bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Moments of weaknesses – exploiting vulnerabilities between germination and encystment in the Phytomyxea
Authors: Amponsah Jonathan , Tegg Robert S. , Thangavel Tamilarasan , Wilson Calum R. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTAttempts at management of diseases caused by protozoan plant parasitic Phytomyxea have often been ineffective. The dormant life stage is characterised by long‐lived highly robust resting spores that are largely impervious to chemical treatment and environmental stress. This review explores some life stage weaknesses and highlights possible control measures associated with resting spore germination and zoospore taxis. With phytomyxid pathogens of agricultural importance, zoospore release from resting spores is stimulated by plant root exudates. On germination, the zoospores are attracted to host roots by chemoattractant components of root exudates. Both the relatively metabolically inactive resting spore and motile zoospore need to sense the chemical environment to determine the suitability of these germination stimulants or attractants respectively, before they can initiate an appropriate response. Blocking such sensing could inhibit resting spore germination or zoospore taxis. Conversely, the short life span and the vulnerability of zoospores to the environment require them to infect their host within a few hours after release. Identifying a mechanism or conditions that could synchronise resting spore germination in the absence of host plants could lead to diminished pathogen populations in the field.
Induction chemotherapy followed by intensity‐modulated radiotherapy versus concurrent chemoradiotherapy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A retrospective analysis
Authors: He Yan , Zhao Zhihao , Wang Ying , He Jialing , Chai Jiamin , Wei Zhigong , Guan Hui , Wang Jingjing , Liu Zheran , Li Ruidan , Mu Xiaoli , He Ling , Peng Xingchen 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectivesThe optimal treatment strategy of combining systemic chemotherapy and radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is controversial. This study aimed to compare the efficacy and toxicities of induction chemotherapy followed by intensity‐modulated radiotherapy (IC‐RT) versus concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) in NPC.MethodsOf 448 stage II‐IVb NPC patients treated with IC‐RT or CCRT were retrospectively analysed. The primary outcome was overall survival, which was analysed by using Kaplan‐Meier curves and log‐rank (Mantel‐Cox) test.ResultsThe median follow‐up was 66 months (interquartile range, 46‐84 months). There was no statistically significant difference in the estimated 5‐year overall survival (OS), progression‐free survival (PFS), distance metastasis‐free survival (DMFS) and locoregional relapse‐free survival (LRFS) between IC‐RT group and CCRT group (OS: 89.5% vs 91.7%, P = .568; PFS: 85.2% vs 87.5%, P = .615; DMFS: 90.9% vs 91.7%, P = .847; LRFS: 92.0% vs 96.9%, P = .104). In the multivariate analysis, the treatment group (IC‐RT vs CCRT) was not an independent prognostic factor for OS, PFS, DMFS and LRFS. Less advanced tumour stage and lymph node stage were predictive of higher OS. EBV‐DNA level was an independent prognostic factor that was only significantly associated with LRFS.ConclusionsIC‐RT achieves similar survival outcomes and treatment‐related toxicities as CCRT in OS, PFS, DMFS and LRFS for patients with NPC. We need multicentre randomised controlled trials to reconfirm our data.
COVID‐19 and protected areas: Impacts, conflicts, and possible management solutions
Authors: Jones Nikoleta , McGinlay James , Jones Angela , Malesios Chrisovalantis , Holtvoeth Jens , Dimitrakopoulos Panayiotis G. , Gkoumas Vassilis , Kontoleon Andreas 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDuring the first wave of the COVID‐19 pandemic, management authorities of numerous Protected Areas (PAs) had to discourage visitors from accessing them in order to reduce the virus transmission rate and protect local communities. This resulted in social–ecological impacts and added another layer of complexity to managing PAs. This paper presents the results of a survey in Snowdonia National Park capturing the views of over 700 local residents on the impacts of COVID‐19 restrictions and possible scenarios and tools for managing tourist numbers. Lower visitor numbers were seen in a broadly positive way by a significant number of respondents while benefit sharing issues from tourism also emerged. Most preferred options to manage overcrowding were restricting access to certain paths, the development of mobile applications to alert people to overcrowding and reporting irresponsible behavior. Our findings are useful for PA managers and local communities currently developing post‐COVID‐19 recovery strategies.
The effects of director tenure on monitoring and advising: New insights from behavioral governance and learning theories
Authors: Mooney Ann , Brown Jill , Ward Andrew 
Published: April 2021

AbstractResearch Questions/IssuesWe integrate behavioral governance and learning theory to address the overarching research questions—“What are the core mechanisms driving a director's monitoring and advising effectiveness over board tenure?”; and “What factors affect how and when a director becomes and stays effective in the monitoring and advising roles?”Research InsightsOur research provides new insights into director effectiveness by examining how a director's tenure, both independently and in concert with other moderating factors, affects the director's ability to be effective in the key but distinct roles of monitoring and advising.Theoretical/Academic ImplicationsWe provide a nuanced and dynamic theoretical understanding of director effectiveness over time. We explain that the monitoring and advising roles that determine director effectiveness are each driven by different theoretical mechanisms, and we offer testable propositions that shed light on a director's ability to become and stay effective in their monitoring and advising roles at different points in their tenure.Practitioner/Policy ImplicationsBoards will benefit from the insights we provide for how a director's relationships with the board and CEO and a director's individual attributes help or hinder their monitoring and advising effectiveness over time. We discuss practical solutions for harnessing these insights to inform decisions around board composition, structure, and process. We also discuss policy implications, including staggered boards, refreshed boards, and term limits.
An effective colorimetric sensor for detecting Cu2+ based on benzothiazole moiety
Authors: Suh Boeon , Choe Donghwan , Kim Cheal 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAn effective colorimetric chemosensor, 2,4‐dichloro‐6‐((E)‐(((Z)‐3‐methylbenzo[d]thiazol‐2(3H)‐ylidene)hydrazono)methyl)phenol (HMD), was synthesised for Cu2+ detection. HMD with benzothiazole moiety showed a large bathochromic shift (153 nm) and a definite colour change for Cu2+. HMD could detect Cu2+ down to 0.47 μmol/L in the solution phase and could clearly distinguish it from other metal ions, even in the test strip. The binding mode between HMD and Cu2+ was determined to be 1:1 using Job plot and electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. The sensing mechanism of HMD for Cu2+ was illustrated as the combination of metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer and intramolecular charge transfer via theoretical calculation.
Improved postprandial glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetes by the dual glucagon‐like peptide‐1/glucagon receptor agonist SAR425899 in comparison with liraglutide
Authors: Schiavon Michele , Visentin Roberto , Göbel Britta , Riz Michela , Cobelli Claudio , Klabunde Thomas , Dalla Man Chiara 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAimTo gain further insights into the efficacy of SAR425899, a dual glucagon‐like peptide‐1/glucagon receptor agonist, by providing direct comparison with the glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist, liraglutide, in terms of key outcomes of glucose metabolism.Research Design and MethodsSeventy overweight to obese subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D) were randomized to receive once‐daily subcutaneous administrations of SAR425899 (0.12, 0.16 or 0.20 mg), liraglutide (1.80 mg) or placebo for 26 weeks. Mixed meal tolerance tests were conducted at baseline (BSL) and at the end of treatment (EOT). Metabolic indices of insulin action and secretion were assessed via Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA2) and oral minimal model (OMM) methods.ResultsFrom BSL to EOT (median [25th, 75th] percentile), HOMA2 quantified a significant improvement in basal insulin action in liraglutide (35% [21%, 74%]), while secretion enhanced both in SAR425899 (125% [63%, 228%]) and liraglutide (73% [43%, 147%]). OMM quantified, both in SAR425899 and liraglutide, a significant improvement in insulin sensitivity (203% [58%, 440%] and 36% [21%, 197%]), basal beta‐cell responsiveness (67% [34%, 112%] and 40% [16%, 59%]), and above‐basal beta‐cell responsiveness (139% [64%, 261%] and 69% [−15%, 120%]). A significant delay in glucose absorption was highlighted in SAR425899 (37% [52%,18%]).ConclusionsSAR425899 and liraglutide improved postprandial glucose control in overweight to obese subjects with T2D. A significantly higher enhancement in beta‐cell function was shown by SAR425899 than liraglutide.
Longevity of the novel ConvaTec infusion set with Lantern technology
Authors: Lal Rayhan A. , Hsu Liana , Zhang Jian , Schøndorff Pernelle K. , Heschel Matthias , Buckingham Bruce 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCurrent insulin infusion sets are approved for only 2‐3 days. The novel ConvaTec infusion set with Lantern technology is designed to extend infusion set wear time. The goal of this pilot study was to evaluate the duration of wear for this set. This was a pilot safety study in adults with type 1 diabetes using tethered insulin pumps. Participants inserted the set and wore it for 10 days or until failure. Among 24 participants, two were excluded. Forty‐five per cent of the sets lasted 10 days. Median wear time was 9.1 (7.1, 10.0) days. Among 12 premature failures, six (50%) involved adhesive failures, four (33%) hyperglycaemia unresponsive to correction, one (8%) hyperglycaemia with ketones and one (8%) infection. Average CGM glucose per day of infusion set wear showed a statistically significant increase over time, while total daily insulin over the same period did not change. In this pilot study, the duration of wear for the novel infusion set exceeded previously reported commercial sets (P < .001). This extended wear technology may eventually allow for a combined glucose sensor and infusion set.
Day‐to‐day variability of insulin requirements in the inpatient setting: Observations during fully closed‐loop insulin delivery
Authors: Boughton Charlotte K. , Daly Aideen , Thabit Hood , Hartnell Sara , Herzig David , Vogt Andreas , Ruan Yue , Wilinska Malgorzata E. , Evans Mark L. , Coll Anthony P. , Bally Lia , Hovorka Roman 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe aim of this study was to characterize the variability of exogenous insulin requirements during fully closed‐loop insulin delivery in hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes or new‐onset hyperglycaemia, and to determine patient‐related characteristics associated with higher variability of insulin requirements. We retrospectively analysed data from two fully closed‐loop inpatient studies involving adults with type 2 diabetes or new‐onset hyperglycaemia requiring insulin therapy. The coefficient of variation quantified day‐to‐day variability of exogenous insulin requirements during up to 15 days using fully automated closed‐loop insulin delivery. Data from 535 days in 67 participants were analysed. The coefficient of variation of day‐to‐day exogenous insulin requirements was 30% ± 16%, and was higher between nights than between any daytime period (56% ± 29% overnight [11:00 pm to 4:59 am] compared with 41% ± 21% in the morning [5:00 am to 10:59 am], 39% ± 15% in the afternoon [11:00 am to 4:59 pm] and 45% ± 19% during the evening [5:00 pm to 10:59 pm]; all P < 0.01). There is high day‐to‐day variability of exogenous insulin requirements in inpatients, particularly overnight, and diabetes management approaches should account for this variability.
A fundamental developmental transition in Physcomitrium patens is regulated by evolutionarily conserved mechanisms
Authors: Jaeger Richard , Moody Laura A. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractOne of the most defining moments in history was the colonization of land by plants approximately 470 million years ago. The transition from water to land was accompanied by significant changes in the plant body plan, from those than resembled filamentous representatives of the charophytes, the sister group to land plants, to those that were morphologically complex and capable of colonizing harsher habitats. The moss Physcomitrium patens (also known as Physcomitrella patens) is an extant representative of the bryophytes, the earliest land plant lineage. The protonema of P. patens emerges from spores from a chloronemal initial cell, which can divide to self‐renew to produce filaments of chloronemal cells. A chloronemal initial cell can differentiate into a caulonemal initial cell, which can divide and self‐renew to produce filaments of caulonemal cells, which branch extensively and give rise to three‐dimensional shoots. The process by which a chloronemal initial cell differentiates into a caulonemal initial cell is tightly regulated by auxin‐induced remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton. Studies have revealed that the genetic mechanisms underpinning this transition also regulate tip growth and differentiation in diverse plant taxa. This review summarizes the known cellular and molecular mechanisms underpinning the chloronema to caulonema transition in P. patens.
Impact of preoperative sarcopenia and myosteatosis on prognosis after radical cystectomy in patients with bladder cancer
Authors: Yamashita Shimpei , Iguchi Takashi , Koike Hiroyuki , Wakamiya Takahito , Kikkawa Kazuro , Kohjimoto Yasuo , Hara Isao 
Published: April 2021

ObjectiveTo evaluate the prognostic impact of sarcopenia and myosteatosis on survival after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed consecutive patients who underwent radical cystectomy for bladder cancer between 2010 and 2019, and 123 patients were finally included in this single‐center study. Pretreatment computed tomography images at the L3 level were used to calculate skeletal muscle index and skeletal muscle density. Sarcopenia and myosteatosis were diagnosed according to the gender‐specific cutoff values of skeletal muscle index and skeletal muscle density used in a previous study. We compared overall survival and cancer‐specific survival between patients with and without sarcopenia/myosteatosis. We also performed Cox proportional regression analyses to identify the predictors of overall survival and cancer‐specific survival.ResultsThe median patient age was 74 years, and 20 patients (16%) were female. Thirty‐eight patients (31%) died from bladder cancer and 13 (11%) died from other causes. The patients with sarcopenia (n = 48, 39%) and those with myosteatosis (n = 101, 82%) had significantly lower overall survival and cancer‐specific survival rates than those without sarcopenia and those without myosteatosis, respectively. In multivariable analysis, in addition to the number of pathological risk factors, both sarcopenia (P < 0.01) and myosteatosis (P = 0.04) were independent significant predictors of poor cancer‐specific survival.ConclusionsIn our experience, sarcopenia and myosteatosis are independent predictors of poor cancer‐specific survival in patients undergoing radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. Sarcopenia is also associated with poor overall survival.
Parenting by mothers with intellectual disabilities in Poland: A photovoice study
Authors: Wos Klaudia , Baczała Ditta 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe diverse nature of parenting among people with intellectual disabilities can be affected by many factors, including stereotypes, experiencing social isolation, living in poverty, suffering from chronic diseases and limited access to health care. Because of these factors, people with intellectual disabilities are not readily viewed as potential parents by society.MethodThe research was conducted using the photovoice method, which analyses photographs taken by participants—seven mothers with intellectual disabilities (aged 22–43).ResultsThematic analysis yielded six main areas: pregnancy and childbirth, household duties—everyday life, caring for children, the importance of motherhood for a woman, parenting problems and difficulties, and types and forms of assistance.ConclusionRaising a child has become a life goal for the interviewed women. However, there were also difficulties in their lives, which have not been solved by formal and informal support. Individual support for mothers should include tailor‐made sexual education, access to gynaecological care or long‐term family support.
Laboratory phase‐contrast nanotomography of unstained Bombus terrestris compound eyes
Authors: Romell Jenny , Jie Vun Wen , Miettinen Arttu , Baird Emily , Hertz Hans M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractImaging the visual systems of bumblebees and other pollinating insects may increase understanding of their dependence on specific habitats and how they will be affected by climate change. Current high‐resolution imaging methods are either limited to two dimensions (light‐ and electron microscopy) or have limited access (synchrotron radiation x‐ray tomography). For x‐ray imaging, heavy metal stains are often used to increase contrast. Here, we present micron‐resolution imaging of compound eyes of buff‐tailed bumblebees (Bombus terrestris) using a table‐top x‐ray nanotomography (nano‐CT) system. By propagation‐based phase‐contrast imaging, the use of stains was avoided and the microanatomy could more accurately be reconstructed than in samples stained with phosphotungstic acid or osmium tetroxide. The findings in the nano‐CT images of the compound eye were confirmed by comparisons with light‐ and transmission electron microscopy of the same sample and finally, comparisons to synchrotron radiation tomography as well as to a commercial micro‐CT system were done.
Pregnancy outcomes among Asian Americans of advanced maternal age, 1992–2018
Authors: Dongarwar Deepa , Tahseen Danyal , Aliyu Muktar H. , Salihu Hamisu M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAimThe trend of delayed childbearing has implications for the increasing national burden of adverse perinatal outcomes across vulnerable racial–ethnic groups. The objective of this study was to investigate age‐adjusted risk for adverse maternal–fetal outcomes among Asian Americans of advanced maternal age (≥35 years).MethodsThis was a retrospective cohort study using the 1992–2018 Natality data files. We calculated the prevalence of maternal–fetal outcomes: maternal diabetes, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP), C‐section, small‐for‐gestational age (SGA), large‐for‐gestational age (LGA), and preterm birth. Adjusted binomial logistic regression was created to evaluate the association between maternal race/ethnicity and each of the maternal–fetal outcomes.ResultsCompared with non‐Hispanic Whites, Asian American women had reduced odds of diabetes, HDP, and LGA babies and increased odds of preterm birth, C‐section delivery, and SGA, irrespective of the advanced maternal age group. The odds of developing specific adverse outcomes by advanced maternal age varied by Asian American ethnic subgrouping.DiscussionThe risk of maternal–fetal outcomes varied among the ethnic subgroups of Asian Americans in the United States. Future studies should explore the sociocultural and environmental nuances that might explain these differences.
Ecological and geological processes impacting speciation modes drive the formation of wide‐range disjunctions within tribe Putorieae (Rubiaceae)
Authors: Rincón‐Barrado Mario , Olsson Sanna , Villaverde Tamara , Moncalvillo Belén , Pokorny Lisa , Forrest Alan , Riina Ricarda , Sanmartín Isabel 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWide‐range geographically discontinuous distributions have long intrigued scientists. We explore the role of ecology, geology, and dispersal in the formation of these large‐scale disjunctions, using the angiosperm tribe Putorieae (Rubiaceae) as a case study. From DNA sequences of nuclear ITS and six plastid markers, we inferred a phylogeny with 65% of all known Putorieae species. Divergence times, ancestral ranges, and diversification rate shifts were then estimated using Bayesian inference. We further explored species climatic tolerances and performed ancestral niche reconstruction to discriminate among alternative speciation modes, including geographical and ecological vicariance, and ecogeographical, ecological, and dispersal‐mediated speciation. As a result, we identified seven major clades in Putorieae, some of which exhibit striking geographical disjunctions, matching the Rand Flora pattern, with sister species in the Canary Islands and eastern and southern Africa. Initial diversification within the tribe occurred in the early Miocene, coincident with a period of climate warming; however, most clades diverged within the last 10 Myr. Aridification and high extinction rates, coupled with ecological vicariance, explain the oldest disjunctions. Adaptation to new environmental conditions, after allopatry, is observed in several clades. Dispersal, either long‐distance or via corridors made available by mountain uplift, is behind the most recent disjunctions. Some of these events were followed by ecological speciation and rapid diversification, with species becoming adapted to xeric or increasingly colder continental climates. We show that an integrative approach may help discriminate among speciation modes invoked to explain disjunctions at macroevolutionary time scales, even when extinction has erased the signature of past events.