bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hardware-in-the-Loop Investigation of Emissions Challenges in Hybrid Medium- and Heavy-Duty Powertrains Using a Pre-Production Diesel-Electric Parallel Hybrid System With and Without Stop-Start Operation
Authors: Lerin Chloé , Curran Scott , Moses-DeBusk Melanie , Cook Adian , Boronat Colomer Vicente , Kaul Brian , Deter Dean 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Hybrid electric powertrains are a growing market in medium- and heavy-duty applications. There is a lack of available information to understand the challenges in the integration of engine platforms into electrified powertrains, such as cold-start, restart, and load-reduction effects on emissions and emission control devices. Results from the Heavy Heavy-Duty Diesel Truck (HHDDT) cycle using a conventional medium-duty diesel engine were compared with those of a parallel hybrid architecture. Oak Ridge National Laboratory in collaboration with the US Department of Energy and Odyne Systems, LLC developed a powertrain in a hardware-in-the-loop environment, integrating the Odyne Systems, LLC medium-duty parallel hybrid system, which was used for the hybrid portion of this study. Experiments under the HHDDT cycle showed increasing improvements in fuel consumption and engine-out emissions with the integration of stop/start, hybrid, and hybrid with stop/start. However, the effects of load reduction and exhaust temperature on the thermal management strategy have shown an increase in fueling in the second part of the HHDDT cycle. Four configurations of medium-duty electrification were studied and contributed to building a unique data set containing combustion, emissions, and system integration data. Each electrification level was compared with the conventional baseline. The calibration of the conventional engine was not altered for this study. Opportunities to tailor the combustion process were identified with the stop/start strategy.
Interviewer effects on abortion reporting: a multilevel analysis of household survey responses in Côte d’Ivoire, Nigeria and Rajasthan, India
Authors: Footman Katy 
Published: November 2021

ObjectivesThe analysis aimed to assess the scale of interviewer effects on abortion survey responses, to compare interviewer effects between different question wordings and between direct and indirect approaches, and to identify interviewer and interview characteristics that explain interviewer effects on abortion reporting.Setting2018 Performance Monitoring for Action nationally representative household surveys from Côte d’Ivoire, Nigeria and Rajasthan, India.ParticipantsSurvey data from 20 016 interviews with reproductive age (15–49) women, selected using multistage stratified cluster sampling. Data from self-administered interviewer surveys and from a sample of health service delivery points that serve the female survey participants were also included.Primary outcome measuresOutcomes were the respondent’s own experience of ever ‘removing a pregnancy’, their closest confidante’s experience of pregnancy removal and the respondent’s own experience of period regulation.ResultsSubstantial interviewer effects were observed, ranging from 7% in Côte d’Ivoire to 24% in Nigeria for pregnancy removal. Interviewer effects for survey questions that were designed to ask about abortion in a less stigmatising way were either similar to (9%–26% for confidante-reporting) or higher than (17%–32% for a question about period regulation) the pregnancy removal question. Interviewer and interview characteristics associated with abortion reporting included respondent–interviewer familiarity, the language of interview and the interviewer’s comfort asking questions about abortion.ConclusionThis study highlights that questions designed to be less stigmatising may increase interviewer effects due to lower comprehension among respondents. Further work is needed to assess question wordings for different contexts. Selecting and training interviewers to ensure comfort asking questions about abortion is important for reproductive health surveys. Challenges for the use of ‘insider’ interviewers and the management of surveys in countries with high linguistic diversity are also identified.
Effectiveness of a simulation-based mastery learning to train clinicians on a novel cricothyrotomy procedure at an academic medical centre during a pandemic: a quasi-experimental cohort study
Authors: Issa Nabil , Liddy Whitney E , Samant Sandeep , Conley David B , Kern Robert C , Hungness Eric S , Cohen Elaine R , Barsuk Jeffrey H 
Published: November 2021

ObjectivesTo develop and evaluate a simulation-based mastery learning (SBML) curriculum for cricothyrotomy using wet towels to suppress aerosolisation during a pandemic.DesignQuasi-experimental, pre–post study.SettingTertiary care, academic medical centre in Chicago.ParticipantsEar, nose and throat and general surgery residents, fellows and attendings.InterventionCricothyroidotomy simulation-based mastery learning curriculum.Outcomes measurePretest to posttest simulated cricothyrotomy skills checklist performance.Results37 of 41 eligible surgeons participated in the curriculum. Median pretest score was 72.5 (IQR 55.0–80.0) and 100.0 (IQR 98.8–100.0) for the posttest p<0.001. All participants scored at or above a minimum passing standard (93% checklist items correct) at posttest.ConclusionsUsing SBML is effective to quickly train clinicians to competently perform simulated cricothyrotomy during a pandemic.
Retrospective cohort study to evaluate medication use in patients hospitalised with COVID-19 in Scotland: protocol for a national observational study
Authors: Mueller Tanja , Kerr Steven , McTaggart Stuart , Kurdi Amanj , Vasileiou Eleftheria , Docherty Annemarie , Fraser Kenny , Shi Ting , Simpson Colin R , Bennie Marion , Sheikh Aziz 
Published: November 2021

IntroductionCOVID-19 has caused millions of hospitalisations and deaths globally. A range of vaccines have been developed and are being deployed at scale in the UK to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection, which have reduced risk of infection and severe COVID-19 outcomes. Those with COVID-19 are now being treated with several repurposed drugs based on evidence emerging from recent clinical trials. However, there is currently limited real-world data available related to the use of these drugs in routine clinical practice. The purpose of this study is to address the prevailing knowledge gaps regarding the use of dexamethasone, remdesivir and tocilizumab by conducting an exploratory drug utilisation study, aimed at providing in-depth descriptions of patients receiving these drugs as well as the treatment patterns observed in Scotland.Methods and analysisRetrospective cohort study, comprising adult patients admitted to hospital with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 across five Scottish Health Boards using data from in-hospital ePrescribing linked to the Early Estimation of Vaccine and Anti-Viral Effectiveness (EAVE II) COVID-19 surveillance platform. The primary outcome will be exposure to the medicines of interest (dexamethasone, remdesivir, tocilizumab), either alone or in combination; exposure will be described in terms of drug(s) of choice; prescribed and administered dose; treatment duration; and any changes in treatment, for example, dose escalation and/or switching to an alternative drug. Analyses will primarily be descriptive in nature.Ethics and disseminationEthical and information governance approvals have been obtained by the National Research Ethics Service Committee, South East Scotland 02 and the Public Benefit and Privacy Panel for Health and Social Care, respectively. Findings from this study will be presented at academic and clinical conferences, and to the funders and other interested parties as appropriate; study findings will also be published in peer-reviewed journals. Publications will be available on the EAVE II website (https://www.ed.ac.uk/usher/eave-ii/key-outputs/our-publications), alongside lay summaries and infographics aimed at the general public. Press releases will also be considered, if appropriate.
How has COVID-19 impacted the civil registration and vital statistics system in Loreto, Perú? Evidence using process mapping and qualitative analysis
Authors: Silva-Valencia Javier , Adair Tim , Hart John , Meza Graciela , Vargas Herrera Javier 
Published: November 2021

ObjectivesAccurate civil registration and vital statistics (CRVS) systems are the primary data source to measure the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mortality. This study assesses how the pandemic impacted CRVS system processes in Loreto region of Peru, one of the worst affected countries globally.DesignQualitative study.SettingLoreto, a remote region, which had the highest reported mortality rate in Peru during the pandemic.ParticipantsSemistructured individual interviews and documentary analysis were conducted between September 2020 and May 2021 with 28 key informants from eight institutions involved in death certification. Key informants were identified using a purposive sampling strategy commencing at the Health Directorate of Loreto, and the snowball method was used where a participant suggested another organisation or person. Information from key informants was used to compare business process maps of the CRVS system before and during the pandemic.ResultsDuring early May 2020, there were seven times more registered deaths than in earlier years, but key informants believed this underestimated mortality by 20%–30%. During the pandemic, families had to interact with more institutions during the death certification process. Several issues disrupted death certification processes, including the burden of increased deaths, the Environmental Health Directorate often removing a body without the family’s express agreement, the creation of COVID-19 cemeteries where no death certificate was needed for burial, greater participation of funeral homes that often used outdated paper forms, and closure of civil registry offices. There was increased use of the online National Death System (SINADEF) but many users had problems with access.ConclusionsThe pandemic substantially disrupted CRVS processes in Loreto, making death certification more difficult, placing greater burden on the family and leading to more participation from unregulated organisations such as funeral homes or cemeteries. These disruptions were impacted by limitations of the CRVS system’s processes before the pandemic.
Robotics in neurointerventional surgery: a systematic review of the literature
Authors: Crinnion William , Jackson Ben , Sood Avnish , Lynch Jeremy , Bergeles Christos , Liu Hongbin , Rhode Kawal , Mendes Pereira Vitor , Booth Thomas C 
Published: November 2021

BackgroundRobotically performed neurointerventional surgery has the potential to reduce occupational hazards to staff, perform intervention with greater precision, and could be a viable solution for teleoperated neurointerventional procedures.ObjectiveTo determine the indication, robotic systems used, efficacy, safety, and the degree of manual assistance required for robotically performed neurointervention.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review of the literature up to, and including, articles published on April 12, 2021. Medline, PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane register databases were searched using medical subject heading terms to identify reports of robotically performed neurointervention, including diagnostic cerebral angiography and carotid artery intervention.ResultsA total of 8 articles treating 81 patients were included. Only one case report used a robotic system for intracranial intervention, the remaining indications being cerebral angiography and carotid artery intervention. Only one study performed a comparison of robotic and manual procedures. Across all studies, the technical success rate was 96% and the clinical success rate was 100%. All cases required a degree of manual assistance. No studies had clearly defined patient selection criteria, reference standards, or index tests, preventing meaningful statistical analysis.ConclusionsGiven the clinical success, it is plausible that robotically performed neurointerventional procedures will eventually benefit patients and reduce occupational hazards for staff; however, there is no high-level efficacy and safety evidence to support this assertion. Limitations of current robotic systems and the challenges that must be overcome to realize the potential for remote teleoperated neurointervention require further investigation.
Healthy lifestyle initiatives for increasing fruit and vegetable intake among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples
Authors: Blekkenhorst Lauren C. , Ride Katherine M. , Wallace Ruth M. , Eades Sandra J. , McAullay Daniel , Godrich Stephanie L. 
Published: November 2021

Adequate fruit and vegetable intake is key to reducing chronic disease risk among Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. This rapid review collated evidence on healthy lifestyle initiatives that focused on increasing fruit and vegetable intake among Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples residing in major cities. Due to limited studies conducted within major cities, we extended our inclusion criteria to regional and remote areas. Sixteen studies were included. Five (31%) studies were rated as good quality (least risk of bias), 10 (63%) studies were rated as fair, and 1 (6%) study was rated as poor (significant risk of bias). Five (31%) studies employed participatory research in the design and/or execution, and 7 (44%) studies included minimal community involvement. Only 5 (31%) studies were undertaken in major cities; 4 of these combined major cities with regional and/or remote areas. All 5 studies reported positive findings, such as an increase in fresh fruit availability, usage of fresh vegetables, or self-reported fruit and vegetable intake. This review provides evidence confirming the need for high-quality healthy lifestyle initiatives to increase fruit and vegetable intake targeted at Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples living in major cities. This evidence will assist community organisations in designing effective health promotion interventions, providing insight into improving the structure and function of such programs. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42020194522. Novelty Five studies were undertaken in major cities and all reported positive findings; only 1 study was rated as good quality. Presented data supports the need for high-quality studies to be conducted among those residing in major cities.
Seeking out Camille, and being open to others
Authors: Hill Robin K. , Baquero Carlos 
Published: November 2021

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Robin K. Hill on overcoming biases against alternative views, and Carlos Baquero on his search for the elusive Camille Noûs.
Trimethylamine N-Oxide and Stroke Recurrence Depends on Ischemic Stroke Subtypes
Authors: Xu Jie , Cheng Aichun , Song Bo , Zhao Mingming , Xue Jing , Wang Anxin , Dai Liye , Jing Jing , Meng Xia , Li Hao , Zheng Lemin , Wang Yongjun 
Published: November 2021

Background:
Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) has been recognized as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. However, the role of TMAO in ischemic stroke remains unclear. As we know, ischemic stroke is a heterogeneous disease with variable pathogenesis. Hence, we aimed to investigate the association between TMAO and stroke recurrence according to etiology subtypes.

Methods:
A total of 10 756 ischemic stroke/transient ischemic attack patients from the Third China National Stroke Registry were enrolled, and 1-year follow-up data for stroke recurrence were analyzed. TOAST (Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment) criteria was used to classify the etiology subtypes. Plasma TMAO levels were quantified by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. The association between TMAO and stroke outcomes was analyzed using Cox regression models. We also conducted a meta-analysis on the association of TMAO levels and stroke risk.

Results:
Elevated TMAO level was independently associated with the risk of stroke recurrence (Q4 versus Q1: adjusted hazard ratio, 1.37 [95% CI, 1.15–1.64]) in multivariate Cox regression model. After stratification by TOAST subtypes, there was a significant association between TMAO and stroke recurrence in small artery occlusion subtype (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.43 [95% CI, 1.03–2.00]) but not in the others subtype (large-artery atherosclerosis, 1.19 [0.95–1.48]; cardioembolism, 1.54 [0.95–2.48]; others, 1.19 [0.98–1.44]). The meta-analysis reported on stroke recurrence for the highest versus lowest TMAO levels with a pooled hazard ratio of 1.66 (95% CI, 0.91–3.01) and similarly found an increased risk of stroke recurrence.

Conclusions:
Elevated TMAO level is associated with increased risk of stroke recurrence in patients with small artery occlusion subtype, but this association seems to be attenuated in large-artery atherosclerosis, cardioembolism, and others subtypes.
Test-retest reliability of regression dynamic causal modeling
Authors: Frässle Stefan , Stephan Klaas E. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Regression dynamic causal modeling (rDCM) is a novel and computationally highly efficient method for inferring effective connectivity at the whole-brain level. While face and construct validity of rDCM have already been demonstrated, here we assessed its test-retest reliability—a test-theoretical property of particular importance for clinical applications—together with group-level consistency of connection-specific estimates and consistency of whole-brain connectivity patterns over sessions. Using the Human Connectome Project dataset for eight different paradigms (tasks and rest) and two different parcellation schemes, we found that rDCM provided highly consistent connectivity estimates at the group level across sessions. Second, while test-retest reliability was limited when averaging over all connections (range of mean intraclass correlation coefficient 0.24–0.42 over tasks), reliability increased with connection strength, with stronger connections showing good to excellent test-retest reliability. Third, whole-brain connectivity patterns by rDCM allowed for identifying individual participants with high (and in some cases perfect) accuracy. Comparing the test-retest reliability of rDCM connectivity estimates with measures of functional connectivity, rDCM performed favorably—particularly when focusing on strong connections. Generally, for all methods and metrics, task-based connectivity estimates showed greater reliability than those from the resting state. Our results underscore the potential of rDCM for human connectomics and clinical applications.
Giant otter behaviour in a mega-hydroelectric reservoir, Central Amazon, Brazil
Authors: Ramalheira Claudiane S. , Cabral Márcia M.M. , da Silva Vera M.F. , Rosas Fernando C.W. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We tracked thirteen giant otters from three different groups in the Balbina Hydroelectric Reservoir. One of them was a transient animal, while the others were living in groups of five and seven individuals. Travelling was the most frequent behaviour, both for the transient otter (>40%) and group otters (46%). Diurnal resting was the longest-lasting behaviour. Most giant otter behaviour in the reservoir showed little difference when compared with the behaviour of giant otters living in nondammed areas, indicating a significant degree of resilience of this species. However, otters in the reservoir spent more time travelling, probably because their territory sizes were much greater than the territories of giant otters in nondammed areas. The frequency of fishing was similar to what has been recorded elsewhere, suggesting that current fish density and availability in the reservoir is similar to what is observed in nondammed areas. Nevertheless, otters in Balbina spent more time fishing than those in nondammed areas, which alternatively could suggest that fish density in the reservoir was low and could be compensated by increasing the time spent fishing. The high frequency of intraspecific kleptoparasitism observed in this study (62%) is noteworthy, although virtually undocumented for this species. This is the first study of giant otter behaviour in a hydroelectric reservoir that can be used for the conservation of this endangered species in man-made lakes.
Cultivating STEAM Literacy: Emphasizing the Implementation of the Arts through Reading Practices Supporting the Asian Diaspora
Authors: Park Jennifer C. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper explores the cultivation of STEAM literacy through the employment of practices derived from traditional reading strategies. This teaching and learning framework focuses on utilizing multimodal texts to increase exposure and opportunities for students to creatively explore diverse realms of STEM through the arts. Featuring student-centered endeavors through self-selected texts and in-class reading practices followed by tiered scaffolded discourse engagements, this framework initiates greater interest, autonomy, and culturally and linguistically authentic practices enhancing STEAM literacy. Embedded in the implications is the deconstruction of frequently aggregated STEM data that “overrepresents” the Asian demographic. Using the lens of the model minority myth, this paper attempts to disaggregate the Asian category, illuminating the actual diaspora that makes up the Asian and Asian American communities, many of which are not represented in STEM fields. Through more reading opportunities and fostering discourse practices, the arts contribute greater inclusion, cultivating STEAM literacy for all students.
The Politics of Protest Processes: A Portrayal
Authors: Whitehead Laurence 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This integrated overview of a dynamic field of study covers two main areas. The first half concerns the main internal dimensions of protest movements- their scope and variability, their ideational foundations, and their dynamics, including leadership and resource base. The second half places these movements in the context of their interactions with public authorities, and introduces certain key literatures, including “contentious” politics and the “exit, voice and loyalty” framework.
The Green Movement in Iran: Reformist Roots and Objective
Authors: Akbar Ali 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The protests that rocked the streets of Tehran and some other major Iranian cities in 2009, gradually coming to be known collectively as the Green Movement, were triggered after the official announcement of that year’s presidential election result. This article will demonstrate how key features of the Green Movement – including the mass participation of youth, women and university students – were rooted in sociopolitical changes that occurred in Iran in the late 1990s and 2000s. The article argues that the Green Movement should be viewed as a reformist movement which sought to implement certain reforms in Iranian society – an agenda also pursued by its leaders – rather than a revolutionary movement seeking to overthrow the Islamic Republic.