bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are There Barriers to the Release of Paraffin Blocks for Clinical Research Trials? A College of American Pathologists Survey of 609 Laboratories
Authors: Fitzgibbons Patrick L. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Context.—The number of paraffin blocks submitted for patients enrolled in clinical research trials appears to be declining.
Objective.—To obtain information on laboratory policies and procedures in complying with requests to submit paraffin blocks for research.
Design.—A questionnaire was sent to members of a voluntary market research panel composed of pathologists representing a broad spectrum of experience and practice settings. The questions addressed departmental policies and the likely responses to requests to submit pathology materials for patients enrolled in clinical trials.
Results.—The survey was completed by 609 of 762 pathologists (80%) who responded to the invitation. More than 90% of respondents stated that they comply with these requests. Although 14% have a policy precluding the release of blocks for research, 84% of those will send limited tissue samples in lieu of blocks. When tumor is confined to a single block, most laboratories will not release the block but will send unstained slides. Very few laboratories require reimbursement before releasing tissues.
Conclusions.—Pathologists attempt to comply with requests for materials but usually refuse to release the only diagnostic paraffin block so that materials are retained for possible future needs. Other problems identified in this survey include difficulties in getting blocks returned when needed and poor communication between researchers and laboratories. Lack of reimbursement and inadequate consent are not significant barriers to release of materials.
Effects of dry-wet cycles on nitrous oxide emissions in freshwater sediments: a synthesis
Authors: Pinto Renata , Weigelhofer Gabriele , Brito António Guerreiro , Hein Thomas 
Published: February 2021

Background
Sediments frequently exposed to dry-wet cycles are potential biogeochemical hotspots for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions during dry, wet and transitional phases. While the effects of drying and rewetting on carbon fluxes have been studied extensively in terrestrial and aquatic systems, less is known about the effects of dry-wet cycles on N2O emissions from aquatic systems. As a notable part of lotic systems are temporary, and small lentic systems can substantially contribute to GHG emissions, dry-wet cycles in these ecosystems can play a major role on N2O emissions.

Methodology
This study compiles literature focusing on the effects of drying, rewetting, flooding, and water level fluctuations on N2O emissions and related biogeochemical processes in sediments of lentic and lotic ecosystems.

Results
N2O pulses were observed following sediment drying and rewetting events. Moreover, exposed sediments during dry phases can be active spots for N2O emissions. The general mechanisms behind N2O emissions during dry-wet cycles are comparable to those of soils and are mainly related to physical mechanisms and enhanced microbial processing in lotic and lentic systems. Physical processes driving N2O emissions are mainly regulated by water fluctuations in the sediment. The period of enhanced microbial activity is driven by increased nutrient availability. Higher processing rates and N2O fluxes have been mainly observed when nitrification and denitrification are coupled, under conditions largely determined by O2 availability.

Conclusions
The studies evidence the driving role of dry-wet cycles leading to temporarily high N2O emissions in sediments from a wide array of aquatic habitats. Peak fluxes appear to be of short duration, however, their relevance for global emission estimates as well as N2O emissions from dry inland waters has not been quantified. Future research should address the temporal development during drying-rewetting phases in more detail, capturing rapid flux changes at early stages, and further explore the functional impacts of the frequency and intensity of dry-wet cycles.
Silica –Gel Drying an Effective Preservation Technique for Value Addition of Orchid Flowers
Authors: Jeevitha K. M. , Jadhav Veena S. 
Published: February 2021

Aim: Demand of dry flowers is cumulative day by day equally in national and international marketplace, as dried flowers have a prodigious potential as substitute of fresh flowers. This study aims to know the effect of Silica-gel drying technique on the quality of Orchid flowers.
Study Design: The experimental research design was adopted and flowers were subjected to Silica-gel drying technique.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was during October 2017- November 2020 in the Department of Family Resource Management, College of Community Science, Dharwad.
Methodology: White and Purple Orchid were selected and collected from local growers. Moisture loss, time taken for drying, Effect on Qualitative parameters were statistically analyzed. Dried flowers were added value through application of color. Dyed flowers were used in development of products such as frames and potpourris. Cost of each product was estimated and 30 consumers selected randomly assessed the products for consumer acceptability.
Results: The results reveal that in Silica-gel drying technique Orchid has taken 5 days to dry completely. Maximum moisture loss was 81-83 per cent. Color of Orchid had faded and appearance became lusterless. Hence value addition of color was required for these flowers. The most suitable value addition was Fabric paints, Oil and Spray paints. Some value added products were prepared from dried orchids such as frames and potpourris. The consumer acceptability of these products was extremely acceptable.
Conclusion: The existing technology has the prospective to employ thousands of people especially to unemployed youths, Schools and College drop-outs, housewives and rural women’s as limitless aesthetic products can be shaped using dry flower technology, it can start up a small scale industry from their householdscan perform exceptionally to begin new markets. There is a necessity to generate adequate consciousness about the potential of this technology by workshops and seminars etc.
Effects of intestinal lymphatic ligation on intestinal immunity in rats with severe acute pancreatitis
Authors: Liu Yuanqi , Chen Li , Wang Lulu , Xiong Yuxia 
Published: February 2021

Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) is one of the most common diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, characterized by a complicated pathogenesis, multiple organ failure, and high mortality. The primary aim of the present study was to observe the effect of intestinal lymphatic ligation on intestinal injury and modification in rats with SAP. Male Sprague‐Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into: (a) Saline group (SO); (b) SAP group; and (c) SAP + ligation group. We evaluated the effect of mesenteric lymphatic duct ligation on the pancreas and intestine tissue by HE. The histopathology of the pancreas in SAP + ligation rats was alleviated slightly compared with SAP rats, but aggravated in the intestine of SAP + ligation rats. Treatment of mesenteric lymphatic duct ligation resulted in an increase in the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, interleukin (IL)‐1β, and myeloperoxidase compared with the small intestinal tissues of SAP rats. In addition, the expression of nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain‐like receptors 3, apoptosis‐associated speck‐like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (CARD) (ASC), and caspase‐1 in the intestine were higher in the SAP + ligation group. The ratio of Th1/Th2 and regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the mesenteric lymph nodes of the SAP group was lower than those in the SAP + ligation group. The present results indicated that ligation of the mesenteric lymph duct can effectively prevent intestinal inflammatory mediators entering the body through the mesenteric lymph duct, but these mediators assembled in the intestine where they induced an excessive immune response and intestinal injury during SAP.
Palladium Catalyzed Aminocarbonylation of Benzylic Ammonium Triflates with Nitroarenes: Synthesis of Phenylacetamides
Authors: Yang Li‐Miao , Li Shan‐Shan , Zhang You‐Ya , Lu Jin‐Liang , Deng Jing‐Tong , Ma Ai‐Jun , Zhang Xiang‐Zhi , Zhang Shu‐Yu , Peng Jin‐Bao 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA palladium catalyzed reductive aminocarbonylation of benzylic ammonium triflates with nitroarenes for the synthesis of phenylacetamides was developed. Using Pd(acac)2/DPPF catalyst system, a range of different substituted phenylacetamides were prepared in moderate to good yields from benzylic ammonium triflates and nitroarenes through Csp3−N bond cleavage. A variety of alkyl, aryl, and halide substituents on both substrates can be used, and many useful functional groups can be tolerated.magnified image
Asymmetric Catalysis of Chiral Bifunctional Selenides and Selenonium Salts Bearing a Urea Group
Authors: Okuno Ken , Nakamura Takumi , Shirakawa Seiji 
Published: February 2021

AbstractCatalytic asymmetric reactions with chiral organoselenium catalysts have become one of the most important research topics in the field of organocatalysis. Despite the presence of several effective chiral selenium catalysts, further developments of new chiral organoseleniums are still desired due to their remarkable potential as asymmetric organocatalysts. Herein, we report the synthesis and asymmetric catalysis of chiral bifunctional selenides and selenonium salts bearing a urea group. The new chiral bifunctional selenide organocatalysts promote asymmetric halocyclizations with good to high levels of enantioselectivity. Furthermore, we report a reaction involving a precious example of a chiral tertiary selenonium salt‐catalyzed asymmetric phase‐transfer conjugate addition.
Cinchona Derivatives as Bifunctional H‐bonding Organocatalysts in Asymmetric Vinylogous Conjugate Addition Reactions
Authors: Joshi Harshit , Singh Vinod K. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAsymmetric vinylogous conjugate addition reactions constitute an essential class of enantioselective C−C bond‐forming transformations characterized by remote functionalization of substrates and the construction of distal stereocenters. After the renaissance of organocatalysis in 2000, vinylogous addition methodologies have seen new horizons of development. Cinchona alkaloids and some of their derivatives have appeared as efficient chiral catalysts in several organic transformations. Their non‐toxicity, low cost, availability in pseudo‐enantiomeric forms, and “open flask” reaction procedures have been the main reasons behind their success in asymmetric synthesis. These organocatalysts have also shown remarkable applications in vinylogous chemistry. This mini‐review covers the developments of asymmetric vinylogous conjugate addition (VCA) reactions under bifunctional cinchona alkaloids/derivatives catalysis.
Rotaxanes as Cages to Control DNA Binding, Cytotoxicity, and Cellular Uptake of a Small Molecule**
Authors: Kench Timothy , Summers Peter A. , Kuimova Marina K. , Lewis James E. M. , Vilar Ramon 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe efficacy of many drugs can be limited by undesirable properties, such as poor aqueous solubility, low bioavailability, and “off‐target” interactions. To combat this, various drug carriers have been investigated to enhance the pharmacological profile of therapeutic agents. In this work, we demonstrate the use of mechanical protection to “cage” a DNA‐targeting metallodrug within a photodegradable rotaxane. More specifically, we report the synthesis of rotaxanes incorporating as a stoppering unit a known G‐quadruplex DNA binder, namely a PtII‐salphen complex. This compound cannot interact with DNA when it is part of the mechanically interlocked assembly. The second rotaxane stopper can be cleaved by either light or an esterase, releasing the PtII‐salphen complex. This system shows enhanced cell permeability and limited cytotoxicity within osteosarcoma cells compared to the free drug. Light activation leads to a dramatic increase in cytotoxicity, arising from the translocation of PtII‐salphen to the nucleus and its binding to DNA.
Ultrabright Fluorescent Organic Nanoparticles Based on Small‐Molecule Ionic Isolation Lattices**
Authors: Chen Junsheng , Fateminia S. M. Ali , Kacenauskaite Laura , Bærentsen Nicolai , Grønfeldt Stenspil Stine , Bredehoeft Jona , Martinez Karen L. , Flood Amar H. , Laursen Bo W. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractUltrabright fluorescent nanoparticles (NPs) hold great promise for demanding bioimaging applications. Recently, extremely bright molecular crystals of cationic fluorophores were obtained by hierarchical coassembly with cyanostar anion‐receptor complexes. These small‐molecule ionic isolation lattices (SMILES) ensure spatial and electronic isolation to prohibit aggregation quenching of dyes. We report a simple, one‐step supramolecular approach to formulate SMILES materials into NPs. Rhodamine‐based SMILES NPs stabilized by glycol amphiphiles show high fluorescence quantum yield (30 %) and brightness per volume (5000 M−1 cm−1/nm3) with 400 dye molecules packed into 16‐nm particles, corresponding to a particle absorption coefficient of 4×107 M−1 cm−1. UV excitation of the cyanostar component leads to higher brightness (>6000 M−1 cm−1/ nm3) by energy transfer to rhodamine emitters. Coated NPs stain cells and are thus promising for bioimaging.
Exclusively Relativistic: Periodic Trends in the Melting and Boiling Points of Group 12
Authors: Mewes Jan‐Michael , Schwerdtfeger Peter 
Published: February 2021

AbstractFirst‐principles simulations can advance our understanding of phase transitions but are often too costly for the heavier elements, which require a relativistic treatment. Addressing this challenge, we recently composed an indirect approach: A precise incremental calculation of absolute Gibbs energies for the solid and liquid with a relativistic Hamiltonian that enables an accurate determination of melting and boiling points (MPs and BPs). Here, we apply this approach to the Group 12 elements Zn, Cd, Hg, and Cn, whose MPs and BPs we calculate with a mean absolute deviation of only 5 % and 1 %, respectively, while we confirm the previously predicted liquid aggregate state of Cn. At a non‐relativistic level of theory, we obtain surprisingly similar MPs and BPs of 650±30 K and 1250±20 K, suggesting that periodic trends in this group are exclusively relativistic in nature. Ultimately, we discuss these results and their implication for Groups 11 and 14.
Synthesis, Molecular Docking and Biological Evaluation of 2‐Aryloxy‐N‐Phenylacetamide and N′‐(2‐Aryloxyoxyacetyl) Benzohydrazide Derivatives as Potential Antibacterial Agents
Authors: Yele Vidyasrilekha , Azam Mohammad Afzal , Wadhwani Ashish D. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA new class of 2‐aryloxy‐N‐phenylacetamide and N′‐(2‐aryloxyoxyacetyl) benzohydrazide derivatives with different active moieties were synthesized and screened for their antibacterial activity. Structural characterization of synthesized compounds was performed using HR‐MS, 1H‐NMR, and 13C‐NMR spectral data. Amongst the synthesized compounds, 4‐{2‐[2‐(2‐chloroacetamido)phenoxy]acetamido}‐3‐nitrobenzoic acid (3h) and 2‐chloro‐N‐(2‐{2‐[2‐(2‐chlorobenzoyl)hydrazinyl]‐2‐oxoethoxy}phenyl)acetamide (3o) have shown good antibacterial activity against a selected panel of bacteria. Besides, compounds also exhibited bactericidal activity against P. aeruginosa (3h, 0.69 μg/mL) and S. aureus (3o, 0.62 μg/mL) as evident by MBC and time‐kill kinetics studies. In silico molecular docking and ADMET properties of newly synthesized compounds revealed that compounds could be considered as promising antibacterial agents.
Correlations among SRC, Mixolab®, process, and technological parameters of protein‐enriched biscuits
Authors: Nogueira Amanda de Cássia , Aguiar Etiene Valéria de , Capriles Vanessa Dias , Steel Caroline Joy 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackground and objectivesThere is a growing demand for food products with higher protein content; however, the addition of high‐protein sources to food formulations can affect both the process and the final product, in addition to hindering with product development. In this study, wheat flour (WF) was partially replaced by pea (PPI), soy (SPI), and whey (WPI) protein isolates, at 0%–30% levels for each isolate, following a 23 central composite rotatable design (CCRD). The WF and its protein isolates blends were characterized using solvent retention capacity (SRC) and Mixolab® apparatuses, and results were correlated with process and technological parameters of molded biscuits.FindingsChanges were observed in SRC and Mixolab® parameters, relative to those for the control WF, mainly due to the high water absorption capacities of the protein blends, which affected process and technological characteristics, such as increased formula water additions to the biscuits doughs and shorter baking times, and increased expansion factor, moisture content, and browning of the biscuits. Among the three isolates, a smaller effect of added PPI was observed.ConclusionsEven with the observed differences in biscuit quality characteristics, baked biscuit appearance (i.e., size, shape, and color) was similar to that of the control, thus enabling as much as a 72% overall substitution of WF by the isolates blends, resulting in an increase of up to as much as ~80% in the protein content of the biscuits. These findings demonstrated that both SRC and Mixolab® parameters can be used to help predict biscuit process and product characteristics and suggested that protein blends can be used in maintaining WF parameters and functional baking properties acceptable and suitable for biscuit making.Significance and noveltySRC and Mixolab® parameters can be used to help predict the functional behavior of protein blends, aimed at obtaining quality‐baked products such as biscuits. Different high‐protein sources affect their mixtures with WF in different ways, and their combinations can be used to help maintain WF parameters and functional baking properties acceptable and suitable for healthful, high‐protein biscuits making.
White esophagus accompanying multiple circumferential duodenal erosions extending to upper jejunum
Authors: Kanzaki Akinori , Maeda Tetsuo , Otsuka Akihito , Ichihara Kikuo , Koyama Hidenori , Katayama Satoru , Nakamura Tadashi 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAlthough white esophagus is an extremely rare disease, careful diagnosis and intensive treatment are required because of a relationship with black esophagus. Further case accumulation including duodenal and jejunum lesion is needed.
Efficacy of lorlatinib treatment in ALK rearrangement lung cancer with severe symptomatic central nervous system metastases and poor performance status
Authors: Taketa Tomoyo , Nakamura Takahito 
Published: February 2021

AbstractLorlatinib treatment should be positively considered even for patients with ALK‐positive NSCLC with severe neurocognitive disturbance and poor performance status due to CNS metastases, including leptomeningeal carcinomatosis.
Transfer Hydrogenation of Flavanones and ortho‐Hydroxychalcones to 1,3‐Diarylpropanols Catalyzed by CNN Pincer Ruthenium Complexes
Authors: Soto Martín , Gotor‐Fernández Vicente , Rodríguez‐Solla Humberto , Baratta Walter 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe transfer hydrogenation of flavanones and ortho‐hydroxychalcones catalyzed by ruthenium pincer complexes RuCl(CNNPh)(disphosphine) has allowed the synthesis of ortho‐hydroxy 1,3‐diarypropanols in 80–88 % yield, under mild reaction conditions and short reaction times (1 h) in 2‐propanol. The amount of the co‐catalyst NaOiPr has been found crucial for the selective reduction of flavanones to ortho‐hydroxy 1,3‐diarypropanols vs. flavan‐4‐ols. Preliminary results show that with pincer catalysts bearing (S,R)‐Josiphos, flavanone is reduced to the corresponding (S)‐alcohol in moderate conversion (36 %) and up to 92 % ee.
Biological and Medical Applications of Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles
Authors: Sokolova Viktoriya , Epple Matthias 
Published: February 2021

AbstractCalcium phosphate nanoparticles have a high biocompatibility and biodegradability due to their chemical similarity to human hard tissue, for example, bone and teeth. They can be used as efficient carriers for different kinds of biomolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, peptides, antibodies, or drugs, which alone are not able to enter cells where their biological effect is required. They can be loaded with cargo molecules by incorporating them, unlike solid nanoparticles, and also by surface functionalization. This offers protection, for example, against nucleases, and the possibility for cell targeting. If such nanoparticles are functionalized with fluorescing dyes, they can be applied for imaging in vitro and in vivo. Synthesis, functionalization and cell uptake mechanisms of calcium phosphate nanoparticles are discussed together with applications in transfection, gene silencing, imaging, immunization, and bone substitution. Biodistribution data of calcium phosphate nanoparticles in vivo are reviewed.
Advances in Electrochemical Modification Strategies of 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural
Authors: Simoska Olja , Rhodes Zayn , Weliwatte Samali , Cabrera‐Pardo Jaime R. , Gaffney Erin M. , Lim Koun , Minteer Shelley D. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe development of electrochemical catalytic conversion of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) has recently gained attention as a potentially scalable approach for both oxidation and reduction processes yielding value‐added products. While the possibility of electrocatalytic HMF transformations has been demonstrated, this growing research area is in its initial stages. Additionally, its practical applications remain limited due to low catalytic activity and product selectivity. Understanding the catalytic processes and design of electrocatalysts are important in achieving a selective and complete conversion into the desired highly valuable products. In this Minireview, an overview of the most recent status, advances, and challenges of oxidation and reduction processes of HMF was provided. Discussion and summary of voltammetric studies and important reaction factors (e. g., catalyst type, electrode material) were included. Finally, biocatalysts (e. g., enzymes, whole cells) were introduced for HMF modification, and future opportunities to combine biocatalysts with electrochemical methods for the production of high‐value chemicals from HMF were discussed.
Effects of mangrove cover on coastal erosion during a hurricane in Texas, USA
Authors: Pennings Steven C. , Glazner Rachael M. , Hughes Zoe J. , Kominoski John S. , Armitage Anna R. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe tested the hypothesis that mangroves provide better coastal protection than salt marsh vegetation using 10 1,008‐m2 plots in which we manipulated mangrove cover from 0 to 100%. Hurricane Harvey passed over the plots in 2017. Data from erosion stakes indicated up to 26 cm of vertical and 970 cm of horizontal erosion over 70 months in the plot with 0% mangrove cover, but relatively little erosion in other plots. The hurricane did not increase erosion, and erosion decreased after the hurricane passed. Data from drone images indicated 196 m2 of erosion in the 0% mangrove plot, relatively little erosion in other plots, and little ongoing erosion after the hurricane. Transects through the plots indicated that the levee (near the front of the plot) and the bank (the front edge of the plot) retreated up to 9 m as a continuous function of decreasing mangrove cover. Soil strength was greater in areas vegetated with mangroves than in areas vegetated by marsh plants, or nonvegetated areas, and increased as a function of plot‐level mangrove cover. Mangroves prevented erosion better than marsh plants did, but this service was nonlinear, with low mangrove cover providing most of the benefits.