bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Supervised Learning
Authors: Mo Weibin , Liu Yufeng 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Supervised learning is an important area in machine learning. In practice, many problems can be solved using supervised learning techniques to deal with the corresponding covariate–response data. One general goal is to find a model that predicts the response from the covariates well. We focus on supervised learning methods that can be formulated into the optimization of “loss + penalty.” In particular, the loss term keeps the fidelity of the resulting model to the data, while the penalty term penalizing the complexity can prevent the fitted model from overfitting. In this article, we review some commonly used supervised learning methods under this framework. We mainly focus on the statistical models and computational algorithms.
Interaction Networks in Microbiome Studies
Authors: Ma Rong , Li Hongzhe 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Motivated by the problem of analyzing the microbe–metabolite interaction network in microbiome studies, this article introduces estimators for the high‐dimensional sparse precision matrix of a random vector that consists of both compositional and Gaussian random variables. Based on the idea of centered log‐ratio (CLR) transformation, we construct estimators whose rates of convergence are obtained under various matrix norms as well as an estimator that is consistent for graphical model selection. The proposed method is then applied to analyze the microbe–metabolite interaction network in Crohn's disease patients. We observe that most of the metabolites are associated with very few bacteria, and a given bacterium is associated with a small set of metabolites.
Overdiagnosis Related to Organized Screening Programmes
Authors: Oke Jason L. , Nicholson Brian D. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Overdiagnosis is the detection of disease that would not concern a patient within their lifetime if it had not been detected. It is an unintentional consequence of screening and other attempts to find disease before symptoms appear. It represents the most significant potential harm associated with early disease detection.
Overdiagnosis cannot be observed directly. Statistical methods are needed to quantify it at the individual and population levels. Three concepts are key to understanding and appraising the literature on overdiagnosis. Lead time, the time the diagnosis is advanced; length time, the propensity of screening to find the slow‐growing forms of disease and excess incidence. Excess incidence is observed in populations where overdiagnosis has occurred; however, not all excess incidence can be attributed to overdiagnosis. Randomized control trials of screening remain the gold standard for the estimation of excess incidence, but estimates are only valid under certain conditions. Analyses using observational data can be further complicated by a lack of a comparable unscreened population. In all settings, estimates can vary considerably depending on the choice of methods to account for lead time and length time.
This article gives an introduction to the fundamental concepts and methods involved in identifying and quantifying overdiagnosis.
Measures of Concordance and Discordance
Authors: Aerts Marc 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
A concordance (discordance) measure characterizes a particular facet of the agreement (disagreement) between two binary random variables. Association measures such as the odds ratio focus on the dependence between the two variables. Agreement and dependence are different characteristics, and depending on the research question and data at hand, a particular characteristic may be more appropriate, and seldom the question can be approached satisfactorily with the use of both. In this article, we introduce and discuss measures of positive and negative concordance and discordance and relate them to the odds ratio.
Survival Signatures for System Reliability
Authors: Coolen Frank P. A. , Coolen‐Maturi Tahani 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In system reliability, the structure function models functioning of a system for given states of its components. The survival signature provides a useful summary of the structure function to aid quantification of system reliability with components of multiple types. It is easily applicable to systems with multiple types of components. We present an introductory overview of the survival signature together with some recent developments. We also discuss some practical challenges of using the survival signature for large systems.
The Effect of Etanercept in Nonradiographic Axial Spondyloarthritis by Stratified C‐Reactive Protein Levels
Authors: Tam Hoi Ki Joshua , Nash Peter , Robinson Philip C. 
Published: August 2021

ObjectiveBiological agents have shown markedly different response rates by baseline C‐reactive protein (CRP). Here, we determine the response of patients with nonradiographic axial spondyloarthritis (nr‐axSpA) to etanercept stratified by their baseline CRP level.MethodsThe EMBARK trial was a phase 3, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study of etanercept in nr‐axSpA. The primary endpoint was Assessment of Spondyloarthritis International Society (ASAS) 40 at Week 12, the conclusion of the double‐blind phase. It recruited patients who met the ASAS criteria for axial spondyloarthritis, and sacroiliac joint magnetic resonance scans were completed on all patients. In this post hoc analysis, we analyzed outcomes by baseline C‐reactive protein (CRP) level of less than 5 mg/L, 5 mg/L to 10 mg/L, and greater than 10 mg/L. The clinical trial outcome data were accessed via the Vivli platform.ResultsIn the less than 5 mg/L CRP group treated with etanercept, the ASAS20 response, ASAS40 response, Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score‐CRP (ASDAS‐CRP), and ASDAS‐ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) outcomes were 49% (P = 0.84), 26% (P = 0.14), 42% (P = 0.002), and 44% (P = 0.006), respectively. In the 5 to 10 mg/L CRP group treated with etanercept, the ASAS20 response, ASAS40 response, ASDAS‐CRP, and ASDAS‐ESR outcomes were 56% (P = 0.99), 31% (P = 0.40), 56% (P = 0.16), and 50% (P = 0.11), respectively. In the greater than10 mg/L CRP group treated with etanercept, the ASAS20 response, ASAS40 response, ASDAS‐CRP, and ASDAS‐ESR outcomes were 74% (P = 0.02), 68% (P = 0.003), 82% (P = 0.005), and 50% (P = 0.001), respectively.ConclusionAlthough there are reduced ASAS20 and ASAS40 response rates in the groups with baseline CRP less than 10 mg/L, there remain clinically relevant responses when the composite outcome measures ASDAS‐CRP or ASDAS‐ESR were used, and this should be considered when deciding on thresholds for reimbursement.
Adaptive fuzzy finite‐time decentralized control for large‐scale stochastic nonlinear systems
Authors: Wang Libin , Wang Huanqing , Liu Peter X. 
Published: August 2021

SummaryAn adaptive finite‐time decentralized control algorithm for a class of large‐scale stochastic nonlinear systems is presented. The fuzzy logic system is used to estimate uncertain nonlinearities. One advantage of the developed scheme is that each subsystem only needs to update one adaptive parameter, which alleviates the burden of online estimation. The dynamic surface control method is employed to reduce the “complexity explosion” caused by the repetitive derivation of the intermediate variable function in the backstepping control scheme. A new decentralized controller is designed so that all signals of the controlled system are bounded and the tracking error converges to a small residual set around the origin within a finite time. The simulation results of a numerical example illustrate the effectiveness of the method.
Constructing Co(OH)F Nanorods@NiCo‐LDH Nanocages Derived from ZIF‐67 for High‐Performance Supercapacitors
Authors: He Yezeng , Zhang Xiaolong , Wang Jiemei , Sui Yanwei , Qi Jiqiu , Chen Zheng , Zhang Ping , Chen Changjiu , Liu Wei 
Published: August 2021

AbstractNanostructured multicomponent hydroxide has recently drawn wide attention as positive material for high‐performance supercapacitors. Herein, a multi‐dimensional Co(OH)F@NiCo‐LDH (LDH = layered double hydroxide) composite with layered nanocages has uniformly grown on nickel foam (NF) by a solvent‐assisted process, which involves the in situ growth of ZIF‐67 on the surface of Co(OH)F nanorods, followed by chemical etching of the hybrids. Benefiting from its subtle structural design, the Co(OH)F@NiCo‐LDH exhibits high specific capacitance of 4070 mC cm−2 at 1 mA cm−2 (1313.3 C g−1 at 1 A g−1), desirable rate performance (3104 mC cm−2 at 20 mA cm−2), and outstanding cycling stability (92.7% retention after 7000 cycles). Moreover, a two‐electrode system assembled by Co(OH)F@NiCo‐LDH and reduced graphene oxide exhibits a peak energy density of 49.34 Wh kg−1 at the corresponding power density of 865 W kg−1. These results demonstrate that the Co(OH)F@NiCo‐LDH is an advanced positive material for the electrochemical device.
Dosage‐Dependent Antimicrobial Activity of DNA‐Histone Microwebs Against Staphylococcus Aureus
Authors: Yang Ting , Yang Shi , Ahmed Tasdiq , Nguyen Katherine , Yu Jinlong , Cao Xuejun , Zan Rui , Zhang Xiaonong , Shen Hao , Fay Meredith E. , Williams Evelyn Kendall , Lam Wilbur A. , VanEpps Jeremy Scott , Takayama Shuichi , Song Yang 
Published: August 2021

AbstractNeutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are antimicrobial cobweb‐structured materials produced by immune cells for clearance of pathogens in the body, but are paradoxically associated with biofilm formation and exacerbated lung infections. To provide a better materials perspective on the pleiotropic roles played by NETs at diverse compositions/concentrations, a NETs‐like material (called “microwebs”, abbreviated as μwebs) is synthesized for decoding the antimicrobial activity of NETs against Staphylococcus aureus in infection‐relevant conditions. It is shown that μwebs composed of low‐to‐intermediate concentrations of DNA‐histone complexes successfully trap and inhibit S. aureus growth and biofilm formation. However, with growing concentrations and histone proportions, the resulting microwebs appear gel‐like structures accompanied by reduced antimicrobial activity that can even promote the formation of S. aureus biofilms. The simplified model of NETs provides materials‐based evidence on NETs‐relevant pathology in the development of biofilms.
Contributions of women at the intersection of agricultural economics and environmental and natural resource economics
Authors: Segerson Kathleen , Kling Catherine L. , Bockstael Nancy E. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis paper discusses contributions that women at the intersection of agricultural economics and environmental and resource economics have made over the past several decades to their profession, through both research and leadership. We highlight research contributions in the following areas: land use and conservation, non‐market valuation, environmental policy design, and climate and energy economics. Key examples of leadership within the Agricultural and Applied Economics Association and the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists are also discussed. We conclude with some brief personal reflections regarding our experience working at this interface.
How women in agricultural economics expanded the profession's role in food safety and nutrition
Authors: Unnevehr Laurian , Caswell Julie , Kinsey Jean 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIncreased policy interest in food safety and nutrition issues in the 1980s and 1990s was coincident with the growth in women's participation in agricultural economics. In pursuing these new research challenges, women expanded the scope, impact, and gender participation of agricultural economics. In addition to pursuing cutting‐edge research, women provided leadership in building institutions to support this sub‐field. Four institutions—the NE‐165 Regional Research Project, The Food Industry Center at University of Minnesota, the Food Economics Division at USDA/ERS, and the Food Safety and Nutrition Section of the AAEA—owe much of their contributions to women's leadership.
Remittances and agricultural productivity in Burkina Faso
Authors: Dedewanou Finagnon Antoine , Kpekou Tossou Rolande C. B. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we examine the interplay between remittances and agricultural productivity in Burkina Faso. We estimate a Bayesian instrumental variables model using data from the 2014 Living Standards Measurement Study. We consider three measures of agricultural productivity: total production, total production per unit of land, and total production per unit of labor. Whatever the measure used, our results reveal a significant and negative association between remittances and agricultural productivity. We show that this effect is robust with respect to misspecification of the production function.
Postoperative haemoglobin estimation in elderly hip fractures
Authors: Fazal Muhammad Ali , Shah Anand , Mohamed Foad Y. , Hassan Raza 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of our study was to analyze the effect of postoperative hemoglobin check on the day of surgery and 1 day postoperatively in elderly hip fracture patients with an aim to determine an optimum timing of postoperative hemoglobin check.Material and methodsA retrospective study of 253 patients. Age, Charlson morbidity index, fracture type, time from admission to surgery, type of surgery, preoperative hemoglobin, postoperative hemoglobin, hemoglobin drop, day of postoperative hemoglobin measurement, blood transfusion, length of hospital stay, and 30‐day mortality were recorded.ResultsOne hundred and sixty‐three patients (Group I) had postoperative hemoglobin check on the first postoperative day and 90 patients (Group II) on the day of surgery. Mean age in Group I was 82 years and 80 years in Group II. Mean Charlson morbidity index for Group I was 5.9 and Group II was 5.7. There was a significantly higher hemoglobin drop in Group I (P < 0.05) but no difference in blood transfusion requirement, length of stay, or 30‐day mortality in the two groups (P > 0.05).ConclusionOur results suggest that postoperative hemoglobin measurement on the day of surgery is not a true reflection of hemoglobin drop and recommend estimation of hemoglobin on the first postoperative day.
Sexual dimorphism in the dioecious willow Salix purpurea
Authors: Gouker Fred E. , Carlson Craig H. , Zou Junzhu , Evans Luke , Crowell Chase R. , Smart Christine D. , DiFazio Stephen P. , Smart Lawrence B. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPremiseThe evolution of sex chromosomes is driven by sexual dimorphism, yet it can be challenging to document sexually dimorphic traits in dioecious plant species. At the genetic level, sexual dimorphism can be identified through sequence variation between females and males associated with sexually antagonistic traits and different fitness optima. This study aims to examine sexual dimorphism for 26 traits in three populations of Salix purpurea (a diversity panel and F1 and F2 populations) and determine the effect of the traits on biomass yield, a key trait in Salix bioenergy crops across multiple years, locations, and under manipulated growth conditions.MethodsSexual dimorphism was evaluated for morphological, phenological, physiological, and wood composition traits in a diversity panel of unrelated S. purpurea accessions and in full‐sib F1 and F2 families produced through controlled cross pollinations and grown in replicated field trials.ResultsWe observed sexual dimorphism in the timing of development for several traits that were highly predictive of biomass yield across three populations of S. purpurea. Across all populations and years surveyed, males had significantly shallower branching angle. Male plants highly predictive of biomass yield across three populations of S. purpurea also accumulated more nitrogen under fertilizer amendment as measured by SPAD in the diversity panel and had greater susceptibility to the rust fungus Melampsora americana in the F2 family. Allometric modelling of biomass yield showed an effect of sex and of location on the interaction between yield and stem height.ConclusionsThese results provide evidence of sexual dimorphism for certain traits in S. purpurea that may be involved in sex chromosome evolution.
Kraft black liquor concentration with graphene oxide membranes: Process simulations and technoeconomic analysis
Authors: Wang Zhongzhen , Ma Chen , Shen Alice , Berchenko Amiel , Sinquefield Scott A. , Nair Sankar 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBlack liquor (BL) dewatering by multi‐effect evaporation in the kraft papermaking process is highly energy‐intensive. It was previously shown that graphene oxide (GO) nanofiltration membranes can remove lignin, other organics, and inorganic salts from BL while exhibiting stability in caustic BL conditions. Here, we design and simulate several candidate dewatering processes and evaluate their technoeconomic characteristics. All processes concentrate BL from 15 to 30 wt% solutes while producing aqueous permeate. Two process options were analyzed—option A including “last‐mile” permeate treatment to reduce solutes to 0.2 wt%, and option B excluding this treatment and producing a 3–4 wt% solutes stream. These processes were simulated in custom‐built ASPEN Plus flowsheets interfaced with Microsoft Excel and MATLAB. All processes deliver large (>40%) energy savings. Detailed technoeconomic analysis showed that option A processes are profitable in mills equipped with condensing turbines, but unprofitable with only purchased fuel savings. Option B processes are profitable in both situations, but require the caustic permeate to be utilized in other kraft process units. They are also profitable with electricity generation when operated at smaller scales matching the requirements of other process units. Monte‐Carlo sensitivity analysis shows that Option A can yield median 20‐year NPVs up to ~$10MM and Option B up to ~$25MM. Overall, GO membrane‐based BL dewatering is economically promising, assuming successful slipstream piloting and scale‐up campaigns. It would have immediate sustainability benefits from large energy savings, and broader implications for biorefinery processes due to the ability to fractionate biomass feedstock components under harsh conditions.
Rationale Auswahl von Cyaninen zur Erzeugung von konjugierter Säure und freien Radikalen für die Photopolymerisation durch Belichtung bei 860 nm
Authors: Wang Qunying , Popov Sergey , Feilen Alfred , Strehmel Veronika , Strehmel Bernd 
Published: August 2021

AbstractCyanine mit einer Absorption zwischen 750–930 nm wurden verwendet, um die Effizienz der radikalischen wie auch der kationischen Photopolymerisation in Kombination mit einem Diaryliodoniumsalz zu untersuchen. Die Variation der verbindenden Methinkette und der Indolium‐Endgruppe gab einen tieferen Einblick in den Zusammenhang zwischen der Struktur des Cyanin‐NIR‐Sensibilisators und der Effizienz, initiierende Radikale und konjugierte Säure zu erzeugen. Photophysikalische Studien mittels Fluoreszenzspektroskopie ermöglichen ein tieferes Verständnis der Lebensdauer des angeregten Zustands und des Beitrags der strahlungslosen Desaktivierung, die zur Erzeugung zusätzlicher Wärme im Polymerisationsprozess führt. Darüber hinaus zeigen elektrochemische Experimente einen Zusammenhang zur Oxidations‐ und Reduktionsfähigkeit, was durch das Strukturmuster des Sensibilisators (Sens) beeinflusst wird. LC‐MS‐Messungen lieferten ein deutlicheres Bild der gebildeten Photoprodukte. Ein Cyanin mit einer Nonamethin‐Kette zeigte die beste Leistung bezüglich des Ausbleichens in Kombination mit einem Iodoniumsalz bei 860‐nm‐Bestrahlung.
Photoinduced Copper‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Three‐Component Coupling of 1,3‐Dienes: An Alternative to Kharasch–Sosnovsky Reaction
Authors: Wang Peng‐Zi , Wu Xue , Cheng Ying , Jiang Min , Xiao Wen‐Jing , Chen Jia‐Rong 
Published: August 2021

AbstractKharasch–Sosnovsky reaction is one of the most powerful methods for allylic oxidation of alkenes. However, the inherent radical mechanism and use of peroxides as both oxidants and oxygen nucleophiles render dearth of universal catalytic systems for highly enantioselective variants and limited scope. Herein, an alternative to the asymmetric Kharasch–Sosnovsky reaction that utilized a chiral copper catalyst and purple‐LED irradiation to enable the three‐component coupling of 1,3‐dienes, oxime esters, and carboxylic acids is reported. This protocol features mild conditions, remarkable scope and functional group tolerance as evidenced by >80 examples and utility in the late‐stage modification of pharmaceuticals and natural products. Detailed mechanistic studies provide evidences for the radical‐based reaction pathway.
Metal‐to‐Ligand Ratio‐Dependent Chemodivergent Asymmetric Synthesis
Authors: Zheng Min , Gao Ke , Qin Haitao , Li Guigen , Lu Hongjian 
Published: August 2021

AbstractChemodivergent asymmetric synthesis was achieved by tuning the metal‐to‐ligand ratio in an organometallic catalytic system. Using N‐(aroyloxy)phthalimide as the precursor of either an oxygen‐centered aroyloxy radical or a nitrogen‐centered phthalimidyl radical, enantioselective oxocyanation or aminocyanation of alkenes was achieved separately through a dual photoredox and copper catalysis. The metal‐to‐ligand ratio can exert chemoselective control while retaining the high enantiopurity of divergent products. Both reactions proceed efficiently with catalyst loading as low as 0.2 mol % and can be performed on a gram scale without loss of chemoselectivity or enantioselectivity. Chemodivergent asymmetric 1,5‐aminocyanation or 1,5‐oxocyanation of vinylcyclopropane can also be realized by this protocol. Mechanistic investigations involving electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) experiments were performed to shed light on the stereochemical and chemodivergent results.
Simultaneously Enhanced Reverse Intersystem Crossing and Radiative Decay in Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorophors with Multiple Through‐space Charge Transfers
Authors: Huang Tianyu , Wang Qi , Xiao Shu , Zhang Dongdong , Zhang Yuewei , Yin Chen , Yang Dezhi , Ma Dongge , Wang Zhaohui , Duan Lian 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials with through‐space charge transfers (CT) have attracted particularly interest recently. However, the slow reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) and radiative decay always limit their electroluminescence performances. Herein, TADF molecules with ortho‐linked multiple donors‐acceptor (ortho‐Dn‐A) motif are developed to create near‐degenerate excited states for the reinforcement of spin‐orbit coupling. The incorporation of both through‐bond and through‐space CT enlarges oscillator strength. The optimal ortho‐D3‐A compound exhibits a photoluminescence quantum yield of ca. 100 %, a high RISC rate of 2.57×106 s−1 and a high radiative decay rate of 1.00×107 s−1 simultaneously. With this compound as the sensitizer, a TADF‐sensitized‐fluorescent organic light‐emitting diode shows a maximum external quantum efficiency of 31.6 % with an ultrapure green Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage y coordinate value of 0.69.