bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soft Parmenideanism
Authors: Mumford Stephen 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
What-is-not sometimes seems to matter just as much as what is. But Parmenides, in the oldest surviving argument in the West, said that nothing is not anything. He also argued that nothing comes from nothing, we cannot know nothing, nor think or speak about it. Soft Parmenideanism would be an acceptance of some but not all of what Parmenides claimed. It also suggests a methodology. We should avoid negative entities if we can but admit that we might have to accept them under some circumstances, namely, where they are irreducibly negative and an indispensable part of our best scientific or philosophical theory. We will proceed by looking at whether anything meets these conditions or whether some form of soft Parmenideanism survives such a test.
Nonentities
Authors: Mumford Stephen 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A diverse range of ‘things’ can be viewed as nonentities; that is, negative particulars. Some of the main candidates are considered to see whether anything about them threatens the soft Parmenidean project. Some think of holes as absences, for instance, since they are where something else isn’t. We can think of a hole instead as immaterial and dependent on their hosts, drawing a distinction between real holes and negative, non-existent holes. Similarly, negative facts, limits and boundaries, privations, shadows, omissions, negative norms, negative epistemic states, and logico-mathematical entities such as zero and the empty set are considered. None of them appears to pose a serious threat to soft Parmenideanism.
Life tables: construction and interpretation
Authors: Jones Owen R. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Life tables, which describe how the risk of death (and sometimes fertility) changes with age, are a fundamental tool for describing and exploring the diversity of life histories. Numerous important life history metrics can be derived from them. This chapter provides a broad coverage of life table construction and use and use with a particular focus on nonhuman animals. The calculation of life tables can be divided into approaches: cohort-based, where the data are obtained from individuals born at (approximately) the same time that are followed until death; and period-based, where the data are obtained from a population of mixed ages followed for a particular time-frame (e.g. a year). Worked examples of both approaches are provided using data from published sources. Emphasis is placed on understanding concepts such as rates vs. probability, life expectancy, and generation time. Links are drawn between the survivorship curve (type I, type II, and type III survivorship) and entropy. The chapter also covers the concept of the Lexis diagram which is used to represent births and deaths for individuals in different cohorts. Finally, the assumptions and limitations of life tables are discussed, with pointers to further reading. Code and data are provided.
Transient analyses of population dynamics using matrix projection models
Authors: Koons David N. , Iles David T. , Stott Iain 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The bulk of theoretical population biology has focused on long-term, asymptotic population dynamics for which tractable analytical solutions can be derived for particular questions. Following suit, the vast majority of empirical studies have focused on the established parameters provided by theory, such as the asymptotic population growth rate associated with a stable stage structure. But ‘there is nothing permanent [in natural environments] except change’ (Heraclitus), and thus there are good reasons to expect nonstable stage structures in real populations. The urgency of global change is indeed prompting increasing popularity of studying the transient dynamics caused by nonstable stage structures that occur before asymptotic dynamics are reached. This chapter provides an introduction to the concepts and analysis of transient dynamics using matrix projection models and ample examples.
Efficient use of demographic data: integrated population models
Authors: Gamelon Marlène , Vriend Stefan J. G. , Visser Marcel E. , Hallmann Caspar A. , Lommen Suzanne T. E. , Jongejans Eelke 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Various types of demographic data can be collected in the field: population censuses, capture–mark–recapture data, and so on. These data sources share common demographic information about the studied population. Bayesian integrated population models (IPM) make efficient use of these different types of demographic data by jointly analysing them. This chapter discusses the advantages and the possibilities offered by this integrated approach. It describes the different steps required to build an IPM and illustrates the usefulness of this approach using two case studies. The first case study is a short-lived bird species, the blue tit, taking advantage of different data sources collected in a Dutch population to highlight how an integrated analysis might help to obtain a comprehensive picture of its dynamics. This IPM also assesses whether and how beech crop size might influence vital rates. The second case study is an invasive plant species, the common ragweed. The chapter illustrates how seedling data, plant data, and seed bank data could be analysed simultaneously to estimate key vital rates such as the probability that a seedling survives up to flowering.
Spatial demography
Authors: Péron Guillaume 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Demographic methods can be used to study the spatial response of individuals and populations to current global changes. The first mechanism underlying range shifts is a change in the spatial distribution of births and deaths. The spatial regression of demographic rates with geostatistical and spatially explicit models documents the intrinsic growth rate across the range of a population. The population distribution is expected to shift towards areas with the largest intrinsic growth rate, both mechanistically and because these areas are attractive to dispersing individuals. The second mechanism is indeed movement, including emigration away from places that recently became inhospitable and immigration into newly available locations. The analysis of dispersal fluxes using movement data, or indirectly by comparing the observed and intrinsic growth rates in integrated population models, documents these fluxes. Combining these two mechanisms in integral projection models or in individual-based simulations is expected to yield major advances in predictive spatial ecology, that is, mechanistic species distribution models.
Applying comparative methods to different databases: lessons from demographic analyses across mammal species
Authors: Gaillard Jean-Michel , Ronget Victor , Lemaître Jean-François , Bonenfant Christophe , Péron Guillaume , Capdevila Pol , Gamelon Marlène , Salguero-Gómez Roberto 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Comparative demographic analyses aim to identify axes of variation in vital rates and the factors that determine the position of species along these axes. These analyses can be performed using different primary data sets, with marked heterogeneity in data quality and structure. Whether the outcome of demographic comparative analyses depends on the database used because theoretical predictions of evolutionary ecology are not that robust and depend on the set of species analysed or because data limitation prevents the identification of the expected patterns has never been investigated. This chapter fills this knowledge gap by performing a comparative demographic analysis across mammalian species from two distinct databases (Comadre and Malddaba) that were built for different purposes. The chapter first estimates some demographic metrics for each database, analyses their allometric relationships, and compares the estimates with theoretical expectations by performing phylogenetic regressions. Using Malddaba led to stronger allometric relationships closer to the expectation than Comadre. Moreover, the contribution of dimensionless demographic metrics to axes of variation in the shape of demographic trajectories was different between databases. The findings in the chapter demonstrate the key role of age dependence in vital rates for shaping demographic tactics across mammalian species and highlight the need for carefully choosing the database and the metrics to use depending on the question asked. Instead of opposing databases, the authors’ analysis nicely illustrates that different databases could be used to address different questions about life history variation.
Demographic methods in epidemiology
Authors: Klepac Petra , Metcalf C. Jessica E. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Demography is both shaped by and shapes infectious disease dynamics. Infectious pathogens can increase host mortality. Host birth rates introduce new susceptible individuals into the population, which allows infections to persist in the face of the depletion of susceptible individuals that can result from mortality or immunity that can follow infection. Many important processes in infectious disease epidemiology, from transmission to vaccination, vary as a function of age or life stage. Epidemiology thus requires demographic methods. This chapter introduces broad expectations for patterns emerging from the intersection between demography and epidemiology and presents a set of structured population modelling tools that can be used to dissect important processes, including next generation methods, and estimation of R0 in the context of stage structure and with important differences in time-scale between host demography and pathogen life cycle.
Drones for conservation
Authors: Wich Serge A. , Hudson Mike , Andrianandrasana Herizo , Longmore Steven N. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Conservation management benefits from having accurate and timely data on land-cover change, animal distribution and density, as well as the ability to detect poachers before they reach their target species. In addition to other methods, drones have become a data collection tool for all three of these aspects and are becoming rapidly more widespread in conservation management and research. This chapter discusses these three issues and provides a case study in which a drone was used for habitat mapping. The chapter will also go over some of the sensors and drone systems currently used in conservation. To conclude, it will discuss the current challenges with the usage of drones in conservation settings.
Pain and the Aesthetics of US Literary Realism
Authors: Davis Cynthia J. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This book examines the cultural pursuit of a painless ideal as a neglected context for US literary realism. Advances in anesthesia in the final decades of the nineteenth century together with influential religious ideologies helped strengthen the equation of a comfortable existence insulated from physical suffering with the height of civilization. Theories of the civilizing process as intensifying sensitivity to suffering were often adduced to justify a revulsion from physical pain among the postbellum elite. Yet a sizeable portion of this elite rejected this comfort-seeking, pain-avoiding aesthetic as a regrettable consequence of over-civilization. Proponents of the strenuous cult instead identified pain and strife as essential ingredients of an invigorated life. The Ache of the Actual examines variants on a lesser known counter-sensibility integral to the writings of a number of influential literary realists. William Dean Howells, Henry James, Edith Wharton, Mark Twain, and Charles Chesnutt each delineated alternative definitions of a superior sensibility indebted to suffering rather than to either revulsion from or immersion in it. They resolved the binary contrast between pain-aversion on one side and pain-immersion on the other by endorsing an uncommon responsiveness to pain whose precise form depended on the ethical and aesthetic priorities of the writer in question. Focusing on these variations elucidates the similarities and differences within US literary realism while revealing areas of convergence and divergence between realism and other long-nineteenth-century literary modes, chief among them both sentimentalism and naturalism, that were similarly preoccupied with pain.
Proven Facts, Beliefs, and Reasoned Verdicts
Authors: Beltrán Jordi Ferrer 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Proven Facts, Beliefs and Reasoned Verdicts challenges a subjectivist conception of factfinding by tying the very concept of “proof” and the applicable proof standards and burdens to the duty of giving reasons for trial verdicts. The chapter examines the link between the Roman-Germanic and English-speaking legal traditions and concludes that evidential subjectivism still predominates in civil law countries in the name of the free evaluation of evidence. It aims to demonstrate that there is a close relationship between the concept of proof, standards of proof, and the way in which the duty of giving reasons for trial verdicts, and even the possibility of complying with this duty, are understood. Specifically, it reinforces the fact that if proof is conceptually linked to the beliefs or convictions of the trier of fact, it is impossible to sustain the idea of giving reasons as a justification of the decisions about facts.
Burdens of Proof
Authors: Spottswood Mark 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides a brief introduction to the scholarly conversation concerning burdens of persuasion. An adequate account of burdens must first explain what case-related facts the burden draws upon to produce outcomes. I review a variety of answers to this question, including probability threshold, likelihood ratio, belief function, weight-of-evidence, explanatory, and story-based approaches. I then identify several key questions that theories must answer with respect to inputs and show that the best answer on any given question must depend on whether the theory is advanced as a psychological, doctrinal, or normative account. The remainder of the chapter considers varying methods of transforming these inputs into case outcomes, including fixed thresholds, variable thresholds, multi-stepped, and continuous approaches. With respect to these choices, the problem of describing current practices is much easier, but the normative debates are harder to resolve.
The Scenario Theory about Evidence in Criminal Law
Authors: Mackor Anne Ruth , van Koppen Peter J. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In this chapter the Dutch scenario theory is presented, which was developed in the 1990s by Peter van Koppen and Anne Ruth Mackor in collaboration with Willem Wagenaar and Hans Crombag. The scenario theory builds on the descriptive psychological account featuring factfinders who think in terms of a story when they are reasoning about evidence to develop a normative theory of adjudicative factfinding. The theory claims that factfinders ought to assess the strength of the scenario underlying the indictment by reference to alternative scenarios, the evidence, and their general knowledge of the world. The theory ascribes a piece of evidence the status of a discriminating fact when one scenario explains it better than another competing scenario.
Relevance through a Feminist Lens
Authors: Simon-Kerr Julia 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter evaluates and criticizes the established evidentiary rules and institutions through the lens of feminist theory. Contrary to accepted wisdom, the author argues that these rules and institution are neither epistemically neutral nor value-free. She develops this argument through the doctrine of relevance that determines whose stories are told and how they are told. These stories’ relevancy and veracity critically depend upon generalizations from experience or expertise that are irreducibly socialized. As such, they predominantly reflect the experiences of the white men acting as judges and comprising the vast majority of jurors, while silencing the experiences and voices of women and people of color. The author claims that understanding this contingency holds the potential for validating alternative ways of knowing and for expanding the process of arriving at truth.
Music ensembles as self-organized groups
Authors: Pennill Nicola , Breslin Dermot 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Making music in small groups can be viewed as a form of intensive team work. This chapter examines the self-organized nature of music-making, taking as its departure point current thinking in organizational studies. In achieving their goals, self-organized music groups need to balance flexibility and creativity within a framework of “rules” or conventions, within a genre or community of practice. Organizational characteristics of music ensembles are presented as a number of tensions, in which competing forces of stability versus change, collectivity versus individuality, and maturity versus emergence are balanced. These tensions are managed in relation to an organizational structure consisting of roles, leadership, and communication processes, as well as constraints and developments over time. These perspectives offer ways to reflect on group dynamics and musical creative processes, and the internal and external forces impacting rehearsal and performance.
Group behaviors as music
Authors: Saunders James 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A framework for thinking about group behaviors in music as a compositional strategy is set out, drawing on research in social psychology and game studies to explore how different aspects of group behaviors can be explicitly explored in musical compositions. Using Forsyth’s notion of group dynamics as “the influential interpersonal processes that occur in and between groups over time,” the chapter considers how behavioral–musical systems use rules to govern interaction between people, how decisions are enacted through the ways players make choices, and how values are suggested by the outcome of these decisions. Forsyth suggests five processes that influence the behavior of groups: formative, influence, performance, conflict, and contextual processes. These are discussed in relation to some of the author’s recent work and the strategies evident in work by others.
Together in cyberspace
Authors: Kirkbride Ryan 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A recent musical practice that has emerged as a result of the twenty-first century’s rapidly developing technological landscape is live coding. This is the act of writing computer code for generating music in front of an audience while the performer projects their screen. As the number of live coders performing together increases, so too does the number of screens required to project all of the ensemble’s code. This well-documented problem is addressed in this chapter, which introduces a live coding editor built for collaborative improvisation and reflects on its impact on group creativity and ensemble interaction. The editor Troop displays all performer’s code in one window, simplifying technical setup, and shares inter-performer communication with audiences. This case study explores technological design parameters that allow live-coding composers to collaboratively compose music in real time and discuss what means of interaction and collaboration these afford.
“Crystal clear” or “as clear as mud!”
Authors: Black Mary T 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Verbal imagery in the context of the choral rehearsal is explored in this chapter in order to understand how it is employed and what its effects are. Choral directors employ imagery to communicate to singers how to create and change vocal responses. Imagery is allied to specific features in the music and enables singers to gain conceptual understanding of aspects of the vocal sound. The study is based on research into the contexts and efficacy of verbal imagery in choral rehearsals; vocal responses were examined and imagery’s efficacy in affecting all categories of sound was observed, with examples demonstrating the perceived effects on tonal quality. Implications for directors highlight the efficacy of verbal imagery in assisting directors to achieve their musical and creative goals. Directors are encouraged to be creative in devising and employing imagery during their interactions with singers, enabling singers to create the desired vocal responses.
Ensemble participation and personal development
Authors: Burland Karen 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Participation in leisure activities offers a range of social, emotional, and personal benefits and research investigating the value of musical participation for leisure confirms similar benefits. Music is thought to play a role in the development of self-identity, which suggests that musical leisure may also offer opportunities for individuals to develop, refine, or maintain personal identities. This chapter explores the ways in which the psychological dimensions of ensemble cultures facilitate personal development during adulthood. The chapter proposes that dimensions of group affiliation, opportunities for learning, pleasure and rejuvenation, wellbeing, and identity characterize amateur ensemble participation and impact upon the personal, psychological, and musical development of those who participate. The chapter discusses the ways in which ensembles afford opportunities for individuals to develop motivation and confidence in their working/personal lives, a clear sense of belonging and personal meaning, and an enriched sense of self.
Ensembles in music therapy
Authors: Wood Stuart , Torras Irene Pujol 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Music therapy is a varied landscape, and the ensemble is a diverse aspect of music therapy practice. This chapter brings together an overview of the many approaches, sites, resources, formats, and types of participant that create ensembles within the frame of professionalized music therapy practice. These elements are discussed through an exploration of the musical structures, contexts, research strategies, and theoretical traditions that underpin them. The chapter explores the evidence and scholarship that are harnessed to justify the prevalence of ensembles in health promotion, and suggests opportunities for further development within practice and research.
Demystifying China's Innovation Machine
Authors: Zhang Marina , Dodgson Mark , Gann David 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
China’s extraordinary economic development is explained in large part by the way it innovates. This book explains how it innovates, which has important implications not only for China but also for the rest of the world. Contrary to widely held views, China’s innovation machine is not created and controlled by an all-powerful government. Instead, it is a complex, interdependent system composed of hundreds of millions of elements, involving bottom-up innovation driven by innovators and entrepreneurs and highly pragmatic and adaptive top-down policy. Using case studies of leading firms and industries, statistics, and policy analysis, the book argues that China’s innovation machine is similar to a natural ecosystem. Innovations in technology, organization, and business model resemble genetic mutations which are random, self-serving and isolated initially, but the best fitting are selected by the market and their impacts are amplified by the innovation machine. This machine draws on China’s massive number of manufacturers, supply chains, innovation clusters, and digitally literate population, connected through supersized digital platforms. China’s innovation suffers from a lack of basic research and reliance upon certain critical technologies from overseas; its scale (size) and scope (diversity) possess attributes that make it self-correcting and stronger in the face of challenges. China’s innovation machine is most effective in a policy environment where the market prevails; policy intervention plays a significant role when market mechanisms are premature or fail. The book concludes that the future success of China’s innovation will depend on continuing policy pragmatism, mass entrepreneurship and innovation, and the development of the ‘new infrastructures’.