bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do cross-polity contacts change policy preferences? Using the attitudes of Taiwanese student delegations visiting Mainland China towards unification–independence as an example
Authors: Wang Chia-Chou 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Does the experience of visiting Mainland China change the attitude of Taiwanese youth towards the unification–independence issue? What are the factors influencing such a change, if any? In this article, a panel study was conducted of 538 Taiwanese youths visiting Mainland China. Four hypotheses were proposed based on social contact theory and rational choice theory and then validated using a regression model. After visiting Mainland China, 17.57% and 15.89% of the Taiwanese students shifted to support for unification and independence respectively, whereas 66.54% indicated no changes in their stance. They increasingly favored unification with an improved impression of Mainland China, reduced hostility, increased willingness to integrate into China, and a decline in their evaluation of Taiwan’s democracy. These findings corroborated the effects of true acquaintances, casual contacts, and the maximization of self-interest advocated by theories of social contact and rational choice.
Prevalence of gp160 polymorphisms known to be related to decreased susceptibility to temsavir in different subtypes of HIV-1 in the Los Alamos National Laboratory HIV Sequence Database
Authors: Gartland Margaret , Arnoult Eric , Foley Brian T , Lataillade Max , Ackerman Peter , Llamoso Cyril , Krystal Mark 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
Fostemsavir, a prodrug of the gp120-directed attachment inhibitor temsavir, is indicated for use in heavily treatment-experienced individuals with MDR HIV-1. Reduced susceptibility to temsavir in the clinic maps to discrete changes at amino acid positions in gp160: S375, M426, M434 and M475.

Objectives
To query the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) HIV Sequence Database for the prevalence of polymorphisms at gp160 positions of interest.

Methods
Full-length gp160 sequences (N = 7560) were queried for amino acid polymorphisms relative to the subtype B consensus at positions of interest; frequencies were reported for all sequences and among subtypes/circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) with ≥10 isolates in the database.

Results
Among 239 subtypes in the database, the 5 most prevalent were B (n = 2651, 35.1%), C (n = 1626, 21.5%), CRF01_AE (n = 674, 8.9%), A1 (n = 273, 3.6%) and CRF02_AG (n = 199, 2.6%). Among all 7560 sequences, the most prevalent amino acids at positions of interest (S375, 73.5%; M426, 82.1%; M434, 88.2%; M475, 89.9%) were the same as the subtype B consensus. Specific polymorphisms with the potential to decrease temsavir susceptibility (S375H/I/M/N/T/Y, M426L/P, M434I/K and M475I) were found in &lt;10% of isolates of subtypes D, G, A6, BC, F1, CRF07_BC, CRF08_BC, 02A, CRF06_cpx, F2, 02G and 02B. S375H and M475I were predominant among CRF01_AE (S375H, 99.3%; M475I, 76.3%; consistent with previously reported low temsavir susceptibility of this CRF) and 01B (S375H, 71.7%; M475I, 49.5%).

Conclusions
Analysis of the LANL HIV Sequence Database found a low prevalence of gp160 amino acid polymorphisms with the potential to reduce temsavir susceptibility overall and among most of the common subtypes.
Bias and fairness assessment of a natural language processing opioid misuse classifier: detection and mitigation of electronic health record data disadvantages across racial subgroups
Authors: Thompson Hale M , Sharma Brihat , Bhalla Sameer , Boley Randy , McCluskey Connor , Dligach Dmitriy , Churpek Matthew M , Karnik Niranjan S , Afshar Majid 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Objectives
To assess fairness and bias of a previously validated machine learning opioid misuse classifier.

Materials & Methods
Two experiments were conducted with the classifier’s original (n = 1000) and external validation (n = 53 974) datasets from 2 health systems. Bias was assessed via testing for differences in type II error rates across racial/ethnic subgroups (Black, Hispanic/Latinx, White, Other) using bootstrapped 95% confidence intervals. A local surrogate model was estimated to interpret the classifier’s predictions by race and averaged globally from the datasets. Subgroup analyses and post-hoc recalibrations were conducted to attempt to mitigate biased metrics.

Results
We identified bias in the false negative rate (FNR = 0.32) of the Black subgroup compared to the FNR (0.17) of the White subgroup. Top features included “heroin” and “substance abuse” across subgroups. Post-hoc recalibrations eliminated bias in FNR with minimal changes in other subgroup error metrics. The Black FNR subgroup had higher risk scores for readmission and mortality than the White FNR subgroup, and a higher mortality risk score than the Black true positive subgroup (P &lt; .05).

Discussion
The Black FNR subgroup had the greatest severity of disease and risk for poor outcomes. Similar features were present between subgroups for predicting opioid misuse, but inequities were present. Post-hoc mitigation techniques mitigated bias in type II error rate without creating substantial type I error rates. From model design through deployment, bias and data disadvantages should be systematically addressed.

Conclusion
Standardized, transparent bias assessments are needed to improve trustworthiness in clinical machine learning models.
Risk Assessment-Based Enhanced Analytical Quality-by-Design Approach to Eco-Friendly and Economical Multicomponent Spectrophotometric Methods for Simultaneous Estimation of Montelukast Sodium and Bilastine
Authors: Prajapati Pintu , Tamboli Jayesh , Surati Parth , Mishra Ashish 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
Concomitant montelukast and bilastine are used as additive therapy for seasonal allergic rhinoconjuctivitis and mild to moderate asthma. According to a literature review, no UV-visible spectrophotometric method has been reported yet for simultaneous estimation of montelukast sodium and bilastine in their combined pharmaceutical dosage forms.

Objective
Five different multicomponent spectrophotometric methods were therefore developed and validated for simultaneous estimation of montelukast sodium and bilastine using a risk assessment-based enhanced analytical quality-by-design approach.

Method
The identification and assessment of method risk parameters were carried out using the risk priority number ranking and filtering method according to the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) Q9 guideline. The wavelength for detection and solvents such as 0.1 N NaOH and 0.1 N HCl were found to be critical method parameters for the development of the target methods. The developed methods were validated as per the ICH Q2(R1) guideline.

Results
The developed and validated methods were applied for assay of combined pharmaceutical dosage forms of montelukast sodium and bilastine and results were found to be in good agreement with their label claims.

Conclusions
The developed methods did not include the usage of any organic solvent and are a good alternative to the costly chromatography method. Hence, the methods are eco-friendly and economical for the simultaneous estimation of bilastine and montelukast sodium.

Highlights
Five multicomponent spectrophotometric methods were developed for simultaneous estimation of montelukast sodium and bilastine using a risk-based analytical quality-by-design approach. An assay of combined tablet dosage forms of montelukast sodium and bilastine was then carried out using the developed methods.
Long-Term Pulmonary Sequelae After Inhalation Injury: A Retrospective Case–Control Study
Authors: Wier Julian , Hulsebos Ian , Spera Leigh , Yenikomshian Haig , Gillenwater Justin 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Inhalation injury (INHI) has strong associations with increased rates of in-patient mortality and pneumonia. This study’s aim is to review long-term pulmonary outcomes in INHI patients. We present a retrospective cohort of burn patients admitted to an ABA-certified burn unit. Burn patients with or without medically confirmed INHI who were admitted were studied. The control groups were ventilated patients (V) and nonventilated patients (NV). Primary study outcomes were rates of postdischarge pulmonary sequelae, including ineffective airway clearance, infections, shortness of breath, and malignancy. Secondary outcomes included rates of postdischarge surgeries and readmission, postdischarge nonpulmonary sequelae, and postdischarge days to pulmonary/nonpulmonary sequelae. The study population included 33 INHI, 45 V, and 50 NV patients. There were no significant differences in age (P = .98), sex (P = .68), % TBSA (P = .18), pulmonary comorbidity (P = .5), or smoking status (P = .92). Outpatient pulmonary sequelae were significantly higher for both INHI and V groups as compared to NV (21% and 17% vs 4%, P = .023, .043). The number of days from discharge to pulmonary sequelae was significantly shorter in the INHI group vs the V group (162 ± 139 vs 513 ± 314 days, P = .024). All other measures were not significant when comparing INHI to V or NV (P &gt; .05). Both INHI and V groups resulted in higher rates of outpatient pulmonary sequelae independent of inpatient course as compared to NV. While outpatient pulmonary sequelae were not significantly different between INHI and V, the INHI patients presented with complaints earlier.
Spectral-ratio tomography for seismic attenuation estimation
Authors: Jin Ziqi , Shi Ying , Ma Qiqi , Tian Deguang , Meng Qi'an , Wang Weihong 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWhen measuring surface seismic data, an accurate attenuation estimation method is necessary to compensate for the energy loss and phase distortion of seismic waves, and is also beneficial for further quantitative amplitude analyses and reservoir parameter predictions. For conventional Q-estimation methods (such as the log spectral-ratio (LSR) method and attenuated traveltime tomography), accuracy may be affected by the differences between the overburden ray paths of two selected reflections (we call it the overburden effect). In this study, we design a more accurate Q-tomography method to estimate Q-values (both in the overburden and target layer simultaneously) without overburden assumptions. We address the overburden effect by using an inversion method, which allows us to separate attenuation effects from the overburden through the traveltime differences in the tomography grid cells. We test the method on synthetic data and prove its feasibility and effectiveness by applying it to field data.
Paired Tumor-Normal Sequencing Provides Insights Into the TP53-Related Cancer Spectrum in Patients With Li-Fraumeni Syndrome
Authors: Ceyhan-Birsoy Ozge , Selenica Pier , Chui M Herman , Jayakumaran Gowtham , Ptashkin Ryan , Misyura Maksym , Aypar Umut , Jairam Sowmya , Yang Ciyu , Li Yirong , Mehta Nikita , Kemel Yelena , Salo-Mullen Erin , Maio Anna , Sheehan Margaret , Zehir Ahmet , Carlo Maria , Latham Alicia , Stadler Zsofia , Robson Mark , Offit Kenneth , Ladanyi Marc , Walsh Michael , Reis-Filho Jorge S , Mandelker Diana 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
Genetic testing for Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) is performed by using blood specimens from patients selected based on phenotype-dependent guidelines. This approach is problematic for understanding the LFS clinical spectrum because patients with nonclassical presentations are missed, clonal hematopoiesis–related somatic blood alterations cannot be distinguished from germline variants, and unrelated tumors cannot be differentiated from those driven by germline TP53 defects.

Methods
To provide insights into the LFS-related cancer spectrum, we analyzed paired tumor-blood DNA sequencing results in 17 922 patients with cancer and distinguished clonal hematopoiesis–related, mosaic, and germline TP53 variants. Loss of heterozygosity and TP53 mutational status were assessed in tumors, followed by immunohistochemistry for p53 expression on a subset to identify those lacking biallelic TP53 inactivation.

Results
Pathogenic/likely pathogenic TP53 variants were identified in 50 patients, 12 (24.0%) of which were clonal hematopoiesis related and 4 (8.0%) of which were mosaic. Twelve (35.3%) of 34 patients with germline TP53 variants did not meet LFS testing criteria. Loss of heterozygosity of germline TP53 variant was observed in 96.0% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 79.7% to 99.9%) of core LFS spectrum–type tumors vs 45.5% (95% CI = 16.8% to 76.6%) of other tumors and 91.3% (95% CI = 72.0% to 98.9%) of tumors from patients who met LFS testing criteria vs 61.5% (95% CI = 31.6% to 86.1%) of tumors from patients who did not. Tumors retaining the wild-type TP53 allele exhibited wild-type p53 expression.

Conclusions
Our results indicate that some TP53 variants identified in blood-only sequencing are not germline and a substantial proportion of patients with LFS are missed based on current testing guidelines. Additionally, a subset of tumors from patients with LFS do not have biallelic TP53 inactivation and may represent cancers unrelated to their germline TP53 defect.
Local Adaptation of Bitter Taste and Ecological Speciation in a Wild Mammal
Authors: Jiao Hengwu , Wang Qian , Wang Bing-Jun , Li Kexin , Lövy Matěj , Nevo Eviatar , Li Qiyang , Su Wenchuan , Jiang Peihua , Zhao Huabin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSensory systems are attractive evolutionary models to address how organisms adapt to local environments that can cause ecological speciation. However, tests of these evolutionary models have focused on visual, auditory, and olfactory senses. Here, we show local adaptation of bitter taste receptor genes in two neighboring populations of a wild mammal—the blind mole rat Spalax galili—that show ecological speciation in divergent soil environments. We found that basalt-type bitter receptors showed higher response intensity and sensitivity compared with chalk-type ones using both genetic and cell-based functional analyses. Such functional changes could help animals adapted to basalt soil select plants with less bitterness from diverse local foods, whereas a weaker reception to bitter taste may allow consumption of a greater range of plants for animals inhabiting chalk soil with a scarcity of food supply. Our study shows divergent selection on food resources through local adaptation of bitter receptors, and suggests that taste plays an important yet underappreciated role in speciation.
Photorhabdus antibacterial Rhs polymorphic toxin inhibits translation through ADP-ribosylation of 23S ribosomal RNA
Authors: Jurėnas Dukas , Payelleville Amaury , Roghanian Mohammad , Turnbull Kathryn J , Givaudan Alain , Brillard Julien , Hauryliuk Vasili , Cascales Eric 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Bacteria have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to deliver potent toxins into bacterial competitors or into eukaryotic cells in order to destroy rivals and gain access to a specific niche or to hijack essential metabolic or signaling pathways in the host. Delivered effectors carry various activities such as nucleases, phospholipases, peptidoglycan hydrolases, enzymes that deplete the pools of NADH or ATP, compromise the cell division machinery, or the host cell cytoskeleton. Effectors categorized in the family of polymorphic toxins have a modular structure, in which the toxin domain is fused to additional elements acting as cargo to adapt the effector to a specific secretion machinery. Here we show that Photorhabdus laumondii, an entomopathogen species, delivers a polymorphic antibacterial toxin via a type VI secretion system. This toxin inhibits protein synthesis in a NAD+-dependent manner. Using a biotinylated derivative of NAD, we demonstrate that translation is inhibited through ADP-ribosylation of the ribosomal 23S RNA. Mapping of the modification further showed that the adduct locates on helix 44 of the thiostrepton loop located in the GTPase-associated center and decreases the GTPase activity of the EF-G elongation factor.
Effects of veverimer on serum bicarbonate and physical function in diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease and metabolic acidosis: subgroup analysis from a randomized, controlled trial
Authors: Mathur Vandana S , Li Elizabeth , Wesson Donald E 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
Metabolic acidosis is a complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD) that increases risk of CKD progression, and causes bone demineralization and muscle protein catabolism. Patients with diabetes are prone to metabolic acidosis and functional limitations that decrease quality of life. Veverimer, an investigational, non-absorbed polymer that binds and removes gastrointestinal hydrochloric acid, is being developed as treatment for metabolic acidosis. This post hoc subgroup analysis evaluated effects of veverimer on metabolic acidosis and physical function among patients with diabetes.

Methods
This was a Phase 3, multicenter, randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled trial in 196 patients with CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate 20–40 mL/min/1.73 m2) and metabolic acidosis who were treated for up to 1 year with veverimer or placebo.

Results
At Week 52, veverimer-treated patients with diabetes (n = 70), had a significantly greater increase in mean serum bicarbonate than the placebo group (n = 57) (4.4 versus 2.9 mmol/L, P &lt; 0.05). Patient-reported limitations of physical function on the Kidney Disease and Quality of Life-Physical Function Domain (e.g. walking several blocks and climbing a flight of stairs) improved significantly in the veverimer versus placebo group (+12.5 versus +0.3, respectively, P &lt; 0.001) as did objective physical performance on the repeated chair stand test (P &lt; 0.0001).

Conclusions
Few interventions for patients with diabetes and CKD have successfully improved quality of life or physical functioning. Our study demonstrated that veverimer effectively treated metabolic acidosis in patients with diabetes and CKD, and significantly improved how these patients felt and functioned.
The sequenced genomes of nonflowering land plants reveal the innovative evolutionary history of peptide signaling
Authors: Furumizu Chihiro , Krabberød Anders K. , Hammerstad Marta , Alling Renate M. , Wildhagen Mari , Sawa Shinichiro , Aalen Reidunn B. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAn understanding of land plant evolution is a prerequisite for in-depth knowledge of plant biology. Here we extract and explore information hidden in the increasing number of sequenced plant genomes, from bryophytes to angiosperms, to elucidate a specific biological question—how peptide signaling evolved. To conquer land and cope with changing environmental conditions, plants have gone through transformations that must have required innovations in cell-to-cell communication. We discuss peptides mediating endogenous and exogenous changes by interaction with receptors activating intracellular molecular signaling. Signaling peptides were discovered in angiosperms and operate in tissues and organs such as flowers, seeds, vasculature, and 3D meristems that are not universally conserved across land plants. Nevertheless, orthologs of angiosperm peptides and receptors have been identified in nonangiosperms. These discoveries provoke questions regarding coevolution of ligands and their receptors, and whether de novo interactions in peptide signaling pathways may have contributed to generate novel traits in land plants. The answers to such questions will have profound implications for the understanding of the evolution of cell-to-cell communication and the wealth of diversified terrestrial plants. Under this perspective, we have generated, analyzed, and reviewed phylogenetic, genomic, structural, and functional data to elucidate the evolution of peptide signaling.
Is There a Difference in Whole Body Standing Posture in Women With Urinary Incontinence Based on the Presence of Myofascial Dysfunction in the Pelvic Floor Muscles?
Authors: Reis Amanda Martins , Brito Luiz Gustavo Oliveira , Teixeira Cláudia Pignatti Frederice , de Araújo Camila Carvalho , Facio Fábio Augusto , Herrmann Viviane , Juliato Cassia Raquel Teatin 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Objective
The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of postural changes in women who had urinary incontinence (UI) with myofascial dysfunction (MD) and women who had UI without MD in the pelvic floor muscles (PFM).

Methods
A cross-sectional study was performed with 234 women who had UI and were at least 18 years old at the urogynecology outpatient clinic of a tertiary academic hospital. The International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire—Short Form and the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire—Overactive Bladder were used to collect urinary data. Standing postural assessment was performed using photogrammetry in anterior, posterior, and right and left lateral views and was analyzed with Postural Assessment Software. MD was defined as pain of any intensity during palpation of the PFM, and the strength of these muscles was evaluated using the Modified Oxford Scale.

Results
The prevalence of MD in women with UI was 51.7% (121/234). Women with MD had significantly smaller angles in the horizontal alignment of the pelvis in the right-side view (mean [SD] = −11.9 [6.9] degrees and −9.6 [7.1] degrees), left-side view (−13.6 [6] degrees and −11.5 [6.6] degrees), and vertical alignment of the body in the left-side view (3 [1.5] degrees and 3.4 [1.5] degrees), showing anterior pelvic tilt and posterior displacement of the body.

Conclusion
Women with UI and MD had greater anterior pelvic tilt and posterior displacement of the body than women without dysfunction.

Impact
This study informs physical therapists and other health care professionals about the prevalence of MD in the pelvic floor muscles of women with UI and highlights the need to rule out MD, because it appears to be a concomitant impairment in women who self-report UI. During a postural screen, health care professionals should look for anterior pelvic tilt relative to horizon when evaluating posture in women with UI and MD. The findings of postural changes in women with MD and UI may influence the PFM assessment.

Lay Summary
Women with involuntary urinary loss, pain, and stiffness in the pelvic area may show changes in posture associated with this condition.
Does screening or routine enquiry for adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) meet criteria for a screening programme? A rapid evidence summary
Authors: Gentry S V , Paterson B A 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are traumatic events in childhood that can have impacts throughout life. It has been suggested that ACEs should be ‘screened’ for, or routinely enquired about, in childhood or adulthood. The aim of this work is to review evidence for this against the United Kingdom National Screening Committee (UKNSC) programme criteria.

Methods
A rapid review of evidence on ACEs screening was conducted using the approach of the UKNSC.

Results
Good quality evidence was identified from meta-analyses for associations between ACEs and a wide range of adverse outcomes. There was no consistent evidence on the most suitable screening tool, setting of administration, and time or frequency of use. Routine enquiry among adults was feasible and acceptable to service users and professionals in various settings. A wide range of potentially effective interventions was identified. Limited evidence was available on the potential for screening or routine enquiry to reduce morbidity and mortality or possible harms of screening.

Conclusions
Based on the application of available evidence to UKNSC screening criteria, there is currently insufficient evidence to recommend the implementation of a screening programme for ACEs. Further research is needed to determine whether routine enquiry can improve morbidity, mortality, health and wellbeing.