bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Secondary Material Modified Anodic TiO2 Nanotube Layers As Efficient Gas Sensors
Authors: Sopha Hanna , Zazpe Raul , Ng Siow Woon , Macak Jan M. 
Published: July 2021

Gas sensors are extensively used in medical, automotive, agriculture, biogas, and mining industry for safety and environmental monitoring, including the detection of toxic compounds to prevent hazardous emission and explosion as well as air quality monitoring. 1D nanomaterials have shown great potential for sensor preparation due to their high surface-to-volume ratios resulting in countless absorption sites, and fast diffusion of gas molecules. The 1D geometry also facilitates the charge transport process [1,2].
Among 1D nanomaterials, self-organized TiO2 nanotube layers have attracted considerable scientific and technological interest due to their wide possible range of applications including (photo-) catalysis, solar cells, hydrogen generation, biomedical uses or sensors [3,4]. The synthesis of the 1D TiO2 nanotube layers is usually carried out by electrochemical anodization of valve Ti metal sheets in various electrolytes. Compared to TiO2 nanotubes prepared by other methods (e.g. hydrothermal), anodic TiO2 nanotube layers have the advantage of being self-ordered with the nanotube openings on the top of the nanotube layer and being well-adhered to the Ti metal substrate, which can further be used as back contact for applications. Furthermore, anodic TiO2 nanotube layers can be produced with tunable tube dimensions [4]. Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) can be used to produce conformal and homogenous coatings of thin layers of secondary materials an TiO2 nanotube layers, with precise control of the coating thickness, according to the deposition cycles [5]. Therefore, very thin films matching the thickness of the Debye length of a material can be deposited by ALD on the high surface area TiO2 nanotube layers giving the possibility for high sensitivity semiconductor gas sensors.
The presentation will focus on the coating of anodic TiO2 nanotube layers with secondary materials using ALD and the possible use for low concentration gas sensing. Such secondary materials are, for instance, SnO2 [6] and ZnO [7]. The produced heterostructures show excellent sensing behavior for NO2 [6], in case of SnO2 coated TiO2 nanotube layers, and for ethanol [7], in case of ZnO coated TiO2 nanotube layers.
References:
[1] S.-H. Jung et al., Sensors Actuators B Chem.,
2012, 171–172, 672.
[2] C. Marichy et al., Adv. Mater.,
2012, 24, 1017.
[3] J. M. Macak et al., Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci.,
2007, 1-2, 3.
[4] K. Lee et al., Chem. Rev., 2014, 114, 9385.
[5] F. Dvorak et al., Appl. Mater. Today,
2019, 14, 1.
[6] S. Ng et al., ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces,
2020, 12, 33386.
[7] S. Ng et al., Adv. Eng. Mater.,
2017, 1700589.
Magnetic Graphene Based Cation Ion Exchange Material for Removal of Heavy Metal Ion (Pb2+) from Water
Authors: Kumari Poonam , Goel Disha , Mishra Sunita , Nayak Manoj Kumar 
Published: July 2021

Abstract:
In current scenario, water pollution is a major worldwide problem. Many of the toxic heavy metals present in the water affected human body as well as aquatic animal life. Nowadays it has been a great attention to fast removal, cost-effective, sustainable detoxification/elimination of inorganic pollutants from wastewater. In this work, we have synthesized the magnetic Graphene-based hybrid nanocomposites, which is more sensitive and better supporting material for the removal of toxic pollutants from water. The hybrid nanomaterial was prepared by mixing iron (II) and iron (III) salt precursors in the presence of GO dispersion through the co- precipitation method followed by in situ chemical reduction of GO. Further, Magnetic Graphene Oxide (MGO) functionalized with the sulfonic acid group and oxidized by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The synthesis of magnetic graphene based nanocomposites was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, Field emission Scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) & EDS and magnetic behavior by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Further, sulfonated magnetic graphene oxide (SMGO) (deposited on glassy carbon electrode) acts as a strong cationic exchanger, in which the negatively charged stationary phase electrostatically binds to the positively charged Pb(II) ions and Pb(II) ion exchange by hydrogen ion. The method exhibited a linear range of Pb(II), 1ppb-10ppm using CV. The CV, EIS and SWASV showed the incorporation of SMGO for electrode improvement with specific surface area, electrocatalytic activity and conductivity supported by GO sheets. This showed that enhanced analytical performance due to higher number of active sites, resulting higher ion exchange capacity and binding affinity of SMGO. It is a simple platform to develop novel electrochemical sensor for detecting heavy metals with high performance. Subsequently, regeneration of eco-friendly SMGO and corresponding reference method for quantitative detection and removal analysis of Pb(II) ions will be tested using ion chromatography method.

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Design of Agricultural Autonomous Land Vehicles for Monitoring and Control
Authors: Vorobioff Juan , Boggio Norberto Gabriel , Checozzi Federico , Rinaldi Carlos 
Published: July 2021

The world population is growing and it is necessary to take advantage of agricultural natural resources. According to FAO studies, undernourishment is increasing in almost all sub-regions of Africa, as well as in South America. The situation worsens in countries whose agricultural systems are extremely sensitive to rainfall, temperature and droughts. On the other hand, contamination by pesticides and herbicides generates a series of environmental problems. In addition, the insects and parasites themselves develop more resistant species, which forces the use of higher doses or more effective products. Due to the rains and flooding of the fields, the chemicals are transmitted to the rivers, contaminating the water, vegetation, livestock and people. There are unmanned aerial vehicles known as drones to monitor fields, but they are expensive and require qualified personnel. In this work, a low-cost and reduced-size autonomous land vehicle (car) is designed to monitor fields. An electronic nose is mounted with 7 low consumption metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) gas sensors and batteries. The size and scope of the vehicle can be changed by modifying the structure of the car using a 3D printer, changing batteries and motors. Solar panels can also be added for extended use. The electronic nose weighs only 50 grams, has small dimensions, is low cost, has an embedded system and proprietary software. The software stores the data in memory, using artificial intelligence, different odors can be recognized in a field. In this way, a map of the monitored terrain is assembled and it can be fumigated in a controlled manner, selecting different doses as necessary. This system is expected to reduce environmental pollution and improve agricultural production.
Key Words: Autonomous Vehicle, Agriculture, Electronic Nose, Data Analysis.
References
[1] J. Vorobioff, E. Videla, N. Boggio, O.D. Salomón, A. Lamagna, C.A. Rinaldi. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 257 (2018), pág. 200-206, ISSN 0925-4005
[2] P. Neumann, S. Asadi, J. H. Schiller, A. J. Lilienthal, and M. Bartholmai, IEEE Robotics and Automation Magazine, 19 (2012), pág. 50-61.

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Solid Electrolyte Interphase for Ca Metal Batteries
Authors: Bodin Charlotte , Forero-Saboya Juan , Davoisne Carine , Dedryvere Remi , Yousef Ibraheem , Ponrouch Alexandre 
Published: July 2021

New battery technologies have received increased attention in recent years, especially those based on the use of divalent cations such as calcium and magnesium. Their high abundance (calcium and magnesium being, respectively, the 5th and 8th most abundant element in the earth crust) and the possible safe use of metal anodes could result in more sustainable devices with lower cost and higher energy density systems when compared to Li-ion. Feasibility of plating/stripping of calcium metal has been demonstrated recently1 in very few organic electrolyte formulations. In all cases, some degree of electrolyte reduction and formation of passivation layer were reported. In particular, using Ca(BF4)2 in a mixture of carbonate solvents, a fully conformal passivation layer is formed at the surface of the metal anode.2 Yet this layer allows for Ca plating and stripping, thus exhibiting similar behavior as a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). However, the nature and composition of such layer remain mostly unknown.
In this communication, an in-depth analysis of the SEI will be presented. The influence of the electrolyte formulation (salt, solvent and additive) on the formation of the SEI and how it affects Ca plating and stripping kinetics were investigated. Among other technics, XPS, EELS and ToF-SIMS measurements allowed to detail the composition of the SEI. The homogeneity, the morphology and the microstructure were studied by means of TEM and FTIR microspectroscopy.

Ponrouch, A. et al. Towards a calcium-based rechargeable battery. Nat. Mater.
15, 169 (2015).

Forero-Saboya, J. et al. Understanding the nature of the passivation layer enabling reversible calcium plating. Energy Environ. Sci.
13, 3423–3431 (2020).
(Invited) New Design Rules of Gas Sensors Enhance Their Reliability for End-User Acceptance
Authors: Potyrailo Radislav 
Published: July 2021

Contemporary gas monitoring scenarios for industrial safety, environmental surveillance, medical diagnostics, personal wellness, and other applications demand sensors with higher accuracy, enhanced stability, and often lower power; all in unobtrusive formats and at low cost [1]. Unfortunately, available sensors based on traditional detection principles often have not only inadequate accuracy and stability but also have relatively high power demands, pushing the limits of existing detection concepts where we are reaching their fundamental performance limits. These limitations of available sensors drive the innovative designs of new generation of sensors.
This talk will stimulate your senses by (1) posing fundamental questions on principles of gas sensing and (2) by demonstrating on how modern multidisciplinary research addresses these questions by building sensors with previously unthinkable capabilities.
We will present new sensor-design criteria that allow high sensor stability and multi-gas detection with individual sensors. We brought new gas-sensing capabilities to very popular semiconducting metal oxide (SMOX) materials by introducing our dielectric excitation scheme of these materials, which is a contemporary alternative to classic resistance measurements from 1960-s [2]. Our excitation scheme based on contemporary electronics brought highly desired features such as linear sensor response (R^2 > 0.99), dynamic range of six decades of gas concentrations, 50-fold improvement in the limit of detection, and cancelled effects from ambient temperature over - 25 to 50 oC. We lab-tested our excitation scheme with numerous volatiles and did field validations in wireless sensor network, drone-based, and wearable formats. We launched a product with one of our partners and are working toward diverse consumer, industrial, medical, homeland security, and other applications.
We will conclude with a perspective for future needs and with the 2050 roadmap for ubiquitous gas monitoring.
[1] Potyrailo, R. A. Multivariable sensors for ubiquitous monitoring of gases in the era of Internet of Things and Industrial Internet, Chem. Rev. 2016, 116, 11877–11923.
[2] Potyrailo, R. A.; Go, S.; Sexton, D.; Li, X.; Alkadi, N.; Kolmakov, A.; Amm, B.; St-Pierre, R.; Scherer, B.; Nayeri, M.; Wu, G.; Collazo-Davila, C.; Forman, D.; Calvert, C.; Mack, C.; Mcconnell, P. Extraordinary performance of semiconducting metal oxide gas sensors using dielectric excitation, Nat. Electron. 2020, 3, 280–289.
Assembling an All-Solid-State Ceramic Battery: Assessment of Chemical and Thermal Compatibility of Solid Ceramic Electrolytes and Active Material Using High Temperature X-Ray Diffraction
Authors: Bertrand Marc , Rousselot Steeve , Aymé-Perrot David , Dolle Mickael 
Published: July 2021

Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) are the most known and used batteries for portable energy storage because of their high energy densities, long cycle life and relatively low price. However, they still fall short for the development of long range electric vehicles and stationary applications due to organic liquid electrolytes that are currently electrochemically limited and present safety issues (fire or explosion in case of short-cut or overcharging). Solid oxide electrolytes appear to be one of the solutions because of their non-flammability and wide potential window. Inorganic oxide electrolytes have reasonable ionic conductivities (10-5-10-3 S/cm at ambient temperature), high mechanical strength, and high chemical stability.
Assembling an all ceramic solid-state battery with inorganic oxide electrolyte is challenging as it requires a deep knowledge of the thermal, chemical and electrochemical behavior of each component of the cell. The battery must be a continuous monolithic block with a thin dense electrolyte separator, in order to minimize the polarization. In addition, optimized interfaces between active material and electrolytes must be ensured in the composite electrodes. This is often achieved with oxide-based materials by using high temperature processing.
Thermal expansion occurring during this step can lead to cracks, which will affect the performance and cyclability of the device. The primary driving force of a crack during the fabrication of hybrid ceramic is the stress due to mismatch in the coefficient of thermal expansion (TEC) of the various layers/materials. Moreover, it must be certain that no reaction occurs between active material and electrolytes in the sintering temperature range. These are then two key parameters to address for the development of all ceramic solid-state batteries.
In this work, in situ-XRD has been used to determine the TEC and the thermal stability of various well-known oxide active materials and solid electrolytes. The aim of this presentation is to discuss about the best selection of compatible oxide-based materials to avoid unwanted cracks or reaction during the sintering processing of ceramic solid-state batteries.
Shape-Memory Solid Polymer Electrolytes
Authors: Jabbari Vahid , Shahbazian-Yassar Reza 
Published: July 2021

Stimuli-responsive materials are smart materials capable to adjust their properties (e.g. shape and size) in response to an external or internal stimulus including temperature, light, magnetic field, mechanical stress, and pH. Shape memory polymers (SMPs) are attractive class of stimuli-responsive, programmable smart materials with shape-memory behavior: memorize their original, permanent shape; deform and fix into a secondary, temporary shape; and recover the original, permanent shape upon applying an external stimulus. In recent years, advancing intelligent supercapacitors and batteries have attracted significant attention whereas stimuli-responsive materials were integrated to induce stimuli-responsive properties to introduce new properties or mitigate some of the existing issues such as thermal management, mitigating volume change-induced performance degradation, recovery from a mechanical deformation, self-healing, electrochromism. Indeed, integrating energy storage technologies with a variety of stimuli are a fascinating method to realize smart functions [1-3].
Herein, we aim to develop a heat-responsive battery capable of mitigating the impact of incidental mechanical abuse or deformation. To achieve this, a shape-memory solid polymer electrolyte (SMSPE) is engineered and incorporated into lithium metal batteries (LMBs). In response to an external heat, the engineered SMSPEs recover their original shape and size from mechanical deformations such as bending and elongation. This study opens-up a promising approach for engineering intelligent batteries responsive to unfavorable internal or external stimuluses, with potential to have a broad impact on other energy storage technologies in different sizes and shapes. The Li|SPSPEs|LFP full cell batteries display a long-term cycle life with a discharge capacity of ~120 mAh g−1 at C/10 in ambient temperature with around 90% capacity retention after 100 cycles. Moreover, the Li|SPSPEs|Li symmetrical cells exhibit a long-term stability with a low voltage polarization at a current density of 0.05 mAh cm−2 for up to 1000 cycles.
Overall, the proposed approach shows a promising design principle which can open up new possibilities for the next-generation batteries and their safe operation. With vast range of available SMPs with tunable chemistries, transition temperatures, and high shape-memory performance, and opens up new frameworks to address a variety of detrimental, unresolved issues such as thermal runaway, with potential expansion to the other energy storage technologies.

References:

C. D. Wick, A. J. Peters, G. Li, Quantifying the contributions of energy storage in a thermoset shape memory polymer with high stress recovery: a molecular dynamics study, Polymer, 2020, 123319.

Y. Meng, J. Jiang, M. Anthamatten, Body temperature triggered shape‐memory polymers with high elastic energy storage capacity, 2016, 54, 1397-1404.

H. Zhou, H. Luo, et al., Healable, Flexible Supercapacitors Based on Shape Memory Polymers. Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 1732.
New Cathode and Electrolytes Strategies to Enable High-Energy Li-S Batteries
Authors: Xu Guiliang , Amine Khalil 
Published: July 2021

Lithium–sulfur batteries are attractive alternatives to lithium-ion batteries because of their high theoretical specific energy and natural abundance of sulfur. However, the polysulfides shuttle and the Li metal dendrite and corrosion significantly limit their cycle life. Moreover, the poor electronic conductivity of sulfur results in low areal sulfur loading and poor utilization, leading to low overall specific energy.
In the past years, we have developed several new strategies to mitigate these probelms, including: (1) Se doing because of much higher electronic conductivity of Se than Sulfur;[ref 1] (2) new electrolytes to directly bypass polysulfides formation and enable reversible Li stripping/plating;[ref 2 and 3]; (3) rational cathode design to boost sulfur reaction kinetics and suppress polysulfides shuttle and Li corrosion (ref 4 and 5). Through these approaches, we have significantly improve the cycle life and specific energ of Li-S batteries in both coin-cells and pouch-cells.
Ref:
[1] Xu, G. L.; Ma, T.; Sun, C. J.; Luo, C.; Cheng, L.; Ren, Y.; Heald, S. M.; Wang, C.; Curtiss, L.; Wen, J.; Miller, D. J.; Li, T.; Zuo, X.; Petkov, V.; Chen, Z.*; Amine, K.*, Insight into the Capacity Fading Mechanism of Amorphous Se2S5 Confined in Micro/Mesoporous Carbon Matrix in Ether-Based Electrolytes. Nano Lett.,
2016, 16, 2663-2673.
[2] Xu, G. L.; Sun, H.; Luo, C.; Estevez, L.; Zhuang, M. H.; Gao, H.; Amine, R.; Wang, H.; Zhang, X.; Sun, C. J.; Liu, Y. Z.; Ren, Y.; Heald, S.; Wang, C. S.; Chen, Z.*; Amine, K.*, Solid-State Lithium/Selenium-Sulfur Chemistry Enabled via a Robust Solid-Electrolyte Interphase. Adv. Energy Mater.,
2018, 1802235.
[3] Amine, R.; Liu, J.; Acznik, I.; Sheng, T.; Lota, K.; Sun, H.; Sun, C. J.; Fic, K.; Zuo, X.; Ren, Y.; EI-Hady, D. A.; Alshitari, W.; Al-Bogami, A. S.; Chen, Z.; Amine, K. (*) and Xu, G. L. (*). Regulating the Hidden Solvation-Ion-Exchange in Concentrated Electrolytes for Stable and Safe Lithium Metal Batteries. Adv. Energy Mater.,
2020, 2000901.
[4] Zhao, C.; Xu, G. L.(*); Zhao, T. (*); Amine, K.(*). Beyond Polysulfides Shuttle and Li Dendrite Formation: Addressing the Sluggish S Redox Kinetics for Practical High Energy Li-S batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.
2020, 17634-17640.
[5] Zhao, C.; Xu, G. L.(*); Yu, Z.; Zhang, L.; Hwang, I.; Mo, Y.-X.; Ren, Y.; Cheng, L.; Sun, C. -J.; Ren, Y.; Zuo, X.; Li, J.-T.; Sun, S.-G.; Amine, K.(*) and Zhao, T.(*). A high-energy and long-cycling lithium-sulfur pouch cell via a macroporous catalytic cathode with double-end binding sites. Nature Nanotechnology, 2020, https:// doi .org/ 1 0 . 1 0 3 8 / s 4 1 5 6 5 - 0 2 0 - 0 0 797-w.
Investigating Molten Sodium Batteries with an Aqueous Catholyte
Authors: Gerbig Felix , Nirschl Hermann 
Published: July 2021

High-temperature liquid sodium batteries (e.g. sodium-sulfur) are a well-established technology for large-scale grid storage. Combining the molten sodium anode with an aqueous iodine cathode overcomes the problems of thermal loses and sealing by reducing the operating temperature to about 100°C.
This leads to higher cost efficiency, energy density and a simplified cell design. Due to their sustainability and high efficiency, which is comparable to Li-Ion –batteries, mid-temperature sodium-iodine batteries are a promising candidate for small and medium scale stationary energy storage applications. Experiments performed by Holzapfel et al. show proof of principle for a current density of 20 mA cm-2 (55mW cm-2) up to a maximum current density of 100 mA cm-2 (180mW cm-2)[1] . The used iodine concenctrations correspond to 405 Wh l-1 on catholyte basis or a very high specific energy of 198 Wh kg-1 including anolyte and catholyte. Sodium-iodine batteries have the ability to meet the growing demand of short-term energy storage caused by the integration of renewable energy sources into the power grid.
Although these batteries are theoretically described in literature, the detailed processes inside the battery are not well understood[2] . Quantities like initial species concentrations, C-rate, cell design and cathode geometry have large impacts on the overall battery performance. Simulations have to be undertaken because experimental studies are limited to macroscopic quantities like external current or electric potential. Here we present a fully resolved 3D simulation model developed from a LIB simulation tool[3] to gain insight into microstructural processes inside the battery.
The proposed spatially resolved three-dimensional model takes charge and mass transport, heterogeneous and homogeneous reactions as well as the electrochemical processes into account. In this contribution, we present recent investigations about cell design, cathode material structures and the electrolyte composition carried out with a new 3D simulation model.
A deeper understanding of these processes is inevitable for enhancing the battery performance by choosing the optimal above-mentioned quantities.

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