieved in the solution of all important problem, but also because of the number of American leaders in pediatrics who participated in this triumph over a disease that had afflicted children in Europe and the United States for generations.
THE FIRST experimental evidence of the existence of a fat-soluble organic substance with antirachitic properties was submitted by the British nutritionist Mellanby in 1918.