bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Aerosol Deposited Cesium Lead Tribromide Perovskite Films on Interdigited ITO Electrodes
Authors: These Albert , Khansur Neamul H. , Almora Osbel , Luer Larry , Matt Gebhard J. , Eckstein Udo , Barabash Anastasia , Osvet Andres , Webber Kyle G. , Brabec Christoph J. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAerosol deposition (AD) is a promising additive manufacturing method to fabricate low‐cost, scalable films at room temperature, but has not been considered for semiconductor processing, so far. The successful preparation of cesium lead tribromide (CsPbBr3) perovskite films on interdigitated indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes by means of AD is reported here. The 20–35 µm thick layers are dense and have good adhesion to the substrate. The orthorhombic Pnma crystal structure of the precursor powder was retained during the deposition process with no signs of defect formation. The formation of electronic defects by photoluminescence spectroscopy is investigated and found slightly increased carrier recombination from defect sites for AD films compared to the powder. A nonuniform defect distribution across the layer, presumably induced by the impact of the semiconducting grains on the hard substrate surface, is revealed. The opto‐electronic properties of AD processed semiconducting films is further tested by electrical measurements and confirmed good semiconducting properties and high responsivity for the films. These results demonstrate that AD processing of metal halide perovskites is possible for opto‐electronic device manufacturing on 3D surfaces. It is believed that this work paves the way for the fabrication of previously unimaginable opto‐electronic devices by additive manufacturing.
Indoor Organic Photovoltaics: Optimal Cell Design Principles with Synergistic Parasitic Resistance and Optical Modulation Effect
Authors: Saeed Muhammad Ahsan , Kim Sang Hyeon , Kim Hyeok , Liang Jiaen , Woo Han Young , Kim Tae Geun , Yan He , Shim Jae Won 
Published: January 2021

AbstractRecently, indoor organic photovoltaics (OPVs) has attracted substantial research attention, due to the emergence of self‐powered electronic devices for Internet‐of‐Things (IoT) applications. This progress report discusses recent developments in indoor OPVs, focusing on the strategic role of synergistic parasitic resistance in suppressing the leakage current to achieve high indoor efficiencies. Moreover, an underexplored area is presented, namely the impact of optical modulation on enhancing light absorption in indoor OPVs. First, the main advances in material design for indoor OPVs are briefly presented. This is followed by detailed discussions of the crucial strategies, including interfacial engineering, the effect of photoactive layer thickness, and the effectiveness of transparent conducting electrodes for improving the OPV performance. Overall, this review highlights that understanding the indispensable role of parasitic resistance under dim light conditions may provide new opportunities for developing efficient indoor OPVs for practical applications. Finally, after summarizing recent progress in indoor OPVs, a critical perspective is provided.
Engineering 2D Photocatalysts toward Carbon Dioxide Reduction
Authors: Zhou Yansong , Wang Zhitong , Huang Lei , Zaman Shahid , Lei Kai , Yue Ting , Li Zhong'an , You Bo , Xia Bao Yu 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAs a way to drive chemical reactions by renewable solar energy, photocatalytic technology is an appealing strategy for carbon recycle and value‐added CO2 utilization mimicking the natural photosynthetic system to remedy energy and environmental problems. During the recent decades of exploration, extensive research has been reported on 2D nanomaterials in photocatalytic CO2 reduction because of their unique structural properties. This review highlights the ongoing development of modification strategies for 2D nanomaterials from the viewpoints of defect engineering, surface modification, and hybrid construction, following the sequence of inside‐to‐outside design of the photocatalysts. These methodologies can expand the scope of light absorption, promote the separation of photogenerated charge carriers, and enhance the adsorption and activation of CO2, thus effectively improve the photocatalytic efficiency. The future challenges and opportunities for developing modified 2D photocatalysts are also discussed. It is hoped that this review can provide useful guidelines toward further research on 2D nanocatalysis for CO2 photocatalytic conversion.
Interfacial Oxide Formation Limits the Photovoltage of α‐SnWO4/NiOx Photoanodes Prepared by Pulsed Laser Deposition
Authors: Schnell Patrick , Kölbach Moritz , Schleuning Markus , Obata Keisuke , Irani Rowshanak , Ahmet Ibbi Y. , Harb Moussab , Starr David E. , van de Krol Roel , Abdi Fatwa F. 
Published: January 2021

Abstractα‐SnWO4 is a promising metal oxide photoanode material for direct photoelectrochemical water splitting. With a band gap of 1.9 eV, it ideally matches the requirements as a top absorber in a tandem device theoretically capable of achieving solar‐to‐hydrogen (STH) efficiencies above 20%. It suffers from photoelectrochemical instability, but NiOx protection layers have been shown to help overcome this limitation. At the same time, however, such protection layers seem to reduce the photovoltage that can be generated at the solid/electrolyte junction. In this study, an extensive analysis of the α‐SnWO4/NiOx interface is performed by synchrotron‐based hard X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES). NiOx deposition introduces a favorable upwards band bending, but also oxidizes Sn2+ to Sn4+ at the interface. By combining the HAXPES data with open circuit potential (OCP) analysis, density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and Monte Carlo‐based photoemission spectra simulation, the presence of a thin oxide layer at the α‐SnWO4/NiOx interface is suggested and shown to be responsible for the limited photovoltage. Based on this new‐found understanding, suitable mitigation strategies can be proposed. Overall, this study demonstrates the complex nature of solid‐state interfaces in multi‐layer photoelectrodes, which needs to be unraveled to design efficient heterostructured photoelectrodes for solar water splitting.
COVID‐19, Government Transfer Payments, and Investment Decisions in Farming Business: Evidence from Northern India
Authors: Varshney Deepak , Kumar Anjani , Mishra Ashok K. , Rashid Shahidur , Joshi Pramod K. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAlthough the COVID‐19 pandemic resulted in about a 24% decline in India's GDP during the April–June 2020 quarter, the nation's agricultural sector, somewhat surprisingly, seems to have done remarkably well. This paper examines whether the public transfer program Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana (PMGKY), announced immediately after the lockdown, benefited farmers in dealing with the COVID shock. Overall, 95% of the smallholders received support from at least one of PMGKY's four components. Direct cash transfers had significantly more impact than in‐kind transfer schemes. The result shows that farmers receiving cash transfers under PM‐KISAN, one component of PMGKY, were more likely to invest in buying seeds. In contrast, farmers receiving cash transfers under PM‐UY, another piece of PMGKY, were more likely to invest in fertilizer and pesticides. Finally, smallholders who received benefits from all four components of PMGKY were more likely to invest in purchasing seeds, fertilizer, and pesticides. Findings suggest the fungibility of public cash transfers from the recent PMGKY scheme is significant in alleviating credit constraints and increasing future investments in modern inputs.
Scheduling rice irrigation using soil moisture thresholds for furrow irrigation and intermittent flooding
Authors: Chlapecka Justin L. , Hardke Jarrod T. , Roberts Trenton L. , Mann Matthew G. , Ablao Ali 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAlternative methods of rice (Oryza sativa L.) irrigation are gaining increasing popularity across the U.S. Mid‐South, but an allowable soil moisture deficit stress has not been defined. This study was conducted in 2018 and 2019 to determine the soil moisture threshold for furrow‐irrigated rice (FIR) and alternate wetting and drying (AWD) rice production systems to minimize irrigation water use while maximizing grain and milling yield. Soil moisture thresholds of −15, −30, and −45 kPa, as determined by Watermark sensors at a 10‐cm depth in the top third of the field, were compared with conventional flood rice (CFR) on a Calloway silt loam and a Sharkey clay in eastern Arkansas. Soil moisture threshold had no effect on grain or milling yield across irrigation thresholds; however, the bottom third of FIR, where a flood was held, consistently produced higher grain yield (10,652–10,965 kg ha−1) than the top third (9,442–9,722 kg ha−1). Significant differences in irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) were achieved under AWD and FIR. The IWUE did not differ across AWD irrigation thresholds but was 58.1–103.8% greater than that of CFR. The −15 and −30 kPa FIR thresholds did not improve IWUE, but using a −45 kPa irrigation threshold resulted in a 42.7% greater IWUE than CFR and 66.0% greater than the −15 kPa threshold. Results suggest that using a −45 kPa irrigation threshold at the 10‐cm depth can potentially maintain grain and milling yield while increasing IWUE under AWD and FIR.
A semi‐commercial case study of willow biomass production in the northeastern United States
Authors: Montes Felipe , Fabio Eric S. , Smart Lawrence B. , Richard Tom L. , Añó Rodrigo Masip , Kemanian Armen R. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractShrub willow (Salix spp. and hybrids) is a biomass crop well adapted to the northeastern United States. We assessed the biomass productivity of six willow cultivars in a 14.5‐ha field in Pennsylvania through two rotation cycles of 3 yr each, comparing the realized and biophysical yield potential. We also evaluated the relationship of yield with plant density and the harvest efficiency. The realized yield of the best cultivars was about 8 Mg ha–1 yr–1, well below the calculated harvestable potential of 14 Mg ha–1 yr–1. Uniform stands of willow without planting gaps may maximize yield with 8 × 103 plants ha–1, but upright cultivars may benefit from higher densities. Harvest is relatively slow at 1 ha h–1 or 20 Mg h–1 in the longest rows with optimal ground conditions, which makes the harvest cost per hour high. Biotic stresses built up gradually during the 7 yr of the experiment affecting two cultivars severely. The cultivar S. miyabeana × S. viminalis ‘Preble’ was defoliated by a growing population of willow leaf beetle (Plagiodera versicolora), whereas the cultivar S. purpurea ‘Fish Creek’ was affected by two fungal diseases and suffered a major stand loss in the winter of 2019/2020. Both examples justify breeding for insects and diseases resistance. The moderate harvestable yield and high harvest cost imply that in the northeastern United States, the viability of willow for bioenergy with carbon capture and storage as a tool to reduce CO2 emissions may depend on the provision and monetization of additional ecosystem services.
Effects of latitude and conspecific plant density on insect leaf herbivory in oak saplings and seedlings
Authors: Moreira Xoaquín , Abdala‐Roberts Luis , De Frenne Pieter , Galmán Andrea , Gaytán Álvaro , Jaatinen Raimo , Lago‐Núñez Beatriz , Meeussen Camille , Pulkkinen Pertti , Rasmussen Pil U. , Ten Hoopen Jan P.J.G. , Timmermans Bart G.H. , Vázquez‐González Carla , Bos Nick , Castagneyrol Bastien , Tack Ayco J.M. 
Published: January 2021

PremiseAbiotic factors and plant species traits have been shown to drive latitudinal gradients in herbivory, and yet, population‐level factors have been largely overlooked within this context. One such factor is plant density, which may influence the strength of herbivory and may vary with latitude.MethodsWe measured insect herbivory and conspecific plant density (CPD) of oak (Quercus robur) seedlings and saplings along a 17° latitudinal gradient (2700 km) to test whether herbivory exhibited a latitudinal gradient, whether herbivory was associated with CPD, and whether such an association changed with latitude.ResultsWe found a positive but saturating association between latitude and leaf herbivory. Furthermore, we found no significant relationship between CPD and herbivory, and such lack of density effects remained consistent throughout the sampled latitudinal gradient.ConclusionsDespite the apparently negligible influence of plant density on herbivory for Q. robur, further research with other plant taxa and in different types of plant communities are needed to investigate density‐dependent processes shaping geographical variation in plant–herbivore interactions.
Community Conversations on Relationship Violence: Town Variations in Prevention Perceptions through Concept Mapping
Authors: Ast Roxanna S. , Banyard Victoria L. , Burnham Jessica , Edwards Katie M. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractTo further develop domestic and sexual violence (DSV) prevention strategies at the community level requires an understanding of how community members in towns think about prevention. Using concept mapping, this study sought to better understand community members’ perspectives about what DSV prevention strategies would be most feasible, most effective, and generate the greatest community support within their town. Data were collected across four rural Northern England towns. Participants (>90% White) in each town (total sample size = 119) brainstormed, sorted, and rated between 67 and 90 statements per town (x̅ = 75). Based on the results, a 5‐cluster solution of school settings, conversations, individual direct action, community building, and community awareness was identified across all four towns as DSV prevention strategies with one town identifying an additional cluster solution of governance. Despite identifying similar prevention strategies, participants from each town rated these clusters of strategies differently on how feasible, effective, and supported they would be in their community. Overall, our results suggest that there were interesting consistencies across four towns in a similar geographic region in terms of how DSV prevention was described. However, individual communities differed in their views of the feasibility and acceptability of the different strategies. These results suggest that different strategies and higher‐level actions may be required to address and prevent DSV within different towns and communities and that community narratives can clarify which specific strategies may encounter fewer barriers to implementation.
41st Annual David W. Smith workshop on malformations and morphogenesis: Abstracts of the 2020 annual meeting
Authors: Gripp Karen W. , Jones Kenneth Lyons , Wenger Tara L. ,   Smith Workshop Abstract Authors, Adam Margaret P. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe 41st Annual David W. Smith Workshop on Malformation and Morphogenesis was scheduled to take place in Skamania, Washington, on September 11–16, 2020. Due to the COVID‐19 pandemic and the associated recommendations to avoid travel and congregation in large groups, this meeting took place differently from its original plan. Rather than bringing trainees, clinicians and researchers with an interest in congenital malformations and their underlying morphogenesis together for several days in a workshop with submitted presentations and research lectures, this meeting took place virtually. A 1 day online meeting was organized in order to allow trainees to present their work. This Conference Report includes the highest scoring abstracts submitted by trainees and presented at the 2020 virtual David W. Smith Workshop.
Intellectual disability associated with craniofacial dysmorphism, cleft palate, and congenital heart defect due to a de novo MEIS2 mutation: A clinical longitudinal study
Authors: Gangfuß Andrea , Yigit Gökhan , Altmüller Janine , Nürnberg Peter , Czeschik Johanna Christina , Wollnik Bernd , Bögershausen Nina , Burfeind Peter , Wieczorek Dagmar , Kaiser Frank , Roos Andreas , Kölbel Heike , Schara‐Schmidt Ulrike , Kuechler Alma 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIntellectual disability (ID) has an estimated prevalence of 1.5%–2%. Whole exome sequencing (WES) studies have identified a multitude of novel causative gene defects and have shown that sporadic ID cases result from de novo mutations in genes associated with ID. Here, we report on a 10‐year‐old girl, who has been regularly presented in our neuropediatric and genetic outpatient clinic. A median cleft palate and a heart defect were surgically corrected in infancy. Apart from ID, she has behavioral anomalies, muscular hypotonia, scoliosis, and hypermobile joints. The facial phenotype is characterized by arched eyebrows, mildly upslanting long palpebral fissures, prominent nasal tip, and large, protruding ears. Trio WES revealed a de novo missense variant in MEIS2 (c.998G>A; p.Arg333Lys). Haploinsufficiency of MEIS2 had been discussed as the most likely mechanism of the microdeletion 5q14‐associated complex phenotype with ID, cleft palate, and heart defect. Recently, four studies including in total 17 individuals with intragenic MEIS2 variants were reported. Here we present the evolution of the clinical phenotype and compare with the data of known individuals.
Combined use of a videolaryngoscope and a flexible bronchoscope for awake tracheal intubation when front‐of‐neck airway is not an option*
Authors: Khan M. F. , Shamim F. , Slote M. U. , Salim B. , Abbas S. A. 
Published: January 2021

SummaryWe report a case of successful tracheal intubation with the combined use of a videolaryngoscope and flexible bronchoscope in a patient with difficult airway when both techniques had individually failed. A 35‐year‐old man presented with airway obstruction due to massive neck swelling causing hypoxia, stridor and respiratory distress. He had a history of oral cancer which had been resected with bilateral neck dissection and free flap reconstruction 2 months previously. Due to extensive anterior neck swelling, we judged that front‐of‐neck airway would not be a suitable approach. After unsuccessful attempts at awake tracheal intubation with videolaryngoscopy and flexible bronchoscopy separately, we combined both techniques with a successful outcome. By using a combined technique to address the specific problems presented by this case, a life‐threatening emergency was resolved. This case highlights why it is useful for anaesthetists to be familiar with multiple techniques to awake tracheal intubation, both individually and in combination.
Protein immobilization on polyvinylphenol via tyrosine oxidation of proteins catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase
Authors: Tonami Hiroyuki , Nishiuchi Hitachi 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSurface functionalization of polymeric materials holds great potential in biological and medical fields with the aim toward realizing desired biological reactions (e.g., cell adhesion, and immune response), especially for proteins which have physiological functions. The objective was to examine characteristics of a unique and facile protein immobilization on a phenol‐containing polymeric material utilizing horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and tyrosine residues of target proteins as catalyst and substrates, respectively. Cy3‐labeled streptavidin exhibited the predicted immobilization behavior since the reaction effectively proceeded in the presence of HRP‐H2O2and on the surface of polyvinylphenol. This procedure was applicable to other representative proteins, that is, bovine serum albumin, immunoglobulin G (IgG), and HRP as substrates. However, IgG exhibited anomalous reaction behavior under the present reaction condition probably due to its rich tyrosine content. Undesired immobilization of HRP was minimized by addition of large amounts of a competitive substrate. The biotin‐binding affinity of streptavidin‐immobilized surface was confirmed to maintain activity even after the immobilization procedure.
Bayesian modelling suggests that the sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus, Linnaeus 1758) population is ageing in the middle Danube River
Authors: Kubala Maroš , Farský Martin , Krajč Tibor , Pekárik Ladislav 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

In the past, sturgeons played an important role in commercial and recreational fisheries in the Danube River and its tributaries. Human impacts in the Danube River Basin coupled with exploitation of sturgeon stocks led to all species being either locally extinct, critically endangered or of unknown status.
Sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus, Linnaeus 1758) is the last known sturgeon species occurring in the upper and middle Danube; however, the population of this species is considered unbalanced and decreasing since the beginning of the twenty‐first century.
The decline of sturgeon stocks has been noted before owing to their economic importance. With commercial fisheries being forbidden in the Slovak section of the Danube River, there is generally no information available about the status of what is considered a local population.
Databases containing recreational catch of sterlet (2003–2018) and historical records of commercial harvest (1961–1990) were used to describe the trend in the weight and number of sterlet caught over the following years.
Modelling indicated that the number of fish caught each year appears to be lower, while the average weight of each individual is increasing. This might suggest that the population is ageing.
Although older individuals can contribute a great deal more to spawning because they produce a greater number of eggs, several problems are apparent. The number of spawners might be decreasing as a result of bycatch or fishing, their ability to spawn might be obstructed, or annual recruitment may fail owing to unpredictable events.
Although restocking programmes are in place to help maintain the sterlet population in the Danube River, their efficiency seems to be drastically low. In fact, restocking could be of little value unless studies on the availability of key habitats are conducted and their protection and restoration are ensured.
Sandbar shark aggregation in the central Mediterranean Sea and potential effects of tourism
Authors: Cattano C. , Turco G. , Di Lorenzo M. , Gristina M. , Visconti G. , Milazzo M. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

An aggregation of sandbar sharks Carcharhinus plumbeus occurs every summer around the remote uninhabited islet of Lampione (Pelagie Islands Marine Protected Area, south‐western Mediterranean Sea), attracting an increasing number of tourists for a shark watching experience.
Despite the ecological and socio‐economic importance of this rare occurrence in Mediterranean waters, there is a lack of scientific data and lack of information as to the potential impact of tourist activities on the presence and behaviour of this shark species.
Using baited underwater videos, this study provides the first assessment of this shark aggregation, as well as a preliminary evaluation of the potential effects that boating and diving activities may have on sandbar sharks during two different periods within the tourism season (July and September 2019).
Overall, 241 sandbar shark sightings (with up to five individuals together) were recorded in July, whereas there were only six sightings in September. The average MaxN was 1.18 hr−1 (±0.21 hr−1 SE) and 0.22 hr−1 (±0.10 hr−1 SE) individuals in July and September respectively. Higher frequentation levels of divers and boats significantly reduced the number of shark sightings at the aggregation site.
This study emphasizes the need for further investigations on Mediterranean shark aggregations and the implementation of specific conservation measures, such as an increase of protection level in Lampione and better enforcement, aside from strategies that promote sustainable tourism, including restrictions on the number of boats and divers’ visits per day. In the meantime, a precautionary approach aimed at regulating the interactions between tourists and sharks should be implemented through the application of a self‐regulatory code of conduct for divers when sharks aggregate around the island.