bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparing on-site and off-site survey data to investigate survey biases in recreational fisheries data
Authors: Lewin Wolf-Christian , Weltersbach Marc Simon , Haase Kevin , Riepe Carsten , Skov Christian , Gundelund Casper , Strehlow Harry V 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Recreational fishing is increasingly included in fish stock assessments globally. Nonetheless, the extent and precision of recreational fisheries data are often limited. Common methods to collect those data are on-site and off-site surveys, both of which are prone to specific biases, whose magnitude is widely unknown. The present study compares data from an on-site access point intercept and a simultaneously conducted off-site diary survey, separately targeting charter boat, boat, and shore anglers in the German Baltic Sea recreational cod fishery to identify specific biases in the data sets. The analyses revealed indications of avidity and recall bias that might influence catch and release estimates. Catch rates and release rates differed substantially between the angling platforms. The catch and release rates of diarists and on-site anglers were in a similar range for every platform, and reasonably precise with standard errors between 0.1 and 0.4 fish per angler and day. Recreational fishing monitoring approaches should include complementary on-site surveys from time to time to control for biases whereby the angling platform should be taken into account. The low explanatory power of commonly collected socio-demographic variables indicated that variables capturing the heterogeneity of angler behaviour should additionally be included in future surveys.
Outside the Box: Working With Wildlife in Biocontainment
Authors: Falendysz Elizabeth A , Calhoun Dana M , Smith Carrie A , Sleeman Jonathan M 
Published: June 2021

AbstractResearch with captive wildlife in Animal Biosafety Level 2 (ABSL2) and 3 (ABSL3) facilities is becoming increasingly necessary as emerging and re-emerging diseases involving wildlife have increasing impacts on human, animal, and environmental health. Utilizing wildlife species in a research facility often requires outside the box thinking with specialized knowledge, practices, facilities, and equipment. The USGS National Wildlife Health Center (NWHC) houses an ABSL3 facility dedicated to understanding wildlife diseases and developing tools to mitigate their impacts on animal and human health. This review presents considerations for utilizing captive wildlife for infectious disease studies, including, husbandry, animal welfare, veterinary care, and biosafety. Examples are drawn from primary literature review and collective 40-year experience of the NWHC. Working with wildlife in ABSL2 and ABSL3 facilities differs from laboratory animals in that typical laboratory housing systems, husbandry practices, and biosafety practices are not designed for work with wildlife. This requires thoughtful adaptation of standard equipment and practices, invention of customized solutions and development of appropriate enrichment plans using the natural history of the species and the microbiological characteristics of introduced and native pathogens. Ultimately, this task requires critical risk assessment, understanding of the physical and psychological needs of diverse species, creativity, innovation, and flexibility. Finally, continual reassessment and improvement are imperative in this constantly changing specialty area of infectious disease and environmental hazard research.
Integrable Boundary Conditions for Quad Equations, Open Boundary Reductions, and Integrable Mappings
Authors: Caudrelier Vincent , van der Kamp Peter H , Zhang Cheng 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In the context of integrable difference equations on quad-graphs, we introduce the method of open boundary reductions, as an alternative to the well-known periodic reductions, for constructing discrete integrable mappings and their invariants. The mappings are obtained from well-posed initial value problems for quad and boundary equations restricted to strips on ${{\mathbb{Z}}}^2$-lattices. The invariants are constructed using Sklyanin’s double-row monodromy matrix. To establish its properties, we use the discrete zero curvature condition and boundary zero curvature condition, showing how the latter derives from the boundary consistency condition. We focus on the Adler–Bobenko–Suris classification and associated integrable boundary equations. Examples are given for the H1 and Q1($\delta =0$) equations, leading to novel maps of the plane.
Novel insights into the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis: the RBM7–NEAT1–CXCL12–SatM axis at fibrosis onset
Authors: Fukushima Kiyoharu , Akira Shizuo 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Fibrosis is a life-threatening disorder with significant morbidity and mortality and is caused by excessive formation of connective tissue that can affect several important organs. Fibrosis in organ tissues is caused by an abnormal wound-healing process from repeated injuries. In our recent study using a mouse model of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis, we examined the role of RNA-binding motif protein 7 (RBM7) on the development of lung fibrosis. RBM7 is up-regulated in the injured lung epithelium and disturbs normal epithelial cell repair and regeneration by promoting apoptosis of damaged epithelial cells. RBM7 causes the decay of nuclear-enriched abundant transcript 1 (NEAT1), which results in apoptosis of lung epithelial cells. These apoptotic cells then produce C–X–C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12), which leads to the recruitment of a fibrosis-promoting monocyte population called segregated-nucleus-containing atypical monocytes (SatM) to the damaged area, followed by the initiation and promotion of lung fibrosis. Here, we review recent insights into the cross-talk between lung parenchymal cells and hematopoietic cells during the development of pulmonary fibrosis.
Validation of an electronic trigger to measure missed diagnosis of stroke in emergency departments
Authors: Vaghani Viralkumar , Wei Li , Mushtaq Umair , Sittig Dean F , Bradford Andrea , Singh Hardeep 
Published: June 2021

AbstractObjectiveDiagnostic errors are major contributors to preventable patient harm. We validated the use of an electronic health record (EHR)-based trigger (e-trigger) to measure missed opportunities in stroke diagnosis in emergency departments (EDs).MethodsUsing two frameworks, the Safer Dx Trigger Tools Framework and the Symptom-disease Pair Analysis of Diagnostic Error Framework, we applied a symptom–disease pair-based e-trigger to identify patients hospitalized for stroke who, in the preceding 30 days, were discharged from the ED with benign headache or dizziness diagnoses. The algorithm was applied to Veteran Affairs National Corporate Data Warehouse on patients seen between 1/1/2016 and 12/31/2017. Trained reviewers evaluated medical records for presence/absence of missed opportunities in stroke diagnosis and stroke-related red-flags, risk factors, neurological examination, and clinical interventions. Reviewers also estimated quality of clinical documentation at the index ED visit.ResultsWe applied the e-trigger to 7,752,326 unique patients and identified 46,931 stroke-related admissions, of which 398 records were flagged as trigger-positive and reviewed. Of these, 124 had missed opportunities (positive predictive value for “missed” = 31.2%), 93 (23.4%) had no missed opportunity (non-missed), 162 (40.7%) were miscoded, and 19 (4.7%) were inconclusive. Reviewer agreement was high (87.3%, Cohen’s kappa = 0.81). Compared to the non-missed group, the missed group had more stroke risk factors (mean 3.2 vs 2.6), red flags (mean 0.5 vs 0.2), and a higher rate of inadequate documentation (66.9% vs 28.0%).ConclusionIn a large national EHR repository, a symptom–disease pair-based e-trigger identified missed diagnoses of stroke with a modest positive predictive value, underscoring the need for chart review validation procedures to identify diagnostic errors in large data sets.
Description of a new genus and two new species of freshwater crabs (Decapoda: Brachyura: Potamonautidae) from southeastern Madagascar
Authors: Cumberlidge Neil , Soma Julia B , Leever Ellen M , Clark Paul F , Daniels Savel R 
Published: June 2021

AbstractA new genus of freshwater crab, Crosnautesn. gen., and two species, C. ranomafanan. sp. and C. alainusn. sp., are described from forested highlands in southeastern Madagascar. The new genus can be distinguished on phylogenetic and morphological grounds. Crosnautesn. gen. has a suite of morphological characters that differentiate it from all other Malagasy genera: a carapace with a faint and interrupted postfrontal crest, short ambulatory legs, a mandibular palp with a conspicuous anterior lobe, a long third maxilliped exopod that extends across the width of the merus, and eyestalks and corneas of normal length and size. The two new species can be differentiated from each other by the size of the distal tooth on the cheliped carpus, the width of the first gonopod, and the length of the ambulatory legs. The new species are endemic to Madagascar and are compared to, and distinguished from, Foza raimundiReed & Cumberlidge, 2006, the sister taxon to the new genus, as well as to all of the other Madagascan genera of freshwater crabs.
Ligamentum teres reconstruction with labrum and capsule repair after posterior acetabular wall fracture: a case report
Authors: Mazek Jacek , Gnatowski Maciej , Salas Antonio Porthos , Domżalski Marcin , Wójcicki Rafał , Skowronek Jacek , Skowronek Paweł 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The aim of this case study is to present arthroscopic treatment of recurrent hip instability after acute post-traumatic posterior hip dislocation with a fracture of the posterior acetabular wall. A male patient aged 35 suffered a dislocation of the right hip joint with a fracture of the posterior acetabular wall due to an accident. The fracture was stabilized during emergency surgery with a locking compression plate, and the patient was released home in a hip brace. Multiple dislocations of the hip joint followed with the implant being confirmed as stable. Decision was made to qualify the patient for a right hip arthroscopy. During the surgery, ligamentum teres was reconstructed using gracilis and semitendinous muscle grafts, followed by the labrum and joint capsule repair, where the surgery that stabilized the acetabular wall fracture had damaged them. There were no complications following the procedure. Short-term follow-up of 3 months demonstrates the patient has a stable hip, reduced pain and has returned to pre-injury activities.
Os acetabuli—a new arthroscopic treatment option for the acetabular rim fracture
Authors: Lund Bent 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Os acetabuli (Os) or acetabular rimfractures are often seen in femoroacetabular impingement patients and can result in groin pain. When seen in symptomatic patients, the question is whether to remove them or to fixate the loose fragment to the acetabular rim. This depends on acetabular coverage and the extent of the Os. If removal of the Os might lead to hip dysplasia and instability, fixation of the Os should be the goal. This technical article describes the author's technique in fixating the Os with a suture-bridge technique.
Optimizing Medical-Legal Partnerships in Pediatric Psychology to Reduce Health Disparities
Authors: Kamody Rebecca C , Kamody Edward S , Rosenthal Alice , Olezeski Christy L 
Published: June 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo provide a topical review of the literature on the use of medical-legal partnerships (MLPs) to address social determinants of health (SDH) needs as a means to reduce health disparities, and to make recommendations for the implementation of MLPs within pediatric psychologists’ clinical work, research, and training.MethodsWe conducted a topical review of the research on the intersection of MLPs, SDH needs, and health disparities among pediatric populations. Given the scarcity of literature available, both empirical and theoretical articles were included in the review.ResultsThough limited, the extant literature suggests that use of MLPs may help address the SDH needs that perpetuate disparities among pediatric populations. To date, MLPs are not as frequently incorporated in the training and work of pediatric psychologists as they may be in other related fields (e.g., medicine).ConclusionsMLPs provide an opportunity for psychologists to broaden their interdisciplinary collaborations, to more aptly meet the social and legal needs of their patients to assist in reducing inequities among underserved pediatric populations. The systematic incorporation of MLPs into pediatric psychology training may help to increase the utilization of these services moving forward.
Pediatric Clostridioides difficile Infection: Diagnosis and Diagnostic Stewardship
Authors: Schwenk Hayden T , Pollock Nira R , Vaughan-Malloy Ana M 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Although the pathogenesis of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is complex and incompletely understood, it is believed that the elaboration of C. difficile toxins is necessary for disease. There are a variety of tests available for the detection of both the C. difficile organism and its toxins; however, each has limitations and the best application of these tests to the diagnosis of CDI in children remains uncertain. Nucleic acid amplification tests are unable to reliably discriminate between CDI and C. difficile colonization, while commercially available enzyme immunoassays for toxin detection lack sensitivity. An understanding of preanalytic factors, relevant patient features, and test performance characteristics is essential to the accurate diagnosis of CDI in children. Specific diagnostic stewardship strategies can also increase the likelihood that positive tests reflect disease rather than colonization. Ultimately, CDI remains a clinical diagnosis and clinical judgment is essential when interpreting test results, regardless of the methods used.
Bootstrap Estimation of the Conditional Bias for Measuring Influence in Complex Surveys
Authors: Beaumont Jean-François , Bocci Cynthia , St-Louis Michel 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn sample surveys that collect information on skewed variables, it is often desirable to assess the influence of sample units on the sampling error of survey-weighted estimators of finite population parameters. The conditional bias is an attractive measure of influence that accounts for the sampling design and the estimation method. It is defined as the design expectation of the sampling error conditional on a given unit being selected in the sample. The estimation of the conditional bias is relatively straightforward for simple sampling designs and estimators. However, for complex designs or complex estimators, it may be tedious to derive an explicit expression for the conditional bias. In those complex surveys, variance estimation is often achieved through replication methods such as the bootstrap. Bootstrap methods of variance estimation are typically implemented by producing a set of bootstrap weights that is provided to users along with the survey data. In this article, we show how to use these bootstrap weights to obtain an estimator of the conditional bias. Our bootstrap estimator is evaluated in a simulation study and illustrated using data from the Canadian Survey of Household Spending.
Introducing International Refugee Law as a Scholarly Field
Authors: Costello Cathryn , Foster Michelle , McAdam Jane 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This introductory chapter provides an overview of international refugee law. Since the adoption of the Refugee Convention, international refugee law has emerged as a dynamic and ever-challenging area of international law, particularly as its relationship to other branches of international law continues to be explored and understood. The chapter reflects on the emergence of international refugee law as a scholarly sub-discipline in the twentieth century, and its role within the wider area of refugee studies. It focuses on the important interface between scholarship and praxis in the sub-discipline’s development, as well as the field’s methodological strengths and weaknesses. Finally, it presents some observations about the future of international refugee law, identifying potential challenges and opportunities.
International Refugee Law in the Early Years
Authors: Goodwin-Gill Guy S. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter traces the history of international refugee law, taking the creation of the League of Nations in 1920 as the point of departure. The early years of international refugee law achieved much in the way of internationalizing and institutionalizing the responsibilities of the community of nations in matters of common concern; they began with innate recognition of the basic principle of protection that no one should be sent back to conditions in which they would be at risk of harm. The early history ‘struggled’ thereafter with delimiting the scope and numbers of those who might or should benefit from international action, sometimes for self-interested reasons, or because of the costs, or for political reasons, or because of a felt need to discourage exile as a solution to national problems. Only in 1967 was a refugee definition finally agreed that could be generalized across time and space, and even then it remained limited to those with a well-founded fear of being persecuted for particular reasons. State practice and customary international law had already moved ahead, however, even if the normative framework of response remained patchy.
Queering International Refugee Law
Authors: Ferreira Nuno , Danisi Carmelo 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter investigates the links between asylum law and policy and sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI). Although human rights have been increasingly recognized irrespective of one’s SOGI at international, regional, and domestic levels, legal frameworks do not yet tackle violations of such rights effectively. As a result, members of SOGI minorities may be forced to flee their countries of origin, often making SOGI-based asylum claims in host countries. Since the inception of the Refugee Convention, there has been a continuous battle for recognition of SOGI claims within a system that was not designed with SOGI minorities in mind. The chapter thus explores key aspects of SOGI asylum that ultimately question the heteronormative relations of power in asylum law and highlights how legal and policy frameworks may be reformed. It considers how refugee law has been progressively queered, looking at the range of legal and policy instruments that play a role in this queering process. Finally, the chapter identifies the key actors that have contributed to the development of SOGI refugee law and assesses the specific needs of SOGI asylum claimants and refugees.
Refugees as Migrants
Authors: Atak Idil , Crépeau François 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter details the long-standing debate on whether refugees should be portrayed as migrants. Several organizations, refugee advocates, and scholars argue for a clear line between ‘migrants’ and ‘refugees’, as a means of protecting the refugee regime. They point to the inherently distinct motivations driving refugee movements compared to other types of migration, as well as to the specific normative and institutional framework for refugee protection. The chapter argues that conceptualizing refugees as migrants does not undermine the specific normative and institutional framework for refugee protection. Rather, it further promotes refugees’ access to asylum and safety. The chapter then examines the literature on the refugee/migrant distinction, highlighting the increasingly overlapping and interconnected motivations and contexts driving forced migration. It looks at the mounting barriers refugees face to reach safety and explores the avenues to safeguarding and promoting access to asylum and refugee rights. The chapter also articulates the role that freedom of movement should play in protecting the rights of all migrants, including refugees.
Moving Towards an Integrated Approach of Refugee Law and Human Rights Law
Authors: Chetail Vincent 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter highlights the interface between human rights law and refugee law. The broader evolution of international law reflects the changing pattern of refugee protection as initially grounded in the Refugee Convention and subsequently informed by human rights treaties. As a result of a gradual process of pollination, human rights law has shaped, updated, and enlarged refugee law. While revamping the basic tenets of the Refugee Convention, it has become the normative frame of reference. Refugee law and human rights law are now so interdependent that they are bound to work in tandem. Their intermingling paves the way for a human rights-based approach to refugee protection. Instead of regarding the two branches of international law as silos, this new perspective offers a broader vision of refugee protection. This comprehensive design acknowledges that refugee law and human rights law complement and reinforce each other within one single continuum of protection.
Regional Refugee Regimes
Authors: Sharpe Marina 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter highlights the African approach to refugees, analysing the regional legal framework anchored by the Organization of African Unity (OAU) Convention. The regional legal regime for refugees includes treaty and institutional components. The treaty framework is comprised of the Refugee and OAU conventions and international and regional human rights law, including but not limited to the two covenants, the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights and African instruments on the rights of women and children. The chapter then addresses regional organizations with relevant mandates: African Union (AU) bodies and judicial organs including the AU Commission, the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights, and the African Committee of Experts on the Rights and Welfare of the Child. It also looks at the role of civil society, as well as contemporary refugee protection achievements and challenges. These include the implementation, in terms of both refugee status determination and rights, of the regional legal framework in national jurisdictions; the rise of displacement in the context of climate change and disasters; and the relationship between European Union policy responses to the so-called migration crisis and refugee protection in Africa.
Regional Refugee Regimes
Authors: Janmyr Maja , Stevens Dallal 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the Middle East as a region, which is defined to include Arab States, Israel, and Turkey, but to exclude North African countries apart from Egypt. It explores the role of the Refugee Convention, UNHCR, influential NGOs, and international human rights law to protect asylum seekers and refugees in the region. The chapter opens with a brief outline of the Middle Eastern context, historical background in relation to international refugee law, and the significance of UNHCR and the UN Relief Works Agency in Arab States. It compares the approach of States that are parties to the Refugee Convention and those that are not, and considers the consequences of non-ratification as well as the use of domestic legislation to deal with asylum seekers and refugees. An important focus of the chapter is how—and whether—refugee protection is achieved across the region in light of States’ differing approaches to refugeehood, which arise from historical, political, and religious (Islamic) notions of hospitality and the treatment of foreigners, as well as the role of law.