bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of Martini 2.2 parameters forN-glycans: a case study of the HIV-1 Env glycoprotein dynamics
Authors: Chakraborty Srirupa , Wagh Kshitij , Gnanakaran S , López Cesar A 
Published: March 2021

AbstractN-linked glycans are ubiquitous in nature and play key roles in biology. For example, glycosylation of pathogenic proteins is a common immune evasive mechanism, hampering the development of successful vaccines. Due to their chemical variability and complex dynamics, an accurate molecular understanding of glycans is still limited by the lack of effective resolution of current experimental approaches. Here, we have developed and implemented a reductive model based on the popular Martini 2.2 coarse-grained force field for the computational study of N-glycosylation. We used the HIV-1 Env as a direct applied example of a highly glycosylated protein. Our results indicate that the model not only reproduces many observables in very good agreement with a fully atomistic force field but also can be extended to study large amount of glycosylation variants, a fundamental property that can aid in the development of drugs and vaccines.
Fate or coincidence: do COPD and major depression share genetic risk factors?
Authors: Martucci Victoria L , Richmond Bradley , Davis Lea K , Blackwell Timothy S , Cox Nancy J , Samuels David , Velez Edwards Digna , Aldrich Melinda C 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common comorbidity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), affecting up to 57% of patients with COPD. Although the comorbidity of COPD and MDD is well established, the causal relationship between these two diseases is unclear. A large-scale electronic health record clinical biobank and genome-wide association study summary statistics for MDD and lung function traits were used to investigate potential shared underlying genetic susceptibility between COPD and MDD. Linkage disequilibrium score regression was used to estimate genetic correlation between phenotypes. Polygenic risk scores (PRS) for MDD and lung function traits were developed and used to perform a phenome-wide association study (PheWAS). Multi-trait-based conditional and joint analysis identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) influencing both lung function and MDD. We found genetic correlations between MDD and all lung function traits were small and not statistically significant. A PRS–MDD was significantly associated with an increased risk of COPD in a PheWAS [odds ratio (OR) = 1.12, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.09–1.16] when adjusting for age, sex and genetic ancestry, but this relationship became attenuated when controlling for smoking history (OR = 1.08, 95% CI: 1.04–1.13). No significant associations were found between the lung function PRS and MDD. Multi-trait-based conditional and joint analysis identified three SNPs that may contribute to both traits, two of which were previously associated with mood disorders and COPD. Our findings suggest that the observed relationship between COPD and MDD may not be driven by a strong shared genetic architecture.
Reimagining the Damages Valuation Framework Underlying Fair and Equitable Treatment Standard Violations through a Three-Stage Contextualized Approach
Authors: Bekker Pieter , Bello Fatima 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Damages have been described as ‘the poor cousin of liability’.3 Yet damages valuation plays an essential, albeit often controversial, role in investor–State arbitration. Quantum questions require the participants—parties, counsel, experts and especially arbitrators—to think creatively and critically about the applicable framework underlying damages valuation. Consistency and rigor in the tribunal’s approach to damages contribute to the good administration of justice in a case. With that goal in mind, this article introduces a more structured legal framework underlying the valuation of damages arising from breaches of the fair and equitable treatment (FET) standard, which does justice to the unique nature of that standard and avoids ‘horse trading’ among tribunal members. Arbitrators may be inclined to apply valuation methodology associated with expropriation wholesale, or in slightly modified form, to FET claims notwithstanding the fundamental differences between FET and other standards, including with regard to the nature and level of the harm suffered by the investor. A structured approach featuring multiple stages must take account of these differences and must give factors such as contributory fault and valuation date their proper place through rigorous reasoning, lest the outcome, and justice itself, be compromised through over- or undercompensation.
Control of immune cell trafficking through inter-organ communication
Authors: Nakai Akiko , Leach Sarah , Suzuki Kazuhiro 
Published: March 2021

AbstractCell migration is a cardinal feature of the immune system. Immune cell trafficking is orchestrated principally by chemokines and adhesion molecules, which guide the cells to the right place and at the right time to efficiently induce immune responses. Recent studies have demonstrated that signals from other organ systems influence the expression of and responsiveness to these guidance cues and consequentially immune cell migration. Neuronal inputs control entry and exit of immune cells to and from lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues. The circadian clock helps establish diurnal variations in immune cell distribution among tissues. Nutritional status also alters immune cell homing to the bone marrow. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about inter-organ control of immune cell trafficking and discuss the physiological and pathological significance of these mechanisms.
Ambient Humidity Affects Development, Survival, and Reproduction of the Invasive Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in China
Authors: He Limei , Zhao Shengyuan , Ali Abid , Ge Shishuai , Wu Kongming 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Ambient humidity can directly affect the water balance in insects. The migratory fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda Smith, has spread to more than 60 countries and regions in Africa, Asia, and Oceania that have a great difference in average ambient humidity. Understanding the effects of ambient humidity changes on its development, survival, and reproduction can help to predict its population dynamics in different habitats. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of atmospheric relative humidity (RH) on the development, survival, and reproduction and soil moisture on the pupation and emergence of fall armyworm. As a result, survival and pupal mass increased significantly with increasing RH. Among the five RHs tested, 80% RH was the most suitable for fall armyworm with the highest intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate of increase (λ), and net reproduction rate (R0). The population growth at the different RHs in decreasing order was 80 &gt; 100 &gt; 60 &gt; 40 &gt; 20%. A relative moisture (RM) of soil from 6.80 to 47.59% was suitable for fall armyworm pupation, survival, and eclosion, but fall armyworm could not pupate normally in soil with 88.39 and 95.19% RM. The survival and emergence rate of fall armyworm pupae were reduced by irrigation that increased the RM after the mature larvae entered the soil. These findings may be helpful for refining laboratory rearing protocols, population forecasting, and management of fall armyworm.
miR-130b inhibits proliferation and promotes differentiation in myocytes via targeting Sp1
Authors: Wang Yu-Cheng , Yao Xiaohan , Ma Mei , Zhang Huihui , Wang Hui , Zhao Lei , Liu Shengnan , Sun Chao , Li Peng , Wu Yuting , Li Xihua , Jiang Jingjing , Li Yuying , Li Yan , Ying Hao 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Muscle regeneration after damage or during myopathies requires a fine cooperation between myoblast proliferation and myogenic differentiation. A growing body of evidence suggests that microRNAs play critical roles in myocyte proliferation and differentiation transcriptionally. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the orchestration are not fully understood. Here, we showed that miR-130b is able to repress myoblast proliferation and promote myogenic differentiation via targeting Sp1 transcription factor. Importantly, overexpression of miR-130b is capable of improving the recovery of damaged muscle in a freeze injury model. Moreover, miR-130b expression is declined in the muscle of muscular dystrophy patients. Thus, these results indicated that miR-130b may play a role in skeletal muscle regeneration and myopathy progression. Together, our findings suggest that the miR-130b/Sp1 axis may serve as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of patients with muscle damage or severe myopathies.
Interconfessional Implications: Printed Plainchant in the Wake of the Reformation
Authors: Gillion Marianne C E 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This article investigates the retention, reformation, and revision of plainchant in liturgical books printed in German-speaking lands during the early Reformation. Previous scholarship often considered chant in confessional and linguistic isolation, which has obscured both its importance in Protestant worship and its connections with contemporary Catholic musical trends. Writings of reformers and their followers, including Luther, Müntzer, and Spangenberg, indicate that they valued plainchant because it provided continuity, functioned pedagogically, and increased congregational unity. However, chant was subject to modification. An examination of reformed sources connected to Allstedt, Erfurt, and Nordhausen demonstrates how plainchant was adopted and adapted to reflect shifting priorities. Analyses of modified alleluia chants in Protestant and Catholic books reveal similarities and differences in techniques of revision. The formation of new musical traditions is delineated, as well as their intertwined relationships with the musical past, present, and future. These interconfessional findings provide new perspectives on early modern chant and liturgies.
The relative efficiencies of bars and clumps in driving disc stars to retrograde motion
Authors: Fiteni Karl , Caruana Joseph , Amarante João A S , Debattista Victor P , Beraldo e Silva Leandro 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
The presence of stars on retrograde orbits in disc galaxies is usually attributed to accretion events, both via direct accretion, and through the heating of the disc stars. Recent studies have shown that retrograde orbits can also be produced via scattering by dense clumps, which are often present in the early stages of a galaxy’s evolution. However, so far it has been unclear whether other internally driven mechanisms, such as bars, are also capable of driving retrograde motion. Therefore, in this paper, we investigate the efficiencies with which bars and clumps produce retrograde orbits in disc galaxies. We do this by comparing the retrograde fractions and the spatial distributions of the retrograde populations in four N-body+smooth particle hydrodynamics (SPH) simulations of isolated disc galaxies spanning a range of evolutionary behaviours. We find that both bars and clumps are capable of generating significant retrograde populations of order ${\sim}10{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of all stars. We also find that while clump-driven retrograde stars may be found at large galactocentric radii, bar-driven retrograde stars remain in the vicinity of the bar, even if the bar dissolves. Consequently, we find that retrograde stars in the Solar neighbourhood in the clumpy models are exclusively clump-driven, but this is a trace population, constituting $0.01\!-\!0.04{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of the total stellar population in this region. Finally, we find that neither bars (including dissolving ones) nor clumps in the models are able to produce rotationally supported counterrotating discs.
Orbital evolution of neutron-star–white-dwarf binaries by Roche lobe overflow and gravitational wave radiation
Authors: Yu Shenghua , Lu Youjun , Jeffery C Simon 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
We investigate the effects of mass transfer and gravitational wave (GW) radiation on the orbital evolution of contact neutron-star–white-dwarf (NS–WD) binaries, and the detectability of these binaries by space GW detectors (e.g. Laser Interferometer Space Antenna, LISA; Taiji; Tianqin). A NS–WD binary becomes contact when the WD component fills its Roche lobe, at which the GW frequency ranges from ∼0.0023 to 0.72 Hz for WD with masses ∼0.05–1.4 M⊙. We find that some high-mass NS–WD binaries may undergo direct coalescence after unstable mass transfer. However, the majority of NS–WD binaries can avoid direct coalescence because mass transfer after contact can lead to a reversal of the orbital evolution. Our model can well interpret the orbital evolution of the ultra-compact X-ray source 4U 1820–30. For a 4-yr observation of 4U 1820–30, the expected signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) in GW characteristic strain is ∼11.0/10.4/2.2 (LISA/Taiji/Tianqin). The evolution of GW frequencies of NS–WD binaries depends on the WD masses. NS–WD binaries with masses larger than 4U 1820–30 are expected to be detected with significantly larger SNRs. For a $(1.4+0.5) \, {\rm M}_{\odot }$ NS–WD binary close to contact, the expected SNR for a one week observation is ∼27/40/28 (LISA/Taiji/Tianqin). For NS–WD binaries with masses of $(1.4+\gtrsim 1.1) \, {\rm M}_{\odot }$, the significant change of GW frequencies and amplitudes can be measured, and thus it is possible to determine the binary evolution stage. At distances up to the edge of the Galaxy (∼100 kpc), high-mass NS–WD binaries will be still detectable with SNR ≳ 1.
Measurements of the Hubble constant and cosmic curvature with quasars: ultracompact radio structure and strong gravitational lensing
Authors: Qi Jing-Zhao , Zhao Jia-Wei , Cao Shuo , Biesiada Marek , Liu Yuting 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
Although the Hubble constant H0 and spatial curvature ΩK have been measured with very high precision, they still suffer from some tensions. In this paper, we propose an improved method to combine the observations of ultracompact structure in radio quasars and strong gravitational lensing with quasars acting as background sources to determine H0 and ΩK simultaneously. By applying the distance sum rule to the time-delay measurements of seven strong lensing systems and 120 intermediate-luminosity quasars calibrated as standard rulers, we obtain stringent constraints on the Hubble constant (H0 = 78.3 ± 2.9 km s−1 Mpc−1) and the cosmic curvature (ΩK = 0.49 ± 0.24). On the one hand, in the framework of a flat universe, the measured Hubble constant ($H_0=73.6^{+1.8}_{-1.6} \mathrm{\,km\,s^{-1}\,Mpc^{-1}}$) is strongly consistent with that derived from the local distance ladder, with a precision of 2 per cent. On the other hand, if we use the local H0 measurement as a prior, our results are marginally compatible with zero spatial curvature ($\Omega _K=0.23^{+0.15}_{-0.17}$) and there is no significant deviation from a flat universe. Finally, we also evaluate whether strongly lensed quasars would produce robust constraints on H0 and ΩK in the non-flat and flat Λ cold dark matter model, if the compact radio structure measurements are available from very long baseline interferometry observations.
Males That Silence Their Father’s Genes: Genomic Imprinting of a Complete Haploid Genome
Authors: de la Filia Andrés G , Mongue Andrew J , Dorrens Jennifer , Lemon Hannah , Laetsch Dominik R , Ross Laura 
Published: March 2021

AbstractGenetic conflict is considered a key driver in the evolution of reproductive systems with non-Mendelian inheritance, where parents do not contribute equally to the genetic makeup of their offspring. One of the most extraordinary examples of non-Mendelian inheritance is paternal genome elimination (PGE), a form of haplodiploidy which has evolved repeatedly across arthropods. Under PGE, males are diploid but only transmit maternally inherited chromosomes, while the paternally inherited homologues are excluded from sperm. This asymmetric inheritance is thought to have evolved through an evolutionary arms race between the paternal and maternal genomes over transmission to future generations. In several PGE clades, such as the mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), paternal chromosomes are not only eliminated from sperm, but also heterochromatinized early in development and thought to remain inactive, which could result from genetic conflict between parental genomes. Here, we present a parent-of-origin allele-specific transcriptome analysis in male mealybugs showing that expression is globally biased toward the maternal genome. However, up to 70% of somatically expressed genes are to some degree paternally expressed, while paternal genome expression is much more restricted in the male reproductive tract, with only 20% of genes showing paternal contribution. We also show that parent-of-origin-specific gene expression patterns are remarkably similar across genotypes, and that genes with completely biparental expression show elevated rates of molecular evolution. Our results provide the clearest example yet of genome-wide genomic imprinting in insects and enhance our understanding of PGE, which will aid future empirical tests of evolutionary theory regarding the origin of this unusual reproductive strategy.
Interaction of the NRF2 and p63 transcription factors promotes keratinocyte proliferation in the epidermis
Authors: Kurinna Svitlana , Seltmann Kristin , Bachmann Andreas L , Schwendimann Andreas , Thiagarajan Lalitha , Hennig Paulina , Beer Hans-Dietmar , Mollo Maria Rosaria , Missero Caterina , Werner Sabine 
Published: March 2021

AbstractEpigenetic regulation of cell and tissue function requires the coordinated action of transcription factors. However, their combinatorial activities during regeneration remain largely unexplored. Here, we discover an unexpected interaction between the cytoprotective transcription factor NRF2 and p63- a key player in epithelial morphogenesis. Chromatin immunoprecipitation combined with sequencing and reporter assays identifies enhancers and promoters that are simultaneously activated by NRF2 and p63 in human keratinocytes. Modeling of p63 and NRF2 binding to nucleosomal DNA suggests their chromatin-assisted interaction. Pharmacological and genetic activation of NRF2 increases NRF2–p63 binding to enhancers and promotes keratinocyte proliferation, which involves the common NRF2–p63 target cyclin-dependent kinase 12. These results unravel a collaborative function of NRF2 and p63 in the control of epidermal renewal and suggest their combined activation as a strategy to promote repair of human skin and other stratified epithelia.
Trends in Prescribing of Nicotine Replacement Therapy to Pregnant Women in Primary Care in England
Authors: Szatkowski Lisa , Vaz Luis Reeves , Fiaschi Linda , Tata Laila , Coleman Tim 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Smoking during pregnancy remains common, and the English National Health Service (NHS) has recently been directed to prioritize providing cessation support for pregnant women. We investigated the impact on prescribing of stop smoking treatments to pregnant women of the 2013 transfer of public health budgets from the NHS to administrative authorities responsible for local social care and other nonhealth services (local authorities).

Methods
We used data from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink and Hospital Episode Statistics to determine annual proportions (2005–2017) of women who smoked during pregnancy and who were prescribed, at least once before childbirth, (1) any NRT and (2) long- and short-acting NRT together (dual NRT). Segmented regression was used to quantify the impact of the 2013 transfer of smoking cessation budgets to local authorities, assessing changes in the level and the trend of the proportions post-2013 compared with pre-2013.

Results
We identified 84 539 pregnancies in which women were recorded as smoking; any NRT was prescribed in 7.9% (n = 6704) and dual NRT in 1.7% (n = 1466). Prescribing of any NRT was declining prior to 2013 at an absolute decrease of −0.25% per year, but the rate of decline significantly increased from 2013 onwards to −1.37% per year. Prescribing of dual NRT was increasing prior to 2013 but also decreased post-2013.

Conclusions
These findings suggest that transferring responsibility for English Smoking Cessation Services from the NHS to local authorities adversely affected provision of cessation support in pregnancy. Consequently, some women may have been denied access to effective cessation treatments.

Implications
Women who smoke during pregnancy may be being denied potentially effective means to help them quit, contrary to NICE guidance, at what can be a teachable moment with substantial immediate and longer-term health benefits for woman and their unborn child, and economic benefits for the NHS. When the organizations responsible for offering smoking cessation support are changed, health systems should consider potential adverse effects on the delivery of support and deploy strategies for mitigating these.
Novel advances in understanding fatty acid–binding G protein–coupled receptors and their roles in controlling energy balance
Authors: Tian Min , Wu Zhihui , Heng Jinghui , Chen Fang , Guan Wutai , Zhang Shihai 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Diabetes, obesity, and other metabolic diseases have been recognized as the main factors that endanger human health worldwide. Most of these metabolic syndromes develop when the energy balance in the body is disrupted. Energy balance depends upon the systemic regulation of food intake, glucose homeostasis, and lipid metabolism. Fatty acid–binding G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) are widely expressed in various types of tissues and cells involved in energy homeostasis regulation. In this review, the distribution and biological functions of fatty acid–binding GPCRs are summarized, particularly with respect to the gut, pancreas, and adipose tissue. A systematic understanding of the physiological functions of the fatty acid–binding GPCRs involved in energy homeostasis regulation will help in identifying novel pharmacological targets for metabolic diseases.
The impacts of COVID-19 on GDP, food prices, and food security
Authors: Beckman Jayson , Baquedano Felix , Countryman Amanda 
Published: March 2021

AbstractCOVID-19 has led to a wealth of research examining possible impacts; however, potential impacts on food security have received much less attention. We use a computable general equilibrium model to simulate the potential impacts of COVID-19 using observed changes from 2020 (September) in unemployment, trade, oil prices, and production to inform our model. Estimated gross domestic product (GDP) and food price changes are then used as inputs into the International Food Security Assessment model that estimates changes in food consumption, and food gaps in developing countries. Results indicate that the COVID-19 lockdowns lead to a decrease in global GDP of 7.2 per cent, and a decrease in grain prices of 9 per cent. These changes lead to an increase in the number of food-insecure people in 2020 of 211 million (a 27.8 per cent increase). We also perform a sensitivity analysis, providing a lower and upper bound of potential impacts from COVID-19.