bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How grazing management can maximize erosion resistance of salt marshes
Authors: Marin‐Diaz Beatriz , Govers Laura L. , van der Wal Daphne , Olff Han , Bouma Tjeerd J. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Combining natural saltmarsh habitats with conventional barriers can provide a sustainable and cost‐effective alternative for fully engineered flood protection, provided that a minimal salt marsh width can be guaranteed for a long period. Hence, it is essential to understand both the key factors and management options driving the lateral erodibility/stability of salt marshes.

We aimed to determine how salt marsh management (i.e. grazing by large vs. small grazers vs. artificial mowing), marsh elevation and marsh age affect soil stability (i.e. soil collapse) and intrinsic lateral erodibility of salt marshes (i.e. particle‐by‐particle detachment). Soil cores were collected in high and low marshes (above and below 0.5 m MHWL, respectively) of different ages. At these locations, we compared cores from grazed areas to cores inside grazer exclosures, with and without artificial mowing. All cores were exposed to waves in flumes to test their stability and lateral erodibility.

All soil cores were characterized by a stable fine‐grained layer deposited on top of readily erodible sand. The thickness of the fine‐grained layer was a key parameter in reducing salt marsh instability (cliff collapse). This layer thickness increased with marsh age and at lower elevations, but decreased with cattle grazing due to compaction.

The erosion resistance of the fine‐grained layer increased with (a) large grazers that compacted the soil by trampling, (b) mowing that excluded soil‐bioturbating species, and (c) grazing by small grazers that promoted vegetation types with higher root density.

Synthesis and applications. Overall, marshes with thinner cohesive and/or fine‐grained top layers are more sensitive to lateral erosion than marshes with deep cohesive soils, independently of the management. Grazing and artificial mowing can reduce the erodibility of fine‐grained soils, making salt marshes more resilient to lateral erosion. However, compaction by large grazers simultaneously leads to thinner fine‐grained layers and lower elevation, potentially leading to more inundation under sea‐level rise. Hence, to effectively manage salt marshes to enhance their contribution to coastal protection, we recommend (a) moderate/rotational livestock grazing, avoiding high intensity grazing in sediment‐poor systems sensitive to sea‐level rise and (b) investigating measures to preserve small grazers.
Detecting early‐warning signals of concern in plant populations with a Citizen Science network. Are threatened and other priority species for conservation performing worse?
Authors: García María B. , Silva José L. , Tejero Pablo , Pardo Iker 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Long‐term monitoring of biodiversity is a fundamental part of environmental management, and Citizen Science (CS) approaches are increasing their contribution to such endeavour. CS plant monitoring programmes, however, almost exclusively report on the species presence, which can be used to detect changes in distribution or occupancy areas, but not to assess their local extinction risk. To anticipate the collapse of local populations, we need information on population sizes, trends, temporal fluctuations and threats. This is particularly important in the case of priority species (threatened, endangered and those that need special protection).

Here we describe the working protocol of the ‘Adopt a plant’ programme, a collaborative network that is currently monitoring 332 populations of 204 plant taxa (threatened, of community interest, common, rare and habitat indicators) across a heterogeneous landscape in NE Spain. Coordinated by scientists, participants estimate population sizes, record disturbances and follow scientifically rigorous sampling methods to track plant abundances year after year in fixed representative areas within populations. Two simple indices are estimated from that information: the overall trend (mean population abundance change, as percentage; PAch) and temporal fluctuations (standard deviation of annual changes; PAchsd).

The potential of this ongoing high‐quality dataset is demonstrated through the analysis of 242 populations monitored over 3–10 years. Stability is the dominant trend (mean PAch: +0.14%), with priority species having similar PAch and lower PAchsd than non‐priority ones. Regardless of the priority status, small populations performed worse than large ones. Only 8% of studied populations faced direct human threats.

Synthesis and applications. The ‘Adopt a plant’ collaborative monitoring programme was launched in NE of Spain to produce standardized indices of abundance change and other early‐warning signals of concern or risk of population collapse. Such information is crucial to report the conservation status of threatened plants, and plants of Community interest (Habitats Directive). By analysing hundreds of populations, we found that priority plants experienced few threats and did not perform worse than non‐priority ones. This unexpected finding evidences the importance of gathering massive demographic information to refine conservation priorities and to achieve a more comprehensive assessment of flora's vulnerability.
Reaching out in anticipation: bacterial membrane extensions represent a permanent investment in polysaccharide sensing and utilization
Authors: Dürwald Alexandra , Zühlke Marie‐Katherin , Schlüter Rabea , Gebbe Rebecca , Bartosik Daniel , Unfried Frank , Becher Dörte , Schweder Thomas 
Published: April 2021

SummaryOuter membrane extensions are common in many marine bacteria. However, the function of these surface enlargements or extracellular compartments is poorly understood. Using a combined approach of microscopy and subproteome analyses, we therefore examined Pseudoalteromonas distincta ANT/505, an Antarctic polysaccharide degrading gamma‐proteobacterium. P. distincta produced outer membrane vesicles (MV) and vesicle chains (VC) on polysaccharide and non‐polysaccharide carbon sources during the exponential and stationary growth phase. Surface structures of carbohydrate‐grown cells were equipped with increased levels of highly substrate‐specific proteins. At the same time, proteins encoded in all other polysaccharide degradation‐related genomic regions were also detected in MV and VC samples under all growth conditions, indicating a basal expression. In addition, two alkaline phosphatases were highly abundant under non‐limiting phosphate conditions. Surface structures may thus allow rapid sensing and fast responses in nutritionally deprived environments. It may also facilitate efficient carbohydrate processing and reduce loss of substrates and enzymes by diffusion as important adaptions to the aquatic ecosystem.
Gang‐related crime in Los Angeles remained stable following COVID‐19 social distancing orders
Authors: Jeffrey Brantingham Paul , Tita George E. , Mohler George 
Published: April 2021

Research SummaryThe onset of extreme social distancing measures is expected to have a dramatic impact on crime. Here, we examine the impact of mandated, city‐wide social distancing orders aimed at limiting the spread of COVID‐19 on gang‐related crime in Los Angeles. We hypothesize that the unique subcultural processes surrounding gangs may supersede calls to shelter in place and allow gang‐related crime to persist. If the normal guardianship of people and property is also disrupted by social distancing, then we expect gang violence to increase. Using autoregressive time series models, we show that gang‐related crime remained stable and crime hot spots largely stationary following the onset of shelter in place.Policy ImplicationsIn responding to disruptions to social and economic life on the scale of the present pandemic, both police and civilian organizations need to anticipate continued demand, all while managing potential reductions to workforce. Police are faced with this challenge across a wide array of crime types. Civilian interventionists tasked with responding to gang‐related crime need to be prepared for continued peacekeeping and violence interruption activities, but also an expansion of responsibilities to deal with “frontline” or “street‐level” management of public health needs.
Refugee recruitment and workplace integration: An opportunity for human resource management scholarship and impact
Authors: Hirst Giles , Curtis Sally , Nielsen Ingrid , Smyth Russell , Newman Alexander , Xiao Ning 
Published: April 2021

AbstractEmployment underpins the successful resettlement and integration of refugees, and human resource (HR) professionals are integral to successful employee–employer relationships. Until recently, research has largely overlooked the role of HR professionals in the recruitment and integration of employees at work. Reviewing the literature on refugee employment through an HR lens, this review offers insights and practical solutions that contribute to the effective recruitment and workplace integration of refugees. We identify strategies such as onboarding programs, job enrichment and internships that offer realistic job previews, and the opportunity for people from a refugee background to validate and demonstrate their credentials. In addition, we describe the benefits of organisations’ engagement in external relationship management to champion changes in industrial relations and foster cross‐sector partnerships that aid refugee employment. In the discussion, we describe the practical implications of our review, and highlight directions for future research that addresses different stakeholder needs and priorities.
Awareness of traditional knowledge and attitudes towards wildlife conservation among Maasai communities: The case of Enkusero Sampu Conservancy, Kajiado County in Kenya
Authors: Ochieng Christine Nyangweso , Thenya Thuita , Shah Parita , Odwe George 
Published: April 2021

AbstractTraditional wildlife conservation methods and attitude towards wildlife conservation are key for the success of wildlife conservation intervention. This study examined awareness of traditional wildlife conservation measures and socio‐demographic factors associated with attitudes towards wildlife conservation among the Maasai communities living in Enkusero Sampu Conservancy (ESC) in Kajiado County, Kenya. Data were based on a cross‐sectional household survey conducted from 02 February to 23 March 2018, among 278 heads of households. Analysis entails cross‐tabulation with chi‐square test and estimation of a multivariate logistic regression model. Awareness of traditional wildlife conservation methods and attitude towards wildlife conservation were significantly (p < 0.05) associated with gender and household size. Heads of household who were aware of traditional wildlife conservation methods were aged 50 or more years. While people from smaller household size (<6 persons) were more likely to have a positive attitude towards wildlife conservation. Those who experienced livestock predation or crop destruction by wild animals were less likely to have a positive attitude towards wildlife conservation. The findings underscore the need for conservation managers to factor in local people's traditional knowledge and attitudes to foster sustainable wildlife conservation in areas surrounding and within wildlife conservation areas.
Aqueous eye drops containing drug/cyclodextrin nanoparticles deliver therapeutic drug concentrations to both anterior and posterior segment
Authors: Loftsson Thorsteinn , Stefánsson Einar 
Published: April 2021

AbstractUsing topical application to deliver therapeutic concentrations of drugs to the posterior segment of the eye remains very challenging. As a result, posterior segment diseases are usually treated by intravitreal injection or implant. While topical treatments are commonly used for anterior segment conditions, they sometimes require frequent applications. Eye drop formulations based on γ‐cyclodextrin (γCD)‐based nanoparticle aggregates were developed, which in animal models and clinical studies deliver therapeutic concentrations of drugs (dorzolamide and dexamethasone) to both anterior and posterior segments of the eye. An early study in humans showed dorzolamide/γCD eye drops could achieve comparable intraocular pressure decreases to commercial dorzolamide eye drops, but with less frequent application. Pilot studies with dexamethasone/γCD eye drops suggested that they could be effective in a range of conditions, including diabetic macular oedema, cystoid macular oedema and vitritis secondary to uveitis, postcataract surgery inflammation and postoperative treatment in trabeculectomy. Phase II studies with similar dexamethasone/γCD nanoparticle eye drops in diabetic macular oedema and postcataract surgery inflammation have recently been completed. This technology has the potential to be used with other classes of drug molecules and to replace or complement invasive treatments, providing safer, non‐invasive therapies, particularly for posterior segment conditions, that can be self‐administered as eye drops by patients.
Half of the children with overweight or obesity and attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder reach normal weight with stimulants
Authors: Fast Karin , Björk Anna , Strandberg Maxwell , Johannesson Elias , Wentz Elisabet , Dahlgren Jovanna 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAimTreatment of childhood obesity is often insufficient and may be aggravated by high co‐occurrence of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We aimed to investigate whether children with overweight or obesity normalised in weight when receiving stimulant treatment for ADHD.MethodsGrowth data of 118 children were obtained from medical records at outpatient paediatric and children’s psychiatric services in the Gothenburg area, Sweden. The children were diagnosed with ADHD and were between 6 and 17 years at the start of stimulant treatment. The pre‐treatment data act as an internal control where every child is their own control.ResultsAt the start of treatment, 74 children had normal weight and 44 had either overweight or obesity. During the year with stimulants, the mean (SD) body mass index (BMI) in standard deviation score (SDS) decreased significantly: −0.72 (0.66) compared with 0.17 (0.43) during the year before treatment (p < 0.01). After one year with treatment, 43% of those with overweight or obesity had reached normal weight.ConclusionsStimulant treatment for ADHD yields significant weight loss. In children with overweight or obesity and ADHD, this is an important finding showing additional benefit in terms of weight management.
Optimal duration of imatinib treatment/deep molecular response for treatment‐free remission after imatinib discontinuation from a Canadian tyrosine kinase inhibitor discontinuation trial
Authors: Kim Dennis D. H. , Novitzky‐Basso Igor , Kim Taehyung S. , Atenafu Eshetu G. , Forrest Donna , Savoie Lynn , Bence‐Bruckler Isabelle , Keating Mary‐Margaret , Busque Lambert , Delage Robert , Xenocostas Anargyros , Liew Elena , Paulson Kristjan , Stockley Tracy , Laneuville Pierre , Lipton Jeffrey H. , Kamel‐Reid Suzanne , Leber Brian 
Published: April 2021

SummaryAlthough total duration of tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy and of molecular response at 4 log reduction or deeper (MR4) correlates with treatment‐free remission (TFR) success after TKI discontinuation, the optimal cut‐off values of the duration remain unresolved. Thus, 131 patients were enrolled into the Canadian TKI discontinuation study. The molecular relapse‐free survival (mRFS) was defined from imatinib discontinuation till molecular recurrence, that is, major molecular response (MMR) loss and/or MR4 loss. We evaluated mRFS at 12 months after imatinib discontinuation, analyzed it according to the imatinib treatment duration and MR4 duration, and calculated P value, positive (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) in the yearly cut‐off period of time. The shortest cut‐off was sought that met the joint criteria of a P value ≤ 0·05, PPV ≥ 60% and NPV ≥ 60%. We propose six years as the shortest imatinib duration cut‐off with a P value 0·01, PPV 68% and NPV 62%: The patients treated with imatinib duration ≥ 6 years showed a superior mRFS rate (61·8%) compared to those with less treatment (36·0%). Also, 4·5 years MR4 duration as the shortest cut‐off with a P value 0·003, PPV 63% and NPV 61%: those with MR4 duration ≥ 4·5 years showed a higher mRFS rate (64·2%) than those with a shorter MR4 duration (41·9%).
The importance of wood density in determining the phenology of tree species in a coastal rain forest
Authors: Galvão Fernanda Gomes , Alves de Lima André Luiz , Candeia de Oliveira Clemir , da Silva Valdemir Fernando , Rodal Maria Jesus Nogueira 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe phenology of tree species in tropical dry forests is related to a well‐characterized interaction between functional traits (e.g., wood density) and climatic seasonality (e.g., drought stress), but the existence of these relationships in tropical wet forests is largely unknown. For 12 months, we monitored the vegetative and reproductive phases of 281 individuals of 46 tree species in a coastal rain forest in Northeastern Brazil. We hypothesized that wood density and related tissue water storage would reliably distinguish phenological groups of trees, and that leaf shedding, flushing, and flowering in high wood density species would be closely related to rainfall, due to low tissue water storage capacity in these species. By contrast, we predicted leaf unfolding and flowering of low wood density species would depend exclusively on photoperiod. As predicted, wood density and saturated water content were inversely correlated, and species with either high or low wood density had distinct phenological patterns and levels of synchrony within species. Abiotic variables were not strongly associated with phenological events. Phenophases of leaf unfolding, flowering, and fruiting occurred earlier in low wood density species than in high wood density species, possibly indicating an adaptive strategy for preemptive resource capture.Abstract in Portuguese is available with online material.
A Dollar Is a Dollar Is a Dollar, or Is It? Insights From Children's Reasoning About “Dirty Money”
Authors: Tasimi Arber , Gelman Susan A. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMoney can take many forms—a coin or a bill, a payment for an automobile or a prize for an award, a piece from the 1989 series or the 2019 series, and so on—but despite this, money is designed to represent an amount and only that. Thus, a dollar is a dollar, in the sense that money is fungible. But when adults ordinarily think about money, they think about it in terms of its source, and in particular, its moral source (e.g., dirty money). Here we investigate the development of the belief that money carries traces of its moral history. We study children ages 5–6 and 8–9, who are sensitive to both object history and morality, and thus possess the component pieces needed to think that a dollar may not be like any other. Across three principal studies (and three additional studies in Appendix S1; N = 327; 219 five‐ and six‐year‐olds; 108 eight‐ and nine‐year‐olds), we find that children are less likely to want money with negative moral history, a pattern that was stronger and more consistent among 8‐ and 9‐year‐olds than 5‐ and 6‐year‐olds. These findings highlight pressing directions for future research that could help shed light on the mechanisms that contribute to the belief that money carries traces of its moral history.
Action Generalization Across Group Members: Action Efficiency Matters
Authors: Duan Jipeng , Jiang Yingdong , He Yunfeng , Zhang Feng , Shen Mowei , Yin Jun 
Published: April 2021

AbstractActions are usually generalized among social group members. Importantly, the efficiency of an action with respect to achieving an external target determines action understanding, and it may have different degrees of social relevance to social groups. Thus, this study explored the role of action efficiency in action generalization. We used computer animations to simulate actions in social groups initiated by visual action cues or category labels, and we measured differences in response times between identifying actions that were and were not consistent with group members, without explicit requirements regarding generalization. It was found that in both visually introduced and explicitly labeled social groups, when the group members acted inefficiently toward the external object, perceivers identified group‐consistent actions faster than group‐inconsistent actions, indicating that the exemplars' common inefficient actions are generalized to the unknown ingroup member, accordingly facilitating the identification of expected consistent inefficient action (Experiment 1). As this effect was not present when removing social group cues, it was determined to be specific to social groups (Experiment 2). Importantly, such generalization was not observed when the identical action was deemed efficient toward the external object (Experiment 3) and was specific to the demonstration of the action being completed by multiple group members rather than being repeated twice by one group member, supporting the group‐based inference and ruling out the possibility of the increased memorability of inefficient actions leading to more generalization relative to efficient actions (Experiment 4). Therefore, the efficiency of an action bounds the generalization of the action across social group members through a process that is spontaneous and implicit. This constrained action generalization may be due to inefficient actions being represented as culture‐specific conventional forms.
Inflammation‐driven brain and gut barrier dysfunction in stress and mood disorders
Authors: Doney Ellen , Cadoret Alice , Dion‐Albert Laurence , Lebel Manon , Menard Caroline 
Published: April 2021

AbstractRegulation of emotions is generally associated exclusively with the brain. However, there is evidence that peripheral systems are also involved in mood, stress vulnerability vs. resilience, and emotion‐related memory encoding. Prevalence of stress and mood disorders such as major depression, bipolar disorder, and post‐traumatic stress disorder is increasing in our modern societies. Unfortunately, 30%–50% of individuals respond poorly to currently available treatments highlighting the need to further investigate emotion‐related biology to gain mechanistic insights that could lead to innovative therapies. Here, we provide an overview of inflammation‐related mechanisms involved in mood regulation and stress responses discovered using animal models. If clinical studies are available, we discuss translational value of these findings including limitations. Neuroimmune mechanisms of depression and maladaptive stress responses have been receiving increasing attention, and thus, the first part is centered on inflammation and dysregulation of brain and circulating cytokines in stress and mood disorders. Next, recent studies supporting a role for inflammation‐driven leakiness of the blood–brain and gut barriers in emotion regulation and mood are highlighted. Stress‐induced exacerbated inflammation fragilizes these barriers which become hyperpermeable through loss of integrity and altered biology. At the gut level, this could be associated with dysbiosis, an imbalance in microbial communities, and alteration of the gut–brain axis which is central to production of mood‐related neurotransmitter serotonin. Novel therapeutic approaches such as anti‐inflammatory drugs, the fast‐acting antidepressant ketamine, and probiotics could directly act on the mechanisms described here improving mood disorder‐associated symptomatology. Discovery of biomarkers has been a challenging quest in psychiatry, and we end by listing promising targets worth further investigation.