bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RHD deletion in a patient with chronic myeloid leukemia
Authors: Murdock A. , Assip D. , Hue-Roye K. , Lomas-Francis C. , Hu Z. , Vege S. , Westhoff C.M. , Reid M.E. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Anomalous expression of the Rh antigen, D, has occasionally been observed in patients with certain myeloproliferative disorders. Indeed, this phenomenon led to the tentative assignment of RH to the short arm of chromosome 1. PCR-based analyses were performed on DNA from an 82-year-old D+ Caucasian patient with chronic myeloid leukemia after her RBCs became D–. For nearly 7 years, the patient’s RBCs typed as strongly D+, but in March 2006, they typed weakly D+ and in August 2006 typed D– by both direct hemagglutination and the IAT. The D– typing persisted until the patient’s death in September 2006. To study the underlying cause of the change in D type, PCR-based assays were performed on DNA extracted from peripheral WBCs from the patient’s sample collected in August 2006. No amplification was obtained using primers designed to amplify RHD exons 5, 8, or 10, and intron 4. Very weak amplification was obtained using primers designed to amplify RHD exons 3, 4, or 7. Two assays that detect the hybrid Rhesus box showed deletion of RHD. Amplification of RHCE in the patient’s DNA was as efficient as that of control samples, and multiplex and PCR-RFLP assays predicted her RBCs would be C–E–c+e+. Based on finding a hybrid Rhesus box and absence of D-specific exons, we conclude that DNA from the patient’s WBCs carries a deleted RHD. This explains the molecular mechanism underlying the change from D+ to D–.
Immunohematology

2008;24:160–164.
Serologic and molecular characterization of the B(A) blood group in the Chinese population
Authors: Guo Z.H , Xiang D. , Zhu Z.Y. , Liu X. , Chen H.P. , Wang J.L , Liu D.Z , Zhao T.M 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
B(A) phenotype individuals have normal B antigen and a small amount of A antigen on the RBCs with anti-A in the plasma. Some highly potent monoclonal anti-A reagents are capable of agglutinating B(A) RBCs, which therefore usually results in a discrepancy between RBC and plasma ABO grouping. To date, five B(A) alleles (ABO*B(A)01, B(A)02, B(A)03, B(A)04, and B(A)05) have been defined by nucleotide sequences. To get a more complete picture of B(A) phenotypes found in the Chinese population and resolve blood donor typing problems caused by B(A) alleles, a serologic and molecular study of nine unrelated Chinese individuals and three families carrying B(A) alleles was conducted. Allele B(A)02 with a 700C>G mutation, allele B(A)04 with a single 640A>G substitution, and allele B(A)05 with a 641T>C mutation were detected in multigenerational families and unrelated blood donors. Neither the B(A)01 nor B(A)03 alleles with 703A>G substitutions were observed in this study. In addition, a polymerase chain reaction with a sequence-specific primer genotyping assay was developed for rapid identification of B(A)02, B(A)04, and B(A)05 alleles using genomic DNA samples.
Immunohematology

2007;23:69–74.
A confusion in antibody identification: anti-D production after anti-hrB
Authors: Lomas-Francis C. , Yomtovian R. , McGrath C. , Walker P.S , Reid M.E 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
It is well known that certain combinations of alloantibodies are frequently found together. Patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) are mostly of African ancestry, and they may make anti-hrB. A transfusion of hrB–blood is often achieved by using e–(R2R2) RBCs; it is generally believed that hrB–patients readily make anti-E or a“broad-spectrum” anti-Rh34 (-HrB). We describe two multiply transfused D+ patients with SCD and a history of anti-hrB who subsequently produced anti-D. This raises the question whether anti-hrB together with anti-D is a more common antibody combination than anti-hrB with anti-E or anti-Rh34.
Immunohematology

2007;23:158–60.
Human platelet alloantigen systems in three Chinese ethnic populations
Authors: Yan L. , Zhu F. , He J. , Sandler S.G. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Knowledge of the prevalence of human platelet antigens (HPA) in different populations is important for effective diagnosis and management of immune-mediated platelet disorders. The purpose of this study was to determine HPA gene frequencies in the majority Han ethnic population of China and in ethnic She and Tajik minority populations. Using PCR sequence specific primers, HPA-1, -2, -3, -4, -5, and -6, we determined genotypes for ethnic Han, She, and Tajik blood donors. HPA gene frequencies for Chinese Han were found to be similar to those of She, reflecting the historic affinities of these two populations. HPA gene frequencies for Tajik were closer to those for Caucasians than to Chinese Han, She, or other Asian populations, reflecting their disparate origin and historic geographic isolation. HPA gene frequencies in these Chinese populations reflect their historic origins. Knowledge of these findings may be used to better understand and treat immune-mediated platelet disorders in these populations.
Immunohematology

2006;22:6–10.
Chimerism and mosaicism are important causes of ABO phenotype and genotype discrepancies
Authors: Cho D. , Lee J.S. , Yazer M.H , Song J.W , Shin M.G. , Shin J.H , Suh S.P. , Jeon M.J. , Kim J.Y. , Park J.T , Ryang D.W 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Discrepancies between blood group genotype and RBC phenotype are important to recognize when implementing DNA-based blood grouping techniques. This report describes two such cases involving the ABO blood group in the Korean population. Propositus #1 was a 22-year-old healthy man undergoing pretransfusion testing for minor surgery. Propositus #2 was a 23-year-old male blood donor. RBCs from both propositi were determined to be group AB and demonstrated unusual agglutination patterns on forward typing, which were inconsistent with their ABO genotype determined by allele-specific (AS) PCR. RBCs from propositus #1 demonstrated mixed field agglutination with both anti-A and -B, while RBCs from propositus #2 demonstrated mixed field only with anti-A reagents. Both had B/O genotypes by AS-PCR. Cloning and sequencing of ABO exons 6 and 7 revealed three alleles in both propositi: propositus #1: A102/B101/O04; propositus #2: A102/B101/O01. A panel of nine short-tandem repeat (STR) loci was tested on DNA extracted from blood, buccal mucosal cells, and hair from the propositi and on DNA isolated from their parents’ blood. In all tissues tested from propositus #1, three loci demonstrated a double paternal and a single maternal DNA contribution, indicating that he was a chimera or a mosaic; in those from propositus # 2, one STR locus demonstrated a double paternal DNA contribution, indicating that he was a tetragametic chimera. Chimerism and mosaicism are uncommon but important causes of ABO genotype and phenotype discrepancies. The evaluation of patients and donors with unusual or unexpected serology in pretransfusion testing and consensus ABO alleles may include the evaluation of STR loci to detect these phenomena.
Immunohematology

2006;22:183–187.
Rh antigens and phenotype frequencies of the Ibibio, Efik, and Ibo ethnic nationalities in Calabar, Nigeria
Authors: Jeremiah Z.A. , Odumody C. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This report forms part of the study on the Rh phenotypes within the various ethnic nationalities in the south-south region of Nigeria. The aim is to demonstrate the Rh polymorphisms among the people of African descent. The frequencies of Rh blood group antigens and phenotypes of the Ibibio, Efik, and Ibo ethnic nationalities in Calabar municipality, Nigeria, were determined using standard serologic techniques. Of the 720 Calabar individuals tested, the frequencies of the Rh antigens within the nationalities were c (100%), e (96.38%), D (96.38%), E (15.22%), and C (3.62%) for the Ibibios; c (100%), e (95.60%), D (96.70%), E (21.98%), and C (0%) for the Efiks; and c (100%), e (94.29%), D (91.43%), E (28.57%), and C (2.86%) for the Ibos. The overall frequencies of the Rh antigens in these 720 individuals were c (100%), e (95.56%), D (94.44%), E (18.89%), and C (2.78%). Forty (5.56%) were found to be D–, while all were found to possess the c antigen. The most frequently occurring Rh phenotype was Dccee, with a frequency of 73.61 percent. The alternative allele, C, did not appear in homozygous form (CC) in the population tested. This study further demonstrates the variability of Rh blood group phenotypes in Nigeria and Africa.
Immunohematology

2005;21:21–24.
On a much higher than reported incidence of anti-c in R1R1 patients with anti-E
Authors: Judd W.J. , Dake L.R. , Davenport R.D. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A previous study involving tube IATs, untreated RBCs, and a low-ionic-strength additive reagent revealed that approximately one-third of R1R1 patients with anti-E have a concomitant anti-c. However, the current study finds a much higher incidence of anti-c in such patients, using gel technology in conjunction with ficin-pretreated RBCs. Results of antibody identification studies and transfusion records of 82 R1R1 patients with anti-E were reviewed. Serologic test methods included a LISS wash solution for tube IATs (15 min at 37°C, anti-IgG), ficin-tube IATs (30 min at 37°C, anti-IgG + anti-C3), and gel IATs (untreated or ficin-treated RBCs or both, anti-IgG gels). LISS-tube or gel IATs with untreated RBCs revealed anti-c in 32 patients with anti-E. When gel-IAT and ficin-pretreated RBCs were used, 21 additional patients with anti-E were found to have anti-c. In samples from 26 R1R1 patients with anti-E, anti-c was not demonstrable by ficin-gel IATs, and in 3 cases, the ficin-gel tests were inconclusive. In five cases in which E– RBCs not tested for c antigen were transfused to patients found by ficin-gel IAT to be without anti-c, all subsequently performed crossmatches with E–, c-untested RBCs were compatible. The incidence of anti-c in R1R1 patients with anti-E in this study was 32 of 82 (39%) with untreated RBCs and 53 of 82 (65%) when the ficin gel data were included. The latter is significantly higher than the 32 percent incidence previously reported (p = 0.0001). Accordingly, all patients at our facility with an Rh antibody are now tested for those additional Rh antibodies they can make, as predicted from their Rh phenotype. The data from this study strongly support the selection of R1R1 RBCs for all c– patients with anti-E.
Immunohematology

2005;21:94–96.
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia and a further example of autoanti-Kpb
Authors: Lee E. , Burgess G. , Win N. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A 65-year-old Caucasian man with myelodysplasia was admitted with autoimmune hemolytic anemia and a Hb of 5.6 g/dL. The patient’s serum contained anti-K; the DAT on the patient’s RBCs reacted 3+ with anti-IgG and 3+ with anti-C3d. K– RBC units were transfused, but there was no sustained increase in Hb level. The samples were referred to the reference laboratory of the National Blood Service. The DAT results remained the same, with anti-K detected only in the serum. An eluate prepared from the patient’s DAT-positive RBCs revealed anti-Kpb specificity. This study reports an unusual case of autoanti-Kpb, which is different from previously published cases in that no free anti-Kpb was detectable in the serum.
Immunohematology

2005;21:119–121.
Reactivity of FDA-approved anti-D reagents with partial D red blood cells
Authors: Judd W.J. , Moulds M. , Schlanser G. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Individuals whose RBCs are characterized as having a partial D phenotype may make anti-D if exposed to normal D+ RBCs; thus it is desirable that they be typed as D– should they require blood transfusion or Rh immune globulin (RhIG) prophylaxis. Further, use of different anti-D reagents by blood centers and transfusion services can account for FDA-reportable errors. For this study, anti-D reagents for use in tube tests were obtained from three U.S. manufacturers. They included three examples of IgM monoclonal anti-D blended with monoclonal IgG anti-D, one IgM monoclonal anti-D blended with polyclonal IgG anti-D, and two reagents formulated with human anti-D in a high-protein diluent. One anti-D formulated for use by gel column technology was also tested. Direct agglutination tests by tube or gel were strongly positive (scores 9–12), with partial D RBCs of types DII, DIIIa, DIIIb, and DIVa. No reagent anti-D caused direct agglutination of DVI type 1, DVI type 2, or DFR phenotype RBCs. One tube anti-D reagent formulated with an IgM monoclonal anti-D plus a polyclonal IgG anti-D failed to cause direct agglutination of DVa, DBT, and R0
Har RBCs, while DVa RBCs reacted weakly with two high-protein reagents formulated with human IgG anti-D. In contrast, the anti-D used by gel column technology was strongly reactive (score 11) with DVa, DBT, and R0
Har RBCs. The single monoclonal IgM–polyclonal IgG blended anti-D and the two high-protein reagents were also the only reagents that failed to react with R0
Har RBCs by the IAT. Elimination of the test for weak D on all patient samples, using currently available FDA-licensed reagents, will ensure that partial D category VI (DVI) patients will type as D– for the purpose of RhIG prophylaxis and blood transfusion. However, RBCs of other partial D phenotypes will be classified as D+ in direct agglutination tests with some, if not all, currently available reagents. Testing donors for weak expression of D continues to be required, albeit that Rh alloimmunization by RBCs with a weak or partial D phenotype is uncommon. Further, because of differences in performance characteristics among FDA-approved reagents, conflicts between donor center D typing and transfusion service confirmatory test results are inevitable.
Immunohematology

2005;21:146–8.
Incidence of weak D in blood donors typed as D positive by the Olympus PK 7200
Authors: Jenkins C.M. , Johnson S.T. , Bellissimo D.B. , Gottschall J.L. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The incidence of weak D has been reported to be between 0.23 and 0.5 percent in Europe and 3.0 percent in the United States. All studies were performed before the introduction of monoclonal anti-D reagents. Using current commercial reagents, this study evaluated D+ samples for the presence of weak D. D+ donors, typed by the Olympus PK 7200, using diluted monoclonal blend anti-D and diluted polyclonal anti-D, were selected by sampling batches of 100 to 200 samples from the previous day’s collection. Anti-D reagents used on the Olympus PK 7200 are required to detect RBCs with the weak D phenotype which do not agglutinate at immediate spin (IS) when tested with polyclonal anti-D by manual tube methods. More than 95 percent of donors tested were Caucasian. Using tube tests with two different monoclonal blend anti-D reagents and one polyclonal anti-D typing reagent, the presence or absence of the D antigen was evaluated after the IS reading. Donors found negative or weakly positive (< 2+) at IS were further typed for weak D by the IAT. The weak D samples were RHD genotyped by allele-specific PCR. Of 1005 donors tested, 4 (0.4%) were classified as weak D by one or more anti-D reagents. Polyclonal anti-D reagent demonstrated weaker reactions when compared with the monoclonal blends. All weak D samples were found positive for exon 4, intron 4, and exon 10, a finding consistent with most D+ samples. The incidence of weak D found in this study is not significantly different from that found in earlier studies using polyclonal anti-D reagents.
Immunohematology

2005;21:152–4.
Review: IgA anaphylactic transfusion reactions.Part I. Laboratory diagnosis, incidence, and supply of IgA-deficient products
Authors: Vassallo R.R. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Despite yielding a definitive diagnosis in fewer than 20 percent of anaphylactic transfusion reactions, investigation for IgA deficiency and the presence of presumably pathogenic IgG anti-IgA is useful in patient management. Individuals with demonstrated anti-IgA are thereafter committed to receiving IgA-depleted cellular products or IgA-deficient plasma and derivatives to prevent recurrent severe reactions. Unfortunately, in populations of IgA-deficient individuals screened for anti-IgA, the predictive value of the test in the absence of a prior reaction is quite low. Anti-IgA testing is complex and limited to a few reference laboratories, many of which still employ a labor-intensive hemagglutination assay developed in the late 1960s. Timely decisions regarding further transfusion management of patients experiencing anaphylaxis often rely upon more rapidly obtained assays of the IgA concentration as an indicator of the likelihood of subsequent demonstration of anti-IgA. The scarcity of IgA-deficient banked plasma products and dedicated platelet-pheresis donors has led to the development of American Rare Donor Program policies designed to appropriately allocate these precious resources. The test methods used to establish the diagnosis of IgA deficiency and identify the approximately one-third of these individuals with anti-IgA are discussed, along with the incidence of abnormal tests in various populations. Also presented are testing recommendations for the identification of an IgA-mediated mechanism for transfusion-associated anaphylaxis and qualification of patients to receive rare IgA-deficient plasmacontaining products.
Immunohematology 2005;21 :226–233.
The gene encoding the I blood group antigen: review of an I for an eye
Authors: Reid M.E. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Unlike most blood group antigen pairs, the I and i antigens are not antithetical (produced by allelic pairs) but, rather, they are reciprocal. The I antigen is formed by the action of an enzyme (a glycosyltransferase), which adds branches onto the i antigen. Thus, branched I antigen is formed at the expense of its precursor, the linear i antigen. The antigens are present on all blood cells and have a wide tissue distribution. Soluble I antigen is found in milk, saliva, and amniotic fluid, and a small amount is in plasma. The function of these antigens is unknown but the I antigen has a decreased expression and the i antigen has a concomitant increased expression in conditions that result in increased hematopoiesis. The gene encoding the branching transferase has been cloned and sequenced, and the mechanism underlying the i adult phenotype with and without association with cataracts has been elucidated.
Immunohematology 2004;20:249–252.
Ground-truthing the pyrite trace element proxy in modern euxinic settings
Authors: Gregory Daniel D. , Lyons Timothy W. , Large Ross R. , Stepanov Aleksandr S. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Pyrite trace element (TE) chemistry is now widely employed in studies of past ocean chemistry. Thus far the main proof of concept has been correlation between large data sets of pyrite and bulk analyses emphasizing redox sensitive TE data from ancient samples spanning geologic time. In contrast, pyrite TE data from modern settings are very limited. The sparse available data are averages from samples from the Cariaco Basin without stratigraphic resolution and from estuarine sediments. To fill this gap, we present TE data (Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, Ag, Pb, Bi) from the two largest euxinic basins on Earth today, locations where the majority of the pyrite formed within the water column, the Black Sea and Cariaco Basin. These locations have different water column TE contents due to their relative degrees of restriction from the open ocean, thus providing an ideal test of the relationship between pyrite precipitated under euxinic conditions from basins with different degrees of basin restriction and dissolved TE concentration.
At each site we observed that down-core trends for pyrite increase before reaching relatively steady values for most TE. This observation suggests that instead of all the TE being sourced directly from the water column, some are incorporated from the sediments, presumably desorbing from detrital materials. However, since much of the adsorbed TE is adsorbed from the overlying water, the pyrite chemistry still seems to reflect the water chemistry at or near the surface. Indeed, for Mo, there is less variation in pyrite than in bulk sediment. Additionally, we found that pyrite formed during diagenesis due to sulfide diffusion into iron-rich muds revealed low-TE contents, except for siderophile elements likely to have been adsorbed onto Fe (hydr)oxides, highlighting the risk of potential false negatives from pyrite formed under these conditions. This relationship highlights the need for detailed understanding of the full context, including the use of complementary geochemical data such as sulfur isotope trends, in efforts to use pyrite TE to interpret conditions in the global ocean.
Effects of nitrate and glucose on the formation of chloronitromethane (CNM) under UV/chlorine treatment
Authors: Lin Deng , Bohui Xu , Fanfang Zhu , Prasad Singh Rajendra 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The existence of nitrate and dissolved organic matter (DOM) in water can react with chlorine disinfectant to form chloronitromethane (CNM) with high toxicity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of NH4NO3, NaNO3 and Ca(NO3)2 on the formation of CNM under UV/chlorine treatment when glucose was used as the carbon source. The results showed that the formation of CNM from nitrate and glucose was raised first and then decreased. Among three types of nitrate, the potential of forming CNM from NH4NO3 was the largest. The concentration of CNM increased with increasing glucose concentration and UV intensity, while it decreased with increasing pH from 6 to 8. The analysis of various nitrogen showed that NH3-N and were converted into dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) under UV/chlorine treatment. The formation pathways of CNM from nitrate and glucose had been inferred under UV/chlorine treatment. Actual water samples were used to verify the laws found in the laboratory. The study could provide the development of a new disinfection method for water treatment and be useful for controlling the generation of CNM under UV/chlorine treatment.
Fungal infection in cystic fibrosis
Authors: Sarvestani Amirmehdi , Almasian Mohammad , Nafari Amirhossein 
Published: May 2021

Background:
The prevalence of fungal infections has been increasing in recent years. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder that affects organs such as the intestines, liver, pancreas, and especially the lungs.

Introduction:
Fungal pathogens are becoming a challenge in CF. Advanced medical science is associated with longer life expectancy in some patient groups.

Method:
A review was conducted on studies found on such online databases as Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus. Internet-based searches were performed on these databases for cystic fibrosis, respiratory infections, and fungal infection profiling to identify all relevant studies published between 2010 and 2020.

Result:
Fungal pathogens most frequently isolated from the respiratory tract include the Aspergillus genus, the Candida genus, Scedosporium apiospermum, and the Rasamsonia genus. In cystic fibrosis, these organisms usually colonize the respiratory and intestinal tracts and cause hypersensitivity responses and invasive diseases.

Conclusion:
Fungus-patient interactions are complicated and depend on various factors. Moreover, the emergence of drug-resistant species is a serious health issue, and the development of new treatments is crucial.