bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
". . . AND WITH NO LANGUAGE BUT A CRY"
Authors: SHAW EDWARD B. 
Published: December 2021

IN THIS issue is reported a panel discussion on the subject of colic. The difficulties of this subject are implicit with the consideration of a symptom rather than of a disease entity—it is as though one chose to speak of cough or rash or any other symptom.
This symptom complex has little academic standing for the more one is cloistered from the plaints of parents in the evening hours the less important it appears. Every pediatrician who is interminably consulted by the parents of a thriving baby who simply cries, and cries, and cries, suffers along with the distracted mother and the unhappy father and must wish most sincerely that he had a good, and preferably a single, answer to this all too common complaint.
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SWEAT GLAND IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS OF THE PANCREAS
Authors: Gochberg Sumner H. , Cooke Robert E. 
Published: December 2021

Electrolyte concentrations of total body sweat were determined in nine patients with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas and in six controls. The sodium concentration in the patients averaged 79 mEq/l; the controls averaged 18 mEq/l. There was no difference between the two groups in rate of sweating, skin and rectal temperature, ratio of urea in sweat to urea in plasma and lactic acid concentration of sweat.
A possible mechanism for the altered composition of sweat is suggested in terms of the present knowledge of sweat physiology.
CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS OF ENTEROBIASIS
Authors: Jung Rodney C. , Emerson Samuel M. , Sewell Bennett 
Published: December 2021

The efficacy of piperazine citrate used therapeutically and prophylactically against enterobiasis was studied in a home for boys aged 4 to 14 years all infected with pinworm.
Syrup of piperazine given in a dose of 5 ml three times daily for 1 week failed to cure 5 of 24 boys but given for 14 days it failed in only 1 of 25. Tablets of piperazine given in a dose of 500 mg three times a day for 1 week failed to cure 4 of 23 boys. Of 28 children receiving no treatment 25 were positive during the test period.
Syrup of piperazine given weekly in a single dose of 15 or 45 ml apparently prevented reinfection in 11 of 23 and 12 of 19 boys respectively. All of 22 controls who received no prophylactic medication became reinfected.
The reduction of reinfection among those receiving prophylactic piperazine consisted of a decrease not only in the number of individuals reinfected but also in the intensity of the reinfections that occurred. No signs or symptoms of intoxication due to piperazine were noted.
COLIC IN INFANTS—GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Authors: Rambar Alwin C. 
Published: December 2021

MANIFESTATIONS
Infantile colic is an ill-defined condition which seems to consist primarily of pain associated with symptoms ranging in degree from general fussiness to paroxysms of agonized crying. The symptoms usually start after feeding and are worse late in the day. Besides the typical unhappiness, as exemplified by clenching the fists and flexing the legs, the infant often makes sucking movements and appears to be searching for food. Usually these infants have a great deal of gas, manifested by excessive belching, flatus, and rumbling. The passage of gas is occasionally followed by temporary relief, supporting the theory that distended loops of intestine from collected air causes colic. It is most common in the first born, usually starting at 2 to 4 weeks of age, and lasting through the third or fourth month.
It is difficult to say what percentage of infants have colic since a certain amount of fussiness is natural, and crying that may be considered normal in one household, might be regarded as intolerable in another. Certainly colic is not "the almost infallible occurrence" that Brenneman once described, although Wessel found that only 50 of 98 infants lie studied were considered contented babies. From my own experience in both private practice and clinic work, I have gained the impression that the incidence of colic is higher in the private group.
ETIOLOGY
There is little agreement as to the cause of colic, but a basic immaturity of the intestinal tract, a constitutional predisposition to hypertonicity, hunger, improper feeding technique, allergy on a reaction to tenseness in the home, are commonly described as etiologic factors.
FAMILY TENSION AS A CAUSE OF COLIC IN INFANTS
Authors: Cobb John C. 
Published: December 2021

A study of colic in infancy was undertaken as part of the Yale Rooming-In Project. The longitudinal records of 98 infants who were study subjects were analyzed with respect to incidence, duration, and severity of colic. Forty-eight of the infants were classified as fussy or colicky and 50 as contented.
Because I had formed the clinical impression that allergy was an important contributing factor in the causation of colic, careful family histories were taken for all of these infants with particular attention to allergic disease in any member of either parent's family. An adequate family history was obtained in 95 of these infants. These data were analyzed both according to the incidence of allergic disease and according to the severity of allergic disease in family members.
Among the relatives of the 45 "fussy" or "colicky" infants 7.3 per cent had severe allergy, 17.7 pen cent had mild allergy and 74 per cent had little or no allergy. Among the relatives of the 50 contented infants 7.6 per cent had severe allergy, 14.7 per cent had mild allergy and 77 per cent had no allergy. The family histories included a total of 957 relatives.
The 45 families of the babies who were fussy or colicky were divided as follows as to amount of allergy among the relatives. In 7 families there was much allergy, in 30 families there was some allergy and in 8 families there was little or no allergy. The [See Table I in Source PDF] families of the 50 contented infants were divided as follows, in 7 families there was much allergy, in 33 there was some allergy and in 10 there was little on no allergy.
Kindersterfte in Nederland (Child Mortality in the Nttherlands)
Authors: JACOBZINER HAROLD 
Published: December 2021

This book presents an excellent analysis of child mortality in the Netherlands. It traces the evolution of the decreases oven the past 75 years and predicts future trends. Since 1900 infant mortality decreased by 85% in the Netherlands. The preschool mortality showed a decline of 91% and mortality among the school age child was reduced by 83%. Child mortality was thus reduced at all age groups.
The problem of infant mortality in the Netherlands like in the United States, is mainly the problem of the newborn, the bulk of the deaths in the infant group being due to perinatal mortality.
A PEDIATRIC-PSYCHIATRIC VIEWPOINT ON OBESITY
Authors: Lourie Reginald S. 
Published: December 2021

FROM the viewpoint of the pediatric psychiatrist, the problems of obesity, as seen clinically, can be thought of as having three layers. The first is constitutional, better described as physiologic, which may be broken down into genetic and structural elements. The second is psychologic, consisting of the values that food intake or the obesity itself come to have. The third layer is made of the cultural and social reactions to food and fat. These attitudes encountered inside and outside the home intermesh in their effects with the physiologic and psychologic levels. These, in turn, are also interwoven, until one cannot separate one layer from the other. However, when individual cases are scrutinized they reveal the pathology at one layer or the other to predominate and indicate where efforts to modify the abnormality might best be directed. Incidentally, the same levels operate on the other side of the coin, anorexia.
From the practical point of view, let us consider the natural history of obesity and the clinical varieties one sees in practice, and let us see how the three-layer concept fits. First, as pointed out by Gordon, there is a tendency to be complacent or even pleased with obese infants. At level one, the physiologic, such constitutional factors as those present in the neonate born with an excessive quantity of pepsinogen secreted by the gastric mucous membrane could have the effect of producing as Mirsky points out, a relatively intense or even continuous hunger, and make greater demands on its mother for nursing.
PEDIATRIC DERMATOLOGY
Authors: Perlman H. Harris , Falk Alfred B. 
Published: December 2021

THIS DISCUSSION of dermatologic therapy contrasted the opinions of an empiricist, Dr. Perlman, with those of a nihilist, Dr. Falk. Both speakers based their comments upon personal experience. Participants were forewarned that these remarks would frequently be contrary to classic dermatologic teaching.
Histologic examination reveals that the infant's skin lacks a well-developed stratum corneum. This keratinized outer layer of the epidermis is loosely organized and lace-like, thereby providing a poor defensive barrier against the entrance of bacteria. Poor cornification also explains the frequency of weeping, exudative dermatoses during infancy. Fungus infections of the skin are rare during infancy because the loose stratum corneum does not provide a favorable surface for superficial growth of fungi. The delicacy of the infant's skin and its scanty protective cornification make it particularly vulnerable to damage by overtreatment. Indeed, 40% of the dermatoses seen by dermatologists today are due to the effects of overly-enthusiastic topical therapy.
Dermatologic problems commonly seen by pediatricians were discussed under the following general headings:
(1) Eczematous dermatoses: contact dermatitides, dermatitis venenata (poison ivy), diaper dermatitis, intertrigo, infectious eczematoid dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, atopic erythroderma, nummular eczema and circumscribed neurodermatitis.
(2) Pyodermas: dermatitis exfoliativa neonatorum (Ritter's disease), impetigo contagiosa, ecthyma, erythema streptogenes, dermatitis gangrenosum infantum and periporitis staphylogenes.
(3) Maculopapular squamous dermatoses: pityriasis rosea, seborrheic dermatitis (cradle cap), psoriasis, parapsoriasis, lichen planus, pityriasis rubra pilaris, lichen nitidus and lichen striatus.
Comments regarding the diagnosis and treatment of certain of these conditions, which seemed to be of special interest to participants in the round table discussion, follow.
DERMATITIS VENENATA (POISON IVY)
The irritant principle of poison ivy is a dihydric phenol, urushiol, a catechol-like substance which is contained in every portion of the poison-ivy plant, including leaves, stem, flowers and fruit.
CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Authors: Gitlin David , Janeway Charles A. 
Published: December 2021

MOST, if not all, of congenital metabolic disease may be attributed to abnormalities in protein synthesis. An error in protein synthesis can result in at least two basic types of disturbance—an actual deficit of a specific protein, or the production of abnormal forms of that protein. Because of the wide variety of functions of this class of substances, the result may manifest itself as a disturbance in the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates or amino acids, or a disturbance of protein interactions.
While the clinical manifestations of some disorders may be related directly to the deficit of a specific protein, in others symptoms are related indirectly to a specific protein deficiency (Fig. 1). This is particularly true in those instances where the protein, which is deficient, acts as an enzyme in intermediary metabolism, and the symptoms of disease may be due either to an accumulation or a deficit of specific metabolites or electrolytes. In still other instances, clinical disease is related not to the absence of a normal protein but to the presence of an abnormal protein which does not function in the same way as its normal analogue.
It is not the purpose of this paper to discuss all the inborn errors of protein metabolism, but to give a brief account of some examples to illustrate the fundamental importance of protein synthesis to human health.
CONGENITAL AFIBRINOGENEMIA
Afibrinogenemia, a hemorrhagic diathesis associated with the absence of fibrinogen in the blood and a clotting time of infinity, was recognized as early as 1920. Since that time a number of children with this disorder have been described and, in a review by Diamond, Wolff and Borges, 19 cases, including 3 observed by these authors, are reported.
Tuberculin Patch Test
Authors: VOLLMER HERMANN 
Published: December 2021

Dr. F. M. Feldmann's article, "The practical value of the tuberculin test" (Pediatrics, 21:319, 1958), contains a severe criticism of the tuberculin patch test which I feel should not remain unchallenged.
More than 200 papers have been published about the patch test. The great majority of them demonstrate a close conformity between the intracutaneous and the patch tests and the usefulness of the patch test as a screening test, if properly applied and interpreted. An example is the publication of Colebatch (M. J. Australia, 2:640, 1941) based on his own careful studies and a survey of the literature.
Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia
Authors: WITTIG HEINZ J. 
Published: December 2021

In Pediatrics (21:345, March, 1958) is the report of a case of interstitial plasma cell pneumonia, by Eberling and Cohen, of Tucson, Arizona. The authors include a brief but very informative review of the history of this disease and the difficulties in establishing its etiology.
While serving in the United States Army in France, I had the opportunity to follow a fatal case of this disease in an American Negro child and was thereby prompted to do some more exhaustive studies on the subject.
Diseases of the External Ear
Authors: OBREGON G. 
Published: December 2021

Dr. Senturia, a well-known authority on diseases of the external ear, has provided a text which promises a better understanding of the diseases of the external ear. The book comprises the results of 5 years of co-ordinated laboratory and clinical research in a group of diseases which, although quite common, have not been approached scientifically in the past.
The chapter concerned with pathology is profusely illustrated, and of special interest to the practitioner are the chapters on pathogenesis and prophylaxis of external otitis.
Unexpected Reactions to Modern Therapeutics
Authors: KRUGMAN SAUL 
Published: December 2021

In the present era of widespread use and abuse of antimicrobial agents this book should provide a useful service. It supplies a necessary antidote for the practicing physician who is bombarded by detail men and advertising blurbs extolling the virtues and minimizing the dangers of a particular drug.
In this book the author presents a review of the literature concerned with the side-effects of many of the most commonly prescribed antibacterial agents. These drugs include penicillin, streptomycin, dihydrostreptomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracyclines, erythromycin, bacitracin and novobiocin.
The Metabolic Response to Neonatal Surgery
Authors: SANTULLI THOMAS V. 
Published: December 2021

P. P. Rickham, Consultant Pediatric Surgeon at the Royal Liverpool Children's Hospital, who together with Isabelle Forshall founded the Neonatal Surgical Unit of Alder Hey's Children's Hospital in Liverpool, has reported, in a very interesting monograph, on the results of his investigation of the physiologic and pathologic changes which are brought about by surgery in the newborn infant.
The book provides an excellent review of the large number of postoperative metabolic studies done in the adult and of the relatively small number made in the newborn period.
THE EFFECT OF IMMUNIZATION AGAINST INFLUENZA ON AN EPIDEMIC OF RESPIRATORY ILLNESS IN CHILDREN
Authors: Glazier Manuel M. 
Published: December 2021

It is suggested that the influenza virus A epidemic in and around Boston in late January, February and early March of 1953 was effectively controlled among children in a private pediatric practice by vaccination, and with a minimum of systemic reaction.
In a group of 128 children immunized from 1 month to 4.3 years previously, 1 developed what was apparently a moderate or severe form of influenza.
In a group of 161 children previously immunized and recently given a booster injection, 1 developed what apparently was a moderate form of influenza.
None of 241 patients receiving two doses of 0.03 ml of influenza virus vaccine A and B intradermally and 0.5 ml subcutaneously at weekly intervals just before the epidemic developed an infection.
There were 7 patients with influenza among a group of 61 children who received only one small (0.03 ml) intradermal dose of influenza vaccine; 6 of these became ill within 7 days and the other, 11 days after the injection.
Twenty-one of one hundred twenty-two children, not given influenza virus A vaccine immunizations, became ill with a moderate or severe form of influenza during this epidemic.
STUDIES ON THE ALLERGENICITY OF COW'S MILK
Authors: Ratner Bret , Dworetzky Murray , Oguri Satoko , Aschheim Lydie 
Published: December 2021

It seems apparent from the present study that each of the McMeekin-Gordon protein fractions of milk is immunologically homogeneous.
Of the three fractions, beta-lactoglobulin is the most allergenic, while alpha-lactalbumin and alpha-casein are of a much lower order of allergenicity.
While sensitization by parenteral injection is artificial and may not thus apply strictly to natural sensitization to milk through ingestion, the data indicate that lactoglobulin is the dominant allergen of the three studied.
Heretofore, lactalbumin has been considered the major protein in the production of milk allergy. The present studies furnish evidence against the lactalbumin fraction as the potent allergen in clinical practice and evidence in favor of the lactoglobulin fraction as the allergen responsible for the majority of cases of milk allergy.
REPETITIVE PAROXYSMAL VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA
Authors: Friedman Sidney , Ash Rachel , Klein Dorothy 
Published: December 2021

A patient with repetitive paroxysmal tachycardia is presented in whom spontaneous cessation of the paroxysms occurred coincident with the onset of adolescence and after several years of control with quinidine sulfate.
The arrhythmia in this patient was not associated with any other evidence of heart disease and apparently does not have an unfavorable prognosis.
The etiology and therapy of this condition are briefly discussed.
NEW DRUGS FOR TREATMENT OF SEIZURES
Authors: KEITH HADDOW M. 
Published: December 2021

SINCE Putnam and Merritt's discovery in 1937 of diphenylhydantoin sodium (Dilantin® sodium), many other drugs for treatment of seizures have been studied and used clinically. The most satisfactory undoubtedly has been trimethadione (Tridione®) (1945), which is extremely useful in the control of attacks of petit mal in children.
Anticonvulsant drugs may be conveniently grouped in several major categories: 1) barbiturates, 2) hydantoins, 3) oxazolidinediones, 4) succinimides and 5) miscellaneous. Of the barbiturates, phenobarbital (phenylethylbarbituric acid) and Mebaral® or mephobarbital (methylphenylethylbarbituric acid) are best known and their use antedated the discovery of Dilantin® sodium.
The newest member of this group is metharbital, or Gemonil® (5, 5-diethyl-1-methylbarbituric acid) which has been used since 1950. It is said to be beneficial mainly against seizures caused by organic disease of the brain, especially when used in combination with Mebaral® There are few factual data in the more recent literature to substantiate this.
GLUTAMIC OXALACETIC TRANSAMINASE ACTIVITY IN THE SERUM IN MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY AND OTHER NEUROMUSCULAR DISORDERS IN CHILDHOOD
Authors: Murphy E. G. , Cherniak Morris M. 
Published: December 2021

Serum activities of the enzyme glutamic oxalacetic transaminase were measured in 57 infants and children with various neuromuscular disorders.
High values were obtained in 20 out of 32 patients with the Duchenne type of muscular dystrophy. The 12 cases with normal or borderline activities were mainly older children usually with advanced disease. Of the 10 patients with other varieties of muscular dystrophy, all but one had normal values.
Normal values were invariably present in primary neuropathies. In the polymyositic group a small series of five cases had normal or borderline activities.
The measurement of activity of this enzyme in the serum is a useful diagnostic aid in neuromuscular disorders, particularly in the younger child.
CELIAC DISEASE
Authors: Sheldon Wilfrid 
Published: December 2021

MY FIRST duty is to express my appreciation of the honor accorded me by the invitation to deliver this lecture, dedicated to the memory of one of America's great pediatricians. Dr. Kenneth Blackfan was a man who, by his high endeavor, integrity of character and devotion to his calling, not only added lustre to this Medical School, but was enabled so to enrich pediatric knowledge that his name is respected far beyond the confines of his own country.
It is a comfort to reflect that he might well have approved of the subject of today's lecture, for his long association with Dr. John Howland did not fail to rouse his interest in celiac disease, and this was in fact the topic of his last publications. In 1940, in conjunction with Charles May, John McCreary and Fred Allen he described the vitamin A absorption test and its relation to celiac disease in an article which can stand as a perfect model, not only as to the methodology of clinical research, but also as to its presentation. In the following year, and only 6 months before he died, a communication bearing his name was given to the 1941 meeting of the American Pediatric Society concerning the pathogenesis of celiac disease. It would therefore be fitting if today's lecture might be regarded as a humble attempt to quest further along the trail already illuminated by Dr. Blackfan.
The original description of "The Celiac Affection" by Gee in 1888, although of commendable brevity, was so perfect a pen picture that there has been little to add to his clinical account. It is therefore worth recalling the symptoms he described; they were, first and foremost, the passage of loose, pale, bulky and offensive motions, associated with wasting, muscular atony, anemia, abdominal distention and cessation of growth. These symptoms remain today the essential criteria for making the diagnosis, for despite the passage of 70 years there is no laboratory procedure by which the diagnosis can be given the stamp of proof. Perhaps during these years we have been made more aware of the psychologic disturbances that may accompany physical disease; certainly the unhappiness of the celiac child is a very typical feature of the fully developed disease.