bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STUDI PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH PADAT KELAPA SAWIT
Authors: Haryanti Andi , Norsamsi Norsamsi , Fanny Sholiha Putri Suci , Putri Novy Pralisa 
Published: March 2021

Abstrak- Setiap tahunnya produksi kelapa sawit makin meningkat, sehingga akan terjadi peningkatan juga pada limbah kelapa sawit. Limbah kelapa sawit adalah sisa-sisa hasil tanaman kelapa sawit yang tidak termasuk dalam produk utama atau merupakan hasil ikutan dari proses pengolahan kelapa sawit. Limbah padat kelapa sawit dapat berupa tandan kosong, cangkang dan sabut, dimana pada 1 ton kelapa sawit menghasilkan limbah berupa tandan kosong kelapa sawit sebanyak 23% atau 230 kg, limbah cangkang sebanyak 6,5% atau 65 kg, sabut 13% atau 130 kg. Umumnya limbah padat industri kelapa sawit mengandung bahan organik yang tinggi sehingga jika penanganan limbah secara tidak tepat akan mencemari lingkungan. Pada tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai PLT biomassa, pupuk dan bioetanol. Untuk cangkang kelapa sawit dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai karbon/arang aktif, pembuatan pupuk cair kalium sulfat, pengawet alami tahu, bahan bakar (biomassa), briket. Untuk sabut kelapa sawit dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan penguat sifat mekanik komposit, fiber glass, pengolah limbah cair, pembuatan pulp, media tanaman alternatif, alternatif pengganti solar dan batubara sebagai bahan bakar pembangkit listrik. Masih banyak yang bisa di lakukan untuk pemanfaatan limbah padat kelapa sawit dengan dilakukan penelitian. Kata Kunci: limbah padat kelapa sawit, TKKS, cangkang kelapa sawit, sabut kelapa sawit Abstract- Each year, palm oil production increased, so that there will be an increase also in palm oil waste. Waste of palm oil crops are not included in the main product or a by-product of the processing of palm oil. Solid waste can be either oil palm empty fruit bunches, shells and fiber (coir), which on 1 ton of palm oil generates waste in the form of empty fruit bunches of oil pam as much as 23% or 230 kg, the waste shell as much as 6.5% or 65 kg, coir (fiber) 13% or 130 kg. Generally palm oil industrial solid waste contain organic matter so that if the improper handling of waste will pollute the environment. In the oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) PLT can be used as biomass, manure and bioethanol. For palm kernel shells can be used as a carbon/charcoal, liquid potassium sulphate fertilizer production, and natural preservatives. To coir (fiber) palm oil can be used as a reinforcing material for the mechanical properties of the composite, fiber glass, liquid waste processing, manufacture of pulp, media alternative crops, alternative to diesel and coal as fuel for electricity generation. There is still much that can be done for solid waste utilization of palm oil by doing a research.Keywords: solid waste of palm oil, EFB, palm kernel shells, fiber of palm oil
STUDI PERBANDINGAN SIMULASI PROSES PEMBAKARAN BATUBARA DAN VINASSE METODE NON-PREMIX COMBUSTION MODEL
Authors: Triwibowo Bayu , Halim Abdul , Rahmatika Annie Mufyda 
Published: March 2021

Abstrak-Vinasse merupakan limbah dari industri gula dengan debit yang sangat besar sehingga harus diolah dengan berbagai metode. Salah satu alternatif metode yang dapat digunakan adalah pembakaran. Pembakaran merupakan reaksi kimia yang memproduksi panas dan dapat digunakan sebagai suplai energi untuk proses selanjutnya. Berdasarkan analisis proksimat dan ultimat, vinasse memiliki karakteristik yang hampir sama dengan batubara setelah mengalami proses evaporasi. Penelitian ini mempelajari perbandingan dari karakteristik pembakaran antara batubara dan vinasse sebagai bahan bakar yang dilihat dari aspek distribusi temperatur, distribusi spesies, dan vektor kecepatan. Proses pembakaran dijalankan dengan metode computational fluid dynamics (CFD) khususnya model pembakaran non-premix. Geometri dari ruang bakar yang digunakan adalah 84 x 5,2 m dengan kualitas ortogonal mesh yang digunakan mendekati 1 dan bentuk cell segiempat 100 persen. Simulasi pembakaran dijalankan dengan geometri 2D (dua dimensi) dengan udara sebagai oksidator. Hasil dari simulasi menunjukkan bahwa vinasse memiliki potensi untuk digunakan sebagai bahan bakar alternatif karena lebih cepat terbakar dibandingkan dengan batubara serta karakteristik lain yang sedikit berbeda. Kata kunci : pembakaran, vinasse, batubara, CFD, non-premix Abstract-Vinasse as a sugarcane waste has large amount of debit that must be treated through various methods. One of the methods is combustion. Combustion is a chemical reaction that produced heat which is can be used as energy supply for further process. Vinasse according to proxymate and ultimate analysis has characteristic similar to coal after being evaporated. This paper is studied about the comparassion of combustion characteristic between vinasse and coal as a fuel in terms of temperature distribution, species distribution, and velocity vector. Combustion process conducted with computational fluid dynamics method especially non-premix combustion model. The geometry of furnace is 84 m x 5.2 m with the orthogonal quality of mesh is close to 1 and 100 percent of quad cells. The simulation of combustion process conducted in 2D (two dimensions) with air as oxydizer. The results of the simulation shows that vinasse were very potential to use as a fuel with quicker combustion compared to coal but with slightly different characteristic. Keywords : Combustion, vinasse, coal, CFD, non-premix
OPTIMASI WAKTU HIDROLISIS TANDAN KOSONG KELAPA SAWIT MENJADI FURFURAL BERBANTUKAN GELOMBANG MIKRO
Authors: Rahim Marinda , Nadir Mardhiyah 
Published: March 2021

Abstrak- Sebagai daerah sentra pengembangan perkebunan kelapa sawit dan industri crude palm oil (CPO), Kalimantan Timur memiliki potensi untuk menghasilkan tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) dalam jumlah yang cukup besar. TKKS merupakan limbah padat dari hasil industri CPO yang menggunakan tandan buah sawit (TBS) sebagai bahan bakunya. Bagian TKKS adalah 23% dari TBS. TKKS memiliki nilai ekonomi yang tinggi jika diolah lebih lanjut. Salah satu cara yang digunakan adalah dengan menghidrolisis kandungan pentosan di dalam TKKS menjadi furfural. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah megembangkan teknik hidrolisis satu tahap TKKS menjadi furfural dengan bantuan gelombang mikro untuk mendapatkan waktu optimum yang dapat mengasilkan furfural maksimum.. Pada penelitian ini 10 gram TKKS ditambahkan dengan 250 mL H2SO4 15% sebagai katalis. Campuran kemudian dihidrolisis menggunakan bantuan gelombang mikro dengan variasi waktu 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, dan 105 menit. Hasil analisa dengan Gas Chromatography (GC) menunjukkan hasil furfural tertinggi diperoleh pada waktu 75 menit dengan konsentrasi 1,34 mg/mL. Kata Kunci: furfural, gelombang mikro, hidrolisis, TKKS Abstract- As a regional center for the development of oil palm plantations and crude palm oil (CPO) industry, East Kalimantan has the potential to produce oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) in large enough quantities. EFB is the solid waste from the palm oil industry which uses palm fruit bunches (FFB) as a raw material. EFB part is 23% of FFB. Whereas EFB has a high economic value if processed further. One of the method that is used to hydrolyze the content of pentosan in EFB into furfural. The purpose of this research is to develop one step hydrolysis technique of EFB into furfural with microwaves assistance to obtain the optimum time which can produce maximum furfural. In this research 10 grams of EFB was added with 250 mL of H2SO4 15% as the catalyst. The mixture was then hydrolyzed using microwave-assisted with a time variety of for 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, and105 minutes. The results of analysis by Gas Chromatography (GC) showed that the highest results of furfural was at 75 minutes with a concentration of 1.34 mg / mL. Keywords: EFB, furfural, microwaves, hydrolysis
PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH DETERJEN DENGAN METODE KOAGULASI-FLOKULASI MENGGUNAKAN KOAGULAN KAPUR DAN PAC
Authors: Rahimah Zikri , Heldawati Heliyanur , Syauqiah Isna 
Published: March 2021

Abstrak-Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui koagulan kapur atau PAC yang paling efektif pada proses koagulasi-flokulasi dari pengolahan limbah deterjen buatan dan limbah laundry, menentukan massa optimum dari koagulan kapur atau PAC pada pengolahan limbah deterjen buatan dan limbah laundry menggunakan proses koagulasi-flokulasi dan menentukan persen maksimum penurunan BOD dan COD pada limbah deterjen buatan dan limbah laundry menggunakan proses koagulasi-flokulasi. Pada penelitian ini, kami menggunakan metode jartest atau metode koagulasi-flokulasi dengan menggunakan koagulan kapur dan PAC. Metode yang digunakan untuk menurunkan kadar BOD dan COD ialah koagulasi yaitu dicampurkannya koagulan dengan pengadukan cepat 100 rpm selama 1 menit kemudian dengan metode flokulasi yaitu dilakukan pengadukan lambat 40 rpm selama 20 menit dan diendapkan selama 30 menit. Penentuan massa optimum dilakukan dengan cara menambahkan koagulan baik menggunkan kapur atau PAC masing-masing sebanyak 1 gr, 2 gr, 3 gr, 4 gr, 5 gr dalam 150 ml limbah deterjen buatan maupun limbah deterjen laundry. Dari variasi massa koagulan dapat diketahui persen maksimum penurunan BOD dan COD tertinggi terdapat pada koagulan kapur sebesar 12,05% dan 75% pada limbah deterjen buatan pada massa 5 gr, sedangkan pada limbah laundry sebesar 11,57%.dan 78,57% pada massa 5 gr. Kata kunci: koagulasi-flokulasi, limbah deterjen, COD, BOD. Abstract- This research is conducted to find out the effective koagulan lime or PAC in koagulasi-flokulasi process from preparation of waste material detergent product and waste material laundry, to determine optimum mass from koagulan lime or PAC in preparation of waste material detergent product and waste material laundry using koagulasi-flokulasi process and to determine maximum percent the decrease of BOD and COD in preparation of waste material detergent product and waste material laundry. In this research, we used jartest method or koagulasi-flokulasi method by using koagulan lime or PAC. Methode that used to decrease the value of BOD and COD is koagulasi. Koagulasi is mixed koagulan and stir fast 100 rpm for one minute, then with flokulasi method, it is stir slow 40 rpm for 20 minutes and sediment, it for 30 minutes. Determine optimum mass done by add good koagulan using lime or PAC 1 gr, 2 gr, 3 gr ,4 gr, 5 gr, in waste material detergent product and waste material laundry. From the various mass koagulan know that the highest decrease maximum percent of BOD and COD in koagulan kapur is 12,05% and 75% on waste material detergent product in 5 gr mass while waste material laundry is 11,57 % and 78,57% in 5 gr mass. Keywords: koagulasi-flokulasi, waste material detergent, COD, BOD
PERANAN DANA PERIMBANGAN DALAM PEMBIAYAAN PENYELENGGARAAN PEMERINTAHAN DAERAH DI KABUPATEN BANYUMAS
Authors: Faradz Haedah 
Published: March 2021

Tax as a source of income for state finance is a manifestation of the community's direct contribution to development goals. The Regional Government of Banyumas Regency on September 10, 2004 proposed the Acquisition of Non-Taxable Tax Objects to the Minister of Finance and based on the Decree of the Head of Regional Office of the Directorate General of Taxation of West Java dated Dec-ember 23, 2004, Kep 14 /WPJ 10/BD05/2004 determine the amount of the acquisition value of non-taxable objects in Banyumas Regency. The problem examined in this paper is The Role of Balancing Funds originating from the Fees for Acquiring Land and Building Rights in financing the administration of regional government in Banyumas Regency; and Factors that influence the receipt of balance funds from the Land and Building Rights Acquisition Fees in Banyumas Regency. The research method used was normative juridical, namely statue approach and conceptual approach then analyzed qualitatively. The cost of acquiring land and building rights (BPHTB) in financing the administration of regional government in Banyumas Regency was still relatively small, and its implementation was also influenced by several factors. Keywords: tax, Customs for Land and Building Rights, locally-generated revenue.
Classifying Ischial Tuberosity Avulsion Fractures by Ossification Stage and Tendon Attachment
Authors: Mitchell Brendon C. , Bomar James D. , Wenger Dennis R. , Pennock Andrew T. 
Published: March 2021

Background:
We propose a new classification system for ischial tuberosity fractures in adolescents that is based on the ossification pattern of the apophysis.

Methods:
We performed a retrospective review of patients who were diagnosed with ischial tuberosity avulsion fractures at a single institution from 2008 to 2018. Skeletal maturity and fracture location, size, and displacement were recorded based on initial injury radiographs. The fractures were classified by location as being lateral (type 1) or complete (type 2). Pelvic computed tomography (CT) review demonstrated 5 stages of ossification. We then reviewed pelvic CT and magnetic resonance imaging scans to assess the tendinous insertions at the ischial tuberosity apophysis. Reliability analysis was performed.

Results:
We identified 45 ischial tuberosity fractures. The mean patient age was 14.4 years (range, 10.3 to 18.0 years). Boys accounted for 82% of the cohort. Forty-seven percent of the fractures were classified as type 1, and 53% were classified as type 2. Type-1 fractures were associated with younger age (p = 0.001), lower Risser score (p = 0.002), lower modified Oxford score (p = 0.002), less displacement (p = 0.001), and smaller size (p < 0.001) when compared with type-2 fractures. Of the 45 patients, 18 had follow-up of >6 months, with 56% going on to nonunion. Nonunion was associated with greater displacement (p = 0.016) and size (p = 0.027). When comparing union rates by fracture type, 33% of type-1 fractures progressed to nonunion, while 78% percent of type-2 fractures progressed to nonunion; however, this difference was not significant (p = 0.153). A review of the advanced imaging indicated that type-1 fractures involved the semimembranosus and conjoined tendons, whereas type-2 fractures also involved the adductor magnus tendon.

Conclusions:
We propose a new classification system based on the ossification pattern of the ischial tuberosity apophysis that reflects the skeletal maturity of the patient, the size and location of the fracture, and the amount of displacement, and likely predicts the probability of subsequent nonunion. The ischial tuberosity ossifies in a pattern similar to the iliac crest as described by Risser, and this pattern of ossification dictates the size of the ischial tuberosity avulsion fracture fragments and the involved tendons.
The role of mirror neurons in cognitive and social functioning*
Authors: Fabiańska Marta , Bosiacki Mateusz , Simińska Donata 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMirror neurons were accidentally discovered during research on the activity of nerve cells which was conducted by a team of Italian scientists in Parma. They observed that certain brain cells were activated when an animal performed a given activity but also when it observed a similar activity performed by someone else. The following discovery of mirror neurons in the human brain initiated a wave of experimental research which confirmed that mirror nerve cells are responsible for understanding the mental state of other humans. This process is much more complicated and important from an evolutionary point of view than it might initially seem. The activity of mirror neurons is noticeable in everyday life, during all interactions with other living beings. This is exhibited through mirroring – the reflection of emotional and epistemic mental states of others based on their behavior. We present the activities of mirror neurons and the theoretical framework of research. Finally, we discuss the results of neurological studies which have made it possible to locate and define in detail the role of the mirror neuron system in the human brain.
Linking climate change to soil loss estimation in the Kosi river basin, India
Authors: Towheed Aadil , Roshni Thendiyath 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis study assessed the spatio-temporal variability of soil loss based on rainfall–runoff erosivity in the context of climate change in the Kosi river basin. The observed rainfall data (1985–2017) were used for past and present analyses, and the projected rainfall data (2020–2100) interpolated for various general circulation models (GCMs) were used for future analysis. The results of rainfall analysis for the projected period show a maximum percentage variation of 26.2% for a particular GCM and an average of 9.4% increase in the rainfall data from all selected GCMs considering three representative concentration pathways (RCPs). We also evaluated the implications of change in the soil loss due to changes in the rainfall pattern and crop management factor for three time slices. The results for the projected time period showed a concomitant increase in the average soil loss of −13.03–10.39% with respect to the baseline. The average soil loss results for the time period of 2020–2100 are also compared with the average soil loss for each RCP scenario and found very meager changes in the area of soil erosion. The results due to climate change aid in prioritizing the areas with suitable conservation support practices.
A comparative study of wavelet and empirical mode decomposition-based GPR models for river discharge relationship modeling at consecutive hydrometric stations
Authors: Roushangar Kiyoumars , Chamani Masoumeh , Ghasempour Roghayeh , Azamathulla Hazi Mohammad , Alizadeh Farhad 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The river stage–discharge relationship has an important impact on modeling, planning, and management of river basins and water resources. In this study, the capability of the Gaussian Process Regressions (GPR) kernel-based approach was assessed in predicting the daily river stage–discharge (RSD) relationship. Three successive hydrometric stations of the Housatonic River were considered, and based on the flow characteristics during the period of 2002–2006 several models were developed and tested via GPR. To enhance the applied model efficiency, two pre-processing techniques, namely Wavelet Transform (WT) and Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD), were used. Also, two states of the RSD modeling were investigated. In state 1, each station's own data was used and in state 2, the upstream stations’ datasets were used as input to model the RSD downstream of the river. The single and integrated model results showed that the integrated WT- and EEMD-GPR models resulted in more accurate outcomes. Data processing enhanced the models' capability between 25% and 40%. The results showed that the RSD modeling in state 1 led to better results; however, when the station's own data were not available the integrated methods could be applied successfully for the RSD modeling using the previous stations’ data.
Seco-Tetracyclic and Seco-Pentacyclic Triterpenoids from Nature: Phytochemistry,
Biological Activity: A Review
Authors: Liu Yingkai , Jian Yuqing , Cao Mengru , Wang Bin , Qiu Yixing , Yuan Hanwen , Zhou Xudong , Li Bin , Sheng Wenbing , Peng Caiyun , Zhang Zaiqi , Wang Wei 
Published: March 2021

:
Seco-tetracyclic and seco-pentacyclic triterpenoids are a special class of triterpenoids with
ring/rings cleaved on the original skeleton structures. A class of important triterpene derivatives, secotetracyclic
and seco-pentacyclic triterpenoids, have long stimulated the interest and attention of botanists
and natural products chemists. There is no systematic and comprehensive review for them. This
review is focused on the phytochemical investigations and biological activities of seco-tetracyclic and
seco-pentacyclic triterpenoids from nature, covering the literature from 2000-2019. This review describes
310 seco-tetracyclic and 139 seco-pentacyclic triterpenoids discovered from 154 species belong
to 97 genera, which cover the chemical structures, types, sources, and bioactivities of compounds.
The literature from 2000-2019 is reviewed and 208 references are cited.
Use of Gadoxetic Acid-enhanced MRI to Predict the Development of Postoperative Pancreatic Fistulas by Estimating the Degree of Pancreatic Fibrosis
Authors: Yunaiyama Daisuke , Saito Kazuhiro , Yamaguchi Hiroshi , Nagakawa Yuichi , Harada Taiyo Leopoldo , Nagao Toshitaka 
Published: March 2021

Background:
Post-operative pancreatic fistula (POPF) can be life-threatening, and gadoxetic
acid-enhanced MRI is routinely performed in patients undergoing pancreatic surgery. However,
previous reports have not investigated if gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI can be used to predict
POPF risk.

Objective:
This study aims to explore if gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI can predict pancreatic fibrosis
and the need for POPF treatment before surgery.

Methods:
We retrospectively analyzed gadoxetic acid-enhanced MR images from 142 patients
who underwent pancreatic surgery between January 1, 2011, and April 30, 2018. Pre-dynamic signal
intensity (SI) and values for the portal, transitional, and hepatobiliary phase standardized based
on pre-dynamic study values were analyzed. The diameter of the main pancreatic duct (DMPD)
was measured, and the degree of pancreatic fibrosis was classified as F0 – F3. We defined POPF
higher than grade B as significant.

Results:
Odds ratios for combinations that led to any degree of fibrosis higher than grade B were
defined as significant risk factors. The highest odds ratio was obtained for F0 vs. F1 – F3 (p =
0.038). DMPD (p < 0.001), pre-SI (p = 0.008), portal-SI/pre-SI (p < 0.001), transitional-SI/pre-SI
(p < 0.001), and hepatobiliary-SI/pre-SI (p = 0.012) were significantly correlated with the presence
of fibrosis. Moreover, the presence of fibrosis was best detected by DMPD (AUC = 0.777). Individual
specificity values of transitional-SI/pre-SI and DMPD were 95.5% and 86.6%, respectively,
and their combined specificity was 97.7%.

Conclusion:
The absence of pancreatic fibrosis is a risk factor for developing POPF higher than
grade B. DMPD was the most useful diagnostic indicator for the presence of fibrosis among our
analysis, and its specificity increased when combined with transitional-SI/pre-SI.
A Novel 4H-Chromen-4-One Derivative from Marine Streptomyces ovatisporus
S4702T as Potential Antibacterial and Anti-Cancer Agent
Authors: Kurt-Kızıldoğan Aslıhan , Akarsu Neslihan , Otur Çiğdem , Kivrak Arif , Aslan-Ertas Nevroz , Arslan Sevki , Mutlu Dogukan , Konus Metin , Yılmaz Can , Cetin Dogan , Topal Tufan , Şahin Nevzat 
Published: March 2021

Background:
Marine actinomycetes are among indispensable sources of natural bioactive compounds
with unique antimicrobial and anti-cancer activities.

Objective:
Herein, it was aimed to elucidate the bioactive potential of a marine-derived Streptomyces ovatisporus
S4702T, isolated previously.

Methods:
Streptomyces ovatisporus S4702T was cultured in N-Z Amine broth, and extraction was carried out
using different organic solvents. Bioassay-guided purification was followed by chemical characterization using
NMR and LC-MS/MS. The compound was then evaluated for its antibacterial, antioxidant and cytotoxic
activities.

Results:
Etyl acetate extracts gave the highest antibacterial activity, and chemical characterization of this extract
indicated the formula as C15H29O5N3 and the corresponding possible molecular structure as 4H-chromen-4-one
derivative. It was found highly potent against Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 (MIC: 0.25 μg ml-1) and Micrococcus
luteus ATCC 9341 (MBC: 0.5 μg ml-1). It has no remarkable antioxidant activity, but a higher EC50 value and
less cytotoxicity against normal cells. The EC50 values of this chromen derivative were found as 9.68 μg ml-1 for
human colon carcinoma, 9.93 μg ml-1 for human prostate adenocarcinoma and 25.5 μg ml-1 for human embryonic
kidney cells.

Conclusion:
Overall, the presented 4H-chromen-4-one derivative is a remarkable bioactive compound with
potent antibacterial and cytotoxic activity. With its high bioactive potential, it is proposed as a good candidate in
medicine.