bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influences on the lubricant supply of grease lubricated gears
Authors: Siewerin B J , Winkler K J , Tobie T , Stahl K 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Greases have a variety of advantages when special operating conditions apply. Mainly related to large, slow-running gear drives such as used in heavy industry applications, grease lubrication can also be the preferred solution for small, fast running gear drives. Conse-quently, the calculation of the wear service life within the gear design process is essential. Due to their flowing properties, there is a danger of losing the lubrication supply depending on the operating conditions, boundary conditions and grease properties. While a circulating lubricant ensures a continuous lubricant supply to the gear mesh, channeling includes the risk of starved lubrication and consequentially, even a discontinuation of the lubricating film that can lead to heavy damages of the gearbox. The experimental investigations on a modified FZG back-to-back test rig show a strong effect of operating conditions and grease properties on the lubricant supply: A higher amount of grease in the gearbox and a higher lubricant temperature support circulating, whereas, a higher consistency of the grease supports channeling. Based on the results, a first calculation approach is developed that approximates the lubricant supply of grease lubricated gears for the gear design process.
The Design of Static Test Scheme for Composite Aileron Structure of Large Aircraft
Authors: Zhang Guanbiao , Liu Shuaicai , Zhang Limeng , Zhang Jiying 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
According to the load conditions and structural features of composite aileron structure of large aircraft, the design techniques of full-scale static test scheme of aileron is studied, which can be used to examine the static strength and verify the airworthiness compliance of aileron structure. The overall test scheme design was carried out from the aspects of test load, test support, damage introduction and measurement scheme, and created a set of test design processes that meet the requirements of airworthiness. Loads screening was carried out by using strain coverage principle, the aerodynamic loads were transformed into test load by coordinate transformation. The wing was used as the aileron test support section, and a ground support device can also be designed to carry out aileron bench test. The introduction mode of aileron structure damage was defined, including the type, location and size. A reasonable layout of strain and displacement sensors was given for test measurement. Test results showed that the static test scheme in this paper can be used for the airworthiness compliance verification of static strength of aileron structure.
Influencing Factors of the Ultimate Tensile Bearing Capacity of the Composite Laminated Square Tube Single-bolt Joint
Authors: Zhu Xiujie , Zheng Jian , Xiong Chao , Yin Junhui , Tang Qiongjie 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The three-dimensional progressive damage finite element model was established to accurately simulate the failure process and modes of the composite laminated square tube single-bolt joints. The effects of layup angle, layup ratio and bolt diameter on the ultimate bearing capacity of joints were studied using the validated numerical model, and the reinforced flange gasket was designed according to the damage characteristics of the laminated square tube wall. The results showed that the ultimate bearing capacity of the composite laminated square tube bolt connection structure was relevant to the proportion of 0 degree layers, which increased with the increase of the bolt diameter. The ultimate bearing capacity were increased by the flange gasket reinforcement about 15%.
Broadening the Scope: A Qualitative Study of Pathologists’ Attitudes Toward Patient-Pathologist Interactions
Authors: Lapedis Cathryn J , Kroll-Wheeler Lauren , DeJonckheere Melissa , Johnston Dustin , Owens Scott R 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Objectives
This study qualitatively explored and described pathologists’ attitudes toward patient interaction.

Methods
In a survey to pathologists, we asked, “How interested would you be in meeting with patients to discuss their pathology report and show them microscopic images of their tissue?” Then, we asked “Why,” followed by a free-text box. We asked pathologists to assume that their time would be adequately compensated and that patients’ treating clinicians had already told them their diagnosis. Physician age, gender, rank, and type of practice were also collected.

Results
We surveyed 197 pathologists, 86% of whom were either definitely interested or interested in meeting with patients. Interest level did not differ by age, gender, or rank but was higher in academic practices than in community practices. Thematic analysis showed that pathologists believed that meeting with patients could impact (1) patients, through cognitive and emotional pathways; (2) pathologists, through patient contact and job satisfaction; and (3) the field of pathology, through quality of care and a redefined image of the specialty.

Conclusions
Pathologists’ interest level in meeting with patients was high. Potential impacts on patients, pathologists, and the field of pathology were identified.
Comparison of Invasive and Oscillometric Blood Pressure Measurement in Obese and Nonobese Children
Authors: Fundora Michael P , Beshish Asaad G , Rao Nikita , Berry Christopher M , Figueroa Janet , McCracken Courtney , Maher Kevin O 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Obesity and hypertension are public health priorities, with obesity considered to be a potential cause of hypertension. Accurate blood pressure (BP) determination is required and often obtained by automated oscillometric cuff devices. We sought to determine the correlation of oscillometric measurement in children, and if obesity was associated with worse correlation between methods than nonobese children.

METHODS
Retrospective matched case-controlled study of 100 obese (97–99th percentile) and 100 nonobese (25–70th percentile) children after cardiac surgery with simultaneous systolic, diastolic, and mean invasive and oscillometric measurements. Matching was 1:1 for age, sex, race, and Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery-1 score. Intraclass correlation coefficients and Bland–Altman plots were used to determine agreement with 0.75 as threshold.

RESULTS
Median age was 13 years (10–15). Agreement was low for systolic (0.65 and 0.61), diastolic (0.68 and 0.61), and mean measurements (0.73 and 0.69) (obese/nonobese). Bland–Altman plots demonstrated oscillometric BP measurements underestimated systolic hypertension (oscillometric readings lower than intra-arterial). Oscillometric measurements underestimated hypotension (systolic oscillometric measurements were higher than intra-arterial). This occurred in obese and nonobese patients. Correlation of oscillometric measurements was similar for nonobese and obese patients.

CONCLUSIONS
In this first ever study of simultaneous BP measurement by oscillometric vs. intra-arterial in obese and nonobese children, correlation is below accepted norms. The correlation of oscillometric cuff measurements is not affected by habitus in children. There is less correlation between oscillometric measurements and intra-arterial measurements during hypertension or hypotension. Healthcare providers should be aware of the limitations of oscillometric measurements.
Plastome genomics in South American maize landraces: chloroplast lineages parallel the geographical structuring of nuclear gene pools
Authors: López Mariana Gabriela , Fass Mónica , Rivas Juan Gabriel , Carbonell-Caballero José , Vera Pablo , Puebla Andrea , Defacio Raquel , Dopazo Joaquín , Paniego Norma , Hopp Horacio Esteban , Lia Verónica Viviana 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background and Aims
The number of plastome sequences has increased exponentially during the last decade. However, there is still little knowledge of the levels and distribution of intraspecific variation. The aims of this study were to estimate plastome diversity within Zea mays and analyse the distribution of haplotypes in connection with the landrace groups previously delimited for South American maize based on nuclear markers.

Methods
We obtained the complete plastomes of 30 South American maize landraces and three teosintes by means of next-generation sequencing (NGS) and used them in combination with data from public repositories. After quality filtering, the curated data were employed to search for single-nucleotide polymorphisms, indels and chloroplast simple sequence repeats. Exact permutational contingency tests were performed to assess associations between plastome and nuclear variation. Network and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses were used to infer evolutionary relationships among haplotypes.

Key Results
Our analyses identified a total of 124 polymorphic plastome loci, with the intergenic regions psbE-rps18, petN-rpoB, trnL_UAG-ndhF and rpoC2-atpI exhibiting the highest marker densities. Although restricted in number, these markers allowed the discrimination of 27 haplotypes in a total of 51 Zea mays individuals. Andean and lowland South American landraces differed significantly in haplotype distribution. However, overall differentiation patterns were not informative with respect to subspecies diversification, as evidenced by the scattered distribution of maize and teosinte plastomes in both the network and Bayesian phylogenetic reconstructions.

Conclusions
Knowledge of intraspecific plastome variation provides the framework for a more comprehensive understanding of evolutionary processes at low taxonomic levels and may become increasingly important for future plant barcoding efforts. Whole-plastome sequencing provided useful variability to contribute to maize phylogeographic studies. The structuring of haplotype diversity in the maize landraces examined here clearly reflects the distinction between the Andean and South American lowland gene pools previously inferred based on nuclear markers.
NP-LFA: Non-profiled Leakage Fingerprint Attacks against Improved Rotating S-box Masking Scheme
Authors: Liu Zeyi , Zhang Weijuan , Xiang Ji , Zha Daren , Wang Lei 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
DPA Contest is a world-famous side-channel competition aiming at analyzing and evaluating the implementing security of some latest countermeasures. Improved Rotating S-box Masking Scheme (RSM2.0) is one of the most popular countermeasures designed during DPA Contest V4.2, which arms with both Low Entropy Masking Schemes and shuffling strategy to ensure the software security of AES-128, particularly the non-profiled security. Up to now, conducting high efficient non-profiled attacking scheme with low resource costs is still a challenge. In this paper, we first propose general and non-profiled leakage fingerprint attacks (named NP-LFA) for secret cracking and make use of it to crack RSM2.0 random masks with almost 100% accuracy. Further, we analyze the hidden vulnerabilities embedded in RSM2.0 implementation, and utilize them to bypass the shuffling defense and perform the master key recovery. Official evaluation results show that NP-LFA is capable of compromising RSM2.0 within 14 traces, each of which only costs 60 ms processing time. Such result validates the high efficiency and light-weighted characteristics of our attacking scheme, which has ranked the first in the official website till now. In addition, we discuss and put forward some possible strategies to mitigate our NP-LFA threats.
Comparing Deliveries of Sterile Codling Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) by Two Types of Unmanned Aerial Systems and from the Ground
Authors: Lo Peter L , Rogers David J , Walker James T S , Abbott Bruce H , Vandervoet Timothy F , Kokeny Anna , Horner Rachael M , Suckling D Maxwell 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
New Zealand apple exports must meet strict phytosanitary measures to eliminate codling moth (Cydia pomonella Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) larval infestation. This study was part of a program attempting the localized eradication of codling moth within an isolated cluster of seven orchards (391 ha). A conventional management program of insecticide sprays and pheromone mating disruption was supplemented with weekly releases of sterile moths for 1–6 yr. Our objective was to compare the recapture rate of sterile moths following their release by four methods, and the efficiency of each system. The methods were the following: a fixed-wing unmanned plane flying ~40–45 m high at 70 km/h, an unmanned hexacopter travelling 20 m high at 25 km/h, and manually from the ground via bicycles or motor vehicles. The different release methods were used in different years or weeks. Sterile male moths were recaptured in grids of pheromone traps positioned throughout each orchard. The highest recapture rate followed delivery by hexacopter, then bicycle, vehicle, and plane. There was a 17-fold difference in catches between releases by hexacopter and plane, and sixfold between vehicle and plane in the same season. Bicycle delivery had a 3.5-fold higher recapture rate than the plane in different years. The wind-borne horizontal drift of moths was investigated as a possible explanation for the disparity of recaptures between the two aircraft delivery systems. The methods in ascending order of time per hectare for delivery were the following: plane and vehicle, hexacopter, then bicycle. The advantages and disadvantages of each moth delivery method are discussed.
Operando observation of magnetism in HDD writing heads by spin-polarized scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Kohashi Teruo , Motai Kumi , Matsuyama Hideo , Maruyama Yohji 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Operando observation using spin-polarized scanning electron microscopy (spin SEM) has been demonstrated by detecting changes in the magnetization in the writing head of a hard disk drive (HDD) during operation. A current-applying system developed for use in the sample stage of a spin SEM enables imaging of the magnetization changes in the writing head of an HDD while the writing head is activated. Focused ion beam (FIB) technology is used to fabricate electric contacts between the head terminals and the sample holder electrodes. Tungsten film is deposited by FIB technology on the insulator around the writing head to prevent electrostatic charge buildup in the insulators during SEM measurement. This system is well suited for studying the characteristics of writing heads in HDDs in an activated state.
Regulator-dependent temporal dynamics of a restriction-modification system's gene expression upon entering new host cells: single-cell and population studies
Authors: Negri Alessandro , Werbowy Olesia , Wons Ewa , Dersch Simon , Hinrichs Rebecca , Graumann Peter L , Mruk Iwona 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Restriction-modification (R-M) systems represent a first line of defense against invasive DNAs, such as bacteriophage DNAs, and are widespread among bacteria and archaea. By acquiring a Type II R-M system via horizontal gene transfer, the new hosts generally become more resistant to phage infection, through the action of a restriction endonuclease (REase), which cleaves DNA at or near specific sequences. A modification methyltransferase (MTase) serves to protect the host genome against its cognate REase activity. The production of R-M system components upon entering a new host cell must be finely tuned to confer protective methylation before the REase acts, to avoid host genome damage. Some type II R-M systems rely on a third component, the controller (C) protein, which is a transcription factor that regulates the production of REase and/or MTase. Previous studies have suggested C protein effects on the dynamics of expression of an R-M system during its establishment in a new host cell. Here, we directly examine these effects. By fluorescently labelling REase and MTase, we demonstrate that lack of a C protein reduces the delay of REase production, to the point of being simultaneous with, or even preceding, production of the MTase. Single molecule tracking suggests that a REase and a MTase employ different strategies for their target search within host cells, with the MTase spending much more time diffusing in proximity to the nucleoid than does the REase. This difference may partially ameliorate the toxic effects of premature REase expression.
The Effect of Intergovernmental Policy Conflict on Immigrants’ Behavior: Insights from a Survey Experiment in California
Authors: Wong Tom K , Shklyan Karina , Silva Andrea 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAs Congress remains gridlocked on the issue of comprehensive immigration reform, immigration policy debates, particularly with respect to interior immigration enforcement, are increasingly taking place at state and local levels. Scholarship on immigration federalism has focused on federal and local governments, while states are passing laws that tighten or delimit cooperation with Immigration and Customs Enforcement (i.e., “sanctuary policies”). Simultaneously, cities are passing laws contradictory to state policy. We examine how these state and local enforcement ambiguities affect undocumented immigrants’ trust in the efficacy of sanctuary policies. Using California as a case, we embedded an experiment in a survey of undocumented immigrants and find trust in sanctuary policies decreases when cities seek to opt out of statewide sanctuary laws. Further, “opting out” has negative implications for the daily behavior of undocumented immigrants, like the chilling effects resulting from local law enforcement cooperation with federal immigration enforcement.
Dapsone Prevents Allodynia and Hyperalgesia and Decreased Oxidative Stress After Spinal Cord Injury in Rats
Authors: Mata-Bermudez Alfonso , Diaz-Ruiz Araceli , Burelo Masha , García-Martínez Betzabeth Anali , Jardon-Guadarrama Gustavo , Calderón-Estrella Francisco , Rangel-Hernández Andrea , Pérez-González Cuauhtémoc , Camilo Rios 
Published: March 2021

Study Design.
Prospective longitudinal experimental study.

Objective.
We evaluate the effect of dapsone on tactile allodynia and mechanical hyperalgesia and to determine its anti-oxidant effect in a spinal cord injury (SC) model in rats.

Summary of Background Data.
Neuropathic pain (NP) as result of traumatic spinal cord injury is a deleterious medical condition with temporal or permanent time-course. Painful stimuli trigger a cascade of events that activate the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, inducing an increase in oxidative stress. Since there is no effective treatment for this condition, dapsone (4,4′diaminodiphenylsulfone) is proposed as potential treatment for NP. Its anti-oxidant, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory properties have been documented, however, there is no evidence regarding its use for treatment of NP induced by SCI.

Methods.
In this study, we evaluated the anti-allodynic and anti-hyperalgesic effect of dapsone as preventive or acute treatment after NP was already established. Furthermore, participation of oxidative stress was evaluated by measuring lipid peroxidation (LP) and glutathione concentration (GSH) in rats with SCI.

Results.
Acute treatment with dapsone (3.1–25 mg/kg, i.p.) decreased nociceptive behaviors in a dose-dependent manner, decreased LP, and increased GSH in the injured tissue 15 days after the injury was produced. On the other hand, preventive treatment (3 h post-injury, once daily for 3 days) with dapsone (3.1–25 mg/kg, i.p.) yielded similar results.

Conclusion.
The findings suggest that the anti-nociceptive effect of dapsone is regulated through the decrease of oxidative stress and the excitotoxicity is associated with the activation of NMDA receptors.

Level of Evidence: N/A
Comparing the Effects of Early Versus Late Exercise Intervention on Pain and Neurodynamic Mobility Following Unilateral Lumbar Microdiscectomy
Authors: LeBlanc Lorraine , Moldovan Ioana D. , Sabri Elham , Phan Philippe , Agbi Charles , Mohammed Safraz , AlKherayf Fahad 
Published: March 2021

Study Design.
A pilot, two-group pretest–posttest randomized controlled, single blinded study.

Objective.
Our study aim was to compare the changes in low back pain level, fear avoidance, neurodynamic mobility, and function after early versus later exercise intervention following a unilateral lumbar microdiscectomy.

Summary of Background Data.
Exercise is commonly recommended to patients following a lumbar microdiscectomy although controversy remains as to the timing and protocols for exercise intervention.

Methods.
Forty patients were randomly allocated to early (Group 1) or later (Group 2) exercise intervention group. The low back pain and fear avoidance were evaluated using Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire, Numeric Pain Rating Scale, and Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire. The neurodynamic mobility and function were recorded with Dualer Pro IQ Inclinometer, 50-foot walk test, and Patient-Specific Functional Scale. Two-sided t test for continuous variables and chi-square or Fisher exact test for categorical variables were used to compare the two groups’ demographic data. The Wilcoxon signed-rank and rank-sum tests were used to compare the changes and the differences, respectively, in low back pain, fear avoidance, neurodynamic mobility, and function between baseline (before surgery) and postoperative repeated measurements (at 1–2, 4–6, and 8–10 wks after surgery) within each study group, after exercise intervention.

Results.
Both groups showed a significant decrease in low back pain levels and fear avoidance as well as a significant improvement in neurodynamic mobility and function at 4 and 8 weeks after surgery. However, no significant difference was reported between the two groups.

Conclusion.
Our study results showed that early exercise intervention after lumbar microdiscectomy is safe and may reduce the low back pain, decrease fear avoidance, and improve neurodynamic mobility and function. A randomized controlled trial is needed to evaluate the early exercise intervention's effectiveness after lumbar microdiscectomy, and thus validate our findings.

Level of Evidence: 4