bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The need for improved management of status epilepticus in children in Australia: Time from seizure onset to treatment is consistently delayed
Authors: Uppal Preena , Cardamone Michael , Fonseca Bob , Briggs Nancy , A Lawson John 
Published: August 2021

AimTo determine if the management of paediatric status epilepticus (SE) follows accepted clinical practice guidelines.MethodsRetrospective, consecutive series of patients with SE who attended the emergency departments from two NSW sites over a 12‐month period. SE was defined as a convulsive seizure, 5 min or more in duration. Time to presentation to the ED, time to first‐ and second‐line treatment, number of benzodiazepine (BZD) doses given prior to intubation and adherence to guidelines were evaluated. The outcomes included seizure duration, need for respiratory support, admission to intensive care, morbidity and mortality.ResultsThe time from onset of seizure to ED presentation was a median (p25–p75) time of 22 (15–40) min. Forty‐eight of 59 presentations received pre‐hospital midazolam. The median (p25–p75) time to first‐line treatment was 15 (8–25) min and to second‐line treatment was 43.5 (35–59) min. There was no significant difference in the results in the two hospitals. The total number of BZD doses ranged from 1 to 7 (median 3). There was non‐adherence to the clinical practice guidelines in 55 (93.2%) of 59 presentations.ConclusionsWe found excessive benzodiazepine use and delay in both definitive treatment of status epilepticus and in escalation from first‐ to second‐line anticonvulsant treatment. This raises the need for rapid escalation of treatment. We propose a ‘status epilepticus code’ for emergency departments.
Evaluation of antimicrobial prescriptions in dogs with suspected bacterial urinary tract disease
Authors: Weese Jeffrey Scott , Webb Jinelle , Ballance Dennis , McKee Talon , Stull Jason W. , Bergman Philip J. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundAntimicrobials are commonly used to treat urinary tract disease in dogs. Understanding antimicrobial use is a critical component of antimicrobial stewardship efforts.Hypothesis/ObjectivesTo evaluate antimicrobial prescriptions for dogs diagnosed with acute cystitis, recurrent cystitis, and pyelonephritis.AnimalsDogs prescribed antimicrobials for urinary tract disease at veterinary practices in the United States and Canada.Materials and MethodsA retrospective review of antimicrobial prescriptions was performed.ResultsThe main clinical concerns were sporadic bacterial cystitis (n = 6582), recurrent cystitis (n = 428), and pyelonephritis (n = 326). Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (2702, 41%), cefpodoxime (1024, 16%), and amoxicillin (874, 13%) were most commonly prescribed for sporadic bacterial cystitis. The median prescribed duration was 12 days (range, 3‐60 days; interquartile range [IQR], 4 days). Shorter durations were used in 2018 (median, 10 days; IQR, 4 days) compared to both 2016 and 2017 (both median, 14 days; IQR, 4 days; P ≤ .0002).Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (146, 33%), marbofloxacin (95, 21%), and cefpodoxime (65, 14%) were most commonly used for recurrent cystitis; median duration of 14 days (range, 3‐77 days; IQR, 10.5 days). Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (86, 26%), marbofloxacin (56, 17%), and enrofloxacin (36, 11%) were most commonly prescribed for pyelonephritis; however, 93 (29%) dogs received drug combinations. The median duration of treatment was 14 days (range, 3‐77 days; IQR, 11 days).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceDecreases in duration and increased use of recommended first‐line antimicrobials were encouraging. Common drug choices and durations should still be targets for antimicrobial stewardship programs that aim to optimize antimicrobial use, concurrently maximizing patient benefits while minimizing antimicrobial use and use of higher tier antimicrobials.
Phylogeography of the wide‐host range panglobal plant pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi
Authors: Shakya Shankar K. , Grünwald Niklaus J. , Fieland Valerie J. , Knaus Brian J. , Weiland Jerry E. , Maia Cristiana , Drenth André , Guest David I. , Liew Edward C.Y. , Crane Colin , Chang Tun‐Tschu , Fu Chuen‐Hsu , Minh Chi Nguyen , Quang Thu Pham , Scanu Bruno , von Stowasser Eugenio Sanfuentes , Durán Álvaro , Horta Jung Marilia , Jung Thomas 
Published: August 2021

AbstractVarious hypotheses have been proposed regarding the origin of the plant pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi. P. cinnamomi is a devastating, highly invasive soilborne pathogen associated with epidemics of agricultural, horticultural and forest plantations and native ecosystems worldwide. We conducted a phylogeographic analysis of populations of this pathogen sampled in Asia, Australia, Europe, southern and northern Africa, South America, and North America. Based on genotyping‐by‐sequencing, we observed the highest genotypic diversity in Taiwan and Vietnam, followed by Australia and South Africa. Mating type ratios were in equal proportions in Asia as expected for a sexual population. Simulations based on the index of association suggest a partially sexual, semi‐clonal mode of reproduction for the Taiwanese and Vietnamese populations while populations outside of Asia are clonal. Ancestral area reconstruction provides new evidence supporting Taiwan as the ancestral area, given our sample, indicating that this region might be near or at the centre of origin for this pathogen as speculated previously. The Australian and South African populations appear to be a secondary centre of diversity following migration from Taiwan or Vietnam. Our work also identified two panglobal, clonal lineages PcG1‐A2 and PcG2‐A2 of A2 mating type found on all continents. Further surveys of natural forests across Southeast Asia are needed to definitively locate the actual centre of origin of this important plant pathogen.
Healthier and more sustainable diets: What changes are needed in high‐income countries?
Authors: Steenson Simon , Buttriss Judith L. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDebate persists around the food production and dietary changes needed to improve sustainability of our global food system. We reviewed 29 studies in high‐income countries that used various methodologies to define a healthier, more sustainable diet. Diets aligned with dietary guidelines, containing less meat and higher amounts of plant‐derived foods (vegetables, pulses [beans/lentils], fruit, wholegrains, nuts, seeds) would likely offer environmental benefits (~20–50% lower greenhouse gas emissions [GHGE] and land use) and improve population health, although may not reduce water footprint. Changes in consumption of milk products and eggs were inconsistent in optimisation studies, perhaps reflecting trade‐offs between their nutrient contribution and environmental impact. Foods high in fat, salt and/or sugar, and beverages (e.g. tea, coffee and fruit juices) contributed substantially to environmental footprints in some studies. Vegetarian and vegan diets may deliver larger environmental benefits, but are unlikely to be widely adopted, and may reduce intakes and/or bioavailability of some essential nutrients (e.g. iron, zinc, iodine and B12). We recommend adherence to existing government dietary guidelines as a more realistic goal to improve environmental (e.g. 30% lower GHGE in the UK) and health impacts of diets, recognising that adherence is currently relatively poor. Wider considerations include: context‐specific nutritional, health, cost and cultural needs; need for public engagement to understand barriers/motivators; better understanding of the wider implications and trade‐offs linked to dietary and food system changes and how these can be managed, so that benefits in high‐income countries do not come at the expense of greater ‘outsourced’ environmental impacts in other regions.
The fragility of randomized placebo‐controlled trials for irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: Williams MaryJane O. , Sedarous Mary , Dennis Brittany , Dlamini Vanessa , Nwaiwu Obioma , Nguyen Linda , Okafor Philip N. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe fragility index (FI) represents the number of participants whose status in a trial would have to change from a non‐event (not experiencing the primary endpoint) to an event (experiencing the primary endpoint) in order to turn a statistically significant result into a non‐significant result. We sought to evaluate the fragility indices of irritable bowel syndrome [IBS‐mixed (IBS‐M), IBS‐constipation (IBS‐C), & IBS‐diarrhea (IBS‐D)] trials.MethodsIrritable bowel syndrome trials published in high‐impact journals were identified from Medline. Trials had to be in adults, randomized, parallel‐armed, with at least one statistically significant binary outcome, and an achieved primary endpoint of therapeutic efficacy. FI and correlation coefficients were calculated, and regression modeling used to identify predictors of a high FI.Key ResultsTwelve trials were analyzed with a median FI of 6 (range: 0–38). Median sample size in all trials was 366 (range: 44–856). Trial publication year (p = 0.71), journal impact factor (p = 0.52), duration of study (p = 0.12), and number need to treat [NNT] (p = 0.29) were not predictive of a high FI. While a lower p‐value correlated with a higher FI (p = 0.039), no correlation was noted between FI and impact factor (R = −0.20, p = 0.52), trial publication year (R = 0.12, p = 0.71), duration of trial (R = −0.46, p = 0.13), NNT (R = −0.34, p = 0.29), and sample size (R = 0.23, p = 0.5). The highest FI was in a Ramosetron trial (FI = 30) for IBS‐D.Conclusion & InferencesA median of six participants is needed to nullify results in the included IBS trials suggesting how easily statistical significance based on a threshold p‐value may be overturned.
An invasive alien Proteaceae lures some, but not all nectar‐feeding bird pollinators away from native Proteaceae in South African fynbos
Authors: Adedoja O. , Erckie L. , Boatwright J. S. , van Wyk E. , Geerts S. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Invasive alien plants often influence pollinator visitation to native plants when sharing pollinator guilds. It is of conservation concern when the invasive alien plant is characterized by floral resources that attract pollinators, thereby reducing the reproductive success of native species. This is well studied for insects, but whether the same is true for bird pollinators is largely unknown. We address this by considering the impact of an invasive alien plant (Banksia speciosa) on visitation rates of nectar‐feeding bird pollinators to native Protea compacta in the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa.

We determined bird pollinator visitation rate to B. speciosa and P. compacta over 21 h of observation at three sites. We also quantified how visitation rate influenced reproductive success of both study species through different breeding experiments.

Sugarbird visitation to P. compacta was significantly lower in the presence of B. speciosa, while there was no effect for sunbirds as they mostly avoided B. speciosa. Protea compacta had higher nectar volumes and sucrose per flower than B. speciosa. Sucrose per hectare was higher in all P. compacta plots compared to B. speciosa. Neither study species is pollen limited and they are self‐compatible to some extent. But pollinator visitation enhanced seed production in both species.

We show here that the invasive alien B. speciosa flowers attract sugarbirds – but not sunbirds – away from native P. compacta. The long‐term effect of reduced pollinator visitation may reduce the fitness of P. compacta, but the long‐term demographic impact is unknown and would require further study.
State‐ledbricolage and the extension of collective governance: Hybridity in the Swiss skill formation system
Authors: Graf Lukas , Strebel Alexandra , Emmenegger Patrick 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis paper explores the extension of collective governance to sectors without collective governance tradition. We introduce the concept of state‐led bricolage to analyze the expansion of the Swiss apprenticeship training system – in which employer associations fulfill core collective governance tasks – to economic sectors in which training had previously followed a school‐based and state‐oriented logic. In deindustrializing societies, these sectors are key for the survival of collectively governed training systems. Through a mixed‐methods analysis, we examine the reform process that led to the creation of new intermediary organizations that enable collective governance in these sectors. In addition, we compare the organizational features of these organizations with the respective organizations in the traditional crafts and industry sectors. We find that the new organizations result from state‐led bricolage. They are hybrid organizations that reflect some of the bricoleur's core policy goals and critically build on the combination of associational and state‐oriented institutional logics.
High B‐cell activating factor levels in multi‐transfused thalassemia patients
Authors: Watanaboonyongcharoen Phandee , Akkawat Benjaporn , Tohthong Thanida , Rojnuckarin Ponlapat 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo assess the associations between B‐cell activating factor (BAFF) and alloimmunisation in multi‐transfused thalassemia.BackgroundRed blood cell (RBC) alloimmunisation is a complication of multi‐transfused thalassemia. BAFF is promoting B cells that produce alloantibodies.Methods/MaterialsMulti‐transfused thalassemia, 15 years or older, were recruited in the cohort study. Alloantibodies and BAFF levels were analysed.ResultsOf 114 patients, the overall prevalence of RBC alloimmunisation was 29.8%. The most common alloantibodies were anti‐E, anti‐Mia and anti‐c. BAFF levels were different among the three groups; the patients with baseline alloantibodies (median ± interquartile range 1251 ± 474 pg/ml), without alloantibodies (1098 ± 453) and healthy controls (719 ± 306), p < 0.001. The BAFF level was elevated in the >25 years old patients (vs. the <25, p = 0.011) and the buffy‐coat‐reduced blood recipients (vs. the pre‐storage leukocyte‐depletion, p = 0.005). Absolute lymphocyte count was higher in the patients without baseline alloantibodies (vs. with baseline alloantibodies, p = 0.049) and the splenectomised patients (vs. the non‐splenectomised patients, p < 0.001). Of the 72 patients without baseline antibodies, four who developed new antibodies showed no statistically different BAFF levels compared with those without new antibodies after 40‐month follow‐up (1296 ± 734 vs. 1062 ± 460, p = 0.491). In multivariate analysis, BAFF to absolute lymphocyte ratio was independently associated with RBC alloimmunisation (odds ratio 3.07, 95% confidence interval 1.124–8.369, p = 0.029).ConclusionB‐cell activating factor (BAFF) levels were elevated in multi‐transfused thalassemia and the BAFF to absolute lymphocyte ratio was associated with red blood cell (RBC) alloimmunisation.
The intragenic suppressor mutation Leu59Phe compensates for the effect of detrimental mutations in the jasmonate receptor COI1
Authors: Song Susheng , Liu Bei , Zhai Jiaqi , Zhang Yue , Wang Kai , Qi Tiancong 
Published: August 2021

SummaryThe phytohormones jasmonates (JAs) control plant development, growth, and defense against insects and pathogens. The Arabidopsis JA receptor Coronatine Insensitive 1 (COI1) interacts with ARABIDOPSIS SKP‐LIKE1 (ASK1)/ASK2 to form the SCFCOI1 E3 ligase and mediate JA responses. Here, we performed a genetic suppressor screen using the leaky coi1‐2 (COI1Leu245Phe) mutant for restored sensitivity to JA, and identified the intragenic suppressor mutation Leu59Phe, which was in the region connecting the F‐box and leucine‐rich repeats domains of COI1. The L59F substitution not only restores the COI1L245F function, but also the COI1Gly434Glu (coi1‐22rsp) function in JA responses, through recovering their interactions with ASK1 or ASK2 and their protein levels. The L59F change itself could not enhance the interactions between COI1 and ASK1/2, nor affect JA responses. The present study reveals that the Leu59Phe substitution compensates for the effect of some deleterious mutations in the JA receptor COI1.
Prior secondary cell wall formation is required for gelatinous layer deposition and posture control in gravi‐stimulated aspen
Authors: Takata Naoki , Tsuyama Taku , Nagano Soichiro , Baba Kei'ichi , Yasuda Yuko , Sakamoto Shingo , Mitsuda Nobutaka , Taniguchi Toru 
Published: August 2021

SUMMARYCell walls, especially secondary cell walls (SCWs), maintain cell shape and reinforce wood, but their structure and shape can be altered in response to gravity. In hardwood trees, tension wood is formed along the upper side of a bending stem and contains wood fiber cells that have a gelatinous layer (G‐layer) inside the SCW. In a previous study, we generated nst/snd quadruple‐knockout aspens (Populus tremula × Populus tremuloides), in which SCW formation was impaired in 99% of the wood fiber cells. In the present study, we produced nst/snd triple‐knockout aspens, in which a large number of wood fibers had thinner SCWs than the wild type (WT) and some had no SCW. Because SCW layers are always formed prior to G‐layer deposition, the nst/snd mutants raise interesting questions of whether the mutants can form G‐layers without SCW and whether they can control their postures in response to changes in gravitational direction. The nst/snd mutants and the WT plants showed growth eccentricity and vessel frequency reduction when grown on an incline, but the triple mutants recovered their upright growth only slightly, and the quadruple mutants were unable to maintain their postures. The mutants clearly showed that the G‐layers were formed in SCW‐containing wood fibers but not in those lacking the SCW. Our results indicate that SCWs are essential for G‐layer formation and posture control. Furthermore, each wood fiber cell may be able to recognize its cell wall developmental stage to initiate the formation of the G‐layer as a response to gravistimulation.
A retrospective comparison of first and second opinion histopathology with patient outcomes in veterinary oncology cases (2011–2019)
Authors: Laliberté Sarah M. , Poirier Valerie J. , Pinard Christopher J. , Hocker Samuel E. , Foster Robert A. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMandatory second opinion histopathology is common practice in human surgical pathology. It is intended to confirm the original diagnosis or identify clinically significant discrepancies, which could alter the course of disease, cost of treatment, patient management or prognosis. This retrospective analysis aimed to evaluate agreement between first and second opinion histopathology cases, examine their correlation with natural history of disease and investigate the rationale for pursuing this test. Medical records from 2011 to 2019 were reviewed, identifying 109 cases where second opinion histopathology was sought. Reasons for seeking second opinion and clinical disease course were also reviewed to determine whether case progression favoured first or second opinion findings in cases of diagnostic disagreement. Diagnostic disagreement was found in 49.5% of cases. Complete diagnostic disagreement (a change in degree of malignancy or tumour type) occurred in 15.6% cases and partial disagreement (a change in tumour subtype, grade, margins and mitotic count) occurred in 33.9%. Major disagreement (a change in diagnosis resulting in alteration of treatment recommendations) occurred in 38.5% of cases. The most common reasons for seeking second opinion were an atypical/poorly differentiated tumour (31.2%; 34/109) or a discordant clinical picture (24.8%; 27/109). Among cases with any form of disagreement, natural history of disease favoured second opinion findings in 33.3%. The first opinion was favoured over the second in a single case. These findings reinforce previous literature supporting a role for second opinion histopathology in optimizing therapy and predicting outcomes in veterinary oncology, particularly in cases where diagnosis is in question based on the overall clinical picture.
Comprehensive Characterization Investigation of Multiple Time-Varying Rock-Fluid Properties in Waterflooding Development
Authors: Lin Jingqi , Jiang Ruizhong , Shen Zeyang , Wang Qiong , Cui Yongzheng , Ni Qingdong , Zhang Fengbo 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In this paper, the characterization parameter “effective displacement flux” is employed to describe the flushing intensity, and a new numerical simulator in which the rock-fluid properties considered functions of the effective displacement flux is developed based on the black oil model. Additionally, a conceptual reservoir model is established to validate the effective characterization of the time-varying mechanisms: the time-varying oil viscosity can characterize the viscous fingering of the water phase and the time-varying absolute permeability can present the aggravation of reservoir heterogeneity, the alteration of wettability is characterized with the time-varying relative permeability, and the ultimate recovery will increase with the combined effect of all three time-varying factors. Eventually, the new simulator is applied to the simulation of an actual waterflooding reservoir to illustrate the assistance in history matching. The simulation results of our simulator can readily match the history data, which proves that the consideration of comprehensive time-varying rock-fluid properties can significantly improve the accuracy during the numerical simulation of waterflooding reservoirs.
Epidemiology of paediatric pain-related visits to emergency departments in the USA: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Anderson Jana L , Oliveira J. e Silva Lucas , Funni Shealeigh A. , Bellolio Fernanda , Jeffery Molly Moore 
Published: August 2021

ObjectiveTo describe the epidemiology of paediatric pain-related visits to emergency departments (EDs) across the USA.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingA representative sample of US ED visits using data from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS).ParticipantsPaediatric (age ≤18 years) ED visits in the 2017 NHAMCS data set.Data analysisEach visit was coded as pain-related or non-pain-related using the ‘reason for visit’ variable. Weighted proportions were calculated with 95% CIs. Logistic regression was used to compare odds of pain-related visits.Outcome measuresPrevalence of pain-related visits among paediatric ED visits.ResultsThere were an estimated 35 million paediatric ED visits in the USA in 2017, 55.6% (CI 53.3% to 57.8%) were pain related, which equates to 19.7 million annual visits. The prevalence of pain-related visits reached more than 50% of visits at age 6–7 and plateaued at relatively high proportions. Children of races other than white or black had lower odds of having a pain-related visit (OR 0.48, CI 0.29 to 0.81) than white children, as did children who were black, though the difference was not statistically significant (OR 0.88, CI 0.73 to 1.06). Relative to children covered by private insurance, children with Medicaid or CHIP (Children’s Health Insurance Program) coverage had lower odds of a pain-related visit (OR 0.75, CI 0.60 to 0.93). Injuries represented 46.5% (CI 42.0% to 51.0%) of pain-related visits. Pain scores were reported in less than 50% of pain-related visits.ConclusionPain is the reason for visit in 55.6% of paediatric ED visits across the USA. The prevalence of pain-related visits peak before adolescence and it continues relatively high until the age 18. Injury, racial disparities in pain and poor pain score reporting should remain major topics of study in the paediatric population.