bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Transformation of Cysticercus Pisiformis into Tænia serrata
Authors: Siebold C. TH. V. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In the year 1844 I first drew attention to the similarity between the head-end of Cysticercus fasciolaris of the rat and mouse and Tcenia crassicollis of the cat, and to the mutual relations of these two parasitic forms, on which occasion I broached the assertion that the Cysticercus fasciolaris is an aberrant and degenerated Tœnia, but one still capable of attaining the normal form of a tapeworm, when it is transplanted into the intestinal canal of a suitable animal. In this case the short joints of the C. fasciolaris are completely formed, and the generative organs which are wanting in this Cysticercus as in all the cystic Entozoa arrive at their due development, At the same time I pointed out the way in which this transformation of the asexual C. fasciolaris into a fertile Tœnia crassicollis might be traced, showing that when mice and rats, whose livers are infested with this cyst-worm, are devoured by cats, the latter would digest in their stomachs the livers of the rodents swallowed by them, but not the C. fasciolaris contained in the livers. This entozoon, on the contrary, feeling itself transplanted into a proper soil, throws off the dropsical degenerated joints in the digestive canal of the cat, and acquires the form of T. crassicollis, and arrives at sexual maturity. Allan Thompson, of Glasgow, without, as it seems, his being acquainted with my researches and published observations on this subject, had recognized the correspondence of C. fasciolaris with T. crassicollis. Pursuing the subject farther I finally became convinced that all cystic Entozoa are nothing else than undeveloped or larval tapeworms, which, arrested in their wanderings, have become aberrant and dropsically degenerated. I presented it to the helminthologists as a problem, to determine what completely developed and sexual species of cestoid worms belonged to each degenerated and asexual cystic form, warning them, however, against over hasty conclusions and deceptive appearances, which so readily arise in inquiries of such a difficult nature.*
Die infusionsthiere, auf ibue Entwickelungs-geschichte unteb-sucht
Authors: Stein F. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
To no one have we been more indebted of late years for our advanced knowledge with respect to the Infusoria than to Dr. Stein. His previous writings in Wiegmann’s Archiv for 1849, on the development of the Infusoria, and on the same subject, together with observations on their more intimate structure in Siebold’s and Kölliker’s Zeits. f. Wiss. Zoologie in 1851, as well as his first Essay on the nature of the Gregarinœ in Müller’s Archiv for 1848, have stamped him as an original observer and thinker, and have not only added very materially to our previous knowledge of those subjects, but have also in so doing aided very efficiently in the dissipation of numerous erroneous views, propounded by Ehrenberg and other early microscopists. It may be as well therefore, briefly to state what points connected with the Infusoria have been made out mainly by the author of the present work, and in what state he leaves the question to which chiefly he has addressed himself, viz., the development and metamorphoses of certain classes of Infusory animalcules.
On the Occurrence among the Infusoria of peculiar Organs resembling Thread-Cells
Authors: Allman George J. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In an important monograph by Cohn on the Paramœcium Bursaria* this author maintains that the cilia with which the whole surface of the animalculæ is covered are in reality much longer than their appearance in the living animal would lead one to believe. He founds this opinion on the fact, that when the animal is allowed to dry on the glass object-holder it is seen to bristle with long rigid filaments, which he believes to be the cilia, really unaltered in length, though then for the first time become visible in their entire course; and, in accordance with this view, he figures the Paramecium covered with cilia very much longer than the inspection of the living animal alone would justify.
Snow Crystals in 1855
Authors: Glaisher J. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The many snow crystals which fell during the late severe weather, attracted such general attention, that I ventured to announce a paper on the subject for the present evening. Never do I recollect such an infinity of crystals as have lately fallen beneath my observation. Generally speaking, they fall at rare intervals and very sparingly, in cold and calm weather, and frequently at the commencement of a thaw. In the present year they have fallen under all circumstances of wind or calm, with snow, and alone, during the continuance of the late severe weather when the temperature varied from a few degrees above zero to the freezing point, and up to the precise moment of the thaw, with a temperature of from 34° to 37°. The size of these beautiful objects was by no means unappreciable, and might be said to vary from 0·05-inch to 4-10ths of an inch in diameter. Their forms were so varied, that it seemed scarcely possible for continuous observations to exhaust them all. I therefore endeavoured to secure observations of those which might be considered types of their class, trusting to a future opportunity to extend my acquaintance with the separate varieties which each class included. In accordance with the law that water crystallizes at an angle of 60°, the base of every figure was a hexagon of six rays. These rays, in passing through successive stages of crystallization, become encrusted with an endless variety of crystalline formations, some consisting of thin laminæ alone, others of solid but translucent prisms, heaped one upon another, and others gorgeously combining laminæ and prisms in the richest profusion.
An Investigation into the Structure of the Torbanehill Mineral, and of various kinds of Coal
Authors: Bennett John Hughes 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The investigation, of which I am now about to give an account, was undertaken with the view of determining whether the structure of the Torbanehill mineral was similar to or unlike that of coal. I was aware that the subject would be brought before a court of law, and that many scientific persons of great eminence had already spent much time in the inquiry. With the understanding, therefore, that my evidence, should it be required, was to be limited to the structure of coal and of the mineral in question, I gave directions to Mr. Bryson, the optician, of this city, to make thin sections of attested specimens of various coals and of the mineral, conceiving that a careful examination of them would easily determine the point. It was soon apparent, however, that a far more extended series of researches was necessary than I at first anticipated; but as it was also evident, from the marked structural differences which were observed in the sections, that the investigation would not be destitute of positive results, I determined on pursuing it to a conclusion.
A manual of marine zoology for the british isles: a handbook to the marine aquarium.
Authors: Gosse Philip Henry 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Although the microscope is more capable of affording amusement than most philosophical instruments, there are few who have used it for any length of time but have discovered that it is an important aid in scientific research. Even those who have purchased their first instrument to wile away a leisure hour have gradually got interested in its structure, and the nature of the objects investigated, so that, although beginning in play, they have ended in work. No one can know that they have observed, for the first time, a fact new in the history of science, without the rising of the feeling that constitutes the discoverer in science—the seeker after truth. It is thus that many great microscopic observers have arisen among classes who have had no previous scientific education that has prepared the world for the result of their labours. The structure of the instrument, involving as it does the greatest mechanical accuracy with the most interesting problems of optical science, has excited the attention of one set of inquirers, whose labours have resulted in the present perfection of the instrument. On the other hand, the habits of minute observation developed by the daily use of the microscope have produced a number of observers, whose contributions to science are known wherever its progress is regarded with interest. To those who are pursuing the latter path, all works on those departments of science to which the microscope is applied are of interest.
On Actiniochrome, a colouring matter of actinias, which gives an absorption spectrum
Authors: Moseley H. N. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In the estuary of the Severn, in the neighbourhood of Aust and the New Passage, there are to be found, thriving in the muddy water, large numbers of Actinias, principally of two common species, Actinia mesembryanthemum and Bunodes crassicornis; and farther down the channel, at Weston-super-Mare, Bunodes crassicornis is to be found in great abundance. As might be expected from the nontransparency of the medium in which they live the colours of these anemonies are not by any means so bright as are those of individuals which live in pure sea-water. The red colouring seems to be especially affected. Actinia mesembryanthemum in this muddy water assumes a pale olive, or often a mere dirty-white colour, and Bunodes crassicornis a transparent green tint, which is especially remarkable in Weston specimens. About Aust Cliffs I found in one especial locality, however, some specimens of Bunodes crassicornis, which retained a vivid red colouring, and were almost as bright as marine specimens. The reason appeared to be that they were attached to the bottom of a rocky channel, through which, as the tide fell, there drained off in a continuous stream water with which a large natural rock basin, standing at a slightly higher level, had been filled at high water. The dense charge of mud held in suspension by the Severn water when it is in motion was precipitated rapidly when this water came to rest in the still rock pool. Thus, a short time after the stream had begun to flow from the pool, the water of the stream became perfectly clear and transparent, and the specimens of Crassicornis living in it, by the help of the greater quantity and different quality of the light they received, were able to maintain their red colouring, though their congeners close by were almost colourless or merely greenish. On examining the red colouring matter of one of these red specimens with the spectroscope, I found that that which I scraped off from the general body-walls and tentacles gave no absorption-band, whilst that from the disc surrounding the mouth did give a single well-marked one, nearly coinciding with the less refrangible band of hæmoglobin. I determined the position of the band accurately at the time I was working at the subject, and showed it to my friend Mr. E. R. Lankester, but unfortunately the drawing was mislaid, and in the hurry consequent on preparing for the Circumnavigation expedition, I have been unable to make a re-examination. I think, however, that there is sufficient interest in the observation, though imperfect, to warrant its publication. Mr. Lankester suggested to me the term Actiniochrome for the red colouring matter giving this single absorption-band. I was unable to obtain the matter in solution, though I tried all the ordinary solvents of animal colouring matters.
New Contributions To the Theory Of Fermentations.
Authors: Pasteur L. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
For a long time past I have been led to regard fermentations, properly so called, as chemical phenomena correlative to physiological actions of a particular kind. Not only have I shown that ferments are not dead albuminoid matter, but living organisms ; I have further produced the fermentation of sugar, of lactic acid, of tartaric acid, of glycerine, and generally of all fermentible substances in media exclusively mineral, an incontestable proof that the decomposition of fermentible matter is correlative to the life of the ferment, and that it is an essential part of its nutrition. For example, under the conditions to which I refer it is impossible that a single atom of the carbon entering into the composition of the ferments which originated could have been derived except from the fermentible matter.
A Résumé of recent Observations on Parasitic Algæ.
Authors: Archer W. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
That Green Algæ, contrary to what has been generally supposed, can, though no doubt exceptionally, lead a parasitic life, has been recently pointed out by several observers. The subject is one which may not inappropriately be brought before the readers of this Journal connected with the new Schwendenerian theory as to the nature of Lichen-gonidia, upon which it seems possibly to have a certain amount of indirect bearing.
Imbedding in Elder Pith, for Cutting Sections
Authors: Bird C. H. Golding 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Some time ago a paper was read before this Society explaining the modus operandi of section cutting after imbedding in wax; and taken as a whole, there is nothing in that process that is objectionable, nor is there anything wanting to allow of its being as perfect a method as possible of attaining the end for which it was designed. It is, therefore, not as a rival that I bring before your notice the process in elder pith—one known, perhaps, to some of you, though not generally adopted in this country; yet it possesses certain advantages over the one in wax, and especially so where it is a question not only of imbedding, but of using a microtome as well. If held simply in the fingers without instrumental aid, pith will yield sections in most cases equal to those obtained by the more complicated wax method, and at a cost of far less time and trouble. In the histological laboratory of Prof. Ranvier, at the Collége de France, Paris, pith is the only imbedding medium employed for all varieties of tissue, and transverse sections of spinal cord obtained through its means I recollect as peculiarly good.
On Apothecia Occurring in some Scytonematous and Sirosiphonaceous Algæ, in Addition to those Previously Known
Authors: Archer William 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
It is now some years since, upon examining some examples of the by no means uncommon plant, long (and by some still) accepted as algal, Stigonema atrovirens, Ag., that I was attracted by the peculiar enlargements of the branches, and was much interested in perceiving that this plant showed, embedded in these swellings, distinctly lichenous fructification—apothecia, as well as the so-called spermogonia. Upon searching out the literature of the subject I found from Borne’s valuable paper1 that my discovery had been previously well known, and that my specimens fully bore out the description he gave, with the exception of the hyphæ subsequently discovered by Schwendener. Bornet, indeed, argued from the fructification which he had proved to belong to this form, that it should no longer be accounted an alga, but relegated to the lichens as Ephebe pubescens.
On the Colouring Matter of Bonellia viridis
Authors: Sorby H. C. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Some months ago my attention was called by Mr. E. Ray Lankester to a green colouring matter which he had obtained when at Naples from the above-named annelid. I immediately saw that it was a substance of great interest, and in order that I might be able to study it carefully Mr. Lankester kindly gave to me a large portion of the material he had collected. He has since furnished me with the notes and drawings which he made at the time, and with the following description of the animal, which it would be well to give before entering into the consideration of the optical characters of the pigment itself.
On Myelitis, being an Experimental Inquiry into the Pathological Appearances of the same
Authors: Hamilton D. J. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
So much doubt still exists as to what are the characteristic pathological appearances of inflammation of the spinal cord, and so many diverse conditions have been described as such which no doubt owed their origin to entirely different pathological processes, that, as yet, we may be said to possess no literature which can form a guide in telling us whether this or that condition is an inflammatory affection, and which clearly differentiates this from the many other pathological changes to which the spinal cord and all nervous tissues are liable.
Some Remarks on Spinal Ganglia and Nerve-Fibres
Authors: McCarthy Jeremiah 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
I Have recently, in examining preparations of spinal ganglia, observed some structural details which were new to me, and to which I wished to direct attention. But, on consulting the abundant literature on the subject, I find that nearly all the points have been anticipated by other observers. Still, as the mode of preparation which I have used brings out these structural details very clearly, and as my investigations were made in ignorance of the recent discoveries, my independent corroboration of them may not be uninteresting to readers of this Journal.
Further Observations on a Peach- or Red-coloured Bacterium—Bacterium rubescens
Authors: Ray Lan-kester E. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The growth varying in colour from peach-blue to a ruby-red which I described in this Journal in 1873 (vol. xiii, page 408, Plates XXII, XXIII) has been under my observation from time to time during the last two years, and I have ascertained a variety of new facts with regard to it which add very much to its interest.
On the Development of Teeth
Authors: Tomes Charles S. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
For many years past it had been thought that, in its broad outlines at least, our knowledge of the development of teeth was accurate ; few persons have hence devoted their time to the verification of the current descriptions, and even now, though several years have passed since Kölliker and others first published their results, and proved that inaccuracies of moment existed in the received accounts, the old theories still hold sway in most of our text-books.
On the Evolution of Hæmoglobin
Authors: Sorby H. C. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In a paper read before the Royal Microscopical Society last April, published in the ‘Monthly Microscopical Journal ‘for May,1 I endeavoured to show the very great importance of referring all the measurements of spectra to the wavelengths of each part expressed in millionths of a millimeter ; and in another paper read before the same Society in November, published in the above-named journal for December,2 I described a new form of apparatus by means of which the wave-lengths can easily be measured to a millionth of a millimeter, and the difference in the wavelengths of the centre of the bands in closely related spectra determined with still greater accuracy. In the former paper I also endeavoured to point out the very important conclusions which may be drawn from those small differences in the position of the absorption-bands, which might easily be overlooked, and which in some cases I had myself overlooked until quite recently. Unfortunately the full meaning of some of these differences cannot yet be ascertained with perfect certainty. The physical facts have altogether outstripped chemical knowledge. They clearly point out what kind of investigation is necessary, but at the same time it would be very difficult, if not impossible, to obtain a sufficient quantity of material to decide some of the most important questions. In the present state of the subject the only course open to us is to draw the most probable analytical conclusions that we can by careful induction from facts already determined by synthetical methods.
The Histology and Histochemistry of Man
Authors: Frey Heinrich , Barker Arthur E. J. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
No working histologist who is acquainted with the German language needs any introduction to Professor Frey’s manual. Avowedly a compilation, it is yet a very satisfactory and valuable compilation, and, especially for students’ use, is perhaps the most useful text-book on the subject in any language. It is hardly necessary to say that it has gone through several editions, and as each successive issue has had to be brought up to the present day, as the phrase is, some parts present a curious patchwork of conflicting views, or rather, perhaps we should say, of views arranged in successive strata, like a geological formation. Sometimes the successive views are very contradictory, and sometimes the contradiction hardly seems to have been perceived by the author; the latter portion having been tacked on without rewriting the original text. But this is probably unavoidable in a book which has been patched and altered so many times.
On the Formation of Blood-vessels, as observed in the Omentum of Young Rabbits
Authors: Thin G. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
When new capillary blood-vessels are formed from previously existing vessels in a tissue sufficiently transparent to be examined under the microscope, there is an appearance constantly observed, regarding the cause of which there is much difference of opinion. From the wall of the capillary a conical mass projects into the surrounding non-vascular tissue, and it is frequently continued into a similar mass that meets it from a neighbouring or from another part of the same vessel. Nuclei are visible at various parts of the tract thus indicated, and later a fully formed capillary is found to have been formed in it.
Résumé of Recent Contributions to our Knowledge of “Freshwater Rhizopoda.” Part
Authors: Heliozoa I. , Archer WM. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
A large number of contributions to our knowledge of “Freshwater Rhizopoda “have recently made their appearance in Germany in the ‘Archiv fur Mikroskopische Anatomie,’ formerly edited by Max Schultze, and as it is not unlikely that a careful and diligent out-look may reward observers in our own country with the discovery from time to time of some of the interesting new forms brought to light in these Memoirs, it has been thought that a résumé containing as complete an account as our space permits will be of interest to the readers of this Journal.
Remarks on the Shell-gland of Cyclas and the Planula of Limnæus
Authors: Lankester E. Ray 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Controversy is one of the most wasteful ways in which a man can employ himself with pen and paper. I do not propose, therefore, to enter into a verbal dispute with the zoologists who have recently expressed opinions at variance with the results which I have published relative to the developmental phenomena of Mollusca ; but I am anxious to take an opportunity of briefly reasserting the chief features of those results; since in late publications, partly by deliberate misrepresentation (Fol), and partly by ignorance (Jherings), they have been made to appear different in point of date, and of actual significance from what they really are.
Some Recent Views as to the Composition of the Fibro-Vascular Bundles of Plants
Authors: Vines Sydney H. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In the consideration of this subject the first important point is to distinguish with precision between the elements which make up the fibro-vascular bundles and those which belong to the ground tissue in which the bundles are arranged. In those plants in which completely developed fibro-vascular bundles first occur the limit between the fibro-vascular and the ground tissues is clearly defined by means of one or more layers of cells which form a sheath for the bundle (Kritenchyma or Koleochyma2). In a fern, for instance, such as Pteris aquilina (Fig.l, page 389), we find each fibro-vascular bundle invested by a sheath of two layers of cells, and very frequently it may be observed that the cells of the ground tissue which are adjacent to these sheathing cells are of a brown colour, have thickened walls and an elongated form. To a mass of these thick-walled cells the name Sclerenchyma has been given.