bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Process intensification for enzyme assisted turmeric starch hydrolysis in hydrotropic and supercritical conditions
Authors: Labrath Yogita P. , Belge Prafulla V. , Kulkarni Uma G. , Gaikar Vilas G. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The turmeric rhizome (Curcuma longa) contains curcuminoids embedded in the starch matrix. It is thus important to target starch hydrolysis to enhance extraction of curcuminoids. In the case of starch hydrolysis, α-amylase is more efficient when the starch is in a gelatinised form than when it is in its natural form. The present work includes hydrolysis of turmeric starch in its natural and gelatinised forms using α-amylase in hydrotrope solution (HS) and scCO2. The optimum rate of starch hydrolysis was obtained using 200 IU cm−3 of α-amylase, at reaction conditions of 6.5 pH at 328 K when 10% w/w of turmeric powder was stirred at 900 rpm in HSs. The hydrolysis in 15 MPa scCO2 at room temperature required a phase modifier and 40 min of residence time (RT). The enzyme treatment of turmeric powder in HSs increased the filtration rate for curcuminoid extraction (gelatinised and native) compared to untreated turmeric powder.
Residual flux impact in controlled switching of HVDC converter transformer
Authors: Kumar Ajay , Kaur Inderpreet , Parikh Urmil 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Converter transformers are an interface point of HVDC frameworks and are basic hardware from activity and reliability view point. Converter transformers are turned off intentionally under planned support and un-deliberately during fault conditions. Random energization of HVDC Converter transformer delivers high inrush currents due to core saturation asymmetries and endanger equipment health. In this paper, charging approach has been proposed. By utilizing point on wave exchanging for moderation of charging drifters during charging of 888 MVA 400/325 kV Converter Transformer of ±800 kV HVDC Sub-station. The proposed procedure has been applied on HVAC electrical Circuit Breaker furnished with Pre-Insertion Resistor considering diverse degree of residual flux. Performance of proposed philosophy has been affirmed by field tests and reproduction in PSCAD programming package and is found very viable. Near investigation is done in this paper and shows that with the use of proposed system, the switching transient during stimulation and field tests of coupled three phase converter transformers is decreased to worthy level.
Effect of EVA and DCP addition on injection moldability and tensile properties of recycled PE from disposable drip tapes
Authors: Wu Shoujun , Liang Jinlian , Feng Yingjun , Zhu Delan , Guo Bin 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The effects of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and dicumyl peroxide (DCP) addition on injection moldability and tensile properties of recycled polyethylene (PE) from disposable drip tapes were studied. DCP showed an adverse impact on the injection moldability of recycled PE materials, while EVA had positive effects on it. Tensile properties of the reproduced PE increased with the increasing amount of EVA up to 10 wt.% and decreased beyond it. The DCP addition reduced the elastic properties of the reproduced PE, while it enhanced the tensile strength. Overall, the co-addition of 6 wt.% EVA + 0.4 wt.% DCP could improve the tensile strength of the reproduced PE materials.
Increased nitric oxide availability worsens the cardiac performance during early re-perfusion period in adult rats
Authors: Diab Faten M.A. , Ayobe Mahmoud H. , Abdel-Salam Mohamed F. , Otman Mohammed F.S. , Abdel-Hady Enas A. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Re-perfusion is the standard therapy for acute myocardial infarction, despite the associated pathologies that may contribute to irreversible myocardial injury. The present study aims to clarify the alterations in cardiac activities in response to experimental cardiac ischemic arrest followed by re-perfusion in isolated hearts perfused with nitric oxide (NO) donor, l-arginine, or NO inhibitor, Nω-Nitro-l-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (l-NAME), to shed light on the possible role of NO in the re-perfusion process.

Methods
Hearts isolated from adult Wistar rats were studied on Langendorff preparation under basal conditions and during 30 min re-perfusion following 30 min of total global ischemia. Rats were randomly divided into three groups; control and l-arginine or l-NAME infused heart groups. Cardiac tissue content of malondialdhyde, catalase and nitrite was also measured.

Results
Compared to the control group, both l-arginine and l-NAME infused hearts showed increased basal chronotropy and myocardial flow rate. Following ischemia and during the whole period of re-perfusion, the three groups demonstrated significant deterioration in the inotropic activity and compromised myocardial flow rate. l-arginine infused hearts revealed depressed inotropy and chronotropy, weak systolic and diastolic functions with compromised myocardial flow at early 5 min of re-perfusion, yet with significantly higher myocardial flow rate by the end of re-perfusion.

Conclusions
Reducing NO availability by l-NAME revealed mild impact on the ischemia re-perfusion induced contractile dysfunction, whereas excess NO worsens cardiac performance at the early re-perfusion period.
Zur multimodalen Analyse historischer Texte und Diskurse
Authors: Klug Nina-Maria 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIm vorliegenden Beitrag werden einige Prämissen und Fragestellungen einer multimodalen Text- und Diskurssemantik umrissen, die sich nicht auf die Analyse sprachlicher Zeichen beschränkt. Dabei wird auf Gemeinsamkeiten, aber auch Unterschiede zu anderen text- und diskurssemantischen Ansätzen hingewiesen, die Notwendigkeit einer multimodalen Analyse von Formen des intra- und inter- bzw. transtextuellen semantischen Zusammenspiels von Sprache und anderen Zeichenmodalitäten in Text und Diskurs aufgezeigt und an historischen Belegen unterschiedlicher Art und verschiedenen Alters illustriert.
Die Textsorte Lebensbeschreibung als Forschungsobjekt der Textsemantik
Authors: Roth Kerstin 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Zur Erschließung der Textsorte Lebensbeschreibung als Forschungsobjekt der Textsemantik wird im vorliegenden Aufsatz exemplarisch die Lebensbeschreibung der Herrnhuterin Salome Wasmer (1725–1804) in das Textsemantische Analyseraster (TexSem) von Gardt (2012) eingeordnet, mit einem Schwer­punkt auf dem kommunikativ-pragmatischen Rahmen des Textes. Die zunächst in einer privaten Schreibsituation entstehende Lebensbeschreibung wird später ein Teil des Begräbnisrituals. Das Wissen um diese Kommunikationssituation ist notwendig, um die Bedeutung des Einzeltextes zu erfassen.
Die Widerstandszeitung?!
Authors: Graumann Andrea , Wilk Nicole M. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Der Beitrag plädiert für eine diskurspragmatische Beschreibung des Enthüllens als widerstandstypischen Handlungsmusters des linken Exil-Widerstands. Mit den selbst als Enthüllungen deklarierten Praktiken kombinieren die Widerstandsakteure Verfahren der Dialogisierung, Kontrastbildung, Theatralitätsmetaphorik und Polemik. Diese Verfahren werden in den Exil-Zeitungen Der Gegen-Angriff und Neuer Vorwärts von 1933 bis 1936 in Text und Bild nachgewiesen und hinsichtlich ihrer Leistung für die übergeordnete kommunikative Aufgabe der Selbstpositionierung im Exil, der Warnung und Mobilisierung interpretiert.
Negative adjectival morphology in Latin.
Authors: Cuzzolin Pierluigi 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn the present paper the evaluation of a new etymology for the worduirgō‘virgin’ serves as occasion for an overview of the morphological prefixes by means of which Latin encodes negation on adjectives and nouns. Using the theoretical framework, whose origin ultimately goes back to Aristotle, three varieties of negation will be described: contrariety, contradiction, and privation. As will be shown, all these varieties, and privation in particular, require some theoretical refinement: in some cases, instead of contrariety, some more adequate conceptualizations are preferable such as neutralization or reverse. In this paper the seven prefixes used to encode negation on adjectives and nouns –dē-,dis-,ex-,in-,nĕ-,sē-,uē- – will be described also diachronically, and for each of them their original function will be tentatively identified.
Rapid radiation of the inner Indo-European languages: an advanced approach to Indo-European lexicostatistics
Authors: Kassian Alexei S. , Zhivlov Mikhail , Starostin George , Trofimov Artem A. , Kocharov Petr A. , Kuritsyna Anna , Saenko Mikhail N. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In this article we present a new reconstruction of Indo-European phylogeny based on 13 110-item basic wordlists for protolanguages of IE subgroups (Proto-Germanic, Proto-Slavic, etc.) or ancient languages of the corresponding subgroups (Hittite, Ancient Greek, etc.). We apply reasonably formal techniques of linguistic data collection and post-processing (onomasiological reconstruction, derivational drift elimination, homoplastic optimization) that have been recently proposed or specially developed for the present study. We use sequential phylogenetic workflow and obtain a consensus tree based on several algorithms (Bayesian inference, maximum parsimony, neighbor joining; without topological constraints applied). The resulting tree topology and datings are entirely compatible with established expert views. Our main finding is the multifurcation of the Inner IE clade into four branches ca. 3357–2162 bc: (1) Greek-Armenian, (2) Albanian, (3) Italic-Germanic-Celtic, (4) Balto-Slavic–Indo-Iranian. The proposed radiation scenario may be reconciled with diverse opinions on Inner IE branchings previously expressed by Indo-Europeanists.
Heritage languages and the ʻmultilingual boostʼ: intercomprehension skills of Russian and Polish heritage speakers in Germany
Authors: Brehmer Bernhard , Steinbach Dominika , Arifulin Vladimir 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The article focuses on whether and to which extent heritage bilinguals make use of their heritage language while developing receptive skills in unknown languages which are either related to the majority language or the heritage language. Thirty four adolescent heritage speakers of Russian and Polish and a control group of thirty three German monolinguals were first exposed to a text in Swedish. The monolingual control group was matched with regard to age, educational background, foreign languages learned at school as well as proficiency in English. All participants had to determine the parts of speech of ten items from the text, translate them into German, and extract the main pieces of information from the text. In a second step, the heritage speakers completed a similar task with an unknown Slavic target language (Serbian). The results revealed no bilingual advantage of the heritage speakers over the monolinguals in the Swedish task. Furthermore, they scored lower in the Serbian trial. We treat this as evidence that access to the heritage language as a resource for solving these tasks is limited compared to the majority language and English which might be due to lesser metalinguistic knowledge about structures of the heritage language.
Quality control of digital representations of manuscript texts: proposal of a standards-based method
Authors: Arillo Jesús Robledano 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis study aims to propose a quality control method for digitized versions of manuscript documents that will be relevant for paleographical and codicological analysis. The methodology applied consisted of a systematic review of papers related to automated analysis of the physical characteristics of handwritings and document supports in the field of digital paleography, as well as of the numerous standards that have been emerging in the field of image engineering for quality assessment in digital image recordings. We also worked with a sample of 275 digital representations of pages or double pages of manuscript documentation dating to between the 12th and 17th centuries. As a result of this study, we propose a taxonomy of physical attributes of the handwritings and of their documentary supports that must be represented in the digital image with a high level of fidelity and without any distortions that could lead scholars to erroneous interpretations of the physical and formal characteristics of the original documents. On the basis of this taxonomy, we identified a set of typical distortions caused by digitization processes that can affect the recording quality of the physical attributes previously proposed, as well as a set of parameters and metrics for measuring quality that can be used to create a sufficiently exhaustive quality model. We also detected a series of limitations which, if not properly managed, can compromise the effectiveness of these types of controls.
Rational design of nanocatalysts for ambient ammonia electrosynthesis
Authors: Wu Limin , Guo Weiwei , Sun Xiaofu , Han Buxing 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Ammonia (NH3) is one of the key commercial chemicals and carbon-free energy carriers. It is mainly made by Haber-Bosch process under high temperature and high pressure, which consumes huge amount of energy and releases large amounts of CO2. Developing sustainable approaches to its production is of great importance. Powered by a renewable electricity source, electrochemical N2 reduction reaction (NRR) and nitrate reduction reaction (NITRR) are potential routes to synthesize NH3 under ambient conditions. This review summarizes major recent advances in the NRR and NITRR, especially for several years. Some fundamentals for NRR and NITRR are first introduced. Afterward, the design strategies of nanocatalysts are discussed, mainly focusing on nano-structure construction/nanoconfinement, doping/defects engineering and single-atom engineering. Finally, the critical challenges remaining in this research area and promising directions for future research are discussed.
Investigating the relationship between tack and degree of conversion in DGEBA-based epoxy resin cured with dicyandiamide and diuron
Authors: Kuliaei Ali , Amiri Amraei Iraj , Mousavi Seyed Rasoul 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The purpose behind this research was to determine the optimum formulation and investigate the cure kinetics of a diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA)-based epoxy resin cured by dicyandiamide and diuron for use in prepregs. First, all formulations were examined by the tensile test, and then, the specimens with higher mechanical properties were further investigated by viscometry and tack tests. The cure kinetics of the best formulation (based on tack test) in nonisothermal mode was investigated using differential scanning calorimetry at different heating rates. Kissinger and Ozawa method was used for determining the kinetic parameters of the curing process. The activation energy obtained by this method was 71.43 kJ/mol. The heating rate had no significant effect on the reaction order and the total reaction order was approximately constant (

m
+
n
≅
2.1

$m+n\cong 2.1$

). By comparing the experimental data and the theoretical data obtained by Kissinger and Ozawa method, a good agreement was seen between them. By increasing the degree of conversion, the viscosity decreased; as the degree of conversion increased, so did the slope of viscosity. The results of the tack test also indicated that the highest tack could be obtained with 25% progress of curing.
Magnetic measurement methods to probe nanoparticle–matrix interactions
Authors: Liebl Maik , Eberbeck Dietmar , Coene Annelies , Leliaert Jonathan , Jauch Philine , Kruteva Margarita , Fruhner Lisa , Barnsley Lester , Mayr Stefan G. , Wiekhorst Frank 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are key elements in several biomedical applications, e.g., in cancer therapy. Here, the MNPs are remotely manipulated by magnetic fields from outside the body to deliver drugs or generate heat in tumor tissue. The efficiency and success of these approaches strongly depend on the spatial distribution and quantity of MNPs inside a body and interactions of the particles with the biological matrix. These include dynamic processes of the MNPs in the organism such as binding kinetics, cellular uptake, passage through cell barriers, heat induction and flow. While magnetic measurement methods have been applied so far to resolve the location and quantity of MNPs for therapy monitoring, these methods can be advanced to additionally access these particle–matrix interactions. By this, the MNPs can further be utilized as probes for the physical properties of their molecular environment. In this review, we first investigate the impact of nanoparticle–matrix interactions on magnetic measurements in selected experiments. With these results, we then advanced the imaging modalities magnetorelaxometry imaging and magnetic microsphere tracking to spatially resolve particle–matrix interactions.
Design of locally sourced activated charcoal filter from maize cob for wastewater decontamination: an approach to fight waste with waste
Authors: Ajala Lawrence Olusegun , Ali Ewa Ezeali , Nnachi Emmanuel Okewe , Onwukeme Valentine Ifenna 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This research studied decontamination of laboratory wastewater with an activated carbon derived from maize cob, an agricultural waste to ascertaining its adsorption effectiveness for water treatment. The preparation conditions such as the concentration of the activating agent, impregnation ratio, impregnation temperature, impregnation time, activation temperature and activation time were optimized. The adsorbent’s porous properties revealed its adsorption potency was correlated with the iodine value. The test adsorbent showed significant contaminants adsorption in the laboratory wastewater; the results obtained were within the standards for drinking water set by the regulatory agencies. This agricultural waste could be considered for the preparation of activated carbon which would ultimately serve as an alternative method of decontaminating laboratory wastewater.
Polymers, plastics, & more – educating post-secondary students from different disciplines with polymer science
Authors: Lowe Jimmy , Canal John P. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Polymers are excellent materials that provide concrete examples of concepts and learning objectives covered in different post-secondary level courses. Modules focused on polymer science can be used for teaching general, organic, material and green chemistry. These modules can be tailored to build on the students' prerequisite knowledge. Science 300 is a course offered at Simon Fraser University (SFU) to non-science, post-secondary students focused on the impact of science in society. Prosthetics and Orthotics (PROR) is a diploma program offered at the British Columbia Institute of Technology (BCIT). Both programs have incorporated polymer science as part of the curriculum. Design of the modules illustrates polymers as an important class of materials that possess both beneficial and environmental unfriendly properties. A variety of learning strategies are incorporated within the courses to aid students with understanding polymer science.
Synthesis of biologically active heterocyclic compounds from allenic and acetylenic nitriles and related compounds
Authors: Fotsing Marthe Carine Djuidje , Njamen Dieudonné , Tanee Fomum Zacharias , Ndinteh Derek Tantoh 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Cyclic and polycyclic compounds containing moieties such as imidazole, pyrazole, isoxazole, thiazoline, oxazine, indole, benzothiazole and benzoxazole benzimidazole are prized molecules because of the various pharmaceutical properties that they display. This led Prof. Landor and co-workers to engage in the synthesis of several of them such as alkylimidazolenes, oxazolines, thiazolines, pyrimidopyrimidines, pyridylpyrazoles, benzoxazines, quinolines, pyrimidobenzimidazoles and pyrimidobenzothiazolones. This review covers the synthesis of biologically active heterocyclic compounds by the Michael addition and the double Michael addition of various amines and diamines on allenic nitriles, acetylenic nitriles, hydroxyacetylenic nitriles, acetylenic acids and acetylenic aldehydes. The heterocycles were obtained in one step reaction and in most cases, did not give side products. A brief discussion on the biological activities of some heterocycles is also provided.
Medicine in philately: History of Quarantine
Authors: Bingöl Buğra Berkan , Ataman Ahmet Doğan , Pekesen Mehtap , Vatanoğlu-Lutz Elif 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Objectives
This article provides an overview through philately on the history of the quarantine ap-plications which dominate the whole world nowadays because of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Content
In this review article, the History of Quarantine is enriched with philatelic examples and tried to explain.

Summary
Quarantine is defined as the isolation of animals, people, or land to prevent the spread of diseases or pests. It is different from medical isolation, which is for people who have been infected with the disease. The word “quarantine” comes from quarantine, Italian language meaning “40 days”. This is because of the 40-day isolation of ships and people practiced as a measure of disease prevention related to the plague. This practice was named “Quaranta” in the Republic of Venice, whose economy is based on trade, by keeping the ships coming to the city in the sea for 40 days off the city, so that the capital Venice will not be infected with epidemics.

Outlook
People’s efforts to take precautions against a possible pandemic risk are a practice that has been going on for ages. Quarantine, which is among the measures to prevent the spread of infectious diseases, includes measures taken by avoiding contact with humans and animals in suspected cases exposed to infectious diseases for a period equal to the longest incubation period of the disease.
Synthesis and structure of the λ
6Si-silicate [Cs(18-crown-6)]2[Si(OSO2CH3)6]
Authors: Georg Isabelle , Bolte Michael , Wagner Matthias , Lerner Hans-Wolfram 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The λ
6Si-silicate [Cs(18-crown-6)]2[Si(OSO2CH3)6] (1) was synthesized by treatment of Si2Cl6 with Cs[OSO2CH3] in the presence of 18-crown-6. Compound 1 is the first example of a λ
6Si-silicate with a methanesulfonate ligand. It was characterized by NMR spectroscopy and by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The solid-state structure of 1 consists of discrete [Si(OSO2CH3)6]2– anions and two [Cs(18-crown-6)]+ cations (triclinic space group,

P

1
¯

$P\overline{1}$

, Z = 1).