bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
LightBox: A multiwell plate illumination system for photoactive molecule characterization
Authors: Bounds A. D. , Bailey R. D. , Adams C. T. , Callaghan D.C. , Girkin J. M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMultiwell plates (MWPs) are the workhorses of the life sciences. However, biophotonics research with MWPs is limited, in part due to the lack of equipment suitable for photo‐irradiation of photoactive molecules in a MWP‐suitable, high‐throughput manner, either commercially or through open‐source MWP systems. Here we present “LightBox”, a calibrated controllable MWP illumination system with broad applications including screening of photoactive molecules and characterization of photocatalytic chemicals. LightBox is a high intensity, accurately controllable, uniform illumination system designed for MWPs with electronics and a control unit that provides a simple and intuitive interface. LightBox can reach intensities of 0.23 mW/mm2 at wavelengths of 405 nm with variance between well sites of <5%. The usefulness of LightBox is demonstrated by assessing the IC50 of a photosensitizing compound using a live/dead assay following simultaneous irradiation of the sample at a range of concentrations, eliminating uncontrolled variables between concentrations and drastically increasing assessment speed.
Effect of L‐thyroxine administration on long‐term potentiation and accompanying mitogen‐activated protein kinases in rats
Authors: Tan Burak , Babur Ercan , Aşçıoğlu Meral , Süer Cem 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe present study investigated the differences in the activation of c‐Jun NH2‐terminal kinases (JNK), p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinases (p38MAPK), and extracellular signal‐regulated kinases 1/2 (Erk1/2) 1 hr after the induction of long‐term potentiation (LTP) between rats with hyperthyroidism that was produced at two different stages of development. Hyperthyroidism was produced in rats by daily injections of L‐thyroxine (T4, ip., 0.2 mg/kg) to their dams for lactation period or to the rats itself during the young adult period. LTP was induced by application of high‐frequency stimulation protocol. Five‐min averages of the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) slopes and population spike (PS) amplitudes at the end of recording were averaged to measure the magnitude of LTP. Total and phosphorylated levels of Erk1/2, JNK, and P38‐MAPK were assessed via western blotting in these hippocampi. LTP was found to be impaired in both groups of hyperthyroidisms, but this impairment observed together with increased expression and phosphorylation of ERK1/2, and increased phosphorylation of JNK in rats treated maternally with T4 compared to those treated adultly. These results suggest that excessiveness of thyroid hormone has longstanding effects on hippocampal function and may account for failed LTP in both early and relatively late stage of development depending on various molecular pathways, such as ERK1/2 and JNK.
Expansion of drylands in China with an additional half a degree warming
Authors: Yang Qing , Chen Liang , Duan Yawen , Jian Dongnan , Ma Zhuguo 
Published: February 2021

AbstractTo contribute a more ambitious target of Paris Agreement, that is, limiting global warming to 1.5°C instead of 2.0°C above preindustrial levels, it is essential to quantitatively reveal regional impacts of an additional 0.5°C warming to inform climate policymaking. Based on bias‐corrected simulations of four models from the half a degree additional warming, prognosis and projected impacts (HAPPI), we examine how dry–wet condition may change in China at 1.5 and 2.0°C warming levels, focusing on the projected changes in the area of drylands. Results showed that China is projected to be dominated by a decrease Surface Wetness Index (SWI), due to a larger increase in potential evapotranspiration (PET) than precipitation, implying a drying signal, in both 1.5 and 2.0°C warming levels against a present‐day scenario. Correspondingly, an expansion of drylands is expected, the larger expansion with the higher warming level, with changes approximately 0.77 ± 2.02% in 1.5°C level, and 2.29 ± 2.69% in 2.0°C level, although there exists considerable intermodel variability. For an additional warming of 0.5°C, there is high confidence of the projected decrease of SWI and expansion of drylands, approximately 1.52 ± 0.77%. That is to say, limiting global warming to 1.5°C is suggested to robustly reduce the likelihood of emerging aridification compared to 2°C, and China might obtain considerable benefits in term of socio‐economic impacts related to the reduction of aridification. Thus, it is necessary for continued efforts to limit global warming to 1.5°C.
Assessment of GCMs simulation performance for precipitation and temperature from CMIP5 to CMIP6 over the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Lun Yurui , Liu Liu , Cheng Lei , Li Xiuping , Li Hao , Xu Zongxue 
Published: February 2021

AbstractGeneral circulation models (GCMs) are indispensable for climate change adaptive study over the Tibetan Plateau (TP), which is the potential trigger and amplifier in global climate fluctuations. With the release of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6), 24 GCMs from CMIP5 and CMIP6 were comparatively evaluated for precipitation and air temperature simulations based on the China Meteorological Forcing Dataset (CMFD). Rank score results showed that CMIP6 models generally performed better than CMIP5 for precipitation and surface air temperature over the TP. According to multimodel ensembles (MMEs) of the optimal GCMs for each climate variable, the overestimation of precipitation was both present in CMIP5 and CMIP6, but the results of CMIP6 MMEs were relatively lower in the mid‐west and northern edge of the TP. Furthermore, CMIP6 offered a better performance of precipitation in summer and autumn. For temperature, CMIP6 MMEs were able to reduce the relatively large cold bias that appeared in CMIP5 MMEs in northwest areas to about 1°C and had a smaller bias in spring and winter. Moreover, the investigation into the simulation effects of precipitation at different elevation zones demonstrated that the improved ability of CMIP6 MMEs to reduce bias was mainly concentrated in the elevation zones of 2,000–3,000 m and over 5,000 m, where the precipitation bias was more than 200%. Additionally, CMIP6 MMEs of temperature were able to reduce the bias to less than 2°C in each elevation zone, with the minimum bias of −0.22°C distributed in the region with altitudes from 3,000 to 4,000 m, while the biases of CMIP5 MMEs in the region of 4,000–5,000 m and over 5,000 m were smaller than those of CMIP6 MMEs. Findings obtained in this study could provide a scientific reference for related climate change research over the TP. GCMs of CMIP6 perform better than those of CMIP5 for precipitation and temperature over the TP. Multimodel ensembles (MMEs) of CMIP6 effectively reduce the overestimation of precipitation from CMIP5 MMEs by 40 mm at the annual scale. Improved ability of CMIP6 MMEs shows a significant elevation dependency, especially in elevation zones of 2,000–3,000 m and over 5,000 m for precipitation.
MeRef: Multivariable extrapolated reference values in motor nerve conduction studies
Authors: Nandedkar Sanjeev D. , Stålberg Erik V. , Barkhaus Paul E. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIntroductionIn this study we describe a method called “multivariable extrapolated reference values” (MeRef) that derives reference values (RVs) using patient data and includes the dependence of these variables on multiple patient demographic variables, such as age and height.MethodsComputer simulations were used to generate “normal” and “patient” nerve conduction data. Median, ulnar, and tibial motor nerve conduction data from 500 patients studied were tabulated. Data were analyzed using the MeRef method.ResultsThe simulations showed great similarity between RVs obtained from MeRef of “patient” data and traditional analysis of “normal” data. In the real patient data, MeRef gave RVs as regression equations based on patient age and/or height.DiscussionMeRef can provide RVs by including patient demographic data and does not require subject grouping. It provides parameters of multivariable linear regression and standard deviation, and requires a few hundred patient studies to define reference values.
Abundance, Movement, Population Dynamics, and Management Implications of Channel Catfish in a Mid-Atlantic River
Authors: Keplinger Brandon J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Riverine Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus are largely unregulated in West Virginia, while recreational angling interest for the species is emerging. This study focuses on hoop-net assessments of the species’ size structure and abundance across a longitudinal continuum of the fifth-order, low- to moderate-gradient South Branch of the Potomac River (SBR). Population growth, annual mortality, angler exploitation, and angler-reported movement were also assessed. Five pools were sampled during June–September in 2012–2017. Channel Catfish were measured for TL, fin-clipped, and tagged with a T-bar anchor tag. Lapillar otoliths were collected during September samples for growth analyses. Multiple-census models and CPUE data were employed to estimate abundance. Channel Catfish CPUE and size structure increased downstream, and sexually dimorphic growth was documented. The oldest fish aged was a 19-year-old female. Annual mortality rate was estimated at 19.1%. Angler return data indicated that 36% of fish reported by anglers were harvested, but only 6% of tags were returned. Angler exploitation was estimated at 2.3%. Channel Catfish in the SBR were highly mobile. Two fish were captured by anglers 188 km downstream of their tagging location, and an upstream movement of 97 km was detected by hoop-net recapture between sites. Dynamic function estimates for this population do not indicate a need for regulatory management. However, population modeling could be useful to determine when angling impacts on density or size structure may develop.
Investigating the folding mechanism of the N‐terminal domain of ribosomal protein L9
Authors: Zhang Haozhe , Zhang Haomiao , Chen Changjun 
Published: February 2021

AbstractProtein folding is a popular topic in the life science. However, due to the limited sampling ability of experiments and simulations, the general folding mechanism is not yet clear to us. In this work, we study the folding of the N‐terminal domain of ribosomal protein L9 (NTL9) in detail by a mixing replica exchange molecular dynamics method. The simulation results are close to previous experimental observations. According to the Markov state model, the folding of the protein follows a nucleation‐condensation path. Moreover, after the comparison to its 39‐residue β‐α‐β motif, we find that the helix at the C‐terminal has a great influence on the folding process of the intact protein, including the nucleation of the key residues in the transition state ensemble and the packing of the hydrophobic residues in the native state.
Humans Judged by Machines: The Rise of Artificial Intelligence in Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate
Authors: Pasquale Frank 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThere are opportunities but also worrisome trends as AI is applied in finance, insurance, and real estate. In these domains, persons are increasingly assessed and judged by machines. The financial technology (Fintech) landscape ranges from automation of office procedures, to new approaches for storing and transferring value, to the granting of credit. The Fintech landscape can be separated into “incrementalist Fintech” and “futurist Fintech.” Incrementalist Fintech uses data, algorithms, and software to complement professionals who perform traditional tasks of existing financial institutions. It promises financial inclusion, but this inclusion can be predatory, creepy, and subordinating. These forms of financial inclusion undermine their solvency, dignity, and political power of borrowers. Futurist Fintech’s promoters claim to be more equitable, but are likely to falter in their aspiration to substitute technology for key financial institutions. When used to circumvent or co-opt state monetary authorities, both incrementalist and futurist Fintech expose deep problems at the core of the contemporary digitization of finance.
Human–Robot Interactions and Affective Computing: The Ethical Implications
Authors: Devillers Laurence 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe field of social robotics is fast developing and will have wide implications especially within health care, where much progress has been made towards the development of “companion robots.” Such robots provide therapeutic or monitoring assistance to patients with a range of disabilities over a long timeframe. Preliminary results show that such robots may be particularly beneficial for use with individuals who suffer from neurodegenerative pathologies. Treatment can be accorded around the clock and with a level of patience rarely found among human healthcare workers. Several elements are requisite for the effective deployment of companion robots. They must be able to detect human emotions and in turn mimic human emotional reactions as well as having an outward appearance that corresponds to human expectations about their caregiving role. This chapter presents laboratory findings on AI-systems that enable robots to recognize specific emotions and to adapt their behavior accordingly. Emotional perception by humans (how language and gestures are interpreted by us to grasp the emotional states of others) is being studied as a guide to programming robots so they can simulate emotions in their interactions with humans.
Could a Robot Be Conscious? Some Lessons from Philosophy
Authors: Gabriel Markus 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn this chapter, the question whether robots could be conscious is evaluated from a philosophical perspective. The position taken is that the human being is the indispensable locus of ethical discovery. Questions concerning what we ought to do as morally equipped agents subject to normative guidance largely depend on our synchronically and diachronically varying answers to the question of “who we are.” It is argued here, that robots are not conscious and could not be conscious, where consciousness is understood as a systemic feature of the animal-environment relationship. It is suggested, that ethical reflection yields the result that we ought not to produce cerebral organoids implanted in a robotic “body.”
Robotics and AI in Food Security and Innovation: Why They Matter and How to Harness Their Power
Authors: Torero Maximo 
Published: February 2021

AbstractFrom strawberry-picking robots to satellite remote sensing and GIS techniques that forecast crop yields, the integration of robotics and AI in agriculture will play a key role in sustainably meeting the growing food demand of the future. But it also carries the risk of alienating a certain population, such as smallholder farmers and rural households, as digital technologies tend to be biased toward those with higher-level skills. To ensure that digital technologies are inclusive and become a driver for development, countries should make technology affordable and invest in institutions and human capital, so that everyone can participate in the new digital economy. Digital agriculture also represents an opportunity for young people as agriculture value chains can be developed to create new service jobs in rural areas, making agriculture an attractive sector for youth.
Robotics in the Classroom: Hopes or Threats?
Authors: Léna Pierre 
Published: February 2021

AbstractArtificial intelligence implemented in a great diversity of systems, such as smartphones, computers, or robots, is progressively invading almost all aspects of life. Education is already concerned by this revolution, as are medicine or care for elderly people. Education is indeed a special case, because it is fundamentally based on the relationship, involving love and emotions as well as knowledge, between a fragile child and an adult. But teachers are becoming rare and education expensive: The Earth demography is here an economical challenge. We examine some of the various modalities of teacher substitution, companionship or computer-resources which are already experimented, and discuss their ethical aspects. We conclude on the positive aspects of computer-aided education, which does not substitute the teacher, but may help and provide continued professional development.
Skyrmion interactions and lattices in chiral magnets: analytical results
Authors: Ross Calum , Sakai Norisuke , Nitta Muneto 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe study two-body interactions of magnetic skyrmions on the plane and apply them to a (mostly) analytic description of a skyrmion lattice. This is done in the context of the solvable line, a particular choice of a potential for magnetic anisotropy and Zeeman terms, where analytic expressions for skyrmions are available. The energy of these analytic single skyrmion solutions is found to become negative below a critical point, where the ferromagnetic state is no longer the lowest energy state. This critical value is determined exactly without the ambiguities of numerical simulations. Along the solvable line the interaction energy for a pair of skyrmions is repulsive with power law fall off in contrast to the exponential decay of a purely Zeeman potential term. Using the interaction energy expressions we construct an inhomogeneous skyrmion lattice state, which is a candidate ground states for the model in particular parameter regions. Finally we estimate the transition between the skyrmion lattice and an inhomogeneous spiral state.
Entanglement entropy for $$ \mathrm{T}\overline{\mathrm{T}} $$, $$ \mathrm{J}\overline{\mathrm{T}} $$, $$ \mathrm{T}\overline{\mathrm{J}} $$ deformed holographic CFT
Authors: Chakraborty Soumangsu , Hashimoto Akikazu 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
We derive the geodesic equation for determining the Ryu-Takayanagi surface in AdS3 deformed by single trace $$ \mu T\overline{T} $$
μT

T
¯

+ $$ {\varepsilon}_{+}J\overline{T} $$

ε
+

J

T
¯

+ $$ {\varepsilon}_{-}T\overline{J} $$

ε
−

T

J
¯

deformation for generic values of (μ, ε+, ε−) for which the background is free of singularities. For generic values of ε±, Lorentz invariance is broken, and the Ryu-Takayanagi surface embeds non-trivially in time as well as spatial coordinates. We solve the geodesic equation and characterize the UV and IR behavior of the entanglement entropy and the Casini-Huerta c-function. We comment on various features of these observables in the (μ, ε+, ε−) parameter space. We discuss the matching at leading order in small (μ, ε+, ε−) expansion of the entanglement entropy between the single trace deformed holographic system and a class of double trace deformed theories where a strictly field theoretic analysis is possible. We also comment on expectation value of a large rectangular Wilson loop-like observable.
Loop effect in the coherent neutrino-nucleus scattering
Authors: Li Tong , Liao Jiajun 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A connection between the neutrino and an exotic fermion is described in the general neutrino model. In this model the neutrinos can convert into the new fermion and thus the interaction leads to novel recoil spectrum in the neutrino scattering experiments. We study the general neutrino interaction by evaluating both the tree-level and loop-level contributions to the coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering. We illustrate the scattering by taking the framework of a simplified neutrino model with a Dirac fermion χ and a spin-0 mediator. For the CP phase in the quark sector being 0 and π/2, the detection processes are dominated by the tree-level and loop-level contribution, respectively. We investigate the constraints on the couplings between the mediator and the new particle χ or the quarks by fitting to the COHERENT data. The parameter space with mχ larger than the maximal energy of incoming neutrinos can be also constrained by including the loop-level contribution.
DK I = 0, $$ D\overline{K} $$ I = 0, 1 scattering and the $$ {D}_{s0}^{\ast } $$(2317) from lattice QCD
Authors:   for the Hadron Spectrum Collaboration, Cheung Gavin K. C. , Thomas Christopher E. , Wilson David J. , Moir Graham , Peardon Michael , Ryan Sinéad M. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Elastic scattering amplitudes for I = 0 DK and I = 0, 1 $$ D\overline{K} $$
D

K
¯

are computed in S, P and D partial waves using lattice QCD with light-quark masses corresponding to mπ = 239 MeV and mπ = 391 MeV. The S-waves contain interesting features including a near-threshold JP = 0+ bound state in I = 0 DK, corresponding to the $$ {D}_{s0}^{\ast } $$

D

s
0

∗

(2317), with an effect that is clearly visible above threshold, and suggestions of a 0+ virtual bound state in I = 0 $$ D\overline{K} $$
D

K
¯

. The S-wave I = 1 $$ D\overline{K} $$
D

K
¯

amplitude is found to be weakly repulsive. The computed finite-volume spectra also contain a deeply-bound D* vector resonance, but negligibly small P -wave DK interactions are observed in the energy region considered; the P and D-wave $$ D\overline{K} $$
D

K
¯

amplitudes are also small. There is some evidence of 1+ and 2+ resonances in I = 0 DK at higher energies.
Therapie des nicht-fernmetastasierten CRPC
Authors: Hadaschik Boris , Hellmis Eva 
Published: February 2021

ZusammenfassungBei Patienten mit nicht-fernmetastasiertem kastrationsresistentem Prostatakarzinom (nmCRPC oder M0CRPC) und hohem Progressionsrisiko (definiert als PSA-Verdopplungszeit ≤ 10 Monate) stellen selektive Androgenrezeptorinhibitoren (ARI) der neuen Generation in Kombination mit fortgeführter Androgendeprivationstherapie (ADT) den neuen Therapiestandard dar. Zugelassen sind derzeit Apalutamid, Enzalutamid und Darolutamid, die im Vorfeld bereits in den jeweiligen großen Phase-III-Zulassungsstudien SPARTAN, PROSPER und ARAMIS ihren primären Endpunkt metastasenfreies Überleben (MFS) erreicht hatten und jetzt nach längerer Nachbeobachtungszeit auch einen statistisch signifikanten und klinisch relevanten Gesamtüberlebensvorteil gegenüber Placebo plus ADT zeigen konnten. Die bisherige Datenlage weist auf eine vergleichbar gute Effektivität aller drei Substanzen bei insgesamt guter Verträglichkeit hin. Auch die generell gute Lebensqualität dieser Patientenpopulation, die in der Regel noch keine tumorbedingten Symptome aufweist, konnte erhalten werden. Direkt vergleichende Head-to-head-Studien der drei zugelassenen Substanzen liegen bislang nicht vor.