bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mind-Body Interaction in Sport Psychophysiology
Authors: Bertollo Maurizio , Berchicci Marika , di Fronso Selenia 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the state of the art on the psychophysiological mechanisms underpinning mind-body interaction in sport, highlighting the unknown on the brain-heart relationship by means of five major questions. Specifically, the answer to the first methodological question provides basic information on the measures used in sport psychophysiology to quantify brain and heart activities, including their relationship. The following theoretical questions focus on the psychophysiological states underpinning performance optimization (i.e., arousal, emotions, cognitive processing) and on the psychophysiology of interoception and neuromuscular fatigue. Finally, the applied questions would suggest interventions integrating brain-heart and neuro-visceral-cognitive measurements to optimize performance. Overall, sport psychophysiology allows developing new training to achieve peak performance, based on the deep understanding of the underneath processing. Within this framework, available data suggest that the strong bidirectional communication between brain and heart modulates optimal performance.
Athlete Leadership
Authors: Loughead Todd M. , Munroe-Chandler Krista J. , Boisvert, and Katherine E. Hirsch Matthieu M. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the emerging area of athlete leadership. The chapter examines the theories, methodologies, and interventions that have been used to study athlete leadership. Athlete leadership is defined as an athlete who occupies a formal or informal leadership role within the team and influences team members to achieve a common goal. When leadership is viewed from this perspective, all athletes have the opportunity to engage and provide leadership to their teammates. Researchers have applied various theories to understand and explain athlete leadership. At present, there is no gold-standard measure of athlete leadership behaviors that has been specifically developed to examine this construct. Further, there are only a handful of published articles that report on the development of athlete leadership. Consequently, the goal of this chapter is to highlight the opportunities that exist in the area of athlete leadership from theoretical, methodological, and applied perspectives.
Exercise and Aging
Authors: Audiffren Michel , André Nathalie 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the bidirectional relationship between chronic exercise and cognitive health in the elderly. Five major questions that need to be addressed during the next decade are identified. The first question concerns the real contribution of several plausible mechanisms to the positive effect of chronic exercise on cognitive aging. The second question examines the moderating effect of the individual and exercise on the size of the positive effect of chronic exercise on cognitive aging. The third question concerns the weak predictive power of health models of behavioral change in older adults and the need to propose a new model. The fourth question discusses the necessity to better identify the cognitive functions playing a crucial role in the behavior change process in the elderly and develop exercise programs that solicit these functions. The fifth question concerns the test of the complete virtuous circle between exercise and cognition.
Youth Sport
Authors: Gould Daniel , Mignano Michael 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Exemplary sport psychological studies on youth sports are highlighted in an effort to demonstrate the state of the art relative to conducting youth sport psychological research. Five key questions for moving the field forward are then discussed. These include (a) How can the professionalization of youth sports be curbed? (b) Does youth sport participation influence long-term physical activity and health-enhancing behaviors of participants? (c) Does youth sport participation influence the mental health of children and youth? (d) What does effective coaching look like for children of different ages and in different sport contexts? and (e) When, under what conditions, and how are life skills developed in youth sports and do these life skills transfer beyond sport? In addition to delineating each of these questions, the rationale for why each is important to address is conveyed as well as recommendations for the best ways to address the question moving forward.
Fatigue, Overtraining, and Burnout
Authors: Eklund Robert C , DeFreese J. D. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter overviews fatigue, overtraining, and burnout from multiple theoretical perspectives with an emphasis on historical, contemporary, and future milestones/directions. Two theory-based questions are (a) Is there a theoretical conceptualization that characterizes and differentiates fatigue, overtraining, and burnout? and (b) Does recovery science represent a useful conceptual model to guide the next decade of topical research? One methodology-driven question is (c) What prospective research designs represent a scientifically efficacious and ethical way to investigate the development of fatigue, overtraining, and burnout concomitantly in athletes? Two applied intervention-related questions are (d) What interventions are best suited to prevent maladaptive responses to the sport experience including (unrelenting) fatigue, overtraining syndrome, and athlete burnout? and (e) How will novel theory-based intervention strategies be effectively evaluated to ensure their efficacy, safety, and effectiveness in athlete populations? Overall, this chapter presents a roadmap for future work in these areas.
Moral Behavior and Doping
Authors: Barkoukis Vassilis , Elbe Anne-Marie 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the moral issues related to doping behavior, posing key questions that may guide future research. Questions raised pertain to whether doping is an immoral behavior or an ethical issue as well as to theory development to effectively understand the link between moral factors and doping behavior. A third question investigates the role of the athlete’s entourage in defining the moral atmosphere and ethical climate that can be associated with the decision to dope. In addition, an important question is how best to measure doping attitudes, susceptibility, prevalence, and related moral factors. The answer to this question would improve the measurement tools used in morality-related doping research. In terms of practical implications, an important question involves the effectiveness, content, delivery mode, and target groups of moral-based interventions for doping prevention.
Ethics
Authors: Watson II Jack C. , Harris Brandonn S. , Byrd Megan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The study of ethics in sport, exercise, and performance psychology (SEPP) has traditionally focused upon the provision of practical suggestions to help practitioners avoid ethical issues. These suggestions stem from reviews of SEPP ethical standards that have been derived from the parent field of psychology. This area of study has been primarily nonempirically based. Therefore, the primary suggestion of this chapter is for the development of a more empirically based study of ethics. There is a need to empirically understand the structural issues that are commonly associated with ethical concerns, the common ethical beliefs and behaviors of practitioners, and the methods used by practitioners to make ethical decisions. The authors propose research questions to be of vital importance to the study of ethics in SEPP.
Epilogue
Authors: Kwan SanSan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The epilogue returns to a reflection upon the ethics and politics of interculturalism. At the moment of the book’s final drafting, in late 2020, we confront old/new examples of racism and xenophobia, overlaid by a deadly global pandemic. Writing on the morning of the November 4, 2020 US presidential election, the author considers the fractious contemporary moment and the disappointments of a less than definitive denunciation of Donald Trump. In the face of this, the author wonders whether intercultural duets can really overcome such intense divisiveness. At the same time, she argues, the rapid transmissibility of Covid-19 should be further demonstration of the importance of collective responsibility, and the suffering caused by lockdowns should further remind us of the vital importance of intercorporeal togetherness. Finally, the author returns to her personal experience with loss to underscore the interlacing themes of the book: love and mourning, difference and empathy. If the wages of dying is love, she argues, then by all means, let’s dance.
Subjective Perceptions of Cognitive Costs
Authors: Hess Thomas M. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Engagement in demanding cognitive activities is associated with brain health, maintained levels of ability, and reduced probability of dementia. Given these important consequences, a critical issue concerns identifying those factors that affect the probability of older adults engaging in such beneficial activities. Selective engagement theory argues that aging-related normative increases in the costs of expending cognitive resources negatively impact the motivation to engage in demanding activities. Given that costs are at the heart of this perspective, it is imperative to understand their nature. This chapter considers both the objective (e.g., energy expenditure) and subjective (e.g., perceptions of task demands) aspects of costs, with a more detailed focus on the latter. Of particular interest is the impact of aging attitudes and stereotypes, and the extent to which their modification can positively impact perceived costs and, subsequently, the motivation to engage in cognitively stimulating and beneficial activities.
Cognitive Plasticity Induced in Older Adults by Cognitive Training, Physical Exercise, and Combined Interventions
Authors: Ballesteros Soledad 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Verbal abilities, general knowledge, and implicit memory are maintained with age, but processing speed, working memory, and episodic memory that depend on the prefrontal cortex and the medial temporal lobe, including the hippocampus, are not. The failure of these abilities compromises independent living and a prolonged working life. However, functional brain reorganization and compensatory mechanisms allow older adults to maintain successful task performance. Physical exercise and cognitive training have potential for preventing cognitive decline. The question is whether the combination of both trainings produces synergetic effects. This chapter summarizes the study protocol of an ongoing multidomain versus single-domain randomized controlled trial aimed at investigating the short- and long-term effects of combining cognitive video game training with physical exercise, compared to cognitive training and physical training alone, on executive control and memory in older adults, two abilities that decline with aging, in comparison with the performance of an active-control group.
Islam, Modernity, and the Question of Religious Heterodoxy
Authors: Saeed Sadia 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter undertakes a comparative and historical inquiry to address the role of sharia in shaping concrete state responses toward managing “heterodox” religious communities across time and space. The aim of this inquiry is, first, to undertake a critique of civilizational analyses that seek to capture supposedly essential features of Muslim societies, and second, to underscore the marginal role of sharia in adjudicating issues related to religious heterodoxy in both early modern empires and modern Muslim states. It analyzes, first, how Muslim rulers in two early modern Muslim empires, Safavid Iran and Mughal India, dealt with the same heterodox group, the Nuqtavi Sufi order. Next, it focuses on how two contemporary Muslim-majority states that emerged from these empires, Iran and Pakistan, have sought to regulate and discipline “heretical” groups in their midst—Baha’is in Iran and the Ahmadiyya in Pakistan. The analysis opens space for formulating alternative accounts of transitions to modernity that are not beholden to teleological Eurocentric notions that normalize notions of unredeemable and non-usable pasts and always-already open and progressive futures.
Conflict, Secularism, and Toleration
Authors: Mehta Uday S. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter is organized around a contrast between two views relating to religious diversity and toleration and the differing logics implicit in them. The first is that of M. K. Gandhi, in which religious diversity and toleration was taken to be a given feature of the fluid historical, social, and normative texture of India. It therefore did not take toleration as requiring a special intervention. In contrast, the second takes diversity as given, which necessarily tends toward conflict, and hence toward anarchy and ultimately death. The first takes religious identities and diversity as given; the second is reliant on the functioning of the state, because it has to mediate between the contending claims of identity.
The Limits of Pluralism
Authors: John Mathew 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Religious freedom as understood in Indian constitutional practice is explicitly defined in terms of the power that the state will exercise over religion. In itself this is not an exceptional exercise of state power even in secular liberal democracies, as it is the state that ultimately draws and polices the line between religion and the state. However, in the Indian case it will be argued that defining religious freedom through essential practices violates social intuitions about religiosity and religious pluralism even as it might be motivated by entirely legitimate aims, such as upending practices like untouchability. Making explicit this hypothesis, the chapter will also argue that “essential practice” plays an important role in structuring India’s constitutional compact and makes unavailable many of the structures of everyday life that make pluralism viable.
Drawing the Line
Authors: Matthes Erich Hatala 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
What should we do, think, and feel when artists whom we love do terrible things? Recent years have been punctuated by revelations and reminders that popular artists (musicians, directors, actors, comedians, painters) have committed a range of morally condemnable acts. How should we respond to the immorality of great artists? Does it affect the aesthetic quality of the work these artists have produced? Is it morally permissible for us to engage with or enjoy that work? Should such work even be available for consumption, or should it be “canceled”? In short, can we separate the art from the artist? Drawing the Line argues that it doesn’t matter whether we can separate the art from the artist, because we shouldn’t. Taking both art and morality seriously requires grappling with them together. Recognizing the moral and aesthetic relationships between art and artist is essential to determining when and where we should draw the line when good artists do bad things.
Reforming the Art World
Authors: Matthes Erich Hatala 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In recent years, there have been increasing calls, fueled by social media, to boycott or remove the work of artists who act immorally, and to shun those who continue to engage with their work. After first characterizing the features of this “cancel culture” with respect to the arts, the chapter argues that efforts to erase particular artists from public life, while often understandable, can be counterproductive. The problem is that the unstructured public does not generally offer a reliable mechanism for accountability, so even when cancel culture gets it right, it doesn’t help to change or build institutions that offer the kind of accountability that would help to prevent future abuses. The chapter argues instead that efforts to confront the moral problems of the art world are best pursued through the reform of art world institutions (e.g., museums, media companies, publishing houses, etc.).
Problems of False Consciousness
Authors: Kitcher Philip 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The second chapter takes up the harder case of false consciousness. It first attempts to show how the more limited methodology of its predecessor relates both to the three historical examples and to the long sweep of human ethical practice. Drawing on an account of the evolution of moral life (presented in The Ethical Project), it argues for the primacy of practices to address moral issues (to provide patterns for conduct). Ethical life emerges only when there are alternative ways for people to live, when the question “How to live?” acquires a significance. Ideals of the self provide answers to that question. False consciousness (in one important sense) arises when such ideals are denied to some groups of people.
Progress, Regress, and Power
Authors: Neiman Susan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
While admiring Philip Kitcher’s commitment to setting out an account of moral progress, I fear his approach is too cognitive, best suited for those already committed to honest moral inquiry. Kitcher argues that moral progress is made as knowledge progresses and stereotypes about, for instance, Africans, women, and gay people begin to crumble. But we also need an account of how those who are committed to oppressive power structures suppress—both deliberately and unconsciously—and knowledge of the humanity of those who are oppressed.
Progress as the Dynamics of Crisis
Authors: Jaeggi Rahel 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
While deeply sympathetic to the idea of progress as a problem-solving and nonteleological process, this commentary takes issue with the slightly harmonistic and cognitivistic character of the process. What seems to get insufficient consideration in Philip Kitcher’s approach are the power-driven structural and functional obstacles to progress. Moral progress in terms of problem-solving, then, is not an innocent attempt to move from ignorance to knowledge and take over the other’s perspective. Rather, moral progress depends on a broader social context and is triggered by the manifold dynamics of social change; it is brought about by social struggles that react to more or less deeply seated structural contradictions, dysfunctionalities, and crises of the respective social order.
The Fight for Climate after COVID-19
Authors: Hill Alice C. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The catastrophic risks of pandemics and climate change carry deep uncertainty as to when they will occur, how they will unfold, and how much damage they will do. The most important question is how these risks can be faced to minimize them most. This book draws on the troubled and uneven COVID-19 experience to illustrate the critical need to ramp up resilience rapidly and effectively on a global scale. It exposes parallels between the underutilized measures that governments should have taken to contain the spread of COVID-19—such as early action, cross-border planning, and bolstering emergency preparation—and the steps leaders can take now to mitigate the impacts of climate change. Through practical analyses of current policy and thoughtful guidance for successful climate adaptation, the book reveals that, just as society has transformed itself to meet the challenge of coronavirus, so too will the thinking and policies need to be adapted to combat the ever-increasing threat of climate change.
Plan Across Borders
Authors: Hill Alice C. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks at promising regional cooperation efforts to de-escalate tensions heightened by climate change. Tackling problems like pandemics or climate change within the framework of traditional jurisdictional boundaries means that policymakers continue to treat these challenges like matters of domestic or local concern, rather than the transboundary threats that they are. Breaking down these barriers requires deep focus on cross-border solutions. For example, the climate change problem of “too little and too much water” demands transboundary consideration of evolving conditions in river basins and ocean fisheries. Risk reduction efforts that stretch across regions also offer good avenues for building disaster preparedness, including stockpiling, creating insurance risk pools, setting up systems for regional climate forecasting and early warning, and re-energizing multilateralism. Likewise, the most urgent transborder challenge of all, climate-induced migration, calls for ever greater global cooperation—not less.
Conclusion
Authors: Hill Alice C. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This concluding chapter explains that even if the world's nations succeed in pulling the hand brake on carbon emissions, we can no longer afford to ignore the climate change impacts already pummeling the planet. Increasingly, the academic literature has called for “transformational change” to solve the climate crisis. To address the fundamental challenge of preparing for climate change, namely that the past is no longer a safe guide for the future, governments, in collaboration with affected stakeholders, should assist communities, businesses, and households in planning for a world where physical impacts will rapidly intensify. This requires developing climate-resilient building codes and standards, crafting land-use policies that remove people from harm's way, and prioritizing nature-based solutions, such as mangrove forests and salt marshes to buffer sea-level rise. These decisions lie at the heart of adaptation.
Introduction
Authors: Carlson Matt , Robinson Sue , Lewis Seth C. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This introductory chapter begins by calling for a decentering of journalism in favor of a broader view of the complex political communication environment that has accompanied the proliferation of digital media channels. In this environment, journalism is engaged with other social actors in a struggle for the right to provide truthful accounts. At issue is the very relevance of journalism as an epistemic authority. These shifts in the media culture are not a passing moment but rather a confluence of enduring factors that need to be confronted. This informational context can be understood by examining how anti-institutional movements, such as populism, rely on denigrating journalism. This chapter argues that journalism theory and practice benefit from this broader contextual view. It ends by providing an outline of the book.
The Trump Campaign
Authors: Carlson Matt , Robinson Sue , Lewis Seth C. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines how the institutional trappings of political journalism allowed Trump to benefit from out-of-proportion coverage, particularly in the primary stages of the 2016 presidential contest. As the campaign progressed, press-bashing became a political performance that was an indelible part of Trump’s electoral success. Trump turned to political rallies and social media to communicate directly to voters, outside of journalist-controlled channels. In these ways, Trump makes clear how a confluence of long-simmering cultural factors comes to demand newfound attention to the symbolic decentralization of journalism in contemporary life. More broadly, his success lays bare discontinuities among institutions, communities, and citizens; challenges of ubiquitous polarization; and growing animosity for any “other”—all of which lead to questions about the relevance of mainstream journalism.