bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
European approaches to «trade dress» protection and the possibility of their implementation in Ukraine
Authors: Hetsko V.V. 
Published: August 2021

ir implementation in Ukraine. The concept of «trade dress» and such terms as «registered design», «brand im-age» («brand image»), «advertising campaign concept» («ad campaign concept») were analyzed. It is substantiated that the concept of «trade dress» is the broadest in meaning.It is established that the commercial design covers the unique shape of the product, color and decorative ele-ments, ie in the case of proving its originality, you can protect the commercial design on the basis of trademark law. The comparison of protection on the basis of a trademark and «trade dress» is made. Examples of trade dress protection in the food industry, pharmaceutical and automotive industries have been studied.The differences between trade dress and design patent are analyzed. It is established that the difference be-tween a design patent and a trade dress is that in order to obtain a patent, the design must be new and in no case a variant of the existing one. In addition, a comparative analysis of the concepts of «trade dress» and industrial design.
It was found that in the EU countries increasingly use the category of «trade dress» in resolving disputes, even though such a concept is not inherent in the countries of the continental legal system, including Austria, Germany, France and others.It is substantiated that the concept of «trade dress» should be understood as a commercial image of the product (or service), which allows to distinguish the manufacturer of the product (or service provider) and includes various elements (including design, shape, materials, colors, etc.) that distinguish goods or services. It is argued that in the process of recoding the Central Committee of Ukraine it is important to improve the institutions of intellectual prop-erty law, so that the protection of producers of goods in line with modern trends and European approaches. That is why it is necessary to include the concept of «trade dress» in the draft of the new Civil Code of Ukraine.
Liberal-democratic values of the Polish Сonstitution of 1921
Authors: Protosavitska L.S. 
Published: August 2021

Examining the liberal-democratic values ​​of the Polish Сonstitution of 1921, the author clarified the conditions under which the Polish state was formed in 1918. In general, the paper examines all sections of the constitution of March 17, 1921, carried out an article-by-article analysis of the basic law of the Polish state.
Polish statehood was restored as a result of geopolitical changes following the First World War, including the victory of the Entente. Based on the guarantees contained in Woodrow Wilson's program, the Poles restored the Polish state.
The Polish state in the postwar period faced a large number of political, social, economic and psychological problems that stood in the way of land integration and overcoming the gap with Western European states.
It was found that the Constitution of March 17, 1921, in contrast to previous constitutional acts, established a clear division of power into legislative, executive and judicial, proclaimed the rights and freedoms of citizens. The Constitution stated that the supreme power in the republic belongs to the people. Both houses of parliament - the Seimas and the Senate - were not equal under the 1921 Constitution. Constitutional powers enabled parliament to revise and amend the constitution.
It is noted that the executive power belonged to the President together with the relevant ministers. As for the judiciary, it belonged to independent courts. The constitution guaranteed broad rights to its citizens, as well as clearly defining the range of responsibilities that everyone had to perform properly.
Thus, on the basis of the analysis conducted by the author, it was found that the Polish state adopted the model of the democratic system of France, and in terms of legislative activity also Weimar Germany. The Constitution of Poland incorporates such values ​​as citizenship and responsibility of the citizen, constitutionalism, freedom of speech, human dignity, honor and tolerance, freedom of conscience and justice, social order and equality.
Biological Effects of a Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Field on Yeast Cells of the Genus Saccharomyces Cerevisiae
Authors: Sladicekova K , Bereta M , Misek J , Parizek D , Jakus J 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background: Although the scientific community is extensively concerned with the effects of the EMF, the unambiguous explanation of its effects on living structures is still lacking.
Goals: The goal of the study was to evaluate the effect of a low-frequency (LF) electromagnetic field (EMF) on the growth and multiplication of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Methods: Yeast cells were exposed to a frequency of 900 Hz and a magnetic flux density of 2.3 mT. The duration of each experiment was 8 hours, in the beginning of the measurement the value of frequency, rms (root mean square) value of electric current (2 A), and magnetic flux density were fixed set on the exposure device. A paired experiment was performed, a sample exposed to EMF, and a sample shielded from the field. Subsequently, samples were taken every two hours, the number of cells was recorded, and then the concentration of the yeast cells was evaluated at time points. The time points reflected the exposure time of the samples exposed to EMF.
Results: The results indicate that LF EMF at given parameters has an inhibitory effect on the growth and multiplication of yeast cells.
Conclusion: Exposure to EMF can cause the differences in growth dynamics between cells exposed to the field and the unexposed ones.
The Influence of E-Servicescape on Mobile Shopping Intention: The Mediating Role of Customer Satisfaction
Authors: Yeo Amy Chu May , Moh Xiu Lei , Low Boon Tiong 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This paper aims to investigate, through aesthetic appeal, layout and functionality, interactivity and financial security, the impact of generation X perceptions of the e-servicescape in mobile shopping on perceived value and customer satisfaction following the sequence of the S–O–R framework. A survey involved 231 generation X respondents who shopped using mobile apps at least one mobile purchase in the past six months. The collected data were analysed using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM), Partial Least Square (PLS). The results revealed that aesthetic appeal, layout and functionality and interactivity could influence the perceived value and would lead to the mobile shopping intention, whilst customer satisfaction could impact the perceive value and mobile shopping intention through the mediating process. This research provides insight into the new effects of each dimension of e-servicescape on perceived value, customer satisfaction and the mobile purchase intention, thus improving the existing knowledge in the field of servicescape and mobile shopping customer behaviour.
The Concept of Child and its Legal Synonyms In Polish Criminal Law
Authors: Sitarz Olga , Jaworska-Wieloch Anna 
Published: August 2021

Summary
Criminal law, which uses the strictest measures at the disposal of the legislator, requires particular caution in the interpretation of the concepts appearing in the repressive law. The concept of a child in criminal law cause many problems of interpretation, as it appears in many legal acts in a different sense. The publication is devoted to presenting the concept of a child in various legal acts and reflecting on the different meanings of the descriptions of the child made by the legislator and the legitimacy of the differentiations made by him. The question arises as to whether the creation of many different concepts describing a child is justified.
About John Austin’s Analytical Jurisprudence: The Empirical-Rationalist Legal Positivism
Authors: Banović Damir 
Published: August 2021

Summary
This article deals with analytical jurisprudence topics presented in John Austin’s work, his predecessors, and its influence on the contemporary theory of law. The article analyses his analytical method, understanding of what the method implies, and its application in understanding law as a social phenomenon. Not only does the article analyse the law phenomenon, but it also presents his views on similar phenomena in law, such as international and constitutional law, the phenomenon of sovereignty and a sovereign, and the principle of general utility as one of the moral principles. His theory of law was one of the most significant theoretical approaches in England of the 19th century, and also constituted the baseline for new conceptions and the basis of critical analyses of later positive law theories. Moreover, his work provides a solid ground for explanations of individual branches of law, especially criminal law. Finally, the article also presents a critical analysis of his approach, useful and important findings, and the perspectives for further development of the theory of law, especially in the domain of his analytical, empirically oriented and descriptive method.
Regulatory Initiatives of Central Asian Countries in Addressing Transboundary Water Issues
Authors: Garbuzarova E. G. 
Published: August 2021

After the collapse of the USSR the Central Asian countries found themselves facing serious regional challenges that hinder constructive interstate cooperation. Among such challenges the problem of transboundary water resources should be highlighted. The lack of a coordinated policy for regulating water flows continues to put the Central Asian countries in a vulnerable position, negatively affecting their national security, socio-economic development and the environmental situation in the region. Throughout their sovereign development the countries of the region tried to solve transboundary water problems by combining external and internal mechanisms. However, a solution to the problem that would meet the national interests of all interested countries was not found.Recently the ruling elites of the Central Asian countries have intensified the process of solving the water problem showing political will. They put forward a number of initiatives. A big role in reviving this issue belongs to Uzbekistan which has opened a new milestone in the settlement of water and energy conflicts in the region. Uzbekistan demonstrates a desire to solve the water problem constructively at the regional level. In this regard the proposals of the President of Uzbekistan Sh.Mirziyoyev acquired great importance in solving the transboundary water problems of Central Asia. In 2018 Sh. Mirziyoyev put forward the initiative to adopt a Regional program for the rational use of water resources in Central Asia. Shortly before that he expressed a desire to participate in the implementation of joint hydropower projects with Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. Analyzing the current shifts in the water and energy issue we can talk about increasing trust between the countries of Central Asia and the beginning of the formation of a new regional interstate model of relations on the distribution of transboundary water resources.
Siberian Federal Research Center of Agrobiotechnology of the Russian Academy of Science
Authors: Кашеваров Н.И. , Полищук А.А. , Лебедев А.Н. , Понамарева В.И. , Хазов М.В. 
Published: August 2021

В статье представлены результаты исследований за 2013–2015 годы по возделыванию кукурузы в совместных посевах с многолетними бобовыми травами (клевером, люцерной, эспарцетом) в условиях лесостепной зоны Западной Сибири. Изучены закономерности роста, формирования урожайности, а также питательность зелёной массы кукурузы при совместном возделывании на разных фонах (с подкашиванием и без него). Наблюдение за ростом и развитием изучаемых культур показало существенное угнетающее влияние всех многолетних трав на рост и развитие кукурузы. Так, 15 июля высота кукурузы в одновидовых посевах составляла в среднем 71 см, в совместных — 42 см. Доля кукурузы в общей биомассе совместных посевов в этот период не превышала 10%. Проведение подкашивания улучшило условия произрастания кукурузы, особенно в вариантах с врезанием кукурузы в рядовые посевы люцерны и клевера. В результате к уборке 3 сентября высота кукурузы в этих вариантах была на 22 см выше по сравнению с кукурузой без подкашивания. Установлено, что максимальная урожайность в совместных посевах была сформирована кукурузой с клевером — до 19,1 т/га зелёной и 5,64 т/га сухой массы. Посевы с люцерной и эспарцетом показали более низкую урожайность — в пределах 15,4–16,3 т/га зелёной и 4,38–4,39 т/га сухой массы. Черезрядное размещение культур (70 см) привело к существенному снижению сбора сухой массы по сравнению с рядовым посевом культур и посевом с междурядьями 35 см в связи с увеличением доли кукурузы в общей биомассе до 31–38%.
The article reports on maize cultivated with perennial legume grasses (clover, alfalfa, sainfoin) in the forest-steppe of Western Siberia in 2013–2015. Growth, yield, and nutritional value of maize green mass were tested on different backgrounds (with and without top cutting). All the grasses negatively affected maize growth and development. On the 15th of July maize height reached 72 cm in the control and 42 cm — in mixtures. Maize proportion in total biomass was below 10%. Top cutting improved maize performance, particularly in mixtures with alfalfa and clover. As a result, maize height in these variants exceeded the ones without top cutting by 22 cm by the 3rd of September. Maize combination with clover provided the highest yield among the mixed stands — up to 19.1 t ha-1 of green mass and 5.64 t ha-1 of dry mass. Alfalfa and sainfoin mixtures showed the lowest productivity — 15.4–16.3 t ha-1 of green mass and 4.38–4.39 t ha-1 of dry mass. Skip-row planting (70 cm) led to the significant reduction in dry mass compared to row planting or the one with the inter-row space of 35 cm due to the increase in maize proportion up to 31–38% in total biomass.
New variety of white clover — “Izumrud”
Authors: Тимошкина О. , Тимошкин О. 
Published: August 2021

Исследования выполнены в Пензенской области в 2014 2018 годах. Клевер ползучий (Trifolium repens L.) многолетнее травянистое растение, которое можно использовать для коренного улучшения состояния лугов и пастбищ. Цель селекционной работы с клевером ползучим в Пензенском НИИСХ создание сорта с урожайностью зелёной массы 14 16 т/га, устойчивой семенной продуктивностью (150 250 кг/га), выдерживающего трёхчетырёхкратное стравливание или скашивание, переносящего кратковременную засуху, пригодного к механизированной уборке семян. Представлена характеристика нового сорта клевера ползучего Изумруд, переданного в 2018 году на государственное сортоиспытание. Метеорологические условия отличались по годам исследования, что позволило достаточно полно оценить перспективность сортобразца. По результатам трёх циклов конкурсного испытания (2015 2017 годы) урожайность зелёной массы нового сорта Изумруд составила 19,48 т/га, сбор сухого вещества 4,34 т/га, урожайность семян 151 кг/га, что на 13,7, 18,4 и 18,9 выше стандарта ВИК 70 соответственно. Содержание сырого протеина в сухом веществе составило 22,4 26,9, клетчатки не превышало 27 31. Повреждаемость вредителями слабая, поражаемость бурой пятнистостью и мозаикой клевера ползучего слабая, ниже стандартного сорта. Сорт высокоустойчив к корневым гнилям, раку клевера, аскохитозу. Сорт Изумруд пригоден к механизированной уборке семян. Высокая засухоустойчивость (5 баллов) и зимостойкость (96 100) нового сорта позволяет рекомендовать его для сенокосного и пастбищного использования во всех зонах распространения культуры. Экономический эффект при использовании на кормовые цели составляет 11,2 тыс. руб./га, на семена 7,2 тыс. руб./га.
The investigation took place in the Penza region in 2014 2018. Breeding of a new white clover variety aimed at the development of a genotype that had green mass productivity of 14 16 t ha1, stable seed yield of 150 250 kg ha1, high resistance to triple or quadruple cutting, shorttime drought and automized harvesting. This paper gives the description of white clover Izumrud that was sent to the State variety trial in 2018. The variety was tested under the different weather conditions. Three years of the competitive variety trial (2015 2017) showed that its green mass productivity amounted to 19.48 t ha1, dry matter (DM) content 4.34 t ha1, seed yield 151 kg ha1, exceeding the standard variety (VIK 70) by 13.7, 18.4 and 18.9, respectively. Crude protein content was 22.4 26.9, fiber up to 27 31. Izumrud also exceeded VIK 70 in tolerance to pests, Pseudopeziza trifolii and mosaic virus. The variety had high resistance to root rot, clover wilt and Ascochyta leaf spot. It tolerated automized harvesting, drought and cold and was recommended for farm cultivation. Its economic efficiency amounted to 11.2 thousand RUB ha1 under forage production and 7.2 thousand RUB ha1 under seed production.
Productivity of restored grassland-steppe ecosystems
Authors: Пещанская Е. , Кожевников В. 
Published: August 2021

Необходимость восстановления луговой степи центрального Ставрополья возникла ещё в середине прошлого столетия. Причиной тому послужило усиление воздействия антропогенных факторов на окружающую среду: распашка целины, промышленное и гражданское строительство, чрезмерный выпас скота, а также воздействие различного вида эрозий. В целях сохранения уникального природного комплекса степей с большим набором ценных и редких видов, а также в качестве опыта по восстановлению кормовых угодий в Ставропольском ботаническом саду в 1963 году были начаты исследования по интродукции дёрна. В период с 1963 по 1984 год на площади около 2 га были воссозданы фрагменты луговой степи. Изучение состояния искусственных ценозов, получение сравнительных данных в отношении видового состава, хозяйственно-ботанических групп, урожайности ценозов важнейшие компоненты исследования. В качестве эталонов обследовались территории естественных целинных степей (эталоны) (г. Бучинка, г. Стрижамент, урочище Новомарьевская поляна) с доминантами, сходными с доминантами изучаемых участков, восстановленных дёрном ( Бучинка , Стрижамент , Новомарьевская поляна ). Количество видов на эталонных участках составляет 6592, на восстановленных участках 83103. Видовой состав максимально представлен разнотравьем: от 44 до 72 видов. Во всех выборках проб преобладают злаки (31,9446,17) и разнотравье (29,4041,64), значительный удельный вес приходится на сухие остатки (старику) 7,6128,64. Масса бобовых колеблется в пределах от 0,85 до 11,01, осок от 0,1 до 13,83. Урожайность травостоя восстановленных ценозов сохраняется высокой 3,243,97 т/га. Показатели урожайности травостоя восстановленных формаций превышают показатели эталонов с разницей от 0,61 до 1,65 т/га.
Restoration of grasslands became important in the Central Stavropol region in the middle of the last century. The reason was an increased anthropogenic effect: plowing, industrial and civil engineering, cattle grazing and erosion. Experiments on turf introduction got started at the Stavropol Botanical Garden in 1963 to preserve and restore the unique natural steppe area with a large number of valuable and rare species. Fragments of steppe were grown on 2 ha area from 1963 to 1984. The investigation focused on ecosystem conditions, species composition, botanical groups and yield. Natural steppes performed as controls (Buchinka, Strizhament, Novomaryevskaya Polyana) having similar dominant species as the trial areas. Control areas contained 6592 species, the restored ones 83103. There were 4472 different grass species grown. Proportions of gramineous averaged to 31.9446.17, grass mixtures 29.4041.64, grassland litter 7.6128.64. Contents of legumes varied within 0.8511.01, sedge 0.113.83. Grass productivity of the restored area was high 3.243.97 t ha-1. It exceeded the one of the natural areas by 0.611.65 t ha-1.
Seed treatment on small farms
Authors: Климов С. , Горохов К. , Дондоков Ю. , Дринча В. 
Published: August 2021

Результаты фитоэкспертизы семян во многих регионах производства зерна свидетельствуют об увеличении поражения зерновых культур основными возбудителями экономически значимых болезней. В настоящее время ежегодные потери зерна от болезней во многих регионах составляют не менее 20. Ухудшение фитосанитарной обстановки стало результатом сокращения объёмов предпосевной обработки семян на фоне внедрения технологий минимальной обработки почвы, применения севооборотов с короткой ротацией, изменения климата, ухудшения общей культуры земледелия. Обработка современными фунгицидами является одним из методов, способных защитить семена, проростки и всходы не только от семенной инфекции, но и от ранней аэрогенной инфекции. Целью данной статьи является обоснование и выбор оптимальных способов предпосевной обработки семян жидкими веществами в условиях небольших хозяйств. Экспериментальные исследования по оценке эффективности дозаторов жидких веществ проводились в основном в условиях хозяйств Ивановской области в 20142019 годах. Исходным материалом служили семена пшеницы и ячменя, прошедшие послеуборочную обработку на воздушно-решётных машинах отечественного производства. В статье представлены способы предпосевной обработки семян жидкими веществами в хозяйствах с небольшими объёмами производства зерновых культур (до 1000 т в год) и трав, а также обоснованы основные конструктивно-технологические параметры дозатора жидких веществ на мобильных семенных погрузчиках. Материалы статьи могут быть использованы для выбора оптимального способа обработки, а также для разработки рекомендаций по предпосевной обработке семян в небольших зернопроизводящих хозяйствах.
Data from many regions shows the increase in grain crop infection rate. Nowadays annual yield losses from diseases amount to at least 20. Decline in phytosanitary safety is a result of a lack in seed treatment combined with minimum tillage, short crop rotation, climate change and arable farming issues. Fungicides are able to prevent various diseases on seeds, germs and seedlings. This paper deals with characterization and selection of optimal seed treatment techniques on small farms. Experiments on metering unit effectiveness took place in the Ivanovo region in 20142019. Wheat and barley seeds were used in the study. Seeds were cleaned after their harvest by domestic machines. This paper reports on methods of seed treatment by liquid substances on small farms (grain and grass production of up to 1000 t annually). It also contains characteristics of liquid substance metering unit of auger loader. This report can be used to select an optimal treatment method and develop recommendations on seed treatment on small grain-producing farms.