bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multi‐scaled feature fusion enabled convolutional neural network for predicting fibrous dysplasia bone disorder
Authors: Arirangan Saranya , Kottursamy Kottilingam 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundConvolutional Neural Network (CNN) has exciting advantages in the processing of medical images. It produces the denoised and segmented results of images. When an image has orientation and scaling issues over the bundle that is not correctly recognized by the classifier.MethodsTo overcome these issues, we propose Extreme Deep Learning on Feature Fusion Convolutional Neural Network (EDL‐FFCNN) for classification. Feature fusion workflow enhances the ability to learn the feature from the inconsistent behaviour. And, to learn the texture, colour, and intensities of an image. The initial step of the FFCNN framework is to reconstruct the images using filtered back projection. It reduces the noise in edges and cross‐sectional areas. Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization and Local Binary Pattern is applied to an image to adjust and extract the intensity and textural features of an image. The proposed FFCNN is a decision‐based approach that consists of two persistent classifiers. One, the convolutional features are combined with manually extracted multi‐scaled features. Subsequently, the normalization techniques are built‐in every layer to adjust the input dimensions. It also helps to reduce the training time. As an outcome of Image abnormalities is considered as knowledge transfer to the CNN.ResultsThe fused features on the CNN classifier produce the abnormality prediction results. Second, the Inception V2 CNN classifier framework classifies the bone images with extracted features. With these two comparative‐classification results, the major counting has been taken as the decision for final abnormality prediction. The proposed model gives improved accuracy of 95% for the elbow, 93% for the forearm, 92% for the shoulder, 92% for the wrist, 93% for the finger, 92% for humerus images.
Biochemical propensity mapping for structural and functional anatomy of importin α IBB domain
Authors: Jibiki Kazuya , Liu Mo‐yan , Lei Chao‐sen , Kodama Takashi S. , Kojima Chojiro , Fujiwara Toshimichi , Yasuhara Noriko 
Published: December 2021

AbstractImportin α has been described as a nuclear protein transport receptor that enables proteins synthesized in the cytoplasm to translocate into the nucleus. Besides its function in nuclear transport, an increasing number of studies have examined its non‐nuclear transport functions. In both nuclear transport and non‐nuclear transport, a functional domain called the IBB domain (importin β binding domain) plays a key role in regulating importin α behavior, and is a common interacting domain for multiple binding partners. However, it is not yet fully understood how the IBB domain interacts with multiple binding partners, which leads to the switching of importin α function. In this study, we have distinguished the location and propensities of amino acids important for each function of the importin α IBB domain by mapping the biochemical/physicochemical propensities of evolutionarily conserved amino acids of the IBB domain onto the structure associated with each function. We found important residues that are universally conserved for IBB functions across species and family members, in addition to those previously known, as well as residues that are presumed to be responsible for the differences in complex‐forming ability among family members and for functional switching.
Feminism from the margins: How women are contesting the “othering” of Muslims through arts‐based resistance?
Authors: Kumar Ritesh , Kamble Rahul 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis paper captures how a women's protest offered resistance to the ethnonationalist state's exclusionary citizenship policy that seeks to disqualify Muslims from citizenship rights and entitlements in postcolonial India. Since the pre‐pandemic period, Muslim women have been contesting this ideological play of the sovereign state power through various cultural and political framing of counter‐narratives through various art forms, including poetry, poetic practices, and graffiti. We argue that this arts‐based resistance has significant implication for how grassroots feminist movements discursively mobilizes theory and practice to build feminist consciousness and solidarity among this minority community as well as create coalitions and networks with broader communities of different faiths. Poetry, poetic practice, and graffiti provide the communicative platform to voice against injustice and violence by those in power. We contribute to the debates on writing differently by integrating the poems and graffiti as an empirical source that brings forth collective experiences to engender empathy and the hope to resist structures of hegemony.
An updated review on efficacy and benefits of sweet almond, evening primrose and jojoba oils in skin care applications
Authors: Blaak Jürgen , Staib Peter 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundRenewed consumer and industry interest in natural ingredients has led to a large growth of natural cosmetics. This has put pressure on formulation skills and product claims when it comes to using natural compounds. Taking a strategic and comprehensive approach in viewing natural ingredients, including natural oils, as ‘active’ ingredients rather than just providing for so‐called ‘natural’ claims, aids both innovation and development. Given the ever‐increasing consumer demand for natural ingredients, and more importantly the demand for effective natural ingredients including plant oils, it is important for the cosmetic industry to re‐evaluate them in this context.MethodThe objectives of this review are to provide an update of three popular cosmetic plant oils – Sweet Almond, Evening Primrose and Jojoba – in terms of their cosmetic applications as ‘active’ ingredients. This review highlights the activity of these oils, in the management of dry skin, ageing skin, juvenile skin, atopic dermatitis, scalp conditions and their wider potential. Attention is given to formulation considerations where the content of these oils impacts product oxidation, skin penetration and stratum corneum homeostasis.ResultsBenefits of these oils have been well documented both pre‐clinically and clinically. Historically, they have been used for hundreds if not thousands of years for their management and treatment of various skin and other ailments. Given the discrepancies in some clinical data presented for a variety of dermatoses, the importance of the choice of oil and how to formulate with them within the context of the epidermal barrier function, skin penetration and toxicity cannot be underestimated. Care should be taken in terms of the quality and stability of theses oils, as well as ensuring best formulation type, if the reported activities of these oils are to be achieved with consistency. Despite discrepancies in the literature and questionable study designs, it is clear that Sweet Almond, Evening Primrose and Jojoba oils do have skin care benefits for both adult and juvenile applications.ConclusionThey are effective ingredients for skin care preparations to strengthen stratum corneum integrity, recovery and lipid ratio. Nevertheless, further experimental data are required concerning the impact on stratum corneum physiology and structure.
Wear and fracture of curettes due to sharpening and scaling processes
Authors: Liu Guojing , Liu Xueling , Li Na , Gao Chengcheng , Cui Ting , Luan Qingxian , Wang Jianmin 
Published: December 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo examine the wear occurring in a group of new Gracey curettes due to the sharpening and scaling processes and record the number of service cycles before breakage.MethodsThis study included 592 working ends of Gracey curettes that were subjected to cycles of sharpening and scaling. Three‐dimensional measurements of the blades and the status of the working ends were recorded before and after each process.ResultsWith an increase in the number of usage cycles, the three‐dimensional measurements of the blades decreased. During this study, 184 working ends were broken, of which 38.59% were of #11/12 Gracey curettes, and only 8.15% were of #7/8 Gracey curettes. The average number of cycles required for the fracture of Gracey curettes was 14.34. Cox regression analyses showed that the factors influencing the survival cycles were the tip width before usage and the type of Gracey curette. Moreover, the sharpening process was responsible for approximately half of the total instrument wear. Among the four types of Gracey curettes, the #11/12 Gracey curettes showed the greatest amount of sharpening wear, accounting for >50% of the total wear.ConclusionsThe service life of Gracey curettes varies according to their types; the #11/12 Gracey curettes are more susceptible to breakage, while #7/8 Gracey curettes tend to have a long service life. Furthermore, the sharpening process was responsible for a considerable amount of curette wear.
Microbial traces and their role in forensic science
Authors: Speruda Mateusz , Piecuch Agata , Borzęcka Justyna , Kadej Marcin , Ogórek Rafał 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Forensic microbiology, also known as the microbiology of death, is an emerging branch of science that is still underused in criminal investigations. Some of the cases might be difficult to solve with commonly used forensic methods, and then they become an operational field for microbiological and mycological analyses. The aim of our review is to present significant achievements of selected studies on the thanatomicrobiome (micro-organisms found in the body, organs and fluids after death) and epinecrotic community (micro-organisms found on decaying corpses) that can be used in forensic sciences. Research carried out as a part of the forensic microbiology deals with the thanatomicrobiome and the necrobiome—communities of micro-organisms that live inside and outside of a putrefying corpse. Change of species composition observed in each community is a valuable feature that gives a lot of information related to the crime. It is mainly used in the estimation of post-mortem interval (PMI). In some criminal investigations, such noticeable changes in the microbiome and mycobiome can determine the cause or the actual place of death. The microbial traces found at the crime scene can also provide clear evidence of guilt. Nowadays, identification of micro-organisms isolated from the body or environment is based on metagenome analysis and 16S rRNA gene amplicon-based sequencing for bacteria and ITS rRNA gene amplicon-based sequencing for fungi. Cultivation methods are still in use and seem to be more accurate; however, they require much more time to achieve a final result, which is an unwanted feature in any criminal investigation.
Trait‐based response of lichens to large‐scale patterns of climate and forest availability in Norway
Authors: Phinney Nathan H. , Ellis Christopher J. , Asplund Johan 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAimFunctional traits offer a window into how organisms are adapted, and might acclimate, to environmental pressures. Despite being important in ecosystem function, lichens are underrepresented in trait‐based research; understanding how lichen functional traits vary with climate and habitat availability will be useful in predicting how communities will respond to climate change, for example, in wetter and warmer boreal and arctic ecosystems. Here, we assess the influence of macroclimate and forest availability on the spatial distribution of lichen traits across Norway.LocationNorwegian mainland.TaxonLichens.MethodsWe used relative trait frequency (RTF) data from LIAS gtm, a database combining trait information from LIAS (A Global Information System for Lichenized and Non‐Lichenized Ascomycetes) and GBIF (Global Biodiversity Information Facility) species observations. The 20 traits included photobiont types, growth forms, cortical features and reproductive modes. Nonparametric multiplicative regression (NPMR) models were used to explore the relationships between the environmental predictors of precipitation, temperature and forest availability.ResultsAll traits showed significant relationships with the three environmental predictors. Photobiont type and reproductive mode traits produced the strongest models and revealed ecologically meaningful biogeographical patterns. Trebouxioid species peaked in colder, drier upland regions, while trentepohlioid lichens displayed an affinity for wetter and warmer climates and had a western and southern distribution. Cyanolichens increased with increasing precipitation and were strongly coastal. Sorediate and isidiate lichens were positively related to temperature, the former also increasing with forest cover. The above responses were consistent with the physiological and habitat requirements of the associated lichens. The remaining traits had weaker responses.Main conclusionsDiscrete traits (i.e. photobiont type and reproductive mode) with relatively low ecological plasticity reflect clear functional environmental responses at the large scale. By contrast, growth form and thallus structural features—proxies for continuous variables—are too variable within each given category to show observable distribution patterns.
Interfering with mitochondrial dynamics sensitizes glioblastoma multiforme to temozolomide chemotherapy
Authors: Wang Nan , Huang Renxuan , Yang Kunmeng , He Yichun , Gao Yufei , Dong Delu 
Published: December 2021

AbstractGlioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a primary tumour of the central nervous system (CNS) that exhibits the highest degree of malignancy. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy are essential to prolong the survival time of patients. However, clinical work has demonstrated that sensitivity of GBM to chemotherapy decreases with time. The phenomenon of multi‐drug resistance (MDR) reminds us that there may exist some fundamental mechanisms in the process of chemo‐resistance. We tried to explore the mechanism of GBM chemo‐resistance from the perspective of energy metabolism. First, we found that the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) level of SHG44 and U87 cells increased under TMZ treatment. In further studies, it was found that the expression of PINK1 and mitophagy flux downstream was downregulated in GBM cells, which were secondary to the upregulation of TP53 in tumour cells under TMZ treatment. At the same time, we examined the mitochondrial morphology in tumour cells and found that the size of mitochondria in tumour cells increased under the treatment of TMZ, which originated from the regulation of AMPK on the subcellular localization of Drp1 under the condition of unbalanced energy supply and demand in tumour cells. The accumulation of mitochondrial mass and the optimization of mitochondrial quality accounted for the increased oxidative phosphorylation, and interruption of the mitochondrial fusion process downregulated the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation and sensitized GBM cells to TMZ, which was also confirmed in the in vivo experiment. What is more, interfering with this process is an innovative strategy to overcome the chemo‐resistance of GBM cells.
Capital and Closure in the EU Field. Advancement in the European Economic and Social Committee
Authors: Johansson Håkan , Uhlin Anders , Arvidson Malin 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis article explores what it takes to advance to the top of an EU institution (European Economic and Social Committee). The article combines Bourdieu’s theories of field and capital with Weber’s theory of social closure to study the interplay between required forms of capital and closure practices during three ideal‐typical phases of upward mobility: ‘getting in’, ‘fitting in’ and ‘moving on’. Drawing on 26 semi‐structured interviews, the article finds that capital and closure are mutually interdependent as members’ access to capital to advance depends on whether they pass the closure tests deployed by closure agents and manage to get in, fit in and move on in the EU field. By combining capital and closure approaches, the article suggests a new balance between structure and actor‐centred theories, which can help us better capture what is at stake in the EU field, and how the game of career advancement is played.
Persistence of Trypanosoma brucei as early procyclic forms and social motility are dependent on glycosylphosphatidylinositol transamidase
Authors: Knüsel Sebastian , Jenni Aurelio , Benninger Mattias , Bütikofer Peter , Roditi Isabel 
Published: December 2021

AbstractGlycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)‐linked molecules are surface‐exposed membrane components that influence the infectivity, virulence and transmission of many eukaryotic pathogens. Procyclic (insect midgut) forms of Trypanosoma brucei do not require GPI‐anchored proteins for growth in suspension culture. Deletion of TbGPI8, and inactivation of the GPI:protein transamidase complex, is tolerated by cultured procyclic forms. Using a conditional knockout, we show TbGPI8 is required for social motility (SoMo). This collective migration by cultured early procyclic forms has been linked to colonization of the tsetse fly digestive tract. The SoMo‐negative phenotype was observed after a lag phase with respect to loss of TbGPI8 and correlated with an unexpectedly slow loss of procyclins, the major GPI‐anchored proteins. Procyclins are not essential for SoMo, however, suggesting a requirement for at least one other GPI‐anchored protein. Loss of TbGPI8 initiates the transition from early to late procyclic forms; this effect was observed in a subpopulation in suspension culture, and was more pronounced when cells were cultured on SoMo plates. Our results indicate two, potentially interlinked, scenarios that may explain the previously reported failure of TbGPI8 deletion mutants to establish a midgut infection in the tsetse fly: interference with stage‐specific gene expression and absence of SoMo.
Rotavirus activates MLKL‐mediated host cellular necroptosis concomitantly with apoptosis to facilitate dissemination of viral progeny
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Urbi , Patra Upayan , Chandra Pritam , Saha Priyanka , Gope Animesh , Dutta Moumita , Chawla‐Sarkar Mamta 
Published: December 2021

AbstractReprogramming the host cellular environment is an obligatory facet of viral pathogens to foster their replication and perpetuation. One of such reprogramming events is the dynamic cross‐talk between viruses and host cellular death signaling pathways. Rotaviruses (RVs) have been reported to develop multiple mechanisms to induce apoptotic programmed cell death for maximizing viral spread and pathogenicity. However, the importance of non‐apoptotic programmed death events has remained elusive in context of RV infection. Here, we report that RV‐induced apoptosis accompanies another non‐apoptotic mode of programmed cell death pathway called necroptosis to promote host cellular demise at late phase of infection. Phosphorylation of mixed lineage kinase domain‐like (MLKL) protein indicative of necroptosis was observed to concur with caspase‐cleavage (apoptotic marker) beyond 6 hr of RV infection. Subsequent studies demonstrated phosphorylated‐MLKL to oligomerize and to translocate to plasma membrane in RV infected cells, resulting in loss of plasma membrane integrity and release of alarmin molecules e.g., high mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) in the extracellular media. Moreover, inhibiting caspase‐cleavage and apoptosis could not fully rescue virus‐induced cell death but rather potentiated the necroptotic trigger. Interestingly, preventing both apoptosis and necroptosis by small molecules significantly rescued virus‐induced host cytopathy by inhibiting viral dissemination.
Highly efficient genome editing in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae through repurposing the endogenous type I‐C CRISPR‐Cas system
Authors: Jiang Dandan , Zhang Dandan , Li Shengnan , Liang Yueting , Zhang Qianwei , Qin Xu , Gao Jinlan , Qiu Jin‐Long 
Published: December 2021

AbstractEfficient and modular genome editing technologies that manipulate the genome of bacterial pathogens will facilitate the study of pathogenesis mechanisms. However, such methods are yet to be established for Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), the causal agent of rice bacterial blight. We identified a single type I‐C CRISPR‐Cas system in the Xoo genome and leveraged this endogenous defence system for high‐efficiency genome editing in Xoo. Specifically, we developed plasmid components carrying a mini‐CRISPR array, donor DNA, and a phage‐derived recombination system to enable the efficient and programmable genome editing of precise deletions, insertions, base substitutions, and gene replacements. Furthermore, the type I‐C CRISPR‐Cas system of Xoo cleaves target DNA unidirectionally, and this can be harnessed to generate large genomic deletions up to 212 kb efficiently. Therefore, the genome‐editing strategy we have developed can serve as an excellent tool for functional genomics of Xoo, and should also be applicable to other CRISPR‐harbouring bacterial plant pathogens.
The cap‐snatching frequency of a plant bunyavirus from nonsense mRNAs is low but is increased by silencing of UPF1 or SMG7
Authors: Jin Jing , She Yuanyuan , Qiu Ping , Lin Wenzhong , Zhang Wenwen , Zhang Jie , Wu Zujian , Du Zhenguo 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBunyaviruses cleave host cellular mRNAs to acquire cap structures for their own mRNAs in a process called cap‐snatching. How bunyaviruses interact with cellular mRNA surveillance pathways such as nonsense‐mediated decay (NMD) during cap‐snatching remains poorly understood, especially in plants. Rice stripe virus (RSV) is a plant bunyavirus threatening rice production in East Asia. Here, with a newly developed system allowing us to present defined mRNAs to RSV in Nicotiana benthamiana, we found that the frequency of RSV to target nonsense mRNAs (nsRNAs) during cap‐snatching was much lower than its frequency to target normal mRNAs. The frequency of RSV to target nsRNAs was increased by virus‐induced gene silencing of UPF1 or SMG7, each encoding a protein component involved in early steps of NMD (in an rdr6 RNAi background). Coincidently, RSV accumulation was increased in the UPF1‐ or SMG7‐silenced plants. These data indicated that the frequency of RSV to target nsRNAs during cap‐snatching is restricted by NMD. By restricting the frequency of RSV to target nsRNAs, NMD may impose a constraint to the overall cap‐snatching efficiency of RSV. Besides a deeper understanding for the cap‐snatching of RSV, these findings point to a novel role of NMD in plant–bunyavirus interactions.
Characterisation of rapid alkalinisation factors in Physcomitrium patens reveals functional conservation in tip growth
Authors: Ginanjar Eggie Febrianto , Teh Ooi‐kock , Fujita Tomomichi 
Published: December 2021

Summary

Small signalling peptides are key molecules for cell‐to‐cell communications in plants. The cysteine‐rich signalling peptide, rapid alkalinisation factors (RALFs) family are involved in diverse developmental and stress responses and have expanded considerably during land plant evolution, implying neofunctionalisations in the RALF family. However, the ancestral roles of RALFs when land plant first acquired them remain unknown.

Here, we functionally characterised two of the three RALFs in bryophyte Physcomitrium patens using loss‐of‐function mutants, overexpressors, as well as fluorescent proteins tagged reporter lines.

We showed that PpRALF1 and PpRALF2 have overlapping functions in promoting protonema tip growth and elongation, showing a homologous function as the Arabidopsis RALF1 in promoting root hair tip growth. Although both PpRALFs are secreted to the plasma membrane on which PpRALF1 symmetrically localised, PpRALF2 showed a polarised localisation at the growing tip. Notably, proteolytic cleavage of PpRALF1 is necessary for its function.

Our data reveal a possible evolutionary origin of the RALF functions and suggest that functional divergence of RALFs is essential to drive complex morphogenesis and to facilitate other novel processes in land plants.